Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using temporal variability to improve spatial mapping with application to satellite data

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a remote‐sensing program with a large array of satellites whose mission is earth‐system science. To carry out this mission, NASA produces data at various levels; level‐2 data have been calibrated to the satellite's footprint at high temporal resolution, although there is often a lot of missing data. Level‐3 data are produced on a regular latitude—longitude grid over the whole globe at a coarser spatial and temporal resolution (such as a day, a month, or a repeat‐cycle of the satellite), and there are still missing data. This article demonstrates that spatio‐temporal statistical models can be made operational and provide a way to estimate level‐3 values over the whole grid and attach to each value a measure of its uncertainty. Specifically, a hierarchical statistical model is presented that includes a spatio‐temporal random effects (STRE) model as a dynamical component and a temporally independent spatial component for the fine‐scale variation. Optimal spatio‐temporal predictions and their mean squared prediction errors are derived in terms of a fixed‐dimensional Kalman filter. The predictions provide estimates of missing values and filter out unwanted noise. The resulting fixed‐rank filter is scalable, in that it can handle very large data sets. Its functionality relies on estimation of the model's parameters, which is presented in detail. It is demonstrated how both past and current remote‐sensing observations on aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be combined, yielding an optimal statistical predictor of AOD on the log scale along with its prediction standard error. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 271–289; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
The role of the Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX) in cancer-associated fibroblasts

Abstract Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth, invasion, and metastasis. In addition to solid cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play important roles in cancer pathophysiology. They arise from “healthy” cells but get manipulated by solid cancer cells to supply them and develop a tumor microenvironment (TME) that protects the cancer cells from the immune defense. A wide variety of cell types can differentiate into CAFs, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. Precise Ca2+ regulation is essential for each cell including CAFs. The electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is one of the ubiquitously expressed regulatory Ca2+ transport proteins that rapidly responds to changes of the intracellular ion concentrations. Its transport function is also influenced by the membrane potential and thereby indirectly by the activity of ion channels. NCX transports Ca2+ out of the cell (forward mode) or allows its influx (reverse mode), always in exchange for 3 Na+ ions that are moved into the opposite direction. In this review, we discuss the functional roles NCX has in CAFs and how these depend on the properties of the TME. NCX activity modifies migration and leads to a reduced proliferation and apoptosis. The effect of the NCX in fibrosis is still largely unknown.
Calculation and Evaluation of Energy Spectra and Double-Differential Cross Sections for p+90Zr Reactions up to 200 MeV

Abstract All cross sections, energy spectra, and double-differential cross sections of six outgoing particles (neutron, proton, deuteron, triton, 3He, and alpha particle) for the p+90Zr reaction are consistently calculated and analyzed at incident proton energies below 200 MeV by using nuclear theoretical models. The optical model; distorted wave Born approximation theory; the intranuclear cascade model; the exciton model; Hauser-Feshbach theory and the evaporation model; and, especially, the improved Iwamoto-Harada model of light composite particle (deuteron, triton, 3He, and alpha-particle) emission have been included in the calculation, which is in good agreement with the experimental data.
COMPARISON OF STATIC , COUNTERMOVEMENT , AND DROP JUMPS OF THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES IN U . S . JUNIOR NATIONAL TEAM MALE GYMNASTS

