Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Codling moth granulovirus: a comprehensive review

Abstract Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L), is regarded as the most serious insect pest of apple worldwide. A variety of problems associated with the traditional use of non-selective insecticides for its control include: untoward environmental effects, insecticide resistance, negative impacts on natural enemies, and safety for pesticide applicators and the food supply. Concerns about these consequences have increased the interest in and development of alternative means for CM control that have little or no impact on humans, beneficial organisms and sensitive ecosystems. An effective and selective alternative to chemical insecticides for CM control is the CM granulovirus (CpGV). The virus was first isolated in Mexico and subsequently studied and evaluated in Europe and North America. A variety of research including pathology, pathogenesis and histopathology of the virus, determination of virulence, development of production methods, field use, factors that influence efficacy, commercial development, formulation, and CM resistance to the virus has been conducted. Commercial products of CpGV are now produced in Europe and North America and used by orchardists worldwide. In this paper we present a comprehensive review of the CpGV literature and the role of the virus in integrated pest management.
Contribution of Free-Living and Attached Bacteria to Denitrification in the Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Japanese Lake

Denitrification by both free-living bacteria and those attached to particles larger than 1μm was examined by the acetylene blockage technique in the hypolimnion of Lake Kizaki, Japan, from August to November, 1995.Bottom sediment gases(Ar, O2, N2, CH4 and CO2)were also measured at the beginning of June.Denitrification activity was detected from September to November, and ranged from 0.026 to 0. 238μM-N2O day-1.During this period, free-living bacteria accounted for 31 to 57% of total denitrification.The total number of bacterial cells ranged from 2.34×106 to 1.24×107ml-1, of which free-living bacteria accounted for 46 to 87%. High levels of N2 in the surface sediments from both littoral and deep zones of the lake were observed, suggesting high rates of denitrification.These results show that both attached and free-living bacteria showed significant denitrification activity, with attached bacteria composing a higher proportion of the population in September in the deepest layer(28m). Free-living denitrifiers seemed to increase from September to November with expansion upwards of the low oxygen layer.
DNA recognition by a β-sheet

: DNA recognition by a beta-sheet is discussed in the light of crystal structures of the MetJ and Arc repressors. The DNA binding geometry of a beta-sheet can be understood in terms of (i) close fitting of the two surfaces and (ii) matching of residue and base positions. A beta-sheet is not entirely flat but has a curvature. A beta-sheet of the Met-Arc family faces the DNA major groove with its convex surface; the local DNA major groove is deepest at the centre. The beta-sheet follows 6 bp; every two residues face the DNA and the first and fifth residues, which are separated by 13.2 A, bind, respectively, to the third and sixth bases, which are separated by 13.5 A, on the same DNA strand.
Genetic fragmentation of populations of the fluvial sculpin Cottus nozawae (Pisces: Cottidae) at the southern margin of its native range

The influence of fragmentation on local genetic population structure of the fluvial sculpin Cottus nozawae was studied by comparing populations in two regions: the Tohoku District (the southern margin of the species' native range) and Hokkaido Island (the center of its native range), Japan, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Relatively high genetic divergences were found among populations from different regions. An analysis of molecular variance showed that ΦST values among samples from the same river system in the Tohoku District were higher than among samples from Hokkaido Island. Heterogeneities in haplotype composition among tributary populations and among distinctive clusters were also found in the Tohoku District river system. Cottus nozawae in the Tohoku District are distributed patchily in headwater streams and may be thermally isolated. As a result, there appears to be little gene flow among tributar.
Parasites, plumage coloration and reproductive success in the yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella

The prevalence and intensity of haematozoan parasites, with special emphasis on Haemoproteus coatneyi, was studied in relation to male plumage coloration, and reproductive success in a population of yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella). Parasite prevalence and intensity were found to vary with time in season, emphasising the need to take samples during times of developed infection. Males were found with a peak intensity during the early breeding period and females slightly later, during the nestling period. The hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection, according to which bright plumages have evolved in relation to degree of parasite infection, was tested. Male colour was found to reliably reveal the intensity of parasites during the breeding period. Males with high parasite intensity produced fewer fledglings. In spite of the negative correlation between parasite load and colour, males with more colour did not produce more offspring. No cost of parasites was found in females, and pairing was not assortative with respect to parasite infection. However, contrary to the hypothesis, no relationship between male colour and number of fledglings was found. Conclusively, some support was found for the hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection, i.e. bright male plumages in the yellowhammer may thus have evolved or is maintained as a signal of level of parasite infection since a reduced reproductive success may be a cost imposed by high parasite load.
Genetic Determination of Offspring Size in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Interpopulation differences in offspring size of guppies are closely associated with interpopulation differences in predation on guppies (Reznick 1980; Reznick and Endler 1982). In one class of localities, where guppies produce relatively large offspring, the killifish Rivulus hartii is the only potential guppy predator. Ten percent of the Rivulus examined by Seghers (1973) had eaten one or more guppies and they ate predominantly small, immature size classes. At a second class of localities, where guppies produce relatively small offspring, guppies co-occur with the pike cichlid Crenicichla alta and a variety of other potential predators. These predators prey selectively on large, mature size classes of guppies and exert higher overall levels of predation in comparison to Rivulus hartii (Seghers 1973; Liley and Seghers 1975; J. A. Endler, personal communication). These predation patterns are also associated with other guppy life history differences; guppies from Crenicichla localities mature at an earlier age and tend to have higher reproductive efforts than guppies from Rivulus localities (Reznick 1980; Reznick and Endler 1982). An experimental study of similar interpopulation differences in offspring size in the live-bearing mosquito fish Gambusia affinis revealed that offspring size is determined by the genotype of the mother (Reznick 1981). The paternal (P1) genome made no contribution to F1 offspring size but, in contributing to the F1 female genotype, helped to determine the size of F2 offspring. This delayed inheritance was named the "grandfather effect" and is believed to be a by-product of ovoviviparous reproduction. Female Gambusia fully provision eggs prior to fertilization and make little or no energy investment in the young during development other than to carry them until birth. Offspring weight is thus determined prior to the expression of the paternal genome. However, since the P1 males contributed to the genotype of F1 females, they also partially determined the size of the ova produced by these females and hence the weight of F2 offspring. Because guppies also appear to be ovoviviparous (Thibault and Schultz 1978; Reznick 1980), they should display a similar "grandfather effect. " The following
Assessment of forest GPP variations in central Italy

A debate is in progress concerning the possible effects of climate changes on the primary production of both natural and artificial ecosystems. The current investigation builds on the hypothesis that trends of increasing air temperature observed in several Italian regions should positively affect productivity of mountain forest ecosystems. Temperature rise in the Mugello valley (central Italy) in the period 1986–2001 was first confirmed by the analysis of data from a local station. The effects of this rise on the productivity of deciduous forest ecosystems (dominated by beech, Fagus sylvatica L.) were then analysed through estimates of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) derived from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. The use of a simplified parametric model (C-Fix) then allowed the combination of these FAPAR estimates with meteorological data (tempera.
Chemical composition and insecticidal potential of essential oils from Egyptian plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Essential oils of eight plants growing in Egypt were isolated by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the contact toxicity assay, the oils of Mentha microphylla and Artemisia judaica were the most potent against Sitophilus oryzae. When tested against Tribolium castaneum, the oils of M. microphylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and A. judaica showed the highest activity among the test oils with M. microphylla being the most potent. In the fumigant assay, the oil of M. microphylla displayed the strongest insecticidal activity against S. oryzae (LC50=0.21 μl/L), while the oils of Lantana camara (LC50=29.47 μl/L) and E. camaldulensis (LC50=30.81 μl/L) revealed good activity. In the case of T. castaneum, the oil of M. microphylla (LC50=4.51 μl/L) was the most effective, followed by Citrus reticulata (LC50=19.47 μl/L) and Schinus terebenthifolius (LC50=20.50 μl/L). The most interesting finding in this study is the potent contact and fumigant toxicity of M. microphylla oil against S. oryzae and T. castaneum. These results suggested that M. microphylla oil could be used as a potential control agent for S. oryzae and T. castaneum.
Contrasting aerial moose population estimation methods and evaluating sightability in west‐central Alberta, Canada

Population assessment is a primary component of ungulate management, but managers are continuously under pressure to reduce survey cost. Another concern in aerial surveys is accounting for undetected animals (i.e., visibility bias). Currently, a stratified random block-survey design (hereafter, block-surveys) is used to develop moose (Alces alces) population estimates in several regions of North America. In this case study, we evaluated the application of distance sampling as an alternative to block-surveys in Alberta, Canada. We conducted distance-sampling surveys in 2010 and 2012 and compared density estimates, precision (coeff. of variation) and flight effort (hr/100 km2 of survey area) to block-surveys flown in 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2012. To assess sightability bias and subsequently correct for moose missed on the transect line, we developed a predictive sightability model using 41 sightability trials with 21 radiocollared moose in 2009 and 2010. Without correcting for visibility bias on the transect line, distance sampling was more efficient in terms of flight-hours than block-surveys, while providing population estimates with similar or higher precision. Estimated sightability on the transect line was 67% in 2010 and 46% in 2012, which was used to re-scale the detection functions. Considering that population estimates from block-surveys as applied in Alberta are based on observable moose, distance sampling with a sightability correction likely provided more accurate estimates. Our results support the application of distance sampling as an alternative to block-surveys, but we suggest further investigation of methods for correcting visibility bias on the transect line. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Physical and mechanical properties of eight fast-growing plantation species in Costa Rica.

MOYA R & MunOz F . 2010. Physical and mechanical properties of eight fast-growing plantation species in Costa Rica. Wood properties of Acacia mangium (Am), Alnus acuminata (Aa), Bombacopsis quinata (Bq), Cupressus lusitanica (Cl), Swietenia macrophylla (Sm), Terminalia amazonia (Ta), Terminalia oblonga (To) and Vochysia guatemalensis (Vg) planted in Costa Rica were determined. Heartwood (HWC), bark (BP) and pith (PP) proportions, specific gravity (SG), green moisture content (GMC), green density (GD) and mechanical properties were evaluated. Heartwood percentage was lower in Aa, Bq, Ta, To and Vg and highest in Cl and Am. Lower PP was measured in Cl, Sm and Bq. The lowest SG values were found in Bq, Vg and Aa while the highest, in To, Am and Cl. The lowest GMCs were measured in Sm, Ta and To while the highest, in Bq and Vg. Highest GD values were detected in Am and Cl, and the lowest, in Aa. Heartwood, SG, GMC and GD varied with tree height in all species. Swietenia macrophylla consistently yielded high values for most mechanical tests. Terminalia oblonga also had high values for mechanical properties. The lowest mechanical properties were recorded in Vg and Bq.
Comparison between the use of open and walled platforms by juvenile blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, missa maarin kettujen hyllynkayttoon vaikuttaa se, onko nakyvyys ymparistoon estetty seinien avulla. Hyllynkayttoa mitattiin videokameralaitteiston ja otoshavannoinnin avulla vieroituksesta nahkontaan. Kokeessaoli kaksi hyllytyyppia: toinen seinallinen ja toinen seinaton (molemmissa 16 urosta ja 14 naarasta). Tulokset olivat samansuuntaiset molemmilla sukupuolilla ja osoittivat, etta kettu kayttavat seinattomia hyllyja merkitsevasti (p l0 min) osalta tulos oli paaosin samansuuntainen. Ainut poikkeus oli syyskuu, jolloin naaraat nukkuivat molemmissa hyllytyypeissa yhta paljon. Hairiotesti osoitti, etta akuutissa voimakkaassa hairiotilanteessa kettu valttavat hyppaamista seinallisiin hyllyihin, koska ne eivat nae niista ymparistoon. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, etta ympariston tarkkailun mahdollisuus on ketuille tarkea, ja siksi ne suosivat seinattomia hyllyja. Euroopan neuvoston (1991) maarayksia on nailta osin syyta muuttaa.
SERUM PROTEIN CHANGES IN RABBITS AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM

The infl uence of lead (5mg/kg b.w) and cadmium (2mg/kg b.w) after chronic treatment of the rabbits on serum protein is investigated. Signifi cantly raised content of the cholesterol, ASAT and ALAT; hypo-albuminemia and hyperbetaglobulinemia of the background of one hypoproteinemia and low A/G coeffi cient are established. On basis of obtained result can to show degree of liver parenchyma damage and as trial for used the hyperbeta-globulinemia (at chronic treatment with cadmium is stronger markedly) as indicator for delimitation of enteral from parenteral toxication, at that is noted hypergamma-globulinemia.
On the gauged Kähler isometry in minimal supergravity models of inflation

In this paper we address the question how to discriminate whether the gauged isometry group 𝒢Σ of the Kähler manifold Σ that produces a D‐type inflaton potential in a Minimal Supergravity Model is elliptic, hyperbolic or parabolic. We show that the classification of isometries of symmetric cosets can be extended to non symmetric Σ. s if these manifolds satisfy additional mathematical restrictions. The classification criteria established in the mathematical literature are coherent with simple criteria formulated in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the Kähler potential 𝒦(C) = 2 J(C) where the real scalar field C encodes the inflaton field. As a by product of our analysis we show that phenomenologically admissible potentials for the description of inflation and in particular α‐attractors are mostly obtained from the gauging of a parabolic isometry, this being, in particular the case of the Starobinsky model. Yet at least one exception exists of an elliptic α‐attractor, so that neither type of isometry can be a priori excluded. The requirement of regularity of the manifold Σ poses instead strong constraints on the α‐attractors and reduces their space considerably. Curiously there is a unique integrable α‐attractor corresponding to a particular value of this parameter.
Armazenamento de abacaxi 'smooth cayenne' minimamente processado sob refrigeração e atmosfera modificada

Pineapple, cv. Smooth cayenne, minimally processed, were stored under modified atmosphere during 8 days at 5 oC and 85% RH. Titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, drainage liquid (DL), total pectin (TP) and soluble pectin (SP), firmness (F), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes were determined every 2 days. The treatments were : modified atmosphere with injection of 5% of O2 and 5% of CO2; 2% of O2 , 10% of CO2 and Control (modified atmosphere passively). The modified active atmospheres presented injurious actions at pineapple tissues, stimulating PPO activity. The use of modified atmospheres supplied less PG activity. The pineapple 'Smooth Cayenne' minimally processed had a shelf life of six days, although its physical and physical-chemical features weren't affected, the biochemical and chemical changes didn't allowed that the product had reached the eighth storage day as expected.
Home range dynamics of the Tehuantepec Jackrabbit in Oaxaca, Mexico.

La informacion sobre la ecologia espacial de la liebre de Tehuantepec (Lepus flavigularis) es importante para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo para conservar su habitat. Se radio-marcaron y monitorearon 60 liebres, desde mayo del 2006 hasta abril del 2008. Se estimo el valor del ambito hogareno anual y su area nucleo utilizando el metodo de la isopleta de Kernel fijo con 95% y 50% de confianza, respectivamente. Esta especie de liebre mostro un ambito hogareno estacional altamente variable: de 1.13 ha a 152.61 ha para las hembras y de 0.20 ha a 71.87 ha para los machos. El ambito hogareno anual y estacional asi como sus areas nucleo fueron significativamente mayores para las hembras que para los de los machos. Se encontro un traslape considerable de las areas de actividad entre sexos y entre individuos, cada liebre traslapo su ambito hogareno con 1 a 46 individuos. El analisis de ambito hogareno y traslape confirma que la liebre de Tehuantepec es una especie poligama y no territorial. La conservacion de las areas de pastizal y dunas costeras es indispensable para asegurar la sobrevivencia de la especie.
Assessing the importance of subsoil constraints to yield of wheat and its implications for yield improvement

