Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convection and the large-scale circulation of the mantle

The nonlinear interaction of Rayleigh-Benard convection with the large-scale flow that must exist in the mantle to balance the mass flux of moving lithospheric plates is considered by using both numerical and analytic models, The numerical models are two dimensional and include a simulated large-scale flow by explicitly considering a moving lithospheric plate overlying a fluid layer. The analytic model is more idealized but has the advantage of being three dimensional. Both types of models show that convective rolls with axes perpendicular to the lithospheric spreading direction (transverse rolls) decay on a time scale that depends on the spreading velocity and that may be as short as 50 m.y. The three-dimensional analysis shows that the transverse rolls are eventually replaced by rolls with their axes aligned with the direction of spreading (longitudinal rolls). The longitudinal rolls may be a significant vertical heat transport mechanism under the interior of plates, and thus it is suggested that three-dimensional models will be required to investigate terrestrial heat flow, The conclusions contain a speculative section suggesting a connection between the stresses on the lithosphere due to the longitudinal rolls and the emplacement of the linear island and sea mount chains typical of many oceans.
Nonconjugacy of pulsating auroral patches near L=6

Simultaneous TV data of pulsating auroras were obtained at two nearly conjugate stations, Husafell in Iceland and Syowa in Antarctica on September 9–10, 1994. An investigation of the spatial and temporal coherence of pulsating patches revealed the following characteristics: (1) The overall dynamic variations and activities of the pulsating features were very similar at both stations. (2) Most of the individual pulsating patches did not have clear counterparts in the opposite hemisphere. That is, individual pulsating patches appeared to be nonconjugate. (3) Even when the shape and type of pulsating aurora suggested a conjugate‐like relationship, the pulsation periods were clearly different. These interesting results indicate an asymmetry in the generation or precipitation mechanism of the particles producing pulsating auroras. Active ionospheric processes probably play an important role in causing or modifying auroras of this type.
A general circulation model study of the effects of faster rotation rate, enhanced CO2 concentration, and reduced solar forcing: Implications for the faint young sun paradox

Solar energy at the top of the atmosphere (solar constant), rotation rate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) may have varied significantly over Earth's history, especially during the earliest times. The sensitivity of a general circulation model to faster rotation, enhanced CO2 concentration, and reduced solar constant is presented. The control simulation of this study has a solar constant reduced by 10% the present amount, zero land fraction using a swamp ocean surface, CO2 concentrations of 330 ppmv, present-day rotation rate, and is integrated under mean diurnal and seasonal solar forcing. Four sensitivity test are performed under zero land fraction and reduced solar constant conditions: (1) increased rotation rate, (2) 8 times present CO2, (3) a combination of 1 and 2, and (4) 3 with a 15% reduction in the solar constant. Results indicate the following changes in the global mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) compared to the control simulation: (1) + 6.6 K, (2) + 12 K, (3) + 18.5 K, and (4) + 6.6 K relative to the control's global mean temperature of 264.7 K. Sea ice is confined to higher latitudes in each experiment compared to the control, with ice-free areas equatorward of the subtropics. The warm SSTs are associated with a 20% reduction in clouds for the rotation rate experiments and higher CO2 concentrations in the other experiments. These results are in contrast to previous studies that have used energy balance and radiative convective models. Previous studies required a much larger atmospheric CO2 increase to prevent an ice-covered Earth. The results of the study, suggest that because of its possible feedback with clouds, the general circulation of the atmosphere should be taken into account in understanding the climate of early Earth. While higher CO2 concentrations are likely in view of the results, very large atmospheric CO2 concentrations may not be necessary to counterbalance the lower solar constant that existed early in Earth's history.
Long term water temperature trends in Austrian rivers

Abstract Monthly mean data collected for a 90 year period (1901–1990) have been used to study long term water temperature trends at 10 river sites in Austria. Significant increases in monthly mean values were evident over the study period for seven river stations, but the magnitude of the rise varied from 0.47 to 1.26°C and its pattern was not uniform between catchments. River temperature trends for individual months also ranged from increases of >2.5°C, through no significant change, to decreases of >1.0°C. Rises in water temperature during the twentieth century appear to reflect, at least in part, the increasing impact of human activity on Austrian rivers. Progressive regulation of main rivers, such as the Danube and Inn, has resulted in strong increases in mean water temperatures during the low flow period of autumn but not in the summer months when high flows generally occur. Different trends were evident for sites closer to glacial runoff sources, for catchments containing a large proportion of lakes.
The analysis of myotonia congenita mutations discloses functional clusters of amino acids within CBS2 domain and C-terminal peptide of ClC-1 channel

