Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetically Based Effects of Domesticated-Wild Outbreeding in Atlantic Salmon

Rapid advances in the aquaculture industry pose an environmental challenge that is generated by outbreeding between escaped domesticated and wild individuals. Given that escapees genetically differ from wild individuals because of domestication and possibly by ancestry, periodic domesticated-wild outbreeding has the potential to influence fitness-related traits in wild populations. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the understanding of mechanisms and direction of domesticated influences are especially important because of the conservation concerns associated with many wild populations, notably in the southern parts of their North Atlantic range. My thesis investigates domestication-induced, genetically based changes during the parr stage by assessing growth, parr maturity and survival under predation for three salmon strains differing in their history of domestication, as examined in two semi-natural environments (predator present, absent). Growth and size-at-age increased with increasing generations of domestication, yet male parr maturation probability declined. Survival under gape-limited predation increased with domestication-conveyed increases in size and growth rate. Domesticated but not wild individuals exhibited stress-resistant growth in the presence of a predator. To assess mechanism and magnitudes of trait changes resulting from domesticated-wild outbreeding, a domesticated strain was crossed with a wild population (up to third-generation hybrids) and outbreeding effects were studied for different life stages, several controlled environmental laboratory conditions, and traits. Life stages included the developmental periods between egg and fry, and between immature and adult post smolts. Traits assessed included survival, yolk conversion efficiency, size-at-age, maturation probability, growth rate, mRNA transcript levels and their environmental plasticity. For many traits, both additive and non-additive genetic components in the between-population genetic architecture were revealed by cross means analyses. Furthermore, maternal outbreeding effects on early life stages were present. Altogether the results indicate that constant outbreeding effects of escapees on wild populations will increase present growth rates during all life stages and decrease early maturation probabilities for male parr and post-smolts, but by unpredictable magnitudes across hybrid generations. Maternally controlled co-adapted traits might be disrupted in hybrid mothers. Further, mixed-origin individuals might be temporarily at an advantage relative to wild individuals because of size and growth advantages and these might accelerate a wild genotypes displacement.
Regulation of anthocyanin metabolism in grape : Effect of light on teinturier cultivars

Anthocyanins are an important component of red fruit quality, especially for grape berries, and for the color of the wines made from these berries. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is determined by genetic factors and affected by environmental factors, especially sunlight. For most grape cultivars, the berry skin is the main or only tissue accumulating anthocyanins. The present work investigates the effects of light and grape genotype on anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used teinturier grape cultivars (also called dyers, which synthesize anthocyanins in both skin and pulp) and its hybrid population as plant materials. Nineteen monoglucoside anthocyanins were identified in seven colored tissues of the teinturier cultivar Yan-73 (V. vinifera). Anthocyanin composition and concentration varied among grape organs and with developmental stage. Skin anthocyanins were mainly composed of malvidin derivatives, while peonidin derivatives were the most abundant anthocyanins in the pulp. Both malvidin and peonidin derivatives were predominant in rachis, berry pedicels, leaf lamina, vein and petioles, and living bark at the base of the shoot. The concentration of anthocyanins in berry skin, pulp, rachis and pedicels rapidly increased starting from veraison on, or one week after veraison. Anthocyanin concentrations were high in young and senescing leaf lamina and low in expanding and mature lamina. They did not vary much throughout the growing season in the leaf veins and petiole tissues, or in the bark. Grape cultivars could be distinguished by their response to sunlight exclusion treatments imposed from fruit set to maturity by surrounding the clusters with opaque boxes. The red-skinned non-teinturier cultivar Gamay could barely accumulate anthocyanins in berry skin under sunlight exclusion. In contrast, teinturier cultivars, Yan-73 and Gamay Freaux (teinturier mutant of Gamay) accumulated anthocyanins in both skin and pulp and showed dark color even under sunlight exclusion.
Subtle benefits of cooperation to breeding males of the Red-backed Fairywren

