Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing AVHRR and CANFI 91 land classes

RESUMELes classes d'utilisation des terres obtenues a partir d'une classification recente de donnees AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) sur le Canada ont ete comparees avec des donnees de l'inventaire forestier national en vue d'evaluer le potentiel du capteur AVHRR pour l'inventaire des terres. Dix-huit points representatifs de la gamme des ecozones canadiens ont ete selectionnes pour comparaison. Les resultats montrent que les classifications AVHRR ont tendance a surestimer la couverture des classes dominantes et a sous-estimer les classes moins repandues de l'inventaire national des terres. Le biais moyen absolu entre les estimations obtenues avec le capteur AVHRR pour la couverture lacustre, par rapport a l'inventaire national, etait de 4,3 %, de 10,7 % pour la couverture forestiere et de 12,9 % pour la couverture de resineux. Les classifications AVHRR donnent des informations utiles pour les classes dominantes a cartographier, mais donnent des resultats biaises pour l'estimation des cou.
Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfire ignitions in Canada from 1980 to 2006

A spatially explicit baseline measure of historic, current and future wildfire ignition expectations is required to monitor and understand changes in fire occurrence, the distribution of which climate change is anticipated to modify. Using spatial–temporal patterns of fire in Canada, we present a method to identify baseline expectations and ignition trends between 1980 and 2006 across 1-km spatial units. Kernel density estimates of wildfire ignitions and temporal trajectory metrics were calculated to describe expected ignition density, variability from expected density, and increasing or decreasing density trends. Baseline ignition expectations and trends were used to create unique fire ignition regimes and assess anthropogenic influence on ignitions. Fire ignition densities decreased exponentially as distance to road or populated place increased, and largest ignition trends occurred closest to both variables. Fire ignition regime delineation was more dependent on human transportation networks than human settlement. These findings provide a unique approach to quantifying ignition expectations. This research highlights the potential of this baseline approach for monitoring efforts and fire–environment interaction research and offers a preliminary spatially explicit model of wildfire occurrence expectations in Canada.
Isotopic measurements in the Cape York Peninsula area, North Qeensland

Abstract K‐Ar and Rb‐Sr isotopic measurements have been made on the north‐south belt of igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Peninsula Ridge and Yambo Inlier of Cape York Peninsula. Four periods of Palaeozoic igneous activity appear to have been denned. These are (87’Rbλ = 1.39 X 10–11y–1) about 415 m.y. , about 400 m.y. , 385–390 m.y. , and 255–280 m.y. , with the youngest dates to the north and northeast. The largest volume of magma, the Kintore Adamellite was emplaced during the 285–390 m.y. period. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.715 (a granodiorite) through 0.72–0.74 (muscovite adamellite) to 0.76 (leuco‐adamellite), which suggests a high component of old crustal material in the latter types. The host metamorphics grade from greenschist facies in the west to almandine‐amphibolite facies in the centre and south. Limited direct data suggest that the greenschists are older than 1400 m.y. This is supported by intrusive dolerite dating greater than 1800 m.y. Rocks possibly 2000 m.y. old are thus adjac.
Frasnian carbonate mounds from Belgium:sedimentology and palaeoceanography

Abstract The facies architecture, sedimentary dynamics and palaeogeographic evolution were reconstructed for a number of middle-late Frasnian carbonate mounds from the south side of the Dinant Synclinorium (Belgium). Nine facies were recognized in the buildups, each characterized by a specific range of textures and assemblage of organisms: spiculitic wackestone with stromatactis (facies Pm1), which becomes progressively enriched in crinoids and corals (Pm2); grey or pinkish limestone with stromatactis, corals and stromatoporoids (A3–L3, Pm3); grey limestone with corals, peloids and dasycladales (A4–L4, Pm4); grey, microbial limestone (A5–L5, Pm5); grey limestone with dendroid stromatoporoids (A6–L6); grey, laminar fenestral limestone, (A7–L7); and grey, bioturbated limestone (A8–L8). Sedimentological evidence suggests that facies Pm1 and Pm2 correspond to iron bacteria-sponge-dominated communities, developing in a quiet aphotic and hypoxic environment. A3–L3 developed between storm and fair-weather wave base, in an oligophotic environment. Facies A5–L5 developed close to fair-weather wave base. Facies A6–L6 and the fenestral limestone A7–L7 correspond to an environment with slightly restricted water circulation. Facies A8–L8 developed at subtidal depths in a quiet, lagoonal environment. The main differences between the middle and late Frasnian mounds concern facies architecture, and are a consequence of different palaeoceanographic settings. The large flattened middle Frasnian Arche and Lion buildups show limited vertical differentiation, large-scale progradation features, extensive exportation of material towards off-reef environment and development of inner lagoonal facies. They grew offshore from a well-developed carbonate platform with a healthy carbonate factory. Middle Frasnian sea-level fluctuations were relatively mild, and sedimentation was able to keep up with sea-level rise. At the opposite extreme, during the late Frasnian, severe eustatic rises, together with rising oceanic hypoxic conditions, were responsible for frequent collapses of the carbonate factory, drowning of the middle Frasnian carbonate platform, and development of buildups with relatively limited lateral extension, high vertical facies differentiation, low potential for material exportation and high content in microaerophilic iron bacteria.
Segmentation of clouds using cluster analysis

Abstract The techniques of pattern recognition can provide unique information on cloud structures for cloud climatology programmes. We present a flexible automatic method for segmentation of meteorological satellite data using a multidimensional clustering procedure. The algorithm developed is described, together with its application to cloud data from the METEOSAT-1 satellite. If the data are transformed prior to segmentation by use of the Principal Components Transformation, the results compare favourably with those of alternative methods.
Hydraulic fracturing and mineralization

The factors relevant to the mechanism of normal faulting and brecciation are discussed. Normal faults develop as the consequence of an increase in the magnitude of the differential stress above the critical limit under the prevailing pore water conditions. The accumulation of a body of hydrothermal solution on the fault zones under pressures greater than the pore water pressure, results in the extension of the faults by hydraulic fracturing. The abrupt drop in the pressure of the hydrothermal solution when fracturing occurs, causes the bursting apart of the rock into which the hydrothermal solution has permeated under high pressure, thus forming angular breccias. The fracture may be extended by hydraulic fracturing even though the differential stress decreases, provided the pressure of the hydrothermal solution on the fracture plane exceeds the pore water pressure by increasing amounts. Under these conditions the dip of each extension of the normal fault increases, and eventually the fracture develops as a vertical breccia zone.
Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis

The main exhumation of the Menderes massif, western Turkey, occurred along an originally N‐dipping Datça–Kale main breakaway fault that controlled depositions in the Kale and the Gökova basins during the Oligocene – Early Miocene interval. The isostatically controlled upward bending of the main breakaway fault brings the lower plate rocks to the surface. In the Early Miocene, E–W‐trending N‐ and S‐dipping graben‐bounding faults fragmented the exhumed, dome‐shaped massif. The development of half grabens by rolling master fault hinges has allowed further exhumation of the central Menderes massif. After the Pliocene, high‐angle normal faults cut all of the previous structures. This model suggests that the Menderes massif is a single large metamorphic core complex that has experienced a two‐stage exhumation process.
THE POST-TRANSFUSION SURVIVAL OF PRESERVED HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES STORED AS, WHOLE BLOOD OR IN RESUSPENSION, AFTER REMOVAL OF PLASMA, BY MEANS OF TWO ISOTOPES OF RADIOACTIVE IRON.

