Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Importance of the Pre-\(NH_2\)-Terminal Domain of HSV-1 DNA Polymerase for Viral Replication

The catalytic subunit of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase (HSV-1 Pol) has been extensively studied; however, its full complement of functional domains has yet to be characterized. The previously uncharacterized pre-NH2-terminal domain (residues 1-140) within HSV-1 Pol is unique to the herpesvirus Pol family. We sought to investigate the importance of this domain for viral replication in cell culture and an animal model of infection. We evaluated the enzymatic activity of purified pre-NH2-terminal Pol mutant proteins in which conserved residues had been deleted or substituted. Subsequently, the corresponding pol mutant viruses were engineered for viral genetic analyses. We found that the extreme N-terminal 51 residues were not required for wild type 5’-3’ polymerase activity in vitro. Interestingly, the extreme N-terminal 42 residues were dispensable for viral replication in cell culture while a conserved motif at residues 44-49 was necessary for efficient viral DNA synthesis and production of infectious virus. Viral replication proteins have proven to be particularly important in the context of acute and latent infections in animals. Characterization of pol mutant virus replication in a mouse ocular model of infection revealed that the extreme N-terminal 42 residues
Instrumental music teachers' views on expressivity: a report from music conservatoires

Expressivity is generally regarded as a crucial component of a successful musical performance, but at present there is little knowledge of how it is addressed in instrumental music education. To achieve a better understanding of how teachers approach expressivity, instrumental music teachers (n = 51) from music conservatoires in Sweden and England were asked to fill out a questionnaire that focused on the following issues: (i) what constitutes musical expressivity? (ii) How can expressive skills be taught to music students? (iii) What are the prospects of using computer‐based instruction in teaching expressive skills? The results suggest that expressivity is the most appreciated characteristic in performers, and that a majority of the teachers define expressivity primarily in terms of communicating emotion. Modelling and verbal‐based instruction focusing on the students' felt emotions were the preferred methods for teaching expressive skills. The teachers would also like to spend more time on teaching expressive skills, but they were sceptical regarding the utility of computer‐based instruction. Expression and emotion seem to play important roles in the professional lives of the teachers, and it is suggested that expressive skills deserve more attention in higher instrumental music education.
Effects of ginger and cranberry extracts on the physiological response to exercise and markers of inflammation in horses

This study hypothesized that ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) and cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) extracts would alter the physiological response to exercise as well as markers of muscle damage, and mRNA expression for the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after an exhaustive bout of exercise in horses. Nine unfit Standardbred mares (age 10 ± 4 years, ~450 kg) completed three graded exercise tests (GXTs) in a crossover design, where they were assigned to the initial order of treatment in a randomized fashion. The GXTs were conducted between 07.00 and 12.00 hours, 7 days apart. Mares received either water (2 l), cranberry (~30 g in 2 l of water) or ginger (~30 g in 2 l of water) extract 1 h prior to testing. Blood samples were taken prior to dosing (pre-exercise), at the end of each step of the GXT, at the end of the exercise and at 2, 5 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 24 h post-GXT. Plasma total protein (TP) concentration and haematocrit (HCT) were analysed immediately following the tests. Analysis of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was done commercially. There was no effect of treatment ( P >0.05) on VO 2max , run-time to fatigue, core temperature, TP or HCT. CK was substantially elevated ( P P >0.05) was noted in AST. A slight increase ( P P 2 to recover from the peak observed at fatigue to a post-exercise plateau (ginger = 101 ± 3 s, water = 130 ± 14 s, cranberry = 131 ± 16 s). No effect of treatment or exercise ( P >0.05) was seen on IL-6 mRNA expression. Results suggest that cranberry extract blunts the upregulation and expression of TNF-α mRNA, while ginger extract reduces cardiovascular recovery time in horses completing a short, exhaustive bout of exercise.
Effect of energy supplementation to berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) hay based feed block on growth performance in Jalauni lambs

