Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Fatigue and Job Burnout Dimensions in Hospital Nurses

Background: Fatigue, as a destructive phenomenon, can have adverse effects on various aspects of workers’ lives. Job burnout is one of the important consequences of fatigue among employees including nurses in different workplaces, especially healthcare centers. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the relationship between fatigue and job burnout. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 522 nurses, who were randomly selected from teaching hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran. Fatigue dimensions and job burnout were measured by Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), respectively. Results: The results revealed that among burnout dimensions, depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment had the highest mean scores, while emotional exhaustion had the lowest mean score. Among different fatigue dimensions, the highest mean score was related to general fatigue. Moreover, the results of Pearson’s correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between emotional exhaustion and fatigue dimensions. Also, a significant direct correlation was found between depersonalization and general, physical, and mental fatigue. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was observed between diminished personal accomplishment and all fatigue dimensions, except mental fatigue. Conclusions: Considering the adverse effects of fatigue on various aspects of nurses’ job burnout, more attention should be paid to fatigue in healthcare facilities, especially hospitals. In addition, a suitable managerial program should be developed to decrease nurses’ job burnout and other fatigue consequences and to improve working conditions.
Cytokine Levels and Symptoms Among Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Considering the Role of Hormonal Contraceptive Use

Background: Young to middle-aged women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Immune dysfunction may be present in IBS, however, few studies have tested whether hormonal contraceptive use is linked to inflammatory markers. The purpose of this study was to compare cytokine levels between women (ages 18–45) with and without IBS and with and without hormonal contraceptive use and to examine the relationships of cytokine levels to IBS gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI symptoms within those using and not using hormonal contraceptives. Methods: Seventy-three women with IBS and 47 healthy control women completed questionnaires (demographics, hormonal contraceptive use) and kept a 28-day symptom diary. Fasting plasma and LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-8, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were assayed. Results: No differences were found in plasma or stimulated cytokine levels between IBS and control women. Levels of IL-1β (p = 0.04) and TNF-α (p = 0.02) were higher among women who did not use hormonal contraceptives compared to women who used hormonal contraceptives. Among women with IBS, significant correlations were found between daily psychological distress and plasma IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokine levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that hormonal contraceptive use might reduce IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine levels in women with IBS. The impact of hormonal contraceptive use on innate immune activation among women with IBS requires further research.
Improvement of the heat pulse method for determining sap flow in trees

Abstract. The heat pulse method for determining sap flux in large woody sterns was modified for easier field operation. It uses the measurement of the time elapsed between heat pulse release by a line heater radially inserted in the stem, and the occurrence of maximum temperature 15 mm downstream of the heater. This spacing between heater and thermometer is critical to the reliability of the measurement. Calculations using uncorrected theory provide estimates of the sap flux density in stems with both uniform and non-uniform cross-sectional distribution of conducting tissues which are about 55% of the actual sap flux density. This factor results from insufficient thermal homogeneity between tissues where sap flow occurs and tissues where sap flow has been interrupted. Sap flow in trunks of citrus trees was inferred from measurements of the cross-sectional distribution of sap flux density. Variability of sap flux density is specific to each trunk and is time-dependent and imposes multiple radial and angular measurements. The method was checked in a citrus trunk ramified into three branches. Instantaneous determinations of the flow in the trunk and in the branches differed by less than 5.7%. The daily values agreed within 2.8%.
Translating principles into practice

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Care and management of a double burden of chronic diseases: Experiences of patients and perceptions of their healthcare providers

Aim The increasing burden of comorbid HIV infection and hypertension necessitates a focus on healthcare services providing care for chronic multi-morbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions and experiences of 1) people living with HIV infection and comorbid hypertension, and 2) their healthcare providers, related to their diagnoses and interactions with chronic healthcare services in South Africa. Methods This study comprised quantitative and qualitative arms with a multi-layered approach. We randomly selected 17 public healthcare facilities providing HIV care across Cape Town and surrounding rural municipalities. Results Interviews were conducted with clinicians (n = 11), specialised nursing professionals (n = 10), lay counsellors (n = 12), six patients focus groups (n = 35) and 20 in-depth individual patient interviews. There were mixed views on being treated at integrated vs. separate chronic care facilities regarding quality of care and privacy/anonymity. Specialised clinics offered better care for HIV infection while hypertension and other non-communicable diseases were neglected. Privacy about HIV status maybe better maintained in integrated clinics but not if status was disclosed by having the green-coloured HIV treatment card. A single appointment date was considered advantageous as it saved time and money leading to greater compliance; however, waiting times at clinics were longer with perhaps fewer patients seen. Conclusions The mixed reactions elicited to the integration of healthcare services for HIV, hypertension and other non-communicable diseases highlights the complexities involved in implementing such services. Greater human resources with retraining and reskilling of healthcare staff is required for the optimal management of chronic multi-morbidities.
Debt analysts' views of debt-equity conflicts of interest

ABSTRACT: We investigate how the tone of sell-side debt analysts' discussions about debt-equity conflict events affects the informativeness of debt analysts' reports in debt markets. Conflict events such as mergers and acquisitions, debt issuance, share repurchases, or dividend payments potentially generate asset substitution or wealth expropriation by equity holders. We document that debt analysts routinely discuss these conflict events in their reports. More importantly, discussions about conflict events that we code as negative are associated with increases in credit spreads and bond trading volume. Consistent with the informational value of debt analysts' discussions in secondary debt markets, we find that negatively coded conflict discussions predict higher bond offering yields in the primary bond market. In additional analyses, we measure the tone of debt analysts' discussions based on their disagreement with the tone of equity analysts' discussions and find that the informativeness of debt analysts.
Using Archival Data Sources to Conduct Nonprofit Accounting Research

Research in nonprofit accounting is steadily increasing as more data is available. In an effort to broaden the awareness of the data sources and ensure the quality of nonprofit research, we discuss archival data sources available to nonprofit researchers, data issues, and potential resolutions to those problems. Overall, our paper should raise awareness of data sources in the nonprofit area, increase production, and enhance the quality of nonprofit research.
Vasculogenesis by Endothelial Progenitor Cells In Vitro

Introduction and Aim: Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of blood vessels from embryonic precursor cells. The formation of additional vessels is called angiogenesis, the sprouting from pre-existing vessels by migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells. Until recently vasculogenesis was considered to be restricted to embryogenesis, however, evidence suggests that progenitor cells exist in the adult, able to participate in neovascularization. In order to study cellular and molecular control mechanisms without animal testing we have established in featuring the three-dimensional formation of capillary-like structures from microvascular endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to identify the specific subpopulation of cells that triggers the primary process of vasculogenesis in vitro. Material and Methods: Endothelial cells were isolated from the bovine corpus luteum and examined by phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy. Immunolabelling was done for the most important pro-angiogenic factor (VEGF) and its endothelium-specific receptors (VEGF-R1, -R2) as well as for endothelial cell surface markers (CD 31, CD51/61, CD29) and presumptive stem cell marker CD 34. Additionally VEGF and VEGF-R1, -R2 expression was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The beginning of vessel formation in vitro was initiated by confluence of endothelial cells. A linear and circular side-by-side arrangement of cells and the formation of capillary-like structures with an internal lumen could be observed. Specific clusters of cells were identified. These cells were arranged in a star-like formation, i.e., one particular round cell in the centre surrounded by several cells with extensions. Immunolocalization of VEGF, VEGF-R1, -R2, CD 31, CD51/61, CD29 and CD34 was positive. VEGF-R2 and CD 34 were found to be co-localized in specific cells exclusively. Conclusions: Results for the first time reveal the specific subpopulation of endothelial cells that trigger the start of vasculogenesis in vitro. These progenitor cells are characterized by a specific morphology, by the presence of endothelial cell markers and by the expression of stem cell marker in vitro models
Carbon dynamics of pristine and hydrologically modified fens in the southern Rocky Mountains

We measured water table levels, above- and below-ground plant production, and CO2 and CH4 emissions for five fens in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, to determine whether a water diversion project was adversely affecting carbon cycling. Two fens were located beneath the water diversion, and three fens were located in an adjacent pristine watershed. The diversion lowered water table levels in one fen, while the other fen was not hydrologically modified. Total NPP (net primary production) for all sites ranged from 130 to 316 g C·m -2 ·year -1 , with a mean of 217 gC ·m -2 ·year -1 , and belowground NPP accounted for ~60% of the total. Maximum CO2 emissions for pristine fens ranged between 170 and 273 mg CO2-C·m -2 ·h -1 , with annual emissions of 230-388 g CO2-C·m -2 ·year -1 . However, the hydrologically modified fen had maximum CO2 emissions of 457 mg CO2-C·m -2 ·h -1 and had an annual flux of 573 g CO2-C·m -2 ·year -1 . Maximum CH4 emissions ranged from 3 to 25 mg CH4-C·m -2 ·h -1 , with annual emissions of 9-61 g CH4-C·m -2 ·year -1 . The water diversion structure lowered water tables, increased CO2, decreased CH4 and NPP, and
Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation

Metapopulations are classically viewed as sets of populations persisting in a balance between local extinction and colonization. When this is true, regional persistence depends critically upon parameters influencing extinction and colonization rates, e.g. the number of habitat patches and populations, the rates and patterns of interpatch migration, and propagule establishment probabilities. A review of relevant empirical literature identifies few metapopulations which fit this description well. Instead, three qualitatively different situations are found to be more common: (1) mainland-island and source-sink metapopulations, in which persistence depends on the existence of one or more extinction-resistant populations; (2) patchy populations, in which dispersal between patches or sub-populations is so high that the system is effectively a single extinction-resistant population; (3) non-equilibrium metapopulations, in which local extinction occurs in the course of a species' overall regional decline. This suggests a modified view of metapopulation dynamics in which local extinction is more an incidental than a central feature.
Ultrastructural distribution of nuclear ribonucleoproteins as visualized by immunocytochemistry on thin sections

The ultrastructural distribution of nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNP) has been investigated by incubation of thin sections of mouse or rat liver, embedded in Lowicryl K4M or prepared by cryoultramicrotomy, with antibodies specific for RNP. The antibodies were localized by means of a protein A-colloidal gold complex. Anti-small nuclear (sn)RNP antibodies, specific for determinants of the nucleoplasmic snRNP species containing U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 RNAs, were found associated preferentially with perichromatin fibrils, interchromatin granules, and coiled bodies. This indicates an early association of snRNP with structural constituents containing newly synthesized heterogeneous nuclear RNA. It also suggests a possible structural role of some snRNPs in nuclear architecture. Antibodies against the core proteins of heterogeneous nuclear RNP particles associate preferentially with the border regions of condensed chromatin, and in particular with perichromatin fibrils and some perichromatin granules. These results are discussed in view of recent knowledge about the possible role of nucleoplasmic RNP-containing components in the functions of the cell nucleus.
Assessment of head and neck cancer care in District General Hospital Trincomalee

Objective To compare whether head and neck cancer treatment provided at the district general hospital in Trincomalee is within the international temporal guidelines and if not the necessary measurements needed for improvement. Methodology A Retrospective clinical audit of head and neck cancer care provided in 2016 and a re-audit in 2017 after application of remedial measures identified in the initial audit. Result Patient delay, referral delay, initiationdelay, procedural delay, biopsy delay and treatment delay were minimized to the delays accepted by European guidelines. Conclusion Following the audit, the delays were identified involving all the stakeholders and implementation of an improvement plan done leading to near ideal head & neck cancer care provision.
Herbicide and Native Grass Seeding Effects on Sulfur Cinquefoil (Potentilla Recta)-Infested Grasslands

Abstract Sulfur cinquefoil is an exotic, perennial forb that invades a wide range of ecosystems in western North America. It forms dense populations and often threatens native plant species and communities. In this study, we address the following questions: (1) what herbicides, rates, and application times are most effective at reducing sulfur cinquefoil abundance while having the least impact on native plants; and (2) does postherbicide seeding with native grass species increase native plant abundance? In 2002, we experimentally examined the effects of five herbicides (dicamba + 2,4-D; metsulfuron-methyl; triclopyr; glyphosate; and picloram) at two rates of application (low and high), three application times (early summer, fall, and a combined early summer–fall treatment), and two postherbicide seed addition treatments (seeded or not seeded) on sulfur cinquefoil abundance, plant community composition, and species richness. Experimental plots were monitored through 2005. Picloram was the most effective herbicide at reducing sulfur cinquefoil density, the proportion of remaining adult plants, and seed production. The effects of picloram continued to be evident after 3 yr, with 80% reduction of sulfur cinquefoil in 2005. In addition, seeding of native grass seeds alone (no herbicide application) reduced the proportion of sulfur cinquefoil plants that were reproductively active. Despite reductions in sulfur cinquefoil abundance, all treatments remained dominated by exotic species because treated areas transitioned from exotic forb- to exotic grass-dominated communities. However, a one-time herbicide application controlled sulfur cinquefoil for at least 3 yr, and therefore might provide a foundation to begin ecological restoration. Herbicide applications alone likely are to be insufficient for long-term sulfur cinquefoil control without further modification of sites through native grass or forb seeding. Integrating herbicides with native plant seeding to promote the development of plant communities that are resistant to sulfur cinquefoil invasion is a promising management approach to ecological restoration. Nomenclature: Dicamba; 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; Glyphosate; N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; Metsulfuron-methyl; 2-[[[[94-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid, Picloram; 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; Triclopyr; [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid; Sulfur cinquefoil, Potentilla recta L
Extracellular Events Induced by γ‐Hydroxybutyrate in Striatum: A Microdialysis Study

