Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A MULTI-SPACECRAFT VIEW OF SOLAR-ENERGETIC-PARTICLE ONSETS IN THE 1977 NOVEMBER 22 EVENT

We examine the onset timing of solar energetic particles in the large ground-level event (GLE) of 1977 November 22 as observed from six spacecraft at four distinct solar longitudes. In most cases, it was possible to use velocity dispersion of the energetic protons to fix the solar particle release (SPR) time and the path length traveled by the initial particle burst from each solar longitude. We find that the SPR times do depend upon solar longitude, being earliest for spacecraft that are magnetically well connected to the source region, and later for longitudes on the flanks of the outward-driven shock wave. The earliest SPR time occurs well after peak photon emission from the associated Hα flare. These observations are consistent with conclusions derived from single-longitude observations of different GLE events. They are consistent with shock acceleration over a broad spatial region with heights rising, and/or shock speeds falling, for longitudes on the flanks of the shock.
Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Spatial Patterns

Let X be an absolutely continuous random variable in IRk Gith . distribution function ~ ( x ) and density f(x) . Let X , . X be . , -. - n independent random variables distributed according to F . Mapping the spatial distribution of X normally entails drawing a map of the iso- . r/ pleths, or level curves, of f . In this paper, it is shown how to map the isopleths of f nonparametrically according to the criterion of maximum likelihood. ' The procedure involves specification of class P of sets whose boundaries constitute admissible isopleths and then maximizing the likelihood $=1 g(x. over all g whose isopleths are - 1 boundaries of X-sets. The only restrictions on L are that it be a a-lattice and an F-uniformity class. The computation of the estimate is normally straightforward and easy. Extension is made to the impor-tant case where P may be data-dependent up to locational and/or rota-tional translations. Strong consistency of the estimator is shown in the most general case.
The spectrum of surface waves on viscoelastic liquids of arbitrary depth

The general formula for the surface-wave spectrum of an incompressible viscoelastic liquid of arbitrary depth is derived and discussed for several limiting cases. For liquids of high viscosity and long stress relaxation time, the formula includes the contribution of the elastic response at high frequencies, which is not obtained in the lubrication approximation for the shallow limit.
Generation of Local Magnetic Field by Nano Electro-Magnets

Fabrication and characterization of nano electro-magnets are reported. The nano-transformer consisting of two concentric loops has been made and Faraday's induction experiment has been successfully performed. The mutual inductance value extracted from the measured induced current is consistent with the simulated results of mutual inductance between two macroscopic loops with nano-meter spacing. It is also demonstrated that only a small number of magnetic particles can be captured by controlling the design and current level of the electro-magnet.
Universal Optimality for Selected Crossover Designs

Hedayat and Yang earlier proved that balanced uniform designs in the entire class of crossover designs based on t treatments, n subjects, and p = t periods are universally optimal when n ≤ t(t - 1)/2. Surprisingly, in the class of crossover designs with t treatments and p = t periods, a balanced uniform design may not be universally optimal if the number of subjects exceeds t(t - 1)/2. This article, among other results, shows that (a) a balanced uniform design is universally optimal in the entire class of crossover designs withp = t as long as n is not greater than t(t + 2)/2 and 3 ≤ t ≤ 12; (b) a balanced uniform design with n = 2t, t ≥ 3, and p =t is universally optimal in the entire class of crossover designs with n = 2t and p = t; and (c) for the case where p ≤ t, the design suggested by Stufken is universally optimal, thus completing Kushner's result that a Stufken design is universally optimal if n is divisible by t(p - 1).
State feedback control of linear systems in the presence of devices with finite signal-to-noise ratio

