Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The preparedness of pediatricians for emergencies in the office. What is broken, should we care, and how can we fix it?

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of emergencies in pediatric practices, assess office emergency preparedness, and explore practitioner's reasons for levels of preparedness. DESIGN AND SETTING Telephone survey of pediatric offices in Fairfield County, Connecticut. SAMPLE Fifty-one (98%) of 52 offices participated, representing 481 staff. RESULTS More than 2400 emergencies are seen each year in the pediatric offices, with a median of 24 emergencies per practice annually. Forty-two (82%) of the practices averaged at least one emergency per month, 13 (25%) experienced more than 50 emergencies annually, and seven (14%) experienced more than 100 emergencies annually. Of all eligible staff, 14% were certified in basic life support and 17% in pediatric advanced life support. The following emergency equipment was missing from offices: oxygen, 14 (27%); intravenous catheters, 14 (27%); bag-valve-mask, 15 (29%); nebulizers, 17 (33%); epinephrine 1:10 000, 27 (53%); and intravenous fluids, 28 (55%). Thirty-seven (73%) of offices had the minimum recommended equipment and training for status asthmaticus management; only 17 (33%) of offices had similar preparation for each of the six other emergencies. High-level emergency preparedness was rare. The perceptions of office pediatricians are that office emergencies are rare, and emergency preparedness is difficult to achieve because practices are too busy and the expense and time commitment are too great. CONCLUSIONS Emergencies are common in pediatric practices, but problems in the emergency preparedness of practices persist despite previous studies with similar findings, and publication of guidelines. Perceptions of practitioners suggest that not enough effort has been devoted to increasing practitioner awareness of these problems. Greater awareness might result by emphasizing practical instruction in residency and continuing medical education courses, and by publication of guideline summaries.
Treatment with a Probiotic Mixture Containing Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. Lactis BB12 and Enterococcus faecium L3 for the Prevention of Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Probiotics may prevent the allergic response development due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study is to determine if the prophylactic treatment with a mixture of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 and Enterococcus faecium L3 would reduce symptoms and need for drug use in children with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: The study included 250 children aged from 6 to 17 years, affected by AR. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (150) or to the placebo group (100). Patients in the intervention group, in addition to conventional therapy (local corticosteroids and/or oral antihistamines), were treated in the 3 months preceding the onset of symptoms related to the presence of the allergen to which the children were most sensitized, with a daily oral administration of a probiotic mixture containing the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 DSM 15954 and the Enterococcus faecium L3 LMG P-27496 strain. We used Nasal Symptoms Score (NSS) to evaluate AR severity before and after the treatment with probiotics or placebo. Results: the patients in the intervention group had a significant reduction in their NSS after probiotic treatment (p-value = 2.2 × 10−10. Moreover, for the same group of patients, we obtained a significant reduction in the intake of pharmacological therapy. In particular, we obtained a reduction in the use of oral antihistamines (p-value = 2.2 × 10−16), local corticosteroids (p-value = 2.2 × 10−13), and of both drugs (p-value 1.5 × 10−15). Conclusions: When administered as a prophylactic treatment, a mixture of BB12 and L3 statistically decreased signs and symptoms of AR and reduced significantly the need of conventional therapy.
Private Information and Dynamic Bargaining in Supply Chains: An Experimental Study

