Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability field of the hcp‐structure for Fe, Fe‐Ni, and Fe‐Ni‐Si alloys up to 3 Mbar

The phase relations of Fe, Fe90Ni10 and Fe87.9Ni4. 4Si7.7 were investigated up to 273(6) GPa and 4490(560) K, 250(19) GPa and 2730(110) K and 304(3) GPa and 2780(210) K, respectively, and the hexagonal close‐packed structure was found to be stable in all of these compounds under the pressure and temperature conditions studied. We did not observe other phases such as a body‐centered cubic structure. The axial ratio (c/a) of Fe87.9Ni4. 4Si7.7 at 300 GPa showed an almost constant value of 1.593–1.596 against temperature. The weak temperature dependency of the axial ratio of hcp‐Fe‐Ni‐Si alloy indicates that the c‐axis is still harder than the a‐axis at high temperature condition. Therefore the alignment of hcp‐Fe–Ni–Si alloy with the c‐axis parallel to the Earth's rotation axis could account for the observation of the seismic wave anisotropy of the inner core.
Lagrangian Observations of Inner-Shelf Motions in Southern California: Can Surface Waves Decelerate Shoreward-Moving Drifters Just outside the Surf Zone?

AbstractThis study explores Eulerian and Lagrangian circulation during weak winds at two inner-shelf locations off the Southern California coast where the shoreline, shelf, wind, and wave characteristics differ from those in previous studies. In agreement with recent observational studies, wave-driven Eulerian offshore flow just outside the surf zone, referred to as undertow, is a substantial component of the net cross-shore circulation during periods of weak winds. Drifter observations show onshore surface flow, likely due to light onshore winds, and a consistent decrease in onshore velocity of roughly 4 cm s−1 within a few hundred meters of the surf zone. Undertow is examined as a possible explanation for the observed Lagrangian decelerations. Model results suggest that, even when waves are small, undertow can decrease the velocity of shoreward-moving drifters by >2 cm s−1, roughly half the observed deceleration. The coastal boundary condition also has the potential to contribute to the observed deceler.
Methane release below a tropical hydroelectric dam

Tropical reservoirs upstream from hydroelectric dams are known to release significant amounts of methane to the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate that methane emissions downstream from hydroelectric dams can also be large. Emissions of CH4 downstream of Balbina reservoir in the central Amazon basin (Brazil) were calculated from regular measurements of degassing in the outflow of the turbines and downstream diffusive losses. Annual emissions from the reservoir surface and downstream from the dam were 34 and 39 Gg C, respectively. The downstream emission alone represented the equivalent of 3% of all methane released from central Amazon floodplain.
POTASSIUM–ARGON AGES FROM THE GRAPHITE DEPOSITS AND RELATED ROCKS OF SEATHWAITE, CUMBRIA

Summary Potassium–argon ages are reported from the Seathwaite graphite mine, Borrowdale, Cumbria. The age of cooling of the Steel Fell Diabase which contains the graphite veins is 382 Ma, while mineral ages of chlorite and illite from wallrock and vein matrix suggest an age of 376 Ma for the emplacement of the graphite. The late Caledonian age of the vein could temporally relate it to the similarly-trending copper-bearing veins of the Vale of Newlands.
Seismic pore space compressibility and Gassmann's relation

The pore space compressibility of a rock provides a robust, model-independent descriptor of porosity and pore fluid effects on effective moduli. The pore space compressibility is also the direct physical link between the dry and fluid-saturated moduli, and is therefore the basis of Gassmann's equation for fluid substitution. For a fixed porosity, an increase in pore space compressibility increases the sensitivity of the modulus to fluid substitution. Two simple techniques, based on pore compressibility, are presented for graphically applying Gassmann's relation for fluid substitution. In the first method, the pore compressibility is simply reweighted with a factor that depends only on the ratio of fluid to mineral bulk modulus. In the second technique, the rock moduli are rescaled using the Reuss average, which again depends only on the fluid and mineral moduli.
Bio-optical properties and its application for ocean colour algorithm in east coast of peninsular Malaysia water

• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
FORECASTING LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO IN TARAI REGION OF UTTARAKHAND USING MODIFIED JHULSACAST MODEL

