Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘Diamond’ Zoysiagrass Putting Green Establishment Affected by Sprigging Rates, Nitrogen Sources, and Rates in the Southern Transition Zone

Diamond' zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. ) has a potential to become a new alternative warm-season putting green turfgrass. The main objective of the study was to determine factors affecting establishment speed for 'Diamond' zoysiagrass as a putting green in the southern transition zone of the United States. Two sprigging rates, three nitrogen (N) sources, two N rates, and two mowing heights (2.5 and 3.2 mm) were compared at Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Sprigs of 'Diamond' zoysiagrass were planted at rates of 91 or 182 m 3 ha -1 in 2007 and repeated in 2008. Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were applied at 1.7 or 3.4 g N/m 2 /week from weeks after sprigging (WAS) 3 to 10. Rates were halved from WAS 11 to 16. The N fertilizers were applied as solutions weekly for 16 weeks. Weekly percent cover, turf color ratings, root and clipping sample, and ball rolling were collected for both years. A significant difference occurred in turf cover between high and low sprig rates. Turf color and cover results show that high rates of fertility associated with high rates of sprigs produced 100% turf cover at WAS 11 and 13 in both years. At the 2.5-mm mowing height, ball rolling reached 258 cm in August and was significantly faster than the 3.2-mm mowing height. Results show 'Diamond' zoysiagrass can be established within the same growing season to meet a playable putting green quality, but the establishment speed may vary depending on summer monthly temperature fluctuations.
Freezing temperatures in the root zone—effects on growth of containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings

Roots of 1‐year‐old containerized seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) were experimentally frozen in December. The seedlings were then grown for 3 weeks in a growth chamber and evaluated with regard to root growth capacity (RGC) and shoot elongation. The subsequent RGC of Scots pine declined as root zone temperatures were lowered from ‐6°C to ‐11°C and from ‐11°C to ‐16°C. Almost no root growth was observed after exposure to ‐20°C. Shoot growth was also negatively affected by low root temperatures but less than root growth. Low root temperatures did not affect Norway spruce as much as Scots pine, although root and shoot growth of Norway spruce were reduced after exposure to the lowest test temperatures (‐16°C and ‐20°C). The length of exposure, ranging between 1 and 8 hours had no effect on subsequent growth.
Glutamate activates NF‐κB through calpain in neurons

Glutamate induces gene transcription in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Among the glutamate‐responsive transcription factors, NF‐κB has been mainly implicated in neuronal survival and death. Recent data also suggest a role of NF‐κB in neural development and memory formation. In non‐neuronal cells, degradation of the inhibitor IκBα represents a key step in NF‐κB activation. However, little is known of how glutamate activates NF‐κB in neurons. To investigate the signalling cascade involved we used primary murine cerebellar granule cells. Glutamate induced a rapid reduction of IκBα levels and nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB subunit p65. The glutamate‐induced reduction of IκBα levels was blocked by the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate inhibitor MK801. Specific inhibitors of the proteasome, caspase 3, and the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase had no effect on glutamate‐induced IκBα degradation. However, inhibition of the glutamate‐activated Ca2+‐dependent protease calpain by calpeptin completely blocked IκBα degradation and reduced the nuclear translocation of p65. Calpeptin also partially blocked glutamate‐induced cell death. Our data indicate that the Ca2+‐dependent protease calpain is involved in the NF‐κB activation in neurons in response to N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor occupancy by glutamate. NF‐κB activation by calpain may mediate the long‐term effects of glutamate on neuron survival or memory formation.
The relation of hyperbaric oxygen with oxidative stress - reactive molecules in action -

It is obvious that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) administrations result in increased levels of oxidation products and a wide array of studies exist in literature reporting significant lipid peroxidation and/or protein oxidation in blood and tissues of HBO-exposed organisms. Nevertheless, in cases not exceeding the universally-approved limits of this precious therapeutic modality, effective endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms are present hindering a real state of ‘oxidative stress’. In early 2000s, hyperoxia achieved by HBO treatments has been reported to act in a double-faceted manner: (i) the hyperoxic effect which delivers oxygen to tissues with increased demand, and (ii) the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pathways known to be significantly elevated during HBO administrations. To date, ROS-signaling exhibits a great area in medical science opening new doors for researchers day by day. With regard to HBO, increased production of the superoxide radical followed by hydrogen peroxide seems to be the key point for its effects; the transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha along with their main target protein heme oxygenase-1 are also involved in several mechanisms. This paper aims to briefly review some of the known interactions of HBO-triggered molecular details. By this way, we hope to attract more attention to this interesting research area in order to provide scientists a view for future projects.
Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology, and Genetics