Growing Jalauni lambs (n=18) of approximately similar age and body weight (14±0.65 kg) were divided in three groups of six animals each. Animals of T1 (control) were fed blocks of berseem (Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum) hay alone whereas animals of T2 and T3 were fed 15% and 30% maize grain supplemented along with berseem hay based feed block for a period of 90 days. At the middle of the experimental feeding, a digestion cum metabolism trial was conducted for 7 days. Before the onset of metabolism trial, rumen liquor was collected through esophageal tube at 2 hours post feeding. DM and OM intake was significantly (P<0.05) increased in T2 and T3 than T1. DCP intake was not affected among the groups whereas TDN intake was significantly (P<0.05) increased in maize grain supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM and fiber were higher in T 2 and T 3, however, CP digestibility was comparable among the groups. Ruminal NH3-N concentration was not affected significantly among the groups. TVFA concentration was higher in T2 and T3. The average daily gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3. Similarly feed conversion efficiency was higher in maize grain supplemented groups than un-supplemented groups. It can be concluded that 15% maize grain supplementation to berseem hay based feed block seems to be sufficient to improve the nutrient utilization and growth performance of Jalauni lambs.
A Cerebration of Language Diversity, Language Policy, and Politics in Education

D the more vitriolic moments of the 1980s “culture wars” in the United States, the “culture warrior” E. D. Hirsch made a clarion call in defense of universal study of the masterworks of the English literary canon. In this work, he conceded space to the canonical literature of prestige foreign languages but drew a very firm line against linguistic pluralism, which he contrasted to all the virtuous promise of standards as follows: “Linguistic pluralism enormously increases cultural fragmentation, civil antagonism, illiteracy, and economic-technological ineffectualness” (Hirsch, 1988, p. 91). In similar vein, Bernstein (1994) saw language questions as a direct and immediate proxy for a political project aiming to destabilize U.S. civil and political unity and a deliberate and purposive act of subversion expressive of the connection between language education policy and the wider social compact. Treating the idea that Cherokee might be taught in public schools to incredulous ridicule, Bernstein saw its teaching as an “act of rebellion against white, Anglo-cultural domination” with a “multicultural animus against European culture and its derivatives” (p. 245). This critique of relativist multicultural lobbying conflates language education questions with nonlanguage educational sociopolitical claims just as surely as Hirsch’s (1988) claim that subaltern and marginal peoples can attain educational equality only through access to core cultural content, selected from the canonical achievements over time. Whether it is the more limited scope of assessable academic standards (Hirsch) or the wider scope of stability of the entire American polity (Bernstein), the 1980s and 1990s were a period during which technical/scientific and pedagogical evidence in favor of multilingualism would not be permitted to determine the communicative code selected as medium and object of instruction of small children in elementary schools. Today, although there is no shortage of opponents lining up against
Correlates of the duration of the egg collecting phase in the three-spined stickleback

Individual male three-spined sticklebacks in the field, often collected eggs for longer (up to 10 days) than had been reported for sticklebacks in captivity (3‐6 days). The probability that a male stopped collecting eggs increased with the number of eggs already present, and possibly with the age of the eggs. Males with nests hidden under a plant were more likely to continue collecting than males with exposed nests. These results are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations that predict when males should stop collecting further eggs. 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Kajian Pertumbuhan Ikan Tembakang (Helostoma temminckii) Di Rawa Bawang Latak Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung Growth Study of Fish Tembakang (Helostoma temminckii) In Rawa Bawang Latak Tulang Bawang, Lampung

T embakang Fish (Helostoma temminckii) is one of the fish that have high economic value in Rawa Bawang Latak. Overfishing and the introduction of fish resulted tembakang number of fish populations decline, so it takes the efforts of domestication. This study aims to determine the growth pattern that includes tembakang fish length and weight relationships, growth parameters, and factor conditions.Research carried out for four months, ie in October 2013 - January 2014. Tembakang fishing done at two stations in Rawa Bawang Latak. The sampling frequency of fish is done only once a month using Sero. The results showed that the pattern of growth tembakang fish is allometric positive, condition factor values male and female fish were not significantly different, female tembakang fish growth faster than the male fish, fish tembakang males on the size of 180.6 mm was 21 months, while females in size 191.1 mm 8 months old. Keywords: Tembakang, Growth, Sero, Rawa Bawang Latak .
Mirazid: A New Schistosomicidal Drug

Schistosomiasis is a debilitating, and sometimes deadly, parasitic infection that afflicts hundreds of millions of people in developing countries. Great efforts have been devoted to develop a safe and an effective schistosomicidal agent. Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem of Commiphora molmol. An alcohol extract of this plant followed by steam distillation produced resin and volatile oil. We report here the results of efficacy, toxicity and side effects of a special formulation of myrrh, mirazid. Oral adminstration of this combination resulted in a significant reduction in the of worm burden of mice. It also induced separation of male-female coupled worms. Moreover, it shifted female worms from their normal habitat to the liver. Coincident with the shift of the female worms to the liver, a progressive reduction in the number of immature eggs laid in the wall of the small intestine was proved. This effect was accompained by an increase in the percentage of the mature stage from 14.9 ± 1.7 in control animals to 93 ± 7.5 and 93.4 ± 8.2 in animal treated with mirazid formulation at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively.
A Novel Alkaline α-Galactosidase from Melon Fruit with a Substrate Preference for Raffinose

The cucurbits translocate the galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose, therefore, α-galactosidase (α-d-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) is expected to function as the initial enzyme of photoassimilate catabolism. However, the previously described alkaline α-galactosidase is specific for the tetrasaccharide stachyose, leaving raffinose catabolism in these tissues as an enigma. In this paper we report the partial purification and characterization of three α-galactosidases, including a novel alkaline α-galactosidase (form I) from melon ( Cucumis melo ) fruit tissue. The form I enzyme showed preferred activity with raffinose and significant activity with stachyose. Other unique characteristics of this enzyme, such as weak product inhibition by galactose (in contrast to the other α-galactosidases, which show stronger product inhibition), also impart physiological significance. Using raffinose and stachyose as substrates in the assays, the activities of the three α-galactosidases (alkaline form I, alkaline form II, and the acid form) were measured at different stages of fruit development. The form I enzyme activity increased during the early stages of ovary development and fruit set, in contrast to the other α-galactosidase enzymes, both of which declined in activity during this period. In the mature, sucrose-accumulating mesocarp, the alkaline form I enzyme was the major α-galactosidase present. We also observed hydrolysis of raffinose at alkaline conditions in enzyme extracts from other cucurbit sink tissues, as well as from young Coleus blumei leaves. Our results suggest different physiological roles for the α-galactosidase forms in the developing cucurbit fruit, and show that the newly discovered enzyme plays a physiologically significant role in photoassimilate partitioning in cucurbit sink tissue.
Chemical composition of Senecio biafrae leaf

This study examined the proximate, mineral, fatty acid, amino acid andvitamin compositions of Senecio biafrae leaves grown mostly in western part ofNigeria. From the results, Seneciobiafrae leaves were found to be a good source of protein (14.26±2.01%) andfiber (15.78±0.13%) by using AOAC method. The observed minerals content carriedout using atomic absorption spectrophotometer were: sodium, iron, potassium,aluminum, calcium, zinc, selenium, magnesium and cobalt. The leaves also hasessential fatty acid by using gas chromatograph technique (Linoleic,linolenic and arachidonic acids),indispensable amino acid (threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucne, tyrosine,phenylalanine, tryptophan and histidine) which was determined by using gaschromatography technique and vitamins such as vitamins E, C, K, A and vitamin Bcomplex was detected by using both AOAC and gas chromatography technique.Therefore, Senecio biafrae can be considered as a useful source of essentialnutrients for both animals and livestock.
North American marine nematodes.

T h e f irs t m arin e nem atodes m en tio n ed fro m N o r th A m erica w ere tw o species described b y Joseph Leidy in 185 5. T h e re a f te r no pub lica tio n s oc ­ cu rre d u n t i l N . A . C o b b beg an his series, th e C o n tr ib u tio n s to a Science o f N em ato lo g y , in 1914. L a te r S te iner, A llg en an d th e w r ite r have recorded form s. A c tu a lly th e fa u n as have been v e ry p o o rly w ork ed u p th o u g h few new genera are now to be fo u n d . M any new species have been k n o w n fo r periods o f 10-30 years w ith o u t th e ir h a v in g been described. T h is is due p a r tly to lack o f qua lified w orkers an d p a r tly to lim ited p u b lica tio n fac ili­ ties. Since m arin e zoologists seem to desire a key to th e N o r th A m erican fa u n a w e hav e p repared one. H o w ev er, every co llection tu rn s up new species o r new reco rd s o f E u ro p ean species. In th is paper 3 new genera and 33 new species are described fro m th e v ic in ity o f R o c k p o rt, Texas. E u ro p ean s tu d y o f m arin e nem atodes da tes fro m th e early p a r t o f th e n in e te en th c e n tu ry b u t th e o u ts ta n d in g early w orks w ere b y B astian , B iitschli, de M an, M ario n an d G . Schneider, w ith m ore re ce n t stud ies b y F ilip jev , S te iner, M ico le tzk y , K reis, D itlevsen , A llg en , S tekhoven , de C o n in ck , an d W . Schneider. A t least tw e n ty tim es as m an y species have been described f ro m E u ro p e as f ro m N o r th A m erica. H en ce w e m u st alw ays check E u ro p ea n l i te ra tu re before describ ing new species. T h e tw o m o st com prehensive p u b lica tio n s on th e su b jec t are those b y S tekhoven (193 5) and W . Schneider (1 9 3 9 ) . W ith these tw o references th e w o rk e r can locate m an y fo rm s w h ic h m ay n o t be in c lu d ed in th e p resen t a rtic le . O rig in a l de­ scrip tio n s in th is p ap er a re based on specim ens co llected b y D r . E . G . R e in ­ h a rd fro m th e v ic in i ty o f R o c k p o r t, Texas. C e rta in types o f m arine nem a­ todes are n o tab le b y th e ir large n u m bers , o th ers b y th e ir sca rc ity . T h is is p ro b ab ly due to se lective co llection . A ll species prev iously recorded fro m N o r th A m erica are in c lu d ed so f a r as we have been able to determ ine . Some id en tifica tio n s m ade a ro u n d 1941 fo r D r. Z in n o f Y ale U iv e rs ity , D r. P en n ak id en tific a tio n s m ade a ro u n d 1941 fo r D r. Z in n o f Y ale U n iv e rs ity , D r. P en n ak o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f C o lo rado and D r. A. S. Pearse o f D u k e U n iv e r­ s ity are also in c lu d ed fo r com pleteness. U n fo r tu n a te ly we d o n o t have th e specim ens. DISTRIBUTION AND KCOLOGV
On the biology and food preference of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracilariidae, Lepidoptera) in PDR of Yemen

Studies on the biology of the Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella at constant and fluctuating temperatures have shown that the average egg incubation, larval and pupal periods at 20° and 25° C were 9.5 and 7.5, 18.5 and 15.6 and 19.5 and 16.6 days, respectively; while those reared at 30° and 35° C had 5.2 and 3.5, 12.5 and 10.4, and 10.3 and 9.2 days, respectively. Taking into consideration the number of eggs laid, number of living larvae and pupae and the percentage of infested area per leaf, Citrus paradisi variety grape fruit and C. sinensis var. valencia were found most susceptible while C. aurantium var. sour orange and C. aurantiifolia var. lime were found to be the least susceptible. Zusammenfassung Zur Biologie und Nahrungswahl der Zitrusblatt-Miniermotte, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracilariidae, Lepidoptera) in der VDR Yemen Untersuchungen uber die Biologie der Zitrusblatt-Miniermotte, P. citrella, bei konstanten und wechselnden Temperaturen zeigten, das die mittlere Dauer der Ei-, Larven- und Puppen-Entwicklung bei 20° C bzw. 25° C: 9,5 und 7,5, 18,5 und 15,6 sowie 19,5 und 16,6 Tage betrug. Bei 30° und 35° C lauteten die Werte: 5,2 und 3,5, 12,5 und 10,4, sowie 10,3 und 9,2 Tage. Bei Zugrundelegung der Zahl abgelegter Eier, der Larven und Puppenzahl sowie der befallenen Blattflache wurde Citrus paradisi (Var. Grapefruit) als am starksten anfallig gegen die Miniermotte gefunden, wahrend C. aurantium (Var. Sauerorange) und C. aurantiifolia (Var. Limone) weniger gefahrdet erschienen.
Global literature of fiddler crabs, genus Uca (Decapoda, Ocypodidae): trends and future directions

