Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convective isolation of Hadean mantle reservoirs through Archean time

Significance Geological processes like mantle convection or plate tectonics are an essential factor controlling Earth’s habitability. Our study provides insights into timescales of convective homogenization of Earth’s early mantle, employing the novel tool of high-precision 182W isotope measurements to rocks from the Pilbara Craton in Australia, that span an age range from 3.5 billion years to 2.7 billion years. Previous 182W studies mostly covered snapshots through geologic time, so the long-term 182W evolution of the mantle has been ambiguous. Together with sophisticated trace element approaches, we can now provide an improved insight into such timescales, arguing for local preservation of primordial geochemical heterogeneities within Earth’s mantle as late as around 3.0 billion years, the putative onset of widespread plate tectonics on Earth. Although Earth has a convecting mantle, ancient mantle reservoirs that formed within the first 100 Ma of Earth’s history (Hadean Eon) appear to have been preserved through geologic time. Evidence for this is based on small anomalies of isotopes such as 182W, 142Nd, and 129Xe that are decay products of short-lived nuclide systems. Studies of such short-lived isotopes have typically focused on geological units with a limited age range and therefore only provide snapshots of regional mantle heterogeneities. Here we present a dataset for short-lived 182Hf−182W (half-life 9 Ma) in a comprehensive rock suite from the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. The samples analyzed preserve a unique geological archive covering 800 Ma of Archean history. Pristine 182W signatures that directly reflect the W isotopic composition of parental sources are only preserved in unaltered mafic samples with near canonical W/Th (0.07 to 0.26). Early Paleoarchean, mafic igneous rocks from the East Pilbara Terrane display a uniform pristine µ182W excess of 12.6 ± 1.4 ppm. From ca. 3.3Ga onward, the pristine 182W signatures progressively vanish and are only preserved in younger rocks of the craton that tap stabilized ancient lithosphere. Given that the anomalous 182W signature must have formed by ca. 4.5 Ga, the mantle domain that was tapped by magmatism in the Pilbara Craton must have been convectively isolated for nearly 1.2 Ga. This finding puts lower bounds on timescale estimates for localized convective homogenization in early Earth’s interior and on the widespread emergence of plate tectonics that are both important input parameters in many physical models.
Agronomic and environmental performance of dairy farms in a warmer, wetter climate

The northeast United States has experienced higher temperatures, more annual precipitation, and more frequent heavy rain events in recent decades. These trends appear likely to continue, and they may depress crop yields and exacerbate environmental problems associated with the region’s dairy farms. To investigate these possibilities, we used the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model to simulate runoff, erosion, nutrient losses, and crop yields on two Vermont farms in a small set of possible future climates. Raising temperatures by 2°C, combined with increasing total precipitation or changing the seasonality of precipitation, had relatively modest effects on any outcome (less than 10% change in median values). However, a combination of higher temperatures and more intense precipitation led to increased runoff volumes and larger soil and nutrient losses. Median values of runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses increased by 2% to 15% at one site and by 36% to 58% at the other (although the changes at the latter site were relative to very low baseline values), while the 95th percentile rose by 6% to 19% and 53% to 65%. This suggests that management practices adapted to reducing runoff etc. in extreme precipitation events will be increasingly valuable in the coming years. Corn (Zea mays L.) silage yields changed by less than 10% in all simulations, and in some cases increased slightly. However, modeling that includes many additional factors that can reduce yields (such as new pests, or delays to farm operations in wet conditions) is needed for a more complete understanding of how climate change may affect the viability of forage production on dairy farms in this region.
Sorption and Desorption Kinetics of Naphthalene and Phenanthrene on Black Carbon in Sediment

Black carbon (BC), a kind of high surface area carbonaceous material (HSACM), was isolated from Andong lake sediment. Sorption and desorption kinetics of naphthalene (Naph) and phenanthrene (Phen) in organic carbon (OC) and BC in the Andong lake sediment were investigated. Several kinetic models such as one-site mass transfer model (OSMTM), two-compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM), and a newly proposed modified two-compartment first-order kinetic model (MTCFOKM) were used to describe the sorption and desorption kinetics. The MTCFOKM was the best fitting model. The MTCFOKM for sorption kinetics showed that i) the sorbed amounts of PAHs onto BC were higher than those onto OC, consistent with BET surface area; ii) the equilibration time for sorption onto BC was longer than those onto OC due to smaller size of micropore () of BC than OC (); iii) initial sorption velocity of BC was higher than OC; and iv) the slow sorption velocity in BC caused the later equilibrium time than OC even though the fast sorption velocity was early completed in both BC and OC. The MTCFOKM also described the desorption of PAHs from the OC and BC well. After desorption, the remaining fractions of PAHs in BC were higher than those in OC due to stronger PAHs-BC binding. The remaining fractions increased with aging for both BC and OC.
The Crisis of Expertise

cy to generate activism. Successor stories must do so. If successor stories emerge and are tied with rituals that mark time, then a group has solved the basic problem of continuity and can set about the changes they seek. The Catholics in the VOTF group dealt with temporality by embracing new religious knowledge and new roles that allowed their faithful voices to emerge as the ‘‘conscience of the church. ’’ Chapter Four, on internal relations, draws on Amin Ghaziani’s ideas about conflict as a resource for collective identity. Midway through the authors’ fieldwork, the much-loved founding leader of the VOTF group suddenly departed due to a job relocation. As the authors relate, this sudden change helped the group to surface differences and restructure their organizational tasks by focusing on higher-order values. In a final chapter, the authors discuss theoretical expectations of how their model should matter for other empirical cases. They revisit some well-known social movement studies, arguing that their axis-based model of collective identity helps us to understand why those movements succeeded or failed. The authors also consider how the process of collective identity interacts with common factors of mobilization and motivation, such as demographic characteristics, timing, and external events. Overall, the book provides a conceptually lively way for scholars of collective action, organizations, and culture to use the concept of collective identity in new ways. One argument that could motivate case comparisons to test its accuracy is the authors’ claim that collective identity falters if it lands on one of the axes’s poles. This may be. However, by steering clear of reified identity, the current argument minimizes attention to the solidity of identity at a given point in time. Engaging the book on propositions like this will help make it useful for scholars committed to diverse methods. The main weakness of the book regards its relatively thin treatment of the religious aspects of identity. The authors provide little information about the parish, which is the local vehicle for Catholic identity and which would constrain activists differently than other levels of Catholicism. How did the parish deal with conflict? What did parishioners think of the VOTF group? What other activist groups existed within the parish? The authors also missed an opportunity to consider whether the process of collective identity might operate differently for activists within religious groups, which sacralize ancient narratives and rituals. Over the last 25 years, there have been numerous studies about the narrative and emotional work of Catholic activists. This work suggests that insider confrontation of Catholicism should no longer be seen as surprising and that grievances with this religious tradition can lead to the deepening of religious faith, beyond betrayal. Nonetheless, this weakness does not diminish the theoretical contribution of the book for collective identity. Instead, it invites scholars to pick up this model and consider how the process of collective identity occurs in diverse contexts.
A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 2--Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Carbon tetrachloride (CTC), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) were four of the most widely used cleaning and degreasing solvents in the United States. Part 2 of this article describes the history of TCE and TCA. TCE production in the United States began in the early 1920s. TCE was used as a replacement for petroleum distillates in the dry-cleaning industry, and became the solvent of choice for vapor degreasing in the 1930s. TCE's use as a degreaser decreased in the 1960s due to toxicity concerns and the increasing popularity of TCA. Significant TCA use began in the 1950s with the development of suitable stabilizer formulations. In the 1990s, TCA was phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to its role in stratospheric ozone depletion.
Modeling elementary reactions in coke formation from first principles

Theoretical calculations are presented on elementary reactions which are important during coke formation in a thermal cracking unit. This process is known to proceed through a free radical chain mechanism. The elementary reaction steps that lead to the growth of the coke surface can be divided into five classes of reversible reactions: hydrogen abstraction, substitution, gas phase olefin addition to radical surface species, gas phase radical addition to olefinic bonds and cyclization. To identify the elementary reaction classes that determine the coking rate, all microscopic routes that start from benzene and lead to naphthalene have been investigated. It is found that initial creation of surface radicals, either by hydrogen abstraction or substitution and subsequent hydrogen abstractions, determines the global coking rate. The influence of the local polyaromatic structure on the kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction reactions is determined by performing calculations on a large set of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). On basis of the BDE values six types of possible reactive sites at the coke surface can be distinguished. For the initial hydrogen abstraction the local polyaromatic structure strongly influences the reaction kinetics and abstraction is preferred from less congested sites of the polyaromatic.
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROFLUORIMETRY‐THE FLUORESCENCE QUANTUM YIELD OF QUININE SULFATE

Abstract— By idealizing the design of a typical spectrofluorimeter that measures fluorescence from dilute solutions, we are able to derive an equation that predicts the dependence of the observable amplitude on the concentration of the solute and on several instrumental parameters. The result of the derivation, the fluorescence function, is used together with measurements of rhodamine B fluorescence and colloidal silica scattering to calibrate a spectrofluorimeter.
Density Functional Study of Ribose and Deoxyribose Chemical Shifts

Density functional chemical shielding calculations are reported for methyl β-d-2-deoxyribofuranoside and for methyl β-d-ribofuranoside, models for the deoxyribose and ribose sugars in nucleic acids. The variation of the chemical shielding as a function of the sugar ring conformation is reported, as well as the influence of the ring conformation on the chemical shift anisotropy. The calculated chemical shieldings are sensitive to the puckering of the sugar ring. The value of the exocyclic torsion angles, particularly γ(O5‘−C5‘−C4‘−C3‘), are also found to influence the chemical shielding of the ring atoms. The chemical shielding of the C3‘ carbon is the most sensitive to the sugar ring pucker, with a variation of 10 ppm between the C3‘ endo and C2‘ endo conformations. H3‘ and H4‘ hydrogen shieldings vary by 0.4−0.6 ppm between the C3‘ endo and C2‘ endo conformations. Chemical shift anisotropies at C1‘ and C3‘ are strongly influenced by sugar pucker. Our results agree well with experimentally reported values.
Physical Fitness and Academic Performance in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Schoolchild Handball Players in Qatar: A Pilot Study

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between physical fitness and academic performance in youth handball players of different BMI classifications. Thirty-three male handball players (age: 10.3 ± 0.61 years; body mass: 47.1 ± 12.1 kg; height: 1.43 ± 0.09 m; BMI: 23.1 ± 4.37 kg/m2; body fat: 20.6 ± 6.27%) were recruited from the Qatar handball first league and were assigned to their BMI age-adjusted groups (i.e., normal weight, overweight, and obese). Measurements included anthropometric data (height, mass, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF), and physical performance tests: agility T-half test; squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ), 10 and 15 m sprint; medicine ball throw (MBT). Aerobic capacity was evaluated using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Academic achievement was assessed through school records of grades point average (GPA) of Mathematics, Science and Arabic. None academic performance parameter and four physical performance parameters (agility T-half: p = 0.035; CMJ: p = 0.001; SJ: p = 0.007; sprint 10 m: p = 0.028) were different between BMI related groups. In 43% (3/7) of performance parameters and all academic parameters, the normal weight group showed the highest performance level, whereas the overweight group had the best performance in both sprint tests. The obese group was only superior in the medicine ball throw, but not at the p < 0.05 level. A relevant relationship (r > 0.5) between academic and physical performance parameters was only found between Yo-Yo IR 1 and science (r = 0.548). A relevant correlation were found between CMJ and BMI (r = −0.569). The agility T-half test was correlated with CMJ (r = −0.614) and 10 m sprint (r = 0.523). These findings suggest being overweight or obese are related to science academic performance among schoolchildren athletes in Qatar. Possibly, a normal BMI could positively influence academic performance. Physical education teachers, staff, and administrators should be cognizant that health promotion interventions improving composition may have the additional potential to improve dimensions of academic performance.
High Application Rates of Biochar to Mitigate N2O Emissions From a N-Fertilized Tropical Soil Under Warming Conditions

Biochar application has been suggested as a strategy to decrease nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils while increasing soil C stocks, especially in tropical regions. Climate change, specifically increasing temperatures, will affect soil environmental conditions and thereby directly influence soil N2O fluxes. Here, we show that Miscanthus giganteus biochar applied at high rates suppresses the typical warming-induced stimulation of N2O emissions. Specifically, in experiments with high biochar addition (25 Mg ha−1), N2O emissions under 40°C were equal to or even lower compared to those observed at 20°C. In this sense, the mitigation potential of biochar for N2O emissions might increase under the auspices of climate change.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can further result in long-term alterations in neuropeptide and neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system, as well as glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the periphery. Together, these changes can potentially lead to a disruption in neuroendocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic functions in adulthood. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the HPA axis and its development. We will also examine the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disruption of the normal fetal environment which becomes a major risk factor for many neurodevelopmental pathologies in adulthood, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others.
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers Suppress the Transcription of PD-L1 by Inhibiting the Activation of STAT1

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) which is upregulated in various epithelial tumors, plays a central role in the evasion of the immune system. In addition to monoclonal antibodies that blocking PD1/PD-L1 axis, finding small molecule compounds that can suppress PD-L1 expression might be another substitutable strategy for PD1/PD-L1 based therapy. Here, we found that dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers dose-dependently reduced the expression of PD-L1, both in the cytoplasm and cell surface. IFNγ induced PD-L1 transcription was consistently suppressed by Lercanidipine in 24 h, whereas, the half-life of PD-L1 protein was not significantly affected. IFNγ trigged significant STAT1 phosphorylation, which was eliminated by Lercanidipine. Similarly, STAT1 phosphorylation could also be abolished by extracellular calcium chelating agent EGTA and intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Furthermore, Lercanidipine enhanced killing ability of T cells by down-regulating PD-L1. Taken together, our studies suggest that calcium signal is a crucial factor that mediates the transcription of PD-L1 and regulation of calcium can be used as a potential strategy for PD-L1 inhibition.
Comparison of Goal Scoring Patterns in “The Big Five” European Football Leagues

The objective of the study was to compare goal scoring patterns among the “Big Five” European football leagues during the 2009/2010–2018/2019 seasons. A total of 18 pattern dimensions related to the offense pattern, the shooting situation and the scoring time period were evaluated. Kruskal–Wallis analyses revealed significant pattern differences among the five leagues. The Spanish La Liga showed a greater proportion of goals from throw-ins. The English Premier League had a higher tendency to score from corner kicks. The German Bundesliga had the greatest number of goals from counterattacks and indirect free kicks, and the Italian Serie A had the greatest proportion of penalties. Ligue 1’s scoring ability is weaker than that of the other leagues, especially Bundesliga. The Bundesliga had an overwhelming advantage in goals scored on big chances with assists, while the Premier League had an advantage in goals scored with assists that were not from big chances. However, the differences among the five leagues in the mean goals scored in the last 15 min and the goals from elaborate attacks and direct free kicks were not statistically significant. These results provide a valuable addition to the knowledge of different goal patterns of each league and allow us to better understand the differences among the leagues.
Recognition of Consumer Preference by Analysis and Classification EEG Signals

Neuromarketing has gained attention to bridge the gap between conventional marketing studies and electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) research. It determines what customers actually want through preference prediction. The performance of EEG-based preference detection systems depends on a suitable selection of feature extraction techniques and machine learning algorithms. In this study, We examined preference detection of neuromarketing dataset using different feature combinations of EEG indices and different algorithms for feature extraction and classification. For EEG feature extraction, we employed discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and power spectral density (PSD), which were utilized to measure the EEG-based preference indices that enhance the accuracy of preference detection. Moreover, we compared deep learning with other traditional classifiers, such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF). We also studied the effect of preference indicators on the performance of classification algorithms. Through rigorous offline analysis, we investigated the computational intelligence for preference detection and classification. The performance of the proposed deep neural network (DNN) outperforms KNN and SVM in accuracy, precision, and recall; however, RF achieved results similar to those of the DNN for the same dataset.
Different Correlates of COVID-19-Related Adherent and Dysfunctional Safety Behavior

Introduction: Safety behaviors are key elements in reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus, but have also assumed excessive proportions in form of panic buying groceries. This raises the question whether these behaviors are independent or related to each other. Adherent safety behavior including increased hygiene and physical distancing appears inherently adherent and prosocial, while dysfunctional safety behavior such as panic buying most probably emerges from other motives and contextual variables. Methods: Data from 15,308 participants collected from March 10 to May 4, 2020, during the COVID-19 acute period in Germany, was analyzed to assess whether adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior are predicted by the same or divergent variables. Two multiple regression models are presented including various sociodemographic, trait, attitudinal, and COVID-19-specific variables as predictors. Results: Some variables similarly predict both, adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior. Yet, adherent safety behavior is stronger predicted by COVID-19-related fear than generalized anxiety, while a trend toward a reverse pattern emerged for dysfunctional safety behavior. Adherent safety behavior was also related to higher trust in governmental actions to face COVID-19, subjective level of information, as well as use of public media and TV to remain informed on COVID-19. Higher age was related to dysfunctional, but not adherent safety behavior. Respondents living in rural communities report more adherent safety behavior than urban dwellers. Discussion: Divergent psychological variables underlie adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior. This hints toward a theoretical separation with practical relevance in behavioral engineering and public health campaigning.