Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source analysis of the Memorial Day explosion, Kimchaek, North Korea

A series of source inversions are performed for the 25 May 2009 (Memorial Day) North Korean seismic event using intermediate period (10–50 s) complete waveform modeling. An earthquake source is inconsistent with the data and the best‐fit full seismic moment tensor is dominantly explosive (∼60%) with a moment magnitude (MW) of 4.5. A pure explosion solution yields a scalar seismic moment of 1.8 × 1022 dyne‐cm (MW4.1) and fits the data almost as well as the full solution. The difference between the full and explosion solutions is the predicted fit to observed tangential displacement, which requires some type of non‐isotropic (non‐explosive) radiation. Possible causes of the tangential displacement are additional tectonic sources, tensile failure at depth, and anisotropic wave propagation. Similar displacements may be hidden in the noise of the 2006 event. Future analyses of this type could be used to identify and characterize non‐earthquake events such as explosions and mine collapses.
Evolutionary toxicology: Implications of polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes from the lower Great Lakes

The ability to withstand a range of environmental contaminants has been documented in numerous taxa. Until recently, the field of ecotoxicology has focused, in part, on identifying adaptive traits of populations exposed to contaminants, with little emphasis on understanding mechanisms underlying individual-level variation in these traits. An emerging field, termed evolutionary toxicology, expands the scope of ecotoxicology by investigating such mechanisms and discussing their evolutionary implications. My thesis blends the fields of ecotoxicology and evolutionary toxicology by investigating novel avenues and addressing novel questions in these fields that remain to be explored, as discussed in my review article. To do this, I first used an ecotoxicological approach and identified associations between female reproductive traits and inorganic environmental contaminants in brown bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ) in the Lower Great Lakes Region. I further used an experimental approach to support the hypothesis that acclimation is one possible mechanism underlying these associations. Next, I used an evolutionary toxicological approach to examine male primary and secondary sexual traits under sexual selection in wild populations of both Chinook salmon ( Onchorhynchus tshawytscha ) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch ) with regards to individual measures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). I found that for Chinook salmon, PCB concentrations best describe variation in primary and secondary sexual traits in males with low 11-KT concentrations. This result highlights potential physiological mechanisms associated with PCBs that can explain variation in traits under sexual selection. It also supports the hypothesis that PCBs may have implications for the expression of sexually selected traits and suggests that future research focus on possible implications of this on mating success and ultimately sexual selection. No significant associations were identified between PCBs and sexual traits in Coho salmon, potentially due to a number of sampling limitations. Overall, my thesis examines the bridge between ecotoxiolcogy and evolutionary toxicology and discusses how this novel research can be applied to management practices, such as habitat restoration
ERS SAR studies of sea ice signatures in the Pechora Sea and Kara Sea region

Results from a statistical analysis of 105 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and meteorological data are presented, covering parts of the Pechora Sea and Kara Sea in the Russian Arctic. Wind speed, air temperature, and other data were collected for the SAR sample areas, and a manual sea ice classification of the SAR samples was performed. All variables were input to different multivariate regression analyses, which were used to separate ice and water samples. In subsequent regression analyses the classes young ice and rough first-year ice were separated from water, and the two ice types were separated from one another. In the separation of all ice types from water, correlation coefficients of up to 0.90 were achieved between predicted and actual values. Correlation coefficients were as high as 0.93 between predicted and actual values for open water and young ice and for open water and rough first-year ice. When trying to separate young ice from rough first-year ice, correlation coefficients of about 0.60 were obtained. The study indicated that the mean and standard deviation of the backscattering coefficients and air temperatures were the most important information for separating water and sea ice using regression techniques.
Thermoluminescence dating of the Malan loess at Zhaitang, China

Although the widespread loess deposits of north China have been well described, there has been limited information on the absolute age of the various layers. Loess, a wind-carried deposit exposed to sunlight and subsequently buried, should be amenable to dating by thermoluminescence. Through use of the fine grain technique, ages from 18 to 84 ka have been obtained for a sequence in the Malan loess exposed in the Zhaitang section near Beijing. The dates are consistent with the evidence from geology and magnetostratigraphy and provide a chronology for the Zhaitang section.
Constraining proposed combinations of ice history and earth rheology using VLBI determined baseline length rates in North America

We predict the present-day rates of change of the lengths of 19 North American baselines due to the glacial isostatic adjustment process. Contrary to previously published research, we find that the three-dimensional motion of each of the sites defining a baseline, rather than only the radial motions of these sites, needs to be considered to obtain an accurate estimate of the rate of change of the baseline length. Predictions are generated using a suite of Earth models and late Pleistocene ice histories; these include specific combinations of the two which have been proposed in the literature as satisfying a variety of rebound related geophysical observations from the North American region. A number of these published models are shown to predict rates which differ significantly from the VLBI observations.
Padrões sinóticos associados a ondas de frio na cidade de São Paulo

