Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrospective multicentric study on Campylobacter spp. bacteremia in France: the Campylobacteremia study.

BACKGROUND Campylobacter spp. bacteremia is a severe infection. A nationwide 5-year retrospective study was conducted to characterize its clinical features and prognostic factors. METHODS Patients diagnosed with Campylobacter spp. bacteremia in 37 French hospitals participating in the surveillance network of the National Reference Center for Campylobacter and Helicobacter were included from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. The goal was to analyze the effects of a delay of appropriate antibiotic therapy and other risk factors on 30-day mortality, antibiotic resistance, patient characteristics and prognosis according to the Campylobacter species. FINDINGS Among the 592 patients, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus were the most commonly identified species (42.9 and 42.6%, respectively). The patients were elderly (median age 68 years), and most had underlying conditions, mainly immunodepression (43.4%), hematologic malignancies (25.9%), solid neoplasms (23%) and diabetes (22.3%). C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli were associated with gastrointestinal signs, and C. fetus was associated with secondary localizations. Among the 80 patients (13.5%) with secondary localizations, 12 had endocarditis, 38 vascular, 24 osteo-articular and 9 ascitic fluid infections. The thirty-day mortality rate was 11.7%, and an appropriate antibiotic treatment was independently associated with 30-day survival (odds ratio [OR]=0.47, 95% CI [0.24-0.93], p=0.03). The median efficient therapy initiation delay was quite short (2 days, IQR [0-4]) but it had no significant impact on 30-day mortality (p=0.78). INTERPRETATION Campylobacter spp. bacteremia mainly occurred in elderly immunocompromised individuals with variable clinical presentations according to the species involved. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy was associated with improved 30-day survival.
Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 1)

It is well recognized that herbal supplements or herbal medicines are now commonly used. As many patients taking prescription medications are concomitantly using herbal supplements, there is considerable risk for adverse herbal drug interactions. Such interactions can enhance the risk for an individual patient, especially with regard to drugs with a narrow therapeutic index such as warfarin, cyclosporine A and digoxin. Herbal drug interactions can alter pharmacokinetic or/and pharmacodynamic properties of administered drugs. The most common pharmacokinetic interactions usually involve either the inhibition or induction of the metabolism of drugs catalyzed by the important enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP). The aim of the present article is to provide an updated review of clinically relevant metabolic CYP-mediated drug interactions between selected herbal supplements and prescription drugs. The commonly used herbal supplements selected include Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, St. John's wort, goldenseal, and milk thistle. To date, several significant herbal drug interactions have their origins in the alteration of CYP enzyme activity by various phytochemicals. Numerous herbal drug interactions have been reported. Although the significance of many interactions is uncertain but several interactions, especially those with St. John’s wort, may have critical clinical consequences. St. John’s wort is a source of hyperforin, an active ingredient that has a strong affinity for the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR). As a PXR ligand, hyperforin promotes expression of CYP3A4 enzymes in the small intestine and liver. This in turn causes induction of CYP3A4 and can reduce the oral bioavailability of many drugs making them less effective. The available evidence indicates that, at commonly recommended doses, other selected herbs including Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, garlic, goldenseal and milk thistle do not act as potent or moderate inhibitors or inducers of CYP enzymes. A good knowledge of the mechanisms of herbal drug interactions is necessary for assessing and minimizing clinical risks. These processes help prediction of interactions between herbal supplements and prescription drugs. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal supplements/medicines and prescription drugs, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used.
The abandonment of upland settlement in Southern Scotland

Abstract Abandoned farmsteads are a characteristic feature of Scotland's marginal uplands. Yet little is known of the quantity or location of these early settlements or indeed, of the date of their abandonment. This paper outlines a method of mapping and dating deserted settlement sites and exemplifies the method by reference to abandonment in the Lammermuir Hills in South East Scotland. In this area alone it appears that more than 230 settlements were abandoned before 1860, and a further 104 over 1860‐1970. The scale of this abandonment is greater than has been generally supposed and must lead to speculation about the extent of former settlement elsewhere in upland Scotland.
Stability of the inner source pickup ions over the solar cycle

