Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulating Jets from a Neutron Star Companion Hours after a Core-collapse Supernova

We conduct three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to explore the interaction of the jets that a neutron star (NS) companion to a type Ic or type Ib core-collapse supernova (CCSN) launches a few hours after explosion with the ejecta of the CCSN. We assume that an NS companion at 5 R⊙ from the exploding star accretes mass from the slower inner ejecta through an accretion disk, and that the disk launches two opposite jets. Although the energy of the jets is only about one percent of the total energy of the ejecta, it is comparable to the energy of the slower inner part of the ejecta. We find that the jets inflate one low-density hot bubble to one side of the ejecta, and that this bubble expands to influence ejecta gas up to expansion velocities of . The postshock jets’ material develops a large meridional flow and small vortexes. The boundary between the ejecta and jets’ postshock gases is unstable. The instabilities and vortexes mix jets’ gas with the ejecta. We expect such a hot bubble to contribute to the light curve of CCSNe that are progenitors of binary NS systems, in particular to observers on the side of the bubble.
Using Holographically Compressed Embeddings in Question Answering

Word vector representations are central to deep learning natural language processing models. Many forms of these vectors, known as embeddings, exist, including word2vec and GloVe. Embeddings are trained on large corpora and learn the word's usage in context, capturing the semantic relationship between words. However, the semantics from such training are at the level of distinct words (known as word types), and can be ambiguous when, for example, a word type can be either a noun or a verb. In question answering, parts-of-speech and named entity types are important, but encoding these attributes in neural models expands the size of the input. This research employs holographic compression of pre-trained embeddings, to represent a token, its part-of-speech, and named entity type, in the same dimension as representing only the token. The implementation, in a modified question answering recurrent deep learning network, shows that semantic relationships are preserved, and yields strong performance.
Explore and Explain: Self-supervised Navigation and Recounting

Embodied AI has been recently gaining attention as it aims to foster the development of autonomous and intelligent agents. In this paper, we devise a novel embodied setting in which an agent needs to explore a previously unknown environment while recounting what it sees during the path. In this context, the agent needs to navigate the environment driven by an exploration goal, select proper moments for description, and output natural language descriptions of relevant objects and scenes. Our model integrates a novel self-supervised exploration module with penalty, and a fully-attentive captioning model for explanation. Also, we investigate different policies for selecting proper moments for explanation, driven by information coming from both the environment and the navigation. Experiments are conducted on photorealistic environments from the Matterport3D dataset and investigate the navigation and explanation capabilities of the agent as well as the role of their interactions.
Fluctuation–dissipation relations in the absence of detailed balance: formalism and applications to active matter

We present a comprehensive study about the relationship between the way detailed balance is broken in non-equilibrium systems and the resulting violations of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. Starting from stochastic dynamics with both odd and even variables under time-reversal, we derive an explicit expression for the time-reversal operator, i.e. the Markovian operator which generates the time-reversed trajectories. We then exploit the relation between entropy production and the breakdown of detailed balance to establish general constraints on the non-equilibrium steady-states (NESS), which relate the non-equilibrium character of the dynamics with symmetry properties of the NESS distribution. This provides a direct route to derive extended fluctuation–dissipation relations, expressing the linear response function in terms of NESS correlations. Such framework provides a unified way to understand the departure from equilibrium of active systems and its linear response. We then consider two paradigmatic models of interacting self-propelled particles, namely active Brownian particles and active Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particles. We analyze the non-equilibrium character of these systems (also within a Markov and a Chapman–Enskog approximation) and derive extended fluctuation–dissipation relations for them, clarifying which features of these active model systems are genuinely non-equilibrium.
Line × tester analysis of combining ability in Sorghum

A line × tester analysis of combining ability involving three yellow endosperm male steriles developed in India and male sterile combine Kafir 60 as female parents and a set of eleven exotic and Indian varieties as male parents was undertaken. The newly developed male steriles did not exhibit superiority over combine Kafir 60 with regard to the mean yields or general combining abilities. They, however, yield free threshing hybrids with Indian pollinator parents which is not the case with CK60A.
ON THE UNCOUNTABILITY OF 
${\mathbb R}$

Abstract Cantor’s first set theory paper (1874) establishes the uncountability of ${\mathbb R}$ . We study this most basic mathematical fact formulated in the language of higher-order arithmetic. In particular, we investigate the logical and computational properties of ${\mathsf {NIN}}$ (resp. ${\mathsf {NBI}}$ ), i.e., the third-order statement there is no injection resp. bijection from $[0,1]$ to ${\mathbb N}$ . Working in Kohlenbach’s higher-order Reverse Mathematics, we show that ${\mathsf {NIN}}$ and ${\mathsf {NBI}}$ are hard to prove in terms of (conventional) comprehension axioms, while many basic theorems, like Arzelà’s convergence theorem for the Riemann integral (1885), are shown to imply ${\mathsf {NIN}}$ and/or ${\mathsf {NBI}}$ . Working in Kleene’s higher-order computability theory based on S1–S9, we show that the following fourth-order process based on ${\mathsf {NIN}}$ is similarly hard to compute: for a given $[0,1]\rightarrow {\mathbb N}$ -function, find reals in the unit interval that map to the same natural number.
Motifs for processes on networks

The study of motifs in networks can help researchers uncover links between structure and function of networks in biology, the sociology, economics, and many other areas. Empirical studies of networks have identified feedback loops, feedforward loops, and several other small structures as "motifs" that occur frequently in real-world networks and may contribute by various mechanisms to important functions these systems. However, the mechanisms are unknown for many of these motifs. We propose to distinguish between "structure motifs" (i.e., graphlets) in networks and "process motifs" (which we define as structured sets of walks) on networks and consider process motifs as building blocks of processes on networks. Using the covariances and correlations in a multivariate Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process on a network as examples, we demonstrate that the distinction between structure motifs and process motifs makes it possible to gain quantitative insights into mechanisms that contribute to important functions of dynamical systems on networks.
Magnetic field transport in compact binaries

Dwarf novae (DNe) and low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) show eruptions that are thought to be due to a thermal-viscous instability in their accretion disk. These eruptions provide constraints on angular momentum transport mechanisms. We explore the idea that angular momentum transport could be controlled by the dynamical evolution of the large scale magnetic field. We study the impact of different prescriptions for the magnetic field evolution on the dynamics of the disk. This is a first step in confronting the theory of magnetic field transport with observations. We develop a version of the disk instability model that evolves the density, the temperature and the large scale vertical magnetic flux together. We take into account the accretion driven by turbulence or by a magnetized outflow. To evolve the magnetic flux, we use a toy model with physically motivated prescriptions depending mainly on the local magnetization. We find that allowing magnetic flux to be advected inwards provides the best agreement with DNe lightcurves. This leads to a hybrid configuration with an inner magnetized disk, driven by angular momentum losses to an MHD outflow, sharply transiting to an outer weakly-magnetized turbulent disk, where the eruptions are triggered. The dynamical impact is equivalent to truncating a viscous disk so that it does not extend down to the compact object, with the truncation radius dependent on the magnetic flux and evolving as $\dot{M}^{-2/3}$. Models of DNe and LMXBs lightcurves typically require the outer, viscous disk to be truncated in order to match observations. There is no generic explanation for this truncation. We propose that it is a natural outcome of the presence of large-scale magnetic fields in both DNe and LMXBs, the magnetic flux accumulating towards the center to produce a magnetized disk with a fast accretion timescale.
Dexamethasone, a Drug for Attenuation of Schistosoma mansoni Infection Morbidity

ABSTRACT To investigate the possible use of immunomodulators as coadjuvants in the treatment of chronic schistosomiasis, the study described in the present report evaluated the effects of dexamethasone on several parameters which reflect disease severity and morbidity. Parasitological, immunological, and histological parameters were analyzed in animals treated from the first day of infection or after 35 days of infection. In both situations, dexamethasone had no effect on the parasite burden but altered the egg distribution in tissue, indicating that under the schedule used it did not interfere with the development of adult worms or oviposition. Treated mice showed a decrease in the number of eggs in hepatic tissue, reduced granuloma sizes, reduced levels of granuloma maturation, and reduced collagen contents. Dexamethasone-treated mice also had decreased gamma interferon, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and IL-4 levels in serum and increased IL-10 levels in serum. Taken together, these data suggested a decrease in the severity of murine schistosomiasis and point to dexamethasone as a convenient and promising coadjuvant agent in the therapy of this infection.
Delay-Sensitive Joint Optimal Control and Resource Management in Multiloop Networked Control Systems

In the operation of networked control systems (NCSs), where multiple processes share a resource-limited and time-varying cost-sensitive network, communication delay is inevitable and primarily induced by, first, intermittent sensor sampling to restrict nonurgent transmissions, and second, resource management to avoid contentions, excessive traffic, and data loss. In a heterogeneous scenario, where control systems may tolerate only specific levels of sensor-to-controller latency, delay sensitivities need to be considered in the design of control and network policies to achieve the desired performance guarantees. We propose a cross-layer optimal co-design of control, sampling, and resource management policies for an NCS consisting of multiple stochastic linear time-invariant systems which close their sensor-to-controller links over a shared network. Aligned with advanced communication technology, we assume that the network offers a range of latency-varying transmission services for given prices. The performance of the local closed-loop systems is measured by a combination of linear-quadratic Gaussian cost and a suitable communication cost, and the overall objective is to minimize a defined social cost by all three policymakers. We derive optimal control, sampling, and resource allocation policies under different cross-layer awareness models, including constant and time-varying parameters, and show that higher awareness generally leads to performance enhancement at the expense of higher computational complexity. This trade-off is shown to be a key feature to select the proper interaction structure for the codesign.
Bi-objective facility location in the presence of uncertainty

Multiple and usually conflicting objectives subject to data uncertainty are main features in many real-world problems. Consequently, in practice, decision-makers need to understand the trade-off between the objectives, considering different levels of uncertainty in order to choose a suitable solution. In this paper, we consider a two-stage bi-objective location-allocation model to design a last-mile network in disaster relief where one of the objectives is subject to demand uncertainty. We analyze scenario-based two-stage risk-neutral stochastic programming, adaptive (two-stage) robust optimization, and a two-stage risk-averse stochastic approach using conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). To cope with the bi-objective nature of the problem, we embed these concepts into two criterion space search frameworks, the $\epsilon$-constraint method and the balanced box method, to determine the Pareto frontier. We propose a decomposition-based algorithm to deal with the computationally challenging representation of the two-stage CVaR model. Additionally, a matheuristic technique is developed to obtain high-quality approximations of the Pareto frontier for large-size instances. Finally, we evaluate and compare the performance of the applied approaches based on real-world data from a Thies drought case, Senegal.
Prophylaxis of Epidemic Spreading with Transient Dynamics

We investigate the containment of epidemic spreading in networks from a normative point of view. We consider a susceptible/infected model in which agents can invest in order to reduce the contagiousness of network links. In this setting, we study the relationships between social efficiency, individual behaviours and network structure. First, we exhibit an upper bound on the Price of Anarchy and prove that the level of inefficiency can scale up to linearly with the number of agents. Second, we prove that policies of uniform reduction of interactions satisfy some optimality conditions in a vast range of networks. In setting where no central authority can enforce such stringent policies, we consider as a type of second-best policy the shift from a local to a global game by allowing agents to subsidise investments in contagiousness reduction in the global rather than in the local network. We then characterise the scope for Pareto improvement opened by such policies through a notion of Price of Autarky, measuring the ratio between social welfare at a global and a local equilibrium. Overall, our results show that individual behaviours can be extremely inefficient in the face of epidemic propagation but that policy can take advantage of the network structure to design efficient containment policies.
A family of metrics from the truncated smoothing of Reeb graphs

In this paper, we introduce an extension of smoothing on Reeb graphs, which we call truncated smoothing; this in turn allows us to define a new family of metrics which generalize the interleaving distance for Reeb graphs. Intuitively, we "chop off" parts near local minima and maxima during the course of smoothing, where the amount cut is controlled by a parameter $\tau$. After formalizing truncation as a functor, we show that when applied after the smoothing functor, this prevents extensive expansion of the range of the function, and yields particularly nice properties (such as maintaining connectivity) when combined with smoothing for $0 \leq \tau \leq 2\varepsilon$, where $\varepsilon$ is the smoothing parameter. Then, for the restriction of $\tau \in [0,\varepsilon]$, we have additional structure which we can take advantage of to construct a categorical flow for any choice of slope $m \in [0,1]$. Using the infrastructure built for a category with a flow, this then gives an interleaving distance for every $m \in [0,1]$, which is a generalization of the original interleaving distance, which is the case $m=0$. While the resulting metrics are not stable, we show that any pair of these for $m,m' \in [0,1)$ are strongly equivalent metrics, which in turn gives stability of each metric up to a multiplicative constant. We conclude by discussing implications of this metric within the broader family of metrics for Reeb graphs.
On the Optimal Number of Reflecting Elements for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

This letter considers a point-to-point link where a reconfigurable intelligent surface assists the communication between a transmitter and a receiver. The system rate, energy efficiency, and their trade-off are optimized by tuning the number of reflecting elements to be activated and the phase shifts that they apply. Unlike most previous works, the considered resource allocation problem explicitly accounts, at the design stage, for the time and energy that are necessary for channel estimation and for reporting the optimal configuration of the phase shifts to the reconfigurable intelligent surface. Numerical results confirm the optimality of the proposed methods and show the potential gains of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces.
Biodiversity of mycoflora in storage of Solanum melongena L. seeds.

Solanum melongena L. , a highly preferred vegetable amongst the weight-conscious consumers and a cash crop for poor farmers originated from healthy seed, is vulnerable to attack by diverse group of fungal pathogens in storage and spread of diseases in crop plants that adversely affect economy of poor farmers. Fungal isolations were made from twenty stored mixed seed samples of five different cultivars and individual cultivar collected form eggplant growing farmers of Vidarbha, yielded total 54 fungal species of 30 genera, including eleven species of individual genus Aspergillus, four of Fusarium, three each of Alternaria, Curvularia, Helminthosporium and Penicillium, two each of Chaetomium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma while others had single species. Deuteromycota dominated with 44.7% isolates followed by Ascomycota (39.9%). Basidiomycota had single isolate. A total of 33 to 36 isolates were confined to seeds of individual cultivar. Aspergillus nidulans, A. sulphureus, A. sydowi, A. terreus, Sporotrichum pulverulentum, Stachybotrys atra and Syncephalastrum racemosus have been recorded for first time as new records in India. Aspergilli encountered in seeds with 4 – 14% incidence excluding Aspergillus fumigatus (28%) and A. parasiticus (18%). Curvularia, Alternaria, Drechslera and Helminthosporium were detected as predominant pathogens with 11-13% incidence while Aureobasidium, Colletotrichum, Pythium and Trichothecium had little count of incidence. Of the total count of incidence, Deuteromycota dominated with 47.2% followed by Ascomycota (42.1%). Greatest count of fungal isolates and frequency incidence was recorded on blotter paper against agar plates. The standard blotter technique proved superior over agar plate. Cultivars Pusa Purple Cluster and Vaishali are moderately susceptible to fungal diseases. Seed borne pathogen, Solanum melongena L, isolates, incidence, frequency, cultivars.
Relaxation times for Bose-Einstein condensation in axion miniclusters

We study the Bose condensation of scalar dark matter in the presence of both gravitational and self-interactions. Axions and other scalar dark matter in gravitationally bound miniclusters or dark matter halos are expected to condense into Bose-Einstein condensates called Bose stars. This process has been shown to occur through attractive self-interactions of the axion-like particles or through the field's self gravitation. We show that in the high-occupancy regime of scalar dark matter, the Boltzmann collision integral does not describe either gravitaitonal or self-interactions, and derive kinetic equations valid for these interactions. We use this formalism to compute relaxation times for the Bose-Einstein condensation, and find that condensation into Bose stars could occur within the lifetime of the universe. The self-interactions reduce the condensation time only when they are very strong.
A Database and Meta-Analysis of Ecological Responses to Stream Flow in the South Atlantic Region

Abstract Generalized and quantitative relationships between flow and ecology are pivotal to developing environmental flow standards based on socially acceptable ecological conditions. Informing management at regional scales requires compiling sufficient hydrologic and ecological sources of information, identifying information gaps, and creating a framework for hypothesis development and testing. We compiled studies of empirical and theoretical relationships between flow and ecology in the South Atlantic region (SAR) of the United States to evaluate their utility for the development of environmental flow standards. Using database searches, internet searches, and agency contacts, we gathered 186 sources of information that provided a qualitative or quantitative relationship between flow and ecology within states encompassing the SAR. A total of 109 of the 186 sources had sufficient information to support quantitative analyses. Ecological responses to natural changes in flow magnitude, frequency, and duration were highly variable regardless of the direction and magnitude of changes in flow. In contrast, the majority of ecological responses to anthropogenic-induced flow alterations were negative. Fish abundance, diversity, reproduction, and habitat consistently showed negative responses to anthropogenic flow alterations, whereas other ecological categories (e.g., macroinvertebrates and riparian vegetation) showed somewhat variable responses and even positive responses (e.g., algal abundance). Fish and organic matter had sufficient sample sizes to stratify natural flow-ecology relationships by specific flow categories (e.g., high flow, baseflows) or by physiographic province (e.g., Coastal Plain, Piedmont). After stratifying relationships, we found that significant correlations existed between changes in natural flow and fish responses. In addition, a regression tree explained 57% of the variation in fish responses to anthropogenic and natural changes in flow. Altogether, our results suggested that the source of flow change and the ecological category of interest played primary roles in determining the direction and magnitude of ecological responses. Furthermore, our results suggest that developing broadly generalized relationships between ecology and changes in flow at a regional scale is unlikely unless relationships are placed within meaningful contexts, such as environmental flow components or geomorphic settings.
Sticky or not sticky? Measurements of the tensile strength of microgranular organic materials

Knowledge of the mechanical properties of protoplanetary and cometary matter is of key importance to better understand the activity of comets and the early stages of planet formation. The tensile strength determines the required pressure to lift off grains, pebbles and agglomerates from the cometary surface and also describes how much strain a macroscopic body can withstand before material failure occurs. As organic materials are ubiquitous in space, they could have played an important role during the planet formation process. This work provides new data on the tensile strength of five different micro-granular organic materials, namely, humic acid, paraffin, brown coal, charcoal and graphite. These materials are investigated by the so-called Brazilian Disc Test and the resulting tensile strength values are normalised to a standard grain size and volume filling factor. We find that the tensile strength of these materials ranges over four orders of magnitude. Graphite and paraffin possess tensile strengths much higher than silica, whereas coals have very low tensile strength values. This work demonstrates that organic materials are not generally stickier than silicates, or water ice, as often believed.