Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The stereoselectivity of the ‘single drug binding site’ of human α1‐acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)

The stereoselective binding of six pairs of basic, one pair of acidic drug enantiomers, and one pair of diastereomers to human α1‐acid glycoprotein was investigated by means of competition experiments against [3H]propranolol‐ or [14C]nicardipine‐labelled binding sites using equilibrium dialysis to separate free from bound marker ligand. The affinity constants (Ka) for association of [3H]propranolol and [14C]nicardipine with α1‐AGP were 1ṁ 2 ± 0ṁ6 times 105M−1 and 3ṁ4 ± 1ṁ4 times 105M−1, respectively, and control binding amounted to 57 ± 7 and 91 ± 2%, respectively. The following selectivity factors, calculated as the ratio of the higher over the lower enantiomer concentrations displacing 15% of control radiomarker binding (IC15***‐value), were obtained against propranolol and nicardipine: (‐)‐/(+) propranolol: 1ṁ9 and 1ṁ7. ; (+)‐/(‐)‐disopyramide: ***2ṁ8 and 1ṁ4; (+)‐/(‐)‐verapamil: 1ṁ6 and 1ṁ9; (+)‐(S)‐/(‐)‐(R)‐202‐791, a dihydropyridine derivative: 2ṁ6 and 2ṁ0; (‐)‐/(+)‐asocainol: 1ṁ7 and 3ṁ0; (+)‐/(‐)‐tilidine: 1ṁ1 and ã2; (‐)‐(S)‐/(+)‐(R)‐ warfarin: 1ṁ6 and 2ṁ4; (±)‐cis/(±)‐trans‐trans‐tilidine: 1ṁ7 and 1ṁ8. When the calculation of radioligand‐free fractions is also taken into account, it is apparent that only the tilidine isomers show no selectivity at propranolol‐marked, and the disopyramide isomers at nicardipine‐marked α1‐AGP‐binding sites, in all other cases, a weak selectivity is detectable, which is, however, far below the values obtained for most neurotransmitter receptors. It is concluded that the single drug binding site of α1‐AGP is only slightly stereoselective and that the stereoselective binding of the drugs investigated is probably of no clinical consequence.
Synergistic enzymatic and microbial lignin conversion

The utilization of lignin for fungible fuels and chemicals represents one of the most imminent challenges in modern biorefineries. However, bioconversion of lignin is highly challenging due to its recalcitrant nature as a phenolic heteropolymer. This study addressed the challenges by revealing the chemical and biological mechanisms for synergistic lignin degradation by a bacterial and enzymatic system, which significantly improved lignin consumption, cell growth and lipid yield. The Rhodococcus opacus cell growth increased exponentially in response to the level of laccase treatment, indicating the synergy between laccase and bacterial cells in lignin degradation. Other treatments like iron and hydrogen peroxide showed limited impact on cell growth. Chemical analysis of lignin under various treatments further confirmed the synergy between laccase and cells at the chemical level. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suggested that laccase, R. opacus cell and Fenton reaction reagents promoted the degradation of different types of lignin functional groups, elucidating the chemical basis for the synergistic effects. 31P NMR further revealed that laccase treatment had the most significant impact for degrading the abundant chemical groups. The results were further confirmed by the molecular weight analysis and lignin quantification by the Prussian blue assay. The cell–laccase fermentation led to a 17-fold increase of lipid production. Overall, the study indicated that laccase and R. opacus can synergize to degrade lignin efficiently, likely through rapid utilization of monomers generated by laccase to promote the reaction toward depolymerization. The study provided a potential path for more efficient lignin conversion and development of consolidated lignin conversion.
Keperawatan Jiwa: Terapi Aktivitas Kelompok

Pembahasan di dalam buku ini diawali oleh teori dan konsep terapi aktivitas kelompok mulai dari pengertian kelompok, proses dinamika kelompok, besar kelompok, serta hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan efektivitas kelompok dalam terapi keperawatan jiwa.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Pigs of North Eastern Region of India

