Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Book Review: The Asset Economy

For example, if the book were to take Nick Srnicek’s (2017) formulation of platform capitalism, how might it be different? Does the circumscription within platform enterprises signify an emergent logic of market delineation, a self-cannibalization of sorts? If so, what are the ramifications? Despite these shortfalls, Professor Fraser’s Cannibal Capitalism is a prime first course to introduce capitalism today.
Automated Segmentation of Left Ventricle in 2D echocardiography using deep learning

Following the successful application of the U-Net to medical images, there have been different encoder-decoder models proposed as an improvement to the original U-Net for segmenting echocardiographic images. This study aims to examine the performance of the state-of-the-art proposed models claimed to have better accuracies, as well as the original U-Net model by applying them to an independent dataset of patients to segment the endocardium of the Left Ventricle in 2D automatically. The prediction outputs of the models are used to evaluate the performance of the models by comparing the automated results against the expert annotations (gold standard). Our results reveal that the original U-Net model outperforms other models by achieving an average Dice coeﬃcient of 0.92±0.05, and Hausdorﬀ distance of 3.97±0.82.
Are We on the Same Page? Modeling Linguistic Synchrony and Math Literacy in Mathematical Discussions

Mathematical discussions have become a popular educational strategy to promote math literacy. While some studies have associated math literacy with linguistic factors such as verbal ability and phonological skills, no studies have examined the relationship between linguistic synchrony and math literacy. In this study, we modeled linguistic synchrony and students’ math literacy from 20,776 online mathematical discussion threads between students and facilitators. We conducted Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (CRQA) to calculate linguistic synchrony within each thread. The statistical testing result comparing CRQA indices between high and low math literacy groups shows that students with high math literacy have a significantly higher Recurrence Rate (RR), Number of Recurrence Lines (NRLINE), and the average Length of lines (L), but lower Determinism (DET) and normalized Entropy (rENTR). This result implies that students with high math literacy are more likely to share common words with facilitators, but they would paraphrase them. On the other hand, students with low math literacy tend to repeat the exact same phrases from the facilitators. The findings provide a better understanding of mathematical discussions and can potentially guide teachers in promoting effective mathematical discussions.
Identification, Exploration, and Remediation: Can Teachers Predict Common Wrong Answers?

Prior work analyzing tutoring sessions provided evidence that highly effective tutors, through their interaction with students and their experience, can perceptively recognize incorrect processes or “bugs” when students incorrectly answer problems. Researchers have studied these tutoring interactions examining instructional approaches to address incorrect processes and observed that the format of the feedback can influence learning outcomes. In this work, we recognize the incorrect answers caused by these buggy processes as Common Wrong Answers (CWAs). We examine the ability of teachers and instructional designers to identify CWAs proactively. As teachers and instructional designers deeply understand the common approaches and mistakes students make when solving mathematical problems, we examine the feasibility of proactively identifying CWAs and generating Common Wrong Answer Feedback (CWAFs) as a formative feedback intervention for addressing student learning needs. As such, we analyze CWAFs in three sets of analyses. We first report on the accuracy of the CWAs predicted by the teachers and instructional designers on the problems across two activities. We then measure the effectiveness of the CWAFs using an intent-to-treat analysis. Finally, we explore the existence of personalization effects of the CWAFs for the students working on the two mathematics activities.
When to Intervene? Utilizing Two Facets of Temporality in Students’ SRL Processes in a Programming Course

This study explored two aspects of temporality in students’ SRL behaviours to understand the dynamics of SRL phase transitions. In the first aspect, which refers to the temporal order of Self-regulated learning (SRL) phases, we characterized four types of SRL processes based on phase transitions and the cyclical nature of SRL. The SRL types were mapped into the kinds of iterative behaviours over SRL phases which correspond to the theorized self-regulatory behaviours of students at different levels of SRL skills. We found a significant association between SRL types and the assignment grades that suggests the higher achieved learning outcomes, i.e., programming skills demonstrated in the assignments, being associated with more advanced SRL processes. This study also focused on the second aspect of temporality, which refers to the instance of time. We revealed the temporal dynamics between SRL phase transitions by analyzing time profiles for transitions in each SRL process type. Next, we showed that a two-day interval is a threshold by which most students iteratively transition from adapting to enactment phases, which provides a suitable time to intervene if the transition is not observed.
The Determination of the Total Injected Power in Solar Flare Electrons

