Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accurate, elastic large-scale distributed training over transient resources

Deep Learning models are becoming larger and require training on vast amounts of data in order to reach convergence. Therefore, deep learning jobs often run on distributed clusters. As demand for resources increases and multi-tenant clusters become the norm, it is desirable to schedule jobs dynamically. As a result, training jobs should be elastic, that is, be able to train with variable amounts of resources. Elastic training reduces waiting time to start, increases e ﬃ ciency, and leads to higher resource utilization. Furthermore, elastic jobs can leverage Transient Virtual Machines whose availability changes dynamically, to decrease cost dramatically. Di ﬀ erent approaches have been proposed in the literature to support training with dynamic resource availability. We focus on the approach of scaling the batch size according to the number of available resources and scaling the learning rate accordingly. We explore the e ﬀ ects of elasticity on ML model convergence by empirically evaluating various learning rate scaling rules under frequent resource changes. We base our evaluations on resource traces gathered from real transient Virtual Machines in the Google Cloud.
TCRM_A_336139 913..927

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD), is believed to be due to a dysregulation of the innate immune response. The complexity of the immune cascade offers both a challenge and an opportunity to researchers seeking out new treatments for IBD, as various points along the inflammatory pathways can be targeted for interruption. Sphinogosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a phospholipid molecule with wide ranging biological effects caused by binding five known S1P receptor subtypes. Ozanimod is a small molecule drug that selectively targets S1P receptors 1 and 5 which play a crucial role in lymphocyte trafficking. In clinical trials for both UC and CD, it has been shown to induce a reversible lymphopenia which correlates with response to therapy. Reported adverse events include infection, anemia, and elevated liver enzymes. Rare instances of bradycardia, heart block, and macular edema were also reported. As a newly available therapy approved for UC patients, we aim to summarize ozanimod’s novel mechanism of action, pre-clinical and clinical trial results, and to give context to this newly available drug that gastroenterologists may utilize in their treatment algorithm.
DDDT_A_370506 3041..3053

Background: Aplastic anemia (AA), a disease of bone marrow failure, is caused by CD8T mediated apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. However, traditional immunosuppressive therapy (IST) has severe liver and kidney toxicity and even cannot achieve the expected therapeutic effect in some patients. Purpose: Our study is aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of dioscin (DNS) for treating AA. Methods: Briefly, we established and evaluated the AA mouse model, DNS and positive control drugs were used for intervention treatment. After 14 days of intervention, femoral bone marrow pathology, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) apoptosis rate, bone marrow CD34+ cell surface Fas (CD95) expression and Fas signaling pathway key proteins were detected. Results: After the establishment of the AA mouse model, the number of peripheral blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, platelets and reticulocytes in the AA group model was significantly decreased compared with the group control (P < 0.01). The degree of bone marrow hyperplasia in the sternum and femur is extremely low. After different drug interventions, compared with the group model, the number of peripheral blood cells in the AA mice rebounded significantly in group DNS (P < 0.01). Not only that the apoptosis rate of BM-MCs decreased (P < 0.01), meanwhile, the CD95 molecule expressed on the CD34+ bone marrow cells had a significant decline (P < 0.01), and the expression level of the key proteins of Fas signaling pathway was also significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion: DNS recovered the peripheral pancytopenia and bone marrow failure in AA mice. DNS reduced the key protein of Fas signaling pathway level to inhibit apoptosis of bone marrow cells to treat AA.
NSS_A_370957 1623..1639

1Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; 2University of Arizona Health Sciences Center for Sleep & Circadian Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; 3Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; 4The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA; 5Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
STEREOTIPNO PONAŠANJE DJECE S POREMEĆAJEM IZ SPEKTRA AUTIZMA: UČINKOVITOST BIHEVIORALNIH INTERVENCIJA STEREOTYPICAL BEHAVIOUR IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: THE EFFICACY OF BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS

: Most individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically exhibit stereotypical behaviours that often significantly interfere with their functioning. The aim of this paper is to provide a short overview of behavioural methods and procedures that are commonly used to reduce stereotypies in children with ASD, as well as to summarise the results of recent systematic reviews evaluating their efficacy/effectiveness. The findings of these systematic reviews suggest that, with respect to treating motor stereotypies, most empirical support is provided for altering the environment during the session and differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (Akers et al., 2020). In the case of treatment of vocal stereotypies, empirical support for the use of auditory stimulation methods and methods based on consequences prevail (Wang et al., 2020). In this paper, the limitations of previous studies evaluating the effectiveness of behavioural interventions have been discussed and recommendations for future research projects proposed (conducting functional analysis prior to the implementation of interventions, testing the integrity of the treatment, examining long-term effects, studying the effects on other behaviours, generalisations across locations, stimuli, and people). Furthermore, in order to arrive at more accurate conclusions about the extent to which treatments are based on scientific evidence, the implementation of randomized controlled trials is recommended. In clinical practice, it is necessary to ensure that children with ASD are provided with therapeutic procedures grounded in science that can be administered in a timely manner with appropriate intensity.
Response of the upper atmosphere to variations in the solar soft x-ray irradiance

Terrestrial far ultraviolet (FUV) airglow emissions have been suggested as a means for remote sensing the structure of the upper atmosphere. The energy which leads to the excitation of FUV airglow emissions is solar irradiance at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray wavelengths. Solar irradiance at these wavelengths is known to be highly variable; studies of nitric oxide (NO) in the lower thermosphere have suggested a variability of more than an order of magnitude in the solar soft x-ray irradiance. To properly interpret the FUV airflow, the magnitude of the solar energy deposition must be known. Previous analyses have used the electron impact excited Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) bands of N2 to infer the flux of photoelectrons in the atmosphere and thus to infer the magnitude of the solar irradiance. This dissertation presents the first simultaneous measurements of the FUV airglow, the major atmospheric constituent densities, and the solar EUV and soft x-ray irradiances. The measurements were made on three flights of an identical sounding rocket payload at different levels of solar activity. The linear response in brightness of the LBH bands to variations in solar irradiance is demonstrated. In addition to the N2 LBH bands, atomic oxygen lines at 135.6 and 130.4 nm are also studied. Unlike the LBH bands, these emissions undergo radiative transfer effects in the atmosphere. The OI emission at 135.6 nm is found to be well modeled using a radiative transfer calculation and the known excitation processes. Unfortunately, the assumed processes leading to OI 130.4 nm excitation are found to be insufficient to reproduce the observed variability of this emission. Production of NO in the atmosphere is examined; it is shown that a lower than previously reported variability in the solar soft x-ray irradiance is required to explain the variability of NO.
Angular distribution of diameters for spheres and rays for planes

Grove and Shiohama used the critical point theory of a distance function to prove the diameter sphere theorem. In light of the angular distribution of minimizing geodesics, we examine and develop the techniques in its proof to make some diameter sphere theorems and study complete noncompact manifolds, using a generalized Toponogov comparison theorem.
Research and Diagnostic Algorithmic Rules (RADAR) for mood disorders, recurrence of illness, suicidal behaviors, and the patients lifetime trajectory

The top-down DSM/ICD categories of mood disorders are inaccurate, and their dogmatic nature precludes both deductive (as indisputable) and inductive (as top-down) remodeling of case definitions. In trials, psychiatric rating scale scores employed as outcome variables are invalid and rely on folk psychology-like narratives. Using machine learning techniques we developed a new precision nomothetic model of mood disorders with a recurrence of illness (ROI) index, a new endophenotype class, namely Major Dysmood Disorder (MDMD), characterized by increased ROI, a more severe phenome, and more disabilities Nonetheless, our previous studies did not compute Research and Diagnostic Algorithmic Rules (RADAR) to diagnose MDMD and score ROI, lifetime (LT), and current suicidal behaviors, as well as the phenome of mood disorders. Here we provide rules to compute bottom-up RADAR scores for MDMD, ROI, lifetime (LT) and current suicidal SI and SA, the phenome of mood disorders, and the lifetime trajectory of mood disorder patients from a family history of mood disorders and substance abuse to adverse childhood experiences, ROI, and the phenome. We also demonstrate how to plot the 12 major scores in a single RADAR graph, which displays all features in a two-dimensional plot. These graphs allow the characteristics of a patient to be displayed as an idiomatic fingerprint, allowing one to estimate the key traits and severity of the illness at a glance. Consequently, biomarker research into mood disorders should use our RADAR scores to examine pan-omics data, which should be used to enlarge our precision models and RADAR graph.
Well-posedness of second order degenerate integro-differential equations in vector-valued function spaces

Abstract We consider the well-posedness of the second order degenerate integrodifferential equations (P2): , (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π) with periodic boundary conditions u(0) = u(2π), (Mu′)(0) = (Mu′)(2π), in periodic Lebesgue-Bochner spaces Lp(𝕋, X), periodic Besov spaces (𝕋, X) and and periodic Triebel-Lizorkin spaces (𝕋, X), where A and M are closed linear operators on a Banach space X satisfying D(A) ⊂ D(M), a ∊ L1 (ℝ+) and α is a scalar number. Using known operator-valued Fourier multiplier theorems, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the well-posedness of (P2) in the above three function spaces.
CLEAR: The Evolution of Spatially Resolved Star Formation in Galaxies between 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 1.7 Using Hα Emission Line Maps

Using spatially resolved Hα emission line maps of star-forming galaxies, we study the spatial distribution of star formation over a wide range in redshift (0.5 ≲ z ≲ 1.7). Our z ∼ 0.5 measurements come from deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 G102 grism spectroscopy obtained as part of the CANDELS Lyα Emission at Reionization Experiment. For star-forming galaxies with log(M */M ⊙) ≥ 8.96, the mean Hα effective radius is 1.2 ± 0.1 times larger than that of the stellar continuum, implying inside-out growth via star formation. This measurement agrees within 1σ with those measured at z ∼ 1 and z ∼ 1.7 from the 3D-HST and KMOS3D surveys, respectively, implying no redshift evolution. However, we observe redshift evolution in the stellar mass surface density within 1 kpc (Σ1kpc). Star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 0.5 with a stellar mass of log(M */M ⊙) = 9.5 have a ratio of Σ1kpc in Hα relative to their stellar continuum that is lower by (19 ± 2)% compared to z ∼ 1 galaxies. Σ1kpc,Hα /Σ1kpc,Cont decreases toward higher stellar masses. The majority of the redshift evolution in Σ1kpc,Hα /Σ1kpc,Cont versus stellar mass stems from the fact that log(Σ1kpc,Hα ) declines twice as much as log(Σ1kpc,Cont) from z ∼ 1 to 0.5 (at a fixed stellar mass of log(M */M ⊙) = 9.5). By comparing our results to the TNG50 cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulation, we rule out dust as the driver of this evolution. Our results are consistent with inside-out quenching following in the wake of inside-out growth, the former of which drives the significant drop in Σ1kpc,Hα from z ∼ 1 to z ∼ 0.5.
Analysis of Copper nanoparticle suspension in a stenosed non-permeable vasculature in presence of magnetic field

In the present article, impact of shape of Copper nanoparticle with water as base fluid on the fluid flow criteria in the congested non-permeable arteries is analyzed under the magnetic effect. Mathematically, a significant response is recorded when various shapes of nanoparticles are considered in the stenosed vasculature. To explore the effect of different shaped nanoparticles, extensive range of nanofluid volume fractions, magnetic parameters and shape factors of nanoparticle is utilized. The significant parameters are solved using analytical method as well as analyzed using the graphs. It is found that the laminar nanoparticles show finer results for flow properties like flow rate in the stenosed artery and the impedance resistance.
Burial Depths of Extensive Shallow Cryptomaria in the Lunar Schiller–Schickard Region

Quantifying the volumes and geologic nature of lunar volcanic eruptions is important for constraining the thermal and geologic evolution of the Moon. Cryptomaria are effusive, basaltic lava flows on the Moon that were subsequently buried, and therefore hidden, by higher-albedo basin and crater ejecta. Radar offers the ability to probe the subsurface for geologic units not otherwise apparent at the surface. We use Arecibo/Green Bank Observatory and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mini-RF radar data sets to characterize maria and cryptomaria within the Schiller–Schickard region. We find significant variability in the radar backscatter across the region that does not correspond to previously mapped boundaries of maria and cryptomaria in the literature. We use the characteristic low backscatter (due to the attenuating nature in radio waves of some basaltic minerals) to analyze the distribution of cryptomaria. We use the reduction in radar backscatter to estimate burial depths of cryptomaria across the area. We present a new map of Schiller–Schickard cryptomaria and the local variability in the thicknesses of the light plains that bury the basalts. We find burial depths ranging from >100 m in the deepest areas to just a few to tens of meters in areas with shallow cryptomaria (particularly prominent in the southeast). These areas are generally contiguous with maria, allowing us to track mare lava flow units into the subsurface at mare/highland margins. We propose that ∼67% of the region contains surface or buried basaltic volcanism, which represents over twice (2.7× increase) the areal extent of cryptomaria reported in previous studies.
Approximate solutions to markov decision processes

One of the basic problems of machine learning is deciding how to act in an uncertain world. For example, if I want my robot to bring me a cup of coffee, it must be able to compute the correct sequence of electrical impulses to send to its motors to navigate from the coffee pot to my office. In fact, since the results of its actions are not completely predictable, it is not enough just to compute the correct sequence; instead the robot must sense and correct for deviations from its intended path. In order for any machine learner to act reasonably in an uncertain environment, it must solve problems like the above one quickly and reliably. Unfortunately, the world is often so complicated that it is difficult or impossible to find the optimal sequence of actions to achieve a given goal. So, in order to scale our learners up to real-world problems, we usually must settle for approximate solutions. One representation for a learner's environment and goals is a Markov decision process or MDP. MDPs allow us to represent actions that have probabilistic outcomes, and to plan for complicated, temporally-extended goals. An MDP consists of a set of states that the environment can be in, together with rules for how the environment can change state and for what the learner is supposed to do. One way to approach a large MDP is to try to compute an approximation to its optimal state evaluation function, the function which tells us how much reward the learner can be expected to achieve if the world is in a particular state. If the approximation is good enough, we can use a shallow search to find a good action from most states. Researchers have tried many different ways to approximate evaluation functions. This thesis aims for a middle ground, between algorithms that don't scale well because they use an impoverished representation for the evaluation function and algorithms that we can't analyze because they use too complicated a representation.
Galactic Structure

Our Milky Way Galaxy is a typical large spiral galaxy, representative of the most common morphological type in the local Universe. We can determine the properties of individual stars in unusual detail, and use the characteristics of the stellar populations of the Galaxy as templates in understanding more distant galaxies. The star formation history and merging history of the Galaxy is written in its stellar populations; these reveal that the Galaxy has evolved rather quietly over the last ~10 Gyr. More detailed simulations of galaxy formation are needed, but this result apparently makes our Galaxy unusual if Lambda CDM is indeed the correct cosmological paradigm for structure formation. While our Milky Way is only one galaxy, a theory in which its properties are very anomalous most probably needs to be revised. Happily, observational capabilities of next-generation facilities should, in the the forseeable future, allow the aquisition of detailed observations for all galaxies in the Local Group.
Utility Maximization in Imperfected Markets

We analyze a problem of maximization of expected terminal wealth and consumption in markets with some ``imperfection'', such as constraints on the permitted portfolios, labor income, or/and nonlinearity of portfolio dynamics. By using general optional decomposition under constraints in multiplicative form, we develop a dual formulation. Then, under some conditions imposed on the model setting and the utility functions, we are able to prove an existence and uniqueness of an optimal solution to primal and to the corresponding dual problem by convex duality.
The broad-band X-ray spectral variability of Mrk 841

A detailed spectral analysis of five X-ray observations of Mrk 841 with the EXOSAT, Ginga, and ROSAT satellites is reported. Variability is apparent in both the soft (0.1-1.0 keV) and medium (1-20 keV) energy bands. Above, 1 keV, the spectra are adequately modeled by a power law with a strong emission line of equivalent width 450 eV. The large equivalent width of the emission line indicates a strongly enhanced reflection component of the source compared with other Seyferts observed with Ginga. The implications of the results of the analysis for physical models of the emission regions in this and other X-ray bright Seyferts are briefly examined.
Availability and stock-out duration of essential medicines in Shegaw Motta general hospital and Motta Health Centre, North West Ethiopia

Essential medicines are those that meet the population’s most pressing healthcare needs. As a result, they should always be available in sufficient quantities and the proper dosage forms within health facilities. The study aimed to determine the availability and stock-out duration of essential medicines in Shegaw Motta General Hospital and Motta Health Centre. Descriptive study was conducted at Shegaw Motta General Hospital and Motta Health Centre. The data were collected from June-20 to July-20, 2021 G.C. Fifteen essential medicines from both health facilities’ tracer drug lists were reviewed. The frequency and percentage of availability and stick-out duration were calculated, and the results were briefly described in the text and displayed in tables. The average availability of essential medicines on the day of the survey was 80% and 93.3% in Shegaw Motta general hospital and Motta health center, respectively. Besides, 60% and 20% of the essential medicines were stocked out at least once in the last six months (before the data collection period) in the hospital and health center, respectively. The average stock-out duration in the last six months period (before the data collection period) was 38.8 days (ranges from 10 days to 157 days) in the hospital and 11.2 days in the health center. Ferrous salt + folic acid 150mg + 0.5mg and Medroxy Progesterone injection were the medicines with the longest stock-out duration in Shegaw Motta general hospital and Motta health center, respectively.The average availability of essential medicines was fairly high both in the hospital and health center. In comparison to the hospital, the health center had better availability and a shorter stock-out duration. Over the last six months, a significant percentage of essential medicines were stocked out at the hospital.
Association between maternal undernutrition among Sudanese women and newborn birth weight

ABSTRACT Background: Maternal undernutrition is a major health problem in developing countries. It is associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity, such as low birth weight (LBW), as well as mortality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal undernutrition among pregnant women in Sudan on newborn birth weight. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried in the labor ward of Medani Maternity Hospital in central Sudan between June and December 2019. Data on the mothers’ sociodemographic and obstetrics characteristics were collected through a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were obtained following standard procedures for both mothers and newborns. Linear logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with birth weight. Results: Three hundred thirty-nine pairs of pregnant women and their newborns were enrolled in the study. Half of the women were primiparas (n = 170, 50.1%). The birth weight range was 1,330–4,640 g, and the mean (standard deviation (SD)) was 3,029.4 (613.0) g. The 10th and 90th centiles were 2,450 and 3,790 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in the birth weights of male (n = 160, 3,086.2 614.0 g) and female (n = 179, 2978.6 611.0 g; P = 0.107) newborns. In the linear regression, parity (43.1, P = 0.045), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (39.3 cm, P = 0.001), gestational age (75.6 weeks, P = 0.017), and body mass index (BMI) (0.4 kg/m2, P = 0.006) were significantly associated with birth weight. There was no significant association between age, employment, a history of miscarriages, antenatal care, sex of the newborn, interpregnancy interval (IPI), and birth weight. Conclusion: The main finding was a significant association between parity, gestational age, MUAC, BMI, and birth weight.