Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of structural damage caused by Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and Bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in a susceptible barley cultivar, Hordeum vulgare cv. Clipper

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA, (Diuraphis noxia) and the Bird cherry-oat aphid (BCA, (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) cause severe damage to grain crops, including barley. An investigation of the effects of these aphids on a susceptible cultivar revealed that BCA-infested barley plants remained healthy looking for 2 weeks after feeding commenced. In contrast, signs of stress and damage, including chlorosis and leaf necrosis were evident in RWA-infested plants. Our study suggests that damage to the vascular tissue because of sustained feeding by BCA was not as extensive as that caused by RWA. In addition, there is a marked difference in the salivary secretion pattern within xylem elements punctured by aphids tapping the xylem for water. RWA deposit electron-dense, amorphous to smooth saliva, which completely encases the inner walls of affected elements, and saliva encases pit membranes between xylem elements, and between xylem vessels and xylem parenchyma. Xylem tapped by BCA contained more granular saliva, which apparently does not occlude vessel wall apertures or the pit membranes to the same extent, as was observed with RWA. Damage to phloem tissue, including phloem parenchyma elements, sieve tube-companion cell (CC-ST) complexes as well as thick-walled ST, was extensive. Plasmodesmata between phloem parenchyma elements as well as pore plasmodesmata between the CC and ST were occluded by callose. We conclude that severe, perhaps permanent damage to conducting elements in RWA-infested leaves may be responsible for the detrimental chlorosis and necrosis symptoms. These symptoms are absent in BCA-infested plants.
Assessment of Some Agarophytes from the Coastal Areas of Iloilo, Philippines. I. Seasonal Variations in the Biomass of Gracilaria changii, Gracilaria manilaensis and Gracilariopsis bailinae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Monthly biomass (g dwt m ) of Gracilaria changii, G. manilaensis and Gracilariopsis bailinae collected in four different coastal areas of Iloilo, Philippines showed significant differences. Gracilaria changii (3.032.4 g m~) and G. manilaensis (8.9-35.7 g m~) were present only for six and three months respectively during the dry season. Gracilariopsis bailinae was present year-round at both sites, however, its abundance was not uniform, being abundant during the wet season in Estancia (13.4-119.3 g m~) and during the dry season in Zarraga (6.9-43.5 g m~). Except for rainfall and level of phosphate, all environmental factors (temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity, NO2-N and NH3-N) showed insignificant relationship with the biomass of each species.
Intraspecific variation in habitat availability among ectothermic animals near their climatic limits and their centres of range

1. In a modelling exercise, the quantity and distribution of habitat patches within a heathland biotope for four ectothermic heathland animals (silver-studded blue butterfly [Plebejus argus], a red ant [Myrmica sabuleti], heath grasshopper [Chorthippus vagans] and sand lizard [Lacerta agilis]) were compared in space and time assuming two climates: that experienced at the northern edge of the species’ ranges and that 300–400 km further south, where mean summer temperatures are 2–3 °C warmer. 2. Habitats both at the northern edge of their ranges and 300–400 km further south for the four species were defined qualitatively from existing sources and then expressed quantitatively in terms of the attributes recorded in the Dorset Heathland Survey. The Survey was then used as a GIS to map the occurrence of the habitats of the four species under two climates and a decade apart. 3. The model predicts that an increase of 2–3 °C can result in a large increase in the area of habitat available to these north temperate species, that the length of time that individual patches of successional habitat may be occupied increases and that the distance between habitat patches within the biotope decreases. 4. The warmer conditions should result in a more stable metapopulation structure for P. argus, with fewer metapopulations existing in the landscape but each, on average, containing a greater number of larger and more stable constituent populations. 5. These predictions are of significance to ectothermic species which currently live at the northern limits of their ranges in the British Isles. The reverse effect is likely for species at the southern limits of their ranges. Conservationists who wish to maintain the status quo may be able to reduce some effects of these changes by appropriate habitat management.
Douglas-fir's effect on mountain big sagebrush wildlife habitats

