Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Identification of Human Subgroups in Time-Dependent Pedestrian Flow Networks

The study of identifying human subgroups from videos is a significant topic, which has received a lot of attention in multiple disciplines. So far, however, there has been little consideration about combining it with relevant conceptions in network science. Therefore, this article proposes a novel method for the automatic identification of human subgroups in dynamic pedestrian flows. The spatial proximity and temporal continuity are combined to calculate the interaction intensity between pedestrians, by which a time-dependent pedestrian flow network is constructed. Based on the objective function of weighted partition density, the optimal threshold is used to determine community structures that correspond to human subgroups in frame images. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our method achieves high identification accuracy under various evaluation datasets, and exhibits better performance than existing methods in terms of different crowd densities, various numbers of subgroup members, and certain levels of trajectory noise. Furthermore, this work provides valuable implications for the understanding of subgroup behaviors and the modeling of subgroup movements.
Matrix perturbation theory for driven three‐level systems with damping

We investigate the dynamics of the Λ system driven by two resonant laser fields in presence of dissipation for coupling strengths where the rotating‐wave approximation starts to break down. This regime is characterised by Rabi frequencies being approximately equal or smaller than the field frequencies. A systematic procedure to obtain an expansion for the solution of the Bloch evolution equations of the system is presented. The lowest contribution results to be the well‐known rotating‐wave approximation. The method is based on a semi‐classical treatment of the problem, and its predictions are interpreted fully quantum mechanically. The theory is illustrated by a detailed study of the disappearance of coherent population trapping as the intensities of the fields increase.
3D Geophysical and Geological Modeling of the South Orkney Microcontinent (Antarctica): Tectonic Implications for the Scotia Arc Development

The opening of the Scotia Arc resulted in the final breakup of the land bridge between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) constituted part of this former connection and it is now the largest continental block in the Southern Scotia Arc. We present the first 3D model of the SOM that, given its strategic position and characteristics, allows us to advance the knowledge of the tectonic processes involved in the development of the Scotia Arc. Due to the scarcity of reliable geological data, the initial approximation of the deep structure of the SOM was supported by the calculation of three main geological boundaries from geophysical data: the acoustic basement, the boundary of the magnetic anomaly source and the Moho depth. The 3D model was built, refined and validated by forward modeling and joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. We have accurately defined the geometry of the sedimentary cover, determined the geometry of the intrusive igneous body causing the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA) and mapped the heterogeneity of the crustal thickness. These structural features show a clear relationship to each other and are consistent with an important E‐W extension to the east of the SOM during early stages of the Scotia Arc formation, prior to the opening of the Powell Basin.
The Development of Children's Algebraic Thinking: The Impact of a Comprehensive Early Algebra Intervention in Third Grade.

This article reports results from a study investigating the impact of a sustained, comprehensive early algebra intervention in third grade. Participants included 106 students; 39 received the early algebra intervention, and 67 received their district’s regularly planned mathematics instruction. We share and discuss students’ responses to a written preand post-assessment that addressed their understanding of several big ideas in the area of early algebra, including mathematical equivalence and equations, generalizing arithmetic, and functional thinking. We found that the intervention group significantly outperformed the nonintervention group and was more apt by posttest to use algebraic strategies to solve problems. Given the multitude of studies among adolescents documenting students’ difficulties with algebra and the serious consequences of these difficulties, an important contribution of this research is the finding that—provided the appropriate instruction—children are capable of engaging successfully with a broad and diverse set of big algebraic ideas.
The Future of Research on Executive Function and Its Development: An Introduction to the Special Issue

ABSTRACT Over the last several decades, research on executive function in children has flourished, producing a wealth of empirical findings. These findings have raised many theoretical and methodological questions that warrant attention and are addressed in this special issue. This introduction to the special issue reviews some of the recent history of the field before introducing the seven target articles. We introduce these articles in the context of current theoretical and methodological issues: domain generality versus domain specificity of executive function, ecological and cultural validity of executive function measures, executive function training and transfer, and the nature of relations between executive function and achievement and other outcomes. This diverse set of articles collectively provides many fresh, testable ideas that promise to advance the field and usher in the next wave of theory-guided executive function research.
Amiata donkey body conformation, udder characteristics, and their relationship with milk yield and quality

Abstract To date, no selective actions have been taken to improve milk traits in dairy donkeys, and the characteristics of the udder are not well defined in relation to the productive characteristics. This study aimed at increasing knowledge on Amiata dairy donkey body conformation, udder traits, and their relationship with milk yield and quality. Morphological, udder, and teat measurements and milk evaluations of 45 pluriparous jennies were carried out. The average wither height of the jennies was 126 cm and the chest girth was 148 cm; a large standard deviation of some body measurements was found. Forty-nine percent of the animals showed a moderately developed udder, while most of the jennies had symmetrical half-udders (96%) and the intermammary cleft was clearly visible in 53% of subjects. Correlation analysis indicated that bigger animals tend to have bigger udders, higher teat diameter, and greater distance between teat tips. A positive correlation between the teat length and the milk fat was found (p < 0.01), which suggests that jennies with longer teats have a better ability to release milk fat. The results of this paper may be useful to define the characteristics of the milking device and address selective choices of the animals.
Atorvastatin Improves the Propionic Acid-Induced Autism in Rats: The Roles of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Anti-inflammatory Action

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the benefits of atorvastatin on the propionic acid-induced autism model via increasing sphingosine-1-phosphate and anti-inflammatory actions with imaging and brain tissue investigations. Materials and methods Twenty-five mg/kg/day/rat of propionic acid (PPA) was administered intraperitoneally to 20 male Wistar rats, and 10 male Wistar rats were fed orally. Study groups were designed as follows: Group 1: Control Group (orally fed control, n=10); Group 2 (PPA+saline, n=10); Group 3 (PPA+Atorvastatin, n=10). The brain biochemical and histopathology assessments and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were conducted across groups in order to compare them. Results The PPA+Atorvastatin group was found to have significantly lower levels of brain malondialdehyde, IL-2 level, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lactate compared to the PPA+saline group. The PPA+Atorvastatin group had higher levels of nerve growth factor and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2) and sphingosine-1-phosphate. In histopathology assessments, the PPA+Atorvastatin group was found to have significantly higher neuronal counts of CA1 and CA2 in the hippocampus, and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Conclusions Current findings suggest that atorvastatin increases sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and decreases inflammatory actions which characterize the autism rodent model implemented in this study. These preliminary results have to be confirmed by further experimental and clinical studies.
The Internal Rotation of the Sun

▪ Abstract Helioseismology has transformed our knowledge of the Sun's rotation. Earlier studies revealed the Sun's surface rotation, but now a detailed observational picture has been built up of the internal rotation of our nearest star. Unlike the predictions of stellar-evolution models, the radiative interior is found to rotate roughly uniformly. The rotation within the convection zone is also very different from prior expectations, which had been that the rotation rate would depend primarily on the distance from the rotation axis. Layers of rotational shear have been discovered at the base of the convection zone and in the subphotospheric layers. Studies of the time variation of rotation have uncovered zonal-flow bands, extending through a substantial fraction of the convection zone, which migrate over the course of the solar cycle, and there are hints of other temporal variations and of a jet-like structure. At the same time, building on earlier work with mean-field models, researchers have made great.
University physics students' use of models in explanations of phenomena involving interaction between metals and electromagnetic radiation

We examine third year university physics students' use of models when explaining familiar phenomena involving interaction between metals and electromagnetic radiation. A range of scientific models are available to explain these phenomena. However, explanations of these phenomena tend not to be used as exemplars of scientific models within undergraduate physics education. The student sample is drawn from six universities in UK and Sweden. These students have difficulties in providing appropriate explanations for the phenomena. Many students draw upon the Bohr model of isolated atoms when explaining light emission of metals. The students tend not to recognize that atoms in metals interact to give an electronic structure very different from that of the isolated atom. Few students use a single model consistently in their explanations of these related phenomena. Rather, students' use of models is sensitive to the context in which each phenomenon is presented to them.
Lightning in the Anvils of Supercell Thunderstorms

AbstractThis study uses data from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (OK-LMA), the National Lightning Detection Network, and the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), prototype Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar to examine the evolution and structure of lightning in the anvils of supercell storms as they relate to storm dynamics and microphysics. Several supercell storms within the domain of the OK-LMA were examined to determine whether they had lightning in the anvil region, and if so, the time and location of the initiation of the anvil flashes were determined. Every warm-season supercell storm had some flashes that were initiated in or near the stronger reflectivities of the parent storm and propagated 40–70 km downstream to penetrate well into the anvil. Some supercell storms also had flashes that were initiated within the anvil itself, 40–100 km beyond the closest 30-dBZ contour of the storm. These flashes were typically initiated in one of three locations: 1) coincident with a local reflec.
Near-keV coherent X-ray generation with sub-10-fs lasers

Recent advances in solid-state laser technology and ultrafast optics have led to the generation of optical pulses as short as 5 fs with peak powers up to 0.1 TW from a compact kilohertz-repetition-rate all-solid-state laser. This source significantly pushes the frontiers of nonlinear optics. Intriguing possibilities include the development of a compact laser-driven coherent soft-X-ray source at photon energies near 1 keV, and the generation of autosecond XUV pulses. This paper analyzes strong-field ionization and high-harmonic generation in the few-cycle regime, and reviews the first experimental realization of high-harmonic generation with 5-fs pulses. These experiments have resulted in the emission of coherent X-rays at photon energies greater than 0.5 keV (/spl lambda/<2.5 nm), representing the highest photon energies achieved with a laser-driven coherent source so far. The generated XUV beam is well collimated and predicted to be delivered, after suitable spectral filtering, in a single burst of autosecond duration.
On the stability of impulsively perturbed differential systems

This paper deals with the study of uniform asymptotic stability of the measure differential system Dx = F(t, x) + G(t, x)Du, where the symbol D stands for the derivative in the sense of distributions. The system is viewed as a perturbed system of the ordinary differential system x' = F(t, x), where the perturbation term G(t, x)Du is impulsive and the state of the system changes suddenly at the points of discontinuity of u. It is shown, under certain conditions, that the uniform asymptotic stability property of the unperturbed system is shared by the perturbed system. To do this, the well-known Gronwall integral inequality is generalized so as to be applicable to Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals.
Investigation of Transition Possibilities Between Drought Classifications Using Standardized Precipitation Index For Wet and Dry Periods – Lower Seyhan Plain, Türkiye Case

In this study, the Karaisalı region of Türkiye, which has a semi-arid climate and is known to contain the exten - sive plains and rich water resources of the Seyhan Basin, was preferred as a study area for investigating wet and drought periods for a long timescale. Forty-one years of total precipitation data, between 1980 and 2020, belonging to the closest precipitation observation station located in the Karaisalı region were used. By using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the frequently used meteorological drought indices, drought classifica - tion probabilities, expected first transition period and residence time in each drought severity class values were calculated for the 12-month time scale. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most drought period took place in 2012 according to the examined time duration. In addition, the most wet period was observed in 2001. When various time scales were considered, SPI-3 and SPI-6 have Near Normal Wet periods, while SPI-9 and SPI-12 have Near Normal Drought periods. Extremely Wet periods were more numerous, while Extremely Drought periods lasted longer. In addition, 3 months after the end of the drought categories, it can be seen that the Wet and Drought periods change into Near Normal Wet and Near Normal Drought periods.
An Air-Sea Interaction Model of Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Tropics

Abstract We present a linear model of intraseasonal oscillations produced by the interaction of an atmosphere on an equatorial Beta-plane with a fixed ocean. Convection is treated as a means of rapidly redistributing in the vertical heat acquired from the sea surface, rather than as a heat source in and of itself. The model produces a spectrum of equatorially trapped oscillating instabilities, among which is an eastward-propagating wavenumber 1 disturbance with an intrinsic phase speed in the range of 4–20 m s−1, depending on the mean zonal wind, the surface exchange coefficients, the air-sea equivalent potential temperature difference, and the difference of absolute temperature across the depth of the lower troposphere. The three-dimensional structure of this mode is in excellent agreement with observations and recent numerical experiments concerning the 30–60 day oscillation. The phase speed and growth rate of the disturbances depend only on conditions at the equator, while their meridional structure va.
Determining the length and cross-sectional area of the vocal tract jointly from formants using acoustic sensitivity function

: A method for determining the length and cross-sectional area of the vocal tract from target formants is presented. The area function was approximated by summing several mode functions to reduce the number of degrees of freedom among the area parameters. Furthermore, the tract length was represented as a function of the coeﬃcients for two principal modes. The estimation was made based on the perturbation relationship, i.e., a sensitivity function was used to represent the change in formant frequency due to a small perturbation of the vocal-tract shape. Starting from initial values, the vocal-tract parameters were optimized iteratively, and the sensitivity functions were used as linear constraints to update the parameter values. The estimation accuracy was examined using area function data for 10 English vowels (Story and Titze, J. Phon. , 26 , 223–260, 1998). The results showed that the method is capable of determining vocal-tract shape with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, though the estimation accuracy strongly depends on the type of vowel. The dependency of the estimation error on the initial values of the parameters was also investigated.
Theoretical Calculation of Photoabsorption of Various Polymers in an Extreme Ultraviolet Region

