Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiological and Mechanistic Studies of Phototrophic Fe(II) Oxidation in Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria

Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria use electrons from ferrous iron [Fe(II)] and energy from light to drive reductive CO₂ fixation. This metabolism is thought to be ancient in origin, and plays an important role in environmental iron cycling. It has been implicated in the deposition of Banded Iron Formations, a class of ancient sedimentary iron deposits. Consistent with this hypothesis, we discovered that hydrogen gas, a thermodynamically favorable electron donor to Fe(II), in an Archean atmosphere would not have inhibited phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation. To understand this physiology and the connection to BIF formation at the molecular level, the mechanisms of phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation were examined in two purple non-sulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 and Rhodobacter sp. SW2. Important advances were made in elucidating genes critical to phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation. In R. palustris TIE-1, the first genetically tractable phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizer isolated, transposon mutagenesis identified a putative integral membrane protein and a potential cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) biosynthesis protein involved in Fe(II) oxidation. Increased expression of a putative decaheme c-type cytochrome, encoded by pioA, was observed when cells were grown under Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions. Two genes located immediately downstream of pioA in the same operon, pioB and pioC, encode a putative outer membrane beta-barrel protein and a putative high potential iron-sulfur protein, respectively. Deletion studies demonstrated that all three genes are involved in phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation. In Rhodobacter sp. SW2, a three-gene operon, foxEYZ, was found to be involved in phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation through heterologous expression in a close relative, Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003. The first gene, foxE, encodes a novel c-type cytochrome located in the periplasm. Expression of foxE alone confers light-dependent Fe(II) oxidation activity to SB1003, but maximal activity is achieved when foxE is co-expressed with foxY and foxZ. FoxY appears to contain the redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone and FoxZ a cytoplasmic membrane transporter. Recombinant PioC was overexpressed and partially purified from Escherichia coli. This research presents a detailed study of the physiology and genetics of phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation in two purple non-sulfur bacteria, and provides our first insight into the molecular mechanisms of this metabolism.
Reprodução de Meloidogyne enterolobii em olerícolas e plantas utilizadas na adubação verde

Meloidogyne enterolobii is considered to be an aggressive root-knot species. The goal of this work was determine the M. enterolobii reproduction factor on 42 vegetable crops and on 18 plants used as green manure. The experiments were carried in a greenhouse. The substrate inoculation was made with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles of M. enterolobii/plot. The experimental delineations were entirely randomized, with six replications. Resistance was found in 'Brasilia', 'Brasilia Irece' and 'Planeta' carrot, 'Grand Rapids' lettuce; 'Tokyo' and 'Nebuka' chive; 'Poro Gigante' leeks; 'Comum HT' and 'Grauda Portuguesa' parsley and all brassicas plants studied: 'Teresopolis Gigante' and 'Piracicaba Precoce' cauliflower; 'Chato de Quintal' and 'Coracao de Boi' cabbage; 'Piracicaba', 'Brasilia', 'Santana' and 'Cabeca' broccoli and 'Bruxelas' and 'Tronchuda Portuguesa' cole. Lollium multiflorum, Crotalaria breviflora, C. juncea, C. spectabilis, C. mucronata, C. ochroleuca, Dolichos lablab, Pennisetum glaucum, Mucuna deeringiana, M. cinereum, M. aterrima and Raphanus sativus green manures were resistant. These plants are viable options to crop rotation in M. enterolobii infested areas.
Preservation of Living Cells at −79°C with Dimethyl Sulfoxide.∗

Summary A simple and reliable technique for preservation of HeLa and Fl-amnion cells at −79°C with DMSO has been developed in our laboratory. The optimum concentration of DMSO is from 5% to 10%; using this concentration we have been able to preserve HeLa and Fl-amnion cells at −79°C for as long as 15 months. Large concentrations of cells as high as 10,000,000 per ml can be stored per vial. Studies of the toxicity of DMSO on tissue culture cells demonstrated that either prolonged exposure to low concentrations or shorter exposure to high concentrations of DMSO, at 37°C or 4°C are toxic to the cells.
High Mortality for Rare Species Following Hurricane Disturbance in the Southern Yucatán

