Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Stock Concept: A Phylogeographic Approach

Abstract: The “stock” is the fundamental population unit of legally mandated conservation efforts, yet its formal definition in the scientific literature and in two U.S. conservation acts is varied and so general that attempts to apply it in practice are arbitrary. Because choice of stocks deserving management protection is sometimes politically contentious, improvement of the working definition is important. A key element should be the degree to which a population can be considered an evolutionarily significant unit. We propose that a hierarchial classification scheme be applied to stock designations. Category I populations, having the highest probability of being evolutionarily significant units, are characterized by a discontinuous genetic divergence pattern where locally adapted and closely related genome assemblages are separated from others geographically and by significant genetic distances. Category II populations are similarly characterized by significant genetic diversity, but with weak geographic partitioning. Category III populations are the converse of II, having little genetic differentiation between assemblages that are clearly separate and likely to be reproductively isolated. Category IV assemblages have the lowest probability of being evolutionarily significant units and are characterized by extensive gene flow and no subdivision by extrinsic barriers. In addition to phylogeographic designation, the following information is used in the classification, as indicated by single-letter abbreviations: distribution (a), population response (b), phenotypic (c), and genotypic (d) information. Included are evidence both for and against designating population as a separate stock. In the designation “Type II a/bc,” for example, information to the right of the solidus would be evidence for “lumping,” to the left would be for “splitting. ” Missing letter abbreviations would signify lack of reliable data. Note that phylogeographic designation depends on the results of selection operating to produce a locally adapted genome (indicated by differences in demographic, phenotypic, and genotypic measures) and on gene flow (indicated by differences in distribution or by movement data). Hierarchial stock categorization allows resource managers to direct limited resources to the populations most deserving of protection, that is, the populations that are most likely to be evolutionarily significant units. Using this comprehensive classification of stock allows preliminary, conservative splitting of assemblages where data are lacking without the danger that these divisions will become entrenched as biological dogma.
Forthcoming: Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Dynamics of Arbitrage

We study the dynamics of cash-and-carry arbitrage using the U.S. crude oil market. Sizable arbitrage-related inventory movements occur at the NYMEX futures contract delivery point but not at other storage locations where, instead, operational factors explain most inventory changes. We add to the Theory of Storage literature by introducing two new features. First, due to arbitrageurs contracting ahead, inventories respond to not only contemporaneous but also lagged futures spreads. Second, storage capacity limits can impede cash-and-carry arbitrage, leading to the persistence of unexploited arbitrage opportunities. Our findings suggest that arbitrage-induced inventory movements are, on average, price stabilizing. JEL Classifications: G13, G18, Q41.
Pushing the Boundaries: Education Leaders, Mentors, and Refugee Students

Purpose: In this study, we trace the work of refugee student–family mentors (mentors) in an Arizona school district who work across school–family boundaries. Utilizing boundary spanning theory, we examine how education leaders—teachers, school principals, assistant principals, and district administrators—work with the mentors. We document the interactions between the school leaders and the mentors and compare them with the interactions between the refugee families and the mentors. Research Methods/Approach: We draw on data collected in a 3-year ethnography of refugee networks and on a related set of extended interviews with refugee parents. Data includes interviews with refugee mentors, school leaders, and refugee parents, as well as interviews with staff members of refugee support organizations, resettlement agencies, and state programs. Observational fieldnotes and documents were also collected. Data analysis included emergent coding and theme comparison across all data. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the refugee parents respect and depend on the mentors, while school leaders often treat them as “helpers. ” We analyze how the mentors are delegitimized by the actions of education leaders in schools, and also by their marginalization in the school district. We recommend additional research be conducted on how school districts interact with refugee students and families. We suggest that education leaders better support the work of staff who work with refugees and other culturally and linguistically diverse students by taking a resource inventory, clarifying staff roles, including parents in decision making, and making a commitment to build inclusive school communities.
Family financial socialization, financial information seeking behavior and financial literacy among youth

This study examined the relationship between financial information seeking behavior and financial literacy, as well as the relationship between parents' teaching and behavior with financial information seeking behavior through the factors of the risk information seeking and processing model among youth. ,A sample of 802 tertiary education students participated in this cross-sectional study. Using covariance-based structural equation modeling, the model was assessed and hypotheses were tested. ,The results revealed that financial information seeking behavior contributed to youth's financial literacy. While parents' sound financial behavior was directly related to seeking financial information, both parents' financial teaching and behavior indirectly, through the risk information seeking process, encouraged youth to actively seek for financial information. Moreover, parents' financial socialization directly and also indirectly through the risk information seeking and processing model explained youth's financial information avoidance. Among the two parts of the risk information seeking and processing model, planned behavior factors played a more salient role than cognitive need for financial information. ,This study extends the risk information seeking and processing model by integrating family financial socialization to the model and applies it in the context of consumers' financial behavior. The results improve our understanding of the social and psychological mechanism that drives consumers' financial literacy and decision-making.
Enhancement of microbial nitrification to reduce ammonia emission from poultry manure: a review

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from poultry farming operations have become a crucial concern due to their potential adverse effects on performance, birds and human health, and the environment. Due to genetic improvements, current commercial poultry require high quality balanced nutrition to maintain their rapid growth and production. Amino acids are components of protein nutrition that greatly influence the growth of the birds, and methionine is the first limiting essential amino acid in the high protein diets of poultry. However, excess or misuse of amino acid supplementation to poultry diets increases nitrogen (N) excretion and emissions to the environment. Currently, there are limited numbers of research publications regarding NH3 emissions from poultry manure, and few of them address manure enhancement by microbial nitrification. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the potential of soil nitrifying bacteria to reduce NH3 volatilisation and enhance N retention in poultry manure. This review presents the current status of knowledge regarding soil nitrifying bacteria, NH3 nitrification, and summarises the strategies to enhance microbial nitrification of poultry manure, and the environmental ramifications when using different techniques to control NH3 emissions. In spite of the fact that there are few research studies on reducing NH3 volatilisation through nitrification, it has been concluded that nitrification would be a sustainable method for mitigating N excretion and NH3 emission from poultry; however, further research is needed to identify the proper nitrifying bacteria to enhance microbial nitrification.
Investigating the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth in ASEAN: A Threshold Modelling Approach

In the economic theory, many arguments from the different school of thoughts have been raised to justify the efficiency of economic policy in the view of stabilization. For instance, the correlation between macroeconomic variables and economic performance is a contentious issue. In this paper, we carefully examine and compare the impacts of fiscal (government expenditure) versus monetary policy (broad money and real interest rate) on economic growth using nonlinear regression. In particular, the main objectives include (1) to model the nonlinear threshold effect of broad money in modelling the economic growth by considering the 1997 Asian financial crisis influences and (2) to compare the impacts of both policies on economic growth. The study is based on a panel of ASEAN5 countries for the period of 19952015. Panel threshold regression established by Hansen (1999) was employed. The results reported a single threshold effect of broad money on inflation before and after controlling the crisis on determining economic growth. Here we observed that monetary policy through real interest rate caused to lower GDP growth while broad money led to the trade-off between inflation and growth. When broad money is high (above the threshold value), it led to higher economic growth but was compensated with the trade-off cost of higher inflation. Also, the Asian financial crisis caused to the significant drop in economic growth in ASEAN5. Overall, the study reported inefficient fiscal policy and monetary policy in the case of ASEAN countries.
The Impact of Ambivalent Perception of Bureaucratic Structure on Cyberloafing

Cyberloafing, defined as the use of the Internet for personal use at the workplace, is emerging as a serious concern for organizations as it disrupts the attainment of organizational objectives. A systematic literature review, conducted as a part of this research, of antecedents of cyberloafing behaviour show that research exploring the relationship between the perception of organizational structure and cyberloafing is at a nascent stage. Acknowledging the underexplored state of research in this area, we investigated this relationship through a quantitative study using a sample of 201 employees, and the containment theory as the base. Our study results indicate that an ambivalent perception of the bureaucratic structure has a differential impact on the cyberloafing activities through serial mediation of two important attitudes, namely organizational identification and work engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Enriched Eggs Using Pearl Millet Grain, Low Levels of Flaxseed and Natural Pigments

We have previously reported that pearl millet (PM) could substitute corn and reduce the amount of flaxseed (8%, FS) needed to produce omega-3 enriched eggs in a 6 week trial, but reduced yolk pigmentation. In this experiment we evaluated egg fatty acid (FA) profile, yolk pigmentation, laying performance, and liver integrity in a 12 week experiment using PM-based diets with lower levels of FS (4, 6 and 8%) and natural pigments (PG, 0.1% and 0.2%) in a factorial arrangement of treatments (six cage replicates per treatment). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and to meet or exceed NRC requirements. Egg number and egg mass produced were measured and recorded on a daily basis, whereas BW and feed consumption measurements were recorded every two weeks. At the end of each two week period, three eggs were collected from each cage to measure egg trait parameters and then yolks were separated, pooled and lyophilized for FA determination by Gas Chromatography. At the end of the experiment, all the hens were euthanized to determine liver integrity. Egg traits and flock performance parameters, were not different among treatments, except in week 8, 10 and 12, when birds fed PM-based diets including 8% FS produced smaller (P < 0.05) eggs than hens fed 4% FS. The inclusion of the PG at 0.1% restored yolk pigmentation to marketable levels (above 7 on the Roche color fan scale). In summary, birds fed a diet ® containing PM as the sole grain source and 6% FS, consistently produced eggs with more than 350 mg/egg of n-3 FA, which is the lower standard to market eggs as “omega-3 enriched”, whereas hens fed the diet containing 8% FS produced eggs with about 500 mg/kg of n-3 FA. Liver integrity was not affected by dietary treatment. Thus, PM based diets with levels as low as 6% of FS and low levels of natural PG (0.1%) can be used to produce n-3 FA enriched eggs, preserving egg quality and restoring yolk color, and maintaining hen health and productive performance.
Exigências nutricionais de sódio e cloro e estimativa do melhor balanço eletrolítico da ração para frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial (1-7 dias de idade)

Two experiments were carried out to determine the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) requirements for broilers in the pre-initial phase (1 to 7 days of age) and the best electrolyte balance of the diet. In each experiment 1500 broilers from Cobb strain were allotted to a completely randonmized design with six treatments, five replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. The treatments used in the two experiments consisted of diets with levels on 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35% of Na+ (Exper. 1) or Cl ¾ (Experiment 2), each one with different electrolyte balance values. A quadratic and broken line models to determine the nutritional requirements were used. In the Experiment 1, the estimated Na+ requirements was 0.26% for body weight gain, 0.29% feed:gain. No differences were observed for feed intake. The best electrolyte balances of diet for maximum performance was 304 and 319 mEq/kg. In the Experiment 2, the estimated Cl- requirement was . 29% for body weight gain and 0.28% for feed:gain ratio. The feed intake showed a linear response. The best electrolyte balance ranged from 250 to 252 mEq/kg.
Impact of firm’s specific factors on audit fee of quoted consumer goods firms

How to cite this paper: Musa, W. A. , Salman, R. T. , Amoo, I. O. , & Subair, M. L. (2020). Impact of firm’s specific factors on audit fee of quoted consumer goods firms. Corporate Governance and Sustainability Review, 4(1), 47-55. http://doi.org/10.22495/cgsrv4i1p4 Copyright © 2020 by Virtus Interpress. All rights reserved ISSN Online: 2519-898X ISSN Print: 2519-8971 Received: 09.07. 2019 Accepted: 07.04. 2020 JEL Classification: M41, M42, M52 DOI: 10.22495/cgsrv4i1p4 Greater pricing presume on audit service has been put by the regulations of the auditing and accounting practices for the disclosure of audit fees, since audit fee is directly related to audit quality. However, the audit fees perceived by the client is often different from the amount charged by the auditors. Hence, this study investigated the impact of firm-specific characteristics on audit fees of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria using a purposive sampling technique. Secondary data were obtained from annual reports of the companies for the period from 2009-2016. The empirical result from Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier Test (BP-LM) produced a chi-square value of 13.94 with p-value of 0.0001 indicating that pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) will not be appropriate for the study. The Hausman test showed a chi-square of 23.55 with a p-value of 0.001 indicating that the null hypothesis is strongly rejected. Thus, the only estimate from the fixed effect model was interpreted to explain the relationship between firm-specific characteristics and audit fees of quoted consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The result revealed that auditee size, auditee risk, auditee profitability and IFRS adoption are the firm-specific characteristics that impact on audit fees with only auditee size and IFRS adoption being positively related to audit fees while the other factors are negatively related to audit fees. Based on this finding, this study concluded that the firm’s specific factors are the major drivers of audit fees in Nigeria consumer goods firms. This study recommends among others that companies should implement corporate governance principles that address issues relating to board independence and committee sizes to guide activities in the consumer goods sector since profitability behave negatively with audit fees.
Yolk Fatty Acid Composition and Cholesterol Content in Response to Level and Form of Dietary Flaxseed

The effect of the level and form of dietary flaxseed on the fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of hen egg has been investigated. Dietary flaxseed notably altered yolk fatty acid composition by increasing total polyunsaturated fatty acids while decreasing monounsaturated fatty acids. α-Linolenic acid was linearly increased in response to levels of ground flaxseed, but whole flaxseed resulted in reduced α-linolenic acid availability for yolk deposition. Similar deposition profiles were exhibited by docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. These alterations in yolk composition resulted in n−6 to n−3 fatty acid ratio values as low as 2.92 and 1.94 for 5 and 10% ground flaxseed and 2.49 for 10% whole flaxseed feeding, respectively. Dietary flaxseed had no effect on the cholesterol level of eggs, which showed a mean value of 188 mg/egg or 1247 mg/100 g of yolk. Keywords: Flaxseed; cholesterol; n−3 fatty acids; yolk; egg
The ecology of the New World fig-parasitizing wasps Idarnes and implications for the evolution of the fig–pollinator mutualism

Figs and their pollinating wasps are perhaps the classic example of an obligate mutualism. In addition, figs have a suite of non-pollinating parasitic wasps whose basic ecology is largely undescribed. Figs therefore present the interesting situation of a host that has two closely related taxa associated with it, one of which is mutualistic, the other parasitic. We show that the wasps belonging to the most abundant genus of New World parasites, the Idarnes wasps, develop at the expense of the pollinating wasps and not the viable seeds. However, the Idarnes wasps are not true parasitoids. We interpret these results to mean that the Idarnes wasps are in direct competition with the pollinator wasps for the same pool of flowers in which the larvae of either group can develop. Further, we infer that there is also a pool of flowers that cannot be exploited by either of these taxa. The observation that the pollinators and the parasites oviposit from different sides of the fruit strongly suggests that the basis for preserving some of the flowers to develop as viable seeds is not a direct result of spatial position of the ovaries or style length, as has been previously suggested. This idea is corroborated by detailed observations in many other fig systems. Taken together, these findings suggest an explanation for the stability of the fig-fig-pollinating wasp mutualism, as well as the structure of its parasite community.
Identification of SNP Markers Associated with Iron and Zinc Concentrations in Cicer Seeds

Background Cicer reticulatum L. is the wild progenitor of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. , the fourth most important pulse crop in the world. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are vital micronutrients that play crucial roles in sustaining life by acting as co-factors for various proteins. Aims and Objectives In order to improve micronutrient-dense chickpea lines, this study aimed to investigate variability and detect DNA markers associated with Fe and Zn concentrations in the seeds of 73 cultivated (C. arietinum L.) and 107 C. reticulatum genotypes. Methods A set of 180 accessions was genotyped using 20,868 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained from genotyping by sequencing analysis. Results The results revealed substantial variation in the seed Fe and Zn concentration of the surveyed population. Using STRUCTURE software, the population structure was divided into two groups according to the principal component analysis and neighbor-joining tree analysis. A total of 23 and 16 associated SNP markers related to Fe and Zn concentrations, respectively were identified in TASSEL software by the mixed linear model method. Significant SNP markers found in more than two environments were accepted as more reliable than those that only existed in a single environment. Conclusion The identified markers can be used in marker-assisted selection in chickpea breeding programs for the improvement of seed Fe and Zn concentrations in the chickpea.
The Effect of Shot Blocker Application on Intramuscular Injection Pain in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Intramuscular (IM) injection is a frequently used nursing practice in clinical practice. IM injection is a complex process that requires technical competence and effective decision-making in terms of the tools and methods involved. Despite the therapeutic effect of IM injection, it may cause pain and discomfort in patients. This study was carried out to determine the effect of the ShotBlocker application on intramuscular injection-induced pain. Methods: This is a randomized controlled study. The study data were collected between November and December 2018. Data were collected using a questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The patients were randomized into two groups as experimental group and control groups. The study was completed with 176 patients including 88 patients in the experimental group and 88 patients in the control group. Results: The mean VAS scores of the experimental and control groups were 1.2 ± 1.3 and 1.1 ± 1.6, respectively. No significant difference was found between the mean VAS scores of the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that administration of IM injection in adults using ShotBlocker did not reduce the severity of pain.
Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Spring Cereal Root and Shoot Growth

Plant growth regulators (PGR) shorten the straw of cereals, but their effects on other traits of plant stand structure have been inconsistent. To arrive at an assessment of whole-plant response, experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of PGR applications on root and shoot growth of spring cereals. Ethephon, chlormequat chloride (CCC), and trinexapac-ethyl were applied during early growth stages to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (A vena sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown either in sand mixture or in clay illitic topsoil. The effects on root and shoot growth (mg plant -1 ), root/shoot ratio, tiller number, and weight per main shoot were studied in all cereal species. The response of CO 2 exchange rate (CER) (μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) and formation of yield potential to PGR treatment were studied more closely in Mahti wheat. The effect of CCC application on root area (cm 2 ), length (cm), specific root length (SRL cm/mg), and width (μm) at soil depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 40, and 40 to 60 cm was studied in Mahti wheat. Plant growth regulator applications reduced main shoot growth in barley and wheat up to 20%. Tiller production was enhanced by ethephon and TE treatment in all species, but not adequately to compensate for PGR-induced reduction in main shoot growth. Carbon dioxide exchange rate was reduced temporarily by ethephon and TE treatments in Mahti wheat. Plant growth regulator applications have modest potential for modifying traits of spring cereal plant stand structure other than straw length.