Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh Research Explorer Goal neglect, fluid intelligence and processing speed

Goal maintenance is the process where task rules and instructions are kept active to exert their control on behavior. When this process fails, an individual may ignore a rule while performing the task, despite being able to describe it after task completion. Previous research has suggested that the goal maintenance system is limited by the number of concurrent rules which can be maintained during a task, and that this limit is dependent on an individual’s level of fluid intelligence. However, the speed at which an individual can process information may also limit their ability to use task rules when the task demands them. In the present study, four experiments manipulated the number of instructions to be maintained by younger and older adults and examined whether performance on a rapid letter-monitoring task was predicted by individual differences in fluid intelligence or processing speed. Fluid intelligence played little role in determining how frequently rules were ignored during the task, regardless of the number of rules to be maintained. In contrast, processing speed predicted the rate of goal neglect in older adults, where increasing the presentation rate of the letter-monitoring task increased goal neglect. These findings suggest that goal maintenance may be limited by the speed at which it can operate.
Disclosure and Pricing of Attributes

A monopolist sells an object characterized by multiple attributes. A buyer can be one of many types, diﬀering in their willingness to pay for each attribute. The seller can disclose to the buyer arbitrary attribute information in the form of a statistical experiment. The seller decides how to price the object, what information to disclose, and how to price access to the information. To screen diﬀerent types, the seller oﬀers a menu of options that specify information prices, experiments, and object prices. I characterize revenue-maximizing menus. If all types value the same attribute, then the seller cannot beneﬁt from information disclosure and price discrimination. More generally, if each type values a single attribute and attributes are independent, then the seller can beneﬁt from information disclosure but not from price discrimination. In other cases, a discriminatory menu can be proﬁtable; however, optimal experiments always belong to a tractable class of linear disclosure policies. The analysis informs the operation of various intermediaries including business brokers and online recruiting platforms.
Tensile Strength and Friability of Ultisols in Sub-Tropical China and Effects on Aggregate Breakdown Under Simulated Rainfall

Abstract Many studies have shown the effects of mechanical properties on soil erosion. However, most have focused on the strength of bulk soil, with little attention paid to the strength of the aggregates. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of aggregate tensile strength and friability on aggregate breakdown under simulated rainfall. Different size aggregates of Ultisols, derived from Shale (S) and Quaternary red clay (Q), were exposed to simulated rainfall of 60 mm h−1. Fragment size distribution and splash loss were compared. The results showed that tensile strength decreased when aggregate size increased. For 1- to 2-mm aggregates, tensile strength of Q was greater than S, but the opposite was true for 10- to 20-mm aggregates. Estimates of friability from the coefficient of variation method were different with aggregate sizes tested and always gave larger numerical values than the volume dependence method. Aggregate breakdown was closely related to tensile strength because both depend on aggregate microstructure. Good correlations were observed between tensile strength and normalized mean weight diameters under different amounts of cumulative rainfall. As aggregate size increased, mean weight diameter of fragments increased, but normalized mean weight diameter and splash loss decreased. The tendency that aggregate splash decreased with increasing aggregate size was more obvious for the soil with low friability. For all size classes, the aggregates of soil with low friability produced more splash materials. It might be possible, with further experimentation, to develop empirically based criteria for stability of soil to erosion using tensile strength and friability.
The Effects of Cocaine and Heroin Prices on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits

This paper estimates the empirical relationship between the prices of cocaine and heroin and objective indicators of use. The set of outcomes is drug related hospital emergency department admissions where cocaine and heroin are cited, for 21 large U.S. metropolitan areas. These outcomes are superior to subjective self-reports, and are policy-relevant since they directly measure a large component of the health-care costs associated with heavy or chronic drug usage. Panel data methodology is used to identify the empirical link between drug prices and these indicators. Results indicate that health consequences associated with heavy or chronic drug use are negatively related to drug prices, an instrument of drug control policy. The elasticity of the probability of a cocaine mention with respect to own-price is estimated at -0.27, and the corresponding elasticity for the probability of a heroin mention is -0.15. The probability of any drug related episode, which captures polydrug usage, is also significantly negatively related to both cocaine and heroin prices. Cross-price effects are consistent with a complementary relationship between cocaine and heroin. Models indicate the presence of negative lagged price effects, confirming the strong addictive aspects of both drugs and the cumulative adverse effects of drug use on health.
Does Resorting to Online Dispute Resolution Promote Agreements? Experimental Evidence

