Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential sustained and transient temporal processing across visual streams

How do high-level visual regions process the temporal aspects of our visual experience? While the temporal sensitivity of early visual cortex has been studied with fMRI in humans, temporal processing in high-level visual cortex is largely unknown. By modeling neural responses with millisecond precision in separate sustained and transient channels, and introducing a flexible encoding framework that captures differences in neural temporal integration time windows and response nonlinearities, we predict fMRI responses across visual cortex for stimuli ranging from 33 ms to 20 s. Using this innovative approach, we discovered that lateral category-selective regions respond to visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not sustained visual information. Thus, lateral category-selective regions compute moment-tomoment visual transitions, but not stable features of the visual input. In contrast, ventral category-selective regions respond to both sustained and transient components of the visual input. Responses to sustained stimuli exhibit adaptation, whereas responses to transient stimuli are surprisingly larger for stimulus offsets than onsets. This large offset transient response may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus when it is no longer visible, whereas the onset transient response may reflect rapid processing of new items. Together, these findings reveal previously unconsidered, fundamental temporal mechanisms that distinguish visual streams in the human brain. Importantly, our results underscore the promise of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the underlying neural computations. AUTHOR SUMMARY How does the brain encode the timing of our visual experience? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a temporal encoding model with millisecond resolution, we discovered that visual regions in the lateral and ventral processing streams fundamentally differ in their temporal processing of the visual input. Regions in lateral temporal cortex process visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not the unchanging aspects of the visual input. That is, they compute moment-to-moment changes in the visual input. In contrast, regions in ventral temporal cortex process both stable and transient components, with the former exhibiting adaptation. Surprisingly, in these ventral regions responses to stimulus offsets were larger than onsets. We suggest that the former may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus, when it is no longer visible, and the latter may reflect rapid processing of new items at stimulus onset. Together, these findings (i) reveal a fundamental temporal mechanism that distinguishes visual streams and (ii) highlight both the importance and utility of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the temporal dynamics of neural computations in the human brain.
Effects of Phytophthora Infection on Nutrient Composition of Theobroma cacao L.

In this study, the proximate and mineral analyses of non-infected and infected cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L) pods, nibs and testa were investigated. The ash content (g/100 g) of non-infected pods (10.7) and nibs (8.0) were higher than those of infected cocoa pods (9.3) and nibs (7.8) while that of the testa
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF Swietenia macrophylla King

ABSTRACT The significant economic potential of Swietenia macrophylla has caused immense reductions in the native populations, jeopardizing their survival. Restoring these populations requires the establishment of quality seedling production, which depends on adequate evaluation of the physiological state of seeds. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and light on seed germination and seedling growth of S. macrophylla. The experimental design was completely randomized, with ten treatments of four replicates of 50 seeds. Treatments consisted of: constant temperatures of 23, 29, 35 and 41 °C, with photoperiods of 24 and 12 h of light, and alternating temperatures of 25-35 °C and 30-40 °C, with 12 h of light. Water content, germination, germination speed index, stem diameter, root length, shoot length, root dry mass and shoot dry mass of seedlings were evaluated. At 41 oC, S. macrophylla seeds failed to germinate. A constant temperature of 29 oC under 24 h of light favors the germination process of seeds and initial seedling growth.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF LONGITUDINAL PERTURBATION FLUID AND PARTICLE VELOCITY ON A DUSTY FLUID JET COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PROBLEM CONSIDERING FINITE VOLUME FRACTION

The numerical solution of compressible dusty fluid considering finite volume fraction has been studied. Assuming the velocity and temperature in the jet to differ only slightly from that of the surrounding stream, a perturbation method has been employed to linearize the basic equations. The linearized boundary layer equations have been solved by using double transform technique. Numerical computations have been made to discuss the profiles of velocity of the fluid and particle. It is observed that consideration of finite volume fraction reveals that the magnitude of perturbation velocity of both fluid and particle is reduced significantly.
Anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of infant feeding bottles from bottle fed infants

