Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK NIMBA DALAM PENGENDALIAN ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura F.) PADA TANAMAN SELADA

Effectiveness of Neem Extract in Controlling Armyworm (Spodoptera Litura F.) in Lettuce Alfian Rusdy Fakultas Pertanian Unsyiah, Darussalam Banda Aceh ABSTRACT Research objectives were to evaluate effectiveness of seed and leaf neem extracts at various concentrations in controlling armyworm in lettuce. Experimental design used was factorial completely randomized design, consisting of eight combinations of treatment with three replications. Factors examined were firstly neem extract of seed and leaf and secondly concentration of the neem extracts, which consists of four levels for each of the 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Variables observed were mortality, percentage of pupa, percentage of imago, and intensity of damaged plants. Results showed that use of seed and leaf extracts of neem plant can control armyworm ( Spodoptera litura F.) in lettuce plants. Seed extract was more toxic than leaf extract of neem. The most effective concentration was 20 cc/100 ml solution (20%), followed by 15 cc (15%), 10 cc (10%), and 5 cc (5%).
Purification and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes and Prospects for the Formation of Magnetic Semiconductor via Iron Incorporation

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author CA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, wrote the first draft of the manuscript and managed literature searches. Authors CA and KD managed the analyses of the study and literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT This article reports the synthesis of iron (Fe) encapsulated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prospective to the formation of magnetic semiconductors, by the arc discharge method. Morphology of the samples was studied from transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) imaging. The data was recorded by x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and energy dispersion x-ray (EDX) equipments for the identification of the sample constituent. TEM images of metal added samples indicate that defects are completely removed after mono acidic treatment and open air oxidizing at 400°C for 15 minutes leaving na no sized carbonaceous skeins attached on the surface of carbon nanotubes and catalyst particles encapsulated. This formation is recognized as a phenomenon at certain temperature limit. From the SEM analysis, a new phenomenon of spherical structure with diameter nearly 15 µm to which bundles of CNTs and carbonaceous impurities are attached is observed. EDX examination shows that the carbon weight % is dominating the composition along with oxygen and iron, perhaps, forming FeO during the reaction. It is also revealed from XRD analysis, indicating success in metal incorporation. This envisages that there would be formation of magnetic semiconductors, as it can be verified with further experiments, where iron ions may take carbon cites in the CNTs with semiconducting behavior and iron filling otherwise.
Application of compressed sensing to genome wide association studies and genomic selection

We show that the signal-processing paradigm known as compressed sensing (CS) is applicable to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS). The aim of GWAS is to isolate trait-associated loci, whereas GS attempts to predict the phenotypic values of new individuals on the basis of training data. CS addresses a problem common to both endeavors, namely that the number of genotyped markers often greatly exceeds the sample size. We show using CS methods and theory that all loci of nonzero effect can be identified (selected) using an efficient algorithm, provided that they are sufficiently few in number (sparse) relative to sample size. For heritability h2 = 1, there is a sharp phase transition to complete selection as the sample size is increased. For heritability values less than one, complete selection can still occur although the transition is smoothed. The transition boundary is only weakly dependent on the total number of genotyped markers. The crossing of a transition boundary provides an objective means to determine when true effects are being recovered; we discuss practical methods for detecting the boundary. For h2 = 0.5, we find that a sample size that is thirty times the number of nonzero loci is sufficient for good recovery.
Eclosão e mortalidade de juvenis J2 de Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 em óleos essenciais

Os nematoides do genero Meloidogyne afetam seriamente a producao de diversas culturas em todo o mundo. A busca pelo controle alternativo do patogeno com produtos naturais esta bastante avancada, contudo, e essencial a comprovacao cientifica da acao nematicida dos mesmos para sua validacao como metodo eficiente de controle. Assim, tornou-se objetivo deste trabalho investigar, in vitro, o efeito dos oleos essenciais de seis especies medicinais (alfavaca, alecrim pimenta, capim santo, capim citronela, cidreira e eucalipto) em sete concentracoes (0; 0,3125; 0,625; 1,25; 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 ml L -1 ) sobre a eclosao e mortalidade de juvenis de segundo estadio (J2) de M. incognita raca 2. Para tanto, no Laboratorio de Fitopatologia, CCA/UFC, conduziu-se um ensaio em arranjo fatorial 6 x 7, disposto no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, empregando-se 42 tratamentos com seis repeticoes constituidas de 60 ovos cada. Utilizaram-se ovos do fitonematoide extraidos de raizes infestadas do tomateiro ‘Santa Clara’, incubando-os em placas de Petri de acrilico de 3,5 cm de diâmetro, em temperatura ambiente (27±3 oC). As avaliacoes iniciaram-se 24 horas apos a montagem do ensaio, prolongando-se por 16 dias, com a contagem de J2 eclodidos e, ou, mortos em intervalos de 48 horas. Constatou-se que todos os oleos essenciais afetaram a eclosao ou a sobrevivencia dos J2 nas concentracoes de 5,0 e 10,0 ml L -1 , porem, em diluicoes mais elevadas -1 , apenas os oleos de alecrim pimenta e capim citronela apresentaram acao nematostatica e nematicida, sendo assim, considerados promissores para posteriores ensaios visando o controle desses fitoparasitos no solo.
Genetic Divergence in Wheat

The genetic divergence among a set of 67 wheat strains chosen to represent a wide spectrum of phenotypic variation in respect of characters affecting yield has been estimated utilising the D2-statistic. The estimates were obtained under three different environments representing different levels of fertility. The number of clusters into which the 67 strains could be grouped differed somewhat from environment to environment and the composition of the clusters also varied. However, a closer study of the grouping revealed that such instability was restricted to only those clusters the divergence between which was quite low, whereas the widely divergent clusters remained distinct in all the experimental environments. In view of the consistency of this result, it may be inferred that the Mahalanobis D2-statistic can be a powerful tool in the hands of the breeder, as an estimator of genetic divergence among populations. Estimates of genetic divergence obtained in an environment conducive to a maximal expression of the genetic potential of the strains in respect of the various characters, may provide the most realistic picture with regard to genetic divergence.
Susceptibility of different life stages of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, to entomopathogenic fungi

The effects of six fungus isolates on the mortality of different life stages of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), were assessed in a series of laboratory experiments to find an isolate suitable for biological control. In a first step, the effects of fungus treatments on mortality, mycosis and fecundity of adult flies at a concentration of 107 conidia/ml were evaluated. All fungus isolates caused mycosis but virulence varied considerably among the isolates. Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea caused 90–100% mortality and had the strongest influence on fecundity. Metarhizium anisopliae also induced high rates of mortality, while the pathogenicity of Isaria farinosa was low. The effects of lower conidia concentrations and the influence of the age of flies were assessed in a second step. Higher conidia concentrations generally resulted in a higher mortality. B. bassiana was most efficient at low concentrations. Young flies showed lower mortality rates than older flies but, sub‐lethal effects on eclosion rate of eggs were greater in younger flies. Finally, the effects on L3 larvae were tested: none of the fungus isolates induced mortality in more than 25% of larvae. As L3 larvae and pupae are not susceptible to fungus infection, field control of R. cerasi should be focused on adult flies.
Liveweight-productivity relationships in sheep

Abstract An analysis of the breeding performance of sorne 11,258 sheep, mostly Corriedale, over aperiod of 15 years in relation to liveweight at mating has been made, yielding the following observations:- (i) Ewe and lamb mortality, 3.8 per cent and 12.0 per cent respectively, are independent of liveweight of the ewe, except at liveweights below 90–100 lb. (ii) Barrenness (mean 6 per cent) is relatively independent of liveweight above approximately 90–100 lb but below this critical weight barren (iii) Twinning increases approximately linearly with increasing liveweight at a rate of the order of 6 per cent per 10 lb. (iv) The lower breeding performance of 2-tooth ewes in comparisonwith older ewes can be explained almost entirely in terms of liveweight at mating. The relative significance of liveweight and flushing as factors influencing lambing percentage are discussed.
QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DE JABUTICABEIRA (Myrciaria cauliflora) SOB INFLUÊNCIA DE DUAS CONDIÇÕES DE CULTIVO: SOMBREAMENTO NATURAL E PLENO SOL

A diversidade de fruteiras nativas existentes na Regiao Sul e Sudoeste do Parana (Bioma Floresta com Araucaria) esta sofrendo as consequencias do desmatamento, das queimadas, das monoculturas. Alem disso, o desconhecimento sobre o potencial produtivo e alimentar resulta em baixo aproveitamento e agrava a erosao genetica dessas especies. A pesquisa de campo a ser apresentada neste trabalho surgiu do interesse em contribuir na reversao desse quadro, partindo-se do pressuposto de que conhecer melhor a biologia dessas plantas poderia contribuir no processo de domesticacao, um aliado na tentativa de preservacao das especies em questao. O objetivo especifico da pesquisa, ponto de partida para um estudo mais extenso, foi avaliar antes de tudo a qualidade dos frutos. Para isso, foram estudadas, durante os anos de 2001, 2002 e 2003, as caracteristicas fisicas e quimicas dos frutos de jabuticabeiras encontradas na regiao em dois tipos de condicoes: 1) condicao natural de sombreamento (mata nativa) e 2) condicao de pleno sol (mata modificada pela retirada do restante da vegetacao). Conclui-se desses estudos preliminares que a qualidade dos frutos advindos de ambas as condicoes nao demonstrou diferenca significativa. Tal conclusao e um indicativo positivo no que se refere ao processo de domesticacao dessa especie, ou seja, o desenvolvimento do cultivo solteiro ou consorciado.
The Botryoidal and Vaso-fibrous Tissue of the Leech Hirudo medicinalis

The botryoidal and vaso-fibrous tissues of the leech Hirudo medicinalis have been studied morphologically and histochemically. It is concluded that the cells forming these tissues represent cells of the vessel and sinus walls which have swollen as a consequence of the accumulation of pigment granules in their cytoplasm. This swelling is much more pronounced in the cells of the botryoidal tissue. These tissue systems are in communication with each other and with the contractile and non-contractile haemolymph vessels. Apart from the pigment granules, few cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in the cells of the botryoidal tissue, but numerous granules are present in the vaso-fibrous cells: these granules are about 1 µ in diameter and contain phospholipid. The brown pigment of the botryoidal tissue seems to consist of a masked iron compound, which probably occurs in combination with the protein which forms the framework of the pigment granule; the pigment of the vaso-fibrous tissue is green, and contains no iron, but reacts to the tests for bile pigments. These tissues are considered to represent ‘kidneys of accumulation’ for the iron and the bile pigment which probably represent the by-products of a breakdown of the blood used as food. The amount of botryoidal tissue is significantly greater in old than in young leeches.
Ancient Maya Agroforestry Echoing Through Spatial Relationships in the Extant Forest of NW Belize

Previous research has shown that ancient Maya ‘forest gardens’—tree‐dominated home gardens containing a diversity of tree species used for daily household needs—still resonate in the species composition of the modern forest. Centuries of positive interspecies interactions may enhance the reproductive and survival success of garden species selected and encouraged by experienced Maya forest gardeners. We hypothesized that such interaction may result in aggregated spatial patterns between 32 pre‐selected, commonly utilized forest garden species. In this paper, we developed a novel randomization (Monte Carlo) method designed to measure and test if the spatial relationships among pairs of Maya ‘forest garden’ trees species differ between areas that experienced high and low ancient settlement density in northwestern Belize. A total of 28 high ancient settlement density and 27 low ancient settlement density plots containing a total of 2772 and 3134 trees, respectively, were used for this study. The analysis revealed that 58 pairs of forest garden species tended to ‘cluster’ together significantly more often in the high settlement density areas than would be expected in a random distribution. In low settlement density plots, only 12 pairs of species exhibited a significant clustered spatial relationship. The effect was not species specific, suggesting that some synergistic relationships, mediated by third‐party agents such as dispersers, may occur at the community level. The impacts of ancient human land use, echoing across centuries of dispersal, colonization, disturbance, and biotic and abiotic interactions, can have important implications for understanding the current biodiversity patterns and processes.
Betaine Lipids in Lower Plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and the Possible Role of DGTS in Lipid Metabolism

Membrane lipids and fatty acids of Ochromonas danica were analyzed. Of the two betaine lipids, the homoserine lipid DGTS mainly contains 14:0 and 18:2 fatty acids, while the alanine lipid DGTA is enriched in 18:0, 18:2 and 22:5 fatty acids. Of the polar moiety of DGTA, improved NMR data are presented. On incubation of cells with [3,4- 14 C]methionine, DGTS as well as DGTA were labelled. With [l- 14 qmethionine as a substrate, the label appeared in DGTS only. If double labelled [ 3 H](glycerol)/[ 14 C](polar part)DGTS was used as a precursor, radioactivity was incorporated specifically into DGTA in which the isotope ratio was unchanged compared to the precursor. Thus, the glyceryltrimethylhomoserine part of DGTS acts as the precursor of the polar group of DGTA. Labelling of cells with [l- 14 C]oleate in a pulse-chase manner and subsequent analysis of the label in the fatty acids and molecular species of different lipids including DGTS and DGTA, suggested a clearly different role of the two betaine lipids: DGTS acts as a i) primary acceptor for exogenous C 18 monoene acid, ii) substrate for the desaturation of 18:1 to 18:2 acid, and iii) donor of mainly 18:2 fatty acid to be distributed among PE and other membrane lipids. Into DGTA, in contrast, fatty acids are introduced only after elongation and desaturation. As a result, the biosynthesis of DGTA from DGTS involves a decarboxylation and recarboxylation of the polar part and a simultaneous deacylation and reacylation of the glycerol moiety.
Intratumor heterogeneity of EGFR mutations in lung cancer tissues and its correlation with the response to gefitinib

B25 Cancer tissues consist of various cancer cells with different genetic alterations. From the viewpoint of anti-cancer drug therapy, it is important to assess the ratio between responder and non-responder cells. Due to lack of biomarkers discriminating responder and non-responder cells, such studies are generally difficult. However, with molecular target drugs, the studies may be possible using target molecules as the biomarker. In particular, gefitinib is an ideal example, because responders carry somatic mutation(s) in the kinase domain of EGFR. This correlation is gaining a consensus at least in the Asian population. We collected primary non-small cell lung cancer tissues from twenty Japanese patients treated with gefitinib. All tissues were confirmed to carry EGFR mutations by PCR direct sequencing. For accurate quantitation of the responder/non-responder cell ratio, we randomly sampled about 60 small regions containing only cancer cells by laser microbeam dissection, and determined the mutation status of each region. To prevent contamination of different types of cells, we minimized the size of the region to 100x100x40 micrometers, which contained about thirty cells. The mutation status was determined by SNaP shot (Applied Biosystems), a primer extension assay using an oligonucleotide primer designed for each mutation. Regions were classified either of wild type cell (WT), heterozygote of EGFR mutation (HT) or homozygote of EGFR mutation (HO). WT corresponded to non-responder cells, and HT and HO to responder cells. From the number of regions of each category, the responder/non-responder cell ratio was calculated. Fourteen tissues consisted only of responder cells (group I): twelve tissues of only HT, and two tissues of HT and HO. Six tissues consisted of responder and non-responder cells (group II): non-responder cells occupied 7, 8, 10, 22, 67, 95 % of the total cancer cell population, respectively. The case with 95% non-responder cells was the only PD (progressive disease) case in this collection. Both of time to progression and overall survival were significantly reduced in the group II (p
The spatio-temporal forest patch dynamics inferred from the fine-scale synchronicity in growth chronology

Question: Abrupt increments in tree radial growth chronology are associated with gap formations derived from disturbances. If a forest has been primarily controlled by fine-scale disturbances such as single tree-fall, do these release events spatio-temporally synchronize at a fine scale such as 10 m and 5 years? Is it possible to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of synchronicity from tree rings and long-term inventories, and associate them with spatial forest patch dynamics? How and to what extent can we reconstruct the fine-scale synchronized growth and spatio-temporal forest patch dynamics from currently available information? Location: Cores were taken from Abies sachalinensis trees in a coniferous/deciduous mixed forest in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Methods: We first eliminated short-term fluctuations and highlighted growth trends over the mid-term using a time-series smoothing technique. This helped identify release events, we then conducted fine-scale spatial analyses on released A. sachalinensis primarily with cluster analysis. Results: We specified the unit scale of synchronicity at 10 m, and classified released A. sachalinensis trees into spatially separated regions. Only once during the recent 50 years was extensive synchronicity over 40 m found. Most of the released A. sachalinensis were isolated, with non-released A. sachalinensis present in nearby, implying imperfect synchronization. The ambiguous 20–30 m A. sachalinensis patches present in the current forest were the result of connected and overlapping patches smaller than 10 m associated with different disturbances and different responses of understorey trees. Conclusion: Tree-ring series, long-term census and fine-scale spatio-temporal analyses revealed that this forest community has been controlled by two types of disturbance: frequent small disturbances such as single tree-fall and less frequent multiple tree-falls.
Parturition in Macaca nemestrina

Measures were taken on 187 pregnancies of 104 pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to document the normative course of parturition and to identify factors correlated with high risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. Analyses involved weekly physical examinations and diurnal sleep‐wake‐fulness patterns during trimester three; behavior during labor and delivery; and newborn sex, Apgar ratings, birthweight, and reflexes. Onset of labor was estimated at three–four hours before delivery, the time when circadian activity level first deviated from its predelivery pattern. Active labor averaged 92 minutes, and was characterized by increased uterine contractions and manipulation of the vaginal area. The modal delivery time was 2200 hr through 2400 hr. Most infants emerged from the vulva in a cranial‐anterior‐anterior presentation, with only a brief pause between head expulsion and complete emergence. Females with histories of poor pregnancy outcomes were more likely to deliver after midnight and showed less labor‐unique behavior than females with good outcome histories. Infants of high‐risk females that were delivered after midnight had lower Apgar scores and more bruising than infants of low‐risk females delevered before of after midnight, suggesting that high‐risk females may have more difficult deliveries. Overall, the results show that simple direct observations of parturition can yield important quantitative normative information that is correlated with reproductive risk factors.
Greenhouse Screening of Grape Rootstock Populations to Determine Inheritance of Resistance to Phylloxera

Phylloxera has been an important pest in California since its discovery in 1880 within Sonoma and Napa counties. Phylloxera-resistant rootstocks and germplasm were selected from American grape species native to the eastern United States. Breeding programs to develop improved phylloxera-resistant rootstocks were started in the late nineteenth century. Resistance to phylloxera has been reported to be controlled by several genes. To focus on one aspect of resistance to phylloxera, a greenhouse screening method was used to observe absence/presence of root nodosities produced by phylloxera. Only one source of phylloxera biotype A from Fresno County was used to reduce the complication of various biotypes. Grape rootstocks with known field reaction to phylloxera were evaluated to test the reliability of the greenhouse test. A design II mating factorial cross was made between male and female rootstocks with a range of resistance to susceptibility. The reaction of their progeny to phylloxera was observed in the greenhouse. All populations segregated for resistance/susceptibility with a few exceptions. Dog Ridge crossed with two susceptible genotypes gave all susceptible offspring. Kober 5BB crossed with susceptible or resistant genotypes gave all resistant offspring. The segregation of resistance to nodosity development could be explained by two complementary dominant genes in most families.