Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles of Different Tissues of Mature Trout (Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1811) Caught from Kazandere Creek in the Çoruh Region, Erzurum, Turkey

The fatty acid (FA) composition of some tissues of Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1811 mature native freshwater wild salmon species caught from Kazandere creek in the Coruh region in Turkey were investigated. Fatty acids profiles of muscle, liver, gonad, egg and adipose tissue were compared in terms of total and individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The results showed that the highest total saturated fatty acid content was in the muscle (37.20 - 1.13%) while the lowest value was in the egg (27.12 - 2.53%), and the differences were significant (P 0.05) for the tissues but n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the egg (48.09 - 9.37%) compared to in the other tissues. However, the lowest n-3 PUFA content was determined in the gonads (23.88 - 5.41%) and statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the tissues. Similar results were also determined for n-6 PUFA content in the eggs (6.46 - 1.02%), and the n-3/n-6 ratio was significant for the tissues tested. The principal fatty acids of the tissues of the trout were 16:0, 18:1n-9c and 22:6n-3, and their ratios in the tissues were significantly different (P < 0.01). Finally, it is hypothesized that the high altitude of the catching environment might affect the fatty acid profile of the fish studied, and there is a great deal of potential to produce food fishes rich in n-3 PUFA content. Ozet: Bu cal›flmada Coruh havzas› Kazandere cay›nda yaflayan olgun yabani alabal›klar›n (Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas 1811) baz› dokular›nda bulunan yaasitleri (FA) kompozisyonu araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Karacier, gonad, yumurta ile kas ve adipoz dokular› total, doymufl ve doymam›fl yaasitleri karfl›laflt›r›lm›flt›r. Toplam doymufl yaasitleri (SFA), yuzdesi en fazla kasta (37.20 - 1.13) ve en az yumurtalar›nda (27.12 - 2.53) c›km›fl ve dokular aras› fark onemli (P < 0.05) bulunmufltur. Tekli doymam›fl yaasitleri (MUFA) bak›m›ndan ise dokular aras› fark onemsiz (P < 0.05) bulunurken, coklu doymam›fl yaasitlerinden n-3 PUFA miktar› yumurtada (%48.09 - 9.37)'lik miktar›yla onemli derecede (P < 0.05) dier dokulardan farkl› c›km›flt›r. Halbuki en dufluk n-3 PUFA miktar› gonadda (%23.88 - 5.41) tespit edilmifl ve dokular aras› istatistiki olarak onemli (P < 0.05) bulunmufltur. Benzer sonuclar yumurtan›n n-6 PUFA (%6.46 - 1.02) ve n-3/n-6 oran›nda gorulmufltur. Yaasitleri genel kompozisyonda a¤›rl›kl› olarak 16:0, 18:1 n 9c, 22:6 n 3 (DHA) yaasitleri fleklinde younlaflm›fl olup, dokular aras›ndaki fark cok onemli (P < 0.01) bulunmufltur. Sonuc olarak yuksek rak›mda yakalanan bu bal›klarda yaasidi profilleri etkilenmifl olabilecei ve n-3 PUFA bak›m›ndan zengin olan bu bal›¤›n besinsel olarak zengin bir potansiyele sahip olduu belirlenmifltir.
Spatial and temporal variability of aquatic habitat use by amphibians in a hydrologically modified landscape

