Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ANTHROPOGENIC POLLEN INDICATORS (API) FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AS LOCAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN-INDUCED ENVIRONMENTS IN THE ITALIAN PENINSULA

Pollen data from twenty-six archaeological sites are reviewed to investigate the development of human-induced environments through the presence of selected Anthropogenic Pollen Indicators (API). The sites are located in six Italian regions - Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily - and in the Republic of San Marino. Their chronology spans from the Bronze to the Renaissance ages, from approximately 4200 to 500 years BP. The API which are common in these sites are properly considered important markers of human activity and anthropization in the Mediterranean area. The most frequent API taxa in pollen spectra are seven: Artemisia , Centaurea , Cichorieae and Plantago are ubiquitous and therefore they have the major relevance, followed by cereals and Urtica , and by Trifolium type. The spread of plants producing these pollen grains is sometimes marked by high percentage values in pollen spectra. Pollen records show that, as expected, cereals and wild synanthropic herbs were widespread near archaeological sites but local differences are evident. Ecological and chrono-cultural reasons may be at the base of the observed differences. In general, the synanthropic plants well represent the xeric environments that developed as a result of the continuous human pressure and changes in soil compositions. These changes have occurred especially during the mid and late Holocene.
Mediterranean fuel models and potential fire behaviour in Greece.

The Mediterranean vegetation types of Greece were classified into typical fuel models by measuring the following fuel parameters in 181 representative natural fuel complexes: 1-h, 10-h, 100-h and 1000-h fuel loads; foliage load; litter load and depth; total fuel load; average height and soil cover of the herbaceous, small shrub (up to 0.5 m) and tall shrub (0.5-3.0 m) vegetation layers. The data set was statistically analysed by a two-stage clustering procedure that produced seven distinct fuel models: two for evergreen-sclerophyllous shrublands (maquis), one for kermes oak shrublands, two for phrygana, one for grasslands and one for the litter layer of Mediterranean pine forests. The indicative range (upper and lower limit) of potential fire behavior for every fuel model was calculated with the BEHAVE fire behavior prediction system, using as inputs the specific fuel parameter values of every model. The shrubland fuel models resulted in fires with high intensity and rate of spread, while the phrygana and grassland models in fast fires of medium to low intensity. The litter layer of the pine forests provided the least severe burning conditions.
?Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico

ABSTRACT ? Brachychampsa sealeyi sp. nov. is a small alligatoroid based on a partial skull, associated partial mandible, and a dorsal? osteoderm from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico. The holotype of ? B. sealeyi is the oldest of four documented Late Cretaceous alligatoroid skulls. Brachychampsa sealeyi differs from Brachychampsa montana, Albertochampsa langstoni, and other alligatoroids primarily in having an anteriorly tapering rostrum with a relatively reduced anterior dentition and smaller narial and incisive openings but relatively larger and more bulbous posterior teeth. The single associated osteoderm has a longitudinal keel and surfaces for articulation with overlapping osteoderms. Cladistic analysis suggests that ? B. sealeyi is a sister taxon to B. montana and supports the hypothesis that Brachychampsa and Albertochampsa form a monophyletic clade outside the Alligatoridae. Punctures on the mandible suggests that a bite was inflicted by another allig.
A Comparative Study of Precipitation and Evaporation between CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Model Ensembles in Semiarid Regions

AbstractThe twentieth-century climatology and twenty-first-century trend in precipitation P, evaporation E, and P − E for selected semiarid U.S. Southwest and Mediterranean regions are compared between ensembles from phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). The twentieth-century simulations are validated with precipitation from observation and evaporation from reanalysis. It is found that the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B simulations in CMIP3 and the simulations with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 in CMIP5 produce qualitatively similar seasonal cycles of the twenty-first-century trend in P − E for both semiarid regions. For the southwestern United States, it is characterized by a strong drying trend in spring, a weak moistening trend in summer, a weak drying trend in winter, and an overall drying trend for the annual mean. For the Mediterranean region, a drying trend is simulated for all seasons with an October maximum and .
High‐resolution numerical modelling of three‐dimensional flows over complex river bed topography

This paper describes preliminary results from a method for the treatment of complex bed topography for the understanding of three‐dimensional flow processes. It develops an established porosity‐based method and couples it to high‐resolution bed topographical data acquired using digital photogrammetry. The results provide quantitative data on flow processes that match and perhaps exceed current measurement capabilities, and so raise difficult questions for model validation. However, the detailed flow fields provided by the method allow us to develop current models for flow–form interactions in gravel‐bed rivers. Of most importance, the method will allow us to enhance significantly the application of computational fluid dynamics to complex river bed morphology, for large eddy simulation, roughness parameterization, sediment entrainment and deposition studies, and understanding interactions between flow and vegetation in relation to conveyance studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic characterization of basalt flows from the Faroes margin and the Faroe‐Shetland basin

High‐quality seismic profiles across the Faroes volcanic continental margin and the adjacent continental shelf show contrasting styles of basalt emplacement across two major structural boundaries. At the rifted continental margin, the basalts form prominent seaward dipping reflector sequences up to 5 km thick. The same basalts, after they had travelled in a landward direction across the elevated, subaerial Faroes shelf, produced prominent landward dipping foresets, where they flowed across the paleo‐coastline into the deep water of the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. In both cases we are able to image details of the internal structure of the basalts as a result of using a low‐frequency airgun source capable of penetrating through the basalt sequence, together with long‐offset recordings from ocean bottom seismometers and a 12 km long, deep‐towed, hydrophone streamer.
Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic palaeomagnetism of Australia - I. A redetermined apparent polar wander path

Summary. Palaeomagnetic measurements have been carried out on one Cretaceous and five Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of Australia; of those, one is in the Carnarvon Basin of north-western Australia, and the others are in the Otway Basin of south-eastern Australia. The new results are used together with those published previously to define a revised late Mesozoic–Cenozoic apparent polar wander path for Australia. This path differs from earlier, basalt-derived paths by the absence of a large westward excursion and zig-zag irregularities. It is characterized instead by a substantially straight Cenozoic trajectory, a sharp bend in the Late Cretaceous, and a non-uniform rate of apparent polar wander. The early Tertiary segment of the new path lies north of the original paths, thus eliminating a discrepancy that has been noted previously between the Indian and Australian palaeomagnetic data (Luyendyk & Rennick, Peirce and Klootwyk & Peirce). A re-examination of the original data suggests that this discrepancy, as well as two others in the Australian results, may have been caused principally by incomplete time-averaging of remanence directions, because the volcanics on which the results were based had been extruded episodically.
Seasonal variability of sea surface height in the South China Sea observed with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data

TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter measurements along 16 ground tracks in the South China Sea from November 1992 to October 1997 were used to observe the seasonal variability of sea surface height (SSH). In winter (November, December, January, and February) the SSH images are generally characterized by a sea surface tilting downward toward the east. High sea levels on the western side of the sea have a little monthly change, and a low (minus) sea level peak is centered in the northeastern deep basin. In spring (March and April), a single high sea level peak (HP) centered at 14°N, 114°E becomes a dominant feature. In summer (May, June, July, and August) the SSH images show a sea surface tilting downward toward the west. The HP moves from 14°N, 114°E in May to the northwest of Luzon Island in July. Low sea levels are centered in the offshore of the northern and southern Vietnamese coast. In fall (September and October) the appearance of an eastward low sea level jet in the western basin between 12° and 14°N constitutes a major feature of the SSH images. These results are comparable with previous results and drifter measurements.
Human Impacts to River Temperature and Their Effects on Biological Processes: A Quantitative Synthesis 1

Hester, Erich T. and Martin W. Doyle, 2011. Human Impacts to River Temperature and Their Effects on Biological Processes: A Quantitative Synthesis. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):571‐587. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011. 00525.x
Trends in block-seasonal extreme rainfall over the Iberian Peninsula in the second half of the twentieth century

Abstract In this study trends in extreme rainfall over the Iberian Peninsula at a daily scale in the second half of the twentieth century have been detected and analyzed. For this goal 35 stations evenly distributed over the region of study covering the period 1958–97 have been studied. Two different approaches have been used. The first one consists of the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and the Sen method. The second approach is based on the statistical theory of extreme values, involving time-dependent parameters in order to be able to reflect possible temporal changes in the frequency distribution. Results from both methods agree, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Negative trends are found for the west and southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in spring and winter. In autumn a spatial dipolar pattern appears, but trends are not so evident.
Development of a distributed rainfall‐run‐off/flood‐inundation simulation and economic risk assessment model

A distributed rainfall‐run‐off/flood‐inundation (DRR/FI) simulation model is developed based on a one‐dimensional dynamic wave equation for river routing and a two‐dimensional shallow water equation for surface flow simulation. The DRR/FI model can be used in different ways with the prevailing 1D pathway kinematic wave‐based distributed rainfall‐run‐off model. The DRR/FI model is designed to simulate rainfall‐run‐off processes and dike‐break/inland water inundation processes in a catchment in an integrated manner. Additionally, a direct house/crop economic loss estimation model is integrated with the DRR/FI model. With the loss estimation model, the direct house/crop economic damage within the DRR/FI model domain can be estimated in currency all at once. The DRR/FI and economic risk estimation model are applied to the Sayogawa river catchment in Japan, which experienced a severe flood disaster on 9–10 August 2009. The simulated water level/discharge and inundation area values obtained using the DRR/FI model with radar‐composite and radar‐Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) reanalysis data are in good agreement with the observations. The results also show the range of validity obtained using raw radar data for flood forecasting. Finally, estimation of the direct house/crop economic loss has been carried out. In the results, the economic loss for houses is estimated at 23.0 billion JPY and the crop loss at 0.67 billion JPY. These estimations are in fairly good agreement with the reported values of 18.5 billion and 0.245 billion JPY.
One in a Million : Field Experiments on Perceived Closeness of the Election and Voter Turnout ” : Online Appendix

One seemingly non-standard feature of Table 4 is that we use the same instrumental variable to instrument different closeness variables one at a time. Our view is that the different closeness variables likely represent related forms or constructs of a person’s underlying perception of election closeness. To the extent that the different closeness variables represent different underlying concepts, we show here that any resulting inconsistency in the IV estimates is in the direction away from 0, making the true impact of each closeness variable an even tighter zero than the one we estimate (under the assumption that the different closeness variables do not affect turnout in the unexpected direction, if they have any affect at all). To see this, consider an IV model of the form in Table 4:
Comparative effect of ridge furrow and zero tillage on cowpea at Abeokuta and Akure, Nigeria

Trials were carried out to compare effect of different seedbeds on cowpea at Abeokuta and Akure in different microclimates of Nigeria. The values of selected soil physical properties, plant nutrient status and growth and yield of cowpea given by zero tillage, manual clearing, ridge top, ridge side, ridge base, and furrow were compared. At Abeokuta with drier microclimate, coarser and denser soil, seedbed type significantly influenced cowpea yield. Root growth, number of leaves, grain yield and leaf P and K were grater at side and top of ridge with lower soil bulk density values. The furrow with highest soil bulk density had least grain yield. Cowpea grown at ridge base and on untilled manually cleared and zero tillage soils with relatively high soil densities had lower grain yield. Seedbed did not influence cowpea yield at Akure with less dense and coarse soil, and more humid climate. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 15 2005: 54-59
Tsunami signals from the 2006 and 2007 Kuril earthquakes detected at a seafloor geomagnetic observatory

[1] A seafloor geomagnetic observatory in the northwest Pacific detected clear electromagnetic (EM) variations associated with tsunami passage from two earthquakes that occurred along the Kuril Trench. Previous seismological analyses indicated that the M8.3 earthquake on 15 November 2006 was an underthrust type on the landward slope of the trench, while the M8.1 earthquake on 13 January 2007 was a normal fault type on the seaward side. The EM measurements enabled precise monitoring of the tsunami propagation direction as well as particle motion of the seawater. The estimated horizontal water velocity differs significantly for the 2006 and 2007 tsunamis, in terms of initial motion and dispersive characters, being consistent with the hydrodynamic simulation results of the tsunamis. Namely, the tsunami-induced horizontal geomagnetic components showed opposite signs for the rise and retreat waves as expected from the “electric current wall hypothesis. ” The dispersion effect is more remarkable in the 2007 event with a smaller source region of its tsunamigenic earthquake. The 2007 tsunamis, therefore, tend to violate the long-wave approximation. The Boussinesq approximation was required to reproduce the dispersive character of the 2007 event in our numerical simulation. In terms of tsunami forecast, an important advantage of EM sensors over conventional tsunami sensors, such as seafloor pressure gauges, is their capability of vector measurements: in addition to their ability to monitor particle motions, the first peak of the downward magnetic component always precedes the tsunami peak, suggesting a significant improvement in global tsunami warning systems if vector EM sensors are integrated into the existing systems.
Working models for spatial distribution and level of Mars' seismicity

[1] We present synthetic catalogs of Mars quakes, intended to be used for performance assessments of future seismic networks on the planet. We have compiled a new inventory of compressional and extensional tectonic faults for the planet Mars, comprising 8500 faults with a total length of 680,000 km. The faults were mapped on the basis of Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter (MOLA) shaded relief. Hence we expect to have assembled a homogeneous data set, not biased by illumination and viewing conditions of image data. Updated models of Martian crater statistics and geological maps were used to assign new maximum ages to all faults. On the basis of the fault catalog, spatial distributions of seismicity were simulated, using assumptions on the available annual seismic moment budget, the moment-frequency relationship, and a relation between rupture length and released moment. We have constructed five different models of Martian seismicity, predicting an annual moment release between 3.42 × 1016 Nm and 4.78 × 1018 Nm and up to 572 events with magnitudes greater than 4 per year as upper limit end-member case. Most events are expected on the Tharsis shield, but minor seismic centers are expected south of Hellas and north of Utopia Planitia.
Kinematics of active deformation in the Sulaiman Lobe and Range

The western margin of the Indian plate is highly oblique to the direction of convergence between India and Asia and represents an excellent example of large-scale oblique continent-continent collision. Determining the strain field in western Pakistan and how it relates to the plate motion and plate margin geometry affords an exceptional opportunity for understanding oblique margin processes in general. Through the inversion of regional and teleseismic body waves, we have determined the source parameters of 10 moderate-sized earthquakes that occurred between 1964 and 1985 in and around the Sulaiman Range, Pakistan. The earthquakes are dominantly thrust events with slip vectors that are approximately perpendicular to the lobate Sulaiman mountain front. Slip vector orientations rotate 60°–70° from a N-S to a WNW-ESE direction of compression, consistent with the geometries of the complex, festoon-shaped mountain belts of this margin. We have estimated the spatial variation of the horizontal strain rate and velocity fields within Sulaiman using vertically averaged models that accommodate plate motion constraints within a deforming layer. The most important factors determining the style of strain rotation in the Sulaiman Lobe and Range are the presence of pure strike-slip motion along the Chaman Fault, and the relatively rigid and undeformed Katawaz Basin that is therefore allowed to translate obliquely relative to India. This same conclusion is obtained using either a three-dimensional, frictional, analogue model with significant basal tractions or a thin sheet viscous numerical model without basal tractions. Thrusting in a predominantly NW-SE direction in the Sulaiman Range accommodates 5–14 mm/yr of N-S motion between India-Eurasia and 3–6 mm/yr of E-W shortening. Seismic moment release this century within the India-Eurasia plate boundary zone, west of the western Himalayan Syntaxis, constitutes roughly 40% of the expected total seismic moment release for this time period. Particularly significant moment rate deficits exist within the Sulaiman Range and along the Chaman Fault.
Ex vivo fucosylation improves human cord blood engraftment in NOD-SCID IL-2R γ null (NSG) mice

Delayed engraftment remains a major hurdle following cord blood (CB) transplantation. It may be due, at least in part, to low fucosylation of cell surface molecules important for homing to the BM microenvironment. Since fucosylation of specific cell surface ligands is required before effective interaction with selectins expressed by the BM microvasculature can occur, a simple 30 minute ex vivo incubation of CB HPC with fucosyltransferase (FT) - VI and its substrate (GDP-fucose) was performed to increase levels of fucosylation. The physiologic impact of CB HPC hypo-fucosylation was investigated in vivo in NOD-SCID IL-2R γ null (NSG) mice. By isolating fucosylated and non-fucosylated CD34 + cells from CB we show that only fucosylated CD34 + cells are responsible for engraftment in NSG mice. Further, since the proportion of CD34 + cells that are fucosylated in CB is significantly less than in BM and PB, we hypothesize that these combined observations might explain, at least in part, the delayed engraftment observed following CB transplantation. Since engraftment appears to be correlated with the fucosylation of CD34 + cells, we hypothesized that increasing the proportion of CD34 + cells that are fucosylated would improve CB engraftment. Ex vivo treatment with fucosyltransferase (FT)-VI significantly increases the levels of CD34 + fucosylation and, as hypothesized, this was associated with improved engraftment. Ex vivo fucosylation did not alter the biodistribution of engrafting cells, or pattern of long-term, multi-lineage, multi-tissue engraftment. We propose that ex vivo fucosylation will similarly improve the rate and magnitude of engraftment for CB transplant recipients in a clinical setting.
Design and simulation of engineered Josephson parametric ampli�er in quantum two-mode squeezed radar

Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) engineering is a significant component in the quantum two-mode squeezed radar (QTMS), to enhance, for instance, radar performance and the detection range or bandwidth. In this study, we apply quantum theory to a research domain focusing on the simulation of QTMS radar. We simulate a proposal of using engineered JPA (EJPA) to enhance the performance of a QTMS radar. We define the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and detection range equations of the QTMS radar. The engineered JPA leads to a remarkable improvement of the quantum radar performance, i.e. a large enhancement in SNR of about 6 dB more than the conventional QTMS radar (with respect to the latest version of QTMS radar, and not to classical radar), a substantial improvement in the probability of detection through far fewer channels. Finally, we simulate signal transmission to target in QTMS radar and achieve a huge increase in QTMS radar range, from half a meter in the conventional JPA to 482 m in the current study.
Effect of sudden impulses on currents in the auroral ionosphere under northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions: A case study

We examine the response of auroral magnetic records to the passage of an interplanetary shock at a time when the interplanetary magnetic field was northward. We restrict our attention solely to the sector within 3 hours of local magnetic midnight for a single case selected when a bursty bulk flow event was recorded in the near tail by ISEE 2. Over most of the nightside at high latitudes only a weak disturbance if any is seen. At lower latitudes a plateau is seen in the H component, coincident with the bursty bulk flow event. At 65° latitude from about midnight to 3:00 LT a weak pair of negative bays is observed, also coincident with the bursty bulk flow event. We conclude that the tail and the auroral ionosphere were closely coupled during this sudden impulse, but the auroral zone disturbance appears to be mainly the brief activation of a section of the auroral electrojet rather than a classic substorm. No expansion or motion of the electrojet was observed, and the activation was no longer than that of the bursty bulk flow in the tail.