Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kilometer‐scale roughness of Mars: Results from MOLA data analysis

The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data are used to characterize the kilometer-scale surface roughness of Mars. The median absolute value of the differential slope at a given baseline is proposed as a data-derived measure of the surface roughness at this scale. Study of the scale dependence of roughness for the smoothest terrains gives an independent estimate of 20 cm for MOLA ranging accuracy. The baseline lengths from 0.6 to ∼20 km are used, and kilometer-scale roughness is mapped for the entire surface. The maps show that different geological units have distinctive roughness characteristics. Scale dependence of roughness for a number of geological units is presented and discussed. The southern polar cap is rougher than the northern at kilometer and subkilometer scale, which suggests differences in the sublimation/condensation balance. The Vastitas Borealis Formation has a distinctive 3-km-scale background surface topography, which suggests a nonvolcanic origin for its upper layer. Young volcanic plains in Amazonis Planitia and the eastern part of Elysium Planitia are very similar to each other in their roughness characteristics and differ from other volcanic plains on Mars, which suggests a distinctive eruption style. There are systematic latitudinal variations of roughness in both the southern highlands and the northern lowlands: terrains at high latitude are smoother at short baselines; the characteristic vertical scale related to this difference is several meters. Processes that could be responsible for formation of this trend include creep of ice-rich near-surface material at high latitudes, treatment of the surface with repetitive deposition and sublimation of seasonal frost, climate-controlled deposition and/or cementation of dust at high latitudes, and repetitive sublimation and accumulation of subsurface ice at low latitudes with climate variations. All mechanisms of origin could operate more effectively under different climate conditions. Relevant morphological observations favor mechanisms involving deposition of smooth blankets at high latitudes.
Rural poverty and access to land in developing countries: theory and evidence from Guatemala

The lack of consensus on the social impacts of access to land ownership continues to generate heated political and academic debates. This article elaborates a theoretical argument about opportunity costs and asset accumulation dynamics, factors that affect the potential benefits of gaining access to or increasing the size of agricultural land holdings in developing countries. It tests the theory using household data from Guatemala, and concludes that effective rural income generation policies should be flexible, where access to land can be the subject of support, and where business-related incentives are given to beneficiaries. Résumé Le manque de consensus sur l'impact lié à l'accès à la terre continue de susciter des débats académiques très animés. Ce travail formule un argument théorique concernant d'une part les facteurs, les dynamiques du coût des opportunités et de l'accumulation des biens qui affectent les bénéfices potentiels provenant de l'accès à la terre et d'autre part, l'augmentation de la taille des propriétés terriennes dans les pays en voie de développement. Une validation de la théorie est menée en se basant sur les données de ménages du Guatemala et on déduit que les politiques effectives de création de revenue doivent être flexibles quand l'accès à la terre peut faire l'objet de soutien et que les bénéficiaires ont droit aux primes liées au commerce.
JURASSIC ACCRETION OF A HIGH BUOYANCY GUYOT IN SOUTHERNMOST SOUTH AMERICA: THE DIEGO RAMIREZ ISLANDS

RESUMEN. Las islas Diego Ramirez, en el extremo meridional del continente americano, estan formadas por un complejo metamorfico que incluye desde filitas hasta metabasaltos y extensas zonas de 'melanges'. Estas ultimas incluyen clastos de basaltos, cherts y areniscas, en una matriz filitica, afectada por una foliacion penetrativa, y estructuras cataclasticas tardias. Los contenidos de elementos mayores y trazas de los meta basaltos son parecidos a los de basaltos toleiticos de intraplaca. En los acantilados orientales de Isla Gonzalo (Punta Clarkson), los metabasaltos cubren estructuralmente a filitas grises de cuarzo-feldespato-muscovita-elorita. Una errorcrona Rb-Sr de cuatro puntos, construida con muestras de esa localidad indica una edad de 169+/-16 Ma con una razon inicial 87Sr/86Sr de 0,70959. El complejo metamorfico de Diego Ramirez representa una seccion del prisma de acrecion 'gondwanico' que se extiende desde Chile central hasta la Antartica occidental. Los datos geoquimicos y geocronologicos presentados son consistentes con la hipotesis que en Diego Ramirez estaria registrada la colision y subsecuente incorporacion, dentro del complejo de subduccion, de fragmentos de un guyot o monte intraoceanico. Este fenomeno habria ocurrido durante el Jurasico.
Mid-Holocene sea-level and coral reef demise: U-Th dating of subfossil corals in Moreton Bay, Australia

It is increasingly apparent that sea-level data (e.g. microfossil transfer functions, dated coral microatolls and direct observations from satellite and tidal gauges) vary temporally and spatially at regional to local scales, thus limiting our ability to model future sea-level rise for many regions. Understanding sea-level response at ‘far-field’ locations at regional scales is fundamental for formulating more relevant sea-level rise susceptibility models within these regions under future global change projections. Fossil corals and reefs in particular are valuable tools for reconstructing past sea levels and possible environmental phase shifts beyond the temporal constraints of instrumental records. This study used abundant surface geochronological data based on in situ subfossil corals and precise elevation surveys to determine previous sea level in Moreton Bay, eastern Australia, a far-field site. A total of 64 U-Th dates show that relative sea level was at least 1.1 m above modern lowest astronomical tide (LAT) from at least ~6600 cal. yr BP. Furthermore, a rapid synchronous demise in coral reef growth occurred in Moreton Bay ~5800 cal. yr BP, coinciding with reported reef hiatus periods in other areas around the Indo-Pacific region. Evaluating past reef growth patterns and phases allows for a better interpretation of anthropogenic forcing versus natural environmental/climatic cycles that effect reef formation and demise at all scales and may allow better prediction of reef response to future global change.
Saltating Particles in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Experiments on aeolian sand transport were carried out in a wind tunnel at the University of Aarhus in Denmark for a wide range of wind speeds. The saltating particles were analyzed using imaging techniques (PIV and PTV). Vertical profiles of particle concentration and velocity were extracted. The particle concentration was found to decrease exponentially with the height above the bed and the characteristic decay height was independent of the wind speed [1]. In contrast with the logarithmic profile of the wind speed, the particle velocity was found to vary linearly with the height. In addition, the particle slip velocity is finite and invariant with the wind speed. These results are shown to be closely related to the features of the splash function that characterizes the impact of the saltating particles onto a sand bed. A numerical simulation was developed that explicitly incorporates low velocity moments of the splash function in a calculation of the boundary conditions that apply at the bed [1]. The ov.
Structure and dynamics of sponge-dominated assemblages on the temperate reefs: variability associated with anthropogenic disturbance

The structure and dynamics of sponge-dominated assemblages living on both shallow and deep coastal and estuarine reefs in temperate NSW, Australia were quantified by examining their spatial and temporal variability at a number of scales. The effect of the discharge of sewage effluent on these assemblages was also examined. Quantifying the natural spatial and temporal variability in these assemblages has received inadequate attention because of the difficulty in sampling these habitats. Following assessment of the efficacy of photoquadrats and appropriate levels of taxonomic resolution, I sought to determine i) spatial and temporal patterns of variability and ii) assess the effects of point source sewage pollution on these assemblages. A reliable quantitative technique using photo-quadrats was therefore developed and tested for sampling the macrobenthic assemblages living on hard substrata. No loss in the accuracy of the data was detected whilst the increased efficiency of the method enabled these assemblages to be sampled at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Both univariate and multivariate techniques determined that sufficient taxonomic resolution was attainable at the level of phylum for assemblages in kelp forests, whilst the level of order was necessary for assemblages in crustose habitats. Furthermore, as taxonomic resolution increased towards species level, the detection of differences associated with sewage became less likely. Patterns and processes in deep-water macrobenthic assemblages have largely been inferred from the study of such assemblages on shaded artificial structures or in relatively shallow water. Patterns in the diversity and abundance of sponges on the coastal reefs off Sydney were examined using photo-quadrats to provide estimates of species richness and percentage cover. Spatial and temporal variability was measured by sampling three nested sites within each of three reefs at each of three depths (20, 30 and 50 m) on three occasions. Sponge richness generally
WETTING BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED CRUDE OIL/BRINE/ROCK SYSTEMS

The effect of aging and displacement temperatures, and brine and oil composition on wettability and the recovery of crude oil by spontaneous imbibition and waterflooding has been investigated. This study is based on displacement tests in Berea Sandstone using three distinctly different crude oils and three reservoir brines. Brine concentration was varied by changing the concentration of total dissolved solids of the synthetic brine in proportion to give brine of twice, one tenth, and one hundredth of the reservoir brine concentration. Aging and displacement temperatures were varied independently. For all crude oils, water-wetness and oil recovery increased with increase in displacement temperature. Tests on the effect of brine concentration showed that salinity of the connate and invading brines can have a major influence on wettability and oil recovery at reservoir temperature. Oil recovery increased over that for the reservoir brine with dilution of both the initial (connate) and invading brine or dilution of either. Removal of light components from the crude oil resulted in increased water-wetness. Addition of alkanes to the crude oil reduced the water-wetness, and increased oil recovery. Relationships between waterflood recovery and wettability are summarized.
Potential impact of ocean ecosystem changes due to global warming on marine organic carbon aerosols

Production of organic carbon (OC) aerosols by biological activity in the ocean is hypothesized to influence climate change. We employ model sensitivity studies to assess the effects of ocean ecosystem changes on the marine OC fluxes by using an integrated Earth system model. Our modeled estimate of global marine primary OC emission (7 Tg OC yr−1) is comparable with that calculated from sensitivity simulation which uses chlorophyll concentration constrained by the satellite observations. The model significantly underestimates OC concentration in summer over the remote ocean without the ocean source, but better agreement could be achieved by adding the marine source. We apply simulated perturbations in chlorophyll concentration and the sea‐ice extent by previous model run for the IPCC AR4 to the OC source function only. Our model results suggest an insignificant change in the global mean primary OC flux from the ocean to the atmosphere but with considerably large spatial variability due to the changes in chlorophyll concentration projected by the climate warming simulation. The major features of the geographical distribution are increases over the Arctic Ocean, which are associated with the chlorophyll concentration and the sea‐ice extent changes primarily driven by the enhanced light efficiency for photosynthesis in the sea‐ice free ocean. In climate chemistry and aerosol models that ignore this process, the future (late 21st century) surface OC concentration would be underestimated by 40–200 ng m−3 in September over the Arctic Ocean (70–90°N).
The dentist's communicative role in prosthodontic treatment.

PURPOSE Dentist-patient verbal communication is important for patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the dentist's role in the provider-patient relationship as to verbal communication and patient satisfaction with the treatment outcome in prosthetic dentistry. The dentist-specific properties were analyzed in random coefficient modeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one dentist-patient pairs were followed through 61 prosthodontic treatment periods. The treatment performed was fixed prosthodontic restorations on teeth or implants. One encounter at the end of each treatment period was tape recorded. The verbal communication on the recordings was analyzed using an interaction analysis instrument. Various measures of communication were used, summarizing the variational pattern of verbal interaction. Two different aspects of the patient satisfaction concept were used as dependent variables: cure (overall patient satisfaction with prosthodontic treatment), and care (patient satisfaction with a particular dental encounter during the prosthodontic treatment period). RESULTS In the multilevel model for care, the dentist variance was mostly explained by the communication variables. In the cure model, there was no dentist variance. The communication patterns used by the dentists thus influenced patient satisfaction in a short-term perspective but not in an intermediate perspective. CONCLUSION Patient evaluation of the care during an encounter is dependent on the dentist's verbal communication activity during the encounter, but this communication has no impact on the patient evaluation of overall prosthetic treatment outcome in the intermediate time perspective.
Coupling between SW monsoon‐related surface and deep ocean processes as discerned from continuous particle flux measurements and correlated satellite data

Particle flux data obtained by time series sediment traps deployed at water depths of approximately 3000 m in the western, central, and eastern Arabian Sea since 1986 were compared with wind speeds derived from measurements made by microwave radiometer flying on polar orbiting satellites and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) provided by the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This comparison has allowed us to trace the link between the oceanographic and biological processes related to the development of the SW monsoon with the pattern and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the interior of the Arabian Sea. We could recognize the well-known upwelling systems along the coasts of Somalia and Oman as well as open ocean upwelling at the beginning of the SW monsoon. Both open ocean upwelling and coastal upwelling off Oman cause a cooling of surface waters at our western and central Arabian Sea stations. When SSTs fall below their long-term average, an increase in fluxes which are dominated by coccolithophorid-derived carbonates occurs. The timing of this increase is determined by the rate of surface water cooling. Further intensification of upwelling as the SW monsoon progresses causes additional increases in biogenic opal fluxes denoting diatom blooms in the overlying waters. The total fluxes during this period are the highest measured in the open Arabian Sea. At the central Arabian Sea location the fluxes are only randomly affected by these blooms. The particle flux in the eastern Arabian Sea is as high as in the central Arabian Sea but is influenced by a weaker upwelling system along the Indian coast. The observed interannual variability in the pattern of particle fluxes during the SW monsoons is most pronounced in the western Arabian Sea. This is controlled by the intensity of the upwelling systems on the one hand and the transport of cold, nutrient-poor, south equatorial water into the Oman region on the other. The latter effect, which is strongest during the SW monsoon with highest recorded wind speeds, reduces the influence of upwelling and the related particle fluxes at the western Arabian Sea station, where highest fluxes occur during SW monsoons with moderate wind speeds. Thus coastal and open ocean upwelling are most effective in transferring biogenic matter to the deep sea during the SW monsoons of intermediate strength.
Development of effective management plan for critical subwatersheds using SWAT model

The present investigation is an effort to develop an effective management plan for the identified critical subwatersheds of Nagwan watershed located in the eastern part of India using a precalibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. In all 60 combinations of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize, peanut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and levels of fertilizer (existing, half of recommended and recommended) have been studied.
Yamato nakhlites: Petrography and mineralogy

We carried out the petrographical and mineralogical study of new Yamato nakhlites, Yamato ***/3(Y***/3-), Y***1.3 and Y***2*,, with electron probe microanalyzer and Fourier transform infrared microspectrometer. Euhedral pyroxenes (En,* .*Fs,, .*Wo-2 .*) are the predominant phase with a modal proportion of 1/ 2* vol and occur as elongated grains ( +mm *./mm) with thin Fe-rich rims. The chemical composition of the augite cores comprising most of the volume of these pyroxene crystals is homogeneous and nearly identical with those in other nakhlites. Fe-rich rims are present in contact with the mesostasis. Anhedral ferroan olivines (Fa0, 12; 2 +2 vol , *./mm) and subhedral titanomagnetites ( + vol , smaller than *.+mm) are minor phenocrysts. The remainder of the meteoritic material is mesostasis (2 +/ vol ), which predominantly consists of plagioclase (An,0 -,Ab00/ Or. 2). Minor phases in the mesostasis are pyrrhotite (Fe*.20 *.22S; smaller than ,* mm), apatite (smaller than ,* mm), titanomagnetite, Ca-poor pyroxene, fayalitic olivine (Fa 2/), tridymite and iddingsite. We distinguish these Yamato nakhlites from other nakhlites based on the chemical compositional ranges of the cores and rims of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts. We suggest that the chemical variations of these minerals for the Yamato nakhlites are intermediate between those of NWA2+1 and others (Nakhla, Governador Valadares, and Lafayette). The study by Fourier transform infrared microspectrometer of altered phases both on rims and fractures in olivine phenocrysts and in mesostasis revealed the existence of OH-bearing minerals, which might be mixtures of montmorillonite (1* ) and goethite (-* ). The existence of bubbles in an OH-bearing phase in olivine grains in contact with the fusion crust suggests that the alteration occurred before atmospheric entry (i.e. Martian origin). key words: nakhlites, Martian meteorites, Y***/3-, Y***1.3, Y***2*, +. Introduction The nakhlites are one of igneous meteorites, and are part of the SNC (shergottites, nakhlites, and Chassigny) group based on oxygen isotopes (Clayton, +33-). Nakhlites are cumulus ultramafic rocks mainly consisting of clinopyroxenes (augites), and the bulk chemical composition is basaltic. SNCs may have come from Mars based on the +Antarct. Meteorite Res., +0, +--, ,**National Institute of Polar Research
The Dawros peridotite, Connemara, Eire

Summary The Dawros peridotites are characterized by a strong banding and evidence of thermal metamorphism exists in the enclosing schists. The banding arises from a rhythmic crystal accumulation ranging through a sequence of dunites and pyroxenites in which the assemblage olivine and orthopyroxene at one extreme passes into the assemblage olivine, clinopyroxene and subordinate orthopyroxene at the other. Felspar is absent. There is evidence of gravity stratification and the action of magmatic currents in the chrome—spinel horizon which occurs at the transition between the two principal mineral groups. The textures vary from primary igneous to secondary metamorphic, the primary minerals having frequently recrystallized under conditions of high-temperature dynamic metamorphism. There is also evidence in the country rocks of a period of deformation subsequent to the thermal metamorphism. The pyroxenes show a primary variation within the solid solution series, of an iron enrichment over a restricted magnesium-rich range; the orthopyroxenes lie in the onstatite-bronzite series and the clinopyroxenes within a similar diopsidic range. There occurs among the recrystallized rocks a hypersthene-pyroxenite of charnockitic type. The conclusions drawn are that the Dawros mass is a peridotite formed as a deep-soatod magmatic crystal accumulate, subsequently dynamically metamorphosed, possibly while being emplaced into higher levels of the earth's crust, and later undergoing serpent inization.
In situ sulphate stimulation of mercury methylation in a boreal peatland: Toward a link between acid rain and methylmercury contamination in remote environments

Recent studies have found that “pristine” peatlands have high peat and pore water methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and that peatlands may act as large sources of MeHg to the downstream aquatic system, depending upon the degree of hydrologie connectivity and catchment physiography. Sulphate‐reducing bacteria have been implicated as principal methylators of inorganic mercury in many environments with previous research focused primarily on mercury methylation in aquatic sediments. Experiments in a poor fen in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, Canada, demonstrated that the in situ addition of sulphate to peat and peat pore water resulted in a significant increase in pore water MeHg concentrations. As peatlands cover a large area of the Northern Hemisphere, this finding has potentially far ranging implications for the global mercury cycle, particularly in areas impacted by anthropogenically derived sulphate where the methylmercury fraction of total mercury species may be much larger than in nonimpacted environments.
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND REGENERATION OF EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA PLANTATIONS IN THE COASTAL BELT OF ZULULAND

SUMMARY The history and development of the short rotation eucalyptus growing industry in South Africa is briefly dealt with. Today this industry covers over 200,000 acres, mainly consisting of E. saligna, and is concentrated in the Eastern and Northern Transvaal and along the sub-tropical coastal belt of Zululand where over 50,000 acres have already been planted to this species. Experimental work on the establishment of E. saligna plantation is described and the early results recorded. E. saligna is very intolerant of weed competition in the early stages and in afforestation complete soil preparation should always be used. For the best results seed should not be sown before the beginning of April and young plants are generally ready for planting out into the field after two to three months. Seedlings are very sensitive and if good results are to be obtained in the nursery it is necessary to enrich the poor sandy soil with liberal quantities of compost and manure. Afforestation is best carried out with pla.