Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SOME BRAZILIAN SEAWEED SPECIES

Fourteen common seaweed species from northeastern Brazil were examined for protein content and amino acid composition. Protein content varied greatly among the species, ranging from 2.30% (dry weight basis) in Corallina officinalis to 25.60%, in Amansia multifida. The species Amansia multifida, Caulerpa sertularioides, Enantiocladia duperreyi, Solieria filiformis and Vidalia obtusiloba had protein levels comparable to those of many edible legume seeds, above 18%. They showed high levels of acidic amino acids and reasonable levels of essential amino acids, with methionine being the first limiting amino acid for most of the species. The exceptions were Sargassum vulgare that had a very high content of methionine and Caulerpa sertularioides in which lysine is the first limiting amino acid and methionine the second limiting one. All species are rich in phenylalanine/tyrosine and threonine, and six are very good sources of lysine. The potential use of these species as food and/or feed is discussed.
Frequency spectrum of the flicker phenomenon in erythrocytes

2014 Red blood cells show a remarkable flicker phenomenon under physiological conditions. We have studied experimentally the correlations functions G(R12, 03C9) for the flicker intensities measured at two different points r1 r2 on the cell surface, at various filtering frequencies 03C9. We find that the shape of G is universal and involves only one characteristic length 03BB(03C9) varying like 03C9-n, where 0.12 n 0.19. Measurements of G(0, 03C9) (i.e. at a single point) show an 03C9-m dependence, where 1.30 m 1.45. These results are then interpreted theoretically in term of thermal fluctuations of the cell thickness. In physiological conditions the membrane surface tension vanishes exactly and the resistance to deformation is mainly due to curvature energy. In this approximation : a) the fluctuations are of very large amplitude (a fraction of a micron) as required by the observations ; b) the detailed shape of the correlations is in rather good agreement with the theory ; c) the scaling length 03BB(03C9) is expected to vary like 03C9-1/6; d) the single point spectrum G(0, 03C9) should go like 03C9-4/3. The approximation involves the neglect of some non linear effects related to surface tension and to the Evans elastic energy. We show that the inclusion of non linear terms leads to a problem related to the critical point of a (special) two dimensional magnetic system. Our approximation (equivalent to a mean field theory) essentially ignores the exponent correction ~ introduced by Fisher for phase transitions. Thus, the experimental evidence favours a rather small ~. We conclude that a purely physical interpretation of the flicker effect is sufficient, but that rather stringent physiological conditions are required to maintain the zero surface tension which is crucial to the effect. Tome 36 No 11 Novembre 1975 Classification Physics Abstracts 9.720 (*) Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, Paris 15e. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi. org/10.1051/jphys:0197500360110103500
Toughening and Compatibilization of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene/Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Blends Using an Oxazoline-Functionalized Impact Modifier

An oxazoline-functionalized core–shell impact modifier was synthesized between aminoethanol and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene high rubber powder. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test, the nitrile groups were partially converted into oxazoline groups successfully. The oxazoline-functionalized acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene high rubber powder was used as an impact modifier for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. The differential scanning calorimeter and rheological tests demonstrated that poly(ethylene terephthalate) was partially miscible with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, because the oxazoline groups of oxazoline-functionalized acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene high rubber powder reacted with the end groups of poly(ethylene terephthalate). The results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that the morphology of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends with proper oxazoline-functionalized acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene high rubber powder content was improved significantly. The best mechanical properties were achieved, When 6 wt% oxazoline-functionalized acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene high rubber powder was added into acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Denitrification Hysteresis During Wetting and Drying Cycles in Soil