Problem definition: We conduct a controlled human-subjects experiment in a two-tier supply chain where a supplier’s per-unit production cost may be private information while bargaining with a buyer. Academic/practical relevance: Academically, supply chain studies often assume full-information or highly structured bargaining. We consider private information with dynamic, unstructured bargaining. In practice, a buyer may not know its supplier’s cost exactly and interact with its supplier in a back-and-forth bargaining environment. Thus, understanding how a supplier’s private cost information affects both supply chain outcomes and bargaining is new to the literature and relevant to practice. Methodology: We employ insights from mechanism design to generate restrictions on the space of agreements and solve for a specific bargaining solution under private information to generate precise predictions. These predictions are then tested through a human-subjects experiment. Results: In our experiment, theory predicts that all supplier types should earn at least 50% of total profits when their cost information is private. However, we find that high-cost suppliers earn a disproportionately low share of total profits under private information, 20.16%. We show that this is because buyers, under private information, act as if they are bargaining with the lowest-cost supplier and suppliers do not appear to blame buyers for behaving this way. Based on these findings, we conduct an additional experiment where suppliers have the ability to communicate their private costs to buyers and observe that verifiable disclosure significantly increases profits for high-cost suppliers. Managerial implications: High-cost suppliers actually suffer from having their costs as private information, which runs counter to theory. However, if high-cost suppliers can credibly disclose their costs to buyers, they can significantly increase profits. Lastly, although private information does not lead to more disagreements, negotiations do take longer, which can be costly to firms.
Estimating the soil carbon sequestration potential of China's Grain for Green Project

The largest area of planted forest in the world has been established in China through implementation of key forestry projects in recent years. These projects have played an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere, which is considered to be a potential mitigation strategy for the effects of global climate change. However, carbon sequestration in soil (soil organic carbon, SOC) after afforestation or reforestation is not well understood, particularly for specific key forestry projects. In this study, the SOC change in the top 20 cm of soil for each type of restoration implemented under China's Grain for Green Project (GGP) was quantified by a meta‐analysis of data from published literature and direct field measurements. Soil carbon sequestration due to the GGP during 1999–2012 was estimated using data on the annual restoration area at provincial level and functions that relate SOC stock change to controlling factors (e.g., plantation age, forest zone, and type of forestation). Soil carbon sequestration of the GGP was estimated to be 156±108 Tg C (95% confidence interval) for current restoration areas prior to 2013, with a mean accumulation rate of 12±8 Tg C yr−1. The soil carbon sequestration potential of existing plantation zones is predicted to increase from 156±108 Tg C in 2013 to 383±188 Tg C in 2050 under the assumption that all plantation areas are well preserved. Plantations in northwestern, southern, and southwestern zones contributed nearly 80% of total soil carbon sequestration, while soil C sequestration in northeastern China was much more variable. Improved data sources, measurements of SOC in the organic layer, greater sampling depth, and better distribution of sampling sites among GGP regions will reduce the uncertainty of the estimates made by this study.
Robust Equalization of Mobile Underwater Acoustic Channels

Several underwater acoustic channels exhibit impulsive ambient noise. As a consequence, communication receivers implemented on the basis of the Gaussian noise assumption may yield poor performance even at moderate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). This paper presents a new channel-estimate-based decision feedback equalizer (CEB-DFE) that deals with high platform mobility, exploits any sparse multipath structure, and maintains robustness under impulsive noise. The key component of this DFE is a linear-complexity sparse channel estimator, which has the ability to detect and reject impulses based on two noise models: contaminated Gaussian and symmetric alpha stable (SαS). By processing phase-shift keying (PSK) signals from three mobile shallow-water acoustic links, the gain of the proposed receiver over existing equalizers is demonstrated.
Concentration of hydroxyl defects in quartz from various rhyolitic ignimbrite horizons: results from unpolarized micro-FTIR analyses on unoriented phenocryst fragments

