Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Listeria monocytogenes (cid:2) B Regulates Stress Response and Virulence Functions

While the stress-responsive alternative sigma factor (cid:1) B has been identiﬁed in different species of Bacillus , Listeria , and Staphylococcus , the (cid:1) B regulon has been extensively characterized only in B. subtilis. We combined biocomputing and microarray-based strategies to identify (cid:1) B -dependent genes in the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes . Hidden Markov model (HMM)-based searches identiﬁed 170 candidate (cid:1) B -dependent promoter sequences in the strain EGD-e genome sequence. These data were used to develop a specialized, 208-gene microarray, which included 166 genes downstream of HMM-predicted (cid:1) B -dependent promoters as well as selected virulence and stress response genes. RNA for the microarray experiments was isolated from both wild-type and (cid:2) sigB null mutant L. monocytogenes cells grown to stationary phase or exposed to osmotic stress (0.5 M KCl). Microarray analyses identiﬁed a total of 55 genes with statistically signiﬁcant (cid:1) B -dependent expression under the conditions used in these experiments, with at least 1.5-fold-higher expression in the wild type over the sigB mutant under either stress condition (51 genes showed at least 2.0-fold-higher expression in the wild type). Of the 55 genes exhibiting (cid:1) B -dependent expression, 54 were preceded by (cid:1) ampliﬁcation of cDNA ends-PCR (cid:1) B -dependent a of eight selected B monocytogenes genes identiﬁed HMM/microarray response genes gadB , ctc , the glutathione reductase gene lmo1433 genes inlA , inlB , and bsh in addition to regulating expression of genes for survival under stress conditions, (cid:1) B also contributes to regulation of virulence gene expression in L. ﬁndings (cid:1) to L. monocytogenes gene expression during lowest false discovery rate. Only genes with expression ratios of (cid:7) 1.5 were considered biologically signiﬁcant. RACE-PCR. Promoter regions were mapped with the 5 (cid:8) rapid ampliﬁcation of cDNA ends (RACE) system (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s pro- tocol. Brieﬂy, gene-speciﬁc ﬁrst-strand cDNA was tailed with dCTP by using terminal transferase. The products were then ampliﬁed with a nested gene- speciﬁc primer and a poly(G/I) primer in a touchdown PCR with AmpliTaq Gold (Applied Biosystems). PCR products present in the wild-type L. monocytogenes but absent in the (cid:3) sigB strain were puriﬁed with the Qiagen QIAquick PCR puriﬁcation kit and sequenced with the Big Dye terminator system and an Applied Biosystems 3700 sequencer at the Cornell University Bioresource Center.
Effect of feeding bypass protein with and without biopromotors on milk production, and certain rumen and blood metabolites in lactating Murrah buffaloes

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of feeding bypass protein with or without biopromotors on milk production and certain rumen and blood metabolites in 25 lactating Murrah buffaloes. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 each on the basis of nearness in body weight, lactation length and daily milk yield following a completely randomized design. The experiment was carried out far a period of 90 days. The animals in control group (T₁) were fed conventional concentrate mixture as per their requirement. In group T₂ , 10 g biopromotors (consisting of live yeast culture) were fed with the concentrate mixture of T₁ In group T₃ , animals were fed 50% conventional concentrate mixture to that of T₁ and the remaining protein requirement was met by supplementing the ration with the whole concentrate treated with formaldehyde. In group T₄, animals were fed as in T₃ along with 10 g biopromotors. In group T₅, animals were fed 200 g commercially available mixture of bypass protein and biopromotors (containing Saccharomyces cerevisae 1.4 x 10⁹ m cfu along with growth medium 10g , niacin 1 g, selenium 2.5 g and full fat soya protected bypass protein 188.75 g) and the remaining protein requirement was met through conventional concentrate mixture of control diet (T₁). All the experimental buffaloes were offered green jowar and wheat straw to meet their total DM and energy requirement. An increase (P<0.01) in milk and FCM yield was found in all the treatment groups than in T₁ Rumen pH was almost unaffected due to treatments but volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher in protected protein fed groups than in T₁. Significantly (P<0.01) higher protozoal and bacterial counts were observed in treated groups than in T₁ Levels of biogenic amines like tryptamine and tyramine in rumen liquor and blood in treated groups were significantly (P<0.01) lower than in T₁. However, ruminal histamine concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T₂ , T₃ and T₄. On the contrary, circulating histamine concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T₂, T₃ and T₄ than in control. The concentration of total-N, ammonia-N, NPN and TCA-N in the rumen was Significantly (P<0.01) lower in T₂ , T₃ and T₄ than that in T₁ . The average plasma glucose and protein levels of experimental animals did not differ significantly under the various dietary treatments. However, plasma urea and anunonia nitrogen levels of animals in groups fed protected protein was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that in T₁. Replacement of conventional concentrate mixture with bypass feed and addition of biopromotors are slightly beneficial in lactating buffaloes (yielding below 8 kg milk) as they increased milk production and fat percentage marginally.
Two new Antarctic species of Schizotricha (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from US Antarctic expeditions

