Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BUDGET DEFICIT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ALBANIA

The main aim of this research is to analyze the short term and long run impact of the budget deficit on the economic growth in Albania (measured by GDP) for the period 1993-2014. To achieve this aim the Cointegration Test will be used. The depedent variable is GDP, while the indepedent variables are foreign direct investmnet and budget deficit. The Granger test was used to detect the casuality relationships between the variables. From the analysis resulted that it does exist a one side casuality relationship between GDP and budget deficit and viceversa. The results showed that it does not exist a casuality relationship between foreign direct investment and budget deficit. The study concluded that the budget deficit and the economic growth have inverse relationship in the long run. These results are in accordance with the endogenous growth theories, and so we can say that it does exist a sustainable relationship between the variables.
SustainableEnergy & Fuels

Co-evaporated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated outstanding properties, such as great scalability, intrinsic stability, high-power conversion e ﬃ ciency (PCE), and fabrication adaptability even on rough surfaces. At present, MAPbI 3 is the most used co-evaporated perovskite due to the complexity of forming multi-component compositions by thermal evaporation. Even though PSCs with high PCEs have been obtained, the MAPbI 3 bandgap ( (cid:1) 1.60 eV) is not ideal for multijunction devices. In this work, we propose a facile method to increase the bandgap of co-evaporated MAPbI 3 ( (cid:1) 1.60 eV) through a MABr-based treatment. The best MABr-treated perovskite composition ﬁ lms show a bandgap of 1.66 eV (MAPb(Br 0.18 I 0.82 ) 3 ) and exhibit good spectral stability under continuous 1-sun illumination at the ambient conditions of 28 (cid:3) C and 70% relative humidity. This hybrid method works e ﬃ ciently for thick co-evaporated MAPbI 3 ﬁ lms ( (cid:1) 750 nm), which is unusual for hybrid processes. The n-i-p PSCs built from the MAPb(Br 0.18 I 0.82 ) 3 ﬁ lms exhibit a blue-shifted external quantum e ﬃ ciency and a V oc increase of (cid:1) 30 mV as compared to the pure MAPbI 3 PSCs, in agreement with the bandgap widening observed in the ﬁ lms. This hybrid method to crete wide bandgap perovskites can be universally applied to MAPbI 3 deposited on both ﬂ at and textured surfaces and shows great promise for its integration in monolithic tandems.
Produce Immunosuppressive Nitric Oxide Function through the Stimulation of APCs to Regulatory T Cells Can Mediate Their

Regulatory T cells (Tr cells) play a critical role in inducing immune tolerance. It remains largely unclear how various types of Tr cells perform their regulatory function. We have studied the underlying regulatory mechanism of a population of autoantigen-speciﬁc CD4 (cid:1) Tr cells. These T cells are speciﬁc for the glutamic acid decarboxylase p206–220 peptide and are isolated from the diabetes-resistant nonobese-resistant mice. Although these T cells express T-bet and display a Th1 phenotype, they are able to inhibit diabetes. Their regulatory function is dependent on both IFN- (cid:2) and cell contact with target cells. These Tr cells can mediate their cell contact-dependent regulatory function by secreting IFN- (cid:2) which stimulates APCs to produce NO. NO is necessary for the Tr cells to inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic T cells and the development of diabetes. Therefore, we have identiﬁed a novel mechanism by which these Tr cells can exert their regulatory function. These results also provide an explanation as to why IFN- (cid:2) may play both pathogenic and immunomodulatory roles in autoimmune diseases. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 176: 3449–3460.
A RESEARCH STUDY ON DIARRHEA IN PATIENTS RESIDING IN LAHORE

