Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
5,5′-Bis[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,2′-bipyridine methanol disolvate

The title compound, C18H16N6·2CH3OH, was prepared by the reaction of 5,5′-bis(bromomethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine with imidazole. The main molecule lies on an inversion center located at the mid-point of the C—C bond joining the two pyridine rings. The asymmetric unit therefore contains one half-molecule and one methanol solvent molecule. The dihedral angle between the pyridine and imidazole rings is 72.32 (5)°. In the crystal, weak intermolecular O—H⋯N, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds contribute to the stabilization of the packing.
Quality Metrics for Stem Cell-derived Cardiac Myocytes Stem Cell Reports Quality Metrics for Stem Cell-derived Cardiac Myocytes

The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. SUMMARY Advances in stem cell manufacturing methods have made it possible to produce stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes at industrial scales for in vitro muscle physiology research purposes. Although FDA-mandated quality assurance metrics address safety issues in the manufacture of stem cell-based products, no standardized guidelines currently exist for the evaluation of stem cell-derived myocyte functionality. As a result, it is unclear whether the various stem cell-derived myocyte cell lines on the market perform similarly, or whether any of them accurately recapitulate the characteristics of native cardiac myocytes. We propose a multiparametric quality assessment rubric in which genetic, structural, electrophysiological, and contractile measurements are coupled with comparison against values for these measurements that are representative of the ventricular myocyte phenotype. We demonstrated this procedure using commercially available, mass-produced murine embryonic stem cell-and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myocytes compared with a neonatal mouse ven-tricular myocyte target phenotype in coupled in vitro assays.
Modes and mechanisms of ocean color variability in the Santa Barbara Channel

Characterizing the substances, processes, and mechanisms that regulate ocean color variability is crucial for assessing marine resources and impacts of land-ocean interactions with remote sensing data. Bimonthly optical and in situ water column observations from a 3-year field program within the Santa Barbara Channel, California, are used to assess sources of ocean color variability in a semiarid coastal region. Correlation analyses demonstrate that remote sensing reflectance variability is tightly coupled to biologically and terrestrially derived particles throughout the visible spectrum. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that nearly two thirds of the observed variability in remote sensing reflectance is contained in a backscattering mode, whereas phytoplankton-driven absorption processes contribute only ∼30% of the observed variance. Observations from the Santa Clara River outflow during a period of high discharge demonstrate that under extreme conditions, ocean color spectra are regulated almost entirely by backscattering processes. A mechanistic partitioning of ocean color variability confirms the dominance of backscattering processes and a strong coupling between the roles of backscattering and absorption at this site. A similar analysis of data from the Sargasso Sea demonstrates a lack of coupling between the role of absorption and backscattering. Application of the Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) operational chlorophyll algorithm highlights the degraded predictive power of band ratio algorithms in coastal settings such as the Santa Barbara Channel. For this case II environment, backscattering is the dominant driver of ocean color variability and must be correctly incorporated into future ocean color modeling efforts.
Effects of aspect on weathering: anomalous behaviour of sandstone gravestones in Southeast England

Rocks in the humid temperate zone tend to weather more severely on faces exposed to the prevailing winds than on their more sheltered leeward faces. In southeast England, however, gravestones composed of a non-local, quartz-rich sandstone exhibit a reverse weathering pattern. The east-facing, lee sides exhibit a much greater depth and areal extent of weathering than the west sides which face the westerly wind and rain. Possible reasons for the asymmetric pattern of weathering are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophages on Promoting Tumor Progression: Recent Research Advances and Potential Targets for Tumor Immunotherapy

The majority of basic and clinical studies have shown a protumor function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which represent a large proportion of matrix cells. TAMs promote tumorigenesis, and their number is related to the malignancy degree and poor prognosis of many kinds of tumors. Macrophage plasticity makes it possible to change the tumor microenvironment and remodel antitumor immunity during cancer immunotherapy. Increasing numbers of studies have revealed the effects of TAMs on the tumor microenvironment, for example, via promotion of tumor growth and tumorigenesis and through an increase in the number of cancer stem cells or via facilitation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Investigators also proposed tumor-immunological treatments targeting TAMs by inhibiting TAM recruitment and differentiation, by regulating TAM polarization, and by blocking factors and pathways associated with the protumor function of TAMs. This comprehensive review presents recent research on TAMs in relation to prediction of poor outcomes, remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment, and immunological targeted therapies.
CHARACTERIZATION AND PROVENANCE OF LIME PLASTERS FROM THE TEMPLO MAYOR OF TENOCHTITLAN (MEXICO CITY)

