Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Reading Time on Enterprise Emails

Email is an integral part of people's work and life, enabling them to perform activities such as communicating, searching, managing tasks and storing information. Modern email clients take a step forward and help improve users' productivity by automatically creating reminders, tasks or responses. The act of reading is arguably the only activity that is in common in most -- if not all -- of the interactions that users have with their emails. In this paper, we characterize how users read their enterprise emails, and reveal the various contextual factors that impact reading time. Our approach starts with a reading time analysis based on the reading events from a major email platform, followed by a user study to provide explanations for some discoveries. We identify multiple temporal and user contextual factors that are correlated with reading time. For instance, email reading time is correlated with user devices: on desktop reading time increases through the morning and peaks at noon but on mobile it increases through the evening till midnight. The reading time is also negatively correlated with the screen size. We have established the connection between user status and reading time: users spend more time reading emails when they have fewer meetings and busy hours during the day. In addition, we find that users also reread emails across devices. Among the cross-device reading events, 76% of reread emails are first visited on mobile and then on desktop. Overall, our study is the first to characterize enterprise email reading time on a very large scale. The findings provide insights to develop better metrics and user models for understanding and improving email interactions.
DAWSON: A Domain Adaptive Few Shot Generation Framework

Training a Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for a new domain from scratch requires an enormous amount of training data and days of training time. To this end, we propose DAWSON, a Domain Adaptive FewShot Generation FrameworkFor GANs based on meta-learning. A major challenge of applying meta-learning GANs is to obtain gradients for the generator from evaluating it on development sets due to the likelihood-free nature of GANs. To address this challenge, we propose an alternative GAN training procedure that naturally combines the two-step training procedure of GANs and the two-step training procedure of meta-learning algorithms. DAWSON is a plug-and-play framework that supports a broad family of meta-learning algorithms and various GANs with architectural-variants. Based on DAWSON, We also propose MUSIC MATINEE, which is the first few-shot music generation model. Our experiments show that MUSIC MATINEE could quickly adapt to new domains with only tens of songs from the target domains. We also show that DAWSON can learn to generate new digits with only four samples in the MNIST dataset. We release source codes implementation of DAWSON in both PyTorch and Tensorflow, generated music samples on two genres and the lightning video.
Mapping Dirac fermions in the intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulators 
(MnBi2Te4)(Bi2Te3)n
 (
n=0,1
)

Topological surface states with intrinsic magnetic ordering in the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$(Bi$_2$Te$_3$)$_n$ compounds have been predicted to host rich topological phenomena including quantized anomalous Hall effect and axion insulator state. Here we use scanning tunneling microscopy to image the surface Dirac fermions in MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ and MnBi$_4$Te$_7$. We have determined the energy dispersion and helical spin texture of the surface states through quasiparticle interference patterns far above Dirac energy, which confirms its topological nature. Approaching the Dirac point, the native defects in the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ septuple layer give rise to resonance states which extend spatially and potentially hinder the detection of a mass gap in the spectra. Our results demonstrate that regulating defects is essential to realize exotic topological states at higher temperatures in these compounds.
Towards a Robust Deep Neural Network in Texts: A Survey

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success in various tasks (e.g., image classification, speech recognition, and natural language processing). However, researches have shown that DNN models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which cause incorrect predictions by adding imperceptible perturbations into normal inputs. Studies on adversarial examples in image domain have been well investigated, but in texts the research is not enough, let alone a comprehensive survey in this field. In this paper, we aim at presenting a comprehensive understanding of adversarial attacks and corresponding mitigation strategies in texts. Specifically, we first give a taxonomy of adversarial attacks and defenses in texts from the perspective of different natural language processing (NLP) tasks, and then introduce how to build a robust DNN model via testing and verification. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges of adversarial attacks and defenses in texts and present the future research directions in this emerging field.
Distributed and Inexact Proximal Gradient Method for Online Convex Optimization

This paper develops and analyzes an online distributed proximal-gradient method (DPGM) for time-varying composite convex optimization problems. Each node of the network features a local cost that includes a smooth strongly convex function and a non-smooth convex function, both changing over time. By coordinating through a connected communication network, the nodes collaboratively track the trajectory of the minimizers without exchanging their local cost functions. The DPGM is implemented in an online fashion, that is, in a setting where only a limited number of steps are implemented before the function changes. Moreover, the algorithm is analyzed in an inexact scenario, that is, with a source of additive noise, that can represent e.g. communication noise or quantization. It is shown that the tracking error of the online inexact DPGM is upper-bounded by a convergent linear system, guaranteeing convergence within a neighborhood of the optimal solution.
Online Trajectory Optimization Using Inexact Gradient Feedback for Time-Varying Environments

