Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging

Direct and Indirect Radiologic Localization Reference System: Basal Brain Line CA-CP Cerebral Structures in Three-Dimensional Space Practical Examples for the Use of the Atlas in Neuroradiologic Examinations Three-Dimensional Atlas of a Human Brain Nomenclature-Abbreviations Anatomic Index Conclusions.
Flood simulation model study for Ganges River, Bangladesh

Ganges, one of the major rivers of Bangladesh, is approximately 120 km long from its upstream, National Border of Bangladesh, to the downstream station, Aricha where it meets with the Jamuna river. The discharge of Ganges varies from a minimum value of 500 m3/s in March-April to a maximum value of 40,000 m3/s in August-September. This condition causes water shortages in dry seasons and flood in wet seasons. The flood plain areas are often developed for agricultural, commercial or housing purposes and this raises the issue of flood risk and flood protection. One-dimensional models can predict the propagation of flood wave in main channel accurately but they do not give accurate flow prediction in flood plains. To overcome this limitation, a two-dimensional model, which is able to provide more accurate prediction of flood wave propagation in the main channel and flood plains simultaneously, has been developed based on alternating direction implicit scheme. Also a one-dimensional model has been developed based on a finite difference implicit scheme to simulate flood flows along the river. Close agreement between the computed results and observed data indicates that the model can predict the flood flow conditions along the study reach, a length of 25 km, very well. In the one-dimensional model, it has been observed that the Manning's n has a significant effect on the computed discharges but very little effect on the computed water levels. The two-dimensional model shows that the weighting factor of the effective stresses, the friction factors of main channel and berm and the time step have a significant effect on the computed results. It is found that in all respects the two-dimensional model gives the better accuracy in the computed results than the one-dimensional model. Moreover, the two-dimensional model can simulate the flood flow accurately both in the main-channel and floodplains.
Simulating effects of timber harvesting on the temporal and spatial distribution of shallow landslides

A distributed, physically-based slope stability model (dSLAM) was used to analyze the effects of different timber harvesting strategies on slope stability in a steep, forested drainage in the Oregon Coast Ranges. The simulated temporal distribution of landslide occurrence for a single 50% clearcut is consistent with previous empirical findings: most landslides are distributed in a period of about 3-15 yr after the clearcut. Of the 39,000 simulated rainstorms, 82 triggered landslides. Vegetation leave areas, management measures used to reduce landslide occurrence in unstable portions of proposed clearcuts, were evaluated as effective. The simulations indicate that the spatial distribution of failure potential is determined by patterns of timber harvesting and groundwater movement: areas with high failure potential were in sites where root strength is low and groundwater flow concentrates. Finally, results support the hypothesis that geomorphic hollows are positions that have highest potential of landslide occurrence in steep terrain.
QM / MM Investigation of the Primary Photochemical Event in Vision

Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107 The energy-storage and molecular rearrangements due to the primary photochemical event in rhodopsin are investigated by using QM/MM(MO:MM) hybrid methods in conjunction with high-resolution structural data of bovine visual rhodopsin. The analysis of the reactant and product molecular structures reveals that the 11-cis/all-trans-isomerization reaction involves rotation of the φ(C11-C12) dihedral angle from -11° in the 11-cis isomer to -161° in the all-trans product. The preferential sense of rotation is found to be determined by the steric Van der Waals interactions between Ala117 and the polyene chain at the C13 position. The energystorage obtained at the ONIOM-EE (B3LYP/6-31G*:Amber) level of theory is 34 kcal/mol, in excellent agreement with experimental measurements (32—35 ± 0.9—2.2 kcal/mol). Detailed analysis of molecular interactions indicates that half of this energy is stored as strain energy and steric interactions due to the constraints for the retinyl chromophore isomerization in the rhodopsin binding pocket. This strain energy is stored by a significant bending and twisting of the all-trans isomer, with out-of-the-plane distortions larger than 20° in the dihedral angles of the C9-C10, C12-C13, C14-C15 and C15-NH(+) chromophore bonds. The remaining stored energy is mostly electrostatic and involves stretching of the salt-bridge formed between the protonated Schiff-base and the Glu113 counterion. The molecular structure analysis of the salt-bridge stretching mechanism indicates that the storage of electrostatic energy involves solely torsion of the polyene chain at the Schiff-linkage. The resulting reorientation of the polarized bonds C15H and N-H displaces the net positive charge of the linkage relative to the Glu113 counterion without significantly displacing the linkage itself, or inducing a redistribution of atomic charges within the chromophore. The reorientation of the polarized bonds at the Schiff-linkage is assisted by a hydrogen-bonded water molecule (Wat2a) consistently found by X-ray crystallographic studies. Finally, it is shown that the S0 → S1 electronic-excitation energies for the dark and product states obtained at the ONIOM-EE (TD-B3LYP/6-31G*//B3LYP/6-31G*:Amber) level of theory (59.4 kcal/mol and 59.0 kcal/mol, respectively) are in very good agreement with the corresponding experimental values (57.4 kcal/mol and 54.0 kcal/mol, respectively). These results are particularly relevant to the development of a first principles understanding of the structure-function relations in prototypical G-protein-coupled receptors.
Production of ceramic bodies from Tunisian Cretaceous clays

