Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simple models of fluid flow at the core surface derived from geomagnetic field models

SUMMARY We examine the problem of determining the fluid flow at the core surface given a model of the temporal variation of the magnetic field, seeking to fit the field over a finite time interval. The flow is assumed steady over the time interval, and we adopt the frozen-flux approximation. We produce a range of solutions of varying complexity and subject to different constraints, estimate the errors on the solutions, and assess their consistency with the underlying assumptions. We find both direct evidence for ageostrophic flow in the form of flow across the geographical equator, and indirect evidence in the form of poorer fits to the field when the flow is contained to be geostrophic. On account of this evidence we do not adopt the geostrophic approximation. However, we find that unconstrained flows are poorly determined, and consider the various alternatives for producing better determined solutions. We choose to restrict our attention to determining the large-scale toroidal part of the flow, and find a simple pattern of flow which is nearly symmetric about the equator. From a sequence of maps of the flow over 5-year time intervals back to 1915 we are still able to identify many of the basic aspects of this simple pattern, but changes in the flow pattern are discernible. Although our models of the flow explain a large proportion of the signal (typically 95 per cent of the variance), the fits which we obtain are not as good as might be expected. Failure of the underlying assumptions, together with our decision to map only the large-scale toroidal part of the flow, explains the poorer than expected fit.
The rapid and extensive recovery from episodic acidification in northern Sweden due to declines in SO42− deposition

Reductions in acid deposition have led to rapid and substantial recovery from episodic acidification associated with spring snow melt in circumpolar waters including 80,000 lakes and 1,000,000 km of watercourses in northern Sweden. Our results are based on the correlation between SO42− concentration in snow and the anthropogenic component of spring flood ANC decline. An empirical model of spring flood response to acid deposition built around that correlation predicts that the 65% reduction in sulphur deposition between 1970 and 1990 has reduced the area of seriously acidified spring floods across 250,000 km2 of northern Sweden by 75%. The study suggests that much of what has been achieved so far by the large and costly emission reductions in Europe and North America the last decades lies not primarily in chronically acidified regions but rather in more marginally impacted areas where episodic acidification has been the primary chemical impact of SO42− deposition.
Air-sea exchange of dimethylsulfide in the Southern Ocean: Measurements from SO GasEx compared to temperate and tropical regions

[1] In the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (SO GasEx), we measured an atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration of 118 ± 54 pptv (1σ), a DMS sea-to-air flux of 2.9 ± 2.1 μmol m−2 d−1 by eddy covariance, and a seawater DMS concentration of 1.6 ± 0.7 nM. Dividing flux by the concurrent air-sea concentration difference yields the transfer velocity of DMS (kDMS). The kDMS in the Southern Ocean was significantly lower than previous measurements in the equatorial east Pacific, Sargasso Sea, northeast Atlantic, and southeast Pacific. Normalizing kDMS for the temperature dependence in waterside diffusivity and solubility results in better agreement among various field studies and suggests that the low kDMS in the Southern Ocean is primarily due to colder temperatures. The higher solubility of DMS at a lower temperature results in greater airside control and less transfer of the gas by bubbles formed from breaking waves. The final normalized DMS transfer velocity is similar to k of less soluble gases such as carbon dioxide in low-to-moderate winds; in high winds, DMS transfer velocity is significantly lower because of the reduced bubble-mediated transfer.
Modeling the spatial distribution of subarctic forest in northern Manitoba using GIS-based terrain and climate data

