Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Model Fusion: A Survey

Deep model fusion/merging is an emerging technique that merges the parameters or predictions of multiple deep learning models into a single one. It combines the abilities of different models to make up for the biases and errors of a single model to achieve better performance. However, deep model fusion on large-scale deep learning models (e.g., LLMs and foundation models) faces several challenges, including high computational cost, high-dimensional parameter space, interference between different heterogeneous models, etc. Although model fusion has attracted widespread attention due to its potential to solve complex real-world tasks, there is still a lack of complete and detailed survey research on this technique. Accordingly, in order to understand the model fusion method better and promote its development, we present a comprehensive survey to summarize the recent progress. Specifically, we categorize existing deep model fusion methods as four-fold: (1)"Mode connectivity", which connects the solutions in weight space via a path of non-increasing loss, in order to obtain better initialization for model fusion; (2)"Alignment"matches units between neural networks to create better conditions for fusion; (3)"Weight average", a classical model fusion method, averages the weights of multiple models to obtain more accurate results closer to the optimal solution; (4)"Ensemble learning"combines the outputs of diverse models, which is a foundational technique for improving the accuracy and robustness of the final model. In addition, we analyze the challenges faced by deep model fusion and propose possible research directions for model fusion in the future. Our review is helpful in deeply understanding the correlation between different model fusion methods and practical application methods, which can enlighten the research in the field of deep model fusion.
Geology and Ore Deposits of the Picher Field, Oklahoma and Kansas

From Purpose and Scope of Report: This report presents a detailed description of the ore deposits of the Picher field and all phases of geology having a bearing on their localization, origin, and the search for them. It is based mainly on work done by the U.S. Geological Survey, but it also incorporates pertinent data from published literature, especially from the outstanding work of George M. Fowler and associates, and some unpublished data obtained from the geologic staffs of the mining companies.
Simulation of long eccentricity (400‐kyr) cycle in ocean carbon reservoir during Miocene Climate Optimum: Weathering and nutrient response to orbital change

Deep‐sea foraminiferal δ13C records contain abundant 400‐kyr cycles indicating a link between eccentricity forcing and ocean carbon reservoir change. Here we simulate the oceanic δ13C maxima events forced by the Earth's orbital geometry during the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO, 17‐14 Ma) using a box model. The simulated results of both surface and deep water δ13C display co‐varying 400‐kyr cycle. Modulated by orbital parameters, weathering induced carbon input will change the burial ratio of carbonates to organic carbon and further result in periodic changes in the oceanic δ13C. The increase of riverine nutrient input, which is synchronous with riverine carbon input, often stimulates primary productivity and burial of organic carbon. Our results support that eccentricity maxima (minima) enhance (reduce) weathering intensity and nutrient supply, which lead to minima (maxima) of δ13C. The prominent 400‐kyr cycle of ocean carbon reservoir is interpreted as likely caused by a long memory of carbon in the ocean.
Subvención Escolar Preferencial (SEP) en Chile: Un Intento por Equilibrar la Macro y Micro Política Escolar

Raczynski y Muñoz (2007) hicieron un recorrido crítico de la reforma educacional chilena, sus logros y desafíos pendientes, desde la perspectiva de la efectividad y el mejoramiento escolar. El artículo concluía que la reforma no había incidido casi en las prácticas de trabajo asentadas en las escuelas y el aula y que el desafío de la política educativa chilena era combinar medidas y decisiones dirigidas a fortalecer lo que ocurre en el microcosmos de cada escuela, reconociendo y abordando al mismo tiempo las restricciones a su desarrollo que derivan de factores estructurales, fuera del control de la escuela, que ponían techo a sus posibilidades de acercarse a la efectividad escolar. Este artículo analiza la aprobación e implementación, a partir del año 2008, de la Ley de Subvención Escolar Preferencial (SEP) en Chile. Las hipótesis que orientan el trabajo son cuatro: i) la SEP es una nueva forma de entender las políticas de mejoramiento escolar y cambia la relación entre la macropolítica y las escuelas; ii) la fuerza y forma con que esta ley “interviene” en el sistema educativo está modificando la gestión del trabajo educativo en los centros escolares; iii) la Ley SEP crea nuevos “actores” en el sistema escolar y de paso modifica roles y relaciones entre los actores pre-existentes; y iv) la SEP anticipa un nuevo ordenamiento institucional y es preludio a la instalación de un nuevo sistema de rendición de cuentas en la educación escolar chilena que hoy está en curso.
Sustainable tourism : a geographical perspective

1. Sustainable Tourism: An Introduction 2. Sustainable Tourism: Development and Protection of Cultural Heritage 3. Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Global-Local Nexus 4. Tourism and the Environment: From Economic Restructuring to Shared Responsibility 5. "Come Share Our Culture": Sustainable Tourism and Indigenous Peoples 6. Incorporating Values into Cumulative Effects Assessment: Limits of Acceptable Change and Other Tools for Tourism-Recreation Analysis 7. The Environmental History and Politics of Sustainable Tourism Development 8. Trends in the Pacific Asia Ecotourism Market 9. Ecotourism: Viable Route to Rural Development? 10. Curry County Sustainable Nature-Based Tourism Project 11. Recreational Publish Transport Initiatives in Rural Britain as Sustainable Tourism 12. Efforts at Ecotourism Development on the Lower North Shore of Quebec, Canada 13. Development in Nepal: The Annapurna Conservation Area Project 14. Sustainable Tourism Development and Local Government in New Zealand 15. Sustainable Urban Tourism 16. The Geography of Sustainable Tourism: Endings and Beginnings
Influence of plate tectonic mode on the coupled thermochemical evolution of Earth's mantle and core

We investigate the influence of tectonic mode on the thermochemical evolution of simulated mantle convection coupled to a parameterized core cooling model. The tectonic mode is controlled by varying the friction coefficient for brittle behavior, producing the three tectonic modes: mobile lid (plate tectonics), stagnant lid, and episodic lid. The resulting compositional structure of the deep mantle is strongly dependent on tectonic mode, with episodic lid resulting in a thick layer of subducted basalt in the deep mantle, whereas mobile lid produces only isolated piles and stagnant lid no basaltic layering. The tectonic mode is established early on, with subduction initiating at around 60 Myr from the initial state in mobile and episodic cases, triggered by the arrival of plumes at the base of the lithosphere. Crustal production assists subduction initiation, increasing the critical friction coefficient. The tectonic mode has a strong effect on core evolution via its influence on deep mantle structure; episodic cases in which a thick layer of basalt builds up experience less core heat flow and cooling and a failed geodynamo. Thus, a continuous mobile‐lid mode existing from early times matches Earth's mantle structure and core evolution better than an episodic mode characterized by large‐scale flushing (overturn) events.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF SIMULATOR USAGE ON ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT AND LABOR HELP QUALIFICATIONS, AND SELF-EFFICACY OF PARAMEDIC STUDENTS

Professional self-competence and self-efficacy of paramedics who first interfere to emergency events are important. An important ratio of deaths in emergency intervention are due to emergencies that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and also emergency labor is frequently seen in rural areas. In this research, CPR and labor simulation training’s effect on professional self-competence and relevance of self-efficacy in paramedic students has been investigated. The pre-test and post-test experimental research was carried out with 68 pregraduate paramedic students. Following the pre-questionnaire, all students were given simulation training about CPR and labor, and students were evaluated two times with a weak interval by making one-to-one simulation applications. Afterwards a post-questionnaire was applied, Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES) was used to determine self-efficacy levels. Professional self-competence perception level and evaluation scores of the students increased significantly in pre and post-questionnaire comparison. The statistically significant difference between professional self-competence perception and graduated high-school in pre-questionnaire was not obtained in post-questionnaire. While SGSES scores were higher in the students who felt more professional self-competence, SGSES scores and professional self-competence scores did not statistically differ among pre and post-questionnaires. Simulation trainings in the education process of paramedic students has significant impact on professional self-competence.
Investigating Realistic Scenarios of Biodiversity Loss on Ecosystem Functioning: Extirpation of Rare Species and Food Web Collapse in Tropical Floodplain Lagoons

This thesis investigates the influence of nonrandom species loss on the structure and functioning of trophic floodplain lagoons. Two experiments were conducted based on different realistic scenarios of biodiversity loss using multitrophic fish assemblages derived from long-term survey data. Loss of fish diversity influenced overall ecosystem multifunctionality of these lagoons through complex multitrophic interactions throughout the aquatic food web. These results indicate that biodiversity loss from diverse multitrophic ecosystems can influence ecosystem structure and function and likely deviate from simplified food chain dynamics or patterns that emerged from single trophic level studies.
Satisfaction with Sunbelt Migration

Migration to non-metropolitan areas of high environmental amenity and low population is a lifestyle choice made by a small percentage of people on or about the age of retirement from the workforce Although the proportion of older people involved is low, their numbers are significant to host towns. An aspect of retirement migration which has received little attention by researchers in Australia is the extent to which such moves realise hoped for benefits for the migrants. This paper reports results of interviews undertaken in 1986 with 146 people who had migrated, on or about retirement, to the New South Wales north coast town of Port Macquarie. Several indicators of life and place satisfaction were used They all showed high absolute and relative levels of satisfaction. Although there was tittle dissatisfaction with the results of moves, search behaviour undertaken prior to moving and a number of personal characteristics of migrants, are analysed to explain some variance in satisfaction levels.
Structural characteristics of congelation and platelet ice and their role in the development of antarctic land-fast sea ice

Abstract Ice cores were obtained in January 1990 from the land-fast ice in McMurdo Sound for a study of variations in texture, fabric, sub-structure, composition and development. Two primary ice types were observed, congelation and platelet, with a minor amount of frazil ice. Congelation ice growth precedes platelet-ice accretion. Congelation-ice fabrics show frequent moderate to strong alignments, a phenomenon believed to be due to water-current control of selective ice-crystal growth. Platelet ice originates at the base of the congelation ice, initially as a porous latticework of tabular ice crystals which subsequently consolidate by congelation of the interstitial water. Interstitial congelation-ice fabrics generally have little or no alignment, indicating the reduced effect of currents within the platelet latticework prior to solidification. Platelet-crystal textures range from small, wavy-edged forms to large, blade-like forms. Platelet-crystal fabrics indicate that, in addition to being randomly oriented, the platelet latticeworks commonly include many crystals with their flat (0001) faces oriented both parallel and normal to the base of the overlying ice. Plate-width data suggest that the interstitial congelation ice-growth rates remain similar to those of the overlying congelation ice. This effective increase in growth rates probably happens because the latticework of accumulating platelets ahead of the freezing interface ensures that the water within the platelet layer is at the freezing point and less heat has to be removed from platelet-rich water than from platelet-free water for a given thickness of congelation ice to grow. The negative oceanic heat flux associated with platelet-ice formation in McMurdo Sound explains why McMurdo Sound fast ice is thicker than Ross Sea pack ice, and also why it reaches a greater thickness than Arctic fast ice grown in a similar polar marine climate. Plate widths in the McMurdo Sound congelation ice suggest, however, that it grows no faster than Arctic congelation ice.
Linking soils and streams: Sources and chemistry of dissolved organic matter in a small coastal watershed

To understand the hydrologic and biogeochemical controls on the age and recalcitrance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) found in stream waters, we combined hydrometric monitoring along a topographic gradient from ridge to channel with isotopic (13C and 14C) and spectroscopic (UV and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance) analyses of soil and stream water samples in a small coastal watershed in California. With increasing discharge, dissolved organic carbon concentrations increased from 2.2 to 10.9 mg C L−1, Δ14C values increased from −125 to +120‰, δ13C values decreased from −24 to −29‰, C:N ratios increased from 6.5 to 15.4, and specific UV adsorption increased from 1.4 to 3.8 L mg C−1 m−1. These changes in DOM composition are consistent with a shift in source from old and recalcitrant soil organic matter (OM) sources found in deep soil horizons to young and relatively fresh OM sources found in the surface horizons. Results from this study suggest upland soils of the watershed become DOM production limited as indicated by a seasonal depletion and chemical shift in soil DOM, whereas highly productive soils in the hollow act as a near‐infinite DOM source. Hydrologic connectivity of this DOM‐rich riparian source region to the stream ultimately constrains DOM export, and the stream DOM composition reflects the combined influence of soil biogeochemical cycling of OM and hydrologic routing of water through the landscape.
Small Crater Morphology Within Gusev Crater and Isidis Planitia: Evidence for Widespread Secondaries on Mars

Large (greater than 2 km diameter) impact craters on the martian surface have been extensively studied and modeled. Craters smaller than this were known to exist but the lack of high-resolution images prevented detailed measurements and descriptions. Images obtained by the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on Mars Global Surveyor are of sufficient resolution to perform detailed studies on the morphology of small (less than 1 km diameter) craters. Previous workers have suggested that many of these small craters are secondary craters; while others maintain that they represent primary impacts. The difference is significant, however, because of implications for surface age, climate change, impact generated regolith, provenance of surface rocks, engineering considerations (landing safety and rover trafficability), and the origin of martian meteorites.
Distribution and ecology of soft-bottom Sipuncula from the western Mediterranean Sea

Podria decirse que el estudio del phylum Sipuncula todavia se encuentra en una fase poco avanzada, en la que la mayor parte de los trabajos que se publican son meramente descriptivos. Aunque muchas de las especies cosmopolitas (Kawauchi & Giribet, 2010) su distribucion no es bien conocida, ya sea por la carencia de datos en muchas zonas o por la falta de especialistas en su identificacion (Pancucci-Papadopoulou et al.1999). Por otra parte los conocimientos sobre la ecologia del phylum Sipuncula son escasos, y se limitan a la relacion entre los sipunculidos y algunos factores abioticos a gran escala como la temperatura o la profundidad (Murina 1984). Los nichos ecologicos de los sipunculidos no estan bien definidos, y los limites y preferencias respecto a los principales factores ambientales (e.g. salinidad, oxigeno, pH, tipo de sedimento) estan lejos de ser conocidos para la mayoria de especies (Cutler 1994). En la actualidad, y gracias a los trabajos realizados por algunos investigadores a lo largo de los ultimos treinta anos se han logrado numerosos avances que nos ayudan a conocer, situar y evaluar el estado de este phylum en las costas de la peninsula Iberica (Saiz-Salinas 1982, 1986, 1993). En el caso del mediterraneo espanol no existen trabajos especificos sobre sipunculidos, y los datos previos son muy escasos, limitandose a citas aisladas de algunas de las especies. El posible efecto que las actividades de origen humano pudieran tener sobre los poblamientos de sipunculidos es totalmente desconocido. La ausencia de datos previos es casi total y los estudios son muy escasos y poco especificos. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo principal el estudio y caracterizacion de los poblamientos de sipunculidos de fondos blandos presentes en las aguas litorales de la cuenca Mediterranea occidental, principalmente de las costas de la Comunidad Valenciana, asi como el estudio de los procesos y variables que regulan estas poblaciones (e.g salinidad, pH, Eh, granulometria, disponibilidad de refugio) y su posible internacion con los procesos de origen antropogenico que tiene lugar en estas zonas. Esto tambien nos permitira valorar la idoneidad de este grupo taxonomico para su uso como bioindicador de estres ambiental o impactos en el medio ambiente marino, que es otro de los objetivos principales de esta tesis doctoral. El estudio se llevara a cabo mediante la obtencion de muestras de sedimento blando en diferentes localidades del Mediterraneo espanol a traves de una draga Van Veen (2008-2012). Se identificaran los sipunculidos a nivel de especie y se tomaran muestras adicionales para la caracterizacion del sedimento (granulometria, materia organica, pH, Eh, temperatura, salinidad, densidad y caracterizacion de los refugios presentes en el sedimento). Se diseccionaran los individuos para estudiar su anatomia interna, asi como su biologia reproductiva.
Questioni di Economia e Finanza

In this paper we test for the potential bias in the estimated contribution of a supply restriction on lending to enterprises, as captured by the assessment of credit standards provided by the banks participating in the Eurosystem Bank Lending Survey (BLS banks). For Italy, we combine the information provided by the relatively small panel of large banking groups participating in the Eurosystem survey with the replies obtained from the non-overlapping and wider group of banks participating in the Regional Bank Lending Survey (non-BLS banks) carried out by the Bank of Italy. We find evidence of a limited upward bias in the estimated contribution of a tightening in credit standards from using the information for the BLS-only banks. This outcome mainly reflects a lower estimated sensitivity of lending growth to the considered indicators of a supply restriction for the non-BLS banks. The Eurosystem Bank Lending Survey, therefore, continues to be a timely and important source of information over the credit cycle for policymakers.
Holocene fire disturbance in the boreal forest of central Sweden

Holocene fire disturbance and vegetation history were reconstructed using macroscopic charcoal and pollen accumulation rates from two lake sediment records (Holtjärnen and Klotjärnen) collected in the boreal forest of central Sweden. The records were used to examine the potential drivers associated with changes in fire regime. Climate, vegetation and human activity were all identified as factors variously influencing the fire regime. In the early Holocene, near bicentennial fire return intervals were regionally widespread, suggesting that fire disturbance was largely regulated by climate at that time. In the mid‐ and late Holocene, vegetation exerted an important control on the fire regime. During the mid‐Holocene, the expansion of thermophilous broadleaf vegetation offset the influence of warmer climate by altering the local microclimate and by changing the structure and flammability of the available fuels. During the transition to the late Holocene, thermophilous vegetation decreased in abundance and Pinus increased, resulting in a more flammable forest even though the climate was cooling and moistening. Fire disturbance correspondingly increased. The modern boreal forest was established in the late Holocene as Picea expanded regionally as the climate cooled, moistened, and became increasingly continental. Although no change in the frequency of fire was apparent at this time, increased stand densities likely facilitated greater fuel consumption in subsequent fires. Within the last millennium, human action markedly modified the forested landscape, altering the fire regime.
Convergencia, movilidad y redistribución interregional en España: 1981-1996

espanolEn este articulo se evaluan indices de convergencia ymovilidad entre las regiones espanolas entre 1981 y 1996, observandose un ligero y continuo proceso de divergencia a partir de 1984, que rompe en cierta medida el proceso de convergencia que se habia observado desde1955, y un descenso en la movilidad en los anos noventa. Tambien se evalua la redistribucion interregional debida a politicas directas sobre las familias. Se descompone el impacto redistributivo entre las diferentespoliticas (las prestaciones sociales suponen cerca del 74 por 1 00 de la redistribucion total) y se observan algunos sesgos redistributivos por regiones de cierta importancia.In this article we evaluate the indices of interregional convergence and mobility in Spain between 1981-1996. EnglishWe observe a gradual ongoing processof divergence as from 1984, which to a cortain extentmarked the end of the process of convergence that hadbeen observed ever since 1955, as weil as a decline in mobility in the nineties. We also assess the interregional redistribution resulting from direct policies affecting families. We break down the redistributive impact of the different policies (social benefits represent around 74 per cent of total redistribution) and weobserve some interregional redistributive biases of some significance.