Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissimilarities of neural representations of extinction trials are associated with extinction learning performance and renewal level

Introduction Renewal of extinguished responses is associated with higher activity in specific extinction-relevant brain regions, i.e., hippocampus (HC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC). HC is involved in processing of context information, while IFG and vmPFC use such context information for selecting and deciding among competing response options. However, it is as yet unknown to what extent trials with changed versus unchanged outcome, or extinction trials that evoke renewal (i.e., extinction context differs from acquisition and test context: ABA trials) and trials that do not (i.e., same context in all phases: AAA trials) are represented differentially in extinction-relevant brain regions. Methods In this study, we applied representational similarity analysis (RSA) to determine differences in neural representations of these trial types and their relationship to extinction error rates and renewal level. Results Overall, individuals with renewal (REN) and those without (NoREN) did not differ significantly in their discrimination levels between ABA and AAA extinction trials, with the exception of right posterior HC, where REN exhibited more pronounced context-related discrimination. In addition, higher dissimilarity of representations in bilateral posterior HC, as well as in several IFG regions, during extinction learning was linked to lower ABA renewal rates. Both REN and NoREN benefitted from prediction error feedback from ABA extinction errors for context- and outcome-related discrimination of trials in IFG, vmPFC, and HC, but only the NoREN group also benefitted from error feedback from AAA extinction errors. Discussion Thus, while in both groups the presence of a novel context supported formation of distinct representations, only in NoREN the expectancy violation of the surprising change of outcome alone had a similar effect. In addition, only in NoREN context-related discrimination was linked to error feedback in vmPFC. In summary, the findings show that context- and outcome-related discrimination of trials in HC, vmPFC, and IFG is linked to extinction learning errors, regardless of renewal propensity, and at the same time point towards differential context processing strategies in REN and NoREN. Moreover, better discrimination of context-related trials during extinction learning promotes less renewal during extinction recall, suggesting that renewal may be related to suboptimal context-related trial discrimination.
Evaluating E-Health Literacy, Knowledge, Attitude, and Health Online Information in Portuguese University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The main objective of the present study was to assess e-health literacy in a sample of Portuguese university students and its association with the level of knowledge and seeking for COVID-19-related information. Methods: This cross-sectional online study was conducted on Portuguese university students. All students completed a questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, e-health Literacy Scale (eHEALS), and a questionnaire about knowledge, attitude, and health online information seeking. Results: A total of 534 students (76.8% women), with a mean age of 24.3 years old (SD = 7.8), participated in this cross-sectional study, 53.0% of students were from non-health sciences. The mean score of eHEALS literacy was 28.8 (SD = 5.6). Most students (71.1%) classified the Internet as a useful, or very useful, tool in helping them make health related decisions. The use of the Internet as a tool to research health information for a period of two or more hours (OR = 1.9; CI 95% = 1.2; 3.4), to search online for health information on professional websites (OR = 2.3; CI 95% = 1.4; 3.6), to search in official media (OR = 2.3; CI 95% = 1.4; 3.9), and to study in the field of health sciences (OR = 1.6; CI 95% = 1.1; 2.6) increased the likelihood of having sufficient e-health literacy. Conclusion: From a public health perspective, there is a need to develop programs that increase health literacy among university students.
Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Three electronic databases were reviewed to identify papers that examined TMD factors using DC/TMD or RDC/TMD. Inclusion criteria encompassed original research published in English between 1 January 2018 and 1 October 2022, online, and complete DC/TMD or RDC/TMD studies on human participants aged 18 or older. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Analytical cross-sectional studies’ Critical Appraisal Tool. Of 1478 articles, 11 were included. The studies revealed strong associations between TMD and factors such as female, poor sleep quality, depression, oral parafunction, anxiety, somatization, and anatomical features. However, variables such as education, living conditions, socioeconomic status, marital status, chronic pain, and stress did not exhibit statistically significant correlations. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that the causes of TMD are largely related to psychological factors, which supports the biopsychosocial theory of the disorder.
The First Report of Cryptocaryoxylon from the Neogene (Early Miocene) of Eurasia (Eastern Mediterranean: Lesbos and Lemnos Islands, Greece)

