Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment of particulates and metals from highway stormwater runoff using zeolite filtration

Highways are stormwater-intensive land uses, since they are impervious and have high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activity. Vehicle emissions include pollutants such as heavy metals, oil and grease, particulates from sources such as fuels, brake pad wear, tire wear, and litter. The presence of heavy metals in highway stormwater runoff is of concern, as they are very toxic due to enhanced bioavailability, and have the potential not to degrade in the environment. Therefore, this research was carried out to understand the characteristics of metal pollutants in stormwater runoff from highways in Korea and to treat that runoff using zeolite filtration. The filtration facility was constructed on Korea Highway number 251 (Gaeryong I/C). The facility was operated during storms with durations of 0.3–4.8 h, and the influent treatment rate was varied from 3.60 to 17.34 m3/day. The first flush phenomenon for metal pollutants was observed in all of the storm events. The average removal efficiency was determ.
Adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from aqueous solutions

In this study, adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from aqueous solutions has been studied in a batch stirred cell. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of temperature, ammonia concentration, and activated carbon dose on ammonia adsorption. The experimental results manifest that the ammonia adsorption rate on activated carbon increases with its concentration in the aqueous solutions. Ammonia adsorption also increases with temperature. The ammonia removal from the solution increases as activated carbon mass increases. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models are found to provide a good fitting of the adsorption data, with r2 = 0.9749 and 0.9846, respectively. The adsorption capacity of ammonia obtained from the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model is found to be 17.19 mg g−1. The kinetic study shows that ammonia adsorption on the activated carbon is in good compliance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters (▵G°, ▵H°, ▵S°) obtained indicate the endothermic nature of ammonia adsorption on activated carbon. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Interactive effects of external manganese, the toxic metals copper and zinc, and light in
controlling cellular manganese and growth in a coastal diatom

Manganese is a fundamental component of the photosystem 11 reaction center, and thus its requirement should be linked to light utilization. High levels of Cu and Zn antagonize Mn nutrition by inhibiting cellular Mn uptake. Experiments were conducted to examine the interactive effects of Mn, the toxic metals Cu and Zn, and light on cellular Mn, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and specific growth rate in Thalassiosiru pseudonana. Cu and Zn inhibition of growth rate occurred only at. low Mn ion concentrations, an effect that was independent of light intensity and was totally accounted for by inhibition of Mn uptake by these metals. Cells grown at growth‐limiting low light intensities contained high levels of Mn and Chl a, which are needed for the synthesis of additional photosynthetic units during low‐light acclimation. This additional Mn was not provided by higher cellular Mn uptake rates, since these rates were the same in light‐saturated and light‐limited cells. However, because steady‐state cell Mn is equal to the uptake rate divided by the specific growth rate, the cells were able to accumulate the additional Mn needed for acclimation once light limitation caused growth rate to decline, a inherent negative feedback relation. In seawater, Mn and Cu may interact with light in controlling algal growth rate, since the free ion concentration of both metals is influenced by iight within the euphotic zone.
CHARACTERIZATION OF Morus SPECIES IN RESPECT TO MICRO, MACRO, AND TOXIC ELEMENTS

This study examines the mineral composition of the extracts of the fruits, leaves and roots of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) and black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) grown in Serbia. All extract samples of white and black mulberry were analyzed for the content of micro (B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, Zn), macro (Ca, Mg, Na), and toxic metals (Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The study revealed that parts of the plant had statistically significant impact on the levels of the examined elements among the two Morus species. All extracts contained high amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The studies showed that in the most of extracts dominant macro element was Mg (591- 1942 μg/g of dry extract), while dominant microelements were Zn, B, Cu in all extracts, except for the black mulberry leaves, whose extract was most abundant in Fe (143 μg/g of dry extract). The highest content of micro and macro elements was detected in the extract of black mulberry leaves. This work contributes to the knowledge of the nutritional properties of Morus species. The obtained results may be useful in the evaluation of new dietary and food products. [ Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31013]
Vacuum membrane distillation simulation of desalination using polypropylene hydrophobic microporous membrane

Numerical simulation is an effective method to get the optimal operating parameters in the chemical engineering process. In this work, the transport mechanism of vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process was simulated and predicted by mathematical model, which was established based on the convective heat transfer coefficient, and 0.5M aqueous NaCl solution was concentrated with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) hydrophobic microporous membrane prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) in the VMD process. The as-presented mathematical model simulated the effects of different operating parameters on the VMD performances for aqueous NaCl solution, such as feed temperature, feed flow rate, absolute pressure of membrane permeate side, temperature coefficient, membrane thickness, and porosity. A comparison between experimental data and simulated data was also considered to verify the proposed mathematical model. Additionally, the salt rejection of aqueous NaCl solution production water in VMD was higher than 99.9%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41632.
About the size effect in LHe-breakdown

The breakdown strength of liquid helium (LHe)-filled gaps depends strongly on gap size, which is typical for a weak-link dominated breakdown. However, the theoretical basis as derived from Weibull distributions does not fit into the size effect. The real probability distributions in LHe seem to be more complex. The particular implications are discussed in the paper. It comes out that the true size effects can only be measured directly.
Infrared detection of transformer insulation degradation due to accelerated thermal aging

Regular monitoring of the paper insulation of electrical windings is necessary to ensure safe and reliable operation of oil-paper insulated electrical transformers. The degradation of the paper insulation due to thermal aging yields furanic derivatives which are specific to the paper and cannot be produced by general oxidation of the oil. The concentration of such furan compounds in the oil gives an accurate indication of the condition of the paper insulation. Normally, off-line methods such as HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) are applied to periodically assess the furan concentration within oil samples which have been extracted from the transformer. We report experimental findings on the production of the furan compound FFA (furfuraldehyde) in an oil-paper system subject to accelerated thermal aging. Our approach is based on IR spectroscopy. This technique could lay the basis for the construction of direct online monitoring equipment suitable for monitoring of transformer winding insulation.
Effects of Supplementation of Natural Zeolite on Intake, Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, and Lactational Performance of Dairy Cows1

ABSTRACT A lactating dairy cow experiment was conducted to determine the influence of a ruminal buffer product containing magnesium-exchanged zeolite on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance. The experimental TMR diet consisted of 38% alfalfa hay, 19% corn silage, 14% corn grain, and 30% concentrate mix on a DM basis, and it was fed ad libitum. Thirty primiparous and multiparous lactating Holstein cows (52 ± 23.0 DIM) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 10 cows in each treatment: control (TMR diet without ruminal buffer), TMR diet with 1.4% sodium bicarbonate (SBD), and TMR diet with 1.4% zeolite product (ZD). The experiment was a completely randomized design performed over 12 wk. Intake of DM was similar (26.5 kg/d) across treatments. Milk yield was similar among the 3 treatments (40.7 kg/d on average), and efficiency (4% FCM/DMI) was not affected by treatments. Milk fat concentration did not differ among treatments, whereas milk protein concentration tended to be higher for the ZD than for the control and the SBD (P = 0.15). Although feeding the ZD resulted in a tendency of increased milk protein concentration, feed nitrogen (N) efficiency for milk N did not differ among the 3 treatments. In addition, milk urea N concentration was not influenced by feeding the ZD. Ruminal pH tended to increase (P = 0.11) when feeding the SBD or the ZD compared with the control. Concentration of ammonia N did not differ among treatments. Feeding the ZD tended to decrease (P = 0.14) total VFA production compared with feeding the control and the SBD, whereas molar proportions of acetate and propionate were not affected by the treatments. The zeolite product used in this study would cost-effectively replace sodium bicarbonate as a ruminal buffer additive in a lactating dairy diet, but its efficacy needs to be further assessed when supplemented in a high-concentrate lactating dairy diet whereby animals may experience subacute ruminal acidosis.
Influence of the nature of clay minerals on the fixation of radiocaesium traces in an acid brown earth–podzol weathering sequence