Northern forested ecosystems are predicted to change dramatically in response to climate change during the next century. The purpose of this paper was to use logistic regression analysis to model the effects of climate and topography on the spatial distribution of the northern forest around Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Climate maps were modeled using kriging interpolation of actual climate data collected from 34 long-term monitoring sites distributed throughout the study area, and topographic information was derived from commercially available digital elevation models. Five of the 18 independent variables contributed appreciably (p < 0.15) to the final logistic regression model: distance from the Hudson Bay coast, summer soil temperature, snow density, slope, and snow water equivalent. Current forest distribution was predicted with 66% accuracy using the final model, and Kappa statistics indicated significant agreement between modeled and actual forest extents. Significant explanatory variables demonstrate important synergistic effects of Hudson Bay, wind, and snow in determining forest distribution. Modeled forest extents were further south than actual forest limits, which suggest that the treeline is not likely in equilibrium with the present climate.
Orbit/CLASP Is Required for Myosin Accumulation at the Cleavage Furrow in Drosophila Male Meiosis

Peripheral microtubules (MTs) near the cell cortex are essential for the positioning and continuous constriction of the contractile ring (CR) in cytokinesis. Time-lapse observations of Drosophila male meiosis showed that myosin II was first recruited along the cell cortex independent of MTs. Then, shortly after peripheral MTs made contact with the equatorial cortex, myosin II was concentrated there in a narrow band. After MT contact, anillin and F-actin abruptly appeared on the equatorial cortex, simultaneously with myosin accumulation. We found that the accumulation of myosin did not require centralspindlin, but was instead dependent on Orbit, a Drosophila ortholog of the MT plus-end tracking protein CLASP. This protein is required for stabilization of central spindle MTs, which are essential for cytokinesis. Orbit was also localized in a mid-zone of peripheral MTs, and was concentrated in a ring at the equatorial cortex during late anaphase. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments indicated that Orbit is closely associated with F-actin in the CR. We also showed that the myosin heavy chain was in close proximity with Orbit in the cleavage furrow region. Centralspindlin was dispensable in Orbit ring formation. Instead, the Polo-KLP3A/Feo complex was required for the Orbit accumulation independently of the Orbit MT-binding domain. However, orbit mutations of consensus sites for the phosphorylation of Cdk1 or Polo did not influence the Orbit accumulation, suggesting an indirect regulatory role of these protein kinases in Orbit localization. Orbit was also necessary for the maintenance of the CR. Our data suggest that Orbit plays an essential role as a connector between MTs and the CR in Drosophila male meiosis.
The Interannual Variability and Trend of Precipitable Water over Southern Greece

Abstract The precipitable water (PW) content was estimated over southern Greece for three atmospheric layers, using 28-yr twice-daily radiosonde measurements of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Precipitable water demonstrates considerable variation at the monthly and interannual time scales as well as statistically significant upward trends at the annual level and for June–August (JJA) and September–November (SON). The relationship between PW and surface climate was also found to vary by season and surface climate variable. Disaggregation of seasonal PW trends by synoptic type revealed that seasonal trends might be attributed to increases in moisture in a limited number of airmass types such that maritime air masses appear to be becoming moister while their continental counterparts are drying. Despite fundamental changes to the intrinsic PW properties of air masses for some synoptic categories, the significance of these for determining the overall trend in seasonal PW levels is related to .
Yukon-Tanana terrane: A partial acquittal

The Yukon-Tanana composite terrane, northern Canada and eastern Alaska, is divisible into two distinct terranes on the basis of metamorphic cooling ages and inferred structural level. The Nisling terrane records Early Cretaceous cooling ages, whereas the Teslin-Taylor Mountain terrane records pre-Late Jurassic cooling. The Nisling terrane, present at the lowest structural levels within the Yukon-Tanana terrane, represents North American continental-margin crust that was partly subducted beneath the accretionary prism of a southwest-dipping (present-day coordinates) early Mesozoic subduction complex, represented by the Teslin-Taylor Mountain and Slide Mountain terranes. The Nisling is exposed as a result of mid-Cretaceous crustal extension subsequent to Jurassic crustal thickening related to Teslin-Taylor Mountain-Slide Mountain emplacement. Although the Nisling and Teslin-Taylor Mountain terranes have many petrologic and tectonic differences, their mutual relations provide a unified view of early to middle Mesozoic tectonics of the western North American margin, a view that dispels the notion that large tracts of the northern Cordillera are "suspect. "
Passive, off‐axis convection through the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift

Pore fluids are passively convecting through young oceanic sediments and crust around Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) site 504 on the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift, as inferred from a variety of geological, geochemical, and geothermal observations. The presence of a fluid circulation system is supported by new data collected on Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) leg 111 and a predrilling survey cruise over the heavily sedimented, 5.9 Ma site; during the latter, elongated heat flow anomalies were mapped subparallel to structural strike, with individual measurements of twice the regional mean value, and strong lateral and vertical geochemical gradients were detected in pore waters squeezed from sediment cores. Also, there is a strong correlation between heat flow, bathymetry, sediment thickness, and inferred fluid velocities up through the sediments. On an earlier DSDP leg, an 8-bar underpressure was measured in the upper 200 m of basement beneath thick sediment cover. Although the forces which drive passive circulation are not well understood, it has generally been thought that the length scale of heat flow variations provides a good indication of the depth of hydrothermal circulation within the oceanic crust. This assumption was based on analytical and numerical analyses of relatively simple porous media models. Deep crustal convection had been inferred near site 504 based on the geometry of surface heat flow anomalies with a wavelength of 4–7 km but appears to be precluded by low crustal permeability, as measured in DSDP hole 504B. The widely varied geothermal and hydrogeological observations near site 504 are readily explained by a model which combines (1) basement relief, (2) irregular sediment drape, (3) largely conductive heat transfer through the sediments overlying the crust, and (4) thermal and geochemical homogenization of pore fluids at the sediment/basement interface, which results from (5) topographically induced, passive hydrothermal circulation with large aspect ratio, convection cells. This convection involves mainly the permeable, upper 200–300 m of crust; the deeper crust is not involved. This convection is induced through a combination of buoyancy fluxes, due to heating from below, and topographic variations on the seafloor and at the basement-sediment interface. This model was designed to incorporate data from both near the sediment surface and deep within boreholes; it is successful in duplicating numerous field observations.
Spatiotemporal variation in b value within the subducting slab prior to the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (M 8.0), Japan

[1] The b value of an earthquake catalogue, defined as the slope of the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude relationship (logN = a − bM), is typically close to unity in many tectonic settings. However, analysis of seismicity data for the subducting slab along the Kuril Trench reveals a zone of anomalously low b values near the hypocenter of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (M 8.0). The zone of low b value (0.50–0.65) at depths of less than 80 km in the subducting slab changes in location with time in 1990–2003 and intensifies leading up to the 2003 earthquake. This transient low b value zone corresponds roughly with the location of an asperity inferred from waveform inversion in recent research. In the shallow zone corresponding to the immediate region (<125 km along the subducting slab) of the 2003 event, the b value is shown to have decreased in the year prior to the main shock from initial values of ∼0.65 to values as low as 0.5. The occurrence of the 2003 earthquake, a large thrust event on the subducting plate interface, in this zone of anomalously low b values suggests that low b values in the subducting slab prior to the main shock and during the aftershock series are concordant with high stress concentrations associated with interseismic strain accumulation and redistribution in the vicinity of the rupture.
Tectonic evolution of the Late Archaean to Early Proterozoic Mount Bruce Megasequence Set, western Australia

The Mount Bruce Megasequence Set (formerly the Mount Bruce Supergroup) was deposited on the Pilbara Craton during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic. It comprises two megasequences, the Chichester Range Megasequence and the overlying Hamersley Range Megasequence. Each megasequence comprises three supersequences or supersequence packages whose tectonic history can be explained in terms of Phanerozoic-style tectonics. The basal Nullagine Supersequence, which comprises mostly subaerial basalt and terrigenous sedimentary rock, was deposited during an episode of WNW-ESE directed crustal extension that was initiated at about 2770 Ma. The overlying Mount Jope Supersequence, which comprises mostly basalt and tuff, was deposited during the subsequent development of a WNW-ESE trending rift before about 2690 Ma. Mudrock, carbonate sedimentary rock and iron formation in the overlying circa 2690 to circa 2600 Ma Marra Mamba Supersequence Package were deposited on the ensuing divergent craton margin. An unconformity or condensed succession covering a time span of as much as 130 m.y. separates the top of the Chichester Range Megasequence from the Hamersley Range Megasequence during which time an oceanic island arc is interpreted to have collided with the southern Pilbara Craton margin. Subsequently, the subducting oceanic plate flipped from southwest dipping to northeast dipping, and convergence resulted in the formation of a marginal subduction-related orogen with associated arc and backarc volcanism. Iron formation and distal arc-derived tuffs of the Brockman Supersequence Package were deposited on a siliciclastic-starved platform in a neutral continental backarc setting at around 2470 Ma. The overlying circa 2440 Ma Woongarra Supersequence was also deposited in a backarc continental setting and comprises iron formation, felsic tuffs, and probably coeval mafic rocks. The latter two rocks types were derived from a backarc magmatic belt. Shortening of the southern Pilbara Craton margin resulted in the development of a backarc compressive cratonic basin in which iron formation and siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rock of the Turee Creek Supersequence were deposited, and ultimately resulted in a continent-continent collision. The Mount Bruce Megasequence Set and its contained iron formations are preserved in the relatively distal hinterland of this collisional orogen.
Mantle xenoliths in Triassic camptonite dykes of the Predazzo Area (Dolomites, Northern Italy) petrography, mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry

A suite of spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Triassic Igneous Complex of Predazzo (Dolomites, Northern Italy) was investigated for petrography and mineral composition. The xenoliths are hosted by camptonitic dykes and have protogranular to weakly porphyroclastic texture with the following mineral assemblages: forsteritic olivine, enstatitic orthopyroxene, diopsidic clinopyroxene and Cr-bearing spinel. Rare xenoliths also contain pargasitic amphibole. Reasonably consistent values were obtained by applying various thermometric calibrations to the rim compositions of the lherzolite minerals. For most xenoliths, the four phases (clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine and spinel) reached equilibrium at temperatures between 800 and 950°C. An earlier stage, at higher temperature (> 1000°C) and pressure (> 2.5 GPa), is suggested by clusters of Cpx+Opx+Spl after probable garnet precursors, the presence of exsolution lamellae in some clinopyroxenes and the core composition of some pyroxenes. Ca-in-olivine barometry yields values (1.2–1.6 GPa) consistent with the maximum pressures (2.4 GPa) indicated by spinel composition and the pargasitic amphibole stability field (up to 3.0 GPa). The pressure field defined by the lherzolite minerals corresponds to a depth of about 45 km within the upper mantle. During host magma ascent, most xenolith minerals did not undergo appreciable re-equilibration.
Psychiatric Treatment Conducted via Telemedicine versus In-person Modality in PTSD, Mood and Anxiety Disorders: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Telemedicine (TM) has played a vital role in providing psychiatric treatment to patients during the rapid transition of services during the Covid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, TM usage is expected to expand within the psychiatric field. The efficacy of telemedicine is well described in the scientific literature. However, there is a need for a comprehensive quantitative review, analyzing and considering different clinical outcomes and psychiatric diagnoses. Objective: To assess if individual psychiatric outpatient treatment for adults conducted using TM is equivalent to in-person (IP) treatment. Methods: A systematic search of RCTs was conducted in recognized databases for this review. Four outcomes were assessed: (1) efficacy, (2) levels of patient satisfaction, (3) working alliance, and (4) attrition rates. The inverse-variance method was used to summarize the effect size for each outcome
Snowpack photochemical production of HONO: A major source of OH in the Arctic boundary layer in springtime

