Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vitro methods for mutation induction in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important vegetable and staple crop worldwide and mainly propagated vegetatively. Breeding of potato is problematic and therefore induced mutation is an attractive means of improving the crop. In vitro culture systems, and especially the production of micro-tubers, are ideal for such purposes in potato improvement. Radio-sensitivity testing (growth reduction, GR and lethal dose, LD) allows the determination of irradiation treatments (Gy) for mutation induction. Three schemes incorporating in vitro techniques were tested for mutation induction in potato namely: 1) irradiation of cuttings without leaves and subsequent dissociation of chimeras to produce plantlets or micro-tubers on M1V2 (or further generation) plantlets, 2) irradiation of cuttings with leaves and direct induction of mutant micro-tubers, and 3) induction and irradiation of micro-tubers. Variability among the potato genotypes to gamma irradiation was recorded. Optimized irradiation treatments for mutation induction were established for the various tissues/propagules: cutting growth (GR50, 9-6 to 20.6 Gy), cutting tuberization ability (LD50, 7.3 to 13 Gy) and micro-tuber sprouting ability (LD50, 20.6 to 54.8 Gy). Micro-tubers were found to be more resistant for in vitro mutation induction than in vitro cuttings. This study shows the susceptibility of different plant tissue/propagule and potato genotypes to gamma irradiation. Radio-sensitivity analyses showed that lower gamma doses are required when mutation induction is applied in combination with micro-tuberization. Key words: Potato, gamma irradiation, stem cuttings, micro-tubers, in vitro tuberization.
In vitro regeneration and mass multiplication of Capsicum annuum L

Shoot-tip and axillary shoot explants were used for in vitro regeneration and mass multiplication of two Capsicum annuum L. cultivars, Meiteimorok and Haomorok. Shoot-tip explants excised from in vitro-raised seedlings were used for multiple shoot bud induction in MS medium supplemented with BAP alone or in combination with IAA. Maximum number of shoot buds were obtained on MS medium containing 22.2 μM BAP or 44.4 μM BAP in the cultivar Meiteimorok and in medium containing 22.2 μM BAP in the cultivar Haomorok after four weeks of culture. Rooting and elongation of the regenerated shoot buds were achieved in medium containing 2.46 μM IBA or 4.90 μM IBA in 'Meiteimorok' and in 2.85 μM IAA or 5.71 μM IAA and 2.46 μM IBA or 4.90 μM IBA in 'Haomorok'. Axillary shoots were induced in the rooted plantlets by decapitating the plantlets. About 4-6 axillary shoots developed in both cultivars within two weeks of decapitation. The axillary shoots with a few leaf primordia were subsequently cultured in medium containing 22.2 μM BAP or 44.4 μM BAP for shoot multiplication and the regenerated shoots were rooted in medium supplemented with IAA or IBA. The rooted plantlets were further decapitated for mass multiplication.
Notes on Crepidium (Orchidaceae): two new combinations, a putative natural hybrid, and four species newly recorded for Thailand

In this paper we report various findings from our ongoing studies of Crepidium (Orchidaceae), mainly conducted in preparation of the Flora of Thailand account on the genus: (1) the new combinations C. chamaeorchis (Schltr.) Nuammee, Seelanan, Suddee & H.A. Pedersen and C. szemaoense (Tang & F.T. Wang) Nuammee, Seelanan, Suddee & H.A. Pedersen are made and substantiated; (2) a putative natural hybrid between C. acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach. and C. polyodon (Hook.f.) Szlach. is discussed and highlighted as being the first convincing case of natural hybridization reported for Crepidium ; (3) C. bahanense (Hand.-Mazz.) S.C. Chen & J.J. Wood, C. josephianum (Rchb.f.) Marg. , C. maximowiczianum (King & Pantl.) Szlach. and C. micranthum (Hook.f.) Szlach. are reported as new national records for Thailand; (4) the name C. josephianum (Rchb.f.) Marg. is lectotypified. All taxa treated in this paper are documented by photos of live plants from their natural habitat in Thailand, and for each newly recorded species we provide a morphological description based on Thai material.
Influence of the xanthan gum addition on the technological and sensory quality of baking products during the freezing storage

The influence of the 0.16% xanthan gum addition in the recipe of the bread production and its influence on the baking and sensory quality of products was monitored during the process of our research. Prepared dough was inserted in the freezing box directly (-18°C) and it was stored for one, two, three, four, five and six months. When the baking process was finished, the products with xanthan gum and the products without it were compared and evaluated by both objective and subjective methods. It was found that freezing, cooling and storage of the products without xanthan gum addition influenced the volume, vaulting and general appearance of the products in a negative way and loaves of bread were evaluated as unacceptable after four months of freezing. The quality of experimental loaves of bread with xanthan gum was, even after six months of freezing storage, comparable with freshly baked products. Despite the freezing, the volume of the products had an increased value. After first month of freezing the volume increased by 28.6% and after two months of freezing it increased by 23.8% both compared to the control. The vaulting in products processed by freezing was in the required optimal level during the whole period of freezing. Sensory evaluation results of loaves of bread with xanthan gum were the best after three, four and five months of storage in a freezer, when 98 points were achieved. During the monitored period of freezing, the addition of 0.16% of xanthan gum markedly contributed to the preservation of sensory and baking quality of the frozen wheat dough.
Genetic analysis of yield and its components in dual purpose oat

Title of the thesis : “Genetic analysis of yield and its components in dual purpose oat” Student Name : Prakarti Patil Address : D/o Shri K.R. Patil H/no-169 Prem Nagar Pathakhera DistBetul (M.P.) 460449 Advisor Name : Dr. A.K. Mehta Address : Principle Scientist (fodder crop) Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur 482004 (M.P.) contact number :9424307262 Degree awarded : M.Sc. (Ag.) Plant Breeding and Genetics Year of award of Degree : 2015 Major Subject : Plant Breeding and Genetics Total number of pages in the thesis : 96 Number of words in the abstract : 458 Dr. A.K. Mehta Dr. D.K. Mishra Prakarti Patil (Chairman of Advisory committee) (Professor & Head) (Student)
Age correlated histoenzymic distribution of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the ovary of Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The study was conducted on the ovaries of 46 (neonatal 13, prepubertal 3, cyclic 22, and pregnant 8) normal healthy Murrah buffaloes. The fresh ovarian tissues were collected in the liquid nitrogen for the histoenzymic demonstration of enzymes. The unfixed frozen tissues were put to cryostat microtome at -20°C to obtain sections at 10μm on clean glass slides and incubated for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH- diaphorase) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH- diaphorase) activity. The enzymes showed varied activity of NADH and NADPH-diaphorase in the different components of the buffalo ovaries and in the graafian follicles.
The Influence of Stock Assessment Frequency on the Achievement of Fishery Management Objectives

AbstractBecause of resource limitations with respect to both funding and staff expertise, there is growing interest among fishery management agencies in moving from annual to less-frequent assessments of fish stocks. We conducted simulations based on Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes to evaluate (1) how statistical catch-at-age assessment frequency, the time lag between data collection and assessment, and approaches to setting target harvests in the years between assessments affected the achievement of management objectives; and (2) how the outcomes were influenced by the quality of assessment data, features of the populations, and characteristics of the fisheries exploiting the populations. We found that as assessments became less frequent, relative yields were reduced and the risk of stock depletion and interannual variation in yield increased. The effects of less-frequent assessments were ameliorated in populations with greater levels of productivity and wh.
How honey bees forage for pollen at skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus (Araceae) [foraging behaviour]

mdash; Skunk cabbages flower in early spring, often through snow, ice and frozen ground in swampy woodlands in Northeastern North America. The nectarless inflorescences produce heat and mimetic scents, notably carrion, apple, turnip and garlic; however they are sometimes unscented. They are protogynous and, in the male phase, produce pollen copiously. Pollen collecting honeybees do not visit unscented spathes, instead they visit scented ones depending on the proportion of the various scents in a given foraging patch. They visit polieniferous inflorescences more often than predicted, purely by chance. No relationship has been established between the presence of pollen and scent. Polleniferous inflorescences have yellowish or yellow-spotted spadices; older spadices and immature ones are dark. Honeybees appeared to orient first by scent, and then by vision, in choosing inflorescences. They foraged in patches with more polieniferous spathes than other patches, where they were not seen. Thus, honey bees concentrated their foraging on resource-rich, scented spathes within resource-rich patches.
Association and path analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)

Thirty fenugreek genotypes (Trigonella foenum graecumL) were evaluated during rabi season of 2012-13 to explore its existing gene pool and identify the selection indices with an eye on a more comprehensive breeding programme. Characters like number of pods per plant, protein content in seed, days to 50% flowering and dry weight at flower initiation were found to have least variation among the coefficients both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Broad sense heritability estimates were high for protein content in seed (96.9), followed by number of pods per plant (96.7). The highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for dry matter content and dry weight at flower initiation indicating that these characters are governed by additive gene action. Correlation coefficients at phenotypic and genotypic level envisaged that biological yield was having significant and positive correlation with chlorophyll content of the leaves, number of pods per plant, straw yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, dry matter content of the plant as whole and seed yield per plant while negatively correlated with the harvest index. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield per plant, harvest index, dry weight at flower initiation, chlorophyll content in leaves, number of branches per plant and 1000 seed weight were the most important characters contributing towards seed yield and hence purposeful and balanced selection based on these traits would be more rewarding for improvement of fenugreek.
Mapping inundation extent, frequency and duration in the Okavango Delta from 2001 to 2012

The frequency and duration of inundation in river systems are important for a variety of applications, such as water resource management, floodplain mapping and habitat restoration. The Okavango Delta, the fifth largest Ramsar site in the world, has experienced a series of large floods since 2007, following the much lower flooding of the 1990s and early 2000s. This study aimed to establish inundation frequency and duration maps of the Okavango Delta for 2001 to 2012 using MOD09Q1 and MOD11A1. An earlier methods paper testing MODIS for flood mapping in the delta showed 99.4% overall accuracy for inundation mapping of the delta, with a kappa coefficient of 80%. A method based on a time-varying threshold derived from bimodal single-band histograms was used to classify the images into inundated and non-inundated areas. The method relies on the difference in reflectance between waterbodies and dry or vegetated soil, with the former having low reflectance and the latter displaying higher reflectance values. The method takes into account seasonal changes in reflectance. Inundation maps showed a gradual decrease in the delta's maximum annual inundation extent from 2001 to 2003, followed by a gradual increase from 2004 to 2012, with maximum inundation extent during 2010–2012.
Ultrastructural changes and localization of lignin and callose in compatible and incompatible interactions between wheat and Puccinia striiformis

Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed a striking difference in the fungal development and the host responses between the susceptible wheat cv. Huxianhong' and the resistant wheat cv. 'Xinong 85' following infection with the stripe rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis isolate CY25. In the infected wheat leaves of the susceptible cultivar, a higher hyphae number was usually observed as compared to the corresponding tissues in the resistant cultivar, indicating that the fungal development was restricted in wheat leaves of the resistant cultivar. The structural defense reactions such as formation of cell wall appositions, collar or papillae, and encasements of haustoria were essentially more pronounced in the infected incompatible wheat leaves than in the compatible one. Sometimes, in the wheat leaves of the incompatible combination, typical papillae of large size, detected in the host cell subjacent to the penetration site of the haustorial mother cell stopped further development of the pathogen. Immunogold labelling studies demonstrated the presence of callose in the collars, papillae, cell wall appositions and encasements formed in P. striiformis-infected wheat leaves. Immunogold localization of lignin revealed a markedly higher labelling density in host cell walls of the infected wheat leaves of the resistant cultivar than in the cell walls of the infected wheat leaves of the susceptible cultivar. These findings indicated that in the leaf tissue of the resistant wheat cv. 'Xinong 85' different defense responses to infection of P. striiformis were observed, such as necrotic reactions of host cells during haustorium formation, cell wall appositions in cells adjacent to intercellular hyphae, papilla formation at the penetration site of the haustorial mother cell as well as pronounced lignin synthesis.
A new method to obtain monozoosporangial isolates of sunflower downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii)

Une nouvelle methode pour obtenir des souches monozoosporanges a ete appliquee sur neuf profils de virulence (100, 300, 304, 314, 700, 704, 710, 707 et 714) de Plasmopara halstedii, l'agent du mildiou de tournesol. Un seul zoosporange a ete isole a la surface d'un milieu gelose et depose sur un disque foliaire place sur milieu de Knop gelose. Un meilleur taux de reussite a ete obtenu avec des disques foliaires preleves sur la premiere paire de feuille lorsqu'elles atteignent 5 a 8 cm. Le taux de souches monosporanges obtenu varie de 1,4 a 7,4 % selon les pathotypes. Le pourcentage de disques sporules depend de la viabilite des zoosporanges, de l'etat physiologique des feuilles et la receptivite de genotype du tournesol. Cette methode nous a permis de confirmer la presence d'un nouveau pathotype sur le territoire francais : race 707.
Effect of High-Temperature Stress on the Photosynthetic Apparatus

The action of physiological stresses on plants has been a subject of numerous studies. Plants are able to survive and grow even under unfavorable environmental conditions. Living organisms can hardly survive below 3°C, because most of the biochemical reactions are hampered owing to the high content of water in the living tissues. Some plant species can grow under desert conditions and relatively high temperatures, but most species are sensitive to a variation of a few degrees below or above their normal growth temperature. In the higher temperature zone (37–47°C), tolerance mechanisms may allow some extent of adaptation. Hence, photosynthetic organisms can tolerate temperatures above their normal growth temperature. The latter may be very high for desert plants but relatively lower for other species. Each species has its own optimal temperature and its lower and higher temperature limits. When exposed to changing temperatures, various structural modifications are known to happen at the molecular level. Such modifications include changes in the rate of metabolic reactions as well as modifications of subcellular structures. A heat shock is induced when a plant is brought near to its higher temperature limit for growth. Of course, even a relatively weak temperature variation can alter the normal cellular biochemical processes which could be considered as a heat stress. However, an increase of 10–15°C above normal growth temperature will cause a deeper modification of growth without being necessarily lethal. Those changes involve protein denaturation, enzyme inactivation, and more specifically a reduction in the chloroplast’s photosynthetic activity. In this chapter, the action of high-temperature stress at the level of the photosynthetic apparatus will be examined. Heat stress induces significant modifications in the composition of the chloroplast membrane lipids and proteins together with structural changes of the thylakoid membranes. Those changes greatly affect the activity of the photosystems. However, some adaptation mechanisms can prevent excessive damage if plants are preexposed to high temperature. Acclimation
Migration of pentachlorophenol in artificial and natural sediments of Puck Bay

Abstract Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an anthropogenic substance, toxic to humans. The major source of this compound in the environment are wastes from factories producing PCP and materials (textiles, wood) treated with PCP. In 2008, a dossier was prepared to support the inclusion of PCP in Annex I to the Protocol of the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The draft decision to add PCP along with its salts (NaPCP) and esters (PCPL) in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention was adopted during the seventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention in 2015. The aim of present study was to assess the status of contamination in Puck Bay with this harmful substance. The surface bottom sediments of Puck Bay were contaminated with pentachlorophenol to varying degrees, ranging from 17.4 ± 5.6 ng g-1 d.w. to 230.1 ± 20.8 ng g-1 d.w. The majority of samples collected from deepwater areas of Puck Bay were contaminated with PCP above 25 ng g-1 d.w. (value of Predicted No Effect Concentration). It has been assessed that bottom currents occurring in Puck Bay can affect sediments deposited at the Gdynia dumping site.
Ultraviolet-B radiation enhancement does not affect marine trophic levels during a winter-spring bloom

Abstract:Elevated UV-B radiation levels (~100% above ambient) generally failed to produce significantly different effects at different trophic levels in well-mixed mesocosms during the winter spring bloom period. Although not significantly different, several consistent trends were noted. Phytoplankton abundance, measured as total cell counts, and biomass, measured as in vivo fluorescence, tended to be reduced in UV-B enhanced treatments. Effects were significantly different for fluorescence (p < 0.05) during the bloom event but not abundance (p = 0.29) and not over the entire experiment. There was a tendency for the ratio of nanoplankton to microplankton biomass to be lower in UV-B enhanced systems (p = 0.16). Total copepod abundance (adults, copepodites and nauplii) and abundance of the dominant species, Acartia hudsonica (Giesbrecht), also tended to be lower in the treatment mesocosms. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in copepod abundance between controls and treatments were observed in the adult stag.
To Count or Not to Count: Queering Measurement and the Transgender Community

Abstract:This paper recognizes the perils of forcing queer subjects into tick boxes but argues that the urgent need for transgender-accessible bathrooms requires a more inclusive count of this vulnerable population. Most estimates of the transgender population are flawed because they measure only the transsexual population. This paper uses a more broadly defined transgender subjectivity that includes transsexuals and cross-dressers, as well as intersex, gender-flux, or gender-nonconforming individuals for a total of 9,318,597 individuals or nearly 3 percent (2.92) of the U.S. population.
The reproductive ecology of amphibians of the Transvaal highveld

The composition of the amphibian fauna of southern Africa is at present quite well known. A great deal of information on the biology of South African toads and frogs has also been accumulated. Nevertheless, the coverage has been rather unequal. Much information has been collected on amphibians inhabiting the western Cape Province and the lowlands in Natal and Transkei, very little has been done on the biology of frogs in the Transvaal, and in particular in the Transvaal highveld. As the ecological conditions on the highveld are quite distinct from those in the south and in the eastern lowlands, it seems desirable to present some data on amphibian life in the Transvaal.
Decaying wood and saproxylic Coleoptera in two old spruce forests: a comparison based on two sampling methods

The saproxylic beetle fauna was compared in two old spruce dominated forests in northern Finland. The volume of decaying wood in the forests was 32 m3 and 8 m3 per hectare. The beetles were sampled by carefully peeling the bark off all the dead trees within twenty circular sample plots of 100 m2, and by window flight trapping. The pooled sample comprised 7184 individuals of 207 saproxylic species. According to both sampling methods, common generalist species were equally abundant in both forests, whereas specialists living either on decaying spruce or birch were more abundant in the forest with a larger supply of decaying wood. The set of dominant species was, however, almost completely different with the two methods. Bark peeling yielded mostly sub-corticulous species. Window flight trapping yielded, in addition, many species living inside decaying trees, on microfungi on dead trees or on polyporous fungi. The amount of decaying wood around the traps did not affect the number of species or specimens caught. The problems involved in the sampling methods are discussed.