Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BEYOND THE PRIVACY PARADOX : OBJECTIVE VERSUS RELATIVE RISK IN PRIVACY DECISION MAKING 1

Privacy decision making has been examined in the literature from alternative perspectives. A dominant “normative” perspective has focused on rational processes by which consumers with stable preferences for privacy weigh the expected benefits of privacy choices against their potential costs. More recently, a behavioral perspective has leveraged theories from decision research to construe privacy decision making as a process in which cognitive heuristics and biases predictably occur. In a series of experiments, we compare the predictive power of these two perspectives by evaluating the impact of changes in the objective risk of disclosure and the impact of changes in the relative perceptions of risk of disclosure on both hypothetical and actual consumer privacy choices. We find that both relative and objective risks can, in fact, influence consumer privacy decisions. However, and surprisingly, the impact of objective changes in risk diminishes between hypothetical and actual choice settings. Vice versa, the impact of relative risk becomes more pronounced going from hypothetical to actual choice settings. Our results suggest a way to integrate diverse streams of the information systems literature on privacy decision making: in hypothetical choice contexts, relative to actual choice contexts, consumers may both overestimate their response to normative factors and underestimate their response to behavioral factors.
Early Archean spherule layers from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Mineralogy and geochemistry of the spherule beds in the CT3 drill core

Little is known about the Hadean and the Archean impact record on Earth. In the CT3 drill core from the Fig Tree Group of the northern Barberton Greenstone Belt, 17 spherule layer intersections occur, which, provide an outstanding new opportunity to gain insights into meteorite bombardment of the early Earth. CT3 spherules, as primary features, mostly exhibit textural patterns similar to those of the other Barberton spherule layers, but locally mineralogical and chemical compositional differences are observed, likely as a result of various degrees of alteration. The observed mineralogy of the spherule layers is of secondary origin and comprises K‐feldspar, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfides, and oxides, with the exception of secondary Ni‐Cr spinel that is of primary origin. Our petrographic investigations suggest alteration by K‐metasomatism, sericitization, silicification, and carbonatization. Siderophile element contents of bulk samples show significant enrichments in Ni (up to 2 wt%) and Ir (up to ~3 ppm), similar to previously studied Archean spherule layers. These values are indicative of the presence of a meteoritic component. On the other hand, lithophile and chalcophile element abundances indicate hydrothermal overprint on the CT3 samples; this may also have influenced the redistribution of the meteoritic component(s). Last, we group the CT3 spherule layers, which occur in three intervals (A, B, and C), according to their petrographic and geochemical features, which indicate evidence for at least three distinct impact events before tectonic overprint that affected the original deposits.
Mini-tuber production as affected by planting bed composition and node position in tissue cultured plantlet in two potato cultivars

The virus-free plantlets resulted from the meristem culture of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars i.e., Marphona and Desiree were grown and their shoot tips and roots were cut off. Stems were sectioned to three upper, middle and lower segments and transferred onto four planting beds: (a) peat mass: perlite (3:1), (b) turf: perlite (3:1), (c) Leaf mould: perlite (3:1) and (d) rice hull: turf (1:1). The mini-tubers were harvested and biometrically analyzed for their number, total weight, average weight, average numbers of eyes and the average diameter of the mini-tubers generated by a single plant. It was revealed that rice hull: turf (1:1) was superior to other beds. The effect of stem position node on the total weight of minitubers, except an interaction between node position and planting-bed was non-significant. Desiree was only superior in total weight of the generated mini-tubers compared to Marphona.
Challenges to link climate change data provision and user needs: Perspective from the COST‐action VALUE

The application of climate change impact assessment (CCIA) studies in general and especially the linkages between different actor groups typically involved is often not trivial and subject to many limitations and uncertainties. Disciplinary issues like competing downscaling approaches, imperfect climate and impact model data and uncertainty propagation as well as the selection of appropriate data sets are only one part of the story. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary challenges add to these, as climate data and impact model data provision and their usage require at least a minimum of common work and shared understanding among actors. Here, we provide the VALUE perspective on current disciplinary challenges and limitations at the downscaling interface and elaborate transdisciplinary issues that hamper a proper working downscaling interface. The perspective is partly based on a survey on user needs of downscaled data that was distributed among 62 participants across Europe involving 22 sectors. Partly, it is based on the exchanges and experiences gained during the lifetime of VALUE that brought together different actor groups of different disciplines: climate modellers, impact modellers, statisticians and stakeholders. We outline a sketch that summarizes the linkages between the main identified actor groups: climate model data providers, impact modellers and societal users. We summarize review and structure current actors groups, needs and issues. We argue that this structuring enables involved actors to tackle these issues in a more organized and hence effective way. A key solution to several difficulties at the downscaling interface is to our understanding the development of guidelines based on benchmark tests like the VALUE framework. In addition, fostering communication between actor groups—and financing this communication—is essential to obtain the best possible CCIA as a prerequisite for robust adaptation.
SECTION 1. Macroeconomic processes and regional economies management

Strategy development has traditionally been exclusive and secretive. Social software offers new opportunities to harness the collective intelligence of the crowd within organizations and allows more open, participatory modes of strategizing. This paper describes this new phenomenon of open strategy though crowdsourcing and discusses its implications for research and practice. It draws on first examples of crowdsourcing strategy and is further based on observations and theoretical reflections. To understand the phenomenon with its requirements and consequences, a number of questions and challenges are identified which remain to be investigated. These include how the process of opening up needs to be designed, how individuals can be motivated to engage, for which topics and under which conditions crowdsourcing strategy is a suitable approach, how strategies emerge in such initiatives, the appropriate role of management, and how corporate culture affects and is affected by crowdsourcing strategy. Open strategy through crowdsourcing is a newly emerging empirical phenomenon, which seems to fundamentally change the strategist’s work. More open and inclusive ways of strategizing not only offer new opportunities, but also create some challenges for organizations. This paper deepens the insights in this new phenomenon and identifies seven topics critical for research and management practice.
Predicting Rating Distributions of Website Aesthetics with Deep Learning for AI-Based Research

The aesthetic appeal of a website has strong effects on users’ reactions, appraisal s, and even behaviors. However, evaluating website aesthetics through user ratings is resource intensive, and extant models to predict website aesthetics are limited in performance and ability. We contribute a novel and more precise approach to predict website aesthetics that considers rating distributions. Moreover, we use this approach as a baseline model to illustrate how future research might be conducted using predictions instead of participants. Our approach is based on a deep convolutional neural network model and uses innovations in the field of image aesthetic prediction. It was trained with the dataset from Reinecke and Gajos (2014) and was validated using two independent large datasets. The final model reached an unprecedented cross-validated correlation between the ground truth and predicted rating of LCC = 0.752. We then used the model to successfully replicate prior findings and conduct original research AI-based research. results are also in line with Seckler et al.’ s finding that the most commonly used hues are the most attractive, with yellow and blue having the highest values and magenta having the lowest. This shows that the effect of fundamental attributes, like brightness, saturation and hue, can also be correctly predicted by our model.
Computer Simulation of the Anisotropy of Fluorescence in Ring Molecular Systems: Influence of Disorder and Ellipticity

We use massively parallelized system for computer simulation of time dependence of the anisotropy of fluorescence for the ring LH2 from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila with tangential optical transition dipole arrangements. Different models of uncorrelated static disorder and also ellipticity (correlated static disorder) in local molecular energies are taken into account. Dynamical disorder, interaction with a bath, is included in Markovian approximation of the equations of motion for the so called exciton density matrix. In this paper we compare the results for two different models of the spectral density of phonon bath.
A framework for inter-organizational knowledge sharing: managerial influences

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether an existing organizational knowledge management framework could be utilized in an inter-organizational domain. We selected the threefold KM framework developed by Holsapple and Joshi (2000; 2002). This framework has been well tested and provides clearly defined elements to examine the influences on knowledge management and knowledge sharing in an organizational context. We report the results of testing the framework in three inter-organizational case studies and propose some adaptations to the managerial influences for inter-organizational analysis.
Disturbance Impacts on Thermal Hot Spots and Hot Moments at the Peatland‐Atmosphere Interface

Soil‐surface temperature acts as a master variable driving nonlinear terrestrial ecohydrological, biogeochemical, and micrometeorological processes, inducing short‐lived or spatially isolated extremes across heterogeneous landscape surfaces. However, subcanopy soil‐surface temperatures have been, to date, characterized through isolated, spatially discrete measurements. Using spatially complex forested northern peatlands as an exemplar ecosystem, we explore the high‐resolution spatiotemporal thermal behavior of this critical interface and its response to disturbances by using Fiber‐Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing. Soil‐surface thermal patterning was identified from 1.9 million temperature measurements under undisturbed, trees removed and vascular subcanopy removed conditions. Removing layers of the structurally diverse vegetation canopy not only increased mean temperatures but it shifted the spatial and temporal distribution, range, and longevity of thermal hot spots and hot moments. We argue that linking hot spots and/or hot moments with spatially variable ecosystem processes and feedbacks is key for predicting ecosystem function and resilience.
Ancient Bombardment of the Inner Solar System: Reinvestigation of the “Fingerprints” of Different Impactor Populations on the Lunar Surface

