Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The source of the major solar energetic particle events from super active region 11944

Elemental abundance measurements by the Hinode and Wind spacecrafts reveal the source of major solar energetic particle events. Shock waves associated with fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the long duration, gradual events that pose hazards to crewed spaceflight and near-Earth technological assets, but the source of the CME shock-accelerated plasma is still debated. Here, we use multi-messenger observations from the Heliophysics System Observatory to identify plasma confined at the footpoints of the hot, core loops of active region 11944 as the source of major gradual SEP events in January 2014. We show that the elemental composition signature detected spectroscopically at the footpoints explains the measurements made by particle counting techniques near Earth. Our results localize the elemental fractionation process to the top of the chromosphere. The plasma confined closest to that region, where the coronal magnetic field strength is high (a few hundred Gauss), develops the SEP composition signature. This source material is continually released from magnetic confinement and accelerated as SEPs following M-, C-, and X-class flares.
Recent advances in the noninvasive detection of high-frequency oscillations in the human brain

Abstract In recent decades, a significant body of evidence based on invasive clinical research has showed that high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising biomarker for localization of the seizure onset zone (SOZ), and therefore, have the potential to improve postsurgical outcomes in patients with epilepsy. Emerging clinical literature has demonstrated that HFOs can be recorded noninvasively using methods such as scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Not only are HFOs considered to be a useful biomarker of the SOZ, they also have the potential to gauge disease severity, monitor treatment, and evaluate prognostic outcomes. In this article, we review recent clinical research on noninvasively detected HFOs in the human brain, with a focus on epilepsy. Noninvasively detected scalp HFOs have been investigated in various types of epilepsy. HFOs have also been studied noninvasively in other pathologic brain disorders, such as migraine and autism. Herein, we discuss the challenges reported in noninvasive HFO studies, including the scarcity of MEG and high-density EEG equipment in clinical settings, low signal-to-noise ratio, lack of clinically approved automated detection methods, and the difficulty in differentiating between physiologic and pathologic HFOs. Additional studies on noninvasive recording methods for HFOs are needed, especially prospective multicenter studies. Further research is fundamental, and extensive work is needed before HFOs can routinely be assessed in clinical settings; however, the future appears promising.
Nailfold capillary abnormalities in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study compared with healthy controls

Objectives For selection of high-risk systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients it is necessary to obtain indicators of disease severity that predict disease damage. As in systemic sclerosis, nailfold capillary abnormalities could be such a biomarker in SLE. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study is to describe capillary abnormalities in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) cohort (onset < 18 years) and compare them with matched healthy controls. The secondary objective is to correlate the observed capillary abnormalities with demographical variables in both cohorts and with disease-specific variables in cSLE patients. Methods Healthy controls were matched for ethnic background, age and gender. Videocapillaroscopy was performed in eight fingers with 2-4 images per finger. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of nailfold capillaroscopy images were performed according to the definitions of the EULAR study group on microcirculation in Rheumatic Diseases. Results Both groups (n = 41 cSLE-patients and n = 41 healthy controls) were comparable for ethnic background (p = 0.317). Counted per mm, cSLE-patients showed significantly more ‘giants’ (p = 0.032), ‘abnormal capillary shapes’ (p = 0.003), ‘large capillary hemorrhages’ (p < 0.001) and ‘pericapillary extravasations’ (p < 0.001). Combined ‘abnormal capillary shapes and pericapillary extravasations’ (in the same finger) were detected in 78% (32/41 patients). By qualitative analysis, ‘microangiopathy’ was detected in 68.3% (28/41) and a ‘scleroderma pattern’ in 17.1% (7/41) of the cSLE-patients (without scleroderma symptoms). The difference of percentage positive anti-RNP antibodies in the group with or without a scleroderma pattern was not significant (p = 0.089). The number of ‘abnormal capillary shapes per mm’ was significantly correlated with treatment-naivety. The number of ‘large pathological hemorrhages per mm’ was significantly correlated with SLEDAI score and presence of nephritis. Compared to healthy controls, ‘pericapillary extravasations’ were found in significantly higher numbers per mm (p < 0.001) as well as in percentage of patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our observations confirm that giants, abnormal capillary morphology and capillary hemorrhages are also observed in cSLE, as was already known for adults with SLE. Number of capillary hemorrhages in cSLE was significantly correlated with disease activity. A high frequency and total amount of “pericapillary extravasations” was observed in cSLE patients, possibly revealing a new subtype of capillary hemorrhage that might reflect endothelial damage in these pediatric patients.
Anomalous nanoparticle surface diffusion in LCTEM is revealed by deep learning-assisted analysis

Significance Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) is an emerging technique, which enables nanoscale visualization and tracking of single nanoparticles near interfaces with unprecedented spatial resolution. Here, we studied the diffusion of nanoparticles in LCTEM experiments using techniques powered by deep neural networks and statistical tests. We observed two underlying regimes of diffusive behavior which are governed by the interaction of the electron beam, the nanoparticle, the nearby substrate, and the liquid environment. This understanding forms the foundation to use LCTEM for single-nanoparticle tracking for a broad range of nanoparticles, interfaces, and liquids. The motion of nanoparticles near surfaces is of fundamental importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) is a promising technique for studying motion of nanoparticles with high spatial resolution. Yet, the lack of understanding of how the electron beam of the microscope affects the particle motion has held back advancement in using LCTEM for in situ single nanoparticle and macromolecule tracking at interfaces. Here, we experimentally studied the motion of a model system of gold nanoparticles dispersed in water and moving adjacent to the silicon nitride membrane of a commercial LC in a broad range of electron beam dose rates. We find that the nanoparticles exhibit anomalous diffusive behavior modulated by the electron beam dose rate. We characterized the anomalous diffusion of nanoparticles in LCTEM using a convolutional deep neural-network model and canonical statistical tests. The results demonstrate that the nanoparticle motion is governed by fractional Brownian motion at low dose rates, resembling diffusion in a viscoelastic medium, and continuous-time random walk at high dose rates, resembling diffusion on an energy landscape with pinning sites. Both behaviors can be explained by the presence of silanol molecular species on the surface of the silicon nitride membrane and the ionic species in solution formed by radiolysis of water in presence of the electron beam.
Differential Modulation of Effective Connectivity in the Brain’s Extended Face Processing System by Fearful and Sad Facial Expressions

Abstract The processing of emotional facial expressions is underpinned by the integration of information from a distributed network of brain regions. Despite investigations into how different emotional expressions alter the functional relationships within this network, there remains limited research examining which regions drive these interactions. This study investigated effective connectivity during the processing of sad and fearful facial expressions to better understand how these stimuli differentially modulate emotional face processing circuitry. Ninety-eight healthy human adolescents and young adults, aged between 15 and 25 years, underwent an implicit emotional face processing fMRI task. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we examined five brain regions implicated in face processing. These were restricted to the right hemisphere and included the occipital and fusiform face areas, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Processing sad and fearful facial expressions were associated with greater positive connectivity from the amygdala to dlPFC. Only the processing of fearful facial expressions was associated with greater negative connectivity from the vmPFC to amygdala. Compared with processing sad faces, processing fearful faces was associated with significantly greater connectivity from the amygdala to dlPFC. No difference was found between the processing of these expressions and the connectivity from the vmPFC to amygdala. Overall, our findings indicate that connectivity from the amygdala and dlPFC appears to be responding to dimensional features which differ between these expressions, likely those relating to arousal. Further research is necessary to examine whether this relationship is also observable for positively valenced emotions.
On the Interaction Energy Between Some Nematogenic Molecules

Abstract Calculation of the interaction energies between nematogenic MBBA and PAA molecules have been performed in the framework of the Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory, supplemented with the empirical repulsive term. The predominant role of dispersion interaction as well as negligibly small induction energy have been found. The electrostatic contribution to the interaction energy has been discussed. Some remarks relating to the possible mode of molecular motion have also been made.
Effect of advancing age on inter-frequency amplitude ratio of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials

Abstract Objective The inter-frequency amplitude ratio (IFAR) is the ratio of the amplitude of 1000-Hz tone-burst evoked ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) to the 500 Hz tone-burst evoked oVEMP. Since IFAR is an amplitude-based parameter, and the amplitudes of oVEMP for different frequencies are differentially affected by ageing, IFAR could potentially be affected by the ageing process. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of ageing on the IFAR of oVEMPs. Design Multiple static groups comparison. Study sample We recorded oVEMPs for 500 Hz and 1000 Hz tone-bursts from 270 healthy individuals, each included in one of the six age groups. Results The IFAR was significantly larger in the ≥60 years age group than the age groups up to 49 years. Furthermore, the IFAR in the 50–59 years age group was significantly larger than all the other age groups up to 39 years. There was a significant positive correlation between age and IFARs (p < 0.01). Conclusions IFAR, a sensitive tool in the test battery for the diagnosis of Meniere’s disease, is affected even in healthy individuals due to ageing; hence its cautious interpretation is recommended when evaluating adults >50 years of age who are suspected of having Meniere’s disease.
Nonparametric Testing Under Randomized Sketching

A common challenge in nonparametric inference is its high computational complexity when data volume is large. In this paper, we develop computationally efficient nonparametric testing by employing a random projection strategy. In the specific kernel ridge regression setup, a simple distance-based test statistic is proposed. Notably, we derive the minimum number of random projections that is sufficient for achieving testing optimality in terms of the minimax rate. An adaptive testing procedure is further established without prior knowledge of regularity. One technical contribution is to establish upper bounds for a range of tail sums of empirical kernel eigenvalues. Simulations and real data analysis are conducted to support our theory.
Echolocation Precursor Calls of Kerivoula furva Pups May Contain Individual Signatures

Pups of bats emit isolation calls and the precursor of echolocation calls (echolocation precursors) during postnatal growth. Isolation calls are used by neonates to solicit maternal care. In some species, isolation calls contain individual signatures that allow the mother bat to distinguish its own offspring from others. Little is known, however, about whether echolocation precursors also contain individual signatures. This study examined the postnatal growth and ontogeny of vocalizations in free-ranging Kerivoula furva, a social bat that uses the furled leaves of banana plants as day roosts. We tested the hypothesis that echolocation precursors of K. furva pups contain individual signatures. We found pups of K. furva emitted both isolation calls and echolocation precursors on the day of birth, indicating the two types of call develop independently. The call parameters of the echolocation precursors changed as pups aged, with the frequency increasing and pulse duration decreasing. The echolocation precursors resemble adult echolocation calls when pups reach approximately 25–30 days old. The results also showed the parameters of echolocation precursors differ significantly among pups that roosted together. We suggest echolocation precursors might function as communication signals for mother-offspring recognition.
Account and Utilization of Blood Lipid Profiles: Lipid Levels Predicted Hemosporidian Infection in Migrating Northern Saw-Whet Owls of Eastern North America

ABSTRACT Noting lipidomic changes following the parasitism of migrating birds, the metabolic needs of which are primarily fueled by lipids, can deepen our understanding of host–parasite interactions. We identified lipids of migrating Northern saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus) using collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry, compared the lipidomic signatures of hemoparasite-infected and noninfected individuals, and performed cross-validation analyses to reveal associations between parasite infection and lipid levels. We found significantly lower levels of lipid classes phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) in infected Northern saw-whet owls than in the noninfected individuals. Conversely, we found higher levels for certain lysoPS and lysoPE species, and variable lipid level changes for free fatty acid (FFA) species. Reporting lipidomic changes observed between hemosporidian-infected and noninfected Northern saw-whet owls can strengthen our understanding of the mechanisms governing parasite proliferation in this species. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that lipidomic signatures are better predictors of parasite infection than the log-adjusted mass/wing chord body index, a metric commonly used to assess the influence of hemosporidia infection on the health of birds. Establishing a lipidomic profile for Northern saw-whet owls that provides baseline lipid levels during fall migration may assist future studies assessing causes of reductions in breeding brought about from subtle differences in behaviors such as delayed migration.
Notes on Morphology and Life History of Probstmayria gombensis (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae), Parasitic in Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda

ABSTRACT Probstmayria gombensis File, 1976 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae) individuals discharged in the feces of eastern chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda, were examined morphologically. Adults and fourth-stage larvae, all females, found in the feces, and the third-stage larvae excised from the uterus of the gravid females were described. By close observation of the molting worms, it was considered that the uterine third-stage larvae attain molting phase, and then are laid to become fourth-stage larvae. Nutrients required for larval development in the uterus seem to be supplied by the mother after the eggshell is formed. After some growth in the host intestine, the fourth-stage larvae undergo the final molt to the adult stage. The genital primordium was very small in the early fourth-stage larvae but rapidly developed with embryonation in the pre-molt and molting phases. Such precocity suggests parthenogenetic reproduction without insemination by males. This style may enhance rapid autoinfection in the host intestine under the condition of male worm scarcity. Several ellipsoidal pseudocoelomocytes with granules of unknown function were found ventral to the intestine of the adults, fourth-stage larvae, and third-stage larvae.
Scale Analysis for Optimal Pattern Formation in Flow Systems