In this work, we present the results of the analyses of 20 lime plaster samples taken from the Templo Mayor (Great Temple), the main pyramid of Tenochtitlan (Mexico), the ancient capital of the Mexicas. The samples were analysed to recover information on the mixtures used in the fabrication of the plasters and for the provenance of the raw materials (in particular, limestone) used to make the plasters. The characterization of the samples was done by OM, SEM/EDS, XRF and LA–ICP–MS analyses, while the identification of the provenance of raw materials was done by studying the lumps present in the samples with LA–ICP–MS. The objective of the study was to establish if there was a relationship between changes in the construction techniques employed in the pyramid over time and if there were changes in the provenance of the raw materials. Six different construction phases of this pyramid are analysed, showing the similarities and differences among them, mainly based on differences in the sieving of the aggregates and in the raw materials employed. The provenance studies of the limestone used to make the plasters demonstrated that all the limestone comes from the Tula region.
Bipolar Atlantic deepwater circulation in the middle-late Eocene: Effects of Southern Ocean gateway openings

We present evidence for Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)-like effects on Atlantic deepwater circulation beginning in the late-middle Eocene. Modern ocean circulation is characterized by a thermal differentiation between Southern Ocean and North Atlantic deepwater formation regions. In order to better constrain the timing and nature of the initial thermal differentiation between Northern Component Water (NCW) and Southern Component Water (SCW), we analyze benthic foraminiferal stable isotope (δ18Obf and δ13Cbf) records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1053 (upper deep water, western North Atlantic). Our data, compared with published records and interpreted in the context of ocean circulation models, indicate that progressive opening of Southern Ocean gateways and initiation of a circum-Antarctic current caused a transition to a modern-like deep ocean circulation characterized by thermal differentiation between SCW and NCW beginning ~38.5 Ma, in the initial stages of Drake Passage opening. In addition, the relatively low δ18Obf values recorded at Site 1053 show that the cooling trend of the middle-late Eocene was not global, because it was not recorded in the North Atlantic. The timing of thermal differentiation shows that NCW contributed to ocean circulation by the late-middle Eocene, ~1–4 Myr earlier than previously thought. We propose that early NCW originated in the Labrador Sea, based on tectonic reconstructions and changes in foraminiferal assemblages in this basin. Finally, we link further development of meridional isotopic gradients in the Atlantic and Pacific in the late Eocene with the Tasman Gateway deepening (~34 Ma) and the consequent development of a circumpolar proto-ACC.
Importance of borehole deviation surveys for monitoring of hydraulic fracturing treatments

During seismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing treatment, it is very common to ignore the deviations of the monitoring or treatment wells from their assumed positions. For example, a well is assumed to be perfectly vertical, but in fact, it deviates from verticality. This can lead to significant errors in the observed azimuth and other parameters of the monitored fracture‐system geometry derived from microseismic event locations. For common hydraulic fracturing geometries, a 2° deviation uncertainty on the positions of the monitoring or treatment well survey can cause a more than 20° uncertainty of the inverted fracture azimuths. Furthermore, if the positions of both the injection point and the receiver array are not known accurately and the velocity model is adjusted to locate perforations on the assumed positions, several‐millisecond discrepancies between measured and modeled SH‐P traveltime differences may appear along the receiver array. These traveltime discrepancies may then be misinterpreted as an effect of anisotropy, and the use of such anisotropic model may lead to the mislocation of the detected fracture system. The uncertainty of the relative positions between the monitoring and treatment wells can have a cumulative, nonlinear effect on inverted fracture parameters. We show that incorporation of borehole deviation surveys allows reasonably accurate positioning of the microseismic events. In this study, we concentrate on the effects of horizontal uncertainties of receiver and perforation positions. Understanding them is sufficient for treatment of vertical wells, and also necessary for horizontal wells.
Climate changes during the last c. 7500 years as recorded by the degree of peat humification in the Lofoten region, Norway

Vorren, K. ‐D. , Jensen, C. E. & Nilssen, E. 2012 (January): Climate changes during the last c. 7500 years as recorded by the degree of peat humification in the Lofoten region, Norway. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 13–30. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011. 00220.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
Array measurements and modeling of sources of shallow volcanic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

