Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analytical solution for the transient response of saturated linear elastic porous media

The motions of fluid and solid phases in saturated porous media are coupled by inertial, viscous and mechanical interactions as described by Biot's equations. A one-dimensional exact analytical solution of the Biot's equations for the completely general solution of the transient problem in saturated, linear, elastic, porous media is presented. The problem is solved by using the Fourier series. The transient response of porous media is shown for typical material properties of a natural granular deposit and for different degrees of viscous coupling. The analytical results show the mechanics of dispersive wave propagation in saturated porous media and they should provide a useful comparison term for the existing numerical solution methods.
Linear analysis of the cylinder wake mean flow

A highly accurate 2D linear stability analysis is performed on the mean flow of laminar vortex shedding from a circular cylinder for Reynolds numbers between 46 and 180. Consistent with past studies of mean profiles, the analysis shows that the eigenfrequency of the mean flow tracks almost exactly the Strouhal number of vortex shedding. The linear growth rate reveals that the wake mean flow is a marginally stable state over the whole range of Reynolds numbers for stable 2D vortex shedding. This is contrasted with 2D stability analysis about the unstable steady base flow. The relevance to nonlinear saturation and frequency selection are discussed.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people of Mojana Wadera Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Abstract. Haile AA. 2022. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people of Mojana Wadera Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Asian J Ethnobiol 5: 35-43. This study was conducted in Mojana Wadera Woreda of North Shewa Zone (Ethiopia) to document the indigenous knowledge of local communities on medicinal plants. The data was collected using structured and semistructured interviews with herbalists. Information on medicinal plants was collected from June 2020 to October 2020. Fourteen (10 males and 4 females) key informants were deliberately selected during the data collection, but no group discussion was conducted due to the coronavirus epidemic. Descriptive statists (percentage and frequency) were used to summarize ethnobotanical data and preference ranking, and the Information consensus factor (ICF) was also included. A total of 56 medicinal plants from 52 genera, and 38 families, were identified in the study area, where they were used to treat human and animal diseases. Family-wise, Asteraceae was the most dominant family, followed by Lamiaceae. Herbs were the most dominant growth forms as they accounted for about 29 (52.72%) species, while shrubs had 17 (30.9%) species. Most herbal remedies were prepared by mixing 25.45% of the roots and leaves. The preparation was usually done by crushing to 45.45%, and during the preparation, the herbs were usually fresh. Most medicines were administered orally to the sick. According to the key informant's response, the plants in the study area are under threat. Therefore, the conservation of medicinal plants related to indigenous knowledge is important for future generations.
Nonlinear inertial and kinetic Alfvèn waves

[1] A two-fluid (multifluid) model is used to study nonlinear kinetic (inertial) Alfven waves (solitons, oscillitons, periodic waves). The stationary wave dispersion equation yields the range of the wave speeds in which solitary waves are possible. Kinetic Alfven waves propagating almost perpendicular to the magnetic field exhibit a maximum of the phase speed (a positive dispersion followed by a negative one) which modifies the properties of solitons. At velocities greater than the maximum phase speed, soliton structure exists containing an oscillating core. Such structures, called oscillitons, also exist for other wave modes whose dispersion curves (ω − k) have an inflection point, e.g., the magnetoacoustic (whistler) mode, which gives rise to an extremum in the phase velocity. In a multifluid approach for a bi-ion plasma, the main properties of oscillatory kinetic Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves are similar to those in a proton-electron plasma. Assessment of kinetic effects (the Vlasov equations) shows that a maximum of the phase speed of kinetic Alfven wave remains but shifts to smaller k, and therefore the existence of oscilliton-type solutions with embedded coherent oscillations at f ≤∼ 0.8 fp (fp is the proton gyrofrequency) is expected. In a multi-ion Maxwellian plasma, a maximum moves further to smaller k (f ≤∼ 0.8fi, where fi is the heavy ion gyrofrequency) and even can cease when oxygen ions are injected to a proton-electron plasma. The possibility of applying these results to observations carried out on the auroral field lines and near the magnetopause is discussed.
Double diffusive convection in a cubic enclosure with opposing temperature and concentration gradients

A three-dimensional numerical study has been performed to investigate double-diffusive, natural convection in a cubic enclosure subject to opposing and horizontal gradients of heat and solute. The flow is driven by buoyancy forces due to temperature and solutal gradients. Constant temperature and concentration are imposed along the two vertical side walls of the cubic enclosure, while the remaining walls are impermeable and adiabatic. The numerical simulations presented here span a wide range of thermal Rayleigh number (10.0<Ra<2×105), buoyancy ratio (−2.0<N<0) and Lewis number (0.1<Le<150) to identify the different flow patterns and bifurcations. Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented as functions of the governing parameters. Most of the published results approximate the problem as two dimensional. In the present results we indicate that the double diffusive flow in enclosures with opposing buoyancy forces is strictly three dimensional for a certain range of parameters.
Experimental Weathering of Rocks and Minerals at Venus Conditions in the Glenn Extreme Environments Rig (GEER)

We report two experiments using 13 mineral and rock samples exposed to a complex synthetic Venus atmosphere composed of nine gases for durations of 30 and 11 days conducted using the NASA Glenn Extreme Environments Rig (GEER). Examination of our run products using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer reveals secondary minerals predominantly formed from reactions of Fe and Ca in the solid samples with sulfur in the atmospheric gas, results largely predicted in the literature, and indicating that such reactions between rocks and the atmosphere at the Venus surface may occur rapidly. Samples that displayed larger degrees of reaction include calcite (forming Ca‐sulfate), Fe‐Ti oxide (forming an Fe,S phase), biotite (forming an Fe,S phase), chalcopyrite (forming a new Cu,Fe‐sulfide and a Ag,Cl phase), and Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt glass (forming a Ca‐ and S‐bearing phase, Fe‐ and S‐bearing phase, and an Fe‐oxide); pyrite was observed to be stable in our 30‐day experiment. These reactions indicate that the fS2 of the experiments was above or at the high end of what is thermodynamically predicted for the Venus surface. Apatite, feldspars, actinolite, and quartz did not change in this time frame. The presence of multiple S species in the GEER atmosphere may explain the dissimilarities to the style of reactions seen in previous experiments with simpler gas mixtures.
Problems with likelihood estimation of covariance functions of spatial Gaussian processes

SUMMARY Maximum likelihood has frequently been suggested as a way to estimate covariance parameters in spatial Gaussian processes. The results of some simple examples based on simulated data are discussed. It is shown by an example with real data that the profile likelihood can be multimodal, and that the global maximum may not correspond to a sensible value of the parameters. Mardia & Marshall (1984) worked in the following framework. We have a Gaussian process {Z(x) I x E X} with mean given by a regression equation, E{Z(x)} =f(x)T', for a p-dimensional vector ,/. The covariance function cov {Z(x), Z(y)} = c(x, y; 0) is also specified by a q-dimensional vector 0. This process is observed at n points xI, . , xn and from these observations we wish to estimate /3 and 0. Let Zn = {Z(xI), . , Z(xn)}T be the vector of observations, and K = [c(xi, xj; 0)] be its covariance matrix. Finally, let F be the matrix with rows f(Xi)T. Then Zn has a multivariate normal distribution with mean F18, dispersion matrix K and the log likelihood is, up to an additive constant,
‘You have to stay in with the teacher and it’s a bit awkward’: Children’s views and experiences of the withdrawal of playtime as a sanction in a UK school

Aim(s):The purpose of this study was to explore children’s views and experiences of having playtime withdrawn as a sanction, with a view to increasing knowledge and understanding in this under-researched area.Method/Rationale:This study adopted an exploratory case study design, whereby 12 participants in a single school were interviewed virtually. These participants were aged 5–11 (Years 1–6) and were interviewed in year group pairs. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.Findings:Participants discussed direct and indirect experiences of having their playtime withdrawn, and also discussed reasons for why playtime might be withdrawn, including: misbehaviour, whole-class misbehaviour and not completing work. Participants reported that the withdrawal of playtime was a fair sanction, although there were disagreements about the conditions for when this sanction should be imposed. Furthermore, participants spoke about valuing their playtime and gave examples of potential alternatives to the withdrawal of playtime.Limitations:Conducting interviews virtually meant that the researcher was unable to develop a rapport with the participants, and that the Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCo) was present with them during virtual interviews for safeguarding purposes. These factors may have impacted on what participants chose to share regarding their views and experiences.Conclusions:The withdrawal of playtime is a sanction still used in schools, and the children within this study understood the purpose of this sanction. However, it is possible that withdrawing play is counterproductive in terms of addressing the behaviours that result in it being imposed. Implications for professionals in schools, as well as further avenues for research, are discussed.
Wall effects on self-diffusiophoretic Janus particles: a theoretical study

Abstract We present a theoretical investigation of the self-diffusiophoresis of a class of two-faced, two-dimensional Janus particles propelled by the production of gradients in the concentration of a solute diffusing into a surrounding fluid at zero Reynolds and Péclet numbers. Those concentration gradients produce a tangential boundary slip resulting in translation and rotation of the particle, as a consequence of the fact that it is free of both force and torque. The model Janus particles studied here have piecewise constant surface mobilities and surface activities over two faces. An isolated circular Janus particle is studied first and its speed of locomotion in free space is found analytically. Confinement effects are then investigated by placing such a Janus particle near a straight no-slip wall. The governing nonlinear dynamical system is found in explicit form. It is used to study how the geometry, location and orientation of the particle relative to the wall affect its motion. It is found that if the particles do not hit the wall in finite time they are eventually repelled away from it.
GaN-based micro-LED arrays on flexible substrates for optical cochlear implants

Currently available cochlear implants are based on electrical stimulation of the spiral ganglion neurons. Optical stimulation with arrays of micro-sized light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) promises to increase the number of distinguishable frequencies. Here, the development of a flexible GaN-based micro-LED array as an optical cochlear implant is reported for application in a mouse model. The fabrication of 15 µm thin and highly flexible devices is enabled by a laser-based layer transfer process of the GaN-LEDs from sapphire to a polyimide-on-silicon carrier wafer. The fabricated 50 × 50 µm2 LEDs are contacted via conducting paths on both p- and n-sides of the LEDs. Up to three separate channels could be addressed. The probes, composed of a linear array of the said µLEDs bonded to the flexible polyimide substrate, are peeled off the carrier wafer and attached to flexible printed circuit boards. Probes with four µLEDs and a width of 230 µm are successfully implanted in the mouse cochlea both in vitro and in vivo. The LEDs emit 60 µW at 1 mA after peel-off, corresponding to a radiant emittance of 6 mW mm−2.
Stellar Populations in the Outer Reaches of M31 and M32 from WFPC2 Photometry

Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 photometry in a field 7 effective radii from the nucleus of M32 and a comparison field in the outer disk of M31, already examined for the presence of RR Lyrae variable stars, are further compared. No relative distance difference between the two fields could be measured using the luminosity of red clump stars. Since M32 is projected on the half of the M31 disk inclined away from us, we argue that M32 most likely lies beyond M31. The color‐magnitude diagrams of the two fields are similar and yield abundance distributions that are similar, with the exception that M32 appears to have a narrower abundance distribution than the comparison field in M31. This conclusion is unlikely to be compromised by age effects. M32 has far fewer metal‐poor stars than the simple one‐zone model of chemical evolution predicts. The deepest combined image shows no trace of a main sequence younger than about 1 Gyr.
The Influence of Teaching Practicum on Foreign Language Teaching Anxiety Among Pre-Service EFL Teachers

Most previous studies focused on foreign language learning anxiety, whereas relatively few have ever examined the foreign language teaching anxiety (FLTA), particularly experienced by pre-service EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers. By administering the “Foreign Language Teaching Anxiety Scale” (FLTAS) and a semi-structured interview, the current study examined whether the EFL teaching practicum had an influence on FLTA by comparing the differences of FLTA between pre-service EFL teachers who had 4 months of practicum experience and those without the practicum, and explored the potential factors contributing to FLTA. Results of descriptive analyses showed that overall the pre-service teachers had a relatively high level of FLTA. Results of independent sample t-test analyses indicated that the practicum group had significantly higher FLTA compared to the non-practicum group. Furthermore, within the two groups, female teachers consistently showed higher FLTA than the male teachers. Results of the interview content analyses revealed that anxiety-provoking factors primarily originated from fear of negative evaluation, low self-perception of language proficiency, and teaching inexperience. The findings of the current study provide insights of anxiety research in EFL context and implications for teachers to better reduce anxiety in English teaching practice.
The Prisoner's Dilemma and Dynamical Systems Associated to Non-Cooperative Games

A new way of looking at repeated games is introduced which incorporates a bounded memory and rationality. In these terms, a resolution of the prisoner's dilemma is given. THE GOAL HERE is to give a natural way of introducing dynamics into game theory, or at least for non-cooperative games. Perhaps the main idea in this treatment of dynamics is the way the past is taken into account. We suppose for both mathematical and model theoretic considerations that the agents only keep some kind of summary or average of the past outcomes (or payoffs) in their memory. Decisions are based on this summary. This kind of modeling reflects the fact that there exist substantive bounds to the storing and organizing of information. We give an axiomatization of bounded memory and rationality, with both institutions and people in mind. On the other hand, the hypothesis used in this treatment leads to a tractable mathematics. Differential equations on function spaces which contain little geometry are replaced by a dynamics on a finite dimensional space. And yet dynamics takes the past into account as a kind of substitute for the theory of delay equations. The perspective in this paper is that of no finite horizon and no discounting of the future. There is always a tomorrow in our plans, and it is as important as today. Also there is a history, a beginning of history, but no end. Decisions are based on the effect of past actions of agents, not on promises or binding agreements. However communication is certainly not precluded. Solutions in our games are asymptotic solutions. To be important for us, they must meet the criteria of stability. This criterion is well-defined by virtue of the dynamical foundations of the models. The first section deals with an example, the repeated prisoner's dilemma, in the language of an arms race. Here a class of strategies, "good strategies," is given where the solution is Pareto optimal, stable, and a Nash equilibrium. Thus at least asymptotically, we have a rather robust resolution of the prisoner's dilemma. We show how good strategies with optimal solutions might bifurcate into strategies with the worst solutions.
A revised approach to the ƒ o F2 long-term trends analysis

Abstract. A new approach to extract fo F2 long-term trends, which are free to a great extent from solar and geomagnetic activity effects, has been proposed. These trends are insensitive to the phase (increasing/decreasing) of geomagnetic activity, with long-term variations being small and insignificant for such relatively short time periods. A small but significant residual fo F2 trend, with the slope K r = - 2.2 × 10 -4 per year, was obtained over a 55-year period (the longest avail-able) of observations at Slough. Such small trends have no practical importance. On the other hand, negative (although insignificant) residual trends obtained at 10 ionosonde stations for shorter periods (31 years) may be considered as a manifestation of a very long-term geomagnetic activity increase which did take place during the 20th century. All of the revealed fo F2 long-term variations (trends) are shown to have a natural origin related to long-term variations in solar and geomagnetic activity. There is no indication of any manmade fo F2 trends. Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere-atmosphere interactions, ionospheric disturbances)
Microglia-Derived Spp1 Promotes Pathological Retinal Neovascularization via Activating Endothelial Kit/Akt/mTOR Signaling

Pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) is the main character of ischemic ocular diseases, which causes severe visual impairments. Though retinal microglia are well acknowledged to play important roles in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis, the molecular mechanisms by which microglia communicates with endothelial cells (EC) remain unknown. In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we revealed that the pro-inflammatory secreted protein Spp1 was the most upregulated gene in microglia in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the expression of Spp1 in microglia was respectively regulated via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) pathways, which was further confirmed through in vitro assays using BV2 microglia cell line. To mimic microglia-EC communication, the bEnd.3 endothelial cell line was cultured with conditional medium (CM) from BV2. We found that adding recombinant Spp1 to bEnd.3 as well as treating with hypoxic BV2 CM significantly enhanced EC proliferation and migration, while Spp1 neutralizing blocked those CM-induced effects. Moreover, RNA sequencing of BV2 CM-treated bEnd.3 revealed a significant downregulation of Kit, one of the type III tyrosine kinase receptors that plays a critical role in cell growth and activation. We further revealed that Spp1 increased phosphorylation and expression level of Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, which might account for its pro-angiogenic effects. Finally, we showed that intravitreal injection of Spp1 neutralizing antibody attenuated pathological RNV and improved visual function. Taken together, our work suggests that Spp1 mediates microglia-EC communication in RNV via activating endothelial Kit/Akt/mTOR signaling and is a potential target to treat ischemic ocular diseases.
A BETA‐BINOMIAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE SIZE OF A HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION

This paper compares the properties of various estimators for a beta‐binomial model for estimating the size of a heterogeneous population. It is found that maximum likelihood and conditional maximum likelihood estimators perform well for a large population with a large capture proportion. The jackknife and the sample coverage estimators are biased for low capture probabilities. The performance of the martingale estimator is satisfactory, but it requires full capture histories. The Gibbs sampler and Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm provide reasonable posterior estimates for informative priors.
Consistent Pattern of Rainfall Asymmetry in Binary Tropical Cyclones

The rainfall distribution in a tropical cyclone (TC) is affected by many factors/processes. Most of previous studies have focused on individual TCs. Little is known about the rainfall distribution in binary TCs. This study examines the rainfall distribution in binary TCs over the western North Pacific based on the observational data. When two TCs become nearby, the asymmetric component of rainfall shows an increasing trend with rainfall significantly suppressed in Quadrant IV of the TC located to the west when orienting the two TCs in the west‐east direction. The suppression becomes remarkable once the separation distance between the two TCs is within about 2,050 km. Furthermore, the convective activity in one TC is related to the deep‐layer vertical wind shear (VWS) from its companion. Rainfall is enhanced downshear‐left in a TC, consistent with a single TC embedded in an environmental VWS as found in previous studies.
Further Investigation on the Transition of Two-Dimensional Separated Layer at Subsonic Speeds

Experiments have been made on the artificially excited transition of two-dimensional separated layer at subsonic speeds. The response characteristics of laminar layer to the sinusoidal external disturbances are found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations based on the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. The effect of excitation becomes maximum when the frequency of external excitation coincides with that of naturally excited sinusoidal velocity fluctuation in the laminar layer. No remarkable abrupt turbulent bursts are found in the transition region. The wave-form of velocity fluctuation changes gradually from sinusoidal to irregular patterns.
Incidence Angle and Pitch–Chord Effects on Secondary Flows Downstream of a Turbine Cascade

This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation of the three-dimensional flow downstream of a linear turbine cascade at off-design conditions. The tests have been carried out for five incidence angles from − 60 to + 35 deg, and for three pitch-chord ratios: s/c = 0.58, 0.73, 0.87. Data include blade pressure distributions, oil flow visualizations, and pressure probe measurements. The secondary flow field has been obtained by traversing a miniature five-hole probe in a plane located at 50 percent of an axial chord downstream of the trailing edge. The distributions of local energy loss coefficients, together with vorticity and secondary velocity plots, show in detail how much the secondary flow field is modified both by incidence and by cascade solidity variations