This paper presents an experiment performed to test the properties of an innovative bargaining mechanism (called automated negotiation) used to resolve disputes arising from Internet-based transactions. The main result shows that the settlement rule tends to chill bargaining as it creates incentives for individuals to misrepresent their true valuations, which implies that automated negotiation is not able to promote agreements. However, this perverse effect depends strongly on the conflict situation. When the threat that a disagreement occurs is more credible, the strategic effect is reduced since defendants are more interested in maximizing the efficiency of a settlement than their own expected profit. The implications of these results are then used to discuss the potential role of public regulation and reputation mechanisms in Cyberspace.
Organisational Culture and Competitive Advantage: The Role of Open Innovation Practices of Restaurants in Jos North

ost firms quit their industry in the long run as a M result of fierce application of competitive advantage and this study intended to ascertain the extent open innovation can mediate between organisational culture and competitive advantage of firms in a bid to sustain more firms' existence. A sample of 310 restaurants was surveyed while AMOS package was used to analyse the data. It was discovered that organisational culture has a positive and significant relationship with competitive advantage of firms. The extent of the effect of open innovation practices on competitive advantage of firms was positive and significant. Organisational culture also had positive and significant relationship with open innovation. Open innovation partially mediated between organisational culture and competitive advantage. Implication of these findings is that organisational culture and open innovation are strong force of competitive advantage. The study recommended that firms in the hospitality industry should attempt to practise open innovation at a proportion that can constitute good competitive-collaboration strategies (what to take at 85% and what to give at 15%) in the mediation process. Restaurants should ensure their combination of organisational culture and open innovation practices attained 83% contribution for it to produce good competitive advantage in the industry. Organisations should begin by forming short network pairing or blocs and subsequently expand it according to the benefit of open innovation.
Prevalence And Correlates Of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders Prevalence And Correlates Of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) Among The Military In A Low-income Country (PTSD) Among The Military In A Low-income Country

Background : This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its risks among the military in a low-income country. Method : All participants answered self-administered questionnaires that measured PTSD, combat exposure, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), perceived social support, and depression in addition to a socio-demographic form in this cross-sectional study. Chi-square test of independence and Fisher exact test were employed to compute PTSD prevalence and its difference among the services. Correlation and binary logistic regression were used to explore relationships and the impact of the predictor variables on PTSD. Results : PTSD prevalence among participants on routine military duties was 12.2%. PTSD was signi ﬁ cantly related to MSDs (Army, p ¼ 0.03; Navy, p ¼ 0.008; Air Force p ¼ 0.039), combat exposure and depression (r ¼ 0.36, p ¼ 0.001), but not with gender (Army p ¼ 0.683, Navy p ¼ 0.448 and Air Force p ¼ 0.586), perceived support (r ¼ ¡ 0.05, p ¼ 0.476) and years of service (r ¼ 0.05, p ¼ 0.407). Rank was only signi ﬁ cantly associated with PTSD in the Army (p ¼ 0.023) and Air force (0.015). Combat exposure was the best predictor of PTSD with an odds ratio of 1.21. Conclusion : This study provided evidence about the presence of PTSD among military personnel from a low-income country who were exposed to insurgency and terrorism. It revealed valuable information on the correlates of PTSD among the military personnel. This information can enhance the military ' s operational effectiveness and in ﬂ uence the formulation of policies regarding PTSD by the Appropriate Superior Authorities (ASA) of the military.
Enhanced skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis, yet attenuated Enhanced skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis, yet attenuated mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling, following mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling, following short-term concurrent versus single-mode resistance trai

Combining endurance training with resistance training (RT) may attenuate skeletal muscle hypertrophic adaptation versus RT alone; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated changes in markers of ribosome biogenesis, a process linked with skeletal muscle hypertrophy, following concurrent training versus RT alone. Twenty-three males underwent eight weeks of RT, either performed alone (RT group, n = 8), or combined with either high-intensity interval training (HIT + RT group, n = 8), or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT + RT group, n = 7). Muscle samples ( vastus lateralis) were obtained before training, and immediately before, 1 h and 3 h after the final training session. Training-induced changes in basal expression of the 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor (45S pre-rRNA), and 5.8S and 28S mature rRNAs, were greater with concurrent training versus RT. However, during the final training session, RT further increased both mTORC1 (p70S6K1 and rps6 phosphorylation) and 45S pre-rRNA transcription-related signalling (TIF-1A and UBF phosphorylation) versus concurrent training. These data suggest that when performed in a training-accustomed state, RT induces further increases mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling in human skeletal muscle versus concurrent training; however, changes in ribosome biogenesis markers were more favourable following a period of short-term concurrent training versus RT performed alone. Simultaneously incorporating both resistance and endurance training into a periodised training program, termed concurrent training 1 , can attenuate resistance training adaptations such as muscle hypertrophy, compared with resistance training performed alone 2–4 . This effect is potentially mediated by an altered balance between post-exercise skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and breakdown, subsequently attenuating lean mass accretion. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a key mediator of load-induced increases in MPS and subsequently muscle hypertrophy 5,6 . The activity of mTORC1 is antagonised by activation of the 5 ′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which acts to restore perturbations in cellular energy balance by inhibiting anabolic cellular processes and stimulating catabolism 7 . For example, in rodent
Barrett, B. (2018). Computing JSJ decompositions of hyperbolic groups. Journal of Topology, 11(2), 527-558.

We present an algorithm that computes Bowditch’s canonical JSJ decomposition of a given one-ended hyperbolic group over its virtually cyclic subgroups. The algorithm works by identifying topological features in the boundary of the group. As a corollary we also show how to compute the JSJ decomposition of such a group over its virtually cyclic subgroups with inﬁnite centre. We also give a new algorithm that determines whether or not a given one-ended hyperbolic group is virtually fuchsian. Our approach uses only the geometry of large balls in the Cayley graph and avoids Makanin’s algorithm.
Association Between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Results from the TCLSIH Cohort Study

Purpose The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the general Chinese adult male population has risen sharply over the past few decades. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of BPH. To better understand the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPH, we can use the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) because it is a simple and effective marker of inflammation and immunity. This study aims to prospectively investigate the association between NLR levels and the prevalence of BPH in a general Chinese adult male population. Patients and Methods This study included a total of 15,783 male participants free from BPH at baseline. NLR was measured according to the complete blood count. BPH was defined as total prostate volume (TPV) ≥30 mL, and TPV was determined by transabdominal ultrasonography. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to calculate hazards ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BPH risk with NLR levels. Results During a median follow-up of 2.7 years, 5078 BPH cases were documented. After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, education, occupation, income, physical activity, total energy intake, personal and family history of disease, and inflammation markers, the multivariable-adjusted HRs of BPH were 1.00 (reference), 1.08 (95% CIs 0.99, 1.17), 1.10 (95% CIs1.02, 1.19), and 1.12 (95% CIs1.03, 1.21), respectively, for participants with NLR in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles (P for trend <0.01). Conclusion Higher NLR levels were associated with a higher risk of BPH in Chinese adult male population. Our findings support the notion that NLR levels may be an important target for BPH prevention and intervention.
Relationship between Lean Tissue Mass and Muscle Function in Women with Obesity

It is well documented that lean tissue mass (LTM) decreases with aging in patients with obesity, but there is no information available regarding muscle strength changes, a parameter that may be better associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO). The objectives of this study were to analyze the changes in LTM and fat mass (FM), muscle strength and muscle function with aging in women with obesity and to determine the prevalence of SO. LTM and FM were determined by DXA, muscle strength with the hand-grip test and muscle function with the 6 min walk test (6MWT) in 383 women with obesity. A redistribution of the LTM and FM occurred with age, characterized by a gain at the trunk to the detriment of the lower limbs, thus reducting in appendicular LTM indices. The physical performances evaluated by the muscle strength and muscle function decreased concomitantly, and the prevalence of low values for both these parameters was 22.8% and 13.4%, respectively, in the older patients. In summary, although a reduction in appendicular LTM and muscle performances occurred with age and resulted in an increase in the prevalence of SO, the number of women with obesity affected by SO remained low (n ≤ 15), even in those older than 60 years.
THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF ANIMAL INTAKE, PRE-AND POST-GRAZING PASTURE MASS AND STOCKING DENSITY

A simple version of the model validated by Bricham et of (1985) was used to illustrate the factors affecting average daily intake of animals under different grazing conditions. The model accounts for differences in pre-grazing pasture mass and grazing pressure in describing pasture disappearance through time under grazing. Analyses based on the model showed the interdependencies between intake and pre-and post-grazing pasture mass and grazing pressure. In ewes grazing to a common residual (400 kg GDM/ha) intake varied between 1.32 and 0.75 kg GDM/h/day where pre-graze mass varied between 2500 and 1000 kg GDM/ha. It was concluded that where the objective of grazing management is to control animal intake at any level, attention must be paid to pre-grazing pasture mass in setting target residuals. Appropriate residuals and grazing pressures to achieve
Impact of Domestic Debt on the Nigerian Economy

his paper assesses the impact of domestic debt on the T Nigerian economy from 2008 to 2020. The study used secondary data which were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The data included gross domestic product (GDP) which was proxy for economic growth, with domestic debt instruments, namely, Treasury bills (TBILL) and Government bonds (GOVBOND) as independent (explanatory) variables. Treasury bills form the short-term end of domestic debt, while Government bonds are long-term domestic debt. The study employed a multiple regression model and analyzed with the ordinary least squares technique. Results showed that Treasury bills have not significantly impacted the Nigerian economy, while Government bonds exhibited significant positive impact on the economy meaning that Nigeria has been able to effectively utilize long-term debts rather than shorter term debts. It is suggested that Government should focus more on obtaining and utilizing long-term debts in form of bonds and reduce the use of short-term debt. Government should pay more attention to the efficient deployment and effective utilization of short-term debt obtained in form of Treasury bills when necessary, so that the economy can better benefit from these debts.
Embankments over Soft Clay Deposits: Contribution of Basal Reinforcement and Surface Sand Layer to Stability

This paper evaluates the significance of basal reinforcement and the presence of the surface sand layer in the stability. This evaluation is carried out by means of field measurements and stability analyses of three test embankments on soft clay taken to failure. Two of the test embankments were reinforced and one was unreinforced. Stability analyses were carried out taking into account measured values of reinforcement tension forces during construction. The set of analyses have shown that the top sand layer was more important to the stability of the embankments than the basal reinforcement. The cases studied have also shown that the conventional design practice that assumes for the reinforcement a fixed tension contribution may lead to unrealistic higher factor of safety.
RESEARCH COMMUNICATION DNA Repair Gene ERCC1 and XPD Polymorphisms Predict Glioma Susceptibility and Prognosis

Aims: We conducted a case-control study in a Chinese population to clarify the association between polymorphisms in ERCC1 and XPD and susceptibility and survival of glioma. Methods: A total of 393 cases and 410 controls were selected from March 2007 to December 2011. Genotyping of ERCC1 and XPD was conducted by TaqMan assays using the ABI Prism 7911HT Sequence Detection System. All analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package. Results: Polymorphisms in ERCC1 118C/T, ERCC1 8092C/A and XPD Asp312Asn showed no statistically significant difference between glioma cases and controls. However, individuals with the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype had an increased risk of developing glioma compared with those with the Lys/Lys genotype (adjusted OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.06-2.89). The ERCC1 118T/T genotype was associated with significantly higher median survival than the ERCC1 C/C genotype (HR=0.67, 95%CI=0.35-0.96). In addition, individuals with XPD 751Gln/Gln had a lower median survival time than XPD Lys/Lys carriers (HR=0.54, 95%CI=0.37-0.93). Conclusion: In conclusion, we observed that the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype is associated with glioma susceptibility, and ERCC1 118 T/T and XPD 751Gln/Gln genotypes confer a significantly better prognosis.
The Nutritive value and in-vitro digestibility of peels and pomaces of different citrus species

: The chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium ) , Grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ), mandarin ( Citrus reticulata) , lemon ( Citrus limon) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels and pomac-es were assessed for their ability as alternative feed. Chemical composition assessment was done through chemical analysis, and ANKOM Daisy II incubator was used to determine the in-vitro digestibility. There was no statistical significance between citrus byproducts in terms of chemical composition (p>0.05). The citrus by-products had high amounts of total phenolic content (p ≤0.01). The in-vitro digestibility of the peels was significantly higher than the pomaces (p<0.001). The five citrus species in this study showed high metabolizable energy and are viable as non-for - age energy sources in ruminant feed. Lemon byproducts had higher protein compared to others but not sufficient as a single protein source while bitter orange pomace had higher total phenolic content and digestibility. The abundance of citrus agro-industrial byproducts, their chemical composition and their digestibility makes it a good consideration for ruminant feed modification.
Racial, Ethnic, and Urban/Rural Differences in Transitions into Racial, Ethnic, and Urban/Rural Differences in Transitions into Diabetes: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey Diabetes: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey Biomarker and Self-Reported Data Biomarker and Self-Report

We examine differences in transitions between stages of type 2 diabetes across racial, ethnic, and urban/rural statuses. The individual-level data from the 2006 to 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) and county-level data from the 1990-2000 U.S. Censuses, the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research are used to analyze the transition from the stage of prediabetic to diabetic, and the transition from having no diabetes to being prediabetic and diabetic. The HRS includes both biomarker data and self-reported doctors’ diagnoses of diabetes, which allow us to identify people who are prediabetic and undiagnosed diabetics. The likelihood of reporting the transition from prediabetes to diabetes increases with the degree of rurality. Adding county-level proxies for structural disadvantage and individual-level correlates to the regressions attenuate race/ethnicity and rurality disparities in the development of diabetes.