Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating biological control and land management practices for control of Ulex europaeus in Hawai'i

Despite our best efforts, most biological control programs do not adequately control target weeds. The number of “partially successful” programs in place around the world is legion. Recent advances in modelling allow us to simulate how biological control interacts with more traditional control techniques and with land-use choices, and to test scenarios for integrating control strategies to enhance the value of partially successful biological control projects. A comprehensive, integrated weed-management program for approximately 4000 ha of Ulex europaeus L. (gorse) at Humu’ula, Hawai’i, is under development. An existing, spatially explicit, population dynamics model created using U. europaeus population parameters from New Zealand predicts that long-term suppression of U. europaeus infestations is feasible within a range of combinations of seed predation, inter-specific seedling competition, and disturbance from fire or herbicides. Results from a field experiment at Humu’ula will be used to re-parameterise the model for Hawaiian conditions, and test the predictions of the model. Several biological control agents have already been established there, and the seed-feeder Cydia succedana will be introduced. The insights gained from the field experiment and from modelling will be used to enhance biological control, by developing an array of integrated control tactics and incorporating these into long-term management plans for U. europaeus at a landscape level. Provenance trials are underway to test the feasibility of forestry in the area. Management plans will be prepared with local stakeholders, and will take into account the relative viability of alternative land uses such as forestry and grazing.
Mineralogic summary of Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Quantitative x-ray powder diffraction analysis of tuffs and silicic lavas, using matrix-flushing techniques, has been used to obtain a model of three-dimensional mineral distributions at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This method of analysis is especially useful in tuff, where the most abundant phases are commonly too fine grained for optical determination. The three-dimensional distributions of primary glass and of tridymite are particularly well constrained. Vitric nonwelded glasses occur above and below the welded devitrified Topopah Spring Member, but the glass in the lower nonwelded vitric zone is progressively altered to zeolites to the east where the zone is closer to the static water level. The zeolites clinoptilolite, mordenite, heulandite, and erionite have all been found at Yucca Mountain, but only mordenite and clinoptilolite are abundant and can be mapped between many drill holes and at many depths. Heulandite distribution is also mappable, but only below the densely welded devitrified part of the Topopah Storing Member. Erionite has been confirmed only once, as a fracture coating. There is a fairly continuous smectite-rich interval immediately above the basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Member, but no evidence suggests that the smectites can provide information on the paleogroundwater table. There are at least four mappable zeolitized zones in Yucca Mountain, and the thicker zones tend to coincide with intervals that retained glass following early tuff devitrification. Problems in extrapolation occur where zones of welding pinch out. No phillipsite has been found, and some samples previously reported to contain phillipsite or erionite were reexamined with negative results. The deeper alteration to albite and analcime was not sampled in every drill hole, and the distribution of these phases is difficult to map.
Découverte d’un niveau marin biologique sur les quais de Portus : le port antique de Rome

Certains organismes marins vivent fixes sur les quais des ports actuels. La limite superieure des peuplements mediolittoraux definit le niveau marin biologique. De telles faunes fixees viennent d’etre decouvertes sur les quais du port antique de Rome, le Portus, construit au ier et iie s. ap. J.-C. sur le littoral du delta du Tibre. Ce niveau marin biologique antique apporte quatre informations geoarcheologiques fondamentales. (1) Sa datation au radiocarbone, 2115 ± 30 BP soit 230 a 450 ap. J.-C. , indique la phase ultime de connexion entre la mer et les bassins portuaires. (2) Sa position 80cm sous le zero biologique actuel indique, avec precision, une hausse relative de 80 ±10cm du niveau marin depuis le iiie / ve s. ap. J.-C. (3) La difference altimetrique entre cet ancien niveau marin et les donnees stratigraphiques des carottages apporte des informations sur les paleoprofondeurs. Ainsi, a l’entree du bassin hexagonal de Trajan, la profondeur etait de 7m. (4) La presence ou l’absence de faunes fixees signifie un contact ou non des moles avec la mer et renseigne sur la configuration, encore mal connue, de Portus.
STUDIES ON COMBINING ABILITY IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. L)

Combining ability studies in sunflower revealed that additive gene action was predominant for all the characters except 100 seed weight and oil content. Among the female parents, EC 85820 and EC 69874 were the best general combiners for earliness, K 74 for seed yield and EC 93617 for oil content. The tester parents K 1 and Co 1 were the best general combiners for seed yield and oil content respectively. The best cross combinations for seed yield were EC 75272 x K 2 and Kanpur Selection x Co 1, while for oil content it was EC 93617 x Co 1. In general there was no correspondence between mean performance and sca effects of the crosses.
Structure of the Koyna‐Warna Seismic Zone, Maharashtra, India: A possible model for large induced earthquakes elsewhere

The Koyna‐Warna area of India is one of the best worldwide examples of reservoir‐induced seismicity, with the distinction of having generated the largest known induced earthquake (M6.3 on 10 December 1967) and persistent moderate‐magnitude (>M5) events for nearly 50 years. Yet, the fault structure and tectonic setting that has accommodated the induced seismicity is poorly known, in part because the seismic events occur beneath a thick sequence of basalt layers. On the basis of the alignment of earthquake epicenters over an ~50 year period, lateral variations in focal mechanisms, upper‐crustal tomographic velocity images, geophysical data (aeromagnetic, gravity, and magnetotelluric), geomorphic data, and correlation with similar structures elsewhere, we suggest that the Koyna‐Warna area lies within a right step between northwest trending, right‐lateral faults. The sub‐basalt basement may form a local structural depression (pull‐apart basin) caused by extension within the step‐over zone between the right‐lateral faults. Our postulated model accounts for the observed pattern of normal faulting in a region that is dominated by north‐south directed compression. The right‐lateral faults extend well beyond the immediate Koyna‐Warna area, possibly suggesting a more extensive zone of seismic hazards for the central India area. Induced seismic events have been observed many places worldwide, but relatively large‐magnitude induced events are less common because critically stressed, preexisting structures are a necessary component. We suggest that releasing bends and fault step‐overs like those we postulate for the Koyna‐Warna area may serve as an ideal tectonic environment for generating moderate‐ to large‐ magnitude induced (reservoir, injection, etc.) earthquakes.
On the temporal variability of the virtual water network

Food security strongly depends on how water resources available in a certain region contribute to determine the maximum amount of food that it can produce. Human societies often cope with water scarcity by importing food products from other regions. Thus, the international trade of food commodities is associated with a virtual transfer of water resources from production to consumption regions through a network of trade. Even though global food security increasingly relies on this trade, the spatiotemporal patterns of the virtual water network remain poorly investigated. It is unclear how these patterns are changing over time, whether there is an increase in the interconnectedness of the network, and at what rate the globalization of water resources is occurring. Here we use a rich database of international trade and reconstruct the virtual water network from 1986 through 2008. We find that the total flow has more than doubled, and the number of links has increased by 92% over this time period. The network has become more homogeneous but most of the flow concentrates in few links and hubs, while several countries exhibit only few (and weak) connections. 50% of the global fluxes are carried by 1.1% of the links, and on average 6–8% of the global population controls more than 50% of the net virtual water exports. The network is extremely dynamic and intermittent with only few permanent links, while each year many links are created and dismissed.
Topography and dynamics of Austfonna, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, from SAR interferometry

The ice caps of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, represent one of the largest glaciated areas outside of Antarctica and Greenland. They demonstrate a variety of different flow regimes within a comparatively compact area. We report on the first interferometrically derived elevation models and velocity visualisations of Austfonna. This initial investigation had three purposes: to determine whether the coherence and velocity characteristics of the region permitted interferometric survey; to determine the accuracy of derived elevations; and to assess the possibility of investigating time-variant flow of the more dynamic ice bodies using differential interferometry. A trio of coherent synthetic aperture radar images from ERS-1 ’s First Ice Phase was identified. The images were combined to separate the topographic and velocity components of the resultant interferograms. The topographic phase difference was used to produce a digital elevation model of Austfonna. Its accuracy relative to radio-echo-sounding derived tie-points is 8 m and its resolution 40 m. We also present synoptic views of the velocity field of three of Austfonna’s drainage basins, and comment on the extraction of useful velocity information.
Moisture History and Small Mammal Community Richness during the Latest Pleistocene and Holocene, Northern Bonneville Basin, Utah

Precipitation and net primary productivity are positively correlated in arid environments. Both variables are, in turn, correlated with mammal species richness, but this relationship is not necessarily positive. With increasing precipitation in arid areas of low to moderate productivity, mammal richness increases linearly; as rainfall and productivity increase beyond this point, mammal richness is known to decline in some areas, producing a relationship that has been termed “unimodal” or “humped. ” In the Great Basin of the arid western United States, studies of the relationship between rodent species richness and precipitation have revealed only a positive relationship between these two variables. It has, however, been argued that if areas of higher precipitation were to be sampled within this region, the decline phase would become evident. When latest Pleistocene and Holocene small mammal assemblages from the northern Bonneville Basin (central Utah) are examined across a temporal moisture gradient, species richness declines as moisture declines. Since the Great Basin was significantly moister during the latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene than it has been since that time, the unimodal response model does not appear to apply to this region.
Rumour Detection in the Wild: A Browser Extension for Twitter

