Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strain accommodation at the lateral margin of an active transpressive zone: geological and seismological evidence from the Lebanese restraining bend

Geological, geomorphological, and seismological data are used to postulate the existence of a lateral domain‐bounding fault, the Roum fault zone in SW Lebanon. The fault zone accommodates transpression at the margins of the Lebanese restraining bend, abruptly dividing the transpressional Mount Lebanon (Jebel Barouk) uplift from the extension of the Tyre Nabatiye plateau. Transpressional deformation at the SW margin of the restraining bend is mainly seen through large scale folding trending parallel to the restraining bend. Such folding is thought to be accommodated laterally along a 100 km length of fault zone in SW Lebanon, the Roum fault zone. Mapped lineaments and topographic expression show the fault zone to die out to the south of Beirut. Offsets of incised river valleys decrease northwards from 7.2 km to 0.2 km along the length of the fault zone over a distance of 80 km, also inferring a postulated fault tip to the south of Beirut. Strain gradients along both sides of the fault zone wall rocks shows several deformation mechanisms to be involved; pressure solution, folding, distributed shear, and normal faulting. The postulated fault tip coincides with the extent of transpression of the Mount Lebanon block. A new seismicity catalogue (2100 BC–AD 1995: 32–35°N, 34–37°E: 1725 events: all magnitudes converted to ISN‐reported ML) was compiled from published sources. Seismicity is apparently sparse around the northern Yammouneh fault but concentrates in SW Lebanon, especially in a diffuse 50–100 km wide zone around the southern Roum fault zone. Epicentral uncertainties are typically 10–25 km for modern reporting, although depths are poorly known. The seismic b‐value is 0.75 ± 0.07 for the Beirut area compared to 0.88 ± 0.09 for the Dead Sea transform to the south: mapping of b‐values for the SW Lebanon area suggests a gradual reduction northward along the Roum fault zone. These observations are interpreted as the signature of a fault zone whose tip lies to the south of Beirut. The transition from transpression to extended crust, at the western edge of the Lebanese restraining bend, is accommodated along a 100 km length of fault zone. Decreasing seismic activity (over the time of the catalogue) and seismic b‐values imply a differing style or mechanism of faulting in the short term along the Roum fault zone, toward Beirut.
Subspace Angles between Ar Models 1 Subspace Angles between Ar Models

In this correspondence we deene a notion of principal angles between two linear autoregressive (AR) models by considering the principal angles between the ranges of their innnite observability matrices. We show how a recently deened metric for these models, which is based on their cepstra, is related to the subspace angles between the two models.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children

389 VOLUME 46__MAY 17, 2009 Abdominal pain is perhaps the most common painful health problem in school-aged children. J Apley, a British pediatrician, studied abdominal pain among children extensively and observed that approximately 10% of school aged children get recurrent episodes of abdominal pain. He named this symptom complex as recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) syndrome and defined it as “at least three episodes of abdominal pain, severe enough to affect their activities over a period longer than three months”(1). His findings formed the main guidelines for the practising pediatricians and researchers dealing with this problem. Even though, the term chronic is used when referring to RAP, each episode of pain is distinct and separated by periods of wellbeing. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Public Housing and Unemployment: Skills and Spatial Mismatch in Postindustrial Hong Kong

The impact of living in public rental housing on employment has been the subject of debate internationally. Theory suggests that restrictions on residential mobility, neighborhood effects, and the place-based housing subsidy itself contribute to the higher rates of unemployment often observed among public housing tenants. However, recent evidence from Europe and Australia show that when proper consideration is given to the endogeneity of housing tenure and employment, the effect of living in public housing on employment loses significance. This paper examines the employment outcomes of Hong Kong’s public housing tenants. Hypothesis tests using simultaneous probit models find that it continues to have a statistically significant and large positive impact on the probability of being unemployed. Yet, a high rate of unemployment among public housing residents in Hong Kong is a relatively recent phenomenon, thus the paper also examines changes in the characteristics of public housing residents and the spatial connection between housing and employment in the city, using one percent sample datasets of Hong Kong population censuses from 1986 to 2006. The location of public rental housing is found to have a strong influence on the employment outcomes of residents.
Floodplain biogeochemical mosaics: A multidimensional view of alluvial soils

The alluvial floodplains of large rivers are exceptionally productive and dynamic ecosystems, characterized by a complex mosaic of vegetation at different successional stages overlying soils sorted by historic floods. Natural floodplains are widely credited with efficiently removing nitrogen from surface waters and accumulating carbon in biomass, yet very little floodplain research has examined carbon and nitrogen cycling below surficial soils. We evaluated the extent to which vegetation cover could be used to predict subsurface carbon and nitrogen dynamics and to estimate whole‐floodplain carbon storage and denitrification rates. We dug soil pits under three dominant vegetation communities on a gravel‐bedded floodplain in northwest Montana to the depth of the permanent water table (1–3 m). We compared depth profiles of total and dissolved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), denitrification potentials (DEAs), organic particulates, moisture, and pH across vegetation types. Near‐surface soils (0–10 cm) of forests had larger C and N pools and DEAs than grasslands or gravel bars, but such vegetation effects dissipated within the upper ~50 cm of soil. At depth, spatial heterogeneity in carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes depended instead on soil texture, and relatively high rates of DEA and carbon storage were measured in zones of buried organic debris. Although C storage and denitrification potential are generally low in subsurface soils, these deep soils might nonetheless contribute substantially to whole‐floodplain C storage and denitrification because of their large volume, high hydrologic connectivity, and heterogeneous biogeochemistry.
GMOS IFU observations of the stellar and gaseous kinematics in the centre of NGC 1068

We present a datacube covering the central 10 arcsec of the archetypal active galaxy NGC 1068 over a wavelength range 4200 - 5400 u obtained during the com- missioning of the integral field unit (IFU) of the Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph (GMOS) installed on the Gemini-North telescope. The datacube shows a complex emission line morphology in the (OIII) doublet and Hβ line. To describe this struc- ture phenomenologically we construct an atlas of velocity components derived from multiple Gaussian component fits to the emission lines. The atlas contains many fea- tures which cannot be readily associated with distinct physical structures. While some components are likely to be associated with the expected biconical outflow, others are suggestive of high velocity flows or disk-like structures. As a first step towards inter- pretation, we seek to identify the stellar disk using kinematical maps derived from the Mg b absorption line feature at 5170 u and make associations between this and gaseous components in the atlas of emission line components.
Contrasting changes in surface waters and barrens over the past 60 years for a subarctic forest–tundra site in northern Manitoba based on remote sensing imagery

Intensified warming in the Arctic and Subarctic is resulting in a wide range of changes in the extent, productivity, and composition of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Analysis of remote sensing imagery has documented regional changes in the number and area of ponds and lakes as well as expanding cover of shrubs and small trees in uplands. To better understand long-term changes across the edaphic gradient, we compared the number and area of water bodies and dry barrens (>100 m2) between 1956 (aerial photographs) and 2008–2011 (high-resolution satellite images) for eight ∼25 km2 sites near Nejanilini Lake, Manitoba (59.559°N, 97.715°W). In the modern landscape, the number of water bodies and barrens were similar (1162 versus 1297, respectively), but water bodies were larger (mean 3.1 × 104 versus 681 m2, respectively) and represented 17% of surface area compared with 0.4% for barrens. Over the past 60 years, total surface area of water did not change significantly (16.7%–17.1%) despite a ∼30% decrease .
RoskildeUniversity A near full-length open reading frame next generation sequencing assay for genotyping and identification of resistance-associated variants in hepatitis C virus

Background: The current treatment options for hepatitis C virus (HCV), based on direct acting antivirals (DAA), are dependent on virus genotype and previous treatment experience. Treatment failures have been associated with detection of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in the DAA targets of HCV, the NS3, NS5A and NS5B proteins. Objective: To develop a next generation sequencing based method that provides genotype and detection of HCV NS3, NS5A, and NS5B RASs without prior knowledge of sample genotype. Study
Relationship between Tropical Pacific SST and global atmospheric angular momentum in coupled models

The sensitivity parameter S1 = ∆AAM/∆SST, where ∆AAM and ∆SST represent the anomalies of global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) in the NINO3.4 region, is compared for the CMIP2+ coupled models. The parameter quantifies the strength of atmospheric zonal mean zonal wind response to SST anomaly in the equatorial Pacific, an important process for the climate system. Although the simulated ∆AAM and ∆SST are found to exhibit great disparity, their ratios agree better among the coupled models (and with observation) with no significant outliers. This indicates that the processes that connect the AAM anomaly to tropical SST anomaly are not sensitive to the base SST and the detail of convective heating and are relatively easy to reproduce by the coupled models. Through this robust ∆SST−∆AAM relationship, the model bias in tropical Pacific SST manifests itself in the bias in atmospheric angular momentum. The value of S1 for an atmospheric model forced by observed SST is close to that for a coupled model with a similar atmospheric component, suggesting that the ∆SST− ∆AAM relationship is dominated by a one−way influence of the former forcing the latter. The physical basis for the ∆SST−∆AAM relationship is explored using a statistical equilibrium argument that links ∆SST to the anomaly of tropical tropospheric temperature. The resulting meridional gradient of tropospheric temperature is then linked to the change in zonal wind in the subtropical jets, the main contributor to ∆AAM, by thermal wind balance.
Minor and trace element concentrations in adjacent kamacite and taenite in the Krymka chondrite

We report in situ NanoSIMS siderophile minor and trace element abundances in individual Fe‐Ni metal grains in the unequilibrated chondrite Krymka (LL3.2). Associated kamacite and taenite of 10 metal grains in four chondrules and one matrix metal were analyzed for elemental concentrations of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Rh, Ir, and Pt. The results show large elemental variations among the metal grains. However, complementary and correlative variations exist between adjacent kamacite‐taenite. This is consistent with the unequilibrated character of the chondrite and corroborates an attainment of chemical equilibrium between the metal phases. The calculated equilibrium temperature is 446 ± 9 °C. This is concordant with the range given by Kimura et al. (2008) for the Krymka postaccretion thermal metamorphism. Based on Ni diffusivity in taenite, a slow cooling rate is estimated of the Krymka parent body that does not exceed ~1K Myr−1, which is consistent with cooling rates inferred by other workers for unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Elemental ionic radii might have played a role in controlling elemental partitioning between kamacite and taenite. The bulk compositions of the Krymka metal grains have nonsolar (mostly subsolar) element/Ni ratios suggesting the Fe‐Ni grains could have formed from distinct precursors of nonsolar compositions or had their compositions modified subsequent to chondrule formation events.
Holocene glacial chronology in Patagonia : Tyndall and Upsala Glaciers

From glacial landforms and new radiocarbon datings at Tyndall and Upsala Glacier areas of the Southern Patagonia Icefield, four Neoglacial advances are recognized. At Tyndall Glacier, a First Neoglacial advance, marked by obscure terminal moraines and distinctive lateral moraines occurred at ca. 3600 yr BR A Second Neoglacial advance, indicated by conspicuous trimlines on the side-valley wall and on the flank of the lateral moraines of the First Neoglacial advance, presumably occurred at ca. 2300 yr BP A Third Neoglacial advance, distinguished by the different color and surficial materials of the terrain, occurred at ca. 1400 yr BR A Fourth Neoglacial advance occurred at ca. A.D. 1700. At Upsala Glacier, a new scheme was presented, modifying the classical scheme of Mercer. He identified two Neoglaciations from radiocarbon datings at ca. 3600 yr BP, and ca. 2300 yr BP (Pearson I), and the Little Ice Age glaciation, Pearson II, at A.D. 1600-1760 from dendrochronological analyses. In this study, Herminita moraines that were first recognized in 1990 were dated to be ca. 24002200 yr BP, corresponding to a Second Neoglaciation. Pearson I moraines which were long believed to be ca. 2300 yr BP were dated to be ca. 1600, 1400, and 900 yr BP These dates are close to a Third Neoglaciation. The existence of the earliest Neoglaciation, ca. 3600 yr BP, was not directly supported by new data; however, the data from Tyndall and other glaciers suggest that it probably occurred at Upsala Glacier.
Evaporation and energy balance of a sub‐Arctic hillslope in northern Finland

This paper presents measurements of the energy balance (radiation, sensible heat flux, evaporation) from a sub‐arctic hillside in northern Finland for a summer season. Comparisons are also made with a nearby wetland site. The hillslope measurements show an equal partition of the radiant energy into sensible and latent heat flux. The evaporative ratio of just over one half was remarkably constant throughout the season, despite very large day‐to‐day and diurnal variations of temperature, humidity deficit and radiation input. This conservative behaviour of the evaporation was caused by a strong rise in effective surface resistance to evaporation with increasing vapour pressure deficit. This suggests a strong physiological control on the evaporation, with stomata closing at times of high evaporative demand. There was no obvious impact of soil‐water stress on the evaporation. However, a comparison with the evaporation measured at a nearby mire site in 1997 suggests that the mire has a significantly lower surface resistance, even when the impact of a significantly lower humidity deficit in the earlier year is taken into account.
MODELLING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO UNCONFINED AQUIFERS IN SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN WASHINGTON STATE

A methodology is developed for linking climate and groundwater models to investigate future impacts of climate change on groundwater resources using two case study sites of unconfined aquifers in southern British Columbia and northern Washington State. One semi-arid site is compared with one wet coastal site. The two groundwater systems differ in river-aquifer interactions, recharge, aquifer heterogeneity, scale, and groundwater use. Climate change scenarios from the Canadian Global Coupled Model 1 model runs for 1961-2000,2010-2039,2040-2069 and 2070-2099 are downscaled to local conditions, modelled at daily time scales using a stochastic weather generator, and applied to the spatially-distributed infiltration model. At one site the basin-scale runoff is also downscaled to predict river discharge and river-aquifer interactions in future climates. The impacts of predicted climate change on the groundwater system for each site are modelled in three-dimensions using Visual MODFLOW. Results and methodologies are compared and discussed.
THE STRUCTURAL STYLE OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS ON THE SHELVES OF THE LAPTEV SEA AND WESTERN EAST SIBERIAN SEA, SIBERIAN ARCTIC

A total of 11,700 km of multichannel seismic reflection data were acquired during three recent reconnaissance surveys of the wide, shallow shelves of the Laptev and western East Siberian Seas in the Siberian Arctic Ocean. Three seismic marker horizons were defined and mapped in both shelf areas. Their nature and age were predicted on the basis of regional tectonic and palaeoenvironmental events and corroborated using onshore geology. To the north of the Laptev Sea, the Gakkel Ridge, an active mid‐ocean ridge which separates the North American and Eurasian Plates, abruptly meets the steep slope of the continental shelf which is curvilinear in plan view. Extension has affected the Laptev Shelf since at least the Early Tertiary and has resulted in the formation of three major, generally north‐south trending rift basins: the Ust’Lena Rift, the Anisin Basin and the New Siberian Basin.
RISK EFFECTS IN ELK (Cervus elaphus): BEHAVIORAL AND NUTRITIONAL RESPONSES TO WOLVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Decades of research have produced substantial data on elk (Cervus elaphus) diets in winter, when foraging conditions are most likely to affect population dynamics. Using data from 72 studies conducted in western North America between 1938 and 2002, we collated data on elk diets and environmental variables. We used these data to quantify diet selection by elk and to test whether variation in elk diets is associated with habitat type, winter severity, period of winter, human hunting, and study method. Graminoids (grasses and grass-like plants such as sedges) dominated elk diets and consistently occurred at a higher proportion in the diet than in elk foraging habitats, indicating preference. Forbs commonly made up <5% of the diet, with no evidence for preference; we conclude that forb use is largely incidental to grazing for graminoids. Browse was consumed in proportion to its availability, implying that the amount of browse in the diet was primarily determined by habitat use rather than selection. Comparing the diets of elk and sympatric ruminants, elk consistently selected graminoids more strongly than sympatric ruminants with the exception of bison (Bison bison), suggesting that elk are not environmentally forced to adopt the graminoid-biased diet that they normally select. The proportion of open meadows and grasslands on winter ranges was strongly and positively associated with graminoid consumption by elk. The proportion of graminoids in the diet was significantly lower in elk experiencing severe winter conditions or predation risk
COASTAL MONITORING IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR: 2013 UPDATE

The multi-year coastal monitoring program that began in 2011 continued on the Island of Newfoundland and southern Labrador in 2013. The objectives are to: 1) delineate coastal areas at risk from hazards including flooding, erosion and mass movement, 2) assess rates of shoreline erosion, 3) determine changes in beach profiles and 4) assess which physical processes are causing coastal change. To date, 104 sites have been surveyed, of which 57 were studied in 2013. Site selection was based on availability of prior data, ensuring a cross-section of the Province is included, evidence of a hazard, or upon the request of a community. This research uses and builds upon data from a coastal monitoring program conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) that began in 1981, and there are several sites with sufficient data that rates of coastal change can be adequately quantified. This report analyzes data collected in 1998 and 2002 by the GSC and in 2011 and 2013 by the Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador (GSNL) for Holyrood Pond, a barrier-beach and coastal-cliff site located on the southern Avalon. Between 1998 and 2011, the flanks of the cliff receded at an average rate of 44 cm per year (cm/a) with a range of 22 to 74 cm/a. Between 1998 and 2013, the centre of the cliff receded at an average rate of 59 cm/a with a range of 19 to 100 cm/a. Results from Holyrood Pond and other sites studied in this program provide additional evidence that coastal retreat is variable and rapid in the Province. When available, coastal monitoring data will be accessible through the Geological Survey’s Resource Atlas.
The Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 on the Value Relevance of Nonaudit Fees

In the wake of the Enron and WorldCom accounting scandals, nonaudit services provided by auditors have come under the scrutiny of Congress as reflected in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In an attempt to better understand the impact of the Act, this study sets forth two specific objectives. The first objective is to examine the value relevance of auditor’s fees. The other objective is to investigate which components of the fees, if any, are important in the determination of firm values. We find that nonaudit fees have a positive association with firm values, which suggests that investors perceive nonaudit services as value increasing services. Among the components of auditor’s fees, audit related fees and tax fees have significant positive relationships with firm values. These results are contrary to the prevailing belief that nonaudit services impair auditor independence. However, in additional analysis, we find that investors’ perception of nonaudit fees has changed. In particular, investors react more favorably to an increase in nonaudit service fees after SOX while they did not have such a reaction prior to SOX.
Chapter 2 Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy

Changes in thyroid function tests occur during pregnancy as a result of physiologic altera‐ tions in several factors controlling thyroid homeostasis. Urinary iodine excretion increases along with the increase in thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) concentrations. Human cho‐ rionic gonadotrophin (hCG) having structural homology with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), stimulates thyroid cells. Thus, during pregnancy, functional activity and size of the thyroid gland are increased. Pregnancy is a stress test for the thyroid resulting in hypothyr‐ oidism in women with limited thyroidal reserve or iodine deficiency [1].