The modern era of blood transfusions was ushered in by the discovery of human red cell groups by Shattock (1) in 1900 and Landsteiner (2) in 1901. Grouping was later systematized by Jansky (3) and Moss (4). In the course of a few years the paraffined tube method of KimptonBrown (5), the multiple syringe technic of Lindeman (6) and the 4-way stopcock apparatus of Unger (7) came into general use in hospitals for direct transfusions. All of these methods required speed in transferring blood from donor to recipient because of the dangers of clotting. Agote (8) and Lewisohn (9) introduced sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. This avoided the hazards of clotting in the interval between drawing and administering blood and yet permitted the observance of aseptic precautions. The procedure was much simpler than the direct methods which required surgical teams and operating room technic. The citrate method came into favor very slowly. Early apparatus described by Hoffman (10) and Brines (11) involved suction for collecting and positive air pressure for injecting. Reactions were common. A review of transfusion procedure by Herr as late as 1925 (12) indicated that the direct was still preferred to the citrate method. The first successful preservation of human whole blood was accomplished in 1916 by Rous and Turner (13) by the addition of dextrose to a sodium citrate anticoagulant. This solution was
Determination of horizontal extension from fissure-ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey

Travertine deposits reflect some aspects of the regional tectonics because of the close association between travertine deposits and active fractures, that later of which provide conduits along which travertine-depositing waters may rise. Fissure-ridge travertines form above extensional fissures which are located in the hanging walls of normal faults, in step-over zones between fault segments, or in active or recently active) volcanic provinces. Numerous active and inactive fissure-ridge travertines are located in the hanging walls of normal faults in the Denizli Basin. A typical fissure-ridge comprises a central fissure along its long axis and flanking bedded travertines dipping away from the fissure. Central fissures of travertine ridges have been dilating since the initiation of the fissures. Samples from both the margins and centres of banded travertine deposits were dated by Th/U methods in order to determine dilation rates. Individual fissures have been dilating at average rates of between 0.008 and 0.1 mm yr–1 during travertine deposition, and ~ 0.001 and 0.007 mm yr–1 after cessation of travertine deposition. There is a noticable decrease in dilation rate from west to east in the Denizli Basin, and this decrease in dilation rate may be related to decrease in overall extension in southwest Turkey, which decreases eastward.
Dakwah Communication: An Alternative Way For Children Caused By Broken Home

The family includes the primary shaper of this character and supporting factors in realizing these teachings through the formation of morality, as we all know that since birth, the people closest to humans are family members. This article aims to find out about da'wah communication, which is used as an alternative way for children who experience broken homes. This study uses a qualitative research method with the type of research in the form of qualitative descriptive by positioning the author as a critical instrument. As for the results in this study, that parent-child often contains views about power and authority. So it is common for children living in such families to experience rebellion. So, da'wah communication can be a solution for broken home children, based on their parents as preachers who encourage children. Because of the participation of the communicants (mad'u) of their children in the ideas or messages conveyed by the communicators (da'i), namely their parents.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SKIN AFTER LOCAL ELECTRON IRRADIATION

Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed type of cancer among all malignant neoplasms. The decrease in mitotic activity and the death of intact keratinocytes arise due to the constantly renewing epithelium is highly sensitive to ionising radiation. Objective: immunohistochemical evaluation of the proliferative-apoptotic balance of keratinocytes, the ﬁbrous component of the skin and the expression of pro-inﬂammatory and anti-inﬂammatory cytokines after single or fractional local electron irradiation. Methods. Wistar rats (n=50) were taken and divided into groups: I – control (n=20), which were injected with saline; and experimental groups, local electron irradiation at doses: II – 8 Gy (n=10; single), III – 40 Gy (n=10, single), IV – summary dose 78 Gy (n=10; fractional; 13 Gy per day for 6 days). Results and Conclusions. 8 Gy and 40 Gy single local electron irradiation leads to a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic balance of keratinocytes towards their apoptosis, the activity of which is directly correlate with the dose of ionizing radiation, and 78 Gy summary dose in fractions leads to partial desquamation of the epithelium and inﬂammatory inﬁltration. In addition, a signiﬁcant increase in the expression of type I and type III collagen ﬁbers and the development of signs of radiation-induced skin ﬁbrosis takes place against the background of 78 Gy fractional local electron irradiation. At the same time, after single 8 Gy and 40 Gy electron irradiation the described immunohistochemical changes were insigniﬁcant and directly correlated with the dose of ionizing radiation.
Rock slope instability and erosion: toward improved process understanding

