Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aging White-Tailed Deer by Annuli in the Cementum of the First Incisor

Histological preparations of the primary incisors of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) revealed the presence of layers in the cementum corresponding to yearly growth. The method was confirmed by using known-age material from Michigan. Since regional variation and inconsistency have been shown to occur in the use of the tooth-wear method of aging the white-tailed deer (Ryel et al. 1961, Gilbert 1964), it is necessary that another more general and more accurate criterion be found. Recent progress on studies of the annual increment in body structures of many species of mammals suggested the approach used in this study. Annual rings in either the dentine or cementum have been described for other big game species: for moose (Alces alces) by Sergeant and Pimlott (1959), for caribou (Rangifer tarandus) by McEwan (1963), for the mule deer (Odocoileus hemonius) by Low and Cowan (1963), and for the white-tailed deer by Ransom (1966). Known-age material in this study was made available through the Michigan Department of Conservation; the cooperation of Dr. L. Fay and L. Verme is much appreciated. I am grateful to Dr. D. Dodds and the Biology staff at Acadia University, who directed the study through its early stages, and to A. T. Cringan and Dr. S. Dixon of the Zoology Department of the University of Guelph, who supplied the needed facilities for the completion of the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS When the teeth from wild specimens of white-tailed deer were ground, examination indicated the presence of annuli in both the dentine and cementum of the incisiform and molariform teeth. Owing to the greater ease of removing and decalcifying the primary incisor (Ii), this tooth was used for the perfection of a histological technique. McEwan's (1963:111-112) procedure formed the basis of this technique, and it was finally refined to the following: (1) decalcification of the incisor in 30 percent formic acid for 96 hours (or longer if necessary), (2) immersion in Cellusolve for 24 hours, (3) three paraffin (melting point, 54-56 C) baths of 3, 2, and 2 hours each, (4) longitudinal sectioning of the tooth at a thickness of 10 microns by means of a microtome, (5) standard staining technique using Delafield's hematoxylin with a maximum staining time of /2 hour. Microscopic examination of sections mounted in balsam by means of transmitted light proved entirely satisfactory. The technique was then tested for veracity against a sample of known-age whitetailed deer teeth (1%/-11 years) from MichiTable 1. Data on 10 known-age deer specimens from Michigan from whose primary incisors the aging technique was confirmed. LIVING DATE AGE AT CONDISEX OF DEATH TIONS DEATH (IN YEARS) Experimental F 4/19/58 1% Experimental F 10/31/60 2? Experimental F 3/16/60 5% Natural F 3/23/60 6% Experimental M 12/ 6/63 7? Natural F 2/23/60 8% Natural F 11/16/59 91/2 Natural F 4/12/53 11 Natural F 1/ 4/65 3% Natural M 10/29/63 4?
How much to copy from others? The role of partial copying in social learning

One of the major ways that people engage in adaptive problem solving is by copying the solutions of others. Most of the work on this ﬁeld has focused on three questions: when to copy, who to copy from, and what to copy. However, how much to copy has been relatively less explored. In the current research, we are interested in the consequences for a group when its members engage in social learning strategies with different tendencies to copy entire or partial solutions and different complexities of search problems. We also consider different network topologies that affect the solutions visible to each member. Using a computational model of collective problem solving, we demonstrate that strategies where social learning involves partial copying outperform strategies where individuals copy entire solutions. We analyze the exploration/exploitation dynamics of these social learning strategies under the different conditions.
Epidemiological risk factor analysis in goats and sheep naturally infected with Peste des petits ruminants virus

Present investigation was aimed to study detail epidemiological risk factors associated with Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Odisha. There were fourteen outbreaks consistent to that of PPR disease among 361 small ruminants across eight districts of the state of different agro-climatic zones was attended. Presumptive diagnosis of PPR was mostly based on typical clinical signs and pathomorphological changes as well as histological alterations in affected animals. Data recorded analyzed statistically by SAS software through Chi-Square analysis to see their significance in occurrence of the PPR. Over all morbidity, mortality and case fatality was 89.47%, 46.81% and 5.32% respectively. Higher occurrence of PPR encountered in females (80.49%), among 6-12 months age group (46.13%), Ganjam breed (45.51%), animals with poor body conditions (54.48%) and in summer season (50%). Grazing pattern, farmer’s literacy and vaccination status showed non-significant association in incidences of PPR disease. Endoparasitic infestations (67.49%) considered as one of the major stress factor predisposing the disease. Assessment of epidemiological measures may be helpful in formulating appropriate steps to minimize various determinants causing the disease.
Investigation of collisional losses and decoherence in a 1-D optical lattice clock with 88Sr

The effects of inelastic collisions, decoherence and density dependent frequency shift in a 1-D Sr optical lattice clock were investigated in this work. To study these effects, the Sr atoms were first cooled down to ultra-cold temperatures and were loaded into the optical lattice operated at “magic” wavelength. The forbidden S0→P0 clock transition was enabled by applying a static homogeneous magnetic field that admixes the P1 state to the P0 state and excited with a narrow linewidth laser. Different laser sources required for this study were setup during this thesis work. By observing the inelastic losses in a pure sample of P0 atoms and in a mixture of S0 and P0 atoms, the loss-rate coefficients and the corresponding inelastic scattering lengths were determined. This study showed that the loss rate due to P0+ P0 collisions is an order of magnitude higher compared to the loss rate due to S0+ P0 collisions. The investigation of collisional broadening and damping of Rabi oscillations showed that a dephasing mechanism in Sr proportional to the number of ground state atoms is present. A master equation to describe the excitation dynamics was formulated. The frequency shift due to collisions was measured using an interleaved stabilization scheme. At low atom number, this density shift was described using mean field approach. The effect of non-linear drifts of the clock laser reference cavity on the performance of the locking to the clock transition was determined. It was shown that this effect does not limit the uncertainty of our measurement at 10−16 level. Based on the investigation carried on in this work, an uncertainty budget and a guideline for the design of a 1Doptical lattice clock with bosonic Sr, which shows no degradation due to collisions at the level of 10−16 was developed.
The Haldane-Shastry model of spin chains

where ci,s, c † i,s are fermionic creation and annihilation operators at the site i and spin s = + (up), s = − (down). The parameter t is the hopping amplitude and U > 0 is the on-site Coulomb repulsion. This model was solved exactly in 1D by Lieb and Wu, using the Bethe ansatz. The elementary excitations were shown to consist of exotic objects called spinons which carry the spin degrees of freedom and holons which carry the charge degrees of freedom. Hence the elementary excitations are not quasiparticles, that is renormalized electrons with an effective mass meff , charge −e and spin 1/2 as described by the Landau Liquid Theory. In 1D the electron breaks into
Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors

Background and Aim: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are malignant neoplasms that are common in dogs. Their biological behavior is variable and unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the histological classification and expression of markers of canine MCTs. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples of canine MCTs were graded according to the histological classification methods of Patnaik and those of Kiupel. The expression of phosphoprotein 53 (p53) and c-kit proteins was quantified by immunohistochemistry using image processing software, ImageJ - a public domain computer program, developed at the National Institutes of Health. Results: It was possible to determine the grade of 100% of the samples. According to Patnaik’s classification, 20.00% of the samples were Grade 1, 43.30% were Grade 2, and 36.70% were Grade 3. According to Kiupel’s classification, 56.67% of the samples were of high intensity and 43.33% were of low intensity. Grade 1 tumors had the highest expression of p53 and c-kit, and Grade 2 had the lowest expression. The results showed that it is necessary to perform both histological grading methods. The classification into high and low intensity may provide more consistent results than the three-level grading system. However, a smaller number of categories, although it facilitates the classification, may not be sufficient for the prognosis. Conclusion: Quantitative evaluation of p-53 and c-kit expression is a useful tool to increase the accuracy of the analysis and to aid in choosing the treatment method for canine MCTs. Histological grading should be combined with other diagnostic methods.
An Investigation of the Effects of Digital Social Responsibility on Corporate Image, eWOM, and Brand Loyalty during the COVID-19 Social Distancing Phenomenon

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has become a global pandemic and has resulted in changes to peoples’ daily behaviours and habits. Social distancing and working from home are methods recommend by public health officials to slow the spread of a disease that is being passed from person to person. Moreover, the use of curfews is one of the policy directions being taken by several nations to cope with COVID-19. As a result of social distancing, working from home, and enforced curfews, people mainly stay at home and spend a vast amount of their time online. During this period, digital social responsibility (DSR) initiatives were used by many firms to represent their sympathy to the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of DSR on corporate image (CI), electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), and brand loyalty (BL) during the COVID-19 social distancing situation in Thailand. The data was collected from a study population of 139 respondents via an online questionnaire method. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data. The results showed that DSR has a significant positive effect on corporate image, eWOM, and brand loyalty. The mediation analysis also revealed that corporate image, and eWOM partially mediated the relationship between DSR, and brand loyalty.
Multidimensional Measures of Economic Insecurity in Spain: The Role of Aggregation and Weighting Methods

Economic insecurity is a relevant dimension of well-being. The limited availability of subjective expectations’ surveys makes multidimensional insecurity indices based on living conditions surveys a valuable alternative. We study differences in synthetic indicators of insecurity for Spain using different methods to aggregate and weigh dimensions. We show that its evolution and distribution is robust to the aggregation procedure, even though levels do differ. All procedures present strengths and weaknesses but the counting approach has a direct economic interpretation and can better capture insecurity in the middle classes. Other aggregation methods are less transparent and give more relevance to extreme situations.
Trace minerals and its role on reproductive performance of farm animals

Reproduction is the important productive parameter which affects the profitability of dairy industry. Micro minerals play an important role in animal’s reproductive physiology and its imbalance causes various problems leading to lowered reproductive efficiency. Therefore, adequate trace minerals supplementation and its absorption are required for various metabolic functions including reproduction and growth. Often correcting an imbalance in mineral levels may improve the reproductive performance, fertility and health of the animals. This article generally focused on the effect of various trace minerals on reproductive efficiency of farm animals.
Emissions of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) from Europe

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a long-lived radiatively-active compound able to destroy stratospheric ozone. Due to its inclusion in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the last two decades have seen a sharp decrease in its large scale emissive use with a consequent decline of its atmospheric mole fractions. However, the Montreal Protocol restrictions do not apply to the use of carbon tetrachloride as feedstock for the production of other chemicals, 20 implying the risk of fugitive emissions from the industry sector. The occurrence of such unintended emissions is suggested by a significant discrepancy between global emissions as derived by reported production and feedstock usage (bottom-up emissions), and those based on atmospheric observations (top-down emissions). In order to better constrain the atmospheric budget of carbon tetrachloride, several studies based on a combination of atmospheric observations and inverse 25 modelling have been conducted in recent years in various regions of the world. This study is focused on the European scale and based on long-term high-frequency observations at three European sites, combined with a Bayesian inversion methodology. We estimated that average European emissions for 2006 2014 were 2.2 (± 0.8) Gg yr, with an average decreasing trend of 6.9 % per year. Our analysis identified France as the main source of emissions over the whole study 30 period, with an average contribution to total European emissions of approximately 26%. The inversion was also able to allow the localisation of emission “hot-spots” in the domain, with major source areas in Southern France, Central England (UK) and BE-NE-LUX (Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg), where most of industrial scale production of basic organic chemicals
A Generative Approach for Scheduling Multi-Robot Cooperative 3D Printing

Cooperative 3D printing (C3DP) is a novel approach to additive manufacturing, where multiple printhead-carrying mobile robots work cooperatively to print the desired part. The core of C3DP is the chunk-based printing strategy in which the desired part is first split into smaller chunks, and then the chunks are assigned to individual robots to print and bond. These robots will work simultaneously in a scheduled sequence to print the entire part. Although promising, C3DP lacks a generative approach that enables automatic chunking and scheduling. In this study, we aim to develop a generative approach that can automatically generate different print schedules for a chunked object by exploring a larger solution space that is often beyond the capability of human cognition. The generative approach contains 1) a random generator of diverse print schedules based on an adjacency matrix that represents a directed dependency tree structure of chunks; 2) a set of geometric constraints against which the randomly generated schedules will be checked for validation; and 3) a printing time evaluator for comparing the performance of all valid schedules. We demonstrate the efficacy of the generative approach using two case studies: a large simple rectangular bar and a miniature folding SUV with more complicated geometry. This study demonstrates that the generative approach can generate a large number of different print schedules for collision-free C3DP which cannot be explored solely using human heuristics. This generative approach lays the foundation of building the optimization approach of C3DP scheduling.
Seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in the Arabian Gulf region

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. There were more efforts to control brucellosis in all countries. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in some areas in the Arabian Gulf. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed 8500 sera from non-vaccinated sheep and goats. Animals included 6441 sheep (3420 from farms and 3021 from quarantine) and 2059 goats (1580 from farms and 479 from quarantine). Sera were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) test. Final confirmation analyzed blood samples from confirmed infected animals (n=30, 23 sheep and seven goats) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture. Results: The serological examination showed that 62/8500 of animals (0.729%, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.57-0.94) were seropositive for brucellosis. Thirteen of 5000 (0.26%, CI 95% 0.15-0.45) and 49/3500 (1.4%, CI 95% 1.1-1.8) of animals from farms and quarantine were seropositive, respectively. Out of the 6441, 46 (0.71%) sheep and 16/2059 (0.78%) goats were seropositive. i-ELISA confirmed 41/62 RBPT-positive animals – 41/8500 (0.482%, CI 95% 0.36-0.65). Eight of 5000 of these animals (0.16%, CI 95% 0.08-0.32) and 33/3500 (0.94%, CI 95% 0.67-1.3) were confirmed positive in farms and quarantine, respectively. Thirty of 6441 (0.466%) and 11/2059 (0.534%) cases were positive in sheep and goats, respectively. PCR confirmed 18 of 41 positive animals (0.212% of all sera, CI 95% 0.13-0.34) identified by both RBPT and i-ELISA. Three of 5000 (0.06%, CI 95% 0.019-0.19) and 15/3500 (0.429%, CI 95% 0.26-0.71) from farms and quarantine were confirmed positive. Tissue samples (uterine, supra-mammary, testicular, and accessory glands lymph node) were collected from positive animals, as detected by RBPT and i-ELISA, at culling or slaughtering. Using in vitro culture, 14/30 were confirmed positive – 3/7 from farms (two sheep and one goat) and 11/23 from quarantine (nine sheep and two goats). Biovar 1 was dominant. PCR confirmed 23/30 tissue samples, 4/7 from farms (three sheep and one goat), and 19/23 from quarantine (15 sheep and four goats). Conclusion: The overall brucellosis rate in sheep and goats is 0.48%, with fewer animals from farms testing positive (0.16%) in this area of the Arabian Gulf. The infection appears to be well controlled, and continuous effort is still needed to maintain control and completely eradicate brucellosis. Additional support is needed for testing and slaughterhouse monitoring. In quarantine (imported animals), brucellosis infection in the slaughterhouse (0.94%) could pose a risk for transmission and spread of infection. The effort is needed to monitor this threat, and PCR is a sensitive and time-saving test for brucellosis diagnosis. All 14 confirmed positive samples were Biovar 1 dominant.
Adversarial Perturbation Attacks on ML-based CAD

