Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain activation during associative short-term memory maintenance is not predictive for subsequent retrieval

Performance on working memory (WM) tasks may partially be supported by long-term memory (LTM) processing. Hence, brain activation recently being implicated in WM may actually have been driven by (incidental) LTM formation. We examined which brain regions actually support successful WM processing, rather than being confounded by LTM processes, during the maintenance and probe phase of a WM task. We administered a four-pair (faces and houses) associative delayed-match-to-sample (WM) task using event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and a subsequent associative recognition LTM task, using the same stimuli. This enabled us to analyze subsequent memory effects for both the WM and the LTM test by contrasting correctly recognized pairs with incorrect pairs for either task. Critically, with respect to the subsequent WM effect, we computed this analysis exclusively for trials that were forgotten in the subsequent LTM recognition task. Hence, brain activity associated with successful WM processing was less likely to be confounded by incidental LTM formation. The subsequent LTM effect, in contrast, was analyzed exclusively for pairs that previously had been correctly recognized in the WM task, disclosing brain regions involved in successful LTM formation after successful WM processing. Results for the subsequent WM effect showed no significantly activated brain areas for WM maintenance, possibly due to an insensitivity of fMRI to mechanisms underlying active WM maintenance. In contrast, a correct decision at WM probe was linked to activation in the “retrieval success network” (anterior and posterior midline brain structures). The subsequent LTM analyses revealed greater activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in the early phase of the maintenance stage. No supra-threshold activation was found during the WM probe. Together, we obtained clearer insights in which brain regions support successful WM and LTM without the potential confound of the respective memory system.
Introductory Analysis of Human Upper Extremity After Stroke

The most reliable prognostic factors associated with upper extremity (UE) recovery are localized motor impairments, especially in the musculature of the hand and abduction of the shoulder in the first days after a stroke. An evaluation of the biomechanics of the hand allows an accurate identification of the motion arcs of the digital joints. This article includes an assess the prognostic value of the range of motion of the finger joints using an instrumental glove (CyberGlove II®) for the time one week after stroke for UE functional recovery. A prospective, longitudinal, observational study is made with follow-ups at 3-4 days, 1 week, 3 and 6 months of the patients with UE motor impairment. Variables collected included: demographic data, level of stroke severity (NIHSS), deep sensitivity, sphincter incontinence, Fugl Meyer assessment of UE (FM-UE), muscle balance with the Medical Research Council (MRC), muscle tone (Modified Ashworth Scale) and pre- and post-stroke functional ability (Barthel Index and Modified Rankin Scale).
Cord Blood Vitamin D levels in Neonates of Preeclamptic Mothers

Results: Sixty neonates born to preeclamptic mothers and 47 born to normotensive mothers were included in the study. The mean serum vitamin D level of the study group was 12.62±5.43 ng/mL and 12.85±5.56 ng/mL in the control group. The percentage of those determined to have a serum vitamin D level <20 ng/mL in the study and the control groups was 89.5% and 88.9%, respectively. The serum magnesium level in the study group was statistically greater than that observed in the control group (p<0.001).
Comparison of c-Kit expression between primary and metastatic melanoma of skin and mucosa

Background: Melanoma causes the greatest morbidity and mortality of all skin cancers. Mucosal melanoma is a rare but highly aggressive neoplasm. According to previous studies the prevalence of KIT mutations in acral lentiginous and mucosal melanomas is relatively low (less than 15–20%), but it can have profound therapeutic implications for localized high risk or metastatic diseases. Our goal was to evaluate c-Kit expression in different types of primary and metastatic melanoma to discriminate potential candidates for targeted therapy. Methods: We designed a cross-sectional study and selected 50 cases of malignant melanoma (primary, metastatic cutaneous, and mucosal) from the affiliated hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the period of 2008 to 2012. Immunohistochemistry for KIT expression was performed. Multistage sampling method was selected for sampling and chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In our study, male to female ratio was 1.77. The male sex was correlated with higher tumor stage (p< 0.05). 62% (n= 31) of cases showed at least 5% of KIT-positive cells, consist of 18% (n= 9) with 5–50%, 16% (n= 8) with 51–95%, and 28% (n= 14) of cases showed more than 95% of cells expressing KIT. But in 38% (n= 19) of cases KIT expression was less than 5% of positive cells. Tumor stage was positively correlated with tumor cell immunoreactivity and intensity (p< 0.05). Metastatic melanoma showed lower percentage (43%) of positivity. Intensity of staining and percentage of positive cells were positively correlated (p< 0.001). Conclusion: In primary melanomas, significant KIT expression was found by immunohistochemistry, which may be useful to screen the patients for advising to KIT mutation analysis and targeted therapy.
Hand Volume as a Diagnostic Tool in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Objectives: To determine whether patients with carpal tunnel syndrome have an objective swelling of their hands. Design: A prospective, cross-sectional study of consecutive patients. Setting: Two independent electromyographic laboratories. Participants: Sixty-three patients referred for electrodiagnostic work-up. Interventions: NCS/EMG testing and volumetric analysis. Limb volume was measured using the water displacement method using a volumeter. Main Outcome Measures: Differences in volume (DHV) and EMG/NCS data. Results: EMG results indicated that 24 subjects (38%) had findings consistent with CTS. Data concerning subjective swelling was available for only six of these 24 subjects. The data, which are limited by low power, indicate that there was no difference 1) between the volume of the affected hand and the unaffected hand among those with CTS; 2) between the DHV of those with CTS and those without;. 3) Patients with lower extremity complaints had significantly less DHV than those with an upper extremity complaint (p<0.0034, excluding patients with both upper and lower extremity complaints). Conclusions: Though a patients’ perception of hand swelling has previously been determined to be an indicator of CTS severity, there was no correlation found in this study between CTS and objective measures of swelling. However patients with an upper extremity complaints had a statistically larger DHV than those with a lower extremity complaint (p<0.0034), suggesting that objective swelling might be present under some unknown circumstances. As this study was limited by a low power, further investigation is warranted in this area.
Lactating Mothers’ Perception Toward Diarrheal Disease in Bench-Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: Mixed study design

