Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Observations of Subarcsecond Photospheric Bright Points

We have used an interference filter centered at 4305 A within the bandhead of the CH radical (the "G band ") and real-time image selection at the Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope on La Palma to produce very high contrast images of subarcsecond photospheric bright points at all locations on the solar disk. During the 6 day period of 1993 September 15-20 we observed active region NOAA 7581 from its appearance on the East limb to a near-disk-center position on September 20. A total of 1804 bright points were selected for analysis from the disk center image using feature extraction image processing techniques. The measured FWHM distribution of the bright points in the image is lognormal with a modal value of 220 km (0':30) and an average value of 250 km (0'.'35). The smallest measured bright point diameter is 120 km (0':17) and the largest is 600 km (0':69). Approximately 60% of the measured bright points are circular (eccentricity ~ 1.0), the average eccentricity is 1.5, and the maximum eccentricity corresponding to filigree in the image is 6.5. The peak contrast of the measured bright points is normally distributed. The contrast distribution variance is much greater than the measurement accuracy, indicating a large spread in intrinsic bright-point contrast. When referenced to an averaged "quiet-Sun" area in the image, the modal contrast is 29% and the maximum value is 75%; when referenced to an average intergranular lane brightness in the image, the distribution has a modal value of 61% and a maximum of 119%. The bin-averaged contrast of G-band bright points is constant across the entire measured size range. The measured area of the bright points, corrected for pixelation and selection effects, covers about 1.8% of the total image area. Large pores and micropores occupy an additional 2% of the image area, implying a total area fraction of magnetic proxy features in the image of 3.8%. We discuss the implications of this area fraction measurement in the context of previously published measurements which show that typical active region plage has a magnetic filling factor on the order of 10% or greater. The results suggest that in the active region analyzed here, less than 50% of the small-scale magnetic flux tubes are demarcated by visible proxies such as bright points or pores. Subject headings: Sun: activity -- Sun: faculae, plages -- Sun: magnetic fields
Strong curvature singularities and causal simplicity

Techniques of differential topology in Lorentzian manifolds developed by Geroch, Hawking, and Penrose are used to rule out a class of locally naked strong curvature singularities in strongly causal space‐times. This result yields some support to the validity of Penrose’s strong cosmic censorship hypothesis.
Arctic amplification enhanced by latent energy transport of atmospheric planetary waves

The atmospheric northward energy transport plays a crucial role for the Arctic climate; this transport brings to the Arctic an amount of energy comparable to that provided directly by the sun. The transport is accomplished by atmospheric waves–for instance large‐scale planetary waves and meso‐scale cyclones–and the zonal‐mean circulation. These different components of the energy transport impact the Arctic climate differently.
On lacunary wavelet series

We prove that the H¨older singularities of random lacunary wavelet series are chirps located on random fractal sets. We determine the Hausdorff dimensions of these singularities, and the a.e. modulus of continuity of the series. Lacunary wavelet series thus turn out to be a new example of multifractal functions.
Multi-component absorption lines in the HST spectra of α Scorpii B

Context. Extended atmospheres of late-type supergiants are of special interest with regard to the mass-loss process, the circumstellar physico-chemistry, and the evolution of stars. Aims. The circumstellar envelope of α Sco A (M1.5 Iab) has been subject of intensive studies. Nevertheless the mechanism that is responsible for the mass outflow is still poorly understood. High-resolution spectroscopy is required to re-investigate the wind properties of the supergiant. Methods. We present HST/GHRS observation of α Sco B (B2.5 V) showing numerous absorption lines that arises from matter being ejected by the supergiant primary. Multiple absorption features indicates that the wind material is not smoothly distributed but rather concentrated in discrete condensations. The column density and velocity structure of the absorption components is estimated using a nonlinear least-squares fit procedure. Results. We have identified four distinct absorption systems with rest frame velocities of –0.5, –8.4, –14.4, and –19.9 km s −1 . A n additional component is seen in Al iii at 7.8 km s −1 probably constraining the position of the hot companion. With a spherical outflow geometry we would obtain a time average mass-loss rate due to episodic events up to u
Tracking early mammalian organogenesis – prediction and validation of differentiation trajectories at whole organism scale

Early organogenesis represents a key step in animal development, where pluripotent cells divide and diversify to initiate formation of all major organs. Here, we used scRNA-Seq to profile over 300,000 single cell transcriptomes sampled in 6 hour intervals from mouse embryos between E8.5 and E9.5. Combining this dataset with our previous E6.5 to E8.5 atlas resulted in a densely sampled time course of over 400,000 cells from early gastrulation to organogenesis. Computational lineage reconstruction at full organismal scale identified complex waves of blood and endothelial development, including a new molecular programme for somite-derived endothelium. To assess developmental fates across the primitive streak, we dissected the E7.5 primitive streak into four adjacent regions, performed scRNA- Seq and predicted cell fates computationally. We next defined early developmental state/fate relationships experimentally by a combination of orthotopic grafting, microscopic analysis of graft contribution as well as scRNA-Seq to transcriptionally determine cell fates of the grafted primitive streak regions after 24h of in vitro embryo culture. Experimentally determined fate outcomes were in good agreement with the fates predicted computationally, thus demonstrating how classical grafting experiments can be revisited to establish high-resolution cell state/fate relationships. Such interdisciplinary approaches will benefit future studies in both developmental biology as well as guide the in vitro production of cells for organ regeneration and repair.
Acoustic survey of auditoriums in Europe and Japan

The authors are now making cooperative work to investigate room acoustic characteristics of various types of auditoriums. Up to this time, we have made surveys of concert halls and opera theaters in several European countries and Japan. In this article, the outlines of the acoustic measuring methods applied in these surveys are introduced and some examples of the measured results are illustrated.
Understanding the neural mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction via high resolution mapping in space, time, frequency, and information transfer

Human behaviour is inextricably linked to the interaction of emotion and cognition. For decades, emotion and cognition were perceived as separable processes, yet with mutual interactions. Recently, this differen-tiation has been challenged by more integrative approaches, but without addressing the exact neurophysiological basis of their interaction. Here, we aimed to uncover neurophysiological mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction. We used an emotional Flanker task paired with EEG/FEM beamforming in a large cohort (N=121) of healthy human participants, obtaining high temporal and fMRI-equivalent spatial resolution. Spatially, emotion and cognition processing overlapped in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), specifically in pars triangularis. Temporally, emotion and cognition processing overlapped during the transition from emotional to cognitive processing, with a stronger interaction in β-band power leading to worse behavioral performance. Despite functionally segregated subdivisions in rIFG, frequency-specific information flowed extensively within IFG and top-down to visual areas (V2, Precuneus) – explaining the behavioral interference effect. Thus, for the first time we here show the neural mechanisms of emotion-cognition interaction in space, time, frequency and information transfer with high temporal and spatial resolution, revealing a central role for β-band activity in rIFG. Our results support the idea that rIFG plays a broad role in both inhibitory control and emotional interference inhibition as it is a site of convergence in both processes. Furthermore, our results have potential clinical implications for understanding dysfunctional emotion-cognition interaction and emotional interference inhibition in psychiatric disor-ders, e.g. major depression and substance use disorder, in which patients have difficulties in regulating emotions and executing inhibitory control.
Determinants of genetic diversity in sticklebacks

Understanding what determines species and population differences in levels of genetic diversity has important implications for our understanding of evolution, as well as for the conservation and management of wild populations. Previous comparative studies have emphasized the roles of linked selection, life-history trait variation and genomic properties, rather than pure demography, as important determinants of genetic diversity. However, these findings are based on coarse estimates across a range of highly diverged taxa, and it is unclear how well they represent the processes within individual species. We assessed genome-wide genetic diversity (π) in 45 nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) populations and found that π varied 15-fold among populations (πmin≈0.00015, πmax≈0.0023) whereas estimates of recent effective population sizes varied 122-fold. Analysis of inbreeding coefficients (FROH) estimated from runs of homozygosity revealed strong negative association between π and FROH. Genetic diversity was also negatively correlated with mean body size and longevity, but these associations were not statistically significant after controlling for demographic effects (FROH). The results give strong support for the view that populations’ demographic features, rather than life history differences, are the chief determinants of genetic diversity in the wild.
Correlates of time to first citation in ecology and taxonomy

Several metrics exists to evaluate the impact of publications and researchers, but most are based on citation counts, which usually fail to capture the temporal aspect of citations. Time to first citation represents a useful metric for research evaluation, and informs the speed at which scientific knowledge is disseminated through the scientific community. Understanding which factors affect such metrics is important as they impact resource allocation and career progression, besides influencing knowledge promotion across disciplines. Many ecological works rely on species identity, which is the ‘coin’ of taxonomy. Despite its importance, taxonomy is a discipline in crisis lacking staff, funds and prestige, which ultimately may affect the evaluation and dissemination of taxonomic works. We used a time-to-event analysis to investigate whether taxonomic, socioeconomic, and scientometric factors influence first citation speed across hundreds of ecological and taxonomic articles. Time to first citation differed greatly between these areas. Ecological studies were first cited much faster than taxonomic studies. Multitaxa articles received first citations earlier than studies focused on single major taxonomic groups. Article length and h-index among authors were negatively correlated with time to first citation, while the number of authors, number of countries, and Gross Domestic Product was unimportant. Knowledge dissemination is faster for lengthy, multitaxa, and ecological articles relative to their respective counterparts, as well as for articles with highly prolific authors. We stress that using several unrelated metrics is desirable when evaluating research from different–and even related–disciplines, particularly in the context of professional progression and grant allocation.
The relationship between object-based spatial ability and virtual navigation performance

