Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ii Why are child poverty rates higher in Britain than in Germany ? A longitudinal perspective

We analyse why child poverty rates were much higher in Britain than in Western Germany during the 1990s, using a framework that focuses on poverty transition rates. Child poverty exit rates were significantly lower, and poverty entry rates significantly higher, in Britain. We decompose these cross-national differences into differences in the prevalence of trigger events (changes from one year to the next in household composition, household labour market attachment, and labour earnings), and differences in the chances of making a poverty transition conditional on experiencing a trigger event. It is the latter which are most important in accounting for the cross-national differences in poverty exit and entry rates.
Sexual Experiences of Women with Breast Cancer

Purpose: The aims of this study were to describe and interpret the nature of the experience inherent in the sex life of female breast cancer patients after treatment and understand the meaning behind it. Methods: The participants were 10 female breast cancer pa tients who were married. Data were collected from March to September 2010. Van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenology was adopted in this qualitative study as a research method. Results: There were 4 essential topics in the participants’ experience of sex life; ‘Sex life alert’ was a result of negative changes in sexual relationships with spouse that they had never experienced before the breast cancer diagnosis; ‘Precarious situation for pending divorce’ was an experience of deteriorated sex life because of the failure to overcome ‘sex life alert’; ‘Sublimation of the difficulties by discovering an alternative solution’ was an experience of discovering a solution to over come the ‘sexlife alert’. ‘Leaving it as unsettled’ was an experience of a condition in which the participants did not have any intension to resolve the difficulties in sex life due to the lack of appropriate support, thus tried to ignore the challenges faced. Conclusion: This study illustrates the necessity to develop proper nursing intervention on the issues related to sex life among breast cancer patients. Given the fact that the sexual topics are often considered taboo in day to day nursing practice, special attention and efforts need to be given in this area to build up nursing knowledge and evidence-based practice.
Pathology of rotavirus infection in calves and detection of viral antigen by ELISA and FAT

The present study was conducted to investigate the pathology of rotavirus infection in calves with the history of diarrhoea, and confirmation by ELISA and FAT. Out of 24 dead calves received for postmortem with the history of diarrhea, 9 calves were examined by post mortem. Grossly, no pathological changes were observed except congestion of small intestinal mucosa. Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) screening of the fecal samples/intestinal contents revealed rotavirus infection in 5 calves. The histopathological changes mainly confined to jejunum and ileum. The lesions of rotavirus enteritis ranged from virtually no visible lesions to villous blunting and necrotic crypts. The presence of rotavirus in the affected tissues and/or lesions was confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT).
Brote urbano de leishmaniasis visceral en Neiva, Colombia Urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Neiva (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo Estudiar clinica y epidemiologicamente focos de leishmaniasis visceral (LV) urbana en Neiva (Colombia). Materiales y Metodos Seis ninos consultaron por hepato-esplenomegalia. Presentaban anemia y leucopenia. Se realizo biopsia por aspiracion de medula osea (5 pacientes) y de bazo (1 paciente). Se hizo busqueda activa de casos en la comunidad y de anticuerpos anti-Leishmania infantum por inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) en los sintomaticos y en reservorios caninos (IFI, rK39). Se hicieron visitas domiciliarias para educacion comunitaria y busqueda de vectores. Los pacientes recibieron Miltefosina, Anfotericina B o Glucantime ® . Resultados Se confirmo LV en siete ninos. En seis, el aspirado de medula osea o bazo demostro amastigotes. La IFI fue positiva en 4 pacientes y negativa en 3. Un nino se detecto por busqueda activa comunitaria, con clinica de LV, confirmada por IFI (1:32). La miltefosina no fue util en 6 de los 7 casos. La Anfotericina B liposomal o deoxicolato, curo 6 pacientes y el Glucantime® uno. La seroprevalencia en 1182 caninos (IFI y rK39) fue de 6.1 %; los animales positivos fueron sacrificados. Se demostro
P-162EMERGENT PNEUMECTOMY FOR LUNG GANGRENE: DOES THE OUTCOME WARRANT THE PROCEDURE?

Background. Sloughing and gangrene of a complete lung are only very infrequently encountered complications of necrotizing pneumonia and fulminant pulmonary abscess formation. Thus far the role of emergent pneumonectomy is not established. Methods. The outcome of patients who underwent anatomic lung resection for lung gangrene at 3 centers for thoracic surgery during the last 13 years was retrospectively analyzed. Only cases of necrotizing pneumonia were included whereas malignant lesions were excluded.
Reducing Malaria Transmission: The Epidemiology and Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytemia

Background Study protocols for monitoring the efficacy of antimalarial drugs are well standardized; however, routine systems for selecting sites and conducting trials are not. The recently created National Antimalarial Drug Resistance Monitoring System of India is characterized by alternating sentinel sites for therapeutic efficacy trials, centralized data management, quality control checks, genotyping of molecular markers, and the integration of supplementary studies. We aimed to describe the performance of the new system, measure the efficacy of the first-line malaria treatments, and determine risk factors associated with
Topical phenytoin for managing various ulcers: A meta-analysis

Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of topical phenytoin in the treatment of ulcers of different origin compared with other standard topical treatment. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science. Outcomes were complete wound healing rate and reduction in wound volume or surface area. Results: Thirteen studies with 980 patients were included. Topical phenytoin were associated with a statistically significant improvement of complete wound healing rate compared with other line of management in 11 randomized control trial of 815 patients (odds ratio = 3.03, 95% confidence interval 2.23-4.10, Z = 7.14, P < 0.00001). No publication bias exists in this meta-analysis. Three studies from India also confirmed that the topical phenytoin was associated with a statistically significant percent reduction in wound volume compared with the other dressing (mean difference 23.56, 95% confidence interval 19.48-27.64, Z = 11.32, P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The existent evidence shows that topical phenytoin is more effective for ulcer treatment.
Sexual experience and contraceptive use among young adults in Guatemala City.

Young adults in Guatemala were surveyed about their prior sexual experience current sexual activity contraceptive use fertility and previous exposure to formal or informal sex education courses. Socioeconomic and demographic data were collected along with information about attitudes toward sex education and contraceptive use. The results revealed that a high proportion of youth engage in premarital intercourse with the vast majority not using any means of contraception. For both sexes the reasons given for unprotected intercourse were that they did not expect to have intercourse and they did not know of a method. Over 1/3 of the males surveyed responded that they believed the responsibility for birth control belonged to their female partner. Of respondents who reported their 1st intercourse to be after marriage only 4% of women used contraception. A large number of women reported that they were uneducated about contraception. This is an important factor when 1st intercourse before age 15. Current contraceptive rates for 15-24 year olds in unions are 33% for women who use the pill and IUDs most frequently and 49% for men who said they used rhythm the pill the condom and vaginal methods. The planned parenthood affiliate in Guatemala is the chief contraceptive provider for young people in unions with pharmacies the principal source for unmarried youth of both sexes. Government clinics play a minor role in providing contraceptive services. More family planning assistance to youth emphasizing the mans role in contraception and expansion of family planning education are needed to address the increase in unprotected premarital sexual intercourse among the young people in Guatemala.
Cilostazol exerts antiplatelet and anti‐inflammatory effects through AMPK activation and NF‐kB inhibition on hypercholesterolemic rats

This work presents a model of rats fed a high‐cholesterol diet, receiving a long‐term oral administration of cilostazol, a PDE3‐inhibitor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which cilostazol interferes with platelets signaling pathways to avoid atherosclerosis early development. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: Control group received standard rat chow (C), hypercholesterolemic group (HCD), and HCD+CIL (cilostazol group) received hypercholesterolemic diet for 45 days. HCD+CIL group received cilostazol (30 mg/kg/p.o.) once daily in the last 15 days. Platelet aggregation, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and cytokine serum levels were assessed. Expression of P‐selectin, CD40L, PKC‐α, IkB‐α, and iNOS and activation of AMPK, NF‐κB, and eNOS in the platelets were assessed using Western blot analysis. Cilostazol reduced the levels of total cholesterol (361.0 ± 12.8 vs. 111.5 ± 1.6 mg/dL), triglycerides (186.9 ± 17.7 vs. 55.4 ±3.1 mg/dL), cLDL (330.9 ± 9.7 vs. 61.5 ± 3.5 mg/dL), cVLDL (45.0 ± 4.6 vs. 11.1 ± 0.6 mg/dL), and malondialdehyde (9.4 ± 0.5 vs. 3.2 ± 0.3 nmol/mL) compared to the HCD group. Cilostazol presented antiplatelet properties and decreased inflammatory markers levels. These effects seem to be related to AMPK activation, NF‐kB inhibition, and eNOS activation.
Incidência de transmissão vertical do HIV entre gestantes soropositivas cadastradas em um serviço de referência regional Incidence of HIV vertical transmission among HIV-positive pregnant women treated at a regional reference service

Objetivo: Levantar e caracterizar a incidencia de transmissao vertical do HIV, no periodo de 2004 a 2013, entre gestantes acompanhadas por servico de referencia em DST, HIV/Aids e Hepatites Virais no interior de Minas Gerais. Metodo: Estudo quantitativo descritivo . Os dados foram obtidos em prontuarios de mulheres soropositivas para o HIV. Para analise, utilizou-se a estatistica descritiva simples. Aprovado pela Comissao de Etica em pesquisa da Fundacao de Ensino Superior de Passos (FESP), com CAAE: 28399314.8. 0000.5112. Resultados: Das 33 gestacoes acompanhadas no servico, 60,6% (20) conheciam o diagnostico antes da gravidez e 39,4% (13) o obtiveram durante o pre-natal. No primeiro grupo nao houve transmissao vertical, enquanto que no segundo houve um caso, 8%. Conclusao: Recomenda-se realizacao de teste ainda no primeiro trimestre gestacional, pois o diagnostico tardio dificulta a profilaxia. Descritores: Transmissao vertical de doenca infecciosa, HIV, Prevencao de doencas transmissiveis, Servicos de saude materno-infantil.
RESISTANCE TO VANCOMYCIN IN ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM AND FAECA LIS CLINICAL ISOLATES

The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial resistance among enterococci species isolated in Tehran Baghyatallah Hospital. It consisted of 126 isolates of E. faecalis (86%), E. faecium (9%) and other Enterococus Spp. (5%) isolated from urine (34.92%), blood (27.77%), wound swabs (19.84), stool (5%) endotracheal secretions (3.37%), abscess (3.4%), dialysis fluids (1.7%) and catheter (4%). Twelve (9.5%) isolates were resistant to vancomycin. The VRE isolates were resistant to ampicillin (75%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (58%), ciprofloxacin (41.6%), chloramphenicol (33.3%) and gentamicin (41.6%). Two (16.66%) of VRE isolates were multidrug resistant. Eight (66.6%) of the vancomycin-resistant strains and all of the MDR strains carried the vanA phenotype and genotype. The MIC of VRE isolates were between 32-512µg/ml. Our results show that most glycopeptide resistant E. faecalis and E. Faecium carried vanA. It is also possible that frequency of infections caused by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci will increase in our geographical area.
Enhanced fetal hemoglobin production by phenylacetate and 4- phenylbutyrate in erythroid precursors derived from normal donors and patients with sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia

In both sickle cell (SS) anemia and beta-thalassemia (beta-thal), an increase in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) ameliorates the clinical symptoms of the underlying disease. Several pharmacologic agents have been used to elevate HbF levels in adults; however, concerns regarding adverse effects of the prevailing drugs raise an urgent need for other agents capable of stimulating HbF production. We show here that sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) and its precursor, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (NaPB), can enhance HbF production in cultured erythroid progenitor derived from normal donors and patients with SS anemia or beta-thal, when used at pharmacologic concentrations. Treatment resulted in (1) reduced cell proliferation, (2) elevated hemoglobin (Hb) content per cell (mean cellular Hb [MCH]), and (3) an increased proportion of HbF produced, associated with elevated levels of gamma-globin mRNA. Moreover, the active phenyl-fatty acids, with NaPA as a prototype, potentiated HbF induction by other drugs of clinical interest, including hydroxyurea (HU), sodium butyrate, and 5-azacytidine (5AzaC). Efficacy could be further enhanced by introducing chlorine substituents at the phenyl ring to increase drug lipophilicity. Our findings indicate that NaPA and NaPB, both already proven safe and effective in treatment of children with urea cycle disorders, might benefit also patients with severe hemoglobinopathies. The two-phase liquid culture procedure used in this study should prove valuable in further studies exploring the mechanisms of HbF induction by these agents, and might provide an assay to predict patient response in the clinical setting.
A STUDY OF OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE AMONG CIGARETTE SMOKERS FOR ASSESSING THE RISK OF TYPE 2 DM.

Background: The WHO has estimated that the death due to smoking will be around 10 million death/year by 2020 and smoking is confirmed as second leading risk factor for death. Smoking has been associated with 20-40% of increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) of which 99% is Type 2 DM. Obesity and Insulin Resistance (IR) are an important risk factor of DM. Heavy smokers and Ex- smokers observed to have increased risk for Type 2 DM in men. Objectives: To study the association of cigarette smoking with risk of DM using Body mass Index (BMI) and IR. Subjects and methods: This is a case-control study on 57 Non-diabetic male cigarette smokers compared with 42 age and sex matched non-smokers as controls. Detailed history, clinical examination, anthropometric measurements were taken and fasting blood sample collected for estimation of plasma Insulin and glucose using standard biochemical methods. IR was calculated using HOMA-IR formulae. Result: The mean fasting Insulin (32.4 ±8.44 µIU/ml) and IR (6.96 ± 2.72) were significantly increased in the cigarette smokers although the mean fasting glucose (86.3 ± 20.2 mg/dl) were within the normal limits. A positive association existed between smoking index and fasting plasma insulin, IR and fasting glucose. The BMI showed negative correlation (r= -0.234, p< 0.02) with a mean of 22.6 ± 4.16 Kg/m 2 in cigarette smokers. Conclusions: Cigarette smokers have increased IR than non-smokers suggesting a biochemical prediabetes state. Therefore cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor of Type 2 DM.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer: Single institutional experience.

328 Background: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is emerging as a possible standard treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, there is limited data to support its efficacy. This study reviews our institution’s experience using SBRT in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PCA). Methods: Charts of all PCA patients receiving SBRT from January 2010 to June 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary end points were overall survival (OS) and tumor response assessed by RECIST criteria. 95% of the PTV (GTV + 2-3 mm) received a total dose of 20-33 Gy in five fractions (4-6.6 Gy/fraction), with up to 20% heterogeneity allowed. Pre- and post-SBRT chemotherapy regimens included gemcitabine, cisplatin, FOLFIRINOX, 5-FU or paclitaxel. Results: 84 patients received SBRT, with a median follow-up time of 15.3 months. Median age was 66.5 years, 57.1% were male and 65.5% had head tumors. 66 patients received definitive SBRT for locally advanced or borderline resectable PCA, 4 patients were treated with adjuvan.
Gill Morphology in the Red Swamp Freshwater Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambarids) (Girard 1852) from the River Nile and its Branches in Egypt

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las caracteristicas morfologicas macroscopicas y mediante microscopio electronico de barrido las branquias del cangrejo rojo de pantano de agua dulce. Nuestros resultados senalan que todas las branquias tienen la misma estructura y apariencia general. Las branquias se componen de ejes con numerosos filamentos similares a dedos, que tiene tres tipos morfologicos; redondo, punteado y con forma de gancho. Hay una variacion en la direccion de los filamentos de acuerdo con su posicion, en la parte media eran casi perpendicular al eje branquial, mientras que en el apice fueron casi paralelas al eje. Hubo un sistema caracteristico de espinas branquiales sobre el eje central, placa basal, espinas dorsales y sobre las placas epipodales bilobuladas. Se observaron cuatro formas de las ramas similares a espinas, dos procesos apuntados y dos procesos amplios. La placa epipodal bilobulada estaba desprovista de filamentos bajo microscopia electronicas, su parte apical tiene una margen libre aserrado, con una superficie ondulada, mientras que la parte media no tiene margenes aserrados.
Urinary incontinence: severity, perceptions and population prevalence in Australian women

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in women responding to the 2001 South Australian Health Omnibus Survey, a representative sample of the adult South Australian population. We examined the associations between the perception of seriousness of UI, its severity and other factors. The response rate for the survey overall was 71.3% and 1549/3037 respondents were women, UI was reported by 579/1549 (37.4%) of female respondents and severe incontinence defined by use of continence management aids by 146/1549 (9.4%). Respondents with any UI, who considered their condition to be very or moderately serious, were more likely to report severe incontinence. Women whose lifestyle was limited by incontinence were more likely to perceive their condition to be very serious. Together, severity and limitations to lifestyle were predictors of women perceiving that their incontinence was moderate to very serious. Help-seeking for incontinence may improve if education and information target women who use continence management aids, who have difficulty being involved in activities or who use other management strategies.
Analysis of hemorrhage at vaginal delivery by erythrocyte and hematocrit indices Análise da hemorragia no parto vaginal pelos índices de eritrócitos e hematócrito

Objective: To analyze hemorrhage at vaginal delivery using hemoglobin and hematocrit indices. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 328 vaginal deliveries divided into spontaneous delivery with or without episiotomy and forceps delivery. The sample was randomly stratified by type of vaginal delivery. Data were collected at admission for delivery, hospital discharge and postpartum return visit. Results: There were 122 (37.2%) deliveries without episiotomy, 147 (44.8%) with episiotomy, and 59 (18.0%) with forceps delivery and episiotomy. Hemoglobin values between admission for delivery and discharge ranged from -5.9 g/dl to 0.7 g/dl. Hemoglobin reduction was significantly higher in women having forceps delivery than in those with spontaneous deliveries, with and without episiotomy (p=0.0133 and p<0.0001, respectively). Hemorrhage was greater in the forceps delivery group than in the other groups. Conclusion: The analysis of hemorrhage at vaginal delivery by using hemoglobin and hematocrit indices showed variation among the three types of vaginal delivery studied. There was greater hemorrhage with forceps delivery and less hemorrhage with spontaneous delivery. In women with forceps delivery, postpartum indices were lower than those at hospital admission.
Divergent evolutionary morphology of the axial skeleton as a potential key innovation in modern cetaceans

Cetaceans represent the most diverse clade of extant marine tetrapods. Although the restructuring of oceans could have contributed to their diversity, other factors might also be involved. Similar to ichthyosaurs and sharks, variation of morphological traits could have promoted the colonization of new ecological niches and supported their diversification. By combining morphological data describing the axial skeleton of 73 cetacean species with phylogenetic comparative methods, we demonstrate that the vertebral morphology of cetaceans is associated with their habitat. All riverine and coastal species possess a small body size, lengthened vertebrae and a low vertebral count compared with open ocean species. Extant cetaceans have followed two distinct evolutionary pathways relative to their ecology. Whereas most offshore species such as baleen whales evolved towards an increased body size while retaining a low vertebral count, small oceanic dolphins underwent deep modifications of their axial skeleton with an extremely high number of short vertebrae. Our comparative analyses provide evidence these vertebral modifications have potentially operated as key innovations. These novelties contributed to their explosive radiation, resulting in an efficient swimming style that provides energetic advantages to small-sized species.
An X-linked meiotic drive allele has strong, recessive fitness costs in female Drosophila pseudoobscura

Selfish ‘meiotic drive’ alleles are transmitted to more than 50% of offspring, allowing them to rapidly invade populations even if they reduce the fitness of individuals carrying them. Theory predicts that drivers should either fix or go extinct, yet some drivers defy these predictions by persisting at low, stable frequencies for decades. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that drivers are especially costly when homozygous, although empirical tests of this idea are rare and equivocal. Here, we measure the fitness of female Drosophila pseudoobscura carrying zero, one or two copies of the X-linked driver sex ratio (SR). SR had strong negative effects on female offspring production and the probability of reproductive failure, and these effects were largely similar across four genetic backgrounds. SR was especially costly when homozygous. We used our fitness measurements to parametrize a population genetic model, and found that the female fitness costs observed here can explain the puzzlingly low allele frequency of SR in nature. We also use the model to show how spatial variation in female mating behaviour, fitness costs of SR and the reduced siring success of SR males can jointly explain the north–south cline in SR frequencies across North America.