Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Time Course of Postexercise Hypotension during Exercise Training among Adults with Hypertension

Postexercise hypotension (PEH), or the immediate decrease in blood pressure (BP) lasting for 24 h following an exercise bout, is well-established; however, the influence of exercise training on PEH dynamics is unknown. This study investigated the reliability and time course of change of PEH during exercise training among adults with hypertension. PEH responders (n = 10) underwent 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training, 40 min/session at moderate-to-vigorous intensity for 3 d/weeks. Self-measured BP was used to calculate PEH before and for 10 min after each session. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) determined PEH reliability and goodness-of-fit for each week, respectively. Participants were obese (30.6 ± 4.3 kg∙m−2), middle-aged (57.2 ± 10.5 years), and mostly men (60%) with stage I hypertension (136.5 ± 12.1/83.4 ± 6.7 mmHg). Exercise training adherence was 90.6 ± 11.8% with 32.6 ± 4.2 sessions completed. PEH occurred in 89.7 ± 8.3% of these sessions with BP reductions of 9.3 ± 13.1/3.2 ± 6.8 mmHg. PEH reliability was moderate (ICC ~0.6). AIC analysis revealed a stabilization of maximal systolic and diastolic BP reductions at 3 weeks and 10 weeks, respectively. PEH persisted throughout exercise training at clinically meaningful levels, suggesting that the antihypertensive effects of exercise training may be largely due to PEH. Further studies in larger samples and under ambulatory conditions are needed to confirm these novel findings.
Capital Account Liberalization, Institutions and Financial Development: Cross Country Evidence

The empirical relationship between capital controls and the financial development of credit and equity markets is examined. We extend the literature on this subject along a number of dimensions. Specifically, we (1) investigate a substantially broader set of proxy measures of financial development; (2) create and utilize a new index based on the IMF measures of exchange restrictions that incorporates a measure of the intensity of capital controls; and (3) extend the previous literature by systematically examining the implications of institutional (legal) factors. The results suggest that the rate of financial development, as measured by private credit creation and stock market activity, is linked to the existence of capital controls. However, the strength of this relationship varies with the empirical measure used, and the level of development. These results also suggest that only in an environment characterized by a combination of a higher level of legal and institutional development will the link between financial openness and financial development be readily detectable. A disaggregated analysis indicates that in emerging markets the most important components of these legal factors are the levels of shareholder protection and of accounting standards.
Capital Account Liberalization and Growth: Was Mr. Mahathir Right?

Much ink has been spilled over the connections between capital account liberalization and growth. One reason that previous studies have been inconclusive, we show, is their failure to account for the impact of crises on growth and for the capacity of controls to limit those disruptive output effects. Accounting for these influences, it appears that controls influence macroeconomic performance through two channels, directly (what we think of as their positive impact on resource allocation and efficiency) and indirectly (by limiting the disruptive effects of crises at home and abroad). Because these influences work in opposite directions, it is not surprising that previous studies, in failing to distinguish between them, have been unable to agree whether the effect of controls tilts one way or the other. And because vulnerability to crises varies across countries and with the structure and performance of the international financial system, it is not surprising that the effects of capital account liberalization on growth are contingent and context specific. We document these patterns using two entirely different data sets: a panel of historical data for 21 countries covering the period 1880-1997, and a wider panel for the post-1971 period like that employed in other recent studies.
A Monte Carlo Method for Calculating Lynden-Bell Equilibrium in Self-Gravitating Systems

We present a Monte Carlo approach that allows us to easily implement Lynden-Bell (LB) entropy maximization for an arbitrary initial particle distribution. The direct maximization of LB entropy for an arbitrary initial distribution requires an infinite number of Lagrange multipliers to account for the Casimir invariants. This has restricted studies of Lynden-Bell’s violent relaxation theory to only a very small class of initial conditions of a very simple waterbag form, for which the entropy maximization can be performed numerically. In the present approach, an arbitrary initial distribution is discretized into density levels which are then evolved using an efficient Monte Carlo algorithm towards the final equilibrium state. A comparison is also made between the LB equilibrium and explicit Molecular Dynamics simulations. We find that for most initial distributions, relaxation is incomplete and the system is not able to reach the state of maximum LB entropy. In particular, we see that the tail of the stationary particle distribution is very different from the one predicted by the theory of violent relaxation, with a hard cutoff instead of an algebraic decay predicted by LB’s theory.
Variations in Morphology of Major River Deltas as Functions of Ocean Wave and River Discharge Regimes

