Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Patterns of Proteins in the Genus Bifidobacterium and Proposal of Four New Species

The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of soluble cellular proteins from 1, 094 strains of bifidobacteria were compared with available deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA homology data and with the phenotypic and biochemical reactions of these strains. There was excellent correlation between the 25 distinct protein patterns and 24 DNA-DNA homology groups in the genus. Differentiation among species on the basis of common phenotypic properties often was unreliable. Our results demonstrate that the species previously known as “Bifidobacterium eriksonii” is a synonym of Bifidobacterium dentium Scardovi and Crociani; that “Actinomyces parabifidus” is a synonym of Bifidobacterium infantis Reuter; that Bifidobacterium globosum (ex Scardovi, Trovatelli, Crociani, and Sgorbati 1969) sp. nov., nom. rev. (type strain, ATCC 25865) and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Mitsuoka are closely related but distinct entities; and that Bifidobacterium minimum sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 27538) and Bifidobacterium subtile sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 27537) are valid species. Our analyses also indicate that Bifidobacterium coryneforme (ex Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969) sp. nov., nom. rev. (type strain, ATCC 25911) is a valid species. A group of strains intermediate between B. infantis and B. longum, “Bifidobacterium infantislongum,” occurs in calf feces. Identical or nearly identical protein patterns were produced by strains that had 80% or greater DNA homology.
Depolarization‐Evoked Release of γ‐Hydroxybutyrate from Rat Brain Slices

Abstract: The release of γ‐hydroxybutyrate from preloaded rat brain striatal slices was investigated. K+‐induced depolarization caused an efflux of γ‐hydroxybutyrate of about 50 fmol min‐1 mg‐1 (wet weight), but in a Ca2+‐free medium containing Mg2+, the evoked release was reduced by 50–60%. The release was higher when 100 μM veratridine was used as a depolarizing agent. The efflux of γ‐hydroxybutyrate is related to veratridine and K+ concentration, and is strongly inhibited by 10 μM tetrodotoxin. The Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil induces a large decrease in the efflux of γ‐hydroxybutyrate after both K+‐ and veratridine‐induced depolarization. These results are in favour of a possible transmitter function for γ‐hydroxybutyrate in rat striatum.
A Calcium Channel from the Presynaptic Nerve Terminal of the Narke japonica Electric Organ Contains a Non‐N‐Type α2δ Subunit

Abstract: A monoclonal antibody (MCC‐1) that recognizes the α2δ subunit complex of L‐type calcium channels from rabbit skeletal muscle membranes partially inhibited the evoked release of acetylcholine from synaptosomes isolated from the electric organ of the marine electric ray, Narke japonica. Digitonin extracts of synaptosomal plasma membranes were subjected to immunoaffinity column chromatography on MCC‐1‐Sepharose. The purified fraction contained a 170‐kDa protein that reacts with MCC‐1 and dissociates into smaller polypeptides under reducing conditions. In addition, immunoblotting analysis revealed the existence of syntaxin in the purified fraction, suggesting that the calcium channel forms a complex with syntaxin. However, MCC‐1 did not immunoprecipitate an ω‐conotoxin GVIA‐binding protein. These findings indicate that the 170‐kDa protein may be the α2δ subunit of a calcium channel that is distinct from the ω‐conotoxin GVIA‐sensitive N‐type calcium channel and partially responsible for the calcium influx that triggers the evoked release of acetylcholine.
The Adaptive Significance of Sequential Hermaphroditism in Animals

In some cases, sequential hermaphroditism can convey a selective advantage to an individual by increasing its reproductive potential relative to nontransforming members of the population. This is because age-specific fecundity in many populations is not distributed in the same way for males and females. By functioning as that sex which has the higher fecundity in a particular age span, an individual could increase its reproductive potential relative to lifetime males or females. The magnitude of the reward that comes from such sex changes depends on both the demography of the population and its spawning habits. Protandry may be selected for in populations where female fecundity increases with age and where individuals mate at random. Factors which favor the evolution of protogyny are those which tend to depress male fecundity values at early ages, such as inexperience, territoriality, or female mate selection. Selection for protogyny can also exist when female fecundity decreases with age, although this situation seems rare in the field. It appears that the nature of the fecundity schedule for females has a greater effect on the magnitude of the selection pressure for sequential hermaphroditism than does the age structure of the population. If sequential hermaphroditism becomes genetically fixed in some members of a population with differential age-specific fecundities, the frequency of the hermaphrodites should increase over time until they eliminate the gonochoristic individuals. The pattern of sexual transformation eventually reached in a population is predictable through the use of a simulation model developed here. The pattern depends on the age structure, female fecundity schedule, and mating characteristics of the population. For two examples, the predictions appear consistent with what is seen in nature. At equilibrium, the simulated populations consist of individuals which changed sex at one of two ages, and each type has essentially the same reproductive potential. This suggests that we should see a rather sharp break in age-specific sex ratios in protogynous or protandrous populations. Some hermaphroditic populations exhibit such sharp changes, but others do not. The expected pattern would tend to be obscured by differing growth rates among individuals.
In vitro rescue of zygotic embryos of sour orange, Citrus aurantium L., and their detection based on RFLP analysis

Embryo development in vivo has been studied in four Citrus aurantium L. polyembryonic genotypes. Seeds were collected 65, 85, 105, 125 and 220 days after pollination (DAP). None of the immature seeds harvested 65 and 85 DAP contained visible embryos. A single embryo at a more advanced developmental stage was observed in the central position at the micropylar apex of the embryo sac in about 74% of seeds harvested at 105 DAP, while at 125 and 220 DAP the majority of seeds had two or more embryos at the same developmental stage crowded together. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of low- and high-copy-number nuclear DNA was used to distinguish zygotic from nucellar seedlings. Analysis of plantlets derived from in vitro culture of the bigger embryos, located in the central position at the micropylar apex of the embryo sac of seeds harvested at 105 DAP, established that the frequencies of zygotic embryos ranged from 82 to 88%. Media for immature embryo germination in vitro were based on the nutrients and vitamins of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Murashige and Tucker (MT) media supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose and growth regulators. A total of 76% of globular stage embryos (<0.3mm) germinated on MT medium containing 150 mM sucrose and 14.4 μM gibberellic acid. Heart stage embryos (0.3-0.8 mm) germinated at 95% on MT medium supplemented with 150 mM sucrose and 2.9 μM gibberellic acid. The addition of 500 mg/l malt extract to MS medium increased the germination of early cotyledon stage (0.8-2.0mm) embryos to 98%. The optimum sucrose concentration for embryo rescue was 150 mM for the three embryo developmental stages. The ability to form plants in vitro strongly increased with increasing embryo developmental stage.
Vagal innervation of the rat intestinal apparatus. A new quantitative approach on the basis of the tracer-fluorescence-intensity.

In this methodological study, the effects of several parameters on the results of injections of a retrograde neurotracer into the gut were examined. To investigate the effects of tracer volume and the point of injection on the distribution, localisation and fluorescence of labelled cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) after re t rograde tracer transport, Fluoro-Gold was injected into the gut of male Wistar rats. The tracer was injected into the wall of the intestine (cecum or anterior wall of the stomach corpus) of six rats; a control group of six rats received intraperitoneal application of the tracer. The tracer volume was varied. Neuro n a l labelling in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus was digitised under standardised conditions by means of software for measuring fluorescence and evaluated with data processing programs. The number of labelled cells, the location of labelled cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the fluorescence of the individual labelled cells were examined. The control group was utilised to determine the degree of tracer diffusion into the peritoneal cavity after intramural tracer injection. After injection of a high tracer dose in a low concentrated solution into the cecum, a significant degree of tracer diffusion was detected. A reduction in the tracer dose resulted in a reduced number of labelled cells. In these cases, tracer diffusion can be excluded due to the small number of labelled cells. Injection of a small tracer dose into the anterior wall of the body of the stomach resulted in more labelled cells in comparison to the injection of an identical tracer dose into the cecum. In these cases no diffusion seemed to have occurred. Evaluation of the fluorescence intensity of the labelled cells showed that the two cells with the highest fluorescence intensity of each individual rat were localised in the lateral area of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus after tracer injection in the cecum, and in the medial area of the left side of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus after tracer injection into the anterior wall of the stomach body. When compared to the results of other investigators, these results are confirmed. The use of a limited tracer volume and restricted survival periods seems to allow for correct vagus projection by this method. So far this correlation has not been examined for other tracers.
Subcritical Crack Growth in Rocks Under Aqueous Environment

Summary Subcritical crack growth is one of the main causes of time-dependent fracturing in rock. In this study, subcritical crack growth in rock was investigated in distilled water (pH=6) and aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOHaq, pH=12). Especially, comparing the results in water to those in air, the effect of water was investigated. Additionally, the effect of pH in aqueous environment was also investigated. Rock sample were andesite and granite. The relation between the crack velocity and the stress intensity factor was determined by Double-Torsion method. All experiments were conducted with controlling temperature. It was shown that the crack velocities in water were higher than those in air. These results are in accordance with the results by many researchers who reported that the crack velocity increased in water. Comparing the results in NaOHaq to those in water, however, it was shown that the crack velocity at the same stress intensity factor didn’t change even though pH of surrounding environment changed. This result doesn’t agree with conventional concept that the hydroxyl ion accelerates subcritical crack growth in silicate materials. It is concluded that water accelerates the crack velocity and pH has little effect within the environmental conditions in this study.
Temperature Increase in Human Heads Due to Different Models of Cellular Phones

The temperature increase in a realistic human head model exposed to five different cellular phone models is investigated by a bioheat equation and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method at 900 and 1800 MHz, respectively. These five cellular phone models are greatly differ from each other in structure. The realistic human head model is used to investigate the temperature increase in the head affected by varying factors including; electric properties of human head tissues, hand absorption power effect, cellular phone models, homogeneous and inhomogeneous head models, cellular phone material, and the distance between the cellular phone and the head. Computed results show that the temperature increase in the head reaches the steady-state value for exposure time of about 20 minutes. For worst-case, the maximum temperature increase in the head is found to be 0.19° C at 900 MHz and 0.055° C at 1800 MHz for the inhomogeneous human head with six tissues exposed to a metallic handset held by a hand, with antenna output power of 0.6 W and 0.125 W, respectively. The maximum temperature increase in the head is far less than the threshold temperature increase of 4.5° C which can cause neuron damage.
Resource defense and priority of access to food by the mate in pigeons

When pigeons in a group compete for access to a spatially restricted food source, feeding by one bird may coincide with defense of the area around the source by that bird's mate. Defense while the mate is feeding varies between individuals, between trials, and between sexes, males defending more than females. Priority of access to food, as measured by the time required for 5 min of feeding, is highly correlated with the amount of defense performed by the mate. Satiation reduces but does not abolish defense. Birds within a mated pair have similar positions in the priority of access hierarchy. Pair bonds in pigeons may partially function as reciprocal coalition systems used in competition for resources.
Leaf apoplastic silicon enhances manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Summary The relationship between the manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si) concentrations in apoplastic washing fluids (AWF) and the severity of Mn toxicity symptoms were investigated in the leaves of the Mn-sensitive cowpea cultivar ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ) in solution-culture experiments. The expression of Mn toxicity symptoms was prevented when 1.44 mmol/L Si was supplied together with 50 μmol/L Mn. However, distinct Mn toxicity symptoms were observed in plants pretreated with 1.44 mmol/L Si and then exposed to 50 μmol/L Mn without concurrent Si supply. The Mn concentrations in the AWF of leaves but not in the bulk-leaf tissue were decreased by both Si treatments. Independent from the Si treatment period, Si concentrations in the bulk-leaf tissue were increased. However, the Si concentrations in the AWF of the plants pretreated with Si were lower than those of plants supplied with Si and Mn concurrently. The severity of Mn toxicity symptoms and the guaiacol-peroxidase (POD) activity in AWF of these plants were not significantly correlated with the Mn concentrations in AWF but were highly significantly correlated with the Si concentrations in AWF. The results show that the decrease of Mn concentration in the apoplast caused by Si supply was insufficient to explain the enhanced Mn tolerance by Si supply. A possible role of apoplastic soluble Si was indicated.
Variabilidade genética estimada entre diplóides de banana por meio de marcadores microssatélites

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a divergencia genetica entre 38 diploides de banana do programa de melhoramento da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, incluindo genotipos melhorados, cultivados e selvagens, por meio de 15 marcadores microssatelites ou SSR. As similaridades geneticas, com base no coeficiente de Jaccard, foram utilizadas para fazer o agrupamento dos genotipos pelo metodo UPGMA. O numero de alelos obtidos foi 113, com media de 7,53 alelos por iniciador. A similaridade genetica media foi de 0,22, e variou de 0,028 a 0,48, o que indica existencia de variabilidade genetica entre os genotipos. A analise de grupos, com base no polimorfismo de microssatelites, nao pode separar completamente os hibridos melhorados, cultivados e selvagens. Alguns diploides agruparam-se com base em sua origem geografica, entre eles Musa ornata e IAC-1, e Tjau Lagada e Lidi, enquanto que, em outros, nenhuma relacao foi estabelecida. Houve tendencia de agrupamento entre os diploides aparentados, como: SH3263 e 8694-20, 4279-01 e 9179-03, 1304-06 e 5854-03, 86B79-10 e 7341-03, 86B79-12 e 0337-02, e 9194-04 e 4154-08.
Genotypic differentiation between the two related peat mosses, Sphagnum rubellum and S. capillifolium in Northern Europe.

Abstract Isozyme electrophoresis was used to study the genetic relationship between the morphologically overlapping taxa Sphagnum rubellum and S. capillijolium. Multilocus genotypes were determined for over 1300 plants representing 36 sites in Scandinavia, Great Britain and southern Germany. In total 121 multilocus genotypes were recorded. The 14 most abundant genotypes constituted ca 70% of the shoots analysed. From the genotypic data a species index (SI) was constructed to test the single- and two-species hypotheses. At the molecular level, a division corresponding to the two taxa was evident. S. rubellum was recorded from wet, ombrotrophic to weakly minerotrophic bog/poor fen habitats, while S. capillijolium was usually found in drier, minerotrophic forest/(sub) alpine heath habitats. Few individuals (1.6%) had mixed isozyme marker alleles, and these tended to occur in mixed populations from mire margins. Sphagnum capillijolium was only recorded at one out of eight British sites. Species concepts and m.
A preliminary survey of the estuaries on the southeast coast of South Africa, Old Woman's – Tyolomnqa, with particular reference to the fish fauna

A basic ichthyofaunal and physico-chemical survey of estuaries on the southeast coast of South Africa from Old Woman's to Tyolomnqa (former Ciskei Region of the Eastern Cape) was undertaken during September 1996. Sixteen coastal outlets have been identified along this stretch of coastline. The greatest diversity of fishes was found in the permanently open Keiskamma and Tyolomnqa estuaries and this can be attributed in part to the permanent connection with the sea that allows year-round access for marine species. Ten systems were predominately closed estuaries and, although supporting lower species diversity also provided important habitat for a number of estuarine-dependent marine species as well as resident species, which were often recorded in high numbers. One system was a small coastal stream, which is of limited value for estuarine-associated fishes. Three of the systems were dry stream beds and provided no habitat for fishes. Twelve of the estuaries in this region therefore provide important habitat for estuarine-associated species and also support a number of endemic species which further emphasises the importance of these estuaries in maintaining ichthyofaunal diversity in the region.
Antioxidant potential of fresh and stored lentil sprouts affected by elicitation with temperature stresses

Summary The effects of elicitation (induction at 4 °C and 40 °C; TC and TH, respectively) and postharvest storage on low-molecular weight antioxidants and the antioxidant properties of lentil sprouts were evaluated. Elicitation affects the antioxidant content, bioactivity and potential bioaccessibility. Apart from 3-day-old TH sprouts, sprouts were characterised by higher levels of ascorbic acid (in comparison with controls and in fresh 4-day-old sprouts, its level was 51% and 46% higher for TC and TH, respectively). In comparison with the control, for 3-day-old fresh TC and TH sprouts, total phenolics were increased by 8.5% and 18.7%, respectively. Radical quenchers were highly bioaccessible. For TC sprouts, activity was 17% and 37% higher for 3- and 4-day-old sprouts, respectively. The metal chelating ability of chemical extracts from stored sprouts, except 4-day-old TC sprouts, was significantly elevated. The reducing and chelating power of potentially bioaccessible compounds of both fresh and stored sprouts did not differ significantly.
Analysis of Coded Wire Tag Returns from Commercial Catches

Three alternative but equivalent approaches to the analysis of coded wire tag (CWT) data using log-linear models are presented. All three use iteratively weighted least squares to estimate treatment effects in hatchery releases under the assumption that the variance of a count is proportional to its expected value. The commonly made assumption of normal distributions with constant variance for recovery rates is inefficient. Analysis of tag recovery at the most disaggregated level (i.e. the level at which the sample fraction f is measured) is found necessary for valid inferences. Failure to include zero counts in analyses of recovery data is also shown to induce or mask interactions among CWT recoveries. Recoveries of CWT from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are used to illustrate the method of analysis. Coordinated CWT releases to facilitate mixing of stocks is recommended in the design of hatchery studies.
Locations of Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Barley Germplasm STARS‐9301B

Russian wheat aphid (RWA, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov) infestations reduce grain yield and quality and have caused more than $1 billion in losses for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States since 1986. Our objective was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resis- tance to RWA feeding damage in the germplasm line STARS-9301B via polymerase chain reac- tion-based marker assays of 191 F 2 -derived F 3 families from the cross 'Morex'/STARS-9301B. Morex is a susceptible six-rowed malting barley. STARS-9301B is a selection from RWA-resis- tant Afghanistan introduction PI366450. Rep- licated seedling reactions to RWA infestations were used to phenotype each family based on a 1 to 9 visual rating of chlorosis. A total of 107 molecular markers was used to construct a link- age map. Quantitative trait loci analysis identi- fi ed two major QTLs for resistance. The QTL on the short arm of chromosome 1H was associ- ated with B-hordein and explained 26% of the variation for RWA reaction. A QTL on chromo- some 3H associated with EBmac0541 explained 38% of the variation. A minor QTL on chromo- some 2H was associated with marker GBM1523 and explained 6% of the variation. A combined analysis indicated that the marker-QTL associa- tions explained 59% of the phenotypic variation for RWA resistance. These markers linked with QTLs will be valuable in breeding for RWA resis- tance. Pyramiding the genes from STARS-9301B with genes from other sources will be helpful for long-term protection against RWA in barley.
Synergy between Allopatry and Ecology in Population Differentiation and Speciation

The general diversity pattern of the Caribbean anole radiation has been described in detail; however, the actual mechanisms at the origin of their diversification remain controversial. In particular, the role of ecological speciation, and the relative importance of divergence in allopatry and in parapatry, is debated. We describe the genetic structure of anole populations across lineage contact zones and ecotones to investigate the effect of allopatric divergence, natural selection, and the combination of both factors on population differentiation. Allopatric divergence had no significant impact on differentiation across the lineage boundary, while a clear bimodality in genetic and morphological characters was observed across an ecotone within a single lineage. Critically, the strongest differentiation was observed when allopatry and ecology act together, leading to a sharp reduction in gene flow between two lineages inhabiting different habitats. We suggest that, for Caribbean anoles to reach full speciation, a synergistic combination of several historical and ecological factors may be requisite.