Hydroxyl defect concentrations of quartz phenocryst fragments from various rhyolitic pyroclastic density current deposits from the Bukk Foreland Volcanic Area, Hungary, were determined by using micro-FTIR spectrometry. In addition trace-element analysis and SEM cathodoluminescence imaging were performed on the same crystals. Hydroxyl defect-content (expressed in water equivalent) of volcanic quartz ranges from 0.9±0.1 to 2.8±0.4 wt. ppm, which is lower than those in quartz of plutonic (granitic), metamorphic and hydrothermal origin. The incorporation of hydroxyl defect is mainly due to H+ + Al3+ substitutions into Si-tetrahedral vacancies of quartz. Furthermore, the presence of molecular water probably in (nano-)inclusions was proven. The post-eruptive diffusive loss of hydroxyl defects during cooling seems to be the main factor causing the very low concentration of hydroxyl defects. This may be also manifested in the almost homogeneous distribution of hydroxyl defects regardless of the considerable zonation in Al-content, although complete diffusive loss of hydroxyl defects was possibly hindered by the cooling effect of phreatomagmatism (interaction of excess water with magma during eruption) and deposition in a shallow submarine environment. Moreover, a reasonable linear correlation is observed between the integrated area of Si–O bands (between 2110 and 1440 cm−1) and sample thickness up to ~300 μm by studying unoriented quartz phenocryst fragments. This may enable the quantitative analysis of hydroxyl defects in separated quartz crystals without the need for preparing oriented thin sections.
Debt Service and Default: Calibrating Macroprudential Policy Using Micro Data

We provide empirical evidence to support the calibration of a limit on household indebtedness levels, in the form of a cap on the debt-service-to-income (DSTI) ratio, in order to reduce the probability of borrower defaults in Romania. The analysis establishes two findings that are new to the literature. First, we show that the relationship between DSTI and probability of default is non-linear, with probability of default responding to increases in DSTI only after a certain threshold. Second, we establish that consumer loan defaults occur at lower levels of DSTI compared to mortgages. Our results support the recent regulation adopted by the National Bank of Romania, limiting the household DSTI at origination to 40 percent for new mortgages and consumer loans. Our counterfactual analysis indicates that had the limit been in place for all the loans in our sample, the probability of default (PD) would have been lower by 23 percent.
Sedimentological characteristics of Ajali sandstone in the Benin flank of Anambra basin, Nigeria

Outcrop mapping as well as textural, mineralogical and structural studies of sandstone in the Auchi locality were carried out in order to interpret depositional environment of Ajali Sandstone in the Benin flank of Anambra Basin. Two major lithologic units were identified: the lower bioturbated shale and overlying sandstone units. The bioturbated lower shale beds contain burrows of Ophiomorpha and Paleophycus spp. which belong to skolithos ichnofacies that typifies littoral environment. The upper sandstone unit is tabular cross-bedded with NNESSW paleocurrent direction. The grains are fine to coarse, poorly sorted and leptokurtic with a fining upward sequence motif. The major framework composition is Q 95.6 F 3.2 L 1.2 which classifies the sandstone as Quartz arenite. Non-opaque heavy minerals constitute 13% of the entire heavy mineral suite of which ZTR index is 87%. The grains are texturally immature as depicted by their subangular edges but mineralogically mature in terms of quantities of quartz and high value of ZTR index. Dominance of Fe 2 O 3 (3.85%) in the uppermost bed renders it as ferruginous sandstone. The texture as well as the various bivariate plots of the sandstone indicate fluvial sedimentation probably in a meandering channel that builds up point-bar and overbank deposits. The two litho-units therefore provide three different facies namely the bioturbated shale, the cross bedded sandstone and ferruginous sandstone facies. Keywords: Sedimentology, Ajali Sandstone, Benin Flank, Quartz Arenite, Littoral, Fluvial.
Credit, Wages, and Bankruptcy Laws Our Analysis of Bankruptcy Has Benefited from Discussions With

We study the impact of bankruptcy laws in general equilibrium, taking into account the interactions between the credit and the labor markets, as well as wealth heterogeneity. Soft bankruptcy laws often preclude liquidation in order to avoid ex-post inefficiencies. This worsens credit rationing, depresses investment and reduces aggregate leverage. Yet, tough laws do not necessarily maximize social welfare or emerge from the legislative process. Relatively rich agents, who can invest irrespective of the law, favor soft laws which exclude poorer entrepreneurs from the credit market and thus reduce labor demand and wages. This raises the pledgeable income of the entrepreneurs who can still raise funds, and thus lowers their liquidation rates and the associated inefficiencies. Hence, a soft law can maximize social welfare. Last, a soft bankruptcy law may be a more effective instrument than investment subsidies from a welfarist point of view.
Yeast as a Touchstone in Post-genomic Research: Strategies for Integrative Analysis in Functional Genomics

