Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia

Objectives: We tested the hypotheses that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) improves endurance cycling performance differently in women and men and more so in hypoxia than in normoxia. Design: A prospective pre–post cross-over study with two testing conditions. Methods: Healthy and active women (seven, 24 ± 4 years, mean ± standard deviation [SD]) and men (seven, 27 ± 5 years) performed incremental cycling to determine maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and power output (Wpeak) and on different days two 10-km cycling time trials (TTs) in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (FiO2, 0.135, ~3,500 m equivalent), in a balanced randomized order. Next they performed supervised RMET in normoxia (4 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 min/day eucapnic hyperpnea at ~60% predicted maximum voluntary ventilation) followed by identical post-tests. During TTs, heart rate, ear oximetry reading, and Wpeak were recorded. Results: The VO2peak and Wpeak values were unchanged after RMET. The TT was improved by 7 ± 6% (p < 0.001) in normoxia and 16 ± 6% (p < 0.001) in hypoxia. The difference between normoxic and hypoxic TT was smaller after RMET as compared with that before RMET (14% vs. 21%, respectively, p < 0.001). All effects were greater in women (p < 0.001). The RMET did not change the heart rate or ear oximetry reading during TTs. Conclusion: We found a greater effect of RMET on cycling TT performance in women than in men, an effect more pronounced in hypoxia. These findings are congruent with the contention of a more pronounced performance-limiting role of the respiratory system during endurance exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia and more so in women whose respiratory system is undersized compared with that of men.
Effect of increased dietary sugar on dairy cow performance as influenced by diet nutrient components and level of milk production

ABSTRACT Interactions among diet nutrient parameters can influence dairy cattle response to added dietary sugar. With the objective to evaluate the effect of dietary sugar, 2 data sets with dietary information and production responses were compiled from published research that tested the effect of additional dietary sugar on dairy cattle performance. The first data set included 24 scientific papers (97 observations) with dietary forage NDF content ranging from 14.61 to 38.48% of diet DM. To evaluate the effect of dietary sugar in diets with a more narrow range in dietary forage NDF (17.37 to 29.51% of diet DM), the second data set omitted 3 of the scientific papers in the first data set, resulting in 85 observations. Mixed model linear regression analysis included treatment category [control, 1.5–3%, 3–5%, vs. 5–7% added dietary sugar (% of diet DM)], DIM category within treatment, control milk yield category within treatment, and several continuous nutrient variables. In cows producing >33 kg of milk/d, added dietary sugar had a greater response (2.14 kg of 3.5% FCM/d; P 0.15). Nutrient variables with a positive effect on 3.5% FCM yield included added starch and protein B2 (insoluble in boiling neutral detergent but soluble in boiling acid detergent solution). Nonlinear statistical analysis predicted the optimal total dietary sugar to be 6.75% of diet DM. To optimize 3.5% FCM yield response when feeding additional dietary sugars, a low to moderate starch diet should be fed (22 to 27% of diet DM) in combination with a moderate to high soluble fiber content (6.0 to 8.5% of diet DM).
Integrating New Therapies for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Over the last 2 decades, treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) therapy has drastically changed, resulting in greatly improved survival and treatment tolerance with current targeted therapies. First, the transition from chemotherapy (alkylating agents, nucleoside analogs) to chemoimmunotherapy with the addition of anti-CD20 antibodies resulted in deeper and more complete remissions, with an improvement in progression-free and overall survival. Over the last few years, chemoimmunotherapy has gradually been replaced by new targeted agents, based on further improvement in survival, especially in patients with high-risk CLL, and fewer adverse effects, that is, a lack of myelosuppression and lack of DNA damage and associated risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. The most active targeted treatments for CLL patients are the kinase inhibitors, which inhibit signaling of surface receptors, especially the B-cell antigen receptor, and the BCL-2 antagonist venetoclax. Among the kinase inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors are highly effective and generally well-tolerated and induce durable responses in the vast majority of patients. PI3 kinase inhibitors are alternatives for patients with intolerance to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review discusses the rationale for the transition from chemotherapy–based treatment to the novel agents, the activity, adverse effects, sequencing, and combinations of the novel agents and provides an outlook into future CLL therapy for the next decade.
Autoimmune Cytopenia in CLL

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is frequently associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia and, less frequently, with pure red cell aplasia and immune neutropenia. The emergence of these complications is related to an intertwined and complex relationship between patient, disease, and treatment characteristics. The prognostic repercussion of autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) in patients with CLL mainly depends on its response to therapy. For patients with AIC and nonactive CLL, treatment is as in primary, uncomplicated AIC, keeping in mind that no response is an indication for CLL therapy. The success of treating active CLL-related AIC widely relies on a flexible strategy that should include initial therapy with corticosteroids and a rapid shift to effective CLL therapy in nonresponding patients. Targeted therapies (e.g., ibrutinib) that have already demonstrated to be effective in CLL-related AIC will likely offer a unique possibility of treating both AIC and CLL as a single target.
Patient reported outcomes 6 to 12 months after interpersonal violence: A multicenter cohort study

PURPOSE Violence continues to be a significant public health burden, but little is known about the long-term outcomes of these patients. Our goal was to determine the impact of violence-related trauma on long-term functional and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS We identified trauma patients with moderate to severe injuries (Injury Severity Score, ≥9) treated at one of three level 1 trauma centers. These patients were asked to complete a survey over the phone between 6 and 12 months after injury evaluating both functional and psychosocial outcomes (12-item Short Form Survey, Trauma Quality of Life, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] screen, chronic pain, return to work). Patients were classified as having suffered a violent injury if the mechanism of injury was a stab, gunshot, or assault. Self-inflicted wounds were excluded. Adjusted logistic regression models were built to determine the association between a violent mechanism of injury and long-term outcomes. RESULTS A total of 1,050 moderate to severely injured patients were successfully followed, of whom 176 (16.8%) were victims of violence. For the victims of violence, mean age was 34.4 years (SD, 12.5 years), 85% were male, and 57.5% were Black; 30.7% reported newly needing help with at least one activity of daily living after the violence-related event. Fifty-nine (49.2%) of 120 patients who were working before their injury had not yet returned to work; 47.1% screened positive for PTSD, and 52.3% reported chronic pain. On multivariate analysis, a violent mechanism was significantly associated with PTSD (odds ratio, 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.59–4.17; p < 0.001) but not associated with chronic pain, return to work, or functional outcomes. CONCLUSION The physical and mental health burden after violence-related trauma is not insignificant. Further work is needed to identify intervention strategies and social support systems that may be beneficial to reduce this burden. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and epidemiological, level III.
Imperfect Competition, Secular Stagnation and Factor Shares

Secular stagnation has been used to describe the period of slower growth since roughly 1980. Among the potential causes of secular stagnation, the rise of monopoly rents has gained increasing attention in the current policy debates (Furman and Orszag, 2015; Summers, 2016; CEA, 2016). In the the post-1980 U.S. economy, several other trends have been observed including the rise of asset prices and corporate profits, the slowdown of output and investment, the stagnation of wages and the decline of the labor share. We build a growth model with monopolistic competition and a corporate sector to examine how well a model of increasing markups can explain these trends. Increasing markups can explain the decline in the labor share, low output, and real wages growing more slowly than productivity, but overpredicts the decline in the capital stock, which causes the model’s fit to be poor on asset prices and asset returns. JEL Codes: E25, E44, E22.
Study on the Size Reduction Characteristics of Miscanthus sacchariflorus via Image Processing

1) Size reduction is an important pre-processing operation for utilizing biomass as a sustainable resource in industrial-scale energy production and as a raw material for other industries. This work investigates the size reduction characteristics of air-dried Miscanthus sacchariflorus Goedae-Uksae 1 (Amur silver grass) via image processing and identifies the morphological characteristics of comminuted and screened M. sacchariflorus. At chopping lengths of 18, 40, 80, and 160 mm, 81%, 77%, 78%, and 76% of the particles, respectively, passed through a 4-mm sieve. Even a knife mill with a very small screen aperture (>1 mm) admitted over 10% of the particles. The average circularity and aspect ratio of the particles were <0.30 and >10, respectively. These results confirm that in all preparation modes, most M. sacchariflorus particles were needle-like in shape, irrespective of the type of preparation.
Influences of Soil Bulk Density and Texture on Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture Using Spectral Feature Parameters and an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm

Effective monitoring of soil moisture (θ) by non-destructive means is important for crop irrigation management. Soil bulk density (ρ) is a major factor that affects potential application of θ estimation models using remotely-sensed data. However, few researchers have focused on and quantified the effect of ρ on spectral reflectance of soil moisture with different soil textures. Therefore, we quantified influences of soil bulk density and texture on θ, and evaluated the performance from combining spectral feature parameters with the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to estimate θ. The conclusions are as follows: (1) for sandy soil, the spectral feature parameters most strongly correlated with θ were Sg (sum of reflectance in green edge) and A_Depth780–970 (absorption depth at 780–970 nm). (2) The θ had a significant correlation to the R900–970 (maximum reflectance at 900–970 nm) and S900–970 (sum of reflectance at 900–970 nm) for loamy soil. (3) The best spectral feature parameters to estimate θ were R900–970 and S900–970 for clay loam soil, respectively. (4) The R900–970 and S900–970 showed higher accuracy in estimating θ for sandy loam soil. The R900–970 and S900–970 achieved the best estimation accuracy for all four soil textures. Combining spectral feature parameters with ANN produced higher accuracy in estimating θ (R2 = 0.95 and RMSE = 0.03 m3 m−3) for the four soil textures.
Reliability and Validity Study of the Healthcare

The concept of leadership is as old as history of humanity. Until today, different definitions have been made about the concept of leadership, but a common concept or definition could not be created because the researchers defined it from their own perspective. We can say that leadership is the act of an individual or a group by influencing and directing the behaviours and activities of people around to achieve common goals. As the presence of a good leader is important in every organization, it is also an indispensable concept in medical organizations where human health is essential. This is a descriptive study carried out to determine the levels of demonstrating glocal leadership behaviours of pre-hospital emergency healthcare professionals and national medical rescue team personnel, and to determine whether these personnel show different levels of glocal leadership according to some demographic features (age, gender, professional seniority, education level). Within this aim, “Healthcare Workers’ Multidimensional Glocal Leadership Scale” consisting of 29 items in 4 sub-dimensions and "Information Form" to determine the demographic characteristics of the study group were used as data collection tools. The scale form was delivered to the participants personally by the researchers, and the data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The participants were informed that participation was based on voluntariness and the answers given would be used only for scientific purposes. The participants were also informed that they could leave the study any time and made to sign the "Volunteer Participation Form". The study group consisted of pre-hospital emergency healthcare services, emergency call center healthcare personnel and 20th region UMKE personnel in Edirne province.
Reply on RC3

The manuscript by Maurer and co-workers addresses the issue of changes in water balance partitioning during drought. This is a relevant topic that fits well within the scope of HESS. The authors use a novel combination of methods and data, to arrive at the conclusion that not only the position along the Budyko curve changes during drought, but also the Budyko parameter reflecting the catchment functioning. The manuscript is generally well-written and nicely illustrated. However in contrast to reviewer #1, I unfortunately have some serious concerns about the robustness of the results, and the main motivation for the study, that I think need to be addressed. These are discussed in more detail below.
Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis

A sizeable number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are unable to attain low disease activity or remission despite treatment. These difficult to treat (D2T) patients are labeled as refractory RA. The troika of D2T RA, as outlined by the European League against Rheumatism, comprises of treatment failure history, presence of active/symptomatic disease, and clinical perception. The approach to refractory RA is evolving. 206 Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis
A comprehensive history of climate and habitat stability of the last 800,000 years

A detailed and accurate reconstruction of the past climate is essential in understanding the interactions between ecosystems and their environment through time. We know that climatic drivers have shaped the distribution and evolution of species, including our own, and their habitats. Yet, spatially-detailed climate reconstructions that continuously cover the Quaternary do not exist. This is mainly because no paleoclimate model can reconstruct regional-scale dynamics over geological time scales. Here we develop a statistical emulator, the Global Climate Model Emulator (GCMET), which reconstructs 5 the climate of the last 800,000 years with unprecedented spatial detail. GCMET captures the temporal dynamics of glacialinterglacial climates as an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity would whilst resolving the local dynamics with the accuracy of a Global Climate Model. It provides a new, unique resource to explore the climate of the Quaternary, which we use to investigate the long-term stability of major habitat types. We identify a number of stable pockets of habitat that have remained unchanged over the last 800 thousand years, acting as potential long-term evolutionary refugia. Thus, the highly 10 detailed, comprehensive overview of climatic changes through time delivered by GCMET provides the needed resolution to quantify the role of long term habitat change and fragmentation in an ecological and anthropological context.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Polyimide-based Activated Carbons with High Surface Area

: Polyimide-based activated carbon (PIAC) was prepared by CO 2 activation using polyimide (PI) film offcut as precursor. The influences of activation conditions on the pore structure of PI-based activated carbons and the activation mechanism were investigated. Effects of pore structure on electrochemical properties of PIAC were also investi-gated. Results show that the PI film offcuts can be used to prepare the PI-based activated carbon with high surface area, abundant porosity and amorphous carbon structure at relatively low temperature via CO 2 activation, in which the highest specific surface area was 2809 m 2 /g with pore volume of 1.423 cm 3 /g. Pore size and distribution of activated carbon can effectively be concentrated at 0.7  2 nm with proper mesopores by controlling CO 2 activation time. As an electrode material, PIAC shows an excellent electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of up to 237 F/g at current density of 100 mA/g and capacitance retention of
Propagation of waves in an incompressible rotating transversely isotropic nonlocal elastic solid

In this paper, the nonlocal elasticity theory is applied to study the propagation of plane wave and Rayleigh-type surface wave in an incompressible, rotating and transversely isotropic material. The governing equations of motion for an incompressible, rotating, transversely isotropic and nonlocal elastic medium are specialized for a plane. The medium is assumed rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane. The transverse isotropy axis is taken perpendicular to the surface. The specialized governing equations are first applied to derive a velocity equation for homogeneous plane wave. The specialized governing equations along with traction free boundary conditions are also applied to derive the secular equation governing the wave speed of Rayleigh wave. The speeds of plane wave and Rayleigh wave are computed and illustrated graphically to observe the effects of nonlocality, rotation, anisotropy, frequency and propagation direction. It is noticed from the theory and numerical results that the speeds of both plane wave and Rayleigh wave decrease sharply with an increase in nonlocal parameter or rotation parameter. The speeds of plane wave and Rayleigh wave increase logarithmically with anisotropy material parameter. The feasible ranges of nonlocality, rotation or anisotropy parameters for the existence of plane wave or Rayleigh surface wave are determined for a given wave speed when the values of other parameters are fixed.
Factors associated with success and failure in Puget Sound wineries

ABSTRACT This analysis empirically explores factors associated with success or failure of new wineries, using the empirical context of new wineries in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. Wineries are being established more frequently in various regions around the world. Hence, it is important to understand factors associated with new winery success or failure, so policy-makers and entrepreneurs can better nurture this important industry. Results suggest that factors related to success or failure include the geographic location of a winery, the total number of owners, past business experiences of owners, levels of business diversification, owner gender, and time period.
Financial Performance of Banks in Botswana

Banks play a vital role in the financial system of any country. This study aims to examine the financial performance of eleven banks in Botswana for the period 2015 to 2019 using Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Cost-to-Income (C_I) ratio as the financial measures (dependent variables), and fifteen other ratios (independent variables) as the drivers of financial performance. ROA was used to measure the internal-based performance of banks, ROE was used to study and understand the amount of a bank’s income that is returned as shareholders’ equity, and C_I ratio was used to study and understand the productivity and efficiency of banks. The data were obtained from the financial statements and annual reports of the banks under study. The study employed correlation and multiple regression analysis and it was established that the most significant driver of a bank’s ROA and ROE is the “interest income on loans over average total assets” (II_AVG_TA) ratio. However, this ratio was the least significant driver of the C_I ratio. The most significant driver of the C_I ratio was found to be the “interest expense over assets” (IE_A) ratio.
The effect of maternal education on children’s mental health

We estimate the causal effect of maternal education on the mental health of their children in adulthood. Theoretical considerations are ambiguous about a causal effect of maternal education on the children’s mental health. To identify the causal effect of maternal education, we exploit exogenous variation in maternal years of schooling, caused by a compulsory schooling law reform in Germany. The data we use is the Socio-Economic Panel and the outcomes for the children’s mental health are the Mental Component Summary score as well as life satisfaction and an indicator for being at risk of a depression. We find no evidence of a causal protective effect of maternal education on the children’s mental health. Instead, empirical results suggest a negative effect of maternal education on the daughters’ mental health. One year of additional schooling for the mother decreases the Mental Component Summary score of the daughter by about 26 percent of a standard deviation and the likelihood of being at risk of a depression by about 11 p.p.s. We find no effects for the sons. Moreover, we provide suggestive evidence that maternal schooling improves maternal outcomes and that these outcomes are positively associated with the children’s mental health. Thus, we can rule out these mediators as potential channels driving our results. Our results provide valuable evidence for politicians eager to alleviate the socioeconomic gradient in mental health that is transmitted across generations. JEL codes: I10, I21, I26, J62
Influence of maceration time on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the Syrah must and wine

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the maceration time up to 30 days on the phenolic compounds, monomeric anthocyanins, color intensity, and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC) of both must and Syrah wine produced in the Sao Francisco Valley, Brazil. Up to the 15th day, the maceration process promoted an increase in phenolic compounds, while the major extraction of anthocyanins occurred up to the 20th days. The results showed the concentration of total phenolic compounds stabilized in 20th days until the end of maceration and it was higher in comparison with the concentration found at the beginning. Consequently, prolonging the maceration time to 20 days not only improved the phenolic compounds profile but also the antioxidant activity of the tropical Syrah wine. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The maceration process in winemaking is an important step aimed at extracting and increasing the concentration of phenolic compounds and, as a consequence, the antioxidant activity of the wine improves as well. In practical terms, this process takes about 5 days to complete in wineries, although this paper demonstrates that higher maceration times, up to 20 days, have improve the concentration of phenolic compounds in tropical wines produced with Syrah vines and such improvement has a great impact not only in the sensory properties but in antioxidant properties of the beverage, which may be positively seen by the consumer.