Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precipitation reconstruction for the Czech Lands, AD 1501–2010

This contribution employs documentary‐based precipitation indices and long homogenized series of precipitation totals for quantitative reconstruction of seasonal and annual precipitation in the Czech Lands (now the Czech Republic) from AD 1501. Final calibration is based on linear regression using fully independent indices and data measured during the 1804–1854 overlap period, with subsequent variance scaling. Correlation analysis demonstrates that Czech documentary indices explain a significant amount of precipitation variability in all months and seasons of the entire overlapping period. Reconstruction results are best for annual values and for autumn (SON), for which proxy and target data share 36% of common variability. The coefficient of determination for summer (June‐July‐August – JJA) is 35%, for spring (March‐April‐May – MAM) 33%, while for winter (December‐January‐February – DJF) it is only 26%. Verification statistics [reduction of error (RE), coefficient of efficiency (CE)] computed for early (1804–1829) and late (1830–1854) overlapping periods indicate acceptable reconstruction skill for precipitation indices in JJA and annual values. However, for the other seasons they failed in the early or late calibration period, indicating possible chronological instability of reconstruction results in MAM, SON (September‐October‐November), and DJF seasons. The final reconstructions are complemented with uncertainty estimates. Reconstructed Czech precipitation series do not indicate long‐term trends but reveal quite high inter‐annual and inter‐decadal variability. Smoothed reconstructed DJF and JJA precipitation totals show the highest values in the second part of the 16th century, while the driest 30‐year period occurred during the 18th century in DJF, MAM, JJA, and in annual series. Direct comparisons with two other reconstructions (tree‐ring‐based for southern Moravia and gridded multi‐proxy for Central Europe) not only show significant correlations for a substantial part of the common period, but also disclose several periods with loss of coherence. Finally, uncertainties in reconstructions are discussed.
Face Sketch Synthesis via Sparse Representation-Based Greedy Search

Face sketch synthesis has wide applications in digital entertainment and law enforcement. Although there is much research on face sketch synthesis, most existing algorithms cannot handle some nonfacial factors, such as hair style, hairpins, and glasses if these factors are excluded in the training set. In addition, previous methods only work on well controlled conditions and fail on images with different backgrounds and sizes as the training set. To this end, this paper presents a novel method that combines both the similarity between different image patches and prior knowledge to synthesize face sketches. Given training photo-sketch pairs, the proposed method learns a photo patch feature dictionary from the training photo patches and replaces the photo patches with their sparse coefficients during the searching process. For a test photo patch, we first obtain its sparse coefficient via the learnt dictionary and then search its nearest neighbors (candidate patches) in the whole training photo patches with sparse coefficients. After purifying the nearest neighbors with prior knowledge, the final sketch corresponding to the test photo can be obtained by Bayesian inference. The contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) we relax the nearest neighbor search area from local region to the whole image without too much time consuming and 2) our method can produce nonfacial factors that are not contained in the training set and is robust against image backgrounds and can even ignore the alignment and image size aspects of test photos. Our experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-arts in terms of perceptual and objective metrics.
Does salinity enhance Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase?

The aim of this study was to provide data to assess the additive effects of soil salinity on the toxicity of Cd to soil alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). Two soils (Langroud acid soil and Shervedan calcareous soil) were artificially salinized with NaCl. The natural and salinized soils were treated with CdSO4 solutions to give a Cd concentration in the range 3–5000 mg kg−1. Soil alkaline phosphatase activity was measured after 3 days of incubation. Salinity enhanced the extractable Cd concentration in both Langroud and Shervedan soils. The percentage of soil alkaline phosphatase activity inhibited by Cd was significantly increased from 27.8 to 45 in the Langroud acid soil as salinity increased from natural levels to 28 dS m−1. An increase in the inhibition percentage was not observed in the Shervedan soil. Lower values for the ecological dose causing 50% inhibition (ED50) under saline conditions in the Shervedan soil supported the hypothesis that Cd may be more toxic to soil alkaline phosphatase when the soil is more saline. We conclude that Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase is salinity dependent and that higher Cd concentrations under saline conditions are probably responsible for the enhanced Cd toxicity to soil alkaline phosphatase.
Effect of Mount Pinatubo aerosols on total ozone measurements from backscatter ultraviolet (BUV) experiments

