Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agricultural output and efficiency in lower Canada, 1851

This paper re-examines the agriculture of Lower Canada with an emphasis on geographic variation in efficiency. The paper estimates agricultural output per worker by county using census data for 1851. We find only limited support for the factors emphasized in the literature. We find no great productivity disadvantage associated with growing wheat, only a small role played by soil quality, and no support for the notion that older-settled areas, with worn-out soil, had lower productivity.
Tracking colloid transport in real pore structures: Comparisons with correlation equations and experimental observations

Accurate prediction of colloid transport in porous media under environmentally relevant conditions requires incorporation of complex pore geometries into particle trajectory simulations. Advances in pore structure characterization and numeric flow simulations have the potential to take real pore geometries into account. In this work, a scheme was developed to extract pore structures (grain radii and center positions) from X‐ray microtomography images of glass beads. Lattice Boltzmann flow simulations were performed to derive flow fields in pore spaces. On the basis of the derived flow fields, particle tracking was carried out in the absence of an energy barrier to deposition and under a wide range of colloid size and flow conditions. Simulated depositions agree reasonably well with predictions by applicable correlation equations and experimental observations at groundwater flow regimes, indicating that the particle tracking algorithm is able to simulate colloid trajectories in porous media with reasonable accuracy in the absence of an energy barrier and may also be able to do so in the presence of an energy barrier (which is more environmentally relevant). The simulated depositions are much greater than both predicted and experimentally observed values at high fluid velocities (>1 × 10−3 m s−1). Simulations under selected unfavorable conditions at groundwater flow regimes indicated that temporary retention of colloids by low‐flow zones in pore spaces could play a predominant role in colloid removal at low ionic strengths. As the ionic strength increases (deposition condition becomes less unfavorable), the contribution of temporary retention to overall removal decreases.
Push for Center Learning via Orthogonalization and Subspace Masking for Person Re-Identification

Person re-identification aims to identify whether pairs of images belong to the same person or not. This problem is challenging due to large differences in camera views, lighting and background. One of the mainstream in learning CNN features is to design loss functions which reinforce both the class separation and intra-class compactness. In this paper, we propose a novel Orthogonal Center Learning method with Subspace Masking for person re-identification. We make the following contributions: (i) we develop a center learning module to learn the class centers by simultaneously reducing the intra-class differences and inter-class correlations by orthogonalization; (ii) we introduce a subspace masking mechanism to enhance the generalization of the learned class centers; and (iii) we devise to integrate the average pooling and max pooling in a regularizing manner that fully exploits their powers. Extensive experiments show that our proposed method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the large-scale ReID datasets including Market-1501, DukeMTMC-ReID, CUHK03 and MSMT17.
Temperature-Induced Uncoupling of 1 Cell Cycle Regulators 2

While feedback loops are essential for robustness in signaling systems, they make 9 discerning the role of individual components challenging. Here we introduce temperature as a 10 powerful perturbation method for uncoupling enzymatic processes, by exposing the diﬀerential 11 sensitivity of limiting reactions to temperature due to their activation energies. Using this method, 12 we study the sensitivity to temperature of diﬀerent cell cycle events of early ﬂy embryos. While the 13 subdivision of cell cycle steps is conserved across a wide range of temperatures (5-35 ◦ C), the 14 transition into prometaphase exhibits the most sensitivity, arguing that it has a diﬀerent 15 mechanism of regulation. Using a biosensor, we quantify the activity of Cdk1 and show that the 16 activation of Cdk1 drives entry into prometaphase but is not required for earlier events. In fact, 17 chromosome condensation can still occur when Cdk1 is inhibited pharmacologically. These results 18 demonstrate that diﬀerent kinases are rate-limiting for diﬀerent steps of mitosis.
Polygenic routes lead to parallel altitudinal adaptation in Heliosperma pusillum 1 ( Caryophyllaceae ) 2 3

(Caryophyllaceae) 2 3 Aglaia Szukala, Jessica Lovegrove-Walsh, Hirzi Luqman, Simone Fior, Thomas Wolfe, Božo 4 Frajman, Peter Schönswetter, Ovidiu Paun 5 6 1 Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 7 2 Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vienna, Austria. 8 3 Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. 9 4 Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. 10 5 Institute for Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, BOKU, Vienna, Austria. 11
Reconstruction of Pacific Ocean bottom water salinity during the Last Glacial Maximum

Knowledge of salinity in the deep ocean is important for understanding past ocean circulation and climate. Based on sedimentary pore fluid chloride measurements of a single Pacific site, Adkins et al. ( ) suggested that, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Pacific deep bottom water was saltier than expected based on lower sea level alone. Here we present high‐resolution salinity profiles from five sites in the South, Equatorial, and North Pacific Ocean. Our study greatly constrains understanding of LGM salinity in the Pacific Ocean. Our results show that LGM chloride concentrations of deep Pacific bottom water were 4.09 ± 0.4% greater than today's values. Pacific Ocean bottom water salinity was also indistinguishable from being homogeneous across the wide range of latitudes studied here. These LGM salinity reconstructions are on average slightly higher (~1.4 to 1% higher) than expected from sea level of the time, which is generally inferred to have been ~120 to ~135 m lower than today.
Raindrop Size Distribution and Rain Characteristics during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood

AbstractDrop size distributions observed by four Particle Size Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometers during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood are used to diagnose rain characteristics during intensive rainfall episodes. The analysis focuses on 30 h of intense rainfall in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado, from 2200 UTC 11 September to 0400 UTC 13 September 2013. Rainfall rates R, median volume diameters D0, reflectivity Z, drop size distributions (DSDs), and gamma DSD parameters were derived and compared between the foothills and adjacent plains locations. Rainfall throughout the entire event was characterized by a large number of small- to medium-sized raindrops (diameters smaller than 1.5 mm) resulting in small values of Z (<40 dBZ), differential reflectivity Zdr (<1.3 dB), specific differential phase Kdp (<1° km−1), and D0 (<1 mm). In addition, high liquid water content was present throughout the entire event. Raindrops observed in the plains were generally larger than those in the foothills. DSDs observed in t.
Lessons Learned from Deep-Sea Mining

The first attempt to exploit deep-sea manganese nodules ended in failure as a result of the collapse of world metal prices, the onerous provisions imposed by the U. N. Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the overoptimistic assumptions about the viability of nodule mining. Attention then focused on cobalt-rich manganese crusts from seamounts. Since the mid-1980s, a number of new players have committed themselves to long-term programs to establish the viability of mining deep-sea manganese nodules. These programs require heavy subsidy by host governments. Gold-rich submarine hydrothermal deposits located at convergent plate margins are now emerging as a more promising prospect for mining than deep-sea manganese deposits.
Importance of a Hydrophobic Pocket for Peptide Binding in Lactococcal OppA

ABSTRACT Lactococcal oligopeptide-binding protein A (OppA) binds peptides with widely varied lengths and sequences. We previously hypothesized that a hydrophobic pocket in OppA preferentially binds a hydrophobic peptide side chain and thus determines its binding register. Two crystal structures of OppA with different nonapeptides now indeed show binding in different registers.
miR-29a is a negative regulator of influenza virus infection through targeting frizzled 5 receptor

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes substantial deaths and economic loss annually. MicroRNAs repress gene expression and are implicated in virus-host interactions. miR-29a is known for its anti-tumor and anti-fibrotic effects. However, the roles of miR-29a in IAV infection is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of miR-29a on IAV infection and the mechanisms behind it. IAV decreased miR-29a expression in lung epithelial A549 cells and mouse lungs. Overexpression of miR-29a reduced IAV mRNA and protein levels and progeny virus production in HEK293 and A549 cells. The inhibition of IAV infection by miR-29a was observed with different strains of IAV including A/PR/8/34, A/WSN/1933, 2009 pandemic clinic isolate A/OK/3052/09 and A/OK/309/06 H3N2. Knockout of miR-29a using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in an increase of the viral mRNA and protein levels, further confirming that miR-29a suppresses IAV infection. The 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) reporter assay showed that miR-29a had binding sites on the 3’-UTR of the Wnt-Ca 2+ signaling receptor frizzled 5 gene and overexpression of miR-29a reduced the endogenous frizzled 5 protein level. Wnt5a treatment of HEK293 and A549 cells enhanced IAV infection. Our results suggest that miR-29a inhibits IAV infection likely via frizzled 5 receptor.
Contact sport-related chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the elderly: clinical expression and structural substrates

Professional boxers and other contact sport athletes are exposed to repetitive brain trauma that may affect motor functions, cognitive performance, emotional regulation and social awareness. The term of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was recently introduced to regroup a wide spectrum of symptoms such as cerebellar, pyramidal, and extrapyramidal syndromes, impairments in orientation, memory, language, attention, information processing and frontal executive functions, as well as personality changes and behavioural and psychiatric symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usually reveals hippocampal and vermis atrophy, a cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), signs of diffuse axonal injury, pituitary gland atrophy, dilated perivascular spaces, and periventricular white matter disease. Given the partial overlapping of the clinical expression, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of CTE and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as the close association between traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and neurofibrillary tangle formation, a mixed pathology promoted by pathogenetic cascades resulting in either CTE or AD has been postulated. Molecular studies suggested that TBIs increase the neurotoxicity of the TAR DNA-Correspondence binding protein 43 (TDP-43) that is a key pathological marker of ubiquitin-positive forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTLD-TDP) associated or not with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS). Similar patterns of immunoreactivity for TDP-43 in CTE, FTLD-TDP, and ALS as well as epidemiological correlations support the presence of common pathogenetic mechanisms. The present review provides a critical update of the evolution of the concept of CTE with reference to its neuropathological definition together with an in depth discussion of the differential diagnosis between this entity, AD and frontotemporal dementia.
Vegetation History of Kenbuchi Basin and Furano Basin in Hokkaido, North Japan, since 32, 000yrs BP

北海道北部の剣淵盆地と中央部富良野盆地で14C年代の測定と花粉分析により約32,000年間の植生変遷史を復元した. 25,000～32,000yrs BPはエゾマツ/アカエゾマツを主とし, グイマツを混じえたタイガ, 16,000～25,000yrs BP (極相期) は現在のサハリン北部に見られるステップとグイマツ, ハイマツを主とする疎林 (北部) およびグイマツ, ハイマツを主とするタイガ (中央部)が発達した. 12,000～16,000yrs BPは北部でグイマツが衰え, エゾマツ/アカエゾマツとカバノキを主とする森林が発達した. 10,000～12,000yrs BPに著しい寒さの戻り (剣淵亜氷期) があり, グイマツは極相期の規模に回復した. 8,000～10,000yrs BPにグイマツは絶滅し, 8,000yrs BPにコナラ属が急増して現在の森林が形成された.
ANALISIS ORGANISASI MELALUI PENDEKATAN PERILAKU (Kasus di Kantor Kecamatan Kemayoran Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat)

Abstract : District organization as a local organization that is very close to the community, its existence is determined by acceptance. The level of community acceptance is determined by how far the level of service provided to the community. The choice of the Office of Central Jakarta District Municipality Kemayoran based on the assumption that the organization is within the scope or areas that have characteristics that distinguish the different areas. Based on the description and analyze above there are some things that can be concluded as follows: First, the behavior is very influential and the leadership on the climate of the organization in the Office of the Municipality of Central Jakarta District Kemayoran; Secondly, That the clarity of roles in the organization's Office District Municipality of Central Jakarta Kemayoran determine the leadership style that will be applied by the leadership. In the long run, it will affect the organizational climate, and Third, organizational climate that has a very real correlation with aspects of the role and personality of each employee, both employees at a lower level or leadership. On the other hand the role and personality also has a correlation to the establishment of a conduce organizational climate. Keywords : Organizational Behavior and Analysis Approach
Therapeutic targeting of tumor-derived R-spondin attenuates β-catenin signaling and tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types