This study examined and compared static, countermovement, and rebound-type drop jumps from the upper and lower extremities among USA Junior National Team male gymnasts. Twenty-one gymnasts performed two repetitions each of upper (UE) and lower extremity (LE) static (SJ), countermovement (CMJ), and drop (DJ) jumps on a force platform. Average measures of maximum jump height (MXHT), peak force (PF), rate of force development (RFD), and peak power (PP) were calculated for analysis. In addition, sample-specific allometric scaling was used to scale PF and PP. Four 2x3 repeated measures ANOVAs were calculated for analyses. Statistically significant main effects were observed for UE vs LE for MXHT, PF, RFD, and PP (all p < 0.001). Statistically significant main effects for jump-type were also observed: MXHT, PF, RFD, and PP (all p < 0.001). Finally, statistically significant extremities x jump-type interaction effects were obtained for MXHT, PF, RFD, and PP (all p < 0.001). These gymnasts showed better performances in CJs relative to SJs, but performances were unexpectedly poorer in the DJs. Despite using rebound-type jumps in tumbling and vaulting with UE and LE, the DJs did not appear to capture the athletes’ stretch-shortening cycle skill or may reflect poor stretch-shortening cycle skill.
Gabor Frames and Time-Frequency Analysis of Distributions*

Abstract This paper lays the foundation for a quantitative theory of Gabor expansions f ( x )=∑ k , n c k , n e 2 πinαx g ( x − kβ ). In analogy to wavelet expansions of Besov–Triebel–Lizorkin spaces, we show that the correct class of spaces which can be characterized by the magnitude of the coefficients c k , n is the class of modulation spaces. To analyze the behavior of the coefficients, it is necessary to invert the Gabor frame operator on these spaces. We show that the frame operator is invertible on modulation spaces if and only if it is invertible on L 2 and the atom g is in a suitable space of test functions. A similar statement for wavelet theory is false. The second part is devoted to Gabor analysis on general time–frequency lattices.
Effective Rotation Patterns in Successive Sampling Over Two Occasions

The problem of estimation of finite population mean on the current occasion in two-occasion successive sampling has been considered. Utilizing all the readily available information from first and second occasions, an efficient estimation procedure has been suggested. Optimum replacement policy relevant to the proposed estimation procedure has been discussed. A proposed estimator is compared with natural estimators and suitable recommendations have been made.
MicroRNA-4776-5p acts as a radiosensitizer and predicts the prognosis of patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy

Head and neck cancer is the leading cancer worldwide. Radiation therapy plays important role of treatment for head and neck cancer. MicroRNAs have been shown to be related to tumor progression and radiosensitivity. However, the mechanisms are still largely unknown and evidence are still limited. In the current study, we sought to identify the miRNA related the radiosensitivity of head and neck tumor cell, which leading to the disappointed prognosis of patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy. The miRNA expression profiles and clinical information of patients with head and neck cancer were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The identification of miRNA was carried out through an integrated bioinformatics analysis. The miRNA identified in previous approach was validated through in vitro and in vivo studies. MiR-4776-5p was finally identified as the role of radio-sensitizer and predicts the prognosis of patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy. 11 of 16 genes targeted by the miR-4776-5p have been discovered to regulate the mechanisms related to radiosensitivity using functional annotation.
Genetic adaptation rates differ by trait and plant type --a comprehensive meta-analysis

Plants can respond to changing climatic conditions through genetic adaptation of their functional traits. Despite the relevance of adaptation to climate change, much remains unknown about plant genetic adaptation rates, including whether these rates differ among plant characteristics and trait types. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate patterns of genetic adaptation rates and assess how these rates differ among plant species groups, growth forms and trait types, using a newly compiled database from 74 studies, comprising 35 functional traits across 72 angiosperm species. This database specifically focuses on genetic adaptation of plant functional traits, as separating from phenotypic plasticity. Both annual and generational adaptation rates of plant traits decrease non-linearly with increasing elapsed time since divergence. Plants adapt fastest when first introduced to a changing environment, but these rates go slow subsequently. Overall, shrubs have higher adaptation rates than trees, which confers shrubs an adaptive advantage over trees. Different adaptation rates among growth forms, life histories and trait types suggest an important additional mechanism through which climate change may affect community composition. Our study has important implications regarding plant adaptation to new environments and will improve the prediction of vegetation responses and ecosystem functioning upon climate change.
A thalamo-parietal cortex circuit is critical for place-action coordination

