Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined LDH Albumin Score (CLAS) and NeutrophilLymphocyte Ratio (NLR) are Predictive for Survival in Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Treated with Nivolumab as Monotherapy

ipi-Objectives: It was aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index(SII), and Combined LDH Albumine Score(CLAS) in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(mNSCLC) patients receiving nivolumab. Methods: Sixty-five mNSCLC patients who received nivolumab as monotherapy and had a follow-up file in Kocaeli City Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. ROC-curve analysis and median values were used to determine the cut-off. The relationship between overall survival(OS), progression-free survival(PFS) and clinical and laboratory parameters was evaluated by multivariate analyses. Results: Mean age was 62.5±4.5 years, more than half(66%) had denovo metastatic disease. Median follow-up time was 22 (IQR:12-33),median PFS was 6 (95% CI 3.4–8.6),and median OS was 9 (95% CI 5.2–18.1) months. NLR≥3.2, PLR≥199, and SII≥776 were considered as elevated levels. No factor other than NLR could be identified as having an impact on PFS (p=0.015,[HR]:0.46,95%CI: 0.23–0.91). Univariate analyses showed that high baseline NLR, low baseline albumin and CLAS< 2 (0-1) were a significant risk factors for poor OS, but only CLAS<2 was found as an independent prognostic factor for OS in multivariate analyses (p=0.013,[HR]:0.68,95%CI:0.42–0,95). Conclusion: NLR and CLAS were predictive for survival in patients with NSCLC receiving nivolumab.This is the second study on CLAS in the literature.
Analysis of Monetary Policy Channels on Inflation Condition: Experience from Nigeria

: Despite the various monetary regimes that have been adopted by Central Bank of Nigeria over the years, inflation has still become a major threat to Nigerian economy. The monetary policy also persistently failed to meet the stipulated monetary target of the Nigerian economy due to the existence of largely non-monetized sectors and most of the people live in rural areas. The objectives of the paper are as follow: (1) to identify the channels of monetary policy on inflation condition in Nigeria; (2) to identify the dynamic co-integration relationship between monetary policies on inflation condition in Nigeria. The theoretically underpinning of this study is based on the Monetary Growth and Structural Rigidity theories. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been used by utilizing annual data covering the period of 1973 to 2013. The empirical results indicate that in the long-run, the exchange rate channel of monetary policy is highly dominant in explaining the inflation condition in Nigeria. While in the short-run, the interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission mechanisms is highly dominant in explaining the inflation condition in Nigeria. Overall results derived from the study are also in consistent with Keynesian monetary transmission theory, which argued that monetary policy operates effectively through the traditional interest rate channel. Finally, the study recommends that exchange rate and interest rate channels of monetary policy should form the basis of two leading indicators for the future inflation targeting in Nigeria.
Regulatory Mechanism of Cancer Cell Metabolism by Natural Compounds

Cancer cell metabolism has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy due to its fundamental role in supporting tumor growth and survival. Natural compounds derived from plants and other sources have gained attention as potential regulators of cancer cell metabolism. This review article explores the regulatory mechanisms by which natural compounds modulate cancer cell metabolism.This study discusses the various groups of natural substances, including as polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, as well as their effects on key metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism. We delve into the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these natural compounds exert their effects, including modulation of oncogenic signalling pathways, alteration of enzyme activity, and regulation of gene expression.Furthermore, current breakthroughs in the identification and development of natural chemicals as prospective treatments targeting cancer cell metabolism were discussed. We discuss preclinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of natural compounds in inhibiting tumor growth, inducing apoptosis, and sensitizing cancer cells to conventional therapies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cell metabolism by natural compounds. Understanding the interactions between natural compounds and cancer cell metabolism will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies that exploit the metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells, potentially leading to more effective and targeted cancer treatments.
Prognostic signi�cance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a meta-analysis

Background: Occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. However, studies on the prognostic value of occult metastases remain controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic signi�cance of occult lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Methods: Studies published published until May, 2020, which retrospectively examined negative lymph nodes by step sectioning and/or immunohistochemistry, were retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and Cochrane Library. The pooled Relative risk (RR) with 95% con�dence interval (95% CI) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated to appraise the associations between occult metastases and prognosis. Results: The results showed patients with occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes had poorer ve-year DFS (RR = 0.930; 95% CI = 0.907–0.954) and OS (RR = 0.972; 95% CI = 0.954–0.990). Furthermore, the DFS (RR = 0.887; 95% CI = 0.810–0.972) and OS (RR = 0.896; 95% CI = 0.856–0.939) of patients with occult metastases were much lower after a ten-year follow-up. Conclusions: Occult metastases in the axillary lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer are associated with poorer disease-free and overall survival. Occult metastases might serve as a predictive factor of survival outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
High Dose and Low Dose Oxytocin Regimen as Determinants of Successful Induction: A multicenter comparative study

Background Induction of labor by Oxytocin is a routine obstetric procedure. However, little is known regarding the optimal dose of oxytocin so as to bring successful induction. This study is aimed at comparing the effect of high dose versus low dose oxytocin regimen on success of induction.Methods Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected hospitals in Ethiopia from October 1, 2017 to May 30, 2018. A total of 216 pregnant women who undergo induction of labor at gestational age of 37 weeks and above were included. Data was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 20 for cleaning and analysis. Chi-square test and logistic regression were done to look for determinants of successful induction. The result is presented using 95% confidence interval of crude and adjusted odds ratios. P-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.Result Mean “Induction to delivery time” was 5.9 hours and 6.3 hours for participants who received high dose Oxytocin and low dose Oxytocin respectively. Higher successful induction (72.2% versus 61.1%) and lower Cesarean Section rate (27.8% vs. 38.9) was observed among participants who received low dose Oxytocin compared to high dose. Favourable bishop score [AOR 4.0 95% CI 1.9, 8.5], elective induction [AOR 0.2 95% CI 0.1, 0.4], performing artificial rupture of membrane [AOR 10.1 95% CI 3.2, 32.2], neonatal birth weight of < 4Kg [AOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.6, 11.6] and being parous [AOR 2.1 95% CI 1.1, 4.0] were significantly associated with success of induction. Conclusions : In this study, oxytocin regimen didn’t show significant association with success of induction. But, high dose oxytocin regimen is significantly associated with slightly shorter induction to delivery time. Favourable bishop score, emergency induction, performing artificial rupture of membrane and delivery to non-macrosomic neonate are positive determinants of successful induction. Thus, we recommend ripening cervix when condition allows, estimating fetal weight and performing artificial rupture of membrane. We also recommend researchers to conduct more strong research that controls confounders to see the real effect of different oxytocin regimen on induction success.
SMOOTH SPECTRA OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL GROUND MOTIONS FOR IRAN

In this study, several practical limitations of the current building code of Iran are addressed with respect to seismic hazard analysis (SHA) projects. The main concern of the present study is to propose a practical procedure for constructing smooth response spectra from the peak values of ground motion. The dynamic amplification factors are calculated for horizontal and vertical components, considering a selection of Iran's strong-motion records, and are compared with those proposed in the previous studies. The results and conclusions of this study are effective in the evaluation of the Iranian code and can be used in the SHA projects in Iran.
Perceptions of Selected Undergraduate Medical Students in the Philippines on the Effectiveness of the Combined Use of Plastinated and Formalin-preserved Brains in Neuroanatomy Education: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and Objective. Neuroanatomy is both terrifying to learn and problematic to teach, and the different methods of neuroanatomical education have their own strengths and weaknesses. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the perception of undergraduate medical students towards the combined use of plastinated and formalinpreserved brain specimen in their neuroanatomy course.Methods. A bridging program was designed for students whose medical education was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic in order to reinforce the knowledge and understanding of anatomy that they acquired in a virtual environment. A total of 175 first year medical students participated in this learning activity, which included seven stations in neuroanatomy spread across two hours, and covered the anatomy of the circle of Willis, brainstem, cranial nerves, spinal cord, internal cerebrum, and external cerebrum. To evaluate short-term learning, the students were asked to take a quiz containing 10 multiple-choice questions before and after the learning activity. In addition, the students also answered a survey containing 11 Likert-type questions asking about their perception of the learningactivity. Results. Following the learning activity, mean test scores increased from 4.73 (SD 1.74) to 5.32 (SD 1.52; mean difference 0.59, p = 0.008). Majority of the students (mean 81%, range 43-93%) had a neutral or positive perception of plastinated brain specimen, and on factor analysis, plastinated brain specimen were found to be both practical and useful for learning neuroanatomy. However, the participants perceived plastinated brain specimen alone to be insufficient for learning neuroanatomy, and a multimodal approach to learning neuroanatomy is ideal. Conclusion. Plastinated brain specimens were found to be an effective complement to formalin-preservedbrain, and these should be used by medical schools when designing neuroanatomy learning activities fortheir students.
Distribution Aware Testing Framework for Deep Neural Networks

