Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Test-takers' cognitive processes while synthesizing multiple texts and graphs

Integrated writing is becoming more common than traditional topic-based writing in the field of second language assessment. This is partly because essay scores from integrated writing tests are believed to give a better prediction of how students perform in real-life academic writing tasks. There has been a rise in the number of publications on integrated writing concerning its construct validity, discourse types, the effects of borrowing from source texts, and test-taking strategies. These researchers have suggested the need for a careful consideration of the factors affecting the integrated writing process, especially when graphs are used. Incorporating information from graphs into integrated writing demands an additional cognitive skill set. Few researchers have addressed the effects of information from graphs in integrated writing, and even fewer studies have looked at the effects of the combination of text and graphs. The current study aimed to gain insights into the cognitive processes of L2 writers when both multiple source texts and graphs were used as prompts. It attempted to explain (1) the effects of source texts, (2) graph features, (3) the roles of reading in integrated writing, and (4) testtaking strategies during the integrated writing tasks. This study adopted an eye-tracking method to investigate the eye movements of the test-takers (N=38) that reflected their behaviours and decision-making processes. It used multiple approaches that combined eye-tracking, questionnaires and focus group discussions. The findings of the quantitative analysis suggest that language proficiency played a major role in fulfilling the task requirements. The first ten minutes of eye-movement recordings showed some crucial differences between upper intermediate and lower intermediate level participants. Qualitative analyses using the gazeplots in timed segments, students’ written outputs, and the questionnaires, helped understand test-takers’ behaviours while they were making decisions during each stage of the integrated writing task. Finally, the implications for the test-developers, teachers and students were discussed.
Reliable and energy‐efficient emergency transmission in wireless sensor networks

In the remote system, wireless sensors networks are used to forward messages of specific needs by minimizing energy consumption. This process needs to maintain the hubs with various activities of the network. The network components are suitable for conventional packet transmission, but not for emergency information transmission as it consistently requires high‐quality links. In emergency information transmission, more cooperation is required by nodes, but at the same time, we must minimize the energy required in emergency transmission to form topology construction, partitioning, relaying nodes clustering, and then cluster the total number of nodes. In this paper, proposed an energy‐aware emergency transmission scheme which decreases the hub's energy utilization maintained between 8% and 11% in reliable data transmission, increase transmission accuracy by 25%, and packet transmission delay decreases by 600 to 700 milliseconds while increasing the number of clusters in topology.
Assessment of changes in volume and vascularity of the ovaries during the normal menstrual cycle using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to describe changes in the volume and vascularization of both ovaries, the dominant follicle and the corpus luteum during the normal menstrual cycle using three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound. METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers underwent serial transvaginal 3D ultrasound examinations of both ovaries on cycle day 2, 3 or 4, then daily from cycle day 9 until follicular rupture and 1, 2, 5, 7 and 12 days after follicular rupture. The volume and vascular indices of the ovaries, the dominant follicle and the corpus luteum were calculated off-line using virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL TM ) software. RESULTS: The volume of the dominant ovary increased during the follicular phase, decreased after follicular rupture and then increased again during the luteal phase. Vascular indices in the dominant ovary and the dominant follicle/corpus luteum increased during the follicular phase, the vascular flow index (VFI) in the dominant follicle being on average (median) 1.7 times higher on the day before ovulation than 4 days before ovulation (P = 0.003). The vascular indices continued to rise after follicular rupture so that VFI in the corpus luteum was on average (median) 3.1 times higher 7 days after ovulation than in the follicle on the day before ovulation (P = 0.0002). The volume and vascular indices in the non-dominant ovary manifested no unequivocal changes during the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial changes occur in volume and vascularization of the dominant ovary during the normal menstrual cycle. 3D power Doppler ultrasound may become a useful tool for assessing pathological changes in the ovaries, for example, in subfertile patients.
Rejection of disturbances in multivariable motion systems

