Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing the Hypothesis of Health Induced Demand in Iran Using the Bayesian Model Averaging

© 2018 Deputy of Research and Technology of Baqiyatallah Hospital Abstract Introduction: The number of physicians and hospital beds is one of the major factors affecting on health costs in the supply side, which is posited in the health economics issues called inductive demand hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluation of inductive demand health hypothesis in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study using time series data from 1979-2013 is paid to study effect of per capita the number physicians and per capita the number hospital beds on per capita health sector costs. To this purpose, the Bayesian averaging approach has been used. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the R software. Results: Estimation of 40000 regressions and Bayesian averaging of coefficients shows that the effect of physician's per capita variable on per capita health sector costs with a probability of 0.49 and a coefficient of 0.20 is nonfragile and strong. However, the impact of the per capita the number hospital beds on the per capita health sector costs is fragile and meaningless. Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the health inductive demand hypothesis is confirmed for the number of physician, and rejected for the number of hospital beds; Therefore, policies and strategies that will lead to a reduction in physician induced demand in the country is essential.
Human Papillomavirus Infection-Core Concepts

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). More than 170 types of HPV have been classified and more than 40 types of HPV can infect the genital tract of humans. [1,2,3] Genital HPV types are divided into two groups based on whether they have an association with cancer. Infections with low-risk types (non-oncogenic) are not associated with cancer but can cause genital warts and benign or low-grade cervical cellular changes. Infections with high-risk types (oncogenic), most notably HPV types 16 and 18, can cause low-grade cervical cellular changes, high-grade cervical cellular changes (moderate to severe Pap test abnormalities), and cancer of the cervix; in addition, some high-risk HPV types have been associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and oropharynx. [4] Most HPV infections, whether caused by low-risk or high-risk types, are transient, asymptomatic, and have no clinical consequences. Estimates on the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection are limited because HPV infection is not a reportable infection in any state (genital warts are reportable in a select number of states). In addition, most HPV infections are asymptomatic or subclinical, and therefore not diagnosed. Available HPVrelated data primarily focuses on the clinical sequelae of HPV infection, such as genital warts and genitourinary cancers.
Injury Severity of Wildlife Attacks on Humans in the Vicinity of Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Most of the studies conducted about wildlife attacks on humans so far have disproportionately focused on fatal attacks, but further exploration is needed to understand other injury severities (minor, serious, death). This paper focuses on assessment of the extent of injury caused by wildlife attacks on humans in the vicinity of the Chitwan National Park (CNP) of Nepal for a period between 2003 and 2013. In the vicinity of this park, people suffer from the attacks by various wild animals such as rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), tiger (Panthera tigris), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), elephant (Elephas maximus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). We used data collected from group discussion (n=33), key stakeholder interview (n=36), field observation, and household questionnaire survey (n=329). Our results showed that wildlife attacks were significantly correlated to site environment, season, victims’ gender, age, awareness, and activities. The injury severity significantly correlated to attacking animal species (p<0.0001). Fatal cases occurred on 1-people in-3, and rest suffered with minor to severe injuries. On an average, 30 attacks occurred annually. Most fatalities were caused by elephant attacks (68%) followed by tiger (57%), rhino (29%), bear (4%), and by wild boar attacks (4%). Most fatalities (84%) occurred at incident sites, where some victims had to loss their lives due to delay in rescue. The victims were found facing substantially harsh physical, psychological, and economical problems. Patterns of the attacks were significantly uneven across months (p<0.001). Uneducated persons, fishermen, and collectors of forest resources received more fatal attacks than others. We suggest for creation of awareness among local people about species-specific behaviour of attacking animals. The medical trauma centre should be established in the vicinity of the CNP and existing local medical centres should be upgraded for immediate treatment of the victims.
CREDIT FRICTIONS, COLLATERAL, AND THE CYCLICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE FINANCE PREMIUM

This paper examines the behavior of the finance premium after technology and monetary shocks in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model where borrowers use a fraction of their production (output) as collateral. We show that this simple framework is capable of producing a countercyclical finance premium, while matching the well-documented stylized facts of macro dynamics. A key feature is the endogenous derivation of the default probability from break-even conditions, which results in the loan rate being set as a countercyclical finance premium over the cost of borrowing from the central bank. The latter is shown to provide an accelerator effect through which shocks can amplify the loan spread and the dynamic response of macro variables.
A comparison of three models of attitude-behavior relationships in the studying behavior domain

