Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of rotational grazing on some soil properties in Düzce of Turkey

Effect of rotational grazing on some soil properties in Duzce of Turkey Abstract: Pastures, one of the four important vegetation types in the world, have great potential not only in terms of forage production for animals, but also in terms of biological diversity. Yet, the pressure of continuous and overgrazing on pastures in Turkey affects both vegetation and soil negatively. Overgrazing leads to soil compaction, thus, soil permeability is influenced in a negative way. It is possible to remove these negative influences via amendment methods or reorganizing grazing. In this study, it was researched how short duration rotational grazing influenced some soil properties in a pasture where uncontrolled heavy grazing for many years in Duzce. As a result of the study, soil properties affected by rotational grazing at most were permeability and bulk density. While the value of bulk density increased from 1.19 gr cm-3 to 1.30 gr cm-3 in the continuous grazing pastures, it decreased from 1.38 gr cm-3 to 1.26 gr cm-3 in the rotational grazing pastures. It was demonstrated in the study that organizing grazing systems in the pastures can improve soil permeability and bulk density to a great extent. Keywords: Rotational grazing, bulk density, permeability, pasture Duzce yoresinde munavebeli otlatmanin bazi toprak ozellikleri uzerine etkisi Ozet: Dunyadaki dort onemli vejetasyon tipinden bir olan meralar hayvanlara kaba yem temin etmenin yani sira biyolojik cesitlilik acisinda da onemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ancak ulkemizde mera alanlari uzerindeki duzensiz ve asiri otlatma baskisi gerek bitki ortusu gerekse toprak uzerinde olumsuz etkiler olusturmaktadir. Asiri otlatmayla birlikte toprak sikismasi olmakta ve topraklarin su gecirme ozelligi olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkiler mera alanlarinda uygulanacak islah yontemleri veya otlatmanin duzenlemesi ile duzeltilebilmektedir. Bu calismada da Duzce ilinde uzun yillar kontrolsuz bir sekilde agir otlatma yapilan bir mera alaninda kisa sureli munavebeli otlatmanin bazi toprak ozellikleri uzerine etkisi arastirilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda munavebeli otlatmadan en fazla ve hizli etkilenen toprak ozellikleri gecirgenlik ve hacim agirligi olmustur. Nitekim hacim agirligi degeri 3 yilin sonunda surekli otlatilan alanda 1,19 gr cm-3 den 1,30 gr cm-3 degerine cikarken; munavebeli otlatma yapilan alanlarda 1,38 gr cm-3 den 1,26 gr cm-3 duzeyine dusmustur. Arastirma mera alaninda otlatmanin duzenlenmesi ile topraklarin gecirgenlik ve hacim agirligi ozelliklerinde onemli iyilesmelerin olabilecegini ortaya koymustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Munavebeli otlatma, hacim agirligi, gecirgenlik, mera Received (Gelis): 01.03. 2016 - Revised (Duzeltme): 01.04. 2016 - Accepted (Kabul): 18.04. 2016 Cite (Atif): Ozcan, M. , 2017. Effect of rotational grazing on some soil properties in Duzce of Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(1): 29-36. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.79331
Underprivileged Students’ Second Language Motivation: Cases of Three Highly-Motivated Non-English Major Students

This article presents the main qualitative findings from a mixed-methods study which applied Zoltán Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System to explore the L2 motivation of 291 non-English major students in a regional university in Thailand. This article focuses on exploring three highlymotivated underprivileged students’ English motivation to gain insights into the extent to which the students’ possible L2-related selves and L2 learning experiences influence their L2 motivation. Also explored were the participants’ significant others’ perspectives on the participants’ English learning in order to gain a more holistic picture of the phenomena under study and to ensure data triangulation. Data were collected using a range of methods including semi-structured interviews and Snake interviews with the three main participants. Unstructured interviews were conducted with the main participants’ significant others. The interview transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that there was a balance between the hope-for and feared selves, enabling the participants’ possible selves to motivate them in their English learning. The results also showed that the students’ L2 learning experience provided an immediate learning environment which fostered their development and motivated them in their English learning. These findings yielded important insights into how students’ L2-related selves play a crucial role in motivating them in their L2 learning as well as how policy planners, educators, administrators, teachers and parents can help create an environment which promotes L2 learning and motivation in their respective contexts.
Chapter 26 Graptolite palaeobiogeography

Abstract Graptolite faunas exhibited strong biogeographical differentiation during the Early Palaeozoic, particularly in the Ordovician. Skevington recognized two major faunal provinces, the high to mid palaeolatitude ‘Atlantic Province’ and the low-palaeolatitude ‘Pacific Province’. Subsequent workers have generally accepted this pattern of graptolite distribution, but the controls on this pattern have been the subject of considerable debate. Two competing models have emerged: a surface water temperature model and a depth stratification model. It is likely that the some of the physical and chemical oceanic factors that vary with latitude may also vary in a similar way along an onshore to offshore transect. Hence, it may be that both depth and surface temperature play an important role in biogeographical differentiation. Biogeography also played a critical role in the evolutionary history of graptoloids. Important examples include the origination of axonophorans in deep, offshore environments from isograptid and pseudisograptid ancestors and their subsequent migration into shallow water regions; the replacement of the Diplograptina by Neograptina in the low palaeolatitudes during the Late Ordovician extinction event; and the origination of expansograptids in the ‘Atlantic’ Province as shallow water endemics followed by their worldwide dispersal into the oceanic biofacies.
Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China

A spectacular pair of Sinosauropteryx skeletons from JurassicCretaceous strata of Liaoning in northeastern China attracted worldwide notoriety in 1996 as the first dinosaurs covered with feather-like structures. Sinosauropteryx prima is important not only because of its integument, but also because it is a basal coelurosaur and represents an important stage in theropod evolution that is poorly understood. Coelurosauria, which includes (but is not limited to) dromaeosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, and tyrannosaurids, formed the most important radiation of Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs in the Northern Hemisphere. It also includes Aves. Sinosauropteryx prima has a number of characters that were poorly preserved in known specimens of the closely related Compsognathus longipes from Europe. These include the longest tail known for any theropod and a three-fingered hand dominated by the first digit, which is longer and thicker than either of the bones of the forearm. Both specimens h.
Reanalysis of Surface Air Temperature Change of the Last 100 Years over China

The present paper gives a new country-averaged surface air temperature anomaly series for China for 1905—2001 period. We used monthly mean temperature dada obtained by averaging monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures to avoid the in-homogeneity problems with data induced by differential observation times and statistic methods between early and late 20th century. The widely accepted procedures for creating area-averaged climatic time series and for calculating linear trend have been used. The new air temperature time series has been analyzed and its rationality also has been explained. The result shows that annual mean surface air temperature of the country for the past 97 years experienced a warming of 0.79 ℃, with a warming rate of 0.08 ℃/10 a which is slightly larger than global or northern hemispheric average as given by IPCC TAR. Two warm periods, which occurred respectively in the 1930s—1940s and the 1980s—1990s, are evident, with 1946 and 1998 as the warmest ones within the record period. It is interesting to note that the temperature anomalies of the 1990s are no higher than those of the 1940s, implying the larger contribution from warming of the cold periods to the long-term positive trend. Seasonal features of temperature changes for the last 97 years are characterized by the more rapid warming of wintertime and springtime, with summer showing an insignificant cooling trend during the 97-year period. However, the reanalysis did not take account for urbanization effect on temperature record. It is essential to pay more attention to the problem in the further study if we intend to better detect the regional change in climate.
Phonon-mediated magneto-resonances in biased graphene layers

We explore the non-equilibrium transport regime in graphene using a large dc current in combination with a perpendicular magnetic field. The strong in-plane Hall field generated in the graphene channel results in Landau levels that are tilted spatially. The energy of cyclotron orbits in the bulk varies as a function of the spatial position of the guiding center, enabling us to observe a series of compelling features. While Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations are predictably suppressed in the presence of the Hall field, a set of fresh magneto resistance oscillations emerge near the charge neutrality point as a function of dc current. Two branches of oscillations with linear dispersions are evident as we vary carrier density and dc current, the velocities of which closely resemble the transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon modes, suggestive of phonon-assisted intra-Landau level transitions between adjacent cyclotron orbits. Our results offer unique possibilities to explore non-equilibrium phenomena in two-dimensional materials and van der Waals heterostructures.
Accessibility to health

