Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissecting Earth's Magnetosphere: 3D Energy Transport in a Simulation of a Real Storm Event

We present new analysis methods of 3D MHD output data from the Space Weather Modeling Framework during a simulated storm event. Earth's magnetosphere is identified in the simulation domain and divided based on magnetic topology and the bounding magnetopause definition. Volume energy contents and surface energy fluxes are analyzed for each subregion to track the energy transport in the system as the driving solar wind conditions change. Two energy pathways are revealed, one external and one internal. The external pathway between the magnetosheath and magnetosphere has magnetic energy flux entering the lobes and escaping through the closed field region and is consistent with previous work and theory. The internal pathway, which has never been studied in this manner, reveals magnetically dominated energy recirculating between open and closed field lines. The energy enters the lobes across the dayside magnetospheric cusps and escapes the lobes through the nightside plasmasheet boundary layer. This internal circulation directly controls the energy content in the lobes and the partitioning of the total energy between lobes and closed field line regions. Qualitative analysis of four‐field junction neighborhoods indicate the internal circulation pathway is controlled via the reconnection X‐line(s), and by extension, the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. These results allow us to make clear and quantifiable arguments about the energy dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere, and the role of the lobes as an expandable reservoir that cannot retain energy for long periods of time but can grow and shrink in energy content due to mismatch between incoming and outgoing energy flux.
Modelling the climate evolution from the last interglacial to the start of the last glaciation: The role of Arctic Ocean freshwater budget

The Earth's climate has alternated between glacial and interglacial stages, but we still do not understand how the changes in insolation have been amplified by the climate system to lead to such a large climatic response. Here we use a climate model of intermediate complexity to show that the orbitally induced shift from an interglacial to a pre‐glacial climate is highly sensitive to the high northern latitudes moisture budget. Using the insolation forcing alone, the model produces a first order response of sea surface temperatures and thermohaline circulation evolution which agrees with the available geological data. Under the same gradual insolation evolution, adding a small freshwater input into the Arctic Ocean induces a rapid climate switch from an interglacial to a pre‐glacial mode. These results suggest a simple connection between orbital forcing and the thermohaline circulation through a freshwater threshold within the ocean‐atmosphere‐sea‐ice system.
Global scale decadal climate variability

Analysis of observations and results from a global coupled climate model show that coherent decadal climate variability extends over the entire Pacific basin, is associated with processes in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions to contribute to global patterns of decadal climate variability, and encompasses regional decadal mechanisms noted in previous studies. Ocean heat content anomalies embedded in the gyre circulations of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans are associated with global decadal timescale “El Niño‐like” signals in atmosphere and ocean with consequent global energy balance variations. Large‐scale tropical‐midlatitude interactions act to replenish the ocean heat content anomalies. Maxima in decadal timescale globally averaged surface temperature occur in conjunction with periodic arrangements of SST anomalies, in association with the heat content anomalies embedded in the various ocean gyre circulations, in a global “El Niño‐like” pattern that is highly correlated with such maxima. The decadal timescale in the model is approximately set by the circuit times of the ocean gyre circulations.
The impact of albuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors on renal function

Objectives Creatinine clearance is a commonly used tool to measure glomerular filtration rate in clinical practice. This tool requires collection of 24h urine, which is quite bothersome. Several different formulas have been used to estimate glomerular filtration rate using plasma creatinine and other easy to obtain biometrical data. We examined ten formulas and compared them with actually measured creatinine clearance in a large sample of the general population. Methods For this purpose a cross-sectional cohort study was used of 8,592 inhabitants of the city of Groningen, 28-75 year of age. The cohort is enriched for microalbuminuria. Results In general, the formulas did not give an accurate estimation of creatinine clearance, especially not in male and in obese subjects. Six formulas, including the Cockcroft-Gault gave a fairly good estimation of creatinine clearance in the overall population and in subgroups of specific gender, body mass index and age. All formulas however, gave an underestimation of the measured creatinine clearance in higher ranges of creatinine clearance and an overestimation in the lower ranges. Moreover, the age related decline of creatinine clearance is hard to approximate with a formula. Conclusions We conclude that formulas to estimate creatinine clearance in the general population, although giving a fairly good estimate of mean creatinine clearance, do not offer reliable data on creatinine clearance in the upper and lower ranges and do not adequately estimate the age related decline in creatinine clearance.
Spatial and temporal influence of glaciers and rivers on the sedimentary environment in Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen

Abstract Multiproxy analyses including hydrographical, geochemical, foraminferal, lithological and geophysical data reveal variable influences of the glaciers Tunabreen and von Postbreen as well as the river Sassenelva on the sedimentary environment in two Spitsbergen fjords during the Late Weichselian and the Holocene. Grounded ice covered the study area during the last glacial. The glacier fronts retreated stepwise during the latest Weichselian/earliest Holocene, and the glaciers were probably small during the early Holocene. A growth of Tunabreen occurred between 6 and 4 cal ka BP. Reduced input from Tunabreen from c. 3.7 cal ka BP was probably a result of suppressed iceberg rafting related to the enhanced formation of sea ice and/or reduced meltwater runoff. During the past two millennia, the glacier fronts advanced and retreated several times. The maximum Holocene glacier extent was reached at the end of a surge of von Postbreen in AD 1870. Characteristics of the modern glaciomarine environment include: (1) different colours and bulk-mineral assemblages of the turbid waters emanating from the main sediment sources; (2) variable locations of the turbid-water plumes as a consequence of wind forcing and the Coriolis effect; (3) stratified water masses during summers with interannual variations; (4) increasing productivity with increasing distance from the glacier fronts; (5) foraminifera-faunal assemblages typical for glacierproximal settings; and (6) periodical mass-transport activity.
An examination of the convective charging hypothesis: Charge structure, electric fields, and Maxwell currents

[1] An examination of the convective charging hypothesis is undertaken using our three-dimensional (3D) storm electrification model (SEM). In an attempt to cover the range of storm conditions over which the convective mechanism might be expected to operate, two storms are simulated: a small, weak storm and a larger, severe storm. Elements of the model relevant to the convective hypothesis are the full treatment of small ions, including attachment to hydrometeors, the inclusion of field-dependent surface point discharge, and the components of the Maxwell current. For comparison purposes, each storm is also simulated using a noninductive mechanism. Results from both the small and large storm simulations using convective-only charging indicate disorganized, weak electrical structures during the mature and dissipating stages. Conversely, the use of noninductive charging produces strong electrification in both storms. Maxwell current analysis shows that, for the most part, currents within the storm are dissipative and that the cloud acts as a barrier to the external conduction current when convective-only charging is considered. For the noninductive simulations, the Maxwell current is that of a generator. The treatment of small ions and their attachment to hydrometeors accounts for the formation of screening layers; thus this aspect of the convective charging mechanism still plays an important role in the modeling of thunderstorm charge structures. However, since the convective charging hypothesis, by itself, is unable to produce significant charging or strong electric fields in either simulated cloud, we conclude that it is not a viable mechanism for thunderstorm electrification.
Brain and Behavior: Cognitive Failures are Associated with Sensation Seeking via Adolescent Marijuana Use

A main concern regarding adolescent marijuana use is its long-term negative health effects, such as alterations to brain structure and function, which can lead to deficits in working memory (e.g., cognitive failures). This raises concerns for the development of proper executive functioning in marijuana-using adolescents. As such, understanding factors leading to adolescent marijuana use, such as personality, can allow for an assessment of predispositions that could pose a threat to their cognitive health. This study examined whether adolescent marijuana use mediates the effect of sensation-seeking on cognitive failures. An adolescent sample ( N =165; 48.8% Female, 88.6% White, 84.9% Hispanic/Latinx, M age =14.9) from a larger multi-wave study was assessed. Results show that high sensation-seeking tendencies predicted greater marijuana use (effect=0.08, p=0.02), and that marijuana use predicted greater false triggering (effect=0.96, p=0.01). Furthermore, a significant indirect effect between sensation-seeking and false triggering through days of marijuana use (effect=0.08, CI [0.01, 0.20]) was found. Findings suggest that marijuana use can impact executive functioning within the prefrontal cortex via alterations to myelination due to false signaling on oligodendrocytes. Additionally, a mature striatum coupled with an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex during adolescence may predispose sensation-seeking adolescents to try marijuana without considering the risk of memory impairments.
Eco-hydraulic modeling of the interactions between hydropeaking and river morphology

Hydropeaking related to hydropower operations produces adverse ecological effects that depend on its interaction with the channel morphology. A ﬁrst quantitative attempt is proposed to investigate the eco-hydraulic response of different river morphologies to hy-dropeaking waves based on a 2D hydraulic modeling approach. Physical habitat diversity, macroinvertebrate drift and ﬁsh stranding, all relevant for hydropeaking, are quantitatively investigated with reference to realistic hydro-morphological conditions of regulated alpine streams. Habitat diversity and ﬁsh stranding have the strongest dependency on channel morphology and show nearly opposite behaviours with increasing morphological complexity. Braided reaches are the most resilient to hydropeaking offering the highest habitat diversity and very limited base-to-peak variation of macroinvertebrate drift, while alternate bars are extremely sensitive environments to drift and offer safer regions from stranding. Transitional morphologies between single-and multi-thread offer the best eco-hydraulic tradeoffs. The method allows to quantify to which extent same eco-hydraulic targets can be achieved by either morphological restorations or base ﬂow increases: in transitional morphologies, identical reduction in reach-averaged stranding risk might be obtained by either halving the channel width or by a three-fold base ﬂow increase; analogously, the same improvement in macroinvertebrate-fed areas can be achieved in a channel with alternating bars by either a three-fold base ﬂow increase or by increasing 2.5 times the channel width. Such quantiﬁcation of the eco-hydraulic effectiveness of complementary management strategies offers a powerful tool to support design of restoration measures in hydropeaking rivers.
Uncertainty in land cover datasets for global land‐surface models derived from 1‐km global land cover datasets

The influence of the uncertainties or differences in 1‐km global land cover datasets on a land cover dataset used in land‐surface modelling is explored. The uncertainties in six 1‐km global land cover datasets were found to be transferred to land cover datasets derived by either the dominant land cover type method (DLM) or the area ratio method (ARM). The agreement among the DLM‐derived land cover datasets (the DLM agreement) was higher than the per‐pixel agreement among the six 1‐km global land cover datasets owing to the spatial aggregation effect. The agreement among the ARM‐derived land cover datasets using the ARM (the ARM agreement) was higher than the DLM agreement because of the area ratio retention effect. The area ratios of all land cover types affect the ARM agreement, whereas only the dominant land cover type affects the DLM agreement. The DLM and ARM agreements were both strongly correlated with the per‐pixel agreement among the 1‐km global land cover datasets. Therefore, reducing the uncertainty in the 1‐km global land cover datasets is the key to reducing the uncertainty in the land cover datasets used in land‐surface models. Improving the land cover classification, especially in areas with small homogeneous regions or in transition zones between major land cover types, is also important for reducing the uncertainty in the datasets used for land‐surface models. These sources of uncertainty should be taken into account when interpreting the land‐surface model results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous absorption and reflection in ionospheric radio modification experiments

The anomalous absorption of an ordinary polarized radio wave due to magnetic field aligned short-scale striations is studied. By the method of averaging, a correction term to the cold plasma dielectric tensor can be derived. The correction term behaves singularly at the upper hybrid level, inducing new cutoff and resonance. A situation analogous to the Budden tunneling problem arises. Thus the anomalous absorption is necessarily accompanied by partial reflection at the upper hybrid level. A consequence is that the absorption coefficient has a maximum at a certain striation intensity, with reflection dominating at higher intensities. This is expected to be important for the saturation of the process generating the striations.
Ulysses observations of very different heliospheric structure during the declining phase of solar activity cycle 23

This study examines the most recent observations from the solar wind experiment (SWOOPS) on the Ulysses spacecraft. In contrast to observations over the same locations in the declining phase of the previous solar activity cycle, these data show a more complicated heliospheric structure. Around the start of 2003, a band of slow solar wind resided at ∼20°–25°N latitude at all helio‐longitudes. Subsequently, Ulysses failed to observe a well‐organized corotating stream structure as it headed southward from the ecliptic plane, even though, in the previous solar cycle, Ulysses observed a regularly structured stream pattern. These observations show that the three‐dimensional structure of the heliosphere can differ significantly from one solar cycle to the next. Finally, we show that the solar wind dynamic pressure has been relatively stable throughout 2005, indicating that the termination shock distance will also likely be relatively stable throughout 2006.
Separating the influence of halogen and climate changes on ozone recovery in the upper stratosphere

[1] While halogens from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dominated past ozone changes, our simulations show climate change playing an increasingly important role over coming decades. Including potential climate-induced stratospheric water vapor increases, the ozone change relative to 1980 attributable to climate change surpasses that due to halogens in the 2030s for both the upper stratosphere and the total column. Its overall impact may delay recovery of total ozone to 1980 values. These results emphasize that ozone recovery is not only a detection issue but also a detection and attribution issue, as trends must be ascribed to climate and halogens. Exploiting their different spatial patterns, we demonstrate a technique to isolate the halogen signature in the upper stratosphere by contrasting equatorial and midlatitude ozone trends at 40-km altitude. This may allow early detection of the effectiveness of halogen emission reductions, which would show that a delayed recovery does not represent a CFC treaty failure but rather highlights the growing influence of greenhouse gases on the Earth's atmosphere.
3He/4He ratios of methane-rich natural gases in Japan

Measurements of 3He/4He and 20Ne/4He ratios in 12 CH4-rich natural gas samples were made with a magnetic deflection mass spectrometer equipped with a metallic high-vacuum purification line. In order to check the resolving power, sensitivity and stability of the mass spectrometer, atmospheric air in Tokyo was measured repeatedly. The mean 3He/4He ratio in Tokyo air was (1.43 ± 0.03) × 10-6. CH4-rich gases with significantly high 3He/4He ratios were first observed in this study. The 3He/4He ratios for 5 natural gas samples collected from hot springs and mineral springs in inland basins were as high as (1.7–7.3) × 10-6, probably due to the large contribution of the upper mantle-derived He. In comparison, the 3He/4He ratios for 2 samples from water wells distributed in coastal areas facing the Pacific Ocean and 5 samples from gas fields in the southern Kanto district were as low as ∼10-7. Most of the He in these gases is inferred to be radiogenic and of crustal origin.
Chronic Pulmonary Disease NK Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Chronic Cigarette Smoke Exposure Primes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating, progressive lung disease punctuated by exacerbations of symptoms. COPD exacerbations are most often associated with viral infections, and exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) followed by viral infection has been shown experimentally to enhance lung inﬂammation, tissue destruction, and airway ﬁbrosis. Despite this, how-ever, the cellular mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown. In this study, we examined NK cell function in a mouse model of COPD given the vital role of NK cells following viral infection. Ex vivo stimulation of lung leukocytes with poly(I:C), ssRNA40, or ODN1826 enhanced production of NK cell-derived IFN- g in CS-exposed mice. NK cells from CS-exposed mice exhibited a novel form of priming; highly puriﬁed NK cells from CS-exposed mice, relative to NK cells from ﬁltered air-exposed mice, produced more IFN- g following stimulation with IL-12, IL-18, or both. Further, NK cell priming was lost following smoking cessation. NKG2D stimulation through overexpression of Raet1 on the lung epithelium primed NK cell responsiveness to poly(I:C), ssRNA40, or ODN1826 stimulation, but not cytokine stimulation. In addition, NK cells from CS-exposed mice expressed more cell surface CD107a upon stimulation, demonstrating that the NK cell degranulation response was also primed. Together, these results reveal a novel mechanism of activation of the innate immune system and highlight NK cells as important cellular targets in controlling COPD exacerbations. The Journal of Immunology , 2010, 184: 4460–4469.
Soil Development in a Coastal Louisiana Wetland during a Climate-Induced Vegetation Shift from Salt Marsh to Mangrove

ABSTRACT Henry, K.M. and Twilley, R.R. , 0000. Soil development in a coastal Louisiana wetland during a climate-induced vegetation shift from salt marsh to mangrove. Mild winter temperatures are facilitating the expansion of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) into smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) marshes along the northern Gulf of Mexico. These expansions have the potential to alter soil development because of differences in productivity and tissue chemistry between Spartina and Avicennia. Here, we examined changes in soil-nutrient chemistry at 2-cm intervals in 30-cm soil cores collected from Spartina and Avicennia habitats at two different sites in Fourchon, Louisiana. Beginning in 1959 and continuing through 2009, our chronology shows that the species shift had no effect on bulk density (mean ± standard error [SE]: 0.68 ± 0.02 g cm−3), organic matter (mean ± SE: 8.36 ± 0.29 %), or nitrogen content (mean ± SE: 1.15 ± 0.03 mg cm−3). Phosphorus densities were significantly greater in Avicennia habitats (mean ± SE: 0.32 ± 0.01 mg cm−3) than they were in Spartina habitats (mean ± SE: 0.28 ± 0.01 mg cm−3), which we attributed to Avicennia occurring at higher elevations in more oxidizing soils. We observed significant variability with depth (proxy for time) and between sites in all soil properties measured. This variability can be attributed to the dominance of allochthonous sediment deposition from natural and anthropogenic disturbances compared with the lesser influence of vegetation on autochthonous soil development. In the highly disturbed region of Fourchon, Louisiana, the shift from Spartina marshes to scrub Avicennia stands does not appear to affect the chemistry of soil development.
Enhanced resolution modelling study on anthropogenic climate change: changes in extremes of the hydrological cycle

Changes in variability and extremes of the hydrological cycle are studied in two 30 year simulations using a general circulation model at high horizontal resolution. The simulations represent the present‐day climate and a period in which the radiative forcing corresponds to a doubling of the present‐day concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In most regions and seasons the probability density function of daily precipitation experiences a stretching associated with a higher probability of heavy precipitation events in the warmer climate. Whereas extremely long wet spells show only moderate changes, the extremely long dry spells are extended at middle latitudes over most land areas. At high latitudes the changes in annual maximum river runoff are mainly controlled by changes in snow budget. Eight out of 14 selected major rivers show a statistically significant change in 10 year return values of the annual maximum discharge. In two cases a significant decrease is found and in six cases there is a significant increase. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society