Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of Promiscuous and Non-promiscuous Soybean ( Glycine max ( L ) Merill ) Cultivars to Indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculation in Three Ghanaian Soils

Soybean, a recently introduced leguminous crop in West Africa, does not usually nodulate satisfactorily unless it is inoculated with selected rhizobial strains. The development of the Tropical Glycine Cross (TGx) soybean varieties by IITA has made it possible for this promiscuous varieties to nodulate with the naturally occurring strains with source belonging to the cowpea bradyrhizobia spp. For many tropical countries particularly in Africa, Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) continues to be the most promising alternative or supplement to the use of chemical Nitrogen fertilizers for sustainable Agriculture. Greenhouse experiments were carried out at the University of Ghana-Legon to determine the effect inoculation of soybean with bradyrhizobia has on nodulation, nodule dry weight %N and total N in three promiscuous soybean varieties, Bengbie, TGx 1903-7E and TGx 1910-2F, and the cultivar Bragg, anonpromiscuous genotype in three Ghanaian soil series, Oyibi (Sodic solunchaus), Hake (Eutric cambisol) and Nzima (Ferric acrisols). The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the bradyrhizobial population in these soils. Eighty four Bradyrhizobium isolates obtained from randomly selected nodules were assessed for effectiveness in nitrogen fixation. Three of the most effective Bradyrhizobium isolates were used in the inoculation studies. There were tremendous inoculation responses in these soils for both the promiscuous and nonpromiscuous cultivars, with even the promiscuous ones responding better to inoculation than the non-promiscuous Bragg. Inoculation gave rise to significant increases in nodule number, nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight and total nitrogen accumulation compared to the uninoculated control. However, the response of these soybean cultivars was higher in Hake soil series despite the high number of numerous indigenous bradyrhizobia strains in this soil which might have offset the inoculation response in this soil.
Ferric Iron in CaTiO3 Perovskite as an Oxygen Barometer for Kimberlitic Magmas I: Experimental Calibration

A method to estimate the oxygen fugacity (fO2) during the crystallization of kimberlites is developed using the Fe content of CaTiO3 perovskite (Pv), a common groundmass phase in these rocks. With increasing fO2, more Fe exists in the kimberlitic liquid as Fe3þ, and thus partitions into Pv. Experiments to study the partitioning of Fe between Pv and kimberlite liquid were conducted at 100 kPa on simple and complex anhydrous kimberlite bulk compositions from 1130 to 13008C over a range of fO2 from NNO 5 to NNOþ 4 (where NNO is the nickel^nickel oxide buffer), and atNb and rare earth element (REE) contents in the starting materials of 0^5 wt % and 1500 ppm, respectively.The partitioning of Fe between Pv and kimberlite liquid is influenced mostly by fO2, although the presence of Nb increases the partition of Fe3þ into perovskite at a given T and fO2. Multiple linear regression (MLR) of all the experimental data produces a relationship that describes the variation of Fe andNbinPvwith fO2relative to theNNObuffer:
Ultra-refractory domains in the oceanic mantle lithosphere

Many peridotite xenoliths sampled at ocean islands appear to have strongly refractory major element and modal compositions.To better constrain the chemistry, abundance and origin of these ultrarefractory rocks we compiled a large number of data for xenoliths from nine groups of ocean islands.The xenoliths were filtered petrographically for signs of melt infiltration and modal metasomatism, and the samples affected by these processes were excluded.The xenolith suites from most ocean islands are dominated by ultra-refractory harzburgites. Exceptions are the Hawaii and Tahiti peridotites, which are more fertile and contain primary clinopyroxene, and the Cape Verde suite, which contains both ultra-refractory and more fertile xenoliths. Ultra-refractory harzburgites are characterized by the absence of primary clinopyroxene, low whole-rock Al2O3, CaO, FeO/MgO and heavy rare earth element (HREE) concentrations, low Al2O3 in orthopyroxene (generally53 wt %), high Cr-number in spinel (0 3^0 8) and high forsterite contents in olivine (averages491 5). They are therefore on average significantly more refractory than peridotites dredged and drilled from mid-ocean ridges and fracture zones. Moreover, their compositions resemble those of oceanic forearc peridotites.The formation of ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites requires potential temperatures above those normally observed at modern mid-ocean ridges, and/or fluid fluxed conditions. Some ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites give high Osmodel ages (up to 3300Ma), showing that their formation significantly pre-dates the oceanic crust in the area. A genetic relationship with the host plume is considered unlikely based on textural observations, equilibration temperatures and pressures, inferred physical properties, and the long-term depleted Os and Sr isotope compositions of some of the harzburgites. Although we do not exclude the possibility that some ultra-refractory ocean island harzburgites have formed at mid-ocean ridges, we favor a model in which they formed in a process spatially and temporally unrelated to the formation of the oceanic plate and the host plume. As a result of their whole-rock compositions, ultrarefractory harzburgites have a very high solidus temperature at a given pressure, low densities and very high viscosities, and will tend to accumulate at the top of the convecting mantle.They may be preserved as fragments in the convecting mantle over long periods of time and be preferentially incorporated into newly formed lithosphere.
Photochemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cosmic water ice - II. Near UV/VIS spectroscopy and ionization rates

Context. Mid-infrared emission features originating from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are observed towards photon dominated regions in space. Towards dense clouds, however, these emission features are quenched. Observations of dense clouds show that many simple volatile molecules are frozen out on interstellar grains, forming thin layers of ice. Recently, observations have shown that more complex non-volatile species, presumably including PAHs, also freeze out and contribute to the ongoing solid-state chemistry. Aims. The study presented here aims at obtaining reaction rate data that characterize PAH photochemistry upon vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation in an interstellar H2O ice analogue to explore the potential impact of PAH:H2O ice reactions on overall interstellar ice chemistry. To this end, the experimental results are implemented in a chemical model under simple interstellar cloud conditions. Methods. Time-dependent near-UV/VIS spectroscopy on the VUV photochemistry of anthracene, pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene containing interstellar H2O ice analogs is performed at 25 and 125 K, using an optical absorption setup. Results. Near-UV/VIS absorption spectra are presented for these four PAHs and their photoproducts including cationic species trapped in H 2O ice. Oscillator strengths of the cation absorption bands are derived relative to the oscillator strength of the neutral parent PAH. The loss of the parent and growth of PAH photoproducts are measured as a function of VUV dose, yielding solid state reaction constants. The rate constants are used in an exploratory astrochemical model, to assess the importance of PAH:H2 Oi ce photoprocessing in UV exposed interstellar environments, compared with the timescales in which PAH molecules are incorporated in interstellar ices. Conclusions. All four PAHs studied here are found to be readily ionized upon VUV photolysis when trapped in H2O ice and exhibit similar rates for ionization at astronomically relevant temperatures. Depending on the relative efficiency of H2O photodesorption and PAH photoionization in H2O ice, the latter may trigger a charge induced aromatic solid state chemistry, in which PAH cations play a central role.
Responses of sandy seabed under combined waves and current : Turbulent boundary layer and pore-water pressure

Numerous offshore structures have been constructed in severe ocean environments where waves are usually coexisting with current. Previous studies on the seabed response mainly focused on either wave induced pore-pressure in the soil or the particle-transport of surficial sediments, etc. In this study, the sandy seabed responses in combined waves and current were physically modelled with a specially-designed water flume. The flow velocities in the boundary layer and the pore-water pressure in the sand-bed were simultaneously measured with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and miniature Pore Pressure Transducers (PPTs) respectively. In the physical modelling of wave-current coexistence, both the following-current and opposing-current were superimposed on the travelling waves respectively. Experimental results indicate that the pore-pressure amplitudes are enlarged for the following-current case and reduced for the opposing-current case. This coupling effect is more obvious for the waves with shorter periods. The wave-induced seepage has slight effect on velocity profiles in the boundary layer for the examined hydrodynamic loads and the medium sands. that the seepage out of the bed did not affect incipient motion significantly because the seepage force is lost once a sediment particle rocks. Carstens et al. (1976) considered that the insensitivity of the incipient motion to vertical pressure gradients is applicative to any combination of steady or oscillatory flow and pressure gradient. Baldock & Holmes’s (1998) experiment indicated that the incipient motion of the sediment is little affected by vertical pressure gradients and no appreciable motion occurred until the critical gradient for liquefaction was neared. The aforementioned studies put forward their conclusions mostly based on some topographical observations in the experiment, and mainly focused on the current-only condition while waves and current generally coexist in real ocean environments. It has been proved that the seepage can modify the velocity distribution of open-channel flows significantly (Lu et al. 2009, Chen & Chiew 2004). However, the effect of wave-induced seepage on the velocity distribution of waves plus current flow has not been well understood yet (Liu et al. 1996). In the present study, a series of large flume tests were conducted, the velocity profile of the boundary layer was measured and analyzed under both waves-only condition and waves plus current condition, which may provide an explanation about the effect of the pressure gradients on the sediment incipient motion.
The Effects of Numerical and Figural Cues on the Induction Processes of Preservice Elementary Teachers.

In this report, we address the following questions: What aspects of information do preservice elementary teachers rely on when performing inductive reasoning? What contexts enable them to perceive the inherent invariant relationships from a finite sample and, thus, formulate viable generalizations? To what extent are they able to justify inductive results noninductively? Our responses are based mostly on inductors’ ability to perceive similarity between compared entities that they compute over numerical and figural cues. We tested a model of similarity and examined predictions of the model in the case of two problem tasks. In the model, we assume that both numerical and figural cues contribute to similarity leading to induction. An analysis of the induction processes of the 42 participants suggests that even if relationships among numerical values have had greater contribution to similarity than did figural ones, those who induced figurally acquired a better understanding of the generalizations they constructed.
Self-Employment Can Be Good for Your Health

Drawing upon theoretical insights from the Job Demand-Control model, which links occupational characteristics to health, this paper provides the first causal evidence of the physical and mental health consequences of self-employment. Specifically, I utilize German longitudinal data for the period 2002-2014 and difference-in-differences estimations and find that both switches from unemployment to self-employment (necessity entrepreneurship) and transitions from regular employment to self-employment (opportunity entrepreneurship) lead to health enhancements for entrepreneurs with and without employees. Specifically, necessity entrepreneurs experience improvements in mental but not physical health, while opportunity entrepreneurship is associated with both physical and mental health gains, which is in line with the theoretical predictions. Importantly, the health improvements cannot be explained by changes in income or working conditions and are not driven by personality and risk preferences or the local unemployment conditions. The results have implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice, current and would-be entrepreneurs as well as policy-makers.
Flower and Fruit Setting of Summer Tomato Regulated by Plant Hormones

Received:28 July, 2014 Accepted: 7 August, 2014 Published: 20 September, 2014 The experiment was conducted with the signification of realizing the influence of plant hormones on flower and fruit setting of summer tomato. The experiment consisted of two varieties namely BARI hybrid tomato-3 and BARI hybrid tomato-4, and four types of plant hormones @ 40 ppm, viz. Control; 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; 4-Chlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1-Naphthalene acetic acid laid out in randomized completed block design with three replications. The experiment revealed that, application of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid hastened flowering, fruiting and number of flower and fruit clusters plant of the variety BARI hybrid tomato-4. © 2014 PSCI Publisher All rights reserved.
Immunohistochemical Distribituon of COX-1 , COX-2 , and TGFβ-1 in the Duodenum of Rats Treated with Capsaicin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of capsaicin on the duodenal distribution of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) in rats. Rats were divided into two groups (n =10 in each group). Experimental group treated with capsaicin (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was injected in 10% ethanol, 1% Tween and 80% distilled water everyday for a period of one week and in not injected control group. Localisations of COX-1, COX-2 and TGFβ-1 were observed in villus and crypt ephitelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, in this study, capsaicin administration was found to increase the release of COX-1 and COX-2, and TGFβ-1.
Survey of upper band chorus and ECH waves: Implications for the diffuse aurora

[1] The origin of the diffuse aurora has been a source of controversy for many years. More recently, the question has taken a new significance in view of the associated changes in atmospheric chemistry which may affect the middle atmosphere. Here, we use CRRES data to assess the importance of upper band chorus and electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves in the production of the diffuse aurora. Both wave modes increase with increasing geomagnetic activity, suggesting they are related to periods of enhanced convection and/or substorm activity. They are confined to the near-equatorial region, which excludes the prenoon sector from the wave survey. During active conditions, intense ECH waves and upper band chorus, with amplitudes exceeding 1 mV m−1, are observed in the region 4 < L< 7 from 2100 to 0600 MLT approximately 20% and 6% of the time, respectively. This suggests that both wave modes can put electrons on strong diffusion, but only during active conditions and not at all local times. Scattering rates fall below the strong diffusion limit at other times when the wave amplitudes are weaker. Fluxes of low energy electrons (100 eV < E < 30 keV) also increase with increasing geomagnetic activity in approximately the same region of geospace as the waves, suggesting that these electrons are responsible for the generation of the waves. The patterns of the upper band chorus, ECH waves, and low-energy electrons are similar to the global morphology of the diffuse aurora, suggesting that both wave modes play significant roles in the production of the diffuse aurora.
HAIRY ROOT PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L . PLANTS WITH AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES UNDER IN-VITRO CONDITIONS

Plumbago zeylanica L. is an important medicinal plant and often used for treating the leprosy, diarrhoea and skin diseases. The in vitro studies on P. zeylanica showed high frequency of micro shoots production from the explants supplemented with various concentrations of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine). A maximum number of shoots were obtained from shoot tip explants in the medium containing 0.5 mg/l BAP. The regenerated shoots were further elongated on MS medium supplemented with MS and BAP (1.5 mg/l). The factors affecting Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation on formation of hairy roots of P.zeylanica have also investigated in this study. The shoots were subjected to root induction medium and calculated their 20% of the inoculated shoots cultured on MS and NAA (2.0 mg/l) medium developed maximum number of roots (5-7) per shoot.
The Economic Origins of Authoritarian Values: Evidence From Local Trade Shocks in the United Kingdom

What explains the backlash against the liberal international order? Are its causes economic or cultural? We argue that while cultural values are central to understanding the backlash, those values are, in part, endogenous and shaped by long-run economic change. Using an original survey of the British population, we show that individuals living in regions where the local labor market was more substantially affected by imports from China have significantly more authoritarian values and that this relationship is driven by the effect of economic change on authoritarian aggression. This result is consistent with a frustration-aggression mechanism by which large economic shocks hinder individuals’ expected attainment of their goals. This study provides a theoretical mechanism that helps to account for the opinions and behaviors of Leave voters in the 2016 UK referendum who in seeking the authoritarian values of order and conformity desired to reduce immigration and “take back control” of policymaking.
Enhanced in vivo tumour imaging by EDTA-bis-GNGR functionalized core shell CdSe:ZnS quantum dot: synergistic effect of active passive targeting

It has been shown in one of our earlier studies that the homodimeric N2S2 system enhances the biocompatibility of semiconductor core shell CdSe:ZnS quantum dots by lowering their toxicity and optimizing the steric ligand packing density. In this study we functionalize the core shell quantum dots with the same homodimeric ligand and add two moieties of GNGR (Gly-Asn-Gly-Asp) peptide which contain the NGR motif known to target the CD13 receptors in tumour vasculature. The aim is to study the influence of active receptor based targeting by peptide and passive targeting by QD nanoconjugate on tumour imaging. The core shell CdSe:ZnS quantum dot were synthesised and conjugated with EDTA-bis-GNGR ligand. The docking studies show high binding affinity of the synthesised quantum dot nanoconjugate to the CD13 receptor. The GNGR peptide was synthesised on solid phase using Fmoc chemistry, followed by its conjugation to EDTA-bis-cysteamine. The complete physicochemical characterisation of the ligand was done using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass. The comparative in vivo kinetics, biodistribution and tumour targeting by native GNGR, EDTA-bis-GNGR and EDTA-bis-GNGR-QD was studied in murines after radiolabelling with 99mTc. The changes observed in vivo on comparing the three are very interesting. A seven fold increase in tumour uptake is seen after nanoconjugation highlighting the synergistic effect of active passive targeting resulting in enhanced tumour imaging. This study thus opens up a new area where the nanoplatforms can be designed to get the best of both targeting and potential theranostic applications.
Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

By combining two large data sets (on international trade flows and cross-border mergers and acquisitions - M&As), we test two implications of Neary's (2003, 2007) general oligopolistic equilibrium (GOLE) model (incorporating strategic interaction between firms in a general equilibrium setting). In terms of economic importance, the dominant merger wave variable is a positive global-all effect, indicating that M&A waves are an economy-wide, global phenomenon. Country-specific merger wave variables are of secundary importance. In accordance with the bilateral GOLE model as specified by Neary, we find strong evidence that acquiring firms operate in strong sectors. However, we also find (less pronounced) evidence that target firms are active in strong, not weak sectors, which we label the 'target paradox'. We show how a multi-country extension of the GOLE model that allows for firm heterogeneity can explain this target paradox.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) molecular weight and extrusion temperature in starch/PVA biodegradable sheets

The aim of this work was to study the relationship of chain size of partially hydrolyzed PVA blended with starch in properties of biodegradable sheets produced by thermoplastic extrusion. It was also studied the effect of extrusion temperature profile to determine the better PVA chain size and temperature profile to produce biodegradable sheets through a factorial design. The processability and the mechanical, thermal, optical, and microstructural properties of the biodegradable sheets were adequate, indicating that PVA/cassava starch blends have potential to replace conventional non-biodegradable polymers. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus ranges from 1.0 to 2.6 and 3.0 to 6.9 MPa respectively, the elongation at break ranges from 42 to 421%. It was not possible to state a conclusive relationship between PVA molecular weight and the materials properties, but in general, PVA with medium molecular weight and high extrusion temperature profile promote an increase of mechanical properties of the sheets.
Masked Evaluation of BDNF and TrkB Label in Rat and Monkey Experimental Models

RESULTS. With acute glaucoma in the rat, RGC axons became abnormally dilated, accumulating vesicles presumed to be moving in axonal transport at the optic nerve head. Label for TrkB, but not TrkA, was relatively increased at and behind the optic nerve head with IOP elevation. Abnormal, focal labeling for TrkB and BDNF was identified in axons of monkey optic nerve heads with chronic glaucoma. With acute IOP elevation in rats, radiolabeled BDNF arrived at cells in the RGC layer at less than half the level of control eyes.