Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Oligocene–early Miocene olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) as tectono-stratigraphic constraints to the geodynamic evolution of the exhumed Ligurian accretionary complex (Northern Apennines, NW Italy)

In the Northern Apennines of Italy, mud-rich olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) occur at different stratigraphic levels within the late Oligocene–early Miocene sedimentary record of episutural/wedge-top basins. They are widely distributed along the exhumed outer part of the Ligurian accretionary complex, atop the outer Apenninic prowedge, over an area about 300 km long and 10–15 km wide. Olistostromes represent excellent examples of ancient submarine mass-transport complexes (MTCs), consisting of stacked cohesive debris flows that can be directly compared to some of those observed in modern accretionary wedges. We describe the internal arrangement of olistostrome occurrences in the sector between Voghera and the Monferrato area, analysing their relationships with mesoscale liquefaction features, which are commonly difficult to observe in modern MTCs. Slope failures occurred in isolated sectors along the wedge front, where out-of-sequence thrusting, seismicity, and different pulses of overpressured tectonically induced fluid flows acted concomitantly. Referring to the Northern Apennines regional geology, we also point out a gradual lateral rejuvenation (from late Oligocene to early Miocene) toward the SE and an increasing size and thickness of the olistostromes along the strike of the frontal Apenninic prowedge. This suggests that morphological reshaping of the outer prowedge via mass-transport processes balanced, with different pulses over a short time span, the southeastward migration and segmentation of accretionary processes. The latter were probably favoured by the occurrence in the northwestern part of the Northern Apennines of major, inherited palaeogeographic features controlling the northward propagation of the prowedge. Detailed knowledge of olistostromes, as ancient examples of MTCs related to syn-sedimentary tectonics and shale diapirism, and of their lateral variations in term of age and size, provides useful information in regard to better understanding of both the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Apenninic prowedge and the submarine slope failures in modern accretionary wedges.
Returns to Tenure or Seniority? *

This study documents two empirical facts using matched employer-employee data for Denmark and Portugal. First, workers who are hired last, are the first to leave the firm. Second, workers' wages rise with seniority (= a worker's tenure relative to the tenure of her colleagues). The identification problems for the wage return to tenure are shown not to apply to the return to seniority because seniority is not a deterministic function of time. Controlling for tenure, the probability of leaving the firm decreases with seniority. The increase in expected seniority with tenure explains a large part of the negative duration dependence of the hazard. Using a variety of estimation methods, we show that a 10% increase in seniority raises your wage by 0.1-0.2%, depending on the country and the method applied. Conditional on ten years of tenure, one standard deviation of seniority raises your wage by 0.5 to 1.6 percent.
Zones of progressive regional metamorphism in the Willyama complex, broken hill district, New South Wales

Abstract Descriptions are given of basic, pelitic and granitic rocks belonging to the Willyama Complex which were recrystallized during its initial metamorphism, the Willyama Metamorphism. With progressive increase in metamorphic grade from north‐west to south‐east, rocks of basaltic composition change from amphibolites containing blue‐green hornblende (Zone A), to varieties with brown‐green hornblende (Zone B), then to hornblende‐two pyroxene gneisses (Zone C). Pelites pass from sillimanite‐bearing muscovite‐biotite schists into orthoclase‐bearing sillimanite‐garnet‐cordierite gneisses, while in granitic gneisses the predominant potassium feldspar changes from microcline to orthoclase. Fourteen new rock analyses and twelve rock compositions calculated from modes and mineral analyses are presented. The results of experimental studies of mineral breakdown reactions, including new data from two preliminary experiments, permit an estimation of physical conditions during metamorphism. Temperatures in the rang.
A logit model for predicting wetland location using ASTER and GIS

Data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were used to develop a logistic regression model to predict the location of wetlands in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. We used the first five bands from two ASTER scenes (spanning 0.52–2.18 µm) covering the same area, acquired 6 March 2005 and 16 October 2005. March Band 3 contributed the most in discriminating wetlands over the other ASTER bands (marginal effect = 7.277), and it predicted the location of 60% of the total wetlands. We used a canonical discriminant analysis to test the significance of GIS variables in separating wetlands from uplands. Soil Survey Geographic Database soil data had the highest correlation with the first canonical component (0.876), followed by March Band 3 (−0.803), and the National Hydrography Dataset water (0.725). We included GIS data layers into the logit model. The resulting model predicted the location of over 78% of total wetlands, highlighting the potential of models incorporating ASTER data for speeding the wetland mapping process, lowering costs of map production, and improving wetland mapping accuracy.
Area-average rainfall and lightning activity

The aim of the paper is to discuss the statistical relations between the average rainfall parameters for an ensemble of convective cells and the mean lightning occurrence inside this area. The study is based on a data set gathered in France using C and S band radars and two different lightning detection networks. One of them is used to measure L, the cloud to ground flash number. The other one is used to measure Sa, the total cloud to ground and intracloud flash number. The rainfall parameters are 〈R〉 and F(τ), the mean areal rain rate and the fractional rainfall area above a threshold τ, respectively. The results demonstrate that for a single event (i.e., on the spatiotemporal scale of a rain system), significant correlations (1) between the average rainfall parameters, (2) between L and Sa, and (3) between the lightning and the average rainfall parameters are observed. As expected, the correlation between 〈R〉 and F(τ) (1) is very tight for the individual cases as well as for the cluster of the data. The correlations between L and Sa and between the lightning and the average rainfall parameters (i.e., 2 and 3) can be tight in convectively and electrically very active systems (the correlation coefficient between L and F(τ) reaches 0.96). Yet, the parameters of the relations change from one case to another. So, when considered on a climatological scale (i.e., all the data for a season processed together), the 2 and 3 types of correlation diminish or even vanish. However, it is suggested that for homogeneous climatological conditions associated with very active convective clouds, such as, for example, the conditions observed in some tropical areas, and for a homogeneous regime of convection, a tight relation with stable parameters could be expected.
Variability of core layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water

A time series of the core layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific subtropical mode water for the 40‐year period from 1957 to 1996 is constructed using all available temperature profiles archived in World Ocean Database 1998. CLT is defined as the temperature of the layer having the minimum vertical temperature gradient at a single profile, with temperature ranging from 15 to 19°C. Annual mean CLT is calculated using all CLT data taken from May to December for four 5° × 10° (lat. × Ion.) regions from 30° to 35°N and from 140°E to 180°. The CLT time series shows decadal to interdecadal variation, as well as interannual variation. This time series correlates very well with that of wintertime (February and March) sea surface temperature in the same region. Relationships are investigated among several atmospheric circulation indices, the Kuroshio transport, and CLT. As a result, it is suggested that CLT might be crucially influenced by the Kuroshio transport in a time frame longer than ten years, and by the wintertime East Asian Monsoon in shorter time frames.
Global mode of Pi2 waves in the equatorial region ― Difference of Pi2 mode between high and equatorial latitudes

Fluxgate magnetometers with accurate timing data logger were set up at two equatorial stations (Garoua/Maroua and Huancayo), and also at a middle latitude station (Kuju). The phase of Pi2 waves is compared among these stations. It is found that1) Pi2 pulsations in low and equatorial latitudes are linearly polarized approximately along the magnetic meridian, 2) phase difference of the H component of Pi2 waves at different stations is much less than 1/10 of the pulsation period despite a large longitudinal separation (-90°) of the stations, showing the so-called azimuthal wave number, m, to be much less than unity and3) phase difference of the D component at different stations is variable.
Development and initial application of the sesquiversion of MADRID

[1] Organic aerosol (OA) models are typically formulated on the basis of empirical parameters or from first principles based on molecular constituents and properties. The overarching theme of sesqui-MADRID is the representation of primary and secondary organic aerosol constituents using surrogate molecular structures. Empirical partitioning characteristics guide the selection of surrogate secondary OA (SOA). Semivolatile primary OA (POA) are represented by selective compounds of key source types. The assignment of surrogate structures allows the use of group contribution methods for the calculation of thermodynamic properties such as activity coefficients, vapor pressures, and enthalpies of vaporization. A new activity coefficient model represents the interactions among POA, SOA, and water. The inclusion of water increases the total OA concentration by increasing the absorbing medium. If activity coefficients are assumed to be unity, OA increases substantially. Treatment of nonideality is essential in OA modules. When thermodynamically favorable, two phases with different hydrophobicity are modeled. Phase separation of OA is more common when water is considered as part of the absorbing medium than when it is not. Phase separation results in a small increase in total OA, because hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds can exist in two liquid phases rather than repel each other in a single phase. Allowing POA to evaporate reduces the fraction of POA relative to SOA. The decrease can lead to a less than proportional decrease (or an increase) in total OA due to changes in composition, activity coefficients, and partitioning of individual constituents. A three-dimensional demonstration of sesqui-MADRID for a typical summer day shows an overall increase in OA in the southeastern United States compared to an empirical approach. Sesqui-MADRID predicts higher contributions from volatile and hydrophilic constituents and similar concentrations for constituents that are hydrophobic and less volatile.
Planetary‐wave modulation of PMSE

Variations in PMSE (Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo) occurrence with 4–6 day periods were observed by the ESRAD radar during the summer of 1997. These are compared with temperature fluctuations in 5‐day planetary waves extracted from the UKMO assimilated global data analyses. At the beginning and end of the PMSE season, the PMSE variations are closely anti correlated with temperature variations associated with 5‐day planetary waves at the 1 mb level. The planetary wave amplitudes expected at the mesopause are 1–2 K. This is found, by comparison with the seasonal decay of PMSE as the temperature rises at the end of the summer, to be sufficient to explain the observed 5–10% amplitude fluctuations in PMSE daily occurrence.
Biological therapies for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Lessons from the adult and pediatric experiences

Biologics have advanced the therapy of adult and pediatric arthritis. They have been linked to rare serious adverse outcomes, but the actual risk of these events is controversial in adults, and largely unknown in pediatrics. Because of the paucity of safety and efficacy data in children, pediatric rheumatologists often rely on the adult literature. Herein, we reviewed the adult and pediatric literature on five classes of medicines: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, anakinra, rituximab, abatacept, and tocilizumab. For efficacy, we reviewed randomized controlled studies in adults, but did include lesser qualities of evidence for pediatrics. For safety, we utilized prospective and retrospective studies, rarely including reports from other inflammatory conditions. The review included studies on rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, as well as juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Overall, we found that the TNF inhibitors have generally been found safe and effective in adult and pediatric use, although risks of infections and other adverse events are discussed. Anakinra, rituximab, abatacept, and tocilizumab have also shown positive results in adult trials, but there is minimal pediatric data published with the exception of small studies involving the subgroup of children with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in whom anakinra and tocilizumab may be effective therapies.
Evolution and present state of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley Caldera

Evidence for previous periods of hydrothermal activity in Long Valley caldera exists in the form of extensive deposits of hydrothermal alteration products at several locations within the caldera and saline deposits in Searles Lake which contain mineral assemblages contributed by hot spring discharge from Long Valley. Hydrothermal activity was more intense in the past and probably involved fluid circulation to depths of several kilometers or more with heat supplied by the Long Valley magma chamber. During the past 40,000 years the heat source may have shifted to the Inyo-Mono magmatic system beneath the west moat, where deep fluid circulation supplied hot water to shallower zones of lateral flow within the Bishop Tuff beneath the resurgent dome. The present-day hydrothermal system in Long Valley appears to consist of two principal zones in which hot water flows laterally from west to east at depths of less than 1 km within and around the resurgent dome. Maximum measured temperatures within these zones are near 170°C, but estimates from chemical geothermometers and extrapolation of a high-temperature gradient measured in a recent drill hole indicate that a source reservoir at temperatures near 240° may exist at greater depths within the Bishop Tuff beneath the west moat. Regions possibly containing silicic melt detected by shear wave attenuation at depths of 4–5 km beneath the resurgent dome have probably not been in place long enough to influence sensibly the overlying thermal regime within the upper 2 km of caldera fill.
A geochemical investigation of palaeosols developed on Lewisian rocks beneath the Torridonian Applecross Formation, NW Scotland

Synopsis Alteration zones are developed on biotite gneiss and amphibolite of the Lewisian Basement Complex beneath Neoproterozoic rocks of the Applecross Formation of the Torridon Group in northwestern Scotland. The age and origin of these altered rock s has been disputed but systematic sampling and chemical analyses reveal patterns in A12O3 − CaO + Na2O − K2O space that are identical to weathering trends in palaeosols elsewhere. The Lewisian palaeosols, like other ancient weathering profiles, display significant loss of Ca and Na and exhibit strong K-metasomatism. K/Rb ratios in the profiles exhibit systematic variations that are thought to be related in part to the nature of metasomatizing fluids, rather than reflecting their provenance. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the host rocks and palaeosols demonstrate the conservative nature of these elements. There are, however, some differences between REE patterns obtained from the fresh and altered basement rocks and those of mudstones of the Applecross Formation. These differences suggest that the provenance area for the Applecross sediments included rock types other than those of the immediately underlying Lewisian basement.
Modeling pathways of riverine nitrogen and phosphorus in the Baltic Sea

[1] A better understanding of the fate of nutrients entering the Baltic Sea ecosystem is an important issue with implications for environmental management. There are two sources of nitrogen and phosphorus: riverine input and atmospheric deposition. In the case of nitrogen, the fixation of dinitrogen by diazotrophic bacteria represents a third source. From an analysis of stable nitrogen isotope ratios it was suggested that most of the riverine nitrogen is sequestered in the coastal rim, specifically along the southern Baltic Sea coast with its coarse sediments, whereas nitrogen from fixation dominates the central basins. However, pathways of nutrients and timescales between the input of the nutrients and their arrival in different basins are difficult to obtain from direct measurements. To elucidate this problem, we use a source attribution technique in a three-dimensional ecosystem model, ERGOM, to track nutrients originating from various rivers. An “age” variable is attributed to the marked elements to indicate their propagation speeds and residence times. In this paper, we specifically investigate the spreading of nitrogen and phosphorus from the riverine discharges of the Oder, Vistula, Neman and Daugava. We demonstrate which regions they are transported to and for how long they remain in the ecosystem. The model results show good agreement with source estimations from observedδ15N values in sediments. The model results suggest that 95% of nitrogen is lost by denitrification in sediments, after an average time of 1.4 years for riverine nitrogen. The residence time of riverine phosphorus is much longer and exceeds our simulated period of 35 years.
Topographic control of hydrogen deposits at low latitudes to midlatitudes of Mars

[1] Correlations between the longitudinal wave number two distribution of water-equivalent hydrogen (WEH) at low latitudes to midlatitudes of Mars with variations in topography, surface albedo, thermal inertia, regional dust storms, and atmospheric water vapor are explored to provide guidance in determining the mechanisms that recharge or maintain these WEH reservoirs. The closest match is with low thermal inertia coupled with orographic control of the present-day atmospheric circulation dynamics. The engine for the simulated longitudinal two-wave pattern (maxima in Arabia and Tharsis) is relatively cold nighttime surface temperatures and large-amplitude temperature inversions that concentrate water ice over these regions. Geologically recent precipitated water ice, by itself, is insufficient to account for the observed distribution of WEH. Retention of precipitate by hydratable minerals is necessary. While current research cannot presently identify the hydration mechanism for the WEH distribution (whether it be from a past obliquity, present climate conditions, or some convolution of both), this research suggests that current climatic conditions can sustain, if not emplace, the observed longitudinally constrained distribution of equatorial WEH.
Upscaling of Geocellular Models for Flow Simulation

Geocellular reservoir descriptions are generally much too detailed for direct use in reservoir flow simulations. Upscaling procedures are required to coarsen these detailed reservoir models to scales more suitable for flow calculations. In this talk, a number of different upscaling techniques, appropriate for both moderate and high degrees of coarsening, will be described and illustrated. Upscaling of single-phase parameters (permeability) will be considered first. The approaches discussed include upscaling and grid generation techniques for unstructured models, upscaling in the near-well region, and an efficient local-global procedure for the calculation of upscaled transmissibilities that depend on the global flow field. The high level of accuracy of these methods will be illustrated for different types of permeability characterizations and global flows.
Mapping hydraulic biotopes using terrestrial laser scan data of water surface properties

For more than a decade, habitat mapping using biotopes (in‐channel hydraulically‐defined habitats) has underpinned aquatic conservation in the UK through (a) providing baseline information on system complexity and (b) allowing environmental and ecological change to be monitored and evaluated. The traditional method used is the subjective river habitat or corridor survey. This has recently been revised to include the floodplain via GeoRHS, but issues still exist concerning development of a national database due to the labour intensive nature of the data collection, subjectivity issues between samplers, temporal changes, the fuzzy nature of perceived habitats and habitat boundaries. This paper takes an innovative approach to biotope definition using high resolution spatial data to define water surface roughness for two representative reaches of the River South Tyne, Cumbria, and the River Rede, Northumberland, UK. Data was collected using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and hydraulic variability simply expressed through assigning a local standard deviation value to a set of adjacent water surface values. Statistical linkage of these data with biotope locations defined visually in the field allowed complete mapping of the surveyed reach defining habitat and biotope areas to the fine scale resolution of the TLS data. Despite issues of data loss due to absorption and transmission through the water, the reflected signal generated an extremely detailed and objective map of the water surface roughness, which may be compared with known biotope locations as defined by visual identification in the field. The TLS accuracy achieved in the present study is comparable with those obtained using hyperspectral imagery: with 84% of the pool/glide/marginal deadwater amalgamated biotope, 88% of riffles, 57% of runs and 50% of the amalgamated cascade/rapid biotope successfully plotted. It is clear from this exercise that biotope distribution is more complex than previously mapped using subjective techniques, and based upon the water surface roughness delimiters presented in this study, the amalgamation of pools with glides and marginal deadwaters, riffles with unbroken standing waves, and cascades with rapids, is proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd