Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ectomycorrhizal-basidiomycete communities in red spruce versus northern hardwood forests of West Virginia

Sporocarps of Basidiomycetes belonging to families containing some species known to form ectomycorrhizae were enumerated in 12 plots (16 × 16 m) subdivided into contiguous 2 × 2 m quadrats during the growing seasons of 1981 – 1983. Plots were distributed equally between homogeneous second-growth red spruce stands and heterogeneous northern hardwood stands in southeastern West Virginia. A few major species accounted for most of the abundance, while most species fruited rarely, but abundance and phenology varied broadly from year to year, apparently in response to rainfall and temperature. Fungal species composition, spatial frequency, and sporocarp density in the two forest types differed as would be expected in light of the symbiotic nature of the fungi and trees considered. Of 54 fungal species encountered over 3 years, 19 occurred exclusively in spruce plots, 27 occurred exclusively in hardwood plots, and 8 occurred in both forest types. In both forest types, approximately 40% of the species were Russul.
Mouse Lactate Dchydrogenase (LDH) C4 (Testis) Is Immunochemically Cross‐Reactive with LDH A4 (Muscle) and LDH B4 (Heart)

It has been reported that lactale dehydrogenase (LDH) purified from testes (LDH C) of homotherms is not immunochemically cross‐reactive with somatic forms of LDH purified from heart (LDH B) or muscle (LDH A). On the basis of this premise, LDH C has been considered for use as a contraceptive vaccine. Data presented here indicate that mouse anlisera to either mouse or rat LDH C are cross‐reactive with LDH A and B purified from muscle and heart tissues of mice. However, rabbit antisera to mouse LDH C are not cross‐reactive with either mouse LDH A or B. Thus, the degree of cross‐reactivily is dependent on the species from which the immunogen LDH is purified, the antisera are derived, and the LDH used in the assay is purified. The determination that LDH A, B, and C are immunochemically cross‐reactive is of importance in evaluating LDH C as an immunogen in an immunologic approach to contraception.
Mangrove Litter Production in Phang-nga Bay, Southern Thailand.

The amount of litter fall in a mangrove forest at Phang-nga Bay on the west coast of Thailand was estimated by trapping the litter over a 12 months period. The average litter was 550 g dry weight m-2yr-1 of which 93 - 99 % was leaf material. The monthly maximum litter fall (82.76 g dry weight m-2) was in January (the dry season) while the monthly minimum (24.0 g dry weight m-2) was during July and August (the wet season). The average nitrogen and phosphorus supply analyzed from the leaf litter were 2.688 g m-2 yr-1 and 0.257 g m-2 yr-1, respectively.
Detection thresholds of a harbour seal to repeated underwater high-frequency, short-duration sinusoidal pulses

Underwater hearing thresholds of a harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) were obtained from 1 to 64 kHz using sinusoidal pulses as short as 0.5 ms. The lowest threshold was 57 dB (re 1 μPa) at 8 kHz. Thresholds for 500- to 50-ms tones increased to about 70 dB (re 1 μPa) in the 1- to 4-kHz and 32-kHz ranges and to 111 dB (re 1 μPa) at 64 kHz. At 50 ms duration, thresholds were from 0 to 6 dB greater than the maximum sensitivity for each frequency tested. Thus, only very brief seal vocalizations are not as audible as longer (and equally loud) underwater calls. For pulses shorter than 400 cycles, the thresholds increased linearly with the logarithm of the number of cycles, independent of frequency (4–32 kHz). The total energy of the pulses at threshold was estimated. From 4 to 32 kHz, as the pulse durations shortened, the threshold energy value decreased and then began to increase. These findings bring into question the concept that when presented with high-frequency sound, the auditory system integrates energy for .
Water and electrolyte changes in tropical Merino sheep exposed to dehydration during summer.

