Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the TREC 2005 Robust Retrieval Track

The robust retrieval track explores methods for improving the consistency of retrieval technology by focusing on poorly performing topics. The retrieval task in the track is a traditional ad hoc retrieval task where the evaluation methodology emphasizes a system’s least effective topics. The 2005 edition of the track used 50 topics that had been demonstrated to be dif(cid:2)cult on one document collection, and ran those topics on a different document collection. Relevance information from the (cid:2)rst collection could be exploited in producing a query for the second collection, if desired. The main measure for evaluating system effectiveness is (cid:147)gmap(cid:148), a variant of the traditional MAP measure that uses a geometric mean rather than an arithmetic mean to average individual topic results. As in previous years, the most effective retrieval strategy was to expand queries using terms derived from additional corpora. The relative dif(cid:2)culty of topics differed across the two document sets. Systems were also required to rank the topics by predicted dif(cid:2)culty. This task is motivated by the hope that systems will eventually be able to use such predictions to do topic-speci(cid:2)c processing. This remains a challenging task. Since dif(cid:2)culty depends on more then the topic set alone, prediction methods that train on data from other test collections do not generalize well.
Investigating fragility in plant-frugivore networks: a case study of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil.

Mutualistic interactions among free-living species, such as in pollination and seed dispersal by animals, have been a major factor in the evolution of flowering plants and animals. The recent disruption of these interactions caused by human activities may bring about a considerable loss of biodiversity (Buchmann and Nabhan, 1996; Jordano, 2000; Herrera, 2002; Fontaine et al., 2006). An important characteristic of mutualistic interactions among free-living species is that exclusive, pairwise interactions are rare (Thompson, 2005). In contrast, in a given ecological community, each species interacts with a few to dozens of mutualistic partners (Jordano, 1987). As a result, at the community level, mutualistic interactions often emerge as web-like systems (Jordano, 1987; Jordano et al., 2003). Web-like systems such as food webs, the Internet and human social interactions are traditionally described as graphs or networks (reviewed by Albert and Barabasi, 2002). Recently, the notion of complex networks has emerged as a key concept for understanding mutualistic interactions among species in a given community (Olesen and Jordano, 2002; Bascompte et al., 2003; Jordano et al., 2003; Vazquez and Aizen, 2004; Guimaraes et al., 2006). Indeed, by applying the network approach, several consistent patterns in the structure of mutualistic ecological interactions have been described, including high heterogeneity in the degree of specialization (Jordano et al., 2003), strong asymmetrical specialization among partners (Bascompte et al., 2003; Vazquez and Aizen, 2004; Guimaraes et al., 2006) and an allometric relationship between number of interactions and species richness (Bascompte et al., 2003). The description of structural patterns of plant–animal networks allows inferences to be made about the robustness of ecological interactions to disturbances (e.g. Jordano et al., 2003). In addition, the network approach
A Ranking Approach for Human Ages Estimation Based on Face Images

In our daily life, it is much easier to distinguish which person is elder between two persons than how old a person is. When inferring a person's age, we may compare his or her face with many people whose ages are known, resulting in a series of comparative results, and then we conjecture the age based on the comparisons. This process involves numerous pairwise preferences information obtained by a series of queries, where each query compares the target person's face to those faces in a database. In this paper, we propose a ranking-based framework consisting of a set of binary queries. Each query collects a binary-classification-based comparison result. All the query results are then fused to predict the age. Experimental results show that our approach performs better than traditional multi-class-based and regression-based approaches for age estimation.
Three-dimensional temperature field simulation of a cooling of a magma chamber, La Primavera caldera, Jalisco, Mexico

The La Primavera caldera lies close to the triple junction of the Tepic-Zacoalco, Colima, and Chapala rifts in the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is a promising geothermal field with 13 deep wells already drilled. We calculated solute geothermometric temperatures (Na–K, Na–Li, and SiO2) from the chemistry of geothermal water samples; determined values are generally between 99°C and 202°C for springs and between 131°C and 298°C for wells. Thermal modelling is an important geophysical tool as documented in the study of this and other Mexican geothermal areas. Using the computer program TCHEMSYS, we report new simulation results of three-dimensional (3-D) thermal modelling of the magma chamber underlying this caldera through its entire eruptive history. Equations (quadratic fit) describing the simulated temperatures as a function of the age, volume and depth of the magma chamber are first presented; these indicate that both the depth and the age of the magma chamber are more important parameters than its volume. A comparison of 3-D modelling of the La Primavera and Los Humeros calderas also shows that the depth of the magma chamber is more important than its volume. The best model for the La Primavera caldera has 0.15 million years as the emplacement age of the magma chamber, its top at a depth of 4 km, and its volume as 600 km3. Fresh magma recharge events within the middle part of the magma chamber were also considered at 0.095, 0.075, and 0.040 Ma. The simulation results were evaluated in the light of actually measured and solute geothermometric temperatures in five geothermal wells. Future work should involve a smaller mesh size of 0.050 or 0.10 km on each side (instead of 0.25 km currently used) and take into account the topography of the area and all petrogenetic processes of fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma mixing as well as heat generation from natural radioactive elements.
Toward an experimental study of deep mantle rheology: A new multianvil sample assembly for deformation studies under high pressures and temperatures

A new sample assembly for the multianvil high-pressure apparatus has been developed that results in high-strain plastic deformation at high pressures and temperatures with minimal deformation during the initial pressurization stage. In this assembly, the sample is a thin disk which is sandwiched between two pistons and oriented at 45° to their long axis. The sample and pistons are surrounded by a Pt tube and a polycrystalline MgO cylinder. Upon pressurization, a uniaxial stress develops because of the anisotropy of mechanical properties. Deformation during initial pressurization, which occurred in previous studies, is minimized by locating soft materials at the ends of the pistons and by the simple shear deformation geometry (as opposed to uniaxial compression) that allows sliding at the sample-piston interfaces at low pressures. Large plastic strains, up to ∼100% shear strain, have been achieved in (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 phases at high pressures (up to 15 GPa) and high temperatures (up to 1900 K). A theoretical analysis has been made to evaluate the relative contributions to sample deformation from the relaxation of elastic strain in the sample column and from continuing advancement of the multianvil guide blocks. The observed dependence of strain on time, pressure and temperature suggests that deformation in the present experiments occurred mostly as a relaxation process rather than at a constant strain rate caused by continuous piston movement. A comparison of the creep strength of olivine inferred from the strain relaxation data at ∼15 GPa and ∼1900 K with low-pressure data provides an estimate of the activation volume for creep of V* = 14 ( ±1) x 10 -6 m 3 mol -1 . The theoretical analysis shows that constant strain rate deformation could result from the advancement of the guide blocks after complete stress relaxation, although the total strain will be much less than that attained in the relaxation process. Possible applications of this technique to studies of high-pressure rheology and deformation microstructures in high-pressure minerals are discussed, and strategies for future deformation experiments under high pressures and temperatures are proposed.
Enthalpy of Solvation Correlations for Gaseous Solutes Dissolved in Water and in 1-Octanol Based on the Abraham Model

Data have been assembled on the enthalpies of solvation of 373 compounds in water and 138 compounds in 1-octanol. It is shown that an Abraham solvation equation with five descriptors can be used to correlate the experimental solvation enthalpies to within standard deviations of 3.68 kJ/mol (water) and 2.66 kJ/mol (1-octanol). The derived correlations provide very accurate mathematical descriptions of the observed enthalpies of solvation, which in the case of water span a range of 150 kJ/mol. Division of the experimental values into a training set and a test set shows that there is no bias in predictions and that the predictive capability of the correlations is better than 4 kJ/mol.
IMPACTS OF LEAF HARVESTING AND SAP TAPPING ON THE IVORY PALM (HYPHAENE PETERSIANA) IN SOUTH EASTERN ZIMBABWE

ABSTRACT People living in the marginal areas of Southern Africa have relied on palm resources for subsistence for centuries and yet little is known about the impacts of their harvesting activities. This work aimed at providing data on the impacts of two forms of traditional exploitation, leaf harvesting and sap tapping on the palm, Hyphaene petersiana. Three experiments were carried out in southeastern Zimbabwe • leaf harvesting to evaluate its impacts on new leaf production and the availability of harvestable material, • sap tapping to assess amounts produced, and • evaluating the regeneration potential of tapped ramets. Findings from this research were that: ∘ leaf harvesting reduced new leaf production, growth and the availability of harvestable material; ∘ sap tapping did not necessarily kill the palm but the extent of meristem removal determined the likelihood and mode of regeneration. We conclude that leaf harvesting and sap tapping activities influence the subsequent development of the palm Hyphaene petersiana and that efforts should be made to adopt harvesting and tapping strategies that will ensure reliable raw material supply for the craft industry which is sustaining many lives in Southern Africa.
Variation of ocean pH in the Indonesia waters

