Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research Online

Introduction: In settings with low literacy levels ensuring that participants are fully-informed before they consent to participate in clinical trials is a challenge. We explored the experiences and concerns of key actors in the informed consent process in two HIV clinical trials. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 respondents including trial participants, research study team and research ethics committee members about their experiences during the informed consent process. Three focus group discussions were conducted with 14 Community Advisory Board (CAB) members and 17 trial participants. Data were analysed to identify key themes. Findings: The consent process was highlighted as an important procedure by all the key actors however each group had a particular area of emphasis. Signing a consent form was given importance by research team and ethics committee members, because it provided documented evidence of a participant ’ s willingness to join a clinical trial. Participants did not welcome the presence of a witness for a non-literate participant because understanding study information was not closely related to an ability to read and write. Conclusion: This study ’ s findings indicated that obtaining a volunteer ’ s signature or thumbprint on a consent form did not necessarily mean that the participant was fully-informed about the information relevant to their taking part nor that they understood all the information shared with them. Informed consent requires sufficient time in the research process to have staff trained well enough before research begins. Ensuring and gaining informed consent should be understood and treated as a relation-centred, dynamic supportive process throughout the duration of a research study.
Linearly Constrained Bilevel Optimization: A Smoothed Implicit Gradient Approach

This work develops analysis and algorithms for solving a class of bilevel optimization problems where the lower-level (LL) problems have linear constraints. Most of the existing approaches for constrained bilevel problems rely on value function-based approximate reformulations, which suffer from issues such as non-convex and non-differentiable constraints. In contrast, in this work, we develop an implicit gradient-based approach, which is easy to implement, and is suitable for machine learning applications. We first provide an in-depth understanding of the problem, by showing that the implicit objective for such problems is in general non-differentiable. However, if we add some small (linear) perturbation to the LL objective, the resulting implicit objective becomes differentiable almost surely. This key observation opens the door for developing (deterministic and stochastic) gradient-based algorithms similar to the state-of-the-art ones for unconstrained bi-level problems. We show that when the implicit function is assumed to be strongly-convex, convex, and weakly-convex, the resulting algorithms converge with guaranteed rate. Finally, we experimentally corroborate the theoretical findings and evaluate the performance of the proposed framework on numerical and adversarial learning problems.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AN IN-LINE TUBE BUNDLE USING THE URANS APPROACH

In the present work, a turbulent flow across a square in-line tube bundle is computed using the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) approach. The pitch ratio used in the tube bundle configuration is P/D=T/D=1.44 and the Reynolds number is 70000 based on tube diameter. Both 2D and 3D computational domains are considered. Turbulence models tested include the standard k– ε model of Jones et al. [12], the k- ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) model of Menter [10] and the Reynolds Stress Model of Speziale et al. [11] (SSG). In addition, the recently developed, SST- as C model by Revell [1] is also tested. The unstructured industrial code Code-Saturne has been used for the present study. In general, the flow predictions using the 2D grid fail to capture correctly the general flow physics; while on the other hand, the 3D calculations give predictions of pressure fields and velocity profiles that are in broad agreement with both LES results [2] and the more recent experimental data [4]. With regards to turbulence models, a comparison of the pressure coefficient and velocity profiles revealed that the SST-as C and RSM models, both seem to give reasonable predictions of the flow, capturing the asymmetric behaviour of the flow as the reference data. As expected, the standard κ – ε model fails to capture this behaviour and predicts a rather symmetric flow field. The pressure spectra from the SST-as C calculation indicates a single clear peak at around the frequency 45Hz (St=0.84), similar to that observed in LES predictions. This suggests that both large and small re-circulations coexist on the wake of centre tubes resulting in the shear stress to be higher in the bottom than on the top of the tubes.
Neural Wave Machines: Learning Spatiotemporally Structured Representations with Locally Coupled Oscillatory Recurrent Neural Networks