The anterior and lateral thalamus (ALT) contains head direction cells that signal the directional orientation of an animal within an environment. ALT has direct and indirect connections with the parietal cortex (PC), an area hypothesized to play a role in coordinating viewer-dependent and viewer-independent spatial reference frames. This coordination between reference frames would allow an individual to translate movements toward a desired location from memory. Thus ALT-PC functional connectivity would be critical for moving toward remembered locations. This hypothesis was tested with a place-action task that requires associating an appropriate action (left or right turn) with a spatial location. There are four arms, each offset by 90 degrees, positioned around a central starting point. A trial begins in the central starting point. After exiting a pseudorandomly selected arm, the rat had to displace the correct object covering one of two (left versus right) feeding stations to receive a reward. For a pair of arms facing opposite directions, the reward was located on the left, and for the other pair, the reward was located on the right. Thus, each reward location had a different combination of allocentric location and egocentric action. Removal of an object was scored as correct or incorrect. Trials in which the rat did not displace any objects were scored as ‘no response’ trials. After an object was removed, the rat returned to the center starting position and the maze was reset for the next trial. To investigate the role of the ALT-PC network, muscimol inactivation infusions targeted bilateral PC, bilateral ALT, or the ALT-PC network. Muscimol sessions were counterbalanced and compared to saline sessions within the same animal. All inactivations resulted in decreased accuracy. Only bilateral PC inactivations resulted in increased no response trials, increased errors, and longer latency responses on the remaining trials. Thus, the ALT-PC network is critical for linking an action with a spatial location for successful navigation.
The bHLH-PAS transcriptional complex Sim:Tgo plays active roles in late oogenesis to promote follicle maturation and ovulation

Across species, ovulation is a process induced by a myriad of signaling cascades that ultimately results in activation of proteolytic enzymes and degradation of the follicle wall to release encapsulated oocytes. Follicles need to first mature and gain ovulatory competency before ovulation. However, the signaling pathways regulating follicle maturation are incompletely understood in Drosophila and other species. Our previous work showed that bHLH-PAS transcription factor Single-minded (Sim) likely plays important roles for follicle maturation downstream of the NR5A-family nuclear receptor Ftz-f1 in Drosophila. Here, we explore the mechanism of Sim-regulated follicle maturation. We demonstrate that Tango (Tgo), another bHLH-PAS protein acts as a cofactor of Sim to promote follicle cell differentiation from stages 10 to 12. In addition, we discovered that re-upregulation of Sim in stage-14 follicle cells is also essential to promote ovulatory competency by upregulating octopamine receptor in mushroom body (OAMB), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2), and NADPH oxidase (NOX), either independent of or in conjunction with the zinc-finger protein Hindsight (Hnt). All of these factors are critical for successful ovulation. Together, our work indicates that the transcriptional complex Sim:Tgo plays multiple roles in late-stage follicle cells to promote follicle maturation and ovulation.
The Standard Genetic Code Lacks Redundancy For Amino Acid Codons

The Standard Genetic Code contains sixty-one codons used to translate twenty amino acids. A 3:1 ratio is presumed to mean all of them except methionine and tryptophan exhibit redundancy (also known as degeneracy) such that multiple codons are interchangeable with respect to cognate amino acids. Since the process of translation converting codon triplets into amino acids involves a 1:1 relationship between mRNA-containing codons and tRNA-containing anticodons, any physicochemical variability in tRNA molecules associated with the same amino acid must break redundancy among codons. By studying the characteristics of 186 tRNA sequences from Archaea, it is demonstrated that multiple features lead to the conclusion that every anticodon triplet is unique, and therefore that every codon triplet must likewise be unlike all others, even if coding for the same amino acid. Many implications necessarily accrue from this result related to the mechanism for translation, codon usage, and the evolution of the genetic code, all of which are discussed.
A survey of (HDCO)/(H2CO) and (DCN)/(HCN) ratios towards low-mass protostellar cores

We present observations of [HDCO]/[H 2 CO] and [DCN]/[HCN] ratios towards a selection of low-mass protostellar cores in three different star forming regions. The best fit to the observed [HDCO]/[H 2 CO] ratios is ∼0.05-0.07, similar to the values observed towards the dark clouds, TMC-1 and L134N. [DCN]/[HCN] ratios are ∼0.04, higher than those seen in TMC-1, around the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293 and the Orion Hot Core, but similar values to the Orion Compact Ridge and L134N. We compare our results with predictions from detailed, chemical models, and to other observations made in these sources. We find best agreement between models and observations by assuming that interaction between gas phase molecules and dust grains has impacted on the chemistry during the cold pre-collapse phase of the cloud's history. The abundance of deuterated species indicates that the dense gas out of which a low mass protostar forms, evolves and collapses on a timescale of ≤50 000 years. We find no marked difference between molecular D/H ratios towards different regions, or between Class 0 and Class I protostars. However, the striking difference between the [DCN]/[HCN] ratios we have measured and those previously observed towards Hot Molecular Cores leads us to suggest that there are significant evolutionary differences between high and low mass star forming regions.
Potential Singularity of the Axisymmetric Euler Equations with Cα Initial Vorticity for A Large Range of α. Part I: the 3-Dimensional Case

In Part I of our sequence of 2 papers, we provide numerical evidence for a potential finite-time self-similar singularity of the 3D axisymmetric Euler equations with no swirl and with $C^\alpha$ initial vorticity for a large range of $\alpha$. We employ an adaptive mesh method using a highly effective mesh to resolve the potential singularity sufficiently close to the potential blow-up time. Resolution study shows that our numerical method is at least second-order accurate. Scaling analysis and the dynamic rescaling formulation are presented to quantitatively study the scaling properties of the potential singularity. We demonstrate that this potential blow-up is stable with respect to the perturbation of initial data. Our study shows that the 3D Euler equations with our initial data develop finite-time blow-up when the H\"older exponent $\alpha$ is smaller than some critical value $\alpha^*$. By properly rescaling the initial data in the $z$-axis, this upper bound for potential blow-up $\alpha^*$ can asymptotically approach $1/3$. Compared with Elgindi's blow-up result in a similar setting \cite{elgindi2021finite}, our potential blow-up scenario has a different H\"older continuity property in the initial data and the scaling properties of the two initial data are also quite different.
Sampling efficiency for species composition assessments using the wheel-point method in a semi-arid savanna

A pilot survey to determine the sampling efficiency of the wheel-point method, using the nearest plant method, to assess species composition (using replicate similarity related to sampling intensity, and total sampling time) was conducted on three plot sizes (20 × 20m, 30 × 30m, 40 × 40m) at two sites in a semi-arid savanna. Total sampling time included the time to demarcate a plot. A 40 × 40m plot had the highest precision and repeatability (number of point observations required to achieve a stated asymptotic value), and was followed by a 20 × 20m plot. These relationships were consistent across sites. A 40 × 40m plot recorded the highest sampling times due to the time required to demarcate a plot. A 20 × 20m plot was the most efficient. A model to assist in making decisions regarding a suitable plot and sample size, and for planning and budgeting of vegetation monitoring programs was developed. Future surveys should include a Monte-Carlo data simulation as an adjunct to data collection.
Acoustic detection of microbubble resonance

Large numbers of acoustic signals from single lipid-shelled Definity® microbubbles have been measured using a calibrated microacoustic system and a two population response observed. Theoretical results based on the Mooney–Rivlin strain softening shell model have been used to identify these populations as primary resonant and off-primary resonant scatter. An experimentally measured size distribution was used to provide the initial resting radius for the simulations, and the responses agree well with the experimental data. In this way, the primary resonant or off-primary resonant behavior of a microbubble can be studied, with potential benefits to both signal processing techniques and microbubble manufacture.
Remote Plasma Maintenance in Low-Pressure Discharges with an External Magnetic Field

The spatial structure of remote plasma regions in rf discharges is analyzed based on a 2D model of free-fall regime discharge maintenance. Since the study is directed towards description of the magnetic filter region in the tandem plasma sources of negative hydrogen ions, hydrogen discharges are considered, with a weak magnetic field located outside the region of the rf power deposition. With the formation of different regions in the discharge—the rf power deposition region, the region with electron magnetization, the transition between them and the region behind the filter—the results display superimposed effects of nonlocal discharge maintenance without and with a magnetic field. Slight decrease of the electron temperature accompanied with strong drop of the electron density is the “pure” effect of the plasma expansion in regions without external magnetic field. Strong drop of the electron temperature accompanied with formation of a maximum of the electron density in the filter region is the “pure” effect of the plasma expansion through a magnetic field. Based on the results for the spatial distribution of the electron density and temperature obtained with shifting the position of the magnetic filter, optimization of the source regarding high yield of volume-produced negative ions is discussed.
Erratum: Optimal Search Using Uninterrupted Contact Investigation

This paper finds the optimal search plan (in the sense of minimizing mean time to find the target) for a class of searches for a stationary target. In this class the target must be contacted by one sensor and identified by another. Complicating the search is the possibility of false targets which must be identified to be distinguished from the target. Search plans are described by a search effort density function and a policy for investigating contacts. The existence of false targets is determined by a known density function for the mean number of false targets in a region.Under the condition that contact investigation, once begun, must not be interrupted until the contact is identified, it is shown that the optimal plan, in a specified class, is to allocate search effort according to a Neyman–Pearson type of allocation and to investigate contacts immediately. It is also shown that if at any time an optimal search is stopped and it is decided to replan the search, the optimal plan is to continue the origi.
A Moderate Sample Size, Multielement Analysis of the Globular Cluster M12 (NGC 6218)

We present chemical abundances of several proton-capture, α-, Fe-peak, and neutron-capture elements and radial velocities for 21 red giant branch (RGB) and asymptotic giant branch members of the Galactic globular cluster M12. Abundances are based on equivalent width measurements and synthetic spectral analyses of moderate-resolution spectra (R ∼ 15,000) obtained with the 3.5 m WIYN telescope and Hydra multifiber spectrograph. The stars observed range from the RGB tip (M = -2.47) down to about 0.50 mag above the level of the horizontal branch (M = +0.11). Our spectroscopic analysis suggests that M12 is a moderately metal-poor cluster with [Fe/H] = -1.54 (σ = 0.09). While the Na abundances exhibit a range of 0.90 dex, Mg and Al abundances are enhanced by 0.37 and 0.54 dex and are nearly constant at all RGB luminosities, in contrast to the blue horizontal-branch cluster M13. The α- and Fe-peak elements indicate that M12 has undergone a similar chemical enrichment history to that of globular clusters and field stars of comparable metallicity, with ⟨[α/Fe]⟩ = +0.33 (σ = 0.11). M12 also appears to be slightly r-process-rich, with ⟨[Eu/Ba,La]⟩ = +0.22 (σ = 0.18).
Words Matter - Using Machine Learning to Verify How Words Absolve or Condemn Defendants

Legal prediction is one of the most critical subfields in Natural Language Processing. The researchers use state-of-the-art machine learning and artificial intelligence methodologies to predict specific judicial facets, such as the judicial outcome. For this research, we have built a web text crawler to extract homicide data cases from Brazilian electronic legal systems. Then, we used word embeddings, processed in several neural networks, to test the ability of our model to predict the outcome of the cases based on their textual characteristics and features, finding that Gated Recurring Units (GRU) showed the best performance. Afterwards, we applied Hierarchical Attention Networks (HAN) to see a sample of the most important words used to absolve or convict defendants. We also analyzed those results to find whether we could track patterns in each of the outcomes.