Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Of Ifraz Water Treatment Plants In Erbil City-Iraq

With the increasing interest and care to Erbil province related with the priority for producing and supplying of potable water, three water treatment plants (WTP) were constructed during the last decades. Water quality for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters were monitored in 15 sampling sites of three WTPs (Ifraz 1, 2 and 3) in Erbil governorate from May 2008 to Jan. 2009 at monthly interval period, each WTPs were divided in to five sampling sites according to treatment units. Results of water sample analysis were as follow: Turbidity values ranged between 0.2 to 29NTU, while pH values ranged from 7 to 8.3, and electrical conductivity were ranged from 340 to 773 μS. cm, total alkalinity and chloride ion were ranged from 92 to 181mg. CaCO3.l and 8 to 28 mg.l respectively. Total hardness for the studied sites were 128 to 308 mg.CaCO3.l, magnesium hardness is sure asses on calcium hardness. Dissolved oxygen (DO) values were ranged from 3.2 to 11.6 mg.l1. High BOD5 values were recorded in raw water and sedimentation units in all WTPs, while the low values were recorded in filtration and storage units of all WTPs at different times. Nitrite concentrations at the major treatment units estimated to be between (0.006 to 2.96 μg at.N-NO2.l ). Generally, potassium concentrations were lower than sodium. Sulphate concentration showed a range of 191 to 541 mg.l. The range of reactive phosphorus was between 0.15 to 10.5 μg. at.P-PO4.l, and Jar test results was between 4 and 28ppm. Bacteriologically, MPN for coliform.100ml in treated waters were safe for drinking purposes according to WHO reports.
Water quality of the UNIMAS main lake

University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Main Lake is located in center of the west campus or the new campus of UNIMAS. Its plays an important role in providing recreational area for water sports activities. The recent human activities such as construction of the new facullies, food court operation, and the water sports may cause the water quality to decrease drastically. The objective of the study is to determine the water quality of the lake and set a baseline data of the lake for future reference. The Water Quality Index that proposed by the DOE (Department of Environment, 'vIalaysia) required all 6 parameters which are the Dissolved Oxygen (00), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH,-N). The in-situ parameters are the pH and DO, while the ex-silu parameters are the COD, BOD, TSS, and NH,-N. The water quality parameters of the lake are then compared to the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM). The WQI for the UNIMAS Main Lake is 86.34 which is Class II of OOE-WQI. This indicated that the UNIMAS Main Lake having low level of pollution and suitable for recreational purpose.
Long‐Term Earthquake Hazard in North China Estimated from a Modern Catalog

In this study, to obtain optimal estimates of the earthquake hazard in North China based on the modern earthquake catalog, we used two variable kernel function estimation methods, proposed by Stock and Smith, and Zhuang, the Bayesian Delaunay tessellation smoothing method by Ogata (ODTB), and a newly proposed incomplete centroidal Voronoi tessellation (ICVT) method, to calculate the total and background seismic spatial occurrence rates for the study area. The sophisticated ODTB method is more stable than the others, but is relatively expensive, in terms of computation demands, whereas Zhuang et al.’s kernel estimate and the new ICVT method are able to provide reasonable estimates and easier to implement. We also calculated the spatial variations of the b‐value, using the Bayesian method with smoothness prior proposed by Ogata. Using comparative analyses and simulation experiments, we show that all of the methods give similar spatial patterns of seismic occurrences.
Fires and human activities as key factors in the high diversity of Corsican vegetation

In the Mediterranean region, Corsica represents one of the most important hotspots of biodiversity, partly due to the high number of endemics species. This region is also one of the most affected by forest fires worldwide. The present vegetation is adapted to a wide range of disturbance regimes, but a change in fire frequency or intensity in the future may severely affect ecological resources and other socio-economical aspects. Here, we study the dynamics of vegetation–human–fire interactions for the past 12,000 years as recorded by Lake Bastani (Corsica, France). We used well-dated sedimentary records of charcoal, pollen and fungal spores to infer past fire regime, land cover and pastoral activities, respectively, and we compared our results with charcoal records from two other Corsican lakes (Nino and Creno, respectively). Our results suggest that climate and natural fires were the main factors shaping the landscape before 5000 cal. BP. Then, the extraordinary diversity of the current Corsican vegetation has been mainly promoted by human activities on the island (i.e. deforestation and pastoralism) at least from the Bronze Age (3500 cal. BP). The top of our record shows a sharp decrease in fungal remains (Sporormiella-type), usually associated with pastoral activities, which could be attributed to the land abandonment occurring since a few decades.
Relative density effects on drained sand behavior at high pressures

A high-pressure triaxial compression and extension apparatus was employed to investigate the effects of initial relative density on the drained behavior of sand. Experiments were performed on cylindrical specimens of Cambria sand with initial relative densities of 30% and 60%, and compared with previously published results for 90%. Confining pressures in the range of 0.25 to 60 MPa were employed to obtain the characteristic behavior of the sand over a large range of pressures. As the confining pressure increased particle crushing increasingly influenced the stress-strain and volume change relations, producing increasing strains to failure and increasingly contractive volume changes. Beyond certain high values of mean normal stress at failure, increasing with initial relative density, the volumetric contraction and strains to failure began to decrease. The Mohr-Coulomb failure envelopes show the greatest curvature for the highest density, but the failure envelopes merge at high pressures where, due to particle crushing, the relations between void ratio and isotropic pressure are described by a single curve. The experiments show clearly that the rates of dilation at failure and the friction angles are directly related to each other, as has been proposed by many investigators. The friction angles are higher in extension than in compression for lower confining pressures, but a crossover occurs and the friction angles are higher in compression than in extension for higher confining pressures.
Quantifying the impact of climate variables on reference evapotranspiration in Pearl River Basin, China

ABSTRACT The impact of climate variables on monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a critical issue in water resources management and irrigation planning. The spatio-temporal contribution of climate variables to ETo in the Pearl River Basin (PRB), China, from 1960 to 2016 were calculated based on sensitivity and relative change of each climatic variable. The results show that annual ETo total decreased by 1.64% and diminished in magnitude from the southeast to the northwest. Sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity decreased by 15.5%, 7.4%, and 4.0%, respectively, while average temperature increased by 4.25%. The ETo showed a positive sensitivity to all variables except relative humidity, which showed a negative sensitivity. Sunshine duration had the highest contribution of −4.26%, and the overall decrease in ETo was mainly caused by the declines in sunshine duration and wind speed, which offset the positive impact of rises in average temperature and reduction in relative humidity.
Differences in outcomes after third-versus fourthdegree perineal laceration repair: A prospective study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes after third-versus fourth-degree laceration repair. Study design: Fifty-six primiparous women who sustained a third-or fourth-degree tear were enrolled at delivery and demographic and obstetric data were collected. At 6 weeks' postpartum, subjects completed a bowel function questionnaire and endoanal ultrasonography was performed. Fisher exact test and chi-square were used for statistical analysis. Results: Thirty-nine women with third-and 17 with fourth-degree tears were enrolled. Subjects with fourth-were more likely to report bowel symptoms (59% vs 28% , P = .03), and to demonstrate persistent combined defects of the internal (IAS) and external anal sphincter (EAS) (48% vs 8% , P = .002) than third-degree tears. Combined defects were associated with the highest risk of bowel symptoms (OR 18.7, 95% CI 3- 101, P .001). Conclusion: Bowel symptoms were more common after fourth-than third-degree repair, and may be secondary to higher rates of combined defects of the IAS and EAS.
Three-dimensional numerical analysis of corner effect of an excavation supported by ground anchors

ABSTRACT This paper presents a case study and numerical simulations of a corner of a deep excavation in Tehran supported by soldier piles and ground anchors. This study focuses on the differences between 2D and 3D numerical modelling in estimating the wall deflection at the corner locations of the excavation. Furthermore, the performance of modelling with Mohr–Coulomb constitutive law was compared with the result of a hardening soil model. The modelling procedure was calibrated against a full-scale instrumented tieback wall at Texas A&M University and the monitoring data of the excavation project. The results indicated that the hardening soil model yields reasonable predictions of wall deflection in comparison to the Mohr–Coulomb model. Moreover, the 2D analysis overestimates the wall deflection near the corners. The 3D analysis shows that the closer each soldier pile to the corner, the lower the deflections of the soldier pile.
The Eastern North American Margin Community Seismic Experiment: An Amphibious Active‐ and Passive‐Source Dataset

The eastern North American margin community seismic experiment (ENAM‐CSE) was conceived to target the ENAM Geodynamic Processes at Rifting and Subducting Margins (GeoPRISMS) primary site with a suite of both active‐ and passive‐source seismic data that would shed light on the processes associated with rift initiation and evolution. To fully understand the ENAM, it was necessary to acquire a seismic dataset that was both amphibious, spanning the passive margin from the continental interior onto the oceanic portion of the North American plate, and multiresolution, enabling imaging of the sediments, crust, and mantle lithosphere. The ENAM‐CSE datasets were collected on‐ and offshore of North Carolina and Virginia over a series of cruises and land‐based deployments between April 2014 and June 2015. The passive‐source component of the ENAM‐CSE included 30 broadband ocean‐bottom seismometers (OBSs) and 3 onshore broadband instruments. The broadband stations were deployed contemporaneously with those of the easternmost EarthScope Transportable Array creating a trans‐margin amphibious seismic dataset. The active‐source portion of the ENAM‐CSE included several components: (1) two onshore wide‐angle seismic profiles where explosive shots were recorded on closely spaced geophones; (2) four major offshore wide‐angle seismic profiles acquired with an airgun source and short‐period OBSs (SPOBSs), two of which were extended onland by deployments of short‐period seismometers; (3) marine multichannel seismic (MCS) data acquired along the four lines of SPOBSs and a series of other profiles along and across the margin. During the cruises, magnetic, gravity, and bathymetric data were also collected along all MCS profiles. All of the ENAM‐CSE products were made publicly available shortly after acquisition, ensuring unfettered community access to this unique dataset.
Inverse Magnetic Susceptibility Fabrics in Pelagic Sediment: Implications for Magnetofossil Abundance and Alignment

Single‐domain magnetite particles exhibit minimum susceptibility along their elongation, resulting in so‐called inverse fabric of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). We report the discovery of inverse AMS fabrics from pelagic clay recovered by a ∼12 m long piston core from the western North Pacific. A previous study identified fossil single‐domain magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetofossils) as the dominant ferrimagnetic mineral in the sediment. The inverse AMS fabrics were found in a ∼2 m zone. The ∼6 and ∼4 m of sediment above and below this zone showed normal, horizontal AMS fabrics. Rock magnetic data and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that magnetofossils account for most of the mean susceptibility regardless of normal or inverse AMS. This was explained by the mixing models where the inverse fabric from magnetofossils is nearly balanced by the normal fabrics of terrigenous minerals. The corrected degree of AMS carried by magnetofossils in the sediment was estimated to be ∼1.01, which is comparable to that of typical pelagic sediment at shallow depth. On the other hand, terrigenous minerals in the sediment were estimated to have higher degree of anisotropy, possibly reflecting burial and subsequent erosion of >80 m of sediment, which was also suggested by a subbottom acoustic stratigraphy. This suggests that inverse AMS fabrics due to magnetofossils may be widespread in pelagic clay without strong compaction.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Yangtze River Delta: insights gained from the nitrogen content and isotopic composition of the moss Haplocladium microphyllum

ABSTRACT Simple and inexpensive estimation of the rates and sources of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is critical for its effective mitigation in a region with different land-use types. In this study, the N content and N isotopic composition (δ15N) of moss (Haplocladium microphyllum) tissues and precipitation at six sites with three land-use types (urban, suburban, and rural) were measured in the Yangtze River Delta. A significant linear relationship between moss N content and wet N deposition, and a consistent decrease trend for moss N content and wet N deposition from urban to suburban to rural areas were observed. More negative δ15N of suburban and rural mosses indicated N mainly released from agriculture and effluent, while the less negative δ15N of urban mosses were mainly influenced by fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions. Although the negative moss δ15N indicates that reduced N dominates wet N deposition, there was no significant correlation between moss δ15N and the ratio of ammonium to nitrate (NH4 +/NO3 −). These results reveal that the moss N content and δ15N can be used as a complementary tool for estimating the rates and sources of wet N deposition in a region with different land-use types. Graphical abstract
Contrasting stakeholder and scientist conceptual models of food-energy-water systems: a case study in Magic Valley, Southern Idaho

One of the factors for the success of simulation studies is close collaboration with stakeholders in developing a conceptual model. Conceptual models are a useful tool for communicating and understanding how real systems work. However, models or frameworks that are not aligned with the perceptions and understanding of local stakeholders can induce uncertainties in the model outcomes. We focus on two sources of epistemic uncertainty in building conceptual models of food-energy-water systems (FEWS): (1) context and framing; and (2) model structure uncertainty. To address these uncertainties, we co-produced a FEWS conceptual model with key stakeholders using the Actor-Resources-Dynamics-Interaction (ARDI) method. The method was adopted to specifically integrate public (and local) knowledge of stakeholders in the Magic Valley region of Southern Idaho into a FEWS model. We first used the ARDI method with scientists and modellers (from various disciplines) conducting research in the system, and then repeated the process with local stakeholders. We compared results from the two cohorts and refined the conceptual model to align with local stakeholders’ understanding of the FEWS. This co-development of a conceptual model with local stakeholders ensured the incorporation of different perspectives and types of knowledge of key actors within the socio-ecological systems models.
High Mountain Areas

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral element of high mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population. Widespread cryosphere changes affect physical, biological and human systems in the mountains and surrounding lowlands, with impacts evident even in the ocean. Building on the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report (AR5), this chapter assesses new evidence on observed recent and projected changes in the mountain cryosphere as well as associated impacts, risks and adaptation measures related to natural and human systems. Impacts in response to climate changes independently of changes in the cryosphere are not assessed in this chapter. Polar mountains are included in Chapter 3, except those in Alaska and adjacent Yukon, Iceland and Scandinavia, which are included in this chapter.
Modeling Satellite Gravity Gradient Data to Derive Density, Temperature, and Viscosity Structure of the Antarctic Lithosphere

In this study we combine seismological and petrological models with satellite gravity gradient data to obtain the thermal and compositional structure of the Antarctic lithosphere. Our results indicate that Antarctica is largely in isostatic equilibrium, although notable anomalies exist. A new Antarctic Moho depth map is derived that fits the satellite gravity gradient anomaly field and is in good agreement with independent seismic estimates. It exhibits detailed crustal thickness variations also in areas of East Antarctica that are poorly explored due to sparse seismic station coverage. The thickness of the lithosphere in our model is in general agreement with seismological estimates, confirming the marked contrast between West Antarctica (<100 km) and East Antarctica (up to 260 km). Finally, we assess the implications of the temperature distribution in our model for mantle viscosities and glacial isostatic adjustment. The upper mantle temperatures we model are lower than obtained from previous seismic velocity studies. This results in higher estimated viscosities underneath West Antarctica. When combined with present‐day uplift rates from GPS, a bulk dry upper mantle rheology appears permissible.
Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae

We newly diagnose, illustrate, and clarify the distribution ranges of six of the most common and broadly distributed species of Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 found in the Neotropical region. Twenty new junior synonyms from around the world are included, nine for T. bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, four for T. mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, three for T. keyserlingi Simon, 1890, three for T. nitens (Audouin, 1826), and one for T. elongata Walckenaer, 1841. Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884 is newly recorded from South America. The Argentine T. major Holmberg, 1876 and T. riparia Holmberg, 1876 are considered nomina dubia. Finally, we discuss the terminology of the structures of the chelicerae to establish a coherent nomenclature for teeth and fang cusps.
Bhutanese Counselors' Experiences with Western Counseling: A Qualitative Study

BHUTANESE COUNSELORS' EXPERIENCES WITH WESTERN COUNSELING: A QUALITATIVE STUDY Susan V. Lester Old Dominion University, 2015 Director: Dr. Radha J. Horton-Parker Following centuries of independence from the rest of the world, the remote and fastdeveloping Kingdom of Bhutan has recently opened its doors to outside influence. Bhutan has invited the profession of counseling to aid in responding to growing mental health problems, social and family issues, and school and career guidance needs. This study employed the methods of phenomenology to investigate the experiences of Bhutanese counselors with Western counseling in order to understand the intersection of the culture of Bhutan with the culture of counseling. Eleven participants were interviewed and four themes were identified: Conceptualization of counseling, Bhutanese culture, Bhutanese counseling, and the relationship between Western counseling and Bhutan. The worldview differences between collectivism and individualism are highlighted as well as the compatibility and integration of Buddhist principles with counseling. Elements of a potential model of Bhutanese counseling are suggested as well as recommendations for counselor training, ongoing Western contributions, and the further development of the profession.
The Effect of Compound Recipe TFR Combined with Exercise on the Activity of FAS to Diet-induced Hypercholesteremia Rats

The effect of compound recipe TFR combined with 90 minutes swimming exercise on the activity of FAS and FFA to high-fat diet rats.The results show that medicine group and sports medicine group have an obvious inhibition effect on the activity of FAS(P0.01). Sports medicine group has an obvious descending effect on FFA.Compound recipe TFR can descend the weight of rats which is fed with high-fat diet.It can prevent the rats from weighing.Compound recipe TFR Combined With 90 minutes swimming exercising on descending the skinfold thickness of rats,the weight of left epididymis fat pad and left kidney fat pad. So it can descend fat.Compound recipe TFR has coordination effect with 90 minutes swimming exercise on descending the tendency of the level of serum FFA.Compound recipe TFR can descend significantly the level of FAS activity of high-fat diet rats.
Application of the emulsion explosives in the tunnels construction

The analysis has been made of the technical parameters of the existing passport for drilling and blasting operations (DBO) in terms of compliance with labour safety requirements and scientific-technical standards. The methodology for constructing the DBO passport has been developed, which takes into account the areas of blast-hole groups and the properties of emulsion explosives. The type of the cut has been analysed, modelled and accepted for use, which corresponds to the conditions of tunnelling as much as possible. The zones of deformation and fracturing in the massif around blast-hole charges have been simulated. The level of decrease in the hazard index for atmospheric air has been set when using the emulsion explosive Ukrainit-PP instead of TNT-containing charge – Ammonite No.6 ZhV.