Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral nudging in a spectral regional climate model

Spectral nudging, a dynamic downscaling method, has been used as a suitable approach to force a regional model to adopt prescribed large-scales over the entire domain, not just at the lateral boundaries, while developing realistic detailed regional features consistent with the large-scales. The aim of this study is to compare a global spectral climate model at high resolution (50 km) and a driven spectral regional climate model over Europe by using the so-called perfect model approach. The spectral nudging method is applied in order to achieve a better representation of large-scale climate over a limited domain. The results show that the regional model driven only at its lateral boundaries presents a summer warm bias in the middle of the domain. This bias disappears when spectral nudging is applied. On the other hand, the smallest scales which are not driven by the spectral nudging are not significantly affected by scale interaction. The only detrimental impact of spectral nudging is a slight precipitation increase in the upper quantiles of precipitation, which can be resolved by large-scale nudging of specific humidity.
Implications of fungicide application timing and post-spray irrigation on disease control and peanut yield

Abstract Applying fungicides at night when the leaves are folded and using irrigation water after application have both been shown to increase deposition of fungicides in the lower plant canopy, improve control of stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii), and increase peanut (Arachis hypogaea) yield. To evaluate the interactive effects of these two practices, four applications of a protectant fungicide, chlorothalonil (1.26 kg a.i./ha), or a systemic, prothioconazole + tebuconazole (0.23 kg a.i./ha), tebuconazole (0.21 kg a.i./ha), flutolanil + propiconazole (0.45 kg a.i./ha), pyraclostrobin (0.21 kg a.i./ha), or two applications of a systemic, fluoxastrobin (0.17 kg a.i./ha) or azoxystrobin (0.31 kg a.i./ha) were sprayed either at night (3 a.m. to 5 a.m., when peanut leaves were folded) or during daylight (10 a.m. to 12 p.m., when peanut leaves were unfolded). Fungicides were applied as sub-subplots and night and day fungicide application timings as subplots in a split-split plot design with post-spray ir.
Impact of two different types of El Niño events on the Amazon climate and ecosystem productivity

Aims The Amazon basin plays an important role in the global carbon budget. Interannual climate variability associated with El Nino can affect the Amazon ecosystem carbon balance. In recent years, studies have suggested that there are two different types of El Ninos: eastern-Pacific (EP) El Nino and central-Pacific (CP) El Nino. The impacts of two types of El Nino on the Amazon climate and Amazon ecosystem are analyzed in the study. Methods A composite method has been applied to highlight the common features for the EPand CP-El Nino events using observational data, IPCC-AR4 model output. Potential impacts of the two different types of El Nino on ecosystem carbon sequestration over the Amazon have been investigated using a process-based biogeochemical model, the Biome–BioGeochemical Cycles model (Biome–BGC). Important Findings Below-normal rainfall is observed year round in northern, central and eastern Amazonia during EP-El Nino years. During CP-El Nino years, negative rainfall anomalies are observed in most of the Amazon during the austral summer wet season, while there is average or above-average precipitation in other seasons. EPand CP-El Nino events produce strikingly different precipitation anomaly pattern in the tropical and subtropical Andes during the austral fall season: wetter conditions prevail during EP-El Nino years and drier conditions during CP-El Nino years. Temperatures are above-average year round throughout tropical South America during EP-El Nino events, especially during austral summer. During CP-El Nino events, average or slightly above-average temperatures prevail in the tropics, but these temperatures are less extreme than EP year’s temperature except in austral fall. These precipitation and temperature anomalies influence ecosystem productivity and carbon sequestration throughout the Amazon. Using the Biome–BGC model, we find that net ecosystem production (NEP) in the EP-El Nino years is below average, in agreement with most previous studies; such results indicate that the Amazon region acts as a net carbon source to the atmosphere during EP-El Nino years. In the CP-El Nino years, NEP does not differ significantly from its climatological value, suggesting that the Amazon forest remains a carbon sink for the atmosphere. Thus, even if CP-El Nino events increase in frequency or amplitude under global warming climate as predicted in some Global Climate Models, the Amazon rainforest may remain a carbon sink to the atmosphere during El Nino years in the near future.
Sward herbage accumulation and nutritive value as affected by pasture renovation strategy

