Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of pituitary gland doses on artificial propagation of Guchibaim, Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton)

Artificial propagation of Mastacembelus pancalus was conducted in order to determine the optimum dose of pituitary gland (PG) hormone at the hatchery of the Field Laboratory Complex, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The present study consisted of two trials and each trial had four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) with three replications of each. In the experiment single dose and double dose had been used for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively to evaluate the efficiency on ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate of M. pancalus eggs. The hatchlings were reared in aquarium up to 30 days and survival rate was determined. Treatment-3 (T3) of double dose (170mg PG kg-1 and 60mg PG kg-1 body weight of fish for female and male respectively) showed better results in terms of ovulation rate (90.03±2.56%), fertilization rate (90±0.81%), hatching rate (80±1.84%), and survival rate (40.00±3.19%) was recorded than other treatments of single and double dose. The water temperature was recorded 27 to 31°C. In the present study, treatment-3 (T3 in double dose) was the best findings in terms of ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate which can be used in artificial propagation of M. pancalus for the development of hatchery production. May and June are the suitable months for artificial propagation of the said species.
Incorporating site and year‐specific deuterium ratios (δ2H) from precipitation into geographic assignments of a migratory bird

The study of migratory connectivity is rapidly growing in ornithology, as is the technology used to measure it. While use of extrinsic markers, such as archival tags, is becoming more prevalent, for many small species the best tool available for tracking birds remains intrinsic markers, such as stable-hydrogen isotope ratios (H-2). Many researchers have raised concerns that spatial and temporal environmental variation introduces a large amount of error into isotope-based assignments, limiting their utility. Here, using feathers, we sought to address these issues in developing H-2 base maps for assigning pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca of known origin to 15 sites across the breeding range (approx. 4 020 800 km(2)). We evaluated the effects of including random site variation and year-specific precipitation H-2 (H-2(P)) maps on assignments, compared to using mean annual growing season H-2(p) and no site effects. We found a positive correlation between feather H-2 (H-2(F)) and mean annual H-2(P,) resulting from large scale geographic variation. Repeatability of feather H-2 for individuals sampled in multiple years was strong overall, but variable among populations. Annual variation in H-2(P) explained 21% of within individual variation in H-2(F). Neither year- nor site-specific methods improved assignment precision or accuracy. All three methods assigned flycatchers of unknown origin captured at an African overwintering site to similar breeding areas. However, methods using long-term means of H-2(p) assigned birds more precisely than year-specific methods. Our results suggest that annual variation in this system is primarily a result of food web or individual level processes and that random site effects are not strong enough to drastically impact accuracy. We conclude that improvements in isotope based geographic assignments will rely on the addition of prior information, such as relative abundance in a Bayesian framework, or additional intrinsic markers.
Taxodiaceous Pollen Cones from the Early Tertiary of British Columbia, Canada

Two permineralized conifer pollen cones have been identified from the Appian Way locality on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. These cones, found in marine calcareous nodules with invertebrates, are Eocene in age and have been studied with the cellulose acetate peel technique. Cones are small, terminal, and globose, with helically arranged subtending leaves, ensheathing leaves, microsporophylls, and pollen sacs with enclosed pollen grains. Peltate microsporophylls have a distal lamina with three abaxial pollen sacs. Pollen grains are small, subspherical, nonsaccate, and papillate, with a distal leptoma and proximal orbicules. Phyllotaxy of subtending leaves and microsporophylls, number of pollen sacs per microsporophyll, and ultrastructure of pollen grains are similar to those of the taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. These cones have closest similarities to Athrotaxis, Cunninghamia, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, the extinct Sewardiodendron laxum (sensu Yao et al.), and Athrotaxites berryi. However, they have a combination of characters that make these cones unique among taxodiaceous conifers. Therefore, a new genus and species are described as Homalcoia littoralis Hernandez‐Castillo, Stockey et Beard. These cones show a novel combination of characters within the Cupressaceae that extends our understanding of the family and shows the presence of another extinct taxodiaceous genus in the North American Eocene.
Influência do manejo do rebanho, das condições higiênicas da ordenha e da fase de lactação na composição química do leite de cabras Saanen

