Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inequality of Opportunity in Elementary Level School Education: Evidence from India

This article, using the National Sample Survey database, explores the unfair schooling access of Indian children over the time period of 2004–2012, where the unfairness is generated from the differences in the respective caste, sex, religion, parental and other family backgrounds of the children that they can not control by themselves. Adopting the philosophical rubric of inequality of opportunity we find inequality of educational opportunity to be impressively low for Indian children while a timely beginning of schooling is considered, but depicts a sharp rise while we consider a timely finishing of elementary school education. We further find parental education, particularly that of mother’s, to be the most important factor behind the resulting inequality of educational opportunity. Although India shows an unambiguous improvement over the aforementioned time span, our results indicate the necessity of refurbishing school education policies with an emphasis on arresting school dropouts for those born to unfavorable circumstances.
Stress-dilatancy in very loose sand

Virtually all investigation of liquefaction has used undrained tests, and it has become common to represent the undrained strength in terms of a collapse surface or collapse stress ratio described by an effective friction angle. A difficulty with undrained tests is that they only allow observation of the interaction of elastic and plastic strain because of the imposed boundary condition (i.e., no drainage or zero volume change), precluding a proper understanding of an effective stress criterion for maximum undrained strength. Drained triaxial tests do not suffer from this shortcoming, and stressdilatancy of dense sands in drained shear is well established as a fundamental aspect of sand behaviour, based on micromechanical considerations. It is particularly interesting to consider the stressdilatancy behaviour of very loose sands in the context of soil liquefaction. Although there are some data in the literature on loose sand behaviour in drained triaxial compression, the majority of data are actually fo.
User Perceptions of Visual Blood: An International Mixed Methods Study on Novel Blood Gas Analysis Visualization

Blood gas analysis plays a central role in modern medicine. Advances in technology have expanded the range of available parameters and increased the complexity of their interpretation. By applying user-centered design principles, it is possible to reduce the cognitive load associated with interpreting blood gas analysis. In this international, multicenter study, we explored anesthesiologists’ perspectives on Visual Blood, a novel visualization technique for presenting blood gas analysis results. We conducted interviews with participants following two computer-based simulation studies, the first utilizing virtual reality (VR) (50 participants) and the second without VR (70 participants). Employing the template approach, we identified key themes in the interview responses and formulated six statements, which were rated using Likert scales from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) in an online questionnaire. The most frequently mentioned theme was the positive usability features of Visual Blood. The online survey revealed that participants found Visual Blood to be an intuitive method for interpreting blood gas analysis (median 4, interquartile range (IQR) 4-4, p < 0.001). Participants noted that minimal training was required to effectively learn how to interpret Visual Blood (median 4, IQR 4-4, p < 0.001). However, adjustments are necessary to reduce visual overload (median 4, IQR 2-4, p < 0.001). Overall, Visual Blood received a favorable response. The strengths and weaknesses derived from these data will help optimize future versions of Visual Blood to improve the presentation of blood gas analysis results.
Tree Regression Analysis to Determine Effects of Soil Variability on Sugarcane Yields

Approximately 15% of south Florida sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is grown on high water table sandy soils that overlie limestone bedrock. This study determined treatment and site-specific factors affecting sugarcane production on these soils using a new statistical tool called tree regression. Sugarcane was grown in a 38-ha area for three seasons (1991, 1992, and 1993). Treatments were subirrigation water table depth (0.45 vs. 0.70 m), N fertilization frequency (13 vs. 7 split applications for 3 yr at 224 kg N ha ' yr 1 ), and Mg fertilizer rate (0 vs. 60 kg Mg ha 1 yr -1 ), using a split-split plot design. Soil was sampled from plots before each crop to determine pH, and soil test P, K, Ca, Mg, and Si. Depth to rock was determined with ground-penetrating radar. Three statistical techniques were used to examine design and the effect of soil factors on sugarcane yield: traditional simple correlations, general linear mixed-model analysis (GLM and MIXED), and a new technique, tree regression. Tree regression resulted in functions encompassing the complexity of response between yield, soil nutrients, and other factors, while handling large amounts of data. The regression tree identified sugarcane yields ranging from 42.6 to 100.8 t ha 1 , grouped according to conditions defined by soil Ca, crop, soil Mg, the P intensity/capacity ratio, and water table level. The strength of the general linear mixed-model approach was in inference testing, whereas the strength of tree regression tree analysis is for prediction of covariate importance under broadly spaced environments.
Variability of Adriatic Sea coastal turbid waters from SeaWiFS imagery