This article considers the problem of online trajectory design under time-varying environments. We formulate the general trajectory optimization problem within the framework of time-varying constrained convex optimization and propose a novel version of online gradient ascent algorithm (OGA) for such problems. Respecting the online nature, we carefully select the step size of OGA at each iteration so that the iterates stay feasible. Importantly, the proposed algorithm allows noisy gradients, expanding the range of practical applicability. In contrast to the most available literature, we present the offline sublinear regret of OGA up to the path length variations of the offline optimal solution, the cumulative gradient, and the error in the gradient variations. Furthermore, we establish a lower-bound on the offline dynamic regret, which defines the optimality of any trajectory. To show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, we consider two practical problems of interest. First, a device to device (D2D) communications setting, where the goal is to design a user trajectory while maximizing its connectivity to the internet. Second, planning energy-efficient trajectories for unmanned surface vehicles (USV) under strong disturbances in ocean environments. Different from the state-of-the-art trajectory planning algorithms that entail planning and re-planning the full trajectory using the forecast data at each time instant, the proposed algorithm is entirely online and relies mostly on the ocean velocity measurements at the vehicle location. The detailed simulation results demonstrate the significance of the proposed algorithm on both synthetic and real data sets. Video result is available at https://tinyurl.com/y3ahmhsf.
Superhydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecules: Vibrational Spectra in the Infrared

Superhydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be present in H-rich and ultraviolet-poor benign regions. The addition of excess H atoms to PAHs converts the aromatic bonds into aliphatic bonds, the strongest of which falls near 3.4 μm. Therefore, superhydrogenated PAHs are often hypothesized to be a carrier of the 3.4 μm emission feature that typically accompanies the stronger 3.3 μm aromatic C–H stretching feature. To assess this hypothesis, we use density function theory to compute the infrared (IR) vibrational spectra of superhydrogenated PAHs and their ions of various sizes (ranging from benzene and naphthalene to perylene and coronene) and of various degrees of hydrogenation. For each molecule, we derive the intrinsic oscillator strengths of the 3.3 μm aromatic C–H stretch ( ) and the 3.4 μm aliphatic C–H stretch ( ). By comparing the computationally derived mean ratio of with the mean ratio of the observed intensities , we find that the degree of superhydrogenation—the fraction of carbon atoms attached with extra hydrogen atoms—is only ∼2.2% for neutral PAHs, which predominantly emit the 3.3 and 3.4 μm features. We also determine for each molecule the intrinsic band strengths of the 6.2 μm aromatic C–C stretch ( ) and the 6.85 μm aliphatic C–H deformation ( ). We derive the degree of superhydrogenation from the mean ratio of the observed intensities and for neutrals and for cations to be ≲3.1% for neutrals and ≲8.6% for cations. We conclude that astrophysical PAHs are primarily aromatic and are only marginally superhydrogenated.
Effects of Stellar Feedback on Stellar and Gas Kinematics of Star-forming Galaxies at 0.6 < z < 1.0

Recent zoom-in cosmological simulations have shown that stellar feedback can flatten the inner density profile of the dark matter halo in low-mass galaxies. A correlation between the stellar/gas velocity dispersion (σstar, σgas) and the specific star formation rate (sSFR) is predicted as an observational test of the role of stellar feedback in re-shaping the dark matter density profile. In this work we test the validity of this prediction by studying a sample of star-forming galaxies at 0.6 < z < 1.0 from the LEGA-C survey, which provides high signal-to-noise measurements of stellar and gas kinematics. We find that a weak but significant correlation between σstar (and σgas) and sSFR indeed exists for galaxies in the lowest mass bin (M* ∼ 1010 M⊙). This correlation, albeit with a ∼35% scatter, holds for different tracers of star formation, and becomes stronger with redshift. This result generally agrees with the picture that at higher redshifts star formation rate was generally higher, and galaxies at M* ≲ 1010 M⊙ have not yet settled into a disk. As a consequence, they have shallower gravitational potentials more easily perturbed by stellar feedback. The observed correlation between σstar (and σgas) and sSFR supports the scenario predicted by cosmological simulations, in which feedback-driven outflows cause fluctuations in the gravitation potential that flatten the density profiles of low-mass galaxies.
BAT AGN spectroscopic survey - XV: the high frequency radio cores of ultra-hard X-ray selected AGN

We have conducted 22 GHz radio imaging at 1 arcsec resolution of 100 low-redshift AGN selected at 14–195 keV by the Swift-BAT. We find a radio core detection fraction of 96 per cent, much higher than lower frequency radio surveys. Of the 96 radio-detected AGN, 55 have compact morphologies, 30 have morphologies consistent with nuclear star formation, and 11 have sub-kpc to kpc-scale jets. We find that the total radio power does not distinguish between nuclear star formation and jets as the origin of the radio emission. For 87 objects, we use optical spectroscopy to test whether AGN physical parameters are distinct between radio morphological types. We find that X-ray luminosities tend to be higher if the 22 GHz morphology is jet-like, but find no significant difference in other physical parameters. We find that the relationship between the X-ray and core radio luminosities is consistent with the LR/LX ∼ 10−5 of coronally active stars. We further find that the canonical fundamental planes of black hole activity systematically overpredict our radio luminosities, particularly for objects with star formation morphologies.
Local polynomial regression for pooled response data

We propose local polynomial estimators for the conditional mean of a continuous response when only pooled response data are collected under different pooling designs. Asymptotic properties of these estimators are investigated and compared. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to compare finite sample performance of the proposed estimators under various model settings and pooling strategies. We apply the proposed local polynomial regression methods to two real-life applications to illustrate practical implementation and performance of the estimators for the mean function.
Resolving the Nuclear Radio Emission from M32 with the Very Large Array

The Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxy M32 hosts one of the nearest and most under-luminous supermassive black holes (SMBHs) ever known, offering a rare opportunity to study the physics of accreting SMBHs at the most quiescent state. Recent Very Large Array (VLA) observations detected a radio source at the nucleus of M32, which was suggested to be the radio counterpart of the SMBH. To further investigate the radio properties of this nuclear source, we have conducted follow-up, high-resolution VLA observations in four epochs between 2015 and 2017, each with dual frequencies. At 6 GHz, the nuclear source is resolved under an angular resolution of ∼0. ″4, exhibiting a coreless, slightly lopsided morphology with a detectable extent of ∼2. ″5 (∼10 pc). No significant variability can be found among the four epochs. At 15 GHz, no significant emission can be detected within the same region, pointing to a steep intrinsic radio spectrum (with a 3σ upper limit of −1.46 for the spectral index). We discuss possible scenarios for the nature of this nuclear radio source and conclude that a stellar origin, in particular, planetary nebulae, X-ray binaries, supernova remnants, or diffuse ionized gas powered by massive stars, can be ruled out. Instead, the observed radio properties can be explained by synchrotron radiation from a hypothetical wind driven by the weakly accreting SMBH.
On measuring low-degree p-mode frequency splitting with full-disc integrated data

The standard method of measuring rotational splitting from solar full-disc oscillation data, based on maximum-likelihood fitting of multi-Lorentzian profiles to oscillation power spectra, systematically overestimates the splitting. One of the reasons is that the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) become unbiased only asymptotically as the number of data tends to infinity; for a finite data set they are often biased, inducing a systematic error. In this paper we assess by Monte Carlo simulations the amount of systematic error in the splitting measurement, using artificially generated power spectra. The simulations are carried out for multiplets of degree 2 and 3 with various signal-to-noise ratios, linewidths and observing times. We address the possible use of non-MLE estimators that could provide a smaller or negligible systematic error. The implication for asteroseismology is also discussed.
Dense and Warm Molecular Gas between Double Nuclei of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240

High spatial resolution observations of the 12CO(1-0), HCN(1-0), HCO+(1-0), and 13CO(1-0) molecular lines toward the luminous infrared merger NGC 6240 have been performed using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array and the RAINBOW Interferometer. All of the observed molecular emission lines are concentrated in the region between the double nuclei of the galaxy. However, the distributions of both HCN and HCO+ emissions are more compact compared with that of 12CO, and they are not coincident with the star-forming regions. The HCN/12CO line intensity ratio is 0.25; this suggests that most of the molecular gas between the double nuclei is dense. A comparison of the observed high HCN/13CO intensity ratio, 5.9, with large velocity gradient calculations suggests that the molecular gas is dense [n(H_2)=10^{4-6} cm^-3] and warm (T_kin>50 K). The observed structure in NGC 6240 may be explained by time evolution of the molecular gas and star formation, which was induced by an almost head-on collision or very close encounter of the two galactic nuclei accompanied with the dense gas and star-forming regions.
A simple estimation of the growth rate and equilibrium size of bedforms created by a turbulent wall jet

A simple procedure for predicting the time evolution and equilibrium size of the two dimensional bedform created by a turbulent wall jet is presented. The model applies to a planar jet discharging flush with and parallel to an initially horizontal bed of cohesionless sediment. Additionally, the water is assumed to be deep relative to the initial jet thickness. The model is developed using existing free- and wall-jet boundary layer relations and existing sediment incipient motion and bedload transport equations. The model is validated against live-bed experiments from previous studies and from a new set of laboratory experiments. The agreement between the predictions for and observations of equilibrium size is quite good. The agreement regarding the time evolution is also good. These results suggest that several key characteristics of jet-induced bedforms are captured with a limited physical approach.
Horizontal transport of heat and moisture — a micrometeorological study

Much micrometeorological work to date has assumed, or tried to ensure, that conditions of horizontal homogeneity exist at and near the earth's surface. The present paper reports an observational study of the variation in the meteorological elements with distance and height downwind of a pronounced discontinuity from dry to wet surface conditions. In particular the temperature and humidity fields were observed together with the changes in the radiative-balance components and in the wind structure. It was found that temperature and humidity changes at a height of 5 cm within 16 m of the discontinuity were commonly as much as 5$C and 5 g m−3 respectively. Theoretical treatments of the problem are outlined, and a slight modification of Philip's (1959) analysis is used to compare observed and predicted changes in temperature and humidity with distance downwind up to a height of 150 cm. It is found that the observed humidity changes are in good agreement with expectations, but that the measured temperature changes are about half those predicted. Changes in the evaporation rate in various distance intervals downwind from the leading edge have been computed. These are compared with an estimate of the rate which would have occurred under the same conditions from a wet area of infinite extent. The discrepancies between theory and observation are attributed to the fact that the available theory fails to take into account the (demonstrable) differences in the aerodynamic properties of the adjacent surfaces. There is scope for further theoretical and experimental work on this matter.
Gene Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. The poor prognosis of the disease is associated with late diagnosis and a high degree of drug resistance has not been overcome during the past decades. Gemcitabine-based regimens are the first line therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer but are not curative. Recent new combination chemotherapies achieved significant benefits but toxicity makes their use controversial. Novel approaches are currently being developed; in particular cancer gene therapies are undergoing preclinical and clinical validation and are the topic of the present review. We will present different ways to design gene therapy against pancreatic cancers that have been validated in preclinical studies. We also reviewed the clinical trials already published or still ongoing.
Finite-temperature field theory

In relativistic theories particle number is not conserved (although both lepton and baryon number are). Therefore when discussing the thermodynamics of a quantum field theory one uses the grand canonical formalism: the entropy S is maximised, keeping fixed the ensemble averages E and N of energy and lepton or baryon number. To implement these constraints two Lagrange multipliers are introduced, beta =1/kT and mu the chemical potential.
A new theory of magnetic storms

10.1—The distortion of the front surface of the stream produced by the magnetic field as the stream advances towards the Earth has been described briefly in §§6.6 and 7.7; as was there mentioned, we have not discussed in detail the shape of the hollow formed, or the subsequent phenomena occurring therein. We defer this consideration until we have a clearer understanding of the mode in which the ions near the surface of the stream are able to advance into the Earth's field. But certain general features can be deduced, as has been pointed out already in §1.8; the hollow gradually shrinks at a diminishing rate, but we cannot say at present whether it ultimately closes in upon the earth. The preceding analysis suggests that once the velocity of the particles is diminished to, say, 1/10 of its initial value (108 cm/sec), the rate at which the hollow closes up becomes slow.
Does the initial distribution volume of glucose reflect the shift of the central extracellular fluid volume after major surgical procedures

Our experimental studies indicated that the initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVG) reflects the central extracellular fluid (ECF) volume status including plasma rather than glucose metabolism. The present study was designed to discover whether the IDVG follows the postoperative fluid shift from the peripheral to the central ECF compartment. Five grams of glucose and 25mg of indocyanine green (ICG) were infused simultaneously over 30 seconds through the central venous line in 21 patients following either subtotal esophagectomy or major vascular surgery. A total of 104 daily comparisons between the IDVG and plasma volume determined by the ICG dilution method (PV-ICG) were performed. Two estimates were calculated using a one compartment model utilizing plasma values from 3 to 7 minutes postinfusion for the IDVG, and from 3 to 11 minutes postinfusion for PV-ICG. Two estimates increased on the 3rd postoperative day (P<0.05), even though body weight remained unchanged. A linear correlation was obtained between two estimates (r=0.68, n=104, P<0.001). Our results demonstrate that two estimates followed the fluid shift, and suggest that the IDVG is useful to evaluate central ECF volume status following major surgical procedures.
Scedosporium Infections at a Cancer Center Over a 10-Year Period (2001–2010)

AbstractTo determine if there has been an increase in Scedosporium infection at our cancer center, we compared the incidence to previously published data from our institution. A retrospective analysis of records of 12 patients with cancer with culture-proven Scedosporium infection from the last decade was performed. Types of malignancy included both hematologic disease, such as leukemia and lymphoma, and solid tumors, such as breast and lung cancer. Risk factors for Scedosporium infection include prolonged neutropenia, bronchiectasis, and immunosuppressive therapy. The mortality rate for patients with Scedosporium prolificans infection was 75%, whereas patients with Scedosporium apiospermum infection were more likely to die of their underlying malignancy than infection.