The increasing use of deep learning (DL) in safety-critical applications highlights the critical need for systematic and effective testing to ensure system reliability and quality. In this context, researchers have conducted various DL testing studies to identify weaknesses in Deep Neural Network (DNN) models, including exploring test coverage, generating challenging test inputs, and test selection. In this study, we propose a generic DNN testing framework that takes into consideration the distribution of test data and prioritizes them based on their potential to cause incorrect predictions by the tested DNN model. We evaluated the proposed framework using the image classification as a use case. We conducted empirical evaluations by implementing each phase with carefully chosen methods. We employed Variational Autoencoders to identify and eliminate out-of-distribution data from the test datasets. Additionally, we prioritize test data that increase uncertainty in the model, as these cases are more likely to reveal potential faults. The elimination of out-of-distribution data enables a more focused analysis to uncover the sources of DNN failures while using prioritized test data reduces the cost of test data labeling. Furthermore, we explored the use of post-hoc explainability methods to identify the cause of incorrect predictions, a process similar to debugging. This study can be a prelude to incorporating explainability methods into the model development process after testing.
The Link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Sea Ice Export through Fram Strait

Abstract Recently, Hilmer and Jung have shown that the wintertime link between the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and the sea ice export through Fram Strait changed from zero correlation (1958–77) to about 0.7 (1978–97) during the last four decades. In the current study, the authors focus on the question of how the two phenomena are linked in a long-term context during wintertime (December–March). This is done on a statistical basis using data from a century-scale control integration of the coupled general circulation model ECHAM4–OPYC3 along with historical sea level pressure data for the period 1908–97. From the results of this study there is less indication that a significant link on interannual and decadal timescales between the NAO and the sea ice export through Fram Strait is a characteristic property of the climate system—at least under present-day climate conditions. This missing link can be explained by a vanishing net impact of the NAO on sea ice thickness as well as sea ice drift near Fram St.
Influence of HIV infection on cognition and overall intelligence in HIV-infected individuals: advances and perspectives

It is now well understood that HIV-positive individuals, even those under effective ART, tend to develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood conditions which are contemporarily referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and which is directly related to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). As HAND is known to induce difficulties associated with attention, concentration, and memory, it is thus legitimate and pertinent to speculate upon the possibility that HIV infection may well influence human cognition and intelligence. We therefore propose herein to review the concept of intelligence, the concept of cells of intelligence, the influence of HIV on these particular cells, and the evidence pointing to differences in observed intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, cumulative research evidence continues to draw attention to the influence of the gut on human intelligence. Up to now, although it is known that HIV infection profoundly alters both the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and the structural integrity of the gut, the influence of the gut on intelligence in the context of HIV infection remains poorly described. As such, we also provide herein a review of the different ways in which HIV may influence human intelligence via the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a discourse on perspectives related to HIV and human intelligence which may assist in generating more robust evidence with respect to this issue in future studies. Our aim is to provide insightful knowledge for the identification of novel areas of investigation, in order to reveal and explain some of the enigmas related to HIV infection.
Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from Observations and Reanalyses

Several papers have described a significant trend toward the positive phase of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) in recent decades. The SAM is the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) so such a change implies a major shift in the broadscale climate of this hemisphere. However, the majority of these studies have used NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis (NNR) data, which are known to have spurious negative trends in SH high-latitude pressure. Thus, given that the SAM describes the relative atmospheric anomalies at mid- and high southern latitudes, these errors in the NNR data have the potential to invalidate the published findings on changes in the SAM. Therefore, it is important that a ‘‘true’’ benchmark of trends in the SAM is available against which future climate scenarios as revealed through climate models can be examined. In this paper this issue is addressed by employing an empirical definition of the SAM so that station data can be utilized to evaluate true temporal changes: six stations are used to calculate a proxy zonal mean sea level pressure (MSLP) at both 408 and 658S during 1958‐2000. The observed increase in the difference in zonal MSLP between 408 (increasing) and 658S (decreasing) is shown to be statistically significant, with the trend being most pronounced since the mid-1970s. However, it is demonstrated that calculated trends in the MSLP difference between 408 and 658S and the SAM itself are exaggerated by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively, in the NNR. The SH high-latitude errors in the early part of this reanalysis are greatest in winter as are subsequent improvements. As a result, the NNR shows the greatest seasonal trend in the SAM to be in the austral winter, in marked contrast to observational data, which reveal the largest real increase to be in summer. Equivalent data from two ECMWF reanalyses, including part of the new ERA-40 reanalysis, are also examined. It is demonstrated that ERA-40 provides an improved representation of SH high-latitude atmospheric circulation variability that can be used with high confidence at least as far back as 1973—and is therefore ideal for examining the recent trend in the SAM—and with more confidence than the NNR right back to 1958.
Item Analysis of Final Examination Questions for Social Studies in Junior High Schools through the ITEMAN Program

The analysis of the quality of the test items is very important because it will affect the results of the test itself. The problem is that teachers often do not analyze test items, so the test results do not accurately describe the potential of students. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the items on the semester final exam for social studies class VII. This type of research is a quantitative description. The research sample was the answer sheets of Class VII students from public middle schools, totaling 119 sheets. The research instrument consisted of end-of-semester exam question sheets, student answer sheets, and a scoring rubric. The research data was obtained from student answer sheets, which were collected after the semester final exams for social studies took place. The data analysis technique uses statistical analysis through the ITEMAN program. The results of the study place the validity and reliability of the instrument in the high category. The results of the analysis of the difficulty level of the items and the differential power showed that there was an imbalance in the composition of the test items. So it was concluded that the test questions for the end of semester exams for social studies subjects in junior high school needed to be reviewed. The results of this study are expected to have implications for teachers in making social studies test questions in the future as well as input for the government in making policies, especially in the field of education.
Marine Low-Cloud Anomalies Associated with ENSO.

Abstract As a contribution to understanding the possible impact of altered climate regimes on marine clouds, and hence on cloud radiative forcing, ship-observed marine low clouds and precipitation frequency for individual seasons are regressed at zero lag on an index of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for the period December 1955– January 1996 for ocean areas between 40°S and 70°N. Seasonal anomalies of atmospheric circulation parameters, static stability, and SST are also examined in order to illuminate physical mechanisms responsible for observed ENSO cloud variations. The following extratropical regions exhibit significant ENSO cloud anomalies and are discussed in detail: winter–spring North Pacific, summer North Pacific, winter western North Atlantic, autumn northeastern Atlantic, and western Mediterranean Sea. In all of these regions except the summer North Pacific, cloud anomalies are related to jet stream and storm track anomalies associated with atmospheric teleconnection patterns. The summer .
How Do the Demographic Differences of Architectural Students Correlate to Their Performance in Multidisciplinary Fields?

Architectural education needs creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. However, little research has looked into how demographic differences, especially gender and learning style, affect the performance of architecture students especially in multidisciplinary curricula. Therefore, the paper aims to investigate the relationship between learning styles and gender among architecture students and their academic performance in a biomimicry-based practice. A practice one-week workshop was employed with a sample of architecture students to identify their idea-generation style and creativity, through novelty, resolution, and elaboration. The study found that Learning styles greatly influence idea generation style preferences and creativity performance in teamwork. Females tend to be more collaborative idea-generators during the initial stages than males. Also, Scores of novelty and elaboration were more closely tied to learning styles, while resolution scores were more associated with gender. Despite many limitations such as the focus on a specific multidisciplinary field (the architectural articulation of biomimicry), the results contribute to the development of architecture teaching strategies and the broader field of biomimicry by providing insights into how different students approach biomimicry-based design challenges.
Two Mississippian Caenogastropod Limpets from Australia and Their Meaning for the Ancestry of the Caenogastropoda

Abstract Two new limpets with a caenogastropod-type larval shell are described from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) of Australia and assigned to Australoscutula n. gen. of the family Pragoscutulidae. This family has previously been reported only from the Early Devonian of Europe (Czech Republic, Prague Basin). Therefore, it survived the Late Devonian biotic crisis. The fact that one of the earliest certain caenogastropods has a patelliform shell is noteworthy given most other Middle to Late Paleozoic caenogastropods are high-spired or fusiform. Pragosutulidae are interpreted as an early patelliform caenogastropod offshoot derived from coiled ancestors. The Pragoscutulidae are the oldest gastropod limpets with well-preserved larval shells. Their teleoconch is entirely limpet-shaped without helicoid coiling. However, the helicoid turbiniform larval shells suggests that this group evolved from an ancestor with turbiniform or even high-spired adult shell. Moreover, the multi-whorled dextral larval shells show that Pragoscutulidae are Caenogastropoda and document that early Caenogastropoda displayed considerable disparity.