Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marginal stability of atmospheric eruption columns and pyroclastic flow generation

Explosive volcanic eruptions frequently generate fall and flow deposits simultaneously, which can be attributed to a marginally stable atmospheric column in transitional conditions between the buoyant and collapse regimes. This behavior is reproduced by laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Ten well-documented eruptions are used to test theoretical models of explosive eruptions. Three types of deposits, fall, flow, and composite deposits made of intercalated flow and fall units, are observed in these eruptions. Estimates of mass discharge rate and initial volatile concentration in the magma are available for each eruptive phase. Using the simple assumptions that (1) the mass fraction of gas in the mixture is equal to the initial volatile content of magma and (2) jet expansion outside the vent is unconstrained by crater dimensions, theoretical predictions are not consistent with the data. Agreement between data and theory may be achieved by appealing to imperfect degassing of pyroclasts, which lowers the gas content of the erupted mixture. The effective amount of continuous gas phase carrying pyroclasts in suspension depends on the size distribution of pyroclasts. In coarse pyroclast populations a large amount of magmatic gas remains trapped in bubbles within the pyroclasts and is not involved in the bulk volcanic flow. A new regime diagram based on estimates of the effective gas content in the erupted mixture allows good agreement with the observations. For given mass flux and initial dissolved volatile content, changes of the size distribution of pyroclasts may have a strong effect on atmospheric column behavior.
Landslide Hazard and Risk: Issues, Concepts and Approach

In the broad non-technical sense ‘hazards’ are defined as those processes and situations, actions or non-actions that have the potential to bring about damage, loss or other adverse effects to those attributes valued by mankind. The concept is thus applicable to all walks of life. In industry a hazard might be a power failure or a computer malfunction, in business it might be a breach of security or a poor investment decision, and in the environment it might be a spill of toxic substances or even a damaging landslide. Although the potential for something adverse to occur is appreciated, there is uncertainty as to when the hazard will realize its potential, and thus the threat is generally expressed as a likelihoodor probability of occurrence of a given event magnitude in a specified period of time. Technically, we refer to this adverse condition as ‘the hazard’. Thus, in common usage, the term ‘hazard’ has two different meanings: first, the physical process or activity that is potentially damaging; and second, the threatening state or condition, indicated by likelihood of occurrence. Generally the meanings are obvious from the context within which they are used. The consequences of hazard occurrence can be great or small, as well as direct or indirect; the latter linked to the primary impact by a chain of dependent reactions that may be manifest at some distance in time and space from the initial occurrence. Clearly the consequences depend on the context in which they occur, the particular elements and attributes affected, and their value and level of importance. In simple generic terms, the important concept of ‘risk’ can thus be seen as having two components: the likelihood of something adverse happening and the consequences if it
DNA Methylation Profiling Revealed Promoter Hypermethylation-induced Silencing of p16, DDAH2 and DUSP1 in Primary Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: Hypermethylation in promoter regions of genes might lead to altered gene functions and result in malignant cellular transformation. Thus, biomarker identification for hypermethylated genes would be very useful for early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The objectives of this study were to screen and validate differentially hypermethylated genes in OSCC and correlate the hypermethylation-induced genes with demographic, clinocopathological characteristics and survival rate of OSCC. Methods: DNA methylation profiling was utilized to screen the differentially hypermethylated genes in OSCC. Three selected differentially-hypermethylated genes of p16, DDAH2 and DUSP1 were further validated for methylation status and protein expression. The correlation between demographic, clinicopathological characteristics, and survival rate of OSCC patients with hypermethylation of p16, DDAH2 and DUSP1 genes were analysed in the study. Results: Methylation profiling demonstrated 33 promoter hypermethylated genes in OSCC. The differentially-hypermethylated genes of p16, DDAH2 and DUSP1 revealed positivity of 78%, 80% and 88% in methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and 24% and 22% of immunoreactivity in DDAH2 and DUSP1 genes, respectively. Promoter hypermethylation of p16 gene was found significantly associated with tumour site of buccal, gum, tongue and lip (P=0.001). In addition, DDAH2 methylation level was correlated significantly with patients' age (P=0.050). In this study, overall five-year survival rate was 38.1% for OSCC patients and was influenced by sex difference. Conclusions: The study has identified 33 promoter hypermethylated genes that were significantly silenced in OSCC, which might be involved in an important mechanism in oral carcinogenesis. Our approaches revealed signature candidates of differentially hypermethylated genes of DDAH2 and DUSP1 which can be further developed as potential biomarkers for OSCC as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in the future.
Changes in occurrence of cold surges over east Asia in association with Arctic Oscillation

It has been newly found that the occurrence of cold surges in east Asia is significantly influenced by the Arctic Oscillation (AO). In the present study, the events of cold surge are objectively determined based on several synoptic criteria and the phase‐dependency of its occurrences in association with the AO has been revealed. During the negative AO phase, the frequency of cold surge occurrence is relatively increased than that of neutral and positive AO phases. The variation of upper level trough and jet stream over east Asia and the Siberian High in association of AO are suggested to explain the change of cold surge occurrences.
Comparing apples with apples: use of limiting environmental differences to match reference and stressor‐exposure sites for bioassessment of streams

Human impacts on freshwater biota are often assessed by comparisons with regional reference sites judged to be free or nearly free from the influence of stressors of concern. These comparisons may involve predictive models that extrapolate from reference‐site data to estimate the biota that would occur at each assessment site in the absence of the stressors. This extrapolation often involves selection or weighting of data from particular reference sites, but it is seldom demonstrated whether this process results in a more accurate, precise and sensitive assessment than would be achieved from comparison with a simple unweighted combination of data from all reference sites, that is a null model. In addition, predictive models often rely on additive combinations of environmental predictor variables, but such combinations may poorly represent the natural control of spatial variation in biological communities by multiple limiting factors. In this paper, we describe a different type of reference‐site approach, based on the concept of limiting environmental differences (LEDs) as natural constraints on biological similarity among sites. In this method, an assessment site is compared with a sub‐set of environmentally matched reference sites selected by application of LED criteria to individual environmental variables. We illustrate this approach by its application to a potentially subtle impact: the effect of water abstraction on fish assemblages in unregulated streams in northeastern New South Wales, Australia. We compared (1) a LED‐based predictive model, (2) a null model and (3) a model based on cluster analysis and multiple discriminant analysis in the style of the widely followed River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS). The LED‐based model was about as accurate as the RIVPACS‐type model and the most precise and sensitive of the three, being best able to distinguish sites where fish assemblages departed from reference status. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The African rain forest during the Last Glacial Maximum an archipelago of forests in a sea of grass

In central Gabon ( Africa ) the distribution ecology of the Caesalpinioideae tree species (Leguminosae) were studied in two separate low rainfall areas which straddled the same geological transition from upland to lowland. The principle environmental force arranging their distribution was regional drought stress during the two dry seasons. These drought sensitive tree species were able to survive in the two forest-savannah mosaics because local compensation was provided by the permanent presence of water along some of the streams and by reduced exposure (shade) in narrow valleys. According to the Pleistocene forest refuge theory the Caesalpinioideae in the two study areas arrived during the last 10,000 years (Holocene) from the closest forest refugium- the Chaillu Massif (80 km further south). This part of Gabon did not become deforested during the Last Glacial Maximum when climate was much drier because cloud forest conditions in this elevated area compensated for the shortage of rainfall. Arrival of the Caesalpinioideae trees by migration from this refuge area by their normal dispersal mechanism of explosively opening pods is excluded as their advance over the Holocene was only 36 km. Also arrival through occasional long-distance dispersal events by water along watercourses is not viable, because species composition along streams does not show a decreasing gradient with distance from the refuge area. Long-distance dispersal events in the past now obscured by an equilibrium situation of species distributions with present-day habitat is also not possible as the similar hills and lowland in the two study sites are inhabited by very different species. The only conclusion is that the Caesalpinioideae survived the Last Glacial Maximum in the study areas themselves. The present-day general presence of these Caesalpinioideae in the African rain forest between the former forest refugia shows that small pockets of forest persisted in the then savannah.
Interdecadal shift of intense tropical cyclone activity in the Southern Hemisphere

The variability of intense tropical cyclone (TC) in the Southern Hemisphere and its relation to large‐scale environmental parameters are examined through temporal and spatial principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that there was a shift from low intense TC activity during 1976/1977–1987/1988 (period 1) to high activity during 1988/1989–2007/2008 (period 2). Accumulated cyclone energy maps indicate that this shift is related to more occurrences of intense TCs in the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) and northwestern Australian region during period 2. The spatial‐mode PCA identifies distinct sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) patterns dominating in periods 1 and 2. The four dominating patterns in period 1 have low or negative SSTA in the TC development regions (especially over SWIO), whereas the five dominating ones in period 2 have much higher SSTA in the same regions. The temporal variability of the vertical wind shear (VWS) over the Indian Ocean (IO) is examined through the temporal‐mode PCA. The first mode is El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related, but there is no clear interdecadal variability identified. The second mode shows high VWS during the 1970s to early 1980s that is similar in length to period 1, followed by low VWS afterwards during period 2. This change in VWS thus may be responsible for the shift in intense TC activity over the IO. Linear correlative analysis shows that the mode of variability in VWS is significantly related to subtropical dipole events in the IO. Potential linkages of these findings with ENSO and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation are discussed.
The Old Neighborhood: What We Lost in the Great Suburban Migration

The disclosure describes a refrigerant compressor of the type driven by a motor capable of operating at a low speed and a high speed, the motor including first, second and third stator coils. First, second and third temperature sensors are located adjacent the first, second and third stator coils, respectively, for detecting any change in temperature of the coils. If the temperature of any of the stator coils exceeds a perdetermined value, a control device operates a switch in a pilot circuit that turns off the motor before damage from excessive heat can occur. A unique contactor assembly utilizing both electrical and mechanical interlocks interconnects the stator coils to provide two speed operation.
Process analysis in landscape planning, the example of Sakarya/Kocaali, Turkey

Landscape planning which is one of the fields of study that creates a balance between natural sciences and engineering sciences in the best possible way is also important for natural resource management. One of the main purposes is a balanced planning of people and nature, instead of people oriented planning. In landscape planning, the approaches in which landscape functions are analyzed and the structure and change of landscape is presented have been supported by ecology and landscape ecology sciences. Water, erosion and habitat function of landscape has been presented in the research by the help of Geographical Information System (GIS). The research area is Kocaali District that is situated on Western Black Sea basin. A landscape planning approach demand that is to function as a pre-study for the next planning studies from Kocaali Municipality is the strongest reason for choosing that area. As a result of water, erosion and habitat function analyses, it has been stated that the beach in the north of the area should definitely be conserved; the forested land in the southwest of the area has high conservation value and the hazelnut-groves that can be seen in many parts of the area needs a medium conservation. In conclusion, research findings and water, erosion and habitat function analyses about landscape can be used in the planning decisions related to agriculture, forestry, settlement, etc. separately. Additionally, evaluation of the all landscape functions all together will make important contributions to the planners in sub-region and region scale.
Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP reanalyses using high-quality research vessel observations

Abstract The uncertainties in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NCEPR) products are not well known. Using a newly developed, high-resolution, quality controlled, surface meteorology dataset from research vessels participating in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), regional and global uncertainties are quantified for the NCEPR air–sea fluxes and the component fields used to create those fluxes. For the period 1990–95, WOCE vessel and gridded NCEPR fields are matched in time and space. All in situ data are subject to data quality review to remove suspect data. Adjustment of ship observations to the reference height of the NCEPR variables, and calculation of air–sea fluxes from the in situ data are accomplished using bulk formulas that take atmospheric stability, height of the measurements, and other adjustments into consideration. The advantages of using this new set of WOCE ship observations include the ability to compare 6-h integrated fluxes (much of the ship data originate from automated observing sy.
ANALYSIS OF N-GRAM BASED TEXT CATEGORIZATION FOR BANGLA IN A NEWSPAPER CORPUS

The goal of any classification is to build a set of models that can correctly predict the class of different objects. Text categorization is one such application and can be used in many classification task, e.g. news categorization, language identification, authorship attribution, text genre categorization, recommendation systems etc. In this paper we analyze the performance of n-gram based text categorization for Bangla in a Bangladeshi newspaper, Prothom-Alo corpus.
Water quality for haemodialysis

(Suggestions are based on Level III and IV evidence) • Adequacy of dialysis should be assessed on all patients at least 3-monthly, as clinically based assessment has proven unreliable. • Adequate dialysis should always include careful blood pressure control and ECF volume management with regular re-evaluation of ideal dry weight, salt intake and a review of the ultrafiltration rate. • Adequacy of dialysis can be assessed in several ways. The most common acceptable methods are: formal ureakinetic Kt/V, URR, natural log Kt/V and the Daugirdas second generation formula. A renal unit should be consistent in the method it uses. (Opinion) • The minimum achieved spKt/V should be 1.2 (URR = 65%). To consistently achieve this in at least 80% of patients, it is recommended that the target spKt/V should be 1.4 (URR = 70%).
Cyclicity and NRM acquisition in the armantes section (Miocene, Spain): Potential for an astronomical polarity time scale for the continental record

The results are presented of a detailed study of a short (250 kyr) interval from a cyclically bedded continental sequence that is composed of alternating reddish silts and whitish limestones (Armantes section, Central Spain). The lithology as well as the carbonate and gamma‐ray records indicate that five small‐scale cycles are developed in one large‐scale cycle, implying that the small‐scale cyclicity is related to precession and thus caused by climate forcing. Rock magnetic experiments show that the NRM is carried by hematite and magnetite/maghemite and that the relative contribution of hematite is related to lithology. The positions of the reversal boundaries can reliably be determined, even though reversals of the magnetite and hematite components appear to be recorded at slightly different levels. We conclude that the well‐developed cyclicity and the good paleomagnetic properties of the sediments will enable the construction of an astronomical polarity time scale (APTS) for the continental realm.
Reducing Nitrogen Export from the Corn Belt to the Gulf of Mexico: Agricultural Strategies for Remediating Hypoxia

SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed models developed for the Upper Midwest were used to help evaluate the nitrogen‐load reductions likely to be achieved by a variety of agricultural conservation practices in the Upper Mississippi‐Ohio River Basin (UMORB) and to compare these reductions to the 45% nitrogen‐load reduction proposed to remediate hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Our results indicate that nitrogen‐management practices (improved fertilizer management and cover crops) fall short of achieving this goal, even if adopted on all cropland in the region. The goal of a 45% decrease in loads to the GoM can only be achieved through the coupling of nitrogen‐management practices with innovative nitrogen‐removal practices such as tile‐drainage treatment wetlands, drainage–ditch enhancements, stream‐channel restoration, and floodplain reconnection. Combining nitrogen‐management practices with nitrogen‐removal practices can dramatically reduce nutrient export from agricultural landscapes while minimizing impacts to agricultural production. With this approach, it may be possible to meet the 45% nutrient reduction goal while converting less than 1% of cropland in the UMORB to nitrogen‐removal practices. Conservationists, policy makers, and agricultural producers seeking a workable strategy to reduce nitrogen export from the Corn Belt will need to consider a combination of nitrogen‐management practices at the field scale and diverse nitrogen‐removal practices at the landscape scale.
Relationships between rainfall, fog and throughfall at a hill evergreen forest site in northern Thailand

This study used hourly data of rainfall, water captured by a sheltered fog gauge and wind speed as collected at a montane forest site in northern Thailand during nearly 3 years to test the efficiency of the rain‐protected passive fog gauge as a predictor of fog occurrence. To separate possible contributions by wind‐driven rain (WDR) from fog, the maximum rate of water input to the fog gauge during rainless periods (Fogmax) was derived as a function of wind speed. During periods with rain and fog, the fog gauge often produced values above the Fogmax line, suggesting contributions by WDR. The specific conditions of rainfall intensity and wind speed under which this happened were identified and the corresponding data were excluded from the fog data‐set for subsequent reanalysis. Based on the recalculated data‐set, inter‐annual and seasonal variations as well as the diurnal pattern of fog occurrence at the studied forest are described. Fog‐induced canopy drip during rainless periods was only 19·3 mm over the 3 years, being less than 0·5% of total throughfall and ∼33% of the corresponding catch by the fog gauge (58 mm). However, the fog gauge captured nearly 18 times more water (1033 mm) during all times when WDR could reasonably be excluded. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Six Billion and Counting

In 1999 global population surpassed 6 billion people, and this number rises by about 70-80 million people each year. "Six Billion and Counting" examines the consequences of continuing population growth for the world's resource systems and for national and global food security. Leisinger, Schmitt, and Pandya-Lorch offer here a sober analysis of a complex and alarming situation. They assess the progress the world has made in controlling population growth and point to the areas where future difficulties will lie. They describe the effects of rapid population growth on social and economic conditions and on natural resources, and they consider what population growth will mean for the food security of poor people and poor countries. In addition, the authors make clear how the roles of women and children in traditional societies affect birth rates. "Six Billion and Counting" shows that neither the population pessimists, who predict a catastrophic exhaustion of natural resources, nor the population optimists, who foresee technological solutions for all of the problems raised by population growth, offer the most useful approach to this problem. Instead, Leisinger and his coauthors argue that new technologies mitigating the harmful effects of rapid population growth can give the world valuable time to take the complex and multifaceted steps needed to reduce population growth rates to sustainable levels.
ADICIONES AL CONOCIMIENTO DE PLIOLESTES TRIPOTAMICUS REIG, 1955 (MAMMALIA, MARSUPIALIA, CAENOLESTIDAE) DEL PLIOCENO SUPERIOR DE LA ARGENTINA.

1) the type and a new specimen of Pliolestes tripotamicus Reig, 1955 (Marsupialia, Caenolestinae) from the upper Pliocene are respectively reanalyzed and described; 2) a new specirnen, provisionally assigned to Pliolestes sp. from the lower Pliocene (Chasicoan age) is described; 3) as a consequence, a revised diagnosis of Pliolestes is proposed. Regarding the relationship between the Caenolestidae and the Polydolopidae (Caenolestoidea) the following are discussed: 1) the Caenolestidae can not have been the Polydolopidae's ancestors (so agreement with Odreman's hypothesis); 2) the recognized evolutive grades of the Caenolestidae could represent paralell processes to that of the Polydolopidae although different and independent. Furthermore, the following events are commented: 1) probable extinction of the Polydolopidae by competition with the inmigrant rodents ("pre-Caviomorpha") during the ? Upper Eocene; 2) the unknown reason of extinction of the specialized Palaeothentinae and Abderitinae (Caenolestidae ) ; 3) probable geonemic retraction of the Caenolestinae from the upper Pliocene owing to a competition, by that time, with the Cricetidae rodent inmigrants.