Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphodynamic impacts of a tidal barrage in the Mersey Estuary

This paper examines both the short and long-term impacts a tidal barrage has on sediment transport, under tidal conditions in the Mersey Estuary and Liverpool Bay, and hence morphological changes. The TELEMAC model suite is used for the numerical prediction, including the 2D hydrodynamic model (Telemac-2d) coupled with the sediment transport model (Sisyphe) and the wave propagation model (Tomawac). A new scheme has been developed to simulate the operation of a barrage within the estuary, with comprehensive hydrodynamic calibration using most recent field data. The preliminary model results indicate that the construction of a tidal barrage across the narrows of the Estuary for ebb mode energy generation significantly alters the natural movement of the tide: effectively reducing the tidal range and increasing the low water level upstream of the structure. Due to the strong flows in the vicinity of the barrage, increased erosion is expected in the narrows. Barrage operation procedures are predicted to alter the siltation rate under the complex spring-neap tidal cycle. Long-term changes due to the interaction of a barrage and tidal asymmetry are also under consideration with further examination of model results within both the Mersey and Dee Estuaries and outer Liverpool Bay.
Quasi‐equilibrium conditions of urban gravel‐bed stream channels in southern Ontario, Canada

Urban gravel‐bed stream channels in southern Ontario, Canada identified to be in a state of quasi‐equilibrium have been studied over the past 15 years and compared against rural gravel bed stream channels of the same hydrophysiographic region. Bankfull width and depth versus bankfull discharge were not found to increase as a function of increasing urbanization as has been found in many other studies. The observed annual frequency of bankfull discharge was typically less than a 1‐year return period with many sites ranging between 2 and 18 bankfull events per year with higher intensity and shorter duration urban flood responses, which further identified significant limitations in using annual peak discharge methods for predicting morphological forming flows in urban watersheds.
P‐wave deep velocity structure of the Southern Tyrrhenian Subduction Zone from nonlinear teleseismic traveltime tomography

A new 3‐D model for the P‐wave velocity structure of the Southern Tyrrhenian Subduction Zone (STSZ) is determined from nonlinear inversion of relative arrival times of teleseismic events. The data used in the imaging are the travel time residuals of both direct, P and PKPdf and secondary pP, sP, PcP, PKPbc phases, computed with respect to the global 1‐D velocity model ak135. 2308 teleseismic waveforms were collected for this study from 109 events recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSNC) during 1988–1998. The velocity perturbation field is reconstructed gradually by means an iterative sequence of linearized inversions, incorporating a 3‐D minimum travel time ray tracing. The tomographic images reveal a broad high‐velocity zone dominating the pattern of lateral variations beneath the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea and Calabria. This fast structure extends laterally for a maximum of ∼350 km, from northern Sicily to southern Campania, and vertically for at least 400 km, from the uppermost mantle down to 500 km depth. Below 350 km the geometry of the depicted slab is characterized by horizontal deflection of the subducting lithosphere towards the central Tyrrhenian basin.
Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, ODP Leg 198 Site 1208 (Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean)

Ocean Drilling Program Site 1208 was drilled on the Central High of Shatsky Rise, and a highly expanded Neogene section (320 m), an extremely condensed Paleogene fragment (6.01 m), and a short Upper Cretaceous sequence (48.44 m) resting unconformably on Albian sediments were recovered. This paper presents the Cenozoic nannofossil biostratigraphy of Site 1208, focusing on the expanded Neogene section, comprising an apparently continuous middle Miocene-Holocene succession (Zones CN5-CN15), in which nannofloras are diverse and abundant throughout, and a fragmentary Paleogene-lower Miocene section (Zones CP8 to CN1c-CN2), which incorporates short fragments of the Paleocene/Eocene (Zones CP8-CP11) and Eocene/Oligocene (Zone CP16) boundary intervals bounded by three main unconformities. Two new species, Sphenolithus arthurii and Fasciculithus fenestrellatus, are describe.
Accelerator physics at NSLS-II: research accomplishments in 2020

NSLS-II accelerator physicists provide scientiﬁc support for user operations, as well as for improvements and developments of the accelerator systems. This work includes optimization of the NSLS-II performance with high beam current and low vertical emittance, improvement of the beam stability, development of new software tools for operations and beam studies. The accelerator physicists productively worked on a number of research activities such as the conceptual design of NSLS-II accelerator upgrade; design and optimization of advanced low-emittance lattices; development of novel methods to study nonlinear beam dynamics; ultrafast electron diﬀraction and microscopy. The physicists also contributed to the BNL electron-ion collider project, to the APS and ALS upgrade projects. Research accomplishments achieved in 2020, are summarized in this report.
Ridership Impacts of Transit-Focused Development in California

Billions of dollars have been and are being spent on urban rail transit in California, yet the last 20 years have seen the private automobile increase its market share of travel at the expense of public transportation. Between 1980 and 1990, for instance, transit's share of commute trips feel from 5.4 percent to 4.8 percent greater in Los Angeles and from 11.9 percent to 10.0 percent in the San Francisco Bay Area. One possible strategy for reversing this trend would be to concentrate more housing and workplaces around rail stations -- that is, put more of the ends of the commute trip, home and work, near transit. Besides increasing transit ridership, other secondary benefits might accrue improved air quality (especially to the extent short park-and-ride trips are converted to walk-and-ride), higher revenues (not just from farebox returns but possible joint development programs like air rights leasing), inner-city redevelopment and increases in affordable housing, and infill development and more efficient urban form.
Rethinking global urbanism : comparative insights from secondary cities

Preface Tim Bunnell and James D. Sidaway. Acknowledgments. Introduction: Bringing the Less Familiar Cities In and Together Ahmed Kanna and Xiangming Chen Part I: Urban Present and Past: How Culture, History, and Politics Shape Secondary Global and Local Cityscapes 1. Competitive Globalization and Urban Change: The Allure of Cultural Strategies Sharon Zukin 2. The Trajectories of Two "Asian Tigers": The Colonial Roots of Capitalism in Dubai and Singapore Ahmed Kanna 3. Shaping Politics in Chinatown: The Intersection of Global Politics and Community Politics in Wartime and Cold War San Francisco Scott H. Tang Part II: Urban Contraction and Expansion: Economic Restructuring and Governance in De-Globalizing and Globalizing Secondary Cities 4. Staggering Job Loss, a Shrinking Revenue Base, and Grinding Decline: Springfield, Massachusetts in a Globalized Economy Robert Forrant 5. From Cars to Casinos: Global Pasts and Local Futures in the Detroit-Windsor Transnational Metropolitan Area Brent Ryan 6. From a Fishing Village via an Instant City to a Secondary Global City: The "Miracle" and Growth Pains of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in China Xiangming Chen and Tomas de'Medici 7. The Third Coming of China's Special Economic Zones: The Rise and Regional Dimensions of Tianjin Binhai New Area Chang Liu and Xiangming Chen 8. Social Accountability in African Cities: Comparing Participatory Budgeting in Johannesburg and Harare Tyanai Masiya Part III: The Contested Urban Arena: Identity and Exclusion in Secondary Cities 9. Globalization and the Construction of Identity in Two New Southeast Asian Capitals: Putrajaya and Dompak Sarah Moser 10. Off Limits and Out of Bounds: Taxi Driver Perceptions of Dangerous People and Places in Kunming, China Beth E. Notar 11. Seats of Difference: Coffeehouses and the Geo-economics of Gender in Contemporary Inner-City Tunis Rodney W. Collins 12. From the "Margin of the Margins" in Salvador, Brazil: Black Women Confront the Racial Logic of Spatial Exclusion Keisha-Khan Y. Perry Epilogue: Second May Be Best: Theorizing the Global Urban from the Middle Xiangming Chen and Michael Magdelinskas
Relationships between distributed and localized shear in the tectonic evolution of a Caledonian fold and thrust zone, northwest Ireland

