Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)

Abstract Buckwheat contains fagopyrin, which induces photosensitization in light-skinned livestock when exposed to sunlight. Here, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. The HPLC profile of the fagopyrin extract purified from Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ had 3 apparent peaks. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum of each peak yielded absorbance maxima ( λmax) at 547 nm and 591 nm, indicating that these peaks corresponded to fagopyrin and unidentified fagopyrin derivatives. We considered the total content reflected by the 3 peaks to be the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. We determined the fagopyrin content in the leaves of Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ and common buckwheat ‘Miyazakiootsubu’ both by UV-vis photometric analysis and the newly developed HPLC method. The fagopyrin content is overestimated by UV-vis photometry because the extracts contain a considerable amount of chlorophyll. Thus, HPLC analysis is more efficacious for fagopyrin-content measurements than UV-vis photometric analysis. The HPLC analysis of fagopyrin is easy, quick and efficacious for screening buckwheat varieties with trace or no fagopyrin. There are only a few reports on the accumulation sites of fagopyrin in buckwheat. We revealed that in Tartary and common buckwheat, fagopyrin is present mainly in the leaves and flowers and slightly in the stems, hulls, and groats. The fagopyrin contents of the leaves and flowers of Rotundatum were approximately 2.6 and 2.8 times higher than those in Miyazakiootsubu, respectively.
EFFICACY OF TRANSMISSION OF FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN PYRUS

An efficient, reproducible seedling-screening procedure was devised that gave almost 100% infection yet differential levels of resistance to Erwinia amylovora. Seedling segregation for resistance to fire blight was studied for 48 separate progenies with segregation data based on 7,462 seedlings. Sources of high, intermediate or low resistance derived from P. ussuriensis, P. serotina or P. communis were compared for ability to transmit resistance to their offspring. P. communis selections that were most efficient in transmitting resistance to their progeny included: Magness, Purdue 80-51, Maxine and Mich. US 437. Similarly, the most efficient sources in the P. ussuriensis group included: Purdue 77-73, NJ 484338262 and NJ 487601174; and the most efficient in the P. serotina group included: Purdue 110-9 and Kieffer. The breeding value of the most efficient P. communis sources was considered to be superior to the other two species sources in view of the larger size and higher quality of fruit associated with .
Range‐wide analysis of eastern massasauga survivorship

Decisions affecting wildlife management and conservation policy of imperiled species are often aided by population models. Reliable population models require accurate estimates of vital rates and an understanding of how vital rates vary geographically. The eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus )i s a rattlesnake species found in the Great Lakes region of North America. Populations of the eastern massasauga are fragmented and only a few areas harbor multiple, sizable populations. Eastern massasauga
Substitution of Soybean and Cottonseed Products for Fish Meal in Diets Fed to Chinook and Coho Salmon

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted with chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to determine whether full-fat soybeans, commercial dehulled soybean meal, or solvent-extracted cottonseed meal could be used in an Abernathy diet as a partial replacement for fish meal with limited supplementation. Inclusion of full-fat soybeans in the diets fed to chinook salmon markedly reduced weight gain and increased mortalities. Commercial soybean meal inhibited gains in both species of salmon. Cottonseed meal was used efficiently as a replacement for fish meal in diets fed to chinook salmon but was not used as well by coho salmon at the highest level fed. The reason for the inadequacies of the soybean products was not determined.
HRM in Spain its Diversity and the Role of Organizational Culture: an Empirical Study

Many research studies have evidenced the lack of consensus existing on the impacts of diversity in the workforce of companies. Thus, new studies are demanded to consider new intermediate (moderator or mediator) variables in the relation between diversity and results. This research study proposes a management model that considers the role of organizational culture and the human resources system itself as mediator constructs, assessing their impact on work groups. These relations have been evaluated by means of a sample of 102 companies located in the region of Andalusia (Spain) using Structural Equation Modeling (SME) according to the PLS (Partial Least Squares) technique for the analysis of data. Our results have shown the key role played by human resources policies in the effectiveness of social processes, contributing to the study of intermediate variables in diversity model. Finally, its limitations and practical implications are discussed.
A long breathing lean NOx trap for diesel after-treatment supplemental energy reduction

A long breathing strategy was investigated as a method for reducing the supplemental energy consumption of a diesel lean NOx trap (LNT). Empirical tests were performed on a heated flow bench set-up. The test results indicated that the LNT adsorption (breathing) time increased exponentially when the nitrogen oxide (NOx) level in the feed gas was reduced. Longer adsorptions led to supplemental energy savings due to less frequent LNT regeneration. In these tests, supplemental energy savings of over 70% were achieved with a long breathing LNT compared to a traditional LNT. Additional empirical tests investigated the concept of on-board hydrogen generation due to its potential benefits to an after-treatment system. The test findings revealed that the reformer temperature was a critical factor for on-board hydrogen generation. Further numerical and empirical tests revealed the benefits of utilizing a flow reversal system for hydrogen generation.
Heterotopic Ossification: A Comprehensive Review

