Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional, Rheological and Organoleptic Properties of Whole Meal Flour Prepared from Stem Rust Resistant Wheat Varieties Released in Kenya

Wheat is an important cereal crop in most diets thus its nutritional content is crucial in addressing microelement deficiencies. This study focused on Zn, Fe, phytic acid and resistant starch content and their effect on rheological and organoleptic properties for whole meal flour from Kenyan wheat varieties. Zn and Fe levels ranged from111 to 305 ppm and 26 to 91 ppm, whereas phytic acid and resistant starch levels ranged from 2.66 to 5.05 ppm and 0.37 to 6.03%. Variety and site significantly (p<0.05) influenced iron and resistant starch content, whereas variety and variety × site influenced zinc and phytic acid. Protein and gluten levels ranged between 11.96 to 14.53% and 7.81% to 19.60% respectively. All the varieties recorded high water absorption levels ranging from 72.2% to 80.8%, while DDT ranged from 4.00 to 9.83 minutes. P and L values ranged between 21 to 79 and 16 to 51 mm, external loaf characteristics ranged between 2.2 to 4.3 and 2.13 to 3.70 for taste and aroma. Zinc and protein positively correlated (r=0.69, p<0.05), stability and P (r=0.69 p<0.05) and DDT and stability (0.71 p<0.05). Phytic acid and crust colour (r=0.66 p<0.05), zinc and shape (r=0.78 p<0.05), zinc and acceptability (r=0.77 p<0.05), DDT and shape (r=0.74 p<0.05), aroma and shape (r=0.67 p<0.05) were positively correlated. The results obtained indicate varieties tested contained considerable levels of zinc, iron, resistant starch, low levels of phytic acid and they had no adverse effect on rheological and organoleptic parameters of whole meal flour.
Destabilization of Beer Foam by Lipids: Structural and Interfacial Effects

Mechanisms in which fatty acids destabilize beer foam have been studied. Foam stability of a pilot-brewed beer was measured in the presence of a range of concentrations of fatty acids, similar to those found in a range of commercial beers. The foams were sparged with nitrogen and studied using a microconductivity technique. The fatty acid chain length varied from C6 to C18, C18:1, and C18:2. While C6 to C10 fatty acids had no impact on the foam stability over the concentration range studied, the longer-chain fatty acids were more destructive. Thus, C12 to C14, C18:1, and C18:2 reduced foam stability and the surface elasticity of beer. These data suggest that the fatty acids adsorbed into the protein-stabilized surface weakened the adsorbed film, resulting in an increased probability of coalescence. The saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, damaged the foam very effectively but did not influence the surface rheology. Light-scattering experiments showed increased numbers of aggregates in these samples, suggesting that these fatty acids destabilized beer foam through a mechanical film-bridging mechanism, similar to that used by particulate antifoam systems.
CATCH ESTIMATION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BILLFISHES LANDED IN PORT OF BENOA, BALI

Billfishes are generally considered as by-product in tuna long line fisheries that have high economic value in the market. By far, the information about Indian Ocean billfish biology and fisheries especially in Indonesia is very limited. This research aimed to elucidate the estimation of production and size distribution of billfishes landed in port of Benoa during 2010 (February – December) through daily observation at the processing plants. The result showed that the landings dominated by Swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) 54.9%, Blue marlin ( Makaira mazara ) 17.8% and Black marlin ( Makaira indica ) 13.0% respectively, followed by small amount of striped marlin ( Tetrapturus audax ), sailfish ( Istiophorus platypterus ), and shortbil spearfish ( Tetrapturus Angustirostris ). Generally the individual size of billfishes range between 68 and 206 cm (PFL), and showing negative allometric pattern except on swordfish that was isometric. Most of the billfish landed haven’t reached their first sexual maturity.
Comparative Survival of E. Coli, F+Bacteriophages, HAV and Poliovirus 1 in Wastewater and Groundwater

This study was designed to compare the die-off of E.coli and F * bacteriophages with that of enteric pathogenic viruses in groundwater and raw wastewater at various temperatures. At low temperatures, the die-off of E.coli was greater than that of HAV and poliovirus 1. Under conditions compatible with bacterial growth no die-off of E.coli was observed. Under most experimental conditions no die-off was observed for F * bacteriophages. The survival of HAV and poliovirus 1 was strongly affected by temperature. Regardless of the water type, the highest die-off of viruses was observed at 30°C, whereas at 10°C the titer of HAV and poliovirus 1 was reduced by 1 to 2 log 10 after 90 days incubation. The data presented in this study indicated that E.coli cannot serve as an index for the survival of HAV and poliovirus 1 in ground and wastewater. Since F + bacteriophages were not affected by the tested conditions, their acceptance as indicators for viral pollution of water sources needs further evaluation.
Available data point to a 4‐km‐high Tibetan Plateau by 40 Ma, but 100 molecular‐clock papers have linked supposed recent uplift to young node ages

The aims of this study were to synthesize data on the orogeny of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), with a focus on its elevation since the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, and to review the arguments in 100 phylogeny‐cum‐biogeography papers that have linked young inferred divergence times to recent TP uplift phases. I surveyed the literature on the geological history of the TP, focusing on different types of data used to infer its past height. I also tabulated the supposed TP history (and supporting references) in papers since 1998. Since the early 1990s, evidence from tectonics, isotopes, fossils and climate simulations increasingly indicates that the TP has been 4–5 km high since the mid‐Eocene. The data also indicate that the Indian summer monsoon, South‐east Asian summer monsoon, and Central Asian winter monsoon arose at different times and are unrelated to Tibetan uplift. A growing number of studies by biologists, however, are linking node ages between 0.5 and 15 Ma to specific (author‐dependent) uplift phases of the TP citing geological papers that are outdated or miscited. Biogeography of the TP thus currently appears to be in a self‐created bubble that encloses hundreds of authors and referees. Our understanding of the biogeography of Tibet requires up‐to‐date interpretation of its geological history and more fieldwork on local ecological habitat diversity, the plateau's history during the Pleistocene and the distribution of possible refugia.
Three new species of Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from southern Turkey

Three new species, including Otiorhynchus maximi Davidian & Gultekin sp. nov. , Otiorhynchus dudkoi Davidian sp. nov. and Otiorhynchus torosicus Gultekin & Davidian sp. nov. are described from southern Turkey. Otiorhynchus maximi Davidian & Gultekin sp. nov. and Otiorhynchus dudkoi Davidian sp. nov. belong to the subgenus Odelengus Reitter, 1912 and closely related to Otiorhynchus ( Odelengus ) aberrans Stierlin, 1872 and Otiorhynchus ( Odelengus ) heinzi Smreczynski, 1977, respectively. Taxonomic position of O. torosicus Gultekin & Davidian sp. nov. is not clear, so it is tentatively included herein in the subgenus Nubidanus Reitter, 1912. Morphological differences of the subgenera Odelengus Reitter, 1912 and Nubidanus Reitter, 1912 are discussed. Colour illustrations of habitus and important morphological characters are presented.
KARYOTYPE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALFALFA COLLECTED FROM WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT

In this investigation an attempt was made to study karyotype characterization of alfalfa. Another aim of this study was the determination of area chromosome, length chromosome, short and long arm chromosome, Centromeric index, and Centromeric position using twenty accessions. The studied accessions exhibited variation ranged from the highest score of area chromosome in accession 7 to its lowest estimate only in accession 3. The results exhibited differences ranging from the highest score of length chromosome in the accession 8 (5.81 µm) to the lowest in the accession 3 (4.12 µm). The Karyotype of accessions alfalfa consists of one set of chromosome with satellites (chromosome 8), four sets of submetacentric chromosomes (chromosome 1-4), and four sets of metacentric chromosomes (chromosomes 5-8). All of the landraces have the same number of chromosome 32 chromosome (2n= 4X= 32) with four nearly identical sets of chromosomes. Investigation the chromosomal maps of landraces that can be utilized in different breeding programs.
Disaggregating stand volume growth to individual trees