Introduction Acute diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of preventable death, especially among children under-five in developing countries. Worldwide and nationwide diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in under-five year children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess perception of lactating mothers' toward diarrheal disease in Mizan-Aman District, South-West Ethiopia. Methods Community based cross-sectional quantitative study supplemented by qualitative study was employed. A total of 383 selected households with the lactating mothers were involved in the study. Data was collected through face-to-face interview technique by trained data collectors. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the independent predictors. Odds ratio, with 95% confidence level and P < 0.05 were used to determine statistically significant association. Results The majority of the respondents had primary education (44.4%) and from rural area (52.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the residence area [AOR = 4.79, CI (1.33,7.78), P<0.003], educational status [AOR = 0.72, CI (0.55,1.29), P<0.045], Wealth index [AOR = 8.9, CI (0.99,17.45), P<0.001], knowledge [AOR = 2.34, CI (1.2-4.3) P<0.023]. Perceived susceptibility [AOR = 0.44, CI (0.33,11.33), P<0.001] and perceived severity of their child towards diarrheal disease [AOR= 0.24, CI (1.23,7.99), P<0.033] had significant associations with the perception of the diarrheal diseases among lactating mothers. Conclusion Lactating mothers' perceptions toward their children of getting diarrheal disease and danger of the disease with primary education and above were better protected than mothers with no education. Thus, implementing effective information educational communication (IEC) programs that emphasize on the benefit of complying with nationally recommended practice to prevent diarrheal disease is important to reduce the risk.
The genotoxicity of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HBV-infected patients

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an acyclic nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor used as antiviral therapeutic drug in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection treatment. We investigated whether HBV itself or TDF could enhance genotoxicity in HBV infected patients. A total of 30 HBV-infected patients were included in this study: 10 were untreated, 10 took therapy for 6 months, 10 took therapy for 12 months and a further 15 were control group. We used the micronucleus test (MN) and mitotic index (MI) to assess the genotoxic effects of TDF. MN and MI frequency were significantly increased in all the HBV-infected patient groups when compared to control. However, significant differences were not found between different time points within the therapy groups. The current data indicate that chronic HBV infection without treatment has an effect on MN and MI. TDF administration at therapeutic doses for 12 months also did not reduce the MI and MN, suggesting its protective action against HBV induced genotoxic damage. Larger-scale and longtime studies are required for a better understanding of the genotoxicity of TDF.
Fate of transgenic DNA and protein in pigs fed genetically modified Bt maize and effects on growth and health

Abstract The effects of short- and long-term feeding of genetically modified Bt MON810 maize on porcine growth performance and health were investigated in two studies. Bt maize expresses the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis which confers insect resistance. Fate of the cry1Ab transgene and Cry1Ab protein were also investigated. Short-term (31 days) feeding of Bt maize to weanling pigs resulted in higher feed intake but overall weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were unaffected. Organ function, as measured by blood biochemistry, organ weight and histology, was unaffected in the Bt group. Minor changes were observed in immune cell population distribution but these were not associated with local or systemic inflammation and there was no Cry1Abspecific immune response. Bt maize consumption had minimal impact on caecal microbial community structure; the only populations affected were Enterococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Blautia and Bifidobacterium, which were found in low abundance and at low prevalence. The effect of long-term (110 days) feeding of Bt maize to pigs from 12 days post-weaning to slaughter was investigated in a second feeding trial which used a crossover of diets (from isogenic to Bt maize and vice-versa) after 30 days. There were no adverse effects on growth, slaughter parameters, immune response, intestinal histology or microbiology. Organ function was not adversely affected and no histopathology was present. In both short- and long-term studies the transgene was mostly degraded during digestion and neither the transgene nor protein were detected in the blood or organs. Overall, short- or long-term feeding of Bt maize to pigs did not adversely affect any of the growth or health parameters investigated. These findings should provide assurance to pig producers as well as the feed industry of the safety of Bt maize, one of the main ingredients of pig diets. They should also help assure consumers, as a similar lack of adverse effects should be expected in humans, for which pigs are considered an excellent model.
Increased Gray Matter Density and Functional Connectivity of the Pons in Restless Legs Syndrome