During three summers field studies were made of Merino wethers deprived of water while exposed to sun and to maximum air temperatures ranging from 84°F (29°C) to 108°F (42°C) at Julia Creek, lat. 21° S. Evaporative cooling determined the rate and extent of water and electrolyte changes and produced a different pattern each year. Control of body temperature failed when 31% of body weight was lost by the end of 10 days without water. In hotter weather 5 days without water caused a 25% loss of body weight and in some sheep irreversible circulatory failure. In the course of dehydration, after an initial increase, the plasma and extracellular volume decreased up to 45% while concentrations of haemoglobin and plasma protein increased by 60%. In the plasma, potassium and sodium concentration increased less than that of haemoglobin. When 25% or more of weight was lost, plasma urea concentration rose to 136 mg/100 ml. Plasma osmolarity in some sheep reached 490 m-osmoles/1 after 10 days. Urine volume fell after 2 days without water, and in a hot season less than 100 ml/24 hr was passed on the fourth or subsequent days. Concentrations increased over the first 4 or 5 days, reaching a maximum of 3•8 osmoles/1, then declined. Between half and two-thirds of the osmolarity was accountable to sodium and potassium salts. In rapid dehydration, more sodium was excreted than potassium. There was reduced sodium excretion when water was ingested after dehydration. Renal function studies in ewes indicated that filtration, renal plasma flow, and glucose reabsorption were reduced to half after 5 days without water in the heat. The chance of survival in dehydration appears to be increased by low rates of water loss in the first 3 days, together with high sodium and low potassium excretion. A full rumen, containing water up to 13% of body weight, could provide all the extracellular fluid loss. More than half of the weight loss appears, however, to come from intracellular sources. Extracellular fluid was drawn upon to a greater extent when the rate of dehydration was rapid, than in the cooler periods of slow weight loss. Survival in the sun without water depends upon insulation, water conservation, water reserves in rumen and extracellular fluid, the ability to adjust electrolyte concentrations, and the ability to maintain circulation with lowered plasma volume.
Habitat-patch occupancy in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) at different stages of the breeding cycle: implications to ecological processes in patchy environments

We studied the pattern of habitat-patch occupancy of radio-tagged common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula (L., 1758)) females in two sequential stages of the breeding season, the nest stage and the brood stage, and whether the resources needed in nesting and brood-rearing are spatially inter-related as revealed by patch occupation rate of goldeneye females in these stages. We also studied patch-specific factors potentially explaining the rate of patch occupation separately during the nest stage and the brood stage. There was no association in patch occupation rate between the nest stage and the brood stage, indicating that all the critical resources needed to complete a successful breeding cycle were not met within the same habitat patch. At the nest stage, patch occupation rate increased with nest-site availability and decreased with nest predation rate but was not affected by vegetation luxuriance or patch size. Vegetation luxuriance had a positive effect on patch occupation rate at the brood stage, wherea.
Field studies of cadmium in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Response of cvv. Russet Burbank and Kennebec to two double superphosphates of different cadmium concentration

Separate field experiments were conducted with Russet Burbank and Kennebec potatoes on a basaltic krasnozem where tuber cadmium (Cd) responses were examined over three rates of banded phosphorus (P), supplied as double superphosphate (DSP) containing either 15 or 90 mg Cd kg-1. In both cultivars, tuber Cd concentrations increased with rate of DSP. This response was due more to the amount of P supplied in the DSP than the amount of Cd supplied in the DSP and may be a result of banded P encouraging root proliferation in the fertilizer band. Even with DSP at 15 mg Cd kg-1, Cd additions at rates of DSP needed for high yields were 6-20 times higher than corresponding rates of Cd removal in tubers. Examination of data from all studies of Cd in Russet Burbank on Tasmanian krasnozems showed a significant relationship between petiole and tuber Cd concentrations, but the estimation of a petiole concentration associated with the critical tuber Cd concentration in Australia was subject to unacceptable uncertainty due to variation between sites.
MATURATION AND SPAWNING OF ABLATED AND NONABLATED Penaeus semisulcatus de HAAN (1844)

