Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aluminium tolerance and lime increase wheat yield on the acidic soils of central and southern New South Wales

Acidic soils constrain wheat yield in some parts of central and southern New South Wales. This paper describes research designed to evaluate the usefulness of aluminium (Al) tolerance, manganese (Mn) tolerance and the interaction of lime use and Al tolerance in improving wheat yields. Closely related pairs of wheat lines with tolerance and sensitivity of Al and Mn were bred. Carazinho (a Brazilian wheat cultivar) was used as a source of Al tolerance in a backcrossing, recurrent selection program to introduce tolerance into an Egret background (a locally adapted Australian cultivar). Aluminium tolerance was determined using the haematoxylin root tip test and Mn tolerance was determined using a subirrigated gravel bed system. Eight pairs divergent in tolerance of Al were evaluated for their yield on 3 acidic soil types in 5 field experiments. Grain yield increased in Egret-derived lines when Al tolerance from Carazinho was introduced. Yield from the Al-sensitive genotypes (averaged over the 8 pairs) compared with the Al-tolerant genotypes was 0.43 to 0.98 t/ha and 0.88 to 1.38 t/ha respectively on an acid earthy sand in central western New South Wales (Binnaway) in 2 seasons, and 1.08 to 1.96 t/ha and 1.29 to 1.88 t/ha on an acid podsolic soil in southern New South Wales (Borambola). On a moderately acidic red earth site (pH Ca 4.8) at Wagga Wagga, no such advantage accrued to the Al-tolerant group with the average yield for the sensitive and tolerant pairs being 5.00 and 4.78 t/ha, respectively. Manganese tolerance was assessed in only 1 of these experiments (Borambola) using 6 pairs of lines tolerant of Al but with contrasting Mn tolerance. No advantage of Mn tolerance was apparent at this site. At Binnaway the tolerant and sensitive lines responded to lime application with the tolerant lines yielding on average about 0.42 t/ha of grain more than the sensitive lines even when 5 t/ha of lime was applied. At Borambola the tolerant lines yielded 0.59 t/ha of grain more than the sensitive lines when no lime was applied. With lime application this difference in performance disappeared and Al-tolerant and sensitive lines yielded equally. At the Wagga Wagga site, the addition of lime did not affect the yield of the sensitive lines, while the tolerant lines showed a yield depression of 0.32 t/ha of grain with lime application. Three different relationships between lime application and Al tolerance were observed. While 2 relationships fit with our previous understanding, grain yield depression resulting from the combined use of Al tolerance and lime at our least acidic site remains poorly understood.
Group Emotions: Cutting the Gordian Knots Concerning Terms, Levels of Analysis, and Processes

AbstractResearch has established that groups are pervaded by feelings. But group emotion research within organizational science has suffered in recent years from a lack of terminological clarity, from a narrow focus on small groups, and from an overemphasis on micro-processes of emotion transmission. We address those problems by reviewing and systematically integrating relevant work conducted not only in organizational science, but also in psychology and sociology. We offer a definition of group emotions and sort the conceptual space along four dimensions: group emotion responses, recognition, regulation, and reiteration. We provide evidence that group emotions occur at all levels of analysis, including levels beyond small work groups. The accounts of group emotion emergence at higher levels of analysis differ substantially between organizational science, psychology, and sociology. We review these accounts—emergence through inclination, interaction, institutionalization, or identification—and then synthes.
Occurrence of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones and florfenicol in farmed rainbow trout in Iran

This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones and florfenicol residues in rainbow trout muscle samples (n = 138) obtained from Iranian trout farms. Concentrations of the antibiotics were determined using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. At measurable levels, 63.1%, 16.7%, 19.6% and 40.6% of the samples contained the residues of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones and florfenicol, respectively. The detected range of concentrations for positive samples was 1.43–101.4 µg/kg for tetracyclines, 4.03–90.4 µg/kg for sulfonamides, 6.75–99.8 µg/kg for fluoroquinolones and 0.11–172.6 µg/kg for florfenicol. The residues of the antibiotics in trout samples did not exceed the maximum residue levels recommended by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. However, the high occurrence of tetracyclines and florfenicol in the samples is alarming and could be a potential hazard for public health. Further investigations should be performed to determine the residues of antibiotics in other farmed fish species in Iran.
Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. I. Home range size and movements

This paper examines home-range attributes of 40 greater gliders (Petauroides volans) in five patches of remnant eucalypt forest surrounded by stands of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) near Tumut in south-eastern Australia. Fixed-kernel smoothing methods were used to estimate home-range size for P. volans. For males, home-range size varied from 1.38–4.10 ha (mean = 2.6 ± 0.8 ha, n = 12) and was significantly larger (P < 0.05) than for females (1.26–2.97 ha, mean = 2.0 ± 0.6 ha, n = 11). Home-range size increased significantly with increasing patch size and reduced patch population density. Thus, small patches had more animals per unit area with smaller home ranges and greater home-range overlap. Our findings illustrate flexibility in the use of space by P. volans. Such results have not previously been reported for P. volans or any other species of arboreal marsupial. Considerable home-range overlap (at 95th percentile isopleth level) was observed between male and female P. volans. Pairs of females also exhibited home-range overlap. Males tended to maintain home ranges exclusive of other males, although some shared common areas. Contrary to the large variations observed in home-range area, core areas (50th isopleth) remained relatively constant, regardless of patch size, population density or sex. This may indicate that core areas are an essential requirement for individuals and resources they contain cannot be shared with congeners.
Stat5b Inhibits NFκB-Mediated Signaling

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) are latent transcription factors that participate in cytokine signaling by regulating the expression of early response genes. Our previous studies showed that Stat5 functions not only as a transcriptional activator but also as a transcriptional inhibitor, depending on the target promoter. This report further investigates the mechanism of Stat5b-mediated inhibition and demonstrates that PRL-inducible Stat5b inhibits nuclear factorκB (NFκB) signaling to both the interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter and to the thymidine kinase promoter containing multimerized NFκB elements (NFκB-TK). Further, PRL-inducible Stat5b inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α signaling presumably by inhibiting endogenous NFκB. This Stat5b-mediated inhibitory effect on NFκB signaling is independent of Stat5b-DNA interactions but requires the carboxyl terminus of Stat5b as well as Stat5b nuclear translocation and/or accumulation, suggesting that Stat5b is competing for a nuclear f.
STUDIES ON THE PHOTO DEGRADATION OF TRYPTOPHAN

Abstract— The photodegradation of tryptophan in aqueous solution increases steadily with decrease in wavelength over the U.V. range 370–230 mμ, but the action spectrum does not parallel the absorption spectrum over these wavelengths. Thus appreciable decomposition occurs at wavelengths greater than 300 mp, even though at the concentrations tested the indole ring does not absorb energy in this region, and a photosensitive auto‐oxidation mechanism is suggested to account for this.
No effect of varying soil resource heterogeneity on plant species richness in a low fertility grassland

1 Coexistence theory predicts that greater heterogeneity of resources or other fitness‐constraining environmental factors will promote species diversity, yet this classic mechanism of coexistence has rarely been tested in manipulative field experiments. 2 Here we present results from the fourth year of a long‐term experiment designed to test the heterogeneity‐diversity hypothesis in a low productivity grassland where we directly manipulated the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients. In addition to unfertilized controls, we created heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient enrichment treatments by applying fertilizer to field plots in a patchy or uniform manner. Fertilization treatments were crossed with seed addition and cover reduction treatments, to allow examination of the effects of recruitment limitation and competition from established vegetation on diversity responses to nutrient heterogeneity. 3 In contrast to predictions, we found that spatially heterogeneous soil nutrient supply did not promote increased species richness or greater species sorting relative to a uniform supply of soil nutrients. Instead, both nutrient enrichment treatments depressed plant species richness (especially at small spatial scales) and, depending on cover reduction and on spatial location in the field, increased the abundance of two spreading clonal species. 4 Our results do not support the heterogeneity‐diversity hypothesis, and suggest that the response of clonal species to nutrient enrichment may constrain how plant diversity responds to resource heterogeneity. Future tests of the heterogeneity‐diversity hypothesis should explicitly consider the scale of resource heterogeneity and foraging capability of the plant species in the community.
Histological, Histochemical and Biochemical Changes in the Liver, Kidney, Lung and Spleen under the Effect of Repetitive Hyperthermia in Rat Neonates

Artificial hyperthermia in association with radiotherapy or chemotherapy has become a promising method for cancer treatment. Thus, this study was designed to assess the impact of repetitive hyperthermia (41˚ ± 0.5˚C) on some normal histological, histochemical, and biochemical variables in newborn rats. Materials and methods: After parturition, the neonates were randomly chosen and assigned to two groups (each being comprised of ten animals): one group was exposed to hyperthermia (41˚ ± 0.5˚C) and the other one was exposed to normothermia (25˚ ± 0.5˚C). Both groups were treated daily for 2 hours from the day of labor until the age of 21 days. Results: Histological and histochemical examination of the tissue sections of hypothermic rat neonates exhibited numerous cirrhotic changes in liver with deposition of collagen fibers extending from the central veins or portal tracts forming thick or thin fibrotic septa and even pseudolobule formations. The kidneys showed areas of necrosis, edema, glomerular hyperplasia or infiltration of inflammatory cells, marked amounts of collagen surrounding some Malpigian corpuscles and in between the renal tubules in a focal or diffuse fashion. The lungs revealed alveolar haemorrhage, focal fibrosis, emphysema of the alveoli with rupture of some alveolar walls and hyperplasia of the cells lining alveoli with collagen distribution in the peribronchiolar area as well as in the tunica adventitia of the peribronchiolar dilated blood vessels, and in the interalveolar and perialveolar areas. The spleen suffered from severe hyperemia in the red pulps and sinusoids with distorted lymphoid nodules and atrophy of others. The quantitative measurement of the degree of fibrosis proved a significant (p < 0. 01) accumulation of collagen fibers in all the examined tissues except for spleen. Additionally, hyperthermia caused a significant increase in most measured serum biochemical variables (ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine & urea) except for the globulin content whose concentration showed a significant decrease. Conclusion: As high preferential absorption ability of tumour tissue components to heat over normal tissues rely, in part, upon their higher collagen and protein content, attention should be paid to the repetitive effect of high temperature on the architecture of normal tissues, total collagen and protein contents in addition to its upshots on certain biochemical indices to appraise the impact of the method on patients particularly newborns and those with multi-recurrences carcinoma.
Genetic structure of Linaria capraria Mill. (Plantaginaceae) and endemic species of the Tuscan Archipelago (central Mediterranean)

This study, based on inter-simple sequence repeats in 14 populations of Linaria capraria, shows that genetic diversity at the species level is 0.21 and represents 58% of total variance, whereas the level of intrapopulational genetic diversity is 0.07 and represents 42% of total variance. Gene flow is absent between populations from the same island. On the basis of analysis of molecular variance, three centers of genetic diversity were found: Elba and Pianosa, Montecristo, and Capraia; these correspond to the group of islands that remained isolated during the Würm marine regression. A mean proportion of species-level diversity resides among populations, so we hypothesize that the species has a mixed reproductive system that lies somewhere between obligate outcrossing and obligate selfing. The most genetically diverse populations live in natural and well-isolated rocky habitats that seem to have no particular intervention requirements for conservation but the entire system of populations of this endemic species should be preserved.
Comparação entre métodos para determinar o período anterior à interferência de plantas daninhas em feijoeiros com distintos tipos de hábitos de crescimento

A interferencia causada pelas plantas daninhas pode reduzir em ate 80% a produtividade de graos do feijao quando nao manejadas de forma correta. Portanto, a decisao sobre o momento de controla-las e um dos principais aspectos do manejo integrado. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o periodo anterior a interferencia das plantas daninhas (PAI) em cultivares de feijao com diferentes tipos de habitos de crescimento. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituidos de dez periodos de convivencia da cultura com as plantas daninhas: 0-7, 0-14, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49, 0-56, 0-97 (colheita) dias apos a emergencia (DAE) e mais uma testemunha sem convivio com as plantas daninhas. O PAI foi determinado por meio de distintas abordagens: o nivel arbitrario de 5% de perda na produtividade, o nivel de tolerância (NT) e o de dano no rendimento economico (PADRE). O PAI obtido foi diferente em todas as abordagens, e os feijoeiros de crescimento indeterminado tipo II apresentaram os menores tempos de convivencia.
Autoclaved rice bran in layers’ diets

1. Rice bran was included in diets offered to caged layers at 0, 300 and 600 g/kg in lieu of wheat and soyabean meal. 2. Inclusion of 600 g/kg non‐autoclaved rice bran led to an adverse effect on egg production, shell thickness and yolk colour. 3. Autoclaving the rice bran (120 °G for 20 min) prior to mixing of diets overcame these deleterious effects.
Improved Extraction of Rice Prolamin

Prolamin was defined by Osborne1* as a protein soluble in alcohol. Aqueous ethanol (60 and 70%) is often used to extract prolamin from various grains. In addition, the extraction of prolamin using other organic solvents has been reported; 55% isopropanol for barley2)3) and maize,4) and 60% ter/-butanol for pearl millet5) and proso millet.6) However,the extraction of rice prolamin with alcohols other than ethanol has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to find an effective solvent for extracting prolamin from the rice endosperm. Aqueous «-propanol was found to be the most effective among several alcohols. Polished rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica cv. Koshi-
Efficacy of Corn and Rice Seed-borne Mycoflora in Controlling Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

Food commodities such as cereals are subjected to spoilage and bio-deterioration during storage by mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus . Efforts are done to biologically control toxigenic A. flavus and subsequently prevent or at least minimize its aflatoxin production ability, without the need of using synthetic fungicides. Antifungal activity of corn and rice seed-borne mycoflora was tested against aflatoxigenic A. flavus in vitro, using bioassays such as dual culture technique; ability to produce volatile and non-volatile metabolites; ability to inhibit germination and reduce germ tube length of A. flavus conidia; in vivo reduction of aflatoxins level in corn seeds co-inoculated with the pathogen and antagonists. Penicillum crustosum, Aspergillus giganteus, Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus fumigatus isolates showed promising antifungal activities and varying efficiencies of reducing aflatoxins level; however, only A. fumigatus isolate was non-aflatoxigenic. It could be concluded that A. fumigatus could be used effectively as a biopreservative to increase shelf life of cereals during storage, but after testing its tendency to produce other mycotoxins or causing human Aspergillosis.
Supplementation of dietary minerals during the early seawater phase increase vertebral strength and reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast‐growing under‐yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt

An earlier study demonstrated that under-yearling (0+) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt had a lower vertebral mineral content and mechanical strength and higher prevalence of vertebral deformities than 1+ smolt during the early seawater (SW) phase. The present study aimed to examine if commercial extruded high-energy diets need to be supplemented additional minerals for proper bone mineralization and prevention of bone deformities in fast growing 0 + smolts. We studied vertebral morphology with radiology, and bone mineral content and mechanical strength in 60 g 0+ smolt fed diets with a normal (NM) or elevated (HM) bone mineral (P and Ca) contents from SW transfer (week 0) until 10 times weight increase at week 17. Thereafter, both groups were fed a commercial diet until a mean slaughter weight of 4100 g after 57 week. There were no differences in body weight and length between the dietary groups during the study, while the condition factor differed significantly at the final sampling (NM 1.40; HM 1.29). The most common bone deformity observed was compressions in the tail region of the vertebral column. Lower incidences of vertebral deformities (percent individuals with one or more deformed vertebrae) was observed in the HM group in week 17 (HM 20%; NM 47%) and week 57 (HM 37%; NM 73%), also reflected by higher vertebral length/dorso-ventral diameter ratio in weeks 17 (HM 0.99; MN 0.92) and 57 (HM 0.97; NM 0.88). The HM group had significantly higher vertebral mineral content (HM 550 g kg−1; NM 480 g kg−1) and mechanical strength (HM 9050 g mm−1; NM 4600 g mm−1) than the NM group after 8 week feeding. Plasma levels of Ca, P and D-vitamin metabolites recorded in week 8 reflected changes in P homeostasis, but could not explain the preventive effect of the HM diet on development of bone deformities. The results suggest that elevated dietary mineral content during the early SW phase may reduce the prevalence of vertebral deformities in fast growing 0 + salmon smolts.
Salamander Dispersal Across a Forested Landscape Fragmented by a Golf Course

Abstract We assessed dispersal behavior of 78 radiotagged adult spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) at a 36-hole golf course in southeastern Connecticut, USA. Lake of Isles Golf Course is atypical of most golf courses in North America because it is much larger (461 ha) than average 18-hole golf courses (54 ha) and deciduous forests accounted for 70% landscape composition on the course. We tracked individuals an average of 164 days as they emigrated from 3 seasonal pools surrounded by golf course fairways and one pool located in contiguous forest (control pool) from March through December 2004. Males and females dispersed similar distances at the control pool, averaging 71 ± 10 m. However, females migrating across the golf course dispersed twice as far (214 ± 25 m) as males on the golf course (102 ± 15 m) and both genders at the control pool. Over 40% the salamanders at the golf course crossed fairways; thus, fairways were not a dispersal barrier to adult spotted salamanders. Previous researchers have suggested establishing a 164-m life zone around breeding ponds to protect pond-breeding amphibian populations. Our results suggest that strategies that protect core upland habitat within 164 m of wetland boundaries would include 82% of adult males and only 50% of adult females. Empirical estimates based on our telemetry study suggest that core terrestrial habitat would have to extend 370 m to protect 95% of adult females, which is much farther than previous estimates.
Occupancy dynamics in a tropical bird community: unexpectedly high forest use by birds classified as non‐forest species

Summary 1. Worldwide loss of biodiversity necessitates a clear understanding of the factors driving population declines as well as informed predictions about which species and populations are at greatest risk. The biggest threat to the long-term persistence of populations is the reduction and changes in configuration of their natural habitat. 2. Inconsistencies have been noted in the responses of populations to the combined effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. These have been widely attributed to the effects of the matrix habitats in which remnant focal habitats are typically embedded. 3. We quantified the potential effects of the inter-patch matrix by estimating occupancy and colonization of forest and surrounding non-forest matrix (NF). We estimated species-specific parameters using a dynamic, multi-species hierarchical model on a bird community in southwestern Costa Rica. 4. Overall, we found higher probabilities of occupancy and colonization of forest relative to the NF across bird species, including those previously categorized as open habitat generalists not needing forest to persist. Forest dependency was a poor predictor of occupancy dynamics in our study region, largely predicting occupancy and colonization of only non-forest habitats. 5. Our results indicate that the protection of remnant forest habitats is key for the long-term persistence of all members of the bird community in this fragmented landscape, including species typically associated with open, non-forest habitats. 6.Synthesis and applications. We identified 39 bird species of conservation concern defined by having high estimates of forest occupancy, and low estimates of occupancy and colonization of non-forest. These species survive in forest but are unlikely to venture out into open, non-forested habitats, therefore, they are vulnerable to the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Our hierarchical community-level model can be used to estimate species-specific occupancy dynamics for focal and inter-patch matrix habitats to identify which species within a community are likely to be impacted most by habitat loss and fragmentation. This model can be applied to other taxa (i.e. amphibians, mammals and insects) to estimate species and community occurrence dynamics in response to current environmental conditions and to make predictions in response to future changes in habitat configurations.