Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of climate change and land use change on runoff of forest catchment in northeast China

Hydrological processes change from the impacts of climate variability and human activities. Runoff in the upper reaches of the Hun‐Taizi River basin, which is mainly covered by forests in northeast China, decreased from 1960 to 2006. The data used in this study were based on runoff records from six hydrological stations in the upper reaches of the Hun‐Taizi River basin. Nonparametric Mann–Kendall statistic was used to identify change trends and abrupt change points and consequently analyze the change characteristics in hydrological processes. The abrupt change in the annual runoff in most subcatchments appeared after 1975. Finally, the effects of climate change and land cover change on water resources were identified using regression analysis and a hydrology model. Results of the regression analysis suggest that the correlation coefficients between precipitation and runoff prior to the abrupt change were higher compared with those after the abrupt change. Moreover, using hydrology model analysis, the water yield was found to increase because of the decrease in forest land. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN LAS REGIONES DE VALENCIA Y MURCIA: LA SOMBRA ANALÍTICA DE UN AUTÉNTICO TROYANO

The main goal of this research has been to establish the value of regional climate trends. Rigorous homogenization and correction of climatic time series (SNHT) suggests that, since the mid-twentieth century the Mediterranean observatories has showed a rise in temperatures. The value of this trend would have been less than 0.4 oC over the period 1950-2008. A thermal increase, according to the behavior of the maximum and minimum temperatures, could be induced very likely by increased solar activity. The small magnitude of this heating could also explain the behavior of rainfall not showing significant trends.
Estimate of Sediment Pickup Rate with the Densimetric Froude Number

AbstractThe present study shows that the sediment pickup rate is better correlated with the densimetric Froude number than the Shields number. With laboratory data collected in open channel flows, an empirical formula for estimating the pickup rate is proposed. Because it does not involve the critical condition for the incipient sediment motion, the formula can be applied to sediment entrainment of different stages including weak sediment motion. In spite of the fact that the experiments were carried with a limited range of sediment particle diameters, ranging from 0.23 to 0.86 mm, the results obtained are also supported by several series of data reported in the literature.
Integrated Watershed Management in the Global Ecosystem

Introduction Rationale for Watershed as a Basis for Sustainable Management of Soil and Water Resources-R. Lal Watershed Management for Soil Erosion Control Challenges in Ecosystem Management in Watershed Context in Asia-J. S. Samra and H. Eswaran Operative Processes for Sediment-Based Watershed Degradation in Small, Tropical Volcanic Island Ecosystems-S. A. El-Swaify Soil Degradation in Relation to Land Use and its Counter Measures in the Red and Yellow Soil Region of Southern China-T.L. Zhang, X.X. Wang, B. Zhang, and Q.G. Zhao Watershed Management for Erosion Control in Sloping Lands in Asia-E. Craswell and C. Niamskul Watershed Management for Erosion Control in Steeplands of Tropical Asia and Australia-C. Ciesiolka and G. M. Hashim Watershed Characteristics and Management Effects on DissolvedLoad in Water Runoff: Case Studies From Western Nigeria-R. Lal Technological Options for Watershed Management Sustaining Rice-Wheat System in the Indo-Gangetic Plains: the Ecoregional Context-I. P. Abrol, S. H. Virmani, and R. K. Gupta A Landscape that Unites: Community-Led Management of Andean Watershed Resources- E.B. Knapp, J. Ashby, H.M. Ravnborg, and W.C. Bell Agroecological impacts of Five Years of a Practical Program for Restoration of Degraded Sahelian Watersheds-A. Manu, T. Thurow, A. S. R. Juo, and I. Zanguina Natural Resource Management in a Watershed Scale: What Can Agroforestry Contribute- D. Garrity and F. Agus Crop Yield Variability Due to Erosion on a Complex Landscape in West Central Ohio-E. M. Salchow and R. Lal A Landscape/Lifescape Approach to Sustainability in the Tropics: the Experiences of the SANREM CRSP at Three Sites-W. Hargrove, D. P. Garrity, R. E. Rhoades, and C. L. Neely Model-Based Evaluation of Land Use and Management Strategies in a Nitrate-Polluted Drinking Water Catchment in North Germany-K. C. Kersebaum Quantification of Leached Pollutants into the Ground Water Caused by Agricultural Landuse-Model Based Scenario Studies as a Method for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Ground Water Pollution-A. Wurbs, K. C. Kersebaum, and C. Merz Socio-Economic Aspects of Watershed Management The Economies of Land Restoration and Conservation in an Environmentally Sound Agriculture-L. Tweeten and J. Hopkins Economic Analysis of Sedimentation Impacts for Watershed Management-F. Hitzhusen Land Degradation and Food Security: Economic Impacts of Watershed Degradation-P. Crosson and J.R. Anderson People, Property, and Profit in Watershed Management: Examples from Kenya and Elsewhere-M. Tiffen and F. Gichuki The Participatory Multipurpose Watershed Project: Nature's Salvation or Schumacher's Nightmare-R. E. Rhoades People's Involvement in Watershed Management-F. Shaxon Environmental Quality and Watershed Management Watershed Management for Mitigating the Greenhouse Effect-J. Kimble and R. Lal Managing Watershed for Food Security and Environmental Quality: Challenges for the 21st Century-R. Lal
The physical dimensions of fundamental clay particles

Abstract The thickness, length, width, area and perimeter of 575 particles from 16 aqueously dispersed samples of a variety of interstratified clays, smectites and illite have been recorded using TEM techniques. Complete dispersion of the clay material was achieved by saturating the clay with either Na+ or Li+, removal of excess ions by dialysis, and isolation of the <0·1 or <0·2 µm fraction by centrifugation. The samples have mean maximum dimensions of 1900 to 90 nm and the dispersed system can be considered as colloidal in nature. The mean thickness of the clays is about 1 nm for smectites, corresponding to that of elementary 2:1 silicate layers, from 1·9 to 4·9 nm for the interstratified clays, and 9 nm for illite. From these data the volume, total surface area and other parameters have been calculated and compared with independent determinations of surface area and CEC. The total surface area by TEM, assuming a density of 2·6 g/cm3, varies from ∼675 m2/g for smectites to 86 m2/g for illite, and is inversely proportional to the mean particle thickness. The charge density of monovalent cation exchange sites on the surface of the particles as determined for nine of the samples varies from 0·54 to 1·16 nm2/site. The particle-thickness distribution data can be used to calculate interstratified XRD layer-sequence probabilities and composition parameters, and agree with XRD data for interstratified clay with <60% illite layers. The thickness data also provide a rationale for the interpretation of TEM lattice-fringe images. Relationships between the particle area, length, thickness and volume are shown to be potentially useful in assessing the mechanism(s) of crystal growth of these extremely small phyllosilicate particles.
An evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China‐Z Index and the statistical Z‐Score

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was developed to detect drought and wet periods at different time scales, an important characteristic that is not accomplished with typical drought indices. More and more users employ the SPI to monitor droughts. Although calculation of the SPI is easier than other drought indices, such as the Palmer Drought Index, it is still relatively complex. In China, an index called the China‐Z Index (CZI) has been used since 1995 by the National Climate Centre of China to monitor moisture conditions across the country. The calculation of this index is easier than the SPI. A third index, the statistical Z‐Score, can also be used to monitor droughts. This paper evaluates the SPI, CZI and Z‐Score on 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month time scales using monthly precipitation totals for four locations in China from January 1951 to December 1998 representing humid and arid climates, and cases of drought and flood. Advantages and disadvantages for the application of each index are compared. Study results indicate that the CZI and Z‐Score can provide results similar to the SPI for all time scales, and that the calculations of the CZI and Z‐Score are relatively easy compared with the SPI, possibly offering better tools to monitor moisture conditions. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Nitrate concentrations and fluxes in the River Thames over 140 years (1868–2008): are increases irreversible?

N. J. K. Howden,1* T. P. Burt,2 F. Worrall,3 M. J. Whelan4 and M. Bieroza1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR UK 2 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 3 Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 4 Department of Natural Resources, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
Furongian (Cambrian) agnostoids of Scandinavia and their implications for intercontinental correlation

Abstract Out of the 14 agnostoid species/subspecies so far recorded from the Furongian of Scandinavia, seven are excellent biostratigraphical indices and important for correlation between Baltica and other palaeocontinents. Glyptagnostus reticulatus, Aspidagnostus lunulosus and Agnostus (Homagnostus) obesus first appear at the base of the G. reticulatus Zone, allowing a precise correlation of the base of the Paibian Stage into Scandinavia. Tomagnostella orientalis and Pseudagnostus cyclopyge appear near the base of the Parabolina brevispina Zone, suggesting a correlation with the uppermost Paibian through the lowermost Jiangshanian stages. Lotagnostus americanus and Pseudagnostus rugosus have an intercontinental distribution and their first appearance in Scandinavia allows for a correlation with one of the most favourable levels for defining the base of Cambrian provisional Stage 10. In the Furongian of Scandinavia, agnostoids are conspicuously assembled in three different intervals: the lower Glyptagnostus reticulatus Zone, the lower Pseudagnostus cyclopyge Zone and the Lotagnostus americanus through lower Trilobagnostus holmi zones. The agnostoid-barren and largely unfossiliferous succession separating the lower and middle agnostoid-bearing intervals can be explained by means of subsequent dissolution of the calcareous fauna and/or a hostile environment. The middle agnostoid-bearing interval is succeeded by an anomalous succession dominated by the orthide brachiopod Orusia lenticularis, reflecting a regressive event coupled with increasing levels of oxygen at the sediment/water interface. This shallowing evidently resulted in unfavourable conditions for agnostoids.
EFFECT OF HUMAN RECREATION ON ESCHERICHIA COLI LEVELS IN THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER IN HELEN, GA

The economy of Helen, GA relies heavily on tourism and recreation in the Chattahoochee River. Tubing the river is a particularly popular activity, with several thousand people in the water each week from June - September. Sampling during the summer of 2003 by the Georgia Mountains Regional Development Center (GMRDC) reported high levels of the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli in the Chattahoochee River near Helen. The present study focused on determining whether sediment disturbance by humans increases bacterial load in the water column, thus amplifying exposure risk for people engaging in recreational activities. Sediment acts as a reservoir for E. coli and disturbance of sediment may lead to sudden and significant increases in E. coli concentrations. In this study, water samples were collected once or twice per week from June through September, in the morning (before the tubing period began) and evening (after tubing ended) of the same day. Samples were collected at control sites upstream of the tubing region and at experimental sites spanning the stretch of river through Helen where the majority of tubing activity occurs. Samples were prepared for total coliform and E. coli quantification using the Colilert® Quanti-tray® 2000 system (IDEXX) and incubated for 24 hours at 35.5°C. Mean E. coli levels at control sites were 47.5 MPN/100 ml for AM sampling and 38.8 MPN/100 ml for PM sampling. E. coli levels at test sites were 230.2 MPN/100 ml for AM sampling and 259.9 MPN/100 ml for PM sampling, with over half of the test site readings being greater than the USEPA proposed standard of 235 MPN/100ml. E. coli levels were significantly greater at test sites compared to control sites. However, E. coli levels did not differ significantly between morning and evening collections, suggesting that human activity in the water had little impact on the levels of E. coli either through addition of bacteria directly to the water column or through the disruption of sediment bacteria stores.
Study on Growth Rate and Seaweed Eucheuma spinosum And Euchema cottoni in Waters of Kutuh Village, South Kuta Sub-District, District of Badung-Bali

Seaweed is a non-fish fishery commodity. The market demand for seaweed, both from the domestic and foreign markets has a bright future as a trade commodity on the international market. Bali is one of the islands of seaweed producers in Indonesia. Seaweed production in Bali in 2008, decreased to 15.2% compared to that in 2007. The purpose of this study was to determine how big the difference between the growth rate of E. cottonii seaweed and that of E. spinosum. Seaweed cultivation was conducted using raft off the base (off bottom method) of 2 units with the size of 5 x 2.5 meters each. Spacing of each seed was 25 -30 cm. Seed weight of seaweed E. cottonii and E. spinosum is equal to 100 grams. Maintenance time was for 40 days, and the sampling was done once every 10 days as many as 10 samples of seaweed. The results showed that seaweed E. cottonii had faster growth compared with E. spinosum. Seaweed daily growth of the species E. spinosum in the first 10 days was faster than the seaweed of the species E. cottonii. However, the second 10 days to the third 10 days E. cottonii seaweed growth was faster than E. spinosum. The average weight of Euheuma cottonii for 40 days planting was 189.29 grams while the average weight of Eucheuma spinosum was 185.55 grams. Water condition in the location of research was still in the normal range for the growth of two species of seaweed cultivated.
Can We Extract Fracture Information From 3D Marine Streamer Data

Azimuthal P -wave AVO has been used successfully for characterising a variety of fractured gas reservoirs in land 3D data. Here we present a case study from the North Sea to demonstrate how fracture orientation can be estimated from 3D marine streamer data. The data include a 3D survey shot ten years ago using a two-streamer 3D boat. Super gathers are formed from the two streamers combined with crossed 2D lines from other vintage surveys to overcome the lack of azimuthal coverage. This gives rise to at least three azimuthal gathers for each CDP point along any particular crossed 2D line. The approach requires careful data processing to match the acquisition geometry, phase and amplitude characteristics of the 2D and 3D surveys. Azimuthal AVO analysis is then carried out for each CDP point along the crossed line. In this way, the lateral variation in fracture orientations can be determined, and the results agree with previous analysis of orthogonal 2D lines (Liu et al., 1999).
Sustainable Development of the Biosphere

The Sustainable Development of the Biosphere is a book which explains an ambitious international program begun in 1982 at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. The program brings together historians, geographers, environmental scientists, economists, managers, and policymakers from a wide range of countries to address the question, what should society do to reverse global changes caused by the degradation of the environment. This book of collected and edited overviews represents the conclusion of the first phase of a program that is planned to continue for several more years.
SOILS AND CONIFER FOREST PRODUCTIVITY ON SERPENTINIZED PERIDOTITE OF THE TRINITY OPHIOLITE, CALIFORNIA

The productivity of 22 soils on serpentinized peridotite, as determined by either the Dunning site index (DSI) for mixed conifers or the timber yield index (TYI), is more closely related to the surface (0 to 30 cm) soil Ca/Mg ratio in either ammonium acetate or citrate-dithionite (CD) extracts than to any combination of climatic and physical soil variables or to the Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, or Co contents in CD extracts. The coefficient of determination of an equation for the TYI as a function of the exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio is 0.87, increasing to 0.93 upon adding a function of the plant-available-water capacity (AWC) in 1 m of soil. Manganese is the only transition element whose content in CD extracts is correlated significantly with the DSI or the TYI, and that correlation appears to be fortuitous. The soil organic carbon content in 0.6 m of soil is a function of productivity, or the TYI (r2 = 0.53).
Effects of Principal Stress Rotation on Permanent Deformation in Rail Track Foundations

A realistic assessment of the whole life cost of rail track foundations requires analysis of the effects of the repeated loadings applied by trains. This paper reports the effects of principal stress rotation (PSR) during cyclic loading on the permanent deformations measured in a series of hollow cylinder tests. The tests were carried out on a number of reconstituted soils selected in order to simulate foundation materials on an existing heavy haul railway line. Typical loadings and track geometry together with dynamic finite-element analyses were used to define representative stress changes to be applied to these soils, which were then tested with and without principal stress rotation during loading. It is shown that principal stress rotation has a significant and deleterious impact on permanent deformation of some materials. Therefore, it is concluded that cyclic triaxial testing, which cannot impose principal stress rotation, will not necessarily give good estimates of the long-term performance of rail track foundations. As PSR cannot be ignored when evaluating permanent displacements of rail track foundations, the use of more appropriate (realistic) testing methods such as the cyclic hollow cylinder or the cyclic simple shear apparatus is required.
Describing Learning in an Advanced Online Case-Based Course in Environmental Science

Researchers increasingly embrace online courses to compensate for lack of access to educational opportunities otherwise available in traditional school settings. Researchers also recommend alternatives to traditional AP coursework to better meet the diverse learning styles and needs of advanced learners. These recommendations have particular applicability to students attending poor or rural schools where access to advanced course options and gifted programs are limited, to students who cannot fit additional advanced courses into their school schedules, or to homeschooled or homebound learners. However, little research exists on the use of online alternatives to traditional AP programs for students who lack access to advanced course options. This qualitative study investigated the learning outcomes for 138 students enrolled in an advanced online case-based course in environmental sciences. The course utilized problem-based and case-based learning methods and was developed using the guidelines provided by best practices for advanced learners and science pedagogy. Analyses of student online discussion boards, case resolutions, student grades, student and parent surveys obtained at the end of the course, e-mails, and AP examination results showed that many students enrolled in the course demonstrated learning, engagement, and challenge. Findings further support the conclusion that the course provided a viable learning alternative to traditional AP environmental science courses for many, but not all, students.
Classification of Large-Scale Subaqueous Bedforms: A New Look at an Old Problem-SEPM Bedforms and Bedding Structures

ABSTRACT A Symposium entitled "Classification of Large-Scale Flow-Transverse Bedforms" was convened at the 1987 Mid-Year Meeting of SEPM in Austin, Texas with the purpose of examining the problems involved in classifying large subaqueous flow-transverse bedforms developed in fluvial, intertidal, and marine environments, and recommending changes in nomenclature. The consensus of the participants is that despite the wide spectrum of morphologies of large-scale flow-transverse bedforms (excluding antidunes), they all occupy a similar position in the lower-flow-regime sequence between ripples and upper plane bed. The wide variety of forms is a reflection of secondary effects such as channelization, fluctuating water levels, and unsteady and reversing flows. The bedforms appear not to fall into size classes with naturally occurring boundaries but rather form a continuum with spacing from just under 1 m to over 1,000 m. The symposium panel proposes, therefore, that they should have only one name, DUNE. Dune is preferred as it has historical precedence over other terms in use, such as megaripple and sand wave. The term "dune" should be modified by rimary descriptors of shape (i.e., 2-D or 3-D) and size based on spacing (small (0.6-5 m), medium (5-10 m), large (10-100 m) or very large (> 100 m) and the adjective subaqueous when it is important to distinguish them from eolian dunes. The panel recommends a morphologically based classification that is descriptive, with an underlying genetic rationale. Second order descriptors such a sediment size and bedform superposition may be used to describe more thoroughly the variety of subaqueous dunes in nature.
Intercomparison of the influence of tropospheric clouds on UV‐visible absorptions Detected during the NDSC Intercomparison Campaign at OHP in June 1996

The influence of tropospheric clouds on zenith sky light (or brief ZSL‐DOAS) measurements of stratospheric gases is investigated. From a large set of intercomparison studies including six simultaneously operated UV/visible spectrometers, the zenith sky absorptions of O3, O4, NO2, and H2O are found to increase considerably under the investigated Cumulonimbus (Cb) cloud. The accuracy of the inferred visible O3 absorptions, however, are affected by interfering H2O absorptions. The increased cloudy sky absorptions are attributed to increased pathlengths due to multiple Mie scattering and hence interstitial gaseous absorptions inside the cloud. The absorptions detected for chemically inert gases like O4 (and H2O) are found to be inconsistent with those detected for NO2 and O3. This finding indicates that O3 and NO2 are modified by cloud related transport or chemical processes.