Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Disparities in Drugs and Substance Abuse: Results from a Household Cross-sectional Survey in Murang’ a County, Kenya

Background: Drug and substance abuse has adverse health effects and a substantial economic burden to the global economies and at the household level. There is, however, limited data on socio-economic disparities in drugs and substance abuse in low-to-middle income countries such as Kenya. This study aimed to assess the socio-economic disparities in Murang’a county of central Kenya.Method: The study design was cross-sectional, and data collection was conducted between November and December 2017. A total of 449 households with at least one person who uses any drug or substance of abuse were randomly sampled from 4 purposively selected sub-locations of Murang’ a County. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on types of drugs used, economic burden, and gender roles at the household level. Household socio-economic status (SES) was established (low, middle, and high SES ) using principal component analysis f(PCA) from a set of household assets and characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES, gender, and other factors on the uptake of drugs and substance abuse. Results: Individuals in higher SES were more likely to use cigarettes ( OR=2.13; 95%CI=1.25-3.61, p=0.005) or piped tobacco (OR=11.37; 95% CI, 2.55-50.8; p-value=0.001) than those in low SES. The wealthier individuals were less likely to use legal alcohol (OR=0.39; 95%CI=0.21-0.71, p=0.002) than the poorest individuals. The use of prescription drugs did not vary with SES. A comparison of the median amount of money spent on acquiring drugs showed that richer individuals spent a significantly higher amount than the poorest individuals (Ksh 1500 vs. Ksh 1000, p=0.0310). Deaths related to drugs and substance abuse were more likely to occur in middle SES than amongst the poorest households (OR=2.96; 95%CI=1.03-8.45). Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities exist in the use of drugs and substance abuse. The low-income individuals are at a higher risk of abuse and thus of economic burden due to catastrophic expenditure in acquiring the drugs. Cases of deaths were likely to occur in middle-income groups. Strategies to reduce drugs and substance abuse must address socio-economic disparities through targeted approaches to individuals in low-income groups.
SHP-1 and SHP-2 gene expressions in leukemia and unclassified blood disorders

Hematopoiesis and blood diseases include leukemia and unclassified blood disorders (UBDs). Leukemia, one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world, is divided into four major types including acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The SHP gene group belongs to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, which plays an important role in preventing cancer growth. This group consists of two main genes, SHP-1 and SHP-2. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the expression of SHP-1 and SHP-2 genes in patients with leukemia and UBDs using real-time PCR. Results showed that while SHP-1 gene expression was significantly decreased in all patient samples compared to control samples, SHP-2 gene expression was significantly increased in patients with CML and other blood disorders but decreased in ALL patients compared to healthy subjects. These results are important for disease diagnosis and combination therapy based on SHP-1 and SHP-2 target genes.
A Case for Translation From the Clinic to the Laboratory

Laboratory procedures have been used for decades as analogues for clinical processes with the goal of improving our understanding of psychological treatments for emotional disorders and identifying strategies to make treatments more effective. This research has often focused on translation from the laboratory to the clinic. Although this approach has notable successes, it has not been seamless. There are many examples of strategies that work in the laboratory that fail to lead to improved outcomes when applied clinically. One possible reason for this gap between experimental and clinical research is a failure to focus on translation from the clinic to the laboratory. Here, we discuss potential benefits of translation from the clinic to the laboratory and provide examples of how this might be implemented. We first consider two well-established laboratory analogues (extinction and cognitive reappraisal), identify critical aspects of the related clinical procedures (exposure and cognitive restructuring) that are missing from these analogues, and propose variations to better capture the clinical process. Second, we discuss two clinical procedures that have more recently been brought into the laboratory (eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing and imagery rescripting). We conclude by highlighting potential implications of this proposed shift in focus for translational research.
Effect of Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Elderly Caretakers in Nursing Homes of Mashhad City

BackgroundThe population of the elderly taken care of at the nursing homes are increasing by the growth of the elderly’s population. Insufficient knowledge of the caretakers can affect the quality of their care from the elderly and result in poor performance. We aimed to evaluate the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and performance of caretakers working at nursing homes.MethodsIn this quasi-experimental study, a total of 54 caretakers participated in Four-session classes and their knowledge, attitude, and performance towards the elderly were evaluated before, immediately after, and 1 month after the education by a researcher-designed questionnaire using SPSS software version 21.ResultsThe mean scores of the participants’ in attitude had no significant change knowledge scores at the three intervals, respectively (P=0.001) with a significant difference after the intervention compared with before (P<0.05). The performance scores at the three intervals, respectively (P<0.001) with a significant difference after the intervention compared with before (P<0.05). ConclusionThe significant improvement of knowledge and work performance of the elderly caretakers working at nursing homes shows the necessity of educating these individuals for better care from the elderly.
Adequacy of public health communications and health propaganda on the prevention of coronavirus disease in Jiangsu province: a community-based cross-sectional study

Background: To measure the public’s awareness of COVID-19 and evaluate the adequacy of public health communications and health propaganda on the prevention of coronavirus disease in Jiangsu province.Methods: We made an electronic questionnaire and launched the survey during February 12 to March 12, 2020. Respondents were randomly selected and recruited from thirteen cities in Jiangsu province. An opportunistic sampling approach was also used to recruit new participants or members in the same household through referrals from existing participants. Data was collected through the “Questionnaire Star” system. SPSS24.0 version was used for data statistical analysis.Result：The effective response rate of completing questionnaire was 97.14% (2650/2728). Compared with traditional media such as TV (51.43%) and newspaper (14.91%), participants were more willing to choose new media such as websites (71.17%) and social platforms such as We-Chat (73.96%) to obtained health information. Chi-square test showed that women (54.14% vs. 48.49%), the 20-50 age group (24.22% vs. 22.94%, 32.69% vs. 31.40%, 28.92 vs. 27.77%) and urban residents (61.42% vs. 59.85%) had higher COVID-19 preventive knowledge level, urban residents had better attitude (60.29% vs. 59.85%), women (53.53% vs. 51.51%), the 30-50 age group (33.14% vs. 31.40%, 29.00% vs. 27.77%)), urban residents (61.50% vs. 59.85%) had good behavior. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that gender (females vs. males, OR=2.226, OR 95%CI: 1.346-3.682, P<0.001), age groups (<50 vs. >50 years old: OR=0.689, OR 95%CI: 0.561-0.847, P<0.001), areas (urban vs. suburban: OR=0.359, OR 95%CI: 0.219-0.588, P<0.001), knowledge level (high vs. low: OR=1.259: OR 95%CI: 1.188-1.335, P<0.001), and attitude (good vs. bad: OR=0.462 OR 95%CI: 0.342-0.626, P<0.001) were associated with good behaviors. The moderating effect and mediating effect shows that attitude mediates the influence of knowledge on behavior. (The 95% interval does not include the number 0(OR95% CI:0.002-0.013). All means of health propaganda can modulate the influence between knowledge and behavior (P<0.001). Conclusions: Providing adequacy of health propaganda and public health communications on the prevention of coronavirus disease makes the public fully understand the knowledge of COVID-19 and lead them to take preventive actions.
Ameliorative Effect of Azolla pinnata on Imidacloprid Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression In Nile tilapia

