Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: People of the Rivers: The Prairie Culture Area Chapter 2: Standing Fights and Poison Arrows: The California Culture Area Chapter 3: The Horse Warriors: The High Plains Culture Area Chapter 4: The Castle Builders: The Northeast Culture Area Chapter 5: The Importance of Influential Neighbors: The Plateau/Basin Culture Area Chapter 6: Warriors with Glittering Shields: The Southwest Culture Area Chapter 7: Land of the Cold Snow Forests: The Subarctic Culture Area Chapter 8: The Salmon Kings: The Northwest Coast Culture Area Chapter 9: The Strongbows: The Southeast Culture Area Chapter 10: Home of the North Wind: The North Pacific Culture Area Conclusion Bibliography Index
Mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx 2005

Mineral dust in the atmosphere is an important component of the climate system but is poorly quantified. The Bodele depression of Northern Chad stands out as the world’s greatest source region of mineral dust into the atmosphere. Frequent dust plumes are a distinguishing feature of the region’s climate. There is a need for more detailed information on processes of dust emission/transport and dust optical properties to inform model simulations of this source. During the Bodele Dust Experiment (BoDEx) in 2005 instrumentation was deployed to measure dust properties and boundary layer meteorology. Observations indicate that dust emission events are triggered when near surface wind speeds exceed 10ms-1, associated with synoptic scale variability in the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Dust emission pulses in phase with the diurnal cycle of near surface winds. Analysis of dust samples shows that the dust consists predominantly of fragments of diatomite sediment. The particle size distribution of this diatomite dust estimated from sun photometer data, using a modified Aeronet retrieval algorithm, indicate a dominant coarse mode (radius centred on 1-2? m) similar to other Saharan dust observations. Single scattering albedo values are high, broadly in line with other Saharan dust even though the diatomite composition of dust from the Bodele is likely to be unusual. The radiative impact of high dust loadings results in a reduction in surface daytime maximum temperature of around 7°C in the Bodele region. Using optical and physical properties of dust obtained in the field we estimate the total dust flux emitted from the Bodele to be 1.18±0.45Tg per day during a substantial dust event. We speculate that the Bodele depression (~10,800km2) may be responsible for between 6-18% of global dust emission, although the uncertainty in both the Bodele and global estimates remain high.
Magmatic evolution of the southern Coast Belt: constraints from Nd–Sr isotopic systematics and geochronology of the southern Coast Plutonic Complex

Igneous rocks of the southern Coast Belt (SCB) and adjacent Insular Belt developed within a Jurassic–Quaternary magmatic arc built across accreted juvenile-arc and oceanic terranes. SCB plutons are mostly of intermediate composition, with I-type characteristics and major element, trace element, and rare earth element geochemistry consistent with genesis in a subduction-related magmatic arc. Ubiquitous xenoliths and migmatitic zones at pluton–county rock contacts indicate that assimilation of crustal rock was an important magmatic process. U–Pb zircon crystallization ages for SCB and Insular Belt igneous rocks indicate an overall eastward migration of the magmatic axis from Middle Jurassic through Late Cretaceous time. Although absent in most rocks, traces of old inherited zircon are present in several Middle Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous plutons in the southeastern Coast Belt. The primitive character and restricted range of Nd–Sr isotopic data for Middle Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks of the SCB (eNd = .
Connecting early summer cloud‐controlled sunlight and late summer sea ice in the Arctic

This study demonstrates that absorbed solar radiation (ASR) at the top of the atmosphere in early summer (May–July) plays a precursory role in determining the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) in late summer (August–October). The monthly ASR anomalies are obtained over the Arctic Ocean (65°N–90°N) from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System during 2000–2013. The ASR changes primarily with cloud variation. We found that the ASR anomaly in early summer is significantly correlated with the SIC anomaly in late summer (correlation coefficient, r ≈ −0.8 with a lag of 1 to 4 months). The region exhibiting high (low) ASR anomalies and low (high) SIC anomalies varies yearly. The possible reason is that the solar heat input to ice is most effectively affected by the cloud shielding effect under the maximum TOA solar radiation in June and amplified by the ice‐albedo feedback. This intimate delayed ASR‐SIC relationship is not represented in most of current climate models. Rather, the models tend to over‐emphasize internal sea ice processes in summer.
Solving linear systems of equations over cyclotomic fields