Denitrification response to soil moisture was studied in soils undergoing either wetting or drying cycles to determine if denitrification-soil water relationships were independent of antecedent moisture conditions. Intact, field moist soil cores were brought into the laboratory and subjected to either wetting or drying phase treatments. In the drying phase treatment, soils were wet to saturation and then progressively dried to field capacity, 60% water-filled porosity and 20% water-filled porosity with denitrification measured at each moisture condition. In the wetting phase treatment, soil cores were first dried to 20% water-filled porosity and were then progressively wet to 60% water-filled porosity, field capacity and saturation. Denitrification showed a hysteretic response to soil moisture when drying and wetting phases were compared
Impact of surface treatment under the gate on the current collapse of unpassivated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors

Unpassivated GaN/AlGaN/GaN/SiC heterostructure field-effect transistors were fabricated on intentionally undoped and 5 × 1018 cm−3 modulation-doped material structures. The influence of surface treatment before gate metallization on the gate leakage and drain current collapse of the devices was observed. In the case of a short HCl treatment (∼5 s), a relatively small gate leakage (<10−6 A mm−1 at −6 V gate bias) but large current collapse (∼30% after applying 5 µs wide pulses) were measured. On the other hand, devices with a longer surface treatment (15–20 s) showed an increased gate leakage (>10−4 A mm−1) and a simultaneously negligible current collapse (<5%). This effect is qualitatively similar in devices prepared on the undoped and doped heterostructures. It is assumed that a thin interfacial oxide layer under the gate might be responsible for a lower leakage current and a larger current collapse of the devices.
Biomimetic interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels based on methacrylated alginate and collagen for 3D pre-osteoblast spreading and osteogenic differentiation

Hydrogels hold great promise for bone tissue engineering but their application is greatly limited by their low cell affinity and poor mechanical properties, as well as limited cell spreading ability for anchorage dependent cells such as osteoblasts. In this study, a series of hydrogels based on an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of methacrylated alginate (MAA) and collagen were developed to support pre-osteoblast spreading and proliferation as well as osteogenic differentiation. Compared to the pure MAA hydrogel, these hydrogels demonstrated higher mechanical moduli, lower swelling ratios and denser network structures. Moreover, the properties could be fine-tuned by altering the ratio of collagen and alginate. MC3T3-E1 cells in IPN hydrogels exhibited a rapid proliferation and spread gradually with prolonged culture time, and their osteogenic differentiation was greatly facilitated. While for the MAA hydrogel, the cells remained in a rounded morphology with bad osteogenic differentiation. These results should provide collagen–MAA IPN hydrogels as potential three-dimensional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
Modeling of Temperature of Grain During Storage with Aeration

Two, 6.6-m-diameter steel bins were used to store wheat for observing seasonal grain temperature variations. Aeration in one bin was controlled by a programmable microprocessor and in the second bin, it was controlled manually with temperature limit settings. In each bin, 132 thermocouples were installed to measure the temperatures of grain at different depths and different radial distances from the bin center. Temperatures of the bin wall, bin floor, and air above the grain surface were also measured. Temperatures were recorded daily using a programmable data acquisition system. Each bin was filled with 99.3 t of Hard Red Winter Wheat to a depth of 3.66 m. Tests were started in May 1988 and ended in December 1990. A model was developed to predict the temperature of grain during storage. The model was based on a two-dimensional transient heat conduction equation with the associated boundary conditions and was solved using the finite difference method for a cylindrical geometry. The model included several sub-models which predicted temperature profiles of soil under the bins, solar radiation on bin wall at any time of day, and convective heat transfer coefficient for the bin wall. Local hourly weather data (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation on horizontal surface) and airflow rates during aeration periods were used as model inputs to simulate the temperatures of grain during storage. Predicted and measured grain temperatures were in close agreement for a test period of 32 months. Results indicated that the model and the parameter values used in the model are applicable for predicting temperature of stored wheat with and without aeration.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in Multielemental Analysis of Hair and Teeth