[1] Inner source pickup ions (PUIs) were discovered and are observed by Ulysses. They are thought to be generated by solar wind interaction with dust grains near the Sun. From previous work, four constraints were derived on inner source PUIs from observations near solar minimum: (1) the composition resembles the solar wind; (2) the distribution functions show strong adiabatic cooling, consistent with a source peaked near 10-30 R S ; (3) the production rates of inner source C + and O + are about 2 x 10 6 g/s each; (4) the individual inner source counts are randomly distributed in time. We compare inner source observations over three distinct 2-month periods in 1994, 1995, and 2001, when Ulysses was at high latitudes and about 2 AU from the Sun. Our observations not only substantiate the four constraints above but, in addition, reveal that the inner source appears stable over at least half a solar cycle and the inner source PUI flux is correlated with solar wind flux. A number of scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of the inner source PUI. None of the proposed inner sources are consistent with our five observational constraints, suggesting that we do not yet understand the true source of these pickup ions.
A Second Opinion on “Operational Earthquake Forecasting: Some Thoughts on Why and How,” by Thomas H. Jordan and Lucile M. Jones

In a recent Opinion in Seismological Research Letters , Jordan and Jones (2010) discussed the findings and recommendations of the International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting (ICEF) for operational earthquake forecasting convened by the Italian government following the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila Mw 6.3 earthquake, which killed 308 people in central Italy. “ The goal of operational earthquake forecasting is to provide communities with information about seismic hazards that can be used to make decisions in advance of potentially destructive earthquakes ” where “ one of the outstanding challenges in the operational use of probabilistic forecasts is in translating them into decision-making in a low-probability environment ” (Executive Summary, ICEF Report, Jordan et al . 2009). An underlying assumption of the ICEF report is that earthquakes cannot yet be deterministically predicted, so that only probabilistic earthquake (low-probability) forecasts are possible. This “Second Opinion” discusses a new understanding of fluid-rock deformation that provides the opportunity for deterministic earthquake stress-forecasting . This removes one of the “outstanding challenges. ” Deterministic forecasts can be made in a high-probability environment, which changes the emphasis of the ICEF report. ### MONITORING FLUID-ROCK DEFORMATION AND EARTHQUAKE STRESS-FORECASTING Shear-wave splitting (seismic birefringence) monitors the stress-aligned fluid-saturated microcrack geometry along the ray path. Fluid-saturated microcracks are compliant to changing conditions so that rocks are weak to shear stress. Consequently, the necessary stress accumulation before all large earthquakes has to build up over enormous volumes of rock, possibly world-wide and certainly plate-wide (Crampin and Gao 2010). The new understanding of fluid-rock deformation (Crampin 2006; Crampin and Peacock 2005, 2008) is that stress accumulation before large earthquakes can be monitored by analyzing shear-wave splitting throughout large volumes surrounding the impending earthquake source zone. Using shear-waves recorded above persistent swarms of small earthquakes, stress changes before large (or larger) earthquakes have been observed, and the times, magnitudes, …
Phase relationships between millennial‐scale events 64,000–24,000 years ago

A core recovered on the Iberian margin off southern Portugal can be correlated with Greenland ice cores using oxygen isotope variability in planktonic foraminifera which closely matches the ice core records of temperature over Greenland. Our age model identifies the base of every interstadial between 64,000 and 24,000 years ago and uses the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) timescale. The oxygen isotope signal in benthic foraminifera (on this GRIP-based timescale) is quite different from the planktonic record and resembles the temperature record over Antarctica when this is synchronized with Greenland using the record of methane in the atmospheric air in the polar ice cores. We interpret the benthic record as indicating significant fluctuations in ice volume during millennial events, and we suggest that Antarctic temperature changed as a function of ice volume.
IN-HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION AND OUTCOME OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN FINLAND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UTSTEIN AND RESUSCITATION 2000 GUIDELINES

