Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Flavonoids from Mulberry Leaves and Candida tropicalis on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Calves

Flavonoids from mulberry leave (FML) are natural flavonoids, and Candida tropicalis (CT) is yeast like microbe. In this study, forty-eight male calves were selected with born weight (40.5±0.7 kg) and 20±2 days age, divided into 4 groups randomly. FML was supplemented in a dairy calf starter at 2 g/d per calf before weaning, or 4 g/d per calf after weaning (FML group), while CT was added in a dairy calf starter at 1 g/d per calf (CT group). Our results showed that FML could be used to enhance body weight (BW) of calves through enhancing apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE) of the diet, and increased the levels of serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in calves after the age of 56 days. CT enhanced the BW of calves before weaning through increasing the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the diet, and elevated the apparent digestibility of EE of the diet of calves after weaning through increasing the level of serum IGF-1 in calves. Furthermore, the mixture of FML and CT plays a synergistic role in enhancing growth, improving feed intake and nutriment digestibility. In conclusion, FML and CT could be used as additives to increase growth and nutrient digestibility in calves.
Hippocampal activation and memory in schizophrenia depend on spatial strategy use in a virtual maze

Different strategies may be spontaneously adopted to solve most navigation tasks. These strategies are associated with dissociable brain systems. Here, we use brain-imaging and cognitive tasks to test the hypothesis that individuals living with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) have selective impairment using a hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation fMRI and spatial strategy use in schizophrenia 2 strategy. Brain activation and memory performance were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the 4-on-8 virtual maze (4/8VM) task, a human analog of the rodent radial-arm maze that is amenable to both response-based (egocentric or landmark-based) and spatial (allocentric, cognitive mapping) strategies to remember and navigate to target objects. SSD (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder) participants who adopted a spatial strategy performed more poorly on the 4/8VM task and had less hippocampal activation than healthy comparison participants using either strategy as well as SSD participants using a response strategy. This study highlights the importance of strategy use in relation to spatial cognitive functioning in SSD. Consistent with a selective-hippocampal dependent deficit in SSD, these results support the further development of protocols to train impaired hippocampaldependent abilities or harness non-hippocampal dependent intact abilities.
The effect of housework on wages in Sweden

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effect of housework on wages for women and men in Sweden using both linear and non-linear specifications of the effect. Furthermore, we investigate the effort and selection hypotheses, i.e. whether the effect of housework on wages can be explained by reduced effort and/or selection into jobs which are more compatible with housework. Three methods are applied: OLS, IV regressions and propensity score matching. The latter two methods are used in attempt to reduce potential endogeneity of housework. We find weak support for the effort and selection hypotheses but there is a statistically significant wage penalty for women in the linear specification, while the effect for men is less pronounced. However, in the upper part of the housework scale, which is captured in the non-linear specification, the result is somewhat reversed in that performing housework 18 hours or more per week penalise the wages of men more than those of women. We discuss our results in relation to potential endogeneity of housework, which is an important, although often neglected, issue throughout previous literature on the subject.
The Pecking Order of Innovation Finance

This paper examines the relationship between firms' innovation activities and the hierarchy of financing behaviours. We analyse the role of innovation inputs (R&D), intermediate outputs (patents) and outcomes (product and process innovations) as sources of information asymmetry in financing decisions. Our focus on mainly unlisted companies allows us to study the effects of information asymmetries in the context where they are most severe, that is, among small and medium-sized firms. We identify the effect of innovation, alongside the size of the firm, its age and its human capital, on the order of directly observed external capital allocations. Our results show that innovation is strongly associated with a pecking order characterised by increasing agency costs, and that the more uncertain the innovation signal, the stronger its effect on the pecking order. In further robustness tests, this relationship and associated hierarchy of external financing emerge from the data without imposing an a-priori pecking order.
Curricular quality and day‐to‐day learning activities in pre‐school

The purpose of this paper is to show how curricular quality is related to the day‐to‐day activities experienced by children and the pedagogical activities of staff, both coded through systematic target‐child observations. Data were drawn from the Effective Provision of Pre‐School Education (EPPE) and the Researching Effective Pedagogy in the Early Years (REPEY) studies. Curricular quality was measured by coding the ECERS‐E, an English curricular extension to the well‐known ECERS‐R. In centres scoring high on the ECERS‐E, staff engaged in pedagogical practices that included more ‘sustained shared thinking’ and more ‘direct teaching’ such as questioning or modelling. In high‐scoring centres, children were also observed participating in more activities associated with early reading, emergent writing and active listening. Children in centres assessed as ‘adequate’ spent more time in activities associated with the ‘Physical Development’ and ‘Creative’ curriculum. Thus the ECERS‐E gives higher scores to pedagogical practices and activities where staff take a more active role in children’s learning, including scaffolding young children’s play, especially in the communication and literacy domains of the curriculum.
The effect of wind-waves and tidal currents on sediment resuspension in shallow microtidal basins.

Observational evidence and mathematical modeling have demonstrated the crucial role of wind waves on sediment resuspension in shallow microtidal basins, where tidal fluxes alone are unable to mobilize tidal flat sediments. Carniello et al. [2005] presented a mathematical model for shallow microtidal basin which combines wind waves with tidal fluxes under the assumption of constant wave period. A detailed analyses of field data shows that the wave period varies as a function of wind speed and flow depth, and its variation has a non-negligible impact on wave heights and wave induced bed shear stresses. We therefore re-formulate the model by introducing a variable wave period through a suitable empirical power law relating the wave period to the wind speed and flow depth. The improvement obtained by introducing such an estimation of the local wave period is emphasized by the results of a number of simulations, carried out considering different storm events recently occurred in the Venice lagoon. The new formulation of the wind wave-tidal model provides a better description of the wind-wave field and, therefore, reflects favourably also on the estimation of the sediment re-suspension, as clearly shown by the comparison of turbidity measurements with the results obtained with a sediment transport model coupled with the wind wave-tidal model.
Structural and Thermal Characterisation of Nanofilms by Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering

High time resolution in scattering analysis of thin films allows for determination of thermal conductivity by transient pump-probe detection of dissipation of laser-induced heating, TDXTS. We describe an approach that analyses the picosecond-resolved lattice parameter reaction of a gold transducer layer on pulsed laser heating to determine the thermal conductivity of layered structures below the transducer. A detailed modeling of the cooling kinetics by a Laplace-domain approach allows for discerning effects of conductivity and thermal interface resistance as well as basic depth information. The thermal expansion of the clamped gold film can be calibrated to absolute temperature change and effects of plastic deformation are discriminated. The method is demonstrated on two extreme examples of phononic barriers, isotopically modulated silicon multilayers with very small acoustic impedance mismatch and silicon-molybdenum multilayers, which show a high resistivity.
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RANGELAND MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN BOTSWANA : IMPLICATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY

Results of an analysis of economic returns and financial incentives in rangeland use in northern Botswana are presented. Land use systems involving small-scale livestock keeping, medium-scale cattle post livestock production, commercial livestock production, commercial wildlife viewing tourism, and community wildlife use were examined with detailed budget/cost-benefit models, developed from empirical data. Development of both wildlife and livestock land uses will maximise returns of economic direct use value, and meet development objectives. Wildlife-based tourism in high quality wildlife areas is extremely economically efficient, and should have priority. Community use of wildlife can also be economically efficient and should be promoted where its values exceed those of livestock. Small-scale production of livestock provides significant household income, primarily through subsidies. It has potential to generate high economic values, but is economically inefficient due to its open access nature, and itsconsequent low herd productivity. Capitalintensive commercial livestock ranching is economically inefficient and should not be promoted. Attempts to promote expansion of beef production should focus on low input systems. Wildlife activities appear have positive impact on biodiversity. Livestock activities do not, but only open access livestock systems have negative impact. Improved common property management of rangeland among traditional livestock keepers will enhance both economic returns, and biodiversity conservation.
Redox Metabolism in Response to Environmental Stimuli for Flowering

It is generally known that flowering is affected by various stresses such as chilling, strong light, drought, wounding, and pathogen infection. Such stresses increase the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) altering the cellular redox state of the plant. Recent studies have shown that, in plants, ROS are crucial molecules for signaling responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and for regulation of growth and development, probably including flowering. In this review, we provide information on the regulation of flowering and its relation of the cellular redox state. Based on this information, we discuss how flowering processes are influenced by environmental stimuli. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Isolation and Characterization of Antagonistic Bacteria Paenibacillus jamilae HS-26 and Their Effects on Plant Growth

Soilborne pathogens affect plant growth and food production worldwide. The application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to control plant diseases has harmful effects; fortunately, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be used as a potential alternative strategy. Here, Paenibacillus jamilae HS-26 was selected for its highly antagonistic activity against several soilborne pathogens. The bacterium synthesized hydrolytic enzymes and released extracellular antifungal metabolites and volatile organic compounds—primarily, N, N-diethyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine, which was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and shown to inhibit fungal mycelial growth. Furthermore, HS-26 was useful for nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization, and siderophore and indoleacetic acid production. In vitro tests and pot experiments revealed that HS-26 considerably increased plant biometric parameters. Illumina MiSeq sequencing data showed a significant reduction in soilborne pathogens and increase in beneficial bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere after treatment with strain HS-26.
The Divide between Subsistence and Transformational Entrepreneurship

This paper argues that it is crucially important to differentiate between two very distinct sets of entrepreneurs: subsistence and transformational entrepreneurs. Recent evidence suggests that people engaging in these two types of entrepreneurship are not only very distinct in nature but that only a negligible fraction of them transition from subsistence to transformational entrepreneurship. These individuals vary in their economic objectives, their skills, and their role in the economy. Most important, they seem to respond very differently to policy changes and economic cycles. Yet most development policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurship focus on subsistence entrepreneurship in the hope of creating transformational entrepreneurs. I argue that unless we understand the differences between those two types of entrepreneurs more clearly, many policy interventions may have unintended consequences and may even have an adverse impact on the economy.
Stability analysis of collective neutrino oscillations in the supernova accretion phase with realistic energy and angle distributions

We revisit our previous results on the matter suppression of self-induced neutrino flavor conversions during a supernova (SN) accretion phase, performing a linearized stability analysis of the neutrino equations of motion, in the presence of realistic SN density profiles. In our previous numerical study, we used a simplified model based on an isotropic neutrino emission with a single typical energy. Here, we take into account realistic neutrino energy and angle distributions. We find that multi-energy effects have a sub-leading impact in the flavor stability of the SN neutrino fluxes with respect to our previous single-energy results. Conversely, realistic forward-peaked neutrino angular distributions would enhance the matter suppression of the self-induced oscillations with respect to an isotropic neutrino emission. As a result, in our models for iron-core SNe, collective flavor conversions have a negligible impact on the characterization of the observable neutrino signal during the accretion phase. Instead, for a low-mass O-Ne-Mg core SN model, with lower matter density profile and less forward-peaked angular distributions, collective conversions are possible also at early times.
Effects of Different Levels of Essential Oil Mixed ( Peppermint-Thyme-Anise Oil ) Supplementation in the Drinking Water on the Growth Performance , Carcass Traits and Histologic Structure of Terminal Ileum in Quails [ 1 ]

This study was conducted in order to define the effects of oregofarm (peppermint, thyme and anise oil) supplementation in the drinking water on the growth performance, carcass quality and histologic structure of terminal ileum in quails. A total of 348 Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of both sexes were included in this study. They were divided into one control group and two experimental groups and each of them contained 116 Japanese quail chicks. Each group was further divided into four subgroups with 29 Japanese quail chicks. This study was finalized in six weeks. All groups were fed with basal diets and received fresh water during the experiment. The control group received non-supplemented water. The group 1 and 2 received 1.0 ml/5 L and 1.5 ml/5 L oil mixture, respectively. All experimental groups were fed with water and ad-libitum. As a result of the study, there were statistically significant differences between the feed consumption and efficiency (P<0.001) in the end of the three weeks. Similarly, there were also statistically significant differences between same parameters (P<0.01; 0.05) five weeks later. The body weights of quails were not significantly different from each other (P>0.05). At the end of the study, there were statistically differences in the warm and cold carcass parameters (P<0.05). Adding essential oil mixed were not affected on histological structure of terminal ileum (P>0.05). Conclusively, the supplementation of oregofarm (peppermint + thyme and anise oil) has no additional effect on quail performance.
Learning Optimal Strategies to Commit To

Over the past decades, various theories and algorithms have been developed under the framework of Stackelberg games and part of these innovations have been fielded under the scenarios of national security defenses and wildlife protections. However, one of the remaining difficulties in the literature is that most of theoretical works assume full information of the payoff matrices, while in applications, the leader often has no prior knowledge about the follower’s payoff matrix, but may gain information about the follower’s utility function through repeated interactions. In this paper, we study the problem of learning the optimal leader strategy in Stackelberg (security) games and develop novel algorithms as well as new hardness results.
Science Education Promoting Students ’ Attention to Argumentative Reasoning Patterns

Argument-based interventions in science education have largely been motivated by the perspective that students lack knowledge of argument. Recent studies, however, suggest that contextual factors influence students’ argument quality. The authors hypothesize that a key limiting factor lies in students’ abilities to recognize when to employ knowledge related to argumentative reasoning. Students hold knowledge that can remain inert if the context fails to trigger access. The article reports on two experiments exploring the influence of context on recognition of argumentative reasoning. Each experiment used performance on a categorization task as the dependent variable. The first experiment (E1) tested the effect of targeted cues on participants’ identification of fallacious reasoning patterns. The second experiment (E2) examined the role of scenario context. E1 revealed a significant advantage in promoting detection of fallacious reasoning patterns when targeted cues were present. E2 suggests that the broad context of scenarios also influences reasoning patterns. These findings reveal that lack of knowledge of argument may not be the principal constraint on students’ argument abilities. Rather, contextual details can have a significant influence on activation of knowledge bases that contribute to argumentative reasoning. Instructional implications are discussed. C © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed
Soft Budget Constraints as a Risk Sharing Arrangement in an Economic Federation

We analyze a model where the federal government provides risk sharing arrangements to municipalities investing in a local public good. The risk sharing arrangements are an income equalization system and a system allowing for a soft budget constraint, i.e., a bailout. Our main result is that a bailout system in combination with income equalization can be a more efficient risk sharing arrangement than an income equalization system only. Thus, the introduction of a bailout system is welfare improving.
The Theory of Capital as a Theory of Capitalism – Hidden Austrian Contributions to a Historically Specific Approach to Capital

Before economists and sociologists came up with their own definitions of the term “capital,” it was commonly understood as money invested in businesses by their owners or shareholders, and it continues to be understood this way in everyday business practice. In a recent article, Geoffrey Hodgson (2014) advises economists to return to this pre-Smithian usage of the term. The present paper takes up Hodgson’s demand and develops a theory of capital that is based upon this business notion of capital. It also argues that the Austrian theory of capital, if interpreted correctly, can serve as a starting point. Despite the conviction of its adherents to the contrary, the Austrian theory of capital is not universal or ahistorical, but dovetails with Hodgson’s vision of an approach to capital which analyses historically specific features of capitalism.
Modeled methanesulfonic acid (MSA) deposition in Antarctica and its relationship to sea ice

[1] Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) has previously been measured in ice cores in Antarctica as a proxy for sea ice extent and Southern Hemisphere circulation. In a series of chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) sensitivity experiments, we identify mechanisms that control the MSA concentrations recorded in ice cores. Sea ice is linked to MSA via dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is produced biologically in the surface ocean and known to be particularly concentrated in the sea ice zone. Given existing ocean surface DMS concentration data sets, the model does not demonstrate a strong relationship between sea ice and MSA deposition in Antarctica. The variability of DMS emissions associated with sea ice extent is small (11–30%) due to the small interannual variability of sea ice extent. Wind plays a role in the variability in DMS emissions, but its contribution relative to that of sea ice is strongly dependent on the assumed DMS concentrations in the sea ice zone. Atmospheric sulfur emitted as DMS from the sea ice undergoes net transport northward. Our model runs suggest that DMS emissions from the sea ice zone may account for 26–62% of MSA deposition at the Antarctic coast and 36–95% in inland Antarctica. Though our results are sensitive to model assumptions, it is clear that an improved understanding of both DMS concentrations and emissions from the sea ice zone are required to better assess the impact of sea ice variability on MSA deposition to Antarctica.
Bypassing the Representational Filter?

One common critique of direct democracy posits that minority rights are endangered by institutions like ballot initiatives and referenda. Empirical research testing this claim, however, has produced conflicting results that leave the question of direct democracy’s effect on minority rights open to debate. This study extends previous research by providing a more direct test of this criticism—it compares anti-minority policy proposals from direct democracy states to similar proposals from states without direct democracy institutions. The author examines both ballot proposals and traditional legislative bills to account for both the direct and indirect effects of direct democracy. Analyzing anti-minority proposals from all 50 states from 1995 to 2004 shows that direct democracy states are more likely to pass these proposals than states without direct democracy institutions.