Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of self‐incompatible Brassica napus: (I) introgression of S‐alleles from Brassica oleracea through interspecific hybridization

Cultivars in Brassica napus var. oleifera, a self-pollinating, self-compatible species, have traditionally been developed as open-pollinated lines or populations. Significant yield gains in this species have been realized through the exploitation of heterosis. Commercial hybrid production has been possible as a result of the development of a number of pollination control systems. Self-incompatibility was transferred from B. oleracea var. italica to B. napus var. oleifera through interspecific hybridization. The response to interspecific pollination, as measured by pod elongation and initial stages of ovule development, was genotype dependent, and two highly responsive B. napus genotypes were identified. Embryo rescue was used to produce the interspecific hybrids. Isoelectric focusing of stigma proteins was used to identify S-alleles in the interspecific hybrids to facilitate backcrossing. Segregation of the S-locus through a series of back-crosses to B. napus was complicated by aneuploidy; however, the S-locus was found to segregate as a single gene. Usefulness of B. oleracea as a source of S-alleles for pollination control in B. napus is discussed.
Variations in food abundance for Japanese sardine larvae related to the Kuroshio meander

Long-term fluctuations of chlorophyll a concentration, and abundance of herbivorous or omnivorous small copepods during the spawning season of the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, were examined in relation to the types of Kuroshio meander. The purpose was to clarify the influence of the meander on the production of food organisms for the sardine larvae and their survival in the Pacific coastal region of central Japan. During an A-type meander of the Kuroshio, when the offshore and inshore movements of the Kuroshio path were small except at the beginning of the meander, the surface chlorophyll a concentration in the coastal region was lower than that during a non-A-type meander with frequent and prompt fluctuations of the Kuroshio path. The abundance of small copepods was also low during the A-type meander except in the subsequent spring just after the beginning of an A-type meander, but often high during the non-A-type meander. Prompt fluctuations of the Kuroshio path during the non-A-type meander probably cause local upwellings which stimulate primary and secondary production near the Kuroshio, and may enhance the survival of the sardine larvae. On the contrary, the quasi-stationary state of an A-type meander may be unfavourable for the production of phytoplankton and nauplii of herbivorous or omnivorous small copepods, and therefore the survival of the sardine larvae becomes poor.
Animals

It is commonly assumed that serious philosophical reflection on animals goes back only a few hundred years, to the Utilitarians or to the rise of Darwinism. This volume shows that, to the contrary, animals have been a subject of controversy and reflection in all periods of the history of philosophy. We trace the story from Greek and Indian antiquity through the Islamic and Latin medieval traditions, to Renaissance and early modern thought, ending with contemporary ideas about animals. Two main questions that arise throughout the volume are: What capacities can be ascribed to animals, and How should we treat them? Notoriously ungenerous attitudes toward animals, for instance in Aristotle and Descartes, are shown to have been more nuanced than often supposed, while remarkable defenses of benevolence toward animals are unearthed in late antiquity, India, the Islamic world, and Kant. The book also includes philosophical exploration of such topics as cannibalism, animal instinct, and the scientific testing of animals. A series of interdisciplinary reflections sheds further light on human attitudes toward animals, looking at their depiction in visual artworks from China, Africa, and Europe, as well as the rich tradition of animal fables beginning with Aesop.
Taxonomy and Ecology of Bifidobacteria

In recent years there have been some startling advances made in the taxonomy of bifidobacteria. The bifidobacteria are classified as a distinct genus Bifidobacterium, and a number of species and biovars are now recognized. As better techniques for the study of bacteria are devised, more definitive information on importance of bifidobacteria as part of the intestinal flora of humans and animals has been obtained. Some ecological relationships of this organism are reviewed in this paper.
Sustaining recreational quality of European lakes: minimizing the health risks from algal blooms through phosphorus control

1. A safe, clean water supply is critical for sustaining many important ecosystem services provided by freshwaters. The development of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and reservoirs has a major impact on the provision of these services, particularly limiting their use for recreation and water supply for drinking and spray irrigation. Nutrient enrichment is thought to be the most important pressure responsible for the widespread increase in cyanobacterial blooms in recent decades. Quantifying how nutrients limit cyanobacterial abundance in lakes is, therefore, a key need for setting robust targets for the management of freshwaters. 2. Using a dataset from over 800 European lakes, we highlight the use of quantile regression modelling for understanding the maximum potential capacity of cyanobacteria in relation to total phosphorus (TP) and the use of a range of quantile responses, alongside World Health Organisation (WHO) health alert thresholds for recreational waters, for setting robust phosphorus targets for lake management in relation to water use. 3. The analysis shows that cyanobacteria exhibit a non-linear response to phosphorus with the sharpest increase in cyanobacterial abundance occurring in the TP range from about 20 µg L-1 up to about 100 µg L-1. 4. The likelihood of exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) ‘low health alert’ threshold increases from about 5% exceedance at 16 µg L-1 to 40% exceedance at 54 µg L-1. About 50% of the studied lakes remain below this WHO health alert threshold, irrespective of high summer TP concentrations, highlighting the importance of other factors affecting cyanobacteria population growth and loss processes, such as high flushing rate. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing a more quantitative understanding of the effect of nutrients on cyanobacterial abundance in freshwater lakes provides important knowledge for restoring and sustaining a safe, clean water supply for multiple uses. Our models can be used to set nutrient targets to sustain recreational services and provide different levels of precaution that can be chosen dependent on the importance of the service provision.
Kinetic study on ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV‐01 yeast isolated from sugar cane molasses

BACKGROUND: Bio-ethanol production from renewable sources, such as sugar cane, makes it a biofuel that is both renewable and environmentally friendly. One of the strategies to reduce production costs and to make ethanol fuel economically competitive with fossil fuels could be the use of wild yeast with osmotolerance, ethanol resistance and low nutritional requirements. The aim of this work was to investigate the kinetics of ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ITV-01 yeast strain in a batch system at different glucose and ethanol concentrations, pH values and temperature in order to determine the optimum fermentation conditions. RESULTS: This strain showed osmotolerance (its specific growth rate (μmax) remained unchanged at glucose concentrations between 100 and 200 g L −1 ) as well as ethanol resistance (it was able to grow at 10% v/v ethanol). Activation energy (Ea )a nd Q10 values calculated at temperatures between 27 and 39 ◦ C, pH 3.5, was 15.6 kcal mol −1 (with a pre-exponential factor of 3.8 × 10 12 h −1 (R 2 = 0.94)) and 3.93 respectively, indicating that this system is biologically limited. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal conditions for ethanol production were pH 3.5, 30 ◦ C and initial glucose concentration 150 g L −1 . I n this case, a maximum ethanol concentration of 58.4 g L −1 , ethanol productivity of 1.8 g L −1 h −1 and ethanol yield of 0.41 g g −1 were obtained. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Feedlot Performance and Slaughter Traits of Friesian, Piemontese x Friesian and Limousin x Friesian Young Bulls under Intensive Beef Production System in Turkey

Abstract Güngör, M. , Alçiçek, A. and önenç, A. 2003. Feedlot performance and slaughter traits of Friesian, Piemontese × Friesian and Limousin × Friesian young bulls under intensive beef production system in Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 129–136. Feedlot performance and slaughter traits of Friesian (F, n=7), Piemontese × Friesian (PixF, n=7) and Limousin × Friesian (LixF, n=7) young bulls, housed on tied stalls and fattened intensively until 460 days of age, were evaluated. Feedlot performance traits were not affected by genotype. Crosses gave higher dressing per cent than F. Among non-carcass parts and body organs, only hide, liver and lungs including trachea were affected by genotype. It is concluded that despite significant difference in weight at birth, the three genotypes performed similarly.
Female Rank and Feeding Strategies in a Free-Ranging Provisioned Troop of Japanese Macaques