6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS . 7 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS . 8 INTRODUCTION . 9 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . 10 In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation – Historical background . 10 Studies on in-hospital CPR Variation in survival. 10 The in-hospital Utstein Guidelines – A consensus concerning resuscitation definitions and documentation . 12 Studies performed according to the Utstein style . 12 Recent studies on in-hospital resuscitation . 12 In-hospital resuscitation management – The importance of organization . 13 Hospital and patient characteristics predicting survival after in-hospital CPR – When and where to start, not to start, and when to stop? 14 Post-resuscitation care . 15 Do not resuscitate orders and living wills – Issues of ethics. 16 Future perspectives – From treatment to prevention? 16 Use of amiodarone in shock-resistant VF and pulseless VT . 17 AIM OF THE STUDY . 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 19 Study setting and design . 19 Data collection. 20 CPR management in Finnish hospitals (I) . 20 Evaluation of in-hospital Utstein style guidelines (II) . 20 Implementation of DNAR orders in four Finnish secondary hospitals (III). 22 Use of undiluted amiodarone in OHCA (IV) . 22 Impact of hospital care on survival after OHCA (V). 23 Statistical methods . 23 RESULTS. 24 In-hospital resuscitation management and training (I). 24 Training in CPR . 24 CA recognition and alarm systems . 24 Defibrillators and defibrillation . 24 Advanced life support and resuscitation teams . 24 Guidelines, data collection, time intervals, and measurement of improvement . 25 DNAR orders . 25 CPR in four secondary hospitals according to Utstein Guidelines (II-III). 25 Collection of the Utstein parameters . 25 CA variables . 26 Treatment variables . 26 Outcome variables . 26 Factors associated with survival . 27 Prevalence of DNAR orders and advance directives in four Finnish secondary hospitals (III) . 28 DNAR orders. 28 Living wills . 29 Patients with CA without a DNAR order . 29 Unwitnessed CA on the wards. 29 Impact of antiarrhythmic treatment with undiluted amiodarone and of hospital care on outcome after OHCA (IV-V) . 29 Characteristics of patients receiving amiodarone. 29 Hypotension and bradycardia after ROSC in patients found in VF/VT . 29 Patients with PEA or asystole as the initial rhythm. 30 Outcome of patients admitted to hospital after OHCA . 30 Factors independently predictive of outcome with multiple logistic regression. 31 Template presentation. 32 DISCUSSION. 34 Resuscitation selection and outcome . 34 Survival. 34 Variation in CA variables and survival among the study hospitals. 34 The influence of initial rhythms on survival after IHCA . 34 Initial rhythm VF/VT . 34 Initial rhythm PEA or asystole . 35 In-hospital resuscitation management . 35 Training in BLS and ALS .
Organic aerosol processing in tropical deep convective clouds: Development of a new model (CRM‐ORG) and implications for sources of particle number