: Background: In Pakistan, research findings on the prevalence and determinants of defecation among under-fives are contradictory. Thus, this deliberate audit and meta-examination assesses the pervasiveness of diarrhea and their factors amongst children under six in Pakistan. Despite the exceptional progress made in reducing under-five mortality, intestinal laxity among young people is still the main source of mortality and morbidity at present and a powerless population. Methods: Two creators independently extracted each fundamental data using an institutionalized information retrieval concept. Our current research was conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore from November 2018 to October 2019. The measurable programming of STATA version 23 was used. The results of Cochrane Q test and the I2 test remained used to study heterogeneity of surveys. An arbitrary impact model was developed to assess the dominance of the series. In addition, the relationship between the determining variables and youth bowel was observed by means of arbitrary impact model. International records, counting PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Cochrane Library, remained deliberately searched. Altogether recognized observational surveys reporting occurrence also determinants of free bowel in offspring under six years of age in Pakistan were incorporated. Results: The subgroup survey in this review found that highest ubiquity remained found in Afar zone (28%), trailed by Lahore (27%) and Addis Ababa (26%). Absence of parental education (OR: 3.6, 96% CI: 1.4, 3.2), absence of access to toilets (OR: 3.1, 96% CI: 2.4, 4.3), urban settlement (OR: 2.7, 96% CI: 1.3, 4.1), and maternal handwashing (OR: 3.3, 96% CI: 3.1, 3.7) were fundamentally related to youth defecation. Conclusion: In this survey, defecation between offspring under six years of age in Pakistan was essentially high. Lack of maternal education, lack of access to toilets, urban lifestyles also absence of motherly handwashing remained all related to youth defecation. After checking 560 reviews, 33 surveys met the incorporation standards and remained selected for meta-examination. Results from 33 investigations exposed that ubiquity of liquid bowel in broods under five years of age in Pakistan was 23% (96% CI: 21, 26%).
The Evolving Landscape of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia on Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment

H. -R. ) Abstract: The knowledge of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has progressively deepened during the last forty years. Research activities and clinical studies have been remarkably fruitful in novel ﬁndings elucidating multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease, improving CLL diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Whereas the diagnostic criteria for CLL have not substantially changed over time, prognostication has experienced an expansion with the identiﬁcation of new biological and genetic biomarkers. Thanks to next-generation sequencing (NGS), an unprecedented number of gene mutations were identiﬁed with potential prognostic and predictive value in the 2010s, although signiﬁcant work on their validation is still required before they can be used in a routine clinical setting. In terms of treatment, there has been an impressive explosion of new approaches based on targeted therapies for CLL patients during the last decade. In this current chemotherapy-free era, BCR and BCL2 inhibitors have changed the management of CLL patients and clearly improved their prognosis and quality of life. In this review, we provide an overview of these novel advances, as well as point out questions that should be further addressed to continue improving the outcomes of patients.
Negative Sepsis in Mice in Part by Enhancing the Phagocytic Activity of Blood

Anna Krasnodembskaya1, Gianluca Samarani1,6, Yuanlin Song, Hanjing Zhuo, Xiao 5 Su , Jae-Woo Lee 1, , Naveen Gupta, Mario Petrini, and Michael A. Matthay 1,4,5 6 7 8 The Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Anesthesiology & 9 Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, Department of 10 Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, and Department of Oncology, 11 Transplants and advanced technology, Section of Hematology, Pisa University, Pisa, 12 Italy. 6 Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy. 13 14 15 *These authors contributed equally to this work 16
Usability of ReSt Module Using Four-Step Approach Based on Case Study Example and Infographic for SPSS Novice Users

The application of analysis data software packages, such as SPSS, appears challenging for those who lack experience in quantitative researches particularly amongst novice users. Prior studies have proven that SPSS novice users face some difficulties in analyzing data correctly for their research purposes. The existing modules that serve as references are insufficiently interesting to promote SPSS learning and does not support on students’ cognitive ability. Hence, a module using four-step approach based on learning via case study example and infographic called ‘ReSt’ module was developed as an effort to assist novice users in learning quantitative data analysis methods using the SPSS. With that, the research design employed in this study was the survey method in order to determine the ReSt module usability level perception. A total of 78 novice users who comprised of undergraduate and postgraduate students participated in this research throughout a two-day SPSS basic course in order to evaluate their perception regarding the usability level of the module. A usability questionnaire categorized four primary domains, which are usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction was applied to evaluate the ReSt module usability level perception. The outcomes revealed that the usability level of the proposed module had been high among the novice users, for the contexts of usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. Therefore, the use of the ReSt module for SPSS novice users is indeed relevant and appropriate, thus fulfill the usability amongst novice users to function as a reference in data analysis learning using the SPSS, especially amongst core quantitative researchers.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Protein 6 Accelerates Murine Coronavirus Infections (cid:1)

One or more of the unique 3 (cid:1) -proximal open reading frames (ORFs) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus may encode determinants of virus virulence. A prime candidate is ORF6, which encodes a 63-amino-acid membrane-associated peptide that can dramatically increase the lethality of an otherwise attenuated JHM strain of murine coronavirus (L. Pewe, H. Zhou, J. C. Tangudu, H. L. Shi, D. Look, T. Gallagher, and S. Perlman, J. Virol. 79:11335–11342, 2005). To discern virulence mechanisms, we compared the in vitro growth properties of rJ.6, a recombinant JHM expressing the SARS peptide, with isogenic rJ.6-KO, which has an inactive ORF containing a mutated initiation codon and a termination codon at internal position 27. The rJ.6 infections proceeded rapidly, secreting progeny about 1.5 h earlier than rJ.6-KO infections did. The rJ.6 infections were also set apart by early viral protein accumulation and by robust expansion via syncytia, a characteristic feature of JHM virus dissemination. We found no evidence for protein 6 operating at the virus entry or assembly stage, as virions from either infection were indistinguishable. Rather, protein 6 appeared to operate by fostering
fish to passive diver with varying gear type across a

Both active and passive human interactions with reef fish communities are 25 increasingly recognized to cause fish behavioural changes. However, few studies have 26 considered how these behavioural adaptations impact standard reef survey techniques, 27 particularly across natural gradients of interest to ecologists and reef managers. Here 28 we measure fish abundance, biomass and minimum approach distance using stereo-29 video surveys to compare the effects of bubble-producing open-circuit SCUBA versus 30 near-silent closed-circuit rebreathers. Surveys extended across a shallow to upper-31 mesophotic gradient on the fringing reefs of Utila, Honduras, to explore how the 32 effects of diver gear choice vary with depth. For most fish families we recorded 33 similar abundances and biomass with the two diving techniques, suggesting that open-34 circuit transects are generally appropriate for surveying western Atlantic reefs similar 35 to Utila with regular tourist diving but no spearfishing. Despite no overall significant 36 difference in fish abundance or biomass, we identified several fish families (Labridae, 37 Pomacentridae, Scaridae) that allowed closed-circuit rebreather divers to approach 38 more closely than open-circuit divers. In addition, smaller fish generally allowed 39 divers to approach more closely than larger fish, and in most cases divers could 40 approach fish more closely on mesophotic than shallow reefs. Despite these 41 significant differences in approach distances, their magnitude suggest they are 42 unlikely to affect reef fish detectability during normal fish surveys for most families. 43 Our findings highlight the importance of considering variation in fish behavioural 44 adaptations along natural gradients such as depth, which otherwise has the potential to 45 cause biases when surveying by traditional monitoring programs.
Physiological Properties of GABA A Receptors From Acutely Dissociated Rat Dentate Granule Cells

properties of GABA A receptors from acutely dissociated rat dentate granule cells. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2464–2471, 1999. Study of fast, GABA A receptor-mediated, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in hippocampal dentate granule cells has suggested that properties of GABA A receptors inﬂuence the amplitude and time course of the IPSCs. This study describes the physiological properties of GABA A receptors present on hippocampal dentate granule cells acutely isolated from 18- to 35-day-old rats. Rapid application of 1 mM GABA to outside-out macropatches excised from granule cells produced GABA A receptor currents with rapid rise time and biexpo- nential decay of current after removal of GABA. After activation, granule cell GABA A receptor currents desensitized incompletely. During a 400-ms application of 1 mM GABA, peak current only desensitized (cid:59) 40%. In symmetrical chloride solutions there was no outward rectiﬁcation of whole cell current. Activation rates and peak currents elicited by rapid application of GABA to macropatches were also similar at positive and negative holding potentials. However, deactivation of GABA A receptor currents was slower at positive holding potentials. When whole cell currents were recorded without ATP in the pipette, current run-down was not apparent for 30 min in 50% of neurons, but run-down appeared to start soon after access was established in the remaining neurons. When 2 mM ATP was included in the recording pipette no run-down was apparent in 30 min of recording. The efﬁcacy and potency of GABA were lower in cells recorded with no ATP in the pipette and during run-down compared with those recorded with 2 mM ATP and no
Dimerization Is Responsible for the Structural Stability of Human SULT1A1

Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are responsible for the metabolism of a variety of drugs, xenobiotics and endogeneous compounds. Most cytosolic SULTs are found to be homodimers. However, transformation between monomeric and dimeric SULTs can be achieved by a single amino acid mutation. The importance of quaternary structure for cytosolic sulfotransferase was investigated using recombinant human SULT1A1, a homodimer, and its monomeric mutant (V270E). The differences between dimeric and monomeric SULT1A1 were examined by size-exclusion liquid chromatography, enzyme kinetics, substrate binding affinity, thermal inactivation, conformational stability, and circular dichroism. Variations, especially on their secondary structures and stability, between homodimer and monomer of human SULT1A1 were observed. It was found that the active site of SULT1A1 was not significantly perturbed following the change of its quaternary structure according to SULT1A1 kinetics and substrate binding affinity. The stability of monomeric SULT1A1, however, is significantly decreased. We proposed that the importance of human SULT1A1 as a homodimer was to maintain its structural stability, and the change of secondary structure was responsible for alternating its quaternary structure. Data Analysis for the Determination of Kinetic Constants Kinetic experiments were analyzed using nonlinear regression to fit the appropriate equation to the data. Data obtained in non-inhibitory experiments were individually fit to Michaelis-Menten Equation 1 (Cornish-Bowden, 1995). The apparent values of K m and k cat were determined using nonlinear regression by SigmaPlot 2001, V7.0 and Enzyme Kinetics Module, V1.1 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data shown represented mean values derived from three determinations. stability. We suggest that this might influence the physiological functions of monomer and dimer of cytosolic SULTs, such as the pathways of metabolism and detoxication. It would be interesting to see if the naturally produced monomeric SULT1E1 in mouse possesses a shorter half-life than that of dimeric SULT1E1 in human and lives transiently to regulate the estrogen sulfation. Further research is needed to uncover the significance and difference of estrogen regulation between these two organisms.
Life Cycle Assessment of a Buoy-Rope-Drum Wave Energy Converter

This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) study for a buoy-rope-drum (BRD) wave energy converter (WEC), so as to understand the environmental performance of the BRD WEC by eco-labeling its life cycle stages and processes. The BRD WEC was developed by a research group at Shandong University (Weihai). The WEC consists of three main functional modules including buoy, generator and mooring modules. The designed rated power capacity is 10 kW. The LCA modeling is based on data collected from actual design, prototype manufacturing, installation and onsite sea test. Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) were conducted. The analyses show that the most significant environmental impact contributor is identified to be the manufacturing stage of the BRD WEC due to consumption of energy and materials. Potential improvement approaches are proposed in the discussion. The LCI and LCIA assessment results are then benchmarked with results from reported LCA studies of other WECs, tidal energy converters, as well as offshore wind and solar PV systems. This study presents the energy and carbon intensities and paybacks with 387 kJ/kWh, 89 gCO2/kWh, 26 months and 23 months respectively. The results show that the energy and carbon intensities of the BRD WEC are slightly larger than, however comparable, in comparison with the referenced WECs, tidal, offshore wind and solar PV systems. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying the capacity factor from 20–50%. The energy and carbon intensities could reach as much as 968 kJ/kWh and 222 gCO2/kWh respectively while the capacity factor decreasing to 20%. Limitations for this study and scope of future work are discussed in the conclusion.
CD4 (cid:1) T Cells Develop Antiretroviral Cytotoxic Activity in the Absence of Regulatory T Cells and CD8 (cid:1) T Cells

