Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement and characterization of broadband MIMO fixed wireless channels at 2.5 GHz

We study the channel typical for cellular broadband fixed wireless applications. A measurement system for a two-element-transmit by two-element-receive antenna configuration was built, Measurements were conducted in a suburban environment with dual antenna polarization and transmit separation. We present results on K-factor, cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) and Doppler spectrum. Our results address the influence of distance and antenna height for K-factor and XPD. We also comment on the properties of a fixed wireless channel and describe its Doppler spectrum.
Aluminum and vacancies inα-iron: Dissolution, diffusion, and clustering

First-principle calculations have been performed to study the electronic structure and energetics of the dissolution of aluminum in ! -iron and the interaction between Al atoms and vacancies ! V" . We find that the formation of small VnAlm complexes ! n,m=0‐4" is energetically favorable. Their stability is mainly driven by strong Al-V attractions whereas Al-Al interactions are repulsive. Using ab initio predictions, a rate theory based model that accounts for the evolution of aluminum and vacancies created upon rapid quenching has been developed to explore the influence of Al in the presence of the VnAlm complexes in ! -iron. Finally, using the Le Claire’s diffusion model, the diffusion properties of solute Al are investigated.
pSTAT1 Is Activated during the Progression of IgA Nephropathy

Introduction: IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease. Its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Alterations of the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway may play an important role in IgA nephropathy. Methods: We evaluated the clinical features, pathology, and tissue staining for lymphocytes and phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1) in 43 patients with biopsy proven IgA nephropathy. They were followed to determine their disease outcomes. All had biopsy tissue and multiple laboratory measurements to assess their kidney disease progression. Sixteen patients underwent repeat kidney biopsy to further assess their clinical status. Results: The median eGFR at baseline was 61 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the median proteinuria was 2,600 mg/d. The median follow-up was 5 years with an average annual decline in eGFR of 2.25 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was significant inflammation and atrophy seen in the first biopsy, which progressed among those who undertook a 2nd biopsy. Compared to healthy kidney tissue, glomeruli and tubulointerstitium demonstrated increased lymphocyte (CD3+) infiltrates and increased pSTAT1 staining by immunohistochemistry. Increased CD3 (p = 0.001) staining and increased pSTAT1 (p = 0.03) correlated with reduced eGFR levels. In repeat biopsy samples, increasing pSTAT1 staining correlated with loss of eGFR over time (p = 0.02). Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis that pSTAT1 is activated in IgA nephropathy and may play a role in the progression toward kidney failure.
Interactive nanocluster compaction of the ELKS scaffold and Cacophony Ca2+ channels drives sustained active zone potentiation

At presynaptic active zones (AZs), conserved scaffold protein architectures control synaptic vesicle (SV) release by defining the nanoscale distribution and density of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). While AZs can potentiate SV release in the minutes range, we lack an understanding of how AZ scaffold components and VGCCs engage into potentiation. We here establish dynamic, intravital single-molecule imaging of endogenously tagged proteins at Drosophila AZs undergoing presynaptic homeostatic potentiation. During potentiation, the numbers of α1 VGCC subunit Cacophony (Cac) increased per AZ, while their mobility decreased and nanoscale distribution compacted. These dynamic Cac changes depended on the interaction between Cac channel’s intracellular carboxyl terminus and the membrane-close amino-terminal region of the ELKS-family protein Bruchpilot, whose distribution compacted drastically. The Cac-ELKS/Bruchpilot interaction was also needed for sustained AZ potentiation. Our single-molecule analysis illustrates how the AZ scaffold couples to VGCC nanoscale distribution and dynamics to establish a state of sustained potentiation.
Nanoscale SOI silicon light source design for improved efficiency

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is becoming an important technology platform in nanometer scale CMOS integrated circuits. The platform offers a number of distinct advantages over bulk CMOS for materializing silicon light sources based on hot carrier luminescence. This work describes the design of nanoscale silicon structures for enhanced light emission with improved power efficiency, which allows the use of SOI light sources in short-haul optical communication links with extended possibilities for other applications. It has been shown experimentally that reducing the dimensions of the active material results in an improvement of electroluminescent power emitted from forward-biased pn-junctions. Previously published results show a similar trend for light sources based on hot carrier luminescence. Building on our previous work in SOI light sources, multiple fingerlike junctions are manufactured in an arrayed fashion for coupling into large diameter core optical fibers for CMOS optical communications up to a few hundred meters. The manufacturing methodology and associated challenges are discussed for the scaling down of device dimensions, and difficulties in realizing the structures are investigated. The optical power characteristics are discussed as well as the spectral nature of emission along with the advantages and disadvantages thereof. This work compares different architectures of light sources that were implemented where a comparison is drawn between previous SOI devices as well as bulk CMOS. We believe the improved SOI light sources are fully compatible with modern CMOS technologies based on SOI and may provide such technologies with a much needed light source as part of the circuit designer’s toolkit.
Analytic solutions for light curves of supernovae of Type II

By suitable tranformations, primarily made to remove homologous expansion, the partial differential equations describing a Type II supernova are reduced to the time-dependent diffusion equation. The behavior of luminosity, effective temperature, B--V color, and fluid velocity is explicitly presented, with dependence on mass, energy of explosion, initial radius, and opacity shown. The solutions allow crude estimates of the mass of ejected matter (Mapprox. =8 M/sub sun/) and of /sup 56/Co synthesized (approx.0.5 M/sub sun/ in one case) to be made from observational data. From such solutions it may be possible to infer absolute luminosity from distance-independent characteristics of the event.
Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of letrozole-induced frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles in PCOS women with two different abnormal ovulation patterns: A retrospective cohort study

No studies have been conducted on the impact of different types of ovulatory dysfunction on the outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfers (FETs) in a letrozole-stimulated cycle in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to compare whether pregnancy outcomes of the letrozole-induced protocol in FET cycles differed between oligo-ovulatory and anovulatory women with PCOS. In a retrospective cohort study, women with PCOS who had undergone letrozole-induced FET at a university-affiliated fertility clinic from February 2014 to October 2020 were identified. The primary end point was live birth rate (LBR) per embryo transfer. Propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to control for the relevant confounders. A total of 652 women with PCOS undergoing letrozole-induced FET were included in the final analysis. Three hundred sixty-three of these women had oligo-ovulatory periods, while 289 had anovulatory periods. Propensity score matching analysis showed that LBR did not differ between groups (36.8% in oligo-ovulatory group vs 32.8% in anovulatory group, P = .431). Nevertheless, after controlling for potential confounding factors, LBR was significantly lower in anovulatory than oligo-ovulatory women (adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.29, P = .018). Furthermore, the pregnancy loss rate among the oligo-ovulatory group remained lower than those among the anovulatory group (adjusted odds ratio 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.44, P < .001). Despite adjustment for confounding factors, those with oligo-ovulatory PCOS had a higher LBR and lower pregnancy loss rate compared with those with anovulatory PCOS. This may indicate that when oligo-ovulation is detected, PCOS patients should be intervened in time to conceive as soon as possible. Prospective studies must be conducted in the future to verify our findings.
Combined Anatomical Anomalies of Direct Aortic Arch Origins of the Left Internal Carotid, Left External Carotid, and Left Vertebral Arteries: A Case Report

Various branch anomalies of the aortic arch have been reported, but cases with separate origins of the internal and external carotid arteries with combined direct aortic arch origin of the left vertebral artery are extremely rare. Herein, we present a rare case of aplasia of the left common carotid artery with separate origins of the ipsilateral internal and external carotid arteries and vertebral artery from the aortic arch in a 10-year-old girl. In addition, we review the embryological development and clinical implications of these anatomical variations.
A Simple and Faster Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Finding a Maximum Clique with Computational Experiments

SUMMARY Many problems can be formulated as maximum clique problems. Hence, it is highly important to develop algorithms that can find a maximum clique very fast in practice. We propose new approximate coloring and other related techniques which markedly improve the run time of the branch-and-bound algorithm MCR (J. Global Optim., 37, pp.95–111, 2007), previously shown to be the fastest maximum-clique-finding algorithm for a large number of graphs. The algorithm obtained by introducing these new techniques in MCR is named MCS. It is shown that MCS is successful in reducing the search space quite efficiently with low overhead. Extensive computational experiments confirm the superiority of MCS over MCR and other existing algorithms. It is faster than the other algorithms by orders of magnitude for several graphs. In particular, it is faster than MCR for difficult graphs of very high density and for very large and sparse graphs, even though MCS is not designed for any particular type of graph. MCS can be faster than MCR by a factor of more than 100,000 for some extremely dense random graphs. This paper demonstrates in detail the effectiveness of each new techniques in MCS, as well as the overall contribution.
Global Switch from DICER-dependent MicroRNA to DICER-independent SnoRNA-derived RNA Biogenesis in Malignancy

SnoRNAs are frequently processed into snoRNA-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) that function much like traditional microRNAs (miRNAs). That said, our analyses suggest a global switch from DICER-dependent (predominately miRNA) to DICER-independent (predominately sdRNA) biogenesis/gene regulation in colon cancer. Whereas the expressions of 259 of 288 appreciably expressed miRNAs are significantly decreased (avg. 6.4% of WT) in human colon cancer DICER-KOs, 95 of 103 sdRNAs are conversely, significantly increased (avg. 679.3%) in DICER-KOs as compared to WT. As many diseases are characterized by DICER deficiency, this putative global switch to DICER-independent sdRNA regulations may contribute to an array of human diseases.
Statistical Analysis of the Uncertainties in Cloud Optical Depth Retrievals Caused by Three-Dimensional Radiative Effects

Abstract This paper presents a simple yet general approach to estimate the uncertainties that arise in satellite retrievals of cloud optical depth when the retrievals use one-dimensional radiative transfer theory for heterogeneous clouds that have variations in all three dimensions. For the first time, preliminary error bounds are set to estimate the uncertainty of cloud optical depth retrievals. These estimates can help us better understand the nature of uncertainties that three-dimensional effects can introduce into retrievals of this important product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer instrument. The probability distribution of resulting retrieval errors is examined through theoretical simulations of shortwave cloud reflection for a set of cloud fields that represent the variability of stratocumulus clouds. The results are used to illustrate how retrieval uncertainties change with observable and known parameters, such as solar elevation or cloud brightness. Furthermore, the results i.
Method to Retrieve Single Scattering Properties of Aerosols Using Multi-Wavelength Scattering and Absorption Coefficient Data Measured by Integrating Nephelometer and Absorption Photometer

Scattering and absorption coefficients, measured with an integrating nephelometer and absorption photometer, respectively, are often used to characterize aerosols. This study developed a method for retrieving the single scattering properties of an aerosol from multiwavelength scattering and absorption data and evaluated its performance and accuracy using simulation data based on Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) models. This statistical retrieval method retrieves the volume-size distribution and the complex refractive index simultaneously, which reconstruct the measured values taking into account the angular truncation and non-ideality of the light source. These values are then used to more accurately estimate single scattering properties (scattering, absorption, and extinction coefficients: single scattering albedo (SSA); and the asymmetry factor). With no systematic (bias) error, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the measured scattering coefficient was 4.42 × 10–5 to 6.61 × 10–5 m–1, whereas the RMSE of the retrieved scattering coefficient was 9.48 × 10–6 to 1.09 × 10–5 m–1. The RMSE was thus reduced to about 20 %. The RMSE of the SSA calculated directly from the measured values was 0.014–0.021, and that of the SSA calculated from retrieved values was 0.002, corresponding to a relative error of 0.2 %. In each case, the error in the SSA calculated from the retrieved scattering and extinction coefficients was less than the SSA calculated from the measured values. Sensitivity tests of the systematic (bias) error of absorption and scattering coefficients in SSA retrieval demonstrated that, with a 10 % systematic error, the maximum difference between the true value and the retrieved SSA exceeded 0.02 for a small SSA, but with a systematic error of 3 % or 5 %, the maximum difference was small. Therefore, a systematic error of less than 5 % is desirable. The retrieved volume size distribution and complex refractive index were qualitatively similar to the original values.
Health Behavior Patterns and Associated Risk of Memory-Related Disorders Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Couples

Objectives: Studies on the interdependence of couples’ health behaviors and subsequent cognitive outcomes remain limited. Methods: Longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2018) were used (N = 1869 heterosexual couples). Latent class analysis identified the dyadic pattern of health behaviors in 2011 (i.e., alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical inactivity). Stratified Cox models examined the association of latent classes with risk of developing memory-related disorders in 2013–2018. Results: Three classes were identified: class 1 (21.25%, only husband smoke, and both active), class 2 (47.55%, both inactive, neither drink nor smoke), and class 3 (31.20%, both drink and smoke, and both active). Couples’ sedentary lifestyle was associated with an increased risk of memory-related disorders among both husbands and wives. Conclusion: Couples were moderately concordant in their physical activity but weakly in smoking and drinking. Couple-based interventions, especially promoting physical activity, may reduce cognitive aging among middle-aged and older Chinese couples.
Theoretical and practical aspects of some initial-boundary value problems in fluid dynamics

Initial-boundary value problems for several systems of partial differential equations from fluid dynamics are discussed. Both rigid wall and open boundary problems are treated. Boundary conditions are formulated and shown to yield well-posed problems for the Eulerian equations for gas dynamics, the shallow-water equations, and linearized constant coefficient versions of the incompressible, anelastic equations. The "primitive" hydrostatic meteorological equations are shown to be ill-posed with any specification of local, pointwise boundary conditions. Analysis of simplified versions of this system illustrates the mechanism responsible for ill-posedness.
Experimental study on controlled hot surface assisted compression ignition (HSACI) in a naturally aspirated single cylinder gas engine