[1] The objective of this work is to gain new insight on the variability and offshore export of turbid coastal waters in the Adriatic Sea, which are optically classified as Case 2 waters. This is done by means of the 1998–2004 SeaWiFS ocean color products (chlorophyll, Case 2 flags and light attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, k490) and NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature. The role of wind-driven circulation in the redistribution of the above ocean color features is also analyzed both at seasonal and interannual time scales and in the light of particular wind and current situations occurring in 2003, via scatterometer wind data as well as atmospheric and marine circulation medium and high resolution model output. Results indicate that turbid (Case 2) waters are exported offshore at the Po delta and Ancona headland during the colder months, in concomitance of Bora wind events and when the 2003 daily Po river discharge is above about 500 m3 s−1 and 1000 m3 s−1, respectively. Southeasterly Sirocco events do not to originate extensive offshore transport, but only locally modify the shape of the WAC front. Mistral episodes enhance the WAC flow into the Ionian Sea. Finally, estimates of coastal current width and length from Case 2 flag distribution follow the Po discharge pattern, confirming this forcing to be the main responsible for WAC width seasonal modulation. Experimental WAC widths agree reasonably with theoretical analyses, while underestimation of WAC length suggests the necessity to include the other Italian rivers in the freshwater discharge evaluation.
The diurnal and latitudinal variation of auroral zone ionospheric conductivity

The great spatial and temporal variability of auroral ionospheric conductivity significantly influences the ionospheric closure path for high-latitude, field-aligned currents. Because these closure paths can extend to low latitudes, changes in auroral zone conductivity can influence the global electric field distribution. In this paper, synoptic Chatanika radar observations of auroral zone conductivity that cover ∼62° to 68° geomagnetic latitude are presented. They are representative of quiet winter, active winter, and equinoctial conditions. During the daytime the solar contribution to the height-integrated conductivity is well represented by ΣP,H ≃ (5, 10) cos1/2(χ), where χ is the solar zenith angle. The nighttime, height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities (ΣP and ΣH) in the electron density trough are, at times, below our detection threshold of ∼0.5 mho. Following magnetic substorm onset, enhanced conductivity regions move southward and intensify. As the recovery phase begins, the conductivity pattern recedes northward and diminishes. The onset and cessation of precipitation associated with these events can be as abrupt as a few minutes. In one example the behavior of ΣP and ΣH are examined in the vicinity of the Harang discontinuity, which was quite sharp (≲30 min) in local time. At the Harang discontinuity on that day, the ratio of ΣH to ΣP decreased, indicating a softening of the precipitating energy distribution.
Overland flow from solitary waves

The one‐dimensional inundation over an impermeable horizontal bed by incident solitary waves is studied both experimentally and numerically. The numerical model is based on a set of Boussinesq long‐wave equations cast in the Lagrangian frame and a finite element technique is used to effect a numerical solution. Two nonbreaking solitary waves with amplitude ratios H/d=0.14 and 0.21 were studied, and for each wave both a dry bed and a wet bed were investigated. Near the still shoreline the wave steepness is sufficiently large to require a nonhydrostatic correction to the horizontal pressure gradient, and good agreement is found between the laboratory data and the numerical results for the dry bed. The wet‐bed case could not be modeled numerically. Although the initial collapse of the wave onto the bed is not influenced significantly by viscous effects, bed friction becomes important during the subsequent inundation phase. Peak inundation front speeds are reduced 10–15% for propagation over the wet bed as co.
The Roza Member, Columbia River Basalt Group: A gigantic pahoehoe lava flow field formed by endogenous processes?

We present studies on the physical volcanology of the ∼15 Ma Roza Member of the Wanapum Formation in the Columbia River Basalt Group. The Roza Member represents a compound pahoehoe flood basalt lava flow field, with an area of ∼40,300 km 2 and a volume of 1300 km 3 . It consists of 4 major lava flows each composed of numerous, decimeter to kilometer long pahoehoe lobes. Roza lavas feature a wide range of pahoehoe surface structures, such as lava rise plateaus, tumuli, and surface breakouts, and we illustrate that the lava morphology is inconsistent with previous proposals of rapid emplacement for these lavas. An integral component of the Roza flow field is the sheet lobe with internal structures identical to those of inflated pahoehoe sheet lobes from Hawaii and Iceland, both at the same scale and at much larger scales. We identify a three-part division of the sheet lobes into basal crust, lava core, and lava crust, which are interpreted as the equivalent to the bottom crust, the liquid lava core, and the surface crust of an active inflating pahoehoe lobe. The upper lava crust grows continuously during lava emplacement and its growth rate can be approximated by conductive cooling. This relationship is used to calculate the emplacement time for individual Roza sheet lobes and to derive a first-order estimate on the duration of the Roza eruption. The results indicate that the emplacement of individual Roza lobes lasted for months to years and that the lava flow field was constructed over a period of at least 14 years. We propose that the Roza flows achieved great areal dimensions and thicknesses by inflation and endogenous growth. As the lava flowed from vent to flow front it traveled under an insulating crust which maintained cooling rates of <0.1°C/km and allowed for efficient transport of lava over distances up to 300 km.
The Role of Ocean Dynamics in the Interaction between the Atlantic Meridional and Equatorial Modes

