Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RELATIONS BETWEEN ALIPHATICS AND SILICATE COMPONENTS IN 12 STRATOSPHERIC PARTICLES DEDUCED FROM VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY

Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) are among the most pristine extraterrestrial samples available in the laboratory for analyses with moderate to high spatial- and spectral-resolution spectroscopic techniques. Their composition can provide precious information on the early stages of the solar nebula as well as on the processes on the surfaces of different small bodies in the solar system from which IDPs originate. In this work, we have analyzed six anhydrous IDPs and six stratospheric particles possibly of cosmic origin through infrared (IR) and Raman micro-spectroscopy to study and investigate their silicate and organic components. We find that the length/ramification of the aliphatic organics given by the CH2/CH3 ratios in the IDPs is closely linked to the silicate family (pyroxene or olivine) present in the samples. Both IR and Raman data suggest that this relation is not correlated with either aqueous (as evidenced by the absence of aqueous related minerals) or thermal processes (as deduced from Raman measurements). Therefore, this observation might be related to the initial path of formation of the organics on the silicate surfaces, thus tracing a possible catalytic role that silicates would play in the formation and/or ramification of organic matter in the primitive nebula.
Spatial geometry in a uniformly accelerating reference frame

The meaning of spatial geometry in a reference frame is carefully analyzed. It is shown that in a uniformly accelerating reference frame spatial geometry is Euclidean if distance is measured with measuring rods and non‐Euclidean if distance is measured with light signals. The distance function and the square of the line element associated with each mode of measurement are obtained.
Dust Grain-Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, Large Magellanic Cloud, and Small Magellanic Cloud

We construct size distributions for carbonaceous and silicate grain populations in different regions of the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC. The size distributions include sufficient very small carbonaceous grains (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules) to account for the observed infrared and microwave emission from the diffuse interstellar medium. Our distributions reproduce the observed extinction of starlight, which varies depending on the interstellar environment through which the light travels. As shown by Cardelli, Clayton, and Mathis in 1989, these variations can be roughly parameterized by the ratio of visual extinction to reddening, RV. We adopt a fairly simple functional form for the size distribution, characterized by several parameters. We tabulate these parameters for various combinations of values for RV and bC, the C abundance in very small grains. We also find size distributions for the line of sight to HD 210121 and for sight lines in the LMC and SMC. For several size distributions, we evaluate the albedo and scattering asymmetry parameter and present model extinction curves extending beyond the Lyman limit.
Best Proximity Pair Theorems for Multifunctions with Open Fibres

Let A and B be non-empty subsets of a normed linear space, and f:A->B be a single valued function. A solution to the functional equation fx=x, (x@? A) will be an element x"o in A such that fx"o=x"o (i.e., such that d(fx, x)=0). In the case of non-existence of a solution to the equation fx=x, it is natural to explore the existence of an optimal approximate solution that will fulfill the requirement to some extent. In other words, an element x"o in A should be found in such a way that d(x"o, fx"o)=Min{d(x, fx):x@? A}. Thus, the crux of finding an optimal approximate solution to the aforesaid equation fx=x boils down to ascertaining a solution to the optimization problem Min{d(x, fx):x@? A}. But, d(x, fx)>=d(A, B) for all x@? A. So, in the case of seeking an optimal approximate solution to the aforesaid equation fx=x, it should be contemplated to find an element x"o in A such that d(x"o, fx"o)=d(A, B). Indeed, given a multifunction T: A->2^B with open fibres, best proximity pair theorems, furnishing the sufficient conditions for the existence of an element x"o@? A such that d(x"o, Tx"o)=d(A, B), are proved in this paper.
Prepositioned single quantum dot in a lateral electric field

We examine the effect of a lateral electric field on the optical properties of a single deterministically positioned InAs/InP quantum dot. We show experimentally that the ground-state excitonic Stark shift is significantly reduced in comparison with the single-particle picture and that the lateral electric field introduces a new previously forbidden optical transition. Results of full configuration-interaction calculations show that the Coulomb interactions of electrons and holes are modified by the electric field leading to the compensation of the single-particle Stark shift. The calculations also account for the appearance of the field-activated optical transition as an excitonic recombination event. The comparison of exciton and predicted charged exciton spectra allows us to exclude the presence of charged exciton complexes within the measured emission spectra. The ability to precisely position a single quantum dot and demonstrate control over the electronic properties of such a dot is expected to find application in scalable techniques for quantum information science.
Arbitrary Assignment of Eigenvectors With State Feedback

Conditions under which eigenvectors of linear multivariable systems can be arbitrarily assigned using state feedback are derived. A procedure for obtaining the required feedback gain matrix is also given. Embedded within the procedure is the freedom to minimize the gain matrix as well as select eigenvalues associated with the assigned eigenvectors. Consequently, arbitrary shaping of the system transient response is possible by concentrating system energy in specific modes. This technique is well suited for applications in the active vibration control of mechanical systems
The charge trapping characteristics of Si3N4 and Al2O3 layers on amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin films for memory application

The charge trapping characteristics of 30-nm-thick Si3N4 and 3-nm-thick Al2O3 layers between amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin films and 100-nm-thick blocking oxides made of thermal SiO2 were examined. The Si3N4 layer showed several discrete trap levels with relatively low density, while the Al2O3 layer showed a higher trap density with continuous distribution for electron trapping. When no tunneling oxide was adopted, the trapped carriers were easily detrapped, even at room temperature. Adoption of a 6-nm-thick SiO2 tunneling layer grown by atomic layer deposition largely improved the retention of the trapped charges and retained ∼60% of the trapped charges even after 10 000 s.
Geometrical theory for flexure waves in shells

The paper presents a formulation of geometrical theory for transverse flexure waves propagating in thin shells. The dynamic equations correspond to the states of vibration with large values of the index of variation (Bolotin). The basic equations of geometrical optics (the eikonal equation, the Fresnel equation, and the energy conservation law) are obtained for shells with arbitrary (smooth) metrics. Their applications are illustrated with the examples of sphere and ellipsoid of rotation.
Influence of Cloud Condensation Nuclei on Orographic Snowfall

Abstract Pollution aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) have the potential to alter warm rain clouds via the aerosol first and second indirect effects in which they modify the cloud droplet population, cloud lifetime and size, rainfall efficiency, and radiation balance from increased albedo. For constant liquid water content, an increase in CCN concentration (NCCN) tends to produce an increased concentration of droplets with smaller diameters. This reduces the collision and coalescence rate, and thus there is a local reduction in rainfall. While this process applies to warm clouds, it does not identically carry over to mixed-phase clouds in which crystal nucleation, crystal riming, crystal versus droplet fall speed, and collection efficiency play active roles in determining precipitation amount. Sulfate-based aerosols serve as very efficient cloud nuclei but are not effective as ice-forming nuclei. In clouds where precipitation formation is dominated by the ice phase, NCCN influences precipi.
Aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty model for cancer incidence data

Using solid cancer incidence data from atomic bomb survivors in Japan, we examine some aspects of the Armitage–Doll gamma frailty (ADF) model. We consider the following two interpretations for lack of fit of the Armitage–Doll multistage (AD) model found with cancer data: the AD type individual hazards are heterogeneous or the individual hazards increase more slowly with age than the AD type hazards. In order to examine these interpretations, we applied the ADF model and the modified AD model to radiation‐related cancer incidence rates. We assessed the magnitude of frailty by a frailty parameter at the ADF model and departures from the AD‐type baseline hazard by a shape increment parameter at the modified AD model. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to examine the goodness of fit of the models. The modified AD model provided as good a fit as the ADF model. Our results support both interpretations and imply that these interpretations may be practically unidentifiable in univariate failure time data. Thus, results from the frailty model for univariate failure time data should be interpreted carefully. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Rich Molecular Spectrum and the Rapid Outflow of OH 231.8+4.2

The molecular spectrum of the bipolar nebula OH 231.8 + 4.2 was studied with an aim to shed light on its evolution, chemistry, and structure. The observational results on the emission lines of molecules observed in the circumstellar outflow of this nebula, including HCO(+), OCS, HNC, CS, and NH3, are presented. The implications of these data for the structure and composition of OH 231.8 + 4.2 are discussed. The circumstellar chemical processes which may account for the high abundance of the many observed sulfur compounds are considered. 49 references.
Absorbing and Ergodic Discretized Two-Action Learning Automata

A learning automaton is a machine that interacts with a random environment and that simultaneously learns the optimal action that the environment offers to it. Learning automata with variable structure are considered. Such automata are completely defined by a set of probability updating rules. Contrary to all the variable-structure stochastic automata (VSSA) discussed in the literature, which update the probabilities in such a way that an action probability can take any real value in the interval [0,1], the probability space is discretized so as to permit the action probability to assume one of a finite number of distinct values in [0,1]. The discretized automaton is termed linear or nonlinear depending on whether the subintervals of [0,1] are of equal length. It is proven that 1) discretized two-action linear reward-inaction automata are absorbing and ¿-optimal in all environments; 2) discretized two-action linear inaction-penalty automata are ergodic and expedient in all environments; 3) discretized two-action linear inaction-penalty learning automata with artificially created absorbing barriers are ¿-optimal in all random environments; and 4) there exist nonlinear discretized reward-inaction automata that are ¿-optimal in all random environments. The maximum advantage gained by rendering any finite-state discretized automaton nonlinear has also been derived.
Parameterization of Droplet Terminal Velocity and Extinction Coefficient in Fog Models

Abstract Fog droplet spectra data were obtained in several advection fogs at the AFGL Weather Test Facility at Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts, using two PMS forward-scatter spectrometer probes (FSSP-100). Approximately 90 h of droplet data were recorded simultaneously at 5 m and 30 m above the ground throughout the life cycle of 11 fogs during 1980 and 1981. This large data set was used to develop new parameterizations of the extinction coefficient and the mean droplet terminal velocity in terms of liquid water content and droplet concentration for fogs with liquid water contents greater than 0.018 g m−3. The advection fog data show an excellent correlation of 95% between the extinction coefficient and liquid water content. The regression line for these two quantities is more nearly linear than found by other investigators. The correlation between the mean droplet terminal velocity and various microphysical parameters is not as high as that for the extinction coefficient and liquid water cont.
Bounds for Lattice Polytopes Containing a Fixed Number of Interior Points in a Sublattice

Abstract A lattice polytope is a polytope in whose vertices are all in . The volume of a lattice polytope P containing exactly k ≥ 1 points in d in its interior is bounded above by . Any lattice polytope in of volume V can after an integral unimodular transformation be contained in a lattice cube having side length at most n ˙ n ! V. Thus the number of equivalence classes under integer unimodular transformations of lattice poly topes of bounded volume is finite. If S is any simplex of maximum volume inside a closed bounded convex body K in having nonempty interior, then K ⊆ ( n + 2)S — (n+ l)s where mS denotes a nomothetic copy of S with scale factor m, and s is the centroid of S.
Mapping snow cover variations using a MODIS daily cloud-free snow cover product in northeast China

Abstract Cloud contamination is one of the major barriers for wider applications of MODIS snow cover products. This study presents a cloud-removal approach, through multiday backward replacements based on Terra and Aqua daily MODIS snow cover products (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), to generate a series of daily cloud-free snow cover products for advanced applications (MODMYD_MC). The products are evaluated using in situ snow depth data measured during 2000 to 2010 at 53 weather stations in the Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The results show that the annual mean cloud covers of MOD10A1, MYD10A1, MODMYD_DC (the daily combination of MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), and MODMYD_MC are 50%, 54%, 35%, and 0%, mean snow covers are 6%, 6%, 10%, and 19%, and their mean agreements of snow cover mapping are 42%, 40%, 51%, and 91%, respectively. The snow-covered days (SCDs) derived from MODMYD_MC are also in good agreement (91%) with those obtained from in situ observations. The MODMYD_MC snow cover images are then used to investigate the detailed variation of snow cover in the XiaoXing’AnLing watershed. The snow-covered area in the watershed has an increasing trend in the recent decade, with the minimum present in the 2002 (hydrologic year) and the maximum present in 2010. The plains with lower elevation show shorter SCD but larger interannual variations than in the mountainous areas. This study indicates that MODMYD_MC can be applied to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover in northeast China and elsewhere in the world.
Giant electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymers near a first-order ferroelectric transition

We present directly measured electrocaloric effect (ECE) from the poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) 65/35 mol. % copolymer. The data reveal a large difference in the ECE between that measured in applying and in removing the electric field. The difference is significantly reduced by modifying the copolymer with 20 Mrad of high energy electron irradiation. Moreover, an isothermal entropy change ΔSint = 160 J kg−1 K−1 and an adiabatic temperature change ΔTint = 35 °C can be induced in the irradiated copolymer. These results demonstrate the promise of achieving a significant ECE in ferroelectric polymers near first-order ferroelectric-paraelectric transition where multiple intermediate phases can exist.
Evanescent wave absorption measurements of corroded materials using ATR and optical fibers

The purpose of this research effort is to develop an in-situ corrosion sensing capability. The technique will permit detection of corrosion on and within aircraft structures. This includes component junctions that are susceptible to corrosion but which are not accessible for visual inspection. The prototype experimental configuration we are developing includes long wave infrared transmitting optical fiber probes interfaced with a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) interferometer for evanescent wave absorption spectroscopic measurements. The mature and fielded technique will allow periodic remote sensing for detection of corrosion and for general onboard aircraft structural health monitoring. An experimental setup using an Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) crystal integrated with an FTIR spectrometer has been assembled. Naturally occurring corrosion including Aluminum Hydroxide [Al(OH)3] is one of the main corrosion products of aluminum the principle structural metal of aircraft. Absorption spectra of our model corrosion product, pure Al(OH)3, have been collected with this ATR/FTIR experimental setup. The Al(OH)3spectra serve as reference spectral signatures. The spectra of corrosion samples from a simulated corrosion process have been collected and compared with the reference Al(OH)3 spectra. Also absorption spectra of naturally occurring corrosion collected from a fielded corroded aircraft part have been obtained and compared with the spectra from the simulated corrosion.
Ferromagnetic insulator induced by Peierls instability at orbital order transition

The origin of the ferromagnetic insulating state of La7/8Sr1/8MnO3 is investigated. Based on the tight-binding model, it is shown that this state can be attributed to the Peierls instability arising from the interplay of spin and orbital ordering. The importance of the hole–orbiton–phonon intercoupling in doped manganites is revealed. This picture explains well the recent experimental finding of re-entrance of the ferromagnetic metal state at low temperatures (Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 097201).
Pulsations of the Oe Star ζ Ophiuchi from MOST Satellite Photometry and Ground-based Spectroscopy

Twenty-four days of highly precise Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) satellite photometry obtained in mid-2004 of the rapidly rotating O9.5 V star ζ Oph have yielded at least a dozen significant oscillation frequencies between 1 and 10 cycles day-1, clearly indicating its relationship to β Cephei variables. Eight periods were found in He I λ4922 and Hβ line profile variations (LPV) of which six coincide with those from the MOST photometry. This unique photometric and spectroscopic detection of radial and nonradial pulsations leads to a plausible model in which high l-modes are excited when their frequencies in the corotating frame are similar to those of low-order radial modes. We propose that the dominant photometric 4.6 hr period (f1) corresponds to a radial first overtone excited by the κ-mechanism associated with the Fe opacity bump. No unambiguous rotational period can be identified in either the light curve or the LPV.
Asteroid interaction with solar wind

Motivated by the Galileo observations of asteroid-associated perturbations of the solar wind magnetic field, we have conducted analytical and numerical studies on the solar wind interaction with an asteroid. As asteroid dimensions are small compared with solar wind ion scale lengths, the interaction cannot be described in terms of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory. We have obtained the solutions for the whistler mode mediated standing waves for the asteroid wake in a general geometry. The wake wave may contain many magnetic field rotations. In the special geometry with the interplanetary field perpendicular to the solar wind flow velocity, the constant phase lines for the wake wave are parabolic. Our analytical analysis and numerical simulations show that nonlinear effects do not modify the linear theory significantly even when the perturbed field is of the order of the background field. Magnetohydrodynamic shock waves are absent in the interaction of solar wind with the small object. Kinetic effects for a β = 1 plasma modify the wake wave only slightly by damping the short wavelength waves. Numerical simulations also show that the interaction of the solar wind with a small dipole field forms a draped magnetic field structure similar to that observed by Galileo during the encounter with the asteroid Gaspra.
Sonar-based robot navigation using non-linear robust discrete-time observers

In this paper, we address the sonar-based nagivation of mobile robots. The extended Kalman filtering (EKF) technique is considered, but from a deterministic, not a stochastic, point of view. For this problem, we present results on the robustness of the non-linear discrete-time observation scheme. This work is strongly based on our previous paper on continuous-time EKF. Here we provide the discrete-time counterpart of these results. The original feature of our approach is that the region-of-convergence question is posed in its complete non-linear framework, that is, considering the dynamics not only of the estimation error ζ, but also of the covariance matrix P. In this way, the approach followed makes the treatment less conservative and improves the convergence analysis. In discrete-time new problems and difficulties appeared for proving convergence: the Jacobians of f and h, A k and C k respectively, are evaluated at different trajectories and the exponential weighting factor α has a multiplicative effect on A k instead of an additive effect that results in the continuous case. These problems make it more difficult to prove that the Lyapunov function V is decreasing. We solved it by adapting some ideas from Safonov. The proposed ideas were tested successfully on simulation experiments of a mobile platform.
Individual-level modeling of the spread of influenza within households

A class of individual-level models (ILMs) outlined by R. Deardon et al., [Inference for individual level models of infectious diseases in large populations, Statist. Sin. 20 (2010), pp. 239–261] can be used to model the spread of infectious diseases in discrete time. The key feature of these ILMs is that they take into account covariate information on susceptible and infectious individuals as well as shared covariate information such as geography or contact measures. Here, such ILMs are fitted in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to data sets from two studies on influenza transmission within households in Hong Kong during 2008 to 2009 and 2009 to 2010. The focus of this paper is to estimate the effect of vaccination on infection risk and choose a model that best fits the infection data.
Dam-break release of a gravity current in a power-law channel section

The evolution of gravity currents generated in open channels which represent those present in estuaries and many hydraulics structures are studied analytically and experimentally. We are particularly interested in the effects of the cross-section shape on the dam-break flows that satisfy the shallow-water equations by considering an equivalent channel cross-section represented by a power law. A stratified two-layer system is assumed and an analytical model based on the balances of mass and momentum in the frontal region, whose results are successfully compared with those obtained by means of experiments, is proposed. The solutions describe the dynamics of the gravity currents with sharp fronts and can be applied to a wide range of natural situations where the turbulence is not dominant.