Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid deployment of a Monte Carlo simulation system using diskless remote boot in Linux in a PACS environment

The Monte Carlo (MC) technique has been widely used as the gold standard for interaction of radiation with matter in the fields of medical physics, radiation therapy, and nuclear medicine. However, MC simulation is time consuming and requires a lot of computational resources. Generally, a dedicated high performance computing cluster is use to improve efficiency, but it is costly and lacks of the ability to run routine errands in healthcare facilities. In this study, we proposed a method for rapid deployment of computing platform for MC simulation in the PACS environment using review workstations as computing nodes. The workstations were booted from the network and initialed a RAM disk as the boot sector. The simplified Linux operating system and the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code Version 5 (MCNP5) were transferred from the DRBL (Diskless Remote Boot in Linux) server to each node automatically. The cluster computing environment can be established within four minutes. We compared a commercially available dedicated cluster with the DRBL cluster. The results showed that the commercial cluster had a slightly higher acceleration factor than the DRBL cluster. The simulation time of the commercial and the DRBL clusters for 2×108 particle histories was 37,151 and 40,021 sec, respectively. When the number of rendezvous increased to 20, the maximum time differences between both clusters were 95 and 85 sec for the megabit and the gigabit switches. We conclude that the DRBL cluster can be quickly deployed to the non-workloaded review workstations in the PACS. Thus, the MC technique could be broadly used to enhance the research capability of radiological sciences in healthcare facilities.
Light scattering measurements of a hard-sphere suspension under shear

The device described measures a two‐dimensional projection of the light scattered from a sheared, optically clear colloidal suspension and decomposes the pattern to identify quantitatively the effects of shear on the structure of the dispersion. The evolution of the nonequilibrium structure for a hard‐sphere suspension is traced from low to high shear rates at moderate to dense concentrations and is related qualitatively to rheological properties. At high shear rates shear induces order in dense suspensions. Comparison of the measured nonequilibrium structure factor at low shear rates to theoretical predictions based on pairwise additive interactions confirms the importance of many‐body hydrodynamics, as suggested by similar discrepancies between measurements of the steady shear viscosity and predictions from the same theory. Scalings that correlate the shear rate dependence of the viscosity appear to work for the microstructure as well. Measurements of a similar suspension with weak long‐range repulsions.
The compression wave generated by a high-speed train at a vented tunnel entrance

An analytical investigation is made of the compression wave generated when a high-speed train enters a long tunnel with distributed venting. The compression wave amplitude is determined by train speed and the area ratio of the train and tunnel, but its rise time depends principally on the geometry of the tunnel entrance. Vented tunnel entrance “hoods” are frequently used to increase the rise time, in order to reduce the impact of the micro-pressure pulse radiated from the tunnel exit when the compression wave arrives at the far end of the tunnel. Approximate calculations are performed to determine the initial rise time for a tunnel of rectangular cross section with a continuously variable vented roof near the entrance, for train Mach numbers less than about 0.2 (∼150 mph). The distribution of venting apertures can be optimized to maximize rise time, and a sixfold increase is shown to be possible when the aperture distribution decreases exponentially with distance into the tunnel. The method of this paper is applicable also to more general tunnel entrance geometries, and for higher train Mach numbers.
A proof and extension of the Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem

1. The theorem on the separation of n-space by an (n l)-dimensional manifoldt suggests the following more general problem of analysis situs. Given a figure C of known connectivity immersed in an n-space H, what can be said about the connectivity of the domain H-C residual to C? It will be shown that a certain duality exists between the topological invariants of C and H-C, and that when C is an (n -1) -dimensional manifold the separation theorem is merely one aspect of this duality. The paper also touches upon a number of well known related questions,-among them, the invariance of dimensionality and regionality, the approachability of points of C from H-C, the invariance of the topological constants of C and H-C, and so on. Of course, the main difficulties in such problems as the above are of a pointtheoretic order. They all yield, however, to simple pinching processes, except for the use of which the following treatment will be purely combinatorial. The earlier sections, ? 2-8, are expository and give a rapid though essentially complete survey of the terminology and combinatorial machinery needed in the sequel. The fundamental part of the discussion, with illustrations and applications, is really all contained in ? 9-12. The theory of connectivity may be approached from two different angles depending on whether or not the notion of sense is developed and taken into consideration. We have adopted the second and somewhat simpler point of view in this discussion in order to condense the necessary preliminaries as much as possible. A treatment involving the idea of sense would be somewhat more complicated but would follow along much the same lines.
Decentralized variable-structure control design for uncertain large-scale systems with series nonlinearities

