Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hindcasting the NAO using diabatic forcing of a simple AGCM

A primitive equation dry atmospheric model with a rudimentary representation of the model physics is used to hindcast the winter NAO using diabatic forcing diagnosed from NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data in the period 1949–1999. Using ensembles of experiments we are able to reproduce the observed NAO index in the ensemble mean with a correlation of 0.79. By prescribing time dependent forcing only in the tropics (30°S–30°N), or only in the extra‐tropics, we show that the recent upward trend in the NAO is related to tropical forcing. The implication is that coupling with the mid‐latitude or Arctic ocean is not important for the trend. The model also exhibits the recent eastward shift in the sea level pressure signature of the interannual NAO variability and shows that this is associated with non‐linear dynamical processes.
Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers

Nutrient availability has long been considered one of the most important factors regulating production of benthic algae in oligotrophic rivers; yet, empirical relationships do not have as wide an application as similar models derived for lentic systems. The aim of this research was to derive empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and benthic algal abundance and to identify commonalities with other studies to improve our understanding of constraints on algae in oligotrophic rivers. Surveys of physical, chemical and biological attributes of oligotrophic mountain rivers in spring, summer and autumn for 2 years confirmed that small amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus (0.1–5.6 µg/L total phosphorus (TP)) resulted in 4‐ to 30‐fold increases in abundance of benthic algae and benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Algal accrual along a gradient in nutrient availability was not masked by grazing pressure but was positively correlated with abundance of scrapers. Epilithic abundance was highest downstream of anthropogenic nutrient sources in autumn. We concluded that benthic algal abundance in these mountain rivers was weakly correlated with phosphorus availability if light was not limiting but ultimately controlled by temperature and river discharge. Therefore, we recommend more direct measures of nutrient limitation be used to predict changes in ecological integrity at the lower end of the resource gradient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macronutrient and carbon supply, uptake and cycling across the Antarctic Peninsula shelf during summer

The West Antarctic Peninsula shelf is a region of high seasonal primary production which supports a large and productive food web, where macronutrients and inorganic carbon are sourced primarily from intrusions of warm saline Circumpolar Deep Water. We examined the cross-shelf modification of this water mass during mid-summer 2015 to understand the supply of nutrients and carbon to the productive surface ocean, and their subsequent uptake and cycling. We show that nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid and inorganic carbon are progressively enriched in subsurface waters across the shelf, contrary to cross-shelf reductions in heat, salinity and density. We use nutrient stoichiometric and isotopic approaches to invoke remineralization of organic matter, including nitrification below the euphotic surface layer, and dissolution of biogenic silica in deeper waters and potentially shelf sediment porewaters, as the primary drivers of cross-shelf enrichments. Regenerated nitrate and phosphate account for a significant proportion of the total pools of these nutrients in the upper ocean, with implications for the seasonal carbon sink. Understanding nutrient and carbon dynamics in this region now will inform predictions of future biogeochemical changes in the context of substantial variability and ongoing changes in the physical environment. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
Runoff‐induced sediment yield over dune slopes in the Negev Desert. 2: Texture, carbonate and organic matter

Runoff‐induced sediments were collected in the Hallamish dune field for four years (1990–1994). Runoff and consequently water‐transported sediments were generated on the dunes owing to the presence of a thin microbiotic crust. These sediments were analysed for their particle‐size distribution and carbonate content. In addition, the organic matter content was calculated by measuring the chlorophyll content within the runoff. The results were compared to the slope parent material, i.e. the crust and the underlying sand, as well as to playa sediments, which are scattered within the Hallamish interdunal areas, and which were previously hypothesized to originate from runoff‐induced sediments.
Hybrid forecasting: using statistics and machine learning to integrate predictions from dynamical models

Hybrid hydroclimatic forecasting systems employ data-driven (statistical or machine learning) methods to harness and integrate a broad variety of predictions from dynamical, physics-based models – such as numerical weather prediction, climate, land, hydrology and Earth system models – into a final prediction product. They are recognised as a promising way of enhancing prediction skill of meteorological and hydroclimatic variables and events, including rainfall, temperature, streamflow, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, or atmospheric rivers. Hybrid forecasting methods are now receiving growing attention due 5 to advances in weather and climate prediction systems at sub-seasonal to decadal scales, a better appreciation of the strengths of machine learning, plus expanding access to computational resources and methods. Such systems are attractive because they may avoid the need to run a computationally-expensive offline land model, can minimize the effect of biases that exist within dynamical outputs without explicit bias correction and downscaling, benefit from the strengths of machine learning models, and can learn from large datasets, while combining different sources of predictability with varying time-horizons. Here
Comparative analyses of Linderniaceae plastomes, with implications for its phylogeny and evolution

