Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of diquat on photosynthesis in Scenedesmus

The effect of dipyridylium compounds on photosynthesis has been studied by various authors, mainly with higher plants (1). The two best known compounds are diquat and paraquat which both cause a similar response (2). MEES (3) showed that light increased the rate of killing of bean leaf discs by diquat. Etiolated wheat seedlings, treated in the light with diquat, behaved like light-grown seedlings, treated in the dark, indicating that chlorophyll was needed to obtain the maximum rate of killing. Upon pretreatment with monuron, or in the absence of oxygen, no stimulating effect of light on the rate of killing was observed. The herbicide sometimes caused initial stimulation of respiration, and inhibition lateron. The stimulation was dependent on continuous supply of diquat to the tissues, while the inhibition was not. BRIAN (4) reported that the reduction of NADP in chloroplasts is competitively inhibited by diquat. The inhibition results from competition for electrons. Reduction of diquat is preferent, due to the redox properties of the two systems. In the dark, respiration supplies energy for the reduction of diquat, leading to the production of free radicals. Secondarily, in the presence of oxygen, peroxyde radicals are formed. It has been suggested that these radicals disrupt cell membranes, ultimately causing the death of the plants. LANG and SEAMAN (5) found rapid chlorosis and death of Lemna and Azolla by low concentrations of diquat or paraquat ions. In both cases, chlorosis was directly related to concentration, light intensity, and duration of treatment. Electron microscope observations indicated major differences in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts in treated plants as compared with the controls ; breakdown in the regular pattern of chloroplast lamellae and grana was frequently observed. Anaerobiosis protected the pigment system of beans, exposed to light, from bleaching by paraquat (6). Light, also in the absence of oxygen, brought about
MSB R-CNN: A Multi-Stage Balanced Defect Detection Network

Deep learning networks are applied for defect detection, among which Cascade R-CNN is a multi-stage object detection network and is state of the art in terms of accuracy and efficiency. However, it is still a challenge for Cascade R-CNN to deal with complex and diverse defects, as the widely varied shapes of defects lead to inefficiency for the traditional convolution filter to extract features. Additionally, the imbalance in features, losses and samples cause lower accuracy. To address the above challenges, this paper proposes a multi-stage balanced R-CNN (MSB R-CNN) for defect detection based on Cascade R-CNN. Firstly, deformable convolution is adopted in different stages of the backbone network to improve its adaptability to the varying shapes of the defect. Then, the features obtained by the backbone network are refined and enhanced by the balanced feature pyramid. To overcome the imbalance of classification and regression loss, the balanced L1 loss is applied at different stages to correct it. Finally, for the sample selection, the interaction of union (IoU) balanced sampler and the online hard example mining (OHEM) sampler are combined at different stages to make the sampling more reasonable, which can bring a better accuracy and convergence effect to the model. The results of our experiments on the DAGM2007 dataset has shown that our network (MSB R-CNN) can achieve a mean average precision (mAP) of 67.5%, an increase of 1.5% mAP, compared to Cascade R-CNN.
Many-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on New Fitness Allocation and Multiple Cooperative Strategies

Many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs) refer to those multi-objective problems (MOPs) with more than three objectives. In order to solve MaOPs, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm based on new fitness assignment and multi cooperation strategy (FAMSHMPSO) is proposed. Firstly, this paper proposes a new fitness allocation method based on fuzzy information theory to enhance the convergence of the algorithm. Then a new multi-criteria mutation strategy is introduced to disturb the population and improve the diversity of the algorithm. Finally, the external files are maintained by the three-point shortest path method, which improves the quality of the solution. The performance of FAMSHMPSO algorithm is evaluated by evaluating the mean value, standard deviation, and IGD+ index of the target value on dtlz test function set of different targets of FAMSHMPSO algorithm and other five representative multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. The experimental results show that FAMSHMPSO algorithm has obvious performance advantages in convergence, diversity, and robustness.
Bioconcentration efficiency of Lemna minor L. and Lemna gibba L. for trace metals in three southeastern Bulgarian water reservoirs

