Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of seed rates on yield and oil components of canola genotypes

An experiment entitled “Effect of seed rates on yield and oil components of canola genotypes” was conducted at Bacha Khan Agricultural Research Farm (BARF), Bacha Khan University Charsadda during winter-2015.The experiment consisted of two factors; seed rates (4, 6, 8 and 10 kg ha) and canola genotypes (Durr-e-NIFA and Zahoor Swati) in randomized complete block design with three replications. A plot size of 3mx2mhaving 5 rows each 40cm apart was used. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were applied at the rate of 60 and 75 kg ha as recommended doses. Full dose of P was applied at sowing while N was applied in two splits (half at sowing time and half with first irrigation). All the plots received the same Agronomic practices. Results of the data revealed that maximum days to emergence (8) were taken by seed rate of 8 and 10 kg ha. Number of siliques m(34825) and oil yield (989 kg ha) were maximum with10 kg ha seed rate. Higher number of siliques plant (397) was produced by using seed rate of 8 kg ha. Maximum number of grains silique (22) was produced by seed rate of 6 and 8 kg ha. Higher oil content (47%) was recorded for seed rate of 6 kg ha. The maximum harvest index (77%) was shown by plots treated with seed rate of 4 kg ha.The genotype Durr-e-NIFA resulted in maximum days to emergence (8), number of silique plant (388), number of grains silique (22), harvest index (62 %) and oil yield (871 kg ha). Maximum siliques m (30133) and oil content (47 %) were recorded in genotype Zahoor Swati Swati. The seed rate of 6 kg ha in combination with Durr-e-NIFA gave maximum (413) siliques plant and grain oil content of 48.2% in the interaction.
Tamanho da semente e substratos na produção de mudas de açaí

O acaizeiro e uma palmeira com elevado potencial comercial principalmente pela polpa do fruto que possui propriedades quimicas beneficas a saude humana. Visando atender essa demanda do mercado os produtores precisam investir em mudas de qualidade, sendo necessario expandir as pesquisas nesta area. Neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes tamanhos de sementes e substratos no desenvolvimento de mudas de Euterpe oleracea Mart. O estudo foi realizado em viveiro telado com sombrite (50% de sombra) a temperatura ambiente. Foram estudados dois fatores: tamanho da semente (pequena, media e grande) e dois tipos de substratos (solo natural e composto orgânico). Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 3x2 (tamanho das sementes x substratos), com quatro repeticoes de 20 plantas. Foram realizadas analises dos parâmetros de crescimento das plantas aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 e 210 dias apos o plantio (DAP). Os parâmetros biometricos e a qualidade de mudas de Euterpe oleracea sao influenciados pelo substrato e tamanho da semente. No substrato orgânico sao obtidos maiores valores medios para altura das plantas e diâmetro do colo, quando utilizadas sementes grandes. As sementes grandes produzem plantas mais vigorosas independendo do substrato. A utilizacao do substrato orgânico proporciona mudas Euterpe oleracea com maior indice de qualidade.
Seasonal Quality Assessment of Leaves and Stems of Fodder Ligneous Species

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of seasonality on the chemical composition and concentration of phenolic compounds in some ligneous species. The research was conducted at the Aristotle University’s farm, Thessaloniki, Greece. From five ligneous species (Robinia pseudoacacia var. monophylla, Amorpha fruticosa, Colutea arborescens, Morus alba and Arbutus unedo) samples (leaves and twigs) were collected during two different seasons (spring and autumn). All samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD), as well as for total phenols (TPH), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT). The CP content was generally lower and higher in leaves and stems of A. unedo and R. pseudoacacia, respectively compared to the other tested species. A. unedo had the highest values in NDF and ADL in leaves and the highest ADL content in stems. M. alba and C. arborescens in leaves and C. arborescens in stems had the lowest values of ADL content. M. alba had the significantly highest value in IVDMD and A. unedo the lowest one in both leaves and stems. Season had no significant effect on TPH, TT, and CT of leaves, while in stems they were significantly higher in autumn. A. unedo had the highest concentration of TPH, TT and R. pseudoacacia of CT in the leaves. TPH, TT, and CT concentration in stems was significantly higher in A. unedo. According to the findings, the impact of maturation on the type and the concentration of phenols and tannins is species-dependent.
The impact of stock collapse on small-scale fishers’ behavior: evidence from Japan

Understanding behavioral responses of resource users to environmental changes and incentives created by management systems is imperative to implement effective resource management and development policies. A small-scale mixed fishery in the Maizuru Bay, Japan, provides a natural experiment to evaluate changes in small-scale fishers’ harvesting and targeting behavior over the years that one of the key species in the fishery experienced a collapse of the stock. Using data on individual fishers across the pre- and postcollapse periods, we find that inefficient fishers were forced to shut down or stay idle along with the collapse of the stock, and this behavior led to an increase in the overall efficiency in the production of clams (Venerupis philippinarum). The depletion of the stock, however, imposed a natural constraint on the operation, resulting in a substantial decline in the maximum production achievable by the remaining fishers. We further show that the collapse of the stock not only affected the harvesting behavior against the declining species but also led to the expansion of the fishing capacity and effort to catch other species and the development of aquaculture as an alternative form of fish production in the region.
Susceptibility of some cowpea varieties to the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The study evaluated seven cowpea Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. varieties: IT89K-568-18, IFE-98-12, IT81P-994, IT89K-288, IT96-660, ‘Milk’ and ‘Drum’ for susceptibility to the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Seed samples (100 g) of each variety were infested with 5 pairs of the seed beetle (1 2 days old) with three replications at 30±2C and relative humidity of 69 72%. The parameters evaluated included: number of damaged and undamaged seeds, percentage seed weight loss, mean number of emerged adults, median developmental period and susceptibility index. The percentage seed weight loss in IT96-660 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in IT89K-568-18, IT89K-288 and ‘Milk’. The mean number of seeds damaged in IFE-98-12 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in IT89K-568-18, IT81P-994, IT89K-288, IT96-660 and ‘Milk’. The median developmental period in ‘Milk’ was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in IT89K-568-18, IFE-98-12, IT96-660 and ‘Drum’. IFE-98-12 and IT89K-568-18 with susceptibility index of 10.4 and 7.8 were rated highly susceptible and moderately susceptible, respectively. The number of emerged adults was highly significant and positively correlated with the percentage seed weight loss. Results obtained showed that these cowpea varieties were relatively susceptible to C. maculatus attack in storage suggesting the need for their proper preservation against the insect.
Changes in levels of major yolk protein in the coelomic fluid and gonad during the reproductive cycle in wild sea urchins, Mesocentrotus nudus

Both female and male sea urchins accumulate the major yolk protein (MYP) in the nutritive phagocytes of immature gonads before gametogenesis, and MYP is the most abundant protein in the coelomic fluid of both sexes. In females, MYP in the coelomic fluid is taken up by the nutritive phagocytes and transported to the growing oocytes. This study examined quantitative changes of MYP in the coelomic fluid of both sexes during the reproductive cycle of wild sea urchins, Mesocentrotus nudus. Levels of MYP in the coelomic fluid of females increased and reached a peak at the histological pre-mature stage of gonad activity (i.e. Stage 3), and positive correlation between the MYP level and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was observed. In male sea urchins the level of MYP in the coelomic fluid increased at the pre-mature stage, though positive correlation between the MYP level and GSI was not observed. These results indicate that MYP in the coelomic fluid is suitable as a biomarker of the onset and progression of sexual maturity in female sea urchins.
Physiological consequences of gill remodeling in goldfish ( Carassius auratus) resulting from changes in ambient temperature or oxygen levels

Using two models of gill remodeling (thermally-induced and hypoxia-induced), experiments focused on the physiological consequences of changing SA (surface area) on CI" balance in goldfish (Carassius auratus). A central hypothesis was that increasing surface area (SA) associated with gill remodeling would pose a challenge to ionic regulation by promoting the obligatory trans-branchial movements of salt and water. To counter the presumed increased rates of CI" loss, it was reasoned that goldfish experiencing greater SA would increased the numbers or activities of the putative CI" transporting cells, the ionocytes. In fish acclimated to warm water (25° C), the ionocytes were scattered along the lamellae and within the interlamellar regions of the filament. In cold water (7° C), the ionocytes were absent from the lamellae and filaments but instead restricted to the outer regions of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) that formed within the interlamellar channels. It was determined that in fish transferred from 25 to 7° C, the ionocytes on the outer edge of the ILCM originated predominantly from the migration of pre existing ionocytes. The greater functional lamellar surface area in the warm water acclimated fish did not result in an increase of passive branchial CI" efflux as was predicted on the basis of the increased paracellular movement of polyethylene glycol (PEG; 7.5 fold); these data suggest specific regulation (minimization) of CI" loss. Despite a reduced surface area of ionocytes in the warm acclimated fish (2103 ± 180 compared to 5219 ± 438 |im mm" of filament) and higher activities of Na/K-ATPase (NKA; 1.28 ± 0.15 compared to 0.43 ± 0.06 îmol mg" protein h"), CI" uptake was not significantly increased to match the
Breeding value evaluation in Polish fur animals: Estimates of direct heritability and portion of litter variation of fur coat and reproduction traits

The study presents estimates of heritability for fur coat and reproduction traits in arctic and silver foxes kept on Polish farms. The estimates of variance components were calculated using the DFREML and singletrait animal models. Due to a discrete character of fur coat traits, they were analysed twice: (1) without normalisation of their scores distribution, (2) a�er the normal probability scale transformation of their scores. Linear models included random additive genetic and common li�er environment effects, and fixed effects of farm × year × birth season in the silver fox or year × birth season in the arctic fox as well as the fixed effect of female age when the reproduction traits were analysed. Moreover, the estimation of variance components for fur coat traits was done by a linear model with (Model 2) or without (Model 1) inbreeding coefficients included as linear covariable. In the arctic fox accounting for inbreeding and the data transformation did not markedly influence the estimates of heritability and the portion of li�er variation calculated for the fur coat traits. An inbreeding effect was negligible (except for body size – BS) likely due to the low inbred level of the arctic fox population. In the silver fox the comparison of estimates derived using 2 different linear models and 2 data sets revealed more differences than it was found in the arctic fox. Accounting for inbreeding usually led to lower estimates of heritability, mainly when heritabilities were derived from the normal probability scale-transformed data. Most of the estimates of heritability of reproduction traits were found within the range reported by other authors. However, somewhat higher heritabilities were found for li�er size at birth – LSB (0.205) and li�er size at weaning – LSW (0.250).
Low temperature exposure (20 °C) during the sealed brood stage induces abnormal venation of honey bee wings

All insects are influenced by low temperature. However, as a typical stenothermic insect, the honey bee is perhaps the most severely affected. Low temperature exposure during the capped brood stages leads to high mortality and shortened worker longevity. The impact of low temperature stress on vein development has not, however, been investigated. In this study, the eight different developmental stages of capped brood (Apis mellifera) were exposed to 20 °C for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h, and then incubated at 35 °C (the optimum temperature for brood development) until emergence. We found a total of 21 abnormal vein types, consisting of 16 types of supernumerary veins and five types of lost veins. The abnormal phenomena in the brood occurred mainly 1–4 days after capping, when the metamorphosis process from larvae to pupa occurs. Our results suggest that this metamorphosis process is critical for the development of veins, indicating it as the most sensitive period to low-temperature. In addition, we found a cross vein “rs-m” between Rs and M in the hind wing of the honey bee, which has previously been ignored due to its very short length. This study on the effects of temperature on wing venation in stenothermic insects adds to our understanding of the thermal requirements for shaping the wing vein pattern, and for predicting wing venation deformation. This also adds a new research route for the investigation of the evolutionary relationship between honey bees and other hymenopteran insects.
Characterizing the health status of the Louisiana gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus)

DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Melissa, and my parents who have encouraged and supported me as I continued with my academic endeavors. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to a number of individuals whose expertise and assistance have been instrumental in guiding me through the completion of my thesis research and in nurturing my career in veterinary medicine. First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Mark A. Mitchell, who accepted the role as my major professor somewhat unexpectedly and always encouraged me and remained enthusiastic during the project. He provided suggestions, strategies, and focus that were prominent features in completing these investigations. His leadership, along with his intuition and optimism, formed the foundation for these studies. I would like to further thank Dr. Mitchell for his encouragement and support when I presented portions of this research at the annual conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians in Minneapolis, MN (2003). I would also like to thank the other members of my graduate committee, Drs. Thomas Tully Jr. and Alma F. Roy, for providing their assistance and advice regarding this project. I especially laude Dr. Thomas Tully Jr. as my residency program mentor for his efforts to ensure my timely completion of all aspects of my program. Without the untiring assistance of several other people, this work would have been impossible. Ms. Ines Maxit, from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, provided expertise and service that cannot be overstated. Her direction and assistance in helping with the field investigation was especially appreciated. Dr. Peter Jowett, from the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic laboratory, performed the toxicological screens for this project. iii I would also like to extend my appreciation to all members of the Veterinary Medicine for enabling me to fulfill my residency programs responsibilities. I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to Drs. Kinney for their devoted friendship, support, and assistance during this investigation. There are many people not specifically mentioned here, without whom this project would not have proceeded to completion and I am also indebted to them. It is difficult to express the professional satisfaction yet emotional turmoil this treatise represents. Although certainly a task better viewed upon completion, the culmination of this work also signifies the end of my education at Louisiana State University. I must voice my gratitude to the entire faculty and staff of the …
The fitness consequences of variation in resting metabolic rate in juvenile North American red squirrels (

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the minimum energy expenditure necessary for survival. RMR varies widely both among and within species and a central question in evolutionary physiology concerns the functional basis for this variation. Juvenile North American red squirrels were used to investigate fitness consequences of variation in RMR by considering how expenditure relates to differences in food availability and to overwinter survival. Additionally, this thesis examines whether red squirrels exhibit phenotypic plasticity in RMR in response to varying levels of food availability. Results indicate that heavier juveniles with relatively low RMRs were more likely to survive overwinter. Moreover, these juveniles were capable of allocating more energy towards mechanical work and possessed larger food stores. Food supplemented yearlings exhibited higher RMRs than unsupplemented controls at the onset of the breeding season, while no difference in RMR was detected following termination of supplementation.
Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays) with Primisulfuron as Influenced by Rate, Timing, and Herbicide Combinations

Weed control and corn vigor were evaluated to determine the effects of application rate, timing, and other POST herbicides on primisulfuron activity. Corn injury caused by primisulfuron was very low. Weed control varied with species and stage of growth. Primisulfuron showed high activity on emerged johnsongrass, particularly with early postemergence (EP) and mid postemergence (MP) applications. However, these treatments did not provide full season control of this species due to regrowth from rhizomes and continuous germination of new seeds. Primisulfuron controlled giant foxtail with the EP timing (< 5 cm weed height), but not with MP and late postemergence (LP) applications. Common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed control was most effective with EP applications. Primisulfuron in combination with cyanazine, atrazine, cyanazine plus tridiphane, atrazine plus tridiphane, bentazon, 2,4-D, dicamba, or paraquat controlled common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed better than primisulfuron applied alone. Johnsongrass control decreased when primisulfuron was combined with paraquat or 2,4-D and giant foxtail control decreased when primisulfuron was combined with 2,4-D or dicamba.
Silver Carp Bone Powder as Natural Calcium for Fish Sausage

ABSTRACT Although silver carp bones (SCB) are generated as waste, they are a natural source of calcium and have the potential to be a food ingredient. When the SCB had been soaked in hot sodium hydroxide (0.8%), autoclaved, and ground into SCB powder (SCBP), the total calcium content, analyzed by inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, was about 32%. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy specified hydroxyapatite as the major calcium component. The soluble calcium in SCBP was found to be 0.59% in de-ionized water. SCBP induced the cross-linking of proteins in minced fish after incubation at 40°C, as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Fortification of SCBP at 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% (w/w) in fish emulsion sausage resulted in a decrease of moisture content, while the fat and protein contents increased slightly. Total ash content in the sausage increased significantly, and total calcium content increased 15-fold in fortified SCBP. The hardness and gumminess values of sausage were improved with the addition of SCBP, while the microstructure was not altered by SCBP.
Effects of Endocannabinoid-Related Compounds on the Activity of Septal and Hippocampal Neurons in a Model of Kainic Neurotoxicity: Study Ex Vivo

The goal of the work was to study the effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist AM251 on electrophysiological changes in the hippocampus and the medial septal region (MS) induced by the intracerebral administration of excitotoxin kainic acid. Kainate injected into the right brain ventricle provoked persistent seizures (status epilepticus, SE) in all rats. A morphological analysis of the right hippocampus performed one month after the SE revealed the death of neurons, which was most pronounced in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the CA3a field of the dorsal hippocampus. In brain slices taken one month after the SE, the spontaneous activity of MS neurons and population EPSP (pEPSP) in the CA1 field of the hippocampus evoked by the stimulation of Shaffer collaterals (SC) was recorded; the changes in the activity were compared with the activity in slices of healthy animals injected with normal saline (“control slices”). It was found that the activity in MS slices from the brain of animals injected with kainic acid (“kainate slices”) was almost twice higher than in the control. After the application of WIN55,212-2, the frequency of discharges in the control did not change, whereas in kainate slices, the level of neuronal activity decreased to the control value. The application of AM251 led to an increase in the frequency of discharges in the control and its decrease in kainate slices. The registration of pEPSPs in the hippocampal slices revealed a twofold increase in the responses to SC stimulation in kainate slices compared with those in the control, i.e., an abrupt increase in neuronal excitability. A tendency for a decrease in excitability after the application of WIN55,212-2 and, conversely, for its increase by the action of AM251 was noted in evoked responses in the hippocampal kainate slices. Our results allow to assume the protective impact of cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 on neuronal activity in the medial septum and hippocampus that disturbed by neurotoxic kainate influence.
Phytochemical analysis of leaves extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh

Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol and water extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves were carried out so as to quantify the phytochemical yields in such samples, the percentage yields obtained through the soxhlet (Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol) extraction for the Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves were 1.54%, 3.82% and 9.34% respectively , while the percentage yields for the aqueous extract was 6.54%. The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, sterol, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. There were a complete absence of alkaloids, Anthraquinone glycoside and cyanogenic glycoside. The occurrence of these biologically active chemicals in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants may justify their wide medicinal uses. Keywords— Phytochemials, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, extraction yields, bioactive compounds.