This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for mean-square state-feedback stabilization of linear systems whose white noise sources have intensities affinely related to the variance of the signal they corrupt. Systems with such noise sources have been called finite signal-to-noise (FSN) models, and the stability results provided in prior work were only sufficient conditions. The upper bounded L/sub 2/ performance is also guaranteed herein by solving a control problem which is nonconvex only due to a certain scaling parameter. By fixing this parameter convex programming algorithms provide the control of FSN models of linear systems.
Restricted -Isometry Properties of Partially Sparse Signal Recovery

By generalizing the restricted -isometry property to the partially sparse signal recovery problem, we give a sufficient condition for exactly recovering partially sparse signal via the partial minimization (truncated minimization) problem with . Based on this, we establish a simpler sufficient condition which can show how the -RIP bounds vary corresponding to different s.
Diffusion theory for transport in porous media: Transition‐probability densities of diffusion processes corresponding to advection‐dispersion equations

Local‐scale spatial averaging of pore‐scale advection‐diffusion equations in porous media leads to advection‐dispersion equations (ADEs). While often used to describe subsurface transport, ADEs may pose special problems in the context of diffusion theory. Standard diffusion theory applies only when characteristic coefficients, velocity, porosity, and dispersion tensor, are smooth functions of space. Subsurface porous‐material properties, however, naturally exhibit spatial variability. Transitions between material types are often abrupt rather than smooth, such as sand in contact with clay. In such composite porous media, characteristic coefficients in spatially averaged transport equations may be discontinuous. Although commonly called on to model transport in these cases, standard diffusion theory does not apply. Herein we develop diffusion theory for ADEs of transport in porous media. Derivation of ADEs from probabilistic assumptions yields (1) necessary conditions for convergence of diffusion processes to ADEs, even when coefficients are discontinuous, and (2) general probabilistic definitions of physical quantities, velocity, and dispersion tensor. As examples of how the new theory can be applied to theoretical and numerical problems of transport in porous media, we evaluate several random walk methods that have appeared in the water resources literature.
Ishikawa and Mann iteration methods for nonlinear strongly accretive mappings

Let X be a real Banach space with a uniformly convex dual, X*, and let C be a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of X. Let T: C → C be a strongly accretive and a continuous mapping. For any f ∈ C, let S: C → C be defined by Sx = f + x – Tx for each x ∈ C. Then, the iteration process xo ∈ C, under suitable conditions on the real sequence converges strongly to a solution of the equation Tx = f in C. Furthermore, if T is strongly accretive and Lipschitz with Lipschitz constant L ≥ 1 then the iteration process x0 ∈ C, under suitable conditions on the real sequences and converges strongly to a solution of the equation Tx = f in C. Explicit error estimates are obtained.
Data-driven visibility enhancement using multi-camera system

In bad weather conditions, with the presence of haze, fog or smoke, atmospheric particles attenuate the direct irradiance from the scene and scatter light to form airlight. Thus, visibility is decreased and may endanger important applications, such as outdoor surveillance or visual navigation for landing and taking off aircrafts. This paper proposes a novel method for visibility enhancement in bad weather conditions based on multi-view camera system. The main advantage of this method lies in the ability to solve ambiguities caused by texture-less, lack of color and contrast, while where most existing methods fail. The proposed system consists of two main components. First is a data-driven approach to extract template priors that are matched with current capturing dynamic scene images. A fixed multi-camera system is utilized to record dynamic scene appearances under different illuminations, in different time, seasons and weather conditions to construct the database which is explored to extract template models containing only static background objects and obtain corresponding scene structures in a data-driven manner. Second is dehazing based on current dynamic scene depth updated by fusing template depth with real-time multi-view stereo matching depth in foreground object regions. The proposed system achieves real-time and robust performances through combinations of data-driven prior extraction and dynamic scene depth optimization. Moreover, estimated weather condition parameters and the real-time reconstructed dynamic scene model are both useful byproducts. We believe that the proposed system is the first to dehaze based on multi-view camera system. An application based on airport surveillance demonstrates its effectiveness.
Comparison of two flattening techniques on a double-pass erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber source for fiber-optic gyroscope