Abstract Two specimens of fossil lauraceous woods from the Cainozoic (early Miocene) of Greece (southern part of Lesbos Island and central-eastern part of Lemnos Island) were studied. Their microscopic characteristics revealed two different kinds of fossil lauraceous woods with a different distribution of idioblasts (oil and/or mucilage cells) which do not correspond to the pattern in Laurinoxylon. The determination as two new species of Cryptocaryoxylon (C. lesbium sp. nov., C. lemnium sp. nov.) is proposed. A discussion of described Cryptocaryoxylon species, which have a worldwide distribution, is also presented. The assignment of the two Greek specimens to the genus Cryptocaryoxylon and their nomination as the first occurrences of this genus from the Neogene of Eurasia is supported.
Time to Recovery from Systolic Dysfunction Correlates with Left Ventricular Fibrosis in Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Background: Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is characterized by the reversibility of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LVSD) after rhythm restoration. This study is a cardiac magnetic resonance tomography substudy of our AIC trial with the purpose to investigate whether left ventricular fibrosis affects the time to recovery (TTR) in patients with AIC. Method: Patients with newly diagnosed and otherwise unexplainable LVSD and tachyarrhythmia were prospectively recruited. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by echocardiography at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 months after rhythm control, and stress markers were assessed. After initial rhythm control, LV fibrosis was assessed through late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Patients were diagnosed with AIC if their LVEF improved by ≥15% (or ≥10% when LVEF reached ≥50%). Non-responders served as controls (non-AIC). Results: The LGE analysis included 39 patients, 31 of whom recovered (AIC). LV end-systolic diameters decreased and LVEF increased during follow-up. LV LGE content correlated positively with TTR (r = 0.63, p = 0.003), with less LGE favoring faster recovery, and negatively with ΔLVEF (i.e., LVEF at month 2 compared to baseline) as a marker of fast recovery (r = −0.55, p = 0.012), suggesting that LV fibrosis affects the speed of recovery. Conclusion: LV fibrosis correlated positively with the time to recovery in patients with AIC. This correlation may help in the estimation of the recovery period and in the optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with AIC.
Arctic stratosphere dynamical response to global warming.

AbstractThe role of stationary planetary waves in the dynamical response of the Arctic winter stratosphere circulation to global warming is investigated here by analyzing simulations performed with atmosphere-only models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) driven by prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Climate models often simulate dynamical warming of the Arctic stratosphere as a response to global warming in association with a strengthening of the deep branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation; however, until now, no satisfactory mechanism for such a response has been suggested. This study focuses on December–February (DJF) because this is the period when the troposphere and stratosphere are strongly coupled. When forced by increased SSTs, all the models analyzed here simulate Arctic stratosphere dynamical warming, mostly due to increased upward propagation of quasi-stationary wavenumber 1, as diagnosed by the meridional eddy heat flux. Further, it is shown that the st.
Examining Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions in Iranian and Chinese Context: A Mixed Methods Approach

This study investigated key cultural value dimensions in samples of undergraduate business students from Iran (n = 40) and China (n = 40). Hofstede’s national culture framework spans Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity/Femininity. A survey measured and compared cultural dimension scores between countries. Classroom observations also qualitatively assessed how societal norms shape teaching and learning. Results showed that Iranians accepted greater power inequality, showed more discomfort with unstructured situations, and were more individualist than the strongly collectivist Chinese sample. Both countries were distinctly masculine. Observation data reflected high Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance in Iranian classrooms, with professors tightly controlling discourse and censoring student opinions. Chinese classrooms demonstrated more collaboration and student debate. Findings update Hofstede’s country rankings with generational data. Insights can inform educational reforms catering teaching practices to cultural orientations while developing needed competencies. Limitations include sample size and generalizability. Further cross-cultural research should track evolving youth attitudes, translate macro-culture into micro-domains like academia, and leverage understanding to optimize learning systems. This mixed methodology comparing Iranian and Chinese university students on cultural dimensions and academic manifestations makes a novel contribution. Practical implications span cross-cultural understanding, organizational leadership, policy, and culture-specific social initiatives.
Regional crustal architecture of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada

Abstract New deep seismological data from Ellesmere Island and the adjacent Arctic continental margin provide new information about the crustal structure of the region. These data were not available for previous regional crustal models. This paper combines and redisplays previously published results – a gravity-derived Moho map and seismological results –to produce new maps of the Moho depth, the depth to basement and the crystalline crustal thickness of Ellesmere Island and contiguous parts of the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Axel Heiberg Island. Northern Ellesmere Island is underlain by a thick crustal block (Moho at 41 km, c. 35 km crust). This block is separated from the Canada–Greenland craton in the south by a WSW–ENE-trending channel of thinned crystalline crust (Moho at 30–35 km, <20 km thick crust), which is overlain by a thick succession of metasedimentary and younger sedimentary rocks (15–20 km). The Sverdrup Basin in the west and the Lincoln Sea in the east interrupt the crustal architecture of central Ellesmere Island, which is interpreted to be more representative of its initial post-Ellesmerian Orogen structure, but with a later Sverdrup Basin and Eurekan overprint.
Integrated modelling of measures to control the Western Corn Rootworm in Austria

The Western Corn Rootworm (WCR) has become a major pest to maize in Austria in recent years. We model damage potentials of maize yield losses and crop management options for WCR control in Austria. The crop management options include maize restrictions in crop rotations as well as insecticide applications. Our integrated modelling framework sequentially links a crop rotation model, a bio-physical process model and a bottom-up land use optimization model and represents Austrian cropland at 1 km resolution. We identify several hot spots for high WCR damage potentials, which are related to regional maize yield levels and maize shares in crop rotations. The results show that the reduction of maize in crop rotations is more beneficial than insecticide applications in many agricultural production areas.
Meat consumption and production in town and country

The animal bone evidence for meat production and consumption in English medieval rural and urban sites is compared. The results, deriving from a survey of sites mainly located in the central part of the country, indicate a picture of great complexity. Differences between rural and urban sites do emerge, but these are rarely clear-cut. Beef represented a greater element of meat consumption in towns than it did in villages, and the urban population probably ate more meat, though this is difficult to detect archaeologically. For most of the medieval period there is no clear archaeological evidence that meat of younger animals was predominantly consumed in towns, but veal consumption did take off from the 15th century onwards in several urban centres. Rural sites produced most of the meat they were consuming. Conversely, towns mainly relied on the market, though there is evidence that some livestock was bred in situ, to supply the urban population with a source of local protein. The provision of meat to urban areas relied both on the town hinterland and on more distant trade, with major centres likely to exploit a larger catchment area. Craft activities linked with the meat trade, such as tanning, horning and specialized butchery, were located in towns and only rarely in the countryside.
Socio-Economic Transformations of Small Rural Settlements of Zakarpattia Amidst Decentralisation

The study analyses the key parameters of the population of small rural settlements of the Zakarpatska Oblast amidst economic transformation. Small settlements are described by low population density, which in some rural settlements is three times lower than the regional average. Over the last period there has been a tendency to increase the number of small rural settlements with a population of less than 150 people. Depopulation of villages creates conditions when it is unprofitable to maintain educational, healthcare, cultural institutions, etc. The current situation leads to the destruction of the infrastructure of the village, which is already in decline. The purpose of the study is to analyse the socio-economic development of small rural settlements in the region amidst decentralization. The main attention is paid to the study of problems that describe the quality of life of the rural population â€“ analysis of the main trends of demographic reproduction, the development and effectiveness of new legal forms of management in rural areas amidst the intensifying market relations. The sectoral structure of the economy of rural settlements is analysed, the study substantiates the offers directed on integration of small rural commodity producers in the integrated agro-industrial structures, development of the rural industry, establishment of cooperative movement in the village. The level of satisfaction of the rural population with the main objects of social infrastructure is investigated on the materials of sociological monitoring of the rural population.
Post-match sleeping behavior based on match scheduling over a season in elite football players

ABSTRACT Objectives: (1) To objectively monitor and describe sleeping patterns of elite football players after matches during a competitive season and (2) to describe the variability in sleeping patterns between these contexts. Methods: Actimetry was used to determine sleeping patterns of 25 elite players from 1 Portuguese First League (Liga NOS) club for at least 3 normal training days (TDs) as a baseline and then after various matches, including home (HM), away (AM), day (DM) and night (NM). Actimetry-derived sleep measures included total sleep duration (TSD), sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency (SE) and wake episode duration. Results: On TD, both TSD (6:36 h) and SE (85%) were below recommended healthy ranges of 7–8 h and >90%, respectively. TSD was even less after NM compared to both TD (–65 min) and DM (–65 min) (P < 0.05), without differences between DM and TD (P > 0.05). Additionally, TSD was greater in AM compared to HM (+77 min, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The primary findings of this study were the significant reduction in total sleep duration and later bedtime following (night) matches compared to normal training days.
The Influence of Islamic Leadership on Employee Innovative Capability

Employee innovative capability has been the main concern especially among the public servants. A lot of effort has been taken to heighten the level of innovative capability among the employees but the effect can be said unsatisfactorily. One of the reasons is that the job of public servants is less competitive as compared to those working in the private sector. Realizing the need to identify factors that can increase public servants’ innovative capability, the present study was undertaken by focusing on employees working in the selected public organizations as samples. A total of 400 self-reported questionnaires were distributed to respondents and 314 sets were returned but 290 sets were usable for analysis. The results of a multiple regression analysis show that leaders’ consistency, consultation (syura), expressing gratitude, eloquence and sovereignty are significant to influence employees’ innovative capability. The implications of the study are discussed in detail in this paper.
New approaches for integrating palaeomagnetic and mineral magnetic methods to answer archaeological and geological questions on Stone Age sites

Archaeomagnetism as defined here is the use of magnetic methods of analysis on archaeological materials and deposits, although in its widest context it refers to the magnetisation of any materials relating to archaeological times. It is most widely known for its use in dating, but more recently it has been utilised for other purposes including site survey, sourcing and palaeoclimatic reconstruction. These applications have different site requirements, as discussed below. Two main methods of analysis exist: those that look at the direction and intensity of fossil remnant magnetisations, as in palaeomagnetism; and those related to looking at the mineralogy, grain size and concentration of minerals within a rock or sediment, as in mineral (rock, environmental) magnetism. In the later case, identification of these parameters is achieved by different types and strengths of laboratory-induced remnant magnetisations and/or heat into samples to see how they react or alter. Magnetic methods have, over the last 10 years, been increasingly used as a Quaternary method of analysis for a variety of applications including dating, sediment-source tracing, and palaeoenvironmental/climatic reconstruction. While these methods have been used on some archaeological sites (e.g. Ellwood et al., 1997; Dalan and Banerjee 1998; Moringa et al. 1999; Gose 2000; Peters et al. 2001), their application has been sporadic and their potential as a major tool for reconstructing archaeological data remains underutilised. This paper provides a review of methods of archaeomagnetic analysis to show the potential for recovering various types of primary data that can be integrated to form a powerful tool for reconstructing archaeological site evolution and behavioural patterns. The paper also provides preliminary data from a number of Stone Age cave sites in South Africa and Spain. 16
Influence of the Interplanetary Convective Electric Field on the Distribution of Heavy Pickup Ions Around Mars

This study obtains a statistical representation of 2–15 keV heavy ions outside of the Martian‐induced magnetosphere and depicts their organization by the solar wind convective electric field (ESW). The overlap in the lifetime of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Express (MEX) provides a period of nearly three years during which magnetometer data from MGS can be used to estimate the direction of ESW in order to better interpret MEX ion data. In this paper we use MGS estimates of ESW to express MEX ion measurements in Mars‐Sun‐Electric field (MSE) coordinates. A new methodological technique used in this study is the limitation of the analysis to a particular instrument mode for which the overlap between proton contamination and plume observations is rare. This allows for confident energetic heavy ion identification outside the induced magnetosphere boundary. On the dayside, we observe high count rates of 2–15 keV heavy ions more frequently in the +ESW hemisphere (+ZMSE) than in the −ESW hemisphere, but on the nightside the reverse asymmetry was found. The results are consistent with planetary origin ions being picked up by the solar wind convective electric field. Though a field of view hole hinders quantification of plume fluxes and velocity space, this new energetic heavy ion identification technique means that Mars Express should prove useful in expanding the time period available to assess general plume loss variation with drivers.
Meta-Analysis the Effects of Hypertension, High Density Lipoprotein, and Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk of Stroke

Background: Stroke is defined as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain which is usually caused by a blockage by a blood clot. This causes disruption of the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain resulting in damage to brain tissue. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of hypertension, high-density lipoprotein, and diabetes mellitus on the risk of stroke. Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model. Population: adults. Intervention: hypertension, high-density lipoprotein, and diabetes mellitus. Comparison: normal blood pressure, normal HDL, and normal blood sugar. Outcome: strokes. The databases used were PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Proquest with keywords (hypertension OR "diabetes mellitus" OR "high-density lipoprotein") AND stroke AND ("cross-sectional" OR "case-control") AND aOR. There were 9 Case-Control studies and 4 Cross-Sectional studies published in 2013-2023 that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3. Results: 13 studies from Oman, Iran, Lebanon, Ghana, Finland, Nigeria, China, Japan, and Saudi Arabia were selected for meta-analysis. Total sample was 71,037. Had history of hypertension (aOR= 5.48; 95% CI = 2.26 to 13.32; p= 0.002) and diabetes mellitus (aOR = 1.93; 95% CI= 1.45 to 2.57; p< 0.001) increased the risk of stroke. High HDL levels reduced the risk of stroke (aOR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.79; p= 0.004). Conclusion: History of hypertension and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of stroke. However, high HDL levels reduce the risk of stroke. Keywords: hypertension, high-density lipoprotein, diabetes mellitus, stroke.