The magnitude of radiocaesium fixation by micaceous clay minerals is affected by their transformation, which depends on weathering in soil. The net retention of radiocaesium traces was quantified by sorption–desorption experiments in the various horizons of four sandy soils forming an acid brown earth–podzol weathering sequence derived from sandy sediments and characterized by marked changes in mineral composition. The features of the 2:1 minerals of the four soils, resulting from an aluminization process in depth and a desaluminization process towards the surface, had a strong influence on Cs+ fixation. Beneath the desaluminization front, which deepens from the acid brown earth to the podzol, hydroxy interlayered vermiculite was dominant and the 137Cs+ fixation was the weakest. At the desaluminization front depth, vermiculite was responsible for the strongest 137Cs+ fixation. In the upper layers, smectite appeared in the podzolized soils and the 137Cs+ fixation decreased. The magnitude in Cs+ fixation therefore appeared as a tracer of the transformation process affecting the 2:1 clay minerals in the acid brown earth–podzol weathering sequence. This magnitude was positively correlated with the vermiculite content of the studied soil materials estimated by the rubidium saturation method.
Enhanced Kinetics of CO2 Hydrate Formation under Static Conditions

Trapping CO2 in hydrates is one of the new technologies for CO2 capture and storage. One of the primary obstacles to this option is the low formation rate. This work presents the rapid formation of CO2 hydrates with a small amount of cyclopentane (CP). The formation kinetics was investigated in a 474 cm3 nonstirred batch reactor with 100 and 200 cm3 of water. At volume ratios of CP to water between 0.01 and 0.1, the maximum growth rate is 0.32 mol h−1 at CO2 pressures ranging from 1.9 to 3.4 MPa and at 274 K. CO2 hydrates (sI) and CO2 + CP (sII) binary hydrates coexist at the end of hydrate growth. The mole ratio of CO2 entrapped in the sI hydrates to that in the sII binary hydrates is higher with 100 cm3 of water than with 200 cm3 of water. The same trend is also observed for the total amount of CO2 entrapped in the hydrate phase. The growth rate depends not only on the water volume but also on the pressure. The hydrate growth rate and the water conversion reach a maximum at 3.06 MPa and then decrease as.
Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beers

The elements called heavy metals when ingested are not completely eliminated from animal bodies and are responsible for chronic and acute intoxications. Sixty-three samples of beer, produced in the states of Sao Paulo, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and Para, were analysed for lead and cadmium content by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace atomization and Zeeman correction. The concentrations of Pb and Cd of dark differed significantly from light beers, being higher in the former. No significant difference was found between the beers produced in predominantly rural areas and the ones produced in industrialized areas. The concentrations of lead and cadmium in all samples were bellow the maximum accepted by present Brazilian regulations and ranged from not detected to 290mgPb/L and from not detected to 14.3mgCd/L. The average concentrations were 37mgPb/L and 1.6mgCd/L.
SYNTHETIC ALLOPHANE AND IMOGOLITE

Summary In order to prepare allophane and imogolite in the laboratory, solutions containing l–2× 10–3 M orthosilicic acid and 4–0.5 × 10–3 M A1C13 (SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio; 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0) were heated at 95–100°C for 113 hours after addition of NaOH (NaOH/Al molar ratio; 1.0, 2.0, 2.8 and 3.0). Boehmite was found in the precipitates from all solutions with initial SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 0.5. Imogolite was found with allophane II in the products from solutions with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 1.0 or greater and with NaOH/Al ratios of 2.8 or less (final pH 5.0), whereas allophane I was found in the precipitates from solutions with the same SiO2/Al2O3 ratios but with the NaOH/Al ratio of 3.0 (final pH = 5.0–6.3). The mode of formation, chemical composition, infrared spectra, electron micrographs, electron diffraction patterns and differential thermal analysis curves of synthetic imogolite and allophanes (I and II) were compared with those of their natural counterparts.
Molecular Self-Assembly at Bare Semiconductor Surfaces: Investigation of the Chemical and Electronic Properties of the Alkanethiolate−GaAs(001) Interface

