Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Harmothoe hyalonemae sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Polynoidae), an exclusive inhabitant of different Atlanto-Mediterranean species of Hyalonema (Porifera: Hexactinellida)

Abstract A new polynoid species, Harmothoe liyalonemae, living as an inquiline inside the atrial cavities of deep-water hexactinellid sponges of the genus Hyalonema - viz. H. thomsoni, H. infundibulum, H. lusitanicum and H. toxeras - is fully described and illustrated. It is characterized by the notched, bill-shaped tips of neurosetae, smooth cephalic sensory organs and cirri, and smooth margined elytra with a patch of papillae near the reniform indentation. The species shows sexual dimorphism and the morphology of the polychaetes changes slightly when comparing specimens from Mediterranean hosts to those of Atlantic hosts. Some trends of the association between the polychaete and the sponge have been studied on a dense population of Mediterranean H. thomsoni (including 171 of the total 176 hexactinellid specimens examined). 88.3% of the sponges were infested by the polychaete, with 52.3% of them harbouring a male and female together. The absence of correlation between sponge size and polychaete size, tog.
Insect Herbivory of Ovules and Seeds in Native and Restored Prairies

Insect herbivory of ovules and seeds is known to have a negative impact on individual plant reproductive success by reducing overall seed set. Although this seed set reduction has been well documented in plant populations found in native habitats, little work has been done on populations found in restored habitats. In a 4‐year study (2001–2004), I investigated the herbivory of the Gelechiid moth (Coleotechnites eryngiella) of Eryngium yuccifolium populations in native and restored prairies. Data were collected from 20 E. yuccifolium populations (10 native prairies/10 restored prairies) in Illinois. Percent herbivory and percent seed set were determined for each population. From 2001 to 2004, percent herbivory in prairie restorations ranged from 0 to 93 and percent seed set ranged from 2 to 82. In native prairies, percent herbivory ranged from 0 to 98 and percent seed set ranged from 0 to 71. No differences were found between native and restored prairies for percent herbivory or percent seed set. However, significant differences were found among years for percent seed set. This study shows that the antagonistic effects of insect herbivory can reach similar levels in restored and native prairies.
Paraventricular α1- and α2-Adrenergic Receptors Mediate Hindbrain Lipoprivation-induced Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone Pulses in Female Rats

Acute central lipoprivation suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release and increases blood glucose levels through noradrenergic input to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in female rats. The present study was conducted to identify adrenergic receptor subtypes involved in central lipoprivation-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion and increases in plasma glucose levels in female rats. Acute hindbrain lipoprivation was produced by injection into the fourth cerebroventricle (4V) of 2-mercaptoacetate (MA), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, in estradiol-implanted ovariectomized rats. Two min before MA injection, α1-, α2- or β-adrenergic receptor antagonist was injected into the PVN. Injection of MA into the 4V suppresses pulsatile LH release in PVN vehicle-treated rats, whereas pretreatment of animals with injection of α1- or α2-adrenergic antagonist into the PVN blocked the effect of the 4V MA injection on LH pulses. β-Adrenergic antagonist did not affect MA-induced suppression of LH pulses. The counter-regulatory increase in plasma glucose levels after 4V MA injection was also partially blocked by pretreatment with α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonists. These results suggest that α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors in the PVN mediate hindbrain lipoprivation-induced suppression of LH release and counter-regulatory increases in plasma glucose levels in female rats.
The incidence of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) (pyralidae) and the contribution of natural enemies to its mortality under intercropping system in Kenya

Abstract In the present study the incidence of Chilo partellus and its mortality due to natural enemies on sorghum intercropped with cowpea and maize were investigated in the 1984–6 cropping seasons. The lowest larval density was recorded in sorghum/ cowpea intercrop (mean 0. 18 larvae/plant); and the highest density in sorghum/maize (mean 1. 8 larvae/plant), although significant differences in larval density were observed only in three out of five seasons. Life table analysis showed first‐generation mortality of C. partellus to be highest in the age interval from egg to early‐instar larva (95–98% real mortality) and attributable mainly to predation; first‐generation mortality due to parasitoids and pathogens was negligible. Significantly higher (P < 0. 05) apparent pupal mortality due to Dentichasmias busseolae (Heinrich) (Ichneumonidae), in the second generation occurred in sorghum/cowpea (42.8%) than in sorghum/maize (12.5%). It was concluded that predators play a significant role and that intercroppin.
Barnyard millet – a potential food and feed crop of future

