Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of 228Ra in the world ocean

Surface and subsurface samples of seawater collected in the Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Antarctic oceans have been analyzed for 228Ra. The results agree with those obtained by Moore (1969) and show that near-shore surface waters normally contain much higher 228Ra concentrations than surface waters collected in the open sea, that surface waters normally contain much higher 228Ra concentrations than intermediate and deep waters, but that nearbottom waters are somewhat enriched in 228Ra. Surface waters of the North Atlantic and Indian oceans contain significantly higher concentrations of 228Ra than those of the Pacific and Antarctic oceans. Vertical profiles of 228Ra activities have been used to calculate values of the constant for vertical eddy diffusion Kz of about 0.3 cm2/sec in the Arctic Ocean in the zone between the cold water mass that originates in the Bering Sea and the underlying warmer but more saline water mass that originates in the Atlantic. Values of Kz of about 0.5 to about 7 cm2/sec have been calculated for the upper 200 meters of the Atlantic and Pacific and of about 5–100 cm2/sec for the bottom water masses of the Atlantic and Pacific. The. meridional gradient of 228Ra in the surface waters south of Australia and New Zealand has been used to calculate a value of the constant for horizontal eddy diffusion perpendicular to the wind-driven circulation KY of about 107–108 cm2/sec.
An analysis of ground shaking and transmission loss from infrasound generated by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake

The 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake generated infrasound that was recorded by nine infrasonic arrays. Most arrays recorded a back azimuth variation with time due to the expanse of the source region. We use ray tracing to predict group velocities and back azimuth wind corrections. A Japan accelerometer network recorded ground shaking in unprecedented spatial resolution. We back projected infrasound from arrays IS44 (Kamchatka) and IS30 (Tokyo) to the source region and compare these results with acceleration data. IS44 illuminates the complex geometry of land areas that experienced shaking. IS30 illuminates two volcanoes and a flat area around the city of Sendai, where the maximum accelerations occurred. The arrays and epicentral region define three source‐receiver profiles. The observed broadband energy transmission loss (TL) follows an exponential decay law. The best fitting model, which has parameters that are interpreted to include the effects of geometric spreading, scattering, and the maximum ratio of the effective sound speed in the stratosphere to that at the ground (accounts for stratospheric wind speed), yields a 65% variance reduction relative to predictions from a traditional TL relationship. This model is a simplified version of the model of Le Pichon et al. (2012), which yields an 83% variance reduction for a single frequency, implying that fine‐scale atmospheric structure is required to explain the TL for stratospheric upwind propagation. Our results show that infrasonic arrays are sensitive to ground acceleration in the source region of megathrust earthquakes. The TL results may improve infrasonic amplitude scaling laws for explosive yield.
Determination of the Terms Used in the Titles of Ecology Publications and Analysis of their Temporal Chance

Ecology studies in recent years have become widespread in numerous fields. Therefore, new topics, concepts and terminology appear in ecology resources. Trend setting in ecological studies and so the studies to investigate changes of use of concept and terms from past to present are remarkable in recent years. Terms used in the titles of the publications of two important ecological sciences journals such as " Journal of Ecology " and " Ecology " and their changes have been analyzed in this study. In this context, the studies appeared in the Journal of Ecology were analyzed in total of three groups containing articles, reports and total group where both articles and reports are included; while the studies that take place in Ecology , by being classified in the form of articles, reports, other publications and their sums. 79397 words, in total, were obtained from titles of 6563 ecology publications of Journal of Ecology . Of those, 66157 words were involved in articles, and 13240 words in the titles of the other ecology publications. Similarly, total 167250 words were obtained from 15709 publication titles of Ecology . 136413 of those words were involved in articles; 14021 words in reports and notes, and also 16816 words in other ecology publications. Both journals gave publicity to the terminology of botany. This feature is more pronounced in the Journal of Ecology . The ones which ranked in the top 100 within the publishing groups of both journals are important terms of ecology. Among the publishing groups of journals, top ranking terms are plant, forest, vegetation, species, soil, ecology, growth, and community. In the article titles of Journal of Ecology , there are 21 terms which ranked in the top 100 between the years 1913 and 2013 and took part in all time periods of decade. Also in Ecology kournal, there are 62 terms which appeared in all decadal periods between the years 1920 and 2013. For the terms, the time periods of entering the top 100 were influenced by the general trends of ecology and the developments in other fields.
Time range of Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in eastern North China Block

