Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Defect Prediction for Large Scale Software Systems – From Defect Density to Machine Learning

As the software industry transitions to software-as-a-service (SAAS) model, there has been tremendous competitive pressure on companies to improve software quality at a much faster rate than before. The software defect prediction (SDP) plays an important role in this effort by enabling predictive quality management during the entire software development lifecycle (SDLC). The SDP has traditionally used defect density and other parametric models. However, recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) have created a renewed interest in ML-based defect prediction among academic researchers and industry practitioners. Published studies on this subject have focused on two areas, i.e. model attributes and ML algorithms, to develop SDP models for small to medium sized software (mostly opensource). However, as we present in this paper, ML-based SDP for large scale software with hundreds of millions of lines of code (LOC) needs to address challenges in additional areas called "Data Definition" and "SDP Lifecycle. " We have proposed solutions for these challenges and used the example of a large-scale software (IOS-XE) developed by Cisco Systems to show the validity of our solutions.
Decentralized Device Authentication Model using the Trust Score and Blockchain Technology for Dynamic Networks

In general, applications use Trusted Third Party to authenticate users, application servers, and devices. Since Trusted Third Party based solutions are centralized, a decentralized scheme is preferred for applications, and blockchain is one of the best solutions for decentralization. Hence, this paper proposes a trust score based decentralized authentication model using the blockchain technology for dynamic networks. In our proposed model, any device can join the network at any time through existing nodes by sending the join transaction to the blockchain. A new device in the network can do messaging with other existing devices; however, the receiving device may not accept until the sender gains a full trust score in the network. The trust score of nodes is built based on its behavior and contributions to the network viz. mining, voting, introducing new node, and fact creation. The proposed model does not give incentives to the miners in the form of currency. At the same time, it should support the network, which is public, dynamic, and untrusted. Hence, we introduce a private and public nodes based blockchain model with incentives such as subsidy, green corridor, etc. We analyze the proposed model for security effectiveness, resource usage, communication overhead, and computational performance to prove lightweight devices’ applicability.
Comparison of Oral and Intravenous N-acetyl Cysteine in Preventing Contrast Nephropathy

Introduction: Despite high rates of morbidity and mortality in patients with contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), there is no consensus regarding prevention of this well-known complication of contrast media use. One agent that has been widely used in this regard is N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Nevertheless, its efficacy is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of NAC, both in the oral and intravenous forms, for the prevention of CIN. Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. We randomized 434 adult patients with chronic kidney disease (constant serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL) who were candidates for coronary angiography/plasty. The patients were categorized into three groups. One group received 1,200 mg NAC intravenously half an hour before the procedure and oral placebo starting 3 days before angiography. The second group received oral NAC 600 mg twice daily for 3 days, starting the day before the intervention and intravenous placebo half an hour before intervention. The third group received both oral and intravenous placebo. CIN was defined as a 25% relative increase in serum creatinine from baseline value, 48 h after use of contrast medium. Results: Of the 434 patients, 149 received intravenous NAC, 145 received oral NAC, and the remaining 140 received placebo. The incidence of CIN in the three groups was 6.1%, 7.6%, and 10.8%, respectively (p = 0.34). Conclusion: In patients with chronic kidney disease, neither intravenous nor oral NAC is superior to placebo for preventing CIN.
Stress-related disorders in health-care workers in COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from India

Background: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, first detected in Wuhan, China, has turned into a rapidly spreading pandemic ailing the human race throughout the world. Health-care workers (HCWs) are under immense physical and psychological pressure, adversely affecting their efficiency and decision making. Aim: We hereby intend to study the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in HCWs in reference with a variety of factors. Materials and Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional online study using semi-structured pro forma along with the Adjustment Disorder New Module and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 was conducted among 200 respondents. Results and Discussion: Of the 200 respondents, 174 (87%) were doctors and 26 nursing staff, with a mean age of 42.1 ± 12.2 years, 62% were male, and 63% were working in the government sector. A significant number of respondents were found to be suffering from acute stress (9.5%), depression (17%), and anxiety (19.5%) which they attributed to the negative professional and personal influence of this ongoing pandemic scenario. HCWs on the front lines of this pandemic are facing compounding stressors and need robust psychiatric help to adequately take care of this need.
Comparative evaluation of remineralization potential of nanohydroxyapatite crystals, bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, and fluoride on initial enamel lesion (scanning electron microscope analysis) – An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of four different remineralizing agents, i.e., nanohydroxyapatite crystals, bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and fluoride on initial enamel lesion. Materials and Methods: Sixty human maxillary central incisors were used in the present study. Samples were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15). Group 1: nanohydroxyapatite-containing dentifrice (Acclaim); Group 2: bioactive glass containing-dentifrice (SHY-NM); Group 3: CPP-ACP-containing dentifrice; and Group 4: fluoride-containing dentifrice. Baseline microhardness was checked, followed by immersion of teeth samples in demineralizing and remineralizing solution. This was followed by a pH cycle of 10 days. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni method. After this, scanning electron microscopic analysis was done to evaluate remineralization. Results: Statistical analysis of data was conducted using ANOVA, and multiple comparisons within groups were done using the Bonferroni method (post hoc tests). The decision criterion was to reject the null hypothesis if P < 0.05. If there was a significant difference between the groups, multiple comparisons (post hoc test) using the Bonferroni test were carried out. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in mean microhardness between the groups after remineralization. The mean value was found to be highest for nanohydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, CPP-ACP, and fluoride in descending order.
Microcomputed tomographic evaluation of shaping ability of two thermo mechanically treated single-file systems in severely curved roots

Context: Canal shaping abilities such as canal transportation, centering ability, and preparation time are important and have to be considered before using any Nickel–Titanium file system. Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the amount of canal transportation, centering ability, and time required for the shaping of severely curved canals with WaveOne Gold (WOG) Primary Reciprocating file and One Curve (OC) Rotary file using the micro computed tomography (μCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty intact mesial roots of extracted human mandibular first molars having severe curvature (25°–35°) were selected. Samples were divided into two groups. Samples in Group I and II were shaped with WOG primary reciprocating files and OC rotary files, respectively, to the working length. Time required to prepare each canal was recorded. μCT pre- and post-instrumentation scans of all samples were taken. The cross-sectional images at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the radiographic apex were selected for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and unpaired t-test. Results: At 3 mm, OC showed statistically lower canal transportation with mean value (0.17 ± 0.10) than WOG (0.55 ± 0.42). Furthermore, OC showed statistically significant better centering ability (0.59 ± 0.25) than WOG (0.39 ± 0.20) at 3 mm level. However, the differences between both instruments were not statistical significant at 6 and 9 mm level for canal transportation and centering ratio. WOG reciprocating file required less time for canal preparation than OC file. Conclusions: OC rotary file showed less canal transportation and better canal centring ability than WOG file, during the preparation of severely curved canals. However, WOG required less time for canal preparation.
Evaluation of the effect of natural versus synthetic matrix metalloproteinase silencers in preservation of dentin collagen and long-term bond strength of total etch adhesive

Aim: This study investigated the effect of various synthetic (galardin [Gal] and benzalkonium chloride [BAC]) and natural agents (hesperidin [HES] and epigallocatechin gallate) on the stability of dentin collagen matrix to resist collagenase degradation and improve long-term microtensile bond strength. Materials and Methods: Ten sound-impacted third molars were collected and manual removal of pulp, periodontal ligament, cementum, and enamel was done. Remaining dentin fragments were pulverized under liquid nitrogen to obtain dentin powder. 2 mg aliquot of dentin powder was allocated to each of the test solutions and subjected to hydroxyproline assay. Another 60 sound human third molars were collected and occlusal enamel was ground flat to reach dentinoenamel junction. Class I cavities were prepared in dentin, followed by etching using 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s. Samples were then subjected to surface treatment with different agents for 60 s, followed by application of Optibond S and restoration with P 60 composite resin. Samples of all groups except control were subject to thermocycling. Samples were sectioned to 1 mm thick slabs which were subject to universal testing machine to determine ultimate tensile strength. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significance level of P < 0.05 were used to analyze data. Results: HES resulted in maximum resistance to collagen degradation, followed by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Gal, and BAC with a significant difference among the groups. Samples of Gal group showed the highest microtensile bond strength values, followed by HES, EGCG, BAC with a significant difference between the groups except HES and EGCG where the difference was nonsignificant. Conclusion: The use of matrix metalloproteinase silencers could improve the mechanical properties of collagen and resist enzymatic degradation, leading to an improved long-term intimate restoration.
To evaluate the fracture resistance of proclined endodontically treated teeth with different post and core systems: In vitro study

