Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Correlates, Ethnic Differences, and Prognostic Implications of Perivascular Spaces in Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Perivascular spaces (PVSs) are considered markers of small vessel disease. However, their long-term prognostic implications in transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke patients are unknown. Ethnic differences in PVS prevalence are also unknown. Methods— Two independent prospective studies were conducted, 1 comprising predominantly whites with transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke (OXVASC [Oxford Vascular] study) and 1 comprising predominantly Chinese with ischemic stroke (University of Hong Kong). Clinical and imaging correlates, prognostic implications for stroke and death, and ethnic differences in basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CS) PVSs were studied with adjustment for age, sex, vascular risk factors, and scanner strength. Results— Whites with transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke (n=1028) had a higher prevalence of both BG and CS-PVSs compared with Chinese (n=974; >20 BG-PVSs: 22.4% versus 7.1%; >20 CS-PVSs: 45.8% versus 10.4%; P<0.0001). More than 20 BG or CS-PVSs were both associated with increasing age and white matter hyperintensity, although associations with BG-PVSs were stronger (all P<0.0001). During 6924 patient-years of follow-up, BG-PVSs were also independently associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio compared with <11 PVSs, 11–20 PVSs: HR, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.68; >20 PVSs: HR, 1.82; 1.18–2.80; P=0.011) but not intracerebral hemorrhage (P=0.10) or all-cause mortality (P=0.16). CS-PVSs were not associated with recurrent stroke (P=0.57) or mortality (P=0.072). Prognostic associations were similar in both cohorts. Conclusions— Over and above ethnic differences in frequency of PVSs in transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke patients, BG and CS-PVSs had similar risk factors, but although >20 BG-PVSs were associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke, CS-PVSs were not.
NOP14 suppresses breast cancer progression by inhibiting NRIP1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway

NOP14, which is functionally conserved among eukaryotes, has been implicated in cancer development. Here, we show that NOP14 is poorly expressed in breast cancer cells and invasive breast cancer tissues. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that NOP14 suppressed the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Further investigations revealed that NOP14 enhanced ERα expression and inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by up-regulating NRIP1 expression. Survival analysis indicated that low NOP14 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.0006) and disease-free survival (P = 0.0007), suggesting that NOP14 is a potential prognostic factor in breast cancer. Taken together, our findings reveal that NOP14 may suppress breast cancer progression and provide new insights into the development of targeted therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
Snow Reflectance from Thematic Mapper

Calculations of snow reflectance in all 6 TM reflective bands (i.e., 1,2,3,4,5, and 7) using a delta Eddington model show that snow reflectance in bands 4,5, and 7 is sensitive to grain size. Efforts to interpret the surface optical grain size for the spectral extension of albedo are described. Results show the TM data include spectral channels suitable for snow/cloud discrimination and for snow albedo measurements that can be extended throughout the solar spectrum. Except for band 1, the dynamic range is large enough that saturation occurs only occasionally. The finer resolution gives much better detail on the snowcovered area and might make it possible to use textural information instead of the snowline as an index to the amount of snow melt runoff.
A model for complex slip behavior on a large asperity at subduction zones

3‐D numerical simulations for rupture process of a large asperity on a subduction fault are carried out in order to examine whether the whole area of an asperity always breaks at once or not during an earthquake. Our quasi‐static simulation in an elastic half‐space includes a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction. We examine the effect of lateral dimension of an asperity which extends the whole seismogenic width in dip direction on the slip behavior. In cases of the asperity with comparable dimension to the seismogenic width, the whole area of the asperity can break at once and its seismic cycle shows a regular periodic behavior. However, in cases with much larger lateral dimension, the asperity does not break its whole area at once. In addition, its slip behavior becomes complex within a certain range. This suggests that the slip complexity in earthquake fault may be an intrinsic property in the system.
Monitoring for Adaptive Management in Coniferous Forests of the Northern Rockies

Monitoring can and should be much more than the effort to track population trends; it can be a proactive effort to understand the effects of human activities on bird populations. It should be an integral part of the adaptive management process. With this in mind, the Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Program has a dual focus: (1) to monitor long-term bird population trends, and (2) to study bird-habitat relationships and management effects. By conducting permanent, longterm monitoring transects every other year, we are free to use the intervening years to study the effects of specific management activities. The coordination and funding is in place to achieve an impressive degree of replication in such studies. These alternate-year monitoring efforts have great potential to get managementoriented results into the hands of managers in the short term, so planning can be improved before long-term trends might reveal a problem. We have conducted several such projects, including the effects of partialcut logging in coniferous forests, and the effects of grazing on willow-riparian bird communities. We discuss here another such project that we initiated in 2001, on bird responses to dry-forest restoration in the northern Rockies. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands have been greatly altered from historical conditions due to logging and fire suppression. Active treatment of ponderosa pine forests to reverse historical trends is a recent management direction involving wellfinanced, regionally coordinated restoration efforts. The widespread distribution and abundance of planned treatments provided a unique opportunity for a controlled research design (with high replication), including pre- and post-treatment surveys. We present some preliminary results and discuss their relevance to adaptive management.
The accuracy of meteorological observations from Voluntary Observing ships: Present status and future requirements

OF RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the results summarized in this paper the following recommendations are suggested. They are grouped according to the observed variable and not presented in any order of priority. In general the recommendations fall into two groups: (i) the need for more complete and accurate information in the List of Voluntary Observing Ships (WMO 47); (ii) the need to decrease errors in the ship's weather report. The more general use of computer systems to automatically code the weather report would aid the latter.
Determination of Fe‐Mg partitioning between perovskite and magnesiowüstite

The partition coefficient of Fe and Mg between perovskite and magnesiowostite K Mg-Fe Pv-Mw has been measured by adopting a B 2 O 3 catalyst technique. The present experimental results demonstrate that K Mg-Fe Pv-Mw is a factor of two closer to unity than that obtained in previous studies. K Mg-Fe Pv-Mw increases from 0.16 to 0.35 with increasing Mg# of magnesiowustite from 50 to 86. On the basis of these results, the compositions of enstatite and magnesiowustite included in diamond imply that the temperature at the top of the lower mantle is 1870-2040 K. The Mg# (100Mg/(Mg+Fe)) of perovskite and magnesiowustite at the top of the lower mantle are 93 and 82-83, respectively, for a pyrolitic mantle model. The upper bound of the lower mantle temperature estimated in this study do not allow a larger fraction of perovskite than the pyrolitic mantle.
Introduction to environmental geology

Please note this Table of Contents is from the third edition of Introduction to Geology: Part I: Foundations of Environmental Geology 1: Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts 2: Internal Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics 3: Minerals and Rocks Part II: Earth Processes and Natural Hazards 4: Introduction to Natural Hazards 5: Earthquakes and Related Phenomena 6: Volcanic Activity 7: Rivers and Flooding 8: Slope Processes, Landslides, and Subsidence 9: Coastal Processes 10: Impact of Extraterrestrial Objects Part III: Resources and Pollution 11: Water Resources 12: Water Pollution 13: Mineral Resources 14: Energy and Resources 15: Soils and Environment 16: Waste as a Resource: Waste Management 17: Air Pollution Part IV: Environmental Management, Global Perspectives, and Society 18: Global Climate Change 19: Geology, Society, and the Future
An evaluation of the quality of Halogen Occultation Experiment ozone profiles in the lower stratosphere

The archived ozone profiles from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) have already been corrected for the effects of the spectrally varying, interfering absorption due to aerosols composed of aqueous sulfuric acid, and agreement with correlative measurements in the stratosphere is generally excellent. However, comparisons of sets of coincident HALOE and ozonesonde profiles indicate occasional large differences at the lowest levels of the stratosphere. Most of those instances occur at altitudes just below a well-defined minimum in the 5.26 μm channel aerosol extinction profile, whose wavelength dependence is not represented by a sulfuric acid aerosol model. Further, when the aerosol extinction exceeds about 10−3 km−1, the aerosol correction to the ozone channel transmittances is both large and uncertain. After screening out the HALOE ozone profile segments whose corresponding aerosol/cirrus corrections are likely uncertain and after averaging the ozonesonde profiles into 2.5 km thick layers, we find that the HALOE ozone agrees, on average, to within 10% of their coincident ozonesonde measurements down to 100 hPa at tropical/subtropical latitudes and to 200 hPa at extratropical latitudes. A tightening of the coincidence criteria for the comparisons does not improve the mean differences for the sets nearly as much. Part of the variance of the paired differences was also accounted for when the ozonesonde profile values were integrated into those 2.5 km layers, prior to taking differences. This improvement is due mainly to the vertical averaging of the local, higher-resolution ozonesonde data, matching the lower resolution for HALOE ozone in the lower stratosphere. It is concluded that HALOE is providing accurate ozone profiles throughout the lower stratosphere, when its correction for interfering aerosols has been well characterized and when cirrus layers are not indicated.
Frequency‐dependent shear‐wave splitting and multilayer anisotropy in northeast Japan

We analyzed carefully shear‐wave splitting on 320 intermediate‐depth earthquakes occurring in the subducting Pacific slab in different frequency bands to investigate the S‐wave anisotropy and subduction dynamics under Northeast (NE) Japan. Our results show that the differential time between the fast and slow shear waves (δt) is definitely smaller (<0.2 s) in the high‐frequency band than that (0.3–0.4 s) in the low‐frequency band, and so the splitting parameters, especially δt, are strongly frequency‐dependent. Although the δt is indubitably smaller under NE Japan than the other subduction zones regardless of the frequency band, nine large δt values (0.5–0.7 s) are detected, which indicates that the anisotropy is potentially strong in NE Japan. Both the P and S wave anisotropy results in NE Japan are consistent with a model of subduction‐driven back‐arc spreading and convection in the mantle wedge causing trench‐normal fast orientations in the wedge and aligned faults and cracks in the subducting Pacific slab causing trench‐parallel fast orientations in the slab. When an S wave travels through the area with the multilayer orthogonal anisotropies, some of its splitting would be cancelled and thus small δt is observed.
IDENTIFICATION OF PEDOGENIC CARBONATE MINERALS USING STABLE CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES, X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND SEM ANALYSES

A Cca and Ck horizon of an Orthic Regosol in Alberta were investigated using 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotope ratios, X-ray diffraction and the scanning electron microscope as a possible basis for differentiating pedogenic and lithogenic carbonate minerals Using the stable carbon-isotope method, the abundance of newly-formed pedogenic carbonate minerals in bulk soil samples of the Cca and Ck horizon was estimated to be 48 and 33% respectively. The δ18O values of carbonate minerals in bulk soil samples of the Cca and Ck horizon were −13.1 and −12.0‰, respectively. The presence of Mg-bearing pedogenic calcite in the sand and fine silt (2–10 μm) fractions of the Cca horizon were associated with soluble Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios of about two. Pedogenic carbonate minerals were visible as tiny equidimensional crystals about 0.1–0.6 μm in diameter, and as surface coatings on the sand-size, primary carbonate minerals in both horizons. These results may have a practical application in the use of ca and k suffixes in horizon des.
Seismic monitoring of the Indian Ocean tsunami

The 26 December 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake of Mw 9.3 triggered a massive tsunami in the Indian Ocean. We here report on observations of the Indian Ocean tsunami at broadband seismic stations located on islands in the area. The tsunami induces long‐period (>1000 s) signals on the horizontal components of the sensor. Frequency‐time analysis shows that the long‐period signals cannot be due to seismic surface waves, but that it arrives at the expected time of the tsunami. The waveforms are well correlated to tide gauge observations at a location where both observations are available. To explain the signals we favour tilt due to coastal loading but we cannot at the present stage exclude gravitational effects. The density of broadband stations is expected to increase rapidly in the effort of building an earthquake monitoring system. They may unexpectedly become useful tsunami detectors as well.
A Multimethodological Approach for the Investigation of Archaeological Ditches – Exemplified by the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár Near Vráble (Slovakia)

Buried or refilled archaeological ditches offer great opportunities in terms of reconstructing past human activities and human–nature interactions. The Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvár in southwestern Slovakia offers excellent opportunities for this kind of geoarchaeological study. Based on previous magnetic prospection further geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical investigations were carried out focusing on the three existing semi‐elliptical early Bronze Age ditches. Afterwards an appropriate assortment of methods was chosen and successfully applied to two of the ditches in order to reconstruct their lateral and vertical geometries. Alongside interesting archaeological outcomes for the Fidvár site our results highlight the advantageous combination of geophysical and geochemical data. Only this multimethodological approach allowed both a universal and precise reconstruction of the archaeological features. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HF radar observations of high-velocity E-region echoes

[1] We present a statistical analysis of short-range E region echoes observed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars in the evening sector (16-22 MLT) over 3 years. Significant populations of the high-velocity (350-450 m/s) E region echoes similar to the classical Type 1 echoes are observed by 4 zonally-looking SuperDARN radars at small magnetic L-shell angles. The spatial occurrence pattern of Type 1 echoes is investigated. It is shown that the latitudinal (slant range) extent of the region where Type 1 echoes occur increases as the L-shell angle decreases, which is interpreted as widening of the aspect angle instability cone with the flow angle decrease. The echoes with unusually high velocities (500-600 m/s) observed by the Syowa East HF radar are also investigated. These echoes are seen at all L-shell angles (15°-75°) and their Doppler velocity increases with range and exhibits little variation with L-shell angle. The echoes occur at ranges 360-495 km when the strong low-velocity echoes (P > 30 dB, V < 200 m/s) are observed at ranges 225-360 km. We analyze the echo occurrence and velocity dependencies on the simultaneously observed F region echo velocity (plasma drift velocity) and E region echo power. It is suggested that the auroral E region echoes with unusually high velocities observed at large flow angles are similar to the vertically propagating Type 1 echoes reported previously in observations at the magnetic equator and are likely to be secondary waves generated through nonlinear mode coupling processes.
The sedimentary markers of the Messinian salinity crisis and their relation with salt tectonics on the Provençal margin (western Mediterranean): results from the "MAURESC" cruise

The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provencal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
Changes induced in maize leaf growth and development by organic amendments and N fertilizers in a calcareous Ustochrept soil, northwestern India

Temporal changes in leaf appearance, leaf area, and leaf longevity were recorded for two years from cowpea green manured (CGM), farmyard manured (FYM), and non‐manured (control) plots of maize grown with 0, 75, and 125 kg N ha‐1 as urea. Dependence of crop yield on leaf growth was evaluated. Organic amendments and nitrogen hastened the leaf appearance and increased leaf area and leaf longevity. Time required for appearance of the twelfth leaf under CGM was 88% of the time required under unmanured control. Leaf area index under CGM was between 1.28 and 3.25 times that in unmanured plots. Longevity of the seventh leaf under CGM was 1.66 times that in unmanured plots. Improvement in leaf growth and development with FYM was less than with CGM. There was more improvement in leaf growth and development with CGM than with 125 kg N ha‐1 fertilizer. Maize grain yield was highly significantly correlated with leaf area index (r = 0.89) and leaf area duration (r = 0.87).
Deep geometry and rheology of an orogenic wedge developing above a continental subduction zone: Seismological evidence from the northern-central Apennines (Italy)

Data from high-density seismic networks deployed between 2000 and 2007 in the north-central Apennines (Italy) yield unprecedented images of an active orogenic wedge. Earthquake foci from the northern Apennines define a Benioff zone deepening westward from the Adriatic foreland down to ~60 km depth below the chain. The seismicity shows that only the lowermost ~10 km of the Adriatic foreland crust is subducted, whereas the uppermost ~20 km is incorporated into the orogenic wedge. Farther west, an aseismic mantle with markedly negative P-wave-velocity (V p ) anomalies is interpreted as asthenosphere flowing toward an Adriatic slab in retrograde motion. Three and seismicity characteristics are imaged below the northern Apennines: an uppermost 10-km-thick fast crustal layers with different V p layer affected by extensional faulting, a slow layer with diffuse seismicity down to ~15 km depth, and a lowermost fast and aseismic layer resting directly above the asthenosphere. We interpret the latter layer as having formed by anhydrous crust undergoing granulitization, whereas trapped CO 2 (either from the underlying granulites or from the subducting Adriatic crust) is inferred to have been responsible is released along the easternmost normal fault systems breaking for both low V p and diffuse seismicity in the middle crust. Trapped CO 2 the Apennine upper crust, consistent with geochemical and seismotectonic evidence. Compressive earthquakes at 20–25 km depth along the external front suggest offscraping of the subducting foreland crust and show that asthenospheric flow represents the primary source of ongoing shortening along the belt front.
Financial Literacy and Political Orientation in Great Britain

This study examines the relationship between financial literacy and political orientation in Great Britain. Using novel data from the British Election Survey in 2014, we employ two distinct measures of political orientation, capturing individual self-assessment on a left-right axis and party preferences. We find that financially-literate individuals are some 11-19 percent more likely to orientate at the centre-left or the centre-right. Moreover, they are some 30 percent less likely not to know their political orientation. The results are robust when rich sets of public-attitude and public-value variables are accounted for. Financially-literate individuals are also more likely to have a stable political orientation over time and they are some 15-23 percent less likely to change attitudes radically towards the left or the right across different waves of the study. We interpret our findings as indicative that greater financial literacy is conducive to greater stability of moderate political views and orientation.