Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methodology for determining coefficients of turbulent mixing model

Abstract The accurate prediction of turbulent mixing induced by Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T), Richtmyer–Meshkov (R–M) and Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instabilities is very important in understanding natural phenomena and improving engineering applications. In applications, the prediction of mixing with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation remains the most widely used method. The RANS method involves two aspects, i.e. physical modelling and model coefficients. Generally, the latter is determined empirically; thus, there is a lack of universality. In this paper, inspired by the well-known Reynolds decomposition, we propose a methodology to determine the model coefficients with the following three steps: (i) preset a set of analytical RANS solutions by fully using the knowledge of mixing evolutions; (ii) simplify the differential RANS equations to algebraic equations by imposing the preset solutions to RANS equations; (iii) solve the algebraic equations approximately to give the values of the entire model coefficients. The specific application of this methodology in the widely used K–L mixing model shows that, using the same set of model coefficients determined from the current methodology, the K–L model successfully predicts the mixing evolutions in terms of different physical quantities (e.g. temporal scalings and spatial profiles), density ratios and problems (e.g. R–T, R–M, K–H and reshocked R–M mixings). It is possible to extend this methodology to other turbulence models characterised with self-similar evolutions, such as K-$\epsilon$ mixing models.
Effect of in-ovo injection of some natural oils on the hatchability and subsequent physiological responses of post hatch broilers

This study was performed to determine the percentage of hatchability, post-hatch growth performance, and immune response of broiler subjected to in-ovo injection of some natural oils. A total of 360 eggs of ross broiler strain were obtained. Eggs were distributed into six groups: T1,Negative Control (No injection), T2, positive control (injected with 0.1 ml distilled water; T3 injected with 0.1ml of rosemary oil ; T4, injected with 0.1ml of black seed oil; T5 injected with 0.1 ml of olive oil, and T6, injected with 0.1 ml of almond oil. The newly hatched chicks were distributed into 6 groups of 4 replicates of 10 chick. Higher hatchability percentage was found in rosemary oil, followed by almond oil and olive oil –injected eggs. The final weights of birds that were hatched from rosemary oil, and black seed oil -injected groups were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other experimental groups. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were improved with in -ovo administration of rosemary oil and black seed oil. In addition, the level of blood cholesterol and blood glucose were decreased (p<0.05) in birds from all-natural oils-injected eggs. The level of IgM and IgG was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the serum of birds that were hatched from natural oils injected eggs. It could be concluded that in-ove injection of natural oils used in this study was promising to increase the hatchability percentage and improve the subsequent growth and immune responses of post hatched birds.
Esterificación y transesterificación de aceites residuales para obtener biodiesel

El biodiesel es un biocombustible producido a partir de grasas y aceites, y debido a las desventajas del uso de los combustibles fósiles, su producción y consumo ha aumentado en los últimos años. En este trabajo fue estudiada la esterificación por catálisis ácida y la transesterificación alcalina de aceites residuales para obtener biodiesel. Las condiciones de relación aceite-metanol (6:1 y 5:1) y concentración de catalizador fueron variadas para seleccionar las más favorables para el proceso. Los aceites usados fueron recolectados en restaurantes de la ciudad de Cartagena. Se encontró que la variable con mayor efecto en el rendimiento de la reacción fue la relación aceite-metanol, favoreciéndose para bajas concentraciones de metanol (6:1), a las cuales se obtienen rendimientos superiores al 93%. La concentración de catalizador no influyó de manera significado la eficiencia de la esterificación. El biodiesel obtenido presentó buenas características de acidez y bajo contenido de azufre. Adicionalmente, se evidenció la necesidad de un pretratamiento a los aceites y una purificación del biodiesel para lograr el cumplimiento de estándares internacionales.
Grain Boundary Blocking Effect in Zirconia: A Schottky Barrier Analysis

The grain boundary electrical properties of high purity ZrO 2 ceramic materials doped with 2, 3, and 8 mol % Y 2 O 3 , and 8 mol % Y 2 O 3 co-doped with 0.4 mol % Al 2 O 3 were studied in the temperature range of 200 to 500°C by electrochemical techniques and were theoretically analyzed. Although the presence of a siliceous phase is shown to be a major cause for the grain boundary blocking effect, the grain boundary properties appear to he significantly influenced by space charges, particularly in materials of high purity. The oxygen vacancy distribution and the grain boundary resistivity were calculated for 8 mol % Y 2 O 3 doped ZrO 2 by assuming double Schottky barriers, and the results were compared with the experiment. It is shown that reasonable space charge potentials lead to grain boundary effects which are consistent with the experimental features. In contrary to the bulk in which defect associates prevail (at temperatures <560°C), in the boundary regions, association effects can be assumed to be much less pronounced due to the vacancy depletion.
Use of Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts for Flood Mitigation with Adaptive Reservoir Operation: A Case Study of the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand, in 2011

Predicting streamflow can help water managers make policy decisions for individual river basins. In 2011, heavy rainfall from May until October resulted in the largest flood event in the history of Thailand. This event created difficulty for water managers, who lacked information to make predictions. Studies on the 2011 Thai flood have proposed alternative reservoir operations for flood mitigation. However, no study to date has used predictive information to determine how to control reservoirs and mitigate such extreme floods. Thus, the objective of this study is to update and develop a method for using streamflow predictive data to support adaptive reservoir operation with the aim of mitigating the 2011 flood. The study area was the Chao Phraya River Basin, one of the most important basins in Thailand. We obtained predictive information from a hydrological model with a reservoir operation module using an ensemble of seasonal precipitation data from the European Centre for Medium–Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The six-month ECMWF prediction period was used to support the operation plan for mitigating flooding in 2011 around each reservoir during the wet season. Decision-making for reservoir operation based on seasonal predictions was conducted on a monthly time scale. The results showed that peak river discharge decreased slightly, by around 4%, when seasonal predictive data were used. Moreover, changing the reservoir operation plan and using seasonal predictions decreased the peak river discharge by around 20%.
A Commentary on “Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Ulnar Lengthening in the Treatment of Masada Type I Forearm Deformities in Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas”

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a benign condition that begins close to the growth plate and can develop several deformities such as metaphyseal remodeling, bony deformities, and asymmetric long bone growth (1). HME could involve the forearm as a common deformity in 60% of patients (2) and may cause ulnar shortening as a result of premature closure of the epiphysial growth plate. The severity of the disease has a correlation with the severity of the deformities and the patients suffer from cosmetic and functional defects (3, 4). Many studies reported that the deformity could cause restricted range of motion (ROM), supination, and pronation (5, 6). Recently, various treatments have been proposed to correct such deformities in the forearm, including ulnar lengthening and radial shortening. However, no specific protocol can be found in the literature regarding overall management and surgical options (1). Previous case reports have investigated ulnar lengthening as a surgical method in treatment of HMEinduced forearm deformities. There were several studies regarding ulnar lengthening in HME patients with forearm deformity. In 1986, Pritchett reported excellent results for ulnar lengthening in such patients (7). In 2006, a study by Matsubara et al. on seven HME patients with forearm deformity revealed that gradual ulnar lengthening with excision of osteochondromas had satisfactory results in all patients (8). Similarly, Cho and Jung reached the same results in 4 cases of forearm deformity that were corrected with the Ilizarov method (5). Tang et al. demonstrated that a combination of ulnar lengthening and osteochondroma excision in HME patients with Masada type I forearm deformity and ulnar shortening more than 15 mm had satisfactory outcomes (9). Litzelmann et al. suggested radial head dislocation as the indication of ulnar lengthening in patients with HME, and also, recommended performing radial osteotomy near to the end of the growth plate (1). Recent studies reached similar results in the effectiveness of ulnar lengthening in patients with HME (10-12). Ahmed reported that gradual ulnar lengthening without tumor excision was effective in HME patients with Masada type IIb forearm deformity (10). Here, we discuss the new article by Baghdadi et al. published in the journal of Hand Surgery (13). They evaluated the outcomes of ulnar lengthening in Masada type I forearm deformity in patients with HME and found good outcomes. The authors stated that the main benefit of forearm reconstruction in Masada type I was preventing dislocation of the radial head, which results in substantial functional disability. In these patients, the most commonly practiced surgical treatments are excision of the osteochondromas and ulnar lengthening. Previous studies have shown clinical and radiographic improvements after these treatments (1, 11, 14), but whether the changes in radiographic measurements are correlated with patientreported functional improvements remains unknown.
Start-up of moving bed biofilm reactors for deammonification: the role of hydraulic retention time, alkalinity and oxygen supply

Aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation can be combined in a completely mixed moving bed biofilm reactor, allowing for single-stage ammonium removal from wastewater with low COD/N ratio unsuitable for conventional nitrification/denitrification processes (‘deammonification’). Mandatory preconditions are: (a) a low hydraulic retention time to wash out suspended cells competing with mass transfer limited biofilm cells for alkalinity as limiting substrate; and (b) an oxygen flux adapted to the surface loading rate to prevent complete nitrification to nitrate. pH control or ‘NH3 inhibition’ of nitrite oxidation are neither useful nor necessary. By this strategy, oxygen limited biofilms with simultaneous presence of NH4-N and NO2-N were enriched, which allowed for growth of anaerobic ammonium oxidizers. It could be demonstrated that a deammonifying reactor can be purposefully started up within a reasonable span of time and without prior inoculation, if this explicitly described strategy is applied. Depending on surface loading and air flow rate, N removal rates of 4–5 g N/m2 d could be achieved at DO concentrations between 1.0 and 4.0 mg/l.
Studies on River Training

This editorial regards a Special Issue of Water on river training. It introduces five papers in a framework of history, fundamentals, case studies and future. Four papers result from decades of experience with innovation, planning, design and implementation of river training works on rivers in Colombia, the Rhine branches in the Netherlands and the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River in Bangladesh. A fifth paper reviews the state-of-the-art in predicting and influencing the formation and behavior of river bars. The editorial argues that the future lies in more flexible river training, using a mix of innovative permanent structures and recurrent interventions such as dredging, sediment nourishment, vegetation management and low-cost temporary structures.
Narcissism for Fun and Profit: An Empirical Examination of Narcissism and Its Determinants in a Sample of Generation Z Business College Students

The Millennial Generation is frequently identified with narcissistic behavior. However, less work has examined the narcissism of the subsequent generational cohort, Generation Z. In this article, we review the literature on the relationship between narcissism and undergraduate academic major in a college of business, campus involvement, and several demographic variables. We then conduct a study (N = 660) to evaluate subclinical narcissism and its relationship to those choices and traits among contemporary undergraduate business college students using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS). Results reveal one of the highest mean NPI scores in the literature, corroborating prior findings concerning elevated narcissism among business students and providing a piece of evidence concerning intergenerational narcissism. Then, using a set of regression models, we find that NPI scores are higher among finance majors, leaders of student organizations, males, younger students, extrinsically religious students, and non-White students. The SINS is supported as a valid measure of subclinical narcissism. We then discuss how these findings have influenced our approach to course policy and classroom management, and we outline directions for future research based on this exploratory study of Generation Z college students.
Assessment of Engineering Properties of Al-Haweri Scoria, NW Sana’a, Yemen

Yemen has an appreciable amount of scoria aggregate, but a very small proportion is used as cement additions by local cement factories in blended Portland cement production and very rarely as aggregates into the production of lightweight blocks. Scoria aggregates are widespread in and around the volcanic cones present in Sana’a-Amran volcanic field. This paper presents the results of evaluation of engineering properties of natural scoria, collected from Al-Haweri volcanic cone, NW Sana’a, Yemen as lightweight aggregate. Chemical composition and petrographical characteristics of scoria were determined. The physical properties of the scoria aggregate such as flakiness and elongation indices, specific gravity, water absorption, unit weight, clay lumps and materials finer than 75µm gave acceptable results, but the gradation indicated it would need to be processed before use in a mix. The porosity is high, 60.79%. The Los Angeles abrasion and the aggregate crushing values are higher than the limits of ASTM and BS specification, but the aggregate impact value is close to the upper limits of BS specification. The soundness is within the ASTM specification limits. Therefore, it can be concluded that scoria aggregates can be used to produce structural concrete and masonry blocks with a relatively low density. The scoria aggregates satisfied the requirements of lightweight aggregate for structural concrete and masonry blocks purposes.
The Phenotype and Genotype of Congenital Myopathies Based on a Large Pediatric Cohort.

BACKGROUND Congenital myopathies (CMs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary muscular disorders. The distribution of genetic and histologic subtypes has been addressed in only a few cohorts, and the relationship between phenotypes and genotypes is only partially understood. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional data collection study conducted at a single center. The clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of 104 patients with CM is reported. RESULTS The most common histopathological subtype was core myopathy (42%). Patients with severe endomysial fibrosis were more commonly unable to walk than patients with only a mild-grade endomysial fibrosis (56% vs 16%). Inability to walk was also more prevalent in patients with severe fatty replacement (44% vs 19%). The genetic etiology was more frequently identified among those patients with "specific" histologic findings (74% vs 62%). A definite molecular diagnosis was reached in 65 of 104 patients (62%), with RYR1 (24/104) and TTN (8/104) being the most frequent causative genes. Neonatal onset occurred in 56%. Independent ambulation was achieved by 74%. Patients who walked late were more likely to become wheelchair-dependent. Respiratory support was needed in one of three patients. Gastrostomy placement was required in 15%. Cardiac involvement was observed in 3%, scoliosis in 43%, and intellectual disability in 6%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an updated picture of the clinical, histopathological, and molecular landscape of CMs. Independently of the causative gene, fibrosis and fatty replacement in muscle biopsy specimens are significantly associated with clinical severity. Mutations in TTN are responsible for a higher proportion of cases than previously thought.
Graphite-Based Geothermometry on Almahata Sitta Ureilitic Meteorites

The thermal history of carbon phases, including graphite and diamond, in the ureilite meteorites has implications for the formation, igneous evolution, and impact disruption of their parent body early in the history of the Solar System. Geothermometry data were obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy on graphite in Almahata Sitta (AhS) ureilites AhS 72, AhS 209b and AhS A135A from the University of Khartoum collection. In these samples, graphite shows G-band peak centers between 1578 and 1585 cm−1 and the full width at half maximum values correspond to a crystallization temperature of 1266 °C for graphite for AhS 209b, 1242 °C for AhS 72, and 1332 °C for AhS A135A. Recent work on AhS 72 and AhS 209b has shown graphite associated with nanodiamonds and argued that this assemblage formed due to an impact-event. Our samples show disordered graphite with a crystalline domain size ranging between about 70 and 140 nm. The nanometric grain-size of the recrystallized graphite indicates that it records a shock event and thus argues that the temperatures we obtained are related to such an event, rather than the primary igneous processing of the ureilite parent body.
Ten isomeric five-ring bent-core mesogens: The influence of the direction of the carboxyl connecting groups on the mesophase behaviour

In order to study the role of the direction of the connecting groups in bent-core mesogens we synthesized two series of ten possible achiral isomeric five-ring bent-core compounds in which all aromatic rings are connected by ester groups and each of which possesses the same length of the terminal chains (octyloxy or dodecyloxy, respectively). The structure of the isomers is distinguished by the direction of at least one ester group, only. The mesophase behaviour of the compounds has been studied by polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray experiments and electro-optical measurements. We have found that in spite of the minor structural differences a variety of mesophases occur (SmCPA, Colrec, Colob) whereby the clearing temperatures vary from 121 to 193 °C (octyloxy isomers) and 112 to 189 °C (dodecyloxy isomers). Depending on the direction of the ester groups some of these isomers show interesting properties, such as field-induced inversion of chirality in SmCPA and columnar phases, the field-induced enhancement of the clearing temperature, a second-order phase transition Colob → SmCPA or the reversible field-induced phase transition Colob → SmCPF. The unexpectedly strong influence of the direction of the connecting groups is discussed on the base of theoretical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation on isolated molecules.
AGGREGATE STABILITY BY THE "HIGH ENERGY MOISTURE CHARACTERISTIC" METHOD IN AN OXISOL UNDER DIFFERENTIATED MANAGEMENT

Studies testing the High Energy Moisture Characteristic (HEMC) technique in tropical soils are still incipient. By this method, the effects of different management systems can be evaluated. This study investigated the aggregation state of an Oxisol under coffee with Brachiaria between crop rows and surface-applied gypsum rates using HEMC. Soil in an experimental area in the Upper Sao Francisco region, Minas Gerais, was studied at depths of 0.05 and 0.20 m in coffee rows. The treatments consisted of 0, 7, and 28 Mg ha-1 of agricultural gypsum rates distributed on the soil surface of the coffee rows, between which Brachiaria was grown and periodically cut, and compared with a treatment without Brachiaria between coffee rows and no gypsum application. To determine the aggregation state using the HEMC method, soil aggregates were placed in a Buchner funnel (500 mL) and wetted using a peristaltic pump with a volumetric syringe. The wetting was applied increasingly at two pre-set speeds: slow (2 mm h-1) and fast (100 mm h-1). Once saturated, the aggregates were exposed to a gradually increasing tension by the displacement of a water column (varying from 0 to 30 cm) to obtain the moisture retention curve [M = f (Ψ) ], underlying the calculation of the stability parameters: modal suction, volume of drainable pores (VDP), stability index (slow and fast), VDP ratio, and stability ratio. The HEMC method conferred sensitivity in quantifying the aggregate stability parameters, and independent of whether gypsum was used, the soil managed with Brachiaria between the coffee rows, with regular cuts discharged in the crop row direction, exhibited a decreased susceptibility to disaggregation.
Novel Thermal Management Strategy for Improved Inverter Reliability in Electric Vehicles

Requirements for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems—i.e., power density, switching frequency and cost—are becoming more stringent, while high reliability also needs to be ensured to maximize a vehicle’s life-cycle. Thus, the incorporation of a thermal management strategy is convenient, as most power inverter failure mechanisms are related to excessive semiconductor junction temperatures. This paper proposes a novel thermal management strategy which smartly varies the switching frequency to keep the semiconductors’ junction temperatures low enough and consequently extend the EV life-cycle. Thanks to the proposal, the drivetrain can operate safely at maximum attainable performance limits. The proposal is validated through simulation in an advanced digital platform, considering a 75-kW in-wheel Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) drive fed by an automotive Silicon Carbide (SiC) power converter.
Coupled cluster spectroscopic properties and isomerization pathway for the cyanate/fulminate isomer pair, NCO−/CNO−

Three-dimensional near-equilibrium potential energy surfaces and dipole moment functions have been calculated for the ground states of NCO− and CNO−, using the coupled cluster method with single and double substitutions augmented by a perturbative estimate of triple excitations [CCSD(T)] with a quadruple zeta basis set consisting of 150 contracted Gaussian type orbitals. The corresponding equilibrium bond distances at their linear geometries are re(NC)=1.1934 A and re(CO)=1.2306 A for NCO−, and re(CN)=1.1866 A and re(NO)=1.2741 A for CNO−. Full three-dimensional variational calculations have also been carried out using the CCSD(T) potential energy and dipole moment functions to determine the rotation–vibrational energy levels and dipole moment matrix elements for both NCO− and CNO−. The predicted band origin of the ν3 band in the NCO− isomer (2114.4 cm−1) agrees well with the gas phase diode laser infrared result (2124.4 cm−1). The variational analysis suggests possible revisions in the assignment of the .