Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Langmuir probe diagnostics in the IMPF device and comparison with simulations and tracer particle experiments

The plasma parameters in the IMPF (International Microgravity Plasma Facility) device for studying complex plasmas are determined with a 2D-scanning Langmuir probe system, which is suitable for operation on the International Space Station. The probe characteristics in low density, low pressure radio frequency (rf) discharges are evaluated in the framework of the radial-motion theory with corrections for collisions. A critical comparison between experimental values for plasma potential and ion density with SIGLO simulations (Kinema Software) is made, which yields good overall agreement. In particular, the shaping of the plasma profile by different rf power in the plasma centre and in an outer ring is well described. Small amounts of dust particles are used as a novel method to mark the boundary, where ion-drag force and electric field force are balanced. Again close agreement with simulation is found and demonstrates the applicability of the tracer technique as a quantitative diagnostic means.
The Effectiveness of Communication Board on Ease of Communication and Anxiety among Patients on Mechanical Ventilator

Background: Patients with physical and sensory disabilities, such as deafness, blindness, and patient with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation have been shown to face considerable barriers when communicating with health-care professionals. Materials and Methods: The present study entitled effectiveness of communication board on communication pattern and level of anxiety. The research design adopted was pre-experimental non-equivalent, post-test only with control group design. A total number of 60 samples (30 samples for experimental group and 30 samples for control group) were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique. The communication board was implemented as a strategy to communicate the needs of patients in the experimental group. The samples in control group were on routine treatment. About 2060 min after extubation, the post-test assessment of level of communication and anxiety was done using modified ease of communication scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale, respectively, in both experimental and control group. The data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In post-test, patients on mechanical ventilator had 6.93 ± 1.43 mean level of anxiety in the experimental group and 14.7 ± 2.28 mean level of anxiety in the control group, so the mean difference is 7.77 and the calculated independent t-test value is 1.93 and it is statistically significant at P < 0.05 level.
Image-pixel averaging for accurate analysis of line-edge and linewidth roughness

Line-edge and linewidth roughness (LER and LWR) is mostly characterized using the edge position data obtained by detecting edges in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. In order to reduce data errors caused by SEM-image noise, image pixels are usually averaged along or across pattern edges (longitudinal or crosswise averaging) before the edge detection. In the case of the longitudinal averaging, it not only reduces the image-noise-induced additional LWR, but smoothes the real LWR. Because of this smoothing effect, the power spectral density (PSD) of the LWR decreases more markedly at larger wave numbers. A distinct feature of this PSD is oscillatory structures, which depend on the number of averaged pixels. It is difficult to formulate these modifications of PSD in the cases of any LWRs under arbitrary measurement and analysis conditions. By contrast, the crosswise averaging of the image pixels reduces only the image-noise effect without affecting the real LWR, enabling to enjoy the benefits of the methodology developed so far. Accordingly, the authors propose to apply only the crosswise averaging to SEM-image pixels before the edge detection.
Abundance Analyses of 12 Parent Stars of Extrasolar Planets Observed with the SUBARU/HDS ∗

High S/N ratio (350–600) and high resolution (R ∼90000) spectral data covering the wavelength region between 4200–8800 u A were obtained for 12 planet-harboring stars with the SUBARU/HDS. Detailed abundance analyses were carried out for these stars using the solar spectrum as a reference. Atmospheric parameters (Teff ,l ogg ,m icroturbulent velocity ξt ,a nd [Fe/H]) were determined spectroscopically using selected Fe I and Fe II lines. The abundances of 25 other elements have been determined relativeto the Sun in a strictly differential manner. Three out of 12 stars (HD82943, HD92788, and HD134987) are definitely metal rich, and two stars (HD114762 and HD190228) are metal deficient. The abundances in the remaining seven stars (HD106252, HD130322, HD141937, HD168746, HD187123, HD192263, HD209458) coincide with the Sun. We find that the abundances of both volatile and refractory elements behave similarly in these stars, and do not confirm any significant dependence on the condensation temperature, Tc. Comparisons of the [X/Fe] vs [Fe/H] relations for 19 elements between planet-harboring stars and nearby field stars reveal no distinct anomaly, except for possible enhancements of V and Co in the former group. These results suggest that the observed over-abundances of metallic elements in planet-harboring stars relative to normal disk stars in the solar neighborhood are primordial, and can be interpreted as being a consequence of the galactic chemical evolution.
A multivariant exponential shared-load model