We here review the procedure by which the injected power in bremsstrahlung-producing electrons is determined from the hard X-ray spectra that they produce. In particular, we note that low-energy photons are produced in large part by electrons with energies that do not greatly exceed the thermal energy of the target with which they interact, so that the commonly used assumption of "cold-target" energy loss is not applicable over the entire energy range. We show that this significantly reduces the inferred energy content of the injected electron distribution and even makes the oft-dwelt-upon concept of a "lower cutoff energy" in the injected electron spectrum moot. Convenient formulae are provided for the total power in the injected electrons.
Exploring the Feedback Provision of Mentors and Clients for Teams in Work-Integrated Learning Environments

Industry supervisors play a pivotal role in ongoing learner support and guidance within a work-integrated learning context. Effective provisional feedback from industry supervisors in work-integrated learning environments is essential for increasing a team’s metacognitive awareness and ability to evaluate their performance. However, research that examines the usefulness and type of feedback from industry supervisors for teams remains limited. In this study, we investigate the quality of provisional feedback by comparing the teams’ helpfulness rating of the feedback from two types of industry supervisors (i.e., clients and mentors), based on the feedback type (task, process, regulatory and self-level oriented) using learning analytics. The results show that teams rated the perceived helpfulness scores of clients and mentors as very useful, with mentors providing slightly more helpful feedback. We also found that mentors provide more co-occurrences of feedback classifications than clients. The overall results show that teams perceive mentor feedback as more helpful than clients and that the mentor targets feedback that is more beneficial to the teams learning than the clients. Our findings can aid in developing guidelines that aim to validate and improve existing or new feedback quality frameworks by leveraging backward evaluation data.
Positioning performance with dual-frequency low-cost GNSS receivers

Abstract In this study, positioning quality is tested with the use of low-cost in-house developed receivers. The analyzes consider the practical use of low-cost devices in surveying works. In the network solution, the accuracy of the GNSS positioning based on low-cost receivers can be characterized by the repeatability of the baseline length of 1 and 6 mm in 24 h and 10 min observation sessions, respectively. The field experiment of 4 GNSS receivers and 3 GNSS low-cost receivers allowed for establishing a precise geodetic control network. The accuracy of the control point coordinates determined with low-cost GNSS receivers equals a maximum of 17 and 40 mm for the horizontal and height components, respectively. Therefore, low-cost GNSS receivers can provide positioning accuracy at the some centimeter level and can support land surveying and geodetic monitoring activities.
NTT V, I, z photometry of the metal-rich bulge globular cluster Terzan 6

We present for the rst time optical (V , I and Gunn z) colour magnitude diagrams for Terzan 6, which were collected under excellent seeing conditions with the ESO NTT telescope. The horizontal branch morphology is red, nearly superimposed on the red giant branch. The red giant branch morphology presents characteristics in- termediate between those of 47 Tuc and NGC 6528/ NGC 6553. We derive a reddening of E(B V )=2 :24 and a dis- tance d =7 :0 kpc (assuming R =3 :1). We conclude that Terzan 6 belongs to the metal-rich bulge globular cluster system.
How to Open Science: A Principle and Reproducibility Review of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference

Within the field of education technology, learning analytics has increased in popularity over the past decade. Researchers conduct experiments and develop software, building on each other’s work to create more intricate systems. In parallel, open science — which describes a set of practices to make research more open, transparent, and reproducible — has exploded in recent years, resulting in more open data, code, and materials for researchers to use. However, without prior knowledge of open science, many researchers do not make their datasets, code, and materials openly available, and those that are available are often difficult, if not impossible, to reproduce. The purpose of the current study was to take a close look at our field by examining previous papers within the proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, and document the rate of open science adoption (e.g., preregistration, open data), as well as how well available data and code could be reproduced. Specifically, we examined 133 research papers, allowing ourselves 15 minutes for each paper to identify open science practices and attempt to reproduce the results according to their provided specifications. Our results showed that less than half of the research adopted standard open science principles, with approximately 5% fully meeting some of the defined principles. Further, we were unable to reproduce any of the papers successfully in the given time period. We conclude by providing recommendations on how to improve the reproducibility of our research as a field moving forward. All openly accessible work can be found in an Open Science Foundation project1.
Instructor-in-the-Loop Exploratory Analytics to Support Group Work

This case study examines an interactive, low barrier process, termed instructor-in-the-loop, by which an instructor defines and makes meaning from exploratory metrics and visualizations, and uses this multimodal information to improve a course iteratively. We present potentials for course improvement based on automated learning analytics insights related to students’ participation in small active learning sessions associated with a large lecture course. Automated analytics processes are essential for larger courses where engaging smaller groups is important to ensure participation and understanding, but monitoring a large total number of groups throughout an instructional experience becomes untenable for the instructor. Of interest is providing instructors with easy-to-digest summaries of group performance that do not require complex set up and knowledge of more advanced algorithmic approaches. We explore synthesizing metrics and visualizations as ways to engage instructors in meaning making of complex learning environments, but in a low barrier manner that provides insights quickly.
Joint Choice Time: A Metric for Better Understanding Collaboration in Interactive Museum Exhibits

In this paper, we propose a new metric – Joint Choice Time (JCT) – to measure how and when visitors are collaborating around an interactive museum exhibit. This extends dwell time, one of the most commonly used metrics for museum engagement – which tends to be individual, and sacrifices insight into activity and learning details for measurement simplicity. We provide an exemplar of measuring JCT using a common “diversity metric” for collaborative choices and potential outcomes. We provide an implementable description of the metric, results from using the metric with our own data, and potential implications for designing museum exhibits and easily measuring social engagement. Here, we apply JCT to an interactive exhibit game called “Rainbow Agents” where museum visitors can play independently or work together to tend to a virtual garden using computer science concepts. Our data showed that diversity of meaningful choices positively correlated with both dwell time and diversity of positive and creative outcomes. JCT - as a productive as well as easy to access measure of social work - provides an example for learning analytics practitioners and researchers (especially in museums) to consider centering social engagement and work as a rich space for easily assessing effective learning experiences for museum visitors.
OBSERVATIONAL TESTS OF CHROMOSPHERIC MAGNETIC RECONNECTION

Observations have indicated that magnetic reconnect ion may occur frequently in the photosphere and chromosphere as well as in the solar corona. The observed features include cancelling magnetic features seen in photospheric magnetograms, and different kinds of small-scale activities such as UV explosive events and EUV jets. By integrating the observed parameters of these features with the Sweet-Parker reconnect ion theory, an attempt is made to clarify the nature of chromospheric magnetic reconnection. Our results suggest that magnetic reconnect ion may be occurring at many different levels of the photosphere and chromosphere without a preferred height and at a faster speed than is predicted by the Sweet-Parker reconnect ion model using the classical value of electric conductivity. Introducing an anomalous magnetic diffusivity 10-100 times the classical value is one of the possible ways of explaining the fast reconnect ion as inferred from observations.
Online help-seeking occurring in multiple computer-mediated conversations affects grades in an introductory programming course

Computing education researchers often study the impact of online help-seeking behaviors that occur across multiple online resources in isolation. Such separation fails to capture the interconnected nature of online help-seeking behaviors that occur across multiple online resources and its affect on course grades. This is particularly important for programming education, which arguably has more online resources to seek help from other people (e.g., computer-mediated conversations) than other majors. Using data from an introductory programming course (CS1) at a large US university, we found that students (n=301) sought help in multiple computer-mediated conversations, both Q&A forum and online office hours (OHQ), differently. Results showed the more prior knowledge about programming students had, the more they sought help in the Q&A compared to students with less prior knowledge. In general, higher-performing students sought help online in the Q&A more than the lower-performing groups on all the homework assignments, but not for the OHQ. By better understanding how students seek help online across multiple modalities of computer-mediated conversations and the relationship between help-seeking and grades, we can re-design online resources that best support all students in introductory programming courses at scale.
Development and implementation of a robust angle of arrival turbulence measurement system

Abstract. Free space optical communications (FSOC) systems are a promising complement to existing wireless communications technologies. FSOC systems have many significant advantages over traditional radio frequency links, including high bandwidth, no spectrum licensing requirements, low-power consumption, small payloads, low probability of intercept, and greater immunity from interference or jamming. However, atmospheric turbulence (scintillation) imparts significant phase noise onto the laser beam, resulting in intensity fluctuations at the receiver. In order to develop scintillation mitigation strategies, it is necessary to monitor scintillation in parallel to the communications channel. We report on the development and implementation of a robust angle of arrival (AoA) turbulence measurement instrument that is suitable for this task. Several key data acquisition and processing techniques were designed to enhance the reliability and robustness of the scintillation measurement.
Each Encounter Counts: Modeling Language Learning and Forgetting

Language learning applications usually estimate the learner’s language knowledge over time to provide personalized practice content for each learner at the optimal timing. However, accurately predicting language knowledge or linguistic skills is much more challenging than math or science knowledge, as many language tasks involve memorization and retrieval. Learners must memorize a large number of words and meanings, which are prone to be forgotten without practice. Although a few studies consider forgetting when modeling learners’ language knowledge, they tend to apply traditional models, consider only partial information about forgetting, and ignore linguistic features that may significantly influence learning and forgetting. This paper focuses on modeling and predicting learners’ knowledge by considering their forgetting behavior and linguistic features in language learning. Specifically, we first explore the existence of forgetting behavior and cross-effects in real-world language learning datasets through empirical studies. Based on these, we propose a model for predicting the probability of recalling a word given a learner’s practice history. The model incorporates key information related to forgetting, question formats, and semantic similarities between words using the attention mechanism. Experiments on two real-world datasets show that the proposed model improves performance compared to baselines. Moreover, the results indicate that combining multiple types of forgetting information and item format improves performance. In addition, we find that incorporating semantic features, such as word embeddings, to model similarities between words in a learner’s practice history and their effects on memory also improves the model.
Production of Filaments by Surges

We have recently developed a new method for automatic detection of solar surges and other dark dynamic features. For the first time we find that some filaments can be quickly formed by trapping the cold material supplied by surges originating from the chromosphere. Two clear examples are presented in this Letter, showing the special process for new filament formation by surge injection. The data used here were taken from Hida Observatory and the Global Hα Network operated by Big Bear Solar Observatory. Both the filaments existed on the solar surface for not less than 20 hr, with an average length about 200'', and had obvious helical structures and barbs. The surge material was injected from one terminal along the main axis of the filaments or the filament channels. We conclude that there are two necessary conditions for new filament formation by surges at one location: (1) an "empty" filament channel, or magnetic trap, and (2) enough mass supplied by surge activity. In most other surge-filament events, apart from our two examples, the surges are observed moving toward and acting on a preexisting nearby filament. The close relationship between surge activity and filament formation and maintenance suggests that there should be a direct link between the filament axial fields and the large-scale background fields along which the surge material can be driven into the filament channel. On the other hand, it also supports the idea that the frequent injection of flow from below is an important way to convey mass and energy into the corona through magnetic reconnections driven by successive emerging flux and converging flow.
Towards a framework of quality management for cooperative higher education

The qualities in cooperative education which embed work-integrated learning into the curricula propose challenges for higher education. To address the issues, a framework of quality management on the basis of total quality management and PDCA cycle is proposed. The framework consists of three components – quality assurance, quality control and quality improvement for co programs. All the activities in the components are structured according to the PDCA model. The paper describes the structure of the framework and the some specific activities of the quality management in cooperative education.
Ionization and thermal equilibrium models for O star winds based on time-independent radiation-driven wind theory

Ab initio ionization and thermal equilibrium models are calculated for the winds of O stars using the results of steady state radiation-driven wind theory to determine the input parameters. Self-consistent methods are used for the roles of H, He, and the most abundant heavy elements in both the statistical and the thermal equilibrium. The model grid was chosen to encompass all O spectral subtypes and the full range of luminosity classes. Results of earlier modeling of O star winds by Klein and Castor (1978) are reproduced and used to motivate improvements in the treatment of the hydrogen equilibrium. The wind temperature profile is revealed to be sensitive to gross changes in the heavy element abundances, but insensitive to other factors considered such as the mass-loss rate and velocity law. The reduced wind temperatures obtained in observing the luminosity dependence of the Si IV lambda 1397 wind absorption profile are shown to eliminate any prospect of explaining the observed O VI lambda 1036 line profiles in terms of time-independent radiation-driven wind theory. 55 refs.