Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A sediment flow‐through system to study the impact of shifting fluid and methane flow regimes on the efficiency of the benthic methane filter

The efficiency of the “benthic microbial methane filter” at marine cold seeps is controlled by diffusive sulfate supply from the overlying seawater and advective methane flux from deep reservoirs. High fluid fluxes reduce the penetration depth of sulfate and limit the filter to a very narrow zone close to the sediment‐water interface. Here, we introduce a new sediment‐flow‐through (SLOT) system, to mimic the balance between fluid/methane flow and sulfate supply in natural sediments. SLOT enables anaerobic incubations of intact sediment cores under natural flow regimes. In addition to traditional in‐ and outflow sampling, geochemical parameters can be monitored along the sediment core using microsensors and rhizons. In a first test run, two cores with gassy sediments from the Eckernförde Bay (Baltic Sea) were incubated and monitored for 310 days under low (11.2 cm y−1) and high fluid flow (112.1 cm y−1) conditions. Rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) were one order of magnitude higher (3.07 mmol m−2 d−1) in the high flow compared to the low flow regime (0.29 mmol m−2 d−1), whereas methane efflux was twice as high (0.063 and 0.033 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively). Sediment profiles of sulfide, sulfate, total alkalinity, pH, redox, and other parameters offered important information on the nature and dynamics of the biogeochemical reactions in the sediment cores including methanotrophy, sulfate reduction, carbonate precipitation, and sulfide oxidation. The SLOT system proofed to be an effective device to study the temporal evolution of biogeochemical parameters in intact sediments subjected to advective fluid transport.
Characteristics and relations of lightning and radar echoes for strong convective rainstorms in yunnan

Based on cloud-ground lightning data and Doppler weather radar echo products, both thecharacteristics and the relations of lightning and radar echoes for strong convective rainstorms over Yunnanare analyzed during the flood season of 2007. The results show that most rainstorms are convective in whichlightning is mostly negative and the negative lightning number accounts for more than 90% of the total.Although the correlation between precipitation and the lightning number is small on the rainstorm day, thelarge day-lightning frequency usually produces heavy precipitation. Hourly evolution of precipitation andlightning frequency shows peak-style characteristics. And their evolution is very coherent in strongrainstorm, but lightning often occurs before precipitation, whose peaks are in phase with or 1-to-2-hourlagged behind that of lightning frequency. Meanwhile the peaks of positive frequency are in phase with orfall behind that of precipitation. When the wind field is heterogeneous in radial velocity, it is conducive toboth the development of convection echoes and occurrence of lightning. Strong lightning-producingconvective rainstorms correspond to strong echo fields and usually result in reflectivity above 30 dBZ andecho top ET of more than 9 km, respectively.
Origin of the Pegmatitic Pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The genesis of the pegmatitic pyroxenite that often forms the base of the Merensky Unit in the Bushveld Complex is re-examined. Large (>1 cm) orthopyroxene grains contain tricuspidate inclusions of plagioclase, and chains and rings of chromite grains, which are interpreted to have grown by reaction between small, primary orthopyroxene grains and superheated liquid. This superheated liquid may have been an added magma or be due to a pressure reduction as a result of lateral expansion of the chamber. There would then have been a period of non-accumulation of grains, permitting prolonged interaction with the crystal mush at the crystal– liquid interface. Crystal ageing and grain enlargement of original orthopyroxene grains would ensue. Only after the pegmatitic pyroxenite had developed did another layer of chromite and pyroxenite, with normal grain size, accumulate above it. Immiscible sulphide liquids formed with the second pyroxenite, but percolated down as a result of their density contrast, even as far as the footwall anorthosite in some cases. Whole-rock abundances of incompatible trace elements in the pegmatitic pyroxenite are comparable with or lower than those of the overlying pyroxenite, and so there is no evidence for addition and/or trapping of large proportions of interstitial liquid, or of an incompatible-element enriched liquid or fluid in the production of the pegmatitic rock. Because of the coarse-grained nature of the rock, modal analysis, especially for minor minerals, is unreliable. Annealing has destroyed primary textures, such that petrographic studies should not be used in isolation to distinguish cumulus and intercumulus components. Geochemical data suggest that the Merensky pyroxenite (both pegmatitic and non-pegmatitic) typically consists of about 70–80% cumulus orthopyroxene and 10–20% cumulus plagioclase, with a further 10% of intercumulus minerals, and could be considered to be a heteradcumulate.
Possible source models for the 1855 Wairarapa Earthquake, New Zealand

The magnitude 8 Wairarapa, New Zealand, earthquake of 1855 was associated with surface rupture along the Wairarapa fault and regional uplift of the southwest of the North Island. Forward elastic dislocation modelling shows that movement on a steeply dipping Wairarapa fault alone cannot account for the recorded deformation data. Modelling of movement on the subduction interface that underlies the Wellington region as well as the Wairarapa fault also fails to produce a satisfactory ill to the data. Although a complex Wairarapa fault model may be able to explain the deformation pattern if its location, subsurface geometry, and slip distribution could be independently constrained, the best effort supported by available data, a flexed model incorporating a left side step of 8 km at the surface, incorrectly locates the deformation. The best fit to the data is obtained from a listric Wairarapa fault model involving rupture on 0 to 50 km width of the deeper part of the subduction interface. The shallower pan of the subduction interface, east of the Wairarapa fault, apparently did not rupture in 1855, and the uplift mechanism for the overlying Aorangi Range remains unexplained. Partitioning of strike-slip and dip-slip components of the relative plate motions may involve separate earthquakes. Seismological verification of listric fault rupture mechanisms is required to determine the plausibility of the listric model presented here, because its implications arc that the 1855 earthquake did not completely account for the relative plate motion in the region.
The Teton fault, Wyoming: Topographic signature, neotectonics, and mechanisms of deformation

We integrated geophysical and geological methods to evaluate the structural evolution of the active Teton normal fault, Wyoming, and its role in the development of the dramatic topography of Teton Range and Jackson Hole. The Teton fault bounds the precipitous eastern front of the Teton Range and is marked by large, well-preserved postglacial fault scarps that extend for 55 km along the range front. Comparison of variations in surface offsets with the topographic expression of the Teton range crest and drainage divide, and the overall structure of the range, suggests that the effects of postglacial faulting cannot be discriminated from the influence of pre-extensional structures and differential erosion on the footwall topography. In contrast, the effects of multiple scarp-forming normal faulting earthquakes are expressed by the anomalous drainage pattern and westward tilt of the hanging wall, Jackson Hole, toward the Teton fault. Kinematic boundary element fault models suggest that the westward tilt of the valley floor is the product of 110–125 m of displacement on a 45°–75°E dipping Teton fault in the past 25,000–75,000 years. Comparisons with historic normal faulting earthquake displacements imply that this range of displacement corresponds to 10–50, M > 7 scarp-forming earthquakes. A total throw of 2.5 to 3.5 km across the Teton fault is suggested by inverse ray-tracing and forward gravity models. These models also suggest that Laramide age structures have been offset across the Teton fault and obscure its geophysical signature but also continue to influence the structural and topographic expression of the footwall and hanging wall blocks. Paleomagnetic analyses of the ∼2.0 Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff suggest that the overall westward tilt of the Teton Range is a result of about 10° of west side down tilt across the Teton fault since tuff emplacement. This suggests that much if not all of the throw across the Teton fault has accumulated in the past 2 m.y. Complex demagnetization and rock magnetic behavior and local emplacement of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff on preexisting topography preclude determination of the amount or variations in throw along strike of the Teton fault from the paleomagnetic data.
Drivers of abrupt Holocene shifts in West Antarctic ice stream direction determined from combined ice sheet modelling and geologic signatures

Abstract Determining the millennial-scale behaviour of marine-based sectors of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is critical to improve predictions of the future contribution of Antarctica to sea level rise. Here high-resolution ice sheet modelling was combined with new terrestrial geological constraints (in situ 14C and 10Be analysis) to reconstruct the evolution of two major ice streams entering the Weddell Sea over 20 000 years. The results demonstrate how marked differences in ice flux at the marine margin of the expanded Antarctic ice sheet led to a major reorganization of ice streams in the Weddell Sea during the last deglaciation, resulting in the eastward migration of the Institute Ice Stream, triggering a significant regional change in ice sheet mass balance during the early to mid Holocene. The findings highlight how spatial variability in ice flow can cause marked changes in the pattern, flux and flow direction of ice streams on millennial timescales in this marine ice sheet setting. Given that this sector of the WAIS is assumed to be sensitive to ocean-forced instability and may be influenced by predicted twenty-first century ocean warming, our ability to model and predict abrupt and extensive ice stream diversions is key to a realistic assessment of future ice sheet sensitivity.
Particle Density of Aspen, Spruce, and Pine Forest Floors in Alberta, Canada

Soil particle density (ρ s ), the ratio of the mass of soil solids to the volume of solids, is used to derive such properties as soil porosity and heat capacity, which are critical to understanding and modeling water, energy, and nutrient fluxes through forested landscapes. Values of forest floor p, and organic matter particle density (ρ o ) vary widely in the literature, so it is difficult to know which values are appropriate under different circumstances. We measured ρ s , ρ o , bulk density (ρ b ), loss-on-ignition (LOI), and total C for a range of forest types in northern Alberta, Canada. Although samples were obtained from a diverse range of forest types, our measured values of forest floor ρ s (1.52-1.60 Mg m - 3 ) and calculated values of p,, (1.41-1.44 Mg m ') showed no statistically significant differences among stand types. The measured values of ρ s and ρ o were greater than many values in the literature, potentially due to differences in measurement methods. Measurements of p, should be performed across a range of forest floor and organic soil types to refine our understanding of the variation in this fundamental soil property.
A model of volcanic magma transport by fracturing stress mechanisms

Understanding the mechanisms of magma ascent preceding eruptions, and in particular the subvolcanic system that stores and transports magma to the surface, is of crucial relevance for hazard and risk assessment. We propose here a statistical model describing the rise of magma from the reservoir through the transport region via stress induced fracturing mechanisms of the medium. The model reproduces the general statistical properties of erupted volume, P(V), and inter‐eruption time, P(t), found in catalogue data for closed conduit volcanoes. We also investigate conditional distribution (e.g., the probability, P(V∣t), to have a volume, V, erupted after a waiting time, t), which can have important practical implications.
Methyleugenol Has an Antidepressant Effect in a Neuroendocrine Model: In Silico and In Vivo Evidence

Major depressive disorder is a severe mood disorder characterized by different emotions and feelings. This study investigated the antidepressant activity of the phenylpropanoid methyleugenol (ME) in adult female mice exposed to a stress model induced by dexamethasone. The animals were randomly divided into groups containing eight animals and were pre-administered with dexamethasone (64 μg/kg subcutaneously). After 165 and 180 min, they were treated with ME (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or imipramine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) after 45 min and 30 min, respectively; they were then submitted to tests which were filmed. The videos were analyzed blindly. In the tail suspension test, ME (50 mg/kg) increased latency and reduced immobility time. In the splash test, ME (50 mg/kg) decreased grooming latency and increased grooming time. In the open field, there was no statistical difference for the ME groups regarding the number of crosses, and ME (50 mg/kg) increased the number of rearing and time spent in the center. Regarding in silico studies, ME interacted with dopaminergic D1 and α1 adrenergic pathway receptors and with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor. In the in vivo evaluation of the pathways of action, the antidepressant potential of ME (50 mg/kg) was reversed by SCH23390 (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) dopaminergic D1 receptor, Prazosin (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) α1 adrenergic receptor, and PCPA (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally) tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor. Our findings indicate that ME did not alter with the locomotor activity of the animals and shows antidepressant activity in female mice with the participation of the D1, α1 and serotonergic systems.
Characterizing the Gut Microbial Communities of Native and Invasive Freshwater Bivalves after Long-Term Sample Preservation

Freshwater mussels are important indicators of the overall health of their environment but have suffered declines that have been attributed to factors such as habitat degradation, a loss of fish hosts, climate change, and excessive nutrient inputs. The loss of mussel biodiversity can negatively impact freshwater ecosystems such that understanding the mussel’s gut microbiome has been identified as a priority topic for developing conservation strategies. In this study, we determine whether ethanol-stored specimens of freshwater mussels can yield representative information about their gut microbiomes such that changes in the microbiome through time could potentially be determined from museum mussel collections. A short-term preservation experiment using the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea was used to validate the use of ethanol as a method for storing the bivalve microbiome, and the gut microbiomes of nine native mussel species that had been preserved in ethanol for between 2 and 9 years were assessed. We show that ethanol preservation is a valid storage method for bivalve specimens in terms of maintaining an effective sequencing depth and the richness of their gut bacterial assemblages and provide further insight into the gut microbiomes of the invasive clam C. fluminea and nine species of native mussels. From this, we identify a “core” genus of bacteria (Romboutsia) that is potentially common to all freshwater bivalve species studied. These findings support the potential use of ethanol-preserved museum specimens to examine patterns in the gut microbiomes of freshwater mussels over long periods.
Modeling of the Sedimentary Interbedded Basalt Stratigraphy for the Idaho National Laboratory Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis

This report summarizes how the effects of the sedimentary interbedded basalt stratigraphy were modeled in the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Drill holes indicate the bedrock beneath INL facilities is composed of about 1.1 km of alternating layers of basalt rock and loosely consolidated sediments. Alternating layers of hard rock and “soft” loose sediments tend to attenuate seismic energy greater than uniform rock due to scattering and damping. The INL PSHA incorporated the effects of the sedimentary interbedded basalt stratigraphy by developing site-specific shear (S) wave velocity profiles. The profiles were used in the PSHA to model the near-surface site response by developing site-specific stochastic attenuation relationships.
Non-Invasive Multi-view 3D Dynamic Model Extraction

A non-invasive system is presented which is capable of extracting and describing the three-dimensional nature of human gait thereby extending the potential use of gait as a biometric. Of current three-dimensional systems, those using multiple views appear to be the most suitable. Reformulating the three-dimensional anal- ysis algorithm known as Volume Intersection as an evidence gathering process for abstract scene reconstruction provides a new way to overcome concavities and to handle noise and occlusion. After analysis of the standard voxel-based three-dimensional representation, a new data representation called 2.75D is suggested which allows the scene to be analysed at the most appropriate resolution, avoiding further discretisation. With a sequence of three-dimensional frames, another evidence gathering algo- rithm is applied to extract and describe the motion of moving objects. No current techniques have exploited the sequence as a whole during such an operation and in this thesis, a method to incorporate successive frames, and therefore time, as an additional dimension to the extraction process is described. Results on synthetic and real images show that the techniques do indeed process a multi-view image sequence to derive the parameters of interest, thereby provid- ing a suitable basis for future development as a marker-less three-dimensional gait analysis system. In particular, the parameters of a ball moving under the in uence of gravity are extracted with accuracy from a 3D scene. Also, a walking human is extracted and overlaying the result onto the original images conrms that the correct extraction has been made; the result is also supported by medical studies.
Bioavailability of metals in Australian biosolids.

