Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
XMCD studies on Co and Li doped ZnO magnetic semiconductors

ZnO doped with a few per cent (<10%) of magnetic ions such as Co exhibit room temperature (RT) ferromagnetism, transforming it into a very promising candidate for future spin electronic applications. We present x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy, which has been used in total electron yield, total fluorescence yield, and reflection mode to investigate the origin of ferromagnetism in such diluted magnetic semiconductor materials in a surface, bulk and interface sensitive way, respectively. We investigated three different types of samples: ZnO doped with 5% Co, artificially layered films, and layered films with additional co-doping of 10% Li. These films are prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and characterized by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Extensive XMCD measurements at the Co L2,3 and the O K edges, done with a very good signal-to-noise ratio, have revealed only cobalt paramagnetism and non magnetic oxygen signatures at low and high temperatures. We do not see any element specific signature for ferromagnetism at all. By exclusion, our results suggest oxygen vacancies as the intrinsic origin for RT ferromagnetism in doped ZnO.
The Electrical Resistance of Binary Metallic Mixtures

The existing theories of the resistivity of mixtures assume regular arrangements of the two components, rather than random mixtures. A theory for a random mixture is given, based on the assumption that each crystal acts as if surrounded by a homogeneous medium whose properties are those of the mixture. Comparisons with experiment are made. The experimental data that have been examined fall roughly into two classes. One class consists of mixtures, where the variation of resistivity with composition disagrees violently with this theory, making it clear that the assumptions made are completely inapplicable. The remaining class consists of mixtures which generally agree well with the theory.
Pseudo MV-algebras are intervals in ℓ-groups

Abstract We show that any pseudo MV-algebra is isomorphic with an interval Γ(G, u), where G is an ℓ-group not necessarily Abelian with a strong unit u. In addition, we prove that the category of unital ℓ-groups is categorically equivalent with the category of pseudo MV-algebras. Since pseudo MV-algebras are a non-commutative generalization of MV-algebras, our assertions generalize a famous result of Mundici for a representation of MV-algebras by Abelian unital ℓ-groups. Our methods are completely different from those of Mundici. In addition, we show that any Archimedean pseudo MV-algebra is an MV-algebra.
Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure

Part 1 A learnability paradox: argument structure and the lexicon the logical problem of language acquisition Baker's paradox attempted solutions to Baker's paradox. Part 2 Constraints on lexical rules: morphological and phonological constraints semantic constraints how semantic and morphological constraints might resolve Baker's paradox evidence for criteria-governed productivity problems for the criteria-governed productivity theory. Part 3 Constraints and the nature of argument structure: overview - why lexical rules carry semantic constraints constraints of lexical rules as manifestations of more general phenomena a theory of argument structure on universality. Part 4 Possible and actual forms: the problem of negative exceptions transitive action verbs as evidence for narrow subclasses the nature of narrow conflation classes defining and motivating subclasses of verbs licensing the four alterations the relation between narrow-range and broad-range rules. Part 5 Representation: the need for a theory of lexicosemantic representation is a theory of lexical semantics feasible? evidence for a semantic subsystem underlying verb meanings a cross-linguistic inventory of components of verb meaning a theory of the representation of grammatically relevant semantic structures explicit representations of lexical rules an lexicosemantic structures summary. Part 6 Learning: linking rules lexical semantic structures broad conflation classes (thematic cores) and broad range lexical rules summary of learning mechanisms. Part 7 Development: developmental sequence for argument structure alterations the unlearning problem children's argument structure changing rules are always semantically conditioned do children's errors have the same cause as adults? acquisition of verb meaning and errors in argument structure some predictions about the acquisition of narrow-range rules summary of development. Part 8 Conclusions: a brief summary of the resolution of the paradox argument structure as a pointer between syntactic structure and propositions the autonomy of semantic representation implications for the semantic bootstrapping hyposthesis conservatism, listedness and the lexicon spatial schemas and abstract thought.
Evolution of Defects and Defect Clusters in β-SiC Irradiated at High Temperature

Abstract A molecular dynamics study has been performed to investigate the generation and evolution of damage states in irradiated β-SiC at high temperature. It is found that most of the C antisites (SiC) are created during the early collisional phase, while the Si antisites (CSi) are significantly produced during the thermal spike phase. A modified near-neighbor point defect density (NPDD) is introduced to study the spatial aggregation of different defects during the displacement cascades, and feature of defect clusters evolution is analyzed in details. The dominated types of vacancy clusters after the displacement cascades are two- and three-size chainlike ones. And the vacancy NPDD (V-NPDD) decreases as the recoil energy increases. Furthermore, after the thermal spike phase, there is an additional annealing process during which the interstitials and antisites turn into defect clusters, respectively.
Phthalate Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study.

