Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wool Fibre Tenacity and its Relationship to Staple Strength

Wool fibre tenacity and its relationship to staple strength was studied in a pen-feeding trial of 40 New Zealand Romney ewes. A method for estimating fibre tenacity is described based on normalizing fibre breaking load by cross-sectional area measured on fibre fracture-surfaces. The validity of this protocol was demonstrated by showing that (i) fibre diameter measured at the point of rupture was not significantly (P > 0.05) changed by breaking, and (ii) that the tenacity estimate was not significantly (P > 0.05) correlated with cross-sectional area variation along fibres, and (iii) showed lower fibre-to-fibre variation than other accepted measures of intrinsic material strength. The majority (83.5%) of the 1200 fibres broken in this study cleaved in smooth-planed fractures normal to the long axis of the fibre, the remaining fibres demonstrated axial-splitting following rupture. Tenacity did not differ significantly between the two break-types (P > 0.05). Tenacity demonstrated small negative correlations (P 0.05) occurred within fine, slow-growing 'wool-break' regions and tenacity did not vary significantly (P 0.05) with differential winter feeding, but significant variations (P < 0.01) of wool tenacity occurred between sheep. The sheepto-sheep differences in tenacity showed significant relationships with two indices of staple strength, work (P < 0.01) and peak-force (P < 0.01). Variability in fibre tenacity between sheep and its relationship to staple strength may provide some explanation of the origin of 'tender' and 'sound' wools.
Effects of aerial spraying of fenitrothion on breeding white-throated sparrows

(1) The effects of fenitrothion spraying on reproduction in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis was examined in a New Brunswick forest cutover in the context of control operations against spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana Clemens). Insecticide was applied aerially twice, once at 420 g ha-' and once at 210 g ha-l, 8 days later. (2) The behavioural responses of breeding birds to the insecticide included territory abandonment, inability to defend territory, disruption of normal incubation, and clutch desertion. (3) The adult population was reduced by one-third, primarily a consequence of mortality and territory abandonment after the first spray. (4) Clutch size and hatching success were not significantly different between the sprayed and control study populations. (5) Almost all breeding attempts (84%) at thirteen nests were disrupted by the 420 g active ingredient ha-I spray and reproductive success in the sprayed area was only onethird of that in the control area. (6) The observed effect of territory maintenance and reproductive success is compared to an earlier investigation (Busby et al. 1983) in which mean brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition of 42% and 30%, respectively, was noted in birds exposed to the same two sprays.
Performance Comparison and Growth Models for Walleyes and Walleye × Sauger Hybrids Reared for Two Years in Intensive Culture

Abstract To aid in evaluating the potential ofwalleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and hybrid walleye x sauger (S. vitreum ♀ × S. canadense ♂) as commercial food fish (≥681 g, a minimum size for the food fish market), we compared the growth, survival, condition factor, and feed conversion of advanced fingerling (284 mm initial total length) walleyes and walleye hybrids reared in intensive culture at 20.7°C. Survival of both groups was 90% or better during the 126-d study. None of the differences in performance between the two groups were significant. The hybrids grew in length from 283 to 330 mm (0.37 mm/d) and in weight from 199 to 325 g (1.01 g/d). The walleyes grew in length from 285 to 324 (0.31 mm/d) and in weight from 201 to 318 g (0.94 g! d). Data from this cohort grown under intensive culture conditions to an age of 783 d posthatch were used to develop a comprehensive growth curve model for hybrids and walleyes from hatch to 681 g. The model accounted for 98–99% of the variability of the weight. Predicti.
Demersal ichthyofauna of the inner continental shelf off Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil

We present an inventory of demersal fishes from the inner continental shelf off Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil. Three sites were sampled monthly, between March 2003 and February 2005, with standardized bottom trawls (30 minutes, 16 m depth, 22/16 mm mesh). A total of 7.857 specimens were captured, belonging to three species of Chondrichthyes and 95 species of Actinopterygii (77 genera and 40 families). The occurrence of Ampharius phrygiatus represents a southern range extension for this species, which was previously known only from the narrow coastal stretch between Guyana and Maranhao State (Brazil). The record of Synodus poeyi represents the first record of this species in Brazil and in the South Atlantic, as it was previously recorded only in the Caribbean. The general structure of the demersal fish assemblage is described and commented upon.
Relationship of carbon isotope discrimination to water use efficiency and productivity of barley under field and greenhouse conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the application of carbon isotope discrimination (CID) as a selection criterion for improving water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under field and drought-stress conditions in a greenhouse. A total of 54 genotypes were screened for variability in CID under field conditions, while 23 genotypes were evaluated under water-deficit conditions in the greenhouse. A survey of leaf CID of 54 genotypes at two field locations showed more than 2.14‰ difference between extreme genotypes. Significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variation was found in WUE and CID that had a negative strong correlation. There was a negative correlation between leaf CID and aerial biomass in the greenhouse and among six-row genotypes in the field. Correlations between leaf CID across field locations and across irrigation regimes in the greenhouse were significant (experiment 1, r = 0.79 and 0.94 for six- and two-row genotypes), suggesting stability of the CID trait across different environments. Overall, these results indicate the potential of leaf CID as a reliable method for selecting for high WUE and productivity in barley breeding programmes in the Canadian prairies. Further work is currently underway to determine heritability/genetics of leaf CID and application of molecular marker-assisted selection for the traits in barley breeding programmes.
Effects of lecithins and proteins on the stability of emulsions