Let A E Q[zInxn be a matrix of polynomials and b E Q[zIn be a vector of polynomials. Let m(z ) = Qk[z] be the kth cyclotomic polynomial. Wa want t o find thc solution vcctor x E Q[zIn such that the equation Ax b mod m(z ) holds. One may obtain x using Gaussian elimination, howevcr, it is inefficierit bec:ausc of the large ratioiial rilirribcrs that appcar in thc c:ocfficicrits of the polynomials in the matrix during thc elimination. In this thesis, wc prcsmt two modular algorithms namely, Chinese remaindering and linear pad ic lifting. We have implemented both algorithms in Maple and have determined the time complexity of both algorithms. We preserit tirning cornparison tables on two sets of data, firstly, syster~is with random generated coefficients and secondly real systems given to us by Vahid Dabbaghian which arise from computational group theory. The results show that both of our algorithms are much faster than Gaussian elimination.
Chemical and pesticides uses status in the Chalan beel, Bangladesh and present status of fish biodiversity.

Aims: A study was conducted to investigate the status of agrochemicals used and its impact on aquatic biodiversity in the Chalan beel, the largest beel of Bangladesh. Original Research Article Sayeed et al.; AJEA, 6(5): 267-289, 2015; Article no.AJEA. 2015.086 268 Duration of Study: A period of six months from January to June 2009. Methodology: The study was based on questionnaire survey. A semi structured and structured questionnaires were developed, pretested and adapted prior to the survey proper. Results: The abundance of several fish species showed decreasing trend from 1982 to 2009. The average total annual fish production of the beel was 12017.57 MT having average fish production of 281.86 kg ha -1 during the study period. Crop farmers applied 2.76 kg pesticide ha -1 crop -1 and average annual chemical fertilizers practiced was more than 125000 MT. A total of 108 and 143 large to minor scale fish mass mortality incidences were recorded with estimated fish damage of 2117 and 2980 kg respectively during the study period. Conclusion: It is the obligation of concerned GOs, NGOs and the people of Bangladesh to control the gear efficiency in the Chalan beel, stop the illegal usage of harmful pesticides and provide alternative livelihood options to the resource-poor fishers of the beel along with other measures for sustainability of the Chalan beel a major fish reservoir of the country.
Concurrent programming in Java - design principles and patterns

Bargaining with reading habit is no need. Reading is not kind of something sold that you can take or not. It is a thing that will change your life to life better. It is the thing that will give you many things around the world and this universe, in the real world and here after. As what will be given by this concurrent programming in java design principles and patterns, how can you bargain with the thing that has many benefits for you?
Model of the 5.3 μm radiance from NO during the sunlit terrestrial thermosphere

This paper models the fundamental vibration-rotation band emission from NO around 5.3 μm observed by the interferometer aboard the cryogenic infrared radiance instrumentation for shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) during the sunlit terrestrial thermosphere. The four dominant contributions to the 5.3 μm emission are solar pumping, the inelastic collisions with O of NO(v=0), the reactions of N(2D) with O2, and the reactions of N(4S) with O2. The contribution to the chemiluminescence due to the reaction of N(4S) with O2 is calculated using the energy distribution function (EDF) of these atoms obtained by solving the time dependent Boltzmann equation. The calculated radiance is derived using two model atmospheres: (1) the model atmosphere obtained from the atmospheric ultraviolet radiance integrated code (AURIC) [Strickland et al., 1998] and (2) the model atmosphere obtained from the thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM) [Roble and Ridley, 1994]. The calculated results reproduce gross features of the CIRRIS 1A observations, and disagreement by a factor of ∼2 in the total band radiance calls for a fine tuning of the model atmospheres and/or the underlying phenomenology. The cooling of the atmosphere at high altitudes due to chemiluminescence from the reaction of N(4S) with O2 is found to be comparable to that due to collisions of NO with O.
Regional Variations in Shore Response along Barrier Island Systems of the Mississippi River Delta Plain: Historical Change and Future Prediction

Long-term changes in shoreline position along Louisiana's rapidly deteriorating barrier coastline were documented from 1855 to 1989 using National Ocean Service (NOS) topographic sheets and near-vertical aerial photography. An interactive computer mapping system was employed to compile and quantify shoreline data at approximately 880 shore-normal transects by magnitude, direction, and rate of change. The study area extends along the barrier coast of the Mississippi River delta plain from Raccoon Point (western Isles Dernieres) to Hewes Point (northern Chandeleur Island). Four barrier systems characterize the study area: (1) Isles Dernieres, (2) Bayou Lafourche, (3) Plaquemines, and (4) Chandeleur Islands. Long-term gulfside rates of change range from -23.1 to +0.9 m/yr, whereas bayside rates range from -5.0 to +24.0 m/yr. Louisiana barrier island systems have experienced landward migration, area loss, bayside erosion, and island narrowing as a result of complex interactions among subsidence, eustatic sea level rise, wave processes, storm impacts (cold fronts and tropical cyclones), inadequate sediment supply, and intense human disturbance (levees; oil, gas, and sulphur extraction activities; access canals; seawalls; jetties). Consequently, the structural continuity of Louisiana's barriers is weakening as the barrier shoreline continues to narrow, fragment, and finally disappear. Seven geomorphic response types characterize the barrier shoreline: 1) lateral movement, 2) advance, 3) dynamic equilibrium, 4) retreat, 5) landward rollover, 6) breakup, and 7) rotational instability. Although the Bayou Lafourche shoreline has the highest rates of erosion through landward rollover and retreat, the Isles Dernieres, Grand Terre Islands, and the eastern Plaquemines shoreline are experiencing the more devastating process of breakup and will probably disappear within the next 25 years. Consequently, these zones of breakup are the most critical coastal land loss areas along Louisiana's barrier shoreline and thus, further threaten productive estuarine habitats in Terrebonne/Timbalier and Barataria Bays.
Contrasting basement isotopic signatures and the palinspastic restoration of peripheral orogens: Example from the Neoproterozoic Avalonian-Cadomian belt

The Avalonian-Cadomian orogenic belt developed at the periphery of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent oblique to interior collisional orogenic sutures associated with supercontinent amalgamation. As a result, parts of the Avalonian-Cadomian orogenic belt are likely to have evolved upon different cratonic basements. Available Nd and U-Pb (detrital zircon) isotopic data support this contention and suggest that West Avalonia lay adjacent to the Amazonian craton during the Neoproterozoic, whereas Cadomia and, possibly, East Avalonia occupied positions adjacent to the West African craton. Such variations in basement isotopic signatures provide important information for Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstruction of the now-dismembered orogenic belt and may be of more general application to the palinspastic restoration of dispersed Precambrian terranes.
Seasonal Dynamics and Potential Fate of Size-fractionated Phytoplankton in a Temperate Nearshore Environment (Western Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada)

Abstract Environmental conditions and seasonal dynamics of the 5 μm phytoplankton were monitored in a temperate nearshore environment (Baie des Chaleurs, western Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada). Following the spring bloom, there was a sharp decrease in the contribution of >5 μm phytoplankton to the chlorophyll a biomass and primary production, so that the 0·5 g C m −2 d −1 ), their biomass remained relatively constant, which is indicative of a tight balance between production and export, involving active microbial grazing. Production per unit biomass of >5 μm phytoplankton [8–126 mg C (mg Chlorophyll a d) −1 ] was generally higher than that of the small size fraction [13–56 mg C (mg Chlorophyll a d) −1 ], suggesting active photosynthesis by the former. Seasonal changes in size-fractionated production and biomass indicate that >5 μm phytoplankton experienced intense export. This is consistent with the accumulation of large cells with low photosynthetic efficiency near the bottom during the period of strong stratification, probably resulting from the sinking of intact phytoplankton. In addition, there is indirect evidence of mesozooplankton grazing on large phytoplankton during summer. The coexistence of microbial and herbivorous feeding modes during summer corresponds to a multivorous food web.
The Effect of Satellite Rainfall Error Modeling on Soil Moisture Prediction Uncertainty

AbstractThis study assesses the impact of satellite rainfall error structure on soil moisture simulations with the NASA Catchment land surface model. Specifically, the study contrasts a complex satellite rainfall error model (SREM2D) with the standard rainfall error model used to generate ensembles of rainfall fields as part of the Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS) developed at the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. The study is conducted in the Oklahoma region, which offers good coverage by weather radars and in situ meteorological and soil moisture measurement stations. The authors used high-resolution (25 km, 3-hourly) satellite rainfall fields derived from the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing (CMORPH) global satellite product and rain gauge–calibrated radar rainfall fields (considered as the reference rainfall). The LDAS simulations are evaluated in terms of rainfall and soil moisture error. Comparisons of rainfall ensembles generated by SREM2D and LDAS against reference rainfall .
The development of crystalline basement aquifers in a tropical environment

Abstract Chemical weathering is the dominant process in the development of a weathering profile on crystalline basement rocks. In the saturated lower part of the weathering profile, groundwater is the principal chemical reagent and the rate of groundwater flow determines the rate of weathering reactions. The search for successful borehole sites in this environment also depends upon finding locations where the rate of groundwater flow is at an optimum. This search could therefore be facilitated by an appreciation of the part which groundwater flow plays in the chemical weathering process. The principal factors which control the quantity of groundwater flow through a unit cross sectional area of the weathering system are the availability of recharge, the permeability of the weathered material and the hydraulic gradient between the recharge and discharge areas. Of these three, the importance of recharge is clear as this determines the input to the groundwater system. The permeability of the weathered material is a function of the extent of chemical weathering and is therefore intrinsically linked to the history of groundwater flow through the system. The remaining independent variable is the hydraulic gradient. This is normally developed in what is generally a relatively thin weathered layer which closely follows the surface morphology. The hydraulic gradient is therefore a function of the average surface slope over the groundwater flow path and therefore related to the surface morphology. A plot of recharge against surface morphology therefore becomes a valid projection upon which the various groundwater provinces can be plotted and provides a useful means of classifying the various occurrences of groundwater within the weathered profile.
Scaling and stochastic cascade properties of NEMO oceanic simulations and their potential value for GCM evaluation and downscaling

Spectral scaling properties have already been evidenced on oceanic numerical simulations and have been subject to several interpretations. They can be used to evaluate classical turbulence theories that predict scaling with specific exponents and to evaluate the quality of GCM outputs from a statistical and multiscale point of view. However, a more complete framework based on multifractal cascades is able to generalize the classical but restrictive second-order spectral framework to other moment orders, providing an accurate description of probability distributions of the fields at multiple scales. The predictions of this formalism still needed systematic verification in oceanic GCM while they have been confirmed recently for their atmospheric counterparts by several papers. The present paper is devoted to a systematic analysis of several oceanic fields produced by the NEMO oceanic GCM. Attention is focused to regional, idealized configurations that permit to evaluate the NEMO engine core from a scaling point of view regardless of limitations involved by land masks. Based on classical multifractal analysis tools, multifractal properties were evidenced for several oceanic state variables (sea surface temperature and salinity, velocity components, etc.). While first-order structure functions estimated a different nonconservativity parameter H in two scaling ranges, the multiorder statistics of turbulent fluxes were scaling over almost the whole available scaling range. This multifractal scaling was then parameterized with the help of the universal multifractal framework, providing parameters that are coherent with existing empirical literature. Finally, we argue that the knowledge of these properties may be useful for oceanographers. The framework seems very well suited for the statistical evaluation of OGCM outputs. Moreover, it also provides practical solutions to simulate subpixel variability stochastically for GCM downscaling purposes. As an independent perspective, the existence of multifractal properties in oceanic flows seems also interesting for investigating scale dependencies in remote sensing inversion algorithms.
U-Pb ages and tectono-magmatic evolution of Middle Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Wild Bight Group, Newfoundland Appalachians

The Wild Bight Group and spatially associated South Lake Igneous Complex form one of the Ordovician oceanic terranes of the central mobile belt of the Newfoundland Appalachians. An integrated study of these rocks, involving detailed mapping, geochemistry, Sm-Nd isotopic analyses and U-Pb geochronology, has shown that there are two temporally and genetically distinct volcanic sequences within the Wild Bight Group. The younger sequence comprises a lower volcanic succession associated with coarse volcaniclastic rocks and an upper volcanic succession interbedded with argillite, chert, and minor greywacke. The lower volcanic succession has calc-alkaline affinties, and isotopic evidence for minor crustal contamination. It is interpreted to represent a volcanic arc formed in proximity to the Gondwanan margin, above an east-dipping subduction zone. The age of this volcanic sequence is confined to 472 ± 3 Ma by felsic tuffs which occur stratigraphically above and below it. The upper volcanic unit has predominantly enriched tholeiitic to alkaline geochemical characteristics with isotopic signatures indicative of little or no crustal contamination, and is interpreted to represent arc rifting. The age of this sequence was determined indirectly by dating two geochemically related gabbro sills (472 9 - + Ma and 471 ± 4 Ma). This work shows that despite different lithologies and stratigraphic and structural relationships between Early and Middle Ordovician sequences in the northern and southern Exploits Subzone, they have undergone essentially the same tectono-magmatic events. The age constraints on the magmatic events in the Wild Bight Group provide evidence for the timing of "obduction" of Early Ordovician oceanic sequences and the reversal of subduction polarity along the Gondwanan margin, suggested by previous workers. Resume : Le Groupe de Wild Bight et le Complexe de South Lake des terrains associes constituent un des terranes oceaniques ordoviciens de la ceinture mobile centrale des Appalaches de Terre-Neuve. Une etude pluridisciplinaire de ces roches, incluant la cartographie detaillee, la geochimie, les analyses isotopiques Sm-Nd et la geochronologie U-Pb, a demontre que le Groupe de Wild Bight est forme de deux sequences volcaniques qui sont genetiquement et
Development of a global flood risk index based on natural and socio-economic factors

Abstract A global flood risk index (FRI) is established, based on both natural and social factors. The advanced flood risk index (AFRI) is the expectation of damage in the case of a single flood occurrence, estimated by a linear regression-based approach as a function of hazard and vulnerability metrics. The resulting equations are used to predict potential flood damage given gridded global data for independent variables. It is new in the aspect that it targets floods by units of events, instead of a long-term trend. Moreover, the value of the AFRI is that it can express relative potential flood risk with the process of flood damage occurrence considered. The significance of this study is that not only the hazard parameters which contribute directly to flood occurrence, but vulnerability parameters which reflect the conditions of the region where flood occurred, including its residential and social characteristics, were shown quantitatively to affect flood damage. Citation Okazawa, Y. , Yeh, P., Kanae, S. & Oki, T. (2011) Development of a global flood risk index based on natural and socioeconomic factors. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(5), 789–804.