Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Group Invariant Solution And Conservation Law for a Steady Laminar Axisymmetric Free Jet

A group invariant solution for a steady laminar axisymmetric free jet is derived. The general form of the group invariant solution is first obtained by considering a linear combination of the Lie point symmetry generators of Prandtl's momentum boundary layer equation for the stream function. The ratios of the constants in the linear combination are determined from conservation of total momentum flux in the downstream direction, from the condition of finite volume flow and finite momentum at the infinitesimal circular orifice and from specification of the arbitrary additive constant in the stream function. An elementary conservation law for the partial differential equation for the stream function is derived. A relation is established between this conservation law and conservation of total momentum flux in the downstream direction by showing that the Lie point symmetry which is associated with the conservation law is the Lie point symmetry that generates the group invariant solution.
Enhanced Face Presentation Attack Prevention Employing Feature Fusion of Pre-trained Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model and Thepade's Sorted Block Truncation Coding

The evolution and improvements of deep learning are being used to tackle any research obstacles that could be converted into classification problems in all spheres of life. Each Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) design's output is determined by the depth and value of the hyperparameters, which explains why so many of them have been proposed. These DCNN architectures must be created entirely from scratch
A lopsided chemically distinct nucleus in NGC 5055

Kinematics and stellar population properties in the center of nearby Sbc galaxy NGC 5055 are studied with the Multi-Pupil Spectrograph of the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences (SAO RAS). We conrm the rotation and stellar velocity dispersion asymmetries along the major axis reported earlier by other authors. We have found a resolved chemically distinct core in NGC 5055, with the magnesium-enhanced region shifted by 2: 00 5 (100 pc) to the south-west from a photometric center, toward a kinematically identied circumnuclear stellar disk. Mean ages of stellar populations in the true nucleus, dened as the photometric center, and in the magnesium-enhanced substructure are coincident and equal to 3{4 Gyr being younger by several Gyr with respect to the bulge stellar population. A possible origin of the asymmetries in the center of NGC 5055 is discussed.
X-ray near-field ptychography for optically thick specimens

Inline holography, like other lensless imaging methods, circumvents limitations of x-ray optics through an a posteriori phase-retrieval step. However, phase retrieval for optically thick, i.e., strongly absorbing and phase shifting, specimens remains challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate that near-field ptychography can be used to efficiently perform phase retrieval on a uranium sphere with a diameter of about 46 μm, which acts as an optically thick sample. This particular sample was not accessible by inline holography previously. The reconstruction is based on a statistical model and incorporates partial coherence by decomposing the illumination into coherent modes. Furthermore, we observe that phase vortices, which can occur as artifacts during the reconstruction, pose a greater challenge than in far-field methods. We expect that the methods described in this paper will allow production of reliable phase maps of samples which cannot be accessed by inline holography.
The Feynman principle for a Fermi system

A scheme for representing vectors and matrices as functions of a certain abstract symbol λ is set up: though λ has no numerical significance, it is found to behave as if it were an eigenvalue of a certain singular matrix A. The resulting ‘eigensymbol’ theory is developed and applied to the quantum theory of Fermi systems. It is shown how a Feynman principle for such systems may be formulated in analogy with the familiar Feynman principle for a system with canonical p and q. The results are illustrated by the case of a simple Fermi oscillator.
Zero-crossing measurements for analysis and recognition of speech sounds

Existing mathematical relations between the power spectral density and the mean zero-crossing rate of an ergodic random process are used to derive relations between spectral measurements and mean zero-crossing rates of a speech signal and its derivatives. Of particular significance is the equation relating zero-crossing rates to the formant parameters of vowels and vowel-like sounds. Reasonably close agreement between measured zero-crossing rates and those calculated from spectral measurements were observed for virtually all phonemes in a variety of contextual environments. Measured zero-crossing rates and corresponding calculated values for speech and its first derivative are presented for vowels, unvoiced fricatives, and unvoiced stops, all in many different contextual environments. Unvoiced fricatives /s/, / \int /, and /f/ are shown to be distinguishable from each other solely on the basis of the zero-crossing rate of the derivative signal. Some vowels are shown to be differentiable from other vowels, although measurements other than zero-crossing rates of filtered, unfiltered, and differentiated speech are shown to be necessary for complete vowel separation. For unvoiced stop consonants, the zero-crossing rate of either the signal or its derivative is shown to be useful for classification, provided some information concerning the contextual environment is available.
The complete chloroplast genome of Nymphaea atrans (Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs, 1992: Nymphaeaceae)

Abstract Nymphaea atrans belongs to the subgenus Anecphya and displays varied flower colors over successive days. Because of its excellent ornamental characteristics, this species is widely cultivated in waterscape gardens worldwide. Here, we have sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of N. atrans. The whole genome size is 160,990 bp in length with four subregions: large and small single-copy regions of 90,879 and 19,699 bp, respectively, separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions of 25,206 bp each. A total of 126 genes were annotated, including 82 coding genes, eight ribosomal RNAs, and 36 transfer RNAs. The total GC content of the complete genome was 39%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that N. atrans was closely related to N. immutabilis. In this study, we have provided the chloroplast genome of N. atrans as a valuable resource for further phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaea species.
Comparative Analysis of the Local Observation-Based (LOB) Method and the Nonparametric Regression-Based Method for Gridded Bias Correction in Mesoscale Weather Forecasting

Abstract The comparative analysis of three methods for objective grid-based bias removal in mesoscale numerical weather prediction models is considered. The first technique is the local observation-based (LOB) method that extends further the approaches of several recent studies and is focused on utilizing the information obtained from meteorological stations or neighbor grid points in the proximity of a site of interest. The bias at a site of interest might then be considered as a spatiotemporal function of the weighted information on the past biases observed in the cluster of neighbors during a certain time window. The second method is an extension of model output statistics (MOS), combining several modern multiple regression techniques such as the classification and regression trees (CARTs) and the alternative conditional expectation (ACE) and, therefore, is named the CART–ACE method. The CART–ACE method allows representing possible nonlinear aspects of the bias in a parsimonious linearized statistical .
Microscopic models for the study of taxpayer audit effects

A microscopic dynamic model is here constructed and analyzed, describing the evolution of the income distribution in the presence of taxation and redistribution in a society in which also tax evasion and auditing processes occur. The focus is on effects of enforcement regimes, characterized by different choices of the audited taxpayer fraction and of the penalties imposed to noncompliant individuals. A complex systems perspective is adopted: society is considered as a system composed by a large number of heterogeneous individuals. These are divided into income classes and may as well have different tax evasion behaviors. The variation in time of the number of individuals in each class is described by a system of nonlinear differential equations of the kinetic discretized Boltzmann type involving transition probabilities. A priori, one could think that audits and fines should have a positive effect on the reduction of economic inequality and correspondingly of the Gini index G. According to our model, however, such effect is rather small. In contrast, the effect on the increase of the tax revenue may be significant.
Comparison of maximum-likelihood image and wavefront reconstruction using conventional image, phase diversity, and lenslet diversity data

An image reconstruction approach is developed that makes joint use of image sequences produced by a conventional imaging channel and a Shack-Hartmann (lenslet) channel. Iterative maximization techniques are used to determine the reconstructed object that is most consistent with both the conventional and Shack-Hartmann raw pixel-level data. The algorithm is analogous to phase diversity, but with the wavefront diversity provided by a lenslet array rather than a simple defocus. The log-likelihood cost function is matched to the Poisson statistics of the signal and Gaussian statistics of the detector noise. Addition of a cost term that encourages the estimated object to agree with a priori knowledge of an ensemble averaged power spectrum regularizes the reconstruction. Techniques for modeling FPA sampling are developed that are convenient for performing both the forward simulation and the gradient calculations needed for the iterative maximization. The model is computationally efficient and accurately addresses all aspects of the Shack-Hartmann sensor, including subaperture cross-talk, FPA aliasing, and geometries in which the number of pixels across a subaperture is not an integer. The performance of this approach is compared with multi-frame blind deconvolution and phase diversity using simulations of image sequences produced by the visible band GEMINI sensor on the AMOS 1.6 meter telescope. It is demonstrated that wavefront information provided by the second channel improves image reconstruction by avoiding the wavefront ambiguities associated with multiframe blind deconvolution and to a lesser degree, phase diversity.
Detection of Highly-Ionized Carbon and Nitrogen Emission Lines from the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant with the Suzaku Observatory

We present the results of a Suzaku observation at the northeastern limb of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. The high detection efficiency together with the high spectral resolution of the Suzaku X-ray CCD cameras enables us to detect highly-ionized C and N emission lines from the Cygnus Loop for the first time. We performed an annular spectral analysis to our data set and investigated the plasma structure along the radial direction. Our data are well characterized by a two-component non-equilibrium ionization model with different values of electron temperature. Abundances of C to Fe are all depleted to typically 0.1 solar, even for Ne. Relative abundances to O are roughly consistent with solar values.
Saturn's aurora in the January 2004 events

Abstract. Differences in the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere of Saturn relative to the Earth result from the decrease in the solar wind plasma density and magnetic field strength with distance from the Sun, and from the change in the average angle of the IMF at Saturn's orbit. Other reasons are related to Saturn's rapid rotation and internal magnetospheric plasma sources. Moreover, the IMF structure observed by Cassini in 2003–2004 during the approach to Saturn is consistent with corotating interaction regions (CIRs) existing during the declining phase of the solar cycle. Two cases on 16 and 26 January 2004 are considered when disturbances in the solar wind passed Cassini and then Saturn. After the solar wind shock encountered the kronian magnetosphere, the auroral oval became brighter (especially at dawn) with a reduced radius. In these cases the auroral power was anti-correlated with the radius of the oval. Possible mechanisms responsible for such unexpected behavior are presented and discussed in detail.
Limited Feedback Beamforming System in Dual-Polarized MIMO Channel

—Dual-polarized multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, where the antennas are grouped in pairs of orthogonally polarized antennas, are a spatially-efﬁcient alternative to single polarized MIMO antenna systems. A limited feedback beamforming technique is proposed for dual-polarized MIMO channels where the receiver has perfect channel knowledge but the transmitter only receives partial information regarding the channel instantiation. The system employs an effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distortion minimizing codebook to convey channel state information (CSI) in the form of beam-forming direction. By investigating the average SNR performance of this system, an upper bound on the average SNR distortion is found as a weighted sum of two beamforming distortion metrics. The distortion minimization problem is solved by designing a concatenated codebook . Finally, we propose a codebook switching scheme exploiting the cross-polar discrimination (XPD) statistics. Simulations show that the proposed codebook switching scheme with an XPD dependent concatenated codebook has the ability to adapt to dual-polarized channels.
Mathematical Modeling of Cross-Flow Tube Heat Exchangers With a Complex Flow Arrangement

The general principles of mathematical modeling of heat transfer in cross-flow tube heat exchangers with complex flow arrangements that allow the simulation of multipass heat exchangers with many tube rows are presented. The finite-volume method is used to solve the system of differential equations for temperature of the both fluids and the tube wall with appropriate boundary conditions. A numerical model of a multipass steam superheater with 12 passes is presented. The convection and radiation heat transfer on the flue gas side are accounted for. In addition, the deposit layer is assumed to cover the outer surface of the tubes. Comparing the computed and measured steam temperature increase over the entire superheater allows for determining the thermal resistance of the deposits layer on the outer surface of the superheater. The developed modeling technique can especially be used for modeling tube heat exchangers when detailed information on the tube wall temperature distribution is needed.
Receptivity of stationary transient disturbances to surface roughness

Recent experiments on transient disturbance growth in boundary layers indicate that disturbances generated by surface roughness undergo suboptimal growth. The implication is that the receptivity mechanism governing the distribution of disturbance energy among the continuous spectrum of damped Orr–Sommerfeld/Squire modes produces energy distributions that are significantly different from the theoretical optimum. Experiments presented here are intended to investigate how the amplitude and diameter of cylindrical roughness elements arranged in a spanwise array affect various features of transient growth. The objective is to infer how or to what extent the roughness features affect the continuous spectrum and to use this information as a foundation for future receptivity models. The results show that the energy of stationary disturbances varies as Rek2 and that the streamwise distance over which the disturbances grow increases slightly with increasing Rek. As the roughness diameter is varied, dramatic changes.
Magnetospheric response to solar wind dynamic pressure variations: Interaction of interplanetary tangential discontinuities with the bow shock

Some magnetic impulse events observed in the polar region are related to vortices associated with plasma convection in the ionosphere. Recent analyses of satellite and ground data suggest that the interaction of solar wind dynamic pressure pulses and the magnetosphere may lead to the formation of velocity vortices in the magnetopause boundary layer region. This can in turn lead to the presence of vortices in the polar ionosphere. However, before reaching the Earth's magnetopause, these interplanetary pressure pulses must interact with and pass through the bow shock. A variation of the solar wind dynamic pressure (ΔρV²) may be associated with shocks, magnetic holes, or tangential discontinuities (TDs) in the interplanetary medium. We study the interaction of interplanetary TDs with the Earth's bow shock (BS) using both theoretical analysis and MHD computer simulations. It is found that as a result of the collision between a TD and the BS, the jump in the solar wind dynamic pressure associated with the TD is significantly modified, the bow shock moves, and a new fast shock or fast rarefaction wave, which propagates in the downstream direction, is excited. Our theoretical analysis shows that the change in the plasma density across the interplanetary TD plays the most important role in the collision process. In the case with an enhanced dynamic pressure behind the interplanetary TD, the bow shock is intensified in strength and moves in the earthward direction. The dynamic pressure jump associated with the transmitted TD is generally reduced from the value before the interaction. A fast compressional shock is excited ahead of the transmitted TD and propagates toward the Earth's magnetosphere. For the case in which the dynamic pressure is reduced behind the interplanetary TD, the pressure jump across the transmitted TD is substantially weakened, the bow shock moves in the sunward direction, and a rarefaction wave which propagates downstream is excited. We also simulate and discuss the interaction of a pair of tangential discontinuities, which may correspond to a magnetic hole, with the BS.
Boundary Conditions for Artificial Snow Production in the Austrian Alps