Foreword 1. Parasites and Humans 2. The Study of Evolutionary Parasitology 3. The Diversity and Natural History of Parasites 4. The Natural History of Defences 5. Ecological Immunology 6. Parasites, Immunity, and Sexual Selection 7. Specificity 8. Parasite Immune Evasion and Manipulation of Host Phenotype 9. Infection and Pathogenesis 10. Host-Parasite Genetics 11. Epidemiology 12. Virulence 13. Host-Parasite (Co-)Evolution 14. Parasites and Host Ecology Glossary Immunological Acronyms References Index
Farming System Characterization and Analysis of East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was characterizing and analyze the existing farming system and identify the production and marketing constraints of the East Wollega zone with cross-sectional data of 156 sample respondents. The farming system of the study area is characterized as mixed farming systems with 56.21% and 28.44% contribution of crop and livestock, respectively for livelihood activities. The survey result shows that low productivity, shortage/lack of improved varieties, weed infestation, high cost of inputs was identified as main important constraints in crop production while high transaction cost, lack of marketing linkage, low price of output and shortage of market information were reported as main constraints in crop marketing. Disease, feed shortage, grazing land shortage, and lack of improved breed were identified as main important constraints in livestock production whereas high transaction cost, low price output, shortage of market information, unorganized marketing system, and lack of market linkage were reported as main livestock marketing constraints. Besides, soil erosion, soil fertility decline, waterlogging, soil acidity, and termite were reported as the main important constraints in natural resources. To improving crop and livestock productivity access improved varieties and breed, capacitate farmers’ awareness on the disease, minimizes transaction cost, focus on the high-value crops, expanding soil and water conservation, strengthening market information and linkage where must the urgent concentration for interventions.
Pollen Viability, Pollen Shedding, and Combining Ability for Tassel Heat Tolerance in Maize 1

Four heat-tolerant and 3 susceptible inbreds were crossed in a diallel fashion. Tassels from field-grown F1 plants were excised at the start of anthesis and transferred to growth chambers with light/dark temperature regimes of 29/24 and 38/32°C. In vitro pollen germination, anther emergence and tassel colour were determined after 24 h in the growth chamber. Percentage nongerminated pollen (PNP) increased significantly at the higher temperature, the extent of the increase varying among genotypes. Mo17 had the most desirable general combining ability (GCA) effect for PNP at the higher temperature. Specific combining ability effects were significant for PNP, accounting for 51% of the genotype and genotype X temperature sum of squares. Anther emergence of the central tassel spike decreased differentially among hybrids at the higher temperature. Mo17 had the most desirable GCA effect for anther emergence. Anther emergence and pollen viability did not always respond in the same way to high temperature.
Control of weed barley species in winter wheat with sulfosulfuron at different rates and times of application

Field experiments were conducted at five locations in the major wheat production regions of Iran to evaluate the efficacy of sulfosulfuron in controlling weed barley species (including Hordeum spontaneum, Hordeum murinum, Hordeum distichon, and Hordeum vulgare) in the 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. Sulfosulfuron was applied either postemergence (POST) or preplant-incorporated (PPI) at 0, 20.25, 30.75, 40.5, 51.0, 60.75 or 71.25 g ai ha−1 to plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Sulfosulfuron at the recommended rate (20.25 g ai ha−1) failed to provide acceptable control of the weed barley species. However, the level of control increased with the application rate, particularly at rates >51.0 g ai ha−1. Generally, PPI-applied sulfosulfuron resulted in markedly greater control levels than those of a POST application and complete control of H. murinum and H. vulgare was achieved with PPI-applied sulfosulfuron at all rates >20.25 and 30.75 g ai ha−1, respectively. In most cases, the wheat yield increased with the application rate without any crop injury. The highest yield increase (186%) was obtained with a PPI application of 71.25 g ai ha−1.
Histopathology of the intestine of Clarias batrachus L. under Heavy metal stress

Histopathological effect of three heavy metals- cadmium, chromium and mercury on intestine of Clarias batrachus L. was studied under laboratory condition. The common histopathological changes that took place under heavy metal exposure were disintegration of mucosal epithelium, hypertrophied epithelial cells, increased number of goblet cells, sloughed off epithelial cells and mucous in the lumen, degeneration of the connective tissue of sub-mucosa and hyperemic blood vessels. Separation of mucosal epithelium, especially in the villi and increased goblet cells were prominent in Cd-exposed fish. Clumping of the epithelial cells at the base near the basement membrane was prominent in the case of the Cr- and Hg-exposure. Connective tissue degeneration in the lamina propria and submucosa of the intestine and dilated blood vessels with congestion of blood were prominent in the Cr and Hg exposed fish. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1. 13369 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):45-53, 2010
MAGNETOLIPOSOME EVALUATION USING CYTOMETRY AND MICRONUCLEUS TEST

MAGNETOLIPOSOME EVALUATION USING CYTOMETRY AND MICRONUCLEUS TEST V. A. P.Garcia 1 L. M. Lacava 1 S. Kuckelhaus 1 R. B. Azevedo M. F. Da Silva 2 P. C. Morais 2 M. De Cuyper 3 & Z. G. M. Lacava 1 Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasilia-DF, Brazil 2 Universidade de Brasilia, Instituto de Fisica, Nucleo de Fisica Aplicada, 70919-970 Brasilia-DF, Brazil 3 K.U. Leuven Campus Kortrijk, Interdisciplinary Research Center, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk-Belgium
Cross validation of open-top chamber and eddy covariance measurements of ecosystem CO2 exchange in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem

Simultaneous measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) were made in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem in August 1997 and then every month between April 2000 to July 2001, using open top chambers (NEEO) and eddy covariance (NEEE). This study provided a cross validation of these two different techniques for measuring NEE. Unique characteristics of the comparison were that the measurements were made simultaneously, in the same stand, with large replicated chambers enclosing a representative portion of the ecosystem (75 m2, compared to approximately 1–2 ha measured by the eddy covariance system). The value of the comparison was greatest at night, when the microclimate was minimally affected by the chambers. For six of the 12 measurement periods, night NEEO was not significantly different to night NEEE, and for the other periods the maximum difference was 1.1 µmol m−2s−1, with an average of 0.72 ± 0.09 µmol m−2s−1. The comparison was more difficult during the photoperiod, because of differences between the microclimate inside and outside the chambers. During the photoperiod, air temperature (Tair) and air vapour pressure deficits (VPD) became progressively higher inside the chambers until mid-afternoon. In the morning NEEO was higher than NEEE by about 26%, consistent with increased temperature inside the chambers. Over the mid-day period and the afternoon, NEEO was 8% higher that NEEE, regardless of the large differences in microclimate. This study demonstrates both the uses and difficulties associated with attempting to cross validate NEE measurements made in chambers and using eddy covariance. The exercise was most useful at night when the chamber had a minimal effect on microclimate, and when the measurement of NEE is most difficult.
Study of phenolic and volatile composition of white wine during fermentation and a short time of storage

The phenolic composition including hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan-3-ols was identified and quantified in all studied samples by using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled with diode array detection. Gallic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric and vanillic acids were the major phenolic substances in grape juice, whereas caffeic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in the wine after a short time of storage. For more reliable results, the antioxidant activity of grape juice and wine was measured by β-carotene bleaching (BCB) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. The content changes of volatile compounds in the grape juice and wine were determined by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC/FID and GC/MS). Hexanal, ( E )-2-hexenal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-hexanol, ( Z )-neroloxide and linalool were the most representative compounds determined in grape juice, whereas ethyl esters of hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic and dodecanoic acids, hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, as well as isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and 1-hexanol were identified as the main compounds.
Relationship between Malate Dehydrogenase Isozyme Genotype and Plant Vigor in Peach

The relationship between malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme genotype and plant vigor in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was examined in two F2 populations (selfed 'Belle of Georgia' and 'Cresthaven') segregating at the Mdh1 locus. Total progeny examined were 1610 and 998 in the 'Belle of Georgia' and 'Cresthaven' populations, respectively. In both populations, plant vigor (as defined by total height and trunk caliper after 1 year of growth) was significantly less in Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1 homozygotes. Homozygous Mdh1-2/Mdh1-2 individuals showed the greatest vigor, and were significantly different in vigor from Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1 homozygotes in both populations and from Mdh1- 1/Mdh1-2 heterozygotes in the 'Belle of Georgia' population. A significant deviation from the expected 1 Mdh1-1/ Mdh1-1 : 2 Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1 : 1 Mdh1-2/Mdh1-2 ratio was observed in the 'Belle of Georgia' population, suggesting moderate lethality of homozygous Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1 genotypes. Isozyme polymorphism at the Mdh1 locus in peach has been described by various authors. Arulsekar et al. (1986) and Dur- ham et al. (1987) demonstrated that the variability observed for MDH in peach could be explained by the presence of two alleles (S and F) interacting at a single locus, designated Mgh1. Mo- wrey et al. (1990) reported the presence of a third allele (Mdh1- 3) at the Mdh1 locus, and proposed the designation of Mdh1-1 and Mdh1-2 for the F and S alleles, respectively. Characteri- zation of peach cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions
Artificial breeding and rearing of Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray)

The paper highlights the results of experiments conducted on artificial propagation of Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) in Central Himalayas. The species in Kumaon Himalayan waters is an annual spawner and breeds between September to October, exhibiting migration to nearby upstream regions for spawning. Overall, survival rate of 80.0 to 85.0% from fertilized egg to fry (22.0-24.5 0 C) and 35.0 to 45.0 % from fry to fingerlings was recorded during the experimental trials conducted under farm conditions. Fry attained total length between 75.0 to 100 mm (weight 4.0 to 6.0 g) with a cumulative survival of about 45.0% within a rearing period of one year. Other management practices evolved for mass scale seed production and rearing of S. richardsonii under farm conditions are discussed in the paper.
Natural forest regeneration in abandoned sugarcane fields in northeastern Brazil: floristic changes

Surveys were undertaken to examine the floristic changes during secondary succession in three areas of 12 and three of 20-year-old secondary forests in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Two hundred and six species were identified, with 136 being found in the 12-year-old secondary forest and 161 species in the 20-year-old forest. Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the most important families, increasing in species numbers with regeneration age. Of the 216 species, 115 were trees, 48 shrubs, 16 herbaceous plants, and 24 woody lianas, without significant differences between the two regeneration site ages. NMDS analysis revealed a formation of two floristic groups, distinguishing secondary and mature forests, with a further division within secondary forests in accordance with the time since abandonment. Similarity analysis ANOSIM confirmed the significance of the groups, which had floristic composition significant distinct (R=0.96) and 63% of dissimilarity (SIMPER). However, the sharing of 68 arboreal species between the secondary and mature forests suggests a floristic convergence. DCA analysis of the arboreal component as well as the other plant habits suggested that the separation of the subgroups is correlated with physical and chemical variables of the soils. All of these results indicate that, within the chronosequence analyzed, the velocity and direction of the floristic composition during secondary succession was influenced not only by the time of their abandonment, but also by a wide range of environmental variables.
Effect of lactoferrin on the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide

One of the biological functions of lactoferrin is the modulation of the host defense systems, including cytokine production and immune responses. We have tested the effect of lactoferrin on the productions of tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide in some cells. Lactoferrin itself did not induce either tumor necrosis factor‐α production or nitric oxide production, but lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated tumor necrosis factor‐α production of macrophages and monocytes were inhibited by lactoferrin treatment combined with stimulant. The induction of nitric oxide synthesis in stimulated macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells was not affected by the lactoferrin. J. Cell. Biochem. 76:30–36, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of gelatin dip on the oxidative and colour stability of cooked ham and bacon pieces during frozen storage

Summary Samples of cooked ham and bacon were dipped in water or 2, 4 or 6% gelatin solutions. Samples were then packed in oxygen permeable or vacuum packaging film and stored at −18 °C for seven months. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) and colour stability (Hunter a* values) were assessed monthly. The gelatin coating exerted beneficial effects on oxidative and colour stability.
Identification of agronomic factors that influence the levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in barley grown in France

The European Commission has considered the appropriateness of setting a maximum level for T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals and cereal products in future. Occurrence studies show that oats, and to a lesser extent barley, seem to accumulate higher levels of these toxins than other cereals. Consequently, ARVALIS – Institut du vegetal has conducted a field survey in collaboration with different French partners (cooperatives and merchants, agro industries and research institutes). The agronomic factors identified to reduce the risk of T-2 and HT-2 toxins on barley are different from those identified for deoxynivalenol (DON). They are, in decreasing order of importance: sowing date, rotation (number of small grain cereals in the last 2 years), tillage (with a smaller impact than for DON), and possibly varietal susceptibility and fungicide protection. Finally, this field survey shows that DON, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins seem to be opposed, which probably means a different risk management for these different mycotoxins.
Managing Boreal Forest Landscapes for Flying Squirrels

Abstract: Flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) populations have declined severely during the past few decades, and the species has become a focal species in forest management and the conservation debate in Finland. We compared landscape structure around known flying squirrel home ranges with randomly chosen forest sites to determine which landscape patterns characterize the areas occupied by the species in northern Finland. We sought to identify the key characteristics of the landscape that support the remaining flying squirrel populations. We analyzed landscape structure within circular areas with 1‐ and 3‐km radii around 63 forest sites occupied by flying squirrels, and around 96 random sites. We applied stepwise analysis of the landscape structure where landscapes were built up step‐by‐step by adding patch types in order of their suitability for the flying squirrel. The land‐use and forest‐resource data for the analysis were derived from multisource national forest inventory and imported to a geographical information system. Landscape patch types were divided into three suitability categories: breeding habitat (mixed spruce‐deciduous forests); dispersal habitat ( pine and young forests); and unsuitable habitat ( young sapling stands, open habitats, water). Flying squirrel landscapes contained more suitable breeding habitat patches and were better connected by dispersal habitats than random landscapes. Our results suggest that for the persistence of the flying squirrel, forest managers should 1) maintain a deciduous mixture, particularly in spruce‐dominated forests; 2) maintain physical connectivity between optimal breeding habitats; and 3) impose coarse‐grained structures on northeastern Finnish landscapes at current levels of habitat availability.