Myotonia congenita (MC) is a skeletal muscle hyper-excitability disorder caused by loss-offunction mutations in the ClC-1 chloride channel. Mutations are scattered over the entire sequence of the channel protein, with more than 30 mutations located in the poorly characterized cytosolic Cterminal domain. In this study, we characterized, through patch clamp, seven ClC-1 mutations identified in patients affected by MC of various severity and located in the C-terminal region. The p.Val829Met, p.Thr832Ile, p.Val851Met, p.Gly859Val, and p.Leu861Pro mutations reside in CBS2 domain, while p.Pro883Thr and p.Val947Glu are in the C-terminal peptide.
The indoor mycobiome of daycare centers is affected by occupancy and climate

Many children spend considerable time in daycare centers and may here be influenced by indoor microorganisms, including fungi. In this study, we investigate the indoor mycobiome of 125 daycare centers distributed along strong environmental gradients throughout Norway. Dust samples were collected from doorframes outside and inside buildings using a citizen science sampling approach. Fungal communities in the dust samples were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 region. We observed a marked difference between the outdoor and indoor mycobiomes. The indoor mycobiome included considerably more yeasts and molds compared to the outdoor samples, with Saccharomyces, Mucor, Malassezia and Penicillium among the most dominant fungal genera. Changes in the indoor fungal richness and composition correlated to numerous variables related to both outdoor and indoor conditions; there was a clear geographic structure in the indoor mycobiome composition that mirrored the outdoor climate, ranging from humid areas in western Norway to drier and colder areas in eastern Norway. Moreover, the number of children in the daycare centers, as well as various building features, influenced the indoor mycobiome composition. We conclude that the indoor mycobiome in Norwegian daycare centers is structured by multiple factors and is dominated by yeasts and molds. This study exemplifies how citizen science sampling enables DNA-based analyses of a high number of samples covering wide geographic areas. Importance With an alarming increase in chronic diseases like childhood asthma and allergies, there is an increased focus on the exposure of young children to indoor biological and chemical air pollutants. Our study of 125 daycares throughout Norway demonstrates that the indoor mycobiome not only reflects co-occurring outdoor fungi but includes a high abundance of yeast and mold fungi with an affinity for indoor environments. A multitude of factors influence the indoor mycobiome in daycares, including building type, inhabitants, as well as the outdoor environment. Many of the detected yeasts and molds are likely associated with the human body, where some have been coupled to allergies and respiratory problems. Our results call for further studies investigating the potential impact of the identified daycare-associated mycobiomes on children health.
Faro-Albufeira drift complex, northern Gulf of Cadiz

Abstract The northern margin of the Gulf of Cadiz is swept by Mediterranean Outflow Water between about 500 and 1000 m water depth. This warm, saline, thermohaline, bottom current attains velocities in excess of 1 m s-1 through the narrow and relatively shallow Gibraltar gateway, and then descends and slows as it moves towards the north and west around the Iberian margin. It was established in its present form in the latest Miocene, following tectonic re-opening of the Gibraltar gateway, and has since helped to sculpt the slope region in conjunction with downslope processes and diapiric intrusion. The principal area of contourite deposition, up to 600 m in thickness, is the Faro-Albufeira drift complex in a mid-slope setting some 30 km south of Faro. This comprises an elongate low-mounded drift (Faro-Albufeira) and adjacent broad sheeted drifts (Faro and Bartolomeu Dias Planaltos), flanked and partly dissected by deep, erosional, bottom-current channels and buried channels. The seismic character is one of progradational-aggradational depositional units with laterally extensive sub-parallel reflectors, widespread discontinuities and a large-scale cyclicity in seismic facies. The upper 10 m of cored section comprises muddy, silty and sandy contourites of mixed terrigenous and biogenic composition, that show small-scale cyclicity in grain size and associated sedimentary features. Rates of accumulation varied from < 1 to 14.5 cm ka-1 (cores), and 3.5 to 29.5 cm ka-1 (seismics). The large and small-scale cyclicity noted can be related to fluctuation in bottom current velocity related to climate and sea-level changes, although the precise correlation between these events remains uncertain.
Integration of environmental education into geography lessons: is there change in school geography following the LEESP intervention?

This paper reports the findings of a study that explored the level of knowledge integration in secondary school geography content at the micro-level of classroom practice with a view to identifying any possible change in the subject following an environmental education project-oriented curriculum reform in Lesotho. The study adopted a case study approach involving 11 teachers, teaching geography in five secondary/high schools located in different parts of the country. The analysis focused on integration of environmental issues, interdisciplinary relations and inter-discursive relations as analytical categories derived from Bernstein's theoretical concept of classification. The findings illustrate that while there is a high level of knowledge integration with respect to environmental issues, the power of geography disciplinary knowledge undermined the idea of integrating relevant content from other school subjects and everyday knowledge of the learners. It is argued that unless there is change in structures influencing teachers' work, little will be achieved in school subjects such as geography in terms of making them more contextually relevant.
Continental Oxygen Isotopic Record of the Last 170,000 Years in Jerusalem

Abstract A long radiometrically dated oxygen isotopic record of continental climatic variations since the penultimate glaciation was obtained from a stalagmite deposited in a sealed cave in Jerusalem. This record shows that speleothems have the potential of assigning dates to long- and short-term climatic events, with possible refining of Milankovitch tuning of ice and marine records which themselves are not datable. Short-term (∼1000-yr) events are very significant in the region, reaching ∼50% of glacial/interglacial fluctuations. The Mediterranean Sea was the most probable source of local precipitation throughout the last glacial cycle.
Fractal interpolation of rain rate time series

[1] Meteorological radar databases exist providing rain rate maps over areas with a sampling period of 2–15 min. Such two-dimensional, rain rate map time series would have wide application in the simulation of rain scatter and attenuation of millimeter-wave radio networks, if the sampling period were considerably shorter, i.e., of the order of 10 s or less. However, scanning a large radar at this rate is physically infeasible. This paper investigates a stochastic numerical method to interpolate point rain rate time series to shorter sampling periods while conserving the expected first- and second-order statistics. The proposed method should generally be applicable to the temporal interpolation of radar-derived rain rate maps. The method is based on the experimentally measured simple-scaling properties of log rain rate time series. It is tested against 9 gauge years of rapid response drop-counting rain gauge data, with a 10 s integration time, collected in the southern UK. The data are subsampled to yield time series with a 10 s rain rate measurement every 320, 640, and 1280 s. The subsampled time series are then interpolated back to a 10 s sample interval, and the first- and second-order statistics are compared with the original time series.
A new global satellite‐based sea surface temperature climatology

A new approach to the generation of a global sea surface temperature (SST) climatology from satellite data is presented. This work is an extension of Casey and Cornillon [1999] who demonstrated the overall superiority of constructing a global climatology using exclusively advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder satellite SST data vs. blended in situ/satellite data. In this implementation, a global pentad (five day) climatology was derived from daily 9 km AVHRR Pathfinder SST data through Gaussian interpolation and averaging. Performance of this climatology with respect to the Casey 9 km pentad satellite and Reynolds 1° monthly climatologies was then investigated by examining the standard deviation of the anomaly data set constructed by subtracting climatological SST observations from co‐located long‐term in situ SST observations. In all areas examined this new climatology, hereafter referred to as the JPL pentad climatology, demonstrated modest improvements over the other climatologies.
A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny

It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.
An investigation of how fungal infection influences drug penetration through onychomycosis patientâ€TMs nail plates

Department of Pharmacy, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK b Pharmaceutical Science Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK MedPharm Ltd, Unit 3 Chancellor Court, 50 Occam Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford GU2 7AB, UK
Prediction and analysis of a field experiment on a multilayered aquifer thermal energy storage system with strong buoyancy flow

The results of the first two cycles of the seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage field experiment conducted by Auburn University near Mobile, Alabama in 1981–1982 (injection temperatures 59°C and 82°C) were predicted by numerical modeling before their conclusion with good accuracy. Subsequent comparison of experimental and calculated results provided important insight into areas of model improvement and alternative experimental designs. Key factors influencing energy recovery appear to be aquifer heterogeneity (layering) and strong buoyancy flow in the aquifer. An optimization study based on second-cycle conditions calculated a series of scenarios, each using a different injection and production scheme, to study possible ways to improve energy recovery. The results of this optimization study were used by Auburn University in the design of the third-cycle experiment.
The Evaluative Role of Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Rule-Based Category Learning

Category learning is a critical neurobiological function that allows organisms to simplify a complex world. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC) is often active in neurobiological studies of category learning; however, the specific role this region serves in category learning remains uncertain. Previous category learning studies have hypothesized that the rlPFC is involved in switching between rules, whereas others have emphasized rule abstraction and evaluation. We aimed to clarify the role of rlPFC in category learning and dissociate switching and evaluation accounts using two common types of category learning tasks: matching and classification. The matching task involved matching a reference stimulus to one of four target stimuli. In the classification task, participants were shown a single stimulus and learned to classify it into one of two categories. Matching and classification are similar but place different demands on switching and evaluation. In matching, a rule can be known with certainty after a single correct answer. In classification, participants may need to evaluate evidence for a rule even after an initial correct response. This critical difference allows isolation of evaluative functions from switching functions. If the rlPFC is primarily involved in switching between representations, it should cease to be active once participants settle on a given rule in both tasks. If the rlPFC is involved in rule evaluation, its activation should persist in the classification task, but not matching. The results revealed that rlPFC activation persisted into correct trials in classification, but not matching, suggesting that it continues to be involved in the evaluations of evidence for a rule even after participants have arrived at the correct rule. Highlights Differences between rule-based matching and classification tasks were highlighted. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in evaluation of evidence for a rule in rule-based category learning tasks.
Cloud Microphysical Relationships in California Marine Stratus

Abstract Cloud microphysical measurements off the southern California coast are presented and compared with in situ airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra. Large-scale variations in cloud droplet concentrations were due to CCN variations, some medium-scale variations may be a result of the conversion of droplets to drops by coalescence, while small-scale variations were due to different proportions of the CCN spectra being activated because of variations in updraft velocity at cloud base. This latter internal mixing process produces an inverse relationship between droplet concentration and mean size and an increase in droplet spectral width with mean droplet size. Drizzle drop concentrations are strongly associated with lower droplet concentrations, larger droplets, and greater droplet spectral width.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR FINITE-STRAIN ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION

Numerical solutions of linear finite-strain one-dimensional consolidation of both initially unconsolidated and initially fully consolidated soil layers with both one-way and two-way drainage have been available for some time. However, no solutions of the limiting cases for initially unconsolidated soil have been available. Nor, except for the limiting cases corresponding to small-strain consolidation of initially fully consolidated layers, has the accuracy of these solutions and the solution charts based on them been evaluated. Analytical counterparts of the earlier numerical solutions and solution charts, analytical solutions of the limiting cases for initially unconsolidated soil, and analytical solutions of the small-strain Terzaghi equation expressed in material coordinates are presented in this paper. The analytical solutions clarify aspects of the numerical solutions, improve marginally the accuracy of the solution charts, and enable the latter to be easily replicated and extended. They may also be applied to the validation of numerical solutions of nonlinear finite-strain consolidation.
Dehydration and Incipient Charnockite Formation: A Phase Equilibria and Fluid Inclusion Study from South India

A 3 m traverse across a charnockite lens in a biotite-garnet-graphite gneiss quarry from southern India has provided mineral equilibria that indicate charnockite formation occurred under fluid conditions of $$X_{H_{2}O} = 0.2 to 0.3, at P = 5.5 \pm 1.9 kb$$ and T = 700 to 750°C. Dehydration of biotite, loss of garnet, and growth of orthopyroxene are related to a decrease in $$X_{H_{2}O}$$ in the fluid phase within the charnockite lens. Isotopic analysis of the fluid entrapped in quartz from the charnockite indicates $$\delta^{13}C = - 8.2\%_{0}, 3\%_{0} heavier than \delta^{13}C values from smaller volumes of CO_{2}$$ entrapped in quartz from the gneiss. Although the increase in fluid inclusion abundance in the charnockite can be related to oxidation of graphite without influx of $$CO_{2}, an external source of CO_{2}$$ is required in order to account for the shift to heavier carbon isotope values observed in both graphite and entrapped $$CO_{2}$$ within the charnockite. Carbon isotope data across the gneiss/charnockite boundary suggest that the carbon isotope front has been decoupled from the dehydration reaction front by $$CO_{2}$$ advection from the center of the charnockite lens.