An important tectonic inversion took place in eastern North China Block(NCB) during Mesozoic, which caused a great lithosphere thinning, reconstruction of basin-range series, powerful interaction between mantle and crust, a vast granitic intrusion and volcanism, and large-scale metallogenic explosion. The time range of the Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in the eastern North China Block is one of the key issues to understand mechanism of tectonic regime inversion. Our updated results for recognizing the time range are mainly obtained from the following aspects: structural analyses along northern and southern margins of the NCB and within the NCB for revealing tectonic inversion from compression to extension and structural striking from ~EW to NNE; geothermic analyses of the eastern sedimental basins for a great change of thermal history and regime; basin analysis for basin inversion from compression to extension and basin migration from ~EW to NNE; petrological and geochemical studies of volcanic rocks and lowermost crust xenoliths for recognizing peak period of mantle upwelling and intense interaction between mantle and crust, and main metallogenic epoch. All the studies of the above give the same time range from~150-140 Ma to~110-100Ma, peaking at ~120 Ma.
Cosmic-ray Exposure Ages of Meteorites and Lunar Rocks and Their Significance

Abstract Meteorites and lunar surface rocks experienced at least one, and possibly more, exposures to cosmic-ray particles. The nuclear effects within the extraterrestrial materials allow us to determine how long a meteorite existed as a meter-sized object before capture by Earth and how long a lunar rock resided on the top of the lunar surface until collection. In this review I discuss the cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) ages of the different meteorite classes that originated from the asteroid belt, Mars, and Moon. From mineralogical and isotopic characteristics it appears that there are impact produced fragments from about 100 asteroids in our collections. A large fraction of the meteorites from a specific class originated from a small number of ejection events. The stone meteorites representing crust and mantle materials of planetary bodies traveled for ≤ 120 Ma in space. The CRE ages of iron meteorites, the fragments of the cores of differentiated asteroids, are up to 1500 Ma, probably due to stronger resistance against crushing in space compared to silicate material. Rocks blasted off the Moon and Mars by asteroidal or cometary impacts are particularly valuable as they represent surface areas that were not previously sampled by manned or automated missions. The CRE ages of lunar and martian meteorites indicate that up to eight sites on the Moon and the same number of sites on Mars were sampled by the presently studied meteorites. They represent a dramatic increase of the sampling of the lunar and martian crust. The CRE ages of rocks collected by the Apollo missions on the rims of lunar craters were used to date the impact events exposing these rocks to the cosmic particle irradiation. When martian material will be available for laboratory studies, this dating method can also be applied to craters and young lava flows on Mars.
ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management.
The lead legacy: the relationship between historical mining, pollution and the post-mining landscape

ABSTRACT The British lead mining industry peaked and declined well before environmental protection and aftercare became a statutory requirement in the post-war period, and as a consequence left in its wake pockets of barren and degraded land. Metal-rich waste tips rarely return to vegetation, and environmental pollution continues through wind erosion and adit drainage. Yet the upland and often remote situation of the mines has permitted many of these small scattered wastelands to escape extensive remediation. These abandoned mine sites have often been interpreted in terms of their historic economic and technological narratives or studied in relation to contemporary heavy metals pollution and current risks to public health. This interdisciplinary study explores the value and benefits of integrating these two approaches towards a better understanding of mining landscapes in relation to their pollution history; grounding the methodology in research questions rather than in any specific discipline. It combines the history of a small abandoned lead mine at Tyndrum, Stirlingshire, with the environmental record contained with the soil material at the site. The integration of traditional historical research with geo-scientific analysis both expands, and not only deepens, knowledge of the historic processes that have brought the specific landscape at Tyndrum to its current state of degradation but also sets the long-term environmental legacies of historic mineral exploitation in the wider British context.
A comparison of satellite laser ranging and seismicity data in the Aegean Region

In this study we compare the strain rates obtained from earthquake moment tensors in the time interval 1911–92 in Greece with measured velocities of SLR stations relative to Eurasia. We find that the SLR measurements do not require strain different in orientation from that seen in the earthquakes, but simply more of it. The clearest deficit is in the SE Aegean where earthquakes this century can account for virtually none of the measured SLR strain rates. By contrast, in the northern Aegean and NW Turkey the earthquakes can account for a substantial part (>50%) of the measured strain rates. By using both geodetic and seismic data to localize apparent deficits in seismically-released strain, this study represents a first step towards using space-based geodesy for crude regional seismic risk assessment.
Online Prediction Under Model Uncertainty via Dynamic Model Averaging: Application to a Cold Rolling Mill

