Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PlioMIP2 simulations using the MIROC4m climate model

Abstract. The second phase of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP2) has attracted many climate modelling groups in its continuing efforts to better understand the climate of the mid-Piacenzian warm period (mPWP) when atmospheric CO2 was last closest to present day levels. Like the first phase, PlioMIP1, it is an internationally coordinated initiative that allows for a systematic comparison of various models in a similar manner to PMIP. Model intercomparison and model-data comparison now focus specifically on the interglacial at marine isotope stage KM5c (3.205 Ma) and experimental design is not only based on new boundary conditions but includes various sensitivity experiments. In this study, we present results from long-term model integrations using the MIROC4m atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, developed at the institutes CCSR/NIES/FRCGC in Japan. The core experiment, with CO2 levels set to 400 ppm, shows a warming of 3.1 °C compared to the Pre-Industrial, with two-thirds of the warming being contributed by the increase in CO2. Although this level of warming is less than that in the equivalent PlioMIP1 experiment, there is a slightly better agreement with proxy sea surface temperature (SST) data at PRISM3 locations, especially in the northern North Atlantic where there were large model-data discrepancies in PlioMIP1. Similar changes in precipitation and sea ice are seen and the Arctic remains ice-free in the summer. However, unlike PlioMIP1, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is now stronger than that of the Pre-Industrial, even though increasing CO2 tends to weaken it. This stronger AMOC is a consequence of a closed Bering Strait in the PlioMIP2 paleogeography. Also, when present day boundary conditions are replaced by those of the Pliocene, the dependency of the AMOC strength on CO2 is significantly weakened. Sensitivity tests show that lower values of CO2 give a global SST which is overall more consistent with the PRISM3 SST field presented in PlioMIP1. Inclusion of dynamical vegetation and the effects of all realistic orbital configurations should be considered in future experiments using MIROC4m for the mPWP.
Depth , capture time , and hooked longevity of longline-caught pelagic fish : Timing bites of fish with chips

To resolve the uncertainty in estimating capture depths of fish on pelagic longline gear, electronic microchip hook timers were attached to branch lines to record when bites occurred, and time-depth recorders (TDRs) were attached to longline gear, off Hawaii in January 1989 and January-February 1990. Hook timers indicated that 32% of the striped marlin Tetrapturus audax, 21% of the spearfish T. angustirostris, and 12% of the bigeye tuna Thunnus &ems were caught on sinking or rising hooks, demonstrating that capture time data are needed to correctly estimate capture depth. Recorded and predicted longline depths differed greatly, indicating that TDRs are essential for describing depth distributions of fish from longline catches. Most (>6O%) of the spearfish and striped marlin were caught on settled hooks (not sinking or rising) at depths of < 120m, where as most bigeye tuna were caught at depths of >200m. This suggests that eliminating shallow hooks could substantially reduce the bycatch of spearfish, striped marlin, and other recreationally important billfish without reducing fishing efficiency for bigeye tuna. Bigeye tuna and striped marlin survived up to 6-9 hours after capture, and over 50% of 12 frequently-caught taxa were alive when retrieved, suggesting that the release of live fish can be an effective management option. Manuseript accepted 5 May 1992. Fishery Bulletin, US. 90542-658 (1992). 642 Depth, capture time, and hooked longevity of longline-caught pelagic fish: Timing bites of fish with chips
Pre-service Language Teachers’ Reflections and Initial Experiences on the Use of Textbooks in Classroom Practice

In foreign language (FL) teaching and learning, textbooks provide the major source for both teachers and learners (see e.g., Guerrettaz & Johnston, 2013; Richards, 2014). Although the use of textbooks and other teaching materials is one of the factors that makes the difference between novice and experienced teachers (see e.g., Savova, 2009), too little attention is paid to their use in teacher training programmes (see e.g., Canniveng & Martinez, 2003). Based on research literature and empirical data derived from a questionnaire (N = 51) and interviews (N = 12) among FL teacher trainees during the one-year teacher training programme at a Finnish university, the following questions are addressed: What are pre-service language teachers’ reflections on FL textbooks and their use? What kinds of experiences teacher trainees had with FL textbooks during the one-year teacher education programme? The results of this study give us more information on how language teacher trainees learn to use textbooks and other teaching materials. For instance, it emerged from the findings that the trainees were willing to create learner-centred teaching materials. In addition, the study can give ideas of how to develop courses for FL teacher education in order to pay more attention to a more independent use of textbooks and other teaching materials.
COMPARISON OF SEMEN TRAITS OF CROSSBRED BOARS

In pig production in Poland important role is played by crossbred boars and hybrids. In the year 2010, the crossbred boars semen used in the insemination was 14.77%, and 26.30% for the hybrids. The semen collected from crossbred boars (Duroc x Pietrain) and hybrids (PIC) enjoyed the most popular in the insemination. The aim of this study was to compare the semen characteristics of crossbred (Duroc x Pietrain) and hybrids (PIC and NECKAR ) boars.
Physicochemical Prediction of Metabolite Fragmentation in Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The word ‘metabolome’ means the whole set of metabolites existing in an organism. To diagnose disease or examine in uence of drugs and diets, metabolome in human urine, exhaled air, blood, etc. have been measured in various studies. Functional genomics also often utilizes metabolome as the endpoint of cellular regulation which responds to genotype and environment. One of the major techniques to measure metabolome is mass spectrometry (MS). MS distinguishes metabolites according to their mass in high sensitivity. To obtain detailed structural information of metabolites, especially to classify structural isomers, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is utilized. Each metabolite is decomposed into fragments which correspond to its substructures. Mass and abundance of each fragment is described as an MS/MS spectrum. As the fragmentation pattern depends on the metabolite structure, matching of the measured MS/MS spectrum with a standard one, which is stored in databases, is an important criterion to identify metabolites. Current bottleneck of metabolite identi cation is insu ciency of MS/MS spectral databases. In a metabolome measurement, usually only up to ∼ 20% of detected metabolites are identi ed because of absence of matching standard MS/MS spectra. Since the standard spectra are measured from puri ed metabolites, there are limitations to obtain MS/MS spectra of all existing metabolites by experimental measurements. To overcome that, many research groups have tried to build a theoretical MS/MS spectral library independent of the measurements. Several groups, including us, have achieved that, but mechanisms of metabolite fragmentation are not fully clari ed. Without mechanistic insights, prediction of general metabolite fragmentation will not be realized. To reach the mechanistic prediction of metabolite fragments, I will discuss utilization of physicochemical calculation. The aim of the present study is to construct
SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat

An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, currently designated as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported recently. However, as SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus, we know little about it. In this review, we summarize the key events occurred during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the basic characteristics of the pathogen, the signs and symptoms of the infected patients as well as the possible transmission pathways of the virus. Furthermore, we also review the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight bats as the potential natural reservoir and pangolins as the possible intermediate host of the virus, but their roles are waiting for further investigation. Finally, the advances in the development of chemotherapeutic options are also briefly summarized.
High doses of cobalt inhibited hair follicle development in Rex Rabbits

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cobalt supplementation on hair follicle development in rabbits. Rex rabbits (30-d-old, n=180) were divided randomly into five equal treatment groups: rabbits fed a basal diet (control, measured cobalt content of 0.27 mg/kg) or rabbits fed a basal diet with an additional 0.1, 0.4, 1.6 or 6.4 mg/kg cobalt (in the form of cobalt sulfate) supplementation (measured cobalt contents of 0.35, 0.60, 1.83 and 6.62 mg/kg, respectively). Treatment with 6.4 mg/kg cobalt significantly decreased hair follicle density (P<0.05), while low levels of cobalt (0.1-1.6 mg/kg) had no effect on hair follicle density (P>0.05). The addition of dietary cobalt at the highest level examined (6.4 mg/kg) significantly increased the gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and BMP4 in skin tissue (P<0.05), while the mRNA levels of versican, alkaline phosphatase, hepatocyte growth factor, and noggin remained unchanged (P>0.05). Compared with their levels in the control group, dietary cobalt treatment significantly suppressed the protein levels of p-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-ribosomal protein S6 protein kinase (P<0.05) but did not alter the protein levels of p-AMP-activated protein kinase, Wnt10b or p-β-catenin (P>0.05). In conclusion, cobalt at the highest concentration examined inhibited hair follicle development, which may have involved the mTOR-BMP signalling pathway.
Factors Affecting Burnout in Manufacturing Industries

This study was to determine the effect of workload, work family conflict, work life balance on burnout of employees of PT. Graha Planet Nusantara Tangerang. The object of this research is employees who work at PT. Graha Planet Nusantara Tangerang. This study was conducted on 83 respondents using a quantitative descriptive approach. The results of this study show that the workload variable has a significant positive effect on burnout, work family conflict has a significant positive effect on burnout and work life balance has a significant negative effect on burnout. The approach used in this study is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with a Smart-PLS analysis tool. Therefore, the results of this research test state that there is a joint effect between workload, work family conflict and work life balance variables on burnout at PT. Graha Planet Nusantara Tangerang.
Exploring Language Learning Motivation among Primary EFL Learners

The present study examined factors contributing to motivation of young EFL learners. Specifically, it explored learners’ attitudes and purposes for studying English, and how their perceptions of social support (teacher, family, peers) and that of the formal learning environment (learning tasks and class activities) varied at different levels of motivation. In total, 23 grade six students who studied at a Macau primary school completed a 10-item open-ended questionnaire. Findings revealed that most of the participants were highly motivated and learned English for both instrumental (e.g., for work and travel) and integrative (e.g., wanting to integrate within the target language culture) reasons. Most respondents reported that they viewed their teachers positively, which may explain why most of them also had a positive view of studying English despite indicating that their family expected them to get high grades on exams, and that most of their classmates perceived studying English negatively. Unsurprisingly, participants also reported that games and songs were their favored activities because they increased their intrinsic motivation to learn. The results of this study suggest that young learner motivation may be largely influenced by the learning environment (as opposed to family or peer social relationships), notably the positive relationship with the teacher and the types of learning activities employed to achieve learning aims.
University of Birmingham Perceptions and impact of mandatory eLearning for foundation trainee doctors

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Effect of the Dynamic Macroeconomic Fluctuation on the Stability of a Banking Network System with Scale-Free Structure

The stability of banking system has caused wide concerns since the global financial crisis. The present paper focuses on studying the stability of a banking network system in the case that the banking network system suffers the dynamic macroeconomic fluctuation shocks. We firstly construct a banking network system with a scale-free structure, then let the banking network system suffer the dynamic macroeconomic fluctuation (here, we consider three kinds of situations; the macro economy fluctuates in downward, upward, and random trends, respectively). Then, we study the stability of the banking network system under each situation. Firstly, the results show that the scale-free topology has an important effect on the stability of the banking network system at each macroeconomic fluctuation situation. Secondly, the investment payback period and the ratio of investment to deposit have a large effect on the stability of the banking network system in the cases of dynamic macroeconomic fluctuation. In addition, our further studies find that there is an optimal ratio of the investment to deposit under various macroeconomic fluctuation scenarios, which divides the banking system into stable and unstable regions. Finally, we discuss the regulation strategies for banks, which may provide decision supports for the relevant regulatory authority.
Impact of compressed air energy storage demands on gas turbine performance

Industrial gas turbines are now required to operate more flexibly as a result of incentives and priorities given to renewable forms of energy. This study considers the extraction of compressed air from the gas turbine; it is implemented to store heat energy at periods of a surplus power supply and the reinjection at peak demand. Using an in-house engine performance simulation code, extractions and injections are investigated for a range of flows and for varied rear stage bleeding locations. Inter-stage bleeding is seen to unload the stage of extraction towards choke, while loading the subsequent stages, pushing them towards stall. Extracting after the last stage is shown to be appropriate for a wider range of flows: up to 15% of the compressor inlet flow. Injecting in this location at high flows pushes the closest stage towards stall. The same effect is observed in all the stages but to a lesser magnitude. Up to 17.5% injection seems allowable before compressor stalls; however, a more conservative estimate is expected with higher fidelity models. The study also shows an increase in performance with a rise in flow injection. Varying the design stage pressure ratio distribution brought about an improvement in the stall margin utilized, only for high extraction.
DV200 Index for Assessing RNA Integrity in Next-Generation Sequencing

Poor quality of biological samples will result in an inaccurate analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS). Therefore, methods to accurately evaluate sample integrity are needed. Among methods for evaluating RNA quality, the RNA integrity number equivalent (RINe) is widely used, whereas the DV200, which evaluates the percentage of fragments of >200 nucleotides, is also used as a quality assessment standard. In this study, we compared the RINe and DV200 RNA quality indexes to determine the most suitable RNA index for the NGS analysis. Seventy-one RNA samples were extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples (n = 30), fresh-frozen samples (n = 25), or cell lines (n = 16). After assessing RNA quality using the RINe and DV200, we prepared two kinds of stranded mRNA sequencing libraries. Finally, we calculated the correlation between each RNA quality index and the amount of library product (1st PCR product per input RNA). The DV200 measure showed stronger correlation with the amount of library product than the RINe (R2 = 0.8208 for the DV200 versus 0.6927 for the RINe). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that the DV200 was the better marker for predicting efficient library production than the RINe using a threshold of >10 ng/ng for the amount of the 1st PCR product per input RNA (cutoff value for the RINe and DV200, 2.3 and 66.1%; area under the curve, 0.99 and 0.91; sensitivity, 82% and 92%; and specificity, 93% and 100%, respectively). Our results indicate that NGS libraries prepared using RNA samples with the DV200 value > 66.1% exhibit greater sensitivity and specificity than those prepared with the RINe values > 2.3. These findings suggest that the DV200 is superior to the RINe, especially for low-quality RNA, because it is a more consistent assessment of the amount of the 1st NGS library product per input.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A LITERATURE REVIEW

152 he latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, APA, 2013), conceptualises autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction and the possible presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities. Different types of interventions have been used in the treatment of ASD. One of these intervention strategies explored in recent years to improve the characteristic deficits of people with ASD with regards to communication and social interaction is music therapy, which uses music for therapeutic purposes. This technique allows us to open communication channels, to facilitate the socialisation of these individuals and improve their quality of life. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT), this technique uses music and its elements professionally as an intervention in medical, educational and everyday environments with individuals, groups, families or communities seeking to optimise their quality of life and improve their physical, social, communicative, emotional, and intellectual well-being, in addition to their spiritual health (WFMT, 2011). The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), more specifically, defines music therapy as the clinical and evidence-based use of musical interventions to achieve individualised goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional. This association indicates that it is an established healthcare profession, in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address the physical, emotional, cognitive and social needs of individuals. In the same vein, Professor Benenzon (2000) describes music therapy as a type of psychotherapy that uses sound, music, and body-sound-music instruments to establish a relationship between the music therapist and the patient, through which the quality of life is improved THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Interactive comment on “The Bern Simple Climate Model (BernSCM) v1.0: an extensible and fully documented open source reimplementation of the Bern reduced form model for global carbon cycle-climate simulations” by Kuno Strassmann and Fortunat Joos

This paper by Strassmann and Joos presents the reimplementation of the Bern Simple Climate Model (BernSCM), a reduced form model of the anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon-climate system. This is a historic model for the community, since it and its offspring have been used since the IPCC SAR. This new implementation is useful for the community, especially as this paper focuses on transparency and the model’s code is provided in an open-source format.
THE INFLUENCES OF FLUORIDES ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF α-ALUMINA CRYSTALS

Influence of addition of aluminum fluoride (AlF3) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) on transformation of α-Al2O3 from boehmite was investigated. Transformation of α-Al2O3 occurred at about 1050°C and 950°C, when boehmite contained AlF3 and NH4F additives respectively, which was 150°C and 300°C lower than that without any additives. The formed α-Al2O3 consisted of clear, hexagonal plate-like particles about 2-3 μm in diameter and 200 nm in thickness. However, the formed hexagonal platelet particles gradually became blunt at edges and decreased in sizes at the higher calcinating temperatures. The transfer of α-Al2O3 morphology was due to the diminution and disappearance of fluorine. The fluoride coated on the surfaces were firstly decomposed and then fluorine entered the lattices of crystals was volatilized. The fluoride with tiny particles attached on the surface had a same chemical bonding of F–Al–O with that in the lattices of crystals.
1) What it Takes to Shape Economic Growth? or 2) Assessing the Impact of Political Leaders on Economic Growth

This paper analyses the context in which national leaders can shape economic growth and it assesses which individual characteristics are linked to their performance. By comparing growth variations across transitions in which the identity of the ruler is not likely to be dependent on the economic conditions, I found evidence that leaders matter both in autocracies and democracies even though the level of democracy and development shrink the magnitude of leaders’ effects. Besides, rulers’ transitions have a higher impact on growth whenever one of the leaders has the possibility of running for a second mandate. In some specifications, I also found evidence of the positive effect of university education and a mitigate effect of tenure on growth shifts. Regarding directional results (i.e nominal growth variations) individual traits play a larger role. Younger leaders and the ones with more experience in politics are associated with a better economic performance. Some career backgrounds are also relevant for establishing the leader’s quality as well as the existence of a term limit. In some of the approaches used, more educated leaders appear to perform better.