This study examines a mechanism of the interaction between the tropical Atlantic meridional and equatorial modes. To derive robust heat content (HC) variability,the ensemble-mean HC anomalies(HCA) of six state-of-the-art global ocean reanalyses for 1979‐2007 are analyzed. Compared with previous studies, characteristic oceanic processes are distinguished through their dominant time scales. Using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, the HC fields are first decomposed into components with different time scales. The authors’ analysis shows that these components are associated with distinctive ocean dynamics.Thehigh-frequency(firstthree)componentscanbecharacterizedastheequatorialmodes,whereas the low-frequency (the fifth and sixth) components are featured as the meridional modes. In between, the fourth component on the time scale of 3‐4 yr demonstrates ‘‘mixed’’ characteristics of the meridional and equatorial modes because of an active transition from the predominant meridional to zonal structures on this time scale. Physically, this transition process is initiated by the discharge of the off-equatorial HCA, which is first accumulated as a part of the meridional mode, into the equatorial waveguide, which is triggered by the breakdown of the equilibrium between the cross-equatorial HC contrast and the overlying wind forcing, and resultsinamajorheattransportthroughtheequatorialwaveguideintothesoutheasterntropicalAtlantic.Itis
Focal Mechanisms of the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan, China Earthquake and High‐Resolution Aftershock Relocations

Online Material: Tables of 1D velocity models and relocated events. The M w 6.6 Lushan earthquake (hereafter referred to as the Lushan earthquake) occurred in the early morning on 20 April 2013 (Fig. 1). The earthquake caused more than 200 casualties, injured more than ten thousand people, and caused huge economic loss. This event was the most damaging earthquake in China since the 2008 M 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2010 M 7.1 Yushu earthquake. Figure 1. Tectonic settings of Longmenshan fault system (after Zhang and Li, 2010; Liu et al. , 2013). Red star, Lushan earthquake epicenter; black star, Wenchuan earthquake epicenter. Lower hemisphere focal mechanisms of the mainshock and two M 5+ aftershocks are also shown. The box on the inset marks the study region in mainland China. F1, Wenchuan–Maowen fault; F2, Beichuan fault; F3, Pengguan fault; F4, Dayi fault. The Lushan earthquake was widely felt as far as 500 km away, in an area of almost 1 million square kilometers. The area that suffered damage is also substantial (∼20,000 square kilometers). After five days of intensive field investigation, the intensity map was officially released based on the observed damage (http://www.cea.gov.cn/publish/dizhenj/464/478/20130425153642550719811/index.html, last accessed November 2013). The intensity map showed a northeast–southwest strike, and the maximum intensity was IX. The lengths of the long axis and short axis for the meizoseismal area are nearly 23 and 11 km, respectively, which agree well with rupture‐process inversion results (Wang et al. , 2013). The mainshock was well recorded by both local and global seismic networks, and the epicenter is located at latitude 30.3° N and longitude 103.0° E, which is about 80 km to the southwest of the epicenter of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The shock occurred between the Pengguan fault (F3) and Dayi fault (F4) in the northeast‐trending Longmenshan fault system (Fig. 1). The Longmenshan fault …
Geostrophic dynamics of meridional transport variability in the subpolar North Atlantic

The North Atlantic meridional overturning 6 circulation (MOC) is believed to play an important role in regulating the Earth’s climate. Yet, there is still much uncertainty regarding the dynamics of the MOC and its variability. It is well established, however, that, through geostrophy, the zonally integrated meridional transport at a particular latitude and depth can be determined from the east-west bottom pressure difference across the basin. Therefore, rather than consider the MOC as a large-scale system, this paper focuses on the dynamics of this geostrophic relationship in two numerical ocean models at a single latitude (50◦14 N) in the sub-polar Atlantic. First, it is shown that the bottom pressure on the western boundary is sufficient to recover, with high fidelity, the interannual meridional transport variability at 50◦17 N over a one hundred year period in the climate model HadCM3. It is found that the variability of western boundary pressure is closely associated with density changes over the continental slope. These changes lead to a large zonal gradient in potential energy and an unfeasible, depth-mean velocity over the slope. The western boundary pressure, from which the meridional transport can be recovered, is generated as a compensation to this, and limits the depth-mean flow. This demonstrates that in numerical ocean models, at least, meridional transport variability is generated as a local response to density changes on the western slope. Whether this is a true representation of actual ocean variability is uncertain, but if it were, then meridional transport variability could largely be determined using only the density field on the western slope.
Local and global hydrological contributions to time-variable gravity in Southwest Niger