Background: Breastfeeding, which has been declining in the recent years because of advances in science. Thought the importance of breastfeeding have been studied, the implementation of the same is being difficult, because of lack of awareness among mothers, health care workers etc. Methods: Consent was taken from the parents who fed their babies with infant feeding bottle and explained about the necessity to obtain culture of the bottles and nipples. Swab was inoculated on the MacConkey agar culture. Antibiotic susceptibility testing will be done for all the isolates. Results: This study showed that 32% were initiated on bottle feeding before 6mo of age and 45% during 6-12mo of age and 23% after age of 1 yr. The most common presenting illness were diarrhea (43%) followed by respiratory illness (39%). Bottle feeding has contribution to the malnutrition and showed that adequate cleaning practices were followed by only 41 % of mothers and 9% of mothers had poor cleaning practices. The incidence of illness is 60. 7% in only top fed babies compared to babies who are both breast fed and bottle fed 39.3%. The most common isolate found was E-coli 45% (24) followed by. Kliebsella 24% (12), Staphylococcus 16% (9), CONS 9% (5), Enterobacterecciea 3% (2) and Pseudomonas 0.8% (1). 52% of the sample showed fungal isolation positive. Conclusions: The incidence of bottle feeding was found more common in working women(53%) compared to housewife(19%). Illiteracy of the family contributed to the over dilution of top milk . most common organism is Ecoli.
The use of tailored interventions to prevent falls: A quality improvement project in the telemetry unit

Every year in the United States, hundreds of thousands of patients fall in hospitals with 30 to 50 percent resulting in injury. In Texas, the fall rate in adult patients is 33.9 percent, and in one teaching hospital in South Texas, patient fall rates have been above the national benchmark for two years (2017-2019), despite increased use of sitters for patient safety and multiple fall prevention strategies. The annual direct care cost of all fall events in the United States for individuals more than 65 years old is about $34 billion. Objectives of the fall initiative program were increasing adherence to documentation of data from the Morse Fall Assessment and tailored interventions in the electronic health record. The goal of the project was to promote patient safety by decreasing the fall rate per 1000 patient days to below the national benchmark of 3.44/1000 patient days. The project was piloted in two telemetry units over 12 weeks using the Iowa Model of Evidence-based Practice. Telemetry staff received one-on-one education from the educator in the unit using a tailored intervention poster. The Nurse Champion observed 58 rooms and conducted chart documentation to ensure universal fall precautions were carried out during every shift. Incidence of falls was tracked daily, and post fall huddles were conducted after any incidents. The average monthly fall rate after implementation was 2.47/1000 patient days, which was below the national benchmark. The fall assessment documentation in two telemetry units at DHR Health can be adapted or implemented hospital-wide. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the Morse fall score assessment on EHR and monthly fall events (p=0. 0078). Champions were able to identify interventions and areas that needed to be improved such as education, patient engagement and stakeholder buy-in.
Changes in the Antioxidant Activity of Peptides Released during the Hydrolysis of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) Protein Concentrate

There is an increased interest in Andean crops as sources of nutritious compounds. This study evaluated changes in the antioxidant activity of quinoa protein hydrolysate with commercial enzymes. Aliquots at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min were tested for DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS ((2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), antiradical activity. Initial DPPH inhibition rose from 9.2% ± 2.7% to 20.0% ± 4.0% (30 min) when employing alcalase and initial ABTS inhibition increased from 20.9 ± 0.2 to 105.1 ± 3.7 with ascorbic acid µg/mL (30 min). Protamex improved this to 75.7 ± 0.6 µg/mL (180 min). Alcalase and protamex are suitable enzymes for the production of rich peptides and hydrolysates as novel ingredients with antioxidant activity.
Why employees endorse abusive leaders: the role of trust

ABSTRACT All mentoring and feedback-seeking processes depend on the leader–subordinate relationship that emphasizes the role of trust. This understanding is extended in the present study, which investigates the moderating role of trust in the association between abusive supervision and leader endorsement. Using relational leadership and social exchange theory, this paper contends that cognitive and affective trusts form the boundary condition that potentially determines the relationship between abusive supervision and leader endorsement. This study utilized a time-lagged data collection and managed to collect data from 165 employees in a government-owned company in Indonesia. The analysis found that (1) abusive supervision was negatively associated with leader endorsement; (2) cognitive trust increased the negative association of abusive supervision and leader endorsement, and (3) affective trust reduced the negative association of abusive supervision and leader endorsement. The findings thus advance the current scholarly understanding of the leader-follower relationship by demonstrating that trust is the determinant of the extent to which employees endorse their leaders, even in situations when the leaders are abusive. Practical implications, such as supervisory training strategies to build affective trust and approaches to encourage ethical climates, are discussed as leadership development strategies to strengthen positive leader-follower relationships.
Gardasil on Twitter: A Content Mining Study Examining Message, Context, and Source Characteristics of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine-Related Tweets

Genital human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the US. Effective HPV vaccines remain controversial and have poor uptake among many adolescent groups. Social media have potential for promoting the HPV vaccine, but little is known about the content or sentiment of social media discussions regarding the vaccine. The purpose of this study was to examine message, context, sentiment, and source characteristics of original HPV- and HPV vaccine-related Twitter posts (tweets) over a 3-month time period. This content mining study used publicly available data purchased from Twitter. One-thousand tweets were randomly selected from a sample of 45,260 English language tweets matching our search criteria and collected from December 2014-January 2015. Tweets were manually coded according to source, context, message, and sentiment characteristics using a coding document developed from previous research. Individuals posted just over half (55%) of tweets, whereas organizations posted 40%. More than half (57%) of all coded tweets were positive, and less than one-fifth were negative. Organizations’ tweets were more likely to be positive than individuals’ tweets. A temporal display of contextual events and tweet spikes demonstrates that positive tweets can increase during newsworthy events (e.g. FDA approval of Gardisil 9). The HPV vaccine was most often discussed under a cancer prevention message frame. In contrast with some existing research, discussions surrounding the HPV vaccine in original Twitter posts are largely positive. Our study reveals opportunities for adolescent health specialists to provide accurate, positive HPV vaccination information via Twitter.
Human factors affecting visual inspection of fatigue cracking in steel bridges

Abstract In this study, the performance data from 30 inspectors evaluating 147 specimens with fatigue cracks in representative in-situ conditions were analysed to identify the role of human factors in bridge inspection. Two performance measures, the percentage of correct detections (detection rate) and the number of false calls, were considered. The variability in both performance measures was large, and only a small amount of the variance could be explained by individual characteristics or environmental conditions. Experience, training, temperature, and inspection duration were correlated with detection rate, while no single factor was correlated with false calls. A multivariate analysis found that the number of false calls could be best estimated considering an inspector’s employment sector and training, the maximum wind speed on the day of the inspection, and the use of a tape measure. Based on these results, recommendations for improved training methods, procedures, and equipment were developed.
Simulations of Ion-Guiding Through Insulating Nanocapillaries of Varying Diameter: Interpretation of Experimental Results

The guiding of highly charged ions through a single nanocapillary is simulated in comparison with previous experiments performed with highly insulating polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The simulations are carried out using 3-keV Ne7+ ions injected into capillaries with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 400 nm. In the calculations, non-linear effects are applied to model the charge transport along the capillary surface and into the bulk depleting the deposited charges from the capillary walls. In addition to the surface carrier mobility, the non-linear effects are also implemented into the bulk conductivity. A method is presented to determine the parameters of the surface charge transport and the bulk conductivity by reproducing the oscillatory structure of the mean emission angle. A common set of charge depletion rates are determined with relatively high accuracy providing confidence in the present theoretical analysis. Significant differences in the oscillatory structures, experimentally observed, are explained by the calculations. Experimental and theoretical results of the guiding power for capillaries of different diameters are compared. Finally, dynamic non-linear effects on the surface and bulk relaxation rates are determined from the simulations.
On the Effects of Spatial Confounding in Hierarchical Models

Usually, in spatial generalised linear models, covariates that are spatially smooth are collinear with spatial random effects. This affects the bias and precision of the regression coefficients. This is known in the spatial statistics literature as spatial confounding. We discuss the problem of confounding in the case of multilevel spatial models wherein there are multiple observations within clusters. We show that even under the standard multilevel model, which allows for independent (i.e. not spatially correlated) cluster effects, the cluster‐level fixed effects might be biased depending on the structure of the ‘true’ generating mechanism of the processes. We provide simulation studies in order to investigate the effects of confounding in the estimation of fixed effects present in random intercept models under different scenarios of confounding. One remedy to spatial confounding is restricted spatial regression wherein the spatial random effects are constrained to be orthogonal to the fixed effects of the model. We propose one way to fit a restricted spatial regression model for multilevel data and illustrate it with artificial data analyses. We also briefly describe the issue of confounding in random intercept and slope models.
Spatial-Temporal Assessment of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates in Different Precipitation Regimes in Water-Scarce and Data-Sparse Regions

