Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on raw salmon fillets by pulsed UV-light treatment

The efficacy of pulsed UV-light to inactivate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on salmon fillets was investigated in this study by evaluating the effects of treatment times and distance from the UV strobe. The sterilization system generated 5.6 J cm -2 per pulse at the lamp surface for an input voltage of 3800 V and three pulses per second. Skin or muscle side inoculated salmon fillet (8 cm x 1.5 cm) in a Petri dish was placed on shelf at three different distances from the UV strobe; 3, 5, and 8 cm. At each distance, the pulsed UV-light treatment was performed for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s. For E. coli O157:H7, maximum log 10 reduction was 1.09 log 10 CFU g -1 on muscle side at 8 cm for 60-s treatment, whereas 0.86 log 10 CFU g -1 reduction on skin at 5 cm for 30-s treatment. For L. monocytogenes Scott A, maximum reduction was 1.02 log 10 CFU g -1 at 8 cm for 60-s treatment on skin side, whereas 0.74 log 10 CFU g -1 reduction on muscle at 8 cm for 60-s treatment. The fillet's surface temperature increased up to 100degrC within 60-s treatment time. Therefore, some fish samples were overheated after 30 and 45 s at 3- and 5-cm distances from light source, respectively, which resulted in visual colour and quality changes. Overall, this study demonstrated that about one log reduction (c. 90%) of E. coli 0157:H7 or L. monocytogenes could be achieved at 60-s treatment at 8 cm distance without affecting the quality.
Effect of Magnetic Irrigation Water and Some Anti - Salinity Substances on the Growth and Production of Valencia Orange

The present research was designed to evaluate the effect of magnetizing irrigation water and antioxidants (such as ascorbic aci d, Proline acid and salicylic acid)on different growth types such as average leaves number per shoots, shoot length, leaf area, flowers number per meter, fruit set %, yield, fruit quality of Valencia orange, leaf chlorophyll content and nutrients leaf cont ent. Two field experiments were carried out at Wady - Elnatroun which is located at 74 Km Cairo - Alexandria desert roads during the two successive growing seasons of (2012/2013) and (2013/ 2014). Two water treatments were carried out (nun magnetic water and m agnetic water) , three acids type i.e. ascorbic, salicylic and proline acid were added to the Valencia orange trees and four acids concentrations were used i.e. ascorbic acid (AsA) at(0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/l)), Proline acid (po) at (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/ l) and salicylic acid (SA) at (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l). Trees were sprayed with acids to the run off at pit hardening end of March during 2012 and 2013seasons. From results presented, it was found that, all studded characters have significantly affected by irrigation water treatments and anti - salinity substances for both seasons. Magnetic irrigation water enhanced all studded growth characters, fruit set, yield components and fruit qualities and leaves contents of elements compared with nonmagnetic irrigation water in the two seasons of this study. Concerning anti - salinity substanc e, it was found that, salicylic acid at 300 ppm gave maximum values of growth characters, fruit set and yield compared with ascorbic and Proline, ascorbic and salicylic superiority over Proline in fruit qualities and leaves contents of elements for both seasons.
Hysteresis in cloud heights during solid suspension in stirred tank reactor: Experiments and CFD simulations

Solid suspension in stirred tank reactor is widely used in process industries for catalytic reactions, dissolution of solids, crystallization, and so on. Suspension quality is a key issue in design and operation of stirred reactor and its determination is not straight forward. Cloud height measurements of solid suspension provide a relatively simple way to quantify quality of suspension. In this work, experiments were carried out to quantify variation of cloud heights with impeller speed and particle characteristics. These measurements were carried out using visual observations, image analysis, and ultrasound velocity profiler techniques. The obtained data demonstrated the existence of hysteresis in cloud heights with respect to impeller speed. Apart from possible applications in reducing power required for achieving desired solid suspension quality, the existence of hysteresis also provides a new way to evaluate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of solid–liquid flows in stirred vessels. An attempt was made to capture observed hysteresis in cloud heights in CFD simulations. The simulated results were compared with the experimental data. The presented models and results (experimental and computational) will be useful for simulating complex solid–liquid flows in stirred reactors. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Season- and year-wise distribution of some trace metals and anions in Gulshan Lake, Bangladesh.

A study was conducted to quantify some trace metals and anions in Gulshan Lake, Bangladesh over five years. The heavy metals, i.e. Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni and Cu, were found below detection limit. The concentration ranges of other metals including anions were 170-1280 g/L for Fe, 30-190 g/L for Mn, 24-63 g/L for Zn, 4-6 mg/L for phosphate, 10-15 mg/L for sulphate, 17-39 mg/L for chloride and 0.20-0.30 mg/L for fluoride. No clear trend in concentration of detected metals and anions, sampling-site-, season- or year-wise, was observed for the period of 2002 and 2004 - 2007. All measured concentrations were found to be well below drinking water standards.
Antiscaling properties of novel maleic‐anhydride copolymers prepared via iron (II) – chloride mediated ATRP

A class of maleic anhydride copolymers (YMR-A series) with a narrow molecular weight distribution between 500–1500 and a polydispersity of 1.0–1.11 was obtained from n-alkylacrylamide and maleic anhydride monomers via atom transfer radical polymerization. The monomer conversion reached about 71% corresponding to 1:4 [FeCl2] to [SA] molar ratios for (AAH/MA) copolymer initiated by CPN whereas for the polymerization initiated by MCPN the conversion reached 51.9% under similar condition showing better performance of CPN initiator. Resultant polymers were characterized by means of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The inhibition behavior of these YMR-A polymers against CaCO3 and CaSO4 was evaluated using static scale inhibition method. The inhibition efficiency on the calcium carbonate scale is much higher and even with 5 ppm dosage level the efficiency is around 99.33 % at pH 10.45 and temperature 70°C, where as for calcium sulfate scales the inhibition efficiency, is lower and 99.9% inhibition is observed at 7–9 ppm level. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39827.
A Validation Study of the General Amber Force Field Applied to Energetic Molecular Crystals

Molecula dynamics is a well-established tool to computationally study molecules. However, to reach predictive capability at the level required for applied research and design, extensive validation of the available force fields is pertinent. Here we present a study of density, isothermal compressibility and coefficients of thermal expansion of four energetic materials (FOX-7, RDX, CL-20 and HMX) based on molecular dynamics simulations with the General Amber Force Field (GAFF), and compare the results to experimental measurements from the literature. Furthermore, we quantify the accuracy of the calculated properties through hydrocode simulation of a typical impact scenario. We find that molecular dynamics simulations with generic and computationally efficient force fields may be used to understand and estimate important physical properties of nitramine-like energetic materials.
Effect of Asphaltenes on Crude Oil Wax Crystallization

The paper summarizes the experimental work done on asphaltene influenced wax crystallization. Three different asphaltenes (from stable oil, instable oil, and deposit) were mixed at several concentrations or dispersions into the waxy crude oil. These blends were evaluated by viscometry and yield stress measurement and compared with the original crude oil. A complex asphaltene−wax interaction as a function of asphaltene concentration and degree of asphaltene dispersion under dynamic and static condition was observed. The crystallization and the wax network strength was strongly dependent on the degree of asphaltene dispersion. The effect of asphaltenes on the wax appearance temperature (WAT) was examined by polarized light microscopy. The idea that the WAT is a function of asphaltene surface area was introduced and supported by experiment. It was observed that well-dispersed asphaltenes influence the wax crystallization at static condition more significantly than the more flocculated.
Boswellia resin: from religious ceremonies to medical uses; a review of in‐vitro, in‐vivo and clinical trials

Objectives Despite its historical‐religious, cultural and medical importance, Boswellia has not been thoroughly studied, and gaps still exist between our knowledge of the traditional uses of the resin and the scientific data available. Here we review the pharmacology of Boswellia resin and of the small molecules identified as the active ingredients of the resin.
Operating a Foam Fractionating Column in Simple Mode

This paper discusses the correct way of operating a foam fractionating column strictly in simple mode. The system chosen was zinc and sodium lauryl sulphate. It was experimentally noticed that if the surface excess was measured at random operating conditions the column was producing inconsistent data, violating the conditions of simple mode operation. After thorough examination it was determined that the height of foam-liquid interface, air flow rate and bubble diameter must be mutually adjusted in order to bring the column close to its simple-mode operation. The results were compared with those of previous investigators, who used the similar apparatus, and it was concluded that the experimental method illustrated in this paper furnished more reliable data of simple-mode operation.
Effect of Police Training Programme Content and Delivery Methods on Counter-Terrorism Capability in Kenya

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of police training programme content and delivery methods on Counter-Terrorism Capability in Kenya. The study was grounded on conflict theory and Andragogy theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study targeted 582 officers comprising of Training Officers (TOs) and Chief Instructors (CIs) from the Administration Police Training College, Kiganjo police training college and the GSU training college in Embakasi. The study used proportionate random sampling. A sample size of 85 respondents was determined based on the work of Yamane. An interview guide and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The study carried out a pilot test at Loresho Staff College to check for reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Regression analysis tests on multicollinearity and normality were carried out to determine whether the data are in line with the assumptions of OLS. Both multivariate and bivariate analyses were carried out using SPSS version 22. Descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out. Regression analysis findings indicated that training Programme content and Programme delivery methods have a positive and significant association with the police Counter-Terrorism Capability in Kenya. The study established that training Programme content with terror detection skills, prevention skills, response skills, terror-related investigative skills and paramilitary skills positively and significantly influences the police counter-terrorism capability in Kenya. The study recommends the administration of the Kenya Police Colleges to review and ensure that content of their training Programme equips the police with terror detection skills, to adopt the right training Programme design for training police officer sand to conduct joint trainings with other police formation in order to bridge the differences in terms of Programme for curbing terrorism with other countries.
Physiological and Mineralogical Properties of Arsenic-Induced Chlorosis in Barley Seedlings Grown Hydroponically

ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on the physiological and mineralogical properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’). The plants were grown in nutrient solution treated with 0, 6.7, 33.5, and 67 μ M As (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm As, respectively) in the phytotron. Dry matter yield of shoots and roots decreased significantly with the As treatments, indicating that barley plants are As-sensitive and As-toxicity depends on the As concentration in the rooting medium. Necrosis in older leaves and chlorosis symptoms (whitish color) in the fully developed young leaves were observed at the 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. Arsenic concentration, accumulation, and translocation increased with the increase of As concentration in the rooting medium. Arsenic was mostly concentrated in roots and a little amount was moved to shoots, indicating that As was not easily translocated to shoots of barley seedlings. Concentrations and accumulations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased significantly in shoots for 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments as compared to the 0 μ M As treatment. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu decreased in roots, but Zn concentration increased in roots at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in roots also decreased significantly at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulation of P and the cations showed negative relationship with As. Concentration of Fe decreased in shoots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments where chlorosis was induced in the young leaf but increased in roots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. It was suggested that As might induce iron (Fe)-chlorosis in the plants. Among the micronutrients, Fe translocation was more affected than others by As. Phytosiderophore (PS) accumulation in roots, which is a symptom of Fe-deficiency in grasses, did not change significantly between 0 and 33.5 μ M As treatments; indicating that As-induced chlorosis did not enhance PS accumulation in roots and decreased due to As-toxicity at 67 μ M As treatment.
The properties of trona and its effect on the cooking time of cowpeas

Trona (Urao) popularly known in Ghana as kawe is used for medicinal and tenderiser purposes (especially in reducing the cooking time of cowpea). The type of kawe found in Ghana contained predominantly 25.0% sodium with small amounts of other metals. Cooking cowpeas in the presence of kawe reduced the cooking time from 75 to 50 min which represents a saving of time and fuel to the cooker.
Effect of soybean components on sensory evaluation of tofu and quality and structure characters

Totally 16 soybean varieties were selected to investigate the relationship between soybean components and sensory evaluation and quality and structure characters of the produced tofu by means of correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis.The results indicated that soybean protein content was significantly negatively correlated with hardness of sensory evaluation.Soybean water-soluble protein was negatively correlated with color of sensory evaluation and hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,resilience of quality and structure characters,and was positively correlated with overall acceptability and tofu dry yield.Soybean fat content was significantly negatively correlated with hardness of sensory evaluation and chewiness,and was positively correlated with cohesiveness and resilience.Soybean phytic acid was significantly negatively correlated with color and hardness of quality and structure characters.Soybean starch content was significantly negatively correlated with taste and hardness of quality and structure characters.Regression analysis showed that the F values and multiple correlation coefficient values R of the regression models developed for 4 quality indices of tofu reached a significant level.Based on these quality indices,the overall acceptability of tofu and dry yield were affected by soybean water-soluble protein,while the quality and structure characters of tofu were affected by soybean water-soluble protein,fat content and starch content.
The Ability of Activated Clay for the Adsorption of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions

A low-cost inorganic acid-activated clay was used as adsorbent for the adsorption of six dyes (two basic, one acidic, one disperse, one direct dye, and one reactive) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity was comparatively high for basic dyes and was lower for disperse, direct, and reactive dyes. The equilibrium data could be well described by the Langmuir equation over the entire range of concentration (50∼500 mg dm−3). In addition, the effect of temperature on the adsorption was examined and the thermodynamic data were determined. Based on the adsorption capacity only, it was generally shown that activated clay was more effective compared to other commonly used adsorbents.
Optical Properties of Human Prostate at 732 nm Measured In Vivo During Motexafin Lutetium–mediated Photodynamic Therapy¶

Abstract Characterization of the tissue light penetration in prostate photodynamic therapy (PDT) is important to plan the arrangement and weighting of light sources so that sufficient light fluence is delivered to the treatment volume. The optical properties (absorption [μa], transport scattering [μs′] and effective attenuation [μeff] coefficients) of 13 patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer were measured in situ using interstitial isotropic detectors. Measurements were made at 732 nm before and after motexafin lutetium (MLu)–mediated PDT in four quadrants. Optical properties were derived by applying the diffusion theory to the fluence rates measured at several distances (0.5–5 cm) from a point source. μa and μs′ varied between 0.07 and 1.62 cm−1 (mean 0.37 ± 0.24 cm−1) and 1.1 and 44 cm−1 (mean 14 ± 11 cm−1), respectively. μa was proportional to the concentration of MLu measured by an ex vivo fluorescence assay. We have observed, on average, a reduction of the MLu concentration after PDT, presumably due to the PDT consumption of MLu. μeff varied between 0.91 and 6.7 cm−1 (mean 2.9 ± 0.7 cm−1), corresponding to an optical penetration depth (δ = 1/μeff) of 0.1–1.1 cm (mean 0.4 ± 0.1 cm). The mean penetration depth at 732 nm in human prostate is at least two times smaller than that found in normal canine prostates, which can be explained by a four times increase of the mean value of μs′ in human prostates. The mean light fluence rate per unit source strength at 0.5 cm from a point source was 1.5 ± 1.1 cm−2, excluding situations when bleeding occurs. The total number of measurements was N = 121 for all mean quantities listed above. This study showed significant inter- and intraprostatic differences in the optical properties, suggesting that a real-time dosimetry measurement and feedback system for monitoring light fluences during treatment should be considered for future PDT studies.
Determinants of Rural Household Energy Choices: An Example from Pakistan

‘Multiple fuels-multiple choice’ is a common notion associated with the energy choice theory. Following the same theoretical framework, this study aims to identify: (i) existing sources of energy (ii) the associated factors that determine a household choice of a particular source of energy. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 randomly selected households in two villages in northwest Pakistan. The study found that rural households, though having access to multiple sources of energy, persistently depend on biomass fuels for domestic energy consumption. Nonetheless, rural households exhibit inter-fuel switching according to changes in their socioeconomic conditions. The study concludes that income is not the only determinant of transition from traditional to more convenient forms of energy, other factors such as access to alternative energy sources and consumer preferences also account for a household energy choice.
The Effectiveness of Substituting Locally Available Materials in Teaching Chemistry in Nigeria: A Case for Science Education in Developing Countries.

This article investigates the effectiveness of improvising locally available materials for teaching chemistry in Nigeria, as a case for a culture of improvisation for teaching the sciences in developing countries. The scarcity and cost of imported materials for teaching science has remained a major challenge to teaching sciences in developing countries, and the fact that many teachers from developing countries tend to wait for these imported materials before they can teach continues to present a set-back for science education in many non-Western nations. In this experimental study, second year students in 3 Nigerian Senior Secondary schools in the state of Lagos, Nigeria, were sampled to determine whether there will be a significant difference in their performance when taught using imported materials compared to when taught using local substitutes. The study reveals that whereas their attitudes towards local materials may not be as positive as their attitudes towards imported materials, their performances did not differ when taught with either, as long as they were unaware of which material was local or imported. The result of this study proved that science education will flourish if teachers in Nigeria, and probably other developing countries, can begin to improvise local materials for science instruction.
Spray Drying of Skim Milk Mixed with Milk Permeate: Effect on Drying Behavior, Physicochemical Properties, and Storage Stability of Powder

The possibility of using milk permeate (MP) to lower the protein level of skim milk powder (SMP) in producing powders of 34% and lower protein is explored. Skim milk suspensions with various levels of MP were prepared by mixing SMP and MP powder (MPP) at the ratios of 1:0, 7:3, 3:7, and 0:1: from 34 to 5.3% protein. The suspensions were dried in a spray dryer with inlet and outlet temperatures of 180 and 80°C, respectively. Increasing permeate concentration in the mixture showed a greater tendency to stickiness manifested by lowered the cyclone recovery of the powder as more powder stuck on the wall of the dryer. Increasing permeate concentration in the resultant powder did not significantly affect the bulk density but led to a reduction in the particle size and also made the powder slight green and yellowish in color. It also found to lower the glass transition temperature (Tg ) of the skim milk powder (SMP) and induce crystallization of lactose at lower water activity (aw ≥ 0.328 for SMP:MPP of 3:7 and 0:1 compared to aw ≥ 0.0.432 for SMP:MPP of 1:0 and 3:7). Addition of MP in SMP lowered the Tg values of the resulting powders. The permeate fraction in spray-dried SMP/MPP mixtures found to lower the critical aw and moisture content, suggesting the SMP mixed with MPP is more likely to become sticky than SMP alone (at 34% protein) when stored at a similar water activity and moisture content.