Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Runoff and Erosion in Five Land Units of a Closed Basin of Northeastern Patagonia

Soil loss and runoff were assessed in five land units (LUs) of a closed basin by means of 18 experimental plots within a 42 month period . Temporal distribution of runoff and erosion was unequal . Among 120 rainfall events recorded during the study period , only 15 events caused runoff . Maximum percent of runoff (79 . 9 % ) and maximum specific runoff (19.5 Lm-2) were produced by the two events of highest intensity and were recorded in a LU characterized by a crusted and com pacted sandy loam soil . These two events also accounted for more than 60 % of the total soil loss . Soil loss was negatively correlated to percent of sand in the top soil (r=-0.91 and vegetation cover (r=-0.69) and ranged from 37.0 gm-2 (sand) to 1661.7 gm-2 (clay).
Bird-monitoring in Europe – a first overview of practices, motivations and aims

Biodiversity monitoring is central to conservation biology, allowing the evaluation of the conservation status of species or the assessment of mechanisms of biodiversity change. Birds are the first taxonomic group to be used to build headline indicators of biodiversity due to their worldwide spatial and temporal coverage and their popularity. However, the landscape of bird-monitoring practices has never been characterized quantitatively. To objectively explore the strengths and weaknesses of the massive bird-monitoring effort in Europe we assessed the bird-monitoring practices, acquired with a questionnaire-based survey, in a sample of monitoring programs. We identify major correlates of among-program variability and compare monitoring practices from our database to recommendations of best monitoring practices. In total, we obtained responses from 144 bird-monitoring programs. We distinguish three types of monitoring programs according to the number of people that they involve: small, local-scale programs (56%), medium or regional programs (19%), and large-scale, national and international, programs (23%). In total, the programs in our sample involved 27941 persons, investing 79298 person days per year. Our survey illustrated that 65% of programs collected quantitative indices of abundance (count data). The monitoring design in a majority of the programs could be improved, notably in terms of unbiased spatial coverage, sampling effort optimization, replicated sampling to account for variations in detection probability, and more efficient statistical use of the data. We discuss the main avenues for improvement in bird-monitoring practices that emerge from this comparison of current practices and published methodological recommendations. Nature Conservation 2: 41–57 (2012)
Effects of Exercise Intensity on Microvascular Function in Obese Adolescents

Abstract The optimal exercise modality for the improvement of health-related parameters and microvascular function in obese adolescents is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) compare the microvascular phenotype of obese and normal-weight adolescents; and 2) to determine the effects of a lifestyle intervention including three months of moderate continuous training (MCT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on health-related parameters and microvascular function in 29 obese adolescents. Body composition, metabolic profile, aerobic fitness and cutaneous blood flow, measured using laser Doppler flowmetry at rest and during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, were assessed prior to and following lifestyle intervention. Sixteen normal-weight adolescents were included as reference controls for baseline microvascular parameters. At baseline, obese adolescents had higher peak blood flow, peak vascular conductance and area under the curve for post-occlusive reactive hyperemia than normal-weight adolescents. Conversely, peak blood flow, peak vascular conductance and area under the curve data remained unchanged after MCT and HIIT without intergroup differences. However, the peak/basal blood flow ratio decreased in both MCT and HIIT groups without any interaction between groups due to basal CBF increase (tendency p=0.074). Exercise training, whatever the modality, does not improve peak microcirculatory function.
Retrogression by deep infiltration of meteoric fluids into thrust zones during late‐orogenic rapid unroofing

Hypersaline (Na–Ca–Cl) fluids are associated with late‐stage quartz veining and retrogression of garnet, kyanite and other high P–T phases in the vicinity of thrusts and major lithological boundaries in the Scandian nappes of the Troms‐Ofoten region, northern Norway. They record early Devonian fluid infiltration during rapid exhumation in the final stages of Caledonian orogenesis. The δ18O and δD characteristics of these late fluids provide compelling evidence for deep circulation of meteoric fluids. The sub‐greenschist to low greenschist facies retrogression (P=2±1 kbar; T =300–350 °C) suggests infiltration to depths of 7–9 km in a regime of supra‐hydrostatic fluid pressure. Peak metamorphic quartz veins and associated fluids have δD and δ18O characteristics consistent with a metamorphic origin (δD −47 to −75; δ18O+8.6 to +17.4). However, late quartz veins and associated fluids show a broad spread of δD from −42 to −148, interpreted in terms of meteoric fluid infiltration. Such negative δD values are only recorded in present‐day high‐latitude or high‐altitude settings, and since north Norway was in an equatorial setting (10° S) in the early Devonian, a high‐altitude origin is deduced. By calculation, and by comparison with modern examples, the early Devonian mountains of the north Norwegian Caledonides are interpreted to have had a topography in excess of 5 km. The deep circulation of surface waters is interpreted in terms of topographically driven flow, linked with a hydrothermal system induced by elevated geothermal gradients due to rapid uplift. Whilst the case for deep penetration of surface‐derived fluids has been promoted for Mesozoic and younger mountain belts, this study represents one of the first documented examples for a Palaeozoic orogenic belt. It suggests that many of the fundamental processes operating during the exhumation of mountain belts are similar irrespective of age.
Thermal fluxes associated with the 1993 diking event on the CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: A model for the convective cooling of a dike

The 1993 diking event on the CoAxial segment, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, generated at least three hydrothermal event plumes high in the water column and lower chronic plumes along ∼40 km of the ridge axis. A 2-year time series of temperature and light attenuation measurements within the water column shows a rapid decay of the maximum rise height of the chronic plumes over the first 3 months following the eruption. We use these measurements to estimate the hydrothermal heat fluxes into the chronic plumes at two different sites. We hypothesize that the chronic plumes resulted from the convective cooling of a dike and construct a simple two-dimensional, numerical model of this process for a vertical dike intruded into a cold, saturated porous layer. The width of the dike and the permeability and thickness of the porous layer control the transfer of heat from the dike to the seafloor. We investigate the effects of these parameters on the temporal evolution of the surficial heat fluxes. The results show that simple convective cooling of the dike can reproduce the observed temporal evolution of the heat fluxes for permeabilities in the range 10−11-10−12 m2 and a 3- to 5-m-wide dike. The high permeabilities obtained are consistent with flow through highly permeable extrusives or with the creation of a zone of high permeability near the dike walls due to fracturing. The width of the dike may well be overestimated by our model because of the limitations of the continuum approximation for the permeability in the narrow upflow zone adjacent to the dike.
Temperature dependence of the water vapor self‐continuum by cavity ring‐down spectroscopy in the 1.6 µm transparency window

The very weak water vapor self‐continuum has been investigated by high‐sensitivity cavity ring‐down spectroscopy in the 1.6 µm window at five temperatures between 302 K and 340 K. The absorption cross sections, Cs(ν, T), were retrieved for 10 selected wave numbers from a fit of the absorption coefficients measured in real time during pressure ramps, after subtraction of the contributions of the local water monomer lines and of water adsorbed on the cell mirrors. The values measured between 5875 and 6665 cm−1 range between 1.5 × 10−25 and 2 × 10−24 cm2 mol−1 atm−1 with a minimum around 6300 cm−1. At 302 K, an agreement within 50% is observed over the whole window with the cross sections provided by the MT_CKD V2.5 model. Nevertheless, while our measurements show that the Cs(ν, T) decrease from 302 K to 340 K is no more than 50% for all our selected wave numbers, the MT_CKD V2.5 model predicts a much more pronounced temperature dependence in the center of the window, the agreement being better on the edges of the window. The obtained results are discussed in relation with theoretical modeling of the water vapor self‐continuum as far wings of monomer lines or water dimer absorption. For potential atmospheric applications, cross sections are provided at each temperature with a sampling step of 10 cm−1 for the entire 5850–6700 cm−1 range.
Prediction of Alternate Bar Wavelength and Height

Several formulas are theoretically and empirically proposed for the alternate bar wavelength. These formulas are tested with laboratory data presented herein and those reported by other workers. It is found that one formula derived in terms of bar stability analysis is invalid for F≧0.8; an alternative empirical formula which is valid for F≧0.8 is proposed. A new formula on the bar height is also obtained empirically on the basis of laboratory data. These formulas are applied to an actual river, and are shown to be reasonable in predicting the bar wavelength and bar height. The possible errors of prediction are estimated to be within about +80% and -40% for both formulas.
Parental activity budgets and energy expenditures of Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus)

Activity budgets and energy expenditures were measured simultaneously using doubly labeled water and activity timers on 19 free-living Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus) rearing chicks at Funk Island, Newfoundland, in 1984-1985. Gannets expended a mean of 5140±777 kJ·d⁻¹ (n＝30 sample intervals), or 6.9 x basal metabolic rate (BMR), about twice the level predicted from allometric equations. Daily energy, expenditures (DEE) increased with the proportion of time spent away from the nest ('foraging'). Multiple regression analysis indicated a nest-site metabolic rate (EMR) of 112±36.5 kJ·h⁻¹, a flying metabolic rate of 382±115 kJ·h⁻¹ and a surface swimming metabolic rate (including resting on water) of 159±96.5 kJ·h⁻¹. Time budgets were approximately evenly divided among nest attendance, swimming and flying; 19±8% of DEE was expended in nest attendance, 25±10% swimming and 56±12% flying (n＝ll). Study birds spent 19% less time in nest attendance than control animals, and time spent resting on water was probably inflated due to handling. Gannets obtained a mean of 2.5±0.7 kJ of food per kJ expended foraging. Thermoregulatory requirements and high costs for plunge-diving could help to explain the high energy expenditures. It is hypothesized that the 4 x BMR maximum sustainable level of energy expenditure for free-living animals may actually be closer to 4 x standard metabolic rate. DEE did not differ between sexes and decreased with chick age, probably due to decreased foraging demands on the parents. Chick-feeding in gannets may be constrained by energy expenditures and/or digestion as opposed to time budgets or food shortages.
Thermal Behaviour of a Twin Axial Groove Bearing under Varying Loading Direction

An experimental investigation and numerical model development to predict the behaviour of a journal bearing subjected to different loading direction is described. The numerical model predicts significant thermal excursions under conditions of extreme load and speed, and these trends are confirmed by experimental observations. The experimental results show that the oil grooves are not effective in providing cool lubricant when they are positioned in the loaded part of the film. The numerical model suggests that at a prescribed eccentricity ratio, a very significant load increase can occur (threefold) for a small change in loading direction. Additionally, predicted side flow is very load direction dependent while bush torque reaction is not; these trends are confirmed by experimental observation.
Diagnostic features of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the commonest endocrinopathies in women. It was first described by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, as the association of infertility, obesity, hirsutism and bilateral enlarged polycystic ovaries. As a syndrome, PCOS has had an interesting history, with much debate and often poor consensus regarding its diagnostic criteria. A variety of histological, biochemical and sonographic features have been described, but until recently there has been no general agreement on definition.
APPLICATION OF THE RHESSys MODEL TO A CALIFORNIA SEMIARID SHRUBLAND WATERSHED 1

ABSTRACT: Distributed hydrologic models which link seasonal streamflow and soil moisture patterns with spatial patterns of vegetation are important tools for understanding the sensitivity of Mediterranean type ecosystems to future climate and land use change. RHESSys (Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System) is a coupled spatially distributed hydroecological model that is designed to be able to represent these feedbacks between hydrologic and vegetation carbon and nutrient cycling processes. However, RHESSys has not previously been applied to semiarid shrubland watersheds. In this study, the hydrologic submodel of RHESSys is evaluated by comparing model predictions of monthly and annual streamflow to stream gage data and by comparing RHESSys behavior to that of another hydrologic model of similar complexity, MIKESHE, for a 34 km2 watershed near Santa Barbara, California. In model intercomparison, the differences in predictions of temporal patterns in streamflow, sensitivity of model predictions to calibration parameters and landscape representation, and differences in model estimates of soil moisture patterns are explored. Results from this study show that both models adequately predict seasonal patterns of streamflow response relative to observed data, but differ significantly in terms of estimates of soil moisture patterns and sensitivity of those patterns to the scale of landscape tessellation used to derive spatially distributed elements. This sensitivity has implications for implementing RHESSys as a tool to investigate interactions between hydrology and ecosystem processes.
Predicting the liquefaction phenomena from shear velocity profiling: Empirical approach to 6.3 Mw, May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake

The liquefactions phenomena have been reported after a shocking 6.5Mw earthquake hit Yogyakarta province in the morning at 27 May 2006. Several researchers have reported the damage, casualties, and soil failure due to the quake, including the mapping and analyzing the liquefaction phenomena. Most of them based on SPT test. The study try to draw the liquefaction susceptibility by means the shear velocity profiling using modified Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). This paper is a preliminary report by using only several measured MASW points. The study built 8-channel seismic data logger with 4.5 Hz geophones for this purpose. Several different offsets used to record the high and low frequencies of surface waves. The phase-velocity diagrams were stacked in the frequency domain rather than in time domain, for a clearer and easier dispersion curve picking. All codes are implementing in Matlab. From these procedures, shear velocity profiling was collected beneath each geophone’s spread. By mapping the minimum depth of shallow water table, calculating PGA with soil classification, using empirical formula for saturated soil weight from shear velocity profile, and calculating CRR and CSR at every depth, the liquefaction characteristic can be identify in every layer. From several acquired data, a liquefiable potential at some depth below water table was obtained.
Genomic Approaches That Aid in the Identification of Transcription Factor Target Genes

It is well-established that deregulation of the transcriptional activity of many different genes has been causatively linked to human diseases. In cancer, altered patterns of gene expression are often the result of the inappropriate expression of a specific transcriptional activator or repressor. Functional studies of cancer-specific transcription factors have relied upon the study of candidate target genes. More recently, gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays that contain tens of thousands of cDNAs corresponding to human mRNAs has allowed for a large-scale identification of genes that respond to increased or decreased levels of a particular transcription factor. However, such experiments do not distinguish direct versus indirect target genes. Coupling chromatin immunoprecipitation to microarrays that contain genomic regions (ChIP-chip) has provided investigators with the ability to identify, in a high-throughput manner, promoters directly bound by specific transcription factors. Clearly, knowledge gained from both types of arrays provides complementary information, allowing greater confidence that a transcription factor regulates a particular gene. In this review, we focus on Polycomb group (PcG) complexes as an example of transcriptional regulators that are implicated in various cellular processes but about which very little is known concerning their target gene specificity. We provide examples of how both expression arrays and ChIP-chip microarray-based assays can be used to identify target genes of a particular PcG complex and suggest improvements in the application of array technology for faster and more comprehensive identification of directly regulated target genes.
Paleoclimatic response of the closing of the Isthmus of Panama in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model

The paleoclimatic effects of the closure of the Isthmus of Panama ∼3 Ma are investigated using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. Consistent with earlier ocean‐only modelling studies, it is shown that prior to closure there is an absence of deep water formation in the North Atlantic. Hence there is a reduction in oceanic heat transport. This is largely compensated for by the atmosphere such that only small changes in total planetary heat transport occur. The model climate of the North Atlantic is significantly warmer after Isthmus closure. In addition, the regions surrounding the Pacific Ocean and South Atlantic are generally cooler while the Indian Ocean is generally warmer in the model present‐day climate. Finally, possible relationships to glaciation and initiation of northern hemisphere glacial cycles are discussed.
Hydrologic behavior of a forested mountain soil in coastal British Columbia

Inferences with respect to the hydrologic behavior of a West Coast forested mountain soil are based on measurement of the water potential field during the wetting and drainage phases of simulated rainfall events. The field was measured as a continuous function of time with an array of 13 tensiometers in combination with pressure transducers and a data collection system. Measurements were carried out with the forest floor intact, partly disturbed, and totally removed. Inferences were made by interpreting the water potential fields as ‘fingerprints of hydrologic behavior. ’ It was concluded that during a simulated rainfall event, water flow through the profile was partitioned between root channels and the soil matrix which is transversed by the channels. The proportion of the flow conducted by the channels was at its maximum during the non-steady state phase of the event, decreasing to a minimum as steady state was approached. During the drainage phase of the event the channels did not contribute to downward flow. The process of internal infiltration is discussed. It causes the soil matrix to wet up both from the surface of the H horizon of the forest floor and from the wetted periphery of the root channels. Results indicated that simulated disturbance of the forest floor down to the mineral soil caused a shift in the water flow pathway from the channels to the soil matrix. It was speculated that this shift was due to closure of the channel openings. It was speculated that the flashy response of streams to rainfall events is related to rapid subsurface storm flow through root channels. Also, because water flow through the soil matrix is much slower than that through root channels, it is likely that forest floor disturbance on a watershed-wide scale would result in an increase in the time lag between the rainfall event and the corresponding streamflow event.
A model of hydrothermal circulation in fault zones at mid-ocean ridge crests

Summary. A model of hydrothermal circulation close to mid-ocean ridge crests has been developed. The flow is modelled as a transient open-loop thermosyphon, restricted to a single fracture parallel to the spreading centre. Circulation is to a depth of 500-1000m, and heat exchange occurs at the fault walls. Conduction is the sole heat transfer mechanism within the rock. The aim is to model the conditions under which deposition of ore deposits, such as those in the Cyprus ophiolites, could occur. Hot springs, with the characteristics of the black smokers at 21"N on the East Pacific Rise, are obtained from the model, but only when the vents are at the unrealistically large spacing of lOkm apart, and then water at over 350°C is vented for a maximum of only 175 yr. The model demonstrates that heat transfer through the rock by conduction alone is too slow to maintain the power output of a group of black smokers. The skin depth of the temperature field limits the total heat available to the system, but even without this constraint insufficient high-grade heat would be available from the volume of rock within the likely field of influence of a vent. It would take about 2500yr to accumulate a 3 million ton ore deposit from 1 vent or 250yr from a group of 10 vents. The rate of heat extraction and the duration of the vents must both be at least an order of magnitude greater than those obtained from this model, thus requiring a much greater source of heat than in the rocks alone. The only source likely to be great enough is the magma chamber itself.