Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Browsing 3-D spaces with 3-D vision: body-driven navigation through the internet city

This paper presents a computer vision stereo based interface to navigate inside a 3-D Internet city, using body gestures. A wide-baseline stereo pair of cameras is used to obtain 3-D body models of the user’s hands and head in a small desk-area environment. The interface feeds this information to an HMM gesture classifier to reliably recognize the user’s browsing commands. To illustrate the features of this interface we describe its application to our 3-D Internet browser which facilitates the recollection of information by organizing and embedding it inside a virtual city through which the user navigates.
Base cation availability and leaching after nitrogen fertilisation of a eucalypt plantation

Increasing use of nitrogen fertiliser in eucalypt plantations is affecting base cation availability via changes in concentrations in soil solution and leaching. While low base cation availability will probably limit future productivity of some eucalypt plantations, the extent and temporal patterns of availability as affected by N fertilisation were unknown. After applying urea in a fertiliser experiment in a 9-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation, soil solution chemistry was monitored for 13 months and maximum potential leaching estimated. The cumulative effects of earlier ammonium sulfate, urea, and superphosphate fertiliser applications had enhanced tree growth, base cation uptake, and probably leaching, but led to decreased pH and concentrations of exchangeable pools of Mg and K in surface soil (0–0.1 m). In soil solution before re-fertilisation, in the high N treatment, concentrations of K in soil solution were significantly lower, and of Ca significantly higher than the treatment that received no fertiliser. On many occasions during the 13-month period after this re-fertilisation event, increased concentrations of NH4, NO3, Ca, Mg, and K in soil solution were significant (0–0.6 m depth), and were consistently highest in the high fertiliser treatment at 0.3–0.6 m depth. We conclude that N fertilisation increased base cation availability during the study and probably for several subsequent years, but there was a risk that significant pools of N and base cations were leached off-site. Future research and modelling of base cation availability in plantations should consider these changes induced by N-fertiliser that increase availability for several years but lead to longer term decreases in availability.
Constraints on mantle circulation around the deforming Calabrian slab

Combining tectonics, with seismological and geochemical data, we reconstruct the deformation history of the presently narrow Calabrian slab and the path of mantle circulation during the last 10 Ma. We show that during the slab deformation the mantle laterally flowed inside the back arc region permitting its retrograde motion and giving a seismological and volcanological record after 1–2 myr.
Structural basis of Tom20 and Tom22 cytosolic domains as the human TOM complex receptors

Significance The TOM complex plays a central role in translocation of proteins synthesized in cytosol into the mitochondria. As the receptor components of the TOM complex, Tom20, Tom22, and Tom70 play pivotal roles in this process. How Tom20 and Tom22 function as receptors, however, is not fully understood. Here, using cryoelectron microscopy, we captured the structure of the TOM complex with visible cytosolic domain of Tom20 and Tom22. We show that Tom22 has a similar three-helix bundle structure at its N-terminal cytosolic domain to the C-terminal cytosolic domain of Tom20. Furthermore, the biochemical experiments demonstrated that this structure of Tom22 is responsible for binding with presequence. These results provide important information for understanding the receptor-guided transport process of mitochondria.
Image Compression with Product Quantized Masked Image Modeling

Recent neural compression methods have been based on the popular hyperprior framework. It relies on Scalar Quantization and offers a very strong compression performance. This contrasts from recent advances in image generation and representation learning, where Vector Quantization is more commonly employed. In this work, we attempt to bring these lines of research closer by revisiting vector quantization for image compression. We build upon the VQ-VAE framework and introduce several modifications. First, we replace the vanilla vector quantizer by a product quantizer. This intermediate solution between vector and scalar quantization allows for a much wider set of rate-distortion points: It implicitly defines high-quality quantizers that would otherwise require intractably large codebooks. Second, inspired by the success of Masked Image Modeling (MIM) in the context of self-supervised learning and generative image models, we propose a novel conditional entropy model which improves entropy coding by modelling the co-dependencies of the quantized latent codes. The resulting PQ-MIM model is surprisingly effective: its compression performance on par with recent hyperprior methods. It also outperforms HiFiC in terms of FID and KID metrics when optimized with perceptual losses (e.g. adversarial). Finally, since PQ-MIM is compatible with image generation frameworks, we show qualitatively that it can operate under a hybrid mode between compression and generation, with no further training or finetuning. As a result, we explore the extreme compression regime where an image is compressed into 200 bytes, i.e., less than a tweet.
Plant Species Distributions under Present Conditions and Forecasted for Warmer Climates in an Arid Mountain Range

Abstract Complex environmental gradients in the White and Inyo Mountains in eastern California produce striking variations in vegetation assemblages over short distances. Vegetation composition is dominated by elevational gradients of temperature and precipitation, but local modifications by geologic substrate, potential insolation, slope, and topographic position create finescale mosaics. Digital elevation models, geologic maps, and field data were used to map current species distributions over 6220 km2 (622 000 ha) of the White and Inyo Mountains. Species–environment relationships of 88 plant species were modeled at a scale of 54 m using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). CCA models were calibrated from 434 field plots and evaluated with 216 plots using kappa statistics. Vegetation responses to temperature increases of 1°–6°C were modeled by shifting species tolerances along the elevational gradient according to a standard lapse rate [3°C (500 m)−1] while all other factors were kept constant. Rang.
Stability and Generalization of the Decentralized Stochastic Gradient Descent

The stability and generalization of stochastic gradient-based methods provide valuable insights into understanding the algorithmic performance of machine learning models. As the main workhorse for deep learning, stochastic gradient descent has received a considerable amount of studies. Nevertheless, the community paid little attention to its decentralized variants. In this paper, we provide a novel formulation of the decentralized stochastic gradient descent. Leveraging this formulation together with (non)convex optimization theory, we establish the first stability and generalization guarantees for the decentralized stochastic gradient descent. Our theoretical results are built on top of a few common and mild assumptions and reveal that the decentralization deteriorates the stability of SGD for the first time. We verify our theoretical findings by using a variety of decentralized settings and benchmark machine learning models.
The single-degenerate channel for the progenitor of type Ia supernovae I: birth rate with different metallicities

We have carried out a detailed study of the single-degenerate channel for the progenitor of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). In the model, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accretes material from an unevolved or a slightly evolved non-degenerate companion to increase its mass to Chandrasekhar mass limit. Incorporating the prescription of Hachisu et al. (1999a) for the accretion efficiency into Eggleton’s stellar evolution code and assuming that the prescription is valid for all metallicities, we performed binary stellar evolution calculations for more than 25,000 close WD binary systems with metallicities Z = 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.004, 0.001, 0.0003 and 0.0001. The initial parameter spaces for SNe Ia are presented in an orbital period-secondary mass (log Pi, M i 2 ) plane for each Z. Our results show that the parameter space changes with Z i.e. both the initial mass of the secondary and the initial orbital period increase with metallicity. As a consequence, the lower mass limit of the CO WD, M WD , for SNe Ia decreases with metallicity Z. The difference of M WD between Z = 0.06 and Z = 0.0001 is as large as 0.24 M⊙. For convenience, our results are written into a FORTRAN code which can be downloaded at http://www.ynao. ac.cn/bps/download/xiangcunmeng.htm. Adopting the results above, we studied the birth rate of SNe Ia for various Z via binary population synthesis. From the study, we see that for a high Z, SNe Ia occur systemically earlier and the peak value of the birth rate is larger, if a single starburst is assumed. The Galactic birth rate from our study is lower than (but comparable to) that inferred from observations. Meanwhile, the results also indicate that 2002ic-like supernovae would possibly not occur in extremely low-metallicity circumstance if the delayed dynamical-instability model in Han & Podsiadlowski (2004) is appropriate.
Modeling turbidity currents with nonuniform sediment and reverse buoyancy

This study focuses on a numerical model of turbidity currents with reversing buoyancy, i.e., flows that are rendered heavier than the ambient water due to the presence of suspended sediment but that as sedimentation progresses become lighter than the ambient water due to a difference in temperature or salinity. The flows considered here may be either pulsed events or continuous flows. It is well known that these flows are subject to a buoyancy reversal. Flows issuing upstream with a sufficient load of suspended sediment are heavier than the ambient water and thus form a bottom underflow. As sediment deposits in the downstream direction, however, the flow gradually loses its density excess, and eventually reverses its buoyancy, detaching upward from the bed. The nature of the sediment deposit emplaced near and downstream of the point of lofting can thus differ significantly from that emplaced upstream. A novel aspect of the work reported here is a mechanistic description of the tendency for the current to sort in the downstream direction a sediment mixture containing a wide range of grain sizes. The numerical model, which is based in the κ − ɛ closure for turbulence, is verified with a unique set of experimental data intended to model sediment sorting associated with turbidity currents created by explosive undersea eruptions. Both cases with nonreversing buoyancy and reversing buoyancy are considered. As such, the model not only provides a detailed description of flows with reversing buoyancy, but also provides a tool to aid sedimentologists in back‐calculating the flow emplaced by turbidity currents from the downstream variation in the grain size distribution of the bed deposit.
The Low-Frequency Relationship of the Tropical–North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Teleconnections

Abstract The low-frequency relationship between interannual tropical and North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in observations and a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) is investigated. The authors use the interactive ensemble CGCM, which advances a new approach for artificially increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, making it easier to detect physical and dynamical links with much reduced interference by atmospheric noise. The results presented here suggest that decadal variations in the relationship between the dominant modes of tropical and North Pacific interannual SSTA variability result from changes of spatial manifestation of North Pacific SSTA, both in the observation and in the model. The authors conjecture that the details of tropical Pacific SST forcing ultimately determine the tropical–North Pacific SST teleconnections, and this conjecture is examined in a much longer time series from a CGCM simulation. There are two patterns of North Pacific interannual SSTA variability .
Local estimates of global climate change: a statistical downscaling approach

For the purposes of estimating local changes in surface climate at selected stations in the central Argentina region, induced by an enhanced CO2 concentration, projected by general circulation models (GCM), a statistical method to derive local scale monthly mean minimum, maximum and mean temperatures from large-scale atmospheric predictors is presented. Empirical relationships are derived among selected variables from the NCEP re-analyses and local data for summer and winter months, tested against an independent set of observed data and subsequently applied to the HADAM and MPI GCM control runs. Finally, the statistical approach is applied to a climate change experiment performed with the MPI model to construct a local climate change scenario. The comparison between the estimated versus the observed mean temperature fields shows good agreement and the temporal evolution of the estimated variables is well-captured, though, the estimated temperatures contain less interannual variability than the observations. For the present day climate simulation, the results from the HADAM and MPI GCMs are used. It is shown that the pattern of estimated temperatures obtained using the MPI large-scale predictors matches the observations for summer months, though minimum and mean temperatures are slightly underestimated in the southeast part of the domain. However, the differences are well within the range of the observed variability. The possible anthropogenic climate change at the local scale is assessed by applying the statistical method to the results of the perturbed run conducted with the MPI model. For summer and winter months, the local temperature increase is smaller for minimum temperature than for maximum temperature for almost all the stations, yielding an enhanced temperature amplitude in both seasons. The temperature amplitude (difference between maximum and minimum) for summer months was larger than for winter months. The estimated maximum temperature increase is found to be larger for summer months than for winter months for all the stations, while for the minimum, temperature increases for summer and winter months are similar. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Vertical Ground Movements Near Elm Trees

Synopsis Vertical ground movements were investigated near a line of high elm trees growing in Leda clay soil, a marine deposit found extensively in the Ottawa St Lawrence Lowlands. The amplitude of these movements was found to be a function of depth, horizontal distance from trees, and seasonal weather conditions. Based on results obtained for the record dry year of 1955, a chart was prepared which could be used as a guide for the design of foundations near high elm trees in these clays. These ground movements were also related to “soil moisture depletion”, a quantity computed from weather records. An analysis of the ground movements over a period (1954–57) was made and a method for computing them from weather records is given. On a fait une enqzuete relative aux mouvements verticaux du sol sous une rangee de grands ormes situee dans les basses terres de I'Outaouais et du St-Laurent. Ces terres marines sont des argiles du type “Leda”. On a constate que l'amplitude des movements depend de la profondeur, de.
Projective BGG equations, algebraic sets, and compactifications of Einstein geometries

For curved projective manifolds, we introduce a notion of a normal tractor frame field, based around any point. This leads to canonical systems of (redundant) coordinates that generalize the usual homogeneous coordinates on projective space. These give preferred local maps to the model projective space that encode geometric contact with the model to a level that is optimal, in a suitable sense. In terms of the trivializations arising from the special frames, normal solutions of classes of natural linear partial differential equation (so‐called first Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand equations) are shown to be necessarily polynomial in the generalized homogeneous coordinates; the polynomial system is the pull‐back of a polynomial system that solves the corresponding problem on the model. Thus, questions concerning the zero locus of solutions, as well as related finer geometric and smooth data, are reduced to a study of the corresponding polynomial systems and algebraic sets. We show that a normal solution determines a canonical manifold stratification that reflects an orbit decomposition of the model. Applications include the construction of structures that are analogues of Poincaré–Einstein manifolds.
Petrogenesis of Davidson Seamount lavas and its implications for fossil spreading center and intraplate magmatism in the eastern Pacific