Both snow manipulation experiments and ambient measurements during the Polar Sunrise Experiment 2000 at Alert (Alert2000) indicate intensive photochemical production of nitrous acid (HONO) in the snowpack. This process constitutes a major HONO source for the overlying atmospheric boundary layer in the Arctic during the springtime, and sustained concentrations of HONO high enough that upon photolysis they became the dominant hydroxyl radical (OH) source. This implies a much greater role for OH radicals in Arctic polar sunrise chemistry than previously believed. Although the observations were made in the high Arctic, this finding has a significant implication for the boundary layer atmospheric chemistry in Antarctica during sunlit seasons and in the mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the winter and spring seasons when approximately 50% of the land mass may be covered by snow.
Injecting drug use in Europe: stable or declining.

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) estimates that there may be currently between 750,000 and 1,000,000 active injecting drug users (IDUs) in the European Union (EU). Indirect indicators such as data from drug treatment entrants suggest that the trend in injecting is stable or declining. Data from studies among IDUs, however, suggest that recent recruitment into drug injecting continues in several countries. Injecting drug use is strongly associated with severe health problems in drug users, including both blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis) and overdose. These results are presented in the report on trends in injecting drug use in Europe recently published by the (EMCCDA) [1].
Tropospheric gas‐phase and particulate nitrate measurements

Measurements of HNO/sub 3/ vapor and particulate NO/sub 3//sup -/ were made in 1977 and in 1978 over western North America and the Pacific Ocean, both in the boundary layer and in the free troposphere. The boundary layer HNO/sub 3/ ranged from <0.01 to 0.86 ppBV, with a median of 0.06-0.08 in remote areas. Free tropospheric HNO/sub 3/ was more uniform, ranging from <0.03 to 0.54 ppBV with a median of 0.12 ppbv. The lack of an average gradient from 70 degrees N to 55 degrees S at 5-6 km suggests that a dispersed natural NO/sub x/ source is responsible for this free tropospheric HNO/sub 3/, rather than an anthropogenic one, since most urban NO/sub x/ is emitted in the northern hemisphere. This and the large variability of boundary layer HNO/sub 3/ with proximity to populated areas suggest that much anthropogenic NO/sub x/ is removed fairly near its source. Particulate nitrate varied from <0.04 to 0.8 ppBM (median 0.11) in the free troposphere and from <0.04 to 3.5 ppBM (median 0.15) in the boundary layer. The molar ratio of vapor to particulate nitrate is generally much larger than 1 in the free troposphere.
Post‐breeding dispersal, breeding site fidelity and migration/wintering areas of migratory populations of Song Thrush Turdus philomelos in the Western Palearctic

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos ring recovery data gathered over 90 years in central, north and east Europe were analysed in their breeding zones and in 14 migration/wintering areas in Europe, North Africa and the Near East. Few post‐breeding movements were over 20 km before the end of September. Subsequent‐ year breeding site fidelity was high in May to August. Migratory T p philomelos moved southwest in autumn on a broad front. Scandinavian and northwest Russian birds moved down the northwest coast of continental Europe arriving in large numbers in southwest France in October; many adults then moved on to winter in west Iberia. Those ringed in central Europe, from Switzerland to Belarus, tended to follow the Rhine–Rhône route to the French Mediterranean before dispersing to winter in east Iberia, the Balearics and Algeria. Southeast European birds moved to north and west Italy in the autumn/early winter, many adults moving on to Corsica or Sardinia. Birds breeding in the Netherlands and northwest Germany appear to have two migration patterns. A short‐distance group dispersed through Belgium to northwest France in autumn/early winter, moving on to England and Wales in late winter. A long‐distance group migrated to southeast Biscay in October, many then moving on in midwinter to west Iberia. Recoveries of birds ringed in the Netherlands and northwest Germany showed a change to a more sedentary population after 1989, raising the possibility that the less migratory T p clarkei has increased in abundance relative to T p philomelos in this area. Subspecific identification would be useful to assess future changes in range boundaries of philomelos and clarkei within northern Europe.