Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The steady global corona

A model is developed for the formation of the steady coronal structure consisting of coronal streamers and coronal holes. The coronal structure is stimulated with numerical solutions of the time-dependent, dissipationless, magnetohydrodynamic equations of motion applicable to the meridional plane. The main difference between our model and previous similar models is that (1) we do not assume isothermal flow and (2) we calculate structures for several values of the plasma beta (ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure). A coronal streamer consists of closed magnetic field lines near the solar surface with overlying and adjacent open field lines. The open field region has the characteristics of a coronal hole. The atmosphere is stationary in the closed region and flowing outward in the open region (the coronal hole). The steady coronal structure is obtained by starting the numerical calculation with a state consisting of a polytropic, hydrodynamic solution to the steady state radial equation of motion coupled with a dipole magnetic field. The numerical solution of the complete time-dependent equations then asymptotically approaches a steady state. Global coronal configurations are calculated for values of the plasma beta varying from 0.1 to 100. If beta is much larger than 10, a coronalmore » streamer is not formed since the magnetic field is too weak. The velocity and temperature in the open region of the steady corona and the pressure and density in the closed region increase with decreasing beta. The dimensions (height and lateral extension) of the closed region are only weakly dependent on beta. « less
XMM-Newton Observations of High-Redshift Quasars

We report on our XMM-Newton observations of the high-redshift quasars BR 2237-0607 (z = 4.558) and BR 0351-1034 (z = 4.351). We also report on XMM-Newton observations of 19 other z > 4 objects available in the public archive of which 14 were detected. We find that the optical to X-ray spectral index αox is correlated with the luminosity density at 2500 Å but does not show a correlation with redshift, which is consistent with earlier results. Radio-loud quasars are brighter and have flatter X-ray slopes compared to radio-quiet quasars. There is some evidence for the jet-dominated sources to be intrinsically absorbed. The mean intrinsic 2–10 keV power-law slope of the 10 high-redshift radio-quiet quasars in our sample for which a spectral analysis can be performed is αX = 1.21 ± 0.52 (ranging between 0.32 and 1.96), which is more like the αX = 1.19 ± 0.10 found from the ASCA observations of low-redshift narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) but different from the αX = 0.78 ± 0.11 found for low-redshift broad-line Seyfert galaxies. The steep X-ray spectral index suggests high Eddington ratios L/LEdd. These observations give credence to the hypothesis of Mathur that NLS1s are low-luminosity cousins of high-redshift quasars. Comparison with other results from the literature indicates that perhaps the most luminous quasars, from low to high redshift, have similarly steep X-ray spectra suggestive of high Eddington luminosities.
Measuring 5G Electric Fields Strength With Software Defined Radios

The effect of electromagnetic radiation on public health is a recurring topic in the societal and political discourse, peaking with the introduction of every new generation of cellular technology. With the introduction of 5G, promising high peak download speeds as well as high-power beams, there is a need to revisit traditional measurement approaches. ICNIRP, a.k. a the International Committee on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, offers a useful guideline to evaluate the electromagnetic field exposure of living tissues and provides some limits to keep exposure well below the threshold where it is considered harmful. However, modern packet radio technologies such as 5G or Wi-Fi are different from old broadcasting technologies. They deliver high power in very short bursts, spread over a wide band, thus increasing the difficulty of measuring electric fields with traditional instruments, such as spectrum analyzers. In addition, 5G promises a high spatial focusing performance, which means that the field can vary significantly even in a small area. Hence, measurements with a higher spatial density than we can achieve with expensive and bulky spectrum analyzers are urgently needed. Software-defined radios (SDRs), as a size- and cost-efficient alternative, can be used to capture signals in the time domain and thus increase measurement accuracy. However, software-defined radios are not designed to be used as RF power meters. They require accurate calibration and data analysis to ensure the measured power is correct. The aim of this work is to provide a general framework to calibrate SDRs, enabling them to measure RF power and extract the corresponding electric field value. Subsequently, the influence of the SDR parameters on the accuracy of the electric field measurement is investigated. To assess the performance of the proposed calibration framework in a real-life scenario, we rely on our private 5G network with a calibrated SDR to measure the RF power from a 5G network. Our measurements show that the average electric field exposure of 5G networks is well below 1 V/m.
New constraints on quasar evolution: broad-line velocity shifts over 1.5 ≲ z ≲ 7.5

We present the results of a model-independent investigation of the rest-frame UV spectra from a comprehensive sample of $394$ quasars in the redshift range $1.5\leq z \leq 7.5$. We fit the main Broad Emission Lines (BELs) in the rest-frame range $1280 \text{\AA} \leq \lambda \leq 3000 \text{\AA}$ (O I, C II, Si IV, C III, C IV and Mg II) with a lightly-supervised spline fitting technique. Redshifts are derived from the peaks of each fitted BEL and used to compute relative velocity shifts. We show that our method gives unbiased velocity shifts and is insensitive to spectral resolution and instrumental parameters. It is found that the average blueshift of the \cfour\, line with respect to several low-ionisation lines in luminosity-matched samples does not significantly evolve over $1.5\gtrsim z\gtrsim6$. However, the average blueshift increases significantly by a factor $\sim 2.5$ at $z\gtrsim 6$. We propose that this redshift evolution can be explained by \cfour\, winds launched perpendicularly to an accretion disk with increased torus opacity at high-redshift, coupled with a potential orientation-driven selection bias. Our results open new exciting avenues of investigation into young quasars in the reionisation epoch.
Broadband spectral fitting of blazars using XSPEC

The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of blazars is generally interpreted as radiation arising from synchrotron and inverse Compton mechanisms. Traditionally, the underlying source parameters responsible for these emission processes, like particle energy density, magnetic field, etc., are obtained through simple visual reproduction of the observed fluxes. However, this procedure is incapable of providing confidence ranges for the estimated parameters. In this work, we propose an efficient algorithm to perform a statistical fit of the observed broadband spectrum of blazars using different emission models. Moreover, we use the observable quantities as the fit parameters, rather than the direct source parameters which govern the resultant SED. This significantly improves the convergence time and eliminates the uncertainty regarding initial guess parameters. This approach also has an added advantage of identifying the degenerate parameters, which can be removed by including more observable information and/or additional constraints. A computer code developed based on this algorithm is implemented as a user-defined routine in the standard X-ray spectral fitting package, XSPEC. Further, we demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm by fitting the well sampled SED of blazar 3C 279 during its gamma ray flare in 2014.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Activation in Motor and Language Areas Suggest a Compensatory Role of the Motor Cortex in Second Language Processing

Abstract The involvement of the motor cortex in language understanding has been intensively discussed in the framework of embodied cognition. Although some studies have provided evidence for the involvement of the motor cortex in different receptive language tasks, the role that it plays in language perception and understanding is still unclear. In the present study, we explored the degree of involvement of language and motor areas in a visually presented sentence comprehension task, modulated by language proficiency (L1: native language, L2: second language) and linguistic abstractness (literal, metaphorical, and abstract). Magnetoencephalography data were recorded from 26 late Chinese learners of English. A cluster-based permutation F test was performed on the amplitude of the source waveform for each motor and language region of interest (ROI). Results showed a significant effect of language proficiency in both language and motor ROIs, manifested as overall greater involvement of language ROIs (short insular gyri and planum polare of the superior temporal gyrus) in the L1 than the L2 during 300–500 ms, and overall greater involvement of motor ROI (central sulcus) in the L2 than the L1 during 600–800 ms. We interpreted the over-recruitment of the motor area in the L2 as a higher demand for cognitive resources to compensate for the inadequate engagement of the language network. In general, our results indicate a compensatory role of the motor cortex in L2 understanding.
Price sensitivity testing as a basic tool for strategic pricing decisions

Background: Data-driven decisions in each functional area of management, through all of the strategic levels, in the present time of dynamic changes in geopolitical and market conditions are necessary to achieve corporate (economic and social) goals, in line with securing future business success and sustainability. Because of this business need, we will focus in our research paper on price management, which can be seen as a supportive tool for strategic decisions, where competent decisions should be based on data-driven pricing decisions. Purpose: The aim of the research study is to identify what price consumers are prepared to pay for a new food product in a relatively saturated foreign market. The research study was conducted in the milk chocolate bar market segment. Study design: We applied the van Westendorp price sensitivity test to identify the range of acceptable prices for a product that is willing to enter a new foreign market. For this purpose, we used a milk chocolate bar product currently unknown in the Slovak market. Findings: In addition to the van Westendorp price sensitivity measurement, we used a non-parametric Mann Whitney U test to confirm the hypothesis that chocolate tasting will increase the likelihood of customers to pay a higher price for the tested product. The hypothesis mentioned above was statistically confirmed. Limitations: It is necessary to monitor customer reactions to a given price level and be prepared to optimize it. We did not address this part of the analysis in identifying a price that would be acceptable to consumers in terms of value perception, due to the scope of the study.
Quantification of N-acetylcysteine in drug formulations using inhibitory kinetic spectrophotometric method

: A simple, reproducible, and rapid kinetic method for the N-acetylcysteine (NAC) determination has been proposed and linked to NAC quantification in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the inhibitory feature of N-acetylcysteine. NAC forms a stable complex with Hg 2+ and reduces the actual Hg 2+ concentration and ultimately the rate of reaction between pyrazine (Pz) and [Ru(CN) 6 ] 4-catalyzed by Hg 2+ . Under the optimized reaction conditions with [Ru(CN) 64-] = 7.25 × 10 -5 mole dm -3 , I = 0.1 mole dm -3 (KCl), Temp = 45.0 ± 0.1 o C, [Hg +2 ] = 1.5 × 10 -4 mole dm -3 , [Pyrazine] = 8.5 × 10 -4 mole dm -3 , and pH = 4.0 ± 0.02, fixed time of 12 and 17 min was selected to compute the absorbance at 370 nm corresponding to the ultimate reaction product [Ru(CN) 5 Pz] 3. The inhibitory action of NAC towards cyanide imitation by pyrazine from [Ru(CN) 6 ] 4, catalyzed by Hg 2+ has been demonstrated by a redesigned mechanistic scheme. With the proposed kinetic spectrophotometric method, the micro level quantification of NAC in distinct water samples can be done down to 1.5 × 10 -6 mole dm -3 . The developed procedure is highly reproducible and can be efficiently used to quantitatively estimate the NAC in the drug samples with high accuracy. The general additives present in drugs do not substantially interfere in the determination of NAC even up to 1000 times with [NAC].
Core-Polarization Effects in Cu II

Core-polarization and configuration interaction effects are investigated in singly ionized copper. It is shown that these effects are responsible, to a large extent, for the discrepancies observed between recent relativistic Hartree–Fock (HFR) and configuration-interaction (CIV3) calculations and accurate beam-laser experimental results. A new set of transition rates is obtained using the HFR + Core Polarization formalism leading to theoretical lifetime and transition probability values in fair agreement with the experiment. An indicative calculation performed with the configuration - interaction code SUPERSTRUCTURE demonstrates the importance of semi-empirical term energy corrections in producing reliable transition rates in a case like the present one.
Can Museums Help Visitors Thrive? Review of Studies on Psychological Wellbeing in Museums