Introduction The recently established Linderniaceae, separated from the traditionally defined Scrophulariaceae, is a taxonomically complicated family. Although previous phylogenetic studies based on a few short DNA markers have made great contributions to the taxonomy of Linderniaceae, limited sampling and low resolution of the phylogenetic tree have failed to resolve controversies between some generic circumscriptions. The plastid genome exhibits a powerful ability to solve phylogenetic relationships ranging from shallow to deep taxonomic levels. To date, no plastid phylogenomic studies have been carried out in Linderniaceae. Methods In this study, we newly sequenced 26 plastid genomes of Linderniaceae, including eight genera and 25 species, to explore the phylogenetic relationships and genome evolution of the family through plastid phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses. Results The plastid genome size of Linderniaceae ranged from 152,386 bp to 154,402 bp, exhibiting a typical quartile structure. All plastomes encoded 114 unique genes, comprising 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The inverted repeat regions were more conserved compared with the single-copy regions. A total of 1803 microsatellites and 1909 long sequence repeats were identified, and five hypervariable regions (petN-psbM, rps16-trnQ, rpl32-trnL, rpl32, and ycf1) were screened out. Most protein-coding genes were relatively conserved, with only the ycf2 gene found under positive selection in a few species. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed that Linderniaceae was a distinctive lineage and revealed that the presently circumscribed Vandellia and Torenia were non-monophyletic. Discussion Comparative analyses showed the Linderniaceae plastomes were highly conservative in terms of structure, gene order, and gene content. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we supported the newly established Yamazakia separating from Vandellia and the monotypic Picria as a separate genus. These findings provide further evidence to recognize the phylogenetic relationships among Linderniaceae and new insights into the evolution of the plastid genomes.
What do private practice referrers value about neuropsychology assessment?

ABSTRACT Objective For optimal clinical utility of neuropsychological assessment (NPA), we need to understand what aspects referrers value. We aimed to use quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the value of NPA for a diverse range of Australian private practice referrers. Method Forty-nine referrers to Australian private neuropsychology practices completed a 25-item online survey evaluating referrer satisfaction, report preferences, barriers to referral, and views on the most beneficial outcome(s) of NPA. Sixteen referrers participated in individual online semi-structured interviews to provide richer accounts of these issues. Results Referrers’ survey responses indicated high satisfaction, and that NPA was considered valuable for diagnostic clarification, management planning, and access to support. Participants valued individualised reports with user-friendly explanations of findings and tailored recommendations. Interview data revealed four themes: (1) neuropsychologists possess unique expertise which carries weight amongst referrers and services, (2) neuropsychology enhances understanding of the person and problem, (3) neuropsychology guides healthcare and support, (4) financial, structural, and geographical barriers occur in accessing NPA and implementing supports. Conclusions Referrers’ perspectives can inform neuropsychologists’ approach to their work and optimise clinical utility. Future clinical trials should measure the reported useful outcomes of NPA to demonstrate more rigorously the evidence for the value of NPA. Key Point What is already known about this topic: There are barriers to accessing NPA services within Australian youth mental health settings. Although multiple systematic reviews support the usefulness of NPA, some trials have not, which may relate to outcome measures not reflecting the most valuable outcomes of NPA. Prior surveys evaluating referrers’ perspectives in the US and Australian youth mental health settings found referrers were satisfied and found NPA useful for treatment planning, diagnostic clarification, and service access. What this topic adds: Australian referrers from a diverse range of professional backgrounds are satisfied with NPA services, finding NPA valuable for diagnostic clarification, management planning, and access to support services and funding. Referrers reported NPA benefited clients’ and families’ understanding of their condition and how to manage it, via comprehensive case formulation and individualised recommendations. Referrers perceive that neuropsychologists’ unique expertise improves the understanding of the person and presenting problem, which guides healthcare and support. Logistical, financial, and systemic barriers to access of NPA and implementation of recommendations were identified.
Seasonal variation in the incidence of cold agglutinin disease in Norway, Denmark, and Italy