Seafloor spreading causes abundant magmatism along active ocean spreading centers, but the cause of magmatism along fossil spreading centers is enigmatic. Samples collected from Davidson Seamount, a typical volcanic ridge along an abandoned spreading center in the eastern Pacific, consist of an alkalic basalt to trachyte lava series; transitional basalts were sampled from another part of the abandoned axis, 20 km from the seamount. All samples experienced complex fractional crystallization prior to eruption, but they all share a common, compositionally heterogeneous mantle source. The parental magmas of the transitional basalts were produced from this source at higher degree of melting than those of the alkalic lava series. The composition of Davidson lavas overlaps with those of ridges along other fossil spreading centers and isolated near‐ and off‐ridge seamounts in the eastern Pacific. Together they define a compositional continuum ranging from tholeiitic, normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB)‐like to alkalic, ocean island basalt (OIB)‐like, similar to lavas that form linear island chains and ridges. We propose that this entire compositional spectrum of intraplate lavas that do not form linear volcanic chains in the eastern Pacific results from variations in the degree of partial melting of a common, compositionally heterogeneous mantle source. This source consists of more easily melted, geochemically enriched components of varying sizes and amounts embedded in a depleted lherzolitic matrix. Large degree of partial melting produces normal MORB–like melts represented by some near‐ridge seamount lavas, whereas small degree of melting produces OIB‐like fossil spreading center lavas. The small degree of partial melting beneath recently abandoned spreading centers results from either buoyancy‐driven decompression melting of the hot lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle material beneath active spreading centers or rapid motion, with respect to the underlying asthenosphere, of abandoned spreading axes that are thickening over a fertile mantle. Mid‐Tertiary volcanic rocks in coastal California, which are compositionally akin to intraplate lavas, are interpreted to be small degree partial melts of the same compositionally heterogeneous sub‐Pacific mantle that has upwelled through windows in a subducted slab.
Using Landsat thermal imagery and GIS for identification of groundwater discharge into shallow groundwater‐dominated lakes

The study demonstrates the potential of combined applications of geospatial (remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS)) and field‐based methods for studies of groundwater–surface water interactions and identification of groundwater discharge into shallow groundwater‐dominated lakes. Detailed ground‐based measurements of lake temperatures were conducted during summer 2002 in several groundwater‐fed lakes of the Nebraska Sand Hills (USA) and anomalously cool zones were identified. Analysis of 20 Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) scenes taken under different weather conditions from 1989 to 2002 revealed two major seasonal patterns of lake temperature distribution. GIS analysis of field‐based data combined with Landsat TM/ETM+ data analysis allowed for the identification of lake zones with consistently cold temperatures which are inferred to be potential groundwater discharge zones.
Virgo Cluster Early-Type Dwarf Galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. On the Possible Disk Nature of Bright Early-Type Dwarfs

We present a systematic search for disk features in 476 Virgo Cluster early-type dwarf (dE) galaxies. This is the first such study of an almost-complete, statistically significant dE sample, which includes all certain or possible cluster members with mB ≤ 18 that are covered by the optical imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4. Disk features (spiral arms, edge-on disks, or bars) were identified by applying unsharp masks to a combined image from three bands (g, r, and i), as well as by subtracting the axisymmetric light distribution of each galaxy from that image. Fourteen objects are unambiguous identifications of disks, 10 objects show "probable disk" features, and 17 objects show "possible disk" features. The number fraction of these galaxies, for which we introduce the term "dEdi," reaches more than 50% at the bright end of the dE population and decreases to less than 5% for magnitudes mB > 16. Although part of this observed decline might be due to the lower signal-to-noise ratio at fainter magnitudes, we show that it cannot be caused solely by the limitations of our detection method. The luminosity function of our full dE sample can be explained by a superposition of dEdis and ordinary dEs, strongly suggesting that dEdis are a distinct type of galaxy. This is supported by the projected spatial distribution: dEdis show basically no clustering and roughly follow the spatial distribution of spirals and irregulars, whereas ordinary dEs are distributed similarly to the strongly clustered E/S0 galaxies. While the flattening distribution of ordinary dEs is typical for spheroidal objects, the distribution of dEdis is significantly different and agrees with their being flat oblate objects. We therefore conclude that the dEdis are not spheroidal galaxies that just have an embedded disk component but are instead a population of genuine disk galaxies. Several dEdis display well-defined spiral arms with grand-design features that clearly differ from the flocculent, open arms typical for late-type spirals that have frequently been proposed as progenitors of dEs. This raises the question of what process is able to create such spiral arms—with pitch angles like those of Sab/Sb galaxies—in bulgeless dwarf galaxies.