Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE To describe the magnitude and variation of the epilepsy treatment gap worldwide. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature published from 1 January 1987 to 1 September 2007 in all languages using PubMed and EMBASE. The purpose was to identify population-based studies of epilepsy prevalence that reported the epilepsy treatment gap, defined as the proportion of people with epilepsy who require but do not receive treatment. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess trends and associations. FINDINGS The treatment gap was over 75% in low-income countries and over 50% in most lower middle- and upper middle-income countries, while many high-income countries had gaps of less than 10%. However, treatment gaps varied widely both between and within countries. They were significantly higher in rural areas (rate ratio, RR: 2.01; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.40-2.89) and countries with lower World Bank income classification (RR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.32-1.82). There was no significant trend in treatment gap over time (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.79-1.07). CONCLUSION There is dramatic global disparity in the care for epilepsy between high- and low- income countries, and between rural and urban settings. Our understanding of the factors affecting the treatment gap is limited; future investigations should explore other potential explanations of the gap.
Detrital zircon U-Pb ages provide provenance and chronostratigraphic information from Eocene synorogenic deposits in northwestern Argentina

Paleogene clastic sedimentary rocks in the Puna plateau of northwestern Argentina contain valuable information about the timing and location of early mountain building in the central Andes. Because these rocks generally lack tuffaceous facies, only paleontological ages have been available. We present U-Pb ages from detrital zircons in the conglomeratic Eocene Geste Formation of the central Puna plateau. The zircon ages indicate that the Geste Formation was derived from nearby high-relief ranges composed of Ordovician metasedimentary rocks. A small population of ca. 37–35 Ma grains also confirms the late Eocene stratigraphic age of the Geste Formation, and suggests that U-Pb detrital zircon ages may provide a new tool for determining depositional ages and provenance of widespread Paleogene deposits in the central Andes.
Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron immune evasion and receptor engagement

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern evades antibody mediated immunity with an unprecedented magnitude due to accumulation of numerous spike mutations. To understand the Omicron antigenic shift, we determined cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystal structures of the spike and RBD bound to the broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus monoclonal antibody (mAb) S309 (the parent mAb of sotrovimab) and to the human ACE2 receptor. We provide a structural framework for understanding the marked reduction of binding of all other therapeutic mAbs leading to dampened neutralizing activity. We reveal electrostatic remodeling of the interactions within the spike and those formed between the Omicron RBD and human ACE2, likely explaining enhanced affinity for the host receptor relative to the prototypic virus.
Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure.

BACKGROUND It is common practice to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. This approach is based in part on data indicating that atrial fibrillation is a predictor of death in patients with heart failure and suggesting that the suppression of atrial fibrillation may favorably affect the outcome. However, the benefits and risks of this approach have not been adequately studied. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial comparing the maintenance of sinus rhythm (rhythm control) with control of the ventricular rate (rate control) in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less, symptoms of congestive heart failure, and a history of atrial fibrillation. The primary outcome was the time to death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS A total of 1376 patients were enrolled (682 in the rhythm-control group and 694 in the rate-control group) and were followed for a mean of 37 months. Of these patients, 182 (27%) in the rhythm-control group died from cardiovascular causes, as compared with 175 (25%) in the rate-control group (hazard ratio in the rhythm-control group, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.30; P=0.59 by the log-rank test). Secondary outcomes were similar in the two groups, including death from any cause (32% in the rhythm-control group and 33% in the rate-control group), stroke (3% and 4%, respectively), worsening heart failure (28% and 31%), and the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, stroke, or worsening heart failure (43% and 46%). There were also no significant differences favoring either strategy in any predefined subgroup. CONCLUSIONS In patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure, a routine strategy of rhythm control does not reduce the rate of death from cardiovascular causes, as compared with a rate-control strategy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00597077.)
Integrating Thermal and Digital Imaging Occupancy Detection to Achieve Daylight Harvesting

Lighting is the largest consumable form of energy commercially. This paper presents a smart automatic light control system using thermal camera and high dynamic range CMOS sensor for daylight harvesting. This system overcomes the drawback of earlier systems that sense occupancy only on basis of motion by using combine approach of thermal camera and digital camera to detect human presence. The system algorithm involves calibration in three phases: 1) image capturing, 2) occupancy module and 3) DALI communication module. The system captures images using thermal cameras for use in occupancy module; an occupancy module involves calibration of human presence and daylight estimation using least square technique. Then, DALI communication module is involved to make the region of presence of human have targeted light level. Drawback of earlier system and technological challenges of this system are addressed in the
V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa

Until recently very little attempt has been made to classify the reptilian fossils of the Karroo Beds according to their geological horizons. Seeley recognised certain zones—(1) the zone of Mesosaurs, (2) the zone of Pareiasaurs, (3) the zone of Dicynodonts, (4) the zone of specialised Theriodonts, and (5) the zone of Zanclodonts. While the order of these zones is correctly given they do not cover the whole period, and the third zone is an unnatural one.
The Arctic is becoming warmer and wetter as revealed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

Over the past decade, the Arctic has seen unprecedented declines in the summer sea ice area, leading to larger and longer exposed open water areas. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder is a useful yet underutilized tool to study corresponding atmospheric changes and their feedbacks between 2003 and 2013. Most pronounced warming occurs between November and April, with skin and air temperatures increasing on average 2.5 K and 1.5 K over the Arctic Ocean. In response to sea ice loss, evaporation rates (i.e., moisture flux) increased between August and October by 1.5 × 10−3 g m−2 s−1 (3.8 W m−2 latent heat flux energy), increasing the water vapor feedback and cloud cover. Although most trends are positive over the Arctic Ocean, there is considerable interannual variability. Increasing specific humidity in May and corresponding downward moisture fluxes cause earlier melt onset; warming skin temperatures and radiative responses to increased water vapor and cloud cover in autumn delay freeze‐up.
Dynamic 4D MR angiography versus multislice CT angiography in the evaluation of vascular hepatic involvement in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Angio-RM dinamica 4D versus angio-TC multidetettore nella valutazione del coinvolgimento vascolare epatico nella teleangiectasia emorragica ereditari

Purpose. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), or Rendu–Osler–Weber disease, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by mucocutaneous or visceral vascular abnormalities that may be widely distributed throughout the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to compare multislice computed tomography angiography (MSCTA) and 4D dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (D-MRA) for evaluating vascular hepatic involvement in patients with HHT. Materials and methods. Fifty-two consecutive HHT patients underwent MSCTA and D-MRA examinations for systematic analysis of vascular visceral involvement. The images from the two techniques were reviewed independently by two expert radiologists to identify the following vascular abnormalities: telangiectases or large vascular masses; perfusion disorders [transient hepatic attenuation differences (THADs)]; hepatic arteriovenous malformations (HAVMs). Data, as well as diameters of the common hepatic artery and portal vein, were compared with Cohen’s kappa statistic, Student’s t test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, as appropriate. Results. Both MSCTA and D-MRA detected one or more of the following hepatic vascular abnormalities in
Capillary controls on methane hydrate distribution and fracturing in advective systems

We simulate 1‐D, steady, advective flow through a layered porous medium to investigate how capillary controls on solubility including the Gibbs‐Thomson effect in fine‐grained sediments affect methane hydrate distribution in marine sediments. We compute the increase in pore fluid pressure that results from hydrate occluding the pore space and allow fractures to form if the pore fluid pressure exceeds a fracture criterion. We apply this model to Hydrate Ridge and northern Cascadia, two field sites where hydrates have been observed preferentially filling cm‐scale, coarse‐grained layers. We find that at Hydrate Ridge, hydrate forms in the coarse‐grained layers reaching saturation of 90%, creating fractures through intervening fine‐grained layers after 2000 years. At northern Cascadia, hydrate forms preferentially in the coarse‐grained layers but 2 × 105 years are required to develop the observed hydrate saturations (∼20%–60%), suggesting that hydrate formation rates may be enhanced by an additional source of methane such as in situ methanogenesis. We develop expressions to determine the combinations of sediment physical properties and methane supply rates that will result in hydrate‐filled coarse‐grained layers separated by hydrate‐filled fine‐grained layers, the conditions necessary to fracture the fine‐grained layers, and the conditions that will lead to complete inhibition of hydrate formation as pore space is constricted. This work illustrates how sediment physical properties control hydrate distribution at the pore scale and how hydrate distribution affects fracturing behavior in marine sediments.
Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus from an Organ Donor to Three Transplant Recipients Transplant

Background— In fall 2017, three solid organ transplant recipients from a common donor developed encephalitis within one week of transplantation, prompting suspicion of transplant-transmitted infection. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection was identified during testing of endomyocardial tissue from the heart recipient. Methods— We reviewed medical records of the organ donor and transplant recipients and tested serum, whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue from the donor and recipients for evidence of EEEV infection by multiple assays. We investigated blood transfusion as a possible source of organ donor infection by testing remaining components and serum specimens from blood donors. We reviewed data from the pre-transplant organ donor evaluation and local EEEV surveillance. Results— We found laboratory evidence of recent EEEV infection in all organ recipients and the common donor. Serum collected from the organ donor upon hospital admission tested negative, but subsequent samples obtained prior to organ recovery were positive for EEEV RNA. There was no evidence of EEEV infection among donors of the eight blood products transfused into the organ donor or in products derived from these donations. Veterinary and mosquito surveillance showed recent EEEV activity in counties nearby the organ donor’s county of residence. Neuroinvasive EEEV infection directly contributed to the death of one organ recipient and likely contributed to death in another. Conclusions— Our investigation demonstrated EEEV transmission through solid organ transplantation. Mosquito-borne transmission of EEEV to the organ donor was the likely source of infection. Clinicians should be aware of EEEV as a cause of transplant-associated encephalitis.
Validating the client-focused considering work model for people living with HIV and quantifying phases of change of commitment to work

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to validate the client-focused considering work model and to gain a better understanding of the nature of the relationship among the four domains purported to influence the considering work process (medical, psychosocial, financial/legal and vocational). A second goal of the study was to quantify the relationship between these four domains and the phases of considering work (contemplation, preparation, action, resolution). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data of 1702 diverse (43% Black, 31% White, 19% Latino 7% other) unemployed respondents who were recruited from AIDS Service Organizations (ASO) and networks across the United States to complete the National Working Positive Vocational Development and Employment Needs Survey (NWPC-VDENS). Overall the results of this study supported the validity of the client-focused considering work model and helped to provide a deeper level of understanding of the relationship among the domains of influence and their contribution to the level of commitment to the considering work process. Implications for Rehabilitation This model enables rehabilitation professionals to consider interventions for clients at different phases (contemplation, preparation, action) of considering work. Rehabilitation professionals are encouraged to provide prevocational services to engage people with HIV in the considering work process. When assisting PLWH within the considering work process, it is important to assess not only medical status but also psychosocial, financial and vocational concerns.
“Security Here is Not Safe”: Violence, Punishment, and Space in the Contemporary US Penitentiary

The US penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, was retrofitted in 2008 to offer the country's first federal Special Management Unit (SMU) program of its kind. This model SMU is designed for federal inmates from around the country identified as the most intractably troublesome, and features double-celling of inmates in tiny spaces, in 23-hour or 24-hour a day lockdown, requiring them to pass through a two-year program of readjustment. These spatial tactics, and the philosophy of punishment underlying them, contrast with the modern reform ideals upon which the prison was designed and built in 1932. The SMU represents the latest punitive phase in American penology, one that neither simply eliminates men as in the premodern spectacle, nor creates the docile, rehabilitated bodies of the modern panopticon; rather, it is a late-modern structure that produces only fear, terror, violence, and death. This SMU represents the latest of the late-modern prisons, similar to other supermax facilities in the US but offering its own unique system of punishment as well. While the prison exists within the system of American law and jurisprudence, it also manifests features of Agamben's lawless, camp-like space that emerges during a state of exception, exempt from outside scrutiny with inmate treatment typically beyond the scope of the law.
The carbonate profile of two recent Ionian Sea cores: Evidence that the sedimentation rate is consta

The authors confirm and extend the results previously reported on the carbonate profile of the GT14 Ionian Sea core (Cini Castagnoli et al., 1990). A second, much longer core (2.81 meters) named GT89/3, has been taken about 1 km apart from the previous one. The carbonate profiles of the two cores are impressively similar; the details of the CaCO{sub 3} variations in the two sediments match on the scale of the sampling interval {Delta}d = 2.5 mm used for both cores. The authors show that {Delta}d corresponds to the mud deposited in a time interval {Delta}t = 3.87 {plus minus} 0.04 years, a value which is constant throughout the entire length of the cores. This precision is achieved by the tephroanalysis of the two cores. In this approach the markers of well-known historical eruptions in the Vesuvius area are recognized (Pompei, AD 79, Pollena, AD 472, Ischia, AD 1301), providing a precise dating which accurately tunes that obtained by the radiometric method. The correlation between the carbonate profile of the GT14 core and the tree-ring radiocarbon record has been discussed in (Cini Castagnoli et al., 1990); here the authors extend these results and show that the same correlation holds atmore » least up to 1690 BC. Due to the longer length of the GT89/3 time series, they also show that three periodic components at about 206 yr, 228 yr and 179 yr may now be resolved in the carbonate series, in close agreement with the results already found for the radiocarbon record. « less
Guidelines for the Display of Attribute Certainty

This research investigates how the inclusion of attribute certainty in map displays influences GIS modeling and spatial decision support. The goal is to establish empirical evidence documenting graphical guidelines that can be incorporated as GIS system defaults for mapping attribute certainty. Value, texture, and saturation appear as visual variables associated with the depiction of attribute certainty. These three variables, in addition to the level of map detail, are explored in this research. A hypermedia document has been developed to simulate decision makers' use of certainty information for two locational siting tasks: the siting of a park and the siting of an airport. The experiment has been designed to observe the correctness, time, and confidence of both siting decisions. The experiment further determines how variations in symbolizing attribute certainty (by value, saturation, or texture) affect the three variables of correctness, time, and confidence. A third goal focuses on whether the difficulty of the task affects the decision. On a theoretical level, this research uncovers new information about assimilating data quality information into spatial decision support. On a practical level, it establishes symbolization schemes for representing attribute certainty on thematic maps. These should be incorporated as GIS graphical defaults in anticipation of digital data sets that include data quality information. This research is a continuation of a long-standing tradition of empirical research in map design as a paradigm for eliciting and formalizing cartographic knowledge.
Altered chromatin landscape in circulating T follicular helper and regulatory cells following grass pollen subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy

Hanisah Sharif, MSc, Swati Acharya, PhD, Gopal Krishna R. Dhondalay, PhD, Gilda Varricchi, MD, PhD, Shoshanna Krasner-Macleod, BSc, Wannada Laisuan, MD, Amy Switzer, PhD, Madison Lenormand, MSc, Elena Kashe, MD, Rebecca V. Parkin, BSc, Yi Yi, MSc, Merve Koc, MSc, Oleksandra Fedina, MSc, Gemma Vil a-Nadal, MD, Gianni Marone, MD, Aarif Eifan, MD, Guy W. Scadding, MD, PhD, David J. Fear, PhD, Kari C. Nadeau, MD, PhD, Stephen R. Durham, MD, FRCP, and Mohamed H. Shamji, PhD, FAAAAI London, United Kingdom; Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; Stanford, Calif; and Naples, Italy
Communication - Presence Roundtrip: Travelling along Theoretical, Methodological and Applicative Connections

The convergence between telecommunication, virtual reality and artificial intelligence technologies resulted in a dramatical increase and modification of the opportunities to experience the physical and social world. Their diffusion and integration into multi-user and multi-agent virtual worlds highlighted the relevance of addressing from a common psychological perspective the domain of communication and the domain of presence. New theoretical and practical questions are emerging, in the double intent to explain phenomena at the interplay between mind and technology and to design effective technological applications. This chapter has the goal to start an exploration of the links and reciprocal contributions between communication and presence, analyzed at theoretical, methodological and applicative level.
Soil and vegetation study of Lahaul and Spiti cold desert of Western Himalayas.

Soil properties and vegetation studied in different localities of Labaul and Spiti valley of Western Himalayas are briefly described. The soil is silty clay loam, silty loam in texture having more alkalinity. Organic matter content varies from 0.08 to 2.98 per cent in the soil samples collected from different localities in the area under study. The nutrients e.g. Ca, K, Na and P were observed in decreasing order in all the sites. The growth of tree species, grasses and shrubs is poor because of the short growing period which is hardly five to six months or sometimes even less. Frequency, density, abundance, relative density and Importance Value Index (I.V.I.) bave been determined for each species. Hippophae rhamnoides is an important shrub used as fuelwood and as protective hedge. Important tree species of this valley bave also been described.
Media Coverage of Climate Change: Current Trends, Strengths, Weaknesses

This background paper provides a comprehensive survey of the role of the media in informing and communicating climate change. This paper looks at how media coverage has shaped discourse and action – in complex, dynamic and non-linear ways – at the interface of climate science and policy. Moreover, this work explores influences of media on practices, politics and public opinion and understanding related to climate change. Research on these interactions are delineated through work that has been undertaken in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Honduras, Mozambique, Jamaica, Sri Lanka and Zambia, and explorations of newspaper coverage in forty English-language newspapers in seventeen countries, across five continents. Through these examinations of media coverage of climate change, links are made to related work on public perception and the relationship to international assistance.