Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Hydrocarbon Seepage Using Multispectral Satellite Imagery, Kurdistan, Iraq

The petroleum system in northern Iraq has reached a maximum expulsion phase, characterized by tectonic uplift, beveled fold and thrust structures, and active surface oil seeps. While conducting photogeologic interpretation in the region, it was observed that well exposed dip slopes exhibit spectral changes along strike, especially notable along producing antiforms near Kirkuk, Irbil, and Mosul. Proposed altered outcrops include clastic and carbonate composition, as modeled from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) multispectral bands. The spatial pattern of alteration does not appear to reflect lithology but is closely coincident with structure, manifested along thrusted fold fronts and eroded symmetric folds. In addition, many altered exposures correspond with known oil seeps, sour (sulfurous) water locations, and bituminous sites identified throughout the region. Predicting and mapping rock and soil alteration from satellite imagery is an accepted practice for mineral exploration, where heat and chemical changes from intrusions alter country rocks in phases that can be spectrally characterized and associated with ore. Geochemical alteration is noted in rocks associated with hydrocarbon microseepage and changing pH, but few investigations document this approach. It is proposed that hydrocarbon migration has altered surface rocks in Kurdistan as evidenced by digital image analysis of Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery. Spectral measurements of hand samples collected within suspect terrain show strong indicators of alteration mineralogy from exposed upper and lower Fars formation. While still preliminary, the mineral jarosite appears ubiquitous in hand samples tested so far suggesting acidic, sulfate-rich surface conditions not normally associated with lithology of the region. Research is on-going and will focus on further analytical testing of both altered and unaltered exposures as well as spectral characterization and mapping using multispectral, orbiting sensors. In addition, satellite imagery proved successful for enhancing oil films on the Tigris River reservoir and in identifying active sulfurous drainage. Satellite image analysis is shown to be a key exploration tool for this geologically complex and rugged terrain.
Extracting origin destination information from mobile phone data

Traffic origin destination data is one of the most important pieces of information required for effective network management and strategic planning. Origin destination (OD) matrices provide an estimate of the number of vehicles travelling between points on a network over a given period of time. Accurate origin destination matrices are required in assignment models, but have a wide variety of other uses. At TRL both the assignment model CONTRAM8 and the microscopic simulation model SISTM require OD matrices as input, as do almost all existing traffic models. For future applications, the Highways Agency are likely to require a national OD matrix, covering the trunk road network in the UK.
A New Species of Goniopholis from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal

The new goniopholidid crocodile Goniopholis baryglyphaeus sp. nov. from the Kimmeridgian of Guimarota/Leiria, Portugal is based on the oldest known relatively complete skeleton of Goniopholis from Europe and consists of a nearly complete skull together with a mandible and various postcranial remains. G. baryglyphaeus shows characters that hitherto have only been described for Goniopholis simus: a caudal expansion of the prefrontal that excludes the frontal from the medial margin of the orbit; and the loss of contact between the paroccipital process and the lateral surface of the squamosal and the quadrate, which exposes the cranioquadrate canal laterally. This new species can be distinguished from other European Goniopholis species by an articular facet placed ventral to the retroarticular process, and directed slightly medioventrally; a caudal margin of the mandible forming almost a right angle at its caudoventral corner; an almost square rostrolateral corner of the cranial table; a straight transverse suture between the parietal and the frontal with a median rostral process; a rostrally tapering wedge‐like lacrimal, and a regular heavy skull‐sculpturing. The new find of Goniopholis in Portugal shows that this genus was distributed in a larger area, and was present much earlier, than hitherto reported in south‐western Europe.
SUMMER LOW FLOWS IN NEW ENGLAND DURING THE 20TH CENTURY 1

ABSTRACT: High springtime river flows came earlier by one to two weeks in large parts of northern New England during the 20th Century. In this study it was hypothesized that late spring/early summer recessional flows and late summer/early fall low flows could also be occurring earlier. This could result in a longer period of low flow recession and a decrease in the magnitude of low flows. To test this hypothesis, variations over time in the magnitude and timing of low flows were analyzed. To help understand the relation between low flows and climatic variables in New England, low flows were correlated with air temperatures and precipitation. Analysis of data from 23 rural, unregulated rivers across New England indicated little evidence of consistent changes in the timing or magnitude of late summer/early fall low flows during the 20th Century. The interannual variability in the timing and magnitude of the low flows in northern New England was explained much more by the interannual variability in precipitation than by the interannual variability of air temperatures. The highest correlation between the magnitude of the low flows and air temperatures was with May through November temperatures (r =−0.37, p= 0.0017), while the highest correlation with precipitation was with July through August precipitation (r = 0.67, p > 0.0001).
High‐frequency wave propagation in the uppermost mantle