The pattern of feeding in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques reflected female rank. High-ranking females (HRF) obtained about 3/4 of their daily digested energy from artificial foods and 1/4 from natural sources, whereas low-ranking females (LRF) received roughly equal proportions of their daily digested energy from the two sources. LRF adjusted their feeding strategies in relation to seasonal variation of food supply. In winter, when food was scarce, dietary composition was dissimilar for HRF and LRF. The LRF strategy consisted of (1) finding new food resources and increasing the number of food items by 50%, (2) extending feeding time by 15%, while (3) reducing by 10% the time allocated to rest and social activities compared to HRF. In summer, when many fruits and seeds were available, dietary composition was similar, and the LRF strategy consisted of points 2 and 3 mentioned above. They also minimized agonistic interactions with HRF by reducing artificial food intake by 7 % and compensating with natural food.
Educational Homogamy

Individuals match on length and type of education. We find that around half of the systematic sorting on education is explained by the tendency of individuals to marry someone who went to the same educational institution or to an institution near them. This may be due to low search frictions or selection of people with the same preferences into the same institutions. The residual half of the systematic sorting on education is a direct effect of partners’ education, which is potentially explained by complementarities in household production in couples with same education.
ASPM-lexical tone association in speakers of a tone language: Direct evidence for the genetic-biasing hypothesis of language evolution

A link between ASPM gene and tone feature provides direct evidence for the genetic-biasing hypothesis of language evolution. How language has evolved into more than 7000 varieties today remains a question that puzzles linguists, anthropologists, and evolutionary scientists. The genetic-biasing hypothesis of language evolution postulates that genes and language features coevolve, such that a population that is genetically predisposed to perceiving a particular linguistic feature would tend to adopt that feature in their language. Statistical studies that correlated a large number of genetic variants and linguistic features not only generated this hypothesis but also specifically pinpointed a linkage between ASPM and lexical tone. However, there is currently no direct evidence for this association and, therefore, the hypothesis. In an experimental study, we provide evidence to link ASPM with lexical tone perception in a sample of over 400 speakers of a tone language. In addition to providing the first direct evidence for the genetic-biasing hypothesis, our results have implications for further studies of linguistic anthropology and language disorders.
Consumptive Water Use by Sub‐irrigated Turfgrasses under Desert Conditions1

Irrigation is essential for turfgrass growth in the arid southwest. Water conservation is equally essential. To irrigate properly, levels of consumptive water use and the factors which affect them must be known. This study evaluated effects of management, local climate, species, and cultivars upon water use. Three bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), a zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), St. Augustinegrass [Stenotophrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were grown in a local washed mortar sand in percolation lysimeters with measured subirrigation at Tucson, Ariz. There were no significant differences in consumptive water use among the bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass at either of two managements. Raising the water table 10 cm and overseeding with annual ryegrass in winter significantly increased consumptive use. St. Augustinegrass and tall fescue used significantly more water than the bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass. Consumptive water use varied with evaporative demand as measured by Class A pan. Consumptive use values expressed as percentage of evaporative pan losses ranged from 42 to 80% depending upon management and grass. Mean annual percentages were 46 for bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass, 58 for St. Augustinegrass, and 64 for tall fescue grown with the same water table. The same percentage was 58 for bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass overseeded with ryegrass in winter and maintained with a 10 cm higher water table.
Characterization of Further Erwinia amylovora Strains and the Application of the API 20E System in Diagnosis

The former phenotypic study of Erwinia amylovora (VANTOMME et al. 1982) was extended with a collection of 54 Erwinia amylovora strains from a broad plant and geographic origin. From the 85 phenotypic features studied, 72 (85%) were present in at least 90% of the strains. Only 49 (58%) of the features were shared by all strains. Thirty-eight strains were also examined by the API 20E system. The API 20E code numbers for E. amylovora are unique and, combined with an immature, (green) pear test, may be used for an accurate identification of Erwinia amylovora. Zusammenfassung Charakterisierung weiterer Erwinia amylovora Stamme und die Anwendung des API 20E-Systems bei der Diagnose Die fruhere phanotypische Untersuchung von Erwinia amylovora (VANTOMME et al. 1982) wurde durch eine Sammlung von 54 Erwinia amylovora-Stammen, die von einer Vielzahl von Pflanzen und einer breiten geographischen Herkunft stammten, erweitert. Von den untersuchten 85 phanotypischen Merkmalen waren 72 (85%) in mindestens 90% der Stamme vorhanden. Nur 49 (58%) der Merkmale waren bei alien Stammen vorhanden. 38 Stamme wurden auch mit dem API 20E-System untersucht. Die API 20E-Codenummern fur E. amylovora sind einmalig und konnen zusammen mit einem unreifen Bimentest fur eine akurate Identifizierung von Erwinia amylovora benutzt werden.
How to Measure Growth Dynamics in Tropical Trees a Review

Cambial dormancy and annual rings in tropical trees are induced by annually occurring dry periods or flooding. Growth periodicity is indicated by the leaf fall behaviour and is connected with an annual periodicity of shoot elongation. Changes in stem diameter are measured with a dendrometer or by measurable differences in the electrical resistance of the cambium. Dendrochronological methods applied to carefully prepared samples can serve as proof of the annual periodicity of growth zones. For this purpose the following methods have been used: cambial wounding, radiocarbon dating, pointer year detection and regression analyses of ring width and climate data. Although X-ray densitometry and the analysis of stable isotopes in rings of tropical trees promise to provide interesting climatological information, the use of these methods remains difficult.
Knowledge‐based models for predicting species occurrence in arable conditions

This paper explores the potential of rule-based habitat models to predict the occurrence of some common species in arable conditions. Models were developed for 10 arable plant species, 7 Hemiptera species, 8 carabid species and for 5 bird species whose ecology was sufficiently known. Rule sets linking species occurrence to environmental variables were produced using available literature and expert knowledge about ecological requirements of the selected species. Environmental variables described the nature and condition of habitats at various scales, ranging from vegetation quadrat to the landscape i na1k mradius of species sampling sites. The performance of the 34 models developed was assessed in two areas of England. Results show the rule-based habitat models developed for arable plants and birds were not very successful with Cohen’s k values often 0.4 for plants and very close to 0 for all bird species. Conversely, rule-based models performed surprisingly well for carabids and Hemiptera with k values on average 0.4. This suggests that ecological knowledge on these invertebrate species is more complete than we expected. The effect of species prevalence on model performance and the potential application of knowledge-based habitat models in the context of biodiversity assessment are discussed.
Evolutionary biology of Acacia caven (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) : infraspecific variation in fruit and seed characters

Six varieties are recognized in Acacia caven (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae; Acacia subg. Acacia, subsection Polyseriae), based on herbarium studies of vegetative characters, population-level studies of fruit and seed characters, and a map of the species' distribution and morphological variation patterns in southern South America. Two new varieties are described. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of carpological variations are discussed, and a framework is established for further studies in this and related species
Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARγ signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes Published, JLR Papers in Press, May 1, 2003. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300001-JLR200

Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has previously been shown to be the CLA isomer responsible for CLA-induced reductions in body fat in animal models, and we have shown that this isomer, but not the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer, specifically decreased triglyceride (TG) accumulation in primary human adiopcytes in vitro. Here we investigated the mechanism behind the isomer-specific, CLA-mediated reduction in TG accumulation in differentiating human preadipocytes. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation, and reduced insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 gene expression. Furthermore, trans-10,cis-12 CLA reduced oleic acid uptake and oxidation when compared with all other treatments. In parallel to CLA's effects on metabolism, trans-10,cis-12 CLA decreased, whereas cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and several of its downstream target genes when compared with vehicle controls. Transient transfections demonstrated that both CLA isomers antagonized ligand-dependent activation of PPARγ. Collectively, trans-10,cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, CLA decreased glucose and lipid uptake and oxidation and preadipocyte differentiation by altering preadipocyte gene transcription in a manner that appeared to be due, in part, to decreased PPARγ expression.
Muscoidea (Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae) described by P. J. M. Macquart (Insecta, Diptera)

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the 185 new species-group taxa that P. J. M. Macquart described in the dipteran families Fanniidae, Anrfiomyiidae and Muscidae, together with a further 5 species-group taxa that belong to other families, 9 replacement names that he proposed, and 1 nomen nudum. Notes are provided on the Diptera collections on which Macquart worked. In the Fanniidae, there are 8 species (and 1 replacement name), in Anthomyiidae, 33 species (and 4 replacement names), and in Muscidae, 144 species (and 4 replacement names). 85 lectotypes are newly designated in order to fix the identity of the names. The following new synonyms are proposed: in Anthomyiidae: Chortophila angusta Macquart, 1835 = Botanophila striolata (Fallén, 1824); Pegomyia basilaris Macquart, 1835 = Pegomya solennis (Meigen, 1826); Anthomyia brunnipennis Macquart, 1835, and Anthomyia fuscipennis Macquart, 1835 = Pegoplata aestiva (Meigen, 1826); Hylemyia caesia Macquart, 1835 = Anthomyia liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Chortophila caesia Macquart, 1835, and Anthomyia fulviceps Macquart, 1835 = Delia platura (Meigen, 1826); Chortophila cuprea Macquart, 1835, and Nerina cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 = Adia cinerella (Fallén, 1825); Chortophila geniculata Macquart, 1835 = Emmesomyia grisea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Hydrophoria liturata Macquart, 1835 = Zaphne ambigua (Fallén, 1823); Pegomyia nigrifrons Macquart, 1835 = Pegomya rufina (Fallén, 1825); Hylemyia nitida Macquart, 1835 = Chirosia flavipennis (Fallén, 1823); Anthomyia tibialis Macquart, 1835 = Pegomya conformis (Fallén, 1825); Anthomyia vicina Macquart, 1835 = Botanophila fugax (Meigen, 1826). In Muscidae: Caenosia basilaris Macquart, 1835 = Caenosia testacea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Lucilia brevigaster Macquart, 1835 = Neomyia timorensis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Pyrellia desjardinsii Macquart, 1843 = Neomyia viridifrons (Macquart, 1843); Aricia latipennis Macquart, 1843 = Dimorphia tristis (Wiedemann, 1819); Pyrellia violacea Macquart, 1851 = Neomyia diffidens (Walker, 1856). In Calliphoridae: Lucilia rectinevris Macquart, 1855 = Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann, 1830). One new combination is proposed: Chrysomya flavidipennis (Macquart, 1843), in Calliphoridae.
Effects of overtopping vegetation on light availability and growth of Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii) seedlings

To examine the effects of overtopping vegetation on solar irradiance reaching Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Parry) seedlings and on crop seedling performance, neighborhood studies were established at six sites in mixed shrub–herb and fireweed communities of the Interior Cedar–Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia. These communities were dominated by mixtures of fireweed (Epilobiumangustifolium L.), thimbleberry (Rubusparviflorus Nutt.), red raspberry (Rubusidaeus L.), and (or) bracken fern (Pteridiumaquilinum (L.) Kuhn). Three hundred and eighty-eight planted Engelmann spruce seedlings, between 1 and 5 years of age, served as plot centers for measurements in 1990 and 1991. Vegetation had been clipped around 109 of these seedlings in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Seedling diameter and height were measured in the autumn of 1990 and 1991. Vegetation cover, vegetation height, and the fraction of full sunlight reaching the top branches of each spruce seedling were measured in midsummer of 1991. A simple compe.