Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of the X9.3 Flare on 2017 September 6: Evolving Magnetic Topology

Three-dimensional magnetic topology is crucial to understanding the explosive release of magnetic energy in the corona during solar flares. Much attention has been given to the pre-flare magnetic topology to identify candidate sites of magnetic reconnection, yet it is unclear how the magnetic reconnection and its attendant topological changes shape the eruptive structure and how the topology evolves during the eruption. Here we employed a realistic, data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic simulation to study the evolving magnetic topology for an X9.3 eruptive flare that occurred on 2017 September 6. The simulation successfully reproduces the eruptive features and processes in unprecedented detail. The numerical results reveal that the pre-flare corona contains multiple twisted flux systems with different connections, and during the eruption these twisted fluxes form a coherent flux rope through tether-cutting-like magnetic reconnection below the rope. Topological analysis shows that the rising flux rope is wrapped by a quasi-separatrix layer, which intersects itself below the rope, forming a topological structure known as a hyperbolic flux tube, where a current sheet develops, triggering the reconnection. By mapping footpoints of the newly reconnected field lines, we are able to reproduce both the spatial location and, for the first time, the temporal separation of the observed flare ribbons, as well as the dynamic boundary of the flux rope’s feet. Furthermore, the temporal profile of the total reconnection flux is comparable to the soft X-ray light curve. Such a sophisticated characterization of the evolving magnetic topology provides important insight into the eventual understanding and forecasting of solar eruptions.
Nonlinear Transverse Cascade and Sustenance of MRI Turbulence in Keplerian Disks with an Azimuthal Magnetic Field

We investigate magnetohydrodynamic turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in Keplerian disks with a nonzero net azimuthal magnetic field using shearing box simulations. As distinct from previous studies, we analyze turbulence dynamics in Fourier ( -) space to understand its sustenance. The linear growth of the MRI with the azimuthal field has a transient character and is anisotropic in Fourier space, leading to anisotropy of nonlinear processes in Fourier space. As a result, the main nonlinear process appears to be a new type of angular redistribution of modes in Fourier space—the nonlinear transverse cascade—rather than the usual direct/inverse cascade. We demonstrate that the turbulence is sustained by the interplay of the linear transient growth of the MRI (which is the only energy supply for the turbulence) and the transverse cascade. These two processes operate at large length scales, comparable to the box size (disk scale height); the corresponding small wavenumber area, called the vital area in Fourier space, is crucial for the sustenance, while outside the vital area, direct cascade dominates. The interplay of the linear and nonlinear processes in Fourier space is generally too intertwined for a vivid schematization. Nevertheless, we reveal the basic subcycle of the sustenance that clearly shows the synergy of these processes in the self-organization of the magnetized flow system. This synergy is quite robust and persists for the considered different aspect ratios of the simulation boxes. The spectral characteristics of the dynamical processes in these boxes are qualitatively similar, indicating the universality of the sustenance mechanism of the MRI turbulence.
Detecting Imperfect Substitution between Comparably Skilled Immigrants and Natives: A Machine Learning Approach

Immigration economists often disagree about whether comparably skilled immigrants and natives are perfect substitutes in the United States and other developed countries, leading these scholars to different assessments of the labor market impacts of immigration and policy recommendations. This article attempts to provide theoretical bases for understanding the immigrant-native substitution and to introduce machine learning techniques to resolve the empirical debate. Using the male subsample from the US Census and American Community Survey, it shows that the difference in covariate selection explains substantial disagreements in estimating immigrant-native substitution. Given the difficulties in providing compelling theoretical justifications for covariates selected, this article proposes estimating via the Lasso-type (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) estimators. My Lasso-based estimation rejects perfect substitution, but it also implies easier substitution than that preferred by Ottaviano and Peri, suggesting more direct immigrant-native competition. By extending the sample to women, I find similar immigrant-native substitution across gender. Therefore, this article casts doubt on previous immigration impact assessments. Indeed, my simulation suggests considerable precision gains concerning the immigration's wage impacts on immigrants themselves. Furthermore, this article identifies immigrant segregation as a critical source of the national-level imperfect substitution, which decreases within progressively smaller regions and almost disappears in the same city. By introducing the Lasso-type estimators into migration studies, this article makes solid progress toward evaluating and understanding imperfect immigrant-native substitution and its socioeconomic consequences.
Transverse spin transfer to 
Λ
 and 
Λ¯
 hyperons in polarized proton-proton collisions at 
s=200  GeV

