Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Evidence on the Standard of Living in Sweden during the 18th and 19th Centuries: Long-term Development of the Demographic Response to Short-term Economic Stress among Landless in Western Scania

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Advances in geophysical methods for permafrost investigations

Geophysical techniques can be used to examine the spatial distribution of subsurface geophysical properties to delineate horizontally and vertically the active layer, permafrost and taliks. Spatial and temporal changes in subsurface geophysical properties due to permafrost cooling, warming, aggradation or degradation can also be assessed through geophysical monitoring. This paper reviews the geophysical methods most frequently applied in mountain and arctic/subarctic lowland permafrost investigations. Key results and recommendations based on the analysis of the applicability and reliability of different geophysical techniques for permafrost studies are summarised. Emphasis is put on the tomographic capabilities of geophysical methods. Recent advances in application and data interpretation are shown in relation to five case studies, and future perspectives are highlighted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Transition: Idea, Strategy, and Viability*

Professor Justin Yifu Lin presented his ideas on approaches to development and transition at a distinguished speaker seminar on 5 December 2007. The seminar explored the reasons underlying both the dynamic economic growth of some countriessuch as Japan, newly industrialized economies (NIEs) in East Asia, and recently the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Viet Namand the lack of such success in many other developing and transition countries. The seminar started with an overview of the industrial revolution and the subsequent division of the world into industrialized and non-industrialized countries and asked, "Why are some countries rich and others not? "
Disease-Course Adapting Machine Learning Prognostication Models in Elderly Patients Critically Ill With COVID-19: Multicenter Cohort Study With External Validation

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is challenging health care systems globally. The disease disproportionately affects the elderly population, both in terms of disease severity and mortality risk. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate machine learning–based prognostication models for critically ill elderly COVID-19 patients, which dynamically incorporated multifaceted clinical information on evolution of the disease. Methods: This multicenter cohort study (COVIP study) obtained patient data from 151 intensive care units (ICUs) from 26 countries. Different models based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) were derived as baseline models that included admission variables only. We subsequently included clinical events and time-to-event as additional variables to derive the final models using the same algorithms and compared their performance with that of the baseline group. Furthermore, we derived baseline and final models on a European patient cohort, which were externally validated on a non-European cohort that included Asian, African, and US patients. Results: In total, 1432 elderly ( ≥ 70 years old) COVID-19–positive patients admitted to an ICU were included for analysis. Of these, 809 (56.49%) patients survived up to 30 days after admission. The average length of stay was 21.6 (SD 18.2) days. Final models that incorporated clinical events and time-to-event information provided superior performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81; 95% CI 0.804-0.811), with respect to both the baseline models that used admission variables only and conventional ICU prediction models (SOFA score, P <.001). The average precision increased from 0.65 (95% CI 0.650-0.655) to 0.77 (95% CI 0.759-0.770). Conclusions: Integrating important clinical events and time-to-event information led to a superior accuracy of 30-day mortality prediction compared with models based on the admission information and conventional ICU prediction models. This study shows that machine-learning models provide additional information and may support complex decision-making in critically ill elderly COVID-19 patients.
A Critical Review of Data on Field-Scale Dispersion in Aquifers

found that field-scale dispersivities are several orders of.magnitude greater than lab-scale values for the same material; it is generally agreed that this difference is a reflection of the influence of natural heterogeneities which produce irregular flow patterns at the field scale. Consequently, laboratory measurements of dispersivity cannot be used to predict field values of dispersivity. Instead field-scale tracer tests are sometimes conducted to estimate dispersivity at a particular site. Early efforts to document the scale dependence of dispersivity [Lallemand-Barres and Peaudecerf, 1978; Anderson, 1979; Pickens and Grisak, 1981; Beims, 1983; Neretnieks, 1985] were based on field values of dispersivity reported in the literature and the test scales associated with those values. These studies were useful in that they indeed documented field evidence of the scale effect, but they were lacking in that they did not assess the reliability of the data presented. Because we felt that the data would be more
Control of molecular shuttles by designing electrical and mechanical properties of microtubules

Molecular shuttles can be autonomously sorted by designing electromechanical properties of microtubules. Kinesin-driven microtubules have been focused on to serve as molecular transporters, called “molecular shuttles,” to replace micro/nanoscale molecular manipulations necessitated in micro total analysis systems. Although transport, concentration, and detection of target molecules have been demonstrated, controllability of the transport directions is still a major challenge. Toward broad applications of molecular shuttles by defining multiple moving directions for selective molecular transport, we integrated a bottom-up molecular design of microtubules and a top-down design of a microfluidic device. The surface charge density and stiffness of microtubules were controlled, allowing us to create three different types of microtubules, each with different gliding directions corresponding to their electrical and mechanical properties. The measured curvature of the gliding microtubules enabled us to optimize the size and design of the device for molecular sorting in a top-down approach. The integrated bottom-up and top-down design achieved separation of stiff microtubules from negatively charged, soft microtubules under an electric field. Our method guides multiple microtubules by integrating molecular control and microfluidic device design; it is not only limited to molecular sorters but is also applicable to various molecular shuttles with the high controllability in their movement directions.
Censo de palomas (Columba livia var.) de la ciudad de Barcelona: Aplicación del muestreo estratificado con factor de corrección

Success in the managernent of natural populations largely depends on the precision and accuracy of population size estimations. The number of Feral Pigeons in Barcelona city (NE Spain) was first estimated in 1983 by Uribe et al. (1984). In order to inprove that estirnotion, we carried out a second census of pigeons at the end of 1990 including correction factors, based on the detectability of the soecies. And stratified sarnolina. The cib was divided into 200 u squares; and a random subsarnple of 64 were sun/eyed, following Uribe et al. (1984). Visual sampling (28 transects) of marked birds (N=50 marked birds frorn which 44 were subsequently observed) showed that in any single survey only a mean of 12, 18 (S. E. =O. 87) were recorded. This means that, in any single census, 72% of the population is not visible. Therefore we suggest multiplying the results of the census by a factor of 3.5 (44/12=3.66). The final density was estimated as of 2849 individuals per Km2. The distribution of birds in Barcelona is shown. Highest densities appear in the centresouth of the city (strata I and 11, Fig. I), with a lower density around this area (stratum V), and intermediate densities in the eastern and western parts.
The Hands and Mouth Do Not Always Slip Together in British Sign Language

In contrast to the single-articulatory system of spoken languages, sign languages employ multiple articulators, including the hands and the mouth. We asked whether manual components and mouthing patterns of lexical signs share a semantic representation, and whether their relationship is affected by the differing language experience of deaf and hearing native signers. We used picture-naming tasks and word-translation tasks to assess whether the same semantic effects occur in manual production and mouthing production. Semantic errors on the hands were more common in the English-translation task than in the picture-naming task, but errors in mouthing patterns showed a different trend. We conclude that mouthing is represented and accessed through a largely separable channel, rather than being bundled with manual components in the sign lexicon. Results were comparable for deaf and hearing signers; differences in language experience did not play a role. These results provide novel insight into coordinating different modalities in language production.
Palaeomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar age of a Pliocene lava flow sequence in the Lesser Caucasus: record of a clockwise rotation and analysis of palaeosecular variation

SUMMARY A palaeomagnetic and rock-magnetic investigation has been carried out on a Pliocene lava flow sequence in the Djavakheti Highland in the central Lesser Caucasus in the Republic of Georgia. In addition, a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating and electronic microscopic studies were performed on samples of this sequence, named the Saro section, which consists of 39 successive lava flows of doleritic basalts. A characteristic magnetization could be isolated in all studied 39 flows,yielding reverse-polarity directions inall cases,amean directionD =202.2 ◦ ,I =–60.6 ◦ (N = 39, α95 = 2.0 ◦ , k = 138) being obtained. Thermomagnetic experiments (strong-field versus temperature curves) suggested low-Ti titanomagnetites and low Curie-temperature titanomagnetites with a rather high titanium content (x ≈ 0.5–0.7) as the main carriers of remanence. Their domain structure is characterized by a mixture of single- and multidomain grains. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating yielded an age of 1.73 ± 0.03 Ma, interpreted as the eruption age of the uppermost lava flow of the sequence. Analysis of palaeomagnetic results and radiometric data from the present and a previous study allows two different explanations about the time of emplacement of the section: (i) The lower 36 flows of the sequence might have been emitted between the normal-polarity Reunion and Olduvai chrons, and the upper three flows after the Olduvai chron, with a long hiatus in volcanic activity of more than 150 kyr or (ii) The whole sequence has been emitted between 1.778 and 1.73 ± 0.03 Ma, after the Olduvai chron. Comparison of the palaeomagnetic results obtained in this study with the expected direction shows that while inclination values agree well, declination shows an eastward deviation of 19.2 ◦ ± 5.8 ◦ . This discrepancy can be explained with a clockwise vertical-axis rotation of the sequence, which might have been produced by extensional structures with strike-slip component, which can be found in the study area. Virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) scatter recorded in the sequence is somewhat lower than expected. To analyse this behaviour, VGP scatter of the sequence was first calculated with respect to the palaeomagnetic pole obtained from the Fisher mean of all VGPs. Then it was calculated with respect to the appropriate Eurasian palaeomagnetic pole from VGPs obtained after applying a 19.2 ◦ counter-clockwise rotation of the sequence (i.e. undoing the observed vertical axis rotation). The observed scatter with both independent methods appeared to be very similar, allowing the deduction that
Economic evaluation of a healthy lifestyle intervention for chronic low 1 back pain: a randomised controlled trial

