Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expansion of Ocean Anoxia During Glacial Periods Recorded in the Cobalt Flux to Pelagic Sediments

The expansion of oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) within the ocean's interior is anticipated to be a major consequence of anthropogenic climate change, but past changes in ODZs are poorly defined. Recent mapping efforts have revealed plumes of the redox‐active metal cobalt within ODZs, driving a basin‐scale correlation between high cobalt and low O2. Here, we investigate the cobalt flux to Equatorial Pacific sediments along the Line Islands Ridge as a novel record of basin‐scale fluctuations in ODZ extent. After accounting for remobilization by diagenesis, we document a ∼40% increase in cobalt accumulation over the last glacial period, with a more pronounced peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, indicative of larger ODZs compared to the Holocene. Our results link ODZ expansion with colder climates and lend support to model‐based assertions that ongoing deoxygenation may reflect a transient response to warming.
Surface Climate Variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during Winter: 1900–1989

Abstract The low-frequency variability of the surface climate over the North Atlantic during winter is described, using 90 years of weather observations from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set. Results are based on empirical orthogonal function analysis of four components of the climate system: sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature, wind, and sea level pressure. An important mode of variability of the wintertime surface climate over the North Atlantic during this century is characterized by a dipole pattern in SSTs and surface air temperatures, with anomalies of one sign cast of Newfoundland, and anomalies of the opposite polarity off the southeast coast of the United States. Wind fluctuations occur locally over the regions of large surface temperature anomalies, with stronger-than-normal winds overlying cooler-than-normal SSTs. This mode exhibits variability on quasi-decadal and biennial time scales. The decadal fluctuations are irregular in length, averaging ∼9 years before 1945 and ∼1.
A Simple Analytical Model for Understanding the Formation of Sea Surface Temperature Patterns under Global Warming

AbstractHow sea surface temperature (SST) changes under global warming is critical for future climate projection because SST change affects atmospheric circulation and rainfall. Robust features derived from 17 models of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) include a much greater warming in high latitudes than in the tropics, an El Nino–like warming over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic, and a dipole pattern in the Indian Ocean. However, the physical mechanism responsible for formation of such warming patterns remains open.A simple theoretical model is constructed to reveal the cause of the future warming patterns. The result shows that a much greater polar, rather than tropical, warming depends primarily on present-day mean SST and surface latent heat flux fields, and atmospheric longwave radiation feedback associated with cloud change further enhances this warming contrast. In the tropics, an El Nino–like warming over the Pacific and Atlantic arises from a similar process, while .
Service Quality Preferences Among Customers at Islamic Banks in South Africa

Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate the service quality preferences of Muslim customers considering demographic factors, specifically gender preferences. Theoretical framework: This study is guided by the dimensions in the SERVQUAL model including an additional dimension related to ‘compliance’ from the Carter Model. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the preferences of customers concerning service quality at Islamic banks in South Africa. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The findings from the study show that ‘convenient operating times’, ‘providing prompt service to customers’, ‘having records that are accurate and without errors’, ‘staff keep to promises when timeframes are given regarding services to be complete’, ‘keeping customer information confidential’ ‘staff having the best interest of customers in mind’ and finally ‘the Islamic bank does not take interest on loans given’ are the most important items for both males and females regarding the various dimensions of service quality. The reported results also show no significant difference when it comes to service quality preferences between males and females. Research, Practical & Social implications: The results of this study have several practical implications. Firstly, Islamic banks can increase their market share by tailoring the quality of their service offerings to align with customer preferences. Secondly, Islamic banks should include as part of their advertising campaigns, the specific service quality offering most appealing to customers. Lastly, initiatives towards improving service quality should not be directed to a specific gender, rather initiatives must be inclusive of all customers, as the results of this study found no difference in service quality preferences regarding gender. Originality/Value: This is the first study to consider the role of gender concerning service quality preferences by customers of Islamic banks in South Africa.
Chemostratigraphic correlation of carbonate successions in the Gariep and Saldania Belts, Namibia and South Africa

ABSTRACT Inter‐ and intrabasinal correlation of Neoproterozoic carbonate successions and associated glaciogenic deposits from the Pan‐African Gariep Belt and the Kango inlier in the Saldania Belt (Namibia and South Africa) is proposed on the basis of new δ13CCarb and 87Sr/86SrI data. Highly positive δ13CCarb values (as much as + 8.65‰) and low 87Sr/86SrI ratios (0.7071–0.7077) were obtained on carbonate successions of the Hilda Subgroup between an older and a younger diamictite in the Port Nolloth Group (Gariep Belt). These results are in agreement with data elsewhere that suggest deposition between the global ∼ 750 Ma Sturtian and ∼ 580 Ma Marinoan glaciations. Considerably lower, positive δ13CCarb values (up to + 1.01‰) and higher 87Sr/86SrI ratios (0.7082–0.7085) mark the carbonates (Bloeddrif Member, Holgat Formation) on top of the Numees Formation diamictite and support a correlation of this diamictite with the Marinoan glaciation.
Solar cycle variations in the size and shape of the magnetopause

The 10 years of the ISEE 1 and 2 mission covering much of solar cycle 21 and the beginning of solar cycle 22 allow us to study the position, shape, and motion of the magnetopause throughout the course of changing solar activity. We have determined the size and shape of the magnetopause for each observing season using the ISEE 1 and 2 magnetometer data. IMP 8 data were used to monitor the solar wind changes with the solar cycle. During the 1979–1980 season, at solar maximum the solar wind dynamic pressure was at its lowest values, and at solar minimum the solar wind pressure was at its largest values, more than double the value in the 1979–1980 season. During this solar cycle the magnetopause was about 0.5 RE farther when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was strongly northward than when strongly southward. Both standoff distance values are found to be smaller than the value found by Fairfield [1971]. The standoff distance of the magnetopause for northward IMF is anticorrelated with the solar wind pressure as expected. However, the standoff distance for southward IMF seems relatively insensitive to solar wind dynamic pressure.
Mechanical Characterization of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Epoxy Composites with Steel Wire Mesh

In the present experimental research work hybrid composite is manufactured using hand lay-up technique, taking epoxy resin as matrix material and stainless-steel wire mesh along with alkaline treated and untreated pineapple leaf fiber as reinforcement. Mechanical characterization such as tensile, flexural, hardness and water absorption test were performed on the samples of developed composites as per ASTM standards. Mechanical characterization revealed that treatment of fiber is having significant effect on mechanical properties. Tensile strength and flexural strength of treated fiber reinforced composite is 132.12 % and 109.98% respectively higher than untreated fiber reinforced composite. Inclusion of wire mesh along with fiber enhanced the tensile strength by 11.22% whereas bending strength decreases by 8%. Analysis of fractured surfaces using scanning electron microscope revealed there is a lack of bonding between wire mesh and epoxy resin. Water absorption test revealed that treated fiber reinforced composite is having the least water absorption capacity of 6.63 %, wire mesh included composite is having water absorption capacity of 6.96 % and untreated fiber reinforced composite is having the highest water absorption capacity of 8.7 %.
Tidal currents seaward of the Northern California Continental Shelf

Current measurements obtained from a sparse array of moorings deployed over the slope and the adjacent deep-sea basin off northern California for 4 to 14 months have been analyzed for their tidal constituents. The M2 tidal currents were the strongest tidal constituent, containing 50% to 75% of the total current variance in the four major tidal bands. The semimajor axis of the M2 constituent ranged from 2 to 4 cm s−1 and tended to be aligned with the local topography. Internal tides, which were usually present in the M2 band, were often the dominant cross-slope current component on the middle slope. At least a portion of the internal tidal current field had a steady phase that slowly changed over 1 to 2 months. The semimajor axes of the diurnal barotropic ellipses had amplitudes ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 cm s−1 and were oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the local topography. These tidal current measurements suggest that the barotropic diurnal currents propagate poleward as a combination of Kelvin and continental shelf waves and that the barotropic M2 tides propagate poleward primarily as a Kelvinlike wave. Battisti and Clarke's (1982) model, which uses coastal sea level data to predict M2 tidal currents, agrees reasonably well with the observations presented here, indicating that the model can be used to predict the M2 currents seaward of the middle slope off Northern California.
The circulation of North Atlantic Deep Water at 16°N, 2000–2003

The circulation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) at 16°N is studied with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and current measurements in 2000, 2002 and 2003. The transport of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) ranges from 25.6 to 28.9 Sv in 2000 and 2002. CFC concentrations in the DWBC increased by ∼30% per year during that period. In 2003, the DWBC was weak and the main CFC increase between 2002 and 2003 occurred offshore of the DWBC. For all three repeats, a major drop in the CFC concentrations of the NADW took place at 55°W. This was also found in the distributions of salinity and oxygen. The region west of 55°W was characterized by a predominantly southward flow. The lowest CFC concentrations were found above the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, where the zonal and meridional velocities were small and no preference of flow direction could be detected.
SPACE TIME VARIABILITY OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE SEMI-ARID PERNAMBUCO BASED IMAGE TM / LANDSAT

In this study we used remote sensing techniques to estimate and evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of surface temperature (Ts) in the semiarid pernambucano. Four images of the sensor Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 5, dated 12/12/1991, 09/12/1996, 13/12/2003 and 27/11/2009, constituted the experimental unit, which were estimated using the algorithm Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL). The main results indicated that the maximum surface temperature varied between 32.5 and 46.1 º C, found in areas with exposed soil or areas used for crops irrigated by the river São Francisco. In general, it can be seen that where there is a natural vegetation Ts was always lower in relation to the modified areas, which are present systematically higher temperatures studied on all days. It is concluded that remote sensing techniques proved efficient to quantify the spatio-temporal variability of surface temperature for semiarid conditions pernambucano.
Phenology and mortality of common woody plants during and after severe drought in south-eastern Zimbabwe.

The phenological patterns of 14 woody species that are common components of deciduous woodland in a southern African lowveld region were studied in the Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Biweekly assessments of the number of leaf buds, young, mature and dead leaves, flower buds, open flowers, unripe and ripe fruits showed a gradual deterioration in the food supply in a season of low rainfall. Production of vegetation followed a simila, but less marked, pattern of environmental variation. The tree population in the major vegetation types declined because a large proportion of the woody species was killed during the 1991-92 drought. This suggests that climatic extremes are more important to plants than the average conditions. Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association Volume 72 1998, pp. 1-6
Ungulate browsing as an ecosystem process: browser-plant-soil interactions in a Southern African Savanna

Ungulate browsing and vegetation responses were investigated in a eutrophic southern African savanna to test predictions of existing hypotheses, which were based on studies in boreal and temperate forests. I focused on (1) browsing impact on population structure of a palatable woody species, Acacia nigrescens Miller, and (2) browser-induced effects on functional composition of a savanna woody plant community (i.e. ratio palatable:unpalatable species). As predicted, the A. nigrescens population was strongly affected by browsing with striking physiognomic differences between heavily and lightly browsed individuals, as well as variation in tree density and representation of different height classes along the browsing gradient. However, contrary to predictions, high ungulate browsing was not associated with any changes in the mix of unpalatable, evergreen, or spinescent plants within the vegetation community surveyed. Moreover, the density of palatable species was comparatively high in vegetation sites that have experienced high browsing pressure for several decades. I propose that woody plants in eutrophic African savannas are adapted for impacts of mammalian herbivores (and fire) through: (1) physical rather than chemical defences against browsing, (2) plant compensatory growth after browsing damage, and (3) resprouting abilities of saplings in their critical height class. I discuss these properties of woody plant resilience under ungulate browsing in comparison with studies in boreal and temperate forests.
Exhumation History of the Gangdese Batholith, Southern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from Apatite and Zircon (U-Th)/He Thermochronology

To test previously suggested exhumation histories of the Gangdese Batholith in the central part of the Transhimalayan plutonic belt, we conducted paired apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronological investigations of the Yarlung Zangbo gorge in the central part of the batholith. Age-elevation relationships and multisystem thermochronometers showed three periods of accelerated exhumation (∼46–48, ∼22–18, and ∼11–8 Ma). Combining these data with previously published thermochronological ages and synthesizing these ages with regional geological events provides an entire exhumation history. The Cretaceous–Early Paleogene exhumation of the Gangdese Batholith was probably caused by both the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys and the collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks. The Early Miocene rapid exhumation might be a response to shortening caused by the Gangdese Thrust or erosion driven by dynamic uplift following lithospheric delamination. In contrast, the Late Miocene exhumation is coincident with both the proposed capture of the Yarlung Zangbo gorge by a foreland draining catchment and the intensification of the Asian monsoon, as well as normal faulting. Hence, the latest stage of exhumation might be attributed to the incision of the Yarlung Zangbo gorge, the activity of a north-south fault, or both.
Assessing the Shooting Velocity According to the Shooting Technique in Elite Youth Rink Hockey Players

This study aimed to report the shooting velocities and to assess the differences in shot velocity according to the techniques used in elite youth male rink hockey players. Fifteen rink hockey players (age = 18.40 ± 1.44 year; body mass = 73.52 ± 6.02 kg; height = 1.76 ± 0.06 m; BMI = 23.61 ± 2.12; sports experience = 6.44 ± 1.76 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Shooting velocities were assessed for four techniques: slap shot without approach run, drive shot without approach run, slap shot with approach run, and drive shot with approach run. Shooting velocity measurements were conducted using a radar Stalker ATS systemTM. The results demonstrated that drive shots consistently achieved higher velocities compared to slap shots (F(3,56) = 23.9 p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). Additionally, incorporating an approach run significantly increased shooting velocities for both techniques (p < 0.01). These findings hold significant implications for coaches and players seeking to optimize shooting performance in rink hockey.
Full Justification for the Extended Green–Naghdi System for an Uneven Bottom with/without Surface Tension

This paper is a continuation of a previous work on the extended Green-Naghdi system. We pro-long the system, in arbitrary dimension, with/without surface tension, and for a general bottom topography. Conﬁning the work to the one-dimensional case, well-posedness and consistency with respect to initial data and parameters are proved taken into account the eﬀect of surface tension. The resulting results are local, but long-term in the sense of dependence upon initial data. As a conclusion, our solution remains close to exact solution of the full Euler system with a better (smaller) precision and therefore the full justiﬁcation of the models.
Comparative Evaluation of Some BOMEX Measurements of Sea Surface Evaporation, Energy Flux and Stress

Abstract The Sea-Air Interaction Program, or “Core Experiment,” of BOMEX ruled the layout of the ship array, scheduling of observations, and deployment of aircraft during the first three BOMEX observation periods: 3–15 May, 24 May–10 June and 19 June–2 July, 1969. It was designed to provide data on the sea-air flux of energy by three methods: 1) measuring atmospheric budget terms over a 500-km square; 2) direct measurement of surface-layer vertical eddy fluxes at various times and places within the square; and 3) measuring the major terms of the heat budget of the upper ocean at each of the ship stations. The momentum flux was also to be evaluated by the first two methods. After a long period of data reduction, some estimates of the evaporation rate, stress, sensible heat flux, and kinetic energy flux have now been obtained by each of the methods. Preliminary estimates of the evaporation rate are typically about 5–6 mm day−1. The Bowen ratio was about 0.1 for microscale measurements and less than 0.09 for.
Effects of food-based enrichment on enclosure use and behavioral patterns in captive mammalian predators: a case study from an Austrian wildlife park

Background Combining naturalistic enclosure design and animal welfare with visitor interests and education can be challenging for zoos and wildlife parks. To accomplish both purposes, different types of enrichment (food-based or non-food-based items, such as environmental, sensory, cognitive, social) can be used. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of food-based and olfactory enrichments on enclosure use, behavior, and visibility of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos), pine martens (Martes martes), domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and golden jackals (Canis aureus). Methods We used observational approaches to measure enclosure use, behavior, and visibility during three different experimental phases: (1) pre-enrichment (baseline, no experience with the enrichment yet), (2) during enrichment (enrichment was provided at low frequented locations in the enclosures that are easily visible to visitors), and (3) post-enrichment (enrichment was removed from the enclosures). Results We found that enrichment led to a uniform use of the enclosure and enhanced visibility in brown bears, increased activity budgets in pine martens, and observed high object interaction in both species. No effects of enrichment were detected in domestic ferrets. Golden jackals did not leave their burrows during daytime during the entire observation period; thus, observations were not possible at all. Our results suggest different effects of food-based enrichment, e.g., enclosure use, temporal activity patterns, and animal visibility. However, further studies should control for the specific role of the factors involved. Our study represents one of the first explorations of food-based enrichment in rather understudied species.
Optimization Conditions of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Rubus alceifolius Poir Leaves

Rubus alceifolius Poir (R.A. Poir) leaves are rich in phenolic compounds, offering many health benefits due to their incredible antioxidant potential. In this study, conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from R.A. Poir leaves were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). This methodology assessed the effects of ultrasound power (X1: 100-500 W), extraction temperature (X2: 30-60°C), and extraction time (X3: 5-55 min). The optimized UAE conditions were then compared with conventional extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction: SE and maceration extraction: ME) for extracting total phenolics. A phenolic profile using GC-MS and antioxidant activity (ABTS) was also compared. According to the RSM, the best conditions for UAE to extract the highest total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 320 W ultrasound power, 40°C extraction temperature, and 35.5 min sonication duration. Under these optimal conditions, the TPC and antioxidant activity reached 16.68 mg GAE/g dm and 21.9 mg TE/g, respectively, closely aligning with the predicted values. The UAE extraction technique proved to be more efficient in extracting phenolics and antioxidant capacity (ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical scavenging activity, and enzyme inhibition) compared to the conventional extraction methods (SE and ME). A GC-MS analysis identified 12 components, including 5 phenolics and 3 flavonoids, which likely contribute to the antioxidant activity. Consequently, the UAE method improved extraction efficiency within a shorter time frame, suggesting that UAE is a promising, efficient, and ecofriendly technology for extracting bioactive compounds from R.A. Poir leaves.