A disaggregation function, rehtive size-growth (RSG), was proposed and developed for interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn) Franco) to distribute stand volume growth to a list of individual trees. The RSG function was formulated as a quadratic equation relating relative tree growth to relative tree size in a stand. The shape of the RSG function was linear, convex, or concave depending on initial stand conditions and structure. A recursive system of equations was developed to predict the three coefficients of the RSG function using initial stand density, mean tree size, and coefficient of variation of tree size distribution as predictor variables. This disaggregation function determines within-stand growth of individual trees and simulates stand development and dynamics. The RSG function provides a biologically based link between whole-stand and individual tree resolution models. FOR. SCl. 39(2):295-309. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS. Relative tree size, rehtive tree growth, stand structure and dynamics, interior Douglas-fir.
Expression of Target Gene Hsp70 and Membrane Stability Determine Heat Tolerance in Chili Pepper

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Capsicum annuum, stress-responsive protein, electrolyte leakage, heat stress, thermal tolerance ABSTRACT. Experiments were carried out to study the mechanisms for heat tolerance in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). To assess these mechanisms, six genotypes were evaluated for cellular membrane thermostability (CMT) and for HSP70 gene expression. The plants were grown in an experimental plant growth chamber. The mean value of CMT indicates that membrane integrity was not damaged by the high temperature treatment (50 8C) in most of the genotypes. The genotypes were classified as follows: heat-tolerant (greater than 60%), moderately tolerant (30% to 60%), and susceptible (less than 30%). The heat-tolerant plants recorded the highest CMTs at 89.27%, 88.03%, and 85.10% for AVPP0702, AVPP0116, and AVPP9905, respectively, which might be the reason for the change in their cell membrane thermostability. AVPP9703 and AVPP0002 showed CMTs of 15.87% and 18.43%, which might indicate their sensitivity to heat stress. Heat shock protein 70 kDa was identified and found to be differentially expressed under the heat stress. Under heat stress, significantly increased levels of theHSP70gene were detected after 2 h of temperature treatment at 42 8C, which indicated that this gene is quickly and sharply induced by heat shock. This was true for all genotypes tested, which were significantly up-regulated by more than 36.9-, 7.10-, 3.87-, and 3-fold for AVPP0702, AVPP0116, AVPP0002, and AVPP9703, respectively. The HSP70 gene was found to be significantly down-regulated under heat stress in 'Kulai'. AVPP0702, AVPP9905, and AVPP0116 could be considered as heat-tolerant genotypes, whereas 'Kulai' and AVPP9703 were found to be heat-sensitive genotypes in this investigation.
The influence of the strain, flush and size of carpophores on the yield and dry matter content of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach) carpophores

The aim of the experiment was to obtain information about the yield quantity and quality of 16 cultivated strains of Agaricus bisporus. The ‘Somycel 516’ strain gave the highest yield, whereas the yield from the ‘Sylvan 130’ strain was the lowest. The ‘Hauser A1.5’ was characterised by the highest content of dry matter in all the three yield flushes. An equally high content of dry matter was in the first and second flush of the ‘Italspawn F 50’ strain and in the second flash of the strain ‘Italspawn F 62’. ‘Sylvan S100’, ‘Italspawn F 56’, ‘Irlandzka 501’, ‘Amycel 104’ and ‘Le Lion X13’ were the strains with the lowest content of dry matter in all of the three yield flushes. The size of the carpophores had significant influence on the dry matter content. In the all three flushes, the carpophores with diameter 4.6–5.5 cm were characterized by the lowest dry matter content.
Monsoon variability, the 2015 Marathwada drought and rainfed agriculture

The impact of the drought of the summer monsoon of 2015 has been particularly large in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra which is now facing unprecedented water scarcity and more than one thousand farmers have committed suicide. Substantial losses in the production of important crops such as pulses have been reported in Maharashtra. Naturally, the Marathwada drought has been extensively covered in the print and electronic media. The large impact has been attributed to exceptionally large deficit in rainfall by some journalists and politicians, to two successive droughts in 2014 and 2015 by some and some have considered the drought to be a manifestation of climate change. In this article, we present an analysis of the Marathwada monsoon rainfall from 1871 onwards and show that the quantum of deficit rainfall in 2015 as well as the occurrence of two successive droughts is within the observed variability of the Marathwada rainfall and the 2015 monsoon rainfall also cannot be considered as a manifestation of climate change. Thus the large impact of 2015 is a reflection of poor management of water resources and agriculture, despite the long experience of rainfall variability. We show that the prediction by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) of a high chance of below normal rainfall or a drought on the all-India scale and the occurrence of El Nino could have been used to anticipate large deficiency in Marathwada rainfall. We suggest that the problem of lack of progress in the production of rainfed crops such as pulses has to be addressed by using the rich rainfall data sets in the country to generate information which can be used by farmers and agricultural scientists to identify strategies, which are tailored to the entire spectrum of rainfall variability experienced. Towards this end an interactive software `RAINFO' has been developed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology ((IITM), Pune to provide location-specific information derived from the IMD data, on the desired facets of rainfall variability.
Stem CO2 efflux of Abies fabri in subalpine forests in the Gongga Mountains, Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Aims Despite the importance of stem cO2 efflux (Es) in ecosystem carbon cycling and energy balance, little is known about temporal variation in the temperature coefficient (Q10) and sapwood nitrogen concentrations ([N]) and their intrinsic links with Es. The objectives of this study were: (i) to examine the response of Es to temperature in a subalpine region and (ii) to explore the influence of stem diameter and [N] on Es. Also, we will test the hypothesis that (i) Es in trees has thermal acclimation and (ii) Es will be well correlated with diameter at breast height (DBH) and [N]. Methods Here, a horizontally oriented soil chamber technique was applied to measure Es of Abies fabri in two subalpine forest stands in Southwestern china from May to December 2014. We also examined the variability in Es, Q10 and [N] in trees and monitored the relationship between temperature, [N], DBH and Es. Important Findings During the measurement period, Es showed an apparent seasonal trend, following the change in air temperature, increasing from May and peaking in July, then continuously decreasing until December. The mean Es for the growing and dormant seasons were 1.45 and 0.25 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively, and Es in the mature forest was significantly higher than in the immature forest. The area-based Es was positively correlated with DBH and sapwood width (SW), while volume-based Es showed negative relationship with DBH and SW. Across the five diameter classes, 69.8–89.0% of the variation in Es could be explained by air temperature. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Es ranged from 2.98 to 5.61 during the measurement period, with a higher Q10 appearing in the growing season than in the dormant season. There was a significant linear relationship (P < 0.01) between [N] and Es (expressed based on two different units). Additionally, exponential models of Es against [N] and air temperature were applied to estimate Es.
Net portal appearance of amino acids in Iberian compared to Landrace pigs

Compared to modern breeds, Iberian pigs have lower rates of muscle protein deposition and greater viscera weight. Factors that limit growth performance of Iberian pigs are still unknown. We hypothesized that differences in net portal appearance (NPA) of amino acids (AA) might partially explain the lower growth rate reported in Iberian pigs compared to modern breeds (Nieto et al., 2002).
NEW UROPLATUS DUMERIL (REPTILIA: SQUAMARA: GEKKONIDAE) OF THE EBENAUI-GROUP FROM THE ANOSY MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN MADAGASCAR

of staining nerves of small, whole specimens of fishes and other vertebrates. Copeia 1977:587-588. JOHNSON, G. D. , AND W. D. ANDERSON, JR. (Eds.). 1993. Proceedings of the symposium on phylogeny of Percomorpha, June 15-17, 1990, held in Charleston, South Carolina at the 70th annual meetings of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Bull. Mar. Sci. 52:1-626. KAWAMURA, K. , AND K. HOSOYA. 1991. A modified double staining technique for making a transparent fish-skeletal specimen. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquaculture. 20:11-18 (in Japanese with English abstract). NISHIKAWA, K. C. 1987. Staining amphibian peripheral nerves with Sudan Black B: progressive vs regressive methods. Copeia 1987:489-491. RASMUSSEN, G. L. 1961. A method for staining the statoacoustic nerve in bulk with Sudan Black B. Anat. Rec. 139:465-470.
Prioritising culvert removals to restore habitat for at-risk salmonids in the boreal forest