characterization and detailed annotation of induction clinical course. Recently, the Ferrara criteria have been shown to predict early posttreatment mortality and OS in a heterogenous group of myeloid neoplasm patients receiving several different intensive induction or re-induction regimens. In contrast, our study focuses on a fit, previously-untreated cohort (where only two patients would be categorized as Ferrara-unfit) and thus addresses factors predictive of early mortality in the Ferrara-fit patients routinely offered intensive induction therapy given perceived favorable risk ratio. Overall, our results indicate that distinct pretreatment characteristics predict early versus late adverse outcomes in fit patients with newly diagnosed AML. Improved ability to identify patients with high risk of early death after intensive AML induction may allow development of mitigation strategies. Unanswered questions include whether these fit patients who are at high risk for early mortality after intensive induction would have improved outcomes with alternative therapeutic approaches, or whether the risk of early mortality is inherent to disease biology at presentation. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms of the gene mutations associated with early posttreatment mortality may yield novel mechanistic links between disease biology and adverse clinical outcomes in specific treatment contexts.
The effect of soil properties and level of fertilizer application on the dissolution of Sechura rock phosphate in some soils from Brazil, Colombia, Australia and Nigeria

The extent and rate of dissolution of Sechura rock phosphate in 30 soils from Brazil, Colombia, Australia and Nigeria were measured. There was an initial rapid dissolution within 1 day, and this was followed by slower dissolution up to 124 days. For all soils an increase in the level of rock phosphate resulted in a smaller proportion dissolving. After 31 days, the percentage dissolved differed widely between soils and for rock phosphate application levels of 0.34 and 34 mg g-1 soil ranged over 0-100%, and 0-21% respectively. Pyrophosphate and oxalate-extractable iron and aluminium were important soil properties for predicting the amount of rock phosphate dissolution; pH, organic carbon, silt content and exchangeable calcium were subsidiary predictive properties for some soils.
MODIS Collection 6 aerosol products: Comparison between Aqua's e‐Deep Blue, Dark Target, and “merged” data sets, and usage recommendations

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Atmospheres data product suite includes three algorithms applied to retrieve midvisible aerosol optical depth (AOD): the Enhanced Deep Blue (DB) and Dark Target (DT) algorithms over land, and a DT over‐water algorithm. All three have been refined in the recent “Collection 6” (C6) MODIS reprocessing. In particular, DB has been expanded to cover vegetated land surfaces as well as brighter desert/urban areas. Additionally, a new “merged” data set which draws from all three algorithms is included in the C6 products. This study is intended to act as a point of reference for new and experienced MODIS data users with which to understand the global and regional characteristics of the C6 DB, DT, and merged data sets, based on MODIS Aqua data. This includes validation against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at 111 sites, focused toward regional and categorical (surface/aerosol type) analysis. Neither algorithm consistently outperforms the other, although in many cases the retrieved AOD and the level of its agreement with AERONET are very similar. In many regions the DB, DT, and merged data sets are all suitable for quantitative applications, bearing in mind that they cannot be considered independent, while in other cases one algorithm does consistently outperform the other. Usage recommendations and caveats are thus somewhat complicated and regionally dependent.
A Comparison of Clay Contents Determined by Hydrometer and Pipette Methods Using Reduced Major Axis Analysis

Test results on the amount of <0.002 mm clay determined by hydrometer and pipette methods have been obtained from 155 duplicate soil samples, of which 48 are from Illinois and the remaining 107 are from soil survey reports published by the Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with 10 other states. Correlation analysis of the data yielded a highly significant coefficient of 0.965. The best-fit line between the clay contents determined by these two procedures was obtained by the reduced major axis method of statistical analysis. In this statistical method, neither one of the two variables is considered as the dependent variable and the reduced major axis is determined by mininizing the sum of the areas of triangles formed by lines drawn from each point to the best-fit line and paralle with the X and Y axes. The relationship between the clay contents is expressed by the equation Y = 0.63 + 1.008 X, in which X and Y represent the pipette and hydrometer clay content, respectively. Clay contents determined by these two methods are quite similar, although there is a tendency for hydrometer analyses to be slightly higher. Relationships between data from Illinois and other states are very similar. The slightly poorer correlation between clay contents of A horizons as compared to other horizons may have been caused by organic matter which was not removed in hydrometer analysis.
Statistical nature of geomagnetic storms

On the basis of geomagnetic activity indices and solar wind parameters, a superposed epoch analysis has been conducted for more than 300 geomagnetic storms. The intensity of magnetic storms is found to depend on the duration of the main phase; larger storms have longer timescales. For intense storms, however, not only the duration of energy injection into the ring current but also the strength of injection is important in determining their size. It is confirmed that the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field plays a crucial role both in triggering the storm main phase and in determining the magnitude of magnetic storms. It is also found that the time profile of the energy injection rate during the main phase tends to have two peaks. This is particularly the case for intense magnetic storms, where the second peak is more intense than the first. Implications of our findings are discussed in terms of the existing concept of geomagnetic storms and recent observations of ring current particles and of interplanetary disturbances.
Unlocking sustainable success: exploring the impact of transformational leadership, organizational culture, and CSR performance on financial performance in the Italian manufacturing sector

