Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biochar Amendment Combined with Straw Mulching Increases Winter Wheat Yield by Optimizing Soil Water-Salt Condition under Saline Irrigation

The freshwater deficit is the major constraint to winter wheat production. Saline water irrigation could alleviate wheat water stress while increasing the risk of soil salinization, which would result in wheat yield reduction due to additional salt stress. The objective of the present study is to explore the effect of a straw-returning mode to promote winter wheat production under saline water irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing seasons of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Four returning modes were set, based on an equivalent carbon input: straw mulching (SM), biochar amendment (BA), straw mulching combined with biochar amendment (SM+BA), and the control without straw-returning (CK), along with three salinity levels of irrigation water: 0.47 dS m−1 (I0, freshwater), 3.25 dS m−1 (I1), and 6.75 dS m−1 (I2). Saline water irrigation alone triggered soil salt accumulation and reduced the wheat grain yield by 9.43––18.19%. Returning straw to fields increased soil organic carbon content by 16.41––52.21% and decreased soil bulk density by 0.69––1.46%. The highest increase in wheat grain yield (16.60––21.80%) was always obtained when using treatment SM+BA, due to the increased soil moisture content (3.15––12.31%) and lower salt levels (24.79––44.29%) compared to CK. The results of the present study established that SM+BA provided better soil water–salt conditions and nutrient environment for winter wheat growth than a single treatment. Thus, the combined application of SM and BA was shown to be a proper mitigating strategy to cope with the adverse effects of saline irrigation on winter wheat production and to promote the sustainable use of saline water irrigation.
Comparing the spatiotemporal behavior patterns of local, domestic and overseas tourists in Beijing based on multi-source social media big data

ABSTRACT Urban recreationists interact at various locations at various times, resulting in potential conflicts. For sustainable urban tourism, this study extends the resident–tourist comparison into that of local, domestic, and overseas tourists and applies social network analysis to compare the spatiotemporal patterns of these three types of tourists. Results show that locals are accustomed to visiting natural parks and hutongs on weekends, while out-of-town tourists might tour popular sites in the city center during holidays, where domestic and overseas tourists may still encounter each other in hot spots. Only the flow of overseas tourists contradicts the distance attenuation effect.
The Blue Straggler RS Canum Venaticorum Star S1082 in M67: A Detailed Light Curve and the Possibility of a Triple

Using both photometric and spectroscopic data, we present a picture of the very unusual blue straggler S1082 in the old open cluster M67 whose light is the sum of a close binary (P = 1.0677978 days) and another cluster member. The primary of the close binary and the third star are both blue stragglers in their own rights. Using relative photometry with millimagnitude accuracy, we provide a complete V-band light curve for the system and show a number of unusual features: brightness variations at the 0.01–0.03 mag level from month to month at all phases, a narrow primary and broad secondary eclipse, brightness differences between phases 0.25 and 0.75, and short duration (∼1 hr) drops in brightness. Much of the light-curve variation appears to be because of spot activity on the cooler, fainter, nearly synchronized component of the close binary. We use spectra from several sources to constrain the temperatures of the three known components, the relative flux contributions, rotational velocities, and radial velocities. The data clearly show that the brightest star (narrow-line component) seen in the spectrum is on an orbit with period P = 1189 ± 7 days and eccentricity e = 0.57 ± 0.08, although we cannot prove that there is a dynamical link between it and the close binary. The systematic velocities of all of the stars indicate that they are members of the cluster. Our models of the system indicate that the cooler component of the close binary lies on the main sequence near the cluster turnoff, while the hotter component lies near an extension of the main sequence blueward of the turnoff, and thus qualifies as a blue straggler by itself. The reduction of the masses of the stars in the close binary compared with previous models indicates that it is possible that the more massive component of the close binary formed from a merger of just two turnoff-mass stars.
Maximum synchrotron frequency for shock-accelerated particles

It is widely believed that the maximum energy of synchrotron photons when electrons are accelerated in shocks via the Fermi process is about 50 MeV (in plasma comoving frame). We show that under certain conditions, which are expected to be realized in relativistic shocks of gamma-ray bursts, synchrotron photons of energy much larger than 50 MeV (comoving frame) can be produced. The requirement is that magnetic field should decay downstream of the shock front on a length-scale that is small compared with the distance travelled by the highest energy electrons before they lose half their energy ; photons of energy much larger than 50 MeV are produced close to the shock front, whereas the highest Lorentz factor that electrons can attain is controlled by the much weaker field that occupies most of the volume of the shocked plasma.
The effect of firm-level uncertainty on R&D investment and corporate risk-taking of firms in BRICS countries: a simultaneous approach

ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of firm-level uncertainty on R&D investment and corporate risk-taking. The current study uses unbalanced panel data of nonfinancial listed firms in BRICS countries (i.e. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) for the period 2009–2020, totalling 24,564 observations. We applied a robust two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) to estimate the model and control for endogeneity issues. The findings show that firm-level uncertainty significantly influences R&D investment and corporate risk-taking in BRICS countries. The panel vector autoregression (PVAR) provides more robust results and confirms the significant impact of firm-level uncertainty on R&D investment and corporate risk-taking. The result indicates that firm-level uncertainty has a significant negative effect on R&D investment but a significant positive impact on corporate risk-taking. This study offers important implications for managers, policymakers, and investors in emerging markets where the relationship has remained ambiguous and applies both theories to analytically investigate the impact of uncertainty on R&D investment and corporate risk-taking of firms in BRICS countries.
Path Coefficient Analysis of Seed Yield in Linseed

In linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypic correlations and path coefficients were worked out to determine the true components of a complex character like yield. Capsule number, 1000-seed weight, tiller number and primary branches were found to have high magnitude of positive correlations with seed yield. An examination of the path coefficients revealed that capsule number had the maximum direct effect on seed yield. The other characters like 1000-seed weight, plant height and days to 50% flowering, in addition, to direct effect also influenced the yield through capsule number per plant. Tiller number and primary branches influenced the yield mainly through capsule number. It is concluded that capsule number and 1000-seed weight are the major factors which directly contribute to seed yield. These characters, therefore, are important selection criteria for linseed improvement.
Unfolding chaotic quadratic maps --- parameter dependence of natural measures

We consider perturbations of quadratic maps $f_a$ admitting an absolutely continuous invariant probability measure, where $a$ is in a certain positive measure set $\mathcal{A}$ of parameters, and show that in any neighborhood of any such an $f_a$, we find a rich fauna of dynamics. There are maps with periodic attractors as well as non-periodic maps whose critical orbit is absorbed by the continuation of any prescribed hyperbolic repeller of $f_a$. In particular, Misiurewicz maps are dense in $\mathcal{A}$. Almost all maps $f_a$ in the quadratic family is known to possess a unique natural measure, that is, an invariant probability measure $\mu_a$ describing the asymptotic distribution of almost all orbits. We discuss weak*-(dis)continuity properties of the map $a\mapsto \mu_a$ near the set $\mathcal{A}$, and prove that almost all maps in $\mathcal{A}$ have the property that $\mu_a$ can be approximated with measures supported on periodic attractors of certain nearby maps. On the other hand, for any $a \in \mathcal{A}$ and any periodic repeller $\Gamma_a$ of $f_a$, the singular measure supported on $\Gamma_a$ can also approximated with measures supported on nearby periodic attractors. It follows that $a\mapsto \mu_a$ is not weak*continuous on any full-measure subset of $(0,2]$. Some of these results extend to unimodal families with critical point of higher order, and even to not-too-flat flat topped families.
Computation of energy dissipation in visco‐elastic materials at finite deformation

In this contribution, the derivation of the energy dissipation rate in generalized visco‐elastic material models with internal stress‐type variables and linear evolution equations is outlined. The approximated dissipation rate is computed from a positive quadratic form of the nonlinear non‐equilibrium stresses and the inverse of the consistent material tangent tensor. The presented method is used to compute the energy dissipation of visco‐elastic rubber material in a large scale application of a steady state rolling tire structure. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the speed of convergence to limit distributions for Dedekind zeta-functions of non-Galois number fields

We evaluate the speed of convergence in the Bohr-Jessen type of limit theorem on the value-distribution of Dedekind zeta-functions of number fields. When K is a Galois number field, the Euler product of the corresponding Dedekind zeta-function (K(s) is convex, hence the evaluation can be done similarly to the case of the Riemann zetafunction. However, when K is non-Galois, some new ideas (based on the Artin-Chebotarev density theorem etc) are necessary, because the corresponding (K(s) is not always convex. §
Breaking of factorization of two-particle correlations in hydrodynamics

The system formed in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions behaves as a nearly-perfect fluid. This collective behavior is probed experimentally by two-particle azimuthal correlations, which are typically averaged over the properties of one particle in each pair. In this Letter, we argue that much additional information is contained in the detailed structure of the correlation. In particular, the correlation matrix exhibits an approximate factorization in transverse momentum, which is taken as a strong evidence for the hydrodynamic picture, while deviations from the factorized form are taken as a signal of intrinsic, "nonflow" correlations. We show that hydrodynamics in fact predicts factorization breaking as a natural consequence of initial state fluctuations and averaging over events. We derive the general inequality relations that hold if flow dominates, and which are saturated if the matrix factorizes. For transverse momenta up to 5 GeV, these inequalities are satisfied in data, but not saturated. We find at least as large factorization breaking in event-by-event ideal hydrodynamic calculations as in data, and argue that this phenomenon opens a new window on the study of initial fluctuations.
On Haagerup and Kazhdan properties

In the first chapter, we characterize p-adic linear algebraic groups with the Haagerup Property. We also characterize connected Lie groups having the Haagerup Property viewed as discrete groups, and we provide an example of a finitely presented group not having the Haagerup Property, but having no infinite subgroup with relative Property (T). This example motivates the introduction in the second chapter of the relative Property (T) for an arbitrary subset of a locally compact group. In a connected Lie group, we characterize the subsets with relative Property (T). We introduce a notion of "resolutions" so as to extend the latter results to lattices in connected Lie groups. In the third chapter, we characterize connected Lie groups having a dense finitely generated subgroup with Property (T). In the fourth chapter, we provide an example of a finitely presented group having Property (T), non-Hopfian, and with infinite outer automorphism group. In the fifth chapter, we characterize locally nilpotent groups for which all unitary representations have vanishing reduced 1-cohomology. In the sixth chapter, we show that if F is a finite perfect group, and X is any set, then the unrestricted direct product FX is strongly bounded. This means that it has no isometric action on any metric space with unbounded orbits. Finally in the seventh chapter, we collect several short notes, including a list of open questions.
FARMER'S INFORMATION EXPOSURE AND ITS IMP~CT ON THEIR ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR

Agricultural development is a fact of life which may mainly be explained as a function of application of the latest technology by farmers in their fields. This in turn depends upon their knowledge about the latest technology which ultimately demands that farmers be exposed to a variety of information sources. Empirical evidence shows that information exposure has a highly significant positive association with awareness, adoption and adoption precision. Therefore, there is a strong likelihood that farmers who have more information contacts are likely to be more aware of the recommendations and better adopters than others who have a little or no exposure.
Presbyopia correction with a new Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lens

Extended depth of focus intraocular lenses (EDoF IOLs) offer an expanded number of modalities for simultaneous cataract and presbyopia treatment. The objective of the current study was to assess clinical outcomes with a new mono-EDoF intraocular lens and to analyze the effect of different parameters on postoperative results. The inclusion criteria were defined as uneventful cataract surgery, no history of concomitant ocular disease, implantation of ZOE Primus-HD lens. Parameters from IOL Master 500 were analyzed. The main outcome measures were postoperative uncorrected distance (UDVA) and intermediate (UIVA) visual acuity. The study included 39 eyes of 37 patients (15 males and 22 females) with a mean age of 73.59±7.71. Postoperatively, the UDVA improved to 0.84±0.16 (p<0.001) and UIVA was 0.86±0.14. There was no correlation between K1, K2 and IOL power with both postoperative UDVA and IDVA. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between UDVA and UIVA between patients with mean K value over or under 44.0D (p=0.204 and p=0.817, respectively). The results of a multinomial logistic regression analysis for the predictive value of the factors K1, K2 and IOL power demonstrated no statistical significance, except for UIVA with a significant influence of IOL power (p=0.024) in patients with less than 0.9 Snellen visual acuity. The implantation of the new mono-EDoF ZOE Primus-HD lens led to improvement in both UDVA and UIVA. Patients with keratometry values less than 44.0D could still benefit from the mono-EDoF lenses. Further studies including wavefront aberrometry are needed to study the interaction between corneal aberrations and EDoF IOLs. Abbreviations: IOL = Intraocular lens, UDVA = Uncorrected distance visual acuity, UIVA = Uncorrected intermediate visual acuity, D = Diopters, EDoF = Enhanced Depth of Focus, MF IOL = Multifocal intraocular lens, AUC = area under the curve
Improvement of Gait after Robotic-Assisted Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Are We Heading in the Right Direction?

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive congenital neurological disorder that affects different physical and cognitive functions in children. In addition to standard rehabilitation, advanced robotic gait devices are novel tools that are becoming progressively more common as part of the treatment of CP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Lokomat training, in addition to conventional rehabilitation, on the motor function and quality of life of children with ataxic-spastic CP (ASCP). Ten children with ASCP who attended the Robotic Rehabilitation OutClinic of the IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, from April to June 2019, were enrolled in this study. They received twenty-four robotic rehabilitation sessions, twice a week for three months, each session lasting about 45 min. They were also provided with conventional physical and occupational therapy. After the innovative training, we found significant changes in the children’s outcomes, i.e., in GMFM (p < 0.001), with significant improvements in sitting (p < 0.03) and walking (p < 0.03). Moreover, the quality of life of the young patients, evaluated by their parents, significantly improved (p < 0.005). The use of robotic systems could be considered to be an effective complementary treatment to improve gait, as well as quality of life, in children with CP.
Children and families with no recourse to public funds: Learning from case reviews

This paper reviews 26 reports into deaths and serious abuse of children in families who were subject to the No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) rule. Our analysis illustrates vulnerabilities caused by exclusionary policies, exacerbating social deprivation and isolation experienced by the children and families and making it more difficult for professionals to respond in ways which safeguarded children's welfare. Drawing upon a social model for protecting children that requires recognition of the social determinants of harm and the economic, social and cultural barriers faced by families, we examine the experiences of children and families with NRPF who were the subject of a serious case review, and the responses of agencies responsible for safeguarding child welfare. We conclude with recommendations for practices aimed at promoting the rights and well-being of children and families subject to NRPF rules.
SOLAR NEUTRINO PHYSICS: SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT DARK MATTER PARTICLES

Neutrinos are produced in several neutrino nuclear reactions of the proton–proton chain and carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle that take place at different radii of the Sun's core. Hence, measurements of solar neutrino fluxes provide a precise determination of the local temperature. The accumulation of non-annihilating light dark matter particles (with masses between 5 GeV and 16 GeV) in the Sun produces a change in the local solar structure, namely, a decrease in the central temperature of a few percent. This variation depends on the properties of the dark matter particles, such as the mass of the particle and its spin-independent scattering cross-section on baryon-nuclei, specifically, the scattering with helium, oxygen, and nitrogen among other heavy elements. This temperature effect can be measured in almost all solar neutrino fluxes. In particular, by comparing the neutrino fluxes generated by stellar models with current observations, namely 8B neutrino fluxes, we find that non-annihilating dark matter particles with a mass smaller than 10 GeV and a spin-independent scattering cross-section with heavy baryon-nuclei larger than 3 × 10−37 cm−2 produce a variation in the 8B neutrino fluxes that would be in conflict with current measurements.
Gabor‐based narrow‐waisted Gaussian beam algorithm for transmission of aperture‐excited 3D vector fields through arbitrarily shaped 3D dielectric layers

We have previously developed computationally efficient Gabor‐based, narrow‐waisted (NW), discretized Gaussian beam (GB) algorithms for the determination of the 3D vector fields radiated by 2D arbitrary vector planar aperture distributions. In the present paper, these algorithms are extended to tracking the aperture‐generated GBs through polarization‐sensitive reflection/transmission interactions with arbitrarily shaped 3D dielectric layers. The resulting tracking scheme is applied to predicting the performance of rotationally symmetric hemispherical and ogival missile radomes, which cover 2D plane truncated apertures on gimbaled (rotatable) platforms. Comparisons with measured data show satisfactory agreement with the analytic predictions.
M DWARF METALLICITIES AND GIANT PLANET OCCURRENCE: IRONING OUT UNCERTAINTIES AND SYSTEMATICS

Comparisons between the planet populations around solar-type stars and those orbiting M dwarfs shed light on the possible dependence of planet formation and evolution on stellar mass. However, such analyses must control for other factors, i.e., metallicity, a stellar parameter that strongly influences the occurrence of gas giant planets. We obtained infrared spectra of 121 M dwarfs stars monitored by the California Planet Search and determined metallicities with an accuracy of 0.08 dex. The mean and standard deviation of the sample are −0.05 and 0.20 dex, respectively. We parameterized the metallicity dependence of the occurrence of giant planets on orbits with a period less than two years around solar-type stars and applied this to our M dwarf sample to estimate the expected number of giant planets. The number of detected planets (3) is lower than the predicted number (6.4), but the difference is not very significant (12% probability of finding as many or fewer planets). The three M dwarf planet hosts are not especially metal rich and the most likely value of the power-law index relating planet occurrence to metallicity is 1.06 dex per dex for M dwarfs compared to 1.80 for solar-type stars; this difference, however, is comparable to uncertainties. Giant planet occurrence around both types of stars allows, but does not necessarily require, a mass dependence of ∼1 dex per dex. The actual planet–mass–metallicity relation may be complex, and elucidating it will require larger surveys like those to be conducted by ground-based infrared spectrographs and the Gaia space astrometry mission.
A stochastic difierential game for the inhomogeneous 1-Laplace equation

Given a bounded C 2 domain G ‰ R m and functions g 2 C(@G;R) and h 2 C( " G;R n f0g), let u denote the unique viscosity solution to the equation i2¢1u = h in G with boundary data g. We provide a representation for u as the value of a two-player zero-sum stochastic difierential game. AMS 2000 subject classiflcations: 91A15, 91A23, 35J70, 49L20 G;Rnf0g) be given. We study a two-player zero-sum stochastic difierential game (SDG), deflned in terms of an m-dimensional state process that is driven by a one-dimensional Brow- nian motion, played until the state exits the domain. The functions g and h serve as terminal, and, respectively, running payofis. The players' controls enter in a difiusion coe-cient and in an unbounded drift coe-cient of the state process. The dynamics are degenerate in that it is possible for the players to completely switch ofi the Brownian motion. We show that the game has value, and characterize the value function as the unique viscosity solution u (uniqueness of solutions is known from (9)) of the equation 8 > > i2¢1u = h in G;