Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Fluoride Release Pattern from Different Fluoride Varnishes – An in vitro Study

Background: Since the time they were introduced, researchers have put in endeavours to better the delivery of the fluoride in the fluoride varnishes. With numerous fluoride varnishes accessible in the market today, each product claims of superior and enhanced properties. In the recent years, significant differences have been reported in these products in terms of cumulative amount as well as the amount of fluoride released. Aim: To determine the fluoride release pattern of four different calcium-phosphate based 5% sodium fluoride varnishes. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted at Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India for 6 months. 75 noncarious premolar teeth were randomly divided into five groups and coated with a different coloured nail varnish except for a 3mm X 3mm window on the labial surface of the crown. Four groups received fluoride varnish coating on this window while the fifth group served as the control. The various fluoride varnishes tested included MI VarnishTM(containing CPP-ACP), Clinpro White Original Research Article Sidhu et al.; JPRI, 32(33): 104-115, 2020; Article no.JPRI. 62782 105 Varnish(containing f-TCP), EmbraceTM Varnish(containing xylitol coated calcium and phosphate) and Enamel Pro® Varnish(containing ACP). Thereafter, the 15 teeth of each group were placed together in a plastic container containing 50ml of artificial saliva. After 1 day, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, the teeth were placed in a new plastic container containing 50ml of fresh artificial saliva while the previous saliva sample was assessed for the fluoride released in it through the SPADNS Method. The data was compiled by using Microsoft Excel 2010 SPSS version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: Clinpro White Varnish exhibited the greatest cumulative fluoride release while MI VarnishTM exhibited the greatest substantivity at the end of 6 months. Three of the tested varnishes released increasing amounts of fluoride upto 3 months, thereafter, the values began to decline. Meanwhile, EmbraceTM Varnish released increasing amount of fluoride only upto one month, thereafter the values began to decline. Conclusion: The varying excepient ingredients could be held accountable for the different fluoride release pattern of the studied on calcium phosphate based 5% sodium fluoride varnishes.
International environmental agreements without commitment

We analyze a dynamic model of international agreements where countries cannot make long-term commitments and have no sanctions or rewards to induce participation. Countries can communicate with each other to build endogenous beliefs about the random consequences of (re)opening nego- tiation. Provided that countries are patient, many different agreements might emerge, including an effective agreement with many participants. Along the way, however, negotiation might yield a succession of short-lived agreements with a small number of participants. Beliefs are important, and negotiations matter. Our theoretical results are consistent with the existing empirical observations and they explain the `paradox of interna- tional agreements'.
Intra-and intermolecular recombination of mitochondrial DNA after in vivo induction of multiple double-strand breaks

To investigate mtDNA recombination induced by multiple double strand breaks (DSBs) we used a mitochondria-targeted form of the ScaI restriction endonuclease to introduce DSBs in heteroplasmic mice and cells in which we were able to utilize haplotype differences to trace the origin of recombined molecules. ScaI cleaves multiple sites in each haplotype of the heteroplasmic mice (five in NZB and three in BALB mtDNA) and prolonged expression causes severe mtDNA depletion. After a short pulse of restriction enzyme expression followed by a long period of recovery, mitochondrial genomes with large deletions were detected by PCR. Curiously, we found that some ScaI sites were more commonly involved in recombined molecules than others. In intra-molecular recombination events, deletion breakpoints were close to or upstream of ScaI cleavage sites, confirming the recombinogenic character of DSBs in mtDNA. A region adjacent to the D-loop was preferentially involved in recombination of all molecules. Sequencing through NZB and BALB haplotype markers in recombined molecules enabled us to show that in addition to intra-molecular mtDNA recombination, rare inter-molecular mtDNA recombination events can also occur. This study underscores the role of DSBs in the generation of mtDNA rearrangements and supports the existence of recombination hotspots.
THE EFFECT OF DOLLARIZATION ON DEVELOPING ECONOMIES : LESSONS FROM SOMALIA ’ S INFORMAL MARKET

Arguments on dollarization and its effect on the economy have been published mainly on economics and financial journals, yet, little is known about Somalia’s unofficial dollarization. To contribute in that matter, this paper presents the effect of dollarization on Somali economy. The study is carried out using literature analysis. The study found out that dollarizing Somali economy brings severe economic turmoil including an absolute failure to achieve price stability in the local market. In addition, adopting this policy impedes achieving strong financial management system in the country. The study recommends that policymakers and business community should try to lessen the reliance on US dollar and encourage the use of a basket of currencies (in the short-run) while strengthening the use of local currency (in the long-run). Adopting such strategy will facilitate to avoid recurrent financial crisis which might happen if the use of US dollar as an internal currency is collapsed.
The left regular *-representation of an inverse semigroup

The left regular *-representation of the semigroup algebra of an inverse semigroup is faithful. Clifford semigroups with a particular type of semilattice are shown to have the weak containment property if and only if each subgroup is amenable. An inverse semigroup is a semigroup in which for each element s there exists a unique element, which we denote s*, such that ss*s = s and s*ss* =s*. From this it follows that the idempotents commute, products of idempotents are idempotents, and (st)* = t*s* [5, pp. 130-131]. For an inverse semigroup S, Es will denote the set of idempotents of S. ES is a lower semilattice under the operation e A f = ef . A Clifford semigroup is an inverse semigroup T whose idempotents are central; then T = U{Ge: e E ET} where Ge is the greatest subgroup of T containing e. We identify s E S with the function in 11(S) which is 1 at s and 0 elsewhere. Then l1(S) is a Banach algebra with multiplication the continuous bilinear extension of the semigroup multiplication, called the (11-)semigroup algebra of S. The involution * on S extends to a unique continuous involution * on 11(S) by conjugate linearity. Then l(S) is a Banach star algebra. Barnes [1] constructed the left regular *-representation of l1(S) (on 12(S)), which we will denote by Ls, by Ls(a)b = { ab if a*ab = b, i.e. if a*a > bb*,
Influence of the CYP 2 B 6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics

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Similarities and differences in community structure between two major types of chemosynthetic ecosystems were assessed by analyzing samples of invertebrates associated with Bathymodiolus heckerae

Comparisons between invertebrate communities hosted by similar foundation species under different environmental conditions permit identification of patterns of species distributions that might be characteristic of the different ecosystems. Similarities and differences in community structure between two major types of chemosynthetic ecosystems were assessed by analyzing samples of invertebrates associated with Bathymodiolus heckerae Gustafson et al. mussel beds at the Florida Escarpment seep (Gulf of Mexico, 26 01.8¢N; 84 54.9¢W; October 2000) and B. puteoserpentis von Cosel et al. mussel beds at the Snake Pit vent (MidAtlantic Ridge, 23 22.1¢N; 44 56.9¢W; July 2001). Macrofaunal species richness was nearly twice as high in the seep mussel bed compared to the vent mussel bed, and only a single morphospecies, the ophiuroid Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al., was shared between the sites. Similarities between the two faunas at higher taxonomic levels (genus and family) were evident for only a small percentage of the total number of taxa, suggesting that evolutionary histories of many of these seep and vent macrofaunal taxa are not shared. The taxonomic distinctiveness of the seep and vent mussel-bed macrofaunal communities supports the hypothesis that environmental and oceanographic barriers prevent most taxa from occupying both types of habitats. Macrofaunal community heterogeneity among samples was similar in seep and vent mussel beds, indicating that spatial scales of processes regulating community variability may be similar in the two types of ecosystems. Suspension feeders were not represented in the macrofauna of seep or vent mussel beds. Primary consumers (deposit feeders and grazers) contributed more to the total abundance of macrofauna of seep mussel beds than vent mussel beds; secondary consumers (polychaetes and shrimp) were more abundant in the vent mussel beds. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z.
Synthesis of Bimetallic PdAg Nanoparticles and Their Electrocatalytic Activity toward Ethanol

Palladium-based bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied as important electrocatalysts for energy conversion due to their high electrocatalytic performance and the less usage of the noble metal. Herein, well-dispersed PdAg NPs with uniform size were prepared via oil bath accompanied with the hydrothermal method. The variation of the Ag content in PdAg NPs changed the lattice constant of the face-centered cubic alloy nanostructures continuously. The Pd/Ag molar ratio in the PdAg alloy NPs affected their size and catalytic activity toward ethanol electrooxidation. Experimental data showed that PdAg NPs with less Ag content exhibited better electrocatalytic activity and durability than pure Pd NPs owing to both the small size and the synergistic effect. PdAg-acac-4 with the Pd/Ag molar ratio of 4 : 1 in the start system possessed the highest catalytic current density of 2246 mA/mg for the electrooxidation of ethanol. The differences in the morphology and electrocatalytic activity of the as-made PdAg NPs have been discussed and analyzed.
Initial data for rotating cosmologies

We revisit the construction of maximal initial data on compact manifolds in vacuum with positive cosmological constant via the conformal method. We discuss, extend and apply recent results of Hebey et al (2008 Commun. Math. Phys. 278 117) and Premoselli (2015 Calc. Var. 53 29–64) which yield existence, non-existence, (non-)uniqueness and (linearization-) stability of solutions of the Lichnerowicz equation, depending on its coefficients. We then focus on so-called ( t , φ ) ? > -symmetric data as ‘seed manifolds’, and in particular on Bowen–York data on the round hypertorus S 2 × S ? > (a slice of Nariai) and on Kerr–deSitter (KdS). In the former case, we clarify the bifurcation structure of the axially symmetric solutions of the Lichnerowicz equation in terms of the angular momentum as a bifurcation parameter, using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. As to the latter example, we show how dynamical data can be constructed in a natural way via conformal rescalings of KdS data.
The Effect of Collaborative Learning Aided by Mind Mapping Method on Science Learning Achievement

This study aimed at analyzing the effect of collaborative learning aided by mind mapping method in lesson study setting after controlling achievement motivation on science learning achievement. This study was a quasi-experiment. The study was done with the fifth grade students in Cluster III and Cluster VII at Sawan District. The sample was selected using multi stage random sampling for three treatment groups. The first experimental group used collaborative learning (n=57), the second experimental group used collaborative learning based on mind mapping (n=52), and the control group used conventional teaching model (n=57). The study used science learning achievement test (r=0.77) and achievement motivation questionnaire (r=0.88) as the instruments for collecting the data. The hypothesis was tested using one-way ANACOVA. The result of hypothesis testing showed that, there was the effect of collaborative learning aided by mind mapping method in lesson study setting after controlling achievement motivation on the fifth grade students’ science learning of the elementary schools in Cluster III and Cluster VII at Sawan District (F= 65.6 and p< 0.05).
Foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth in BRICS countries: evidences from panel data

Abstract In this paper we investigate the causal relationship between foreign direct investment, trade openness and gross domestic product in BRICS countries over the period of 1990–2018. We applied auto regressive distributed lag model to test cointegration and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin Granger causality tests. Empirical results show that FDI and trade openness have a positive impact on long-term economic growth. We also find there is a long-run relationship from both real effective exchange rate and gross capital formation to economic growth. The main results of causality analysis reveal that there is bidirectional causality from foreign direct investment to economic growth, trade openness to foreign direct investment, and unidirectional causality from trade openness to foreign direct investment.
An Exploration of Religiously Based Opposition to Clinical and Scientific Interference with the Embryo

The advent of in vitro fertilization (IVF) into clinical practice highlighted to ethicists and theologians, ways in which scientists and clinicians are interfering with the development of human embryos in the laboratory. This is because an increasing amount of research is being directed onto embryos, frequently involving their destruction. These procedures range from IVF and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to gene editing. Some religious groups are implacably opposed to all such developments on the ground that the human embryo is to be protected from the ‘ moment of conception ’ . Widespread opposition to abortion and fetal destruction has been translated into opposition to the destruction of embryos. By viewing embryos as having a value commensurate with that of postnatal moral persons, opposition to all recent biomedical developments becomes inev- itable. The rationale for this stance in the writings of certain Roman Catholic and Protestant scholars is outlined, as are implications for theology ’ s relationship with science, the church community and the public square. Does this mean that these groups are unable to contribute to ethical debate in each of these areas? The reasoning behind embryo protection stances will be critiqued, and the importance of finding common ground by examin- ing core values and accepting the centrality of dialog will be stressed.
Anharmonicity can enhance the performance of quantum refrigerators.

We explore a thermodynamical effect of anharmonicity present in quantum mechanical oscillators. We show in the context of an exactly solvable model that quartic perturbations to the quantum harmonic oscillator potential lead to the enhancement of performance of quantum refrigerators. A similar nonlinearity driven enhancement of performance is also observed for an analogous spin-qubit model. Our results are illustrated for both the Otto and Stirling quantum refrigeration cycles. Finally, we investigate the energy cost for creating anharmonicity. The robustness of improvement of the coefficient of performance versus the energy cost can be demonstrated for the experimentally realizable Otto refrigerator.
What Do We Know About Time Management? A Review of the Literature and a Psychometric Critique of Instruments Assessing Time Management

Lack of time is a common complaint in western society. In response, there has been a proliferation of “. books, articles, and seminars on time management, along with their assertions, prescriptions and anecdotes” (Macan, 1994, p. 383). But what exactly is time management? Despite the epidemic of time management training programs (Quirk, 1989), there is currently a lack of agreement about the definition of time management and a dearth of literature summarizing time management across disciplines. Furthermore, Hellsten (2005) has argued that there is a lack of a theoretical model of time management. Although selfreport instruments purporting to examine time management exist in several disciplines, to date, there has been no published psychometric review or comparison of these instruments for assessing generic time management.
Membrane-based biomolecular smart materials

Membrane-based biomolecular materials are a new class of smart material that feature networks of artificial lipid bilayers contained within durable synthetic substrates. Bilayers contained within this modular material platform provide an environment that can be tailored to host an enormous diversity of functional biomolecules, where the functionality of the global material system depends on the type(s) and organization(s) of the biomolecules that are chosen. In this paper, we review a series of biomolecular material platforms developed recently within the Leo Group at Virginia Tech and we discuss several novel coupling mechanisms provided by these hybrid material systems. The platforms developed demonstrate that the functions of biomolecules and the properties of synthetic materials can be combined to operate in concert, and the examples provided demonstrate how the formation and properties of a lipid bilayer can respond to a variety of stimuli including mechanical forces and electric fields.
Maslow Portfolio Selection for Individuals with Low Financial Sustainability

In this paper, we extend Maslow’s need hierarchy theory and the two-level optimization approach by developing the framework of the Maslow portfolio selection model (MPSM) by solving the two optimization problems to meet the need of individuals with low financial sustainability who prefer to satisfy their lower-level (safety) need first, and, thereafter, look for higher-level (self-actualization) need to maximize the optimal return. We illustrate our proposed model with real American stock data from the S&P index and conduct the out-of-sample analysis to compare the performance of our proposed Variance-CVaR (conditional value-at-risk) MPSM with both traditional mean-variance and mean-CVaR models. Our empirical analysis shows that our proposed Variance-CVaR MPSM is not only sustainable, but also obtains the best out-of-sample performance in the sense that the optimal portfolios obtained by using our proposed Variance-CVaR MPSM obtain the highest cumulative returns in the out-of-sample period among the models used in our paper. We note that our proposed model is not only suitable to individuals with low financial sustainability, but also suitable to institutions or investors with high financial sustainability.
Do We Need New Crops for Arid Regions? A Review of Fruit Species Domestication in Israel

Climatic changes have created the imminent need for the development of new crops for arid regions. We started to domesticate and introduce wild and exotic fruit trees to our deserts in 1984. We tested different species in five eco zones in Israel, differing from each other in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures, type and degrees of salinities, water evaporation rates, rainfall, etc. We succeeded in cultivating pitaya species using hybrids from the Hylocereus and Selenicereus genera, and with a different species from the Cactaeae Cereus peruvianus, which we named Koubo. These two species are from the Cactaceae family, known for high water use efficiencies (WUE). We already have investors who started the semi-commercial production of Marula, Sclerocarya birrea sbsp. Caffra, and Argan—Argania spinosa. In spite of the fact that we developed good clones and knowledge of how to grow and ship White Sapote, Casimiroa edulis, and Indian jujube, Ziziphus mauritiana, we failed due to a lack of marketing research and development, which is essential for such a project. We have gene banks of some other new fruit crops waiting for investors to grow and bring them into the domestic and world markets.
Numerical simulation of microstructural damage and tensile strength of snow

This contribution uses finite‐element analysis to simulate microstructural failure processes and the tensile strength of snow. The 3‐D structure of snow was imaged by microtomography. Modeling procedures used the elastic properties of ice with bond fracture assumptions as inputs. The microstructure experiences combined tensile and compressive stresses in response to macroscopic tensile stress. The simulated nonlocalized failure of ice lattice bonds before or after reaching peak stress creates a pseudo‐plastic yield curve. This explains the occurrence of acoustic events observed in advance of global failure. The measured and simulated average tensile strengths differed by 35%, a typical range for strength measurements in snow given its low Weibull modulus. The simulation successfully explains damage, fracture nucleation, and strength according to the geometry of the microstructure of snow and the mechanical properties of ice. This novel method can be applied to more complex snow structures including the weak layers that cause avalanches.
To be or not to be oxidized: A case study of olivine behavior in the fusion crust of ureilite A 09368 and H chondrites A 09004 and A 09502

Meteorite fusion crusts are quenched melt layers formed during meteoroid atmospheric entry, mostly preserved as coating on the meteorite surface. Antarctic ureilite Asuka (A) 09368 and H chondrites A 09004 and A 09502 exhibit well preserved thick fusion crusts, characterized by extensive olivine crystallization. As olivine is one of the major components of most meteorites and its petrologic behavior is well constrained, it can be roughly considered as representative for the bulk meteorite. Thus, in this work, the evolution of olivine in fusion crusts of the above‐listed selected samples is investigated. The different shape and chemistry of olivine crystallized in the fusion crust, both as overgrown rim on relic olivine clasts and as new crystals, suggest a general temperature and cooling rate gradient. The occurrence of reverse and oscillatory zoning in individual olivine grains within the fusion crust suggests complex redox reactions. Overall, the investigated fusion crusts exhibit a general oxidation of the relatively reduced initial material. However, evidence of local reduction is preserved. Reduction is likely triggered by the presence of carbon in the ureilite or by overheating during the atmospheric entry. Constraining these processes provides a potential analog for interpreting features observed in cosmic spherules and micrometeorites and for calibrating experiments and numerical models on the formation of fusion crusts.