Abstract: The modification of dopamine release and accumulation induced by γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was studied using both striatal slices and in vivo microdialysis of caudate‐putamen. GHB inhibited dopamine release for ∼5–10 min in vitro, and this was associated with an accumulation of dopamine in the tissue. Subsequently, there was an increase in dopamine release. In the microdialysis experiments, low doses of GHB inhibited dopamine release, whereas higher doses strongly increased release; the initial decrease seen in slices could not be detected in vivo. Thus, GHB had a biphasic effect on the release of dopamine: An initial decrease in the release of transmitter was followed by an increase. A time‐dependent biphasic effect was observed when GHB was added to brain slices, and a dose‐dependent biphasic effect was seen in dialysate after systemic administration of GHB. Naloxone blocked GHB‐induced dopamine accumulation and release both in vitro and in vivo. GHB also increased the release of opioid‐like substances in the striatum. A specific antagonist of GHB receptors completely blocked both the dopamine response and the release of opioid‐like substances. These data suggest that GHB increases dopamine release via specific receptors that may modulate the activity of opioid interneurons.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Cephales in a Professional Environment—Case of Teachers of Libreville

Objective: To determine the prevalence of headaches among Libreville teachers. Introduction: Headaches, commonly referred to as “headaches”, correspond to all the unpleasant sensations felt in the head. It is generally a question of subjective manifestations that only the patient can express. The most common functional sign is pain, which in itself is difficult to measure. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional prospective study with analytical and descriptive aims, which took place over a period of 4 months from February 1st to June 1st, 2016. It took place in five public secondary schools in two of the six districts of Libreville. Was considered cephalalgic (or suffering from headache), any teacher who answered “Yes” to the question: “Are you prone to headaches? ” The choice of the reference interval to be able to evaluate the working time of the recruited teachers was inspired by the European standards which globally place the average weekly working time of teachers between 30 and 40 hours. The collected data were processed and analyzed with Epi-info 7 and SPSS 22 software. A regression analysis was performed to identify the associated factors. Results: We collected 236 teachers whose average age was 43.2 ± 7.9 years, with extremes of 27 and 60 years. There were 141 men (59.7%) and 95 women (40.3%) with a sex ratio of 0.96. The prevalence of headache was 76.7%. The factors associated with headaches were the subject taught, the number of students, and the provision of private tutoring. Five main triggers were found: overwork (86.2%), lack of sleep (84.5%), sun (73.5%), noise (68%) and fatigue (64.6%). The effects of headache were discomfort in daily activities (65.7%), absenteeism (35.9%) and a reduction in sleep time. Conclusion: Our study shows that headaches particularly affect the teaching profession with female predominance due to stressful situations caused by their work environment.
Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Engine Emissions: A Summary of Animal Studies Conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Health Effects Research Laboratories at Cincinnati, Ohio

In order to evaluate the potentially harmful effects of diesel engine emissions, inhalation exposure studies were carried out using a variety of animal species and strains, and measuring a wide range of toxicological parameters. Exhaust was provided by a 6 cylinder Nissan diesel engine operated 20 hours/day, 7 days/week, during a 2 month preliminary trial and 8 hours/day, 7 days/week during a 2 year, 4 month long-term study. The exhaust was diluted to produce a concentration of 6 mg/m3 particulate matter during the preliminary study and during the first year of the long term study and 12 mg/m3 thereafter. Exposure to diesel emissions did not result in detectable genotoxic effects as measured by increases in sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus testing and metaphase analysis in Chinese hamster and mouse bone marrow cells or in the morphology of cat sperm. SCE in lung cells from Syrian hamsters, however, was increased at the higher exposure level. The incidence of heritable mutations was not increased in mice. An increase in lung tumor incidence was detected in female Senear mice exposed from conception, but not in males, or in either male or female strain A mice exposed from 6 weeks of age. Voluntary activity was decreased in rats during exposure and learning ability was impaired in adult animals exposed during the early postnatal period. Susceptibility to an infectious challenge was increased in diesel exposed mice. Clearance of particles from the lung was found to be minimal even after 90 days recovery in clean air. Pulmonary function alterations in diesel exposed cats suggested the presence of a lesion restricting the air flow. The integrity of the lung as measured by leakage of 131I labeled protein into the alveoli did not seem to be impaired, but increased collagen synthesis suggested that fibrosis may develop with long-term exposure. The preliminary inhalation study resulted in the induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver. In later studies, however, enzyme induction was found only in male mice injected with large doses of diesel particulate extract.