Rock slopes in a range of environments are among the landscape elements most sensitive to climate change, the latter affecting rock mass properties, altering slope boundary conditions, and changing geosystem configurations. Major climate‐dependent influences promoting destabilization include stress redistribution with changing glacial ice extents, degradation of mountain permafrost, altered slope hydrology and weathering environments, loading and unloading due to deposition and erosion, and changes in the spectrum of magnitude and frequency of driving forces. In steep bedrock terrain, erosional processes control slope morphology by modulating rates of: (i) weathering in response to climate and pre‐disposition, (ii) rock slope retreat in response to magnitude and frequency of detachment, and (iii) channel incision or valley infilling in response to variable sediment supply. Modelling landscape evolution and anticipating natural hazards in these environments thus requires deeper insights into the processes driving rock slope instability and erosion. This special issue emphasizes new understanding of rock slope processes through a collection of manuscripts at the forefront of research in the field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamside herbaceous vegetation response to hydrologic restoration on the San Pedro River, Arizona

Recovery of physical conditions and processes is increasingly emphasized in ecosystem restoration. We examined a restoration project aimed at recovery of groundwater levels and base flows on an undammed desert river. We sampled streamside plant communities and hydrology annually (2003–2008) at six restoration sites at two farms (Three Links Farm and H&E Farm) after groundwater pumping was curtailed for restoration purposes, and at six reference sites. Vascular plant cover was recorded, and species were classified into functional groups based on water needs and life history. Synthetic vegetation metrics and community composition were compared between restoration sites and perennial‐flow reference sites representing target conditions. Perennial sites had higher cover, species richness, relative cover of hydric perennials and hydric annuals, and lower wetland indicator scores than non‐perennial sites, but did not differ in relative cover of non‐native species. Perennial sites had distinct species composition and high species constancy among years. Streamside vegetation was similar at Three Links Farm and perennial reference sites, indicating restoration success; streamside vegetation at H&E Farm differed from target conditions according to most measures. Hydrology is a key factor shaping desert streamside plant communities. However, single river sites may respond differently to hydrologic restoration. Contrasts in site response were likely due to differences in hydrogeomorphic context, exacerbated by drought. Understanding the constraints on restoration response is critical for setting realistic restoration goals and anticipating time frames of ecosystem change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE TYPE-1 MUTATED Ca V 2 . 1 CALCIUM CHANNELS ALTER 1 INHIBITORY AND EXCITATORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THE LATERAL SUPERIOR OLIVE 2 OF MICE . 3 4

22 23 CaV2.1 Ca 2+ channels play a key role in triggering neurotransmitter release and mediating synaptic transmission. 24 Familial hemiplegic migraine type-1 (FHM-1) is caused by missense mutations in the CACNA1A gene that 25 encodes the α1A pore-forming subunit of CaV2.1 Ca 2+ channels. We used knock-in (KI) transgenic mice 26 harbouring the pathogenic FHM-1 mutation R192Q to study integration of inhibitory and excitatory 27 neurotransmission in the principle neurons of the lateral superior olive (LSO) in the auditory brainstem. We 28 tested if the R192Q FHM-1 mutation differentially effects excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, 29 disturbing the normal balance between excitation and inhibition in the nucleus. Whole cell patch-clamp was used 30 to measure neurotransmitter elicited excitatory (EPSCs) and inhibitory (IPSCs) postsynaptic currents in wild31 type (WT) and R192Q KI mice. Our results show that the FHM-1 mutation in CaV2.1 channels has diverse 32 effects. Evoked EPSC amplitudes are smaller whereas IPSC and miniature IPSC amplitudes are larger in R192Q 33 KI compared to WT mice. In addition, in R192Q KI mice, the release probability is enhanced compared to WT, 34 at both inhibitory (0.59 ± 0.02 vs 0.48 ± 0.01, P = 10 -4 , Student ́s t-test) and excitatory synapses (0.72 ± 0.02 vs 35 *Manuscript Click here to view linked References
Rheology of the Earth and a thermoconvective mechanism for sedimentary basin formation