A shared-load model of the exponential distribution is used to describe the characteristics of dependent redundancies. In the shared-load model, the redundant components equally share the workload. Upon failure of one or more components, the remaining components must carry an increased load. This study extends the Freund bivariate model to a three-component model and a special N-component model. A general form for system reliability is developed. Failure rates are estimated using maximum likelihood. Systems such as a multiprocessor computer, a multiple-engine system, and a paired system can be described by this model. >
Sound attenuation in a condensing vapor

The process of acoustic attenuation in a condensing medium is investigated using a continuumlike formulation that allows for the phase-exchange process. The liquid phase is assumed sufficiently disperse so that the field may be treated as a continuum. The elementary relaxation processes associated with droplet velocity, temperature, and vapor pressure equilibration are equally important in determining the attenuation when vapor, liquid, and inert gas mass fractions are of the same order. When the liquid mass fraction is small, however, a strong attenuation band appears at low frequencies. This attenuation process involves a coupled relaxation process in which heat transfer and vaporization processes combine to change the temperature of the relatively large gas mass. This attenuation band (i) centers on a frequency that is proportional to the concentration of liquid, and (ii) has a maximum value that varies directly as the concentration of condensible vapor and roughly as the square of the latent heat of vaporization. When the concentrations of liquid and condensible vapor are both small, the low-frequency attenuation band is nearly isolated and may be described in a convenient analytical manner.
Evaluation of Scholarship Motivators and Barriers for Non-Tenure-Track Faculty in a Department of Pharmacy Practice

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards 2016 set explicit expectations for faculty scholarship. However, many non-tenure-track faculty have struggled with the scholarship portion of the academic tripart mission of clinical practice, teaching, and scholarship. Therefore, we sought to identify themes regarding the barriers, motivators, and potential solutions associated with non-tenure-track faculty scholarship. Four focus group interviews were held via videoconference during July 2021, which consisted of non-tenure-track faculty within the TTUHSC Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy. Each focus group answered a standard script of questions that were evaluated for face validity over a 30–60 min session. Twenty-two non-tenure-track faculty members (47% response) participated in one of the four focus group interviews. The four common barriers were insufficient time, lack of acknowledgment, obscurity of scholarship expectations, and a lack of resources and support. Scholarship’s lasting impact on academia, students, and clinical practice was the one common motivator identified by the groups. The barriers identified were not unique to our faculty, despite the unique four-city structure of our program. Actions have continued to be taken to help address the barriers and potential solutions identified by the focus groups. In summary, our results echo that non-tenure-track faculty need more time and training to help them feel like they can meet institutional scholarship requirements.
Previous legume crop influences winter barley yield, N fertilizer response, and malting quality in Missouri

The rapid growth in the craft brewing industry is increasing the demand for winter barley production. Little recent research exists on producing winter barley for malting in the lower Midwestern United States, with a lack of understanding how previous legumes crops grown in rotation with winter barley interact with nitrogen (N) fertilization rates to affect grain yield and malting quality. To investigate these topics, a preliminary, 1‐year study was conducted in Missouri, USA, to test how growing soybean, a common rotational crop, and sunn hemp, a specialty forage crop, prior to winter barley, as well as two fall N fertilization rates (22.4 and 44.8 kg N ha−1), affected barley grain yield. Barley grain yield was unaffected by the previous legume crop choice or the fall N fertilization rate, suggesting that either crop provided adequate residual N to the succeeding barley crop. Additionally, malting quality was analyzed from representative grain samples to reveal adequate levels suitable for use in the craft brewing industry. This study's results reveal preliminary data supporting winter barley production in the lower Midwestern United States, with an indication that previously grown legume crops impact crop yield greater than fall N fertilizer rate.
ANALISIS KESULITAN GURU DALAM MENGIMPLEMENTASIKAN KURIKULUM MERDEKA

which replaces the 2013 curriculum, the implementation of the new curriculum raises various problems or difficulties, one of which is felt by teachers as educators. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of difficulties faced by teachers in implementing the independent curriculum. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research methodology. Informants in the study were teachers who were selected by means of snowball sampling. The instruments in this study were the researchers themselves, with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation studies. Data analysis techniques use the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display and conclusions. Guarantee the validity of the data in this study using triangulation, by combining the three ways of data collection. The results showed that teachers faced various difficulties in implementing the independent curriculum in the form of a lack of teacher readiness both in terms of training and funding, the use of replacement modules for lesson plans, the implementation of P5, and changes in the teaching and learning process and assessment.
On rotating thermal convection driven by non-uniform heating from below