Purpose This study aims to investigate how organizational culture (OC) and transformational leadership (TL) affect corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance (environmental performance and social performance) and financial performance (FP) in the context of the Italian manufacturing sector. Grounded in resource-based view theory, this study explores how these factors influence sustainable firm performance. Design/methodology/approach Data gathered from 260 employees were analyzed to examine the multidimensional aspects of CSR, encompassing social and environmental sustainability. Findings The findings highlight the pressing need for sustainable firm performance in the existing environment, supporting the hypothesis that firms achieve sustainable and FP through the recognition of TL and OC. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship between CSR performance and FP was established, underscoring the strategic importance of integrating CSR initiatives into core business practices. This study offers valuable insights for both academia and firms, providing theoretical and practical implications that underscore the importance of cultivating a robust OC to drive performance enhancements. Originality/value This study is novel because it is one of the first, to the best of the author’s knowledge, to analyze the relationships between TL, OC and performance components associated with CSR.
The application of radiotracers to a study of Black Sea circulation: Validation of numerical simulations against observed weapons testing and Chernobyl 137Cs data

In this paper, we use the distribution of the artificial radionuclide, 137Cs, to investigate mixing and ventilation in the Black Sea. Timeseries data of vertical radionuclide distributions are combined with model simulations in order to follow the magnitude and depth of penetration of surface oxic water into intermediate depths, below the oxic/anoxic interface. Simulated data are produced by a three-dimensional circulation model that includes a new parameterization of the Bosphorus inflow/plume to simulate the effects of Mediterranean water on internal mixing. A radioactive tracer model for pre-Chernobyl 137Cs (weapons testing 137Cs) and Chernobyl 137Cs is coupled to the circulation model. The model results are compared to field data collected between 1986 and 1992. The main output from the simulations is the identification of the contribution of entrainment in the mixing of surface waters into subsurface layers. The trend of tracer penetration into the deeper layers following isopycnal surfaces is well demonstrated in the model and is consistent with the known circulation and physics of the Black Sea. The correlation between the activities of radionuclides and salinity, found in the field data, is supported by the simulations. These model results illustrate that the time-space abundance of the existing field data is sufficient for reconstructing the distribution of tracers in space and time, provided reliable estimates of Black Sea circulation exist.
Water in the lower crustal granulite xenoliths from Nushan, eastern China

[1] Nominally anhydrous clinopyroxene (cpx), orthopyroxene (opx), and plagioclase (pl) from 10 lower crustal granulite (two-pyroxene granulite and hypersthene granulite) xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the Nushan volcano, eastern China, have been analyzed for their hydrogen content by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Micro-FTIR). The results demonstrate that hydrogen was incorporated in all these minerals in the manner of OH and that the content (H2O weight) is up to 2360 ppm for cpx, 1170 ppm for opx, and 880 ppm for pl. On the basis of the water content of constitutive minerals and their proportions, whole rock water contents of the Nushan granulites were estimated to be 150–950 ppm. Estimated equilibrium temperatures of the Nushan granulites are in the range of 810–892°C, corresponding to the lowermost crust at Nushan (about 25–30 km). Therefore this study provides direct evidence that the lower continental crust, even the lowermost part devoid of hydrous minerals, can contain a certain amount of water in nominally anhydrous minerals.
The Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale and its relationship to the Stephen Formation in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains

The Burgess Shale has been an anomalous geologic unit ever since Walcott named it in 1911 as the geographic equivalent of the Ogygopsis Shale in the Middle Cambrian Stephen Formation of southeastern British Columbia, but it has never been recognized outside of its type locality, so its status relative to the Stephen Formation remained uncertain. The geologic setting of the Burgess Shale was determined by Aitken and Fritz in 1968, when they recognized the Cathedral Escarpment and divided the Stephen Formation into a "thin" platformal succession on top of the Escarpment, and a "thick" basinal succession, which included Walcott's Burgess Shale, in front. Fieldwork by Royal Ontario Museum parties between 1982 and 1997 has now demonstrated that the thin and thick Stephen successions lie within different facies belts and should be regarded as separate formations; the Stephen Shale Formation is part of the Middle Carbonate Belt succession, whereas the name Burgess Shale Formation is applied to the thick basinal .