Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shear wave splitting in the southern margin of the Ordos Block, north China

The southern margin of the Ordos Block in North China marks the transition from a stable cratonic block to active transextensional deformation in the Weihe Graben, driven by the northeastward expansion of the Tibet Plateau. We deployed 29 portable digital stations across this boundary and studied the upper mantle anisotropy using SKS splitting. The anisotropy is weak (δt < 0.5 s) at stations within the Ordos Block and in the North Weihe Graben, but strong (δt = 1.23 ± 0.39 s) in the South Weihe Graben and Qinling Orogen further south. The directions of the fast S‐wave are 98 ± 7°, subparallel to the orientations of surface structures and the GPS site velocities relative to stable Asian continent. We suggest that this E‐W oriented anisotropy is the result of both the collision between the North and South China Blocks in the Mesozoic, and the eastward upper mantle flow driven by the Indo‐Asian collision.
Inflow of Warm Circumpolar Deep Water in the Central Amundsen Shelf

The thinning and acceleration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been attributed to basal melting induced by intrusions of relatively warm salty water across the continental shelf. A hydrographic section including lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements showing such an inflow in the channel leading to the Getz and Dotson Ice Shelves is presented here. The flow rate was 0.3‐0.4 Sv (1 Sv [ 10 6 m 3 s 21 ), and the subsurface heat loss was estimated to be 1.2‐1.6 TW. Assuming that the inflow persists throughout the year, it corresponds to an ice melt of 110‐130 km 3 yr 21 , which exceeds recent estimates of the net ice glacier ice volume loss in the Amundsen Sea. The results also show a 100‐150-m-thick intermediate water mass consisting of Circumpolar Deep Water that has been modified (cooled and freshened) by subsurface melting of ice shelves and/or icebergs. This water mass has not previously been reported in the region, possibly because of the paucity of historical data.
Oligo-Miocene Carbonates of Java, Indonesia: Tectonic-Volcanic Setting and Petroleum Implications

On Java, carbonates of Oligo-Miocene age are widely distributed. This time period is also noted for its volcanism which is commonly referred to as the period of the “Old-Andesite” volcanism and is distributed across southern Java. This interesting contemporaneity has been evaluated to understand the inter-relationships between the tectonic-volcanic setting of the carbonates and their petroleum implications. Two trends of Oligo-Miocene carbonates can be recognized: (1) A Northern Trend, including the Cepu-Surabaya-Madura, North Central Java, and Ciputat-Jatibarang areas, comprising the carbonates of the Kujung, Tuban, Baturaja and Middle Cibulakan formations and(2)A Southern Trend, including the Gunung Kidul – Banyumas – Jampang – Bayah – Sukabumi – Rajamandala areas. The Northern Trend carbonates developed in a back-arc setting, 75-150 kms away from a contemporaneous volcanic arc located in present-day southern Java. The Southern Trend developed within an intra-arc setting where contemporaneous volcanism took place. No reefal carbonates are found to be developed contemporaneously with the volcanism in the Gunung Kidul-Banyumas-Jampang areas of the Southern Trend. The Oligo-Miocene reefs which were growing on ridges in the Bayah-Sukabumi-Padalarang areas were not deposited contemporaneously with the volcanism. A window of volcanic quiescence occurred across Java from 18 – 12 Ma (uppermost Early Miocene Middle Miocene). During the same period, the sea significantly transgressed many areas in SE Asia. This condition caused deposition of abundant reefal carbonates along the Southern Trend and included the following formations: * BPMIGAS Wonosari/Punung Formation in the Gunung Kidul area, the Jonggrangan Formation in the Kulon Progo area, the Karangbolong/Kalipucang Formation in the Banyumas region, and the Bojonglopang Formation in the Jampang area. The Northern Trend carbonates are very prolific petroleum reservoirs. Volcanic impurities are absent to very minor and are diagenetically insignificant. The geological setting of the carbonates is very supportive for the existence of a viable petroleum system. The Southern Trend carbonates in part show good-excellent porosities such as the Wonosari Formation carbonates, while others show severe neomorphism such as the Rajamandala Formation carbonates. There is no hydrocarbon discovery along the Southern Trend but the area has been inadequately explored. Nevertheless, the presence of a viable petroleum system is considered of higher risk than that of the Northern Trend.
An inventory of fish species at the urban markets of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.

This study, which aims at analyzing the nutritional value of fish products sold on the fish markets of Lubumbashi, has been conducted by the World Fish center as part of its regional programme "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa : investing in sustainable solutions". This report contains a map of fish markets of Lubumbashi with analyses of fish species found at these markets, and information about the most common fish species. In addition, a photographic guide of the various types of fish and fish products in their order of importance, depending on the amounts that are available on Lubumbashi markets. was also compiled.
Siliceous Speleothems and Associated Microbe-Mineral Interactions from Ana Heva Lava Tube in Easter Island (Chile)

Coralloid-type speleothems were recorded on the ceiling of the Ana Heva lava tube in Easter Island (Chile). These speleothems were morphologically, geochemically and mineralogically characterized using a wide variety of microscopy and analytical techniques. They consist dominantly of amorphous Mg silicate and opal-A. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a variety of filamentous and bacillary bacteria on the surface of the Ana Heva coralloid speleothems, including silicified filamentous microorganisms. Among them, intriguing reticulated filaments resemble those filaments documented earlier in limestone caves and lava tubes. The identification of silicified microorganisms on the coralloid speleothems from the Ana Heva lava tube suggests a possible role of these microorganisms in silica deposition.
Three‐parameter lognormal distribution model for soil water retention

Many models for soil water retention have been proposed. However, most of these models are curve-fitting equations and do not emphasize the physical significance of their empirical parameters. A new retention model that exhibits increased flexibility was developed by applying three-parameter lognormal distribution laws to the pore radius distribution function ƒ(r) and to the water capacity function, which was taken to be the pore capillary pressure distribution function ƒ(ψ). This model contains three parameters that are closely related to the statistics of ƒ(ψ): the bubbling pressure ψc, the mode ψ0 of ƒ(ψ) and the standard deviation σ of transformed ƒ(ψ). By comparison of this model with three existing models (the van Genuchten model, the Brooks-Corey model, and the modified Tani model), it was shown that ψc, ψ0, and σ are all essential for a general retention model.
Ductile saline ice

Abstract Experiments have shown that tensile ductility of about 5% or more can be imparted to columnar, saline ice by pre-compressing the material by about 3.5%. This effect is similar to that observed in granular, fresh-water ice and is attributed to the operation of both dislocation creep and diffusion creep within that part of the matrix which recrystallized during the pre-compressive deformation.
MODEL TESTS AND FEM SIMULATION OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE BEARING CAPACITY OF A FOOTING ON SAND

ABSTRACT A series of model tests was carried out on a particular type of sand (Toyoura sand) with a target void ratio of 0.66 to study into the effects of the shape and depth of a footing and the load inclination on the bearing capacity of a rough and rigid footing on sand. The test results were numerically simulated by two-and three-dimensional FEM analysis using a constitutive model that has been developed for Toyoura sand based on the results from an extensive series of laboratory stress-strain tests. The effects of the following factors, among others, on the strength and deformation characteristics of sand are taken into account; a) pressure level; b) the intermediate principal stress; c) inherent anisotropy; d) non-linear strain-hardening and softening; e) non-associated dilatancy; and f) strain localisation into a shear band(s). The material model is coupled with an isotropically hardening, non-associated, elasto-plastic material description. The FEM simulation is consistent with the physical model test results. In some important aspects, the results from both the physical model tests and FEM simulation are not consistent with some of the previous proposals that have been widely used in practice: i.e., in the results of the present study, the bearing capacity of a rectangular footing is noticeably larger than that under purely plane strain conditions, and negative effects of load inclination and positive effects of footing depth on the bearing capacity are generally larger than those predicted by some previous proposals.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum Against Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice

This study was designed to investigate the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum as hepatoprotective microorganism against Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Twelve albino mice were divided into 4 groups designated as CC, PC, SC and PS. Each group consisted of 3 mice, and was subjected to the following treatments; CC; this group was used as a control. PC; this group was dosed with 0.1ml of 10 9 cfu/ml Lb plantarum culture.SC; this group was dosed with 0.1ml. of 2.5×10 7 cfu/ml Sal. typhimurium culture. PS; this group was dosed with 0.1ml of 10 9 cfu/ml Lb. plantarum culture, and infected with 0.1ml of 2.5 ×10 7 cfu/ml culture of Sal. typhimurium, then serum levels of Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) and Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) of treated mice were measured and histological sections were made from liver to evaluate protective effect of Lb. plantarum . Results showed that mice treated with Lb plantarum exhibited a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in serum level of GPT and GOT (43.25 U/L and 95.50 U/L, respectively) in comparison with their levels in serum of control group. Mice infected with Sal. typhimurium showed a significant (p≤ 0.05) increase in serum level of GPT (87.3 U/L), and a significant increase (p≤0.05) in serum level of GOT (227 U/L) in comparison with their levels (55.23 U/L and 113 U/L) in control group. Mice treated with Lb. plantarum and infected with Sal. typhimurium showed a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in serum GPT level (47.5U/L) and significant decrease (P≤0.05) in serum GOT level (121 U/L) in comparison with their levels in mice infected with Sa l. typhimurium. Histopathological study showed that infection with Sal. typhimurium caused a necrosis, degenerative changes and inflammatory cells infiltration as compared with control while, treatment with Lb plantarum prevented the histopathological effe ct of Sal. typhimurium on mice liver.
Height‐integrated Joule and auroral particle heating in the night side high latitude thermosphere

Energy deposited at high latitudes by Joule and auroral particle heating perturbs the chemistry and dynamics of the neutral thermosphere. Height‐integrated heating rates can be calculated by combining Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) measurements with TIMED spacecraft Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) auroral images. Spatial maps of heating rates are examined during two TIMED orbits and statistical averages are presented for quiet to moderate levels of geomagnetic activity. Joule heating dominates in the evening sector auroral oval, whereas particle heating dominates after midnight. There is also a tendency for Joule heating (particle heating) to dominate in the vicinity of the region‐1 (region‐2) currents. This complementary behavior is associated with suppression of the electric field in regions of bright aurora.
Micromechanics of thermally induced cracking in three crustal rocks

Samples of Westerly granite, Frederick diabase, and Oak Hall limestone were thermally cracked at room pressure to various peak temperatures. Scanning electon microscopy (SEM) was performed on ion-thinned samples. The thermally induced crack density is dependent upon the temperature, thermal expansion mismatch, thermal expansion anisotropy, initial crack porosity, and grain size. The mode of propagation is different for grain boundary and intragranular cracks. Crack densities in the granite were quantified using stereological techniques. The thermally induced crack surface area per unit volume apparently has a quadratic dependence on the temperature increase, a physical interpretation for which can be formulated on the basis of energetic balance. Fracture mechanics models are developed to interpret thermal cracking. The predictions concerning thermal crack initiation temperature and crack propagation and arrest behavior agree well with observations for the granite and the diabase. The model predicts significant thermal cracking for the Oak Hall limestone, which contradicts the SEM observation. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the internal stresses due to thermal expansion anisotropy are relaxed by plastic flow in this relatively fine grained limestone.
Satellite imagery of the onset of streaming flow of ice streams

Five overlapping Landsat multispectral scanner satellite images of the interior of the West Antarctic ice sheet were enhanced with principal component analysis, high-pass filtering, and linear contrast stretching and merged into a mosaic by aligning surface features in the overlap areas. The mosaic was registered to geodetic coordinates, to an accuracy of about 1 km, using the five scene centers as control points. The onset of streaming flow of two tributaries of ice stream C and one tributary of ice stream D is visible in the mosaic. The onset appears to occur within a relatively short distance, less than the width of the ice stream, typically at a subglacial topographic feature, such as a step or ridge. The ice streams extend farther up into the interior than previously mapped. Ice stream D starts about 150 km from the ice divide, at an altitude of about 1500 m, approximately halfway up the convex-upward dome shape of the interior ice sheet. Ice stream D is relatively much longer than ice stream C, possibly because ice stream D is currently active, whereas ice stream C is currently inactive. The grounded portion of the West Antarctic ice sheet is perhaps best conceptualized as an ice sheet in which ice streams are embedded over most of its area, with slow-moving ice converging into fast-moving ice streams in a widely distributed pattern, much like that of streams and rivers in a hydrologic basin. A relic margin appears to parallel most of the south margin of the tributary of ice stream D, separated from the active shear margin by about 10 km or less for a distance of over 200 km. This means there is now evidence for recent changes having occurred in three of the five major ice streams which drain most of West Antarctica (B, C, and D), two of which (B and D) are currently active.
Facies models and geometries of the Ragusa Platform (SE Sicily, Italy) near the Serravallian-Tortonian boundary

Detailed sequence and facies analyses of eleven stratigraphic sections, positioned on two platform to basin transects, on the Ragusa ramp (Sicily, Italy) demonstrates that two facies models must be used to describe the internal architecture of this carbonate edifice near the Serravallian/Tortonian boundary. Seven facies zones, based on the paleobathymetric position of the carbonate-producing biota, have been defined and described for each of these stages. During the late Serravallian, the inner ramp was characterized mainly by small epiphytic biota of the foramol association, whereas the middle ramp was dominated by rhodoliths and minor benthic foraminifera, bryozoans, barnacles, serpulids and echinoids. In contrast, during the early Tortonian, the inner ramp was characterized by a chlorozoan biota (Porites, Halimeda), and the middle ramp by branching Corallinacea and rhodoliths. This seemingly minor modification in the type and locus of carbonate production, and the associated changes in hydrodynamism, had profound consequences on the overall geometry of the platform which evolved from a distally steepened ramp, in the late Serravallian, to a geometry approaching that of flat-topped platform in the early Tortonian.
Hydrothermal activity on near‐arc sections of back‐arc ridges: Results from the Mariana Trough and Lau Basin

The spatial density of hydrothermal venting is strongly correlated with spreading rate on mid‐ocean ridges (with the interesting exception of hot spot–affected ridges), evidently because spreading rate is a reliable proxy for the magma budget. This correlation remains untested on spreading ridges in back‐arc basins, where the magma budget may be complicated by subduction‐induced variations of the melt supply. To address this uncertainty, we conducted hydrothermal plume surveys along slow‐spreading (40–60 mm/yr) and arc‐proximal (10–60 km distant) sections of the southern Mariana Trough and the Valu Fa Ridge (Lau Basin). On both sections we found multiple plumes overlying ∼15–20% of the total length of each section, a coverage comparable to mid‐ocean ridges spreading at similar rates. These conditions contrast with earlier reported results from the two nearest‐arc segments of a faster spreading (60–70 mm/yr) back‐arc ridge, the East Scotia Ridge, which approaches no closer than 100 km to its arc. There, hydrothermal venting is relatively scarce (∼5% plume coverage) and the ridge characteristics are distinctly slow‐spreading: small central volcanic highs bookended by deep median valleys, and axial melt lenses restricted to the volcanic highs. Two factors may contribute to an unexpectedly low hydrothermal budget on these East Scotia Ridge segments: they may lie too far from the adjacent arc to benefit from near‐arc sources of melt supply, and subduction‐aided migration of mantle from the Bouvet hot spot may reduce hydrothermal circulation by local crustal warming and thickening, analogous to the Reykjanes Ridge. Thus the pattern among these three ridge sections appears to mirror the larger global pattern defined by mid‐ocean ridges: a well‐defined trend of spreading rate versus hydrothermal activity on most ridge sections, plus a subset of ridge sections where unusual melt delivery conditions diminish the expected hydrothermal activity.
Spatial and temporal variability of groundwater dynamics in a sub‐Mediterranean mountain catchment

The temporal and spatial dynamics of groundwater was investigated in a small catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees, which was extensively used for agriculture in the past. Analysis of the water table fluctuations at five locations over a 6‐year period demonstrated that the groundwater dynamics had a marked seasonal cycle involving a wetting‐up period that commenced with the first autumn rainfall events, a saturation period during winter and spring and a drying‐down period from the end of spring until the end of the summer. The length of the saturation period showed great interannual variability, which was mainly influenced by the rainfall and evapotranspiration characteristics. There was marked spatial variability in the water table, especially during the wetting‐up period, which could be related to differences in slope and drainage area, geomorphology, soil properties and local topography. Areas contributing to runoff generation were identified within the catchment by field mapping of moisture conditions. Areas contributing to infiltration excess runoff were correlated with former cultivated fields affected by severe sheetwash erosion. Areas contributing to saturation excess runoff were characterized by a marked spatial dynamics associated with catchment wetness conditions. The saturation spatial pattern, which was partially related to the topographic index, was very patchy throughout the catchment, suggesting the influence of other factors associated with past agricultural activities, including changes in local topography and soil properties. The relationship between water table levels and stream flow was weak, especially during the wetting‐up period, suggesting little connection between ground water and the hydrological response, at least at some locations. The results suggest that in drier and human‐disturbed environments, such as sub‐Mediterranean mountains, saturation patterns cannot be represented only by the general topography of the catchment. They also suggest that groundwater storage and runoff is not a succession of steady‐state flow conditions, as assumed in most hydrological models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic Characterization and Magnetic Mineralogy of the Hangzhou Urban Soils and Its Environmental Implications

A detailed magnetic study of urban soils in Hangzhou City, China, was carried out using combined environmental magnetism and rock magnetism techniques. Magnetic measurements showed that those urban soils have a significant magnetic enhancement, which were characterized by higher magnetic susceptibility (average 128 × 10–8 m3·kg–1) and magnetic remanence, and low frequency-dependent susceptibility (average 3.6%, N=182). Magnetic susceptibility values of urban soils showed highly significant negative correlation with frequency-dependent susceptibility, indicating that the mechanism of the magnetic enhancement of urban soils is different from contribution of pedogenic ferrimagnetic minerals in nature soils. Magnetic susceptibility values of urban soils, on the other hand, have significantly positive correlation with Soft IRM (IRM20mT) and saturation isotherm remanent magnetization (SIRM), suggesting that ferrimagnetic minerals are the main magnetic carriers. The combined rock magnetism (acquisition curves of IRM, temperature-dependent susceptibility and hysteresis measurement) and SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis) revealed that magnetic mineralogy of urban soils is dominated by magnetite-like and hematite-like phases. The hysteresis parameters suggested that they are present mainly in the pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multidomain (MD) grains, which is attributed to input of anthropogenic magnetic grains from industrial activity, fuel combustion and traffic pollution. This finding suggested that magnetic measurements could be used as potential tools for monitoring soil pollution, mapping spatial distribution of pollution, and differentiating source of pollutants in urban soils.
N,N′-Bis[(E)-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)methylene]hexane-1,6-diamine

The title compound, C20H26N4, is composed of two (6-methyl-2-pyridyl)methylene units linked by a 1,6-diamine hexane chain. The molecule has Ci symmetry with the inversion center situated at the mid-point of the central C—C bond. The alkyl chain has an all-trans conformation, with all the non-H atoms sharing the same plane [maximum deviation 0.004 (3) Å]. The pyridylmethylene groups are also planar [maximum deviation 0.009 (3) Å], making an angle of 53.78 (19)° with the hexane chain plane. In the crystal, the molecules assemble in layers, stacking along the a axis. The stacks are hold together by attractive interactions between π electron systems.
Entrepreneurial Communities in Rural Oklahoma

This paper studies “entrepreneurial communities” using both quantitative and qualitative data from the state of Oklahoma. Household-level survey data and community-specific characteristics are used to determine what factors affect whether a rural community operates in an entrepreneurial manner. Case studies from successful rural communities provide a more qualitative viewpoint of the factors that lead to entrepreneurial activity.