Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid composition and glyceride structure of the mesocarp and kernel oils of the pejibaye palm ( Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.)

Se determino la composicion quimica cualitativa y cuantitativa de los aceites del mesocarpo y de la semilla de una muestra de frutos de pejibaye procedentes de Guapiles, Costa Rica; tambien se hizo un analisis esteroespecifico. Los aceites de la pulpa y de la semilla son muy diferentes, al igual que lo encontrado generalmente en las palmeras. La composicion cualitativa de estos aceites es semejante a aquella de la palma africana, pero difiere fundamentalmente en el alto contenido de acido oleico en el mesocarpo del pejibaye, que es menos saturado y basicamente liquido a la temperatura ambiente 10 que le confiere la ventaja como alimento. El analisis esteroespecifico de los trigliceridos de la semilla concuerda con lo establecido para la sub familia Cocoideae, en la cual el acido caprico tiende a estar concentrado en las posiciones sn-1,3 mientras que el acido laurico tiende a estar en la posicion sn-2. El acido miristica esta concentrado en las posiciones sn-1,3 y se ha establecido que este puede variar en los distintos generos de una misma subfamilia, lo que podria tener valor taxonomico para resolver la controversia de los posibles generos Bactris y Guillielma .
Inhibitory effect of Taraxacum officinale L (Compositae) aqueous root extract on spermatogenesis

Purpose: To investigate if T. officinale root aqueous extract has anti-spermatogenic activity similar to that of the whole plant which was shown previously to inhibit spermatogenesis. Methods: T. officinale aqueous extract was prepared by soaking 100 g of dried materials in 1 L distilled water for two days at 45 oC. Fifty adult male rats were divided into five groups and treated for 60 days. Four groups were gavaged with the whole plant or root aqueous extract in low or high doses. The male rat rats were allowed to mate with female rats. The control group received distilled water. Sperm count, motility and morphology as well as chromatin integrity were evaluated. Results: Serum testosterone level, sperm parameters, pregnancy rate and average number of fetuses per pregnant females decreased significantly in the treated groups compared to control and in the rootreceiving rats compared to the whole plant-receiving rats. Female rats which were mated with high dose root-receiving males did not deliver fetuses. Cross sections of seminiferous tubules of T. officinale treated rats showed lesions and disorganized germinal epithelium. Late spermatogenesis maturation arrest (spermatid stage) was observed in all of the treated groups except the high dose root-receiving group which showed early maturation arrest (spermatocyte stage). In addition, the mRNA level of two spermatogonial stem cell markers responsible for self-renewal and proliferation of spermatogonia increased in high dose-receiving rats. Conclusion: T. officinale root aqueous extract has inhibitory effects on spermatogenesis. Further studies are required to identify specific ingredient(s) in T. officinale that may be useful as male contraceptive(s). Keywords: Taraxacum officinale , Dandelion, GDNF family receptor alpha 1, Macrophage Colony- Stimulating Factor, Promyelocytic Leukaemia Zinc-Finger, Testosterone, Sperm count
Spread of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit by Secondary Infection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 in Gyeongnam in 2016

키위(Chinese gooseberry, kiwifruit, 참다래) 재배는 1970년대 후반부터 시작되었다. 재배 초기에는 뉴 질랜드에서 육성된 그린키위 품종(Actinidia deliciosa)인 헤 이워드(Hayward)가 주종을 이루었다. 그러나 뉴질랜드에서 골드키위 품종(Actinidia chinensis)인 Hort16A가 육성되면서 전 세계적으로 골드키위 품종의 육성과 재배가 확대되기 시작했다. 우리나라에도 2004년부터 제주도에서 Hort16A 가 재배되기 시작했으며, 사용료(royalty) 대응차원에서 정 부지원으로 2000년대 후반에 국내에서 육성된 골드키위 품 종인 제시골드, 한라골드와 해금 재배면적이 급증하는 추 세이다. 또한 레드키위 품종(A. chinensis)인 홍양과 토종다래 품종들(Actinidia arguta)도 점차 재배가 증가하고 있다. 키위에 치명적인 피해를 주는 궤양병은 1984년 일본에서 재배되고 있던 헤이워드에서 처음 보고되었다(Serizawa 등, 1989; Takikawa 등, 1989). 우리나라에서도 1988년부터 제주 도에서 재배되고 있던 헤이워드에서 궤양병이 처음 발생
Ensambles de macroinvertebrados acuáticos relacionados con diversos usos del suelo en los ríos Apatlaco y Chalma-Tembembe (cuenca del Río Balsas), México

Antecedentes. Los rios son considerados sistemas integradores que reflejan los procesos fisicoquimicos y biologicos que se llevan a cabo en su cuenca de captacion y presentan un flujo constante de materia y energia. Esto se debe a su conectividad y a las interacciones con su cuenca de captacion y la atmosfera. Los rios Apatlaco y Chalma-Tembembe (Cuenca del Rio Balsas) presentan diferentes grados de perturbacion, ocasionados por los cambios en el uso del suelo (US) en sus cuencas de captacion. Objetivos. Analizar las relaciones que guardan las caracteristicas fisico-quimicas del agua y los ensambles de invertebrados acuaticos (IA) con los distintos US adyacentes a los rios Apatlaco y Chalma-Tembembe. Metodos. En ambos rios, se tomaron muestras de agua (20 sitios) y de IA, durante cuatro temporadas, y se determino el porcentaje de US correspondiente a su area de influencia. Se realizaron analisis de ordenacion, similitud y de correlacion de Pearson (p < 0.05), con los parametros fisicoquimicos, biologicos y el US. Resultados. El rio Apatlaco presento mayor perturbacion debido a la combinacion de US, con alto porcentaje de uso urbano; y el Chalma-Tembembe mostro caracteristicas fisicoquimicas y biologicas mas homogeneas. Conclusiones. Se detectaron algunos ensambles de familias de macroinvertebrados correlacionados con ecosistemas sanos, (Belostomatidae, Cordulegastridae, Corixidae, Corydalidae, Dryopidae, Elmidae, Hebridae, Helicopsychidae, Heptageniidae, Hydrobiosidae, Lepidostomatidae, Libellulidae, Perlidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Scirtidae, Staphilinidae y Tabanidae); con ambientes altamente perturbados (Ancylidae, Asellidae, Chironomidae, Hyalellidae, Psychodidae y Clase Hirudinea); y los sitios impactados por actividades agricolas se correlacionaron con abundancias moderadas y baja diversidad de IA.
Feed utilization and wastage in semi-intensive pond culture of mahseer, Tor putitora. (Ham.)

Mahseer, Tor putitora with 12.75, 12.11, and 12.02g of initial weight were fou · J to attain a net weight gain of 12.0 kg, ll.5 kg, and 11.4 kg respectively in pond-1 (commercial feed), pond-2 (farm-made feed), and pond-3 (farm-made feed), respectively against 78.2 kg, 70.3 kg, and 68.1 kg feed fed. Gross energy contents in fish were 1359.3 Kcal/kg, 1281.5 Kcal/kg and 1266.6 Kcal/kg, respectively in pond-1, pond-2, and pond-3 against 3630.4, 3876.9 and 3570.5 Kcal/kg energy in the feed fed. Only 9.4%, 10.5% and 13.7% of the protein, and 8.9%, 3.4% and 3.3% of the lipid fed to fish were converted into muscle respectively in pond-1, pond-2 and pond-3. It was observed that the higher the protein content in feed, the lower the rate of conversion in muscle; the same was also true for lipid. It is supposed that feed derived wastes contribute potentially to water quality deterioration and eutrophication. Lower feed conversion, higher nitrogenous and phosphatic concentrations and higher plankton biomass in the ponds are all supportive to this observation.
Accelerated in vitro propagation of elite oil palm genotypes ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by substituting cytokinin with putrescine

Clonal multiplication of oil palm enables the formation of commercial plantations with higher yield, which is possible through somatic embryogenesis. However, due to different modifications made in the existing protocols to avoid the appearance of the “mantled flower”, the success of this technique has been limited. Thus, this study aimed to apply a cloning protocol, using somatic embryogenesis, to 32 elite oil palm genotypes from a commercial plantation on which cytokinin was substituted with putrescine. All tested genotypes responded positively to callus induction. Moreover, the percentages of responses were differentiated: 65.62% of these genotypes produced embryogenic lines, and 40.62% out of that percentage presented lines with moderate or high multiplication capacity, which is the main factor that enabled the obtaining of clones to form a commercial clonal plantation. The somatic embryogenesis was efficient, making this protocol applicable at a commercial scale, since it allows the obtaining of clones up to 360 days. However, future evaluations on these clones are needed to investigate the appearance of the “mantled flower”. Keywords: Cloning, polyamines, tissue culture, commercial plantation
In vitro regeneration of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) plantlets from nodal and internodal adult stem segments

