Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genomic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Producing Actinomycetes: AcbM is a 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone 7-kinase

Diese Dissertation behandelte zwei nur entfernt miteinander verwandte Teile – Genschwamm und Biosynthese der Acarbose. Die folgenden Aspekte und Ergebnisse wurden ausgearbeitet. I. Genschwamm: Die grundlegenden Schritte fur die Verwendung von Deletionsstammen eines Streptomyceten als sogenannte Genschwamme, die der DNA-Aufnahme durch andere Mikroorganismen im Boden dienen, wurden durchgefuhrt. (1) Ein naturlicher Transfer eines nicht konjugativen Plamides, pIJ702, von S. lividans 66 TK23 auf den Stamm Jni13C1 konnte in sterilem Boden demonstriert werden; (2) Einige Isolate aus dem Boden mit Rezipientenphanotyp wurden durch PCR, RAPD und den Vergleich der genomischen DNA mit 16S rRNA-RFLPs und PFGE analysiert; (3) Drei Rekombinanten aus Konjugationsexperimenten mit Nicht-Deletionsstammen und Deletionsstammen von S. lividans resultieren aus Ubertragungen, bei denen grose DNA Fragmente (ca. 500 kb) aus dem linken Chromosomenarm in den Empfangerstamm integriert wurden. Zwei solcher Stamme, M3-1 und M1-107, hatten lineare Chromosomen mit duplizierten Endbereichen einschlieslich eines Chloramphenicol Resistenzgenes an beiden Chromosomenden. II. Biosynthese der Acarbose (1) Die Grose des Genomes von Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 wurde auf ca. 6.5 Mb geschatzt. Das komplette Gencluster der Acarbose (acb) befindet sich als einfache Kopie auf einen ca. 45 kb XbaI/AseI Fragment; (2) Die Proteine, AcbK, M, L, N, O und U wurden heterolog in E. coli und/oder S. lividans in loslicher Form, meistens als His-tag Versionen, uberproduziert; (3) Die Aktivitat des AcbK Proteins wurde bestatigt und genutzt um die heterologe Produktion der Acarbose-verwandter Substanzen in einem S. lividans Stamm, der das komplette acb-Cluster enthielt, zu demonstratieren; (4) Das 1-epi-Valienol wurde als einziges der getesten Cyclitole durch Rohextrakte aus Actinoplanes sp. phosphoryliert; aber kein Acb-Protein wurde identifiziert, das diese Reaktion katalysiert; (5) Das 2-epi-5-epi-Valiolon wurde durch Transketolase und AcbC enzymatisch und praparativ synthesiert; (6) AcbM wurde als eine 2-epi-5-epi-Valiolon 7-Kinase charakterisiert und ihr Produkt wurde durch IC-MS und NMR analysiert; (7) 2-epi-5-epi-Valiolon-7-Phosphat wurde als das Substrat der Isomerase AcbO identifiziert, deren warscheinliches Produkt 5-epi-Valiolon-7-Phosphat ist; (8) Ein neuer Biosyntheseweg der Acarbose wird vorgestellt.
Synthesis and Characterization of a POSS-Maleimide Precursor for Hybrid Nanocomposites

Epoxy polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of a homogeneous blend of the diglycidylether of bisphenol-A and 4,4'diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) in the presence of octa(maleimidophenyl)silsesquioxane. The reaction of a maleimido-functionalized POSS cube with the epoxy resin was studied by Fourier transform infrared analysis and the formation of nanocomposites was confirmed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies indicated that the crosslinking structures of the nanocomposite networks were predominantly formed between the terminal maleimide double bonds and the amino groups of DDM through a Michael addition reaction to form an aspartimide. The values of the glass transition temperatures (T g) decreased with increasing POSS-maleimide content and this was likely to be due to the inclusion of POSS cages into the system and the consequent increase in free volume. The dynamic thermal stability of the cured polymers was increased by increasing the POSS content in the hybrid epoxy matrices as evidenced from thermogravimetric analysis data.
Hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming over Ni/SiO2 catalysts: A comparative study of traditional preparation and microwave modification methods