The difficulty in assessing interactions between atmospheric particles and clouds is due in part to the chemical complexity of the particles and to the wide range of length and timescales of processes occurring simultaneously during a cloud event. The new Cloud‐Resolving Model with Organics (CRM‐ORG) addresses these interactions by explicitly predicting the formation, transport, uptake, and re‐release of surrogate organic compounds consistent with the volatility basis set framework within a nonhydrostatic, three‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model. CRM‐ORG incorporates photochemical production, explicit condensation/evaporation of organic and inorganic vapors, and a comprehensive set of four different mechanisms describing particle formation from organic vapors and sulfuric acid. We simulate two deep convective cloud events over the Amazon rain forest in March 1998 and compare modeled particle size distributions with airborne observations made during the time period. The model predictions agree well with the observations for Aitken mode particles in the convective outflow (10–14 km) but underpredict nucleation mode particles by a factor of 20. A strong in‐cloud particle formation process from organic vapors alone is necessary to reproduce even relatively low ultrafine particle number concentrations (~1500 cm−3). Sensitivity tests with variable initial aerosol loading and initial vertical aerosol profile demonstrate the complexity of particle redistribution and net gain or loss in the cloud. In‐cloud particle number concentrations could be enhanced by as much as a factor of 3 over the base case simulation in the cloud outflow but were never reduced by more than a factor of 2 lower than the base. Additional sensitivity cases emphasize the need for constrained estimates of surface tension and affinity of organic vapors to ice surfaces. When temperature‐dependent organic surface tension is introduced to the new particle formation mechanisms, the number concentration of particles decreases by 60% in the cloud outflow. These uncertainties are discussed in light of the other prominent challenges for understanding the interactions between organic aerosols and clouds. Recommendations for future theoretical, laboratory, and field work are proposed.
Comportamiento de alimentación de la Gaviota Cocinera (Larus dominicanus) durante la temporada no reproductiva en playas arenosas de Península Valdés, Argentina

Las aves que se alimentan en la zona intermareal explotan recursos que frecuentemente están distribuidos en parches disponibles durante intervalos regulares que dependen del ciclo de la marea. La calidad de los parches de alimento depende del tipo de presas que los componen y de la densidad, distribución de tallas y disponibilidad de las mismas para los depredadores. En este trabajo analizamos el comportamiento de alimentación de la Gaviota Cocinera (Larus dominicanus) en sectores del intermareal con diferentes densidades y tamaños de presas en una playa arenosa de Península Valdés, Chubut, Argentina. Las gaviotas se alimentaron a lo largo de la línea de la marea desenterrando presas con movimientos acompasados de sus patas y su dieta estuvo principalmente compuesta por las almejas Tellina petitiana y Darina solenoides. Los tamaños promedio de las almejas de ambas especies identificadas en las egagrópilas fueron mayores que aquellos encontrados en sedimentos de la playa. La actividad de alimentación se concentró en áreas con alta densidad de almejas y donde se encontraron las mayores tallas de ambas almejas. Aunque la Gaviota Cocinera es una especie generalista que usa un amplio espectro de alimentos, este trabajo muestra que también puede ser selectiva en su elección de presas.
Human Papillomavirus-driven repression of NRF2 signaling confers chemosensitivity and predicts prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Pushkal S. Ramesh JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Venugopal R. Bovilla JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Vikas H. Swamy JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Nandini N. Manoli JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Krishnappa B. Dasegowda Venkateshwara ENT Clinic Siddegowda M. Siddegowda Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences Shilpa Chandrashekarappa JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Vishveshwara M. Somasundara Bharath Hospital & Institute of Oncology Devanand Devegowda JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Rajesh K. Thimmulappa (  rajeshkt@jssuni.edu.in ) JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research
Assessing the feasibility of sub-pixel burned area mapping in miombo woodlands of northern Mozambique using MODIS imagery

The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of sub-pixel burned area detection in the miombo woodlands of northern Mozambique, using imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Multitemporal Landsat-7 ETM+ data were acquired to produce a high spatial resolution map of areas burned between mid-August and late September 2000, and a field campaign was conducted in early November 2000 to gather ground truth data. Mapping of burned areas was performed with an ensemble of classification trees and yielded a kappa value of 0.896. This map was subsequently degraded to a spatial resolution of 500 m, to produce an estimate of burned area fraction, at the MODIS pixel size. Correlation analysis between the sub-pixel burned area fraction map and the MODIS reflective channels 1-7 yielded low but statistically significant correlations for all channels. The better correlations were obtained for MODIS channels 2 (0.86 µm), 5 (1.24 µm) and 6 (1.64 µm). A regression tree was constructed to predict sub-pixel burned area fraction as a function of those MODIS channels. The resulting tree has nine terminal nodes and an overall root mean square error of 0.252. The regression tree analysis confirmed that MODIS channels 2, 5, and 6 are the best predictors of burned area fraction. It may be possible to improve these results considering, as an alternative to individual channels, some appropriate spectral indices used to enhance the burnt scar signal, and by including MODIS thermal data in the analysis. It may also be possible to improve the accuracy of sub-pixel burned area fraction using MODIS imagery by allowing the regression tree to automatically create linear combinations of individual channels, and by using ensembles of trees.
Elements Influencing Cost Allocation in the Pinal Creek Aquifer, Arizona, USA: An Introduction and Synopsis of Findings

This article provides context for the ensuing three-part study published in this volume that describes quantitative allocation of mass metal loading to the 20 km groundwater plume in the Pinal Creek alluvial aquifer. The plume resulted from >75 years of copper ore leaching by ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid in the Globe-Miami mining district, Arizona. Geochemical fingerprinting, followed by spatial and temporal analysis of Pinal Creek monitoring well data, identified three distinct source areas and plumes. Each exhibited a unique chlorine-copper-iron chemical signature that resulted from differences in process geochemistry, ore mineralogy, and solution handling. As the acid plume advanced, carbonate buffering capacity was consumed, with concomitant precipitation of metal oxyhydroxides that evolved into acid-bearing aluminum and iron cements. Column experiments, geochemical modeling, and empirical data indicate that dissolution of the residual acidic precipitates will result in asymptotic reductions in metal concentrations, which will affect response costs for up to 140 years after initiation of remedial pumping in the late 1980s. Finally, metal loading to the alluvial aquifer was quantified for each source area using Darcy's Law or flow data combined with the sum of aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc, which constitute >99% of the total metal mass. Based on this analysis, to date Webster Gulch contributed 94% of the loading, Upper Bloody Tanks Wash contributed 5%, and the Miami Unit contributed 1%. A sensitivity analysis that varied all parameters in the loading calculation by ±20% resulted in only small differences in allocation (±1%) because the large mass released from Webster Gulch (618 kt of metal) dominates the overall allocation.
Self-Lubrication for Long Runout Landslides

This paper, by simple model studies, demonstrates that the low friction observed for long runout landslides can be explained in terms of simple particle dynamics, without the intervention of extraneous devices such as air-layers. The proposed mechanism assumes that the bulk of material rides on a thin layer of highly agitated particles at low concentration. By employing the technique of two-dimensional particle dynamic computer simulation, I demonstrate that (1) this is the state to which a granular material tends when sliding down an inclined plane and (2) it is sufficient to explain the friction reduction. Finally, I present a simple mathematical model that yields order of magnitude predictions of runout distance. The argument suggests that there may be nothing particularly special about long runout landslides (except, perhaps, in the way they are initiated) and that they behave as would be expected given the current state of knowledge of particle flows.
Numerical Modeling of Aggradation and Degradation in Alluvial Channels

The Saint-Venant equations describing unsteady flow in open channels and the continuity equation for the conservation of sediment mass are numerically solved to determine the aggradation and degradation of channel bottom due to an imbalance between water flow and sediment discharge. For this purpose, the MacCormack explicit finite-difference scheme is introduced. This scheme is second-order accurate, handles shocks and discontinuities in the solution without any special treatment, and allows simultaneous solution of the water and sediment equations, thereby obviating the need for iterations. The sediment transport relationship in any form may be included in the computations. Computational procedures are outlined for incorporating the typical boundaries for hydraulic engineering applications. The mathematical model presented here is applied to predict (1) Bed-level changes due to sediment overloading; (2) development of longitudinal profile due to base-level lowering; (3) and bed-level changes associated with the migration of knickpoints. The computed results are compared with the available experimental data obtained on laboratory flumes. The agreement between the computed and experimental results is satisfactory.