Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sexual and reproductive life of women informed of their HIV seropositivity: a prospective cohort study in Burkina Faso.

Background: In the context of the DITRAME-ANRS 049 research program that evaluated interventions aimed at reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), Voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) services were established for pregnant women. HIV-infected women were advised to disclose their HIV serostatus to their male partners who were also offered VCT, to use condoms to reduce sexual transmission, and to choose an effective contraception method to avoid unwanted pregnancies. This study aimed at assessing how HIV test results were shared with male sexual partners, the level of use of modern contraceptive methods, and the pregnancy incidence among these women informed of the risks surrounding sexual and reproductive health during HIV infection. Methods: From 1995 to 1999, a quarterly prospective follow-up of a cohort of HIV-positive women. Results: Overall, 306 HIV-positive women were monitored over an average period of 13.5 months following childbirth, accounting for a total of 389 person-years. The mean age at enrollment in the cohort was 25.1 (standard deviation, 5.2 years). In all, 18% of women informed their partners, 8% used condoms at each instance of sexual intercourse to avoid HIV transmission, and 39% started using hormonal contraception. A total of 48 pregnancies occurred after HIV infection was diagnosed, an incidence of 12.3 pregnancies per 100 person-years. Pregnancy incidence was 4 per 100 personyears in the first year of monitoring and this rose significantly to 18 per 100 person-years in the third year. The only predictor of the occurrence of a pregnancy after HIV diagnosis was the poor outcome of the previous pregnancy (stillbirth, infant death). Severe immunodeficiency and change in marital status were the only factors that prevented the occurrence of a pregnancy after HIV diagnosis. Conclusion: Our study shows a poor rate of HIV test sharing and a poor use of contraceptive methods despite regular advice and counseling. Pregnancy incidence remained comparable with the pregnancy rate in the general population. To improve this situation, approaches for involving husbands or partners in VCT and prevention of MTCT interventions should be developed, evaluated, and implemented.
Artenliste der Zikaden Deutschlands, mit Angabe von Nährpflanzen, Nahrungsbreite, Lebenszyklus, Areal und Gefährdung

Check list of the planthoppers and leafhoppers of Germany, with notes on food plants, diet width, life cycles, geographic range and conservation status (Hemi- ptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). - An annotated check list of the planthop- pers and leafhoppers of Germany is presented, with specifications of food plants, diet width, overwintering stage, annual generation numbers, range and conservation sta- tus. The list includes 620 species, comprising 145 planthoppers and 475 leafhoppers. Five taxa, which were commonly considered as separate species, were treated as morphs or varieties of other species. On the other hand, in a number of cases there is evidence that a taxon hitherto regarded as a single species may comprise at least two species. Three names were declared as new synonyms. Acericerus rotundifrons (Ri- baut 1952) nec Kirschbaum, 1868 was given a new name and described as Acericerus ribauti. Six species probably breed only irregularly, and at least four are neozoa origi- nating from North America, Asia or the Mediterranean region.
A Spider’s World: Senses and Behavior

The General Biology of Cupiennius: How it all Began. The Relatives: Who is Who? The Habitat. Daily Activity Rhythm. No Spider Without Poison. - Sensory Systems: The Special Significance of Mechanical Senses. The Measurement of Strain in the Exoskeleton. The Vibration Sense. Trichobothria - the Measurement of Air Movement. Proprioreception. The Eyes. Chemoreception. Hygro- and Thermoreception: Blumenthal's Tarsal Organ. - The Central Nervous System and Its Peripheral Nerves: The Central Nervous System. The Route for Afferent Inputs to the CNS. The Visual Systems in One Brain. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators. - Senses and Behavior: Signposts to the Prey: Substrate Vibrations. Signposts to the Prey: Airflow Stimuli. Courtship and Vibratory Communication. Kinesthetic Orientation. Visual Targets. Raising the Body when Walking over an Obstacle. Locomotion and Leg Reflexes. Swinging to a New Plant: the Dispersal of the Spiderlings.
Distribution and Apparent Abundance of the Basking Shark,Cetorhinus maximus, off the Central and Southern California Coast, 1962-85