The variation of ocean acidity (pH) in the Indonesia waters is strongly influenced by monsoon. Since the climate change tends to potentially change monsoonal variation over the Indonesian region, it will give also implication to the ocean pH variation. Moreover, changes of ocean pH will give effects to the marine lifes and their environment. In order to investigate this issue, we tried to calculate monthly variation of sea surface pH in the Indonesia waters based on monthly average temperature and salinity over past 18 years data. Temperature and salinity data used in this study were taken from the hydrodynamic model of Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM), while alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were from World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA 2009). Algorithm from Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project-version.3 (OCMIP-3) was used to calculate the pH. The estimation results indicate that pH variation in the Indonesia waters changes insignificantly over 18 years. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) .
End-to-End Multi-channel Neural Networks for Predicting Influenza a Virus Hosts and Antigenic Types

: Inﬂuenza occurs every season and occasionally causes pandemics. Despite its low mortality rate, inﬂuenza is a major public health concern, as it can be complicated by severe diseases like pneumonia. A accurate and low-cost method to predict the origin host and subtype of inﬂuenza viruses could help reduce virus transmission and beneﬁt resource-poor areas. In this work, we propose multi-channel neural networks to predict antigenic types and hosts of inﬂuenza A viruses with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protein sequences. An integrated data set containing complete protein sequences were used to produce a pre-trained model, and two other data sets were used for testing the model’s performance. One test set contained complete protein sequences, and another test set contained incomplete protein sequences. The results suggest that multi-channel neural networks are applicable and promising for predicting inﬂuenza A virus hosts and antigenic subtypes with complete and partial protein sequences.
PROBLEMY EKOROZWOJU – PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

EVs (electric vehicle), as sustainable technologies, hold the potential to achieve the sustainability of the transport system and challenge the prevailing business models of internal combustion engines (ICEs). To unlock the dominant logic of ICEs and promote the diffusion of EVs, Business model (BM) innovation is necessary. However, BM innovation for EVs still faces many obstacles. This paper makes contribution theoretically and practically by constructing a “3-7” system and proposing a two-phase conceptual framework for BM innovation of EVs. The case of Shenzhen City, China is studied to illustrate how the “3-7” system and two-phase conceptual framework is applied. Based on the case study, this paper concludes two new barriers that are not highlighted by the previous literature and makes a number of suggestions to help address the issues found in BM innovation.
Heat flow in Colorado and New Mexico

Nine new values of heat flow in Colorado and New Mexico range from 1.22 μcal/cm2 sec to 2.7 μcal/cm2 sec. These data indicate that high heat flow is characteristic of all the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Basin and Range province in southwestern New Mexico. In the Southern Rocky Mountains, high and variable heat flow may be due to radioactivity in the upper part of a thick crust. In the Basin and Range province, differences in crustal structure suggest that high flux may be related to additional factors besides crustal radioactivity.
The Precautionary Principle, Swedish Chemicals Policy and Sustainable Development

The “precautionary principle” is one of the most contested principles in the debate on the new EU chemicals legislation. The purpose of this paper is to operationalise the principle and to investigate the consequences of its application. Five core elements of precautionary management of chemicals are derived and traced in Swedish policy and legislation through history. It is shown that precautionary measures were required as early as the eighteenth century. The conclusion is drawn that these measures in Sweden seem to have promoted sustainable development from both an environmental and a socio‐economic point of view.
On Efficient Transformer and Image Pre-training for Low-level Vision

Pre-training has marked numerous state of the arts in high-level computer vision, but few attempts have ever been made to investigate how pre-training acts in image processing systems. In this paper, we present an in-depth study of image pre-training. To conduct this study on solid ground with practical value in mind, we ﬁrst propose a generic, cost-effective Transformer-based framework for image processing. It yields highly competitive performance across a range of low-level tasks, though under constrained parameters and computational complexity. Then, based on this framework, we design a whole set of principled evaluation tools to seriously and comprehensively diagnose image pre-training in different tasks, and uncover its effects on internal network representations. We ﬁnd pre-training plays strikingly different roles in low-level tasks. For example, pre-training introduces more local information to higher layers in super-resolution (SR), yielding signiﬁcant performance gains, while pre-training hardly affects internal feature representations in denoising, resulting in a little gain. Further, we explore different methods of pre-training, revealing that multi-task pre-training is more effective and data-efﬁcient. All codes and models will be released at https://github.com/fenglinglwb/EDT .
Analysis of Transposition-Table-Driven Work Scheduling in Distributed Search

This paper discusses a new work-scheduling algorithm for parallel search of single-agent state spaces, called transposition-table-driven work scheduling, that places the transposition table at the heart of the parallel work scheduling. The scheme results in less synchronization overhead, less processor idle time, and less redundant search effort. Measurements on a 128-processor parallel machine show that the scheme achieves close-to-linear speedups; for large problems the speedups are even superlinear due to better memory usage. On the same machine, the algorithm is 1.6 to 12.9 times faster than traditional work-stealing-based schemes.
Definable sets in weak Presburger arithmetic