The theory of reasoned action (TRA; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985) and the theory of self-regulation (TSR; Bagozzi, 1992) were applied to Italian undergraduate students' studying behavior. The main focus of the research was to ascertain the predictive power of past behavior on intention and behavior and thus test for the sufficiency of the theories. For theory sufficiency to be demonstrated, past behavior influences on intention and present behavior should be totally mediated by the focal variables of the theories (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and desire). It is argued that past behavior affects intentions and present behavior over and above attitudinal variables and that these effects will be weaker on intention for the TPB and TSR models. A structural equation approach was used to test the construct validity of measures such as the predictive validity of the theories. A total sample of 240 Italian college students participated in the research. A subsample of 90 subjects provided a self-report behavioral measure one week later. Results show that past behavior is a strong predictor of both intention and behavior in the TRA model, while it is a weaker predictor of intention in the TPB and in the TSR models. Implications for attitude–behavior relationships are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Public Policies and Programs: Implications for Financing and Evaluation

These are the proceedings from a World Bank workshop on global public policies, and programs, assembled from transcripts, and accompanying papers. The combination of market failure, and limited institutional capacity to influence economic, and social change across national borders, underlies public discontent with aid. This formed the basis for discussions, looking for new approaches to the development assistance business, taking into account the growing integration of the global economy, and arguing that, beyond supporting market-friendly reforms, aid strategies must be designed to overcome social, and structural constraints to sustainable development. The broad range of cases examined include efforts to craft commonly accepted standards for the design, and operation of large dams; they address issues of global financial instability; explore the implications of intellectual property rights protection for developing countries; describe the promotion of international agricultural research; probe the implementation of international public health programs; and, identify the dilemmas associated with the financing, and evaluation of global public policies, and programs. Such programs have become center stage because of irreversible processes associated with globalization, and, similar initiatives will dominate the development scene for years to come.
A Multilevel Modeling Analysis of the Determinants and Cross-regionalVariations of HIV Testing in Ethiopia: Ethiopian DHS 2011

Background: Determinants of HIV testing can be affected at both individual and community levels but most studies in Ethiopia did not assume any clustering effect hence the estimates will often be biased. Methods: Given the hierarchical nature of the survey population, that is; Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS2011), multilevel modeling approach was used. Results: About 4.07% (6.68%) of the total variation on ever being tested for HIV was attributable to region-level factors and 17.27% (18.45%) was attributable to cluster level factors among men (women) respectively. Conclusion: Random effects are useful for modeling intra-cluster correlation; that is, observations in the same cluster were correlated because they share common cluster-level random effects. This study hence will help to notify national efforts targeting on specific population who mostly under-utilized HIV testing services as well as to identify key geographic areas for further investigation. In line with this, the strengthening of the health programs on advocating the benefits of HIV testing through mass media, integrating family planning services with HIV testing, concentrating on both men and women in the age groups of 20 to 34 years old, targeting on Somali region and Nuwer ethnic group while designing services would greatly improve the proportion of HIV testing. Moreover, efficient distribution of health care facilities offering HIV testing services among women urban and rural areas residents are required.
Eimeria spp . infection in captive-reared corncrakes ( Crex crex ) : application of a Genescan diagnostic indicates high prevalence of infection and extra-intestinal life stages

Complete List of Authors: Serna, Hannah; Institute of Zoology of the Zoological Society of London Pocknell, Ann; Finn Pathologists Sainsbury, Tony; Institute of Zoology of the Zoological Society of London Peniche, Gabriela; Institute of Zoology of the Zoological Society of London Blake, Damer; Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology Beckmann, Katie; Institute of Zoology of the Zoological Society of London,
Petrology and metamorphic P-T path of eclogites from Habutengsu, southwestern Tianshan, Xinjiang.

