Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cochlea Archimedea: Hitchcock's Fish Trail

A specimen figured by Hitchcock (1858) and named Cochlea archimedea presents interesting ichnotaxonomic and paleoecologic issues. The ichnogenus Cochlea is considered to be a preoccupied taxon and therefore invalid. The specimen in question is given its appropriate name, Undichna isp. , based on its apparent morphology and is reinterpreted as a trail made by a fish. Two working hypotheses for the construction of the trail are: (A) as a single epichnial groove with side levees made by one fin in contact with the substrate and (B) as a hypichnial trail with two grooves made by two fins in contact with the substrate. A more specific approach cannot be taken without knowledge of the true toponomy of the trace fossil, as none is indicated on the original specimen. Regardless, the identification of the first trails made by fish in the Early Jurassic of the Newark Supergroup of Massachusetts indicates the need for more nondinosaurian trace fossil research in the Mesozoic rift basins of eastern North America. The most likely tracemaker, depending on the correct constructional hypothesis, is either a semionotid with a deeply set anal fin (hypothesis B) or Redfieldius (hypothesis A). Considering the abundance of fish body fossils preserved in rocks of this age in eastern North America, it is likely that once recognized, more Undichna will be discovered in future field explorations.
Armor stone abrasion due to displacements in sea storms

A model to estimate volume loss of armor stones caused by abrasion under wave conditions occurring during a structure’s lifetime is proposed. It accounts only for abrasion caused by stone movements, neglecting the effects of stone breakage, wetting-drying, freezing-thawing cycles, and chemical attack and is based on the assumption of proportionality between abraded volume and abrasion work. The model represents rock resistance to abrasion and to unit size and makes use of empirical relationships providing the average frequency of movement and displacement length of armor units. Wave loading is described with a probabilistic analysis. The present model is discussed in the light of a previous one. The comparison makes possible the estimation of the influence of external agents, other than stone mobility and size, on volume loss.
Analysis of Shared Heritability in Common Disorders of the Brain

Disorders of the brain exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and frequently share symptoms, provoking debate about the extent of their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders based on summary statistics from genome-wide association studies of 215,683 patients and 657,164 controls, and their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders show substantial sharing of common variant risk, while neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another. We observe limited evidence of sharing between neurological and psychiatric disorders, but do identify robust sharing between disorders and several cognitive measures, as well as disorders and personality types. We also performed extensive simulations to explore how power, diagnostic misclassification and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a source of risk for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology.
Subcutaneous compared with intravenous epoetin in patients receiving hemodialysis. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Erythropoietin in Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that if recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) is administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, a lower dose may be sufficient to maintain the hematocrit at a given level. METHODS In a randomized, unblinded trial conducted at 24 hemodialysis units at Veterans Affairs medical centers, we assigned 208 patients who were receiving long-term hemodialysis and epoetin therapy to treatment with either subcutaneous or intravenous epoetin. The dose was initially reduced until the hematocrit was below 30 percent and then was gradually increased to a level that would maintain the hematocrit in the range of 30 to 33 percent for 26 weeks. We compared the average doses in the 26-week maintenance phase and the discomfort associated with the two routes of administration. RESULTS For the 107 patients treated by the subcutaneous route, the average weekly dose of epoetin during the maintenance phase was 32 percent less than that for the 101 patients treated by the intravenous route (mean [+/-SD], 95.1+/-75.0 vs. 140.3+/-88.5 U per kilogram of body weight per week; P<0.001). Only one patient in the subcutaneous-therapy group withdrew from the study because of pain at the injection site, and 86 percent rated the pain associated with subcutaneous administration as ranging from absent to mild. CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving hemodialysis, subcutaneous administration of epoetin can maintain the hematocrit in a desired target range, with an average weekly dose of epoetin that is lower than with intravenous administration.
An Intercomparison and Validation of High-Resolution Satellite Precipitation Estimates with 3-Hourly Gauge Data