Traveling waves have been measured at a diversity of regions and scales in the brain, however a consensus as to their computational purpose has yet to be reached. An intriguing hypothesis is that traveling waves serve to structure neural representations both in space and time, thereby acting as an inductive bias towards natural data. In this work, we investigate this hypothesis by introducing the Neural Wave Machine (NWM) – a locally coupled oscillatory recurrent neural network capable of exhibiting traveling waves in its hidden state. After training on simple dynamic sequences, we show that this model indeed learns static spatial structure such as topographic organization, and further uses complex spatiotemporal structure such as traveling waves to encode observed transformations. To measure the computational implications of this structure, we use a suite of sequence classification and physical dynamics modeling tasks to show that the NWM is both more parameter efficient, and is able to forecast future trajectories of simple physical dynamical systems more accurately than existing state of the art counterparts. We conclude with a discussion of how this model may allow for novel investigations of the computational hypotheses surrounding traveling waves which were previously challenging or impossible.
Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues

Coopetition, which is a combination of competition and collaboration, has engendered a lot of discussions in recent times. The study examines the effect of coopetition on customers’ experience in the banking industry using technology as a moderator factor. The study utilised common risk management, strategic alliance, common network governance, sales of common financial product and common central procedure as measures of coopetition. Employing the survey research design, customers from 21 deposit money banks were sampled. 1,537 structured questionnaires were administered to the customers of these deposit money banks. The study applied the PLS-SEM in the analysis of data. The results reveal that the dimensions of coopetition have a significant effect on customers’ experience as it relates to service encounter. The study concludes that coopetition and technology are significant drivers of customers’ experience. It recommends that banks should engage in coopetition to improve their service delivery and enhance positive customers’ experience. Firms should also invest more in technology to enhance their coopetition strategy.
OECD GUIDELINES FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS

1. Information on the degradability of organic chemicals may be used for hazard assessment or for risk assessment. Hazard assessment or risk in general, and aquatic hazard classification in particular, are normally based on data obtained in standardised tests for ready biodegradability, but results of tests simulating the biodegradation in water, aquatic sediment and soil may also be used for these purposes. Other types of test data that may be considered in an assessment of the potential environmental hazard or risk include sewage treatment plant (STP) simulation data, inherent biodegradability, anaerobic biodegradability, biodegradability in seawater and abiotic transformation.
Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease Clinical utility of DaTscan TM ( 123 I-Ioflupane Injection ) in the diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes

Correspondence: Marios Politis Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Neurology Imaging Unit, 1st floor, B Block, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK Tel +44 20 8383 3751 Fax +44 20 3313 4320 Email marios.politis@imperial.ac. uk Abstract: The diagnosis of movement disorders including Parkinsonian syndromes and essential tremor is mainly clinical. The most common diagnostic errors for Parkinson’s disease include misdiagnoses such as Parkinson plus syndromes and cases of essential tremor. In this article, we discuss the clinical utility of DaTscanTM (123I-Ioflupane injection) and its diagnostic value in Parkinson’s disease and the other Parkinsonian syndromes. Single photon emission computed tomography with 123I-Ioflupane can be useful to assist in the diagnosis of uncertain cases of Parkinsonism. An accurate diagnosis can aid clinicians in making correct decisions that are related to the overall management and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, avoiding common therapeutic errors.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) and

In this paper we argue that for the (probabilistic) interpretation of generic sentences of the form “ G s are f ,” three types of alternatives play a role: (i) alternative features of f , (ii) alternative groups, or kinds, of G , and (iii) alternative causal background factors. In the ﬁrst part of this paper we argue for the relevance of these alternatives. In the second part, we describe the results of some experiments that empirically tested in particular the second use of alternatives.
Measurement of the jet radius and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive jet suppression in lead – lead collisions at √ s NN = 2 . 76 TeV with the ATLAS detector ✩

The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Measurement of the jet radius and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive jet suppression in lead–lead collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector ✩ . ATLAS Collaboration a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Measurements of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide direct sensitivity to the physics of jet quenching. In a sample of lead–lead collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 μb −1 , ATLAS has measured jets with a calorimeter system over the pseudorapidity interval |η| < 2.1 and over the transverse momentum range 38 < p T < 210 GeV. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-k t algorithm with values for the distance parameter that determines the nominal jet radius of R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The centrality dependence of the jet yield is characterized by the jet " central-to-peripheral ratio, " R CP. Jet production is found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the 10% most central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. R CP varies smoothly with centrality as characterized by the number of participating nucleons. The observed suppression is only weakly dependent on jet radius and transverse momentum. These results provide the first direct measurement of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions and complement previous measurements of dijet transverse energy imbalance at the LHC.
The encyclopedia of volcanoes

Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity. * Provides the only comprehensive reference work to cover all aspects of volcanology * Written by nearly 100 world experts in volcanology * Explores an integrated transition from the physical process of eruptions through hazards and risk, to the social face of volcanism, with an emphasis on how volcanoes have influenced and shaped society * Presents hundreds of color photographs, maps, charts and illustrations making this an aesthetically appealing reference * On-line supplement includes additional multimedia * Glossary of 3,000 key terms with definitions of all key vocabulary items in the field is included
Association of plasma and CSF cytochrome P450, soluble epoxide hydrolase and ethanolamides metabolism with Alzheimer’s disease

Kamil Borkowski (  kborkowski@ucdavis.edu ) University of California Davis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3637-3450 Theresa L. Pedersen University of California Davis Nicholas T. Seyfried Emory University School of Medicine James J. Lah Emory University School of Medicine Allan I. Levey Emory University School of Medicine Chadwick M. Hales Emory University School of Medicine Eric B. Dammer Emory University School of Medicine Colette Blach Duke University Gregory Louie Duke University Rima Kaddurah-Daouk Duke University John W. Newman United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture research service
Prioritised Moderation for Online Advertising

Online advertisement industry aims to build a preference for a product over its competitors by making consumers aware of the product at internet scale. However, the ads that violate the applicable laws and location specific regulations can have serious business impact with legal implications. At the same time, customers are at risk of getting exposed to egregious ads resulting in a bad user experience. Due to the limited and costly human bandwidth, moderating ads at the industry scale is a challenging task. Typically at Amazon Advertising, we deal with ad moderation workflows where the ad distributions are skewed by non defective ads. It is desirable to increase the review time that the human moderators spend on moderating genuine defective ads. Hence prioritisation of deemed defective ads for human moderation is crucial for the effective utilisation of human bandwidth in the ad moderation workflow. To incorporate the business knowledge and to better deal with the possible overlaps between the policies, we formulate this as a policy gradient ranking algorithm with custom scalar rewards. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that these techniques show a substantial gain in number of defective ads caught against various tabular classification algorithms, resulting in effective utilisation of human moderation bandwidth.
What Is Strategy: Issues for the World Bank

Advantage (The Free Press, 1985); “What is Strategy? ” (Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 1996); and On Competition (Harvard Business Review, 2008). No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Michael E. Porter. Additional information may be found at the website of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, www.isc. hbs.edu. What is Strategy: Issues for the World Bank
stage-dependent prognostic impact of molecular signatures in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Purpose: To enhance prognostic information of protein biomarkers for clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs), we analyzed them within prognostic groups of ccRCC harboring different tumor characteristics of this clinically and molecularly heterogeneous tumor entity. Methods: Tissue microarrays from 145 patients with primary ccRCC were immunohistochemi-cally analyzed for VHL (von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor), Ki67 (marker of proliferation 1), p53 (tumor protein p53), p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), survivin (baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5), and UEA-1 (Ulex europaeus agglutinin I) to assess microvessel-density. Results: When analyzing all patients, nuclear staining of Ki67 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.12) and nuclear survivin (nS; HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.08) were significantly associated with disease-specific survival (DSS). In the cohort of patients with advanced localized or metastasized ccRCC, high staining of Ki67, p53 and nS predicted shorter DSS (Ki67: HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.11; p53: HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.09; nS: HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14). In organ-confined ccRCC, patients with high p21-staining had a longer DSS (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–0.99). In a multivariate model with stepwise backward elimination, tumor size and p21-staining showed a significant association with DSS in patients with “organ-confined” ccRCCs. The p21-staining increased the concordance index of tumor size from 0.75 to 0.78. In patients with “organ-confined” ccRCC, no disease-related deaths occurred in the group with p21-expression below the threshold of 32.5% p21-positive cells (log rank test: P = 0.002). Conclusion: The prognostic information of the studied protein biomarkers depended on anatomic tumor stages, which displayed different acquired biological tumor characteristics. Analysis of prognostic factors within different clinical ccRCC groups could help to enhance their prognostic power. The p21-staining was an independent prognostic factor and increased prognostic accuracy in a predictive model in “organ-confined” ccRCC.
Affecting IP Traceback with Recent Internet Topology Maps