This paper presents a robust decentralized control for large-scale interconnected systems with series nonlinearities through variable-structure control. The proposed variable-structure control ensures the global reaching condition of the sliding mode of the composite system. The uncertain nonlinear system also possesses insensitivity to uncertainties and disturbances like a linear system does. Furthermore, the sliding mode can converge within a specified exponential speed.
Triangulating the Circle, at Random

(2m - 2)! cm - (m-1)! m! One of the interesting aspects of Polya's paper is that it exposed readers to his newly developed theory of "figurate series". We wish to consider the idea of letting n -*> oo and studying triangulations of the oo-gon, i.e. the circle. This question doesn't make much sense as combinatorics, but we can shift viewpoint and consider random triangulations of the n-gon, in which each of the cn-1 possible triangulations is equally likely. The purpose of this paper is to show that there exists an object "the random triangulation of a circle" which is in a natural sense the n -* oo limit of the random triangulation of the n-gon. As with Polya [9], the exposition takes readers into some newly developed theory of the author. Let's start by recalling a precise definition. A triangulation of a finite set S is a collection of nonintersecting line segments with endpoints from S such that the convex hull of S is partitioned into triangular regions. We shall be concerned only with the cases Sn consisting of the vertices of the regular n-gon inscribed in a fixed
Effect of Overflow Depth of a Hydrocyclone on Particle Separation

In recent years, the hydrocyclone separation technique has been used in an increasing number of applications. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also feasible for estimating the hydrocyclone performance at various operating conditions, as demonstrated in previous works. This study discusses the impact of overflow depth on separation efficiency through simulation and experiment. Both results showed that separation efficiency was optimal when the overflow depth was above the middle section of the cylindrical portion of a hydrocyclone.
Atmospheric Neutrino Background and Pion Nuclear Effect for KAMIOKA Nucleon Decay Experiment

The main source of background for nucleon decay experiments is the interaction of atmospheric neutrinos in the detector. To estimate this background a Monte Carlo program was developed, which simulates the neutrino interactions and the nuclear effects of secondary pions. The program reproduced existing neutrino data as well as global features of the contained events in the KAMIOKA nucleon decay experiment. Neutrino induced background for nucleon decay was then calculated.
A Study of Placement and Grade Prediction in First College Mathematics Courses

Abstract A college mathematics placement test with 25 basic algebra items and 15 calculus readiness items was administered to 1572 high school seniors, and first college mathematics course grades were obtained for 319 of these students. Test results indicated that more than two thirds of the high school graduates were not college ready, and the test results were reasonably consistent with the ACT Math benchmark score of 22 for college readiness. Analysis of ACT Math scores, basic algebra scores, calculus readiness scores, and course grades indicated that basic algebra scores are reasonable predictors of grades in College Algebra, whether traditional or modeling-based.
Solar forcing and planetary ion escape from Mars

The variability of planetary ion escape from Mars is studied using data from the Ion Mass Analyzer, IMA, on Mars Express (MEX). 42 orbits were selected during 17 months for different solar wind conditions, focusing on the low energy (≈30 – 800 eV) heavy ion (e.g. O+, O2+ and CO2+) outflow. A strong correlation is found between solar wind forcing of the obstacle, the cross‐sectional area enclosing the ion outflow from Mars and the total heavy ion escape flux. The at least one order of magnitude changes of the ion outflow on the short term (hours, days), is directly connected with the variability of solar wind, solar soft x‐ray and solar EUV (XEUV). The latter was first inferred from an analysis of how the obstacle size changes with changing solar wind and solar XEUV forcing. The 17‐month trend of decreasing ion outflow with EUV during a declining phase of solar cycle 23, the EUV determined from the Neutral Particle Imager (NPI) on MEX, illustrates the influence of solar EUV forcing. On the basis of this we conclude that changes in solar wind‐ and solar XEUV forcing governs the variable ion escape from Mars. Both forcing terms appear to be equally important for the escape rate. Considering the difference in travel time for XEUV and the solar wind to Mars, the XEUV effect will precede the solar wind effect by several (3–9) days.
Two choices of the gauge transformation for the AKNS hierarchy through the constrained KP hierarchy

On the basis of the equivalence between the AKNS hierarchy and the cKP hierarchy with the constraint k=1, we point out that there exist two choices to keep the form of the Lax operator when we perform the gauge transformation for the AKNS hierarchy, which results in two classes of functions to trigger the gauge transformation. For the second choice, two theorems for two types of gauge transformation are established. Several new and more general forms of tau-functions for the AKNS hierarchy are obtained by means of gauge transformations of both types. The union of the two choices leads to new forms of τ-functions. We generate the AKNS hierarchy from the “free” Lax operator L(0)=∂ via a chain of gauge transformations.
The X-ray structure of Centaurus A

The Einstein X-ray observatory imaging detectors have found X-ray emission associated with several components of the nearby radio galaxy Cen A = NGC 5128: (1) the compact nucleus; (2) an X-ray jet pointed toward the NE radio lobes; (3) the middle NE radio lobe; (4) the disk or dust lane; and (5) diffuse emission extending several arcmin around the nucleus. The intensity of the nucleus changed by a factor of seven over six months. The X-ray jet is considered in terms of thermal, inverse Compton, and synchrotron models. The emission of the NE radio lobe is greater than that expected from inverse Compton or synchrotron processes. Two ridges of emission are found along each edge of the dust lane, within several arcmin of the nucleus. The diffuse X-ray component has a luminosity which is too high to be due to bulge population X-ray sources, but which may be produced by main sequence stars under appropriate circumstances.
A period–colour relation for dwarf novae at minimum

L'analyse de la photometrie UBVRI de novae naines a leur minimum montre que les indices de couleur (B-V) et (U-B) sont fortement correles a la periode orbitale. Dans le diagramme couleur-couleur, ils definissent une branche au repos caracteristique. On discute de deux modeles pour expliquer cette correlation: 1) des disques d'accretion optiquement minces, et 2) un disque de Lynden-Bell avec une etoile secondaire de la sequence principale
Combustion velocities and propagation mechanisms of metastable interstitial composites

Combustion velocities were experimentally determined for nanocomposite thermite powders composed of aluminum (Al) fuel and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) oxidizer under well-confined conditions. Pressures were also measured to provide detailed information about the reaction mechanism. Samples of three different fuel particle sizes (44, 80, and 121nm) were analyzed to determine the influence of particle size on combustion velocity. Bulk powder density was varied from approximately 5% to 10% of the theoretical maximum density (TMD). The combustion velocities ranged from approximately 600 to 1000m∕s. Results indicate that combustion velocities increase with decreasing particle size. Pressure measurements indicate that strong convective mechanisms are integral in flame propagation.
Mesocyclone Evolution and Tornadogenesis: Some Observations

Abstract Updraft mesocyclones in tornado-producing thunderstorms form along convergent and cyclonically sheared boundaries that separate inflow air entering forward and rear storm quadrants. Maximum tangential flow resides in girding wind bands, averaging usually less than 3 km in radius (depending upon the development stage), that strengthen near ground during toradogenesis. Strong inflow, concentrated at or below cloud base, is maintained throughout the intensification period. During the tornadic phase the parent mesocirculation exhibits an apparent “breakdown", i.e., a transition from single-cell to two-cell axial flow structure. At this critical period small eddies may appear within an elongated mesocyclone core and some may become tornado and/or grow to large proportions. Tornado dissipation may result from cyclonic rotation of the major mesocyclone horizontal axis which chokes the supply of inflow air and detaches the tornado from the principal updraft. Another apparent mechanism for dissipation inv.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF VITALI CONDITIONS IN TERMS OF MAXIMAL INEQUALITIES

holds for all adapted positive processes (X,), and all positive numbers a. Here K is a constant which may be taken equal to 1, and T* is the appropriate directed set of stopping times: for V, Tn* is the set of simple stopping times; for V', T is the set of simple ordered stopping times; for V. , T* is the set of multivalued stopping times with overlap going to zero in Ip. The inequality (1) is true whatever be the a-algebras, provided that essential lim sup is replaced by stochastic lim sup.
Why the first laboratory self-exciting dynamo was at Newcastle

This article describes how a succession of events starting in 1946 led to the world's first laboratory self-exciting simply-connected dynamo in 1963. In Manchester, in l947, an interest in the magnetic deflection of cosmic rays and Babcock's measurement of the magnetic field of a remote star, led Blackett to resurrect the idea of a “fundamental rotation theory” for the production of the Earth's magnetic field. Bullard suggested a geophysical test of the theory – measure the variation of magnetic field with depth inside the Earth. Blackett gave the job of doing this to a newly arrived Junior Lecturer, Runcorn. As the mine work was coming to an end, in 1949 Runcorn took on a Ph.D. student, Lowes, and started him off on a project based on a 1948 suggestion by Bullard that an individual non-dipole field focus could be produced by electromagnetic induction in a rotating eddy in the Earth's conducting fluid core. When Bullard produced his paper, to allow him to get an algebraic solution, he had to assume that his eddy was electrically insulated from the rest of the core. Blackett pointed out that more field might be obtained if the eddies were in electrical contact with the core, and got Lowes to build a laboratory model to simulate and investigate this. The model used a solid-body rotation of a (half) cylindrical “eddy” in a solid “core” having an asymmetrical boundary. A fellow (Theoretical Physics) Ph.D. student Herzenberg became interested, and eventually produced the corresponding theory, for a single rigid-body spherical eddy off-centre in a spherical core. In 1954, Bullard and Gellman produced the first crude numerical “solution” for a kinematic dynamo model in the core; however, there was still great reluctance to accept that there could be self-excitation in a simply-connected homogeneous conductor. Herzenberg then extended his theory to a two-eddy situation in a spherical core, and in 1957 showed rigorously that it could produce a self-exciting dynamo. Now at Newcastle, in 1959, Lowes took on Wilkinson as a Ph.D. student. To test Herzenberg's theory, and look for reversals, Wilkinson built a laboratory dynamo model that eventually achieved self-excitation in 1963; in 1968 another model showed spontaneous reversal.
Efficiency of the Mantel, Generalized Mantel–Haenszel, and Logistic Discriminant Function Analysis Methods in Detecting Differential Item Functioning for Polytomous Items

Simulations were conducted to investigate factors that influence the Mantel, generalized Mantel–Haenszel (GMH), and logistic discriminant function analysis (LDFA) methods in assessing differential item functioning (DIF) for polytomous items. The results show that the magnitude of DIF contamination in the matching score, as measured by the average signed area between the 2 item characteristic curves of the reference and focal groups (Raju, 1988), was more crucial than the percentage of DIF items in a test in determining the Type I error (false positives) of the 3 methods. As long as the average signed area approached zero, all 3 methods maintained control over their Type I error, even when the percentage of DIF items was as high as 20%. The Mantel and LDFA methods yielded higher power (true positives) than the GMH method under all but the balanced DIF patterns. Test purification procedures were useful in improving control over Type I error under the constant DIF pattern.
Electron response of some low-Z scintillators in wide energy range

Light yield nonproportionality and the intrinsic resolution of some low atomic number scintillators were studied by means of the Wide Angle Compton Coincidence (WACC) technique. The plastic and liquid scintillator response to Compton electrons was measured in the energy range of 10 keV up to 4 MeV, whereas a CaF2:Eu sample was scanned from 3 keV up to 1 MeV. The nonproportionality of the CaF2:Eu light yield has characteristics typical for inorganic scintillators of the multivalent halides group, whereas tested organic scintillators show steeply increasing nonproportionality without saturation point. This is in contrast to the behavior of all known inorganic scintillators having their nonproportionality curves at saturation above energies between tens and several hundred keV.
Stokes resolvent systems in an infinite cylinder

In an infinite cylinder Ω = Σ × ℝ, where Σ ⊂ ℝn –1, n ≥ 3, is a bounded domain of C1,1 class, we study the unique solvability of Stokes resolvent systems in Lq (ℝ; L2(Σ)) for 1 < q < ∞ and in vector‐valued homogeneous Besov spaces (ℝ; Lr (Σ)) for 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞, s ∈ ℝ, 1 < r < ∞. By a partial Fourier transform along the axis of the cylinder Ω the given system is reduced to a parametrized system on Σ, for which parameter independent estimates are proved. For further applications we obtain even parameter independent estimates in Lr (Σ), 1 < r < ∞, in the non‐solenoidal case prescribing an arbitrary divergence g = div u. Then operator‐valued multiplier theorems are used for the final estimates of the Stokes resolvent systems in Ω. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Systems for persistent surveillance

The requirements for a persistent wide-area surveillance system are discussed in the context of evolving military operations. Significant emphasis has been placed on the development of new sensing technologies to meet the challenges posed by asymmetric threats. Within the UK, the Electro-Magnetic Remote Sensing Defence Technology Centre (EMRS DTC) has supported the research and development of new capabilities including radio-frequency (RF) and electro-optic (EO) systems, as well as work on sensor exploitation, with a goal of developing solutions for enhancing situational awareness. This activity has been supported by field trials to determine the efficacy of competing technologies in relation to realistic threat scenarios.
The variability of optically selected quasars

The variability properties of a sample of 300 optically selected quasars near the South Galactic Pole (SGP) have been studied over a baseline of 16 years using a series of twelve UK Schmidt Telescope B J plates at seven epochs. In this sample there is a correlation between variability and both quasar luminosity and redshift, at greater than the 99 per cent signiicance level. Quasars of high luminosity show signiicantly less variability than those with low luminosity, the rms variation ranging from about 0.25 mag at M B = ? 23 to 0.1 mag at M B = ? 28. The observed trends can be explained by an intrinsic dependence of quasar variability on luminosity combined with the eeects of time dilation, and have implications for quasar samples selected by variability or multicolour techniques. The change in the slope of the n(m) relation at the break can be less pronounced in variability-selected samples. Our results can be used to test models for the origin and reprocessing of the continuum emission in quasars.
Hele Shaw flows with a free boundary produced by the injection of fluid into a narrow channel

A blob of Newtonian fluid is sandwiched in the narrow gap between two plane parallel surfaces so that, a t some initial instant, its plan-view occupies a simply connected domain D0. Further fluid, with the same material properties, is injected into the gap at some fixed point within D0, so that the blob begins to grow in size. The domain D occupied by the fluid at some subsequent time is to be determined. It is shown that the growth is controlled by the existence of an infinite number of invariants of the motion, which are of a purely geometric character. For sufficiently simple initial domains D0 these allow the problem to be reduced to the solution of a finite system of algebraic equations. For more complex initial domains an approximation scheme leads to a similar system of equations to be solved.
Oscillator strengths for K II 3p6 to 3p5 (4s + 3d) J = 1 transitions

The bottom three J = 1 K II levels are nearly degenerate, leading to strong interactions among them, which requires the simultaneous presence of relativistic and correlation effects in any ab initio treatment. Relativistic configuration interaction wavefunctions with ~10 000 basis functions (J = 1) produce f-values in very good agreement with two of the three measured values. Improved predictions are made for the two uppermost J = 1 levels. Length and velocity gauge spreads average 1.3% for the five transitions. Lande g-values and hyperfine structure constants are also obtained.