Perennial ryegrass pastures are the main feed for dairy cows in temperate regions. Alternatives to increase farm sustainability such as naturalized pastures have been proposed, and only limited knowledge exists regarding their potential as a forage source for grazing dairy systems. A field study was undertaken between September 2006 and September 2009 in Valdivia, Chile, to assess the effect of three pasture renovation strategies [naturalized fertilized (NFP); cultivated fertilized Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens mixture (RGWC); and cultivated fertilized Bromus valdivianus, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens mixture (MIXED)] over a naturalized degraded pasture on herbage production, botanical change and chemical composition. The three renovation strategies increased total herbage accumulation. During 2007–2008 and 2008–2009, the naturalized fertilized pasture produced similar amounts of dry matter as the cultivated fertilized mixtures. A higher grazing efficiency (the proportion of total herbage mass accumulation, removed by grazing dairy cows) was estimated for NNFP, RGWC and MIXED. Fertilization and liming increased the proportions of Lolium perenne and Bromus spp. at the expense of Agrostis capillaris and Trifolium repens. In the cultivated mixtures, the amount of Lolium perenne tended to decrease over time. Crude protein concentration and digestibility tended to be higher for naturalized fertilized and perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures throughout the experiment. These results suggest that fertilization and liming of a low-producing naturalized pasture might be a sound alternative for pasture improvement.
Evaluation of daily temperatures in Central Europe and their links to large-scale circulation in an ensemble of regional climate models

Reproduction of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, including tails of their distributions and links to large-scale circulation, is evaluated in an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model (RCM) simulations over the Czech Republic. RCM data for recent climate (1961–1990) are validated against observed data gridded from a high-density station network. We find large biases in mean monthly temperatures and in seasonal extremes, which are significant in most RCMs throughout the year. The results suggest that an RCM’s formulation plays a much more important role in summer, whereas in winter RCM performance is closely linked to the driving GCM. Biases are usually larger for extremes than central parts of temperature distributions, and RCMs tend to underestimate the severity of extremes in both seasons. Substantial underestimation of diurnal temperature range throughout the year in all RCMs and a shift of maximum in its annual cycle suggest general errors in simulating climate processes affecting the difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures. Some features of the temperature biases in RCMs are related to deficiencies in the simulation of atmospheric circulation, particularly too strong advection and overestimation of westerly flow at the expense of easterly flow in most RCMs. The general biases in simulating anticyclonic, cyclonic and straight flow also contribute to the underestimated diurnal temperature range.
Are Inequality and Poverty Harmful for Economic Growth: Evidence from the Metropolitan Areas of the United States

This article explores how initial income inequality and poverty are related to subsequent economic growth in the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States. In contradiction to many recent findings based on cross-country regressions, the results of this investigation show a robust positive relationship between initial (1980) MSA income inequality and subsequent MSA per capita personal income (PCPI) growth rate. Initial MSA poverty rate, on the other hand, is negatively associated with MSA PCPI growth rate. But this relationship is not statistically significant in some of the regressions. The results also show that MSAs with higher PCPI growth rates have lower end-of-period poverty and inequality; hence, there may exist a virtuous cycle of poverty reduction and economic growth. A by-product of this study is the compilation of a dataset on MSA income inequality and poverty for the years 1980 and 1990.
Life-cycle stages of Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae) in the Baltic Sea

Despite many observations of different life-cycle stages of Dinophysis species, the complete life history of the genus is still unknown owing to the difficulties encountered in culturing these species. The seasonal distribution of D. acuminata was followed at two offshore stations in the brackish Baltic Sea by means of in situ observations of life-cycle stages of this species. In April 2000, D. acuminata was present in low numbers in typical vegetative form and size. Cell numbers increased sharply in early May, when small-sized morphotypes comprised 17% of the total population at one of the stations, and increased to >60% at its peak abundance on 5 June 2000. At this time, several cells of both similar and unequal size were in sexual conjugation (putative anisogamous or isogamous gametes). Recently divided vegetative cells, as well as 'naked' cells (possible early stages of a temporary cyst), were also found. Cell numbers decreased sharply in early July 2000 and small cells were no longer found. This is the first observation of sexual reproduction of D. acuminata in the Baltic Sea. However, the environmental parameters favouring sexual reproduction remain uncertain.
Effect of long-term burn-pruning on the flora in a lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) stand

The effect of burn-pruning on the flora in a natural stand of lowbush b lueberry was studied over a 24-yr period in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Treatments were: not burned and burn-pruned every 2nd, 3rd, or 4th year. A vegetative survey was conducted before burning and periodically in succeeding years. Following statistical analyses, species were grouped according to their response to burning, as follows: those not significantly affected; those eliminated or whose frequency of occurrence was reduced; and those whose occurrence was increased. Initially, burning virtually eliminated Juniperus communis var. depressa, Empetrum nigrum, Cladina rangiferina, Lycopodium clavatum and Pleurozium schreberi, reduced the frequency of occurrence of nine species by 6 to 69%, and increased 13 others by 1 to 2050%. With burning, Polytrichum commune and Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca, in particular, increased very early in the study to become two of the most prevalent species. Also, except for some initial effects .
Parametrization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state-dependent wave breaking

