Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The determinants of managerial decisions under risk

In hierarchical organizations the role of a team leader often requires making decisions which do not necessarily coincide with the majority opinion of the team. However, these decisions are final and binding for all team members. We study experimentally why, and under which conditions, leaders resort to such decisions. In our experiment, teams are presented with several paired lottery choices. They decide by majority voting which lottery from the lottery pair they prefer to be played out. After all members of the team have made their choices, the team leader is informed about the outcome of the vote and has an opportunity either to confirm or to alter the majority decision. We find that leaders overrule their teams in 35% of cases and such decisions are primarily driven by divergent preferences of leaders and the other team members. Male, younger and more risk seeking (as opposed to female, older and more risk averse) leaders overrule decisions of ordinary team members more often. We discuss the implications of our findings for the management of organizations.
Information, Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution

This paper studies how heterogeneity in income dynamics affects the POUM hypothesis (the idea that poor people do not support high level of redistribution because they hope to be rich in the future). We consider a setting where individuals evaluate their expected future income using both their current income and observable characteristics such as education, race or gender. We find that the POUM effect could increase or decrease the support for redistribution depending on the parameters of the model. Moreover we find that the POUM effect is independent of a particular shape (the concavity) of the resulting aggregate income transition function. Finally, using data from Italy, we test the model and perform a first empirical estimation of the POUM effect in Italy.
Agmantinite, Ag2MnSnS4, a new mineral with a wurtzite derivative structure from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Lima Department, Peru

Abstract Agmantinite, ideally Ag2MnSnS4, is a new mineral from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Oyon district, Catajambo, Lima Department, Peru. It occurs as orange–red crystals up to 100 μm across. Agmantinite is translucent with adamantine lustre and possesses a red streak. It is brittle. Neither fracture nor cleavage were observed. Based on the empirical formula the calculated density is 4.574 g/cm3. On the basis of chemically similar compounds the Mohs hardness is estimated at between 2 to 2½. In plane-polarised light agmantinite is white with red internal reflections. It is weakly bireflectant with no observable pleochroism with red internal reflections. Between crossed polars, agmantinite is weakly anisotropic with reddish brown to greenish grey rotation tints. The reflectances (Rmin and Rmax) for the four standard wavelengths are: 19.7 and 22.0 (470 nm); 20.5 and 23.2 (546 nm); 21.7 and 2.49 (589 nm); and 20.6 and 23.6 (650 nm), respectively. Agmantinite is orthorhombic, space group P21nm, with unit-cell parameters: a = 6.632(2), b = 6.922(2), c = 8.156(2) Å, V = 374.41(17) Å3, a:b:c 0.958:1:1.178 and Z = 2. The crystal structure was refined to R = 0.0575 for 519 reflections with I > 2σ(I). Agmantinite is the first known mineral of ${M}_{\rm 2}^{\rm I} $MIIMIVS4 type that is derived from wurtzite rather than sphalerite by ordered substitution of Zn, analogous to the substitution pattern for deriving stannite from sphalerite. The six strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines derived from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data [d in Å (intensity)] are: 3.51 (s), 3.32 (w), 3.11 (vs), 2.42 (w), 2.04 (m) and 1.88 (m). The empirical formula (based on 8 apfu) is (Ag1.94Cu0.03)Σ1. 97(Mn0.98Zn0.05)Σ1. 03Sn0.97S4. 03.The crystal structure-derived formula is Ag2(Mn0.69Zn0.31)Σ1. 00SnS4 and the simplified formula is Ag2MnSnS4. The name is for the composition and the new mineral and mineral name have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA2014-083).
A novel approach to tailored communication : Optimizing online health information for older patients

In light of the rapid growth of health information on the Internet, it is of vital importance to look at tailored online health communication from new perspectives. This dissertation aimed at investigating mode tailoring as a novel tailoring strategy to optimize online health information for older cancer patients. The central question was whether mode tailoring online health information had added value for older patients (≥65 years), and whether effects of mode tailoring were different from younger patients (<65 years). First, this dissertation showed that the use of online health information (both tailored and non-tailored) as preparation for hospital visits benefited health-related outcomes in both younger and older cancer patients. Second, presenting this information in a tailored manner facilitated the motivation (i.e., via increased website engagement and perceived personal relevance) and ability (i.e., via reduced cognitive load) to process online health information. Via these pathways of enhanced motivation and ability, mode tailoring benefited health-related outcomes such as higher satisfaction with information, better recall of information, and decreased anxiety. Together, this dissertation demonstrated that mode tailoring is a promising strategy to optimize online health information for cancer patients. The results are relevant for communication scholars and intervention designers in developing more effective tailored online health information materials. Moreover, this dissertation advances our theoretical understanding of tailored health communication by confirming and extending current theoretical models of tailored communication, investigating different conditions under which mode tailoring is effective, and making a first step towards re-envisioning tailored health communication in a digital information era.
Seasonal variations of the biometric indices of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda Patellidae) from contrasted sites of the western Algerian coast

Received 12.06. 2018; accepted 25.07. 2018; printed 30.09. 2018; published online 05.10. 2018 The objective of this study is the evaluation of the resistance of the bioindicative species Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda Patellidae) existing in the contrasted sites of the Algerian occidental seaboard through a follow-up of the seasonal variations of biometric indices. It is based on the analysis of biometric parameters of 600 individuals of this Gastropod mollusk from five sites: Madagh (MD), Bouzedjar Harbor (BH), Ain El Turck (AT), Oran Harbor (OH), and Kristel (KR). The seasonal sampling has been carried out and measurements on the height of the shell (H), its length (L), and its total weight (TW) are taken for all the populations of P. rustica. The correlation of the different measurements (length-height, length-total weight, height-total weight), with the help of the power curve and following STUDENT “ t ” test, DUNCAN, and the ACP, reveals the development of its shell first in height, followed in second position by the length, and this for the five sites under study. Weight would thus be the parameter under analysis that evolves the least quickly as compared to the other two biometric parameters involving a generally significant difference between the five sites under study. These results confirm that the growth of this mollusk varies depending on the seasons and relies on many biotic and abiotic factors that also condition the development of the shell and the growth of limpet. This approach represents a good means for environmental evaluation that could be used in biomonitoring programs to indicate the impact of pollution in the short and long term.
Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Accreted Mafic Rocks From the Hengchun Peninsula, Southern Taiwan: Origin and Tectonic Implications

The accretionary prism of the Hengchun Peninsula at the southernmost tip of the active Taiwan orogen has newly emerged due to the transition from a subduction zone to an arc‐continent collision zone. The mafic rocks within the Hengchun accretionary prism, whose provenance has long been controversial, are highly indicative of the mantle nature and tectonic evolution around the northern Manila Trench. Based on geochemical analyses, the accreted basalts are classified as normal and enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalts (N‐MORB and E‐MORB) and alkaline ocean island basalts. The N‐MORBs, which exhibit geochemical signatures indicative of virtually unmetasomatized depleted MORB mantle and yield zircon U‐Pb ages of 22.8 ± 0.3 and 24.2 ± 1.1 Ma, were off‐scraped from the subducted oceanic crust of the South China Sea (SCS). The alkaline ocean island basalts are considered fragments of subducted seamount due to their geochemical similarity with seamount basalts from the SCS. The Hf‐Nd isotopic compositions of basalts from the north SCS may represent the contributions of recycled oceanic crust and the upwelling Hainan Plume. The E‐MORBs, which exhibit similar geochemical compositions as rocks from the Huatung Basin and yield an 40Ar/39Ar age of 135.0 ± 5.6 Ma, were removed from the overriding plate due to the excessive shear stress between the converging plates and were laterally transported by strike‐slip movement; alternatively, they were off‐scraped from the subducted Luzon forearc slices. The temporary uplift and collapse of the accretionary prism caused by seamount subduction may have been responsible for the genesis of the lenticular Shihmen Conglomerate.
Modelling hysteresis effect in Scintrex CG‐3M gravity readings

Significant hysteresis effects after transport in the upright position are found during measurement for the purpose of calibration of Scintrex CG‐3M gravimeters serial numbers 4372 and 4373. The effects amount to 0.60 and 0.15 μms−2 during the first 10 minutes and an additional 0.35 and 0.10 μms−2 during the next 10 minutes after transport for gravimeters 4372 and 4373, respectively. Such significant and not completely homogenous effects do not completely cancel out when forming gravity differences. An iterative MATLAB algorithm has been developed that models hysteresis effects using exponential functions that account for shifts in time and eliminates the hysteresis effects from the measurements. The method facilitates determination of an exponential function of hysteresis from multiple observation series with different unknown offsets and significant noise that prevents the application of conventional methods. Hysteresis elimination from measurements for the purpose of calibration resulted in (mostly significant) increases in the precision of adjusted calibration constants for both gravimeters. It is shown that, in order to obtain reasonable results, modelling the hysteresis effects should be based on approximately 30 minutes of readings. Finally, one can conclude that hysteresis effects surely do build up during transport, contrary to statements by Scintrex.
Moving beyond run‐off calibration—Multivariable optimization of a surface–subsurface–atmosphere model

Spatially distributed hydrological models are traditionally calibrated and evaluated against few spatially aggregated observations such as river discharge. This model evaluation approach does not enable an assessment of the model predictive capabilities of other hydrological states and fluxes nor does it give any insight into the model ability to mimic the spatial patterns within a catchment. The current study explores a multivariable optimization of a complex coupled surface–subsurface–atmosphere model at the catchment scale in an attempt to move beyond simple run‐off calibration. The model is evaluated against five independent observational data sets of discharge (Q), hydraulic head (h), actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST). It is shown that a balanced optimization can be achieved where errors on objective functions for all five observation data sets can be reduced simultaneously. Additionally, the multivariable calibration proved more robust, compared with calibration against Q and h only, during the validation period, even for Q and h. The current parameterization and calibration framework was mainly suitable for reducing model biases and allowed only limited improvements in the spatio‐temporal patterns of the model simulations. This points towards development of better parametrization schemes that will allow simulated spatial patterns to adjust during calibration. Additionally, analysis showed that systematic spatial patterns in the errors of the LST maps could be a very valuable diagnostic tool for assessing deficiencies in the model structure, spatial parameterization, or process description.
An inexpensive remotely-operated video recording system for continuous behavioral 2 observations

12 Video recording technology is an important tool for studies of animal behavior because it 13 reduces observer effects and produces a record of experiments, interactions among subjects, 14 and contextual information, however it remains cost prohibitive for many researchers. Here we 15 present an inexpensive method for building a remotely-operated video recording system to 16 continuously monitor behavioral or other biological experiments. Our system employs Raspberry 17 Pi computers and cameras, open-source software, and allows for wireless networking, live-18 streaming, and the capacity to simultaneously record from several cameras in an array. To 19 validate this system, we continuously monitored home-cage behavior of California mice 20 ( Peromyscus californicus ) in a laboratory setting. We captured video in both low-and bright-light 21 environments to record behaviors of this nocturnal species, and then quantified mating 22 interactions of California mouse pairs by analyzing the videos with an open-source event 23 logging software. This video recording platform offers users the flexibility to modify the 24 specifications for a range of tasks and the scalability to make research more efficient and 25 reliable to a larger population of scientists. 26
Risk Matters : The Real E ¤ ects of Volatility Shocks

This paper shows how changes in the volatility of the real interest rate at which small open emerging economies borrow have a quantitatively important e¤ect on real variables like output, consumption, investment, and hours worked. To motivate our investigation, we document the strong evidence of time varying volatility in the real interest rates faced by a sample of four small emerging open economies: Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Brazil. We postulate a stochastic volatility process for real interest rates using T-Bill rates and country spreads and estimate it with the help of the Particle lter and Bayesian methods. Then, we feed the estimated stochastic volatility process for real interest rates in an otherwise standard small open economy business cycle model. We calibrate eight versions of our model to match basic aggregate observations, two versions for each of the four countries in our sample. We nd that an increase in real interest rate volatility triggers a fall in output, consumption, investment, and hours, and a notable change in the current account of the economy. Keywords: Small Open Economy, DSGE Models, Stochastic Volatility. JEL classi cation numbers: C32, C63, F32, F41.
Toward an Understanding of Adversarial Examples in Clinical Trials : Supplementary Material

This assumption guarantees that all subjects have access to the same treatment and a treatment applied to one subject does not affect the outcome for another subject. This assumption (along with consistency, which describes that for each subject we only observe the outcome under the actual treatment received) allows us to express the (counter)factual outcome as a function of the potential outcomes and the treatment.
A New Strategy for Shape Analysis Based on Coexistent Link Sets

The analysis of dynamic heap-based data structures is difficult due to the alias problem. Shape analysis tries to gather information conservatively about these structures at compile time. In the context of parallelizing compilers, information about how memory locations are arranged in the heap at runtime is essential for data dependence analysis. With proper shape information we can reveal parallelism for heap-based structures, which are typically ignored by compilers. Existing shape analysis techniques face a dilemma: either they are too costly to be useful for real compilers or they are too imprecise to be useful for real programs. In this work, we present a new strategy for shape analysis based on a compact representation for the shape of data structures. This is done by using Coexistent Links Sets for nodes in a graph. The technique is simple to implement and very precise at the core level. Further precision-vs-cost balance can be tuned with the use of extensible properties.
BIOINFORMATICS ORIGINAL PAPER

