Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Image Patches with a Generic Dictionary of Mini-epitomes – Cvpr 2014 Paper Supplementary Material – 1. Image Classification Experiments on Caltech-101

The supplementary material contains: (1) Image classification experimental results on the Caltech-101 dataset. (2) Analysis and experimental evaluation of the efficient DCT-based algorithm for epitomic patch matching with approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) techniques. (3) A discussion about the whitening effect of gradient-domain processing and its impact on classification performance. (4) More details about our epitomic footprint encoding. Here we report additional image classification experiments with the proposed epitomic dictionary method on the Caltech-101 dataset. The PASCAL VOC-2007 dataset is richer and more challenging and allows drawing safer conclusions when comparing alternative classification methods. However, performing experiments on the Caltech-101 allows us to directly compare the proposed method with other published techniques which only report results on the Caltech-101 dataset. We used exactly the same encoding method as in the case of the PASCAL VOS-2007 benchmark described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of the main paper, i.e., histograms with hard assignments encoding the label, sign, and, optionally, the position of the best match of each patch in the epitome. In all cases we employ standard SPM histograms [7] into 4 × 4, 2 × 2, 1 × 1 bins. We use the shorthand " Epitome-1024-16/8-Pos-2x2 " for a dictionary with K = 1024 16×16 mini-epitomes containing 8×8 patches and match position encoding in the epitome into 2×2=4 bins. To emphasize that the proposed method learns generic dictionaries, we use the same epitomic dictionaries learned on the PASCAL VOC-2007 training set for our Caltech-101 experiments. We follow the standard established protocol for our Caltech-101 evaluation. Specifically, we train 102 1-vs-all SVM classifiers (using χ 2 kernels approximated by explicit Table 1. Image classification results (average accuracy) of our epit-omic dictionary-based method on the Caltech-101 dataset. feature maps [13]) for classifying each image into one out of the 102 candidate classes (101 objects plus background). We draw four random splits of the dataset into 30 train images and up to 30 test images. We use the first validation split to set the SVM regularization parameter. We measure the average classification accuracy across the 102 classes and report its mean. The deviation (difference between max and min performance) over the three test splits has been up to 1% in all our experiments. Our results are shown in Table 1. Since each SVM classi-fier is trained with only 30 positive instances and the feature length is larger due to the finer SPM sampling (21 bins …
Assessment of Geoid Models Offshore Western Australia Using In-Situ Measurements

Abstract In Western Australia, coastal dynamics are influenced by a major ocean boundary current system, the Leeuwin Current, which is characterised by mesoscale features. To fully understand the Leeuwin Current using satellite altimeter measurements, we must have a precise (1–2 cm) and full-spatial-scale (<100 km) geoid model. This paper focuses on a comparison between two mean dynamic ocean topography models derived from independent hydrographic climatologies, and an altimeter-observed mean sea surface referenced to recently released geoid models offshore of Western Australia (20°S to 45°S, 108°E to 130°E). The geoid models used include combined global geopotential models from the GRACE satellite mission and AUSGeoid98. The estimated mean dynamic ocean topography models are compared with independent dynamic ocean topography from CSIRO's Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS) climatology. The results show that the EIGEN_GL04C and GGM02C + EGM96 global geopotential models to degree and order 360 give the best comparisons against CARS in the Leeuwin Current region, suggesting that they should be used in the future for computing ocean transport, surface current velocities, and dynamic topography, and be used as a reference field for future computations of regional marine geoid models.
Flora of "U Briantinu", a satellite stack of Panarea Island, Aeolian Archipelago (Sicily, Italy)

The authors have been for the past decade or so visiting small islands, islets and stacks around the Mediterranean to collect data on the insular biodiversity of such sites also including the study of these micro habitats and generally in comparison to close by or satellite main islands. Such studies have been intensely carried out in works like Sciberras & Sciberras (2010). ‘U Briantinu Stack` or as commonly known by the locals as ‘Scoglio Brigantino` is an interesting location which is quite inaccessible to visitors. Its geomorphology is simply stunning in being such a narrow vertical cliff face stack. Slightly tilted to the south, thus facing north, the stack has a length of approximately 32 meters from west to east/east to west and a width no more than a maximum of 5 meters from north to south/south to north. It is estimated to be about 12-15 meters high from the sea level to the highest part and 28 meters away from the closest land excluding 2 rocks which do not support terrestrial life. It is situated in a pocket beach known as ‘Cala Junco’. Close by is a popular archeological site known as the prehistoric village that dates back to the Bronze Age (XIV XIII century B.C.) No past literature is available for this stack at least regarding that of natural history (P. Lo Cascio personal communication). From a geological point of view, the volcanic rock of the stack formed during the 4th Tyrrhenian eruptive epoch, roughly 124,000 to 118,000 years ago. Composition of the rock is ‘andesitico dacitica calcalcalina’ and high in potassium (Calanchi et al., 2007).
Numerical Solution of second order hyperbolic telegraph equation via new Cubic Trigonometric B-Splines Approach