Both experimental estimates and different parametrizations of the transfer velocity of poorly soluble gases exhibit avery broad range of values at a given wind speed. Transfer velocities also appear to depend non-linearly on wind speed, and for high wind speeds this non-linearity is widely attributed to the influence of wave breaking. Both theoretical andexperimental studies suggest thatwave breaking, and associated whitecapping, is not simply dependent on wind speed butdepends also on sea state. New parametrizations of gas transfer velocity based on an existing model of the dependenceof transfer velocity on wind stress and whitecapping, supplemented by two sea-state-dependent parametrizations ofwhitecapping, are developed. These newmodels predict a diversity of transfer velocities at a given wind speed comparableto the diversity of existing parametrizations. Further, the results suggest that some of the existing parametrizations oftransfer velocity reflect in part the wind fetch and sea state typical of the experiments used as a basis of the parametrization.It is suggested that transfer velocities may be estimated much more accurately through satellite retrieval of both windspeed and significant wave height than by wind speed alone.
Symbiotic association of the ciliate Ophrydium naumanni with Chlorella causing a deep chlorophyll a maximum in an oligotrophic South Andes lake

Vertical profiles of temperature, light and chlorophyll a concentration were examined in Lake Moreno Oeste, an oligotrophic South Andean lake (Argentina), during the warmest period of the year (November–April), when thermal stratification is characteristic. Concurrent samples for the enumeration of phytoplankton and green ciliates were taken, and the differential contribution of these fractions to total chlorophyll a concentration was analysed. The development of a distinctive deep chlorophyll maximum was observed during summer months. The deep chlorophyll maximum was situated near the limit of the euphotic zone and just below the upper limit of the metalimnion. The results showed that the green ciliate Ophrydium naumanni with endosymbiotic Chlorella dominated the metalimnion causing the deep chlorophyll maximum. Additional laboratory experiments revealed a strong dependence of O.naumanni on light. Therefore, the symbiotic association appears to be an effective exploitation of the water column in poor-nutrient–high-light ecosystems like large Andean lakes.
Influência do ambiente em cultivares de feijoeiro-comum em cerrado com baixa altitude

The goal of this work was to identify common bean genotypes with high yield adaptability and stability and verify the occur- rence of the interaction genotype-environment (GxE) for important economic traits in some regions of Brazilian savannah with low altitude in the state of Mato Grosso. Twelve trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the dry and winter seasons of 2008 and 2009. Each trial was composed by 19 genotypes from six dif- ferent grain types. Data of grain yield, angular leaf spot reaction, crop cycle, tolerance to lodging, and weight of 100 grains were used for analysis of variance. Grain yield data were also used for stability and adaptability analysis according to the methodology proposed by Annichiarico. GxE interactions were observed for all evaluated traits. Correlation between geno- type yields in the two growing seasons was intermediate (0.48, p<0.0375) showing that genotype performance in these two growing seasons was fairly coincident. The carioca-type cultivar BRS Estilo and the black seeded cultivars BRS Esplendor and BRS Campeiro combine high adaptability, stability, and grain yield in the dry and winter growing seasons of some Brazilian savannah regions with low altitude in the state of Mato Grosso.
Long-term persistence and vicariance within the Australian Monsoonal Tropics: the case of the giant cave and tree geckos (Pseudothecadactylus)

Abstract. The Australian Monsoonal Tropics (AMT) are one of the largest unbroken areas of savannah woodland in the world. The history of the biota of this region is poorly understood; however, data from fossil deposits indicate that the climate was more mesic in the past, and that biodiversity has been shaped by attenuation and turnover as arid conditions expanded and intensified through the Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. The giant cave and tree geckos (Pseudothecadactylus) are distributed across three disjunct regions of relatively high rainfall in the AMT (the north-west Kimberley, the ‘Top End’, and Cape York). We present an analysis of the diversity and biogeography of this genus based on mitochondrial (ND2) and nuclear (RAG-1) loci. These data indicate that the three widely allopatric lineages of Pseudothecadactylus diverged around the mid-Miocene, a novel pattern of relatively long-term persistence that has not previously been documented within the AMT. Two Pseudothecadactylus species endemic to sandstone scarps in the west Kimberley Region and ‘Top End’ also include divergent mitochondrial lineages, indicative of deep intraspecific coalescence times within these regions. Pseudothecadactylus is a highly relictual lineage with an extant distribution that has been shaped by a history of attenuation, isolation and persistence in the face of increasingly arid conditions. The low ecological and morphological diversity of Pseudothecadactylus also contrasts with its diverse sister lineage of geckos in New Caledonia, further underlining the relictual nature of standing diversity in the former.
BODY FORM AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN THE SCOMBROID FISHES

The perciform suborder Scombroidei contains six families of fast-swimming oceanic fishes: Scombridae (mackerels), Cybiidae (Spanish mackerels), Thunnidae (tunas), Katsuwonidae (skipjacks), Istiophoridae (sailfish, marlins) and Xiphiidae (swordfish). The diversity in body size, body shape, and surface structure in these fishes (Table 1) reflects the evolutionary end-products of the interaction between organisms and their immediate environments. The immediate
Temporal and spatial variability in insect grazing of the canopies of five Australian rainforest tree species.

Herbivory was measured monthly for 2 years on leaves of permanently marked replicate branches in the canopies of five Australian rainforest tree species. Variability in insect grazing activities was evident with respect to several factors: 1 leafage — young leaves were preferred over older leaf tissue: 2 height — leaves closer to ground level were more heavily grazed: 3 light — shade leaves were preferred to sun leaves: 4 time — grazing was intense during spring and summer months, and almost negligible during autumn and winter, but was cumulatively similar between the 2 years: 5 space — grazing was extremely variable on small spatial scales such as between individual leaves and branches, but similar where hundreds of leaves were pooled on larger scales between individual canopies and among geographically different sites: 6 tree abundance — grazing was heavier at sites where a tree species was common than where it was rare: 7 host tree species. Long term observations resulted in higher but more accurate estimates of herbivory since it was possible to quantify losses of leaves totally eaten, an event not accounted for infield methods of discrete sampling whereby leaves are merely harvested and measured for area missing. Variability in herbivory is discussed in terms of plant-insect phenologies, plant defences, successional status of tree species, and insect behaviour.
A new species of phyllophoracean red algae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Korea: Stenogramma guleopensis sp. nov.

Abstract The occurrence of Stenogramma interruptum in northeast Asian waters is a matter of debate. We analyzed rbcL from Korean specimens filed under the species name S. interruptum in combination with morphological observations. A partial rbcL sequence revealed that the Korean specimens were clearly distinct from other species of Stenogramma as well as S. interruptum from Europe. The morphology and anatomy of the Korean specimens were consistent with the rbcL data. Based on these results, we herein describe the new species Stenogramma guleopensis from Korea. Stenogramma guleopensis is distinguished mostly by its small size (up to 8 cm), slender thallus with narrow and parallel-sided segments, terminal branches basally constricted, two layers of cortical cells, two to three layers of medullary cells, and a gradient of two layers of smaller cells between the cortex and medulla. Further collections and careful examinations in the field will probably reveal extension of the distribution of S. guleopensis to the waters surrounding Korea.
Investigation of Digestibility In Vitro and Physicochemical Properties of A‐ and B‐Type Starch from Soft and Hard Wheat Flour

ABSTRACT In this study, the functional properties of A- and B-type wheat starch granules from two commercial wheat flours were investigated for digestibility in vitro, chemical composition (e.g., amylose, protein, and ash content), gelatinization, retrogradation, and pasting properties. The branch chain length and chain length distribution of these A- and B-type wheat starch granules were also determined using high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Wheat starches with different granular sizes not only had different degrees of enzymatic hydrolysis and thermal and pasting properties, but also different molecular characteristics. Different amylose content, protein content, and branch chain length of amylopectin in A- and B-type wheat starch granules could also be the major factors besides granular size for different digestibility and other functional properties of starch. The data indicate that different wheat cultivars with different proportion of A- and B-type granular starch could result .
Nível de proteína bruta para codornas de corte durante o período de crescimento

The crude protein requirements for EV2 quail meat type genetic group during the growing period were estimated in a completely randomized experimental design, using 288 quails of both sex, six levels of crude protein (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 33%) and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. Body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g) and feed:weight gain ratio (g/g) were recorded in each period (from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 42 days of age). At 42 days of age, four quails were randomly sampled from each experimental unit (two males and two females) and slaughtered to record weights and yields of carcass, main cuts (thigh and breast) edible giblets (liver, gizzard and heart) and abdominal fat. Quadratic effects of crude protein level on body weight, weight gain and feed intake from hatch to 21 days of age, with maximum performances estimated for quails fed 30.64; 30.65 and 29.02% crude protein diets, respectively. Feed:weight gain ratio during this period showed a linear response in function of protein level of diet. Quadratic effect of protein level on body weight at 42 days of age was observed, with maximum performances estimated for quails fed 29.93 crude protein diets, while weight gain showed a linear response. Quadratic effects of crude protein level on weight gain and feed intake were also observed, with estimated maximum for quails fed 29.81 and 29.11% crude protein diets, respectively while body weight and carcass and breast weights were linearly affected. Higher performance were observed for quails fed diets with the highest protein level. A significant crude protein level x sex interaction was observed for breast yield, females showing linear response in function of crude protein level, while no effect on male breast yield was observed. Female body weight and breast and liver yields were higher for males crude protein. Crude protein requirements for maximum female and male weight gains are estimated in 30.65% from hatch to 21 days and 29.81% from hatch to 42 days of age while crude protein requirement for carcass and breast weights is estimated in 33%.