Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 6% HYDROXYETHYL STARCH (450/0.7) AND RINGER’S LACTATE AS PRELOADING FLUID FOR PREVENTION OF HYPOTENSION DURING SPINAL ANESTHESIA IN ELECTIVE CESAREAN DELIVERY

: We compared the efficacy of volume preloading with Ringer’s Lactate and Hydroxyethyl starch (HEAS) 6% 450/0.7 on the onset and incidence of spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean delivery. 60 healthy parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were selected for the study. Group A was preloaded with 1000ml of RL while as group B preloaded with 500ml of 6% HEAS (450/0.7) over a period of 10 minutes just prior to the administration of spinal anaesthesia. Immediately after the preloading period, subarachnoid block was instituted with 2.5ml of Bupivacaine 0.5% (heavy) at L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspace using 26 Gauge Quinke’s spinal needle in sitting position. The patient were then positioned supine with left developed vomiting. The neonatal Apgar scores were good and similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that:Among preloading agents, colloids are superior to crystalloids in reducing the onset and incidence of spinal-induced hypotension. Hydroxyethyl starch 6% is an ideal preloading agent. High molecular weight HEAS (e. g. 450/0.7) seems to be better option than Ringer’s anaesthesia in parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section. It is suggested to use 500 ml of high molecular weight 6% HEAS 450/0.7 as an effective prophylactic measure to reduce the incidence of spinal-induced hypotension in parturients planned for elective cesarean section. Also no allergic reaction with 6% HEAS 450/0.7 were observed in our study. Various fluids, including crystalloids and colloids have been used for preloading before spinal anaesthesia for cesarean section. Many studies have been reported regarding the effects of volume preload, using various fluid regimens, on the incidence and severity of hypotension induced by spinal anaesthesia. Initial recommendations for prehydration of healthy women about to undergo cesarean section under regional anaesthesia recommended 1000 ml of balanced electrolyte solution. Although prehydration with 1000 ml of crystalloid decreased the incidence of hypotension, hypotension remained a frequent event. Investigators attempted to further decrease the frequency through more aggressive fluid administration. Some investigators increased the volume of crystalloid to 2000 ml, whereas others continued with about 1000 ml of fluid but included some colloid in that volume. Since colloid remain in the vascular compartment for a much longer time period than do crystalloids, it is said to require only one-third to one-fourth as much colloid as crystalloid for an equivalent amount of venous expansion. However colloid solution is considerably more expensive than crystalloids and, depending on the product, has other significant disadvantages, including anaphylaxis.
Histomorphological Studies on Rumen of Black Buck ( Antelope cervicapra )

The present study was conducted on rumen of six black bucks (Antelope cervicapra). The mucosal surface of rumen presented the papillae which varied in density, size and shape. The number of papillae varied from 2-3 papillae/microscopic ﬁeld. Secondary papillae were absent. The epithelial pegs were more developed at the tips of the papillae than at the base and inter-papillae area. The core of the papillae was made up of irregular dense ﬁbrous connective tissue with mainly collagen ﬁbers along with some elastic and few reticular ﬁbers with capillaries The rumen was lined by keratinized stratiﬁed squamous epithelium comprising of stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. The tunica submucosa was made up of loose connective tissue with collagen, elastic and reticular ﬁbers. Tunica submucosa was blended into the lamina propria due to absence of lamina muscularis mucosae. Tunica muscularis had inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle bundle. Tunica serosa was made up of loose connective tissue with large amount of adipose tissue, blood vessels and nerves. Based on the thickness of the keratin layer and tunica muscularis of the rumen blackbuck species may be categorized as grazer type.
Knowledge on Fire Disaster Preparedness among Heads of Schools, Teachers and Students in Secondary Schools in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

: This study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge on fire disaster preparedness among heads of schools, teachers and students in secondary schools in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. This study was guided by the Protection Motivation Theory (1975). This study employed cross-sectional survey research design under quantitative research approach and used stratified sampling to obtain the study sample. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to heads of schools, teachers, and students. The data were analyzed quantitatively through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that respondents were moderately knowledgeable on fire disaster preparedness. Furthermore, the study revealed significant statistical difference in perceived level of knowledge on fire disaster preparedness between teachers in public and private secondary schools; and between teachers and students in secondary schools. The study concluded that only a fair number of respondents could effectively and efficiently respond to fire disasters, if they occurred at school and recommended for inter alia, regular training on fire safety, and integration of fire disaster management topics particularly, on fire disaster preparedness in the secondary education syllabi. reveal that the level of on classes of they might not decide on the appropriate extinguishing class of Nonetheless, class A fires involve solid such as wood or Class B fires involve such of oils. Class C fires involve such as butane and Class D SD=. 33) perceived level of knowledge on fire disaster preparedness in secondary schools in Kilimanjaro region;
Disease Models Regeneration in Acute Inflammatory Bowel Rapamycin Complex 1 Inhibits Intestinal Repression of Mammalian Target of

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates environmental cues to regulate cell growth and survival through various mechanisms. However, how mTORC1 responds to acute inﬂammatory signals to regulate bowel regeneration is still obscure. In this study, we investigated the role of mTORC1 in acute inﬂammatory bowel disease. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity by rapamycin treatment or haploinsufﬁciency of Rheb through genetic modiﬁcation in mice impaired intestinal cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis, leading to high mortality in dextran sodium sulfate– and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid–induced colitis models. Through bone marrow transplantation, we found that mTORC1 in nonhematopoietic cells played a major role in protecting mice from colitis. Reactivation of mTORC1 activity by amino acids had a positive therapeutic effect in mTORC1-deﬁcient Rheb +/ 2 mice. Mechanistically, mTORC1 mediated IL-6–induced Stat3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells to stimulate the expression of downstream targets essential for cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Therefore, mTORC1 signaling critically protects against inﬂammatory bowel disease through modulation of inﬂammation-induced Stat3 activity. As mTORC1 is an important therapeutic target for multiple diseases, our ﬁndings will have important implications for the clinical usage of mTORC1 inhibitors in patients with acute inﬂammatory bowel disease. The Journal of Immunology , 2015, 195: 000–000. In this study, we found that mTORC1 signaling was activated upon intestinal epithelial damage in two chemical-induced experimental colitis mouse models. Through pharmaceutical and genetic approaches, we provide evidence that mTORC1 signaling is essential for intestinal tissue regeneration by regulating Stat3 signaling in epithelial cells. Activation of mTORC1 by amino acids treatment increases Stat3 activity and alleviates colitis in mTORC1-deﬁcient mice. Our study will contribute to further understanding of the role of mTORC1 in intestines during inﬂammation.
HIV-1 Infection Functional Flexibility in HIV-2 Compared to TCR Heterogeneity and + Greater CD8

Virus-speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T cells are known to play an important role in the control of HIV infection. In this study we investigated whether there may be qualitative differences in the CD8 (cid:1) T cell response in HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected individuals that contribute to the relatively efﬁcient control of the latter infection. A molecular comparison of global TCR heterogeneity showed a more oligoclonal pattern of CD8 cells in HIV-1- than HIV-2-infected patients. This was reﬂected in restricted and conserved TCR usage by CD8 (cid:1) T cells recognizing individual HLA-A2- and HLA-B57-restricted viral epitopes in HIV-1, with limited plasticity in their response to amino acid substitutions within these epitopes. The more diverse TCR usage observed for HIV-2-speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T cells was associated with an enhanced potential for CD8 expansion and IFN- (cid:2) production on cross-recognition of variant epitopes. Our data suggest a mechanism that could account for any possible cross-protection that may be mediated by HIV-2-speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T cells against HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, they have implications for HIV vaccine development, demonstrating an association between a polyclonal, virus-speciﬁc CD8 (cid:1) T cell response and an enhanced capacity to tolerate substitutions within T cell epitopes. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 307–316. Direct Kit (Dynal Bio-tech, Oslo, Norway) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Twenty-six RT-PCRs across the (cid:2) -chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) 3 were conducted for each analysis, in a ﬁnal volume of 50 (cid:1) l and using 3% of the cDNA per reaction. Twenty microliters of the heteroduplex reactions and of the nondenatured C region control were loaded on a 12% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel (National Diagnostics, Atlanta, GA), with a 4% stacking gel, run at 10 mA for 16 h at 4°C. Heteroduplex gels were visualized on a FluorS MultiImager (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) following ethidium bromide staining, and densitometrically analyzed using Quan- tity One software (Bio-Rad). Gels were analyzed without the usual South-ern blotting and carrier hybridization (17) to reduce the resolution of the technique and limit the detection of small clones. Individual TCRV (cid:2) tracks were classiﬁed as “oligoclonal” if they had three or fewer clones detectable (six or less heteroduplex bands, since each clone is usually represented by a pair of bands). Heteroduplex bands were only counted if they were of equal or greater intensity than that of a standard dilution of the PCR product across the C region of the (cid:2) -chain (C region control).
Effect Of Operator Control Configuration On Unmanned Aerial System Trainability

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) carry no pilot on board, yet they still require live operators to handle critical functions such as mission planning and execution. Humans also interpret the sensor information provided by these platforms. This applies to all classes of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s), including the smaller portable systems used for gathering real-time reconnaissance during military operations in urban terrain. The need to quickly and reliably train soldiers to control small UAS operations demands that the human-system interface be intuitive and easy to master. In this study, participants completed a series of tests of spatial ability and were then trained (in simulation) to teleoperate a micro-unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with forward and downward fixed cameras. Three aspects of the human-system interface were manipulated to assess the effects on manual control mastery and target detection. One factor was the input device. Participants used either a mouse or a specially programmed game controller (similar to that used with the SonyTM Playstation 2 video game console). A second factor was the nature of the flight control displays as either continuous or discrete (analog v. digital). The third factor involved the presentation of sensor imagery. The display could either provide streaming video from one camera at a time, or present the imagery from both cameras simultaneously in separate windows. The primary dependent variables included: 1) time to complete assigned missions, 2) number of collisions, 3) number of targets detected, and 4) operator workload. In general, operator performance was better with the game controller than with the mouse,
In Vitro Evaluation of BL-S640, a New Oral Cephalosporin Antibiotic

BL-S640, a new oral cephalosporin analogue, was evaluated in vitro against 102 gram-negative and 80 gram-positive bacteria. The antimicrobial spectrum was similar to that of previous cephalosporin analogues. Good antimicrobial activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, staphylococci, and streptococci was demonstrated. Relatively poor activity and/or resistance was noted among most strains of Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. In comparative studies BL-S640 -had better activity against strains of Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae than many cephalosporin analogues. Variation of susceptibility results was dependent upon the type of media and inoculum size. Cross-resistance between BL-S640 cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefazolin was demonstrated. Among strains of Klebsiella the more rapid selection of resistance to other cephalosporins was in contrast to BL-S640. further studies of pharmacokinetics and are indicated. determination of MICs to all of the selected cephalosporins.
Spatially-Resolved Determination of Transverse Wave Speed in Tissue Phantoms Using High-Frequent Ultrasound

—Online temperature measurement in biological tissue would improve the hyperthermia therapy. This contribution presents a novel method for measuring the shear wave speed in biological tissue with very small echo signal amplitudes from scattering particles. Since the tissue’s properties change during heating, it is not possible to average measures taken over a long time period to improve Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). The novel method relies on evaluating the signal’s energy as a function of time shifted signals instead of using a cross correlation. For repro- ducible experiments, a tissue phantom made of polyacrylamide and algae is used.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Antinociceptive Effects of Main Active Metabolites of Tramadol, ( 1 )- O -Desmethyltramadol and ( 2 )- O -Desmethyltramadol, in Rats 1

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the two main metabolites of tramadol, ( 1 )- O -desmethyltramadol and ( 2 )- O desmethyltramadol, were studied in rats. Pharmacodynamic endpoints evaluated were respiratory depression, measured as the change in arterial blood pCO 2 , pO 2 , and pH levels; and antinociception, measured by the tail-flick technique. The administration of 10 mg/kg ( 1 )- O -desmethyltramadol in a 10-min i.v. infusion significantly altered pCO 2 , pO 2 , and pH values in comparison with baseline and lower-dose groups ( P , .05). However, 2 mg/kg administered in a 10-min i.v. infusion was enough to achieve 100% antinociception without respiratory depression. Moreover, the b -funaltrexamine pretreatment completely eliminated the antinociception of the 2-mg/kg dose, suggesting that such an effect is due to m -opioid receptor activation. To describe and adequately characterize the in vivo antinociceptive effect of the drug, ( 1 )- O -desmethyltramadol was given at different infusion rates of varying lengths (10–300 min). Pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compart-mental model. The time course of response was described using an effect compartment associated with a linear pharmacodynamic model. The estimates of the slope of the effect versus concentration relationship were significantly decreased ( P , .05) as the length of infusion was increased, suggesting the development of tolerance. Doses of up to 8 mg/kg ( 2 )- O desmethyltramadol given in 10-min i.v. infusion did not elicit either antinociception in the tail-flick test or respiratory effects. These in vivo results are in accordance with the opiate and nonopiate properties reported for these compounds in several in vitro studies.
OAJC_A_262146 103..112

