Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A holistic view of unstable dark matter: Spectral and anisotropy signatures in astrophysical backgrounds

The nature of dark matter is one of the key outstanding problems in both particle and astrophysics. If dark matter decays or annihilates into electrons and positrons, it can affect diffuse radiation backgrounds observed in astrophysics. In this thesis, we propose a new, more general analysis of constraints on dark matter models. For any decaying dark matter model, constraints on mass and lifetime can be obtained by folding the specific dark matter decay spectrum with a response function. We derive these response functions from full-sky radio surveys and Fermi-LAT gammaray observations as well as from the local positron fluxes mesured by the PAMELA satellite experiment and apply them to place constraints on some specific dark matter decay models. We also discuss the influence of astrophysical uncertainties on the response function, such as the uncertainties from propagation models and from the spatial distribution of the dark matter. Moreover, an anisotropy analysis of full-sky emission gamma-ray and radio maps is performed to identify possible signatures of annihilating dark matter. We calculate angular power spectra of the cosmological background of synchrotron emission from dark matter annihilations into electron positron pairs. We compare the power spectra with the anisotropy of astrophysical and cosmological radio backgrounds, from normal galaxies, radio-galaxies, galaxy cluster accretion shocks, the cosmic microwave background and Galactic foregrounds. In addition, we develop a numerical tool to compute gamma-ray emission from such electrons and positrons diffusing in the smooth host halo and in substructure halos with masses down to 10M⊙. We show that, unlike the total gamma-ray angular power spectrum observed by Fermi-LAT, the angular power spectrum from the inverse Compton scattering is exponentially suppressed below an angular scale determined by the diffusion length of electrons and positrons.
Matrix Iterative Analysis

Matrix Properties and Concepts. - Nonnegative Matrices. - Basic Iterative Methods and Comparison Theorems. - Successive Overrelaxation Iterative Methods. - Semi-Iterative Methods. - Derivation and Solution of Elliptic Difference Equations. - Alternating-Direction Implicit Iterative Methods. - Matrix Methods for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations. - Estimation of Acceleration Parameters.
Unsupervised discovery of family specific vocal usage in the Mongolian gerbil

Many animal species use vocalizations to communicate social information and previous experiments in rodents have identified a range of vocal types that may be used for this purpose. However, social vocalizations are typically acquired during brief interactions between animals with no prior social relationship, and under environmental conditions with limited ethological relevance. Here, we establish long-term acoustic recordings from Mongolian gerbil families, a core social group that uses an array of sonic and ultrasonic vocalizations which vary with social context. Three separate gerbil families (two parents and four pups) were transferred to an enlarged environment and continuous 20-day audio recordings were obtained. We leveraged deep-learning based unsupervised analysis of 583,237 vocalizations to show that gerbils exhibit a more complex vocal repertoire than has been previously reported. Furthermore, gerbils displayed family-specific vocal repertoires, including differences in vocal type usage and transitions. Since gerbils live naturally as extended families in complex underground burrows that are adjacent to other families, these results suggest the presence of a vocal dialect which could be exploited by animals to represent kinship. These findings offer insight into the naturalistic vocal tendencies of gerbil families and position the Mongolian gerbil as a compelling animal to study the neural basis of vocal communication.
Sub-clinical triiodothyronine levels predict health, demographic, and socioeconomic outcomes

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure, metabolic rate, and body temperature. However, the consequences of “normal” physiologic HPT-axis variation in non-clinical populations are poorly understood. Using nationally-representative data from the 2007-2012 NHANES, we explore relationships with demographics, mortality, and socio-economic factors. We find much larger variation across age in free T3 than other HPT-axis hormones. T3 and T4 have opposite effects on mortality: free T3 is inversely related and free T4 is positively related with likelihood of death. Free T3 and household income are negatively related, particularly at lower incomes. Finally, free T3 among older adults is associated with labor both on the extensive margin (unemployment) and intensive margin (hours worked). Physiologic TSH/T4 explain only 1% of T3 variation, and neither are appreciably correlated to socio-economic outcomes. Taken together, our data suggest an unappreciated complexity and non-linearity of the HPT-axis signaling cascade broadly such that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Furthermore, we find that sub-clinical variation in the HPT-axis effector hormone T3 is an important and overlooked factor linking socio-economic forces, human biology, and aging.
Hierarchical behavior control by a single class of interneurons

Animal behavior is organized into nested temporal patterns spanning multiple timescales. This behavior hierarchy is believed to arise from a hierarchical neural architecture: neurons near the top of the hierarchy are involved in planning, selecting, initiating, and maintaining motor programs while those near the bottom of the hierarchy act in concert to produce fine spatiotemporal motor activity. In Caenorhabditis elegans, behavior on a long timescale emerges from ordered and flexible transitions between different behavioral states, such as forward movement, reversal, and turn. On a short timescale, different parts of the animal body coordinate fast rhythmic bending sequences to produce directional movements. Here, we show SAA, a class of interneurons that enable cross-communication between dorsal and ventral head motor neurons, play a dual role in shaping behavioral dynamics on different timescales. On the short timescale, SAA regulate and stabilize rhythmic bending activity during forward movements. On the long timescale, the same neurons suppress spontaneous reversals and facilitate reversal termination by inhibiting RIM, an integrating neuron that helps sustain a behavioral state. These results suggest that feedback from a lower-level cell assembly to a higher-level command center is essential for bridging behavioral dynamics at different levels.
First report of a successful development of yam hybrids (Dioscorea alata L.) from lyophilized and long-term stored pollens

Background Greater yam, Dioscorea alata L. , is a significant food security crop in tropical areas. However, low genetic diversity and various biological constraints, including susceptibility to viruses, ploidy, erratic and low flowering intensity, and asynchronous flowering hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs. Therefore, pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate genetic material exchanges, artificial pollinations and to increase the genetic gains in breeding programs. This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids. Fresh pollens were collected from two D. alata males, then lyophilized (two lyophilization treatments were applied), followed by storage at room temperature (24-25 °C) for 12 months. Moreover, the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties. Results Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage. Treatment 1 (48 h drying) showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2 (72 h drying). Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage, we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12 to 21% compared to 21-31% when using fresh pollens. Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings, which grew well in a greenhouse. Conclusions The results signify the importance of pollen lyophilization for yam breeding programs.
A simple proof of global solvability of 2-D Navier-Stokes equations in unbounded domains

In this paper we provide an elementary proof of the clas- sical result of J.L. Lions and G. Prodi on the global unique solvability of two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations that avoids compact em- bedding and strong convergence. The method applies to unbounded domains without special treatment. The essential idea is to utilize the local monotonicity of the sum of the Stokes operator and the inertia term. This method was rst discovered in the context of stochastic Navier-Stokes equations by J.L. Menaldi and S.S. Sritharan.
Connectome-constrained deep mechanistic networks predict neural responses across the fly visual system at single-neuron resolution

We can now measure the connectivity of every neuron in a neural circuit, but we are still blind to other biological details, including the dynamical characteristics of each neuron. The degree to which connectivity measurements alone can inform understanding of neural computation is an open question. Here we show that with only measurements of the connectivity of a biological neural network, we can predict the neural activity underlying neural computation. We constructed a model neural network with the experimentally determined connectivity for 64 cell types in the motion pathways of the fruit fly optic lobe but with unknown parameters for the single neuron and single synapse properties. We then optimized the values of these unknown parameters using techniques from deep learning, to allow the model network to detect visual motion. Our mechanistic model makes detailed experimentally testable predictions for each neuron in the connectome. We found that model predictions agreed with experimental measurements of neural activity across 24 studies. Our work demonstrates a strategy for generating detailed hypotheses about the mechanisms of neural circuit function from connectivity measurements. We show that this strategy is more likely to be successful when neurons are sparsely connected—a universally observed feature of biological neural networks across species and brain regions.
The productivity and overall benefits of faba bean-sugar beet intercropping systems interacted with foliar-applied nutrients

Abstract Intercropping systems are gaining popularity in developed countries as people become more conscious of the environmental damage caused by the intensive use of nonrenewable resources. Two field experiments were conducted for evaluating three faba bean intercropping systems (FISs) with 100% sugar beet (S-Sole) as follows: 12.5% (FIS12.5%), 25% (FIS25%), and 37.5% (FIS37.5%) of faba bean in addition to the sole faba bean (F-Sole) and sugar beet (S-Sole) under foliar nutrients (FN) with boron (B), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) nutrients. The FIS × FN applications were evaluated based on the biological [growth, productivity, and cereal units (CUs)], competition [land equivalent ratio (LER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), and aggressivity (A)] as well as economical [total revenue (TR), net profit (NP), and monetary advantage index (MAI)]. Although intercropping systems lowered crop yields as compared with solitary crops, the economic analysis of FISs showed that intercropping was beneficial, particularly the FIS12.5%, which resulted in higher TR, NP, MAI, and CUs as compared with their respective sole cultivation. Foliar application with B produced the best for the productivity, economic, and competition indices of both crops. The interaction application of FIS12.5% × B produced higher faba bean and sugar beet yields, improved LER and LEC values, and recorded higher TR, NP, MAI, and CUs. It can be recommended that the FIS12.5% integrated with B nutrient foliar application was more effective and could be considered a viable intensification strategy to increase intercropping yields, land use, and economic benefits.
Piezomagnetic Field Associated with the Mogi Model Revisited

The piezomagnetic field associated with the Mogi model was reexamined for the point source and the finite spherical source problems. In the point source case the question was how to deal with divergent stresses near the pressure source. In SASAI's (1979) method, the magnetized crust was divided into two layers, i.e. the upper half shallower than the source (0<z<D) and the lower half deeper than the source (D<z<H). The solution (type I) was simply the sum of the two contributions as calculated by the Fourier transform method. An alternative calculation (type II) integrates the whole magnetized area except for an infinitesimally small sphere involving the pressure source. This was achieved with the aid of a theorem for spherical harmonics. These two procedures gave different results. In order to identify the cause of the discrepancy, the finite source problem was further investigated. The piezomagnetic field was represented in the form of a one-dimensional integral containing complete elliptic integrals. It can be evaluated numerically with the aid of the double exponential formula (DEF). We called it the type III solution. The present analytic approach verifies the results of numerical 3-D integrations by DAVIS (1976), and SUZUKI and OSHIMAN (1990). The solution as the spherical radius diminishes to zero coincides with the type II solution. The type II solution had a gap across H=D. The potential value at H=D was just the average of the two limiting values for H=D-e and H=D+e. In the type I solution, the magnetization along a thin layer at H=D was ignored, which produced the pressure source term in the type II solution. Accordingly the type II solution was appropriate for the point source problem: the previous result by SASAI (1979) should be rejected.
p-type microcrystalline silicon oxide emitter for silicon heterojunction solar cells allowing current densities above 40 mA/cm2

We have developed a microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiOx:H) p-type emitter layer that significantly improves the light incoupling at the front side of silicon heterojunction solar cells by minimizing reflection losses. The μc-SiOx:H p-layer with a refractive index of 2.87 at 632 nm wavelength and the transparent conducting oxide form a stack with refractive indexes which consecutively decrease from silicon to the ambient air and thus significantly reduce the reflection. Optical simulations performed for flat wafers reveal that the antireflective effect of the emitter overcompensates the parasitic absorption and suggest an ideal thickness of about 40 nm. On textured wafers, the increase in current density is still more than 1 mA/cm2 for a typical emitter thickness of 10 nm. Thus, we are able to fabricate heterojunction solar cells with current densities significantly over 40 mA/cm2 and power conversion efficiency above 20%, which is yet mainly limited by the cell's fill factor.
State Tameness: A New Approach for Credit Constrains

We propose a new definition for tameness within the model of security prices as Ito processes that is risk-aware. We give a new definition for arbitrage and characterize it. We then prove a theorem that can be seen as an extension of the second fundamental theorem of asset pricing, and a theorem for valuation of contingent claims of the American type. The valuation of European contingent claims and American contingent claims that we obtain does not require the full range of the volatility matrix. The technique used to prove the theorem on valuation of American contingent claims does not depend on the Doob-Meyer decomposition of super-martingales; its proof is constructive and suggest and alternative way to find approximations of stopping times that are close to optimal.
Analytical and numerical results for the steady state in cooperative resonance fluorescence

The cooperative resonance fluorescence steady state is discussed within the context of an operator master equation which conserves total pseudospin. Emphasis throughout is on quantum fluctuations and their significance in relation to a background of factorised dynamics. Atom-atom correlations are shown to play a fundamental role for systems driven beyond the linear regime. Use of the atomic coherent state representation yields a Fokker-Planck description closely allied to the dynamics for a classical angular momentum oscillator. For intense incident fields the quantum-mechanical steady state is understood in terms of diffusion both around and between classical trajectories on the Bloch sphere. In the limit of infinite systems simple closed-form expressions for steady-state features are derived. Coherent and incoherent fluorescent intensities are obtained together with the second-order correlation function for fluorescent light. Specific features are illustrated by numerical results for systems of from two to fifty atoms.
Mode structure of active resonators

An analysis is made of the mode structure of lasers when the interaction with the active medium is taken into account. We consider the combined effect of gain and refractive-index variations for arbitrary mirror configurations. Using a dimensionless round-trip matrix for a medium with a quadratic variation of the propagation constant with distance from the optic axis, dimensionless beam parameters are derived in terms of cavity and medium parameters. Beam waist and radius of curvature are obtained explicitly as a function of a dimensionless parameter containing the variation of propagation constant, wavelength, and cavity length. The spot size depends only on the absolute value of the gain variation, whereas the deviation of the radius of curvature of the beam from the mirror curvature changes sign when the sign of the gain variation is reversed. As long as radial gain variations are present stable oscillations can always be obtained for any set of curved and/or flat mirrors. For large gain variations the spot size and radius of curvature of the outcoming beam become independent of mirror curvatures.
ABDI DOSEN EMPOWERING PEER EDUCATORS AND MOTIVATORS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN TO PREVENT COVID-19

The use of health protocols has decreased, the achievement of Covid-19 vaccination for school-age children is 60% of the 80-90% target and all school health cadres have graduated in Tatanga District. The purpose of community service is the training of peer educators and motivators in the implementation of the School Health Business program in preventing Covid-19 transmission in Tatanga District. the method of devotion is training through lectures, simulations, and practice. The participants were 40 students and representatives from five elementary schools. Evaluation of the use of pre and post-tests and observation of educational practice. The results of the training were 36 people (90%) increased with the category of 8 people (20%) very good, 14 people (35%) good, 14 people (35%) enough, 4 people (10%) less. The results of the practice of peer educators and motivators obtained 8 people (20%) very good category, 14 people (35%) good category, 11 people (27.5%) enough category, and 7 people (17.5%) in the poor category. This service has produced 33 school health cadres who are eligible as peer educators and motivators in preventing Covid-19. The results of the evaluation after one month of training, it was found that 60% had carried out actively and independently. It is hoped that the school will further enhance the empowerment of peer educators and motivators in building a healthy and clean life in the school and family
BPPS:Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Demand-Response Management in Smart Grid Environments

With the ongoing revolutionary growth of the industrial Internet of Things and smart grid networks, smart grid (SG) communication has been acknowledged as a next-generation network for intelligent and efficient electric power transmission. In SG networks, smart meters (SMs) generally send requests for electricity demand to service providers (SPs), which deal with the requests for efficient energy distribution. However, SGs experience many security issues with the deployed SMs and untrusted wireless communication. To tackle these security issues, we propose a privacy-preserving authentication scheme for demand response management in SGs, called BPPS. It can resist various attacks and achieve secure mutual authentication with key agreement; moreover, it provides integrity of demand-response data using blockchain. Moreover, we perform the informal and formal (mathematical) security analysis to confirm that BPPS is secure against various attacks and achieves session key security, respectively. Furthermore, we conduct the performance and simulation analysis for SGs using NS3 and Ethereum testnet. Consequently, BPPS provides high-level security and can be applied to actual SG networks.
An Empirical Evaluation of Brain Computer Interface Models from a Pragmatic Perspective

Designing Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is a multi-domain task that involves selection of sensing elements to capture brain signals, pre-processing these signals, their segmentation to obtain Regions of Interest (RoI), feature extraction & selection from these RoIs, classification into computer actions, and post-processing tasks. A wide variety of Machine Learning based methods are proposed by researchers, and each of them have their own internal & external configuration & dependency characteristics. For instance, methods like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are highly generic but provide moderate BCI accuracy, while ensemble methods are existing BCI Models, and evaluates them in terms of their contextual nuances, functionality specific advantages, deployment specific limitations, internal & external reconfiguration requirements, and application specific future scopes. Based on this discussion, readers will be able to identify function models for their context-specific use cases. This text also compares these models in terms of qualitative metrics including accuracy levels, precision levels, computational complexity, cost of deployment, and scalability capabilities. Referring this comparison, readers will be able to identify optimum models for their performance-specific use cases. To further simplify the process of BCI Model selection, this text proposes evaluation of a novel BCI Rank Metric (BRM), which combines these parameters in order to identify models that can be used for multiple performance-specific use cases.
Numerical calculation of Casimir forces

In this thesis a set of regularized boundary integral equation are introduced that can be used to calculate the Casimir force induced by a two dimensional scalar field. The boundary integral method is compared to the functional integral method and mode summation where possible. Comparisons are done for the case of two parallel plates, two concentric circles and two adjacent circles. The results indicate that the boundary integral method correctly predicts the geometry dependence of the Casimir force on the test problems, but that its value is missing a factor of two compared to the functional integral method and mode summation. After applying various validation procedures on the numerical implementation including a powerful test based on artificial sources, it is concluded that with high probability the missing factor of two is lost somewhere in the theory leading up to the regularized boundary integral equations.