Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiments on baroclinic vortex shedding from hydrothermal plumes

Laboratory experiments have been conducted to examine the effects of rotation on the structure and stability of hydrothermal plumes. It is shown that the plume forces a baroclinic vortex, consisting of an anticyclonic eddy at the neutral buoyancy level and cyclonic circulation in the ambient fluid around the rising plume. These features agree qualitatively with Speer's (1989) model. However, the experiments show that this state is unstable, leading to the breakup of the plume and the unsteady generation of baroclinic vortices (hetons) that propagate away from the source. Two nearby plumes interact repulsively for separations ≳NZs/ƒ, and initially coalesce for smaller separations. Here N is the buoyancy frequency, ƒ is the Coriolis frequency, and Zs is the height of the spreading level. It is suggested that oceanic hydrothermal plumes may shed isolated baroclinic vortices, which are capable of retaining anomalous properties (temperature, salinity, 3He, etc.) over large distances.
Fluvial seed dispersal of riparian trees: transport and depositional processes

Fluvial seed dispersal considers both the transport and deposition of seeds where channel geomorphic structures, hydrology and seed dispersal traits contribute to transport times and depositional locations. This study examines the influence of stream flow patterns on fluvial seed dispersal of buoyant white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) seeds by applying a one‐dimensional transport model. Conceptually, the model separates the stream into two components: (i) the main channel where the seeds are transported downstream; and (ii) the transient storage zone where seeds are temporarily detained or deposited on the river bank. Transport processes are characterized by an advection–dispersion equation which is coupled to a transient storage model using an exponential decay term. The model parameters: longitudinal dispersion (DL), exchange coefficient (α), main channel area (A) and storage zone (As) are estimated based on field experiments conducted in a confined, bedrock‐gravel bed river with pool‐riffle morphology located in coastal northern California. The riparian zone is inhabited by Alnus rhombifolia that disperse buoyant seeds in mid‐spring coinciding with the end of the wet, Mediterranean season. Artificial seeds, with similar traits of buoyancy and density to alder seeds, were used to quantify transport times and depositional locations. Preferential deposition resulted in stream reaches with larger As, high As/A ratios, and faster exchange coefficients corresponding to divergent stream flow (back‐eddies, re‐circulating flow, flow expansions) caused by geomorphic structures such as the ends of bar/riffle features and bends in the stream. The results demonstrate the importance of transient storage for seed transport and depositional processes. Morphological features that increase a channel's complexity create complex flow structures that detain seeds and provide a greater opportunity for deposition to occur. The model provides a simplification of river hydraulics to represent dispersal dynamics and lends itself to further understanding of hydrochory processes and associated population structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aging and Health: An Examination of Differences between Older Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal People*

RÉSUMÉ La population autochtone au Canada, beaucoup plus jeune que la population générale, a connu une tendance au vieillissement depuis les dix dernières années. Utilisant les données de l’Enquete auprès des peuples autochtones de 2001 (EAPA) et l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) de 2000/2001, cet article examine les différences dans l’état de santé et les déterminants de la santé et l’utilisation de soins de santé entre la population autochtone de 55 ans et plus et la population non-autochtone. Les résultats montrent que la population plus âgée autochtone est plus malsaine que la population non-autochtone parmi tous les groupes d’âge; cependant, les différences dans l’état de santé entre les groupes d’âge semblent converger avec l’augmentation de l’âge. Parmi personnes âgées de 55 à 64 ans, 7 pour cent de la population autochtone rapport trois ou plusieurs conditions chroniques par rapport à 2 pour cent de la population non-autochtone. Pourtant, parmi personnes âgées de 75 et plus, 51 pour cent de la population autochtone rapport trois ou plusieurs conditions chroniques par rapport à 23 pour cent de la population non-autochtone. ABSTRACT The Aboriginal population in Canada, much younger than the general population, has experienced a trend towards aging over the past decade. Using data from the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS) and the 2000/2001 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), this article examines differences in health status and the determinants of health and health care use between the 55-and-older Aboriginal population and non-Aboriginal population. The results show that the older Aboriginal population is unhealthier than the non-Aboriginal population across all age groups; differences in health status, however, appear to converge as age increases. Among those aged 55 to 64, 7 per cent of the Aboriginal population report three or more chronic conditions compared with 2 per cent of the non-Aboriginal population. Yet, among those aged 75 and older, 51 per cent of the Aboriginal population report three or more chronic conditions in comparison with 23 per cent of the non-Aboriginal population.
Defining indicators and standards for recreation impacts in Nuyts Wilderness, Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Western Australia