Due to ever increasing demands in industry, the number of applications of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) control systems has increased drastically in the last decades. Although considerable progress has been made in the development of theoretical tools, feedback control design for MIMO systems still poses complexity issues for both academia and the practising engineer. In an effort to reduce design complexity, many aspects of MIMO systems are disregarded in most practical applications, at the cost of potential achievable performance. One of the important tasks of feedback control is the ability to reject disturbances. In MIMO systems, gain, phase, and directions play an important role in the systems ability to reject disturbances. The directional, multivariable, aspects of disturbances necessitate approaching the MIMO control problem in its full complexity. The goal of this work is to make directional aspects an integral part of MIMO control design. Herein, the focus is on applications of motion control systems. The contribution of this work is two-fold. The first contribution of this work is the development of techniques to characterize multivariable disturbances. A non-parametric component analysis method is developed to identify both the directional aspects of disturbances and the root cause (source) of disturbances in multivariable closed loop controlled systems. Indices are developed to quantify directionality of disturbances and, possibly, simplify multivariable control design. These techniques are applied to an active vibration isolation platform. It is shown how the location of sources can be recovered using only closed loop measurements. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how multivariable control design can be simplified. With this, it is demonstrated how multivariable aspects of disturbances can be interpreted physically and exploited in control design. The second contribution of the work involves the development of control design methods that take advantage from the multivariable aspects of disturbances. The focus is on systems where the plant dynamics are decoupled while disturbances may act on may decoupled parts of the plant at the same time. Methods are developed to design non-diagonal weighting filters for H1 control synthesis. Furthermore, manual frequency domain loopshaping techniques are developed for the design of centralized MIMO controllers that accommodate directions of disturbances and sensor noise. It is illustrated with several examples that, using these developed techniques, directions of disturbances and noise can be successfully integrated in control design for multivariable motion systems.
Food selection by black colobus monkeys (Colobus satanas) in relation to plant chemistry

Black colobus monkeys (Golobus salanas) in the Douala-Edea Reserve, a rain-forest on the coast of Cameroon, have been shown to avoid young and mature leaves of most of the common plants in their habitat and to feed disproportionately heavily on leaves of rare plants. The proportion of leaves in the diet was low compared to most colobines studied, and the monkeys spent over half their feeding time eating seeds. Patterns of food selection were analysed in relation to distribution of nutrients, digestion–inhibitors and toxins in the vegetation. Colobw satanas select food items that are rich in mineral nutrients and nitrogen and low in content of the general digestion-inhibitors, lignin and tannin. They achieve this in the following ways: (i) by feeding preferentially on young leaves, which have higher nutrient content and lower contents of digestion-inhibitors than mature leaves; (ii) by eating those mature leaves with highest nument content relative to content of digestion-inhibitors; and (iii) by eating seeds, which are sources of readily available energy and which, as an item class, are less rich in digestion-inhibitors. Seeds at Douala-Edea appear to contain Ins nitrogen than leaves and C. satanas selects those seeds with highest nitrogen content. It is suggested that seed-feeding may be facilitated by the ability of the forestomach flora of these ruminant-like monkeys to detoxify some of the secondary compounds contained in seeds. Avoidance of most unused young and mature leaf items is correlated with a low nutrienudigestion-inhibitor ratio; avoidance of most unused seeds could be accounted for by their low nitrogen contents. Most items whose avoidance could not be explained in terms of these major constraints on food selection possess secondary compounds likely to be toxic. It is proposed that relative importance of digestion-inhibitors, low nutrient content and toxins as constraints on food selection by generalist herbivores will vary greatly among forests with different nutrient and secondary chemistry profiles.
Soybean peroxidase catalyzed polymerization and removal of 2,4-dimethylphenol from synthetic wastewater

Enzymatic treatment of synthetic wastewater containing 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP) was investigated in the presence and absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the enzyme soybean peroxidase. The optimum pH both in the absence and in presence of PEG was 8.0. The optimum [hydrogen peroxide]/ [2,4-DMP] was between 0.9-1.2. A linear relationship existed in presence of PEG between the minimum SBP concentration and initial 2,4-DMP concentrations. In the absence of PEG, a linear relationship did exist at lower substrate concentrations up to 2.0 mM, beyond which the minimum enzyme concentration remained constant and independent of the initial substrate concentration. At lower 2,4DMP concentrations, there was PEG effect which decreased to almost nil with increase in substrate concentrations. Minimum PEG concentration for 1 mM of 2,4-DMP was found to be 45-50 mg/L. Preliminary kinetic study of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction yielded the values of Michaelis-Menten constants for 2,4-dimethylphenol, in the presence and absence of PEG.
Proportions, characters and chronologies: their contribution to systematic paleontology. A rebuttal to Furió and Pons-Monjo

The comment by Furio and Pons-Monjo is an attempt to invalidate the new species Nesiotites rafelinensis recently described by Rofes et al. and to place it in synonymy with N. ponsi or a closely related form (N. aff. ponsi and/or N. cf. ponsi). Through detailed argumentation, the use of proportions instead of lengths, the re-analysis of the characters questioned by Furio and Pons-Monjo, and the consideration of the chronology and the evolution of ecological communities, we rebut Furio and Pons Monjo’s conclusions and confirm the status of N. rafelinensis as a valid and distinct species represented by the specimen of Calo den Rafelino (Mallorca, Spain).
Effect of phosphorus as fertiliser or supplement on the forage intake of heifers grazing stylo-based pastures

