Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between Lysholm score and muscular torque deficit after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose: The asymmetry of muscular strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is associated with increase in the development of new lesions. This asymmetry is precisely assessed by isokinetic dynamometry which is a high-cost technique, limited to major centers and hospitals. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the accuracy of one of the most frequently used functional questionnaires, the Lysholm score, to diagnose the knee torque deficit. Methods: In total, 115 patients were evaluated after ACLR. Knee symptoms were evaluated using the Lysholm questionnaire and knee extensor and flexor peak torque during maximal isokinetic concentric contractions at 60° s−1 (5 repetitions) and 180° s−1 (15 repetitions). Patients with <20% peak torque deficit were considered symmetric (normal). Results: An increase in the Lysholm score was associated with a deficit reduction in the peak torque of knee extensors at 60° s−1 (r = −0.294) and 180° s−1 (r = −0.297) (p < 0.05 for both). Cutoff Lysholm scores of >90 points for 60° s−1 allowed the correct diagnosis of symmetry in 71% and of >89 points for 180º·s−1 allowed the correct diagnosis of symmetry in 73%, for knee extensors. Patients with a Lysholm score of >89 points presented an isokinetic deficit 36% lower than patients with a Lysholm score of ≤89 points (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A Lysholm score of >89 points has predictive value for deficits in the peak torque of knee extension (<20%). However, replacement of the isokinetic evaluation by this instrument must be performed with caution because of its accuracy.
Long-Distance Wh-questions in French Children: Revisiting Computational Complexity

The recent surge of interest in long-distance wh-questions is inspired by questions about the acquisition of recursion (de Villiers, Kotfila & Roeper 2020), as well as novel insights in children’s developing parser (Omaki, Davidson White, Goro, Lidz & Phillips, 2014). What is lacking in this discussion is a fine-grained analysis of computational complexity (Jakubowicz 2005): which factors render structures complex for children to acquire? The present study investigates longdistance wh-questions in French-speaking children, integrating two such factors: type of question (fronted wh-phrase versus wh-in-situ) and depth of embedding (one versus two embedded clauses).
The evolution of floral mimicry: identifying traits that visually attract pollinators

Summary Some orchids have been proposed to be Batesian floral mimics imitating flowers of sympatric rewarding species to attract pollinators. It is not yet well understood which traits are critical for pollinator attraction, although colour, shape and scent have all been implicated. We conducted field-based behavioural experiments using pairwise combinations of plastic flowers differing in spectral and shape properties offered to long-proboscid tabanid flies (Philoliche aethiopica) at two sites – one where the fly-pollinated orchid mimic Disa pulchra occurs with its pink-flowered model, the iris Watsonia lepida and another where the flies forage on a blue-flowered rewarding plant Agapanthus campanulatus. Flies intensively visited and probed plastic flowers of colours indistinguishable in a fly vision model from those of the rewarding plants. Inflorescence architecture and brightness of plastic flowers made little difference to fly attraction, but those that matched the shape and nectar guides of Watsonia flowers were significantly more attractive. Flowers of the three focal plant species are weakly scented and divergent in scent chemistry. This study shows that traits that mimic, in order of importance, the spectra, shape and nectar guide patterns of flowers of rewarding plants would be under strong selection in food-deceptive orchids as they maximize attractiveness to their pollinators. Our experiments also help to explain why deceptive orchids in general often seem to match the flowers of sympatric rewarding plants more in visual attributes than in scent chemistry.
Impact of land‐use change to Jatropha bioenergy plantations on biomass and soil carbon stocks: a field study in Mali

Small‐scale Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production have the potential of contributing to local development, energy security, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. In recent years however, the GHG mitigation potential of biofuel crops is heavily disputed due to the occurrence of a carbon debt, caused by CO2 emissions from biomass and soil after land‐use change (LUC). Most published carbon footprint studies of Jatropha report modeled results based on a very limited database. In particular, little empirical data exist on the effects of Jatropha on biomass and soil C stocks. In this study, we used field data to quantify these C pools in three land uses in Mali, that is, Jatropha plantations, annual cropland, and fallow land, to estimate both the Jatropha C debt and its C sequestration potential. Four‐year‐old Jatropha plantations hold on average 2.3 Mg C ha−1 in their above‐ and belowground woody biomass, which is considerably lower compared to results from other regions. This can be explained by the adverse growing conditions and poor local management. No significant soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration could be demonstrated after 4 years of cultivation. While the conversion of cropland to Jatropha does not entail significant C losses, the replacement of fallow land results in an average C debt of 34.7 Mg C ha−1, mainly caused by biomass removal (73%). Retaining native savannah woodland trees on the field during LUC and improved crop management focusing on SOC conservation can play an important role in reducing Jatropha's C debt. Although planting Jatropha on degraded, carbon‐poor cropland results in a limited C debt, the low biomass production, and seed yield attained on these lands reduce Jatropha's potential to sequester C and replace fossil fuels. Therefore, future research should mainly focus on increasing Jatropha's crop productivity in these degraded lands.
Efeito do uso de probiótico sobre o desempenho e atividade de enzimas digestivas de frangos de corte

