Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of Low-Toxicity Solvent Employment for Total Lipid and Tocopherol Compound Extraction from Patagonian Squid By-Products

The extraction of total lipids and tocopherol compounds from Patagonian squid (Doriteuthis gahi) by-products (viscera, heads, skin, etc.), resulting from squid mantel commercialisation, was studied. An optimisation simplex-lattice design by employing low-toxicity solvents (ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate) was carried out taking into account their relative concentrations. The variance analysis of data showed that the quadratic model was statistically significant (p < 0.05); empirical coded equations were obtained as a function of the low-toxicity solvent ratios. The optimised lipid extraction was obtained by employing the 0.642/0.318/0.040 (ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate) solvent ratio, respectively, leading to an 84% recovery of the total lipids extracted by the traditional procedure. In all extracting systems tested, the presence of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol compounds was detected, α-tocopherol being the most abundant. For α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol compounds, the optimisation process showed that acetone extraction led to the highest concentrations in the lipid extract obtained (2736.5, 36.8, and 2.8 mg·kg−1 lipids, respectively). Taking into account the recovery yield on a by-product basis, the values obtained for the three tocopherols were included in the 88.0–97.7%, 80.0–95.0%, and 25–75% ranges, respectively, when compared to the traditional extraction. This study provides a novel and valuable possibility for α-tocopherol extraction from marine by-products.
A solid‐shell corotational element based on ANDES, ANS and EAS for geometrically nonlinear structural analysis

This paper describes an eight‐node, assumed strain, solid‐shell, corotational element for geometrically nonlinear structural analysis. The locally linear kinematics of the element is separated into in‐plane (which is further decoupled into membrane and bending), thickness and transverse shear components. This separation allows using any type of membrane quadrilateral formulation for the in‐plane response. Assumed strain fields for the three components are constructed using different approaches. The Assumed Natural Deviatoric Strain approach is used for the in‐plane response, whereas the Assumed Natural Strain approach is used for the thickness and transverse shear components. A strain enhancement based on Enhanced Assumed Strain concepts is also used for the thickness component. The resulting element passes well‐known shell element patch tests and exhibits good performance in a number of challenging benchmark tests. The formulation is extended to the geometric nonlinear regime using an element‐independent corotational approach. Some key properties of the corotational kinematic description are discussed. The element is tested in several well‐known shell benchmarks and compared with other thin‐shell and solid‐shell elements available in the literature, as well as with commercial nonlinear FEM codes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element methods based on a new formulation for the non‐stationary incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

A new formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations is introduced to solve incompressible flow problems. When finite element methods are used under this formulation there is no need to worry whether Babuska–Brezzi condition is satisfied or not. Both velocity and pressure can be obtained separately and the pressure can be simply obtained by a substitution. Moreover, fully explicit time integration can be applied for easy implementation. Implementation issues are discussed and a couple of flow examples are simulated. Parallel implementation based on domain decomposition is incorporated as well. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential Roles of YAP/TAZ Mechanotransduction in Spaceflight-Induced Liver Dysfunction

Microgravity exposure during spaceflight causes the disordered regulation of liver function, presenting a specialized mechano-biological coupling process. While YAP/TAZ serves as a typical mechanosensitive pathway involved in hepatocyte metabolism, it remains unclear whether and how it is correlated with microgravity-induced liver dysfunction. Here, we discussed liver function alterations induced by spaceflight or simulated effects of microgravity on Earth. The roles of YAP/TAZ serving as a potential bridge in connecting liver metabolism with microgravity were specifically summarized. Existing evidence indicated that YAP/TAZ target gene expressions were affected by mechanotransductive pathways and phase separation, reasonably speculating that microgravity might regulate YAP/TAZ activation by disrupting these pathways via cytoskeletal remodeling or nuclear deformation, or disturbing condensates formation via diffusion limit, and then breaking liver homeostasis.
Kaahaajat: Finnish Attitudes towards Speeding

People driving in excess of the posted speed limit (referred to as speeding in English or Kaahaajat in Finnish) is a common road user behaviour. In Finland, between 2000 and 2020, speeding was identified as the key contributing factor in 41% of fatal motor vehicle collisions. This may be because disregarding speed limits on motorways and on residential roads are the most common violations performed by Finnish drivers. This study identifies factors influencing speeding while driving in Finland. In particular, 703 responses from Finnish drivers of the ESRA2 (E-Survey of Road users’ Attitudes) were analysed to understand the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) factors underpinning speeding behaviours in three road environments: inside built-up areas; outside of built-up areas; and on motorways and freeways. Three binary logistic regression analyses were used to understand which elements of TPB were associated with self-reported speeding in each of these environments. Approximately two thirds of participants reported speeding in each of the three road environments. Attitudes and subjective norms were associated with speeding in built-up areas and on motorways or freeways. In addition, perceived behavioural control and age were significantly associated with speeding outside of built-up areas. The findings highlight how a systematic approach is needed to address speeding considering enforcement, engineering, legislation, and education.
A Case Study Diagnosis of the Formation of an Upper-Level Cutoff Cyclonic Circulation over the Eastern United States

