Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiography of the Wrist

A number of methods exist for determination of carpal bone angles on lateral wrist radiographs. However, there is no general or precise definition of the angles measured. In this study the positioning of the wrist is emphasized and a device used to obtain standardized radiographs is presented. An analysis of variance of two series of patients revealed no radiological difference between the contralateral wrists in the same person. We conclude that the asymptomatic wrist can be used as normal reference in the assessment of carpal bone angles in the pathological wrist and a difference between the carpal bone angles in the two wrists in the same person exceeding 5° can be considered significant.
Practices of Nurses in Management of Pain among Critically Ill Non-verbal adult Patients in the Critical Care Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital

Background: Pain is a common distressing symptom among the critically ill patients, yet its assessment and management remains a major challenge to critical care givers because self-report is frequently compromised by altered level of consciousness, sedation and invasive procedures. Hence pain assessment among the critically ill nonverbal patients should remain a top priority among nurses who are the primary group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing monitoring of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed. Objectives: To establish the practices of nurses in management of pain among critically ill non-verbal patients in the critical care unit. Methodology: A cross sectional study design and convenient sampling method was employed to obtain a sample size of 86 nurses working in the critical care unit, Kenyatta National Hospital. A self administered Questionnaire and an observation checklist were used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Continuous data was analyzed using t-test. Categorical data was analyzed using chisquare. Measurement o f association between the independent variable with key dependent variables was ascertained through logistic regression modeling. Results: Nurses working in the critical care unit had inadequate knowledge on pain assessment and management with an overall knowledge score of 8.26 (SD+2.23). Overall attitude score on a 3 Likert scale was 84% indicating positive attitude. Nurses significantly (P~0.006) considered physiological indicators more than behavioral indicators of pain in deciding to intervene. Lack of pain assessment tool to guide nurses and lack of well laid out regulations for frequent pain assessments, significantly (P= 0.014) prevented nurses from rating the patient's level of pain.
THE DILEMMAS OF WORKING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN SANTIAGO, CHILE KRISTEN HILL MAHER AND SILKE STAAB

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This article examines the new migration of Peruvian domestic workers into Santiago, Chile, where laws protecting the labor rights of household workers have recently been strengthened. Through field observations and interviews, we found that employers were disgruntled with Chilean workers who had begun to assert demands. Many of them preferred Peruvian workers, not because the labor was cheaper, but because foreign workers were more compelled to perform a traditional deference and servility. We argue that the Peruvian migrants’ relative disempowerment was the product not only of the economic inequality between states, but also the process of migration itself, as well as popular ideological discourses about development, race and gender that rationalized and perpetuated a transnational division of labor in the household. Ultimately, this study illustrates how the role of the ‘servile’ woman in the household persists when women are transnationally mobile, despite the growing empowerment of both professional and working-class Chilean women in the public sphere. The article concludes with recommendations for change to improve the conditions of both nativeborn and foreign domestic workers. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comparison of accuracy of conventional and navigation pedicle screws in spine surgery

Introduction: Use of pedicle screw (PS) systems for spinal stabilization has become increasingly common in spine surgery. The technique and principle for pedicle screw instrumentation as well as anatomical landmarks of screw placement, however are common to all systems. The purpose of this study is to compare accuracy of pedicle screw placement with conventional and navigation techniques. Aim: To compare the accuracy of pedicle screw positioning between conventional and a new navigation system for the spine. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study in which 40 patients were randomly selected during the period between Jun-2014 to Jun-2016, operated for posterior fixation either through conventional and navigational spine surgery. Two independent observers analysed digital axial CT slices of all instrumented pedicles, with individual and consensus interpretation for each screw. A simple grading system (LAINE’s grading) was devised for evaluation of screw position. Results and Discussion: Overall accuracy of navigation technique is 95.89% (140/146) with 6 PS breach with laine’s grade 1 error all occurs in thoracic level, doesn’t results into any type of complications in manner of neurologic deficit or CSF leakage or dural tear etc. Overall accuracy of conventional PS placement is 89.84% (113/128) with 4 PS having grade 2 error and 11 PS having grade 3 error mainly occurs in thoracic level but none causes complication in any form i.e.; neurologic deficit, CSF leak, revision surgery etc. Conclusion: From our study, despite of high cost, preoperative registration and matching, more steep learning curve, needful of technician throught surgery, navigation surgery is better option in thoracic PS placement and spinal deformities due to complex morphology and anatomy of thoracic pedicles with rib cage obscuring fluoroscopic visualization making conventional surgery difficult with high rate of pedicle breach.
Associations Between Individual Differences in Mathematical Competencies and Surface Anatomy of the Adult Brain

Previously conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on the neuroanatomical correlates of mathematical abilities and competencies have several methodological limitations. Besides small sample sizes, the majority of these studies have employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM)—a method that, although it is easy to implement, has some major drawbacks. Taking this into account, the current study is the first to investigate in a large sample of typically developed adults the associations between mathematical abilities and variations in brain surface structure by using surface-based morphometry (SBM). SBM is a method that also allows the investigation of brain morphometry by avoiding the pitfalls of VBM. Eighty-nine young adults were tested with a large battery of psychometric tests to measure mathematical competencies in four different areas: (1) simple arithmetic; (2) complex arithmetic; (3) higher-order mathematics; and (4) numerical intelligence. Also, we asked participants for their mathematics grades for their final school exams. Inside the MRI scanner, we collected high-resolution T1-weighted anatomical images from each subject. SBM analyses were performed with the computational anatomy toolbox (CAT12) and indices for cortical thickness, for cortical surface complexity, for gyrification, and sulcal depth were calculated. Further analyses revealed associations between: (1) the cortical surface complexity of the right superior temporal gyrus and numerical intelligence; (2) the depth of the right central sulcus and adults’ ability to solve complex arithmetic problems; and (3) the depth of the left parieto-occipital sulcus and adults’ higher-order mathematics competence. Interestingly, no relationships with previously reported brain regions were observed, thus, suggesting the importance of similar research to confirm the role of the brain regions found in this study.
Man’s Pursuit of Meaning: Unexpected Termination Bolsters One’s Autonomous Motivation in an Irrelevant Ensuing Activity

Meaningfulness has been suggested as one of the fundamental psychological needs, as one would actively pursue meaning in both his/her work life and personal life. Previous studies consistently showed that a lack of meaning in work would reduce one’s autonomous motivation in the current job, which is the motivation to engage in self-determined activities driven by one’s own interests or personal beliefs. However, researchers overlooked the fact that in work settings, it is not uncommon that people work on multiple tasks in a row. As a result, the cross-task effect of work meaningfulness remains understudied. Based on the meaning maintenance model (MMM) and the suggested fluid compensation strategy, we predicted that the disappearance of the meaning of work may induce a compensatory response and thus enhance one’s autonomous motivation in an irrelevant ensuing activity. To test this hypothesis, we invited participants to work on an encyclopedic knowledge quiz in Session 1 and a StopWatch (SW) task in Session 2. A between-subject design was adopted. While participants in the control group successfully completed their tasks in Session 1, those in the experimental group encountered unexpected program quits by the end of the quiz, and their previous efforts suddenly became futile and meaningless. Electroencephalography was recorded during the experiment to measure reward positivity (RewP). In Session 2, a more pronounced RewP in the win–lose difference wave was observed in the experimental group in contrast to the control group, suggesting that the disappearance of the meaning of work enhanced one’s autonomous motivation in an irrelevant activity that follows. Therefore, results of this study provided preliminary electrophysiological evidence for one’s pursuit of meaning and the compensation effect induced by the disappearance of the meaning of work.
Self-Control Modulates the Behavioral Response of Interpersonal Forgiveness

Previous studies have shown that forgiveness is associated with the ability of self-control. However, whether self-control can modulate interpersonal forgiveness remains unclear. In the current study, we aimed to explore the relationship between self-control and the process of forgiveness using a behavioral measure of forgiveness during which participants distributed money between themselves and unknown others who had previously treated them fairly or unfairly in an adapted decision-making task. Seventy-two participants with low or high self-control were recruited based on their scores on the self-control scale (SCS). Results showed that participants exhibited increased anger and decreased happiness after experiencing unfair treatment. Participants with high self-control distributed more money to opponents who previously treated them unfairly compared with those with low self-control, whereas no such difference was observed to opponents who previously treated them fairly between the two groups. A significantly positive correlation was also found between the forgiveness rates and participants’ self-control scores. These findings suggest that self-control modulates interpersonal forgiveness responses. Individuals with high self-control expressed an increased prosocial response toward people who previously offended them, which is similar to the process of forgiveness.
The Attention Network Test Database: ADHD and Cross-Cultural Applications

Attention is a central component of cognitive and behavioral processes and plays a key role in basic and higher-level functioning. Posner’s model of attention describes three components or networks of attention: the alerting, which involves high intensity states of arousal; the orienting, which involves the selective direction of attention; and the executive control, which involves cognitive functions such as conflict resolution and working memory. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a computerized testing measure that was developed to measure these three networks of attention. This project describes the ANT, its widely used variants, and the recently developed ANT Database, a repository of data extracted from all studies that have used the ANT as of 2019. To illustrate the potential uses of the database, two meta-analyses conducted using the ANT Database are described. One explores task performance in children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The other one explores regional differences between studies conducted in China, Europe, and the United States. We are currently in the process of integrating the database into a publicly available web interface. When that work is complete, researchers, clinicians, and the general public will be able to use the database to explore topics of interest related to attention.
Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Among Adults Seeking Care in Primary Healthcare Centers in Cordoba, Argentina.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among adults seeking care in primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, Argentina. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of adults 18–69 years of age seeking care for general health problems in public (i.e., government-funded) primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, Argentina in 2010–2011. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed in the participants’ lifetime, and in the last 12 months and 30 days using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0, and defined following the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision. Results Overall, 1,067 participants were included in the current analysis [mean age 35.6 (SD 13.2) years, 83.7% female]. The lifetime, 12-month and 30-day prevalence of any mood or anxiety disorder was 40.4% [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 37.4–43.4%], 20.1% (17.8–22.7%) and 7.8% (6.2–9.6%), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was higher compared to mood disorders when assessed in the participants’ lifetime [29.7% (95%CI 27.0–32.5%) versus 19.3% (17.0–21.8%)], and in the last 12 months [14.9% (12.8–17.2%) versus 8.7% (7.1–10.6%)] and 30 days [5.8% (4.5–7.4%) versus 2.3% (1.5–3.4%)]. Age and marital status-adjusted odds ratios for any mood or anxiety disorder in the participants’ lifetime and in the last 12 months and 30 days comparing women versus men were 1.19 (95%CI 0.85–1.67), 1.70 (1.07–2.69), and 2.26 (1.02–5.00), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders is high among adults seeking care in primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, particularly among women. Integration of primary and mental health services is warranted.
The Gibberellin Producer Fusarium fujikuroi: Methods and Technologies in the Current Toolkit

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in research interests on the Fusarium species, which includes prevalent plant pathogens and human pathogens, common microbial food contaminants and industrial microbes. Taken the advantage of gibberellin synthesis, Fusarium fujikuroi succeed in being a prevalent plant pathogen. At the meanwhile, F. fujikuroi was utilized for industrial production of gibberellins, a group of extensively applied phytohormone. F. fujikuroi has been known for its outstanding performance in gibberellin production for almost 100 years. Research activities relate to this species has lasted for a very long period. The slow development in biological investigation of F. fujikuroi is largely due to the lack of efficient research technologies and molecular tools. During the past decade, technologies to analyze the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions and metabolic regulations have been developed rapidly, especially on the aspects of genetic manipulation. At the meanwhile, the industrial fermentation technologies kept sustained development. In this article, we reviewed the currently available research tools/methods for F. fujikuroi research, focusing on the topics about genetic engineering and gibberellin production.
Event-Related Potentials to Changes in Sound Intensity Demonstrate Alterations in Brain Function Related to Depression and Aging

Measures of the brain’s automatic electrophysiological responses to sounds represent a potential tool for identifying age- and depression-related neural markers. However, these markers have rarely been studied related to aging and depression within one study. Here, we investigated auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain that may show different alterations related to aging and depression. We used an oddball condition employing changes in sound intensity to investigate: (i) sound intensity dependence; (ii) sensory gating; and (iii) change detection, all within a single paradigm. The ERPs of younger (18–40 years) and older (62–80 years) depressed female participants and age-matched non-depressed participants were measured. Intensity dependence was examined as the difference between N1 responses to repeated high- and low-intensity sounds, sensory gating as N1 responses to rare and repeated sounds, and change detection as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN). We found that intensity dependence was greater in older participants than younger ones, indicating effects related to aging but not to depression. For sensory gating, we found depression- and age-related alterations as increased N1 responses. No group differences were found for MMN. Although a sensory gating deficit was expected in older adults, this study is the first to demonstrate age-related overexcitability in sound intensity dependency. The results indicate that automatic brain responses to sound intensity changes are suitable for studying age- and depression-related neural markers but may not be sensitive enough to differentiate the effects of aging and depression.
Molecular Characteristics of Brucella Isolates Collected From Humans in Hainan Province, China

