Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Aigion-Neos Erineos coastal normal fault system (western Corinth Gulf Rift, Greece) : Geomorphological signature, recent earthquake history, and evolution

[1] At the westernmost part of the Corinth Rift (Greece), an area of rapid extension and active normal faulting, geomorphological observations reveal the existence and geometry of an active NW-SE trending coastal fault system, which includes the Aigion fault. We recognize a similar fault pattern on both the coastal range front to the NW of Aigion town and the Holocene fan deltas in front of it. We interpret this as a result of recent migration of faulting to the hanging wall of the fault system. Differences in the geomorphic expression of the constituent faults provide hints on the possible evolution of the fault pattern during this recent migration. A trench excavated across one of the identified coastal fault scarps (on a Holocene fan delta) provides information on the seismic history of the fault system, which includes at least four (possibly six) earthquakes in the past 4000 years. A minimum estimate for the slip rate of the trenched fault is 1.9–2.7 mm/yr. The trench exposed sediments of an uplifted paleolagoon (approximate age 2000 years B.P.), inside which the last two earthquakes formed an underwater monoclinal scarp. Oscillating coastal vertical movements are suggested by the fact that the lagoonal deposits are also uplifted on the trenched fault hanging wall (uplift by offshore faults) and by the abrupt transition from fluvial to lagoonal deposits (subsidence by more landward faults, assuming that extensive coastal sediment failure has not taken place in the specific part of the fan delta, within the time interval of interest). These movements suggest that the proposed migration of activity from the range front faults to those on the fan deltas is probably still ongoing, with activity on both sets of faults.
Evaluation of ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Plateau

An analysis is carried out for two hydrologically contrasting but thermodynamically similar areas on the Tibetan Plateau, to evaluate soil moisture analysis based on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) previous optimum interpolation scheme and the current point‐wise extended Kalman filter scheme. To implement the analysis, this study used two regional soil moisture and soil temperature networks (i.e., Naqu and Maqu) on the Tibetan Plateau. For the cold‐semiarid Naqu area, both ECMWF soil moisture analyses significantly overestimate the regional soil moisture in the monsoon seasons. For the cold‐humid Maqu network area, the ECMWF products have comparable accuracy as reported by previous studies in the humid monsoon period. The comparisons were made among the liquid soil moisture analysis from ECMWF, the ground station's measurements and the satellite estimates from the Advanced Scatterometer sensor. The results show reasonable performances of the ECMWF soil moisture analyses (i.e., both optimum interpolation and extended Kalman filter products) and the Advanced Scatterometer level 2 products, when compared to the in situ measurements.
Regional parameter estimation for the unified land model

We describe a regional parameter estimation scheme for the unified land model developed using a set of 220 river basins (102–104 km2) distributed across the conterminous United States. We evaluate predictive relationships between geographically varying catchment features and the model's soil parameters using principal components analysis. In addition to commonly used catchment descriptors (meteorological, geomorphic, and land‐cover characteristics), we used satellite remote‐sensing products and the United States Geologic Survey Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow (GAGES‐II) database. In a series of regionalization experiments, we contrast the more conventional procedure of using locally optimized parameters as predictands, with an approach that searches for zonally representative parameter values, using limited additional simulations. Parameters were evaluated through hydrologic model simulations in which daily flows were compared with observations over a 20 year period. We show that the penalty in streamflow prediction skill for using zonal parameters at a given basin (i.e., locally) is comparatively smaller than the penalty for using local parameters zonally. Regionalizations using zonal parameters and local catchment descriptors had the best model performance for both training and validation periods. Finally, we investigate the potential for transferring parameters globally by repeating the regionalization using only catchment attributes derived from globally available data and show that for the United States, model performance is only slightly worse than when U.S.‐specific data area used.
Short Paper: Palaeomagnetic constraints on the geological terrane models of the Scottish Caledonides

A compilation of new and published palaeomagnetic data from the Scottish Caledonides allows construction of Apparent Polar Wander Paths (APWPs) for the Grampian Highlands, Midland Valley and Southern Uplands terranes. Geological incompatibilities between terranes are the result of predominantly palaeolongitudinal movements prior to late Silurian times. A common late Silurian-early Devonian ‘corner’ in each APWP suggests the terranes to have docked (to within the errors of the individual determinations) by this time.
Climate change scenarios over the South American region: an intercomparison of coupled general atmosphere‐ocean circulation models

Results of four different coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model runs for South America and surrounding oceans are examined. The mean response of the simulated climate system to a gradual increase of greenhouse gases is presented. The transient coupled experiment data provided for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were the most recent available to us at the time of this study, from the following research centres in Europe and USA: the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO), the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The regional performance of the control simulations (with fixed CO2 concentration) is determined by comparing sealevel pressure, near-surface zonal wind, precipitation and surface air temperature from the models, against observed climatological fields. The response of the climate system to the enhanced emission scenarios is established comparing the control experiments with the respective transient experiments around the time of doubling CO2. To assist in estimating likely future climate change in the South American region, only the results of those model experiments with the best control simulation of current climate in the region are considered: the UKMO and MPI models. A maximum warming over the continent and a minimum warming in the extratropical oceans, a slight intensification and southward migration of the subtropical ridge, a deepening of the sub-Antarctic trough, an intensification of the westerly winds, and increasing precipitation in the tropics and in the mid-latitude oceans are the most important potential changes simulated by both models for the increased CO2 scenarios. # 1997 Royal Meteorological Society. Int. J. Climatol. , Vol. 17, 1613‐1633
ASSESSING STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY THRESHOLDS USING FLOW COMPETENCE ESTIMATES AT BANKFULL STAGE 1

ABSTRACT: Stream channel stability is affected by peak flows rather than average annual water yield. Timber harvesting and other land management activities that contribute to soil compaction, vegetation removal, or increased drainage density can increase peak discharges and decrease the recurrence interval of bankfull discharges. Increased peak discharges can cause more frequent movement of large streambed materials, leading to more rapid stream channel change or instability. This study proposes a relationship between increased discharge and channel stability, and presents a methodology that can be used to evaluate stream channel stability thresholds on a stream reach basis. Detailed surveys of the channel cross section, water surface slope, streambed particle size distribution, and field identification of bankfull stage are used to estimate existing bankfull flow conditions. These site specific stream channel characteristics are used in bed load movement formulae to predict critical flow conditions for entrainment of coarse bed material (D84 size fraction). The “relative bed stability” index, defined as the ratio of critical flow condition to the existing condition at bankfull discharge, can predict whether increased peak discharges will exceed stream channel thresholds.
Use of Pollutant Load Regression Models with Various Sampling Frequencies for Annual Load Estimation

Water quality data are collected by various sampling frequencies, and the data may not be collected at a high frequency nor over the range of streamflow conditions. Therefore, regression models are used to estimate pollutant data for days on which water quality data were not measured. Pollutant load regression models were evaluated with six sampling frequencies for daily nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment data. Annual pollutant load estimates exhibited various behaviors by sampling frequency and also by the regression model used. Several distinct sampling frequency features were observed in the study. The first was that more frequent sampling did not necessarily lead to more accurate and precise annual pollutant load estimates. The second was that use of water quality data collected from storm events improved both accuracy and precision in annual pollutant load estimates for all water quality parameters. The third was that the pollutant regression model automatically selected by LOADEST did not necessarily lead to more accurate and precise annual pollutant load estimates. The fourth was that pollutant regression models displayed different behaviors for different water quality parameters in annual pollutant load estimation.
A Ccomparison of sedigraph and pipette methods for soil particle-size analysis

The X-ray attenuation (Sedigraph) method for particle-size analysis is known to consistently estimate a finer size distribution than the pipette method. The objectives of this study were to compare the two methods, and to explore the reasons for their divergence. The methods are compared using two data sets from measurements made independently in two New Zealand laboratories, on two different sets of New Zealand soils, covering a range of textures and parent materials. The Sedigraph method gave systematically greater mass percentages at the four measurement diameters (20, 10, 5 and 2 µm). For one data set, the difference between clay (<2 µm) percentages from the two methods is shown to be positively correlated (R2 = 0.625) with total iron content of the sample, for all but one of the soils. This supports a novel hypothesis that the typically greater concentration of Fe (a strong X-ray absorber) in smaller size fractions is the major factor causing the difference. Regression equations are presented for converting the Sedigraph data to their pipette equivalents.
Outdoor recreation and gendered space: the case of men's enthusiasms for hunting, fly-fishing and scuba diving

The purpose of this paper is to explore complexities associated with determining gendered recreational spaces in the context of ‘masculine’ outdoor recreational pursuits, using results from two data sets collected in New South Wales, Australia and North Canterbury, New Zealand, 2006–2008. The first data set is based on face-to-face interviews with 26 male recreational hunters, fly-fishers and scuba divers in Sydney and Christchurch. The second is based on a postal survey of North Canterbury recreational deer hunters and ‘Fish and Game’ licence holders. The results confirm that recreational hunting, fly-fishing and non-touristic scuba diving are distinctly ‘gendered’ activities but the ways in which these are linked to gendered space are complex. The activities may be spatially segregated, occurring in rural and often remote locations, but resourcing these activities mostly takes place in domestic settings, i.e. the home, which commonly involve shared spaces. While a number of methodological cautions regarding the two data sets are acknowledged, this study adds to the limited New Zealand literature on outdoor recreation as gendered space and to wider literature on the importance of acknowledging the social contexts, and hence shared spaces, within which ‘individual’ recreational choices are made.
A model of the iron cycle in the ocean

The IRONEX II in situ fertilization experiment showed decisively that availability of iron limits the growth of phytoplankton in equatorial Pacific surface waters. High‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) surface waters, potentially iron limited, are also found in the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. A model of seawater iron geochemistry has been incorporated into a global ocean circulation and carbon cycle model and tuned to match the observed ocean Fe distribution. The model reproduces the observed HNLC areas in the equatorial Pacific and Southern Ocean but predicts nutrient depletion in the North Pacific (a region of high dust fluxes from Asia). The model is based on the idea that the concentrations of organic iron‐binding ligands in seawater control the subsurface Fe concentration and predicts that a majority (70–80%) of the global carbon export production can be sustained by upwelling of dissolved iron in seawater rather than by atmospheric deposition. The ocean iron cycle increases the efficiency of iron utilization in the biological pump, buffers new production against interannual fluctuations in iron deposition, and contributes several new intrinsic timescales to the ocean carbon cycle: several hundred years for the ocean iron concentration and perhaps several thousand for the concentration of ligand in the deep sea. Ocean recycling of Fe appears to play a major role in determining the strength of the biological pump in the ocean and the pCO2 of the atmosphere.
A New Apparatus for Evaluation of Contact Erosion at the Soil–Structure Interface

The interface between clay core-wall and concrete cut-off wall is one of the weakest parts of high earth and rockfill dams. An unsuitable design can cause contact erosion at the interface or shear failure surfaces, and eventually this will harm the safety of the dam. A new soil–structure contact erosion apparatus was developed for the evaluation of contact erosion at the interface under high stress, high hydraulic head, and large shear deformation. It consists of a soil–structure model base, a seepage pressure system, a confining pressure system, an axial pressure system, and a data acquisition system. The seepage pressure system simulates the seepage erosion effect at the interface, and the maximum seepage pressure is 2.0 MPa. The confining and axial pressure systems simulate the triaxial stress state of the interface and the large shear deformation of the soil structure; the maximum confining and axial pressures are 2.0 MPa and 4.0 MPa, respectively. The data acquisition system can monitor pore pressure dissipation and settlement. Two repeatable experiments on the interface between a kind of highly plastic clay and a concrete cut-off wall were conducted to verify the scientific utility of the new apparatus. The new apparatus was found to be capable of yielding fairly consistent results in repeatable experiments. The new apparatus will prove an effective tool for studying a reasonable connection form of concrete cut-off wall and core wall in high earth and rockfill dams.
USING COMPUTED STREAM FLOW IN WATERSHED ANALYSIS1

Modifications in the computed climatic water budget have made it possible to achieve good agreement between computed and measured stream flow on both a monthly and annual basis in basins without appreciable winter snow cover. Comparisons of computed and measured stream flow in 28 basins on the Delmarva peninsula show that for some basins the agreement is excellent (regression line essentially equals unity), for other basins the regression line has a slope of one but it is displaced above or below the y=x line, while for other basins, the slope of the regression line differs appreciably from unity. Study of the basins where agreement between computed and measured values is only fair to poor reveals that the patterns of disagreement can be used to provide information on the water holding capacity in the root zone of the soil, on the quantity of deep aquifer recharge within the basin, or on the effect of human modifications within the basin. The technique should also reveal the quantity of interbasin transfers or other consumptive uses within the basin. The water budget, thus, becomes a useful tool to study hydrologic characteristics or their changes over time within a basin.
Simulation of ENSO with a Global Atmospheric GCM Coupled to a High-Resolution, Tropical Pacific Ocean GCM

Abstract A global atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to an oceanic GCM that is dynamically active only in the tropical Pacific simulates variability over a broad spectrum of frequencies even though the forcing, the annual mean incoming solar radiation, is steady. Of special interest is the simulation of a realistically irregular Southern Oscillation between warm El Nino and cold La Nina states. Its time scale is on the order of 5 years. The spatial structure is strikingly different in the eastern and western halves of the ocean basin. Sea surface temperature changes have their largest amplitude in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, but the low-frequency zonal wind fluctuations are displaced westward and are large over the western half of the basin. These zonal wind anomalies are essentially confined to the band of latitudes 10° to 10°S so that they form a jet and have considerable latitudinal shear. During El Nino the associated curl contributes to a pair of pronounced minima in th.
Tectonic history of the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica: Reconciling a Gondwana enigma

Early Paleozoic orogenesis has been recognized along the southern African (Saldanian orogeny) and East Antarctic (Ross orogeny) sectors of the Gondwana paleo- Pacific margin. However, the absence of a contemporaneous orogenic event in the Ellsworth Mountains of West Antarctica, once a contiguous part of this margin, has resulted in their geology being considered enigmatic. In this contribution, widespread, detailed structural studies from all stratigraphic levels of the Ellsworth Mountains allow their tectonic evolution to be reassessed. Geochemical, stratigraphic, and structural data indicate that the Middle to Upper Cambrian Heritage Group developed in a continental rift basin. Multiple observations of the crucial end-Cambrian contact between this rift sequence and the overlying Crashsite Group reveal the contact to be regionally conformable; there are localized outcrop-scale unconformities. Furthermore, structural continuity can be demonstrated across this key boundary, thus precluding the possibility of an end-Cambrian orogenic event. The entire stratigraphic succession was affected by two post-Permian phases of deformation. D1 structures are locally developed and superimposed by the main dextral transpressive D2 Permian−Triassic Gondwanian deformation event. D2 is succeeded by an episode of extension orthogonal to orogenic strike. Recent geochronological data on the early Paleozoic evolution of the Cape fold belt reveal a strong tectonostratigraphic correlation with the Ellsworth Mountains, indicating that this sector of the Gondwana paleo-Pacific margin was affected by Middle to Late Cambrian rifting. A new tectonic model is proposed for the southwestern paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana that accounts for the presence of rifting along a margin otherwise dominated by active subduction.
Distinguishing fluvio‐deltaic facies by bulk geochemistry and heavy minerals: an example from the Miocene of Denmark

Interpretations of seismic profiles, gamma‐ray logs and sediment descriptions were used to classify seven facies in Miocene fluvio‐deltaic deposits of Denmark. An impartial approach was adopted by not including analytical data in the facies definition. This approach allowed identification of significant differences between facies, where each fluvio‐deltaic facies can be distinguished by integrating geochemistry and mineralogy through a sedimentary succession. Variations in the heavy mineral assemblage between facies are caused primarily by sorting of hydraulically equivalent grains. Decreasing grain size of quartz and heavy minerals from the channel facies towards the delta shoreface facies and further along the coast to the spit shoreface facies is associated with an increase in sorting and textural maturity. This trend is related to longshore drift. Increasing heavy mineral grain size is found from the delta slope facies offshore to the delta toe and shelf facies. This trend is interpreted as a result of sorting by turbidity currents. The mixed origin of the transgressive lag facies is shown by the poorer sorting in this facies. By indicating the amount of alteration the sediments have been exposed to, the Ti‐mineral maturity has proven useful in characterizing the facies. This systematic approach of tying depositional environments to a well‐calibrated sequence stratigraphic model has generated analytical results which are valid as reference levels for future facies identifications.
Iodine-129 Time Series in Danish, Norwegian and Northwest Greenland Coast and the Baltic Sea by Seaweed

Abstract The concentrations of129I and127I were determined in archived time series seaweed samples from Klint in the Kattegat, Bornholm in the Baltic Sea, Roskilde Fjord in Zealand of Denmark, Utsira in the western Norwegian coast and NW Greenland by neutron activation analysis. The results indicate that the129I levels in all locations investigated are one to three orders of magnitude higher than the fall-out background and strongly dominated by the discharges from reprocessing facilities at La Hague and Sellafield. The129I/99Tc ratio is applied to estimate the origin of and transit times of129I. Transit times of129I are estimated to be 1–2 years from La Hague to Klint and Utsira and 9–14 years to NW Greenland. Transfer factors of129I are calculated to be 54 yr m−3from La Hague to Klint, 60 yr m−3to Utsira and 1·2 yr m−3to NW Greenland. Based on the estimated transit times, transfer factors and annual discharge data of radionulides from the reprocessing facilities, the variations of129I concentrations and129I/99Tc and129I/137Cs ratios are modelled. Except129I/137Cs, others are in a good agreement between the modelled and measured values.