We experimentally compare the efficiency of two flattening techniques on the performances of a broad-band light source for fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG). The combination of a double-pass erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber source with a wavelength-selective reflector enables us to achieve the specifications needed for high-precision, navigational grade FOG: output power >18 mW, bandwidth of 30 nm, coherence length of 81 /spl mu/m.
Vortex shedding in the near wake of a parachute canopy

The dynamics of flexible parachute canopies and vortex shedding in their near wake are studied experimentally in a water tunnel. The velocity field was measured by particle image velocimetry for two different canopy diameters. The periodic oscillation of the canopy diameter about a mean value which is referred to as ‘breathing’ has a non-dimensional frequency, based on the free-stream velocity and the mean canopy projected diameter, of approximately 0.55 for the range of Reynolds numbers examined. The dimensionless breathing frequency observed in the experiments is consistent with the values for larger canopies. The shear layer emanating from the canopy rolls up and sheds symmetric vortex rings. The frequency of vortex shedding was measured to be the same as the canopy breathing frequency. This Strouhal number is unique in the sense that it is much higher than those associated with rigid axisymmetric bluff bodies such as disks and spheres. The canopy breathing is shown to stem from the cyclical variation of suction pressure, resulting from the passage of vortex rings, on the exterior surface of the canopy. The added mass associated with the breathing of the canopy is found to be accountable for up to 40% of the canopy drag fluctuations in the range of parameters investigated.
Statistical design of nonrecursive digital filters

The problem of designing a finite duration impulse response (FIR) digital filter to approximate a desired spectral response is treated in this paper. The philosophy adopted is that for a given FIR filter structure, the filter coefficients can be designed to provide a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimate of a random signal sequence (the design-signal) imbedded in a random noise sequence. By treating the signal and noise covariance functions as design parameters, one can design FIR filters with spectral responses that approximate the power spectral density of the design-signal. For signal processing applications that require some attention to signal fidelity, as well as noise rejection, the MMSE philosophy seems appropriate (as opposed to a maximum signal-to-noise ratio philosophy, for example). Several practical designs are presented that emphasize the simplicity of the design technique and illustrate the selection of design parameters. The designs show quite dramatically that the MMSE design technique can be competitive with existing low-pass and bandpass design techniques. Finally, considerable attention is given to an efficient Toeplitz matrix inversion algorithm that permits rapid inversion of the covariance matrices that arise in the MMSE design. The resulting computation times for the design of high-order filters (N = 128, e.g.) appear to be shorter than computation times for competing algorithms.
On linearization and continuous selections of functions

Let f n i = 1,…p, be a finite number of differentiate functions on the Euclidean n-space. We study continuous selections of these functions. The concept of a (non-degenerate) critical point is introduced. In a neighborhood of a noncritical point, the continuous selection turns out to be topologicaily equivalent with a linear function. This result remains true for locally Lipschitz functions. Around a nondegenerate critical point, the continuous selection f is shown to be topologically equivalent with CS(L) +Q, where CS(L) is a specific continuous selection of (k+ 1) linear functions on the Euclidean k-space, and where Q is the sum of (positive and negative) squares of the remaining (n-k) coordinate functions. Finally, the case p≤3 is treated in detail, and we make a link with quasi-differentiate functions.
The latitudinal structure of Pc 5 waves in space: Magnetic and electric field observations

The occurrence frequency and spatial structure of Pc 5 magnetic pulsations in the dawnside of the plasma trough have been studied using data from the Ogo 5 satellite. The wave magnetic fields were obtained from the University of California, Los Angeles, flux-gate magnetometer measurements, and one component of the wave electric field was inferred from oscillations of the ion flux measured by the Lockheed light ion mass spectrometer. During portions of seven of the 19 passes comprising the survey, Pc 5 oscillations were observed in the ion flux but not in the magnetic field, and in each case the satellite was within 10° of the geomagnetic equator. Above 10° latitude, transverse magnetic and electric oscillations were both observed. The results are consistent with the model of a standing Alfven wave along a resonant field line with the geomagnetic equator as a node of the magnetic perturbation, that is, an odd mode. The wave periods are generally consistent with the fundamental resonant period. In this study, Pc 5 oscillations were identified 3 or 4 times more frequently (per orbit) than in previous spacecraft studies which relied only on magnetic data.
Against Robustness? Strategies to Support the Reliability of Scientific Results