Experiments are described in which a radial temperature gradient is maintained along the lower horizontal boundary of a rotating annulus containing a thermally convecting fluid; the vertical side walls and upper horizontal boundary are nominally insulating. Comparison is made with the non-rotating experiments of Rossby (1965) and the same general asymmetric circulation is observed, i.e. that of a weakly stratified interior of slowly descending fluid occupying most of the annular gap, overlying a thin thermal layer of large vertical temperature gradients, stable over the cold part of the base and statically unstable over the warmer part; the circulation is completed by a narrow region of rising motion at the warm end of the base. A boundary-layer scaling analysis demonstrates the existence of six flow regimes, depending on the magnitude of a quantity Q defined such that Q is the square of the ratio of the (non-rotating) thermal-layer scale to the Ekman-layer scale. For small Q the flow is only weakly modified by rotation but as Q increases past unity rotation tends to thicken the thermal layer. Also presented are some numerical similarity solutions for the special case of a quadratic temperature distribution on the lower boundary and partially covering the range of Q achieved in the experiments, which is zero to ten. Above a certain critical value of Q (for the geometry used here Qc = 3·4) a baroclinic wave regime exists but is not examined in detail here although a brief discussion of an instability problem is given. Throughout comparisons are drawn between the experimental results and theoretical aspects of the problem. It is thought that the essential features of a system thermally driven in this way have their counterparts in natural systems such as the large-scale thermally induced ocean circulation driven by the latitudinal variation of incoming solar radiation.
INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS TO A CLASS OF NONLOCAL EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

We study the existence of integral solutions to a class of nonlinear evolution equations of the form where A : D(A) ⊆ X → 2X is an m-accretive operator on a Banach space X, and f : [0, T] × X → X and are given functions. We obtain sufficient conditions for this problem to have a unique integral solution.
Droplet nucleation: Physically‐based parameterizations and comparative evaluation

One of the greatest sources of uncertainty in simulations of climate and climate change is the influence of aerosols on the optical properties of clouds. The root of this influence is the droplet nucleation process, which involves the spontaneous growth of aerosol into cloud droplets at cloud edges, during the early stages of cloud formation, and in some cases within the interior of mature clouds. Numerical models of droplet nucleation represent much of the complexity of the process, but at a computational cost that limits their application to simulations of hours or days. Physically‐based parameterizations of droplet nucleation are designed to quickly estimate the number nucleated as a function of the primary controlling parameters: the aerosol number size distribution, hygroscopicity and cooling rate. Here we compare and contrast the key assumptions used in developing each of the most popular parameterizations and compare their performances under a variety of conditions. We find that the more complex parameterizations perform well under a wider variety of nucleation conditions, but all parameterizations perform well under the most common conditions. We then discuss the various applications of the parameterizations to cloud‐resolving, regional and global models to study aerosol effects on clouds at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. We compare estimates of anthropogenic aerosol indirect effects using two different parameterizations applied to the same global climate model, and find that the estimates of indirect effects differ by only 10%. We conclude with a summary of the outstanding challenges remaining for further development and application.
PHOTOMETRIC MONITORING OF BRIGHT BE STARS. III. 1988-89 AND 1992-95

We report long-term photometric (BV) observations of 23 bright, active Be stars made in 1988 and 1989 and 1992 and 1995 with the 0.4m telescope at the University of Toronto. Cumulative light curves, including observations made earlier at the University of Toronto, and with the Automatic Photometric Telescope Service in Arizona, are presented for several of the stars. Many of the stars show cyclic variations of up to 0.2 in V and B on time scales of a few years, as well as variations on time scales of about a day.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Tracer of Star Formation?

Infrared (IR) emission features at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 μm are generally attributed to IR fluorescence from (mainly) far-ultraviolet (FUV) pumped large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. As such, these features trace the FUV stellar flux and are thus a measure of star formation. We examined the IR spectral characteristics of Galactic massive star-forming regions and of normal and starburst galaxies, as well as active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). The goal of this study is to analyze whether PAH features are a good qualitative and/or quantitative tracer of star formation, and hence to evaluate the application of PAH emission as a diagnostic tool in order to identify the dominant processes contributing to the infrared emission from Seyfert galaxies and ULIRGs. We develop a new mid-infrared (MIR)/far-infrared (FIR) diagnostic diagram based on our Galactic sample and compare it to the diagnostic tools of Genzel and coworkers and Laurent and coworkers, with these diagnostic tools also applied to our Galactic sample. This MIR/FIR diagnostic is derived from the FIR normalized 6.2 μm PAH flux and the FIR normalized 6.2 μm continuum flux. Within this diagram, the Galactic sources form a sequence spanning a range of 3 orders of magnitude in these ratios, ranging from embedded compact H II regions to exposed photodissociation regions (PDRs) and the (diffuse) interstellar medium (ISM). However, the variation in the 6.2 μm PAH feature-to-continuum ratio is relative small. Comparison of our extragalactic sample with our Galactic sources revealed an excellent resemblance of normal and starburst galaxies to exposed PDRs. While Seyfert 2 galaxies coincide with the starburst trend, Seyfert 1 galaxies are displaced by at least a factor of 10 in 6.2 μm continuum flux, in accordance with general orientation-dependent unification schemes for AGNs. ULIRGs show a diverse spectral appearance. Some show a typical AGN hot dust continuum. More, however, either are starburst-like or show signs of strong dust obscuration in the nucleus. One characteristic of the ULIRGs also seems to be the presence of more prominent FIR emission than either starburst galaxies or AGNs. We discuss the observed variation in the Galactic sample in view of the evolutionary state and the PAH/dust abundance and discuss the use of PAHs as quantitative tracers of star formation activity. Based on these investigations, we find that PAHs may be better suited as a tracer of B stars, which dominate the Galactic stellar energy budget, than as a tracer of massive star formation (O stars).
Laboratory- and Pilot-Scale Cultivation of Tetraselmis striata to Produce Valuable Metabolic Compounds

Marine microalgae are considered an important feedstock of multiple valuable metabolic compounds of high biotechnological potential. In this work, the marine microalga Tetraselmis striata was cultivated in different scaled photobioreactors (PBRs). Initially, experiments were performed using two different growth substrates (a modified F/2 and the commercial fertilizer Nutri-Leaf (30% TN—10% P—10% K)) to identify the most efficient and low-cost growth medium. These experiments took place in 4 L glass aquariums at the laboratory scale and in a 9 L vertical tubular pilot column. Enhanced biomass productivities (up to 83.2 mg L−1 d−1) and improved biomass composition (up to 41.8% d.w. proteins, 18.7% d.w. carbohydrates, 25.7% d.w. lipids and 4.2% d.w. total chlorophylls) were found when the fertilizer was used. Pilot-scale experiments were then performed using Nutri-Leaf as a growth medium in different PBRs: (a) a paddle wheel, open, raceway pond of 40 L, and (b) a disposable polyethylene (plastic) bag of 280 L working volume. Biomass growth and composition were also monitored at the pilot scale, showing that high-quality biomass can be produced, with important lipids (up to 27.6% d.w.), protein (up to 45.3% d.w.), carbohydrate (up to 15.5% d.w.) and pigment contents (up to 4.2% d.w. total chlorophylls), and high percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The research revealed that the strain successfully escalated in larger volumes and the biochemical composition of its biomass presents high commercial interest and could potentially be used as a feed ingredient.
GENERALIZED EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD INFERENCE FOR NONLINEAR AND TIME SERIES MODELS UNDER WEAK IDENTIFICATION

This paper studies robust inference methods for nonlinear moment restriction models with weakly identified parameters in time series contexts. Our methods are based on generalized empirical likelihood with kernel smoothing. The proposed test statistics, which follow the standard χ2 limiting distributions, are robust to weak identification and dependent data.The author is deeply grateful to Bruce Hansen, John Kennan, and Gautam Tripathi for their guidance and time. Comments from a coeditor and two anonymous referees substantially helped this revision. The author also thanks Allan Gregory, Patrik Guggenberger, Philip Haile, Hiroyuki Kasahara, Matthew Kim, Yuichi Kitamura, and seminar participants at Queen's University, University of Wisconsin, and the 2003 North America Summer Meeting of the Econometric Society for helpful discussions and suggestions. Financial support from the Alice Gengler Wisconsin Distinguished Graduate Fellowship and Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Dissertation Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged.
Metal opacities and convective core overshooting in population I stars

New stellar opacities computed by Rogers and Iglesias are found to lead to revised evolutionary models for stars of intermediate-to-high mass that show remarkably close agreement with observed stars, under otherwise standard physical assumptions. Most or all of the earlier discrepancies, except for the problem of predicted apsidal motion constants that are perhaps still too large, appear to have been resolved by using these new opacities with their increased metal line contribution. Thus, the implied interior metallicity of massive stars in the solar neighborhood now becomes 'normal'. Furthermore, the effective distance of convective overshooting beyond the classical convective core boundary is confirmed to be small and probably less than 0.2 times the local pressure scale height.
Evolution of galaxies in pairs: Learning from simulations

Numerical simulations represent an essential instrument to understand the physical processes occurring in interacting and merging systems, giving insight into the evolution of their morphological and kinematical properties, their star-formation histories, metal enrichement, etc. After a inexhaustive description of some of the physical phenomena related to galaxy collisions, we present the GalMer Project, a computational effort aiming at studying statistically the role that interactions play in determining galaxy evolution. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)