Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes. VIII. Revision of Trypanosoma evansi.

The present revision of the morphology, taxonomy and affinities of trypanosomes causing Surra in the Old World was undertaken in order to determine the status of the diverse geographical and hostal strains, the exact relation of which to Trypanosoma evansi and allied species was hitherto a subject of controversy. The material for this study was represented by thirty strains from diverse mammalian hosts and various countries, extending from Morocco to the Philippines. One of the problems dealt with is the occurrence of polymorphism in T. evansi . When single samples of typical (monomorphic) strains from naturally infected animals were examined, only negligible numbers of stumpy forms (0·05–0·40 %) were found in a minority of cases. But in strains kept under continuous observation for several years the proportion of stumpy forms occasionally rose higher (2–25%), while one strain exhibited a remarkable and persistent degree of polymorphism in the course of 17 years, the proportion of stumpy forms—including numerous posteronuclear ( = posterior-nuclear) ones—fluctuating from 0 to 60%. It was shown that—as in the case of the Brucei group—the length distributions in polymorphic samples of T. evansi could be statistically resolved into distinct curves, corresponding to the three morphological components (stumpy, intermediate, slender).
Comparative Studies of Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity oc Carica papaya L. Extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans

Carica papaya extracts are known for their traditional medicinal uses. The ability of its parts to control the growth of common pathogens in the laboratory has been tested in different parts of the world using different varieties of C. papaya. This study was initiated to compare the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of different plant parts extracts of C. papaya var. papayi GAV4 on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. C. papaya plant parts were collected from a farm in Kiboswa (Kisumu): coordinates 0.0245°S and 34.7474°E, and then were transported to Maseno University Botany Laboratory. Seeds, green leaves and bark were washed thoroughly with tap water, rinsed in sterile water and dried after which they were ground using a grinder. From each of the three plant parts, three types of extracts were prepared using water, acetone and ethanol in the concentrations 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested on microbes growing on agar plates by inoculation with the different concentrations using diffusion method and replicated 3 times. Extracts were isolated using Soxhlet apparatus and MIC determined by serial dilution, zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters. Means from the measurements were separated and compared at significance level P = 0.05. Phytochemicals present included alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides, anthocyanins and terpenoids while anthraquinones were absent. Ethanol bark extract on C. albicans showed higher inhibition and there were significant differences in inhibition among the plant parts and extracts used. In concentrations used, 25% was significantly different from 50%, 75% and 100%. The results obtained in this study confirm that C. papaya has antimicrobial activity on E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans; and has also shown high potentials for use as a potential source of antibiotics to treat diseases caused by these microorganisms. Archives of Ecotoxicology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 35-42, 2020
Reproductive parameters of eastern North Pacific blue whales Balaenoptera musculus

Knowledge of reproduction in baleen whales such as the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus is still limited. Here, we combined the sighting histories of 24 yr of reproductively active female blue whales from the United States (US) west coast and the Gulf of California (GoC), Mex- ico. The latter region is a nursing ground for some of the blue whales that feed off the US west coast during the summer months. We report here that females show site fidelity to the GoC even when not lactating. The mean calving interval based on consecutive sighting histories was 2.57 yr. Two female calves returned with their own offspring after 11 and 13 yr, indicating an apparent age of first parturition of >10 yr. While 60% of females identified in the GoC were also sighted off the US west coast, only 30% of the females from the latter area were seen in the GoC. Thus only a part of the US Californian population migrates to the GoC, suggesting the existence of additional calv- ing and nursing grounds for this population. Despite the presence of killer whales, female blue whales presumably migrate to the GoC to benefit from high prey abundance. The lack of docu- mented births in the GoC may indicate that female blue whales choose open, pelagic waters for calving and move to the GoC when the calves are older.
Occurrence of Hymenopteran Parasitoids in Residential Turfgrass in Central Georgia

The influence of turfgrass genotype (bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.), centipedegrass Eremochloa ophiuroides Munro Hack, St. Augustinegrass Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt. ] Kuntze, zoysiagrass, Zoysia spp. , and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb) on occurrence of hymenopteran parasitoids was evaluated in residential turf during May, June and July in 2005. Most wasps belonged to Chalcidoidea (55%) and Platygastroidea (29%). Adult wasps representing Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae and Braconidae were captured in all turfgrasses. Among all wasps, 26.5% were mymarids and included Gonatocerus sp. and Mymar sp. Eulophidae, Aprostocetus and Pnigalio sp. were less abundant in centipedegrass compared with other turfgrasses. Trichogrammatids (18.2% of total wasps) were more abundant in St. Augustinegrass or tall fescue than in zoysiagrass. Platygastrid wasps, Allotropa and Fidiobia sp. , were most often collected from zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass. Scelionids represented 23% of the total parasitoids collected. Baeus sp. , a scelionid, was found in all turf types except in tall fescue, whereas another scelionid, Trimorus sp. , was found among all turfgrass taxa. Figitids were most common in St. Augustinegrass, whereas a greater number of dryinid wasps were found in tall fescue than in all other turfgrasses. Vacuum sampling proved to be a better collecting technique than sweep netting for minute wasps. Chalcidoidea, particularly mymarids, eulophids and trichogrammatids, were abundant in July. Most aphelinid wasps were captured in June with none collected in July. Ichneumonids and braconids were more common in June than in July. Knowledge of species occurrence, abundance and distribution is important for conservation as well as pest management efforts. Our results demonstrate an abundant and diverse community of parasitic wasps in residential turfgrasses in central Georgia that could be a focus of conservation efforts.
Students’ Perception on E-Learning in Punakha Dzongkhag in Bhutan

This study aims to determine students' perspectives on E-Learning and also to explore other contributing factors that affect student learning outcomes. This research uses quantitative methods. This research was conducted in Punakha Dzongkhag (district) in Bhutan in 2020. The research subjects were secondary school students consisting of 165 students with 57 boys and 108 girls who were selected as random samples. The technique of collecting data uses telephone interviews, online Google forms and direct survey questionnaires. The findings reveal that students consider E-learning to be useful and interactive, if it is supported by teachers and parents. However, some students (82%) reported that E-learning would help them achieve individual learning goals if lessons were taught in individual classes rather than multigrade classes. It can be concluded that E-learning is useful and interactive, some students feel that being a first timer and without experience using E-learning media, it hinders the achievement of individual learning goals. Therefore, it is suggested that E-learning be applied further in everyday classroom learning as mixed learning.
Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Sowing Dates, Nutrient and Weed Management

Studies on response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to sowing dates, nutrient and weed management was carried out at the experimental farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus during kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005. Sowing of rice right after the onset of monsoon showed better performance in terms of higher plant dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield of upland rice as compared to early sowing. 75% NPK (recommended) along with Azospirillum and Phosphotika recorded significantly the highest plant dry matter accumulation, grain and straw yield of rice. Butachlor @ 1.5 kg ha−1. (PE) significantly recorded the lowest weed density and weed dry weight, highest number of panicles, panicle length, grain and straw yield of rice.
Validation Testing of a Synthetic Spine and Upgraded Protocol for a Biomechanical Evaluation of a Lumbar Spinal Orthosis

Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in all walks of life. Standard conservative treatment methods may work for some, but others go on to have spinal injections, opioids, or surgical procedures to alleviate pain. The Distractive and Mobility-Enabling Orthosis (DMO) was developed to meet the need for a conservative, drug-free treatment method. In this research, the low back support test protocol for evaluating DMO success was upgraded with a new synthetic lumbar spine model. The latest generation of the DMO project was then evaluated using the new system in a laboratory setting and on a pilot physical therapy patient.First, a biomechanical evaluation study of the new full-length synthetic lumbar spine model was performed to validate its use in the low back support test protocol. Markers placed at each vertebral body level enabled the local and global instantaneous axis of rotation of each spinal segment to be defined. Combined with moment data, the moment-rotational stiffness properties was compared to similar published data from other in vitro and in vivo studies of the lumbar spine. These comparisons provided validation and justification for using the synthetic model in the low back support test protocol. The design of the fourth generation (DMO4) is then detailed. DMO4 borrowed some characteristics from previous generations but was modified to lower the complexity of the parts and increase user comfort. DMO4 utilized hip and torso belts to secure itself to the patient. A distractive force applied via gas springs on the lateral sides of the belts separated the belts in order to offload the lumbar spine. DMO4 reduced the side profile, reduced the component count by half, and redesigned the torso belt to be more conforming to patient anatomy.DMO4 was then evaluated with the low back support test protocol that was set to match daily living activities (DLAs) and offload an average human torso weight. Placed under a 150N vertical load, DMO4 successfully offloaded the lumbar spine in upright stance through 25° of flexion and 10° of extension. DMO4 was also successful at providing unconstrained axial rotation beyond the range required for DLAs. Pilot data of a physical therapy patient with low back pain was ascertained. The patient wore the DMO during six physical therapy sessions over a four week period. At each session, the patient’s pain score significantly dropped to a pain rating score of one and the modified Oswestry Disability Index also saw a reduction. Document Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Science (MS) Program Biomedical Engineering Research Advisor Denis J. DiAngelo, Ph.D.
Interactions of Sex Steroid Hormones and Prolactin in Male and Female Song Sparrows, Melospiza melodia

Subcutaneous implants of estradiol in female song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, maintained sexual receptivity throughout the breeding season. Parental behavior apparently was not affected. Estrogenized females continued to incubate and feed young Plasma levels of prolactin were also unaffected by estrogen treatment. Male song sparrows mated to estrogenized females maintained high levels of testosterone throughout much of the breeding season. Only in late June and early July were testosterone levels in experimental males similar to those of controls. By July, however, levels of testosterone were again elevated significantly over those of controls. These data agree with other investigations showing that continual exposure of males to sexually receptive females maintains high levels of testosterone. The rise in prolactin in males was not affected by high circulating concentrations of testosterone, and changes in prolactin levels throughout the breeding season in experimental males were similar to the control cycle. It is concluded that in the song sparrow, elevated levels of prolactin during breeding do not inhibit secretion of sex steroids, nor do experimentally induced high circulating titers of sex steroid hormones alter seasonal changes in prolactin secretion.
Intradimer and interdimer methylation response by bacterial chemoreceptors to attractant stimulus

Intradimer and Interdimer Methylation Response by Bacterial Chemoreceptors to Attractant Stimulus. (December 2005) Arjan Frank Bormans, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Michael D. Manson This study focuses on the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by Tar, the aspartate chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli. Like other bacterial chemoreceptors, Tar localizes to the cell membrane and relays information about the external chemical environment through the membrane to a cytoplasmic signaling domain. The output of the signaling domain controls the directional bias of the rotary flagellar motors of the cell. Net movement of a cell in a chemical gradient involves temporal comparison of the current concentration with the concentration in the recent (a few seconds) past. The current concentration is measured as the percent occupancy of the extracellular ligandbinding domain of the receptor, and the past is represented by the extent of covalent methylation of four conserved glutamyl residues in the cytoplasmic domain. Under steady-state conditions, the methylation level corresponds to ligand occupancy. Tar is a dimer, and much evidence suggests that dimers associate into trimers of dimers. Higherorder arrays of receptors form in the presence of the cytoplasmic proteins CheA and CheW. The conformational change generated by ligand binding is transmitted through the membrane by one subunit of a dimer. To examine whether this initially asymmetric signal becomes symmetric within the cytoplasmic domain, I examined aspartate-induced
Effects of epidural ropivacaine labor analgesia on duration of labor and mode of delivery

目的 探讨罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产妇产程和分娩方式的影响. 方法采用回顾性分析的方法,选择行0. 1%罗哌卡因+芬太尼(1μg/ml)硬膜外阻滞的190例健康、单胎、足月临产初产妇为镇痛组. 另选择同期222例条件相似、未行任何镇痛措施的自然临产产妇为对照组. 记录两组产妇产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿1分钟和5分钟Apgar评分. 结果 (1)产程时间比较:镇痛组第一产程、第二产程和总产程时间分别为(426±161)min、(54±27)min、(489±166)min;对照组分别为(364±167)min、(37±22)min、(409±170) min,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01). (2)分娩方式比较:镇痛组阴道器械助产率为20. 0%(38/190),明显高于对照组的6. 3%(14/222),两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);镇痛组剖宫产率及阴道顺产率分别为20. 0%(38/190)、60.5%(115/190),对照组分别为28. 4%(63/222)、65.8%(146/222),两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05). (3)Apgar评分比较:镇痛组新生儿1分钟及5分钟Apgar评分<7分者分别为7. 9%(15/190)、2.6%(5/190),对照组分别为4. 5%(10/222)、0.5%(1/222),两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产妇产程有延长作用及增加阴道器械助产率,但对新生儿出生结局无明显影响。
PCR based diagnosis of Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicken.

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate histo-pathological, haemotological and biochemical changes in broiler chicken naturally infected with Eimeria tenella. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based assay was also done for the detection, identification and differentiation of pathogenic species of Eimeria in poultry. Post mortem examination revealed petechial haemorrhages, oedema, necrosis and sloughing of caecal epithelium. Histopathological evidence showed leakage of blood, oedema and necrosis. Haemotological studies revealed that coccidial infection caused significant decrease in the value of haemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). The value of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) revealed that caecal coccidiosis resulted in macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. Biochemical serum analysis of coccidial infected chicken showed a significant increase in level of glucose, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) while there was a significant decrease in the level of alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and cholesterol. In PCR using specific primers for E. tenella only the ITS 1 regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) could be amplified.
DIEL PATTERNS OF FEEDING OF KHISBNI LIZA ABU (HEOKEL) IN RASeOIYAH RESERVOIR IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ

A single 24-hour feeding cycle of Liza abu from Rashdiyah reservoir, Baghdad, Iraq, was studied. The guts of the fish contained food almost throughout the period and showed two peaks — one at 0600 hours and the other at 2100 hours. Organic matter and detritus formed the major bulk of the diet, followed by diatoms, aquatic plant parts, nematodes, filamentous algae, copepods and aquatic insects. A total of 45 species of algae belonging to 29 genera were observed in the gut of the fish.
EFFECT OF FEEDING MIXTURE OF FOOD WASTE AND OLIVE CAKE ON MILK YIELD AND ITS COMPOSITION OFLACTATING ZARAIBI GOATS

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets composed of ecological food waste (mixture of food waste from hotels and olive cake(FWOC)) on lactating goats productivity compared with traditional diets. The effect of inclusion mixture of food waste and olive cake in diets of Zaraibi goats on nutrients digestibility, rumen function, milk yield, milk composition and some blood parameters were studied. A feeding trial was conducted using twenty four Zaraibi goats (32.33+0.2Kg LBW and aged 3-4 years) at late pregnancy (one month before parturition). Animals were assigned into three similar groups (8 animals each) using the randomized complete block design. They were fed as groups on a basal ration, where concentrate feed mixture (CFM) was 50% of requirements according NRC (2007); while berseem as a roughage was offered at libitum.The tested rations were formulated from concentrate feed mixture (CFM) that partially substituted by 0, 15 and 30% of FWOC for CFM1, CFM2 and CFM3, respectively, along with berseem as a roughage portion to formulate the experimental rations R1 (Control), R2 and R3 as tested one. Results showed that nutrient digestibility coefficients and feeding values were improved with the higher level of FWOC (30%) in ration, than R2 and R1 (control). NH3-N values and TVF'A concentrations in the in rumen liquor were increase with increasing the level of FWOC up to 30% (R3) in ration. The vice versa trend was found among dietary treatment respecting pH values in rumen liquor. Actual milk yields were significant higher with R3 (1269.1g/d.) than control ration (R1 1047.6 and R2 1130.0 g, respectively). Concerning milk composition, R2 rations significant increased fat percentage compared with R3 ration and control one, while insignificant differ was observed with milk protein percentage among treatments, the highest value in R3. Improvement respecting milk TS was observed with FWOC rations compared with control ration with insignificant differences. No significant differences among experimental rations regarding all offspring performance measurements. At the end of the experimental period, plasma total protein was affected significantly (P<0.05) by the experimental rations with the highest value (7.75g/dl) was occurred with R3 and the lowest one (6.85g/dl) was with R1. Economic efficiency was improved by feeding ration that contained30% FWOC (R3) in comparison with R1. This study concluded that considerably to use mixture of food waste and olive cake up to 30% level could be recommended for formulation the rations of lactating Zaraibigoats. It was concluded that use 30% of mixture food waste and olive cake was more effective in lactating goats. It can pronounced enhance feed intake, digestibility, feeding values, milk production, feed efficiency, some blood parameters and economic efficiency evaluation of lactating goats.
Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions.

Preface Part I. Definitions, Significance and Survival: 1. Woodlands, nature and history: a personal introduction 2. Definitions, values and philosophies 3. Natural woodland in Europe and North America Part II. Temperate and Boreal Natural Forests: 4. Selected virgin forests 5. Disturbance in natural woodland 6. Succession after catastrophic disturbances 7. Structures and dynamics of old-growth forests 8. Components of the forest 9. Wildlife of natural woodlands Part III. Virgin Forest Remnants: 10. Human impacts on natural forests in North America 11. Wildlife responses to the modification of natural forests 12. Protecting virgin forest remnants Part IV. Natural Features in the Conservation of British Woodlands: 13. Woodland nature conservation: development, rationale and practice 14. British natural woodlands 15. Reconstructing British natural woodlands 16. Management of broadleaved woodland 17. Design and management of upland conifer plantations 18. Priorities in woodland nature conservation Appendix Bibliography Indexes.
Comparative selectivity of pesticides used in greenhouses, on the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

ABSTRACT A series of bioassays were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the relative toxicities of various pesticides (acetamiprid, cypermethrin, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, copper oxychloride, iprodione, mandipropamid, a mixture of propamocarb + fluopicolide and mixture of fludioxonil + cyprodinil) on Aphidius colemani adults and mummies, as well as sublethal effects on female fecundity. Cypermethrin was highly toxic to pupa of A. colemani within host mummies. Acetamiprid, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, a mixture of propamocarb + fluopicolide and mixture of fludioxonil + cyprodinil were also highly toxic to A. colemani adults (92–100% mortality at 48 h post treatment). Mandipropamid, iprodione and copper oxycloride treatments significantly reduced fecundity of the female parasitoids. In contrast B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, H. armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus and chlorantraniliprole were harmless (<30% mortality) to the parasitoid species tested according to International Organisation for Biological Control toxicity classification and are likely to be compatible with integrated pest management programmes.
Component changes during putrefactive and normal fermentation of Awamori Moromi Mash.

泡盛の異常ならびに正常発酵過程における一般成分(酸度, pH, 日本酒度,直糖分およびアルコール分)の動向には明らかな差が認められ,微生物の挙動にも差が認められた. 前者における生酵母数は,醪2日目が最高で醪1ml当り8×106個に達し,乳酸菌は醪6日目までは増加して1×108個/mlに達しそれ以降は急減した. 一方,後者において酵母数は醪4日目ころまで増加し,最高2. 7×108個/mlに達し以後減少した. また,乳酸菌の存在は認められなかった. さらに,低沸点成分のうち正常発酵では, acetaldehydeは異常発酵の約1/2で,それ以外の成分についてはむしろ,正常発酵における生成量が1.5～2倍程度多かった. 一方,芳香性のisoamyl acetateは異常発酵過程では生成されず,正常発酵過程では生成された. また,異常発酵における有機酸組成はlactic acidとacetic acidが全体の約90%を占め,発酵経過とともに増加傾向を示した。 citric acidは約4%, malic acidは痕跡程度で, formic acidの生成も認められた,一方, succinic acidは顕著な経日的変化は認められなかった. ところが,正常発酵の場合citric acidが59. 2%, malic acid 17.8%, lactic acid 15.3%, succinic acid 6.2%, acetic acid 1.5%で, citric acidを除きその大部分が醪初期に酵母により生成された. このように,泡盛1号酵母による正常発酵過程における成分の動向は,異常発酵過程における成分の動向とは明らかな違いが認められた.