Background Neurophysiological and radiological studies provide accumulating evidence for the involvement of the brainstem in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (RLS). The analysis of the various subregions of the brainstem may help us better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disorder. In this study, we investigated the structural and functional changes in the various subregions of the brainstem in RLS patients. Methods The subregional changes in gray matter density and functional connectivity in the brainstem were analyzed in 20 drug-naive idiopathic RLS patients, as well as 18 normal control (NC) subjects for comparison. Correlation analyses and multivariate pattern analyses using linear support vector machine (SVM) were conducted. Results We found significantly increased gray matter density in two clusters in the pons (designated pons_1 and pons_2) and in one cluster in the midbrain in RLS patients compared with NC subjects. Further functional connectivity analyses revealed significantly decreased functional connectivity between the midbrain and the right middle occipital gyrus, between pons_1 and the right orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus, and between pons_2 and the right parahippocampus in RLS compared with NC. Moreover, the functional connectivity between pons_2 and the right supplementary motor area (SMA) was significantly increased in RLS compared with NC. This change in RLS was marginally correlated with RS_RLS scores in the RLS patients. SVM-based classification showed an AUC of 0.955 using gray matter density of pons_2, and functional connectivity between pons_2 and SMA as features. Conclusion Collectively, our findings suggest that changes in gray matter density and functional connectivity in the pons may play a pathologic role in RLS. Furthermore, these abnormal changes in the pons might help to discriminate RLS from healthy subjects.
Clinical and histopathological spectrum of lichen planus

Objective To determine histopathological correlation with clinical presentation of lichen planus (LP). Methods From the patients attending the outpatient department of Dermatology of Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, those who were clinically diagnosed as LP constituted the study material. Results Oral LP was the most common clinical variant with 24 (40%) cases, out of which 18 (30%) were of reticular oral LP, 6 (10%) were of erosive oral lichen planus. 19 (31.7%) cases were of classical LP, 6 (10%) were of hypertrophic LP, 5 (8.3%) were of LP pigmentosus, 3 (5%) were of eruptive LP, 1 (1.7%) was of genital LP, 1 (1.7%) was of lichen planopilaris, 1 (1.7%) was of actinic LP with DLE overlap. Both oral LP and classical LP were the most common histopathological variants with both having 21 (35%) cases. Second most common histopathological variant was that of hypertrophic LP with 6 (10%) cases. Majority of patients were in the age group of 41-60 years. Our study had a female preponderance. Most of the cases sought medical help within 6-10 months of development of symptoms. Lower limbs were the most common site involved in cutaneous LP. Burning sensation was the main presenting complaint in the patients of oral LP. In cutaneous LP moderate to severe itching was the most common symptom. The commonest recognized histopathological features were saw-toothed rete ridges/ irregular acanthosis, vacuolar degeneration of basal layer and band like infiltrate in our study. Conclusion Oral LP is the most common clinical variant followed by classical LP with histopathological findings adequately consistent with the clinical diagnosis.
Fine-tuning a blunt tool: Regulation of viral host shutoff RNases

1 Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Creation of a Diabetic Health Literacy Program for Staff Of a Rural Federally Qualified Healthcare Center

Creation of a Diabetic Health Literacy Program for Staff of a Rural Federally Qualified Healthcare Center by Cathy Jo Jones MSN, Walden University, 2009 BS Nursing, College of Notre Dame of Maryland, 2006 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice
Mycoprotein: Nutritional and Health Properties

Mycoprotein is derived from the filamentous fungus Fusarium venenatum, first discovered in the 1960s. Mycoprotein is high in protein and fiber and low in energy and saturated fat and contains no trans-fat or cholesterol. A systematic search of the PubMed identified 13 human studies investigating the health properties of mycoprotein, with some evidence of sustained satiety, improved metabolic profiling, and muscular protein synthetic response that warrants ongoing investigation. Mycoprotein is produced commercially, with low environmental impact, and is used as an ingredient in products marketed under the Quorn trademark.
Effects of exogenous phytase in chickens fed diets with differently processed rapeseed expeller cakes

The effects of phytase supplementation on the nutritional value, P availability and thyroid status of birds fed 4 differently processed rapeseed expeller cakes (RC) were determined. Two experiments were performed: a balance experiment on 10 groups of nine 3-week-old broilers and a growth experiment on 9 groups of one-day-old broiler females, 11 birds per group. In the balance experiment, a basal (B) and 4 test diets (B mixed with RC in a 6:4 proportion with DM) were fed; half of each diet was supplemented with 1000 U phytase/kg. In the growth experiment, the control diet without RC and isonitrogenous diets with RC supplemented or unsupplemented with 1000 U phytase/kg (RCP) were fed. The amount of RC was 100 or 150 g/kg in diets fed between days 1-21 and 22-42 of life, respectively. The levels of Ca and available P in RC diets were as in the control diet, while in RCP diets they were lowered by 7 and 12%, respectively. Phytase supplementation increased apparent protein digestibility and metabolizable energy values, while it did not affect P availability from RC. BWG was lower in some groups and FCR 5% worse (P<0.05) in all RC groups than in the control. The type of RC significantly affected feed intake, BWG, thyroid and kidney weight. Addition of phytase to RCP diets increased thyroid weight (P<0.01). Phytase addition did not fully compensate for lower Ca and P levels in RCP diets, as tibia ash content was reduced (P<0.05), but this had no effect on tibia weight and ultimate strength.
Responses to human intruders by birds nesting in colonies: Experimental results and management guidelines

-Colonies of nesting wading birds and seabirds were studied at coastal sites in Virginia and North Carolina to determine distances at which birds flushed in response to human intrusion. Observers measured up to 3 distances: these were (i) a "dread," or initial panic, (ii) the distance at which the first individual flushed, and (iii) the distance at which the majority of the colony flushed. The total time that birds spent in the air after flushing was also recorded. Mixed colonies of Common Terns-Black Skimmers responded at the greatest distances ("dread"), with respective means of 142 and 130 m; mixed wading bird species were more reluctant to flush (30-50 m average). There were few statistically significant relationships between flushing distances and colony size. Similarly, there were few differences between responses during incubation compared to post-hatching periods. The disturbance distances measured in this study are much greater than the 50 m guideline suggested in a 1976 National Park Service report. I recommend distances of 100 m for Least and Royal Terns and wading birds and 200 m for Common Terns and skimmers for sign-posting of established colonies. Greater distances will be necessary as a buffer before birds become established at a site. Received 28 September 1988, accepted 9 December 1988.
Log-Logistic Analysis of Herbicide Dose-Response Relationships

Dose-response studies are an important tool in weed science. The use of such studies has become especially prevalent following the widespread development of herbicide resistant weeds. In the past, analyses of dose-response studies have utilized various types of transformations and equations which can be validated with several statistical techniques. Most dose-response analysis methods 1) do not accurately describe data at the extremes of doses and 2) do not provide a proper statistical test for the difference(s) between two or more dose-response curves. Consequently, results of dose-response studies are analyzed and reported in a great variety of ways, and comparison of results among various researchers is not possible. The objective of this paper is to review the principles involved in dose-response research and explain the log-logistic analysis of herbicide dose-response relationships. In this paper the log-logistic model is illustrated using a nonlinear computer analysis of experimental data. The log-logistic model is an appropriate method for analyzing most dose-response studies. This model has been used widely and successfully in weed science for many years in Europe. The log-logistic model possesses several clear advantages over other analysis methods and the authors suggest that it should be widely adopted as a standard herbicide dose-response analysis method.
A Study of Effects of Maternal Anaemia on Anthropometric Measurements of Newborns

Background: The health-conscious world community has come to realize that anaemia, the majority of which is due to iron deficiency, has serious health and functional consequences, is widespread especially among tropical-low income populations and that most of its nutritional component is controllable with a very high benefit/cost ratio. Women of fertile age and pregnant-lactating as well as their infants and young children are particularly affected.Aims & Objectives: The aim of present study to find out the effects of maternal anaemia on Anthropometric measurements of newborn in western Rajasthan, India.Methods: The Study carried was carried out on 938 mothers and their newborn at Umaid Hospital, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College Jodhpur, and Rajasthan. Out of 938 mothers 90(9.58%) were anaemic and 848 were found normal (90.40%). Anthropometric measurements of newborn included the weight, length, head, mid arm, chest, thigh, calf circumferences and skin fold thickness. Results: In the present study 9.59% of mothers were anaemic. Maternal anaemia strongly influences mean birth weight and LBW rate. On the multivariate analysis by ANOVA test, maternal anaemia had highly significant (p