Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protein‐kinase‐Cμ expression correlates with enhanced keratinocyte proliferation in normal and neoplastic mouse epidermis and in cell culture

In order to gain insight into the biological function of a PKC iso‐enzyme, the protein kinase Cμ, we analyzed the expression pattern of this protein in mouse epidermis and keratinocytes in culture. Daily analysis of neonatal mouse epidermis immediately after birth showed a time‐dependent reduction in the PKCμ content. Expression of the proliferating‐cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), indicative of the proliferative state of cells, was reduced synchronously with PKCμ as the hyperplastic state of the neonatal tissue declined. In epidermal mouse keratinocytes, fractionated according to their maturation state, PKCμ expression was restricted to PCNA‐positive basal‐cell fractions. In primary cultures of those cells, growth arrest and induction of terminal differentiation by Ca2+ resulted in strongly reduced PKCμ expression, concomitantly with the loss of PCNA expression. Treatment of PMK‐R1 keratinocytes with 100 nM of the mitogen 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) resulted in activation of PKCμ, reflected by translocation from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction and by shifts in electrophoretic mobility. DNA synthesis was significantly inhibited by the PKCμ inhibitor Goedecke 6976, while Goedecke 6983 did not inhibit PKCμ. Carcinomas generated according to the 2‐stage carcinogenesis protocol in mouse skin consistently exhibited high levels of PKCμ. These data correlate PKCμ expression with the proliferative state of murine keratinocytes and point to a role of PKCμ in growth stimulation. A correlation between PKCμ expression and enhanced cell proliferation was also observed for NIH3T3 fibroblasts transfected with and over‐expressing human PKCμ. Int. J. Cancer 80:98–103, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate on the Oxygen Consumption of Juvenile Pink Shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis is native in southern Brazil and is potentially suited for aquaculture. Under intensive culture, the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds results from excretion by the shrimp and from the processes of feed decomposition and nitrification. The objective of this study was to evaluate ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate toxicity effects on oxygen consumption of juvenile pink shrimp. Shrimps (initial weight 0.7 ± 0.15 g) were exposed over a period of 30 days to 50%, 100%, and 200% of the safe levels of total ammonia (TAN = 0.88 mg/L), nitrite (NO2− = 10.59 mg/L), and nitrate (NO3− = 91.20 mg/L) for the species. The specimens were individually collected and placed in respirometry chambers, where the oxygen consumption was measured over a period of two hours. Throughout the experiment there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among treatments in terms of survival and growth. The pink shrimp juveniles exposed to nitrogen concentrations of 200% of the nitrite and nitrate safe level showed the highest oxygen consumption (p < 0.05).
An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source

The effects of dietary nitrate and of urea on rumen fermentation pattern and enteric methane production were investigated using 4-month-old ewe lambs. Ten lambs were allocated into two groups (n = 5) and each group was offered one of two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing either 1.5% urea (T1) or 3% calcium nitrate (T2). Methane production was estimated using open-circuit respiration chambers after 6 weeks of feeding. No difference in nitrogen (N) balance, apparent digestibility of N or microbial N outflow existed between treatments (P > 0.05). Animals offered the T2 diet lost less energy through methane than did those fed the T1 diet (P 0.05). This study confirms that the presence of nitrate in the diet inhibits enteric methane production. As no clinical symptoms of nitrite toxicity were observed and sheep receiving nitrate-supplemented diet had similar growth to those consuming urea-supplemented diet, it is concluded that 3% calcium nitrate can replace 1.5% urea as a means of meeting ruminal N requirements and of reducing enteric methane emissions from sheep, provided animals are acclimated to nitrate gradually.
Phylogenetic analysis of coat protein gene of BYDV-MAV strain from wheat

Barley yellow dwarf disease is globally the most important viral disease of wheat. The full-length nucleotide sequence of coat protein (CP) gene of 12 isolates revealed the presence of three distinct clusters. Pakistani isolate of MAV (MAV-PK) has maximum similarity of 99.23% with MAV isolate of Morocco and PAV-Australia following 99.22 and 99.22% with PAV-France. Similar degree of similarity was found in comparison of amino acid sequence. The finding of this study is that MAV-PK has similarity with both MAV-France and PAV-Australia, which is due to the reason that both MAV and PAV belong to the same group and both share maximum nucleotide homology. Low genetic diversity was found not only between MAV isolates but also between MAV and PAV isolates because phylogenetic analysis was done on the CP gene which is highly conserved region in genome of Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs). Divergence in MAV-PK was due to this recombination which is now most prevalent in Pakistan. MAV-PK has maximum similarity with MAV-Morocco followed by MAV-Sweden and MAV-Cz, which seems to indicate that Pakistani isolate of MAV evolved as the result of recombination between MAV isolates of the USA and PAV isolates of Australia and France. At the same time, recombination of MAV-CZ and MAV-Sweden also occur. This work can be successfully utilised in epidemiological studies of MAV isolate in Pakistan. Further analysis of variation level in these isolates will help scientists to formulate appropriate management strategies like incorporation of BdV 2 gene in wheat against BYDVs.
Covert iridovirus infection of blackfly larvae

Iridovirus infections are typically isolated at extremely low frequencies from invertebrate species in moist or aquatic habitats. Crystalline arrangements of virus particles in heavily infected tissues cause an iridescent hue obvious to the naked eye; diagnosis of iridovirus infection has traditionally occurred when the host appeared bright lilac or blue. Evidence is presented here to show that there are two forms of iridovirus infection in larval blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) populations: (i) the classical patent form which causes larvae to develop blue iridescence before death; and (ii) a covert (inapparent) form which is not lethal. Patent infections are extremely rare in Simulium populations from the River Ystwyth, Wales (ca. 1 in 106). However, a large proportion of the population harbours the disease without obvious symptoms. Covert iridovirus infection was shown by using two techniques. First, tissue homogenates from 8 out of 30 apparently healthy Simulium larvae produced patent iridovirus infections when injected into a permissive lepidopteran host species. The DNA restriction profiles from these covert isolates showed very close similarities in fragment pattern and variability to isolates causing patent infections in the same River Ystwyth populations. Second, the presence of iridovirus DNA in host tissues was confirmed by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted at the iridovirus major structural protein gene. The frequency of PCR-positive larvae taken from the River Ystwyth in April 1992 varied between 17% and 37%, depending on site.
Antiviral activity of different misai kucing extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes is a challenging opportunistic infection caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Emergence of drug resistance is the worst catastrophe that encountered the dedicated efforts to eradicate the disease. This urged the scientists to search for other alternatives from the natural products sanctuary. In this study, aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (ALE, MLE & ELE) were prepared and their yield extract and phytochemical contents were determined. Their anti HSV-1 effect was screened using plaque reduction assay and their safety limit was assessed after determining their cytotoxicity against Vero cells using MTT assay. This was followed by mechanism elucidation study which included pre-treatment, attachment, virucidal, penetration, virus yield and time removal and time addition assays. MLE got the highest yield extract and phytochemical content as compared to the others. All of them were considered as non-toxic to Vero cells as their (CC50s > 0.2 mg/ml). Furthermore, their anti-HSV-1 effect shows that all of them had a selective effect in the following order (MLE>ELE>ALE. Their anti-HSV-1 effect was ascribed to their direct virucidal effect or interference with the viral entry through modifying the viral ligand molecules or preventing fusion of the viral envelop with the host cell membrane. In this regard, MLE produced the most powerful effect and it was the only which inhibited the intracellular activity of the virus at all the replication stages. Overall, O. stamineus leaves can be used to develop new antiherpetic agent.
Hubungan Antara Tingkat Kepercayaan Diri Dengan Prestasi Belajar Pendidikan Jasmani

