Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Prostrate Dwarf Pine on Norway Spruce Clonal Groups in the Treeline Ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Czech Republic

Abstract Global temperature increase would seem likely to result in general upwards shifts of altitudinal margins of tree stands. However, range expansion of trees could be significantly affected by both negative and positive interactions with alpine shrubs in existing treeline ecotones. We examined the effects of dwarf pine (Pinus mugo) shrubs on the vegetative propagation and height growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in the treeline ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Czech Republic. Here, the non-native dwarf pine was planted above timberline during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the treeline ecotone, vegetative propagation is important both for generation of clonal groups from seed-originated individuals and for persistence of such stands. We found that increasing density of dwarf pine stands strongly reduced vegetative propagation of spruce, as shown by the spruce clonal groups surrounded by dense pine having fewer layering branches and ramets than such groups outside pine stands. This has likely resulted from competitive pressure of pine causing decreased spruce layering mainly through mechanical damage and shading. In contrast, dense pine stands increased spruce height growth, presumably by providing shelter against wind and/or browsing. Our results indicate that interactions of prostrate dwarf pine and Norway spruce clonal groups include both competitive and facilitative components, which probably change in importance along climatic stress gradients.
Structure of the Riddleville Basin from COCORP Seismic Data and Implications for Reactivation Tectonics

Seismic reflection data collected during COCORP's traverse of the southern Appalachians reveal that the Triassic Riddleville basin is a half-graben defined by strong, north-dipping basal reflections truncated on the north by a major south-dipping normal fault. Lithologies observed in similar basins suggest that these high amplitude, continuous reflections may be from lacustrine sediments or basaltic layers. The high-angle border fault soles into the Augusta fault, a major south-dipping, low-angle Paleozoic thrust. Geometric relations suggest that formation of the Riddleville basin reactivated this older Appalachian fault.
AMO- and ENSO-Driven Summertime Circulation and Precipitation Variations in North America

AbstractInterannual and multidecadal time-scale anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST) of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans could result in persistent atmospheric circulation and regional precipitation anomalies for years to decades. Understanding the processes that connect such SST forcings with circulation and precipitation anomalies is thus important for understanding climate variations and for improving predictions at interannual–decadal time scales. This study focuses on the interrelationship between the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their resulting interannual to multidecadal time-scale variations in summertime precipitation in North America. Major results show that the ENSO forcing can strongly modify the atmospheric circulation variations driven by the AMO. Moreover, these modifications differ considerably between the subtropics and the mid- and high-latitude regions. In the subtropics, ENSO-driven variations in precipitation are.
Assessing inter-individual variability in brain-behavior relationship with functional neuroimaging

1Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2Amsterdam School of Economics (ASE), Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 3Institute of Cognitive Sciences (ICN), University College London, WC1N 3AR, London, United Kingdom. 4Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France. * To whom correspondence should be addressed (m.p.lebreton@uva.nl)
Relationship between ENSO cycles and frost events within the Pampa Húmeda region

The objective of the present paper is to analyse the possible impact of ENSO events on the spatial and the temporal distribution of frost occurrences, within the central region of Argentina. Therefore, the minimum temperature series have been studied for 41 meteorological stations within the Pampa Humeda region and, for a period of 30 years from 1961 to 1990, exploring possible relationships with El Nino (EN)/La Nina (LN) events and the changes in the Southern Oscillation. It can be concluded that part of the frost frequency variability within this region is explained by the ENSO cycle. Results indicate that, for at least 1 of the 2 years in which the EN event takes place, the mean number of frost occurrences drops below the climatological value. The low phase of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) also coincides with those years for which the number of frost events remained below the total annual mean in all cases, with the year 1965 as an exception. Conversely, during the high phase of the SOI, this number was above the total annual mean for four of the six classified cases. In the particular case of seasonal frost occurrence, it is related to the warm event development state, exhibiting a greater impact during the autumn and winter months, for which the cold event also seems to have influence. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Bed Load Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Stream and a Comparison with Seasonal and Perennial Counterparts

Bed load sediment flux in an ephemeral channel, the Nahal Yatir, is shown to be a comparatively simple function of stream power and to reach levels that are several orders of magnitude higher than maxima measured at similar levels of stream power in perennial counterparts. Channel average submerged unit flux rates are recorded as high as 4.3 kg s−1 m−1, while at the center of the channel, the highest rate recorded is 6.5 kg s−1m−1. Transport efficiency is at least an order of magnitude higher than in other channels for which there are comparable data and, on average, as much as 400 times that of Oak Creek. These differences are explained by the fact that the bed of the Yatir is not armored. It is surmised that the unvegetated nature of this desert watershed provides ample supplies of sediment of all sizes and that this, together with the rapid recession of the flash flood hydrograph and the extended periods of no flow, discourages the development of an armor layer. The flux rates are not sediment supply-limited, as they are in perennial channels. Nahal Yatir and Oak Creek represent two ends of a spectrum, between which come seasonal and less well armored perennial streams. Transport efficiency is shown to vary considerably for each stream and from one stream to another, suggesting that it may not be possible to incorporate it easily into bed load equations in order to improve levels of prediction.
A palaeomagnetic study of hydrothermal activity and uranium mineralization at Mt Painter, South Australia