In the last few decades, a number of philosophical works have addressed the issue of robustness in science. In the corresponding contexts, ‘robustness’ can be employed in related but different, more or less precisely defined senses. Several typologies, and attempts to distinguish robustness from similar but taken-as-different reasoning, have been proposed (see, in particular, Woodward 2006; Calcott 2010; Nederbragt 2012; Soler 2012a; Stegenga 2012; Wimsatt 2012). As a starting point, intended to be subject to qualifications but taken to capture the common core of most significant uses, I propose the following definition, which I call the ‘robustness scheme’: X is robust 1⁄4 X is invariant under a multiplicity of independent processes Ps. The robustness scheme leaves open the nature of the X—which proves to be diverse in the literature, e.g. a perceptual object, an experimental result, a theoretical result or a ‘theorem’, a natural reality such as some living beings at a given evolutionary stage—and the kinds of processes under which X can be said to be invariant—e.g. multiple sensorial modalities, experiments, inferences derived from various theories or models, biological evolutionary processes, etc. Many philosophers of science have presented robustness as a prototypical way through which scientists can secure their results. Writers have claimed that robustness
An augmented system approach to static output‐feedback stabilization with ℋ︁∞ performance for continuous‐time plants

This paper revisits the static output‐feedback stabilization problem of continuous‐time linear systems from a novel perspective. The closed‐loop system is represented in an augmented form, which facilitates the parametrization of the controller matrix. Then, new equivalent characterizations on stability and ℋ︁∞ performance of the closed‐loop system are established in terms of matrix inequalities. On the basis of these characterizations, a necessary and sufficient condition with slack matrices for output‐feedback stabilizability is proposed, and an iteration algorithm is given to solve the condition. An extension to output‐feedback ℋ︁∞ control is provided as well. The effectiveness and merits of the proposed approach are shown through several examples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint modelling approach for longitudinal studies

In longitudinal studies, it is of fundamental importance to understand the dynamics in the mean function, variance function and correlations of the repeated or clustered measurements. For modelling the covariance structure, Cholesky‐type decomposition‐based approaches have been demonstrated to be effective. However, parsimonious approaches for directly revealing the correlation structure between longitudinal measurements remain less well explored, and existing joint modelling approaches may encounter difficulty in interpreting the covariation structure. We propose a novel joint mean–variance correlation modelling approach for longitudinal studies. By applying hyperspherical co‐ordinates, we obtain an unconstrained parameterization for the correlation matrix that automatically guarantees its positive definiteness, and we develop a regression approach to model the correlation matrix of the longitudinal measurements by exploiting the parameterization. The modelling framework proposed is parsimonious, interpretable and flexible for analysing longitudinal data. Extensive data examples and simulations support the effectiveness of the approach proposed.
Episodic outflows from high-mass protostars

This paper examines the kinematics and physical properties of the outflowing gas from seven luminous deeply embedded young stellar objects or protostars: M8E-IR, GL 490, GL 2591, W3 IRS 5, NGC 7538 IRS 1, NGC 7538 IRS 9, and S140 IRS 1. The outflows are seen as blueshifted absorption features in lines of the fundamental band of CO. The CO lines seen in absorption are compared with CO lines seen in emission at mm wavelengths. New CO J = 2-1 emission-line data are presented for the first five of the sources. 60 refs.
The Outbursts of Compact Radio Sources: Limitations of Compton Scattering Models and the Possibility of Pitch Angle Scattering