The transverse spin transfer from polarized protons to $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ hyperons is expected to provide sensitivity to the transversity distribution of the nucleon and to the transversely polarized fragmentation functions. We report the first measurement of the transverse spin transfer to $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ along the polarization direction of the fragmenting quark, $D_\mathrm{TT}$, in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\,\mathrm{GeV}$ with the STAR detector at RHIC. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of $18\,\mathrm{pb}^{-1}$ and cover the pseudorapidity range $\left|\eta\right| < 1.2$ and transverse momenta $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ up to $8\,\mathrm{GeV}/c$. The dependence on $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ are presented. The $D_\mathrm{TT}$ results are found to be comparable with a model prediction, and are also consistent with zero within uncertainties.
Genomic Consequences of Fragmentation in the Endangered Fennoscandian Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Accelerating climate change is causing severe habitat fragmentation in the Arctic, threatening the persistence of many cold-adapted species. The Scandinavian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is highly fragmented, with a once continuous, circumpolar distribution, it struggled to recover from a demographic bottleneck in the late 19th century. The future persistence of the entire Scandinavian population is highly dependent on the northernmost Fennoscandian subpopulations (Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula), to provide a link to the viable Siberian population. By analyzing 43 arctic fox genomes, we quantified genomic variation and inbreeding in these populations. Signatures of genome erosion increased from Siberia to northern Sweden indicating a stepping-stone model of connectivity. In northern Fennoscandia, runs of homozygosity (ROH) were on average ~1.47-fold longer than ROH found in Siberia, stretching almost entire scaffolds. Moreover, consistent with recent inbreeding, northern Fennoscandia harbored more homozygous deleterious mutations, whereas Siberia had more in heterozygous state. This study underlines the value of documenting genome erosion following population fragmentation to identify areas requiring conservation priority. With the increasing fragmentation and isolation of Arctic habitats due to global warming, understanding the genomic and demographic consequences is vital for maintaining evolutionary potential and preventing local extinctions.
Multi-Bioactivity of Protein Digests and Peptides from Oat (Avena sativa L.) Kernels in the Prevention of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome

The aim of this study was to characterize the digests and peptides derived from oat kernel proteins in terms of their major enzyme inhibitory activities related to the prevention of cardiometabolic syndrome. It also entailed the characteristics of antioxidant bioactivity of the analyzed material. The study was carried out using coupled in silico and in vitro methods. The additional goal was to investigate whether identified peptides can pervade Caco-2 cells. Based on the results of bioinformatic analysis, it was found that the selected oat proteins may be a potential source of 107 peptides with DPP-IV and/or ACE inhibitory and/or antioxidant activity. The duodenal digest of oat kernels revealed multiple activities. It inhibited the activities of the following enzymes: DPP-IV (IC50 = 0.51 vs. 10.82 mg/mL of the intact protein), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.55 vs. 25.20 mg/mL), and ACE (IC50 = 0.82 vs. 34.52 mg/mL). The DPPH• scavenging activity was 35.7% vs. 7.93% that of the intact protein. After in silico digestion of oat proteins, 24 peptides were selected for identification using LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Among them, 13 sequences were successfully identified. One of them, i.e., VW peptide, exhibited triple activities, i.e., DPP-IV and ACE inhibitory and DPPH• scavenging activity. The multifunctional peptides: PW, TF, VF, and VW, were identified in the basolateral samples after transport experiments. Both in silico and in vitro analyses demonstrated that oat kernel proteins were the abundant sources of bioactive digests and peptides to be used in a diet for patients suffering from cardiometabolic syndrome.
Deposing the Cool Corona of KPD 0005+5106

The ROSAT PSPC pulse-height spectrum of the peculiar He-rich hot white dwarf KPD 0005+5106 provided a great surprise when first analyzed by Fleming, Werner, & Barstow. It defied the best non-LTE modeling attempts in terms of photospheric emission from He-dominated atmospheres including C, N, and O and was instead interpreted as the first evidence for a coronal plasma around a white dwarf. We show here that a recent high-resolution Chandra LETGS spectrum has more structure than expected from a thermal bremsstrahlung continuum and lacks the narrow lines of H-like and He-like C expected from a coronal plasma. Moreover, a coronal model requires a total luminosity more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of the star itself. Instead, the observed 20-80 Å flux is consistent with photospheric models containing trace amounts of heavier elements such as Fe. The soft X-ray flux is highly sensitive to the adopted metal abundance and provides a metal abundance diagnostic. The weak X-ray emission at 1 keV announced by O'Dwyer and coworkers instead cannot arise from the photosphere and requires alternative explanations. We echo earlier speculation that such emission arises in a shocked wind. Despite the presence of UV-optical O VIII lines from transitions between levels n = 7 and 10, no X-ray O VIII Lyα flux is detected. We show that O VIII Lyman photons can be trapped by resonant scattering within the emitting plasma and destroyed by photoelectric absorption.
Strain Partitioning and Localization Due To Detachment Heterogeneities in Fold‐and‐Thrust Belts of Progressive Arcs: Results From Analog Modeling