The presence of metal contaminants in biosolids is one of the key factors restricting their use in agriculture. Moreover, the regulation of such activities is complicated by an incomplete understanding of the likelihood of long4term changes in metal bioavailability occurring following land application. This study seeks to address this knowledge gap by subjecting a wide range of Australian sewage sludge samples to a combination of standard chemical characterisation methods, isotopic dilution lability assessment, and advanced spectroscopic analyses. Key results and differences between these samples will be presented, providing insight into the variation in concentration and bioavailability of major metal contaminants in Australian biosolids. Discussion will focus on the role of key sorbent phases and mechanistic factors as identified through spectroscopic interrogation.
Pathways from maternal depression to child resilience: Socioeconomic, family, and individual factors in the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort

Abstract Background The negative impacts of maternal depression on child mental health outcomes are well‐documented. However, some children show adaptive functioning following exposure to maternal depression, demonstrating resilience. In a large birth cohort from Brazil, a middle‐income country, we examined direct and indirect pathways, considering socioeconomic, family, and individual factors, contributing to the development of resilience. Methods Using data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort (N = 4231), we restricted the sample to those exposed to maternal depression up to age 6 years (depression present at ≥2 out of 5 assessment waves; n = 1132; 50% boys). Resilience was defined as scoring below or equal to the mean of the unexposed group on all four problem subscales of the parent‐report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 11 years. We examined pathways from socioeconomic status (SES; measured at birth) to resilience via cognitive stimulation (CS) (at 24 and 48 months) and Intelligence quotient (IQ) (at 6 years), and from CS to resilience via IQ, using counterfactual mediation. Results A minority of children exposed to maternal depression showed resilience (12.4%). There was evidence of indirect pathways from SES to resilience via CS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–3.38) and IQ (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.42), such that higher SES was associated with resilience via both higher levels of CS and higher IQ, which, in turn, were each positively associated with resilience. Furthermore, there was evidence of a direct (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.01–3.76) and total effect (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.05–3.89) of CS on resilience, even after controlling for SES. However, these effects varied depending on how persistent and severe depression was defined. Conclusions These findings suggest that CS in early childhood may represent a modifiable protective factor for children exposed to maternal depression and a promising intervention target to promote child resilience in the context of maternal depression exposure.
The Factor of Fatigue in Rock Exfoliation

By analogy with the behavior of crystalline aggregates of the metals, rocks might be expected to fail by fatigue under repeated applications of stress much below the strength as measured in ordinary laboratory tests. To determine whether the temperature stresses set up in a rock by insolation are sufficiently great to cause failure by fatigue, an experiment has been performed in which a coarse-grained granite has been subject to temperature differences of 110° C. for a period corresponding to 244 years of natural insolation. Photomicrographs show no change in the rock.
Exploration Potential and Variations in Shelf Plume Sandstones, Navarro Group (Maestrichtian), East-Central Texas: ABSTRACT

Fine-grained marine sandstones within the Kemp Clay of the Navarro Group (Maestrichtian) of east-central Texas were deposited on a muddy, shallow shelf by migrating sandbars. These sands were transported in traction from deltaic headlands by seaward-deflected coastal/shelf currents. The sand formed thin (3-20 ft; 1-6 m) arcuate belts (shelf sand plumes) which were 17-20 mi (27-32 km) wide and extended 27-30 mi (43-48 km) downdrift and 21-40 mi (34-64 km) onto the shelf. Orientation of the long axes of ridges, formed by the stacking of individual bars within the shelf sand plume, changes (from dip to strike-oriented downdrift) corresponding to the flow directions of the shelf currents. Southwestward, fair-weather reworking of these delta-supplied sands by shelf currents resulted in the down-current stratigraphic climbing of the migrating shelf-bar complexes. Onshore stratigraphic climbing in the landward parts of the plume complexes was related to storm activity. Current patterns and the resulting distribution of sand were influenced by the configuration of the shelf and the topographic relief inherited from previously deposited deltaic/shelf depositional platforms. Three variations of the basic shelf sandstone-plume model were recognized in the study area: (1) a rapidly deposited, immature plume, (2) an abandoned, current-reworked plume, and (3) a storm-modified, onshore-reworked plume. Each of these variants displays unique characteristics which influence their potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 515------------