Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A two-dimensional model of leaf gas exchange with special reference to leaf anatomy

This model of leaf gas exchange includes (1) two-dimensional C02, 02 and water vapour diffusion in inter- cellular space schematized according to leaf anatomy, (2) CO2 assimilation by mesophyll cells as described by Farquhar's model of photosynthesis and (3) stomatal movements as a regulating factor. Parameters describing the leaf cross-section and gas diffusion properties replace the empirical parameters of earlier models. The model was tested for soybean and performed well in representing light, CO2 concentration ((CO21), and temperature response curves as well as the dependence of transpiration on temperature and water vapour deficit. The model allows the calculation of the steady state distribution of CO2 and water vapour concentrations in the intercellular space and the boundary layer. The direct calculation of diffusion in leaves showed that stomatal aperture effectively regulates the transpi- ration rate but usually has a much smaller effect on the rate of assimilation.
Micropropagation of Temperate Noble Hardwoods : An Overview

Temperate noble hardwoods are important economic resources of highly prized timber with excellent quality. Except for their economic value, they meet ecological functions for wildlife habitats or riparian buffers. This group of trees mostly does not form homogenous and continuous forest stands, they occur as an admixture associated with other main stand-forming species or may be found freely scattered in forests and semisteppes. The genepool of many noble hardwoods is subjected to extensive conservation efforts due to the rare occurrence, devastation of wild populations, and a demand for quality hardwood. Although the most extensive application of biotechnological tools in tree improvement has been made with some coniferous species and hardwoods of the genera Populus and Eucalyptus, tissue culture techniques may contribute to both genetic improvement and ex situ conservation strategies in noble hardwoods as well. In the past years the organogenic micropropagation of the juvenile planting stock dominated, recently in vitro regeneration of proven mature trees extends to a wider range of genotypes within the group. Somatic embryogenesis from leaves of mature trees opens a new route for micropropagation of superior genotypes with subsequent genetic transformation possibilities. Tree improvement and clonal propagation of noble hardwoods allows an increase in the availability and commercialization of selected genotypes carrying desired traits, mainly in rarely occurring species such as service trees or elms. Production of high quality trees and establishment in plantations may also ease the pressure of cutting elite genotypes from natural forests. For this reviewing purpose, the attention is focused on noble hardwood trees that belong to genera Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Prunus, Sorbus, and Juglans. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Revisiting Responsibility Attribution within Multilevel

Recent research has shown that citizens living in decentralized countries struggle to identify which level of government is designing and implementing public policies, thus hindering the due accountability process of democracy. This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of citizens ́ responsibility attribution by analyzing the Spanish case. A novel methodological approach is used by separately analyzing those citizens who fail to identify the competent level of government and those who did not even give an answer. Besides, two novel hypotheses are tested regarding the process by which information is transmitted to and absorbed by citizens: the impact of regional media and the territorial group bias. After confirming that the methodological strategy is correct, we find strong evidence that the existence of regional media helps responsibility attribution, thus fostering accountability; while co-official languages, used as a proxy of a group bias, hamper the process by which citizens identify the competent level of government.
TESTING AND SIMULATION OF CONTACT DURING ON-ORBIT OPERATIONS

Capabilities for capturing objects on Earth’s orbit by unmanned satellites are required in the planned OnOrbit Servicing and Active Debris Removal missions. The majority of proposed mission concepts relies on the use of manipulator for on-orbit capture. Behaviour of the system during contact of the gripper with the target object requires special attention. Contact is a highly nonlinear phenomenon and it is difficult to obtain high fidelity models of contact. This paper presents approach to investigate the contact phase of the on-orbit capture manoeuvre in experiments with scaled down system on the planar air-bearing microgravity simulator. We propose to use gripper mock-up that does not have the same functionality as the nominal gripper, but is relevant in terms of contact parameters.
Identification of Multiple Input-multiple Output Non-linear System Cement Rotary Kiln using Stochastic Gradient-based Rough-neural Network

Because of the existing interactions among the variables of a multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) nonlinear system, its identification is a difficult task, particularly in the presence of uncertainties. Cement rotary kiln (CRK) is a MIMO nonlinear system in the cement factory with a complicated mechanism and uncertain disturbances. The identification of CRK is very important for different purposes such as prediction, fault detection, and control. In the previous works, CRK was identified after decomposing it into several multiple input-single output (MISO) systems. In this paper, for the first time, the rough-neural network (R-NN) is utilized for the identification of CRK without the usage of MISO structures. R-NN is a neural structure designed on the base of rough set theory for dealing with the uncertainty and vagueness. In addition, a stochastic gradient descent learning algorithm is proposed for training the R-NNs. The simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed methodology.
Improving Transformer Optimization Through Better Initialization

The Transformer architecture has achieved considerable success recently; the key component of the Transformer is the attention layer that enables the model to focus on important regions within an input sequence. Gradient optimization with attention layers can be notoriously difﬁcult requiring tricks such as learning rate warmup to prevent divergence. As Transformer models are becoming larger and more expensive to train, recent research has focused on understanding and improving optimization in these architectures. In this work our contributions are two-fold: we ﬁrst investigate and empirically validate the source of optimization problems in the encoder-decoder Transformer architecture; we then propose a new weight initialization scheme with theoretical justi-ﬁcation, that enables training without warmup or layer normalization. Empirical results on public machine translation benchmarks show that our approach achieves leading accuracy, allowing to train deep Transformer models with 200 layers in both encoder and decoder (over 1000 attention/MLP blocks) without difﬁculty. Code for this work is available here: https://github. com/layer6ai-labs/T-Fixup .
"Declining Micro Uncertainty: Implications for Consumers and Cities

We provide evidence that the decline in microeconomic volatility observed over the past few decades came along with a fall in uncertainty for entrepreneurs. With the support of administrative data for the population of German establishments, reduced microeconomic uncertainty is shown to be empirically consistent with fewer varieties and especially so in large cities. Less uncertainty reduces the likelihood of businesses to grow large, which decreases the value of holding a firm and thus discourages entry. Variety is more responsive to uncertainty in large cities due to the small marginal impact of a change in competition on the market share of the establishments competing in equilibrium in such highly competitive markets. A fall in microeconomic uncertainty has therefore hampered not only consumer surplus but also spatial agglomeration. We build a tractable spatial equilibrium model of firm entry to quantify the negative implications of a decline in uncertainty for consumers and the spatial distribution of economic activity. We find that the 2.75 percent point decline in uncertainty observed during 19902014 in Germany has led to an average 9% decline in consumer surplus across cities, and a modest compression in the city size distribution. The effectiveness of pro-competitive policies is analyzed.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DEEP-WATER PIPELINE ABANDONMENT AND RECOVERY

Pipeline abandonment and recovery (A&R) is of great importance in offshore pipeline installation. A mathematical model of the A&R process is proposed based on the large deflection beam theory. To solve the model, an iteration process is adopted. The initial guess of the solution is obtained through the two-catenary approach, which significantly accelerates the iteration. A moving boundary technique is used to solve the governing equation of the suspended pipeline. With the proposed approach, the effects of the dominant parameters in the A&R process are studied. The cable length increases, and the maximum bending moment decreases, as the vessel moves forward when maintaining the top tension. The vessel slightly moves forward and the maximum bending moment decreases with the top tension when maintaining the cable length. The top tension decreases and the maximum bending moment increases as the cable length increases, when the vessel stays static. The maximum bending moment dramatically decreases when the pull-head approaches the seabed at all events. In all the cases, the proposed model shows great advantages over the simplified two-catenary method which tends to overestimate the pipeline bending moment. Three different A&R strategies are compared. The third A&R strategy that repeats the process of static vessel constant tension can effectively control the maximum bending moment within the designed range. The proposed approach of the A&R analysis and studies conducted should be a valuable foundation for future A&R procedure design.
Comparison of Estimated Aerobic Power to Measured Aerobic Power in Aerobically Trained Athletes

The Astrand protocol estimates aerobic power (VO2max) using leg ergometry. This study was designed to determine how accurately the Astrand submaximal protocol estimates the measured VO2max in aerobically trained athletes. Eleven aerobically trained athletes (6 male and 5 female) who exercised 300+ min/wk participated in the study (age 21.36 ± 2.38yr, height 67.96 ± 2.31in, and mass 63.79 ± 8.97kg). Subjects were tested on two protocols: 1) estimation of aerobic power using a modified Astrand test and 2) determination of aerobic power via indirect calorimetry. Both tests were performed using cycle ergometry at a fixed cadence (70 RPM) with the submaximal protocol maintaining a constant workload while the measured VO2max test used graded exercise. Heart rate and RPE (rating of perceived exertion) were collected throughout both protocols. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) between the Astrand predicted (57.6±8.4 mlkgmin) and the measured VO2max (50.05±8.6 mlkgmin). The Pearson correlation between the predicted and measured VO2max was r = 0.794 (p=0.089), indicating a moderate to strong relationship between the two variables. Based on the results of this study, there was no statistical difference between the submaximal aerobic prediction and the measured VO2max. This indicates that the submaximal aerobic protocol effectively predicts the aerobic power in aerobically trained individuals.
A protocol for In vitro somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Andrographis paniculata wall. ex nees

The in vitro explant, i.e. a vegetative propagule or mother tissue can regenerate into an adventitious plant through two alternative mechanisms, namely organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. In the first case, adventitious shoots and roots are sequentially regenerated and characterized by the organic (vascular) connections between de novo adventitious shoots and the mother tissue (Terzi and Lo Schiavo, 1990). On the other hand, somatic embryogenesis involves orderly processes of multiplication, differentiation and maturation of haploid or diploid somatic cells into discrete bipolar structures, i.e. somatic embryos without organic connections with mother tissue, sharing structural and functional similarity with zygotic embryos (Williams and Maheswaran 1986, Emons 199, Raemakers et al. 1995). He et al. (1990) have reported the occurrence of both organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the same explant, which originates from particular tissue layers or cells within explants (Osternack et al. 1999). However, somatic embryogenesis is nowadays best known as a pathway to induce in vitro regeneration of disease (virus) free plantlets of genetic uniformity from a proven superior mother plant and provide an opportunity for genetic transformation and production of genetically modified plants.
Hospital Outcomeand Prognosis of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome who Developed Cardio Pulmonary Arrest: A single center study in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background:Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is considered as high-risk in the presence of cardiac arrest, hemodynamic instability, or cardiogenic shock. However, studies involving patients who have developed cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) due to acute coronary syndrome are very limited.So, this study aimed to determine the in hospital outcome and prognosis of CPA patients with ACS. Method & Materials: This was a prospective observational study of our database of ACS patients from the period of January 2017 to September 2019 who had been admitted at CCU of Enam Medical College and Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 104 ACSpatients, out of them 48 patients who developed cardiopulmonary arrest and 56 patients with non-cardiopulmonary arrest were included in this study. In hospital presentation at admission, treatment outcome, complications, major adverse cardiovascular outcome were noted and compare between these two groups. Results:A total of 104 ACS patients were included in this study, out of them 48 (46.15%) patients were with CPA on arrival of them 41(85.41%) were STEMI of them Anterior MI were 23 and Inferior MI were 18 and 07(14.58%) were NSTEMI and 56(53.85%) patients were non CPA of them 48(85.71%) were STEMI of them Anterior MI were 19 and Inferior MI were 29 and 08(14.28%) were NSTEMI. Out of 48 CPA patients 16 were in MV of them death were 07 and their average hospital staying were 09 days and 32 were not in MV of them 03 were death and their average hospital staying were 06 days. Out of 56 non CPA patients 13 were in MV of them death were 03 and their average hospital staying were 07 days and 43 were not in MV of them 02 were death and their average hospital staying were 05 days. Studied patients showed other complications are Bradyarrhythmias were 8(16.66%), Ventricular tachycardia were 39(81.25%), Atrial fibrillation were 11(22.91%), Heart failure were 37(77.08%), Cardiogenic shock were 32(66.66%), Pulmonary edema were 38(79.16%), Pericardial effusion were 8(16.66%) and MACEs were 24(50%) and P value were significant in most parameters. Conclusion:This study concluded that a significant number of ACS patients with cardiopulmonary arrest died at hospital and developed arrhythmia especially ventricular tachycardia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock and MACEs than that of non CPA patients and also increased needed for mechanical ventilator support and increased in hospital staying. Thus, clinicians should seriously consider intensive medications for the management of ACS patients who developed CPA on arrival.
Perspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks 2000-2004

The present research reveals a detailed perspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks 2000-200 4. The findings show that the Labor Market for securit y guards was significantly reshaped by terror. Whereas terrorism has a negative impact on he Labor Market for security guards due to increased danger, the overall effect of terrorism on this sector of the Labor Market is significantly positive and characterized by prosperity and expansion. The main effect of this expansion was triggering th e ransition from unemployment to employment in the Labor Market for security guards. Moreover, the high level of terrorism has an implication on the occupational mo bility which increased the probability of exit of security guards to the other sectors of Labor Market. Furthermore, the expansion opened new opportunities of employment fo r individuals with few labor market resources, such as immigrants (who immigrate d to Israel since 1990) or less educated individuals.
GENETIC STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS. II. VIABILITIES AND VARIANCES OF HETEROZYGOTES IN CONSTANT AND FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS

Changes in frequencies of "drastic" (lethal + semilethal) chromosomes can be correlated with changes in environmental variables (Band and Ives, 1961). This suggests that these constituents of the genetic load are maintained in the population in dynamic equilibrium with the natural environment. It also implies that the fitness of heterozygotes carrying drastic/ drastic (d/d), drastic/nondrastic (d/nd), and nondrastic/nondrastic (nd/nd) combinations is neither uniform in the same environment nor constant in different environments. Band and Ives (1963) have shown that the significantly negative correlation between the frequency of drastics and temperature range: (1) can be used to predict an increase or decrease in the frequency of drastics in chromosome samples; (2) indicates that heterozygotes in the same environment tend to differ in viability and to contribute to the genetic homeostasis of the population in proportion to their relative frequencies and genotypic fitness values; (3) suggests that such variants do constitute mainly a balanced load in the population. Because of the concept of a dynamic relationship between environment and genetic structure, certain environments are expected to affect the fitness of heterozygous carriers of drastic chromosomes adversely; other environments to favor them above the carriers of only nondrastic chromosomes. Notably, environments with wide temperature ranges between the daily maxima and minima should be unfavorable for heterozygotes carrying drastic chromosomes; those with narrow temperature ranges should favor such heterozygotes. The positive relationship between mean temperature, as a measure of warmth or coolness in the environment, and the "d" frequency maintained after 1950 (Band and Ives, 1961) indicates, however, that the selection for or against drastic chromosomes is not a simple process. To test the validity of the above working hypothesis, the same 100 chromosome combinations have been tested in three environments: a constant temperature of 770 F (250 C), a narrow range with 770 F mean, and a wide range also with 770 F mean. As there is the possibility that the environment can influence the gametic contribution to the next generation (Ives, 1945; Novitski and Hanks, 1961), chromosome rederivations were undertaken for wild-type males of le/non-lethal constitution produced in 20 crosses in each of the environments tested. Chromosomes used in this study were second chromosomes from the 1960 collection of Drosophila melanogaster at South Amherst, Mass.
Is There Any Mediating Effect of Financial Deepening on the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Poverty Levels in the EAC Countries

The study examined the mediating role of financial deepening on the relationship between economic growth and poverty levels in East African Community countries. The specific objectives included establishing the effect of economic growth on poverty levels in EAC countries and determining the meditating effect of financial deepening on the relationship between economic growth and poverty levels in EAC countries. The positivism philosophy was adopted throughout the study. The study adopted both comparative and descriptive research designs. The study population was the five countries of EAC countries which included Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, and Tanzania. Annual data for 30 years beginning 1989 to 2018 was gathered for the study purpose. Secondary data, which consisted of annual data, was utilized in the study. The study employed normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, serial correlation and unit root diagnostic tests. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of excel and STATA version 14. Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) panel data regression model was adopted to ascertain the causal effect link between various variables relating to economic growth, financial deepening, and poverty levels in EAC member countries. The tests of hypotheses were examined at 95% confidence level. The study results revealed that economic growth had a significant effect on poverty levels in East African Community countries. The study also revealed that financial deepening has a significant mediating effect on the link between economic growth and poverty levels in East African Community countries.
Perceived Control and Reactivity to Acute Stressors: Variations by Age, Race, and Facets of Control.

Greater perceived control is associated with better health and well-being outcomes, possibly through more adaptive stress processes. Yet little research has examined whether facets of perceived control (personal mastery and perceived constraints) predict psychological and physiological stress reactivity. The present study evaluated the associations of personal mastery and perceived constraints with changes in subjective stress and cortisol in response to acute laboratory stressors, with age and race as potential moderators. In the Midlife in the United States Refresher Study (N = 633 adults aged 25-75), participants completed a baseline perceived control measure and were subsequently recruited to participate in the laboratory stress protocol. The protocol consisted of completing two mental stress tasks (mental arithmetic and Stroop) as well as providing saliva samples and subjective stress ratings. Race moderated the association between perceived constraints and subjective stress reactivity, such that higher constraints predicted greater subjective stress responses in White participants, but no association was observed in Black participants. Higher personal mastery and perceived constraints each predicted greater increases in cortisol in response to the stress tasks (AUCi ) among younger but not older adults. These findings suggest that older adults were buffered against the association between facets of control and cortisol stress reactivity. Discussion on potential racial differences in the link between constraints and stress reactivity are elaborated further, as well as considerations for future work to distinguish between facets of control and examine age and racial differences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.