Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reductive Acetogenesis in the Hindgut and Attempts to its Induction in the Rumen—A Review

Abstract Fievez, V. , Piattoni, F. , Mbanzamihigo, L. and Demeyer, D. 1999. Reductive acetogenesis in the hindgut and attempts to its induction in the rumen—A review. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 16: 1–22. Hindgut fermentation differs from rumen fermentation by a lower methane production and the presence of reductive acetogenesis (RA). Moreover, it has been shown that with ageing RA is replaced completely (rumen) or partially (hindgut) by methanogenesis (M). In some animals, as well as in humans, the importance of M has been related to a genetic predisposition, although from results obtained with rabbit caecal contents, this remains questionable. Former results suggested the importance of easily fermentable substrate for RA, more specific recent data suggest a promoting effect for homoacetogenic growth. In a second part of the paper attempts to induce RA in the rumen are reviewed. Neither addition of free amino acids, mucins, hydrogenotrophic substrates or bile salts were able to stimulate RA during batch incubatio.
GAS EXCHANGE DURING REBREATHING *

An understanding of the regulation of respiration implies an appreciation of the behavior of multiple receptor systems in response to a variety of stimuli. There is no agreement as to the nature or location of all the receptor mechanisms. Therefore, it must follow that there can be no unanimity regarding the true nature of the stimuli to which they are sensitive. For example, there is no doubt that an increase in carbon dioxide tension a t some specific anatomical site will stimulate ventilation, but it is by no means clear, under all circumstances, whether this stimulus is the carbon dioxide tension of arterial blood, the tension that exists in some specialized tissue, as for example the brain, the P C O ~ along a capillary system or whether it is more nearly reflected by the P ~ o , of cerebral venous blood. Although there is evidence of varying strength for all of these possibilities, the measurement most often made to represent the stimulus from COz is the alveolar or arterial carbon dioxide tension. This measurement is not necessarily used in the belief that it represents the true stimulus, but simply because it is a convenient index. Most of the available information regarding the ventilatory response to COz comes from observations made in a relatively steady state after prolonged periods of C02 breathing. While such studies give valuable information regarding the net ventilatory effect, they do not describe the response to a COZ stimulus in its pure form since secondary, modifying effects develop during adaptation to the new steady state. For this resson it has become increasingly clear that ventilatory response to a single stimulus can be seen in purer form under unsteady conditions. ' When a gas mixture is rebreathed from a confined space, there ensues a progressive accumulation of C 0 2 and consequent unsteady state during which alveolar COz tension and ventilation can be measured and related. Rebreathing is now widely used as a technique for the study of the regulation of respiration. It is, therefore, the purpose of this communication to review some fundamental concepts which apply to rebreathing and to emphasize some recent studies relating to gas exchange which are perti-
Balanço energético de sistemas de rotação de culturas para trigo, em plantio direto

De 1990 a 1992, na Cooperativa Agraria Mista Entre Rios Ltda. , em Guarapuava, PR, Brasil, foi estimado o balanco energetico dos sistemas de rotacao de culturas para trigo. Os tratamentos foram constituidos de quatro sistemas de rotacao de culturas para trigo: 1) monocultura (trigo); 2) rotacao, com um inverno sem trigo; 3) rotacao, com dois invernos sem trigo; 4) rotacao, com tres invernos sem trigo. As culturas de inverno (aveia, cevada, ervilhaca e trigo), bem como as de verao (milho a soja), foram estabelecidas em plantio direto. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes e parcelas com area util de 60 m 2 . O trigo, no ano de 1990, apresentou menor indice energetico de produtividade cultural em monocultura. A soja apresentou eficiencia energetica e estabilizou a produtividade cultural dos diversos sistemas de rotacao de culturas de inverno.
Hypersensitive cell death and post-haustorial defence responses arrest the orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix) growth in resistant coffee leaves

Abstract The growth of a coffee orange rust fungus ( Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br.) isolate (race II) and the sequence of responses it induced in leaves of resistant Coffea arabica L. and C. congensis Froehner as well as on a susceptible C. arabica were investigated cytologically and biochemically. The percentages of germinated urediospores and of appressoria formed over stomata as well as the fungal growth inside leaf tissues were similar in resistant and susceptible leaves until the 3rd day after the inoculation. In the susceptible leaves, at the majority of the infection sites (70%) the fungus pursued its growth without apparent inhibition while in the resistant leaves the fungus ceased its growth with higher frequency (34% in C. arabica and 54% in C. congensis ) after the formation of at least one haustorium. The first signs of incompatibility, detected 2 days after the inoculation, were cytologically expressed by hypersensitive host cell death (HR), host cell wall autofluorescence and haustoria encasement with callose and β-1,4-glucans. Biochemically, two peaks of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were detected by 2 and 5 days after the inoculation. The 1st peak coincided with the early accumulation of phenolic compounds and with the beginning of cell death. The 2nd peak could be related to later accumulation of phenols and the lignification of the host cell walls. About 5–7 days after the inoculation, ultrastructural observations revealed the accumulation of a material partially crystallized in the intercellular spaces around the senescent hyphae, next to dead host cells and in close association with the middle lamella that initially labelled for pectins. It also contained polysaccharides and phenolic-like compounds. Cellulose, hemicellulose, extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and proteins were not detected. The hypertrophy of the host cells in the infection area were also observed around 12 days after the inoculation corresponding macroscopically to the reaction flt . In susceptible plants, cell death was also observed 3 days after the inoculation but only in a reduced percentage of infection sites in which the fungus aborted at an early stage. A late haustorium encasement and stimulation of PAL activity were also observed but these delayed host responses did not prevent fungal growth and sporulation. The intercellular material, only observed in the resistant plants, is here reported for the first time and although its role is unknown it might be the result of plant cell death.
Fertilizer affects the behaviour and performance of Plutella xylostella on brassicas

1 Foliar nitrogen concentration, which can be manipulated in crop plants by fertilizer supply, has long been recognized as a major factor in phytophagous insect abundance and performance. More recently, the type of fertilizer supplied has been shown to influence the abundance of some herbivore species. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is a global pest of Brassica crops. Although it has been the subject of numerous studies on host‐plant resistance and pest control, few studies have addressed the effect of abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply, on its performance and behaviour.
Development, characterization and mapping of microsatellite markers for lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Lentil is the sixth most important pulse crop terms of production in the world, but the number of available and mapped SSR markers are limited. To develop SSR markers in lentil, four genomic libraries for (CA)n, (GA)n, (AAC)n and (ATG)n repeats were constructed. A total of 360 SSR primers were designed and validated using 15 Turkish lentil cultivars and genotypes. The most polymorphic repeat motifs were GA and CT, with a mean number of alleles per locus of 7.80 and 6.55, respectively. Seventy-eight SSR primers amplified a total of 400 polymorphic alleles, whereas 71 SSR primers produced markers within the expected size range. For 78 polymorphic SSR primers, the average number of alleles per locus was 5.1 and PIC value ranged from 0.07 to 0.89, with an average of 0.58. A linkage map was constructed using 92 individual F2 plants derived from a cross between Karacadag × Silvan, with 47 SSR markers. The SSR markers developed in this study could be used for germplasm classification and identification and mapping of QTL in lentil.
Effect of location and seed rate on three genotypes of mungbean

Mungbean sown at four sites in the Punjab on 12 and 24 July gave higher yields than earlier or especially later sowings. A seed rate of 17.5 kg/ha was recommended for July, but 20 kg/ha seed rate is advisable for later sowings. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
EFFECT OF pH ON ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF CARAMELIZATION PRODUCTS

Antioxidative activity and other characteristics of caramelization products (CPs) from fructose or glucose solutions prepared at pHs ranging from 7.0 to 12.0 with heating at 100C for various times (0-180 min) were investigated. The degradation of both sugars increased with increasing pH levels and heating time (P < 0.05). The intermediate degradation products and browning intensity also increased when pH and heating time increased (P < 0.05) as evidenced by the increase in A 270 , A 285 and A 420 , respectively. The reducing power and 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of CPs were coincidental with the browning development and the intermediate formation. Generally, CPs from fructose showed greater antioxidative activity as shown by the higher reducing power and scavenging effect than CPs from glucose. Therefore, CPs from both sugars with pronounced antioxidative activity can be prepared by heating fructose or glucose solutions at very alkaline pH for an extended time.
Photoinhibition in the Antarctic moss Grimmia antarctici Card when exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing

Freezing and thawing of the endemic moss species Grimmia antarctici Card, caused photoinhibition. When snow cover was removed from moss in the field, resulting in exposure to fluctuating temperatures and light conditions, photoinhibition, measured as a reduction in the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence (F-v/F-m), was observed. The extent of photoinhibition was highly variable and appeared to be reversible during periods of warmer temperatures, A series of controlled laboratory studies found that the light conditions that prevail between freezing and thawing events influenced the recovery from photoinhibition observed during freezing and thawing, with low light conditions facilitating the greatest rates of recovery, After four cycles of freezing and thawing, recovery from photoinhibition in hydrated moss was achieved within 12 h of transfer to 5 degrees C and 15 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1). These results favour the hypothesis that photoinhibition observed during freezing represents a protective process involving the down-regulation of photosystem II when photosynthetic carbon assimilation is limited by low temperatures.
Effects of invasive European frogbit and its two physical control methods on macroinvertebrates

European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) is an invasive floating plant that negatively affects native plants in freshwater ecosystems. We conducted a field mesocosm experiment in Oneida Lake, New York (USA), to study the effect of frogbit cover on macroinvertebrates and to test the effects of 2 physical control methods, hand pulling and shading, on macroinvertebrate assemblages. We used Hester–Dendy samplers and Ekman grabs to collect surface/phytophilous and benthic macroinvertebrates. Metrics including density of different types of organisms, total abundance, taxon richness, and Simpson’s diversity index were compared between control methods. Frogbit cover had significant positive effects on mollusk density, amphipod density, taxon richness, and Simpson’s diversity in the Hester–Dendy surface samples. Sites with frogbit had significantly fewer benthic worms and more chironomids (Hester–Dendy bottom samples) and possibly higher diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates (Ekman samples). These data suggested that frogbit had positive effects on surface and phytophilous macroinvertebrates and may change population density and increase diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates. Hand pulling and shading did not affect macroinvertebrates except that amphipod density in surface water was significantly lower in shading sites. Therefore, from the perspective of minimizing effects on the macroinvertebrate communities in the lakes, hand pulling is preferable over shading for controlling frogbit.
Biological control of Botrytis cinerea on tomato using naturally occurring fungal antagonists

Abstract In order to evaluate the potential of naturally occurring filamentous fungi having potential as biocontrol agents effective against grey mould and post-harvest fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea on tomato, fungal saprophytes were isolated. They were obtained from leaves, fruits and flowers belonging to different species of cultivated and spontaneous Solanaceous plants collected at the horticultural area of La Plata, Argentina. Of 300 isolates screened for inhibition of B. cinerea using the dual culture technique on agar plate, 12 strains inhibited strongly mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among the antagonists one isolate of Epicoccun nigrum (126), four of Trichoderma harzianum (110, 118, 248 and 252) and four isolates of Fusarium spp. decreased the spore germination of B. cinerea between 30 and 70%. These isolates were probed on tomato fruits to evaluate their biocontrol activity against post-harvest grey mould. In growth chamber tests, E. nigrum (27), F. equiseti (22, 105) and T. harzianum (118, 252) reduced the diameter of fruit lesions by 50 – 90% and were selected for further biocontrol assays of tomato plants in the greenhouse. Although there were not significant differences between the treatments and the control, F. equiseti (105), E. nigrum (27) and T. harzianum (118) reduced by 20, 22 and 22 respectively the disease on whole plants. The targeted application of isolates of E. nigrum, T. harzianum and F. equiseti provides a promising alternative to the use of fungicide spray to control B. cinerea on tomatoes.
Grape yield and quality of white wine varieties in the Belgrade area.

