Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unbalanced frontogenesis with constant potential vorticity

Abstract : The numerical model of Williams et al. (1992) is used to study frontogenesis from unbalanced initial conditions. The dependent variables are assumed to be independent of y. The hydrostatic Boussinesq primitive equations are used with no diffusion of heat or momentum. The model is bounded at the top and bottom by rigid planes. Periodic boundary conditions are used in the horizontal. The lateral boundaries are placed far enough from the imbalance region to avoid wave reflection. The atmosphere is assumed to have constant vertical temperature stratification. The initial imbalance is obtained by allowing a horizontal temperature gradient to exist while the initial wind is zero. In a stable stratified atmosphere, gravity waves are excited and propagate away from the imbalance region, provided no reflection occurs in the lateral boundaries. Therefore, the atmosphere tends toward a geostrophic balance away from vertical boundaries. Near these boundaries, the temperature gradient oscillates or it collapses into a front, depending on the initial Rossby (Ro) and Froude (F) numbers. A relationship between Ro and F is established which separates situations where a front may or may not form. Numerical solutions show the formation of a front within a finite period of time that tilts toward the cold air.
Anti-Doping Knowledge of Students Undertaking Bachelor’s Degrees in Sports Sciences in Spain

In Spain, students pursuing a career in athletic training, physical education, or scientific evaluation of sports enroll in a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences. This degree provides knowledge and skills in a broad array of sports settings and promotes research-based interdisciplinary knowledge. However, the student’s syllabus rarely includes specific academic training on anti-doping regulations or doping prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-doping knowledge of the students undertaking a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences in Spanish universities. One thousand two hundred and thirty-three bachelor students in sport science (907 males, 322 females, and 4 participants with non-binary sex) from 26 Spanish universities completed a validated questionnaire about general anti-doping knowledge. The questionnaire is an adapted version of the Play True Quiz of the World Anti-Doping Agency and contains 37 multiple-choice questions. The score obtained in the questionnaire was transformed into a 0–100-point scale. The questionnaire was distributed among students within each university by a faculty member and it was filled out online. Students obtained a score of 65.8 ± 10.10 points (range = 32–92 points). There was an effect of the course in the score obtained (p < 0.001). Students of the first course (63.6 ± 9.5 points) had lower scores than the remaining courses (p < 0.037) while the students of the fourth course obtained the highest scores (68.7 ± 9.5 points; p < 0.019). The students with an itinerary on sports performance were the respondents with the highest anti-doping knowledge (67.2 ± 10.2) points, followed by the students with an itinerary on health (66.7 ± 9.5 points). The knowledge of basic anti-doping rules and doping prevention strategies of the bachelor students in sports sciences in Spain was suboptimal. Increasing doping prevention information in the syllabus of the bachelor’s degree in sports sciences is essential as these future professionals will directly work with populations at risk of doping.
Chest Imaging in Systemic Endemic Mycoses

Endemic fungal infections are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality in certain regions of the world. The diagnosis and management remain a challenge, and the reason could be explained by the lack of disease awareness, variability of symptoms, and insidious and often overlooked clinical presentation. Imaging findings are nonspecific and frequently misinterpreted as other more common infectious or malignant diseases. Patient demographics and clinical and travel history are important clues that may lead to a proper diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the presentation and differential diagnosis of endemic mycoses based on the most common chest imaging findings.
Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems

Spin-orbit coupling in inversion-asymmetric magnetic crystals and structures has emerged as a powerful tool to generate complex magnetic textures, interconvert charge and spin under applied current, and control magnetization dynamics. Current-induced spin-orbit torques mediate the transfer of angular momentum from the lattice to the spin system, leading to sustained magnetic oscillations or switching of ferromagnetic as well as antiferromagnetic structures. The manipulation of magnetic order, domain walls and skyrmions by spin-orbit torques provides evidence of the microscopic interactions between charge and spin in a variety of materials and opens novel strategies to design spintronic devices with potentially high impact in data storage, nonvolatile logic, and magnonic applications. This paper reviews recent progress in the field of spin-orbitronics, focusing on theoretical models, material properties, and experimental results obtained on bulk noncentrosymmetric conductors and multilayer heterostructures, including metals, semiconductors, and topological insulator systems. Relevant aspects for improving the understanding and optimizing the efficiency of nonequilibrium spin-orbit phenomena in future nanoscale devices are also discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF A SCHOOL SPORTS TRAINING PROGRAM FOR NOVICE GYMNASTS: THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND WELLBEING RESPONSES

The description of the training program structure and the measurement of dose-response for novice gymnasts at the scholarly level is still not elucidated in the literature. The study aimed to describe a rhythmic gymnastics training program for novices and to examine their perceptions of training load and wellbeing. Eight Brazilian gymnasts (10.6±0.5 years old), from a specific school, participated in a training program that lasted 26 weeks, and was separated into general preparation (1), specific preparation (2), intensification (3), tapering (4), competitive (5), and transitioning (6) phases. In each session, wellbeing and the internal training load (ITL) were measured by a Likert scale. The comparison of wellbeing and ITL during the program was performed by repeated-measure tests, with a significance of p< 0.05. A significant difference in ITL amongst the phases was found (x2= 110, p<0.001), with Phases 3, 4, and 5 presenting higher values compared to 2 and 6. Phase 6 had lower ITL compared to 2. Higher values of wellbeing were described during the program, however, Phase 6 presented a significantly higher score compared to Phases 2 and 5 (x2= 12.0, p=0.018). In conclusion, the rhythmic gymnastics training program developed for novice scholar participants seems to be adequate in terms of structure and training load distribution. In addition to the gymnasts reporting higher overall wellbeing during the program, attention should be paid to the competitive week, to avoid a decrease in wellbeing and possible negative effects on the gymnasts’ performance.
Second-Line Chemotherapy in Elderly Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: A Multicenter Real-World Study

Objectives: The ABC-06 and the NIFTY trials recently established the role of second-line chemotherapy (2L) in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). Our real-world study aimed to explore 2L in BTC patients aged ≥ 70 years old and to compare their outcomes with younger subjects. Methods: Institutional registries across three academic medical centers were retrospectively reviewed. The Kaplan–Meier methods were used to estimate survival, and the log-rank test was used to make comparisons. Results: A total of 190 BTC patients treated with 2L were identified and included in the analysis. Among them, 52 (27.3%) were aged ≥ 70 years (range 70–87 years). No statistically significant differences in both median overall survival (mOS) and median progression-free survival (mPFS) were recorded between the elderly and younger patients. Absolute lymphocyte count < 1000/mmc (p < 0.001) and albumin level < 3 g/dL (p < 0.001) were independently associated with worse prognoses. Conclusions: The results of this real-world study suggest that for patients aged ≥ 70 years, 2L could be equally effective for younger patients with survival outcomes aligned to those from the ABC-06 and NIFTY trials. The delivery of 2L should be carefully evaluated and monitored in this patient subset.
Induced guilt and more self-disciplined moral standards in moral dilemma judgment

ABSTRACT Objective The current study attempts to adopt more comprehensive and rigorous methods to deconstruct and confirm the association between guilt and moral dilemma judgements, with the expectation of providing new insights for related research. Methods A total of 170 college participants were employed in separate batches for the experiment, including 53 males and 117 females, ranging from 17 to 28 years old (M = 20.88, SD = 2.29). We first induced guilt in the subjects using recalling and writing tasks and then asked the participants to complete the moral dilemma judgement tasks. Results Results of the analysis using traditional methods showed no association between induced guilt and moral dilemma judgements. However, the results of the process dissociation analysis indicated that induced guilt is related to higher deontological inclination. Moreover, the CNI model analysis revealed that induced guilt has a stronger sensitivity to moral norms. Conclusion Induced guilt was associated with a stronger sensitivity to moral norms, which is reflected in less violation and more compliance with moral norms. There was no direct relation between induced guilt and the sensitivity to consequences and a general preference for action in moral decision-making. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Previous findings on the relation of guilt in moral decision-making were not consistent. The traditional approach treats utilitarianism and deontology as bipolar opposites, which may further confound the relation between guilt and moral decision-making. Numerous studies imply that guilt increases other-oriented empathy and emotional concern for the victims. What this topic adds: Induced Guilt is associated with higher sensitivity to moral norms and will discipline one’s behaviour to be more in line with ethical standards. Induced Guilt is unrelated to utilitarian decisions about the well-being of the majority and is not involved in the inhibition and activation of action. The current study used more comprehensive and rigorous methods to clarify the potential confounding factors.
An ALMA View of Molecular Filaments in the Large Magellanic Cloud. II. An Early Stage of High-mass Star Formation Embedded at Colliding Clouds in N159W-South

We have conducted ALMA CO isotopes and 1.3 mm continuum observations toward filamentary molecular clouds of the N159W-South region in the Large Magellanic Cloud with an angular resolution of ∼0. ″25 (∼0.07 pc). Although the previous lower-resolution (∼1″) ALMA observations revealed that there is a high-mass protostellar object at an intersection of two line-shaped filaments in 13CO with the length scale of ∼10 pc, the spatially resolved observations, in particular, toward the highest column density part traced by the 1.3 mm continuum emission, the N159W-South clump, show complicated hub-filamentary structures. We also discovered that there are multiple protostellar sources with bipolar outflows along the massive filament. The redshifted/blueshifted components of the 13CO emission around the massive filaments/protostars have complementary distributions, which is considered to be possible evidence for a cloud–cloud collision. We propose a new scenario in which the supersonically colliding gas flow triggers the formation of both the massive filament and protostars. This is a modification of the earlier scenario of cloud–cloud collision, by Fukui et al., that postulated the two filamentary clouds occur prior to the high-mass star formation. A recent theoretical study of the shock compression in colliding molecular flows by Inoue et al. demonstrates that the formation of filaments with hub structure is a usual outcome of the collision, lending support for the present scenario. The theory argues that the filaments are formed as dense parts in a shock compressed sheet-like layer, which resembles “an umbrella with pokes. ”
Electrically induced, non-volatile, metal insulator transition in a ferroelectric-controlled MoS2 transistor

We demonstrate an electrically induced, non-volatile, metal-insulator phase transition in a MoS2 transistor. A ferroelectric capacitor made of single crystalline, epitaxially grown PbZr0.2Ti0. 8O3 was connected to the gate of a field effect thin film MoS2 transistor. When a voltage is applied to this ferroelectric capacitor, a clear transition from an insulator to a metal and vice versa is observed in the transistor. Importantly, when the biased voltage is turned off, the remnant polarization in the ferroelectric can keep the MoS2 in its original phase, thereby providing a non-volatile state. Thus, a metallic or insulating phase can be written, erased, or retained simply by biasing the externally connected ferroelectric capacitor.
Massive neutrinos in cosmology: Analytic solutions and fluid approximation

We study the evolution of linear density fluctuations of free-streaming massive neutrinos at redshift of z < 1000, with an explicit justification on the use of a fluid approximation. We solve the collisionless Boltzmann equation in an Einstein de-Sitter (EdS) universe, truncating the Boltzmann hierarchy at lmax = 1 and 2, and compare the resulting density contrast of neutrinos, � fluid , with that of the exact solutions of the Boltzmann equation that we derive in this paper. Roughly speaking, the fluid approximation is accurate if neutrinos were already non-relativistic when the neutrino density fluctuation of a given wavenumber entered the horizon. We find that the fluid approximation is accurate at few to 25% for massive neutrinos with 0.05 < m� < 0.5 eV at the scale of k < 0.4 h Mpc 1 and redshift of z < 10. This result quantifies the limitation of the fluid approximation, for the massive neutrinos with m� < 0.5 eV. We also find that the density contrast calculated from fluid equations (i.e., continuity and Euler equations) becomes a better approximation at a lower redshift, and the accuracy can be further improved by including an anisotropic stress term in the Euler equation. The anisotropic stress term effectively increases the pressure term by a factor of 9/5.
Association between timing of intubation and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background Delayed intubation is associated with poor prognosis in patients with respiratory failure. However, the effect of delayed intubation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains unknown. This study aimed to analyze whether timing of intubation after high-concentration oxygen therapy was associated with worse clinical outcomes in IPF patients. Methods This retrospective propensity score-matched study enrolled adult patients with IPF who underwent mechanical ventilation between January 2011 and July 2021. Patients were divided into early and delayed intubation groups. Delayed intubation was defined as use of high-concentration oxygen therapy for at least 48 hours before tracheal intubation. The primary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, and a conditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between timing of intubation and clinical outcomes. Results The median duration of high-concentration oxygen therapy before intubation was 0.5 days in the early intubation group (n=60) and 5.1 days in the delayed intubation group (n=36). The ICU mortality rate was 56.7% and 75% in the early and delayed intubation groups, respectively, before propensity matching (P=0.075). After matching for demographic and clinical covariates, 33 matched pairs were selected. In the propensity-matched cohort, delayed intubation significantly increased the risk of ICU mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 3.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–15.63; P=0.046). However, in-hospital mortality did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions In patients with IPF, delayed intubation after initiation of high-concentration oxygen therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of ICU mortality compared to early intubation.
He 3-1475 and Its Jets

We present spectra and high-resolution images taken with HST, the NTT, the VLA, and the MPIA/ESO 2.2m of the emission-line star He 3-1475 which we suggest is a post-AGB star. The star is at the origin of a 15-arcsec-long structure containing symmetrically opposing bright knots. The knots have radial velocities of about 500 km/s from the center of He 3-1475 to the ends of the jets. HST snapshots show that the core of He 3-1475 is unipolar with a star at the SE end and the nebula fanning out toward the NW. VLA observations show the presence of OH masers, which are positioned parallel to the optical jets. A model is proposed that accounts for all of the observational data. This unusual object may link the OH/IR stars having extreme outflow velocities with highly bipolar planetary nebulae.
GALAXIES IN X-RAY GROUPS. III. SATELLITE COLOR AND MORPHOLOGY TRANSFORMATIONS

