Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENCY OF LIGHT-TRAPS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

We mean the percentage of species on the efficiency of light traps, captured a number of species present in the environment. Daily changes in the efficiency were studied in connection with the weather elements and moon phases in nine years of collecting material of light-traps operating in Kámon Botanic Garden (Szombathely, Hungary). The first catching day of a particular species is called the appearance, and after the day of the last specimen caught is called disappearance. The difference of the number of species appearing and the disappearing ones means the present species. The number of caught species in the percentage of present ones is the efficiency of lighttrap. The light trapping efficiency was investigated with combined data for 9 years. It was examined separately according to each aspects assigned to daily temperature, wind speed, precipitation, relative humidity, cloud height, cloud amount data and the polarized moonlight. The relationships were examined by fitting different models. We found that the efficiency of light traps increases in all aspects with higher temperature and a high proportion of polarized moonlight, but the same can be seen only in the spring and summer aspects at a little cloud, in the autumn and winter aspects a lot of cloud and in the autumn and winter aspects a higher relative humidity causes similar effect. There is a lower efficiency in all aspects because of rain, strong winds, low clouds and high humidity in the spring and summer aspects. Strong influences of abiotic factors cause irregular fluctuations in the efficiency values for each day.
Dynamics of the circadian clock protein PERIOD2 in living cells

In mammals, circadian rhythms are generated by delayed negative feedback, in which period (PER1–PER3) and cryptochrome (CRY1, CRY2) proteins gradually accumulate in the nucleus to suppress the transcription of their own genes. Although the importance of nuclear import and export signals for the subcellular localization of clock proteins is well established, little is known about the dynamics of these processes as well as their importance for the generation of circadian rhythms. We show by pharmacological perturbations of oscillating cells that nuclear import and export are of crucial importance for the circadian period. Live-cell fluorescence microscopy revealed that nuclear import of the key circadian protein PER2 is fast and further accelerated by CRY1. Moreover, PER2 nuclear import is crucially dependent on a specific nuclearreceptor-binding motif in PER2 that also mediates nuclear immobility. Nuclear export, however, is relatively slow, supporting a model of PER2 nuclear accumulation by rapid import, slow export and substantial nuclear degradation.
Study on the observability degree of integrated inertial navigation system of autonomous underwater vehicle

Strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) initial alignment error model is presented under moving base. SINS navigation error models and the integrated navigation error models are proposed. The state observability during the initial alignment under moving base was thoroughly studied according to the piece-wise constant system method and singular value decomposition method. Simulation experiments were carried out under different vehicle movements with same integration and different integration with same vehicle movements respectively. Simulation experiments show that the observability degree of states variables can be improved under linear or rotation movement, furthermore, the outer measurements aided SINS can also improve the observability degree of system state variables accordingly. The observability degree increases of state variables improve the accuracy of estimation and the speed of convergence of Kalman filter applied in the integrated inertial navigation system.
GENOME SIZE AND LIFE CYCLE OF THE MYCOPLASMA *

