Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the limit behaviour of finite-support bivariate discrete probability distributions under iterated partial summations

One type of bivariate partial-sums discrete probability distributions is defined. It is shown that in analogy to the univariate case, there is one-to-one relation between the summations and bivariate discrete distributions, namely for each partial summation, there is one and only one distribution which remains unchanged under the summation. The question of the existence of a limit distribution for iterated partial summations is solved for finite-support bivariate distributions which satisfy conditions under which the power method (known from matrix theory) can be used. Examples of both a converging sequence of distributions with its limit and an oscillating sequence which does not converge are presented.
On the Use of the Tsallis Distribution at LHC Energies.

Numerous papers have appeared recently showing fits to transverse momentum (pT ) spectra measured at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in proton - proton collisions. This talk focuses on the fits extending to very large values of the transverse momentum with pT values up to 200 GeV/c as measured by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at s=0.9 and 7 TeV. A thermodynamically consistent form of the Tsallis distribution is used for fitting the transverse momentum spectra at mid-rapidity. The fits based on the proposed distribution provide an excellent description over 14 orders of magnitude. Despite this success, an ambiguity is noted concerning the determination of the parameters in the Tsallis distribution. This prevents drawing firm conclusions as to the universality of the parameters appearing in the Tsallis distribution.
THE GALACTIC POPULATION OF YOUNG γ-RAY PULSARS

We have simulated a Galactic population of young pulsars and compared with the Fermi LAT sample, constraining the birth properties, beaming and evolution of these spin-powered objects. Using quantitative tests of agreement with the distributions of observed spin and pulse properties, we find that short birth periods P0 ≈ 50 ms and γ-ray beams arising in the outer magnetosphere, dominated by a single pole, are strongly preferred. The modeled relative numbers of radio-detected and radio-quiet objects agrees well with the data. Although the sample is local, extrapolation to the full Galaxy implies a γ-ray pulsar birthrate 1/(59 yr). This is shown to be in good agreement with the estimated Galactic core collapse rate and with the local density of OB star progenitors. We give predictions for the numbers of expected young pulsar detections if Fermi LAT observations continue 10 years. In contrast to the potentially significant contribution of unresolved millisecond pulsars, we find that young pulsars should contribute little to the Galactic γ-ray background.
STABLE ULRICH BUNDLES

The existence of stable ACM vector bundles of high rank on algebraic varieties is a challenging problem. In this paper, we study stable Ulrich bundles (that is, stable ACM bundles whose corresponding module has the maximum number of generators) on nonsingular cubic surfaces X ⊂ ℙ3. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the first Chern class D for the existence of stable Ulrich bundles on X of rank r and c1 = D. When such bundles exist, we prove that the corresponding moduli space of stable bundles is smooth and irreducible of dimension D2 - 2r2 + 1 and consists entirely of stable Ulrich bundles (see Theorem 1.1). We are also able to prove the existence of stable Ulrich bundles of any rank on nonsingular cubic threefolds in ℙ4, and we show that the restriction map from bundles on the threefold to bundles on the surface is generically etale and dominant.
MAPPING THE GALACTIC HALO WITH BLUE HORIZONTAL BRANCH STARS FROM THE TWO-DEGREE FIELD QUASAR REDSHIFT SURVEY

We use 666 blue horizontal branch stars from the 2Qz Redshift Survey to map the Galactic halo in four dimensions (position, distance, and velocity). We find that the halo extends to at least 100 kpc in Galactocentric distance, and obeys a single power-law density profile of index ∼−2.5 in two different directions separated by about 150° on the sky. This suggests that the halo is spherical. Our map shows no large kinematically coherent structures (streams, clouds, or plumes) and appears homogeneous. However, we find that at least 20% of the stars in the halo reside in substructures and that these substructures are dynamically young. The velocity dispersion profile of the halo appears to increase toward large radii while the stellar velocity distribution is non-Gaussian beyond 60 kpc. We argue that the outer halo consists of a multitude of low luminosity overlapping tidal streams from recently accreted objects.
Coevolution of dust, gas and stars in galaxies – I. Spatial distributions and scaling-relations of dust and molecular hydrogen

We investigate the time evolution of dust properties, molecular hydrogen (H2) contents, and star formation histories in galaxies by using our original chemodynamical simulations. The simulations include the formation of dust in the stellar winds of supernovae (SNe) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, the growth and destruction processes of dust in the interstellar medium (ISM), the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dust in carbon-rich AGB stars, the H2 formation on dust grains, and the H2 photo-dissociation due to far ultra-violet (FUV) light in a self-consistent manner. We focus mainly on disk galaxies with the total masses ranging from 10 10 M⊙ and 10 12 M⊙ in this preliminary study. The principle results are as follows: The star formation histories of disk galaxies can be regulated by the time evolution of interstellar dust, mainly because the formation rates of H2 can be controlled by dust properties. The observed correlation between dust-to-gas-ratios (D) and gasphase oxygen abundances (AO � 12 + log(O/H)) can be reproduced reasonably well in the present models. The disks show negative radial gradients (i.e., larger in inner regions) of H2 fraction (fH2), PAH-to-dust mass ratio (fPAH), D, and AO and these gradients evolve with time. The surface-mass densities of dust (�dust) are correlated more strongly with the total surface gas densities (�gas) than with those of H2 (�H2). Local gaseous regions with higher D are more likely to have higher fH2 in individual disks and total H2 masses (MH2) correlate well with total dust masses (Mdust). More massive disk galaxies are more likely to have higher D, fPAH, and fH2 and smaller dust-to-stellar mass ratios (Rdust = Mdust/Mstar). Early-type E/S0 galaxies formed by major galaxy merging can have lower Rdust than isolated late-type disk galaxies. We also compare between galactic star formation histories in the metallicity-dependent and dust-dependent star formation models and find no major differences. Based on these results, we discuss the roles of dust in chemical and dynamical evolution of galaxies.
On the model-completion of Heyting algebras

We axiomatize the model-completion of the theory of Heyting algebras by means of the "Density" and "Splitting" properties in [DJ18], and of a certain "QE Property" that we introduce here. In addition: we prove that this model-completion has a prime model, which is locally finite and which we explicitly construct; we show how the Open Mapping Theorem of [vGR18] can be derived from the QE Property of existentially closed Heyting algebras; and we construct a certain "discriminant" for equations in Heyting algebras, similar to its ring theoretic counterpart.
Neural Mechanisms that Make Perceptual Decisions Flexible.

Neural mechanisms of perceptual decision making have been extensively studied in experimental settings that mimic stable environments with repeating stimuli, fixed rules, and payoffs. In contrast, we live in an ever-changing environment and have varying goals and behavioral demands. To accommodate variability, our brain flexibly adjusts decision-making processes depending on context. Here, we review a growing body of research that explores the neural mechanisms underlying this flexibility. We highlight diverse forms of context dependency in decision making implemented through a variety of neural computations. Context-dependent neural activity is observed in a distributed network of brain structures, including posterior parietal, sensory, motor, and subcortical regions, as well as the prefrontal areas classically implicated in cognitive control. We propose that investigating the distributed network underlying flexible decisions is key to advancing our understanding and discuss a path forward for experimental and theoretical investigations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 85 is February 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
THE MILKY WAY AS A HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXY: THE IMPORTANCE OF THICK DISK FORMATION IN GALAXIES

We compare the star formation history and dynamics of the Milky Way (MW) with the properties of distant disk galaxies. During the first ∼4 Gyr of its evolution, the MW formed stars with a high star formation intensity (SFI), ΣSFR ≈ 0.6 M☉ yr−1 kpc−2 and as a result, generated outflows and high turbulence in its interstellar medium (ISM). This intense phase of star formation corresponds to the formation of the thick disk. The formation of the thick disk is a crucial phase that enables the MW to have formed approximately half of its total stellar mass by z ∼ 1 which is similar to “MW progenitor galaxies” selected by abundance matching. This agreement suggests that the formation of the thick disk may be a generic evolutionary phase in disk galaxies. Using a simple energy injection–kinetic energy relationship between the one-dimensional velocity dispersion and SFI, we can reproduce the average perpendicular dispersion in stellar velocities of the MW with age. This relationship, its inferred evolution, and required efficiency are consistent with observations of galaxies from z ≈ 0–3. The high turbulence generated by intense star formation naturally resulted in a thick disk, a chemically well-mixed ISM, and is the mechanism that links the evolution of MW to the observed characteristics of distant disk galaxies.
Prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors among street-connected children in Mwanza city

While on the street, HIV infection among street-connected children is a challenging issue due to the nature of transmission, distribution, and prevention. Lack of proper care and protection, insufficient knowledge of the danger of acquiring HIV, and insufficient or absence of health facilities serving street-connected children have left this vulnerable group engaging in high-risk behaviors exposing them to acquiring HIV. This cross-sectional study aimed at estimating the prevalence of HIV infection and its associated risk factors among street-connected children aged between 10 to17 years in Mwanza City. The study was granted ethical clearance all permissions and restrictions to work with street-connected children were adhered to. A total of 131 participants aged 10–17 years were recruited for interviews and HIV testing. Exact logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with having HIV. A total of 111 (85.0%) boys and 20 (15.0%) girls responded to the questionnaire, with the median age being 15years. The overall HIV prevalence was 12.2% (16/131). Street-children using condoms were less likely to be affected by HIV compared to those who were not using (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.04–0.97). Females had higher odds of HIV infection compared to males (OR = 5.24; 95% CI of 1.24–24.65). The study shows a significantly higher prevalence of HIV among street-connected children as compared to the general population. Therefore, there should be tailored reproductive and sexual health programs, with the provision of protective materials like condoms.
Spin 1/2 quasinormal mode frequencies in Schwarzschild-AdS spacetime