SUMMARY 1. Habitat loss is a major driver of biodiversity decline worldwide. Temporary waterbodies are especially vulnerable because they are sensitive both to human impact and to climatic variations. Pond-breeding amphibians are often dependent on temporary waterbodies for their reproduction, and hence are sensitive to loss of temporary ponds. 2. Here we present the results of a 5-year study regarding the use of temporary aquatic habitats by amphibians in a hydrologically modified area of Eastern Europe (Romania). The annual number of aquatic habitats varied between 30 and �120. Each aquatic habitat was characterised by a number of variables such as: ‘type’ (pond, drainage ditch and archaeological ditch), ‘hydroperiod’ (number of weeks the ponds were filled in a given year), ‘depth’ (cm), ‘area’ (m 2 ) and the density of predatory insects (‘predation’). The turnover rate for each amphibian species for each wetland was calculated based on the pond occupancy. 3. Eight amphibian species were recorded from the aquatic habitats. Hydroperiod was the most important variable, positively influencing wetland use by amphibians and their reproductive success. Most species preferred drainage ditches for reproduction, and the reproductive success was highest in this habitat type every year. For most of the species, the local extinction rate was higher than the colonisation rate in the first 4 years, but the situation reversed in the last year of the study when wetland use by amphibians sharply increased because of high rainfall. 4. This study confirms the importance for amphibians of maintaining and managing aquatic habitat diversity at small spatial scales. Man-made aquatic habitats such as drainage ditches may be important habitats for amphibians, and this should be considered in restoration activities.
Action formation and its epistemic (and other) backgrounds

This article reviews arguments that, in the process of action formation and ascription, the relative status of the participants with respect to a projected action can adjust or trump the action stance conveyed by the linguistic form of the utterance. In general, congruency between status and stance is preferred, and linguistic form is a fairly reliable guide to action ascription. However incongruities between stance and status result in action ascriptions that are at variance with the action stance that is otherwise conveyed in the turn. This argument is presented, first, in relation to epistemic status and stance where the process is argued to be both fundamental and universal across all declarative and interrogative utterances. Some consequences of this way of viewing action are discussed. The argument is then briefly extended to deontics and benefactives.
Studies on the in vitro time kill assessment of crude acetone and aqueous extracts of Helichrysum pedunculatum leaves

Helichrysum pedunculatum is used in folklore remedies to dress wound acquired after circumcision rite. This led to the study of in vitro antibacterial activities of this medicinal plant. Using standard microbiological procedures, six bacteria species made up of four gram positive and two gram negative bacteria were screened for susceptibility to crude acetone and aqueous extracts of this plant. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the acetone extract against the susceptible bacteria was 5.0 mg/ml while that of the aqueous extract ranged between 0.5 - 35 mg/ml. Average log reduction in viable cell count in time kill assay of the acetone extract ranged between 0.64 Log10 and 5.99 Log10 cfu/ml after 6 h of interaction, and between 5.99 Log10 and 6.06 Log10 cfu/ml after 12 h interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC, and between 0.10 Log10 to 0.33 Log10 cfu/ml after 6 h of interaction, and 0.23 Log10 and 0.56 Log10 cfu/ml after 12 h interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC for the aqueous extract. The effect of the aqueous extract was only bacteriostatic on both reference and environmental strains and the clinical isolates were outrightly resistant to this extract (not reported here). This is worrisome and this could be one reason why, there is an incidence of high death rate resulting from circumcision wounds infection even after treating such wounds with H. pedunculatum leaf. Perhaps the plant could be of more relevance in combination therapy and a source of resistance modifying principles which is the subject of on going studies in our group.
Nurses’ perceived competence to recognize risk factors associated with acute kidney injury in intensive care unit at centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali (CHUK), Rwanda

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OFSYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS . vii LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF APPENDICES . x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the study . 1 1.2 Problem statement . 4 1.3 Objectives . 6 1.4 Research questions . 6 1.5 Significance of the study . 6 1.6 Subdivisions of the project . 7 1.7 Operational definitions . 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 8 2.
Utilization of Energy and Protein in Local Indian Crossbred Gilts Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Rice Bran

Fifty four crossbred gilts of 26.38±0.85 kg body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into three groups, having six replicates of three animals each and were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments containing corn, wheat bran and rice bran (RB) at 35, 47 and 0% in R 1; 17.5, 23.5 and 41% in R2 and 0, 0 and 82% in R 3. Soybean meal and fishmeal were used as source of protein at 10 and 6%, respectively, in all the rations. Average daily CP, DCP, DE and ME intake per kg W 0.75 and body weight gains were lowest (p 0.05) between the treatment groups. All the gilts were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the excretion of dietary nitrogen and energy through faeces was higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. However, the DE and ME conversion efficiency were higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. Therefore, it can be concluded that the digestibility of energy and protein in diets containing rice bran goes on decreasing with the increasing level of fat and fibre, but the metabolizability of the energy and protein was better in pigs fed RB in the diet. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 5 : 688-692)
FRESHWATER DIATOMS FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC TREELINE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL INFERENCE MODELS1

Relationships between surface sediment diatom assemblages and measured environmental variables from 77 lakes in the central Canadian arctic treeline region were examined using multivariate statistical methods. Lakes were distributed across the arctic treeline from boreal forest to arctic tundra ecozones, along steep climatic and environmental gradients. Forward selection in canonical correspondence analysis determined that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), lake surface area, silica, lake‐water depth, and iron explained significant portions of diatom species variation. Weighted‐averaging (WA) regression and calibration techniques were used to develop inference models for DIC, DOC, and TN from the estimated optima of the diatom taxa to these environmental variables. Simple WA models with classical deshrinking produced models with the strongest predictive abilities for all three variables based on the bootstrapped root mean squared errors of prediction (RMSEP). WA partial least squares showed little improvement over the simpler WA models as judged by the jackknifed RMSEP. These models suggest that it is possible to infer trends in DIC, DOC, and TN from fossil diatom assemblages from suitably chosen lakes in the central Canadian arctic treeline region.
Geographic expansion of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) and the evolution of highly UV‐reflecting females

Abstract Reflection of ultraviolet (UV) light by the wings of the female Eurasian cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, shows a large geographic variation. The wings of the female of the European subspecies, P. rapae rapae, reflect little UV light, while butterflies of the Asian subspecies, P. rapae crucivora, may reflect it strongly or at only intermediate levels. The geographic region where P. rapae originated remains to be determined. Moreover, it is not clear if females with wings that reflect little UV light are ancestral to females with wings that reflect UV strongly or vice versa. In the present study, we aimed to determine the geographic origin and ancestral UV pattern of cabbage butterflies through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The results of these investigations suggest that P. rapae is of European origin and that it has expanded its distribution eastward to Asia. It follows that the ancestral subspecies is the type with UV‐absorbing wings. Lower nucleotide diversities and haplotype network patterns of mtDNA derived from East Asian populations suggest that population expansion from Europe to East Asia probably occurred fairly recently and at a rapid rate.
The use of artificial neural networks to predict the presence of small‐bodied fish in a river

1. Discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to develop models of presence/absence for three species of small-bodied fish (minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus, gudgeon, Gobio gobio, and stone loach, Barbatula barbatula). 2. Fish and ten environmental variables were sampled using point abundance sampling by electrofishing in the Ariege River (France) at 464 sampling points. 3. Using DFA, the percentage of correct assignments, expressed as the percentage of individuals correctly classified over the total number of examined individuals, was 62.5% for stone loach, 66.6% for gudgeon and 78% for minnow. With back-propagation of ANN, the recognition performance obtained after 500 iterations was: 82.1% for stone loach, 87.7% for gudgeon and 90.1% for minnow. 4. The better predictive performance of the artificial neural networks holds promise for other situations with non-linearly related variables.
Simulating gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis

This dissertation compared stress on the knee joints of healthy people and people with knee osteoarthritis. The breakdown of cartilage can make daily activities extremely painful. Based on the data we collected, it appears that the knee joints are under particular stress in overweight and obese people. Losing weight is therefore encouraged in this patient group. In healthy-weight patients, increased joint stress is only detectable when advanced computer models are used to simulate movement, taking into account the effect of muscles on the joints. However, further personalisation of these models seems to have little added value with respect to joint movement.
Examining the Effects of Clutter and Target Salience in an E-Commerce Visual Search Task