ABSTRACT Cooperative breeding is a phenomenon whereby breeding and nonbreeding individuals collectively provision young. Nonbreeding group members (“helpers”) may gain indirect and/or direct fitness benefits by breeding in a group, but there has been conflicting evidence regarding the benefits to breeders. In fact, the presence of helpers may sometimes be detrimental to aspects of breeder fitness. For example, in some species of the chiefly Australian genus Malurus, breeding males with helpers have lower within-pair paternity than do males without helpers. Additionally, indirect benefits to breeding males are often limited by low relatedness to their helpers due to high extrapair paternity rates, and helpers often appear to have minimal impact on breeder reproductive success. However, the presence of helpers may allow breeding males to shift their behaviors from guarding and provisioning young to alternative behaviors that affect other components of fitness, such as extraterritory forays (which might increase extrapair mating success) and self-maintenance (which might increase survival). We investigated these possibilities in the facultatively cooperative Red-backed Fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus). Males with helpers spent significantly less time engaging in guarding behaviors and provisioning of young than did those without helpers, but there was no difference in the frequency of extrapair forays nor the number of young sired by males with vs. without helpers. Additionally, the decreased investment in nesting behaviors did not result in consistently higher survival, but may have increased survival in some years. Overall, the results of this study did not suggest any strong direct fitness benefits to breeding males, which may indicate that the costs of retaining helpers are negligible relative to the indirect benefits of helping a potentially related male.
Towards a Framework for Harm Prevention in Web Search

We introduce a framework aimed at the information science(IS), information retrieval (IR) and data science communities as well asbehavioral and cognitive scientists and policy makers inside governmentand at corporations operating Web search platforms. The goal of thisframework is to instigate collaborative discussion and research acrossthese communities to address potential dangers searchers and society facein modern Web search. We provide an overview of the harms, such aspoor health outcomes, and their possible causes, including searcher andsystem biases being tuned for maximum profit. Modifications to policy,additional evaluation metrics, a mixture of cognitive decision makingtools and improvements to the IR system are the suggested pathways.Examples are provided of how the framework can be put into practice.
EVALUATION OF CORN DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLES IN RUMINANT RTIONS AND ITS EFFECT ON MILK PRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in rations of barki sheep and its effects on nutrient digestibility and milk production in lactating crossbred Friesian cows. Four total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20 and 30% of corn DDGS. Digestibility trails were carried out using 3 meal barki sheep for each diet. Results showed that the animals fed TMR3 with 20% CDDGS recorded significant increase in digestibility of DM, OM and CP (69.69%, 72.97% and 70.89% respectively) compared to other ratios. The nutritive value as DCP increased significantly (P<0.05) with 20% DDGS total mixed ration. Rumen fermentation parameters were determined using 3 cannulated female barki sheep. The pH values increased, however total volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05) with supplement TMR2 andTMR4 (10 and 30% DDGS). While animal fed TMR1and TMR3 showed highest (P<0.05) of total volatile fatty acid. Values of the effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) at assumed ruminal passage rate of (0.039h-0.043 -1 ) ranged from 43.67 to 46.45%, and exhibited significant decreased (P<0.05) with adding 10, 20, 30%DDGS respectively than control diet. The effective degradable crude protein (EDCP) and ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) ranged from 56.93to48. 13% and from 43.07to51. 86% respectively for DDGS containing ratios and control ration. A Lactation trial using 16 lactating dairy cows showed significant increase in milk yield and composition (FCM4%- fat) for the 20% DDGS containing rations compared with other diets.
On Observables in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories

There has been great progress in recent years in the understanding of the mathematical structure of scattering amplitudes in Quantum Field Theory as well as the development of powerful methods for their calculation, particularly in the arena of N = 4 Super Yang-Mills where hidden and manifest symmetries lead to striking simplifications. In this thesis, we will discuss the extensions of such methods away from the case of on-shell amplitudes in conformal N = 4. After introducing the necessary mathematical background and physical setting, we consider in Chapter Three the form factors of BPS operators in N = 4 Super YangMills. These objects have several physical applications, and share many properties with scattering amplitudes. However, they are off-shell, which makes them a natural starting point to set out in the direction of correlation functions. After demonstrating the computation of form factors by BCFW recursion and unitarity based methods, we go on to show how the scalar form factor can be supersymmetrised to encompass the full stress-tensor multiplet. In Chapter Four, we discuss the Sudakov form factor in ABJM Theory. This object, which first appears at two loops and controls the IR divergences of the theory, is computed by generalised unitarity. In particular, we note that the maximal transcendentality of three dimensional integrals is related to particular triple cuts. Finally, in Chapter Five we consider massive amplitudes on the Coulomb Branch of N = 4 at one loop. Here we find that vertex cut conditions inherited from the embedding of the theory in String Theory lead to a restricted class of massive integrals.
Examining the plant-back interval for glyphosate/glufosinate-resistant corn after the application of ACCase inhibitors.

Field experiments in 2013 and 2014 examined corn (Zea mays L.) tolerance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides in a scenario where they would have been used to terminate a failed corn stand prior to replanting. To simulate this, herbicides were applied 1 wk or 1 d preplant (PP) and several parameters were measured. Corn injury 1, 2, 4, or 8 wk after emergence (WAE) was similar to the untreated control, regardless of herbicide, rate, or PP application timing. Across herbicides and rates, PP timing did not affect plant stand and aboveground biomass 2 WAE, plant height 4 WAE, or yield. Across application timings, plant stand and aboveground biomass were similar to the untreated control, regardless of herbicide treatment or rate; however, some herbicides reduced height and (or) yield. For example, compared with the untreated control, fluazifop-p-butyl (75 and 150 g ha-1) and sethoxydim (300 g ha-1) each reduced height by about 3%, while clethodim (30 and 60 g ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (150 g ha-1), and quizalofop-p-ethyl (72 g ha-1) each reduced yield by about 2%. Therefore, in situations where a grower may need to terminate a failed corn stand, the selection of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides could be based on efficacy rather than plant-back restrictions.
Genetic variability and selection indices for grain yield in upland rice

Thirty two upland rice genotypes were assessed for study of genetic variability and construction of selection indices for enhancing selection efficiency. Observations on ten metric characters like days to 50% flowering, plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number, panicle length grain number, grain fertility %, 100 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of considerable amount of variation among the test genotypes for all the characters. This was also supported by mean, range, GCV and PCV. Using grain yield as economic criterion, five selection indices were constructed. The relative efficiency of selection on the basis of selection indices is expected to increase upto 114.371%. On the basis of selection criteria, the promising genotypes selected were OR 1752-3, OR 1603-7, OR 2088-4, OR 2087-2, OR 1659-3, OR 2049-1, OR 2048-1, OR 2069-1, OR 2077-5 and OR 1920-7.
New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)

In order to build а natural classification of the chitons, а new approach is proposed that uses not only the shells, as usual, but also other suitable features including aesthetes, girdle, radula, gills, glands, egg hull projections, spermatozoids etc. Several previous classifications are discussed. А brief review of the evolution of the Polyplacophora is given and а new classification of the chitons is proposed. The roles of the articulamentum and the reductions in the tegmentum in chitons are discussed. The evolutionary line of the reduction of slits is shown for the superfarnily Cryptoplacoidea. Specifically, the genera Heтiarthruт, Weedingia and Choriplax, which have unslitted valves, have Ьееп removed from the order Lepidopleurida and reassigned to the order Chitonida within the Cryptoplacoidea. Affinities of these and other genera within the Cryptoplacoidea are discussed.
HETEROSIS IN INDIAN MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L. CZERN AND COSS.)

Heterosis was estimated in Indian mustard for 12 quantitative characters. The experimental material consisted sixty F 1′s derived in a line x tester mating fashion (4 lines + 15 testers) and one standard variety ‘Kranti’ as control. The five crosses RLM 198A x YRT-3 (104.40%) followed by PCMS 106A x Jatai ral (98.12%), RLM 198A x Jatai ral (81.13%), Pusa Bold A ‘siifolia’ x JMM 1628 (73.28%) and PCMS 106A x RK 8401 (63.19%) showing heterobeltiosis for seed yield with significant and positive sea effects; Desirable heterobeltiosis for oil content was exhibited by three crosses RLM 198A x RH 8819 (6.91%), followed by Pusa Bold A ‘siifolia’ x JMM 1628 (4.49%) and RLM 198A x BIOYSR (3.21%) and two crosses Pusa Bold A ‘siifolia’ x JMM 1628 (3.76%) and Pusa Bold A ‘siifolia’ x Local mustard (3.66%) were expressed significant and positive standard heterosis and sea effects.
Extinction risk from habitat fragmentation using metapopulation-based metrics

OF THE DISSERTATION Extinction risk from habitat fragmentation using metapopulation-based metrics by Jessica K. Schnell Dissertation Director: Gareth J. Russell The world is becoming more developed as the human population steadily grows. With the increase in human influence, anthropomorphic habitat loss will only increase over time. Habitat fragmentation is the leading threat to species globally. Assessing fragmentation and determining sites of the most critical regions is vitally important for conservation efforts. One way of assessing fragmentation is by relating the spatial aspect to the biological aspect, via metapopulation dynamics. Specifically, metapopulation capacity allows for relative valuation of fragmented landscapes. However, a modification is required for it to operate at large-scale landscapes. The modified metric enables relative quantification value of fragmented habitat, with biological relevance for long-term extinction risk. Using the same spatially explicit components of metapopulation theory, we can also create a short-term measure of extinction risk, based on the instantaneous rate of expected decline post-fragmentation. This metric, extrapolated persistence time, along with the modified metapopulation capacity metric, can then be used in a variety of ways to determine high risk species and regions. Given that bird species are capable of an assortment of dispersal abilities, focusing within phylogenetic groups allows for more relevant comparisons between species. With the use of slopegraphs, we can instantly determine those species, within their families,
Some Factors Affecting Aggressive Behavior in Crayfish

1939b. Neural basis of social behavior in vertebrates. Collecting Net, 14:121-24. NOBLE, G. K. , and BORNE, R. 1940. The effect of sex hormones on the social hierarchy of Xiplophorus helleri. Anat. Rec. , Suppl., 78:147. 1941. The effect of forebrain lesions on the sexual and fighting behavior of Betta splendens and other fishes. Anat. Rec. , Suppl., 79:49. ROSVOLD, H. E. , MIRSKY, A. F. , and PRIBRAM, K. H. 1954. Influence of amygdalectomy on social behavior in monkeys. Jour. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. , 47:173-78. SCHREINER, L. , and KLING, A. 1953. Behavioral changes following rhinencephalic injury in cat. Jour. Neurophysiol. , 16:643-59. TINBERGEN, N. 1948. Social releasers and the experimental methods required for their study. Wilson Bull., 60:6-51.
An Ultrasonographic Study of Post-Partum Involution of the Bovine Uterus

The reproductive performance of the postpartum cow has a great influence on the overall reproductive success of the herd and therefore on the production and profits of the entire dairy enterprise. Extended calving intervals and premature culling due to infertility are a source of financial loss for dairy producers world-wide. Following calving, successful re-breeding depends on the resumption of ovarian cyclicity and completion of uterine involution. While follicular activity has been well characterised, there are few detailed studies of uterine involution using ultrasonography. This study was carried out with the objective of monitoring normal uterine involution and identifying features indicative of uterine pathology using real time B-mode ultrasound scanning. In preliminary experiments uteri recovered from abattoirs were examined and measured and scan planes were selected for serial monitoring of postpartum cows. Twenty seven cows were then examined five times (Examinations 1-5) during the periods of 2-9, 12-17, 23-29, 43-49 and 54-61 days postpartum. For 21 of the cows certain features were identified ultrasonographically. Volumes of uterine fluids with variable echogenicity were observed during examinations 1 and 2. The fluid was anaechoic during the early part of Examination 1, becoming echogenic in the later part of Examination 1 and remaining so until Examination 3. By Examination 3 no fluid was seen except that associated with oestrus. Caruncles were visualised as oval echogenic structures during Examination 1 and the diameter of the uterine horns was greater than 60 mm. The size of the previously gravid horn reduced markedly during the first four examinations. Mean diameter was 45.1 mm during Examination 2 and 29.7 mm by Examination 5. After Examination 3 further changes were reduction in the size of the horns and the observation of features associated with the oestrous cycle. Regression of the cervix was slower than that of the horns. The cervical lumen was visualised during Examination 1 and not thereafter. The cervix remained greater than 60 mm in diameter until Examination 3 when a mean diameter was 52.0 mm was recorded. By Examination 5 the structure was 44.7 mm in diameter. Six cows were classified as abnormal because of periparturient problems or endometritis. These cows showed delayed involution, characterised by the persistence of a visible cervical lumen beyond 12 days postpartum, caruncles visible after 17 days postpartum, a uterine horn diameter of greater than 60 mm or the presence of echogenic fluid after 23 days postpartum and a cervix of greater than 60 mm in diameter beyond 54 days postpartum. In conclusion this study showed that it was possible to characterise the process of involution ultrasonographically, and to recognise certain features which were indicative of delayed involution or uterine pathology.
An Analysis of Twitch and Tonus Fibers in the Hatching Muscle

The hatching of a bird from its hard-shelled egg belongs to that most interesting class of biological actions that an individual animal must do only once during its life, but upon which its survival depends. As expected, birds possess several attributes that insure successful hatching. These include an egg tooth on the tip of the beak and a unique pattern of development of the so-called hatching muscle, the M. complexus (= M. cucullaris of some authors; see George and Berger 1966:272-273). Recently Fisher (1958) refocused attention on the structure, development, and biological role of the hatching muscle in birds. Fisher studied the developmental changes in size, amount of lymph, and fiber type in the hatching muscle of the chicken and described this muscle in grebes (1961), gulls (1962), and ducks (1966). J. Fisher (1962) provided a similar description of coots. This work led to a series of studies on the development of this muscle and the role that it has in hatching (Brandstetter 1960; Brandstetter et al. 1962; George and lype 1963; Watterson et al. 1964; Smail 1964, 1965; and additional unpublished works by Watterson and his associates). One of the most interesting findings reported by Fisher is the change in proportions of "contracted" and "relaxed" muscle fibers. Densely staining fibers were interpreted as contracted fibers while lighter staining fibers were described as relaxed fibers. Decrease in the relative number of contracted fibers was
Selection criteria for improvement in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Pakistan is facing severe scarcity of edible oil and spending a huge amount of foreign exchange on its annual import. Sesame is the best option as an edible oilseed crop due to less water requirement. Various statistical analyses are used to test the contribution of different yield related traits for developing high yield potential cultivars. Correlation analysis illustrates the association among different yield related traits exist in plant population under study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability reveal the extent of differences among the accessions, due to the genetic factors and their response to environmental condition of the experiment. Path coefficient analysis reveals the relationship between variables in multivariable system is considered. Previous studies of various sesame breeders proved that plant height, number of branches per plant, capsules per plant, seeds per capsules, 1000-seed weight are the traits which have significant and positive Review Article Mustafa et al.; AJEA, 9(4): 1-13, 2015; Article no.AJEA. 17524 2 correlations with yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. These characters also have high path analysis values especially capsules per plant had highest direct effect on seed yield followed by 1000-seed weight. So, these traits may be used as selection criteria in future breeding programs for the improvement of seed yield of sesame.