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of lactation stage in the chemical and physical characteristics of milk from Saanen goats as well as to investigate the effects of flock management, milking sanitary conditions, and lactation phase in the milk fatty acid profile. Twenty goats were randomly assigned to four groups of five animals each. Flock management differed by the presence or absence of males in the groups while milking sanitary conditions differed either by a poor or by a good milking hygiene. Milk samples were collected at 35, 85 and 135 days of lactation. Results showed that milk yield was as expected at 135 days of lactation; peak milk production was observed at 35 days of lactation and decreased linearly as lactation progressed. Milk yield, milk fat content, and milk acidity all changed according to the lactation stage. Milking sanitary conditions and flock management did not affect the milk fatty acids profile. However, milk fatty acids profile differed at different lactation stages with the greatest content of saturated fatty acids at 85 days of lactation.
Desiccation studies in relation to the storage of Araucaria seed

SUMMARY Relationships between seed moisture content (fresh weight basis) and germination were examined for nine Araucaria species by desiccation under mild environmental conditions. The lowest safe moisture content, below which germination percentage begins to decline, was estimated in each case. Seeds can be grouped into three moisture content categories: the first group (including A. araucana, A. angustifolia, A. hunsteinii and A. bidwillii) cannot be safely dried to below 25–40%; the second group (including A. columnaris, A. rulei, A. nemorosa and A. scopulorum) cannot be dried to below about 12% without damage; the third category contains A. cunninghamii, which can be dried to 2% without damage. Seeds in the first group should be stored at 0–5 °C with moisture contents above the lowest-safe value. Provided freezing damage does not exceed 10%, seeds in the second group should be kept at - 18°C or lower with about 7% moisture content for long-term storage and at 0–5 °C with about 12% moisture content in the short term. Seed of A. cunninghamii is best retained at near 5% moisture content and in -18°C or lower. The lowest-safe moisture content was found to be associated with seed size and weight, higher moisture content values coinciding with greater size and weight of seed. Food reserve materials also differed among the groups; seeds of the first group were mainly starchy, whilst those in the other categories possessed a high lipid content.
Nongeniculate coralline red algae (Rhodophyta: Corallinales) in coral reefs from Northeastern Brazil and a description of Neogoniolithon atlanticum sp. nov.

A taxonomic reassessment of coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) associated with reef environments in the Abrolhos Bank, northeastern Brazil, was developed based on extensive historical samples dating from 1999–2009 and a critical evaluation of type material. Our goal was to update the taxonomic status of the main nongeniculate coral reef-forming species. Our results show that four species are the main contributors to the living cover of coral reefs in the Abrolhos Bank: Lithophyllum stictaeforme , Neogoniolithon atlanticum sp . nov . , Porolithon pachydermum and Spongites fructiculosus . Comparison of the type material to modern collections has shown that Lithophyllum congestum is a heterotypic synonym of L . stictaeforme . However, L . stictaeforme and P . pachydermum were the most abundant species at the studied sites, a finding consistent with other coral reefs in the region. This is the first record of S . fructiculosus in the southwestern Atlantic. This review provides the baseline data needed for the monitoring and management of the southernmost limits of coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Reproduction in the common porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) of the North Atlantic

Examination of the reproductive organs from 137 Common porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Gulf of St Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy and British waters has enabled observations to be made on reproductive events. Birth in Canadian waters occurs mainly in June and July: mating takes place from june to August . The evidence indicates that females do not become pregnant every year. Birth length is 80 to 90cm; juveniles attain a length of 100 to 110 cm after three to four months. Sexual maturity is reached at a length of about 133 cm in males and 145 cm in females, probably in their third or fourth year. The corpus luteum persists throughout gestation and retrogresses from their histological characteristics. One kind possesses much acellular material and is probably a corpus albicans gravitadionis; the other consists of a mass of obliterated vessels and is the remains either of a corpus luteum of an infertile ovulation or of a lutealized follicle. Evidence indicates that there is seasonal testicular activity, reaching a maximum during July and subsiding in late August.
Photoacclimation of open Baltic algal associations