While the star formation rates and morphologies of galaxies have long been known to correlate with their local environment, the process by which these correlations are generated is not well understood. Galaxy groups are thought to play an important role in shaping the physical properties of galaxies before entering massive clusters at low redshift, and transformations of satellite galaxies likely dominate the buildup of local environmental correlations. To illuminate the physical processes that shape galaxy evolution in dense environments, we study a sample of 116 X-ray selected galaxy groups at z = 0.2–1 with halo masses of 1013–1014 M☉ and centroids determined with weak lensing. We analyze morphologies based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging and colors determined from 31 photometric bands for a stellar mass-limited population of 923 satellite galaxies and a comparison sample of 16,644 field galaxies. Controlling for variations in stellar mass across environments, we find significant trends in the colors and morphologies of satellite galaxies with group-centric distance and across cosmic time. Specifically at low stellar mass (log (M⋆/M☉) = 9.8–10.3), the fraction of disk-dominated star-forming galaxies declines from >50% among field galaxies to <20% among satellites near the centers of groups. This decline is accompanied by a rise in quenched galaxies with intermediate bulge+disk morphologies, and only a weak increase in red bulge-dominated systems. These results show that both color and morphology are influenced by a galaxy's location within a group halo. We suggest that strangulation and disk fading alone are insufficient to explain the observed morphological dependence on environment, and that galaxy mergers or close tidal encounters must play a role in building up the population of quenched galaxies with bulges seen in dense environments at low redshift.
Gamma-ray Burst Prompt Correlations: Selection and Instrumental Effects

The prompt emission mechanism of gamma-ray bursts (GRB) even after several decades remains a mystery. However, it is believed that correlations between observable GRB properties, given their huge luminosity/radiated energy and redshift distribution extending up to at least z ≈ 9, are promising possible cosmological tools. They also may help to discriminate among the most plausible theoretical models. Nowadays, the objective is to make GRBs standard candles, similar to supernovae (SNe) Ia, through well-established and robust correlations. However, differently from SNe Ia, GRBs span over several order of magnitude in their energetics, hence they cannot yet be considered standard candles. Additionally, being observed at very large distances, their physical properties are affected by selection biases, the so-called Malmquist bias or Eddington effect. We describe the state of the art on how GRB prompt correlations are corrected for these selection biases to employ them as redshift estimators and cosmological tools. We stress that only after an appropriate evaluation and correction for these effects, GRB correlations can be used to discriminate among the theoretical models of prompt emission, to estimate the cosmological parameters and to serve as distance indicators via redshift estimation.
Topological phase, supercritical point, and emergent phenomena in an extended parafermion chain

Topological orders and associated topological protected excitations satisfying non-Abelian statistics have been widely explored in various platforms. The $\mathbb{Z}_3$ parafermions are regarded as the most natural generation of the Majorana fermions to realize these topological orders. Here we investigate the topological phase and emergent $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin phases in an extended parafermion chain. This model exhibits rich variety of phases, including not only topological ferromagnetic phase, which supports non-Abelian anyon excitation, but also spin-fluid, dimer and chiral phases from the emergent $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin model. We generalize the measurement tools in $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin models to fully characterize these phases in the extended parafermion model and map out the corresponding phase diagram. Surprisingly, we find that all the phase boundaries finally merge to a single supercritical point. In regarding of the rather generality of emergent phenomena in parafermion models, this approach opens a wide range of intriguing applications in investigating the exotic phases in other parafermion models.
BR1202–0725: an extreme multiple merger at z = 4.7

The radio-quiet quasar BR1202-0725 (z=4.695) is a remarkable source with a bright Northwest (NW) companion detected at submm and radio wavelengths but invisible in the optical. In the absence of amplification by gravitational lensing, BR1202-0725 would be the most luminous binary CO and FIR source in the Universe. In this paper, we report observations with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer of BR1202-0725 in the redshifted emission of the CO(5-4) and (7-6) lines, the [C I](3P2-3P1) line, a high angular resolution (0.3 x 0.8 arcsec) 1.3 mm map of the rest-frame, far-IR dust continuum, and a search for the CO(11-10) line. We compare these results with recent ALMA data in the [C II] line. Both the quasar host galaxy and its NW companion are spatially resolved in the molecular line emission and the dust continuum. The CO profile of the NW companion is very broad with a full width at half maximum of 1000 +/- 130 km/s, compared to 360 +/- 40 km/s for the quasar host galaxy to the Southeast (SE). The difference in linewidths and center velocities, and the absence of any lens candidate or arc-like structure in the field, at any wavelength, show that the obscured NW galaxy and the SE quasar host galaxy cannot be lensed images of the same object. Instead, we find morphological and kinematic evidence for sub-structures in both the NW and SE sources. We interpret these results as strong indications that the BR1202-0725 complex is a group of young, interacting, and highly active starburst galaxies.