During our study a procedure of hair (62 samples) and teeth (38 samples) preparation for the XRF analysis was worked out. The samples were collected from the inhabitants of Katowice, Gliwice, Pyskowice and Tychy (Silesia, Poland). In hair samples S, Ca, Na, Mg, P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb content was determined and in teeth samples Ca, P, Na, Mg, Al, S, K, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Pb content was determined. Conformity between the XRF and ICP results was obtained. Several correlations between the concentration of some elements and personal features (sex, age, smoking related) and environmental contamination were indicated. There were differences in the content of Al, Pb and Fe in women’s teeth and men’s teeth. A positive correlation between age and Mg, Fe, Cu, Sr and Pb content in teeth samples was noticed. Zn, S and Pb content depended on the level of pollution in the environment the samples came from. There were high levels of Zn and Pb concentration in teeth samples from smokers. In hair, positive correlations between the content of Ca, Fe and P and age were observed. Differences in Na, K and S content between women’s and men’s hair were noticed. Ca and Pb levels were different in samples obtained from different cities in Silesia. No correlation for Ba, Zn, Cu, Mn, Si was observed.
Surface flashover of insulators

The author reviews surface flashover (i.e. voltage breakdown along the surface of insulators), primarily in vacuum. He discusses theories and models relating to surface flashover and pertinent experimental results. Surface flashover of insulators in vacuum generally is initiated by the emission of electrons from the cathode triple junction (the region where the electrode, insulator, and vacuum meet). These electrons usually then multiply as they traverse the insulator surface, either as a surface secondary-electron-emission avalanche or as an electron cascade in a thin surface layer, causing desorption of gas which had been adsorbed on the insulator surface. This desorbed gas is then ionized, which leads to surface flashover of the insulator. The theory and modeling of this phenomena and experimental studies of surface charging, the applied voltage waveform, prestressing, conditioning, discharge delay and speed, insulator geometry AMD material, surface treatment, surface gases, temperature, and pressure are reviewed. Some suggestions are made regarding how to choose the material geometry and processing when selecting an insulator for a particular application. >
Electron‐beam crystallized large grained silicon solar cell on glass substrate

Thin film hetero‐emitter solar cells with large‐grained poly‐silicon absorbers of around 10 µm thickness have been prepared on glass. The basis of the cell concept is electron‐beam‐crystallization of an amorphous or nanocrystalline silicon layer deposited onto a SiC:B layer. The SiC:B layer covers a commercially well available glass substrate, serving as diffusion barrier, contact layer and dopand source. For silicon absorber deposition a low pressure chemical vapour deposition was used. The successively applied e‐beam crystallization process creates poly‐silicon layers with grain sizes up to 1 × 10 mm2 with low defect densities. The high electronic quality of the absorber is reflected in open circuit voltages as high as 545 mV, which are realized making use of the well‐developed a‐Si:H hetero‐emitter technology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron Affinity of Lithium

The positive and negative surface ionization of a lithium atom beam on a thin, heated, molybdenum ribbon was studied using a specially designed mass spectrometer. At a constant incident beam flux, Li+ yields were determined as a function of surface temperature in the 1400°–2100°K range. Using 5.39 eV for the first lithium ionization potential (I), this data yielded an average positive ion work function (φ+) of 4.38 eV with a standard deviation of 0.01 eV. The [Li+/Li−] ratio was then determined at beam intensities and surface temperatures made sufficiently large to give measurable Li− yields. From the above values for I, φ+, T, and [Li+/Li−], it was found that A (Li) = φ− − (3.35 ± 0.05) eV. The quantity φ− is an average negative ion work function. This could not be measured with any precision because of the very small Li− yields. A recent determination of the single‐plane work functions of molybdenum shows a variation from 4.0 eV for the (116) plane to 5.0 eV for a (110) surface. Since the negative i.
Phosphorus dynamics in peat-based substrates

The mobility of nutrients in soils is well characterized, whereas little information is available for common horticultural substrates based on peat. Aim of the current study was to investigate the mobility and dynamics of phosphorus (P) as well as the parameters involved in P transport to plant roots in peat-based substrates. A series of experiments was run to determine the impedance factor (f) and the buffer power (b). The impedance factor was determined for black peat and black peat mixed with 20% and 40% (v/v) of mineral component at volumetric water content (0) of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% and at different diffusion time. Buffer power was calculated for black peat and black peat mixed with 20% (v/v) of seven different mineral components. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 0, 35, and 100 mg (L substrate-1), respectively. The impedance factor was not affected by addition of the mineral component to peat. However, f increased from 0.03 to 0.2, by increasing 0 from 40% to 60%, indicating that water content has a significant effect on this parameter. Substrate-solution P ranged from 0.3 to 27 and from 1 to 95 mg P (L solution) -1 for the P-application rate of 35 and 100 mg P (L substrate) -1 , respectively. Buffer power of the substrates ranged from 1 to 17.25 depending on the mineral component, and it was positively correlated with oxalate-soluble Fe and Al in the substrate. The calculated effective diffusion coefficient for P in the substrate was in the range of 10 -7 to 10 -8 cm 2 s -1 . This high value could be attributed mostly to the low buffer power rather than to the high impedance factor.
Protective effect of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against osteoporosis and their phytochemical constituents

The efficacy of Citrus aurantifolia L. cv. Swingle and Citrus sinensis L. cv. Liucheng against osteoporosis was evaluated in an ovariectomized rat model. Administration ofCitrus extracts increased trabecular bone mineral content and bone mineral density of tibia, improved the levels of phosphorus and calcium. The results demonstrated that Citrusextracts reduced bone loss in ovariectomized rats. These findings have prompted the authors to investigate the phytochemical constituents of those plants, collected in Saudi Arabia, for the first time. Eighteen compounds were obtained from both plants and classified into, eight coumarins (1 - 8), eight flavonoids (9 - 16) and two sterols analogues (17 and 18). Leaves and peels of C. aurantifolia afforded eleven components, while those of C. sinensis afforded fourteen compounds. Structures of the isolated compounds were deduced by UV, NMR and MS spectra, and comparison with related structures, in whichisobergapten (6), marmesin (7), myricetin (11), 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone (12), and quercetin-3-O-robinobioside (14), were reported to first time from Citrus species,Coumarins, flavonoids and sterols from C. aurantifolia and C. sinensis could be responsible for their antiosteoporotic activity and the action mechanism of these constituents needs to be further studied. Therefore, Citrus extracts have the potential to develop a clinically useful antiosteoporotic agent. Key words: Citrus sinensis, Citrus aurantifolia, osteoporosis, bone mineral density, coumarins, flavonoids, sterols.
Demixing in a metal halide lamp, results from modelling

Convection and diffusion in the discharge region of a metal halide lamp is studied using a computer model built with the plasma modelling package Plasimo. A model lamp containing mercury and sodium iodide is studied. The effects of the total lamp pressure on the degree of segregation of the light emitting species are examined and compared to a simpler model with a fixed temperature profile. Significant differences are observed, justifying the use of the more complete approach.
Direct and Indirect Short-term Effects of Biochar on Physical Characteristics of an Arable Sandy Loam

Abstract Biochar addition to agricultural soil is reported in several studies to reduce climate gas emissions, boost carbon storage, and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. These effects may be partly related to soil physical changes resulting from biochar amendment, but knowledge of how biochar application mechanistically affects soil physical characteristics is limited. This study investigated the effect of biochar application on soil structural and functional properties, including specific surface area, water retention, and gas transport parameters. Intact soil cores were taken from a field experiment on an arable sandy loam that included four reference plots without biochar and four plots with 20 tons ha−1 biochar incorporated into the upper 20 cm 7 months before sampling. Water retention was measured at matric potentials ranging from wet (pF 1.0) to extremely dry conditions (pF ∼6.8), whereas gas transport parameters (air permeability, ka, and gas diffusivity, Dp/Do, where Dp is the gas diffusion coefficient in soil and Do is the gas diffusion coefficient in free air) were measured between pF 2.0 and 3.0. Water retention under dry conditions and measured specific surface area were not significantly greater in the biochar-amended soil than the reference soil probably because of the relatively low biochar application rate. Yet, the biochar-amended soil showed a significant decrease in soil bulk density and an accompanying increase in total porosity. Water retention and air-filled porosity (&egr;) were both markedly greater in the biochar-amended soil than in the reference soil between pF 1.0 and 3.0. Soil macroporosity (equivalent to >0.1 mm pore diameter) and the ratio of macroporosity to total porosity were also significantly greater in the biochar-amended soil. As a result, the level of the pore organization (PO, ka/&egr;) was greater in the biochar-amended soil. Across the tested matric potentials, biochar amendment caused average increases of 28 to 34% in &egr;, 53 to 161% in Dp/Do, and 69 to 223% in ka, with the most significant increases occurring around natural field capacity (pF 2.0). Overall, the results suggest that biochar application even at a relatively low rate can alter soil functional characteristics, especially under normal field moisture conditions.
Effects of Ultrasonic Irradiation on Phenolic Compounds in Wine

Red wine has been of interest recently because many poly-phenols, that are considered to be good for health, are contained therein. Since ultrasonic irradiation accelerates maturation, its effects on phenolic compounds in wine were investigated in this study. Effects were evaluated using the indices developed by Glories. It was found that weak ultrasonic irradiation promotes an increase in the amount of phenolic compounds in red wine.
Two-Stage Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater: a Case Study from Potato Chips Industry

A two-stage aerobic treatment consisting of conventional active sludge treatment followed by membrane bio reactor has been tested for 100 days. The overall pollutant removal efficiencies (97.1% COD, 99.5% BOD5, 94.7% total nitrogen and 72.9% total phosphorous) are high enough to produce effluent that meets criteria for discharge to surface water with a relatively low amount of surplus sludge: 0.34 gSS (gCODremoved) -1 . The only exception is total phosphorous concentration. The analysis of biodegradable COD in the effluent shows that only 14% is still biodegradable. Although the high quality effluent may be reused in preliminary soiled potato washing, the limiting criteria may be an increased concentration of chlorides.
Summertime Siberian CO2 simulations with the regional transport model MATCH: a feasibility study of carbon uptake calculations from EUROSIB data

Abstract Biogenic surface fluxes of CO2 over Europe and Siberia are implemented in the regional tracer transport model MATCH. A systematic comparison between simulated and observed CO2 fluxes and mixing ratios is performed for two observational sites in Russia taking into account both surface observations and vertical profiles of meteorological parameters and CO2 in the lowest 3 km from the summer months in 1998. We find that the model is able to represent meteorological parameters as temperature, humidity and planetary boundary layer height consistent with measurements. Further, it is found that the simulated surface CO2 fluxes capture a large part of the observed variability on a diurnal time scale. On a synoptic time scale the agreement between observations and simulation is poorer which leads to a disagreement between time series of observed and simulated CO2 mixing ratios. However, the model is able to realistically simulate the vertical gradient in CO2 in the lowest few kilometres. The vertical variability is studied by means of trajectory analysis together with results from the MATCH model. This analysis clearly illustrates some problems in deducing CO2 fluxes from CO2 mixing ratios measured in single vertical profiles. Studies of the regional variability of CO2 in the model domain show that there exists no ideal vertical level for detecting the terrestrial signal of CO2 in the free troposphere. The strongest terrestrial signal is found in the boundary layer above the lowest few hundred metres. Nevertheless, this terrestrial signal is small, and during the simulated period it is not possible to detect relative variations in the surface fluxes smaller than 20%. We conclude that a regional flux cannot be determined from single ground stations or a few vertical profiles, mainly due to synoptic scale variability in transport and in CO2 surface fluxes.