Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation and assimilation of global ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes using ship observations of surface ocean pCO2 in a simplified biogeochemical offline model

We used an offline tracer transport model, driven by reanalysis ocean currents and coupled to a simple biogeochemical model, to synthesize the surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux of the global ocean from 1996 to 2004, using a variational assimilation method. This oceanic CO2 flux analysis system was developed at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan, as part of a project that provides prior fluxes for atmospheric inversions using CO2 measurements made from an on-board instrument attached to the Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Nearly 250 000 pCO2 observations from the database of Takahashi et al. (2007) have been assimilated into the model with a strong constraint provide by ship-track observations while maintaining a weak constraint of 20% on global averages of monthly mean pCO2 in regions where observations are limited. The synthesized global air–sea CO2 flux shows a net sink of 1.48 PgC yr-1. The Southern Ocean air–sea CO2 flux is a sink of 0.41 PgC yr-1. The interannual variability of synthesized CO2 flux from the El Niño region suggests a weaker source (by an amplitude of 0.4 PgC yr-1) during the El Niño events in 1997/1998 and 2003/2004. The assimilated air–sea CO2 flux shows remarkable correlations with the CO2 fluxes obtained from atmospheric inversions on interannual time-scales.
Modeling of Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and the Hydrogenation of Aromatics (HDA) in a Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreater

A trickle-bed reactor model has been used in this work to simulate the catalytic hydrotreating of oil fractions. The most important reactions (hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and the hydrogenation of aromatics (HDA)) are taken into account in the model. Kinetics of each reaction and reactor model was taken from different sources in the literature. HDS reaction was described by Langmuir−Hinshelwood kinetics. HDN was modeled as a consecutive reaction scheme in which nonbasic compounds are hydrogenated first to basic nitrogen compounds, which undergo further reactions to eliminate the N atom from the molecule. The kinetics of aromatics hydrogenation was represented by a first-order reversible reaction. The reactor model includes correlations for determining mass-transfer coefficients and is based on the two-film theory. The model was tested with experimental information obtained at pilot scale during the hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil. The pilot reactor was operated under isothermal .
Relaxation Dynamics in the Excited States of LDS-821 in Solution

Relaxation dynamics in the excited electronic state (S1) of LDS-821 have been studied in aprotic and alcoholic solvents with pico- and subpicosecond time resolution using pump−supercontinuum probe transient absorption technique. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence as well as the time-resolved transient absorption/stimulated emission spectra and the temporal dynamics monitored at different wavelengths mainly reveal the features of a two-mode kinetic process in the S1 stateconversion of the locally excited (LE) state to the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state. A short (<1 ps) rise time of stimulated emission monitored at the shorter wavelength band, is the signature of the barrierless skeletal stretching motion along the “valley-like” region of the potential energy surface (PES) of the S1 state in the Franck−Condon (FC) region to attain a metastable untwisted configuration, called the LE state. The decay time of the LE state is equal to the rise time measured at the longer wavelength ba.
Elevated CO2 concentrations increase leaf nitrate reduction by strengthening sink activity in soybean plants

Abstract An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of CO2 enrichment on the nitrate uptake, nitrate reduction activity, and translocation of assimilated-N from leaves at varying levels of nitrogen nutrition in soybean using 15N tracer technique. CO2 enrichment significantly increased the plant biomass, apparent leaf photosynthesis, sugar and starch contents of leaves, and reduced-N contents of the plant organs only when the plants were grown at high levels of nitrogen. A high supply of nitrogen enhanced plant growth and increased the reduced-N content of the plant organs, but its effect on the carbohydrate contents and photosynthetic rate were not significant. However, the combination of high CO2 and high nitrogen levels led to an additive effect on all these parameters. The nitrate reductase activity increased temporarily for a short period of time by CO2 enrichment and high nitrogen levels. 15N tracer studies indicated that the increase in the amount of reduced-N by CO2 enrichment was derived from nitrate-N and not from fixed-N of the plant. To examine the translocation of reduced-N from the leaf in more detail, another experiment was conducted by feeding the plants with 15NO3-N through a terminal leaflet of an upper trifoliated leaf under depodding and/or CO2 enrichment conditions. The export rate of 15N from the terminal leaflet to other plant parts decreased by depodding, but it increased by CO2 enrichment. CO2 enrichment increased the percentage of plant 15N in the stem and / or pods. Depodding increased the percentage of plant 15N in the leaf and stem. The results suggested that the increase in the leaf nitrate reduction activity by CO2 enrichment was due to the increase of the translocation of reduced-N from leaves through the strengthening of the sink activity of pods and / or stem for reduced-N.
Prolegomena to a Critical Edition of the

