Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Bias‐Detecting Ensemble: A New and Efficient Technique for Dynamically Incorporating Observations Into Physics‐Based, Multilayer Snow Models

The reliance on distributed energy‐ and mass‐balance snow models as runoff forecasting tools has been increasing. Compared to traditional, conceptual forecasting approaches, these physics‐based tools are robust to conditions that deviate from historic norms and offer improved performance in potentially dangerous rain‐on‐snow events. The physics‐based simulations, however, depend on a large suite of accurate forcing data. Current numerical weather prediction products are capable of supplying the full range of required data, but systematic biases are often present. Data assimilation presents a means of compensating for such errors as well as potential snow model errors, yet currently available data assimilation techniques have limited usefulness in these snow models. This study introduced an alternative technique that similarly uses observations to update and improve simulations. As such, it is the first method to incorporate point snow observations in a fully distributed, physics‐based, multilayer snow model while conserving mass and maintaining physically consistent layer states that are in accord with observations. At the core of this technique is an ensemble of predetermined perturbations to the model forcings termed the bias‐detecting ensemble. Ensemble members were evaluated using observed snow depths to ascertain potential biases at nearly 300 sites across Switzerland. The bias assessments were distributed to 38 independent sites and incorporated into the model. Tests were conducted over three winter seasons using two numerical weather prediction‐based products with varying quality. Averaged across the 38 sites and 3 seasons, the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency score for bias‐detecting ensemble‐corrected snow depth was 0.98 compared to 0.81 without the bias‐detecting ensemble method.
COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN BALOCHISTAN: A CASE OF STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION

Pakistan is a country that is experiencing violence in different shapes and forms such as ethnic conflicts in Balochistan and Karachi. The inactions of stakeholders have led to the creation of many religious and ethnic groups, hence increasing violent extremism in the country. As a result, different plans such as National Action Plan (NAP) to control violence in the country has not been sustainable. One the main area of failure is the online glorification of extremism and fake news management. With the help of social media and strategic communication insurgents in Balochistan have been able to recruit supporters. This paper will present the case of Balochistan for countering violent extremism with the help of strategic communication by presenting a framework. This paper suggests how stakeholders can be manged for effective communication and what are the impactions of strategic communication for countering sub nationalist violence in Balochistan.
Three-dimensional four-fermion theories with exact chiral symmetry on the lattice

Four-fermion theories are quantum field theories that describe interactions between fermions via a fourth power of the field in the Lagrangian. Formulated in three spacetime dimensions, their purpose is twofold. On the one hand, they serve as low-energy descriptions of newly discovered materials like graphene. On the other hand, they are interesting as models for spontaneous symmetry breaking. Four-fermion theories allow various different realisations of chiral symmetry and the present work investigates the conditions of their spontaneous breaking. In this work, four-fermion models are formulated on a discrete spacetime lattice, which allows computer simulations. Most previous lattice regularisations did not respect the full chiral symmetry of the corresponding continuum models. Here, we follow a superior approach using the SLAC derivative, allowing an exact implementation of all internal symmetries. We first study the well-known Z_2-symmetric Gross-Neveu model, where a second-order phase transition exists for any number of fermion flavours Nf. Here, new values for the critical exponents of this transition for Nf=1,2,4 and 8 are calculated. For Nf=1 we provide the first values from a lattice field theory setup. The second model studied in this thesis is the Thirring model. Most previous works only found a spontaneously broken phase for a small number of fermion flavours below a critical value Nfc. Various approaches to investigate chiral symmetry breaking for the Thirring model are presented here. In summary, we never observe chiral symmetry breaking in our current simulations. Finally, a new formulation of four-fermion theories is introduced using dual variables acting as occupation numbers for the lattice points.
A precision measurement of the rate of muon capture on the deuteron

Because quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is non-perturbative at low energies, strong interactions at the ∼ GeV scale are very challenging to understand. Theoretical progress has been made recently using QCD-based effective field theories (EFT). The short-distance physics of the effective theory is absorbed into a limited number of low energy constants (LECs), which are determined by direct experimental measurement. The MuSun experiment is measuring the rate Λd for muon capture on the deuteron, which is the simplest weak interaction in a two nucleon system. Λd will be used, in turn, to better determine a fundamental LEC known as dR in the EFT. An improvement in the precision of this LEC will improve our understanding of several other processes in the two-nucleon sector: pp fusion, the main source of energy in the sun and other main-sequence stars and neutrino-deuteron scattering, as observed in the SNO experiment. The MuSun experiment determines Λd via a precision measurement of the negative muon lifetime in deuterium. The time difference between an incoming muon, which stops in deuterium, and the subsequent decay electron characterizes the muon disappearance rate. That disappearance rate is the sum of the ordinary muon decay rate and the nuclear capture rate. The ultimate goal of the MuSun experiment is to determine the nuclear capture rate (Λd) to a precision of 1.5 %, an order of magnitude improvement over previous efforts. The principal experimental development required to achieve this goal is a cryogenic (T ∼30 vi K) time projection chamber, which not only serves as the deuterium gas target, but also provides an unambiguous measurement of muon stopping position muons that stop in high Z materials outside the fiducial deuterium volume produce a very large systematic error. The low temperature helps minimize several other systematic errors. The MuSun experiment is taking place at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Villigen, Switzerland. Over the past 5 years, the MuSun collaboration has staged 4 major experimental production runs. In this thesis, I present a measurement of the muon capture rate on deuterium, as determined from data taken in the summer of 2013. The estimated statistical and systematic error is about 6%.
Caries Experience in Preschoolers in Three Ecuadorian Communities

Dental caries in the preschool population presents a significant challenge in the field of global public health, including Ecuador. Early detection of this disease is crucial for developing effective strategies for prevention and promotion of oral health, which can have a substantial impact on the quality of life of preschool-aged children. This study evaluated 600 children aged 3 to 5 years attending preschool education centers using the ICDAS II diagnostic criteria. The Student’s t-test was used to analyze differences between the means of two independent groups. Additionally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess differences between the means of three or more groups. The prevalence of caries was 87%, with a dft index of 3.85 in the three provinces studied. A high treatment need was observed in 84.17% of the population. No significant differences in the DFT index were found based on gender, although both groups exhibited elevated values. No significant differences were observed in relation to province and environment. The second molar was the most affected tooth, with a caries prevalence of 58.8%. Despite the lack of significant differences among the evaluated variables, a high prevalence and experience of dental caries were found in the studied population.
Comparative study of arabic learning materials in traditional and modern pondok pesantren in North Sumatera, Indonesia

This study aims to compare the Arabic materials in the traditional Pondok Pesantren Al-Ansor and the Pondok Pesantren Al-Hasyimiyah Darul Ulum in North Sumatera. It is qualitative descriptive and comparative field research. Observation, interviews, and documentation were utilized to collect data for this study. This study's validity is examined using a triangulation of data sources. Data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion are the three phases of the data analysis technique. This study’s data analysis is inductive, with the researcher actively seeking for data, examining, analyzing, interpreting, and deriving conclusions from the observed phenomena. This study indicates that traditional Pondok Pesantren Al-Ansor and Pondok Pesantren Al-Hasyimiyah Darul Ulum Arabic language learning materials have similarities and differences. In the form of qawā’id, the material aspect of anāśir al-lugah is comparable. The distinction is whether the Arabic material is taught through a program or not, and the learning outcomes that result. The Arabic language material on the mufradāt and aṣwāt learning aspects are not explicitly stated in the learning program at Pondok Pesantren Al-Ansor as a traditional pondok pesantren, but the qawaid learning material aspect is the primary focus at Ponpes Al-Ansor. In terms of mufradāt and aṣwāt learning materials, Pondok Pesantren Al-Hasyimiyah produces students with superior kalām and istimā’ skills. The qawā’id material aspect, meanwhile, is not a priority program because learning is limited to what is in the textbook.
The Convective Instability of BEK Family of Non-Newtonian Rotating Boundary-Layer Flows

The BEK family of flows have many important practical applications such as centrifugal pumps, steam turbines, turbo-machinery and rotor-stator devices. The Bödewadt, Ekman and von Kármán flows are particular cases within this family. The convective instability of the BEK family of rotating boundary-layer flows has been considered for generalised Newtonian fluids, power-law and Carreau fluids. A linear stability analysis is conducted using a Chebyshev collocation method in order to investigate the effect of shear-thinning and shearthickening fluids for generalised Newtonian fluids on the convective Type I (inviscid crossflow) and Type II (viscous streamline curvature) modes of instability. The results reveal that shear-thinning power-law fluids have a universal stabilising effect across the entire BEK family of flows. However, the convective instability characteristics for the shear-thinning and shear-thickening Carreau fluids are affected by the value of the relaxation parameter k. The results reveal that Shear-thinning Carreau fluids have a small destabilising effect, while shear -thickening fluids have a slight stabilising effect on the Type I and Type II mode for the BEK family of flows when k = 100. On the other hand, shear-thinning and shear-thickening Carreau fluids are found to have stabilising and destabilising effect, respectively for optimal relaxation value ko. The results are presented in terms of neutral curves and growth rates. Furthermore, an energy analysis is presented to gain insight into the underlying physical mechanisms behind the stabilising effects of generalized Newtonian fluids. In conclusion, the use of shearthinning power-law and Carreau fluids with optimal value ko can be recommended to reduce skin-friction drag in enclosed rotor-stator devices for the entire BEK family of flows. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my loving parents .
Emergency Response and Clinical Insights from a Non-Epicenter Hospital during the 2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquake: A Retrospective Analysis

Background The Turkey-Syria earthquake of February 6, 2023, impacted 11 provinces and necessitated widespread emergency medical support. Although not at the disaster’s epicenter, Ankara Mamak State Hospital in Ankara, Turkey, offered critical multidisciplinary support. This retrospective study evaluates the factors that drove 124 admissions to the hospital’s Emergency Department (ED) following the earthquake. Material/Methods We recorded patient demographic data, dates of arrival at the ED, provinces of origin, diagnoses, treatments, consultations during the ED visit, and patient outcomes. The majority of the 124 admissions were due to trauma and multi-organ damage, and the primary diagnostic tools were physical examination and radiological imaging. Of these patients, 85.5% (106) recovered and were discharged directly from the ED, 11 were admitted for continued care, and 7 were referred to another hospital. Results The 124 cases consisted of adults injured within the first 20 days post-earthquake, with a mean age of 46.5±17.4 years, and a higher number of females. A peak in admissions was observed on the third and fourth days following the earthquake, with the most cases originating from the Hatay province. The most frequently injured body region was the lower extremity, and orthopedic consultations significantly outnumbered other surgical consultations. Conclusions Our findings underscore the vital role of robust, multidisciplinary disaster preparedness in all EDs, especially in regions prone to natural disasters.
Impact of coastal island restoration engineering and subsequent tourism on migratory waterbirds: a 3‐year case from Southern China

Coastal engineering poses a significant threat to the survival of migratory waterbirds worldwide. However, the mechanisms through which engineering affects waterbirds are still unclear. To gain a better understanding of this issue, we conducted a three‐year survey of waterbirds on Shanxinsha Island, which underwent restoration engineering, along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. We compared the seasonal migratory change among different species groups through and after the island restoration engineering. We observed a total monthly maximum count of 118,506 individuals from 61 waterbird species over the span of 38 months, including eight globally threatened species and five species that exceeded 1% of the flyway population. Throughout the survey periods, the average number of total waterbirds and small shorebirds observed during the migrating season decreased by 52.7 and 48.6%, respectively. The massive loss of high‐tide roosting areas was the primary factor contributing to this decline. The combined effects of increased vegetation and deeper water levels resulted in a 38.8% reduction in exposed tidal flat area, as determined through land cover verification and fractional vegetation cover calculations. While tourism activities exhibited fewer negative consequences compared to island restoration engineering, they had a greater impact on small breeding shorebirds. Our study showed that small shorebirds were particularly susceptible to island restoration engineering, whereas large shorebirds and swimming birds were more flexible in their use of roosting or foraging sites. We suggest that the impact of future coastal engineering requires more detailed assessment and monitoring, especially for small migratory shorebirds.
Spontaneously modulated chiral nematic structures of flexible bent-core liquid crystal dimers

ABSTRACT We report the induction of spontaneously undulated chiral nematic structures of liquid crystal (LC) dimers with rigid aromatic molecular arms linked by flexible chains with an odd number of carbons. When a small amount of chiral dopants (CD) are added to the dimers, we find the formation of different stripe textures on cooling 4–10 μm films in the nematic phase. The temperature where the stripes form depends on the film thickness and the direction of the stripes depends on the CD concentrations. We show that the experimentally observed stripes are due to undulation instabilities that spontaneously form as a result of the anomalously small bend elastic constant that prefers director bend instead of twist deformation, the opposite of the situation in usual cholesteric LCs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
A Method for Identifying Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems in Radar Mosaics. Part I: Segmentation and Classification

This research evaluates the ability of image-processing and select machine-learning algorithms to identify midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in radar-reflectivity images for the conterminous United States. The process used in this study is composed of two parts: segmentation and classification. Segmentation is performed by identifying contiguous or semicontiguous regions of deep, moist convection that are organized on a horizontal scale of at least 100 km. The second part, classification, is performed by first compiling a database of thousands of precipitation clusters and then subjectively assigning each sample one of the following labels: 1) midlatitude MCS, 2) unorganized convective cluster, 3) tropical system, 4) synoptic system, or 5) ground clutter and/or noise. The attributes of each sample, along with their assigned label, are used to train three machine-learning algorithms: random forest, gradient boosting, and “XGBoost. ” Results using a testing dataset suggest that the algorithms can distinguish between MCS and non-MCS samples with a high probability of detection and low probability of false detection. Further, the trained algorithm predictions are well calibrated, allowing reliable probabilistic classification. The utility of this two-step procedure is illustrated by generating spatial frequency maps of automatically identified precipitation clusters that are stratified by using various reflectivity and probabilistic prediction thresholds. These results suggest that machine learning can add value by limiting the amount of false-positive (non-MCS) samples that are not removed by segmentation alone.
Food Allergies and Parasites in Children

The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode Anisakis simplex. The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
Rhinosinusitis and Stroke: A Systematic Review

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases. It has been recognized that intracranial vessels are involved and there might be an association with stroke occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between rhinosinusitis and cardiovascular diseases, especially stroke, through a literature review. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed on PubMed a literature search from February 2000 to February 2022, using the search terms ‘rhinosinusitis’ OR ‘chronic rhinosinusitis’ AND ‘stroke’ OR ‘ischemic stroke’. Fourteen studies were eligible and included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 1,006,338 patients included in this review. All studies concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between clinical or radiological sinus inflammation and the risk of stroke, which is independent of traditional stroke risk factors. In conclusion, rhinosinusitis is associated with an increased incidence of stroke.
UNCOVERING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN APPLICATION OF SHAPERO'S MODEL

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is regarded as one of the most important indicators of entrepreneurial activities and behaviors, including the process of launching a new enterprise. While research on entrepreneurial intention has increased globally in recent years, there has been little research on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study examines the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among university students in the KRI, concentrating on perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and propensity to act. A survey involving 213 business students from two universities in the cities of Erbil and Sulaimaniyah was conducted, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS. The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between the perceived desirability and the business student’s entrepreneurial intentions but no significant connection with perceived feasibility. These results indicate that students’ choice to pursue entrepreneurship is mainly driven by their willingness and interest in the field, highlighting the significance of the psychological elements in Shapero and Sokol's model for enhancing students' entrepreneurial intentions. The study adds to the existing literature on factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among university students in developing countries, providing valuable insights for university administration and educators in developing curricula and programs that align with students' goals in shaping their future endeavours, as well as for policymakers seeking to promote an entrepreneurial culture among university students in the KRI region.
On the reconstruction of inducing dipole directions and susceptibilities from knowledge of the magnetic field on a sphere

ABSTRACT Reconstructing magnetizations from measurements of the generated magnetic potential is generally non-unique. The non-uniqueness still remains if one restricts the magnetization to those induced by an ambient magnetic dipole field (i.e. the magnetization is described by a scalar susceptibility and the dipole direction). Here, we investigate the situation under the additional constraint that the susceptibility is either spatially localized in a subregion of the sphere or that it is band-limited. If the dipole direction is known, then the susceptibility is uniquely determined under the spatial localization constraint while it is only determined up to a constant under the assumption of band-limitedness. If the dipole direction is not known, uniqueness is lost again. However, we show that all dipole directions that could possibly generate the measured magnetic potential need to be zeros of a certain polynomial which can be computed from the given potential. We provide examples of non-uniqueness of the dipole direction and examples on how to find admissible candidates for the dipole direction under the spatial localization constraint.