In this work, a synoptic classification of sequence patterns of sea level pressure (SLP) and 500 hPa geopotencial heights associated with cold waves over Sao Paulo city was carried out. The rotated "Principal Components Analysis" (PCA) is used to obtain the basic patterns of sequence of SLP and 500 hPa geopotential heights. The results show three dominant types of patterns of circulation associated with cold waves in Sao Paulo city during 1960-2002 period, which explain 70% of the total variance. The dominant pattern represents the incursion of an intense postfrontal anticyclones in low level, close to 80°W, 45°S, and a ridge over the Pacific ocean at upper level, producing cold air advection over central and southern Brazil. The second pattern is associated with occurrence of cyclogenesis forming in the Atlantic ocean, next to the southern Region of Brazil, with a blocking aloft configuration. Finally, it is observed a pattern related with the passage of a cold fronts with a zonally trajectory, due to the presence of a pronounced trough extending southward over the south of the continent.
Evaluation of Multiple Satellite-Based Precipitation Products over Complex Topography

This study evaluates the performance of four satellite-based precipitation (SBP) products over the western Black Sea region of Turkey, a region characterized by complex topography that exerts strong controls on the precipitation regime. The four SBP products include the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis version 7 experimental near-real-time product (TMPA-7RT) and postreal-time research-quality product (TMPA-7A), the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and the Multisensor Precipitation Estimate (MPE) of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). Evaluation is performed at various spatial (point and grid) and temporal (daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual) scales over the period 2007‐11. For the grid-scale evaluation,araingauge‐basedgriddedprecipitationdatasetwasconstructedusingaknowledge-basedsystem in which ‘‘physiographic descriptors’’ are incorporated in the precipitation estimation through an optimizationframework. TheresultsindicatedthatevaluatedSBPproductsgenerallyhaddifficultyin representing the precipitation gradient normal to the orography. TMPA-7RT, TMPA-7A, and MPE products underestimated precipitation along the windward region and overestimated the precipitation on the leeward region, more significantly during the cold season. The CMORPH product underestimated the precipitation on both windward and leeward regions regardless of the season. Further investigation of the datasets used in the development ofthese SBPproductsrevealedthat,althoughboth infrared(IR) andmicrowave (MW)datasets contain potential problems, the inability of MW sensors to detect precipitation especially in the cold season was the main challenge over this region with complex topography.
Thermal and Alternating Magnetic Field Demagnetization Experiments on Cainozoic Basalts from Victoria, Australia

Summary A re-examination of the palaeomagnetism of the Older Cainozoic Volcanics of Victoria has indicated that these rocks possess temporary unstable components of magnetization. Thermal demagnetization experiments show the magnetic mineral in these basalts is a titanomagnetite. A.c. cleaning experiments to remove the unstable components of magnetization are also described. I. Introduction The results of a palaeomagnetic survey of the Older Volcanic basalts of Victoria have previously been reported by Green & Irving (1958) in a paper which also included results from the Newer Volcanic basalts. It was found that while the mean direction of magnetization of the localities sampled in the Newer Volcanics coincided closely with the direction of the Earth's present geocentric axial dipole field the mean inclination of magnetization of localities in the Older Volcanics was 16" greater. It was thought that because of the nearness of the mean direction of magnetization of these basalts to the present day dipole'field, an independent check of the result would useful, for no stability tests were carried out on the rocks, using a.c. demagnetization apparatus.
Sorghum growth in acid soils of West Africa: Variations in soil chemical properties

Three field experiments were conducted to alleviate soil chemical properties associated with poor early growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] in selected Grossarenic and Plinthic Paleustalfs or Eutric Nitosols of subhumid West Africa. These experiments were implemented for two growing seasons on the same plots. Soil amendments used (lime, manure, Tilemsi phosphate rock, and water‐soluble P source) significantly increased soil pH (5.1–7.8), decreased exchangeable Al3+ (0.48–0 cmolckg−1), and increased Bray‐1 P content (7.1–48.5 mg kg−1), organic C content (0.19–0.51), and ECEC (1.30–3.10 cmolc kg−1). The net effects of such improvements were excellent sorghum growth and yield in the first growing season. However, most sorghum seedlings failed to grow in the second growing season. Affected sorghum seedlings had deficient contents of P (<2 g kg−1) and Al contents higher (more than twofold) than the toxic level of 500 mg Al kg−1. These suggest that P deficiency and Al toxicity may be associated with .
New Benzamides as Multi-Targeted Compounds: A Study on Synthesis, AChE and BACE1 Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking

The synthesis of eleven new and previously undescribed benzamides was designed. These compounds were specifically projected as potential inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1). N,N′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-methoxybenzamide) was most active against AChE, with an inhibitory concentration of AChE IC50 = 0.056 µM, while the IC50 for donepezil was 0.046 µM. This compound was also the most active against the BACE1 enzyme. The IC50 value was 9.01 µM compared to that for quercetin, with IC50 = 4.89 µM. Quantitative results identified this derivative to be the most promising. Molecular modeling was performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of this compound. Dynamic simulations showed that new ligands only had a limited stabilizing effect on AChE, but all clearly reduced the flexibility of the enzyme. It can, therefore, be concluded that a possible mechanism of inhibition increases the stiffness and decreases the flexibility of the enzyme, which obviously impedes its proper function. An analysis of the H-bonding patterns suggests a different mechanism (from other ligands) when interacting the most active derivative with the enzyme.
Characteristics of metal particles in Apollo 16 rocks

It is pointed out that FeNi metal particles, composed predominantly of kamacite and ranging in size from less than 1 micron to more than 2 mm across, are ubiquitous in the lunar samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions. The metal particles seldom exceed 1% of the volume of a lunar sample. However, their study has proven to be of considerable potential value in a number of aspects of lunar petrogenesis related to thermal history, equilibration temperatures, reduction processes and oxygen fugacities during magmatic crystallization and subsolidus reduction and oxidation, and the meteoritic component of lunar rocks based on Ni-Co contents of individual metal particles. Detailed studies have been conducted of the textures and compositions of the metal particles in 19 Apollo 16 rock samples representing material from the North Ray and the South Ray ejecta and/or fall-back blankets. It was found that the textures and compositions of the metal particles in the Apollo 16 rocks can be correlated with their host petrology.
Dermoscopy of Infectious Dermatoses (Infectiouscopy) in Skin of Color – A Systematic Review by the International Dermoscopy Society “Imaging in Skin of Color” Task Force

Dermoscopy has been showed to facilitate the non-invasive recognition of several infectious disorders (infectiouscopy) thanks to the detection of peculiar clues. Although most of the knowledge on this topic comes from studies involving light-skinned patients, there is growing evidence about its use also in dark phototypes. This systematic literature review summarizes published data on dermoscopy of parasitic, bacterial, viral and fungal dermatoses (dermoscopic findings, used setting, pathological correlation, and level of evidence of studies) and provides a homogeneous terminology of reported dermoscopic features according to a standardized methodology. A total of 66 papers addressing 41 different dermatoses (14 bacterial, 5 viral, 11 fungal infections, and 11 parasitoses/bites and stings) and involving a total of 1096 instances were included in the analysis. The majority of them displayed a level of evidence of V (44 single case reports and 21 case series), with only 1 study showing a level of evidence of IV (case-control analysis). Moreover, our analysis also highlighted a high variability in the terminology used in the retrieved studies. Thus, although promising, further studies designed according to a systematic and standardized approach are needed for better characterization of dermoscopy of infectious skin infections.
Assisting pre-delivery firmware quality assessments using ensemble learning

ABSTRACT This study uses retrospective data for firmware tests as the input data sets to train four machine learning models with embedded standalone classifiers. None of these models provide accurate predictions during validation, so model optimization trials adjust the training-validation data portfolio and hyper parameters for each model. Consequently, only the random forest classifier with the best parametric settings just achieves the 90% prediction accuracy required by the standard. Ensemble learning (EL) is then applied using several combinations over the standalone models, and the EL model using logistic regression as the meta classifier increases the accuracy by 6% (i.e. to 96%), which is sufficient for establishing a predictive system. Using the ‘X-minute’ method, it is further identified that the execution period (also the data sampling period) for the sequential read test workload can be reduced from 30 (in current practice) to 20 minutes and that the predictions are sufficiently accurate for system implementation using the EL model. Applying the similarity confirmation method for each pair of ‘score vectors’ (each of which contains a model’s prediction accuracies), several observations distinguishing the performance and the predictive behavioral patterns of the benchmarked models are further confirmed. The knowledge from this advanced research has implications which may benefit future practice in industry.
Accuracy of Four Intra-Oral Scanners in Subgingival Vertical Preparation: An In Vitro 3-Dimensional Comparative Analysis

