Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Present‐day interannual variability of surface climate in CMIP3 models and its relation to future warming

Interannual variability (IAV) of 2m temperature (T), sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation (P) in the CMIP3 20th century model simulations are compared with IAV in observational and reanalysis data sets using standard deviation based variability indices. Further, the relation between the representation of T IAV and the amplitude of future warming is investigated. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics, T and SLP IAV are (in contrast to P) in general well represented although a few models perform much worse than others. General problem regions are: (1) sea ice boundary regions, where well‐known biases in the mean states exist; and (2) the Pacific Ocean and Central Africa where SLP IAV is consistently underestimated. T and SLP IAV discrepancies are often found in similar regions and are large in well‐known bias problem regions in the tropics and subtropics and high mountain regions. ‘Bad’ IAV representation also occurs in regions with small biases. T IAV is in general better reproduced over land than over sea and in the extratropics than in the tropics. Among the ‘good’ IAV models there is no robust relation between the tropics (sea only) and the extratropics (land only). The relation between the model's ability to correctly represent T IAV and projected temperature changes is slightly negative (more warming for better IAV representation) but except for the NH summer season not significant when the worst models in terms of IAV representation are omitted. This suggests that aggregated over large regions (with exception of NH summer) no robust relations are found between the model's ability to correctly represent T IAV and the projected temperature change. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
An estimate of the impact of stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport (STT) on the lower free tropospheric ozone over the Alps using 10Be and 7Be measurements

Jungfraujoch (JUN), Switzerland and Zugspitze (ZUG), Germany. Inspection of the variability of the ratio 10 Be/ 7 Be in relation to 10 Be, 7 Be, and relative humidity (RH) reveals that the ratio is independent from processes that have a clear effect on both radionuclides, such as wet scavenging. High ratio values are generally met under cyclonic or northerly advective conditions, which are the synoptic situations mostly related to stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) events over central Europe, while the 10-day back trajectories indicate a stratospheric source for the majority of the cases within the upper 10% quantile of 10 Be/ 7 Be ratios. The monthly 10 Be/ 7 Be ratios show a clear May and June peak at JUN and a much weaker seasonality at ZUG. A simple mixing model is used for an independent estimate of the strength of STT throughout the year based on the 7 Be and 10 Be measurements. In spite of the various uncertainties, the results indicate a seasonal cycle of stratospheric ozone percentage contribution with an early spring maximum (3– 11%) and autumn minimum (1–2%) at ZUG, while at JUN, a primary maximum in May and June (6–18%), a secondary maximum in March (4–13%), and a minimum again in autumn (1–4%) are revealed. Although the simple method applied here provides an independent estimate for the impact of STT to the lower troposphere, it nevertheless shows relatively good agreement with Lagrangian model calculations, especially for ZUG. INDEX TERMS: 0341 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—constituent transport and chemistry (3334); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 3329 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Mesoscale meteorology; 3362 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Stratosphere/troposphere interactions; KEYWORDS: stratospheric intrusions, cosmogenic radionuclides, tropospheric ozone, 7 Be, 10 Be, Alps Citation: Zanis, P., et al., An estimate of the impact of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) on the lower free tropospheric ozone over the Alps using 10 Be and 7 Be measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8520, doi:10.1029/2002JD002604, 2003.
Reconstruction of a flux transfer event based on observations from five THEMIS satellites

[1] We investigate a flux transfer event (FTE) observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) near the duskside magnetopause using the reconstruction technique based on solving the Grad-Shafranov equation; see review by Sonnerup et al. (2006). THEMIS D detected the FTE with the largest core magnetic field. THEMIS B and C observed deep troughs in the magnetic field associated with the FTE. THEMIS A and E sensed only slightly altered magnetic field from their surroundings. Two-dimensional reconstruction maps of magnetic field and plasma pressure are generated by combining observations from all five THEMIS satellites. These reconstructed maps show distinct differences between a magnetic island and an FTE in terms of vector potential and the derived plasma parameters. The origin of the magnetic field troughs in the crater FTEs can be traced to intrusions of the magnetosheath plasma around the structure in the reconstruction maps. Furthermore, the resulting maps show also cylindrical asymmetry in these parameters between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric sides of the FTE. This asymmetry and the different impact parameters of these satellites with respect to the FTE center together contribute to the different characteristics of the FTE signatures seen by the five THEMIS satellites.
Dasymetric Mapping and Areal Interpolation: Implementation and Evaluation

Dasymetric maps display statistical data in meaningful spatial zones. Such maps can be preferable to choropleth maps that show data by enumeration zones, because dasymetric zones more accurately represent underlying data distributions. Though dasymetric mapping has existed for well over a century, the methods for producing these maps have not been thoroughly examined. In contrast, research on areal interpolation has been more thorough and has examined methods of transferring data from one set of map zones to another, an issue that is applicable to dasymetric mapping. Inspired by this work, we tested five dasymetric mapping methods, including methods derived from work on areal interpolation. Dasymetric maps of six socio-economic variables were produced fm a study area of 159 counties in the eastern U.S. using county choropleth data and ancillary land-use data. Both polygonal (vector) and grid (raster) dasymetric methods were tested. We evaluated map accuracy using both statistical analyses and visual presentations of error. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that the traditional limiting variable method had significantly lower error than the other four methods. In addition, polygon methods had lower error than their grid-based counterparts, though the difference was not statistically significant. Error maps largely supported the conclusions from the statistical analysis, while also presenting patterns of error that were not obvious from the statistics.
Abundances of rare earth elements in crude oils and their partitions in water

Patterns of the entire range of REE in crude oils and coexisting water, collected from mud volcanoes in Xinjiang Province of China, are reported here for the first time. Crude oils show light REE enriched patterns with flat or depleted patterns in heavy REE, when normalized to chondrite. The REE concentrations in crude oils are larger than those in coexisting water by a factor of more than one hundred. Considering the hydrophobicity of oil and the high ionic characteristics of REE, it is strongly suggested that REE form complexes with ligands present in the crude oils. Based on the 13 C NMR spectroscopy, it is found that small amounts of phenol and carboxyl groups are contained in the crude oil samples, which could possibly provide complexing sites for REE. REE patterns of crude oils are similar to those of coexisting mud samples collected from the same mud volcanoes, which suggests that the REE in crude oils are derived from rocks and sediments where crude oils were generated.
Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics of Quaternary Magmas from the Pre–Komitake volcano

The trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of Quaternary magmas from the Pre–Komitake volcano were investigated. The Sr and Nd isotope ratios ranged from 0.703320–0.703476, and 0.512885–0.513087, respectively, which are very similar to those of the lavas from Fuji and Komitake volcanoes that erupted subsequently. Enrichment of large ion lithophile elements, Pb and Sr, can be seen in the primitive mantle–normalized multi–element diagram of the Pre–Komitake, Komitake, and Fuji lavas. These collectively show island arc lava signatures; however, the middle to heavy rare earth elements are more depleted in the Pre–Komitake lavas, compared to those from Fuji. Positive Eu anomalies are observed, although the extents of these anomalies decrease with increasing SiO2 in the Pre–Komitake lavas, whereas this is not observed in Fuji lavas. The Sr/Y ratios of Pre–Komitake lavas increase from basalt to basaltic andesite, but decreases through andesite to dacite. This occurs in combination with a rapid increase in La/Yb ratios, followed by a more gradual increase. A gradual decrease in Dy/Yb ratios is also seen over the entire compositional range. These data suggest deep (>12 kbar) fractionation of garnet and amphibole followed by shallow (i.e., ~ 5 kbar) fractionation of amphibole and plagioclase. Such variations are not observed in the Komitake and Fuji lavas, for which deep fractionation of clinopyroxene and shallow fractionation of plagioclase have been suggested. All three lavas, including those from the Pre–Komitake volcano, show similar isotopic, major, and trace element compositions in the unfractionated basalts. The differing geochemical trends found in the Pre–Komitake lavas are likely to be due to different mineral fractionations occurring in the hydrous Pre–Komitake basalts compared to the dry Fuji and Komitake basalts.
Stochastic simulation of intermittent rainfall using the concept of “dry drift”

A stochastic rainfall simulator based on the concept of “dry drift” is proposed. It is characterized by a new and nonstationary representation of rainfall in which the average rain rate (in log‐space) depends on the distance to the closest surrounding dry areas. The result is a more realistic transition between dry and rainy areas and a better distribution of low and high rain rates inside the simulated rainy areas. The proposed approach is very general and can be used to simulate both unconditional and conditional rain rate time series, two‐dimensional fields, and space‐time fields. The parameterization is intuitive and can be done using time series and/or radar rain‐rate maps. Several examples illustrating the simulator's capabilities are given. The results show that the simulated time series and rain rate fields look realistic and that they are difficult to distinguish from real observations.
Differentiation, affinities and palaeoenvironmental significance of the megaspores Arcellites and Bohemisporites in Wealden and other Cretaceous successions

The ultrastructure of the exine (protective wall) of the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) megaspore speciesArcellites hexapartitusis very similar to that of two other species,A. disciformisandA. santacrucensis, first recovered from mid Cretaceous formations in Greenland and Argentina respectively. The wall of WealdenA. vectisdiffers in that the outer exoexinal layer is thinner, but it is otherwise similar. The morphology of these and several other taxa from Barremian and younger Cretaceous deposits coupled with, in some cases, an association with the microsporeCrybelosporites, suggests derivation from a single, now extinct, group of plants within the water fern order Marsileales.A. medususdiffers somewhat from this group of species in the construction of both the neck around the triradiate suture and the wall. The oldest Wealden specimens are Valanginian. The possibility that diminutive examples might be its microspores suggests a different evolutionary lineage, perhaps linked to Aptian and youngerAriadnaesporites. Megaspores hitherto considered to belong to the same group asArcellites, and therefore usually identified asA. pyriformis, first appear in Berriasian deposits in the Wealden succession. The construction of the neck of this spore has, however, led to the suggestion that the species should perhaps be referred to a different genus.Bohemisporiteswas erected just over 10 years ago to accommodate apparently identical Czech specimens, but has been little used since then. The structure of the wall of both British and Czech material, which includes a well-ordered exoexinal layer, confirms that assignment to this genus is appropriate. Although the spores may be derived from plants that grew in or near water, reference to the water fern group is now questioned. Links with the lycopsid order Selaginellales are possible. Regardless of the origins of the megaspores discussed, their palynological associations and recovery in abundance from sediments laid down in quiet freshwater bodies (ponds, lakes, disused river channels) render all of them useful indicators of environmental conditions and composition of local vegetation, and might also support inferences from other data for a seasonal climate during much of the period of deposition of the Wealden succession.
Do conspiracy theories circulating in the media or their debunking affect people’s trust in the media?

The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered an unprecedented number of conspiracy theories about the virus and the vaccine against the disease. Current research has tried to make sense of the effects of conspiracy narratives and debunking them in both mainstream and social media. However, the effect of such narratives or their debunking on media trust has not been investigated to date. By means of a 2 × 2 experimental design (N = 945) in Romania, we investigate how mainstream and social media content containing conspiracy theories about vaccination against COVID-19 and debunking them influence people’s trust in both mainstream and social media. People’s own beliefs in such narratives are used as moderators of these effects. Findings show that only the debunking content circulating in mainstream media decreases people’s trust in both mainstream and social media, and only for people exhibiting high levels of belief in conspiracy theories, that is only when people are exposed to counter-attitudinal content. Implications for stakeholders are discussed.
The large mammal fauna from Klasies River

Opsomming The large mammal faunal sample, excavated since 1984 from the Late Pleistocene Klasies River main site, was studied. There are 27 species in eight genera represented. The bovids from the LBS member (110 000 years) and the Upper member (70 000 years) shows an increase in grazers relative to the fauna from the SAS member (100 000 years). This confirms previous research. The study of body part frequencies does not confirm the selective transport of the carcasses of larger bovids or that scavenging played an important role in the accumulation of the fauna. It is concluded that availability of marine mammals were the attraction of the locality and that all size classes of bovids were actively hunted and their carcasses returned to the site.
Climatography of Thunder Events in the Conterminous United States. Part II: Spatial Aspects

Abstract The average temporal and spatial distributions of thunder events (periods of discrete thunder activity heard at a point) in the conterminous United States were found to be generally similar to those of thunder days. Annual averages of thunder events peak along the Gulf Coast (>100) and are also quite high in the central United States (Kansas, Missouri, Illinois with >75 events), and in the southwest (Arizona with 60 events). Thunder events are least along the west coast (<20) and in the northeast (<30). Multiple events per day are greatest in the Midwest (Illinois, Iowa) averaging 1.7 events per summer day, and are also high in the southwest (Arizona) with 1.5 events. This causes these two maxima in thunder event activity to be more pronounced than those found on the pattern of average thunder days. The average patterns for the thunder event frequencies, multiple events per day, and durations reveal that convective activity is weakest and shortlived along the west coast and in the northeast. The .
Measurement of Behavioral Properties of Entrained Ambient Water in a Stratified Bubble Plume

Flow properties of a bubble plume in density-stratified conditions are studied using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) flow visualization. Entrained ambient fluid is identified by applying an image intensity threshold to the PLIF images of passive dye tracer injected at the bubble diffuser. The density stratification gradually arrests the entrained ambient fluid, causing detrainment, or peeling, of the continuous phase fluid from the bubble plume core and intrusion of the detrained fluid at a level of neutral buoyancy; bubbles continue to rise above each detrainment zone. The peel and intrusion heights for the first detrainment event above the diffuser are measured from the thresholded PLIF images. The nondimensional frequency of fluctuations in the detrainment and intrusion heights fz/ us is measured as 0.35 (where f =frequency; z =height above the diffuser; and us =terminal rise velocity of the bubbles in a quiescent fluid), and this value compares well to the plume wandering frequency for simila.
Additional Value of Mini-Cog© in Urogeriatric Patients Concurrently Screened by G8 Scores

Background: Cognitive impairment is poorly addressed in G8 screening. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the additional value of Mini-Cog© in urogeriatric patients concurrently screened by G8 scores. Methods: Seventy-four consecutive urogeriatric patients aged 75 and above were evaluated. All patients underwent G8 and Mini-Cog© screening. Patients with a G8 score above 14 were considered geriatric “healthy or fit”. A Mini-Cog© from four to five points was considered inconspicuous in screening for cognitive impairment. The additional information of a Mini-Cog© screening during G8 screening was evaluated by looking at G8 “fit and healthy” patients who had conspicuous Mini-Cog© tests and vice versa. Additionally, the results of the neuropsychological subitem “E” of the G8 score were compared with the results of the Mini-Cog© screening. Results: The mean age of the patients was 83 y (min. 75–max. 102). Sixty-one of the patients were males, and 13 were females. Twenty-nine of the patients had a normal G8 score and were considered “healthy or fit”, and 45 were not. Forty-three of the patients had an inconspicuous Mini-Cog©, and 31 had a conspicuous Mini-Cog© of less than four points. The majority of G8 “healthy or fit” patients (n = 24/29) had an inconspicuous Mini-Cog© test. However, of them, five patients had a Mini-Cog© of less than four points, which is suspicious for cognitive disorders. Furthermore, of the 43 patients with a normal G8 subscore in item “E” of two points, 6 patients had a conspicuous Mini-Cog© of less than four points. Conclusions: As shown by the present study, the Mini-Cog© might extend the G8 screening with regard to the detection of cognitive functional impairments that are not detected by the G8 screening alone. It can be easily added to G8 screening.
Frozen, Cold, or Cool? Chemical Assessment of the Effectiveness of Storage Conditions for Celluloid 3D Objects

Preserving celluloid artifacts is challenging for museums, as this plastic is highly prone to degradation. Frozen, cold, and cool storage solutions are typically recommended for inhibiting the chemical degradation of celluloid. However, they are rarely implemented for three-dimensional celluloid (3D-CN) objects because low temperatures might cause irreversible effects (e.g., microcracking). This work presents the effects of four different storage temperatures (+23 °C, +13 °C, +9 °C, −15 °C) on the preservation of artificially aged 3D-CN mock-ups, aiming at understanding their effectiveness by measuring molecular weight distribution, camphor, and nitrogen contents after storage. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed that the least loss of camphor content and fewer polymer chain scissions happened at −15 °C, hinting that this temperature was the best for preservation. However, the heterogeneous nature of celluloid alteration, i.e., the development of degradation gradients in thicker 3D-CN objects (>0.5 mm), made it necessary to apply a novel sampling technique, which selectively considers several depths for analyses from the surface to the core (depth profiling). This depth profiling made monitoring the degradation evolution dependent on the storage conditions in the thicker mock-ups possible. This approach was also used for the first time to quantify the polymer chain scission, camphor loss, and denitration of historical artifacts, indicating a dramatic difference in the degradation stage between surface and core. The effectiveness of frozen storage on the chemical stability of 3D-CN after seven months could support museums to consider reducing the storage temperatures to preserve precious artifacts.
Body composition phase angle: A potential predictor of vitamin D status in early pregnancy

Abstract Phase angle and vitamin D can reflect the state of the body cells, and the two may interact with each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the relationship between PA and vitamin D. Taking women in early pregnancy as our study subjects, we found that PA had a positive effect on vitamin D levels. Body composition phase angle, as a noninvasive, easy‐to‐operate, and easy‐to‐monitor indicator, can be used an early screening index for vitamin D nutrition levels in early pregnancy, and the cutoff value was 4.95°.
Healthy Lifestyle Deck of cards as a tool for cognitive-behavioral therapy in adults with obesity

Abstract Objective This is a mixed-methodology controlled clinical study that assessed the effect of the Health Lifestyle Deck of cards as a Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy tool for obese adults. Method The sample was divided into two groups: Intervention group and Intervention+Deck. The therapy was interdisciplinary handled by psychology, nutrition and physical education professionals, along 12 sessions. The following measures were performed: anthropometric assessment, indicators of binge eating, depression, anxiety and stress, quality of life, self-efficacy for eating habits, and physical activity at the beginning and the end of the intervention. Participants’ written and verbal reports’ content was analyzed. Results The results were: a reduction in body mass, binge eating, and improvement of self-efficacy to regulate eating habits in both groups. There was an improvement in the psychological domain of quality of life only in the Intervention+Deck group. Conclusion The study concluded that the intervention favored participants’ cognitive and behavioral changes.
Effect of inoculum source, inoculum pressure and cultivar on development of black scurf on potatoes in South Africa

s from the proceedings of the EAPR pathology section seminar, Hattula, Finland, 2-6 July 2007: 26. Atkinson, D. , Thornton, M. K. & Miller, J. S. 2010. Development of Rhizoctonia solani on stems, stolons and tubers of potatoes I. Effect of inoculum source, American Journal of Potato Research 87: 374-381. Balali, G. R. , Neate, S. M. , Scott, E. S. , Whisson, D. L. & Wicks, T. J. 1995. Anastomosis group and pathogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from crops in South Australia, Plant Pathology 44: 1050-1057. Banville, G. J. 1989. Yield losses and damage to potato plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, American Potato Journal 66: 821-834. Boogert Van den, P. H. J. F. & Luttikholt, A. J. G. 2004. Compatible biological and chemical control systems for Rhizoctonia solani in potato, European Journal of Plant Pathology 110: 111-118.