Presburger arithmetic is the fragment of arithmetic concerning integers with addition and order. Presburger’s supervisor considered the decidability of this fragment too modest a result to deserve a Ph.D. degree and he accepted it only as a Master’s Thesis in 1928. Looking at the number of citations, we may say that history revised this depreciative judgment long ago. There still remains, at least as far as we can see, some confusion concerning the definition itself of the structure: is the domain Z or N? Must we take the order relation or not? (The main popular mathematical websites disagree on this respect). The original paper deals with the additive group of positive and negative integers with no binary relation, but in a final remark of the communication, the author asserts that the same result, to wit quantifier elimination, holds on the structure of the “whole” integers, i.e., the natural numbers with the binary relation <. In 7, which is the main reference on the subject, Presburger arithmetic is defined as the elementary theory of integers with equality, addition, having 0 and 1 as constant symbols and < as binary pred-
Biological Evaluation of the Effect of Galvanic Coupling Intrabody Communication on Human Skin Fibroblast Cells

Intrabody communication (IBC) is an effective way to connect various kinds of wearable devices attached on or under the surface of the body, but it is important to quantitatively evaluate the biological effects of the IBC signal on the human body before its further application. The research described in this paper analyzed the responses of HSF (human skin fibroblast) cells exposed to IBC electrical signals. A galvanic coupling IBC signal transmitting system was designed to expose the experimental samples with different amplitudes (from 0 V to 6 V or 0 mA to 4 mA), different frequencies (from 10 kHz to 1 MHz), and different duration times (12 h and 24 h). The control groups were unexcited. Cell morphology and activity were evaluated with inverted microscope and MTT assays. The cell survival rates of all the experiment groups were in the range of 90% to 110%. Then, the data was analyzed by t-tests to assess whether there were statistically significant differences. The results showed that values were greater than 0.05, so there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IBC signals do not have a significant effect on HSF cells.
Binary rewriting and call interception for efficient runtime protection against buffer overflows

Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are one of the most commonly and widely exploited security vulnerabilities in programs. Most existing solutions for avoiding buffer overflows are either inadequate, inefficient or incompatible with existing code. In this paper, we present a novel approach for transparent and efficient runtime protection against buffer overflows. The approach is implemented by two tools: Type Information Extractor and Depositor (TIED) and LibsafePlus. TIED is first used on a binary executable or shared library file to extract type information from the debugging information inserted in the file by the compiler and reinsert it in the file as a data structure available at runtime. LibsafePlus is a shared library that is preloaded when the program is run. LibsafePlus intercepts unsafe C library calls such as strcpy and uses the type information made available by TIED at runtime to determine whether it would be ‘safe’ to carry out the operation. With our simple design we are able to protect most applications with a performance overhead of less than 10%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open‐ocean deep convection due to thermobaricity: 1. Scaling argument

Properties of open-ocean deep convection due to thermobaricity at high latitudes have been investigated by the scaling argument. Two types of open-ocean deep convection are found. The first type appears in a homogeneous ocean or in a deepening mixed layer. The increased apparent buoyancy flux due to thermobaricity makes scales of convective properties larger than those without thermobaricity. The ratio of thermobaric to nonthermobaric scales is determined only by l0/Hα, where l0 and Hα are the size of nonthermobaric convection and the characteristic depth for thermobaricity to be effective, respectively. In a nonrotating frame, then, thermobaricity becomes effective when the ocean depth H is comparable with Hα, as previous studies show. In a rotating frame, thermobaricity is most effective with slow rotation (the Coriolis parameter ƒ ≪ 10−4 s−1) and low temperatures (approximately the freezing point of seawater), since l0/Hα becomes largest. In the actual situation (ƒ ∼ 10−4 s−1), thus thermobaricity is not so effective because the Earth rotation confines l0 to a smaller level, i.e., l0/Hα < 1. The second type of deep convection is driven by pure thermobaric instability in a two-layer ocean where a cold, fresh mixed layer overlies a warm, saline deep layer, as often observed in polar oceans. It causes an abrupt overturning of the water column. Scales of convective properties are dependent on the difference of water temperature between the two layers, the initial size of plume, and the Coriolis parameter (or time), but not on the surface cooling rate directly. With actual parameters, convective properties and the associated buoyancy flux are much larger than those of the first type. Observed vertical profiles of water temperature and salinity suggest that the first type of deep convection could occur in the Greenland Basin while the second type could occur in the Weddell Sea.