Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substorm associated traveling compression regions in the distant tail: Isee‐3 Geotail observations

While in the lobes of the distant magnetotail, ISEE-3 encountered regions of compressed magnetic field, δB/Bo=0.3-0.1, at a rate of several per day. The duration of these events was 5 to 20 minutes and they were observed 10 to 30 minutes following the onset of substorm activity near the earth. During each event, the lobe magnetic field tilted first northward and then southward with the inflection point near the time of peak field strength. Following the compression events, the lobe field weakened and retained a southward component for 20 to 40 minutes. It is suggested that these traveling compression regions (TCR’s) are the lobe signatures of plasmoids moving rapidly down the tail in the plasma sheet. Comparison of ISEE-3 compression event times with substorm onset times yielded propagation speeds of 350 to 750 km/s.
Palynology of glacial sediments from the Guandacol Formation (Middle Carboniferous) in the Cerro Bola area, Paganzo Basin, Argentina

The palynoflora of surface samples of glacial deposits from the Guandacol Formation in the Cerro Bola area of the Argentinian Paganzo Basin is documented. The existence of glacial related diamictites in this area has been previously ignored. The fossiliferous levels are located in section B of the formation, which corresponds to the earlier stages of deglaciation. The assemblage contains abundant monosaccate pollen grains whose global incoming is not older than early Namurian (Middle Carboniferous). Many species of this palynoflora are present in equivalent stratigraphic sequences of Argentina and can be referred to Sub-biozone A of the Raistrickia densa-Convolutispora muriornata Biozone (Namurian-Stephanian). New species described here are Cyclogranisporites rinconadensis and Tricidarisporites gutii.
The Geologic Effects of Hurricane Donna in South Florida

The passage of hurricane Donna (September 9-10, 1960) across south Florida caused storm effects in an area where detailed data on prestorm sea-floor conditions existed. The amount of boulder-sized rubble formed by hurricane surf on platform-edged reefs far exceeded the amount produced by day-to-day processes of death and deterioration. Each large storm affecting the reef tract adds a small increment to the building of the rubble accumulations. Large quantities of skeletal sand on the shoals behind the reefs and linear rock patches were transported and redeposited during the hurricane. Cross-bedding dip directions in storm deposits are like those in deposits of normal tidal and surf currents, i.e., platformward on shoals and seaward in lows on the platform edges, because the direction of storm currents was controlled by the same regional and local topography that controls normal currents; but scale of cross-bed sets and maximum size of sediments in storm deposits are larger. The ebb of the storm tides left large amounts of layered lime mud stranded on the supratidal flats (above the normal high-tide line). The large extent of the supratidal flats results from (1) the ability of storm tides to strand sediment over large areas, (2) the inaccessibility of the tidal flat to processes that could rework its sediment into adjacent marine environments, and (3) the supply of the tidal-flat sediments at the expense of adjacent marine fades that compete with tidal-flat sediments for a place in the geologic record. These factors probably explain the large amount of tidal-flat facies in ancient rocks. Mound-type accumulations of muddy sediment were not eroded by storm-wave or tidal currents. The main conclusion of our study is that a bias exists for preservation of effects of higher-energy events. Although such events may be catastrophic in terms of a man's longest period of observation, his lifetime, they are nevertheless only commonplace events in terms of geologic time.
Cooperation and emergence of role differentiation in the dynamics of social networks

Models of cooperation grounded on social networks and on the ability of individuals to choose actions and partners aim to describe human social behavior. Extensive computer simulations of these models give important insight in the social mechanisms behind emerging collective behavior. We consider the entangled co-evolution of actions and social structure in a new version of a spatial Prisoner's Dilemma model that naturally gives way to a process of social differentiation. Diverse social roles emerge from the dynamics of the system: leaders -individuals getting a large payoff who are imitated by a considerable fraction of the population-, conformists -unsatisfied cooperative agents that keep cooperating-, and exploiters -Defectors with a payoff larger than the average one obtained by Cooperators. The dynamics generates a social network that can have the topology of a small world network. The network has a strong hierarchical structure in which the leaders play an essential role sustaining a highly cooperative stable regime. The social structure is shown to be very sensitive to perturbations acting on the leaders. Such perturbations produce social crisis described as dynamical cascades that propagate through the network.
Crustal structures of the Rhinegraben and the Massif Central grabens: An experimental approach

Two of the most important segments of the west European Rift, the Rhinegraben and the Massif Central grabens, show in plan and in cross section a very different crustal structure. The Rhinegraben and the Massif Central grabens are roughly parallel and formed in the same time interval (i.e., Priabonian/Oligocene). The Rhinegraben in the north is a single half graben of ∼35 km wide that resulted from the activity of a major detachment fault running from the surface to a MOHO discontinuity at depth. The Massif Central in the south is composed of two lateral half grabens, similar to the Rhinegraben, and a near‐symmetric central graben. The opposing detachment faults of the two lateral half grabens reveal a striking mirror symmetry on either side of the symmetric central graben. Experiments have been conducted to explain mechanically this contrasted structural evolution in the same rift system. It is shown that this difference may be attributed to (1) the number of ruptures in the brittle part of the mantle lithosphere and (2) variations in the extension rate. A single rupture in the brittle mantle lithosphere results in either a single half graben or a pair of half and symmetric grabens in low and high extension rate experiments, respectively. Two ruptures in the brittle mantle lithosphere result in two half grabens in low rate experiments. The number of grabens is dependent upon the distance between the two ruptures in the brittle mantle lithosphere in high extension rate experiments and may vary from 2 to 4. Estimation of the extension rate in the Rhinegraben and the Massif Central matches experimental results and shows that the strength ratio between lower and brittle crust is the key parameter in determining the graben geometry.
Achieving Fairness in Stochastic Multi-armed Bandit Problem

We study an interesting variant of the stochastic multi-armed bandit problem, called the Fair-SMAB problem, where each arm is required to be pulled for at least a given fraction of the total available rounds. We investigate the interplay between learning and fairness in terms of a pre-specified vector denoting the fractions of guaranteed pulls. We define a fairness-aware regret, called r-Regret, that takes into account the above fairness constraints and naturally extends the conventional notion of regret. Our primary contribution is characterizing a class of Fair-SMAB algorithms by two parameters: the unfairness tolerance and learning algorithm used as a black-box. We provide a fairness guarantee for this class that holds uniformly over time irrespective of the choice of the learning algorithm. In particular, when the learning algorithm is UCB1, we show that our algorithm achieves O(log(T)) r-Regret. Finally, we evaluate the cost of fairness in terms of the conventional notion of regret.
Archaean crustal accretion at the northern border of the Congo Craton (South Cameroon). The charnockite-TTG link

Magmatic charnockitic rocks and TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) plutons intruded successively the Archaean greenstone belts of the Ntem Complex, at the northwestern margin of the Congo Craton. Geochemical data, zircon Pb-Pb ages, and Sr-Nd isotope studies, constrain the magmatic features, the genetical timing, and the geodynamic settings of these different suites. Charnockites and TTGs are characterized by high Al2O3 contents, high Na/K ratio, low Th content, LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, and Ti, and positive anomalies in Sr. The Pb-Pb zircon ages indicate that charnockites were emplaced at ca. 2900 Ma and TTGs, which cross-cut the charnockites, at ca. 2830 Ma. TDM Nd mean crustal residence ages of both suites range between 3.10 and 2.93 Ga. The charnockites show slightly positive initial {varepsilon}Nd2.9Ga (+0.3 to +1.3), whereas the TTGs have slightly negative values (+0.1 to -1.5). The charnockitic and TTG magmas may have resulted from different partial melting processes of the primitive Archaean basaltic crust and contaminated mantle, possibly in a hot slab subduction convergent regime. They contribute to a two-stage crustal growth of the Archaean craton.
Impact of draining hilly lands on runoff and on‐site erosion: a case study from humid Ethiopia

The use of drainage ditches on farmland has an impact on erosion processes both on‐site and off‐site, though their environmental impacts are not unequivocal. Here we study the runoff response and related rill erosion after installing drainage ditches and assess the effects of stone bunds in north Ethiopia. Three different land management systems were studied in 10 cropland catchments around Wanzaye during the rainy season of 2013: (1) the exclusive use of drainage ditches (locally called feses), (2) the exclusive use of stone bunds, and (3) a mixture of both systems. Stone bunds are an effective soil and water conservation technique, making the land more resistant against on‐site erosion, and allowing feses to be installed at a larger angle with the contour. The mean rill volumes for the 10 studied cropland catchments during the rainy season of 2013 was 3.73 ± 4.20 m3 ha−1 corresponding to a soil loss of 5.72 ± 6.30 ton ha−1. The establishment of feses causes larger rill volumes (R = 0.59, N = 10), although feses are perceived as the best way to avoid soil erosion when no stone bunds are present. The use of feses increases event‐based runoff coefficients (RCs) on cropland from c. 5% to values up to 39%. Also, a combination of low stone bund density and high feses density results in a higher RC, whereas catchments with a high stone bund density and low feses density have a lower RC. Peak runoff discharges decrease when stone bund density increases, whereas feses density is positively related to the peak runoff discharge. A multiple linear relation in which both feses and stone bund densities are used as explanatory variable, performs best in explaining runoff hydrograph peakedness (R2 = 83%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbitopes

An orbitope is the convex hull of an orbit of a compact group acting linearly on a vector space. These highly symmetric convex bodies lie at the crossroads of several fields, in particular convex geometry, optimization, and algebraic geometry. We present a self-contained theory of orbitopes, with particular emphasis on instances arising from the groups SO(n) and O(n). These include Schur-Horn orbitopes, tautological orbitopes, Caratheodory orbitopes, Veronese orbitopes and Grassmann orbitopes. We study their face lattices, their algebraic boundary hypersurfaces, and representations as spectrahedra or projected spectrahedra.
The Middle Jurassic flora from Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK

The Stonesfield ‘Slate’ of Oxfordshire has yielded a diverse Middle Jurassic flora, containing 25 morphospecies, dominated by remains of araucariacean and cheirolepidiacean conifers, bennettitaleans, and leaves of the possible gymnosperm Pelourdea. It mainly represents coastal vegetation, which included mangrove‐like stands of Ptilophyllum, and conifers probably growing in lowland coastal habitats that were subjected to periodic water‐stress. The Pelourdea leaves may have drifted in from drier, more upland habitats. The flora is similar, but not identical to, the slightly older floras from the Cotswold ‘Slate’ of Gloucestershire, such as from Eyeford and Sevenhampton. Also comparable are the contemporaneous floras preserved in marine deposits in France and the Venetian Alps of Italy. It is quite different from the Middle Jurassic flora of Yorkshire, which is thought to represent vegetation growing in deltaic habitats. The new combinations Ptilophyllum pectiniformis (Sternberg), Komlopteris speciosa (Ettingshausen) and Pachypteris macrophylla (Brongniart) are proposed for species found at Stonesfield. Nilssoniopteris solitarium (Phillips) comb. nov. is proposed for the species previously named Nilssoniopteris vittata (Brongniart). Taeniopteris vittata Brongniart is retained as the type species of Taeniopteris, a morphogenus to be used for entire cycadophyte leaves that cannot be definitely assigned to the cycads or bennettitaleans. Conites is shown to be an earlier nomenclatural synonym of Bucklandia, to be used for casts and compressions of cycadophyte stems. This requires a number of new combinations for species that have hitherto been included in Bucklandia: Conites anomala (Stokes and Webb), C. gigas (Seward), C. indica (Seward), C. milleriana (Carruthers), C. pustulosa (Harris) and C. yatesii (Carruthers).
Crystal chemistry of Cr-spinels from a suite of spinel peridotite mantle xenoliths from the Predazzo Area (Dolomites, Northern Italy)

The crystal chemistry of ten Cr-spinels enclosed in protogranular to weakly porphyroclastic spinel peridotite mantle xenoliths from the Predazzo Area (Dolomites, Northern Italy) was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe. Within the suite, unit cell parameter a 0 increases from 8.1358 to 8.2201 A, with increasing Cr content, from 0.205 to 0.812 a.f. u. , whereas the oxygen coordinate u remains virtually constant ( u = 0.2627–0.2630), therefore giving a quite constant ratio of octahedral (M-O) and tetrahedral (T-O) bond distances. The cation distribution, obtained from structural and chemical data, shows that, with increasing Cr 3+ within the suite, the Al (T) content decreases from 0.144 to 0.056 a.f. u. Data from the Predazzo spinels were compared with those of spinel suites from well-defined mantle rocks (Newer Victoria, Australia; NE Brazil; Assab, Ethiopia; Balmuccia, Italy) from different petrological environments. Estimation of the intracrystalline closure temperature for the investigated spinels gives a mean value of 769°C. This indicates a cooling rate intermediate between that of a slowly cooled peridotitic massif and that of very fast cooled mantle xenoliths hosted by volcanics, which is consistent with the origin of the Predazzo spinels from mantle xenoliths hosted in subvolcanic dykes.
Simulating global and local surface temperature changes due to Holocene anthropogenic land cover change

Surface albedo changes from anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) represent the second largest negative radiative forcing behind aerosol during the industrial era. Using a new reconstruction of ALCC during the Holocene era by Kaplan et al. (2011), we quantify the local and global temperature response induced by Holocene ALCC in the Community Climate System Model, version 4. We find that Holocene ALCC causes a global cooling of 0.17°C due to the biogeophysical effects of land‐atmosphere exchange of momentum, moisture, and radiative and heat fluxes. On the global scale, the biogeochemical effects of Holocene ALCC from carbon emissions dominate the biogeophysical effects by causing 0.9°C global warming. The net effects of Holocene ALCC amount to a global warming of 0.73°C during the preindustrial era, which is comparable to the ~0.8°C warming during industrial times. On local to regional scales, such as parts of Europe, North America, and Asia, the biogeophysical effects of Holocene ALCC are significant and comparable to the biogeochemical effect.
SEA-LEVEL CHANGE AND THE STRUCTURE OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

The emergence of sequence stratigraphy—the study of genetically related facies within a framework of chronostratigraphically significant surfaces—triggered a conceptual breakthrough in stratigraphy (Van Wagoner et al., 1990; Baum and Vail, 1998) and vastly improved our understanding of the fossil record (Holland, 1999). Sequence-bounding unconformities and transgressive surfaces are the record of relative sea-level changes and a signature of time intervals not represented in the geological record. This is a key issue for those interested in documenting the steps in the history of life. Despite a good sampling of the rock record (Donovan and Paul, 1998), concern that the sedimentary record is biased remains widely justified by recent studies (Smith, 2001; Crampton et al., 2003). Rock biases and sedimentary gaps strongly determine what we perceive as abundance and diversity patterns (Raup, 1972; Smith, 2001; Peters, 2005). Sequence stratigraphic architectures, however, also allow the role of sea-level changes to be tested as a driving force of ecology and evolution in the marine realm. Sea-level variations as sources of minor and major environmental perturbations (Hallam and Wignall, 1999) are factors in ecosystem structure (Olszewski and Erwin, 2004) and macroevolution (Peters, 2006). A session of the 2004 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Dallas Meeting entitled, “Sea-level change, climate variation, and the restructuring of shallow marine communities,” addressed paleobiological factors related to this important aspect of sequence stratigraphy. Some participants of that session and other researchers have contributed their thoughts on the subject in this special issue of PALAIOS. Before sequence stratigraphic concepts made their way into paleontologic practice, authors studying the biotic effects of relative sea-level change used formations as the natural subdivisions of the rock record and derived sea-level templates from 106–107-year duration transgressive-regressive cycles (e.g., Rollins et al., 1979; Jablonski, 1980; Hallam, …
Relations between tree age, fruit load and mean fruit weight.

Hand fruit thinning was performed for four successive years on 'Gala' apple trees grafted on dwarf P 2 rootstock and planted at a density of 3333 trees/ha. Trees were 5 years old when the experiment started. Three thinning treatments were done with the assumption that apples at harvest should be medium sized (8 fruits per kg), large (7 fruits per kg), or very large (6 fruits per kg). To obtain such results, 84; 74 or 63 fruitlets were left per tree in the beginning of June. Two other treatments included thinning fruitlets with any defects, and no thinning in the control. To avoid subsequent effects of fruit load on blooming intensity, each year new trees were chosen for the experiment. The results indicated that with tree aging fruit load must be decreased to assure the same mean fruit weight.
SEM-EDS microanalysis of microphenocrysts of Mediterranean obsidians a preliminary approach to source discrimination

SEM-EDS non-destructive analysis allows the source discrimination of the various microphenocrysts in obsidian rocks of the Mediterranean. Samples of six Mediterranean sources, Monte Arci (Sardinia), Palmarola, Lipari, Pantelleria, Gyali and Melos were studied using SEM-EDS non-destructive techniques in order to obtain a data base of their microphenocryst content. The results demonstrate that provenance of an obsidian can be distinguished on the basis of its petrography, in particular by quantitative analyses of Fe-Mg microphenocrysts; this information is particularly useful when coupled with data obtained by other non-destructive techniques such as glass microanalysis of artefacts (Acquafredda et al. , 1999). Such investigations, carried out by SEM, an analytical technique relatively accessible to geoarchaeologists, are relatively rapid, effective and above all non-destructive.
Water and Dissolved Carbon Fluxes in an Eroding Soil Landscape Depending on Terrain Position

Leaching of dissolved C in arable hummocky ground moraine soil landscapes is characterized by a spatial continuum of more or less erosion‐affected Luvisols, Calcaric Regosols at exposed positions, and Colluvic Regosols in depressions. Our objective was to estimate the fluxes of dissolved C in four differently eroded soils as affected by erosion‐induced pedological and soil structural alterations. In this model study, we considered landscape position effects by adapting the water table as the bottom boundary condition and erosion effects by using pedon‐specific soil hydraulic properties. The one‐dimensional vertical water movement was described with the Richards equation using HYDRUS‐1D. Solute fluxes were obtained by combining calculated water fluxes with concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic C (DOC and DIC, respectively) measured from soil solution extracted by suction cups at biweekly intervals. In the 3‐yr period (2010–2012), DOC fluxes in the 2‐m soil depth were similar at the three non‐colluvic locations with −0.8 ± 0.1 g m−2 yr−1 (i.e., outflow) but were 0.4 g m−2 yr−1 (i.e., input) in the depression. The DIC fluxes ranged from −10.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the eroded Luvisol, −9.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the Luvisol, and −6.1 g m−2 yr−1 for the Calcaric Regosol to 3.2 g m−2 yr−1 for the Colluvic Regosol. The temporal variations in DOC and DIC fluxes were controlled by water fluxes. The spatially distributed leaching results corroborate the hypothesis that the effects of soil erosion influence fluxes through modified hydraulic and transport properties and terrain‐dependent boundary conditions.
Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism of the Southern Marginal Zone of the Archean Limpopo Belt, South Africa

We report ultrahigh-temperature (T > 950°C) peak metamorphic conditions for the Southern Marginal Zone of the Archean Limpopo Belt in South Africa. Pelitic granulites of the zone have a typical mineral assemblage of garnet + biotite + orthopyroxene + cordierite + quartz + K-feldspar + plagioclase ± sillimanite, to which the latest geothermobarometers are applicable. The revised P-T conditions were obtained from a ternary feldspar geothermometer using antiperthitic feldspars in leucocratic granulite (920-980°C), Al solubility in orthopyroxene in pelitic granulite (970-1020°C), and a revised garnet-orthopyroxene geothermometer corrected for retrograde Fe-Mg exchange (920-990°C). The estimated peak temperature of metamorphism is about 100°C higher than previously estimated based on conventional Fe-Mg exchange geothermometers (800-870°C), and indicates a high geothermal gradient of ∼35°C/km in Archean continental lower crust.