PURPOSE Phthalate exposure is ubiquitous and especially high among users of drug products formulated with phthalates. Some phthalates mimic estradiol and may promote breast cancer. Existing epidemiologic studies on this topic are small, mostly not prospective, and have given inconsistent results. We estimated associations between longitudinal phthalate exposures and breast cancer risk in a Danish nationwide cohort, using redeemed prescriptions for phthalate-containing drug products to measure exposure. METHODS We ascertained the phthalate content of drugs marketed in Denmark using an internal Danish Medicines Agency ingredient database. We enrolled a Danish nationwide cohort of 1.12 million women at risk for a first cancer diagnosis on January 1, 2005. By combining drug ingredient data with the Danish National Prescription registry, we characterized annual, cumulative phthalate exposure through redeemed prescriptions. We then fit multivariable Cox regression models to estimate associations between phthalate exposures and incident invasive breast carcinoma according to tumor estrogen receptor status. RESULTS Over 9.99 million woman-years of follow-up, most phthalate exposures were not associated with breast cancer incidence. High-level dibutyl phthalate exposure (≥ 10,000 cumulative mg) was associated with an approximately two-fold increase in the rate of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.5), consistent with in vitro evidence for an estrogenic effect of this compound. Lower levels of dibutyl phthalate exposure were not associated with breast cancer incidence. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that women should avoid high-level exposure to dibutyl phthalate, such as through long-term treatment with pharmaceuticals formulated with dibutyl phthalate.
Small-slope predictions of microwave backscatter from the sea surface

Abstract The small-slope approximation is applied to the prediction of microwave sea-surface backscatter. Numerical results are obtained assuming a non-directional surface wavenumber spectrum and compared with azimuthally averaged C- and Ku-band radar backscattering data. For vertical polarization, the predictions and measurements agree to within 3 dB at incidence angles of interest for remote sensing. Small-slope predictions of azimuthal scattering asymmetry do not agree as well with measurements. These predictions are found to be sufficiently dependent on the assumed wave directionality that they may be used to improve existing directional wave spectral models.
CHAOTIC DYNAMICS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL H ENON MAPS THAT ORIGINATE FROM A HOMOCLINIC BIFURCATION

AbstractWe study bifurcations of a three-dimensional diﬀeomorphism, g 0 , that has a quadratichomoclinic tangency to a saddle-focus ﬁxed point with multipliers (λe iϕ ,λe − ,γ), where0 <λ<1 <|γ| and |λ 2 γ| = 1. We show that in a three-parameter family, g e , of dif-feomorphisms close to g 0 , there exist inﬁnitely many open regions near e= 0 where thecorresponding normal form of the ﬁrst return map to a neighborhood of a homoclinic pointis a three-dimensional H´enon-like map. This map possesses, in some parameter regions, a“wild-hyperbolic” Lorenz-type strange attractor. Thus, we show that this homoclinic bifur-cation leads to a strange attractor. We also discuss the place that these three-dimensionalH´enon maps occupy in the class of quadratic volume-preserving diﬀeomorphisms. 1 Introduction In thispaperwe areconcerned with thestudyofthethree-dimensional map (¯x,y,¯ z¯) = f(x,y,z) ∈R 3 deﬁned byx¯ = y, ¯y = z, z¯ = M 1 +Bx+M 2 y−z 2 , (1)with three parameters, M 1 , M 2 , and B. This map is a natural generalization of the famous two-dimensional H´enon map [H´76]; indeed, like the latter, the map (1) is quadratic, has co nstantJacobian det(Df) ≡ Band moreover, when B= 0, reduces to the two-dimensional H´enon map.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation in an Idealized General Circulation Model

Abstract The structure of the intraseasonal oscillations in the tropics of an idealized general circulation model with a zonally symmetric climate is described. Space-time spectra show a peak in zonal winds and velocity potential at the equator in zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2, corresponding to eastward-propagating power at phase speeds of ≈18 m s−1. This speed is significantly greater than that of the observed oscillation but comparable to that obtained in similar models by Hayashi and Sumi and Swinbank et al. The corresponding eastward-propagating power in the precipitation spectrum is concentrated in wavenumbers 2–5. A composite procedure is used to describe the three-dimensional structure of the model's oscillation. The oscillation is characterized by circulation cells oriented along the equatorial zonal plane, with enhanced precipitation in the region of rising motion. Zonal wind changes tend to be positively correlated with geopotential height changes at the same level. Positive perturbations in the wat.
Generation of equatorial Atlantic warm and cold events in a coupled general circulation model simulation

Warm and cold events in the Gulf of Guinea, characteristic of the tropical interannual variability, can be generated in several ways. This emerges from a statistical analysis of 200 years ofinterannual variability simulated by a coupled ocean’atmosphere General Circulation Model.The application of a clustering technique to the anomalies of the thermal energy stored in theupper oceanic layers leads to the separation of the events, either warm or cold, into a numberof classes, each of them distinguished by a particular generation scheme. The physical mechanismsinvolved are identified by examining the contributions of the various terms in the mixedlayer tendency equation. Basically, those few classes can be sorted into two larger groups. In one of them, the onsetstage is characterized by an eastward propagation of the anomalies. Atmospheric flows play aleading part in the generation of events within this group. In the second group, thermal energyanomalies are generated in situ in the Gulf of Guinea, and it is mixing that gives the mostimportant contribution to the development of the events. The different classes are related to different seasonal signatures and also to differences in theinfluence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). While some of the classes are stronglyinfluenced by ENSO, while in others this influence is not significant. This can explain thebarely significant correlations between ENSO and the Atlantic warm events, a feature that thesimulation analyzed here shares with the observations.
Direct and inverse scattering for nonlinear Schrödinger equation in 2D

We discuss the scattering theory for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation −Δu(x)+h(x,|u(x)|)u(x)=k2u(x),x∈R2, where h is a very general and possibly singular combination of potentials. We prove that the direct scattering problem has a unique bounded solution. We establish also the asymptotic behaviour of scattering solutions. A uniqueness result and a representation formula is proved for the inverse scattering problem with general scattering data. The method of Born approximation is applied for the recovery of local singularities and jumps.
Non-linear dynamics of biological systems

All biological systems can be classified as open, dissipative and non-linear. This review introduces the most typical phenomena associated with non-linearity, dissipation and openness in biological systems. Namely, damped oscillations, self-oscillations, synchronisation, chaotic and noise-induced oscillations are explained, and illustrated by examples from various biological systems. The link is made between the experimentally registered activities and their mathematical counterparts with the help of the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations. We introduce the ideas of non-linear and oscillatory thinking proposed by Mandelstam in the 1930s, and show how they can be applied to biological systems. An emphasis is made on the intuitive explanation of mathematical concepts rather than mathematical rigour.
New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model

Abstract Two new primary ice-nucleation parameterizations are examined in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) cloud model via sensitivity tests on a wintertime precipitation event in the Sierra Nevada region. A model combining the effects of deposition and condensation-freezing nucleation is formulated based on data obtained from continuous-flow diffusion chambers. The data indicate an exponential variation of ice-nuclei concentrations with ice supersaturation reasonably independent of temperatures between −7° and −20°C. Predicted ice concentrations from these measurements exceed values predicted by the widely used temperatures dependent Fletcher approximation by as much as one order of magnitude at temperatures warmer than −20°C. A contact-freezing nucleation model is also formulated based on laboratory data gathered by various authors using techniques that isolated this nucleation mode. Predicted contact nuclei concentrations based on the newer measurements are as much as three orders of mag.
Optimal Control Policies for Stochastic Inventory Systems with Endogenous Supply

We consider an inventory system with compound Poisson demands replenished by discrete production of units on a single-server facility. This facility may start a vacation at any production completion epoch; at the completion of a vacation the inventory level is inspected to decide whether or not to resume production. Unit production and vacation times are independent and identically distributed with general distributions. Under an (s, S) policy, production is terminated when the inventory level reaches a critical level S, and production is resumed when the inventory level, upon completion of a vacation, is at or below a prespecified value s. In this paper we prove that an (s, S) policy is optimal among all possible policies. We also derive a highly efficient algorithm for the determination and evaluation of an optimal (s, S) policy.
Maximum likelihood probabilistic data association tracker applied to bistatic sonar data sets

In the early 1990's, the Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Data Association (ML-PDA) tracker was developed in a passive sonar framework, and subsequent research has shown it to be effective for tracking very low SNR targets. This was done with both active and passive sonar, for targets that have some given type of deterministic motion. Recent work has focused on applying ML-PDA to bistatic sonar data. Here, we apply ML-PDA in a sliding window implementation to three bistatic data sets used by the MSTWG (Multistatic Tracking Working Group): the SEABAR 2007 data set, the TNO Blind 2008 data set, and a new blind data set provided by Metron in 2009.
Force Balance Analysis of a Coronal Magnetic Flux Rope in Equilibrium or Eruption

Based on a flux rope catastrophe model for coronal mass ejections (CMEs), we calculate the Lorentz forces acting on the rope in equilibrium or eruption in the background field, which is taken to be either a partially open bipolar field or a closed quadrupolar field. The forces, including upward lifting and downward pulling ones, are exerted by the coronal currents inside and outside the rope, as well as the potential field, which has the same normal component distribution on the photosphere as the background field. The resultant of forces vanishes for a rope in equilibrium. For both cases with different background fields, the primary lifting force is provided by the azimuthal current inside the rope and its image below the photosphere. It is mainly balanced by the pulling force produced by the background potential field when the rope is in equilibrium. During an eruption of the rope caused by catastrophe, the two predominant forces mentioned above decrease rapidly with the ascent of the rope. In the meantime, the vertical and/or transverse current sheets and their images, which form and develop along with the rope eruption, contribute additional and significant pulling (or restoring) forces that decelerate the rope. When fast magnetic reconnection takes place across these current sheets, the restoring force provided by the sheets will be greatly reduced, which may play an important role in the dynamics of the rope. The implication of such a conclusion in the acceleration of CMEs is briefly discussed.
Finite volume evolution Galerkin methods for nonlinear hyperbolic systems

We present new truly multidimensional schemes of higher order within the framework of finite volume evolution Galerkin (FVEG) methods for systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. These methods couple a finite volume formulation with approximate evolution operators. The latter are constructed using the bicharacteristics of the multidimensional hyperbolic system, such that all of the infinitely many directions of wave propagation are taken into account. Following our previous results for the wave equation system, we derive approximate evolution operators for the linearized Euler equations. The integrals along the Mach cone and along the cell interfaces are evaluated exactly, as well as by means of numerical quadratures. The influence of these numerical quadratures will be discussed. Second-order resolution is obtained using a conservative piecewise bilinear recovery and the midpoint rule approximation for time integration. We prove error estimates for the finite volume evolution Galerkin scheme for linear systems with constant coefficients. Several numerical experiments for the nonlinear. Euler equations, which confirm the accuracy and good multidimensional behavior of the FVEG schemes, are presented as well.
Modeling of Acoustic Signal Energies with a Generalized Frank Copula. A Linguistic Conjecture is Reviewed

In this article a generalized Frank copula was selected to model the dependence between the energy on two frequency bands of the speech signal, coming from eight languages. An algorithm was developed that uses maximum likelihood to choose the best fitting copula’s parameters. Through bootstrap, the algorithm estimates the variability of the parameters for each language and also computes confidence regions by means of Voronoi tesselations. A linguistic conjecture which claims that the languages are organized in three rhythmic classes, was confirmed by the Voronoi regions. Modeling with a uniparametric Frank copula, the different degrees of dependence between the energies were quantified.
The benefit of contact for prejudice-prone individuals: The type of stigmatized outgroup matters

ABSTRACT Intergroup contact reduces prejudice against a variety of social outgroups and seems to be particularly effective at reducing prejudice in individuals most prone to it—those high in right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). The present study examines the moderating roles of RWA and SDO in the contact-prejudice relationship, targeting dissident, dangerous, and derogated outgroups: lesbians and gay men, people with schizophrenia, and Indigenous Australians, respectively. In total, 234 participants self-reported contact and prejudice against these outgroups and completed RWA and SDO scales. Contact predicted less prejudice against lesbians and gay men and Indigenous Australians in participants high in RWA and participants high in SDO. However, contact only predicted less prejudice against people with schizophrenia in participants low in RWA or SDO. The results suggest that the ability for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice in prejudice-prone individuals may depend on the outgroup targeted, specifically the threat they pose and the level of prejudice held against them.
Velocity differences in binary galaxies. I - Suggestions for a nonmonotonic, two-component distribution

A compilation of published high-precision velocities for 107 isolated binary galaxies is presented, which is used to obtain the distribution function of their velocity differences. The distribution shows a peak at the zero difference as expected, but it also shows a preference for values near 72 km/s. The distribution function declines smoothly beyond ∼72 km/s, with no significant peaks at multiples of 72 km/s as claimed by Tifft (1980, ApJ, 236). However, any peak in the velocity-difference distribution away from zero violates simple geometrical constraints for a compelte sample of bound pairs
A study of neutral hydrogen in five small galaxy groups

ABSTRA C T High-resolution H i imaging observations of a heterogeneous sample of small galaxy groups are presented. The five galaxy groups studied show a broad range of individual H i properties: e.g. loose groups surrounding LGG 138 and the genuinely compact LGG 455 are identified; a massive ring of neutral gas is discovered encircling two luminous galaxies in the LGG 138 group; a galaxy-sized mass of H i is found in LGG 455 confined to an extragalactic cloud which exceeds the threshold density for star formation, yet is optically invisible; and the CCG 1 group is argued to be a chance alignment of Centaurus cluster galaxies. Global results of the study are that the deficit of H i flux in synthesis imaging data compared with single-dish data is put forward as a quantitative measure of the diffuseness of neutral gas in galaxy groups; several groups contain gas-poor galaxies that ordinarily would contain detectable quantities of H i ‐ this is interpreted as being caused by an increased chance of gas-sweeping collisions in the group environment; and some evidence is found to support previous findings that compact groups preferentially occur in loose systems.