ABSTRACT - The present study was carried out aiming to investigate the performance, as well to quantify the digestive enzymesactivities for the following enzymes: amylase, lipase and trypsin from broiler chickens fed with diets containing different in energy levelsand mixed with different probiotic doses. Three hundred and sixty one-day old broilers from the Hubbard-Peterson chick strain w ereused in this experiment. The birds were fed diets containing 2,900 and 3,200 kcal ME/kg to which were added 0, 200 and 400 ppm ofprobiotic (Bacillus subtilis – 10 10 sporulated viable cells/gram of product). At 14, 28 and 42 days of age, two birds of each treatmentwere sacrificed, the pancreas and small intestine withdrawn, weighed and frozen in liquid nitrogen for further enzymatic activitydeterminations. The experimental design was made up of subdivided parcels with 6 main treatments (two energy levels and three p robioticdoses) and 3 secondary treatments (ages) with parcels distributed in 3 randomized blocks. It was not found statistically signif icant effectswhen probiotic was added to the diets with respect to performance and enzymatic activities. Energy levels had a significant eff ect onthe performance and lipase and amylase activities (in kg/body weight). It was observed too, that as a function of age there has been adecrease of the lipase activity, with exception of pancreatic amylase and trypsin in g/pancreas. The results obtained in this e xperimentshowed that the addition of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) in the broiler’s diet has not compromised their performance and neith er digestiveenzymes activities.Key Words: broiler chickens, digestive enzymes, probiotics
Impacts of rTMS on Refractory Depression and Comorbid PTSD Symptoms at a Military Treatment Facility.

INTRODUCTION Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for depression has been studied for over two decades. Repetitive TMS was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008 for the treatment of depression after at least one failed trial of an antidepressant medication of adequate dose and duration. This study evaluated whether rTMS treatments may be associated with measurable improvements in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms for treated military beneficiaries in Hawaii suffering from depression. It also examined the number of failed medication trials that patients underwent before rTMS treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of 77 rTMS patients who received and completed treatment between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2016 was performed. Under a typical treatment regimen, patients receive rTMS for 6 weeks as well as weekly psychiatric assessments, which included completion of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and PTSD Checklist (PCL). A mixed model repeated measures analysis was done assuming an autoregressive order one covariance structure to evaluate changes over time. Adjusted analyses were done to assess whether changes over time differed by age, prior diagnosis of PTSD, active duty status, and gender. RESULTS The majority of patients were from the army (74%) and 56% were on active duty. Just over half (53%) were male. Most patients (52%) had completed trials of three or more different antidepressant medications before initiation of treatment with rTMS. The mean number of antidepressant trials was 2.7. BDI and PCL scores were significantly lower at end of treatment on average compared to the pretreatment baseline scores. Mean differences for BDI and PCL were significant with P < 0.001 15, 30, and 45 days after TMS treatment was initiated. Overall, 44% of patients experienced a reduction ≥10 points on BDI, and 38% experienced a reduction ≥10 points on PCL. Additionally, scores fell similarly regardless of whether or not patients had a comorbid diagnosis of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that rTMS treatments may produce a reduction in symptoms of both depression and PTSD in patients with refractory depression and comorbid PTSD. It may be a useful alternative to antidepressants in the treatment of depression in the military population, including those with comorbid PTSD. Broader implementation of this treatment modality may prove beneficial for the purposes of military readiness, given current policies and restrictions on service members who are initiated on antidepressant medications.
Trustworthiness

Abstract I argue that trustworthiness is an epistemic desideratum. It does not reduce to justified or reliable true belief, but figures in the reason why justified or reliable true beliefs are often valuable. Such beliefs can be precarious. If a belief's being justified requires that the evidence be just as we take it to be, then if we are off even by a little, the belief is unwarranted. Similarly for reliability. Although it satisfies the definition of knowledge, such a belief is not trustworthy. We ought not use it as a basis for inference or action and ought not give others to believe it. The trustworthiness of a belief, I urge, depends on its being backed by reasons—considerations that other members of the appropriate epistemic community cannot reasonably reject. Trustworthiness is intersubjective. It both depends on and contributes to the evolving cognitive values of an epistemic community.
Short report: Social communication difficulties and restricted repetitive behaviors as predictors of anxiety in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder and anxiety are highly comorbid conditions. Understanding the underlying traits of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder is crucial to prevent and treat it efficiently. Hence, this study determined whether social communication difficulties or restricted repetitive behaviors are stronger risk factors for anxiety symptoms in autistic adults in a large cohort. Data on 742 autistic adults from the Netherlands Autism Register were included in the study. Hierarchical regression was implemented to evaluate whether social communication difficulties (Autism-Spectrum Quotient social behavior factor) and restricted repetitive behaviors (Adult Routines Inventory) were predictive of anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) controlling for age and sex. When considered together, restricted repetitive behaviors stood out as significant positive predictors of anxiety symptoms (lower-order restricted repetitive behaviors, β = 0.32, p < 0.001; higher-order restricted repetitive behaviors, β = 0.15, p = 0.001), whereas social communication difficulties did not (β = 0.06, p = 0.11). Sex did not moderate these associations (p > 0.05). Non-social autistic traits are stronger predictors of anxiety symptoms than social traits in autistic adults. Increased attention to restricted repetitive behaviors should be given to improve current support programs for autistic adults with anxiety and to identify autistic individuals at risk.
Opposing forces: Evaluating multiple ecological roles of Pacific salmon in coastal stream ecosystems

Resource flows and disturbance from species migrations can alter the productivity, structure and function of an ecosystem. Annual mass migrations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) to coastal watersheds import vast quantities of potentially limiting nutrients that have been shown to increase primary and secondary productivity in streams and lakes. Substrate disturbance during spawning can also export nutrients and reduce primary and secondary production. Here we study the impacts of these dual roles of salmon on stream invertebrates. We collected benthic macroinvertebrates in 15 streams prior to and following peak salmon spawning on British Columbia's central coast. Along with other habitat measurements including stream water chemistry, temperature, and watershed size, we investigated the effects of salmon on invertebrate δ15N, δ13C and biomass density (mg/m2) among 15 streams and within 5 streams, upstream and downstream of barriers to spawning salmon. We found that stream invertebrates assimilate salmon-derived nutrients in proportion to availability but invertebrate biomass density declines in both seasons with increasing salmon density. Benthic disturbance appears to be the cause of this decline in the fall, but the decline in the spring may be due to the slow recovery of invertebrates from substrate disturbance the previous fall or salmon nutrients may be indirectly driving declines in spring invertebrate biomass by subsidizing other trophic levels and eliciting a trophic cascade.
Pathophysiological roles of chronic low‐grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal imbalance disease in reproductive‐aged women. Its basic characteristics are ovulatory dysfunction and ovarian overproduction of androgens that lead to severe symptoms such as insulin resistance, hirsutism, infertility, and acne. Notwithstanding the disease burden, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown, and no causal therapeutic exists. In recent years, further studies showed that inflammation processes are involved in ovulation and play a key role in ovarian follicular dynamics. Visceral adipose tissue can cause inflammatory response and maintenance of the inflammation state in adipocytes by augmented production of inflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant proteins, and recruitment of the immune cell. Therefore, the PCOS can be related to a low‐grade inflammation state and inflammatory markers. Investigating the inflammatory processes and mediators that contribute to the commencement and development of PCOS can be a critical step for better understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment through inhibition or control of related pathways. In the present review, we discuss the pathophysiological roles of chronic low‐grade inflammation mediators including inflammasome‐related cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐18 in PCOS development.
Effects of instream enhancement structures on brown trout, Salmo trutta L., habitat availability in a channelized boreal river: a PHABSIM approach

Stream channel morphology and hydraulic conditions were measured before and after channel modification and boulder structure placements in a channelized boreal river to determine whether more favourable rearing habitat for brown trout, Salmo trutta L. , was created. The assessment was performed using physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM) procedures based on summer and winter habitat preferences of brown trout for depth, velocity and substrate. The results showed that the availability of potential physical trout habitat can be increased in the study river at simulated low and moderate flow conditions by reconstruction of the river bed and placing instream boulder structures. The resulting diversity of depth and velocity conditions created a spatially more complex microhabitat structure. Improved habitat conditions were able to sustain a larger trout population. Hydraulic habitat models, like the PHABSIM framework, seem to be a suitable procedure to evaluate the benefits of physical habitat enhancement.
Case Report: Dynamics of Acquired Fluoroquinolone Resistance under Standardized Short-Course Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Abstract. We report a case of acquired fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance under short-course multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment. The patient was managed at Kabutare hospital, one of the two specialized MDR-TB clinics in Rwanda. A low dose of moxifloxacin was used in the first three critical months. Acquired resistance was identified at the ninth month of treatment, 3 months after stopping kanamycin in a strain initially susceptible only to FQs, kanamycin, and clofazimine. Fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in the same month by deep sequencing as routinely used second-line line probe assay and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. High-dose FQ, preferably gatifloxacin, should be used to maximize effectiveness.
Dietary valine requirement of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of threonine, 0.73, 0.91, 1.14, 1.31, 1.56 and 1.72 % of dry weight, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish (2.97 ± 0.02 g), which were fed three times daily (8:30, 12:30 and 17:00) to apparent satiation. By the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) was found to have increased with increasing dietary threonine levels up to 1.31 %, but WG then decreased in fish fed higher dietary threonine concentrations. Threonine concentration had no significant impact on survival, body composition or the measured haematological and immune parameters. There were, for example, no significant differences in serum lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase activity, immune globulin M concentration and C-reactive protein content among dietary treatments. Using quadratic regression analysis of WG data, the optimal dietary threonine inclusion for juvenile tilapia was estimated to be 1.33 % of the diet (4.74 % of dietary protein).
BIOTIC INTERACTIONS RECORDED IN SHELLS OF RECENT RHYNCHONELLIFORM BRACHIOPODS FROM SAN JUAN ISLAND, USA

Abstract Biotic interactions between brachiopods and spionid polychaete worms, collected around San Juan Islands (USA), were documented using observations from live-collected individuals and traces of bioerosion found in dead brachiopod shells. Specimens of Terebratalia tranversa (Sowerby), Terebratulina unguicula (Carpenter), Laqueus californianus (Koch), and Hemithiris psittacea (Gmelin) were collected from rocky and muddy substrates, from sites ranging from 14.7–93.3 m in depth. Out of 1,131 specimens, 91 shells showed traces of bioerosion represented by horizontal tubes. Tubes are U-shaped, straight or slightly curved, sometimes branched, with both tube openings communicating externally. On internal surfaces of infested shells, blisters are observed. All brachiopod species yielded tubes, except for H. psittacea. Tubes are significantly more frequent on live specimens, and occur preferentially on larger, ventral valves. This pattern suggests selectivity by the infester rather than a taphonomic bias. Given the mode of life of studied brachiopods (epifaunal, sessile, attached to the substrate, lying on dorsal valve), ventral valves of living specimens should offer the most advantageous location for suspension-feeding infesters. Frequent infestation of brachiopods by parasitic spionids is ecologically and commercially noteworthy because farmed molluscs are also commonly infested by parasitic polychaetes. In addition, brachiopod shells are among the most common marine macroscopic fossils found in the Phanerozoic fossil record. From a paleontological perspective, spionid-infested brachiopod shells may be a prime target for studying parasite-host interactions over evolutionary time scales.
COVID-19 and the Digestive System

The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in 2019 (Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) is now threatening global public health. Although COVID-19 is principally defined by its respiratory symptoms, it is now clear that the virus can also affect the digestive system. In this review, we elaborate on the close relationship between COVID-19 and the digestive system, focusing on both the clinical findings and potential underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 gastrointestinal pathogenesis.
Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance: effects of size, activity and rates of change

Summary 1Climate change is affecting species distributions and will increasingly do so. However, current understanding of which individuals and species are most likely to survive and why is poor. Knowledge of assemblage or community level effects is limited and the balance of mechanisms that are important over different time-scales is poorly described. Laboratory experiments on marine animals predominantly employ rates of change 10–100 000 times faster than climate induced oceanic warming. To address this failure we investigated differences in individual and species abilities to tolerate warming, and also how rate of warming affected survival. 2This study identifies community level effects of thermal biology by applying a multi-species, multi-trophic level approach to the analysis of temperature limits. 3Within species analyses of 14 species from 6 phyla showed smaller individuals survived to higher temperatures than large animals when temperatures were raised acutely. If this trend continues at slower warming rates, the early loss of larger individuals has marked consequences at the population level as larger individuals form the major reproductive component. 4Between species comparisons showed active species survived to higher temperatures than sessile or low activity groups. Thus active groups (e.g. predators) and juvenile or immature individuals should fare better in rapid warming scenarios. This would be expected to produce short-term ecological imbalances in warming events. 5The rate of warming markedly affected temperature limits in a wide range of Antarctic marine species. Different species survived to temperatures of 8·3–17·6 °C when temperatures were raised by around 1 °C day−1. However they only survived to temperatures between 4·0 °C and 12·3 °C when temperatures were raised by around 1–2 °C week−1, and temperatures of only 1·0–6·0 °C were tolerated for acclimations over periods of months. 6Current models predicting range changes of species in response to climate change are either correlative or mechanistic. Mechanistic models offer the potential to incorporate the ecophysiological adaptation and evolutionary processes which determine future responses and go beyond simple correlative approaches. These models depend on the incorporation of data on species capacities to resist and adapt to change. This study is an important step in the provision of such data from experimental manipulations.