We consider the problem of online prediction when it is uncertain what the best prediction model to use is. We develop a method called Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA) in which a state space model for the parameters of each model is combined with a Markov chain model for the correct model. This allows the “correct” model to vary over time. The state space and Markov chain models are both specified in terms of forgetting, leading to a highly parsimonious representation. As a special case, when the model and parameters do not change, DMA is a recursive implementation of standard Bayesian model averaging, which we call recursive model averaging (RMA). The method is applied to the problem of predicting the output strip thickness for a cold rolling mill, where the output is measured with a time delay. We found that when only a small number of physically motivated models were considered and one was clearly best, the method quickly converged to the best model, and the cost of model uncertainty was small; indeed DMA performed slightly better than the best physical model. When model uncertainty and the number of models considered were large, our method ensured that the penalty for model uncertainty was small. At the beginning of the process, when control is most difficult, we found that DMA over a large model space led to better predictions than the single best performing physically motivated model. We also applied the method to several simulated examples, and found that it recovered both constant and time-varying regression parameters and model specifications quite well.
Banach spaces with projectional skeletons ?

A projectional skeleton in a Banach space is a σ-directed family of projections onto separable subspaces, covering the entire space. The class of Banach spaces with projectional skeletons is strictly larger than the class of Plichko spaces (i.e. Banach spaces with a countably norming Markushevich basis). We show that every space with a projectional skeleton has a projectional resolution of the identity and has a norming space with similar properties to Σ-spaces. We characterize the existence of a projectional skeleton in terms of elementary substructures, providing simple proofs of known results concerning weakly compactly generated spaces and Plichko spaces. We prove a preservation result for Plichko Banach spaces, involving transfinite sequences of projections. As a corollary, we show that a Banach space is Plichko if and only if it has a commutative projectional skeleton.
Interhemispheric thermal gradient and tropical Pacific climate

We explore the impact of interhemispheric thermal gradients forcing on the tropical Pacific ocean‐atmosphere climate in an intermediate coupled model. The equatorial zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient strengthens with an increased northward interhemispheric thermal gradient, the increase arising from earlier onset and later retreat of the seasonal cold tongue, and intensification during the peak cold season. When the mean interhemispheric thermal gradient is reversed, the central equatorial Pacific SST annual cycle abruptly reverses in phase, with its cold season in Mar–May rather than Sep–Nov. While startling, this response is consistent with a prevailing hypothesis that ties the cold tongue SST annual cycle phase to the hemispheric mean asymmetry of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation activity is also sensitive to the interhemispheric thermal gradient, with peak activity occurring when the mean gradient is small, reducing rapidly as the mean gradient increases in either direction.
Computer simulations on sprite initiation for realistic lightning models with higher‐frequency surges

[1] Computer simulations on transient luminous emissions in the mesosphere and lower ionosphere have been performed for realistic lightning modelings with fast-varying current surges (M components) superimposed on the lightning continuing current (CC). The algorithm used here is an electromagnetic (EM) code, which enables us to estimate self-consistently the reduced electric field, electron density, conductivity, and luminosity as a function of space and time by solving the Maxwell equations. It is found that M components in the CC with small amplitudes, but with a fast-varying EM effect, can initiate or enhance the occurrence of sprites. Even for a return stroke (RS) without CC, subsequent high-frequency current variations (like M components) are found to lead to dramatic changes in the sprite occurrence. The physics underlying these changes is studied by means of, e.g., temporal and spatial variations of luminosity, electron density, and conductivity. As the conclusion, the RS is a fundamental agency for spites, but high-frequency variations as EM effects exhibit an additional essential influence on sprite occurrence. These computational results are used to offer some useful ideas concerning the unsolved problems of sprites and halos, including polarity asymmetry, long-delay characteristics, and morphological shapes of sprites.
Achievement Effects of Four Early Elementary School Math Curricula: Findings for First and Second Graders

This report, the second from a large-scale study for the U.S. Department of Educationâ€™s Institute of Education Sciences of four early math programs, shows that the curriculum used by the study schools mattered. The study examined (1) Investigations in Number, Data, and Space (Investigations), (2) Math Expressions, (3) Saxon Math (Saxon), and (4) Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley Mathematics (SFAW).
Daytime turbulent exchange between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere

Detailed observations of turbulence just above and below the crown of the Amazon rain forest during the wet season are presented. The forest canopy is shown to remove high frequency turbulent fluctuations while passing lower frequencies. Filter characteristics of turbulent transfer into the Amazon rain forest canopy are quantified. Simple empirical relations that relate observed turbulent heat fluxes to horizontal wind variance are presented. Changes in the amount of turbulent coupling between the forest and the boundary layer associated with deep convective clouds are presented both as statistical averages and as a series of case studies. These convective processes during the rainy season are shown to alter the diurnal course of turbulent fluxes. In wake of giant coastal systems, no significant heat or moisture fluxes occur for up to a day after the event. Radar data is used to demonstrate that even small raining clouds are capable of evacuating the canopy of substances normally trapped by persistent static stability near the forest floor. Recovery from these events can take more than an hour, even during mid-day. In spite of the ubiquitous presence of clouds and frequent rain during this season, the average horizontal wind speed spectrum is well described by dry CBL similarity hypotheses originally found to apply in flat terrain.
Localized compaction in rocks: Eshelby's inclusion and the Spring Network Model

Porous rocks, subjected to compressive stress, often undergo mechanical compaction via grain crushing and rearrangement, and chemical compaction via pressure solution. The compaction leads to irreversible volume reduction that spontaneously localizes into elongated features under some conditions. This work presents an analytical solution for the stress around a 2D compaction band (CB), using the “transformation problem” introduced by Eshelby (1957). The analytical solution is shown to agree with results from a new version of a Spring Network Model for simulating mechanical and chemical compaction. The similarity of the stress fields around CBs and edge‐dislocations is shown and is such that one may describe CBs as anti‐dislocations.
Experimental shock metamorphism of mono- and polycrystalline olivine - A comparative study

The paper reports on a series of controlled shock recovery experiments which have been performed on over 40 samples including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, dunite, and porous particulate olivine-bearing targets. Results of the mineralogical and petrological analyses of these samples are used to establish a general and comparative diagnosis of shock effects generated in various olivine-bearing materials. Finally, some experiments are conducted under different ambient pO2 conditions so that information on the distribution of observed impact features is derived as a function not only of peak pressure and texture of the target sample, but also of specific environmental conditions.
Thermoremanence and stable memory of single‐domain hematites

We report thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) intensities and thermal demagnetization behavior of seven samples of single‐domain hematite (α Fe2O3) with grain sizes between 0.12 and 0.42 μm, before and after zero‐field cycling through the low‐temperature Morin transition (TM ≈ 240 K). TRM was unaffected by 100 mT alternating field demagnetization and by 600°C thermal demagnetization. Most demagnetization occurred between 625°C and the Néel temperature of 680–690°C. The TRM memory recovered after low‐temperature cycling was parallel to the original TRM and equally resistant to thermal demagnetization. TRM and TRM memory of single‐domain hematites are mainly due to the hard spin‐canted magnetism intrinsic to the crystal structure above the Morin transition, and not to the small and softer defect magnetism that survives below TM. However, the defect magnetism may play a role in renucleating the spin‐canted magnetism in a preferred direction during warming through TM. TRM intensities are well predicted by Neél single‐domain theory and increase in almost exact proportion to grain size. Although smaller than TRM intensities of multidomain hematites, single‐domain TRMs are potent sources of remanent magnetic anomalies, particularly for larger grains (10–15 μm), and are likely to be more stable over geological time than multidomain hematite TRMs.
Soil aggregate distribution and turnover affects soil microbial ecology and ecosystem processes in three bioenergy systems

vii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 SOIL AGGREGATE ISOLATION METHOD AFFECTS MEASURES OF INTRA-AGGREGATE EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME ACTIVITY 12 Abstract 12 Introduction 13 Materials & Methods 18 Results 23 Discussion 27 Literature Cited 33 Figures 40 Tables 43 Supplemental Information 45 CHAPTER 3 SOIL STRUCTURE AND SEASONALITY AFFECT MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN MANAGED GRASSLANDS 47 Abstract 47 Introduction 48 Materials & Methods 51 Results 54 Discussion 56 Literature Cited 60 Tables 63 Figures 65 Appendix 67 CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND NITROGEN DRIVE FUNGAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ACROSS SOIL AGGREGATES AND LAND MANAGEMENT 76 Summary 76 Introduction 76
Projection of Future Climate Change in a Non-Hydrostatic Regional Climate Model Nested within an Atmospheric General Circulation Model

Future climate change around Japan was projected with a non-hydrostatic regional climate model with a 5-km grid spacing. The future surface air temperature, averaged over all of Japan, is projected at the 99% confidence level to rise about 3°C in each month of the year. Diurnal temperature ranges are projected to increase in many areas, especially over plains on the Pacific Ocean side in February, as the warming rates of minimum temperatures are small as compare to other areas. This is due to that minimum soil temperatures of just below 0°C occur with high frequency in both the present and future climates, because they are constrained by the heat of solidification. Storm tracks are projected to approach the Japan Archipelago in February, leading to a remarkable increase in precipitation along the Pacific coast of Japan. The annual occurrence frequency of heavy precipitation is also projected to increase. The maximum snow depth is projected to decrease almost everywhere, but the changes will be small in high mountains and in northern Japan.