Examination of the genome size of the mycoplasma has strengthened the division of the order Mycoplasmatales into two families: the Mycoplasmataceae and the Acholeplasmataceae. Defining genome size as the molecular weight of DNA in the total haploid nucleoid of the organism, the genera Mycoplasma is seen to have genomes in the region of 5 X lo* daltons (d) while the Acholeplasma have genomes in the region of 1 X lo9 daltons. These data and all subsequent data in this paper are based primarily on the examination of contour lengths of DNA by the electron microscope, “KleinSchmidt techniq~e,”l-~ and on relative rates of renaturation of melted DNA. In the studies referred to here, the DNA is gently released from the cell by either osmotic or detergent lysis. Simultaneously or subsequently, the DNA is mixed with a basic protein and the solution is allowed to spread over a distilled water-air interface. The protein denatures on the surface of the water and forms a compressible net. The basic side groups of the polypeptide bind to the DNA, and as the film spreads the DNA is extended. ’ The extended DNA and film can be picked up on an electron microscope grid, heavy-metal shadowed, and examined for DNA figures. Bode and Morowitz5 developed osmotic and detergent lysis methods for use on mycoplasma and employed them to elucidate the size and structure of the M . hominis H39 genome. With the proper controls such as the careful calibration of the system,5 the contour length in microns can be equated with molecular weight. Assuming sodium DNA has a molecular weight of 662 d/ base pair and the spacing between bases in the B configuration is 3.4 A, DNA has a molecular weight of approximately 1.95 +. 10% X 106 d/micron5 and 1.92 X 106 d/micron.G The determination of genome size of cells by renaturation is based on the assumption that melted single-strand DNA of known molecular weight pieces will reassociate to form stable double helices at a rate inversely proportional to the length of the unrepeated base sequence. Reassociation of denatured DNA is a two-step reaction following second order reaction kinetics. First there is a nucleation event where the two complementary strands collide to form stable base pairing and then the two molecules zipper in both directions to form a stable double helix (FIGURE 1). The nucleation site has been estimated to be about one to two nucleotides in length. ’ Since the collision step is rate limiting, the probability of a successful nucleation increases with increasing concentration of the complementary strands. Defining the concentration of the Watson strands as w and that of the Crick strands as c, the rate of reassociation of either w or c will be v1 = = *= klcw,
Nutrient Elements in Leaves of Rare and Endangered Species in Wuhan Botanical Garden, China

ABSTRACT Characteristics of mineral elements in plants are often strongly influenced by species' abundance and heterogeneous habitats. Therefore, nutrient analysis, after excluding interference of habitat heterogeneity, would directly reflect genetic traits of species in the community. From another aspect, knowledge of responses of species to environmental variation would be helpful in the management of natural and man-made ecosystems, especially those containing rare and endangered plants conserved in gardens. We studied the characteristics of twelve nutrient elements in 90 species in Wuhan Botanical Garden (WBG) and provided explanations of their survival status. Concentrations of the 12 nutrients in the artificial garden were consistent with those in other natural communities in the subtropical zone of China. Features of nutrient-limited at the community level were also consistent with the regional characteristics (N:P ratio being 9.79 ± 3.22, as exhibiting N-limited). The Ca + Mg concentrations differed between evergreen and deciduous species. The 90 species were clustered into various functional nutrition groups. The artificial community of the garden was a “sick” one relative to natural ones with wholesome ecological functions. The proportion of element-pairs with significant correlations (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) to total element-pairs was only 24.2%, being lower than that of species in the natural community, This suggests that the harmonious relationship among nutrient elements in these species was yet to be achieved. Correlation analysis between survival status of the 90 species and their foliar nutrient ratios were positive for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and sodium (Na), but negative for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al). Cluster analysis suggested that, among 23 species with the poorest survival status, 21 species had higher Ca and Mg, but lower N and P concentrations.
Coagulase‐negative staphylococci and coliform bacteria associated with mechanical defeathering of poultry carcasses

Coagulase‐negative staphylococci and coliform bacteria were isolated from defeathering machines and carcasses at a commercial poultry processing plant Initially, the predominant staphylococci on carcasses were Staphylococcus xylosus and Staph simulans but during defeathering, these organisms were replaced by Staph. sciuri. Since Staph sciuri predominated in the defeathering machines, the machinery appeared to be responsible for contaminating carcasses.
HEM dysplasia and ichthyosis are likely laminopathies and not due to 3β-hydroxysterol Δ14-reductase deficiency