Abstract Broad zones of distributed shear operating through mid-crustal regions of orogenic belts may incorporate narrow horizons of intense localized deformation culminating in discrete, large magnitude displacements. The relative importance and relationship between distributed and localized shear are influenced by a variety of factors including lithological variation, pre-existing structural anisotropy, strain rate and migration of fluids. Rigorous structural analysis of lower amphibolite facies Dalradian metasediments in northwestern Ireland demonstrates that an early (D1) discrete ductile detachment was subsequently reactivated during distributed non-coaxial D2 deformation operating in a broad zone through the structural pile. Regional shear was directed towards the southeast and resulted in the generation and translation of kilometre-scale, isoclinal, recumbent sheath folds which close and face towards the transport direction. The D1 detachment is clearly folded around the hinges of these major folds, whilst on fold limbs it was reactivated and acted as a local décollement within the zone of distributed shear. Shear criteria along the detachment indicate a southeast-directed translation of the major folds, in sympathy with regional shear. A broad zone of D3 translation operating through the nappe pile resulted in coaxial refolding of large scale F2 folds by the D3 Ballybofey Nappe producing a complex fold interference pattern. Non-coaxial D3 deformation resulted in continued reactivation of local decollements, together with the initiation of east-southeast directed oblique thrusts and partial dismemberment of D2 folds. Detailed structural investigation allows concepts of distributed and localized shear to be evaluated and models of crustal deformation to be assessed.
Groundwater Irrigation in India: Gains, Costs and Risks

Groundwater has rapidly emerged to occupy a dominant place in Indiaâ€™s agriculture and food security in the recent years. It has become the main source of growth in irrigated area over the past 3 decades, and it now accounts for over 60 percent of the irrigated area in the country. It is estimated that now over 70 percent of Indiaâ€™s food grain production comes from irrigated agriculture, in which groundwater plays a major role. Since the development of groundwater irrigation has not largely been government or policy driven - has happened gradually through highly decentralized private activity, this revolution has gone largely unnoticed. [IIMA W.P. No. 2009-03-08]
The simulation of surface heat fluxes in a land surface-atmosphere model

Abstract A modified soil-canopy-boundary layer model based on Ek and Mahrt is presented to simulate surface heat fluxes on a daily basis. The model is validated against independent published bare soil data from Agassiz, Canada, and observations taken over sparse and dense vegetation as part of the HAPEX-MOBILHY (Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment-Modelisation du Bilan Hydrique) experiment. Simulated surface energy components are shown to be in close agreement with the observations, and the sensitivity of the parameterization is evaluated.
On the Coulomb‐Mohr failure criterion

Coulomb's criterion for the shear fracture of a brittle material is that total shearing resistance is the sum of the cohesive shear strength (independent of direction) and the product of the effective normal stress and the coefficient of internal friction (a constant independent of normal stress). Mohr generalized this criterion by extending it to a three-dimensional state of stress, and by allowing for a variable coefficient. The coefficients of internal and external (sliding) friction are not the same in general. Both tend to decrease with increasing normal stress, and their relative magnitudes may determine if failure occurs by new shear fracturing or by slip on pre-existing cohesionless surfaces like joints in rocks.
Assessing the drought risk of oilseed rape to target future improvements to root systems

