Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ANGLE-DEPENDENT MAGNETIC HELICITY SPECTRUM IN THE SOLAR WIND: THE NATURE OF TURBULENT FLUCTUATIONS NEAR THE PROTON GYRORADIUS SCALE

Motivated by recent observations of distinct parallel and perpendicular signatures in magnetic helicity measurements segregated by wave period and angle between the local magnetic field and the solar wind velocity, this paper undertakes a comparison of three intervals of Ulysses data with synthetic time series generated from a physically motivated turbulence model. From these comparisons, it is hypothesized that the observed signatures result from a perpendicular cascade of Alfvénic fluctuations and a local, non-turbulent population of ion-cyclotron or whistler waves generated by temperature anisotropy instabilities. By constraining the model's free parameters through comparison to in situ data, it is found that, on average, ∼95% of the power near dissipative scales is contained in a perpendicular Alfvénic cascade and that the parallel fluctuations are propagating nearly unidirectionally. The effects of aliasing on magnetic helicity measurements are considered and shown to be significant near the Nyquist frequency.
One year of digital teaching in psychiatry as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Knowledge gain and content evaluation of medical students for two summer semesters in 2020 and 2021

After the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, digital teaching had to be implemented by most universities at short notice and widely replaced classroom teaching. As a consequence, digital teaching further reduced direct social interaction for students. One year after the introduction of digital teaching formats at our university medical center (department of psychiatry and psychotherapy), teaching evaluation of students from summer semesters 2020 and 2021 (SS20, SS21) were compared. The main objective of this study was to objectify whether students evaluate digital teaching less favorably after one year of its implementation. Ratings of 311 medical students on (1) knowledge gain, (2) teaching contents and (3) subjective advantages of digital teaching were analyzed for the two separate cohorts SS20 (n = 175) and SS21 (n = 136). Students also rated their pandemic-related stress level, and if learning progress had been reduced by the pandemic in general. Significant knowledge gain was achieved for all included domains in psychiatry (all p < .001), and did not differ between SS20/SS21. Teaching contents in SS21 were rated worse in six out of eight domains compared to SS20 (p < .001 to .05). Also, subjective advantages of digital teaching vanished in most domains comparing the cohorts of SS21 and SS20 (p < .001 to .05). No differences were found for pandemic-related stress level and subjective learning progress. Limitations include the post-hoc design, possible bias from individual exam grades, and sampling bias. The present study showed that knowledge gain can be considered to be stable one year after the pandemic-related implementation of digital teaching. However, sustainability of this teaching format should be monitored critically: The subject of psychiatry and psychotherapy thrives on direct communication, which can be compromised when using digital formats only. In this light, implementation of more interactive formats in digital teaching is discussed.
Understanding super engaged users in the 10,000 Steps online physical activity program: A qualitative study

Objective Sustained engagement with Internet-based behavioural interventions is crucial to achieve successful behaviour change outcomes. As this has been problematic in many interventions, a lot of research has focused on participants with little or no engagement. However, few studies have attempted to understand users with continuous long-term engagement, the so called ‘super engaged users’, and why they keep on using programs when everybody else has long stopped. Therefore, the aim of this research was to qualitatively examine characteristics, usage profile and motivations of super engaged users in the 10,000 Steps program. Methods Twenty 10,000 Steps users (10 with more than 1 year of engagement, and 10 with more than 10 years of engagement) participated in semi-structured interviews, that were transcribed and thematically analysed. Results Participants were aged 60 years on average, with more than half being overweight/obese and/or suffering from chronic disease despite logging high step counts (219 million steps per participant on average) on the 10,000 Steps platform. Participants indicated that the reasons for sustained use were that engaging the program had become a habit, that the program kept them motivated, and that it was easy to use. Few participants had suggestions for improvement or expressed there were program elements they did not like. Uptake of program innovations (e.g., app-version, use of advanced activity tracker instead of pedometer) was modest among the super engaged users. Conclusion The findings from this study emphasise the need for digital health programs to incorporate features that will support the development of habits as soon as participants start to engage with the program. While a program’s usability, user-friendliness and acceptability are important to engage and retain new users, habit formation may be more important for sustained long-term engagement with the behaviour and the program.
Evolution and Development of Amygdala Subdivisions: Pallial, Subpallial, and Beyond

