Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A search for deuterium recombination-line emission from Orion A

Line emission from DCN was recently detected in the direction of the Orion Nebula. If DCN and HCN are formed and destroyed at the same rate, the D to H ratio is 6x10/sup -3/. This ratio should result in a detectable recombinaiion line of deuterium. We searched unsuccessfully for the D92 alpha line and we place a limit STAD! /STAH! < 1.6x1O/sup -3/. The present results suggest that HCN and its isotope have different rates of formation and destruction. (auth)
What Do Students Really Know about Functions

Readers might be surprised to learn that 60 percent of the precalculus students who answered this item applied the vertical-line test directly to the path of the caterpillar to determine whether the caterpillar’s location was a function of time, that is, that for every point in time, the caterpillar was at exactly one location. What does this response tell us about students’ understanding of functions, the verticalline test, and interpreting graphs? Read further to find out.
Some results on regular variation for distributions in queueing and fluctuation theory

For the distribution functions of the stationary actual waiting time and of the stationary virtual waiting time of the GI/G/l queueing system it is shown that the tails vary regularly at infinity if and only if the tail of the service time distribution varies regularly at infinity. For sn the sum of n i.i. d. variables xi, i = 1, …, n it is shown that if E {x 1} < 0 then the distribution of sup, s 1 s 2, …] has a regularly varying tail at + ∞ if the tail of the distribution of x 1 varies regularly at infinity and conversely, moreover varies regularly at + ∞. In the appendix a lemma and its proof are given providing necessary and sufficient conditions for regular variation of the tail of a compound Poisson distribution.
Water use characteristics of the artificial forests black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) on the Loess Plateau of China

The broad leaf, deciduous black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and needle leaf, evergreen Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) are the major afforestation species on the Loess Plateau of China, accounting for 29.5% and 15.9% of the afforestation area, respectively. The decay of black locust and drying of the forest land soil in this region have caused serious concerns among scientific community and local management authorities. Understanding the hydrological characteristics of the afforestation plantation may provide clues for choosing proper species. However, previous studies demonstrated diverse or even contradictory understandings due to incomplete observations of the water balance. We used a model to reconstruct the water balance based on 5 years (2015–2019) of incomplete soil water and transpiration observations at the field for these two species. The R‐squares of linear regression analysis of simulated and observed soil water in black locust and Chinese pine plantations were 0.69 and 0.90, respectively; and transpiration was 0.62 and 0.69, respectively. Based on the reconstructed water balance components, we found that (1) black locust and Chinese pine had similar annual evapotranspiration in quantity. However, the Chinese pine transpired less and evaporated more water from the canopy than the black locust, with their ratios to the annual precipitation 50.7% and 69.7%, 26.3% and 17.2%, respectively; (2) the Chinese pine has higher evapotranspiration than the black locust in the non‐growing season, accounting for 19.5% and 9.2% of the annual evapotranspiration, respectively; and (3) the Chinese pine is more tolerable to soil water drought than black locust. The findings may suggest that the Chinese pine is a more favourable species for afforestation than the black locust from the point view of drought resistance in this region.
Magnetic control of flow past a blunt body: Numerical validation and exploration

Computational and theoretical studies of a Mach 5 flow over a hemisphere were carried out to validate a new computer code for magnetogasdynamic simulation, and to examine the possibility of heat transfer mitigation through magnetic control. Sample calculations were made using a local solution developed by W. B. Bush [J. Aerosp. Sci. 25, 685 (1958); 28, 610 (1961)] for the stagnation point flow over an axisymmetric blunt body with an imposed dipole magnetic field. Numerical computations, which obviated many of the simplifications inherent in the Bush theory, were carried out employing the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation. Both models indicate that an imposed dipole field can slow the flow in the conductive shock layer and consequently reduce the wall heat flux in the vicinity of the stagnation point. The theoretical model predicts a slightly higher level of heat transfer than that obtained computationally, but there is good agreement between the two models in the fractional change in heat transfer with increasing strength of the applied magnetic field. For both models, nonuniform electrical conductivity was found to reduce the effectiveness of a given applied field. Magnetic flow control is seen to have a sound physical basis, and may prove to be a useful technology for heat transfer mitigation.
Examining the Clinical Characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia at a Dental Hospital: A Prospective Study

Background and objective Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a paroxysmal shock-like neuropathic pain condition that causes sudden, typically unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, and recurrent sensations in the distribution of one or more trigeminal nerve branches. Although the clinical profile of TN patients has been generally established, there has never been a study on the condition among the population of Northeast India. Furthermore, there is scarce research describing the clinical features of TN in patients who visit a dental college. In light of this, we conducted this study to assess the clinical characteristics and parameters of TN in an Indian population. Methods Medical records of 60 patients with TN were reviewed prospectively for patient demographics, characteristics of the pain, and treatment modalities. Results Of the 60 patients, 55% were male, and 45% were female. The peak incidence was found in the age range of 55-64 years. Pain occurred equally on the right and left sides of the face. The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve was the most frequently affected (40%) region, followed by mandibular division (35%) and the combined maxillary and mandibular division alone (25%). Most patients described their attacks as shock-like (78.33%) and of spontaneous onset (86.67%). Conclusion In the present study, TN affected males more than females and occurred most frequently in patients aged 55-64 years. A comparative analysis of the pain characteristics between different age groups and genders is useful for the management of these patients.
Interplanetary magnetic field: Statistical properties and discrete modes

We report here detailed statistical studies of power spectra of 1 hour average interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data that were acquired by the magnetometer instrument on the Ulysses spacecraft in the ecliptic plane of the heliosphere during Ulysses' cruise phase from Earth to Jupiter (October 1990 through January 1992). We have pursued these studies in order to examine in a critical manner our previously published conclusions [Thomson et al., 1995] that energetic particle fluxes in the interplanetary medium carried signatures of discrete modes. We attributed these signatures to the existence of solar acoustic and gravitational modes (p and g modes, respectively) in the heliosphere. Here we first examine the statistical distributions of g modes (less than ∼200 μHz) that are predicted by a theoretical model of the solar interior. With this background information we formulate the time series and statistical analysis procedures that must be used in order to provide information on possible modal signals in the IMF, independent of the source. We show from the statistical analyses that the modal components that are present in the IMF fluctuations can amount to ∼20% to ∼70% of the IMF fluctuation power in the frequency range of ∼10–140 μHz. We discuss these findings in the context of previously published work on searches for optical signatures of solar g modes in the solar photosphere as well as published research papers that have called into question some of the conclusions of Thomson et al. [1995]. We conclude that the interplanetary medium is not a totally chaotic medium, but can sustain high power levels of discrete, low-frequency modes, probably of solar origin, over a long interval of time.
Experimental Research on Performance of Supersonic Steam-Driven Jet Injector and Pressure of Supersonic Steam Jet in Water

An experimental investigation was carried out to find the lifting-pressure performance of a steam-driven jet injector for various configuration parameters. The pressure profiles along the mixing chamber were measured with constant inlet steam and water parameters; the results indicated that the injector had a self-adaptive characteristic and the outlet water mass flow rate had an invariable characteristic. The lifting-pressure coefficient was affected significantly by the area ratio of the secondary nozzle and area ratio of the mixing chamber, and the influences were discussed. Moreover, the pressure distribution characteristic of a supersonic steam jet in water was studied under different steam pressures and water temperatures. The results indicated that the pressure distributions were affected by flow and condensation characteristics that were described by steam pressure and water temperature; the maximum axial pressure ratio was also discussed. Predictions of the distance of the maximum axial pressure by an empirical correlation showed good agreement with the experimental results.
Immigration as the main driver of population dynamics in a cryptic cetacean

Abstract Empirical evidence about the role and interaction of immigration with local demographic processes in shaping population dynamics is still scarce. This knowledge gap limits our capability to derive a conceptual framework that can be used to inform conservation actions. Populations exposed to nonstationary environment do not converge to a stable stage distribution, implying the need for evaluating the demographic role of both vital rates and stage distribution using appropriate tools. This is particularly important for species with larger generation times like cetaceans. We explored the relative demographic role of vital rates and population structure of a poorly known cetacean, the Mediterranean Cuvier's beaked whale, while accounting for the exposure to nonstationary environments. We performed a retrospective analysis through transient life table response experiments (tLTRE) using demographic rates and population structure of both sexes obtained from an integrated population model. The contribution of immigration to variation in realized population growth rates was 4.2, 7.6, and 12.7 times larger than that of female apparent survival, proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2‐year‐old calf, and proportional abundance of breeding females with a 3‐year‐old calf, respectively. Immigration rate and proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2‐ or 3‐year‐old calf explained, respectively, 65% and 20% of total temporal variability in realized population growth rates. Changes in realized population growth rate between successive years were mainly driven by changes in immigration and population structure, specifically the proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2‐year‐old calf. Our study provides insight into the demographic processes that affect population dynamics and in a cryptic cetacean. We presented an analytical approach for maximizing the use of available data through the integration of multiple sources of information for individuals of different distinctiveness levels.
"Biology of the invasive shell lerp psyllid, Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides (Froggatt) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)"

Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides (Froggatt) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is native to Australia but was first detected outside its native range in 2014, in South Africa. It feeds on eucalypt species and thus has the potential to become a pest in commercial Eucalyptus plantations. Information on the basic biology of this insect, which is important for the development of surveillance and management strategies, is lacking. To investigate the life cycle and general biology of S. plicatuloides, the psyllid was reared under controlled glasshouse conditions on potted red-flowering gum, Corymbia ficifolia. The egg incubation period, number of nymphal instars and their developmental time, adult fecundity, adult longevity and duration of the life cycle were determined. The major diagnostic features used to differentiate the five nymphal instars were the number of antennal segments, wing pad development and body length. Females reached reproductive maturity 2.3 ± 0.47 (mean ± SD) days after eclosion and laid 16.2 ± 3.9 (mean ± SD) eggs on average. Reproduction was sexual. The first nymphal instar took 10.7 ± 1.2 (mean ± SD) days to hatch from the egg. The nymphal instars completed their development in 22.6 ± 1.4 (mean ± SD) days under the brown scalloped shelters they secrete. The insect's total life cycle lasted 37.37 ± 1.17 (mean ± SD) days from egg to adult death. Males and females lifespan is also reported. The study provides the first information on the basic biology of S. cf. plicatuloides that will be useful for future studies on surveillance and management strategies.
E–J properties and local Jc distribution of practical Ag-sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 tapes

E–J properties of the high-Tc superconductors are related to the distribution of the flux pinning strength and the local critical current density Jcl. From the previous result of Bi2212 thick films, we found that the distribution of the local Jc is much affected by microstructures, and the local Jc distribution becomes broad and asymmetric for well aligned plate-like Bi2212 grains. These microstructures are similar to the case of practical Ag sheathed Bi2212 tapes. In this study, we performed E–J measurements of practical Ag sheathed Bi2212 tapes at various temperatures and magnetic fields, and the local Jc distribution was investigated.
Temporal behavior of cold atmospheric plasma jet

Temporally resolved evolution of parameters in atmospheric plasma jet is studied by means of microwave scattering, fast photographing, and measuring of jet currents. It is observed that streamer (“plasma bullet”) propagating along with gas flow is generated immediately after the breakdown. It is demonstrated that an afterglow plasma column remains on the way of streamer passing. Lifetime of the afterglow plasma column is 3–5 μs, which is longer than that of the streamer.
Electromagnetics of substorm onsets in the near‐geosynchronous plasma sheet

A search of the CRRES database identified 20 events in which the satellite was located within the local‐time sector spanned by the substorm current wedge (SCW) as it formed. Poynting vectors for low‐frequency waves are derived from the electric and magnetic field measurements. In 19 of the events, data are inconsistent with the notion that the SCW initiates from the braking of earthward bulk flows emanating from a near‐Earth X line. Rather, the data support drift‐Alfvén ballooning in the near‐geosynchronous plasma sheet as being responsible for initiation of the SCW and substorm onset. Dipolarization at CRRES is preceded by eastward excursions of the electric field (trigger waves), at which time the first significant electromagnetic energy is observed flowing toward the ionosphere. Dipolarization and the SCW appear before ground onset, following one or more of these trigger waves. The so‐called “explosive growth phase” occurs in association with explosive growth of the trigger waves soon after onset. Seven characteristic features of substorm onsets and expansions observed at CRRES are described. Among these are two stages of expansion. The first expansion stage is initiated by the trigger waves (ballooning) in the near‐geosynchronous plasma sheet. Approximately 10 minutes later a second stage begins consistent with the arrival of earthward bulk flows emanating from a near‐Earth X line. Near‐geosynchronous substorm onsets can explain the observed increase in the occurrence rate of fast bulk flows earthward of its minimum value near X = −12 RE. Drift‐Alfvén ballooning also provides a possible causal link between observed reductions of the solar wind driver and substorm onsets.
Pure‐Tone Masking

The influence of one pure tone on the threshold of another was investigated. In contrast to previous experiments, masking in the present experiment was studied by determining the level of the masker necessary to mask a signal as a function of the frequency of the masker. The level and frequency of the signal served as parameters. The general forms of the masking functions are similar to those reported previously, but vary in several details. The maximum masking effect occurred when the frequency of the masker approximated that of the signal. When the masker frequency was greater than that of the signal the slope of the masking function was very steep, 150–280 db/octave depending upon signal level and frequency. This slope tended to be steeper at higher signal levels and, although less marked, also at higher signal frequencies. When the masker frequency was about 0.85 that of the signal an irregularity appeared in the masking curves. The size of this hump increased as signal frequency and level increased.
Structural heterogeneity induced plasticity in bulk metallic glasses: From well-relaxed fragile glass to metal-like behavior

To reveal the structural origin responsible for the sharp change of the fracture mode on the as-cast and thermally-relaxed status, we use nanomechanical testing to measure the stresses for the onset of plasticity of a metallic glass and develop a stochastic statistical model, which can be used to characterize structural heterogeneity (defect density and strength) inside the metallic glass. Our experiments and calculations found that, with increasing the structural relaxation, the defect density drops by two orders of magnitude. Correspondingly, the fracture of metallic glasses changes from a significantly plastic (metal-like) mode to an extremely brittle (fragile glass) one.
Second-order and resampling approximation of finite population U-statistics based on stratified samples

We construct one-term Edgeworth expansions to distributions of U statistics and Studentized U-statistics, based on stratified samples drawn without replacement. Replacing the cumulants defining the expansions by consistent jackknife estimators, we obtain empirical Edgeworth expansions. The expansions provide second-order approximations that improve upon the normal approximation. Theoretical results are illustrated by a simulation study where we compare various approximations to the distribution of the commonly used Gini's mean difference estimator.
Crab Pulsar: Enhanced Optical Emission During Giant Radio Pulses

Abstract Although optical pulsar studies have been limited to a few favoured objects, the observation of pulsars at optical wavelengths provides an opportunity to derive a number of important pulsar characteristics, including the energy spectrum of the emitting electrons and the geometry of the emission zone. These parameters will be vital for a comprehensive model of pulsar emission mechanisms. Observations of the Crab pulsar with the high-time-resolution photon-tagging photometer IquEYE show an optical–radio delay of ~178 μs. Incorporating simultaneous Jodrell Bank radio observations suggested a correlation between giant radio pulses and enhanced optical pulses for this pulsar, thus offering possible evidence for the reprocessing of radio photons.
Analytical and numerical investigation of fin efficiency and temperature distribution of conductive, convective, and radiative straight fins

In this study, fin efficiency, temperature distribution, and effectiveness of conductive, convective, and radiative straight fins with temperature dependent thermal conductivity are solved using the differential transformation method (DTM). The concept of differential transformation is briefly introduced, and then it is employed to derive the solutions of nonlinear governing equations of fins with highly nonlinear terms because of existing radiation in this study. The obtained results of DTM are compared with those of the Galerkin method (GM) and numerical boundary value problem method (BVP) to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. Furthermore, the effects of some physical appropriate parameters such as thermo-geometric fin parameters and thermal parameters are analyzed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20341
Some remarks upon the characteristics of the explicit representation of the MPC problem

Abstract In this paper we revisit the explicit MPC representation and related notions. We point to the special structure of the constraint matrices and exploit it in order to provide novel results. We give an upper bound for the collection of admissible active sets with use in the mixed integer representation of the KKT problem and a partial recursive description of the explicit partitioning of the MPC problem. The results are tested over illustrative examples.
Augmented Non‐LTE Parameterization of NO Infrared Radiative Cooling Rates

Parameterizations of NO cooling rates in thermospheric models have not changed substantially since the work of Kockarts (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i002p0013). We investigate three areas to augment the standard parameterization. The first focuses on cooling‐rate contributions from the first NO “hot band. ” Arguments concerning the difficulty or irrelevance of parameterizing hot‐band rates are addressed and either refuted or clarified. Parameterized hot‐band cooling peaks during periods of high solar activity, contributing up to 10%–15% additional cooling, in agreement with published line‐by‐line calculations. The second focuses on collisional NO‐O quenching rates. Recent theoretical calculations predict temperature‐dependent rates similar to those seen in collisional CO2‐O quenching rates. Yet available measurements of NO‐O quenching rates do not reveal clear temperature trends. Quenching rates parameterized with and without temperature dependence produce substantially different thermospheric cooling rates. Further research is needed to resolve these discrepancies. The third involves a linearization of parameterized NO cooling rates around a prescribed state, yielding thermal damping rates for use in parameterizations of subgrid‐scale dynamics. Thermal relaxation rates peak at up to 2 days−1 near 140 km, where they are competitive with corresponding rates due to viscous thermal conduction, consistent with the imputed role of NO in regulating thermospheric climate in response to extraterrestrial energy inputs.