Mutations of the lamin B receptor (LBR) have been shown to cause HEM dysplasia in humans and ichthyosis in mice. LBR is a bifunctional protein with both a lamin B binding and a sterol Delta(14)-reductase domain. It previously has been proposed that LBR is the primary sterol Delta(14)-reductase and that HEM dysplasia and ichthyosis are inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis. However, DHCR14 also encodes a sterol Delta(14)-reductase and could provide enzymatic redundancy with respect to cholesterol synthesis. To test the hypothesis that LBR and DHCR14 both function as sterol Delta(14)-reductases, we obtained ichthyosis mice (Lbr(-/-)) and disrupted Dhcr14. Heterozygous Lbr and Dhcr14 mice were intercrossed to test for a digenic phenotype. Lbr(-/-), Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) and Lbr(+/-):Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) mutant mice have distinct physical and biochemical phenotypes. Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) mice are essentially normal, whereas Lbr(+/-):Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) mice are growth retarded and neurologically abnormal. Neither of these mutants resembles the ichthyosis mouse and biochemically, no sterol abnormalities were detected in either liver or kidney tissue. In contrast, relatively small transient elevations of Delta(14)-sterols were observed in Lbr(-/-) and Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) brain tissue, and marked elevations were seen in Lbr(+/-):Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) brain. Pathological evaluation demonstrated vacuolation and swelling of the myelin sheaths in the spinal cord of Lbr(+/-):Dhcr14(Delta4-7/Delta4-7) mice consistent with a demyelinating process. This was not observed in either Lbr(-/-) or Dhcr14 (Delta4-7/Delta4-7) mice. Our data support the conclusions that LBR and DHCR14 provide substantial enzymatic redundancy with respect to cholesterol synthesis and that HEM dysplasia and ichthyosis are laminopathies rather than inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis.
Genetic and cytogenetic diversity in Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri, and its importance for conservation management

Abstract Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hoch‐stetteri, is now reduced to a series of isolated populations of variable size and extent. Although the species is not considered endangered, some of these isolates may be threatened or vulnerable. In a genetically and geographically discontinuous species like L. hochstetteri, every population may be an important component of total biogeographic diversity, since each isolate may represent an emergent historical entity. Variation in supernumerary chromosome number between populations and, particularly, the morphology of the sex chromosome, in conjunction with isozyme evidence, enable the identification of important subdivisions within L. hochstetteri. The population on Great Barrier Island is cytogenetically distinct since its members have no univalent, sex‐specific chromosome such as is present in all females from the North Island. Frogs from Mt Ranginui in the Rangitoto Range are the most chromosomally and biochemically distinctive of the North Island population.
Reviewing infertility care in Sudan; socio-cultural, policy and ethical barriers

This is a facility based survey that reviews infertility care in Sudan. Both authors interviewed lead physicians of functioning ART clinics. There are seven functioning privately owned fertility centres in Sudan, all situated in Khartoum state. The first centre was established in 2000. Public hospitals provide consultation and baseline investigations only. All centres have ICSI setups and do not offer standard IVF. The success rate claimed by centres is between 25-30%. HBV screening is routine in all centres while HIV screening is routine in only two centres. However, one centre declines further treatment for HIV positive couples. Centres are not affiliated with any local or regional body for reporting or quality assurance. Currently, there are common significant barriers to infertility care mentioned by all centres – high cost and inaccessibility. The cost of one cycle of IVF/ICSI treatment with drugs starts at 2,500 USD in all centre. Couples with male factor infertility have a better chance obtaining funding for ARTs compared to couples with female factor infertility. Cost reducing recommendations include: government subsidies for fertility drugs and lab media, centres sharing embryologists and cryogenic banking.
OTOLITH AND BODY SIZE RELATIONSHIPS IN BIGEYE GRENADIER (MACROURUS HOLOTRACHYS) IN CCAMLR

A large sample of otoliths from bigeye grenadier (Macrourus holotrachys) caught as by-catch in the Patagonian toothfi sh (Dissostichus eleginoides) fi shery in Subarea 48.3 was measured and weighed, and the usefulness of otoliths as predictors of fi sh size was determined. Otolith mass provides good estimates of fi sh length, whereas otolith length and width measurements provide less accurate estimates of fi sh length. Seasonal variations in fi sh mass with reproductive condition need to be considered if predictions of fi sh mass from otolith mass are undertaken. Otolith size/fi sh size models should be derived for each fi sh population under investigation. The length of fi sh chosen in such studies should be representative of the size range consumed by predators.
Estimation of the Isozymatic Genetic Variability of a Spanish A vena sativa Germplasm Collection

An analysis of Spanish land races of Avena sativa from the Germplasm Bank of the I.N. I.A. was carried out using starch gel electrophoresis. Samples of 15 seedlings per accession were used for estimating the intra- and interpopulational genetic variability. Electrophoretic analyses were performed with crude extracts from 15 day-old seedling leaflets by means of eight isozymatic systems representing a total of ten genetic loci. Two systems were mono-morphic in all the accessions, while the other six showed polymorphism both within and between populations. Intrapopulational variability was particularly high in this collection, only 16 out of the 137 accessions being uniform for all the isozyme systems. Thus the material was shown to represent a high potential of genetic variability for breeding programmes.
Studies on the Metabolic Fate of NK-104, a New Inhibitor of HMG-CoA Reductase (4) : Interspecies Variation in Laboratory Animals and Humans

NK-104 is a very potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. The pharmacokinetic properties of NK-104 were evaluated after intravenous and/or oral administration to rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and humans. The plasma concentration of NK 104 showed triexponential elimination after intravenous administration, with a half-life of 4.0-5.3 h in all four animal species. The absorption was relatively rapid after the oral administration. The relationship between the dose and the AUC was linear at a relatively high dose range in the animal species. In humans, the correlation line was located between those of dogs and rats. High bioavailability (about 80%) at a dose of 1 mg/kg was observed in all animal species except monkeys. These results indicated that the pharmacokinetic properties of NK-104 after oral administration in humans resembled those in dogs, suggesting that the BA of NK-104 is large in humans as well as dogs. NK-104 was excreted mainly into feces via biliary route, and the renal handling was negligible in rats, dogs and humans. On the other hand NK-104 was excreted mainly into urine in rabbits, and was excreted poorly into urine and feces in monkeys. The unchanged drug was excreted mainly in rat bile. Although several β-oxidation products as metabolites of NK-104 were detected, the levels of these metabolites were fairly low. In dogs, the major component in plasma, urine and feces after oral administration was the unchanged NK-104. The β-oxidation products (M-5 and M-8) were also slightly detected only in dogs. In humans, the major components in plasma after repeated oral administration (2 mg/day for 5 days) were NK-104 and its lactone form. These results suggest that NK-104 may be hardly metabolized in humans than in animal species.
THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The untimely death of Stanley Milgram on December 20, 1984, at the age of 51, marked the end of one of the most productive, eclectic, and innovative careers in social psychology. Although he was best known both among psychologists and the public at large for his landmark studies on obedience to authority (Milgram, 1963, 1974, 1984d), Milgram's span of interest took in a variety of other, less controversial, phenomena. Thus, he left his mark in the form of innovative research on topics as wide-ranging as urban psychology (Milgram, 1970a, 1970b),' the effects of televised antisocial behavior (Milgram & Shotland, 19731, subway norms (Milgram & Sabini, 1978), the lost-letter technique (Milgram, 1969c; Milgram, Mann, & Harter, 1965), the small-world method (Korte & Milgram, 1970; Milgram, 1967b; Travers & Milgram, 1969), crosscultural differences in conformity (Milgram, 1960, 1961), crowds and collective behavior (Milgram, Bickman, & Berkowitz, 1969; Milgram, Liberty, Toledo, & Wackenhut, 1986), mental maps (Milgram, Greenwald, Kessler, McKenna, & Waters, 1972; Milgram & Jodelet, 1976, 1977), the psychology of photography (Milgram, 1976b), the familiar stranger (Milgram, 1977b), and person perception (Milgram, 1984b; see also Colligan, 1980; Herbert, 1985). It is possible to distill from Milgram's work a set of underlying unifying features, themes, and metatheoretical assumptions that, in their totality, add up to a distinctive approach to social psychology. My goal in this article is to present
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Challenges and Novel Therapies

Results: EB patients are at increased risk of death from their disease consequences before the third decent of them life. Gene correction and stem cell transplantation or combination of tissue engineering and gene therapy are modern suggested treatments for EB. This review spends to etiologies and mutations resulting in different types of the disease and efforts conducted in order to modify mutations, especially those affecting hemi desmosome structures in epidermal keratinocytes in different types of EB.
Spatial analysis of stress conditions inside broiler house under tunnel ventilation

A tipologia de edificacoes para abrigo de frangos de corte associada a caracteristicas do local (clima, topografia e vegetacao dos arredores) e os sistemas de manejo (densidade de aves, cortinas, equipamentos e nutricao) influencia as condicoes internas. A distribuicao espacial destas variaveis pode indicar zona de estresse dentro do galpao. O objetivo da pesquisa foi aplicar a analise espacial das condicoes do ambiente termico, aereo e acustico dentro de galpao de producao de frango de corte, usando sistema de ventilacao tipo tunel e densidade de 18 aves m-2. O estudo foi conduzido em Rio Claro, SP, em uma edificacao com 12 m × 115 m, dividida em tres setores (leste, centro e oeste), orientada leste-oeste, contendo virtualmente 132 celulas, cada uma medindo 3,0 m × 3,5 m. No centro geometrico de cada celula as seguintes variaveis foram medidas instantaneamente: temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar, nivel de ruido e intensidade de luz. Os dados foram coletados sistematicamente a partir do lado oeste para o lado leste, em direcao oposta ao fluxo de ar produzido pela ventilacao tipo tunel, no periodo mais critico do dia. As medidas foram tomadas quando as aves estavam na sexta semana de producao. A mortalidade media dos frangos foi registrada nos tres setores. A ferramenta geostatistica foi usada para construir mapas de distribuicao espacial das variaveis resultantes de maneira a possibilitar a inferencia de posicoes intermediarias. Concluiu-se que as zonas de estresse estao localizadas nos extremos do galpao e o maior indice de mortalidade foi encontrado no setor oeste, onde estavam os exaustores.
IMPORTANCE OF SEXUALLY ACTIVE GROUP (SAG) IN ESTRUS DETECTION OF DAIRY COWS

Estrus detection is one of the major challenges in dairy cattle management. Efficient knowledge of estrus symptoms and reliable detection methods are essential for improving the reproductive outcome in dairy herds. A stronger focus on behaviors associated with estrus has been suggested to sustain and improve heat detection. Closeness in animals coming into heat usually congregates and form small groups of three to five animals called Sexually Active Group (SAG). This tendency of estrous cows to approach and remain in the vicinity of other cows, even when other signs of estrus are not expressed is probably known among the farmers. The SAG behavior is associated with estrus and was distributed through the estrous cycle in a pattern similar to secondary estrus signs (SES) behaviors. SAG is a sign of estrous cows in general and it is also expressed by cows alone in estrus and cows not expressing mounting or standing behavior. During standing estrus (STE), the fraction of time spent in SAG increased more than the frequency of initiated SES. A sudden decrease in the fraction of time in SAG may more precisely a signal that a cow is about to end STE. High frequencies of SAG, SES, and social agonistic behaviors were indicators of STE.
Genetic analysis for economic traits in elite indigenous and exotic lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under timely sown high fertility conditions

Genetic variability and character associations were estimated based on 111 elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes including advanced stage material from different regions and production conditions of India and Australia, to mark the diversity for ten important agronomic traits, vizplant stand, days to heading, plant height, days to maturity, tillers per plot, spike length, grains per spike, spike weight, grain yield and 1000-grain weight (TKW) during the year 2009-2010. Results revealed that enough variability was present for all these traits. High heritability with moderate to low genetic advance was estimated for three metric traits namely; days to heading, spike length and spike weight thereby showing that this could be due to non-additive gene action or presence of G × E interaction. Therefore, simple selection and developing transgressive segregants through hybridization is suggested. Presence of significant and positive correlations between plant height, TKW, grains per spike and spike weight with grain yield, suggested that further yield improvement in bread wheat might be possible by emphasizing these traits through simple selection.