Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THU0037 Immune complex-induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is mediated via activating, but not inhibitory FCGAMMA receptors on myeloid precursor cells

Background Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by osteoclast-mediated bone loss. Co-stimulatory signalling via ITAM- and ITIM-coupled receptors is essential for osteoclast formation and function. The ITAM- and ITIM-coupled Fcγ receptors (FcγR) are known to play a crucial role in mediating inflammation and cartilage destruction in experimental arthritis, but their role in osteoclast-mediated bone loss is unknown. Objectives To investigate the role of FcγRs in osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function. Methods Bone destruction was analyzed in arthritic knee joints of FcγRIIB-deficient, FcRγ-chain-/- (lacking expression of activating FcγRs), and wild type mice. Bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors were differentiated in vitro towards osteoclasts in the absence or presence of immune complexes (ICs), and stimulated thereafter for 24 hrs with or without TNFα or LPS. Additionally, mature osteoclasts were stimulated with ICs. Experiments were analyzed for osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and the expression of FcγRs and osteoclast markers. Results Bone erosions and cathepsin K-positive osteoclast numbers were significantly increased during antigen-induced arthritis in the knee joints of FcγRIIB-deficient mice. All FcγR classes were highly expressed on bone marrow-derived osteoclast progenitors. On mature osteoclasts, as compared to macrophages, expression of the inhibitory FcγRIIB was similar, whereas expression of activating FcγRs was significantly lower. IC stimulation of mature osteoclasts neither affected their number nor their bone resorptive capacity. Differentiation of bone marrow-derived precursors in the presence of ICs significantly inhibited osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and expression of the osteoclast markers cathepsin K, CTR, DC-STAMP, and NFATc1. In the presence of ICs, osteoclastogenesis of FcγRIIB-/- precursors and bone resorption remained inhibited. In contrast, ICs could not inhibit osteoclast formation or bone resorption of FcRγ-chain-/- precursors. When IC-inhibited osteoclastogenesis was followed by stimulation with TNFα or LPS, the inhibitory effects of ICs were overruled. Conclusions Activating FcγRs, but not the inhibitory FcγRIIB, mediate IC-induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. In the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators like TNFα and LPS the inhibitory effect might be overruled. This suggests that the balance of FcγR-mediated induction of inflammation, through pro-inflammatory cytokine production, as well as the direct inhibitory effect of ICs on osteoclastogenesis determines the net effect on bone loss. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Host and Environmental Influences on Sporulation In Vivo

Theoretical and practical studies of sporulation in vivo have been neglected for years. Consequently, although factors influencing sporulation are as important in disease development as those influencing infection or dispersal, they have seldom been accounted for quantitatively in the theory of epidem­ ics. This situation evolved probably from (a) the tedious experiments re­ quired, with endless counting of spores, and frustrations due to variations between replicates of similar treatments, (b) an incorrect view that the number of spores trapped over an infected field is simply related to the number of spores produced during the previous night, and (c) a misconcep­ tion that sporulation in petri dishes reflects the situation in nature. Conse­ quently, the literature contains thousands of publications on processes like infection, dispersal, and sporulation in cultures, but fewer than one hundred studies in which sporulation in vivo has been evaluated quantitatively.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SKIPJACK TUNA (Katsuwonus pelamis) FROM JEMBRANA AND KARANGASEM REGENCIES, BALI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) yang ada di Kabupaten Jembrana dan Karangasem, Bali. Sampel DNA diambil dari 30 ekor di kabupaten Jembrana dan 30 ekor di kabupaten Karangasem. Ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan chelex 10% dan amplifikasi menggunakan metode PCR dengan konfigurasi HotStart pada control region DNA mitokondria, menggunakan primer forward CRK dan primer reverse CRE. Analisis filogenetika dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining dengan model Kimura 2-parameter. Variasi dari setiap sekuen diperoleh dengan menghitung jumlah, persentase dari tiap haplotipe, keragaman haplotipe (hd) dan keragaman nukleotida (? ) menggunakan program DnaSP 5.10. Analisis Fst (Fixation Index) berdasarkan frekuensi haplotipe menggunakan Arlequin 3.1. Haplotipe pada sampel Jembrana berjumlah 28 haplotipe dan sampel Karangasem berjumlah 15 haplotipe dengan nilai hd secara keseluruhan yaitu 0,997±0,006 dan untuk keragaman nukleotida (? ) sebesar 0,04694. Nilai Fst yang diperoleh yaitu -0,00334 dan Fst P sebesar 0,90918±0,0100, menunjukkan bahwa populasi ikan cakalang di Kabupaten Jembrana dan Karangasem berasal dari populasi induk yang sama.
VNS volume 10 issue 4 Cover and Back matter

Psychobiology publishes articles concerned with the biological substrates of behavior and cognitive function. Experimental and theoretical contributions from researchers worldwide are included, and submissions are encouraged from a wide range of perspectives such as: • anatomy • biology • clinical neuropsychology • computational neuroscience • endocrinology • pharmacology • development and aging • neuronal plasticity
Diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de diatomeas del perifiton y el metafiton en un humedal tropical en México

Investigamos la estructura y la diversidad de las comunidades de diatomeas en el metafiton y el perifiton del humedal de la Reserva Ecologica El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico. A pesar de la cercana asociacion entre estas comunidades, nuestro analisis revela que tanto el perifiton como el metafiton consisten de distintas asociaciones de especies y el perifiton es el mas diverso. Las distribuciones de las abundancias de las especies de diatomeas satisfacen curvas de distribucion log-normal; esto significa que en las comunidades estudiadas, las condiciones ambientales juegan un papel mas importante que la competencia para determinar su estructura.
The origin of crocodilian locomotion

The morphology of the tarsi, hindlimbs, and pelves of the earliest crocodilians and their nearest relatives, Hallopus and the “sphenosuchians,” indicates that these animals had adaptations for erect posture. The widespread distribution of apparently homologous adaptations for erect gait among the archosaurs with crocodile-normal tarsi suggests that those structures are plesiomorphic for this group, which comprises the Aetosauria, “rauisuchians,” “sphenosuchians,” Hallopus, and the Crocodylia. Adaptations for erect posture are seen most clearly in the structure of the proximal tarsus (astragalus and calcaneum). An important implication of this argument is that the most primitive crocodylomorphs, comprising the “protosuchian” crocodiles, the “sphenosuchians,” and Hallopus, had an erect stance and gait. The sprawling stance and associated gait used by modern crocodilians during swimming and upon entering the water can be viewed as secondary adaptations to an aquatic existence. The environments of deposition and faunal associations of “sphenosuchians” and “protosuchian” crocodiles are consistent with primarily terrestrial habits. Living crocodilians have two types of step cycles, sprawling and erect; the sprawling pattern is overprinted onto the inferred ancestral “high-walk,” and onto the gallop sometimes used by juvenile crocodilians.
External morphology and osteology support the placement of Phrynobatrachus nlonakoensis plath, Herrmann & Böhme, 2006 within the genus Arthroleptis

Abstract Examination of external morphology and osteology of type material of Phrynobatrachus nlonakoensis Plath, Herrmann, and Böhme, 2006 support a recent taxonomic change, transferring the species into the genus Arthroleptis, which was recently made without examination of specimens.
A CASE REPORT OF COLIBACILLOSIS IN A BROILER BIRD

INTRODUCTION Avian colibacillosis is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in poultry of all age group and usually found in young chick of up-to three weeks of age. It occurs in all poultry as well as in other birds and mammals. Colibacillosis is an important cause of mortality in poultry of younger age than older one (Kabir, 2010). Economically the disease is very important as it causes heavy mortality producing heavy economic loss (Otaki, 1995). Further it suppresses immune system of the chicks and makes them to get infection easily. Zoonotically the disease is very important as poultry meat is richest source of protein to human population of world (Ewers et al., 2003). Amongst poultry disease transmittable to human avian colibacillosis is of great concern. Antibiotics were used in poultry industry to promote the growth or control the susceptible microorganism resulting in tremendous risk of antibiotics resistance further aggravate the colibacillosis condition.
Ichthyofauna Composition and Population Parameters of Fish Species from the Special Nature Reserve "Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit" (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Qualitative and quantitative ichthyofauna composition, morphometric characteristics, sex ratio, age and growth for fish species from Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit were examined. A total of 1715 individuals which were classified into 18 species, from 7 families, were caught between August 2006 and October 2008. The greatest proportional contribution in total number of fish had Rutilus rutilus, while the greatest mass contribution had Carassius gibelio. Diversity and richness indices showed the highest values in the Dunavac locality. Female:male sex ratio varied from 1:0.33 in Sander lucioperca to 1:3.67 in Leuciscus idus and could not be observed in Aspius aspius, Neogobius fluviatilis and Cobitis taenia due to presence of only juvenile individuals. According to the scale readings, age distribution varied from I to VII year. The von Bertalanffy equation and growth performance index were determined by FiSAT II software in Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilis, Lepomis gibbosus, R. rutilus, L. idus, C. gibelio and Alburnus alburnus. Finally, distribution and population parameters of an invasive C. gibelio were discussed. Slightly poorer ichthyofauna diversity, low presence of economically significant species and reduced presence of individuals from higher age categories can point to irrational fishing, degradation of habitat, destruction of spawning areas and pronounced anthropogenic influence.
Description of a new species of commensal alpheid shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the southern Caribbean Sea

Leptalpheus felderi n. sp. , a commensal alpheid shrimp, is described from two localities in the southern Caribbean Sea: Isla Margarita, Venezuela and Bahia Cispata, Colombia. All specimens of L. felderi n. sp. were collected with the aid of a suction pump; the Venezuelan specimens came from burrows of the upogebiid mudshrimp Upogebia omissa Gomes Correa, 1968. Th e new species is unique among species of Leptalpheus Williams, 1965 in having small triangular crests on the orbital hoods; a dense row of long, fl exible setae on the dactylus of the major chela; two subacute distal processes on the carpus of the major chela; minute, saw-like teeth on the pollex of the minor chela; and only four instead of the usual fi ve segments in the carpus of the second pereiopod. Th e new species is also characterized by the pinkish-red colour. Th e diagnosis of the genus Leptalpheus is signifi cantly emended, to accommodate L. felderi n. sp. Th e taxonomy and intra-generic relationships of Leptalpheus species are discussed, and a table of all species of Leptalpheus, with information on the distribution and hosts, is provided. Because of the invalid description, L. petronii Ramos-Porto & Souza, 1994 is placed in synonymy of L. axianassae Dworschak & Coelho, 1999. Th ree preliminary species groups, based mainly on the features of the major cheliped and frontal region, are established.
Distinct Complexes of DNA Polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) for Base and Sugar Discrimination during Nucleotide

DNA polymerase I (KF)achievesthisthroughaseriesofconformationaltransitionsthatprecede the chemical step of phosphodiester bond formation.KineticevidencefromfluorescenceandFRETexperimentsindi-cates that discrimination of the base and sugar moieties of theincoming nucleotide occurs in distinct, sequential steps duringthe selection pathway. Here we show that KF-DNA complexesformedwithcomplementaryrNTPsorwithnoncomplementarynucleotidescanbedistinguishedonthebasisoftheirpropertieswhen captured in an electric field atop the -hemolysin nano-pore. The average nanopore dwell time of KF-DNA complexesincreasedasafunctionofcomplementaryrNTPconcentration.The increase was less than that promoted by complementarydNTP,indicatingthattherNTPcomplexesaremorestablethanKF-DNAbinarycomplexesbutlessstablethanKF-DNA-dNTPternary complexes. KF-DNA-rNTP complexes could also bedistinguished from KF-DNA-dNTP complexes on the basisof ionic current amplitude. In contrast to complementaryrNTPs, noncomplementary dNTPs and rNTPs diminishedthe average nanopore dwell time of KF-DNA complexes in aconcentration-dependentmanner,suggestingthatbindingofanoncomplementarynucleotidekeepstheKF-DNAcomplexin a less stable state. These results imply that nucleotideselection proceeds through a series of complexes of increas-ing stability in which substrates with the correct moiety pro-mote the forward transitions.
Effects of the Plant Defence Inducer, Acibenzolar‐S‐Methyl, on Hypocotyl Rot of Soybean Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG‐4

The plant defence inducer, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) was tested for its ability to protect soybean against hypocotyl rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn AG-4. ASM in vitro exhibited an antifungal dose-dependant activity in the form of reduced mycelial growth. This inhibition reached 40% in comparison with the control at a concentration of 0.5 g/l ASM in the growth media. Seed imbibition with ASM at a concentration of 0.08 g/l and 0.5 g/l significantly induced a reduction of the intensity of hypocotyl rot symptoms caused by R. solani AG-4 that was correlated with a stimulation of chitinase activity. The protective effect of ASM against R. solani AG-4 is probably due to the combination of induced resistance and its effect on pathogen growth. Seed treatment with ASM affected also the growth of 2-day-old seedlings. A dose-dependant inhibition of the seminal root growth was observed which reached 53% at a concentration of 0.5 g/l ASM. This growth reduction of soybean was transitional and was rapidly recovered in optimal growth conditions except at 0.5 g/l of ASM.
Weed management with CGA-362622, fluometuron, and prometryn in cotton

Abstract An experiment conducted at five locations in North Carolina during 1998 and 1999 evaluated weed management systems in cotton with CGA-362622 and pyrithiobac. Weed management systems evaluated different combinations with or without fluometuron preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) CGA-362622 early postemergence (EPOST), postemergence (POST), or EPOST + POST; or pyrithiobac EPOST fb prometryn plus MSMA late postemergence directed (LAYBY) or no LAYBY treatment. The weed species evaluated include common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge. Fluometuron PRE improved the control of all weed species by at least 17 percentage points and increased cotton lint yield compared with the systems that did not use fluometuron PRE. Prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY improved the control of all weed species and increased lint yield compared with the systems that did not use prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY when PRE or POST herbicides were used. Control with CGA-362622 at all application timings was greater than 70% for all weed species evaluated (common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, sicklepod, tall morningglory, and yellow nutsedge), except prickly sida. Control of all three morningglory species and prickly sida was at least 70% with pyrithiobac, whereas control of common ragweed, sicklepod, and yellow nutsedge was lower. The only cotton that yielded over 800 kg ha−1 was treated with fluometuron PRE fb CGA-362622 EPOST, POST, or EPOST + POST fb prometryn plus MSMA LAYBY. Cotton treated with pyrithiobac EPOST gave yields that were similar to those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems with fluometuron PRE and less than those given by cotton treated with CGA-362622 EPOST in systems without fluometuron PRE. Early-season injury with CGA-362622 was greater than 60% at Clayton and Rocky Mount in 1998, whereas 12% or less injury was observed at the other locations. Pyrithiobac resulted in 25 to 45% injury at these two locations. No injury was observed 45 d after treatment. Nomenclature: CGA-362622; fluometuron; MSMA; prometryn; pyrithiobac; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHG; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth PHBPU; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barnaby CASOB; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 474’.
Genotoxic effect of ethephon on the root meristems of Allium cepa L.

Genotoxic effect of ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid], a PGR that has replaced calcium carbide as an agent for fruit ripening, was studied by using a root chromosome assay. Onion root meristems were cultured and analyzed after exposure with ethephon at concentrations of 200 ppm and 500 ppm for 2, 24, and 48 h. There was a time dependent decrease and an immediate toxic effect on dividing cells in mitotic index when compared to control (the mitotic indices of root meristems treated with 200 ppm ethephon for 2, 24, and 48 h were 11.1%, 10.7%, and 8.9%, respectively; and with 500 ppm ethephon for 2, 24, and 48 h the mitotic indices were 10.8%, 10.2%, and 9.0% respectively). The total chromosomal aberrations increased with prolonged exposures indicating duration dependent effect compared to control (the chromosomal aberrations of root meristems treated with 200 ppm ethephon for 2, 24, and 48 h were 14.5%, 15.6%, and 34.0% respectively; and with 500 ppm ethephon for 2, 24, and 48 h the chromosomal aberrations were 20.6%, 26.1%, and 39.8%, respectively). Chromosomal anomalies such as clumps and breaks were of frequent occurrence. This study proves the genotoxic effect of ethephon and emphasizes the judicial use of this compound as a PGR on edible plants and plant parts.
Changes in Artificial Feeding Regulations Impact White-Tailed Deer Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure

Abstract Human activities can change the spatial distribution of individuals within wildlife populations that in turn alters population allele frequencies and spatial genetic structure at fine scales. Artificial feeding is one such activity whose impact on wildlife physical condition, population dynamics, and transmission of disease has been well documented. To evaluate the impact of artificial feeding on the spatial distribution and social organization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) we estimated allele frequencies at 3 microsatellite loci for 2,177 hunter-harvested deer and characterized microgeographic genetic structure in 2 regions of the northeast lower peninsula of Michigan, USA, during and following cessation of artificial feeding. While artificial feeding was ongoing we observed no evidence of spatial genetic structure across either region. Spatial homogeneity of allele frequencies over such a large area was surprising given numerous studies that have documented spatial genetic structure in other deer populations, and it was likely a function of the aggregation of multiple kin-structured social groups (i.e., matrilines) at artificial feeding sites. Subsequently, when artificial feeding was banned, we found significant genetic differentiation among groups of deer in both regions. Detection of microgeographic genetic structure consistent with a pattern of isolation-by-distance following the ban on artificial feeding was likely the result of increased spatial segregation of social groups of related deer. Our results illustrate how analyses of the degree to which natural populations are spatially genetically structured can be used to infer the effects of human actions on wildlife movement patterns, breeding behaviors, and disease transmission that are difficult to determine using traditional methods.
QUALITY AND CELL WALL COMPONENTS OF ANNA AND GRANNY SMITH APPLES TREATED WITH HEAT, CALCIUM, AND ETHYLENE

Anna' and 'Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) that were held at 38C for 4 days before storage at 0C not only were firmer than controls upon removal from storage, but also softened more slowly during shelf life at 17C. Skin yellowing and loss of acidity attendant upon the heat treatment were not prevented by dipping fruit in 2% CaCl2 before heating. Both heat-treated and control fruit softened at the same rate upon exposure to ethylene at 100 µl·liter -1 upon removal from storage. The insoluble pectin content of cortical tissues was higher in heat-treated fruit than in controls after 10 days at 17C, while soluble pectin levels were lower. Arabinose and xylose levels were lower in cell walls from heat-treated cortical tissue, but the treatment had no effect on loss of galactose residues during shelf life. Previous researchers have noted that heating apples at 38C for 4 to 6 days after harvest retarded or inhibited fruit softening while maintaining most other aspects of storage quality (Liu, 1978; Porritt and Lidster, 1978). The exception was a slight yellowing of the skin and a decrease in titratable acidity in comparison with unheated fruit. Calcium treatments also extend the storage life of apples, primarily by reducing the rate of metabolic activity (Bangerth et al., 1972}, thus reducing senes- cence phenomena such as fruit softening, yellowing, and loss of acidity (Ferguson; 1984; Glenn et al., 1988). Since uptake of Ca by pear cells was specifically enhanced by heating cells at 38C (Klein and Ferguson, 1987), we endeavored to determine if heating Ca-treated apples could synergistically inhibit loss of fruit firmness in storage, without associated problems of acid loss and skin yellowing. The specific objectives of this research were to increase the effectiveness of postharvest Ca dips by use of a heat treatment, while simultaneously counteracting the disadvantages of heat treatment alone (loss of acidity and yellowing). Since heat treat- ment inhibits ethylene production by apples (Klein, 1989), we investigated whether softening could be reinduced by exposing heat-treated fruit to ethylene at 100 µl·liter -1 upon removal from storage. We also studied whether the decrease in apple fruit softening after a prestorage heat treatment is due to changes in the neutral sugar and pectin composition of the cell wall in cortical tissue.