Rumour detection, particularly on social media, has gained popularity in recent years. The machine learning community has made significant contributions in investigating automatic methods to detect rumours on such platforms. However, these state-of-the-art (SoTA) models are often deployed by social media companies; ordinary end-users cannot leverage the solutions in the literature for their own rumour detection. To address this issue, we put forward a novel browser extension that allows these users to perform rumour detection on Twitter. Particularly, we leverage the performance from SoTA architectures, which has not been done previously. Initial results from a user study confirm that this browser extension provides benefit. Additionally, we examine the performance of our browser extension’s rumour detection model in a simulated deployment environment. Our results show that additional infrastructure for the browser extension is required to ensure its usability when deployed as a live service for Twitter users at scale.
Saturn suprathermal O2+ and mass‐28+ molecular ions: Long‐term seasonal and solar variation

Suprathermal singly charged molecular ions, O2+ (at ~32 Da/e) and the Mass‐28 ion group 28M+ (ions at ~28 Da/e, with possible contributions from C2H5+, HCNH+, N2+, and/or CO+), are present throughout Saturn's ~4–20 Rs (1 Saturn radius, Rs = 60,268 km) near‐equatorial magnetosphere from mid‐2004 until mid‐2012. These ~83–167 keV/e heavy ions measured by Cassini's CHarge‐Energy‐Mass Spectrometer have long‐term temporal profiles that differ from each other and differ relative to the dominant water group ions, W+ (O+, OH+, H2O+, and H3O+). O2+/W+, initially ~0.05, declined steadily until equinox in mid‐2009 by a factor of ~6, and 28M+/W+, initially ~0.007, declined similarly until early‐2007 by a factor of ~2. The O2+/W+ decline is consistent with Cassini's in situ ring‐ionosphere thermal ion measurements, and with proposed and modeled seasonal photolysis of Saturn's rings for thermal O2 and O2+. The water ice‐dominated main rings and Enceladus plume depositions thereon are the two most likely O2+ sources. Enceladus' dynamic plumes, though, have no known long‐term dependence. After declining, O2+/W+ and 28M+/W+ levels remained low until late‐2011 when O2+/W+ increased, but 28M+/W+ did not. The O2+/W+ increase was steady and became statistically significant by mid‐2012, indicating a clear increase after a decline, that is, a possibly delayed O2+ “seasonal” recovery. Ring insolation is driven by solar UV flux which itself varies with the sun's 11 year activity cycle. The O2+/W+ and 28M+/W+ declines are consistent with seasonal ring insolation. No O2+/W+ response to the late‐2008 solar‐cycle UV minimum and recovery is evident. However, the O2+/W+ recovery from the postequinox baseline levels in late‐2011 coincided with a strong solar UV enhancement. We suggest a scenario/framework in which the O2+ observations can be understood.
Cultivar differences in tolerance to damage by rainfall

Differences in the level of damage to fruit following six rainfall events, that ranged from 7 to 330 mm, between May and September were determined for cultivars 'Festival' and 'Rubygem' and 43 breeding lines. 'Festival' with an average score of 7.5 was more tolerant to rain damage than 'Rubygem' (6.0). Relative scores for tolerance to rain-damage were consistent across rainfall events with no cultivar×rain-event interaction. Evaluation at only one rainfall event may be sufficient to determine a cultivar's relative resistance to rain-damage, providing key cultivars with 'known' levels are included as calibration points.
STABILIZATION OF POTENTIALLY LIQUEFIABLE SAND DEPOSITS USING GRAVEL DRAINS

The installation of a drainage system offers an attractive and economical procedure for stabilizing an otherwise potentially liquefiable sand deposit. Such a procedure has already been used in one case involving the construction of stone columns in a relatively loose sand deposit, and it is being proposed for stabilizaiton of a medium dense sand layer. The paper presents a simplified theory that provides a convenient basis for evaluating the possible effectiveness of a grain drain system in such cases. Where appropriate, appropriate, additional analyses may readily be made using a computer program (LARF) based on the theory presented, but for most practical cases, it is believed that the charts presented in the paper will provide for effective stabilization of potentially liquefiable sand deposits. /Author/
Accumulation-rate variations around Summit, Greenland

Abstract Shallow cores to about 17 m depth were recovered at nine sites distributed on a 150 km × 150 km survey grid centered Summit in central Greenland. Measurements of the stable oxygen-isotope ratio and the gross β activity as a function of depth enable annual summer horizons to be identified and dated. From these data, average accumulation rates were computed with an uncertainty of about 5–8%. The contours of constant accumulation rate in the region suggest a primary moisture flux from the southwest of the grid. Similarly, contours of the average oxygen-isotope ratio are consistent with the progressive isotopic depletion of a precipitating air mass moving from the southwest, and automatic weather-station data indicate that the moisture flux tends to be largest from the southwest quadrant. The annual variation in the total accumulation over the grid shows no persistent trend over the interval 1964–87 common to all cores.
An energetic perspective on hydrological cycle changes in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project