Deregulation of the β-catenin signaling has long been associated with cancer. Intracellular components of this pathway, including axin, APC, and β-catenin, are frequently mutated in a range of human tumors, but the contribution of specific extracellular ligands that promote cancer development through this signaling axis remains unclear. We conducted a reporter-based screen in a panel of human tumors to identify secreted factors that stimulate β-catenin signaling. Through this screen and further molecular characterization, we found that R-spondin (RSPO) proteins collaborate with Wnt proteins to activate β-catenin. RSPO family members were expressed in several human tumors representing multiple malignancies, including ovarian, pancreatic, colon, breast, and lung cancer. We generated specific monoclonal antibody antagonists of RSPO family members and found that anti-RSPO treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth in human patient-derived tumor xenograft models, either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy. Furthermore, blocking RSPO signaling reduced the tumorigenicity of cancer cells based on serial transplantation studies. Moreover, gene expression analyses revealed that anti-RSPO treatment in responsive tumors strongly inhibited β-catenin target genes known to be associated with cancer and normal stem cells. Collectively, our results suggest that the RSPO family is an important stimulator of β-catenin activity in many human tumors, and highlight a new effective approach for therapeutically modulating this fundamental signaling axis.
U-Pb geochronological evidence for Archean crust in the continuation of the Rae Province (eastern Churchill Province), Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, Labrador

In Labrador, the northerly-trending zones of the Churchill Province are truncated at their southern margin by rocks of the Labrador Orogen within the Grenville Province. Churchill Province rocks locally extend into the Grenville Province where they are gradationally reworked. This paper describes the geology of the central part of the Churchill Province (the Rae Province) in a 3700 km 2 area lying astride the Grenville Front. The eastern part of the area, the Orma domain, consists of supracrustal rocks intruded by, and infolded into, orthogneiss. The supracrustal unit is dominated by mafic volcanic and pelitic rocks with subordinate psammite, felsic volcanic rocks, quartzite and conglomerate. The orthogneiss unit consists of foliated to gneissic tonalite and granodiorite. Both units are intruded by a plutonic suite of granite, diorite and gabbro. U-Pb zircon geochronology of four tonalite samples indicates that the majority of orthogneiss in the Orma domain was emplaced in the Late Archean (2682-2675 Ma). These data confirm earlier ideas that parts of the Rae Province consist of reworked Archean crust. U-Pb results of both zircon and titanite analyses from the same samples indicate a Labradorian Pb-loss, but show no influence by either the Hudsonian or Grenvillian orogenies on the U-Pb isotopic systematics.
Evaluation of river restoration by local residents

Today, river corrections aiming at better flood protection must consider ecological aspects such as “naturalness” and biodiversity. Gaining acceptance among local residents for these projects is important, since they impact local infrastructure and alter the familiar landscape. The question addressed in this paper is whether there are differences between local residents regarding the question of whether they think a river restoration project at a section of the Swiss Thur River was reasonable. We also investigate whether there are differences regarding the reasons for this evaluation, such as improved flood protection, higher perceived naturalness, increased biodiversity, and aesthetics. Results show that for farmers flood protection and naturalness are more important factors than for others and that there are differences among the local villages.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Blockade Enhances Antitumor Immunity by Stimulating Melanoma-Specific T-cell Motility

Pentcheva-Hoang and colleagues analyzed melanoma-specific T-cell dynamics in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes before and after immune checkpoint blockade, and their study demonstrates that successful immunotherapy correlates with greater T-cell motility and reversal of the T-cell paralysis in growing tumors. It is now clear that anti–CTLA-4 (α-CTLA-4) antibodies stimulate tumor immunity either by relieving inhibition of effector T-cell function or by depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg). Several recent reports, however, have suggested that these antibodies may deliver a “go” signal to effector T cells, thus interrupting T-cell receptor signaling and subsequent T-cell activation. We examined the behavior of melanoma-specific CD8+ pmel-1 T cells in the B16/BL6 mouse model using intravital microscopy. Pmel-1 velocities in progressively growing tumors were lower than their velocities in tumors given a therapeutic combination that included α-CTLA-4 antibodies, suggesting that successful immunotherapy correlates with greater T-cell motility. When α-CTLA-4 antibodies were injected during imaging, the velocities of pmel-1 T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes also increased. Because α-CTLA-4 Fab fragments had the same effect as the intact antibody, the higher T-cell motility does not seem to be due to CTLA-4 inhibitory signaling but rather to the release of nonproductive stable interactions between tumor-infiltrating T cells and tumor targets or antigen-presenting cells subsequent to CTLA-4 blockade. This phenomenon resembles the recently described reversal of the antiviral T-cell motility paralysis by programmed death 1 (PD-1)–specific antibodies during T-cell exhaustion in persistent viral infections. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(10); 970–80. ©2014 AACR.
Tempo of earliest Ordovician graptolite faunal succession: conodont-based correlations from the Tremadocian of Quebec

Successive Tremadocian planktic dendroid graptolite assemblages from continental slope sequences in Quebec can be correlated with North American platform biozonations on the basis of conodonts. Anisograptid-bearing (Assemblage 2), middle Tremadocian "Matane faunas" are associated with Early Ordovician Rossodus manitouensis Zone (new designation) conodonts. Younger middle Tremadocian faunas with adelograptids (Assemblage 3) are no younger than the Rossodus manitouensis Zone. Key dendroid evolutionary–immigration events take place within the lower conodont Fauna B interval. Rooted dendroids near Cap des Rosiers, Quebec, and in eastern New York State occur with lower Fauna B conodonts and the trilobites Pareuloma and Borthaspidella. However, the earliest Tremadocian (and earliest Ordovician) dendroid immigration event, represented by the local lowest occurrence of faunas with Dictyonema flabelliforme s.l. at localities in western Newfoundland, eastern New York State, Norway, and eastern China, also lies with.
Jointed Source Rock and Fluvial Gravels Controlled by Rosin's Law: A Grain-Size Study in Calabria, South Italy

The primary distributions of the untransported source rocks are unimodally distributed and very positively skewed; the average sand fraction is only 4%. Only 6% of the distributions are lognormal; 94% follow the Rosin distribution, which is typical for products of technical breakage and milling processes. Twelve of the 19 river-mounth sediments are bimodally distributed with a primary mode in the gravel range, a marked valley in the 2 mm range, and a secondary mode in the sand range. The seven rivers with unimodal sediments also have their modes in the gravel range. Both unimodal bimodal sediments consist of, on the average, 74% boulder and gravel, 25% sand, and 1% silt and clay. Surprisingly, 77% of the gravel modes of the river sediments also follow the Rosin distribution. Only the sand fractions of both the unimodal and bimodal sediments are lognormally distributed. The Rosin distribution of the Calabrian river gravel is interpreted as a source-specific primary feature; the lognormality of the sand mode, in contrast, as a transport-specific secondary feature. Since the jointed and weathered source rocks contain only 4% sand they cannot be the only source of the 25% sand in the river sediments. The sand must also come from other sources such as soil building and transport wear. --Modified journal abstract.
The Effect of Depression and Rurality on Diabetes Control

Background: Having depression and living in a rural environment have separately been associated with poor diabetes outcomes, but there little is known about the interaction between the 2 risk factors. This study investigates the association of depression and rurality with glycemic control in adults, as well as their interaction. Methods: This is a repeated cross-sectional study with data collected from 2010 to 2017 (n = 1,697,173 patient-year observations), comprising a near-complete census of patients with diabetes in Minnesota. The outcome of interest was glycemic control deﬁned as hemoglobin A1c under 8%. We used a logit model with clinic-level random effects to predict glycemic control as a function of depression, patient rurality, and their interaction, adjusted for differences in observed characteristics of the patient, clinic, and patient’s neighborhood. Results: Having depression was associated with lower probability of achieving glycemic control ( P < .001). Although rurality alone had no association with glycemic control, signiﬁcant interactions existed between depression and rurality. Living in a small rural town mitigated the negative association between depression and glycemic control ( P < .001). Conclusion: Although patients with depression had poorer glycemic control, living in a small rural town reduced the negative association between depression and glycemic control. ( J Am Board Fam Med 2020;33:913–922.)