Motivation: Current sequencing technologies produce a large number of erroneous reads. The sequencing errors present a major challenge in utilizing the data in de novo sequencing projects as assemblers have difﬁculties in dealing with errors. Results: We present Coral which corrects sequencing errors by forming multiple alignments. Unlike previous tools for error correction, Coral can utilize also bases distant from the error in the correction process because the whole read is present in the alignment. Coral is easily adjustable to reads produced by different sequencing technologies like Illumina Genome Analyzer and Roche/454 Life Sciences sequencing platforms because the sequencing error model can be deﬁned by the user. We show that our method is able to reduce the error rate of reads more than previous methods. Availability: The source code of Coral is freely available at http://www.cs. helsinki. ﬁ/u/lmsalmel/coral/.
Assessing the Protective Capacity of Aquifers Using Very-Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Survey

The protective capacity of aquifers is a prerequisite for groundwater quality in areas prone to contamination from the ground surface. Aquifers without protective layers are more susceptible to contaminations from point and non-point sources. The protective capacity of an aquifer significantly correlates with the thickness of clay and organic materials that mantled it. To assess aquifer protective capacity, electrical conductivity property of saturated clay was determined from filtered imaginary and real components of Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM). The filtered real components against distance and current density pseudo-section produced from real components were concomitantly used for interpretation. Clays capping aquifers were delineated from those without capping from low and high values of filtered imaginary and real components and current density pseudo-section. The distribution of clay laterally across the area indicates that aquifers are poorly protected and susceptible to contaminations from a point and non-point sources. The apparent agreement between inferred geology from VLF-EM interpretation, borehole data and resistivity data underscores the efficacy of VLF-EM as an important tool that can be used or combined with other geophysical methods and borehole information/data for assessment of the protective capacity of the aquifer.
Supporting wilderness search and rescue using a camera‐equipped mini UAV

Wilderness Search and Rescue (WiSAR) entails searching over large regions in often rugged remote areas. Because of the large regions and potentially limited mobility of ground searchers, WiSAR is an ideal application for using small (human‐packable) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide aerial imagery of the search region. This paper presents a brief analysis of the WiSAR problem with emphasis on practical aspects of visual‐based aerial search. As part of this analysis, we present and analyze a generalized contour search algorithm, and relate this search to existing coverage searches. Extending beyond laboratory analysis, lessons from field trials with search and rescue personnel indicated the immediate need to improve two aspects of UAV‐enabled search: How video information is presented to searchers and how UAV technology is integrated into existing WiSAR teams. In response to the first need, three computer vision algorithms for improving video display presentation are compared; results indicate that constructing temporally localized image mosaics is more useful than stabilizing video imagery. In response to the second need, a goal‐directed task analysis of the WiSAR domain was conducted and combined with field observations to identify operational paradigms and field tactics for coordinating the UAV operator, the payload operator, the mission manager, and ground searchers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why Don’t People Pay Attention? Endogenous Sticky Information in a DSGE Model

Building on the models of sticky information, we endogenize the probability of obtaining new information by introducing a switching mechanism allowing agents to choose between costly rational expectations and costless expectations under sticky information. Thereby, the share of agents with rational expectations becomes endogenous and time-varying. While central results of sticky information models are retained, we find that the share of rational expectations is positively correlated with the variance of the variable forecasted, providing a link to models of near-rationality. Output expectations in our model are generally more rational than inflation expectations, but the share of rational inflation expectations increases with a rising variance of the interest rate. With regard to optimal monetary policy, we find that the Taylor principle provides a necessary and sufficient condition for determinacy of the model. However, output and inflation stability are optimized if the central bank does not react too strongly to inflation, but rather also targets the output gap with a relatively large coefficient in the Taylor rule.
Do Forecasters Inform or Reassure? Evaluation of the German Real-Time Data

The paper evaluates the quality of the German national accounting data (GDP and its use-side components) as measured by the magnitude and dispersion of the forecast/ revision errors. It is demonstrated that government consumption series are the least reliable, whereas real GDP and real private consumption data are the most reliable. In addition, early forecasts of GDP, private consumption, and investment growth rates are shown to be systematically upward biased. Finally, early forecasts of all the variables seem to be no more accurate than naive forecasts based on the historical mean of the final data.
Which Phish Get Caught? An Exploratory Study of Individual Susceptibility to Phishing

Individuals and organizations are continuing to increase their reliance on networks and the Internet (Anandarajan 2002; Cheung et al. 2000; Lim and Teo 2005). While this connectivity offers numerous benefits (e.g., Banker and Kauffman, 2004), it also introduces a number of threats to networked users’ financial and information security (Dellarocas 2005; Liang and Xue, 2009; Woon et al. 2005). Among the more serious of these threats is phishing; an attempt to acquire private information from victims through deceptive electronic communication (Jagatic et al. 2007).