Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BULK FLOW OF HALOS IN ΛCDM SIMULATION

Analysis of the Pangu N-body simulation validates that the bulk flow of halos follows a Maxwellian distribution with variance that is consistent with the prediction of the linear theory of structure formation. We propose that the consistency between the observed bulk velocity and theories should be examined at the effective scale of the radius of a spherical top-hat window function yielding the same smoothed velocity variance in linear theory as the sample window function does. We compared some recently estimated bulk flows from observational samples with the prediction of the ΛCDM model we used; some results deviate from expectation at a level of ∼3σ, but the discrepancy is not as severe as previously claimed. We show that bulk flow is only weakly correlated with the dipole of the internal mass distribution, that the alignment angle between the mass dipole and the bulk flow has a broad distribution peaked at ∼30°–50°, and also that the bulk flow shows little dependence on the mass of the halos used in the estimation. In a simulation of box size 1 h−1 Gpc, for a cell of radius 100 h−1 Mpc the maximal bulk velocity is >500 km s−1; dipoles of the environmental mass outside the cell are not tightly aligned with the bulk flow, but are rather located randomly around it with separation angles ∼20°–40°. In the fastest cell there is a slightly smaller number of low-mass halos; however, halos inside are clustered more strongly at scales ≳ 20 h−1 Mpc, which might be a significant feature since the correlation between bulk flow and halo clustering actually increases in significance beyond such scales.
Visualizing the dynamic progression of backward erosion piping in a Hele-Shaw cell

With the utilization of underground space, backward erosion piping (BEP) has been observed in many underground structures (e.g., shield tunnels) founded on sandy aquifers. However, due to invisibility, the geometry of the eroded pipe and its spatial evolution with time during the piping process was still not clear. In this study, we developed a Hele-Shaw cell to visualize the dynamic progression of BEP. With imaging process technology, we obtained a typical process of BEP (the erosion process can be divided into a piping progression phase and a piping stabilization phase), quantitatively characterized the formation of erosion pipes, and compared the patterns of erosion (e.g., the erosion area A and the maximum erosion radius R max ) that spontaneously develop under different fluxes of water. The most interesting finding is that the sand grains in a thicker Hele-Shaw model are easier to dislodge, which is possibly due to the granular system in a thicker model having more degrees of freedom, reducing the stability of the sand grains. 目的 粉土、粉（细）砂土承压含水层中的盾构隧道出现渗漏时，土颗粒会在渗流力作用下液化悬浮并随地下水涌入隧道，致使隧道外土层在高速水流侵蚀下快速流失，引起隧道受力模式改变，进而造成衬砌结构的连续破坏（损）甚至垮塌。 特别地，当渗漏点位于隧道底部时，侵蚀过程类似于水利大坝中的向源侵蚀，即逆着水流方向在隧道结构底部产生侵蚀空腔，从而导致隧道底部因失去土层支撑而产生大范围沉降和错台。 为研究盾构隧道结构底部某点处由径向水流（水流向漏点汇聚）引起的向源侵蚀过程及侵蚀区形态，本文采用物理学中的经典装置，即赫尔-肖氏薄板，开展一系列可视化的模型试验，研究了水流速度及试样厚度对侵蚀过程及侵蚀形态的影响，以加深对向源侵蚀机制的理解。 创新点 1. 研制了用于研究汇聚流下向源侵蚀过程的赫尔-肖氏薄板仪器；2. 清晰地捕捉了向源侵蚀动态发展过程；3. 揭示水流速度及试样厚度对侵蚀过程及侵蚀形态的影响。 方法 1. 采用恒流速试验，模拟瞬间施加水流下的向源侵蚀过程；2. 通过数字图像处理技术，定量描述向源侵蚀动态发展过程；3. 通过调整板间距及入流速度，分析试样厚度及水流大小对侵蚀过程及形态的影响。 结论 1. 瞬时恒流下的向源侵蚀过程可分为侵蚀发展和侵蚀稳定两个阶段。 2. 瞬时水流速度越大，侵蚀区的形状表现为分叉越多，最大侵蚀半径越大。 3. 试样越厚，向源侵蚀越容易在赫尔-肖氏薄板中启动；同时侵蚀区面积越大，半径也越大。
Scale-free power spectrums in the delayed cosmology

The delayed cosmology [JCAP 02(2012)046] assumes that the evolution of geometries is delayed relative to that of matter and/or energies. This idea allows inflation occur without inflaton fields or vacuum energies of any kind as drivings. We considered the production and evolution of primordial perturbations in this model. The results indicate that, with delaying, we could get a nearly scale-free power spectrum of perturbations starting from a radiation dominated early universe.
On the anisotropy of the gravitational wave background from massless preheating

When a light scalar field is present during inflation, its value varies on superhorizon scales, modulating the preheating process at the end of inflation. Consequently, the amplitude of the gravitational wave (GW) background produced during preheating is also modulated. The observed energy density of this background appears therefore anisotropic at different angles in the sky. We provide a master formula for the angular power spectrum Cl of the anisotropies in the GW background from preheating, valid for any scenario where the anisotropies are due to the superhorizon modulation of a light degree of freedom. Using lattice field theory simulations of massless preheating with g2/λ = 2, we find a flat angular spectrum l(l+1)Cl ≈ 3 × 10−4, which represents a strong anisotropy of ∼ 1% variations on large angular scales. For our choice of couplings, long wavelengths are amplified most strongly during parametric resonance, which is crucial for the development of the anisotropies. If future direct detection GW observatories are capable of detecting backgrounds of cosmological origin, they {may also} be able to detect this effect. This could eventually become a powerful tool to discriminate among inflationary and preheating scenarios.
Optimal segmentation and improved abundance estimation for superpixel-based Hyperspectral Unmixing

ABSTRACT Superpixel-based hyperspectral unmixing (HU) can effectively reduce spectral variability’s influence on unmixing performance. In the superpixel-based HU method, this study proposes a segmentation scale determination method to improve the accuracy of endmembers and fully constrained least squares based on distance strategy (D-FCLS) to improve the efficiency of abundance estimation. In the segmentation-scale determination method, this study establishes a segmentation scale division criterion to divide segmented images with similar quality into the same segmentation scale. The optimal segmentation scale is selected according to the actual situation of hyperspectral images. Moreover, the distance strategy is applied to fully constrained least squares (FCLS) using the spatial relationship between endmembers and the mixed pixel in abundance estimation. The proposed methods are evaluated on the synthetic and real datasets. The results show that the validity of the segmentation-scale determination method is verified by quantitative and qualitative evaluation on all datasets. In terms of abundance estimation, compared with FCLS, D-FCLS improves the efficiency by more than 10.30% on the synthetic dataset and 18.71% on the real dataset. In addition, this study’s proposed abundance estimation method and unsupervised superpixel-based HU method are superior to the other comparison methods.
Quantum Langevin model for nonequilibrium condensation

We develop a quantum model for non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation of photons and polaritons in planar microcavity devices. The model builds upon laser theory and includes the spatial dynamics of the cavity field, a saturation mechanism and some frequency-dependence of the gain: quantum Langevin equations are written for a cavity field coupled to a continuous distribution of externally pumped two-level emitters with a well-defined frequency. As a an example of application, the method is used to study the linearised quantum fluctuations around a steady-state condensed state. In the good-cavity regime, an effective equation for the cavity field only is proposed in terms of a stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Perspectives in view of a full quantum simulation of the non-equilibrium condensation process are finally sketched.
THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER MASS FUNCTION AS A REMNANT OF VIOLENT BIRTH

The log-normal shape of the mass function for metal-poor halo globular clusters is proposed to result from an initial M−2 power law modified rapidly by evaporation, collisions with clouds, and mutual cluster interactions in the dense environment of a redshift z ∼ 5–15 disk galaxy. Galaxy interactions subsequently spray these clusters into the galaxy group environment, where they fall into other growing galaxies and populate their halos. Clusters forming later in z ∼ 2–5 galaxies, and those formed during major mergers, produce metal-rich globulars. Monte Carlo models of evolving cluster populations demonstrate the early formation of a log-normal mass function for typical conditions in high-redshift galaxies.
Evolution of dust content in galaxies probed by gamma-ray burst afterglows

Because of their brightness, gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are viable targets for investigating the dust content in their host galaxies. Simple intrinsic spectral shapes of GRB afterglows allow us to derive the dust extinction. Recently, the extinction data of GRB afterglows are compiled up to redshift $z=6.3$, in combination with hydrogen column densities and metallicities. This data set enables us to investigate the relation between dust-to-gas ratio and metallicity out to high redshift for a wide metallicity range. By applying our evolution models of dust content in galaxies, we find that the dust-to-gas ratio derived from GRB afterglow extinction data are excessively high such that they can be explained with a fraction of gas-phase metals condensed into dust ($f_\mathrm{in}$) $\sim 1$, while theoretical calculations on dust formation in the wind of asymptotic giant branch stars and in the ejecta of Type II supernovae suggest a much more moderate condensation efficiency ($f_\mathrm{in}\sim 0.1$). Efficient dust growth in dense clouds has difficulty in explaining the excessive dust-to-gas ratio at metallicities $Z/\mathrm{Z}_\odot <\epsilon$, where $\epsilon$ is the star formation efficiency of the dense clouds. However, if $\epsilon$ is as small as 0.01, the dust-to-gas ratio at $Z\sim 10^{-2}$ Z$_\odot$ can be explained with $n_\mathrm{H}\gtrsim 10^6$ cm$^{-3}$. Therefore, a dense environment hosting dust growth is required to explain the large fraction of metals condensed into dust, but such clouds should have low star formation efficiencies to avoid rapid metal enrichment by stars.
Bullying, undermining and harassment in vascular surgery training: a stubborn problem that damages the specialty

Background: Bullying, undermining and harassment (BUH) behaviours are present amongst healthcare workers and have detrimental effects on the victim’s well-being and adversely affect patient outcomes. Although it is known that these problems are prevalent within surgery, there are few data on the extent of the issue amongst UK vascular trainees specifically. Methods: The Rouleaux Club (RC), representing UK vascular trainees, has conducted two surveys which were distributed amongst 137 members of the RC between May and July 2017 and 831 between March and April 2021. Data were collected on demographics and personal experiences of BUH behaviours as well as those witnessed by trainees. Comparisons were made between the responses of each survey. Results: The 2017 survey yielded 71 responses and the 2021 survey resulted in 86 responses, with estimated response rates of 51.8% and 10.3%, respectively. In 2017, 33 (47.1%) respondents reported personally experiencing BUH compared with 57 (72.2%) in 2021 (p=0.002). In 2017, seven (20%) reported witnessing BUH compared with 45 (57.7%) four years later. The most frequent perpetrators were vascular consultants (31 (81.6%) in 2017 and 55 (96.5%) in 2021, p= 0.020). BUH behaviours related to gender or sexual orientation increased from affecting two respondents (5%) in 2017 to 18 respondents (28.1%) in 2021 (p=0.004). Conclusions: BUH behaviours are an ongoing problem within UK vascular training. Despite recent attempts to tackle these issues, there is no evidence of improvement and a signal for possible worsening of the problem. There is a need for further research to understand this issue in more detail in order to plan long-lasting interventions that will minimise detriment to individual trainees, protect the reputation of the specialty and maintain the safety of patients and optimal delivery of care.
Decentralisation, corruption and topological reach in Papua New Guinea

Decentralisation is a key reform in the fight against corruption, particularly in developing countries. However, both scholarship and policy often fails to account for the social-spatial relations that can determine the success of decentralisation reform. This article argues that this is a critical oversight that limits our understanding of the effectiveness of decentralisation reform to address corruption. It is grounded in fieldwork conducted with 136 public servants in four subnational administrations across Papua New Guinea. Reflecting on the impact of decentralisation reform, respondents described how elites were able to direct subnational resources – sometimes for their own personal gain – by reaching across space to control subnational affairs. Anti-corruption measures were largely ineffective because they were unable to reach out to anti-corruption organisations with adequate resources and political power. These findings suggest that topological approaches to understanding power relations – approaches that stress the importance of reach across space – could help scholars and policy makers reimagine the potential for decentralisation reform to address corruption.
RESIDUAL ENERGY SPECTRUM OF SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE

It has long been known that the energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind is not in equipartition. In this paper, we present an analysis of 5 yr of Wind data at 1 AU to investigate the reason for this. The residual energy (difference between energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations) was calculated using both the standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normalization for the magnetic field and a kinetic version, which includes temperature anisotropies and drifts between particle species. It was found that with the kinetic normalization, the fluctuations are closer to equipartition, with a mean normalized residual energy of σr = −0.19 and mean Alfvén ratio of rA = 0.71. The spectrum of residual energy, in the kinetic normalization, was found to be steeper than both the velocity and magnetic field spectra, consistent with some recent MHD turbulence predictions and numerical simulations, having a spectral index close to −1.9. The local properties of residual energy and cross helicity were also investigated, showing that globally balanced intervals with small residual energy contain local patches of larger imbalance and larger residual energy at all scales, as expected for nonlinear turbulent interactions.
Institution Type, Selectivity, and Financial Aid: An Examination of Institutional Factors Influencing First-Time Students Retention in Public Universities

First-time student retention has become of greatest priority to higher education administrators seeking to increase revenue from tuition and completion rates. The statistics show that only 40% of first-time students persist from the start of institution to graduation. While decades of research have been conducted to investigate the factors influencing student retention, most of these researches have focused on students' attributes, pre-college characteristics, and socioeconomic. There is significantly limited information on how institutional characteristics contribute to first-time students' retention, yet institutional behavior and environment are key determinants of students' retention and success. Also, institutional administrators and students are increasingly becoming interested in knowing how their institutional characteristics influence student retention. This study examines the effects of institutional type, selectivity and institutional financial aid on retention rates at 4-year public research universities. Using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the study also examines the interaction effect of institutional selectivity and the percentage of students with financial aid on retention across institution types. The study found institution type to significantly associate with the retention rates in both low and high-selective institutions. High-selective institutions have high retention rates on average. The results of the analysis also showed that the effect of the percentage level of students with financial aid on retention rate does not depend on the institution selectivity level. The study presents significant practical implications for institution leaders, policymakers and students in enhancing student retention and in decision-making process.
Large-scale dynamo action due to α fluctuations in a linear shear flow

We present a model of large-scale dynamo action in a shear flow that has stochastic, zero-mean fluctuations of the a parameter. This is based on a minimal extension of the Kraichnan Moffatt model, to include a background linear shear and Galilean-invariant alpha-statistics. Using the firstorder smoothing approximation we derive a linear integro-differential equation for the largescale magnetic field, which is non-perturbative in the shearing rate S, and the alpha-correlation time r. The white-noise case, tau(alpha) = 0, is solved exactly, and it is concluded that the necessary condition for dynamo action is identical to the Kraichnan Moffatt model without shear; this is because white-noise does not allow for memory effects, whereas shear needs time to act. To explore memory effects we reduce the integro-differential equation to a partial differential equation, valid for slowly varying fields when is small but non-zero. Seeking exponential modal solutions, we solve the modal dispersion relation and obtain an explicit expression for the growth rate as a function of the six independent parameters of the problem. A non-zero r, gives rise to new physical scales, and dynamo action is completely different from the white-noise case; e.g. even weak a fluctuations can give rise to a dynamo. We argue that, at any wavenumber, both Moffatt drift and Shear always contribute to increasing the growth rate. Two examples are presented: (a) a Moffatt drift dynamo in the absence of shear and (b) a Shear dynamo in the absence of Moffatt drift.
Total hip arthroplasty revision etiologies: a cross-sectional study in Isfahan, Iran

Background: Complications after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) are the most common reason for revision. Due to the high prevalence of revision surgery, we investigated the frequency of postprimary THA complications and related risk factor revision surgery. Materials and Methods: This is a cohort study that was performed in 2011–2019 on all patients who underwent primary THA surgery re-admitted to the Kashani and Saadi Hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran, due to some complications after THA. Demographic and basic data were collected from patient's medical documents. Harris hip score (HHS) was calculated for all patients 6 months after the last surgery. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Appropriate statistical tests were conducted to compare the results between the study groups. Results: Among 1260 patients who underwent primary THA, 1006 of them entered the study after applying the exclusion criteria. Thirty nine patients were under revision, 53.8% had prosthesis infection, 56.4% had instability, 6% had aseptic loosening, and 30.8% had periprosthetic fracture. Odds ratio for the above complications were 45.5, 45, 6.4, and 15.5, respectively. HHS postoperatively was also significantly (P < 0.001) higher in patients without revision. No correlation between gender or surgeon experience and revision was detected; however wound discharge (P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.003), and Infection during hospitalization (P < 0.001) affect revision rate significantly. All four postsurgery complications, i.e., instability, postoperative prothesis infections, periprosthetic fractures, and aseptic loosening, significantly increased the risk of revision (P < 0.001, for all). Conclusion: Instability, prosthetic infections, periprosthetic fractures, and aseptic loosening were the most common causes for increasing revision rates after THA, respectively. Higher BMI, persistent wound discharge, and nosocomial infections during the first hospitalization also increased the rate of revision after primary THA.
A Causal Model for Diagnostic Reasoning

Up to now,there have many methods for knowledge representation and reasoning in causal networks,but few of them include the research on the coactions of nodes.In practice,ignoring these coactions may influence the accureacy of reasoning and even give rise to incorrect reasoning.In this paper,based on multilayer causal networks.the definitions on coaction nodes are given to construct a new causal network called Coaction Causal Network,which serves to construct a model of nerual network for diagnosis followed by fuzzy reasoning,and then the activation rules are given and neural computing methods are used to finish the diagnostic reasoning,These methods are proved in theory and a method of computing the number of solutions for the diagnostic reasoning is given.Finally,the experiments and the conclusions are presented.
Prophylactic effect of topical betaxolol and dorzolamide on the fellow eye in unilateral canine primary angle closure glaucoma: 60 cases (2016.1-2021.5)

This study was aimed to evaluate the prophylactic anti-glaucoma effect of topical 5% betaxolol (BTX) and 2% dorzolamide (DRZ) on the second eye in dogs with unilateral primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Medical records of 60 dogs with unilateral PACG who received prophylactic anti-glaucoma eyedrops in the second eye, from 2016 to 2021, were reviewed. The duration of prophylactic effects of BTX only and DRZ after BTX failure was calculated. The prophylactic effects of BTX were maintained on 28/60 (46.7%) eyes until last visit and BTX failure was observed on median 510 (range, 53-1,927) days in 32/60 (53.3%) eyes. After DRZ instillation in BTX failure eyes, the prophylactic effects were extended at median 610 (range, 157-2,270) days in 21/32 (65.6%) eyes. DRZ failure eyes (17/21, 81.0%) eyes required chemical ablation or surgical intervention due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure. The duration of prophylactic effects was decreased with aging (R² = 0.334, p = 0.006). The predominant breeds were Shih-Tzu (41.9%) and American Cocker Spaniel (30.6%) with no significant differences in survival curves (p = 0.210). The average prophylactic effects of BTX persisted more than 1.5 year and could be selected the first prophylactic eye drop in unilateral PACG. Also, early surgical intervention should be considered in prophylactic medications failure cases.
Sustained Release of Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents from Novel Hybrid Degradable Nanofibers for the Treatment of Polymicrobial Osteomyelitis

This study aimed to develop a drug delivery system with hybrid biodegradable antifungal and antibacterial agents incorporated into poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanofibers, facilitating an extended release of fluconazole, vancomycin, and ceftazidime to treat polymicrobial osteomyelitis. The nanofibers were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, water contact angle analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The in vitro release of the antimicrobial agents was assessed using an elution method and a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The in vivo elution pattern of nanofibrous mats was assessed using a rat femoral model. The experimental results demonstrated that the antimicrobial agent-loaded nanofibers released high levels of fluconazole, vancomycin, and ceftazidime for 30 and 56 days in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Histological assays revealed no notable tissue inflammation. Therefore, hybrid biodegradable PLGA nanofibers with a sustainable release of antifungal and antibacterial agents may be employed for the treatment of polymicrobial osteomyelitis.