Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Subspace Networks for Few-Shot Learning

Generalization from limited samples, usually studied under the umbrella of metalearning, equips learning techniques with the ability to adapt quickly in dynamical environments and proves to be an essential aspect of lifelong learning. In this paper, we introduce the Deep Subspace Networks (DSN), a deep learning paradigm that learns embeddings from limited supervision. In contrast to previous studies, the embedding in DSN deems samples of a given class to form an affine subspace. We will empirically show that such modelling leads to robustness against perturbations (outliers and noises) and yields competitive results on the task of supervised fewshot classification.
Comparison of Preeclampsia Risk Factors Regarding to Severity with Control Group

Background: Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that originates in the placenta and causes variable maternal and fetal complications. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors of preeclampsia based on severity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 448 participants (330 normal pregnant, 77mild and 91severe preeclamptic women). Inclusion Criteria were age 15 - 44 years and 20 - 24 weeks of gestation. The data collection form consisted of the kind of pregnancy (normal, mild or sever preeclampsia), BP, U/A, other library tests, demo graphic information, history of obstetrics and diseases. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, POST HOC test (tukey HSD), Chi-square and logistic regression using SPSS version 16. Results: Finding showed the mean age in the severe preeclampsia group and the mean BMI in mild and severe preeclamptic women were significantly higher than normal group. Also there was significant relationship between preeclampsia and age, BMI, RH, history of abortion, preeclampsia and chronic hypertension. Logistic regression analysis showed that respectively the negative RH and history of preeclampsia increased the risk of severe preeclampsia. Conclusions: Based on results, chronic hypertension, history of abortion and BMI had been indicated as risk factors of mild preeclampsia and history of preeclampsia had been obtained as the risk factors of severe type. Also, negative RH was the common risk factor for mild and severe types. Therefore, our result support different risk factors for subtypes of preeclampsia.
Working Paper 72

Building effective state institutions before introducing democracy is widely presumed to improve different development outcomes. We discuss the assumptions that this prominent ‘stateness-first’ argument rests upon and how extant studies fail to correctly specify the counter-factual conditions required to test the argument. In extension, we subject the argument to three sets of tests focused on economic development as the outcome, leveraging new measures of democracy and state institutional features for almost 180 polities with time series extending back to 1789. First, we run standard panel regressions with interactions between state capacity and democracy. Second, we employ coarsened exact matching, specifying and testing different relevant counter-factuals embedded in the stateness-first argument. Finally, we employ sequencing methods to identify historically common sequences of institutional change, and use these sequences as growth predictors. We do not find any evidence supporting the stateness-first argument in either of these tests. ∗We are grateful for valuable comments and suggestions from David Andersen, Agnes Cornell, Bjørn Høyland, Andrej Kokkonen, Ole Martin Lægreid, Jørgen Møller, Per Nordlund, Valentin Schröder, Merete Bech Seeberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Jan Teorell as well as participants at the 2018 Annual EPSA Conference, Vienna, 2018 Annual Norwegian Political Science Conference, Bergen, 2018 Varieties of Democracy Conference, Gothenburg University, 2018 Annual Policy Dialogue Day, Gothenburg, Workshop on State-Building and Regime Change in Historical Perspective, Aarhus University, Tuesday Seminar at the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, and Lunch Seminar at the Norwegian Ministry of Finance, Oslo. The research was funded by the Research Council Norway, “Young Research Talent” grant, pnr 240505. PI: Carl Henrik Knutsen, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, and was also supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Grant M13-0559:1, PI: Staffan I. Lindberg, V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Fabrication of potential gastroretentive microspheres of itraconazole for stomach-specific delivery: Statistical optimization and in vitro evaluation

The premise of the study was to develop and optimize multiple unit gastroretentive microspheres of itraconazole to prolong its localization in the stomach and analyzed using response surface methodology. The emulsion solvent diffusion evaporation method was used to prepare hollow microsphere of ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS100 as lowdensity shell-forming polymers. The experimental design matrix was prepared using a central composite design to study the effect of various process parameters over response variables. The optimized microspheres showed a particle size of 285. 1μm, drug entrapment efficiency of 86.8%, buoyancy of 51.1%, and cumulative drug release of 77.80%. The experimental responses were in good harmony with the predicted values. The compatibility between drug and excipients was determined by Fourier-transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The results signify that gastroretentive hollow microspheres are a promising vehicle to extend the retention time of itraconazole in the upper GI tract, and it can be floated in an acidic medium for a prolonged period.
Determinants of outcome in gastrointestinal perforations with special reference to clavien–dindo classification of surgical complications: Experience of a Single Institute in Central Rajasthan

Background: Perforation peritonitis is one of the most commonly encountered surgical emergencies across the world. In developing countries, gastrointestinal perforations have very high morbidity and mortality rates, irrespective of the type of operative procedure performed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and find out various determinants for safe outcome in gastrointestinal perforation in terms of decreased morbidity and mortality and applying Clavien–Dindo classification for postoperative complications for evaluating the outcome. Patients and Methods: A nonrandomized retrospective study with collected data from 350 patients with gastrointestinal perforations was conducted over a period of 3 years. Data from various preoperative and operative factors, surgical technique, and complications were recorded. The output was measured as better and worse, as per the classification proposed by Clavien–Dindo. Results: The study enrolled 350 patients with a male:female ratio of 3.3:1; 58% of the patients were <40 years of age. The most common etiologies of perforation peritonitis were peptic perforation (duodenal 42%, gastric 8%), small bowel perforation (jejunum 3.14%, ileal 26.28%), appendicular perforation (10%), and cecum and colon constituting 4.85% each. The incidence of major complications was wound infections 18%, respiratory complications 16.57%, burst abdomen 5.14%, leak 4%, and septicemia 7.14%. Overall mortality was 10.85%. High mortality was observed in ileal perforation. Conclusion: Preoperative comorbidities, operative techniques, and postoperative complications in this setting are associated with morbidity and mortality. Proper screening on admission should be done to identify premorbid illness, and with the use of some recommendations in surgical technique we can achieve safe outcome of gastrointestinal perforations. The Clavien–Dindo classification can be adapted to assess the severity of postoperative complications following gastrointestinal perforations.
An Under-Approximate Relational Logic: Heralding Logics of Insecurity, Incorrect Implementation & More

Recently, authors have proposed under-approximate logics for reasoning about programs. So far, all such logics have been confined to reasoning about individual program behaviours. Yet there exist many over-approximate relational logics for reasoning about pairs of programs and relating their behaviours. We present the first under-approximate relational logic, for the simple imperative language IMP. We prove our logic is both sound and complete. Additionally, we show how reasoning in this logic can be decomposed into non-relational reasoning in an under-approximate Hoare logic, mirroring Beringer's result for over-approximate relational logics. We illustrate the application of our logic on some small examples in which we provably demonstrate the presence of insecurity.
Vertical Gravity Profile in a 10 m Atom Interferometer

Absolute gravimeters are used in geodesy, geophysics, and physics for a wide spectrum of applications. Stable gravimetric measurements over timescales from several days to decades are required to provide relevant insight into geophysical processes. Instrumental accuracy is established by the comparison with a reference apparatus. However, since no reference gravimeter of higher-order accuracy currently exists, absolute gravimeters participate in group comparisons led by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The construction of stationary, large scale atom interferometers paves the way towards new absolute gravimetry references with a potential stability better than 1 nm/s$^2$ at 1 s integration time. At the Leibniz University Hannover, we are currently building such a very long baseline atom interferometer with a 10 m long interaction zone. The knowledge of local gravity and its gradient along and around the baseline is required to establish the instrument's accuracy budget and enable transfers of gravimetric measurements to nearby devices for comparison and calibration purposes. We therefore established a control network for relative gravimeters and repeatedly measured its connections during the construction of the atom interferometer. We additionally developed a 3D model of the host building and studied the impact of mass changes due to hydrology on the gravity field around the reference instrument. The adjusted model fits the results of the latest gravimetric measurement campaign with 95% confidence, opening the way for transfers of gravimetric measurements beyond the 10 nm/s$^2$ level.
A Clinicopathological Study of Adnexal Tumors of Skin in a Tertiary Care Research Hospital.

Aim: To study the incidence, age and sex distribution of cutaneous appendageal tumors. Materials and Methods: This is a part retrospective and part prospective study conducted at Department of Pathology, in a tertiary care hospital and research centre, Mumbai for a period of 5 years. Results: Total 90 cases of appendageal tumors were studied. Incidence of benign tumors was much more than the malignant tumors with male to female ratio of 1.72:1. Hair follicle tumors comprised the maximum number of cases followed by sweat gland tumors and sebaceous gland tumors. The maximum numbers of cases were observed in 2 nd to 4 th decade. All malignant tumors were found in 5 th -7 th decade. Mean age of presentation of adnexal tumors was 35.8 years. Conclusions: Skin adnexal tumors are a relatively rare group of tumors with considerable clinical and histological overlap. In our study, hair follicle tumors were the commonest group which is a different finding from the other studies where sweat gland tumors were common.
The Typical Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z ∼ 3 is a Post-starburst

We have obtained spectroscopic confirmation with Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/G141 of a first sizeable sample of nine quiescent galaxies at 2.4 < z < 3.3. Their average near-UV/optical rest-frame spectrum is characterized by low attenuation (AV ∼ 0.6 mag) and a strong Balmer break, larger than the 4000 Å break, corresponding to a fairly young age of ∼300 Myr. This formally classifies a substantial fraction of classically selected quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 3 as post-starbursts, marking their convergence to the quenching epoch. The rapid spectral evolution with respect to z ∼ 1.5 quiescent galaxies is not matched by an increase of residual star formation, as judged from the weak detection of [O ii]λ3727 emission, pointing to a flattening of the steep increase in gas fractions previously seen from z ∼ 0 to 1.8. However, radio 3 GHz stacked emission implies either much stronger dust-obscured star formation or substantial further evolution in radio-mode AGN activity with respect to z ∼ 1.5.
X-ray properties of the X-CLASS-redMaPPer galaxy cluster sample: the luminosity–temperature relation

This article presents the results of a spectroscopic analysis of the X-CLASS-redMaPPer (XC1-RM) galaxy cluster sample. X-CLASS is a serendipitous search for clusters in X-ray wavebands based on the XMM–Newton archive, whereas redMaPPer is an optical cluster catalogue derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The present sample comprises 92 X-ray extended sources identified in optical images within 1 arcmin separation. The area covered by the cluster sample is ∼ 27 deg2. The clusters span a wide redshift range (0.05 < z < 0.6) and 88 clusters benefit from spectrosopically confirmed redshifts using data from SDSS Data Release 14. We present an automated pipeline to derive the X-ray properties of the clusters in three distinct apertures: R500 (at fixed mass overdensity), Rfit (at fixed signal-to-noise ratio) and ${R}_{300\, {\rm kpc}}$ (fixed physical radius). The sample extends over wide temperature and luminosity ranges: from 1–10 keV and from 6 × 1042 to 11 × 1044 erg s−1, respectively. We investigate the luminosity–temperature (L–T) relation of the XC1-RM sample and find a slope equal to 3.03 ± 0.26. It is steeper than predicted by self-similar assumptions, in agreement with independent studies. A simplified approach is developed to estimate the amount and impact of selection biases that might be affecting our recoveredL–Tparameters. The result of this simulation process suggests that the measuredL–Trelation is biased to a steeper slope and higher normalization.
Multi-SimLex: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Multilingual and Crosslingual Lexical Semantic Similarity

Abstract We introduce Multi-SimLex, a large-scale lexical resource and evaluation benchmark covering data sets for 12 typologically diverse languages, including major languages (e.g., Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Russian) as well as less-resourced ones (e.g., Welsh, Kiswahili). Each language data set is annotated for the lexical relation of semantic similarity and contains 1,888 semantically aligned concept pairs, providing a representative coverage of word classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), frequency ranks, similarity intervals, lexical fields, and concreteness levels. Additionally, owing to the alignment of concepts across languages, we provide a suite of 66 crosslingual semantic similarity data sets. Because of its extensive size and language coverage, Multi-SimLex provides entirely novel opportunities for experimental evaluation and analysis. On its monolingual and crosslingual benchmarks, we evaluate and analyze a wide array of recent state-of-the-art monolingual and crosslingual representation models, including static and contextualized word embeddings (such as fastText, monolingual and multilingual BERT, XLM), externally informed lexical representations, as well as fully unsupervised and (weakly) supervised crosslingual word embeddings. We also present a step-by-step data set creation protocol for creating consistent, Multi-Simlex–style resources for additional languages. We make these contributions—the public release of Multi-SimLex data sets, their creation protocol, strong baseline results, and in-depth analyses which can be helpful in guiding future developments in multilingual lexical semantics and representation learning—available via a Web site that will encourage community effort in further expansion of Multi-Simlex to many more languages. Such a large-scale semantic resource could inspire significant further advances in NLP across languages.
On the FRB luminosity function – – II. Event rate density

The luminosity function of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), defined as the event rate per unit cosmic co-moving volume per unit luminosity, may help to reveal the possible origins of FRBs and design the optimal searching strategy. With the Bayesian modelling, we measure the FRB luminosity function using 46 known FRBs. Our Bayesian framework self-consistently models the selection effects, including the survey sensitivity, the telescope beam response, and the electron distributions from Milky Way/ the host galaxy/ local environment of FRBs. Different from the previous companion paper, we pay attention to the FRB event rate density and model the event counts of FRB surveys based on the Poisson statistics. Assuming a Schechter luminosity function form, we infer (at the 95 per cent confidence level) that the characteristic FRB event rate density at the upper cut-off luminosity $L^*=2. 9_{-1.7}^{+11.9}\times 10^{44}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ is $\phi ^*=339_{-313}^{+1074}\, \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, the power-law index is $\alpha =-1.79_{-0.35}^{+0.31}$, and the lower cut-off luminosity is $L_0\le 9.1\times 10^{41}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The event rate density of FRBs is found to be $3.5_{-2.4}^{+5.7}\times 10^4\, \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ above $10^{42}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, $5. 0_{-2.3}^{+3.2}\times 10^3\, \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ above $10^{43}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ , and $3. 7_{-2.0}^{+3.5}\times 10^2\, \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ above $10^{44}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$. As a result, we find that, for searches conducted at 1.4 GHz, the optimal diameter of single-dish radio telescopes to detect FRBs is 30–40 m. The possible astrophysical implications of the measured event rate density are also discussed in the current paper.
Computer Aided Diagnosis for Spitzoid lesions classification using Artificial Intelligence techniques

Spitzoid lesions may be largely categorized into Spitz Nevus, Atypical Spitz Tumors, and Spitz Melanomas. Classifying a lesion precisely as Atypical Spitz Tumors or AST is challenging and often requires the integration of clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical features to differentiate AST from regular Spitz Nevus and malignant Spitz Melanomas. Specifically, this paper aims to test several artificial intelligence techniques so as to build a computer-aided diagnosis system. A proposed three-phase approach is being implemented. In Phase 1, collected data are preprocessed with an effective SMOTE-based method being implemented to treat the imbalance data problem. Then, a feature selection mechanism using genetic algorithm (GA) is applied in Phase 2. Finally, in Phase 3, a 10-fold cross-validation method is used to compare the performance of seven machine-learning algorithms for classification. Results obtained with SMOTE-Multilayer Perceptron with GA-based 14 features show the highest classification accuracy, specificity (0.98), and a sensitivity of 0.99.
Streamlining Integrity Tree Updates for Secure Persistent Non-Volatile Memory

Emerging non-volatile main memory (NVMM) is rapidly being integrated into computer systems. However, NVMM is vulnerable to potential data remanence and replay attacks. Established security models including split counter mode encryption and Bonsai Merkle tree (BMT) authentication have been introduced against such data integrity attacks. However, these security methods are not readily compatible with NVMM. Recent works on secure NVMM pointed out the need for data and its metadata, including the counter, the message authentication code (MAC), and the BMT to be persisted atomically. However, memory persistency models have been overlooked for secure NVMM, which is essential for crash recoverability. In this work, we analyze the invariants that need to be ensured in order to support crash recovery for secure NVMM. We highlight that prior research has substantially under-estimated the cost of BMT persistence and propose several optimization techniques to reduce the overhead of atomically persisting updates to BMTs. The optimizations proposed explore the use of pipelining, out-of-order writes, and update coalescing while conforming to strict or epoch persistency models respectively. We evaluate our work and show that our proposed optimizations significantly reduce the performance overhead of secure NVMM with crash recoverability.
Phase-Space Bounds on the Mass of Dark Matter in Fermi Degenerate Non-Isothermal Galaxies

The phase-space bounds on the mass of dark matter are mostly derived for isothermal galactic halos. In this paper, we study slight deviations from the isothermal condition. We show that if fermionic dark matter in galaxies has a Maxwellian distribution, small variations in the temperature of dark matter are negligible. However, in highly Fermi degenerate halos, diversions from constant temperature are multiplied by the infinite Fermi-Dirac integrals and can be significant. We develop computer software to study non-isothermal effects in the full range of classical to highly degenerate dark matter halos. Using the data of the Fornax dwarf galaxy, we show that with a temperature gradient of not more than 0.002 Kelvin per kiloparsec, it is possible to compress fermionic dark matter with the mass of 2 eV into a radius less than 1 kiloparsec and build a halo with the total mass of $\sim 10^8$ of the mass of the sun.
First-Order Methods for Nonconvex Quadratic Minimization

We consider minimization of indefinite quadratics with either trust-region (norm) constraints or cubic regularization. Despite the nonconvexity of these problems we prove that, under mild assumptions, gradient descent converges to their global solutions, and give a non-asymptotic rate of convergence for the cubic variant. We also consider Krylov subspace solutions and establish sharp convergence guarantees to the solutions of both trust-region and cubic-regularized problems. Our rates mirror the behavior of these methods on convex quadratics and eigenvector problems, highlighting their scalability. When we use Krylov subspace solutions to approximate the cubic-regularized Newton step, our results recover the strongest known convergence guarantees to approximate second-order stationary points of general smooth nonconvex functions.