Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Effects of Nutrient Enrichment and Freshwater Mixing on Coastal Ocean Acidification

The U.S. Northeast is vulnerable to ocean and coastal acidification because of low alkalinity freshwater discharge that naturally acidifies the region, and high anthropogenic nutrient loads that lead to eutrophication in many estuaries. This study describes a combined nutrient and carbonate chemistry monitoring program in five embayments of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts to quantify the effects of nutrient loading and freshwater discharge on aragonite saturation state (Ω). Monitoring occurred monthly from June 2015 to September 2017 with higher frequency at two embayments (Quissett and West Falmouth Harbors) and across nitrogen loading and freshwater discharge gradients. The more eutrophic stations experienced seasonal aragonite undersaturation, and at one site, nearly every measurement collected was undersaturated. We present an analytical framework to decompose variability in aragonite Ω into components driven by temperature, salinity, freshwater endmember mixing, and biogeochemical processes. We observed strong correlations between apparent oxygen utilization and the portion of aragonite Ω variation that we attribute to biogeochemistry. The regression slopes were consistent with Redfield ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity to dissolved oxygen. Total nitrogen and the contribution of biogeochemical processes to aragonite Ω were highly correlated, and this relationship was used to estimate the likely effects of nitrogen loading improvements on aragonite Ω. Under nitrogen loading reduction scenarios, aragonite Ω in the most eutrophic estuaries could be raised by nearly 0.6 units, potentially increasing several stations above the critical threshold of 1. This analysis provides a quantitative framework for incorporating ocean and coastal acidification impacts into regulatory and management discussions.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Heat Transfer Within a Multi-Perforation Synthetic Jets Configuration

Synthetic jets are produced by devices that enable a suction phase followed by an ejection phase. The resulting mean mass budget is hence null and no addition of mass in the system is required. These particular jets have especially been considered for some years for flow control applications. They also display features that can become of interest to enhance heat exchanges, for example for wall cooling issues. Synthetic jets can be generated through different mechanisms, such as acoustics by making use of a Helmholtz resonator or through the motion of a piston as in an experience mounted at Institut Pprime in France. The objective of this specific experiment is to understand how synthetic jets can enhance heat transfer in a multi-perforated configuration. As a complement to this experimental set up, Large-Eddy Simulations are produced and analysed in the present document to investigate the flow behavior as well as the impact of the synthetic jets on wall heat transfer. The experimental system considered here consists in a perforated heated plate, each perforation being above a cavity where a piston is used to control the synthetic jets. Placed in a wind tunnel test section, the device can be studied with a grazing flow and multiple operating points are available. The one considered here implies a grazing flow velocity of 12.8 m.s−1, corresponding to a Mach number around 0.04, and a piston displacement of 22 mm peak-to-peak at a frequency of 12.8 Hz. These two latter parameters lead to a jet Reynolds number of about 830. A good agreement is found between numerical results and experimental data. The simulations are then used to provide a detailed understanding of the flow. Two main behaviours are found, depending on the considered mid-period. During the ejection phase, the flow transitions to turbulence and the formation of characteristic structures is observed; the plate is efficiently cooled. During the suction phase the main flow is stabilised; the heat enhancement is particularly efficient in the hole wakes but not between them, leading to a heterogeneous temperature field.
The more you know, the better you drink: The new drinking culture in Italian wine production areas

