Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bloom and Harvest Dates, Fruit Quality Attributes, and Yield of Modern Peach Cultivars in the Intermountain Western United States

Production of peaches (Prunus persica) in southwestern Idaho and other states in the intermountain western United States has increased during recent years, requiring information on the performance of modern cultivars in the region. Thus, a long-term project was conducted to investigate bloom date, harvest date, cumulative growing degree-days, fruit quality, and yield of various yellow- and white-fleshed peaches under conditions of southwestern Idaho during 2003 to 2007. The analysis of average response over these years indicated that ‘Snow Giant’, ‘Jupiter’, ‘Yuko King’, ‘Burpeach Six’, ‘Fairtime’, ‘Coral Star’, ‘July Sun’, and ‘Zee Lady’ bloomed earlier (5–7 Apr.), while ‘Sierra Gem’, ‘Fancy Lady’, and ‘Red Star’ bloomed later (11–12 Apr.) than other cultivars. ‘Crimson Lady’, ‘May Sun’, and ‘Sierra Gem’ were the earliest cultivars, had smaller fruit, and on average were harvested on 11, 13, and 24 July and needed 94, 96, and 103 days from full bloom to harvest, respectively. ‘Opal Moncav’, ‘August Flame’, ‘August Lady’, ‘Ryan Sun’, ‘September Snow’, ‘Yukon King’, and ‘Fairtime’ were harvested during the second half of September. The periods between bloom and harvest for these cultivars on average were 160, 163, 163, 168, 171, 173, and 177 days, respectively, and these cultivars often had greater soluble solids concentrations than other cultivars. ‘PF12B’ and ‘PF15A’ were “mid-season,” but ‘PF 20–007’ and ‘PF 24–007’ were “late-season” cultivars. ‘PF12B’, ‘PF15A’, ‘PF 20–007’, ‘Star Fire’, ‘Burapeach Six’, ‘Coral Star’, ‘All Star’, and ‘Zee Lady’ had higher yield than many of the other cultivars. While the “early-season” cultivars can be planted for regional and local market, the “mid-season” and “late-season” peaches are excellent choices for marketing during September and early October when production of the similar cultivars are already completed in warmer regions. Overall, ‘Sweet Dream’, ‘August Lady’, ‘Zee Lady’, ‘August Flame’, ‘Snow Giant’, ‘Saturn’, ‘Jupiter’, and ‘PF24–007’ showed satisfactory to great performance in this long-term evaluation.
Inference Methods for Spatial Variation in Species Richness and Community Composition When Not All Species Are Detected

Inferences about spatial variation in species richness and community composition are important both to ecological hypotheses about the structure and function of communities and to community‐level conservation and management. Few sampling programs for animal communities provide censuses, and usually some species in surveyed areas are not detected. Thus, counts of species detected underestimate the number of species present. We present estimators useful for drawing inferences about comparative species richness and composition between different sampling locations when not all species are detected in sampling efforts. Based on capture‐recapture models using the robust design, our methods estimate relative species richness, proportion of species in one location that are also found in another, and number of species found in one location but not in another. The methods use data on the presence or absence of each species at different sampling occasions (or locations) to estimate the number of species not detected at any occasions (or locations). This approach permits estimation of the number of species in the sampled community and in subsets of the community useful for estimating the fraction of species shared by two communities. We provide an illustration of our estimation methods by comparing bird species richness and composition in two locations sampled by routes of the North American Breeding Bird Survey. In this example analysis, the two locations (and associated bird communities) represented different levels of urbanization. Estimates of relative richness, proportion of shared species, and number of species present on one route but not the other indicated that the route with the smaller fraction of urban area had greater richness and a larger number of species that were not found on the more urban route than vice versa. We developed a software package, COMDYN, for computing estimates based on these methods. Because these estimation methods explicitly deal with sampling in which not all species are detected, we recommend their use for addressing questions about species richness and community composition.
BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE, ANTIBIOGRAM OF BURN WOUND ISOLATES AND DETECTION OF MRSA AND ESBL PRODUCTION AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, HYDERABAD

Introduction: Infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Identification of bacterial isolates from specimens of burns patients and study of their drug susceptibility pattern helps in determining empirical antimicrobial therapy to burns patients. Aim: To identify the common aerobic bacterial isolates and study their antimicrobial susceptibility in specimens collected from burn wounds including methicillin resistance in Staphylococci and production of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Material & Methods: A total of 1600 Specimens from burn wounds received at Microbiology laboratory of the tertiary care hospital, Hyderabad from July 2012 to December 2013 were included in the study. The specimens were processed according to standard laboratory protocols, isolates were identified by conventional biochemical methods and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Among 1600 specimens, 1043 showed single bacterial growth and 75 showed mixed bacterial isolates thus total bacterial isolates were 1193. The commonest isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (42%) followed by Klebsiella species (31%). Other isolates include Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.8%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (6.96%), Escherichia coli (5.11%), Citrobacter species (3.6%), Proteus species (3.2%) and Acinetobacter species (0.33%). Among 501Staphylococcus aureus isolates 32.7% were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and among 512 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae 30.9% were ESBL producers. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus and
Separating the Effects of Foliar and Root Salt Uptake on Growth and Mineral Composition of Four Grapevine Cultivars on their Own Roots and on 'Ramsey' Rootstock

Additional index words. Vitis vinifera, Vitis champini, foliar absorption, root absorption, sodium chloride Abstract. The effect of foliar salt uptake on potted grapevine growth and ionic composition was investigated in a split plot trial. The main plot was a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of separately irrigating the roots and foliage with nonsaline or saline (25 m M NaCl) solutions. The subplot was a 4 × 2 factorial consisting of four grape ( Vitis vinifera) cultivars on their own roots or 'Ramsey' (Vitis champini) rootstock. Saline foliar irrigation over 27 weeks reduced total vine growth by 14% while saline root irrigation had no effect. Leaf Na and Cl concentrations were elevated by saline foliar and saline root irrigation. The increases in concentrations with saline foliar irrigation were four times those with saline root irrigation. Leaf K concentration was reduced by saline foliar irrigation and increased by saline root irrigation. With saline irrigation of roots and foliage the Cl and Na levels were highest in the leaves of 'Shiraz', but with saline irrigation of only the roots 'Sultana' had the higher levels of leaf Cl and 'Shiraz' the highest leaf Na. Saline foliar irrigation had no effect on the concentrations of Na, Cl, and K in the roots. In 'Sultana', saline foliar irrigation did not affect the leaf concentrations of N, NO 3 -N, P, Mg, Zn, and Cu. It increased the leaf concentration of Fe, and decreased that of Mn. Rootstock modified the effect of salinity on Fe concentrations. The B concentration was decreased by saline irrigation of either the foliage or the roots, but not by saline irrigation of both. In roots, saline foliar irrigation increased B in own-rooted vines, but not in those on 'Ramsey' rootstock.
Contribution to the knowledge of buprestid beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Israel with description of a new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 К изучению жуков-златок (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Израиля с описанием нового вида Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829

Collecting data for 44 species of buprestid beetles from Israel are presented. Acmaeodera (Lisposcelis) zaitzevi sp. n. - the first West-Palaearctic species of the subgenus Lisposcelis Volkovitsh, 1979 is described, illustrated and compared with related species. Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) damasensis Pic, 1936 and Sphenoptera (Hoplistura) alcides Reitter, 1900 are first recorded from Israel; male genitalia of little known species Xantheremia (Xantheremia) freidbergi Volkovitsh, 2004 are studied and illustrated for the first time. Резюме. Приведены коллекторские данные о 44 видах златок Израиля. Представлены описание, иллюстрации и диагноз Acmaeodera (Lisposcelis) zaitzevi sp. n. - первого представителя подрода Lisposcelis Volkovitsh, 1979 в Западной Палеарктике. Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) damasensis Pic, 1936 и Sphenoptera (Hoplistura) alcides Reitter, 1900 впервые указаны для Израиля; впервые изучено и проиллюстрировано строение гениталий самца малоизвестного вида Xantheremia (Xantheremia) freidbergi Volkovitsh, 2004.
In vitro evaluation of neem-based nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of five neem-based pesticides on the mortality of juveniles and egg hatch of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Among the five formulations tested, Econeem and Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) gave the greatest nematode juvenile mortality (73.3-77.2%) after 96 hours and the least juvenile emergence per egg mass (69.8-73.7 compared to 315 in the control) after 144 hours, in 1% solution. Nimbecidine, Neem Azal and Neem Gold were also effective but significantly less than the two previously mentioned formulations. The nematicidal activity increased with the increase of the concentration of the formulation and the exposure time of the nematode.
Ancient Murrelets Molt Flight Feathers After the Precocial Young Become Independent

Abstract Knowledge of timing and pattern of wing molt is important for explanations of post-breeding movements and inland vagrancy in Ancient Murrelets (Synthliboramphus antiquus). Examination of specimens coupled with observations of family groups and recently independent young suggests that chick rearing and wing molt probably occur separately in adults, although it may commence before the last chicks of the season become independent. An adult Ancient Murrelet beached in September 1976 (Alaska Peninsula) and a probable second-year murrelet beached in July 1987 (Oregon) were synchronously molting remiges. Adults in family groups, collected in July 1920 (southeast Alaska) and July 1948 (British Columbia), and observed in July 2009 (British Columbia), were not molting remiges, although an adult observed with a family group on 18 July 1971 (British Columbia) may have commenced molt. Family groups immediately moved offshore from colonies on Langara Island, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, from late May through mid-June, 1970 and 1971. During boat surveys in that area from May to August, a family group was observed on 10 July 1971, and independent juveniles also began to appear inshore in early July, consistent with observations of recently independent young recorded off the Goose Islands, British Columbia, by CJ Guiguet in 1948.
Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae)

In Malesia there are 43 native genera in these two subfamilies. The largest genus in Malesia is Alyxia with 55 species, followed by Parsonsia with 27 species (one with 7 varieties), Kopsia with 18 species and 2 varieties, Alstonia with 16 species, Kibatalia with 15 species, and Anodendron and Tabernaemontana with 14 species each. Altogether there are 295 native species in Malesia, comprising 304 taxa when one includes infraspecific taxa. The introductory part consists of chapters on distribution, ecology, classification, morphology, pollen morphology (by S. Lodder, E.M.J. Rutten & R.W.J.M. van der Ham), wood anatomy (by P. Baas, F. Lens & E.A. Wheeler), pollination, dispersal, uses, and spot characters. General and regional keys to the species are given. For each species references, synonymy, a description with distribution, habitat, and often also notes on characters, relationships, etc. are presented. The treatment is illustrated with 113 line drawings, 11 maps and 1 plate.
On the occurrence of Lithobius erythrocephalus C. L. Koch, 1847, and Lithobius schuleri Verhoeff, 1925 (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) in Hungary

As L. schuleri has been considered earlier as a subspecies of L. erythrocephalus, there are several records which mention its occurrence under the name of this latter species. Besides a critical review of earlier published Hungarian data of these two species numerous new occurrences from Hungary as well as some from outside the country (Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Austria) are given. In contrast to the widespread and euriecious L. erythrocephalus, the presence of L. schuleri with its distinctly montane character, is of greater faunistical importance (e.g. in the Mecsek Mts., the Borzsony Mts., the Bukk Mts., the Aggtelek Karst and the Zemplen Mts.). A description of the characters of both species along with drawings and pictures made by scanning electron microscope are given.
EVALUATION OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED SUBABUL PROTEASE INHIBITORS AS BIO INSECTICIDAL TOOL WITH POTENTIAL FOR THE CONTROL OF SPODOPTERA LITURA

The present study investigated the growth inhibitory potential of partially purified protease inhibitors from Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) on Common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) which has attained major pest status in India. Second instar larvae given treated diet (25, 50 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) showed a decrease in larval period with increase in concentration when compared with control whereas total developmental period increased at lower concentrations but decreased at 400 and 800μg/ml in comparison to control. The percentage pupation and emergence of females was inhibited and longevity of adults was reduced with increase in concentration. Percentage of male emergence increased significantly at highest concentration in comparison to control. No egg laying was observed at 400 and 800μg/ml concentrations. A significant decline in percent hatching upto 200μg/ml was noticed. The relative growth rate, consumption rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food was significantly reduced. The present findings clearly confirmed the potential of the inhibitor for pest control.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF PORTULACA OLERACEA LINN. ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL

The objective of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of whole plant of Portulaca oleracea against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Silymarin was given as reference drug methods:-the material was dried in shade; they were powdered and extracted with ethanol. Preliminary petrochemical tests were done. Rats were divided into five groups. The assay results were presented as mean and standard error of mean for each group. The hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract was assessed in CCl4 induced hepatotoxic rats. Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like serum total bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT and ALP were tested in both CCl4 treated and untreated groups. They showed that significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained against liver damage induced by CCl4 in wistar albino rats. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract.
Evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza A virus in the natural reservoir

Avian influenza viruses were thought to exist in a form of evolutionary stasis within their natural reservoirs, i.e. waterfowls. However, a recent study demonstrated very high evolutionary rates, with epidemic-like population growth, for individual influenza subtypes in both aquatic birds and poultry, suggesting the stasis theory may be incorrect. Yet the evolutionary dynamics of the influenza gene pool within one species of migratory waterfowl remains unclear. We therefore tested influenza virus population behavior by estimating rates of nucleotide substitution of the internal genes from different subtypes of influenza viruses exclusively from mallard ducks in North America. This dataset represents a co-circulating influenza gene pool in the natural reservoir from, importantly, a region without long-term prevalence of influenza in poultry populations. Our results showed high substitution rates for each internal gene examined (>10 substitutions/site/year), in line with the results of previous studies. Furthermore, the majority of these substitutions were neutral with little evidence of positive selection. To evaluate the evolutionary stasis hypothesis, we compared the evolutionary dynamics of influenza hemagglutinin genes from the gene pool (mallards) that are not associated with disease in poultry, human or other animal populations (H4 subtypes) or with those that may be subsequently introduced and linked with disease outbreaks in poultry (H6 subtypes). Even though both subtypes share the same host species, analyses revealed that the mean evolutionary rate of the HA of H6 viruses was almost two-fold greater than that seen in H4. Although there was little sitespecific positive selection in both H4 and H6 subtypes, the ratio of d N /d S was much greater for H6 isolates than those of H4 isolates, indicating that a higher proportion of mutations in the H6 subtype were nonsynonymous. These findings suggest that H4 isolates are under strong purifying selection, while H6 isolates are under Darwinian selection. Thus, high substitution rates seen in influenza viruses in mallard likely represent the neutral rate of evolution of the influenza gene pool in its natural host and that evolutionary stasis does not describe the dynamics of all influenza viruses in their natural reservoirs.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF GASTROINTESTINAL CESTODE PARASITES IN OVIS BHARAL (L.) FROM VIDHARBHA REGION

Most of the parasites reside in association of animals, birds, and fishes of economic importance. Parasitic biochemistry has great practical importance through chemotherapy and vaccine production and in understanding of the complex association involved in the host parasite relationship However; information in parasite biochemistry is patchy. It is a field growing in parallel with the new surge of interest in tropical diseases. Whereas previously parasitologists have been required to adopt biochemical methodology in order to stay abreast of development. Gastrointestinal cestodes are the most pathogenic parasites in Ovis bharal in tropic and subtropic areas. Present investigation deals with the biochemistry (Protein, glycogen and lipid) of Cestode parasites in Ovis bharal.
Rab8 and R-Ras as modulators of cell shape

8 Introduction 9 1. Small GTP-binding proteins 9 1.1 The Ras-family 10 1.1.1 R-Ras 11 1.2 The Rho-family 12 1.2.1 Rho, Rac and Cdc42 13 1.2. 2 Other Rho-GTPases 14 1.3 The Rab-family 14 1.3.1 Rab8 16 1.4 The Ran-family 17 1.5 The Sar/Arf-family 17 1.6 Crosstalk between small GTPases 19 2. Cell adhesion and ECM proteins 19 2.1 Extra cellular matrix adhesions 20 2.1.1 Integrins 20 2.1.2 Adhesion regulation and dynamity 21 3. Cell polarization 21 3.1.
Copepod Abundance and Species Composition of Tanshui River Estuary and Adjacent Waters

Tanshui River is the most important river of northern Taiwan, but has been polluted by industrial discharge and domestic sewage. In order to build up the baseline information of natural resource for management and protection of the estuarine ecosystem, we studied copepods, the dominant taxonomical group of the zooplankton, from the estuary and adjacent offshore waters in August, October, November 1996 and January 1997. In total, 62 species belonging to 27 genera and 17 families in Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Poecilostomatoida were identified. We found that the abundance of copepods in the estuary was lower than that in the offshore waters. This phenomenon may due to the out-flowing of polluted water from the Tanshui River. The species composition was found to be affected by environmental condition. The change of dominant species among the four sampling months exhibits a temporal variation of the copepod assemblages in this area. General pattern of production and peculiarity of local copepod fauna among various studies are discussed.
The Influence of Acetic Acid Concentration on the Extractability of Collagen from the Skin of Hybrid Clarias sp. and Its Physicochemical Properties: A Preliminary Study

Keli, cultured hybrid catfish of Clarias sp. (Clarias gariepinus ×C. macrocephalus) is an under-utilized and abundant freshwater fish in Malaysia. Type I pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) was isolated from the skins of this fish species. Different concentrations of acetic acid solution used as extracting medium and the corresponding effect on the yield of extraction were studied. The maximal yield of PSC was achieved when the acetic acid used was at 0.7 M, whilst a significant drop in the yield was observed beyond this concentration. In the physicochemical properties of catfish skin collagen, the amide A, B, I, II, and III regions in Fourier transform infrared measurements were shown in the peaks of 3429 cm -1 , 2929 cm -1 , 1652 cm -1 , 1551 cm -1 , and 1240 cm -1 , respectively. There was also a close similarity in the amino acid composition of Clarias sp. skin collagen with other sources of collagen. The preliminary results showed that Clarias sp. can be exploited effectively for collagen extraction.
Cell-Based Assays for Neurotoxins

The implementation of cell-based assays in basic research, disease modeling, and drug discovery has dramatically increased over the past 10 years. One field which has suffered from the lack of physiologically relevant cell-based models that are compatible with moderate-throughput applications is neurotoxicology. The development of next-generation stem cell-derived neurons for neurotoxicology research has the potential to resolve this limitation; however, derived neurons have to be demonstrated to exhibit the same physiological responses as primary neuron populations. In particular, derived neurons must demonstrate appropriate electrical behaviors, transsynaptic signaling, and network activity to be considered relevant models. This chapter reviews the state of the art in cell-based assays (CBAs) predicated on the use of stem cellderived neurons, describes the different pluripotent populations that are currently used, discusses advantages and limitations of differentiation methods, and reviews some initial applications. Finally, developing techniques are presented that are anticipated to increase throughput, sensitivity, and relevance. While the transition to moderate-throughput assays is still under way, it is clear that stem cell-derived neurons offer a potent combination of physiological relevance with scalability and genetic tractability, and therefore, CBAs based on derived neurons are poised to revolutionize neurotoxicology research and drug discovery.