Spatial navigation is a multi-faceted behaviour drawing on many different aspects of cognition. Visuospatial abilities, such as spatial working memory and mental rotation, in particular, may be key factors. A range of tests have been developed to assess visuospatial processing and memory, but how such tests relate to navigation ability remains unclear. This understanding is important to advance tests of navigation for disease monitoring in Alzheimer’s Disease, where disorientation is an early symptom. Here, we report the use of an established mobile gaming app, Sea Hero Quest, as a measure of navigation ability. We used three separate tests of navigation embedded in the game: wayfinding, path integration and spatial memory in a radial arm maze. In the same participants, we also collected measures of mental rotation (Mental Rotation Test), visuospatial processing (Design Organization Test) and visuospatial working memory (Digital Corsi). We found few strong correlations across our measures. Being good at wayfinding in a virtual navigation test does not mean an individual will rate themself as a confident navigator, be good at path integration, or have a superior memory in a radial arm maze. However, those good at wayfinding tend to perform well on the three visuospatial tasks examined here, and to also use a landmark strategy in the radial maze task. These findings help clarify the inter-relationships between different abilities supporting visuospatial and navigation skills. Highlights Three navigation tests embedded in the game Sea Hero Quest were examined in relation to three object-based visuospatial tasks, and self-ratings of navigation ability and stress during navigation. No associations were observed among performance on wayfinding, path integration and radial arm maze levels of Sea Hero Quest. Object-based visuospatial abilities were selectively correlated with performance on wayfinding levels of Sea Hero Quest. Gameplay stress and navigation strategy were not associated with performance on Sea Hero Quest navigation tasks.
Schlafen14 Regulates Gene Expression Depending on Codon Usage

Schlafen (SLFN) is a family of proteins upregulated by type I interferons with a regulatory role in translation. Intriguingly, SLFN14 associates with the ribosome and can degrade rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA in vitro, but a role in translation is still unknown. Ribosomes are important regulatory hubs during translation elongation of mRNAs rich in rare codons. Therefore, we evaluated the potential role of SLFN14 in the expression of mRNAs enriched in rare codons, using HIV-1 genes as a model. We found that SLFN14 regulates in a variety of cell types, including primary immune cells, the expression of HIV-1 and non-viral genes based on their codon adaptation index, a measurement of the synonymous codon usage bias; consequently, SLFN14 inhibited the replication of HIV-1. The potent inhibitory effect of SLFN14 on the expression of the rare codon-rich transcript HIV-1 Gag was minimized by codon optimization. Mechanistically, we found that the endoribonuclease activity of SLFN14 is required, and that ribosomal, but not messenger, RNA degradation is associated with the transcript selectivity of SLFN14. Therefore, we propose that SLFN14 impairs the expression of transcripts rich in rare codons, in a catalytic-dependent manner.
Speed-independent modulation of locomotor gait preference by sensory feedback in mice

Locomotion is one of the most ubiquitous motor actions in the animal kingdom, essential for behaviours as diverse as foraging, migration, and escape. Successful execution of all these tasks relies on continual adjustment of locomotor gait in line with the behavioural demand for speed as well as the terrain. Failure in this process would disrupt locomotor smoothness, raise its energetic cost, and increase the risk of injury due to skeletal stress [1, 2]. Animals avoid these scenarios, in part, by transitioning from left-right alternating (walk, trot) to synchronous (gallop, bound) gaits as they increase the speed [3, 4]. However, this relationship is not deterministic [5, 6] and its connection to biomechanical factors, like the loading of limbs [7, 8], is unclear. To address this, we developed a head-fixed locomotor paradigm that decouples the speed- and leg loading-related influences on gait by combining optogenetic stimulation of an established speed-control pathway [9, 10] with head height or surface incline modulation. We found a pronounced speed-independent shift in homolateral limb coordination from strict alternation to a gallop-like pattern at upward oriented body postures and upsloping terrains. Both conditions are associated with greater relative loading of the hindlimbs and have a consistent effect on gait preference during head-fixed and head-free locomotion. These results suggest that mice use proprioceptive feedback from the limbs to coordinate their gait across speeds and environments, and implicate ipsilateral control mechanisms in this process. More broadly, our work serves as a principled entry point to a behaviour-driven study of gait circuits.
Pulse trains to percepts: A virtual patient describing the perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation

The field of cortical sight restoration prostheses is making rapid progress with three clinical trials of visual cortical prostheses underway. However, as yet, we have only limited insight into the perceptual experiences produced by these implants. Here we describe a computational model or ‘virtual patient’, based on the neurophysiological architecture of V1, which successfully predicts the perceptual experience of participants across a wide range of previously published cortical stimulation studies describing the location, size, brightness and spatiotemporal shape of electrically induced percepts in humans. Our simulations suggest that, in the foreseeable future the perceptual quality of cortical prosthetic devices is likely to be limited by the neurophysiological organization of visual cortex, rather than engineering constraints.
The major-minor mode dichotomy in music perception: A systematic review on its behavioural, physiological, and clinical correlates

Since ancient Greece, major and minor modes in Western tonal music have been identified as the primary responsible musical feature for eliciting emotional states. The underlying correlates of the major-minor mode dichotomy in music perception have been extensively investigated through decades of psychological and neuroscientific research. This comprehensive systematic review aims to synthesise the literature on musical mode perception and its behavioural and physiological correlates. The qualitative synthesis resulted in 70 studies, showing great diversity in how the major-minor dichotomy has been empirically approached. Most studies were conducted on adults, considered participants' expertise, employed real-life musical stimuli, performed behavioural evaluations, and were published from 2010 onwards. Based on our findings, a framework to describe a Major-Minor Mode(l) of music perception and its behavioural and physiological correlates is proposed, incorporating individual factors such as age, expertise, cultural background, and emotional disorders. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed, including putative clinical applications of major-minor perception and best practices regarding stimulation paradigms for musical mode investigation.
Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover

Abstract A numerical framework suitable for simulating a variable thickness sea ice cover over a seasonal cycle is presented. This framework is largely based on the ice thickness distribution model developed by Thorndike et al. (1975). However, the numerical scheme is more general and certain additional developments are included. Namely, a fixed depth mixed-layer formulation including open water heat absorption and lateral melting terms is added, and a mechanical redistribution function consistent with hypothesized and observed physics of the ridging process is proposed. The numerical scheme is formulated in a fixed Eulerian grid and allows an arbitrary number of irregularly spaced thickness levels to be considered. Using this numerical framework in conjunction with a previously developed dynamical model (Hibler, 1979) and a thermodynamic model similar to that of Semtner (1975), a seasonal equilibrium simulation of the Arctic Basin ice cover is carried out. This simulation is performed by doing a 5-year n.
Transient Performance of MPC for Tracking

We analyse the closed-loop performance of a model predictive control (MPC) for tracking formulation with artificial references. It has been shown that such a scheme guarantees closed-loop stability and recursive feasibility for any externally supplied reference, even if it is unreachable or time-varying. The basic idea is to consider an artificial reference as an additional decision variable and to formulate generalised terminal ingredients with respect to it. In addition, its offset is penalised in the MPC optimisation problem, leading to closed-loop convergence to the best reachable reference. In this letter, we provide a transient performance bound on the closed loop using MPC for tracking. We employ mild assumptions on the offset cost and scale it with the prediction horizon. In this case, an increasing horizon in MPC for tracking recovers the infinite horizon optimal solution.
Dynamics of driven liquid films on heterogeneous surfaces

A computational study is reported of the instability and growth of fingers for liquid films driven over heterogeneous surfaces. Computations are performed using a variation of the precursor-film model, in which a disjoining pressure term is used to introduce variation in the static contact angle, which in turn models surface heterogeneity. The formulation is shown to yield results consistent with the Tanner–Hoffman–Voinov dynamic contact angle formula for sufficiently small values of the precursor film thickness. A modification of the disjoining pressure coefficient is introduced which yields correct variation of dynamic contact angle for finite values of the precursor film thickness. The fingering instability is examined both for cases with ordered strips of different static contact angle and for cases with random variation in static contact angle. Surface heterogeneity is characterized by strip width and amplitude of static contact angle variation for the case with streamwise strips and by correlation length and variance of the static contact angle variation from its mean value for the random distribution case.
Accounting for socio-technical resilience in software engineering

Resilience engineering (RE) is most commonly applied at the organisational level, and has historically been associated with safety-critical industries such as nuclear, medical or aviation. This paper explores the application of RE frameworks within software engineering, and investigates resilient performance of the socio-technical system that supports the creation of software. We present a preliminary study based on a secondary analysis of data from previous ethnographic studies of commercial software practice. This analysis uses an RE framework devised for small team practice in safety critical settings. We present and discuss three salient episodes of software practice that illustrate the application of RE principles to software engineering, and suggest how this kind of analysis may benefit software engineering. We present challenges and opportunities based on our experience and propose future research directions.