Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contamination en métaux lourds des eaux de surface et des sédiments du Val de Milluni (Andes Boliviennes) par des déchets miniers Approches géochimique, minéralogique et hydrochimique.

Sur le site minier de Milluni (Bolivie, Altiplano, 4800 m asl), la contamination des eaux de surface et des sediments par les metaux lourds a ete etudiee en combinant des approches geochimiques, mineralogiques et hydrochimiques. Pour les differents metaux, les sources minerales de la contamination ont ete etablies, ainsi que les processus geochimiques d'alteration des mineraux primaires en mineraux tertiaires. La comprehension des mecanismes geochimiques en jeu et les bilans realises ont permis de determiner les origines et les modes de transport et de controle des metaux dans cet environnement. Enfin, les carottages des sediments lacustres et des tourbieres ont permis d'evaluer l'evolution historique de la contamination en metaux lourds, notamment au cours du siecle dernier.
Responses of hydrochemical inorganic ions in the rainfall-runoff processes of the experimental catchments and its significance for tracing

Aimed at the rainfall-runoff tracing using inorganic ions,the experimental study is conducted in the Chuzhou Hydrology Laboratory with special designed experimental catchments,lysimeters,etc. The various runoff components including the surface runoff,interflow from the unsaturated zone and the groundwater flow from saturated zone were monitored hydrometrically.Hydrochemical inorganic ions including Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,SO~(2-)_4,HCO~-_3+CO~(2-)_3,NO~-_3,F~-,NH~-_4,PO~(2-)_4,SiO_2 and,pH,EC,~(18)O were measured within a one month period for all processes of rainfall,various runoff components and groundwater within the catchment from 17 boreholes distributed in the Hydrohill Catchment,few soil water samples were also included.The results show that:(a) all the runoff components are distinctly identifiable from both the relationships of Ca~(2+) versus Cl~-/SO~(2-)_4,EC versus Na~+/(Na~++Ca~(2+)) and,from most inorganic ions individually;(b) the variation of inorganic ions in surface runoff is the biggest than that in other flow components;(c) most ions has its lowermost concentration in rainfall process but it increases as the generation depths of runoff components increased;(d) quantitatively,ion processes of rainfall and groundwater flow display as two end members of that of other runoff components;and(e) the ~(18)O processes of rainfall and runoff components show some correlation with that of inorganic ions.The results also show that the rainfall input is not always the main source of inorganic ions of various runoff outputs due to the process of infiltration and dissolution resulted from the pre-event processes.The amount and sources of Cl~-of runoff components with various generation mechanisms challenge the current method of groundwater recharge estimation using Cl~-.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Wild-Type Commensal Escherichia coli Strain SE15, Belonging to Phylogenetic Group B2

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli SE15 (O150:H5) is a human commensal bacterium recently isolated from feces of a healthy adult and classified into E. coli phylogenetic group B2, which includes the majority of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Here, we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of this organism.
Fungi from the Rhynie chert: a view from the dark side

ABSTRACT The exquisite preservation of organisms in the Early Devonian Rhynie chert ecosystem has permitted the documentation of the morphology and life history biology of fungi belonging to several major taxonomic groups (e.g., Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, Glomeromycota). The Rhynie chert also provides the first unequivocal evidence in the fossil record of fungal interactions that can in turn be compared with those in modern ecosystems. These interactions in the Rhynie chert involve both green algae and macroplants, with examples of saprophytism, parasitism, and mutualism, including the earliest mycorrhizal associations and lichen symbiosis known to date in the fossil record. Especially significant are several types of specific host responses to fungal infection that indicate that these plants had already evolved methods of defence similar and perhaps analogous to those of extant plants. This suggests that mechanisms underlying the establishment and sustenance of associations of fungi with land plants were well in place prior to the Early Devonian. In addition, a more complete understanding of the microbial organisms involved in this complex ecosystem can also provide calibration points for phylogenies based on molecular data analysis. The richness of the microbial community in the Rhynie chert holds tremendous potential for documenting additional fungal groups, which permits speculation about further interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment.
Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter

One of the consequences of the new NOAA definition of El Niño is the identification of a number of boreal autumns and winters as El Niño seasons that are not conventionally so identified. In these periods SST anomalies are concentrated significantly more toward the International Dateline than usual. We show here that the seasonal weather anomalies typically associated with these additional “Dateline El Niño” seasons are different in useful respects over much of the world, and suggest that it is useful to treat these as different types of “El Niño” for purposes of seasonal weather forecasting.
RELATIONS BETWEEN TOPOGRAPHY AND WATER TABLE DEPTH IN A SHALLOW FOREST SOIL

