Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the nucleation of polar stratospheric clouds inside liquid particles

The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite first detected the onset of denitrification at 19 and 20 km in the 1996/1997 Arctic winter stratosphere. Box model calculations along back trajectories were used to estimate the degree of denitrification caused by the formation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles inside liquid aerosols. The loss of reactive nitrogen calculated assuming conversion of nitric acid dihydrate to NAT and direct NAT formation explains well the observed loss, demonstrating that such NAT particle formation mechanisms play a critical role in Arctic denitrification.
Best evidence topic - Thoracic non-oncologic Is video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery the best treatment for paediatric pleural empyema?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether videoassisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is the best treatment for paediatric pleural empyema. Altogether 274 papers were found using the reported search, of which 15 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. We conclude that early VATS (or thoracotomy if VATS not possible) leads to shorter hospitalisation. The duration of chest tube placement and antibiotic use is variable and does not correlate with treatment method. Patients who underwent primary operative therapy had a lower aggregate in-hospital mortality rate (0% vs. 3.3%), re-intervention rate (2.5% vs. 23.5%), length of stay (10.8 days vs. 20.0 days), duration of tube thoracostomy (4.4 days vs. 10.6 days), and duration of antibiotic therapy (12.8 days vs. 21.3 days), compared with patients who underwent non-operative therapy. Similar complication rates were observed for the two groups (5% vs. 5.6%). Moreover, median hospital charges for VATS were $36,320 [interquartile range (IQR), $24,814–$62,269]. The median pharmacy and radiological imaging charges were $5884 (IQR, $3142–$11,357) and $2875 (IQR, $1703–$4950), respectively, for VATS and tube drainage. Adjusting for propensity score matching, costs for primary VATS were equivalent to primary chest tube placement. Only one article found discordant results. Ninety-five children (52%) received antibiotics alone, and 87 (45%) underwent drainage procedures (21 chest tube alone, 57 VATS/thoracotomy, and eight chest tube followed by VATS/ thoracotomy); only four received fibrinolytics. Mean (standard deviation) length of stay was significantly shorter in the antibiotics alone group, 7.0 (3.5) days vs. 11 (4.0) days. The strongest predictors of undergoing pleural drainage were admission to the intensive care unit and large effusion size ( > 1/2 thorax filled).  2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
Stratigraphic expression of basement fault zones in northern West Virginia

Stratigraphic relationships of Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian subsurface and outcrop strata in northern West Virginia indicate that two basement structures influenced the deposition of the Catskill and Price-Rockwell delta complexes. These structures are herein named the "Harrison fault zone" and the "Barbour fault zone. " The Harrison fault zone trends north-south through north-central West Virginia and is recognized by the stacking arrangement of shoreline and marine sandstones and by trends of rapid interval thickening of shelf deposits. The trend and sense of movement indicated by these features is consistent with that expected for Cambrian-age basement normal faults along the eastern margin of the Rome trough. The Barbour fault zone is a cross-strike feature recognized by the vertical stacking of Hampshire Group fluvial sandstones, facies relationships within the Price Formation, and the configuration of the sub-Greenbrier Lime-stone unconformity. The Barbour fault zone marks the northern edge of the West Virginia dome.
Monitoring spatial-temporal variability of aerosol over Kenya

This study sought to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of aerosols over Kenya based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite sensor Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data for the period between 2001 and 2012. A Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used for trajectory analysis in order to reconstruct the origins of air masses and understand the Spatial and temporal variability of aerosol concentrations. Validation of MODIS AOD using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) indicated that MODIS overestimated the aerosol loading over the study region. Space time variability of MODIS AOD measurements over Kenya showed a decreasing trend in aerosol loading with a long term mean of between 0.02 and 0.56. Mean monthly AOD values showed two peaks during the months of July and December while seasonal variations indicated high aerosol loading during the December – January –February (DJF) and June –July –August (JJA) season. Back trajectory analyses showed that aerosols mainly dust and sea salt reaching Kenya were transported from either Arabian or Indian sub continent or western parts of the Indian Ocean respectively. Therefore, long term and more comprehensive satellite AOD retrievals are necessary in order to achieve a better understanding of spatial and temporal variations in aerosols over Kenya Key Words : Aerosol Optical Depth, MODIS, Kenya
Acid-base characteristics of soils in the Adirondack Mountains, New York

It is believed that atmospheric deposition of S and N in the Adirondack Mountains of New York has depleted soil-base cation pools, reduced soil base saturation (BS), and contributed to enhanced acidification of soils and surface waters. However, data to determine changes in soil characteristics are generally lacking. It is expected that soil acid-base status will improve as acidic deposition declines in response to atmospheric emissions controls. We studied edaphic characteristics at 199 locations within 44 statistically selected Adirondack lake-water-sheds, plus 26 additional watersheds that are included in long-term lakewater monitoring programs. The statistically selected watersheds were chosen to be representative of Adirondack watersheds containing lakes larger than 1 ha and deeper than 1 m that have lakewater acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than or equal to 200 μmol c L - 1 . Results of soil analyses were extrapolated to the watersheds of 1320 low ANC lakes. In general, the concentrations of exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and soil pH were low. More than 75% of the target lakes received drainage from watersheds having average B horizon exchangeable Ca concentrations < 0.52 cmol c kg - 1 , base saturation < 103%, and pH (H 2 O) < 4.5. Variations in the effective cation exchange capacity in both O and B horizons were closely correlated with soil organic matter content. These data provide a baseline against which to compare future changes in regional soil chemistry, and provide input data for aquatic and terrestrial effects models intended to project future changes in surface water chemistry, biological conditions, and forest health.
Surgical anatomy of the lingual lymph nodes . Systematic literature analysis and proposition for topographic classi � cation

Shalva Gvetadze Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scienti c Center of Roentgenoradiology Ali Mudunov Clinical Hospital "Lapino" Ekaterina Roshchina National Medical Research Center of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery Vladimir Solodkiy Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scienti c Center of Roentgenoradiology Nikolay Nudnov Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scienti c Center of Roentgenoradiology Vladimir Chkhikvadze Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scienti c Center of Roentgenoradiology Konstantin Ilkaev NN Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow Russia Mingming Lv Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of S Xin Yang Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of S Vasiliy Sokorutov NN Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow Russia Jian Sun (  shalva_gvetadze@yahoo.com ) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of S
On Channel Network Fractal Properties: A Case of Study of the Hutt River Basin, New Zealand

The paper considers river networks as three-dimensional self-affine fractal objects. The Hutt River basin (New Zealand∥ was selected for detailed analysis on the basis of a digital elevation model (DEM). To characterize network properties quantitatively we used three scaling exponents in the relationships l ∝ ℒυl, wℒυw, and h ∝ ℒυh where l, w, h are some characteristic longitudinal, transversal, and vertical scales of a channel network; ℒ is the total length of channel network in three-dimensional space; and υl, υw, and υh are the self-affine scaling exponents. We determined υl, υw, and υh using Lp ∝ Aβ, ℒp ∝ Aϵ, and S ∝ A−θ, where Lp is the length of the projection of the longest river channel on the horizontal plane, ℒp is the total length of channel network projection on the horizontal plane, A is the catchment area, and S is the local slope. An approximate relationship υh ≈ υl − θ(υl + υw) is derived which connects the main scaling exponents. For two New Zealand rivers, we found υl=0.60 and υw=0.40. On the basis of simple considerations, we estimated a range of possible values of υh from 0.1 to 0.5 with 0.2 for the case study. The slope-area-elevation relation introduced by Willgoose [1994] was applied to interpret data concerning υh. The influence of threshold area (TA) values on the scaling properties of channel networks is shown to be small, and double scaling relationships are suggested for connecting the physical scaling of channel networks with scaling caused by threshold effect.
Zeolitic imidazolate framework membranes made by ligand-induced permselectivation

The makings of permeable membranes A challenge in making membranes is finding ways to control the pore structure during the fabrication process or through postfabrication treatment. The deposition of a zeolitic imidazolate framework material called ZIF-8 onto an alumina support gives a dense, impermeable material. However, when Ma et al. exposed this material to vapors of 2-methylimidazole, it transformed into a porous material able to separate propylene from propane. Science, this issue p. 1008 Vapor treatment of alumina-supported zeolitic imidazolate framework membranes allows for separation of propylene from propane. Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes are emerging as a promising energy-efficient separation technology. However, their reliable and scalable manufacturing remains a challenge. We demonstrate the fabrication of ZIF nanocomposite membranes by means of an all-vapor-phase processing method based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO in a porous support followed by ligand-vapor treatment. After ALD, the obtained nanocomposite exhibits low flux and is not selective, whereas after ligand-vapor (2-methylimidazole) treatment, it is partially transformed to ZIF and shows stable performance with high mixture separation factor for propylene over propane (an energy-intensive high-volume separation) and high propylene flux. Membrane synthesis through ligand-induced permselectivation of a nonselective and impermeable deposit is shown to be simple and highly reproducible and holds promise for scalability.
Response to Comments on the "Age and Evolution of the Grand Canyon Revealed by U-Pb Dating of Water Table–Type Speleothems"

Pederson et al. and Pearthree et al. offer critical comments on our study of the age and evolution of the Grand Canyon. Both sets of authors question our use of incision rates from two sample sites located outside the canyon and present alternative interpretations of our data. As we explain, even without the sites in question, our data support a “precursor” western Grand Canyon older than 6 million years.
Solar forcing of Nile discharge and sapropel S1 formation in the early to middle Holocene eastern Mediterranean

We present high-resolution records for oxygen isotopes of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (δ18Oruber) and bulk sediment inorganic geochemistry for Holocene-age sediments from the southeast Mediterranean. Our δ18Oruber record appears to be dominated by Nile discharge rather than basin-scale salinity/temperature changes. Nile discharge was enhanced in the early to middle Holocene relative to today. The timing of the long-term maximum in Nile discharge during the early Holocene corresponds to the timing of maximum intensity of the Indian Ocean-influenced Southwest Indian summer monsoon (SIM). This coincidence suggests a major influence of an Indian Ocean moisture source on Nile discharge in the early to middle Holocene, while, presently, the Atlantic Ocean is the main moisture source. Nile discharge was highly variable on multicentennial time scale during the early to middle Holocene, being strongly influenced by variable solar activity. This solar-driven variability is also recorded in contemporaneous SIM records, however, not observed in an Atlantic Ocean-derived West African summer monsoon record from the Holocene. This supports the hypothesis that the Indian Ocean moisture source predominantly controlled Nile discharge at that time. Solar-driven variability in Nile discharge also influenced paleoenvironmental conditions in the eastern Mediterranean. Bulk sediment Ba/Al and V/Al, used as indicators for (export) productivity and redox conditions, respectively, varied both in response to solar forcing on multicentennial time scales. We suggest that changes in Nile discharge on these time scales have been concordant with nutrient inputs to, and shallow ventilation of, the eastern Mediterranean.
Hysterectomy surgery trends: a more accurate depiction of the last decade?

, Abstract Objective— To describe trends in hysterectomy route at a large tertiary center Study Design— We reviewed all hysterectomies performed at Magee-Womens Hospital from 2000–2010. This database was chosen over larger national surveys as it has been tracking laparoscopic procedures since 2000, well before laparoscopic hysterectomy ICD-9 codes were developed. Results— There were 13,973 patients included who underwent hysterectomy at Magee-Womens Hospital. In 2000, 3.3% were laparoscopic (LH), 74.5% abdominal (AH), and 22.2% vaginal (VH). By 2010, LH represented 43.5%, AH 36.3%, VH 17.2%, and 3.0% laparoscopic converted to open (LH → AH). Hysterectomies performed for gynecologic malignancy represented 24.4% of cases. The average length of stay for benign LH and VH, 1.0±1.0 and 1.6±1.0 days respectively, was significantly shorter than the average 3.1±2.3 day stay associated with AH (p<.001). Average patient age was 46.9±10.9 for LH, 51.5±12.1 for AH, and 51.7±14.1 for VH, and over the study period there was a significant trend of increasing patient age b1=0.517, 0.583, and 0.513 respectively (p<.001 for all). Conclusions— The of LH the last decade, and had surpassed AH. LH is much higher than previously reported in national surveys. This is likely due to an increase in the number of laparoscopic procedures being performed over the last few years as well as the ability of our study to capture LH prior to development of appropriate ICD-9 codes. Our unique ability to determine hysterectomy route, which predates appropriate coding, may provide a more accurate characterization of hysterectomy trends.
Classification of vegetation types using a high-spectral and spatial resolution hyperspectral sensor

In October 1997, the TRWIS III sensor was mounted into a small airplane for the purpose of collecting hyperspectral data over a variety of scenes in Ventura County, California, a largely agricultural area about 100 km from Los Angeles. The resulting hyperspectral 384 band data was analyzed using two different approaches. The first was a physically based procedure using the ratios of spectra selected based upon ground truth. Ratios between images in different bands is a way to emphasize the spectral difference and minimize the effect of illumination. The spectral bands selected were in the vicinity of the near infrared 'red edge' chlorophyll feature. The second procedure is an image processing procedure to transpose the image cube using an orthogonal subspace projection of the hyperspectral data cube. In general, a transformation over the full spectral region of the data (from approximately 400 nanometers to 2.45 micrometers) did not give results separating the tree types as well as the physically based ratio method. However, if the spectral region was restricted to 20 to 30 bands in vicinity of the red edge feature, then similar vegetation separation was achieved. In this paper, the analysis using both procedures will be discussed and compared.
Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism.