Abstract The aim of this research was to assess the potential application of the Late Cretaceous levels as raw material for the production of ceramic tiles. Mineralogical, chemical and grain size distribution studies were carried out on four clays sampled at different sites in the Tunisian Central Atlas. Clays are mainly composed of phyllosilicates, usually illite and kaolinite. Quartz, feldspars and dolomite were also detected. Tiles were prepared by pressing clay bodies at 250 bar and then firing at different temperatures following industrial conditions as closely as possible. Thermal analysis showed the influence of mineralogical composition and grain size distribution on the material behaviour during firing. The physical properties of fired tiles were obtained from specific tests in accordance with international standards (ISO), i.e. the firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density and flexural strength. The development of physical properties indicates an optimal firing range between 1050–1150ºC. Results demonstrate the potential of Late Cretaceous materials as raw materials for the production of ceramic tiles.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Genetic variation in eggshell crystal size and orientation is large and these traits are correlated with shell thickness and are associated with eggshell matrix protein markers

The size and orientation of the calcium carbonate crystals influence the structure and 2 strength of the chickens eggshell. In this study estimates of heritability for crystal size 3 were found to be high (0.6) and moderate for crystal orientation (0.3). There was a 4 strong positive correlation for crystal size and orientation with the thickness of the 5 shell, and in particular the thickness of the mammillary layer (0.65). Correlations with 6 shell breaking strength was positive but with a high error. This was contrary to 7 expectation as in man made materials smaller crystals would be stronger. We believe 8 the results of this study support the hypothesis that the structural organisation of shell, 9 and in particular the mammillary layer, is influenced by crystal size and orientation 10 especially during the initial phase of calcification. Genetic associations for crystal measurements were observed between haplotype blocks or individual markers for a number of eggshell matrix proteins. Ovalbumin , 13 and ovotransferrin (LTF) markers for example were associated with crystal size while ovocleidin-116 and ovocalyxin 32 (RARRES1) markers were associated with crystal 15 orientation. The location of these proteins in the eggshell is consistent with different 16 phases of the shell formation process. shells thickness profile. and/or associated markers in to improve
Boosting the Extensibility Potential of Fibre Networks : A Review

Production of paper-based packaging is growing at the present moment and has great future prospects. However, the development of new packaging concepts is creating a demand for an improvement in the mechanical properties of paper. Extensibility is one of these properties. Highly extensible papers have the potential to replace certain kinds of plastics used in packaging. Extensibility is also important for the sack and bag paper grades and for runnability in any converting process. This paper reviews the factors that affect the extensibility of fibres and paper, and discusses opportunities for improving the straining potential of paper and paper-like fibre networks. It is possible to classify factors that affect extensibility into three main categories: fibre structure, interfibre bonding, and structure of the fibre network. Extensibility is also affected by the straining situation and the phase state of the polymers in the cell wall. By understanding the basic phenomena related to the elongation, and by combining different methods affecting the deformability of fibre network, extensibility of paper can be raised to a higher level.
Compensation and Recruiting: Private Universities Versus Private Corporations

This paper attempts to shed light on the continuing debate regarding executive compensation by comparing the income of S&P 500 CEOs with that of the presidents of elite private universities. The results reveal that university presidents are paid only a fraction of what CEOs are paid -- less than 5% in 2000. Nonetheless, universities are able to attract leaders with qualifications and accomplishments equivalent to that of the most distinguished CEOs. Furthermore, university presidents appear to be willing to work as hard and as much in the interests of their constituents as corporate CEOs despite the lack of any meaningful incentive clauses in their contracts. These results suggest that the standard principal agent model used in evaluating compensation needs to be extended significantly before it can be applied to situations in which a few select people are recruited for highly paid jobs that offer the chance to lead major institutions.
Adaptability and Stability of Soybean Genotypes in the States of Maranhão , Piauí , Tocantins and Bahia