Abstract The vertical distribution of photosynthetic efficiency of phytoplankton associations over the course of a high light day was investigated on two cruises into the Baltic proper in July 1998 and 1999. Measurements were made of chlorophyll a concentration, maximal photosynthetically active radiation, maximal photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), effective photosystem II quantum yield and relative electron transport rate under simulated ambient irradiation using a Xenon pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer. Over the day, the potential photosynthetic performance changed mainly in the surface mixed layer (0–5 m). Despite high surface solar irradiation, even in the morning, maximal photosynthetic efficiency was kept stable over most of the day by physiological compensation mechanisms until indications of photoinhibition became evident in the afternoon. The algal composition in the drifting water body revealed a shift in the phytoplankton community through the middle part of the day. Phytoplankton composition at the surface shifted to a higher percentage of Bacillariophyceae towards noon, and towards a higher percentage of cyanobacteria from noon to early afternoon, a finding that has implications for the interpretation of the fluorescence signal. To study photoprotection at the pigment level, algae from the surface were illuminated for up to several hours with artificial light of ambient noon intensity and the changes in pigment content were monitored. As only minor amounts of violaxanthin were detectable, the observed high level of zeaxanthin must be attributed to cyanobacteria, which lack a xanthophyll cycle. After two hours of high irradiance, the ratio of zeaxanthin to chlorophyll a did not change, whereas over one hour the ratio of diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin decreased, indicating the protective function of this type of xanthophyll cycle in the diatoms present in the samples. However, after a prolonged exposure to high irradiance of two hours, the pigment pool of diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin decreased considerably and was lost after three hours of high irradiance treatment, whereas zeaxanthin remained stable.
Synthesis of Lacto‐ and Neolacto‐series Ganglioside Analogs Containing N‐Glycolylneuraminic Acid: Probes for Investigation of Specific Receptor Structures Recognized by Influenza A Viruses

Sialic acids are essential components of host‐cell surface receptors for infection of influenza virus. To investigate the specific receptor structures recognized by various influenza A viruses, a series of lacto‐ and neolacto‐series ganglioside analogs containing N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) have been synthesized. The pentasaccharide structures of Neu5Gc‐α‐(2→3)/(2→6)‐lactotetraose (IV3(6)Neu5GcLcOse) and Neu5Gc‐α‐(2→3)/(2→6)‐neolactotetraose (IV3(6)Neu5GcnLcOse) were constructed by glycosylation of the suitably protected trisaccharide acceptors (2A and 2B) with the Neu5Gc‐α‐(2→3)/(2→6)‐Gal trichloroacetimidate donors (1 and 21), respectively. Transformation of the 2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethyl group at the reducing end in 4, 11, 23, and 30 into the trichloroacetimidate group gave a series of Neu5Gc‐α‐(2→3)/(2→6)‐lacto‐ and neolactotetraose donors (7, 13, 26, and 33), which were coupled with 2‐(tetradecyl)hexadecanol (8), to give the corresponding glycolipids (9, 14, 27, and 34). Finally, the complete removal of the O‐acyl groups and saponification of the methyl ester group gave the desired ganglioside analogs (10, 15, 28, and 35). #Synthetic studies on sialoglycoconjugates, Part 129. For Part 128, see Ando, T. ; Ishida, H. ; Kiso, M. Carbohydr. Res., 2003, 338, 503–514.
Estudo morfológico da glândula pineal no cão

Apos a descoberta da melatonina por Lerner et al. (1958), novas pesquisas e perspectivas surgiram tornando a pineal uma estrutura mais estudada. Alem disso, sabe-se que este hormonio esta relacionado com o controle circadiano e outras funcoes comportamentais fisiologicas como o ciclo reprodutivo e termorregulacao. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados 20 caes e estudamos a morfologia das glândulas, empregando uma analise macroscopica e microscopica. O formato das pineais variou de conico a glossoide (em relacao a lingua humana); cor entre bege e marrom-acinzentado e apresentaram consistencia gelatinosa. A largura e o comprimento das glândulas variaram respectivamente de 1,38 a 2,39 mm e de 1,53 a 2,96 mm. Quanto a microscopia, utilizamos coloracao de eosina-hematoxilina (HE), e em todas as pineais observamos a presenca dos seguintes componentes: capsula; septos ou trabeculas pinealocitos; celulas da glia; grânulos de pigmentos, e nao foram notadas concrecoes calcareas.
Acute and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and pymetrozine on an important egg parasitoid, Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Both neonicotinoids and pymetrozine are important insecticides and may have the potential to be used in combination with natural enemies in integrated pest management (IPM). However, to determine their compatibility with biological control, it is necessary to examine the side effects of these chemicals on natural enemies. We examined the acute and sublethal effects of four commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam, and the pyridine azomethine, pymetrozine, on adults of Trichogramma ostriniae. By analysing acute toxicity and evaluating the safety quotient of these chemicals, we found that thiamethoxam and dinotefuran pose extremely high risks to T. ostriniae, imidacloprid and nitenpyram posed high risks, but pymetrozine was found to have a low risk. In terms of sublethal effects, longevities of female wasps were significantly shortened when they were exposed to residues of dinotefuran. Percentages of ovipositing females decreased significantly after exposure to pymetrozine, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran. Numbers of offspring per female were significantly lower when females were exposed to pymetrozine, dinotefuran or thiamethoxam, compared with control females. Percentages of offspring that emerged as adults were lower when parental females were exposed to either pymetrozine or imidacloprid. Based on the results of the sublethal concentration assay and the acute toxicity bioassay, nitenpyram would be safe for IPM programmes utilising T. ostriniae, and we suggest that T. ostriniae could be released safely after foliar applications of nitenpyram. However, foliar application of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran or pymetrozine in an agro-ecosystem where T. ostriniae is a predominant biocontrol agent should be carefully evaluated.
Radioautographic Study on the Intracellular Localization of Bezafibrate in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

In order to demonstrate the intracellular localization of the peroxisome proliferator in the hepatocytes, we have examined the localization of silver grains due to 14C-labeled bezafibrate in cultured rat hepatocytes by means of light and electron microscopic radioautography. On light microscopic radioautograms of the epoxy resin sections at each incorporation period, about 90% of all the silver grains were localized over the cytoplasmi Then, statistical significance was evaluated on grain density in the cytoplasm. On electron microscopic radioautograms of whole mount cultured cells observed by high voltage electron microscopy, silver grains were localized on the cytoplasmic matrix, especially over the endoplasmic reticulum. From these results, it is concluded that bezafibrate was localized over the endoplasmic reticulum. This fact suggests than the receptor of peroxisome proliferator should be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum or the receptor exists on the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, it is demonstrated that the peroxisome proliferator acts on the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes to proliferate peroxisomes.
Treatment of bean cuttings by chestnut extracts during rooting modifies their IAA‐oxidase activity

The IAA-oxidase activity in bean cuttings (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) treated with extracts from juvenile and adult chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) was studied in the light of the effect of the extracts on the rooting activity of some auxins. Extracts from adult chestnut increased IAA-oxidase activity in bean cuttings. Extracts from juvenile chestnut inhibited IAA-oxidase activity only slightly, but substantially reduced the IAA-oxidase activity of bean cuttings pre-treated with adult chestnut extracts. These findings provide evidence that there is a relationship between the IAA-oxidase system and the effect of chestnut extracts on IAA-induced rhizogenesis in bean cuttings.
Morphologie et architecture des jeunes hêtres (Fagus sylvatica L.) Influence du milieu, variabilité génétique

Plantes ou regeneres naturellement les jeunes hetres presentent souvent des defauts de forme. Deux causes ont ete etudiees: une caracteristique du milieu, l'intensite lumineuse recue par les semis, et le patrimoine genetique. Les modalites de croissance des jeunes hetres sont decrites rapidement en examinant les caracteres de la pousse annuelle et le fonctionnement des axes. L'influence de la lumiere sur la morphologie des plants a ete etudiee dans le Massif de l'Aigoual dans des regenerations naturelles. Abondante, la lumiere favorise l'apparition de pousses d'exploration longues, elle a donc un effet positif sur la vigueur. Cet effet semble par contre nefaste a la forme puisque le nombre minimum de fourches est observe en demi-lumiere. Pourtant, sachant que cette meilleure forme, en demi-lumiere, est obtenue grâce a un nombre important de pousses courtes qui ne se ramifient jamais, nous avons montre que la pleine lumiere est l'ambiance ou les plants produisent le moins de fourches par occasion de fourcher (pousses longues).
The Grapsidae and Ocypodidae (Decapoda: Brachyura) of Tanzania

Twenty-nine species of the Grapsidae and 15 species of the Ocypodidae were collected from the littoral zone in the area around Dar es Salaam. Nine species of Grapsidae and three of Ocypodidae were new records for the East African area, bringing the total of recorded species for the region to 35 and 26 respectively. The distribution of these crabs indicates a very limited endemism in the western Indian Ocean, with the majority of species forming an attenuated extension of the abundant Indo/West Pacific brachyuran fauna. The habitat preference of each species is described. Within each subfamily there is a relative uniformity in general habitat preference, mode of life and manner of feeding. The species of each subfamily are then separated by substrate choice and preferred level on the shore. The greatest numbers of species occur in the most diverse habitats—the creek mangrove, the coastal mangrove and the reef flat.
Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars

Summary The effects of root and shoot characteristics on the lodging resistance of four cultivars of winter wheat were investigated by combining results from a field trial (set up at Manchester University's Experimental Grounds, Jodrell Bank, in mid-September 1991) with morphological and mechanical measurements on their stems and anchorage systems. Cultivars showed contrasting lodging resistance: Widgeon was most susceptible, followed by Galahad, Riband and Hereward which, alone, did not lodge. Lodging resistance was not related to the strength and stiffness of the stems, which were usually adequate to withstand the forces to which they were subjected. Most plants instead failed in their root system which rotated through the soil. Resistance was associated with short and light stems (and hence on the force applied to the plants by wind and gravity) and with high values of the anchorage strength of the root system (and hence on the force resisting lodging). Lodging occurred during grain filling when the ears were heaviest and when the soil was wet. The anchorage strength of a plant depended on two characteristics of the root system: the bending strength and the angle of spread of the basal coronal roots. Plants with stronger, more widely spread coronal roots produced larger soil cones during anchorage failure and resisted larger forces. Future breeding for lodging resistance, therefore, should continue to select for plants with shorter stems and with stiffer, more widely spread, coronal roots.
Allongement et morphologie de pousses annuelles issues de greffe chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. cv. Lara (Juglandaceae)

Extension growth, number of internodes of the main stem, and sylleptic branches were recorded weekly during the 1994 growing season on 1-year-old Juglans regia L. cv. Lara scions. Date of sylleptic branch production and branch position on the main stem were also recorded. Two main stem types were distinguished according to their growth pattern: continuous or rhythmic over one growing season. Three sylleptic branch types were distinguished in relation with their growth pattern and morphology: (i) long shoots elongated in two growth flushes that showed a zone of short internodes above the first internode or hypopodium, (ii) long shoots elongated in one flush only with long internodes above the hypopodium, and (iii) short shoots corresponding with the elongated hypopodium only. Each type of sylleptic shoot is generally produced at a different growth period. Main stems developed sylleptic branches when their growth rate was higher than 17 cm/week. On the median part of the main stem, sylleptic long shoots wer.