Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Size and Shape in the 'Moro' Blood Orange and 'Valencia' Sweet Orange Cultivar and its Mutants Using Image Processing

Fruit size and shape are important physical characteristics in designing relevant equipment, sorting, sizing and packaging systems. Therefore, the properties of size and shape of the sweet orange cultivar, 'Valencia', and its three mutants, 'A70', 'A77', and 'A88' were determined by image processing. The blood orange cultivar, 'Moro', was also included in this analysis. The volume of each cultivar and mutant was measured by the liquid displacement method. Linear equations with high R2 values were developed in order to estimate the surface area and geometric mean diameter, which were dependent upon the mass and volume of the orange samples. The results of this study showed that the 'A70' mutant differed from the other mutants and the 'Valencia' cultivar in regard to most physical properties. The 'A70' and 'A88' mutants and the 'Valencia' cultivar had the highest sphericity values, which varied from 96.41% to 97.18%. The lowest shape factor was found in the 'Valencia' cultivar, with a mean of 0.73. The elongation of the 'A88' mutant and 'Valencia' (1.07 each) was smaller than that of the other cultivars. The highest coefficient of variance was observed within the 'Valencia' and 'Moro' cultivars in most physical properties, suggesting that the 'Valencia' mutants produce more homogeneous fruits than the 'Valencia' cultivar itself.
Keynesian, New Keynesian and New Classical Economics

Much of the new theory of macro-economics that has been built upon micro-economic models of imperfect information leads to conclusions which are surprisingly close in spirit to Keynes' original analysis. This paper summarizes the macro-economic implications of information-based models of efficiency wages, credit-rationing and the breakdown of financial markets for equity-type securities. It shows how these models lead to behavior by firms and interactions among economic agents that account for many of the phenomena identified by Keynes in qualitative terms which were largely lost in subsequent formalizations of the Keynesian model. These imperfect information macro-models provide consistent theoretical explanations in the Keynesian spirit in unemployment, investment concentrated business cycles, rigid prices and the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy interventions. In doing so, they reconcile macro and micro-economic analysis in a way that has so far been achieved neither by the traditional Keynesians, who assumed away the micro-dimension of the problem, nor by the new classical economists who assumed away the macro-dimension of the problem.
The effect of concave surface curvature on turbulent boundary layers

The response of a turbulent boundary layer to suddenly applied concave surface curvature with δ/R = 0.01–0.02 is investigated. The main conclusion of this and the companion paper by Muck, Hoffmann & Bradshaw (1985) is that the effects of concave (destabilizing) and convex (stabilizing) curvature on boundary layers – and presumably on other shear layers – are totally different, even qualitatively. As shown in Muck, Hoffmann & Bradshaw (1985), convex curvature tends to attenuate the pre-existing turbulence and, at least in the case of mild curvature, there are no large changes in statistical average eddy shape. Concave curvature, on the other hand, can lead to the quasi-inviscid generation of longitudinal (‘Taylor–Görtler’) vortices, and we show that significant changes in the turbulence structure are induced both directly by the curvature and indirectly by the vortices.
Ignorance versus false belief: a developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states

HOGREFE, G. -JUERGEN; WIMMER, HEINZ; and PERNER, JOSEF. Ignorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 567-582. 3-6-year-old children were either put into real-life situations or were read stories in which another person or story character was excluded from certain information. Their competence in attributing absence of knowledge (ignorance) was compared to their competence in attributing a false belief to the other. A marked difference between attributions was found. In a transitional stage at 3-4 years children were able to attribute ignorance but failed to attribute the resulting false belief. The same developmental gap for children about 2 years older was found between the attribution of secondorder ignorance and second-order false belief. Results are interpreted to show that children at a transitional stage find it difficult to represent the incompatible propositions describing the true state of affairs and the state of affairs falsely believed to be true by the other. Such a complexity is not involved in the understanding of ignorance where it has just to be represented that the other does not share the representation of the true state of affairs.
Detecting Masked Faces using Region-based Convolutional Neural Network

Precisely detecting masked and non-masked faces are increasingly important since wearing a face mask is an effective measure to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous literature focused mainly on occluded face detection or facial expression, which were unsuitable for the application of detecting human faces wearing masks. Hence, to overcome the issue, this work proposes a Convolutional Neural Network-based model that uses region proposals to detect masked and nonmasked faces. The depth of the Convolutional Neural Network was increased by using residual skip-connections. The model was implemented using TensorFlow Object Detection API and was pre-trained over the COCO dataset. A secondary outcome of the paper was to collect a dataset of high resolution masked and nonmasked faces for training deep learning frameworks, due to the lack of datasets available for this task. The proposed model was compared with the SSD Inception V2 model [1] and the SSD MobileNet V2 model [2] in the context of detection accuracy (mAP). The experiments highlight that the proposed framework achieves a detection accuracy (total mAP) of 85.82%, on the collected dataset. The results are significantly better in detecting non-masked faces with a detection accuracy (mAP) of 98.61% while it is 68.72% accurate in detecting masked faces. Based on this model’s performance on standard parameters, a detailed study is outlined along with the conclusion and future plan of action.
Sibling and Peer Interaction: A Final Follow-up and a Comparison

ABRAMOVITCH, RONA; CORTER, CARL; PEPLER, DEBRA J.; and STANHOPE, LINDA. Sibling and Peer Interaction: A Final Follow-up and a Comparison. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 217-229. In a second follow-up study of sibling interaction, 24 pairs of same-sex siblings and 24 pairs of mixed-sex siblings were observed in their homes 18 months after the first follow-up and 3 years after the initial observations. The younger siblings were approximately 5 years old, and the age interval between siblings was either large (2.5-4 years) or small (1-2 years). The patterning of interaction was similar to that observed earlier. Birth order was important. There was no effect of age interval between siblings and few effects of sex of child or sex composition of the dyad. Sibling observations were supplemented by naturalistic observations of dyadic peer interaction for 19 of the same-sex dyads. There was no consistent pattern of correlations between interactions with siblings and with peers. Interaction in almost all dyads was characterized by reciprocity. The results are discussed in terms of the nature and importance of early sibling relationships.
Teaching Children to Subtract by Counting Up.

Symbolic subtraction problems such as 14 8 = ? were interpreted to children as story problems with dot pictures that supported count-up solutions. Children in first-grade mathematics classes were taught with considerable success to solve such symbolic subtraction problems by counting up from the smaller number to the larger ("8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; 6 more make 14") while keeping track of the number counted up by using one-handed finger patterns. The children improved quite considerably on a timed test of the more difficult subtraction combinations, and this improvement held up over a month. Interviews indicated that almost all children could count up to solve subtraction combinations they did not know. Many used counting up to solve subtraction story problems with different semantic structures: performance on compare, separate (take-away), and equalize (how many more to make the same? ) story problems was similar and good.
PHOTOTHERAPY IN HEALTH AND DENTISTRY : A LITERATURE

Introduction: Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) associated with a photosensitizer (PS) nontoxic and sensitive to light, has been showing efficient results in several areas of health, owing to the selective destruction of cells. Objective: This study was literature review was to select articles that prove the method using Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of improving health conditions and can be applied in the most diverse areas of health. Results: In this literature search, it was observed that a PDT when applied to health is very effective, as it fights cancer and microbial contamination. When applied in dentistry, especially in procedures in the areas of endodontics and periodontics, a great effect is perceived as an adjunct treatment and contributes to the reduction of infections caused by resistant bacteria. In addition, it has been shown that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is not damaged as adjacent tissue cells. Conclusion: It can be seen through this literature review that a PDT is an excellent microbicide, beyond to working very well in the selective destruction of cells. However, this is an adjunctive treatment that always ceases to be combined with other procedures for greater effectiveness.
Effects of capillarity and vapor adsorption in the depletion of vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs

Vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs in natural (undisturbed) conditions contain water as both vapor and liquid phases. The most compelling evidence for the presence of distributed liquid water is the observation that vapor pressures in these systems are close to saturated vapor pressure for measured reservoir temperatures (White et al., 1971; Truesdell and White, 1973). Analysis of natural heat flow conditions provides additional, indirect evidence for the ubiquitous presence of liquid. From an analysis of the heat pipe process (vapor-liquid counterflow) Preuss (1985) inferred that effective vertical permeability to liquid phase in vapor-dominated reservoirs is approximately 10{sup 17} m{sup 2}, for a heat flux of 1 W/m{sup 2}. This value appears to be at the high end of matrix permeabilities of unfractured rocks at The Geysers, suggesting that at least the smaller fractures contribute to liquid permeability. For liquid to be mobile in fractures, the rock matrix must be essentially completely liquid-saturated, because otherwise liquid phase would be sucked from the fractures into the matrix by capillary force. Large water saturation in the matrix, well above the irreducible saturation of perhaps 30%, has been shown to be compatible with production of superheated steam (Pruess and Narasimhan, 1982). In response to fluid production the liquid phase will boil, with heat of vaporization supplied by the reservoir rocks. As reservoir temperatures decline reservoir pressures will decline also. For depletion of ''bulk'' liquid, the pressure would decline along the saturated vapor pressure curve, while for liquid held by capillary and adsorptive forces inside porous media, an additional decline will arise from ''vapor pressure lowering''. Capillary pressure and vapor adsorption effects, and associated vapor pressure lowering phenomena, have received considerable attention in the geothermal literature, and also in studies related to geologic disposal of heat generating nuclear wastes, and in the drying of porous materials. Geothermally oriented studies were presented by Chicoine et al. (1977), Hsieh and Ramey (1978, 1981), Herkelrath et al. (1983), and Nghiem and Ramey (1991). Nuclear waste-related work includes papers by Herkelrath and O'Neal (1985), Pollock (1986), Eaton and Bixler (1987), Pruess et al. (1990), Nitao (1990), and Doughty and E'ruess (1991). Applications to industrial drying of porous materials have been discussed by Hamiathy (1969) arid Whitaker (1977). This paper is primarily concerned with evaluating the impact of vapor pressure lowering (VPL) effects on the depletion behavior of vapor-dominated reservoirs. We have examined experimental data on vapor adsorption and capillary pressures in an effort to identify constitutive relationships that would be applicable to the tight matrix rocks of vapor-dominated systems. Numerical simulations have been performed to evaluate the impact of these effects on the depletion of vapor-dominated reservoirs.
Magnetophoretic separation of microalgae: the role of nanoparticles and polymer binder in harvesting biofuel

Magnetophoretic separation of Chlorella sp. microalgal biomass is proven to be a feasible downstream processing technology for biofuel production. Kinetic study of cells separation in real time reveals the major steps involved for each stage of low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) with field gradient (∇B) less than 80 T m−1. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM & SEM) together with Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis are employed to confirm the full attachment of surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (SF-IONPs) onto microalgal cells and how the particles distributed on the cell's surfaces. From the cross section TEM images of cells, IONPs shown the tendency to be internalized into Chlorella sp. cells but not affect the biofuel quality.
A Single-Cycle MLP Classifier Using Analog MRAM-based Neurons and Synapses

In this paper, spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) devices are leveraged to realize sigmoidal neurons and binarized synapses for a single-cycle analog in-memory computing (IMC) architecture. First, an analog SOT-MRAM-based neuron bitcell is proposed which achieves a 12x reduction in power-area-product compared to the previous most power- and area-efficient analog sigmoidal neuron design. Next, proposed neuron and synapse bit cells are used within memory subarrays to form an analog IMC-based multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture for the MNIST pattern recognition application. The architecture-level results exhibit that our analog IMC architecture achieves at least two and four orders of magnitude performance improvement compared to a mixed-signal analog/digital IMC architecture and a digital GPU implementation, respectively while realizing a comparable classification accuracy.
Asymptotic Dimension of Minor-Closed Families and Assouad-Nagata Dimension of Surfaces

The asymptotic dimension is an invariant of metric spaces introduced by Gromov in the context of geometric group theory. In this paper, we study the asymptotic dimension of metric spaces generated by graphs and their shortest path metric and show their applications to some continuous spaces. The asymptotic dimension of such graph metrics can be seen as a large scale generalisation of weak diameter network decomposition which has been extensively studied in computer science. We prove that every proper minor-closed family of graphs has asymptotic dimension at most 2, which gives optimal answers to a question of Fujiwara and Papasoglu and (in a strong form) to a problem raised by Ostrovskii and Rosenthal on minor excluded groups. For some special minor-closed families, such as the class of graphs embeddable in a surface of bounded Euler genus, we prove a stronger result and apply this to show that complete Riemannian surfaces have Assouad-Nagata dimension at most 2. Furthermore, our techniques allow us to prove optimal results for the asymptotic dimension of graphs of bounded layered treewidth and graphs of polynomial growth, which are graph classes that are defined by purely combinatorial notions and properly contain graph classes with some natural topological and geometric flavours.
Capturing GDP nowcast uncertainty in real time

Nowcasting methods rely on timely series related to economic growth for producing and updating estimates of GDP growth before publication of official figures. But the statistical uncertainty attached to these forecasts, which is critical to their interpretation, is only improved marginally when new data on related series become available. That is particularly problematic in times of high economic uncertainty. As a solution this paper proposes to model common factors in scale and shape parameters alongside the mixed-frequency dynamic factor model typically used for location parameters in nowcasting frameworks. Scale and shape parameters control the time-varying dispersion and asymmetry round point forecasts which are necessary to capture the increase in variance and negative skewness found in times of recessions. It is shown how cross-sectional dependencies in scale and shape parameters may be modelled in mixed-frequency settings, with a particularly convenient approximation for scale parameters in Gaussian models. The benefit of this methodology is explored using vintages of U.S. economic growth data with a focus on the economic depression resulting from the coronavirus pandemic. The results show that modelling common factors in scale and shape parameters improves nowcasting performance towards the end of the nowcasting window in recessionary episodes.
Red shift in the photoluminescence of colloidal carbon quantum dots induced by photon reabsorption

We synthesize the colloidal carbon/graphene quantum dots 1–9 nm in diameter and study their photoluminescence properties. Surprisingly, the luminescence properties of a fixed collection of colloidal carbon quantum dots can be systematically changed as the concentration varies. A model based on photon reabsorption is proposed which explains well the experiment. Infrared spectral study indicates that the surfaces of the carbon quantum dots are substantially terminated by oxygen atoms, which causes their ultra-high hydrophilicity. Our result clarifies the mystery of distinct emission colors in carbon quantum dots and indicates that photon reabsorption can strongly affect the luminescence properties of colloidal nanocrystals.
Episiotomy and the perineum: a random controIled triaI

SummaryA random controlled trial comparing restricted and liberal use of episiotomy was conducted. In the patients in whom the use of episiotomy was restricted (episioto-mies 32 per cent in primigravidae, 2 per cent in multi-gravidae), 32 per cent of primigravidae and 54 per cent of multigravidae had an intact perineum or a first degree tear. With liberal use of episiotomy (primigravidae 79 per cent, multigravidae 48 per cent), only 4 per cent of primigravidae and 26 per cent of multigravidae had an intact perineum or a first degree tear. Symptoms on the 3rd day postpartum were, on average, reduced in the patients in whom the use of episiotomy was restricted.
Design and evaluation of thermodynamic vent/screen baffle cryogenic storage system

A comprehensive analytical program was performed to compare an integrated thermodynamic vent/screen baffle orbital cryogenic propellant storage and transfer system with other concepts. The screen systems were found to be 20% to 29% lighter in weight than a propulsively accelerated Tug-scale LH2/LO2 resupply module. The screen systems were compared with small-scale supercritical storage systems for the space shuttle fuel cell reactant and life support system fluid supply and were lighter by up to 556 kg (1225 lb) for the extended 30-day mission. When compared with high-pressure gas storage for the spacelab atmosphere supply, the screen system saved 79% of the inert system weight for the 30-day mission. An experimental program found that heat flux rates up to 9,450 watts/sq m (3,000 Btu/hr-sq ft) degraded the LH2 bubble point performance of eight screens by a maximum of 12.5%. No effects of helium pressurant, screen material, or LH2 superheat were observed.
Colonization and Degradation of Thermally Oxidized High-Density Polyethylene by Aspergillus niger (ITCC No. 6052) Isolated from Plastic Waste Dumpsite

ABSTRACT Plastic materials, particularly polyethylene, are the potential source of environmental pollution. In the present study, a fungal strain was isolated from plastic waste dumpsites capable of adhering to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surface. The fungal strain was identified as Aspergillus niger (ITCC no. 6052). A visible increase in the growth of the fungi was observed on the surface of the polyethylene when cultured in minimal medium at 30°C and 120 rpm, for 1 month. Approximately 3.44% reduction (gravimetrically) in mass and 61% reduction in tensile strength of polyethylene was observed after 1 month of incubation with fungal isolate. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed hyphael penetration and cracks on the surface of polyethylene. A thick network of fungal hyphae forming a biofilm was also observed on the surface of the plastic pieces. The efficient biofilm formation on polyethylene surface by Aspergillus niger (ITCC no. 6052) is attributed to its high cell surface hydrophobicity. This study indicated that Aspergillus niger (ITCC no. 6052) has ability to degrade thermally oxidized polyethylene.
Evaluation of Data on Solubility of Simple Apolar Gases in Light and Heavy Water at High Temperature

The solubility data of apolar gases in light and heavy water over the temperature range covered experimentally have been evaluated, laying particular emphasis to the region above the normal boiling points of the solvents. The systems that have been included in this work are the inert gases and CH4 in light water and heavy water, H2, O2, N2, and C2H6 in light water and D2 in heavy water. Data in the original sources have been brought to the same footing by calculating from the raw experimental data P, T, and x when they were not reported by the author. This step is considered necessary to assess critically the available sets of data. The temperature dependence of Henry’s constants for all the binary systems have been expressed in terms of two different polynomial equations. The formulations presented are discussed and the limits of application given.
DAFI: An Open-Source Framework for Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation and Field Inversion.

In many areas of science and engineering, it is a common task to infer physical fields from sparse observations. This paper presents the DAFI code intended as a flexible framework for two broad classes of such inverse problems: data assimilation and field inversion. DAFI generalizes these diverse problems into a general formulation and solves it with ensemble Kalman filters, a family of ensemble-based, derivative-free, Bayesian methods. This Bayesian approach has the added advantage of providing built-in uncertainty quantification. Moreover, the code provides tools for performing common tasks related to random fields, as well as I/O utilities for integration with the open-source finite volume tool OpenFOAM. The code capabilities are showcased through several test cases including state and parameter estimation for the Lorenz dynamic system, field inversion for the diffusion equations, and uncertainty quantification. The object-oriented nature of the code allows for easily interchanging different solution methods and different physics problems. It provides a simple interface for the users to supply their domain-specific physics models. Finally, the code can be used as a test-bed for new ensemble-based data assimilation and field inversion methods.