Palaeomagnetic measurements indicate that the uraniferous Radium Ridge Breccias near Mt Painter in the northern Flinders Ranges of South Australia have been magnetized twice, both times in the Permo‐Carboniferous. The palaeomagnetic south pole for one remanence was estimated as 165.1°E, 65.7°S (A95 = 11.5°). The direction for the other remanence was not well defined; however samples collected from diamictite bodies within the breccia gave 133.9°E, 33.1°S (A95 = 6.9°) as the probable pole for the overprint. The latter is similar to overprint poles published from central Australia, which are generally attributed to the Alice Springs Orogeny. Magnetization directions interpreted as Permo‐Carboniferous were obtained also from the Mt Gee Sinter (a quartz‐hematite‐rich chemical sedimentary rock which overlies the Radium Ridge Breccias) and from U‐mineralized hematitic ironstone bodies within the breccia. The magnetizations of both units were probably coeval with the younger magnetization of the Radium Ridge Bre.
Poultry Litter Decomposition as Affected by Litter Form and Rate before Flooding for Rice Production

Environmentally sound management of poultry litter from concentrated broiler-producing areas is a major challenge. Due to its chemical composition, poultry litter could be a valuable organic source of plant nutrients and soil amendment for row-crop agricultural soils if transportation costs are not limiting. However, few studies have investigated the effects of poultry litter on nongraded soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the mid-southern United States. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of poultry litter form (fresh and pelletized) and five application rates (34-269 kg N ha -1 ) on soil surface CO 2 flux, total soil N and organic C, and inorganic soil N before flood establishment and to evaluate the effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil surface CO 2 flux in two silt-loam Aqualfs. Poultry litter decomposition dynamics, as measured by soil surface CO 2 flux and total soil N and organic C concentrations in the top 10 cm, were unaffected by litter form but were generally affected by litter rate. When significant, soil surface CO 2 flux, total soil N and organic C, and soil NO 3 -N and NH 4 -N increased as litter rate increased. Soil NH 4 -N was generally unaffected by litter form, but soil NO 3 -N was consistently higher from the pelletized than fresh litter when added between 134 and 269 kg total N ha - ', suggesting that pelletized litter may have a slightly greater fertilizer-N value than fresh litter. Environmental factors, such as soil temperature and moisture, were not significant controlling factors for soil surface CO 2 flux early in the rice growing season, suggesting that soil biological properties such as microbial biomass may be more of a controlling factor than moisture and temperature.
Characteristics of Pg micropulsations at conjugate points

The Pg micropulsation is a unique 100-second sinusoidal oscillation that appears infrequently and only on the records of stations located near the auroral zone. Twenty such events were observed during 1963 and 1964 at the approximately conjugate observatories of College, Alaska, and Macquarie Island. Vector diagrams of the perturbation vector, power spectral density analysis of the events, and dispersion measurements of the wave form were used in this analysis. The characteristics of the Pg, as determined by these methods, are used to show that this type of micropulsation is produced by transverse hydromagnetic waves propagating along field lines to small, high-latitude, conjugate areas.
Kaolin Deposits from the Northern Sector of the Cunene Anorthosite Complex (Southern Angola)

The Mevaiela kaolin deposits are located in the northern part of the anorthositic-gabbro massif within the Cunene complex (southern Angola) and were formed by the alteration of basic anorthosites and gabbros. The Mevaiela area is part of an elevated region which is located between two extensive NNW-SSE fracture systems. Several kaolinite samples were collected from a quarry (main excavation) and from drill-holes as well as from surficial occurrences in the Cunene complex. Chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and isotope analyses were performed in order to model the kaolinite occurrences. The alteration of the anorthosite to kaolin approaching the main excavation is characterized by significant decrease in alkaline-earth and transition metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni and Mn) between the average anorthosite and the kaolin. The crystallinity indices suggest that the kaolin contains kaolinite with a reasonably well ordered structure and near the transition between T (triclinic) and pM (pseudo monoclinic). Mineral exploration tools have been evaluated during this study to assist in future kaolin exploration in the Cunene anorthosite complex.Isotopic analysis of O and D indicates that Ca-feldspar alteration is essentially due to meteoric fluids, over a different range of temperatures. Furthermore, the presence of quartz-feldspar veinlets in the kaolinite bodies could be the result of hydrothermal activity linked to post-anorthosite granite intrusions of the so-called ‘red granite’. Kaolinite from Cunene plots on or close to the kaolinite line into the ‘warm temperature in tropical region’ area (surficial samples). Samples from drill-holes plot on the left and show the largest displacement from the KS line; these samples also have a relatively reduced dD range of values (−65 to −98%). However, if supergene processes take place in the presence of waters of meteoric origin at temperatures similar to typical surface temperatures, the clays thus formed should plot either in the vicinity of the KS line or be displaced towards lower dO18 and higher dD, depending on both the temperature and relative proportion of clay to water.
Canopy chlorophyll concentration estimation using hyperspectral and lidar data for a boreal mixedwood forest in northern Ontario, Canada