Food consists of three components, carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which are linked by various types of chemical and physical bonds. The interactions at the interface of dispersions and emulsions are influenced by surface-active emulsifiers such as lecithins. Synergistic effects on the emulsion stability can be obtained by selected protein-lecithin combinations. Hydrocolloids enhance the stability by viscosity increase and gel formation. Lecithins are modified physically and enzymatically, giving a range of food grade emulsifiers with different hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) values. The influence of phospholipid fractions in the homogenization process can be measured by the particle size distribution technique (PSD) and emulsifying tests, which assess the emulsion stability. Basic studies on the interactions of surface-active proteins and lecithins in emulsions are reviewed. The principles of combined use of proteins and lecithins are presented for processed foods such as mayonnaise, margarine. instant milk powders. fat reduced cookies, and chocolate coatings for ice cream dipping. A new challenge for the food industry is the liposome encapsulation technique. Liposomes are produced with phosphatidylcholine fractions to encapsulate water and oil soluble components, such as flavours, in one capsule.
Effect of tris and biociphos-plus extenders on the extracellular enzyme release of phosphatases and transaminases in Punganur bull semen.

The present investigation was carried out to study phosphatase and transferase enzymes leakage in the neat and extended Punganur bull semen before and after freezing with Tris and Biociphos-plus extenders. Among the bulls studied, the Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP) concentration in fresh semen was significantly different but Acid Phosphatase (ACP) was not significantly different and a positive correlation between the concentration of AKP and semen volume, individual motility, sperm concentration and total abnormalities were observed. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were not significantly different and positively correlated with individual motility, sperm concentration, percentage of live sperms and acrosomal damage. Leakage of AKP, ACP, AST and ALT enzymes before freezing the semen of Punganur bulls was observed to be significantly higher in the semen extended with Biociphos-plus extender.
Influence of mineral composition and rumen degradability of Atriplex nummularia (Hatfield Select F1) plants on selection preference of sheep

This study examined intraspecific variation in mineral composition and rumen degradability of Atriplex nummularia plants and the influence on selection preferences of sheep. Individual plants were categorised into high, medium and least preference groups by assessing the order in which they were selected by sheep. Nine plants were selected from each group and the regrowth of these plants was analysed for neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), mineral composition and rumen degradability of dry matter. The data was subjected to one-way and multivariate analyses of variance. Highly preferred plants had a higher concentration of CP, phosphorous (P) and magnesium (Mg) in their edible forage compared to the medium or least preferred plants. Individual preferences of sheep were not, however, associated with the rumen degradability parameters. Principal component analysis revealed that highly preferred plants had lower NDF, manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), and higher CP, calcium, P, Mg and potassium values compared to the least preferred plants. In contrast, medium preferred plants exhibited inconsistent patterns, with a tendency to have higher sodium chloride and sodium, and lower Mn, Zn and copper, concentrations in the forage.
Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers

Two studies were conducted to measure the effects of dietary amino acid regimens (high, medium, low) and gender on Arbor Acres Plus broilers. Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, carcass yields, and uniformity served as criteria evaluated. Growth and feed conversion were improved in broilers fed diets with high amino acid concentration until 35 days of age. Yields of some carcass parts were improved up to 35 days of age as diet concentration was increased. Flock uniformity was decreased when dietary amino acid concentration was reduced. Male broilers exhibited faster growth rate, whereas females had improved feed conversion at 28 and 35 days of age, but no differences were observed at 14 and 49 days of age. Male broilers had lower breast meat yield and relative abdominal fat than females. Variability within females was lower than in males. Results indicate that when high dietary amino acid concentration was provided at an earlier age, reducing concentration at later feeding phases did not compromise growth or carcass yields. Furthermore, moderate to high dietary amino acid levels may help reduce variability within flocks.
Evaluation of Behavior and Survival of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine

AbstractPrevious studies have evaluated fish injury and mortality at hydrokinetic (HK) turbines, but because these studies focused on the impacts of these turbines in situ they were unable to evaluate fish responses to controlled environmental characteristics (e.g., current velocity and light or dark conditions). In this study, we used juvenile hybrid Striped Bass (HSB; Striped Bass Morone saxatilis × White Bass M. chrysops; N = 620), Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (N = 3,719), and White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (N = 294) in a series of laboratory experiments to (1) evaluate the ability of fish to avoid entrainment through an axial-flow HK turbine, (2) evaluate fish injury and survival associated with turbine entrainment, and (3) compare the effects of different HK turbines on fish. We found that the probability of turbine entrainment was species dependent and highest for HSB. Across species, current velocity influenced entrainment probability. Among entrained fish, observed survival rates were.
Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the early cretaceous of China

Synopsis Euhelopus zdanskyi was the first dinosaur described from China. Both traditional and modern cladistic assessments have found support for an endemic clade of Chinese sauropods (Eu‐helopodidae) that originated during an interval of geographic isolation, but the monophyly of this clade has remained controversial. The phylogenetic affinity of the eponymous genus Euhelopus is central to this controversy, yet its anatomy has not been completely restudied since the original German‐language monograph in 1929. We jointly re‐examined the cranial and postcranial anatomy of the holotypic and referred materials of Euhelopus to provide a new diagnosis for the genus and to explore its phylogenetic affinities. Diagnostic features of Euhelopus include: postaxial cervical vertebrae that have variably developed epipophyses and more subtle “pre‐epipopophyses” below the prezygapophyses; cervical neural arches with an epipophyseal‐prezygapophyseal lamina separating two pneumatocoels; anterior cervical vertebrae with three costal spurs on the tuberculum and capitulum; divided middle presacral neural spines, which in anterior dorsal vertebrae bear a median tubercle that is as large or larger than the metapophyses; middle and posterior dorsal parapophyseal and diapophyseal laminae arranged in a “K” configuration; and presacral pneumaticity that extends into the ilium. Following this morphological study, we rescored Euhelopus for the two most comprehensive sauropod data matrices (Wilson 2002; Upchurch etal. 2004a), which previously yielded vastly different hypotheses for its relationships. Both matrices decisively demonstrate that Euhelopus is closely related to Titanosauria; traditional and cladistic claims that Euhelopus, Omeisaurus, Mamenchisaurus and Shunosaurus formed a monophyletic “Euhelopodidae” endemic to East Asia are not supported. These results suggest that there were at least two clades of very long‐necked sauropods in East Asia, occurring in the Middle Jurassic (i.e. Omeisaurus + Mamenchisaurus) and Early Cretaceous (e.g. Euhelopus, Erketu), with the latter group perhaps also occurring in Europe (Canudo et al. 2002). It is probable that the Euhelopus + Erketu lineage invaded East Asia from another part of Pangaea when isolation ended in the Early Cretaceous. The large number of basal titanosauriforms from East Asia has been interpreted to mean that this area may represent their centre of origin (You et al. 2003), but the titanosaur fossil record and phylogenetic studies indicate that the group probably originated prior to the Middle Jurassic and acquired a virtually global distribution before Pangaean fragmentation.
Malting Quality of Hexaploid Triticale in Comparison with That of Barley, Wheat and Rye

Malting quality of hexaploid triticale ( × Triticosecale Wittmack) was analysed in comparison with that of barley as a standard, and wheat and rye as parental species, by using the micro-malting method. Triticale malt had higher diastatic power than rye and wheat, and was particularly higher than barley. Malt extract and extract yield of triticale were almost as high as the levels for rye, while those of barley were rather low. An average value of total malting loss obtained from 11 cultivars of triticale was lower than that of hexaploid wheat and malting loss from shoot and root was lower than that of barley and hcxaploid wheat. Total and soluble nitrogen were high in triticale. Steeping period of triticale was shorter than that of barley by about four-fold. The high diastatic power, high malt extract, and short steeping period in triticalc malt seemed to be advantageous industrial brewing characteristics, while high total nitrogen and low germination capacity appeared to be disadvantageous.
Density, Starvation, and Swimming Rate in Didinium Populations

The response of Didinium nasutum to simultaneous changes in density and starvation was measured in the laboratory. As feeding rate cannot be used as a response in starvation experiments, the related activity of swimming rate was used. At low starvation rates of 1/2-1 h, Didinium respond to an increase in density by decreasing the swimming rate. At low densities of one to three individuals per 100 μl, Didinium respond to starvation of up to 30 h with a slight decrease in the swimming rate. At all combinations of density higher than three/100 μl and starvation times equal to or greater than 5 h, Didinium respond with a higher swimming rate than that found in well fed individuals. This behavior is interpreted to be one favoring increased dispersal from the site of an exhausted food supply. It is concluded that Didinium at higher densities have increased efficiency of energy utilization over that of individuals at lower densities.
Chemical and microbiological parameters for the characterization of maturity of composts made from farm and agro-industrial wastes