Procedures were developed to evaluate the relative contribution of riverine versus marine forces to the construction of river deltas. Seven deltas, the Mississippi (U.S.A.), Danube (Rumania), Ebro (Spain), Niger (Nigeria), Nile (Egypt), Sao Francisco (Brazil), and Senegal (Senegal), were found to represent a spectrum of delta types reflecting process regimes ranging from fluvial-dominated, low-wave-energy, (Mississippi) to wave-dominated, low-fluvial-influence (Senegal). Deltas at the river-dominated end of the spectrum are characterized by highly irregular and protruding shorelines, a sparsity of wave-built features, and low lateral continuity of sands. Wave-dominated deltas exhibit straight shorelines characterized by well-developed barriers and beach ridges with high l teral continuity of sands. The configuration and landform suite characteristic of any given delta depend to a considerable degree on the wave power adjacent to the shore and on river discharge relative to wave forces. Nearshore wave power is not correlative with deep-water wave power but, owing to frictional attenuation, is also a function of the subaqueous slope. River-dominated shoreline configurations result only when the river is able to build flat offshore profiles; where the subaqueous slope is steep, wave-built shoreline landforms dominate the delta.
Dynamic Magma Systems, Crustal Recycling, and Alteration in the Central Sierra Nevada Batholith: the Oxygen Isotope Record

Values of O of zircon from the central Sierra Nevada batholith (SNB), California, yield fresh insight into the magmatic evolution and alteration history of this classic convergent margin batholith. Direct comparison of whole-rock and zircon (Zrc) O provides evidence for modest (0.5o), but widespread, alteration, which has complicated interpretation in previous whole-rock O studies. Four discrete belts of O values are recognized in the central Sierra. A small belt of plutons with relatively low O(Zrc) values (5 2^6 0o) intrudes the foothills, with a sharp increase of O revealing the concealed Foothills Suture; high O(Zrc) values (7 0^8 5o) dominate the rest of the western SNB. East of the axis of the Sierra, O is distinctly lower (6 75^5 75o), and decreases monotonically to the Sierra Crest. A sharp 1o increase of O in the eastern Sierra reveals a second crustal boundary, with the fourth belt hosted in highONorth American crust in the White Mountains and Owens and LongValleys. Correlated O, Sr, and Pb isotope ratios reveal differences in magma generation between the western and eastern Sierra.The western Sierra experienced massive crustal recycling, with substantial melting and mobilization of accreted oceanic and volcanic arc rocks; crustal contamination affects many western SNB plutons. In contrast, the eastern Sierra was dominated by voluminous recycling of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust, with minimal crustal contamination. Batholith-wide shifts in O occur between pulses of Cretaceous magmatism that may be linked to tectonic reorganizations of magma sources. Within intrusive suites, O may be unchanged (Tuolumne); increase (Sonora and Whitney); or decrease (Sequoia and John Muir) with time. These trends show stable long-lived sources, or those where recycling and contamination may increase or decrease with time. Overall, O reveals diverse magma system behavior at a range of scales in the Sierran arc.
Conquest: How Societies Overwhelm Others

Prologue 1. Staking a Legal Claim 2. The Power of Maps 3. Claiming by Naming 4. Supplanting the Savages 5. By Right of Conquest 6. Defending the Conquered Territory 7. Foundation Stories 8. Tilling the Soil 9. The Genocidal Imperative 10. Peopling the Land 11. The Never-ending Journey Endnotes Select Bibliography Index
Optimal risk-taking theory applied to marine conservation: harbour seals in Prince William Sound

sought theoretical insight on synergistic effects of resources and predators that are potentially elevant to the decline of harbour seals in Prince William Sound and to indirect effects of isheries. Simulations predicted that compensatory foraging effort by seals will mitigate potential oss of energy reserves when resources decline, but only at the cost of higher predation rates, even f predator densities remain constant. A second study predicted net energy gain and predation risk jer foraging dive, parameterising an analytical model with field data on seal behaviour, resource listributions, and use of depth by Pacific sleeper sharks and killer whales. Analyses suggested hat risk of mortality from sharks and net energetic gain were greatest when seals foraged in deep ,trata, and empirical data showed individual variation in use of these strata. Plots of the ndividuals' predicted energy gain against predicted predation risk fit best when relative danger i-om sharks was assumed to be much greater than that from killer whales. The first two studies :ombined suggest that, theoretically, overfishing of near-surface fatty fishes might increase shark redation rates on seals. A third model predicted an asymmetric trophic cascade in which indirect :ffects of sleeper sharks on resources were mediated by seal avoidance of riskier strata. Risk nanagement by seals is predicted to reduce mortality on the dangerous resource (deep pollock) while increasing mortality on the safer resource (shallow herring), and the bycatch of sharks iltered this dynamic. Although empirical data are lacking to test most predictions and various tssumptions, the three models derive from first principles of behavioural ecology and provide a igorous basis for predicting indirect effects of fisheries. Further, overfishing of sharks and of . esources used by marine mammals are pressing global problems which cannot be addressed by :mpirical studies alone; indirect interactions between species are too complex to be elucidated without theoretical guidance and rapid exploitation often outpaces the acquisition of data relevan :o conservation. Thus, theory presented here is important for assessing the potential damage wrought by different fishery scenarios, informing decisions that attempt to optimise exploitation md conservation, and guiding empirical research.
Tectonic evolution of the North Sea basin: crustal stretching and subsidence