We find the asymptotic formula for quasinormal mode frequencies omega_n of the Dirac equation in a Schwarzschild-AdS_D background in space-time dimension D > 3, in the large black-hole limit appropriate to many applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence. By asymptotic, we mean large overtone number n with everything else held fixed, and we find the O(n^0) correction to the known leading O(n) behavior of omega_n. The result has the schematic form omega_n =~ n Delta(omega) + A ln(n) + B, where Delta(omega) and A are constants and B depends logarithmically on the (D-2)-dimensional spatial momentum k parallel to the horizon. We show that the asymptotic result agrees well with exact quasinormal mode frequencies computed numerically.
Interstitial microdeletions of 3q26.2q26.31 in two patients with neurodevelopmental delay and distinctive features

Interstitial microdeletions in the long arm of chromosome 3 are rare. In this study, we identified two patients with approximately 5‐Mb overlapping deletions in the 3q26.2q26. 31 region. Both patients showed neurodevelopmental delays, congenital heart defects, and distinctive facial features. One of them showed growth deficiency and brain abnormalities, as shown on a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Haploinsufficiency of NLGN1 and FNDC3B present in the common deletion region was considered to be responsible for neurodevelopmental delay and the distinctive features, respectively. The possibility of unmasked variants in PLD1 was considered and analyzed, but no possible pathogenic variant was found, and the mechanism of the congenital heart defects observed in the patients is unknown. Because 3q26.2q26. 31 deletions are rare, more information is required to establish genotype–phenotype correlations associated with microdeletions in this region.
A Review in On-Body Compression Using Soft Actuators and Sensors: Applications, Mechanisms, and Challenges

Body compression through a garment or inflatable pneumatic mechanism has various applications in aesthetic, athletic, robotics, haptics, astronautics, and especially medical fields for treatment of various disorders such as varicose veins, lymphedema, deep vein thrombosis, and orthostatic intolerance. Traditionally, compression has been done through under-sized (e.g. elastic) or size-adjustable (e.g. inflatable) compression garments. Such systems are designed to apply substantially uniform pressure on the body. However, due to reasons such as anatomical variations and body posture change, different levels of compression may be applied to the body. Further, a high level of discomfort and non-compliance is reported among patients due to donning difficulties. Therefore, there have been some efforts to make compression garments smart by employing advanced functional soft materials and actuators (such as Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), Shape Memory Polymer (SMP), Electroactive polymer (EAP), etc.) as well as soft force-pressure sensors so that the compression level could be controlled and regulated for each person or specific tasks. However, despite these advances, there are still challenges to accurately controlling the on-body compression level that are mainly due to the inherent characteristics of the soft actuators or sensors and the sophisticated human body conditions. In this paper, we will first investigate the soft actuators and sensors that have the potential to be used for on-body compression applications. Then, integrated soft sensing-actuation systems for interfacial compression purposes are studied. Finally, the challenges that might be associated with this work are introduced.
The persistent cosmic web and its filamentary structure II: Illustrations

The recently introduced discrete persistent structure extractor (DisPerSE, Soubie 2010, paper I) is implemented on realistic 3D cosmological simulations and observed redshift catalogues (SDSS); it is found that DisPerSE traces equally well the observed filaments, walls, and voids in both cases. In either setting, filaments are shown to connect onto halos, outskirt walls, which circumvent voids. Indeed this algorithm operates directly on the particles without assuming anything about the distribution, and yields a natural (topologically motivated) self-consistent criterion for selecting the significance level of the identified structures. It is shown that this extraction is possible even for very sparsely sampled point processes, as a function of the persistence ratio. Hence astrophysicists should be in a position to trace and measure precisely the filaments, walls and voids from such samples and assess the confidence of the post-processed sets as a function of this threshold, which can be expressed relative to the expected amplitude of shot noise. In a cosmic framework, this criterion is comparable to friend of friend for the identifications of peaks, while it also identifies the connected filaments and walls, and quantitatively recovers the full set of topological invariants (Betti numbers) {\sl directly from the particles} as a function of the persistence threshold. This criterion is found to be sufficient even if one particle out of two is noise, when the persistence ratio is set to 3-sigma or more. The algorithm is also implemented on the SDSS catalogue and used to locat interesting configurations of the filamentary structure. In this context we carried the identification of an ``optically faint'' cluster at the intersection of filaments through the recent observation of its X-ray counterpart by SUZAKU. The corresponding filament catalogue will be made available online.
Improved Magneto-Acousto-Electrical Computed Tomography (MAE-CT) With Multi-Angle Plane Wave Excitation

As a tissue conductivity imaging method, magneto-acousto-electric tomography (MAET) has the advantage of high axial spatial resolution compared with traditional electrical impedance imaging methods. However, it has the problems of difficulty in imaging targets with irregular conductivity distribution and poor lateral spatial resolution. Although the rotation-based MAET method can partly solve the irregular target problem, there is still a poor imaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) problem. Our previous study established a framework of an innovative MAET method, which has a very similar imaging theory and reconstruction algorithm to those of computed tomography (CT). Therefore, we name the method magneto-acoustic-electric computed tomography (MAE-CT). This paper proposes an improved implementation of MAE-CT based on multi-angle plane wave excitation. This method combines the electronic steering of the linear array transducer with the mechanical rotation to increase the number of projection angles while keeping the imaging complexity. In this study, we first established a finite element simulation model to verify the method's feasibility. Then phantom experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, in vitro liver tissue experiment was conducted to further explore the feasibility of the method. The experimental results show that our method improves both the SNR and spatial resolution of the reconstructed image. For the phantom results, this method can detect conductivity of 0.67 S/m in an area with a size of 2 mm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best result of spatial resolution available for MAET.
Correction to: Microvesicles and exosomes released by amnion epithelial cells under oxidative stress cause inflammatory changes in uterine cells

Extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in feto-maternal communication and provide an important paracrine signaling mechanism in pregnancy. We hypothesized that fetal cells-derived exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) under oxidative stress (OS) carry unique cargo and trafﬁc through feto-maternal interface, which cause inﬂammation in uterine cells associated with parturition. Exosomes and MVs, from primary amnion epithelial cell (AEC) culture media under normal or OS-induced conditions, were isolated by optimized differential centrifugation method followed by characterization for size (nanoparticle tracking analyzer), shape (transmission electron microscopy), and protein markers (western blot and immunoﬂuorescence). Cargo and canonical pathways were identiﬁed by mass spectroscopy and ingenuity pathway analysis. Myometrial, decidual, and cervical cells were treated with 1 × 10 7 control/OS-derived exosomes/MVs. Pro-inﬂammatory cytokines were measured using a Luminex assay. Statistical signiﬁcance was determined by paired T -test ( P < 0.05). AEC produced cup-shaped exosomes of 90 – 150 nm and circular MVs of 160 – 400 nm. CD9, heat shock protein 70, and Nanog were detected in exosomes, whereas OCT-4, human leukocyte antigen G, and calnexin were found in MVs. MVs, but not exosomes, were stained for phosphatidylserine. The protein proﬁles for control versus OS-derived exosomes and MVs were signiﬁcantly different. Several inﬂammatory pathways related to OS were upregulated that were distinct between exosomes and MVs. Both OS-derived exosomes and MVs signiﬁcantly increased pro-inﬂammatory cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8) in maternal cells compared with control ( P < 0.05). Our ﬁndings suggest that fetal-derived exosomes and MVs under OS exhibited distinct characteristics and a synergistic inﬂammatory role in uterine cells associated with the initiation of parturition. Oxidative stress-induced fetal membrane cells produce exosomes and MVs with distinct properties and cargo and may function as paracrine signalers at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy and parturition. Graphical Abstract
GAMMA-RAY LOUDNESS, SYNCHROTRON PEAK FREQUENCY, AND PARSEC-SCALE PROPERTIES OF BLAZARS DETECTED BY THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE

The parsec-scale radio properties of 232 active galactic nuclei, most of which are blazars, detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have been observed contemporaneously by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 5 GHz. Data from both the first 11 months (1FGL) and the first 2 years (2FGL) of the Fermi mission were used to investigate these sources’ γ-ray properties. We use the ratio of the γ-ray-to-radio luminosity as a measure of γ-ray loudness. We investigate the relationship of several radio properties to γ-ray loudness and to the synchrotron peak frequency. There is a tentative correlation between γ-ray loudness and synchrotron peak frequency for BL Lac objects in both 1FGL and 2FGL, and for flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in 2FGL. We find that the apparent opening angle tentatively correlates with γ-ray loudness for FSRQs, but only when we use the 2FGL data. We also find that the total VLBA flux density correlates with the synchrotron peak frequency for BL Lac objects and FSRQs. The core brightness temperature also correlates with synchrotron peak frequency, but only for the BL Lac objects. The low-synchrotron-peaked (LSP) BL Lac object sample shows indications of contamination by FSRQs which happen to have undetectable emission lines. There is evidence that the LSP BL Lac objects are more strongly beamed than the rest of the BL Lac object population.