Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Working Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Precautionary Demand for Foreign Assets in Sudden Stop Economies: an Assesment of the New Mercantilism

Working papers, formerly termed technical papers, in this series are preliminary and are circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. These papers are not subject to CBO's formal review and editing processes. The analysis and conclusions expressed in them are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as those of the Congressional Budget Office. References in publications should be cleared with the authors. Papers in this series can be obtained at
Precautionary Savings and the Importance of Business Owners

In this paper, we show the pivotal role business owners play in estimating the importance of the precautionary saving motive. Since business owners hold larger amounts of wealth than other households for non-precautionary reasons and also face highly volatile income, they induce a correlation between wealth and income risk regardless of whether or not a precautionary saving motive exists. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in the 1980s and the 1990s, we show that among both business owners and non-business owners, the size of precautionary savings with respect to labor income risk is modest and accounts for less than ten percent of total household wealth. However, pooling together the two groups leads to an artificially high estimate of the importance of precautionary savings. New data from the Survey of Consumer Finances further confirms that precautionary savings account for less than ten percent of total wealth for both business owners and non-business owners. Thus, while a precautionary saving motive exists and affects all households, it does not give rise to high amounts of wealth in the economy, particularly among those households who face the most volatile stream of income.
3-D Beamforming Training Using Mutually Unbiased Bases for Cell Discovery in mm-Wave Systems

Beamforming training or cell discovery (CD) is a fundamental procedure in millimeter wave communication systems in which the user detects the presence of a base station, acquires the identity of that base station, and finds suitable beamforming directions to establish the wireless link for the subsequent data transmission phase. We consider uniform planar array-based beamforming under both separable and non-separable configurations as it allows confined antenna placements and 3-D steering of beams. Our focus is to design the beamforming training phase and develop low-complexity receiver algorithms for the cell discovery procedure. By exploiting the sparse nature of the mm-wave channels and using an equivalent compressive sensing measurement model, we obtain analytical bounds for the cell detection probability in terms of the mutual coherence parameter of the resulting sensing matrix. Using mutually unbiased bases (MUB) from quantum information theory, we design CD schemes with low mutual coherence. Our design includes parameters that control the training phase duration, and we analytically characterize the relationship between the training duration and the corresponding mutual coherence value. We present detailed simulation studies using experimentally driven mm-wave channel simulators and show that our MUB based scheme gives superior detection performance when compared to the conventional beam sweeping based schemes and random beamforming schemes.
Ethnomedicinal Practices of Plants in Danuwar Community of Dudhauli Municipality, Sindhuli District, Central Nepal

The study aimed to document the indigenous knowledge and practices of using plant materials for medicinal purposes by the Danuwar community in Dudhauli municipality of Sindhuli district, central Nepal. Primary data were collected between October 2016 to January 2017 through key informant interviews and focus group discussion using a semi-structured questionnaire among local healers and various aged groups of people. The information was used to prepare descriptive analysis of plant species. Among 161 plant species belonging to 153 genera and 78 families used for the treatment of different ailments, most dominant family was Fabaceae followed by Lamiaceae and Asteraceae respectively. About two-fifth plants species were used in medicinal purpose for the treatment of 47 different ailments and herbaceous plant habit was widely selected followed by trees and shrubs. The highest number of plant species was used to treat digestive system ailments, followed by skin and integumentary ailments. Common modes of application were oral and poultice, in the form of juice and paste. Among documented plants, two species were reported for the first time having any ethnomedicinal uses and eight species with novel medicinal uses in Nepal. This study showed that Danuwar people still have better traditional knowledge among local healers and elderly people. They preferred conventional medical methods using plant remedies to treat various ailments. Medicinally important plants are under threat from habitat loss and deforestation and people know little about conservation. One third plant species were not protected by concerned people. However, modern medicine and urbanization have a minor impact on the health care system and lifestyles of Danuwars. Hence, it calls for the urgent initiation of conservation and sustainable harvesting of plants.
Information Theoretic Causality Measures for System Identification of Mechanical Systems

Parameter estimation and model order reduction (MOR) are important system identification techniques used in the development of models for mechanical systems. A variety of classical parameter estimation and MOR methods are available for nonlinear systems but performance generally suffers when little is known about the system model a priori. Recent advancements in information theory have yielded a quantity called causation entropy (CSE), which is a measure of influence between elements in a multivariate time series. In parameter estimation problems involving dynamic systems, CSE can be used to identify which state transition functions in a discrete-time model are important in driving the system dynamics, leading to reductions in the dimensionality of the parameter space. This method can likewise be used in black box system identification problems to reduce model order and limit issues with overfitting. Building on the previous work, this paper illustrates the use of CSE-enabled parameter estimation for nonlinear mechanical systems of varying complexity. Furthermore, an extension to black-box system identification is proposed wherein CSE is used to identify the proper model order of parameterized black-box models. This technique is illustrated using nonlinear differential equation (NDE) models of physical devices, including a nonlinear spring–mass–damper, a pendulum, and a nonlinear model of a car suspension. Overall, the results show that CSE is a promising new tool for both gray-box and black-box system identification that can speed convergence toward a parameter solution and mitigate problems with model overfitting.
Classification of All Primitive Groups of Degrees Four and Five

Let be a compact Riemann surface of genus and be indecomposable meromorphic function of Riemann sphere by . Isomorphisms of such meromorphic functions are in one to one correspondence with conjugacy classes of tuples of permutations in such that and a subgroup of . Our goal of this work is to give a classification in the case where is of genus 1 and the subgroup is a primitive subgroup of or . We present the ramification types for genus 1 to complete such a classification. Furthermore, we show that the subgroups and of do not possesses primitive genus 1 systems.
The Relationship Dilemma: Why Do Banks Differ in the Pace at Which They Adopt New Technology?

Credit scoring was introduced in India in 2007. We study the pace of its adoption by new private banks (NPBs) and state-owned or public sector banks (PSBs). NPBs adopt scoring quickly for all borrowers. PSBs adopt scoring quickly for new borrowers but not for existing borrowers. Instrumental Variable (IV) estimates and counterfactuals using scores available to but not used by PSBs indicate that universal adoption would reduce loan delinquencies significantly. Evidence from old private banks suggests that neither bank size nor government ownership fully explains adoption patterns. Organizational culture, possibly from formative experiences in sheltered markets, explains the patterns of technology adoption.
The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Inflation Targeting Revisited

This paper deals with the relationship between inflation targeting and exchange rates. I address three specific issues: first, I analyze the effectiveness of nominal exchange rates as shock absorbers in countries with inflation targeting. This issue is closely related to the magnitude of the "pass-through" coefficient. Second, I investigate whether exchange rate volatility is different in countries with an inflation targeting regime than in countries with alternative monetary policy arrangements. And third, I discuss whether the exchange rate should play a role in determining the monetary policy stance under inflation targeting. An alternative way of posing this question is whether the exchange rate should have an independent role in an open economy Taylor rule.
The Relationship between Firm Size and Firm Growth in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector

Using panel data on the publicly traded firms in the U.S. manufacturing sector in the recent past, the author finds that most of the change in employment at the firm level in any given year is permanent, that year-to-year growth rates are largely uncorrelated over time or with prior characteristics of the firm, and that there is almost no measurement error. Gibrat's Law is weakly rejected for the smaller firms in the sample and accepted for the larger firms. This find remains when the author controls for the effect of selection (attrition) on estimates obtained from this sample. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Energy Extraction Performance Improvement of a Flapping Foil by the Use
 of Combined Foil

In this study, numerical investigations on the energy extraction performance of a flapping foil device are carried out by using a modified foil shape. The new foil shape is designed by combining the thick leading edge of NACA0012 foil and the thin trailing edge of NACA0006 foil. The numerical simulations are based on the solution of the unsteady and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations that govern the fluid flow around the flapping foil. These equations are resolved in a two-dimensional domain with a dynamic mesh technique using the CFD software ANSYS Fluent 16. A User Define Function (UDF) controls the imposed sinusoidal heaving and pitching motions. First, for a validation study, numerical simulations are performed for a NACA0012 foil undergoing imposed heaving and pitching motions at a low Reynolds number. The obtained results are in good agreement with numerical and experimental data available in the literature. Thereafter, the computations are applied for the new foil shape. The influences of the connecting area location between the leading and trailing segments, the Strouhal number and the effective angle of attack on the energy extraction performance are investigated at low Reynolds number (Re = 10 000). Then, the new foil shape performance was compared to those of both NACA0006 and NACA0012 baseline foils. The results have shown that the proposed foil shape achieves higher performance compared to the baseline NACA foils. Moreover, the energy extraction efficiency was improved by 30.60% compared to NACA0006 and by 17.32% compared to NACA0012. The analysis of the flow field around the flapping foils indicates a change of the vortex structure and the pressure distribution near the trailing edge of the combined foil compared to the baseline foils.
PERFORMANCES OF VEGETABLE FRENCH BEAN AS INFLUENCED BY VARIETIES AND SOWING DATES IN RABI SEASON

M. MONIRUZZAMAN, S.M. L. RAHMAN, M.G. KIBRIA, M.A. RAHMAN AND M.O. KAISAR Senior Scientific Officer (Horticulture), Agricultural Research Station, Raikhali, Chandraghona, Rangamati Hill District, Scientific Officer, Citrus Research Station, Jaintapur, Sylhet, Senior Scientific Officer, Plant Pathology Division, BARI, Gazipur, Scientific Officer, Vegetable Division, HRC, BARI, Gazipur, Senior Scientific Officer, Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh
Stress and strain: a qualitative study into the impact of having relatives with addiction problems on students’ health and daily lives

ABSTRACT Purpose To explore the impact of having relatives with addiction problems on students’ health, substance use, social life, and cognitive functioning, and to establish possible contributions of the participants’ gender, type of relationship, and type of addiction of the relative(s). Methods A qualitative, cross-sectional study of semi-structured interviews with thirty students from a University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands who had relatives with addiction problems. Results Nine major themes were identified: (1) violence; (2) death, illness, and accidents of relatives; (3) informal care; (4) perception of addiction; (5) ill health, use of alcohol and illegal drugs; (6) financial problems; (7) pressured social life; (8) affected cognitive functioning, and (9) disclosure. Conclusions Having relatives with addiction problems severely affected the life and health of participants. Women were more likely to be informal carers, to experience physical violence, and to choose a partner with addiction problems than men. Conversely, men more often struggled with their own substance use. Participants who did not share their experiences reported more severe health complaints. It was impossible to make comparisons based on the type of relationship or type of addiction because participants had more than one relative or addiction in the family.
Augmented Reality Based Competency Based Learning on Computer Network Learning in Vocational Education Vocational School

This research is motivated by the complexity of the subject matter of Computer Networks, the large number of teachers who teach these subjects with different backgrounds, and not all of them can be practised directly due to limited laboratory facilities, accompanied by a learning model that is not yet competency-based which also makes learning outcomes not optimal. This study aims to develop three-dimensional computer network learning media using Augmented Reality Assembly Edu software in vocational education. This type of research is created using the ADDIE model, which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Collection methods using observation and interviews. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that Competency-based learning-based Augmented Reality media, validated by a team of media experts and material experts, was very valid. In contrast, students stated well because this media made it easier to understand the material and motivated them to try and learn. It was concluded that Competency-based learning-based Augmented Reality media could be used in learning.
Incentives versus sorting in tournaments : Evidence from a field experiment ∗

A vast body of empirical studies lends support to the incentive effects of rankorder tournaments. Evidence comes from experiments in laboratories and nonexperimental studies exploiting sports or firm data. Selection of competitors across tournaments may bias these non-experimental studies, whereas short task duration or lack of distractors may limit the external validity of results obtained in lab experiments or from sports data. To address these concerns we conducted a field experiment where students selected themselves into tournaments with different prizes. Within each tournament the best performing student on the final exam of a standard introductory microeconomics course could win a substantial financial reward. A standard non-experimental analysis exploiting across tournament variation in reward size and competitiveness confirms earlier findings. We find however no evidence for effects of tournament participation on study effort and exam results when we exploit our experimental design, indicating that the non-experimental results are completely due to sorting. Treatment only affects attendance of the first workgroup meeting following the announcement of treatment status, suggesting a difference between short-run and long-run decision making.
Incentives versus Sorting in Tournaments: Evidence from a Field Experiment

Existing field evidence on rank-order tournaments typically does not allow disentangling incentive and sorting effects. We conduct a field experiment illustrating the confounding effect. Students in an introductory microeconomics course selected themselves into tournaments with low, medium, or high prizes for the best score at the final exam. Nonexperimental analysis of the results would suggest that higher rewards induce higher productivity, but a comparison between treatment and control groups reveals that there is no such effect. This stresses the importance of nonrandom sorting into tournaments.
Lancaster University Management School Working Paper 2003 / 054 " Mind the gap " : graduate recruitment in small businesses

The purpose of the study was to analyse the perceptions that small business owner-managers held of graduates and graduate skills. The research focussed on the tourism, hospitality and leisure sectors and used two methods, focus groups and a survey of firms in Surrey, UK. Firms employing less that ten people dominated the study, which coincides with the number of micro businesses in the UK business and sector profiles. The research highlighted some interesting results and perception gaps and this paper will present these results. Micro-business owners, for example, believed that their businesses were not appropriate for graduate employment and that they could not utilise graduate skills. As firms grew, however, their readiness to recruit graduates increased and ownermanagers who had professional qualifications were also more likely to recruit graduates. The study indicated that smaller firms placed greater emphasis on the ability of the graduate to ‘fit’ within the business and findings suggested that SMEs expected graduates to be able to perform and contribute immediately, which differs somewhat from the requirements of larger firms. The results of the study will be drawn out in this paper because they impact on the way students in Higher and Further education are prepared for work.
Coexistence of Carboniferous oceanic island basalts with Permian supra‐subduction zone ophiolites in the Changning–Menglian accretionary wedge: Implication for tectonic reconstruction

This paper reports two types of basalt that have different ages (Carboniferous and Permian) but occur next to each other in the northern part of the Changning–Menglian accretionary wedge, southwestern China. We use the geochronology and geochemical data to evaluate the tectonic evolution of the Palaeo‐Tethys during this period. Zircon grains from the mafic‐ultramafic rocks associated with the Permian basalts in the Xiaomengtai area yield a U–Pb age of 281 Ma and εHf(t) values from +9.2 to +12.8. The Permian mafic‐ultramafic rocks and the associated basalts are all characterized by normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB)‐like chondrite‐normalized rare earth elements patterns, moderately negative Nb‐Ta anomalies in the mantle‐normalized immobile incompatible trace element patterns, and positive εNd(t) values from +4.2 to +6.5, which are consistent with the geochemical characteristics of mafic‐ultramafic rocks in supra‐subduction zone (SSZ)‐type ophiolite. On the contrary, the Carboniferous basalts, which are associated with marine carbonates, are characterized by light REE enrichments, slightly positive Nb‐Ta anomalies, and εNd(t) values from +2.8 to +4.0. These features are similar to those of typical oceanic island basalts (OIBs) worldwide. Modelling results using REEs show that the parental magmas for the Carboniferous OIBs and the Permian basalts were likely derived from mantle peridotites at the depths of garnet and spinel stability, respectively, consistent with the formation depth of these two different types of basalt globally. The occurrence of these two different types of mafic‐ultramafic rocks with significantly different ages in the same area supports the view that they are the remnants of the accreted Palaeo‐Tethys oceanic crust. The Carboniferous OIBs are considered to be parts of an OIB‐carbonate seamount chain that originally formed in the southern part of the Palaeo‐Tethys. The Permian mafic‐ultramafic rocks are regarded as fragments of SSZ‐type ophiolites that were present in the northern part of the Palaeo‐Tethys. These different pieces of oceanic crust were accreted to the Simao–Indochina continental Block by subduction between the Late Permian and the Triassic.
Integrating value-adding mobile services into an emergency management system for tourist destinations

Innovations are important for the development of firms and whole economies. Several theoretic approaches are therefore dealing with innovation and the motivation of firms to motivate. The Resource-based View of the Firm views innovations to be motivated by the use of slack resources while the Behavioral Theory of the Firm predicts problemistic search as an important motivation for innovative maneuvers. Recently, Pitelis proposes an integration of both theories to better explaining the motivation for innovation. This paper empirically tests the predictions from these theories using multiple case studies among small and medium enterprises. The results show that firms’ motivation to innovate is best explained using a combination of both theories.
Modeling of thermally driven hydrological processes in partially saturated fractured rock

This paper is a review of the research that led to an in‐depth understanding of flow and transport processes under strong heat stimulation in fractured, porous rock. It first describes the anticipated multiple processes that come into play in a partially saturated, fractured porous volcanic tuff geological formation when it is subject to a heat source such as that originating from the decay of radionuclides. The rationale is then given for numerical modeling being a key element in the study of multiple processes that are coupled. The paper outlines how the conceptualization and the numerical modeling of the problem evolved, progressing from the simplified to the more realistic. Examples of numerical models are presented so as to illustrate the advancement and maturation of the research over the last 2 decades. The most recent model applied to in situ field thermal tests is characterized by (1) incorporation of a full set of thermal‐hydrological processes into a numerical simulator, (2) realistic representation of the field test geometry in three dimensions, and (3) use of site‐specific characterization data for model inputs. Model predictions were carried out prior to initiation of data collection, and the model results were compared to diverse sets of measurements. The approach of close integration between modeling and field measurements has yielded a better understanding of how coupled thermal hydrological processes produce redistribution of moisture within the rock, which affects local permeability values and subsequently the flow of liquid and gases. The fluid flow, in turn, will change the temperature field. We end with a note on future research opportunities, specifically those incorporating chemical, mechanical, and microbiological factors into the study of thermal and hydrological processes.