This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro morphogenic response of adult explants of Bixa orellana and to establish a regeneration protocol from adult nodal and internodal explants from 16-year-old adult plants propagated by air-layering. For internodal segments the following treatments were used: T1, MS medium lacking growth regulators (MS0); T2, MS + 4.92 ÂµM 6-I³,I³-dimetylalylamino-purine (2-iP); T3, MS + 4.56 ÂµM Zeatin (ZEA); T4, MS + 4.44 ÂµM 6-benzyladenine (BA); T5, MS + 4.54 ÂµM Thidiazuron (TDZ), with ten repetitions for each treatment. Thirty days after establishment of INS, better regeneration rates were achieved with ZEA and TDZ, when compared to BA, 2-iP and MS0. For nodal segments the best results were obtained using the combination of 2iP and BA. In conclusion, the promotive effect of direct adventitious organogenesis from adult internodal segments or axillary shoot proliferation from adult nodal segments, in B. Orellana, is dependent on the type and concentration of cytokinin used. Histological analyses showed the presence of meristemoids in the regenerated tissue. This region was characterized by the typical organization of the vascular system into a cylindrical structure, with central xylem, and with fast proliferating and radially distributed cells. Our analyses also revealed that all budding activity had a vascular system connected to the original explant, confirming the organogenic pathway-related ontogeny. We suggest the use of MS medium supplemented with cytokinins ZEA or TDZ and 2iP or BA for regeneration of annatto from INS and NS, respectively, which will reduce the regeneration time of this species in vitro. The protocol could be further used in transformation systems applied to adult elite genotypes to improve bixin production. This is the first report on adventitious regeneration from adult explants of annatto.
Why do scientists fabricate and falsify data? A matched-control analysis of papers containing problematic image duplications

It is commonly hypothesized that scientists are more likely to engage in data falsification and fabrication when they are subject to pressures to publish, when they are not restrained by forms of social control, when they work in countries lacking policies to tackle scientific misconduct, and when they are male. Evidence to test these hypotheses, however, is inconclusive due to the difficulties of obtaining unbiased data. Here we report a pre-registered test of these four hypotheses, conducted on papers that were identified in a previous study as containing problematic image duplications through a systematic screening of the journal PLoS ONE. Image duplications were classified into three categories based on their complexity, with category 1 being most likely to reflect unintentional error and category 3 being most likely to reflect intentional fabrication. Multiple parameters connected to the hypotheses above were tested with a matched-control paradigm, by collecting two controls for each paper containing duplications. Category 1 duplications were mostly not associated with any of the parameters tested, in accordance with the assumption that these duplications were mostly not due to misconduct. Category 2 and 3, however, exhibited numerous statistically significant associations. Results of univariable and multivariable analyses support the hypotheses that academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies might affect scientific integrity. Significant correlations between the risk of image duplication and individual publication rates or gender, however, were only observed in secondary and exploratory analyses. Country-level parameters generally exhibited effects of larger magnitude than individual-level parameters, because a subset of countries was significantly more likely to produce problematic image duplications. Promoting good research practices in all countries should be a priority for the international research integrity agenda.
Estimación de carbono almacenado en bosques de oyamel y ciprés en Texcoco, Estado de México.

Las emisiones de carbono (C) a la atmosfera, asi como sus reservorios, en el sector de agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos del suelo son signif icativas en el balance global del ciclo del carbono; sin embargo, a pesar de esta importancia, es el sector con la mayor incertidumbre en el balance global debido principalmente a la falta de conocimiento preciso de los factores de emision, por lo que se requiere mayor investigacion en el tema. Debido a lo anterior, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estimar el C almacenado en los cinco depositos considerados en ecosistemas forestales: biomasa viva sobre el suelo, biomasa viva debajo del suelo, madera muerta sobre el suelo, mantillo y carbono organico del suelo (COS) en dos sitios de muestreo ubicados en las faldas del Monte Tlaloc, Texcoco, Estado de Mexico: el primero en un bosque de oyamel (Abies religiosa) y el segundo en un bosque de cipres (Cupressus lusitanica). El promedio de la densidad de carbono en el bosque de oyamel en los cinco depositos estimados fue de 376 Mg ha‑1, siendo el deposito mas importante el de biomasa aerea (59%), seguido del COS (22%); en tanto que en el bosque de cipres fue de 205 Mg ha-1, siendo el deposito con mayor densidad el COS (50%), seguido de biomasa aerea (36%). Los valores de densidad de carbono para biomasa aerea en el caso de bosque de oyamel fueron superiores a los reportados en otros trabajos; lo cual se explica por la existencia de arboles de grandes dimensiones de esta especie en el sitio de muestreo, lo cual nos da una idea precisa del potencial como almacen de carbono que este tipo de vegetacion tiene cuando llegan a estados maduros.
Biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p in soybean (Glycine max)

Miller, R. T. , Soltani, N. , Robinson, D. E. , Kraus, T. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2012. Biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid- in soybean (Glycine max). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 517–531. A total of five field studies were conducted over a 2-yr period (2009, 2010) at three Ontario locations to determine the biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied preemergence (PRE) for the control of annual weeds in soybean. The rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p required for the control of annual weeds was influenced by environmental conditions. With adequate moisture and above-average temperatures in 2010, between 224 and 374 g a.i. ha-1 of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was required for 80% control of common ragweed, common lamb's quarters, and green foxtail 4 wk after treatment (WAT). In contrast, below-average temperatures and excessive moisture in 2009 resulted in higher rates of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p being necessary for the same level of weed control. Pigweed species were least affected by environmental conditions after application at 4 WAT with only 245 g a.i. ha-1 required for 80% control in both years. By 11 WAT, 320 g a.i. ha-1 or less of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was required to achieve 80% control of these species in 2010, while 845 g a.i. ha-1 or more was needed in 2009 for equivalent control. The potential of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p as a set-up treatment prior to a postemergence (POST) glyphosate application was also examined. Excellent full season control of all weed species was achieved with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied PRE followed by glyphosate POST. However, there was no difference in yield when saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was followed by glyphosate POST compared with a single glyphosate POST application.
Effect of in ovo inoculation of vitamin E on expression of Hsp-70 m RNA and juvenile growth in coloured broiler chicken

The effect of in ovo inoculation of vitamin E (Vit E) at 18th day of incubation on expression of Hsp-70 mRNA and body weight during post natal life at 6 weeks of age was studied in PB-2, a coloured broiler parent line. A total of 108 fertile eggs, 18 for each treatment were inoculated with varying concentrations of Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) with sham and un-injected control. The body weights at different Vit E concentrations were not significant at day old, 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks of age. The hatchability did not vary significantly among the sham control, normal control and treatment groups. The expression of Hsp-70 mRNA varied significantly (P≤0.05) between the tissues. However, varying concentrations of in ovo inoculation of Vit E had no significant (P=0.968) effect on m RNA expression. The interaction between treatment and tissue was not significant (P=0.257). The mRNA expression ranged from 40.62 in control to 40.0 in 25 μg treatment. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression in heart and liver was 42.93±2.38 and 41.76±1.87 in relation to the internal control GAPDH expressed in terms of 40-”Ct. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression was significantly (P>0.05) higher in heart and liver compared to the other tissues. Muscle expressed significantly (P>0.05) low levels of Hsp-70 mRNA. The study concludes that, in ovo inoculation of VitE has revealed positive trends though not significant in terms hatchability, growth and Hsp-70 gene expression. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression was significantly higher in heart and liver, the important organs involved in stress management in birds. The dose of Vit. E was not sufficient to elucidate any significant effect on Hsp-70 m RNA expression, which needs further studies with higher dosage to determine the optimum level of Vit E.
Comparative study on yield and yield components of psyllium Plantago ovata varieties in Balochistan

A research trail was carried out to check the comparative yield and yield components of three blond psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk.) genotypes namely Variety-1 Plantago amplexicaulis, Variety-2 Ispaghol and Variety-3 Plantago coronopus in Balochistan. The highest grain yield (1250) kg/ha was recorded from 120 plant density by the variety-1 (Plantago amplexicaulis), followed by 1160 grain yield kg/ha was produced from 89 plants density by variety-2 (Ispaghol) whereas the lowest (780) grain yield kg/ha was recorded from 62 plant density by variety-3 (Plantago coronopus). The different parameters studied during investigation like plant height, Plant density, Spike length, number of tillers, total dry matter and grain yield were undertaken. The results considered that the variety-1 Plantago amplexicaulis gave 7% to 37% more yield and income than other varieties.
Monitoring large populations of locus coeruleus neurons reveals the non-global nature of the norepinephrine neuromodulatory system

The non-specific neuromodulation of the forebrain by the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is a foundation of wide-ranging theories of cognitive and systems neuroscience. The nonspecificity is assumed because of the diffuse projections of the nucleus as well as the synchronous spiking of its neurons. Synchrony, however, has never been assessed in a large population of LC cells, i.e. single units, nor has it been systematically related to specificity of their projection targets. Here, we recorded up to 52 single units simultaneously (3164 unit pairs) in the rat LC, and characterized forebrain projection patterns using antidromic stimulation. Two novel unit types were characterized; they differed by waveform shape, firing rate, and propensity for synchronization. Cross-correlation analysis revealed a surprisingly poor correlation between unit spiking; only 13% of unit pairs had response profiles reflecting synchronization due to common synaptic input or gap junctions. While LC unit spikes were phase locked to cortical slow oscillations (< 2 Hz), they did so intermittently, yielding poor population synchronization. A novel infra-slow (0.01-1 Hz) spiking fluctuation was observed in LC units, yet this too was asynchronous across unit pairs. A highly synchronized minority had a stronger tendency for targeted forebrain neuromodulation. Our findings demonstrate that the LC may convey a more complex and differentiated neuromodulatory signal than is widely assumed.
A new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) from Ecuador

A new species, superficially similar to Pleurothallis allenii , and best attributed to Pleurothallis sect. Pleurothallis subsect. Acroniae ser. Amphygiae , is described here as Pleurothallis flavomarginata . The new species was discovered under cultivation at the orchid nursery Ecuagenera. The new species is described, illustrated, and distinguished from similar species based on its morphological distinctness.
KOLAVIRON ANTAGONIZES BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OCCASIONED BY MERCURY CHLORIDE INTOXICATION IN RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES

Kolaviron is a biflavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola seeds which has been reported to possess multiple bioactivities. Mercury is a heavy metal used in industries and found in home appliances but toxic to man on exposure. The liver is the major organ responsible for toxicant metabolism and its health is crucial for overall well-being. In this study, the protective effect of kolaviron on mercury-induced toxicity in rat liver was evaluated. Rat liver homogenate intoxicated with 0.1% HgCl2 was incubated with/without kolaviron and analyzed for biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity. Results showed that kolaviron at concentrations of 100 and 500 µg/ml reversed mercury chloride incited oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity as adjudged by its effects on levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase. These results suggest that kolaviron has potential in the management of toxicities and pathologies arising from exposure to mercury.
Diallel analysis in taramira (Eruca sativa).

Effect of soil and water salinity on oil quality of Indian mustard was evaluated. Based on germination test, five salt tolerant genotypes were selected out of 26 at seedling stage and used for field study. Pot experiment was carried out on two crop seasons under three salinity levels of irrigation water (ECiw Control, 12 and 15 dS/m) while field experiment was conducted under three saline environments viz. Control, ECe 9 and 12 dS/ m. Soil salinity was monitored over the entire crop cycle. Harvested seeds were subjected to seed analysis for oil, protein, erucic acid and crude fiber content using a pre-standardized Fourier Transform Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer. Under increasing salinity (water and soil); oil, protein and crude fibre content decreased, 7-10%; 18-19% and 36-42%, respectively, while erucic acid content increased by 30-42% compared to control. The reductions and increments varied for different genotypes. Comparative study of salinity in pot and field showed that soil salinity at ECe 9 dS/m have similar effect, as water salinity at ECiw 12 dS/m over the oil and quality parameters in mustard. Consideration was given in this experiment to determine appropriate breeding strategies for screening and development of superior oil quality genotypes under salinity conditions.