Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lowland fluvial phosphorus altered by dams

Dams affect ecosystems, but their physical link to the variations in fluvial fluxes and downstream ecological consequences are inadequately understood. After estimating the current effects of the Three Gorges project and other reservoirs upstream on the Yangtze River on the fluvial phosphorus (P) in the middle and lower Yangtze River, we further investigated the long‐term effects of dams on the fluvial regimes of P and P‐enriched sediment (PES). Simultaneously measured P distributions with sediment size (PDSS) from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) proved that the areal density of particulate P (PP) bound on graded sediment can be measured using the surface area concentration of the total sediment. A PDSS relationship is obtained and the selective transport and long‐term sedimentation of P are simulated using a nonuniform suspended sediment model, which incorporates the PDSS formula. The computations revealed that a reservoir would significantly lower the downstream availability of P in the dry season and promote high pulses of P in summer when the reservoir is flushed as sedimentation accumulates. As a result, the P buffering and replenishing mechanism in the pristine ecosystem from upstream supplies and local re‐suspension are permanently eliminated when a regulating reservoir is built upstream. This change is irreversible if reservoir regulation continues. Changes could potentially aggravate the existing P‐limitation, decrease the water's ability to adjust nutrient/pollutant fluctuations, accumulate a greater surplus of carbon and nitrogen, and even exacerbate blooms in favorable conditions.
Adapting a Drainage Model to Simulate Water Table Levels in Coastal Plain Soils

Seasonal saturation in soils is expensive and time consuming to document, but the information is needed for land use assessments. Hydrologic models can be used to assess saturation occurrence quickly if the models are calibrated for individual sites. This study determined whether a drainage model (DRAINMOD) could predict water table levels in soils with and without a perimeter ditch. Water table levels were monitored for up to 3 yr at two toposequences that contained a total of 21 soil plots (3 m by 3 m). Soils included Typic Paleudults, Aquic Paleudults, and Umbric Paleaquults. Each plot was instrumented with a recording well to monitor daily water table levels. DRAINMOD was calibrated for each soil plot using measurements of in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water characteristic, depth to impermeable layer, depth of rooting, and rainfall. A plot's water table fluctuation was simulated by a system of virtual drains whose distance and depth were adjusted to produce simulated water table fluctuations in line with those actually measured. Further calibration adjusted drainable porosity in the upper 20 cm of the soil, depressional storage, evapotranspiration rate, and depth to impermeable layer. Adjustments were made by iteration to minimize the absolute average deviation between simulated and measured water table levels. Calibration had to be done by plot. Average absolute deviations were generally <20 cm for periods ranging from 1 to 3 yr. The results showed that DRAINMOD could be adapted to simulate water table levels in landscapes that do not contain a network of parallel drains.
Numerical simulation of fracture set formation: A fracture mechanics model consistent with experimental observations

A physically based model for the evolution of a single set of planar, parallel fractures subject to a constant remote stress is presented. The model simulates the mechanical interaction between fractures using a recently developed approximation technique for stress analysis in elastic solids with many fractures. A comparison between experimental and numerical results shows that the model can accurately simulate the development of experimentally generated fracture sets. Once the flaw geometry is specified, only one parameter controls the geometric evolution of the fracture set. This parameter, the velocity exponent, relates fracture propagation velocity to stress concentration at the fracture tip. Monte Carlo sensitivity analyses suggest that this parameter also controls the extent to which fracture growth is concentrated within zones or clusters. Similar analyses suggest that the extent of fracture clustering is less sensitive to the flaw density.
Geomatics-Based Soil Mapping and Degradation Risk Assessment of Nile Delta Soils

