Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Critical Soil Water Potential and Seed Hydration Value for Germination of Soybean Varieties under Different Soil Types

In recent year farmers are facing serious problem of soybean seed germination. It is not clear that whether low germination is due to genetical make up or soil moisture content or otherwise any other unknown reason. It is well known fact that moisture imbibition by seed is a pre-requisite for germination. For almost all crops, moisture is needed at the time of germination, early seedling and later growth stages. Seeds, however require an optimal range of moisture beyond which either they fail to germinate or the germination is poor. The rate of seed germination is affected by the percentage of soil moisture present in the germination medium. The occurrence and the rate of germination are considerably influenced by soil moisture matric potential and hydraulic conductivity. The seeds of crops failed to germinate at or below the wilting coefficient (Collis-George and Hector, 1966). Hydration of cereals and legumes has been studied to International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 517-522 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
The Chromatic Number of Kneser Hypergraphs via Consensus Division

We show that the Consensus Division theorem implies lower bounds on the chromatic number of Kneser hypergraphs, offering a novel proof for a result of Alon, Frankl, and Lov\'{a}sz (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 1986) and for its generalization by Kriz (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 1992). Our approach is applied to study the computational complexity of the total search problem Kneser$^p$, which given a succinct representation of a coloring of a $p$-uniform Kneser hypergraph with fewer colors than its chromatic number, asks to find a monochromatic hyperedge. We prove that for every prime $p$, the Kneser$^p$ problem with an extended access to the input coloring is efficiently reducible to a quite weak approximation of the Consensus Division problem with $p$ shares. In particular, for $p=2$, the problem is efficiently reducible to any non-trivial approximation of the Consensus Halving problem on normalized monotone functions. We further show that for every prime $p$, the Kneser$^p$ problem lies in the complexity class $\mathsf{PPA}$-$p$. As an application, we establish limitations on the complexity of the Kneser$^p$ problem, restricted to colorings with a bounded number of colors.
Developing a Reporting and Evaluation Framework for Biodiversity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the development of a biodiversity reporting and evaluation framework. The application of the framework to an exemplar organisation identifies biodiversity-related annual report disclosures and analyses changes in the nature and levels of these over time. Finally, the paper aims to establish whether the disclosures made by the exemplar are consistent with a deep ecological perspective, as exemplified by New Zealand conservation legislation. Design/methodology/approach Viewing the framework developed by the paper through a deep ecological lens, the study involves a detailed content analysis of the biodiversity disclosures contained within the annual reports of a conservation organisation over a 23-year period. Using the framework developed in this paper, the biodiversity-related text units were identified and allocated to one of three major categories, 13 subcategories, and then into deep, intermediate and shallow ecology. Findings Biodiversity disclosures enable stakeholders to determine the goals, assess their implementation, and evaluate the performance of an organisation. Applying the framework to the exemplar revealed the majority of annual report disclosures focused on presenting performance/implementation information. The study also found that the majority of disclosures reflect a deep ecological approach. A deep/shallow ecological tension was apparent in a number of disclosures, especially those relating to the exploitation of the conservation estate. Originality/value This paper is the first to develop a framework that can be used as both a biodiversity reporting assessment tool and a reporting guide. The framework will be particularly useful for those studying reporting by conservation departments and stakeholders of organisations whose operations impact biodiversity.
Dynamic Maximal Matching in Clique Networks

We consider the problem of computing a maximal matching with a distributed algorithm in the presence of batch-dynamic changes to the graph topology. We assume that a graph of $n$ nodes is vertex-partitioned among $k$ players that communicate via message passing. Our goal is to provide an efficient algorithm that quickly updates the matching even if an adversary determines batches of $\ell$ edge insertions or deletions. Assuming a link bandwidth of $O(\beta\log n)$ bits per round, for a parameter $\beta \ge 1$, we first show a lower bound of $\Omega( \frac{\ell\,\log k}{\beta\,k^2\log n})$ rounds for recomputing a matching assuming an oblivious adversary who is unaware of the initial (random) vertex partition as well as the current state of the players, and a stronger lower bound of $\Omega(\frac{\ell}{\beta\,k\log n})$ rounds against an adaptive adversary, who may choose any balanced (but not necessarily random) vertex partition initially and who knows the current state of the players. We also present a randomized algorithm that has an initialization time of $O( \lceil\frac{n}{\beta\,k}\rceil\log n )$ rounds, while achieving an update time that that is independent of $n$: In more detail, the update time is $O( \lceil \frac{\ell}{\beta\,k} \rceil \log(\beta\,k))$ against an oblivious adversary, who must fix all updates in advance. If we consider the stronger adaptive adversary, the update time becomes $O( \lceil \frac{\ell}{\sqrt{\beta\,k}}\rceil \log(\beta\,k))$ rounds.
Towards Stronger Depth Lower Bounds

A fundamental problem in circuit complexity is to find explicit functions that require large depth to compute. When considering the natural DeMorgan basis of { OR , AND } , where negations incur no cost, the best known depth lower bounds for an explicit function in NP have the form (3 − o (1)) log 2 n , established by Håstad (building on others) in the early 1990s. We make progress on the problem of improving this factor of 3, in two different ways: We consider an “algorithmic method” approach to proving stronger depth lower bounds for non-uniform circuits in the DeMorgan basis. We show that slightly faster algorithms (than what is known) for counting the number of satisfying assignments on subcubic -size DeMorgan formulas would imply supercubic -size DeMorgan formula lower bounds, implying that the depth must be at least (3 + ε ) log 2 n for some ε > 0. For example, if #SAT on formulas of size n 2+2 ε can be solved in 2 n − n 1 − ε log k n time for some ε > 0 and a sufficiently large constant k , then there is a function computable in 2 O ( n ) time with a SAT oracle which does not have n 3+ ε -size formulas. In fact, the #SAT algorithm only has to work on formulas that are a conjunction of n 1 − ε subformulas, each of which is n 1+3 ε size, in order to obtain the supercubic lower bound. As a proof of concept, we show that our new algorithms-to-lower-bounds connection can be applied to prove new lower bounds for “hybrid” DeMorgan formula models which compute interesting functions at their leaves. Turning to the { NAND } basis, we establish a greater-than-(3 log 2 n ) depth lower bound against uniform circuits solving the SAT problem, using an extension of the “indirect diagonalization” method for NAND formulas. Note that circuits over the NAND basis are a special case of circuits over the DeMorgan basis; however, hard functions such as Andreev’s function (known to require depth (3 − o (1)) log 2 n in the DeMorgan basis) can still be computed with NAND circuits of depth (3 + o (1)) log 2 n . Our results imply that SAT requires polylogtime-uniform NAND circuits of depth at least 3 . 603 log 2 n .
Total NP Search Problems with Abundant Solutions

We define a new complexity class TFAP to capture TFNP problems that possess abundant solutions for each input. We identify several problems across diverse fields that belong to TFAP , including WeakPigeon (finding a collision in a mapping from [2 n ] pigeons to [ n ] holes), Yamakawa-Zhandry’s problem [43], and all problems in TFZPP . Conversely, we introduce the notion of “semi-gluability” to characterize TFNP problems that could have a unique or a very limited number of solutions for certain inputs. We prove that there is no black-box reduction from any “semi-gluable” problems to any TFAP problems. Furthermore, it can be extended to rule out randomized black-box reduction in most cases. We identify that the majority of common TFNP subclasses, including PPA , PPAD , PPADS , PPP , PLS , CLS , SOPL
PHAED: A Speaker-Aware Parallel Hierarchical Attentive Encoder-Decoder Model for Multi-Turn Dialogue Generation

This article presents a novel open-domain dialogue generation model emphasizing the differentiation of speakers in multi-turn conversations. Differing from prior work that treats the conversation history as a long text, we argue that capturing relative social relations among utterances (i.e., generated by either the same speaker or different persons) benefits the machine capturing fine-grained context information from a conversation history to improve context coherence in the generated response. Given that, we propose a Parallel Hierarchical Attentive Encoder-Decoder (PHAED) model that can effectively leverage conversation history by modeling each utterance with the awareness of its speaker and contextual associations with the same speaker's previous messages. Specifically, to distinguish the speaker roles over a multi-turn conversation (involving two speakers), we regard the utterances from one speaker as responses and those from the other as queries. After understanding queries via hierarchical encoder with inner-query and inter-query encodings, transformer-xl style decoder reuses the hidden states of previously generated responses to generate a new response. Our empirical results with three large-scale benchmarks show that PHAED significantly outperforms baseline models on both automatic and human evaluations. Furthermore, our ablation study shows that dialogue models with speaker tokens can generally decrease the possibility of generating non-coherent responses.
Fen Mires with cushion plants in Bale Mountains Ethiopia, Mires and Peat 15: 1-10.

In March 2013 we investigated two small peatlands in the Bale Mountains in central Ethiopia. The mires are located on the Sanetti Plateau at an altitude of approximately 4000 metres above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.). Their vegetation is dominated by tussocky Carex species and locally also by a cushion plant Eriocaulon schimperi, which occurs elsewhere in eastern Africa in montane areas at altitudes between 2000 and 4100 m a.m.s.l. We studied the vegetation and pore water at different depths. The pore water chemistry suggested that these mires were groundwater fed, but also received water as precipitation and calcium-poor runoff from adjacent hills. The cushion plants (Eriocaulon schimperi) on the Sanetti Plateau resemble Astelia pumila, a cushion plant that dominates large 'blanket bog type' mires in south-west Chile and the south-eastern part of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Both species appear to expand in slightly degrading fens or bogs under rather extreme environmental conditions. We also discuss possible evolutionary adaptations within the Eriocaulon family to the harsh environment of mountain mires at high altitudes.
Sediment delivery and erosion processes in drained peatlands

Sediment delivery and erosion processes have been studied in a number of peatland drainage areas and catchments in order to determine the effects of drainage on sediment and erosion dynamics and mechanics. This information is necessary for management of catchments where sediment poses a serious risk to water protection. Results from recent studies performed in peat mining, peatland forestry and disturbed headwater catchments in Finland are reviewed and potential sediment load management methods are discussed for drainage areas and headwater brooks. The issues especially covered are erosion of organic peat, sediment transport and methods to restore and reduce the impacts of peatland drainage in boreal headwaters.
The student as human capital in secondary education: an analysis of the impact of socio-demographic variables on the perception of learning.

Spain (statistically and at European level) occupies the top positions among the countries with the highest school dropout rates; and along the same lines, various studies (INE, 2020; Vaquero, 2011) confirm that teachers in our cou - ntry consider that education must be transformed to ensure that all students feel that they are the protagonists of the learning process; and that - in addition - everything they learn can be transferred to develop as citizens to the extent that their needs are also met (Álvarez et al ., 2020:20). In this sense, it is absolutely necessary to know (through the student’s perception) to what extent the socio-demographic variables that students present intervene and condition the learning process and its transfer. For this purpose, a purposive sample has been configured in which more than 1,400 4th ESO subjects (from Spain) have participated, with a significance level of 0.05 using a scale -original and unpublished-called EPECOCISO (Evaluation of the perception of social science competences -Álvarez, Trigueros, Miralles and Molina, 2020-).
Learner Engagement, academic motivation and learning strategies of university students Learner engagement , motivación académica y

The establishment and promotion of effective learning strategies in the university context is essential for improving academic performance and personal development. This stage is based on the convergence of behavioural, cognitive and emotional factors, which allow students to successfully adjust to the demands of the academic context as well as define their strategies. The aim of this research is to study the learner engagement enhancement effect between motivation and learning strategies. A reflective structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was applied according to the proposed theoretical framework, from an explanatory-predictive perspective. In this study, 648 university students participated, 417
Dopamine blockade impairs the exploration-exploitation trade-off in rats

In a volatile environment where rewards are uncertain, successful performance requires a delicate balance between exploitation of the best option and exploration of alternative choices. It has theoretically been proposed that dopamine contributes to the control of this exploration-exploitation trade-off, specifically that the higher the level of tonic dopamine, the more exploitation is favored. We demonstrate here that there is a formal relationship between the rescaling of dopamine positive reward prediction errors and the exploration-exploitation trade-off in simple non-stationary multi-armed bandit tasks. We further show in rats performing such a task that systemically antagonizing dopamine receptors greatly increases the number of random choices without affecting learning capacities. Simulations and comparison of a set of different computational models (an extended Q-learning model, a directed exploration model, and a meta-learning model) fitted on each individual confirm that, independently of the model, decreasing dopaminergic activity does not affect learning rate but is equivalent to an increase in random exploration rate. this study shows that dopamine could adapt the exploration-exploitation trade-off in decision-making when facing changing environmental contingencies. All organisms need to make choices for their survival while being confronted to uncertainty in their environment. Animals and humans tend to exploit actions likely to provide desirable outcomes, but they must also take into account the possibility that environmental contingencies and the outcome of their actions may vary with time. Behavioral flexibility is thus needed in volatile environments in order to detect and learn new contingencies 1 . This requires a delicate balance between exploitation of known resources and exploration of alternative options that may have become advantageous. How this exploration/exploitation dilemma may be resolved and regulated is still a subject of active research in the fields of Neuroscience and Machine Learning 2–5 . Dopamine
INFLUENCE OF POLICY AUDITING OVER PROCUREMENT-ON-PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA

The procurement statute in addition to regulations, gives a variety of guidelines aimed at the entire tendering method. Even though public procurement having put in place to help direct the procurement functions in public establishments, certain domestic procurement dynamics have an impact on the variables that determine public procurement acquiescence and procurement performances within public health facilities. Thus, the purpose of the study was to establish the influence of policy auditing over procurement-on-procurement performance in public health facilities in Kakamega County, Kenya. It adopted a descriptive survey research design, with a target population of 346 individuals, including 12 Sub-County Directors of Health, 167 hospital superintendents, and 167 procurement officials. As the study’s target population was small, it sampled the whole population. Accordingly, the study’s sample processes used the census approach. The researcher collected data using questionnaires and interview guides. The instruments were validated by specialists in the area of study. Reliability of the instruments was determined through a pilot study where Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) analyzed for the two scores and was found to be 0.79, therefore, the instruments were reliable. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and presented in tables, while, qualitative data was analyzed using the common themes, qualitative data extracted, organized, and then discussed under the main objective areas of the study. This was later presented using quotations. The study established that there is a statistically significant association between procurement audit activities like policy auditing, audit of procedures, audit of processes and audit of controls over procurement and procurement performance in public health facilities. It was therefore recommended that there should be consideration of policy auditing, audit of procedures, audit of processes and audit of controls over procurement. The information provided by this research will benefit policymakers, community members and academicians.
Feeding habits of Pacific anchovy, Engraulis japonicus (Actinopterygii: Clupeiformes: Engraulidae), captured off the southern coasts of Korea

Understanding the feeding ecology of anchovies in the southern waters of Korea is crucial for improving ecosystem management. However, to date, few studies have examined seasonal changes in the diet of Pacific anchovy, Engraulis japonicus Temminck et Schlegel, 1846, in Korean waters, with the majority of these focusing on the larval and adult stages. The presently reported study provides updates on the feeding habits of E. japonicus off the southern coast of Korea. We analyzed 347 individuals. One-way analysis of similarity was performed to evaluate the differences in diet composition among size classes and seasons of E. japonicus , and correspondence analysis was conducted using the matrix of the percentage by number (% N ) data for prey with occurrence of less than 10% to determine the distribution of prey across all size classes and each season. The diet of E. japonicus was investigated according to season and four size classes. The fork length of these specimens ranged from 5.4 to 14.1 cm. A total of 55 prey taxa of varying sizes between 0.33 mm (di-atom Coscinodiscus spp.) and 5.8 mm (fish larvae) were recorded. Anchovies were exclusively planktivorous, and copepods were the most common prey, comprising 82.1% of the identified food items and 84.3% of anchovy stomach contents analyzed. However, their occurrence and abundance varied according to season and Pacific anchovy size class. According to the percentage of the index of relative importance (%IRI), the most important prey items were the copepods Calanus sinicus (48.0%), Paracalanus orientalis (31.7%), bivalve larvae (5.8%), Ditrichocorycaeus affinis (4.2%), and calanoid copepods (2.4%). Analysis of similarities and similarity percentage analysis indicated that a distinct diet of Pacific anchovy in the southern waters of Korea is potentially driven by differences in hydrological conditions. Correspondence analysis revealed that anchovies had the most significant impact on the differences between size classes. The results deepen our understanding of prey species diversity and intraspecific food competition off the southern coast of Korea.
GEMINATE TYPES AND THEIR ACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON ADJACENT VOWELS IN HUNGARIAN

The present study examines how phonologically different geminates (i.e., lexical, assimilated, and concatenated types) are implemented phonetically in Hungarian, with particular attention to the temporal and spectral parameters of the adjacent vowels. By investigating geminates in two positions (word-internally and at word boundary), the influence of boundary on geminate production is also observed. Results show that differences in the autosegmental representation of geminate types are mirrored in the durational and amplitude features of the consonants themselves and their neighbouring vowels. Moreover, the temporal properties of geminates seem to be affected by boundary type. However, formant frequencies of adjacent vowels did not show consistent change depending on geminate types. Findings shed more light on the relationship between abstract phonological categories and continuous phonetic details.
ČETRDESET GODINA CIKLOSPORINA U KLINIČKOJ PRAKSI FORTY YEARS OF CYCLOSPORINE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Cyclosporine (CsA) was discovered in the lab of Sandoz in Switzerland in 1972. while searching for an antifungal drug. However, it quickly became an irreplaceable immunosuppressive drug for renal and other solid organ transplantation. It has been found, in the initial experiments, that CsA inhibits both in vitro cell-mediated lysis and lymphocyte sensitization by allogeneic target cells. Clinical trials have demonstrated better one-year graft survival after cadaveric renal transplants when receiving CsA instead of azathioprine. Although improvement has been observed in the rates of one-year renal graft survival and acute rejection, but long-term graft survival rate did not improve. This can be attributed to the nephrotoxic effects of the CsA. This issue is a consequence of hemodynamic effects on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, effect on renal tubular function and blood vessels. Along with nephrotoxicity, CsA also causes other adverse effects such as hypertension, gingival hyperplasia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperlipidemia, neurotoxicity, and in some cases thrombotic microangiopathies. However, in recent years CsA nephrotoxicity has been looked at from a different angle, where it has been linked to high CsA doses that used to be administered. Following its use in solid organ transplantation, CsA has been found to have an important role in treating systemic connective tissue diseases, as well as its consequences, primary glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. CsA effectiveness in treating above mentioned diseases is still greater than its side effects, which makes it a base of treatment options for numerous diseases.