Abstract. Many of the soils in the Australian cereal belt have subsoils with chemical and physical properties that restrict root growth, which limits water use and yield. On alkaline sodic soils salinity, high pH, high available boron (B), deficiencies of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and high soil strength occur commonly and aluminium (Al) toxicity restricts root growth on acid soils. While the effects of individual subsoil constraints have been studied there is some debate about the relative importance to yield of the different soil stresses across the region. To address this issue yield variation among a set of 52 varieties of bread wheat was analysed using yield data from 233 trials conducted over 12 years. The trials were conducted in all mainland States but the majority were in South Australia and Western Australia. Each variety was characterised for its response to high B, high pH, Al toxicity, salinity, deficiencies in Zn and Mn and resistance to root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus), root growth through strong soil, seminal root angle, carbon isotope discrimination (CID) and maturity. This data was then used to examine the contribution of each trait to the genetic variation in yield at each of the 233 trials. The contribution of a specific trait to the genetic variation in yield at each site was used to infer the importance of a particular constraint to yield at that site. Of the traits linked to soil constraints, salinity tolerance, (measured by Na+ exclusion) was most often associated with genetic variation in grain yield (34% of all experiments), followed by tolerance to high Al (26%) and B tolerance (21%). Tolerance to low Zn and Mn were not consistently associated with yield variation. However, maturity was the trait that was most frequently associated with yield variation (51% of experiments), although the relative importance of early and late flowering varied among the States. Yield variation was largely associated with early flowering in Western Australia and the relative importance of late flowering increased as trials moved eastward into South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Narrow, rather than wide, seminal root angle was more commonly associated with high yield (25% of sites) and there was little evidence of any regional pattern in the importance of root angle. CID was important in 18% of trials with a low CID being most commonly associated with high yields. The yield advantage at sites where a trait contributed significantly to yield variation ranged from ∼15% for Na+ exclusion and B tolerance to 4% for tolerance to high pH. The analysis has provided an assessment of the relative importance of a range of traits associated with adaptation to environments where subsoil constraints are likely to affect yield and has indicated patterns in the importance and effects of these traits that may be linked to regional variation in rainfall and soils.
Application of Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis to the Investigation of Hard-to-Cook Defect in Legumes☆

Abstract The temperature-dependent mechanical stiffness of hard-to-cook (HTC) and control bean cotyledons and seed coats (testae) in the moisture content range 30 to 300 g/kg (wet basis) before and after a cooking treatment was measured using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. The testa stiffness decreased less with increasing temperature in the range −40 to 100 °C than that of the cotyledon for cooked or uncooked tissues. A Mattson bean cooker showed that the cooking times of whole beans were longer than those of cotyledons. The room temperature stiffness of cotyledons removed from the beans also increased with induction of the HTC defect. The testa was 5 to 50 times stiffer than the cotyledon at a given moisture content. The moduli of cotyledons and testae decreased with increasing moisture content. Below about 180 g/kg moisture the uncooked HTC cotyledons were less stiff compared to the uncooked controls whereas the converse was observed for the uncooked testae. Above 180 g/kg moisture the modulus of HTC cotyledons was slightly greater than that of the controls whereas the control and HTC testae stiffnesses were comparable. Differences between cooked HTC and control cotyledons appeared to result primarily from the different rates of water loss in response to a particular dehydration regime.