Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Location and geometry of the Wellington Fault (New Zealand) defined by detailed three‐dimensional georadar data

[1] Earthquakes with surface-wave magnitudes of 7.3–7.9 are estimated to be associated with the rupture of the Wellington Fault at relatively regular intervals of 500–770 years. The last such earthquake probably happened between AD 1510 and 1660. Along its southern segment, the Wellington Fault passes through Wellington, New Zealand's capital, and the densely populated Hutt Valley. It is considered to be a highly hazardous structure. To map the shallow geometry of the Wellington Fault, we have collected 3-D ground-penetrating radar (georadar) data at two sites along the fault in the Hutt Valley. At one site, the first ever georadar fault plane reflections from an active strike-slip fault are observed. They coincide with conspicuous diffractions generated by abrupt truncations of structures against the fault plane. These georadar data provide the most vivid shallow images of any active fault surveyed to date. At the second site, apparent offsets of lineaments in the sedimentary sections on either side of the fault are consistent with ∼20 m of dextral displacement estimated from the offset of a nearby terrace riser. The dips and minimum depth extents of the primary zones of fault displacement at the two sites are 55–75°SE and ∼20 m and 72–84°SE and ∼12 m, respectively. Although the georadar-defined zones of faulting are a few meters wide, prominent reflection fabrics suggest that shearing, fracturing, and crushing extend for several tens of meters on either side of the fault.
Mantle Transition Zone Structure Beneath Hainan and Adjacent Areas Derived from Receiver Function Analysis

We have determined the upper mantle 410 km discontinuity and 660 km discontinuity structure and transition zone thickness beneath Hainan and adjacent areas by using receiver function method. The data used in this study are teleseismic waveforms recorded by 88 seismic stations in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi Regional Seismic Network and National Seismic Network during August, 2007 to March, 2010. The results show that the structure of 410 km discontinuity is complex below this region, which is depressed to 447 km locally. The 660 km discontinuity is simple relatively, with the depth around 670 km. The transition zone is thinned anomalously by 25±5 km within an area approximately 200 km in diameter centered northeast of the Hainan island, consistent with an excess temperature of ~180°C. The locally thinned transition zone implies that the Hainan plume originates from lower mantle.
Global Synchronization in Translation Invariant Coupled Map Lattices

A sufficient condition for global synchronization in coupled map lattices (CML) with translation invariant coupling and arbitrary individual map is proved. As in [Jost & Joy, 2001] where CML with reflection invariant couplings are considered, the condition only involves the linearized dynamics in the diagonal, namely for all points in the diagonal, the derivative must be contractive in all transverse directions. In addition to this result, a (weaker) condition that ensures the CML attractor to be composed of either 2-periodic or constant configurations, is also obtained.
Single‐link cluster analysis of earthquake aftershocks: Decay laws and regional variations

Using single-link cluster analysis, the authors investigate how various properties of aftershock sequences depend on their tectonic regime and focal depth. For International Seismological Centre earthquakes of m{sub b}{ge}4.8, they find that earthquakes deeper than 70 km have the fewest and smallest aftershock sequences. Even after accounting for differences in detectability and maximum magnitude, they find that ridge-transform earthquakes have smaller aftershock sequences that shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Among different subduction zones, they find that zones with high moment release rates possess larger aftershock sequences. Comparing ridge-transform zones, they find those with slower spreading rates possess larger aftershock sequences. By transposing origin times of several different aftershock sequences as if all had main shocks occurring at time zero, they are able to study the properties of aftershock sequences which individually have too few aftershocks to study by other means. Secondary events determined by single-link cluster analysis follow a modified Omori's (power law) decay for time separations of 0.1 day to 20 days from the parent event, with p values ranging from 0.539 {plus minus} 0.022 (intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes) to 0.928 {plus minus} 0.024 (ridge-transform earthquakes). They find that earthquake foreshocks and multiplets also follow a modified Omori's law. Atmore » greater times from the main shock the decay is steeper than a power law decay, more like an exponential decay. Aftershocks in the Adak catalog (m{sub b}{ge}2.0) show a marked decrease in activity between 40 and 50 km depth. They speculate that the observed differences in number of aftershocks and p values may be caused by variations in fault heterogeneity or in fluid pressures. « less
M-DPOP: Faithful Distributed Implementation of Efficient Social Choice Problems

In the efficient social choice problem, the goal is to assign values, subject to side constraints, to a set of variables to maximize the total utility across a population of agents, where each agent has private information about its utility function. In this paper we model the social choice problem as a distributed constraint optimization problem (DCOP), in which each agent can communicate with other agents that share an interest in one or more variables. Whereas existing DCOP algorithms can be easily manipulated by an agent, either by misreporting private information or deviating from the algorithm, we introduce M-DPOP, the first DCOP algorithm that provides a faithful distributed implementation for efficient social choice. This provides a concrete example of how the methods of mechanism design can be unified with those of distributed optimization. Faithfulness ensures that no agent can benefit by unilaterally deviating from any aspect of the protocol, neither information-revelation, computation, nor communication, and whatever the private information of other agents. We allow for payments by agents to a central bank, which is the only central authority that we require. To achieve faithfulness, we carefully integrate the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism with the DPOP algorithm, such that each agent is only asked to perform computation, report information, and send messages that is in its own best interest. Determining agent i's payment requires solving the social choice problem without agent i. Here, we present a method to reuse computation performed in solving the main problem in a way that is robust against manipulation by the excluded agent. Experimental results on structured problems show that as much as 87% of the computation required for solving the marginal problems can be avoided by re-use, providing very good scalability in the number of agents. On unstructured problems, we observe a sensitivity of M-DPOP to the density of the problem, and we show that reusability decreases from almost 100% for very sparse problems to around 20% for highly connected problems. We close with a discussion of the features of DCOP that enable faithful implementations in this problem, the challenge of reusing computation from the main problem to marginal problems in other algorithms such as ADOPT and OptAPO, and the prospect of methods to avoid the welfare loss that can occur because of the transfer of payments to the bank.
Geometric Theory Predicts Bifurcations in Minimal Wiring Cost Trees in Biology Are Flat

The complex three-dimensional shapes of tree-like structures in biology are constrained by optimization principles, but the actual costs being minimized can be difficult to discern. We show that despite quite variable morphologies and functions, bifurcations in the scleractinian coral Madracis and in many different mammalian neuron types tend to be planar. We prove that in fact bifurcations embedded in a spatial tree that minimizes wiring cost should lie on planes. This biologically motivated generalization of the classical mathematical theory of Euclidean Steiner trees is compatible with many different assumptions about the type of cost function. Since the geometric proof does not require any correlation between consecutive planes, we predict that, in an environment without directional biases, consecutive planes would be oriented independently of each other. We confirm this is true for many branching corals and neuron types. We conclude that planar bifurcations are characteristic of wiring cost optimization in any type of biological spatial tree structure.
Seismic stratigraphy and bedrock forms in perialpine lakes

Reconnaissance air-gun seismic reflection profiles and sonobuoy refraction measurements were recorded in 17 perialpine lakes. Quaternary fill velocities derived from sonobuoy refraction records suggest a stratigraphic sequence consisting of two general elements. The upper interval with velocities between 1.5 and 1.9 km/sec may represent normal sedimentation of glaciolacustrine sediments, whereas higher velocities of 1.9 to 2.7 km/sec in a lower element probably result from glacier overriding and compaction. The refraction data also show bedrock velocities from 3.6 to 6.7 km/sec in concert with underlying geological formations. Reflection sections from the deep basins show modest overdeepening of the lakes north of the Alps and deep incision of the southern perialpine lakes. The data are consistent with an interpretation of glacial overdeepening of fluvially cut bedrock valleys, overriding of older glaciolacustrine deposits (Riss? ), and limited erosion by the Wurm glacier streams that seem to scoop but not downcut the basins. We found no evidence for late Quaternary faults.
Simultaneous changes in carbon isotopes, sea level, and conodont biozones within the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval at Black Mountain, Australia

Carbon isotope profiles of marine carbonate units within the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary section at Black Mountain, western Queensland, Australia, reveal cyclical changes in δ13C within the Georgina basin during the boundary interval. Minimum values in the δ13C profile are found in strata bearing lithostratigraphic evidence for sea-level drop and also correlate strongly with conodont assemblage zone boundaries. These relations indicate that direct mechanistic links existed between carbon cycles, changes in sea level, and conodont evolution.
Field observations on spatial variability of surface hoar at the basin scale

inclination, and wind exposure within an area of about 3 km 2 . Four automatic weather stations were located within the study area: one on level terrain and three across a ridge. Despite the good instrumentation the correlation between surface hoar growth and calculated sublimation rate was poor. Distinct spatial patterns of surface hoar growth were found. Surface hoar crystals were frequently larger at the ridge site than in the surroundings of the automatic weather station on level terrain. The variation in surface hoar formation was mainly due to different prevailing wind regimes during the formation periods. The surroundings of the automatic weather station on level terrain were under the influence of local katabatic winds that dried up the air so that growth conditions were locally less favorable. Our observations suggest that predicting surface hoar formation for complex alpine terrain on the basis of data from an automatic weather station, the standard procedure in avalanche forecasting, seems nearly impossible unless at least the local wind regime is known at high resolution (� 10 m). For both surface hoar formation and surface hoar destruction observations suggest wind conditions to be most crucial for spatial variation.
Zones of Tolerance: Alternative Scales for Measuring Information Systems Service Quality

The expectation norm of Information Systems SERVQUAL has been challenged on both conceptual and empirical grounds, drawing into question the instrument's practical value. To address the criticism that the original IS SERVQUAL's expectation measure is ambiguous, we test a new set of scales that posits that service expectations exist at two levels that IS customers use as a basis to assess IS service quality: (1) desired service: the level of IS service desired, and (2) adequate service: the minimum level of IS service customers are willing to accept. Defining these two levels is a "zone of tolerance" (ZOT) that represents the range of IS service performance a customer would consider satisfactory. In other words, IS customer service expectations are characterized by a range of levels, rather than a single expectation point. This research note adapts the ZOT and the generic operational definition from marketing to the IS field, assessing its psychometric properties. Our findings conclude that the instrument shows validity of a four-dimension IS ZOT SERVQUAL measure for desired, adequate, and perceived service quality levels, identifying 18 commonly applicable question items. This measure addresses past criticism while offering a practical diagnostic tool.
Semi-Supervised Learning in Gigantic Image Collections

With the advent of the Internet it is now possible to collect hundreds of millions of images. These images come with varying degrees of label information. "Clean labels" can be manually obtained on a small fraction, "noisy labels" may be extracted automatically from surrounding text, while for most images there are no labels at all. Semi-supervised learning is a principled framework for combining these different label sources. However, it scales polynomially with the number of images, making it impractical for use on gigantic collections with hundreds of millions of images and thousands of classes. In this paper we show how to utilize recent results in machine learning to obtain highly efficient approximations for semi-supervised learning that are linear in the number of images. Specifically, we use the convergence of the eigenvectors of the normalized graph Laplacian to eigenfunctions of weighted Laplace-Beltrami operators. Our algorithm enables us to apply semi-supervised learning to a database of 80 million images gathered from the Internet.
A C0 linear finite element method for a second‐order elliptic equation in non‐divergence form with Cordes coefficients

In this paper, we develop a gradient recovery based linear (GRBL) finite element method (FEM) and a Hessian recovery based linear FEM for second‐order elliptic equations in non‐divergence form. The elliptic equation is casted into a symmetric non‐divergence weak formulation, in which second‐order derivatives of the unknown function are involved. We use gradient and Hessian recovery operators to calculate the second‐order derivatives of linear finite element approximations. Although, thanks to low degrees of freedom of linear elements, the implementation of the proposed schemes is easy and straightforward, the performances of the methods are competitive. The unique solvability and the H2$$ {H}^2 $$ seminorm error estimate of the GRBL scheme are rigorously proved. Optimal error estimates in both the L2$$ {L}^2 $$ norm and the H1$$ {H}^1 $$ seminorm have been proved when the coefficient is diagonal, which have been confirmed by numerical experiments. Superconvergence in errors has also been observed. Moreover, our methods can handle computational domains with curved boundaries without loss of accuracy from approximation of boundaries. Finally, the proposed numerical methods have been successfully applied to solve fully nonlinear Monge–Ampère equations.
Keeping Software Users on Board - Increasing Continuance Intention Through Incremental Feature Updates

Although feature updates are a ubiquitous phenomenon in both professional and private IT usage, they have to date received little attention in the IS post-adoption literature. Drawing on expectationconfirmation theory and the IS continuance literature, we investigate whether, when and how incremental feature updates affect users’ continuance intentions (CI). Based on a controlled laboratory experiment, we find a positive effect of feature updates on users’ CI. According to this effect, software vendors can increase their users’ CI by delivering updates incrementally rather than providing the entire feature set right with the first release. However, we also find that CI diminishes when the number of updates exceeds a tipping point in a given timeframe, disclosing update frequency as crucial boundary condition. Furthermore, we unveil that the beneficial effect of feature updates on CI operates through positive disconfirmation of expectations, resulting in increased user satisfaction. Implications for research and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Style and age of deformation in the NW Persian Gulf

ABSTRACT The study area is located in the foreland and in the frontal part of the Zagros Range (Persian Gulf), which contains very large oil and gas fields. The data consist of two orthogonal sets of 2D seismic sections. Folds trending NNE–SSW and N–S (Arabian trend) and NW–SE (Zagros trend) are documented. These folds developed during two folding phases: an older Late Cretaceous phase and a younger Late Cenozoic one. Folds with N–S and NNE–SSW trends formed during the older phase. During the younger phase the older, deep-seated, NNE–SSW Arabian folds were reactivated and tightened. These folds affected beds younger than the Cretaceous, forming open folds with the Arabian trend. At the same time, other folds with the NW–SE Zagros trend developed and these have been active until recent. Some giant and super-giant oil and gas fields are found in broad Arabian-trending folds in the Zagros foreland. This paper demonstrates that the Arabian folds in the study area are due to folding during the Late Cretaceous and to additional folding during Late Cenozoic times.
Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 on mineral dust: Laboratory experiments and model simulations

Mineral dust contains material such as TiO2 that is well known to have photocatalytic activity. In this laboratory study, mixed TiO2‐SiO2, Saharan dust and Arizona Test Dust were exposed to NO2 in a coated wall flow tube reactor. While uptake in the dark was negligible, photoenhanced uptake of NO2 was observed on all samples. For the mixed TiO2‐SiO2, the uptake coefficients increased with increasing TiO2 mass fraction, with BET uptake coefficients ranging from 0.12 to 1.9 × 10−6. HONO was observed from all samples, with varying yields, e.g., 80% for Saharan dust. Three‐dimensional modeling indicates that photochemistry of dust may reduce the NO2 level up to 37% and ozone up to 5% during a dust event in the free troposphere.
Stratospheric ClO - In-situ detection with a new approach

Stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentrations were measured in situ using a new and improved observational method in which the detection package is lowered and then reeled back up. Two reel down and reel up sequences covering 38 to 31 km produced [ClO] profiles which agree with each other to ± 12%. The measured [ClO] profile falls within the envelope of nine previous "fast" parachute drop results, but exhibits a different shape, peaking near 32 km as opposed to ∼39 km for the average of the previous profiles. These results are consistent with the profiles derived from remote sensing methods, and indicate the need for simultaneous measurements of relevant species.
Magnitude corrections for attenuation in the upper mantle

Summary. The mb:Ms relation for explosions at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) differs from those for explosions in other parts of the world. There is considerable evidence that this results mostly from high body-wave attenuation in the upper mantle beneath the western US. The authors have developed an empirical magnitude correction for body-wave attenuation and applied it to both source and receiver ends of the teleseismic body-wave path. The results imply that mb values are lower for NTS explosions than for Soviet explosions of comparable yield and seismic coupling. The authors have also developed and applied a source-depth correction to account for pP-P interference in the P-wave arrival. The body-wave magnitude resulting from these corrections is designated mo to distinguish it from other definitions of mb. Values of mQ determined for a world-wide set of large explosions show that a single mQ: yield relation is a fair fit to the data for the explosions with high seismic coupling. However, grouping the explosions under two mQ:yield relations gives a better fit to the data. All the studied explosions in salt or granite or below the water table fit a common Ms:yield relation. Explosions from North America, Eurasia and Africa have a common mQ: Ms relation.
Esker formation and glacier dynamics in eastern Skane and adjacent areas, southern Sweden

Eskers were investigated in an area with overall terrestrial deglaciation - the eastern part of the province of Skane and adjacent areas in southern Sweden. On the basis of the proposed model of esker formation, the dynamics of the receding Weichselian Ice Sheet are discussed. The deglaciation was characterized by the gradual retreat of an active ice sheet, bordered by a zone of thin, stagnant ice. For the most part, the ice sheet was probably at the pressure melting point in a marginal zone, where it was penetrated by surface meltwater which constituted most of the subglacially flowing meltwater. The esker sediments, consisting of glaciofluvially reworked basal debris and basal till, accumulated progressively in an up-glacier direction. Deposition took place close to the live ice boundary in the zone with stagnant ice that fringed the receding ice sheet. The time-transgressive formation of the eskers is reflected by repeated sediment sequences (morphosequences), i.e. sedimentary units composed of ridges that merge into extended hummocky deposits in a down-glacier direction. They represent the momentary deposition of stratified drift in the proximal portion of the zone with stagnant ice.
An introduction to conjoint measurement without transitivity and additivity

This paper presents a self-contained introduction to a general conjoint measurement framework for the analysis of nontransitive and/or incomplete binary relations on product sets. It is based on the use of several kinds of marginal traces on coordinates induced by the binary relation. This framework leads to deflning three general families of models depending on the kind of trace that they use. Contrary to most conjoint measurement models, these models do not involve an addition operation. This allows for a simple axiomatic analysis at the cost of very weak uniqueness results.
Gravity waves around the subtropical jet of the southern winter in an atmospheric general circulation model

Gravity wave (GW) activities around the subtropical jet of the Southern winter (June) are analyzed using Atmospheric General Circulation Model outputs of T106L60, in order to clarify roles of GWs in maintaining the zonal mean zonal wind. Dominant GWs are characterized with periods of 10–24 hours relative to the ground, and with horizontal and vertical wavelengths of about 600–700 km and 2.2–4.4 km, respectively. These GWs propagate both upward and downward from the jet, and westward relative to the mean zonal wind. Most of the upward propagating waves do not reach the upper stratosphere due to negative vertical wind shear of the zonal wind in the lower stratosphere. Dominant upward fluxes of easterly momentum due to the non‐stationary GWs extend zonally along 30°S above the jet. Remarkable EP‐flux convergence due mostly to these GWs is seen around 100 hPa at 30°S, and explains up to 30% of the total EP‐flux convergence.