Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Behavior during a Pandemic: Using HIV as an Historical Analogy

Many models from epidemiology are not designed to capture tradeoffs between health and economic well-being and few are equipped to predict how these tradeoffs interact with individuals’ preferences to influence behavior. Policies based on such models may not reflect societal preferences or capture how preferences affect behavior and disease spread. Models with epidemiological processes that do incorporate behavior change or health-wealth tradeoffs (mostly from economics) drastically limit individual-level heterogeneity to remain tractable. This makes it difficult to understand variation in behavioral responses and distributional consequences of the pandemic, which should be central to any evaluation of pandemic-related policy. Without the proper tools, we are unable to fully address even basic policy questions, such as whether the long-run effects of social-distancing justify the costs - and if so, for whom and under what circumstances. After reviewing modeling approaches from epidemiology and economics (among other fields), I propose a framework adapted from earlier work on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Analysis of individual behavior is based on the idea that health is a form of human capital in which individuals invest through their choices. The model integrates individual level variation that other frameworks omit, but does so at the cost of drastically limiting aggregate economic and epidemiological processes. I conclude that what is needed is a multi-disciplinary effort that helps to bridge gaps across disciplines, which would amount to constructing models that capture key features of different approaches. To be useful in evaluating pandemic-related policy, such a model should have rich heterogeneity and capture how individual choices are linked to the broad contours of disease spread and aggregate economic output. Whether such an effort would be feasible and fruitful remains to be seen.
Victim vs. survivor: the effect of labels and consensual sexual behaviour on observers’ perceptions of sexual assault

ABSTRACT Labels guide our perceptions of ambiguous events (Eberhardt, J. L., Dasgupta, N., & Banaszynski, T. L. (2003). Believing is seeing: The effects of racial labels and implicit beliefs on face perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(3), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202250215). They influence the way people interpret others’ behaviours, attribute blame, and offer support in situations of sexual violence (Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims. American Psychologist, 63(8), 702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63. 8.702. In the present study we investigated the effect of labels and consensual sexual behaviour on observers’ perceptions of hypothetical situations of sexual assault. Further, we examined their effect on the perceived amount of social support offered to affected women. The relationship between labels and consensual sexual behaviour with sexual attitudes was also examined. Participants were 137 undergraduates (52 men and 85 women) from an Indian private university. Results showed that labels and consensual sexual behaviour have some effect on the perceived severity of the sexual assault, perceived responsibility of the women, and the amount of social support offered to them. The findings underscored the importance of labels and cautioned against their arbitrary use. Further implications are discussed.
Evaluating the Antecedents of Health Destination Loyalty: The Moderating Role of Destination Trust and Tourists’ Emotions

ABSTRACT Although the customer experience-satisfaction nexus is a highly developed body of work in the wider literature, this link has scarcely been explored in health tourism. Accordingly, this paper aims to assess the dimensions of health services experiences leading to tourists’ satisfaction and the moderating role of trust and emotions in the link between satisfaction and destination loyalty. A PLS-SEM is employed to analyze data from a sample of 225 health tourists in Egypt. The results show that health tourism experiences dimensions significantly affect tourists’ satisfaction, which in turn positively impacts their loyalty. Additionally, destination trust and emotions moderate the connection between satisfaction and loyalty. Theoretical contributions arise for scholars and practical ramifications are presented for service providers and stakeholders in the Egyptian health tourism scene.
Characterization and Corrosion Properties of Fluoride Conversion Coating Prepared on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Wrought AZ31 magnesium alloy was used as the experimental material for fluoride conversion coating preparation in Na[BF4] molten salt. Two coating temperatures, 430 °C and 450 °C, and three coating times, 0.5, 2, and 8 h, were used for the coating preparation. A scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for an investigation of the surface morphology and the cross-sections of the prepared coatings including chemical composition determination. The corrosion resistance of the prepared specimens was investigated in terms of the potentiodynamic tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion tests in the environment of simulated body fluids at 37 ± 2 °C. The increase in the coating temperature and coating time resulted in higher coatings thicknesses and better corrosion resistance. Higher coating temperature was accompanied by smaller defects uniformly distributed on the coating surface. The defects were most probably created due to the reaction of the AlxMny intermetallic phase with Na[BF4] molten salt and/or with the product of its decomposition, BF3 compound, resulting in the creation of soluble Na3[AlF6] and AlF3 compounds, which were removed from the coating during the removal of the secondary Na[MgF3] layer. The negative influence of the AlxMny intermetallic phase was correlated to the particle size and thus the size of created defects.
Mathematics anxiety, attitude and performance among secondary school students in Kenya

Mathematics anxiety and attitude have a great influence on mathematics performance. This article presents an analysis of the relationship between Mathematics anxiety, attitude and performance. The study adopted a correlational research design. The analysis is based on the responses of 367 students who were randomly selected from 55 secondary schools. An adapted Mathematics Anxiety Scale (MAS) and Attitude towards Mathematics Inventory (ATMI) were used. The performance grades for the students were also gathered from the teachers whereby the list that contained the students’ marks also contained the admission numbers of the students for easier linkage with the individual student questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the scatter plot diagram to give the outline of the relationship and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to find out whether there is a significant relationship between Mathematics anxiety, Mathematics attitude and performance. There was a positive significant linear relationship between Mathematics anxiety and Mathematics attitude (r= 0.538, p< 0.05). There was a negative significant linear relationship between Mathematics performance and Mathematics anxiety (r= -0.723, p< 0.05). This shows that Mathematics attitude correlates with Mathematics anxiety which later correlates with Mathematics performance of the students, hence the two variables should be given appropriate attention to produce better and positive results in terms of performance. Key words: Mathematics anxiety, Mathematics attitude, Mathematics performance.
Neural Language Modeling for Molecule Generation

Generative neural networks have shown promising results in de novo drug design. Recent studies suggest that one of the efficient ways to produce novel molecules matching target properties is to model SMILES sequences using deep learning in a way similar to language modeling in natural language processing. In this paper, we present a survey of various machine learning methods for SMILES-based language modeling and propose our benchmarking results on a standardized subset of ChEMBL database.
Effects of a Manualized Teacher-Led Coaching Intervention on Paraprofessional Use of Behavior-Specific Praise

Paraprofessionals are an essential part of special education. School districts increasingly rely on paraprofessional support to meet students’ needs, but formal professional development opportunities vary. A lack of training in effective instructional strategies is potentially problematic for the efficacy of support staff. A multiple-baseline across participants single-case research design examined the effects of a manualized teacher-to-paraprofessional coaching intervention to increase the rate of behavior-specific praise by paraprofessionals. Participant dyads (paraprofessionals and special education teachers) taught in a rural public elementary school serving third- through fifth-grade students. The collaborative multicomponent training program included self-monitoring, performance feedback, goal setting, modeling, and action planning. Analyses encompassed primary author visual analysis, masked visual analysis by three independent raters, and nonparametric statistical analysis. The intervention resulted in increased use of behavior-specific praise across all four paraprofessionals and participants indicated good social validity. Discussions include implications for future research and practice.
On the Persistent Poloidal Alfven Waves

Standing poloidal Alfven waves, radial oscillations with ultralow frequency of 5–20 mHz, are excited by wave‐particle interaction in the magnetosphere. It has been a question over several decades why poloidal oscillations often persist and are not quickly converted into toroidal waves even when there is no corresponding particle source. By adopting magnetohydrodynamic simulations in the dipole model, we first show that long‐lasting poloidal waves are available if the local Alfven frequency gradient becomes negligible. Assuming that initial poloidal modes are excited by driving particles, we investigate two loss mechanisms into either toroidal modes or compressional modes. Both mechanisms enable us to derive two necessary conditions for the existence of persistent poloidal modes. It is found that these conditions are very consistent with statistical feature of observations. Our results will be useful in identifying the persistent poloidal mode in terms of the corresponding particle energy and wavenumbers.
Investigation of splashing at different sampling positions and cavity modes in oxygen steelmaking

In oxygen steelmaking, study of splashing is an essential part of understanding and optimizing the process. Various hot models, cold models and plant trials have been carried out previously to estimate the droplet generation rate and amounts of droplets present in the emulsion. Sampling technique has been commonly used in this regard and in most of the cases, samples were collected from one place of the emulsion to estimate the droplet generation rate. A recent comprehensive plant trial [1,2] on improving phosphorus refining (IMPHOS), commissioned by European Union, was carried out in a 6 t Pilot plant BOS converter at the Swerea MEFOS Metallurgical Research Plant in Sweden. A fully automated sampling system was used to collect samples from seven specified positions in every 2 minutes. The sampling lance was kept 0.045 m offset from the centre of the converter (as shown in Figure 1). Critical analysis of previous studies shows that variations were found in the reported droplet amount and in the rate of droplet generation. In the present study, variations in droplet generation rates in different sampling positions have been investigated quantitatively.
Tree-ring climate response of Jeffrey pine in the Cascade Creek Watershed, Northern California

Understanding the forest response to ongoing climate change is crucial in forest management strategies under anticipated climate adversity. To understand the retrospective growth dynamics of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.), tree-ring chronology from the subalpine forest in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California was correlated with air temperature, precipitation, and Palmar Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The years 1757, 1782, 1886, 1859, 1876, 1920, 1929–30, 1977, 1988–89, 2001–02, 2008, and 2014 were some of the years with noticeable low growth. There was robust growth in 1747–49, 1792, 1828, 1866–68, 1913, 1969, 1984, 1998, and 2011. Ring width index (RWI) and basal area increment showed a recent growth increase. Climate-growth response analysis revealed the growth-inhibiting influence of the hot and dry summer. More pronouncedly, warm and wet winter was found to be conducive to tree growth in the following year. A significant growth correlation with the previous year climate (stronger with PDSI) and its absence in current spring may be suggestive of potential growth stimulation by predicted warmer and longer growing season in the future. However, since the RWI chronology consisted mostly of mature trees and because the old cambial age tends to have signal divergence, further studies incorporating younger trees and cohabitant species would provide deeper insights into the growth-climate response.
Risks Identification and Management Related to Rural Innovation Projects through Social Networks Analysis: A Case Study in Spain

Risk identification and management are essential in innovation projects in the rural context, where cultural differences and relations between actors are decisive for assuring a project success. Risk management is especially important when considering innovation processes in rural areas that experience conflict or are lagging in development. Although there are studies focusing on the interaction of actors, there are only a few that approach the risks associated with stakeholders. This research aims to identify the risks and the associated stakeholders and draws on a risk map in order to develop effective risk management and action plans to mitigate risk. A rural project optimizing irrigation in Spain was taken as a case study and conduct semi-structural interviews with key actors were conducted. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was applied to recognize and investigate the network of stakeholder-associated risk factors. The main risks identified in the project were associated with technical, economic, and time problems and with irrigation communities and project developers. These findings offer a new visual perspective of risk management in rural innovation projects, improving the ability to assess and efficiently mitigate the risks.
Prevalence, etiologies and complications of teeth hypomineralization in pediatrics

Dental hypomineralization represents a major problem in childhood health that can cause serious problems and may even affect the permanent dentition. In previous literature review, the term molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has been frequently reported among different studies. However, the clinical problems and complications of the condition are not commonly described among studies in the literature, which adds a value to this current study. The present study was a literature review that aimed to discuss the problems of hypomineralization in baby teeth and the reported common problems according to recent studies in the literature. Tooth loss, anesthetic problems within the anterior teeth, hypersensitivity and the presence of underlying inflammation are potential complications that might affect these patients. Moreover, it was also previously reported that the subsurfaces of the affected enamels are usually porous and soft. On other hand, the surfaces of the intact enamels are usually hypermineralized, hard and smooth, owing to the subsequent post-eruptive maturation. Identification of the underlying etiology and risk factors is important for the proper management of these cases. A systemic origin of the disorder was strongly suggested while other environmental and genetic factors had been suggested. Moreover, establishing a proper diagnosis can be hard due to the presence of some similar disorders. Therefore, a differential diagnosis should be established as it is discussed in this literature.
Multi-Scale Gated Attention for Weakly Labelled Sound Event Detection

Convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) with attention mechanisms has achieved the state-of-the-art performance in weakly labelled sound event detection (SED). We find the state-of-the-art CRNN only use single time-frequency scale to extract features of sound events. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale gated attention (MGA) CRNN for weakly labelled SED to extract more useful representations. MGA is concatenated by multi-scale context gating (CG), "Squeeze and Excitation" (SE) block and two convolutional layers. Multi-scale CG extracts multi-scale information of sound events and calculates attention weights at multiple resolutions for each feature map. The subsequent SE block learns the inter-dependencies between the channels of feature maps. MGA extract discriminative representations by selecting significant spatial feature and channel feature. Our method has achieved state-of-the-art results with 61.1% audio tagging F1 score on DCASE2017 Task 4 evaluation set and 32.16% event-based F1 score on DCASE2018 Task 4 evaluation set.
Natal dispersal and recruitment of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica in an urban habitat

ABSTRACT Capsule Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica nestlings exhibited higher local recruitment when the body mass was high and when raised in an artificial nest early in the breeding season. Aims To determine natal dispersal and recruitment of Barn Swallows breeding in artificial nests and natural nests in an urban habitat. Methods During the breeding seasons of 2012–2018 a total of 3907 Barn Swallow nestlings were ringed and in the breeding seasons of 2016–2019 adult Barn Swallows were recaptured to assess natal dispersal distances and local recruitment. Results Female Barn Swallows dispersed from their natal nest sites on average 2.5 times further than the males. Nestling mass predicted future recruitment probability, and the mean nestling body mass of recruits was higher than the mean body mass of their non-recruited siblings. A significantly larger than expected number of recruits originated from first broods, reflecting that the timing of Barn Swallow breeding is an important factor for future recruitment. Neither nest type nor brood type affected natal dispersal. Barn Swallows raised in artificial nests were recruited more than birds raised in natural nests. Conclusion Natal dispersal of Barn Swallows in urban habitats was sex-biased, with females dispersing further than males. A Barn Swallow nestling raised early in the season (1st broods), in a clean artificial nest, and with good competitive skills for food, had a high probability of survival and local recruitment. For a declining passerine species, such as the Barn Swallow, artificial nests may be a possible conservation option in urban habitats.
Analysis of the Daytime Urban Heat Island Mechanism in East China

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are one of the most typical changes to surface climate induced by human activities, which manifest as higher temperatures in urban areas than in their surroundings. In this study, we synthetically analyzed spatiotemporal features of daytime surface UHI intensity in east China over the period from 2009 to 2018 carried out with several offline simulations coupled with four land‐use data sets, and identified the causes of UHIs with two attribution methods. The results indicate that spatial variations of summer daytime UHI intensity in east China are dominated by variations in the efficiency of evaporating water (∼3°C) between urban and rural areas. Geographic variations of winter UHI intensity mainly depend on the urban‐rural contrast of heat storage capacity (∼1°C). Additionally, we found that forest‐covered rural areas have an extremely higher convection efficiency than urban areas and nonforest rural landscapes, resulting in a remarkable contribution to summer daytime UHI intensity (∼6°C). However, rural areas largely comprising croplands and grasslands evaporate water more efficiently, expanding summer daytime UHI intensity by approximately 3°C. The prominent capacity of heat storage in nonforest vegetation rural areas accounts for 1°C warming of winter daytime UHI intensity. The major discrepancy between the two attribution methods lies in the evapotranspiration performances of forest‐covered rural lands. Furthermore, the inter‐comparison of several modeling experiments for land‐use data sets suggests that the disparity in UHI intensity could increase by up to 0.4°C, which may exceed 1°C at the local scale.
Determinants of intention to continue usage of online shopping under a pandemic: COVID-19

Abstract Although numerous reports predict huge growth potential for online shopping under COVID-19 pandemic, many do not know about determinants of user intention to continue using online shopping under such a pandemic. Given that how to motivate continuousness and retain consumers under a pandemic is critical to the online retailers and relevant stakeholders’ success, research on the determinants of intention to continuance using online shopping has attracted widespread attentiveness. The determinants of intention to continue using online shopping under COVID-19 pandemic, especially in India, have not yet been researched. Therefore, this study proposes a model combining the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) with task-technology fit (TTF) model and the trust factor to examine intention to continue using online shopping under COVID-19. Based on data gathered from 222 online participants during the period of social distancing due to COVID-19, the findings revealed that perceived TTF is much significant factor; satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and trust have positive impacts on consumers’ intention to continue usage of online shopping under COVID-19. Additionally, confirmation directly affects satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and indirectly affects consumers’ intention to continuance usage. The study’s findings provide online retailers and related stakeholders with significant managerial implications.
What Moooves Opinion? Examining the Correlates and Dynamics of Mass Support for Supply Management in the Agriculture Sector

Abstract Supply management is a long-standing agricultural policy in Canada that applies to dairy, poultry and eggs. To date, there exists no academic research on the correlates or dynamics of public support for supply management. We use data collected from the Digital Democracy Project's study of the 2019 Canadian election, including results from a between-subjects framing experiment, to show that support for supply management is most opposed by economic conservatives. However, we find support to be highly malleable by framing: it increases when respondents are primed to think of the policy as a way of protecting farmers and decreases when they are primed to think of its costs to consumers. Contrary to expectations, framing effects are not stronger when messages are ideologically congenial or among those with high levels of policy knowledge. If anything, effects are stronger among those with lower levels of knowledge.