Bioconversion of farm wastes with agro-industrial wastes into enriched compost is an important possibility in need of research. In this article, changes in chemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated to determine the maturity of composts prepared from mixture of farm and agro-industrial wastes over a period of 150 days. Seven different composts were prepared by using a mixture of different farm wastes with or without enrichment with rock phosphate (RP), agro-industrial wastes and the inoculation of microorganisms. As composting proceeded, the organic C, water-soluble C (WSC), bacterial and fungal counts decreased, whereas total N, P, electrical conductivity (EC) and actinomycetes count increased gradually. Our results suggest that WSC <1%, C:N ratio < 20, neutral pH and a decrease in bacteria and fungal counts, along with an increase in actinomycetes count and stability at the end of composting, may be accepted as an indicator of compost maturity. Changes in organic C, EC, total N and P concentrations over time also proved to be reliable indicators of the progress of the composting process for establishing stability and compost maturity. Addition of RP, agro-industrial wastes and inoculation of microorganisms showed potential in improving the N and P contents of the composts.
Movement of Triploid Grass Carp in Large Florida Lakes

Abstract A radiotelemetry study was conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively describe movement and aquatic plant selection by triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in two types of Florida lakes, one open system with little submerged aquatic vegetation (Lake Harris) and one closed system with extensive submerged aquatic vegetation (Lake Yale). Nineteen fish were successfully tracked for between 38 and 546 d. Median maximum distance moved from site of stocking was significantly different for fish in the two lakes (10.4 km for fish from Lake Harris and 3.7 km for fish from Lake Yale), but median percent maximum distance moved was not. Median movement rate was 155 m/d for Lake Harris fish and 126 m/d for Lake Yale fish; these values were not significantly different. Corrected home range areas for Lake Harris fish ranged from 61 to 4,954 hectares (median, 3,021 hectares), and for Lake Yale fish from 159 to 594 hectares (median, 378 hectares). Radio-tagged fish did not move through any of the navigab.
Widespread Distribution of the Non-Native Northern Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in the Columbia River Basin

Abstract We report here the first records of the non-native northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in the Columbia River basin within Washington State. Confirmed occurrences include the reservoirs Lake Rufus Woods and Lake Roosevelt on the Columbia River, North Twin Lake in the upper Columbia River basin, Lake Patterson in the Methow River basin, Wapato Lake in the Lake Chelan basin, and Moses Lake in central Washington. Uncertainty remains as to the source, extent of current distribution, and potential impacts of these O. virilis populations. Release of live bait by anglers is a common pathway for crayfish introductions, although stocking for harvest or aquaculture and releases of pets or laboratory animals is equally likely for the introduction of O. virilis to the region. Evaluating potential impacts of O. virilis on native crayfish, fish, and other species in the Columbia River basin will require additional study. These newly discovered O. virilis populations are likely to naturally disperse further through the Columbia River, its tributaries, and the irrigation infrastructure of central Washington's Columbia Basin Project.
A rapid method of evaluating permeabilizing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A rapid (< 30 min) spectrophotometric method has been used to assess the ability of chemical agents to permeabilize the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When permeabilized, the cells are rendered readily sensitive to lysozyme, an enzyme that is normally excluded from the peptidoglycan of this organism. In addition to ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, substances showing permeabilizing activity were citric, isocitric, malic and gluconic acids (but not gluconic acid lactone) and sodium polyphosphate.
Rickettsia-like and mycoplasma-like organisms associated with two yellows-type diseases of strawberries in Queensland

Two yellows-type diseases occur in Queensland strawberries. Affected plants show purple or bronze pigmentation of older leaves, followed by the production of small chlorotic leaves. Flower production is inhibited, and some affected plants die. Thin-section electron microscopy showed that there were two diseases, one associated with rickettsia-like organisms (RLO) and the other with mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO), both of which were found only in sieve tubes. The MLO disease caused flower abortion but not green petals, and was not transmitted by Orosius argentatus (Evans), the tomato big bud vector. The RLO disease produced more bronze pigmentation and the young leaf chlorosis was interveinal rather than marginal. This organism was sensitive to penicillin, and soil drenches of 1 mg/ml every 5 days for 7 weeks caused complete remission of symptoms. No organisms were seen in thin sections of leaves after treatment. Although these RLO morphologically resembled those associated with rugose leaf curl (RLC) disease of legumes, experiments with the RLC vector Austroagallia torrida Evans indicated that they were probably distinct.