Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An empirical study

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theory and practice of project management in the construction industry by identifying the primary causes and extracting the underlying causes of construction delays and providing recommendations on delaymitigation measures. Design/methodology/approach – AA survey was used to identify the importance of 47 causes of delays. The relative importance index was used to rank them, factor analysis was applied to extract the underlying causes and focus group interviews were used for discussion and development of mitigation measures. Findings – Six of the ten most important causes are in the top ten universal delays in construction projects. Factor analysis revealed six underlying causes: improper planning, poor consultant performance, inefficient site management, owner influence, bureaucracy and sub-standard contracts. Practical implications – The owner/sponsor/client must have adequate engineering and project management skills to be able to evaluate proposals and contractors more accurately, economically and technically. The bidding and contract award process should focus on the most economically advantageous proposal and contracts should provide for mechanisms for managing risks while executing projects. Contractors should select reliable, high-quality subcontractors and suppliers and should have competent site managers. Originality/value – This work expands and improves the understanding of the causes of delays in construction projects by providing an empirical study of the causes of delays and respective mitigation measures in Portugal.
Snowshoe hare virus: discovery, distribution, vector and host associations, and medical significance

Snowshoe hare virus (SSHV), within the California serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae, was first isolated from a snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in Montana, United States, in 1959. The virus, closely related to LaCrosse virus (LACV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), occurs across Canada and the northern latitudes of the United States, primarily in the northern tier of states bordering Canada. Reports of SSHV in northern Europe and Asia are probably the closely related to CHATV, or the less closely related Tahyna virus. Vertebrate associations include snowshoe hares and ground squirrels, demonstrated by field isolation of virus from wild-caught animals, seroconversion of snowshoe hares, seroconversion of sentinel rabbits, isolation of virus from sentinel rabbits, and experimental infections demonstrating viremia. Isolations of virus from field populations of mosquitoes include primarily univoltine and boreal mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, Culiseta impatiens and Culiseta inornata; and, rarely, certain multivoltine floodwater Aedes species. Experimental transmission studies in mosquitoes show infection in and transmission by boreal Aedes and Culiseta inornata. Isolation of SSHV from larval Aedes on three occasions, and experimentation in Culiseta inornata, reveal transovarial transmission of the virus in mosquitoes. Serosurveys reveal exposure to SSHV in human and domestic animals, with rates of seropositivity commonly high in some settings in Alaska and Canada, but disease in humans or horses has rarely been reported, only in Canada.
Dynamic modelling of extreme speed profiles of dry flowing avalanches

A brief review of different approaches to avalanche dynamics modelling is considered, drawing on observations and knowledge of avalanche behaviour and analogies with other physical phenomena. The numerical model used for this analysis, DAN, is described with respect to the formulation of the equations of momentum and continuity. Avalanche path geometry is approximated as a rectangular channel with the possibility of variable width. The flow mass is discretized longitudinally into a variable number of constant-volume blocks. The uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of frontal ploughing of undisturbed snow, basal erosion, and mass entrainment is discussed. In order to avoid this uncertainty, which is implicit when modelling a slab avalanche beginning from rest in the starting zone, the calculations in DAN begin near the middle of the slope where the flow is expected to achieve maximum speed. Knowledge of the maximum probable speed for an extreme avalanche is used to supply an initial, non-zero speed to the flow near the middle of the path, and entrainment is assumed negligible as the flow decelerates. A sensitivity analysis explores theoretical considerations surrounding the modelling of a flow mass in multiple dimensions, given this new procedure as well as traditional from-rest approaches. The model is shown to be more sensitive to changes in flow width than flow length or depth. DAN calculations are compared against examples of recorded extreme avalanche data, with generally good agreement. The new modelling procedure was able to reproduce the observed sharp deceleration of avalanche frontal speed in runout zones. This is worthy of remark, because most decisions about land use planning and hazard assessment are made in the lower reaches of avalanche paths.
The state and water resources development through the lens of history: a South African case study.

This article sets contemporary challenges to good water governance in South Africa within an important historical context. While it is correct to say that 'the world water crisis is a crisis of governance', it is problematic to assume that all states can follow a similar path toward environmentally sustainable, economically efficient and socially equitable water resources governance and management. The nexus of decision-making power varies within and beyond states, and over time. Gramsci (1971) describes this as the "constellation of social forces". Where this constellation of social forces achieves consensus, a 'historic bloc' is said to emerge giving rise to a particular state form. The South African state form has varied greatly over several centuries, giving rise to various historic blocs. The resulting body of laws and policies and the varied forms of infrastructure that were developed to harness water for multiple social practices over time constitute a complex political ecological terrain not easily amenable to oversimplified frameworks for good water governance. This article outlines the role of water in the history of South Africa’s multiple state forms. It shows that over time, water policy, law and institutions came to reflect the increasingly complex needs of multiple actors (agriculture, mining, industry, cities, the newly enfranchised) represented by different state forms and their characteristic political regimes: the Dutch East India Company; the British Empire; the Union of South Africa; the apartheid and post-apartheid republics. Authoritarian, semi-authoritarian and democratic state forms have all used central-state power to serve particular interests. Through time, this constellation of social forces has widened until, today, the state has taken upon itself the task of providing "some water for all forever" (slogan of the Department of Water Affairs). As this article suggests, despite the difficult challenges presented by a mostly arid climate, this means 'adding in' the water demand of millions of people, but not 'allocating out' those privileged under other constellations of social forces as they contribute most substantially to economic growth. The implication, therefore, is a modified hydraulic mission involving significant new infrastructure and, in all likelihood, inter-basin transfers from beyond South Africa’s borders.
Lipids in Health and Disease

Background: Human health may be improved if dietary intakes of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids are increased. Consumption of broiler meat is increasing, and the meat content of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids are affected by the composition of broiler feed. A two-way analyses of variance was used to study the effect of feed containing omega-3 rich plant oils and selenium enriched yeast on broiler meat composition, antioxidationand sensory parameters. Four different wheat-based dietary treatments supplemented with 5% rapeseed oil or 4% rapeseed oil plus 1% linseed oil, and either 0.50 mg selenium or 0.84 mg selenium (organic form) per kg diet was fed to newly hatched broilers for 22 days. Results: The different dietary treatments gave distinct different concentrations of selenium and fatty acids in thigh muscle; one percent linseed oil in the diet increased the concentration of the omega-3 fatty acids 18:3, 20:5 and 22:5, and 0.84 mg selenium per kg diet gave muscle selenium concentration at the same level as is in fish muscle (0.39 mg/kg muscle). The high selenium intake also resulted in increased concentration of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA (20:5), DPA (22:5) and DHA (22:6), thus it may be speculated if high dietary selenium might have a role in increasing the concentration of EPA, DPA and DHA in tissues after intake of plant oils contning omega-3 fatty acids. Conclusion: Moderate modifications of broiler feed may give a healthier broiler meat, having increased content of selenium and omega-3 fatty acids. High intakes of selenium (organic form) may increase the concentration of very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in muscle. Background The consumption of broiler meat is high (about 11.5 kg per person per year in Norway [1]). Broiler meat is popular to eat, and the consumption is increasing. Since 1979 the consumption of poultry has increased about five hundred percent [1]. The meat is lean and protein rich and rich in nutrients. Meat quality, fatty acid composition and concentration of several nutrients depend largely on the Published: 29 October 2007 Lipids in Health and Disease 2007, 6:29 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-29 Received: 17 September 2007 Accepted: 29 October 2007 This article is available from: http://www.lipidworld. com/content/6/1/29 © 2007 Haug et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Clinical Outcomes of Neonatal and Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support: A Seventeen-Year, Single Institution Experience.

The objective of this study was to describe a single-center experience with neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and compare patient-related outcomes with those of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry. A retrospective review of subject characteristics, outcomes, and complications of patients who received ECLS at Penn State Health Children's Hospital (PSHCH) from 2000 to 2016 was performed. Fisher's exact test was used to compare PSHCH outcomes and complications to the ELSO Registry report. Data from 118 patients was included. Survival to discontinuation of ECLS was 70.3% and 65.2% to discharge/transfer. Following circuitry equipment changes, the survival to discharge/transfer improved for both neonatal (<29 days) and pediatric (29 days to <18 years) patients. The most common complications associated with ECLS were clinical seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, and culture-proven infection. ECLS for pulmonary support appeared to be associated with a higher risk of circuit thrombus and cannula problems. When compared to the ELSO Registry, low volume ECLS centers, like our institution, can have outcomes that are no different or statistically better as noted with neonatal and pediatric cardiac patients. Pediatric patients requiring pulmonary support appeared to experience more mechanical complications during ECLS suggesting the need for ongoing technological improvement. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Discovery of Large Zedang Tungsten—Copper—Molybdenum Orefield,Eastern Gangdese Arc,and New Understanding on Strike-Slip Type Epicontinental Mineralization

Porphyry-type copper ore (associated with molybdenum ore) is the dominant ore in Gangdese metallogenic belt,which is widely concerned as the typical of exclusion epicontinental magmatic arc—collision rift belt porphyry mineralization. However,it has not been attached importance to the exploring and researches about skarn-type tungsten—copper—molybdenum ore and porphyry-type independent molybdenum. Especially the discovery of ledge skarn type scheelite ore fills in the mineral gaps in the ore field;and the discovery of concealed porphyry-type molybdenum minerals in the border of Yarlung Zangbo suture zone breaks traditional erroneous zone of the understanding of exclusion epicontinental mineralization. Tungsten—copper—molybdenum ore,discovered by our bureau in Zedang orefield,eastern Gangdese Arc,is not only a large base to explore and exploit tungsten—copper—molybdenum deposits,but also a group of tungsten—copper—molybdenum deposits (short for Zedang orefield) affected by epicontinental strike slip rift mineralization system. At the early stage(68～40.3Ma),under the epicontinental strike slip rift effects of NWW trending Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,the formation of skarn-type tungsten—copper—molybdenum mineralization was controlled by rift-fault transfer zone——NEE trending striping faultage;while at the later stage(30.26～23.62 Ma),under the epicontinental strike-slip rift effects of NEE trending Chongmuda,the formation of concealed porphyry-type molybdenum minerals was controlled by push-close transfer zone——NWW trending thrust faultage. The formation and change of skarn-type deposit completed in 86～68 Ma and 57～40.3 Ma,respectively,and they enriched in porphyry-type deposit in 30.26～23.62 Ma.
Lipids in Health and Disease

Background: The lipodystrophic syndrome (LD) is a disorder resulting from selective damage of adipose tissue by antiretroviral drugs included in therapy controlling human-immunodeficiencyvirus-1. In the therapy cocktail the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) contribute to the development of this syndrome. Cellular target of NRTI was identified as the mitochondrial polymerase-gamma and their toxicity described as a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion resulting in a mitochondrial cytopathy and involved in fat redistribution. No mechanisms offer explanation whatsoever for the lipo-atrophic and lipo-hypertrophic phenotype of LD. To understand the occurrence we proposed that the pO2 (oxygen partial pressure) could be a key factor in the development of the LD. For the first time, we report here differential effects of NRTIs on human adipose cells depending on pO2 conditions. Results and discussion: We showed that the hypoxia conditions could alter adipogenesis process by modifying expression of adipocyte makers as leptin and the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor PPARgamma and inhibiting triglyceride (TG) accumulation in adipocytes. Toxicity of NRTI followed on adipose cells in culture under normoxia versus hypoxia conditions showed, differential effects of drugs on mtDNA of these cells depending on pO2 conditions. Moreover, NRTI-treated adipocytes were refractory to the inhibition of adipogenesis under hypoxia. Finally, our hypothesis that variations of pO2 could exist between adipose tissue from anatomical origins was supported by staining of the hypoxic-induced angiopoietin ANGPTL4 depended on the location of fat. Conclusion: Toxicity of NRTIs have been shown to be opposite on human adipose cells depending on the oxygen availability. These data suggest that the LD phenotype may be a differential consequence of NRTI effects, depending on the metabolic status of the targeted adipose tissues and provide new insights into the opposite effects of antiretroviral treatment, as observed for the lipo-atrophic and lipo-hypertrophic phenotype characteristic of LD. Published: 18 October 2006 Lipids in Health and Disease 2006, 5:27 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-5-27 Received: 23 June 2006 Accepted: 18 October 2006 This article is available from: http://www.lipidworld. com/content/5/1/27 © 2006 Gentil et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Lipids in Health and Disease

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have elevated levels of circulating apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII). ApoCIII plays an important role for plasma triglyceride levels and elevated levels of the apolipoprotein have been connected with dyslipidemia in T2DM subjects. In addition, apoCIII has been linked to enhanced β-cell apoptosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate apoptotic mechanisms induced by the apolipoprotein. Results: ApoCIII (10 μg/ml) enhanced apoptosis 2-fold in insulin-producing INS-1E cells after 24 hours exposure to the apolipoprotein. At this time point phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 had doubled but ERK1/2 and JNK were not activated. Instead, ERK1/2 showed rapid and transient phosphorylation (2-fold after 0.5 hour). No JNK phosphorylation was observed. In support of a role of activation of not only p38 but also ERK1/2 in apoCIII-induced apoptosis, inclusion of p38 inhibitor SB203580 (10 μM) or ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (100 μM) normalized apoptosis. Whereas influx of Ca2+ was linked to apoCIII-induced ERK1/2 activation, pro-apoptotic protein CHOP/GADD of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was not affected by apoCIII. Conclusion: It is suggested that elevated circulating apoCIII levels may contribute to β-cell apoptosis via activation of p38 and ERK1/2 in individuals with T2DM. Therapies aiming at normalizing levels of apoCIII could be beneficial not only for the function of the β-cell but also for cardiovascular protection. Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease involving both genetic and environmental factors [1,2] resulting in elevated circulating levels of glucose and lipids [3]. The negative effects of these elevated nutrient levels on β-cell function and mass are well documented [4-7]. Although causes of both genetic and environmental origin have been linked to these disturbances, the mechanisms remain to a great extent undefined, which is at least partly due to the complexity of T2DM. To dissect the multifactorial etiology of the disease studies have been undertaken, where analysis of changes in circulating levels of multiple proteins has been conducted by proteomic methodology [8-10]. In one of the studies the aim was to identify differentially displayed circulating proteins in individuals with T2DM potentially contributing to development of impaired β-cell function [9]. The experimental approach stems from work, where alterations in levels of circulating proteins, e.g. gut hormones and cytokines, have been demonstrated to have effects on β-cell function and mass Published: 5 February 2009 Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, 8:3 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-8-3 Received: 4 December 2008 Accepted: 5 February 2009 This article is available from: http://www.lipidworld. com/content/8/1/3 © 2009 Sol et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
What are crucial issues in promoting an integrated approach for flood risk management in urban areas

Flooding has become a serious issue in rapidly urbanizing countries. It is widely recognized that flood damages in urban areas can be decreased by taking an integrated risk management approach. This approach, however, has not been realized easily in major cities in Asia. The purpose of this paper is to examine the crucial issues in adopting the integrated approach to developing countries. It reviews Japanese experience and lessons of managing urban flood risks, and compares these lessons with situations in developing countries. It was found that establishing coordination mechanisms among a wide range of sectors is a crucial challenge. Furthermore, the paper proposes practical methods of promoting the integrated approach for urban flood risk management in developing countries.
Comparative Study of Self-Concept, Reference Group, Marketing Strategy, and Online Buying Behavior Accros Generation

The development of an increasingly rapid era. One of them is the internet, which affects the necessities of life, and many bring changes in consumer lifestyles, namely alternative online buying methods. Online shopping increases market growth by providing goods that attract consumers' attention. Purchasing behavior for the sake of necessities of life can be driven by differences in the age of each generation, personal characteristics, environmental factors, and marketing promotions. This study aims to compare and analyze the influence of self-concepts, reference groups, and marketing strategies on online buying behavior in the Baby Boomer generation, generation X, and generation Y. The research data used descriptive analysis, different tests using the SPSS 22.0 application, and the influence test with the SEM method through the Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) program. The analysis of self-concept significantly affects online purchasing behavior in all generations, the Baby Boomer generation and all generations.
Geographical study on childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Finland

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is of a particular importance in Finland, where its incidence is the highest in the world and still increasing. However, the aetiology of T1DM is not fully known. According to current knowledge, both genetic and environmental factors operate together, leading to an attack by the immune system on the insulin-producing beta cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the geographical variation in the incidence of T1DM among children aged up to 14 years in Finland. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Bayesian spatial statistics were applied in a search for unusual spatial patterns and risk factor
GEOCHEMICAL PROXIMITY INDICATORS OF THE MURGUL VOLCANOGENIC COPPER DEPOSIT, EAST PONTIC METALLOTECT NE TURKEY

A study on the behaviour of F, TI, Mn, Cu, Au, and REE during hydrolhermal mineralization at the Murgul volcanogenic copper deposit reveals that Ti, Mn, and REE are strongly depleted in altered host rocks whereas F, Cu, and Au show remarkable positive anomalies in the altered mineralized areas. We propose the use of the elements F, Ti, and Mn as proximity indicators for exploration of con- cealed ore deposits of the same type in the East Pontic metallogenetic province of Turkey.
A profile through the Central American Landbridge in western Panama: 115 Ma Interplay between the Galapagos Hotspot and the Central American Subduction Zone

The purpose of this study was to investigate volcanic rocks in Panama (17-115 Ma) to understand the long-term evolution of the Galapagos hotspot, the input into the Panamanian subduction zone and the tectonic interplay with the Central American landbridge. The second focus of this study was the subduction output along the Panamanian subduction zone over the last 65 Ma. Furthermore the growth, paleotectonic and geochemical evolution of the Panamanian island arc.