Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Soft X-Ray Spectrum of Scattering-dominated Active Galactic Nuclei

This paper discusses the properties of scattering-dominated active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We define these to be AGNs for which the direct line of sight to the continuum source is obscured by Compton-thick material. The aim is to construct, for the first time, a model consistent with X-ray line luminosities, line ratios, and various luminosity indicators. The ASCA spectra of six such sources show several X-ray lines that can be reliably measured, mostly due to highly ionized magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron. These enable us to investigate the physical conditions of the scattering material. The sources show evidence of He-like and H-like iron lines that are likely to be produced in hot (T ~ 106 K) photoionized gas. By measuring the equivalent widths of the lines, and by constructing a diagnostic line-ratio diagram, we demonstrate that the silicon and magnesium lines are produced by the same gas that emits the highly ionized iron lines. The properties of this gas are rather different from the properties of warm absorbers in type I AGNs. Neutral 6.4 keV iron lines are also detected, originating in a different component which can be either Compton-thin or Compton-thick. The best-measured iron lines suggest an enhancement of nFe/nH by a factor of ~2 compared to solar, in both the hot and cool Compton-thin components. We further show that in four of the sources, the Fe Kα 6.4 keV/Hβ (4861 Å) line ratio is consistent with that predicted for typical narrow-line region clouds, provided the column density is larger than ~1022.5 cm-2, αox is smaller than 1.3, and the reddening-corrected Hβ is known. For some sources, this is a viable alternative to the commonly assumed Compton-thick medium as the origin of the 6.4 keV iron line.
GQ Lup B Visible and Near-Infrared Photometric Analysis

We have reanalyzed archival HST and Subaru data of the recently discovered planetary mass companion (PMC) GQ Lup B. With these we produce the first R- and I-band photometry of the companion and fit a radius and effective temperature using detailed model atmospheres. We find an effective temperature of 2335 ± 100 K, a radius of 0.38 ± 0.05 R☉, and a luminosity of log(L/L☉) = -2.42 ± 0.07 (at 140 pc). Since we fit wavelengths that span most of the emitted radiation from GQ Lup, this luminosity estimate is robust, with uncertainty dominated by the distance uncertainty (±50 pc). The radius obtained for 140 pc (0.38 R☉) is significantly larger than the one originally derived and larger than model predictions. The mass of the object is much more model-dependent than the radiative properties, but for the Gaia dusty models we find a mass between 10MJup and 20MJup, in the range of the brown dwarf and PMC deuterium-burning boundary. Assuming a distance of 140 pc, observations fit to 1 σ the Baraffe evolution model for an ~15MJup brown dwarf. Additionally, the F606W photometric band is significantly overluminous compared to model predictions and other brown dwarfs. Such overluminosity could be explained by a bright Hα emission from chromospheric activity, interaction with another undetected companion, or accretion. Assuming that GQ Lup B has a bright Hα emission line, its Hα emission strength is 10-1.71±0.10Lbol, significantly larger than field late-type dwarfs. GQ Lup B might be strongly accreting and might still be in its formation phase.
On the Nonlinear Evolution of Magnetohydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities

We investigate the physical behavior in the nonlinear regime of Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities in a simple conducting shear flow in the presence of magnetic fields, based upon the use of numerical simulations of the ideal magnetofluid equations of motion in two dimensions. The flow is characterized by three principal control parameters: the Mach number {ital M} of the shear flow, the ratio {alpha} of the Alfv{acute e}n speed to the sound speed, and the effective diffusivity; we investigate how these parameters affect the evolution and saturation of the instability. The key result of our study is that even relatively small magnetic fields (i.e., small compared to the equipartition intensity) affect the way the KH instability saturates with respect to the purely hydrodynamic case. If the magnetic field intensity is not sufficiently strong to suppress the KH instability entirely, then the field itself can still mediate the turbulent decay and diffusion of energy and mass across the layer. We present a detailed study of the various phases of this process for our simple shear layer configuration. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Astronomical Society. }
Photospheric Abundances: Problems, Updates, Implications

Current problems encountered in the spectroscopic determination of photospheric abundances are outlined and exemplified in a reevaluation of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe, taking effects of NLTE and granulation into account. Updated abundances of these elements are given in Table 2. Specific topics addressed are (1) the correlation between photospheric matter and CI chondrites, and the condensation temperature below which it breaks down (Figure 1), (2) the question whether the metallicity of the Sun is typical for its age and position in the Galaxy.
Radial Velocity Survey of Nearby OB Stars

We report on the current status of the radial velocity monitoring of nearby OB stars to look for binaries with small mass ratios. The combined data of radial velocities using the domestic 1-2 m-class telescopes seems to confirm the variations of radial velocities in a few weeks for four out of ten target single-lined spectroscopic binaries. More data are needed to estimate the exact periods and mass distributions.
A Bot Approach-Based Capacity Testing Automation for Online Video Games

Online games are a type of computer game that can be accessed using the internet network and played with other players to play the same game. With the advance in online game development, game developers are required to develop games that can be played by many players in one game, especially in the capacity of an online game server. Those needs can be achieved by utilizing bots. However, previous works only conducted bot-based testing for testing network capabilities. In this research, those works will be extended further ftotesting the capacity of a game server. The result of this research suggests that bot approach testing can simulate real players adequately. Other than that, the bot approach also can be scalable. However, the result also suggests that the bot approach still has some limitations as bots cannot simulate the dynamics shown by real players. Special attention is also needed towards clients utilized for executing the bots for them to be scalable.
Gap functions for generalized vector equilibrium problems via conjugate duality and applications

In this article, gap functions for a generalized vector equilibrium problem (GVEP) with explicit constraints are investigated. Under a concept of supremum/infimum of a set, defined in terms of a closure of the set, three kinds of conjugate dual problems are investigated by considering the different perturbations to GVEP. Then, gap functions for GVEP are established by using the weak and strong duality results. As application, the proposed approach is applied to construct gap functions for a vector optimization problem and a generalized vector variational inequality problem.
Chairman individualism and cost structure decisions

ABSTRACT Taking a chairman’s native place of origin in Northern (Southern) China as a proxy for chairman individualism (collectivism), this paper examines how such individualism affects firms’ cost structure decisions within a sample of Chinese listed firms. The results show that individualistic chairmen tend to choose a rigid cost structure. Further analysis shows that this relationship exists only in non-state-owned enterprises, when the board has a low level of independence, and when the firm has a low level of financial leverage. This paper contributes to the literature on firms' cost structure decisions in response to risk and on the effect of managerial individualism (collectivism) on corporate strategic cost management. Moreover, this paper provides implications for Chinese firms to realise the advantages of strategic cost management through managers' leadership roles and to achieve transformation and sustainable development.
Covariant projection elements for 3D vector field problems

Covariant projection elements for vector finite element problems are discussed. These elements facilitate imposing boundary and interface conditions on tangential components of the vector field. The elements' vector trial function satisfy the inclusion condition, which guarantees that no spurious modes are computed. As a simple computational example, a quarter section of a circular waveguide is modeled. >
X-Rays from the Impact of SN 1987A with its Circumstellar Ring

We present models for the hydrodynamics of the impact of the envelope of SN 1987A with its inner circumstellar ring and for the resulting X-ray spectra and light curves. If the impact begins in A.D. 2000, the X-rays should be bright enough to resolve several emission lines with spectrometers on-board AXAF and Astro-E; if it begins in A.D. 2005, the X-rays will be roughly an order of magnitude brighter and have harder spectra. We compare our results with those from previous models and provide scaling laws to extend our results to models with impact times and ring densities different from those presented here. Within a few years after impact, the X-rays will brighten and their spectra will harden, owing to a complex variation of temperature within the shocked ring caused by the merger of primary and reflected shocks. The impact will continue for decades, and the X-rays will steadily increase in luminosity and temperature as the shock enters heretofore unseen matter in the ring.
Nanoconfined ionic liquids: disentangling electrostatic & viscous forces

Recent reports of surface forces across nanoconfined ionic liquids have revealed the existence of an anomalously long-ranged interaction apparently of electrostatic origin. Ionic liquids are viscous and therefore it is important to inspect rigorously whether the observed repulsive forces are indeed equilibrium forces or, rather, arise from the viscous force during drainage of the fluid between two confining surfaces. In this paper we present our direct measurements of surface forces between mica sheets approaching in the ionic liquid [C2C1Im][NTf2], exploring three orders of magnitude in approach velocity. Trajectories are systematically fitted by solving the equation of motion, allowing us to disentangle the viscous and equilibrium contributions. First, we find that the drainage obeys classical hydrodynamics with a negative slip boundary condition in the range of the structural force, implying that a nm-thick portion of the liquid in the vicinity of the solid surface is composed of ordered molecules that do not contribute to the flow. Secondly, we show that a long-range static force must indeed be invoked, in addition to the viscous force, in order to describe the data quantitatively. This equilibrium interaction decays exponentially and with decay length is in agreement with the screening length reported for the same system in previous studies. In those studies the decay was simply checked to be independent of velocity and measured at low approach rate, rather than explicitly taking account of viscous effects: we explain why this gives indistinguishable outcomes for the screening length by noting that the viscous force is linear to very good approximation over a wide range of distances.
Determinants of delay in initiation of post exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases attending a rural tertiary care hospital of Haryana

Introduction : Rabies is a fatal but vaccine-preventable viral disease. Animal bite victims who report in primary and secondary level health care lack some measures which can help in protecting and preventing deaths due to rabies. The most important factor for prevention of death due to rabies is the timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among animal bite victims. Therefore, in addition to an understanding of the epidemiological distribution of animal bites, it is necessary to explore the factors leading to delay in PEP initiation. Objective: To determine the determinants of delay in initiation of post exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases attending anti-rabies clinic of a ruraltertiary care hospital in Sonepat, Haryana. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at an Immunization-cum-antirabies clinic of Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical Collegefor Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana. A pre tested, structured questionnaire was used to collect information among 410 participants after taking consent. The Institutional Ethics Committee of institute approved the study. The groups were compared with Chi-square test for categorical data. Results: Delay was present among 27.3% of participants. Significant factors of delay were no local wound treatment, any treatment taken prior to anti-rabies vaccine administration, rabies clinic closed on holidays, unawareness about PEP, non-availability of accompaniment, transportation issues and money problem for transportation. Knowledge also played significant role as delay was significantly more among the participants not having knowledge regarding source of infection, mode of transmission and incubation period of rabies. Conclusions: Delay ininitiation of PEP was common and were significantly associated with lack of knowledge and unawareness, closure of rabies clinic on Sundays/holidays, non-availability of accompaniment and money problem during transportation.
Soft antiferroelectric fluctuations in morphotropic PbZr 1-x Ti x O 3 single crystals as evidenced by inelastic x-ray scattering

Lattice dynamics of a PbZr${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Ti${}_{x}$O${}_{3}$ single crystal with composition close to the morphotropic phase boundary has been investigated by inelastic x-ray scattering. Dispersion curves of the lowest frequency transverse optic and the transverse acoustic phonon modes propagating along the [100] direction have been determined in the high-temperature paraelectric phase as well as in the room-temperature monoclinic phase. The measurement also reveals that upon cooling from the paraelectric to monoclinic phase, the spectral response of the ${M}_{{5}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ zone boundary phonon mode associated with antiferroelectric vibrations of lead ions is progressively transforming to a broad central mode. This indicates a crossover from vibrational to relaxational-type dynamics. The existence of this phenomenon previously observed in relaxor materials is a striking result for PZT and it is believed to arise from the nanoscale structural inhomogeneity of these materials.
A strong negative correlation between radio loudness RUV and optical-to-X-ray spectral index αox in low-luminosity AGNs

It has been argued for years that the accretion mode changes from bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs) at a rough dividing point of bolometric Eddington ratio $\lambda \sim 10^{-2}$. In this work, we strengthen this scenario through investigation of the relationship between the radio loudness $R_{\rm UV}$ and the optical-to-X-ray spectral index $\alpha_{\rm ox}$ in LLAGNs with $10^{-6} \lesssim \lambda \lesssim 10^{-3}$. We compile from literature a sample of 32 LLAGNs, consisting 18 LINERs and 14 low Eddington ratio Seyfert galaxies, and observe a strong negative $R_{\rm UV}$--$\alpha_{\rm ox}$ relationship, with large scatter in both $R_{\rm UV}$ and $\alpha_{\rm ox}$. We further demonstrate that this negative correlation, and the additional two negative relationships reported in literature ($R_{\rm UV}$--$\lambda$ and $\alpha_{\rm ox}$--$\lambda$ correlations), can be understood consistently and comprehensively under the truncated accretion--jet model, the model that has been applied successfully applied to LLAGNs. We argue that the scatter in the observations are (mainly) due to the spread in the viscosity parameter $\alpha$ of a hot accretion flow, a parameter that potentially can serve as a diagnose of the strength and/or configuration of magnetic fields in accretion flows.
Large-scale Environmental Dependence of the Abundance Ratio of Nitrogen to Oxygen in Blue, Star-forming Galaxies Fainter than L*

We examine how the cosmic environment affects the chemical evolution of galaxies in the universe by comparing the N/O ratio of dwarf galaxies in voids with that of dwarf galaxies in denser regions. Ratios of the forbidden [O iii] and [S ii] transitions provide estimates of a region’s electron temperature and number density. We estimate the abundances of oxygen and nitrogen using these temperature and density estimates and the emission-line fluxes [O ii] , [O iii] , and [N ii] with the direct Te method. Using spectroscopic observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7, we are able to estimate the N/O ratio in 42 void dwarf galaxies and 89 dwarf galaxies in denser regions. The N/O ratio for void dwarfs ( ) is slightly lower ( ) than for dwarf galaxies in denser regions. We also estimate the nitrogen and oxygen abundances of 2050 void galaxies and 3883 galaxies in denser regions with . These somewhat brighter galaxies (but still fainter than L*) also display similar minor shifts in the N/O ratio. The shifts in the average and median element abundance values in all absolute magnitude bins studied are in the same direction, suggesting that the large-scale environment may influence the chemical evolution of galaxies. We discuss possible causes of such a large-scale environmental dependence of the chemical evolution of galaxies, including retarded star formation and a higher ratio of dark matter halo mass to stellar mass in void galaxies.
Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals a Population of Smooth Muscle Cells Responsible for Atherogenesis

Understanding the regional propensity differences of atherosclerosis (AS) development is hindered by the lack of animal models suitable for the study of the disease process. In this paper, we used 3S-ASCVD dogs, an ideal large animal human-like models for AS, to interrogate the heterogeneity of AS-prone and AS-resistant arteries; and at the single-cell level, identify the dominant cells involved in AS development. Here we present data from 3S-ASCVD dogs which reliably mimic human AS pathophysiology, predilection for lesion sites, and endpoint events. Our analysis combined bulk RNA-seq with single-cell RNA-seq to depict the transcriptomic profiles and cellular atlas of AS-prone and AS-resistant arteries in 3S-ASCVD dogs. Our results revealed the integral role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in regional propensity for AS. Notably, TNC+ SMCs were major contributors to AS development in 3S-ASCVD dogs, indicating enhanced extracellular matrix remodeling and transition to myofibroblasts during the AS process. Moreover, TNC+ SMCs were also present in human AS-prone carotid plaques, suggesting a potential origin of myofibroblasts and supporting the relevance of our findings. Our study provides a promising large animal model for pre-clinical studies of ASCVD and add novel insights surrounding the regional propensity of AS development in humans, which may lead to interventions that delay or prevent lesion progression and adverse clinical events.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser: theoretical analysis and experimental investigation on white amplitude noise