The yield of UK’s commercial oilseed rape (Brassica napus) crops has not increased over the last three decades, while a significant increase in yield has been found in trials that test new varieties before they enter the market. It has been suggested that oilseed rape is susceptible to drought and that this may contribute to the poor yield of some commercial crops. A thorough literature review revealed that there is little information on the water relations of oilseed rape crops and in particular on root growth and function and thus no strong evidence to support the above hypothesis. The aim of this thesis was to investigate root function and water relations of oilseed rape to determine whether it is more sensitive to drought than wheat, a crop species grown in rotation with oilseed rape. The water relations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tybalt) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. SW Landmark) were compared in a lysimeter experiment conducted in an open sided glass house to test the hypothesis that oilseed rape was more sensitive to drying soil than wheat. Plants were grown with or without irrigation at a population density equivalent to that of commercial field crops. Irrigated oilseed rape crops transpired more water than wheat crops and oilseed rape showed a greater reduction in growth when water was withheld. The onset of drought also occurred slightly earlier in oilseed rape. In a separate experiment the root hydraulic conductance of oilseed rape, measured on a root surface area basis, was about twice that of wheat (113.1 ± 20.0 ml·m·h·MPa for oilseed rape and 53. 5 ± 10.6 for wheat). These results suggest that oilseed rape needs a less dense root system for water extraction than wheat. In the above experiment plants were grown in relatively loose soil repacked into the lysimeters. It has been suggested that oilseed rape is particularly sensitive to soil compaction, which may be a common occurrence in commercial fields. Therefore the sensitivity of oilseed rape and wheat growth to compaction was compared in an
Estimating ammonia volatilization from flooded rice fields by simplified techniques

Two simplified methods for assessing the emission of ammonia, from fertilized, flooded rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Inga) fields without affecting the plant's environment, are described and compared with an established micrometeorological method. Method A requires a circular plot of a 25-m radius over which wind speed and atmospheric ammonia concentrations are observed at 0.8 m above the floodwater. Method B requires measurements of ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, pH and temperature in the floodwater, and wind speed at a fixed height. Method A is the more accurate technique and requires fewer measurements. It appears that one calibration curve relating vertical flux of ammonia to these measurements can be applied in widely different environments. Method B is not only less accurate than Method A but appears to require different calibration curves to determine vertical flux for different environments. However, this method may be more useful for comparing ammonia losses from several different fertilizer treatments since only small plot areas are required for each treatment. Method B can be calibrated easily for each site by one set of simultaneous measurements on one treatment plot, using Method A.
Environmental conditions during freezing, and response of microbial mats in ponds of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Environmental conditions, both external to and within three shallow ponds of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, were measured over an annual cycle between January 1997 and January 1998. We combined this with a study of the response of the benthic microbial mat communities to the transition from summer conditions to winter freezing. Over the study period air temperature was above 0°C for a few days during summer. At this time pond temperatures were higher than air temperatures, with evidence of thermo-haline stratification. The shallow areas of ponds froze between late February and early March, with bottom waters in the deepest pond remaining unfrozen until early June. Minimum winter air temperatures were below −40°C. There was little evidence of freezing point depression due to freeze-concentration of solutes, except at the very bottom of ponds. In the most conductive pond investigated, the temperature of basal freezing was −4°C and conductivity did not exceed approximately 60 mS cm−1 immediately prior to freezing. Microbial mats remained photosynthetically active up to conductivities between 40 and 80 mS cm−1, and were able to acclimate to lowered irradiance associated with ice formation. Although photosynthesis and respiration were reduced by 11% and 40% respectively at temperatures of −2°C compared to 1°C, there was no difference in light harvesting efficiency. Results from this study suggest that light limitation of photosynthesis, or freezing, determine the growth season for the microbial communities, depending on depth.
Evaluation of Landsat TM5 Multispectral Data for Automated Mapping of Surface Soil Texture and Organic Matter in GIS

Abstract Mapping fine scale spatial variations of soil properties is important for site specific agriculture. The current study explores the potentials of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques in studying the spatial variability of surface soil attributes. Around 170 surface (0–30 cm) soil samples collected from the soils of Shorkot Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan were analyzed for surface soil texture and organic matter (O.M.). A multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis technique was employed to relate surface soil variables with the spectral data from Landsat TM5 satellite. The MLR analysis showed significant (p<0.05) relationship of band 4 and band 6 with silt% (R2 = 0.724) and clay% (R2 = 0.509) while soil O.M. was best modeled using data from band 1, 6 and 7 (R2 = 0.545). The resulting MLR equations were then used for the spatial modeling of these attributes for the entire study area. For developing surface soil texture map, the USDA textural triangle limits for clay% and silt% were used to develop a code in Visual Basic Language in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that ‘sandy clay loam’ was the most abundant textural class in the area followed by ‘sandy loam’ and ‘clay loam’ classes. Moreover, the status of O.M. in the entire study area soils was very poor (<1%). The results indicate that RS and GIS techniques could be successfully used for fine scale mapping of soil texture and O.M. of a larger area.
Ice-Dammed Lakes and Outburst Floods, Karakoram Himalaya: Historical Perspectives on Emerging Threats

The largest glacier impoundments in the Karakoram Himalaya are by ice dams formed where tributary glaciers block main rivers. These can cause outburst floods that spread destruction far through the mountains and into the lowlands. More than 90 out-bursts from impoundments behind such dams have been identified. Of the largest and most destructive, 17 were on the upper Indus River and 10 on the Yarkand. Unlike "dangerous lakes" recently reported elsewhere in the Himalaya, these events are associated with advancing glaciers, in some cases glacial surges. The lakes are short-lived, rarely surviving more than one summer. Their outburst styles and flood waves exhibit distinctive features. This paper summarizes the behavior and current status of advances of more than a dozen glaciers with histories of large impoundments. Recent developments are assessed in relation to historical records and the Karakoram glacier environment. Destructive outburst floods have already occurred on the Yarkand and may be imminent on the Indus. Problems of predicting dangerous outbursts are outlined, uncertainties raised by limited and mainly older investigations. Implications of global climate change appear different for these hazards in this region than reports of dangerous glacial lakes elsewhere in the Himalaya.
Zoom-dependent camera calibration in digital close-range photogrammetry

One of the well-known constraints applying to the adoption of consumer-grade digital cameras for photogrammetric measurement is the requirement to record imagery at fixed zoom and focus settings. The camera is then calibrated for the lens setting employed. This requirement arises because calibration parameters vary significantly with zoom/focus setting. In this paper, a zoom-dependent calibration process is proposed whereby the image coordinate correction model for interior orientation and lens distortion is expressed as a function of the focal length written to the EXIF header of the image file. The proposed approach frees the practitioner from the requirement to utilize fixed zoom/focus settings for the images forming the photogrammetric network. Following a review of the behavior of camera calibration parameters with varying zoom settings, an account of the newly developed zoom-dependent calibration model is presented. Experimental results of its application to four digital cameras are analysed. These show that the proposed approach is suited to numerous applications of medium-accuracy, digital, close-range photogrammetry.
Preserving Raw Oysters with High Hydrostatic Pressure and Irradiation Technology

Refrigerated raw oysters, including Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas), eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), are popular seafood products. Pathogenic contamination and spoilage during storage and transport limit their shelf life. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and irradiation effectively reduce pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in raw oysters while preserving their taste and texture. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of HHP and irradiation as sanitation methods for raw oysters, incorporating findings from geographical distribution, mathematical modeling, and radiation quality’s impact on sterilization efficacy. The results demonstrate that untreated eastern oysters can maintain a total bacterial count below the recommended limit of 107 CFU/g for only 2–3 weeks at 5 °C, and are at risk of harboring pathogens such as Vibrio spp. and norovirus. HHP treatment at 600 MPa and irradiation treatment at 2 kGy can effectively reduce the pathogen load in raw oysters. However, supplementary measures such as additional cleaning or lower temperatures are required to prolong the shelf life of treated raw oysters to 2–3 weeks. Taken together, the application of HHP and irradiation to raw oyster sanitation represents a promising approach for enhancing the safety and quality of this beloved seafood delicacy.