Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical Assessment of Ensemble based Approaches to Classify Imbalanced Data in Binary Classification

Classifying imbalanced data with traditional classifiers is a huge challenge now-a-days. Imbalance data is a situation wherein the ratio of data within classes is not same. Many real life situations deal with such problems e.g. Web spam detection, Credit card frauds, and Fraudulent telephone calls. The problem exists everywhere when our objective is to identify exceptional cases. The problem is handled by researchers either by modifying the existing classifications methods or by developing new methods. This paper review ensemble based approaches (Boosting and Bagging based) designed to address imbalance in classes by focusing on binary classification. We compared 6 Boosting based, 7 Bagging based and 2 hybrid ensembles for their performance in imbalance domain. We use KEEL tool to evaluate the performance of these methods by implementing the methods on seven imbalance data having class imbalance ratio from 1.82 to as high as 129.44. Area Under the curve (AUC) parameter is recorded as the performance metric. We also statistically analyzed the methods using Friedman rank test and Wilcoxon Matched Pair signed rank test to strengthen the visual interpretations. After analysis, it is proved that RusBoost ensemble outperformed every other ensemble in the imbalanced data situations.
The Evaluation of the Suitability of Fish Wastes as a Source of Collagen

Fish wastes such as skin, scales, bones and fins are major by-products in the fishery and aquaculture industries which have high collagen content. Therefore, an investigation into making more effective use of under-utilized resources, acid-solubilised collagen (ASC) was extracted from fish skin, scales bones and fins. As a result, the yields of skin, scales, bones and fins collagens are 70.67%, 13.03%, 38.03% and 40%, respectively. SDS-PAGE pattern showed that ASCs of fish skin, scales, bones and fins are all type I collagen, which are composed β, α1 and α2 chains. The molecular weight of fish skin, scale and fin α1, α2 and β chains are 132.044kDa, 120.065kDa and 220.673kDa, whereas the molecular weight of fish bone α1, α2 and β chains are 139.798kDa, 124.72kDa and 229.229kDa. Denaturation temperatures (Td) of ASCs from skin, scales, bones and fins were 32.4C, 35.8C, 37.8C and 32C, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that ASCs are integrated and native. The results suggest that collagen of fish waste skin, scales, bones and fins have the potential to be an alternative source of collagen for various application in the future
Extremely Na-and Cl-rich chondrule from the CV 3 carbonaceous chondrite

