Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adequacy of the Rawinsonde Network for Global Circulation Studies Tested through Numerical Model Output

Abstract Numerical output from a GFDL global climate model was used to determine whether the present distribution of rawinsonde stations is adequate to deduce the atmospheric structure and its variability in space and time over the globe. Spatial data gaps were found to cause typical rms wind errors averaged over a hemisphere of 2 to 3 m s−1, increasing for the zonal wind component to 5 or 6 m s−1 at jet stream levels. In temperature the spatial data gaps led to rms errors on the order of 0.5 to 1°C in the free atmosphere, in geopotential height between 20 and 30 gpm in, the upper troposphere, and in specific humidity between 1 and 2 g kg−1 near the surface and about 0.3 g kg−1 at 500 mb. Errors due to instrumental deficiencies, unrepresentativeness of the local soudings, deficiencies in the analysis technique and gaps in the time series were found to he less important than those due to the, spatial gaps, even in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, the rawinsonde network was found to be g.
Unified model of electron beam shot noise and coherent spontaneous emission in the helical wiggler free electron laser

A numerical algorithm for simulating electron beam shot noise in free electron lasers (FELs) is presented. Shot noise is a source of spontaneous emission that may be amplified in the self-amplified spontaneous emission regime of operation. This regime is of great importance to XUV and x-ray FELs where the spontaneous emission is currently the only effective source available for amplification. The algorithm uses a quasiuniform phase-space distribution of appropriately charge weighted macroparticles. The statistical properties of the macroparticles are derived directly from the temporal Poisson statistical properties of the real electron distribution. Unlike previous algorithms, ours does not rely upon any averaging over a resonant radiation period time scale and so more correctly describes the underlying physics. The algorithm also allows shot noise to be modeled self-consistently in unaveraged FEL models which are able to describe subwavelength phenomena such as coherent spontaneous emission (CSE). The algorithm is used in the unaveraged 1D FEL numerical simulation code FemFel and demonstrates spontaneous emission due to shot noise and CSE in both rectangular and Gaussian electron pulse current profiles. The preliminary results show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with theory.
Science Content Knowledge of Pre-Service Teachers in Biology Elementary School Level

Expectations for qualified primary school teachers in Indonesia are very high. The public is aware that education in elementary schools is an essential part of introducing a scientific discipline to students, one of which is science. To provide optimal science learning, teachers must have qualified Science Content Knowledge (SCK) so that students have no misconceptions and confusion. This study aims to analyze the mastery of prospective SCK teachers on biology subjects at the elementary level. The research method in this study is a descriptive method using a survey design. Data were obtained from 284 primary school teacher education program participants at the end of the semester. The instrument is a multiple-choice test with four answer choices with 40 questions. The device was then given to the participants and analyzed by calculating the percentage and putting it into a predetermined category. This study found that the mastery of pre-service teacher SCK needs to be considered because the average category of understanding is in the "Very Poor" and "Less" types. This study suggests the need for a professional program for both teachers and pre-service teachers who can combine SCK and pedagogy so that the learning provided is more optimal and offers a good learning experience.
Diurnal Variability of Regional Cloud and Clear-Sky Radiative Parameters Derived from GOES Data. Part I: Analysis Method

Abstract A hybrid bispectral threshold method (HBTM) is developed for hourly regional cloud and radiative parameters from geostationary satellite visible and infrared radiance data. The quantities derived with the HBTM include equivalent blackbody temperatures for clear skies, for the total cloud cover and for the cloud cover at three levels in the atmosphere; the total fractional cloud cover and the fractional cloud amounts at three altitudes; and the clear-sky and total cloud reflectance characteristics. Geostationary satellite data taken during November 1978 are analyzed. A minimum reflectance technique is used to determine clear-sky brightness. A visible bidirectional reflectance model is derived for clear ocean areas. Clear-sky radiative temperature is found with a bispectral clear radiance technique during daylight hours. An empirical model is derived to predict clear-sky temperature at night. A combination of previously published infrared threshold and bispectral techniques is used to determine the.
New Zealand Climate: II. Temperature Patterns