The self-consistent determination of emergent flux and electron distribution in synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models is considered in the limit when Compton cooling dominates synchrotron cooling and the Thomson optical depth is small. An approximate analytic description is found that agrees well with numerical solutions. The results are used to evaluate the importance of Compton cooling during the initial/high frequency phase of radio outbursts in flat spectrum compact radio sources. It is concluded that the main observational features are not likely due to a Compton phase in an adiabatically expanding source. It is shown explicitly why this conclusion differs from that of earlier calculations. An alternative model is considered, in which the injected electron distribution is anisotropic. The subsequent pitch angle scattering phase is identified with the high frequency radio outburst. The salient features expected from such a model agree qualitatively with those observed. The observed burst of 3C 345 is discussed in some detail; in particular, the importance of the different time evolutions between 1990 and 1994 of the burst in the initial and late phases is stressed. It is emphasized that in order to constrain models for the outbursts of compact radio sources, detailed observations of the initial phase are essential.
The formation of an energy gap in graphene on ruthenium by controlling the interface

In this work, we have investigated the spectral function of graphene on a monolayer of intercalated gold on Ru(0001) using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The intercalation leads to a decoupling of the graphene film, as documented by emergence of the characteristic linear π-bands near the Fermi level. However, a band gap at the band crossing is observed. We relate this gap opening to the broken symmetry of the two carbon sublattices, induced by the special lattice mismatch of the graphene and the intercalated gold monolayer.
Wide-Field J- and K-Band Galaxy Counts in the European Large-Area Infrared Space Observatory Survey Fields

New near-infrared galaxy counts in the J and K bands are presented over a total area of 0.70 and 0.97 deg2, respectively. The limiting magnitudes of the deepest regions are 19.5 in J and 18.0 in K. At J > 16 and K > 15, our J- and K-band number counts agree well with existing surveys, provided that all data are corrected to a common magnitude scale. There are real differences from field to field, and the European Large-Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) N1 and N2 fields show an overdensity of J < 16, K < 15 galaxies. The slopes of log N(m)/dm are ~0.40-0.45 at 15 < K < 18 and 16 < J < 19.5. Our counts favor galaxy models with a high normalization of the local luminosity function and without strong evolution.
Solutions concentrating on higher dimensional subsets for singularly perturbed elliptic equations I

We consider the singularly perturbed equation -e2? u+V(x)u=K(x)up-1 on a domain O? RN which may be bounded or unbounded. Under suitable hypotheses on V , K we construct layered solutions u? H01(O) which concentrate on certain high-dimensional subsets of O . This gives a positive answer to a problem proposed by Ambrosetti, Malchiodi and Ni in [1].
Rheological Characteristics, Pressure Drop, and Skin Friction Coefficient of MWCNT–Oil Nanofluid Flow Inside an Inclined Microfin Tube

Rheological behavior, pressure drop, and skin friction coefficient of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)–oil nanofluid were investigated experimentally. Plain and microfin tubes were used as the test tubes under constant heat flux boundary conditions. Pure heat transfer oil and nanofluuids with particle weight concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% were utilized as the working fluuids. Shear stress, shear rate, and viscosity of base fluuid of all nanofluuids at different temperatures were measured and the effect of nanoparticle concentration on fluuid properties was investigated. Furthermore, effects of nanoparticles concentration, heat flux, natural convection, and inclination on pressure drop and skin friction coefficient were studied for Grashof number ranging from 103 to 104, Reynolds number ranging from 10 to 150, and particle weight concentrations up to 0.2%. Results showed that pressure drop and skin friction increased as inclination was increased from 0 to 90 degrees. Results also showed that the effect of addition of nanoparticles on pressure drop in a plain tube is more compared to the microfin one. At the end, a correlation was developed to calculate the skin friction coefficient in different inclinations and nanoparticle weight fractions.