Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practicing Diversity in Higher Education in Geography: Exploring Spaces of Diversity and Their Barriers in a Geography Department in Switzerland

Recent feminist geographic scholarship has urged geographers to distance themselves from androcentric and Eurocentric approaches, and to open up the discipline to diverse perspectives. Whereas numerous studies have focused on diversifying and decolonizing geography through recruitment practices, mentoring, and knowledge production, only a few have analyzed how diversity translates into teaching practices, particularly in contexts where diversity is relatively well-established among staff. Based on a questionnaire survey among the teaching staff, a content analysis of course syllabi, and a quantitative analysis of the department’s employee data, this article explores to what extent diversity within the department leads to diversity in teaching practices. By developing a framework of spaces of diversity, we analyze three spaces that potentially enable practicing diversity in teaching: The department’s academic space promotes free choice of research and teaching topics and flexible working conditions; the department space enables individuals to engage in shaping geographical teaching; and the knowledge space promotes diversity as an ideal. We found, however, that practicing diversity in geography is challenged through traditional and neoliberal university structures and formal and perceived hierarchies. Moreover, there is a need for concrete diversity practices on individual and institutional levels to actively bring diverse perspectives into the classroom.
Signatures of X-rays in the early Universe

[abridged] With their long mean free paths and efficient heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM), X-rays could have a dramatic impact on the thermal and ionization history of the Universe. We explore this in various signals: (i) Reionization history: including X-rays results in an earlier, more extended reionization. Efficient thermal feedback from X-ray heating could yield an extended, ~10% ionized epoch. (ii) Reionization morphology: a sizable (~10%) contribution of X-rays to reionization results in a more uniform morphology, though the impact is modest when compared at the same global neutral fraction, xH. However, changes in morphology cannot be countered by increasing the bias of the ionizing sources, making them a robust signature. (iii) The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect: at a fixed reionization history, X-rays decrease the kSZ power at l=3000 by ~0.5 microK^2. Our extreme model in which X-rays dominate reionization is the only one that is marginally consistent with upper limits from the South Pole Telescope, assuming no thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) - dusty galaxy correlation. Since this extreme model is unlikely, we conclude that there should be a sizable tSZ-dusty galaxy signal. (iv) The cosmic 21cm signal: the impact of X-rays on the 21cm power spectrum during the advanced stages of reionization (xH 0.9). This results in a 21cm power spectrum which is ~ 10-100 times higher than obtained from naive estimates ignoring this overlap. However, if thermal feedback is efficient, the resulting extended epoch between X-ray heating and reionization could provide a clean probe of the matter power spectrum in emission.
TRACING THE GAS TO THE VIRIAL RADIUS (R100) IN A FOSSIL GROUP

We present a Chandra, Suzaku, and ROSAT study of the hot intragroup medium (IGrM) of the relaxed fossil group/poor cluster RX J1159+5531. This group exhibits an advantageous combination of flat surface brightness profile, high luminosity, and optimal distance, allowing the gas to be detected out to the virial radius (Rvir≡ R108 = 1100 kpc) in a single Suzaku pointing, while the complementary Chandra data reveal a round morphology and relaxed IGrM image down to kpc scales. We measure the IGrM entropy profile over ∼3 orders of magnitude in radius, including three data bins beyond ∼0.5R200 that have good azimuthal coverage (>30%). We find no evidence that the profile flattens at large scales (>R500), and when corrected for the enclosed gas fraction, the entropy profile is very close to the predictions from self-similar structure formation simulations, as seen in massive clusters. Within Rvir, we measure a baryon fraction of 0.17 ± 0.02, consistent with the cosmological value. These results are in sharp contrast to the gas behavior at large scales recently reported in the Virgo and Perseus clusters and indicate that substantial gas clumping cannot be ubiquitous near Rvir, at least in highly evolved (fossil) groups.
Virtual backbone formation in wireless ad hoc networks

We study the problem of virtual backbone formation in wireless ad hoc networks. A virtual backbone provides a hierarchical infrastructure that can be used to address important challenges in ad hoc networking such as efficient routing, multicasting/broadcasting, activity-scheduling, and energy efficiency. Given a wireless ad hoc network with symmetric links represented by a unit disk graph G = (V, E ), one way to construct this backbone is by finding a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) in G , which is a subset V' ✹ V such that for every node u, u is either in V' or has a neighbor in V' and the subgraph induced by V' is connected. In a wireless ad hoc network with asymmetric links represented by a directed graph G = (V, E ), finding such a backbone translates to constructing a Strongly Connected Dominating and Absorbent Set (SCDAS) in G . An SCDAS is a subset of nodes V' ✹ V such that every node u is either in V' or has an outgoing and an incoming neighbor in V' , and the subgraph induced by V' is strongly connected. Based on most of its applications, minimizing the size of the virtual backbone is an important objective. Therefore, we are interested in constructing CDSs and SCDASs of minimal size. We give efficient distributed algorithms with linear time and message complexities for the construction of the CDS in ad hoc networks with symmetric links. Since topology changes are quite frequent in most ad hoc networks, we propose schemes to locally maintain the CDS in the face of such changes. We also give a distributed algorithm for the construction of the SCDAS in ad hoc networks with asymmetric links. Extensive simulations show that our algorithms outperform all previously known algorithms in terms of the size of the constructed sets.
Trait hypervolumes based on natural history collections can detect ecological strategies that are distinct to biogeographic regions

Bioregionalisation partitions diversity so that similarity of the selected biological and ecological variables is higher within regions than it is outside those regions. The classic approach partitions an area based on species composition, whereas more recent methods based on remotely sensed data classify biogeographic regions on biophysical and structural variables of vegetation. Another, yet to be explored opportunity, is offered by identifying distinct ecological strategies of plants inhabiting a given area, that is, a functional trait‐based bioregionalisation. Here, we propose such a bioregionalisation using trait hypervolumes. We also compare the proposed functional bioregionalisation with established classifications based on species composition or on remotely sensed data to identify spatial congruence among them, and suggest possible reasons behind observed patterns. Natural history collections represent an underexploited resource, despite holding both trait and locality information and being taxonomically comprehensive. We compile values of traits (leaf size, plant height, seed number per fruit, seed volume) derived from natural history collections for a random sample of African angiosperm species (~1% of the continental flora) to estimate a trait hypervolume. We use hierarchical clustering to divide the hypervolume into four segments (each representing a distinct ecological strategy), whose spatial intersections produced 12 putative biogeographic regions, each containing one or more of these strategies. We spatially map the hypervolume segments onto the entire African continent and calculate the spatial congruence of the putative functional biogeographic regions with previous bioregionalisations. We identify values and combinations of traits that can be indicative of biogeographic regions. This functional bioregionalisation shows greater spatial congruence with that derived from species composition than from remote sensing. However, spatial congruence is low at the continent scale (19%–37%), and varies greatly among regions and in pairwise comparisons between bioregionalisations. Synthesis. Plant traits from natural history collections offer an underused source of information for biogeographic analyses. We demonstrate potential applications of trait hypervolumes in functional biogeography, and outline strengths and drawbacks of the different bioregionalisation methods. Finally, we suggest that key ecological strategies could be used in future models as proxies to anticipate shifts of species assemblages and biogeographic regions.
More about scalar gravity

We discuss a class of models for gravity based on a scalar field. The models include and generalize the old approach by Nordstr\"om which predated and in some way inspired General Relativity. The class include also a model that we have recently introduced and discussed in its cosmological aspects (GSG). We present here a complete characterisation of the Schwarschild geometry as a vacuum solution of GSG and sketch a discussion of the first Post-Newtonian approximation.
Problèmes isopérimétriques et espaces de Sobolev

Dans une premiere section, nous poserons leprobleme: Γ existence d'une meilleure constantezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA K dans les inegalites de So olev. Cette constante, dont la valeur est mentionnee dans la premiere section, ne depend que de la dimension de la variete et de Γespace Lq considere. Le Resultat principal est le theoreme 9, qui permet de montrer, comme nous le ferons dans un article ulterieur, Γexistence de solutions pour des equations difϊerentielles non lineaires qui, jusqu'alors, etaient considerees comme cas limite. Mais le resultat ultime serait celui de la conjecture 2 de la 5eme section. Cette conjecture est demontree dans le cas des varietes a courbure constante, et dans le cas general en dimension 2. Le maillon qui manque en dimension n > 3 est la demonstration de la conjecture 1 (de la 2eme section). La demonstration se fait en plusieurs etapes. Dans la troisieme section, nous demontrons le theoreme pour R, theoreme cle, qui permet de demontrer les autres. Dans la quatrieme section, nous demontrons le theoreme pour la sphere. Mais au prealable, nous avons besoin d'etablir des resultats isoperimetriques, ceux de la deuxieme section. En particulier nous demontrons une inegalite isoperimetrique d'un type peu etudie jusqu'alors. Dans ce domaine habituellement, les ensembles consideres appartiennent a R ou plus rarement a une variete a courbure constante. Ici nous enonς ons un resultat lorsque la courbure est quelconque ce sera Γobjet du theoreme 6.
Discovery of X-ray flaring activity in the arches cluster

Context. We present a study of the Arches cluster based on XMM-Newton observations performed over the past 8 years. Unexpectedly, we find that the X-ray emission associated with the cluster experienced a marked brightening in March/April 2007. Aims. We investigate the origin of both the X-ray continuum emission emanating from the star cluster and the flare. Methods. To study the time variability of the total X-ray flux, we stacked the PN and MOS data of observations performed within a time interval of a few days leading to the detection of the flaring episode. We then constructed two spectral datasets, one corresponding to the flare interval (March/April 2007) and another to the normal quiescent state of the source. Results. The X-ray light curve of the Arches cluster shows, with high significance (8.6σ), a 70% increase in the X-ray emission in the March/April 2007 timeframe followed by a decline over the following year to the pre-flare level; the short-term duration of the flare is constrained to be longer than four days. The temperature and the line-of-sight column density inferred from the flare spectrum do not differ from those measured in the normal activity state of the cluster, suggesting that the flux enhancement is thermal in origin. Conclusions. We attribute the X-ray variability to in situ stellar activity: early-type stars may be responsible for the flare via wind collisions, whereas late-type stars may contribute by means of magnetic reconnection. These two possibilities are discussed.
Nonlinear photoacoustic wavefront shaping (PAWS) for single speckle-grain optical focusing in scattering media

Non-invasively focusing light into strongly scattering media, such as biological tissue, is highly desirable but challenging. Recently, wavefront shaping technologies guided by ultrasonic encoding or photoacoustic sensing have been developed to address this limitation. So far, these methods provide only acoustic diffraction-limited optical focusing. Here, we introduce nonlinear photoacoustic wavefront shaping (PAWS), which achieves optical diffraction-limited (i.e. single-speckle-grain) focusing in scattering media. We develop an efficient dual-pulse excitation approach to generate strong nonlinear photoacoustic (PA) signals based on the Grueneisen memory effect. These nonlinear PA signals are used as feedback to guide iterative wavefront optimization. By maximizing the amplitude of the nonlinear PA signal, light is effectively focused to a single optical speckle grain. Experimental results demonstrate a clear optical focus on the scale of 5-7 micrometers, which is ~10 times smaller than the acoustic focus in linear dimension, with an enhancement factor of ~6000 in peak fluence. This technology has the potential to provide highly confined strong optical focus deep in tissue for microsurgery of Parkinson's disease and epilepsy or single-neuron imaging and optogenetic activation.
A STEEPER THAN LINEAR DISK MASS–STELLAR MASS SCALING RELATION

The disk mass is among the most important input parameter for every planet formation model to determine the number and masses of the planets that can form. We present an ALMA 887 μm survey of the disk population around objects from ∼2 to 0.03 M⊙ in the nearby ∼2 Myr old Chamaeleon I star-forming region. We detect thermal dust emission from 66 out of 93 disks, spatially resolve 34 of them, and identify two disks with large dust cavities of about 45 au in radius. Assuming isothermal and optically thin emission, we convert the 887 μm flux densities into dust disk masses, hereafter Mdust. We find that the relation is steeper than linear and of the form Mdust ∝ (M*)1.3–1.9, where the range in the power-law index reflects two extremes of the possible relation between the average dust temperature and stellar luminosity. By reanalyzing all millimeter data available for nearby regions in a self-consistent way, we show that the 1–3 Myr old regions of Taurus, Lupus, and Chamaeleon I share the same relation, while the 10 Myr old Upper Sco association has a steeper relation. Theoretical models of grain growth, drift, and fragmentation reproduce this trend and suggest that disks are in the fragmentation-limited regime. In this regime millimeter grains will be located closer in around lower-mass stars, a prediction that can be tested with deeper and higher spatial resolution ALMA observations.
Giant molecular clouds in the Local Group galaxy M 33

We present an analysis of the systematic CO(2-1) survey at 12" resolution covering most of the local group spiral M 33 which, at a distance of 840 kpc, is close enough that individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) can be identified. The goal of this work is to study the properties of the GMCs in this subsolar metallicity galaxy. The CPROPS (Cloud Properties) algorithm (Rosolowsky & Leroy 2006) was used to identify 337 GMCs in M 33, the largest sample to date in an external galaxy. The sample is used to study the GMC luminosity function, or mass spectrum under the assumption of a constant N(H2)/ICO ratio. We find that n(L)dL = K*L^(-2.0\pm0.1) for the entire sample. However, when the sample is divided into inner and outer disk samples, the exponent changes from 1.6 \pm 0.2 for the centre 2 kpc to 2.3 \pm 0.2 for galactocentric distances larger than 2 kpc. Based on the emission in the FUV, Halpha, 8mu, and 24mu bands, each cloud was classified in terms of its star forming activity - no star formation, embedded, or exposed star formation (visible in FUV and Halpha). At least one sixth of the clouds had no (massive) star formation, suggesting that the average time required for star formation to start is about one sixth of the total time for which the object is identifiable as a GMC. The clouds without star formation have significantly lower CO luminosities than those with star formation, whether embedded or exposed, presumably related to the lack of heating sources. Taking the cloud sample as a whole, the main non-trivial correlation was the decrease in cloud CO brightness (or luminosity) with galactocentric radius. The complete cloud catalog, including CO and HI spectra and the CO contours on the FUV, Halpha, 8mu, and 24mu images is presented in the appendix.
The Evolution of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Its Current Use in the Treatment of Proximal Humerus Fractures in the Older Population

Proximal humerus fracture (PHF) is a common injury in the older population. While the majority of these fractures are treated non-operatively, a small subset of patients may benefit from surgical treatment. However, there continues to be an ongoing debate regarding the indications and ideal surgical treatment strategy. The use of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has resulted in a paradigm shift in the treatment of PHFs in the older population. Unique biomechanical principles and design features of RTSA make it a suitable treatment option for PHFs in the older population. RTSA has distinct advantages over hemiarthroplasty and internal fixation and provides good pain relief and a reliable and reproducible improvement in functional outcomes. As a result, there has been an exponential increase in the volume of RTSA in the older population in last decade. The aim of this paper is to review the current concepts, outcomes and controversies regarding the use of RTSA for the treatment of PHFs in the older population.
Interior of a charged distorted black hole

We study the interior of a charged, nonrotating distorted black hole. We consider static and axisymmetric black holes, and focus on a special case when an electrically charged distorted solution is obtained by the Harrison-Ernst transformation from an uncharged one. We demonstrate that the Cauchy horizon of such a black hole remains regular, provided the distortion is regular at the event horizon. The shape and the inner geometry of both the outer and inner (Cauchy) horizons are studied. We demonstrate that there exists a duality between the properties of the horizons. Proper time of a free fall of a test particle moving in the interior of the distorted black hole along the symmetry axis is calculated. We also study the property of the curvature in the inner domain between the horizons. Simple relations between the 4D curvature invariants and the Gaussian curvature of the outer and inner horizon surfaces are found.
Strong constraints on magnetized white dwarfs surpassing the Chandrasekhar mass limit

We show that recently proposed white dwarf models with masses well in excess of the Chandrasekhar limit, based on modifying the equation of state by a super-strong magnetic field in the centre, are very far from equilibrium because of the neglect of Lorentz forces. An upper bound on the central magnetic fields, from a spherically averaged hydrostatic equation, is much smaller than the values assumed. Robust estimates of the Lorentz forces are also made without assuming spherical averaging. These again bear out the results obtained from a spherically averaged model. In our assessment, these estimates rule out the possibility that magnetic tension could change the situation in favor of larger magnetic fields. We conclude that such super-Chandrasekhar models are unphysical and exploration of their astrophysical consequences is premature. Erratum : We correct certain numerical estimates made in our paper. This correction however does not alter the conclusion that when Lorentz forces are taken into account the super-massive white dwarf models, obtained simply by modifying the equation of state in presence of a super-strong magnetic field in the centre, fail to be in equilibrium.
Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Polyphenols on the Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

The high prevalence of diabetes in recent decades has been associated with lifestyle changes and dietary habits correlated with economic development. Fruits and vegetables are a vital source of nutraceuticals and components of the healthy diet recommended in the medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to prevent hyperglycemia and related complications. They are low in calories and rich in dietary fiber, consist of many polyphenols, and are an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. Recently, researchers have developed a significant interest in understanding the effects of polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) on blood glucose levels. In this review, the authors summarize the effects of polyphenols commonly found in the fruits and vegetables, such as resveratrol and anthocyanins, on the glycemic control and metabolic parameters, based on human clinical trials. Significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reported after resveratrol, anthocyanin, and naringin were administered to patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Decreased insulin levels were observed after resveratrol intervention but not with the other types of polyphenols. These effects of polyphenolic compounds on the glycemic and metabolic parameters might be mediated by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, such as activating regulator proteins to increase insulin signaling and eventually suppress insulin resistance. The benefits of certain polyphenols on T2DM remain ambiguous; therefore, further studies, especially clinical trials, are required to substantiate the available evidence.
Immersive and Maladaptive Daydreaming and Divergent Thinking in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Little is known about the internal mental experiences of individuals with ASD. While some research suggests a limited capacity for imagination, other studies show heightened interest in fantasy and unique forms of creative thinking in ASD. This study explored daydreaming experiences in adults with ASD, with a focus on immersive daydreaming and its relation to divergent thinking abilities. Individuals with and without a diagnosis of ASD were surveyed on their daydreaming habits and completed a divergent thinking task. Experiences of immersive daydreaming were identified in 42% of adults with ASD and were related to broad ASD traits in those without a diagnosis of ASD. However, ASD diagnosis was unrelated to originality of divergent thinking, which was negatively associated with immersive daydreaming. Moreover, daydreaming experiences in ASD were diverse. A more nuanced understanding of the mental experiences in ASD may assist in the development of interventions and support for this population.