Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ferric reduction by foots of chlorotic bean plants: Indications for an enzymatic process

Abstract Reduction of chelated ferric ions by the roots of iron‐stressed bean plants showed kinetics characteristic for reactions catalyzed by matrix‐bound enzymes. Assays for iron reducing compounds in the medium in which those plants had been standing for 1 day failed to yield indications for soluble reductants produced by iron‐stressed plants. The results suggest that the capacity to reduce chelated iron by the roots of iron‐stressed bean plants is due to a mambranebound enzyme in the root cortex.
Allowable carbon emissions for medium-to-high mitigation scenarios

Using an ensemble of simulations with an intermediate complexity climate model and in a probabilistic framework, we estimate future ranges of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in order to follow three medium-high mitigation concentration pathways: RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and SCP4.5 to 2.6. Uncertainty is first estimated by allowing modelled equilibrium climate sensitivity, aerosol forcing and intrinsic physical and biogeochemical processes to vary within widely accepted ranges. Results are then constrained by comparison against contemporary measurements. For both constrained and unconstrained projections, our calculated allowable emissions are close to the standard (harmonised) emission scenarios associated with these pathways. For RCP4.5, which is the most moderate scenario considered in terms of required emission abatement, then after year 2100 very low net emissions are needed to maintain prescribed year 2100 CO2 concentrations. As expected, RCP2.6 and SCP4.5 to 2.6 require more strict emission reductions. The implication of this is that direct sequestration of carbon dioxide is likely to be required for RCP4.5 or higher mitigation scenarios, to offset any minimum emissions for society to function (the ‘emissions floor’). Despite large uncertainties in the physical and biogeochemical processes, constraints from model-observational comparisons support a high degree of confidence in predicting the allowable emissions consistent with a particular concentration pathway. In contrast the uncertainty in the resulting temperature range remains large. For many parameter sets, and especially for RCP2.6, the land will turn into a carbon source within the 21st century, but the ocean will remain as a carbon sink. For land carbon storage and our modelling framework, major reductions are seen in northern high latitudes and the Amazon basin even after atmospheric CO2 is stabilised, while for ocean carbon uptake, the tropical ocean regions will be a source to the atmosphere, although uncertainties on this are large. The parameters which most significantly affect the allowable emissions are aerosols and climate sensitivity, but some carbon-cycle related parameters (e.g. maximum photosynthetic rate and respiration's temperature dependency of vegetation) also have significant effects. Parameter values are constrained by observation, and we found that the CO2 emission data had a significant effect in constraining climate sensitivity and the magnitude of aerosol radiative forcing.
Formas preferenciais de acumulação de fósforo em solos cultivados com cana- de-açúcar na região nordeste

The objective of this work was to quantify the main forms of P derived from fertilizer in soils of varying physical and chemical properties, cultivated with sugar-cane, in Pernambuco. Soils from 11 commercial plantations were sampled following the harvest of the plant-cane (Jan. 1994), that had been fertilized in the furrow 18 months before. To find samples with fertilizer-derived P, a pit was opened perpendicular to the plant line and 28 soil samples were taken with the aid of a metal grid measuring 70 cm long by 40 cm high, with 10x10 cm cells. The grid was fixed 10 cm below the soil surface and centered on the residues of the seedpieces. Phosphorus in all these samples was extracted with 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH. In all cases the largest P concentrations were found in the 10-20 cm layer. Two samples were then selected from this layer for additional work, those with the highest and lowest NaOH extractable-P content, for each soil. Phosphorus in these selected samples was sequentially extracted with resin (P-res), NaHCO3 (inorganic and organic P-bic), NaOH (inorganic and organic P-OH), H2SO4 (P-ac.), and followed by a final digestion with H2SO4 and H2O2 (P-rdu). Most of the difference between samples with high and low P contents (DP), attributed to the fertilization 18 months before, was found in inorganic (P-res, Pi-bic, Pi-OH and P-ac)) forms. In five of the soils, fine textured and with high dithionite-extractable Fe and Al, more than 50% of DP was found as Pi-OH. In the other six soils, P was similarly distributed among P-res, P-bic and P-OH or even favored the resin and bicarbonate-extractable forms (more sandy soils). The presence of large amounts of labile P-res and P-bic forms, even after 18 months of soil-fertilizer contact, suggests the possibility of obtaining residual fertilizer effects in some of these soils.
Highly Durable Graphene Nanosheet Supported Iron Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in PEM Fuel Cells

A novel NPMC using pyrimidine-2,4,5,6-tetramine sulfuric acid hydrate (PTAm) as a nitrogen precursor and graphene nanosheets as catalyst supports was prepared and characterized. We investigate the effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on the catalysts’ ORR activity along with detailed surface analysis to provide insight regarding the nature of the ORR active surface moieties. The NPMC sample heat treated at 800◦Cwas found to display optimal ORR activity andH2O selectivity, specifically, an onset potential of 0.853V vs RHE, a half-wave potential of 0.682 V vs RHE, and a H2O selectivity of ca. 99.9%. High stability through an accelerated durability testing (ADT) protocol was demonstrated and attributed to the high graphitic content of the catalyst support material. This novel NPMC demonstrates promising electrocatalyst activity and superior durability over commercial Pt/C catalyst for ORR under the studied conditions, rendering graphene nanosheets as an ideal replacement to traditional nanostructured carbon support materials. © 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.062201jes] All rights reserved.
Confined crystallization of anatase TiO2 nanotubes and their implications on transport properties

Nanotubes of TiO2 (anatase) and their ordered arrays are emerging, promising candidates as efficient host materials in many applications such as photovoltaic cells, batteries, sensors and catalysts/catalytic supports, but the interplay between these structures and their transport properties has been reported only rarely. Monodisperse, stoichiometric TiO2 nanotubes with smooth morphology and controlled wall thickness were fabricated by template-directed low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD), followed by annealing at elevated temperatures. We present a study on the wall thickness-dependent crystallization behaviors due to physical and/or self-confinement, as well as on the corresponding electrical properties. Over certain wall thicknesses, unexpectedly, our TiO2 nanotubes were found to be a new type of mesoporous wide gap semiconductor in which they possess similar porosity, but in terms of conductivity differ from previously known mesoporous photoanodes (i.e., anodized surfaces of Ti films and sintered films consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles). These results were ascribed to the large, elongated anatase domains (by a factor of up to 15–40 wall thicknesses) that developed via boosted crystal growth on porous alumina templates (physical confinement) as well as to the highly curved tubular shape (self-confinement). Indeed, nanotube arrays with walls thicker than 10 nm exhibited an enhancement in conductivity, by more than three orders of magnitude, compared to sintered, mesoporous TiO2 (anatase) particles, approaching the bulk value. The nearly single-crystalline TiO2 nanotubes presented here should allow for a good model system to study TiO2-based surface chemistry and have potential for many applications in photovoltaic and/or catalytic systems.
A MULTI-DIRAC PRESUMED PDF MODEL FOR TURBULENT REACTIVE FLOWS WITH VARIABLE EQUIVALENCE RATIO

The present paper is devoted to the numerical modeling of turbulent reactive flows in situations where reactants are not ideally premixed. In this case, the description of the local thermochemistry requires at least two variables. Here, we chose the mixture fraction ξ to describe the local composition of fresh mixture and the fuel mass fraction Y f to evaluate the progress of the chemical reaction. The numerical model is based on the earlier analysis made by Libby and Williams (2000), an analysis that led eventually to the LW-P model (Ribert et al. 2004) based on a two-scalar (Y f , ξ) Probability Density Function (PDF) involving two Dirac delta functions. In the present contribution, a generalization of the LW-P model to four delta function PDF is proposed, one which allows the cross-correlation between the two scalars to behave as predicted by the experiments. The model is applied to the calculation of a turbulent reactive flow of propane and air stabilized by a sudden expansion of a 2-D channel (Besson et al. 2001). Results obtained using either a two Dirac delta function PDF or a four Dirac delta function PDF are compared with available experimental data. The closure problem raised by the mean scalar dissipation term is also discussed.
Sans Study of Reverse Micelles Formed upon the Extraction of Inorganic Acids by TBP in n‐Octane

Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) data for n‐octane solutions of TBP loaded with progressively larger amounts of HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4, and H3PO4 up to and beyond the LOC (limiting organic concentration of acid) condition, were interpreted using the Baxter model for hard spheres with surface adhesion. The coherent picture of the behavior of the TBP solutions derived from the SANS investigation discussed in this paper confirmed our recently developed model for third phase formation. This model analyses the features of the scattering data in the low Q region as arising from van der Waals interactions between the polar cores of reverse micelles. Our SANS data indicated that the TBP micelles swell when acid and water are extracted into their polar core. The swollen micelles have critical diameters ranging from 15 to 22 Å, and polar core diameters between 10 and 15 Å, depending on the specific system. At the respective LOC conditions, the TBP weight‐average aggregation numbers are ∼4 for HClO4, ∼6 for H2SO4, ∼7 for HCl, and ∼10 for H3PO4. The comparison between the behavior of HNO3, a non‐third phase forming acid, and the other acids provided an explanation of the effect of the water molecules present in the polar core of the micelles on third phase formation. The thickness of the lipophilic shell of the micelles indicated that the butyl groups of TBP lie at an angle of ∼25 degrees relative to a plane tangent to the micellar core. The critical energy of intermicellar attraction, U(r), was about −2 kBT for all the acids investigated. This value is the same as that reported in our previous publications on the extraction of metal nitrates by TBP, confirming that the same mechanism and energetics are operative in the formation of a third phase, independent of whether the chemical species extracted are metal nitrate salts or inorganic acids. The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE‐AC02‐06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid‐up, nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.
Effect of 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal doping on damping in permalloy thin films

The effect of doping on the magnetic damping parameter of Ni80Fe20 is measured for 21 transition metal dopants: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au. For most of the dopants, the damping parameter increases linearly with dopant concentration. The strongest effects are observed for the 5d transition metal dopants, with a maximum of 7.7×10−3 per atomic percent osmium.
ASSOCIATION OF THE GENETICS POLYMORPHISM IN CYP19-PVULL GENE WITH SOME PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF DAIRY COWS

This study was executed at Al-Salam Station for milk production, Private Sector, in addition to the laboratory of scientific progress for molecular genetics analyzes, to determine the genetics polymorphism in CYP19-Pvull gene. Besides, studying its relationship to some productive and reproductive traits in Holstein cows (40 cows), in addition to extraction ratios for distribution of the genetics polymorphism in Holstein cows and allele frequency, and the following are the most important results obtained. The distribution ratio of the genetic polymorphism of the studied position in CYP19-Pvull gene differed significantly (P<0.01) in the studied cow’s sample, as they reached 87.50 and 12.50 % for each of the two genetics polymorphism AA and AG respectively, and allele frequency were 0.94 and 0.06 for both A and G alleles respectively. The results of the current study showed that there were no significant differences between the genetics polymorphism of the studied position in the CYP19-Pvull gene and the studied productive traits of Holstein cows (total milk production, lactation period, the period from birth to the peak of production, and the length of the peak of production). As well as, the ratios of milk components (protein, fat, lactose, non-fat solids, the specific gravity of milk). As for the relationship of the genetic polymorphism of the studied position in the CYP19-Pvull gene and the studied genital traits of the Holstein cows, the results showed that the services per conception and the days open were highly influenced significantly (P <0.01) by the difference in the genetics polymorphism of the studied position in the CYP19-Pvull gene. As for cows with genotype AG, the cows with the genetics polymorphism (AG) recorded the lowest services per conception to 1.00 ± 0.00 vaccinations, and the shortest with the days open was 61.80 ± 0.86 days, while cows with the genetics polymorphism (AA) recorded highest services per conception were 1.83 ± 0.10, and the longest with the days open was 89.97 ± 3.99 days. It could be concluded by studying that the relationship of the t 8 genetic polymorphism of the studied position in CYP19-Pvull gene with the productive traits is not significant for the Holstein cows. Nonetheless, their relationship to the reproductive traits was highly significant, so it must be checked the relationship of the genetics polymorphism in CYP19-Pvull gene with the productive and reproductive traits for dairy cows. As well as, confirm the results obtained by applying the study to a larger sample and other breeds, and for several productive seasons, and this enables us to obtain more accurate results in the application of the selection and exclusion strategy.
Critical petiole nitrate levels in potato

Critical nutrient concentrations (CNC), below which a yield reduction occurs, for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) petiole nitrate (PN) have been reported for the Pacific Northwest growing region but differences in method of determination or definition of this parameter have resulted in some discrepancies in values. The objectives of this research were to document seasonal PN levels with varying levels of applied N, to determine CNC at three growth dates [tuber initiation, TI; 21 d after TI(TI + 21); and 42 d after TI (TI + 42)], and to establish the relationship between yield responses to midseason N application and CNC. Experiments were conducted at two sites on a Typic Argiboroll and three sites on a Pachic Haploxeroll in western Montana. Treatments included six or eight N rates between 0 and 336 kg N ha⁻¹ applied as NH₄NO₃ before hilling and a topdressing of 67 kg N ha⁻¹ broadcast on subplots at TI + 21. Early season PN depended on applied N, with maximum values of 25 to 30 g NO₃-N kg⁻¹ at TI. Values declined with seasonal progression and became increasingly dependent on fertilizer N rates. The N topdressed at TI + 21 increased PN level 6 g kg⁻¹ at TI + 42 compared to non-topdressed areas. Linear plateau regression of relative yield against PN revealed CNC values of 25 g kg⁻¹ at TI 14 g kg⁻¹ at TI + 21, and 10 g kg⁻¹ at TI + 42. Statistical analysis, could not separate the TI t 21 and TI + 42 regressions, indicating a CNC of 13 g NO₃-N kg⁻¹ throughout the period of tuber bulking. Yield responses to topdressed N, however, were documented only when PN values were below 11 g NO₃-N kg⁻¹ at TI + 21. Conservative interpretation of critical nutrient concentration is justified. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. J. Ser. no. J-2581.
Aerosol Inorganic Composition at a Tropical Site: Discrepancies Between Filter-Based Sampling and a Semi-Continuous Method

The concentrations of the water-soluble inorganic aerosol species, ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3 −), chloride (Cl−), and sulfate (SO4 2−), were measured from September to November 2002 at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin (Rondônia, Brazil) (LBA-SMOCC). Measurements were conducted using a semi-continuous technique (Wet-annular denuder/Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector: WAD/SJAC) and three integrating filter-based methods, namely (1) a denuder-filter pack (DFP: Teflon and impregnated Whatman filters), (2) a stacked-filter unit (SFU: polycarbonate filters), and (3) a High Volume dichotomous sampler (HiVol: quartz fiber filters). Measurements covered the late dry season (biomass burning), a transition period, and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions). Analyses of the particles collected on filters were performed using ion chromatography (IC) and Particle-Induced X-ray Emission spectrometry (PIXE). Season-dependent discrepancies were observed between the WAD/SJAC system and the filter-based samplers. During the dry season, when PM2.5 (Dp ≤ 2.5 μm) concentrations were ∼100 μg m−3, aerosol NH4 + and SO4 2− measured by the filter-based samplers were on average two times higher than those determined by the WAD/SJAC. Concentrations of aerosol NO3 − and Cl− measured with the HiVol during daytime, and with the DFP during day- and nighttime also exceeded those of the WAD/SJAC by a factor of two. In contrast, aerosol NO3 − and Cl− measured with the SFU during the dry season were nearly two times lower than those measured by the WAD/SJAC. These differences declined markedly during the transition period and towards the cleaner conditions during the onset of the wet season (PM2.5∼ 5 μg m−3); when filter-based samplers measured on average 40–90% less than the WAD/SJAC. The differences were not due to consistent systematic biases of the analytical techniques, but were apparently a result of prevailing environmental conditions and different sampling procedures. For the transition period and wet season, the significance of our results is reduced by a low number of data points. We argue that the observed differences are mainly attributable to (a) positive and negative filter sampling artifacts, (b) presence of organic compounds and organosulfates on filter substrates, and (c) a SJAC sampling efficiency of less than 100%.
Neutron diffraction studies of the atomic thermal vibrations in complex materials: application of the Wilson method to examination of micro- and nano-crystalline SiC

The Wilson method was applied for determination of the thermal atomic motions in micro- and nano-crystalline SiC. Limitations of application of this method to examination of complex materials with atoms vibrating with more that one amplitude were discussed. It is shown that a unique interpretation of Wilson plots for crystals with more than one type of atoms and weak vibration component(s) requires measurements performed up to a very large diffraction vector Q (>25 Å–1). Atomic vibrations in microcrystalline SiC were evaluated based on the diffractograms calculated for models built assuming different mean square atomic displacements (vibration amplitudes) of the component atoms. For nanocrystalline SiC two different temperature atomic factors which describe vibrations of the atoms in the grain interior (Bcore) and at its surface (Bshell) were determined.
Integrin avb6 Promotes an Osteolytic Program in Cancer Cells by Upregulating MMP2 AninditaDutta, JingLi,HuiminLu, JacquelineAkech, JiteshPratap, TaoWang,BradJ. Zerlanko,

The molecular circuitries controlling osseous prostate metastasis are known to depend on the activity of multiple pathways, including integrin signaling. Here, we demonstrate that the avb6 integrin is upregulated in human prostate cancer bonemetastasis. In prostate cancer cells, this integrin is a functionally active receptor for fibronectin and latency-associated peptide-TGF-b1; it mediates attachment and migration upon ligand binding and is localized in focal contacts. Given the propensity of prostate cancer cells to formbonemetastatic lesions, we investigated whether the avb6 integrin promotes this type of metastasis. We show for the first time that avb6 selectively induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in vitro in multiple prostate cancer cells and promotes osteolysis in vivo in an immunodeficientmousemodel of bonemetastasis through upregulation ofMMP2, but not MMP9. The effect of avb6 onMMP2 expression and activity is independent of androgen receptor in the analyzed prostate cancer cells. Increased levels of parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP), known to induce osteoclastogenesis, were also observed in avb6-expressing cells. However, by using MMP2 short hairpin RNA, we demonstrate that theavb6 effect on bone loss is due to upregulation of solubleMMP2 by the cancer cells, not due to changes in tumor growth rate. Another related av-containing integrin, avb5, fails to show similar responses, underscoring the significance of avb6 activity. Overall, these mechanistic studies establish that expression of a single integrin, avb6, contributes to the cancer cell—mediated program of osteolysis by inducing matrix degradation through MMP2. Our results open new prospects for molecular therapy for metastatic bone disease. Cancer Res; 74(5); 1598–608. 2014 AACR.
Autotrophic nitrification and denitrification characteristics of an upflow biological aerated filter

Wastewater nitrification was carried out using a laboratory-scale upflow biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with a polyurethane-based porous medium. The filtration medium has macro-pores which provide a greater surface area for the development of biofilms. The macro-pores have both aerobic and anaerobic zones, depending on the depth of oxygen penetration in the medium. Wastewater ammonium was oxidized at a maximum rate of 1.8 kg NH4+m−3d−1 and showed more than 90% nitrification efficiency in the BAF. During the biological nitrification of wastewater, considerable nitrogen loss was observed in the BAF under oxygen-limited conditions when organic carbons were not provided for denitrification. Most probably, the lost nitrogen was converted to gaseous nitrogen compounds including dinitrogen by autotrophic dentrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry