Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh Research Explorer Beyond RMSE: Do machine-learned models of road user interaction produce human-like behavior?

—Autonomous vehicles use a variety of sensors and machine-learned models to predict the behavior of surrounding road users. Most of the machine-learned models in the literature focus on quantitative error metrics like the root mean square error (RMSE) to learn and report their models’ capabilities. This focus on quantitative error metrics tends to ignore the more important behavioral aspect of the models, raising the question of whether these models really predict human-like behavior. Thus, we propose to analyze the output of machine-learned models much like we would analyze human data in conventional behavioral research. We introduce quantitative metrics to demonstrate presence of three different behavioral phenomena in a naturalistic highway driving dataset: 1) The kinematics-dependence of who passes a merging point ﬁrst 2) Lane change by an on-highway vehicle to accommodate an on-ramp vehicle 3) Lane changes by vehicles on the highway to avoid lead vehicle conﬂicts. Then, we analyze the behavior of three machine-learned models using the same metrics. Even though the models’ RMSE value differed, all the models captured the kinematic-dependent merging behavior but struggled at varying degrees to capture the more nuanced courtesy lane change and highway lane change behavior. Additionally, the collision aversion analysis during lane changes showed that the models struggled to capture the physical aspect of human driving: leaving adequate gap between the vehicles. Thus, our analysis highlighted the inadequacy of simple quantitative metrics and the need to take a broader behavioral perspective when analyzing machine-learned models of human driving predictions.
different are Robust and Gracile Capuchin Mon-keys

Botero-Arias, R. 2017. Tool use by amazonian Capuchin Mon-keys during predation on caiman nests in a high-pro-ductivity forest. Primates 58(2): 279–283. Watts, D. P. 2020. Meat eating by nonhuman primates: A review and synthesis. J. Hum. Evol. 149: 102882.
Pragmatic disorders in children with Phonological Disorder: a systematic review

Introduction: Pragmatics is defined as the social use of language while phonology looks to phonemic and syllabic organization. In the phonological disorder, problems are observed in this organization being possible to affect the pragmatics too. Objective: To understand and demonstrate if there are pragmatic alterations in children with Phonological Disorder. Methodology: The search for studies was carried out using electronic databases: Embase, Google Scholar, BVS - (LILACS), PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science and The Theses and Dissertations Database. The descriptors used were: “child”, “speech sound disorder”, “language tests”, “verbal behavior”, “social communication disorder” and “observational studies as topic” and their synonyms. The selected articles met the following criteria: sample composed of children aged 4 to 10 with phonological disorder and within standard development, evaluations of the pragmatics of these children, and observational design. The articles were analyzed by reading them in their entirety and the data were extracted to evaluate the methodological quality and the findings. Results : Six articles were found, four national and two international. Discussion: Five studies showed
Effects of non-selective and size-selective fishing on perch populations in a small lake

Retaining large individuals is considered intrinsic to sustainable fishing. In this nine-year study, we explored the effects of simulated recreational fishing on life-history traits of two perch (Perca fluviatilis) populations in a lake divided for experimental purposes into two sections. In each section, one of the two following fishing methods was used: nonselective and negatively size-selective i.e. large individuals released. Non-selective fishing rapidly decreased the average size and age of the spawning perch stock thus reducing the average size of spawned eggs. Both fishing procedures increased the share of females in the spawning population due to decreased age at maturity. The average age at maturity decreased more in females than in males. The reductions in the density and biomass of the populations and increase in the growth rate of perch were temporary but the effects on size and age structure persisted throughout the study period. The retention of large individuals can delay the adverse effects of fishing on populations, and enable reproduction of large females, thereby sustaining high genetic variability and better quality of offspring.
impact of long-acting injectable antipsychotics on medication adherence and clinical, functional, and economic outcomes of schizophrenia

: Schizophrenia is a debilitating chronic disease that requires lifelong medical care and supervision. Even with treatment, the majority of patients relapse within 5 years, and suicide may occur in up to 10% of patients. Poor adherence to oral antipsychotics is the most common cause of relapse. The discontinuation rate for oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia ranges from 26% to 44%, and as many as two-thirds of patients are at least partially nonadherent, resulting in increased risk of hospitalization. A very helpful approach to improve adherence in schizophrenia is the use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, although only a minority of patients receive these. Reasons for underutilization may include negative attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs of both patients and health care professionals. Research shows, however, significant improvements in adherence with LAIs compared with oral drugs, and this is accompanied by lower rates of discontinuation, relapse, and hospitalization. In addition, LAIs are associated with better functioning, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. A need exists to encourage broader LAI use, especially among patients with a history of nonadherence with oral antipsychotics. This paper reviews the impact of nonadherence with antipsychotic drug therapy overall, as well as specific outcomes of the schizophrenia patient, and highlights the potential benefits of LAIs.
Using historical temperature to constrain the climate sensitivity and aerosol-induced cooling

The most recent generation of climate models that has informed the 6 th Assessment Report (AR6) of IPCC is characterized by the presence of several models with anomalously large equilibrium climate sensitivities (ECSs) relative to the previous generation. Partly as a result, AR6 did not use any direct quantifications of ECSs using 4 × CO 2 simulations and relied on other evidence when assessing the Earth’s actual ECS. Here I use the historical observed global-mean surface air temperature and simulations produced under the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project to constrain the ECS 5 and historical aerosol-related cooling. Based on 15 largely independent models I obtain an average adjusted ECS of 3.4 ± 0.8 K (at 68% confidence), which is very consistent with the AR6 estimate. Furthermore, importantly I find that the optimal cooling due to anthropogenic aerosols consistent with the observed temperature record should on average be about 34 ± 31% of what these models simulate, yielding an aerosol-related global-mean cooling for 2000-2014, relative to 1850-1899, of − 0 . 19 ± 0 . 14 K (at 68% confidence), when these models simulate on average − 0 . 63 ± 0 . 28 K. For 12 models the reduction in aerosol-related 10 cooling equals or exceeds 50%. There is a correlation between the models’ ECS and their aerosol-related cooling, whereby large-ECS models tend to be associated also with large aerosol-related cooling. The results imply that a large reduction of the aerosol-related cooling, along with a more moderate adjustment of the greenhouse-gas related warming, for most models would bring the historical global mean temperature simulated by these models into better agreement with observations.
A New Species of Laelaspis (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from the Philippines with Notes on L. regalis Berlese and L. aviator Berlese

Abstract. A new species Laelaspis cheliceratus sp. nov. is described from the Philippines based on the materials located in Ohio State University Acarology Laboratory (OSAL) collection. Some morphological characters of two species of Berlese collection, L. regalis Berlese and L. aviator Berlese have been discussed. Laelaspis dubitatus Hunter was considered as a junior synonym of L. regalis. Some notes concerning Laelaspis dariusi and L. guilaniensis Ramroodi, Joharchi and Hajizadeh were presented in comparison with Berlese species.
Methane emission from rice paddy fields after upland farming

に 関与し て い る と さ れ て い る土壌の 性質 , 特に易分解性 有機物 の 量 と酸化容量 が 水稲連作水田 (以下連作田) と 異 な っ て い る 場合が あ る. ま た ,本県 で は 約 8 割の 一般 水 田 で 稲わ ら が施用 され て お り, 復 元 田 に お い て も 2 年 目か ら稲わ らが施用 され る. しか し なが ら, 復元 田 か ら の メ タ ン 発 生 に 関す る圃場 レ ベ ル で の 継続的 な知見 は ほ と ん ど見 あ た らな い . そ こ で 著 者 らは 畑 転 換 田 か ら復 元 し た 水 田 に お い て ,復元初年目か ら復元 3 年 目ま で の 水 稲栽培期間に お け る メ タ ン 1 の 発生量 を測定し, 畑状態か ら水旧 へ の 復元 が メ タ ン の 生成 と発生 に 及ぼす影響 に つ
Is there a relationship between assisted reproductive technology and maternal outcomes? A systematic review of cohort studies

Abstract Background: Pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology (ART) is accompanied by fetal and maternal outcomes. Objective: This systematic review aimed to assess the relationship between ART and maternal outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, the electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Magiran, Irandoc, and Scientific Information Database were searched for maternal outcomes reported from 2010-2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies was used to assess the methodological quality of studies. Results: A total of 3362 studies were identified by searching the databases. After screening abstracts and full-text reviews, 19 studies assessing the singleton pregnancy-related complications of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection were included in the study. The results demonstrated that singleton pregnancies conceived through ART had higher risks of pregnancy-related complications and adverse maternal outcomes, such as vaginal bleeding, cesarean section, hypertension induced by pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, placenta previa, and premature membrane rupture than those conceived naturally. Conclusion: In conclusion, an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes was observed in singleton pregnancies conceived by ART. Therefore, obstetricians should consider these pregnancies as high-risk cases and should pay special attention to their pregnancy process.
The Role of Thermal Camera in the Assessment of Thyroid Eye Disease Activity

Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED; also known as thyroid - associated orbitopathy, Graves ophthalmopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease which presents in typical signs and symptoms such as deep orbital pain, chemosis with or without caruncular edema, unilateral or bilateral proptosis, eyelid retraction, eyelid edema or erythema, restrictive strabismus and compressive optic neuropathy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of thermal camera in the assessment of thyroid eye disease (TED) activity compared to the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) scale, exophthalmometry values, and thyroid hormone and antibody levels. Methods: A total of 50 patients participated in this cross-sectional study of whom 29 were in the active phase of TED according to the sum on CAS scale and 21 patients in the inactive phase. The Flir E8® thermal camera was used to measure the temperature of the orbital area and the values were compared with the CAS scale, exophthalmometry values and thyroid hormone and antibody levels. Results: Higher values of temperature (p>0.0001), CAS score (p>0.0001), exophthalmometry (p=0.022), FT4 (p=0.0176) and TRAb (p=0.0091) were found in patients in the active phase of TED. Temperature of orbital area showed statistically significant positive correlation with CAS scale (p=0.0001), exophthalmometry values (p=0.0022) and anti-TPO levels (p=0.019). Conclusion: Thermal camera showed higher values of the temperature of the orbital area in patients in the active phase of the disease and positively correlated with the CAS scale, exophthalmometry findings and anti-TPO levels.
Which frugivory‐related traits facilitated historical long‐distance dispersal in the custard apple family (Annonaceae)?

Long‐distance dispersal has contributed to the disjunct biogeographical distribution of rain forest plants—something that has fascinated biogeographers since Humboldt's time. However, the dispersal agent for these tropical plant lineages remains puzzling. Here, we investigate which frugivory‐related traits may have facilitated past intercontinental long‐distance dispersal in the custard apple family (Annonaceae), a major vertebrate‐dispersed tropical plant family. We hypothesize that long‐distance dispersal was associated with the evolution of traits related to dispersal by large‐bodied mammals (e.g., large, dull‐coloured, “megafaunal” fruits) and strong‐flying, ocean‐crossing birds and bats (e.g., dehiscent, moniliform or cauliflorous fruits).
Mercury's Exosphere as Seen by BepiColombo/PHEBUS Visible Channels During the First Two Flybys

BepiColombo, the ESA/JAXA joint mission performed its first flyby of Mercury on 1 October 2021 and its second on 23 June 2022. PHEBUS observed the exosphere of Mercury during these flybys notably with its visible channels c404 (centered on the potassium emission line at 404 nm) and c422 (centered on the calcium emission line at 422 nm). The c422 signal shows not only an enhancement of calcium (Ca) near the dawn region but also a very extensive Ca exosphere on the morning side beyond 10,000 km. The e‐folding distance deduced from our Ca profiles (2,500–2,800 km) is in agreement with the value reported by MESSENGER at similar true anomaly angles. We use a Chamberlain model to determine the temperature and density at the exobase. Using the morning side low‐altitude data, we derived a high temperature at the exobase (>50,000 K), in agreement with the MESSENGER results. We also report a day/night asymmetry in the Ca exosphere that could indicate that the source of Ca is predominantly on the dayside or be the consequence of a shift of the main source of Ca away from the dawn region. The c404 channel detected additional species at low altitudes on the morning side during both flybys. Comparison with previous studies is inconclusive and further analysis will be necessary to identify the species. Nevertheless, we can note that the e‐folding distance deduced from our profile is relatively small (135 km) and that the Chamberlain model applied to our profiles seems to indicate a temperature at the exobase <3,000 K.
Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century

A recent history replete with compromise and capitulation has pushed a once promising and effective political movement to the brink of irrelevance.So states Mark Dowie in this provocative critique of the mainstream American environmental movement. Dowie, the prolific award-winning journalist who broke the stories on the Dalkon Shield and on the Ford Pinto, delivers an insightful, informative, and often damning account of the movement many historians and social commentators at one time expected to be this century's most significant. He unveils the inside stories behind American environmentalism's undeniable triumphs and its quite unnecessary failures.Dowie weaves a spellbinding tale, from the movement's conservationist origins as a handful of rich white men's hunting and fishing clubs, through its evolution in the 1960s and 1970s into a powerful political force that forged landmark environmental legislation, enforced with aggressive litigation, to the strategy of "third wave" political accommodation during the Reagan and Bush years that led to the evisceration of many earlier triumphs, up to today, where the first stirrings of a rejuvenated, angry, multicultural, and decidedly impolite movement for environmental justice provides new hope for the future. Dowie takes a fresh look at the formation of the American environmental imagination and examines its historical imperatives: the inspirations of Thoreau, the initiatives of John Muir and Bob Marshall, the enormous impact of Rachel Carson, the new ground broken by Earth Day in 1970, and the societal antagonists created in response that climaxed with the election of Ronald Reagan. He details the subsequent move toward polite, ineffectual activism by the mainstream environmental groups, characterized by successful fundraising efforts and wide public acceptance, and also by new alliances with corporate philanthropists and government bureaucrats, increased degradation of environmental quality, and alienation of grassroots support. Dowie concludes with an inspirational description of a noncompromising "fourth wave" of American environmentalism, which he predicts will crest early in the next century.
Local people´s demand for forest ecosystem services and drivers of change in Vo Nhai district, northern Vietnam

From the MA´s framework of ecosystem services and the context in Vietnam, the present study focuses on local people´s demands for forest ecosystem services (FES) and on drivers of changes that impact the forest - local people relationship in the Nghinh Tuong and Vu Chan communes, northern Vietnam. The research aims at identifying the local FES demand and the drivers of changes to support and optimize forest management and policy decision-making at the local scale.
The Effect of Finger-Grip Relaxation Technique on Post Cesarean Section Pain

Background: Complications that occur during pregnancy are one of the triggers for mothers to undergo surgical procedures, one of which is SC surgery. Post-SC surgery patients experience pain due to the incision made during surgery. The aim of this research is to determine pain management using the finger grip relaxation technique. This research was conducted at RSU Prikasih in 2018. A quasi-experiment method with a pre-test and post-test control group design, sampling using accidental sampling of 20 people (10 people in the control group and 10 people in the experimental group). The pain was measured using the Wong Baker Face Rating Scale. Statistical tests use the independent t-test and the paired sample T-Test. Research results show that there was a significant effect of finger grip relaxation on pain in post-SC surgery patients in the experimental group (t=15.05, p=0.000). Finger grip relaxation can reduce pain in post-SC patients. It is hoped that after this research, health workers can use this therapy to reduce pain.
New Method for Analyzing Tyramine by Spectrofluorimetry: Application to Fish

A new method for direct spectrofluorimetric analysis of tyramine in various fish samples was established. Low limits of detection (LOD) between 0.53 ng/mL and 1.40 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 1.76 ng/mL and 4.68 ng/mL were obtained. Also, low values of relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.30 % and 0.58 % were obtained; confirming good reproducibility of our measurements. The application of this method to our samples allowed the detection of tyramine with satisfactory recovery rates between 93.68 % and 106.60 %. Interference studies with different biogenic amines have shown that the determination of tyramine can be done without major problems in the presence of spermine, spermidine, and histamine. However, special attention should be paid when tyramine is determined in the presence of agmatine, cadaverine or putrescine. In all cases, the determination of tyramine is more influenced by the presence of tryptamine or dopamine in the sample.
The effectiveness of seasonal investments in European Share Portfolios

In this paper, calendar seasonality patterns are examined from day-of-the-week effect across weekly patterns, monthly analysis and whole-year seasonal strategies such as Sell in May and Halloween effect. The analysis is done across six indices, DAX, MDAX, SDAX, Eurostoxx 50, Stoxx Europe Mid 200 and Stoxx Europe Small 200. The observation period is from 1990 to 2015. The evidence found in this paper cannot support the Monday effect across all Indices. The Sell in May effect and Halloween effect were found to be existent over the whole observation period and being mostly influenced by the absence of investment in August and September.
Observations of lightning in the stratosphere

An examination and analysis of video images of lightning, captured by the payload bay TV cameras of the space shuttle, provided a variety of examples of lightning in the stratosphere above thunderstorms. These images were obtained on several recent shuttle flights while conducting the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE). The images of stratospheric lightning illustrate the variety of filamentary and broad vertical discharges in the stratosphere that may accompany a lightning flash. A typical event is imaged as a single or multiple filament extending 30 to 40 km above a thunderstorm that is illuminated by a series of lightning strokes. Examples are found in temperate and tropical areas, over the oceans, and over the land.
Regional simulation of interannual variability over South America

[1] Three regional climate simulations covering the austral summer season during three contrasting phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle were conducted with the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The simulated interannual variability of precipitation over the Amazon River Basin, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins, and extratropical South America compare reasonably well with observations. The RSM optimally filters the peturbations about a time-varying base field, thereby enhancing the information content of the global NCEP reanalysis. The model is better than the reanalysis in reproducing the observed interannual variability of outgoing longwave radiation at both high frequencies (3–30 days) and intraseasonal (30–60 days) scales. The low-level jet shows a peak in its speed in 1998 and a minimum in the 1999 simulations. The lag correlation of the jet index with convection over various areas in continental South America indicates that the jet induces precipitation over the Pampas region downstream. A detailed moisture budget was conducted over various subregions. This budget reveals that moisture flux convergence determines most of the interannual variability of precipitation over the Amazon Basin, the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the Nordeste region of Brazil. However, both surface evaporation and surface moisture flux convergence were found to be critical in determining the interannual variability of precipitation over the southern Pampas, Gran Chaco area, and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone.