Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical interpretation of Planck’s constant based on the Maxwell theory

The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics. Planck’s constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants. The physical nature of h, however, has not been well understood. It was originally suggested as a fitting constant to explain the black-body radiation. Although Planck had proposed a theoretical justification of h, he was never satisfied with that. To solve this outstanding problem, we use the Maxwell theory to directly calculate the energy and momentum of a radiation wave packet. We find that the energy of the wave packet is indeed proportional to its oscillation frequency. This allows us to derive the value of Planck’s constant. Furthermore, we show that the emission and transmission of a photon follows the all-or-none principle. The “strength” of the wave packet can be characterized by ζ, which represents the integrated strength of the vector potential along a transverse axis. We reason that ζ should have a fixed cut-off value for all photons. Our results suggest that a wave packet can behave like a particle. This offers a simple explanation to the recent satellite observations that the cosmic microwave background follows closely the black-body radiation as predicted by Planck’s law.
Oscillator strengths for 2 2S–n2 P transitions of the lithium isoelectronic sequence from Z = 11 to 20

The dipole-length, dipole-velocity and dipole-acceleration absorption oscillator strengths for the 1s22s–1s2 np (3 ≤ n ≤ 9) transitions of lithium-like systems from Z = 11 to 20 are calculated by using the energies and the multi-configuration interaction wave functions obtained from a full core plus correlation method, in which relativistic and mass-polarization effects on the energy, as the first-order perturbation corrections, are included. The results of three forms are in good agreement with each other, and closely agree with the experimental data available in the literature. Based on the quantum defects obtained with quantum defect theory (QDT), the discrete oscillator strengths for the transitions from the ground state to highly excited states 1s2 np (n ≥ 10) and oscillator strength densities corresponding to the bound-free transitions are obtained for these ions.
Quantitative Phase Imaging for Label-Free Analysis of Cancer Cells—Focus on Digital Holographic Microscopy

To understand complex biological processes, scientists must gain insight into the function of individual living cells. In contrast to the imaging of fixed cells, where a single snapshot of the cell’s life is retrieved, live-cell imaging allows investigation of the dynamic processes underlying the function and morphology of cells. Label-free imaging of living cells is advantageous since it is used without fluorescent probes and maintains an appropriate environment for cellular behavior, otherwise leading to phototoxicity and photo bleaching. Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an ideal method for studying live cell dynamics by providing data from noninvasive monitoring over arbitrary time scales. The effect of drugs on migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells are emerging fields suitable for QPI analysis. In this review, we provide a current insight into QPI applied to cancer research.
The Role of Modeling When Designing for Absolute Energy Use Intensity Requirements in a Design-Build Framework

ABSTRACT The Research Support Facility at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a 220,000-ft 2 office building designed to serve 822 occupants, to use 35.1kBtu/(ft 2 ·yr), to use half the energy of an equivalent minimally code-compliant building, and eventually to produce as much renewable energy annually as it consumes. These goals and their substantiation through simulation were explicitly included in the fixed price design-build contract. The energy model had to be repeatedly updated to match design documents and the final building, as it was built, to the greatest degree practical. Computer modeling played a key role in diagnosing the energy impacts of program and ecisions and in verifying that the contractual energy goals dwould be met within the specified budget. The primary tool used was a whole-building energy simulation programOther . simulation tools were used to provide more detail or to complement the primary tool as required by the delivery schedule ,including tools to calculate thermal bridging, daylighting, natural ventilation, data center energy consumption, transpired solar collectors, thermal storage in the crawlspace, and electricity generation by photovoltaic panels. Results were either fed back into the main whole-building energy simulation tool or used to post-process model output to provide the most accurate annual simulations possible. This paper details the models used in the design process and how they informed important program and design decisions from design to completion.
PPPC 4 DM ID: a poor particle physicist cookbook for dark matter indirect detection

We provide ingredients and recipes for computing signals of TeV-scale Dark Matter annihilations and decays in the Galaxy and beyond. For each DM channel, we present the energy spectra of at production, computed by high-statistics simulations. We estimate the Monte Carlo uncertainty by comparing the results yielded by the Pythia and Herwig event generators. We then provide the propagation functions for charged particles in the Galaxy, for several DM distribution profiles and sets of propagation parameters. Propagation of e± is performed with an improved semi-analytic method that takes into account position-dependent energy losses in the Milky Way. Using such propagation functions, we compute the energy spectra of e±,p̄ and d̄ at the location of the Earth. We then present the gamma ray fluxes, both from prompt emission and from Inverse Compton scattering in the galactic halo. Finally, we provide the spectra of extragalactic gamma rays. All results are available in numerical form and ready to be consumed.
Who Will Stay, Who Will Leave: Decision-Making of Residents Living in Potential Hurricane Impact Areas During a Hypothetical Hurricane Event in the Rio Grande Valley

Abstract The Rio Grande Valley (RGV) has been impacted by various hurricanes throughout history. While Hurricane evacuation has been studied extensively in other contexts, there is limited systematic research on the warning and response to a large-scale severe weather event in South Texas. This study attempts to understand the evacuation decision-making behavior of Southern residents in the event of a Hurricane making landfall over the Rio Grande Valley. The study uses an online survey questionnaire with 1060 participants: 275 students attending the University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley and the remaining 785 are members of the community. Throughout the course of the study, information was gathered about selected elements: demographic characteristics, living conditions, the following and awareness of authority recommendations, decision maker roles, reasons for not wanting to leave a disaster-prone area facing an emergency, perception of a safe place, and expected help from both, governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) during evacuation that could impact residents’ evacuation decision. Findings reveal there are a number of individuals who will remain in their place of residence, even in the deadliest of hurricane Category 5. The study provides complex factors influencing the nature of evacuation decision-making of individuals who are Hispanics living in a unique geographical location of RGV.
The ITS-90 Temperature of the Gallium Melting Point and the Mercury Freezing Point

In a recent paper in Metrologia, Singh et al. have suggested that the temperatures assigned on the ITS90 to either the Gallium Melting Point (GaMP) or the Mercury Triple Point (HgTP), or to both, may be incorrect. Precisely, if one of the two points were correct the other would have been assigned too high a value, e.g. by about 1,5 mK in the case of HgTP. A similar analysis was carried out by R. L. Rusby [2]. Both papers investigate the Occurrence of a linear Correlation between the reduced resistances, W [3], as measured with the same platinum resistance thermometer at both points, i.e.
Electron transitions in slow collisions of negative and positive atomic ions

Theoretical investigations of charge exchange and ionization processes accompanying collisions of negative and positive atomic ions are reviewed. Detailed analysis of the Coulomb Green function provides vast information about these processes. In particular, we took previously unknown sums of Coulomb wave function products over degenerate states. Adiabatic energies of the system and its wave functions can be expressed through these sums, whereas the wave functions turn out to possess very interesting and unexpected properties.
Nonlinear dynamic modeling of ultrathin conducting polymer actuators including inertial effects

Trilayer conducting polymer (CP) actuators are potential alternatives to piezoelectric and electrostatic actuators due to their large strain, and recently demonstrated operation at hundreds of Hertz. However, these actuators exhibit nonlinear electrical and mechanical properties as a function of their oxidation state, when operated over their full strain range, making it more challenging to accurately predict their mechanical behavior. In this paper, an analytical multi-physics model of the CP actuators is proposed to predict their nonlinear dynamic mechanical behavior. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, a trilayer actuator composed of a solid polymer electrolyte sandwiched between two poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes was fabricated and characterized. This system consists of an electrical subsystem represented by an RC equivalent circuit, an electro-mechanical coupling matrix, and a mechanical subsystem described by using a rigid finite element method. The electrical conductivity and the volumetric capacitance, an empirical strain-to-charge ratio, and Young’s modulus of the actuator as a function of the PEDOT electrode charge state were also implemented into the model, using measured values. The proposed model was represented using a bond graph formalism. The concordance between the simulations and the measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model in predicting the nonlinear dynamic electrical and mechanical response of the actuators. In addition, the information extracted from the model also provided an insight into the critical parameters of the actuators and how they affect the actuator efficiency, as well as the energy distribution including dissipated, stored, and transferred energy. These are the key parameters for designing, optimizing, and controlling the actuation behavior of a trilayer actuator.
Aggregation kinetics

In many processes of interest in physics, chemistry and biology small particles come together to form large structures. Very often these structures have a disorderly nature that can be described quite well in terms of the concepts of fractal geometry. The fractal geometry of small particle aggregates plays an important role in their physical behavior including the kinetics of the aggregation process itself. In many cases the kinetics of aggregation can be described by a mean field Smoluchowski equation. The geometric scaling properties (fractal geometry) of the aggregating clusters determine the scaling symmetry of the reaction kernel which in turn determines the asymptotic form of the cluster size distribution and the growth of the mean cluster size. In most simple systems the asymptotic cluster size distribution can be described by the scaling form Ns(t) ~ s−θf[s/S(t)] where Ns(t) is the number of clusters of size s at time t and S(t) is the mean cluster size at time t. This scaling form is superuniversal and can be used in circumstances where the mean field Smoluchowski equation does not provide an adequate representation of the aggregation kinetics. This scaling form also describes the aggregation kinetics for non-fractal systems such as the coalescence of particles and droplets. In this review recent advances in the application of fractal geometry and simple scaling ideas to aggregation, coalescence and fragmentation processes are described.
Time-varying dark energy constraints from the latest SN Ia, BAO and SGL

Based on the latest SNe Ia data provided by Hicken et al. (2009) with using MLCS17 light curve fitter, together with the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) and strong gravitational lenses (SGL), we investigate the constraints on the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w in the flat universe, especially for the time-varying case w(z) = w0+wzz/(1+z). The constraints from SNe data alone are found to be: (a)(ΩM,w) = (0.358,−1.09) as the best-fit results; (b)(w0,wz) = (−0.73+0.23−0.97,0.84+1.66−10.34) for the two parameters in the time-varying case after marginalizing the parameter ΩM; (c) the likelihood of parameter wz has a high non-Gaussian distribution; (d) an extra restriction on ΩM is necessary to improve the constraint of the SNe Ia data on the parameters (w0, wz). A joint analysis of SNe Ia data and BAO is made to break the degeneracy between w and ΩM, and leads to the interesting maximum likelihoods w0 = −0.94 and wz = 0. When marginalizing the parameter ΩM, the fitting results are found to be (w0,wz) = (−0.95+0.45−0.18,0.41+0.79−0.96). After adding the splitting angle statistic of SGL data, a consistent constraint is obtained (ΩM,w) = (0.298,−0.907) and the constraints on time-varying dark energy are further improved to be (w0,wz) = (−0.92+0.14−0.10,0.35+0.47−0.54), which indicates that the phantom type models are disfavored.
Impact of ionospheric scintillation on GNSS receiver tracking performance over Latin America: Introducing the concept of tracking jitter variance maps

Scintillations are rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of transionospheric radio signals caused by small‐scale ionospheric plasma density irregularities. In the case of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, scintillations can cause cycle slips, degrade the positioning accuracy and when severe enough can even lead to complete loss of signal lock. This study presents for the first time an assessment of GNSS receiver signal tracking performance under scintillating conditions, by the analysis of receiver phase lock loop (PLL) jitter variance maps. These maps can potentially assist users when faced with such conditions; a potential application envisaged for these maps would be in the form of a tool to provide users with information about “current (or expected, if some sort of prediction can be developed in follow on research) tracking conditions” under scintillation; another possibility would be to use the technique described by Aquino et al. (2009) to mitigate against the effects of ionospheric scintillation. In this paper these maps were constructed for scintillation events that were observed in the field during 9–11 March 2011 over Presidente Prudente (22.1°S, 51.4°W, dip latitude ∼12.3°S) in Brazil, a location close to the Equatorial Ionisation Anomaly (EIA) crest in Latin America. Results show that the jitter variances estimated for all the simultaneously observed satellite‐to‐receiver links during the premidnight hours on 9 and 11 March 2011 increase during the enhanced scintillation levels, indicating the likelihood for cycle slips, loss of signal lock, and degraded accuracy in the observations.
Supermagnetism

An ensemble of nanoparticles in which the inter-particle magnetic interactions are sufficiently weak shows superparamagnetic behaviour as described by the Néel–Brown model. On the contrary, when inter-particle interactions are non-negligible, the system eventually shows collective behaviour, which overcomes the individual anisotropy properties of the particles. At sufficiently strong interactions a magnetic nanoparticle ensemble can show superspin glass (SSG) properties similar to those of atomic spin glass systems in bulk. With a further increase in concentration, but still below physical percolation, sufficiently strong interactions can be experienced to form a superferromagnetic (SFM) state. SFM domains in a non-percolated nanoparticle assembly are expected to be similar to conventional ferromagnetic domains in a continuous film, with the decisive difference that the atomic spins are replaced by the superspins of the single-domain nanoparticles. In this review we highlight the most important developments in the field of supermagnetism, which comprises three fascinating subjects: superparamagnetism, SSG and superferromagnetism.
Measuring Change in Pilots’ Conceptual Understandings of Autoflight

Pilots transitioning to the Airbus A320 were observed in flight and interviewed at four sample points during their first 18 months on the airplane. The interview data were analyzed by examining changes in both the relative frequencies of automation terms and the similarity of pairs of terms over time. The results show that pilots master selected modes before managed modes, and that even after 18 months of experience, their models of complex managed modes are still changing.
HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPROVEMENT BY CATECHIN AND EDTA IN LEAD INTOXICATED RATS

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of both Catechin and Calcium Disodium Ethylene diamine Tetraacetic Acid (CaNa 2 EDTA) in treatment of long-term lead toxicity through assessment of some biochemical indices (hematological picture and biochemical parameters). Eighty male albino rats weighting 100-150 g of 10-12 weeks old were randomly divided into 4 groups (20 each). Group 1 was left without any treatment as negative control group. The other three groups (G2, G3 and G4) were exposed to lead acetate in drinking water at a concentration of 30 mg/L for 3 months . G2 was used as positive conrol group. G3 was divided into three subgroups A, B & C was treated with catechin in drinking water at a concentration of 49 mg/L for 7 days after 1, 2 and 3 month after Pb exposure, respectively. G4 was also divided into three subgroups ( D, E & F ) and treated through IP injection CaNa 2 EDTA in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, for 5 days after 1, 2 & 3 months of lead exposure . Six rats were taken randomly after 30, 60 and 90 days from negative and positive controls, 37, 67, 97 days from rats treated with catechin and 35, 65 and 95 days from rats treated with CaNa 2 EDTA. Rats were anesthetized with ether and sacrified for blood and tissues collection. Blood samples were collected in vacutainer tubes containing EDTA as anticoagulant for hematological pictures. Brain tissue samples were collected from each rat for the subsequent biochemical parameters (total protein, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose 6 phosphatase dehydratase and, acetylcholinestrase activity). The results revealed that administration of catechin or CaNa 2 EDTA can minimize any toxic effects on hematological picture & biochemical parameters. Catechin was more effective than CaNa 2 EDTA in improvement of Hb concentration, HCT %, MCV, MCH values and NO , LPO parameters but CaNa 2 EDTA was more effective than Catechin in improvement of WBCs, lymphocyte, monocyte count and GSH, SOD, CAT activities.
Restrictions on the lifetime of sterile neutrinos from primordial nucleosynthesis

We analyze the influence of sterile neutrinos with the masses in the MeV range on the primordial abundances of Helium-4 and Deuterium. We solve explicitly the Boltzmann equations for all particle species, taking into account neutrino flavour oscillations and demonstrate that the abundances are sensitive mostly to the sterile neutrino lifetime and only weakly to the way the active-sterile mixing is distributed between flavours. The decay of these particles also perturbs the spectra of (decoupled) neutrinos and heats photons, changing the ratio of neutrino to photon energy density, that can be interpreted as extra neutrino species at the recombination epoch. We derive upper bounds on the lifetime of sterile neutrinos based on both astrophysical and cosmological measurements of Helium-4 and Deuterium. We also demonstrate that the recent results of Izotov & Thuan [1], who find 2σ higher than predicted by the standard primordial nucleosynthesis value of Helium-4 abundance, are consistent with the presence in the plasma of sterile neutrinos with the lifetime 0.01–2 seconds.
Warm dark matter in low scale left-right theory

We investigate the viability of having dark matter in the minimal left-right symmetric theory. We find the lightest right-handed neutrino with a mass around keV as the only viable candidate consistent with a TeV scale of left-right symmetry. In order to account for the correct relic density with such low scales, the thermal overproduction of the dark matter in the early universe is compensated by a sufficient late entropy production due to late decay of heavier right-handed neutrinos. We point out that the presence of the right-handed charge-current interactions, operative around the QCD phase transition, has a crucial impact on the amount of dilution, as does the nature of the phase transition itself. A careful numerical study, employing the Boltzmann equations, reveals the existence of a narrow window for the right-handed gauge boson mass, possibly within the reach of LHC (in disagreement with a previous study). We also elaborate on a variety of astrophysical, cosmological and low energy constraints on this scenario.
A Review on Flicker-Free AC–DC LED Drivers for Single-Phase and Three-Phase AC Power Grids

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are coming strongly into the lighting market due to their advantages over conventional lighting solutions: energy efficient, controllable in both light and color, long lifetime, lack of a warm-up period, and high power density. Some of these advantages will make LED light sources to be more than just a light bulb, being able to transmit data, control light color, hue, and intensity or even detect people in indoor environments. Nevertheless, these advantages attributed to LED capabilities are, in reality, achieved thanks to the LED driver. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art strategies to drive LEDs from ac power grids with special emphasis into removing the most limiting component from the point of view of the lifetime, which is the electrolytic capacitor, while achieving a flicker-free performance of the light output of the LED driver. Moreover, it focuses on analyzing the required regulations, challenges, and applicability of LED drivers in both single-phase and three-phase ac power grids.
Modelling the Fire Performance of Hybrid Steel-Timber Connections

In a building structure, wood can be used in conjunction with steel or concrete material to form what is known as a hybrid building system. In this research, a steel-timber hybrid system is considered, which consists of a glulam wooden beam connected to a steel column. The connection of the beam to the column is composed of three different types of shear tab connections: concealed, exposed and seated connections. The fire resistance of these connections is evaluated using a finite element model and compared with the full-scale experimental fire resistance tests which had been conducted earlier in a separate project. The finite element model results were in good agreement with the observations made from the experimental tests. The variation between the test and the model results was within a ±11% envelope. In conclusion, the seated connection had a better fire resistance as compared to the concealed and exposed connections.