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) promises low NO x emissions and high efficiency due to fast combustion at low temperatures. However, the control of combustion timing represents a serious challenge due to the lack of dedicated ignition control parameters. This challenge is addressed in this work by means of a hot surface ignition (HSI) system, whose core element consists of a shielded, electrically heated ceramic glow plug. In this approach, termed as hot surface assisted compression ignition (HSACI), a small portion of mixture is thought to ignite in the vicinity of the shielded glow plug and to subsequently propagate to the main combustion chamber in order to initiate bulk-gas auto-ignition. Adjusting the hot surface temperature enables to either advance or retard the onset of combustion and thus, allows to control combustion timing. This paper presents experimental results of initial engine trials, using the HSACI concept in a naturally aspirated single cylinder natural gas engine. Measurements were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1400 l/min and include intake air temperatures in the range of 150–175°C and relative air-fuel ratios ( λ ) from 2.0 to 2.8. Results show that the HSI system enables combustion under conditions, which do not allow for pure HCCI operation. Moreover, the combustion timing can be actively controlled within certain limits by changing the HSI temperature. Increasing cycle-to-cycle variations limit stable operation at lower temperatures, while a transition to pure HCCI is found at intake temperatures beyond 170°C. The applicable λ range is limited by knocking or uncontrolled combustion toward the rich side and instable operation toward the lean side. Loss analysis points out that wall heat flow and imperfect combustion represent the dominant loss mechanisms. Heat release analysis reveals two pronounced phases, indicating initial flame propagation and subsequent auto-ignition similar to spark assisted compression ignition (SACI).
Doubly localized states in plane Couette flow

Abstract Much of our understanding of the transition to turbulence in flows without a linear instability came with the discovery and characterization of fully three-dimensional solutions to the Navier–Stokes equation. The first examples in plane Couette flow were periodic in both spanwise and streamwise directions, and could explain the transitions in small domains only. The presence of localized turbulent spots in larger domains, the spatiotemporal decoherence on larger scales and the ability to trigger turbulence with pointwise perturbations require solutions that are localized in both directions, like the one presented by Brand & Gibson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 750, 2014, R3). They describe a steady solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and characterize in unprecedented detail, including an analytic computation of its localization properties. The study opens up new ways to describe localized turbulent patches.
Adaptive backward Euler time stepping with truncation error control for numerical modelling of unsaturated fluid flow

An automatic time stepping scheme with embedded error control is developed and applied to the moisture‐based Richards equation. The algorithm is based on the first‐order backward Euler scheme, and uses a numerical estimate of the local truncation error and an efficient time step selector to control the temporal accuracy of the integration. Local extrapolation, equivalent to the use of an unconditionally stable Thomas–Gladwell algorithm, achieves second‐order temporal accuracy at minimal additional costs. The time stepping algorithm also provides accurate initial estimates for the iterative non‐linear solver. Numerical tests confirm the ability of the scheme to automatically optimize the time step size to match a user prescribed temporal error tolerance. An important merit of the proposed method is its conceptual and computational simplicity. It can be directly incorporated into existing or new software based on the backward Euler scheme (currently prevalent in subsurface hydrologic modelling), and markedly improves their performance compared with simple fixed or heuristic time step selection. The generality of the approach also makes possible its use for solving PDEs in other engineering applications, where strong non‐linearity, stability or implementation considerations favour a simple and robust low‐order method, or where there is a legacy of backward Euler codes in current use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppressed Diffusive Escape of Topologically Trapped Magnetic Field Lines

Many processes in astrophysical plasmas are directly related to magnetic connection in the presence of turbulent fluctuations. Even statistically homogeneous turbulence can contain closed topological structures that inhibit otherwise random transport of field line trajectories, thus temporarily trapping certain trajectories. When a coherent random field perturbation is added, the trapped field lines can escape diffusively but at a suppressed rate that is much lower than what would be estimated based on the perturbation field alone. Here we demonstrate both trapping and escape, and show, using a novel quasi-linear theory, how to compute the suppressed diffusion that affects the escape from the trapping structure. The effect is relevant to understanding filamentary magnetic connection in interplanetary space and the observed dropouts in moderately energetic particles from impulsive solar flares. Expressed here in terms of a magnetic field line random walk, this phenomenon also has analogies in a broad range of dynamical systems that evolve as an incompressible flow in phase space with a coherent perturbation.