Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Dense Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds: A Multiscale Modeling Strategy

Gas-solid fluidized beds are widely applied in many chemical processes involving physical and/or chemical transformations, and for this reason they are the subject of intense research in chemical engineering science. Over the years, researchers have developed a large number of numerical models of gas-fluidized beds that describe gas-solid flow at different levels of detail. In this review, we discriminate these models on the basis of whether a Lagrangian or a Eulerian approach is used for the gas and/or particulate flow and subsequently classify them into five main categories, three of which we discuss in more detail. Specifically, these are resolved discrete particle models (also called direct numerical simulations), unresolved discrete particle models (also called discrete element models), and two-fluid models. For each of the levels of description, we give the general equations of motion and indicate how they can be solved numerically by finite-difference techniques, followed by some illustrative examples of a fluidized bed simulation. Finally, we address some of the challenges ahead in the multiscale modeling of gas-fluidized beds
Changes in the gut microbiome of patients with type a aortic dissection

Objective To investigate the characteristic changes in the gut microbiota of patients with type A aortic dissection (AAD) and provide a theoretical basis for future microbiome-oriented interventional studies. Methods High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on the stool samples of patients with and without (healthy control subjects) AAD. Using alpha and beta diversity analysis, we compared the gut microbiota composition of 20 patients with AAD and 20 healthy controls matched for gender, age, BMI, and geographical region. The accuracy of AAD prediction by differential microbiome was calculated using the random forest machine learning model. Targeted measurement of the plasma concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are the main metabolites of the gut microbiome, was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Spearman’s correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationships of gut microbiome and SCFAs with the clinical characteristics of subjects. Results The differences in gut microbiota alpha diversity between patients with AAD and the healthy controls were not statistically significant (Shannon index: p = 0.19; Chao1: p = 0.4); however, the microbiota composition (beta diversity) was significantly different between the two groups (Anosim, p = 0.001). Bacteroidota was enriched at the phylum level, and the SCFA-producing genera Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcus and inflammation-related genera Fenollaria and Sutterella were enriched at the genus level in the AAD group compared with those in the control group. The random forest model could predict AAD from gut microbiota composition with an accuracy of 87.5% and the area-under-curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.833. The SCFA content of patients with AAD was higher than that of the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The different microflora and SCFAs were positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the presence of significant differences in the gut microbiome of patients with AAD and healthy controls. The differential microbiome exhibited high predictive potential toward AAD and was positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines. Our results will assist in the development of preventive and therapeutic treatment methods for patients with AAD.
CONVECTION INTO DOMAINS WITH OPEN BOUNDARIES

▪ Abstract Convection into regions with open, or partially-open, lateral boundaries is considered. The products of convectively-driven mixing can flow out from under the source generating a compensating inflow as they do so. The effects of rotation, ambient stratification and the geometry of the region on these flow quantities are considered, since all affect the density and velocity distributions that result. Three typical geometries are considered: convection into a channel or sea with an exit constriction; convection from a patch or strip into stratified and/or rotating surroundings and, finally, into a rotating coastal environment. In each case the simplest possible models are considered in the hope that they can offer some insight into the dynamical processes that affect the overall behaviour of each system. These are supplemented by reference to numerical and laboratory experiments as well as field observations. Finally suggestions for future work in the former two cases are presented in the hope th.
Addressing Emotional Dysregulation and Potential Pharmacogenetic Implication of 5-HTTLPR Genotype in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: This review unpacks the emotional presentation of externalizing behaviors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), by diving into the psychophysiology, neurophysiology, and neurogenetics in relation to executive function. The correlations among these three variables are identified, showing that standard assessments for ADHD leave out the emotional dysregulation element. This may lead to suboptimal management outcomes during the developmental progression into adolescence and adulthood. Summary: The emotional impulsivity manifestation in adolescence and adulthood related to the under-managed emotional dysregulation in childhood is found to be associated with subtle confounding impact of 5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region) genotype. The genotype of interest affects the neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology of the cognition for executive function. The established practice of using methylphenidate in treating ADHD surprisingly has a neurogenetic effect in targeting the genotype of interest. Methylphenidate provides neuroprotective effects throughout the neurodevelopment timeline from childhood to adulthood. Key Messages: The emotional dysregulation element in ADHD which is often overlooked should be addressed to improve the prognostic outcomes in adolescence and adulthood.
Photospheric and stellar wind variability in epsilon Ori (B0 Ia)