The amplitude noise of a VCSEL emitting in the 840 nm range has been studied in a medium frequency range. The optical noise spectral density is similar to the optical nose of a 'normal' edge emitting laser. However, the value of the white electrical nose spectral density is two decades higher than the shotnoise reference level; over theoretical approach allow us to think that the electrical noise is dominated, above threshold, by the noise of the multiple mirror junctions.
MEAN DIMENSION OF Z K -ACTIONS

Mean dimension is a topological invariant for dynamical systems that is meaningful for systems with inﬁnite dimension and inﬁnite entropy. Given a Z k action on a compact metric space X , we study the following three problems closely related to mean dimension. (2) X These were investigated for Z -actions in Lindenstrauss (Inst Hautes ´Etudes Sci Publ Math 89:227–262, 1999), but the generalization to Z k remained an open problem. When X has the marker property, in particular when X has a completely aperiodic minimal factor, we completely solve (1) and a natural interpretation of (2), and give a reasonably satisfactory answer to (3). A key ingredient is a new method to continuously partition every orbit into good pieces.
The ∞ -eigenvalue problem with a sign-changing weight

Let Ω ⊂ R n be a smooth bounded domain and m ∈ C (Ω) be a sign-changing weight function. For 1 < p < ∞ , consider the eigenvalue problem (cid:2) where Δ p u is the usual p -Laplacian. Our purpose in this article is to study the limit as p → ∞ for the eigenvalues λ k,p ( m ) of the aforementioned problem. In addition, we describe the limit of some normalized associated eigenfunctions when k = 1.
Spectral Properties of Non-selfadjoint Difference Operators☆☆☆

Abstract Let L denote the operator generated in l2( Z ) by the difference expression (ly)n = an − 1yn − 1 + bnyn + anyn + 1, n ∈ Z = {0, ± 1, ± 2,…}, where {an}n ∈ Z and {bn}n ∈ Z are complex sequences. In this paper we investigated the spectrum, the spectral singularities, and the properties of the principal vectors corresponding to the spectral singularities of L. We also studied similar problems for the discrete Dirac operator M generated in l2( Z , C 2) by the system of difference expression Λ y n = (Λ 1 y ) n (Λ 2 y ) n = Δ y (2) n + p n y (1) n − Δ y (1) n − 1 + q n y (2) n , n ∈ Z , where y = y (1) n y (2) n n ∈ Z , Δ is the forward difference operator, i.e., Δy(i)n = y(i)n + 1 − y(i)n, i = 1, 2, and {pn}n ∈ Z , {qn}n ∈ Z are complex sequences.
Late-type dwarf irregular galaxies in the Virgo cluster — I. Hα and red continuum data

We present H-alpha and red continuum observations for a sample of late-type low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf irregular galaxies(DIGs), consisting of all the m_B<17.2 ImIV and V galaxies in the Virgo cluster (VC), and compare them with a representative sample of VC high surface brightness (HSB) DIGs. Line fluxes and equivalent widths are listed for individual HII regions and total H-alpha emission is measured for the entire DIG. The HII regions we identified do not produce all the line emission. For LSBs with line emission we find star formation rates (SFR) of 6.9-43.0 10^{-3} M_sol/yr, ~10x weaker than for HSB objects. About 2 HII regions are detected per LSB galaxy; they are smaller and fainter than in HSB galaxies in the VC, have line equivalent widths ~50% of those in HSBs, and cover similar fractions of the galaxies. The line-emitting regions of LSB galaxies are preferentially located at the periphery of a galaxy, while in HSBs they tend to be central. The line strength of an HII region is correlated with the red continuum light underneath the region. No fundamental differences were identified in the star formation properties of the LSB and HSB dwarf galaxies we studied and infer that these galaxies must be similar, with the difference being the intensity of the present star-formation burst.
Electronic and crystal structure of fully strained LaNiO3 films

First-principles band structure calculations have been used to investigate epitaxially strained LaNiO 3 films. Experimentally, tensile biaxial strain has been realized in pseudomorphic LaNiO 3 films grown on SrTiO 3 (001)substrates using ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Measured and calculated out-of-plane lattice parameters are in excellent agreement. This demonstrates the viability of the computational method as well as the high quality of the films.