The two species under genus Echinochloa, E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) and E. esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet), are cultivated for food and fodder by hilly and tribal communities in Asia particularly in India, China and Japan. The crop has wide adaptability and occupies a special place in marginal rainfed areas because of its short life cycle. Although the area under the crop has come down drastically in last 50 years, the crop ability to survive under harsh conditions makes it a better choice during famine years. In the Indian Himalayan region, the crop was traditionally used as a substitute for rice. It has been identified as a suitable choice for climate-resilient agriculture. High nutrient content and antioxidant effects make it to be considered as a functional food crop. Recently, the demand of the crop has increased due to its highly nutritious grains. Thus, it has the potential to provide both food and nutritional security particularly in hills where nutritional deficiencies are in abundance. Despite enormous potential, the crop has not gained the popularity among masses and is still considered as poor man’s food. This work therefore is an attempt to compile the meagre information available on crop history, evolution, crop breeding and present status to make the crop competitive and revamp its cultivation.
Chemical and microbiological evaluation of ensiled sugar cane with different additives

A silagem de cana-de-acucar apresenta grande potencial para o uso na alimentacao animal, entretanto o crescimento de microrganismos nao desejaveis durante o processo fermentativo pode causar perdas nutricionais e consequentemente afetar o rendimento de producao e tambem a saude dos animais. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiologica e a composicao quimica de silagens de cana-de-acucar em silos experimentais com e sem a adicao de aditivos nutritivos durante o periodo de 30 dias. Bacterias aerobicas facultativas e fungos filamentosos nao foram detectados nas amostras em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. A populacao de leveduras nas silagens das cinco variedades de cana-de-acucar sem aplicacao de aditivos foi em media 6,55 log UFC g-1 de silagem e, com aplicacao de 1% de sulfato de amonia e 1% de ureia foi em media de 5,86 e 5,50 log UFC g-1 de silagem, respectivamente. A populacao de bacterias do acido latico nos silos sem aditivos foi de 8,62 log UFC g-1 de silagem e nos silos com sulfato de amonio e ureia foi de 6,40 e 6,54 log UFC g-1 de silagem, respectivamente. A percentagem media de materia seca das silagens nos tres tratamentos foi de 20,76%. A adicao dos nutrientes nitrogenados diminuiu a populacao microbiana apos os 30 dias da cana de acucar ensilada, mas aumentou a concentracao de proteina bruta. A presenca dos aditivos tambem afetou a concentracao das fibras de detergente neutro e acida e lignina nas cinco variedades de cana de acucar ensiladas.
Egg size, first instar behaviour and the ecology of Lepidoptera

There is striking variation in egg size among Lepidoptera. Part of the explanation could be a link between egg size and larval feeding ecology. The relationship between absolute egg size and aspects of feeding ecology for different Lepidoptera families from different temperate regions is examined. Species that overwinter in the egg stage have larger eggs. There are significant differences in egg size with respect to feeding specificity but different families show different patterns. Woody plant feeders have larger eggs than herb feeders. There is little effect of proximity of the egg to the plant part that is eaten. Patterns in the behaviour and survival of newly hatched larvae of 42 spp. of British Lepidoptera and their relationship to egg and larval size and to food plant characteristics are examined. Patterns in egg size with respect to feeding ecology are similar to those described above. There is a strong correlation between egg size and the size of newly hatched larvae. Newly hatched larvae survived for a mean of 1–20 days without food. Survival is not correlated with larval weight. Grass feeders survive longer than herb and woody plant feeders; the species surviving the longest feeds on lichens. Newly hatched larvae moved at a mean speed of 0.7-267.8 cm h-1. Speed is not correlated with larval weight or survival time. Grass feeders move faster than woody plant feeders which, in turn, move faster than herb feeders. Woody plant feeders tend to move upwards, grass feeders downwards and herb feeders both upwards and downwards. The proportion of larvae silking is negatively correlated with larval weight. The strong links between egg size and larval feeding ecology and between feeding ecology and larval behaviour are discussed. It is surprising that larval body size does not appear to constrain the speed of movement, nor tolerance to starvation.
Patterns and strategies of winter habitat selection in alpine capercaillie

Based on radio telemetry, habitat distribution of 32 individual capercaillie Tetrao urogallus was compared with habitat availability at various levels of scale At forest stand level, capercaillie preferred large patches of late succession stages, and selected for moderate canopy closure and high abundance of feeding trees Hens and cocks selected home ranges with high proportions of old forest, and range size was related to old forest fragmentation Winter survival was high independently of habitat selection In cocks, habitat use was affected by social spacing, home range size and use of old forest were age-dependent, and habitat composition of winter ranges indirectly related to survival and mating success in spring Topography influenced habitat selection, as the birds preferred gentle slopes At the landscape scale, the distribution of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus was the key to capercaillie habitat use, indicating that habitat requirements in autumn and spring influenced selection of winter ranges The study confirms that capercaillie in central Europe select habitats according to structural features typical of the boreal forests of the species' main distribution range However, spatio-temporal variation in resource abundance at the landscape scale sets significant limits to suitability of alpine capercaillie habitats
Frequency of Cryptosporidium infection and related factors under five year's old children hospitalized with gastroenteritis

In recent years, Cryptosporidium has been considered, especially in children, as one of the causative agents in acute and/or chronic diarrhea. Studies had indicated that the prevalence of this protozoa is more common in children under five years old than other age groups. Therefore, determining the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in this age group is the main step to assist in designing and implementing health programs. In this cross-sectional study of 374 children admitted to 17Shahrivar Hospital in Borazjan City, stool samples were obtained throughout the whole year of 2010. Stool samples were examined by ELISA method to detect Cryptosporidium surface antigen (CSA). Of the 374 stool samples, 49 (13.1%) were confirmed as positive for Cryptosporidium surface antigen. The highest prevalence was observed in children around 1-2 years old. Although infection rate in boys (29 cases, 7.8%) was higher than girls (20 cases, 5.3%); however, no significant association was observed between gender and infection. Significant relationship was observed between Cryptosporidium infection and diarrhea, but variables such as vomiting, breast feeding, fever and seizures did not show a significant relationship with Cryptosporidium infection. The highest seasonal frequency of infection was observed in autumn. The relative high prevalence of infection in 1 to 5 years old children, the characteristics of the tropical area, the status of poor hygiene among the people due to absence of health infrastructure, and lack of adequate health information demonstrates the fact that proper plan for prevention, accurate diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis is an essential matter.
Oil extraction From the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus Using Proteolytic Enzymes

The limited amount of fish oils available has led to extensive search for alternative sources of oils rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus is present in large amounts in the North Atlantic and have lipid-rich stages which can be harvested. The main objective of this study was to investigate if the use of food grade proteolytic enzymes, Alcalase® and Flavourzyme®, could improve oil recovery in an industrial-like process, and to characterize the oil obtained. The results showed a substantially higher oil yield with the use of proteolytic enzymes compared to standard fish oil production technology. The oil from C. finmarchicus had a high content of n-3 PUFA mainly comprised of stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Wax esters were the dominating lipid class in the oil.
A Contribution to the Taxonomy of the Genus Inga Scop. (Mimosaceae) Based on the Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem

With the help of bark anatomical criteria the systematic position of 24 species of the genus Inga from Surinam was compared with existing subdivisions of the genus. Characters for the grouping of species into sections are the ratio of uniseriate to multiseriate phloem rays, the presence of secretory cells, crystals and thickened inner tangential walls of the phellem cells. However, the systematic value of some of these characters is low. In spite of the limited materials studied, it appears possible to support a few of the existing assignments of species into sections or series. However, the observed bark anatomical character associations of the majority of the investigated species run counter to the subdivisions of the species of Inga derived from flower morphological and wood anatomical data.
The species of enteromorpha from india

An account of 13 taxa in the genus Enteromorpha occurring on the shores of the mainland of India is given. Of these, one, E. ovata, is a new species and another, E. linza var. bicomuta, is a new variety. A key to the taxa is provided.
Sequence variability in the mitochondrial DNA control region of five Sebastes species.

: Sequence variability of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in five Sebastes species (S. thompsoni, S. joyneri, S. inermis, S. schlegeli and S. owstoni) was investigated. Of 324 nucleotide sites in the control region of S. thompsoni, 56 sites (17.3%) varied, and all 20 individuals had different haplotypes. The other four species had between five and 17 sites (1.5–5.9%), which was fewer than that observed in S. thompsoni. The nucleotide diversity of S. thompsoni was highest (3.45%) among the five species, and that of S. schlegeli was the lowest (0.19%). The results demonstrated that sequence variability exists in the control region of the five Sebastes fishes investigated, and that sequence data in the control region may be suitable for stock structure analysis. Also, the extent of genetic variablitiy in the control region differed among these species. In particular, the mitochondrial DNA control region in S. thompsoni was characterized by high sequence variability, which may indicate a large effective population size.
Differentiation of citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the coat protein gene

Summary. Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates of several geographical origins were compared for variations in their coat protein (CP) gene by analysis of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The CP gene of 17 isolates was reverse transcribed, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 22 clones were inserted into a plasmid vector. These clones were sequenced and found to have between 91.7% and 99.8% sequence homology. Clones were amplified and the PCR products denatured and compared by SSCP analysis in 8% polyacrylamide gels. Using two different electrophoretic conditions, the patterns were different for 16 or 17 clones. Four pairs of clones (T36/T66, P1/Q2, 03/8Q, and E1/E2) differing by 10, 2, 1 and 1 nucleotides, respectively, could not be distinguished using either condition. When these clones were compared by SSCP after digestion with Eco91I (BstEII) three of the pairs (T36/T66, P1/Q2, and 03/8Q) could be differentiated, whereas the clones E1 and E2 (differing by 1 nucleotide) remained indistinguishable. Thus, SSCP analysis combining two electrophoretic conditions and restriction of eight clones with Eco91I allowed discrimination between 21 of the 22 CP gene clones selected. SSCP analysis may provide a procedure to identify and differentiate CTV isolates based on comparisons of several genes or gene regions. It is rapid and cheap and may drastically reduce the amount of sequencing necessary for accurate comparisons.
Analysis of cytological activities in sugar beet calluses

The present study focus on the results of cytological studies of embryogenic (E) and Non-Embryogenic (NE) calluses as the main tissues for cytological studies and the cells of primary root meristem derived from seedling or in vitro cloned plant, as reference tissues. The cellular parameters, such as Mitotic Index (MI), cell-doubling time (Cdt), cell and nuclear area and DNA C value of the different tissues, which may be involved with cell activity, have quantitatively been compared. Embryogenic callus of sugar beet, containing meristematic centers unlike the non-embryogenic one, the cytological behavior of their cells was very close to typical meristematic tissue i.e,, primary root of seedling. In non-embryogenic cells, increased in the rate of cytoplasm/nuclear (C/N) area, endoreduplication and reduction of mitotic index followed by increasing of cell doubling times were observed. Â© 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
A Bayesian Analysis of Biological Uncertainty for a Whole-Lake Fertilization Experiment for Sockeye Salmon in Chilko Lake, British Columbia, and Implications for the Benefit–Cost Ratio

Abstract Chilko Lake in British Columbia, Canada, was fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus in the late 1980s and early 1990s to increase abundance and harvests of adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Because of the short, 5-year duration of this program and the large inherent natural variation in adult recruits produced per spawner both before and during lake fertilization, there is considerable uncertainty about the efficacy of that fertilization. Recent analyses suggest a high probability that more adult sockeye salmon were produced per spawner from fertilization than would have been produced without fertilization, but the confidence interval on that increase is large. Furthermore, no economic analysis has been done to determine the effect of the large biological uncertainties on the benefit–cost (BC) ratio of the project. We filled this need by using Bayesian statistical analysis to estimate uncertainty in the parameters of four models that reflected different hypotheses about the biological eff.
Spatial and seasonal variation in the abundance of juvenile snapper (Pagrus auratus) in the north‐western Hauraki Gulf

Abstract Spatial and seasonal variability in the abundance of juvenile Pagrus auratus were investigated in the north‐western Hauraki Gulf using trawl tows over soft‐bottom habitats. Small‐scale (1 km) spatial variability was high and consistent over a period of 2.5 years. This variability was attributed to differences in micro‐habitat type, with snapper preferring a mud substrate over one comprising muddy sand with a significant percentage of shell. The two micro‐habitats probably result from differing current regimes, but reasons for the snapper preferences are unknown. Snapper catch rates in the Kawau Island region peaked in spring, near the time of maximum day length, and declined to low levels in autumn‐winter. This seasonal cycle is thought to reflect real changes in abundance rather than variations in snapper catchability. However, no seasonal abundance cycle was found in the adjacent Whangaparaoa region, where abundance was consistently low. There was no consistent depth‐related trend in abundance .
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX, WITHIN BREED-OF-SIRE GROUPS, UPON THE HISTOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BOVINE LONGISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE DURING POSTMORTEM AGING

The longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from 104 bovine carcasses (32 bulls, 36 heifers, and 36 steers) in three breed-of-sire groups (Charolais, Simmental and Chianina) were utilized to evaluate possible sex differences in histological properties of the LD muscle and the response of these properties to postmortem aging at 2 C. Significant (P <.05) sex differences in degree of LD fiber fragmentation were observed within all groups. In two (Simmental and Chianina) of the three groups, the LD muscle fibers of steer carcasses fragmented to the greatest extent; and in the other group (Charolais), the LD muscle fibers of bull carcasses fragmented to the lowest degree. Significant (P <.05) postrigor sex differences in LD sarcomere lengths and fiber diameters were observed within all groups. Sarcomere lengths were greatest for steers in all groups, and shortest for heifers in two (Charolais and Simmental) of the three groups. Steers generally had smaller LD fiber diameters than bulls or heifers, but such sex differen.
Critical analysis of the potential for therapeutic targeting of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in gastric cancer

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Gastrointestinal Cancer: Targets and Therapy 2014:4 39–48 Gastrointestinal Cancer: Targets and Therapy Dovepress