The new complexity arising from the genome sequencing projects requires new comprehensive post-genomic strategies: advanced studies in regulatory mechanisms, application of new high-throughput technologies at a genome-wide scale, at the different levels of cellular complexity (genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome), efficient analysis of the results, and application of new bioinformatic methods in an integrative or systems biology perspective. This can be accomplished in studies with model organisms under controlled conditions. In this review a perspective of the favourable characteristics of yeast as a touchstone model in post-genomic research is presented. The state-of-the art, latest advances in the field and bottlenecks, new strategies, new regulatory mechanisms, applications (patents) and high-throughput technologies, most of them being developed and validated in yeast, are presented. The optimal characteristics of yeast as a well-defined system for comprehensive studies under controlled conditions makes it a perfect model to be used in integrative, 'systems biology' studies to get new insights into the mechanisms of regulation (regulatory networks) responsible of specific phenotypes under particular environmental conditions, to be applied to more complex organisms (e.g. plants, human).
Geologic overview of the Mars Science Laboratory rover mission at the Kimberley, Gale crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover completed a detailed investigation at the Kimberley waypoint within Gale crater from sols 571–634 using its full science instrument payload. From orbital images examined early in the Curiosity mission, the Kimberley region had been identified as a high‐priority science target based on its clear stratigraphic relationships in a layered sedimentary sequence that had been exposed by differential erosion. Observations of the stratigraphic sequence at the Kimberley made by Curiosity are consistent with deposition in a prograding, fluvio‐deltaic system during the late Noachian to early Hesperian, prior to the existence of most of Mount Sharp. Geochemical and mineralogic analyses suggest that sediment deposition likely took place under cold conditions with relatively low water‐to‐rock ratios. Based on elevated K2O abundances throughout the Kimberley formation, an alkali feldspar protolith is likely one of several igneous sources from which the sediments were derived. After deposition, the rocks underwent multiple episodes of diagenetic alteration with different aqueous chemistries and redox conditions, as evidenced by the presence of Ca‐sulfate veins, Mn‐oxide fracture fills, and erosion‐resistant nodules. More recently, the Kimberley has been subject to significant aeolian abrasion and removal of sediments to create modern topography that slopes away from Mount Sharp, a process that has continued to the present day.
THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON GROWTH AND INEQUALITY

Responded: 15 March 2014 SUMMARY While there is a large consensus in the literature on the negative impact of corruption on economic growth, some researchers continue to argue that the effect of corruption on growth is context specific and associated with factors such as the country’s legal and institutional framework, quality of governance and political regime. They conclude that, in some highly regulated countries that do not have effective government institutions and governance systems, corruption can compensate for red tape and institutional weaknesses and “grease the wheels” of the economy.
Composition of the Lunar Highlands - Possible Implications for Evolution of the Earth's Crust

This paper is a theoretical investigation of the implications for the origin of the earth's continents and ocean basins of three possible chemical compositions for the lunar highlands: ultrabasic, basic, and intermediate to acidic. Ultrabasic or basic lunar highlands would imply that the existence of sialic crust on the earth is due to some major difference between the earth and the moon; the three most likely differences are presence of an atmosphere, presence of a core, and size. The theory that continents are essentially geosynclinal accretions is shown by recent geological investigations to have numerous weaknesses and may imply an age for the earth of over 5 b.y. A proposed alternative is that large, thick primordial continents were formed by high-pressure magmatic processes caused by early segregation of the core, with later continental evolution being essentially subordinate accretion to and reworking of these protocontinents. A basic composition for the lunar highlands would imply that the basic crustal layers of the earth are the remnants of a primordial basaltic crust. Sialic lunar highlands would imply that the earth's continents are essentially igneous, and were derived from the mantle early in geologic time. Furthermore, the nearly global extent of the lunar highlands suggests that the earth's crust has evolved by the growth of ocean basins rather than the growth of continents, perhaps by foundering of continental segments under flood basalts as proposed by Beloussov. A geochemical probe of Venus is recommended as an approach to further study of continent formation, because the nearly identical size and density of Venus would eliminate the variables of mass and core formation complicating the earth-moon comparison.
Perfor. of Summer forage legumes in Pothowar

371 Non farm sector is playing a vital role in reducing income inequality among rural households. The aim of the present paper is to decompose the non-farm income of rural households and to analyze the contribution of each source towards non-farm income inequality across different farm sizes in two agro-climatic zones i.e. Barani Punjab and Cotton/Wheat Sindh. Household income and expenditure survey of Pakistan for the year 2005-06 has been used. The Coefficient of Variation and Gini Coefficient are used for inequality decomposition. The results show that for all farm size categories self employment is the major contributor in household’s non-farm income and its inequality in both zones. Its share in non-farm income is higher in Barani Punjab while its contribution to non-farm income inequality is higher in Cotton/Wheat Sindh. In Barani Punjab the household having land between 12.5 to 25 acres are earning highest share from self employment while in Cotton/Wheat Sindh the big land lords earns more from it. Besides, it is biggest contributor in non-farm income inequality in both zones.
Somatic mutation detection e�ciency in EGFR: a comparison between High Resolution Melting Analysis and Sanger Sequencing

Background: The current study focuses on comparing the mutation detection e�ciency of High-Resolution Melt Analysis (HRM) with Sanger Sequencing in EGFR gene. Methods: The minor allele frequency of somatic mutations was titrated against total DNA concentration using Sanger sequencing and HRM. Somatic mutation detection e�ciency, for exons 19 & 21 of the EGFR gene, was compared in 116 formalin �xed para�n embedded tumor tissues, after screening 275 tumor tissues by Sanger sequencing. Results: The limit of detection of minor allele fraction of exon 19 mutation was 1% with Sequencing, and 0.25% with HRM, whereas for exon 21 mutation, 0.25% MAF was detected using both methods. All mutation positive samples detected by Sanger sequencing, were also detected by HRM. About 28% cases in exon 19 and 40% in exon 21, detected as mutated in HRM, were not detected by sequencing. Overall, sensitivity and speci�city of HRM were found to be 100% and 67% respectively, and the negative predictive value was 100%, while positive predictive value was 80%. Conclusion: The comparative series study suggests that HRM is a modest initial screening test for somatic mutation detection of EGFR, which must further be con�rmed by Sanger sequencing.
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Stem Sap Flow of Populus euphratica

The sap flow rate of Populus euphratica and its relationship with environmental factors has been observed for one year in Ejin oasis at lower Heihe river by using HPVR, TDR and ICT systems. The result showed the following regularities: the diurnal variation of sap flow rate of Populus euphratica appears single-peak; there is little sap flow rate in morning and night; there is the same variation trend at different points; the velocity increases with the depth increase, and there is the maximum at 15 mm depth; but the velocity decreases when the depth exceeds 15 mm. In the direction, the velocity in south and west is higher than in north and east. Due to water intimidation, sap flow rate has the character of fluctuation. With the relationship of sap flow rate with weather factor, the amount of evapotranspiration can be predicted.
This Is ``What's in Your Wallet'' ... and Here's How You Use It

Consumer wallets have more means of payment yet cash still is used most. We develop a dynamic structural model blending cash inventory management and payment instrument choice. For each expenditure, consumers endogenously pay with cash, debit card, or credit card with an option to withdraw cash beforehand. The model is estimated with transactionlevel data from a daily consumer payment diary and reveals that utility from payment services exceed cash management costs. For payment card owners, optimal cash holdings are about $50 and jointly determined with the share of cash payments. Eliminating either cash or payment cards reduces consumer welfare signi cantly.