Abstract Introduction: The paper complements an epidemiological analysis of secondary data that compared levels of consumption, alcohol-related mortality and morbidity in territories in Piedmont (N-W Italy), characterized by a different involvement with wine culture, and which showed lower alcohol-related risks in areas of production. Aims: The main aim is to shed light on these epidemiological results through qualitative methods, focusing on meanings attributed to drinking and on mechanisms of regulation that could explain why in wine-producing areas alcohol-related risks appear to be lower. Methods: Eighty-one in-depth individual interviews have been conducted. The sample consisted of males and females, from three cohorts (aged 18–25; 45–52; 70–77 years) and covering two areas (with higher versus lower vineyard acreage). Results: In areas characterized by wine production the traditional alcohol socialization process within the family is more persistent. In these areas, the traditional drinking culture has been not only valued, but also renewed, by emphasising the importance of proper drinking and the knowledge related to it. Conclusions: The alcohol socialisation process and the emphasis on wine as a cultural product seem to be the most relevant protective factors, contributing to the lower alcohol consumption and counteracting the widespread risk of alcohol consumption patterns.
Photo-oxidation efficient As (III) under visible light using microporous Zn doped-Fe3O4 sphere

ABSTRACT A series of microporous Zn doped Fe3O4 spheres were successfully fabricated by a simple method. The characteristic of the obtained products was studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, (SEM) scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis reflectance, FTIR techniques. The photo-oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by as-synthesised samples under visible light was examined. The results exposed that with Zn doped Fe3O4 photocatalyst, the complete oxidation of As(III) to As(V) was observed, in which 1.05% mol of Zn doped into Fe3O4 showed the best photocatalytic performance. The proposed mechanism of photocatalytic activity enhancement was also investigated, indicating the introduction Zn content act as a trapping electron-centre resulting in the decreasing in the recombination rate of the photogenerated electron/hole pairs thus improving the photocatalytic performance. Photocatalytic tests were presented also in real groundwater and complete oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by 1.05 Zn doped Fe3O4 photocatalyst was achieved in 180 min under visible light irradiation.
Cfd analysis on course stabilty of an asymmetrical bridle towline model of a towed ship

Ship towing system has been widely applied to tow disable ship at sea. However, employing improper towing configuration may lead to towing instability presented in the form of the excessive fishtailing motion. To ensure ship’s safety navigation, therefore, a comprehensive assessment on course stability performance of a towed ship is necessarily required. This paper presents the course stability analysis of the towed ship (barge) incorporated with an asymmetrical towing configuration of towline model in calm water. Here, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) has been successfully conducted to achieve the objective. Several towing parameters such as towing angle and towing velocity have been accordingly taken into accounts. The results revealed that the increase of towing angle up to 35o has reduced significantly the sway motion amplitude of barge by 94.6%. However, the increase of towing velocity from 0.655 m/s to 0.728 m/s was insignificant effect to the magnitude of the yaw motion of the barge. It is merely concluded that the increase of the towing angle associated with low towing velocity has remarkably improved the course stability of the barge. These findings are very useful for a better navigational safety guidance of the ship towing system.
Proneness of European Catchments to Multiyear Streamflow Droughts

Droughts can have severe ecological, social, and economic impacts. Some impacts are particularly severe if droughts last longer than 1 year and water stores are not fully replenished. The proneness of European catchments to multiyear droughts has not been studied extensively, even though such events pose a great challenge for water resources management in many regions. In this study, we assess regions and catchments in Europe that might be prone to multiyear droughts by stochastically simulating long discharge records. The simulation approach uses phase randomization and the flexible, four‐parameter kappa distribution to generate potential realizations of (long) drought events. Both observed and stochastically simulated series are used to identify multiyear drought events. Catchments prone to multiyear droughts are located in southern France, central Europe, and southwestern England. To assess potential future changes in the proneness to multiyear events, we follow a purely empirical approach. We link the proneness of a catchment to multiyear events to its low‐flow regime as described by the seasonality ratio. Our results show that catchments with a melt‐dominated flow regime are generally not affected by multiyear droughts, whereas many catchments with a rainfall‐dominated flow regime show such proneness. We further find that catchments experiencing regime changes toward a rainfall‐dominated flow regime might be more affected by multiyear droughts in the future. Overall, four regions stood out that might potentially become more affected in the future if historical trends in regimes continue: southeastern England, southeastern France, central Norway, and the Pre‐Alps.
Injection of Autologous Fat Alone and in Combination With Autologous Platelet Gel for Nasolabial Fold Augmentation

