Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diet of the common wolffish Anarhichas lupus in the North Sea

The diet of common wolffish Anarhichas lupus from the North Sea is described, from a total of 143 wolffish stomachs, of which 112 contained food. The main prey were crustaceans and molluscs, together representing almost 70% of diet by relative frequency of occurrence in stomachs. Wolffish >55 cm preferred polychaetes and gastropods while wolffish <55 cm preferred sea urchins and brittle stars. The occurrence of empty stomachs was significantly less in spring than in summer or in autumn/winter. Meal size was lowest in winter and highest in spring. These data reflect a period of low food intake in winter during spawning and tooth replacement, followed by a recovery feeding episode in spring.
Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry matter intake and milk production of incorporating different proportions of maize silage into diets based on grass silages of differing energy value

SUMMARY During weeks 3–23 of lactation, 63 multiparous and 28 primiparous Friesian cows were offered ad libitum access to grass silage of either average (A)(ME 10·6 MJ/kg DM; CP 158 g/kg DM) or low (L)(ME 9·9 MJ/kg DM; CP 154 g/kg DM) energy value, either alone or in mixtures consisting of one of these grass silages with 25, 50 or 75% of the forage DM as maize silage. In addition, all cows received 7·2 kg DM/day of concentrate (ME 12·9 MJ/kg DM; CP 202 g/kg DM). There was a significant (P < 0·001) linear relationship between silage DM intake and percentage maize inclusion with grass silage. For grass silage A, DM intake of the mixture of grass and maize in a 1:1 DM ratio was significantly (P < 0·001) higher that at other inclusion levels. There was a significant (P < 0·05) overall linear effect of proportion of maize on milk yield, with a regression coefficient of 0·022 ± 0·009 kg/day per percentage maize proportion. Although milk composition was unaffected by treatment, there was a significant (P < 0·01) linear effect of maize proportion on protein yield for grass silage L, the regression coefficient being 0·8±0·03 g/day/percentage maize proportion. The mixture of grass silage A and maize silage in a 1:1 DM ratio produced the highest yield of milk protein.
Polifenoles totales en pan de abeja (Apis mellifera L.) de colmenas de la Región de La Araucanía

espanolEl pan de abeja es polen almacenado parcialmente fermentado que las obreras de Apis mellifera L. recolectan y lo mezclan con sus propias enzimas digestivas, haciendolo un alimento sano y nutritivo para ellas debido a las propiedades funcionales. Por esta razon, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concentracion de polifenoles presentes en pan de abeja provenientes de dos sectores de la Region de La Araucania mediante dos metodos de extraccion. Para ello se obtuvieron cinco panales con pan de abeja del sector de Pillanlelbun en la comuna de Lautaro y el sector de Pidenco-Codihue comuna de Carahue. El total de compuestos fenolicos se analizo colorimetricamente por medio del metodo de Folin Ciocalteu en el Laboratorio de Bromatologia de la Universidad Catolica de Temuco. La mayor concentracion de polifenoles se observo en la localidad de Pillanlelbun, tanto para la extraccion con metanol como con agua arrojando resultado de 2394 mg 100 g-1 y 689 mg 100 g-1 de pan de abeja base seca, respectivamente, en cambio en el sector de Carahue los resultados fueron de 1972 mg 100 g-1 de pan de abeja base seca extraccion con metanol y 605 mg 100 g-1 de pan de abeja base seca extraccion con agua. Esta diferencia estaria dada por la composicion floral de los polenes de cada sector, siendo mas abundante en polifenoles en el sector de Pillanlelbun. EnglishThe bee bread stored pollen fermentation is that workers of Apis mellifera L. collected and mixed with their own digestive enzymes, making it a healthy and nutritious food for them due to the functional properties. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of polyphenols present in bee bread from two sectors of the Araucania Region using two extraction methods. To do this, five combs with bee bread were obtained from the Pillanlelbun sector of the district of Lautaro and from the Pidenco-Codihue sector of the district of Carahue. The total phenolic compounds were subjected to colorimetric analysis using the Folin Ciocalteu method in the Bromatology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Temuco. A greater concentration of polyphenols was observed in the Pillanlelbun sector, for extraction both with methanol and with water, giving a result of2394 mg 100 g-1 and 689 mg 100 g-1 bee bread, dry base, respectively, while in the Carahue sector the results were 1972 mg 100 g-1 bee bread, dry base, for extraction with methanol and 605 mg 100 g-1 bee bread, dry base, for extraction with water. This difference would arise from the composition of the flora from which the pollen, with polyphenols being more abundant in the Pillanlelbun sector.
Egg development and life cycle of Chaetopteryx villosa (Trichoptera)