Preface Dr. Paula K. Rodgers’ dissertation is a remarkable achievement in textual criticism and deserves a wider public than it has had hidden away, as it were, in a university archive. Let it be noted here that one major scholar expressed great appreciation of her work, Manuel Gonzalez Jimenez , professor of history at the University of Seville, in the introduction to his edition of the Cronica de Alfonso X (1998:ix-xvi). Dr. Rodgers published a detailed study and critical edition of a crucial document contained in the aforesaid Cronica (Rodgers 1991-1992). Dr. Rodgers has kindly consented to allow me to place an electronic reproduction of her dissertation online in the company of my own works on Alfonso X el Sabio. Ms. Daryl Morrison, Head, Special Collections, General Library, University of California, Davis, kindly gave permission for this publication. Jerry R. Craddock University of California, Berkeley jerry_r_craddock@berkeley.edu January 16, 2014 References Gonzalez Jimenez, Manuel, ed. 1998. Cronica de Alfonso X segun el Ms. II/2777 de la Biblioteca del Palacio Real, Madrid. Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio. Rodgers, Paula K. “Alfonso X Writes to His Son: Reflections on the Cronica de Alfonso X”. Exemplaria Hispanica: A Journal on Alfonso X and Alfonsine Iberia. Vol. 1 (1991-1992):58-79.
A model of comet comae. I. Gas-phase chemistry in one dimension.

A model of gas-phase chemical kinetics in comet comae has been developed. Its purpose is to allow characterization of comet nuclei by predicting abundances of observable coma species. The one-dimensional calculation follows an isothermal shell of outstreaming molecules, positive ions, and atoms that starts at the nucleus with a simple set of mother molecules. Rate equations for 441 photo and chemical reactions are solved simultaneously at many points in the expansion of the shell. The calculation includes effects of the ultraviolet opacity of the mother molecules. Results are presented for four combinations of hypothetical mother molecules :H/sub 2/O, CO/sub 2/, NH/sub 3/, and CH/sub 4/. Several species that are not simple photodestruction products of the mother molecules reach large abundances. CO/sup +/, C/sub 2/, C/sub 3/, HCN, N/sub 2//sup +/, and (probably) CN are underproduced by the model. Additional sources for these species are discussed.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of CaS:Eu and SrS:Eu phosphors

The phosphors of alkali‐earth sulfides SrS:Eux (x=0.05 and 0.10 mole per mole of SrS), SrSO:Eux (x=0.05), and CaS:Eux (x=0.0005, 0.05, and 0.10) were studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The CaS:Eu phosphors were found to be stabilized against atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide by annealing at high temperature for several hours. The S 2p core level shows that the chemical state of sulfur changes abruptly from −2 to +6 between the annealing temperature of 900 and 1100 °C. The Ca core level, on the other hand, does not show much change depending on the annealing temperature. From the Eu 3d core‐level spectra of SrS:Eux and CaS:Eux (x=0.10) phosphors, we confirm that the valence state of Eu in these phosphors is Eu3+.
Spreading of perfluoropolyalkylether films on amorphous carbon surfaces

Spreading of perfluoropolyalkylether thin films on amorphous carbon surfaces has been studied by scanning microellipsometry. Two types of perfluoropolyalkylethers with the same main-chain structure and various molecular weights (between 1000 and 6000 g/mol) were used: Zdol, with OH functional end groups, and Z, with nonfunctional CF3 groups. For Zdol, the thickness of the molecular layers in the spreading profile increase as Mn0.6, where Mn is the mean molecular weight, with the second layer being nearly twice as thick as the first layer. This layered structure was not observed for Z in the molecular weight range under study. As expected, the thickness-dependent diffusion coefficient D(h) was found to decrease with increased molecular weight. Possible molecular conformations near the solid surface are discussed. The spreading of binary blends of Zdol–Zdol, Z–Z, and Zdol–Z were also studied. The results show that the spreading of the binary blend of the same kind of polymer with different molecular weight behaved like that of a lubricant with an intermediate molecular weight. The diffusion coefficient of a blend was found to obey the additivity of viscosity. For Zdol–Z blends, however, the faster moving Z molecules migrate through the network of the slower moving Zdol molecules, and form a monolayer ahead of Zdol.Spreading of perfluoropolyalkylether thin films on amorphous carbon surfaces has been studied by scanning microellipsometry. Two types of perfluoropolyalkylethers with the same main-chain structure and various molecular weights (between 1000 and 6000 g/mol) were used: Zdol, with OH functional end groups, and Z, with nonfunctional CF3 groups. For Zdol, the thickness of the molecular layers in the spreading profile increase as Mn0.6, where Mn is the mean molecular weight, with the second layer being nearly twice as thick as the first layer. This layered structure was not observed for Z in the molecular weight range under study. As expected, the thickness-dependent diffusion coefficient D(h) was found to decrease with increased molecular weight. Possible molecular conformations near the solid surface are discussed. The spreading of binary blends of Zdol–Zdol, Z–Z, and Zdol–Z were also studied. The results show that the spreading of the binary blend of the same kind of polymer with different molecular weight .
Synthesis and physicochemical studies of some new amphoteric ion exchangers

Some new amphoteric ion exchangers have been synthesized by condensing salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, gallic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, β-resorcylic acid, and resacetophenone with epichlorohydrin employing ethylenediamine as a crosslinking agent. Some of the physicochemical properties, such as moisture content, true density, apparent density, void volume fraction, concentration of ionogenic groups, exchange capacity, rate of exchange, pH-titration curves, pK values, isoionic point, thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and swelling behavior in different solvents, have been investigated.
Application of Raman spectroscopy to quantify trace water concentrations in glasses and garnets

Abstract We present a new technique for the quantification of water in glasses down to the parts per million level, using confocal microRaman spectroscopy with the recently developed “Comparator Technique. ” To test this method, we used a suite of glasses and gemstone-quality garnets with varying chemical compositions. Water contents were independently determined with proton-proton (pp) scattering and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Moreover, water concentrations obtained for the garnets were compared to data from a study by Maldener et al. (2003) using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). For each sample, we recorded Raman spectra in the frequency range from 3100 to 3750 cm-1 and standardized them using an independently well-characterized glass. In this paper, we demonstrate the usefulness of this technique for quantifying water concentrations in natural and synthetic glass samples and garnets, and verify its adaptability for concentrations from 40 wt ppm up to 40 wt% H2O. However, in the case of absorbing material (e.g., Fe-bearing samples), the suggested method needs to be modified to overcome problems due to heating and melting of those phases. Furthermore, we propose an integrated molar absorption coefficient for water in quartz glass, εitot = 72 000 ± 12 000 Lmol-1H₂Ocm-2, for quantitative IR spectroscopy that is higher than a previously reported value of Paterson (1982) or that predicted by the general calibration trend determined by Libowitzky and Rossman (1997).
Diffusion in Copper-rich Copper-Silicon Alloys

The interdiffusion and intrinsic diffusion coefficients in Cu-rich Cu-Si alloys containing up to 8 at% Si have been determined in the temperature range between 900 and 1150 K by use of semi-infinite diffusion couples with the Kirkendall markers. Further, the tracer diffusion coefficient of 67 Cu in pure Cu and the alloys containing up to 1.8 at% Si at 1130 K has been determined by the serial sectioning method. Non-linear enhancement of the Cu diffusivity in Cu-Si alloys by addition of Si has been observed, and the first and second order enhancement factors of the solvent diffusivity have been determined to be 19.4 and 188, respectively
Predicting potential Anaerobic Nitrogen mineralization of rice–rice and rice–wheat soils of Asia

