Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decolonising inclusive education: an example from a research in Colombia

Inclusive education is a concept born in the global North. Research has shown that its relatively recent but widespread adoption by countries in the global South is often done without consideration of the actual needs of these contexts, and by solely focusing on strategies for learners with disabilities. As a result, inclusive education has been criticised as a neo-colonial project in need of renovation. The aim of this article is to show how research can broaden the understanding of inclusive education and make it more relevant to southern contexts. Drawing on an ethnographic research on inclusive education in Colombia, I present some unique examples of vulnerability, but also experiences of belonging in the direst of circumstances. I conclude that in order to decolonise the concept of inclusive education and make its practice sustainable in southern contexts, we need more culturally sensitive research to inform our understanding of these under-researched spaces.
Preference and Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Paddy Rice in Young Chicks

Rice grain for feed has been used for chicken feed as a substitute for corn, since the nutritive values of corn and rice are similar. However, it is unclear whether rice grain for feed should be available for young chicks from the early stages of ages. It was reported that the preference for unpolished rice was low, but no information was available for paddy rice (PR) which is low in digestibility. In the present study, therefore, preference for PR and the passage of feed through the gastrointestinal tract were investigated. In order to improve this preference, the effect of mixing PR with a practical diet was compared with early learning for adapting to PR. In addition, it was confirmed that the passage rate of PR is improved by the addition of grit, an enzyme or lysine. As a result, replacing 60% of a practical diet with PR was found to significantly increase intake of feed in comparison with the practical diet alone. The preference for PR was very clear irrespective of whether early learning for adapting to PR occurred just after hatching or not. The addition of an enzyme improved the passage of feed through the whole gastrointestinal tract, although the addition of grit and lysine did not affect it. On the other hand, the passage of feed from the crop was not improved by any treatments. In conclusion, mixing PR and the practical diet improved feed intake and the passage of feed through the gastrointestinal tract was improved by adding enzymes in young chicks.
Modeling Subtype-Selective Agonists Binding with α4β2 and α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Effects of Local Binding and Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions

The subtype-selective binding of 14 representative agonists with α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been studied by performing homology modeling, molecular docking, geometry optimizations, and microscopic and phenomenological binding free energy calculations. All of the computational results demonstrate that the subtype selectivity of the agonists binding with α4β2 and α7 nAChRs is affected by both local binding and long-range electrostatic interactions between the receptors and the protonated structures of the agonists. The effects of the long-range electrostatic interactions are mainly due to the distinct difference in the net charge of the ligand-binding domain between the two nAChR subtypes. For the α4β2-selective agonists examined, the microscopic binding modes with the α4β2 nAChR are very similar to the corresponding modes with the α7 nAChR, and therefore, the subtype selectivity of these agonists binding with α4β2 and α7 nAChRs is dominated by the long-range electrostatic in.
Aplicação de lactato de cálcio e ácido ascórbico na conservação de minimilho minimamente processado

The babycorn is a special form of not industrialized consumption of the corn, that consists of young spikes that are used two or three days after the exhibition of the hair of the spike, called style-stigmas. This work had as objective to evaluate the effects of calcium lactate and ascorbic acid on fresh-cut babycorn and to verify the possible alterations of the product during storage. Physical, physico-chemical, chemical and biochemical, characteristics were studied. The experiment was carried out in the Food Science Department at Federal University of Lavras, MG and conduct in completely randomized design, with three replicates. Treatments were arranged in a factorial 3x5, scheme constituted by the immersion of babycorn in distilled water, calcium lactate (1%) , ascorbic acid (1%) and stored for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days (5oC and 90% RH). Treatment with ascorbic acid increased the amount vitamin C in the minimally processed babycorn, suggesting it was absorbed by the tissue. The young ear treated with calcium lactate and ascorbic acid, had a shelf life of 12 days.
Reverse pseudohyperkalemia: Verify potassium levels before initiating treatment

Hyperkalemia is a complex laboratory abnormality. There are varying degrees of true hyperkalemia, pseudohyperkalemia, and even reverse pseudohyperkalemia which must be distinguished from one another. We present a case of reverse pseudohyperkalemia in an elderly male with a hematologic malignancy found to have an elevated potassium level on admission. Both plasma and serum levels were measured, plasma level was high while serum levels were normal, and a diagnosis of reverse pseudohyperkalemia was made. Awareness and increased suspicion result in rapid diagnosis, and prevent overtreatment and iatrogenic complications.
Gender and socio-economic factors influencing domestication of indigenous medicinal plants in the West Usambara Mountains, northern Tanzania