High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and Raman scattering have been used to characterize the bonding and electronic properties of the interfaces formed by ambient-temperature, solution self-assembly of octadecanethiol and dodecanethiol under oxygen-free conditions on GaAs(001) surfaces. The combination of HRXPS and ToF-SIMS shows that both monolayers form direct S−[GaAs] attachment to the bare substrate with dominant As−S bonding and some fraction of Ga−S bonding, but the densely packed octadecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are significantly more effective in protecting the interface from oxide regrowth compared to the less dense dodecanethiolate SAMs. Raman scattering measurements of the GaAs LO phonon modes indicate that the formation of these direct, oxide-free S−[GaAs] interfaces does not induce any significant changes in the GaAs surface electronic states, whereas control experiments with inorganic sulfide t.
Synthesis of hierarchical MoS2 and its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

A facile process is developed to synthesize MoS2 in basic solutions via a hydrothermal route by employing ammonium heptamolybdate and thiourea as starting materials and post-annealing in a N2 atmosphere at 450 °C for 5 h. The morphologies of the MoS2 products can be tuned from porous flowers to dense spheres by addition of NaOH. Experimental results show that the MoS2 products have good crystallinity. A formation mechanism of the MoS2 is proposed in which the dense MoS2 spheres are evolved from the porous MoS2 flowers through growth along the 〈00l〉 direction of the nanosheets. Based on the growth mechanism, the microstructure of MoS2 can be successfully controlled by adjustment of the S/Mo ratio or addition of a surfactant in the recipe. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the flower-like MoS2 shows better electrochemical performance than MoS2 spheres as anode materials for Li-ion batteries, which deliver a high reversible capacity of 900 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, excellent cycling stability and rate capability.
Sputtered Pt loadings of membrane electrode assemblies in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The fabrication of electrodes use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) by Pt sputter deposition has great potential to increase Pt utilization and reduce Pt loading without loss of cell performance. A radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputter deposition process (RF power = 100 W and argon pressure = 10−3 Torr) was adopted to prepare Pt catalyst layers of PEMFC electrodes. The effects of cathode Pt and Nafion loadings on membrane electrode assembly (MEA)/cell performance were investigated using cell polarization, cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance, and microstructure analysis. Among the tested MEAs with various cathode Pt loadings (0.02–0.4 mg cm−2), the one with 0.1 mg‐Pt cm−2 (grain size = 3.90 nm, mainly Pt(111)) exhibited the best cell performance (320 and 285 mW cm−2 at 0.44 and 0.60 V, respectively), which was similar to or better than those of some commercial nonsputtered/sputtered electrodes with the same or higher Pt loadings. The electrode Pt utilization efficiency increased as the Pt loading decreased. A Pt loading of greater than or lower than 0.1 mg cm−2 yielded a lower electrode electrochemical active surface (EAS) area but a higher charge transfer and diffusion resistance. Nafion impregnation (0.1 to 0.3 mg cm−2) into the sputtered Pt layer (Pt = 0.1 mg cm−2) noticeably increased the EAS area, consistent with the decrease of the capacitance of the electrode double layer, but did not improve MEA/cell performance, mainly because of the increase in the kinetic and mass transfer resistances associated with oxygen reduction on the cathode. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UNDERSTANDING CACO3-Mg(OH)2 SCALE FORMATION: A SEMI-EMPIRICAL MINDO-FORCES STUDY OF CO2-H2O SYSTEM