The aim of this study is to apply the powerful capabilities of advanced remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to identify the geomorphological units and degradation risk assessment of some soils east of the Nile Delta. Landsat ETM images and digital elevation model (DEM) were used to produce the physiographic map of the studied area at the landform level. The obtained map showed that the area comprised three distinct landscapes: coastal, flood and Aeolian plains, plus the urban area and water bodies. The major landforms of the studied area were described as clay flats, gypsiferrous flats, recent river terraces, decantation basins, overflow basins, old river terraces, turtle back, sand flats, and sand sheets. The study also demonstrated that the salinization, sodication, and physical degradation of the studied area were about 14.82, 35.86, and 83.04%, respectively. The hazard types were defined as low, moderate, high, and very high. The obtained data showed also that salinity, alkalinity, and water logging are the main encountered degradation hazard. These results were a great help and served as basic sources for the planners and decision makers in sustainable planning.
Measurements of HO2 uptake to aqueous aerosol: Mass accommodation coefficients and net reactive loss

[1] We present room temperature measurements of HO2 uptake to aqueous submicron aerosol obtained with an entrained aerosol flow tube coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Two aqueous aerosol types were examined, H2SO4 at 35–40% relative humidity (RH) and (NH4)2SO4 at 40–45% RH. By doping the aerosol with Cu(II) (∼0.1 M in aerosol) to create an efficient aerosol sink, we determine lower limits to the mass accommodation coefficient, αHO2, to be 0.8 ± 0.3 for H2SO4 and 0.5 ± 0.1 for (NH4)2SO4 particles. In the absence of Cu(II), net reactive loss of HO2 on H2SO4 aerosol was slow, and we measured a reaction probability, γHO2, less than 0.01. In contrast, loss of HO2 to (NH4)2SO4 aerosol, buffered to pH = 5.1 but without Cu(II), was efficient in our experiment. For this system, aerosol-induced loss of gas-phase HO2 was observed to follow second-order kinetics, and we infer from our measurements a second-order aqueous phase reaction rate coefficient of 1 ± 0.25 × 107M−1 s−1 in good agreement with an estimate of 2 ± 1 × 107M−1 s−1 based on literature values of HO2 aqueous-phase chemical parameters. These results imply that heterogeneous loss of HO2 to submicron aqueous sulfate aerosol will be strongly temperature dependent with negligible contribution to odd hydrogen radical (HOx) removal rates at temperatures warmer than ∼270 K, but potentially large contributions to HOx loss (e.g., >50% of total HOx loss) in colder regions of the troposphere depending on the available aqueous aerosol volume.
How Effective is Military Expenditure in the Terrorism and Tourism Nexus? Insights from Africa

ABSTRACT:Terrorism has become an alarming issue in Africa due to its potential negative impact on the economy. The escalation of terrorist activities in the region has the capacity to discourage tourists from visiting Africa. This has led to the government increasing military expenditure for counterterrorism with the objective of combating the adverse effects of terrorism on the tourism industry and other sectors of the economy. The purpose of this research is to explore the effectiveness of military spending in offsetting the negative impact of terrorism on tourism in Africa. The study utilized data from 24 African countries between 2001 and 2018 and employed Prais-Winsten regression and Driscoll and Kraay-type Fixed Effects models. Both estimation strategies account for cross-sectional dependence, serial correlation, and heteroskedasticity. The Fixed effect model also accounts for unobserved heterogeneity, which can cause estimation bias when not accounted for. The study also utilizes the first lag of the explanatory variables as instruments for the endogenous variables in the Fixed Effects model to cushion the effect of simultaneity or reverse causality in the modeling. The findings show that both the number of terrorist incidents and the number of terrorist fatalities have negative effects on the number of tourist arrivals into Africa in the absence of military expenditure and when unobservable heterogeneity is considered. Further findings reveal that military expenditure is effective in offsetting the negative impact of the fatalities that arise from terrorism on the number of tourist arrivals in Africa, as revealed by both the interactive and net effects. Additionally, the analysis is expanded using disaggregated tourist data, and the results show that European tourists are more responsive to the use of military expenditure in offsetting the negative impact of terrorism than tourists from America, East Asia, and the Pacific. The policy implication of this study is that African countries must increase military expenditure if they are to effectively offset the negative effect of terrorism on the tourism industry. However, it is also crucial that essential expenditures on education and health are not foregone due to their long run influence on economic development.
HNO3/NOx ratio in the remote troposphere During MLOPEX 2: Evidence for nitric acid reduction on carb