Two species of the genus Schizotricha new to science (Schizotricha crassa sp. nov. and S. southgeorgiae sp. nov.) have been studied. Both species are described and figured and their systematic position amongst the remaining species of the genus is discussed. The material was collected during the United States Antarctic Research Programme (USARP) with RV ‘Eltanin’ and RV ‘Islas Orcadas’. A comparative table listing the main features and distribution of the known species of Schizotricha, together with an identification key, are presented.
Agronomic and Technological Properties of Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) Populations Planted on Different Dates

This research was conducted to determine suitable sowing dates and the potential productivity of coriander (Coriandrum sativumL.), grown in the Mardin, Denizli and Erzurum districts, at Tokat ecological conditions in 1997 and 1998 vegetation periods. Three local populations from Mardin, Denizli and Erzurum were sown on four different dates (1 November, 1 March, 15 March and 1 April). The highest seed yield was obtained from the Erzurum population as 908 kg/ha. The greatest essential oil ratio was recorded from the Denizli population with 0.39%. Linalool which is main component of coriander essential oil varied from 50.52- 92.52. Plant height (48.6-73.2 cm), number of branches per plant (4.5-6.2), number of umbels per plant (4.7-7.8), biological yield (2.282- 3.473 t/ha) and seed yield (0.678-0.911 t/ha) were decreased by later sowing dates . The effect of sowing dates was insignificant on 1000 seed weight (7.46-7.66 g), essential oil (0.28-0.33 %), protein ratio (14.1-14.8 %) and ash ratio (6.28-6.78 %).
Heritabilities of and genetic correlations between the dairy traits in goats estimated in first vs later lacta- tions

2for fat yield ranged from 0.208 to 0.224 and for later lactations from 0.204 to 0.216. Heritability for protein yield ranged from 0.130 to 0.208 for lactation I, and from 0.180 to 0.201 for later lactations. Heritabilities for fat content ranged from 0.278 to 0.318 in lactation I and from 0.214 to 0.243 in later lactations. Those for protein content were between 0.397 to 0.448 and 0.276 to 0.310 for lactation I and later lactations, respectively. Repeatability coefficients for all the dairy traits in the later lactations were between 0.247 to 0.355. Phenotypic correlations between lactations for each trait exceeded 0.50 while genetic correlations ranged from 0.880 to 0.996. Correlations between yields within lactation were high and positive while those be tween milk yield and milk constituents contents were moderate and negative. Presented correlations follow the general pat tern found in
Inheritance of supernumerary spikelets in a tetraploid wheat cross

The supernumerary spikelet (SS) trait of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), including the four-rowed and ramified spike types, is characterized by an increased number of spikelets per spike. To determine the inheritance of this trait, the tetraploid ramified spike cultivar PI349056 was crossed reciprocally to normal-spike 'Langdon' durum, and the F1 was backcrossed to each parent. The F1, F2, F3, BC1F1, and BC1F2 were classified for SS expression. Additionally, PI349056 was crossed to the 'Langdon' 2D(2A) disomic substitution line to study linkage of SS genes. The SS trait was recessive to normal spike, and both four-rowed spike and ramified spike progeny were observed in the segregating generations. Segregation in F3 and BC1F2 families indicated that SS in PI349056 was quantitatively inherited, controlled by a major recessive gene and numerous minor genes. Normal-spiked plants selected in families homozygous for the major gene indicated that the major gene did not produce SS when the minor genes were ab.
Reaction of maize cultivars from Uganda to Exserohilum turcicum

Several disease variables were used to characterize the type and level of disease reactions of Ugandan maize cultivars to northern leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, in 1989 seedling studies and in 1990 and 1991 field trials. Maize cultivars differed significantly (P≤0.001) in susceptibility as determined by the rate of disease increase (r) for the logistic model, area under disease progress curves, final lesion numbers, and severity ratings. Estimates of r were similar in moderately resistant and susceptible inbreds, Mo17, B73Ht1, and B73 but were significantly (P≤0.001) lower in the Ugandan cultivars Babungo 3, Kawanda composite A (KWXA), and Population 42, indicating that rate-reducing resistance characterized resistance []
Comparative pharmacognosy of medicinal plant species used as Prsniparni

Background: Substitution or adulteration of a particular genuine drug with other species due to demand exceeding the supply of the original species, is rampant in the present trade scenario. As a result, proper authentication of the drug for safe administration as an herbal medicine assumes paramount significance. Aim: Prsniparni, Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. , is one such drug for which three different botanical entities are commonly used as substitutes, namely U. lagopodoides (L.)DC; Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. , and Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight and Arn. ; all belonging to the family Fabaceae. The anatomical, histochemical and powder microscopic characters of the four species were compared in the field‑collected samples to validate the quality herbal drug and to find the similarity and dissimilarity of the substitute species. Materials and Methods: Histological and histochemical characters were studied using sectioned materials following standard protocols. Histochemical methods were adopted to localize the presence of the primary metabolites such as starch, lipids, total proteins and amino acids and the secondary metabolites such as volatile oils, resins, tannins, lignin and pectin. Results: The present study shows that the authentic species U. picta and substitute species U. lagopodoides showing higher similarities of 90% based on histology, histochemistry and powder microscopy analysis. Other two candidates, D. gangeticum and P. viscida showing 60 % and 55% similarities, respectively, when compared to U. picta. Thus, the similarity matrix were developed using characters based on anatomical, histochemical and powder microscopy. Conclusion: Ayurvedic texts suggest use of substitute herbs for the rare species. The substitution is proved to be logical by our studies that U. lagopodoides can be used as a substitute species in the place of U. picta under Prsniparni and also the present study validates the genuinity of the drug by anatomical, histochemical as well as powder microscopy characters to quality checking of the raw drug. Key words: Ayurveda, Desmodium gangeticum, histochemistry, powder microscopy, Pseudarthria viscida, similarity matrix, Uraria lagopodoides, Uraria picta
Evaluation of Genotoxic Risks Due to Temporal Changes in Soil Urea: Using Allium cepa L. Root Tip Bioassay

Breakdown of soil urea yields ammonium ions or ammonia, which further converts to nitrite and nitrate due to nitrification. These breakdown products have severe toxic effects on the crop standing in the soil when present in high concentrations. Temporal changes in ammonium– nitrate ratio following urea application in soil and its consequent genotoxic effects were assessed. In an in vitro experiment, a treatment of different concentrations of urea was given to Allium cepa bulbs for different durations to optimize the concentration on the basis of root tip bioassay for minimum aberrations. Further, the effect of temporal changes in urea in the soil system was studied by a pot experiment in which urea was added to the soil at a rate of 200 mg N kg-1 soil (optimized from in vitro experiment). A regular intervals for four weeks, the roots from the onion bulbs were fixed and cytological analysis was done. Estimation of ammonium and nitrate was done on corresponding days. The cytological analysis of root tips harvested in both in vitro and pot experiments revealed dividing cells and different types of division anomalies. Variation was observed in the percentage of mitotic index and percentage of anomalous cells during the span of the experiments. In the case of the pot experiment, the abnormalities observed were of two distinct types (i) mitotic abnormalities, i.e., abnormalities in dividing cells, and (ii) interphase nuclear abnormalities. The varying ratio of ammonium and nitrate with respect to time has been considered as a possible reason for such variations in nuclear behaviour.
Some Factors Governing the Production of Diphtheria Toxin in Artificial Culture Media

The principles involved in the production of toxin by diphtheria bacilli in artificial culture media are of great scientific and practical interest. It is quite apparent that there is no full agreement in the different biologic laboratories as to what constitutes the proper method of commercial toxin production, and experiences too often reveal the fact that much still remains unknown concerning the underlying factors. In this investigation a special study was made of the following phases of the subject. The care of stock cultures, and maintenance of virulence on artificial culture media. The preparation of a uniform culture medium which favors the normal growth of the organism and the production of potent diphtheria toxin. A comparative study of different peptic and tryptic digests as substrates for normal growth and toxin production. Attempts were made to keep the various factors under control, because, as experiences of the writers soon showed, they are so inter-related that any variation in one very materially influences the others.
Diversity and morphology of calcareous dinophytes (Thoracosphaeraceae, Peridiniales)

Dinophytes are unicellular eukaryotic algae that, together with their closest relatives, ciliates and apicomplexans, belong to the superphylum of alveolates. Some of them, namely calcareous dinophytes (Thoracosphaeraceae, Peridiniales), develop an immotile calcareous cell during their life history. They accumulate in the oceans’ sediments analogously to terrestrial seed banks. Although the diversity of calcareous dinophytes was investigated in several studies, only a few of them provide data from coastal waters and sediments. The main goal of this thesis was to record the diversity of calcareous dinophytes from marine environments using morphological, anatomical, taxonomical and evolutionary approaches. An essential part of the project was to establish living dinophyte cultures, assuring constant access to fresh material for morphological and molecular analysis (chapters 1-5). The morphological diversity of extant species as well as those described from the fossil record was documented (chapter 1), and the conflict between molecular and the morphological data was presented (chapter 1-5). Furthermore, detailed morphological descriptions of two new species, Scrippsiella bicarinata und S. kirschiae (chapter 2) and morphological analysis of Bysmatrum sp. , a species of doubtful phylogenetic position (chapter 4), were provided. Scrippsiella trochoidea (basionym: Glenodinium trochoideum), a species with a previously ambiguous description, has been redescribed and epitypified by myself based on material collected from the type locality to assure a reliable determination of this species (Chapter 3). Comparative ultrastructure investigations using light and electron microscopic techniques at various stages of the life cycle showed that the anatomical structure during the biomineralization processes differs within subgroups of calcareous dinophytes (chapter 5) and could be used as a useful phylogenetic trait.
Toxicity of organotins towards cyanobacterial photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

Inhibition of photosynthesis by a range of organotin compounds in Plectonema boryanum was concentration-dependent and decreased in the order tributyltin (Bu3SnCl) > tripropyltin (Pr3SnCl) ≥ dibutyltin (Bu2SnCl2) ≥ triphenyltin (Ph3SnCl) > triethyltin (Et3SnCl) > trimethyltin (Me3SnCl) > monobutyltin (BuSnCl3). IC50 values were determined for the most toxic organotin species and varied from approximately 1.2 μM for Bu3SnCl to approximately 13 μM for Ph3SnCl. A similar order of inhibition of photosynthesis was observed in Anabaena cylindrica, although here IC50 values were slightly lower (e.g. approximately 1 μM for Bu3SnCl and 5 μM for Ph3SnCl). Nitrogenase activity was generally more sensitive to inhibition by organotin compounds than photosynthesis in A. cylindrica and this was particularlyy evident for Bu2SnCl2; approximate IC50 values for Bu2SnCl2 were 3 and 9 μM, as estimated by nitrogenase activity and photosynthesis, respectively. These results indicate that organotin compounds have the potential to inhibit cyanobacterial metabolism in aquatic systems.
Methods for evaluating human impact on soil microorganisms based on their activity, biomass, and diversity in agricultural soils

The present review is focused on microbiological methods used in agricultural soils accustomed to human disturbance. Recent developments in soil biology are analyzed with the aim of highlighting gaps in knowledge, unsolved research questions, and controversial results. Activity rates (basal respiration, N mineralization) and biomass are used as overall indices for assessing microbial functions in soil and can be supplemented by biomass ratios (C : N, C : P, and C : S) and eco-physiological ratios (soil organic C : microbial-biomass C, qCO2, qNmin). The community structure can be characterized by functional groups of the soil microbial biomass such as fungi and bacteria, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, or by biotic diversity. Methodological aspects of soil microbial indices are assessed, such as sampling, pretreatment of samples, and conversion factors of data into biomass values. Microbial-biomass C (µg (g soil)–1) can be estimated by multiplying total PLFA (nmol (g soil)–1) by the FPLFA-factor of 5.8 and DNA (µg (g soil)–1) by the FDNA-factor of 6.0. In addition, the turnover of the soil microbial biomass is appreciated as a key process for maintaining nutrient cycles in soil. Examples are briefly presented that show the direction of human impact on soil microorganisms by the methods evaluated. These examples are taken from research on organic farming, reduced tillage, de-intensification of land-use management, degradation of peatland, slurry application, salinization, heavy-metal contamination, lignite deposition, pesticide application, antibiotics, TNT, and genetically modified plants.
Optimum plant population densities for lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seed yields at various plant population densities were studied in 33 separate experiments throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia between 1987 and 1990. The experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that optimum plant population densities for lupins vary between environments and between cultivars. Another objective was the development of a framework for sowing rate recommendations from a large data set derived from sowing rate experiments. Two types of equation were fitted to each data set by nonlinear regression: one described an asymptotic response, the other a response where yield reached a maximum but declined at higher densities. The second type of equation was used to describe a data set if the residual mean square was significantly lower than for the asymptotic equation. In all, 122 individual responses were fitted, of these only 13 were not adequately described by the asymptotic model. Optimum density was chosen according to an economic criterion (when marginal revenue from an increase in plant population density equalled marginal cost). This was equivalent to choosing the point where the slope of the response curve was 0.004 t.m2/ha.plant (equivalent to 0.4 g/plant). Optimum density ranged from 14 to 138 plants/m2 and was linearly related to yield potential, which we defined as either the asymptotic yield value, or the maximum yield for responses that did not approach an asymptote. Yield potential ranged from 0.13 to 4.1 t/ha. The relationship between optimum density and yield potential was the same for cvv. Danja, Gungurru, and Yorrel, and for a reduced branching breeding line (75A/329). It was also the same on soils classified as good or poor for lupins. We suggest that the relationship between optimum density and yield potential will be useful in determining target plant densities for lupins under a wide range of conditions in Western Australia, and that the techniques should prove useful in producing recommendations from density experiments in other agricultural regions.
FOOD OF SOME DEMERSAL FISHES FROM THE TRAWL GROUNDS OFF COCHIN

The food habits of seven commonly caught demersal fishes from the Cochin region, namely, Platycepha'us maculipinna, Pseudosciaena sina, Otolithus argenteus, Lactarius lactarius, Saurida tiimbil, Trichiurus tepturus and Nemipterus faponicus have been studied during the period from February 1965 to October 1967. It is seer, that these fishes could be grouped into three categories on the basis of their food preferences. One group consisting of L. lactarius, T. lepturus and S.tumbilh largely piscivorous. The second category feeds on a variety of crustaceans and also fish. This includes P. maculipinna, P. sina and O. argenteus. The third category represented by the thread-fin bream A'. Japonicus consumes small crustaceans dominated by amphipods. Polychaetes and echiuroids form a significant proportion of the food of these fishes.
Cytotaxonomic studies of the weedy Euphorbia species

A survey of the literature shows chromosome numbers for E. esula of 2n=16, 60, and 64; for E. virgata 2n=56; and for E. cyparissias 2n=20, 36, and 40. We found chromosome numbers of 2n=56 and 60 for E. esula, 2n=40 to ±80 for E. × pseudo-virgata, and 2n=36, 40, and 42 for E. cyparissias. Our study of 254 cells in 42 plants revealed a high degree of somatic instability, mixoploidy, or mosaicism considered by some to be an indication for interspecific hybridization. The nature of such somatic instability was contributed by Nielsen and Nath (1961) to possible unbalanced nucleoprotein systems that resulted from the combination of distantly related gametes in the formation of such interspecific hybrids.