*These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Long-acting and permanent family planning methods (LAPMs) are modern contraceptive methods that can prevent pregnancy for greater than one year and include longacting reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs) (Intrauterine device and subdermal implants), and permanent contraceptive methods (Tubal ligation and Vasectomy). The current study aimed to assess the utilization pattern of long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods and factors associated with their utilization in Lay-Armachiho district, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected by using an interview method and the collected data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Both binary logistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze predictive variables with the utilization of contraceptives. A 95% confidence interval (CI) and a P-value of <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Results: A total of 460 women have participated in the study. The proportion of women that utilize long-acting and permanent contraceptives was found to be 65.4%. Educational statuses, residence, attitude towards long-acting contraceptives, discussion, and joint decision-making with their spouse were factors significantly associated with the utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods. Conclusion: The current study showed that there is high utilization of LAPMs. Women’s attitude, educational status, residency, frequent discussions, and a joint decision with their partners about LAPMs were significantly associated with the utilization of long-acting and permanent contraceptives. There is a significant impact of husbands (sexual partners) on the utilization and choice of contraceptive methods by women.
COMP ARISON OF 5' NONCODING REGION PRIMER SETS IN THE DETECTION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS USING REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Two new sets of nested primers were designed for the 5' noncoding region (NCR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). One hundred seventy HCV genome sequences were retrieved from GenBank and aligned. A consensus sequence was then determined for primer selection. A protocol was developed to test for the hepatitis C virus, after optimizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing conditions for all four sets of nested primers. A comparison was performed between the two new sets of 5' NCR nested primers, WITTHCVl-4 and SKAHCVl-4, to two other 5' NCR primer sets, BUKHHCVl-4 and GRETHCVl-4, reported in the literature. One-hundred ninety-six serum specimens were used in the comparison. A majority of the specimens were submitted for Recombinant Immunoblot Assay 2 (RIBA) and blood bank donor testing. Other types of specimens, including RIBA indeterminate, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, HIV, and creatinine clearance, were also tested for possible cross-reactivity or interference. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests (RT -PCR) were performed using the four different nested primer sets. RT -PCR serum tests were performed with quality control measures in place. The purpose of comparing four nested primer sets of the 5' NCR was to determine if one set of nested primers may actually be more sensitive in the detection ofRCV, thus reducing the proportion of false negatives. All four nested primer sets detected positive RCV RNA specimens equally; however, the two new primer sets WITT and SKA resulted in cleaner and easier to interpret band patterns than B UKH and GRET.
University of Birmingham The behavioral characteristics of Sotos syndrome

In this study we describe the levels of clinically significant behavior in participants with Sotos syndrome relative to three matched contrast groups in which the behavioral phenotype is well documented (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD; Prader-Willi and Down Syndromes). Parents and carers of 38 individuals with Sotos syndrome (mean= 17.3; SD=9.36), completed questionnaires regarding self-injury, aggression, repetitive behavior, autism spectrum phenomenology, overactivity, impulsivity and mood, interest and pleasure. Individuals with Sotos syndrome showed an increased risk of self-injurious behavior, physical aggression and destruction of property relative to the Down syndrome group but not a greater risk of stereotyped behavior. Impulsivity and levels of activity were also significantly higher relative to those with Down syndrome and comparable to those with ASD. A large proportion of participants met the cut off score for ASD (70.3%) and Autism (32.4%) on the Social Communication Questionnaire. Social impairments were particularly prominent with repetitive behavior and communication impairments less characteristic of the syndrome. Interestingly, preference for routine and repetitive language were heightened in individuals with Sotos syndrome and the repetitive behavior profile was strikingly similar to that observed in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. These findings build upon previous research and provide further evidence of the behavioral phenotype associated with Sotos syndrome.
SH2-Containing Inositol 5 (cid:1) -Phosphatase Inhibits Transformation of Abelson Murine Leukemia Virus (cid:1) †

v-Abl protein tyrosine kinase encoded by Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) transforms pre-B cells. Transformation requires the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. This pathway is antagonized by SH2-containing inositol 5 (cid:1) -phosphatase (SHIP), raising the possibility that v-Abl modulates PI3K signaling through SHIP. Consistent with this, we show that v-Abl expression reduces levels of full-length p145 SHIP in a v-Abl kinase activity-dependent fashion. This event requires signals from the Abl SH2 domain but not the carboxyl terminus. Forced expression of full-length SHIP signiﬁcantly reduces Ab-MLV pre-B-cell transfor- mation. Therefore, reduction of SHIP protein by v-Abl is a critical component in Ab-MLV transformation. Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) originated from recombination between Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) and the cellular proto-oncogene c- abl The result-ing constitutively active nonreceptor tyrosine that the Gag region of the SH2 the carboxyl of
Neoadjuvant Treatment for Nonmetastatic Pancreatic Cancer Neoadjuvant Treatment for Nonmetastatic Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most lethal malignancies among solid tumors. Unfortunately, several patients are diagnosed at metastatic stage or with unresectable disease due to vascular compromise involving the pancreas without any chance of curative treatment. There are also two other groups of patients: resectable patients at upfront diagnosis and “borderline resectable” pancreatic cancer patients. This last group represents those patients where surgery is not always possible without a preoperative treatment allowing surgeons to perform an R0 resection. Achieving an R0 resection is the only curative option for pancreatic cancer patients; nevertheless, many R0-resected patients will relapse within 2 years from surgery. Despite adjuvant treatment, reported median overall survival is only 28 months for patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma; thus, neoadjuvant treatment has been explored in order to improve survival. We aim to describe the controversial reported data and to show the recommendations that are suggested for these patients; however, we need to remark that there is no strong data that support neoadjuvant treatment. Currently, clinical trials are ongoing, and probably soon this approach will become a standard of care among borderline resectable patients and probably in selected resectable patients too.