Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis

This paper reviews the use of Bayesian methods in meta-analysis. Whilst there has been an explosion in the use of meta-analysis over the last few years, driven mainly by the move towards evidence-based healthcare, so too Bayesian methods are being used increasingly within medical statistics. Whilst in many meta-analysis settings the Bayesian models used mirror those previously adopted in a frequentist formulation, there are a number of specific advantages conferred by the Bayesian approach. These include: full allowance for all parameter uncertainty in the model, the ability to include other pertinent information that would otherwise be excluded, and the ability to extend the models to accommodate more complex, but frequently occurring, scenarios. The Bayesian methods discussed are illustrated by means of a meta-analysis examining the evidence relating to electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and perinatal mortality in which evidence is available from a variety of sources.
Representation type of commutative Noetherian rings II: Local tameness

This is the first of a series of four papers describing the finitely generated modules over all commutative noetherian rings that do not have wild representation type (with a possible exception involving characteristic 2). This first paper identifies the wild rings, in the complete local case. The second paper describes the finitely generated modules over the remaining complete local rings. The last two papers extend these results by dropping the "complete local" hypothesis.
An Evaluation of In vivo Sensitivity via Public Monitoring

Citizen volunteers from the Carlsbad, New Mexico area were monitored for internally deposited radionuclides through a project entitled 'Lie Down and Be Counted'. This project is provided as an outreach service to the public to support education about naturally occurring and man-made radioactivity present in people and the environment prior to the opening of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The bioassay measurements consisted of a lung and whole-body count. Prior to their bioassay, each subject completed a lifestyle questionnaire which included questions regarding their age, sex, weight, height, ethnicity, occupation, foreign travel, wild game consumption, smoking habit and any nuclear medicine procedures. Since a majority of these radionuclides were not detectable in local residents, a primary focus of the study was to evaluate the variability of human background and the implications with respect to measurement sensitivity.
BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX ARGUMENT

Our principal results fall into three main classes. First, a large number of formulae from the classical theory of special functions are given appropriate generalizations. Some of these turn out to have applications to lattice-point problems and to the theory of non-central Wishart distributions in statistics. Secondly, the L2-theory of the Hankel transform is established with the generalized Bessel functions furnishing the kernel, i.e. the transformation g(A) = JM>oA y(AM)f(M) (det M)7 dM is a self-reciprocal unitary correspondence of the Hilbert space of functions for which f A>O I f(A) 12 (det A)7 dA < c* onto itself. Here Py is a real number greater than -1 and A and M are positive definite matrices. In this connection there are two results we wish to emphasize. (1) A complete set of eigenfunctions for the Hankel transform is given in the form' etr(- A)L(') (2A), t running over a certain index class, with the L() (A) as polynomials in the entries of the matrix A. These polynomials enjoy generalized versions of nearly all the properties of the Laguerre polynomials to which they reduce in the scalar case. (2) The ordinary multi-dimensional Fourier transform of a function of mk variables satisfying a certain generalized radiality condition reduces to a Hankel transform. More precisely, arrange the mk variables in a k X m matrix T; then if the function depends only on R = T'T, T' being the transposed matrix, the Fourier transform may be computed in terms of the Hankel transform of order -y = 2 (k - m - 1) defined for functions of positive semidefinite m X m matrices R. The third class of results concerns the properties of harmonic polynomials in several variables having a certain matrix homogeneity. We call a polynomial, P(T), in the entries of the k X m matrix T, an H-polynomial if (1) P(T) is a harmonic function of mk variables and (2) P(TZ) = (det Z)VP(T) for some integer v and all m X m symmetric matrices Z. These H-polynomials behave like "Stieffel-manifold" (in contrast to "spherical") harmonics. They are related in a natural way to generalized Gegenbauer polynomials which are in turn defined as hypergeometric functions.
Similarity Metric Based on Resistance Distance and its Applications to Data Clustering

We propose a new clustering method that uses a similarlity metric deived from electrical resistance networks. The proposed metric allows us to quantify the mutual relevancy between data objects or nodes. We show how to derive the metric from the data collection and how to apply it to various application contexts. Our theoretical analyses and experiments show the excellent potential of the method to identifying clusters of networks and to improving data clustering performance on a number of data sets.
Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies off Baja California: A Possible Precursor of ENSO

AbstractMany recent studies have shown that observed El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are spatially and temporally diverse and that they have undergone changes in characteristics. To quantitatively capture these features, multidimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MEEMD) is employed to isolate the temporal–spatial evolution of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on naturally separated time scales. An alternative Nino-3.4 index is also defined to reflect more on the interannual variability of equatorial Pacific SSTAs. Using this alternative index, 27 ENSO warm events are identified and the spatial–temporal evolution of each event is examined. It is found that a patch of SSTAs off Baja California appears to extend southwestward and reach the equatorial region near the international date line in about 1 year. This warm signal then amplifies and extends eastward, developing into an ENSO warm event. This type of development has been dominant in recent decades. For this type of .
Effects of Active Control on the Flow Structure in a High Reynolds Number Supersonic Jet

A supersonic axisymmetric jet of design Mach number 1.3 operated in perfectly- and imperfectly-expanded flow regimes is excited by using localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs). The jet is operated at three fully-expanded jet Mach numbers (MJ) of 1.2 (over-expanded), 1.3 (perfectly-expanded), and 1.4 (under-expanded). The Reynolds number based on the jet diameter and jet exit velocity ranges from 1.1×106 to 1.4×106. Eight equally-spaced LAFPAs are housed in a boron nitride nozzle extension. The forcing Strouhal number is ranged from 0.07 to 2.62 for azimuthal modes of 0-3, ±1, ±2, and ±4. In the perfectly-expanded jet, the most effective forcing is obtained at m = ±1 and the jet spreading is significantly enhanced at a forcing Strouhal number of about 0.3 at this mode. For the perfectly-expanded jet, the effects of forcing on the jet development and structure formation are very similar to those observed in a MJ = 0.9 subsonic jet, which has been investigated previously. However, the generated str.
A New Link-Level Simulation Procedure of Wideband MIMO Radio Channel for Performance Evaluation of Indoor WLANs

Inspired by the requirement of proper link simulation methods in performance analysis of communication systems, we present in this paper a recipe for channel implementation in simulation environments. Our focus here is the indoor applications of wireless local-area networks (WLANs). Specifically, we describe a procedure that beginning with statistical description of the channel impulse response leads to an efficient multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel simulating method for arbitrary antenna configurations at both ends. A sample set of distributions for model parameters are also provided at the 5-GHz band, which is the operating frequency band of IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN/2, and the emerging IEEE 802.11n standards, and the corresponding software implementation of the simulator is addressed for public use.
CFD Simulation of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Compact Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers

In this paper, the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of corrugated fluid channels of compact brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHE) are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the commercial CFD software ANSYS CFX 14.0. The influence of geometry parameters of the corrugated pattern such as chevron angle and corrugation pitch on the BPHE performance is investigated on small fluid section geometries. The influence of various types of wall heat transfer boundary conditions on the simulation results is also studied. An entire fluid channel is simulated using various turbulence models in the Reynolds number range of 300 to 3000. The CFD predictions are also validated using data obtained from laboratory experiments. The simulations of the entire fluid channel underpredict heat transfer and pressure drop by 20–30% and 10–35%, respectively. The results from the small fluid sections suggest that the CFD simulations can be used as a reasonably effective tool in determining the relative performance variation of various plate patterns.
Mean-absolute deviation model

We survey the Mean-Absolute Deviation (MAD) portfolio optimization model, which was first introduced in 1990 to cope with very large-scale portfolio optimization problems. The MAD model is in fact used to solve huge portfolio optimization models including the internationally diversified investment model, the long-term asset liability management (ALM) model and the mortgage-backed security portfolio optimization model. It was recently shown that the MAD model possess several advantageous theoretical properties. In particular, all capital asset pricing model (CAPM)-type relations for the mean-variance model also hold for the MAD model. Furthermore, the MAD model is more compatible with the fundamental principle of rational decision-making.
Influence of Experimental Technique on the Measurement of Differential Intensity Sensitivity of the Ear

The lack of agreement among previous measurements of differential intensity sensitivity indicates that the values obtained depend to a large extent on the experimental conditions. The relative importance of various factors is indicated, and a procedure is suggested which was designed to give the smallest possible values of differential intensity sensitivity. Intensive measurements made by this method upon a single subject, using a pure tone of 1000 cycles gave values consistently smaller than any previously reported. There is no sharp division between intensity changes which can be perceived and those which cannot. The response of the subject is essentially variable and can only be described by statistical methods.
One-dimensional model of the electrostatic ion acceleration in the ultraintense laser-solid interaction

Effective ion acceleration of picosecond-duration well-collimated bunches in the strong relativistic interaction of a short laser pulse with a thin solid target has been experimentally demonstrated. In this work, with reference to the sharp rear solid–vacuum interface, where ion energization takes place, the one-dimensional Poisson–Boltzmann equation is analytically solved on a finite spatial interval whose extension is determined by requiring electron energy conservation, resulting in the consistent spatial distributions of the hot electrons created by the laser and of the corresponding electrostatic potential. Then, the equation of motions for an ensemble of test ions, initially distributed in a thin layer of the rear target surface, with different initial conditions, is solved and the energy spectrum corresponding to a given initial ion distribution is determined.
Tropical Cyclone Motion in Response to Land Surface Friction

Abstract Numerical experiments are performed with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to study the effects of surface-moisture flux and friction over land on the movement of tropical cyclones (TCs). On an f plane, the TCs are initially placed 150 km due east of a north–south-oriented coastline in an atmosphere at rest. It is found that a TC could drift toward land when the roughness length is 0.5 m over land, with an average drift speed of ∼1 m s−1. Friction, but not surface-moisture flux over land, is apparently essential for the movement toward land. The friction-induced asymmetry in the large-scale flow is the primary mechanism responsible for causing the TC drift. The mechanism responsible for the development of the large-scale asymmetric flow over the lower to midtroposphere (∼900–600 hPa) appears to be the creation of asymmetric vorticity by the divergence term in the vorticity equation. Horizontal advection then rotates t.
An exact and explicit solution for the valuation of American put options

In this paper, an exact and explicit solution of the well-known Black–Scholes equation for the valuation of American put options is presented for the first time. To the best of the author's knowledge, a closed-form analytical formula has never been found for the valuation of American options of finite maturity, although there have been quite a few approximate solutions and numerical approaches proposed. The closed-form exact solution presented here is written in the form of a Taylor's series expansion, which contains infinitely many terms. However, only about 30 terms are actually needed to generate a convergent numerical solution if the solution of the corresponding European option is taken as the initial guess of the solution series. The optimal exercise boundary, which is the main difficulty of the problem, is found as an explicit function of the risk-free interest rate, the volatility and the time to expiration. A key feature of our solution procedure, which is based on the homotopy-analysis method, is the optimal exercise boundary being elegantly and temporarily removed in the solution process of each order, and, consequently, the solution of a linear problem can be analytically worked out at each order, resulting in a completely analytical and exact series-expansion solution for the optimal exercise boundary and the option price of American put options.
Estimating the Mean and Variance of Subjective Distributions in PERT and Decision Analysis

The original PERT formulae [5] employ the mode and endpoints to estimate the mean and standard deviation of subjective probability distributions. Though widely-used, they have met with criticism for their inaccuracy, and for their being limited to the beta distribution when there is no a priori reason why the distribution should be beta ([4], [6]). This note presents alternative, accurate and relatively distribution-free formulae for estimating the means and standard deviations of subjective probability distributions.
Understanding and attributing the Euro‐Russian summer blocking signatures

In this work, we focus on summer blocking events over the Euro‐Russian region related with heat waves. An analysis of the main characteristics of summer Euro‐Russian blocking events in global Reanalysis as well as in the 20th century CLIVAR atmospheric simulations is carried out to assess whether anthropogenic forcing might have affected the blocking events occurrence and the associated heat waves strength in recent decades. Over the Euro‐Russian region, blocking episodes, associated to warm events over Northern and Central Europe, become significantly longer in the second half of the century when the anthropogenic forcing is included in the simulations.
Multiscaling analysis of a slowly varying single species population model displaying an Allee effect

We consider the growth of a single species population modelled by a logistic equation modified to accommodate an Allee effect, in which the model parameters are slowly varying functions of time. We apply a multitiming technique to construct general approximate expressions for the evolving population in the case where the population survives to a (slowly varying) finite positive limiting state, and that where the population declines to extinction. We show that these expressions give excellent agreement with the results of numerical calculations for particular instances of the changing model parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of Lattice-Boltzmann Schemes for Non-Newtonian and Two-Phase Flows

In the present study we consider a general algebraically tractable approach to the construction of lattice-Boltzmann (LB) schemes for the simulation of non-Newtonian and two-phase flows. The chain of moment equations is truncated at a level corresponding to the rheology of the liquid, and is closed by a Chapman–Enskog procedure. The collision term of the LB method is linked to the second moment of the velocity distribution via the constitutive equation of the liquid. The resulting nonlinear algebraic equation can be efficiently solved for an arbitrary rheological law. The algorithm can be extended to a two-phase system.
Spontaneous birefringence and pyroelectricity in KT1Opo4 crystals

Abstract Results on temperature dependence of spontaneous birefringence and pyroelectric properties for KT10P04 crystals are presented for a wide temperature range. KTi0P04 crystals have been shown to be ferroelectrics below 1165 K, the ferroelectric phase transition being of the second order. Based on the pyroelectric studies at low temperatures, the Einstein temperature for these crystals were estimated along with the wave number of phonons contributing to the pyroelectric effect.
Critical Behavior of Black Hole Formation in a Scalar Wave Collapse

Gravitational collapse is one of interesting phenomena in general relativity. In recent years, a large number of studies have been made on the dynamical behavior of a massless scalar field, in the context of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse. It has been shown that for a weak-field implosion scalar waves bounce and disperse to infinity, while a strong-field implosion leads to black hole formation. ) Furthermore, in numerical calculations, ChoptuikJ found an important behavior of a family of solutions which contain the parameter p characterizing the strength of the scalar field: For black hole formation there exists the critical limit p-4 p* to give the gravitational mass satisfying a power law MsHcx: IP-p*l 7 with a universal critical exponent r~0.37. Such a critical behavior may be a general property of gravitational collapse, since imploding axisymmetric gravitational waves also show a similar behavior.l In this paper our purpose is to present an analytical model of the spherically symmetric collapse of scalar waves. We solve the spherically symmetric Einstein equations coupled to a massless scalar field ¢ to find the self-similar solution which has a critical parameter p. This model allows us to see explicitly the black hole formation and the scalar field dispersion. Our main concern is the field evolution in the critical limit p-41, which should be compared with the numerical results. Let us impose a self-similarity on the massless scalar field such that ¢(u, v)= ¢(u/v), where u and v are retarded and advanced times respectively. The line element in the spherical symmetric double-null coordinates is given by
SHIFT SPACES WITH COUNTABLE STATES AND THEIR C ⁄ -ALGEBRAS

If E is a directed graph with the vertex set E0 and the edge set E1 it is known that there exists a universal C⁄-algebra C⁄(E) generated by a family of partial isometries fseg e2E1 and a family of mutually orthogonal projections fpvgv2E0 satisfying certain relations. This class of C ⁄ -algebras includes the Cuntz-Krieger algebras. In this paper we flrst review some known results on the structure of graph C ⁄ -algebras, and then for a locally flnite in- flnite graph E we consider a dynamical system on C ⁄ (E) given by the canon- ical completely positive mapE whose restriction to the commutative C ⁄ - subalgebra DE corresponds to the one-sided shift map aeE on the inflnite path space XE. We discuss the relation between the topological conjugacy classes of shift spaces fXEgE and isomorphism classes of graph C ⁄ -algebras fC ⁄ (E)gE.
Magnetic field structure in the vicinity of five dark cloud complexes.

The magnetic field geometry in the outer regions of five dark cloud complexes has been mapped by measuring the linear polarization of stars background to the cloud peripheries. These observations are aimed at establishing a relationship between the field geometry and cloud morphology for cloud complexes which are active sites of star formation. For one of these complexes, Barnard 42, polarization measurements were also obtained (at a wavelength of 2.2 .mu.) for several heavily obscured stars in order to probe the magnetic field geometry and grain alignment efficiency in the dense central regions of this dark cloud. (AIP)
ON THE RELIABILITY OF REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER STOKES PREDICTION OF MEAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECTANGULAR TURBULENT JET IN CROSSFLOW

A jet of fluid discharging into a cross stream, also known as Jet In Crossflow (JICF), has received many experimental and numerical investigations. In addition to the fundamental understanding of three-dimensional mixing and shear flow characteristics, the fluid dynamics research community often regarded it as a benchmark test case for validating turbulence models. Although many authors considered the canonical case of a jet issuing from a circular orifice, the rectangular shape has received less numerical investigations. The present study deals with a jet issuing from a rectangular duct into a confined crossflow domain in which five jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios ranging from 3.3 to 10 are considered. The analysis focuses on the reliability of three two-equation turbulence models, namely k-Iµ, k-I� and SST in predicting this type of complex flow phenomena. Comparisons with previous large-eddy simulation results and available test data for the same problem have revealed good agreement in predicting â��meanâ�� flow properties, but relative poor agreement in predicting the second-order statistics. It indicates that this type of flow exhibits significant non-equilibrium behavior for which the commonly used two-equation turbulence models are unable to deal with. Thus it is necessary to apply anisotropic turbulence model such as Reynolds stress model or high-fidelity large-eddy simulation method.
Reducing errors-in-variables bias in linear regression using compact genetic algorithms

A new technique is devised to mitigate the errors-in-variables bias in linear regression. The procedure mimics a 2-stage least squares procedure where an auxiliary regression which generates a better behaved predictor variable is derived. The generated variable is then used as a substitute for the error-prone variable in the first-stage model. The performance of the algorithm is tested by simulation and regression analyses. Simulations suggest the algorithm efficiently captures the additive error term used to contaminate the artificial variables. Regressions provide further credit to the simulations as they clearly show that the compact genetic algorithm-based estimate of the true but unobserved regressor yields considerably better results. These conclusions are robust across different sample sizes and different variance structures imposed on both the measurement error and regression disturbances.