Summary. The effect of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and P supplement on the forage intake and liveweight gain of yearling Droughtmaster heifers grazing tropical legume based pasture was determined. Forage intake was calculated from estimates of faecal output using slow release, chromic oxide capsules and the predicted in vivo dry matter digestibility of forage selectively grazed by steers fistulated at the oesophagus. Faecal output, forage intake, and liveweight gain increased with increasing rates of fertiliser or with P supplement. Average gross forage intake (kglday) of supplemented heifers grazing unfertilised pasture during the growing season was nearly 50% more than that of unsupplemented heifers grazing similar pastures, and liveweight gain over the growing season was increased by 65%. Similar, but greater, increases in forage intake and liveweight gain occurred with heifers grazing pasture fertilised annually with 10 kg P/ha as superphosphate. Dietary P concentrations on pasture that had received just 1 application of fertiliser (10 kg Plha) 5 years before the study were only marginally higher than on unfertilised pasture, but forage intakes were higher and not significantly increased by supplementation. However, the liveweight gain of unsupplemented heifers grazing pasture that was fertilised on 1 occasion was depressed compared with heifers receiving supplement or grazing pasture fertilised more frequently.
A Prospective Study of Wounds in a Teaching Hospital in Northern Part of Nigeria

Accepted 11th, February 2019 Abstract Acute and chronic wounds will continue to be an important health challenge in Africa as well as other parts of the world due to contemporary complex lifestyles that predisposes people to physical injuries and diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between type of wounds and gender, age, therapeutic agents and routes of administration. A prospective study was conducted during October to January 2018 at the surgical department of Bingham University in Jos in Northern part of Nigeria. A comprehensive wound proforma was designed to record information on all wound cases reporting to the hospital. From 85 patients with wounds, 70 (82.4%) were male and 15 (17.6%) were female. Also from 72 patients with acute wounds, 60 (70.6%) were male and 12 (14.1%) were female. There was a significant relation between gender and type of wounds, majority of acute 20 (23.5%) and chronic wounds 4 (4.7%) were sustained by older men and women from 51years and above. There was no significant relation between age and type of wounds. Almost all the patients were prescribed analgesics for acute 70 (82.4%) and chronic 9 (10.6%) wounds, the relation between type of wounds and therapeutic agents was not statistically significant. Majority of the patients were placed on intravenous route of administration for acute wounds 62 (72.9%) and chronic wounds 12 (14.1%). The relation between type of wounds and routes of administration was significant. Gender and route of administration of drugs have significant impact on the type of wounds, therefore there is need to generate reliable and consistent information on the type of wounds and associated factors in order to design effective prevention strategies.
Phylogenetic trends and variation in the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of sympatric species of South African patellid limpets (Archaeogastropoda, Mollusca)

Summary Phylogenetic parsimony analysis of sperm ultrastructure allows recognition in South African patellid limpets of four monophyletic groups: the argenvillei group (3 species); the aphanes group (2 species); the concolor group (6 species) and a more heterogeneous cochlear group (3 Patella species and dubiously associated with these, species of the genera Helcion, Nocella and Celiano). Of 5 pairs of spermatological sister-species, each species is extensively sympatric with its sister-species. Sperm of such sympatric species may be morphologically almost identical or may show structural differences which would be expected to block hybridization. Where, as in the argenvillei and aphanes groups, the sperm within each group are structurally similar, it is likely that immunological and biochemical rather than structural features of the gametes act as species barriers preventing hybridization. Where contrasting morphological specializations of the sperm of sister-species are demonstrated, these are considere.
The response of aphids to plant water stress – the case of Myzus persicae and Brassica oleracea var. capitata

The possible repercussions of decreasing water availability in plant–insect interactions largely remain unclear. To study this, we designed two factorial studies applying two levels of water stress to Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L. (Brassicaceae) plants inoculated with the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Macrosiphini). One study investigated the effect of aphids and water stress on leaf water potential components, aphid population size, aphid intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and fecundity. The other investigated the effect of aphids and water stress on gas exchange, leaf fluorescence yield, estimation of leaf chlorophyll, and above‐ground dry weight. Drought treatment reduced the size of the M. persicae population. Aphid numbers were strongly and positively correlated with soil moisture and negatively correlated with leaf temperature. Aphids on droughted plants had lower rm and lower fecundity per aphid. Under aphid stress, plants showed reduced maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), lower leaf chlorophyll as estimated by soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, higher osmotic potential, and reduced final above‐ground dry weight compared with control plants. Aphid infestation also led to significantly higher leaf water potentials and reduced light‐adapted fluorescence yield. Compared with control plants, water‐stressed plants showed reduced Amax, lower SPAD values, reduced leaf water potential, lower turgor, and reduced final above‐ground dry weight. Osmotic potential was lower in droughted plants when aphids were not present. Plants under combined aphid and water stress showed significantly reduced SPAD and final above‐ground dry weight, with comparatively higher leaf water potentials. These results show that aphid infestation limits solute accumulation in the vacuole of drought stressed cabbage. Aphid infestation reduced the host’s ability to photosynthesise optimally and led to reduced growth. Plant stress hypotheses propose that a senescence feeder such as M. persicae would show higher rates of growth in response to the increasing ‘quality’ of the phloem sap under water shortage. In the case of M. persicae, our results do not support the hypothesis that drought leads to improved aphid population growth and survival.
R&D, innovation, and productivity: new evidence from Italian manufacturing microdata

Italian manufacturing firms have been losing ground with respect to many of their European competitors. This article presents some empirical evidence on the effects of innovation on employment growth and therefore on firms productivity with the goal of understanding the roots of such poor performance. We use firm level data from the last three surveys on Italian manufacturing firms conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia, which cover the period 1995-2003. Using a slightly modified version of the model proposed by Harrison, Jaumandreu, Mairesse and Peters (Harrison et al., 2005), which separates employment growth rates into those associated with old and new products, we find no evidence of significant employment displacement effects stemming from process innovation. The sources of employment growth during the period are split equally between the net contribution of product innovation and the net contribution from sales growth of old products. However, the contribution of product innovation to employment growth is somewhat lower than in the four European countries considered in Harrison et al. (2005), and the contribution of innovation in general to productivity growth is almost nil in Italy during this period.
Identification of New Genes for Mildew Resistance of Barley at the Mia Locus in Lines Derived from Hordeum spontaneum

Genetical studies have been conducted with lines derived from H. spontaneum showing that these lines carry dominant mildew resistance genes located at or near the Mla, locus. The resistance spectra of the lines ‘RS170—10 × Piccolo A’, ‘Diamant × 1B-20’, ‘RS1—8 × Piccolo E’ and ‘Diamant × 1B-151’ obtained from 10 European and Israeli isolates differ from previously-identified Mia alleles. Therefore, it is suggested that these genes should be designated as Mla 25, Mla 26, Mla.27 and Mla 28, respectively. In addition, the RFLP-patterns of these lines and their crossing parents were studied by hybridization with probes MWG 1H036, MWG 1H060 and MWG 1H068, which are very closely linked to the Mia locus. Two double crossover events have been identified. The use of RFLP markers for the identification of mildew resistance genes is discussed.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of VersaTrap Type G

This paper investigates the performance of a vortex combination intended for solids and oil separation from wastewater. It also analyses the processes involved in this separation technique. VersaTrap type W (VTW) designed by Rocla for industrial wastewater treatment has been used in this project. The vortex is generated in a cylindrical chamber above the level of a cylindrical screen. Experimental and numerical analysis were performed on the scale model to establish the hydraulic characteristics and pollutant removal efficiencies (PRE). The VT type W with 0 and 50% blocked screen (for single and double baskets) was tested at Curtin University of Technology to replicate typical in situ conditions. The results were scaled up to provide data on the full range of full size units. Comparing Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation and experimental results suggest that CFD software is an effective tool to assess the findings of the hydraulic treatment system. Data analysis has demonstrated that the headloss increases in proportion to flow rates. The removal efficiencies are inversely proportional to flow rates. The study outcomes have capabilities to optimize any other types of wastewater treatment systems.
Over-wintering Daphnia: uncoupling the effects of temperature and food on offspring size and filtering screen morphology in D. galeata

Field investigation of seasonal variation of filtering setae number (FSN) in the filtering screens of D. galeata showed a clear tendency toward low FSN in animals with low temperature and food levels (an over-wintering population and a deep-hypolimnion-inhabiting part of the population). Laboratory experiments were carried out to uncouple the effects of temperature and food level on the size of neonates and FSN in their filtering apparatus. Results of the first experiments indicated that temperature is the main factor inducing the changes in FSN and the induction takes place during embryogenesis. These results were confirmed in the second experiment. Eggs from the same clutch incubated in vitro at temperatures of 19, 10 and 68C developed into neonates with smaller carapace length with decreasing temperature. Smaller neonates had lower FSN in their filtering screens. These results provide experimental evidence of temperature-mediated embryonic induction in Daphnia galeata and contribute to an understanding of the proximate causes of the morphological features observed in over-wintering populations in the field.