One of the most critical aspects in intraoral impression is the detection of the finish line, particularly in the case of subgingival preparations. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy among four different Intra Oral Scanners (IOSs) in scanning a subgingival vertical margins preparation (VP). A reference maxillary typodont (MT) was fabricated with a VP for full crown on #16 and #21. The MT was scanned with a laboratory scanner (Aadva lab scanner, GC, Tokyo, Japan) to obtain a digital MT (dMT) in . stl format file. A group of 40 digital casts (dIOC) were obtained by scanning the MT 10 times with four different IOSs: Trios 3, 3Shape A/S; I700, Medit; Vivascan, Ivoclar; and Experimental IOS, GC. All the obtained dIOCs were imported into an inspection software program (Geomagic Control X; 3D SYSTEMS) to be superimposed to the dMT in order to calculate trueness. Therefore, in order to calculate precision, all the scans of the same scanner group were superimposed onto the cast that obtained the best result of trueness. The results were collected as the root mean square value (RMS) on the #16 and #21 abutment surfaces and on a marginal area positioned 1 mm above and below the gingival margin. A nonparametric analysis Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare the RMS values obtained in the different iOS groups for trueness and precision. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. For the trueness on the #16 abutment, the Vivascan reported statistically lower values, while on the #21 abutment, Vivascan (56.0 ± 12.1) and Experimental IOS, GC (59.2 ± 2.7) performed statistically better than the others. Regarding precision, Experimental IOS, GC were significantly better than the others on #16 (10.7 ± 2.1) and in the #21 area Experimental, GC, and Trios 3 performed statistically better(16.9 ± 13.8; 18.0 ± 2.7). At the subgingival marginal level for both #16 and #21, all the IOS reported reduced accuracy compared to clinical acceptance.
Impact des eaux usées et de ruissellement sur la biodiversité des macroinvertébrés de la rivière Banco (Parc National du Banco ; Côte d’Ivoire)

La riviere Banco fait partie du Parc National du Banco, derniere relique de foret dans la ville d’Abidjan. Cette riviere est menacee par les eaux usees et de ruissellements en provenance des communes adjacentes. L’objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer l’impact de ces eaux sur la biodiversite des macroinvertebres de cette riviere, en vue d’apprehender sa sante ecologique. Sept stations d’echantillonnage (S1 a S7) ont ete definies selon le gradient longitudinal. Des mesures physico-chimiques et l’echantillonnage des macroinvertebres ont ete effectues entre octobre 2006 et octobre 2008. L’analyse des parametres environnementaux a montre que l’arrivee des eaux usees et de ruissellements dans le cours moyen de la riviere a entraine une augmentation des valeurs de la conductivite, du taux de solides dissous et du pH, et une baisse de la concentration en oxygene dissous. Sur le plan de la diversite, cette etude qui constitue le premier inventaire des macroinvertebres de cette riviere a permis d’identifier 132 taxons repartis entre quatre classes, 15 ordres et 73 familles. Des taxons indicateurs de pollution organique ( Physa marmorata , Eristalis sp.) ainsi que des organismes polluo-resistants (Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae et Tubificidae) ont ete identifies aux stations sous influence des rejets d’eaux usees. Ces stations enregistrent, en revanche, la disparition de taxons polluo-sensibles (Plecopteres, Ephemeropteres et Trichopteres) pourtant representes dans les cours superieur et inferieur. Les plus faibles valeurs de la richesse taxonomique et des indices de diversite et d’equitabilite ont ete egalement notes dans le cours moyen sous impact des rejets d’eau usees et de ruissellements.
Magnetic minerals in the Martian crust

[1] Using rock magnetism and thermal modeling, we evaluate the candidate minerals responsible for strong magnetic anomalies in the Terra Sirenum and Terra Cimmeria regions of Mars' southern highlands. We assume an early global dynamo field similar in strength to the present Earth's field, enduring about 500 Myr after accretion and core formation, and a basaltic crust containing no more than 4-7 weight% of magnetic minerals. Thermal evolution models with a wide variety of initial crustal thicknesses, distributions of radioactive elements, and thermal expansion coefficients all yield similar thermal histories for the crust: warming in the first ∼1000 Myr (due mainly to radioactive heating) followed by monotonic cooling for the remainder of Mars' history. Primary thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) acquired by intrusive and extrusive bodies during the first 500 Myr was in part thermally demagnetized by general crustal warming after the dynamo field disappeared, from 500 to 1000 Myr. The Curie point isotherms around 1000 Myr established the maximum depth of TRM-bearing crust. Shock and heating due to impacts demagnetized the uppermost ∼10 km of the crust around the same time, resulting in potential magnetic layer thicknesses of 15-20 km for pyrrhotite, 40-50 km for magnetite, and 50-60 km for hematite. Other magnetic phases, such as iron and finely exsolved low-Ti titanohematite, are possible but less likely in a basaltic crust under oxidizing conditions. The prime candidates, in order of likelihood, are single-domain magnetite (0.2-0.4 volume% or 0.4-0.8 weight% required), single-domain pyrrhotite (1-2 volume% or 2-4 weight%), and either multidomain (>15 μm) or 5-15 μm single-domain hematite or a mixture of both (1.5-3 volume% or 3-6 weight%). A composite source with different combinations of these minerals at different depths is entirely possible. Viscous decay of TRM is difficult to assess without detailed knowledge of the distribution of minerals and blocking temperatures with depth but would increase the amounts of magnetic material required.