Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reply

to CRM470 (3), whereas the Siemens calibrant is traceable to WHO67/97 (4). There is no agreed-upon international standard for IgG4 quantification. These differences in calibration are reflected in the stated adult reference ranges for the 2 companies: for The Binding Site, 3.9–86.4 mg/dl, and for Siemens, 3.0– 201 mg/dl. This in itself explains the 2-fold difference in IgG4 analysis results documented by Khosroshahi et al (1). This difference has already been well demonstrated using United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS) quality assessment data (2). Figure 1 shows the effect of this calibration, which results in a bimodal distribution. The other point that seems to be overlooked is that this difference in calibration has an impact on how the data are interpreted with respect to IgG4-related disease. Guidance varies as to what concentration of IgG4 is considered support for the diagnosis. Smyk et al reported that an elevated IgG4 level ( 135 mg/dl) is the hallmark of autoimmune pancreatitis (5). Other authors refer investigators to the upper limit of normal (6). The point is that what is considered to be normal differs depending on the assay used. Khosroshahi et al appear to have used the same reference range (2.4–121 mg/dl) for both assays, which is inappropriate. UK NEQAS data had already identified the probability of underestimation of IgG4 levels due to prozoning through its schemes and communicated this to UK users through its participant meetings in 2013 (2). The observation that 25% of IgG4 results in persons with putative IgG4-related disease may be incorrect is important. However, knowledge of the frequency with which this occurs in subclass measurements in general will also be important to ensure that existing reference ranges are not contaminated by underestimations. Reference ranges may now need to be revised irrespective of methodrelated differences.
Trapping efficiencies of different sex pheromone lures for Carposina sasakii Matsumura and Lithocolletis ringoniella Matsumura in apple orchards

【Objective】Selecting effective sex pheromone lure and understanding scientific application technique of sex pheromone lure is one of the keys to improve trapping efficiency of lures for target pest insects. 【Method】Trapping efficiencies of two kinds of sex pheromone lures for Carposina sasakii Matsumura,and single lure containing only one sex pheromone for C.sasakii Matsumura or Lithocolletisringoniella Matsumura and combined lure containing two kinds of sex pheromones for above both insect pests were in-vestigated in apple orchards of Baishui,Shaanxi from July to September,2009. 【Result】The field tests showed that there was no significant difference in the numbers of moths captured daily and during different stages when two different sex pheromone lures were used for C.sasakii;but there were some differences in population dynamics of moths captured by two lures.The trapping efficiency of single lure was significantly higher than that of combined lure for C.sasakii or L.ringoniellain the numbers of moths captured daily;during different stages,trapping efficiency of single lure was significantly higher than that of combined lure for C.sasakii during the first month,trapping efficiency of single lure for L.ringoniella was significantlyhigher than that of combined one during all experimental stages;and a similar trend in population dynamics of either C.sasakii or L.ringoniellaadults captured by single lure and combined lure,the moth peak of single lure was higher than that of combined lure. 【Conclusion】The two kinds of sex pheromone lures for C.sasakii could be used for trapping adults,and lure A could reveal the occurrence dynamics better.The single lure containing only one sex pheromone for C.sasakii or L.ringoniellashould be used separately when above pest insects appeared synchronously in orchards.
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus ingestion by first instar larvae of Frankliniella occidentalis is a prerequisite for transmission.

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) is, after ingestion by first instar larvae, efficiently transmitted by second instar larvae and adults of the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis in a propagative manner. The developmental stage at which thrips larvae acquire an infectious dose, resulting in adults that can transmit the virus, is further defined. TSWV accumulation and transmission occurred after ingestion by first instar larvae. Second instar larvae failed to acquire and retain TSWV upon ingestion and did not develop into transmitters. No correlation was found between the quantity of TSWV ingested by thrips and their ability to acquire TSWV. Instead, first instar larvae gradually lost their acquisition ability with increasing age, suggesting the development of a barrier preventing TSWV acquisition and, consequently, replication needed for transmission. The finding that TSWV is acquired exclusively by first instar larvae of F occidentalis is of crucial importance for understanding the epidemiology of this devastating virus.
Longevity and germination ecology of seeds of endemic Cactaceae species from high-altitude sites in south-eastern Brazil

Abstract The influence of light and temperature on germination behaviour and the longevity of seeds were evaluated in four taxa of the genus Arthrocereus (Cactaceae). Germination experiments were conducted at six constant temperatures with a 12-h photoperiod and in continuous darkness. For in situ storage tests, the seeds were buried in the soil where the species naturally occur, and germination experiments were performed for 14 months. Seeds were also stored dry at room temperature in the laboratory for 12 months. The results indicated that, in spite of the variations between the four taxa studied, there is a consistent pattern in their germination behaviour. The seeds are small, with an absolute requirement of light for germination. In the presence of light, we obtained high germinability at temperatures between 20 and 30°C and low germination percentages at 10, 15 and 35°C. This behaviour may represent an adaptive mechanism during seasons when environmental conditions in open rocky fields are not favourable for seedling survival. In general, germination was relatively slow, which would favour establishment during the rainy season. Dry storage did not significantly alter seed germination behaviour, and buried seeds, likewise, remained viable and retained high germination percentages. We can therefore infer that the seeds of the species studied here are able to form persistent soil seed-banks. All studied species are threatened with extinction, so their ability to form soil seed-banks, together with the possibility of ex situ seed preservation, will possibly give support for future conservation efforts.
Distinguishing Early Juveniles of Eastern Pacific Mussels (Mytilus spp.) Using Morphology and Genomic DNA

A lack of efficient criteria by which to discriminate among Mytilus spp. in early juveniles (-0.5-5.0 mm shell length) has hindered studies of recruitment, despite the conspicuous ecological roles played by the adults on rocky shores o n North America. We present morphological criteria, visible under a dissecting microscope, that distinguish sea mussels, Mytilus californianus, from sympatric bay mussels, M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis. The shells of early juvenile sea mussels from southern British Columbia and from southern California have (1) a more posterior dorsal apex and (2) a posterior adductor muscle (PA) attachment larger than do shells of bay mussels from similar locations (M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis, respectively). Accuracy of these criteria was confirmed by comparing PCR products of genomic DNA of juveniles with those of adults. Additional criteria useful in identification include: (3) the proximity of the PA to the dorsal apex line, (4) the dorsal angle of the dissoconch, and (5) lateral hinge-tooth demarcations. Morphological criteria identified by this study constitute a fast, economical means of distinguishing early juveniles of those mussels and may benefit ecological research on Mytilus. Additional key words: dissoconch, shell morphology, recruitment Since the early 1980s, ecologists have increasingly supported the proposition that recruitment is an essential feature of the dynamics of benthic communities (Keough 1984; Underwood & Denley 1984; Gaines & Roughgarden 1985; Gaines et al. 1985). Variation in densities of juvenile invertebrates produces dominant age classes (Dayton 1971; Keough 1984), modulates the intensity of species interactions (Menge et al. 1994; Robles 1997), and influences movements and standing stocks of predators (Menge 1992; Robles et al. 1995). Unfortunately, detailed study of recruitment may be hindered by the lack of simple criteria by which to identify animals at the early post-metamorphic or juvenile stages. Such a problem is encountered studying mussels of the genus Mytilus. The adults of three species, the sea mussel, Mytilus californianus CONRAD 1837, and the bay mussels (also called "blue" mussels), M. trossulus GOULD 1850 and M. galloprovincialis LAMARK 1819, play varied and important ecological roles along the a Author for correspondence. Present address: Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, B.C., VOR iBO, Canada. E-mail: amartel@bms.bc. ca western coast of North America (Paine 1966, 1974, 1976; Suchanek 1981, 1985). However, the distinguishing morphological features of the adults are not differentiated in early juvenile stages. Indeed, while presenting molecular criteria for juvenile identification, Heath et al. (1996) repeat the view (Suchanek 1978) that the juveniles of bay mussels <10 mm long cannot be physically distinguished from those of sea
Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat

To clarify water consumption characteristics and optimal irrigation strategies for late-sowing winter wheat in seriously water-deficit North China Plain,five spring irrigation treatments,i.e.,W0(no irrigation),W1(irrigation at jointing stage),W2(irrigation at jointing and anthesis),W3(irrigation at double ridge,booting and anthesis),and W4(irrigation at double ridge,booting,anthesis and filling stage),were applied in 2005-06 and 2006-07 to investigate the characteristics of water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat under different spring irrigation treatments.The results showed that total water consumption(TWC)increased 230 m3/hm2,and soil water consumption(SWC)decreased 440 m3/hm2 with each additional irrigation(750m3/hm2)under the conditions of late-sowing and no winter irrigation.The water consumption rate was low from sowing to jointing,and restriction of irrigation during this stage reduced TWC significantly.When the first spring irrigation was postponed to jointing stage,the contribution of SWC to TWC was increased to 50%. Only one jointing irrigation before anthesis satisfied basic water requirement of wheat from jointing to anthesis,had no significantly different sink capacity compared with two irrigations(double ridge and booting)before anthesis,and improved ratio of total grain number to total leaf area significantly due to reduced leaf area at anthesis.Under late-and dense-sowing conditions,ear density was the main factor contributing to population sink capacity.With adequate sink capacity,irrigation at grain-filling led to less remobilization of carbohydrates accumulated before anthesis to grains,whereas restriction of irrigation after anthesis could significantly increase remobilization of carbohydrates accumulated before anthesis to grains and their contributions to grain filling.High sink/source ratio enhanced the feedback effect of sink to source,improved dry matter productivity per unit leaf area after anthesis significantly,and compensated for the adverse effect of water stress after anthesis on leaf photosynthesis.The two-year results showed that spring irrigations applied at jointing and anthesis stages could achieve high grain yield and high water use efficiency simultaneously for late-and dense-sowing winter wheat.
Environmental Modification Inside Photoselective Shadehouses

Shadenetsarewidelyusedtoprotectfloriculturalcrops fromexcessiveradiation, wind, hail, and birds. Although black nets are most frequently used, growers are exper- imenting with colored, gray, and white dispersive netting to impact vegetative vigor, dwarfing, branching, leaf variegation, and timing of flowering. We monitored environ- mental data inside replicated shadehouse structures (10 3 10 3 3 m high) with full covering of red, blue, pearl, and black nets (all 50% nominal shading factor) in central Florida over 12 months. Actual photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, mmol·m L2 ·s L1 ) was reduced most by black nets (55% to 60% shading factor depending on the season) and least under red nets (41% to 51%) with blue and pearl nets intermediate. Spectral analysis revealed blue nets had distinctive peaks at the blue (450 to 495 nm) and far-red beyond 750 nm. Red nets had a minor peak '400 nm and major transmittance beyond 590 nm. Pearl nets transmitted more light above 400 nm compared with black nets but did not otherwise alter spectral composition in the visible range. No nets had red/far-red (R/FR) ratios (600 to 700/700 to 800 nm) significantly greater than ambient (close to 1), whereas blue nets had a consistently lowest R/FR ratio of '0.8. Both ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-A (280 to 400 nm) were reduced most by pearl nets and least by red nets. We also noted elevated temperatures and wind resistance (but not relative humidity) under colored and pearl nets compared with black, probably as a result of the different net porosities. Our study documents the different environmental modifications inside structures coveredwithblack, colored, and photoneutral translucent nets, which will help predict or interpret specific plant responses.
What is Psychological Trauma?

We all use the word "trauma" in every day language to mean a highly stressful event. But the key to understanding traumatic events is that it refers to extreme stress that overwhelms a person's ability to cope. There are no clear divisions between stress, trauma, and adaptation. Although I am writing about psychological trauma, it is also important to keep in mind that stress reactions are clearly physiological as well. Different experts in the field define psychological trauma in different ways. What I want to emphasize is that it is an individual's subjective experience that determines whether an event is or is not traumatic.
Alarming prevalences of overweight and obesity for children of Turkish, Moroccan and Dutch origin in The Netherlands according to international standards

Aim: Prevalences of overweight in The Netherlands, defined by international cut‐off points, are presented in 14 500 children of Dutch origin, 2904 of Turkish and 2855 of Moroccan origin, aged 0–21 y. Results: The mean prevalence for Turkish boys and girls was 23.4% and 30.2%, for Moroccans 15.8% and 24.5%, for Dutch youths in large cities 12.6% and 16.5%, and for other Dutch participants 8.7% and 11.3%, respectively.
Biochemical and Morphological Evolution of Hawaiian Bonefishes (Albula)

Shaklee, J. B. and C. S. Tamaru (Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 and Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822)1981. Biochemical and morphological evolution of Hawaiian bonefishes (Albula). Syst. Zool. , 30:125-146. -Electrophoretic analysis of the protein products of 84 presumed gene loci for over 180 specimens reveals that two distinct species of bonefishes occur in Hawaiian waters. Both species are characterized by low levels of within-species variation (H = 0.005 and 0.022). However, the two species are well differentiated from each other; they possess fixed allelic differences at about 70% of the loci screened and have a calculated genetic distance of 1.16. There is no evidence that the two species hybridize although they co-occur on both a macro and a microgeographic scale. The magnitude of genetic differentiation between the two species suggests that they have been separate genetic units for approximately the last 20-30 million years. Although the two species of bonefishes in Hawaii are superficially very similar morphologically, there are a number of significant differences. The distributions of vertebral counts for the two species are completely non-overlapping, and the mean values for several meristic variables (including numbers of lateral-line scales, branchiostegal rays, and gill rakers) are significantly different in the two species. The single best field character for diagnosis is the shape of the lower jaw which is broadly rounded in one species and more angular and pointed in the other species. A number of traits associated with the head and feeding (lower jaw shape, number of gill rakers, shapes of tooth patches, and number of teeth) differ in the two
Clostridium Difficile Infection - A Review of Current Treatment Strategies

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore forming rod-shaped bacillus, spread via the fecal-oral route. The organism was first identified by Hall and O’Toole on 1935 in the stools of newborns, and referred to as Bacillus Difficilis in view of the difficulty in isolation and study [1]. The organism was subsequently renamed Clostridium difficile. The first reported case of toxin-producing Clostridium as a cause of antibiotic associated colitis was in 1978 [2,3].
One century of treeline change and stability - experiences from the Swedish Scandes.

This paper elaborates and visualizes processes recorded in a recent regional and multi-site study of elevational treeline dynamics during the period 1915 to 2007 in the Swedish Scandes. The purpose is to give a concrete face of the landscape transformation which is associated with the recorded treeline shifts. The main focus is on stand-level structure of past and present treelines and the advance zones, where climate change elicited responses by Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. All species shifted their treelines upslope by a maximum of c. 200 m in elevation. Most sites, however, manifested changes of smaller magnitudes. This relates to topoclimatic constraints which decouple treeline performance from the macroclimate. The general character of sites which support large and small treeline shifts, respectively, are outlined. The spacing, age structure, growth rates of the tree advance zones are accounted for each of the concerned species. In temporal and spatial detail, the different tree species responded individualistically according to their specific ecologies. Current spread of young seedlings and saplings to increasingly higher elevations in the alpine tundra is particularly highlighted as it may represent the forefront of future treeline advance. It is argued that the current evolution of the treeline ecotone represents a fundamental, although not necessarily entirely unique, reversal of the long-term (Holocene) trend of neoglacial treeline descent.
Relationship of pond drying to the reproductive success of the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum

The relationship of pond drying, female population size, and total egg production to the reproductive success (number of metamorphosing juveniles) of the salamRnder Ambystoma talpoideum was studied in natural and experimental populations. Breeding population size was correlated with rainfall during the migratory season but not with the production of juveniles in the previous year. Reproductive success and survival to metamorphosis were correlated with the number of days in a year that a pond had standing water but not with the number of breeding females or total number of eggs oviposited. The time of metamorphosis was correlated with the date that the pond dried. However, metamorphosing later in the season did not result in larger body size at metamorphosis, only more mptamorphs. Catastrophic mortality occurred when breeding ponds dried early, resulting from the failure of larvae to reach a threshold size or developmental stage to initiate metamorphosis. Manipulation of an experimental pond suggested that growth rate of larvae decreased as the pond dried. Desiccation was identified as a factor influencing the fluctuations in reproductive success of a species breeding in temporary ponds.
Sagebrush as a Winter Feed for Deer

Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is probably the most important winter deer forage of the intermountain country. It is present on most foothill ranges upon which deer winter. Exceptions occur where fire or cultivation has removed it. Commonly it is mixed with other forage as an understory to juniper or intermixed with plants such as oak, bitterbrush and cliffrose. Whatever the associated plants, deer consume considerable amounts of sagebrush and when, as commonly happens, other more palatable plants are gone it may provide almost the entire sustenance for considerable periods. Little is known of the feeding value of sagebrush. Chemical composition figures indicate that it may be fairly high in protein (Esplin et al. 1937) and possessed of only a moderate amount of crude fiber.
MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND DENSITY OF VARANUS ALBIGULARIS

-A population of white-throated savanna monitor lizards (Varanus albigularis) in Etosha National Park, Namibia, was studied for 17 months. A total of 238 lizards was examined, of which 31 were radiotagged for periods up to 14 months. The hot/wet season (January-April) home ranges determined from radiotelemetry data were large and differed significantly between adult males (18.3 + 2.4 km2) and females (6.1 + 0.6 km2). During the cool/dry season (May-August) males and females utilized less than 10% of their wet season home range, except during the mating period (July-August), when males moved extensively while locating estrous females. When supplemental food was made available during the cool/ dry season, male lizards increased their daily movements over 30-fold, suggesting that food, not seasonal differences in ambient temperature, limits activity. The largest adult lizards were males; however, there was no difference in wet season mass between males and females of similar snout-vent length. The apparent sex ratio varied dramatically by season, but this was a result of the different activity patterns between the sexes. Overall, the data suggest parity between the sexes. The biomass of V. albigularis at least rivaled that of any sympatric medium and large-sized mammalian carnivore species in the park. Estimates of the biomass of lizard populations have concentrated on species that are physically small (e.g., Bennett and Gorman, 1979; Dunham, 1982; Ruby and Dunham, 1984; Pilorge, 1987; Barbault and Mou, 1988). Biomass estimates for populations of large lizards are far less common; however, several studies concerned with population estimates of large herbivorous lizards (Sauromalus, Cyclura) suggested that their density is often comparable to that of 407 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.124 on Sat, 23 Jul 2016 05:23:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
Factors Contributing to Urea Formation in Commercially Fermented Wines

Juices and corresponding wines from 22 different wineries were obtained and analyzed. The results of over 400 data pairs showed that yeast strain and α-amino nitrogen content of the juices were the major controlling factors for urea accumulation. Prise de Mousse yeast from two sources was superior to all other yeast strains surveyed for minimizing urea formation, as they showed excellent independence from α-amino nitrogen concentration in white wines. Other yeast strains showed an α-amino nitrogen concentration dependence for the formation of urea. Red wines, especially those cultivars with high amounts of proline, were generally uniformly low in urea formation regardless of yeast strain. Urea concentration in the unheated wines correlated with ethyl carbamate in the heated wines.