A process is provided for the recovery and recycling of spent cobalt and/or manganese catalysts used in the air oxidation of alkyl aromatics in acetic acid. The catalysts are isolated in the form of oxalates of extremely low solubility from the acetic acid mother liquors and the cobalt oxalate dihydrate and/or manganese oxalate dihydrate catalysts are restored by the joint action of hydrogen bromide and acetic anhydride, acetyl bromide, or a mixture thereof, to a form in which they are soluble in acetic acid and can be used, again, as oxidation catalysts.
Evaluating the Alberta riparian habitat management program

ii This study illustrates a utilization-focused program evaluation approach newly applied to resource management. The Alberta Riparian Habitat Management (Cows and Fish) Program provides awareness programming to cattle producers to facilitate communitybased action on riparian issues. The rationale is to develop producers' ecological literacy by increasing riparian knowledge and use of sustainable grazing management strategies by sharing appropriate ecological and management information. Attitude change is presumed to underlie the new behaviour(s). Programming contributed to ecological literacy when it was community-based, producerpositive and partnership-oriented, and when opportunities existed for personal interaction among peers. Effectiveness declined when resources were insufficient and when programming seemed unrelated to local landscape or operational features. The attitude-behaviour relationship was weakly associated with ecological literacy; its complexity and relevance to ecological behaviours merits further investigation. Program evaluation is of utility in resource management. Its potential will be fully realized by ensuring that research designs appropriately parallel programming rationale and evaluation requirements.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) XENON100 Dark Matter Results from a Combination of 477 Live Days XENON100 Dark Matter Results from a Combination of 477 Live Days. Physical Review D. Particles, Fields, Gravitation, and Cosmology, 94(12),

We report on WIMP search results of the XENON100 experiment, combining three runs summing up to 477 livedaysfrom January 2010 to January 2014. Data from the first two runswere already published.A blind analysis was applied to the last run recorded between April 2013 and January 2014 prior to combining the results. The ultralow electromagnetic background of the experiment, ∼ 5 × 10 − 3 events = ð keV ee × kg × day Þ ) before electronic recoil rejection, together with the increased exposure of 48 kg × yr, improves the sensitivity. A profile likelihood analysis using an energy range of ð 6 . 6 – 43 . 3 Þ keV nr sets a limit on the elastic, spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross section for WIMP masses above 8 GeV =c 2 , with a Wallenberg minimum of 1 . 1 × 10 − 45 cm 2 at 50 GeV =c 2 and 90% confidence level. We also report updated constraints on the elastic, spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections obtained with the same data. We set upper limits on the WIMP-neutron (proton) cross section with a minimum of 2 . 0 × 10 − 40 cm 2 ( 52 × 10 − 40 cm 2 ) at a WIMP mass of 50 GeV =c 2 , at 90% confidence level.
Comparison of ulnar, median, and sural sensory nerve conduction studies between demyelinating and axonal forms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an important neurological disease that can cause disability. Axonal GBS and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) are two important subgroups. Methods: Patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic features compatible with GBS were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups neurophysiologically as Axonal GBS and AIDP. Medical research council (MRC) scores of the patients' muscles, median / ulnar / posterior tibial / peroneal / sural nerve conduction study findings were included in the analyses. Sural sparing pattern was considered as the absence of median/ulnar compound nerve action potential (CNAP) and present sural nerve CNAP (SS-M/SS-U). Results: Twelve AIDP and 10 Axonal GBS patients were included in the study. MRC scores were not different between the two groups (p=0.895). CNAPs of the right median and ulnar nerves were smaller in AIDP patients than in Axonal GBS patients (p