P>Advances in methods of observation are essential to ensure a better understanding of changes in water resources considering climate variability and human activities. The GHYRAF (Gravity and Hydrology in Africa) experiments aim to combine gravimetric measurements with dense hydrological surveys to better characterize the annual water storage variability in tropical West Africa. The first absolute gravimetric measurements were performed in Southwest Niger, near a temporary pond where rapid infiltration to an unconfined aquifer occurs. As gravity is sensitive both to local and global variations of water mass distribution, the large-scale hydrological contribution to time-variable gravity has been removed using either GRACE satellite data or global hydrology models. The effect of the local water storage changes was modelled using in situ measurements of the water table, soil moisture and pond water level. The adjustment of these simulations to residual ground gravity observations helped to constrain the specific yield to a value ranging between 1.8 and 6.2 per cent. This range of value is consistent, albeit on the low side, with the aquifer water content (6-12 per cent) estimated by magnetic resonance soundings, which are known to slightly overestimate the specific yield in this geological context. The comparison of these two independent geophysical methods shows their potential to constrain the local hydrogeological parameters. Besides, this study evidences the worth of correcting the gravity signal for large-scale hydrology before recovering local water storage parameters.
Distribution of Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in south Sumatra and west Java

Abstract The evolution of volcanism in Sumatra and Java during Tertiary and Quaternary time can be divided into three phases: (i) lava flows of the Early Tertiary event (43–33 Ma) consisting of island arc tholeiites; followed by (ii) eruption of tholeiitic pillow basalt at the beginning of the Late Tertiary (11 Ma); and succeeded by (iii) medium‐K calc‐alkaline magmatism in the Pliocene and Quaternary. The present available field data on the occurrence of Paleogene volcanic rocks and subsurface data in south Sumatra and northern west Java indicate a much larger area of distribution of the volcanic rocks than previously recognized. Because the eastward continuation of the northern west Java volcanic rocks had not been found, early investigators were inclined to assume that they continued to south Kalimantan. In contrast, the early Tertiary volcanic rocks that occupy the south coast of Java can be traced further east as far as Flores. The occurrence of Paleogene volcanics in south Sumatra and northern west Java can be interpreted as a Paleogene volcanic arc that was presumably related to the late Cretaceous–Paleogene trench parallel to Sumatra and west Java due to subduction of the Indian Plate toward the northeast (Meratus trend).
Blue and Green Low Threshold Laser Diodes With InAlN Claddings

We report on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$300~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> short cavity single transverse mode LDs employing <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-type InAlN cladding layers. Threshold currents in the blue and green spectral range of 3.3 and 12.0 mA are demonstrated, respectively. This is accompanied by low electrical power consumption for optical powers in the mW range. Compared to conventional AlGaN-based devices having nominally identical active regions, an increase in modal gain is demonstrated, responsible for a ≈25% reduction in threshold currents. Fast-axis far field divergence angle measurements indicate that the modal gain improvement can be ascribed to a higher optical confinement factor when using InAlN.
A MHD mechanism for the generation of the meridional current system during substorm expansion phase

[1] In this study we propose a MHD mechanism for the generation of the meridional current system (MCS) during the substorm expansion phase (EP). The upward field-aligned current (FAC) intensifies as the dawn-dusk plasma pressure gradient enhances in the Harang region during the substorm EP. As a consequence of this intensification, the plasma convection pattern changes, with eastward flow accelerations observed in both the ionosphere and midmagnetotail during early substorm EP. The increasing eastward flow is associated with an inertial current in the midtail whose divergence give rise to a downward FAC poleward of the upward FAC region, constituting a MCS configuration. Theoretical calculations based upon the mechanism shows consistency with many observed features of the MCS. We further discuss how the present work relates to the large-scale FAC system and the interactions among its various components, with a particular emphasis on the MCS contribution to the overall substorm current closure.
Optical Properties for Thin Film of Coumarin 334 Organic Laser Dye doped with PVA Polymer and Al2O3 Nanoparticles

Background: In this work, the optical properties for thin film of Coumarin 334 organic laser dye doped with PVA polymer and AL2O3 nanoparticles are determined at different concentrations, dissolved in ethanol solvent. Methods: Solutions at concentration (10-4 M) from coumarin (334) dye in ethanol solvent at Different concentrations from dye (1, 3, 5, and 7) ×10-5 M were prepared. Results: The AFM measurements show that the grain size, root mean square and roughness belong to the surface of the thin films rises with thickness rise for thin films . It has also increased the absorbance due to the increase in concentration. Conclusion: By using Gaussian beam from CW pulsed laser at 457 nm, we used Z-scan to study the nonlinear optical properties. The nonlinearity of thin film highly excels the pure dye solutions.