Late blight is the most destructive disease affecting potato crop worldwide. Disease control requires regular application of fungicides at high rates and at short intervals throughout the growing season resulting in health and environment related problems. Timely forecasting of the disease helps in reducing crop losses caused by late blight. Fourteen worldwide published forecasting models were tested for predicting late blight in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. None of the model could predict late blight appearance under Tarai conditions with high efficacy. Since JHULSACAST model developed for western Uttar Pradesh showed highest accuracy for late blight prediction under Tarai conditions, modifications in the input parameters (relative humidity and temperature duration) were made by utilising weather data for 15 years collected at GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar for fine tuning the JHULSACAST. The modified JHULSACAST model could predict late blight within 14 days with accuracy of 86% under Tarai conditions if 7 day moving relative humidity (≥85%) period ≥85 hours and 7 day moving congenial temperature (7.2 to 26.6°C) ≥135 hours conditions prevail for 7-consecutive days. The model was validated and predicted late blight successfully for three years.
From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using different assimilation techniques

Abstract Root-zone soil moisture constitutes an important variable for hydrological and weather forecast models. Microwave radiometers like the L-band instrument on board the European Space Agency’s (ESA) future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are being designed to provide estimates of near-surface soil moisture (0–5 cm). This quantity is physically related to root-zone soil moisture through diffusion processes, and both surface and root-zone soil layers are commonly simulated by land surface models (LSMs). Observed time series of surface soil moisture may be used to analyze the root-zone soil moisture using data assimilation systems. In this paper, various assimilation techniques derived from Kalman filters (KFs) and variational methods (VAR) are implemented and tested. The objective is to correct the modeled root-zone soil moisture deficiencies of the newest version of the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere scheme (ISBA) LSM, using the observations of the surface soil mo.
Experimental study of uplift resistance of shallow skirted foundations in clay under transient and sustained concentric loading

Wind, wave and current forces cause significant overturning loads to be transmitted to foundation systems of fixed-bottom offshore structures, while buoyancy forces, in conjunction with environmental loading, impart direct tensile loads to foundations of floating facilities. Shallow skirted foundations are a potentially attractive foundation solution when overturning or tension loading is significant, as suctions mobilised within the soil plug provide tensile resistance. While passive suctions are maintained, undrained reverse end bearing will govern failure providing enhanced uplift resistance compared with vented pull-out of the foundation unit (with or without the soil plug), governed by skirt/soil friction. Currently uncertainty exists over the limiting ratio of skirt depth to foundation diameter to mobilise undrained reverse end bearing and the duration over which passive suctions can be sustained. This paper reports results from beam centrifuge tests investigating the response of shallow skirted fou.
Denoising seismic noise cross correlations

[1] Seismic noise cross correlations have become a novel way of probing the elastic structure of the Earth without relying on an often highly nonuniform and sporadic distribution of earthquakes. By circumventing this restriction, one can determine the elastic Green's function between any two points where instruments exist. For tomography, this will allow for a larger distribution of crossing paths and therefore better resolution in the inversions. One can also monitor the same station pair Green's functions for changes in the state of the Earth, an application that has been employed in volcanic monitoring. One limitation of this cross-correlation technique is that the input time series are frequently very long to recover high-fidelity signals. We present two time-frequency stacking algorithms to denoise the correlated signals and to alleviate this problem; increasing signal-to-noise ratios allows for high-fidelity Green's functions to be constructed from shorter time series. We demonstrate the increase in signal fidelity by applying these routines to seismic data, first to ambient noise across southern California and then to data from le Piton de la Fournaise volcano on La Reunion Island. In the former, we find that denoising the data allows for more traveltimes to be measured, particularly at longer station separations, across all passbands examined except for long-period Love waves, where no data are recovered. In the latter, we apply a time-frequency denoising algorithm to resolve subtle shifts in phase in cross correlations between seismic stations that occur before eruptions: we see a clear precursor to the June 2000 eruption.
Lab and Field Experiments: Are They the Same Animal?

a r t i c l e i n f o To advance our understanding of biological processes we often plan our experiments based on published data. This can be confusing though, as data from experiments performed in a laboratory environment are sometimes different from, or completely opposite to, findings from similar experiments performed in the " real world ". In this mini-review, we discuss instances where results from laboratory experiments differ as a result of laboratory housing conditions, and where they differ from results gathered in the field environment. Experiments involving endocrinology and behavior appear to be particularly susceptible to influence from the environment in which they are performed. As such, we have attempted to promote discussion of the influence of housing environment on the reproductive axis, circadian biology and behavior, immune function, stress biology, neuroplasticity and photoperiodism. For example, why should a rodent species be diurnal in one housing environment yet nocturnal in another? Are data that are gathered from experiments in the laboratory applicable to the field environment, and vice-versa? We hope not only to highlight the need for experiments in both lab and field when looking at complex biological systems, but also to promote frank discussion of discordant data. Perhaps, just as study of individual variation has been gaining momentum in recent years, data from variation between experimental arenas can provide us with novel lines of research. The great tragedy of Science — the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. Introduction The vast majority of experiments involving vertebrates are performed in a laboratory environment. The main reason behind this is straightforward: to control as many environmental variables as possible, facilitating interpretation of the resulting data. In general, this type of experiment tends to yield relatively " clean " data and allows us to investigate the effects of a specific manipulation. If, after careful statistical analysis, we can reject our initial null hypothesis, then we have a foundation upon which we can devise further experiments. Hopefully in time we are able to gain some insight into the biological workings of our model organism, whether we are studying behavioral, physiological or molecular mechanisms, or a combination of all three. What happens if we take our initial experiment out to the model organism's natural environment, where there are numerous uncontrollable physical and socio
Structure and Evolution of Precipitation along a Cold Front in the Northeastern United States

Abstract Heavy precipitation in the northeastern United States is examined through observational and numerical modeling analyses for a weather system that produced extreme rainfall rates and urban flash flooding over the New York–New Jersey region on 4–5 October 2006. Hydrometeorological analyses combine observations from Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) weather radars, the National Lightning Detection Network, surface observing stations in the northeastern United States, a vertically pointing lidar system, and a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer with simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Rainfall analyses from the Hydro-Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) system, based on observations from WSR-88D radars in State College, Pennsylvania, and Fort Dix, New Jersey, and WRF model simulations show that heavy rainfall was organized into long-lived lines of convective precipitation, with associated regions of stratiform precipitation, that develop along a frontal zone. S.
Initial Trophic vs Full Enteral Feeding in Patients With Acute Lung Injury: The EDEN Randomized Trial

MECHANICALLY VENTIlated patients cannot eat normally and if not fed for long periods become malnourished. Because malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients, artificial nutrition is often provided, especially in those with acute lung injury (ALI) and with expected longer duration of mechanical ventilation. When feasible, enteral nutrition targeting full caloric needs has been advocated over parenteral nutrition. However, feeding intolerance and common care practices (eg, gastric residual volume [GRV] limits) often serve as practical barriers to reaching recommended goals. Although confounded by indication and severity of illness, several observational studies have shown improved clinical outcomes, including fewer infections, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, and lower mortality for patients receiving a higher percentage of calculated caloric needs. Nonetheless, the best timing, formulation, and amount of enteral nutrition remain unknown. In fact, some recent data suggest that hypocaloric feeding, or permissive underfeeding, may result in shorter
CH4 and N2O fluxes in the Colorado shortgrass steppe: 1. Impact of landscape and nitrogen addition

A weekly, year-round nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) flux measurement program was initiated in nine sites within the Central Plains Experimental Range in the Colorado shortgrass steppe in 1990 and continued through 1994. This paper reports the observed intersite, interannual, and seasonal variation of these fluxes along with the measured variation in soil and air temperature and soil water and mineral nitrogen content. We found that wintertime fluxes contribute 20–40% of the annual N2O emissions and 15–30% of CH4 consumption at all of the measurement sites. Nitrous oxide emission maxima were frequently observed during the winter and appeared to result from denitrification when surface soils thawed. Interannual variation of N2O maximum annual mean fluxes was 2.5 times the minimum during the 4-year measurement period, while maximum annual mean CH4 uptake rates were 2.1 times the minimum annual mean uptake rates observed within sites. Generally, site mean annual flux maxima for CH4 uptake corresponded to minimum N2O fluxes and vice versa, which supports the general concept of water control of diffusion of gases in the soil and limitations of soil water content on microbial activity. We also observed that pastures that have similar use history and soil texture show similar N2O and CH4 fluxes, as well as similar seasonal and annual variations. Sandy loam soils fertilized with nitrogen 5–13 years earlier consumed 30–40% less CH4 and produced more N2O than unfertilized soils. In contrast, the N addition 13 years ago does not affect CH4 uptake but continues to increase N2O emissions in a finer-textured soil. Our long-term data also show that soil mineral N concentration is not a reliable predictor of observed changes, or lack of changes, in either N2O efflux or CH4 uptake. Finally, from our data we estimate that annual global N2O emission rates for native, temperate grasslands are about 0.16 Tg N2O-N yr−1, while CH4 consumption totals about 3.2 Tg CH4-C yr−1.
Gender and quality of life and coping over one year after myocardial infarction: do men really have the upper hand?

Background: Multiple reports have confirmed that quality of life (QoL) in women after myocardial infarction (MI) is worse compared to men of the same age but some variation depending on QoL dimension was also reported. A less studied issue is coping after MI. Aim: The present study examined whether gender affected the level and dynamics of QoL and coping over 1 year after MI. Methods: This questionnaire-based study included 3 stages, at the beginning and the end of a rehabilitation programme (n = 222, 163 [73%] men) and 1 year later (n = 140, 98 [70%] men). The MacNew questionnaire was used for evaluating cardiac patient-specific QoL in 3 dimensions: physical, emotional and social. Coping was examined using a modified COPE scale that allows assessment of seven coping strategies. Results: Compared to women, men had higher levels of emotional and physical QoL at the first and second stage of the study. At the third stage, men and women did not differ in any QoL aspect. Significant gender-time interactions were found for physical QoL (F(2.137) = 8.66; p = 0.001, eta2 = 0.07) and for 2 of 7 coping strategies: sense of humour (F(2.137) = 4.10; p = 0.02, eta2 = 0.06) and turning to religion (F(2.137) = 3.55; p = 0.03, eta2 = 0.05). Conclusions: Men demonstrated higher levels of physical and emotional QoL during inpatient rehabilitation but no gender-related differences in any QoL dimension were seen at 1 year. The dynamics of physical QoL changes was related to gender, with improvement seen in women and deterioration seen in men. There were also gender-related differences in the dynamics and levels of certain coping strategies. The observed changes in QoL and coping suggest that some of the beneficial effects of rehabilitation could not be maintained over 1 year. These unfavourable changes are more frequent in men.
Magnetic flux transport in the Dungey cycle: A survey of dayside and nightside reconnection rates

[1] Changes in the open flux content of the ionospheric polar cap, estimated from auroral, radar, and low-Earth orbit particle measurements, are used to determine dayside and nightside reconnection rates during 73 hours of observation spread over nine intervals. We identify 25 episodes of nightside reconnection and examine statistically the rates and durations of reconnection, as well as possible triggers for the onset of reconnection, such as changes in solar wind ram pressure or orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. Approximately half of the events can possibly be identified with a trigger, the other half appearing spontaneous. On average 0.3 GWb of open flux are closed in each event, with average durations and reconnection rates being 70 min and 85 kV. We find no evidence for a low background rate of nightside reconnection between these events and conclude that substorms and other large reconnection bursts provide the major or only source of flux closure on the nightside.
Relationship Between Fibrosis Detected on Late Gadolinium-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Re-Entrant Activity Assessed With Electrocardiographic Imaging in Human Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

OBJECTIVES— This study sought to assess the relationship between fibrosis and re-entrant activity in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND— The mechanisms involved in sustaining re-entrant activity during AF are poorly understood. METHODS— Forty-one patients with persistent AF (age 56 ± 12 years; 6 women) were evaluated. High-resolution electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) was performed during AF by using a 252-chest electrode array, and phase mapping was applied to locate re-entrant activity. Sites of high reentrant activity were defined as re-entrant regions. Late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed at 1.25 × 1.25 × 2.5 mm resolution to characterize atrial fibrosis and measure atrial volumes. The relationship between LGE burden and the number of re-entrant regions was analyzed. Local LGE density was computed and characterized at reentrant sites. All patients underwent catheter ablation targeting re-entrant regions, the procedural endpoint being AF termination. Clinical, CMR, and ECGI predictors of acute procedural success were then analyzed. RESULTS— Left atrial (LA) LGE burden was 22.1 ± 5.9% of the wall, and LA volume was 74 ± 21 ml/m 2 . The number of re-entrant regions was 4.3 ± 1.7 per patient. LA LGE imaging was significantly associated with the number of re-entrant regions (R = 0.52, p = 0.001), LA volume (R = 0.62, p < 0.0001), and AF duration (R = 0.54, p = 0.0007). Regional analysis demonstrated a clustering of re-entrant activity at LGE borders. Areas with high re-entrant activity showed higher local LGE density as compared with the remaining atrial areas (p < 0.0001). Failure to achieve AF termination during ablation was associated with higher LA LGE burden (p < 0.001), higher number of re-entrant regions (p < 0.001), and longer AF duration (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS— The number of re-entrant regions during AF relates to the extent of LGE on CMR, with the location of these regions clustering to LGE areas. These characteristics affect procedural outcomes of ablation.
High ice crystal production in winter cumuli over the Japan Sea

An aircraft equipped with a new video camera designed to count ice crystals flew into the Hokuriku winter cumulus clouds which developed over the Japan sea during typical Monsoon weather. On one day we encountered cumulus clouds which formed many small ice crystals. There, a very high concentration of ice crystals in the size of 60/100 μm in diameter was measured when both large and small graupel were observed, while medium-sized graupel were missing. It was proposed that ice crystals were shattered in the collision of large and small graupel, which have different ice surfaces formed by different modes.