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance of proclined endodontically treated teeth with different post and core systems. Settings and Design: Experimental in vitro study. Methodology: Eighty extracted maxillary central incisors were selected and decoronated keeping 2 mm of crown ferrule and were endodontically treated. Postspace was prepared retaining 5 mm apical gp using peeso 3. Samples were divided into two groups. In Group 1, Wax pattern fabricated to accommodate different core angulations to be casted with Ni-Cr alloy. In Group 2, ever stick posts were angulated and cemented followed by porcelain fused to metal crown cementation for both the groups. Samples were thermocycled and subjected to the universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to compare the mean fracture resistance between different angulations in cast post and ever stick posts. Student’s paired t-test was used to compare the mean fracture resistance between cast post and everstick posts for each angulations. P value was set at P < 0.05. Results: The fracture resistance was the highest at 20° and lowest at 30° core angulations in both the groups. Conclusions: Changing core angulation up to 20° can be carried out safely using any of the post systems tested in the study. Core angulations >20°, should be used with caution, especially in patients with abnormal parafunctional habits and occlusal trauma.
Comparative evaluation of apical extrusion of intracanal bacteria using ProTaper Next, Mtwo, and ProTaper rotary systems: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of intracanal bacteria extruded apically after instrumentation with three different nickel–titanium rotary instruments. Materials and Methodology: Forty freshly extracted mandibular premolars were selected, access cavities were prepared, and the teeth were mounted in the bacterial collection apparatus. Root canals were contaminated with a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The contaminated teeth were divided into four groups of 10 teeth each according to the rotary system used for instrumentation: Group 1: ProTaper universal files, Group 2: MTwo files, Group 3: ProTaper Next files, and Group 4: Control group (no instrumentation). Bacteria extruded after preparations were collected into vials. The number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was determined for each sample. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey’s test with a P = 0.05 as the level for statistical significance. Results: The results suggested a statistically significant difference in the number of CFUs between four experimental groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Least amount of bacterial extrusion was seen in ProTaper Next Group while more bacterial extrusion was seen in MTwo Group.
Assessing Autonomic Nervous Function by Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Turbulence in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) induces adverse effects on the cardiovascular system by affecting the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) differed in patients with AIS as compared to that in the control group. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the differences in the involvement of the ANS between right and left hemisphere (LH) strokes. Methods: A total of 148 [74 right hemispheres (RH) and 74 left hemispheres] patients with AIS and 80 control subjects were included in the study. The Holter device was used to obtain elcctrocardiogram readings for over 20 h from all patients. Results of HRV and HRT parameters [Tonset (TO) and Tslope (TS)] were acquired through an automatic analysis of the program. Results: All HRV parameters were found to be low in patients with AIS (P < 0.05, for all parameters). TO and TS were disrupted in 99 patients with AIS (66.8%) and in 15 control subjects (18.7%) (HRT–1 and HRT–2 groups, P = <0.001). HRV parameters were detected to be similar in patients, irrespective of the left or right infarct. TO and TS were normal in 31 patients (41.9%) with left hemisphere localization and in only 18 patients (24.3%) with right hemisphere localization. Conclusions: Combined evaluation of HRV and HRT parameters may provide important information regarding the alterations in the ANS in patients with AIS. The utility of HRT in the determination of ANS alterations in patients with AIS should be investigated in larger future prospective studies.
Time‐Dependence of Boundary Tensions of Solutions I. The Role of Diffusion in Time‐Effects

The variation of surface tension of solutions with time has in some cases, where the change is over within a few seconds or less, been explained on the basis of diffusion. This paper attempts a rigorous mathematical analysis of the role that diffusion might play in such time‐effects. The limitations of diffusion theories which have been proposed previously are discussed. A general theory of diffusion to the surface is derived, which allows for back‐diffusion and which makes no special assumptions of a physical nature. It is possible to use Fick's equation to calculate the total amount of solute which diffuses from a semi‐infinite bulk solution into the surface if the concentration immediately under the surface is known at various times throughout the process. It is shown how the latter information may be deduced from the variation of surface tension with time together with final equilibrium values of surface tension. The methods of this theory are applied to analyze recent data on time‐effects of short du.
ICOS Ligation Recruits the p50alpha PI3K Regulatory Subunit to the Immunological Synapse

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) ligation in concert with TcR stimulation results in strong phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in T lymphocytes. The ICOS cytoplasmic tail contains an YMFM motif that binds the p85α subunit of class IA PI3K, similar to the YMNM motif of CD28, suggesting a redundant function of the two receptors in PI3K signaling. However, ICOS costimulation shows greater PI3K activity than CD28 in T cells. We show in this report that ICOS expression in activated T cells triggers the participation of p50α, one of the regulatory subunits of class IA PI3Ks. Using different T-APC cell conjugate systems, we report that p50α accumulates at the immunological synapse in activated but not in resting T cells. Our results demonstrate that ICOS membrane expression is involved in this process and that p50α plasma membrane accumulation requires a functional YMFM SH2-binding motif in ICOS. We also show that ICOS triggering with its ligand, ICOSL, induces the recruitment of p50α at the synapse of T cell/APC conjugates. In association with the p110 catalytic subunit, p50α is known to carry a stronger lipid kinase activity compared to p85α. Accordingly, we observed that ICOS engagement results in a stronger activation of PI3K. Together, these findings provide evidence that p50α is likely a determining factor in ICOS mediated PI3K activity in T cells. These results also suggest that a differential recruitment and activity of class IA PI3K subunits represents a novel mechanism in the control of PI3K signaling by costimulatory molecules.
Study about Sonographic Features of Thyroid Nodules to Differentiation between Benign and Malignant Among Patients from El-Beida City

British Thyroid Association (BTA) recently produced Ultrasonography (US) classification (U1–U5) of thyroid nodules to facilitate the decision-making process regarding the need to perform fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAS) in suspicious/unequivocal cases. This study was aimed to evaluate whether a relation between classify thyroid FNAS cytology, ultrasound feature diagnoses and compare with BTA-U classification. All the FNAS of thyroid lesions came during November 2017 to November 2018 were classified depended one echogenicity and size vascularity and type of calcification by assed the indication of FNAS and final cytology results. During the study period, total of 165 (89.7% females and 10.3% males) was enrolled in this study. Thyroid FNAS were reported to benign lesion, malignant, inflammatory, indeterminate and non-diagnostic were reported in (76.5 and 87.8%), (5.9 and 2.03%), (5.9 and 6.8%), (0 and 2.03%) and (11.8 and 1.35%) in cases of (male and female) respectively. Benign cases were found 757 (95.2%) out of total 795. This category includes hypo echogenic, hyper echogenic, iso echogenic, highly vascular nodules, calcification, well defined nodular surface, lymph adenopathy, mixed solid& cystic and halo sign depending to sonographic description comparison with BTAU. This study concluded that Use of BTA for thyroid FNAC reporting helps to highlight increased malignancy risk associated with US and FANS malignant categories as well as provide more details related to cytology of thyroid lesions.
Rapid hydrolysis of tertiary isoprene nitrate efficiently removes NOx from the atmosphere

Significance Isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrates (IHNs) play a significant role in controlling the lifetime of NOx. Here, we showcase isomer-specific measurements of IHN in ambient air, which have allowed us to quantify real-time changes in its isomer distribution. These measurements show that 1,2-IHN undergoes a rapid loss not experienced by the 4,3-IHN isomer. Laboratory studies suggest this sink is likely condensed-phase hydrolysis, forming HNO3. To match observations, one-dimensional box-model simulations require additional loss rates (here, assigned to hydrolysis) similar in magnitude to the accounted loss processes (OH oxidation and dry deposition). Global simulations included in this process show reduced ozone levels and assign a significant fraction of HNO3 production to this mechanism within the lower atmosphere. The formation of a suite of isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrate (IHN) isomers during the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene affects both the concentration and distribution of nitrogen oxide free radicals (NOx). Experiments performed in an atmospheric simulation chamber suggest that the lifetime of the most abundant isomer, 1,2-IHN, is shortened significantly by a water-mediated process (leading to nitric acid formation), while the lifetime of a similar isomer, 4,3-IHN, is not. Consistent with these chamber studies, NMR kinetic experiments constrain the 1,2-IHN hydrolysis lifetime to less than 10 s in deuterium oxide (D2O) at 298 K, whereas the 4,3-IHN isomer has been observed to hydrolyze much less efficiently. These laboratory findings are used to interpret observations of the IHN isomer distribution in ambient air. The IHN isomer ratio (1,2-IHN to 4,3-IHN) in a high NOx environment decreases rapidly in the afternoon, which is not explained using known gas-phase chemistry. When simulated with an observationally constrained model, we find that an additional loss process for the 1,2-IHN isomer with a time constant of about 6 h best explains our atmospheric measurements. Using estimates for 1,2-IHN Henry’s law constant and atmospheric liquid water volume, we show that condensed-phase hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN can account for this loss process. Simulations from a global chemistry transport model show that the hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN accounts for a substantial fraction of NOx lost (and HNO3 produced), resulting in large impacts on oxidant formation, especially over forested regions.