Abstract The last several years have seen the development of a number of new satellite-derived, globally complete, high-resolution precipitation products with a spatial resolution of at least 0.25° and a temporal resolution of at least 3-hourly. These products generally merge geostationary infrared data and polar-orbiting passive microwave data to take advantage of the frequent sampling of the infrared and the superior quality of the microwave. The Program to Evaluate High Resolution Precipitation Products (PEHRPP) was established to evaluate and intercompare these datasets at a variety of spatial and temporal resolutions with the intent of guiding dataset developers and informing the user community regarding the error characteristics of the products. As part of this project, the authors have performed a subdaily intercomparison of five high-resolution datasets [Climate Prediction Center morphing (CMORPH) technique; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA); Naval Re.
Multiwavelength Raman lidar observations of particle growth during long‐range transport of forest‐fire smoke in the free troposphere

We present particle effective radii and Ångström exponents of aged free‐tropospheric forest‐fire smoke. The particle plumes were observed with different multiwavelength Raman lidars downwind of the fires that burned in boreal areas of the northern hemisphere. We find an increase of particle size, respectively decrease of the Ångström exponent with transport time which was more than two weeks in some of the investigated cases. Mean effective radii were as large as 0.4 μm. Mean Ångström exponents were as low as 0.04 for the wavelength pair at 355/532 nm. A fit curve that describes particle growth with time is derived. Particle growth levels off after approximately ten days of transport time.
Using Spatial Information to Reduce Costs of Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution

Reducing costs of controlling nonpoint source (NPS) pollution will be a high public priority in the next century. Compliance and transaction costs of reducing nitrogen runoff from dairies in the Lower Susquehanna Watershed by 40% are estimated for perfectly targeted and uniform performance standards. The perfectly targeted standard reduces compliance and transaction costs by almost 75% compared with the uniform standard. Future NPS control policies should use spatial information to target policy resources to priority concerns, areas, and farms. Further research is needed to lower the costs and increase the accuracy of spatial information.
Dynamics of the substorm expansive phase

Meridian-scanning photometer (MSP) and magnetometer data from the Canadian Auroral Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study (CANOPUS) ground-based array have been used to study the dynamics of the substorm expansive phase. The relative latitudinal motions of the MSP 630.0, 557.7, and 486.1 nm emissions for eight isolated events have been studied. The data show the expansive phase to comprise three stages: an explosive (tens of seconds) onset; rapid poleward motion of 557.7 nm emissions of the order of a few minutes; and a period of slower (tens of minutes) poleward moving 630.0 nm emissions. We interpret the rapid poleward motion of the 557.7 nm data in terms of a region of instability, expanding rapidly down the magnetotail, possibly accelerating plasma sheet electrons as it proceeds. All events show that lobe flux reconnection occurs after near-Earth onset, with typical time delays between 1 and 5 min. The extremely short time interval between near-Earth onset and the beginning of lobe flux reconnection presents a severe observational constraint on any substorm model which attempts to explain the substorm expansive phase. Magnetometer data from the CANOPUS Churchill line have been used to study the dynamics of the substorm electrojets during the growth and early expansive phases of the substorm. The borders of these electrojets closely follow the motion of the MSP data during the growth and expansive phases. At the instant of expansive phase onset the growth phase electrojets (as observed along the Churchill meridian line) disappear, being replaced by the substorm westward electrojet associated with the current wedge. The equatorward border of the substorm westward electrojet is embedded within the proton aurora emissions and appears at expansive phase onset ∼2° equatorward of the growth phase electrojets, further showing the near-Earth proximity of expansive phase onset. No indication of reconnection on closed field lines prior to expansive phase onset was observed in either the magnetometer or the photometer data.
Skills-based Learning for Caring for a Loved One with an Eating Disorder : The New Maudsley Method