The occurrence of flow pattern can be predicted based on constructal law. Scale analysis is a method for deriving the essential information based on the basic principles of fluid flow and heat transfer. It provides order-of-magnitudes but also the form of the functions that describe the quantities understudy. In flow systems, patterns (configuration, design, architecture) arise from competition between competing trends, at least two modes of transport or locomotion: slow (diffusion, walk, etc.) and fast (streams, run, etc.). Optimal patterns mean the best flow access and the best balance between these trends. The study presented here follows from the scale analysis together with constructal and, is illustrated by examples from simple water heating to human locomotion.
Heterogeneous ozonolysis of pirimicarb and isopropalin: mechanism of ozone-induced N-dealkylation and carbonylation reactions

N,N-Dialkyl-substituted pyrimidine and N,N-dialkylaniline are basic structures for many pesticides. In this study, the heterogeneous reactions of O-3 with pirimicarb and isopropalin adsorbed on silica particles are investigated. The N-dealkylation and carbonylation of the N,N-dialkyl group have been observed as the important reaction pathways for both pirimicarb and isopropalin. The measured effective rate constants for pirimicarb and isopropalin under room temperature (298 +/- 2K) are 1.45 x 10(-18) (s.d. +/- 0.17) and 2.70 x 10(-19) cm(3) molecules(-1) s(-1) (+/- 0.27). The corresponding half-life for the particulate pirimicarb and isopropalin are 5.6 and 30 days, assuming an average tropospheric ozone concentration of 40 ppbv. Detailed reaction mechanisms are proposed for the first time based on the density functional theory calculations. In addition, the transformation of -NO2 into -NHOH is observed in the ozonolysis of isopropalin, which has not been reported in previous studies.
Deep Learning Platforms in Food Recognition

Image content prediction with novel deep learning approaches is a hot research topic for many scientific disciplines. Image-based food types recognition and their ingredients is a particularly challenging task, since food dishes are typically deformable objects, usually including complex semantics, which makes the task of defining their structure very difficult. In this paper we introduce a novel web-based system that exploits commercial deep learning based platforms to predict image content for food recognition. In addition to that, the system combines the individual predictions of the platforms to produce more accurate results. Also, we provide a short assessment of the chosen platforms to determine the most efficient one, in the domain of food recognition. The paper is concluded by highlighting the key features of platforms and the advantages of the new presented system.
Understanding the Lithium Transport within a Rouse-Based Model for a PEO/LiTFSI Polymer Electrolyte

MD simulations of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with lithium-bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) are analyzed with respect to the cation dynamics, the PEO dynamics as well as their coupling. Different cation transport mechanisms can be identified. These observations can be interpreted in terms of a recently proposed model of cation transport in polymer electrolytes. The model was capable of reproducing the lithium mean square displacement and self-diffusion coefficient. Because of the importance of interchain ion transfers for long-range ion transport, additional focus lies on the analysis of cations coordinated by two PEO chains, which is a common motif in this system.
Unauthorized: Portraits of Latino Immigrants

health and well-being, including individuals from more ‘‘disconnected’’ groups such as urban youth. In the book’s conclusion, Cherry mentions attempts by the current administration to weaken environmental laws (bird migratory act, endangered species, pollution, and so on) and also recognizes that the advocacy and tactics of birders and their organizations tend to be largely mainstream, institutional, and reformist. I second her concern. I believe birders could be far more active in ‘‘protecting wildlife through their naturalist gaze. ’’ More birders, more birding organizations, and more birding guides must step forward to put their love for these winged wonders into strong action.
Transmission Measurements on Intact Apples Moving at High Speed

Two different near infared spectrometric systems, both based on readily available optical components, were investigated for direct transmission mode measurements on intact apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) moving at high speed (500 mm s−1). One system was based on the principle of time-delayed integration spectroscopy(TDIS) in which light emanating from a moving object was electronically tracked as it moved through the field of view of the spectrometer. The other system, a large aperture spectrometer (LAS), was a more conventional design in which the light from the object is accumulated in a series of one-shot measurements as the fruit progresses through the field of view. The systems were each optimally configured, using the same core optic components, to detect the low levels of light diffusely transmitted through apples between 650 and 950 nm. Performance comparisons were made in the context of dry-matter predictions; an important metric for apple quality. Modelling and validation statistics (R2, RMSEP) for dry-matter predictions were (0.87, 0.43%) and (0.81, 0.48%) for the LAS and TDIS systems, respectively. These accuracies are excellent and similar to what is normally achievable on the more common but slower interactance-type NIR fruit measurement systems. Hence, the results have demonstrated that use of a direct transmission mode is a viable option for high-speed fruit measurement, even for a very opaque fruit like apples.