This study aims to examine the level of confidence relationship with physical education learning achievement in elementary schools in the Tawang sub-district, Tasikmalaya City. The research method uses descriptive-correlational. The sample in this study is the sixth-grade students selected representing several schools in the District of Tawang as many as 60 students employing a purposive sampling technique. The instrument used was a confidential questionnaire. Data processing procedures to obtain answers about whether or not the hypothesis is accepted following the proposed significance are: (1) looking for averages, (2) looking for standard deviations, (3) testing normality through the Lillefors test (4) testing the correlation of two variables. Based on the results of research and statistical calculations on hypothesis testing the relationship of the level of confidence with physical education learning achievement, the authors can conclude as follows; there is a significant relationship between self-confidence and student achievement in class VI in Tawang District, Tasikmalaya City. Because the significance value obtained is greater than 0.05, and the value of Yxy (0.90)> (0.250) rtable (0.05) (60) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, so there is a significant relationship between self-confidence and achievement learning (significant).
Is there Diversity in our Diet? A Cross-sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary care Hospital in Tamil Nadu

Healthcare is a demanding profession and often, while performing their roles, healthcareworkers facemultiple occupational and personal stresses thatmay in luence their ability to maintain positive dietary habits. Nutritional adequacy is the comparison between the nutrient requirement and the intake of a certain individual or population. Due to the limited availability of data on the dietary diversity of healthcare workers in India, an attempt was made to conduct an across-sectional study of the dietary diversity of healthcare workers working in a tertiary hospital. The sampling frame comprised of various hospital staff and healthcare workers who were working in the hospital and a total of 119 were examined. The study tool was prepared based on the FAO dietary diversity questionnaire Details about age, gender, and details regarding their jobs, such as shift work, were collected. A score of >11 was considered as the operational de inition for a diverse diet. The socio-demographic variables of study participants, when analyzed show than early 90% (107) of the study population, were aged below thirty (30) years. Amongst the 119 subjects, 19 (16%) were male and 100 (84%) were female. Almost two thirds (58.8%) of the population involved worked in shifts. A majority of the subjects 18 (26.8%) opted for taste as the major determinant, followed by Stress at 15 (22.3%) and Cost with 12 (17.9%) subjects. When compared, dietary diversity in males was found to be much better. In conclusion, there is a signi icant absence of dietary diversity and the presence of nutrient inadequacy among the hospital staff and health care workers. This inadequacy is present primarily due to the ignorance and lifestyle choices of the subjects involved.
Spatial Distribution Pattern of Representative Tree Species in a Foothill Rain Forest in West Sumatra.

Spatial distribution was analysed for all plot trees and representative tree species in two duplicate I-ha plots established in a foothill rain forest 16 km west from Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. All tree trunks ≥ 8 cm dbh were distributed randomly in both plots. Spatial correlation between dead trees and recruited trees during the 8-year period was locally negative while broadly positive, suggesting that the random spatial pattern is dynamically maintained by mechanisms of density-dependent regulation. All of five abundant canopy/subcanopy non-pioneer species, i.e. Hopea dryobalanoides, Gonystylus forbesii, Cleistanthus glandulosus, Mastixia trichotoma, and Grewia florida, and typical pioneer Macaranga spp. , including M. gigantea, M. hypoleuca, M. pruinosa and M. triloba, showed a clumped distribution, particularly for smaller size classes. Two subcanopy non-pioneer species, Mastixia and Grewia showed a shift from a regularly decreasing density with height in one plot with larger gap area to bimodal height distribution in the other plot with smaller gap area. They also showed a similar tendency in spatial pattern such that the negative spatial correlation was observed between seedlings (
The Political Economy of Health and Healthcare

