Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathogen dynamics in a crop canopy and their evolution under changing climate

Canopy-level interactions have been largely ignored in epidemiological models and their applications in defining disease risks under climate change, although these interactions are important for disease management. This paper uses anthracnose of Stylosanthes scabra as a case study and reviews research on dynamics of the pathogen (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) at the canopy level and pathogen evolution under changing climate. It argues that linking of pathogen dynamics, crop growth and climate models is essential in predicting disease risks under climate change. A plant functional-structural model was used to couple S. scabra growth and architecture with disease under ambient and elevated CO(2). A level of induced resistance in plants with enlarged canopy determined anthracnose severity at elevated CO(2). Moisture-related microclimatic variables determined infection at ambient but not at elevated CO(2). At high CO(2) increased disease level from raised pathogen fecundity in enlarged canopy accelerated pathogen evolution after 25 sequential infection cycles. Modelling of pathogen dynamics under climate change currently suffers from a paucity of quantitative data, mismatch of scales in coupling climate and disease models, and model uncertainties. Further experimental research on interactions of biotic and abiotic factors on plant diseases under climate change and validation of models are essential prior to their use in climate-change prediction. Understanding and anticipating trends in host-pathogen evolution under climate change will improve the durability of resistance and lay the foundation for increased crop adaptation through pre-emptive plant breeding.
Measurement of total starch in cereal products by amyloglucosidase-alpha-amylase method: collaborative study

An American Association of Cereal Chemists/AOAC collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an enzyme assay kit procedure for measurement of total starch in a range of cereal grains and products. The flour sample is incubated at 95°C with thermostable α-amylase to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to maltodextrins, the pH of the slurry is adjusted, and the slurry is treated with a highly purified amyloglucosidase to quantitatively hydrolyze the dextrins to glucose. Glucose is measured with glucose oxidase-peroxidase reagent. Thirty-two collaborators were sent 16 homogeneous test samples as 8 blind duplicates. These samples Included chicken feed pellets, white bread, green peas, high-amylose maize starch, white wheat flour, wheat starch, oat bran, and spaghetti. All samples were analyzed by the standard procedure as detailed above; 4 samples (high-amylose maize starch and wheat starch) were also analyzed by a method that requires the samples to be cooked first in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSD r ) ranged from 2.1 to 3.9%, and relative standard deviations for reproducibility (RSD R ) ranged from 2.9 to 5.7%. The RSD R value for high amylose maize starch analyzed by the standard (non-DMSO) procedure was 5.7%; the value was reduced to 2.9% when the DMSO procedure was used, and the determined starch values increased from 86.9 to 97.2%. The amyloglucosidase-α-amylase method for measurement of total starch in cereal products has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
The NCBI Handbook

Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) Is the Data Format Used by the ID System ASN.1 is the data description language in which all sequence data at NCBI are structured. ASN.1 allows a detailed description of both the sequences and the information associated with them, such as author names, source organism, and biological features (known as “features”). The image below shows FEATURES as displayed in GenBank format. In the ASN.1 format, the organism information is presented as shown below. You can also see a complete ASN.1 record. orgname { name binomial { genus "Macaca" , species "mulatta" } , Maintaining all data in the same structured format simplifies data parsing, manipulation, and quality assurance, and eases the task of data integration and software development for sequence analysis. All of the various divisions of GenBank can be downloaded in ASN.1 from the NCBI FTP site. In the ID data management system, data are stored as ASN.1 blobs, minimizing the amount of biological information that is captured and updated in the relational database schema. Similar to an XML DTD, ASN.1 has an associated file that contains the description of the legal data structure. This file is called asn.all and is available as part of the “C” toolkit in an archive named “ncbi.tar. gz” located in the FTP directory. When unpacked, the directory “/demo”, found in the “ncbi.tar. gz” archive, contains the asn.all file. In the same “/demo” directory is testval.c, a tool that validates the data against asn.all. Additionally, a set of 234 The NCBI Handbook
HUBUNGAN SANITASI LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA

Latar belakang: Penyakit diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan dan penyebab kematian pada balita. Sanitasi lingkungan yang kurang mendukung dapat menyebabkan tingginya angka kejadian diare.Tujuan: Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara sanitasi lingkungan dengan kejadian diare pada balita di puskesmas Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan Cross Sectional. Subjek penelitian ini adalah ibu rumah tangga yang mempunyai balita dan pernah menderita penyakit diare dalam waktu 6 bulan terakhir Pemilihan sampel dengan simple random sampling menghasilkan sampel sebanyak 81 Ibu. Uji statistic menggunakan Chi Square dengan bantuan software komputer. Tempat penelitian di Puskesmas Sugi Waras dilaksanakan pada mbulan Mei Tahun 2019. Hasil: penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kualitas fisik air (p=0,000), kepemilikan jamban (p=0,000), jenis lantai rumah (p=0,004) dengan kejadian diare pada balita. Saran: Diharapkan bagi instansi kesehatan (Puskesmas) untuk dapat melakukan peningkatan perbaikan sarana air bersih, fasilitas jamban sehat serta mengupayakan peningkatan program penyehatan lingkungan pemukiman dengan sasaran plesterisasi lantai rumah dan penanganan kualitas air bersih secara fisik. Kata kunci : Sanitasi Lingkungan, Kejadian diare
Simulation of cardiac pacemaker dysfunction arising from genetic mutations

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker in mammalian hearts and is vital to cardiac function. Genetic mutations in SAN can result in lose-of-function of ion channels, consequently arouse sinus node dysfunction (SND), Brugada syndrome (BrS) and progressive cardiac conduction disease (PCCD). The mechanisms underlying the he pathogenesis for cardiac pacemaker dysfunctions associated with genetic mutations has not been defined. In this project, by using computer modeling, mechanisms by which the HCN4 mutations impair cardiac pacemaking and possible pro-arrhythmic effects of ivabradine were investigated. Action potential (AP) models for rabbit sinoatrial node cells were modified to incorporate experimentally reported If changes induced by HCN4 gene mutations. At both the cellular and intact SAN-atrium tissue level, If reduction due to the HCN4 mutations slowed down pacemaking. At the tissue level, these mutations compromised the AP conduction across the SAN-atrium, leading to a possible sinus arrest or SAN exit block. Moreover, vagal nerve activity could amplify the bradycardiac effects of the HCN4 gene mutations, leading to sinus arrest and SAN exit block that was not observed with the mutations or ACh alone. Similarly, SND associated with SCN5A mutations and acquired cardiac conditions were studied. 1) Mathematical models of rabbit SAN cells and 2D tissue models were modified to investigate SAN function and intracardiac conduction in a murine model of long QT syndrome type 3. A prolonged tail current INa,L was introduced and incorporated with a normal INa,T to test the SAN pacemaker function and AP conduction from the SAN to atrial septum. Simulation results showed that a combined reduction in INa,T and introduction of INa,L achieved alterations in both pacemaking rate and conduction. 2) Mathematical models of mouse SAN cells were modified to investigate the mechanisms underlies the SAN associated with SCN5A deficiency and aging. A coupled SAN-atrium cell model was developed to replicate the experimentally observed slowing of SAN conduction with aging and SCN5A-disruption The modelling studies reconstructed the physiological mechanisms by which both aging and SCN5A-disruption lead to SND, thereby drawing parallels between these and similar conduction changes in the ventricle that occur in the possibly related condition of PCCD. At last, a 2D anatomically based model of the SAN-atrium was constructed. This model successfully reproduced the effects of vagal nerve stimulation and SCN5A-E161K gene mutation on spontaneous activity of the SAN and AP conduction across the SAN-atrium.
The binding and activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor by exendin-4

Background and purpose Exendin-4 (EX4) has the same physiological properties as glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide (GLP-1). EX4 has 50% identity with GLP-1, with an extra nine amino acids at its C-terminus. The two peptides mediate their functions through coupling to the glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) with similar affinity and potency. Unlike N-terminally truncated GLP-1, (GLP-1(15-36)amide), the equivalently truncated EX4(9-39) binds GLP-1R without significant loss of affinity; furthermore, GLP-1(15-36) is a partial agonist while EX4(9-39) is an antagonist. Previous binding analysis of either N or C-terminally truncated EX4 at rGLP-1R suggested that the residues responsible for its extra affinity are at its C-terminus, EX4 residues 31-39. Crystal structures supported by mutagenesis showed similar interactions of both GLP-1 and EX4 at the isolated N-terminal domain of human GLP-1R (hGLP-1R-NTD) apart from a subtle hydrogen bond between Ser32 in EX4 and Glu68 in hGLP-1R-NTD. Experimental approach The affinities and activities of GLP-1, EX4 and various analogues were measured at human and rat GLP-1R (hGLP-1R and rGLP-1R, respectively) and various receptor variants. Computer models, molecular dynamics coupled with in silico mutagenesis, were used to model and interpret the data. Key results The membrane-tethered NTDs of hGLP-1R displayed similar affinity for GLP-1 and EX4 in contrast to previous studies using the soluble isolated domain. The selective high affinity at rGLP-1R and the rGLP-1R-like mutant hGLP-1R-Glu68Asp for EX4(9–39) over EX4(9–30) was due to Ser32 in the ligand. This selectivity was not observed with hGLP-1R and the hGLP-1R-like mutant rGLP-1R-Asp68Glu. Gly16-EX4(9–30) was an agonist for rGLP-1R and hGLP-1R-Glu68Asp but was an antagonist for hGLP-1R and rGLP-1R-Asp68Glu. Glu22-GLP-1(15-36) was a partial agonist for all tested receptors. Insertion of (EEEAVRL) of EX4 instead of their equivalent sequence in GLP-1(15-36) prevented its activity and did not enhance its affinity. Substitution of Ser32 in EX4 by similar hydrogen bond donor amino acids did not enhance EX4 affinity or potency. Conclusions and implications GLP-1 and EX4 bind to the NTD of hGLP-1R with similar affinity. A hydrogen bond between Ser32 of EX4 and Asp68 of rGLP-1R is responsible for the improved affinity of EX4 and can play a role in the antagonist/agonist switch of Gly16-EX4(9–30) at the rat receptor. The discovery of the novel antagonist/agonist switch suggests a new mechanism of activation by GLP-1 which does not require its extreme N-terminal residues.
The bats of Suriname

CONTENTS I. Introduction 3 A. Scope of the present paper 3 B. Measurements 7 C. Nomenclature 8 D. Acknowledgements 9 II. General Part 10 A. History of the study of Suriname bats 10 B. Remarks on Suriname bat life 18 1. Habitats of bats 19 2. Usefulness of bats 22 3. Enemies of bats 22 4. The control of bats 23 III. Systematic Part 25 Family Emballonuridae 26 Subfamily Emballonurinae 28 Subfamily Diclidurinae 58 Family Noctilionidae 62 Family Phyllostomidae 73 Subfamily Chilonycterinae 74 Subfamily Phyllostominae 78 Subfamily Glossophaginae 126 Subfamily Carolliinae 144 Subfamily Sturnirinae 153 Subfamily Stenodermatinae 157
Yield Reduction Due to Brown Spot and Leaf Folder Injuries at Varying Levels of Fertilizers and Water Supply to Rice Crop

The results showed significant yield increase with fertilizer and water supply and significant yield reduction due to brown spot and leaf folder injuries. Inoculations yielded strong and significant differences in level of injuries due to brown spot and leaf folder. A significant increase of grain discolouration with brown spot was also seen. Per cent yield reduction due to brown spot and leaf folder ranged from 12 - 13.3 and 12 - 18.8, respectively.
From occupational choice to career crafting

This chapter provides an updated review and commentary on the empirical literature on individual difference antecedents of careers outcomes, before suggesting areas for future research. Career success is commonly defined as either the real or perceived achievements individuals have accumulated as a result of their work experiences, or the accumulated positive work and psychological outcomes resulting from one’s work experiences. Potentially career enhancing dispositions are unlikely to result in objective career outcomes unless they lead people to act and perform in ways that are valued by organizations or other gatekeepers of objective career outcomes and/or that build career-enhancing opportunities and resources, such as a network of supportive colleagues. Networking is important for career success because it creates opportunities and aids in identifying the next career move within or beyond the organization. Conscientiousness and neuroticism respectively influence salary positively and negatively, via their influence on the occupational self-efficacy facet of human capital.
Response of rice (Oryza sativa) to integrated nutrient management under temperate condition of Kashmir

A field experiment was carried out at Kashmir during kharij season 2012 to assess the response of rice to integrated nutrient management. Grain yield (8.06 t ha−1), straw yield (10.40 t ha−1) and growth parameters, viz plant height, number of tillers hill−1 and leaf area index were recorded higher in treatment T4 (recommended dose of fertilizers-RDF + poultry manure @ 2 t ha−1) compared to other treatments. The yield attributes like number of panicles m 2, number of grains panicle-I, panicle weight and harvest index was also observed significantly higher in treatment T4. The economic analysis showed that treatment T12 (75% RDF + inoculation of Azosprillum) showed maximum net return ( 88.72 x 103 ha−1) and benefit: cost ratio (3.79), followed by T6 (RDF + Azosprillum) and Ts (RDF + sheep manure @2 t ha−1).
Borrowing Human Senses: Comment-Aware Self-Training for Social Media Multimodal Classification

Social media is daily creating massive multimedia content with paired image and text, presenting the pressing need to automate the vision and language understanding for various multimodal classification tasks. Compared to the commonly researched visual-lingual data, social media posts tend to exhibit more implicit image-text relations. To better glue the cross-modal semantics therein, we capture hinting features from user comments, which are retrieved via jointly leveraging visual and lingual similarity. Afterwards, the classification tasks are explored via self-training in a teacher-student framework, motivated by the usually limited labeled data scales in existing benchmarks. Substantial experiments are conducted on four multimodal social media benchmarks for image-text relation classification, sarcasm detection, sentiment classification, and hate speech detection. The results show that our method further advances the performance of previous state-of-the-art models, which do not employ comment modeling or self-training.
Altitudinal variation in Microstegium vimineum, an invasive plant species

Invasive plant species are becoming a major concern because they have been found to have negative effects such as decreasing biodiversity and inhibiting growth of native species. Microstegium vimineum, also known as Japanese stiltgrass, is such an invasive species. Because M. vimineum has spread quickly to many variable environments in the United States and because it is also an annual plant species, it is possible that this invasive grass has undergone contemporary evolution. I hypothesized that M. vimineum is undergoing contemporary evolution via local adaptation. With growth chamber and field experiments, I specifically tested the hypothesis that highaltitude populations have adapted to their cool environments by having higher germination, seed number, and reproductive effort at cool temperatures, and that the opposite is true for low-altitude populations. I also tested two hypotheses regarding the selective advantage of cleistogamy, the resource allocation hypothesis and the optimal genotype hypothesis. To test the hypothesis, I measured germination, flower phenology, total seed number, chasmogamous and cleistogamous seed number, percent cleistogamous/total seed number, and reproductive effort of plants from populations sampled along an altitudinal gradient. Plants were grown outside and in two growth chambers set at two temperatures. For the growth chamber experiment, I found that altitude affected germination, total seed number, and percent cleistogamous seeds. Temperature also affected germination, total seeds, cleistogamous seed number, and percent cleistogamous seeds. Low-altitude populations had higher germination and seed number in warm temperatures and high-altitude populations had higher germination and seed number in cool temperatures. There was an altitude by temperature interaction for total seeds, number cleistogamous seeds, and percent cleistogamous seeds. For the field experiment, altitude had an effect on germination, number of chasmogamous seeds, and reproductive effort per plant. As altitude increased, germination and number of chasmogamous seeds decreased, and reproductive effort increased. My results are consistent with the hypotheses that M. vimineum shows phenotypic variation associated with altitude and temperature and has undergone contemporary evolution in North Carolina.
The keeping quality of LPS-activated milk in the western highlands of Cameroon

The potentials of applying the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) in extending the shelf life of raw milk at ambient temperatures was investigated in the western highlands of Cameroon. Raw milk was LPS-activated by adding various concentrations (ppm) of thiocyanate and peroxide and denoted as 0:0, 7:10 ppm, 10:10 ppm and 20:20 ppm. The keeping quality of the activated milk samples was assessed by the alcohol stability and clot-on-boiling tests, pH changes and titratable acidity. The milk in all the treatments remained fresh during the first 12 hours but the control was spoiled by the 15th hour. There was a continuous drop in pH values matched by a steady rise in titratable acidity. For all parameters measured, 20:20ppm was the last treatment to spoil, suggesting that the shelf life of milk increases with increasing concentrations of thiocyanate and peroxide. With small amounts of thiocyanate (20 ppm) and peroxide (20 ppm) the shelf life of raw milk can effectively be extended under Cameroonian conditions by approximately 9 hours without refrigeration. Thus LPS-activated milk can be stored for as long 21 hours, allowing sufficient time for its appropriate disposal.
Clinicopathological evaluation on capture myopathy due to chemical immobilization in spotted deer.

Objective: The study was focused to investigate the occurrence of a fatal capture myopathy (CM) after chemical immobilization during translocation in different places and to evaluate serum enzymes of stressed deer and pathologic alteration of vital organs of dead animals due to CM. Materials and Methods: The experimental data was collected from Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka and the experiment was conducted at the Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh . Immediate after capture the animals were allowed to normalize body temperature by pouring sufficient water over the body. Peripheral blood was aspirated from jugular vein for serum biochemical analysis. Once the animals died, vital organs were collected and processed for histology. Results: Data from 2013 to 2018 revealed 178 animals captured through darting and among them 40 animals died due to post-capture myopathy reflecting death rate of 22.47%. We have closely studied on 16 animals captured on different occasions. Serum enzyme analysis were exhibited increased levels of ALT, AST, Bilirubin, Creatinine, BUN, LDH, CK, Troponin, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL and were highly indicative of stress-linked muscle and organ damage. The macroscopic lesions consisted of muscular and cardiac degeneration, edema, hemorrhage and congestion in lung, adrenal gland and in kidney. Microscopically there were loss of striation and fragmentation of skeletal muscle, formation of contraction band necrosis in myocardial fiber, degenerative changes in renal tubule and formation of central intraluminal eosinophilic casts. Conclusion: The pathological findings were indicative of capture myopathy in spotted deer. This report underlines that mortality from capture is a risk that must be considered during restocking programs.
Toll‐like receptor 3 mediated hyperphosphorylation of tau in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Neurofibrillary tangles of abnormally phosphorylated tau are one of the characteristic pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, immunological and inflammatory changes including complements and activated microglia are also common phenomena in AD. However, these pathological changes are yet to be interlinked in a common explainable background. In this study, the relevant mechanism of phosphorylation of tau protein and an innate immune signal transduction system were investigated. Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor working in the innate immune system and its expression in the brain has already been reported. Total RNA was isolated from SH‐SY5Y cells and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was done to see endogenous expression of TLR3 in SH‐SY5Y cells that was further confirmed at protein level by Western blot analysis. Cells were treated with 50 µg/mL of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (pIpC), a synthetic analog of dsRNA and the changes of phosphorylation of tau protein were investigated. Further the level of phosphorylation of tau protein was investigated after the cells had been previously treated with 10 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h to induce over‐expression of TLR3. Increased phosphorylation of tau protein at PHF‐1 site (Ser396/404), activation of Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 MAPK were observed in cells treated with pIpC. These effects were enhanced when cells were pretreated with LPS, a known transducer of TLR3. These data suggest that toll‐like receptor 3, an innate immune molecule, might be a potential link to mediate hyperphosphorylation of tau in neurodegenerative processes of AD.
The Role Of Brand Image In The Relationship Of Product Quality And Price Perceived On Purchasing Decisions For Oppo Smartphone Consumers

The purpose of this study is to determine the mediating role of brand image in the relationship between product quality and price perceived of Oppo smarthphone purchasing decisions. This research uses quantitative methods, where 110 samples were taken randomly from Oppo smartphone buyers at Lab Persada Lumajang City. Analysis was carried out with Path analysis. As the result, this research can be concluded that 1) the quality of the product has a positive and significant effects on the brand image 2) Prices perceived by consumers do not affect the smartphone purchase decision. 3) There are positive and significant effects of each brand image, product quality, and price perceived on purchasing decisions.