Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Healthy lifestyle and the risk of lymphoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study

Limited evidence exists on the role of modifiable lifestyle factors on the risk of lymphoma. In this work, the associations between adherence to healthy lifestyles and risks of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated in a large‐scale European prospective cohort. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 2,999 incident lymphoma cases (132 HL and 2,746 NHL) were diagnosed among 453,808 participants after 15 years (median) of follow‐up. The healthy lifestyle index (HLI) score combined information on smoking, alcohol intake, diet, physical activity and BMI, with large values of HLI expressing adherence to healthy behavior. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate lymphoma hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Sensitivity analyses were conducted by excluding, in turn, each lifestyle factor from the HLI score. The HLI was inversely associated with HL, with HR for a 1‐standard deviation (SD) increment in the score equal to 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.94). Sensitivity analyses showed that the association was mainly driven by smoking and marginally by diet. NHL risk was not associated with the HLI, with HRs for a 1‐SD increment equal to 0.99 (0.95, 1.03), with no evidence for heterogeneity in the association across NHL subtypes. In the EPIC study, adherence to healthy lifestyles was not associated with overall lymphoma or NHL risk, while an inverse association was observed for HL, although this was largely attributable to smoking. These findings suggest a limited role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of lymphoma subtypes.
Survival and population dynamics of Nuthatches Sitta europaea breeding in natural cavities in a primeval temperate forest

Data on breeding densities of Nuthatch were collected in three types of mature tree stands in Bialowieza National Park, E Poland, during 1975-90. Detailed observations on breeding and survival were made during 1987-89. The highest densities occurred in swampy stands (max. 4.8 territories per 10 ha), they were 10-47% lower in oak-hornbeam stands, and in coniferous stands densities did not exceed 1.2 territories per 10 ha. Nuthatch numbers reached a low in 1979, then increased over fourfold to a maximum in 1990. In contrast to the situation in Scandinavia, Nuthatch numbers in spring were not significantly correlated with the severity of the preceding winter, though their numbers seemed to be influenced by autumn seed supply and availability of caterpillars in the preceding spring. Yearly survival rates were close to 50%. Winter survival equaled that in spring and summer, and was even higher in the unusually mild winter of 1989/90 which had a rich supply of hornbeam seeds. Egg-laying in BNP commenced between 5 April and 26 April in different years. Clutches usually contained 6-9 eggs. On average two thirds of the nesting attempts resulted in fledged young, though nesting success varied much between plots. Nest losses were among the highest reecorded in European populations. Nests containing young were destroyed two to four times as often as nests with eggs, suggesting that the losses were mainly due to predation.
Effect of esterified glucomannan on broilers exposed to natural mycotoxin-contaminated diets

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of esterified glucomannan (E-GM) on performance, immunity, blood haematological and serum biochemical parameters in broilers exposed to diets naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. A total of 630 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 9 treatments and 5 replicates of 14 chicks based on factorial (3 × 3) arrangement in completely randomized design. The dietary treatments included 3 levels of substituting naturally contaminated corn (0%, 50% and 100%), three levels of E-GM (0%, 0.05% and 0.1%) and their interaction. Body weight gains (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated from 7 to 49 days of age. Haematology, serum biochemical and enzyme activities were assessed. Antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease was measured to evaluate the humoral immunity. In comparison to diets with no contamination, 50% and 100% naturally contaminated corn significantly decreased FI, BWG and FCR (P < .05). Supplementing 0.05% and 0.1% E-GM considerably improved the decreased BWG and FI (P < .05). However, only 0.1% binder ameliorated the negative impact of mycotoxins on FCR (P < .05). Replacement of contaminated corn remarkably diminished humoral immunity of chickens and increased liver enzyme activities which ameliorated by supplementing 0.05% and 0.1% of binder inclusion (P < .05). Results indicated that supplementing E-GM particularly at 0.1% level efficiently reversed the adverse effects of mycotoxins on broiler chickens.
Response of Three Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Strains to Five Organophosphorous and Two Carbamate Insecticides

Insecticide resistance in insects often is associated with elevated acetylcholin esterases and carboxylesterases. Three greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), strains with different general esterase patterns were tested for differences in insecticide response. The standard strain had no noticeable elevated esterase activity. Pattern 1 and pattern 2 strains had different elevated esterase patterns. Toxicity of 5 organophosphorous (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, disulfoton, malathion, and parathion) and 2 carbamate (carbofuran and methomyl) insecticides were tested using surface residue bioassays. Esterase pattern 1 greenbugs had significantly higher LC50s for each of the organophosphorous insecticides, but the LC50 for the 2 carbamate insecticides were not higher than the standard strain. Esterase pattern 2 greenbugs had significantly higher LC50s for 4 of the 5 organophosphorus insecticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, disulfoton, and parathion) and the 2 carbamate insecticides, but the LC50 for malathion was not higher than the standard strain. Pattern 2 greenbugs had significantly higher tolerance to disulfoton than did pattern 1 greenbugs. This indicates that certain strains of the greenbug are cross resistant to many of the organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides currently labeled for greenbug control in wheat and sorghum. There is an urgent need to find alternative control measures.
OPPORTUNISTIC INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN PARASITES AMONG HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AT NEKEMTE HOSPITAL, WEST ETHIOPIA

