Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF ERYTHRITOL ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF REDUCED‐CALORIE DANISH COOKIES

The effects of erythritol on the quality characteristics of Danish cookies were studied. Danish cookies were formulated using erythritol as a sweetener to replace 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% sucrose. The results showed that Hunter L-values and erythritol contents of cookies increased with increasing erythritol level whereas there was no difference in the moisture, protein, fat, ash and hardness of cookies prepared with sucrose or erythritol. The erythritol was stable during baking. In descriptive analysis, the surface color of cookies became lighter, and the sweetness of cookies became less sweet as erythritol level increased and sucrose decreased. The 50, 75 and 100% erythritol cookies had a cooling sensation. The moistness and hardness of cookies showed no difference among all samples. In hedonic test, the degree of surface color, sweetness, hardness, flavor and overall liking of cookies prepared with 0, 25 and 50% replacement of sucrose with erythritol revealed no difference. However, lower degree of sensory qualities (except hardness) liking of 75 and 100% erythritol cookies was observed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Sucrose is one of the principal ingredients of cookies. But a sucrose-rich diet had been proven to be associated with lipogenesis and obesity. Erythritol is a sugar alcohol and has a good tolerance by humans. It is a noncariogenic, nonglycemic and low-calorie sweetener that is safe for diabetics. In addition, it possesses antioxidant properties. The study explores the possibility of utilizing erythritol to produce acceptable cookies.
The application of modern statistical approaches to identify consistent individual differences in the behaviour of wild postpartum female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)

Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behaviour have been shown to occur in a large number of species. However, few studies have attempted to quantify CIDs in the behaviour of wild animals in their natural environment. Yet, in order to understand the ecological and evolutionary relevance of CIDs in behaviour, it is fundamentally important that we attempt to quantify them in wild animals, in situ. In order to address this question, a three-step analytical approach was applied to data that were collected on wild postpartum female grey seals, which were part of a ‘hands-off’ observational study. Aspects of behaviour were highly repeatable across breeding seasons. The ‘alert’ behaviour in particular, remained highly repeatable irrespective of which individuals were included in the analyses. Furthermore, these robust repeatability estimates for the ‘alert’ behaviour persisted, despite controlling for social and environmental factors that are known to influence maternal behaviour. Subsequently, the three-step analytical approach was applied to an independent dataset collected on postpartum female grey seals that are part of a long-term longitudinal study on reproductive variation. Similar patterns were observed in the results across the three steps, and once again, the ‘alert’ behaviour was one of the more repeatable behaviours. However, these highly repeatable behaviours did not explain any of the variation in commonly used proxies for short-term fitness. As a result, these preliminary findings add to the debate on whether or not CIDs in behaviour are adaptive or are a product of phenotypic and/or genotypic constraints. Consequently, the potential influence of CIDs in behaviour on fitness trade-offs, population dynamics and conservation and management practices shall be discussed. The application of the three-step analytical approach to the independent dataset did raise some important methodological considerations, which shall be discussed in relation to developing guidelines for applying this approach to other datasets.
The JHU Machine Translation Systems for WMT 2016

This paper describes the submission of Johns Hopkins University for the shared translation task of ACL 2016 First Conference on Machine Translation (WMT 2016). We set up phrase-based, hierarchical phrase-based and syntax-based systems for all 12 language pairs of this year’s evaluation campaign. Novel research directions we investigated include: neural probabilistic language models, bilingual neural network language models, morphological segmentation, and the attentionbased neural machine translation model as reranking feature.
Origins and Evolution of Retrotransposons

This chapter summarizes the similarities and differences of retrotransposons, as well as the phylogenetic relationships of the various elements that have been characterized from each of the two classes of retrotransposons. It discusses what can be inferred about the ages and origins of retroelements and their relationship to other cellular components. In the most unusual group of long terminal repeat (LTR), retrotransposons, complete elements have unusual inverted or split terminal repeats and do not encode an integrase. One of the most interesting aspects of the evolution of the LTR retrotransposons is their close relationship to retroviruses, caulimoviruses, and hepadnaviruses. The simplicity of the target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) mechanism for inserting new copies appears to permit considerable structural flexibility in the evolution of different non-LTR retrotransposons. The authors suggest that it is more likely that the LTR retrotransposons evolved from the same lineages of eubacterial sequences as all other retroelements. They have attempted in this chapter to provide an overview of the diversity and mode of evolution of eukaryotic retrotransposable elements and to trace their origins back to prokaryotic sequences.
Pathology and molecular identification of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infection in the John Dory, Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758) caught in Mediterranean Sea

Calismanin materyalini Akdeniz’de Antalya korfezi avlanma sahasinda yakalanan bir dulger baligi Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758) olusturdu. Zeus faber dikkatli bir sekilde diseke edildi ve karin boslugu, karaciger ve kaslar Anisakidae ailesindeki nematod larvalari yonunden incelendi. Makroskopik olarak karin boslugunda sekiz larva ile karaciger yuzeyinde kapsule olmus 7 larva bulundu. Makroskobik incelemede, solgun gorunumde olan karaciger yuzeyinde kanamalara ve kapsul altinda 0,3 cm capinda kistlere rastlandi. Histopatolojik incelemede, hepatositlerde siddetli dejenerasyon ve nekroz tanimlandi. Karaciger kapsulu altinda fibroz kapsulle cevrili Anisakis larvalari gozlendi. Morfolojik olarak tanimlanan Anisakis Tip I larvalar tur teshisi icin PZR-RFLP ile molekuler olarak incelendi. Tum Anisakis larvalar PZR-RFLP ile Anisakis pegreffii olarak teshis edildi. Bu calisma ile Turkiye sularinda avlanan dulger baliginda Anisakis pegreffii’nin molekuler identifikasyonu ve paratenik ya da ara konakdaki patolojik bulgulari ilk kez tanimlandi
Observations on pelagic fish eggs and larvae in the coastal waters of Tuticorin

Quantitative Estimation of pelagic fish eggs and larvae which occurred in the plankton collections of Tuticorin coast during 1976-85 indicated their abundance in space and time A trimodal cycle in tin distribution of fish eggs and larvae with peaks in February-March, June-July and September-October was observed, indicating the spawning seasons. A maximum occurrence of 7,584 eggs contributing to 80.6% In the composition of total zooplankton was recorded In October, 1978 coinciding the permonsoon season. Hydrological and meteorological features of the area in relation to the distribution of fish eggs and larvae are briefly discussed. A variety of types of eggs and larvae sorted in the collections indicated the area as an important resourceful ground in the fishery map of Southeast coast of India
Response of maize (Zea mays) to nitrogen and zinc fertilization

Results of a field experiment conducted at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during Kharif 2011 in fac- torial randomized block design with four replications involving 12 treatment combinations (four nitrogen levels: 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha and three zinc levels: 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) revealed that application of N up to 100 kg/ha and Zn up to 5 kg/ ha in maize (Zea mays L.) significantly enhanced the plant height, dry matter accumulation, N and Zn uptake, yield characters, grain yield, harvest index, net returns and benefit cost ratio over their respective counter treatments. However, Zn uptake by maize was significantly improved up to 7.5 kg/ ha.
Whole transcriptome response of chicken spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

A greater understanding of the immune response after infection can form the necessary foundation of knowledge needed to enhance immunity through genetic selection. Whole genome microarrays allow for comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome. The transcriptomic responses of spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) each displayed differential expression in broiler chickens infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), the causative agent for colibacillosis. This differential …
Study of use of fluid regulator in the fluid management of dengue fever in children in a rural tertiary care hospital

Background: Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito borne viral disease in the world. In the last 50 years incidence has increased 30 folds with increasing geographical expansion to new countries and into present decade, from urban to rural setting. Objectives: To study the use of fluid regulator in the fluid management of Dengue Fever in children in a rural tertiary care hospital with a good outcome with no mortality. Material & Methods: This study was conducted on 1537 patients aged (0-16 years) with suspected Dengue Fever and serologically confirmed Dengue fever in the Department of Paediatrics, Akash Hospital, from October 2013 to October 2016. Fluid Regulator (DOSIFLOW) was used in the management of all admitted dengue cases in the pediatric general wards without shifting them to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), and without using Infusion pumps. Those with respiratory distress and severe shock requiring ventilator support were shifted to PICU. Otherwise all patients with hypovolemia, severe thrombocytopenia, bleeding manifestation were managed in the pediatric general ward with the help of fluid regulator (DOSIFLOW). Results: Out of 1537 patients, 41 were case of severe dengue (DHF and DSS), 1496 were cases of non-severe dengue (undifferentiated fever, dengue fever with warning signs, and dengue fever without warning signs). The youngest child was 2 months old. All of the cases needed intravenous fluids. All patients with warning signs, with hypovolemia, severe thrombocytopenia, bleeding manifestations were managed in the pediatric general wards with the help of fluid regulator (DOSIFLOW). Fluid could be adjusted and regulated as 10ml/kg, 7ml/kg, 5ml/kg, 3ml/kg very easily with the help of fluid regulator without the use of infusion pump. Dopamine was required in 2% of cases, all of them were severe dengue cases. Platelet concentrate and Blood transfusion were not given to any of our admitted dengue cases. Case fatality rate was 0%, as all cases were discharged successfully after recovery with fluid management. Conclusion: Fluid therapy is very important in the management of Dengue fever which requires a fluid regulator for effective administration of intravenous fluids. We recommend to use Fluid regulator (DOSIFLOW) for fluid management of all Dengue Cases and also routinely in all paediatric cases for fluid administration, as it is very easy to use and regulate fluid volume without causing fluid overload.
Cash Flow Volatility and Firm Investment Behaviour: Evidence from African Listed Firms