Error introduced by Mount Pinatubo aerosols in total ozone derived by the backscatter ultraviolet (BUV) technique is described. BUV instruments include the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) instrument flying on Nimbus 7 and Meteor 3 satellites and solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV 2) instruments on NOAA weather satellites. Radiative transfer calculations show that except at very high solar zenith angles, errors in total ozone derived from the aerosol-contaminated radiances are less than 2% and vary both in magnitude and in sign with angles of observation. At solar zenith angles greater than 75°, total ozone values may be underestimated by as much as 10% if a large concentration of aerosols is present near the ozone density peak. In subsolar latitudes, error in total ozone derived from TOMS as a function of scan angle is very sensitive to the aerosol size distribution parameters. Aerosol parameters derived from these data agree well with in situ measurements.
Parabolic adhesive loading of a flexible raft foundation

Consideration is given to the axisymmetric problem of a parabolically loaded circular raft in adhesive contact with the horizontal surface of a homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space. The raft is assumed to be completely flexible in bending but also to have an infinite in-plane stiffness, thereby preventing any horizontal displacements occurring within the contact area. The application of standard integral transform methods gives rise to a pair of dual integral equations, whose solution enables the stresses and displacements throughout the half-space to be determined. A more direct alternative method is then used to obtain the surface stresses and displacements relating to completely adhesive contact, and is subsequently extended to give an approximate solution for the case of partial slip. On examine le probleme axisymetrique d'un radier general circulaire charge paraboliquement, en contact adhesif avec la surface horizontale d'un espace semi infini homogene isotrope elastique. Le radier general est su.
Fluxes of mantle and subducted carbon along convergent plate boundaries

The potential impact of increases in atmospheric CO 2 is a topic of considerable controversy. Even though volcanic emission of CO 2 may be very small as compared to anthropogenic emissions, evaluation of natural degassing of CO 2 is important for any model of the geochemical C cycle and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. We report here the mantle C flux in subduction zones based on He and C isotopes and CO 2 / 3 He ratios of high-temperature volcanic gases and medium- and low-temperature fumaroles in circum-Pacific volcanic regions. The calculated volcanic C flux of 3.1 x 10 12 moVa from subduction zones is larger than the flux of 1.5 x 10 12 mol/a from mid-ocean ridges, while contributions from the mantle in subduction zone is only 0.30 x 10 12 mol/a, equivalent to about 20 % of the C flux in mid-ocean ridges. Since the estimated mantle C flux in hot spot regions is insignificant, 0.029 x 10 12 mol/a, we propose that the global mantle C flux is 1.8 x 10 12 mol/a in total. The flux, if accumulated over 4.5 billion year of geological time, amounts to 8.3 x 10 21 mol which agrees well with 9 x 10 21 mol of the present inventory of C at the Earth's surface. This may support a continuous degassing model of C or the idea that subducted C is recycled into the lower mantle.
Variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM4

AbstractAtlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability is documented in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) preindustrial control simulation that uses nominal 1° horizontal resolution in all its components. AMOC shows a broad spectrum of low-frequency variability covering the 50–200-yr range, contrasting sharply with the multidecadal variability seen in the T85 × 1 resolution CCSM3 present-day control simulation. Furthermore, the amplitude of variability is much reduced in CCSM4 compared to that of CCSM3. Similarities as well as differences in AMOC variability mechanisms between CCSM3 and CCSM4 are discussed. As in CCSM3, the CCSM4 AMOC variability is primarily driven by the positive density anomalies at the Labrador Sea (LS) deep-water formation site, peaking 2 yr prior to an AMOC maximum. All processes, including parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale eddies, play a role in the creation of salinity anomalies that dominate these density anomalies. High Nordic Sea densi.
Tourism Destinations and the Concept of Industrial Districts

This paper identifies the main characteristics of industrial districts as interdependence of firms; flexible firm boundaries; cooperative competition; trust in sustained collaboration; and a ‘community culture’ with supportive public policies. In spite of the dominance of SMEs and local interdependence, and in spite of the spatial significance of tourism destinations, this type of firm has not been analysed systematically using the concepts and methods of industrial districts. The comparability between tourism destinations and industrial districts is less obvious, especially as regards governance structures. This is also true of the intensified vertical division of labour between regions delivering services to tourists and regions developing such services. However, new trends in consumer preferences, technological developments and environmental prerequisites make the development of some district properties more likely to emerge in tourism destinations in the future. This paper suggests a number of key issues for a research programme.
Temperature effects and their geological consequences at transform margins

