Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MASS TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF CONJUGATED GRAETZ PROBLEMS IN MULTI-PASS PARALLEL-PLATE MASS EXCHANGERS WITH EXTERNAL RECYCLE

A new external recycle design at the ends of multi-pass parallel plate mass exchangers with uniform wall concentration is theoretically investigated in this study. The analytical solutions were obtained using the orthogonal expansion technique and the eigenfunction expanding in power series. The results are graphically represented. The influences of the recycle ratio, mass-transfer Graetz number, channel thickness ratio, and characteristic parameter of the permeable barrier on the mass transfer rate are presented in this study. Compared to the single-pass device, considerable mass transfer improvement is obtainable by employing the new external recycle design at both ends.
Testing broadband radiation schemes for their ability to calculate the radiative forcing and temperature response to stratospheric water vapour and ozone changes

The radiative forcing and fixed dynamical heating temperature response is calculated for observed changes (1979-1997) in carbon dioxide, stratospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapour, using several radiation schemes. It is found that certain broadband schemes substantially underestimate the radiative forcing and absorption by stratospheric water vapour by up to 50%, for the instantaneous forcing, and 15% for the adjusted radiative forcing. This error in the water vapour absorption leads to a 30% smaller stratospheric temperature response and also causes an underestimate of the adjusted stratospheric ozone radiative forcing of up to 50%. It was found that this error could be corrected by splitting the wavelength band which accounts for strong water vapour absorption into two separate bands. This work illustrates the need to carefully test each new forcing introduced into a broadband scheme, as its designer may not have catered for such eventualities.
Elastic relaxation of a truncated circular cylinder with uniform dilatational eigenstrain in a half space

We give a fully analytical solution for the displacement and strain fields generated by the coherent elastic relaxation of a type of misfitting inclusions with uniform dilatational eigenstrain lying in a half space, assuming linear isotropic elasticity. The inclusion considered is an infinitely long circular cylinder having an axis parallel to the free surface and truncated by two arbitrarily positioned planes parallel to this surface. These calculations apply in particular to strained semiconductor quantum wires. The calculations are illustrated by examples showing quantitatively that, depending on the depth of the wire under the free surface, the latter may significantly affect the magnitude and the distribution of the various strain components inside the inclusion as well as in the surrounding matrix.
The combined effect of EPMs and TAEs on energetic ion confinement and sawtooth stabilization

It is shown for the first time that the chirping Alfven instabilities observed mostly during ICRF heating have been positively identified as energetic particle modes (EPMs). This has been possible because of a detailed measurement of the q profile with the MSE diagnostic in DIII-D. The EPMs are shown to be the leading cause of the monster sawtooth crash. It is also shown that toroidal Alfen eigenmodes are excited either directly or indirectly by the EPMs and that they cause fast ion losses. A scenario for the stabilization and the crash of the monster sawteeth and for the degradation of the ICRF heating efficiency at high power is presented.
The Nonlinear Quasi-Geostrophic Equation: Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions on a Bounded Domain

Abstract The quasi-geostrophic theory leads to a single nonlinear partial differential equation for a streamfunction giving geostrophic velocity fields presumed to resemble the synoptic scales of atmospheric motion. This article is concerned with demonstrating that the quasi-geostrophic problem is well-posed mathematically, in the sense that solutions exist, and that they are continuously dependent on the initial data. The model studied is comprised of the quasi-geostrophic equation subject to the severe boundary condition that an isentrope coincides with the earth's surface. The main technique is the use of the eigenfunctions of an elliptic operator appearing within the quasi-geostrophic equation. These eigenfunctions provide the basis for a spectral model, which can be truncated to include a finite number of scales. The convergence properties of the solutions to the truncated model allow the existence of solutions to the entire model to be inferred with the methods of functional analysis. Thus, the conc.
Global exact boundary controllability for first order quasilinear hyperbolic systems of diagonal form