This study explored the association between cash flow variability and investment behaviour of African listed firms. The research employed a dynamic panel data model estimated with the difference and system Generalised Method of Moments estimation techniques on a panel of 815 listed African non-financial firms. The estimation techniques control for unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity and dynamic panel bias. Two different measures of volatility were employed; the exponentially weighted moving average, a forward-looking measure that captures innovations in cash flow volatilities and the coefficient of variation that captures the mechanical effect of the possible relation between cash flow levels and volatility. The results obtained suggested that cash-flow volatility is associated with average lower investment in African firms. These findings show that not only cash flows are an important determinant of investment decisions, but the variability of the cash flows also has a significant bearing on the investment levels of African firms. Cash flow volatility has a significant negative impact on investment even for firms with higher cash flows and unconstrained firms. African firms should not only aim at achieving higher cash flows, but the stability of the cash flows is equally important to sustain solid investment levels.
Effect of Perennial Grasses on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control

An experiment was conducted near Scottsbluff, NE, to assess three techniques for establishing perennial grasses in pasture sites and to evaluate the effectiveness of five perennial grasses compared with herbicide or mowing for Canada thistle control. Perennial grass density 9 mo after seeding and perennial grass biomass 12 mo after seeding both followed the same trend, indicating that preplant rototilling improved perennial grass establishment. After 3 yr, Canada thistle control was greater than 90% in plots where perennial grasses had been established utilizing preplant rototilling, and competitive grasses were as effective as yearly applications of clopyralid at 0.55 kg/ha for controlling Canada thistle. Averaged across two studies conducted for 3 yr, hybrid wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, Russian wildrye, tall fescue, and western wheatgrass provided 85, 74, 76, 78, and 66% Canada thistle control, respectively.
Biotransfer of heavy metals in Jersey cows

Land application of sewage sludge, sewage water and other industrial wastes gradually increases the toxic metals in the soil environment and these will be increasingly taken up by plants and subsequent transfer into the food chain causing severe damage to both animal and human health. The biotransfer of different heavy metals and other micronutrients was studied in the Jersey milch cows. All the micronutrient elements showed a positive build-up throughout the experimental, in which Fe recorded the highest value in milk samples, followed by Zn, Mn and Cu. The heavy metal content in milk sample viz., Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr ranged from traces to 0.028; 0.02 to 0.056; traces to 17.86 and 0.114 to 9.35 mg/ kg respectively. Concentration of heavy metal in plasma sample was higher than the serum and it also exceeded the critical limit. Higher levels of heavy metal accumulation in blood will be more toxic because it might be translocated to other organs of the animal, viz. liver, kidney, etc. Concentration of Pb was high in blood compared with other heavy metal. Among the samples analyzed, viz., milk, blood - blood recorded the highest value of all the heavy metal. Degrees of bioaccumulation and biotransfer were different for different elements, concentration of heavy metals in milk and blood sample could be considered as bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution in an environment.
Analysis of Noncoding RNA Function at Specific Genomic Loci

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important effectors of gene expression, due to their interactions with chromatin regulatory complexes and their implication in developmental processes such as genomic imprinting, dosage compensation, and maintenance of pluripotency. However, despite numerous studies suggesting regulatory roles for lncRNAs in gene expression, there is limited mechanistic insight into how lncRNAs can target and regulate specific sets of genes. To better understand the regulatory effects of lncRNAs, I explored factors contributing to interactions between lncRNAs and specific genomic loci. To this end, I analyzed genomic binding sites for two highly abundant RNAs, NEAT1 and MALAT1. NEAT1 and MALAT1 bind hundreds of genomic sites in trans, primarily localizing to active genes. NEAT1 and MALAT1 colocalize to many of these loci, but display distinct gene body binding patterns, suggesting independent but complementary functions for these RNAs. Mass spectrometry analysis of lncRNA-associated proteins identified numerous proteins enriched by both lncRNAs, supporting complementary binding and function. Transcriptional inhibition or stimulation alters genomewide localization of NEAT1, implying that underlying DNA sequence does not target NEAT1 to chromatin and that localization is instead responsive to the process of transcription. In addition to examining lncRNAs associated with active genes, I characterized the impact of lncRNAs on gene repression at specific loci. I focused on a human lncRNA expressed during neural differentiation, CAT7, whose locus is composed primarily of tandem repeats and is
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES AND LOCAL INNOVATIONS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN SELECTED AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS OF CENTRAL KENYA

Diseases are major constraints to hot pepper ( Capsicum annum L.) production in sub-Saharan Africa. The search for cultivars resistant to the major diseases of hot pepper has been limited. This study was conducted in Uganda to evaluate exotic and local hot pepper genotypes for disease resistance. Viral diseases and Cercospora leaf spot were the most predominant and severe, followed in descending order by anthracnose, Phytophthora blight and wilt diseases. Highly significant genotypic differences (P<0.001) existed in most scored disease traits. There was no genotype resistant to field diseases of interest in this study; however, a few cultivars exhibited resistance to two or more disease infections. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC) genotype 12 (PP97-7195-1) was exceptionally resistant to fungal and bacterial diseases, but moderately resistant to viral diseases. Highly significant genotype by season (P<0.001) interactions were observed for both disease incidences and severity indices, except for Phytophthora blight severity index. Field disease correlation stability analysis across seasons indicated significant virus and Phytophthora blight severity indices implying some stability in these scores across seasons with virus severity index being the most consistent scored disease trait. Anthracnose incidence and severity contributed more to yield loss. Keywords : Anthracnose, Capsicum annuum , fungal diseases African Crop Science Journal , Vol. 20, Issue Supplement s1, pp. 77 - 97
Influence of Pesticides Selection Pressure on Protein Banding Patterns of the Two Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch by SDS-PAGE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of three pesticides selection pressure on the protein banding of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch by SDS-PAG electrophoresis comparing. In this experiment, four batches of mite colonies reared for nine months away from any pesticide contamination were exposed for selection pressure of the tested pesticides. The first batch was subjected to successive selection with chlorfenapyr, the second patch was subjected to repeated selection of fenpyroximate, the third one for repeated selection of hexythiazox, whereas the 4th patch was left without any pesticide treatment as a check. Selection pressure was carried out at LC50 level of each of the tested toxicant. The selection was studied for 12 generations to follow up the development of resistance and the resistance ratio (RR) values were calculated. The highest RR value of F12 selected generation was for Fenpyroximate (14.32) followed by 12.06 for chlorfenapyr, while the lowest value was obtained by hexythiazox (4.22). Comparing the protein banding pattern of chlorfenapyr fenpyroximate, and hexythiazox resistant strains with the susceptible one, it was found that the protein bands with MW (54 and 36 KD) appeared only in susceptible strain, while disappeared in the other tested resistant strains of the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae. The protein band with MW 44 KD was appeared only in Hexythiazox resistant strain. The protein bands with MW 53 and 34 KD were only found in fenpyroximate resistant strain of T. urticae, whereas such bands were not found in the other strains. The protein bands pattern with MW 146, 35 and 31 KD were found only in hexythiazox and chlorfenapyr resistant strains of T. urticae. Such result may indicate that the mechanism of resistance strains is similar for both strains.
Functional Characterisation of Human MUS81 Complexes

Human cells employ a variety of mechanisms to repair DNA damage and maintain genomic integrity. Structure-specific endonucleases play crucial roles in the repair of DNA lesions by removing secondary DNA structures that can lead to chromosome mis-segregation, aneuploidy and cancer. MUS81 is the catalytic subunit of two human structure-specific endonucleases, MUS81-EME1 and MUS81-EME2. MUS81 nuclease has been shown to function in the resolution of homologous recombination (HR) intermediates, in the repair of stalled replication forks (RFs) and in the maintenance of telomere length in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-positive cells. However, it is unknown whether the two MUS81 complexes differ in their biological functions. To address this question, we carried out in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the roles of MUS81-EME1 and MUS81-EME2 in human cells. We found that EME2 interacts with MUS81 preferentially during the S-phase of the cell cycle, when MUS81 is important for the repair of stalled RFs. Cells treated with HU and depleted of MUS81 or EME2, but not of EME1, showed high levels of chromosomal aberrations, suggesting that the MUS81-EME2 complex is important for the maintenance of genomic stability following HU exposure. Also, depletion of EME2 or MUS81, but not of EME1, resulted in telomere loss, decreased rate of telomere sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCEs) and increased telomere fragility in ALT-positive cells. Consistent with the in vivo functional differences, we found that purified MUS81 complexes have different DNA substrate specificities in vitro, with the activity of MUS81-EME2 being 10-fold greater than that of MUS81-EME1. Together, these results indicate that MUS81-EME1 and MUS81-EME2 have different biochemical properties and distinct, non-overlapping functions, with MUS81-EME2 being important in the repair of stalled RFs and in telomere maintenance of ALT cells, whereas MUS81-EME1 plays an important role in the resolution of HJs in the context of HR-mediated DNA repair.