Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
KRANNERT GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

This experiment compares the performance of two contest designs: a standard winnertake-all tournament with a single fixed prize, and a novel proportional-payment design in which that same prize is divided among contestants by their share of total achievement. We find that proportional prizes elicit more entry and more total achievement than the winner-take-all tournament. The proportional-prize contest performs better by limiting the degree to which heterogeneity among contestants discourages weaker entrants, without altering the performance of stronger entrants. These findings could inform the design of contests for technological and other improvements, which are widely used by governments and philanthropic donors to elicit more effort on targeted economic and technological development activities. JEL Classifications: C72, D72, J33
Synthesizer: Rethinking Self-Attention in Transformer Models

The dot product self-attention is known to be central and indispensable to state-of-the-art Transformer models. But is it really required? This paper investigates the true importance and contribution of the dot product-based self-attention mechanism on the performance of Transformer models. Via extensive experiments, we find that (1) random alignment matrices surprisingly perform quite competitively and (2) learning attention weights from token-token (query-key) interactions is not that important after all. To this end, we propose \textsc{Synthesizer}, a model that learns synthetic attention weights without token-token interactions. Our experimental results show that \textsc{Synthesizer} is competitive against vanilla Transformer models across a range of tasks, including MT (EnDe, EnFr), language modeling (LM1B), abstractive summarization (CNN/Dailymail), dialogue generation (PersonaChat) and Multi-task language understanding (GLUE, SuperGLUE).
Bending of Laminated Composite Beams by a Multi-Layer Finite Element Based on a Higher-Order Theory

In this study, a layered beam element based on a higher-order theory is presented for bending analysis of laminated composites. This is an N -layer element which contains (9N+7) degrees-of-freedom. The element stiffness matrix is derived by means of the Lagrange equations. Deflections and stresses in laminated beams with different end conditions and stacking order are calculated numerically. The results are compared with those available in the literature to show the accuracy of element.
Physiological and molecular responses to an acute bout of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training ( REHIT )

Purpose: We have previously shown that six weeks of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) improves V̇ O2max in sedentary men and women, and insulin sensitivity in men. Here we present two studies examining the acute physiological and molecular responses to REHIT. Methods: In Study 1, five men and six women (age: 26±7 y, BMI: 23±3 kg • m-2 , V̇ O2max: 51±11 ml • kg-1 • min-1) performed a single 10-min REHIT cycling session (60 W and two 20-s 'all-out' sprints), with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 0, 30 and 180 min post-exercise for analysis of glycogen content, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and ACC, and gene expression of PGC1α and GLUT4. In Study 2, eight men (21±2 y; 25±4 kg • m-2 ; 39±10 ml·kg-1 ·min-1) performed three trials (REHIT, 30 min cycling at 50% of V̇ O2max, and a resting control condition) in a randomised cross-over design. Expired air, venous blood samples, and subjective measures of appetite and fatigue were collected before and 0, 15, 30 and 90 min post-exercise. Results: Acutely, REHIT was associated with a decrease in muscle glycogen, increased ACC phosphorylation, and activation of PGC1α. When compared to aerobic exercise, changes in V̇ O2, RER, plasma volume, and plasma lactate and ghrelin were significantly more pronounced with REHIT, whereas plasma glucose, NEFAs, PYY, and measures of appetite were unaffected. Conclusions: Collectively these data demonstrate that REHIT is associated with a pronounced disturbance of physiological homeostasis and associated activation of signalling pathways, which together may help explain previously observed adaptations once considered exclusive to aerobic exercise.
All-fiber thulium/holmium-doped mode-locked laser by tungsten disulfide saturable absorber

A passively mode-locked thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser (THDFL) based on tungsten disulfide (WS2) saturable absorber (SA) was demonstrated. The WS2 nanosheets were prepared by liquid phase exfoliation method and the SA was fabricated by depositing the few-layer WS2 nanosheets on the surface of a fiber taper. The modulation depth, saturable intensity, and non-saturable loss of this SA were measured to be 8.2%, 0.82 GW cm−2, and 29.4%, respectively. Based on this SA, a stable mode-locked laser operated at 1.91 µm was achieved with pulse duration of 825 fs and repetition rate of 15.49 MHz, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 67 dB. Meanwhile, by increasing the pump power and adjusting the position of polarization controller, harmonic mode-locking operations were obtained. These results showed that the WS2 nanosheet-based SA could be served as a desirable candidate for a short-pulse mode locker at 2 µm wavelength.
The FIRST Survey: Faint Images of the Radio Sky at twenty centimeters

The FIRST survey to produce Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimeters is now underway using the NRAO Very Large Array. We describe here the scientific motivation for a large-area sky survey at radio frequencies which has a sensitivity and angular resolution comparable to the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, and we recount the history that led to the current survey project. The technical design of the survey is covered in detail, including a description and justification of the grid pattern chosen, the rationale behind the integration time and angular resolution selected, and a summary of the other considerations which informed our planning for the project. A comprehensive description of the automated data analysis pipeline we have developed is presented. We also report here the results of the first year of FIRST observations. A total of 144 hr of time in 1993 April and May was used for a variety of tests, as well as to cover an initial strip of the survey extending between 07{sup h}15{sup m} and 16{sup h}30{sup m} in a 2{sq_bullet}8 wide declination zone passing through the local zenith (28.2{lt}{delta}{lt}31.0). A total of 2153 individual pointings yielded an image database containing 1039 merged images 46{sq_bullet}5{times}34{sq_bullet}5more » in extent with 1{center_dot}{double_prime}8 pixels and a typical rms of 0.13 mJy. A catalog derived from this 300 deg{sup 2} region contains 28,000 radio sources. We have performed extensive tests on the images and source list in order to establish the photometric and astrometric accuracy of these data products. We find systematic astrometric errors of {lt}0{center_dot}{double_prime}05; individual sources down to the 1 mJy survey flux density threshold have 90{percent} confidence error circles with radii of {lt}1{double_prime}. CLEAN bias introduces a systematic underestimate of point-source flux densities of {approximately}0.25 mJy; the bias is more severe for extended sources. (Abstract Truncated)« less
Wavelength stabilized high pulse power laser diodes for automotive LiDAR

Diode lasers generating optical pulses with high peak power and lengths in the nanosecond range are key components of systems for free-space communication, metrology, material processing, spectroscopy, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) as needed for object detection and autonomous driving. Automotive LiDAR systems demand additionally a good beam quality and low wavelength shift with temperature due to the wide operating temperature span. We present here internally wavelength stabilized lasers emitting ns optical pulses from an emission aperture between 30 μm and 100 μm with peak powers of tens of Watts at wavelengths around 905 nm. The vertical structure based on AlGaAs (confinement and cladding layers) and InGaAs (active quantum well) is especially optimized for pulsed operation with respect to the implementation of a surface Bragg grating with a high reflectivity. The fabricated 6 mm long distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) broad area (BA) lasers are electrically driven by an in-house developed high-speed unit generating 3 to 10 ns long nearly rectangular shaped current pulses with amplitudes of up to 250 A. Such lasers emit optical pulses with a peak power of more than 30 W at ~95 A pulse current up to a temperature of 85°C with a wavelength shift as low as 65 pm/K and a lateral beam propagation factor less than 10. The influence of the lateral aperture width and the pulse length on the beam quality will be shown. A monolithic integration of 3 DBR BA lasers on a single chip whose emission can be combined into a single beam raises the output power to more than 100 W.
Stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor promote remyelination in the chronic phase of severe traumatic brain injury

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes long-term disability and death in young adults. White matter is vulnerable to TBI damage. Demyelination is a major pathological change of white matter injury after TBI. Demyelination which is characterized by myelin sheath disruption and oligodendrocyte cell death leads to long-term neurological function deficits. Stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatments have shown neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in the subacute and chronic phases of experimental TBI. Our previous study has revealed that combined SCF and G-CSF treatment (SCF+G-CSF) enhances myelin repair in the chronic phase of TBI. However, the long-term effect and mechanism of SCF+G-CSF-enhanced myelin repair remain unclear. In this study, we uncovered persistent and progressive myelin loss in the chronic phase of severe TBI. SCF+G-CSF treatment in the chronic phase of severe TBI enhanced remyelination in the ipsilateral external capsule and striatum. The SCF+G-CSF-enhanced myelin repair is positively correlated with the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential of SCF+G-CSF in myelin repair in the chronic phase of severe TBI and shed light on the mechanism underlying SCF+G-CSF-enhanced remyelination in chronic TBI.
Test generation and animation based on object-oriented specifications. (Génération de tests et animation à partir de spécifications orientées objet)

The goal of this thesis is the development of support for test generation and animation based on object-oriented specifications. We aim particularly to take advantage of state-of-the-art satisfiability solving techniques by using an appropriate representation of object-oriented data. While automated test generation seeks a large set of data to execute an implementation on, animation performs computations that comply with a specification based on user-provided input data. Animation is a valuable technique for validating specifications.As a foundation of this work, we present clarifications and a partial formalization of the Object Constraint Language (OCL) as well as some extensions in order to allow for test generation and animation based on OCL specifications.For test generation, we have implemented several enhancements to HOL-TestGen, a tool built on top of the Isabelle theorem proving system that generates tests from specifications in Higher-Order Logic (HOL). We show how SMT solvers can be used to solve various types of constraints in HOL and present a modular approach to case splitting for deriving test cases. The latter facilitates the introduction of splitting rules that are tailored to object-oriented specifications.For animation, we implemented the tool OCLexec for animating OCL specifications. OCLexec generates from operation contracts corresponding Java implementations that call an SMT-based constraint solver at runtime.
FairFaceGAN: Fairness-aware Facial Image-to-Image Translation: Supplementary Material

Fairness in AI can be defined as the ability to make fair decisions regarding protected attributes such as gender. In this section, we briefly describe the two of most widely used fairness metrics, which are considered in our experiment (Fair classification). Equality of Opportunity [2] and Equalized Odds [6] measure whether people who need to qualify for an opportunity are likely to have the same opportunity regardless of demographic group. Formally, Equality of Opportunity is defined so that different gender groups have the same true positive rates for the target attribute as follows:
Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio Frequency Cavity in Vacuum

A vacuum test campaign evaluating the impulsive thrust performance of a tapered radio-frequency test article excited in the transverse magnitude 212 mode at 1937 MHz has been completed. The test campaign consisted of a forward thrust phase and reverse thrust phase at less than 8×10−6 torr vacuum with power scans at 40, 60, and 80 W. The test campaign included a null thrust test effort to identify any mundane sources of impulsive thrust; however, none were identified. Thrust data from forward, reverse, and null suggested that the system was consistently performing with a thrust-to-power ratio of 1.2±0.1 mN/kW.
Pre-and postmarathon training habits of nonelite runners

correspondence: Lisa chow 420 Delaware St. Se, MMc 101, Minneapolis, Mn 55455, USA Tel +1 612 625 8934 Fax +1 612 626 3133 email chow0007@umn.edu Background: Despite the increasing popularity of marathons, little research has examined the training habits of nonelite marathon runners. Given that nonelite runners, particularly those with a competitive motive, have a higher risk for injury than experienced elite runners, it is important for physicians to understand the training program and features that might distinguish running performance and injury rates in this population. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that nonelite runners who qualify for the Boston Marathon (“qualifiers”) would have higher running volumes, more running sessions per week, lower injury rates, and lower body mass index (BMI) than nonqualifying runners. Study design: A cross-sectional Web-based survey of runners (convenience sample) at 1 month (n = 50) and 6 months (n = 41) after participation in the 2008 Twin Cities Marathon (TCM) that acquired data on anthropometric measures, demographic data, finishing time, premarathon/ current training program, and self-reported injury. Results: Thirteen of 50 initial survey respondents were classified as a “qualifier” based on their finishing time. Mean BMI was significantly lower in the qualifiers at 1 month (22.0 versus 23.9 kg/m, P = 0.0267) but not 6 months postmarathon. There were no significant differences in training volume (running frequency, run length, or cross-training volume) or injury rates between qualifiers and nonqualifiers. Prior to the 2008 TCM, 54% of runners included crosstraining in their exercise program, which increased significantly to 74% 1 month postmarathon (P = 0.0039) and 71% 6 months postmarathon (P = 0.0325). There was no association between cross-training and injury rates. Conclusions: Nonelite marathon runners had a high degree of cross-training in their training program. Qualifiers for the Boston Marathon did not significantly differ in running frequency, run length, or cross-training volume compared with nonqualifiers. Whether changes in the training program at an individual level might facilitate a change in qualifying status remains to be determined.
comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions

: Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999–2012. There was a slightly higher injury incidence for teams from warmer parts of Australia (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10) with quadriceps strains (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58), knee cartilage injuries (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), and ankle sprains (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) all being more likely in warmer region teams. Achilles injuries followed a reverse pattern, tending to be more common in cooler region teams (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03). In conclusion, common findings from the AFL and European soccer are that ankle sprains and ACL injuries are generally more likely in teams playing in warmer climate zones, whereas Achilles tendinopathy may be more likely in teams playing in cooler zones. These injuries may have climate or surface risk factors (possibly related to types and structure of grass and shoe-surface traction) that are universal across different football codes.
Compact conductively cooled electro-optical Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

Abstract. We report on a compact conductively cooled high-repetition-rate nanosecond Nd:YAG laser. The oscillator was an laser diode side-pumped electro-optical (EO) Q-switched Nd:YAG rod laser adopting unstable cavity with a variable reflectivity mirror. A pulse train of 142 mJ with duration of 10 ns, repetition rate of 80 Hz at 1064 nm has been achieved. Maximum pulse energy was obtained at the pump energy of 1380 mJ, corresponding to the optical–optical conversion efficiency of 10.3%. The peak power was deduced to be 14.2 MW. The near-field pattern demonstrated a nearly super Gaussian flat top profile. To our knowledge, this is the highest repetition rate operation for a conductively cooled EO Q-switched Nd:YAG rod laser.
Isolation and structure elucidation of novel hypotensive agents, niazinin A, niazinin B, niazimicin and niaziminin A + B from Moringa oleifera: the first naturally occurring thiocarbamates

Novel hypotensive principles, niazinin A 1, niazinin B 2, niazimicin 4 and niaziminin A and B 6+7, have been obtained from the ethanolic extract of the fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera, employing a bioassay-guided isolation procedure. Their structures have been elucidated through spectroscopic (including 2D NMR techniques) and chemical methods. These compounds are mustard oil glycosides which are very rare in Nature and are also the first examples of naturally occurring thiocarbamates.
A SURVEY ON PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT THE ROLE OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS.

Abdullah S. Alqefari,Abdullah A. alyami, Tarik M. Almowald, Faisal M. Alturi, Mousa R. Alhokail, Mohammed A. Alqhtani, Jamal A. Alghamdi, Naif S. Alotaibi, Maha A. Alenezi, MohammedA.Alkahmous, Abdulaziz A. Alkahmous and Omar A. Ahmed. GPs, College of Medicine, Jordanian University of Science and Technology (JUST), Riyadh, KSA. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
The Bayesian Method of Estimation for the Number of Latent Classes in Growth Mixture Models

Sitthisan, Chittanun. The Bayesian Method of Estimation for the Number of Latent Classes in Growth Mixture Models Published Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 2016. It is widely accepted that blindly specifying an incorrect number of latent classes may result in misidentifying the class membership of observations and in inconsistently estimated parameters. The current dissertation examined the Bayesian method to estimate the number of latent classes in growth mixture models. The procedure for estimating the number of latent classes was developed via Markov chain Monte Carlo using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The key idea was to construct the likelihood function and then specify the prior information toward the number of latent classes (K), and then calculate the posterior distribution for K. Simulated observations were generated by the Metropolis-Hastings sampling technique from the posterior distribution. The average value of K was used under Bayesian method to estimate the number of latent classes. Other growth parameters were produced as by-products. The properties and merits of the proposed procedure were illustrated by means of a simulation study through a written R program. It was found that the Bayesian performance of estimation depended on the informative prior toward the number of latent classes only through the complexity
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

This paper assesses current practices in the juvenile justice field against the backdrop of priorities set forth by Congress in the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974. Part 1 describes the legislative history and major provisions of the Act. The following sections present a concise review of current, general developments in the three areas of juvenile justice: (1) delinquency prevention including recent developments (self-reported delinquency, victimization, special studies); (2) ' involvement of youths in the juvenile justice system including court and correctional handling of offenders and special categories of youths; and (3) alternatives to juvenile and adult system processing. A brief discussion of the major issues currently faced by the juvenile justice field, e.g., deinstitutionalization, due process, minorities, and the role of the juvenile court, follows the review. The appendix describes the activities of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention as well as several programs in four areas including the concentration of federal effort, formula grants and technical assistance, the special emphasis grant program, and the programs of the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (Author/JAC) *******t************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** U.S. Department ofJustice r\J Law Enforcement Assistance Administration CYN Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Pr\ National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention r Juvenile Justice: Before and After the Onset of Delinquency United States Discussion Paper for the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Ira M. Schwartz Administrator