Short-period, three-component recordings of the seismic wave field of peaceful nuclear explosions recorded on deep seismic sounding profiles (Quartz and Ruby-I, collected in 1984 and 1988, respectively) in northern Russia are used to constrain the nature of the high-frequency teleseismic P n phase, which can be observed for receiver distances of >3000 km. We suggest that this phase is caused by velocity fluctuations in the upper mantle acting as scatterers. To test this hypothesis and to determine the properties of the upper mantle scatterers, the elastic reflectivity method (one-dimensional isotropic models) was used to model the coda of the high-frequency teleseismic P n phase. Both the observed data and the synthetic record sections were analyzed by examining the coda decay rates of the teleseismic P n phase at 5 Hz. Synthetic seismograms are computed for different models based on the global model IASP91 with an added zone of randomly distributed velocity fluctuations (lamellae) just below the crust-mantle boundary. These models may be characterized by the thickness of the scattering layer L, the vertical heterogeneity correlation length a, and the heterogeneity standard deviation σ, The numerical simulation of the wave propagation in these models generated a high-frequency teleseismic P n phase with a well-pronounced, long coda. A comparison of the modeling results with the observations shows clearly that a velocity model containing fluctuations in the upper mantle can easily explain the presence of a high-frequency teleseismic P n . Comparing the coda decay rates of synthetic seismograms with the observation, we tried to constrain the properties of the velocity fluctuations in the upper mantle, L, a, and σ. In the distance range of the uninterfered high-frequency teleseismic P n phase beyond 1300 km, the coda decay rates for our best fitting model are similar to the observed ones. This model has a 75 km thick zone of scatterers below the Moho, containing lamellae with an average thickness of 2 km and a RMS velocity perturbation of 5%. The modeling results show also that two other possible models, the whispering gallery phase along the crust-mantle boundary and scattering in the lower crust, taken alone are not able to explain the coda properties of the high-frequency teleseismic P n phase.
Digital Representation of Historical Globes: Methods to Make 3D and Pseudo-3D Models of Sixteenth Century Mercator Globes

Abstract In this paper, the construction of digital representations of a terrestrial and celestial globe will be discussed. Virtual digital (3D) models play an important role in recent research and publications on cultural heritage. The globes discussed in this paper were made by Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594) in 1541 and 1551. Four techniques for the digital representation are discussed and analysed, all using high-resolution photographs of the globes. These photographs were taken under studio conditions in order to get equal lighting and to avoid unwanted light spots. These lighting conditions are important, since the globes have a highly reflective varnish covering. Processing these images using structure from motion, georeferencing of separate scenes and the combination of the photographs with terrestrial laser scanning data results in true 3D representations of the globes. Besides, pseudo-3D models of these globes were generated using dynamic imaging, which is an extensively used technique for visualisations over the Internet. The four techniques and the consequent results are compared on geometric and radiometric quality, with a special focus on their usefulness for distribution and visualisation during an exhibition in honour of the five hundredth birthday of Gerardus Mercator.
Sediment control at water intakes

Submerged vanes are shown to be effective in preventing bed load transport from entering water intakes. By generating a secondary circulation in the flow, the vanes change the magnitude and direction of the bed-shear stresses and cause a redistribution of the flow and sediment transport in the area affected by the vanes. As a result, the riverbed aggrades in one portion of the channel and degrades in another. The performance of two vane installations, designed according to guidelines developed earlier, are evaluated by comparing the bed topography before and after vanes were installed. The design guidelines, which utilize a numerical model developed earlier, are shown to be appropriate. The guidelines apply only when the intake flow is small enough that the withdrawal causes little change in the river flow velocity in front of the intake.
Disentangling the role of microphysical and dynamical effects in determining cloud properties over the Atlantic

MODIS satellite data reveal that over the Atlantic Ocean (20°S–30°N) in June–August 2002 indirect aerosol effects cause a decrease in the cloud top effective radius of stratiform clouds of 2.9 μm and an increase in cloud fraction of 21%, when increasing the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the cleanest 5 percentile to an AOT of 0.2. Thus, indirect aerosol effects are responsible for 72% (−8.8 W m−2) of the −12.2 W m−2 decrease in the shortwave radiation at the top‐of‐the atmosphere (TOA). Global climate model simulations with and without indirect aerosol effects confirm a decrease in TOA shortwave cloud forcing of −9 W m−2 over the Atlantic from the cleanest to the highest AOT due to indirect aerosol effects. While MODIS shows an increase in cloud fraction due to aerosols, in the model aerosols cause primarily an increase in cloud water. Thus, unlike the analysis from MODIS, the increase in cloud fraction with increasing AOT is dominated by changes in dynamical regimes, not by aerosol indirect effects.
Equilibrium Spectra of Wind Waves