SUMMARY A power-law non-Newtonian fluid is usually assumed to model slow flows in the mantle and, in particular, convective flows. However, the power-law fluid has no memory, in contrast to a real material. A new non-linear integral (having a memory) model is proposed to describe the rheology of rocks. The model is consistent with the theory of simple fluids with fading memory and with laboratory studies of rock creep. The proposed model reduces to the power-law fluid model for stationary flows and to the Andrade model for flows associated with small strains. Stationary convection beneath continents has been studied by Fleitout & Yuen (1984), who used the power-law fluid model and obtained the cold immobile boundary layer (continental lithosphere). In a stability analysis of this layer, the Andrade model must be used. The analysis shows that the lithosphere is overstable (the period of oscillation is about 200 Ma). In the present study, it is suggested that these thermoconvective oscillations of the lithosphere are a mechanism for sedimentary basin formation. The vertical crustal movement in sedimentary basins can be considered as a slow subsidence on which small-amplitude oscillations are superimposed. The longest period of oscillatory crustal movement is of the same order of magnitude as the period of convective oscillation of the lithosphere found in the stability analysis. Taking into account the diVerence between depositional and erosional transport rates we can explain the permanent subsidence as well as the oscillations.
Analysis of the polarimetric response of vineyards at C-band

This paper aims to examine the sensitivity of C-band RADARSAT-2 polarimetric data to the phenology of vineyards and the potential of this technology to monitor variation in grapevine biomass. The analysis conducted indicates that the cross-polar channel exhibits a signature as a function of phenology and particularly from the phenological stage where grape bunches start to develop, also displaying a clear correlation with leaf area index (LAI) changes. This interpretation is supported by the H/ /A parameters, which indicate that during the first few weeks the response is dominated by a strong polarized return from a Bragg surface; however, from the grape development onwards, vines can be modeled as a two-component scenario comprising a strong return from soil and a weak depolarized return due to the bunches of grapes and leaves. These observations were used to propose a parameterization of the cross-polar intensity, based on the Water Cloud Model, as a function of the development of grapes and LAI changes over time.
Parameterization of cold-season processes in the MAPS land-surface scheme

A coupled atmospheric/land-surface model covering the conterminous United States with an associated 1-hour atmospheric data assimilation cycle, the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS), has been improved to include a snow accumulation/melting scheme and also parameterization of processes in frozen soil. The new aspects of the land-surface model are described in this paper, along with detailed one-dimensional (1-D) tests using an 18-year observation data set from Valday, Russia. These tests show that the MAPS 1-D soil/vegetation/snow model is capable of providing accurate simulations over multiyear periods at locations with significant snow cover and frozen soil. A statistical analysis of the tests shows the expected improvement in snow depth, skin temperature, and especially in runoff from inclusion of these additional surface processes during the spring melting season. This performance in 1-D tests is a necessary prerequisite for robust long-term behavior of soil temperature and moisture fields and other components of the hydrological cycle in the 3-D MAPS coupled assimilation cycle.
A model of river basin evolution

Branched networks are common in nature; examples are the forms assumed by blood distribution systems, leaf veins, plant roots and branches, lightning, crystal growth, and river basins. This somewhat peculiar solution to the transport of mass and energy is prevalent in such a variety of phenomena that it may point to a commonality of controlling principles. The search for these principles, which has occupied hydrologists and geomorphologists for a long time, has centered on such questions as: Why do river channels branch?
Reading the Recent Monetary History of the U.S., 1959-2007

The authors report the results of the estimation of a rich dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy with both stochastic volatility and parameter drifting in the Taylor rule. They use the results of this estimation to examine the recent monetary history of the U.S. and to interpret, through this lens, the sources of the rise and fall of the great American inflation from the late 1960s to the early 1980s and of the great moderation of business cycle fluctuations between 1984 and 2007.