This study investigates the potential of lidar and hyperspectral data for prediction of canopy chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid concentrations for a spatially complex boreal mixedwood. First, canopy scale application of hyperspectral reflectance and derivative indices are used to estimate Chl concentration. Second, lidar data analyses is conducted to identify structural metrics related to Chl concentration. Third, lidar metrics and hyperspectral indices are combined to determine if Chl concentration estimates can be improved further. Of the hyperspectral indices considered, only the derivative chlorophyll index (DCI) and the red‐edge inflection point (λp) are shown to be good predictors of Chl concentration when mixed‐species plots are included in the analysis (i.e., for total chlorophyll concentration (a+b), r 2 = 0.79, RMSE = 4.6 µg cm−2 and r 2 = 0.78, RMSE = 4.5 µg cm−2 for DCI and λp, respectively). Integrating mean lidar first return heights for the 25th percentile with the hyperspectral DCI index further strengthens the relationship to canopy Chl concentration (i.e., for Chl(a+b), r 2 = 0.84, RMSE = 3.5 µg cm−2). Maps of total chlorophyll concentration for the study site reveal distinct spatial patterns that are indicative of the spatial distribution of species at the site.
Diurnal temperature range variation and its causes in a semiarid region from 1957 to 2006

The diurnal temperature range (DTR) is an important indicator of climate change, and it has decreased worldwide since the 1950s, particularly over arid and semiarid regions. This study analyses the effect of meteorological and anthropogenic factors on DTR variation to investigate the possible causes of DTR decreases in semiarid climates. The study region is located in northeast China, and the study period is from 1957 to 2006. There are three main results. First, the rate of decrease in the DTR is −1.24 K per 50 years. This decrease is mainly attributed to the increasing daily minimum temperature rate (Tmin, 2.24 K per 50 years), which is greater than the change in the daily maximum temperature (Tmax, 1.00 K per 50 years). Second, sunshine duration (SD) appears to be the most significant meteorological factor that determines the DTR through downward shortwave radiation (Rsw,d) and surface soil moisture (SM). The effect of Rsw,d is larger for Tmax than for Tmin; therefore, the decrease in Rsw,d results in a smaller increase in Tmax than in Tmin. On the other hand, the increase in SM can strengthen daytime latent heat release, and the increase in Tmax is then slowed because of the cooling effect of evaporation. The precipitation values and the leaf area index show a negative correlation with the DTR, whereas the cloud amount and the relative humidity appear not to be main causes of the DTR decrease in this region. Finally, atmospheric aerosols can reduce the SD by 0.27 h year–1 by decreasing atmospheric transparency, as indicated by an analysis of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Aerosol Index from 1979 to 2005. The decrease in direct solar radiation is the main cause of decreases in Rsw,d. These findings will provide references for DTR variation studies in similar climates.
Genetic architecture of acute hyperthermia resistance in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and genetic correlations with production traits