We have calculated the linear absorption coefficients of various resist polymers using the mass absorption coefficients at 13 nm and the density obtained from the graph-theoretical treatment derived by Bicerano. The values indicate that the transmittance at 13 nm of conventional resists used in 193-nm, 248-nm and 365-nm lithography is about 30% when the thickness is 3000 Å and 60–70% when it is 1000 Å. This shows that conventional resists are suitable for an EUVL (extreme ultraviolet lithography) thin-layer resist (TLR) process using a hard-mask layer, but their large photoabsorption makes them unsuitable for a single-layer resist (SLR) process. To design polymers that are suitable for an SLR process, we further calculated the absorption of about 150 polymers. The results suggest that the introduction of aromatic groups into a polymer not only reduces the absorption at 13 nm but also increases the etching resistance.
The effect of single kinetic oscillation stimulation treatment on nonallergic rhinitis

Kinetic oscillation stimulation (KOS) is a new treatment method for nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), usually delivered twice with a 2‐ to 4‐week interval, and thought to stabilize autonomous dysregulation in the nasal mucosa. We aimed to assess the long‐term (1 year) results following one KOS treatment amongst patients with NAR.
Baltic Dry Index Estimation With NARX Neural Network Model

BDI is a global trade indicator followed by those interested in maritime trade. But it has volatility, seasonality, and uncertain cyclicality. For this reason, in this study, the BDI has been estimated to provide preliminary information to those interested in maritime trade. NARX Neural Network which performs successfully in complex and nonlinear real-life problems is used. In addition, the NARX neural network model has not been found in a previous study used for BDI estimation. Eleven independent variables are used in this study, what increases the predictive power. Independent variables are Bloomberg Commodities Index (BCOM), Twitter-Based Economic Uncertainty Index (TEU), Twitter-Based Market Uncertainty Index (TMU), S&P 500 Index, MSCI World Index, €/$ Parity, VIX (CBOE), US 10-Year Bond Yield (%), Brent Oil (USD/Barrel), Economic Uncertainty Index and World Trade Volume (USD Billion). The Twitter-Based Economic Uncertainty Index (TEU) and Twitter-Based Market Uncertainty Index (TMU), which were not used before in BDI estimation studies, were included in the analysis and contributed to the literature. The data set contains daily data for the period 9.07. 2012–31.08. 2020. 11-day estimate values covering 1.09. 2020–15.09. 2020 are calculated. MAPE, MAE and RMSE performance criteria were calculated for the estimation values. Value of MAPE (2.96%), value of MAE (36.6%) and value of RMSE (46.68) were obtained. As a result, the estimate values were compared with the actual values.
Large-Eddy-Simulation Modeling for Aerothermal Predictions Behind a Jet In Crossflow

Numerical investigations of a hot square jet in crossflow issuing perpendicularly to a flat plate are presented. This current work is initiated by Airbus Industries to better predict the aircraft aerothermal environment. Advanced numerical methods are tested in this specific context. In particular, the numerical approaches of large eddy simulations and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are assessed in an industrylike configuration. Specific attention is brought to the large eddy simulations of a jet in a crossflow momentum-flux ratio of 0.77 and a Reynolds number of 93,900 (based on crossflow velocity and jet diameter). Numerical issues such as grid resolution and boundary condition choices are addressed. Comparison of the Reynolds-averaged quantities obtained from large eddy simulations with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation data at several cross-stream locations underlines the potential of large eddy simulations for aerothermal predictions. Large-scale motions observed experimentally and numerically are reproduced by the unsteady large-eddy-simulation fields, and spectral analyses reveal the ability of the large eddy simulations to reproduce the coherent structure frequencies.
Fractionally integrated ARMA for crude palm oil prices prediction: case of potentially overdifference

Dealing with stationarity remains an unsolved problem. Some of the time series data, especially crude palm oil (CPO) prices persist towards nonstationarity in the long-run data. This dilemma forces the researchers to conduct first-order difference. The basic idea is that to obtain the stationary data that is considered as a good strategy to overcome the nonstationary counterparts. An opportune remark as it is, this proxy may lead to overdifference. The CPO prices trend elements have not been attenuated but nearly annihilated. Therefore, this paper presents the usefulness of autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) model as the solution towards the nonstationary persistency of CPO prices in the long-run data. In this study, we employed daily historical Free-on-Board CPO prices in Malaysia. A comparison was made between the ARFIMA over the existing autoregressive-integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Here, we employed three statistical evaluation criteria in order to measure the performance of the applied models. The general conclusion that can be derived from this paper is that the usefulness of the ARFIMA model outperformed the existing ARIMA model.