For web page designers it is important to consider how the visual components of a page affect how easy it is to use. Visual salience and clutter are two bottom-up factors of stimuli that have been shown to affect attentional guidance. Visual salience is a measure of how much a given item or region in the visual field stands out relative to its surroundings, and clutter is a measure of how much visual information is present and how well it is organized. In this study, we examined the effects of visual salience and clutter in a visual search task in e-commerce pages. Clutter was manipulated by adding grids of varying densities to the background of stimuli. On each trial, participants searched for an item that was either the most or least salient of the items on the page as determined by a computational model of visual salience (Itti, Koch, & Niebur, 1998). The results showed that the high salient targets were found faster than the low salient targets and search times also increased as clutter increased, but these two factors did not interact. We conclude that designers should consider both factors when possible.
Differential effects of jasmonic acid treatment of Brassica nigra on the attraction of pollinators, parasitoids, and butterflies

Herbivore‐induced plant defences influence the behaviour of herbivores as well as that of their natural enemies. Jasmonic acid is one of the key hormones involved in both these direct and indirect induced defences. Jasmonic acid treatment of plants changes the composition of defence chemicals in the plants, induces volatile emission, and increases the production of extrafloral nectar. However, few studies have addressed the potential influence of induced defences on flower nectar chemistry and pollinator behaviour. These have shown that herbivore damage can affect pollination rates and plant fitness. Here, we have investigated the effect of jasmonic acid treatment on floral nectar production and the attraction of pollinators, as well as the effect on the behaviour of an herbivore and its natural enemy. The study system consisted of black mustard plants, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae), pollinators of Brassica nigra (i.e., honeybees and syrphid flies), a specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and a parasitoid wasp that uses Pieris larvae as hosts, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We show that different trophic levels are differentially affected by jasmonic acid‐induced changes. While the herbivore prefers control leaves over jasmonic acid‐treated leaves for oviposition, the parasitoid C. glomerata is more attracted to jasmonic acid‐treated plants than to control plants. We did not observe differences in pollinator preference, the rates of flower visitation by honeybees and syrphid flies were similar for control and jasmonic acid‐treated plants. Plants treated with jasmonic acid secreted less nectar than control plants and the concentrations of glucose and fructose tended to be lower than in nectar from control plants. Jasmonic acid treatment resulted in a lower nectar production than actual feeding damage by P. rapae caterpillars.
Grizzly bear movements relative to roads: application of step selection functions

Access management is among the most important conservation actions for grizzly bears in North America. In Alberta, Canada, nearly all grizzly bear mortalities are caused by humans and occur near roads and trails. Consequently, understanding how bears move relative to roads is of crucial importance for grizzly bear conservation. We present the first application of step-selection functions to model habitat selection and movement of grizzly bears. We then relate this to a step-length analysis to model the rate of movement through various habitats. Grizzly bears of all sex and age groups were more likely to select steps closer to roads irrespective of traffic volume. Roads are associated with habitats attractive to bears such as forestry cutblocks, and models substituting cutblocks for roads outperformed road models in predicting bear selection during day, dawn, and dusk time periods. Bear step lengths increased near roads and were longest near highly trafficked roads indicating faster movement when near roads. Bear selection of roads was consistent throughout the day; however, time of day had a strong influence over selection of forest structure and terrain variables. At night and dawn, bears selected forests of intermediate age between 40 and 100 yr, and bears selected older forests during the day. At dawn, bears selected steps with higher solar radiation values, whereas, at dusk, bears chose steps that were significantly closer to edges. Because grizzly bears use areas near roads during spring and most human-caused mortalities occur near roads, access management is required to reduce conflicts between humans and bears. Our results support new conservation guidelines in western North America that encourage the restriction of human access to roads constructed for resource extraction.
An Analysis of Farmers' Access to Formal Credit in the Rural Areas of Nigeria