The [HNO 3 ]/[NO x ] ratio is generally overestimated by a factor of 5-10 in photochemical models in comparison to tropospheric measurements. In this study, the heterogeneous reduction of HNO 3 into NO on carbonaceous aerosols [Lary et al., 1996] has been introduced in a photochemical box-model on the basis of black carbon mass densities measured during MLOPEX 2. This recycling to NO x decreases the [HNO 3 ]/[NO x ] ratio close to observed values. The concomitant increase in modeled NO x concentration is also in better agreement with the observations, and has substantial implications for the ozone budget in the remote atmosphere. Large uncertainties in the estimate of black carbon surface area and of accomodation coefficients preclude definitive conclusions until more detailed measurements are carried out.
Affectability of splash erosion by polyacrylamide application and rainfall intensity

Splash erosion is recognized as the first stage in a soil erosion process and results from the soil surface bombing by rain drops. At the moment when rain drops conflict with the soil surface, soil particles move and destruct the soil structure. Soil particles dispersed by rain drops and moved by runoff are two basic soil erosion processes. In this study, the effect of applying various amounts of polyacrylamide (PAM) (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m 2 ) on the quantity of splash erosion at three rainfall intensities of 65, 95 and 120 mm/h by using of FEL3 rainfall simulator was investigated in marly soil in a laboratory. Results indicated differences in the effects of various treatments with PAM at all rainfall intensities, such as 0.6 g/m 2 PAM had the maximum effect on the splash erosion control by reducing soil erosion by about 28.93%. But statistical results showed that the use of various amounts of PAM (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m 2 ) for con - trolling splash erosion at various rain intensities to decrease splash erosion did not reveal a statistically significant difference. Therefore, the application of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m 2 PAM reduced the splash erosion, however, there was no statistical difference among these application rates of PAM. Finally, the results of statistical analysis of different inten - sities showed that only at 120 mm/h there was a significant difference between PAM treatment and control treatment (0 g/m 2 PAM) in the splash erosion control. At this intensity, the treatment with 0.4 g/m 2 PAM produced a maximum effect on the splash erosion control with 40% in comparison with the control treatment.
Tourism and Sustainable Community Development

1. The Community A Sustainable Concept in Tourism Development? Part 1: Community, Participation and Identity 2. Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Planning and Community Participation: The Case of the Hope Valley 3. Residents' Perceptions of the Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism at Lake Balaton, Hungary 4. Identity, Community and Sustainability: Prospects for Rural Tourism in Albania Part 2: Sustainable Tourism and the Community 5. Environmental Standards and Performance Measurement in Tourism Destination Development 6. Developing Sustainable Tourism in the Trossachs, Scotland 7. Establishing the Common Ground: Tourism, Neighbourhood and Environmental Quality in Edinburgh, Scotland 8. Local Agenda 21: Reclaiming Community Ownership in Tourism or Stalled Process? Part 3: Developing Community Enterprise 9. Fair Trade in Tourism - Community Development or Marketing Tool? 10. Tourism, Small Enterprises and Community Development 11. Gili Trawangan: From Desert Island to 'Marginal' Paradise: Local Participation, Small-Scale Entrepreneurs and Outside Investors in an Indonesian Tourist Destination 12. Tourism in Friesland: A Network Approach 13. Understanding Community Tourism Entrepreneurism: Some Evidence from Texas Part 4: Rural Communities and Tourism Development 14. Can Sustainable Tourism Positively Influence Rural Regions? 15. Cultural Tourism and the Community in Rural Ireland 16. Agritourism - A Path to Community Development? The Case of Bangunkerto, Indonesia 17. Community and Rural Development in Northern Portugal 18. The Market for Rural Tourism in North and Central Portugal: A Benefit - Segmentation Approach 19. Tourism Brand Attributes of the Alto Minho, Portugal 20. Conclusions
Retrograde Reactions of an Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Spinel Pyroxenite Lens, Northeast Sulu UHP Terrane, Eastern China

A ~5 cm thick garnet-rich layer, with relict spinel grains in its center, is intercalated within garnet pyroxenite at Rongcheng. Both the garnetite layer and the host garnet pyroxenite underwent the same P-T evolution, but exhibit quite different mineral assemblages, microtextures, and associated mineral reactions. Microtextures and mineral compositions confirm our previous suggestion that the Rongcheng garnet pyroxenite recrystallized from a spinel pyroxenite cumulate derived from a gabbroic magma. The present study concludes that: (1) The garnet-rich layer resulted from a net transfer reaction between primary spinel and clinopyroxene, Ca1.5(FeMg)0.5 Si2O6 + (FeMg)Al2O4 + TiO2 = Ca1.5(FeMg)1.5Al2(Si2Ti)O12, and mass-balance reactions between clinopyroxene end-members, 2[Ca0.75(FeMg)0.25][(FeMg)0.5Al0.5] (Si1.5Al0.5)O6 = Ca1.5(FeMg)1.5Al2Si3O12, under UHP conditions that produced garnet-I. (2) Garnet-I decomposed during exhumation of the UHP terrane, leading to the assemblage of Grt-II + Ilm + Cpx-II + Amp; ilmenites were partially released to the relict spinel along micro-fractures to form intergrowths of Spl-I + Ilm. A corona assemblage of Cpx-II + Spl-II + minor Amp developed along contacts between garnet and relict Spl-I at ~890°C and ~9 kbar. And (3), during a later stage of retrogression, aqueous fluid infiltrated heterogeneously through the garnet-rich layer, leading to the formation of hydrous minerals. Parageneses and mineral compositional maps suggest that Ti may have substituted for Si and entered the T site in the garnet structure, represented by a garnet component such as M3Al2[Si(3-x)Tix]O12, in addition to the commonly suggested M2+Ti4+ → 2Al3+ substitution (forming the garnet component M3-0.5x[Al2-xTix]Si3O12). Heterogeneous microtextures and mineral compositions indicate that the domain equilibrium was controlled by mass transfer at least at the mineral-grain scale due to various degrees of fluid infiltration.
Internal waves and vertical mixing in the Storfjorden Polynya, Svalbard

[1] Latent heat polynya are preferential sites for dense water formation through brine release. The combined action of winds and heat loss leading to sea ice fracture followed by the reactivation of sea ice formation drives this process of dense water formation. The impact of high-frequency dynamics, and especially internal wave breaking, on this process is investigated here, with the analysis of hydrographic observations collected from a drifting mooring in Storfjorden, Svalbard. The main frequency components of the barotropic tide are first revealed by the analysis of a 23-day time series of pressure data. Interestingly the same frequency peaks are isolated by a spectral analysis of isopycnal displacements, suggesting a tidal forcing for these baroclinic waves. The hypothesis of local generation in the Storfjorden is next examined and numerous sites of potential generation are identified specifically for semi-diurnal and sixth-diurnal frequencies. Diurnal baroclinic waves, however, do not appear to be locally generated, but rather popagate cyclonically along the shelf as internal Kelvin waves. The characteristic of these waves and their energy flux are then inferred. A parameterization of dissipation based on the potential energy of the internal wavefield is next proposed and an upper bound for dissipation rate within overturning regions is provided. The most vigorous mixing is associated with brine release events (i.e. strong vertical mixing through thermohaline convection) with eddy diffusivities of up to 10−3 m2 s−1. The background mixing (likely associated with internal wave breaking), however, displays values within [10−6, 10−4] m2 s−1. This background mixing contributes about O(0.1) W m−2 to the vertical heat flux with a net heating in the bottom layer and cooling in the upper layer. Local heating and cooling rates of the order of 0.025°C month−1 are obtained which is significant with respect to the 0.1°C temperature difference between the bottom and surface layers.
Measurements of biomass burning influences in the troposphere over southeast Australia during the SAFARI 2000 dry season campaign

[1] Several studies have observed midtropospheric atmospheric composition anomalies and suggested a link to tropical biomass burning. Such anomalies complicate the use of trace gas profiles in remote regions to infer their surface sources/sinks based on the vertical gradients. The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) campaign in Africa and coordinated downwind measurements in Australia provided an opportunity to confirm this link and elucidate the specific surface and atmospheric processes. Five aircraft missions were conducted by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Atmospheric Research during the campaign. They were scheduled after African outflows of polluted air were observed in satellite images over the Indian Ocean flowing east toward Australia. Air samples collected from near the surface to 7 km were analyzed for a suite of trace gases (12CO2, CH4, CO, H2, N2O, and C2 and C3 hydrocarbons) and one isotopomer (13CO2) to provide vertical composition profiles. Ozone was monitored continuously during flight while a ground-based lidar was employed in the Melbourne region to detect aerosol layers. A preliminary statistical analysis on the Australian data confirms covarying midtroposphere enhancements in the biomass burning products. Making rudimentary corrections for photochemical evolution during transit, the trace gas enhancement ratios in affected air samples are comparable to emission ratios in fresh biomass burning plumes. The 13CO2/12CO2 ratios are also consistent with a source from terrestrial plants. Back-trajectory analysis for strongly enhanced samples suggests long-range transport from tropical regions in Africa or South America, the proof of which requires a follow-on analysis with a global chemistry transport model.
The Effects of In-Cloud Sulfate Production on Light-Scattering Properties of Continental Aerosol

Abstract Model calculations am presented for continental scenarios that demonstrate that the heterogeneity in the chemistry of different size cloud drops can have a significant impact on the amount of sulfate produced in cloud, its size distribution, and the consequent integral light-scattering efficiency of sulfate. The results are contrasted with previous calculations for a marine scenario.
Origin of variability in Northern Hemisphere winter blocking on interannual to decadal timescales

Variability of midlatitude blocking in the boreal winter Northern Hemisphere is investigated for the period 1960/1961 to 2001/2002 by means of relaxation experiments with the model of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. It is shown that there is pronounced interannual and decadal variability in blocking, especially over the Eurasian continent, consistent with previous studies. The relaxation experiments show that realistic variability in the tropics can account for a significant part of observed interannual blocking variability but also that about half of the observed variability can only be explained by extratropical tropospheric variability. On the quasi‐decadal timescale, extratropical sea surface temperature and sea ice, in addition to tropical variability, play a more important role. The stratosphere, which has been shown to influence interannual variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation in previous studies, has no significant influence on blocking according to our analysis.
Middle-ear ossicles of the multituberculate Kryptobaatar from the Mongolian late Cretaceous : implications for mammaliamorph relationships and the evolution of the auditory apparatus. American Museum novitates ; no. 3187

Partial malleus, ectotympanic, and stylohyal along with a fragment of a possible stapes are described for the multituberculate Kryptobaatar dashzevegi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. The malleus, represented by the anterior process (composed of the goniale), is attached and only partially delimited by sutures from a segment of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic. The possible stapes fragment may be part of a crus of a stirrup-shaped bone. After comparison of these elements with those of other mammaliamorphs, a matrix of 62 characters of the ossicles and basicranium across 19 taxa was compiled and analyzed with PAUP Four equally most parsimonious trees were obtained, which differ in the relationships of multituberculates, monotremes, and triconodonts with regard to the prototribosphenidan lineage. Monotremata is either the sister group of Theriiformes (Multituberculata + Theria) or united with Multituber* This is contribution number 21 of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences-American Museum of Natural History Paleontological Project. I Frick Research Fellow, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. New York,
Variation of auroral electrojet spatial location as a function of the level of magnetospheric activity

The auroral oval is the site of ionospheric electric currents, some of which diverge into and out of the ionosphere to flow as Birkeland currents along the magnetic lines of force. The currents flowing parallel to the contours of the oval are known as the auroral electrojets, and their strength reflects the combined effect of ionospheric conductivity and the electric field. In this paper we show quantitatively the variation of the poleward and equatorward borders of the auroral electrojets as a function of the level of magnetospheric activity as quantified by the AE index. We find the latitudinal width of the electrojets to be relatively constant over levels of magnetic activity ranging over AE values of up to ∼500 nT. The eastward and westward electrojets, while retaining a constant width of ∼6°, both expand equatorward with increasing magnetospheric activity; however, the equatorward shift is much more pronounced for the eastward jet than for the westward one, particularly in the dusk sector.