Jumping and hysteresis effect in 1–1-typed magnetoelectric resonators

Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) composites have been continually attracting researchers’ attention because of the significant potential for building functional devices. Unlike conventional ME devices under quasi-static or low-power excitation, e.g., sensors, energy harvesters, and random memories, high-power ME devices like recently proposed ME antennas will perform complex dynamic behavior. The voltage-driven nonlinearity in 1–1-typed ME resonators was reported from the perspective of frequency-response curve in our last work. Here, we described both theoretically and experimentally a previously unobserved jumping and hysteresis effect in its magnetic bias characteristic. A direct link between the bias-response and the frequency-response characteristics was also experimentally provided to analyze the origin of the nonlinear behavior in the bias-response curve. In addition, the cubic spring constant k3 was theoretically calculated and compared to qualitatively explain the difference of our obtained threshold voltage that generated the first and second jumping resonances in the dual-peak biasresponse curve. In contrast to our previous research, this work reveals the loading direction of the applied magnetic bias field, which plays a significant role when we consider the selection of an optimized bias field for high-power ME devices. Moreover, the sharp jumping in the bias-response curve is also a potential for opening dimensions for ME community. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0066173 Researchers around the globe are continually exploring the fundamentals and potential applications of magnetoelectric (ME) multiferroic composites for nearly 30 years. The typical and widely studied applications of ME resonators include magnetic field sensing, magnetic energy harvesting, data memorizing, and RF devices regulating. Recently, mechanical antennas based on ME resonator are further proposed to design low-frequency, high-efficiency, and portable communication transceivers, which normally require resonant and high-power excitation to allow a relatively long communication distance. Considering the strong delta-E effect in amorphous alloy Metglas in this case, i.e., its Young’s modulus E(r;H) is now a function of external stress field r and magnetic field H, the ME resonator will behave much differently from conventional ME devices under quasi-static or low-level magnetic field or electric field excitation, i.e., ME sensors, ME energy harvesters, and ME memories. For example, spring-hardening (namely, an increase in the effective spring constant and an upward shift of the resonance frequency) and spring-softening (namely, a reduction in the effective spring constant) characteristics of 1–1-typed ME resonators have been theoretically analyzed and experimentally observed in our previous work. In contrast, a linear ME resonator has a constant modulus and, thereby, features a symmetrical response curve of ME coefficient as a function of the excitation frequency. Through applying resonant magnetic field with a high amplitude of 5Oe, the parametric generation of subharmonics in 2–2typed ME laminate has also been realized and systematically investigated by Fetisov et al. In contrast, only the frequency–multiplying effect can be expected when the delta-E effect in Metglas is weak with the low-level excitation field. Likewise, similar dynamic response from the perspective of bias characteristics in ME resonators is also believed to happen in the case of high-field excitation at resonance frequency. However, there are very few works dealing with this issue. Nonlinear coupling models Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 182901 (2021); doi: 10.1063/5.0066173 119, 182901-1 Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing Applied Physics Letters ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/apl