The amygdala is a central node in functional networks regulating emotions, social behavior, and social cognition. It develops in the telencephalon and includes pallial and subpallial parts, but these are extremely complex with multiple subdivisions, cell types, and connections. The homology of the amygdala in nonmammals is highly controversial, especially for the pallial part, and we are still far from understanding general principles on its organization that are common to different groups. Here, we review data on the adult functional architecture and developmental genoarchitecture of the amygdala in different amniotes (mammals and sauropsids), which are helping to disentangle and to better understand this complex structure. The use of an evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) approach has helped distinguish three major divisions in the amygdala, derived from the pallium, the subpallium, and from a newly identified division called telencephalon-opto-hypothalamic domain (TOH). This approach has also helped identify homologous cell populations with identical embryonic origins and molecular profiles in the amygdala of different amniotes. While subpallial cells produce different subtypes of GABAergic neurons, the pallium and TOH are major sources of glutamatergic cells. Available data point to a development-based molecular code that contributes to shape distinct functional subsystems in the amygdala, and comparative genoarchitecture is helping to delineate the cells involved in same subsystems in non-mammals. Thus, the evodevo approach can provide crucial information to understand common organizing principles of the amygdala cells and networks that control behavior, emotions, and cognition in amniotes.
Perceived features and similarity of images: An investigation into their relationships and a test of Tversky's contrast model.

The creation, storage, manipulation, and transmission of images have become less costly and more efficient. Consequently, the numbers of images and their users are growing rapidly. This poses challenges to those who organize and provide access to them. One of these challenges is similarity matching. Most current content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems which can extract only low-level visual features such as color, shape, and texture, use similarity measures based on geometric models of similarity. However, most human similarity judgment data violate the metric axioms of these models. Tversky's (1977) contrast model, which defines similarity as a feature contrast task and equates the degree of similarity of two stimuli to a linear combination of their common and distinctive features, explains human similarity judgments much better than the geometric models. This study tested the contrast model as a conceptual framework to investigate the nature of the relationships between features and similarity of images as perceived by human judges. Data were collected from 150 participants who performed two tasks: an image description and a similarity judgment task. Qualitative methods (content analysis) and quantitative (correlational) methods were used to seek answers to four research questions related to the relationships between common and distinctive features and similarity judgments of images as well as measures of their common and distinctive features. Structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and regression analysis confirmed the relationships between perceived features and similarity of objects hypothesized by Tversky (1977). Tversky's (1977) contrast model based upon a combination of two methods for measuring common and distinctive features, and two methods for measuring similarity produced statistically significant structural coefficients between the independent latent variables (common and distinctive features) and the dependent latent variable (similarity). This model fit the data well for a sample of 30 (435 pairs of) images and 150 participants (χ2 =16.97, df=10, p = .07508, RMSEA= .040, SRMR= .0205, GFI= .990, AGFI= .965). The goodness of fit indices showed the model did not significantly deviate from the actual sample data. This study is the first to test the contrast model in the context of information representation and retrieval. Results of the study are hoped to provide the foundations for future research that will attempt to further test the contrast model and assist designers of image organization and retrieval systems by pointing toward alternative document representations and similarity measures that more closely match human similarity judgments.
A MRAC for multivariable plants with zero residual tracking error

In almost all model-reference adaptive control (MRAC) schemes proposed in the literature the tracking error cannot be guaranteed to go to zero in the presence of plant unmodeled dynamics and/or bounded disturbances. It is shown that when an MRAC scheme is combined with a variable-structure control law, the tracking error goes to zero asymptotically with time in the presence of unmodeled dynamics and bounded disturbances for a class of multi-input, multi-output plants whose modified left interactor matrix is strictly positive real. <<ETX>>
Cryptosporidiosis in Finland is predominantly of domestic origin: investigation of increased reporting, 1995–2020

Abstract Background Cryptosporidiosis is gastroenteritis caused by Cryptosporidium. Since 2017, reporting of cryptosporidiosis has increased in Finland. Methods We describe demographics of cryptosporidiosis cases notified to Finnish Infectious Disease Register (FIDR) during a 21-year surveillance period, 1995–2020, and a retrospective investigation of increased cryptosporidiosis in Ostrobothnian hospital districts in summer 2018. Results Incidence of cryptosporidiosis during the period 2017–2020 represented 20-fold increase from the period 1995–2016, with the highest incidence detected in Ostrobothnia. In 2018, cryptosporidiosis in Ostrobothnia was associated with living on or visiting a farm where the production animals had diarrhoea, noticing more flies than usual, gardening or handling manure and having a family member with gastroenteritis. Four gp60 subtypes were identified in patient samples: IIaA18G1R1, IIaA15G2R1, IIaA13G2R1 and IIaA15G1R1. Conclusions In Finland, Cryptosporidium has been included in gastrointestinal PCR diagnostic panels in most clinical laboratories since 2016. Since then, the number of reported cases has subsequently increased, indicating improved diagnostics and awareness of the illness. In 2018, several C. parvum subtypes were identified in patients suggesting that the increase was not caused by a single source. Cryptosporidiosis increased in Finland in 2020 despite hand washing recommendations and travel restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating that domestic cases are more frequent than previously considered. To monitor cause and origin of cryptosporidiosis and the effect of control measures, Cryptosporidium should be identified at subspecies level, and travel history should be included in FIDR notification. Those working with cattle and calves require precise instructions on how to prevent C. parvum infection.
Effects of manipulated food availability and seasonality on innate immune function in a passerine

Abstract The innate immune system is essential for survival, yet many immune traits are highly variable between and within individuals. In recent years, attention has shifted to the role of environmental factors in modulating this variation. A key environmental factor is food availability, which plays a major role in shaping life histories, and may affect resource allocation to immune function through its effect on nutritional state. We developed a technique to permanently increase foraging costs in seed‐eating birds, and leveraged this technique to study the effects of food availability on the innate immune system over a 3‐year period in 230 zebra finches housed in outdoor aviaries. The immune components we studied were haptoglobin, ovotransferrin, nitric oxide, natural antibodies through agglutination, complement‐mediated lysis, and killing capacity of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, covering a broad spectrum of the innate immune system. We explored the effects of food availability in conjunction with other potentially important variables: season, age, sex and manipulated natal brood size. Increased foraging costs affected multiple components of the immune system, albeit in a variable way. Nitric oxide and agglutination levels were lower under harsh foraging conditions, while Escherichia coli killing capacity was increased. Agglutination levels also varied seasonally, but only at low foraging costs. C. albicans killing capacity was lower in winter, and even more so for animals in harsh foraging conditions that were raised in large broods. Effects of food availability on ovotransferrin were also seasonal, and only apparent in males. Haptoglobin levels were independent of foraging costs and season. Males had higher levels of immune function than females for three of the measured immune traits. Innate immune function was independent of age and manipulated natal brood size. Our finding that food availability affects innate immune function suggests that fitness effects of food availability may at least partially be mediated by effects on the immune system. However, food availability effects on innate immunity varied in direction between traits, illustrating the complexity of the immune system and precluding conclusions on the level of disease resistance.
Association between distinct body mass index trajectories according to the group‐based trajectory modeling and the risk of incident diabetes: A systematic review

We aimed to determine the association between distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectories, using group‐based trajectory modeling, and the subsequent risk of incident diabetes. Five databases were systematically searched. Fourteen population‐based cohort studies that summarized the association between different BMI trajectories and subsequent diabetes, with the four most common BMI trajectories including the “stable,” “increasing,” “decreasing,” and “turning” groups, were included. The rapid increase and stable high‐level BMI groups showed the strongest association with the subsequent risk of diabetes compared with the stable normal BMI group. Increased baseline BMI levels resulted in a steeper slope and greater risk of subsequent diabetes. In the decreasing BMI group, one study reported that those aged >50 years showed the highest incidence of subsequent diabetes, whereas the other two studies reported no association between these two variables. In the turning group, an increase followed by a decrease in BMI levels from adolescence to late adulthood could reduce the risk of developing diabetes, although the residual risk remained. By contrast, the incidence of subsequent diabetes remained high in the middle‐aged BMI‐turning group. This study can provide further insights for identifying populations at high risk of diabetes and for developing targeted prevention strategies.
Directly observed and reported respectful maternity care received during childbirth in public health facilities, Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Respectful maternity care (RMC) is believed to improve women’s childbirth experience and increase health facility delivery. Unfortunately, few women in low- and middle-income countries experience RMC. Patient surveys and independent observations have been used to evaluate RMC, though seldom together. In this study, we assessed RMC received by women using two methodologies and evaluated the associated factors of RMC received. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in nine public health facilities in Ibadan, a large metropolis in Nigeria. We selected 269 pregnant women by cluster sampling. External clinical observers observed them during childbirth using the 29-item Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program RMC observational checklist. The same women were interviewed postpartum using the 15-item RMC scale for self-reported RMC. We analysed total RMC scores and RMC sub-category scores for each tool. All scores were converted to a percentage of the maximum possible to facilitate comparison. Correlation and agreement between the observed and reported RMC scores were determined using Pearson’s correlation and Bland-Altman analysis respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with observed RMC. No woman received 100% of the observed RMC items. Self-reported RMC scores were much higher than those observed. The two measures were weakly positively correlated (rho = 0.164, 95%CI: 0.045–0.278, p = 0.007), but had poor agreement. The lowest scoring sub-categories of observed RMC were information and consent (14.0%), then privacy (28.0%). Twenty-eight percent of women (95%CI: 23.0% -33.0%) were observed to be hit during labour and only 8.2% (95%CI: 4.0%-18.0%) received pain relief. Equitable care was the highest sub-category for both observed and reported RMC. Being employed and having completed post-secondary education were significantly associated with higher observed RMC scores. There were also significant facility differences in observed RMC. In conclusion, the women reported higher levels of RMC than were observed indicating that these two methodologies to evaluate RMC give very different results. More consensus and standardisation are required in determining the cut-offs to quantify the proportion of women receiving RMC. The low levels of RMC observed in the study require attention, and it is important to ensure that women are treated equitably, irrespective of personal characteristics or facility context.
Xinshuaining preparation protects H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 signaling pathway

ABSTRACT Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. Oxidative stress is an important pathological process of a variety of CVDs. Xinshuaining preparation has a therapeutic effect on the heart failure. However, the anti-oxidative stress role of Xinshuaining preparation in H9c2 cells is still unclear. Methods The medicated serum of Xinshuaining preparation was acquired and utilized to hatch with H2O2-induced H9c2 cells. Main components in the Xinshuaining preparation were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The effect of medicated serum on the cell viability, apoptosis rate, the oxidative stress indicators (SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ROS level was evaluated by CCK-8, flow cytometry, commercial biochemical detection kits, and JC-1 staining. Additionally, the associated mechanism was determined by the detection of the protein levels (PI3K, phosphorylated PI3K, Akt, phosphorylated Akt, and Nrf-2) through western blot assays, which was also further assessed with the application of LY294002. Results The medicated serum of Xinshuaining preparation notably increased the H2O2-reduced, the cell viability, the concentration of SOD and GSH-Px, MMP level and the relative protein expression level of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt and Nrf-2, while dampened the H2O2-elevated the level of the cell apoptosis rate, MDA, and ROS. However, Xinshuaining preparation on the cell viability, apoptosis, and oxidative stress was notably antagonized by LY294002 pre-treatment. Conclusions The medicated serum of Xinshuaining preparation increased the cell viability and suppressed apoptosis and oxidative stress via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 signaling pathway.
An inducible amphipathic α-helix mediates subcellular targeting and membrane binding of RPE65

Amino acid residues 107–125 of RPE65, in concert with a palmitoyl group at C112, form a membrane-sensing amphipathic helix that targets RPE65 to smooth endoplasmic reticulum to acquire its substrate. RPE65 retinol isomerase is an indispensable player in the visual cycle between the vertebrate retina and RPE. Although membrane association is critical for RPE65 function, its mechanism is not clear. Residues 107–125 are believed to interact with membranes but are unresolved in all RPE65 crystal structures, whereas palmitoylation at C112 also plays a role. We report the mechanism of membrane recognition and binding by RPE65. Binding of aa107–125 synthetic peptide with membrane-mimicking micellar surfaces induces transition from unstructured loop to amphipathic α-helical (AH) structure but this transition is automatic in the C112-palmitoylated peptide. We demonstrate that the AH significantly affects palmitoylation level, membrane association, and isomerization activity of RPE65. Furthermore, aa107–125 functions as a membrane sensor and the AH as a membrane-targeting motif. Molecular dynamic simulations clearly show AH-membrane insertion, supporting our experimental findings. Collectively, these studies allow us to propose a working model for RPE65-membrane binding, and to provide a novel role for cysteine palmitoylation.
Global Energetics of Solar Flares. VI. Refined Energetics of Coronal Mass Ejections

In this study, we refine the coronal mass ejection (CME) model that was presented in an earlier study of the global energetics of solar flares and associated CMEs and apply it to all (860) GOES M- and X-class flare events observed during the first seven years (2010–2016) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission. The model refinements include (1) the CME geometry in terms of a 3D volume undergoing self-similar adiabatic expansion, (2) the solar gravitational deceleration during the propagation of the CME, which discriminates between eruptive and confined CMEs, (3) a self-consistent relationship between the CME center-of-mass motion detected during EUV dimming and the leading-edge motion observed in white-light coronagraphs, (4) the equipartition of the CME’s kinetic and thermal energies, and (5) the Rosner–Tucker–Vaiana scaling law. The refined CME model is entirely based on EUV-dimming observations (using Atmospheric Imager Assembly (AIA)/SDO data) and complements the traditional white-light scattering model (using Large-Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO)/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory data), and both models are independently capable of determining fundamental CME parameters. Comparing the two methods, we find that (1) LASCO is less sensitive than AIA in detecting CMEs (in 24% of the cases), (2) CME masses below g are underestimated by LASCO, (3) AIA and LASCO masses, speeds, and energies agree closely in the statistical mean after the elimination of outliers, and (4) the CME parameters speed v, emission measure-weighted flare peak temperature Te, and length scale L are consistent with the following scaling laws: , , and .