Hurricanes are an important part of the natural disturbance regime of the Yucatán Peninsula with the potential to alter forest structure and composition, yet investigations of species‐level responses to severe winds are limited in this region. The effect of a category 5 hurricane (Hurricane Dean, 21 August 2007) on dry tropical forests across the southern Yucatán was examined with respect to tree damage, mortality, and sprouting. Damage was assessed 9–11 mo following the hurricane in 92 (500 m2) plots stratified by wind speed and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change classes over a 25,000 km2 study area. We investigated the relative importance of biotic (i.e., species, size, and wood density) and abiotic (i.e., wind speed) factors to better explain patterns of damage. Overall mortality was low (3.9%), however, mortality of less common species (8.5%) was elevated more than fourfold above that of 28 common species (1.8%), indicating immediate selective consequences for community composition. Species varied in the degree and type of damage experienced, with susceptibility increasing with tree diameter and height. Wood density influenced damage patterns only in areas where a critical threshold in storm intensity was exceeded (wind speeds ≥210 km/h). Although overall, damage severity increased with wind speed, common coastal species were more resistant to damage than species distributed farther inland. Our findings suggest that selective pressure exerted by frequent hurricane disturbance has, and will, continue to impact the floristic composition of forests on the Yucatán Peninsula, favoring certain wind‐resistant species.
A Phylogenetic Analysis of Ant Morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Special Reference to the Poneromorph Subfamilies

Abstract Efforts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have been boosted in the last few years by accumulation of comprehensive molecular data sets exploring multiple loci on a wide range of taxa within the family. In contrast, the wealth of morphological information for the group remains scattered across the literature comprising more than a century's worth of taxonomic and anatomical research with little standardization. The present study addresses this problem by providing a synthesis of the external skeletal morphology of ants with special emphasis on the poneromorph subfamilies (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae, and Proceratiinae). Particular attention was devoted to documenting and standardizing morphological characters for phylogenetic inference. The morphological analysis was undertaken by constructing a digital atlas of 28 standard views containing 5250 scanning electron micrographs documenting worker ant morphology from which detailed anatomical comparison could be accurately performed. The final matrix describes 139 characters (60% of which are completely new or coded cladistically here for the first time) for 105 terminals representing ∼90% of extant poneromorph genera plus all other extant formicid subfamilies, with the exception of the rare Martilinae, and nonformicid outgroups. This matrix was analyzed with parsimony under both equal weights and implied weights (i.e., where characters are downweighted as a function of their homoplasy). The poneromorph subfamilies form a paraphyletic assemblage with the dorylomorphs, leptanillomorphs, and myrmicomorphs nested inside. All the above subfamilies are in turn reconstructed as nested within a paraphyletic group comprising the formicomophs + myrmeciomorphs. These results are in concordance with traditional precladistic views of the subfamily relationships but are markedly different from current estimates based on molecular data.
The Genetic Anatomy of a Patented Yellow Bean

Since a 1980 Supreme Court decision, it is possible in the USA to obtain a utility patent for crop cultivars and other life forms. Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain Plant Variety Protection (PVP) for a cultivar. Among the awards of the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the USDA Plant PVP Office are a utility patent and a PVP certificate, respectively, associated with a yellow-seeded bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), specifically the cultivar Enola. These awards have been controversial because of, among several reasons, the perceived lack of novelty of the yellow seed color and the cultivar itself. To check the origin of Enola, we fingerprinted a representative sample of 56 domesticated common bean accessions, including a subsample of 24 cultivars with yellow seeds similar to those of Enola. Fingerprinting was accomplished with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Five EcoRI/MseI and five PstI/MseI primer combinations were used, which revealed 133 fragments. The PstI/MseI primer combinations revealed a 3-fold larger number of polymorphic markers than the EcoRI/MseI primer combinations. Most yellow-seeded beans, including Enola, were included in a tightly knit subgroup of the Andean gene pool. Enola was most closely related to the pre-existing Mexican cultivar Azufrado Peruano 87. A sample of 16 individuals of Enola displayed a single 133-AFLP-fragment fingerprint, which was identical to a fingerprint observed among yellow-seeded beans from Mexico, including Azufrado Peruano 87. Probability calculations of matching the specific Enola fingerprint showed that the most likely origin of Enola is by direct selection within pre-existing yellow-bean cultivars from Mexico, most probably 'Azufrado Peruano 87'.
Pathological and Biochemical Studies on "Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome" in White Broiler Chickens Fed With Ration Including Rendering Oil

The "Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome" (FLKS) was induced experimentally in white broiler chickens. Eighty chickens of ten-day-old were divided into equally five groups. These chickens were fed with a daily provided commercial ration containing poultry rendering oil in a ratio of 0% in group I (control group), 5% in group II, 10% in group III, 15% in group IV and 20% in group V for eight weeks. Total mortality was 18.75%. Although group II chickens did not show significant clinical, morphological and biochemical findings, these findings were found to be significant in groups III, IV and V. In these three groups, an increase in total body weight; the colour changes in the feathers ranging from dark-yellowish to brownish degree; paleness and enlargement of combs and wattles were determined to be the most important clinical findings. At necropsy, affected birds had an abnormal deposits of fat in subcutaneous tissues, abdominal cavity, and visceral organs and tissues. Although weights and sizes of the liver, kidney and heart increased, the weight of the thymus decreased. In addition, enlargement in volume, fragility in consistency and roundness in the edges of lobes and a light yellow or yellowish-brown colour in appearence of the liver; a left ventricular dilatation and solidity on the wall of the left ventricle; atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta, and testicular hypoplasia were found to be other marked macroscopical lesions. Microscopically, a diffuse fatty degeneration in both epithelial cells of the liver and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, and also generalised diffuse glomerular lipidosis in the latter organ were the most noticeable findings reflecting the macroscopic lesions. Results of biochemical tests in the serum, plasma and tissue homogenates revealed the presence of pronounced increases in levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, total lipid, pyruvate and isositric dehydrogenase enzyme (P
The POL area of the honey bee's eye: behavioural evidence