A central issue in wilderness management is not the number of users per se, but the impacts those users can have on environmental conditions and the quality of experience of other visitors. This study draws on two recreation planning frameworks, the limits of acceptable change and visitor impact management, to translate management goals into quantitative management objectives through indicators and standards. Potential indicators and standards were identified, via a mailback survey conducted in 1995, for Nuyts Wilderness Area on the south coast of Western Australia. Environmental conditions of greatest influence on the quality of visitor experience were amount of litter, inadequate disposal of human waste, presence of wildlife, walk trail erosion, vegetation loss and tree damage. Standards were determined for two biophysical indicators - tree damage and vegetation loss - and four social indicators - number and size of groups, litter and human-made structures (e.g. signs). Respondents had the lowest level of tolerance and set the highest standards for litter and damage to trees. Tolerance levels for social effects such as the number of other groups seen were higher. Standards were similar across sites for all indicators except vegetation loss where respondents were more willing to accept change at the camp-site than elsewhere. These results suggest that management efforts can be differentially directed toward indicators of greatest concern, such as litter and tree damage. The study findings also suggest that managing to meet the expectations of 50 per cent of visitors regarding acceptable and unacceptable impacts is feasible, especially where impacts do not currently exceed acceptable levels, whereas striving to meet the expectations of75 per cent of visitors requires reducing impacts by at least half. Such reductions may be impossible and create unrealistic expectations among visitors and managers alike.
Are Arc Basalts Dry, Wet, or Both? Evidence from the Sumisu Caldera Volcano, Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan

Basalt–basaltic andesite ( Fo91) in the low-Zr basalts compared with those in high-Zr basalts (<Fo89). The low-Zr basalts contain up to 11 vol. % augite, but many high-Zr basalts are free of augite, which appears only in their more differentiated products. The lowZr basalts are considered to be hydrous magmas in which olivine crystallizes first followed by augite and plagioclase, whereas the highZr basalts are dry. The low-Zr basalts have higher U/Th ratios than the high-Zr basalts. We suggest that both dry and wet primary basalts existed in the Sumisu magmatic system, each having different trace element concentrations, mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry. The lower contents of Zr and light REE and magnesian primary olivines in the wet basalts could have resulted from a higher degree of partial melting ( 20%) of a hydrous source mantle compared with 10% melting of a dry source mantle. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the wet and dry basalts are similar and are limited in range. These lines of evidence indicate that a mantle diapir model might be applicable to satisfy the configuration of such a mantle source region beneath a single volcanic system such as Sumisu.
Estudo das variações da relação peso total/comprimento total em função do ciclo reprodutivo e comportamento, de Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) da costa do Brasil entre 23ºS e 28ºS

This paper analyses some aspects on the length/weight relation ship of Sardinella brasiliensis and its variations as a function of their reproductive cycle and displacements along the Brazilian coast between 23oS and 28oS. The area surveyed was divided into five sub-areas, each one covering one degree of latitude. The relationship and its variations between shoals were studied for each sub-area at different seasons and for the sub-areas at the same season. The absence of a variation pattern for the length/weight relationship has shown to be the result of seasonal changes in the physiological aspects of fish (as a function of their reproductive cycle) as well as result of behaviour of individuals in two main areas: 23oS-25oS and 26oS-28oS, which are spawning areas, spawning occuring during spring and summer at the first and only during spring at the latter. After spawning the young (from both areas) more at different times to a common trophic area where they find suitable conditions (25oS26oS), returning to their original sub-areas at different occasions, following their first sexual maturation. Although spawning takes place at different times and sites, with the convergence of young to a common nursery, mixing might occur. Further studies on meristics and body proportions are being developed regarding the existence of different populations.
Wave characteristics of geomagnetic pulsations across the dip equator

In order to clarify the wave characteristics of Pi2 and Pc 4–5 magnetic pulsations around the dip equator, we analyzed magnetic data from the latitudinally dense magnetometer array in Brazil. We found that the phase difference between Pi2 pulsations observed at globally separated low-latitude stations is small, whereas Pi2 pulsations observed within the dayside dip equator region of ±2° latitude show phase lags of about 30° ∼ 50° behind those in the off-dip equator region. Pc 4–5 magnetic pulsations at the dip equator also show the same phase character. Pi2 amplitudes are enhanced in the equatorial region, where the phase lags of pulsations must be associated with the enhancement of ionospheric conductivity. The equatorial phase lags can be explained by invoking the induction effect of the equatorial enhanced ionospheric current above the good conductor Earth.
Stratospheric NO2 over Antarctica as measured by the solar mesosphere explorer during Austral Spring, 1986

The visible spectrometer on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer measured stratospheric NO2 in the 24- to 40-km region. In September and October 1986 the spatial density of the measurements was increased over Antarctica in order to examine the NO2 change during the period of the “ozone hole. ” These measurements are compared with 1985 austral spring observations, with northern polar spring measurements for both years, and with model results. A polar low in NO2 is seen between 10 and 24 mbar. The geographic extent of the low decreases as hours of sunlight increase, in marked contrast to the behavior of the total ozone column during the same period. The latitude and time dependence of the NO2 is similar for both years, and during the same season, in the northern hemisphere. Comparison of measurements and model imply that much of the odd nitrogen is converted to HNO3 during the polar night. Observed vertical profiles and comparison to measurements from the ground indicate that the bulk of the NO2 column lies above 24 km. The observed behavior does not appear to be anomalous when compared to simple model calculations, indicating no obvious connection between the polar stratospheric NOx above 24 km and the development of the ozone hole below 24 km.
Oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere: An evaluation of the geological evidence

Geological evidence often presented in favor of an early anoxic atmosphere is both contentious and ambiguous. The features that should be present in the geologic record had there been such an atmosphere seem to be missing. Many of the features advanced in support of an anoxic model can be ascribed to diagenetic alterations, and most diagenetic environments are reducing. Recent biological and interplanetary studies seem to favor an early oxidized atmosphere rich in CO 2 and possibly containing free molecular oxygen. The existence of early red beds, sea and groundwater sulphate, oxidized terrestrial and sea-floor weathering crusts, and the distribution of ferric iron in sedimentary rocks are geological observations and inferences compatible with the biological and planetary predictions. It is suggested that from the time of the earliest dated rocks at 3.7 b.y. ago, Earth had an oxygenic atmosphere.
Evidence for a nitrous acid (HONO) reservoir at the ground surface in Bakersfield, CA, during CalNex 2010

Measurements of HONO(g) and particulate nitrite (NO2−(p)) were made with a modified Ambient Ion Monitor–Ion Chromatography (AIM‐IC) instrument during California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate 2010 in Bakersfield, CA (CalNex‐San Joaquin Valley (SJV)). Observations of gas and particulate matter (PM2.5) water‐soluble composition showed accumulation of both species at night, followed by loss the next day. Intercomparison with a Stripping Coil‐UV/Vis Absorption Photometer (SC‐AP) demonstrated excellent agreement with the AIM‐IC HONO(g) measurement (slope = 0.957, R2 = 0.86), and the particulate nitrite observations were validated to be free of known interferences for wet chemical instrumentation. The accumulation of nitrite into particulate matter was found to be enhanced when gaseous mixing ratios of HONO(g) were highest. Reactive uptake of HONO(g) on to lofted dust and the ground surface, forming a reservoir, is a potential mechanism to explain these observations. The AIM‐IC HONO(g) measurements were parameterized in a chemical model to calculate the ground surface daytime HONO(g) source strength at 4.5 m above the surface, found to be on the order of 1.27 ppb h−1, to determine the relative importance of a surface reservoir. If all deposited nighttime HONO(g) is reemitted the following day, up to 30% of the daytime HONO(g) source at CalNex‐SJV may be accounted for. The observations of HONO(g) and NO2−(p) in Bakersfield, during CalNex, suggest a surface sink and source of HONO(g). Extension of currently accepted unknown daytime HONO(g) source reactions to include a potential surface HONO(g) reservoir should therefore be sound, but quantitation of the relative contributions of each surface source toward daytime HONO(g) production remains to be resolved.
A Climate Treaty and the Norwegian Economy: A CGE Assessment

This paper examines the impact of an international climate treaty on a single country—Norway. A disaggregate computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used. We discuss the treaty's effects on main macroeconomic indicators, economic growth, distributional impacts, the impact on pollutant emissions other than C02, and the secondary benefits of this reduction. The. results suggest that C02 emissions will decrease compared to the current level. The distributional impacts are modest. Increases in secondary benefits recoup almost one half of the loss in private consumption. We characterize the uncertainty of this estimate.
Where can we find a seasonal cycle of the Atlantic water temperature within the Arctic Basin

[1] Recent mooring observations in the Arctic Basin suggest the existence of a seasonality of Atlantic Water (AW) temperature. Here the DRAKKAR global ocean/sea-ice model is used to examine the seasonal cycle amplitude of AW temperature within the Arctic Ocean and to investigate the possible mechanisms governing this seasonality. The simulation as well as available mooring data reveals that the amplitude of the AW temperature seasonal cycle is significant only in the Nansen Basin along the continental slope, where AW is primarily advected. In the model, the seasonal cycle of the AW temperature is advected from Fram Strait up to St. Anna Trough and then re-energized by the Barents Sea Branch. This suggests that the seasonal AW temperature signal survives over a finite distance (∼1000 km). Interannual changes in the seasonal cycle amplitude can be as large as the mean seasonal cycle amplitude; thus seasonality is difficult to characterize from observations spanning only a short period. The seasonal bias of in-situ observations taken during spring and summer does not induce a large error when considering the interannual-to-decadal variations of AW temperature, because the seasonal cycle accounts for a small or negligible part of AW temperature variability, even near the inflow region.
Correlation between the habitats productivity and species richness (amphibians and reptiles) in Portugal through remote sensed data