| The current study aimed to investigate the protective impact of dietary supplementation of Azolla pinnata against sublethal toxicity of Imidacloprid (IMI) in Nile Tilapia. A total of 180 fish were distributed randomly to six groups in triplicate. The first group (control) was fed a basal diet, the second (A 2%) and third groups (A 4%) were fed on basal diets supplemented by 20 g kg−1 and 40 g kg−1 of diet Azolla, respectively. However, the fourth, fifth, and sixth groups, exposed to 0.05 μgL−1 IMI (1/2 LC50), were fed supplemented diets as follows: IMI (basal diet), IMI-A 2% (Azolla, 20 g kg−1), IMI-A 4% (Azolla, 40 g kg−1) respectively, for 8 weeks. The findings showed that a significant (p˂0.05) elevation in the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA), meanwhile, the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, nitric oxide (NO) as well as lysozyme activity were markedly (p˂0.05) declined in the IMI-exposed fish. Interestingly, Azolla supplementation attenuated these variables with improving liver and kidney markers (p˂0.05). Therefore, Azolla pinnata may be a valuable candidate as a natural antioxidant for ameliorating imidacloprid toxicity in Nile tilapia.
High‐Performance Photo‐Electrochemical Photodetector Based on Liquid‐Exfoliated Few‐Layered InSe Nanosheets with Enhanced Stability

The band gap of few‐layered 2D material is one of the significant issues for the application of practical devices. Due to the outstanding electrical transport property and excellent photoresponse, 2D InSe has recently attracted rising attention. Herein, few‐layered InSe nanosheets with direct band gap are delivered by a facile liquid‐phase exfoliation approach. We have synthesized a photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐type few‐layered InSe photodetector that exhibits high photocurrent density, responsivity, and stable cycling ability in KOH solution under the irradiation of sunlight. The detective ability of such PEC InSe photodetector can be conveniently tuned by varying the concentration of KOH and applied potential suggesting that the present device can be a fitting candidate as an excellent photodetector. Moreover, extendable optimization of the photodetection performance on InSe nanosheets would further enhance the potential of the prepared InSe in other PEC‐type devices such as dye‐sensitized solar cells, water splitting systems, and solar tracking equipment.
Tenageer Behaviors and Teenager Pregnancies in Limakoli Village, Rote Ndao District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Young marriage still occur in Indonesia. About 0.2% (22,000) teenager 10-14 years were married. Though, Law of marriage the Republic of Indonesia on age requirements are 19 years for men and 16 years for women. Two things for unexpected pregnancy are maintaining or ending a pregnancy by adolescents. The study aimed to determine teenager behaviors and teenager pregnancies in Limakoli village, Rote Ndao District. It was an explorative ethnographic. Inforrmants were selected by snowball sampling. Data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Girls used to do houseworks. Meanwhile, boys had sports in the afternoon. Tenageers got knowledge and information on reproductive health but discussions of pregnancy and the risks were limited. The pregnant teenagers faced gossips and social stigma. One teen pregnacy was faced angry by their parents and families, aborted, quiet, drop out from school. The other teenager covered her second pregnancy, though her parents likely accept her pregnancy. Teenager pregnancies tended not to have antenatal cares. The traditional marriage ‘Terang Kampung’ was not done by underages, likely it included family and extended families. Pregnant teenagers dropped out from schools, in contrast boys did not. Girls had most impact on teenager pregnancies of physical, psychological, and social risks. Hence, an integrative sociocultural intervention for dating with no sexual relations, no adolescence pregnancies and marriage by school, church, primary health center, traditional leaders, village staff s should be developed.
Pharmacognostical standardization, phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant activity of Musa balbisiana Colla fruits

Musa balbisiana (MB) fruits are widespread as an herbal medicine worldwide. This study aimed to screen phytochemicals, standardize raw materials and crude extract, and evaluate antioxidant property of MB fruit extracts. Standardization was performed using purity content and chemical characterizations, total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents to assess the quality. The phytochemicals were determined by chemical reactions. DPPH quenching, ABTS cation decolorization, and reducing power assays were selected to investigate antioxidant ability. Results indicated that physicochemical parameters for MB fruits were within prescribed Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia 5th limits. Phytochemical analysis of MB fruits disclosed the presence of volatile oils, lipids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, saponins, and triterpenoid. The TPC was 3.92 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g d. w. (dry weight) and 162.64 ± 3.39 mg GAE/g d. w. for the raw materials and crude extract respectively while the TFC was 0.138 ± 0.002 mg QE/g d. w. and 1.222 ± 0.007 mg QE/g d. w. Furthermore, crude extract and some of its fractions have a high radical scavenging activity. These initial studies play a pivotal role in the procurement of raw materials and evaluation of the quality of the crude extract, and show antioxidant potential of MB fruits.
Social Media Use and Adolescents’ Well-Being: Developing a Typology of Person-Specific Effect Patterns