In the period 1997-1999 comparative researches of the white wine varieties were conducted, viz. Smederevka, Italian Riezling, Riezling weisser (clone 239 Gm), Sauvignon white, Pinot blanc and Chardonnay (clone R8). In the first three years of the growing fertility of these varieties, their main biological characteristics and grape quality could be determined. Variety Smederevka reached the highest yield (1.23 kg/m2), whereas other tested varieties demonstrated lower rates of yield, but at the same time higher grape quality.
INFLUENCE OF COLD STORAGE ON THE VIABILITY OF VEDALIA BEETLE, Rodolia cardinalis (MULSANT) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

The vedalia predator Rodolia cardinalis considered as a main natural enemy for the biological control of mealy bugs, Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca and I. seychellarum. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of cold storage on the developmental stages of R. cardinalis. Eggs of the predator were stored for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days at 6, 10 and 14 °C, , larval instars were stored for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days at 10 and 14 °C. R. cardinalis pupae were stored 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days at 6, 10 and 14 °C, while adults were stored for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days at 6 and 10 °C. Hatchability percentage of eggs decrease with the increase of storage period at 6°C, it averaged 84 ±10.2 (eggs one day old) and 78 ± 11.6 (eggs two days old) after 5 day of storage at 6°C, however at 6°C and 10°C eggs one and two days old, no egg hatching was observed after 25 days of storage. All eggs held for 25 days at 6°C and 10°C failed to hatch. The survival of third and fourth instar larvae stored at 6°C and 10°C was higher than the first and second instar. The fourth instar larvae of R. cardinalis were the most tolerable for cold storage. These results also provide novel findings that the fourth larval instar and eggs of R. cardinalis can be stored for twenty days at 10 °C, adult and pupae stored at 6 °C for twenty days with no reduction in viability for each stage. The results indicate that a cold storage of R. cardinalis could be used for maintaining and accumulating these predators during mass propagation for release in a biological control program and increasing the shelf-life of predators in clean agriculture.
Mechanical behaviour of oil palm kernels (Elaeis guineensis).

Mechanical properties including compressive force, deformation (mm), deformation energy (J), and hardness (N mm -1 ) were investigated for heat treated palm kernels in a compression loading test. The kernels were measured at pressing heights 60 and 80 mm respectively using the pressing vessel diameter 60 mm. Maximum pressing force 100 kN with a compression speed 1 mm s -1 was used to record the force-deformation characteristics. Maximum force was applied on the initial volume of material three times. The amounts of deformation, deformation energy, and kernel oil (g) decreased linearly in relation to repeated pressing of the initial volume of material. In contrast, kernel hardness increased. A little significant change in the kernels rate of deformation was observed in the entire test. However, in each test there was a measurable amount of kernel oil. The study indicated that a force greater than 100 kN would be needed to achieve higher percentage of kernel oil from heat treated palm kernels under compression loading. oil palm kernels; heat treatment; force; pressing height; deformation energy; kernel oil
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Methane Fluxes from Irrigated Lowland Rice Fields

An assessment of spatial and temporal variations in methane (CH4) emission was conducted in three experimental fields (UQ, UY and UE) of the International Rice Research Institute Experimental Farm in Bay, Laguna, Philippines during the 2009 dry season. Aside from CH4 fluxes, the following parameters were also determined: hot water-extractable C (HWEC), floodwater temperature (FWT), floodwater depth (FWD) and plant height. Field sampling was conducted using static chambers and CH4 concentrations were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The highest average emission rate was observed in field UQ, followed by UE and UY (651, 107 and 95 mg CH4 m-2 d-1, respectively). The UQ field also had the highest average HWEC (618 mg kg-1 compared with 496 for UY 496 and 482 for UE). Significant temporal variations in CH4 emission, HWEC and FWT were observed within each field. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that HWEC, plant height, FWT and FWD accounted for 62% of the spatial and temporal variabilities in CH4 fluxes. Soil HWEC showed the greatest contribution (R2 = 0.46, P Key Words: flooded rice, hot water-extractable carbon, methane emission
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STIGMASTEROL FROM CHLOROFORM FRACTION OF AERIAL PART OF ARGEMONE MEXICANA L

Objective: Phytosterols are group of steroidal alcohol play important roles in structural component in the cell membrane and play a role in membrane stability. There are almost 22 different sterols are found yet and the major phytosterols include s-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize the bioactive principles from the chloroform fraction of Argemone Mexicana L. Methods: The isolation was done using column chromatography using gradient elution with different mobile phases. The isolated compound was subjected to spectral analysis. Structure elucidation was carried out on basis of spectral analysis. Results: The chemical investigation of the chloroform fraction of aerial parts of belonging to the family Papaveraceae led to the isolation of stigmasterol. The isolated compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic data as well as chemical studies. Conclusion: From the spectral characteristics, the isolated compound from the chloroform fraction of aerial parts was confirmed to be stigmasterol. This is the first ever report of these stigmasterol compound from the chloroform fraction of aerial parts of Argemone mexicana .
Molecular characterization of β‐thalassemia in Egyptians

We sought to determine the spectrum of mutations producing β‐thalassemia in Egypt using genomic PCR and a variety of mutation‐screening procedures. Thirty‐four β‐thalassemia and three Hb S/β‐thalassemia patients originating from different regions of Egypt were studied, and the causative mutation was found in 69 of 71 (97%) β‐thalassemia genes. Four mutations accounted for 78% of β‐thalassemia genes in this population; IVS‐1, nt 110 (41%), IVS‐1 nt 6 (13%), IVS‐1, nt 1 (13%), and IVS‐2, nt 848 (11%). The latter allele, a C–A mutation at the third nucleotide of an acceptor site consensus sequence, has been described previously only in one Egyptian, one Iranian, one Tunisian, and one Black American patient. Nine other alleles each accounted for 1‐3% of β‐thalassemia genes. Among these was one codon 27 allele (Hb Knossos), two frameshift 106/107 alleles previously seen only in a Black American, and a rarely observed mutation in the distal promoter region of the β‐globin gene, −87 (C‐A). Our results suggest that from a molecular genetic standpoint a β‐thalassemia prevention program based on carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis can be implemented in Egypt. In couples at risk for β‐thalassemia, the causative mutation should be identifiable in both members in 92% and in one member in the remaining 8%. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of Cellular Component in Inflammatory Response Induced by Different Stimuli in the Swim Bladder of Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887 (Characidae)

Abstract. — The present study assessed the kinetics of cell accumulation at the site of inflammation induced by thioglycolate, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila, in the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae), swim bladder. A quantitative, as well as qualitative, assessment was done of all the cells present in the exudate at 6, 24, and 48 h (n = 8) after inoculation of inflammatory agents. The results show that the thioglycolate was the irritant to induce higher total inflammatory cell accumulation when compared to the control group, 6 h after insult (P < 0.05). Inoculation of heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila induced progressive accumulation of total inflammatory cells, with cell number peaking after 24 h and being significantly higher than observed in the other groups (P < 0.05). Injection of LPS also induced greater cell accumulation when compared to the control group (P < 0.05), although in lower numbers than those induced by the other two irritants. All irritants injected induced significantly greater accumulation of lymphocytes and thrombocytes when compared to the control group (P < 0.05).