Reproductive performance of unilateral eyestalk ablated and unablated wild and pond reared Penaeus semisulcatus was compared in a series of experiments in Eilat, Israel. Tagging techniques were used to study the maturation and spawning of individual females. The average numbers of spawns and eggs per ablated females were more than double those produced by unablated females, although fewer eggs per spawn were produced by ablated females. There were no significant differences in spawn quality, as measured by the percent fertility, hatch, and metamorphosis to zoea 1, between ablated and nonablated females. Egg production of ablated females was consistent for 70 to 80 days after which a decline was observed. The average rate of egg production of nonablated shrimp was more erratic with an apparent decline only after 100 to 110 days. No significant differences were found in spawn size or spawn quality between the first three spawns of ablated and nonablated females. A significant reduction in spawn size was apparent over the molt cycle although the percent fertility remained constant. Spermatophore transfer rates of 84 to 92% were achieved with female to male rations of 1.8:1 to 2.5:l. A reduction in fecundity was observed for successive generations of pond-reared brood stock. Eyestalk ablation was used to stimulate spawning of P. semisulcatus in captivity with no significant reduction in brood stock survival or in spawn quality.
Spatial distribution of zooplankton biomass size fractions in a bog lake: abiotic and (or) biotic regulation?

Although spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton has been explained by variations in abiotic and biotic factors as well as their cascading interactions, few studies have paid attention to the relative importance of these processes in structuring the vertical and horizontal distribution of zooplankton within a lake. The main objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic processes in the regulation of the vertical and horizontal distribution of four size fractions (53-100, 100-202, 202-500, and >500 µm) of the zooplankton biomass in a bog lake (Lake Geai, Quebec). Spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton biomass was found in both the horizontal and the vertical dimensions of the lake, and spatial patterns were quite similar for all size fractions. On the horizontal axis, spatial heterogeneity was stronger in the epilimnetic stratum. Zooplankton biomass was mainly aggregated in the east side of the lake in an area of higher conductivity and greater density of small chaoborid.
Some Environmental and Cultural Factors Influencing the Structuring of Australian Aboriginal Populations

Theory in population genetics has been so vigorously developed in recent decades that its mathematical elaboration has run far ahead of its concrete applications to natural populations. Much of the theory requires empirical checking, yet this is difficult since the parameters which determine the characteristics of populations are generally ill-defined. There is great need to isolate and quantitatively evaluate the variables influencing the structuring of natural populations. Man is sometimes considered an intractable subject for studies in population genetics. He is warm-blooded, produces few offspring, is long lived, and most important, his culture partially shields him from the forces in the natural environment. Nevertheless, properly chosen human populations may offer unusual research advantages. The aboriginal Australians are such an example. They are unique in that only in Australia did there survive into modern times an entire continent of peoples whose economy was based exclusively upon hunting and collecting, and whose culture was broadly uniform in terms of extractive efficiency. In ecological terms the aborigines represent a latter day survival of man at an essentially paleolithic level of economy, despite the presence of pressure-chipping, microliths, and stone grinding in some regions. Hence they are important as capable of revealing some aspects of the evolutionary processes affecting man in the Pleistocene, a period in which he passed through the definitive stages of racial differentiation. Determinants of Australian aboriginal population structure fall into two broad categories: (1) cultural; and (2) environmental. Certain of the more obvious cultural determinants have been discussed in a previous paper (Birdsell, 1950). Aboriginal populations in Australia do not represent an amorphous pattern of biological family units, but are structured in terms of two larger social units, the horde and the tribe. The horde, or local group, is equivalent to an extended family, usually numbers about 40 persons, and is the primary land-owning unit. Throughout Australia the horde is exogamous, patrilineal and patrilocal; that is, a man takes his wife from outside his local unit, she lives with his horde, and their children belong to it. Thus in each generation 50 per cent of the local group gene pool is introduced from other hordes outside its boundaries.
Endophytic mycobiota of healthy twigs and the assemblage of species associated with twig lesions of Eucalyptus globulus and E. grandis in Uruguay

The endophytic mycobiota of healthy twigs and the assemblage of species associated with twig lesions of Eucalyptus globulus and E. grandis planted at the same site in the central west region of Uruguay was examined. Twig segments from E. grandis and E. globulus were plated on 2% malt agar. The diversity of endophytes isolated was low, as was the number of host-specific species. E. globulus endophytes of healthy xylem were different from the colonizers of cracked lesions and healthy bark. Conversely, in E. grandis characterized by black spots, the main difference in species composition was between xylem and bark. Cytospora chrysosperma was isolated from healthy bark and symptomatic twigs of E. globulus, suggesting that symptomatic tissues, such as cracks produced under drought were favourable to saprotrophic expansion.
Competitive ability and threshold levels of three broadleaf weed species in sunflower

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Data collected from field trials carried out in different years and environments were used to determine competitive ability and threshold levels of Ammi majus L. , Chenopodium album L. and Sinapis arvensis L. The hyperbolic model showed a good fit to the experimental data. The three broadleaf weeds showed low and similar competitive indices (i ranging from 1–08 to 1–75), supporting the hypothesis of a high sunflower competitive ability. The economic threshold was four to six plants m−2 for all three weeds in the case of weed control by hoeing and about six plants m−2 for S. arvensis in the case of a postemergence treatment with imazamethabenz. Limitations and approximations in estimating competitive parameters are pointed out and discussed. Aptitude a la competition et seuils de nuisibilite de trois mauvaises herbes dicotyledones dans le tournesol Des donnees recueillies dans des experimentations au champ conduites dans differents environnements et au cours de differentes annees ont ete utilisees pour determiner l'aptitude a la competition et les seuils de nuisibilite de Ammi majus L. , Chenopodium album L. et Sinapis arvensis L. Le modele hyperbolique fournissait un bon ajustement aux donnees. Les trois mauvaises herbes avaient des indices de competition bas et similaires (i de 1,08 a 1,75) ce qui conforte l'hypothese d'une forte aptitude a la competition du tournesol. Les seuils economiques etaient 4–6 plantes m−2 pour toutes les mauvaises herbes dans le cas de desherbage mecanique et environ 6 plantes m−2 pour S. arvensis dans le cas de traitement de post-levee avec l'imazamethabenz. Les limitations et les approximations dans l'evaluation des parametres de la competition sont identifies et discutes. Konkurrenzkraft und Schadensschwellen von drei dikotylen Unkrautarten in Sonnenblume Anhand von Ergebnissen aus Freilandversuchen in verschiedenen Jahren auf verschiedenen Standorten wurden die Konkurrenzkraft und die Schadensschwellen von Ammi majus L. , Chenopodium album L. , und Sinapis arvensis L, bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse liesen sich mit einer hyperbolischen Gleichung gut beschreiben. Die Konkurrenzindices i von 1,08 bis 1,75 waren fur alle 3 Arten ahnlich niedrig, worin sich die starke Konkurrenz der Sonnenblume widerspiegelt. Bei mechanischer Unkrautbekampfung lagen die Schadensschwellen fur alle 3 Unkrauter zwischen 4 und 6 Pflanzen m−2, fur Nachauflaufbehandlung mit Imazametabenz fur Sinapis arvenis bei 6 Pflanzen m−2. Grenzen und Annaherung der Bestimmung von Konkurrenzparametern werden eingehend diskutiert.
The Effect of the Time of Fruit Harvest on Flower Formation and Carbohydrate Contents in Shoots of Wase Satsuma Mandarin Trees

The effect of the time of fruit harvest and that of fruit removal in early-July on flower formation and carbohydrate contents were investigated in Wase satsuma mandarin trees. In the spring shoots of the bearing trees, the flower induction seemed to be retarded in comparison with the summer shoots in the July-defruited trees. Both in the defruited trees and the early harvested (mid-Oct.) trees, flower formation occurred earlier and increased markedly higher by mid-March in comparison with the customary harvested (mid-Nov.) and late harvested (mid-Dec. or mid-Jan.) trees. Starch accumulation in the shoots seemed to parallel flower induction. Our data in Wase satsuma mandarin indicate a clear effect of the fruit harvest before November on both flower formation and starch accumulation.
A Stochastic Dynamic Programming Approach to Optimize Short-Rotation Coppice Systems Management Scheduling: An Application to Eucalypt Plantations under Wildfire Risk in Portugal

: This article presents and discusses research with the aim of developing a stand-level management scheduling model for short-rotation coppice systems that may take into account the risk of wildfire. The use of the coppice regeneration method requires the definition of both the optimal harvest age in each cycle and the optimal number of coppice cycles within a full rotation. The scheduling of other forest operations such as stool thinning and fuel treatments (e.g., shrub removals) must be further addressed. In this article, a stochastic dynamic programming approach is developed to determine the policy (e.g., fuel treatment, stool thinning, coppice cycles, and rotation length) that maximizes expected net revenues. Stochastic dynamic programming stages are defined by the number of harvests, and state variables correspond to the number of years since the stand was planted. Wildfire occurrence and damage probabilities are introduced in the model to analyze the impact of the wildfire risk on the optimal stand management schedule policy. For that purpose, alternative wildfire occurrence and postfire mortality scenarios were considered at each stage. A typical Eucalyptus globulus Labill. stand in Central Portugal was used as a test case. Results suggest that the proposed approach may help integrate wildfire risk in short-rotation coppice systems management scheduling. They confirm that the maximum expected discounted revenue decreases with and is very sensitive to the discount rate and further suggest that the number of cycles within a full rotation is not sensitive to wildfire risk. Nevertheless, the expected rotation length decreases when wildfire risk is considered. F OR . S CI . 58(4):353–365.
Comparison of polyamine, phenol and flavonoid contents in plants grown under conventional and organic methods

Summary The objective of this work was to compare the contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), and total soluble phenols and flavonoids in parts of plants grown under either organic or conventional cropping, commonly discarded during food preparation. The contents of free polyamines, total phenols and total soluble flavonoids in peels (zucchini squash, banana, potato, eggplant, orange, lime, mango, passion fruit and radish), leaves (zucchini squash, broccoli, carrot, collard, cassava, radish and grape), stalks (broccoli, collard and spinach) and zucchini seeds were analysed. Most analysed vegetables presented higher contents of polyamines and total phenols under organic cropping, contrary to the results obtained for total flavonoids, possibly because of the cultural practices adopted.
Impact of Farnesol on the Food Consumption and Utilization, Digestive Enzymes and Fat Body Proteins of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The food consumption, nutritional indices and the digestive enzymes (protease, invertase, amylase, trehalase and chitinase) of Schistocerca gregaria were affected by treatment with farnesol. Treated insects oviposited fewer eggs. The total haemolymph and midgut protein significantly increased in farnesol-treated insects as compared with the control. Protein profiles in the fat body of treated females showed a significant (P < 0.05) change compared with the control females. This change in the intensity might reflect the decline in the synthesis or the increase in the utilization of this protein.
Ghrelin, leptin and the neurometabolic axis of breastfed and formula-fed infants.

UNLABELLED The possible long-term effects of prolonged breastfeeding in preventing obesity have led to the reconsideration of different growth curves of breastfed and formula-fed infants in the light of haematochemical markers. Leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factors and other compounds may not only represent mediators involved in the metabolism of fat tissues, but may also potentially be able to explain the complex relationships between the gastrointestinal tract and the hypothalamic regulation of the sense of hunger and satiety. CONCLUSION Diet-related differences in the circulating levels of mediators implicated in energy metabolism during infancy might explain anthropometric and behavioural differences between breastfed and formula-fed infants with potential long-term consequences.
Do Bacterial Secreted Proteins Play a Role in The Weathering of Potassium-Bearing Rock Powder?

Bacillus mucilaginosus has already been proved to be capable of degrading silicate minerals, but it is not very clear about the molecular mechanisms of bacterial mineral weathering. To understand the relationship between bacterial weathering of minerals and bacterial secreted proteins, B. mucilaginosus was chosen to study the expression of its extracellular proteins in the process of weathering potassium minerals. This article reveals that certain secreted proteins, related to weathering of potassium minerals, can be induced under conditions such as bacterial nutritional deficiency and the existence of K-bearing rock powders. This suggests direct evidence of the metabolic changes of extracellular enzymes in bacteria during the process of weathering of potassium minerals. It was speculated that these secreted proteins, together with extracellular polymers like polysaccharides, may accelerate the weathering of potassium minerals, resulting in the release of K+ needed for the bacterial growth.