Four silica‐supported nickel catalysts with Ni content of 10 wt% were prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation methods with or without microwave‐assisted calcination. The prepared catalysts were characterized by some techniques (BET, XRD, TEM, XPS, H2‐TPR, etc.) and evaluated with respect to steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) for hydrogen production. The results show that the prepared Ni/SiO2 catalysts are all very active and selective for SRE. The high activity of the four catalysts may benefit from their high specific areas and the good dispersion of active components on the carrier. The rate of carbon deposition decreases with reaction temperature especially below 450 °C. The maximum hydrogen yield of 4.54 mol H2/mol EtOH‐reacted can be obtained over the Ni/SiO2 catalyst by the microwave‐assisted coprecipitation method at a reaction temperature of 600 °C, EtOH/H2O molar ratio of 1:12, liquid hourly space velocity of 11.54 h−1 and time on stream within 600 min. The Ni/SiO2 catalysts with microwave modification exhibits better performances of hydrogen production, stability and resistance to carbon deposition than that without microwave modification preparation, which is mainly attributed to that the microwave‐assisted treatment can decrease the catalyst acidity and enhance the interaction between metal support. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐induced degradation of PECVD aluminium oxide passivated silicon solar cells

Light‐induced degradation (LID) has been identified to be a critical issue for solar cells processed on boron‐doped silicon substrates. Typically, Czochralski‐grown silicon (Cz‐Si) has been reported to suffer from stronger LID than block‐cast multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) due to higher oxygen concentrations. This work investigates LID under conditions practically relevant under module operation on different cell types. It is shown that aluminium oxide (AlOx) passivated mc‐Si solar cells degrade more than a reference aluminium back surface field mc‐Si cell and, remarkably, an AlOx passivated Cz‐Si solar cell. The defect which is activated by illumination is shown to be doubtful a sole bulk effect while the AlOx passivation might play a certain role. This work may contribute to a re‐evaluation of the suitability of boron‐doped Cz‐ and mc‐Si for solar cells with very high efficiencies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Instrumental Texture, Syneresis and Microstructure of Yoghurts Prepared from Goat, Cow and Sheep Milk

Set-yoghurts from goat, cow, and sheep milk from middle lactation period were produced. In fresh yoghurts and after 14 days cold storage the following properties were analysed: hardness, adhesiveness, and extrusion force using instrumental texture analyzer, syneresis using drainage and centrifugal methods and microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Yoghurt from goat milk was characterized by lower hardness, adhesiveness, extrusion forces, and higher susceptibility to syneresis than yoghurts from cow and sheep milk. Microstructure of goat milk yoghurt was more delicate in comparison with microstructure of cow and sheep milk yoghurt. The composition and/or properties of goat milk for yoghurt production, or processing conditions need to be modified to obtain the proper texture and reduced syneresis in final product.
Microbial Implication of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii I. Literature Review 1 II. Implication of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Magnetite Nanoparticles to Bacteria . 30 Abstract 30 Introduction 31 Materials and Methods 33 Results 39 Discussion 44 References 52 III. Effects of CMCand Starch-Stabilized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on Bacteria in Natural Water 67 Abstract 67 Introduction 68 Materials and Methods 71 Results 75 Discussion 80 References 87
Calculational approach to FST-hemispheres for multiparametrical Benthos Habitat modelling

Benthos – the community of organisms living in or at the bottom sediments – is an important constituent of flowing water ecosystems. Besides playing a major role as a food supply for aquatic vertebrates, the adaptation of many benthic animals to specific physical conditions makes them a valuable target in environmental impact assessment studies. Therefore, existing habitat modelling approaches have to be adjusted or developed further to be able to incorporate the specific parameters that influence the habitat of these animals. With the present work, some important steps towards a state-of-the-art benthos habitat model are made. First, the physical rationale of the FST-hemisphere method is clarified implying the large value of the existing biological information collected with this method. Second, the new computational approach to FST-hemispheres eliminates the previously needed extensive field survey work and brings habitat modelling for benthos to the same base as that for fish. At last, the now possible spatially oriented multiparametrical benthos habitat modelling approach widens the application spectrum, for example, for restoration studies. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erweiterung der Modellierung benthischer Lebensraume in Fliesgewassern. Derzeitige Modelle ubertragen entweder die Ansatze der Fischhabitatmodellierung direkt auf Benthos, wie beispielsweise das in Nordamerika verbreitete PHABSIM, oder erlauben nur eine einparametrische Modellierung des Lebensraums, wie der in Europa verbreitete Ansatz auf Basis der FST-Halbkugelmethode. Bei letzterer Methode kann uber eine grose Anzahl existierender “Praferenzkurven” das Habitat bewertet werden. Dies setzt jedoch sehr arbeitsintensive Feldmessungen voraus, die den Einsatz dieser Modellierung sehr kostenintensiv und zeitaufwendig werden lassen. Auch werden dort weitere wichtige Parameter, die das Vorkommen und die Verteilung benthischer Arten beeinflussen, wie Substrat, Nahrungsangebot und andere bei der Modellierung nicht betrachtet. Hier soll eine Methode gefunden werden, wie einerseits die notwendigen Messungen auf ein Minimum reduziert werden und andererseits auch andere Parameter in die Modellierung einfliesen konnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat einen multidisziplinaren Charakter und richtet sich insbesondere an Wasserbauingenieure, Habitatmodellierer und Biologen. Eine zeitgemasen Benthoshabitatmodellierung, die die gleiche Machtigkeit wie die schon existierende fur Fische aufweist, lag im Fokus dieser Arbeit. Die physikalischen Grundlagen der FST-Halbkugelmethode werden geklart und damit die Wichtigkeit bereits erhobener biologischer Daten unterstrichen. Ein Rechnergestutzter Ansatz macht fruher benotigte Feldmessungen der FST-Halbkugelverteilung uberflussig und verwendet dabei die gleiche Datengrundlage wie die fur Fischhabitatmodellierungen. Die raumliche Zuordnung der Halbkugelnummern erlaubt zusatzlich das einfache Miteinbeziehen neuer Parameter in die Benthoshabitatmodellierung. Damit eroffnen sich neue Moglichkeiten, beispielsweise im Bereich der Mindestwasser- und Renaturierungsstudien.
Is mechanical soil aeration a strategy to alleviate soil compaction and decrease phosphorus and suspended sediment losses from irrigated and rain‐fed cattle‐grazed pastures?

Agriculture is a major source of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) losses to aquatic ecosystems promoting eutrophication. Mechanical soil loosening equipments such as topsoil looseners or aerators have been reported to improve the physical quality and infiltration of soils susceptible to livestock damage resulting from treading. We hypothesized that soil aeration would significantly decrease the volume of surface runoff and consequent losses of P and SS compared with non‐aerated soil (control) in cattle‐grazed pasture on a poorly structured silt‐loam soil. Hydrologically isolated plots (2 m long × 1 m wide × 0.15 m deep) were installed in aerated and control plots to collect surface runoff following irrigation or rainfall and analysed for P and SS losses for 1 year. Soil physical properties [% macroporosity, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kunsat at −1kPa)] were measured in the aerated and control treatments and taken before each irrigation event (n = 12). Six months after mechanical aeration was employed, but before cattle grazing commenced, no significant differences in soil physical quality were found between aerated and control treatments, with the exception of a minor increase in Kunsat for the control plots. This lack of treatment difference continued after grazing and was largely attributed to the re‐settling of the poorly structured and dispersive soil. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations and annual loads of dissolved reactive P (DRP) on the mechanically aerated soil (2.24 kg DRP/ha) were approximately double those from the control treatment (1.20 kg DRP/ha). However, no significant differences were observed between treatments for surface runoff volumes and losses of total P and total SS, which may reflect the similar soil physical conditions exhibited between treatments throughout most of the trial. As observed elsewhere, time (days) since grazing or fertilizer application was found to influence P and/or SS losses. We conclude that aeration did not decrease P and SS losses. Any changes in soil physical properties such as macroporosity were short‐lived and therefore unlikely to influence surface runoff and subsequent P and SS losses for this soil type.
Assessment of Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer Correlations for Molten Core-Concrete Interaction Study