Crabs of the genus Uca Leach, 1814 are characterized by having strong sexual dimorphism and a global distribution. Currently, 97 species have been described and analyzed under several aspects, including population ecology, physiology and ethology. However, there is no general summary of the information from the various literatures. The aim of this study is to perform a scientometric analysis of fiddler crab studies. For this we searched papers available in the Thomson ISI database that contained the words "Uca" OR "fiddler* crab*" between the years 1991 and 2007. For each paper, we researched and recorded the following characteristics: publication year; journal of publication; the first author's nationality; the country where the study was conducted; study type; species studied; and the work area. Our results indicated that there was no increase in the number of articles through the years considered. The Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology published most of the articles on Uca, indicating the importance of this group as a model for testing ecological hypotheses using experimental approaches. Our results also showed that United States had the highest number of authors and published studies on Uca, following the overall trend in dominance on scientific research. Furthermore, using models with three variables (per capita income, number of species of Uca and extent of coastal countries) we observed that, according to the Akaike Information Criterion, the per capita income was the most important correlate for the number of articles per country (both the author's country and country of study). Additionally, our results show that the species U. pugilator (distributed on the East Coast of the North American continent) was the species most singularly referenced in the papers considered. Moreover, our results indicate that most studies on Uca use a descriptive and local scale. The majority of papers in our literature search reflect studies in population biology, followed by behavioral and physiological characteristics.
The medicinal chemistry of tea

The medicinal effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) have a long, rich history. The first references to tea date back nearly 5,000 years and are justifiably obscure. Tea has been consumed literally for thousands of years, and it is this long safety record of tea consumption that makes these compounds an attractive target for drug discovery. Much attention has been focused on the role of tea flavanoids in the promotion of health in recent years. However, future studies will need to clarify further the mechanisms of action of these and related compounds, as well as their absorption, metabolism, and potential toxicity. We review here some of the currently available information pertaining to the chemistry, synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these compounds, which will hopefully serve as a starting point for the continued investigation of these compounds in the clinical setting. Drug Dev. Res. 61:45–65, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue engineering strategies to improve cellular repair : harnessing the regenerative potential of bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells

Markway, B.D. , G.K. Tan, G. Brooke, J.J. Cooper-White, and M.R. Doran. Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in low oxygen environment micropellet cultures. International Society for Stem Cell Research 7 Annual Meeting, Barcelona, Spain (July 2009). Markway, B.D. , S.R. Hanson, and M.T. Hinds. Shear-induced nitric oxide production of KDR human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 15 International Vascular Biology Meeting, Sydney, NSW, Australia (June 2008). Markway, B.D. , O.J.T. McCarty, U.M. Marzec, D.W. Courtman, S.R. Hanson, and M.T. Hinds. Capture of flowing endothelial cells using surface-immobilized anti-KDR antibody. TERMIS North America 2007 Conference and Exposition (REGENERATE), Toronto, ON, Canada (June 2007). Markway, B.D. , U.M. Marzec, N.T. Tran, K.B. Vartanian, S.R. Hanson, and M.T. Hinds. Collagen increases surface tissue factor activity in baboon endothelial progenitor cells. Society for Biomaterials Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (April 2006).
Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlanti.