Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic core‐mantle coupling for laterally varying mantle conductivity

Electromagnetic coupling between the Earth's core and mantle is one of the proposed mechanisms to explain length of day (LOD) variations on decadal timescales. Mantle conductivity, a determining parameter in this process, is only poorly known. Earlier work on core-mantle coupling mostly assumed laterally homogeneous mantle conductivities. However, the lower mantle is a highly inhomogeneous region. Seismic evidence is growing that many of the inhomogeneities must have chemical, compositional, or thermal origins. We consider the effect of different laterally varying conductivity models on electromagnetic mantle torques. Torque amplitudes for a specific epoch can depend strongly on the assumed conductivity distribution. However, when comparing time series of the electromagnetic torque to decadal LOD variations, none of the examined conductivity models improve the agreement significantly. As in the simplest case of a homogeneous mantle conductivity, a minimum average conductance of 10 8 S is always required to make electromagnetic coupling efficient.
Contrasting Development and Decay Processes of Indian Ocean Dipoles in the 2000s

We investigated ocean mixed layer temperature (MLT) balance using moored buoy data together with satellite and atmospheric reanalysis datasets in the eastern Indian Ocean for 2002−2012, a period during which six positive and two negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events were observed. We focused on the location 5°S, 95°E where in situ measurements of more than 10 years by a TRITON buoy were available. Heat balance analysis demonstrated that horizontal heat advection mainly produced MLT anomalies and that air-sea heat fluxes had a damping effect during the development phase of IOD events. In contrast, during the decay phase, air-sea heat fluxes had a primary role in suppressing MLT anomalies, causing decay of the anomalous IOD conditions. The contributions of horizontal heat advections differed in events, which may be attributed to diversity of IOD evolutions. These results suggest that IOD involves variety of feedback processes during the development and decay phases.
New perspectives on transitions between ecological-evolutionary subunits in the “type interval” for coordinated stasis

Abstract Northern Appalachian Basin deposits and associated fossils have served as exemplars for ecological-evolutionary investigations, and as the reference interval for the concept of coordinated stasis. Here, we examine faunal and environmental changes within the uppermost Hamilton and lowermost Genesee Groups of the late Middle Devonian succession of New York State. Dramatic diversity loss, faunal migrations, and ecological restructuring recognized in these strata have been used previously to define the end of the Hamilton ecological-evolutionary subunit, and, furthermore, these strata and corresponding faunal changes represent the type region for the global Taghanic Biocrisis. We present and analyze a new, high-resolution data set of post-Taghanic Genesee fossil assemblages, in which we recognize 11 biofacies corresponding to an onshore-offshore (depth) gradient. The Genesee Fauna shows an unexpectedly high taxonomic similarity to nearshore biofacies of the pre-Taghanic Hamilton Fauna, related to the persistence of siliciclastic-dominated nearshore settings through the Taghanic Biocrisis, whereas the onset of anoxic/dysoxic conditions typified offshore portions of the environmental gradient. The “Nearshore Refugium Model” of Erwin offers a possible explanation for the persistence of taxa through the biocrisis in nearshore settings. This constriction was followed by subsequent expansion of these residual taxa to offshore environments in relatively similar associations, as increased Acadian orogenic activity and resultant delta progradation increased habitable space offshore by decreasing the extent of deeper-water, oxygen-poor settings. Although taxonomic similarity was high between the Hamilton and Genesee Faunas, biofacies structure differed primarily because of tectonically driven physical transformations to the basin and associated biotic turnover. Nevertheless, the combination of high taxonomic persistence of Hamilton nearshore taxa and the introduction of relatively few new taxa in the Genesee Fauna resulted in a taxonomic holdover that was much higher than observed in the original formulation of coordinated stasis.
Atmospheric pressure effects on 222Rn transport across the Earth‐air interface

The effect of large-scale atmospheric pressure changes on the 222Rn flux across the soil-air interface is investigated. Field data collected during 1972 and 1973 show that pressure changes of 1–2% associated with the passage of frontal systems produce changes in the 222Rn flux from 20 to 60%, depending upon the rate of change of pressure and its duration. A simple model of molecular diffusion combined with pressure-induced transport in the soil has been confirmed by laboratory experiments using a vertical column of 226Ra-bearing sand. On the basis of this model, pressure changes of 10–20 mbar occurring over a period of 1–2 days produce Darcy velocities of the order of 10−4 cm s−1 near the surface of a soil having a permeability of 10−8 cm2. The corresponding variations in the 222Rn flux predicted by the model are in agreement with those observed from valley alluvium in central New Mexico.
“Partially rounded” Small-Order Approximations for Accurate, Hardware-Oriented, Table-Based Methods

: We aim at evaluating elementary and special functions using small tables and small, rectangular, multipliers. To do that, we show how accurate polynomial approximations whose order-1 coef(cid:2)cients are small in size (a few bits only) can be computed. We compare the obtained results with similar work in the recent literature
Covarying Hydroclimate Patterns between Monsoonal Asia and North America over the Past 600 Years

AbstractProxy data with large spatial coverage spanning to the preindustrial era not only provide invaluable material to investigate hydroclimate changes in different regions but also enable studies on temporal changes in the teleconnections between these regions. Applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) method to tree-ring-based field reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) over monsoonal Asia (MA) and North America (NA) from 1404 to 2005, the dominant covarying pattern between the two regions is identified. This pattern is represented by the teleconnection between the dipole pattern of southern–northern latitudinal MA and the dipole of southwest NA (SWNA)–northwest NA (NWNA), which accounts for 59.6% of the total covariance. It is dominated by an antiphase low MA and SWNA teleconnection, driven by the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and is most significant at an interannual time scale. This teleconnection is strengthened (weakened) in periods of increased (decreased) sola.
An analytical expression for predicting the critical radius in the autoconversion parameterization

An analytical expression for the critical radius associated with Kessler‐type parameterizations of the autoconversion process is derived. The expression can be used to predict the critical radius from the cloud liquid water content and the droplet number concentration, eliminating the need to prescribe the critical radius as an empirical constant in numerical models. Data from stratiform clouds are analyzed, indicating that on average continental clouds have larger critical radii than maritime clouds. This work further suggests that anthropogenic aerosols affect the autoconversion process by increasing the critical radius and decreasing the characteristic radius, which in turn inhibits the initiation of embryonic raindrops, and by decreasing the autoconversion rate after the initiation process. The potential impact of this work on the evaluation of the second indirect aerosol effect is discussed.
A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya

Abstract Out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya has been caused mainly by thrusting. Out-of-sequence thrusts, usually north- to NE-dipping foreshear planes, occur inside the Sub-Himalaya (SH), Lesser Himalaya (LH) and Greater Himalayan Crystalline (GHC) sequences. Where absolute dates are available, the youngest slip within the SH occurred near the Janauri Anticline (India) at c. AD 1400–1460. The Munsiari Thrust (India) activated within the LH at c. 1–2 Ma and the Main Central Thrust zone in the Marsyandi valley (Nepal) in the GHC was formed during the Holocene (c. 0.3 ka). Except for the Riasi Thrust (Kashmir, India), the Paonta Thrust (Himachal Pradesh, India) in the Siwalik and the Tons Thrust (Garhwal region, India) within the Main Central Thrust zone, crustal shortening related to out-of-sequence thrusting in the Himalaya has been insignificant. The major litho-/stratigraphic contacts within the SH and the GHC at some places acted as out-of-sequence thrusts. Out-of-sequence thrusts in the SH have been detected mainly based on geomorphological observations. However, more quantitative geochronological studies have detected out-of-sequence thrusting from c. 22 Ma up to Holocene age in the GHC based on age jumps, especially within the Main Central Thrust zone. Crustal channel flow (specifically for the GHC) and/or the critical taper model with or without erosion can be used to explain the Himalayan out-of-sequence thrusts.
Investigating Brain Cancer Survival with Machine Learning

Brain cancer has one of the worst prognoses of any type of cancer, but the factors affecting survival are poorly understood. This project investigates a new hand-curated dataset of patients presenting at a clinic with brain cancer, which includes demographic information, clinical information, genetic tests, tumour characteristics, and treatment information. We utilise machine learning techniques to interrogate the clinical consensus on how these factors influence one another and which are important for survival. We also explore options for how to impute missing data in the dataset. We demonstrate limitations in the Cox proportional hazards model, and show that a random forest model can perform better at survival modelling. Finally we examine whether the treatment protocols are optimal for patient survival.
The coupling status of alluvial fans and debris cones: a review and synthesis

Alluvial fans and debris cones link two zones of the fluvial system (e.g. hillslope gully systems to stream channels; mountain catchment sediment source areas to main river systems or to sedimentary basins) and therefore have important coupling or buffering roles. These roles may be both functional and preservational. The functional role includes debris‐cone coupling, which controls sediment supply from hillslope gully systems to stream channels, influencing channel morphology. Coupling through larger alluvial fans, expressed by fanhead trenching, causes a distal shift in sedimentation zones, or when expressed by through‐fan trenching, causes complete sediment by‐pass. The preservational role stems from the fact that fans and cones are temporary sediment storage zones, and may preserve a record of source–area environmental change more sensitively than would sediments preserved further downsystem. Fan coupling mechanisms include distally‐induced coupling (basal scour, ‘toe cutting’, marginal incision) and proximally‐induced coupling (fanhead and midfan trenching). These mechanisms lead initially to partial coupling, either extending the immediate sediment source area to the stream system or shifting the focus of sedimentation distally. Complete coupling involves transmission of sediment from the feeder catchment through the fan environment into the downstream drainage or a sedimentary basin. The implications of coupling relate to downstream channel response, fan morphology, sedimentation patterns and vertical sedimentary sequences. Temporal and spatial scales of coupling are related, and with increasing scales the dominant controls shift from storm events to land cover to climatic and base‐level change and ultimately to the relationships between tectonics and accommodation space. Finally, future research challenges are identified. Modern dating techniques and sophisticated analysis of remotely sensed data can greatly improve our understanding of fan dynamics, and should lead to better cross‐scale integration between short‐term process‐based approaches and long‐term sedimentological applications, while maintaining high quality field‐based observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction microtextures in jadeitites from the Nishisonogi metamorphic rocks, Kyushu, Japan

Jadeitite exhibiting jadeite with quartz inclusions has been newly found in the Nishisonogi metamorphic rocks, Kyushu, Japan. The jadeitites occur in boulders from a riverbed, together with boulders of albitites, clinozoisite-muscovite rocks, and serpentinites. The distribution of these boulders is confined to an area that is downstream from an outcrop of a serpentinite melange, suggesting that they were originally tectonic blocks in this serpentinite melange. The jadeitites consist mainly of jadeite with small amounts of muscovite, paragonite, phlogopite, albite, analcime, clinozoisite, and titanite. The jadeite consists of a core with abundant inclusions of quartz and omphacite, and a rim that is free from quartz inclusions. The quartz inclusions are in direct contact with the host jadeite, which has an almost pure NaAlSi2O6 composition (Jd100-Jd95). The volume fraction of the quartz inclusions (VQtz/(VJd + VQtz) = 0.20-0.28) in the jadeite core is close to the value (VQtz/(VJd + VQtz) = 0.27) of quartz produced by the reaction albite = jadeite + quartz. These findings suggest that the jadeite core was produced by an isochemical breakdown of albite at high-P/T conditions. In addition, the jadeite is locally replaced by albite and/or analcime at the rim and along microfractures. These microtextures provide information to deduce a retrograde P-T path during the exhumation of the jadeitite.
University of Birmingham Gating by Memory

This paper presents a model of learning by the cerebellar circuit. In the traditional and dominant learning model, training teaches finely graded parallel fibre synaptic weights which modify transmission to Purkinje cells and to interneurons that inhibit Purkinje cells. Following training, input in a learned pattern drives a training-modified response. The function is that the naive response to input rates is displaced by a learned one, trained under external supervision. In the proposed model, there is no weight-controlled graduated balance of excitation and inhibition of Purkinje cells. Instead, the balance has two functional states—a switch—at synaptic, whole cell and microzone level. The paper is in two parts. The first is a detailed physiological argument for the synaptic learning function. The second uses the function in a computational simulation of pattern memory. Against expectation, this generates a predictable outcome from input chaos (real-world variables). Training always forces synaptic weights away from the middle and towards the limits of the range, causing them to polarise, so that transmission is either robust or blocked. All conditions teach the same outcome, such that all learned patterns receive the same, rather than a bespoke, effect on transmission. In this model, the function of learning is gating—that is, to select patterns that trigger output merely, and not to modify output. The outcome is memory-operated gate activation which operates a two-state balance of weight-controlled transmission. Group activity of parallel fibres also simultaneously contains a second code contained in collective rates, which varies independently of the pattern code. A two-state response to the pattern code allows faithful, and graduated, control of Purkinje cell firing by the rate code, at gated times.
Preliminary studies of primary production in the Ubatuba region (Lat. 23º30'S - Long. 45º06'W), Brazil

Some data and observations of primary production and hydrographic parameters have been made in the region of Ubatuba (Lat. 23o30'S Long. 45o06'W) during two seasons: summer and winter. The primary production varied from 1.01 mgC/m3 /h to 28.16 mgC/m3 /h in summertime and from 0.24 mgC/m3 /h to 16.24 mgC/m3 /h in wintertime. The phytoplankton production is believed to be controlled primarily by the quantity of nutrient salts and there is a possibility that relatively nutrient-rich deeper cold waters may increase the fertility of the region.
The local and global effects of Southeast Asian deforestation

Using a global climate model (GCM), we simulate the effects of deforestation of Southeast Asia, looking at the local and remote precipitation effects of such a land‐use change. We observe a strong local effect, with a reduction in Asian precipitation that persists throughout the year. The effect of this tropical rainforest deforestation extends throughout the Tropics, but it is weaker than that seen earlier in response to Amazonian and African deforestation. The remote effect is caused by the Asian geopotential changes being spread beyond the deforested area by the large‐scale winds. The magnitude of the impact is proportional to the percentage of deforestation.
The fallacy of the “shallow-water problem” in marine CSEM exploration

The recent explosion of activity in offshore controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) exploration has shown, both theoretically and in practice for the time-harmonic case, that shallow-water environments (depths less than, say, 300 m ) can pose a significant challenge for detection and characterization of thin resistive targets in the subsurface because the weakly attenuated atmospheric response overprints the weaker target response. As an alternative, the transient CSEM experiment is considered to explore the nature of the “airwave” signature when viewed from the perspective of CSEM time series. The signature of a thin, isolated, resistive horizon is computed by using the quasi-analytic solution for a 1D earth in response to excitation by a horizontal electric dipole antenna. That signature, clearly seen in the transient data, generally lies in the time interval between the arrivalof the airwave and the late-time seawater response.The fact that either decreasing the water depth or increasing the source-r.
Development of Gallium Silicon Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants

The aim of this study is to synthesize a new metallic aluminum and vanadium-free titanium alloy biomaterial for better osseointegration and implantation in the physiological system. The in vitro and in vivo methods were used to examine their biological compatibility, evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Results of Ga-Si-Ti alloy showed a higher ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and a higher percentage of elongation and more or less equal to Young's modulus when compared with the Ti and Ti-Ga alloy. In vivo study, a PA view of whole-body radiography all groups exhibited a substantial difference in the linear bone density of newly formed bone. Ga-Si-Ti group showed the highest bone mineral density than Ti and Ti-Ga group in the micro CT ex vivo study. The study exhibited a significant difference between the groups and the proportion of cortical bone volume to trabecular bone volume BV/TV in percentage. This is related to the anti-resorptive action of gallium and osteoblastic property of silicon, in addition to the benefits of commercial pure-Ti alloy.
ESTIMATING EROSION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH LOGGING AND FOREST ROADS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA1

: Erosion resulting from logging and road building has long been a concern to forest managers and the general public. An objective methodology was developed to estimate erosion risk on forest roads and in harvest areas on private land in northwestern California. It was based on 260 plots sampled from the area harvested under 415 Timber Harvest Plans completed between November 1978 and October 1979. Results confirmed previous findings that most erosion related to forest management occurs on a small fraction of the managed area. Erosion features larger than the minimum size inventories in this study (> 13 yd3) occupied only 0.2 percent of the area investigated. Linear discriminant analysis was used to develop two equations for identifying critical sites (sites with erosion >100 yd3ac−1). The equations were based on slope, horizontal curvature (an expression of local topography), and soil color (on road sites) or the strength of the underlying rocks (on harvest sites). The equations can be used in planning to estimate the erosion risk of proposed activities. They can also be used to estimate acceptable risk thresholds based on the value of competing resources.
Reducing Effort for Flaky Test Detection through Dynamic Program Analysis

Flaky tests, that yield varying outcomes for an invariant codebase, hinder regression testing. If one is not aware that they behave non-deterministically, their outcome may incorrectly indicate new bugs or hide real faults. To prevent this and resolve their flakiness, flaky tests must be detected as such, which is generally costly. If the non-determinism of flaky tests occurs due to the test order, varying the test order allows an efficient detection. Otherwise, to identify Non-Order-Dependent (NOD) flakiness, tests are usually executed repeatedly to possibly detect differing results. We propose an approach that reduces the number of required executions by identifying the majority of all non-flaky tests beforehand. Previous studies have shown that dynamic program analysis already helps to fix flakiness by evaluating program traces to find root causes of flakiness. Consequently we suppose that function call traces can indicate the existence of flakiness and that the absence of certain functions can identify a test as non-flaky. First, we present different approaches to identify functions, whose execution is characteristic for test flakiness. Thereafter, we assess these approaches and the sets of functions they produce. Both manual and semi-automated approaches achieve promising results. Finally, we evaluate whether they help to reduce effort for NOD flakiness detection. While we can greatly reduce the number of necessary reruns for NOD flakiness detection, this does not save execution time as desired, as we mostly exclude small tests while generating overhead costs for the function call tracing. In nearly half of all examined projects our approach performs better, otherwise, it misses some NOD flaky tests or leads to increased execution times. In conclusion, the introduced approach to detect flakiness is not generally recommendable but significantly better in certain cases.
In vitro growth of iron sulphide chimneys: possible culture chambers for origin‐of‐life experiments

Iron monosulphide globules and tubes grown in the laboratory have similar morphologies to the fossil pyrite botryoids and chimneys found in the Silvermines exhalative sedimentary ore-body of Carboniferous age in Ireland. We envisage analogous fine structures growing at hot springs (100–200°C) in the earliest oceans as having provided the culture chambers and flow reactors for life to originate by phosphorylation and growth of organic molecules on the iron sulphide surfaces. Such sulphide structures grown in the laboratory could be used in origin-of-life experiments.