La lenteja de agua se utiliza en el tratamiento de aguas residuales para eliminar sustancias nocivas, minerales y contaminación orgánica. El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar la eficiencia de bioconcentración de metales pesados en Lemna minor y Lemna gibba provenientes de tres embalses del sureste de Bulgaria: el canal de la ciudad de Elhovo, el canal del lago Vaja y el canal del lago Mandra. Se analizaron los contenidos de proteína cruda, lípidos y ceniza en las especies estudiadas de Lemna. Los metales pesados en agua y plantas acuáticas se determinaron con un espectrómetro de absorción atómica (AAS) "A Analyst 800" - Perkin Elmer. Las concentraciones de metales en L. minor y L. gibba mostraron una tendencia descendente: Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni> Cr>Pb>Cd en las tres masas de agua. Duckweed is used in wastewater treatment to remove inorganic substances, mineral and organic contamination. The purpose of present study was to investigate a Lemna minor and Lemna gibba bioconcentration efficiency of trace metals in three southeast Bulgarian water reservoirs. Three waterbodies located on the territory of South East Bulgaria: water canal town Elhovo, water canal Vaja Lake and water canal Mandra Lake was studied. Crude protein, lipid, ash content in studied species of Lemna were analyzed. The trace metal content in water and aquatic plants was determined on an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) "A Analyst 800" - Perkin Elmer. The concentrations of metals in both L. minor and L. gibba and for all sites showed a downward trend: Mn>Fe> Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd.
Surveillance Data Analysis of Typhoid Fever in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia (2015 - 2019)

IntroductionTyphoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe and it is a serious illness in developing countries. Typhoid fever is prevalent in Ethiopia and the burden differs with diverse demography, environment, and climate. Efficient evidence concerning the trend of typhoid fever is important for targeted intervention in the catchment area. So, ongoing analysis of surveillance data is vital but there is no data regarding typhoid fever trend and distribution in the study area. The study aimed to determine the proportion of typhoid fever cases by person, district, and time ,and to assess the mortality rate of typhoid fever. MethodDescriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among monthly reported typhoid fever surveillance data of 5 years (2015-2019) in Jimma Zone. The data were retrieved, analyzed, and interpreted from May 20/2019 to June 7/ 2019. The study population is estimated to be 3425206. SPSS version 21 was used to enter and analyze the data. ResultA total of 36641 typhoid fever cases were reported. The total prevalence rate during the five years was 24 cases per10,000 residents. The disease mostly occurred in March with these 7200(20%) reported during the period. The majority of the investigated cases were identified in Qarsa woreda 4476(12.2%), Followed by Gomma 4075(11.1%) and Mana 3267 (8.9%) wereda. 159 (0.4%) of the reported cases were admitted and the majority 60 (37.7%) were from Gumay wereda but there was no death from all wereda in the five years. Conclusion and RecommendationTyphoid fever was a major public health problem in the Jimma zone for the last 5 years. The highest incidence of typhoid fever cases was reported at the end of the dry season particularly in March and the distribution of cases was positively skewed to Qarsa, Gomma, and Mana wereda among the surveillance areas. Zonal health departments should strengthen the interventions focused on the wereda that had a high burden of typhoid fever at the end of the dry season.
Don’t send an avatar to do a human’s job: investigating adults’ preferences for discussing embarrassing topics with an avatar

Abstract Disclosing information in help-seeking settings is important, but often, disclosure in these contexts is low due to embarrassment. Here, we examined adults’ views about disclosing embarrassing information to an avatar interviewer. In Study 1, 296 adults were asked to indicate their preference to speak to an avatar or to a human about each of the 41 topics varying in degrees of embarrassment. Regardless of topic, participants indicated a higher preference for talking to a human over an avatar. In Study 2, 50 adults indicated their preference to speak to an avatar or to a human about each topic after they had experience with each kind of interviewer. Again, regardless of topic, participants indicated a higher preference for talking to a human over an avatar. In sum, the present study highlights that for communicating embarrassing topics in help-seeking settings, some people may prefer their own kind over an avatar.
Does country-level governance matter for national development? An analysis on the founding states of Turkic council

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine if there is a long-term relationship between the participation of ‘country-level governance’ and ‘national development’ through the data of founding countries of the Cooperation Council of Turkish Speaking States (Turkic Council)? The hypothesis of there is a significant long-term relationship between country-level governance and national development was tested via the panel data analysis of four Turkic countries: Azerbaijan, Kirgizstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey. The compounds of the ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’ were used as the independent variable, and ‘Human Development Index’ as the dependent variable. A Panel Causation Test was conducted to investigate if there are long-term co-integration and causation between country-level governance and national development. Our results found that there is significant causation between the country-level governance indicators of ‘Voice and Accountability’ and ‘Government Effectiveness’ with the ‘national development’ process. Thus, our findings will contribute to both academics who study the effects of governance on development and to policymakers who utilize these sources for improved political and social development with the aim to prevent poverty and improve access to basic human needs.
Structure of Cross-Bridges in Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle Activated by Photolysis of Caged Ca2+