The relations between water-table depth in a shallow forest soil and topographic characteristics derived from a raster digital elevation model (DEM) were studied. Water-table depths at times of observation, and peak levels between times of observation, were measured weekly during an autumn-winter rainy season at 59 wells in a catchment (ca 0.04 km 2 ) drained by an ephemeral stream, located 80 km east of Vancouver, Canada. Digital elevation models with grid spacings of 4, 8 and 16 m were derived from a ground survey and values of a (upslope contributing area per unit contour length), tanβ (surface slope) and x (a measure of surface curvature) were computed from the DEMs. To avoid problems with data censoring when the water-table dropped below the bottom of some wells, the depths were discretized into classes and discriminant analysis was used to relate water-table depth classes to the topographic indices. The relations were derived using data from 30 wells and were tested on data from the other 29 wells to provide an independent test of predictive capability. The index In(a/tanβ) provided more reliable classifications than a multiple discriminant analysis using In(a), tanβ and x as separate predictor variables. Water-table depths at some wells were consistently misclassified (e.g. 0-3% correct classifications), whereas at others they were classified correctly in up to 100% of cases. Consistent misclassification at individual wells could reflect either the effects of errors in the derived topographic indices (through errors in the DEM or the algorithms used to calculate the indices) or phenomena not related to surface topography, such as variability in soil properties or differences between the surface topography and the topography of the base of the soil profile. The predictive accuracy and statistical significance of derived relations decreased as the DEM grid size increased from 4 to 8 to 16 m. These results are valid only for predictions of water-table depths at points. Further research should explore the effect of grid scale on relations between grid-averaged water-table depths and topographic indices and on methods to parameterize subgrid-scale variability.
Sediment processes in estuaries: Future research requirements

The gaps in current understanding of the erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in estuaries are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that future work should give priority to (1) the formation, movement and entrainment of high concentration near bed layers; (2) particle interactions, including flocculation, cycling processes, and chemical and biological interactions; (3) intertidal mudflat processes, sediment exchanges in shallow water and wave induced mud transport; (4) development of improved parameterization of exchange processes for inclusion in 3D mathematical models. (5) development and use of new instrumentation for field measurements, especially of intermittent events, and over the long term. This work should be carried out within interdisciplinary studies involving physicists, sediment dynamicists, biologists, and chemists.
Cyclic steps along the South Taiwan Shoal and West Penghu submarine canyons on the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea

Large-scale step-like features within the South Taiwan Shoal and West Penghu submarine canyons on the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea are investigated by integrating high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data and multichannel seismic profiles. These step-like features, ranging from 1.2 to 10.0 km in wavelength and 5.4–80.9 m in wave height, are mostly interpreted as cyclic steps formed by turbidity currents flowing through the canyons, based on their characteristic step-like morphology, in-train alignment, large wavelengths and aspect ratios (ratio of wavelength to wave height), and typical upstream-sloping backset bedding, among others. A train of 19 continuous steps delineated along the thalweg of the South Taiwan Shoal canyon measures up to 100 km and may be the longest ever reported. Nine short trains of scours identified on a terrace of the South Taiwan Shoal canyon are oriented parallel to the distributaries draining over the terrace and roughly perpendicular to the main canyon thalweg, indicating a complicated flow pattern within the canyon valley. Two trains of scours separated by an intracanyon high in the steeper middle reach of the West Penghu canyon are interpreted as transitional bed forms between antidunes and cyclic steps, which develop downstream into a train of five net-depositional cyclic steps with typical backset bedding in the gentler-sloping lower reach of the canyon. Average slope gradients for the canyon reaches with cyclic steps range from 0.26° to 1.24°. Along each thalweg step train, a slope break is identified to separate the net-erosional cyclic steps in the steeper upstream segment from the net-depositional ones in the gentler downstream segment. Rough estimations indicate that the paleoflows are 100 to 300 m thick with maximum velocities of up to 10 m s–1. The estimated flow depths match well with those inferred from geomorphologic analysis. Estimated paleodischarges of ? 7–23 × 105 m3 s–1 are equivalent to ten times the discharge of the modern Amazon River.
Sensitivity of a general circulation model to changes in northern hemisphere ice sheets

Sensitivity experiments with a general circulation model demonstrate the role of ice sheet size on the local, regional, and global climate. Model experiments isolate the effects of albedo, height, and area of the ice sheets and show how the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model 1 responds to changes in the size of northern hemisphere ice sheets. A flat ice sheet with full glacial areal extent but no elevation is used to study albedo effects. A full ice sheet with full glacial areal extent and elevation is used to represent height effects. An ice sheet with half the glacial area of the others but the full glacial elevation is used to represent area effects. All of the sensitivity experiments have (1) interactive sea surface temperatures calculated by a slab ocean and (2) modern boundary conditions except for the ice sheets. The experiments show that both the full and flat ice sheets lower the global mean surface temperatures (GMT) by 2.5°C and that the GMT is dependent upon the area, rather than the height, of the ice sheets. High ice sheets maintain colder temperatures than lower ice sheets over the ice sheets themselves, but compensating warmer temperatures occur downstream from the high ice sheets. The downstream warmer temperatures are the result of (1) glacial anticyclones that cause subsidence and reduced cloud cover during summer as well as reduced soil moisture and (2) increased southwesterly flow across the Atlantic Ocean that results in increased southerly advection of warm air during winter. A dynamical effect of the high ice sheets during summer is to change the wave number of the planetary waves in the midlatitudes, whereas a thermodynamic effect of the flat ice sheets during summer is to lower the geopotential heights throughout the northern hemisphere. In general, northern hemisphere ice sheets induce both a local response over the ice sheets and a regional response downstream from the ice sheets but have little impact on the southern hemisphere except where sea ice expands.
Response of the eastern subtropical Atlantic SST to Saharan dust: A modeling and observational study

[1] Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from MODIS, and of sea surface temperature (SST) from TMI are analyzed jointly with the output of a numerical model for the period 2000–2006 to determine the impact of Saharan dust on the eastern subtropical North Atlantic SST. Simultaneously with, or shortly after strong dust outbreaks, a decrease in SST of 0.2° to 0.4°C can be observed in the microwave SST data set, which is consistent with an independent estimate of SST decrease simulated here by a local mixed layer model. However, low wind conditions and a shallow mixed layer are required to reach this response, and it is therefore unlikely that a clear response of SST to dust lasting more than a few days can be seen in the microwave SST observations. An inspection of microwave SST observations suggests that about 30% of SST variance could be explained by dust-induced cooling in our study region that is not represented in existing AVHRR SST fields nor represented in reanalysis centers-provided surface heat fluxes. On longer time scales, a comparison between observed SST fields and simulated SST, using an eddy-permitting model of the North Atlantic, suggests a cooling of about 0.5°C on the local SST on sub-seasonal to interannual time scales which is significantly correlated and consistent with a dust-induced cooling. However, while supportive of the hypothesis that Saharan dust lead to a reduction in SST, the eddy-resolving model results are not by themselves conclusive. Moreover, the effects of dust-induced cooling on simulations of the ocean circulation, on atmospheric forecasts and on climate simulations remains to be investigated in future studies.
Decadal changes in shortwave irradiance at the surface in the period from 1960 to 2000 estimated from Global Energy Balance Archive Data

[1] Decadal changes in shortwave irradiance at the Earth's surface are estimated for the period from approximately 1960 through to 2000 from pyranometer records stored in the Global Energy Balance Archive. For this observational period, estimates could be calculated for a total of 140 cells of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project grid (an equal area 2.5° × 2.5° grid at the equator) using regression models allowing for station effects. In large regions worldwide, shortwave irradiance decreases in the first half of the observational period, recovers from the decrease in the 1980s, and thereafter increases, in line with previous reports. Years of trend reversals are determined for the grid cells which are best described with a second-order polynomial model. This reversal of the trend is observed in the majority of the grid cells in the interior of Europe and in Japan. In China, shortwave irradiance recovers during the 1990s in the majority of the grid cells in the southeast and northeast from the decrease observed in the period from 1960 through to 1990. A reversal of the trend in the 1980s or early 1990s is also observed for two grid cells in North America, and for the grid cells containing the Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Singapore, Casablanca (Morocco), Valparaiso (Chile) sites, and, noticeably, the remote South Pole and American Samoa sites. Negative trends persist, i.e., shortwave radiation decreases, for the observational period 1960 through to 2000 at the European coasts, in central and northwest China, and for three grid cells in India and two in Africa.
Density measurement of Fe3C liquid using X‐ray absorption image up to 10 GPa and effect of light elements on compressibility of liquid iron

[1] Density of liquid iron alloy under high pressure is important to constrain the amount of light elements in the Earth’s core. Density measurement of solid and liquid Fe3C was performed using X-ray absorption image technique up to 9.5 GPa and 1973 K. Density of liquid Fe3C increases from 6.94 g/cm3 to 7.38 g/cm3 with a pressure of 3.6–9.5 GPa at 1973 K. The bulk modulus of liquid Fe3C is obtained to be 50 ± 7 GPa at 1973 K. The effect of carbon on the compressibility of liquid iron is similar to that of sulfur, which significantly decreases the bulk modulus of liquid iron. Since carbon dissolution into liquid iron causes reduction of ρ and K0T, carbon could be excluded from the candidates of alloying light elements in the Earth’s outer core.
Experimentally disentangling intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of natal dispersal in a nocturnal raptor