Background and aim: Opportunistic protozoan infections are among the most serious infections in patients with AIDS. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ART on opportunistic intestinal protozoan infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Patients and Methods: HIV/AIDS patients that had not begun ART and those that were on-ART at Nekemte Hospital, West Ethiopia were included. Stool specimens were collected from 296 HIV/AIDS patients (94 pre-ART and 202 on-ART) and processed using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli and Uvitex-2B staining method for microsporidia. CD4+ T-cell count was determined by using FACS analysis or flow cytometry. Results: Out of the 296 study participants examined, 41 (13.9 %) and 14 (4.7 %) were positive for intestinal cryptosporidiosis and isosporiosis, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 7(4.8%) of the 145 participants examined. C. parvum 17(21.3%), I. belli 8(10%) and microsporidia 5(11.6%) were more common in pre-ART diarrhoeal patients than those on-ART. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis, isosporiosis and microsporidiosis among pre-ART study participants was significantly higher than those on-ART (P<0.05). A large majority of diarrhoeal AIDS patients infected with intestinal cryptosporidiosis and isosporiosis were in stage III of the WHO HIV/AIDS staging. An increase in CD4+ T-cell count was observed with increase in the number of months of ART. Conclusion: The results of this study show that intervention with HAART decreases the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasites by improving the immune status of the patients and hence would enhance the health and well-being of HIV/AIDS patients under the Ethiopian nutritional and health service system. Keywords: Antiretroviral Therapy, CD4+ T-cells, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Opportunistic intestinal protozoan parasite.
Diving Patterns and Swimming Environment of Two Loggerhead Turtles during Internesting.

Adult female loggerhead turtles land on sandy beaches in the Japanese archipelago to nest in a period during early summer to autumn. They lay eggs three times intermittently in the sand at about 20-day intervals. The swimming behavior of two turtles, Nos. 1 and 2, during these internesting periods was measured using new developed self-recording apparatus: time depth recorders (TDRs), time temperature recorders (TTRs), and time light intensity recorders (TLRs). The apparatus were attached to the carapace after the turtles' first or second nesting and recovered at the next landing. The time series data were compared with the environmental conditions. Typical diving behavior was ascertained by numerical factors based on the maximum depth attained and underwater duration. Median underwater duration of the dive was different in each individual, viz. 36.5 min for No. 1 and 25.5 min for No. 2. Meanwhile median maximum depth was 11m for No. 1 and 23.5m for No. 2. This dive was frequently found in No. 1. The swimming behavior of No. 2 was characterized by a high water temperature, which was due to offshore migration. Different behavior was suggested from daily changes in dive types and water temperature encountered by two turtles; No. 1 swam along the coastal zone near the nesting beach, while No. 2 swam further offshore and was transported by the Kuroshio current before returning again to the same nesting beach.
ECOLOGICAL RULES, BODY‐HEAT REGULATION, AND HUMAN EVOLUTION

During the last ten years ecological rules related to body-heat regulation have been discussed by many authors. ' It seems to me that their points of view can be summarized as follows: Supporters of classical rules, named after Bergmann (1847) and Allen (1877), believe that variations in size and bodybuild of a homeotherm species, observed in different parts of its geographical range, must be considered as evolutionary adaptations to thermal environment. Zoologists are mostly concerned with size, while anthropologists usually put the stress on body-build. An opposite view is held by some physiologists in whose opinion the actual existence of geographical gradients of this kind is doubtful, as there are many exceptions
Regulating the expression of eEF1A to decipher its non canonical functions in eukaryotic cells

The canonical function of eEF1A is delivery of the aminoacylated tRNA to the A site of the ribosome during protein translation, however, it is also known to be an actin binding protein. As well as this actin binding function, eEF1A has been shown to be involved in other cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. It has long been thought that the actin cytoskeleton and protein synthesis are linked and eEF1A has been suggested to be a candidate protein to form this link, though very little is understood about the relationship between its two functions. Overexpression of eEF1A has also been shown to be implicated in many different types of cancers, especially cancers that are metastatic, therefore it is important to further understand how eEF1A can affect both translation and the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton. To this end, we aimed to determine the effects of reduced expression of eEF1A on both translation and its non canonical functions in CHO cells. We have shown that reduced expression of eEF1A in this cell system results in no change in protein synthesis, however results in an increased number of actin stress fibres and other proteins associated with these fibres such as myosin IIA, paxillin and vinculin. Cell motility and attachment are also affected by this reduction in eEF1A protein expression. The organisational and motility phenotypes were found to be specific to eEF1A by transforming the cells with plasmids containing either human eEF1A1 or eEF1A2. Though the mechanisms by which these effects are regulated have not yet been established, this data provides evidence to show that the translation and actin binding functions of eEF1A are independent of each other as well as being suggestive of a role for eEF1A in cell motility as supported by the observation that overexpression of eEF1A protein tends to be associated with the cancer cells that are metastatic.
Effect of physico-chemical characteristics on nutrient availability in cherry orchard soils of Kashmir

A study was conducted in cherry orchard soils to find out the effect of physico-chemical characteristics on nutrient availability and for this 12 soil profiles were excavated. It was observed that pH was slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, while as, electrical conductivity and calcium carbonate was normal. The organic carbon content was high. The soils were adequate in available nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, while as, they were high in available potassium, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and DTPA extractable copper, iron and manganese, however, they were low to high in available zinc. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil exhibited significant effect on the availability of nutrients.
Feeding and oviposition preferences of adult cottonwood leaf beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) among populus clones and leaf age classes

Feeding and oviposition preferences of adult cottonwood leaf beetles, Chrysomela scripta F. , were evaluated among leaf age classes by leaf plastochron index (LPI) for six Populus clones (IS-31, NC-5260, NC-5263, NC-5264, NC-5322, NC-5334) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Significant differences among clones and leaf age classes in feeding and oviposition in both multiple-choice and no-choice tests were found. Clones NC-5264 and NC-5334 were the most preferred for both behaviors in the multiple-choice tests. The most-preferred leaf age class for feeding was LPI 3 for both the multiple-choice and no-choice trials. In the multiple-choice oviposition tests, LPIs 3 and 4 were preferred and LPI 3 was most highly preferred in the no-choice tests. Quadratic relationships between leaf consumption and percentage of leaf consumed and leaf age class are suggested by the data from both types of tests. Direct correlations were found between leaf consumption and percentage of leaf consumed and the distribution of egg masses among the leaf age classes.
Reponses of middle atmospheric circulation to the 2009 major sudden stratospheric warming

In this research, the roles of gravity waves and planetary waves in the change to middle atmospheric residual circulation during a sudden stratospheric warming period are differentiated and depicted separately by adopting the downward control principle. Our analysis shows clear anomalous poleward residual circulation patterns from the equator to high latitudes in the lower winter stratosphere. At the same time, upward mean flows are identified at high latitudes of the winter upper stratosphere and mesosphere, which turn equatorward in the mesosphere and reach as far as the tropical region, and consequently the extratropical region in the summer hemisphere. The downward control principle shows that anomalous mesospheric residual circulation patterns, including interhemispheric coupling, are solely caused by the change in gravity wave forcing resulting from the reversal of the winter stratospheric zonal wind. Nevertheless, both planetary waves and gravity waves are important to variations in the winter stratospheric circulation, but with opposite effects.
Symposium 28B: Special tumours of the head and neck region

Even a restrictive view of the Head and Neck Pathology encompasses territories so wide and diverse as the upper aerodigestive tract, the major and minor salivary glands, the jaws, the orbit and the ear. Therefore, a symposium on special tumours of this region is bound to be limited to a few selected topics. For general overviews, the interested reader will find quite a good number of excellent books published during the last years. In addition to those books that cover the entire region, there are others devoted to more specific territories. As an introductory theme for this symposium, we have decided to review the recent advances in the characterization of the undifferentiated sinonasal tumours. They represent a group of clinically aggressive neoplasms, in which new knowledge has evolved toward the need for careful differential diagnoses with recently defined entities forming part of the spectrum of tumours to be discussed in presentations to follow. Malignant sinonasal tumours represent about 3.6% of all malignancies seen in the head and neck region, and the group of undifferentiated tumours of the sinonasal region account for approximately 25% of all malignancies occurring in this territory (Table 1). Within this group of malignancies are included the following tumour types mainly: sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), primary sinonasal nasopharyngeal-type undifferentiated carcinoma (PSNPC), olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), and sinonasal malignant lymphoma (SNML). Recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology, as well as previous progress in electron microscopy, have created the basis for their characterization and recognition (Table 2). They require additional differential diagnosis with other tumour types also occurring in the region, such as poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, solid adenoid cystic carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, microcytic malignant melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and metastatic neuroblastoma.
Reply

The prognostic value of MELD in the setting of acute variceal bleeding is largely known. Indeed, a MELD-based model (calibrated-MELD) accurately assigns a probability of 6 weeks mortality for each value of MELD3 . However, when selecting patients for preemptive-TIPS, selection based on Child and active bleeding is the only proven strategy that improves outcome and increases survival. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Yield of Japanese Tomato Cultivars Has Been Hampered by a Breeding Focus on Flavor

matter Abstract. The yield of greenhouse tomatoes in Japan has not increased since the 1980s and remains much less than 30 kg·m L2 per year. To investigate the cause of this low yield, we compared six Japanese tomato cultivars that were commonly grown or released during the past 80 years to see whether fruit yield (fruit fresh weight per area) and dry matter (DM) content per fruit improved under current cultivation conditions. Fruit yield in 'Momotaro' (released in 1985) was lower than that in older cultivars. Total DM was determined mainly by light use efficiency and photosynthetic rate, and light use efficiency was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate. The more modern cultivars did not show improved DM content per fruit. The DM content per fruit was strongly correlated with the soluble solids content in fruits except in 'Momotaro' and 'Momotaro colt', but soluble solids in fruits of the 'Momotaro'-type cultivars were higher than in other cultivars for a given DM content per fruit. Thus, tomato breeding in Japan appears to have focused on fruit soluble solids content per unit DM rather than fruit yield or DM content; as a result, only the former parameter has improved greatly.
Reply

1) Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. HEPATOLOGY 2016;64:73-84. 2) Kilpi F, Webber L, Musaigner A, Aitsi-Selmi A, Marsh T, Rtveladze K, et al. Alarming predictions for obesity and noncommunicable diseases in the Middle East. Public Health Nutr 2014;17:1078-1086. 3) Fahed AC, El-Hage-Sleiman AK, Farhat TI, Nemer GM. Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:109037. 4) Eshraghian A, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Eshraghian H, Fattahi MR, Omrani GR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a cluster of Iranian population: thyroid status and metabolic risk factors. Arch Iran Med 2013;16:584-589. 5) Lankarani KB, Ghaffarpasand F, Mahmoodi M, Lotfi M, Zamiri N, Heydari ST, et al. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease in southern Iran: a population based study. Hepat Mon 2013;13:e9248. 6) Amirkalali B, Poustchi H, Keyvani H, Khansari MR, Ajdarkosh H, Maadi M, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its predictors in north of Iran. Iran J Public Health 2014;43: 1275-1283. 7) Ostovaneh MR, Zamani F, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Sharafkhah M, Saeedian FS, Rohani Z, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver: the association with metabolic abnormalities, body mass index and central obesity—a population-based study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13:304-311.
Screening of Indigenous Legumes for Trypsin Inhibitor Protein Activity

Protease inhibitors in legumes are one of the most promising weapons that confer resistance against insects by inhibiting proteases such as trypsin present in the gut of insect larvae. In the present study, 60 cultivars of six indigenous legumes have been screened for trypsin inhibitor which ranged from 5.8 trypsin units inhibited/mg protein in cowpea (Pusa komal) to 76.7 trypsin units inhibited/mg protein in soybean (Pusa-20). All the crops also showed in vitro inhibitory activity against the gut protease of Helicoverpa armigera (HGP) with soybean (P-20) exhibiting maximum (95%) inhibition of HGP. Genes coding for trypsin inhibitor proteins are required to be exploited for production of insect-resistant transgenic plants.
Clipping frequency and intensity effects of big bluestem yield, quality, and persistence.

This study was initiated to determine the effects of defoliation frequency (based on amount of growth present), intensity, and length of grazing season on quantity and quality of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) in the Southern corn belt and to provide further data regarding the reasons for rapid quality decline of warm-season grasses. Three clipping frequencies (when plants reached heights of 30, 41, 51 cm) at 2 intensities (stubble heights of 10 and 20 cm) were imposed on established plots of pure big bluestem (cv. Kaw). Harvest season length was studied by terminating clipping on 15 August and 15 September as 2 separate treatments. Two years of data indicated that big bluestem regrows insufficiently after 15 August to warrant additional harvests under the imposed managements. Prolonged regrowth and leaving a short stubble of 10 cm resulted in greatest yield. Short stubble led to greater reductions in nonstructural carbohydrates, but did not damage the stand compared to pre-study measurements. Nonstructural carbohydrate levels and stand composition improved with taller stubble. In vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein were higher on treatments clipped to leave a 10-cm stubble. The greatest proportion of leaves resulted from treatments where a 20-cm stubble remained. These results agree with studies indicating that leaf maturity is more responsible for lower quality forage than is the amount of stem material present in the stand. Our results indicate heavy use can be more safely accomplished in the Southern corn belt than for areas to the west because big bluestem can be more intensively defoliated in the Southern corn belt (10-cm) than that recommended for other areas (20 to 40 cm).