The lunar cratering record provides valuable information about the late accretion history of the inner solar system. However, our understanding of the origin, rate, and timing of the impacting projectiles is far from complete. To learn more about these projectiles, we can examine crater size‐frequency distributions (CSFDs) on the Moon. Here we reinvestigate the crater populations of 30 lunar basins (≥ 300 km) using the buffered nonsparseness correction technique, which takes crater obliteration into account, thus providing more accurate measurements for the frequencies of smaller crater sizes. Moreover, we revisit the stratigraphic relationships of basins based on N(20) crater frequencies, absolute model ages, and observation data. The buffered nonsparseness correction‐corrected CSFDs of individual basins, particularly at smaller crater diameters are shifted upward. Contrary to previous studies, the shapes of the summed CSFDs of Pre‐Nectarian (excluding South Pole‐Aitken Basin), Nectarian (including Nectaris), and Imbrian (including Imbrium) basins show no statistically significant differences and thus provide no evidence for a change of impactor population.
Exploiting knowledge of immune selection in HIV-1 to detect HIV-specific CD 8 T-cell responses

Since HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses select specific polymorphisms in HIV-1 sequences and HLA diversity is relatively static in human populations, we investigated the use of peptide epitopes based on sites of HLA-associated adaptation in HIV-1 sequences to stimulate and detect T-cell responses ex-vivo. These “HLA-optimised” peptides captured more HIV-1 Nefspecific responses compared with overlapping peptides of a single consensus sequence, in interferon-γ enzyme linked immunospot assays. Sites of immune selection can reveal more immunogenic epitopes in HLA-diverse populations and offer insights into the nature of HLAepitope targeting, which could be applied in vaccine design.
Energy-efﬁcient resource allocation for amplify-and-forward relaying in OFDM systems

In this paper, we study end-to-end energy efﬁciency of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing relay-based system under power constraints for the base station and relay node with system circuit power considerations. Using a two-phase amplify-and-forward relaying protocol, we assume that relay has a ﬁxed power constraint and the source power can vary in transmission power interval where the source employs a selective relaying mechanism for each individual subcarrier. Therefore, in our model, the source is able to adaptively select some subcarriers to be relayed. The radio resource allocation is then formulated as an energy-efﬁcient mixed binary integer programming, and then we propose a heuristic algorithm to ﬁnd the suboptimal solution. The solution consists of the suboptimal transmit power of the source, the suboptimal set of subcarriers for relaying and the optimal transmit power of each subcarrier at the source and relay in the ﬁrst and second time slots. The algorithm obtains energy-efﬁcient transmission power for a given relay transmission power based on a gradient descent method. Then a two-step iterative scheme is proposed to obtain the subcarriers to be relayed as well as the optimal power allocation at the source and relay in the ﬁrst and second time slots. To evaluate the efﬁciency of the proposed method, we compare its efﬁciency through simulations with the cases without using selective subcarrier relaying and without circuit power consideration in low and high relay transmit power regimes. The simulation results indicate that using our proposed method results in a signiﬁcant improvement in the energy efﬁciency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparisons of two moments‐based estimators that utilize historical and paleoflood data for the log Pearson type III distribution

The expected moments algorithm (EMA) [ Cohn et al., 1997 ] and the Bulletin 17B [ Interagency Committee on Water Data, 1982 ] historical weighting procedure (B17H) for the log Pearson type III distribution are compared by Monte Carlo computer simulation for cases in which historical and/or paleoflood data are available. The relative performance of the estimators was explored for three cases: fixed‐threshold exceedances, a fixed number of large floods, and floods generated from a different parent distribution. EMA can effectively incorporate four types of historical and paleoflood data: floods where the discharge is explicitly known, unknown discharges below a single threshold, floods with unknown discharge that exceed some level, and floods with discharges described in a range. The B17H estimator can utilize only the first two types of historical information. Including historical/paleoflood data in the simulation experiments significantly improved the quantile estimates in terms of mean square error and bias relative to using gage data alone. EMA performed significantly better than B17H in nearly all cases considered. B17H performed as well as EMA for estimating X100 in some limited fixed‐threshold exceedance cases. EMA performed comparatively much better in other fixed‐threshold situations, for the single large flood case, and in cases when estimating extreme floods equal to or greater than X500. B17H did not fully utilize historical information when the historical period exceeded 200 years. Robustness studies using GEV‐simulated data confirmed that EMA performed better than B17H. Overall, EMA is preferred to B17H when historical and paleoflood data are available for flood frequency analysis.
Payments for watershed ecosystem services: mechanism, progress and challenges

ABSTRACT Introduction: Payment for watershed ecosystem services (PWES), a policy instrument for compensating for the externality of watershed ecosystem/environmental services, has gained in policy importance in China over the past two decades. Many scholars and researchers have contributed to the conceptualization of this policy framework by developing operational mechanisms as well as compensation standards for PWES. Outcomes: This article reviews 27 PWES schemes piloted in China and in 10 other countries, with a particular emphasis on successful cases of land-use conversion programs, such as the Paddy Land to Dry Land Program and Sloping Land Conversion Program that have been implemented in China. Discussion: By comparing different cases, the authors attempt to answer the following questions: what were the ecological and institutional contexts in which these schemes were established and how did they work? What were the actual efficiencies and impacts of these piloted schemes? Which scheme worked better in certain ecological, socio- economic, and institutional contexts? Conclusion: Based on case studies, the authors draw the following conclusions about Chinese PWES: (1) to establish an acceptable standard for a PWES program, it is necessary to estimate the economic and social costs regarding the livelihoods of households; (2) multi-stakeholder negotiation mechanism for PWES, including intermediaries, such as the local government, NGO/NPOs, village committees, and user associations, should be used; (3) ES, non-market services, should acquire positive externalities to accomplish an optimal win–win pattern concerning both environmental goals and the livelihoods of local resource users.
Distinguishing Systems and Distinguishing Senses(cid:0) New Evaluation Methods for Word Sense Disambiguation

Resnik and Yarowsky (cid:1)(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:3) made a set of observations about the state of the art in au(cid:12) tomatic word sense disambiguation and(cid:13) motivated by those observations(cid:13) o(cid:14)ered several speci(cid:15)c proposals regarding improved evaluation criteria(cid:13) common training and testing resources(cid:13) and the de(cid:15)nition of sense inventories(cid:7) Subsequent discussion of those proposals resulted in senseval(cid:13) the (cid:15)rst evaluation exercise for word sense disambiguation (cid:1)Kilgarri(cid:14) and Palmer forthcoming(cid:3)(cid:7) This article is a revised and extended version of our (cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:11) work(cid:12)
SMS Advertising in India: Is TAM a Robust Model for Explaining Intention?

This study examined mobile users’ intentions to receive SMS advertising in India using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as research framework. 242 respondents completed a structured questionnaire; measuring their responses for the TAM’s five constructs viz. perceived utility, perceived ease of use, perceived trust, attitude and intention. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) both measurement model and structural model testing was done to analyze the data. Findings indicated that specified TAM model contributed to 81.8% of variance in the intention to receive SMS advertising and was a valid model in explaining the intention to receive SMS advertising. Study further indicated that perceived utility was much better predictor of attitude towards SMS advertising than perceived ease of use and perceived trust. Study suggested marketers that to increase acceptance of SMS advertising they should focus more on increasing utility of SMS ads, so that users would develop positive attitudes towards SMS advertising.
Habitat suitability index of Barbus cyri (Heckel, 1843) in Tootkabon River, the South Caspian Sea basin, Iran

Knowledge of habitat requirements of aquatic animals plays an important role in fisheries and protection programs of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the suitability indexes of habitat use and habitat suitability index (HSI) of Barbus cyri in its distribution range in Tootkabon River. A number of environmental variables, including elevation, water depth, river width, river slope, velocity, substrate type, and average diameter of bed stone, riparian vegetation type and the relative abundance of B. cyri at 13 stations and three replications from the downstream to upstream were examined during November 2013. The results showed that B. cyri mostly selects upper stretches of the river with higher velocity, middle depth, lower width and bed rock substrate i.e. bed with boulder cover and grasslands and also its residential area is of riparian type compared with the available ranges. Habitat selectivity index for B. cyri showed that the elevation is 130-220 m, water depth 18-75 cm, channel width less than 12 m, channel slope 0.5-2.3%, water velocity less than 0.8 m.s-1, bed rock substrate, average diameter of bed stone larger 15-50cm. Presence of these conditions with HSI of 0.798 indicates that Tootkabon River is an excellent habitat for B. cyri.