Museums are expected to prove their social value and ability to have a long-term social impact. Hence, in order to do so, museums, as experience hubs and the most-visited cultural attraction, may use their potential to offer experiences that could help visitors thrive by increasing their psychological wellbeing. Although psychological wellbeing has been a hot topic, the synthesized and holistic review of the literature on this theme has been lacking in regard to museums. Hence, we conducted an analysis using the PRISMA protocol to answer two research questions: (1) Can museums increase the visitor’s psychological wellbeing? (2) How can the museum experience be designed to enhance the psychological wellbeing of the visitors and how can that potentially be measured? The results showed that museums can enhance visitors’ and other stakeholders’ psychological wellbeing. This can be achieved by designing museum experiences that are attractive, comfortable (restorative), comprehensible, participative, innovative, and sustainable, relying on specific detailed guidelines provided in the article. The Museum Wellbeing Toolkit serves to measure the efficiency of the proposed guidelines in stimulating the psychological wellbeing of museum visitors. If backed by wellbeing policy frameworks, museums may increase their role in fostering psychological wellbeing. As wellbeing public policies have been rather rare to date, future research may explore the effects of the existing ones to provide recommendations for new developments on the topic.
Systematic Review of the Therapeutic Role of Apoptotic Inhibitors in Neurodegeneration and Their Potential Use in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a deleterious brain disorder affecting cognition, emotion and reality perception. The most widely accepted neurochemical-hypothesis is the imbalance of neurotransmitter-systems. Depleted GABAergic-inhibitory function might produce a regionally-located dopaminergic and glutamatergic-storm in the brain. The dopaminergic-release may underlie the positive psychotic-symptoms while the glutamatergic-release could prompt the primary negative symptoms/cognitive deficits. This may occur due to excessive synaptic-pruning during the neurodevelopmental stages of adolescence/early adulthood. Thus, although SZ is not a neurodegenerative disease, it has been suggested that exaggerated dendritic-apoptosis could explain the limited neuroprogression around its onset. This apoptotic nature of SZ highlights the potential therapeutic action of anti-apoptotic drugs, especially at prodromal stages. If dysregulation of apoptotic mechanisms underlies the molecular basis of SZ, then anti-apoptotic molecules could be a prodromal therapeutic option to halt or prevent SZ. In fact, risk alleles related in apoptotic genes have been recently associated to SZ and shared molecular apoptotic changes are common in the main neurodegenerative disorders and SZ. PRISMA-guidelines were considered. Anti-apoptotic drugs are commonly applied in classic neurodegenerative disorders with promising results. Despite both the apoptotic-hallmarks of SZ and the widespread use of anti-apoptotic targets in neurodegeneration, there is a strikingly scarce number of studies investigating anti-apoptotic approaches in SZ. We analyzed the anti-apoptotic approaches conducted in neurodegeneration and the potential applications of such anti-apoptotic therapies as a promising novel therapeutic strategy, especially during early stages.
Cloud-droplet growth by condensation in cumulus

The growth of droplets by condensation upon a spectrum of salt nuclei is followed as they are carried up in a small cumulus which mixes and exchanges heat, momentum and water vapour with its surroundings. The vertical velocity, water content, supersaturation and cumulative drop-size distributions are plotted as functions of time and height above cloud base. Growing cloud droplets are continually being transferred from the cloud to the drier environment and replaced by new condensation nuclei. The fact that some droplets remain in the cloud longer than others is largely responsible for the evolution of a broad drop-size distribution which much more closely resembles observed spectra than those obtained from previous calculations for a closed parcel. Regarding the formation of large droplets, the calculations show that droplets exceeding 20 μ in radius arise on salt nuclei of mass 10−10 g and droplets larger than 30 μ radius arise on nuclei of 10−9 g within ten minutes of the air passing through the condensation level. Continued growth in a succeeding thermal and further deformation of the droplet spectrum by coalescence will produce even larger drops, but nevertheless it is difficult to explain the appearance of droplets larger than 30 μ in concentrations of order 1 cm−3 in terms of their growth on reported concentrations of giant hygroscopic nuclei.
Effectiveness of Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction and the Relationship with Cervical Spine

Temporomandibular dysfunctions are a heterogeneous group of conditions involving the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and periarticular musculoskeletal structures. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a physiotherapy program for TMJ dysfunctions and the relationship with cervical spine. The study design was a non-randomized clinical trial with two parallel treatment groups: 33 subjects in the experimental group that underwent conservative drug treatment and physiotherapy treatment, and 31 subjects in the control group that underwent only conservative drug treatment. The participants were examined at baseline and re-examined after 3 months. In this study there was a higher incidence of female subjects. After 3 months of treatment of the TMJs and cervical spine, pain decreased in both groups (p = 0001). Muscle testing at the cervical spine and temporomandibular level showed a decrease in pain and muscles spasms. The average percentage values of the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale 8 (JFLS 8) decreased significantly in both groups, but especially in the experimental group (p = 0.001). Physiotherapy treatments could maintain the functional state at the temporomandibular and cervical levels, thus contributing to increasing the quality of daily life.
Thermodynamics of the pyrochlore-lattice quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet

We use the rotation-invariant Green's function method (RGM) and the high-temperature expansion (HTE) to study the thermodynamic properties of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice. We discuss the excitation spectra as well as various thermodynamic quantities, such as spin correlations, uniform susceptibility, specific heat and static and dynamical structure factors. For the ground state we present RGM data for arbitrary spin quantum numbers $S$. At finite temperatures we focus on the extreme quantum cases $S=1/2$ and $S=1$. We do not find indications for magnetic long-range order for any value of $S$. We discuss the width of the pinch point in the static structure factor in dependence on temperature and spin quantum number. We compare our data with experimental results for the pyrochlore compound NaCaNi$_2$F$_7$ ($S=1$). Thus, our results for the dynamical structure factor agree well with the experimentally observed features at 3 \ldots 8~meV for NaCaNi$_2$F$_7$. We analyze the static structure factor ${S}_{\bf q}$ to find regions of maximal ${S}_{\bf q}$. The high-temperature series of the ${S}_{\bf q}$ provide a fingerprint of weak {\it order by disorder} selection of a collinear spin structure, where (classically) the total spin vanishes on each tetrahedron and neighboring tetrahedra are dephased by $\pi$.
Realization of the triple point of carbon dioxide in a transportable cell using long-stem SPRTs

The action of the Minamata Convention requests in the near term to develop alternative fixed points to replace the mercury triple point (Hg TP) from the set of the defining points of the International Temperature Scale (ITS) of 1990. Carbon dioxide (CO2) TP is a candidate that exhibits the advantages of high chemical and physical stability and low health risk, and the disadvantage of relatively high pressure at room temperature. We report our study on the realization of the CO2 TP using long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs). We present a novel design for a CO2 TP cell with thermometer immersion depth extending from 110 –200 mm with no increase in sample gas pressure. The outer dimension of the new cell is suitable for a drop-in compatible replacement of a normal cell for the Hg TP. We realized 14 plateaus of the CO2 TP using two long-stem SPRTs over a span of 12 months. The mean temperature at the CO2 TP is 216.591 30 (36) K at the melt fraction F = 0.5 and 216.591 36 (37) K at F = 1.0. Within the given uncertainties, the uncertainty arising from the transformation to ITS-90 contributes a major part of 0.29 –0.30 mK. The uncertainty formed by the pressure-head effect and the axial heat leak through the thermometer well of the new cell, the impurities of the sample gas and the inaccuracy of the electronic instruments contribute a smaller part of 0.21 –0.22 mK. The plateaus consistently exhibit small slopes of heights of less than 0.21 mK and time spans from 147 –347 h between F = 0.3 and F = 0.75. The small slopes of the plateaus demonstrate the repeatability of 0.056 and 0.059 mK, respectively, for the melt fraction F = 0.5 and 1.0, and the long-term stability of 0.031 mK.
Coexistence and phase separation in sheared complex fluids

We demonstrate how to construct dynamic phase diagrams for complex fluids that undergo transitions under flow, in which the conserved composition variable and the broken-symmetry order parameter (nematic, smectic, crystalline, etc.) are coupled to shear rate. Our construction relies on a selection criterion, the existence of a steady interface connecting two stable homogeneous states. We use the (generalized) Doi model of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals as a model system, but the method can be easily applied to other systems, provided nonlocal effects are included.