Background Selective breeding is a promising solution to reduce fish farms vulnerability to heat peaks which intensity and frequency are predicted to increase due to climate change. However, limited information about the genetic architecture of acute hyperthermia resistance in fish is available. Two batches of sibs from a rainbow trout commercial line were produced. The first batch (N=1,382) was phenotyped for acute hyperthermia resistance at nine months, and the second batch (N=1,506) was phenotyped for main production traits (growth, body length, muscle fat content and carcass yield) at twenty months. Fish were genotyped on a 57K SNP array, and their genotypes were imputed at high-density thanks to their parents being genotyped on a 665K SNP array. Results The heritability estimate of resistance to acute hyperthermia in juveniles was 0.29 ± 0.05, confirming the potential of selective breeding for this trait. Genetic correlations between acute hyperthermia resistance and main production traits at near harvest age were all close to zero. Hence, selecting for acute hyperthermia resistance should not impact the main production traits, and reversely. The genome-wide association study revealed that resistance to acute hyperthermia is highly polygenic; altogether, the six detected QTL explained less than 5% of the genetic variance. Two of these QTL, including the most significant one, might explain acute hyperthermia resistance differences across INRAE isogenic lines of rainbow trout. The phenotypic mean differences between homozygotes at peak SNP were up to 69% of the phenotypic standard deviation, showing promising potential for marker-assisted selection. We identified 89 candidate genes within the six QTL regions, among which the most convincing functional candidate genes were dnajc7, hsp70b, nkiras2, cdk12, phb, fkbp10, ddx5, cygb1, enpp7, pdhx and acly. Conclusions This study provides valuable insight on the genetic architecture of acute hyperthermia resistance in juvenile rainbow trout. The potential for the selective breeding of this trait was shown to be substantial and should not interfere with selection for main production traits. Identified functional candidate genes give a new insight on physiological mechanisms involved in acute hyperthermia resistance, such as protein chaperoning, oxidative stress response, homeostasis maintenance and cell survival.
From accretion to collision: Motion and evolution of the Chaochou Fault, southern Taiwan

The Chaochou Fault (CCF) is an important tectonic boundary of the Taiwan orogenic belt between the metamorphosed Slate Belt to the east and the Western Foothills foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt to the west. Although the fault is known to be a high‐angle oblique sinistral thrust fault in places, both its kinematic history and its current role in the development of the orogen are poorly understood. Field fabric data suggest that hanging wall structural orientations vary along strike, particularly in the on‐land extension of the intersection of the Eurasian continent‐ocean boundary and the Luzon Arc. Slip lineations also reveal a change in fault motion from dip parallel in the north to a more variable pattern in the south. This correlates somewhat with recent GPS results that indicate that the direction of current horizontal surface motion changes along strike from nearly perpendicular to the fault in the northern to oblique and nearly parallel to the fault in the south. Mountain front sinuosity and the valley floor width/valley height ratio indicate higher activity and uplift in the north. Geodetic and geomorphic data together indicate that along the northern segment of the CCF the Slate Belt (hanging wall) is currently undergoing rapid uplift related to oblique arc‐continent collision between the Eurasian continent and the Luzon Arc. The southern segment of the fault is significantly less active perhaps because (1) the fault is blind or (2) this portion of the fault is south of the point where the Eurasian continental platform intersects the orogenic front.
How accurate are 234Th measurements in seawater based on the MnO2‐impregnated cartridge technique?

In the past decade, a MnO2‐impregnated cartridge technique has been widely used to extract 234Th from seawater. One of the inherent assumptions associated with this technique is that all Th species in the dissolved phase are subject to extraction by the MnO2 cartridges. In this study, an intercalibration between the cartridge technique and a small‐volume MnO2 coprecipitation technique was carried out to test this assumption. We demonstrated that the collection efficiency for 234Th could be substantially overestimated by the MnO2 cartridge technique. This may be the result of organic complexation of a significant portion of 234Th in seawater, causing this fraction of Th to pass through the MnO2 cartridges. The overestimate in collection efficiency may explain the deep‐water 234Th deficit observed in some oceanographic settings (e.g., the Gulf of Mexico, the Middle Atlantic Bight, and the Gulf of Maine). Sensitivity tests show that using the cartridge technique can yield 234Th‐based particulate organic carbon export rates that are overestimated by factors of up to 10. Furthermore, the frequent observed disagreements between Th fluxes recorded by shallow sediment traps and estimated using the cartridge method may be ascribed, at least partially, to this methodological issue.
Factors affecting soil arylsulfatase activity.

A study of the effects of various soil pretreatments on soil arylsulfatase activity showed that storage at — 10C is a satisfactory method of preserving field-moist soil samples for assay of arylsulfatase activity. Storage of field-moist soils at 5C or 22-24C for 3 months led to a decrease in arylsulfatase activity (average, 8% at 5C, 18% at 22-24C), but storage at — 10C for the same period did not significantly affect this activity. Air-drying of field-moist soils at 22-24C caused a marked increase in arylsulfatase activity (average, 43% ), and ovendrying (105C) caused a marked decrease (average, 54%). A slow decrease in arylsulfatase activity was observed when air-dried soils were stored at 22-24C. Arylsulfatase activity decreased markedly with depth in six soil profiles examined. This decrease was associated with a decrease in organic matter content, and studies with surface soils differing markedly in physical and chemical properties showed that soil arylsulfatase activity was significantly correlated with soil organic matter content. Soil arylsulfatases were not deactivated by most of the reagents used to study the sulfur status of soils. Additional