We show that resonances in near-surface layers (path effects), or a combination of near-surface resonances and source resonances (source effects), could be responsible for the sharp spectral peaks found in the records of gas-piston activity and volcanic tremor recorded near Puu Oo crater on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Two types of sources are found to be compatible with observations and can not be distinguished using our data. In one model, impulsive, explosion point sources are embedded in the Puu Oo structure. In the other model, impulsive, point sources of pressure excite the resonances of a fluid-filled crack embedded in that structure. Both models require shallow sources (z < 100 m) and display a strong dependence of the radiated spectrum on source depth over a depth range comparable to the overall thickness of the surficial layers. Based on these results, it may be possible to track changes in source depth through temporal changes in observed spectra, a potentially useful tool for monitoring volcanic activity at this site. We estimate the depth and spatial extent of volcanic tremor and gas-piston activity using two dense arrays with respective apertures of 800 and 120 m located near Puu Oo. Measurements of slowness (ray parameter) and azimuth as a function of time clearly indicate that the sources of volcanic tremor and gas-piston activity are located beneath or in close proximity to the Puu Oo crater at depths shallower than approximately 1 km. Based on slowness and particle motion analyses we find that the records of volcanic tremor and gas-piston events at Puu Oo consist of a complex combination of body and surface waves.
Heritability of Intraindividual Mean and Variability of Positive and Negative Affect

Positive affect (e.g., attentiveness) and negative affect (e.g., upset) fluctuate over time. We examined genetic influences on interindividual differences in the day-to-day variability of affect (i.e., ups and downs) and in average affect over the duration of a month. Once a day, 17-year-old twins in the United Kingdom (N = 447) rated their positive and negative affect online. The mean and standard deviation of each individual’s daily ratings across the month were used as the measures of that individual’s average affect and variability of affect. Analyses revealed that the average of negative affect was significantly heritable (.53), but the average of positive affect was not; instead, the latter showed significant shared environmental influences (.42). Fluctuations across the month were significantly heritable for both negative affect (.54) and positive affect (.34). The findings support the two-factor theory of affect, which posits that positive affect is more situational and negative affect is more dispositional.
Human health risk assessment of lead in drinking water: a case study from Port-au-Prince, Haiti

In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), human intoxication to lead is considered as an important public health issue. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 ? g/L to 90 ? g/L, greater than the threshold value (10 ? g/L) for drinking water, were measured in groundwater and drinking water. This study aims to assess human health risks generated by exposure to lead in the Port-au-Prince water supply. Two sampling campaigns were performed between April 2004 and December 2004 on different structures of the public water supply. A significant lead concentration of 250 ? g/L, greater than the threshold value, had been detected in a water tank. Risk of deterioration of the psychological development of children exposed to these waters was calculated. These results require monitoring in order to control the human health risk by lead in Port-au-Prince's drinking water.
Predicting Adherence to Internet-Delivered Psychotherapy for Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety After Myocardial Infarction: Machine Learning Insights From the U-CARE Heart Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Low adherence to recommended treatments is a multifactorial problem for patients in rehabilitation after myocardial infarction (MI). In a nationwide trial of internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) for the high-risk subgroup of patients with MI also reporting symptoms of anxiety, depression, or both (MI-ANXDEP), adherence was low. Since low adherence to psychotherapy leads to a waste of therapeutic resources and risky treatment abortion in MI-ANXDEP patients, identifying early predictors for adherence is potentially valuable for effective targeted care. Objectives The goal of the research was to use supervised machine learning to investigate both established and novel predictors for iCBT adherence in MI-ANXDEP patients. Methods Data were from 90 MI-ANXDEP patients recruited from 25 hospitals in Sweden and randomized to treatment in the iCBT trial Uppsala University Psychosocial Care Programme (U-CARE) Heart study. Time point of prediction was at completion of the first homework assignment. Adherence was defined as having completed more than 2 homework assignments within the 14-week treatment period. A supervised machine learning procedure was applied to identify the most potent predictors for adherence available at the first treatment session from a range of demographic, clinical, psychometric, and linguistic predictors. The internal binary classifier was a random forest model within a 3×10–fold cross-validated recursive feature elimination (RFE) resampling which selected the final predictor subset that best differentiated adherers versus nonadherers. Results Patient mean age was 58.4 years (SD 9.4), 62% (56/90) were men, and 48% (43/90) were adherent. Out of the 34 potential predictors for adherence, RFE selected an optimal subset of 56% (19/34; Accuracy 0.64, 95% CI 0.61-0.68, P<.001). The strongest predictors for adherence were, in order of importance, (1) self-assessed cardiac-related fear, (2) sex, and (3) the number of words the patient used to answer the first homework assignment. Conclusions For developing and testing effective iCBT interventions, investigating factors that predict adherence is important. Adherence to iCBT for MI-ANXDEP patients in the U-CARE Heart trial was best predicted by cardiac-related fear and sex, consistent with previous research, but also by novel linguistic predictors from written patient behavior which conceivably indicate verbal ability or therapeutic alliance. Future research should investigate potential causal mechanisms and seek to determine what underlying constructs the linguistic predictors tap into. Whether these findings replicate for other interventions outside of Sweden, in larger samples, and for patients with other conditions who are offered iCBT should also be investigated. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01504191; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01504191 (Archived at Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6xWWSEQ22)
A geometric photography model for determining cloud top heights using MISR images

Cloud top height (CTH) is an important factor in weather forecasting and monitoring. An accurate CTH has scientific significance for improving the quality of both weather analyses and numerical weather prediction. The three‐dimensional geometric method has been widely recognized as a CTH calculation method that provides relatively high accuracy. In this paper, we used the theory of digital photogrammetry and remote sensing technology to establish a geometric photography model (GPM) that can simultaneously determine CTHs and cloud movement speed (CMS) by introducing the CMS into the collinearity equation of photogrammetry. The CTH is derived by constructing three‐dimensional image pairs of multitemporal Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) red spectral band images from three angles. Compared with CTHs observed by ground‐based lidar at the United States Southern Great Plains, the difference of CTHs using the GPM relative to the reference value was less than 300 m. By analyzing the ground control points, the GPM error is estimated to be approximately 300 m. Compared with MISR CTH data, the CTHs calculated in this study were similar to that of MISR without wind.
The Portland-Purbeck junction (Portlandian-Berriasian) in the Weald, and correlation of latest Jurassic-early Cretaceous rocks in southern England

Summary Ammonites and palynology are described at the Portland-Purbeck junction in the Weald. A major disconformity exists between glaucolithus Zone Portland Beds and the overlying basal Purbeck facies, the basal Purbeck Beds of the Weald are correlated with the Middle Purbeck strata of Dorset. The Cinder Bed of Dorset and Wiltshire is described as one of several marine incursions entering Wessex from further south in the Anglo-Paris basin, not from the Spilsby basin. The use of Cinder Bed as a convenient Jurassic-Cretaceous (Portlandian-Ryazanian) boundary is critically reviewed, as is the placing of the base of the Berriasian Stage in the type Purbeck section. The rival biostratigrahic schemes based on ostracods and palynology are discussed and the discrepancies between the two schemes in southern England are examined.
Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O‐CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance

Global‐scale results of the new O‐CN terrestrial biosphere model coupling the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles show that the model produces realistic estimates of present‐day C and N stocks and fluxes, despite some regional biases. N availability strongly affects high‐latitude foliage area and foliage N, limiting vegetation productivity and present‐day high‐latitude net C uptake. Anthropogenic N deposition is predicted to have increased net primary productivity due to increases in foliage area and foliage N, contributing 0.2–0.5 Pg C yr−1 to the 1990s global net C uptake. While O‐CN's modeled global 1990s terrestrial net C uptake (2.4 Pg C yr−1) is similar to the estimate not accounting for anthropogenic N inputs and N dynamics (2.6 Pg C yr−1), its latitudinal distribution and the sensitivity of the terrestrial C balance to its driving factors are substantially altered by N dynamics, with important implications for future trajectories of the global carbon cycle.
Application of vertical skyward wide-angle photography and airborne video data for phenological studies of beech forests in the German Alps

Vertical skyward wide-angle photography, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements and analysis of leaf parameters were used as ground data for the assessment of phenological change of montane beech forest using airborne video data in the German Alps. The main objectives of the study were: (1) to test the feasibility of wide-angle photographs as ground data for remotely sensed data, (2) to evaluate the feasibility of airborne video data in a change detection study, and (3) to study the phenology of beech forests in different elevation zones to acquire information for regional photosynthesis and evapotranspiration studies. The results showed an increase in canopy closure from April to early June, no changes during the summer months, and a slow decrease in autumn. The results also showed a strong correlation between canopy closure estimation using the photographic method, PAR measurements, and leaf variables. The adjusted r 2 values between photographic canopy closure estimation and PAR ratio ranged from 0.72 to 0.88 and between canopy closure estimation and leaf size from 0.77 to 0.88. The problem of using photographic canopy closure estimation in phenological studies is that canopy closure is difficult to compare with spectral information of remote sensing data. The estimations had high correlation (r 2=0.71) only with the red band of the airborne data, while with green and the near-infrared (NIR) band the correlations were very weak.