The limited capacity of governments in developing countries to service primary health care has resulted in a rapid increase in use of indigenous medicinal plants. This increase, together with other biological and non-biological factors, has rendered these plants vulnerable to over-use and extirpation. Domestication is a conservation intervention that can relieve pressure on medicinal species. In order to ensure effectiveness and sustainability of an intervention, understanding the influencing factors is imperative. We examined the influence of gender and some socio-economic factors on domestication of medicinal plants in the West Usambara Mountains of northern Tanzania. Participatory wealth ranking, structured and semi-structured interviews, botanical surveys and participant observations were employed in data collection. Results showed that domestication has played a fundamental role in conservation of medicinal plants in the study area. Forty (89%) and twelve (27%) of forty-five indigenous plant species were domesticated on farms and around homesteads, respectively. A total of 89% of respondents (n = 173) had domesticated medicinal plants on their farms and around homesteads. Gender was the most important factor that influenced this practice, with more male-headed than female-headed households involved in the domestication effort. This can be attributed to social and cultural factors that, besides dispossessing women of tenure rights over resources and land, also subject them to heavy workloads and therefore diminish the time available for plant domestication. The number of domesticated medicinal plants also depended on age, affluence, farm size, household size and ethnicity. We recommend that agroforestry research should focus not only on integrating forest plants in farmlands, but also on cultural, socio-economic and institutional aspects affecting the whole system of domestication.
RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE ANATOMY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CUCURBITACEAE

The Cucurbitaceae family is one of the most important plant families worldwide. It includes the largest number of wellknown plants used for human food and medicinal purposes. Some of the important plants that have been studied are cultivated in Romania Momordica charantia L. , Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. Ex Naud. and Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (syn L. aegyptiaca Mill.). We compared the stem anatomy of three representative Cucurbitaceae members. We found similarities in the arrangement and distribution of cells and tissues in the organs under investigation. The detailed anatomy of the three species is presented in this paper. Comparative anatomical studies of the three species, with variations in the number of tissues, is shown together for the first time. This study is, therefore, based on the principles that research anatomy has played a major role in the identification, characterization and delimitation of botanical taxonomic features.
Rare species in multivariate analysis for bioassessment: some considerations

BRIDGES is a recurring feature of J-NABS intended to provide a forum for the interchange of ideas and information between basic and applied researchers in benthic science. Articles in this series will focus on topical research areas and linkages between basic and applied aspects of research, monitoring policy, and education. Readers with ideas for topics should contact Associate Editors, Nick Aumen and Marty Gurtz. Multivariate analyses are used commonly in bioassessment studies examining the degree of human impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, these analyses may have shortcomings with respect to how well they address the presence or absence of rare species. Researchers may delete rare species explicitly, or ignore them implicitly by the use of small sample sizes. The motivation for exclusion of rare species may be related to sampling or analytical resource limitations. The authors provide an overview of the importance of rare species, the sensitivity of the newer multivariate techniques to rare species, and the need for careful evaluation of the potential influences of the inclusion or exclusion of rare species from analyses in light of each study’s objectives and spatial scale. Nick Aumen,nick_aumen@nps.gov Marty Gurtz,megurtz@usgs.gov Co-editors
Ectonucleotidases and synaptic plasticity: Implications in physiological and pathological conditions

Several studies have suggested a role of extracellular ATP in synaptic plasticity. The signaling actions induced by extracellular ATP are directly correlated to the activity of a group of ectonucleotidases, which includes an ecto‐ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), an ATP diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, EC 3.6.1.5), and a 5′‐nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5). These ectoenzymes trigger enzymatic conversion of ATP to adenosine, an important neuromodulator. Our studies have shown that ectonucleotidase activities are modulated in physiological and pathological situations able to induce synaptic plasticity, such as memory, epilepsy, and ischemia. Synaptosomal ectonucleotidase activities from hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were inhibited after the training session in a step‐down inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Considering that adenosine has anticonvulsant effects, ectonucleotidase activities were determined after the induction of epilepsy by several animal models, such as pilocarpine, kainic acid, and kindling models. ATP diphosphohydrolase and 5′‐nucleotidase activities from synaptosomes of hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats significantly and differently increased after induction of status epilepticus by pilocarpine, kainic acid, or kindling models. Furthermore, significant changes have been observed in ATP diphosphohydrolase and 5′‐nucleotidase after ischemia and reperfusion in hippocampal synaptosomes of rats. The demonstration that ectonucleotidases presented the activities altered after a memory task, or the induction of animal models of epilepsy or ischemia‐reperfusion, suggests that these enzymes can act in the regulation of synaptic activity, controlling ATP and adenosine levels, depending on the synaptic plasticity developed, in physiological or pathological conditions. Drug Dev. Res. 52:57–65, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some effects of foliar spray of zinc sulphate on growth, yield and fruit quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Responses on various characters of guava trees due to foliar spray of zinc were studied in the field trial. The guava trees were sprayed with 0.0%, 0.2% and 0.4% zinc sulphate solutions during July 1966 and 1967. Significant improvement in growth characters, i.e., elongation of terminal shoot, number of leaves, leaf area per shoot and chlorophyll recovery was observed with zinc spray. The zinc spray also significantly reduced the time for fruit maturity and increased fruit yield significantly. The significant improvement was also recorded on Fruit weight, length, diameter, reducing sugars, Vitamin C, pectic substances and total soluble solids, And significant reduction in acidity.
Flow Loss in Deltaic Distributaries: Impacts on Channel Hydraulics, Morphology, and Stability

The most comprehensive data sets documenting hydraulic and sediment transport regimes in the lower reaches of alluvial rivers come from systems that are managed to prevent flow loss from the channel into the overbank environment. Even moderate losses can have significant impacts on in‐channel velocity and sediment transport; therefore, a full understanding of flow loss and its effects is an important prerequisite to insights into channel function and to designing effective management strategies. We use the term flow loss for losses of water that are locally small relative to the main channel discharge. We present a unique data set documenting discharge, channel geometry, and water surface elevation from three distributary channel networks in the Mississippi River Delta where flow loss is widespread. We apply our data to validate a 1‐D hydraulic model, which then drives a previously validated model of sediment transport. Results from the modeling effort demonstrate that velocity and sediment transport trends are substantially modulated by flow loss in the ranges observed in distributary networks. The effect of flow loss on distributary channels established, we then examine how flood control infrastructure may have impacted the morphological evolution of the lowermost reaches of a large alluvial river like the Mississippi. The expected outcome of preventing flow loss is erosion in the channel's lowermost reach, in agreement with observational data. Finally, we develop a theoretical metric for a stable channel, and show that flow loss is a potentially important and understudied contributor to the long‐term behavior of distributary channels.
SpinalFlow: An Architecture and Dataflow Tailored for Spiking Neural Networks

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are expected to be part of the future AI portfolio, with heavy investment from industry and government, e.g., IBM TrueNorth, Intel Loihi. While Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architectures have taken large strides, few works have targeted SNN hardware efficiency. Our analysis of SNN baselines shows that at modest spike rates, SNN implementations exhibit significantly lower efficiency than accelerators for ANNs. This is primarily because SNN dataflows must consider neuron potentials for several ticks, introducing a new data structure and a new dimension to the reuse pattern. We introduce a novel SNN architecture, SpinalFlow, that processes a compressed, time-stamped, sorted sequence of input spikes. It adopts an ordering of computations such that the outputs of a network layer are also compressed, time-stamped, and sorted. All relevant computations for a neuron are performed in consecutive steps to eliminate neuron potential storage overheads. Thus, with better data reuse, we advance the energy efficiency of SNN accelerators by an order of magnitude. Even though the temporal aspect in SNNs prevents the exploitation of some reuse patterns that are more easily exploited in ANNs, at 4-bit input resolution and 90% input sparsity, SpinalFlow reduces average energy by $1.8 \times$, compared to a 4-bit Eyeriss baseline. These improvements are seen for a range of networks and sparsity/resolution levels; SpinalFlow consumes $5 \times$ less energy and $5.4 \times$ less time than an 8-bit version of Eyeriss. We thus show that, depending on the level of observed sparsity, SNN architectures can be competitive with ANN architectures in terms of latency and energy for inference, thus lowering the barrier for practical deployment in scenarios demanding real-time learning.
Why Were Interest-only Mortgages so Popular During the U.S. Housing Boom?

We describe a rational expectations model in which speculative bubbles in house prices can emerge. When a bubble emerges, both speculators and their lenders prefer interest-only (IO) mortgages to traditional mortgages. By contrast, absent a bubble there is no scope for mutual gains from using IOs. Using data compiled for over 200 US cities for the period 2000-2008, we find that IOs were used sparingly in cities where elastic housing supply kept house prices in check, but were common in cities with inelastic supply where house prices rose sharply and then crashed. We confirm that the use of IOs in these cities is not proxying for other mortgage market characteristics such as subprime, securitization, or high leverage. Moreover, the use of IOs does not appear to have been a response to houses becoming more expensive; if anything, their use anticipated future appreciation. We also confirm that, as implied by our model, IOs were more likely to be repaid early, and those that survived until prices fell were more likely to default. These findings suggest that the recent boom-bust in the housing market was associated with a speculative bubble.
Cytochromes of Fungi

SUMMARY The mycelia of 45 species of fungi were examined using a direct-vision spectroscope and in every instance absorption bands of cytochromes were seen. The relative positions of the bands varied, but this variation was not considered sufficient to suggest the presence of cytochromes additional to those normally found in yeast. Since Keilin's original paper entitled 'On cytochrome, a respiratory pigment common to animals, yeast and higher plants' (Keilin, 1925), there have been few observations on the occurrence of cytochromes in fungi. Cytochromes have been recorded in Neurospora crassa and Penicillium, notatum (Keilin and Tissieres, 1953); certain strains of N. crassa show variations from the normal cytochrome system of the wild type (Tissieres and Mitchell, 1954). Neilands (1952) isolated cytochrome c from Ustilago sp. whilst cytochrome oxidase has been shown to occur in Myrothecium verrucaria (Darby and Goddard, 1950), in Aspergillus spp. (Tamiya, 1942), and in Blastocladiella emersonii (Cantino and Horenstein, 1955). In the latter organism the enzyme was apparently not present in the thick-walled resistant sporangia. This paper records the results of direct spectroscopic examinations for the presence of cytochromes within the mycelium of a series of fungi. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Food items and general conditions of Hyperopisus

Knowledge of the food items consumed by the fish enables farmers have a clear understanding of the fish’ dietary requirement so that feeds could be compounded as supplementary alternatives in aquaculture. Food items when consumed in sufficient amount aid optimal growth in fish species. The food items identified in the gut of Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis, in their decreasing order of abundance are as follows: Bacillariophyta> Dinoflagellates> Crustaceans> Chlorophyta among others. Navicula spp contributed the highest percentage (8.5%) while the least percentage (2%) was contributed by Coscinodiscus spp, analyzed by numerical method. Amongst the Dinoflagellates; Gomyaulax spp contributed the highest food item by the point method, while the least was contributed by Ceratium spp (3.5%). Also, the occurrence of Closterium spp was the highest (6%) while Spirogyra spp. recorded the least percentage (3%) both by the frequency of occurrence method. A total number of 202 specimens, comprising 75 female and 127 male specimens of this species were caught from Warri River. This gave a 1:1.7 female to male sex ratio. The total length range measurement for male specimens was 189.2 to 355.0 mm while that for female was 246.0 to 379.0 mm. A body weight range of 50.0 to 499.0 g was recorded for male specimens, while that recorded for female specimens was 106.0 to 400.0 g. Length-weight relationship revealed significant differences (P<0.05) with an 'r' value of 0.77 for male and 0.51 for female specimens. The slope of regression co-efficient 'b' was (2.68) for males and (1.76) for females. Both values were less than 3 implying that the fish increased more in total length than in body weight. The condition index was more favourable to male (4.64) than female (4.14) specimens based on mean value calculated on fresh and gutted body weights in both sexes.
Children’s Understanding of Identity - The Kind of Referent That Children Have in Mind When Understanding Identity Arguments

In order to conduct the reader to several important features of the old concept of identity we use a dialogue between two brothers of age 14 and 10 (ch.2). These boys point to important problems for children’s understanding identity. These are, for example, children’s ability to use two different names for one object (referent) or how to understand that the same referent is described by different properties (morning/evening star problem) or how can the referent of a name (name of their grandmother) be identical with the referent of a description (woman living 2nd floor, door 13) etc. Such identity situations occur in the test with children described in ch.6. After some preliminaries concerning the used language (ch.3) we offer a classification of identity-statements (ch.4) since several forms of these are used in the identity test (ch.6). Chapter 5 is a detailed study of different types of referents which are used when children understand identity: thought-referent, discourse-referent, perspective-referent are the most important ones. The last - perspective-referent - has many ramifications because of the different types of “perspective”. The last chapter describes an experimental test that has been done with 62 children of age between 3 and 4 years. The test included two identity stories accompanied by two preceding control stories. The result of the tests are as follows: 1. The correlation between age and the solution of the identity tasks is significant. 2. There is a significant difference between 3-years old and 4-years old children concerning both the identity tasks and that of the false belief task. 3. There is a significant correlation between the solution of the identity tasks and the false belief task. Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Josef Perner for several valuable remarks.
Assessing the change in knowledge and attitude of student nurses towards mental disorders after an educational programme

Methods: Socio-demographic questionnaire, Modified version of the questionnaire developed for the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) programme to reduce stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia and WPA semistructured educational material were administered to first and second year nursing students in 2 institutions (study and control groups). Assessment was done at pre-intervention, one week and one month post-intervention. At intervention phase, only the students in the experimental school had the educational programme.