The soybean crop has a substantial importance for Brazil’s agribusiness and economy. Besides, breeding programs have contributed to the development of the crop in the country allowing grain yield increase and, at the same time, intensifying the production of new cultivars that show both yield predictability and wide adaptation. This study was aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance, adaptability, and stability of soybean genotypes in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Tocantins, and Bahia. The genotypes were evaluated to the extent of grain yield in the municipalities of Chapadinha (MA), Balsas (MA), Bom Jesus (PI), Porto Nacional (TO), and Formoso do Rio Preto (BA) under complete randomized block design, with three repetitions. Data were submitted to joint analyses and to studies of adaptability and stability by Wricke (1965), Eberhart and Russel (1966), and Annicchiarico (1992) methods. The genotypes UFUS 504, UFU 506, UFU 508, UFU 512, UFU 514, UFU 516, UFU 518, UFU 519, UFU 520, UFU 521, UFU 523, and UFUS Imperial showed wide stability and adaptability, whereas UFU 503, UFU 505, and UFUS Impact were adapted to favorable conditions.
Re-analysis of Gray Whale Southbound Migration Surveys 1967-2006

Between 1967 and 2007, 23 seasons of shore-based counts of the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) stock of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were conducted throughout all or most of the southbound migration near Carmel, California. Population estimates have been derived from these surveys using a variety of techniques that were adapted as the data collection protocol evolved. The subsequent time series of estimates was used to evaluate trend and population status, resulting in the conclusion that the population was no longer endangered and had achieved its optimum sustainable population (OSP) level. We re-evaluated the data from all of the surveys using a common estimation procedure and an improved method for treatment of error in pod size and detection probability estimation. The newly derived abundance estimates between 1967 and 1987 were generally larger (-2.5% to 21%) than previous abundance estimates. However, the opposite was the case for survey years 1992 to 2006, with estimates declining from -4.9% to -29%. This pattern is largely explained by the differences in the correction for pod size bias which occurred because the pod sizes in the calibration data over­ represented pods of two or more whales and underrepresented single whales relative to the estimated true pod size distribution
Response to letter regarding article, "right ventricular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study".

We thank Dr Guazzi for his interest in and insightful comments about our study of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction.1 We agree that tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), like any method of cardiac shortening (LV ejection fraction, RV ejection fraction, etc), is load dependent and influenced by RV afterload, a parameter related to but inadequately reflected by pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). To address these limitations, we adjusted all analyses of the prognostic implications of RV dysfunction (by TAPSE …
The Rhaetian flora of Rögla, northern Scania, Sweden

Abstract: Rögla is the northernmost locality yielding Mesozoic plant fossils in Scania, southern Sweden, and is one of the northernmost Rhaetian assemblages in Europe. The assemblage consists of over 500 specimens collected 50–60 years ago, of which 139 yielded identifiable plant remains referable to 15 plant species; another 19 specimens are tentatively assigned to four species because of their fragmentary preservation. The flora includes sphenophytes, ferns, cycads, bennettitaleans, seed ferns of uncertain alliance, conifers and some leaf remains that are tentatively assigned to ginkgophytes based on their epidermal anatomy. The species‐level composition of the assemblage is consistent with a Rhaetian age and is similar to well‐known floras from nearby Höganäs and Bjuv, except for the absence of cycads belonging to Nilssonia, which are very common in most other Scanian floras. The fossil assemblage is interpreted to derive from multi‐storey vegetation occupying moist habitats on a coastal plain. Strong affinities are evident with the coeval floras of Jameson Land, Greenland, reinforcing the concept of a distinctive North Atlantic floristic sub‐province at the close of the Triassic.
Pliocene and Quaternary surface uplift of western Turkey revealed by long-term river terrace sequences

Western Turkey forms the eastern part of the Aegean extensional province. In the 1980s it was accepted that vertical crustal motions in this region are caused solely by this active normal faulting, with footwall localities uplifting and hanging-walls subsiding. The presence of marine sediments, interpreted as Pliocene, at altitudes in excess of 400 m in some hanging-wall localities provided - in the late 1980s - the first clear evidence of Pliocene-Quaternary regional surface uplift. However, it has since been argued that the incision of river gorges in this region has been caused instead by localized uplift in normal-fault footwalls. We review the available geomorphological and sedimentary evidence from the Denizli area, within the drainage catchment of the Buyuk Menderes river, in support of ~ 400 m of Plio- Quaternary regional surface uplift. We also examine the staircase of four high terraces, formed of cemented fluvial gravel at ~ 360, ~ 330, ~ 255, and ~ 225 m above river level, is identified. Farther downstream, a similar terrace, ~ 200 m above this river and so tentatively correlated with the ~ 225 m terrace upstream, was also identified within the Quaternary volcanic field around Kula. Nearby, a slightly lower (~ 190 m) terrace gravel is capped by basalt, K-Ar dated to ~ 1.2 Ma; below this, other similar terraces form a lower-level staircase. We interpret this evidence as indicating uplift rates of ~ 0.1 mm a -1 or more in the latest Pliocene, when the staircase of cemented high terraces appears to have formed, relative stability for much of the Early Pleis- tocene, but renewed uplift at rates approaching ~ 0.2 mm a -1 in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The resulting uplift history resembles what is observed in other regions, and has been modelled as the isostatic response to changing rates of surface processes linked to global environmental change, with no direct rela- tionship to the crustal extension occurring in western Turkey. Our results thus suggest that the present, often deeply-incised, landscape of western Turkey has largely developed from the Middle Pleistocene onwards, for reasons not directly related to the active normal faulting, the local isostatic consequences of which are superimposed onto this 'background' of regional surface uplift.
Structural Reassessment of the South Banggai-Sula Area: No Sorong Fault Zone