Abstract Equilibrium spectral behavior for ocean gravity wind waves has been investigated actively over the past three decades, yet fundamental problems remain in reconciling theory with observations. Predicted equilibrium spectral forms from physical models proposed recently by Kitaigorodskii and by Phillips are examined in the light of wavenumber and frequency spectra reported by several investigators. While frequency domain observations appear to support the model predictions, observed wavenumber spectra are found to differ both in the spectral dependence on wavenumber and on the wind speed. Based on observed wavenumber and frequency spectra for fetch-limited condition a model is proposed for the form of the directional wavenumber spectrum slice in the dominant wave direction. Reduced wavenumber and frequency spectra are calculated from this model, assuming an empirical spectral directional spreading function and the linear gravity wave dispersion relation. These calculations reveal the underlying infl.
Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions in Dryland Soil Aggregates Affected by Long-term Tillage and Cropping Sequence

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:1488-1495doi:10.2136/sssaj2008-0405Received 9 Dec. 2008. *Corresponding author (upendra.sainju@ars.usda.gov). © Soil Science Society of America677 S. Segoe Rd. Madison WI 53711 USAAll rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Influence of an infaunal bivalve on the erosion of an intertidal cohesive sediment: A flume and modeling study

A model was developed to describe the erosion of a cohesive sediment within an annular flume. The model relates the rate of resuspension of sediment per unit area to the difference between the amount of sediment available for resuspension from the bed and the amount already resuspended into the water column. The rate of erosion also depends on the excess free‐stream near‐bed current velocity above a critical threshold velocity. The basic five parameter model describes 96% of the variation in suspended sediment concentration within the flume, where natural sediment is exposed to increments in current velocity (up to 43 cm s−1, equivalent to a shear stress of 1.5 Pa) in the absence of macrofauna. The addition of a small clam, Macoma balthica, to the experimental system led to increased levels of resuspension at all velocities. This effect increased asymptotically with Macoma population density and could be modeled using two additional parameters. Complete analysis of the resulting seven‐parameter model showed that the effect of the fauna was confined solely to the amount of sediment available for resuspension.
The influence of inclusions on light scattering by large ice particles

The scattering of visible light by ice crystals containing scattering and absorbing inclusions is calculated by a combination of ray-tracing and Monte Carlo techniques. Results are shown for a randomly oriented hexagonal ice column containing ammonium sulfate particles, soot particles, and air bubbles. It is shown that a noticeable change in the ice crystal scattering properties compared to a pure crystal requires about 103 to 104 internal scatterers of a size comparable to the wavelength. While the nonabsorbing ammonium and air bubble inclusions generally decrease the asymmetry parameter g, soot provides a strong increase in g caused by the additional absorption. An independent superposition of the scattering properties of ice crystal and inclusions does not give satisfactory results because of the strong influence of internal scatterers on the characteristic ray paths inside the crystal. Multiple-scattering calculations show that the strongest changes in the radiative fluxes are associated with the soot contaminated ice crystals.
Predicting rainfall in the Dutch Caribbean—more than El Niño?

A strong lagged relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and rainfall in the main rain season (October–January) on the leeward islands of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire is found. It can easily be used for skilful seasonal predictions, with an anomaly correlation coefficient r ≈ 0.6 at lag 4 months on historical data. The other two seasons, February–May and June–September, also show correlations with ENSO that can be exploited for predictions, r = 0.4 to 0.5. In the February–May dry season there is also a lagged correlation with sea‐surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific Ocean off the Central American coast that can be used to increase the forecast skill. A June–September small rains season correlation to equatorial Atlantic Ocean SST is absent in earlier data. Most of these results are also applicable to other stations in northern South America. Regressions with the circulation show that the main intermediate factors are upper‐level divergence and vorticity, and at lower levels a veering of the trade winds. This modifies the descending limb of the sea–continent breeze circulation that is responsible for the dry zone off the coast. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
The effect of fast and slow decision-making on equity–efficiency tradeoffs and moral repugnance

Fast-and-slow models of decision-making are commonly invoked to explain economic behaviour. However, past research has focused on human cooperation and generosity and thus largely overlooked situations where there are sharp conflicts between efficiency and equality, or between efficiency and more intuitive moral values (repugnance). Here, we contribute to fill this gap in the literature. We conducted a preregistered experiment (n = 1500 recruited from Prolific) to assess the effects of fast, intuitive decisions, under time pressure versus slow, deliberate decisions, under time delay, on (i) people's distributional preferences and (ii) their attitudes toward repugnant transactions. The results show increased preference for equality and decreased preference for efficiency under time pressure, but no effects on moral repugnance. Exploratory analyses revealed that most of the observed treatment effects in our data were accounted for by women. Our results provide some support for theories that associate controlled cognition with concern for efficiency, and intuitive, emotional responses with inequality aversion.
Thrust-belt Accretion and Hinterland Underplating of Orogenic WedgesAn Example From the Canadian Cordillera

Geochronologic, structural, and metamorphic data obtained from the hinterland of the Canadian Cordillera indicate that middle-crust ductile deformation was diachronous and coincided temporally with thrust propagation in the Rocky Mountain Thrust-and-fold Belt. Rocks currently at the highest structural level were deeply buried and then exhumed to upper-crust levels during the Middle Jurassic, when the orogenic wedge was in its early stages of evolution. However, structurally deeper rocks were buried and then exhumed at progressively more recent times, such that the deepest exposed level was not buried until the Eocene. This late stage of burial coincided with the final stages of accretion at the toe of the wedge. These observations are interpreted in terms of critical-taper theory. This theory suggests that, at the rear of the wedge, rocks were displaced from a basal high-strain zone to higher levels, where they subsequently cooled as they were exhumed from beneath the extending and/or rapidly eroding upper part of the wedge. A general conclusion of this analysis is that the localized shear zone that underlies the base of the wedge in the frontal part of the orogen becomes a transient feature toward the rear of the wedge. As underplating developed, rocks that were deformed within the basal shear zone were displaced upward to become incorporated into the overlying wedge and ultimately exhumed.
Tectonic setting and syndepositional deformation of molasse and other nonmarine-paralic sedimentary basins

Molasse is a distinctive sedimentary facies consisting of alluvial and shallow marine deposits derived from source areas undergoing rapid uplift and erosion. The characteristic setting of molasse is within or adjacent to fold belts, and most molasse basins can be classified as foreland basin (external) or intermontane (internal) in type. Thick alluvial and shallow marine sequences in cratonic settings (e.g., taphrogenic troughs) have been classified as molasse by some workers, but this is not generally accepted.Most molasse is synorogenic, and the interdependence of sedimentation and tectonism results in structural and stratigraphic complexity. Intermontane basins generally are tensional in origin and are bounded by high angle (commonly normal) faults. Facies distributions adjacent to each fault depend on relative rates of differential movement, erosion, and sedimentation; accelerated source area uplift causes segmentation and progradation of alluvial fans and generates coarsening-upward sedimentary cycle.
Observations of the vertical structure of turbulent oscillatory boundary layers above fixed roughness beds using a prototype wideband coherent Doppler profiler: 1. The oscillatory component of the flow

[1] Results are presented from an experimental investigation of rough turbulent oscillatory boundary layers using a prototype wideband bistatic coherent Doppler profiler. The profiler operates in the 1.2 MHz to 2.3 MHz frequency band and uses software-defined radio technologies for digital control of the frequency content and shape of the transmit pulse and for digital complex demodulation of the received signals. Velocity profiles are obtained at sub-millimeter range resolution and 100 Hz profiling rates (each profile being an ensemble average of 10 pulse pairs). The measurements were carried out above beds of fixed sand or gravel particles, with median grain diameters of 0.37 mm and 3.9 mm, respectively, oscillating sinusoidally at a 10 s period through excursions of 0.75 m to 1.5 m. The resulting vertical profiles of horizontal velocity magnitude and phase, with the vertical axis scaled by l = κu∗m/ω, are comparable to similarly scaled profiles obtained using laser Doppler anemometry by Sleath (1987) and Jensen (1988). A key objective of the comparisons between the previous experiments and those reported here was to establish how close to the bed reliable velocity measurements can be made with the sonar. This minimum distance above the bed is estimated to be 5 ± 1 mm, a value approaching the 3 to 4 mm limit set by the path of least time.
Waves overtopping a wide-crested dike

If a coastal dike has a crest width of more than say a few meters, then wave overtopping will be significantly reduced due to the crest width, because kinetic energy can be dissipated on the crest and water on the crest can flow back towards the seaside. In coastal towns built on dune belts often a wide-crested coastal dike was constructed as both coastal protection and sea promenade. However, quantifying the effect of such a wide crest on wave overtopping is not straightforward because no empirical overtopping formulas are given in literature for this kind of configuration. Therefore physical scale model research was carried out. Also a simplified theoretical model concept was used based on an energy balance formulation of a single overtopping wave. Combining the scale model measurements with the theoretical model, a semi-empirical formula was developed and calibrated.