Background: Recently, soft tissue augmentation has become popular due to development of convenient techniques. Autologous fat is one of the safest fillers for this purpose. Moreover, healing effects of autologous platelet gel on acute and chronic human skin wounds have been shown in recent studies. Objectives: In this study, the effect of subcutaneous injection of autologous fat alone and in combination with platelet gel was compared in the treatment of nasolabial skin folds in nine cases. Patients and Methods: Nine volunteers (three males and six females) were referred to the dermatology clinic of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital. For each patient, one side of the lateral nasolabial folds underwent injections with the combination of autologous fat and platelet gel and the other side with autologous fat alone. Improvement of nasolabial fold was monitored by clinical assessment and digital photographs over a six-month period. Results: All patients experienced improvement in the wrinkles of the side treated by the combination therapy compared to the other side. In addition, less complication was observed in the side that underwent combination therapy. Conclusions: Our study showed that autologous fat in combination with platelet gel might have better cosmetic results as well as lesser complications in the healing of nasolabial wrinkles. However, the findings of this pilot study should be examined in further studies with larger sample size.
Abrasive waterjet machining of Ti/CFRP/Ti laminate and multi-objective optimization of the process parameters using response surface methodology

In present work, abrasive waterjet machining has been used to machine adhesively bonded titanium-carbon fiber-reinforced plastics-titanium hybrid laminate with varying traverse speed, jet pressure, and stand-off distance. The effect of varying abrasive waterjet machining parameters on cut quality has been quantified by material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio (T r ), and surface roughness (Ra). Response surface methodology along with central composite design has been used to analyze the influence of process parameters on output responses. Additionally, analysis of variance was performed to identify the significant parameters on the output responses. For better abrasive waterjet cut quality, the optimal values of process parameters obtained were 200 MPa jet pressure, 237.693 mm/min traverse speed, and 1 mm stand-off distance. The corresponding material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness are 5.388 mm3/s, 1.41, 1.16, and 3.827 µm, respectively. Furthermore, validation tests have been performed with obtained optimal parameters that deliver satisfactory outcomes with an error of 5.35%, 3.07%, 2.29%, and 0.39% for material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness, respectively.
Research of exhaust emissions by chainsaws with the use of a portable emission measurement system

ABSTRACT Anthropogenic activities in the environment have an impact on climate change. Among these activities is the use of the chainsaw which plays an important role by releasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Hence, the need for research on improved logging operations is of importance. The present study compares carbon monoxide (CΟ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions generated by the engines of one catalytic chainsaw and two conventional chainsaws, of which one is professional and the other amateur. Measurements were carried out under three functional modes (infrequent accelerator use, use of quality oils, use of clean filters). Measurements that were conducted under normal conditions were named “witness measurements” and were used for future comparisons. Additionally, a set of measurements for CΟ and ΝΟ2 emissions was collected under different operation modes for all three types of saws (frequent accelerator use, use of low-quality oils, use of impure filters). Data collection was carried out in real conditions using a portable gas detector. Average concentration values of CΟ and ΝΟ2 under normal conditions for all three types of chainsaws found in the air of the operator’s breathing zone were 88.32 ppm and 0.07 ppm, respectively. Results show that CO concentrations exceed the permissible exposure limit (50 ppm), whereas CO concentrations in excess of the short-term exposure limit (300 ppm) were only found in the case of the amateur chainsaw operated with low-quality oils. These results are of use towards efforts to reduce the CO and NO2 to the atmosphere.
Discovery of cryptotephra at Middle–Upper Paleolithic sites Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini, Italy: a new link for broader geographic correlations

