Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monodisperse BaZrO3 nanocrystals and flux pinning effect on upscaling MOD-derived (Y,Dy)Ba2Cu3O7− δ superconducting tapes

In the present work, monodisperse BaZrO3 (BZO) nanocrystals with controllable sizes are successfully introduced into trifluoroacetate metal–organic deposition derived (Y,Dy)Ba2Cu3O7−δ ((Y,Dy)BCO)-coated superconducting tapes to act as effective pinning centers. The BZO nanocrystal addition strategy is extended to upscaling coated conductors as long as hundreds of meters, and as thick as 3.4 μm, of (Y,Dy)BCO layers. The corresponding superconducting performances of BZO-added (Y,Dy)BCO-coated conductors are systematically investigated under various applied magnetic fields and temperatures. It is revealed that the I c (77 K, self-field) of BZO-added tapes decreases linearly with BZO concentration, while the corresponding in-field lift-factors increase for all studied BZO additions. In-field J c values under various fields at low temperatures show that the (Y,Dy)BCO tape with 5%-BZO addition exhibits a better performance than that of other concentrations. Besides, this benefit of BZO addition appears identical for both thin and thick samples, as well as for tapes that are hundreds of meters long. The angular dependence of in-field I c also shows that significant improvement occurs in all the studied angular ranges after nanocrystal BZO additions, demonstrating that the nanocrystal addition strategy is of great value for upscaling commercial (Y,Dy)BCO tape for in-field applications.
Tracking eddies in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans with TOPEX/POSEIDON

Altimetric data from the first year of the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration infrared imagery are used to investigate characteristics of eddies and rings in the oceans around southern Africa. Altogether, 57 eddies were identified. The Agulhas rings in the southeast Atlantic were mostly anticyclonic, drifted at 3–7 cm s−1 in a westerly to northwesterly direction, and it was estimated that five rings are generated annually. Even in close proximity to the Agulhas retroflection, the altimetry provided insight into rings not visible on infrared imagery. The annual heat flux of five rings into the South Atlantic is estimated at 3–8×1013 Watt. Eddy motion in the southwest Indian Ocean seemed more confused where a comparable number of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies advected mostly in a westerly or northwesterly direction. Eddies were observed to adhere to and entrain water from the offshore edge of the Agulhas Current.
ENERGY LOSSES AND FLOATING BREAKWATER RESPONSE

Very often the linear models of floating caisson breakwaters simulate the complete hydrodynamic phenomenon by dividing it into elementary problems, such as wave diffraction around a fixed surface body, motion of the moored structure caused by the wave, and change of the wave field due to waves generated by the breakwater. The authors show that in the particular case of floating breakwater, the superposition, which uncouples the wave diffraction and the body movement, neglects important effects of coupled phenomena and introduces errors into the simulation. The present paper suggests some corrections, which, on the whole, can account for the nonlinearity of the coupled phenomenon. Furthermore, laboratory tests check the validity of the theoretical solutions of the elementary problems, the result obtained by working out these solutions, and the effectiveness of the proposed corrections. The tests also prove that, in some cases, the hydrodynamic coefficients of added mass, calculated on the usual assumption .
Stress tensor orientation derived from fault plane solutions in the southwestern Alps

Gephart and Forsyth's method has been applied to estimate stress orientations from earthquake fault plane solutions of the southwestern Alps, a region where the tectonic stress regime is known to be fairly complex. Fault plane solutions have been either taken from the literature or computed using data from local and regional networks. Data refer to seismic events of magnitude in the range 2.5–5.3 which occurred in the last decades at depths between 0 and 25 km. Two zones with a different stress orientation have been identified in the studied area (44.0°–45.5°N, 6.5°–8.5°E): the western zone, corresponding to the crest of the alpine belt, where a high-dip maximum compressive stress is found, and the eastern zone (Alps chain to Po Plain transition), characterized by an almost horizontal E-W σ1 and a nearly vertical σ3. Hypocenters of earthquakes used for stress inversion lie in the depth ranges 0–15 km and 5–25 km in the western and eastern zones, respectively. The transition between the two stress domains is very sharp, and this is also indicated by space distribution of earthquake individual misfits to the respective stress models. The findings of the present study are a good match for tectonic models which assume E-W compression derived from the Adria-Europe interaction and producing: (1) major thrusting processes in the eastern side of the chain and (2) secondary tensional effects at very shallow depth beneath the alpine belt crest (western zone of the area studied in this work).
High Pressure and Pasteurization Effects on Dairy Cream

Dairy cream, a common ingredient in various dishes and food products, is susceptible to rapid microbial growth due to its high water activity (≈0.97) and pH (≈6.7). Thus, it requires proper processing conditions to ensure food safety and extend shelf life. High-pressure processing (HPP) has emerged as a nonthermal food pasteurization method, offering an alternative to conventional heat-based techniques to obtain tastier, fresh-like, and safe dairy products without undesirable heat-induced alterations. This study assessed the impact of HPP (450 and 600 MPa for 5 and 15 min at 7 °C) and thermal pasteurization (75 °C for 15 s) on the microbiological and physicochemical attributes of dairy cream immediately after processing and throughout refrigerated storage (4 °C). HPP-treated samples remained microbiologically acceptable even on the 51st day of storage, unlike thermally pasteurized samples. Moreover, HPP decreased inoculated Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua counts by more than 6 log units to undetectable levels (1.00 log CFU/mL). pH, color (maximum variation of ΔE* up to 8.43), and fatty acid profiles remained relatively stable under varying processing conditions and during storage. However, viscosity exhibited higher values for HPP-treated samples (0.028 ± 0.003 Pa·s) compared to thermally processed ones (0.016 ± 0.002 Pa·s) by the 28th day of storage. Furthermore, volatile compounds (VOCs) of all treated samples presented a tendency to increase throughout storage, particularly acids and aliphatic hydrocarbons. These findings show HPP’s potential to significantly extend the shelf life of highly perishable dairy cream by at least 15 days compared to thermal pasteurization.
A large polar crown coronal mass ejection and a “problem” goemagnetic storm: April 14–23, 1994

In the 1960s and 1970s, systematic programs to associate geomagnetic storms with solar flares gave rise to a category of “problem storms” for which there were no clear associations or for which the associations were with solar activity that seemed too insignificant to properly account for the magnitude of the geomagnetic events. In the last 2 decades the role of filament eruptions and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in driving geomagnetic activity has received increasing attention, and an answer to the problem storm question has been pieced together. Until recently the inability to view CMEs on the solar disk has impeded a precise demonstration of the inferred relationships. The data from the Yohkoh Soft X ray Telescope (SXT), however, allow the association of soft X ray coronal structures with the aftermath of CMEs. Since CMEs are now believed to be the main cause of aperiodic severe disturbances of Earth's magnetosphere, the ability to distinguish the aftermath of a CME on the disk improves our ability to predict geomagnetic storms. On April 14, 1994, a large scale coronal arcade formation was observed by SXT after the eruption of a long section of the southern polar crown neutral line. Data from the Mauna Loa coronagraph are consistent with this event being the result of a CME that formed in the helmet streamer underlying the heliospheric current sheet. The CME was followed by a severe geomagnetic storm, starting 68 hr later, and was also observed at 3.2 AU and high heliographic latitude by the Ulysses satellite. Since there was no significant flare associated with the eruption, and no significant filament disappearance, the subsequent geomagnetic events are an extreme example of a problem storm and of the great utility of soft X ray imagers for the prediction of space weather. In this paper we have assembled a wide range of data relating to the solar event, the evolution of the region that generated it, and the various observed consequences at Earth and in the interplanetary medium. The global magnetic field changes leading to the CME are outlined, a brief description of the coronal arcade formation is given, and the arcade's association with subsequent events at Earth and the interplanetary disturbance observed at Ulysses is described. We present this case as an example of the advantages to be derived from a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to studying these potentially disruptive phenomena.
Satellite signal shows storage-unloading subsidence in North China

Worsening water storage depletion (WSD) contributes to environmental degradation, land subsidence and earthquake and could disrupt food production/security and social stability. There is need for efficient water use strategies in North China, a pivotal agrarian, industrial and political base in China with a widespread WSD. This study integrates satellite, model and field data products to investigate WSD and land subsidence in North China. In the first step, GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mass rates are used to show WSD in the region. Next, GRACE total water storage (TWS) is corrected for soil water storage (SWS) to derive groundwater storage (GWS) using GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) data products. The derived GWS is compared with GWS obtained from field-measured groundwater level to show land subsidence in the study area. Then GPS (Global Positioning System) data of relative land surface change (LSC) are used to confirm the subsidence due to WSD. A total of ~ 96 near-consecutive months (January 2002 through December 2009) of datasets are used in the study. Based on GRACE mass rates, TWS depletion is 23.76 ± 1.74 mm yr −1 or 13.73 ± 1.01 km 3 yr −1 in the 578 000 km 2 study area. This is ~ 31 % of the slated 45 km 3 yr −1 water delivery in 2050 via the South–North Water Diversion Project. Analysis of relative LSC shows subsidence of 7.29 ± 0.35 mm yr −1 in Beijing and 2.74 ± 0.16 mm yr −1 in North China. About 11.53 % (2.74 ± 0.18 mm or 1.58 ± 0.12 km 3 ) of the TWS and 8.37 % (1.52 ± 0.70 mm or 0.88 ± 0.03 km 3 ) of the GWS are attributed to storage reductions accompanying subsidence in the region. Although interpretations of the findings require caution due to the short temporal and large spatial coverage, the concurrence of WSD and land subsidence could have adverse implications for the study area. It is critical that the relevant stakeholders embark on resource-efficient measures to ensure water availability, food security, ecological sustainability and social stability in this pivotal region.
Impact of Fallowing on the Emergence of Weed Species, Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Fallowed uplands dominated by Chromolaena odorata, Hyptis suaveolens, Tithonia diversifolia, Imperata cylindrica and other grasses were selected and their effects on the emergence of associated weed species, the nutrient status of the soil and subsequent maize yield were examined. A survey was conducted to estimate the floristic composition in each field in 2017 and 2018. Five fallowed fields and one arable field were used during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The trial was laid on each field in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replicates. Zero tillage was adopted for the fallow land while the arable field was ploughed, harrowed, and ridged. Weed, soil, and grain yield data were collected and subjected to analysis of variance at P=0.05. The results showed that weed composition and emergence pattern differed marginally among the five fallowed fields. Tridax procumbens, Brachiaria lata and Cyperus rotundus were the most associated weed species. Soils under T. diversifolia and C. odorata were rich in organic carbon and total porosity and low in bulk density with an average return biomass to the soil amounting to 23.18 - 27.18g/m2. The continuously managed arable field showed maize grain yield of 2.72 t/ha compared with fallowed fields dominated by T. diversifolia (2.64 t/ha) and C. odorata (2.38 t/ha). Tithonia diversifolia and C. odorata contributed positively to reducing weed emergence and improving soil nutrients. Small-holder farmers can re-incorporate the tested weed species into the cropping system to reduce herbicide usage and improve maize grain yield in the Nigerian southern Guinea savannah.
An automated approach to the location of icequakes using seismic waveform amplitudes

Abstract We adapt from volcano seismology an automated method of locating icequakes with poorly defined onsets and indistinguishable seismic phases, which can be tuned to either body or surface waves. The method involves (1) the calculation of the root-mean-squared amplitudes of the filtered envelope signals, (2) a coarse-grid search to locate the hypocentres of the seismic events using their amplitudes and (3) refinement of hypocentre locations using an iteratively damped least-squares approach. First, we calibrate the adapted method by application to real data, recorded using a network of six passive seismometers, in response to surface explosions in known locations on the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet. Second, we present a seismic modelling experiment simulating rapid supraglacial lake drainage driven hydrofracture through 1 km thick ice. The test reveals horizontal and vertical location uncertainties of ∼121 m and 275 m, respectively. Since seismic emissions from glaciers and ice sheets often have complex waveforms akin to those considered here, our adapted method is likely to have widespread applicability to glaciological problems.
Changes in glaciers and glacial lakes and the identification of dangerous glacial lakes in the Pumqu River Basin, Xizang (Tibet)

Latest satellite images have been utilized to update the inventories of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Pumqu river basin, Xizang (Tibet), in the study. Compared to the inventories in 1970s, the areas of glaciers are reduced by 19.05% while the areas of glacial lakes are increased by 26.76%. The magnitudes of glacier retreat rate and glacial lake increase rate during the period of 2001–2013 are more significant than those for the period of the 1970s–2001. The accelerated changes in areas of the glaciers and glacial lakes, as well as the increasing temperature and rising variability of precipitation, have resulted in an increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Pumqu river basin. Integrated criteria were established to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes based on a bibliometric analysis method. It is found, in total, 19 glacial lakes were identified as dangerous. Such finding suggests that there is an immediate need to conduct field surveys not only to validate the findings, but also to acquire information for further use in order to assure the welfare of the humans.
Influences of watershed landscape composition and configuration on lake‐water quality in the Yangtze River basin of China

Lake‐water quality is highly dependent on the landscape characteristics in its respective watershed. In this study, we investigated the relationships between lake‐water quality and landscape composition and configuration within the watershed in the Yangtze River basin of China. Water quality variables, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), Secchi depth (SD), NO2−, NO3−, NH4+, TN, TP, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a), and trophic state index (TSI), were collected from 16 lakes during the period of 2001–2003. Landscape composition (i.e. the percentage of vegetation, agriculture, water, urban, and bare land) and landscape configuration metrics, including number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), mean patch area (MPA), mean shape index (MSI), contagion (CONTAG), patch cohesion index (COHESION), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), and aggregation index (AI), were calculated for each lake's watershed. Results revealed that the percentage of agriculture was negatively related to NO2−, TN, TP, Chl‐a concentrations, and TSI, while the percentage of urban was significantly correlated with EC, NH4+, and CODMn concentrations. Among landscape‐level configuration metrics, only ED showed significant relationships with TN, TP concentrations, and TSI. However, at the class level, the PD, LPI, ED, and AI of agriculture and urban land uses were significantly correlated with two or more water quality variables. This study suggests that, for a given total area, large and clustered agricultural or urban patches in the watershed may have a greater impact on lake‐water quality than small and scattered ones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-region Campbell Model for Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Undisturbed Soils

A three-region Campbell (TRC) type model for predicting undisturbed soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from water retention is presented. The model assumes that hydraulic conductivity follows separate Campbell functions within the macropore (matric head ψ > > -10 cm H 2 O), the mesopore (-10 ≥ ψ > -350 cm H 2 O), and the micropore (ψ ≤ -350 cm H 2 O) regions, and that soil water retention and two reference-point values of hydraulic conductivity are known. Conductivity and retention data for 100 undisturbed soils from the UNSODA database and 68 soils from a Danish database were used for model development. Conductivity for both highly structured (three-region) and weakly structured (two-region) soils mostly followed a piecewise linear function (with slope β) in a Log(conductivity) -Log (water content) plot, supporting the TRC model concept. A unique relationship between the Campbell soil-water retention parameter, b, and the unsaturated conductivity parameter, β, was found valid for both meso- and micropore regions. It was shown that the values of b in the mesopore and micropore regions are not correlated, making the use of single-region expressions (e.g., the Mualem-van Genuchten type models) questionable and suggests that a multiregion model with noncorrelated retention parameters between pore regions, such as the TRC model, may provide a conceptually more correct description of hydraulic conductivity. The TRC model yielded improved conductivity predictions in loamy and clayey soils whereas predictions for sandy soils were comparable to the single-region Campbell and van Genuchten models. TRC model predictions compared well with independent data for three differently textured soil profiles.
Coupling between earthquake swarms and volcanic unrest at the Alban Hills Volcano (central Italy) modeled through elastic stress transfer

[1] We study a seismic swarm that occurred in 1989–1990 at the Alban Hills volcano and interpret the seismicity pattern in terms of Coulomb stress changes caused by magma intrusion in a local volcanic source and the extensional tectonic stress field. We first image the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the volcano through a tomographic inversion of P waves and S-P arrival times recorded by a temporary local network. A high Vp and Vp/Vs body exists beneath the area of most recent volcanic activity, which we interpret as a solidified magma body delimiting the position of the volcanic source. We have relocated 661 events (M ≤ 4.0) using this 3-D velocity model and we have computed 64 fault plane solutions. Elevation changes, measured between 1951 and 1994 along a 33-km-long line crossing the western part of the volcano, reveal an uplift of 0.3 m. We model these data to constrain the position and geometry of the volcanic source. We compute the vertical deformation in a homogeneous half-space, testing different volcanic sources (spherical magma chamber, sill and dike). We model the Coulomb stress changes caused by the local volcanic source and the regional tectonic stress field. The inflation of magma generates an increase of Coulomb stress larger than 0.5 MPa in the area where the seismicity is located. More than 85% of fault plane solutions are consistent with the stress perturbations induced by the volcanic source. We conclude that microearthquakes at the Alban Hills are promoted by elastic stress changes caused by volcanic unrest episodes.
Estimating ENSO Influence on the Global Mean Sea Level, 1993–2010

Interannual global mean sea level (GMSL) variations and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are highly correlated, with positive/negative GMSL anomalies during El Nino/La Nina events. In a previous study, we showed that interannual GMSL and total land water storage variations are inversely correlated, with lower-than-average total water storage on land and higher-than-average GMSL during El Nino. This result is in agreement with the observed rainfall deficit/excess over land/oceans during El Nino (and vice versa during La Nina). It suggests that the positive GMSL anomaly observed during El Nino is likely due to an ocean mass rather than thermal expansion increase. Here, we analyze the respective contribution of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans to the interannual (ENSO-related) GMSL anomalies observed during the altimetry era (i.e., since 1993) with an emphasis on the 1997/1998 El Nino event. For each oceanic region, we compute the steric contribution, and remove it from the altimetry-based mean sea level to estimate the ocean mass component. We find that mass changes of the tropical Pacific Ocean, mainly in the region within 0–25°N, are mostly responsible for the observed 1997/1998 ENSO-related GMSL anomaly. The ocean mass excess of this region almost perfectly compensates the total land water deficit during the 1997/1998 El Nino. An estimate of the ocean-atmosphere water balance of this region shows that the time derivative of the ocean mass component is well correlated with net P-E (precipitation minus evaporation) over most of the study period, except during the 1997/1998 ENSO event, where there is a temporary ocean mass increase, not compensated by the net P-E. We thus propose that the 1997/1998 ocean mass increase of this north tropical Pacific area be linked to an imbalance between the inflow/outflow entering/leaving the north tropical Pacific. A preliminary qualitative analysis indicates that a significant reduction of the Makassar Strait transport, (about 80% of the total Indonesian throughflow), as previously reported in the literature during the strong 1997/1998 El Nino event, could explain the north tropical Pacific Ocean mass excess reported in this study, hence the observed positive GMSL anomaly.