Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of growing pigs to Peniophora lycii - and Escherichia coli -derived phytases or varying ratios of calcium to total phosphorus

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of phytase derived from Escherichia coli (ECP) and Peniophora lycii (PLP) on performance, nutrient digestibility, and phosphorus (P) equivalency values of young pigs; and the influence of varying ratios of calcium (Ca) to total phosphorus (Ca:tP) with or without ECP on growth performance of pigs. In each experiment, 48 10-kg pigs were housed in individual pens for 28 days. Experiment 1 was designed to study the efficacy of ECP and PLP in improving growth performance and bone mineralization of young pigs given a low inorganic P (iP) diet. In the experiment, pigs were blocked by weight and sex and randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments. Each treatment had six replicates. The treatments were a positive control with adequate iP (PC); a low iP negative control (NC) diet; NC with supplemental iP in the form of monosodium phosphate added to provide 0·75 or 1·50 g iP per kg diet (as-fed basis); NC with ECP or PLP added at 500 or 1000 FTU per kg (as-fed basis; one phytase unit or FTU is defined as the quantity of enzyme required to liberate 1 μmol of iP per min, at pH 5·5, from an excess of 15 μmol/l sodium phytate at 37°C). In experiment 2, the objective was to study the effect of varying Ca:tP ratio with or without ECP on growth performance of growing pigs. Pigs (eight replicates) were blocked by weight and sex and randomly assigned to six dietary treatments in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of Ca:tP ratios at 1·2, 1·5, or 1·8; and ECP at 0 or 1000 FTU per kg (as-fed basis). In experiment 1, ECP ( P P P P P P P
NEST SURVIVAL IN DUSKY CANADA GEESE (BRANTA CANADENSIS OCCIDENTALIS): USE OF DISCRETE-TIME MODELS

Abstract The Dusky Canada Goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis) population that breeds in the Copper River Delta, Alaska, has declined substantially since the late 1970s. Persistent low numbers have been attributed to low productivity in recent years. We examined patterns in survival rates of 1,852 nests to better understand ecological processes that influenced productivity during 1997-2000. We compared 10 nonparametric models of daily survival rate of nests (DSR) that included variation among years, calendar dates, nest initiation dates, and nest ages with equivalent models based on parametric functions. The unequivocal best model included patterns of DSR that varied among discrete periods of years, calendar dates, and nest ages. Generally, DSR was low early in the nesting season and higher midseason. Across years, patterns in DSR were most variable early and late in the nesting season. Daily survival rates of nests declined between the first and second week after initiation, increased until the fourth week, and then declined during the last week before hatch. Nest survival probability estimates ranged from 0.07 to 0.71 across years and nest initiation dates. Mean rates of nest survival ranged between 0.21 and 0.31 each year. We suggest (1) considering models that do not limit estimates of daily nest survival to parametric forms; (2) placing greater emphasis on sample size when nests are rare, to obtain accurate estimates of nest survival; and (3) developing new techniques to estimate the number of nests initiated. Supervivencia de los Nidos en Branta canadensis occidentalis: Uso de Modelos de Tiempo Discreto
The Concept of Environmental Sustainability

This paper reviews the current status of the debate about the concept of environmental sustainability and discusses related aspects of growth, limits, scale, and substitutability. While the paths leading to environmental sustainability in each country or sector will differ, the goal remains constant. But this conceptualization is far from an academic exercise. Ensuring, within less than two human generations, that as many as 10 billions people are decently fed and housed without damaging the environment on which we all depend represents a monumental challenge.
Karyotypes of three gerbil species of the genera Tatera and Gerbilliscus from Turkey and Senegal

In this study, we examined karyotypes of three gerbil species of the genera Tatera and Gerbilliscus. The diploid number of 68 chromosomes was confirmed in all specimens of Tatera indica examined from southeastern Anatolia in Turkey. The C-band positive regions were distributed in centromeric areas of all the autosomal pairs and the X chromosome. The Y chromosome was stained uniformly and C-positively. The active NORs were localized in three out of eight pairs of biarmed autosomes (NF=86). Conventionally stained karyotypes were studied in two species of Gerbilliscus from Senegal, western Africa. The female karyotype of G. gambianus contained 52 chromosomes including one large subtelocentric, six submetacentric and 19 acrocentric pairs (NF=66). The female karyotype of G. guineae contained 50 chromosomes including a large metacentric, eight submetacentric and 16 acrocentric autosomal pairs (NF=68). Minor differences in chromosome morphology were observed in these studied species in comparison with previously published data.
Muncar’s Marine Culture: Ritual, Ojek Ships, And Hunting Boats

Muncar fishing community holds a petik laut ritual every year. Petik Laut is held on the 15th of Sura, when the sea water is high tide and the fishermen take a rest.This paper aims to explain Muncar's maritime culture which is one of the identities of the people of Muncar, starting from rituals, Ojek ships, and hunting boats. Existing sea rituals and sea transportation modes are part of the maritime culture of the people of Muncar. Rituals that have the nature of performance are likely to become cultural destinations to present domestic and foreign tourists. The fishing boat transportation mode has economic value and supports the economic strengthening of the people who work as fishermen. By using the ethnographic method, the research begins by collecting library data that is supplemented by field data obtained through observation, participation, and in-depth interviews with selected informants, namely the chairman of the Muncar fishermen community, cultural figures, and fish market managers. The results showed that the Petik Laut ritual is an expression of the identity of the fishing community of Muncar which showed cultural diversity, namely Islam, Java, Madura, and Using. The fishing boat transportation mode shows sailing space and sovereignty over the sea which is the source of livelihood for the fishing communities of Muncar. Various maritime cultural potentials have the potential to be the basis for the development of creative industries.
GENETIC STUDY ON IMPORTANT ECONOMIC TRAITS IN TWO STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORN CHICKEN

The genetic study was conducted using total 849 and 862 birds of IWN and IWP strains, respectively at the Poultry Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The traits measured were body weight at 16 (BW16), 20(BW20), 28 (BW28) and 40 weeks of age (BW40), age at first egg (AFE), egg weight at 24 (EW24), 28 (EW28), 32 (EW32), 36 (EW36) and 40 weeks of age (EW40), total egg number produced up to 40 weeks of age (TEN40)and total egg mass produced up to 40 weeks of age (TEM40). The heritability estimates obtained for BW16, BW28 and BW40 were 0.558±0.13, 0.146±0.07 and 0.306±0.10 in IWN strain and 0.424±0.11, 0.499±0.12 and 0.446±0.12 in IWP strain, respectively. The heritability estimate for AFE was 0.478±0.128 and 0.240±0.091 in IWN and IWP strains, respectively. The heritability estimates for egg weight at 24, 28, 36 and 40 weeks of age were 0.104±0.07, 0.415±0.12, 0.056±0.06 and 0.192±0.08 in IWN strain and 0.093±0.06, 0.200±0.08, 0.054±0.06 and 0.092±0.06 in IWP strain, respectively. The heritability estimate for TEN40 was 0.539±0.13 and 0.227±0.08 in IWN and IWP strains, respectively. The heritability estimate for TEM40 was 0.395±0.11 and 0.162±0.07 in IWN and IWP strains, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations of age at first egg withtotal egg number produced up to 40 weeks of age were found to be negative and high in magnitude. Genetic correlations between age at first egg and egg weights at different ages were in general positive and showed increasing trend from low to high with advancement in age in IWN strain, where as in general positive and high in IWP strain.
Determinants of biodiversity in subtropical shallow lakes (Atlantic coast, Uruguay)

SUMMARY 1. Shallow lakes and ponds contribute disproportionally to species richness relative to other aquatic ecosystems. In-lake conditions (e.g. presence of submerged plants) seem to play a key role in determining diversity, as has been demonstrated for temperate lakes. When water quality deteriorates and turbidity increases, conditions in such lakes are affected drastically resulting in a loss of diversity. However, it is not clear whether subtropical lakes show the same pattern and whether the richness of all groups reacts similarly to environmental changes. 2. Our aim was to analyse the main factors explaining patterns of species richness in plankton, fish and submerged macrophyte assemblages in both turbid and clear subtropical shallow lakes. We analysed abiotic and biotic features of 18 subtropical, small- to mediumsized, shallow lakes along the Uruguayan coast. We compared both turbid and clear ecosystem states and evaluated the relative variance explained by the factors measured. 3. Variables describing lake and catchment morphology, as well as the percentage of the water column occupied by submerged macrophytes (%PVI) and water turbidity, had strong effects on taxon richness. Interestingly, individual biotic groups had dissimilar richness patterns. Macrophyte %PVI decreased with increasing lake area, while fish species richness showed the opposite pattern. Phytoplankton species richness increased with macrophyte %PVI, while the zooplankton richness pattern varied depending on the taxonomic group considered. 4. Overall, our results indicate that, as found for temperate lakes, a greater submerged plant cover promotes higher species richness in several groups, and that this may overwhelm the otherwise expected positive effect of lake size on species richness. On the other hand, small-bodied zooplankton predominated in lakes with high plant abundance. Our findings concur with recent studies, indicating that refuge capacity of aquatic plants might be weaker in (sub)tropical than in temperate shallow lakes.
Intra-annual Loggerhead and Green Turtle Spatial Nesting Patterns

Abstract We analyzed a 15-year (1989–2003) dataset of spatial nesting locations for Loggerhead and Green Turtles along a 40.5-km stretch of beach encompassing the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge along the Atlantic coast of Florida. To assess whether there are differences in spatial distribution influenced by temporal site-selection cues, we divided each season into quartiles and analyzed the autocorrelative patterns of the nest distributions within each time frame. Fundamentally, intraspecific differences in nest spatial patterns from the beginning to the end of the nesting season were minor. Though the temporal grain of the analyses may not be able to discern affects of fine-scale fluctuations (e.g., high- and low-tide events), these results suggest that environmental variables that change over the nesting season (e.g., ocean temperatures, daylength, and existing human activities) are not significantly influencing where these sea turtles place their nests.
Multiscale habitat selection by slender opossums (Marmosops spp.) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil

Abstract The relative importance of factors that influence the habitats that animals select often varies with spatial scale. We evaluated the hypotheses that habitat selection by 2 sympatric slender opossums (Marmosops) is scale-dependent, and that coexistence in the gray slender opossum (Marmosops incanus) and the Brazilian slender opossum (M. paulensis) is enabled through differential use of habitat components or segregation in the use of vertical strata, or both. At a mesohabitat scale both species selected areas with dense understory, especially vertical obstruction 0–0.5 m above the ground. At a finer, microhabitat scale M. incanus preferred places with higher plant cover and vertical obstruction 0.5–1.0 m above the ground, and M. paulensis showed no evident pattern of selection. This result supports the hypothesis that habitat selection is scale-dependent. Although both species selected similar habitats at the mesoscale, we found segregation in the use of vertical strata, with M. paulensis being more terrestrial than M. incanus. Habitat segregation could reflect the intrinsic habitat preferences of each species or potential competition for space between the 2 congeners.
Mitochondrial Genetics and Functions

INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY Mitochondria are complex organelles specialized in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, which possess their own genetic system and their own protein synthetic machinery. The mitochondrial genome carries the genetic information for only a few, essential mitochondrial components. The formation of mitochondria is a complex process that requires the intricate assembly of components from two different origins: the nucleus and the mitochondria. The majority of the mitochondrial proteins, in mass as well as in number of species, are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. The minority (~ 5% of all mitochondrial proteins) are encoded and synthesized within the mitochondria. The dual origin is even more apparent if one examines individually the different mitochondrial components, because each of the mitochondrially encoded proteins is eventually assembled into functional complexes comprising nuclear-encoded proteins as well. Despite their numerical importance, thus far very little is known of the mitochondrial components of nuclear origin and of their genes. However, a considerable effort during the past several years has resulted in a very detailed description of the mitochondrial genes and their products to the point that the mitochondrial genome of yeast is, at present, one of the best characterized eukaryotic genomes. This paper is therefore devoted to a detailed description of the mitochondrial genes, their genetic properties, and their functions, with only brief mention of nuclear genes. This apparently limited topic (the mitochondrial genome is, after all, very small) has recently undergone such a complex evolution that, during the past.
Partial Characterization of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Kernel Starch Oxidized at Different Levels of Sodium Hypochlorite

The effects of different levels of sodium hypochlorite (1–4 g/100 g dry solids active chlorine) on the physicochemical, pasting, and structural properties of tamarind kernel starches were investigated. The isolated starch had low traces of non-starch components, such as protein, fat, and ash, indicating its purity. Both the carboxyl and carbonyl contents in the oxidized starches increased significantly with the increase in chlorine concentration. The introduction of carboxyl and carbonyl groups resulted in significantly lower amylose content. The swelling power of oxidized starches was significantly lower than native starch and the solubility values increased when the chlorine concentration increased at all the measured temperatures. The percentage of light transmittance increased progressively after oxidation. Pasting properties showed that in treatments at high active chlorine concentrations, the peak viscosity decreased more drastically than in treatments at low chlorine concentration, indicating a greater degradation of starch. The morphology of the starches was not altered after oxidation. After oxidative treatment no change in the X-ray diffraction pattern was observed but intensity of the peaks increased. Therefore, tamarind kernel being underutilized raw material, has a great potential as a non-conventional source of starch and desirable properties of this starch can be enhanced by oxidation for applications in food industry.
Pengetahuan Etnobotani Suku Manggarai dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Hutan di Pegunungan Ruteng

Ruteng mountains are inhabited by the tribe Manggarai. Local community in the mountains of Ruteng have ethnobotany knowledge in utilization forest plant to meet their needs. Loss of traditional knowledge would have negative impacts on forest resources, because the indigenous people would have less knowledge on sustainable ways to manage the existing forest resources so that a research is required to identify the status of traditional knowledge. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge of ethnobotany, retention rate, and the rate of change of the annual retention on the indigenous people in the Ruteng mountains. The research was conducted in the Kampung Mano, Lerang, and Wae Rebo, Manggarai District within the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur in the period of July-December 2014. Data was obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews with 90 respondent, and in-depth interviews. Data obtained were analyzed for the level of ethnobotany knowledge, ethnobotany retention index, and testing the significance of the factors that affect the level of knowledge with Kruskal Wallis test and Man Whitney. The results of the study shows that the Manggarai communities in the Mountains of Ruteng have local knowledge to meet daily needs, especially food, and medicine through the utilization of forest plant. The level of ethnobotany knowledge is high because they use forest plants, practice traditional rituals, and inheritance knowledge. The ethnobotany knowledge of young generation decreased which can give negatif impact to forest conservation.
Directed evolution of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen scFv with a 4-day monovalent dissociation half-time at 37°C

An scFv has been engineered to bind carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with a dissociation half-time >4 days at 37 degrees C. Two mutations responsible for this affinity increase were isolated by screening yeast surface-displayed mutant libraries by flow cytometry. Soluble expression of the mutant scFv in a yeast secretion system was increased 100-fold by screening mutant libraries for improved yeast surface display level. This scFv will be useful as a limiting case for evaluating the significance of affinity in tumor targeting to non-internalizing antigens.
A Review of the Biology and Fisheries of the Pink Scallop and Spiny Scallop

A review of the biology of pink and spiny scallops is presented, based on scientific literature, previous surveys and technical reports. There are considerable differences in the growth characteristics, growth rates, maximum size and reproductive characteristics between the two species. Spiny scallops are faster growing and reach a larger maximum size than pink scallops. Spiny scallops also have a considerable higher reproductive effort in comparison to pink scallops. Spawning in each species occurs at different times. A review of the scallop fisheries in British Columbia is presented. There has been a commercial fishery since 1982. There are two fisheries for pink and spiny scallops in British Columbia, a dive fishery and a small trawl fishery. The dive fishery has landed 85% of the total cumulative landings. There is presently unlimited entry in both fisheries. There is evidence of declining effort in the trawl fishery in recent years, with concurrent increasing effort in the dive fishery. There is also evidence of localized stock depletion in some areas, which has resulted in area closures.
The Component Combined Amino Acids Of Some Marine Diatoms

An investigation has been made of the occurrence of 25 amino acids in the hydrolysates of five species of diatoms which had been grown in Erd-Schreiber medium. Their distribution pattern in general resembles that found in other species. However, there are characteristic differences; thus, they contain more serine and 2-amino iso-butyric acid than the other species of phytoplankton.
S17-5 The evolutionary history of Eurasian redstarts, Phoenicurus

The bird genus Phoenicurus comprises 10 to 11 species that occur from Europe through Asia. To resolve their phylogenetic relationships, their phylogeography and the tempo of their evolution, the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene was sequenced for 16 taxa. The Bayesian maximum likelihood tree and neighbor-joining dendrogram computed from the resulting data are nearly identical. The genus seems to have diverged from turdine stock approximately 5.25 ± 0.25 MYA in central Asia, and then underwent a rapid radiation during the recent orogenesis of the Himalayas. This radiation took place in two waves, at 4.9 ± 0.4 and 3.05 ± 0.35 MYA, producing a core-group represented by P. auroreus, P. erythrogaster, P. hodgsoni, P. ochruros, P. phoenicurus and P. schisticeps, and three more distantly related species: P. caeruleocephalus, P. erythronotus and P. frontalis. The latter species are about equally divergent from one another as well as from the core group.
Composition and Antimicrobial Screening of the Essential Oil of Acantholippia deserticola (Phil.ex F. Phil.) Moldenke

Abstract The composition of the essential oil from Acantholippia deserticola (Phil. ex F. Phil.) Moldenke (Verbenaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts was examined by GC, GC/MS and NMR. Twenty-two compounds were identifed representing 98.9% of the total oil. α- and β-Thujone were characterized as the main constituents, 10.5% and 77.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity using a micro-dilution assay exhibiting no inhibition on human pathogenic bacteria and yeast.
Molecular systematics of E-strain mycorrhizal fungi: Wilcoxina and its relationship to Tricharina (Pezizales)

Nuclear-encoded ribosomal RNA gene sequences (rDNA) spanning 107 base pairs at the 3′ end of the 18S gene, the 5′ internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1), and across divergent domain D1 near the 5′ end of the 28S gene were analyzed to infer a phylogeny for taxa of the E-strain mycorrhizal fungal genus Wilcoxina and to determine their relationship to representatives of the genus Tricharina. The phylogeny suggests that Wilcoxina and Tricharina, although related, should be maintained as separate genera. Wilcoxina taxa formed a distinct group that exhibited interspecific variation of 37.6% in the ITS1 region. Wilcoxina alaskana was the most distant taxon, which is consistent with its growth on an unusual substrate (rotting wood). It remains to be confirmed that this taxon is mycorrhizal. A cryptic Wilcoxina species, known only from root isolates, was found. Sequence analysis of the ITS1 region distinguished two varieties of Wilcoxina mikolae: var. mikolae and var. tetraspora. Among the taxa of Tricharina ex.