Although most arcuate orogens are deformed as progressive arcs—curvature is acquired during shortening‐, they have been scarcely simulated by analog modeling. To investigate factors that control the growth of progressive curves in fold‐and‐thrust belts, we developed seven analog models where the backstop shape changed over time, and distinctive geometric heterogeneities were set in the detachment layer. These heterogeneities, often described in natural cases, include diapirs, thickness lateral variations (including pinch‐outs) of the viscous detachment layer as well as frontal pinch‐outs. Our results show that strain was partitioned between shortening structures showing radial transport directions, and both normal and oblique strike‐slip faults that accommodated arc‐lengthening. The location of any heterogeneity conditioned the nucleation of structures and thus, the wedge evolution and its resulting geometry. The presence of both diapirs and frontal silicone pinch‐outs favored the stagnation of the deformation front, and the subsequent wedge thickening up to reach the supercritical angle. Both diapirs and thickness lateral variations of the viscous layer localized arc‐parallel stretching. In addition, their configuration determined the amount and distribution of salients and recesses along the arcuate belt, diapirs and more frictional detachments favoring thicker wedges and less frontal propagation. The differential displacement between salients and recesses was accommodated by strongly partitioned transfer zones, localized by the boundaries between distinctive detachment domains. These results may be useful to investigate geometric and kinematic changes along natural progressive arcs such as the Gibraltar, Sulaiman and Zagros cases.
Runaway electron dynamics in tokamak plasmas with high impurity content

The dynamics of high energy runaway electrons is analyzed for plasmas with high impurity content. It is shown that modified collision terms are required in order to account for the collisions of the relativistic runaway electrons with partially stripped impurity ions, including the effect of the collisions with free and bound electrons, as well as the scattering by the full nuclear and the electron-shielded ion charge. The effect of the impurities on the avalanche runaway growth rate is discussed. The results are applied, for illustration, to the interpretation of the runaway electron behavior during disruptions, where large amounts of impurities are expected, particularly during disruption mitigation by massive gas injection. The consequences for the electron synchrotron radiation losses and the resulting runaway electron dynamics are also analyzed.
S B 9 : The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits

The Ninth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (http://sb9.astro.ulb.ac.be) continues the series of compilations of spectroscopic orbits carried out over the past 35 years by Batten and collaborators. As of 2004 May 1st, the new Catalogue holds orbits for 2386 systems. Some essential differences between this catalogue and its predecessors are outlined and three straightforward applications are presented: (1) completeness assessment: period distribution of SB1s and SB2s; (2) shortest periods across the H-R diagram; (3) period-eccentricity relation.
Dynamical Horizons and their Properties

A detailed description of how black holes grow in full, non-linear general relativity is presented. The starting point is the notion of dynamical horizons. Expressions of fluxes of energy and angular momentum carried by gravitational waves across these horizons are obtained. Fluxes are local and the energy flux is positive. Change in the horizon area is related to these fluxes. A notion of angular momentum and energy is associated with cross-sections of the horizon and balance equations, analogous to those obtained by Bondi and Sachs at null infinity, are derived. These in turn lead to generalizations of the first and second laws of black hole mechanics. The relation between dynamical horizons and their asymptotic states —the isolated horizons— is discussed briefly. The framework has potential applications to numerical, mathematical, astrophysical and quantum general relativity.
Identifying misleading corporate narratives: The application of linguistic and qualitative methods to commercial determinants of health research

Narratives are key to the way corporations represent themselves to the outside world, are important to the development of shared understandings and ultimately determine whether and how corporations are able to influence societal norms and participate in policy debates. A leaked corporate affairs strategy document, from the world’s largest transnational tobacco company, Philip Morris International (PMI), suggests a company concerned about credibility; it highlights “normalization” as a key strategic priority until at least 2024. This suggests that the PMI are seeking to rehabilitate their image and alter perceptions of their business. We designed a mixed-methods analysis of corporately authored content, combining quantitative querying of large bodies of text (Corpus Linguistics) with inductive coding of key themes to critically examine PMI’s corporate language and how these themes might impact public health debates. We systematically analysed a sample of PMI’s corporate communications (n = 170), comparing investor-facing (investor reports, slides and presentations as well as annual reports) and public-facing (YouTube content and Webpage content) communications covering a period of eight years (2012–2019). Our analysis identifies how PMI’s misleading external communication contradicts its core business focus and may threaten public health. In public-facing communications, PMI stress their commitment to transformation and change, while in investor-facing communications, they focus on cigarettes and reiterate the strength of their existing cigarette brand portfolios. This suggests that webpage and YouTube content provide a means through which PMI attempt to neutralise negative public perception of tobacco-product related harms and to present themselves as advocates of “better” consumer choice and even public health. The recurrence of transformation, sustainability, and science, as well as the co-option of united-nations terminology in their external-facing communications may serve to legitimise their involvement in policy arenas from which they currently excluded. We present a novel method through which corporate narratives can be monitored and critically assessed.
On the bifurcation of periodic orbits