Abstract Control of establishing conifers to lessen their impacts on understory is a contentious habitat issue throughout the western United States. Our objective was to model the effect of increasing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) canopy cover on mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana) canopy cover. We sampled 25 sites, representing different levels of Douglas-fir establishment, within each of 3 southwestern Montana mountain big sagebrush communities. Over all sites, Douglas-fir canopy cover had a significant correlation (r = −0.86; P < 0.001) to mountain big sagebrush canopy cover. Regression models were variable among study areas as linear and curve-linear declines in mountain big sagebrush canopy cover were found. While model validation results indicated that individual study-area models were marginal for predicting relationships for the other study areas, the overall model developed from all sites combined generally predicted individual sites well, especially when mountain big sagebrush cover was <15%. Mountain big sagebrush canopy cover declined from >20% to <15% and <5% as Douglas-fir canopy cover increased beyond 20% and 35%, respectively. At least 92 species of mammals and 93 species of birds having either an obligatory or a facultative relationship with sagebrush are affected to differing degrees by loss of sagebrush cover.
The influence of gradual water acidification on the acid/base status and plasma hormone levels in carp

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) fitted with arterial catheters were subjected to gradual water acidification (from pH 7.6 to 4.0 in 4 h), and then monitored for 48 h. The measured blood parameters showed little or no disturbance; there was no ionoregulatory disturbance, no hyperglycemia, increase in plasma lactate, hypoxemia, or swelling of red blood cells. Only a slight transient decrease of plasma pH was found. Plasma catecholamine levels remained at control level. The plasma cortisol concentration showed a transient increase, and was returned to the control level 24 h after beginning water acidification. Our results contrast with literature data on carp where exposure to pH 4.0 caused severe blood electrolyte disturbance. We conclude that the rate of water acidification (gradual in our study as compared to acute in the literature) rather than the pH level itself determines the early effects of water acidification.
Stress‐induced impairment of predator evasion and non‐predator mortality in Pacific salmon

This study examined whether rapid recovery from stress-induced impairment in predator evasion, observed in previous studies on coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), was a general characteristic of different stocks of the same species and different species of Pacific salmon. We monitored stress-induced non-predator mortality, predator evasion and Cortisol concentrations of smolts of coho and spring Chinook, O. tshawytscha (Walbaum), after administration of standardized single and multiple handling stresses. Marked differences in the response to handling stress among stocks of coho and spring chinook smolts were evident, with recovery from impaired predator evasion occurring within 24 h of a 30-s handling stress for coho smolts and 24 h of a 1-min handling stress for spring chinook smolts. Differences in stress-induced non-predator mortality among stocks were also observed. The results point to the importance of screening hatchery salmonid stocks to assess differing capabilities of dealing with stress.
Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) transports Biscogniauxia mediterranea, agent of cork oak charcoal canker

Severe outbreaks of the ambrosia beetle Platypus cylindrus have been reported in Portuguese cork oaks stands for nearly three decades, mainly in trees recently decorked. Simultaneously, the incidence of charcoal canker caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea became alarming. The great abundance of inoculum on colonized parts of host trees and the likelihood that spores might be vectored and inoculated by insects constitutes the basis of the hypothesized association between the oak pinhole borer and B. mediterranea . This assay undoubtedly proves the specific transport of the fungal propagules by P. cylindrus . B. mediterranea has a proven pathogenicity against Quer cus suber seedlings and produces phytotoxic compounds causing necroses on indicator plants.
Characterization of two Synechococcus sp. PCC7002‐related cyanobacterial strains in relation to 16S rDNA, crtR gene, lipids and pigments

Two Synechococcus strains from the Culture Collection of the Institute for Marine Sciences of Andalusia (Cádiz, Spain), namely Syn01 and Syn02, were found to be closely related to the model strain Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 according to 16S rDNA (99% identity). Pigment and lipid profiles and crtR genes of these strains were ascertained and compared. The sequences of the crtR genes of these strains were constituted by 888 bp, and showed 99% identity between Syn01 and Syn02, and 94% identity of Syn01 and Syn02 to Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. There was coincidence in photosynthetic pigments between the three strains apart from the pigment synechoxanthin, which could be only observed in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. Species of sulfoquinovosyl‐diacyl‐glycerol (SQDG), phosphatidyl‐glycerol (PG), mono‐ and di‐galactosyl‐diacyl‐glycerol (MGDG and DGDG) were detected by high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of lipid extracts. The most abundant species within each lipid class were those containing C18:3 together with C16:0 fatty acyl substituents in the glycerol backbone of the same molecule. From these results it is concluded that these cyanobacterial strains belong to group 2 of the lipid classification of cyanobacteria.
The somatic chromosome complement and the idiogram of Pithecia pithecia pithecia (Linnaeus, 1766).

A detailed description is given of the somatic chromosomes of two specimens of Pithecia pithecia pithecia. An idiogram, constructed on the basis of metrical chromosome data, is presented and compared with those of two other members of the Pitheciinae. The possible karyological relationships within the Pitheciinae, and the cytotaxonomic position of this group within the Platyrrhini are briefly discussed.
myeloid leukemia in acute microRNA-181a up-regulates expression of the antileukemic -p30 protein α Lenalidomide-mediated enhanced translation of C/EBP

Prepublished online October 25, 2012; D. Bloomfield, Ramiro Garzon and Guido Marcucci Zhao, Todd A. Fehniger, Ravi Vij, John C. Byrd, William Blum, L. James Lee, Michael A. Caligiuri, Clara Mrózek, Alison Walker, Anna M. Eiring, Susan P. Whitman, Heiko Becker, Danilo Perrotti, Lai-Chu Wu, Xi Santhanam, Anjali Mishra, Yue-Zhong Wu, Houda Alachkar, Kati Maharry, Deedra Nicolet, Krzysztof Christopher J. Hickey, Sebastian Schwind, Hanna S. Radomska, Adrienne M. Dorrance, Ramasamy myeloid leukemia in acute microRNA-181a upregulates expression of the anti-leukemic -p30 protein α Lenalidomide-mediated enhanced translation of C/EBP
The Status of Coastal Benthic Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea: Evidence From Ecological Indicators

The Mediterranean Sea is subject to multiple human pressures increasingly threatening its unique biodiversity. Spatially explicit information on the ecological status of marine ecosystems is therefore key to an effective maritime spatial planning and management, and to help the achievement of environmental targets. Here, we summarized scientific data on the ecological status of a selection of marine ecosystems based on a set of ecological indicators in more than 700 sites of the Mediterranean Sea. For Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, rocky intertidal fringe, and coastal soft bottoms, more than 70% of investigated sites exhibited good to high ecological conditions. In contrast, about two-thirds of sites for subtidal rocky reefs were classified to be in moderate to bad conditions, stressing the need for prioritizing conservation initiatives on these productive and diverse environments. Very little quantitative information was available for the southern Mediterranean Sea, thus monitoring programs and assessments in this area are essential for a representative assessment of the health of marine coastal ecosystems in the whole basin. This overview represents a first step to implement a baseline that, through georeferenced data on ecological status, could help identifying information gaps, directing future research priorities, and supporting improvements to spatial models of expected cumulative impacts on marine ecosystems.
Pruning management of cassava for animal feeding: Parameters of the root

To evaluate the effects of pruning at different data on the parameters of the root, a randomized complete block experiment involving the IAC-14 cassava variety was conducted between years 2008/2010, at UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Plants were pruned monthly from the 7th to the 15th month after planted. The chemical analyses were performed at the time of harvest, that is, 22 months after planting (MAP). Production and yield plus the starch, crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), nitrogen-free extract percentage (NFE) and total sugars (TS) contents of the root were analyzed. Pruning shoots of IAC-14 variety before the physiological rest affects positively yield and the percentage of root, and do not affect the root starch content. Key words: Food science, starch, fiber, ruminant, monogastric.
Role of Zinc in Rhizobacteria‐Mediated Suppression of Root‐Infecting Fungi and Root‐Knot Nematode

Understanding the environmental factors that influence the rhizosphere and inner root colonization of the disease-suppressive strains of fluorescent pseudomonads is an essential step towards improving the level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in combination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa IE-6S + significantly reduced nematode penetration in tomato roots. Zn applied alone did not reduce root infection caused by Macrophomina phaseolina or Fusarium solani but did reduce when used in combination with IE-6S + . Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in conjunction with IE-6S + markedly suppressed Rhizoctonia solani infection. Plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the leaves substantially improved when used with Zn, however, plants growing in the soil treated with 1.6 mg/kg of Zn in the absence of IE-6S + not only reduced plant growth but also showed necrotic symptoms on the leaves. Zn application in the soil decreased populations of IE-6S + both in the rhizosphere and root. A positive correlation between bacterial rhizosphere and inner root colonization was also observed. With an increase in nematode densities in the soil, nematode penetration and subsequent galling due to Meloidogyne javanica increased. Regardless of the nematode densities, Zn applied alone or in combination with IE-6S + caused marked suppression of M. javanica. At all the population densities of M. javanica, Zn enhanced the efficacy of IE-6S + to reduce nematode invasion and subsequent gall development. IE-6S + caused significant suppression of soil-borne root-infecting fungi both in Zn-sufficient and Zn-deficient soil although this suppressive effect accentuated in Zn-sufficient soils. In the absence of IE-6S + and/or Zn, increased nematode densities in the soil significantly reduced plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the shoots. With an increase in nematode densities, populations of IE-6S + in the rhizosphere and root increased regardless of the Zn application. However, Zn-deficient soils supported larger populations of IE-6S + compared with those of Zn-sufficient soils.
WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.): A REVIEW OF YIELD AND QUALITY IMPACTS

SUMMARY The results of international research on the water relations and irrigation needs of onions have been synthesised in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices, and consequent impacts on crop yield, quality and storage. Following a brief introduction on its origins and centres of production, a synthesis of research on crop development including plant water relations, crop water requirements, yield response to water, irrigation systems and scheduling are presented. Most of the evidence stems from research conducted in arid and semi-arid regions, notably the USA, India, Spain and Turkey. The findings confirm that onion seasonal water requirements are highly variable depending on agroclimate, location and season, as are the crop coefficients (Kc) which range from 0.4 to 0.7 (initial stage), 0.85 to 1.05 (middle development) and 0.6 to 0.75 (final stage). Seasonal irrigation needs are reported to vary from 225 to 1040 mm to produce between 10 and 77 t ha−1. The most sensitive stages for water stress are at emergence, transplanting and bulb formation. Final crop quality can also be affected by water excess. Water stress at specific stages can negatively impact on quality leading to reduced size and multi-centred bulbs. In recent years, pressure on water resources, retailer demands for quality assurance and rising production costs have meant that onion irrigation has switched from traditional low efficiency (furrow) methods to more efficient advanced (sprinkler and drip) technologies. For scheduling, optimal soil water potential thresholds for triggering irrigation were found to be between −17 and −27 kPa for drip and furrow irrigation. Research is underway to maximise water use efficiency in onions, but the deficit irrigation regimes being tested under experimental conditions have yet to be adopted commercially.
Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues

Abstract The increasing demands placed on the global water supply threaten biodiversity and the supply of water for food production and other vital human needs. Water shortages already exist in many regions, with more than one billion people without adequate drinking water. In addition, 90% of the infectious diseases in developing countries are transmitted from polluted water. Agriculture consumes about 70% of fresh water worldwide; for example, approximately 1000 liters (L) of water are required to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of cereal grain, and 43,000 L to produce 1 kg of beef. New water supplies are likely to result from conservation, recycling, and improved water-use efficiency rather than from large development projects.
Artificial structures as tools for fish habitat rehabilitation in a neotropical reservoir

1. Since most of the natural habitats critical for freshwater fish survival have been adversely affected by human disturbance, the effectiveness of artificial structures in providing new and suitable habitats for fish has been increasingly investigated. 2. This paper evaluates the role of artificial structures as fish habitat in a structureless 30 km2 Brazilian reservoir, through underwater surveys conducted monthly from April 1999 to March 2000. 3. In total, 5759 fish in nine species were recorded, but only three cichlid species—one native, Geophagus brasiliensis and two non-native, Cichla kelberi and Tilapia rendalli—showed consistent association with the artificial habitats, suggesting that this family reacts to submerged structures. 4. The absence of fish at control sites compared with high occurrences in sites provided with a physically complex structure suggests that artificial structures can play an important ecological role for cichlids smaller than 150 mm TL, probably related to shelter and/or feeding benefits. 5. The level of structural complexity and position in the water column influenced fish use of artificial structures. C. kelberi was associated with highly complex structures, whereas moderately complex bottom structures were more effective in harbouring G. brasiliensis. Bottom structures are apparently more important than midwater structures in harbouring T. rendalli, but structural complexity seemed to play a secondary role. 6. This study is the first in demonstrating that adding complex artificial structures can expand habitats for small fish (<150 mm TL), especially cichlids, in a neotropical impoundment. It seems reasonable to expect that deploying physically complex structures in other oligotrophic, structureless and cichlid-dominated impoundments in Brazil will lead to similar results to those found in this work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solanum Perlongistylum and S. Catilliflorum, New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, S. Muricatum

ABSTRACT Two species new to Solanum sect. Basarthrum (Bitter) Bitter are described. Solanum perlongistylum G. J. Anderson, Martine, Prohens & Nuez and S. catilliflorum G. J. Anderson, Martine, Prohens & Nuez are narrowly distributed species from southern Peru in the group that includes the Andean domesticate S. muricatum Aiton and are very closely related to the widespread S. caripense Dunal. Solanum catilliflorum bears small, dish-shaped flowers (for which it is named) and is self-compatible and autogamous, with short styles like those that characterize all self-compatible species in this section. It also has a low pollen:ovule ratio, which is characteristic of self-compatible species in the group. On the other hand, the style of the self-incompatible S. perlongistylum is the longest in the group, and its flowers have a higher pollen:ovule ratio. Both species are diploid at n = 12. We hypothesize that these two species may be peripheral isolates from the widespread and variable S. caripense.
An Analysis of International Shock Transmission: A Multi-Level Factor Augmented TVP GVAR Approach

We develop and apply a new methodology to study the transmission mechanisms of international<br>macroeconomic and financial shocks in the context of emerging markets. Our approach combines<br>aspects of factor analysis and GVAR models by replacing the cross-unit averages that serve as<br>foreign variables in the GVAR model with macroeconomic and financial factors extracted hierarchically from unbalanced panels of country-level data. Furthermore, we allow for time variation in both the model parameters and shock volatility. Our key empirical findings are as follows. First, we find that the macroeconomic conditions in the emerging economies under consideration became more sensitive to global financial conditions during and after the recent financial crisis. Moreover, they appear more concerned with financial stability as they do not try to offset the contractionary effects of tightening in global financial conditions by decreasing their policy rates. Second, deterioration of financial conditions in other emerging market country groups has a loosening effect on domestic financial conditions. Third, as we include a global financial risk factor along with the US monetary policy rate, our results suggest that the contractionary effects of US interest rate shocks are taken over by the global financial risk shock. Lastly, we find some evidence that macroeconomic interdependencies among emerging economies have been increasing while their dependencies on advanced economies have been decreasing over time.