Equivocal knowledge of the phase-specific drivers of natal dispersal remains a major deficit in understanding causes and consequences of dispersal and thus, spatial dynamics within and between populations. We performed a field experiment combining partial cross-fostering of nestlings and nestling food supplementation in little owls (Athene noctua). This approach disentangled the effect of nestling origin from the effect of the rearing environment on dispersal behaviour, while simultaneously investigating the effect of food availability in the rearing environment. We radio-tracked fledglings to quantify the timing of pre-emigration forays and emigration, foray and transfer duration, and the dispersal distances. Dispersal characteristics of the pre-emigration phase were affected by the rearing environment rather than by the origin of nestlings. In food-poor habitats, supplemented individuals emigrated later than unsupplemented individuals. By contrast, transfer duration and distance were influenced by the birds' origin rather than by their rearing environment. We found no correlation between timing of emigration and transfer duration or distance. We conclude that food supply to the nestlings and other characteristics of the rearing environment modulate the timing of emigration, while innate traits associated with the nestling origin affect the transfer phases after emigration. The dispersal behaviours of juveniles prior and after emigration, therefore, were related to different determinants, and are suggested to form different life-history traits.
The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Youth Outcomes

Evidence about the effects of neighborhood environments on children and youth is central to the design of a wide range of public policies. Armed with long-term survey data from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) for Fair Housing demonstration final impacts eval u ation (Sanbonmatsu et al., 2011), we have the opportunity to understand whether neighborhood poverty and related characteristics exert an independent causal effect on the life chances of young people. Findings from analyses of youth in the long-term survey for the final impacts evaluation show that MTO had few detectable effects on a range of schooling outcomes, even for those children who were of preschool age at study entry. MTO also had few detectable effects on physical health outcomes. In other youth outcome domains, patterns of effects on youth were similar to, but more muted than, those in the interim impacts evaluation (Orr et al., 2003), with favorable patterns among female youth—particularly on mental health outcomes—and less favorable patterns among male youth.
Psychological Functioning Predicts Competence Development for Postgraduate Students of Professional Psychology

This study sought to examine the psychological functioning of students enrolled in postgraduate programs of clinical and forensic psychology in an Australian university, and the degree to which psychological functioning predicted competence attainment while participating in an extended clinical placement. Results revealed that as a group students reported psychological functioning within normal ranges, with levels of conscientiousness found to positively predict, and levels of depression found to negatively predict the development of the necessary competencies. However, a subgroup of 27% of students reported experiencing clinical levels of psychological distress on at least one measure during the placement. At the completion of the placement, when compared to the performance of peers, the students who reported experiencing clinical levels of psychological distress demonstrated significantly poorer performance on a psychometrically sound measure of competence attainment.
Determination of degassing patterns in volcanic systems

The volume of gas contained within a silicic magma, dissolved and subsequently exsolved, greatly influences the behaviour of a volcano. There is a marked contrast between the behaviour of a volcano "open" to degassing, compared to one which is "closed". It is, therefore, essential to understand the entire degassing process of gas transport, storage and loss. The particular focus of this study is the effect different permeabilities and pressure gradients within a volcanic edifice have on the degree and pattern of the gas velocity. Gas loss is modelled numerically in two- and three-dimensions using a finite element approach. By combining the time-dependent continuity equation and Darcy's law, a partial differential equation is derived and solved for the pressure. The associated pressure gradient is used in Darcy's law to determine the corresponding gas velocity distribution. The momentum equation is also used to determine the surface displacement pattern resulting from the movement and storage of gas within the system. The model framework is applied to numerous volcanic scenarios including cracks and sealing within the dome structure and shear fractures at the margin between the conduit and country rock. Two case studies are investigated: Ash venting at Soufriere Hills volcano in March 2012, and persistent, repetitive ring-shaped degassing at Santiaguito. Quantitative estimates regarding gas emissions and deformation provide the link to constraining observations. The results show the country rock and dome are important and it is the relative permeabilities, rather than the actual values which determine the pressurisation. A decrease of just two orders of magnitude in the surrounding permeability could switch behaviour from effusive to explosive. For efficient gas storage within a volcano, a high permeability is required to hold the gas, whilst a low permeability is necessary to trap it. From the modelled surface displacement patterns and gas emissions at the surface, it may be possible to track the migration of large volumes of gas, particularly if used in conjunction with real-time monitoring of active volcanoes.
Storm surges in Canadian waters

Abstract Storm surges in various Canadian waters are reviewed. Following a brief discussion of the weather systems that cause storm surges in Canadian coastal and inland waters, the mathematical formulations to describe the development of storm surges are given. In reviewing storm surges in the different Canadian waters, particular attention is given to describe the influence of the presence of sea ice on surge development and the impact of shallow coastal areas, where the coastline configuration is itself changed by the surge, on inland penetration of the storm surge. The Canadian waters that may be affected by storm surges include the east and west coasts, the Beaufort Sea, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence estuary, Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes.