Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Attacks on Classification Models for Graphs

Deep learning models for graphs have achieved strong performance for the task of node classification. Despite their proliferation, currently there is no study of their robustness to adversarial attacks. Yet, in domains where they are likely to be used, e.g. the web, ad-versaries are common. Can deep learning models for graphs be easily fooled? In this work, we introduce the first study of adversarial attacks on attributed graphs, specifically focusing on models exploiting ideas of graph convolutions. We generate adversarial perturbations targeting the node’s features and the graph structure, thus, taking the dependencies between instances in account. To cope with the underlying discrete domain we propose an efficient algorithm Nettack exploiting incremental computations. Our experimental study shows that accuracy of node classification significantly drops even when performing only few perturbations. Even more, our attacks are transferable: the learned attacks generalize to other state-of-the-art node classification models.
Quantifying movements of corrosion products in reinforced concrete using x-ray attenuation measurements

Corrosion of steel reinforcement, embedded in concrete, may substantially degrade concrete structures due to the expansive nature of corrosion products. Expansion of corrosion products cause tensile stresses to develop and cracks to form in concrete. Extensive research has focused on corrosion-induced damage of concrete, typically by monitoring and quantifying the formation of cracks in concrete surrounding corroding reinforcement. Based on the type of experimental data numerous corrosion-induced damage models have been developed. One common conclusion from these models is that a certain amount of corrosion products move into the concrete without generating tensile stresses and cracks in the concrete. Typically, corrosion products are thought to occupy pores, interfacial defects, and/or air voids located near the concrete-steel interface and stresses develop only after filling of these pores. Further, the amount of corrosion products the concrete can accommodate is directly related to model predictions of time-tocracking. While some have attempted to measure the size of the region where corrosion products are accommodated using destructive and invasive approaches, additional techniques are needed to more accurately assess this vital parameter. This paper describes the use of x-ray attenuation measurements to monitor and quantify the movements of reinforcement corrosion products into mortar surrounding corroding reinforcement. Corrosion is induced by application of direct current to the embedded reinforcement. X-ray attenuation measurements are also capable of detecting cracks. Therefore, this approach provides a direct measurement of the amount and location of reinforcement corrosion products required to induce cracking. Results of a parametric investigation on the impact of water-to-cement ratio (0.30, 0.40, and 0.50) and corrosion rate are presented. Results from this non-destructive experimental approach should provide further insights for the modelling of reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced damage of concrete structures.
Foreign Ownership, Agency Costs, and Long-Term Firm Growth: Evidence from Korea

This study examines the link between foreign ownership and firm value in the context of dividend payouts and long-term firm growth. Consistent with prior studies, we find that foreign ownership is positively related to firm value. Next, we find that changes in foreign ownership are negatively related to changes in agency costs, which is linked to the improvement of future firm profitability. We also find a positive relationship between foreign ownership and dividend payouts. We further find that dividend payouts are negatively related to 3-year-ahead and 5-year-ahead sales (or earnings) growth as a proxy for long-term firm growth. However, for firms with high foreign ownership, we find a positive relationship between dividend payouts and long-term firm growth. These findings indicate that foreign ownership has a moderating effect on dividend payouts and long-term firm growth. Overall, our results suggest that foreign investors are expected to provide managers with an incentive to pursue long-term value for the sake of shareholders by monitoring and disciplining managers. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the value-increasing effects of foreign ownership on firm value by demonstrating that the reduction in agency costs due to the foreign ownership effect is associated with higher growth rates and thus higher firm value. Our study also contributes to the literature on the foreign ownership–firm value nexus by showing that foreign investors play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable firm growth.
POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS A critical assessment of the impact of organisational culture on sustainable leadership development: A case of the Government Institutions Pension Fund in Namibia

Organisational culture and leadership are elements in a company that work in conjunction with one another toward organisational success. The main objective of this study was to critically analyse, evaluate, and assess the impact that organisational culture could have in successfully sustaining leadership development within the Government Institutions Pension Fund (GIPF) in Namibia. Both culture and leadership influence how the company will function and the extent to which its goals will be achieved. There seems to be a two-way relationship between organisational culture and leadership: organisational culture will either determine how leadership functions or leadership will transform the culture to make it support the organisation’s values. The two aspects of this relationship are mutually reinforcing. This study, therefore, examined the extent to which the interplay between these two aspects has succeeded in promoting strong leadership within GIPF. A questionnaire was used to collect information from a sample of 50 respondents. The findings showed that the mutually reinforcing interplay between organisational culture and leadership has produced capable and sustainable leadership that has become the key driving force behind the success of GIPF in reducing employees’ turnover and increasing financial investment. A critical assessment of the impact of organisational culture on sustainable leadership development: A case of the GIPF in Namibia 1
Synapse molecular complexity and the plasticity behaviour problem

Synapses are the hallmark of brain complexity and have long been thought of as simple connectors between neurons. We are now in an era in which we know the full complement of synapse proteins and this has created an existential crisis because the molecular complexity far exceeds the requirements of most simple models of synaptic function. Studies of the organisation of proteome complexity and its evolution provide surprising new insights that challenge existing dogma and promote the development of new theories about the origins and role of synapses in behaviour. The postsynaptic proteome of excitatory synapses is a structure with high molecular complexity and sophisticated computational properties that is disrupted in over 130 brain diseases. A key goal of 21st-century neuroscience is to develop comprehensive molecular datasets on the brain and develop theories that explain the molecular basis of behaviour.
Embedded institutions and the persistence of large farms in Russia

Differences in farm structures between Russia and western market economies can hardly be made consistent with the neoclassical textbook idea of a technologically determined farm size operating in a perfect market environment. The main aim of the paper is to identify embedded institutions that provide an explanation for the persistent differences. It is shown that these institutions vary widely across countries. We argue that the historical contingency of a patrimonial society that is both hierarchical and egalitarian also has an important bearing on the current persistence of large farming structures in Russia. The cultural beliefs based on this contingency explain the relative absence of entrepreneurial attitude in the rural society, the lack of trust in formal transactions with strangers, and the unwillingness to deviate from collective behaviour. Managers of former collective farms together with regional government authorities had strong incentives to secure their status-quo rents by inhibiting individualisation in agriculture. In addition, based on their ideological background in communism and their lifelong experience, many of them simply could not imagine how food security and social safety in the countryside should be provided without large farms. It is argued that the evolution of super-large farms could only arise because cooperative and corporate farms survived up to bankruptcy and because embedded institutions impeded the foundation of family farms. Mental models of policy makers did contribute to the amalgamation of corporations and cooperatives into super-large farms. The paper ends with an evaluation from the economic point of view of the existence of super-large farms and with a projection of what may happen in the future.
Technology Upgrades in Emerging Equity Markets: Effects on Liquidity, Trading Activity and Volatility

This study examines the effects of technological changes on selected stock market qualities such as liquidity, turnover and volatility. The data set includes daily data of 361 stocks from 10 emerging market exchanges, namely Colombia, Indonesia, Johannesburg, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Thailand. The analysis is based mainly on the comparison between the pre- and post-launch of a new trading platform for equity markets. A panel data regression analysis shows that technological upgrade decreases the bid-ask spread and increases trading activity. In other words, launching a more sophisticated trading platform contributes to the overall efficiency of the market. Moreover, we find that, in some exchanges, an important upgrade in the technological infrastructure of the exchange decreases its level of volatility.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PAVING MATERIALS

Equipment developed to determine the dynamic properties of paving materials in axial and torsional loading is described. Dynamic properties were determined by the excitation of hollow cylindrical specimens using two independent sinusoidal loads with frequencies up to 30 Hz. An IBM PC/AT equipped with a Metrabyte DASH16 data acquisition board was used to directly control two MTS hydraulic servorams. Menu-driven software was developed, taking advantage of direct memory access channels, so that data acquisition, wave form generation, and closed-loop control could take place simultaneously at rates above 5,000 samples/sec/channel. To convert raw data into graphs and parameters representative of dynamic material properties, a postprocessing menu-driven program was also developed. Dynamic properties of an asphalt concrete, a uniform sand, and a silty clay are presented. For the asphalt concrete, dynamic moduli in axial loading, dynamic shear moduli, internal damping determined in both axial and shear loading, and dynamic Poisson's ratios are presented for tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 11 deg C to 40 deg C. For the uniform sand and silty clay, dynamic shear moduli and internal damping as a function of stress state, magnitude of shear strain, and frequency of loading are presented.
Fourier expansions for Eisenstein series twisted by modular symbols and the distribution of multiples of real points on an elliptic curve

Fourier expansions for Eisenstein series twisted by modular symbols and the distribution of multiples of real points on an elliptic curve Alex Cowan This thesis consists of two unrelated parts. In the first part of this thesis, we give explicit expressions for the Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series E∗(z, s, χ) twisted by modular symbols 〈γ, f〉 in the case where the level of f is prime and equal to the conductor of the Dirichlet character χ. We obtain these expressions by computing the spectral decomposition of an automorphic function closely related to E∗(z, s, χ). We then give applications of these expressions. In particular, we evaluate sums such as ∑ χ(γ)〈γ, f〉, where the sum is over γ ∈ Γ∞\Γ0(N) with c + d < X, with c and d being the lower-left and lower-right entries of γ respectively. This parallels past work of Goldfeld, Petridis, and Risager, and we observe that these sums exhibit cancellation beyond what one might expect. In the second part of this thesis, given an elliptic curve E and a point P in E(R), we investigate the distribution of the points nP as n varies over the integers, giving bounds on the x and y coordinates of nP and determining the natural density of integers n for which nP lies in an arbitrary open subset of R. Our proofs rely on a connection to classical topics in the theory of Diophantine approximation.
A Review of Unsupervised Artificial Neural Networks with Applications

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are models formulated to mimic the learning capability of human brains. Learning in ANNs can be categorized into supervised, reinforcement and unsupervised learning. Application of supervised ANNs is limited to when the supervisor’s knowledge of the environment is sufficient to supply the networks with labelled datasets. Application of unsupervised ANNs becomes imperative in situations where it is very difficult to get labelled datasets. This paper presents the various methods, and applications of unsupervised ANNs. In order to achieve this, several secondary sources of information, including academic journals and conference proceedings, were selected. Autoencoders, self-organizing maps, and boltzmann machines are some of the unsupervised ANNs based algorithms identified. Some of the areas of application of unsupervised ANNs identified include exploratory data, statistical, biomedical, industrial, financial and control analysis. Unsupervised algorithms have become very useful tools in segmentation of Magnetic resonance images for detection of anomalies in the body systems.
Form and Finish of Implants in Uncemented Hip Arthroplasty : Effects of Different Shapes and Surface Treatments on Implant Stability

Background and purposeCoating of acetabular revision implants with hydroxyapatite (HA) has been proposed to improve ingrowth and stability. We investigated whether HA coating of revision cups can reduce the risk of any subsequent re-revision.MethodsWe studied uncemented cups either with or without HA coating that were used at a primary acetabular revision and registered in the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register (SHAR). 2 such cup designs were identified: Harris-Galante and Trilogy, both available either with or without HA coating. These cups had been used as revision components in 1,780 revisions of total hip arthroplasties (THA) between 1986 and 2009. A Cox proportional hazards model including the type of coating, age at index revision, sex, cause of cup revision, cup design, the use of bone graft at the revision procedure, and the type of cup fixation at primary THA were used to calculate adjusted risk ratios (RRs with 95% CI) for re-revision for any reason or due to aseptic loosening.Results71% of the cups were coated with HA and 29% were uncoated. At a mean follow-up time of 6.9 (0–24) years, 159 (9%) of all 1,780 cups had been re-revised, mostly due to aseptic loosening (5%), dislocation (2%), or deep infection (1%). HA coating had no significant influence on the risk of re-revision of the cup for any reason (RR = 1.4, CI: 0.9–2.0) or due to aseptic loosening (RR = 1.1, 0.6–1.9). In contrast, HA coating was found to be a risk factor for isolated liner re-revision for any reason (RR = 1.8, CI: 1.01–3.3). Age below 60 years at the index cup revision, dislocation as the cause of the index cup revision, uncemented cup fixation at primary THA, and use of the Harris-Galante cup also increased the risk of re-revision of the cup. In separate analyses in which isolated liner revisions were excluded, bone grafting was found to be a risk factor for re-revision of the metal shell due to aseptic loosening (RR = 2.1, CI: 1.05–4.2). InterpretationWe found no evidence to support the notion that HA coating improves the performance of the 2 studied cup designs in revision arthroplasty. In contrast, patient-related factors such as younger age and dislocation as the reason for cup revision, and technical factors such as the choice of revision cup were found to influence the risk of subsequent re-revision of the cup. The reason for inferior results after revision of uncemented cups is not known, but it is possible that these hips more often had pronounced bone loss at the index cup revision.
Importance of Genotype on Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Levels in Broccoli Heads

Carotenoidsaresecondaryplantmetabolites invegetablesknowntobeessential in the human diet and reported to confer various positive health-promoting effects when consumed.BrassicaoleraceaL. vegetables likekale,cabbage,andbroccoliarerecognized as excellent sources of dietary carotenoids. Broccoli has emerged as the most important B. oleracea crop in the United States and it likely supplies more carotenoids to the U.S. diet than the other crops of this species. However, very little is known about the general carotenoid profile of this important vegetable or the levels of specific carotenoids and how they might vary among genotypes. Thus, the objectives of this study were to assess carotenoid profiles of different inbred broccoli heads; to assess chlorophyll concen- trations measured simultaneously during carotenoid assays; to determine the relative effects of genotype versus environment in influencing head carotenoid levels; and to examinephenotypic correlations betweencarotenoidlevelsandothertraits.Resultsshow lutein to be the most abundant carotenoid in broccoli heads ranging from 65.3 to 139.6 mgg -1 dry mass (DM) among nine inbreds tested in three environments. Genotype had a highly significant effect on lutein levels in broccoli heads and the ratio of s 2 g/s 2 p for this carotenoid was 0.84. Violaxanthin also exhibited a significant genotype effect, but it was found at lower levels (17.9 to 35.4 mgg -1 DM) than lutein. b-carotene and neoxanthin were detected at levels similar to violaxanthin, but genotypic differences were not detected when all environments were compared. This was also true for antheraxanthin, which was detectable in all genotypes at lower levels (mean of 13.3 mgg -1 DM) than the other carotenoids. Significant genotypic differences were observed for both chlorophyll a and b among the studied inbreds; however, no environment or genotype-by-environment effects were observed with these compounds. Results indicated that most carotenoids measured were positively and significantly correlated with one another, indicating that higher levels of one carotenoid were typically associated with higher levels of others. This study emphasizes the relative importance of lutein in broccoli heads and the key role that genotype plays with this compound, ultimately indicating that breeding cultivars with increased levels of this particular carotenoid may be feasible.
Further division of Alona Baird, 1843: separation and position of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski and Ovalona gen.n. (Crustacea: Cladocera)

We investigate morphology and taxonomic rank of several Alona species related to A. rectangula Sars, 1861. Despite high morphological intraspecific variability, a number of synapomorphies shows that taxa related to A. rectangula are sufficiently different in external and internal morphology from “true” Alona Baird, 1843. These are removed from Alona into separate genera. The rare West-African A. holdeni Green 1962 is redescribed and we describe a new species from North Africa, Arabia and islands in the Western Indian Ocean. We reinstate the name Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski to receive A. rectangula, A. holdeni, and a new species, C. anemae. Sharing several synapomorphies, the subantarctic species A. weinecki Studer appears related to A. meridionalis Sinev, 2006. We assign them to Ovalona gen.n. , similar in morphology to Coronatella, but with less limb reductions. At a higher level, we discuss morphology and distribution of both genera and of the similar A. elegans-group. To situate Coronatella within the subfamily, we introduce a “Coronatella-branch”, a group of medium-sized Aloninae with limb reductions, comprising Coronatella, Leberis, Celsinotum, A. dentifera, A. monacantha and possibly Karualona and A. verrucosa-group, in comparison with a “Hexalonabranch” and Alona s.str. Adaptations to life in temporary pools and salinity tolerance may have played an important role in separation and radiation of a Coronatella-branch.
Polynomial structure of Gromov--Witten potential of quintic $3$-folds

We use stable graphs to package the $\mathrm{NMSP}$ relations. Our tools are the $S$ matrix of the $\mathcal{O}(5)$-twisted $ \mathbb P^{\mathrm N+4}$ equivariant GW theory, and the $R$ matrix obtained from the stablization of the theory's localization formula.
Sparsity Driven GMTI Processing Framework with Multichannel

This paper presents a processing framework to separate moving targets from the clutter, under multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenarios, and addresses the moving target imaging and velocity estimation problems for ground moving target indication (GMTI) applications. A practical implementation is introduced to break the SAR/GMTI problem into two processing stages, and the sparsity of the moving targets in the observed scene, is exploited throughout the stages. The two stage process extracts the moving targets from the monitored region via a sparsity-based iterative decomposition algorithm, and subsequently estimates the complete velocity vectors of moving targets by enforcing sparsity constraints. The model is sufficiently versatile to incorporate digital elevation map (DEM) information which further improves the moving target relocation accuracy. The effectiveness of the presented framework is demonstrated using Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Gotcha GMTI challenge data.
Title No transfer of calibration between action and perception inlearning a golf putting task

We assessed calibration of perception and action in the context of a golf putting task. Previous research has shown that right-handed novice golfers make rightward errors both in the perception of the perfect aiming line from the ball to the hole and in the putting action. Right-handed experts, however, produce accurate putting actions but tend to make leftward errors in perception. In two experiments, we examined whether these skill-related differences in directional error reflect transfer of calibration from action to perception. In the main experiment, three groups of righthanded novice participants followed a pretest, practice, posttest, retention test design. During the tests, directional error for the putting action and the perception of the perfect aiming line were determined. During practice, participants were provided only with verbal outcome feedback about directional error; one group trained perception and the second trained action, whereas the third group did not practice. Practice led to a relatively permanent annihilation of directional error, but these improvements in accuracy were specific to the trained task. Hence, no transfer of calibration occurred between perception and action. The findings are discussed within the two-visual-system model for perception and action, and implications for perceptual learning in action are raised.