Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consistent calculation of aquatic gross production from oxygen triple isotope measurements

Oxygen triple isotope measurements can be used to calculate aquatic gross oxygen production rates. Past studies have emphasised the appropriate definition of the 17O excess and often used an approximation to derive production rates from the 17O excess. Here, I show that the calculation can be phrased more consistently and without any approximations using the relative 17O/16O and 18O/ 16O isotope ratio differences directly. The 17O excess is merely a mathematical construct and the derived production rate is independent of its definition, provided all calculations are performed with a consistent definition. I focus on the mixed layer, but also show how time series of triple oxygen measurements below the mixed layer can be used to derive gross production. In the calculation of mixed layer productivity, I explicitly include isotopic fractionation during gas invasion and evasion, which requires the oxygen supersaturation s to be measured as well. I also suggest how bubble injection could be considered in the same mathematical framework. I distinguish between concentration steady state and isotopic steady state and show that only the latter needs to be assumed in the calculation. It is even possible to derive an estimate of the net production rate in the mixed layer that is independent of the assumption of concentration steady state. I review measurements of the parameters required for the calculation of gross production rates and show how their systematic uncertainties as well as the use of different published calculation methods can cause large variations in the production rates for the same underlying isotope ratios. In particular, the 17O excess of dissolved O2 in equilibrium with atmospheric O2 and the 17O excess of photosynthetic O2 need to be re-measured. Because of these uncertainties, all calculation parameters should always be fully documented and the measured isotope ratio differences as well as the oxygen supersaturation should be permanently archived, so that improved measurements of the calculation parameters can be used to retrospectively improve production rates.
Impacts of Culture Conditions on Ligninolytic Enzymes (LIP, MNP, and Lac) Activity of Five Bacterial Strains

In this study, with the aim of determining and assessing the influence of several culture conditions on the ligninolytic enzyme (LiP, MnP, and Lac) activity of bacteria, five lignin-degrading bacteria strains were isolated from two different soil samples and cultured on minimum salt medium agar containing alkaline lignin (MSML agar). Among the five isolated strains, DL1 and X3 expressed strong and stable ligninase enzyme activity at various temperature levels (30C, 37C, 50C, and 60C) and were selected for further study. Notably, at 60C, the ligninase activity of both strains lasted until the seventh day before decreasing. The effects of the culture medium conditions, namely, carbohydrate sources, nitrogen sources, and pH, on the ligninolytic system illustrated that both X3 and DL1 were able to generate good enzymatic activity at a pH range of 3.0 to 7.0. These strains could use various sources of carbohydrates and nitrogen, derived from glucose, lactose, peptone, meat extract, and yeast extract. In addition, the analyses of biochemical characteristics revealed that X3 was capable of hydrolyzing starch and cellulose, while DL1 was not. Therefore, the results of this study suggested the potential of applying selected lignin-degrading bacterial strains on lignin treatments of agricultural wastes.
Influence of pH and SDBS on the Stability and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids

Aiming at the dispersion of nanoparticles which are regarded as the guide of heat transfer enhancement, we investigated the heat transfer enhancement of two water-based nanofluids, namely, water−Al2O3 and water−Cu mixtures. The absorbency, ζ potential, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids were measured under different pH values and different sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) dispersant concentrations. The results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity of nanofluids were highly dependent on pH values and SDBS concentrations of nanosuspensions; an optimal pH value and optimal SDBS concentration can result in the highest stability and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Therefore, the combined treatment with both the pH and the chemical surfactant concentration was recommended to improve the stability and thermal conductivity for practical applications of nanofluid.
Hydrogen Bond-Directed Frameworks Based on 1,2,4,5-Benzene-Tetracarboxylate

The deprotonated forms of 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid H4bta can act not only as hydrogen-bond acceptors but also as hydrogen-bond donors, depending on the deprotonated carboxyl groups given different supramolecular adducts. A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) of cocrystal structures of H4bta with L = 4,4‘-bpy or bpe has found three different adducts: [HL]2[H2bta], [H2L][H2bta], and [H2L][H3bta], where cocrystal structures of [HL]2[H2bta] with L = 4,4‘-bpy or bpe form similar supramolecular arrangements. To investigate this similarity, two new organic salts of the formula {[H2-4,4‘-bpy][H2bta]}·2H2O (1) and {[H2bpe] [H3bta]2}·4H2O (2) have been characterized. In the 1:1 adduct 1, the molecular components are linked by hydrogen bonds of the N−H···O type creating chains. These chains are further linked by C−H···O type interactions (C−H from the cation and O from the anion) creating a two-dimensional motif. Two types of centrosymmetric rings are evident in the sheets. The stacked shee.
Point-absorber arrays: a configuration study off the Portuguese West-Coast

The geometry of a wave energy converter (WEC) has a major influence on the power it can theoretically absorb. One of the first steps in the WEC design is the optimization of its geometry. If large power levels are to be attained, the individual WECs must be incorporated into 'wave farms', consisting in one or more arrays of devices, each device having its own PTO equipment. It is then important to understand how the different oscillators interact with each other and how their relative positions and distances affect the performance of the system. A simple WEC consisting of a single axisymmetric oscillating body equipped with a linear PTO mechanism is considered first. The dependence, on geometry and size, of the power absorption from irregular waves is investigated, based on a stochastic model. This is followed by a study on the hydrodynamics of arrays of different configurations, and their performance in irregular waves. It is expected that the analysis developed here may be applied to a wide variety of wave WECs.
Inhalation Study on Exposure to Bitumen Fumes: Formation of DNA Adducts in Various Rat Tissues Following Nose-only Inhalation

Abstract During the hot application of bitumen containing materials, e.g., in hot paving or roofing, fumes are emitted that contain traces of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) including heterocyclic and/or substituted PACs. Previous studies of DNA adduct formation by bitumen and coal-tar fume condensates (BFCs and CTFCs, respectively) indicated that the genotoxic compounds responsible for DNA adduct formation in BFCs and CTFCs were of different nature. Moreover, it was suggested that the major adduct found in the lungs and also in skin and lymphocytes of BFC-treated rats might be usable as a marker of exposure to bitumen fumes.
NMR order parameter analysis of a peptide plane aligned in a lyotropic liquid crystal

A full order parameter analysis has been carried out on a peptide plane of gramicidin A in aligned phospholipid bilayers. The most ordered molecular axis was determined to be the helical long axis of the molecule, possessing an order parameter of 0·93 ± 0·03 parallel to the bilayer normal, and an axial symmetry of -0·06 ± 0·04.
Study on the serum leptin and IGF-1 in the elderly patients with post-stroke depression

Objective To investigate the effects of serum levels of leptin, IGF-1, BDNF and inflammatory markers in patients with post-stroke depression(PSD). Methods By using Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) ,46 patients with post-stroke depression were recruited and 50 patients without depression as the control group. Two weeks after the onset of stroke, serum levels of leptin, insulin growth factor(IGF-1), hs-CRP, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results The levels of leptin and IGF-1 in patients with PSD were significantly higher than that of the control group (( 57.4 ± 14.32) ng/ml vs (17.53 ± 11.62) ng/ml, P = 0. 002;(120.86 ±28.66) ng/ml vs (66.5 ± 17.51) ng/ml, P=0. 004 respectively). The serum levels of leptin and IGFI were positively correlated with the HAMD score(r=0. 724, P＜0. 01; r=0. 641, P＜0. 01 respectively). There was no significant differences in the levels of hs-CRP((2.3 ±0.42) mg/dl vs (2.2 ± 0.28) mg/dl, P= 0. 767),ICAM-1 (( 182.6 ± 50.27) ng/ml vs (178.7 ± 51.14) ng/ml, P = 0. 812) and BDNF(( 25.8 ± 8.35) ng/ml vs (24.2 ±7.48)ng/ml, P = 0.580)in the two groups. Conclusion The serum levels of leptin and IGF-1 may be associated with post-stroke depression and may be the markers of PSD in the old stroke patients. Key words: Depression ; Ischemic stroke ; Leptin ; IGF-1 ;
Shapes of Soot Particles, Both Charged and Uncharged, after Molecular Beam Sampling a Premixed Oxyacetylene Flame, Burning at Atmospheric Pressure

Three types of soot particle (positively charged, negatively charged, and uncharged) have been collected simultaneously using molecular beam sampling from different points along the axis of a weakly sooting, premixed flame of C2H2 + O2 + Ar, burning at atmospheric pressure and with a final temperature of ∼2300 K. Particles were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most of them had expected shapes, but some had quite unusual configurations and were surprisingly large (1–2 µm); these bigger particles often had amorphous, liquid-like structures, although some had crystalline exteriors. There was no significant difference in size or morphology between uncharged particles and those charged either positively or negatively. Also, it was clear that the concentration of neutral soot particles always exceeded that of the positively charged ones, which in turn were more abundant than those with negative charges. Some surprisingly large particles of soot were found leaving the flame's reaction zone; these were ascribed to this premixed flame having an exaggerated pyrolysis zone just before its reaction zone. Some particles grew to ∼2 µm after a further residence time of 2 ms in the visibly sooting region. No evidence was found for molecular beam sampling falsifying these TEM images of young soot particles. However, it does appear that during the supersonic expansion, immediately after the flame was sampled, soot particles reached a terminal velocity, which was less than the final velocity of the gas molecules leaving the expansion.
THIN‐LAYER DRYING OF DATES

Thin-layer drying rates of two date cultivars, namely, Sukkari and Sakie were experimentally determined at three drying temperatures 70, 80, and 90C. Three drying models were evaluated for the thin-layer date data. These were the exponential model, Page equation, and the approximation of diffusion model. The Page equation fitted the data best. Two empirical expressions of Page equation for predicting moisture ratio as a function of drying time and drying temperature for the two date cultivars are presented.
International Journal of Food Engineering Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Grape Seeds

This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of grape seed. Seven levels of moisture content varying from 12.26 to 24.61% (w.b.) were considered in this study. Length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and 1000 seed mass increased by 2.58%, 3.63%, 8.36%, 4.78%, 2.14%, and 22.62%, respectively, with the increase of moisture content. Bulk and true density increased from 469.3 to 546.3 kg/m3 and 1058.7 to 1159.3 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity decreased from 55.67 to 52.87%. The angle of repose increased from 21.79 to 29.65° with the increase of moisture content. The hardness decreased from 58.72 to 23.34 N with increase in moisture content. The static coefficient of friction of seeds was determined on concrete, galvanized iron, plywood and glass sheets at various moisture contents. The highest and lowest static coefficients of friction were observed on concrete and glass sheet, respectively.
Philicity and Fugality Scales for Organic Reactions

Theoretical scales of reactivity and selectivity are important tools to explain and to predict reactivity patterns, including reaction mechanisms. The main achievement of these efforts has been the incorporation of such concepts in advanced texts of organic chemistry. In this way, the modern organic chemistry language has become more quantitative, making the classification of organic reactions an easier task. The reactivity scales are also useful to set up a number of empirical rules that help in rationalizing and in some cases anticipating the possible reaction mechanisms that can be operative in a given organic reaction. In this review, we intend to give a brief but complete account on this matter, introducing the conceptual basis that leads to the definition of reactivity indices amenable to build up quantitative models of reactivity in organic reactions. The emphasis is put on two basic concepts describing electron-rich and electron-deficient systems, namely, nucleophile and electrophiles. We then show that the regional nucleophilicity and electrophilicity become the natural descriptors of electrofugality and nucleofugality, respectively. In this way, we obtain a closed body of concepts that suffices to describe electron releasing and electron accepting molecules together with the description of permanent and leaving groups in addition, nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
Tapping-Mode AFM in Comparison to Contact-Mode AFM as a Tool for in Situ Investigations of Surface Reactions with Reference to Glass Corrosion

A critical comparison between atomic force microscopy operated in both contact mode (CM-AFM) and tapping mode (TM-AFM) is presented by means of imaging surface reactions in situ. Corrosion phenomena of potash−lime−silica glass were studied under the ambient atmosphere, dry nitrogen, and nitrogen with a relative humidity of 50%, as well as under liquids by both techniques. The results show that surface reactions on sensitive samples can be imaged in situ without the need of UHV conditions. Furthermore, the initial stages of the corrosion process could be identified as an attack of humidity. The formation of swelled glass was observed. In the presence of corrosive gases from the ambient atmosphere, the formation of secondary corrosion products took place. During the in situ investigations, both CM-AFM and TM-AFM measurements influence the corrosion phenomena observed as well as the corrosion process. CM-AFM introduces relatively high lateral forces leading to plastic deformations of soft domains whereas TM-.
Cyclic organophosphorus compounds. I. Synthesis and infrared spectral studies of cyclic hydrogen phosphites and thiophosphites

A general synthetic procedure leading to cyclic hydrogen phosphites has been devised. The effect of solvent on the P==O and P—H infrared stretching modes of cyclic hydrogen phosphites and thiophosphites has been studied. It is concluded that association of cyclic hydrogen phosphites is attributable to dipole–dipole interactions rather than to hydrogen bonding.
TLC Analysis of Corrinoid Compounds in Fish Sauce

Abstract The amounts of vitamin B12 (16.3 ± 5.8 µg/100 g) determined with the Lactobacillus microbiological method were about 5.4‐fold greater in various fish sauces (n = 15) made in Japan than the values (3.0 ± 2.0 µg/100 g) determined with the intrinsic factor‐based chemiluminescence method. Corrinoid compounds found in the selected nine fish sauces were separated with silica gel 60 thin layer chromatography (TLC) and determined with the microbiological method, indicating that most B12 is derived from unidentified corrinoid compounds. These results suggest that fish sauce may not be suitable for use as a vitamin B12 source.
DNA Microarray Applications in Environmental Microbiology

Abstract Although the majority of microarray reports are concerned with gene expression profiling in health-related studies, the use of DNA microarray technology is expanding into new fields and new applications. In environmental microbiology, developments are also focusing on the detection of specific sequences in complex environmental samples and on genomic comparisons. Despite the fact that some limitations still exist, microarrays offer several advantages over the more traditional approaches. In this review, we will present examples of specific applications of this exciting new technology relating to the better understanding of the microbial world, with particular emphasis on strain detection, as well as the assessment of microbial diversity, adaptation, and evolution.
Competitive oxygen-18 kinetic isotope effects expose O–O bond formation in water oxidation catalysis by monomeric and dimeric ruthenium complexes

Competitive oxygen kinetic isotope effects (18O KIEs) on water oxidation initiated by ruthenium oxo (RuO) complexes are examined here as a means to formulate mechanisms of O–O bond formation, which is a critical step in the production of “solar hydrogen”. The kinetics of three structurally related catalysts are investigated to complement the measurement and computation of 18O KIEs, derived from the analysis of O2 relative to natural abundance H2O under single and multi-turnover conditions. The findings reported here support and extend mechanistic proposals from 18O tracer studies conducted exclusively under non-catalytic conditions. It is shown how density functional theory calculations, when performed in tandem with experiments, can constrain mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation and help discriminate between them.
Spray Dried Products—Characterization of Particle Morphology

Samples of industrial and pilot plant spray-dried materials were obtained from various manufacturers together with details of drying conditions and feed specifications. The samples were subjected to qualitative and semi-quantitative examination to identify structural and morphological features. The results were interpreted in terms of bulk physical properties and related to drying conditions. Three distinct categories of particle morphology were identified, namely, crystalline, skin-forming and agglomerate. Selected properties such as powder flowability, particle and bulk density, particle size and particle friability were shown to have a direct relationship to morphological structure.
Effect of ammonium and phosphorus supply on h+ production in gel by two tropical forage grasses

Abstract The effect of the supply of ammonium (NH4 +) and phosphorus (P) in gel on the amounts of hydrogen ion (H+) excreted from plant roots was studied with Brachiaria humidicola (a highly acid‐soil tolerant tropical grass) and B. brizantha (less acid‐soil tolerant) grown in soil in a glasshouse. The H+ production was measured over 24 h in agar gel containing full nutrient solution with a range of NH/‐N levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 5.0 mM NH4 +‐N). Highly soluble P, K2HPO4, or relatively insoluble P, rock P, was supplied at four concentrations (0, 11.5, 34.5, or 115 μM p) in the gel. Increasing NH4 + concentration in the gel increased H+ production for both grasses, but there was some inhibition of growth for B. brizantha at the highest N concentration. For B. humidicola, but not B. brizantha H+ production was greater with 34.5 μM K2HPO4 than 11.5 μM K2HPO4. At 34.5 μM P for both grasses there was no difference in H+ production when P was supplied as rock P or K2HPO4. With 11.5 μM P both grasses produced less acid in the gel with the rock P compared with K2HPO4. The reduced H+ production is probably due to a lower availability of P in the rock P compared with K2HPO4. This effect was greater with B. brizantha than B. humidicola, implying that 11.5 μM rock P was not able to supply sufficient P for the growth of B. brizantha. Brachiaria humidicola was able to dissolve more rock P than B. brizantha or alternatively, the growth of B. humidicola was less adversely affected by the low P supply from rock P than B. brizantha. Plant‐induced acidity does not seem to occur as a response to a lack of available P, but rather these grasses only produce acid if there are enough nutrients for growth, i.e., both NH4 + and P. If either N or P is limiting, growth is limited as is NH4 + uptake, so that H+ production is curtailed.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Iridium Thin Films

Thin films of metallic iridium were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a wide temperature range of 225-375°C from tris(2,4-pentanedionato)iridium [Ir(acac) 3 ] and oxygen. The films had low resistivity and low impurity contents and good adhesion to the substrate. The film growth rate saturated to a constant value as the precursor pulse times were increased, thus verifying the self-limiting growth mechanism. In addition, the film thickness depended linearly on the number of deposition cycles. The development of the surface morphology with increasing film thickness was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM and X-ray reflectivity analysis showed that the films had smooth surfaces. The films showed a preferred (111) orientation as studied by X-ray diffraction. The results show that high-quality iridium films can be grown by ALD.
Low-Dose Irradiation of Cut Iceberg Lettuce in Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Irradiation at a mean dosage of 0.19 kGy of commercially prepared fresh-cut lettuce resulted in a product that had, 8 days after irradiation, microbial population of 290 cfu/g and yeast population of 60 cfu/g, compared with values of 220 000 and 1 400 cfu/g, respectively, for the nonirradiated control. Irradiation also caused moderate changes in respiration rate and headspace gas concentrations. It appears feasible to combine chlorination with irradiation at 0.15−0.5 kGy to produce fresh-cut, chopped lettuce with reduced microbial population. Keywords: Lettuce; irradiation; minimally processed
Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Ordered CIGS Nanowire Arrays for Application in Solar Cells

In this work, we report some preliminary results concerning the fabrication of quaternary copper, indium, gallium, and selenium CIGS nanowires that were grown inside the channels of an anodic alumina membrane by one-step potentiostatic deposition at different applied potentials and room temperature. A tunable nanowire composition was achieved through a manipulation of the applied potential and electrolyte composition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that nanowires, whose chemical composition was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis, were amorphous. A composition of Cu0.203In0. 153Ga0.131Se0. 513, very close to the stoichiometric value, was obtained. These nanostructures were also characterized by photoelectrochemical measurements: They showed a cathodic photocurrent and an optical gap of 1.55 eV.