This study examines the factors that influence farmers access to formal banking credit in the rural areas of Nigeria. The data used was collected from rural areas of Katsina State. This study used probit modelling approach to analyse the factors that influence farmers’ accessibility to formal credit. This study found that the level of income, collateral, educational attainment and marital status have significant positive influence on farmers’ access to formal credit, while age and sex have insignificant positive influence on the farmers’ access to credit. On the other hand, interest rate and transaction cost have significant negative influence on the farmers’ access to formal credit. Thus, this paper concluded that with the prevailing banking arrangement in Nigeria, rural farmers have little or no access to credit from conventional banks. Therefore, the study recommended the use of both group lending arrangement and character lending, so that farmers in the rural areas could be reached with formal credit. Key words: Rural farmers’ access to credit, rural finance, Agricultural financing determinants.
Temporal analysis of the diet of the central rock-rat

The central rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus) is an endangered endemic rodent that has undergone a dramatic range contraction over the past century. It is currently known from only a small area of the West MacDonnell Ranges near Alice Springs. A previous investigation into the species’ diet that analysed a small number of faecal samples concluded tentatively that it was a granivore. The present study aimed to establish the dietary patterns of Z. pedunculatus across a two-year period in central Australia during which rainfall fluctuated markedly. Diet was determined through the microscopic analysis of material in faecal pellets of Z. pedunculatus trapped at approximately three-month intervals at five sites at Ormiston Gorge. Seed was found to be the most important dietary item, comprising on average 57.0% of the diet across sample periods. Under dry conditions, the amount of seed material in the diet declined and the amount of stem material increased. Plant material from 15 genera was recorded in the diet, most notably Sida spp. , Solanum spp. and Triodia brizoides. All of the plant genera identified in the diet to date are widespread and common in the range country of central Australia and most are considered fire tolerant. On the basis that the diet contains more than 50% seeds, Z. pedunculatus can be described as a granivore. However, the diet is broad and includes both seeds and vegetative material from a range of plant species.
Autocrine Nitric Oxide Modulates CD95-induced Apoptosis in γδ T Lymphocytes*

γδ T lymphocytes play an important early role in the defense against pathogens. Their function is terminated by acquisition of susceptibility to CD95-triggered apoptosis. Here we show that the regulation of this process depends on the activity of the endothelial NO synthase expressed by γδ T lymphocytes, which is modulated in an activation-dependent way. The effects of nitric oxide thus generated, mediated via cGMP generation, are exerted at at least two sites along the CD95 signaling cascade: one at, or upstream, and the other downstream of ceramide generation. At either site, nitric oxide/cGMP action is sufficient for protection from apoptosis. The effect of NO is selective for apoptosis induced by CD95 cross-linking, since it does not affect apoptotic program triggered by other stimuli. The evidence here reported demonstrates a new physiological role for nitric oxide, acting as a survival factor for T lymphocytes.
A Metriorhynchid Crocodyliform Braincase from Northern Chile

ABSTRACT A three-dimensionally preserved metriorhynchid braincase from the Oxfordian of northern Chile is described. The specimen is referred to the metriorhynchid Metriorhynchus cf. M. westermanni. The excellent preservation provides clear sutures and a detailed description, and X-ray computed tomographic (CT) scanning provides internal anatomical details. The general pattern of the orbitotemporal region is consistent with that of the basal thalattosuchian Pelagosaurus typus as described recently. The specimen from northern Chile shares with other metriorhynchids (e.g., Cricosaurus araucanensis, Metriorhynchus westermanni, M. casamiquelai, and Dakosaurus andiniensis) a dorsally exposed laterosphenoid, a laterosphenoid-prootic suture forming a blunt crest separating the supratemporal fenestra into two fossae for muscular attachment, and the quadrate incompletely sutured to the braincase. Thus, these features characterize not only basal but derived Thalattosuchia, as suggested by previous authors. The main difference in the orbitotemporal region is that in the specimen described herein, and in the other metriorhynchids examined, the trigeminal fossa is developed mainly caudal to the trigeminal foramen, whereas in P. typus the fossa is developed rostral and caudal to the trigeminal foramen. CT scanning indicates the presence of enlarged dorsal dural venous sinuses overlying the brain, as it has been described recently in Steneosaurus pictaviensis, and a well-developed sinus within the quadrate. The large foramen ventrolateral to the occipital condyle, which characterizes metriorhynchids, is confirmed as the entry for the internal carotid artery.