Nitrogen (N) supplying capacity of soils in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems has been reported to be in decline in some sites in Asia. Studying the relationship between N mineralization, rice cropping intensity and soil properties may help us understand changes in N supplying capacity. We conducted short- and long-term laboratory incubations in flooded, anaerobic conditions to measure N mineralization in a range of rice–rice and rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropped soils. Our objectives were to determine: (1) what soil properties affect potential anaerobic N mineralization, and (2) whether potential anaerobic N mineralization is affected by rice cropping system. Several soil properties, especially total organic N (TON) and total organic C (TOC), were positively correlated with N mineralization potential at 30°C (N0) and with 7-d production of NH4 at 40°C (N-7-d). Nitrogen mineralization was only weakly correlated with TON or TOC if the initial large flush during the first 14 d was ignored. Rice–rice soils on average had greater N mineralization than rice–wheat soils, mostly due to higher TON concentrations. Seven-day production of NH4 at 40°C was so similar to N0 estimated after 84 d of anaerobic incubation at 30°C that the 7-d incubation could possibly substitute for the long-term one in developing N fertilizer recommendations.
Influence of ceria on alumina-supported rhodium: Observations of rhodium morphology made using FTIR spectroscopy

The adsorbed states of carbon monoxide on a 0.5% Rh/10% Ce/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst were investigated by infrared spectroscopy in order to better understand the promotional effects ceria exerts on rhodium in automobile catalysts. It was found that the IR spectra of freshly prepared catalysts were dominated by the dicarbonyl species Rh(CO){sub 2} - indicative of a high degree of atomic dispersion. Prolonged exposures to CO at 473 K effectively agglomerated the rhodium as evidenced by the simultaneous growth of linear- and bridged-carbonyl IR bands (Rh-CO and Rh{sub 2}(CO), respectively) and disappearance of the dicarbonyl features. However, the total integrated absorbance of all adsorbed CO species did not decrease significantly, suggesting that the Rh is coalescing from an atomically dispersed state to one of high dispersion. The agglomerated state would presumably be characterized by small or flat Rh{sup 0} particles. Brief exposures to O{sub 2} at 673 K followed by exposure to CO at 373 K showed that the catalyst could be returned to a state of {approximately} 100% atomic dispersion, again suggesting that the particles are small or flat and easily oxidized. Ceria primary role as a promoter may be the maintenance of high Rh dispersions; other reputed benefitsmore » such as increased water-gas shift activity may be secondary effects arising from small Rh particle sizes. « less
Removal of perchlorate from ground water by hydrogen-utilizing bacteria.

An autotrophic consortium of bacteria, utilizing hydrogen and bicarbonate as electron and carbon sources, respectively, for the reduction of perchlorate has been enriched. The efficiency of this consortium for perchlorate reduction in a packed-bed bioreactor is described. The use of hydrogen as an electron source for microbial biodegradation of pollutants in a packed-bed bioreactor is advantageous because hydrogen does not promote vigorous biomass growth, resulting in less clogging of the system, and hydrogen gas reduces the need for post-reactor water cleanup. The consortium, comprised of four bacteria, was capable of removing nitrate and perchlorate simultaneously from mineral salts medium in a batch culture. A 120-mL bioreactor was designed to test the capacity of the consortium to remove perchlorate in a flow-through system. At a flow rate of 1 mL min -1 , perchlorate levels naturally occurring in San Gabriel Valley ground water (0.740 mg L -1 ) were completely removed to less than 0.004 mg L -1 , which is the detection limit. However, as the flow rate was increased, the removal efficiency decreased. Factors affecting the rate of perchlorate removal included nonuniform distribution of biomass in the column, unstable pH of the ground water, and limited delivery of hydrogen to the bacteria. This bioreactor also completely removes perchlorate from ground water at a flow rate of 1 mL min -1 without an added carbon source, presumably using the bicarbonate naturally present in the ground water.
Composite Fouling Characteristics of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate and Amorphous Silica by a Novel Approach Simulating Successive Effects of a Sugar Mill Evaporator

The composite fouling of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and amorphous silica (SiO2) were investigated in a dynamic system under subcooled flow-boiling and a novel but simple continuous evaporation setup to simulate the operation cycle in latter effects of sugar mill evaporators. Simulated solutions with various COM to SiO2 supersaturation (SS) ratios as well as those of pure COM and SiO2 were tested for comparative studies. The results demonstrated that COM fouling resistances began to rise shortly after the experiment started with the highest extent of fouling exhibited at an initial COM concentration of 50 ppm (initial COM SS ∼ 2.6). The fouling resistance of SiO2 (500 ppm) began to rise at a theoretical silica supersaturation level of 5.3. SiO2 fouling involved the deposition of two silica species, that is, dissolved monomeric silica and colloidal silica particles, with colloidal silica particles being more prevalent at SiO2 supersaturation. In the binary systems, the synergistic effect of COM on co.
Extrusion of Regular and Waxy Barley Flours for Production of Expanded Cereals

ABSTRACT Grains of two regular and two waxy barley cultivars were milled into break and reduction stream flours using a wheat milling mill, granulated to facilitate feeding and flow through the barrel, and extruded to form expanded products using a modified laboratory single-screw extruder. As moisture content of barley granules decreased from 21 to 17%, the expansion index of extrudates increased from 1.81 to 2.68, while apparent modulus of compression work (AMCW) decreased from 17.1 × 104 to 7.8 × 104 N/m2. Break stream flours of both regular and waxy barley produced extrudates with higher expansion index (2.72–3.02), higher water absorption index (WAI), and lower AMCW than extrudates from reduction stream flours. Extrudates produced from regular barley had generally higher expansion and lower density than those produced from waxy barley. The specific mechanical energy (SME) was greater during extrusion of regular than of waxy barley. Barrel temperatures of 130, 150, and 170°C for the feeding, compressi.
An efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one derivatives with the aid of low-valent titanium reagent

A short and facile synthesis of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-ones and 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazoline-1,5-diones in good yields via the novel reductive cyclization of 2-nitrobenzamides with haloketones or 4-oxopentanoic acid promoted by low-valent titanium reagent is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Evaluation of Soil Reaction, Exchangeable Acidity and Cation Exchange Capacity of Soils from Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil Teaching, Research and Commercial Farm, Gaya

This study evaluates the soil reaction, CEC and exchangeable acidity of some soils in the newly established Teaching, Research and Commercial Farm of the University of Science and Technology Wudil. Four profile pits designated as EPU, RU, CPU and HORTU were sunk at each representative unit. Soil samples were taken from the profile according to the pedogenic horizons identified and used for laboratory analysis. The fertility capability classification (FCC), system was used to evaluate the soils. Result obtained indicated that all soil profiles were found to be slight to neutral in acid content. The exchangeable acidity and CEC were low in all the locations. The study concludes that, the exchangeable acidity and CEC of the soils of the study area are generally low with slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in reaction. Adequate application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers will improve the organic matter content which will increase the level of CEC of the soils and also liming was recommended to rise the pH of the soils for enhanced production capacity in the study area. Keywords: Exchangeable Acidity, Soil, Pedons and Fertility Status.
Calcium carbonate precipitation by marine bacteria

Calcium carbonate precipitation by bacterial activity was noted in seawater collected from offshore Bermuda as well as from Halifax Harbor, provided that a minimum of 70 mg/liter of organic matter was added in addition to trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO) or sodium nitrate (final minimum concentrations, 1.33 and 0.17 g/liter, respectively). Observations made during these investigations indicated that the pH was the most important factor in the initiation of carbonate precipitation; the addition of calcium acetate, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, or ammonium carbonate did not result in carbonate precipitation. Precipitation was noted in cultures only when the pH exceeded 8.3. Precipitation occurred in the absence of bacteria when the culture was filtered after the pH increased to above 8.3 (2 days after nutrient amendment). Filter‐sterilized seawater, adjusted to pH 8.4 or above with NH4OH, also precipitated carbonates. A study of 53 random isolates from Bermuda waters and sediments revealed that only 20% o.