Abstract In case of a pressurized water reactor’s severe accident with core meltdown and vessel failure, corium would spread on the concrete basemat of the plant. The high temperature of the corium pool maintained by the residual power would lead to the erosion of the concrete walls and potentially to the bypass of the containment. The ablation velocity of concrete is governed by the heat flux between the corium pool and the concrete wall, and its calculation is of particular significance to predict whether and when the basemat would fail in such a situation. From a hydrodynamic point of view, this issue is related to heat transfer between a volumetric heated bubbling pool and a porous wall with gas injection. Several experimental studies have been performed in the past, and many correlations have been proposed to address this issue. The main purpose of this paper is to assess these correlations from comparisons against the available experimental data. After a review of these data, the different correlations are presented. Attention focuses here on the correlations generally used in molten core-concrete interaction study: The Kutateladze-Malenkov, Konsetov, and BALI correlations. Deckwer’s correlation is also included in this review. The comparisons between the results of these correlations and the experimental data are then discussed.
Determination of effect of different sowing dates on oil content and fatty acid composition in Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) under Ankara ecological condition.

Bu çalijma, Ankara ekolojik kojullannda 2010-2011 yiii vejetasyon döneminde 8 farkh ekim zaman m ketencik {Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) bitkisinin yagverimi,yagorani ve bilejenleri üzerine etkisi ni belirlemek amaciyla yürütülmüjtür. Denemede8farkli ekimzamani olarak; 2010yilindaki 1 Ekim(l), 15 Ekim(2), 1 Kasim(3), 15 Kasim (4)ve 2011yihndaki 15 Mart (5), 1 Nisan(6), 15Nisan(7) ile 1 Mayis (8) tarihieri kullanilmiçtir. Deneme Tesadüf BLoklan d eneme desenine göre üc tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuçtur. Ara 5tirmada 8 farkli ekim zamanmm, yag verimi (kg/da),ya|orani (%)ve yagasidikompozisyonuna etkisi beiirlenmi5tir. Çahjmada, ekim zamanlarma bagli yag verimi 0,32-129,78 kg/da ve yag orani ise % 20,57-39,47 arasinda degijtigi görüimüjtür. En yüksek yag verimi 129,78 kg/da ile 1. ekim zamanmdan almmijtir. Ayni 5e kilde en yüksek yag orani % 39,47 ile 4. ekim zaman mdan a Immijtir. Tüm ekim zamanlan için a na yag asitlerilinolenik asit (% 24,86-32,26), linole i k (% 18,45-23,36), oleik (% 16,03-17,59) ve palmitik (% 5,89-7,04) asittir.
Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis

Principles of Plant Analysis, R.D. Munson Field Sampling Procedures for Conducting a Plant Analysis, J.B. Jones, Jr. Preparation of Plant Tissue for Laboratory Analysis, C.R. Campbell and C.O. Plank Determination of Dry Matter Content of Plant Tissue: Gravimetric Moisture, R.O. Miller High-Temperature Oxidation: Dry Ashing, R.O. Miller Nitric-Perchloric Acid Wet Digestion in an Open Vessel, R.O. Miller Microwave Digestion of Plant Tissue in an Open Vessel, Y.P. Kalra and D.G. Maynard Microwave Digestion of Plant Tissue in a Closed Vessel, R.O. Miller Determination of Total Nitrogen in Plant Tissue, D.A. Horneck and R.O. Miller Extractable Nitrate in Plant Tissue: Ion-Selective Electrode Method, R.O. Miller Determination of Ammonium-Nitrogen in Plant Tissue, L. Liu Total Sulfur Determination in Plant Tissue, C.G. Kowalenko and C.J. Van Laerhoven Sulfate-Sulfur Determination in Plant Tissue, C.G. Kowalenko Determination of Chloride in Plant Tissue, L. Liu Extractable Chloride, Nitrate, Orthophosphate, Potassium, and Sulfate-Sulfur: 2% Acetic Acid Extraction, R.O. Miller Tissue Testing Kits and Procedures for Nutrient Element Assessment in Plant Tissue, J.B. Jones, Jr. and D. Slovacek Chlorophyll Meter Method for Estimating Nitrogen Content in Plant Tissue, J.S. Schepers, T.M. Blackmer, and D.D. Francis Analytical Instruments for the Determination of Elements in Plant Tissue, M.E. Watson Determination of Potassium and Sodium by Flame Emission Spectrophotometry, D.A. Horneck and D. Hanson Elemental Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, E.A. Hanlon Elemental Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, R.A. Isaac and W.C. Johnson, Jr. Determination of Boron, Molybdenum, and Selenium in Plant Tissue, U.C. Gupta Determination of Arsenic and Mercury in Plant Tissue, Y.K. Soon Determination of Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, and Nickel in Plant Tissue, Y.K. Soon Quality Control Procedures for Plant Analysis, E.A. Hanlon Reference Materials for Data Quality Control, M. Ihnat Data Processing in Plant Analysis, R.E. Karamanos Appendix I: Plant and Related Reference Materials for Data Quality Control of Elemental Content, M. Ihnat Appendix II: Reference Texts on Plant Analysis
Nature and Estimated Human Toxicity of Polar Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater Quantified as TPHd/DRO at Biodegrading Fuel Release Sites

Polar metabolites resulting from petroleum biodegradation are measured in groundwater samples as TPHd unless a silica gel cleanup (SGC) is used on the sample extract to isolate hydrocarbons. Even though the metabolites can be the vast majority of the dissolved organics present in groundwater, SGC has been inconsistently applied because of regulatory concern about the nature and toxicity of the metabolites. A two‐step approach was used to identify polar compounds that were measured as TPHd in groundwater extracts at five sites with biodegrading fuel sources. First, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to identify and quantify 57 individual target polar metabolites. Only one of these compounds—dodecanoic acid, which has low potential human toxicity—was detected. Second, nontargeted analysis was used to identify as many polar metabolites as possible using both GC‐MS and GC×GC‐MS. The nontargeted analysis revealed that the mixture of polar metabolites identified in groundwater source areas at these five sites is composed of approximately equal average percentages of organic acids, alcohols and ketones, with few phenols and aldehydes. The mixture identified in downgradient areas at these five sites is dominated by acids, with fewer alcohols, far fewer ketones, and very few aldehydes and phenols. A ranking system consistent with systems used by USEPA and the United Nations was developed for evaluating the potential chronic oral toxicity to humans of the different classes of identified polar metabolites. The vast majority of the identified polar metabolites have a “Low” toxicity profile, and the mixture of identified polar metabolites present in groundwater extracts at these five sites is unlikely to present a significant risk to human health.
Millimeter–Wave Properties of the Atmosphere

Laboratory measurements have been performed at 138 GHz of water vapor attenuation ax for pure vapor (H20) and its mixtures with air, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and Argon (Ar). Temperatures ranged from 8 to 43°C, relatlve humidities from 0 to 95% and total pressures reached 1.5 atm. A computer-contro lled resonance spectrometer was employed. The results are interpreted in terms of underlying absorption mechanisms. Broadening efficiencies m of mixtures H20 + N2, 02, Ar agree among themselves with those measured within cores of the 22 and 183 GHz H20 absorption 1ines. The m-factors are app1ied to predict what share al of the total ax results from the complete pressure broadened H20 spectrum. A substantial amount of the selfbroadening term proportional to the square of vapor pressure is left unaccounted. The negative temperature coefficient of the excess absorption is consistent with a dimer (H20) 2 mode 1. An empirical formulation of the experimental findings is incorporated into the parametric propagation model MPM that utilizes a local (30x H20, 48x 02) line base to address frequencies up to 1000 GHz. Details of MPM are given in two Appendixes. Predictions of moist air attenuation and delay by means of the revised MPM program generally compare favorably with reported (10-430 GHz) data from both field and laboratory experiments.
Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions

Preface. 1 Molecular Orbital Theory. 1.1 The Atomic Orbitals of a Hydrogen Atom. 1.2 Molecules made from Hydrogen Atoms. 1.3 C H and C C Bonds. 1.4 Conjugation Huckel Theory. 1.5 Aromaticity. 1.6 Strained Bonds Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes. 1.7 Heteronuclear Bonds, C M, C X and C=O. 1.8 The Tau Bond Model. 1.9 Spectroscopic Methods. 1.10 Exercises. 2 The Structures of Organic Molecules. 2.1 The Effects of Conjugation. 2.2 Conjugation Hyperconjugation. 2.3 The Configurations and Conformations of Molecules. 2.4 Other Noncovalent Interactions. 2.5 Exercises. 3 Chemical Reactions How Far and How Fast. 3.1 Factors Affecting the Position of an Equilibrium. 3.2 The Principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). 3.3 Transition Structures. 3.4 The Perturbation Theory of Reactivity. 3.5 The Salem-Klopman Equation. 3.6 Hard and Soft Nucleophiles and Electrophiles. 3.7 Other Factors Affecting Chemical Reactivity. 4 Ionic Reactions Reactivity. 4.1 Single Electron Transfer (SET) in Ionic Reactions. 4.2 Nucleophilicity. 4.3 Ambident Nucleophiles. 4.4 Electrophilicity. 4.5 Ambident Electrophiles. 4.6 Carbenes. 4.7 Exercises. 5 Ionic Reactions Stereochemistry. 5.1 The Stereochemistry of the Fundamental Organic Reactions. 5.2 Diastereoselectivity. 5.3 Exercises. 6 Thermal Pericyclic Reactions. 6.1 The Four Classes of Pericyclic Reactions. 6.2 Evidence for the Concertedness of Bond Making and Breaking. 6.3 Symmetry-Allowed and Symmetry-Forbidden Reactions. 6.4 Explanations for the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. 6.5 Secondary Effects. 6.6 Exercises. 7 Radical Reactions. 7.1 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Radicals. 7.2 The Abstraction of Hydrogen and Halogen Atoms. 7.3 The Addition of Radicals to Bonds 7.4 Synthetic Applications of the Chemoselectivity of Radicals. 7.5 Stereochemistry in some Radical Reactions. 7.6 Ambident Radicals. 7.7 Radical Coupling. 7.8 Exercises. 8 Photochemical Reactions. 8.1 Photochemical Reactions in General. 8.2 Photochemical Ionic Reactions. 8.3 Photochemical Pericyclic Reactions and Related Stepwise Reactions. 8.4 Photochemically Induced Radical Reactions. 8.5 Chemiluminescence. 8.6 Exercises. References. Index.
Chemical Composition of the Leaf Oil of Evodia calophylla Guill. from Vietnam

Abstract The volatile components of the leaf oil of Evodia calophylla Guill. from the Nghean province, Vietnam were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds, comprising 95.2% of the GC profile of the oil were identified. The three major constituents were α-pinene (9.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (17.5%) and (E)-β-ocimene (46.6%).