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair process gone awry and is a common complication of trauma and surgery. This comprehensive review seeks to synthesize the clinical, pathoetiologic, and basic biologic features of HO, including nongenetic and genetic forms. First, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathologic diagnosis, and current methods of treatment are discussed. Next, current concepts regarding the mechanistic bases for HO are discussed, including the putative cell types responsible for HO formation, the inflammatory milieu and other prerequisite “niche” factors for HO initiation and propagation, and currently available animal models for the study of HO of this common and potentially devastating condition. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
CELL TYPE SPECIFIC CONNECTIONS FROM PRIMARY MOTOR TO PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Anatomical studies have shown that primary somatosensory (S1) and primary motor (M1) cortices are reciprocally connected. The pathway from primary motor cortex (M1) to primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is thought to influence activity in S1 by conveying a general modulatory signal and/or a copy of the motor command. In these studies, we investigated M1 synaptic inputs to S1 by injecting an AAV virus containing channelrhodopsin-2 and a fluorescent tag into M1. Consistent with previous results, we found labeling of M1 axons within S1 that was most robust in the deep layers and in L1. We recorded in vitro from excitatory neurons and two classes of inhibitory interneurons, fast-spiking and somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. All three cell types had a high probability of receiving direct excitatory M1 input, with both excitatory and inhibitory cells in L4 being the least likely to receive input from M1. Disynaptic inhibition was observed frequently, indicating that M1 recruits substantial inhibition within S1. A subpopulation of pyramidal neurons in layers 5 and 6 received especially strong input from M1, suggesting M1 differentially contacts classes of pyramidal neurons, such as those projecting to different sensorimotor centers at cortical and subcortical levels. We tested this hypothesis by combining optogenetic techniques to specifically label M1 synaptic inputs to S1 and retrograde tracing to identify specific populations of projection neurons in infragranular layers of S1. We determined that both the intrinsic properties and the magnitude of M1 input to an S1 pyramidal neuron is highly dependent on its projection target. Overall, our results suggest that activation of M1 evokes within S1 a general increase in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity that could contribute in a layer-specific manner to state-dependent changes in S1. Our results further indicate that M1 may specifically engage subcircuits within S1 in order to differentially regulate particular downstream cortical and subcortical processing centers.
FOSSIL STOMATA REVEAL EARLY PINE PRESENCE IN SCOTLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION ANALYSES

The analysis of fossil stomata reveals the early postglacial presence of Pinus sylvestris at two sites in the Scottish Highlands, 1600 and 600 years prior to the arrival times indicated by traditional palynological methods. Fossil stomata provide unambiguous evidence of past local presence for Pinus sylvestris, which produces abundant and widely dispersed pollen, revealing its presence when pine pollen frequencies are as low as 0.4%, considerably below the commonly adopted minimum frequency threshold of 20%. Thus a species may be present for hundreds to thousands of years before expansion of the local population is registered in the palynological record. This has significant implications, not only for the initial spread of pine throughout the British Isles, but more generally for analyses of the continental-scale migration of temperate and boreal forest taxa based on palynological data. Failure to differentiate effectively among the processes of arrival, establishment, and expansion in analyses of plant migration rates and patterns means that many existing reconstructions of postglacial colonization may, in actuality, represent the expansion of populations over time, rather than the initial spread of species.
On some features of consonants in Indian English

The paper aims to show that although the inventory of consonantal phonemes in Indian English does not differ markedly from that of RP, there are some aspects related mainly to different articulations of the sounds discussed which make it sound very peculiar. Thus, the dental fricatives may often be substituted by the correspondent stops; the stops have may have different aspirations patterns and retroflex articulations; the lateral liquid phoneme does not have any allophones in this variety. The non-rhoticity of post-vocalic /r/ is a feature which brings it closer to RP, but this seems to be changing, at least in some parts of the country. This analysis is at the interface between phonetics and phonology, in the sense that phonetic evidence is provided in support of phonological assumptions.
Ecological Aspects of the Tent Building Process by Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Twenty-two species of bats worldwide are known to use modified leaves as their roost, known as ‘tents’. It has been suggested that the mating system of these species is resource-defense polygyny, with the presumably male-constructed tent serving as an attractant of females, but in Ectophylla alba a female was observed building a tent. The objectives of this work were to determine: 1) if both sexes build the tent; 2) if there is a relationship between number of tents and mating seasons and 3) the time availability of the Heliconia leaves that this species uses to makes its roost as well as the effect of the bats on the plant. The study site was the Tirimbina Biological Reserve, Sarapiqui, Costa Rica. During 53 weeks, we censused the tents of E. alba in nine hectares. Construction of tents was filmed with a video camera and infrared lights. To measure the average life of the tents and the leaves that had not been modified, we marked leaves that were visited weekly to monitor for deterioration. Our results show that both females and males construct tents. Roost construction is costly in terms of time and effort, so the bats maximize the time spent occupying the tent. The modifications that the bats make to the leaves considerably reduce the lifetime of the leaves. This has implications for both the plant used and for the bats that build the tents.
Kinetics of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities by aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica (L.) and Rhamnus prinoides (L'Hér.)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key target in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We studied the potential anti-AChE activities of Acacia nilotica(Leguminosae) and Rhamnus prinoides (Rhamnaceae) plants that have previously been shown to affect central nervous system activities. Sonicated aqueous extracts of A. nilotica and R. prinoides displayed significant AChE inhibition by about 56 and 53%, respectively, after 5 min incubation at 0.1mg/ml final assay concentration. Inhibition kinetics showed both plant preparations to be mixed inhibitors (specifically non-competitive uncompetitive type). Galanthamine was assayed as a positive control and was found to be a very potent mixed type (competitive non-competitive) inhibitor; IC50 of 0.0004 mg/ml compared to 0.079 mg/ml for A. nilotica and 0.201 mg/ml for R. prinoides. We conclude that although the AChE inhibition by A. nilotica and R. prinoides is not as potent as that of galanthamine, in addition to their known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities these plants could provide novel poly-pharmacological leads of potential benefit to the treatment of AD and therefore warrant further investigation. Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, acetylcholinesterase, enzyme inhibition, kinetics,Acacia nilotica, Rhamnus prinoides.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Sulcascaris

ABSTRACT The genus Sulcascaris is upheld and redefined. Sulcascaris sulcata from Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta is redescribed, from Rudolphi's type material and material from the Mediterranean and Western Pacific, demonstrating that the excretory pore opens between the subventral lips and that the excretory cell is bilateral, comprising a short filamentar right component and a more capacious ribbon-like left component containing the nucleus. The phylogenetic significance of this form of excretory system occurring in an ascaridoid of a marine reptile is discussed. It is concluded from comparative studies, based on measurements, sections and electron scanning micrographs, that fourth stage larvae of S. sulcata collected from the stomach of turtles are identical with fourth stage ascaridoid larvae found in the adductor muscle of scallops (Amusium balloti and Chlamys sp.) and that turtles become infected with this species by eating bivalves. Adult S. sulcata were obtained from tank-reared C. caretta fed with encapsulated larvae from scallops.
Improvements in the Identification of Strains Facilitate Population Studies of Fall Armyworm Subgroups

ABSTRACT Fall armyworm is a significant agricultural pest in the Western Hemisphere and an important system for studying Lepidopteran migration and speciation. Critical to these investigations are methods that can differentiate between two morphologically indistinguishable strains that differ in their choice of plant host. In a previous study, haplotypes of the fall armyworm Triose phosphate isomerase gene (Tpi; EC 5.3.1.1) were shown to be effective indicators of strain identity. However, the method had technical complications that made it expensive to apply on the scale needed for most population studies. The focus of this paper was to develop a more efficient and cost-effective procedure. By combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction enzyme digestion, a strain-specific polymorphism in the fall armyworm Tpi locus can be characterized from single specimens without the need of DNA sequencing. This method was more accurate under some circumstances than COI haplotyping, the current method of choice for population studies. The modified Tpi method was used to expand upon previous indications that interstrain hybridization occurs asymmetrically, to confirm observations of seasonal periodicity in the proportions of the two strains infesting Florida cornfields, and to demonstrate that certain instances where strain specificity to their host plants appeared to be compromised were because of variability in the association of the COI markers to strain identity. The results indicate that the application of both Tpi and COI analyses to the study of fall armyworm populations is now practical and should facilitate the mapping and study of fall armyworm subpopulations in the United States.
Sleumeria (Icacinaceae): A New Genus from Northern Borneo

Abstract A new genus of Icacinaceae, Sleumeria, is described from northern Borneo. The only known species, Sleumeria auriculata, is a large woody scrambler with spirally arranged leaves with entire margins and prominent reticulation, hairs that dry a distinctive yellow-brown, and racemose or compound racemose inflorescences. The habit, leaf arrangement, and inflorescence type place Sleumeria in a group of climbing Icacinaceae near to Sarcostigma, but it is distinguished from that and other closely related genera by the combination of distinctly pedicellate flowers arranged singly or in pairs along the inflorescence rachis, swollen sagittate anther connectives, and a spherical ovary with a distinct filiform style with an unlobed stigma. Investigation of the stem anatomy confirms the relationship with Sarcostigma, especially the presence of successive cambia, but the new genus differs, amongst other anatomical characters, in lacking islands of included phloem within the xylem.
The Financial Market Impact of Quantitative Easing in the United Kingdom

This paper investigates the impact of the Bank of England’s quantitative easing policy on UK asset prices. Based on analysis of the reaction of financial market prices and modelbased estimates, we find that asset purchases financed by the issuance of central bank reserves - which by February 2010 totalled £200 billion - may have depressed medium to longterm government bond yields by about 100 basis points, with the largest part of the impact coming through a portfolio balance effect. The wider impact on other asset prices is more difficult to disentangle from other influences: the initial impact was muted, but the overall effects were potentially much larger, though subject to considerable uncertainty.
Comparison of apical sealing ability of resected mineral trioxide aggregate, gutta-percha and a resin-based root canal filling material (resilon)

In the case of limited access in endodontic surgery, an alternative approach includes obturation of the canal with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) prior to surgery. Following the setting of MTA, endodontic surgery is carried out by resecting the root-end and exposing the set MTA without cavity preparation. This may also be performed with other retrofilling materials. This study was designed to compare the sealing ability of resected resilon, MTA and gutta-percha. 84 maxillary anterior teeth were instrumented and randomly assigned into three experimental groups (n = 20), each having a positive and negative control (n = 4). The canals were filled with resilon, MTA or gutta-percha. Following the root-end resection and submergence in India ink, the maximum dye penetration was measured. Welch and Brown-Forsythe test was used to analyze the data. The resected gutta-percha showed significantly more leakage than MTA (p = 0.041). The leakage in resected resilon was more than MTA and slightly lesser than gutta-percha. However, the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Based on this study, MTA is the most appropriate choice in this approach.
The collective identity of social class : a social-psychological perspective on socioeconomic status and postsecondary achievement

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological class identification as a possible mediator in the association between socioeconomic status and achievement. Researchers in sociology and education have found that people who identify with a "lower" social class may experience feelings of exclusion, shame and inauthenticity in relation to higher education, and that these feelings can affect their educational choices and achievement. However, psychologists interested in identity and achievement have devoted little attention to socioeconomic status or social class. To address this gap, I developed the Collective Identity of Social Class (CISC) scale to measure psychological class identification. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis produced a solution with four interrelated factors: (1) Attachment and Embeddeness, (2) Certainty of Self categorization, (3) Salience and Importance, and (4) Mutual Fate. The CISC's factors are similar to factors that represent identification with other natural social groups. Interestingly, CISC scores were not associated with beliefs in meritocracy, indicating that psychological class identity differs from some sociological conceptions of social class. In Study 2,1 used structural equation modelling to examine the role of class identity, academic self-concept, student engagement, and high school average in mediating the influence of socioeconomic status on university grades. The model predicted 28% of the variance in GPA. As expected, high school average and academic self-concept had a positive influence on GPA. SES had complex influences on GPA, consisting of a negative direct effect and positive indirect effects. Engagement had no effect on GPA. For working-class students, class identity had an unexpectedly positive
Biological Activity of Opuntia ficus indica Cladodes II: Effect on Experimental Hypercholesterolemia in Rats

The influence of a daily administration of lyophilized cladodes of Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) on lipid metabolism was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats. The preparation was administered either for 15 or 30 days (by gavage at a dose of 1 g/kg in aqueous vehicle in a volume of 1.5 ml/100 g b.w.). Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride plasma levels were assayed. Statistically significant reductions in cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride plasma levels were found. The treatment was more effective after 30 days. The effects are probably due to the high fiber content of the cladodes, but other active ingredients could be operating in conjunction with this.
A New Character within the Taxonomically Difficult Sphenomorphus Group of Lygosomine Skinks, with a Description of a New Species from New Guinea

Abstract The postsupraocular, a small oblique scale just posterior to the supraoculars and medial to the pretemporal scales, is a derived character within the taxonomically difficult Sphenomorphus group of lygosomine skinks. This character occurs in 22 of the approximately 125 described species of Sphenomorphus currently recognized. The species with this distinctive character occur in the southern Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands and are called, informally, the Sphenomorphus maindroni group. A new species in the group is described from New Guinea, where most of the species occur. A key to the species with the distinctive character is provided.