Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Obstacles to Effective Management of Conflicts Between National Parks and Surrounding Human Communities in Developing Countries

Conflicts between national parks and their surrounding human communities are apparently disfunctional for both. Both groups would appear to have incentives to resolve or at least reduce these conflicts. A major difficulty is the achievement of ready communication and trust between the powerful urban-based park authorities and the rural, possibly illiterate, local human populations who may have suffered at the hands of the park authorities in the past. Because of their greater power, the national park authorities are in the best position to take the first steps towards establishing trust—by making some positive concessions, and binding themselves in some way to real, rather than token, local participation in decision-making. Local elected officials with responsibilities both to their local electorate and to the objectives of central government, might be suitable agents for bringing the various parties together. When once effective communication is established, the early identification of areas of common interest, and positive actions to promote these, will continue the trust-building process and enable more difficult issues to be addressed. The identification, in advance, of options or alternatives that appear to be mutually beneficial, ‘positive sum’ solutions, will facilitate this and provide incentives for the initial participation of all parties. This approach to protected areas management will require new skills and training for park staff—in social and political as well as biological skills. It will also require a shift in the ruling paradigm of protected areas. The concept of national parks as inviolate havens of untouched Nature, controlled by an all-powerful central government agency, will have to give way to concepts of conservation through careful manipulation to achieve both conservation and local human development objectives. Although this approach is being hailed by conservation leaders through such worthy devices as Biosphere Reserves (Batisse, 1982), these concepts do not yet seem to have the international status that is required for their extensive adoption, nor do they necessarily build conflict-management processes into the management regime. The approach suggested above is not without risk both to park authorities and to the local human communities; but clarification of both conservation and development objectives should reduce such a risk and help to identify the information and analytical needs for working towards a mutually beneficial solution.
Stars and Comets: An Exploration of the Patent Universe

The analysis of patent and citation data has become a popular source of evidence on localized knowledge spillovers and innovation. Nevertheless, one aspect has been overlooked: the patent distribution across inventors is extremely skewed, as many inventors -- the comets -- register one or few patents, while a small number of inventors -- the stars -- register many patents. This raises a number of questions relating to the geography of innovation: do different categories of inventors interact with the local economic environment in the same way? Are they equally distributed over space or do they tend to concentrate? Is spatial proximity beneficial for their activity? Using a rich database on US inventors, we provide evidence suggesting that the two categories of patents are associated with different kinds of cities. We then test whether the activity of stars is beneficial for local comets, finding that a 10% increase in the number of patents authored by star inventors leads to a 3% increase in the number of patents developed by comet inventors.
Breeding silage maize with brown-midrib genes. Feeding value and biochemical characteristics

Summary - The effects of the maize brown-midrib genes bm3 and bm1 on feeding value and agronomic traits were investigated by animal studies and biochemical approaches. When sheep were fed bm3 silage, an increase in digestibility was observed, equal to 2.4 points for digestibility of organic matter (DOM), and 8.1 points for digestibility of crude fiber (DCF). Phenotypic variation was reduced for all observed traits of bm3 hybrids. This allowed the assumption that the bm3 gene acted by levelling to a similar value of almost 74% DOM, quite independently of the original value of the normal counterpart. The bm1 hybrids were intermediate between normal and bm3 ones for DOM, DCF and intake, but the dry matter yield was not reduced for bm1 hybrids. From experiments with young bulls, feed efficiency of INRA260 bm1 was not significantly improved, compared with normal INRA260, but INRA260 bm3 was a lot more efficient. Despite its lower adverse effect on agronomic characteristics of hybrids, the bm1 allele did not appear to be of any interest in improving the silage maize feed efficiency. Variations for lignin content due to the bm3 gene was similar for the 3 hybrids studied, despite their variation for susceptibility to root and stalk lodging. Ratios and content of alkali-labile hydroxycinnamic acids behaved similarly for the 3 hybrids, with a low yield of para-coumaric acid. Structural studies of lignin, after thioacidolysis, strengthened the results previously obtained, with a clear decrease of syringyl units, and the occurrence of the 5-hydroxyguaiacyl residue. The lignin of bm3 genotypes also appeared as a more condensed polymer than that of the normal types. The decrease of lignin content was observed in only 1 bm1 hybrid and appeared the same between normal and bm1 hybrids as between normal and bm3 hybrids. The lower yield of para-coumaric acid, and the equal yield of ferulic acid after alkaline hydrolysis of bm1 material were in good agreement with previous work. After thioacidolysis, the release of monomeric syringyl units was similar between bm1 and bm3, about 30% of the normal counterpart. However, it was very different for guaiacyl units, with a large decrease of the release of these units from the bm1 hybrid. The ratio between syringyl and guaiacyl units was about 0.3 for bm3 hybrids and about 1.3 for the bm1 hybrid. The lignin of this bm1 hybrid appeared as a very condensed polymer compared with the normal type. A large variation for digestibility was also found among normal hybrids. However, inbred lines inducing high digestibility often included unfavorable agronomic traits, such as poor yield, susceptibility to lodging or stalk rot. Second or third cycle lines following pedigree breeding might combine all traits, even if stalk standability and stalk digestibility are partly antagonistic. This method may be considered as easier than the bm3 method, but at present, the 2 ways are probably complementary, and worth investigating for improving silage digestibility, and simultaneously increasing knowledge on silage maize digestibility.
Holocene history of forest trees in southern Ontario

Three new Holocene pollen percentage and accumulation rate diagrams for southern Ontario are presented. They greatly increase the available information on the history of the area's forest trees and permit a discussion of the competitive interactions that have brought about the forest pattern seen today. In the earliest Holocene, the forests were dominated by Picea, which was replaced by first Pinus banksiana–resinosa and then Pinus strobus. In extreme southern Ontario, Pinus strobus was replaced by Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia, but in the area east of Georgian Bay, Tsuga canadensis became the dominant, and near Mattawa, Betula (probably lutea). Late Holocene stability of forests is considered to be a function of the lack of taxa better able to compete than those already present.
Predicting Richness of Native, Rare, and Exotic Plants in Response to Habitat and Disturbance Variables across a Variegated Landscape

Species richness of native, rare native, and exotic understorey plants was recorded at 120 sites in temperate grassy vegetation in New South Wales. Linear models were used to predict the effects of environment and disturbance on the richness of each of these groups. Total native species and rare native species showed similar responses, with rich- ness declining on sites of increasing natural fertility of par- ent material as well as declining under conditions of water
Open Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): External Knowledge Sourcing Strategies and Internal Organizational Facilitators

In this paper we explore how SMEs engage in external knowledge sourcing, a form of inbound open innovation. We draw upon a sample of 1,411 SMEs and empirically conceptualize a typology of strategic types of external knowledge sourcing, namely minimal, supply-chain, technology-oriented, application-oriented, and full scope sourcing. Each strategy reflects the nature of external interactions and is linked to a distinct mixture of four internal practices for managing innovation. Both full-scope and application-oriented sourcing offer performance benefits and are associated with a stronger focus on managing innovation. However, they differ in their managerial focus on strategic and operational aspects.
Suppression of WWP1 Gene Via RNAi Induced the Reduction of Proliferation Rate of C2C12 Myoblasts

The WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1), which plays an important role in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins, was recently identified as the responsible for chicken muscular dystrophy. Despite intensive studies on oncogenic characters, the role of WWP1 to muscular diseases has not yet been fully understood. Previously, we transfected either of wild and mutated types of WWP1 gene into C2C12 mouse myoblasts to monitor the expression pattern of muscle-differentiation markers, so that excessive WWP1 expression enhanced the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) Ia gene but lowered the expression of the MyHC IIb gene, while mutated WWP1 gene transfected into myoblasts was distinct from these cases in that the MyHC gene or genes expression inhibited the normal myoblast differentiation. However, the mechanism for the mutation to inhibit muscle differentiation remains elucidated. The current study attempted to suppress the WWP1 expression by RNAi technique and to observe its effect on C2C12 cells. The effect of WWP1 suppression was clearly different from that of the R441Q missense mutation in the WWP1 gene. The WWP1 suppression reduced the proliferation rate of C2C12 myoblasts, while clear difference was not observed in the proliferation rate by the transfection of the mutated WWP1 gene into the cells. Our RT-PCR analysis indicated that the reduction of the WWP1 expression is the specific effect mediated by RNAi and that the reduction of proliferation rate observed in this study is largely attributed to the suppression of the WWP1 expression. These data indicated that the mutation responsible for chicken muscular dystrophy does not eliminate the enzymatic activity and provides some new function for the gene.
Relative influence of lake age and watershed land use on trophic state and water quality of artificial lakes in Kansas

Abstract E. Carney. 2009. Relative influence of lake age and watershed land use on trophic state and water quality of artificial lakes in Kansas. Lake Reserv. Manage. 25:199–207. Eutrophication is an extensively documented concern for lake and reservoir management throughout the world. Eutrophication is also recognized as a naturally occurring process in both natural and artificial lakes, although it can be greatly augmented by human activities and is then referred to as “cultural eutrophication. ” Unfortunately, natural process eutrophication is still sometimes used as a rationalization for not working toward the prevention or abatement of nutrient related pollution. Here, trophic state and other water quality data from a long-term (1975 to present) lake monitoring program were examined to determine the relative influences of watershed land use conditions and age in determining the trophic state conditions of artificial lakes in Kansas. The results indicate that age alone exerts very limited influence on eutrophication whereas watershed land use exerts an extreme, and often rapid, impact. Regardless of age, lakes within relatively unimpacted watersheds displayed trophic state conditions near regional reference conditions. Conversely, lakes within watersheds rich in human activities, regardless of water body age, tended toward greatly elevated trophic status. Eutrophication as a natural process is shown to be an invalid argument for ignoring excessive nutrient export from watersheds.
Poverty Dynamics in Rural Sindh, Pakistan

This paper focuses on poverty dynamics and their determinants, using panel survey data for rural Sindh, Pakistan. Households interviewed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) during 1986–91, were resurveyed in 2004–05 with minimal attrition. The incidence of poverty increased sharply over this time, as the percentage of households entering poverty was nearly three times higher than the percentage of households escaping into poverty. Over a quarter of panel households were also found to be chronically poor, even though income growth was higher for the poor than for the non-poor households during the period between the two surveys. Newly formed households had lower income and assets than ‘core’ panel households, primary due to life cycle effects. Declining land and asset ownerships among the chronically and descending poor was driven by a combination of agricultural and other shocks, along with a decline in non-farm employment. The few households who escaped poverty did so through crop diversification, investing in education and non-farm employment. This suggests that policies to mitigate shocks in farming, enhance sustainable growth in the agricultural sector, and improve non-farm employment opportunities would reduce chronic poverty, prevent descent into poverty, and allow escape from poverty in the future.
Comparison between the Velocities of Escaped Savings with than of Financial Liquidity to the Case of Mixed Savings

This paper is about the comparison of the velocity of cycle of money with the velocity of financial liquidity in the case of mixed savings. This analysis is based on the cycle of money in combination with the velocity of escaped savings with the velocity of financial liquidity with the influence of mixed savings. This means that used the escaped savings, the enforcement savings and the mixed savings as are parts of these velocities. Thence, we compare the velocity of the financial liquidly with the velocity of the escaped savings, using and the mixed savings. Then, we extract conclusions between these velocities. The method which used is the Q.E. method.
Seasonal Changes of Carbohydrate Constituents in Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The annual partitioning dynamics of assimilated photosynthates in a low yielding ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Yoshida) and a high yielding cultivar, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) were compared. Starch, soluble sugars and hemicellulose in all above ground tissues were monitored at monthly intervals over a period of one year. Ponkan showed a continuous decrease of sugars and starch in all tissues except for mature wood from anthesis (May) until the end of fruit set period (July). Towards fruit maturity and approach of winter, there was a high accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in the tissues. Maximum carbohydrate content in most tissues was reached in mid-winter (December to Januuary). A close relationship was found between non-structural carbohydrate accumulation patterns in the new leaves and shoots and fruit growth rate indicating that low sink strength of the developing ponkan fruit and inefficient mobilization of non-structural carbohydrates from the current season' s source leaves and mature wood caused low fruit set and yield in ponkan, in contrast to the satsuma mandarin fruit.
Empirical Studies of Structural Changes and Inflation

During the 1990s, a number of countries successfully achieved low and stable inflation. Part of the decline reflects the large and negative output gaps in the early 1990s and favourable supply shocks later in the decade. However, inflation has remained relatively subdued as economic conditions have strengthened and some of the supply shocks have reversed. Moreover, actual inflation has remained well below the rates forecast by models based on historical data. This raises the issue of whether the inflation process has undergone structural changes and, if so, which have been the principal forces. There are several plausible reasons why such changes could have occurred. First, due to globalisation and increasing competition in both domestic and international markets, firms' pricing power may have been eroded. Put another way, prices have become more sticky or the inflation process has become more persistent. One result of such changes is that the pass-through of cost increases (including exchange rate changes) into prices has fallen. Moreover, when relative prices evolve more slowly, firms that are subject to menu costs will set prices for longer periods. Second, with inflation in the 1-3% range for some time, inflation expectations may have become more firmly anchored, particularly if the public believes that the monetary authorities will successfully resist any persistent movements of inflation away from this level. This is likely to be the case as many countries have explicitly adopted price stability as the overriding target for monetary policy. Third, increases in productivity growth may have raised the rates at which economies can grow without encountering inflationary pressures. To some extent, this change may appear as a decline in the sensitivity of inflation to measures of the output gap, which tends to be overestimated in such conditions. Another measurement or estimation problem is that higher productivity growth may be an endogenous response to increasing competition and firms' loss of pricing power. To explore these issues further, economists from nine central banks were invited to a workshop, chaired by Lars Heikensten, First Deputy Governor of Sveriges Riksbank, and held at the BIS on 31 October 2000. The papers presented at the workshop and reproduced on the following pages covered various approaches to the issues raised above. While there was a consensus that most of the structural changes involved technological progress and productivity growth, the empirical evidence is not yet firm enough to draw clear lessons for monetary policy.
Cycle of Money With the Velocities of the Escaped Savings and of the Financial Liquidity

This paper is about the velocities of the escaped savings and of the financial liquidity. This means that we analyze the behavior of cycle of money in normal circumstances subject to the velocity of escaped savings and the velocity of financial liquidity. Therefore we determine how the economy works based on its cycle of money. Thence, it is plausible to extract conclusions about the consumptions and the investments in each economy. For the purposes of this analysis is used a Q.E. method approach.
Regulating A Firm With Agency Problems

We present a model on regulating externalities of a firm run by a manager and owned by shareholders. In equilibrium, optimal regulation in the presence of an agency conflict can take two forms. In one regulatory strategy, a fine is imposed on the manager, and no firing takes place. Alternatively, a fine is imposed on the firm (i.e., shareholders), and the fine is lower if the manager is fired. As the agency conflict becomes more severe fining the manager becomes more attractive. Finally, we find that regulation costs are lower when the manager and shareholders are separate entities.
Diel vertical migrations of bathypelagic perch fry

The behaviour of young-of-the-year (YOY) perch Perca fluviatilis as a dominant species in the assemblage of fry in the pelagic of Slapy Reservoir (Czech Republic), was studied during late May and mid-June 2002 using acoustic methods and complementary net catches. During the day, perch fry were present simultaneously in littoral, epipelagic and bathypelagic habitats. Bathypelagic perch fry, forming a scattering layer, migrated vertically each day between the epilimnion and hypolimnion, with an amplitude of 11.0 m in May and 12.5 m in June. At dusk, the migratory bathypelagic fry mixed in the epilimnion with non-migrating epipelagic fry and spent the night close to the thermocline (abundance maximum at 3-4 m in May, 0-2 m in June). In June, shoaling behaviour by some of the bathypelagic perch fry was also observed: the shoaling fry remained higher in the water column than the non-shoaling fry. Both depths of the scattering layer and the depths of the fry shoals were strongly controlled by the light intensity. The contribution of the bathypelagic part of the population to the total numbers of pelagic perch fry decreased from 28.1% in May to 4.7% in June, while the density of all pelagic perch fry increased (c. 96 000 individuals ha -1 in May and 142 000 individuals ha -1 in June). In May, the bathypelagic (average total length, L T , 11.9 mm) and epipelagic (average L T 14.6 mm) perch fry differed in size while, in June, the epipelagic fry were divided into two distinct size groups. The more abundant group, of small epipelagic perch fry (average L T 14.6 mm), was similar in size to the bathypelagic fry (average L T 14.6 mm) while the less abundant group, of larger epipelagic fry (average L T 34.4 mm), was similar in size to littoral perch fry (average L T 35.0 mm). The results suggest that in perch fry three different survival strategies with different risks can be used in the same locality, time and year.
A Game of Thrones – Dynamics of Internal CEO Succession and Outcome

We examine the dynamics of firms’ internal succession methods and find that horse race successions are common among the largest U.S. firms. Although heir and horse race CEO candidates are of similar quality, the consequences of these two succession methods differ significantly. We show that horse race successions induce conflict and are detrimental to the firm but not to the newly appointed CEOs. Our findings suggest firm’s succession methods influence the CEO labor market, CEO compensation, and firm performance. These findings highlight the importance of CEO succession planning in the form of grooming an heir.
Heterogeneity in expertise in a credence goods setting: evidence from audit partners

We examine the heterogeneity of experts in a credence goods setting. In our analytical model, clients are uncertain about how much effort experts need to provide to solve their problem, which is either simple or difficult. Experts have varying degrees of expertise. Less qualified experts are equally effective at solving simple problems but less effective at solving difficult ones. We show that clients pay a fee premium to more qualified experts, even for simple problems. This premium increases with the probability that the client has a difficult problem. We empirically test the model predictions in the context of partner industry expertise for the U.S. operations of the Big Four audit firms. We find, consistent with the model, a positive association between partner industry specialization and audit fees, even for simple audits, and a negative association between partner specialization and the client’s probability of restatements only for difficult audits. The industry specialization premium is higher in industries with higher proportions of difficult audits. Consistent with credence good agency issues, the specialization premium for simple audits is mitigated when information asymmetry between client and auditor is lower.