ABSTRACT. The uppermost dorsal part of the honey bee's compound eye contains a group of c. 150 specialized ommatidia. The photoreceptors of these ommatidia are characterized by a number of anatomical and physiological peculiarities which suggest that they have functional significance for the detection of polarized skylight. Here, we show by painting out different parts of the eye and recording the bee's behavioural responses that the specialized photoreceptors at the dorsal margin of the eye are indeed necessary for detecting polarized skylight and deriving compass information from celestial e‐vector patterns. Hence, this group of specialized ommatidia can be called the POL area of the bee's compound eye.
The effect of ration level and social rank on the development of fin damage in juvenile rainbow trout

The development and severity of fin damage was examined in groups of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss of different strength of feeding hierarchies. The development of dorsal and caudal fin damage over time was compared between four groups fed different ration levels (0·25, 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5% body weight day−1) and between individuals of different feeding rank within each group. Dominance hierarchies were assessed from repeated daily measurements of food consumption of individuals using radiography. The feeding and growth data indicated that the strength of the social hierarchy weakened with increasing ration. Caudal fin damage developed with time in all groups whereas dorsal fin damage developed only under limited rations. The severity of both dorsal and caudal fin damage was significantly dependent on the ration size fed to the group, with lower ration groups sustaining more fin damage. The severity of dorsal fin erosion was greater than for the caudal fin. Within the two lower ration groups, subordinate fish suffered the most dorsal fin damage. The results suggested that the severity of dorsal fin damage within groups of juvenile rainbow trout can be used as an indicator of hierarchy Strength.
A demographic description of the recovery of the Vulnerable Spanish imperial eagle Aquila adalberti

Abstract The population of the Vulnerable Spanish imperial eagle Aquila adalberti has experienced a gradual recovery from 38 pairs (1974) to 198 (2004). We analysed the spatial and temporal variation of the demographic parameters for 1981–2004. Annual productivity was 1.19–1.32 chicks per female and adult survival rate 0.918–0.986. Survival during the post-fledging period was 0.894 and the annual survival rate of the dispersing individuals was 0.561. Three phases of population evolution were distinguished: growth (1981–1993), stability or slight decrease (1994–1999) and growth (2000–2004). Variation in adult survival seems to explain this pattern for the first two periods. However, a large disparity between the observed growth rate and the modelled population growth in 2000–2004 is best explained if we assume that a decrease in the age of recruitment took place. This is supported by the recent increase in the frequency of non-adult birds in breeding pairs. The survival of unpaired eagles in dispersal areas is becoming more important for the maintenance of current population growth. Spatial variation of adult survival and breeding success is not congruent with the observed growth rate of the population, which suggests the existence of an important flow of individuals between populations. These results highlight the importance of addressing the conservation of the species from a global perspective and the need to focus on adult survival in breeding territories and on non-adult survival in dispersal areas.
A new mechanism of invader success: Exotic plant inhibits natural vegetation restoration by changing soil microbe community

Since the 1950s of the last century, the exotic plant, Eupatorium adenophorum, has spread rapidly across southwest China, damaging native ecosystems and causing great economic losses. We examined the pH, N, P, K, and organic matter concentrations, and the bacterial community character (by Biolog EcoPlate™) in soils from sites heavily and lightly invaded by this exotic species. Also, soil from the lightly invaded site was treated with a water extract of E. adenophorum roots to examine the effect of the plant on soil properties. We grew three plant species, one native and two exotic, in pot experiment using soil from heavily invaded site to examine the effects of the soil on these plants growth. The soil analysis demonstrated that the pH, organic matter, total N, total P and total K in soils from the heavily invaded site were only slightly different from those of the lightly invaded site, but concentrations of NH4+, NO.−. and available P and K in the heavily invaded site were greater than those in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of soil bacterial community in the heavily invaded site was different from that in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of bacterial community in soils treated by the water extract of E. adenophorum roots changed and became similar to that in soils from the heavily invaded site. The pot experiment showed that the exotic plants growth in heavily invaded soil were not different from in lightly invaded soil; however, the native plant biomass decreased dramatically when grown in soil from the heavily invaded site as compared to soil from the lightly invaded site; and the same phenomenon was found when any potential allelopathic effects by E. adenophorum were eliminated by added activated carbon to those soils. Difference in soil nutrient availability and allelopathy could not explain this phenomenon of the native plant in the soils from the heavily and lightly invaded sites. Changes observed in the soil bacterial community were obviously related to native plant growth in those tow soils. Those results suggest that changing soil microbial community may be an important part of E. adenophorum invasion process. Since the soil microbial community serves as bridge in connection of exotic and natural plants, the exotic plant could inhibit the natural plant growth and reproduction by changing the soil microbial community in invaded site.
A review of the systematics and distribution of Asiatic short-tailed shrews, genus Blarinella (Mammalia: Soricidae)

Summary The systematics and distribution of Asiatic short-tailed shrews (genus Blarinella ) are confused. In this study, a taxonomic revision of Blarinella is presented. We investigated a sample of 98 specimens, 84 of which had complete skulls that were subjected to multivariate and univariate analyses. The results show that three species of Blarinella can be recognized. The species Blarinella quadraticauda occurs in Baoxin, Wenchuan, Daofu, and other localities in western Sichuan. Blarinella griselda and B. wardi , usually placed as subspecies of B. quadraticauda , are recognized as two valid species. The former has a wide distribution from southern Gansu to southern Yunnan, and northwestern Yunnan to northwestern Hubei. The latter is restricted in northern Burma and northwestern Yunnan. The range of B. quadraticauda does not overlap that of B. wardi , while the range of B. griselda partially overlaps that of B.wardi and probably includes the entire range of B. quadraticauda .
A preliminary genetic analysis of breech and tail traits with the aim of improving the welfare of sheep

The area of naturally bare skin around the perineum was scored at weaning in lambs (n = 2152) from a composite flock of New Zealand crossbred sheep. Breech bareness was scored on a range from 1, where wool was growing right to the edges of the anus, to 5, where a large bare area surrounded the perineum. Bareness on the under surface of the tail was measured on a linear scale at tail docking. Dag score (degree of breech soiling) was recorded at weaning, on a scale of 0-5, where an increasing score indicated more dags. Dag score was taken as a measure of the risk of flystrike in the breech. Female lambs tended to have slightly greater (P < 0.001) breech bareness score (mean score 2.7) than males (mean score 2.6), whereas mean dag score of females was lower than that of males (0.45 v. 0.53; P < 0.05). Breech bareness score had a heritability of 0.33 ± 0.06, and the length of bare skin under the tail had a heritability of 0.59 ± 0.06. The genetic correlation between breech bareness score at weaning and length of bare skin under the tail at docking was positive (0.35 ± 0.10). These 2 traits had phenotypic correlations with dag score of −0.17 ± 0.02 and −0.03 ± 0.03, respectively, and genetic correlations with dag score of −0.30 ± 0.13 and 0.03 ± 0.12, respectively; negative values indicated a favourable relationship. Tails were removed at docking, so the phenotypic correlation of about zero between tail data and dag score at weaning was of little utility. Our results suggest that selecting for these 2 bareness traits could reduce dag formation and the associated risk of breech strike.
Antimicrobial resistance evaluation of Iranian ovine and bovine Pasteurella multocida.

Antibiotic resistance pattern of ovine and bovine Pasteurella multocida were evaluated to 16 antimicrobial agents by the disc diffusion method. About 75 and 42.85% of strains were resistant to lincomycin among ovine and bovine isolates, respectively. High level of penicillin resistance from bovine isolates is noticeable. Also, the antibiotic resistance patterns show the slight increase in resistance of other antibiotic and it is necessary to check antibiotic resistance patterns of P. multocida time to time in order to make effective decisions in treatment programming against animal disease.
The venous drainage of the heart in the Tuj sheep.

drainage of the heart in mammals are the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the right cardiac veins, and the minute cardiac veins . The great and middle cardiac veins terminate in the coronary sinus . Yet, the minute cardiac veins draining the interventricular septum in cattle and sheep open either into the coronary sinus or join Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (2): 279-286, 2009 DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2009. 015-A RESEARCH ARTICLE
Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Process Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work

AbstractMany of the scandalous organizational practices to have come to light in the last decade—rigging LIBOR, misselling payment protection insurance, rampant Wall Street insider trading, large-scale bribery of foreign officials, and the packaging and sale of toxic securities to naive investors—require ethically problematic judgments and behaviors. However, dominant models of workplace unethical behavior fail to account for what we have learned from moral psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the past two decades about how and why people make the moral decisions they do. In this review, we explain how intuition, affect, physiology, and identity support and inform more deliberative reasoning process in the construction and enactment of moral behavior. We then describe how these processes play into how individuals approach a potential moral choice, whether they have the ability in the moment to enact it, and how it is encoded in the action' aftermath, feeding back into future approaches. Throughout, we.