Basking sharks, Cetorhinus maximus, are frequently observed along the central and northwestern southern California coast during the winter and spring months. These large plankton feeding elasmobranchs, second in size only to the whale shark, Rhineodon typus, had been the subject of a small commercial fishery off California in the late 1940's and early 1950's for their liver oil, rich in vitamin A, and in later years for reduction into fish meal and oil (Roedel and Ripley, 1950). These fisheries were sporadic and did not take basking sharks in large numbers.
Molecular Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma imitans Strains by Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were used to compare 21 Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains and five M. imitans strains. Each strain of M. gallisepticum typed by PFGE and RAPD methods was genetically quite unique and RAPD and PFGE fingerprinting enabled strain characterization. Relationships between the M. gallisepticum and M. imitans strains were established and dendrograms were drawn from PFGE and RAPD patterns. PFGE group A and RAPD group D were significantly associated with M. imitans strains (P < 0.05). Three M. imitans strains shared the same PFGE and RAPD patterns. The two M. gallisepticum vaccine strains had singular PFGE and RAPD patterns. Thus, PFGE and RAPD can be used to investigate disease outbreaks in vaccinated flocks or for epidemiological tracking. For M. gallisepticum, the RAPD and PFGE discriminatory powers were superior to 0.95 and the in vitro, in ovo and in vivo reproducibility of RAPD and PFGE was 100%. The RAPD drawback was the inconsistent band intensity complicating the interpretation of patterns, while the PFGE limit was its low typeability (86%). Thus, these two molecular typing methods seemed complementary for M. gallisepticum epidemiological studies.
Prevalence of Yeasts and Mycelial Fungi in Bovine Parasitic Otitis in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Infestations by rhabditiform nematodes and acarids of the genus Raillietia are considered the primary causes of external otitis in cattle in tropical regions. Recently, yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been associated with a relatively high percentage of otitis cases, but the occurrence of other yeasts and mycelial fungi has not yet been reported in the literature. This work studied the presence of fungi in the ear canal of 45 cattle with external parasitic otitis. The results were positive for yeasts of the genus Malassezia in 31 (68.9 %) of the 45 cultures in Mycosel medium supplemented with olive oil. The 45 cultures in Sabouraud dextrose medium revealed the growth of seven (15.5 %) yeasts of the genus Candida, five (11.1 %) Rhodotorulamucilaginosa, two (4.4 %) fungi of the genus Aspergillus and eight ‘Micelia sterilia’. Future studies may confirm and elucidate the importance of these agents in the aetiology of bovine otitis.
A Novel EEG-BCI Dependent on Discrimination of Imagined Stimuli in Visual Field Quadrants

Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) can provide individuals with severe motor disorders a means of communication. This study aimed to determine whether visuospatial imagery could be used to signify intent in an electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI. Eighteen healthy participants imagined stimuli in visual field quadrants while EEG was collected. A subset of participants used visuospatial imagery to control a character’s movement in four directions. Classifying rest against non-specific visuospatial imagery attained accuracies of 77±11.4%. Six participants exceeded chance when discriminating imagery in diagonally-opposing quadrants. These six could be predicted using a regression model that combined visuospatial perception and fatigue scores. The 4-class navigation accuracy was 48.3±18.8% (max 85%). Imagery in one hemifield corresponded to significant increases in alpha spindles in ipsilateral visual cortical regions. While further improvement is necessary to make the paradigm generalizable, visuospatial imagery shows promise for becoming a useful system for individuals in need of a BCI
Intermodal blocking in honeybees.

Foraging honeybees were trained in a concurrent blocking design with a compound stimulus (AX) reinforced and one of its components (A) either reinforced for a blocking group or nonreinforced for a control group. In Experiment 1, a compound of two colors was used; in Experiment 2, a compound of two odors was used; in Experiment 3, a color-position compound, with position defined in terms of proximity to a distinctive visual landmark, was used; and, in Experiment 4, an odor-position compound was used. In each of the first three experiments, the blocking group responded less than did the control group in a subsequent test with X; in the fourth experiment, the two groups did not differ. The results are in accord with expectations based on those of previous experiments with honeybees in which the independence assumption was found to hold for intermodal compounds but not for intramodal compounds.
An Experimental Infection With Classical Swine Fever Virus in Pregnant Sows: Transmission of the Virus, Course of the Disease, Antibody Response and Effect on Gestation

Summary An experimental infection with classical swine fever (CSF) virus in 12 conventional gilts, housed in a sow-box housing system, was conducted in order to evaluate horizontal transmission, clinical, virological and serological response, and the effect on gestation. Two of the 12 gilts, of which 10 were pregnant, were experimentally inoculated. They became viraemic for the first time 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). The contact gilts became viraemic between 18 and 21 days postinoculation. On the basis of virological findings and the martingale estimate of R0 (13.0) it was concluded that the two experimentally inoculated gilts infected all contact gilts, although random contacts between gilts were not possible. The presence of CSF infection could be diagnosed earlier and during a longer period when the leucocyte count or polymerase chain reaction were used in comparison with virus isolation in whole blood (P < 0.05). The observed clinical symptoms were atypical and highly variable between the gilts, which hampered clinical diagnosis. The pregnant gilts became infected between day 43 and 67 of gestation. In all cases vertical virus transmission occurred and this resulted partially in abortion and/or mummification.
Radiation of the Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: Cladistic Assessment Based on Multiple Data Sets

The volcanic archipelago of the Canary Islands, 100 km off the northwestern coast of Africa, harbors 43 endemic species of the mostly circum‐Mediterranean spider genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae). This amounts to approximately one‐fourth of all known Dysdera species in an area that represents 0.1% of the range of the genus. In order to address the origin of this extraordinary number of endemic species, the phylogenetic relationships among all the endemic taxa and a sample of 27 continental species were reconstructed. A simultaneous cladistic analysis was performed on 66 morphological characters, 471 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I and 424 bp of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes. The preferred most parsimonious tree supports a single origin for most of the endemic species (84%), although this tree is ambiguous regarding the total number of overseas colonizations (allowing a minimum of two and a maximum of four colonization events). Our data suggest that the Canary Islands have been the source of the colonizers of some of the remaining Macaronesian archipelagoes (certainly for the Selvagem Islands and the Cape Verdes and possibly for Madeira); the Azores have been independently colonized by dysderids from the continent. The present study provides a phylogenetic framework for an exceptional case of insular species radiation, an essential tool for unraveling the factors that have promoted this amazing diversification. Species radiations in oceanic archipelagoes are excellent models for the study of speciation processes.
Necessity and natural categories

: Our knowledge of natural categories includes beliefs not only about what is true of them but also about what would be true if the categories had properties other than (or in addition to) their actual ones. Evidence about these beliefs comes from three lines of research: experiments on category-based induction, on hypothetical transformations of category members, and on definitions of kind terms. The 1st part of this article examines results and theories arising from each of these research streams. The 2nd part considers possible unified theories for this domain, including theories based on ideals and norms. It also contrasts 2 broad frameworks for modal category information: one focusing on beliefs about intrinsic or essential properties, the other focusing on interacting causal relations.
A Multi-Class Neural Network Model for Rapid Detection of IoT Botnet Attacks

The tremendous number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their widespread use have made our lives considerably more manageable and safer. At the same time, however, the vulnerability of these innovations means that our day-to-day existence is surrounded by insecure devices, thereby facilitating ways for cybercriminals to launch various attacks by large-scale robot networks (botnets) through IoT. In consideration of these issues, we propose a neural network-based model to detect IoT botnet attacks. Furthermore, the model provides multi-classification, which is necessary for taking appropriate countermeasures to understand and stop the attacks. In addition, it is independent and does not require specific equipment or software to fetch the required features. According to the con-ducted experiments, the proposed model is accurate and achieves 99.99%, 99.04% as F1 score for two benchmark datasets in addition to fulfilling IoT constraints regarding complexity and speed. It is less complicated in terms of computations, and it provides real-time detection that outperformed the state-of-the-art, achieving a detection time ratio of 1:5 and a ratio of 1:8.
Excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus leave sensory preconditioning intact: Implications for models of hippocampal function

Learning about contextual cues is markedly disrupted in rats with hippocampal lesions. One analysis of this disruption is that it reflects a general failure to form associations between the elements of complex events. A straightforward prediction of this analysis is that sensory preconditioning will be disrupted by hippocampal lesions. This prediction was assessed by presenting rats with flavored solutions composed of 2 elements (A and X) before X was paired with an injection of the emetic, lithium chloride. A subsequent test revealed that rats were less willing to consume Solution A than they were to consume a control solution, B. This was true of rats with sham lesions and those with excitotoxic lesions of hippocampus. These findings fail to support the proposition that the hippocampus-dependent deficit in contextual conditioning is due to a general disruption to the process of associating the elements of complex events.
Scalar timing without reference memory? Episodic temporal generalization and bisection in humans.

Three experiments tested whether the scalar property of timing could occur when humans timed short durations under conditions in which it was unlikely that they developed reference memories of temporal “standards”. Experiment 1 used an episodic version of a temporal generalization task where judgements were made of the potential equality of two durations presented on each trial. Unknown to the subject, one of these was always 200, 400, 600, or 800 ms, and the other was of variable duration. Temporal generalization gradients showed the scalar property of superimposition at standard values greater than 200 ms. Experiment 2 used a variant of the “roving bisection” method invented by Rodriguez-Girones and Kacelnik (1998) modified so that the scalar property of timing could be observed empirically. Data from bisection with short/long standard pairs of 100/400, 200/800, and 300/1,200 ms showed nearly perfect scalar-type superimposition. Experiment 3 again used episodic temporal generalization, but durations wer.
Frequency of Colletotrichum species causing bitter rot of apple in the southeastern United State

The occurrence and frequency of Colletotrichum spp. were determined by sampling 980 apple fruit from orchards in Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1992 and 1993. Colletotrichum and Botryosphaeria spp. were recovered from 78.8 and 21.2% of the sampled fruit, respectively. Conidial and colony morphology, growth rate, and perithecial production were used to characterize the Colletotrichum spp. Based on conidial morphology, 68.6% of isolates were identified as C. acutatum and 31.4% as C. gloeosporioides. The C. acutatum isolates produced hyaline, elliptic-fusiform conidia tapered at one or both ends, whereas isolates of C. gloeosporioides produced hyaline oblong conidia with obtuse or rounded ends. Among the C. gloeosporioides isolates, 42.1% of monoconidial cultures produced the Glomerella cingulata teleomorph. None of the isolates identified as C. acutatum produced an ascigerous stage. All isolates of C. acutatum had a significantly slower growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) than did isolates of C. gloeosporioides and G. cingulata. Among the isolates of C. acutatum, 90% were characterized as chromogenic types producing a distinct ruby red pigmentation on PDA. However, the ruby red colony color was not diagnostic for species identification as there were some isolates of C. acutatum that produced colonies orange to dark brown in color on PDA. The chromogenic isolates were only found among the isolates identified as C. acutatum. Of the Botryosphaeria spp. recovered, 84.1 and 15.9% of the isolates were identified as B. dothidea and B. obtusa, respectively. The majority of Botryosphaeria isolates were recovered from fruit with small (<0.5 cm in diameter), nondescript lesions. Among the bitter rot pathogens, three taxa, C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides, and G. cingulata, could be distinguished. Based on this survey, there was considerable orchard-to-orchard variation in the frequency of the Colletotrichum spp. recovered.
Tissue Preservation in Caries Treatment

This work provides information on contemporary international developments in minimal tissue intervention methods, including the use of fluoride, ozone and mild chemical treatments. In particular, the safety and efficacy of a novel chemomechanical agent, Carisolv, is described. In addition, the text describes future trends in caries treatment, including a discussion about the possibility of using DNA chip analyses in dentistry.
Osmoregulation in Bacillus subtilis under potassium limitation: a new inducible K+-stimulated, VO43-inhibited ATPase

Bacillus subtilis exhibited an inducible K+-transporting ATPase activity with apparent Km and maximum velocity Vmax of 12.9 microM and 25.1 micromol x min(-1) x (g cell protein)(-1), respectively, when cultivated on a synthetic medium containing less than 400 microM K+. Due to this enzyme, the growth rate of the bacterium in synthetic medium was not changed down to 115 microM K+, and the bacterium was able to grow down to 20 microM K+. The limiting K+ concentration was higher in media with osmolarity increased by NaCl or sucrose. The ATPase was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of vanadate (Ki = 1.6 microM). The ATPase activity was not stimulated by any other monovalent cation. The subunit of this ATPase, with an Mr of 52000, covalently bound the gamma phosphate group of ATP. This phosphorylated intermediate was unstable in neutral and basic pH as well as in the presence of potassium and was stable in acid pH. The enzyme did not show immunological cross-reactivity with antibody against Kdp ATPase of Escherichia coli.
Total body exposure to ultraviolet radiation does not influence plasma levels of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in man.

UVA-1. Plasma ACTH-IR was monitored in parallel. Results: Overall, plasma levels of bE-IR and ACTHIR showed no significant changes during the experiment, indicating that these peptides are not influenced by single or repeated exposures to UVR of different wavelengths. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, the skin does not appear to contribute significantly to the levels of circulating bE or ACTH. These data offer no support for the hypothesis that exposure to UVR leads to an increased concentration of circulating bE, which could contribute to the feeling of well-being that often accompanies sun-bathing.
Active Optics in Modern, Large Optical Telescopes

Active optics is defined as the control of the shape and the alignment of the components of an optical system at low temporal frequencies. For modern large telescopes with flexible monolithic or segmented primary mirrors and also flexible structures this technique is indispensable to reach a performance which is either diffraction limited for an operation in space or limited by the atmosphere for an operation on the ground. This article first describes the theory of active optics, both of the wavefront analysis and the correction mechanisms, then the design of three representative active optics systems, two in telescopes of the four and eight meter class with meniscus mirrors and one in a telescope with a segmented primary mirror, and, finally, presents practical experience with these active optics systems.
Optical Spectroscopy of Individual Light-Harvesting Complexes

Summary In this contribution we present an overview of the results of detailed spectroscopic investigations of individual light-harvesting complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria at 1.2 K. By applying single-molecule detection techniques the properties of the electronically excited states of the assemblies of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) pigment molecules in the individual complexes are revealed, without ensemble averaging. The results show that the excited states of the B800 ring of pigments in LH2 are largely localized on individual BChl a molecules, although accidental degeneracy gives rise to an excitonic character of the B800 excited states. In contrast, the absorption of a photon by the B850 ring can be consistently described in terms of an excitation that is more or less delocalized over the ring. This property is believed to contribute to the high effi ciency of energy transfer