This study investigated the effects of active private, passive private, and passive public social media use on adolescents’ affective well-being. Intensive longitudinal data (34,930 assessments in total) were collected through a preregistered three-week experience sampling method study among 387 adolescents. N=1 time series were investigated, using Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling. Findings showed that different types of social media use very rarely yielded different effects within one and the same adolescent: 45% of adolescents experienced no changes in well-being due to any of the three types of social media use, 28% only experienced declines in well-being, and 26% only experienced increases in well-being. Only one adolescent experienced the theoretically expected effect pattern of a positive effect of active private and passive private use and negative effect of passive public use. Together, the findings suggest that the active–passive use dichotomy in social media research is less clear-cut than it might seem.
Extension of Some Results on the (SSIE) and the (SSE) of the Form F ⊂ ℇ + F′ x and ℇ + Fx = F

Abstract Given any sequence a = (an)n≥1 of positive real numbers and any set E of complex sequences, we write Ea for the set of all sequences y = (yn)n≥1 such that y/a = (yn/an)n≥1 ∈ E. In this paper we deal with the solvability of the (SSIE) of the form ℓ∞ ⊂ ℇ+F′x where ℇ is a linear space of sequences and F′ is either c0, or ℓ∞ and we solve the (SSIE) c0 ⊂ ℇ + sx for ℇ ⊂ (sα)∆ and α ∈ c0. Then we study the (SSIE) c ⊂ ℇ + s(c)x and the (SSE) ℇ + s(c)x = c. Then we apply the previous results to the solvability of the (SSE) of the form (ℓrp)∆ + Fx = F for p ≥ 1 and F is any of the sets c0, c, or ℓ∞ . These results extend some of those given in [8] and [9].
Actual and Potential Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Estimated Effects

This paper assesses and compares economic impacts of four actual and potential free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region; Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP, sometimes also called TPP-11), the original Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP-12), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). FTAs with a larger scale and wider membership are expected to produce higher aggregate gains in terms of increased GDP and trade flows. U.S. withdrawal from TPP-12 reduced estimated GDP gains for the TPP-11 countries by about half. For countries belonging to CPTPP and also negotiating RCEP, the potential gains from an agreement with both China and Korea are substantial, but not as large as if the United States were to re-join TPP-12. On a sectoral basis, significant structural shifts are observed for such sectors as food processing, wearing apparel, textiles, and transport equipment.
The future of central banking. Festschrift in honour of Vítor Constâncio (Colloquium held on 16-17 May 2018)

The objective of ECB’s monetary policy may be further clarified as “price stability and full employment without prejudice to the price-stability objective,” where “without prejudice. ” means that average inflation over a period such as five years shall be close to a symmetric inflation target of 2%. “Forecast targeting” with publication also of the policy-rate path is likely to best achieve the ECB’s monetary policy objective and also strengthen the ECB’s accountability. Financial stability is a suitable objective for macroprudential policy but not for monetary policy. Monetary policy and macroprudential policy are very different policies and normally best conducted separately. In macroprudential policy, it is important to distinguish between good and bad credit growth. Intervening to prevent good credit growth has potentially sever costs, as has not intervening to prevent bad credit growth. Swedish macroprudential policy to reduce credit supply to households by further tightening already quite tight lending standards provides an example where this distinction is apparently disregarded and the welfare costs are high. Macroprudential policy is likely to benefit from clear objectives, committee decision-making, and strengthened accountability mechanisms.
Pituitary Adenomas Associated with Intracranial Aneurysms: the Clinical Characteristics, Therapeutic Strategies, and Possible Effects of Vascular Remodeling Factors

Abstract Background Pituitary adenoma coexists with intracranial aneurysms in 2.3 to 3.6% of cases, and intracranial aneurysms are thought to be incidental. On the other hand, older age and cavernous sinus invasion are reported to increase the rate of coexistence, so these two diseases may be related. Methods Ten males and 14 females with the coexistence of pituitary adenomas and intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively investigated among 923 patients (2.6%). Patients were subdivided into two groups: those with direct attachment of cerebral aneurysms to the pituitary adenomas and those without direct attachment. The clinical characteristics, therapeutic strategies, and possible effects of vascular remodeling factors were investigated. Results Twelve patients had functioning pituitary adenomas, and cavernous sinus invasion was identified in 7 of 24 patients. Five of these 7 patients were treated with priority for the cerebral aneurysm until 2007, whereas 14 of 17 patients without involvement of the aneurysm tip in the tumor were treated with priority for the pituitary adenoma in the later period. Among vascular remodeling factors, strong expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly associated with the coexistence of pituitary adenoma and cerebral aneurysm (p < 0.05). Conclusion Intracranial aneurysms were found to coexist in 2.6% of cases of surgically treated pituitary adenomas. VEGF-induced arterial wall remodeling may be part of the mechanism of association between pituitary adenomas and cerebral aneurysms, suggesting possible causative mechanism.
Metformin-Mg2+ adjunct therapy synergistically modulates insulin and PDX-1 gene signatures in STZ-NAD induced diabetic model

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multi-factorial debilitating disorder of metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) as a result of defects in either insulin secretion or insulin action in the body. DM is usually accompanied by hypomagnesemia. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of oral magnesium supplementation on pancreatic gene expression of insulin and PDX-1 in type-2 streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced Sprague dawley diabetic rats. A total of 24Sprague dawleyrats (Four groups of six rats each), were used for this study; Group 1: Normal rats (CONTROL) given distilled water for 4weeks; Group 2: Metformin + Magnesium treated rats (DMM) orally given 100mg/kg and 1000mg/kg body weight respectively for 4weeks; Group 3: Metformin treated diabetic rats (DM), orally given 100mg/kg body weight for 4weeks; Group 4: Diabetic untreated control rats (DU) given distilled water for 4weeks. Measured data were analyzed statistically. The result revealed that there was significant (p<0.05) increase in the feed and water intake of the treated rats but the metformin-magnesium supplement treated group showed more increase when compared with only metformin treated group. PDX-1 and insulin gene expression levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the control when compared with all the diabetic groups. However, PDX-1 and insulin mRNA levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in DMM, when compared with DM. DMM showed improvements when compared with DM which suggests magnesium supplementation as an adjunct therapy with metformin may help inthe regeneration of the beta cells of the pancreas.
Production of Biodiesel in Bangladesh from Inedible Renewable Pithraj Oil (Aphanamixis polystachya) and Experimental Investigation of Methyl Esters as Biodiesel on C.I. Engine

T his paper investigates the production of biodiesel from inedible renewable pithraj ( Aphanamixis polystachya ) oil and its effect on engine performance and emissions. In the first part of this work, the pithraj oil was used to produce biodiesel by transesterification process followed by the determination of fuel properties like density, viscosity, higher heating value, P H value, flash point, pour point and cetane index. A maximum of 96% by volume methyl ester (biodiesel) was obtained at a methanol concentration of 22 vol%, catalyst concentration of 0.45wt% and a temperature of 60 ° C. In the second part of this work, a four-stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI), naturally aspirated (NA) diesel engine was used to investigate the engine performance and emissions fuelled with neat diesel fuel biodiesel blends. The engine experimental results showed that exhaust emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), smoke and engine noise were reduced with all biodiesel blends, while the NOx emission was found to be higher compared to baseline diesel fuel. Engine thermal efficiency was lower and the brake specific fuel consumption was higher with biodiesel blends.