Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ULTRA‐STRUCTURE AND MICRO ANALYSIS OF THE POLYPHOSPHATE GRANULES OF THE ECTOMYCORRHIZAS OF FAGUS SYLVATICA

SUMMARY Evidence is presented that the granules visible in the vacuoles of the hyphae of the sheath of Fagus sylvatica mycorrhiza in electron microscope (EM) preparations contain phosphorus and calcium. Little phophorus or calcium is present in the clear regions of the hyphal vacuoles. Calcium but not phosphorus is present in considerable quantity in the hyphal walls of the fungal sheath.
Molecular analysis of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 expression in differentially expressing estrogen receptor breast cancer MCF7, T47D and MDA- MB-468 cell lines treated with adriamycin

Background and purpose of the study: Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 (CCND1) are key elements in cancer development and progression. Bcl-2 acts as a cell death suppressor and is involved in apoptosis regulation. Cyclin D1 is an important regulator of G1/S phase of the cell cycle progression. In addition, estrogen receptor (ER) is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer cells. Therefore it is important to determine the Bcl-2 and CCND1 expression in MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines with different ER status following Adriamycin (ADR) treatment. Methods: Cytotoxicity of ADR (250 and 500nM) after 1-5 days exposure of the cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 in tested cell lines were also analyzed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC) methods. Results: ADR cytotoxicity was highest in MDA-MB-468 and lowest in MCF7 cells in a time-dependent manner. Bcl-2 mRNA increased in MCF7 and decreased in MDA-MB-468 after exposure to ADR but it was less detectable in T47D cells. The expression of CCND1 in MCF7 with high level of ER expression was higher than the other two cell lines in untreated conditions. However, CCND1 mRNA did not show significant changes after ADR treatment. Immunocytochemical analysis did not show significant differences between Bcl-2 protein expression in the presence or absence of ADR in MDA-MB-468 cell line while in T47D and MCF7 cells its expression decreased after exposure to ADR. In addition to nuclear expression of cyclin D1 in all cell lines, strong cytoplasmic expression of cyclin D1 protein was observed only in MCF7 and T47D cells. Conclusion: The tested cell lines with different levels of ER expression showed differential molecular responses to ADR that is important in tumor-targeted cancer therapy.
EFFECTS OF DRYING METHOD ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SOY PROTEIN ISOLATES

Three soy protein isolates (SPIs) were obtained by different drying methods, including freeze-drying, spray-drying and vacuum-drying. These SPIs were found to be significantly different in color of CIELAB L*, a*, b*values, enthalpies of denaturation (ΔH) in differential scanning calorimetry, 1-anilino-8-napthalene-sulfonate surface hydrophobicities and total sulfhydryl group contents (P < 0.05). The solubility of spray-dried SPI was significantly higher than that of freeze-dried SPI and vacuum-dried SPI (P < 0.05), except at pH 4–5. Spray-dried SPI had much lower turbidity, higher solubility, and better emulsifying and foaming properties than freeze-dried and vacuum-dried SPIs. These results suggested that drying methods could influence the functional properties of SPIs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The utilization of soy protein isolates (SPIs) in various foods is based on their highly desirable functional properties such as solubility, emulsification and foaming. These functional properties may be affected by different drying methods such as freeze-drying, spray-drying and vacuum-drying. This study explains the effects of drying methods on the physicochemical and functional properties of SPIs, which is useful for SPI researchers and manufacturers. Additionally, freeze-drying is usually used in laboratory experiments, while spray-drying is utilized in industrial processes and vacuum-drying is applied in both cases. Hence, the research results on functional properties of freeze-dried SPI in laboratory experiments may not have practical applicability. The direct evidence of the effects of various drying methods on the functional properties of SPIs is based on experiments using the same drying method that is consistent with industrial practice. It is very important that the drying method must be taken into consideration in the research of the functional properties of soy proteins.
Differences in the swimming behaviour of the amphipod Corophium volutator from different populations

The swimming behaviour of Corophium volutator from Wales and East Anglia was investigated to establish whether differences apparent from two previous studies are real or artefacts of the different techniques used. Swimming C. volutator were caught in a Welsh estuary in the summer, but only rarely in the autumn and winter, and in both daylight and darkness. In simulated tidal conditions in the laboratory C. volutator from two sites in East Anglia never swam, while those from Wales swam whenever the substratum was immersed, in daylight and darkness, mostly on the ebb tide and in winter. The unnatural swimming in winter may have been stimulated by laboratory conditions, but the East Anglian amphipods were not so affected. The tidal swimming rhythm is different to east coast C. volutator which only swim at night. This difference may be related to the time of spring tides, when most swimming occurs. In Wales high water of spring tides may occur only in daylight in summer and nocturnal swimming may not be possible. The ebb tide swimming by C. volutator in Wales contrasts with the flood and ebb swimming of east coast amphipods and may reflect differences in their habitats. The former were collected close to the sea while the latter were 15 km up a narrow estuary and may represent a sub-population of amphipods with a disposition to swim early (on the flood tide) enabling them to colonise upstream habitats.
Food for Thought ITQs and the economics of high-grading

Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) are now used as a management tool in many fisheries. ITQ permit an individual the freedom to allocate resources so as to maximize net return within an individual constraint on catch. The constraint imposed by a collective TAC is an expected duration of fishing opportunity, and the incentive that results is to conserve time; under this constraint, resources would be differently, and perhaps less efficiently, allocated. However, as ITQ impose instead an incentive to conserve quota units they might be expected to increase the reward from discarding low-value catches. Making quota freely negotiable, so they can be bought and sold at a price agreed between buyer and seller, gives an additional dimension of freedom and flexibility to the fishing community. However, I was recently astonished to be confidently assured by two experienced fishery scientists that this further step is detrimental in that it hugely increases the fisherman’s incentive to high-grade. The argument advanced to support this view was as follows: suppose the price paid for quota was $10 kg . Effective return must be calculated on marginal profit, and so if small fish are worth $12 kg 1 and large $18 kg , the marginal profits are $2 kg 1 and $8 kg : large fish are worth four times as much as small. Hence, the incentive to high-grade is powerful and will increase as the profit margin on small fish decreases. If small fish become worth less than the price paid for the quota, the incentive to high-grade becomes a compulsion: one would be losing money by selling fish at such a price. This argument is fallacious, according to the following analysis: A fisher has caught 1 t of small fish, and must decide whether to discard it, in the hope of replacing it with more valuable large fish, or land it at the going price. The quota cost $Q t , small fish at the dock are worth $S t , and large fish are worth $L t . Discarding incurs a cost of $D t . If the present catch is discarded, it will take an estimated H hrs of fishing, at a cost of $F hr , to replace it with another tonne; the chance of
Population structure, multiple paternity, and long-distance transport of spermatozoa in the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium (Bivalvia:Unionidae)

Abstract. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia:Unionidae) are among the most imperiled organisms in North America. Information on the spatial scale of reproduction and population connectivity will better enable mussel conservation programs to sustain long-term population viability, particularly restocking and recovery programs. Here we used genetic methods to characterize population structure, dispersal potential, and reproductive strategies in the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium from Twin Creek and Big Darby Creek (Ohio, USA). We genotyped adults and individual glochidia at 12 microsatellite loci to assess local population structure relative to within-population patterns of relatedness and parentage. Local populations within watersheds were weakly structured, and within-population estimates of relatedness identified probable full- and half-siblings several kilometers apart. Parent–offspring comparisons provided evidence of multiple paternity in single broods and identified the likely father of 3 glochidia from 1 female's brood 16.2 km upstream of the mother, indicating that long-distance transport of spermatozoa can promote population connectivity within watersheds. Given that lampsilines and other unionoids exhibit similar reproductive strategies, it is possible that other species are capable of long-distance fertilization. If so, fertilization in populations of many freshwater mussels might not be limited by local density of breeding adults. Therefore, the prospects for recovery of imperiled freshwater mussels might be better than what is now expected.
Antioxidant enzymes activities during secondary somatic embryogenesis in Persian walnut ( Juglans regia L . )

Somatic embryogenesis was achieved from immature cotyledon explants of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) cave. "Chandler" on DKW medium. Secondary somatic embryogenesis, the process by which adventitious embryos are formed from primary somatic embryos, is frequent during somatic embryogenesis in Persian walnut. It has certain advantages compared with primary somatic embryogenesis such as high multiplication rate, independence to the explant source and repeatability. Proteins and activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were evaluated in two types of secondary embryogenic calli and secondary somatic embryos in Persian walnut. In dark brown calli from which their secondary somatic embryos were separated, CAT, POX and POX had the highest activities while the activity of SOD and also protein content showed the lowest level. High SOD activity, protein content and low activities of CAT, POX and PPO were determined in secondary somatic embryos and light brown calli containing secondary somatic embryos. According to the obtained results, some proteins and antioxidant enzymes have been regarded as markers for secondary somatic embryogenesis.
The effect of grouping one-day-old chicks by body weight on the uniformity of broilers

SUMMARY In this study, we evaluated the effect of the grouping of 1-d-old chicks according to initial BW on the subsequent homogeneity and distribution of the weight of the broilers at harvest. Two treatments (placement methods) were tested: in one treatment (random), the chicks’ placement was at random and not grouped by initial weight; in the other treatment (homogeneous groups), the chicks were grouped according to their initial weight. The broilers were individually weighed upon placement and again at 21 and 42 d of age. The lowest dispersion of the weight at placement was observed for the homogeneous groups, but the dispersion did not differ between the treatments at the subsequent weighings. Despite the difference in placement, the distributions of the weight data for the 2 groups did not differ between 21 or 42 d of age. Based on these results, the grouping of chicks by weight does not produce more uniform broilers at the end of the production period.
Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities

Seamounts, although abundant features of the world's oceans, constitute one of the least studied marine ecosystems. In the present work we assessed the diversity and zoogeographical affinities of the demosponge assemblages of Gettysburg and Ormonde Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic). Twenty-three demosponge species were identified adding to the thirteen previously reported for Gorringe shallow-water. Gorringe's demosponge assemblage was found to be mainly composed of species with a wide Atlanto–Mediterranean distribution (61%) and a group of species (28%) that are endemic to this Bank or have a restricted geographical distribution. This high level of endemism suggests the Gorringe Bank as a hotspot for demosponge fauna in the north-east Atlantic. Gorringe demosponge fauna was found to present an overall moderate similarity to the Mediterranean, Iberian coasts and Macaronesian archipelagos. We compare our findings with patterns reported for fish and molluscan faunas for this Bank and discuss some evolutionary aspects on the role of these ecosystems for the north-east Atlantic marine biota.
Rapid Tropical Forest Inventory: a Comparison of Techniques Based on Inventory Data from Western Amazonia

Abstract: Floristic inventory is critical for conservation planning in tropical forests. Tropical forest inventory is hampered by large numbers of species, however, and is usually abbreviated by sampling only the tallest trees in the forest, an approach that remains time‐consuming. In a systematic effort to identify better means of abbreviating inventory in western Amazonia, we defined four classes of inventory abbreviation and evaluated them for use in inventory: occurrence metric, measured for individual taxa (e.g., presence‐absence); taxonomic resolution, the level to which stems are identified; diameter class, the classes included in inventory; and taxonomic scope, the taxon or taxa included in inventory. Using these four classes and all their possible combinations, we defined >300 inventory abbreviations and evaluated them by conducting nine inventories near Iquitos, Peru. We evaluated these abbreviations with four criteria: correlation between the floristic patterns of the full and abbreviated inventories, mean number of stems per site, total number of taxa, and height of inventoried stems. Presence‐absence inventories were generally interchangeable with abundance inventories, regardless of the use of other abbreviations. Genus‐resolution inventory captured 80% of the floristic pattern of the full inventory, with an 80% reduction in number of taxa sampled, but did not reduce the number of stems sampled. Inventories based on diameter class, with either species or genus identifications, revealed a majority of the floristic pattern of the full inventories with a fraction of the stems and taxa, but they were indistinguishable in efficiency from random sampling. Taxonomic‐scope abbreviations were more efficient than any other type of inventory, including random sampling, and required one‐fifth the number of stems and taxa of diameter‐class‐based methods and one‐twentieth the number of a full inventory. We believe that taxa‐based inventory may provide the optimal instrument for biological survey and conservation planning in western Amazonia.
DISTRIBUTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) INSECT PARASITES IN THE CROWNS OF HOST TREES

Abstract Percentage parasitism by seven insect parasites of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was not significantly different among crown aspects. Parasitism by two hymenopterous parasites was significantly different among crown levels in either one or both hosts. Other parasites were either insufficiently abundant to provide an adequate test, or percentage parasitism differed insignificantly among crown levels or host types. Because percentage parasitism was not generally different among crown levels, any level could have been sampled. Résumé Le pourcentage de parasitisme par sept espèces d’insectes parasitant la tordeuse occidentale de l’épinette, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, n’a pas montré de différence significative entre différentes formes de cimes. Le parasitisme par deux hyménoptères a varié significativement entre différents niveaux de cime chez l’un et l’autre ou les deux hôtes. Pour les autres parasites, soit qu’ils n’étaient pas assez abondants pour permettre un test valable, soit que le pour-centage de parasitisme ne différait pas significativement entre les niveaux de cime ou les types d’hôte. Parce qu’en général le pourcentage de parasitisme n’a pas montré de différence entre les niveaux de cime, l’échantillonnage aurait pu être fait à n’importe quel niveau.
Composição química e valor protéico do resíduo de soja em relação ao grão de soja

The aim of this research is to evaluate the chemical composition and protein value of soybean residue, which is a sub product of soybean oil extraction. The centesimal composition, energy value and amino acid contents were determined from soybean residue and soybean grain. The protein value was estimated by means of biological indexes. Weaning male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups that were fed for ten days with 10% protein diets (soybean residue, soybean grain, casein- control) or a non-protein diet. The soybean residue showed a greater content of protein (47%) and lower energetic value (334 kcal/100 g) than soybean grain (40% e 452 kcal/100 g, respectively) and it also showed an essential amino acid score of 101% compared to the reference pattern and protein digestibility of 88%. Protein quality of soybean residue is similar to the protein of soybean grain (protein values of 87% and 85%, respectively), according to RNPR (Relative Net Protein Ratio) and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) indexes. The soybean residue is a source of carbohydrates, minerals, fibers and adequate protein in nutritional terms and it shows advantages in relation to soybean grain such as lower energetic value and greater protein content.
A spring stopover of a migratory osprey (Pandion haliaetus) in northern Spain as revealed by satellite tracking: implications for conservation

Improvements in the accuracy of satellite telemetry locations now allow detailed studies on territorial behaviour or use of habitat that can be used to enhance bird conservation. In this paper we describe the behaviour of a satellite-tracked adult female osprey (Pandion haliaetus) in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (N Spain) to evaluate the suitability of this protected area for the species. The data set consisted of 10 complete days with a total of 145 exact fixes received. Night roosts were mainly surrounded by high or intermediate level protected land, separated from roads or buildings by more than 200 m and located less than one km away from the feeding area. During daylight hours, most fixes (76.5%) were located in wooded areas. We found that the bird selected holm oak woods and we suggest that this is related to low disturbance from human activity. We also suggest that northern Spanish estuaries are important as stopovers by migrating ospreys for feeding during migration.
Echinogammarus ischnus: another crustacean invader in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin

Nous avons realise une etude ciblee des Grands Lacs inferieurs pour determiner la presence ou l'absence de deux especes d'amphipodes euryhalins, Echinogammarus ischnus Stebbing 1899 et Corophium curvispinum (Sars, 1895), qui ont connu une explosion en Europe. Echinogammarus ischnus a ete identifie pour la premiere fois en Amerique du Nord dans un site de la riviere Detroit, mais n'a pas ete decele dans les sites etudies dans les lacs Erie et Saint-Clair. Corophium curvispinum n'a ete decele dans aucun des sites etudies. Contrairement aux crustaces envahisseurs anterieurs, E. ischnus se reproduit sexuellement et il lui manque un stade de vie planctonique. Les analyses d'allozymes indiquent que la population de la riviere Detroit a ete fondee par un nombre suffisant grand d'individus pour maintenir un niveau moyen de variation genetique.
Histamine-producing bacteria isolated from frozen longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggoh)

In this investigation, a series of samples were carried out to isolate and identify histamine-producing bacteria and analyze the histamine content for evaluation of harvesting and post harvesting procedures. The target fish was longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggoh), which were collected from Oman Sea waters harvested by gillnet or purse seine methods. Bacteriological isolates and the amount of histamine were obtained from the muscle around the gills. The obtained results indicated that the average of total and psychrophilic counts were 4.81 ± 0.26 and 4.66 ± 0.25 Log10CFU/g, respectively. Diverse bacterial isolates were identified as histamine-forming bacteria. Amongst them, Clostridium perfringens with the highest abundance in samples contributed 24.4% followed by Proteus spp. (23.0%), Klebsiella spp. (13.9%), and Enterobacter spp. (11.1%). The examined samples of 20.0, 15.0 and 65.0% contained 50 ppm amount of histamine, respectively. Therefore, there are seafood safety risks in the current harvesting and post harvesting methods used in longtail tuna industry.
CONGRUENCE BETWEEN SUPERPOSITIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS: COMPARING CLADISTIC PATTERNS WITH FOSSIL RECORDS

Abstract— As the only direct evidence of past organismic history, the fossil record has always figured importantly in the reconstruction of phylogeny. But the incomplete nature of the fossil record has also been cited as a basis for claiming that fossils play only a secondary role in developing phylogenetic hypotheses that encompass extant taxa. The reliability of fossil data in such applications is a function of the degree of fit between superpositional relationships and the sequence of phylogenetic events. Thirty‐eight vertebrate cases are examined for the fit between age data based on fossil first occurrences and phylogenetic results based on cladistic analysis. A general correspondence between superpositional and cladistic information is observed, although the degree of fit varies widely among cases. Horses, certain other ungulates, synapsids and basal archosaurs, which show very high correlations, are taxa characterized by an abundance of superpositional and cladistic data. Other groups, such as primates, show very poor correlations because certain major clades have either unreasonably short fossil durations or no fossil record at all. Correlations are also diminished when either fossil records or cladistic sequences are poorly resolved. In most cases, cladistic resolution was observed to exceed superpositional resolution. Correlations can be enhanced by more precise (e.g. radiometric) age dates, but these also place a high expectation on the fit between fossil first occurrence and cladistic results. Stratigraphic occurrence does not always provide a precise reflection of independently derived phylogenies, but the correspondence between age and cladistic information is remarkably high in a notable number of vertebrate examples.