Preface. Shifting Responsibility - The Lived Experience of an Eating Disorder. Caring for a Loved One with an Eating Disorder - First Steps. Working with a Joint Understanding of the Illness - Basic Facts about Eating Disorders. Which Kind of Carer are You? Stress, Strain and Developing Resilience. Consequences - Understanding Medical Risk. Understanding Change. Communication. Interpersonal Relationships. Modelling Emotional Intelligence and Problem-solving Skills. Managing Undereating. How to Help with Bingeing and Overeating. Managing Difficult Behaviours. Reflection, Review - and Relaxation.
An (cid:97) -Helical Signal in the Cytosolic Domain of the Interleukin 2 Receptor (cid:98) Chain Mediates Sorting Towards Degradation after Endocytosis

High-affinity IL2 receptors consist of three components, the (cid:97) , (cid:98) , and (cid:103) chains that are associated in a noncovalent manner. Both the (cid:98) and (cid:103) chains belong to the cytokine receptor superfamily. Interleukin 2 (IL2) binds to high-affinity receptors on the cell surface and IL2-receptor complexes are internalized. After endocytosis, the components of this multimolecular receptor have different intracellular fates: one of the chains, (cid:97) , recycles to the plasma membrane, while the others, (cid:98) and (cid:103) , are routed towards late endocytic compartments and are degraded. We show here that the cytosolic domain of the (cid:98) chain contains a 10–amino acid sequence which codes for a sorting signal. When transferred to a normally recycling receptor, this sequence diverts it from recycling. The structure of a 17–amino acid segment of the (cid:98) chain including this sequence has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, which revealed that the 10 amino acids corresponding to the sorting signal form an amphipathic (cid:97) helix. This work thus describes a novel, highly structured signal, which is sufficient for sorting towards degradation compartments after endocytosis. buffer, the presence of antibodies was revealed by incubat- ing the cells for 20 min at 37 (cid:56) C in permeabilization buffer containing labeled second antibodies. For 7G7B6 and OKT9, the second antibodies were Texas red–labeled anti-IgG2a (1/250) and FITC-labeled anti-IgG1 (1/ 100), respectively. Washes, sample mounting, and confocal microscopy were performed as described in reference 23. No immunofluorescence staining was ever observed when second anti- bodies were used without the first antibody or with an irrelevant first antibody.
Extremal travel time inversion of explosion seismology data from the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho

We have inverted travel time data from seismic refraction profiles within the Snake River Plain, a volcanic-tectonic depression in southern Idaho, for crustal and uppermost mantle compressional velocity structure. The data in the vicinity of the youngest, northeastern volcanics in Yellowstone require the presence of a significant low velocity zone in the lower crust at depths between 20 and 40 km in order to explain the presence of a caustic at short ranges resulting from the crust-mantle transition. Data to the west are compatible with a model in which the velocity increases monotonically with depth. These observations are consistent with other data including the progressively lower crustal resistivity toward the northeast, the dated progression of volcanics from the southwest to the northeast at a rate of approximately 3.5 cm yr−1 and surface wave dispersion studies. The velocity reversals required by the data presented here and surface wave studies in the area are almost certainly related to elevated temperatures in the lower crust which approach or exceed the solidus of the deep crustal composition. The entire crustal section in the eastern Snake River Plain is characterized by very high velocities and can be represented by models with no first-order discontinuities with the possible exception of the Moho or crust-mantle transition.
Aerosol-induced Immunoglobulin (Ig)-E Unresponsiveness to Ovalbumin Does Not Require CD8 (cid:49) or T Cell Receptor (TCR)- (cid:103) / (cid:100) (cid:49) T Cells or Interferon (IFN)- (cid:103) in a Murine Model of Allergen Sensitization

Summary Mice exposed for 20 min daily to aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) for 10 d at concentrations from 1 to 0.01% OVA made greatly reduced immunoglobulin (Ig)-E responses to subsequent immunogenic OVA challenges, given either intraperitoneally or by aerosol. This IgE-specific unresponsiveness lasted for at least four months. However, these aerosol-treated mice were primed for larger OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a responses. The specific reduction in IgE responses was not due to preferential induction of a T helper (Th)-1 response as aerosol OVA– primed mice made greatly reduced Th2 and no detectable Th1 response after rechallenge in vitro. Consistent with this, the increase in circulating eosinophils observed in control Th2-primed mice was absent in aerosol OVA–treated animals. Interferon (IFN)- (cid:103) was not required for this unresponsiveness, as IFN- (cid:103) knockout mice and anti–IFN- (cid:103) antibody-treated wild-type mice had greatly reduced levels of IgE similar to wild-type controls. CD8 (cid:49) T cells played a relatively small role as IgE responses were reduced to about the same extent in (cid:98) 2 microglobulin-deficient, or in anti-CD8–treated wild-type mice as in normal mice after aerosol OVA treatment. Similarly, T cell receptor (TCR)- (cid:103) / (cid:100) T cells were not required for maximal inhibition of the IgE response. These results demonstrate that exposure to inhaled protein antigens can induce a state of unresponsiveness of CD4 (cid:49) T cells that results in a prolonged loss of IgE and eosinophil responses to subsequent challenges. This T cell unresponsiveness was shown not to require CD8 (cid:49) or TCR- (cid:103) / (cid:100) (cid:49) T cells or IFN- (cid:103) .
AN ILLUSTRATION OF GENERALISED ARMA (GARMA) TIME SERIES MODELING OF FOREST AREA IN MALAYSIA

Forestry is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Forest area of Malaysia has been observed over the years and it can be modeled using time series models. A new class of GARMA models have been introduced in the time series literature to reveal some hidden features in time series data. For these models to be used widely in practice, we illustrate the fitting of GARMA (1, 1; 1, δ) model to the Annual Forest Area data of Malaysia which has been observed from 1987 to 2008. The estimation of the model was done using Hannan-Rissanen Algorithm, Whittle's Estimation and Maximum Likelihood Estimation.
Secondary circulation in a highly stratified estuary

Observations from the Hudson River estuary are presented to discuss the interaction between secondary flows and stratification in the vicinity of a headland during highly stratified conditions. Analysis of the cross-stream momentum balance suggests that centrifugal accelerations are in near balance with the cross-stream baroclincity. Results emphasize that the interaction between stratification and secondary flows can set up a cross-stream internal seiche. This results in a reduction and subsequent reversal of the secondary flows downstream of a headland. Simple scaling arguments suggest that the spin-down time for tidally driven eddies is related to stratification.
Sediment focusing in Mirror Lake, New Hampshire1

Analyses of multiple sediment cores from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, dated by 14C and pollen, show that between 14,000 and 11,000 B.P. silts and sands were deposited over 85% of the basin. After 11,000 B.P. organic-rich sediments were focused into the deeper parts of the basin, and no sediment accumulated in water <5 m deep. Late-glacial particulate inorganic inputs were 33 times greater than modern losses from forested watersheds at Hubbard Brook. After trees became established, inorganic inputs fell sharply to modern levels. Late-glacial organic inputs were a half the average during the last 11,000 years. At four of the sites studied, accumulation rates reached a maximum between 7000 and 4000 B.P. The precise date varies from site to site, suggesting that it would be misleading to link peak accumulation in a single core to events in the watershed. After 4000 B.P. organic sediment accumulation rates declined at all four sites. Parallel declines in accumulation rates of both pollen and inorganic sediments suggest that this decline is due to the process of sediment focusing rather than to a change in decomposition rates or in organic inputs related to autochthonous or allochthonous primary production.
Autocrine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Lymphotoxin (LT) (cid:97) Differentially Modulate Cellular Sensitivity to TNF/LT- (cid:97) Cytotoxicity in L929 Cells

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) (cid:97) are structurally and functionally related cytokines. We expressed the TNF and LT- (cid:97) genes in murine fibrosarcoma L929r2 cells, which can be sensitized to TNF/LT- (cid:97) —dependent necrosis by inhibitors of transcription or translation. Autocrine production of murine TNF in L929r2 cells completely downmodulated the expression of the 55- and 75-kD TNF receptors, resulting in resistance to TNF/LT- (cid:97) cytotoxicity. Partial downmodulation of the 55-kD receptor was observed in human TNF-producing L929r2 cells. In contrast, an unaltered TNF receptor expression was found on LT- (cid:97) L929r2 transfectants. Hence, although similar cytotoxic effects are induced by extracellularly adminis-tered TNF and LT- (cid:97) , endogenous expression of these cytokines fundamentally differs in the way they modulate TNF receptor expression. Unlike LT- (cid:97) , secreted by the classical pathway, TNF is first formed as a mem-brane-bound protein, which is responsible for receptor downmodulation. To explore whether the different pathways for secretion of TNF and LT- (cid:97) explain this difference, we examined the effect of membrane-bound LT- (cid:97) expression. This was obtained by exchange of the classical signal sequence of LT- (cid:97) for the membrane anchor of chicken hepatic lectin. Membrane retention of LT- (cid:97) resulted indeed in receptor downmodulation and TNF/LT- (cid:97) resistance. We conclude that membrane retention of newly synthesized TNF or LT- (cid:97) is absolutely required for receptor downmodulation and TNF/LT- (cid:97) resistance.
Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970

[1] The dominant mode of variability in the tropical Pacific is the interannual El Nino–Southern Oscillation phenomenon. More subtle variations are also evident on decadal timescales reminiscent of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). These variations are superimposed on trends that are possibly linked to global climate change. A major impediment for assessing this decadal and longer timescale variability is the shortness of instrumental records. Near-surface salinity has not yet been systematically analyzed for this reason. This article documents and interprets 1970–2003 observed tropical Pacific sea surface salinity (SSS) changes. Given the time/space SSS data availability, the analysis focuses on changes in three key regions, the western Pacific Warm Pool (WP), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and the Equatorial Cold Tongue (ECT). A PDO-like signal shows up in these three regions, with some shifts in SSS appearing around the mid-1970s, mid-1990s, and to a lesser extent in 1989–1990. In addition, a clear freshening trend of the order of 0.1 to 0.3 psu per 30 years appears in the WP, SPCZ, and ECT, together with an extension of the low-salinity water surface in the WP and SPCZ. On the basis of available precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) products, and on a survey of the published literature, the PDO-like SSS changes are found to be qualitatively consistent with P and E and/or horizontal and vertical salt advection in the WP and the SPCZ. The repercussions and unsolved issues regarding the SSS decadal changes and freshening trends are discussed.
Structure of the Flemish Cap margin, Newfoundland: insights into mantle and crustal processes during continental breakup

Abstract Seismic reflection and refraction data from the Flemish Cap margin off Newfoundland reveal the large-scale structure of a magma-starved rifted margin. There is little evidence for significant extensional deformation of the Flemish Cap, consistent with the hypothesis that it behaved as a microplate throughout the Mesozoic. The seismic data highlight important asymmetries at a variety of scales that developed during the final stages of continental breakup and the onset of oceanic sea-floor spreading. In strong contrast to the conjugate Galicia Bank margin, Flemish Cap shows: (1) an abrupt necking profile in continental crust, thinning from 30 km thick to 3 km thick over a distance of 80 km, and a narrow, less than 20 km-wide, zone of extremely thin continental crust; (2) no clear evidence for horizontal detachment structures beneath continental crust similar to the ‘S’ reflection; and (3) evidence for at least a 60 km-wide zone of anomalously thin oceanic crust that began accreting to the margin shortly after continental crustal separation. The oceanic crust averages only 3–4 km thick and in places is as thin as 1.3 km thick, although seismic layer 3 is missing where this occurs. The data suggest that there are large spatial and temporal variations in the available melt supply following continental breakup as oceanic sea-floor spreading becomes established. In addition, wide-angle data show that anomalously slow mantle P-wave velocities appear approximately where continental crust has thinned to 6–8 km thick, indicating that low-degree serpentinization begins where the entire crust has become embrittled.