Chemical characterization of cryptotephra is critical for temporally linking archaeological sites. Here, we describe cryptotephra investigations of two Middle–Upper Paleolithic sites from north‐west Italy, Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini. Cryptotephra are present as small (<100 µm) rhyolitic glass shards at both sites, with geochemical signatures rare for volcanoes in the Mediterranean region. Two chemically distinct shard populations are present at Arma Veirana (P1 and P2). P1 is a high silica rhyolite (>75 wt.%) with low FeO (<1 wt.%) and a K2O/Na2O > 1 and P2 is also a high silica rhyolite (>75 wt.%) but with higher FeO (2.33–2.65 wt.%). Shards at Riparo Bombrini (P3) are of the same composition as P1 shards at Arma Veirana, providing a distinct link between deposits at both sites. Geochemical characteristics suggest three possible sources for P1 and P3: eruptions from Lipari Island (56–37.7 ka) in Italy, the Acigöl volcanic field (200–20 ka) in Turkey and the Miocene Kirka‐Phrigian caldera (18 Ma) in Turkey. Eruptions from Lipari Island are the most likely source for P1,3 cryptotephra. This study highlights how cryptotephra can benefit archaeology, by providing a direct link between Arma Veirana and Riparo Bombrini as well as other deposits throughout the Mediterranean.
On the Origin of Radial Anisotropy Near Subducted Slabs in the Midmantle

Recent seismic studies indicate the presence of seismic anisotropy near subducted slabs in the transition zone and uppermost lower mantle (mid‐mantle). In this study, we investigate the origin of radial anisotropy in the mid‐mantle using 3‐D geodynamic subduction models combined with mantle fabric simulations. These calculations are compared with seismic tomography images to constrain the range of possible causes of the observed anisotropy. We consider three subduction scenarios: (i) slab stagnation at the bottom of the transition zone; (ii) slab trapped in the uppermost lower mantle; and (iii) slab penetration into the deep lower mantle. For each scenario, we consider a range of parameters, including several slip systems of bridgmanite and its grain‐boundary mobility. Modeling of lattice‐preferred orientation shows that the upper transition zone is characterized by fast‐SV radial anisotropy anomalies up to −1.5%. For the stagnating and trapped slab scenarios, the uppermost lower mantle is characterized by two fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of ∼+2% beneath the slab's tip and hinge. On the other hand, the penetrating slab is associated with fast‐SH radial anisotropy anomalies of up to ∼+1.3% down to a depth of 2,000 km. Four possible easy slip systems of bridgmanite lead to a good consistency between the mantle modeling and the seismic tomography images: [100](010), [010](100), [001](100), and <110>{1¯10} . The anisotropy anomalies obtained from shape‐preferred orientation calculations do not fit seismic tomography images in the mid‐mantle as well as lattice‐preferred orientation calculations, especially for slabs penetrating into the deep lower mantle.
A Dynamic Rupture Source Model for Very Low‐Frequency Earthquake Signal Without Detectable Nonvolcanic Tremors

A very low‐frequency earthquake is a type of seismic event that is rich in low frequencies and depleted in higher frequencies compared to regular fast local earthquakes of similar magnitude. The source process behind very low‐frequency earthquakes is still poorly understood. Here we present a dynamic rupture source model for very low‐frequency earthquake signal without detectable associated tremors. We show that a single asperity model with sudden stress drop followed by a rate strengthening effect damps the seismic radiation and increases event duration. We compute synthetic seismograms for our source model. The synthetic signal successfully reproduces the features of observed very low‐frequency earthquakes. Moreover, the synthetic very low‐frequency earthquake signal in 0.02–0.05 Hz is not accompanied by detectable tremor signals at 2–8 Hz. Our results help explain why in some cases we observe very low‐frequency earthquakes without accompanying tremor.
SediNet: a configurable deep learning model for mixed qualitative and quantitative optical granulometry