In order to understand the contraction mechanism in vertebrate skeletal muscle, one must correlate the structural and mechanical details of the cross-bridge cycle on the millisecond time scale. Using electron microscopy, I investigated the structure of cross-bridges in fibers activated by photolysis of caged ca2+ and then ultrarapidly frozen and freeze substituted with tannic acid and OsO4. Sections from relaxed fibers show helical tracks, presumed to be rnyosin heads, on the thick filament surface. Optical diffraction patterns show strong meridional spots and layer lines up to the 6th order of the 429 Å repeat, indicating preservation and resolution of periodic structures smaller than 100 Å . Following photo-release of ca2+, the myosin 1/429 Å-1 layer line becomes less intense, and higher orders disappear, both with a time course which precedes the rise in tension. Å 1/360 Å-1 layer line appears early in contraction ( 12-15 ms) and becomes stronger at later times. The intensity of the 1/143 Å_-1 meridional spot decreases initially and then increases to greater than its value in relaxed fibers, while it broadens six-fold laterally. The 1/430 Å-1 meridional spot is present during contraction but markedly weakened. The 1/215 Å-1 meridional spot is weak or absent. These results are consistent with time resolved X-ray diffraction data on the periodic structures within the fiber. The intensification of the 1/360 Å-1 layer line, with a concomitant decrease in the intensity of the 1/429 Å-1 layer line, supports the view that at least some crossbridges decorate the thin filament during contraction with an act in based set of periodicities, but not to the same degree as is seen in rigor. The lateral spread of the 1/ 143 Å-1 meridional spot indicates a disorder of axial coherence among thick filaments during tension development. In sections along the (1,1) plane of activated fibers, the individual cross-bridges have a wide range of shapes and angles, perpendicular to the fiber axis or pointing toward or away from the Z-line. Fibers frozen at 12-15 ms, 30-35 ms, and 210-220 ms after photolysis all show surprisingly similar cross-bridges. Thus, a highly variable distribution of cross-bridge shapes and angles is established early in contraction. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Yale E. Goldman Subject Categories Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology | Biophysics This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn. edu/edissertations/3085 STRUCTURE OF CROSS-BRIDGES IN VERTEBRATE SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVATED BY PHOTOLYSIS OF CAGED Ca2+
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of Senior High School Teachers of English

Abstract. CPD program mandated by the government becomes a means to improve teachers’ as well as students’ quality. CPD consists of self-development, scientific publication, and innovative work activities. The objectives of this study were to find out the types of CPD activities undertaken by the senior high school teachers of English in Palembang, the teachers' perception of CPD, and the challenges faced by the teachers in improving their professionalism through CPD program. This qualitative study employed a case study design. Questionnaires, interview, and documentation were used to collect the data. This study applied two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was used to obtain data about the types of teachers' CPD activities and its data were analyzed qualitatively. The second questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale was used to determine the teachers' perceptions of CPD and its data were analyzed descriptively. The data of the interview was analyzed using thematic analysis. Some copy of teachers’ CPD activities certificates were also used as proof of the teachers’ participation in the CPD program. The results indicated that the teachers had undertaken self-development and scientific publication activities. They had good perception of CPD and perceived it as activities to make them become more effective teachers. However, tight teaching schedules, family constraints, limited funds, and limited opportunities to participate in CPD activities become the challenges that the teachers had to face.Keywords: Continuing Professional Development (CPD), senior high school teachers, teachers of English
Impact of processing on polysaccharides obtained from button mushroom (
 Agaricus bisporus
 )

Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies were subjected to processing: blanching, boiling in water and blanching followed by lactic acid fermentation. Water soluble polysaccharides were obtained from fruiting bodies, quantified and analysed in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity towards cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and T‐47D). The content of water soluble polysaccharides ranged from 7.35 ± 0.12 to 6.90 ± 0.17 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight of sample. Boiling in water and blanching followed by fermenting caused minor decrease in the content. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy of the extracted polysaccharides showed that both α‐ and β‐linkages are present in the samples. Size exclusion chromatography confirmed the presence of 163.3 and 1.9 kDa molecules. The processing caused changes in chemical composition (protein and phenolics content decreased). The isolated polysaccharides exerted antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Both the activities were slightly lowered as the result of the processing.
Evaluation of the levels of trace elements in the blood and hair of female patients with chronic telogen effluvium

Background/objectives: Telogen effluvium is a common hair-loss pattern in women. The fact that it is not affected by daily changes and that it reflects the long-term history of a person makes hair a favorable biological sample for the evaluation of levels of trace elements. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of zinc, copper, iron, and ferritin in serum and the levels of zinc, copper, and iron in hair of female patients with chronic telogen effluvium. Materials and methods: A total of 30 healthy female controls and 39 female patients diagnosed by the hairpull test were included in the study. Ferritin levels were obtained by studying the serum samples in an auto-analyzer. Zinc, copper, and iron levels in the hair and serum samples were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Zinc and copper levels in the serum and hair samples from the chronic telogen effluvium group were significantly lower compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the iron levels between the groups. The levels of serum ferritin were significantly lower in patients with chronic telogen effluvium. The evaluation of the levels of zinc, copper, and iron in the serum and hair samples demonstrated a positive correlation. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that chronic telogen effluvium was associated with low levels of zinc, copper, and ferritin in serum. The trace element levels in the hair samples were found to reflect the levels of trace elements in the serum.
Powering sustainable development within planetary boundaries