The healthcare sector is one of the fastest growing areas of social and public spending worldwide, and it is expected to increase its government shares of GDP in the near future. Truly global in its scope, this book presents a unified, structured understanding of how the design of a country's health institutions influence its healthcare activities and outcomes. Building on the 'public choice' tradition in political economy, the authors explore how patient-citizens interact with their country's political institutions to determine the organisation of the health system. The book discusses a number of institutional influences of a health system, such as federalism, the nature of collective action, electoral competition, constitutional designs, political ideologies, the welfare effects of corruption and lobbying and, more generally, the dynamics of change. Whilst drawing on the theoretical concepts of political economy, this book describes an institution-grounded analysis of health systems in an accessible way. We hope it will appeal to both undergraduate and graduate students studying health economics, health policy and public policy. More generally, it can help health policy community to structure ideas about policy and institutional reform.
Notes: Temperature Constraints on Overwinter Survival of Age-0 White Perch

Abstract We evaluated the relative importance of energy depletion and osmoregulatory stress as possible mechanisms regulating overwinter mortality of age-0 white perch Morone americana. Fish used less energy, took up more water, and had much higher mortality at 2.5°C than at 4.0°C. Mortality, energy use, and water uptake were all related to body size. Relationships of empirically derived endurance time (ET, days to 50% mortality) to body mass were allometric with weight exponents of 0.29 at 2.5°C and 0.77 at 4.0°C. Theoretically derived weight exponents were 0.82 for ET models based on starvation and 0.18 for models based on osmotic mechanisms. The theoretical and empirical models suggest that overwinter mortality of white perch is caused primarily by starvation at 4.0°C and by osmoregulatory dysfunction as well as starvation at 2.5°C.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) and Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) Fungal Association in Lycophytes and Ferns of the Kolli Hills, Eastern Ghats, Southern India

Abstract We examined the extent and type of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal associations in three lycophyte and 44 fern species collected from three different sites in the Kolli Hills, Eastern Ghats, southern India. Of the 47 plant taxa (belonging to 21 families and 33 genera) examined, 46 had AM fungal and 33 had DSE fungal associations. But, fungal structures were absent in the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata (Azollaceae). This is the first report of AM and DSE fungal status for 16 and 28 species, respectively. Among terrestrial lycophytes and ferns, 26 species had dual association of both AM and DSE fungi, whereas 11 species had only AM fungal association. Vittaria elongata from epiphytic habitats had dual association of AM and DSE fungi. Likewise, Cheilanthes tenuifolia (saxicolous or terrestrial), Cheilanthes opposita, Lepisorus nudus, Pyrrosia lanceolata (terrestrial or epiphytic), and Asplenium lanceolatum (saxicolous or epiphytic) examined from different sites or habitats also had dual association of AM and DSE fungi. Seventy two percent of the mycorrhizal lycophytes and ferns had intermediate-type AM and 15 percent had both Paris- and intermediate-types at different sites. Significant variations in AM fungal structures were evident in 16 ferns occurring in two or more sites. Nine AM fungal spore morphotypes belonging to Acaulospora, Funneliformis, Glomus, Gigaspora, and Sclerocystis were found to be associated with lycophytes and ferns.
Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, and sensible heat fluxes were measured above and within a spruce dominated forest near the southern ecotone of the boreal forest in Maine, USA. Summer, mid‐day carbon dioxide uptake was higher than at other boreal coniferous forests, averaging about – 13 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1. Nocturnal summer ecosystem respiration averaged ≈ 6 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 at a mean temperature of ≈ 15 °C. Significant ecosystem C uptake began with the thawing of the soil in early April and was abruptly reduced by the first autumn frost in early October. Half‐hourly forest CO2 exchange was regulated mostly by the incident photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). In addition to the threshold effects of freezing temperatures, there were seasonal effects on the inferred photosynthetic parameters of the forest canopy. The functional response of this forest to environmental variation was similar to that of other spruce forests. In contrast to reports of carbon loss from northerly boreal forest sites, in 1996 the Howland forest was a strong carbon sink, storing about 2.1 t C ha–1.
Environmental controls of epilithic diatom depth-distribution in an oligotrophic lake characterized by marked water-level fluctuations

The depth-distribution of epilithic diatoms in a carbonate meromictic lake (south-eastern Alps), characterized by marked water-level fluctuations, was investigated. Fixed stations were placed along a depth-profile at intervals of 2–3 m and sampled throughout the year using scuba diving. Diatom analysis included quantification of living cells (biovolume calculations) and the estimation of fucoxanthin concentration, which, coupled with the analysis of digested material, permitted taxonomic determination at specific or subspecific level. Multivariate analyses indicated the following variables to be significant: water-level fluctuations, photosynthetically active radiation, silica and nitrates. Diatoms had distinct depth-distributions. Quantification of densities, biovolumes and Chl a, and physiological (senescence index, fucoxanthin), functional (photosynthetic efficiency), and community structure (diversity) parameters allowed the definition of three depth-distribution zones (shallow, mid-depth and deep). The different diatom communities in these zones were confirmed by ANOSIM (analysis of similarity). The shallow, mid-depth, and deep zone were characterized by disturbance due to water-level fluctuations, high stability with favourable growth conditions and severe light limitation, respectively. Community composition and diversity depth-distribution features remained relatively stable throughout the year, while marked changes in benthic diatom biovolumes were modulated by competition for light with phytoplankton. Fucoxanthin was strongly correlated with epilithic diatom biovolumes. The results indicate that depth-distribution patterns should be considered when performing lake diatom biodiversity inventories and integrity evaluations because water-level fluctuations are likely to increase in many lakes due to increased withdrawal of water and climate change in the future.
FUNGAL DISEASES OF COTTON PLANT GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L. IN BANGLADESH

Seven types of symptom were recorded in four varieties such as CB3, CB9, Hill cotton 1 (HC-1) and 2 (HC-2) of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) during July, 2005 to June, 2008. The symptoms were Anthracnose, Alternnaria leaf spot, Boll rot, Cercospora leaf spot, Rust, Sclerotium rot and Wilting. Present study revealed that association of 30 species of fungi which belonged to 21 genera such as one one in Zygomycetes, one in Ascomycetes, one in Basidiomycetes, 18 in Deutermycetes and one in sterile fungus. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Arthrinium sp. , Ascochyta sp. , Aspergillus flavus, Link. , Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Aspergillus sp. , Botryodiplodia sp. , Cercospora sp. , Chaetomium sp. , Chaetophoma sp. , Cladosporium sp. , Colletotrichun coffeanum Noack, z. f. Pflan zenko. , Colletotrichum spp. , Curvularia clavate Jain , Curvularia lunata ( Wakker) Boedijn, Fusarium moniliforme, Wr. and Reink, Fusarium spp. , Nigrospora sp. , Pestalotia sp. , Penicillium sp. , Phoma sp. , Pteroconium sp. , Puccinia sp. , Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Ex. Fr) Lind, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. , Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries. and one sterile fungus. Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. were frequently associated with all the four cotton varieties examined. Botryodiplodia sp. was associated with Hill Cotton 1 (HC-1) and Hill Cotton 2 (HC-2). Sclerotium rolfsii was found associated with CB-3 cotton variety. Key words: Fungal diseases ; Cotton plant; Gossypium hirsutum; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2. 8974 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 139-146
Effect of Differential Nutrient Levels on the Performance of Paddy Hybrid Variety during Kharif Season

Rice is the staple food for eastern India as well as for more than half of the world’s population. It influences the economics and livelihood of several billion people. Medium and low lands are predominant in this part of the country where farmers have no other option but to go for rice cultivation. Yield stagnation and yield plateauing due to aberrant climatic condition with high yielding rice varieties is one of the major constraints to achieve future need for rice production. In West Bengal, the expected demand for rice by International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 4 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com