This article is a survey on recent contributions to an effective version of Bautin's theory about the bifurcation of periodic orbits (limit cycles). The analysis of Hopf bifurcations of higher order is possible by use of the return mapping. Explicit estimates of the size of the domain on which the number of limit cycles is controlled are important in many applications of bifurcation theory (for instance in Biology and Physiology).
Properties of an H I-selected galaxy sample

We analyze the properties of a sample of galaxies identified in a 21 cm, H I-line survey of selected areas in the Perseus-Pisces supercluster and its foreground void. Twelve fields were observed in the supercluster, five of them (target fields) centered on optically bright galaxies, and the other seven (blank fields) selected to contain no bright galaxies within 45' of their centers. We detected nine previously uncatalogued, gas-rich galaxies, six of them in the target fields. We also detected H I from seven previously catalogued galaxies in these fields. Observations in the void covered the same volume as the 12 supercluster fields at the same H I-mass sensitivity, but no objects were detected. Combining our H I data with optical broadband and Ha imaging, we conclude that the properties of H I-selected galaxies do not differ substantially from those of late-type galaxies found in optical surveys. In particular, the galaxies in our sample do not appear to be unusually faint for their H I mass, or for their circular velocity. We find tentative evidence for a connection between optical surface brightness and degree of isolation, in the sense that low surface brightness galaxies tend to be more isolated. The previously catalogued, optically bright galaxies in our survey volume dominate the total H i mass density and cross section; the uncatalogued galaxies contribute only approximately 19% of the mass and approximately 12% of the cross section. Thus, existing estimates of the density and cross section of neutral hydrogen, most of which are based on optically selected galaxy samples, are probably accurate. Such estimates can be used to compare the nearby universe to the high-redshift universe probed by quasar
Evaluation of single cross maize hybrids during the spring season in Khairahani, Chitwan, Nepal

The experiment was conducted at Khairahani-5, Chitwan, Nepal from 28th February to 20th June 2021. Twenty single cross maize hybrids were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on flowering traits, physiological and disease traits, agro-morphological traits, and yield and yield contributing traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in all traits except for root lodging, the number of plants per hectare, leaf senescence, and plant aspect. The result indicated that HGABS2-15-2-1B/RL174 had the shortest days to anthesis and silking. The genotype RML138/RML140 was found to have double cob. The longest cob was found in RML76/RML146 (17.3 cm), while the highest cob diameter was found in the Shrestha (5.1cm). The maximum number of grains per row was obtained from RML57/RL174, while the highest thousand-grain weight was obtained in RAMPUR HYBRID-10. Shrestha variety produced highest grain yield (9.954tha-1) followed by RML191/RML18 (9.41tha-1), CAH1715 (9.356tha-1) and RML4/RL111 (9.021tha-1). The traits with the highest broad-sense heritability were the number of rows per ear (79%), days to fifty percent silking (75%), days to fifty percent anthesis (72%), thousand-grain weight (70%), and grain yield (68%). Correlation studies suggested that the number of ears per hectare, cob length, and thousand-grain weight showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, RML191/RML18, CAH1715, and RML4/RL111 showed better performance in terms of grain yield.
A 1574-day periodicity of transits orbiting KIC 8462852

Observations of the main sequence F3 V star KIC 8462852 (also known as Boyajian's star) revealed extreme aperiodic dips in flux up to 20% during the four years of the Kepler mission. Smaller dips (< 2%) were also observed with ground-based telescopes between May and September 2017. We investigated possible correlation between recent dips and the major dips in the last 100 days of the Kepler mission. We compared Kepler light curve data, 2017 data from two observatories (TFN, OGG) which are part of the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) network and Sternberg observatory archival data, and determined that observations are consistent with a 1,574-day (4.31 year) periodicity of a transit (or group of transits) orbiting Boyajian's star within the habitable zone. It is unknown if transits that have produced other major dips as observed during the Kepler mission (e.g. D792) share the same orbital period. Nevertheless, the proposed periodicity is a step forward in guiding future observation efforts.
Around the Clock Observations of the Q0957+561A,B Gravitationally Lensed Quasar

An observing campaign with 10 participating observatories has undertaken to monitor the optical brightness of the Q0957 gravitationally lensed quasar for 10 consecutive nights in 2000 January. The resulting A image brightness curve has significant brightness fluctuations and makes a photometric prediction for the B image light curve for a second campaign planned for 2001 March 12-21. The ultimate purpose is to determine the gravitational lens time delay to a fraction of an hour and to seek evidence of rapid microlensing.