Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PERENNIALS IN CHALK GRASSLAND IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND. II. VERTICAL CANOPY STRUCTURE

(1) The vertical distribution of leaves was recorded using a point quadrat, at intervals throughout 1981 and 1982 from grazed chalk grasslands in Sussex and Wiltshire; the data were analysed to describe the overtopping relationships between leaves of different species. (2) In most cases there was a positive correlation between the relative height of rosette leaves of each species ('relative leaf position') and their relative abundance. (3) Despite the short turf of these chalk grasslands (< 10 cm excluding inflorescence stalks) there is pronounced vertical structure; the tallest species (often graminoids) tend to be the most abundant, and the shortest species (often dicotyledons) the least abundant. (4) It is suggested that relative abundance is partly determined by competition for light and that there is a steady-state relationship between species with taller and with shorter rosette leaves. The balance between species is determined by grazing with taller species favoured between grazing events and the shorter species at the time of grazing. (5) In grazed chalk grasslands in southern England, the balance falls in favour of species with taller and widely spreading growth-forms because grazing intensity is low and there is often a long time between successive grazing periods. (6) The species with shorter growth-forms persist, and the species with taller growthforms do not come to ecological dominance, because of chronic, differential defoliation.
The effect of triterpenoid saponins from Saponaria officinalis on some blood hormones, metabolic parameters and fatty acid composition in dairy cows

SUMMARY An experiment was performed to determine the effect of triterpenoid saponins from powdered root of Saponaria officinalis L. (SO) on some blood metabolic parameters and hormone concentrations in dairy cows. Three dairy Polish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in the experiment in a 3 × 3 Latin Square arrangement. Animals were fed twice a day with a control diet and two experimental diets – a diet supplemented with either 440 or 660 g/d of the powdered S. officinalis root (SO1 and SO2, respectively). Each of the three experimental cycles lasted for 26 days, including a 23-day adaptation period and a 3-day sample collection period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein from 24th to 26th day of the experiment. Total high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL), as well as triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, were assayed in serum. Fatty acid composition in the blood was also analysed. Moreover, concentrations of insulin, glucagon, leptin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured. It was demonstrated that total and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly elevated in the blood of cows treated with experimental diets; however, LDL-cholesterol remained unchanged. No concentrations of triglycerides, FFA or glucose were influenced by saponins. Two fatty acids (C16 : 0 and C16 : 1c9) were markedly reduced when SO was used, while C18 : 1t11 decreased with increasing levels of SO. The significant increase of C20 : 4n-6 in animals treated with SO was observed. Both saponin diets resulted in a slight increase in insulin concentration and the SO2 diet evoked an emphatic rise of glucagon concentration. The concentration of T3 also increased after consumption of the experimental diet. The current study shows for the first time that triterpenoid saponins from S. officinalis can alter blood parameters in ruminants. These effects seem to result from saponin-induced changes in the rumen.
The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-forming Galaxies at z = 1–3

We investigate the CO excitation and interstellar medium (ISM) conditions in a cold gas mass-selected sample of 22 star-forming galaxies at z = 0.46–3.60, observed as part of the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (ASPECS). Combined with Very Large Array follow-up observations, we detect a total of 34 CO transitions with J = 1 up to 8 (and an additional 21 upper limits, up to J = 10) and 6 and transitions (and 12 upper limits). The CO(2–1) and CO(3–2)-selected galaxies, at and 2.5, respectively, exhibit a range in excitation in their mid-J = 4, 5 and high-J = 7, 8 lines, on average lower than ( -brighter) BzK-color- and submillimeter-selected galaxies at similar redshifts. The former implies that a warm ISM component is not necessarily prevalent in gas mass-selected galaxies at . We use stacking and Large Velocity Gradient models to measure and predict the average CO ladders at z < 2 and z ≥ 2, finding and , respectively. From the models, we infer that the galaxies at z ≥ 2 have intrinsically higher excitation than those at z < 2. This fits a picture in which the global excitation is driven by an increase in the star formation rate surface density of galaxies with redshift. We derive a neutral atomic carbon abundance of , comparable to the Milky Way and main-sequence galaxies at similar redshifts, and fairly high densities (≥104 cm−3), consistent with the low-J CO excitation. Our results imply a decrease in the cosmic molecular gas mass density at z ≥ 2 compared to previous ASPECS measurements.
Behavior of solitary waves of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations subjected to complex external periodic potentials with odd- PT symmetry

We discuss the response of both moving and trapped solitary wave solutions of a two-component nonlinear Schrödinger system in 1 + 1 dimensions to an odd- PT external periodic complex potential. The dynamical behavior of perturbed solitary waves is explored by conducting numerical simulations of the nonlinear system and using a collective coordinate variational approximation. We present case examples corresponding to choices of parameter values and initial conditions involved therein. The results of the collective coordinate approximation are compared against numerical simulations where we observe qualitatively good agreement between the two. Unlike the case for a single-component solitary wave in a complex periodic PT -symmetric potential, the collective coordinate equations do not have a small oscillation regime, and initially the height of the two components changes in opposite directions often causing instability. We find that the dynamic stability criteria we have used in the one-component case are a good indicator for the onset of dynamic instabilities in the present setup.
Analysis of a cross-diffusion model for rival gangs interaction in a city

We study a two-species cross-diffusion model that is inspired by a system of convection-diffusion equations derived from an agent-based model on a two-dimensional discrete lattice. The latter model has been proposed to simulate gang territorial development through the use of graffiti markings. We find two energy functionals for the system that allow us to prove a weak-stability result and identify equilibrium solutions. We show that under the natural definition of weak solutions, obtained from the weak-stability result, the system does not allow segregated solutions. Moreover, we present a result on the long-term behavior of solutions in the case when the product of the mass of the densities are less than one. This result is complemented with numerical experiments.
Hypothesis: immunodeficiencies in α-mannosidosis, mycosis, AIDS and cancer—a common mechanism of inhibition of the function of the lectin interleukin 2 by oligomannosides

In a previous paper (Zanetta et al., 1996), we demonstrated that human interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a calcium-independent carbohydrate-binding protein (lectin). This lectin activity, specific for oligomannosidic N-glycans with five and six mannose residues, is still preserved when IL-2 is bound to its receptor ß (IL-2Rß). As a bifunctional extracellular molecule, IL-2 associates the IL-2Rß with the CD3/TCR receptor complex (and induces the subsequent phosphorylation of the intracytoplasmic domain of IL-2Rß by the p56lck tyrosine kinase, initially associated with CD3/TCR), through a carbohydrate-dependent mechanism. This association can be inhibited by oligomannosidic N-glycans with five and six mannose residues, the high affinity ligands of IL-2. This suggested that circulating oligomannosides or oligomannosides bound to pathogenic cells or microorganisms could perturb the IL-2–dependent immune response. Important binding of IL-2 to mannans of Candida albicans and N-glycans of C6 glioblastoma cells was observed (Zanetta e al., this issue), suggesting that the immunodeficiencies observed in these diseases could be related to this presence of oligomannosides. Based on the previous data and on data of the literature, a common interference of oligomannosides in various diseases with the pivotal role of IL-2 in the immune system is suggested.
Effect of land use changes on water run-off from a small catchment in the Czech Republic

Abstract The changes in the landscape during past years were affected mainly by political and financial conditions in the agricultural sector as well as the future changes probably will be. For this study various scenarios of changes in land use in the small catchment caused by human activity were simulated. Several scenarios were focused on changes of agricultural area to urbanized landscape and also on industrial use of several plots. The aim of this study was to model and assess the impact of human-induced landscape changes on run-off from small catchments in the traditional agricultural area. It can be said, that more than the change of land use itself, changed management of these areas affects the water run-off more. The hypothetical transfer of significant part of the catchment area or the localities with infiltration vulnerable zones into urbanized paved space is the only exception. This change mainly affects the rate of discharge.
Dehydration kinetics of onions

Onion slices were dehydrated in a tray drier at 50, 60 and 70°C and the dehydration kinetics was studied. The moisture loss data were used to calculate the drying rate and moisture ratio. The results showed that drying of onion occurred in the falling rate period and was governed by moisture diffusion. A mathematical relationship was established between moisture ratio and drying time. The sorption isotherm was also studied for the safe storage of dehydrated onion slices.
The Circumpolar Arctic vegetation map

Abstract Question: What are the major vegetation units in the Arctic, what is their composition, and how are they distributed among major bioclimate subzones and countries? Location: The Arctic tundra region, north of the tree line. Methods: A photo-interpretive approach was used to delineate the vegetation onto an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) base image. Mapping experts within nine Arctic regions prepared draft maps using geographic information technology (ArcInfo) of their portion of the Arctic, and these were later synthesized to make the final map. Area analysis of the map was done according to bioclimate subzones, and country. The integrated mapping procedures resulted in other maps of vegetation, topography, soils, landscapes, lake cover, substrate pH, and above-ground biomass. Results: The final map was published at 1:7 500 000 scale map. Within the Arctic (total area = 7.11 × 106 km2), about 5.05 × 106 km2 is vegetated. The remainder is ice covered. The map legend generally portrays the zonal vegetation within each map polygon. About 26% of the vegetated area is erect shrublands, 18% peaty graminoid tundras, 13% mountain complexes, 12% barrens, 11% mineral graminoid tundras, 11% prostrate-shrub tundras, and 7% wetlands. Canada has by far the most terrain in the High Arctic mostly associated with abundant barren types and prostrate dwarf-shrub tundra, whereas Russia has the largest area in the Low Arctic, predominantly low-shrub tundra. Conclusions: The CAVM is the first vegetation map of an entire global biome at a comparable resolution. The consistent treatment of the vegetation across the circumpolar Arctic, abundant ancillary material, and digital database should promote the application to numerous land-use, and climate-change applications and will make updating the map relatively easy. Nomenclature: US Department of Agriculture Plants Database (USDA-NRCS 2004) for all plant names. Nomenclature of syntaxa is in accordance with Weber (2000). Abbreviations: AVHRR = Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer; CAVM = Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map; CIR = False colour-infrared; DCW = Digital Chart of the World; PAF = Panarctic Flora initiative.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION IN GILA TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS GILAE : IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF AN ENDANGERED SPECIES

Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) is an endangered species restricted to relictual populations in the Gila and San Fransisco River drainages of southwestern New Mexico. We employed nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and restriction sites from the whole mtDNA genome, to assess population-level variation and phylogenetic status of trout samples from southwestern New Mexico. Our results indicate existence of a diagnosable Gila trout mtDNA lineage in four relictual populations from the Gila River and San Fransisco River drainages. Results support recognition of Gila and Apache trouts as a distinct evolutionarily significant unit. Further, populations in the Gila River drainage are connected historically through metapopulation dynamics and should be treated as a separate management unit relative to the San Fransisco River drainage.
Studies on a Novel p-Coumaroyl Glucoside of Apigenin and on Other Flavonoids isolated from Patchouli (Labiatae)

Pachypodol, ombuine, apigenin, rhamnetin, apigetrin and a new flavone, apigenin 7-O-β-D (-6"-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, were isolated from the aerial part of patchouli, Pogostemon cablin (Labiatae). These compounds were identified by analysis of various spectral data.
Hydrogen sulphide inhibits PSII of lichen photobionts

Abstract The effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on five lichens with different photobionts, ecology, and tolerance to the pollutant were studied by means of samples exposed in closed chambers containing two known H2S solutions. The H2S concentration in the void volume at equilibrium with the liquid phase was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, combined with the use of solid phase micro extraction (GC/MS SPME). It was determined as 8 and 28 ppm H2S in the absence of lichen material, and c. 2 and 10 ppm H2S respectively with living lichen material inserted for 8 hours in the exposure chambers. Significant differences in the species-specific emission of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Chl a F) were observed, with a pronounced depression of F v/F m already detectable after 2 h exposure at 28 ppm H2S in all the species. The decreased intensity was positively correlated to sample surface and, to a lesser extent, to the species-specific pre-exposure F v/F m value. Dark-exposed samples were less affected than light-exposed ones. All four chlorolichens could recover the pre-exposure Chl a F emission after two days in the absence of H2S, both in the light and in the dark, whereas the cyanolichen did not recover when kept in the dark. The results are thoroughly discussed on the basis of the known action mechanisms of H2S on the photosynthetic apparatus of vascular plants and cyanobacteria.
Growth and Production of Bullia Rhodostoma on an Open Sandy Beach in Algoa Bay

The plough shell, Bullia rhodostoma (Mollusca: Gastropoda), has been studied on an open sandy beach where it is a common scavenger. Samples taken over a year indicate hatching of young individuals from December to February. They reach a length of about 10 mm after 1 year and 40 mm after 10 years. The von Bertalanffy growth equation is L t = 47 (1 - e -0,19(t+0,23) ) and the annual mortality rate is 0,79. Mean decalcified dry biomass is 209 mg m -2 and production by growth 189 mg m -2 y -1 giving a P/B of 0,9. Most production by adults (>15 mm shell length) goes into reproduction, particularly In the females which grow larger than the males. Production by reproduction is estimated to be about 135 mg m -2 y -1 . Average calorific values are 19,04 kJ g -1 dry tissue Die ploegskulp, Bullia rhodostoma (Mollusca: Gastropoda), is op 'n oop sandstrand bestudeer waar dit 'n algemeen teenwoordige aasvreter is. Monsters wat oor 'n jaar geneem is, dui aan dat die jong individue tussen Desember en Februarie uitbroei. Hulle bereik 'n lengte van ongeveer 10 mm na 1 jaar en 40 mm na 10 jaar. Die Von Bertalanffy groeivergelyking is L t = 47 (1 - e -0,19(t+0,23) )) en die jaarlikse mortaliteitstempo is 0,79. Gemiddelde kalklose drofi biomassa is 209 mg m -2 y -1 wat 'n P/B van 0,9 gee. Die meeste volwasse (>15 mm skulplengte) produksie is in die vorm van voortplanting, veral in die wyfies wat groter as die mannetjies word. Produksie deur voortplanting is omtrent 135 mg m -2 y -1 Gemiddelde kaloriewaardes is 19,04 kJ g -1 droe weefsel.
Assessment of unsteady flow predictions using hybrid deep learning based reduced-order models

In this paper, we present two deep learning-based hybrid data-driven reduced order models for the prediction of unsteady fluid flows. The first model projects the high-fidelity time series data from a finite element Navier-Stokes solver to a low-dimensional subspace via proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The time-dependent coefficients in the POD subspace are propagated by the recurrent net (closed-loop encoder-decoder updates) and mapped to a high-dimensional state via the mean flow field and POD basis vectors. This model is referred as POD-RNN. The second model, referred to as convolution recurrent autoencoder network (CRAN), employs convolutional neural networks (CNN) as layers of linear kernels with nonlinear activations, to extract low-dimensional features from flow field snapshots. The flattened features are advanced using a recurrent (closed-loop manner) net and up-sampled (transpose convoluted) gradually to high-dimensional snapshots. Two benchmark problems of the flow past a cylinder and flow past a side-by-side cylinder are selected as the test problems to assess the efficacy of these models. For the problem of flow past a single cylinder, the performance of both the models is satisfactory, with CRAN being a bit overkill. However, it completely outperforms the POD-RNN model for a more complicated problem of flow past side-by-side cylinders. Owing to the scalability of CRAN, we briefly introduce an observer-corrector method for the calculation of integrated pressure force coefficients on the fluid-solid boundary on a reference grid. This reference grid, typically a structured and uniform grid, is used to interpolate scattered high-dimensional field data as snapshot images. These input images are convenient in training CRAN. This motivates us to further explore the application of CRAN models for the prediction of fluid flows.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON BEHAVIORAL ENERGETICS IN THE VILLAGE WEAVERBIRD. I. COMPARISON OF COLONIES FROM TWO SUBSPECIES IN NATURE

BEHAVIORAL ENERGETICS deals with the relationship between animal behavior and energy income and expenditure. It is a relatively new and undeveloped field of study that attempts to account for the amount of time and effort that animals put into their various activities. The major objective of this and the following paper is to show how the quantitative aspects of behavior could eventually be expressed in terms of energetics using both behavioral and, where possible, caloric measures. This approach is relatively new, and we certainly do not claim to have attained anything like a final solution. The term "energy" is derived from a Greek word energia, which simply means activity, but even in modern usage the term energy in a broad sense is not synonymous with calories, as heat is only one form of energy. Nevertheless measurements of muscular activity and of energy budgets in terms of calories seem to be one of the most promising ways to quantify the different kinds of behavior on a comparable basis. We need better and more accurate methods of measuring the energy demands of different behavioral patterns. Three basic methods are involved: (1) Counting the frequency of acts that can be easily counted, for example, the number of fights seen, number of pieces of nest material placed into a nest. (2) Taking the time, as with a stopwatch, devoted to acts of variable length that cannot easily be counted, such as time spent building a nest or displaying it, defending territory, or just resting. (3) Measuring or estimating the energy or effort required by different acts relative to each other. Thus in the male African Village Weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus), fighting quite obviously takes more effort per unit of time than does flying to gather nest materials or displaying the nest to females, which in turn are more intense activities than building on the nest. In the female, flying to gather food for the nestlings evidently takes more work than does self-preening or resting. The best current studies of physiologists indicate that in flapping flight the oxygen consumption of a small bird increases from 5 to 20 times the standard or "resting"
Coreceptor usage of HIV-1 isolates representing different genetic subtypes obtained from pregnant Cameroonian women. European Network for In Utero Transmission of HIV-1.

In this study, coreceptor usage of HIV-1 other than subtype B in relation to HIV-1 transmission from mother to child was investigated. Repeated sampling of 42 HIV-1-seropositive, asymptomatic women in Cameroon during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, at delivery, and 6 months postpartum were performed. Env subtyping was carried out from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by heteroduplex mobility assay and, whenever necessary, by DNA sequencing. Virus isolates were tested for coreceptor usage on human cell lines-U87.CD4 and GHOST(3)-engineered to express stably CD4 and the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR5, or CXCR4, or the orphan receptors BOB/gpr15 or Bonzo/STRL33/TYMSTR. Transmission rate was 11.9%. Viruses were predominantly envelope subtype A and used CCR5 as coreceptor and, surprisingly, 4 of 28 (14.2%) isolates from mothers and 1 of 3 isolates from children used the orphan receptor Bonzo as well. In 2 transmitting mothers from whom sequential HIV-1 isolates were available, viral coreceptor usage evolved from CCR5 monotropic to CCR5/Bonzo dual tropic during pregnancy, and in 1 case transmission of this virus could be documented. Our data suggest that evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage to dual (or multi-) tropism may occur during pregnancy.
Patterns of Population Structure and Historical Dispersal in Squaloid Sharks: A Species-Level Approach Using Molecular Markers

72 Introduction . 73 Materials and Methods . 75 Results . 79 Discussion . 82 References . 88 CHAPTER4 Population structure and genetic connectivity in the leafscale gulper Centrophorus squamosus . 103 Abstract . 104 Introduction . 105 Materials and Methods . 108 Results . 114 Discussion . 119 References . 126 CONCLUSIONS . 141 References . 150 VITA . 159