Abstract Temperature patterns are identified by similar methods to those used in Part I of this study. Correlation of station temperature anomalies with time series of circulation indices revealed that warm anomalies of temperature occur when airflow is northerly and cold anomalies occur when it is from the south. This method also shows that in zonal flow the windward side of the country is cooler than the leeward. Principal component analysis revealed three distinct patterns. The first occurs over the northern half of the North Island, the second over the southern half of the South Island and the third over the west of the South Island. All temperature patterns have warm anomalies when higher than normal pressure occurs to the southeast and cast of New Zealand. The warm synoptic anomaly is the more important mechanism. The results show that complex patterns of warming and cooling occur which show great detail in such a small spatial scale. Like precipitation, the spatial expression of temperature is much.
Association between the CASC16 rs4784227 polymorphism and breast cancer risk and prognosis in a northeast Chinese Han population

Background Breast cancer (BC) poses a serious threat to women worldwide. This research was designed to explore the association between the rs4784227 polymorphism of cancer susceptibility candidate gene 16 (CASC16) and BC susceptibility and prognosis, aiming to provide further information for the early detection of BC and to accelerate comprehensive cancer management. Methods A total of 1,733 subjects were recruited for this case-control study, of which 828 are BC patients and 905 are healthy individuals. The relevance between SNP rs4784227 and BC risk in diverse genetic models was analyzed by using the SNPStats analysis program and was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the binary logistic regression model. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to determine the correlation between the polymorphism and clinical characteristics of BC patients. Additionally, univariate survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, and multivariate survival analysis was performed by Cox regression. Results SNP rs4784227 was significantly associated with susceptibility to BC in the dominant model (CT/TT versus CC, OR = 1.237, 95% CI = 1.012–1.513, P = 0.038). The minor allele of SNP rs4784227 was significantly linked to an increased risk of BC (OR = 1.197, 95% CI = 1.022–1.401, P = 0.026). In addition, the rs4784227 polymorphism of CASC16 was associated with perineural invasion (P = 0.030), menstrual status (P = 0.016) and histological grade (P = 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.025; respectively) of BC patients. There was no significant association between the genotypes of rs4784227 and disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients (P > 0.05). Conclusions The rs4784227 polymorphism of CASC16 may affect susceptibility to breast cancer and is associated with perineural invasion, menstrual status and histological grade in BC patients. Additionally, our results could not confirm that this polymorphism was related to breast cancer prognosis.
Prevalence of Gastroschisis and its Neonatal Mortality in the Eastern Cape Province tertiary Institutions

Context: Gastroschisis is a common abdominal wall defect faced by paediatric surgeons worldwide. Early gastroschisis detection, access to improved neonatal intensive care, parenteral nutrition and surgical techniques have led to a reported improvement in mortality of between 4% and 8% in high-income countries. In low to middle income countries, such as in Southern Africa, however, there is as much as 84% mortality among patients with gastroschisis. This is thought to be due to factors such as lack of antenatal screening, access to neonatal intensive care services and parenteral nutrition. Aims: The purpose of this study was to calculate the prevalence of gastroschisis and report on its neonatal mortality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Settings and Design: A retrospective observational study on all neonates with gastroschisis, presenting to a tertiary facility offering paediatric surgical services within the Eastern Cape Province from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018. Subjects and Methods: A convenience sampling method was used in retrieving patient files for the study period. Statistical analysis used: Stata version 13. Results: Thirty-seven neonates were included in the study. The prevalence of gastroschisis ranged from 0.07% to 0.18% throughout the 3-year study. The majority (81%) of the neonates were outborn and delivered by mode of caesarean section. Nearly 60% (n = 22) were female. 54% (n = 20) of neonates died within the neonatal period. Conclusions: The majority of the neonates in this study were outborn and female. Although their mortality rate was higher than reported in high-income countries, it was much improved from what is reported in the low to middle income countries.
Self-Care Practices and Drivers of Anti-Diabetic Type 2 Medication Non-Compliance among Patients Accessing Healthcare at a Health Facility in Ghana

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic chronic disease affecting a majority of adults with associated complications. The non-compliance to the anti-diabetic medication has become a global challenge to achieving optimal glucose control among Diabetes Type 2 patients. This study, therefore, sought to determine the self-care practices and drivers of anti-diabetic type 2 medication non-compliance among patients accessing health care at Volta River Authority Hospital in Akosombo of Ghana. Methods: A quantitative study and descriptive cross-sectional design employed a simple random sampling technique to recruit 220 diabetes type 2 patients by administering a structured questionnaire face to face to gather data. Data were analysed with the help of Stata 16. A descriptive and inferential statistic was conducted to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables at a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statically significant. Results: The study found that non-adherence to anti-diabetic medication was 45.5%. Most of the participants had inadequate (52.3%) self-care practices. Age of participants (40-49) years [p=0.0001], Female [p=0.004] significantly influenced non-compliance. Being Single [p=0.001] and presence of comorbidity [p=0.001] also associated with medication non-compliance. Conclusion: The study concluded that a significant proportion of diabetes type 2 patients do not comply with anti-diabetic medication and this was influenced by inadequate self-care practices, age, female, comorbidity and being single. The study recommended the intensification of awareness creation on complications of non-complying to anti-diabetic medication and education on self-care practices through mass media. Further studies are required to identify the possible predictors of inadequate self-care practices that influence anti-diabetic medication non-compliance.
Impact of Pneumonia on Cognitive Aging: A Longitudinal Propensity-Matched Cohort Study

Abstract Background Acute clinical events, such as pneumonia, may impact physical functionality but their effect on cognition and the possible duration of this effect remains to be quantified. This study investigated the impact of pneumonia on cognitive trajectories and dementia development in older people. Methods Data were obtained from 60+ years old individuals, who were assessed from 2001 to 2018 in the population-based SNAC-K study (Sweden). Participants were eligible if they were not institutionalized, had no dementia, and did not experience pneumonia 5 years prior to baseline (N = 2 063). A propensity score was derived to match 1:3 participants hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia (N = 178), to nonexposed participants (N = 534). Mixed linear models were used to model cognitive decline. The hazard of dementia, clinically diagnosed by physicians following Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV, was estimated using Cox regression models. Results We found a transient impact of pneumonia on cognitive decline in the first 2.5 years (B = −0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.75, −0.15). The hazard ratio (HR) for dementia was not statistically significantly increased in pneumonia participants (HR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.82, 1.66). Conclusions The transient impact of pneumonia on cognitive function suggests an increased need of health care for patients after a pneumonia-related hospitalization and reinforces the relevance of pneumonia prevention.
COMPACT CONTINUUM RADIO SOURCES IN THE ORION NEBULA

The Orion Nebula was observed with the VLA in order to search for radio emission from compact H II regions indicative of embedded OB stars or from winds associated with pre-main sequence, low-mass stars. Fourteen of the 21 detected radio sources are within 30 arcsec of Omega 1 Orionis C; 13 of these objects are probably neutral condensations surrounded by ionized envelopes that are excited by the star. If the temperature of the ionized envelopes is 10,000 K and their electron densities decrease as the square of the distance from the core center, then a typical neutral condensation has a radius of 10 to the 15th cm and a peak electron density of 400,000/cu cm. Seven sources are in or near the Orion molecular cloud. Four of the sources have optical counterparts. Two are highly variable radio sources associated with X-ray sources, and two have radio spectra indicative of thermal emission. Two of the three optically invisible sources have radio emission likely to arise in a dense ionized envelope surrounding and excited by an early B-type star. 46 references.
Noncompact three-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with N f =1 and N f =4

We present numerical results for noncompact three-dimensional quantum electrodynamics for numbers of flavors N{sub f}=1 and N{sub f}=4. In particular, we address the issue of whether chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken in the continuum limit, and obtain a positive answer for N{sub f}=1, with a dimensionless condensate estimated to be {beta}{sup 2} {approx_equal}O(10{sup -3}), implying that the critical number of flavors N{sub fc}>1. We also compare the N{sub f}=1 and N{sub f}=4 models by analyzing the transition from strong to weak coupling behavior using an equation of state based on a continuous phase transition. While some qualitative differences emerge, it appears difficult to determine whether N{sub f}=4 lies above or below N{sub fc}.
Management for grain sorghum cultivation under saline water irrigation

ABSTRACT In order to obtain an efficient cultivation of grain sorghum in production systems that use saline water, an adequate management becomes necessary for maximizing its production. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of leaching fractions in the saline water irrigation management on the production of sorghum varieties and on the distribution of water and salts in the soil profile, under semiarid conditions. The study was carried out in the municipality of Petrolina, semiarid region of Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four replicates, in split-split plots; four leaching fractions (LF): 0, 5, 10, and 15% with saline water from artesian well in the plots, three varieties of grain sorghum: 1011-IPA, 2502-IPA and Ponta Negra in the subplots, and two crop cycles (1st and 2nd cut) in the sub-subplots. The evaluated variables were distribution of water and salts in the soil profile, biometric variables, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and grain yield. Application of leaching fractions of up 15% in saline water irrigation promotes better distribution of salts in the soil profile, with increments of up to 60% in the grain yield of the sorghum varieties evaluated. The production of the varieties 1011-IPA and Ponta Negra is a feasible alternative in systems irrigated with saline water with average electrical conductivity of 4.19 dS m-1, in Ultisol, under semiarid conditions.
Impact of Temperature on Phenolic and Osmolyte Contents in In Vitro Cultures and Micropropagated Plants of Two Mediterranean Plant Species, Lavandula viridis and Thymus lotocephalus

In this study, in vitro cultures and micropropagated plants of two Mediterranean aromatic plants, Lavandula viridis L’Hér and Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales, were exposed to different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). The effect of temperature on the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, and osmoprotectants (proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins), as well as on the phenolic profile by HPLC-HRMS and intermediates of the secondary metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and shikimic acid content), was investigated. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was also analyzed. Overall, considering the lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, the extreme temperatures (15 and 30 °C) caused the greatest damage to both species, but the osmoprotectant response was different depending on the species and plant material. In both species, phenolic compounds and related antioxidant activity increased with the rise in temperature in the micropropagated plants, while the opposite occurred in in vitro cultures. L. viridis cultures showed the highest biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (92.6 g/kgDW) at 15 °C and seem to be a good alternative to produce this valuable compound. We conclude that contrasting temperatures greatly influence both species’ primary and secondary metabolism, but the response is different depending on the plant micropropagation stage.
Improved estimation of the correlation coefficient in a bivariate exponential distribution

In this paper, we propose two bias-reduced estimators for the correlation coefficient of a bivariate exponential distribution which are improvements on the estimators presented by Al-Saadi and Young (1980). Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the performance of all the estimators. We also suggest the use of jackknife method in order to reduce the bias of these estimates. The bias and mean square errors of the estimators are simulated for small, moderate and large sample sizes from which we make some recommendations.
Observing the attosecond dynamics of nuclear wavepackets in molecules by using high harmonic generation in mixed gases

We probe the attosecond dynamics of nuclear wavepackets in H2 and D2 molecules by measuring the relative phase of high harmonics generated in each molecule by using a novel method with a mixed gas of H2 and D2. We find that not only the single molecule responses but also the propagation effects of harmonics differ between the two isotopes and we conclude that in order to discuss the dynamics of molecules in the single molecule responses, the propagation effects need to be excluded from the raw harmonic signals. The measured relative phase as well as the intensity ratio are found to be monotonic functions of the harmonic order and are successfully reproduced by applying Feynman's path integral method fully to the dynamics of the nuclei and electrons in the molecules.
COMPOSITION FUNCTIONALS IN CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS: APPLICATION TO PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS

This paper deals with the problem of the Calculus of Variations for a functional which is the composition of a certain scalar function H with the integral of a vector valued field f, i.e. of the form where H : ℝn → ℝ and f : ℝ3 → ℝn. The integral of f is calculated here componentwise. We examine sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal solutions, and provide rules to obtain the necessary Euler–Lagrange, natural, transversality, Weierstrass–Erdmann and junction conditions for such a functional. Particular attention is paid to the cases of the product and the quotient as we take these as model situations. Finally, the theory is illustrated with a slope stability problem, and an example coming from Economics.
Exploring the critical success factors of s-commerce in social media platforms: The case of Jordan

The unprecedented growth of social media imposed fierce competition on business companies. That is investors found new methods to expand their business activities, and, in turn, boost their revenues. While there has been a plethora of research done to examine the critical success factors of social commerce (s-commerce) in developed countries, there is a dearth of studies conducted in developing countries. Meanwhile, it has been evident that the significance of these factors may vary across cultures. Therefore, this study, following the social cognitive theory, aims to explore the critical success factors of s-commerce from the perspective of consumers in a developing country. To achieve that, this study utilized a questionnaire that sought information related to factors driving consumers' intention to purchase in s-commerce. Seven hundred and fifty-seven subjects completed the survey. Structural equation modeling techniques were utilized to analyze the data. The findings of this study show that trust in sellers, sociability, electronic Word-Of-Mouth (eWOM), perceived economic benefit, and informational fit-to-task positively influence the intention to purchase in s-commerce. In addition to that, it was found that sociability and eWOM positively influence consumers' trust in sellers. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the theoretical and practical areas of s-commerce. They are expected to make a significant contribution to the literature on s-commerce adoption from the perspective of a developing country. From a practical point of view, the results of this study should help stakeholders in s-commerce in developing business strategies to better their competitive advantage, retain existing consumers and attract new ones, and, in turn, increase sales and profits.