The concept of planetary boundaries identifies a safe space for humanity. Current energy systems are primarily designed with a focus on total cost minimization and bounds on greenhouse gas emissions. Omitting planetary boundaries in energy systems design can lead to energy mixes unable to power our sustainable development. To overcome this conceptual limitation, we here incorporate planetary boundaries into energy systems models, explicitly linking energy generation with the Earth's ecological limits. Taking the United States as a testbed, we found that the least cost energy mix that would meet the Paris Agreement 2 degrees Celsius target still transgresses five out of eight planetary boundaries. It is possible to meet seven out of eight planetary boundaries concurrently by incurring a doubling of the cost compared to the least cost energy mix solution (1.3% of the United States gross domestic product in 2017). Due to the stringent downscaled planetary boundary on biogeochemical nitrogen flow, there is no energy mix in the United States capable of satisfying all planetary boundaries concurrently. Our work highlights the importance of considering planetary boundaries in energy systems design and paves the way for further research on how to effectively accomplish such integration in energy related studies.
Tailoring polymer acceptors by electron linkers for achieving efficient and stable all-polymer solar cells

Abstract The trade-off between efficiency and stability is a bit vague, and it can be tricky to precisely control the bulk morphology to simultaneously improve device efficiency and stability. Herein, three fused-ring conducted polymer acceptors containing furan, thiophene and selenophene as the electron linkers in their conjugated backbones, namely PY-O, PY-S and PY-Se, were designed and synthesized. The electron linker engineering affects the intermolecular interactions of relative polymer acceptors and their charge transport properties. Furthermore, excellent material compatibility was achieved when PY-Se was blended with polymer donor PBDB-T, resulting in nanoscale domains with favorable phase separation. The optimized PBDB-T : PY-Se blend not only exhibits maximum performance with a power conversion efficiency of 15.48%, which is much higher than those of PBDB-T : PY-O (9.80%) and PBDB-T : PY-S (14.16%) devices, but also shows better storage and operational stabilities, and mechanical robustness. This work demonstrates that precise modification of electron linkers can be a practical way to simultaneously actualize molecular crystallinity and phase miscibility for improving the performance of all-polymer solar cells, showing practical significance.
Helical Intermediate-Period Fiber Grating for Refractive Index Measurements With Low-Sensitive Temperature and Torsion Response

We inscribe and characterize a series of helical intermediate-period fiber gratings (HIPFGs) on single-mode fiber with pitches from 24 μm to 48 μm. The fabricated HIPFGs have low temperature sensitivity, low torsion sensitivity, and high refractive index sensitivity. A series of separated peaks with low insertion losses and high coupling strengths are observed in the transmission spectra of the HIPFGs. For the HIPFG with grating pitch of 36 μm (HIPFG-3), the peaks located at around 1596 nm and 1603 nm are chosen to evaluate the sensor performance of the fiber gratings. The temperature sensitivities are 6.86 pm/°C and 7.53 pm/°C for peaks around 1596 nm and 1603 nm, respectively. The corresponding values of the torsion sensitivities are 8.67 nm/(rad/mm) and 9.49 nm/(rad/mm) for those two peaks, respectively. In addition, the average refractive index sensitivity of the grating reaches 393.9 nm/RIU in the range of 1.310-1.408. The sensitivity of the HIPFG-3 at the RI of 1.408 is calculated to be 1291 nm/RIU. Therefore, we conclude that the HIPFGs proposed in this paper can be used as a high-sensitivity refractive index sensor which is not sensitive to temperature and torsion.
The Correlation of EFL Students’ Speaking Anxiety and Their Speaking Performance

Abstract. This study is conducted to see if there is a significant correlation of the EFL students’ speaking anxiety and their speaking performance. It used quantitative research method with correlation research design. There were 36 eleventh grade students of MAN 2 Madiun, participating in this study. Data were collected through using a speaking test and a questionnaire of the students’ speaking anxiety. The speaking test was assessed by using Brown’s speaking assessment and the questionnaire was measured by using 1-5 Likert-scale. The questionnaire was adapted from Woodrow (2015) to investigate the students’ speaking anxiety. The data were analyzed using normality and Pearson correlation test of IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 22. The result shows that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. There is a significant correlation among two variables that they are strongly negative correlated. The speaking anxiety is affecting the students’ speaking performance. It simply can be said that the more anxious someone the worst speaking score they get. Keywords: Speaking Performance, Anxiety, Speaking Anxiety