Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of crystallinity of goethite: II. Rates of sorption and desorption of phosphate

Eight samples of goethite ranging in surface area from 18 to 132 m2 g‐1 were mixed with phosphate at a range of pH values for periods which ranged from 0·5 h to 6 weeks. The sample with a surface area of 18 m2 g‐1 had been hydrothermally treated to improve its crystallinity. Its rate of reaction with phosphate depended on pH but was complete within a day. Its maximum observed reaction was close to the theoretical maximum for surface adsorption of 2·5 μmol m−2. For the other samples, phosphate continued to react for up to 3 weeks and exceeded the value of 2·5 μmole m−2. The duration and extent of the reaction depended on the crystallinity of the goethite. The results were closely described by a model in which the phosphate ions were initially adsorbed on to charged external surfaces. The phosphate ions then diffused into the particles. This was closely described using equations for diffusion into a cylinder.
Low NOX Combustion for Liquid Fuels: Atmospheric Pressure Experiments Using a Staged Prevaporizer-Premixer

Low emissions of NOx are obtained for a wide range of liquid fuels by using a staged prevaporizing-premixing injector. The injector relies on two stages of air temperature and fires into a laboratory jet-stirred reactor operated at atmospheric pressure and nominal ϕ of 0.6. The liquid fuels burned are methanol, normal alkanes from pentane to hexadecane, benzene, toluene, two grades of light naphtha and four grades of No. 2 diesel fuel. Additionally, natural gas, ethane and industrial propane are burned. For experiments conducted for 1790 K combustion temperature and 2.3±0.1 ms combustion residence time, the NOx (adjusted to 15% O2 dry) varies from a low of 3.5 ppmv for methanol to a high of 11.5 ppmv for No. 2 diesel fuel. For the most part, the NOx and CO are positively correlated with the fuel carbon to hydrogen ratio (C/H). Chemical kinetic modeling suggests the increase in NOx with C/H ratio is caused in significant part by the increasing super-equilibrium concentrations of O-atom created by the increasing levels of CO burning in the jet-stirred reactor. Fuel bound nitrogen also contributes NOx for the burning of the diesel fuel.This paper describes the staged prevaporizing-premixing injector, the examination of the injector and the NOx and CO measurements and their interpretation. Optical measurements, using beams of He-Ne laser radiation passed across the outlet stream of the injector, indicate complete vaporization and a small variation in the cross-stream averaged fuel/air ratio. The later is determined by measuring the standard deviation and mean of the transmission of the laser beam passed through the stream. Additional measurements and inspections indicate no pressure oscillations within the injector and no gum and carbon deposition. Thus, the NOx and CO measurements are obtained for fully vaporized, well premixed conditions devoid of preflame reactions within the injector.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Multiple hydrogen occupancy of vacancies in Fe

The binding of multiple deuterium (D) atoms to vacancies in iron (Fe) is investigated both experimentally, by use of ion‐beam techniques, and theoretically, by use of the effective‐medium scheme. The experimental D‐release stages are accounted for by trapping at vacancies with a binding enthalpy that depends on occupancy. It is found that for 1–2 D in a vacancy, the trap strength is 0.63 eV, whereas the binding enthalpy for 3–6 D in a vacancy is 0.43 eV. These results are in good agreement with predictions from the effective‐medium theory.
INFLUENCE OF NANOPOROUS MATERIALS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MERLOT AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON WINES

The variation of the content of 12 phenolic compounds from 5 months aged Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wine samples treated with siliceous and aluminosiliceous porous materials was analysed through a HPLC method. The standard physical-chemical analyses (alcoholic concentration, total acidity, volatile acidity, relative density, reductive sugars, total dry extract, non-reductive extract, free SO2, total SO2, pH) were registered. The used nanomaterials: SBA-15, Al-MCM-41, KIT-6 were synthetized in the laboratory and were structurally characterized through the BET and SEM methods. The obtained results are in accordance to literature findings. The experimental results are proof that the maturation of wine, specifically Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, in the presence of porous materials modifies the physical-chemical composition as well as the phenolic content of wines.
In vitro screening of blood-brain barrier penetration of clinically used acetylcholinesterase reactivators

Summary In this in vitro study, using the HPLC method, we determined the ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators, used clinically, to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We evaluated pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime and methoxime – reactivators varying in the position of the oxime group on the pyridinium ring and linker connecting the pyridinium rings. Our results indicated that pralidoxime, a monoquaternary AChE reactivator, was the oxime with the most penetration. Molecular weight seems to be the most important factor for passive transport through the BBB. From the structural perspective, the connecting linker also plays a key role in the ability of the reactivators to penetrate the CNS. In this case, the simple and short linker is favorable for permeation of these compounds. The location of the oxime group on the pyridine ring may also influence passive transport into the brain; the best position of the oxime group seems to be position four.
Assessment of IL-6 Serum Level in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background: Interleukin-6(IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a major role in response to injury or infections and involved in immune response, inflammation and haematopoiesis. It is produced by a variety of cell types in response to variety of stimulants. Also deregulation impacts to numerous disease states, including many types of cancer. Elevated IL-6 levels have been observed in most types of cancer and it’s implicated in the pathogenesis of several disease such as acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma and it may be a prognostic factor for solid tumors, such as prostate cancer. Objectives: Estimation of the serum levels of IL-6 in patients with AML in different stages of the disease and assess their prognostic value and study its relationship with bacteremia, total leukocyte count ,and hemoglobin concentration. Materials and Methods: Forty patients of AML in different stages in National centre of hematology-Baghdad were studied immunologically for the detection of serum IL-6 by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay(ELISA) kit. Specimen of blood collected from AML in relapse stage with episode of fever, were subjected to well known established microbiological methods for diagnosis and identification of isolates and data were compared with 20 healthy donors. Results: Newly diagnosed and in relapse stage patients with AML had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 compared with both control group and leukemic patients in remission stage P<0.05,in addition there was a positive correlation of IL-6 with the presence of fever due to bacterial infection . The clinical specimen result in(8) isolates, from which (6) were coagulase negative and (2) were staphylococcus aureus ,all isolates show high sensitivity to erythromycin and high resistant to chloromphenicol . Also IL-6 level correlated positively with total leukocyte count (TLC) and inversely with hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in AML at diagnostic and relapse stage. Conclusion: Serum levels of Interleukin-6 can be used as prognostic serum markers at diagnosis of adults acute myeloid leukemia and it could be used as follow up parameters for early detection of relapse stage, in addition it seem to be a good markers to detect patients with bacteremia
Crystal structures of [W(CO)5(PPh3)], [M(CO)5(AsPh3)] and [M(CO)5(SbPh3)](M = Mo or W): a comparative study of structure and bonding in [M(CO)5(EPh3)] complexes (E = P, as or Sb; M = Cr, Mo or W)

Crystal structures have been determined for [W(CO)5(PPh3)], [M(CO)5(AsPh3)] and [M(CO)5-(SbPh3)](M = Mo or W) as part of a systematic study of a series of nine [M(CO)5(EPh3)] complexes (M = Cr, Mo or W; E = P, As or Sb). Trends in bond lengths and angles are rationalised in terms of steric and electronic interactions between the bonded M(CO)5 and EPh3 fragments. Comparison is made between the solid-state geometry of the free and co-ordinated EPh3. Torsion angles defining the disposition of the EPh3 groups in relation to M(CO)5 show little variation within the [M(CO)5(EPh3)] series. For all nine complexes the EPh3 groups have propeller geometry with small deviations from symmetric C3 structures. The studies were extended to include other related [M(CO)5L] complexes. Trends in the structural parameters of 29 such compounds are related to the steric behaviour and π-acceptor capacity of the ligands L. It is shown that M–P bond dimensions are not adequately explained by hybridisation changes of the phosphorus atom in the ligand L.
Radiometric analysis and radiological hazards of Chinese commercial marble

The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in commercial marble materials have been determined using a NaI(Tl) γ-ray spectrometer with a matrix-inversion-based spectral stripping technique. Knowledge of radioactivity present in marble materials enables one to assess any possible radiological risks to human health. The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Chinese commercial marble range from 8.4 to 157.4, 5.6 to 165.5 and 44.1 to 1352.7 Bq kg−1, respectively. The natural radionuclide concentration varied with color and production site of commercial marble. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in white, gray, black, green and yellow marble samples are comparatively smaller than those in brown and red marble samples. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the external hazard index (H ex), the internal hazard index (H in) and the annual gonadal dose equivalent were also calculated and compared with the internationally recommended values. One type of brown commercial marble (TSB) of China does not satisfy the universal standards.
Spectroscopic control of iron oxide dissolution in two ferralitic soils

Summary Second derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in the visible range has been used to characterize changes in colour and identify the nature of Fe oxides which withstand reduction during experimental yellowing of reddish materials. It is accepted that haematite dissolves preferentially and faster than goethite, and Al-substitution controls the dissolution kinetics of Fe oxides. However, DRS has shown that haematite is more resistant than predicted and that some Fe-oxides, probably trapped within kaolinite particles, are inaccessible to solvents. DRS allows the nature of dissolved phases at each deferration step to be determined and changes in Al-content of residual phases throughout deferration to be followed. It also demonstrated that Helmholtz coordinates correlate very well with changes in Fe-oxide mineralogy and are preferable to redness ratings when monitoring differential dissolution of Fe oxides through colour measurements. DRS is a powerful and sensitive technique for monitoring the dissolution of Fe oxides in soils.
Soluble Aromatic Polyamide Bearing Sulfone Linkages: Synthesis and Characterization

New soluble and linear aromatic polyamide chains were produced by condensing 4-aminophenylsulfone with isophthaloyl chloride in dimethylacetamide as a solvent under an inert atmosphere. HCl produced as a byproduct was removed from the reaction mixture by precipitating with a stoichiometric amount of triethylamine. A clear polyamide solution was obtained after isolation of the precipitates. Thin and transparent film was cast from the solution by baking out the solvent and after drying, the film was employed for various analyses. It was found to be soluble in various organic solvents. The structure elucidation of the resulting polyamide was carried out using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution was determined by gel permeation chromatography. These results confirmed the formation of the aromatic polyamide. Thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption and mechanical measurements were also performed to further verify the physical properties of the aromatic polyamide.
EFFECT OF SOME FACTORS ON WATER DISTILLATION BY SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy may be used for operating any desalination process to be employed directly for distillation of saline water in equipment which serves both as a solar energy absorber and as a distiller In this study, a solar distillation model is proposed and subjected for testing the concerned parameters. The parameters aimed to evaluate the distiller model performance and were: the water salinity (28, 35 and 58 mmoh/cm, (ds/m), the water depth (6,9 and 12cm), the glass cover thickness ( 2,4 and 6mm), the percentage of daylight (43.7 , 47.4 and 52.1%), the solar radiation, the ambient air temperature, the wind speed and the relative humidity. The performance of the distiller model was characterized as the distillation yield and the collector efficiency. The maximum distillation yield was about 5 L/m 2 . day at 6 cm water depth, 6 mm glass cover thickness, 28 mmoh/cm water salinity and 52.1% percentage of daylight (during summer season, July and August, 1997). A statistical design based on stepwise regression analysis was utilized which proved to be significant for the included variables at the level of 1% significance.
The Transient Current Distributions in a Vertical Electrode and the Ground

This paper presents a model for calculating the transient space-time current distributions in vertical electrodes and to the surrounding ground. The model is based on the electromagnetic field theory for calculations of the step function wave-pair response. The method takes into account the parameters of the electrode, such as: the radius and the length of the electrode. Furthermore, the conductivity, permittivity and the propagation velocity of the currents in the ground are also considered. In the analysis, the electrode is divided into finite sections. Thereafter, the "Compensating Currents", ground leakage currents and the current in the electrode in each section are calculated at all times. The model is applied by a MATLAB code for the calculations of the above-mentioned currents' distributions. The results show that for soils of high conductivity values, relative short electrodes are needed for dissipating transient currents such as lightning currents. Furthermore, soil conductivity is a more sensitive parameter compared to the radius of the electrode and the permittivity of the ground.
Macrocyclic Antibiotics as a New Class of Chiral Selectors for Liquid Chromatography

There are a large number of antibiotic macrocycles which include several different structural types. Three representative macrocyctic compounds were covalently linked to silica gel and evaluated by HPLC for their ability to resolve racemic mixtures as well as for their stability and loadability. Over 70 compounds were resolved. In some cases separations were achieved that have not been reported on any other chiral stationary phase (CSP). These stationary phases appear to be multimodal in that they can be used in both the normal-phase and reversed-phase modes. Different compounds are resolved in each mode.
Tool for Tortuosity Estimation in Lithium Ion Battery Porous Electrodes

We present an open source software application “BruggemanEstimator” that allows a user to estimate the tortuosity of a porous electrode. BruggemanEstimator determines the Bruggeman exponent based on the Differential Effective Medium approximation and as input requires only two microscope images: one of the top and one of a cross section through an electrode. These images, which can be easily acquired with a scanning electron or optical microscope, are used to extract a sampling of active particle shapes as well as the orientation of the particles within the electrode. We validate the accuracy of BruggemanEstimator by comparing the estimated Bruggeman exponents to values calculated by performing numerical diffusion simulations on three-dimensional microstructures obtained from tomographic techniques. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0111502jes] All rights reserved.
Chromatic alterations of red lead pigments in artworks: a review

Various sources of bibliographic information regarding red lead transformations in artworks are reviewed. Typical examples of red lead use in mural paintings, either as a pure colour or as an admixture with other pigments, are reported. Several cases of red lead discolourations are described here; they underline some debates regarding the alteration process. The role of environmental factors, such as lightening, humidity, pollution or microbial contamination, is emphasized. Recent investigations show that both composition and micro-structural features of red lead grains, which result from the manufacturing process, are determining factors in the pigment alteration process.
Tetrahedrite stability relations in the Cu-Sb-S system

The composition range of tetrahedrite in the Cu-Sb-S system has been redetermined in detail at 300 degrees C, 355 degrees C, 400 degrees C, 500 degrees C, and 540 degrees C. The results at 500 degrees C and 540 degrees C are essentially similar to those of Skinner et al. (1972). Within the temperature range between 300 degrees C and 350 degrees C, the pseudotetrahderite solid solution has a narrow composition field along the Cu 2 S-Sb 2 S 3 join. Above 350 degrees C it merges with the tetrahedrite solid solution.Below 250 degrees C, tetrahedrite and pseudotetrahedrite solid solutions become unstable and both decompose finally to mixtures of famatinite, digenite, and elemental antimony.However, if the homogeneous tetrahedrite solid solution is quenched to room temperature from a temperature above 300 degrees C, it decomposes to form two solid phases. If these phases subsequently are heated to 95 degrees C, they react to form one homogeneous phase.
X-ray diffraction, infrared and TGA/DTG analysis of hydrated nacrite

An homogenous 8.4 Aa hydrate was obtained after washing intercalated KAc-nacrite. X-ray diffraction analysis based on comparison of the experimental and calculated profiles enabled the amount of water (one molecule per Si 2 Al 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ) and the z coordinate along c (super *) (6.5 Aa) to be determined. The hydration state was accompanied by a decrease in the coherent domain along c (super *) in the order nacrite > KAc-nacrite > H 2 O-nacrite. The IR spectrum of the hydrated nacrite showed an evolution of the structure with a shift of nu (OH) from 3702, 3649 and 3630 cm (super -1) to 3690, 3641 and 3620 cm (super -1) , respectively for the nacrite hydroxyls. The nu (OH) stretching bands of the interlayer water appeared at 3602 and 3545 cm (super -1) and their bending band at 1655 cm (super -1) . The TGA/DTG analysis of the air-dry hydrated nacrite showed a loss of water at 245 degrees C, the weight loss (1 molecule per Si 2 Al 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ) corresponding to the interlamellar water, in agreement with that determined by XRD.
EVALUATION OF STALING RATE AND QUALITY OF GLUTEN-FREE TOAST BREADS ON RICE FLOUR BASIS

Bread is considered an important food product in most regions of the world there for it should contain required nutritional value and curative properties. Today the best way for prevention from this disease is to use a gluten- free diet among which we can refer to rice flour. Therefore in this research bread formulation lacking gluten on rice flour basis was presented which contained gum. The effect of adding к-Carrageenan and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose gums combined with Sodium Stearoyl-2-Lactilate (SSL) on quality of rice bread in terms of staling retardation was studied. The said gums at 2 different concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1% (weigh-weight, on flour basis) were used and the effects of their different levels on different properties of rice bread were evaluated separately and in combination form. Chemical tests measuring moisture, ash and protein content were performed on all bread samples followed by determination of staling rate through instrumental method (Instron machine) according to standard methods. The results of chemical tests carried on produced bread sample showed that K2 treatment had the highest moisture content; KC treatment had the most ash content; control treatment (W) showed the highest protein followed by KC treatment and rice control treatment (C) had the lowest amount of moisture, ash and protein. The results obtained from staling rate test instrumentally at time intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h after baking showed that at 3 time intervals C treatment had the highest staling rate and W, K2 and C2 treatments had the lowest staling rate, respectively.
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METALLIC FINE PARTICLES

Among the electronic properties of metallic fine particles, the phenomena associated with the interparticle electron transfer are not yet well understood. For example, the temperature dependence of granular films often shows clear deviation from that of the activation type, which can be expected from a simple theory. In this respect, the charge neutrality and the quantum charge fluctuations of fine particles are very important problems, and the studies on those problems will be reviewed mainly from theoretical perspectives.