Combined field and laboratory investigations showed that C. villosa was univoltine in the Breitenbach, Germany. Speed and duration of embryogenesis were determined by temperature. Lowest values of accumulated temperature occurred at 6 and 8°C, when the duration of embryogenesis was shortest, and egg mortality was low. Egg masses exposed at upstream field sites needed similar time and accumulated temperatures for embryogenesis to those expected from laboratory experiments. At a downstream site embryogenesis was accelerated, possibly depending on increased daily temperature fluctuations in spring. At all field sites the emergence period of adults lasted from September until December. Size and weight of both sexes were significantly lower at the upstream site, not necessarily as a result of temperature, but possibly caused by differences in nutrition.
Effects of connectivity, dispersal directionality and functional traits on the metacommunity structure of river benthic diatoms

Dendritic ecological networks (DENs), such as river systems, combine features that challenge the traditional conceptual views and empirical approaches applied to metacommunities. As a result of their dendritic branching geometry and stream flow directionality, they are strongly hierarchical and asymmetrical. We analysed the metacommunity structure of benthic diatoms in a large‐scale river system with the aim of evaluating the importance of potential causal influences. Furthermore, we hypothesized that metacommunities of diatoms that are strongly attached to their substrata show a different spatial structure than metacommunities of other, more weakly attached diatoms.
Spatial and temporal variation of soft-bottom peracarid (Crustacea: Peracarida) infauna in the Canakkale Strait (Turkey)

The biodiversity and distribution of soft-bottom peracarid crustaceans were analyzed in the south part of Canakkale Strait, a very important biological corridor between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Samples were collected seasonally from 11 coastal stations at depths ranging from 10 to 22 m. Moreover, qualitative samples were collected in summer from 7 stations (40 - 83 m depth) located in the middle part of the Strait. A total of 110 species were identified. Amphipods were the dominant group both in terms of species richness and abundance. Apocorophium acutum, Phtisica marina and Microdeutopus versiculatus were the most abundant species. A large number of rare species was recorded, leading to very low similarity values among stations. Six different feeding types were detected, with surface deposit feeders being the dominant one in the area. Significant differences in abundances and assemblage structure were detected along the eastern and western coasts of the Strait that could be attributed to food supply and sediment composition, depending on bottom current velocities. Possible relations of peracarids with the hydrological regime of the area are also discussed.
Enzyme Activities of Gill, Hepatopancreas, Mantle, and Adductor Muscle of the Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) after Changes in Diet and Salinity

We examined the effects of exposure to low salinity (1/3 seawater) on the maximal activities of enzymes of lipid oxidation, amino acid and ketone body metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis in gill, mantle, hepatopancreas, and adductor muscle of the oyster (Crassostrea virginica). No significant metabolic reorganization occurred after 4–6 wk in low salinity. The few significant differences which were found between enzyme activities of high- and low-salinity treatment groups were always due to lower activities in the low-salinity group. In particular, hexokinase, fructose bisphosphatase, and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase declined in gill, hepatopancreas, and adductor muscle. Since high ionic strength depresses the activity of many enzymes, the reduced ionic strength in the cells of the low-salinity group may perturb metabolism by elevating rates of enzyme activity. As indicated by the present study, part of the response to low salinity by euryhaline molluscs may involve reducing the activity of cert.
Hedge Pruning Pecan

An ever increasing cost:price squeeze on the profi tability of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) farming is driving a search for alternate husbandry approaches. ‘Wichita’ and ‘Western’ trees maintained at relatively high tree population density, by mechanized hedge pruning and topping, produced greater nut yield than an orchard treatment in which tree population density was reduced by tree thinning (144% for ‘Wichita’ and 113% for ‘Western Schley’). Evaluation of three different hedge pruning strategies, over a 20-year period, identifi ed a discrete canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using a 2-year cycle, as being superior to that of a discrete canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using an 8-year cycle, but not as good as a continuous canopy hedge pruning and topping strategy using a 1-year cycle. An evaluation of 21 commercial cultivars indicated that nut yields of essentially all cultivars can be relatively high if properly hedge pruned [annual in-shell nut yields of 2200 to 3626 lb/acre (2465.8 to 4064.1 kg·ha–1), depending on cultivar]. Comparative alternate bearing intensity and nut quality characteristics are reported for 21 cultivars. These evaluations indicate that pecan orchards can be highly productive, with substantially reduced alternate bearing, when managed via a hedgerow-like pruning strategy giving narrow canopies [3403 lb/acre (3814.2 kg·ha–1) for ‘Wichita’ and 3472 lb/acre (3891.5 kg·ha–1) for ‘Western Schley’]. North–south-oriented (N–S) hedgerows produced higher yields that did east-west (E–W) hedgerows (yield for N–S ‘Wichita’ was 158% that of E–W trees and N–S ‘Western Schley’ was 174% that of E–W trees). These data indicate that mechanized hedge pruning and topping offers an attractive alternative to the conventional husbandry paradigm.
Holocene forest fires in the upper Clutha district, Otago, New Zealand

Abstract Surveyors’ maps and descriptions show that the extent of tall forest in the upper Clutha dis trict was almost the same at the beginning of Euro pean settlement in the 1850s as it is today. Since the 1850s fires in non‐forest vegetation have burnt up to forest boundaries, but in the one locality where a large block of Nothofagus forest was burnt (about 1891), succession towards podocarp woodland is now advanced. Totara (Podocarpus hallii) logs were abundant on mountain sides down‐valley from ex isting forests at the time of European settlement. Radiocabon dates range between 730 and 1200 yr BP, with the younger dates likely to be closest to the time of destruction of the trees. Charcoal occurs on slopes where soil movement after fire has led to burial and preservation, and in alluvial fans and ter races. It is most frequent between altitudes of 300 and 1000 m, and depths of 20–40 cm. None was found where annual precipitation exceeds 3600 mm, very little where it is less than 450 mm, and none within existing forest except close to margins. Frag merits were identified as angiosperm or podocarp. Nothofagus and six Other angiospem genera were confident1y distinguished. Six species of podocarp were separated, though usually as probable rather than definitive identifications; most were identified as Phyllocladus alpinus, but Prumnopitys taxifolia, Halocarpus, and Podocarpus also occur. Podocarp charcoal is widely distributed though the district, usually dispersed through the subsoil, and ranges in age from 860 to 8490 years BP. Nothofagus char coal is most abundant near surviving Nothofagus stands, often as substantial pockets. One sample was dated at 3830 years BP, whereas the remainder date at 1620 years BP or younger. Charcoal of Kunzea ericoides andor Leptospermum scoparium, which usually grow as fire‐induced stands, dated to as old as 3420 years. Charcoal and totara logs dated be tween 430 and 860 years BP, together with abundant undated material with similar stratigraphy, indicate burning within the Period of Maori Presence.
A Phylogenetic Analysis of Hydrangeaceae Based on Morphological Data

Phylogenetic analyses show Hydrangeaceae to be a monophyletic group in the Cornales, and this article uses parsimony analysis of morphological data to identify evolutionary relationships in the family. All of the most parsimonious cladograms show that (1) Jamesia, Fendlera, Fendlerella, and Whipplea form a monophyletic group that is the sister group of the rest of the family; (2) Philadelphus is monophyletic and is the sister group of Carpenteria; (3) Deutzia is monophyletic; (4) Cardiandra and Deinanthe form a monophyletic group; (5) all species of Hydrangea, as well as Broussaisia, Dichroa, Decumaria, Pileostegia, and Schizophragma, form a monophyletic group (the "hydrangea" clade); (6) three monophyletic groups-the "anomala" clade, the "heteromalla" clade, and the "macrophylla" clade-make up the "hydrangea" clade; and (7) Platycrater is the sister group of the "hydrangea" clade. The results indicate that Hutchinson's tribe Carpenterieae is paraphyletic and includes some of the most basal clades in the family. Earlier hypotheses that Deutzia was derived from Philadelphus are not consistent with the results. The paraphyly of Hydrangea is consistent with the results of an earlier phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL. In the "hydrangea" clade, Broussaisia and Dichroa, two tropical genera with fleshy fruits, are sister taxa in a clade that includes Hydrangea hirta, H. scandens, and H. macrophylla. Hydrangea heteromalla and H. paniculata are most closely related to the climbing "genera" Schizophragma, Pileostegia, and Decumaria. Most species of Hydrangea form part of the "anomala" clade, which includes species circumscribed as section Cornidia as well as H. involucrata, H. aspera, H. quercifolia, H. sikokiana, H. arborescens, and H. anomala. These results, together with those from a phylogenetic analysis of the family based on rbcL gene sequences, indicate that classifications of Hydrangeaceae require extensive revision to provide greater utility and reasonable insights on evolutionary relationships.
Macrofungi of Erzurum Province

This study was conducted on macrofungi specimens collected from Erzurum province between 1997 and 2000. As a result, 114 macrofungi species belonging to 29 families and two classes were identified. Two of them, Melanoleuca humilis (Pers.: Fr.) Sing. and Tricholoma lascivum (Fr.) Gill. (Tricholomataceae), are new records for the macrofungi flora of Turkey.
Sexing adult black-legged kittiwakes by DNA behavior, and morphology

-We sexed adult Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) using DNA-based genetic techniques, behavior and morphology and compared results from these techniques. Genetic and morphology data were collected on 605 breeding kittiwakes and sex-specific behaviors were recorded for a sub-sample of 285 of these individuals. We compared sex classification based on both genetic and behavioral techniques for this sub-sample to assess the accuracy of the genetic technique. DNA-based techniques correctly sexed 97.2% and sex-specific behaviors, 96.5% of this sub-sample. We used the corrected genetic classifications from this sub-sample and the genetic classifications for the remaining birds, under the assumption they were correct, to develop predictive morphometric discriminant function models for all 605 birds. These models accurately predicted the sex of 73-96% of individuals examined, depending on the sample of birds used and the characters included. The most accurate single measurement for determining sex was length of head plus bill, which correctly classified 88% of individuals tested. When both members of a pair were measured, classification levels improved and approached the accuracy of both behavioral observations and genetic analyses. Morphometric techniques were only slightly less accurate than genetic techniques but were easier to implement in the field and less costly. Behavioral observations, while highly accurate, required that birds be easily observable during the breeding season and that birds be identifiable. As such, sex-specific behaviors may best be applied as a confirmation of sex for previously marked birds. All three techniques thus have the potential to be highly accurate, and the selection of one or more will depend on the circumstances of any particular field study. Received 2 February 2000, accepted 1 April 2000.
Rapid, Blue‐Light‐Induced Transpiration Response Restricted to Plants with Grass‐like Stomata

It is shown that the response of transpiration to light is different in species from Gramineae and Cyperaceae compared to species from other families. Blue light (380–500 nm) causes both a rapid response (rise time 2 min) and a slow response (rise time 5 to 10 min) in species from these two families but induces only a slow response in other families. Red light results only in a slow response in all plants investigated. It is hypothesized that the rapid response to blue light is due to the special anatomy and/or function of the so-called grass-like (graminaceous) stomata of plants belonging to Gramineae or Cyperaceae.
A New Species and Some New Records of Basirotyleptus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: (Belonchinae) From Australia and Malaysia

A new species Basirotyleptus heynsi obtained from soil around roots of a peach orchard in South Western New South Wales, Australia is described. It is distinguished by a distinct bend in the basal part of the spear, flanged spear extension and by a prominent posterior uterine sac. The males of B. eximius (Siddiqi & Khan, 1964) Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 described by Sauer in 1966 are transferred to B. heynsi n. sp. New records of Basirotyleptus spp. from Australia and Malaysia are given as well as their supplementary descriptions.
Experimental manipulation of γ-tubulin distribution in arabidopsis using anti-microtubule drugs

gamma-Tubulin-specific antibodies stain the microtubule (Mt) arrays of Arabidopsis suspension cells in a punctate or patchy manner. During division, staining of kinetochore fibers and the phragmoplast is extensive, except in the vicinity of the plus ends at the metaphase plate and cell plate. gamma-Tubulin localization responds to low levels of colchicine, with staining receding farther toward the minus (pole) ends of kinetochore fibers. At higher drug concentrations, gamma-tubulin also associates with abnormal Mt foci as well as with the surface of the daughter nuclei facing the phragmoplast. During UV-induced recovery from colchicine, gamma-tubulin increases along the presumptive minus ends of mitotic Mts as well as the phragmoplast near the daughter nuclei. With CIPC, immunostaining is concentrated around the centers of focal Mt arrays in multipolar spindles. In the presence of taxol, Mts are more prominent but the mitotic apparatus and phragmoplast are abnormal. As with CIPC, gamma-tubulin is concentrated at focal arrays. Increased punctate staining is also present in interphase arrays, with fluorescent dots often located at the ends of Mts. These results support a preferential association between gamma-tubulin and Mt minus ends, but are also consistent with more general binding along the walls of Mts. Thus, minus ends (and Mt nucleation sites) may be present throughout plant Mt arrays, but gamma-tubulin may also serve another function, such as in structural stabilization.
CRESCIMENTO RADICULAR E NUTRIÇÃO DA CEVADA EM FUNÇÃO DA CALAGEM E APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO

Root growth can be affected by chemical modifications in the soil profile due to lime and gypsum applications. A field trial was carried out on a dystrophic Clay Rhodic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, State of Parana, Brazil, aiming at evaluating lime and gypsum effects on root growth and plant chemical traits of barley, cv. BR 2 (Al susceptible). A randomized complete block design was used, with three replications, in a split-plot layout. The main plots received dolomitic limestone treatments (no lime and 4.5 t.ha-1 of lime-on the surface or incorporated into the soil) and the subplots, the rates of gypsum (0, 3, 6 and 9 t.ha-1), applied in the installation of a no-tillage system, in 1998. Barley was grown during the 1999 winter season, after the soybean crop. Liming (whether surface applied or incorporated into the soil), and gypsum rates did not significantly affected barley root growth, although gypsum provided better root relative distribution in the soil profile, mainly when associated to liming. Under severe water stress conditions there was no limitation to barley root growth in depth (for 6 mmolc.dm-3 exchangeable Ca and 35% Al saturation). Lime incorporation improved the plant nutrition as to N and K, but liming treatments did not affect grain yields-these were limited by the prolonged water deficit during flowering stage. However, gypsum increased N, P, K, Ca and S plant levels, even under water stress conditions, with significant effects on grain yields, due to increases in the exchangeable Ca, Ca/Mg relationships and S-SO42- levels available in the soil.
Effect of depth of house fly pupae in poultry manure on parasitism by six species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera).

The recoveries of pteromalid parasites from house fly, Musca domestica L. , pupae placed in accumulated poultry manure at the surface and at depths of 3, 5, 10 and 15 cm were determined weekly for 10 weeks in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. No parasites were recovered from fly pupae at the 15 cm depth. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) were the first and second most abundant house fly pupal parasites collected on the surface and 3 cm beneath the surface of the poultry manure in narrow and high-rise caged-layer poultry houses. From house fly pupae 5 cm deep, P. vindemiae was rarely recovered while 5 to 12% of the parasites recovered at that depth were M. raptor. Spalangia cameroni Perkins was the most abundant Spalangia species and was recovered mostly from pupae at 5 and 10 cm deep in the manure in both houses. Other, less abundant, Spalangia species (S. endius Walker and S. nigroaenea Curtis) were recovered from fly pupae to a depth of 10 cm beneath t.