A thermal model of transform-margin evolution, including both shear heating and lateral conduction of heat from hot oceanic to colder lithosphere, was developed to gain insight into transform-margin crustal structure. Results indicate that over 2 km of crustal uplift may occur at the fault trace for a modelled transform fault 500 km in length with spreading half-rates of 1.0 and 4.0 cm/year. This uplift decreases away from the fault over a distance of 60–80 km. The viscosity of the lower continental crust and upper mantle adjacent to the transform margin is reduced by a factor of more than 100. In response to plate motion and asthenospheric upwelling at the spreading ridge, flow of this thermally weakened material may also play a role in continental crustal thinning.Thermal model predictions are compared with geological observations and crustal structure across transform margins. In particular, we show that the geology of the Southwest Newfoundland Transform Margin, eastern Canada, and the Cape Range frac.
Cost Implications in Achieving Alternative Water Quality Targets

Excessive nutrient loading poses significant water quality problems in many water bodies across the country. An important question that must be addressed when nutrient reduction policies are devised is where nutrient reduction targets will be applied within the watershed. This paper examines the cost implications of establishing three possible nutrient reduction targets in different locations along the Fox-Wolf River basin in northeast Wisconsin. A linear programming model calculates the total cost of achieving a 50% phosphorus load reduction target established in various locations throughout the basin. Two strategies establish phosphorus reduction targets for each of the 41 subwatersheds, and the third approach establishes a single 50% target reduction at Green Bay for the entire watershed. The results indicate that achieving target phosphorus reductions at the subwatershed level is over 4 times more expensive than achieving the same percentage phosphorus reduction for the watershed as a whole.
Reply to Comment of Encinas et al. (2014) on: ‘Evidence for an Early-Middle Miocene age of the Navidad Formation (central Chile): Paleontological, climatic and tectonic implications’ of Gutiérrez et al. (2013, Andean Geology 40 (1): 66-78).

1 Departamento de Geologia, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas y Matematicas, Universidad de Chile-Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile. jroux@cec.uchile.cl; gutierrezn@ug.uchile.cl; viviana.pedroza@ug.uchile.cl; juantkd@gmail.com 2 Laboratorio de Paleoecologia, Facultad de Ciencias-Instituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad (IEB), Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. lfhinojosa@uchile.cl
An organic geochemical perspective on terrestrialization

Abstract The colonization of land required new strategies for safe gamete/diaspore dispersal, and to cope with desiccation, harmful radiation, fire and gravity. Accordingly, the morphology, behaviour and physiology of the organisms changed. Here, we explore to what extent physiological adaptations, reflected in the molecular content of the sediments, add to our understanding of the terrestrialization. Many compounds considered characteristic of land organisms do not provide valuable information from the fossil record since (1) they were not preserved; (2) they occur or correspond to substances that evolved prior to the terrestrialization (e.g. cutan vs. algaenan, cellulose); or (3) they have been changed diagenetically and/or catagenetically. The latter leads to geo(macro)molecules without a chemical fingerprint relating them to their original bio(macro)molecules despite, sometimes, excellent morphological preservation of the organic remains. Nevertheless, some molecular markers and their stable isotopes provide independent information on the terrestrialization process. The odd predominance of n-alkane surface waxes is a feature already apparent in early land plants and could, with caution, be used as such. Furthermore, fossil terpenoids and their derivatives are valuable for reconstructing the evolution of major plant groups. The radiation of the phenylpropanoid pathway with for example, sporopollenin and lignin seems to be closely related to the evolution of land plants.
A model for wet aggregation of ash particles in volcanic plumes and clouds: 2. Model application

[1] The occurrence of particle aggregation has a dramatic effect on the transport and sedimentation of volcanic ash. The aggregation process is complex and can occur under different conditions and in multiple regions of the plume and in the ash cloud. In the companion paper, Costa et al. develop an aggregation model based on a fractal relationship to describe the rate particles are incorporated into ash aggregates. The model includes the effects of both magmatic and atmospheric water present in the volcanic cloud and demonstrates that the rate of aggregation depends on the characteristics of the initial particle size distribution. The aggregation model includes two parameters, the fractal exponent Df, which describes the efficiency of the aggregation process, and the aggregate settling velocity correction factor ψe, which influences the distance at which distal mass deposition maxima form. Both parameters are adjusted using features of the observed deposits. Here this aggregation model is implemented in the FALL3D volcanic ash transport model and applied to the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens and the 17–18 September 1992 Crater Peak eruptions. For both eruptions, the optimized values for Df (2.96–3.00) and ψe (0.27–0.33) indicate that the ash aggregates had a bulk density of 700–800 kg m−3. The model provides a higher degree of agreement than previous fully empirical aggregation models and successfully reproduces the depositional characteristics of the deposits investigated over a large range of scales, including the position and thickness of the secondary maxima.
The Relationship Between Parent-Adolescent Communication and Depressive Symptoms: The Roles of School Life Experience, Learning Difficulties and Confidence in the Future