In this work, the CO 2 -H 2 O system species and the preferential precipitation of either CaCO 3 or Mg(OH) 2 have been studied by the MINDO-Forces method. The calculations were carried out using the standard MINDO-Forces procedure with standard parameters for the included atoms. The potential energies of the LUMO of CO 2 , , and are positive, and this clearly indicates that there is a kinetic barrier to overcome. The activation energy (Ea) of the reaction of H 2 O with CO 2 is about 14.3 eV and this indicates that the reaction is not likely to occur. On the other hand, the reaction of hydroxide ion with CO 2 has a much smaller activation energy (3.4 eV). When the two reactions run simultaneously, the one with lower activation energy occurs preferentially. The pH value plays a decisive role in Mg(OH) 2 scale precipitation. At higher pH, the alkaline mechanism is predominant, and the net reaction ( ) is preferred. Increasing the temperature has similar effect since the pH value increases due to the CO 2 release. Values of pH in the evaporator stages were 0.2 to 0.7 unit higher than seawater feed. At high pH values, Mg(OH) 2 precipitates preferentially.
Analysis of reciprocal space maps of GaN(0001) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The reciprocal space map of a heteroepitaxial single-crystal GaN(0001) film on 6H-SiC(0001) is analyzed. The film contains a high density of threading dislocations which intersect the film parallel to the surface normal. The strain field associated with these dislocations is expected to broaden all reciprocal lattice points to discs perpendicular to the dislocation lines, i.e. parallel to the surface. Experimentally, however, the reflection is observed to be broadened also perpendicular to the surface and is rotated towards the surface normal. Using Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that both of these features are a natural consequence of the presence of misfit dislocations at the film/substrate interface.
Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine‐root system of mature Norway spruce

Soil-frost events may influence the dynamics of fine roots and therefore affect root-derived C fluxes to the soil. We studied the impact of soil frost on the fine-root dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) by a replicated snow-removal experiment in a mature forest in SE Germany. Snow removal in the three treatment plots reduced soil temperature significantly with minima <-5.5°C in the O layer while the snow-covered control plots never reached temperatures below the freezing point. Sequential soil coring in the O layer at the beginning and at the end of the soil-frost period as well as after thawing revealed that the soil frost treatment increased fine-root mortality by 29%. However, enhanced fine-root production in the snow-removal plots nearly compensated for the fine-root losses caused by low temperatures. These findings were confirmed by minirhizotron observations in the O layer and the upper 25 cm of the mineral soil showing that relative fine-root loss was by far higher in the snow-removal plots than in the control plots. Compensatory fine-root production in the snow-removal plots exceeded fine-root production in the control plots during a period of 8 weeks after the soil frost application by 39% in the O layer while it was similar in both plot types in the mineral soil. Sequential coring and minirhizotron observations led to substantially different fine root-longevity estimates for the soil frost period. However, in both cases, the snow-removal treatment was characterized by a significant reduction in root longevity indicating a faster fine-root turnover. As a consequence, experimental soil frost enhanced the C input to the soil via root death at our study site by approx. 42 g m -2 and stimulated the C investment towards the root system of the spruce trees due to a higher sink activity.
The relationship between reduced cells in a general Bravais lattice

It is shown that in a three-dimensional Bravais lattice at most 5 different cells based on the shortest three non-coplanar translations (Buerger cells) may exist. Their mutual relationship is found and two procedures are proposed to find all these cells if one of them is known. That cell which corresponds to the reduced quadratic form is indicated. For any of the 14 types of Bravais lattice the number of different Buerger cells is ascertained.
The derivation of preliminary Maximum PermissibleConcentrations of volatile compounds in air

Preliminary Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC's) in air are derived for 46 volatile compounds. Preliminary means that the MPC's are based on information from revieuws only. Preliminary MPC's are derived aiming at the protection of man as well as the ecosystem: MPChuman and MPCeco, respectively. Both MPC's are compared and one is selected being the preliminary MPC in air. For derivation of the MPChuman the selected compounds are divided into two groups. The first group contains 12 compounds for which limit and/or target values have already been set. For these compounds the data-set was only updated to see if these values have to be re-evaluated. It is concluded that this was not the case. The second group comprises 34 compounds, for which no limit and/or target values have been set. For these compounds information from reviews was collected. Because only reviews are consulted, uncertainty factors are applied rather rigid on results from toxicological studies. For 24 compounds a preliminary MPChuman could be derived.