New seismic and multibeam data from the South Banggai-Sula area suggest that many previously reported structures may have been misidentified. This paper presents a revised tectonic map of the region. Based on correlation with geology on land it is suggested the area north and west of the North Banda Basin is underlain by Paleozoic to Permo-Triassic Australian-origin basement rocks, overlain by Mesozoic–Early Miocene sedimentary rocks. Collision in the Early to Middle Miocene preceded extension that led to formation of the North Banda Basin in the Late Miocene and more recent extension that may continue to the present-day. Strands of the Sorong Fault can be traced from New Guinea towards the Sula Islands but there is no through-going Sorong Fault Zone traceable to the south of the Banggai-Sula block. Instead there is a highly extended continental margin north of the North Banda Basin which is underlain by Middle Miocene–Pliocene (12.5–7.3 Ma) oceanic crust. Seismic data suggest there is a narrower area of oceanic crust between Mangole and Buru Island, interpreted to be of similar age to the North Banda Basin. West of the Sula Islands the Matano Fault Zone observed on land in East Sulawesi appears to terminate in the NW corner of the North Banda Basin. Adjacent to the Tolo Trough there is a probable large-scale gravitational collapse structure. The existence of the Greyhound Straits Fault between Taliabu and Banggai Island is doubtful. The absence of a major through-going strike-slip fault zone along the south Taliabu Shelf indicates that the Banggai-Sula block was not transported to the west by the Sorong Fault Zone.
Mental health status of adolescent cancer survivors

Due to the successful treatment of children with cancer, overall 5-year survival rates now exceed 80%. Because of this success in treating childhood cancer, concerns are now focusing on the potential risk of both physical and psychosocial late effects in these cancer survivors. There is limited data available for clinicians and researchers on the mental health of adolescent survivors of childhood cancers. The goal of this review is to provide a concise evalu- ation of the content and attributes of literature available on this often overlooked, yet vulnerable, population. Overall, studies on psychological outcomes in adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer suggest that the majority are mentally healthy and do not report significant levels of psychological distress. Several factors were recognized as playing an important role in adverse psychosocial outcomes in these adolescent cancer survivors: to include the diagnosis of a tumor in the central nervous system, central nervous system-directed cancer treatment, and physical late effects. To identify the subset of survivors who may benefit from systematic psychological services, systematic psychological screening of all adolescent cancer survivors during follow- up oncology visits is recommended. Further research into this critical area is needed to help identify other potential risk factors and guide the development of evidence-based support for these vulnerable adolescents.
Triassic evaporites and Plio-Quaternary diapirism in western Greece

Wide Triassic evaporite outcrops run parallel to the strike of Hellenide thrust faults in western Greece. They crop out along the leading edges of thrust sheets emplaced as part of the foreland-migrating fold-and-thrust belt. The evaporites acted as the plane of décollement for thrust-sheet emplacement over much of the External Hellenides. Plio-Quaternary diapirs occur locally within the broad outcrops of Triassic evaporite. They are the result of local mobilization of evaporite after its emplacement. Their rise may have been initially triggered by Hellenide thrust-sheet loading and subsequently accentuated by Plio-Quaternary subsidence. Geophysical records and onland exposures show that diapiric rise controlled local sedimentation patterns above the sites of earlier Hellenide thrusts. The subsequent intrusion of diapirs into these cover sediments caused localized extensional structures to develop. This is best seen in SE Zakinthos, where strain-hardened, conjugate faults developed in friable Pliocene sandstones early in the intrusion history. Principal strains calculated from these sets demonstrate patterns of extension sub-orthogonal to intrusion margins. They are comparable with patterns known from other field and experimental examples, but contrast with some recent studies on diapir-related strains.