Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efecto del hipoclorito de sodio y extracto de cítricos en la reducción de la infestación con nematodos gastrointestinales resistentes a antihelmínticos en ovinos de pelo

The study included two experiments. The objective of experiment one was to learn about the in vitro effect of different sodium hypochlorite concentrations and a commercially-available citric extract on the survival of infestant larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes by observation at different time points. With >0.05% sodium hypochlorite concentrations, larvae lost their sheaths in two minutes, while at 1.3% concentration larvae died within one hour. Larval mortality also occurred as late as 12 h after exposure to the concentrations tested of citric extract.
Glucose Transport: Pivotal Step in Insulin Action

The effect of insulin to acutely stimulate glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue is essential for normal glucose homeostasis. The GLUT4 glucose transporter is a major mediator of this action, and insulin recruits GLUT4 from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. An important pathologic feature of obesity, NIDDM, and to a lesser extent IDDM is resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Investigations of the mechanisms have revealed tissue-specific regulation of GLUT4 with decreased gene expression in adipose cells but not in skeletal muscle. This has led to the hypothesis that alterations in the trafficking of the GLUT4 vesicle or in the exposure or activation of the GLUT4 transporter may cause insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in obesity and diabetes. Exercise training increases GLUT4 expression in muscle in association with enhanced glucose tolerance in vivo. Transgenic mice have been created to investigate other approaches to improve insulin action on glucose transport. Overexpression of GLUT4 in adipocytes of transgenic mice increases the proportion of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane and enhances insulin sensitivity in vivo. Altering insulin signaling by overexpressing p21ras in adipocytes of transgenic mice results in increased GLUT4 on the plasma membrane in the absence of insulin and increases insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, glucose transport is a pivotal step in whole-body insulin action. Strategies to increase the number of GLUT4 transporters that are functionally inserted in the plasma membrane in muscle and adipocytes may lead to new therapies to treat or prevent NIDDM.
Analysis of the Dry Matter Production Process Related to Yield and Yield Components of Rice Plants Grown under the Practice of Nitrogen-Free Basal Dressing Accompanied with Sparse Planting Density

References Experiments were carried out in 1999, 2000 and 2001 on the field of Iwate University, Japan to examine the effect of nitrogen-free basal dressing accompanied with sparse planting density (BNo) on the dry matter production (DMP) of 12 rice cultivars or lines belonging to the early, medium and late-maturing genotypes. During the period from transplanting to panicle initiation (PI), DMP was lower in BNo than in the conventional cultivation (CONT) in all 3 years. The DMP during the period from PI to full heading (FH) was also lower in BNo than in CONT, particularly in the high solar radiation year of 1999, because of the small leaf area index. During the ripening stage, leaf area index in BNo was smaller, but crop growth rate in BNo was similar to or higher than that in CONT due to the large net assimilation rate, which resulted from the largeflag leaf and 2nd leaf, and the heavy specific leaf weight in BNo. The DMP per panicle during the period from PI to FH positively and significantly correlated with the number of spikelets panicle-1. The percentage of ripened grains (PRG) was also closely related with the amount of carbohydrates from stems (ᴪჭS) and photosynthesis after FH (ǭW) contributed to a spikelet during the early ripening period (during 20 days after FH). The higher DMP per panicle in BNo compared with CONT during the period from PI to FH, therefore, resulted in a larger number of spikelets panicle-1 in the former. On the other hand, the large amount of carbohydrate supply per spikelet during the early ripening period could also secure a high and stable PRG in BNo, especially under unfavorable weather conditions.
Preliminary Field Trial on the Control of Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstetd) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Populations with Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Deuteromycetina: Hyphomycetes)

Conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride isolate F1985 were applied to a field population of Phaulacridium vittatum near Dalgety, New South Wales as an oil‐based ULV spray and an oil/water emulsion high volume spray to 0.25 ha plots at a rate equivalent to 3.56 × 1012 conidia/ha. As a comparison, one plot was treated with fenitrothion e.c. at 240 g.a.i./ha. the M. flavoviride high volume treatment reduced P. vittatum densities from 18–28 m−2 to < 8 m−2 within 10 d. the density was reduced by a similar extent by the insecticide treatment. the ULV treatment showed a delayed decline, occurring between day 10 and 17. the control plots also showed a decline at this time which was due to spray drift and dispersal. One month after treatment densities averaged 4.5m−2 in M. flavoviride treatments, 5.0 m−2 in the insecticide treatment and 8.5m−2 in control plots. P. vittatum field collected up to 32 d after treatment sporulated after death in the laboratory suggesting lateral transmission of the disease in the field. This is the first demonstration of carryover of M. flavoviride in the field.
Regulation of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes of Azospirillum brasilense by nifA and ntr (gln) type gene products

Eight Nif− mutants of Azospirillum brasilense were obtained by N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and isolated by growth on glutamate medium. Three of these mutants had no nitrogenase activity, possessed no nitrogenase structural proteins and were complemented by Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA. Evidence will be presented that one of these mutants is defective in a nifA type regulatory gene but the other two were also complemented by K. pneumoniae ntrC and may be ntrC−-type mutants. A fourth mutant was defective in the MoFe component protein of nitrogenase.
Spectral adsorption properties of natural watres: contribtion of the soluble and particulate fractions to light absorption in some inland watres of south-eastern Australia

A method has been developed for measuring the absorption spectra, and calculating the in situ absorption coefficients, of the particulate fraction (tripton/phytoplankton) of natural waters. The procedure involves concentrating the particulate fraction by filtration followed by resuspension in a smaller volume, and measuring the absorption spectrum with the help of an integrating sphere to minimize the effects of light scattering. The method has been applied to seven inland water bodies in the southern tablelands of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. For comparative purposes the absorption spectra. and in situ absorption coefficients, of the soluble colouring matter (gilvin, gelbstoff) have also been measured. The absorption coefficients have been used to calculate what part of the total absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is captured by each of the three major absorbing components. In clear but rather coloured waters, gilvin absorbs most of the quanta, followed by water itself. In two waters with fairly high phytoplankton levels, the particulate fraction absorbs as much PAR as the water, but gilvin still absorbs rather more than either. In highly turbid waters, the particulate fraction (consisting mainly of tripton) absorbs most of the quanta. The data show that tripton has an absorption spectrum in the visible region. which rises steadily with decreasing wavelength: this is attributed to humic materials. It is clear that in turbid waters the inanimate particulate fraction (tripton) is a major light absorber, in addition to being the most important light scatterer.
Spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity in Costa Rican terrestrial mammals: implications for conservation

Functional diversity is a relatively recent approach to quantify species diversity and may provide a better understanding of the linkages between biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. Understanding the relationships between mammal species richness and functional diversity, the factors that influence these relationships, and the spatial scale at which they operate, can improve our knowledge of ecosystem functioning and may benefit conservation planning.
LUNG FUNCTION IN WIND INSTRUMENT PLAYERS AND GLASSBLOWERS

Wind instrument players as well as glassblowers use increased intrapulmonary pressures in their occupations. Although some countries recognize emphysema of glassblowers as an occupational disease, the general opinion at present is that emphysema does not arise on the basis of blowing against resistances (Heller er al., 1960; Rein & Brinkmann, 1959; Schneider, 1958). Czechoslovakia is traditionally famous for its blown-glass products. It also has long-standing traditions in music and possesses several large orchestras, including the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra. These two traditions made it possible to study sufficiently large groups of subjects from both professions and to compare the results with older (Becker, 1911; Jagic & Lipiner, 1919; Kadlec, 1946) and with more recent studies (Berger, 1965; Bouhuys, 1964, 1965: Rejsek et a[., 1961; Rejsek&NavrBtil, 1962).
Estimativa da área foliar de morangueiro

The leaf area index is one of the most utilized physiological parameters employed in plant growth analysis, giving support to interpretation of related yield factors. The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical model suited to estimate strawberry leaflet and leaf areas. The experiment was carried out in Atibaia, SP, during the 1995 season, with the cultivar Campinas (IAC-2712), under open and protected field conditions, in a commercial strawberry growing field. The sampling in each experiment was made up of 25 leaves, with 75 leaflets, including different ages and sizes, picked randomly from 25 plants. Areas were estimated through leaflet width and length measurements, taking in to account the leaflet position on the leaf. Results obtained were fitted to linear models. The leaflet width and length mean was concluded as the best way of predicting area compared to single measurements. The whole trifolioate showed a better leaf area predictive ability than did the central leaflet. Leaf area can therefore be estimated by means of its leaflet width and length measurements, representing a conservative sampling method.
A comparison of eight methods for estimating the biomass and growth of planktonic algae

Eight methods for estimating algal biomass were compared, using the colonial diatom Asterionella formosa as a test organism. They were based on (i) cell counts by visual microscopy and electronic means, (ii) optical properties in vivo of scattering, attenuance and fluorescence and (iii) chemical estimations, on filtered cell-aliquots, of reducing capacity (C-equivalent) and solvent-extracted chlorophyll a. The main criteria were the parameters of precision, sensitivity, limit of detection plus time taken and sample quantity required. Most methods yielded an acceptable precision over wide ranges of algal concentrations although for visual counting and nephelometry the coefficient of variation typically exceeded 10%. The estimations in vivo were the most rapid, but were unsuitable for very low biomass concentrations. The chemical methods and (on undiluted samples) electronic counting generally required the larger quantities of sample—with the notable exception of extract fluorometry. The chemical methods we.
Economic and conservation ramifications from the decline of waterfowl hunters

Current waterfowl populations provide liberal hunting seasons, but waterfowl hunter numbers have declined since the mid-1990s. We hypothesized that trends in waterfowl hunter numbers, as indicated by Federal Migratory Bird Hunting Conservation Stamp (duck stamp) sales, have become independent of breeding duck populations, and we assess the impacts on habitat conservation. The relationship between duck breeding populations and duck stamp sales changed between 1955–1994 (r = 0.81) and 1995–2008 (r = 0.29). Based on the 1955–1994 relationship between total duck breeding population and duck stamp sales, about 600,000 fewer duck stamps than expected were sold annually during 1995–2008. This equates to a loss of US$126 million in gross revenue and from 42,500 to 80,900 fewer hectares of wetland and upland hectares protected. The current relationship between duck breeding population and duck stamp sales suggests future estimates of waterfowl hunters will decrease below 1 million when the breeding population declines below 32 million. Assuming current trends, expected losses of duck stamp revenues may result in an additional 2,800–13,900 unprotected ha/year if the duck breeding population declines to historical lows. Development and implementation of programs and policies that maintain or increase participation in waterfowl hunting will assist in habitat conservation efforts and continue waterfowl hunting traditions. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Target Recognition of β2-Glycoprotein I (β2GPI)-Dependent Anticardiolipin Antibodies: Evidence for Involvement of the Fourth Domain of β2GPI in Antibody Binding

β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is an absolute requirement for the binding of autoimmune anticardiolipin Abs (aCL) to cardiolipin (CL). We evaluated the target recognition of human β2GPI by IgG derived from two patients with primary and two with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. The total IgG serum fractions and β2GPI affinity-purified IgGs were assessed by using various domain-deleted mutants (DM) of human β2GPI (DMs: I-III, I-IV, II-V, III-V, IV-V, and V) and mouse mAbs against individual β2GPI domains. The four IgGs bound slightly to CL in the absence of β2GPI and showed increased binding in the β2GPI presence. Following affinity purification of the IgGs on a β2GPI column, reactivity toward CL was absent. DMs containing domain V inhibited the binding of biotinylated β2GPI to CL. The addition to CL-coated plates of DM V, but not the other DMs, reduced the binding of all four IgGs. The anti-β2GPI IgGs bound only to complete β2GPI and DM I-IV coated on the plates. The binding to plate-adsorbed β2GPI could be inhibited by complete β2GPI and DM I-IV, the latter being a more efficient inhibitor. Further, the human anti-β2GPI IgGs could compete with the binding to β2GPI of Cof-21 mouse mAb (directed at domain IV), but not with the two other mouse mAbs. The results suggest that some “autoimmune:” β2GPI-dependent anticardiolipin Abs recognize a β2GPI target that is distinct from the CL-binding site in domain V. The target site for some antiphospholipid syndrome IgGs appear to reside in domain IV of β2GPI.
Influence of AM–fungi and applied phosphorus on growth indices, production efficiency, phosphorus–use efficiency and fruit–succulence in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)–pea (Pisum sativum) cropping system in an acid Alfisol

The current experiment was conducted at Palampur, India during 2009–11 in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)– pea (Pisum sativum L.) cropping system in RBD replicated thrice with 14 treatments comprising arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), applied–P (50, 75 and 100% recommended P dose) and irrigation regimes (40 and 80% available water holding capacity). At active growth period (50–100 DAS), AMF imbedded treatments exhibited 7 and 20% higher absolute growth rate (AGR) in okra and pea over non–AMF counterparts, while relative growth rate (RGR) both in okra and pea was not affected significantly by AMF application. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) in okra were higher by 17 and 3%, respectively with AMF inoculation, though, effect on pea was inconspicuous. At both irrigation regimes, ‘AMF + 75% soil–test based P dose’ registered statistically similar okra fruit and pea pod yields as that obtained under ‘100% soil–test based P dose’, thus, indicating an economy of about 25% soil–test based P dose. AMF inoculated plants also showed nominally higher succulence level (moisture) in okra fruits and pea pods at their picking stages compared to their non–AMF counterparts, again demonstrating a positive impact of AMF on quantitative vegetable freshness and plant water relations as well. AMF significantly enhanced the various indices of P-use efficiency in both crops. The increase in partial factor productivity (PFP), crop recovery efficiency (CRE) and % recovery (PR) of applied–P in okra under AMF inoculation was 9, 36 and 20%, respectively over non–AMF counterparts. In pea, AMF inoculation exhibited respective increase of 12, 61 and 27% in PFP, CRE and PR of applied–P over non–AMF counterparts. Production and monetary efficiencies in okra–pea cropping system were also enhanced by AMF inoculation. Overall, utilization of AMF in okra–pea cropping system indicated an economy of about 25% in soil–test based applied–P dose besides improved plant growth. AMF also revealed a tremendous potential in enhancing P- use efficiency, which otherwise is very low in acid Alfisol. Further, AMF inoculation may lead to improved fruit succulence to fetch better prices in market.
Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest

The characteristics of microhabitats of established Pinus sylvestris and Betula seedlings were studied in a small windthrow gap in a mature P. sylvestris-dominated forest in the Petkeljarvi National Park in eastern Finland. Seedlings were strongly clustered in disturbed microhabitats, particu- larly uprooting pits and mounds, formed by tree falls. They covered 3 % of the 0.3. ha study area consisting of the gap and some of the forest edge. Although Betula occurred only as scattered individuals in the dominant canopy layer of the forest, it accounted for 30 % of the seedlings found in the study area. Betula regeneration was almost completely re- stricted to pits and mounds, where 91% of the seedlings were found. Uprooting spots were also the most important regen- eration microhabitats for Pinus, where 60 % of the seedlings grew, even though the seedlings were found in other substrates as well, particularly on sufficiently decomposed coarse wood. Undisturbed field- and bottom-layer vegetation had effec- tively hindered tree seedling establishment, which emphasises the role of soil disturbance for regeneration. While the estab- lishment of seedlings was found to be clearly determined by the availability of favourable regeneration microhabitats, the early growth of seedlings was affected by a complex interac- tion of environmental variables, including the type of microhabitat, radiation environment and interferences caused by competing seedlings and adjacent trees. In the most impor- tant regeneration microhabitats, i.e. in uprooting pits and on mounds, the distributions of the local elevations of Pinus and Betula seedlings were different. Pinus seedlings occurred closer to ground level, i.e. on the fringes of pits and lower on mounds, while Betula seedlings grew deeper in pits and higher on mounds. The position of the Betula seedlings indicate that they may have a competitive advantage over Pinus seedlings in the dense seedling groups occurring in uprooting spots. We suggest that this initial difference in Pinus and Betula estab- lishment may affect the subsequent within-gap tree species succession and can, in part, explain the general occurrence of Betula in conifer-dominated boreal forests.
The Microtechnical Demonstration of Sites of Lipase Activity.*

Summary Lipase can be demonstrated microtechnically in paraffin sections of acetone-fixed tissues. The slides are incubated with a water-soluble ester of palmitic or stearic acid in the presence of CaC12. At the sites of lipase activity, the insoluble Ca palmitate or stearate precipitates can be visualized by transformation into the corresponding lead salts and subsequent blackening with H2S.
Genetic diversity in the North American captive African elephant collection

One hundred and eight mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were used in combination with multilocus genotypes generated from 19 nuclear microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity in the North American captive African elephant collection. The analysis of 4488 bp of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenenase subunit 4-cytochrome b (ND4-cyt b) sequence revealed the existence of three distinct mtDNA lineages (Haplogroups I–III). The genetic distance between Haplogroups I/II and Haplogroup III was determined to be 0.046. The nucleotide diversity for the elephant mtDNA ND4-cyt b was <0.004. Analysis of multilocus genotypes indicated an average observed heterozygosity of 0.53 compared with the expected heterozygosity of 0.64. No subdivision in the data was detected including data partitioned by mtDNA haplogroup. Relatedness among the 108 individuals did not differ from that expected in random mating populations.
Bioaccumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine pesticides in Ganges river dolphins

Isomer‐specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non‐, mono‐, and di‐ortho‐substituted congeners, DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, chlordane compounds, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in river dolphin blubber and prey fishes collected during 1993 through 1996 from the River Ganges in India. Concentrations of organochlorines were also measured in the milk and liver of dolphins, benthic invertebrates, and sediments. The DDTs and PCBs were the predominant compounds found in dolphin tissues and fish that comprise the diet of dolphins. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in the blubber of dolphins were in the range of 30 to 120 and 1.5 to 25 μg/g, lipid weight, respectively. Pentaand hexachlorobiphenyls collectively accounted for 68 to 80% of the total PCB concentrations in river dolphins. Hexachlorobiphenyl congener 138 (2,2′,3,4,4′,5′‐) was the most abundant in dolphin blubber and prey fishes. The isomer/congener pattern of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides suggested that there is less metabolism due to cytochrome P450 enzymes in Ganges river dolphins than in marine or terrestrial mammals. The mean 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin equivalents (TEQs) estimated in river dolphin blubber was greater than those that can cause adverse effects in mink. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in river dolphins with those of the values reported for samples analyzed during 1988 through 1992 suggested that the contamination by these compounds has increased in the River Ganges.