Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation and evaluation of health hazards associated with smoke emissions from proliferation of generators in Port Harcourt Metropolis

This study measured and evaluated health hazards associated with the proliferation of fossil fuel electric generators in Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers State. The study employed both field monitoring and social research surveys in data collection and acquisition. The mean concentrations of TSPM, PM 10 , PM 7 , PM 2.5 and PM 1 obtained around RSUST Business area were 115. 4µg/m 3 , 103. 0µg/m 3 , 85.0 µg/m 3 , 60.0 µg/m 3 and 48.2 µg/m 3 respectively. The study indicated that the proliferation of generators impacts negatively on human health. It also revealed that there is high level of awareness among generator users on the health effects associated with generator usage. The results showed unhealthy particulate levels in the air around business center which pose significant risk to human health. This implies that workers in business centers are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants which may adversely affect their health or aggravate their health conditions due to prolonged exposure. The results of social survey showed that proliferation of fossil fuel generators have negative effects on public health. To reduce the proliferation of generators, government should redouble their efforts to ensure that there is constant or steady power supply in the country, regulate the use of fossil fuel electric generators and encourage alternative energy sources. The relevant regulatory agency should conduct public assessment of generators to ascertain the emission status. The objectives of this study were to: characterize and quantify generator exhaust emissions in selected air sheds of Port Harcourt; identify and evaluate air pollutant levels emanating from generator usage in residential and business areas; identify levels of public awareness on the effects of generator fumes; determine mitigating measures to ameliorate negative impacts and carry out an area contour mapping of some particulates’ fraction in selected areas. The study was carried out in four selected sampling Levels of PM 10 reported are higher than the ones earlier reported by Ubong where campus PM 10 ranged from 23-57.0 µg/m 3 ; with the highest obtained from the shopping complex. Particulate matter is highly seasonal and so levels obtained will depend on the time of year measured.
Discrete Uncertainty Quantiﬁcation Approach for Ofﬂine RL

In many Reinforcement Learning tasks, the classical online interaction of the learning agent with the environment is impractical, either because such interaction is expensive or dangerous. In these cases, previous gathered data can be used, arising what is typically called Ofﬂine Reinforcement Learning. However, this type of learning faces a large number of challenges, mostly derived from the fact that exploration/exploitation trade-off is overshadowed. Instead, the historical data is usually biased by the way it was obtained, typically, a sub-optimal controller, producing a distributional shift from historical data and the one required to learn the optimal policy. Speciﬁcally, in this paper we present a new approach to deal with the uncertainty risen by the absence or sparse presence of some states in the data. Our approach is based on shaping the reward signal of the environment to ensure the task is solved. We present the approach and show that combining it with classic online RL methods make them perform as good as state of the art ofﬂine RL algorithms such as CQL and BCQ. Finally, we show that using our method on top of established ofﬂine learning algorithms can improve them signiﬁcantly.
Syntactic Structure to Prosodic Structure Mapping with Inductive Learning Method

During the last several years, there has been a rapid progress in Chinese speech synthesis. Now, the method of unit selection and concatenation, accompanying with large corpus, is used widely in the systems design. Nevertheless, the prosodic structure was still proved to be the essential links between linguistics and acoustics, and behaves as an important parameter for prosody processing and unit selection. Features related to prosodic boundaries are extracted with the corresponding boundary labels to establish a templates set. A transformational learning based method is applied to establish the prediction model for the prosodic phrasing and prosodic word parsing. The paper generates general evaluation parameters for prediction model. The importance of the features related to the prosody boundaries are also analyzed in the paper. The experiments show that the method approach can achieve the accuracy rate of 84% for prosodic word boundary and 76% for prosodic phrase boundary.
Surgical site infection in emergency and elective patients and it’s major risk factor in resource limited tertiary care center: A multicentric study

--- Postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) is major threat for surgeons. In this study, we measure the incidence of SSI in emergency and elective surgical patients and evaluation of any significant relation to anemia, hypoalbuminemia, Diabetes mellites, alcohol and tobacco user. This study was a prospective comparative study of 200 patients, studied during a twelve-month duration who were admitted and operated in our departments. Data collected including demographic profile and presence of SSI up to 30 postoperative days. In this prospective study of 200 patients (100 patients in each emergency and elective surgical case) surgical site infection was present in 17% were compared in SSI and non SSI cases and data showed a statistically significant difference (X2= 9.0716, P value .00256). Patients having SSI were compared with non SSI for anemia, hypoalbuminemia and diabetes mellites data showed statistically significant difference (X2=66.6, P value< 0.00001, X2=78.5, P value< 0.00001 and X2 =61.7, P value< 0.00001 respectively). In this study, SSI was common in males and significantly higher in comorbid conditions like anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and diabetes mellites as compared to uneventful postoperative patients. Addictions (tobacco and alcohol user) were not found a significant risk factor for SSI. This study was a prospective comparative study of 200 patients studied during a twelve-month duration (January 2021 to December 2021). Patients with age 10 year and above, who underwent elective and emergency surgeries in the Department Surgery, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, west Bengal, India, Department of General Surgery and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India, giving necessary consent, within 1 month of post-operative period, were included in the study. Patients with surgical implants, patients on chemotherapy, immunosuppressant and steroid therapy, and patients having incomplete data or follow-up were excluded. Ethical clearance was taken from all the institutes before conducting the study. Patients were evaluated for the development of clinical signs and symptoms of surgical site infections. Investigations like complete blood count, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte counts, liver function test, kidney function test, s. electrolyte, random blood sugar, and swab from wound site for culture sensitivity (C/S) performed in each case. Demographic data, type of surgery (emergency or elective), Presence of anemia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hypoproteinemia in patients, type of wound (clean, contaminated or dirty), type of SSI were noted in each case. Data was compiled on an excel sheet and compared by using chi-square test.
Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions in cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory Abattoirs, Nigeria - A short communication

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a devastating disease that affects animals and humans alike globally. It is one of the most important illnesses of cattle with a worldwide distribution. The objective of this study was to provide baseline information on the prevalence of bTB using gross pathological lesions in the government abattoirs in the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria. This retrospective study was conducted in three Abattoirs (Karu, Kubwa, and Gwagwalada) in the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) of Nigeria from 2015 to 2019. Records were obtained from the veterinary record book domiciled in various offices in the abattoir. A total of 227,395 slaughtered heads of cattle were examined at postmortem during the study period and 1704 (0.75%) had tuberculous lesions. A total of 341 cases of bTB was recorded per year in this study with the highest cases recorded in 2018 (383). The highest number of cases (190) and consequently the highest prevalence (1.03%) was recorded in June, while the least number of cases was recorded in January (87) also with a corresponding low prevalence of 0.45%. The total occurrence of bTB cases in Abuja during the rainy (wet) season was higher (1177) significant increase in of bTB cases during the wet season than in the dry season between 2015 and 2019.
Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis

We performed meta-analyseson 60 neuroimaging (PET and fMRI) studiesof working memory (WM), considering three types of storage material (spatial, verbal, and object), three types of executive function (continuous updating of WM, memory for temporalorder, and manipulation of information in WM), and interactions between material and executive function. Analyses of material type showed the expected dorsal–ventral dissociation between spatial and nonspatial storage in the posterior cortex, but not in the frontal cortex. Some support was found for left frontal dominance in verbal WM, but only for tasks with low executive demand. Executive demand increased right lateralization in the frontal cortex for spatial WM. Tasks requiring executive processing generally produce more dorsal frontal acti-vationsthan do storage-onlytasks,but not allexecutiveprocessesshow this pattern. Brodmann’s areas (BAs) 6, 8, and 9, in the superior frontal cortex, respond most
Light scattering by plasmonic disks and holes arrays: different or the same?

We suggest a strategy for designing regular 2D arrays of nanoholes (NHs) in metal films with far-field scattering properties similar to that of regular 2D arrays of nanodisks (NDs) with the same periodicity. Full-wave simulations for perfectly conducting, Ag and Au NDs and respectively designed arrays of NHs demonstrate a minor difference between far-field properties either at wavelengths corresponding to Wood–Rayleigh anomalies of the arrays or in a broad wavelength range, depending on the array periodicity and sizes of NDs (NHs). Our results have broad implications in plasmon-enhanced-driven applications, including optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, where the NH arrays are preferable to be fabricated for nano-structured optics.
Manipulating the anisotropy of turbulence

Most turbulence theories apply only to the ideal state of statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Almost all natural flows, including laboratory flows, are neither. In order to know the extent of the validity of the theories, we need to understand the influence of deviations from this ideal state. In this paper, we describe an experiment in which we not only generate isotropic turbulence, but also turbulence whose level of anisotropy can be varied systematically, while maintaining a certain degree of homogeneity. As a first step toward understanding the effect of anisotropy on turbulence, we report on the isotropy of the velocity structure functions for scales smaller than a characteristic length scale describing the large-scale motions of the flow. Our apparatus was nearly spherical, was filled with air, and generated axisymmetric turbulence. We set the ratio of axial to radial velocity fluctuation amplitudes to various values between 0.6 and 2.3. We then measured two-point velocity structure functions, with separations that stretched along two directions, either close to the axis of symmetry, or close to its normal. We found that the second order structure functions were isotropic at scales smaller than the large scales, which implies that the constant $C_2$ is independent of the direction in which a structure function is measured. In all cases, the mean flow was less than 15% of the fluctuations, and the Taylor scale based Reynolds number was about 430.
Intangible Capital and Productivity. Firm-Level Evidence from German Manufacturing

We study the importance of intangible capital (R&D, software, patents) for the measurement of productivity using firm-level panel data from German manufacturing. We first document a number of facts on the evolution of intangible investment over time, and its distribution across firms. Aggregate intangible investment increased over time. However, the distribution of intangible investment, even more so than that of physical investment, is heavily right-skewed, with many firms investing nothing or little, and a few firms having very large intensities. Intangible investment is also lumpy. Firms that invest more intensively in intangibles (per capita or as sales share) also tend to be more productive. In a second step, we estimate production functions with and without intangible capital using recent control function approaches to account for the simultaneity of input choice and unobserved productivity shocks. We find a positive output elasticity for research and development (R&D) and, to a lesser extent, software and patent investment. Moreover, the production function estimates show substantial heterogeneity in the output elasticities across industries and firms. While intangible capital has small effects for firms with low intangible intensity, there are strong positive effects for high-intensity firms. Finally, including intangibles in a gross output production function reduces productivity dispersion (measured by the 90-10 decile range) on average by 3%, in some industries as much as nearly 9%.
Shared Analysts, Deal Uncertainty and M&A Outcomes

We study the informational role of common analysts between the target and the acquirer in M&A deals. We find that common analysts are more likely to issue forecasts for the target around the announcement date, and those are different from non-common analysts’ forecasts, thereby reducing uncertainty about the target. Consistent with this, we find that common-analysts deals exhibit higher expected synergies and that the targets obtain a greater share of the merger gains relative to non-common analysts deals. We find similar results using brokerage house closures as a quasi-natural experiment. These findings suggest the role of common analysts in the mitigation of information asymmetries.
N T ] 18 M ay 2 00 0 THUE EQUATIONS AND THE METHOD OF CHABAUTY

Let F (x, y) ∈ Z[x, y] be a homogenous polynomial of degree n, assumed to have unit content. Let h ∈ Z be such that the polynomial hzn−F (x, y) is irreducible in Q[x, y, z]. We denote by XF,h/Q the nonsingular complete model of the projective plane curve CF,h/Q defined by the equation hz n − F (x, y) = 0. A classical Thue equation is an equation F (x, y) = h where F (x, 1) does not have repeated roots. Let N(F, h) denote the cardinality of the set {(x, y) ∈ Z | F (x, y) = h and gcd(x, y) = 1}. Let r(XF,h) denote the Mordell-Weil rank over Q of the jacobian of XF,h/Q. Our main theorem is: Theorem. Assume that the genus g of XF,h is at least 2. If r(XF,h) < g, then N(F, h) ≤ 2n − 2n− 3. To prove this theorem, we first refine the method of Chabauty-Coleman so that it can be applied to any regular model of a curve XF,h/Qp with p > n. (Coleman’s Theorem applies only to curves having good reduction at a prime p > 2g.) We then describe some regular open subsets of a normal model of the curve XF,h/Qp and prove our main theorem on primitive solutions of Thue equations using this model. We also present some refinements of our main theorem in some special cases where we obtain a bound of the form N(F, h) ≤ O(n), and discuss examples of twists of Fermat curves. Let OK be a domain with field of fractions K. Let F (x, y) ∈ OK [x, y] be a homogenous polynomial of degree n, assumed to have unit content (i.e., the coefficients of F generate the unit ideal in OK). Assume that gcd(n, char(K)) = 1. Let h ∈ OK and assume that the polynomial hzn−F (x, y) is irreducible in K[x, y, z]. We denote by XF,h/K the nonsingular complete model of the projective plane curve CF,h/K defined by the equation hzn−F (x, y) = 0. Recall that hzn−F (x, y) = 0 defines a nonsingular curve if F (x, 1) has simple roots in K, and that if F (x, 1) = c ∏s i=1(x−αi) with ∏ i 6=j(αi − αj) 6= 0, then the genus g of XF,h is given by the formula 2g − 2 = n(s− 2)− s
Quintessence Journals

Tooth enamel is the only hard tissue in the body that is not remodelled. As a result, all of the changes in the structure caused by insults during its development are permanently registered. Developmental enamel defects (DED) have an important clinical significance as they affect tooth sensitivity, tooth wear, aesthetics and dentofacial anomalies. Enamel defects may also provide valuable clues about a child’s early environment and may be predictive of similar disturbances in the permanent dentition (Seow, 1991). The prevalence rates of DED in primary dentition range from 23% to 52% (Table 1) depending on the population studied, teeth examined and diagnostic criteria used. The association between dental caries and DED has been investigated in several studies (Kanchanakamol et al, 1996; Montero et al, 2003; Mackay and Thomson, 2005; Oliveira et al, 2006). The abnormal structure and morphology of the affected teeth may cause the initiation and progression of caries. Several studies have corroborated this relationship and reported the increased susceptibility of teethwithenameldefects to dental caries, suggesting that enamel hypoplasia might be a significant caries risk factor (Clarkson, 1989; Montero et al, 2003; Lunardelli and Peres, 2005). Several indices have been introduced to measure the enamel defects. The earlier indices were specific fluorosis indices that rested on the assumption that a Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Proposing Problem-Based Learning to teach forensic speech science

In this paper I will report on a recent case in a Netherlands Court of Appeal, in which forensic phonetic expertise was called upon to help settle a dispute in the area of trademark infringement. In 2014, the Dutch beer brewer Grolsch launched a pilsner beer under the name Kornuit /kɔrˈnœyt/. Four years later the Dutch branch of the German supermarket chain Lidl released a pilsner beer under the name Kordaat /kɔrˈda:t/ (Figure 1). Grolsch breweries claimed that the words are so similar that consumers may confuse the brand names, so that Lidl would unduly reap the benefits of Grolsch’ multi-million Euro product placement campaign to promote Kornuit. Figure 1 The trademarks Kordaat (junior brand) vs. Kornuit (senior brand). Note also the visual similarity in typography. A lower court ruled that the brand names were sufficiently distinct to avoid confusion. The matter was then taken to a court of appeal. I was asked as an expert on behalf of Grolsch to shed light on the phonetic similarity between the two brand names. Using the simplest possible application of the Levenshtein string-edit distance metric (Levenshtein, 1966; Heeringa, 2004), the phonetic difference between the brand names is 29 percent (see Figure 2). In my talk I will explain the principles of the Levenshtein distance metric and motivate the decisions that had to be made to obtain the distribution of distances between Dutch word pairs. Alignment slot # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Operation Source string k ɔ r ' n œy t d Substitution a Substitution Target string k ɔ r ' d a t Penalties 1 1 pLD = 2 / 7 = 29% Figure 2 Computation of length-normalized plain Levenshtein Distance (pLD) for the trademark pair Kornuit – Kordaat. I argued that a 29%-difference between sound shapes is very small, especially when the words/ names are polysyllabic. I was then challenged by the defense to show quantitatively that the phonetic similarity between the trademarks was more likely to be intentional rather than accidental (as Lidl would have it). I therefore established the statistical distribution of the similarity (in terms of Levenshtein distance) for a representative sample of Dutch word pairs. I selected the 3000 most frequent monomorphemic content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) in the Celex database of Dutch texts, and computed the plain Levenshtein distance for all 4,498,500 non-identical word pairs that can be generated from 3000 words – using the Gabmap software developed at Groningen University (Leinonen et al., 2016). Heterophonic word pairs with a Levenshtein distance ≤ 29% occur in less than . 5 percent of the dyads, which arguably shows that it is very unlikely that the name Kordaat was accidentally chosen by Lidl. The court’s decision, which was announced for 8 September 2020, was postponed to allow the parties time to negotiate a settlement out of court – which they eventually did (no details of the settlement were ever divulged). Figure 2 Distribution of plain Levenshtein distances for all non-identical pairs of Dutch monomorphemic content words in the top-3000 frequency Celex list.