In the boreal forests of Canada, industrial development has resulted in the installation of thousands of culverted road crossings that act as barriers to fish movement and degrade habitat for native freshwater fishes. In view of culvert removals being expensive, prioritisation methods have been developed, but the efficacy of such methods has not been thoroughly investigated nor have they been tested on low-gradient boreal forest watersheds containing at-risk salmonids. The management utility of a novel GIS-based optimisation-planning tool to prioritise fish barrier remediation was tested in two highly developed watersheds. Region-specific parameter estimates of monetary variables (e.g. budget, individual barrier remediation costs), barrier passability and biologically relevant information for species on conservation concern (e.g. habitat suitability, dispersal ability) were incorporated. Results indicate that for Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus Pallas, and bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus Suckley, a large proportion (~61–83%) of currently isolated habitat can be reconnected with low investment (~$200–$500 K). This study demonstrates the management utility of barrier optimisation methods for use in boreal watersheds, particularly as it significantly reduces the technical expertise needed to perform relatively complex optimisation analyses.
Lack of genetic structuring and subspecies differentiation in the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in Finland

We sequenced and analysed variation in a 430 bp segment of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 302 Finnish capercaillies Tetrao urogallus. The data were divided into four zones representing the three suggested subspecies (T. u. urogallus, T. u. uralensis/karelicus, T. u. major), and the zone for hybrids between T. u. urogallus and T. u. uralensis. We did not find any clear evidence for different subspecies zones, or for differentiation among local populations. One major haplotype dominated in three zones and comprised 46% of all the sampled birds, and variation among individuals explained 98% of the total variance. Nucleotide and haplotype diversities tended to be high in northern and central parts of the country, whereas lower values were found at the west cost and in eastern parts of the country. Pairwise genetic differences, the low raggedness index, the form of the minimum-spanning network as well as the wide distribution of the most common haplotype supported the model of an expanding population. Hence, the results suggest that the Finnish capercaillie population is - or has been at least very recently - more or less continuous throughout the country.
Population status and fishery potential of the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) in North-eastern Brazil

Ucides cordatus is a semi-terrestrial crab and key species endemic to mangrove areas of eastern Americas. In North-eastern Brazil this crab holds a major socio-economic function for artisanal fisheries, as in the São Francisco River Estuary (10°30′27″S 36°23′45″W). Nevertheless, decreases in this species’ stock have been reported since 2000, requiring assessments of the crab population for conservation and management purposes. This study aims at assessing the population status and the fishery potential of this species in the mangroves of this estuary and suggests strategies for its fishery and conservation, according to the guidelines of the National Management Plan for U. cordatus Sustainable Use. Six different sites established in 30 km2 of mangroves were sampled, with the density of U. cordatus burrows estimated to evaluate the population structure using the measure of burrow diameters. Results show that the crab mean burrow size was 56.82 (±12.2) mm and that the medium-size crabs (40–70 mm) are the most abundant. The total mean crab density was 1.2 crabs m−2, from which the density of crabs in commercial size (0.85 ± 0.55 crabs m−2) was significantly higher than those in non-commercial size (0.35 ± 0.21 burrow m−2). These mangroves showed a high potential for the crab fishery, with an immediate extractive potential (IEP) of 71.2% and future extractive potential (FEP) of 28.8%. Nevertheless, a lower crab density, probably due to high crab mortality, mangrove deforestation for shrimp farming and high fishery pressure, is a limiting factor for local fishery. We conclude that mangrove areas more appropriate for U. cordatus fishery (extractive areas) show higher mean crab size, IEP and density of commercial crabs, wherein a fixed exploitation rate or/and a fixed escapement rule should be considered. Exclusion areas, intended for the conservation, show lower values of these population parameters and higher FEP, wherein the fishery should be prohibited. These management strategies should also be considered in other Brazilian mangrove areas showing similar crab population structure, thus contributing to the National Management Plan for U. cordatus Sustainable Use.