We report on a study of Al3509, a large Naand Cl-rich, radially-zoned object from the oxidized CV carbonaceous chondrite Allende. Al3509 consists of fine-grained ferroan olivine, ferroan Al-diopside, nepheline, sodalite, and andradite, and is crosscut by numerous veins of nepheline, sodalite, and ferroan Al-diopside. Some poorly-characterized phases of fine-grained material are also present; these phases contain no significant H2O. The minerals listed above are commonly found in Allende CAIs and chondrules and are attributed to late-stage iron-alkali-halogen metasomatic alteration of primary high-temperature minerals. Textural observations indicate that Al3509 is an igneous object. However, no residual crystals that might be relicts of pre-existing CAI or chondrule minerals were identified. To establish the levels of Al and Cl originally present, Al–Mg and Cl–S isotopic systematics in sodalite were investigated. Al3509 shows no evidence of radiogenic Mg*, establishing an upper limit of the initial Al/Al ratio of 3 10 . All sodalite grains measured show large but variable excesses of S, which, however, do not correlate with Cl/S ratio. If these excesses are due to decay of Cl, local redistribution of radiogenic S* after Cl had decayed is required. The oxygen-isotope pattern in Al3509 is the same as found in secondary minerals resulting from iron-alkali-halogen metasomatic alteration of Allende CAIs and chondrules and in melilite and anorthite of most CAIs in Allende. The oxygen-isotope data suggest that the secondary minerals precipitated from or equilibrated with a fluid of similar oxygen-isotope composition. These observations suggest that the formation of Al3509 and alteration products in CAIs and chondrules in Allende requires a very similar fluid phase, greatly enriched in volatiles (e.g., Na and Cl) and with DO 3&. We infer that internal heating of planetesimals by Al would efficiently transfer volatiles to their outer portions and enhance the formation of volatile-enriched minerals there. We conclude that the site for the production of Naand Cl-rich fluids responsible for the formation of Al3509 and the alteration of the Allende CAIs and chondrules must have been on a protoplanetary body prior to incorporation into the Allende meteorite. Galactic cosmic rays cannot be the source of the inferred initial Cl in Allende. The problem of Cl production by solar energetic particle (SEP) bombardment and the possibility that Cl and Ca might be the product of neutron capture resulting from SEP bombardment of protoplanetary surfaces are 0016-7037/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.gca. 2011.06. 004 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel. : +1 808 956 3900; fax: +1 808 956 6322. E-mail address: sasha@higp.hawaii. edu (A.N. Krot). Extremely Naand Cl-rich chondrule from Allende 4753 discussed. This hypothesis can be tested comparing inferred “initial” Cl with neutron fluencies measured on the same samples and on phases showing S* by Sm and Gd isotopic measurements. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mineralogy of an active eolian sediment from the Namib dune, Gale crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, is using a comprehensive scientific payload to explore rocks and soils in Gale crater, Mars. Recent investigations of the Bagnold Dune Field provided the first in situ assessment of an active dune on Mars. The Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X‐ray diffraction instrument on Curiosity performed quantitative mineralogical analyses of the <150 μm size fraction of the Namib dune at a location called Gobabeb. Gobabeb is dominated by basaltic minerals. Plagioclase, Fo56 olivine, and two Ca‐Mg‐Fe pyroxenes account for the majority of crystalline phases along with minor magnetite, quartz, hematite, and anhydrite. In addition to the crystalline phases, a minimum ~42 wt % of the Gobabeb sample is X‐ray amorphous. Mineralogical analysis of the Gobabeb data set provides insights into the origin(s) and geologic history of the dune material and offers an important opportunity for ground truth of orbital observations. CheMin's analysis of the mineralogy and phase chemistry of modern and ancient Gale crater dune fields, together with other measurements by Curiosity's science payload, provides new insights into present and past eolian processes on Mars.
Variations in Branching Pattern of Superior Mesenteric Artery-A Cadaveric Study

Objective:The aim of this study was to detect and describe the existence and incidence of anatomical variations of the superior mesenteric artery by using dissection method.Materials and methods: 40 cadavers dissected, anatomy department of S.M.S.Medical college jaipur. Results: we found that 77.50% of patients presented a classic anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery, using dissection (cadaveric) method, we found the existence of variations of these abdominal blood vessels in 27.50% of cadavers. Conclusion: preoperative knowledge of such variations on the part of surgical team is exceedingly important to avoid iatrogenic arterial injury, predominantly in light of the increasing number of laproscopic interventions.
CLIL classroom discourse: Research from Europe

Under the label of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) the teaching of curriculum subjects through the medium of a foreign language has become a widely accepted feature in mainstream education systems in Europe and other parts of the world. After contextualizing its subject matter in CLIL research as a whole, this article focuses on research into classroom discourse. In order to unravel the complexities involved, three different takes on CLIL classroom discourse are discussed as an evidence-base for (a) language learning, (b) language use and social-interactional aspects of L2-interaction, and (c) processes of knowledge construction in and through a second or foreign language. The article concludes with an outline of requirements for further research in the area.
Theoretical aspects of the equivalence principle

We review several theoretical aspects of the equivalence principle (EP). We emphasize the unsatisfactory fact that the EP maintains the absolute character of the coupling constants of physics, while general relativity and its generalizations (Kaluza–Klein, …, string theory) suggest that all absolute structures should be replaced by dynamical entities. We discuss the EP-violation phenomenology of dilaton-like models, which is likely to be dominated by the linear superposition of two effects: a signal proportional to the nuclear Coulomb energy, related to the variation of the fine-structure constant, and a signal proportional to the surface nuclear binding energy, related to the variation of the light quark masses. We recall various theoretical arguments (including a recently proposed anthropic argument) suggesting that the EP be violated at a small, but not unmeasurably small level. This motivates the need for improved tests of the EP. These tests are probing new territories in physics that are related to deep, and mysterious, issues in fundamental physics.
Higher-rank graph algebras are iterated Cuntz-Pimsner algebras

Given a finitely aligned $k$-graph $\Lambda$, we let $\Lambda^i$ denote the $(k-1)$-graph formed by removing all edges of degree $e_i$ from $\Lambda$. We show that the Toeplitz-Cuntz-Krieger algebra of $\Lambda$, denoted by $\mathcal{T}C^*(\Lambda)$, may be realised as the Toeplitz algebra of a Hilbert $\mathcal{T}C^*(\Lambda^i)$-bimodule. When $\Lambda$ is locally-convex, we show that the Cuntz-Krieger algebra of $\Lambda$, which we denote by $C^*(\Lambda)$, may be realised as the Cuntz-Pimsner algebra of a Hilbert $C^*(\Lambda^i)$-bimodule. Consequently, $\mathcal{T}C^*(\Lambda)$ and $C^*(\Lambda)$ may be viewed as iterated Toeplitz and iterated Cuntz-Pimsner algebras over $c_0(\Lambda^0)$ respectively.
Affect, attitudes and decisions: Let's be more specific.

This chapter focuses on the role of affect in attitudes and decision-making. First we will briefly discuss the role of affect in attitude-formation and -change processes. Two issues have played an important role in this research area: first, the distinction between affect-based and cognition-based attitudes; second, the effects of mood on persuasion. Generally these traditions rely on a crude dichotomy between positive and negative affect and rather general, holistic measures of affect. Moreover, these traditions tend to emphasize automatic information processing. We focus on controlled information processing and continue with a discussion of the role of affect in expectancy-value models of behaviour such as Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour. Affect received only limited attention in these models. It will be argued that people anticipate post-behavioural affective consequences of their actions, and take these into account when deciding about their behavioural preferences. We will argue that the inclusio.
Does It Cost More to Be a Female Offender? A Life-Course Study of Childhood Circumstances, Crime, Drug Abuse, and Living Conditions

In this article, we use a new and rich longitudinal data set, the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study, which allows us to follow a cohort of girls and boys until they reach 48 years of age. We study differences in the social background and adult living conditions among men and women with different experiences of involvement in crime. It is clear that the female cohort members who have been registered for crime have experienced more disadvantaged childhoods than the males registered for offending. The results also indicate that involvement in crime seems to cost more for females, in terms of social exclusion.
Dynamical systems, shape theory and the Conley index

Abstract The Conley index of an isolated invariant set is defined only for flows; we construct an analogue called the ‘shape index’ for discrete dynamical systems. It is the shape of the one-point compactification of the unstable manifold of the isolated invariant set in a certain topology which we call its ‘intrinsic’ topology (to distinguish it from the ‘extrinsic’ topology which it inherits from the ambient space). Like the Conley index, it is invariant under continuation. A key point is the construction of a certain ‘index category’ associated with the isolated invariant set; this construction works equally well for flows or discrete time systems, and its properties imply the basic properties of both the Conley index and the shape index.
An Adaptive Hybrid Learning Paradigm Integrating CEEMD, ARIMA and SBL for Crude Oil Price Forecasting

