Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of aquatic mosses on juvenile fish density and habitat use in the regulated River Suldalslågen, western Norway

Two morphologically distinct moss communities were found in the River Suldalslågen. The liver moss community consists of species which form a dense mat on the bottom, while the river moss (Fontinalis) community forms long tufts. Moss growth has increased since hydropower regulations due to reduced floods and increased winter flows. Increased moss cover affects the bottom structure, as well as intra‐gravel and near‐bottom hydraulics. We studied densities of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) by electrofishing and habitat selection by direct underwater observation, in areas with natural moss cover compared with areas where mosses were experimentally removed. Areas with dense mats of liver mosses held lower densities of young of year (YoY) and older salmon parr than areas where liver moss had been removed. No differences in densities of YoY salmon were found between areas with and without Fontinalis. For older salmon, parr results were inconclusive. In some samples more and in others fewer fish were found in areas with Fontinalis moss removed. For trout, densities were higher in areas with Fontinalis, while results for liver moss were inconclusive. No major differences were found with regard to microhabitat selection between areas with and without river moss, suggesting that habitat quality in these areas was similar during summer, except with respect to substrate. Salmon held more exposed positions in areas without liver moss, but this is mainly attributed to different habitat availabilities. It is concluded that the relative increase in liver mosses in the River Suldalslågen has a negative impact on juvenile Atlantic salmon fish density. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of the Jurassic of Western Sicily Based on New Ammonite Faunas

Summary The first part of the paper gives descriptions and profiles of four key Jurassic sections in western Sicily from which ammonites have been collected at various levels, and discusses the stratigraphy and the relations of the Jurassic to earlier and later systems. It is shown that thick limestones previously classed as Tithonian belong largely to the Cretaceous and in places are even Eocene. The tectonic implications are discussed. The second part of the paper lists 11 assemblages of ammonites collected in the four sections and ranging in age from Lower Bathonian to Tithonian. Notes on their correlation and òn a number of other assemblages collected in Sicily are also given. Lower and Upper Bathonian and Lower and Upper Oxfordian assemblages new to Sicily are recorded. The Jurassic palaeogeography of Sicily and neighbouring regions is inferred from the vertical and horizontal distribution of the ammonite faunas and their affinities with those in other regions. Part I. Structure and Stratigraphy [H. R. W. ] I. Introduction The field work on which this paper is based was carried out in routine geological investigations on behalf of the D'Arcy Exploration Company during exploration for oil. Acknowledgment is made to the Chairman and Directors of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Ltd., of which the D'Arcy Exploration Company is a subsidiary, for permission to publish the following results deriving from these investigations. In an attempt to amplify our knowledge of the regional stratigraphy, certain major exposures of pre-Tertiary rocks in western Sicily have been examined and the thicknesses
Anatomical Variations in the Pectoralis Minor Muscle Origin and Insertion: A Systematic Review

The pathology of the shoulder is among the most widespread medical presentations and may be a result of existing anatomical variations. Therefore, the knowledge of the variations is vital for physicians and clinicians, tasked with treating patients presenting similar complaints to minimize misdiagnosis and prevent iatrogenic injuries. Therefore, the main objective of the present systematic review the variations in pectoralis minor muscle origin and insertion/attachment point. The study also seeks to better inform physicians and clinicians of the task of treating patients with various pathology problems and to ascertain that, upon identification, the pectoralis minor muscle variants are aptly appreciated. The search method used in this systematic review entails the use of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, and the searching of several online databases, for studies focusing on variations in pectoralis minor muscles. The author reviewer evaluated the studies for eligibility, and the selection criteria for the studies used are described below. This systematic review has disclosed that, in some individuals, the pectoralis minor muscles have their origins in the second, third, and fourth ribs, even as others have their origin in the third and fourth ribs. Still, the systematic review has disclosed that, in certain individuals, the insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle occurs at the supraspinatus tendon, even as there are anomalies in the pectoralis minor insertion points linked to subacromial impingement, possible compression of the brachial plexus anteromedial and the axillary artery, and the subcoracoid impingement.
CHALLENGES OF THE LIVELIHOOD EMPOWERMENT AGAINST POVERTY PROGRAMME IN THE UPPER WEST REGION OF GHANA: THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Since independence Ghana has embarked on various development strategies and programmes with the aim of reducing poverty and moving the country into a desired prosperous nation. Though initial successes were recorded making Ghana a beacon of hope in Africa these successes did not stand the test of time. Poverty reduction programmes became much popular in the 1980s with the introduction of Structural Adjustment programmes among others. However, after thirty years of implementing pro-poor programmes and policies to reduce poverty the results has been minimal with the current national poverty rate at 28.5% is an indication of a relatively high level of poverty in the country marked by widespread regional disparities. The high poverty levels also results in further social exclusion of citizens thereby widening the gap between the rich and poor. This paper focused on the specific poverty alleviation programme the livelihood empowerment against poverty implemented in the country since 2008. This paper examines the peculiar challenges that the programme faces in the Upper West region from the institutional perspective. Interviews from nine program officers from the various districts in the Upper West region provided data for this study. This was supplemented with secondary data using 2010 population and housing census, government publications on the LEAP programme, district statistics on the LEAP as well as relevant publications on LEAP in Ghana. The study revealed that some efforts have been made to hence the living conditions of the poor in the Upper West region through the programme. However the programme is challenged with administrative difficulties, irregular inflow of funds as well as perceived political interferences. Therefore, this paper recommends that poverty reduction programmes such as this should be sustained and made more efficient by improving the administrative capacity of programme officers. The study further recommends the provision of more complementary benefits to beneficiaries and also giving some non-formal education and training to beneficiaries in the best use of funds. Keywords: Poverty reduction, Livelihoods empowerment programme, Challenges, Upper West region, Institutional perspective
Compulsory Tax Objectives Reviewed from Factors Affecting Personal People in Paying Taxes: Case Study on Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kota Surabaya

This study aims to analyze the influence of awareness of Taxpayers, Taxpayer knowledge, administrative sanctions, tax apparatus services, modernization of taxation system on taxpayer compliance at the Office of Manpower of Surabaya city. The data of this study were obtained from Questionnaire (Primary). Data analysis used are Validity Test, Reability Test, Normality Test, Outer Model Testing (Measurement Model), Structural Model Testing (Inner Model). The result of this research is partially awareness of Taxpayer only does not have an effect on compliance, Taxpayer's knowledge only influence to compliance, administrative sanction only does not have an effect on compliance, Tax Apparatus service does not have an effect on compliance, modernization of tax system alone does not influence to compliance.
Examining the Work-Life Balance of Teacher-Parents in One Secondary School in the Philippines: A Phenomenological Study

Every teacher must be able to manage their time effectively, set priorities, and concentrate on productivity since they have the oath to uphold their vocation. To be able to define the roles and duties, the research aims to explore the challenges experienced by teachers who are also parents, and how it affects their work-life balance, in order to propose an enhancement program to address these issues. A qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach was employed, with five (5) teacher-parents chosen through purposive sampling. Codes and themes were used in the study. Based on the focus group discussion, three themes emerged: time management, priority and focus, and the impact of productivity. To improve teachers' ability to strike a work-life balance and improve their performance and participation in upholding the school's objectives for the success of the students, school leaders must offer training and seminars. This study has provided a platform for teachers to understand and practice the importance of work-life balance to maintain their effectiveness in both roles. Teachers need to strive for a healthy balance between their professional and personal lives to be successful. Additionally, the researchers have designed an enhancement program to facilitate the teachers' time management and prioritize their tasks for work-life balance.
Influenza A and B Viruses in Fine Aerosols of Exhaled Breath Samples from Patients in Tropical Singapore

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness that commonly causes outbreaks among human communities. Details about the exact nature of the droplets produced by human respiratory activities such as breathing, and their potential to carry and transmit influenza A and B viruses is still not fully understood. The objective of our study was to characterize and quantify influenza viral shedding in exhaled aerosols from natural patient breath, and to determine their viral infectivity among participants in a university cohort in tropical Singapore. Using the Gesundheit-II exhaled breath sampling apparatus, samples of exhaled breath of two aerosol size fractions (“coarse” > 5 µm and “fine” ≤ 5 µm) were collected and analyzed from 31 study participants, i.e., 24 with influenza A (including H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes) and 7 with influenza B (including Victoria and Yamagata lineages). Influenza viral copy number was quantified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Infectivity of influenza virus in the fine particle fraction was determined by culturing in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Exhaled influenza virus RNA generation rates ranged from 9 to 1.67 × 105 and 10 to 1.24 × 104 influenza virus RNA copies per minute for the fine and coarse aerosol fractions, respectively. Compared to the coarse aerosol fractions, influenza A and B viruses were detected more frequently in the fine aerosol fractions that harbored 12-fold higher viral loads. Culturable virus was recovered from the fine aerosol fractions from 9 of the 31 subjects (29%). These findings constitute additional evidence to reiterate the important role of fine aerosols in influenza transmission and provide a baseline range of influenza virus RNA generation rates.
Bull Trout Forage Investigations in Beulah Reservoir, Oregon - Annual Report for 2006

Beulah Reservoir on the north fork of the Malheur River in northeastern Oregon provides irrigation water to nearby farms and ranches and supports an adfluvial population of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Water management in Beulah Reservoir results in seasonal and annual fluctuations of water volume that may affect forage availability for bull trout. Because no minimum pool requirements currently exist, the reservoir is occasionally reduced to run-of-river levels, which may decimate forage fish populations and ultimately affect bull trout. We sampled fish and aquatic insects in Beulah Reservoir in the spring, before the annual drawdown of 2006, and afterward, in the late fall. We also collected samples 1.5 years after the reservoir was dewatered for three consecutive summers. Overall, the moderate drawdown of 2006 (32 percent of full pool) did not drastically alter the fish community in Beulah Reservoir. We did document, however, decreases in abundance and sizes of chironomids in areas of the reservoir that were frequently dewatered, increased catch rates of fish with gillnets, and decreases in population estimates for smaller fishes after drawdown. In 2006, after the dewaterings of 2002–04, species composition was similar to that prior to the dewaterings, but the size distributions of most species were biased toward small juvenile or subyearling fishes and larger fishes were rare. Our results indicate that repeated reservoir drawdown reduces aquatic insect forage for bull trout and probably affects forage fish populations at least temporarily. The high catch rates of juvenile fishes 1.5 years after consecutive dewaterings suggests good reproductive success for any remaining adult fish, and shows that the fish community in Beulah Reservoir is resilient to such disturbances. There is, however, a period of time after serious drawdowns before significant numbers of juvenile fishes start to appear in the reservoir. Because Beulah Reservoir experiences a wide variety of drawdown scenarios in consecutive years, the forage fish community may never reach a state of equilibrium.
Dune Vulnerability in Relation to Tourism Pressure in Central Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain), a Case study

Abstract The severe modification and progressive loss of coastal dunes in the last decades has resulted in calls from conservationists to assess the conservation status and condition of these systems, and thus several vunerability indices have been developed. The vulnerability status of two protected coastal dune systems in the central Gulf of Cádiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) was assessed at local scale and results compared with a previous assessment to regional scale. A vulnerability index (VI) based on variables that desribed geomorphological condition, marine influence, aeolian influence, vegetation condition, and human effects was calculated to previously defined 17 homogeneous coastal segments, and the main factors affecting them were identified. Higher vulnerability was related to two differentiated situations: segments with low or negative sedimentary budget and segments subjected to considerable human pressure. Vulnerability status of the studied stretches was also analyzed in relation to tourism pressure and level of accessibility. Vulnerability was directly related to some characteristics of the accesses as well as to visitor pressure, showing higher vulnerability those segments with increased accessibility and influx of visitors. Obtained results were more detailed in comparison with previous assessment to regional scale, and were easily translated to specific management actions. These actions should be mainly focused on controlling and limiting human (tourism) influence, particularly in those segments affected by these factors.
THE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN BUGISAN TOURISM VILLAGE, KLATEN, CENTRAL JAVA

The potential of a community can contribute to driving the economy of tourism villages. However, not all tourist villages can attract a significant number of tourists. It can be caused by the lack of management and potential optimization of the community. This research aims to identify tourism products that have been run in Bugisan Tourism Village. It also intends to find a development strategy for the village so that it can ensure the sustainability of tourism for the local culture and its cultural potentials of the host community can be preserved. The research method used is descriptive qualitative through observation and interview techniques as well as a literature study to collect data from primary and secondary sources. By using the concepts of sustainable tourism development, the efforts that can be implemented by Bugisan Tourism Village are through the development of several cultural elements, such as language, handicrafts, art and music, history of the region and religion, dress and clothes as well as education system. Meanwhile, it is necessary to improve the aspects of ancillary service and institution of the Bugisan Tourism Village.
Observed trends in the timing of wet and dry season in China and the associated changes in frequency and duration of daily precipitation

An understanding of the changes in precipitation timing, wet days (WD) and duration of extreme wet (dry) spells (WS/DS) is of great significant merit in the management of water resources and agricultural activities. In this study, the spatial features of trends in these precipitation characteristics over China during 1960–2013 were investigated. The timing of wet‐/dry‐season exhibited significant shift across the whole China. The timings of wet season showed significant delaying trends over the middle and lower Yangtze River basins and earlier onset trends over northern China, with the rate up to 1 month per 50‐years, which is partly due to the changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation. Meanwhile, the timings of dry season over the middle and lower Yangtze River basins exhibited prominent earlier trends, combined with the delayed trends of wet season occurrence, resulted in a reduced transition period from wet season to dry season. Accompanying the pronounced shift of the occurrence time of wet‐/dry‐seasons, WD and duration of extreme WS/DS in wet‐/dry‐seasons also showed significant change. Predominantly negative trends of wet‐season WD largely contributed to the deceasing annual WD in the regions east of 100°E. The shortening of extreme dry‐season DS was evident over Northeast China and lower Yangtze River; while the decrease of extreme wet‐season WS was observed over the southern China, and these changes may help to reduce the corresponding risk of drought and flood, respectively. Southwest China showed robust less WD and prolonging DS on both annual and seasonal basis, and thus may enhance the risk of drought in this region.
Sugar-Based Monoester Surfactants: Synthetic Methodologies, Properties, and Biological Activities

Glycolipids are biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic compounds characterized by a great scientific interest for their potential applications in various technological areas, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food production. This report summarizes the available synthetic methodologies, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of sugar fatty acid ester surfactants, with a particular focus on 6-O-glucose, 6-O-mannose, 6-O-sucrose, and 6′-O-lactose ones. In detail, the synthetic approaches to this class of compounds, such as enzymatic lipase-catalyzed and traditional chemical (e.g., acyl chloride, Steglich, Mitsunobu) esterifications, are reported. Moreover, aspects related to the surface activity of these amphiphiles, such as their ability to decrease surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and emulsifying and foaming ability, are described. Biological applications with a focus on the permeability-enhancing effect across the skin or mucosa, antimicrobial and antifungal activities, as well as antibiofilm properties, are also presented. The information reported here on sugar-based ester surfactants is helpful to broaden the interest and the possible innovative applications of this class of amphiphiles in different technological fields in the future.
Comparison of the Immune Responses to Different Formulations of BC02-Adjuvanted HPV Types 16 and 18 Bivalent Vaccines in Mice

To achieve maximum efficacy, vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, necessitate the incorporation of immunostimulators/adjuvants. Adjuvants play a vital role in bolstering and extending the strength of the immune response while also influencing its type. As antigen and adjuvant formulations become more intricate, it becomes imperative to establish a well-characterized and robust formulation to ensure consistent and reproducible outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. In the present study, an HPV bivalent vaccine was developed using a BC02 adjuvant in conjunction with HPV 16 and 18 L1 VLP antigens produced from an E. coli expression system. The study involved evaluating the adjuvant formulation and in vivo immunogenicity in mice. Remarkably, a medium-dose of BCG-CpG-DNA combined with a low-dose of aluminum hydroxide substantially enhanced the immunogenicity of HPV16 and 18 VLPs, resulting in improved cellular and humoral immune responses.
Dosimetric Analysis of Limiting Pelvic Bone Dose in Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer

Numerous studies have indicated the significant importance of pelvic dose in the radiotherapy process for cervical cancer patients. However, research on the actual pelvic bone dose in the treatment of cervical cancer patients using different techniques is currently relatively limited. In this study, we selected 50 postoperative cervical cancer patients. For each patient, three treatment plans with pelvic dose constraints were designed: sIMRT, VMAT, and HT. Statistical analysis was conducted on the target area and organ at risk parameters of the three groups of plans. The results indicate that all three treatment plans meet the clinical requirements. Regarding organs at risk, compared to the sIMRT and VMAT groups, the HT group showed a reduction of 11.85% and 11.07%, respectively, in V40 of bladder. Additionally, compared to the sIMRT and HT groups, the VMAT group exhibited a reduction of 14.94% and 9.53%, respectively, in V10 of pelvic bone. Furthermore, compared to the sIMRT and HT groups, the VMAT group showed a reduction of 10.76% and 6.75%, respectively, in V20 of pelvic bone, and these differences were also statistically significant (t = 21.630, t = –16.621, P < 0.05). In summary, individualized treatment design can be conducted in clinical practice based on the specific conditions of patients.
Mechano‐Activated Shape Morphing of Aluminum–Plastic Laminate Composites

Many “metallized plastic” packaging films bend if stretched and released. Such behavior can be reproduced in laminate composites prepared by bonding aluminum foil to an adhesive polymer sheet. It is shown that such bending occurs because stretching deforms the aluminum layer permanently (i.e., plastically), whereas the polymer layer deforms elastically. Upon releasing, the aluminum–polymer composite then resolves the strain mismatch by bending, with the aluminum on the convex side of the bend. The curvature is found to increase linearly with the applied strain and to reduce as the aluminum thickness increases. The theory of fully elastic bilayers with strain mismatch is in qualitative agreement with the results, but underpredicts the curvatures. It is shown how such bilayers can be patterned with defects such as holes or slits to realize more complex shape morphing, and also how one may achieve bidirectional bending. Such aluminum–polymer‐layered composites provide an inexpensive platform suitable for rapid prototyping of self‐folding origami structures using robust materials.