Accurate precipitation measurement is very important for socio-hydrological resilience in the face of frequent extreme weather events such as cyclones. This study evaluates the performance of two satellite products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43V7) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA, hereafter: TRMM) and the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG, Final Run V06, hereafter: GPM) in the Sultanate of Oman. Oman is an arid country that generally has few rainy days, but has experienced significant flash floods, tropical storms and cyclones recently, leading to the loss of lives and millions of dollars in damage. Accurate precipitation analysis is crucial in flood monitoring, hydrologic modeling, and the estimation of the water balance of any basin, and the lack of a sufficient weather monitoring network is a barrier to accurate precipitation measurement. Satellite rainfall estimates can be a reliable option in sparse network areas, especially in arid and semi-arid countries. This study evaluated monthly rainfall (hereafter: OBSERVED) levels at 77 meteorological stations from January 2016 to December 2018. The capacity of the TRMM and GPM satellite products to detect monthly rainfall amounts at varying precipitation thresholds was also evaluated. Findings included (1) overall and across the 11 Governorates of Oman, both satellite products show different spatial variability and performance to the OBSERVED at the monthly, seasonal, and annual temporal scales; (2) from the perspective of precipitation detection and frequency bias, GPM showed a similar performance to TRMM at detecting low precipitation (2 mm/month) but was poorer at detecting high precipitation (>30 mm/month) across the entire country as well as in the Northern, Interior, and Dhofar regions; (3) both products show similarities to the OBSERVED through the partitioning of their seasonal time series into a distinct number of homogenous segments; and (4) both products had difficulty reproducing OBSERVED levels in the Dhofar and Interior regions, which is consistent with studies conducted in mountainous and coastal regions. With the aim of reproducing the spatial and temporal structure of OBSERVED in a rugged terrain, the study shows that both satellite products can be used in areas of sparse rain gauges or as additional observation for studies of extreme weather events. Overall, this study suggests that for Oman, both satellite products can be used as proxies for OBSERVED with appropriate bias corrections and GPM is also a reliable replacement for TRMM as a precipitation satellite product. The findings will be useful to the country’s flood resilience and mitigation efforts, especially in areas where there is sparse rain gauge coverage.
Green and efficiently synthesized tetrasubstituted imidazole: introduced bismuth oxide co-doped Lu3+, Er3+ as a novel reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst

Abstract Nano-structured Bi1.5(Lu, Er)0.5O3 was synthesized efficiently and utilized as a novel environmentally benign and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives in water under ultrasonic irradiation. This synthesis method offers the several advantages such as green and eco-friendly protocol, operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, higher yields, and easy work-up procedures. For this purpose, nano-structured bismuth oxide and Lu3+, Er3+ co-doped Bi2O3 with different Lu3+, Er3+ loadings (0.1, 0.5%mol) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The obtained catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. X-ray analyses of obtained bismuth oxide were indexed as monoclinic phase and nano co-doped bismuth oxides (Bi2 – x (Lu, Er) x O3, x = 0.1, 0.5%mol) have tetragonal phase.
Kinship terminology in the Tamiang language: A Malay variety spoken in Eastern Aceh, Indonesia

This qualitative research examines kinship terms in the Tamiang language and the strategies of selection of the terms by its speakers. The data for this research were obtained through questionnaire, and interview from eight informants living in Bendahara Sub-District, Kejuruan Muda Sub-District, Karang Baru Sub-District, and Seruway Sub-District, Aceh Tamiang Regency, the Aceh Province. Observation was also done on the use of some of the kinship terms directly by the people in the speech community. This observation took place while the authors were socializing with the speakers in the research location. The results showed that the kinship terms in the Tamiang language are based on consanguinity and affinity. The kinship terms in the language also refer to birth order. Then, the strategies of the selection of kinship terms in the Tamiang language are based on kinship, age, gender, and descent, especially in terms of a speech event. Viewed role relationships, the terms addressed to men/women in the third layer of vertical relationships are not different. The horizontal relationship indicating the position of siblings and wife/husband is equal. The horizontal role relationship of cousins in the Tamiang language is limited to the third order. This study is very urgent since the study on kinship terms in the Tamiang language has not been conducted comprehensively before. Complete terms used to address family members in the Tamiang language are provided in this study, and it can be one of the resources for further research in the same field of study.
Exergetic and exergoeconomic analyzes of compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for a diesel engine

ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to investigate the use of compressed natural gas in a diesel engine compared to diesel fuel, according to exergetic and exergoeconomic analyzes. For this purpose, compressed natural gas (CNG) injector has been mounted to intake manifold and small, single cylinder diesel engine was converted to dual mode. Experiments have been carried out according to ISO 8178 E2 test cycle, at maximum power and four different load as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. CNG ratios were chosen as 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% percentages as energy content. Exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses were executed to results considering capital, operation-maintenance, fuel and environmental damage costs. According to results, diesel fuel has superiority than CNG fuels except full load. In these loads, with using CNG, exergetic efficiency and exergoeconomic factor reduces as up to 38.3% and 32.8%, and also exergy destruction percentage, lost exergy rate and specific cost of shaft work exergy unit increases as up to 10.8%, 74.8%, and 41.7%, respectively. Besides CNG fuels need to improve lower load conditions performance, CNG20 has the favorable exergetic results at full load. According to environment related cost results, remarkable cost of UHC affects negatively to CNG fuel results at 25% and 50% loads. Last of all, CNG20 is preferable at 75% load and all CNG fuels are preferable at full load conditions according to total cost flow rates against diesel.