Abstract To assess how meteorological conditions favorable for the production of artificial snow vary in time and space, wet-bulb temperatures are calculated using temperature and humidity data of 14 Austrian stations between October and April for 1948–2007 (station altitudes 585–3105 m MSL). Technical specifications of snow guns are used to define a wet-bulb temperature threshold value of −2°C for snowmaking and a relationship between wet-bulb temperature and snowmaking capacity. The Mann–Kendall nonparametric-trend test is used to detect monotonic long-term changes in air temperature, relative humidity, wet-bulb temperature, and number of snowmaking days. It is applied multiple times to overlapping time periods to capture significant trends on different time scales. Results show a marked, common air- and wet-bulb seasonal mean (October–April) temperature increase between +1.5° and +3.1°C from 1980 to 1990 for a majority of stations with no trends thereafter. The number of snowmaking days per season decr.
Sleep features and long-term incident neurodegeneration: a polysomnographic study

While a growing body of studies suggests a link between sleep disturbances and neurodegenerative diseases' (NDDs) development, prior studies have been hindered by small sample sizes, short follow-up times and a lack of objective sleep measures. In this cohort study, patients who underwent polysomnography (PSG) at the Innsbruck Sleep Disorders Unit from January 2004 to December 2007, aged [≥]18 years, without NDDs at baseline or within five years post PSG, and with at least five years clinical follow-up were included. The main outcome measure was NDDs diagnosis at least five years after polysomnography, assessed until December 2021. Of 1454 patients assessed for eligibility, 999 (68.7%) met inclusion criteria (683 (68.3%) men; median age 54.9 (interquartile range, IQR 33.9-62.7) years. Seventy-five patients (7.5%) developed NDDs, 924 (92.5%) remained disease-free after 12.8 (IQR 9.9-14.6) years median follow-up. After adjusting for demographic, sleep, and clinical covariates, each percent decrease in sleep efficiency, N3 sleep, or REM sleep was associated with 1.9%, 6.5%, and 5.2% increased risk of incident NDDs (hazard ratio, HR, 1.019, CI:1.002-1.035; HR 1.065, CI:1.007-1.118; HR 1.052, CI:1.012-1.085,), respectively whereas one percent decrease in night-time wakefulness represented a 2.2% reduced risk (HR 0.978, CI:0.958-0.997). Random forest analysis identified wake, followed by N3 and REM sleep percentages, as the most important feature associated with NDDs development. Additionally, multiple sleep features combination offered more robust discrimination of incident NDDs compared to single sleep stages. These findings support contribution of sleep architecture changes to NDDs pathogenesis and provide insights into the temporal window during which these changes are detectable, pointing to sleep as early NDDs marker and potential target of neuroprotective strategies.
Impact of Providing Future Cardiovascular Risk Based on Genetic Testing on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (GenTLe-FH): A Randomized Wait-list Controlled Open-Label Trial

Background and Aims: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant monogenic disease characterized by high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Although carrying causative FH variants is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), it remains unclear whether disclosing its associated cardiovascular risk affects outcomes in patients with FH. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of providing future cardiovascular risk based on genetic testing in addition to a standard FH education program. Methods: We conducted a randomized, wait-list controlled, open-label, single-center trial. In the intervention group, we reported a future cardiovascular risk based on the genetic testing adding to standard FH education at week 0. In the wait-list control group, we only disseminated standard FH education according to the guidelines at week 0; they later received a genetic testing-based cardiovascular risk assessment at week 24. The primary endpoint of this study was the plasma LDL-C level at week 24. Results: Fifty eligible patients with clinically diagnosed FH, without a history of CHD, were allocated to the intervention group (n=24) or the wait-list control group (n=26). At week 24, the intervention group had a significantly greater reduction in LDL-C levels than the wait-list control group (mean changes, -13.1 mg/dL vs. 6.6 mg/dL; difference, -19.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval, -34 to -5.6; p=0.009). This interventional effect was consistent with FH causative variant carriers but not with non-carriers. Conclusions: In addition to standard FH care, providing future cardiovascular risk based on genetic testing can further reduce plasma LDL-C levels, particularly among FH causal variant carriers.