Purpose: Adolescent depression has become a public health issue in China. Family environment and school life play important roles in shaping adolescent mental health. Our study aimed to examine the effect of parent-adolescent communication, school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on depressive symptoms. We also examined the mediating effects of school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms. Methods: Data on depressive symptoms, parent-adolescent communication, and mediating variables were obtained from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), including baseline data (2013–2014) and follow-up data (2014–2015). Mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effects of parent-adolescent communication, school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on depressive symptoms, and path analyses were performed to determine the mediating roles of school-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and adolescent depressive symptoms. Results: More father-adolescent communication, better school-life experiences, and higher confidence in the future were protective factors for depressive symptoms among all boys and girls, and learning difficulties were a risk factor for depressive symptoms among all boys and girls. School-life experiences, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future had statistically significant mediating effects on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: More father-adolescent communication, higher confidence in the future, better school-life experiences, and fewer academic difficulties were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Both mother-adolescent communication and father-adolescent communication affected depressive symptoms through their effects on school-life experience, learning difficulties, and confidence in the future. This finding highlighted the importance of parent-adolescent communication and its impact on depression.
A note on the use of the Philip infiltration equation

It is suggested that, as a matter of course, data from infiltration experiments should be graphed with (it-1/2) as a function of t1/2 Early-time linearity of this curve confirms the appropriateness during this/ time of the two-parameter equation of Philip. The two parameters emerge as the intercept and slope of the line. If subsequently infiltration is described by the equation di/dt = K0, then this part also will emerge as the asymptote of i = K0t.
Accurate quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by XRD: comparison of a Rietveld and a reference intensity ratio (RIR) method and the importance of sample preparation

Abstract X-ray diffraction is used widely for quantitative analysis of geological samples but studies which document the accuracy of the methods employed are not numerous. Synthetic sandstones of known composition are used to compare a ‘routine application’ of a Rietveld and a reference intensity ratio (RIR) method of quantitative phase analysis. Both methods give similar results accurate to within ~±3 wt. % at the 95% confidence level. The high degree of accuracy obtained is believed to depend to a large extent on the spray-drying method of sample preparation used to eliminate preferred orientation.
Modelling the spread of oil under fast sea ice using three‐dimensional multibeam sonar data

A substantial portion of the world's remaining oil and gas reserves are found in the Arctic. Exploration pressure will intensify as sea ice thinning and retreat continue, and the subsequent production could involve spills or blowouts under various kinds of sea ice. Existing models for the spread of oil under ice are inadequate because they are unable to replicate the complexity or uniqueness of different ice regimes. Through the novel combination of 3‐D under‐ice imagery from an autonomous under water vehicle (AUV) and oil‐trajectory modelling we demonstrate that it is possible to overcome these deficiencies. Results suggest that we are presently underestimating the spread of oil under sea ice by an order of magnitude. This is an important result with wide ranging ramifications as it suggests that our present ability to contain and recover oil under ice is limited.
Effect of Organic Manure on Soil Bio physical Properties and Dry Matter Partitioning in Cauliflower

Aims: The main aim of the study wasto assess the influence of organic fertilizers on selected soil bio -physical properties and dry matter partitioning in cauliflow er. Methodology: A field experiment was conducted at Wageningen University Experimental Site, Netherlands during 2012 cropping season. The experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments included N-source (dried grass clover (DGC) and lucerne pellets (LUP)) and N application rate (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg N.ha -1
Thermal infrared and visual observations of a water ice lag in the Mars southern summer

We present thermal infrared and visual evidence for the existence of water ice lags in the early southern summer. The observed H2O‐ice lags lay in and near a chasma and appears to survive between 6–8 sols past the sublimation of the CO2. Possible sources of the H2O that compose the lag are (1) atmospheric H2O that is incorporated into the seasonal cap during condensation, (2) cold trapping of atmospheric water vapor onto the surface of the cap in the spring, or (3) a combination of the 2 processes where water is released from the sublimating cap only to be transported back over the cap edge and cold trapped. We refer to this later process as the “Houben” effect which may enrich the amount of water contained in the seasonal cap at 85°S by as much as a factor of 15. This phenomenon, which has already been identified for the northern retreating cap, may present an important water transport mechanism in the Southern Hemisphere.