Background: Geographical access to health care facilities is known to influence health services usage. As societies age, accessibility to health care becomes an increasingly acute public health concern. It is known that seniors tend to have lower mobility levels, and it is possible that this may negatively affect their ability to reach facilities and services. Therefore, it becomes important to examine the mobility situation of seniors vis-a-vis the spatial distribution of health care facilities, to identify areas where accessibility is low and interventions may be required. Methods: Accessibility is implemented using a cumulative opportunities measure. Instead of assuming a fixed bandwidth (i.e. a distance threshold) for measuring accessibility, in this paper the bandwidth is defined using model-based estimates of average trip length. Average trip length is an all-purpose indicator of individual mobility and geographical reach. Adoption of a spatial modelling approach allows us to tailor these estimates of travel behaviour to specific locations and person profiles. Replacing a fixed bandwidth with these estimates permits us to calculate customized location-and person-based accessibility measures that allow inter-personal as well as geographical comparisons. Data: The case study is Montreal Island. Geo-coded travel behaviour data, specifically average trip length, and relevant traveller ’ s attributes are obtained from the Montreal Household Travel Survey. These data are complemented with information from the Census. Health care facilities, also geo-coded, are extracted from a comprehensive business point database. Health care facilities are selected based on Standard Industrial Classification codes 8011-21 (Medical Doctors and Dentists). Results: Model-based estimates of average trip length show that travel behaviour varies widely across space. With the exception of seniors in the downtown area, older residents of Montreal Island tend to be significantly less mobile than people of other age cohorts. The combination of average trip length estimates with the spatial distribution of health care facilities indicates that despite being more mobile, suburban residents tend to have lower levels of accessibility compared to central city residents. The effect is more marked for seniors. Furthermore, the results indicate that accessibility calculated using a fixed bandwidth would produce patterns of exposure to health care facilities that would be difficult to achieve for suburban seniors given actual mobility patterns. Conclusions: The analysis shows large disparities in accessibility between seniors and non-seniors, between urban and suburban seniors
Meeting the software engineering challenges of interacting with dynamic and ad-hoc computing environments

We argue that the normal circumstances for pervasive computing technologies will be dynamic and ad-hoc settings, in that the available technical resources will evolve and/or change frequently, rather than having been installed by design. We describe a second-generation software architecture for Ambient Combination [14], engineered to meet the software engineering challenges of achieving transparency of use under such conditions. The architecture uses advanced software composition techniques closely related to aspect-oriented programming, along with computational reflection, to represent domain objects and their properties at a problem-oriented, high conceptual level. This architecture achieves a very good separation of concerns, while also providing the flexibility and extensibility needed to address the open-ended nature of these situations. This also enables the architectural building blocks to be flexible distributed across different machine configurations in an uncomplicated and robust manner.
Regional Revenue and Economic Growth: through Direct Spending, Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

Background : This study aims to analyze the effect of regional revenues on economic growth through direct spending in the East Java Province of Indonesia. The measurement of regional revenue uses regional original revenue (ROR), general allocation funds (GAF), special allocation funds (SAF), profit-sharing funds (SF), direct spending (DS), and economic growth (EG) in the Regency/City of East Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methode This research is explanatory research through hypothesis testing. Samples were 38 districts/cities in East Java, with observations for 10 years from 2010 to 2019 by using path analysis. The results, indicate that GAF and SAF have an effect, while SF has no effect on Direct Expenditures. ROR and SF havean effect on economic growth while GAF has a negative effect and SAF has no effect on economic growth. Direct Spending has an Influence on Economic Growth. ROR, GAF, SAF, and SF have an effect on Economic Growth through Direct Spending. Therefore, local governments need to carry out various strategies to increase their direct expenditures related to economic growth through mapping regional potential.
Situation-dependent observation errors for AMSU-A tropospheric channels in the ECMWF forecasting system

The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) is a key satellite instrument used in numerical weather prediction systems around the world. In order to assimilate AMSU-A data, observation errors must be defined. In the ECMWF system each AMSU-A channel is currently assigned a constant observation error. However the observation errors should include forward model error, which will depend on the state of the atmosphere and surface. Here we present a study where observation errors for the surface- and cloud-sensitive channels were allowed to vary with surface type (land, sea, sea-ice, snow cover), sensitivity to the surface (surface-to-space transmittance) and the liquid water path, in order to account for errors in the forward model due to emissivity errors and undetected cloud/precipitation. We developed the new observation errors and ran assimilation trials using these new situation-dependent values. We also investigated extending the coverage with these new observation errors by relaxing screening over high orography and by relaxing the cloud screening. First results showed that the new observation errors had a neutral impact on forecast scores when no new data were added but there was a reduction in the standard deviation of background departures for ATMS when the AMSU-A cloud screening was relaxed, which was encouraging.
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Consumer-led Mental Health Education for Pharmacy Students

Objective. To evaluate a consumer-led teaching intervention to reduce pharmacy students’ stigma towards depression and schizophrenia, and improve attitudes toward providing pharmaceutical care for consumers with mental illness. Design. Third-year bachelor of pharmacy degree students were given a series of mental health lectures, undertook supervised weekly placements in the community pharmacy setting, and attended a tutorial led by trained mental health consumer educators. Assessment. A previously validated 26-item survey instrument was administered at baseline, 6 weeks postintervention, and 12 months postintervention, and 3 focus groups were conducted. Survey instruments were completed by 225 students at baseline, 230 students postintervention, and 228 students at 12 months. Students’ stigma decreased ( p , 0.05) and their attitudes toward the provision of pharmaceutical services to consumers with a mental illness showed signiﬁcant improvements ( p , 0.05). These improvements were maintained at the 12-month follow-up. Four themes emerged from the focus groups: knowledge and experience of mental illness, mental health stigma, impacts on attitudes and self-reported behavior, and the role of the pharmacist in mental healthcare. Conclusions. Consumer-led education for pharmacy students may provide a sustainable reduction in stigma and improve attitudes towards providing pharmaceutical services to consumers with a mental illness.
Massive production of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores for inoculation of coffee seedlings

Coffee leaf rust ( Hemileia vastatrix ) is the most important disease in coffee crops around the world. Currently, there is limited knowledge about mass production methodologies and ex-situ infection of H. vastatrix that lead to the development of different health characterization studies of Coffea or disease phenotyping. In this context, the aim of this research was to develop a simple protocol for the mass production of coffee rust uredospores under controlled conditions and to determine their infection in coffee seedlings. Uredospores of H. vastatrix were collected from infected plants in the “Chontal” coffee -growing area in San Martín, Peru. The viability of uredospore germination was evaluated, and a uredospores suspension (2 x 10 5 uredospores/mL) was prepared to inoculate coffee seedlings. Incidence and sporulation rates were evaluated after 43 days of inoculation. During the multiplication process of H. vastatrix uredospores, using controlled conditions (23±1 °C, ≈ 80% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 hours of light) under an innova tive system, the first symptoms of chlorosis were observed on coffee leaves 20 days after inoculation. Our findings show a 100% incidence of inoculated coffee plants with an average of 54 mg of H. vastatrix uredospores per plant and a 1.38 x 10 -1 mg/cm 2 sporulation rate. Finally, here we report a protocol that allows mass multiplication of H. vastatrix uredospores under controlled conditions, that would be useful in any time for coffee leaf rust bioassays.
Academic Turkish for international students: Problems and suggestions

Turkey has hosted many international students from various countries in recent years. After learning Turkish in Turkish language teaching centers of the universities, these students move onto their undergraduate or graduate studies at different departments where they are required to use Turkish in all academic skills without reservation. The aim of this study was to investigate academic Turkish problems of international students. The subjects of the study were 697 international students from 54 universities, and 203 content-area instructors from 15 different universities in Turkey. The quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program and the qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive analyses. The study revealed that insufficient vocabulary range is the primary source of difficulties international students encounter during the instruction of their content courses. Moreover, instructors are of the opinion that students have much more difficulties in using academic Turkish than they themselves perceive. It is hoped that the results of the present study will contribute to the development of curriculum and materials in such a way as to use it for the benefit of international students pursuing their studies at Turkish universities.
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES

Foreign language acquisition is not only a cognitive but also an emotional process. Recently, numerous qualitative studies have deepened our understanding of the emotional worlds of EFL students, showing the diversity of emotions and their influence on EFL. In Saudi Arabia, EFL has posed significant challenges (e.g. lack of motivation for studying, negative emotions associated with EFL) to all actors involved, and studying emotional experiences of Saudi EFL students can help us surpass these challenges. This pilot qualitative study aimed to give a phenomenological description of emotions experienced by Saudi EFL students. Inductive Thematic Analysis yielded four main themes: kinds of emotions, motivation dynamics, English learning trajectory, and quality of the encounter. Significant variability and diversity of emotional experiences was evident – participants mainly felt happy and motivated by their extracurricular English activities, while they were more ambiguous with respect to their English teachers. It was also found that initial EFL experiences were more negative compared to the latter ones.
Rheological properties of tough hydrogels based on an associating polymer with permanent and transient crosslinks: Effects of crosslinking density

We studied the rheological and mechanical properties of a series of poly(vinyl alcohol) dual crosslink hydrogels, permanently crosslinked by glutaraldehyde and transiently crosslinked by borate ions, at various crosslinking densities. The contribution of the chemical and physical crosslinks to the dynamic moduli was first determined with linear oscillatory tests, and the additivity of the two contributions was validated. The single relaxation time of the system was interpreted as the physical bond breaking time which can be slowed down by reassociation of the open physical bonds before full relaxation. By comparing the Rouse relaxation time of the strand between two adjacent crosslinks with the healing time of the physical bonds, an increase in the relaxation time with decreasing density of physical crosslinks was explained. In all cases, the extensibility and stress at break of the gels were found to increase with the addition of physical crosslinks, but the extensibility increased the most for the small.