Some boudin-shaped metabasites of variable sizes are exposed in graphite-bearing garnet-phengite-quartz schists along Habutengsu River,southwestern Tianshan.In this paper,petrology and P-T evolution of the well-preserved eclogites were studied in detail.According to the modal content of major minerals,Grt+Omp+Na-Ca-Amp+Pg+Dol/Cal+Rt Qtz,these eclogites can be divided into two kinds-hornblende eelogites and paragonite eclogites.The porphyroblastic garnet shows two distinct growth stages,with X_(Mn)and X_(Fe)deceasing,X~(Mg)and X_(Ca)increasing outwards,which indicates a process of increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. According to the assemblages of inclusions in the core and rim of garnet,two stages of eclogite facies metamorphism were recognized. The former stage experienced lawsonite-chloritoid(only pseudomorphs left)eclogite facies of high pressure and lower temperature,with the conditions of 400～500℃and1.8-1.9GPa,indicating the fast subduction.The latter stage's conditions were estimated to be 570±30℃ and 2.0～2.5GPa. During the retrogression of epidote amphibolite facies stage,the low pressure veins with the assemblage of Ab+Di+Na-Ca-Amp+Ep/Czo+Cal and retrograde reaction texture developed well,such as dolomite rimmed by calcite and omphacite with symplectite of Di+Ab.Using Dol-Cal solvus thermometry and the Jd content of Di,the conditions of 500～530℃and less than 0.9～1.1GPa were estimated,indicating the cooling during decompression.The evolution conditions calculated above are in accordance with the pseudosection using Thermocalc 3.1 in the system NCFMASH.
Vasculogenic biosynthetic hydrogel for enhancement of pancreatic islet engraftment and function in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) affects one in every 400 children and adolescents in the US. Due to the limitations of exogenous insulin therapy and whole pancreas transplantation, pancreatic islet transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for T1DM. However, this therapy is severely limited by donor islet availability and poor islet engraftment and function. We engineered an injectable bio-synthetic, polyethylene glycol-maleimide hydrogel to enhance vascularization and engraftment of transplanted pancreatic islets in a mouse model of T1DM. Controlled presentation of VEGF-A and cell adhesive peptides within this engineered material significantly improved the vascularization and function of islets delivered to the small bowel mesentery, a metabolically relevant site for insulin release. Diabetic mice receiving islets transplanted in proteolytically degradable hydrogels incorporating VEGF-A exhibited complete reversal of diabetic hyperglycemia with a 40% reduction in the number of islets required. Furthermore, hydrogeldelivered islets significantly improved weight gain, regulation of a glucose challenge, and intraislet vascularization and engraftment compared to the clinical standard of islet infusion through the hepatic portal vein. This study establishes a simple biomaterial strategy for islet transplantation to promote enhanced islet engraftment and function. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Andrés J. García, 2310 IBB Building, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, United States, Tel: +1 (404) 894-9384, Fax: +1 (404) 385-1397, andres.garcia@me.gatech. edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Biomaterials. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 June 01. Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2013 June ; 34(19): 4602–4611. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2013.03. 012. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice

1. Introduction 2. What is Green Chemistry? 3. Tools of Green Chemistry 4. Principles of Green Chemistry 5. Evaluating the Impacts of Chemistry 6. Evaluating Feedstocks and Starting Materials 7. Evaluating Reaction Types 8. Evaluation of Methods to Design Safer Chemicals 10. Future Trends in Green Chemistry
Tinderet volcano, Kenya: an altered natrocarbonatite locality?

Abstract The Tinderet volcano (19.9 to 5.5 Ma), located within the Kavirondo rift in Kenya, contains blocks of carbonatite lavas with calcite, minor apatite, fluorite, spinel-group minerals, accessory perovskite and ‘plumbopyrochlore’; nyerereite is present as inclusions in the perovskite. At least four types of calcite are present in the carbonatite lavas; they differ in morphology, composition and origin. The dominant variety is secondary type-II calcite, which is enriched in sodium (up to 1.1 wt.% Na2O) and strontium (up to 1.3 wt.% SrO). The spinel-group minerals are manganese-bearing and include Mn-rich magnetite, magnesioferrite and jacobsite. Oxygen isotope data for bulk carbonatite samples (δ18O = +16.2‰ to +22.6‰ VSMOW) support a low crystallization temperature for the secondary calcite. Petrographic, mineralogical and isotopic data indicate that the Tinderet carbonatites are similar to natrocarbonatites from the Oldoinyo Lengai and Kerimasi volcanoes that have altered and recrystallized to form calcite carbonatites. These data support the hypothesis that some of the Tinderet carbonatites were originally alkali-rich rocks which contained primary nyerereite.
Business Cycle Fluctuations, Large Shocks, and Development Aid: New Evidence