BACKGROUND There is increasing research to suggest that fears of, and resistances to, affiliative and positive emotions are linked to self-criticism and a range of psychopathologies. It is unclear how these fears and resistances are linked to each other and how these in turn are linked to psychological processes, such as abilities to be mindful and recognize and describe emotions. OBJECTIVES This research explores the relationship between fears of compassion and happiness in general, with capacities for emotional processing (alexithymia), capacities for mindfulness, and empathic abilities. To advance this research, a new scale was developed to measure general fears of positive feelings - the Fear of Happiness Scale. RESULTS The results showed that fears of compassion for self, from others and in particular fear of happiness, were highly linked to different aspects of alexithymia, mindfulness, empathy, self-criticism and depression, anxiety and stress. Especially noteworthy was the very high correlation between fear of happiness and depression (r= .70). CONCLUSION While the development of positive emotions, especially those linked to affiliation and connectedness are increasingly seen as important therapeutic targets, little research has focused on the blocks and fears to positive emotions. This study used newly developed fears of positive affect scales (e.g., compassion and happiness) to explore these aspects and found they were significantly linked to psychopathology variables self-criticism and difficulties such as alexithymia.
Can marine micro-organisms influence melting of the Arctic pack ice?

The Arctic Ocean Expedition of 2001 (AOE-2001) to the central Arctic mostly north of latitude 85°N was conducted to study marine life forms and their products in water and ice, how their products may get into the air, the evolution of the particles produced, and their growth up to sizes large enough for activation into clouds. The expedition also investigated whether these naturally generated particles and clouds constitute a positive or negative climate feedback upon temperature forcing, as schematically shown in Figure 1. Indeed, biological activity of the open lead surface micro-layer was found to strongly influence particle production over the pack ice region, and this would influence cloud properties there. Similar processes transferring particulates from the surface micro-layer to the air—bubble bursting—should be operative over the world's oceans. So, can marine micro-organisms influence the melting of the Arctic pack ice? The answer must be yes, but to determine whether that influence is significant or not, we have to contend with many unknown factors. For example, will biological activity and airborne particle production increase or decrease with melting of the pack ice, and will resultant changes in warmer oceans oppose or reinforce the Arctic changes? Will cloud cover and the feeble mixing between surface and higher air remain unchanged? To have identified a possible influence on climate change is important, but assessing the extent of that influence will be a far harder problem. (Less)
Is thermospheric global cooling caused by gravity waves?

We analyze ion temperature data near 350 km altitude over the years 1966–2012 to seek explanations for three outstanding questions concerning the long‐term cooling observed in the upper thermosphere: (1) Why is the cooling so much larger than expected, (2) why has the cooling lasted so long, and (3) why is the thermospheric density response to the cooling so small? We speculate that gravity waves may cause this cooling and provide answers to these questions. Recent simulations have shown that gravity waves are expected to cool the upper thermosphere by an amount comparable to that observed over our data timeline. A gravity wave proxy formed from the nontidal fluctuations in temperature shows a positive long‐term trend throughout its timeline, consistent with the increasing cooling observed. The time scales of the long‐term trend and its decadal fluctuations are characteristic of the ocean, not the atmosphere. We suggest that the following scenario may explain these behaviors: (a) the climate regime shift of 1976–1977 launched slow Rossby waves across the oceans which continue to propagate to this day, (b) winds over this increasingly corrugated ocean have launched increasing fluxes of gravity waves into the atmosphere, and (c) these increasing fluxes of gravity waves have propagated to the thermosphere to produce increasing amounts of cooling. The strong thermospheric cooling seen would be expected to produce thermospheric density declines much larger than those observed via satellite drag. These temperature and density results would be compatible if the turbopause were lowered 4 km over the time span of observations.
The effect of climate and land use change on flow duration in the Maryland Piedmont region

This paper describes the use of a continuous streamflow model to examine the effects of climate and land use change on flow duration in six urbanizing watersheds in the Maryland Piedmont region. The hydrologic model is coupled with an optimization routine to achieve an agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. Future predictions are made for three scenarios: future climate change, land use change, and jointly varying climate and land use. Future climate is modelled using precipitation and temperature predictions for the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) and Hadley climate models. Results show that a significant increase in temperature under the CCC climate predictions produces a decreasing trend in low flows. A significant increasing trend in precipitation under the Hadley climate predictions produces an increasing trend in peak flows. Land use change by itself, as simulated by an additional 10% increase in imperviousness (from 20·5 to 30·5%), produces no significant changes in the simulated flow durations. However, coupling the effects of land use change with climate change leads to more significant decreasing trends in low flows under the CCC climate predictions and more significant increasing trends in peak flows under Hadley climate predictions than when climate change alone is employed. These findings indicate that combined land use and climate change can result in more significant hydrologic change than either driver acting alone. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.