59 Background: Economic evaluations which estimate cost-effectiveness of potential 60 treatments can guide decisions about real world healthcare services. We performed an 61 economic evaluation of a healthy lifestyle intervention targeting weight loss, physical activity 62 and diet for patients with chronic low back pain, who are overweight or obese. 63 Methods: Eligible patients with chronic low back pain (n=160) were randomised to an 64 intervention or usual care control group. The intervention included brief advice, a clinical 65 consultation and referral to a 6-month telephone-based healthy lifestyle coaching service. 66 The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Secondary outcomes were 67 pain intensity, disability, weight, and body mass index. Costs included intervention costs, 68 healthcare utilisation costs and work absenteeism costs. An economic analysis was 69 performed from the societal perspective. 70 Results: Mean total costs were lower in the intervention group than the control group (-71 $614; 95%CI: -3133 to 255). The intervention group had significantly lower healthcare costs 72 (-$292; 95%CI: -872 to -33), medication costs (-$30; 95%CI: -65 to -4) and absenteeism 73 costs (-$1000; 95%CI: -3573 to -210). For all outcomes, the intervention was on average 74 less expensive and more effective than usual care, and the probability of the intervention 75 being cost-effective compared to usual care was relatively high (i.e. 0.81) at a willingness-to-76 pay of $0/unit of effect. However, the probability of cost-effectiveness was not as favourable 77 among sensitivity analyses. 78 Conclusions: The healthy lifestyle intervention seems to be cost-effective from the societal 79 perspective. However, variability in the sensitivity analyses indicates caution is needed when 80 interpreting these findings. 81 82
How Thick Are the Continents

Fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh waves propagating across northern Eurasia and the western Pacific Ocean have been used to construct a lower bound on zmax, the maximum depth extent of seismic velocity differences between old continents and old oceans. The waveform inversion procedure of Lemer-Lam and Jordan has been modified to search for optimum path-averaged elastic models whose significant structural differences are “squeezed” above some chosen depth z*. An inversion with z* unconstrained yielded two reference models, EU0 for northern Eurasia and PA0 for the western Pacific. The reference models provide good fits to the vertical component waveform data out to the fourth overtone, but they are characterized by substantial velocity differences extending into the lower mantle. Resolving-power calculations suggest that such deep variations are not required by the data. Using EU0 and PA0 as starting models for additional inversions and their fit to the data to define noise levels, we constructed a pair of acceptable models, EU2 and PA2, whose shear velocity differences are squeezed above z* = 400 km and compressional velocity differences squeezed above z* = 220 km. However, we were unable to obtain a successful fit to the data with z* = 220 km for shear velocity and thus reject the hypothesis Zmax ≤ 220 km in favor of the alternative zmax > 220 km. The EU2-PA2 differences in shear velocities are generally consistent with other recent seismological models of continent-ocean heterogeneity, including the regional models SNA and ATL of Grand and Helmberger and the global model M84C of Woodhouse and Dziewonski. The average upper mantle shear velocities in our P-SV models are substantially lower than Grand and Helmberger's SH models, however, this discrepancy cannot be explained by simple path differences and points to the importance of polarization anisotropy. The high-velocity zones underlying the ancient cratonic nuclei are inferred to be part of the tectosphere, translating coherently with the continents during plate motions. This and other studies of upper mantle structure are more consistent with a thick plate, compositionally stratified model of the cratons than with the conventional thin plate models of continental thermal structure.
Case report-a cornea donor with a positive SARS-CoV-2 � nding

Diana Wille (  diana.wille@uk-halle.de ) Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle/ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH Dr. rer. nat. Joana Heinzelmann Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Dr. rer. nat. Nicola Hofmann Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH Martin Börgel Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH Dr. rer. nat. Astrid Kehlen Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Dr. med. Anke Müller Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Prof. Dr. med. Arne Viestenz Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle
The Gender Similarities Hypothesis

The differences model, which argues that males and females are vastly different psychologically, dominates the popular media. Here, the author advances a very different view, the gender similarities hypothesis, which holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. Results from a review of 46 metaanalyses support the gender similarities hypothesis. Gender differences can vary substantially in magnitude at different ages and depend on the context in which measurement occurs. Overinflated claims of gender differences carry substantial costs in areas such as the workplace and relationships.
Isotopic composition of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition on Crete in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

The eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) is a nutrient‐poor ocean with unusually high nitrate‐phosphate ratios (up to 28:1) and relatively depleted 15N/14N ratios (expressed as δ15N) in deepwater nitrate (δ15NO3− of 2.5‰) and sediments (<3.5‰) that have been attributed to extensive N2 fixation. To quantify the role of atmospheric NO3− deposition in the N cycle in the EMS, we analyzed NO3− and its δ15N in samples of dry and wet deposition on biweekly and per event basis from April 2006 to September 2007 on the island of Crete. Both dry and wet deposition samples have consistently negative δ15N compared to air N2, implying a strongly depleted atmospheric source calculated to be (weighted annual estimate) −3.1‰. The low δ15N of wet deposition is in agreement with data from other environments, but the consistently depleted nature of dry deposition is unusual and supports the view of an origin from association of atmospheric NO3− mainly with dust and sea salt. This situation is due to high levels of sulphate compared to ammonium, sea salt, and lithogenic material. Mass balance and isotope‐mixing calculations show that the present‐day inputs of nitrate from external sources into the surface water layer of the eastern Mediterranean Sea have a weighted mean δ15N‐NO3− of 0.5‰ to 1.5‰ and that particle flux to and mineralization in the deepwater pool over the last 40–50 years can account for the unusually low δ15N ratios found in deepwater NO3− without the need of any significant N2 fixation.
Assessment of Nitrogen deposition effects and empirical critical loads of Nitrogen for ecoregions of the United States

This report synthesizes current research relating atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the United States and to identify empirical critical loads for atmospheric N deposition. The report evaluates the following receptors: freshwater diatoms, mycorrhizal fungi and other soil microbes, lichens, herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees. The main responses reported fell into two categories: (1) biogeochemical; and (2) individual species, population, and community responses. The range of critical loads for nutrient N reported for U.S. ecoregions, inland surface waters, and freshwater wetlands is 1 to 39 kg N ha-1 y-1. This range spans the range of N deposition observed over most of the country. The empirical critical loads for N tend to increase in the following sequence for different life forms: diatoms, lichens and bryophytes, mycorrhizal fungi, herbaceous plants and shrubs, trees.
Correlations between fish abundance and physicochemical parameters in Humboldt Bay, California

iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS.v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF APPENDICES . xv INTRODUCTION . 1 METHODS . 6 Site Description . 6 Statistical Analyses . 14 Spatial Analysis . 21 RESULTS . 28 Correlation Matrix . 39 Fish Associations with Environmental Parameters using Canonical Correspondence Analysis.42 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions (cdf) to Test the Strength of Fish and Environmental Associations.49 Kriging of Environmental Parameters . 79 Physicochemical Comparisons . 90 DISCUSSION . 96 REFERENCES . 103 APPENDICES . 108
Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50°N to 50°S based on large‐scale field sampling: Fixed nitrogen and dry deposition of phosphorus

Atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the ocean are estimated to have increased by up to a factor of three as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions over the last 150 years, with further increases expected in the short‐ to mid‐term at least. Such estimates are largely based on emissions and atmospheric transport modeling, because, apart from a few island sites, there is very little observational data available for atmospheric nitrogen concentrations over the remote ocean. Here we use samples of rainwater and aerosol we obtained during 12 long‐transect cruises across the Atlantic Ocean between 50°N and 50°S as the basis for a climatological estimate of nitrogen inputs to the basin. The climatology is for the 5 years 2001–2005, during which almost all of the cruises took place, and includes dry and wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium explicitly, together with a more uncertain estimate of soluble organic nitrogen deposition. Our results indicate that nitrogen inputs into the region were ∼850–1420 Gmol (12–20 Tg) N yr−1, with ∼78–85% of this in the form of wet deposition. Inputs were greater in the Northern Hemisphere and in wet regions, and wet regions had a greater proportion of input via wet deposition. The largest uncertainty in our estimate of dry inputs is associated with variability in deposition velocities, while the largest uncertainty in our wet nitrogen input estimate is due to the limited amount and uneven geographic distribution of observational data. We also estimate a lower limit of dry deposition of phosphate to be ∼0.19 Gmol P yr−1, using data from the same cruises. We compare our results to several recent estimates of N and P deposition to the Atlantic and discuss the likely sources of uncertainty, such as the potential seasonal bias introduced by our sampling, on our climatology.