Analysis of surface and atmospheric energy budget responses to CO2 and solar forcings can be used to reveal mechanisms of change in the hydrological cycle. We apply this energetic perspective to output from 11 fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models simulating experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), which achieves top‐of‐atmosphere energy balance between an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 from preindustrial levels (abrupt4xCO2) and uniform solar irradiance reduction. We divide the climate system response into a rapid adjustment, in which climate response is due to adjustment of the atmosphere and land surface on short time scales, and a feedback response, in which the climate response is predominantly due to feedback related to global mean temperature changes. Global mean temperature change is small in G1, so the feedback response is also small. G1 shows a smaller magnitude of land sensible heat flux rapid adjustment than in abrupt4xCO2 and a larger magnitude of latent heat flux adjustment, indicating a greater reduction of evaporation and less land temperature increase than abrupt4xCO2. The sum of surface flux changes in G1 is small, indicating little ocean heat uptake. Using an energetic perspective to assess precipitation changes, abrupt4xCO2 shows decreased mean evaporative moisture flux and increased moisture convergence, particularly over land. However, most changes in precipitation in G1 are in mean evaporative flux, suggesting that changes in mean circulation are small.
Osteology and relationships of Thaiichthys nov. gen.: a Ginglymodi from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Thailand

Abstract: The osteology of Thaiichthys buddhabutrensis, nov. gen., from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Thailand is described on the basis of a collection of well‐preserved specimens. The mode of preservation of the material allows describing the external anatomy, as well as some elements of the internal anatomy (braincase, elements of the vertebral column). Most of the cranial and postcranial skeleton shows a rather conservative anatomy for ‘semionotiformes’, but the jaw apparatus displays specializations. Variations observed in the ossification pattern of the skull roof and of the cheek, in the morphology of the median dorsal scales and in fin rays’ count indicate that caution should be applied when these characters are used in diagnoses and in phylogenetic analyses. A phylogenetic analysis including a set of gars, of ‘semionotiformes’, of Macrosemiiformes and of Halecomorphi shows the following features: (1) the monophyly of Holostei; (2) sister‐pair relationships between Tlayuamichin/Semiolepis, Isanichthys/’Lepidotes’ latifrons and Araripelepidotes/Pliodetes; (3) the latter pair, together with Thaiichthys and possibly ‘Lepidotes’ mantelli, are resolved as stem Lepisosteiformes; and (4) the ‘semionotiformes’ (a group gathering species of Semionotus and Lepidotes) do not form a clade.
Do Dietary Supplements Affect Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Status in Adults with Hypothyroidism or Hashimoto’s Disease?—A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials

This systematic review aims to summarise the results of controlled trials on dietary supplements (DS) usage and inflammation, oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and thyroid parameter improvement in hypothyroidism (HT)/Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (AIT) patients. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42022365149). A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases resulted in the identification of nineteen randomised controlled trials and three non-randomised studies for the review; three studies examined the effect of supplementation with vitamin D, twelve studies—with selenium, and seven studies—with other DS. Based on very limited evidence, the lack of influence of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory parameters was found, while no studies have examined oxidative stress and antioxidant status parameters, and only one provided results for a single thyroid parameter after an intervention. Some evidence was found proving that selenium supplementation may decrease inflammation and improve thyroid parameters, but reaching a conclusion about its influence on oxidative stress and antioxidant status is not possible because of the insufficient number of studies. Additionally, due to examining other DS (e.g., multicomponent, Nigella sativa, and genistein) only in single studies, conclusions cannot be drawn. Further long-term, high-quality randomised controlled trials are necessary to better understand the influence of DS on inflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status, as well as their potential to improve thyroid gland function in HT/AIT patients.
Measuring social vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in Dominican Republic coastal communities

People’s capacity to adapt to shifting and emerging climate conditions is one of the most important characteristics to consider when addressing climate risks. This study explores the vulnerability and adaptive capacity to changing climate conditions of individuals in various sectors of employment in three coastal communities of the Dominican Republic. Participants included individuals who directly use marine resources for their occupation and those who do not. Specific research questions in this study are: What are the factors related to adaptive capacity in coastal communities of the Dominican Republic? Do these factors vary between direct resource users and non-­‐direct resource users? Do these factors vary amongst individuals who do and do not share household responsibility for income? Principal component analysis of responses to 26 likert statements resulted in seven factors related to occupational adaptive capacity: ability to plan, learn, and reorganize; attachment to occupation; occupational adaptability/flexibility; attachment to place; employment security; financial security; and occupational mobility. Factor scores were compared between direct resource users and non-­‐direct resource users, as well as between individuals who are the sole providers of household income and those who share the responsibility of providing income to the home, to explore if there is a difference in vulnerability and adaptive capacity between these groups of coastal residents. Results suggest that responses to many of the factors related to vulnerability and adaptive capacity are similar for all coastal