Crude oil is one of the main energy sources and its prices have gained increasing attention due to its important role in the world economy. Accurate prediction of crude oil prices is an important issue not only for ordinary investors, but also for the whole society. To achieve the accurate prediction of nonstationary and nonlinear crude oil price time series, an adaptive hybrid ensemble learning paradigm integrating complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and sparse Bayesian learning (SBL), namely CEEMD-ARIMA&SBL-SBL (CEEMD-A&S-SBL), is developed in this study. Firstly, the decomposition method CEEMD, which can reduce the end effects and mode mixing, was employed to decompose the original crude oil price time series into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residue. Then, ARIMA and SBL with combined kernels were applied to predict target values for the residue and each single IMF independently. Finally, the predicted values of the above two models for each component were adaptively selected based on the training precision, and then aggregated as the final forecasting results using SBL without kernel-tricks. Experiments were conducted on the crude oil spot prices of the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent crude oil to evaluate the performance of the proposed CEEMD-A&S-SBL. The experimental results demonstrated that, compared with some state-of-the-art prediction models, CEEMD-A&S-SBL can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of crude oil prices in terms of the root mean squared error (RMSE), the mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and the directional statistic (Dstat).
The behaviour of food relative prices: An analysis across the European Countries

In this paper we analyze the behavior of relative food prices for a set of 24 European countries observed during the period 1996.1 - 2007.7. Using new methods for analyzing nonstationary panels, we are able to show that relative food prices have a common component which accounts for a large share of their variance. We show that this component has had a greater effects on the group of countries that adopt the Euro. We also find that countries in the Euro area are more market integrated, i.e. food prices tend to converge, than countries that have not adopted the Euro. Finally, we report that the half-live of a shock to relative food prices varies depending on the product, and that the adjustment is generally faster, on average about 10 months, than those usually reported in literature.
A numerical study of finite size particles in homogeneous turbulent flow

The present study addresses finite size and finite Reynolds number effects in spatially homogeneous turbulent flow seeded with solid particles. The ratio between particle diameter and Kolmogorov length scale is chosen in the interval 5-25; the Reynolds number based upon the particle diameter and the terminal velocity in ambient flow is of orderO(100). Under these conditions, the point-particle approach loses its validity, and we resort to fully-resolved simulations, realized with the aid of an immersed boundary method. The volume fraction of the solid phase is set to 5 10 3 , whereby dominant effects of inter-particle collisions are avoided. Two flow configurations are investigated: pure sedimentation in ambient fluid and sedimentation with decaying turbulent background flow, both without mean velocity gradients and with periodicity in all spatial directions. It is found that turbulence has a strong effect upon the settling velocity, initially causing a significantly slower average vertical particle velocity, and at later times (when the turbulence intensity has decayed to a weaker level) a slightly more rapid settling. At the same time turbulence is found to affect the inter-particle distances, bringing particles closer together than pure sedimentation. Further effects of settling particles upon the turbulent kinetic energy, the dissipation rate and anisotropy are discussed, as well as probability density functions of particle velocities and forces.
Investigating the surface process response to fault interaction and linkage using a numerical modelling approach

In order to better understand the evolution of rift‐related topography and sedimentation, we present the results of a numerical modelling study in which elevation changes generated by extensional fault propagation, interaction and linkage are used to drive a landscape evolution model. Drainage network development, landsliding and sediment accumulation in response to faulting are calculated using CASCADE, a numerical model developed by Braun and Sambridge, and the results are compared with field examples. We first show theoretically how the ‘fluvial length scale’, Lf, in the fluvial incision algorithm can be related to the erodibility of the substrate and can be varied to mimic a range of river behaviour between detachment‐limited (DL) and transport‐limited (TL) end‐member models for river incision. We also present new hydraulic geometry data from an extensional setting which show that channel width does not scale with drainage area where a channel incises through an area of active footwall uplift. We include this information in the coupled model, initially for a single value of Lf, and use it to demonstrate how fault interaction controls the location of the main drainage divide and thus the size of the footwall catchments that develop along an evolving basin‐bounding normal fault. We show how erosion by landsliding and fluvial incision varies as the footwall area grows and quantify the volume, source area, and timing of sediment input to the hanging‐wall basin through time. We also demonstrate how fault growth imposes a geometrical control on the scaling of river discharge with downstream distance within the footwall catchments, thus influencing the incision rate of rivers that drain into the hanging‐wall basin. Whether these rivers continue to flow into the basin after the basin‐bounding fault becomes fully linked strongly depends on the value of Lf. We show that such rivers are more likely to maintain their course if they are close to the TL end member (small Lf); as a river becomes progressively more under supplied, i.e. the DL end member (large Lf), it is more likely to be deflected or dammed by the growing fault. These model results are compared quantitatively with real drainage networks from mainland Greece, the Italian Apennines and eastern California. Finally, we infer the calibre of sediments entering the hanging‐wall basin by integrating measurements of erosion rate across the growing footwall with the variation in surface processes in space and time. Combining this information with the observed structural control of sediment entry points into individual hanging‐wall depocentres we develop a greater understanding of facies changes associated with the rift‐initiation to rift‐climax transition previously recognised in syn‐rift stratigraphy.
First-Time Homebuyer Counseling and the Mortgage Selection Experience in the United States: Evidence from the National Survey of Mortgage Originations

The existing literature on homebuyer education and counseling (HEC) consists almost exclusively of evaluations of specific programs, generally using mortgage loan performance as the metric of success. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it provides evidence on the benefits of HEC to mortgage borrowers in aspects other than mortgage performance. Second, the paper evaluates HEC in general, not just one specific program. It does so by drawing from a nationally representative sample of all first-time homebuyers in the United States who took out a mortgage in 2013 and 2014. The study data comes from the National Survey of Mortgage Originations (NSMO), a new survey co-sponsored by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). We find that 14 percent of a nationally representative sample of first-time homebuyers reported receiving some form of HEC. Using two different matching estimation techniques (propensity score and coarsened exact matching) and ordinary least squares, we find that first-time homebuyers who reported receiving HEC also reported better mortgage knowledge, higher incidence of comparing final costs to the Good Faith Estimate (GFE), higher incidence of selecting a mortgage based on cost, and higher level of satisfaction with mortgage terms and the mortgage process.
Fragmentation and Vertical Fiscal Imbalances Lessons from Moldova

Using a novel municipality-level panel dataset, this paper investigates the empiricalcharacteristics of vertical fiscal imbalances (VFIs) in Moldova over the period 2005–13. Theresults show that the extent of variation in VFIs across 898 municipalities can be explained bythe level of per capita income, fiscal capacity, and demographic characteristics, as well as thecentral government’s fiscal behavior that reflects fiscal constraints and policy preferences atthe national level. Political affiliation does not appear to be a significant factor, and the resultsare inconclusive in terms of direction. While some model specifications show larger VFIswhen the mayor of a municipality belongs to the same party ruling the central government,other models suggest better coordination and thus lower VFIs. Altogether, these findingsunderscore the need for well-coordinated reforms to create economies of scale, enhancerevenue collection, and improve the composition of spending at the subnational level.
A Review on Deep Learning Models for Wireless Sensor Networks

: The sensors in wireless sensor networks gather data about the objects they are used to sense. However, these sensors are limited in their performance by constraints of energy and bandwidth. Deep learning models like LSTM, CNN, RNN and KNN can help in overcoming such constraints. This review surveys deep learning models which have been used to improve the working efficiency of such networks. The emphasis is on applications and this paper also discusses directions for further research work in this area.
Pre- and Post-Lisbon: European Union Voting in the United Nations General Assembly

This paper focuses on effects of the Lisbon Treaty on the coherence of EU behaviour at the UN General Assembly (UNGA). It theorises the EU’s presence at the UNGA in terms of a principal–agent model wherein the EU and its entire membership are considered to constitute a collective principal while the actors playing the role of the agent have varied in different phases. It then investigates, in the light of this framework, the voting cohesion of EU member states at the UNGA between 1993 and 2012, paying particular attention to differences before and after the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. The statistical analysis shows that EU voting cohesion has been increasing in general during the last decade, but the level of cohesion is not (yet) significantly different post-Lisbon as compared to pre-Lisbon.