In this paper, using a constructive method we establish the global exact boundary controllability for a first order quasilinear hyperbolic system of diagonal form. As an application, we obtain the global exact controllability for the one-dimensional isentropic flow system by controlling the velocity or pressure on the boundary.
Crucial role of metal surface in enhanced transmission through subwavelength apertures

In order to understand the details of the extraordinary enhancement of the optical transmission through subwavelength holes in metal films, we have fabricated perforated free-standing metal films where the nature of the bulk and surfaces can be controlled independently. We find that the transmission enhancement depends only on the dielectric properties of the metal within a skin depth of the two in-plane surfaces and not on those of the film core, nor on the metal constituting the hole walls. This provides direct and conclusive evidence that the phenomenon is mediated by surface plasmons.
3D recovery of human gaze in natural environments

The estimation of human attention has recently been addressed in the context of human robot interaction. Today, joint work spaces already exist and challenge cooperating systems to jointly focus on common objects, scenes and work niches. With the advent of Google glasses and increasingly affordable wearable eye-tracking, monitoring of human attention will soon become ubiquitous. The presented work describes for the first time a method for the estimation of human fixations in 3D environments that does not require any artificial landmarks in the field of view and enables attention mapping in 3D models. It enables full 3D recovery of the human view frustum and the gaze pointer in a previously acquired 3D model of the environment in real time. The study on the precision of this method reports a mean projection error ≈1.1 cm and a mean angle error ≈0.6° within the chosen 3D model - the precision does not go below the one of the technical instrument (≈1°). This innovative methodology will open new opportunities for joint attention studies as well as for bringing new potential into automated processing for human factors technologies.
Measuring the hole chemical potential in ferromagnetic Ga1−xMnxAs∕GaAs heterostructures by photoexcited resonant tunneling

The authors investigate the optical and electrical properties of a p-i-n GaAs∕AlAs resonant tunneling diode in which the p-type layer is the ferromagnetic alloy semiconductor Ga1−xMnxAs (x=3%). The high density of Mn acceptors affects significantly the electrostatic potential profile of the heterostructure and inhibits hole tunneling from Ga1−xMnxAs.The authors use photoconductivity to probe this potential and measure the hole chemical potential in Ga1−xMnxAs relative to the band edges of the adjacent undoped GaAs layers.
Cosmic-ray distribution and the dynamic balance in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The cosmic-ray energy density distribution for the LMC is calculated quantitatively based on the concept of dynamic balance and a scale of coupling between the cosmic rays and matter in a range allowed by present observations. Based on the very slowly varying ratio of the cosmic-ray electron to nucleon energy density ratio with relevant local galactic conditions and the close similarities to the galaxy, the cosmic-ray nucleon density distribution in the LMC is also determined from cosmic-ray electron density distribution deduced from synchrotron radiation measurements in a manner consistent with dynamic balance. It is seen that within uncertainties there is quantitative agreement between the two for a cosmic-ray, matter coupling scale of about 2.5 kiloparsecs both in terms of magnitude and distribution, thus supporting both the concept of dynamic balance and the galactic origin of the bulk of cosmic rays. Future gamma-ray astronomy measurement above 100 MeV will be able to provide a test of this cosmic-ray density distribution for the LMC. 42 refs.
Product-form queueing networks with negative and positive customers

We introduce a new class of queueing networks in which customers are either ‘negative' or ‘positive'. A negative customer arriving to a queue reduces the total customer count in that queue by 1 if the queue length is positive; it has no effect at all if the queue length is empty. Negative customers do not receive service. Customers leaving a queue for another one can either become negative or remain positive. Positive customers behave as ordinary queueing network customers and receive service. We show that this model with exponential service times, Poisson external arrivals, with the usual independence assumptions for service times, and Markovian customer movements between queues, has product form. It is quasi-reversible in the usual sense, but not in a broader sense which includes all destructions of customers in the set of departures. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the (nonlinear) customer flow equations, and hence of the product form solution, is discussed.
Epidemic Spread in Weighted Scale-Free Networks

We investigate the detailed epidemic spreading process in scale-free networks with link weights that denote familiarity between two individuals. It is found that the spreading velocity reaches a peak quickly then decays in a power-law form. Numerical study exhibits that the nodes with larger strength is preferential to be infected, but the hierarchical dynamics are not clearly found, which is different from the well-known result in the unweighed network case. In addition, also by numerical study, we demonstrate that larger dispersion of weight of networks results in slower spreading, which indicates that epidemic spreads more quickly on unweighted scale-free networks than on weighted scale-free networks with the same condition.
Hot and Cold Gas in Early-Type Spirals: NGC 3623, NGC 2775, and NGC 1291

We have studied the distribution of cool, warm, and hot interstellar matter in three of the nearest bright Sa galaxies. New X-ray data for NGC 1291, the object with the most prominent bulge, confirm earlier results that the ISM in the bulge is dominated by hot gas. NGC 3623 has a lesser amount of hot gas in the bulge but has both molecular gas and ionized hydrogen in the central regions. NGC 2775 has the least prominent bulge; its X-ray emission is consistent with an origin in X-ray binary stars, and there is a strict upper limit on the amount of molecular present in the bulge. All three galaxies have a ring of neutral hydrogen in the disk. NGC 3623 and NGC 2775 each have in addition a molecular ring coincident with the hydrogen ring. We conclude that even within the morphological class Sa there can be significant differences in the gas content of the bulge, with the more massive bulges being likely to contain hot, X-ray–emitting gas. We discuss the possibility that the X-ray gas is part of a cooling flow in which cool gas is produced in the nucleus.
Discretional Convexity and the Maximum Principle for Discrete Systems

Directional convexity is a property of sets closely related to, but weaker than, convexity. It is the existence of supporting hyperplanes at all boundary points of a convex set that makes convexity important in optimal control theory. However, there need be supporting hyperplanes on only one side of the sets for much of the development. Directionally convex sets have this property. The concept of directional convexity, a property of sets, is a generalization, in the following sense, of the concept of convexity, a property of functions. The graph of every convex function is a directionally convex set. However, not every directionally convex set is a graph of a function. Since directional convexity is more general than convexity (for both sets and functions), it may unify a method of investigation which uses convex (or concave) functions with another which uses convex sets. Properties of directional convexity and of matrices that preserve directional convexity are given.Directional convexity was introduced .
A NEW MEASURE OF RANK CORRELATION

1. In psychological work the problem of comparing two different rankings of the same set of individuals may be divided into two types. In the first type the individuals have a given order A which is objectively defined with reference to some quality, and a characteristic question is: if an observer ranks the individuals in an order B, does a comparison of B with A suggest that he possesses a reliable judgment of the quality, or, alternatively, is it probable that B could have arisen by chance? In the second type no objective order is given. Two observers consider the individuals and rank them in orders A and B. The question now is, are these orders sufficiently alike to indicate similarity of taste in the observers, or, on the other hand, are A and B incompatible within assigned limits of probability? An example of the first type occurs in the familiar experiments wherein an observer has to arrange a known set of weights in ascending order of weight; the second type would arise if two observers had to rank a set of musical compositions in order of preference. The measure of rank correlation proposed in this paper is capable of being applied to both problems, which are, in fact, formally very much the same. For purposes of simplicity in the exposition it has, however, been thought convenient to preserve a distinction between theni.
A larage-sample confidence region useful in characterizing the stationary point of a quadratic response surface

A second-order response-surface model is often used to approximate the relationship between a response variable and a set of explanatory variables. The nature of the stationary point of the surface can be determined by considering the eigenvalues of the matrix of the model's second-order terms. Since the elements of this matrix are estimated from the data, however, it follows that the eigenvalues are random variables. Hence the sampling properties of these eigenvalues should be considered in characterizing the nature of the stationary point. In this article, it is shown how a confidence region around these eigenvalues can be used to aid in the characterization of the stationary point and in an improved ridge analysis of the response surface. The delta method is used to construct an approximate confidence region for these eigenvalues. Box and Draper (1987) gave a result that simplifies the calculation of such a confidence region for rotatable or nearly rotatable designs. A simulation study was performed to.
The fractional dimensional theory of continued fractions

The notion of fractional dimensions is one which is now well known. The object of the present paper is the investigation of the dimensional numbers of sets of points which, when expressed as continued fractions, obey some simple restriction as to their partial quotients. The sets considered are naturally of linear measure zero. Those properties of the partial quotients which hold for almost all continued fractions make up the subject called by Khintchine ‘the measure theory of continued fractions’.
The Finite-Sample Distribution of Post-Model-Selection Estimators, and Uniform Versus Non-Uniform Approximations

In Poetscher [Econometric Theory (1991), 7, pp 163 - 185] the asymptotic distribution of a post-model-selection estimator, both unconditional and conditional on selecting a correct model, has been derived. Limitations of these results are (i) that they do not provide information on the distribution of the post-model-selection estimator conditional on selecting an incorrect model, and (ii) that the quality of this asymptotic approximation to the finite-sample distribution is not uniform w.r. t. the underlying parameters. In the present paper we first obtain the unconditional as well as the conditional finite-sample distribution of the post-model-selection estimator which turns out to be complicated and difficult to interpret. Second, we obtain approximations to the finite-sample distributions that are as simple and easy to interpret as the asymptotic distributions obtained in Poetscher [Econometric Theory (1991), 7, pp 163 - 185], but at the same time are close to the finite-sample distributions uniformly w.r. t. the underlying parameters. As a by-product, we also obtain the asymptotic distribution conditional on selecting an incorrect model.
Generalization and the Fractal Dimensionality of Diffusion-Limited Aggregation

Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model is generalized to incorporate the dielectric breakdown model proposed by Niemeyer et al. , and the new simulation method is proposed. While a growing cluster is still in the diffusion (Laplace) field, the local growth probability at a perimeter site P ps of the cluster is now given by p g ( P ps )∼ | ∇φ( P ps ) | n , where φ( P ) is the probability of finding at a point P a random walker launched far away from the cluster. Ordinary DLA corresponds to η=1. Based on the theory of DLA proposed by Honda et al. , the fractal dimension d f for this generalized DLA is derived as d f ={ d s 2 +η( d w -1)} / { d s +η( d w -1)}, where d s is the dimension of space in which aggregation processes take place and d w is the fractal dimension of random walker trajectory. Both d s and d w are allowed to take any number larger than or equal to one. This formula is also applicable to Eden model (η=0) correctly, which means that the generalized DLA model naturally bridges a gap betw.
Adaptive optics for the laser fabrication of 3D graphitic microwires in diamond

Graphitic wires embedded beneath the surface of single crystal diamond are demonstrated. Through a combination of ultrashort (femtosecond) pulsed fabrication, high numerical aperture focusing and adaptive optics, wires are created with sub micrometre dimensions that can follow any three dimensional path within the diamond. The increased level of focal control available through the use of adaptive optics appears particularly important in the generation of high quality wires, with measured conductivities over an order of magnitude greater than previous laser-induced graphitic wires in diamond. Applications for the embedded wires are discussed.
Interannual Variations of Stratospheric Water Vapor in MLS Observations and Climate Model Simulations

AbstractBy analyzing the almost-decade-long record of water vapor measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the NASA Aura satellite and by detailed diagnostic analysis of the results from state-of-the art climate model simulations, this study confirmed the conceptual picture of the interannual variation in equatorial stratospheric water vapor discussed in earlier papers (e.g., Geller et al.). The interannual anomalies in water vapor are strongly related to the dynamical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and this study presents the first QBO composite of the time–height structure of the equatorial water vapor anomalies. The anomalies display upward propagation below about 10 hPa in a manner analogous to the annual “tape recorder” effect, but at higher levels they show clear downward propagation. This study examined these variations in the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC)-AGCM and in four models in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) tha.
Existence of T*(3, 4,v)‐codes

A word of length k over an alphabet Q of size v is a vector of length k with coordinates taken from Q. Let Q*4 be the set of all words of length 4 over Q. A T*(3, 4, v)‐code over Q is a subset C*⊆ Q*4 such that every word of length 3 over Q occurs as a subword in exactly one word of C*. Levenshtein has proved that a T*(3, 4, vv)‐code exists for all even v. In this paper, the notion of a generalized candelabra t‐system is introduced and used to show that a T*(3, 4, v)‐code exists for all odd v. Combining this with Levenshtein's result, the existence problem for a T*(3,4, v)‐code is solved completely. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 13: 42–53, 2005.
IONIZATION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES BY SHORT, STRONG LASER PULSES

This article provides an extension to multiparticle systems (like atoms and molecules with many electrons) of nonperturbative results obtained previously by the authors in collaboration with Fring on the ionization of atomic bound states under the influence of short, ultra-intense laser pulses. We give upper and lower bounds which in particular exclude stabilization.
DISCRETE COMPRESSIVE SOLUTIONS OF SCALAR CONSERVATION LAWS

We prove the convergence of numerical approximations of compressive solutions for scalar conservation laws with convex flux. This new proof of convergence is fully discrete and does not use Kuznetsov's approach. We recover the well-known rate of convergence in O(Δx½). With the same fully discrete approach, we also prove a rate of convergence in O(Δx) uniformly in time, if the initial data is a shock, or asymptotically after the compression of the initial profile. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical analysis.
Antimicrobial Treatment of Heat Sensitive Materials by Means of Atmospheric Pressure Rf‐Driven Plasma Jet

Since several years a number of activities on the field of antimicrobial treatment by using non‐thermal plasmas are known. But although there are quite a few plasma based processes commercially available, the complexity of interaction between plasma and micro organisms prevents the breakthrough of this technology up to now. Thus plasma generation and treatment method needs to be adapted for each individual application. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the industrial applicability of plasma technological processes for medical devices. Therefore a non‐thermal plasma jet operated in argon at atmospheric pressure and driven by radio frequency (27.12 MHz) is applied to antimicrobial treatment of samples made of heat sensitive materials, such as used in medical devices. Due to its compact design and low power consumption, typical 10 W to 60 W, it is predestined for modularisation. Therefore it can be adapted to nearly any geometry such as given by medical devices to be treated. The plasma is characterised by UV/VIS optical emission spectroscopy. In order to analyse the effect of the plasma on the micro organisms (Bacillus atrophaeus spores and Escherichia coli vegetative bacteria) microbiological tests are performed. First results on lethal effects of the plasma treamtent will be discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The definition of a multi-dimensional generalization of shot noise

The paper studies the formally defined stochastic process where {tj } is a homogeneous Poisson process in Euclidean n-space En and the a.e. finite Em -valued function f(·) satisfies |f(t)| = g(t) (all |t | = t), g(t) ↓ 0 for all sufficiently large t → ∞, and with either m = 1, or m = n and f(t)/g(t) =t/t. The convergence of the sum at (*) is shown to depend on (i) (ii) (iii) . Specifically, finiteness of (i) for sufficiently large X implies absolute convergence of (*) almost surely (a.s.); finiteness of (ii) and (iii) implies a.s. convergence of the Cauchy principal value of (*) with the limit of this principal value having a probability distribution independent of t when the limit in (iii) is zero; the finiteness of (ii) alone suffices for the existence of this limiting principal value at t = 0.