Several biogeographic theories propose that the species richness depends on the structure and ecosystems diversity. The habitat productivity, a surrogate for these variables, can be evaluated through satellite imagery, namely using vegetation indexes (e.g. NDVI). We analyzed the correlation between species richness (from the Portuguese Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles) and NDVI (from Landsat, MODIS, and Vegetation images). The species richness database contains more than 80000 records, collected from bibliographic sources (at 1 or 10 km of spatial resolution) and fieldwork sampling stations (recorded with GPS devices). Several study areas were chosen for Landsat images (three subsets), and all Portugal for MODIS and Vegetation images. The Landsat subareas had different climatic and habitat characteristics, located in the north, center and south of Portugal. Different species richness datasets were used depending on the image spatial resolution: data with metric resolution were used for Landsat, and with 1 km resolution, for MODIS and Vegetation images. The NDVI indexes and all the images were calculated/processed in an open source software (Quantum GIS). Several plug-ins were applied in order to automatize several procedures. We did not find any correlation between the species richness of amphibians and reptiles (not even after separating both groups by species of Atlantic and Mediterranean affinity) and the NDVI calculated with Landsat, MODIS and Vegetation images. Our results may fail to find a relationship because as the species richness is not correlated with only one variable (NDVI), and thus other environmental variables must be considered.
Mapping the Morphology of a Dredged Ebb Tidal Delta, Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand

Abstract The morphological units of an ebb tidal delta were mapped and results used to evaluate the relationship between morphology and hydrodynamics, as part of an investigation into the sedimentation at the Entrance Channel at Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand. Four end-member map units (shell lag, coarse sand, medium sand, and fine sand) were identified from the sidescan sonar imagery, which was verified using seabed sediment samples and SCUBA diver observations. These four units were used in a classification scheme that consisted of 10 composite map units. The use of standardized map units helped to reduce the subjectivity involved in sidescan sonar image interpretation. The mapping scheme was used to assist in the understanding of the impact of capital dredging on the morphological evolution of an ebb tidal delta. Observed morphological changes over the ebb tidal delta were attributed to possible changes in the asymmetry of the vertical tide and residual eddy currents.
Factors that influence consumers’ purchase intention of smart closets

ABSTRACT The current study incorporated the theory of planned behaviour to examine how various factors influence consumers’ purchase intention of smart closets. An online survey was conducted with 433 participants. The findings indicated that aesthetics was insignificant, function was important, while the key determinant of purchase intention was compatibility via attitude and social influence. To create a positive attitude, function and compatibility should be improved. To enhance social influence, compatibility and technology rapidly changing played key roles. Consumers’ confidence in using smart closets was increased as performance was higher, while it decreased as technology was rapidly moving. The current study, for the first time, indicated that fear of obsolescence is not always an unfavourable condition. Although rapidly changing technology impeded self-confidence in using smart closets, it also increased social influence, which in turn enhanced purchase intention.
The Impact of ProMES : A Meta-Analysis 1 Running head : The Impact of ProMES : A Meta-Analysis The Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System : A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analytic procedures were used to examine data from eighty-three field studies of the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES). The paper expands the evidence on effectiveness of the intervention, examines where it has been successful, and explores moderators related to its success. Four research questions were explored and results indicate that: 1) ProMES results in large improvements in productivity; 2) these effects last over time, in some cases years; 3) the intervention results in productivity improvements in many different types of settings (i.e., type of organization, type of work, type of worker, or country); and 4) moderator variables are related to the degree of productivity improvement. These moderator variables include how closely the study followed the original ProMES methodology, the quality of feedback given, whether changes were made in the feedback system, the degree of interdependence of the work group, and centralization of the organization. Implications based on these findings are discussed for future use of this intervention and it is discussed as an example for evidence-based management.
Cloud features detected by MODIS but not by CloudSat and CALIOP

The ability to characterize the global cloud cover from space has been greatly enhanced by the availability of MODIS, CloudSat, and CALIOP data. The three sensors provide good complementary information about clouds. In this study, we investigated unexpected observations of certain types of clouds apparent in the MODIS data but not detected by CloudSat and CALIOP. Several examples are presented and generally these undetected clouds are geometrically thin, low‐level clouds. In particular, they are located in the Arctic region and have optical thicknesses of less than 14, top height altitudes of below 2.5 km, and layer thickness of less than 1 km. CloudSat may miss such low‐level clouds because of its coarse vertical resolution of about 500 m and it has limited sensitivity near the surface. Unexpectedly, CALIOP with a much higher vertical resolution of 30 m also misses these clouds and this is due to the cloud's geometrically thin nature and surface proximity.