This paper presents a new approach and methodology to solve the second order one dimensional hyperbolic telegraph equation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions using the cubic trigonometric B-spline collocation method. The usual finite difference scheme is used to discretize the time derivative. The cubic trigonometric B-spline basis functions are utilized as an interpolating function in the space dimension, with a weighted scheme. The scheme is shown to be unconditionally stable for a range of values using the von Neumann (Fourier) method. Several test problems are presented to confirm the accuracy of the new scheme and to show the performance of trigonometric basis functions. The proposed scheme is also computationally economical and can be used to solve complex problems. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with known exact solutions and also with earlier studies.
Dark matter profiles and annihilation in dwarf spheroidal ga laxies: prospectives for present and future -ray observatories I. The classical dSphs

Due to their large dynamical mass-to-light ratios, dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are promising targets for the indirect detection of dark matter (DM) in γ-rays. We examine their detectability by present and future γ-ray observatories. The key innovative features of our analysis are: (i) We take into account the angular size of the dSphs; while nearby objects have higher γ ray flux, their larger angular extent can make them less attra ctive targets for background-dominated instruments. (ii) We derive DM profil es and the astrophysical J -factor (which parameterises the expected γ-ray flux, independently of the choice of DM particle model) for the classical dSphs directly from photometric and kinematic data. We assume very little about the DM profile, modelling this as a smooth split- power law distribution, with and without sub-clumps. (iii) We use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique to marginalise over unknown parameters and determine the sensitivity of our derived J -factors to both model and measurement uncertainties. (iv) We use simulated DM profiles to demonstrate that our J -factor determinations recover the correct solution withi n our quoted uncertainties. Our key findings are: (i) Sub-clumps in the dSphs do not usefully boost the signal; (ii) The sensitivity of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes to dSphs within � 20 kpc with cored halos can be up to �50 times worse than when estimated assuming them to be point-like. Even for the satellite-borne Fermi-LAT the sensitivity is significa ntly degraded on the relevant angular scales for long exposures, hence it is vital to consider the a ngular extent of the dSphs when selecting targets; (iii) No DM profile has been ruled out by current data, but using a prior on the inner dark matter cusp slope 0 6 γprior 6 1 provides J -factor estimates accurate to a factor of a few if an appropriate angular scale is chosen; (iv ) The J -factor is best constrained at a critical integration angle αc = 2rhalf/d (where rhalf is the half light radius and d is the distance to the dwarf) and we estimate the corresponding sensitivity of γ-ray observatories; (v) The ‘classical’ dSphs can be grouped into three categori es: well-constrained and promising (Ursa Minor, Sculptor, and Draco), well-constrained but less promising (Carina, Fornax, and Leo I), and poorly constrained (Sextans and Leo II); (vi) Observations of classical dSphs with Fermi-LAT integrated over the mission lifetime are more promising than observations with the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array for DM particle mass . 700 GeV. However, even Fermi-LAT will not have sufficient integrated signal from the classical dwarfs to detect DM in the ‘vanilla’ Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Bo th the Galactic centre and the ‘ultra-faint’ dwarfs are likely to be better targets and wil l be considered in future work.
THE UPDATED WHO CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classi ﬁ cation of lymphoid neoplasms

refers to investigations leading to more targeted therapeuticstrategies.Themajorchanges are reviewed with an emphasis on the most important advances in our understanding that impact our diagnostic approach, clinical expectations, and therapeutic strategies for the lymphoid neoplasms. ( Blood . 2016;127(20):2375-2390)
Comparative Social Policy: A Historical Overview of the Field

This article aims to provide a succinct historical overview of comparative social policy. Typified by both challenges and benefits, comparative social policy started to experience a period of growth in the 1960s, a time characterized by the dominance of the so-called Keynesian welfare state. It will be argued that the publication of Esping-Anders-en’s Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in 1990, during a period marked by the omnip-otence of the so-called Schumpeterian welfare state, coincides with the beginning of a new era for comparative social policy, one that has resulted in it being recognized as a separate field of study. The article discusses the main characteristics of each evolutionary phase of comparative social policy, as exemplified by the preponderance of descriptive studies and the functionalist family of welfare state explanations in the pre-1990 years and the dominance of the welfare state tax-onomies in the post-1990 period. In spite of the challenges that are yet to be overcome, the proliferation of studies in the field trans-mits positive messages about the future of comparative social policy.
Alteration of Crude Oil by Waters and Bacteria--Evidence from Geochemical and Isotope Studies

Oils from the Mississippian Mission Canyon 5 (MC5) carbonates of Saskatchewan, on the northern flank of the Williston basin, have been changed from sweet, medium- to high-gravity crudes, to sour nonproducible tars where the MC5 subcrop trend is intersected by a zone of fresh meteoric formation water. These waters are recognized by lower salinities and oxygen isotopic compositions which resemble water from present-day precipitation. The alteration of petroleum by fresh water may involve three processes: inorganic oxidation, water washing, and biodegradation. Inorganic oxidation (by molecular oxygen) is restricted largely to near-surface reservoirs and is not documented by the present study of crudes from depths of 3,500-6,000 ft. Water washing has occurred where formation waters undersaturated with hydrocarbons have dissolved the more soluble lighter hydrocarbons in the reservoired oils. This has left more sulfurous, heavier crudes with lower solution gas-oil ratios. Bacterial degradation has occurred within the area of freshwater invasion, presumably through the introduction of microorganisms, molecular oxygen, and nutrients. Normal paraffins and smaller naphthenes have been preferentially degraded and nonhydrocarbon NSO's and asphaltenes produced with resulting low-wax, heavier, more sulfurous crudes. Isotope data provide additional evidence of bacterial activity in the subsurface. In the study area, water washing and biodegradation have reduced crude oil gravities by more than 20 degrees API and increased the sulfur content from less than 1 percent to more than 3 percent.
An Introduction to Econophysics: Correlations and Complexity in Finance

This book concerns the use of concepts from statistical physics in the description of financial systems. The authors illustrate the scaling concepts used in probability theory, critical phenomena, and fully developed turbulent fluids. These concepts are then applied to financial time series. The authors also present a stochastic model that displays several of the statistical properties observed in empirical data. Statistical physics concepts such as stochastic dynamics, short- and long-range correlations, self-similarity and scaling permit an understanding of the global behaviour of economic systems without first having to work out a detailed microscopic description of the system. Physicists will find the application of statistical physics concepts to economic systems interesting. Economists and workers in the financial world will find useful the presentation of empirical analysis methods and well-formulated theoretical tools that might help describe systems composed of a huge number of interacting subsystems.
Application of sequence stratigraphy and trace fossil analysis to reservoir description: examples from the Jurassic of the North Sea

Recent sequence stratigraphic schemes proposed for the North Sea Jurassic have been developed primarily as exploration tools to predict reservoir distribution away from well control. As a result, most of these schemes are at the megasequence and depositional sequence scale. In field-scale studies where significant core is available, integration of trace fossil studies with other available correlation data (sedimentological, biostratigraphic, seismic, well log) can increase the precision and resolution of the sequence stratigraphic framework so that it is applicable to development and production problems. Trace fossils effectively provide an in situ record of environment and environmental change. They can be used to identify depositional facies and facies shifts, as indicators of salinity change, as direct indicators of stratal surfaces and condensed sections, and in evaluating the significance of palaeosols. This often allows stratal surfaces to be identified where other data fail (e.g. tracing marine flooding surfaces into the coastal plain and offshore shelf) and provides a way of tackling highly bioturbated shallow marine reservoirs. On a field scale, parasequence correlation is usually at a higher resolution than biostratigraphy and provides a deterministic approach to the evaluation of sandbody architecture and permeability barrier geometry. Such a sequence stratigraphic framework is crucial to (i) identifying field-wide permeability barriers (e.g. marine shales and cemented zones associated with marine flooding surfaces); (ii) understanding the stacking pattern, connectivity and anisotropy of reservoir sandbodies; and (iii) identifying horizons of incision (sequence boundaries) which may erode through units that would otherwise form field-wide permeability barriers. High-resolution, field-scale sequence stratigraphy thus provides a framework for prediction of reserves, reservoir simulation and field development planning. Case studies from (i) the Halten Terrace (Lower to Middle Jurassic); and (ii) the Central Graben area (Upper Jurassic), both from the Norwegian Continental Shelf, are presented to illustrate the use of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy in the stratigraphic description of hydrocarbon fields.
Full Length Research Article STUDY OF MODIFICATIONS OF THE RIVER PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS ON MUSKINGUM COEFFICIENTS, THROUGH EMPLOYMENT OF GENETIC ALGORITHM

Sofar much research has been done of flood routing through Muskingum linear and non - linear model and genetic algorithm. Study of changed specifications of river such as waterway slope, width and length of the river, and the river bed which lead to determination of its roughness coefficient, and their impacts of flood hydrograph and finally on nonlinear model coefficients, are importance. I n this research, effect of modifications of width and length of the ricer on coefficients of the Muskingum nonlinear model employing the genetic algorithm has been investigated. Obtained results, indicates the presence of a logical relation between fluctua tions of the river specifications and coefficients of this model that through increase of data, there will be a possibility of finding a mathematical relations for expressing such modifications as well.
A Particle Swarm Optimisation Approach to Graph Permutations

In many real-world applications, the arrangement, ordering, and selection of a discrete set of objects from a finite set, is used to satisfy a desired objective. The problem of finding optimal configurations from a discrete set of objects is known as the combinatorial optimisation problem. Examples of combinatorial optimisation problems in real-world scenarios include network design for optimal performance, fleet management, transportation and logistics, production-planning, inventory, airline-crew scheduling, and facility location. While many of these combinatorial optimisation problems can be solved in polynomial time, a majority belong to the class of NP -hard (Aardal et al., 1997). To deal with these hard combinatorial optimisation problems, approximation and heuristic algorithms have been employed as a compromise between solution quality and computational time (Festa and Resende, 2008). This makes heuristic algorithms well-suited for applications where computational resources are limited. These include dynamic ad-hoc networks, decentralised multi-agent systems, and multi-vehicle formations. The success of these heuristic algorithms depends on the computational complexity of the algorithm and their ability to converge to the optimal solution (Festa and Resende, 2008). In most cases, the solutions obtained by these heuristic algorithms are not guaranteed optimal. A recently developed class of heuristic algorithms, known as the meta-heuristic algorithms, have demonstrated promising results in the field of combinatorial optimisation. Metaheuristic algorithms represent the class of all-purpose search techniques that can be applied to a variety of optimisation problems including combinatorial optimisation. The class of meta-heuristic algorithms include (but not restricted to) simulated annealing (SA), tabu search, evolutionary algorithms (EA) (including genetic algorithms), ant colony optimisation (ACO) (Aguilar, 2001), bacterial foraging (Passino, 2002), scatter search, and iterated local search. Recently, a new family of computationally efficient meta-heuristic algorithms better posed at handling non-linear constraints and non-convex solution spaces have been developed. From this family of meta-heuristic algorithms, is particle swarm optimisation (PSO) (Kennedy and Eberhart, 1995). Like other biologically inspired meta-heuristic algorithms, PSO is an adaptive search technique that is based on the social foraging of insects and animals. In PSO, a population of candidate solutions are modelled as a swarm of particles. At each iteration, the particles update their position (and solution) by moving stochastically
Modes of interannual and interdecadal variability of Pacific SST

Abstract The multichannel singular spectrum analysis has been used to characterize the spatio–temporal structures of interdecadal and interannual variability of SST over the Pacific Ocean from 20°S to 58°N. Using the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set from 1950 to 1993, three modes with distinctive spatio-temporal structures were found. They are an interdecadal mode, a quasi-quadrennial (QQ) oscillation with a period of 51 months, and a quasi-biennial (QB) oscillation with a period of 26 months. The interdecadal mode is a standing mode with opposite signs of SST anomalies in the North Pacific and in the tropical Pacific. The amplitude of this mode is larger in the central North Pacific than in the tropical Pacific. This mode contributes 11.4% to the total variance. It is associated with cooling in the central North Pacific and warming in the equatorial Pacific since around 1976–77. The QQ oscillation exhibits propagation of SST anomalies northeastward from the Philippine Sea and then eastward along 4.
Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

We have undertaken a critical analysis of the role of sex and sex steroids in influencing stress responsiveness. We have reviewed the current literature regarding the manner in which the stress-induced activation of the sympatho-adrenal medullary system and the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis are influenced by the sex of individuals and the sex steroids that are present and how these vary with different types of stress and in different physiological conditions. The chapter focuses predominantly on sheep and human research, although research in rodents is introduced where pertinent. Where appropriate, we draw on our extensive research published over the last two decades using sheep as an experimental model and consider how these data inform and compliment the current findings in human studies. It is clear from the literature reviewed here that there is a major need for research to understand stress responsiveness. The gaps in knowledge requiring this research are highlighted.
SYMBOLIC REALITY BITES: WOMEN AND RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MODERN FILM

Criticisms of mass media productions often include a discussion of how women and minorities are systematically excluded and/or relegated to minor roles, or roles that match traditional stereotypes. These types of portrayals are important factors in the social construction of reality among the general public, and therefore may perpetuate racism and sexism on a larger scale. Using a content analysis of fifty popular films in 1996 the present study explores the demographic composition of the leading actresses and actors. The goal is to gauge the strength of female and minority presence and to provide an assessment of character representations through an analysis of labor force participation, sex-roles of occupation, prestige of occupation, and gender. Findings indicate that although both women and minorities have made some advancement in their film portrayals, compared to earlier studies, they still are under-represented in leading roles in Hollywood, and their portrayals are often consistent with traditional stereotypes.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION-REDUCTION IN MILK

In the first two papers of this series some theoretical aspects of oxidation-reduction phenomena in milk were discussed. The present paper deals with some of the more practical considerations of the methylene blue reduction test. The reader is referred to the previous articles (Thornton and Hastings, 1929) for a more complete discussion of the mechanism of reduction than space permits in this paper.