Summary. The lithospheric stretching model for the formation of sedimentary basins was tested in the central North Sea by a combined study of crustal thinning and basement subsidence patterns. A profile of crustal structure was obtained by shooting a long-range seismic experiment across the Central Graben, the main axis of subsidence. A seabed array of 12 seismometers in the graben was used to record shots fired in a line 530 km long across the basin. The data collected during the experiment were interpreted by modelling synthetic seismograms from a laterally varying structure, and the final model showed substantial crustal thinning beneath the graben. Subsidence data from 19 exploration wells were analysed to obtain subsidence patterns in the central North Sea since Jurassic times. Changes in water depth were quantified using foraminiferal assemblages where possible, and observed basement subsidence paths were corrected for sediment loading, compaction and changes in water depth through time. The seismic model is shown to be compatible with the observed gravity field, and the small size of observed gravity anomalies is used to argue that the basin is in local isostatic equilibrium. Both crustal thinning and basement subsidence studies indicate about 70 km of stretching across the Central Graben during the mid-Jurassic to early Cretaceous extensional event. This extension appears to have occurred over crust already slightly thinned beneath the graben, and the seismic data suggest that total extension since the early Permian may have been more than 100km. The data presented here may all be explained using a simple model of uniform extension of the lithosphere.
Handbook on atmospheric diffusion

Basic meteorological concepts are covered as well as plume rise, source effects, and diffusion models. Chapters are included on cooling tower plumes and urban diffusion. Suggestions are given for calculating diffusion in special situations, such as for instantaneous releases over complex terrain, over long distances, and during times when chemical reactions or dry or wet deposition are important. (PSB)
Simulated Airline Luggage Screening

This study illustrates how social-cognitive biases affects the decision making process of airline luggage screeners. Participants (n = 96) performed a computer simulated task to detect hidden weapons in 200 x-ray images of passenger luggage. Participants saw each image for two (high time pressure) or six seconds (low time pressure). In addition, participants observed pictures of the “passenger” (representing five races and both genders) who owned the luggage. The “pre-anchor group” answered questions about the passenger before the luggage image appeared, the “post-anchor” group answered questions after the luggage appeared, and the “no-anchor group” answered no questions. Results revealed that participants under high time pressure had lower hit rates and higher false alarms than those under low time pressure. Significant interactions between passenger gender and race were found for the no-anchor group; there were no significant effects within the pre- and post anchor groups. Finally, participants had higher false alarm rates in response to male than female passengers.
Comparative study on the combustion and emissions of waste tire crumb and pulverized coal

Comparative results are presented on the combustion and toxic emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, and PAHs) from a pulverized bituminous coal and ground waste automobile tires. The combustion behavior of single particles in the range of 60−212 μm was monitored pyrometricaly and cinematographically, at a gas tem perature of 1150 °C and a heating rate of ≈105 °C/s. Tire particles burned faster (by a factor of 2−3) than similar size coal. Coal particles experienced distinct devolatilization and char combustion stages. Upon intense volatile combustion, the chars of tire particles burned accompanied by secondary devolatilization that aided the burnout of their carbon black residue. No soot appeared to escape the volatile flame envelope. The SO2 emissions from the combustion of steady-flow clouds (aerosols) of tire and coal particles were comparable (within a factor of 2), the NOx emissions of tires were lower than those of coal by a factor of 3−4, reflecting their lower fuel nitrogen content. Insignificant amounts of CO .
Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Activation of EGFR/Akt/p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and JNK1/2/FoxO1 and AP-1 Pathways in Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells Leads to Up-Regulation of COX-2/PGE2 Induced by Silica Nanoparticles

The risk of lung exposure to silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and related lung inflammatory injury is increasing with the wide application of SiNPs in a variety of industries. A growing body of research has revealed that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) up-regulated by SiNP toxicity has a role during pulmonary inflammation. The detailed mechanisms underlying SiNP-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis remain unknown. The present study aims to dissect the molecular components involved in COX-2/PGE2 up-regulated by SiNPs in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) which are one of the major targets while SiNPs are inhaled. In the present study, we demonstrated that SiNPs induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release, which were inhibited by pretreatment with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (edaravone) or the inhibitors of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2, PF-431396), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, AG1478), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, LY294002), protein kinase B (Akt, Akt inhibitor VIII), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38 MAPK inhibitor VIII), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)1/2 (SP600125), Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1, AS1842856), and activator protein 1 (AP-1, Tanshinone IIA). In addition, we also found that SiNPs induced ROS-dependent Pyk2, EGFR, Akt, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 activation in these cells. These signaling pathways induced by SiNPs could further cause c-Jun and FoxO1 activation and translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. AP-1 and FoxO1 activation could increase COX-2 and PGE2 levels induced by SiNPs. Finally, the COX-2/PGE2 axis might promote the inflammatory responses in HPAEpiCs. In conclusion, we suggested that SiNPs induced COX-2 expression accompanied by PGE2 synthesis mediated via ROS/Pyk2/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/p38 MAPK- and JNK1/2-dependent FoxO1 and AP-1 activation in HPAEpiCs.
Late Oligocene-Miocene syn-/-late-orogenic successions in Western and Central Mediterranean Chains from the Betic Cordillera to the Southern Apennines*

The identification of syn- and late-orogenic flysch deposits, extending from the Betic Cordillera to the Southern Apennines, assists in the reconstruction of the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the perimediterranean chains. A microplate was located between the European and African Plates during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, bordered northwards by the Piemontese Ocean and southwards by another (North Africa ‘Flysch’ Basin or Maghrebian) Ocean. The Piemontese Ocean and the northern margin of the microplate were structured from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene to create an Eo-alpine Chain. The southern margin of the microplate was deformed in the Aquitanian, when the internal areas of the Maghrebian Ocean were characterized by syn-orogenic flysch deposits. This episode culminated with metamorphism (25–22 Ma) and nappe emplacement, which destroyed the former palaeogeography and created an orogenic belt (AlKaPeCa). Afterwards, a lower Burdigalian late-orogenic cycle started in the deformed area, which as a result of the opening of the Algero-Provencal Basin, caused the fragmentation of the AlKaPeCa, its thrusting on the ‘Flysch’ Basin and the collision with the North Africa and South Iberia Margins. These latter were folded and thrusted, the ‘Flysch’ Units pushed over the External Domain and also back-thrusted. Langhian late-orogenic deposits suture the new tectonic features. Finally, the whole orogen was thrust onto the foredeep during the Middle–Late Miocene.
Overview of inert tracer experiments in key belgian soil types: Relation between transport and soil morphological and hydraulic properties

To investigate relations between solute transport, soil properties, and experimental conditions, we summarize results from leaching experiments that we carried out in a range of soils, at different scales (column (0.3–1.0 m ID, 1.0 m length) and field plot scale), and using different leaching rates (0.5–30 cm d−1). The lateral mixing regime and longitudinal dispersion were derived from time series of tracer concentrations at several depths in the soil. Field‐ and column‐scale transport were similar in loam and silt loam soils. The mixing regime was related to soil morphological features, such as vertical tongues, stratification, macropores, and a water‐repellent layer. The dispersion increased in all soils more than linearly with increasing leaching rate, implying that the dispersivity is not an intrinsic soil characteristic. The change of dispersivity with leaching rate was linked to the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using a multidomain conceptualization of the pore space.
Modelling vadose zone moisture dynamics in shallow water table settings with the Integrated Hydrologic Model: field‐scale testing and application

Reproducing the moisture retention behaviour of the vadose zone in shallow water table settings, especially for the near‐surface water table aquifer of the Florida coastal plain, provides unique challenges for integrated hydrological models. A comprehensive distributed parameter model, the Integrated Hydrologic Model (IHM), is developed based on deterministic and physically based soil and vegetative properties. The theory and vertical behaviour of IHM is examined through comparisons with data collected at a study site in west‐central Florida. The objectives of this exploration are to test a model of the vertical processes controlling water table behaviour, and to also investigate model parameter effects and offer recommendations for improvements and parameterization for regional model application. Rigorous testing is performed to better understand the robustness and/or the limitations of the methodology of the IHM for vadose zones. Simulation results indicate that IHM is capable of providing reasonable predictions of infiltration, depth to water table (DTWT) elevation response, evapotranspiration (ET) distributions from the upper, lower soil and water table while incorporating field‐scale variability of soil and land cover properties.