Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF HIGH-K GATE DIELECTRICS

Continuous downscaling of integrated circuits brought an end to the era of SiO2. In gate dielectrics, it is being replaced by materials with high dielectric constant, so-called high-k dielectrics. One of the challenges in the integration of the high-k material is removal of those materials selectively over the substrate. This work is one of the first attempts to review current state of the art of the high-k removal. Two main approaches are discussed: dry (plasma) removal and wet removal. First, the fundamentals and limitations of both approaches are presented, then an overview of the existing experimental data is given. It is concluded that the best results could be obtained by combining the dry and wet approaches.
Statistical Analysis of Soot Volume Fractions, Particle Number Densities and Particle Radii in a Turbulent Diffusion Flame

A recently developed two-dimensional optical technique has been applied for measuring two-dimensional maps of soot volume fractions, particle number densities and mean particle radii in a turbulent acetylene-air diffusion flame. The technique is based on the simultaneous detection of Rayleigh-Scattering and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) in combination with the detection of the extinction from one single laser pulse (RAYLIX-technique). Single shot experiments in the investigated flame exhibit small particles in zones of high particle number densities and vice versa. Mean values and standard deviations are obtained by averaging 1000 single laser shots. The results reveal large relative fluctuations of soot volume fractions, number densities and particle radius in the outer region of the flame due to its turbulent structure. Two-dimensional probability density functions (PDFS) of number density and particle radius are obtained, which provide a useful data basis for future modeling of turbulent flames by means of PDF-models. Finally turbulent length scales are determined from autocorrelation functions. This information is important for engineering and also modeling purposes.
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Title 3D Power Doppler ultrasound and computerised placental assessment in normal pregnancy Authors(s) Moran, Mary; Zombori, Gergely; Ryan, John; McAuliffe, Fionnuala M. Publication date 2014-05 Publication information Radiography, 20 (2): 112-116 Publisher Elsevier Item record/more information http://hdl.handle. net/10197/7757 Publisher's statement þÿ T h i s i s t h e a u t h o r s v e r s i o n o f a w o r k t h a t w a s a c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n R a d i o g r a p h y . Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Radiography (VOL 20, ISSUE 2, (2014)) DOI: 10.1016/j.radi. 2014.01. 001. Publisher's version (DOI) 10.1016/j.radi. 2014.01. 001
Evaluation of the effect of Chamomile vaginal gel on Subjective symptoms of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical controlled trial

Introduction: Vaginal atrophy is caused by estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women and affects their quality of life. The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of chamomile vaginal gel on the subjective symptoms of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Methods: This double-blind clinical trial study was performed on 96 postmenopausal women with the subjective symptoms of vaginal atrophy in the No. 1 healthcare center in Gotvand. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 32 cases to receive 5 vaginal chamomile gel, conjugated vaginal estrogen cream, and placebo gel for 12 weeks. Subjective symptoms of atrophy, including irritation, itching, pain during intercourse, and vaginal dryness, were assessed using a 4-point Likert self-report questionnaire before the intervention and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks after the treatment. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 22) and one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and Friedman tests. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Subjective symptoms of vaginal atrophy improved significantly in the chamomile gel and conjugated vaginal estrogen cream treatment groups, compared with those of the placebo group (i.e., placebo vaginal gel) (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the conjugated vaginal estrogen and chamomile vaginal gel groups. Conclusion: Similar to the conjugated estrogen cream, the chamomile vaginal gel mitigated the subjective symptoms of vaginal atrophy; therefore, it can be useful in women with vaginal atrophy.
Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics IV. Participation of Dye and Bleach Residues

The oxidative decomposition of a green-and-white checkered cel lulosic fabric, designated as FOR-1, comprised of four different yarns, was stud ied using TPR/GC and DSC techniques. Containing different alkali metal ion (AM +) and dye concentrations, these four yarns experienced directionally selec tive smolder behavior during cigarette ignition tests. Measurements were per formed on the integrated fabric and on each of the four yarns. A model explaining the anisotropic smolder and high-temperature behavior of this fabric was developed. The decomposition of a heavily bleached, cellulosic sailcloth was also studied. The results showed an increase in the fabric degradation/cleavage rate com pared to unbleached #6 cotton duck. The DSC spectra of the sailcloth, however, did not significantly differ from that of the washed cotton duck. Similar thermochemical behavior was observed in the blue-dyed denim fabric contain ing 1500 ppm potassium; the low-temperature DSC behavior of this denim was also found to be similar to that of undyed, nicotine-treated cotton duck studied in Reference [4]. These results support a model comprising the mechanisms of smolder and combustion of colored cellulosic fabrics.
Effect of Preozonation on Flux and Water Quality in Ozonation-Ultrafiltration Hybrid System for Water Treatment

Abstract The effect of ozonation on membrane flux and water quality was investigated in an ozonation ultrafiltration (UF) hybrid system. Crossflow UF was performed in total recycle mode to study the effect of ozonation on membrane fouling and disinfection by-product formation potentials of organics. Total organic carbon (TOC), UV absorbance at 254 ran (UV254) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were measured as water quality parameters. The effect of ozonation on membrane flux was found to be largely dependent on raw water quality as well as ozone dose. In case of upstream water (A), preozonation achieved significant flux enhancement regardless of ozone dose. Whereas, for the downstream water (B), the steady state flux was increased or decreased depending on ozone dose. The analysis based on the resistance-in-series model provided the mechanistic interpretation on the membrane flux variation. Ozonation in an ozone-ultrafiltration system always brought about a decrease in cake resistance (Rc) and an increase in fouling resistance (Rf). Based on the measurement of particle size distribution and zeta potential, the reduction in cake resistance through ozonation was attributed to an increase in particle size due to “ozone-induced particle destabilization”. However, the increase in the fouling resistance seems to be caused partly by the microbial characteristics of raw water. Although there was little effect on TOC, ozone-UF treatment could get much higher removal of UV 254, THMFP (lday) and THMPF/TOC ratio than UF treatment alone.
The Role of PTPN22 in Rehumatiode Arthritis and Type 1 Diabeties a Non-MHC Complex Linked

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type One Diabetes are devastating clinical conditions characterized by the Autoantibody production against self, affecting up to 5% of population which, ultimately leads to a destruction of cartilage, bones and, insulin; producing Beta cells of Pancreas. As both environmental and genetic factors contribute to these conditions (50-60%). The focus of our review is to enlist that either combined evidence shows the association of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor type 22 C1858T Polymorphism with these two devastating conditions are not. A minor but most prominent allele of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor type 22 gene, W620, plays a crucial role in the disease initiation process. The web sources we use for data collection were Google Scholar, PubMed, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, and Science Direct. At the same time, the Mesh term of our search was the role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor type 22 gene, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism C1858T, 620W, Arg620Trp in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type One Diabetes. The data set was consist of 210 research articles, which reviewed critically; 73 highly related articles were selected for data extraction to give knowledge to the reader at a glance. Also, taking into account the futuristic perspective for researchers that need further evaluation and will ultimately lead to drug development that will aid enhancement in therapeutics.
Polymeric topologies in cadmium(II) dithiophosphate adducts of the isomeric n-pyridinealdazines, n = 2, 3 and 4

Abstract A series of crystal structures of adducts formed between cadmium dithiophosphate, Cd(S2P(OiPr)2)2, and the isomeric n-pyridinealdazine ligands, n = 2, 3, and 4, are described. A centrosymmetric dimer is found in the 2 : 1 adduct with the 2-isomer, i.e. [Cd(S2P(OiPr)2)2(2-NC5H4C(H) = C(H)C5H4N-2)0.5]2, in which the cadmium atom exists within a cis-N2S4 donor set and the di-pyridyl-type ligand is tetradentate. By contrast, trans-N2S4 donor sets for cadmium and regular bridging modes of coordination lead to polymers with a step-ladder topology are found in the 1:1 adducts with the 3- and 4-isomeric ligands, i.e. [Cd(S2P(OiPr)2)2(n-NC5H4C(H) = C(H)C5H4N-n)]∞, for n = 3 and 4. Differences in aggregation behaviour are related to the binding requirements of the n-pyridinealdazine ligands.
Estimation of the Dual‐Permeability Model Parameters using Tension Disk Infiltrometer and Guelph Permeameter

A determination of the parameters describing the soil hydraulic properties of matrix and macropore domains and mass exchange between these domains is crucial when preferential water flow in structured soils is simulated using the dual‐permeability model. This study focused on estimating the parameters of the radially symmetric dual‐permeability model from cumulative infiltration measured in the surface horizon of a Haplic Luvisol. While parameters obtained from the numerical inversion of the tension disk infiltration, using the single‐porosity flow model in HYDRUS 2D/3D, were used to describe the matrix domain, the parameters characterizing the macropore domain and mass exchange between domains were estimated using the Guelph permeameter infiltration and the dual‐permeability flow model in HYDRUS 2D/3D. The mass transfer coefficient between the two pore domains affected the simulated water regime considerably, and subsequently, the calibrated value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity in the macropore domain, Ksf A less significant impact of the aggregate shape factor was observed due to a low range of possible values compared with the other two parameters, which either varied within orders of magnitude (the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity of the interface between the two pore domains, Ksa) or were squared (the characteristic length of an aggregate, a). The Ksf values increased when mass exchange decreased (when a increased and Ksa decreased). Since both parameters are mutually correlated and therefore have a similar impact on simulated data, we suggest that a be determined independently, and Ksa and Ksf should be simultaneously optimized when the parameters of the dual‐permeability model are evaluated using the presented experimental procedure.
Interpolation in the Directed Assembly of Block Copolymers on Nanopatterned Substrates: Simulation and Experiments

A combined theoretical and experimental approach is used to study the directed assembly of a lamellae-forming block copolymer on chemically patterned substrates. The period of the pattern is lower than that of the copolymer, whose characteristic morphology is then used to interpolate the features of the substrate. The pattern considered in this study consists of stripes of width W repeated over the background substrate with period LP = 2L0, where L0 is the copolymer natural period. The stripe and background areas are characterized by their affinities Λs and Λb for the blocks of the polymer. Using theoretically informed Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse-grained model, we investigate in a systematic manner the influence of the pattern parameters W, Λs, and Λb on the morphology of copolymer thin films. Thermodynamic integration is used to compute the free energy difference and the relative stability of competing morphologies. It is found that the parameter space considered here is dominated by nonbulk and .
Studies of Shock Wave/Transverse Injection Interaction on Supersonic Mixing Processes

An experimental and computational study of the interaction of transverse injection with impinging shock waves was conducted at Virginia Tech. The examined gaseous injector was circular in geometry and angled downstream at 30 degrees to the horizontal. Test conditions involved sonic injection of helium heated to 313 K, to safely simulate hydrogen, into a Mach 4 air cross-stream with average Reynolds number 5.77 e+7 per meter at a jet to freestream momentum flux ratio of 2.1. A wedge upstream of the injector created an oblique shock which intersected with the jet plume at three different locations downstream of injection. Sampling probe measurements were utilized to determine the local helium concentration. Pitot and cone-static pressure probes and a diffuser thermocouple probe were employed to document the flow. This allowed all flow-field quantities, including total pressure losses to be determined. The numerical flow solver used was GASP v. 4.2. The inviscid fluxes were computed in three dimensions using third-order Roe Flux in the streamwise and lateral directions and third-order Van Leer flux in the vertical direction. The algorithms were chosen because of their robustness, shock resolution capabilities and efficiency. The Mentor Supersonic Transport (SST) turbulence model was used since the algorithm has good capability of solving both wall- bounded and free-shear flows. The main results of this work can be summarized as: 1) the presence of shocks near injection increases mixing for transverse injectors, 2) greater mixing occurred with shock impingement closer to the injection point, 3) the CFD was able to predict the mixing data produced by the experiment.
Original article Evaluation of the effect of processing on cocoa polyphenols: antiradical activity, anthocyanins and procyanidins profiling from raw beans to chocolate

Summary The content and composition of anthocyanins and procyanidins in fermented cocoa beans (from different geographic origins: Ecuador, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria), roasted nibs, cocoa mass and chocolate were determined, beside the determination of the total antiradical capacity. Concerning geographic origin, cocoa beans and processed products from Ecuador showed the highest levels of anthocyanins, followed by Nigeria and Cameroon. Generally, as cocoa beans were further processed, the levels of anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols decreased. The largest observed losses of phenolics occurred during roasting. A progressive decreasing trend in polyphenol concentration was observed in the other processed samples as well. Despite the original content of polyphenols in raw cocoa beans, technological processes imply a significant impact on cocoa quality, confirming the need of specific optimisation to obtain high value chocolate.
Dynamic Adaptation of Aerodynamic Flame Stabilization of a Premix Swirl Burner to Fuel Reactivity Using Fuel Momentum

Due to the expected increase in available fuel gas variants in the future and the interest in independence from a specific fuel, fuel flexible combustion systems are required for future gas turbine applications. Changing the fuel used for lean premixed combustion can lead to serious reliability problems in gas turbine engines caused by the different physical and chemical properties of these gases. A new innovative approach to reach efficient, safe and low-emissions operation for fuels like natural gas, syntheses gas and hydrogen with the same burner is presented in this paper. The basic idea is to use the additionally available fuel momentum of highly reactive gases stemming from their lower Wobbe index (lower volumetric heating value and density) compared to lowly reactive fuels. Using fuel momentum opens the opportunity to influence the vortex dynamics of swirl burners designed for lowly reactive gases in a favorable way for proper flame stabilization of highly reactive fuels without changing the hardware geometry. The investigations presented in the paper cover the development of the optimum basic aerodynamics of the burner and the determination of the potential of the fuel momentum in water channel experiments using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results show that a proper usage of the fuel momentum has enough potential to adjust the flow field to the different fuels and their corresponding flame behavior. As the main challenge is to reach flashback safe fuel flexible burner operation, the main focus of the study lies on avoiding combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB). The mixing quality of the resulting injection strategy is determined applying laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in water channel tests. Additional OH* chemiluminescence and flashback measurements in an atmospheric combustion test rig confirm the water channel results for CH4 , CH4 /H2 mixtures, H2 with N2 dilution and pure H2 combustion. They also indicate a large operating window between flashback and lean blow out and show expected NOx emission levels. In summary, it is shown for a conical four slot swirl generator geometry that the proposed concept of using the fuel momentum for tuning of the vortex dynamics allows aerodynamic flame stabilization for different fuels in the same burner.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Experimental Study of the Transformations of Iron and Aluminum Phosphates at the River-Sea Geochemical Barrier

The bioproductivity of aquatic ecosystems is, in most cases, controlled by the dissolved mineral phosphorus concentration. This concentration is a function of many factors; in particular, it depends on the dissolution, sedimentation, and transformation of phosphorus compounds contained in the particulate matter and bottom sediments. Iron and aluminum phosphates, from monometal phosphates FePO 4 and AlPO 4 to mixed-metal hydroxophosphates Me(I) x Me(II) y Fe(III)(PO 4 ) q (OH) z and Me(I) x Me(II) y Al(PO 4 ) q (OH) z , which contain hydrogen ions, alkali elements, and alkaline-earth elements, are among the most abundant phosphorus minerals [1‐6 and others]. The thermodynamic properties of the mixed-metal phosphates are not well understood, which makes it difficult to elucidate the role they play in phosphorus geochemistry in the hypergenesis zone. In high-acidity soils confined to humid regions, phosphorus is significantly associated with iron and aluminum [1]. Since most of the river sediments are formed via washout of the soil cover, we suggest that the solubility of mixed-metal iron and aluminum hydroxophosphates controls the mineral phosphorus concentration in the continental discharge, including the mixing zone of river and sea water. Terrigeneous iron and aluminum hydroxophosphates are expected to be unstable in sea water because of, first, an increase in pH and the attendant displacement of the phosphates by hydroxide ions and, second, a rise in the dissolved calcium concentration (leading to the formation of apatite phases, which are typical of oceanic sediments). This expectation is confirmed by Dubinin’s natural observations [7]. Dubinin showed that iron calcium hydroxophosphates found in pelagic oceanic sediments decompose in the course of diagenesis to yield more stable iron oxide hydroxides and apatite. In this communication, we report on the experimental study of the interaction of iron and aluminum phosphates with river and seawaters. The results of this study highlight some details of the chemical transformation of these compounds at the river‐sea geochemical barrier. EXPERIMENTAL
Estimation of daily soil CO2 flux using a single-time-point measurement

Information on soil CO2 emissions can be used in conjunction with data for C inputs from plants to estimate the soil C balance. Many studies assume a single-time-point measurement of soil CO2 flux taken in a day (Fh) is equal to its daily average value (Fd), which could result in over- or underestimation. A model using Fh, the temperature at the time the Fh is measured (Th), daily average temperature (Td) and Q10 factor to predict Fd was tested with extensive measurements of soil CO2 flux, temperature and moisture over 60 d from various treatments (no-till wheat, summer fallow and stubble, etc.) on a Swinton silt loam near Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. A distinct hysteresis between flux and soil moisture was observed following rain events. Therefore, data for five rainy days were excluded from the analysis as the model does not consider the effect of hysteresis. Calculated Q10 factors were 1.86 and 1.54 for soil (Ts) and air (Ta) temperatures, respectively. The model using either Ts or Ta improved .
Uptake, bioavailability and elimination of hydrophobic compounds in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in field-contaminated soil.

Uptake, accumulation, and elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to field-contaminated Volgermeerpolder soil was studied Earthworms were able to take up chlorobenzenes and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), but body burdens did not exceed concentrations measured in the soil For the chlorobenzenes, steady state concentrations in the worms and biota to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were much smaller than expected based on earlier experiments, suggesting a decreased bioavailability in the Volgermeerpolder soil Comparison of the PCB accumulation pattern in worms to the pattern in soil showed that biotransformation of the studied PCBs is of minor importance in this species Elimination of all chemicals studied was monophasic, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene, which showed a biphasic elimination The elimination half life for the initial fast phase of this compound is comparable to the elimination measured in previous studies Elimination rate constants decreased with increasing log Kow
CO2 Splitting via Two-Step Solar Thermochemical Cycles with Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 Redox Reactions II: Kinetic Analysis

Two-step thermochemical cycles for splitting CO2 with Zn/ZnO and FeO/Fe3O4 redox pairs using concentrated solar energy are considered. Thermogravimetric-based kinetic analyses were performed for the reduction of CO2 to CO with Zn and FeO. Both reactions are characterized by an initial fast interface-controlled regime followed by a slow diffusion-controlled regime, which are described using a shell−core kinetic model. In the interface-controlled regime, a power rate law is applied with apparent activation energies 113.7 and 73.4 kJ mol−1, and corresponding reaction orders 0.339 and 0.792, for the Zn/CO2 and FeO/CO2 systems, respectively. In the diffusion-controlled regime, limited by the ion mobility through the oxide shells, the apparent activation energies are 162.3 kJ mol−1 for Zn/CO2 and 106.4 kJ mol−1 for FeO/CO2. Additional reaction mechanisms above the Zn melting point for Zn/CO2 reactions are postulated.