We provide direct observational evidence for a link between photospheric activity and perturbations in the dense inner-most stellar wind regions of the B supergiant starOri. The results, which are relevant to our understanding of the origin of wind structure, are based on a multi-spectral line analysis of optical time-series data secured in 1998 using the HEROS spectrograph on the ESO Dutch 0.9-m telescope in La Silla. A period of ∼1.9 days is consistently identified in Balmer, He  absorption, and weak metal lines such as Si  and C . The primary characteristic is a large-amplitude swaying of the central absorption trough of the line, with differential velocities in lines formed at varying depths in the atmosphere. The variance resulting from the "S-wave" velocity behaviour of the lines is constrained within ± the projected rotation velocity (∼80 km s −1 ) in the weakest absorption lines, but extends blue-ward to over −200 km s −1 in Hα. A second (superimposed) 1.9 day signal is present at more extended blue-ward velocities (to ∼−300 km s −1 ) in lines containing stronger circumstellar components. Inspection of archival optical data from 1996 provides evidence that this modulation signal has persisted for at least 2.5 years. Non-radial pulsational modelling is carried out in an attempt to reproduce the key observational characteristics of the line profile variability. Only limited success is obtained with prograde (m = −1) modes. The principal S-wave pattern cannot be matched by these models and remains enigmatic.
Thyroid Dysfunction and Renal Function: A Crucial Relationship to Recognize

Background and Aim: Renal function is noticeably altered in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. However, clinical studies on thyroid dysfunction and its association with renal function are scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in biochemical parameters of renal function in subjects with thyroid dysfunction and to correlate these values with the patient's thyroid profile. The effect of changes in thyroid function during therapy on renal function was also investigated. Methods: A prospective cohort study included 41 patients with untreated primary hypothyroidism and 16 patients with untreated hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine were assessed using immunoassay. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Renal function tests were assessed in all patients at each of the two-time points: during thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) and after attaining euthyroidism. Results: Our study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the average serum creatinine level in the hypothyroid patients after treatment compared to before treatment whereas the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) significantly improved after treatment compared to before treatment. Moreover, the average serum creatinine level in the hyperthyroid patients was significantly lower before treatment compared to after treatment, whereas the mean eGFR significantly dropped after treatment. TSH had a significant positive correlation with serum creatinine and a significant negative correlation with eGFR in all patients with thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with deranged kidney function. It is crucial for the clinician to be aware of the link between thyroid disorders and aberrant renal function in order to consider a thyroid function test when treating a patient whose biochemical markers of renal function are only mildly elevated. There is a need for monitoring creatinine in patients with thyroid dysfunction.
Expert Opinion on the Diagnosis and Management of Male Hypogonadism in India

Male hypogonadism (MH) is a clinical and biochemical syndrome caused by inadequate synthesis of testosterone. Untreated MH can result in long-term effects, including metabolic, musculoskeletal, mood-related, and reproductive dysfunction. Among Indian men above 40 years of age, the prevalence of MH is 20%–29%. Among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 20.7% are found to have hypogonadism. However, due to suboptimal patient-physician communication, MH remains heavily underdiagnosed. For patients with confirmed hypogonadism (either primary or secondary testicular failure), testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is recommended. Although various formulations exist, optimal TRT remains a considerable challenge as patients often need individually tailored therapeutic strategies. Other challenges include the absence of standardized guidelines on MH for the Indian population, inadequate physician education on MH diagnosis and referral to endocrinologists, and a lack of patient awareness of the long-term effects of MH in relation to comorbidities. Five nationwide advisory board meetings were convened to garner expert opinions on diagnosis, investigations, and available treatment options for MH, as well as the need for a person-centered approach. Experts' opinions have been formulated into a consensus document with the aim of improving the screening, diagnosis, and therapy of men living with hypogonadism.
ESTUDIO DEL CONOCIMIENTO DECLARATIVO EN FUNCIÓN DE LA EXPERIENCIA Y DE LA EDAD EN JUGADORES JÓVENES DE VOLEIBOL

The cognitive aspect is one of the domains in which the sport performance is based (Janelle y Hillman, 2003). This component is more important in high strategy sports, as the volleyball, so to the uncertainty in which the players are unrolled in a real game environment (Thomas, 1994). The purpose of this study was to know the declarative knowledge in youth volleyball players and the experience and age influence in the declarative knowledge. Participants in this study were volleyball players of two differents sport contexts (federative and scholl) and 13-16 years old (N=485). The declarative knowledge was assessed on a McGee and Farrow adapted test (1987). These results show that the high experience and age reveal higher levels of declarative knowledge. ANOVAs show significant differences existed in declarative knowledge according to the years of experience (F=97.87; p<.001) and age (F=35.98; p<.001). These findings are similar to the obtained in volleyball expertise studies, demonstrating that the players with higher experience possess a higher level of game general knowledge (Mesquita y Graca, 2002; Moreno et al., en revision). In other studies in which the questionnaires have been used as knowledge measurement instrument, a higher level has been obtained in players with high experience that the players with down experience (French y Thomas, 1987).
A FIXED‐ b TEST FOR A BREAK IN LEVEL AT AN UNKNOWN TIME UNDER FRACTIONAL INTEGRATION

In this paper, we propose a test for a break in the level of a fractionally integrated process when the timing of the putative break is not known. This testing problem has received considerable attention in the literature in the case where the time series is weakly autocorrelated. Less attention has been given to the case where the underlying time series is allowed to be fractionally integrated. Here, valid testing can only be performed if the limiting null distribution of the level break test statistic is well defined for all values of the fractional integration exponent considered. However, conventional sup‐Wald type tests diverge when the data are strongly autocorrelated. We show that a sup‐Wald statistic, which is standardized using a non‐parametric kernel‐based long‐run variance estimator, does possess a well‐defined limit distribution, depending only on the fractional integration parameter, provided the recently developed fixed‐b asymptotic framework is applied. We give the appropriate asymptotic critical values for this sup‐Wald statistic and show that it has good finite sample size and power properties.
Sliding charge density wave in the monophosphate tungsten bronze (PO 2 ) 4 (WO 3 ) 2m with alternate stacking of m=4 and m=6 WO 3 layers

The monophosphate tungsten bronzes (PO 2 ) 4 (WO 3 ) 2 m form family of two-dimensional metals which exhibit charge density wave (CDW) instabilities. These materials are generally built by the regular stacking of (a,b) layers in which chains made of segments of m WO 6 octahedra directed along the a and a′b directions are delimited. Their electronic structure thus originates from quasi-one-dimensional (1D) bands located on these chains. As a consequence their Fermi surface (FS) exhibits large flat portions whose nesting gives rise to successive CDW instabilities. Here we present a structural study of the CDW instability of the (PO 2 ) 4 (WO 3 ) 1 0 member formed by the alternate stacking of layers built with segments of m = 4 and m=6 WO 6 octahedra. Its ah initio electronic structure calculation shows that the FS of this member exhibits large flat portions which can be extremely well nested. Its best nesting wave vector accounts for the modulation wave vector stabilized by the CDW transition which occurs at 156 K. Because of the regular stacking of layers of different m values the FS is slightly split. The unusual thermal dependence of the x-ray satellite intensity provides evidence that the two types of layers become modulated at different temperature. This also leads to a slight thermal sliding of the CDW-nesting modulation wave vector, which can be accounted for within the framework of a Landau-Ginzburg theory. In addition, the observation of a global hysteresis in the thermal cycling of the satellite intensity, as well as the degradation of the interlayer order upon cooling, suggest the formation of a disordered lattice of dilute solitons. Such solitons allow to accomodate the charge transferred between the two types of layer. Finally the relevance of local charge transfers, at intergrowth defects, for example, to create pinned discommensurations that break the CDW coherence is emphasized in this whole family of bronzes.
Two-dimensional numerical simulation of radical generation in the positive corona discharge

By a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation of positive corona with extensive chemical reactions, two parameters such as E/N/sub eff/ (effective electric field for electrical energy transfer) and G-factor are calculated. E/N/sub eff/ weakly depends on the humidity but strongly depends on the applied voltage. As the applied voltage increases, the corona formation and propagation time decrease, but the other parameters show very weak dependence. Electron collision G-factors of OH, O radicals reach their maximum value at E/N/sub eff/ N/spl sim/150 Td but electron collision G-factor of N radical increase with E/N. Full chemical reaction considered G-factor shows different time evolution characteristics with E/N/sub eff/. Since the dominant reaction process for the N, O radical is through the electron collision, the electron collision G-factor and E/N/sub eff/ well represent the full chemical reaction considered G-factor. But the OH radical is dominantly generated by the radical reactions. The G-factor of OH radical shows a time-delayed characteristic.
Electrically Active Convection in Tropical Easterly Waves and Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and East Pacific

AbstractIn this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of tropical easterly wave convection and the possible implications of convective structure on tropical cyclogenesis and intensification over the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean. Easterly waves were partitioned into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases based on the 700-hPa meridional wind from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. Waves were subsequently divided according to whether they did or did not develop tropical cyclones (i.e., developing and nondeveloping, respectively), and developing waves were further subdivided according to development location. Finally, composites as a function of wave phase and category were created using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager, Precipitation Radar (PR), and Lightning Imaging Sensor as well as infrared (IR) brightness temperature data from the NASA global-merged IR br.
Growth of single-crystalline RuO2 nanowires with one- and two-nanocontact electrical characterizations

Single-crystalline RuO2 nanowires were grown by using a thermal evaporation method. A control of the sizes (width and length) and the length-to-width ratio of the nanowires were achieved by tuning the growth time. A transmission electron microscope–scanning tunneling microscope technique invoking one-nanocontact electrical characterization was adopted to determine the room-temperature resistivity (∼100μΩcm) of the nanowires. An e-beam lithography technique facilitating two-nanocontact measurements was performed to establish the metallic characteristic of individual nanowires. The authors found that a nanocontact may introduce high contact resistance, nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, and even semiconducting behavior in the temperature dependent resistance.
Spurious interface fragmentation in multiphase SPH

We investigate the issue of sub‐kernel spurious interface fragmentation occurring in SPH applied for multiphase flows. It has appeared recently that current SPH formulations for multiphase flows involving an interface between immiscible phases can suffer from non‐physical particle mixing through the interface, especially for flows with high density ratios. This is an important issue, in particular for applications where physical phenomena take place at the interface itself, such as phase change or the evolution of two‐phase flow patterns. In this paper, various remedies proposed in the literature are discussed. The current assumption that spurious interface fragmentation occurs only when there is no surface tension at the interface is revisited. We show that this is a general problem of current SPH formulations that appears even when surface tension is present. A new proposition for an interface sharpness correction term is put forward. A series of simulations of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional bubbles rising in a liquid allow a comprehensive study and demonstrate the dependence of the new correction term on the kernel smoothing length. On the other hand, the overall flow behavior, including the interface shape, is not affected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PERIODIC AND HOMOCLINIC ORBITS IN A TWO-PARAMETER UNFOLDING OF A HAMILTONIAN SYSTEM WITH A HOMOCLINIC ORBIT TO A SADDLE-CENTER

For a two-degrees-of-freedom Hamiltonian system with a homoclinic orbit (loop) to a saddle-center we prove that the Poincare map on a section to the loop within the Hamiltonian level containing a saddle-center is a twist map with discontinuity at the point of intersection with the loop. It explains the reason for existence of a countable set of periodic orbits near the loop. The types of these orbits are determined. We discover homoclinic doubling and tripling in a generic two-parameter Hamiltonian unfolding of such a Hamiltonian system. Besides this, we also study the nonautonomous linear Hamiltonian system obtained by means of the linearization of the original system at the loop. We derive the invariant formulation of the genericity condition that is needed for studying the original system.
Colours of the Sun and Moon: the role of the optical air mass

A geometric model for the optical air mass of the atmosphere is developed. Using the model, simple formulae are derived for the optical thickness of light passing through (1) a molecular atmosphere, (2) an atmosphere with uniformly distributed tropospheric aerosols and (3) atmospheres with elevated aerosol layers. The formulae are used to model the spectra and perceived colours of the Sun and Moon.
Systematics and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of the Enigmatic Late Jurassic Shark Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918 with Comments on the Shark–Ray Sister Group Relationship

The Late Jurassic elasmobranch Protospinax annectans is often regarded as a key species to our understanding of crown group elasmobranch interrelationships and the evolutionary history of this group. However, since its first description more than 100 years ago, its phylogenetic position within the Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) has proven controversial, and a closer relationship between Protospinax and each of the posited superorders (Batomorphii, Squalomorphii, and Galeomorphii) has been proposed over the time. Here we revise this controversial taxon based on new holomorphic specimens from the Late Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätte of the Solnhofen Archipelago in Bavaria (Germany) and review its skeletal morphology, systematics, and phylogenetic interrelationships. A data matrix with 224 morphological characters was compiled and analyzed under a molecular backbone constraint. Our results indicate a close relationship between Protospinax, angel sharks (Squatiniformes), and saw sharks (Pristiophoriformes). However, the revision of our morphological data matrix within a molecular framework highlights the lack of morphological characters defining certain groups, especially sharks of the order Squaliformes, hampering the phylogenetic resolution of Protospinax annectans with certainty. Furthermore, the monophyly of modern sharks retrieved by molecular studies is only weakly supported by morphological data, stressing the need for more characters to align morphological and molecular studies in the future.