I describe a configurable machine‐learning framework to estimate a suite of continuous and categorical sedimentological properties from photographic imagery of sediment, and to exemplify how machine learning can be a powerful and flexible tool for automated quantitative and qualitative measurements from remotely sensed imagery. The model is tested on a dataset consisting of 409 images and associated detailed label data. The data are from a much wider sedimentological spectrum than previous optical granulometry studies, consisting of both well‐ and poorly sorted sediment, terrigenous, carbonate, and volcaniclastic sands and gravels and their mixtures, and grain sizes spanning over two orders of magnitude. I demonstrate the model framework by configuring it in several ways, to estimate two categories (describing grain shape and population, respectively) and nine numeric grain size percentiles in pixels from a single input image. Grain size is then recovered using the physical size of a pixel. Finally, I demonstrate that the model can be configured and trained to estimate equivalent sieve diameters directly from image features, without the need for area‐to‐mass conversion formulas and without even knowing the scale of one pixel. Thus it is the only optical granulometry method proposed to date that does not necessarily require image scaling. The flexibility of the model framework should facilitate numerous application in the spatiotemporal monitoring of the grain size distribution, shape, mineralogy and other quantities of interest of sedimentary deposits as they evolve, as well as other texture‐based proxies extracted from remotely sensed imagery. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Additive Manufacturing Methods on the Dynamic Properties of 15-5PH Stainless Steel

Experimental research was conducted to determine the dynamic properties and characterize the microstructure of Stainless Steel manufactured through Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) additive manufacturing (AM) processes and heat treated using common heat treatment protocols. The intended material of study is 15-5PH stainless steel, one of the most common steel alloys used in aerospace applications. A thorough understanding of the material’s properties is necessary before such parts are utilized in an operational capacity. This research assesses the expected dynamic properties at room temperature of parts made using 15-5PH stainless steel powder via DMLS with two different heat treatments and in two different build directions. Various techniques were used to determine the composition and examine the microstructure of the five total subject sets. Samples made from the sets were tested quasi-statically and dyamically, using a Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB) apparatus. Of the five builds, two deviated significantly from the specified composition of 15-5PH stainless steel, one of which contained a significant amount of retained austenite compared to the almost completely martensitic compositions of the other four. The remaining three builds, possessing the desired composition and crystalline structure, were tested in compression and tension at two strain rates. Tension tests using a reflected wave and a momentum trap SHB setup collected data reflecting a natural variation within builds and across builds and orientation of typically less than 7%. A slight build orientation bias is noted resulting in higher ductility of the horizontal build orientation compared to the vertical of the same material. A simplistic linear interpolation of true stress-strain curves show fairly consistent strain softening trends at higher strain rates across the material subject sets.
The Efficiency of the Hadley Cell Response to Wide Variations in Ocean Heat Transport

The Hadley cell (HC) plays a key role in the climate response to variations in ocean heat transport (OHT). Increased OHT is characterized by both a robust slowdown of this overturning circulation, with consequent changes in cloudiness driving the climate response, and a compensating reduction in the atmospheric heat transport (AHT). Here a suite of slab-ocean aquaplanet GCM simulations is used to study the robustness of mechanisms driving changes in HC mass and energy transport across a wide range of idealized spatial patterns of OHT. The HC response is intrinsically related to both the spatial pattern of OHT and the dynamical mechanisms driving the slowdown of the cell. The reduced energy flux of the HC is associated with reductions in both the mass flux and the gross moist stability (GMS) of the cell in all cases. However, when OHT convergence patterns are confined to the subtropics and equatorward thereof (i.e., subtropical overturning cells), the circulation response is largely momentum-conserving in nature when compared to OHT convergence patterns that extend into the midlatitudes, resulting in a deformation of the anomalous streamfunction following angular momentum contours. The effects of this deformation are quantified through a simple, yet novel approach of splitting the streamfunction anomalies into their “speed” and “shape” components. The tilt of the outer branch of the streamfunction anomaly dampens the direct climate effects of the slowdown of the cell while enhancing the change in GMS, effectively decoupling the change in the energy flux from the slowdown.