There is substantial interest in the use of machine learning (ML)-based techniques throughout the electronic computer-aided design (CAD) flow, particularly those based on deep learning. However, while deep learning methods have surpassed state-of-the-art performance in several applications, they have exhibited intrinsic susceptibility to adversarial perturbations—small but deliberate alterations to the input of a neural network, precipitating incorrect predictions. In this article, we seek to investigate whether adversarial perturbations pose risks to ML-based CAD tools, and if so, how these risks can be mitigated. To this end, we use a motivating case study of lithographic hotspot detection, for which convolutional neural networks (CNN) have shown great promise. In this context, we show the first adversarial perturbation attacks on state-of-the-art CNN-based hotspot detectors; specifically, we show that small (on average 0.5% modified area), functionality preserving, and design-constraint-satisfying changes to a layout can nonetheless trick a CNN-based hotspot detector into predicting the modified layout as hotspot free (with up to 99.7% success in finding perturbations that flip a detector’s output prediction, based on a given set of attack constraints). We propose an adversarial retraining strategy to improve the robustness of CNN-based hotspot detection and show that this strategy significantly improves robustness (by a factor of ~3) against adversarial attacks without compromising classification accuracy.
Response and revisions for the manuscript “ A probabilistic assessment of calcium carbonate export and dissolution in the modern ocean ”

The marine cycle of calcium carbonate (CaCO3CaCO3) is an important element of the carbon cycle and co-governs the distribution of carbon and alkalinity within the ocean. However, CaCO3 CaCO3 export fluxes and mechanisms governing CaCO3 CaCO3 dissolution are highly uncertain. We present an observationally-constrained, probabilistic assessment of the global and regional CaCO3 CaCO3 budgets. Parameters governing pelagic CaCO3 CaCO3 export fluxes and 5 dissolution rates are sampled using a :::::: Monte ::::: Carlo : Latin-Hypercube scheme to construct a 1000 member ensemble with the Bern3D ocean model. Ensemble results are constrained by comparing simulated and observation-based fields of excess dissolved calcium carbonate (TA∗). The minerals calcite and aragonite are modelled explicitly and ocean–sediment fluxes are considered. For local dissolution rates either a strong :: or : a ::::: weak :::::::::: dependency ::: on : CaCO3 , a weak or no dependency 10 on CaCO3 saturation is assumed. :: In:::::::: addition,::::: there :: is ::: the:::::: option:: to::::: have ::::::::::::::::::: saturation-independent ::::::::: dissolution ::::: above ::: the ::::::::: saturation ::::::: horizon. :::: The ::::::: median :::: (and : Median (68 % confidence interval) :: of global CaCO3 export in the constrained model ensemble :: for:::::: global::::::: biogenic:CaCO3 ::::: export:: is :::: 0.90 ::::::::: (0.72–1.05is 0.82 (0.67–0.98) :::: Gt-C : GtPICyr−1, ::: that : is : within the lower half of previously published estimates (0.4–1.8 :::: Gt-C : GtPICyr−1). The spatial pattern of CaCO3 CaCO3 export is broadly con15 sistent with earlier assessments. Export is large in the Southern Ocean, the tropical Indo–Pacific, the northern Pacific and relatively small in the Atlantic. ::: The : Dissolution within the 200 to 1500m depth range (0.33; 0.26–0.40GtPICyr−1) is substantially lower than inferred from the TA∗-CFC age method (1± 0.5GtPICyr−1). The latter estimate is likely biased high as the TA∗-CFC method neglects transport. The constrained results are robust across a range of diapycnal mixing coeffi20 cients and, thus, ocean circulation strengths. Modelled ocean circulation and transport time scales for the different setups were further evaluated with CFC11 and radiocarbon observations. Parameters and mechanisms governing dissolution are hardly constrained by either the TA∗ data or the current compilation of CaCO3 CaCO3 flux measurements such that model realisations with and without saturation-dependent dissolution achieve skill. We suggest to apply saturation-independent 25 dissolution rates in Earth System Models to minimise computational costs.