We examine the cyclical properties of development aid using bilateral data for 22 donors and over 100 recipients during 1970‒2005. We find that bilateral aid flows are on average pro-cyclical with respect to business cycles in donor and recipient countries. However, they become counter-cyclical when recipient countries face large adverse shocks to the terms-of-trade or growth collapses - thus playing an important cushioning role. Aid outlays contract sharply during severe donor economic downturns; this effect is magnified by higher public debt levels. Additionally, bilateral aid flows are higher in the presence of IMF programs and are more counter-cyclical for recipient countries with stronger institutions.
Navigating Uncharted Waters: Assessing Geosmin Occurrence in a Colorado Rocky Mountain Source Water River

Geosmin is a naturally occurring, organic compound that imparts an earthy odor to water. Geosmin is produced by some species of cyanobacteria (blue green algae) and actinomycetes (a filamentous bacteria) and is difficult to remove during the treatment process. Customers are very sensitive to the odor, with some individuals noticing the odor at extremely low concentrations, from 4-5 ug/L. While it does not pose a threat to public health, its detectable presence can give rise to customer concerns about the quality the drinking water. The presence of geosmin in water supply lakes and reservoirs in the U.S., Australia and Europe is well documented, although factors leading to outbreaks are often not well understood. The presence of geosmin in high quality, cold, turbulent, nutrient-poor Rocky Mountain headwaters is unexpected based on the reported experiences of others. The Cache la Poudre (Poudre) River originates in Rocky Mountain National Park on the east side of the Continental Divide and is one of two water sources for the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, Water Treatment Facility (FCWTF). Routine monitoring for geosmin in both FCWTF raw waters began in 2003 and has revealed episodes of elevated geosmin in the City’s Poudre River water supply. For utilities that experience episodes of geosmin in source water supplies, an early warning detection and monitoring program for geosmin is a critical tool for protecting drinking water quality, minimizing associated treatment costs and maintaining customer satisfaction. An understanding of geosmin occurrence, sources, transport and fate is essential before watershed activities can be implemented for its control. Following a geosmin outbreak in early 2010, the City of Fort Collins Utilities initiated a geosmin monitoring program on the Mainstem of the Poudre River above the FCWTF intake. This paper outlines the FCU monitoring approach, the key findings, and the factors that have contributed to the program’s success to date.
[WT4HZ]ASSESSMENT ON THE WATER QUALITIES OF MAJOR SUBTERRANEAN RIVERS IN GUANGXI AND THEIR CHANGING TREND

WT5BZ]Water qualities, changing trend and causes of change of 20 major ions in the water of subterranean rivers in Guangxi Autonomous Region are evaluated based on the analysis to 64 samples gathered at the end of 1970's and the beginning of 1980's and the beginning of the 21st century from 32 typical underground rivers. The results show that most of ions accord with Ⅰ,Ⅱstandards prescribed by Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T 14848-93), water quality is comparatively good, but the ion concentration is increasing generally, and the water quality is getting worse correspondingly. Among them, SO~ 2- 4, NO~- 3 and total dissolved solid are increased most remarkably,HCO~- 3, Ca~ 2+, Mg~ 2+, K~+, total hardness and permanent hardness are increased, but Cl~-, pH value decreased. The reason for the variation of ions is related to environmental acidification and the oxidation of increasing nitrogenous fertilizer run off from farmland.
Forest dynamics and carbon stocks in Rio Doce State Park – an Atlantic rainforest hotspot

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Getting a healthy start? Nudge versus economic incentives

We compare the effects of economic incentives with a “nudge” (a policy intervention that aims to influence behaviour through changing the “choice architecture”) in relation to improving dietary choices. We study a large-scale, nationally-implemented policy – the UK Healthy Start Scheme – that aimed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. The policy combined standard economic incentives with elements of nudge, the most important of which is a potential labelling effect. We show that the scheme was successful; the estimated intention to treat effect indicates that spending on fruit and vegetables increased by 15 per cent, or roughly two-thirds of a portion per household per day. The response can be attributed entirely to the economic incentive effects; there is no evidence of any effect from the nudge aspects of the policy.