A total of 5511numbers of faecal samples of pigs were collected from four states of North Eastern (NE) Region of India namely Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland, for a period of two years, to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in pigs in these four states. The examination of faecal samples of pigs revealed overall 37.77% pigs were infected with gastrointestinal parasitism with a distribution of 36.34%, 47.31%, 34.45% and 60.95% infections with mean faecal egg count in terms of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) 1289.13, 2038.44, 475.19 and 897.26 in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur, respectively. Amongst helminthes, over all, Ascaris suum infections (65.46%) were predominant in these four states followed by Strongyle spp. (45.96%), Strongyloides spp. (13.06%) and Trichuris spp. (16.66%). Amongst protozoa Eimeria spp. (34.00%) was recorded in all these four states and Isospora spp. (3.50%) was recorded in three states, except Meghalaya. Individually, the pigs of Manipur have been found to harbor higher percentage (52.34%) of infection with Isospora spp. The present study indicates Ascaris suum as the most prevalent helminthes in pigs in these four NE states and also indicates lowest percentage of infections with lowest EPG in Mizoram and highest percentage of infections in Manipur. Highest percentage of infection does not indicate highest EPG.
A STUDY OF GERMINATION IN THE SEED OF WILD RICE (ZIZANIA AQUATICA)

Dormancy lasted about 6 months in seeds of Zizania aquatica afterripened at 1–3 °C. Embryos lost dormancy fastest when afterripened under low oxygen tensions. Pricking the water-impermeable seed coat removed some dormancy. Low constant temperatures favored maximum rates of germination, as did alternating high and low, but constant high temperatures decreased rates. Changes in pH between 6.0 and 8.7, and a wide range of concentrations of gibberellic acid had no significant effects on germination. Air-drying of seeds for 90 days caused almost complete loss of viability; a detectable decrease occurred within 14 days. Under certain conditions, freezing caryopses also caused loss of viability. These results are discussed in relation to the habitat of wild rice.
Valor nutritivo da forragem de genótipos de cereais de inverno de duplo propósito

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage of 12 genotypes of six double purpose (forage and grains) winter cereal species submitted to harvest in the region of Depressao Central in Rio Grande do Sul state. The species and genotypes tested were: wheat (BRS 277, BRS Guatambu, BRS Taruma and BRS Umbu); black oat (Agro Zebu, UPFA 21 - Moreninha and Commom black-oat); white-oat (UPF 18); rye (BR 1 and BRS Serrano); barley (BRS Marciana); and triticale (BRS 148). The genotypes were distributed in 36 experimental plots in completely randomized experimental design, with 12 treatments and three replications. Analysis of nutritive value and mineral composition were performed by the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in samples of stratum greater than 10 cm height of forage. Oat genotypes and BRS Umbu wheat presented the best nutritive value results. Mineral composition presented small variability among the genotypes tested. The results demonstrate that winter cereals produce high nutritive value forage.
The biodiversity and epidemiology of potato virus Y (PVY) in Scotland

Potato virus Y (PVY) is considered to be the most serious viral pathogen that affects potato crops worldwide and can cause substantial yield losses. PVY exists as a complex of strains that can be distinguished on the basis of their biology, serology and genome analysis. In recent decades novel recombinant PVYN strains have emerged that can cause Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease (PTNRD). It is therefore important to understand the potential threat to the Scottish seed potato industry. This molecular nature of PVY isolates in Scotland was established through the use of partial sequencing, revealing a predominance of isolates belonging to the molecular EU-NTN clade (ca 75%). Assessing the biological characteristics of selected isolates indicated that most isolates in Scotland belong to the biological PVYN type, however PVYE is also present. Molecular analysis of a PVYE isolate has shown that identifying the molecular determinants for vein necrosis production in tobacco is complex. Although it has not been reported from the field in Scotland, PTNRD initiation is possible with most PVYN isolates under optimal climatic conditions. Field trials suggest that PVYEU-NTN is more efficiently transmitted by aphids across a growing season than PVYNA-NTN and PVYO, with a higher than expected proportion of tubers infected with the PVYEU-NTN isolate. This suggests that once plants are inoculated with the virus, PVYEU-NTN isolates are more likely to infect progeny tubers. Taken together, the outcomes of this project should provide a better understanding as of PVY molecular nature in Scotland its pathogenicity and epidemiology with the view to understanding why PVYN variants have become an important threat for the seed potato industry both in Scotland and worldwide.
Effect of different Roughage: Concentrate Ratio on Milk Yield and Its Fatty Acid Profile in Dairy Cows

Experiment was conducted on eighteen crossbred dairy cows divided into three groups of six animals in each group. Cows were fed on roughage (berseem hay, green sorghum forage and wheat straw) and concentrate. The ratio of roughage: concentrate varied in the three treatment groups from 50:50 (T 1 ); 60:40 (T 2 ); and 70:30 (T 3 ). DMI decreased with increasing the level of roughage in the diet. Digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NFE, and OM showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) when R:C was increased. NDF digestibility did not vary between treatment groups. On the other hand, CF and ADF digestibility were significantly (P <0.05) decreased with decreasing R:C. Increasing R:C significantly (P <0.05) decreased milk production, but production of 4% FCM was not affected by forge level. Milk fat concentration was significantly (P <0.05) decreased by 6.30 and 3.78 % in T 1 and T 2 , respectively, as compared T 3. Increasing R:C had non significant effect on milk lactose, CP, TS, SNF, MUN, Ca and P level. Milk cholesterol level in T 3 was lowered by 13.35 and 8.27% as compared to T 1 and T 2 , respectively. The concentrations of TLCFA, TUFA, MUFA and PUFA were increased with the increase in roughage level in the diet, whereas, TSFA level was reduced. PUFA content of milk fat (g/100g fat) was increased by 141.75% in T 3 over T 1 . Total CLA production (mg/g fat) in T 3 was increased by 50.92% over T 1 . Total feeding cost decreased as the level of roughage in the ration increased. Total feeding cost decreased as the level of roughage in the ration increased. Feeding cost of T 3 per g PUFA production reduced by 68% and 48% as compared to T 1 and T 2 , respectively. Feeding cost of T 3 per g CLA production was reduced by 47% as compared to T 1 . The feed cost per kg milk, per g PUFA and CLA production was lowest for the cows fed 70:30 roughage: concentrate ratio diet. In summary, these results suggest that cows producing 12-14kg of milk/d could be best maintained on a dietary regimen of 70% good quality roughage and 30% concentrate to have the maximum production of human health beneficial conjugated linoleic acid without compromising on milk yield. Keywords: Dairy cow, concentrate, roughage, milk fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid
Modelling of 210Pb Behaviour in the Catchment and Sediment of Lake Tali Karng, Victoria, and Estimation of Recent Sedimentation Rates

The technique of 210Pb dating of sediments over time scales of up to 120 years is described and illustrated by a study of Lake Tali Karng. Results from the study of a sediment core from the deepest part of the lake shows that the flux of unsupported 210Pb to the sediment is about 145 mBq cm-2 year-1. Over the last 100 years, about 75 cm of sediment has accumulated at an average rate of 150-200 mg cm-2 year-1. Calculations using two models to convert 210Pb activity-depth profiles to age-depth profiles indicate that the sedimentation rate has increased slightly over the last 100 years. It is estimated that about 14% of the 210Pb falling in the catchment reaches the lake sediment, but depending on the assumptions made the possible range is 7-60%.
Forest stand age classification using time series of photogrammetrically derived digital surface models

ABSTRACT In this research, we developed and tested a remote sensing-based approach for stand age estimation. The approach is based on changes in the forest canopy height measured from a time series of photo-based digital surface models that were normalized to canopy height models using an airborne laser scanning derived digital terrain model (DTM). Representing the Karelian countryside, Finland, CHMs from 1944, 1959, 1965, 1977, 1983, 1991, 2003, and 2012 were generated and allow for characterization of forest structure over a 68-year period. To validate our method, we measured stand age from 90 plots (1256 m2) in 2014, whereby producer's accuracy ranged from 25.0% to 100.0% and user's accuracy from 16.7% to 100.0%. The wide range of accuracy found is largely attributable to the quality and characteristics of archival images and intrastand variation in stand age. The lowest classification accuracies were obtained for the images representing the earliest dates. For forest managers and agencies that have access to long-term photo archives and a detailed DTM, the estimation of stand age can be performed, improving the quality and completeness of forest inventory databases.
Climatic and Water Availability Effects on Water‐Use Efficiency in Wheat

In Argentina, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is cropped over a wide range of climatic conditions. Considerable variability in the ratio of dry weight produced per unit of transpired water, usually referred to as water-use efficiency (WUE), is expected as variation in climatic factors affects photosynthesis and transpiration in different ways. Also, previous studies have shown that water supply limitations may affect WUE in wheat. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of climatic environment and water availability on WUE in wheat crops. Six experiments were conducted at different locations of the Argentine wheat belt and crop dry weight and water use were measured in periods when water use was dominated by transpiration. Three of the experiments included both irrigated and rainfed treatments. Mean daily values of (i) pan evaporation, (ii) relative humidity, (iii) potential water use, and (iv) vapor pressure deficit, were used to find a general relationship that explained effects of the climatic environment on WUE. For experiments with high water availability, daytime vapor pressure deficit was better related to WUE than the other climatic factors. WUE was greater for experiments with water limitation, probably because stomatal closure to restrict transpiration rate occurred around midday when vapor pressure deficit was highest. As a consequence, relative dry weight under water limitation was not linearly related to relative water use as proposed in previous studies. A quadratic relationship that better represented this response was derived.
G protein activators and cAMP promote mycoparasitic behaviour in Trichoderma harzianum

The mycoparasite Trichoderma harzianum , a biocontrol agent, forms coils and other mycoparasitic structures upon contact with host fungi. A biomimetic system consisting of nylon fibres was used to test the involvement of signal transduction pathways in the induction of coils. Two activators of G protein-mediated signal transduction induced coiling of hyphae around nylon fibres. The peptide toxin mastoparan increased coiling more than two-fold in comparison with controls. The activator fluoroaluminate (A1F 4 − ) had a similar effect, whereas aluminium ions alone were ineffective. cAMP increased coiling about three-fold. Although the two G protein activators, mastoparan and fluoroaluminate, have very different modes of action, they share the Gα subunit as a target. We also found that two T. harzianum isolates differ in their extent of coiling around nylon fibres in the absence of effectors. The results reported here demonstrate that the biomimetic system can be used to study the biochemistry of coil induction, and will be a valuable assay to aid in the genetic manipulation of this pathway. It is proposed that a signal for mycoparasitic behaviour from the host cell surface is transduced by heterotrimeric G protein(s) and mediated by cAMP.
The suitability of Octotoma scabripennis Guér. and Uroplata girardi Pic (Col., Chrysomelidae) for the control of Lantana (Verbenaceae) in Australia

The host range and aspects of the biology of Hispine beetles recorded from plants in the genus Lantana is reviewed. The host specificity of Octotoma scabripennis Guer. and Uroplata girardi Pic was studied in Hawaii where these insects had been imported and established for biological control of the important weed L. camara . New techniques were employed in which feeding and oviposition behaviour was studied in field and simulated-field experiments embracing a wide range of plants interplanted amongst an abundance of the Hispines' normal host. Eesults indicated that both species are restricted almost entirely to L. camara , and subsequently these insects have been imported into and established in Australia. Both insects are particularly well suited to use as biological control agents and should be extremely useful in many countries where L. camara is a weed.
A New Juvenile Specimen of Guanlingsaurus (Ichthyosauria, Shastasauridae) from the Upper Triassic of Southwestern China

ABSTRACT A new nearly complete skeleton from the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation (lower Carnian, Upper Triassic) of Guizhou, South China, is described and ascribed as a juvenile individual of Guanlingsaurus liangae. The new specimen supplies hitherto unknown information on this species: a complete pelvic girdle shows that the ilium was misidentified as the ischium by previous authors; complete hyoids show that their length was overestimated previously; unlike in other shastasaurids, the obturator foramen on the pubis is widely open as part of the obturator fossa; and the fibula has a posterior flange, similar to that of Shonisaurus. Guanlingsaurus liangae was reassigned to the genus Shastasaurus and was suggested to be a suction feeder due to its short snout, lack of teeth, and hyoid. However, the new specimen of Guanlingsaurus described here shows much smaller hyoids compared with Shonisaurus, which was thought to be a suction-feeding ichthyosaur. Suction feeding in ichthyopterygians as a whole requires scrutiny: the group lacks an ossified hyoid corpus that is typically expanded in suction-feeding cetaceans, which suggests that ichthyopterygian hyoids were insufficiently robust for suction feeding. A phylogenetic analysis of Ichthyopterygia based on a revised data matrix clarifies the shastasaurid affinity of G. liangae as a sister taxon of Shonisaurus, with Shastasaurus as their sister group, and Shonisaurus is reestablished as a genus containing Shonisaurus sikanniensis as traditionally held. It suggests that the assignment of Guanlingsaurus and Shonisaurus sikanniensis to Shastasaurus unnecessarily confuses existing taxonomy.
Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices for Selection of Confectionery Sunflower ( Helianthus anuus L.) Landraces under Various Environmental Conditions

In order to study the response of 56 landraces of confectionery sunflower to drought stress, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Agricultural Research Center of West-Azerbaijan in 2012-2013 cropping seasons. The genotypes were evaluated in three separated rectangular 7 A— 8 lattice design with two replications in three irrigation treatments including optimum irrigation, moderate stress and sever stress where irrigation was done after depletion of 50%, 70% and 90% of available water, respectively. Nine drought tolerance indices including mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HARM), stress non-stress production index (SNPI), yield index (YI), drought resistance index (DI), modified stress tolerance index in optimum irrigation (MPSTI), and modified stress tolerance index in moderate and severe stress (MsSTI) were calculated based on grain yield under well-watered (YP), moderate drought stress (YS-mild) and severe drought stress (YS-severe) conditions. Grain yield in well-watered (YP), mild and severe stress conditions was significantly and positively correlated with MP, STI, GMP, HARM, SNPI, YI, DI, MPSTI and MSSTI. Results of this study showed that in moderate drought stress conditions the indices MP, STI, GMP and HARM could be used as the most suitable indicators for screening drought tolerant genotypes. Based on cluster analysis, the studied genotypes were grouped in 3 clusters in each one of water treatment conditions. To select drought tolerant genotypes in severe drought stress conditions, it is suggested to use indices MP, STI, GMP, HARM, SNPI and MSSTI because these indices supports stable and high yield in both non-stress and stress conditions.
A Brief report on the painted building of Zaghe (Late 7th - Early 6th Millennium B.C.)

Dans la plaine de Qazvin, un bâtiment important considere comme un edifice public a caractere religieux a ete mis au jour. Il s'agit d'une structure rectangulaire comportant deux salles, I'une en U, I'autre simple annexe. L'interet primordial de la salle en U qui devait servir de lieu de reunion est son decor forme de peintures a motifs geometriques et de bucrânes de bouquetins ; cette ornementation permet de rapprocher le monument de Zaghe date de la fin du VIIe ou du debut du VIe millenaire des sanctuaires de Catal Huyuk.
Microbial Biosynthesis and Applications of Gentamicin: A Critical Appraisal

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by various species of the genus Micromonospora and has received much attention in the recent years as a broad-spectrum antibiotic for treatment of various infections. It exists as a complex of closely related aminoglycoside structures and the clinically significant one is the gentamicin C complex. This review article focuses attention on the present status of knowledge and the main advancements achieved in the last few decades on the subject of gentamicin with regard to its production, biosynthetic pathway, mode of action, and uses. The various nutritional and environmental parameters affecting gentamicin production and the factors affecting the release of bound gentamicin are discussed. Further, strain improvement using UV and/or chemical mutagenesis can be applied to augment the efficiency of the producer strain and a number of case studies are presented. Different detection and quantitative methods for gentamicin estimation and the mode of action of gentamicin are discussed in detail. This antibiotic finds extensive use in combination chemotherapy and as a drug for different delivery agents for treatment of osteomyelitis and other recent applications in gene therapy.