Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections1

A number of nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century dialect descriptions refer to an unusual adverb + infinitive construction in southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English. The construction is most often reported in the form of a formulaic phrase away to go, meaning ‘away he went’, though it is also found with a range of other adverbs. In addition, the same dialects also make use of a possibly related imperative construction, consisting of a preposition or adverb and a to-infinitive, as in out to come! ‘Come out! ’ and a negative imperative construction consisting of the negator not and the base form of the verb, as in Not put no sugar in! These construction types appear to be marginal at best in earlier varieties of English, whereas comparable constructions with the verbal noun are a well-established feature of especially British Celtic languages (i.e. Welsh, Breton, and Cornish). In this article I argue that transfer from the British Celtic languages offers a possible explanation for the use of these constructions in the traditional southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English.
Towards a general model of space weathering of S-complex asteroids and ordinary chondrites

Context. The effect of the space weathering on the spectral properties of the S-complex asteroids has been widely discussed in recent times, and a systematic reddening due to the exposure to the various influxes has been found. The evolution of spectral properties is also affected by other processes, such as close encounters with planetary bodies. Aims. In this paper we present our model of asteroidal space weathering, combining the previous analyses and using an increased dataset. We also provide a link with ordinary chondrite meteorites. Methods. We revise also some age estimates in terms of dynamical and physical considerations. Results. The present analysis qualitatively confirms the previous results, but a by far more refined and reliable slope-exposure relation is obtained, capable to include in a unique scenario the ordinary chondrite meteorites, NEOs, Mars Crossers and Main Belt asteroids. Moreover, we show that, on the basis of spectroscopic properties, Mars Crossers should be, on the average, significantly younger than Main Belt asteroids of the same size. Finally, we find that the solar ion flux is the most relevant source of the asteroidal space weathering. Conclusions. The properties of ordinary chondrite meteorites, NEOs, Mars Crossers and Main Belt asteroids can be included in a unique scenario. This has unveiled the relevant processes – some newly discovered – which play an important role in determining the evolution of the spectral properties of these bodies over time.
REINVESTIGATING THE CLUSTERS KOPOSOV 1 AND 2

We investigate the fundamental parameters of age, distance, and mass function slope for the poorly studied clusters Koposov 1 and Koposov 2. These clusters were discovered recently and tentatively classified as globular clusters. Using the Large Monolithic Imager on Lowell Observatory's Discovery Channel Telescope, we present photometry extending to V = 25, three to four magnitudes below the main sequence turnoffs for the clusters. We find the clusters have tidal radii of 15 pc and 10.7 pc and distances of 34.9 kpc and 33.3 kpc for Koposov 1 and Koposov 2, respectively. Studying the stellar content of the clusters, we use completeness-corrected star counts to reveal extremely faint total magnitudes of 2.01 and 0.03 in V, and steep Salpeter-like present-day mass functions. Finally, we show that the spatial positions of the clusters agree well with the position of the Sagittarius stream and conclude that these two objects are open clusters removed from the Sagittarius galaxy.
A dynamical system approach to the absolute instability of spatially developing localized open flows and media

Absolute instability of spatially developing localized open flows is analysed by applying the Laplace transform in time to the corresponding initial–value linear stability problem, and treating the resulting boundary–value problem on R for the vector equation Zx(x, ω) = [A(ω) + R(x)]Z(x, ω) + g(x, ω) as a dynamical system. Here Z(x, ω) is the perturbation, x εR is the spatial coordinate, ω εC is a frequency (and a Laplace transform parameter), and g(x, ω) is the source function. The analysis assumes that the tail matrix R(x) decays faster than any exponential, when x → ±∞. No restriction on the rate of variability of R(x) in the finite domain is imposed. The boundary conditions of decay for Z(x, ω), when x → ±∞, are formulated in terms of two projectors on the subspaces spanned by the eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors of A(ω) having the eigenvalues with positive and, correspondingly, negative real parts. The boundary–value problem is solved formally, and the dispersion relation function, D1(ω), for the global modes is expressed in terms of the projectors. It is shown that a spatially developing localized flow or medium is absolutely unstable if and only if either the associated uniform state, i.e. the one with R(x) being zero, is absolutely unstable, or D1(ω) = 0 has roots in the upper ω–half–plane, or both. When the associated uniform state is absolutely stable then D1(ω) is analytic in {ω εC | Im ω > 0}, the roots of D1(ω) with Im ω > 0 are the contributors to the absolute instability, and, in the analysis of absolute instability of the spatially localized flow, neither a consideration of the complexified physical coordinate nor the concept of saddle point in the complexified physical space is involved. This is in contrast to the currently widely used WKBJ approach to the absolute instability of spatially non–localized flows. We present a practically implementable procedure for analysing spatially developing localized flows on absolute instability, and suggest a frequency selection criterion for such flows with self–sustained oscillations.
Excitation of surface plasma wave at TiN/air interface in the Kretschmann geometry

Since titanium nitride appears golden and has a high conductivity, the possibility that it can be used in surface plasma wave applications in a manner similar to gold but with very strong scratch-resistance, is of interest. This work considers this possibility using the Kretschmann configuration, measuring the angle-dependent reflectivity as well as the wavelength-dependent reflectivity. Both sets of results demonstrate the excitation of a surface plasma wave at the TiN/air interface by an incident p-wave. The thickness of TiN that most efficiently couples the incident p-wave to the surface plasma wave is around 35 nm. All of the experiments are accompanied by corresponding numerical simulations.
Temperature and doping dependence of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O electronic structure and fluctuation effects

Angle-resolved photoemission data from bulk ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ show changes in the excitation gap and line shape versus both doping and temperature. We employ two different quantitative analyses; one to search for a gap closing temperature ${T}^{\ensuremath{\star}},$ and the other to further characterize its relation to the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}. $ We present observations of the sharp feature near crystal momentum $\mathbf{k}=(1,0)$ in superconducting spectra, and its temperature and doping dependence. This temperature dependence is analyzed together with the shift in the spectral weight's lowest binding energy (leading edge). Finally, we find evidence for persistence of this sharp peak at temperatures slightly above ${T}_{c}. $
Global SnowPack: a new set of snow cover parameters for studying status and dynamics of the planetary snow cover extent

With the Global SnowPack, we present a set of global snow cover parameters – for the first time in medium resolution for the full globe and without the compromising effects of cloud coverage or polar darkness. Over 1.2 million single data sets were processed to prepare the Global SnowPack between September 2000 and 2015 – with around 246 more being added every day. Snow cover duration (SCD), early and late season SCD, and statistical products are the main components of the Global SnowPack which can be used to analyse shifts and trends of global snow cover characteristics as well as extreme events. The 500 m resolution allows for applications on a subcatchment scale. One example for a possible application is included, focusing on a detailed view of the California and Volga Basin snow cover characteristics. The Global SnowPack reveals areas with extremely low SCD in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 which is one reason for the severe droughts in California.
A water maser flare in W49N - The superposition of the spectra of two component masers

We report the results of our short time scale monitoring observations of W49N. Three water maser features were found to show obvious variations in flux density, line width and center velocity. Over a period of about 22 days, the -88.3, -56.9 and -12.8 km s(-1) features declined linearly in flux density at rates of 57, 113, 98.8 Jy per day, respectively. The line widths of the -56.9 and -12.8 km s(-1) features increased at rates of similar to0.022 and similar to0.046 km s(-1) per day, respectively, while the line width of the -88.3 km s(-1) feature increased at a rate of 0.01 km s(-1) per day during the first 17 days and decreased at a rate of 0.017 km s(-1) per day during the remainder of the days. All three features show a systematic shift of similar to1 km s(-1) in center velocity. We propose a model based on the superposition of the spectra of two maser clouds to explain the variations of these maser features: two rigidly rotating, unsaturated spherical maser clouds during the declining phase reach the same line-of-sight velocity, then they depart from each other because of their relative acceleration.
Extraction of FM components from speech signals using all-pole model

Frequency modulation has recently emerged as a promising model for characterising the phase of a speech signal. Proposed is a novel technique for extracting the frequency modulation (FM) components from the subband speech signal, using a second-order all-pole model. Evaluation of a speaker recognition system employing FM features, extracted using the proposed technique, on the NIST 2001 database reveals improvement over MFCC baseline and significant improvements over the discrete energy separation algorithm and a Hilbert transform based approach in terms of equal error rate.
Manifestly invariant Lagrangians for geophysical fluids

Three manifestly invariant Lagrangians are presented from which the covariant equations of motion for inviscid classical fluids are derived using the least action principle. Invariance and covariance are here defined with respect to synchronous, but otherwise arbitrary, coordinate transformations, i.e. supposing that time intervals are absolute as required by Newtonian mechanics. In the first Lagrangian, the flow is formulated in terms of fluid particles, but conservation of mass and entropy is assumed apriori. In the second Lagrangian, the flow is described by fields, and conservation of mass and entropy is obtained with Lagrange multipliers. The third Lagrangian is also based on a field formulation, but has no Lagrange multipliers and produces all the desired equations of motion, including conservation of mass and entropy. The differences and similarities between these formulations are discussed. Hydrostatic equations are rederived from an asymptotic expansion of the action using the covariant field formulation.
Fabrication of focused poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer 40–50 MHz ultrasound transducers on curved surfaces

Copolymer films such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) have lower acoustic impedance compared to their ceramic counterparts, allowing for a better acoustic match to tissues in the human body. Because of this, copolymerultrasonic transducers are capable of yielding the desirable characteristics of broad bandwidth and short pulse duration that allow better image resolution to be achieved. In the past, such transducers in the frequency range from 40 to 80 MHz have frequently been fabricated by spin coating the copolymer film onto a flat substrate and then applying the film to a curved backing using an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer may cause spurious signals at these frequencies, in addition to the film damage that may occur as a result of such processing. In order to avoid these problems, a copolymer film can be directly spin coated onto a curved substrate. The resulting devices had an operating frequency of over 40 MHz and approximately a 75% bandwidth. The potential of several approaches that could be further explored to increase the level of performance of such devices is also discussed.
Rational curves on hypersurfaces

Abstract We study the family of smooth rational curves of degree e on a hypersurface of degree d in ℙn. When e = 1, the smoothness, the dimension and the connectedness of the family have been investigated by W. Barth and A. Van de Ven over the complex number field, and by J. Kollár over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. On the other hand, J. Harris, M. Roth, and J. Starr have recently studied irreducibility, smoothness and the dimension of the family over the complex number field. In this paper, we investigate the family in detail, mainly in the case of 1 ≦ e ≦ 3 and d ≧ 1, and in the case of e ≧ 4 and d ≧ 2e − 3, without the assumption on the characteristic of the ground field.
Observations of NIR polarized light from Sagittarius A*

Abstract We present a brief overview of results obtained from near-infrared polarized observations of Sgr A*, which is associated with the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. The observations have been carried out using the NACO adaptive optics instrument at the VLT UT4 in the infrared Ks-band from 2004 to 2012. Several polarized flares have been observed in this time interval which allow us to determine the statistical properties of NIR linearly polarized light from Sgr A*. Linear polarization at 2.2 μm and its variations can help us to constrain the physical conditions of the accretion process around this supermassive black hole.
An Investigation of Small Synoptic-Scale Cyclones in Polar Air Streams

Abstract The large-scale environment of small synoptic-scale cyclones that occur in polar air streams over the wintertime North Pacific behind or poleward of major frontal bands is objectively documented by the compositing of meridional (latitude-height) cross sections for 22 cases. The cold air mass cyclones are found to be associated with deep baroclinity throughout the troposphere and are located on the low-pressure side of well-developed jet streams in regions of strong cyclonic wind shear. The lower troposphere is conditionally unstable and in the early stage of development is strongly heated from below by the warmer ocean. Based on the results of the composites, and theoretical considerations, it is concluded that the oceanic polar air cyclones are a baroclinic instability phenomenon whose small scales relate to low values of the Richardson number near the surface and whose large upper level amplitudes relate to the effects of latent heat release on baroclinic wave development. Barotropic instabilit.
Winter Monsoon Convection in the Vicinity of North Borneo. Part I: Structure and Time Variation of the Clouds and Precipitation

Abstract Radar and satellite observations in the vicinity of northern Borneo obtained during the International Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX) showed that the convection in that region underwent an extremely regular diurnal cycle. Over the sea to the north of Borneo, the general level of convective activity was increased during monsoon surges and during the passages of westward-propagating near-equatorial disturbances. Convective activity was decreased during monsoon lulls. The diurnal cycle was well-defined, regardless of whether, the general level of convective activity was enhanced or suppressed by synoptic-scale events. The cycle of convection over the sea was especially well documented. It was typically initiated at about midnight when an offshore low-level wind began. Where this wind met the monsoonal northeasterly flow, usually just off the coast, convective cells formed. After midnight, the convection continued to develop and by 0800 LST it had evolved into an organized mesoscale system with a .
Fourth-order moments of longitudinal- and transverse-velocity structure functions

The relationship between fourth-order moments of δu1 and δu2, the longitudinal- and transverse-velocity increments, respectively, is examined in some detail in the context of local isotropy and internal intermittency. Measurements in a plane jet at a sufficiently large value of the turbulence Reynolds number indicate an inertial-range behaviour of the flatness factors of δu1 and δu2 that is in reasonable agreement with the lognormal hypothesis of Kolmogorov and the log-Poisson model. In the inertial range, the fourth-order structure function exhibits a moderately larger departure from local isotropy than the second-order structure function.
Experimental investigation of the collapse of a turbulent wake in a stably stratified fluid

This paper is devoted to an experimental characterization of the collapse under buoyancy forces of the turbulent motions in the wake of a sphere in a linearly stable saline stratification. This phenomenon is part of the transition between two commonly recognized regions of the wake, the near wake and the far wake. It is shown here that the wake evolves in four distinct stages: the three-dimensional near wake, the collapse, a transition region, and finally the far wake. Hot-film measurements in the near wake and the region beyond show that initially the mean defect velocity decreases as in a nonstratified fluid, but then increases briefly before continuing to decrease again. The short period of mean defect-velocity increase or mean-flow acceleration characterizes the collapse and results in the higher levels of kinetic energy found in stratified wakes as compared to nonstratified wakes. The far-wake region of the flow was studied by a digital particle image velocimetry technique yielding decay laws for the.
The general coalescent with asynchronous mergers of ancestral lines

Take a sample of individuals in the fixed-size population model with exchangeable family sizes. Follow the ancestral lines for the sampled individuals backwards in time to observe the ancestral process. We describe a class of asymptotic structures for the ancestral process via a convergence criterion. One of the basic conditions of the criterion prevents simultaneous mergers of ancestral lines. Another key condition implies that the marginal distribution of the family size is attracted by an infinitely divisible distribution. If the latter is normal the coalescent allows only for pairwise mergers (Kingman's coalescent). Otherwise multiple mergers happen with positive probability.
Updraft and Downdraft Events in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract Conditional sampling has been applied to aircraft turbulence measurements in order to study updrafts and downdrafts over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Average event size, number density and proportion of time series occupied are obtained for the drafts, along with conditional averages of horizontal momentum, moisture and virtual temperature and the draft contributions to the total fluxes. It is found that updrafts are usually cool/moist and warm/moist while downdrafts are most often warm/dry. Convective mass flux parameterizations of the sensible and latent heat flux are tested. Results consistent with previous workers are obtained when the flux production is mainly by updrafts. However, when downdrafts dominate, they must be taken into account explicitly in order for the parameterization to be accurate.
A Finite Difference Scheme Solving the Boltzmann Poisson System for Semiconductor Devices

The Boltzmann equation describing electron flow in semiconductor devices is considered. The collision operator models the scattering processes between free electrons and phonons in thermal equilibrium. The doping profile and the self-consistent electric field are related by the Poisson equation. The coupled system is solved by using a simple numerical scheme based on finite differences. Hydrodynamical variables are obtained by integrating the distribution function. Numerical results are shown for a one-dimensional n+−n−n+ silicon diode.
Extending Sliced Inverse Regression

Sliced inverse regression (SIR) and an associated chi-squared test for dimension have been introduced as a method for reducing the dimension of regression problems whose predictor variables are normal. In this article the assumptions on the predictor distribution, under which the chi-squared test was proved to apply, are relaxed, and the result is extended. A general weighted chi-squared test that does not require normal regressors for the dimension of a regression is given. Simulations show that the weighted chi-squared test is more reliable than the chi-squared test when the regressor distribution digresses from normality significantly, and that it compares well with the chi-squared test when the regressors are normal.
Bow and arrow dynamics

Past analyses of bow and arrow dynamics have assumed the string to be inextensible. This results in predictions of efficiencies that are significantly higher than measured values (efficiencies over 90% are predicted versus 70% to 85% for measurements, circa 1960). The present analysis allows for an elastic string. It is found that arrow exit then takes place when the string and bow limbs still have substantial kinetic energy, and therefore this energy is unavailable for kinetic energy of the arrow. Moreover, the potential energy remaining in the string and bow limb system can also reduce the amount of energy available for the arrow. For the Hickman model of a long bow used in this study, the elastic string prediction of efficiency is 78%, whereas the inelastic prediction is 92%. The analysis utilizes a Lagrangian distributed mass formulation to develop the governing equations of motion and to generate an equivalent point mass model. The equations of motion were numerically integrated to obtain efficiency,.
Influence of Shallow Cumuli on Subcloud Turbulence Fluxes Analyzed from Aircraft Data

Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of shallow cumuli in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by quantitatively analysing subcloud turbulence variables. Aircraft turbulence data for three flights from the 1986 Hydrologic–Atmospheric Pilot Experiment project over southwest France is extensively analyzed in terms of both cumulus regime and eddy dimensions. The turbulent part of any variable has been divided into three spatial frequency bands to estimate the scale-dependent effects of cumuli on the total turbulent fluxes and energy at several levels within the subcloud layer. Case 1 (21 May) had strong active (positively buoyant) cumuli that were deep and large in diameter; additionally, there were weak active cumuli that were shallow and small in diameter. Case 2 (9 May) had weak active cumuli with a smaller vertical depth, and case 3 (13 June) had only forced (negatively buoyant) cumuli. The National Center of Atmospheric Research King Air aircraft made gust probe measurements alon.