Abstract The synoptic-scale evolution during the formation phase of a midtropospheric cutoff cyclonic circulation over the eastern United States is diagnosed within the potential vorticity framework using the GALE (Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment) case of 18–19 January 1986. The study examines 1) the precursor flow evolution prior to cutoff cyclone formation; 2) the wind, mass, and potential vorticity evolution during the 2-day period encompassing cutoff formation; and 3) the relative contribution of upper-versus lower-tropospheric forcing on the quasigeostrophic height tendency field prior to and during cutoff formation. The primary large-scale features prior to cutoff cyclone formation are an amplifying ridge over the western United States and eastern North Pacific and a diffluent trough over the central United States. The primary smaller-scale feature prior to cutoff formation is a short-wave trough-jet streak system that propagates through the longer-wave-amplifying ridge, and then intensifies upo.
Optical Reflectance of Composites with Aligned Engineered Microplatelets

The reflection of light from distributed microplatelets is an effective approach to creating color and controlling the optical properties in paints, security features, and optical filters. However, predictive tools for the design and manufacturing of such composite materials are limited due to the complex light–matter interactions that determine their optical response. Here, the optical reflectance of individual reflective microplatelets and of polymer‐based composites containing these engineered platelets as an aligned, dispersed phase are experimentally studied and analytically calculated. Transfer‐matrix calculations are used to interpret the effect of the platelet architecture, the number of platelets, and their size distribution on the experimentally measured reflectance of composites prepared using a previously established magnetic alignment technique. It is demonstrated that the reflectance of the composites can be understood as the averaged response of an array of Fabry–Pérot resonators, in which the microplatelets act as semi‐transparent flat reflectors and the polymer as cavity medium. By using an analytical model and computer simulations to describe the interaction of light with platelets embedded in a polymer matrix, this work provides useful tools for the design and fabrication of composites with tailored optical reflectance.
Motions of the bow shock induced by interplanetary disturbances

Motivated by recent observations by Greenstadt and co-workers of very high bow shock ‘normal’ velocities, we investigate the reaction of the shock to changes in solar wind conditions for different bow shock locations. At low quiescent Mach numbers the shock is found to be much more sensitive to a given slow perturbation than it is at the normally occurring high Mach numbers. Thus under these circumstances even a smooth wavelike disturbance can cause high bow shock velocities. For high Mach numbers only impulsive perturbations like tangential discontinuities or occasional interplanetary shocks can induce high bow shock velocities. The former interaction is discussed in detail. Large induced shock velocities are possible, although very strong density discontinuities are needed to produce recently estimated average shock speeds of about 85 km/sec. Thus such high average shock velocities are difficult to understand. In this context also a qualitative discussion of the importance of oscillatory modes of the magnetosphere shock system is presented. The present work suggests average bow shock velocities of the order of 10 km/sec or somewhat larger. Much higher shock speeds should be the exception rather than the rule.
Effects of Different Dietary Protein Level on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Plasma Metabolomics Profile of Growing Yak in the Cold Season

Simple Summary The yak (Bos grunniens) is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and data on their nutritional requirements are lacking. Previous reports have shown that yaks have a higher nitrogen utilization efficiency than Bos taurus, so we hypothesize that yak diets should have a lower level of dietary crude protein than beef cattle. Two diets with different dietary protein content were designed to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels on yaks in the cold season. The results showed that during the cold season, high protein level could promote rumen microbial protein synthesis, elevate arginine and proline metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, taste transduction and glutathione metabolism pathways, enhance antioxidant and immune function, and promote growth performance of yak. However, a high-protein diet enhanced the renin secretion pathway, which might increase a yak’s water intake. Abstract This experiment was aimed to compare the effects of two diets with different protein content on the growth performance, immune indexes, rumen fermentation characteristics and plasma metabolomics of growing yak in the cold season. A total of 24, 2-year-old healthy yaks with similar body weight (142.9 ± 3.56 kg) were randomly allocated to two isoenergetic diets with different protein content (10 vs 14%) according to a non-paired experimental design, and the protein of the diets was increased by increasing soybean meal, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal. The growth performance experiment lasted 56 days. Four days before the end of the growth experiment, the digestion trial was conducted, and the rumen fluid and plasma was collected for measurement. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (p < 0.001) and average daily gain (p = 0.006) of yak fed a high-protein diet was significantly greater, while the feed conversion ratio was lower (p = 0.021) than that of yaks fed a low-protein diet. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002), alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.001), malondialdehyde (p = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (p = 0.032) and interferon-γ (p = 0.017) of the high-protein group were significantly lesser, whereas superoxide dismutase (p = 0.004) and interleukin-2 (p = 0.007) was significantly greater than that of the low-protein group. The rumen microbial crude protein (p < 0.047) and crude protein digestibility (p = 0.015) of yak fed a high-protein diet was significantly greater than that of the low-protein group. The metabolomics results showed that yaks fed a high-protein diet were elevated in protein digestion and absorption, arginine and proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, purine metabolism, butanoate metabolism, taste transduction, pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism and renin secretion pathways. It is concluded that a high-protein diet in the cold season can promote rumen microbial crude protein synthesis, enhance antioxidant and immune function and promote growth performance of yaks.
Examination of Complications and Differentiating Factors (Method of Conception, Nutritional Status, Weight Gain) in Twin Pregnancies

Introduction. The aim of our study was to examine the complications and differentiating factors (method of conception, nutritional status, rate of weight gain) of twin pregnancies. Methods. In our quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective study we examined medical data sheets of women pregnant with twins (N=89) in the western regions of Transdanubia, Hungary. Results. Conditions occurring during pregnancy affected almost half of the mothers. Hypertension and preeclampsia are increased risk factors among the complications of twin pregnancies, independently of the method of conception (p>0.05). Abnormal weight gain during pregnancy was observed in half of the mothers. Weight before pregnancy is a strong predictor of weight gain during pregnancy (p<0.05). Conclusion. Our research showed that abnormal weight gain and obesity during twin pregnancy has a negative effect on maternal health, and correlates with maternal complications (hypertension/preeclampsia, gestational diabetes). Effective and preventative strategies are necessary, already during pregnancy planning, to prevent obesity before pregnancy.
Capturing Genetic Diversity in Seed Collections: An Empirical Study of Two Congeners with Contrasting Mating Systems

Plant mating systems shape patterns of genetic diversity and impact the long-term success of populations. As such, they are relevant to the design of seed collections aiming to maximise genetic diversity (e.g., germplasm conservation, ecological restoration). However, for most species, little is known empirically about how variation in mating systems and genetic diversity is distributed. We investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and mating systems in two functionally similar, co-occurring species of Hakea (Proteaceae), and evaluated the extent to which genetic diversity was captured in seeds. We genotyped hundreds of seedlings and mother plants via DArTseq, and developed novel implementations of two approaches to inferring the mating system from SNP data. A striking contrast in patterns of genetic diversity between H. sericea and H. teretifolia was revealed, consistent with a contrast in their mating systems. While both species had mixed mating systems, H. sericea was found to be habitually selfing, while H. teretifolia more evenly employed both selfing and outcrossing. In both species, seed collection schemes maximised genetic diversity by increasing the number of maternal lines and sites sampled, but twice as many sites were needed for the selfing species to capture equivalent levels of genetic variation at a regional scale.
Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Morphological Parts of Herbs

The aim of the study was to provide an analytical evaluation of the proximate composition, the total content of polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity, of 27 selected plant materials collected in Poland (West Pomeranian). The basic chemical composition was determined in the ground samples according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Antioxidant activity was tested using free radical methods ABTS•+, DPPH•+ and the FRAP method. The lowest concentration of dry matter (DM) was measured in black chokeberry (88.82 g/100 g) and the highest was found in milk thistle (94.65 g/100 g) as well as black cumin (95.09 g/100 g). The content of total polyphenols, assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, ranged from 291.832–7565.426 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent (CGA)/100 g of DM. Antioxidant activity measured sequentially against the radical ABTS•+, DPPH•+ and using the FRAP method was 26.334–1912.016 µM Trolox/g DM, 9.475–1061.068 µM Trolox/g DM and 26.252–1769.766 µM Trolox/g DM, respectively. The methanolic extract from milk thistle fruit in most assays was characterized by the lowest antioxidant activity and the lowest total content of polyphenolic compounds. Methanol extracts prepared from garlic, stinging nettle and cleavers showed the highest content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity among the tested plant materials. The parts of plants with the highest antioxidant potential can be a source of new bioactive compounds, but further research is required to describe the profile of compounds harmful to human health.
Stopping sets and the girth of Tanner graphs

Recent work has related the error probability of iterative decoding over erasure channels to the presence of stopping sets in the Tanner graph of the code used. In particular, it was shown that the smallest number of uncorrected erasures is the size of the graph's smallest stopping set. Relating stopping sets and girths, we consider the size /spl sigma/(d,g) of the smallest stopping set in any bipartite graph of girth g and left degree d. For g/spl les/8 and any d, we determine /spl sigma/(d,g) exactly. For larger gs we bound /spl sigma/(d,g) in terms of d, showing that for fixed d, /spl sigma/(d,g) grows exponentially with g. Since constructions of high-girth graphs are known, one can therefore design codes with good erasure-correction guarantees under iterative decoding.
The formation of counterrotating cores in elliptical galaxies

The mechanism proposed by Kormendy (1984) for the formation of counterrotating cores in elliptical galaxies is investigated using self-consistent numerical simulations of mergers between a high- and a low-luminosity elliptical galaxies. The conditions for a counterrotation to appear are determined, observational properties of the remnants are described, and the evolution of the structural and kinematic parameters of the larger galaxy is analyzed. It is shown that a counterrotation results only when the merging orbits are retrograde, due to a large change in the secondary spin during the merger. 36 refs.
Evaluation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Faecal Microbiota, Noxious Gas Emission, and Faecal Score on Weaning Pigs Supplement with and without Probiotics Complex Supplementation in Different Level of Zinc Oxide

Simple Summary Long-term use of pharmacological levels of ZnO has caused environmental pollution and bacterial resistance. We mainly study the effect of adding probiotics complex supplementation with high and low ZnO diets on the performance of weaning pigs in 42 days. The results: probiotic supplementation has reduced the fecal Escherichia coli counts. There were no interactive effects between ZnO and probiotic complex supplementation on all the measured parameters. In the current study, supplementation of 0.1% probiotic complex to 300 ppm ZnO diet did not show the same benefit with pharmacological doses of ZnO. Abstract A total of 200 26-day-old crossbred weaning piglets ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc; 6.55 ± 0.62 kg) were used in a 6-week experiment to evaluate the effects of adding probiotics complex supplementation (Syner-ZymeF10) with high and low ZnO diets on the performance of weaning pigs in 42 days. Pigs were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and they were supplemented with two concentration level of ZnO with 3000 ppm and 300 ppm and probiotics complex supplementation with 0 and 0.1%. There were ten replicate pens per treatment with five pigs per pen (two gilts and three barrows). Pigs fed diets with 3000 ppm ZnO had a higher BW during the overall period and ADG during d 8–21, d 22–42, and overall period than pigs receiving 300 ppm ZnO diets (p < 0.05), as well as a G: F which tended to increase on d 8–21 and overall period (p < 0.1) and decreased tendency on faecal gas emission of methyl mercaptans and acetic acid concentration (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation had decreased the E. coli count (p < 0.05) and tended to increase the Lactobacillus count (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation and different level of ZnO supplementation had no significant effect on the nutrition digestibility and faecal score (p > 0.05). In conclusion, probiotic supplementation reduced the fecal E. coli counts and tended to improve Lactobacillus counts. There were no interactive effects between ZnO and probiotic complex supplementation on all the measured parameters.
An Approximation to the Distribution and the Moments of the Number of Events in Markovian Arrival Processes

In this paper, we propose to approximate the distribution and the moments of the number of events of a Markovian arrival process (MAP) in a time interval (0, t] by those of MAP events in an Erlang distributed random time interval. We present simple expressions for the later and show that when the order of Erlang distribution is high, the approximation is fairly accurate. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed Erlangian approximation is compared with the uniformization method, and it is shown that the Erlangian method can be a useful tool in approximating the cumulative distribution function and moments of the number of MAP events.
The effect of clinical face shields on aerosolized particle exposure

Background: Face shields protect healthcare workers (HCWs) from fluid and large droplet contamination. Their effect on smaller aerosolized particles is unknown. Materials & methods: An ultrasonic atomizer was used to simulate particle sizes equivalent to human breathing and forceful cough. Particles were measured at positions correlating to anesthetic personnel in relation to a patient inside an operating theatre environment. The effect of the application of face shields on HCW exposure was measured. Results & Conclusion: Significant reductions in particle concentrations were measured after the application of vented and enclosed face shields. Face shields appear to reduce the concentration of aerosolized particles that HCWs are exposed to, thereby potentially conferring further protection against exposure to aerosolized particles in an operating theatre environment.