Brucellosis has been reported in several regions of Hainan Province, but the extent of the disease has not been fully elucidated. Conventional biotyping methods, multiple locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from draft genome sequencing were employed to characterize the strains. There were four biovars (Brucella melitensis bv. 1, 2, and 3 and Brucella suis bv. 3) detected, which showed that the biovar diversity of Brucella in Hainan is higher than in other areas of China. Both B. melitensis bv. 3 and B. suis bv. 3 were dominant species and showed epidemiology patterns that were compatible with both southern and northern China. Eight of MLVA-11 genotypes were known (31, 111, 116, 120, 136, 291, 297, and 345), and the remaining seven were novel (HN11-1 to HN11-7); these data showed that Brucella strains in this study had multiple geographic origins and exhibited characteristics of origin and evolution of co-existing imported and Hainan specific lineage. A total of 41 strains were found, belonging to 37 unique genotypes that each represented a single strain, which suggests that these strains were not directly related epidemiologically and indicates that the epidemic characteristics of human brucellosis in Hainan was dominated by sporadic strains. The high HGDI values were observed in MLVA-8, MLVA-11, and MLVA-16 among two species, suggesting considerable genetic diversity among these species. MST is characterized based on MLVA-16 that was found both throughout China and on a global level and showed that strains of this study had significant genetic differences with strains from many parts of the globe and seemingly represent a unique genetic lineage. Whole-genome SNP analysis showed that four B. melitensis were closely related to strains from China’s northern provinces, and the source of infection was partly of human brucellosis in this province that may have been from these regions. The B. suis were closely related to strains from the United States, and further investigation of the transportation of animals, such as pigs, is needed to elucidate the origins of these strains.
In a Pinch: Mechanisms Behind Potential Biotic Resistance Toward Two Invasive Crayfish by Native African Freshwater Crabs

It is essential to incorporate mechanisms of biotic resistance into predictions of ecological impact conferred by invasive species. Trophically and functionally analogous native species have high potential to confer biotic resistance or to be susceptible to competitive exclusion by the invading species. In species with dominance hierarchies and high aggression the role of weapons, such as chelae, is emphasised and selected for. Differences in traits such as crushing capacity can indicate prey handling capabilities, while correlations between closing force and morphology can be used to understand the role of signaling in agonistic contests. Closing force strength can be used to infer the outcomes of both direct (predation) and indirect (competition) trophic interactions. Southern Africa has been invaded by two freshwater crayfish species (Cherax quadricarinatus and Procambarus clarkii). Biotic resistance of freshwater crabs toward crayfish invasions varies between geographic location and co-evolutionary history, thus comparing invasion histories without incorporating geographic context can produce unequivocal conclusions. We compared the closing force and chelae morphology of both crayfish species with a native trophically analogous freshwater crab, Potamonautes perlatus. Closing force increased significantly with mass for all species. There was significant interaction between sex and species on closing force. Potamonautes perlatus females showed significantly stronger maximum chela closing force than male P. perlatus, both sexes of P. clarkii and female C. quadricarinatus. Contrastingly, male C. quadricarinatus had significantly higher closing forces than both sexes of P. clarkii and female C. quadricarinatus, however, there was no difference between female P. perlatus. Native P. perlatus has the capacity to hold a competitive mechanical advantage over both invaders, but this varies with sex. Chelae length was not a significant predictor for closing strength in any of the species, which may be related to dishonest signaling in decapod species. This makes it imperative to assess whether factors such as closing force actually translate to resource holding potential in a contest scenario. We thus provide evidence that African freshwater crabs may exhibit biotic resistance toward invasion and the first measurements for C. quadricarinatus closing force strength.