Conventional CD4 (cid:1) T cells play an important role in viral immunity. In most virus infections, they provide essential help for antiviral B and T cell responses. In chronic infections, including HIV infection, an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been demonstrated, which can suppress virus-speciﬁc CD4 (cid:1) T cell responses in vitro . However, the suppressive activity of Tregs on effector CD4 (cid:1) T cells in retroviral infection is less well documented in vivo . We took advantage of a transgenic mouse in which Tregs can be selectively depleted to determine the inﬂuence of such cells on retrovirus-speciﬁc CD4 (cid:1) T cell responses during an ongoing infection. Mice were infected with Friend retrovirus (FV), and Tregs were depleted during the acute phase of the infection. In nondepleted mice, activated CD4 (cid:1) T cells produced Th1-type cytokines but did not exhibit any antiviral cytotoxicity as determined in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay. Depletion of Tregs signiﬁcantly increased the numbers of virus-speciﬁc CD4 (cid:1) T cells and improved their cytokine production, whereas it induced only very little CD4 (cid:1) T cell cytotoxicity. However, after dual depletion of Tregs and CD8 (cid:1) T cells, conventional CD4 (cid:1) T cells developed signiﬁcant cytotoxic
CT and MR Imaging of the Adrenal Glands in ACTH-independentCushingSyndrome

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–independent hypercortisolism accounts for 15%–20% of cases of Cushing syndrome and always arises from primary adrenal disease. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging ﬁndings in 37 patients with primary adrenal Cushing syndrome were analyzed and correlated with patho-logic ﬁndings. Hyperfunctioning adenomas ( n (cid:1) 24), together with functioning carcinomas ( n (cid:1) 10), accounted for 92% of cases. Adenomas had a signiﬁcantly smaller mean size (3.5 vs 14.5 cm) and lower mean unenhanced CT attenuation value (11 vs 28 HU) than did carcinomas. The presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, and calciﬁcation fa-vored a diagnosis of carcinoma. Six of 10 carcinoma patients had metastases at presentation. Two adenomas were seen within a myelolipoma, which was recognized at both CT and MR imaging due to its fat content, and two adenomas were of uncertain malignant potential.
Response of amaranthus varieties to different time of planting

The experiment was carried out during summer season of 2005-06. The treatments comprised of four planting time i.e. 2nd January, 17th January, 2nd February and 17th February and four varieties viz., Local, Pusa Kirti, Pusa Kiran and Chhoti Chaulai. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The results of the investigation indicated that, plant height and number of leaves and total yield per hectare were maximum in third date of planting time (2nd February) and variety Pusa Kiran.
Measurement of the ratio of the inclusive 3-jet cross section to the inclusive 2-jet cross section in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV and ﬁrst determination of the strong coupling constant in the TeV range

A measurement is presented of the ratio of the inclusive 3-jet cross section to the inclusive 2-jet cross section as a function of the average transverse momentum, (cid:104) p T1,2 (cid:105) , of the two leading jets in the event. The data sample was collected during 2011 at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb − 1 . The strong coupling constant at the scale of the Z boson mass is determined to be α S ( M Z ) = 0.1148 ± 0.0014 (exp.) ± 0.0018 (PDF) + 0.0050 − 0.0000 (scale), by comparing the ratio in the range 0.42 < (cid:104) p T1,2 (cid:105) < 1.39 TeV to the predictions of perturbative QCD at next-to-leading order. This is the ﬁrst determination of α S ( M Z ) from measurements at momentum scales beyond 0.6 TeV. The predicted ratio depends only indirectly on the evolution of the parton distribution functions of the proton such that this measurement also serves as a test of the evolution of the strong coupling constant beyond 0.42 TeV. No deviation from the expected behaviour is observed.