Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonic evolution of deepwater area of northern continental margin in South China Sea

The Cenozoic structure of the deepwater area in the northern South China Sea was generated under the condition of two times of basin expansion and short-term reconstruction in different directions of South China Sea and was also controlled by the actions of Honghe fault strike-slip and Philippine Plate extrusion.The tectonic evolution experienced the intracontinental rift period,intercontinental thermal subsidence period and neotectonic period of quasi-passive continental margin.In the intracontinental rift period,the basin structure was in the north-south sub-zone and east-west sub-section shape and then formed the basin-range extensional structure.In the intercontinental thermal subsidence period,the rift occurred in the current South China Sea,and the north edge of the rift was in the northern passive continental margin with regional thermal subsidence.Since the Late Miocene,the regional subsidence action occurred in the margin of South China Sea.The Indian Plate extrusion from the east part and Philippine Plate extrusion from the west part made the continental margin of the northern South China Sea keeping bidirectional extrusion status.So,two types of depressions exited in the east and west areas of the continental margin in the northern South China Sea.One is the half graben depression,and the other is the graben depression.The former includes North Reef Depression,Shunde Depression,Kaiping Depression and satellite depressions outside of Baiyun Depression,the latter includes Lingshui-Ledong Depression,Songnan-Baodao Depression and Baiyun Depression.Relative to the half graben depression,the three large graben depressions,with a wide sedimentary range and large subsidence,together constitute the deepwater area rich in oil and gas and may become a strategic replacement area for oil and gas of South China Sea.
Field Data and Model Predictions for a Monolithic Alternative Cover

Water balance data from a test section simulating a monolithic alternative cover were compared to predictions made with two numerical models: UNSAT-H and Vadose/W. Onsite data were used as model input to the greatest extent practical. More accurate predictions were obtained with Vadose/W than UNSAT-H. Surface runoff was overpredicted appreciably by UNSAT-H, which affected all subsurface hydraulic processes. In contrast, Vadose/W accurately predicted surface runoff, evapotranspiration, and the temporal variations in soil water sto rage. However, neither model predicted percolation accurately. Both models also failed to capture a key change in the transpiration pattern during the last winter-summer period of the study. Differences in the method used to simulate precipitation inten sity appear partly responsible for the difference in accuracy by which the two models predict surface runoff. Simulations were conducted with the lower boundary condition as a unit gradient or a seepage face to evaluate how this boundary condition affects predictions of the water balance. Essentially the same predictions were obtained regardless of the lower boundary that was used.
Elderly Population Has Higher Prevalence of Polypharmacy Associated with Poor Quality of Life and Low Compliance after Recovery from COVID-19

ABSTRACT Background: Long term effects of COVID are not fully understood yet. The geriatric population has been badly affected. The impact of COVID-19 on the health-related quality of life after recovery and patient compliance is a matter of concern especially in the geriatric population where polypharmacy is often prevalent. Aims and Objectives: This study intended to observe the occurrence of polypharmacy (PP) among COVID-19 recovered older patients with multimorbidity and explore its association with health-related quality of life and compliance in these patients. Materials and Methods: Total 90 patients, above 60 years of age having two or more co-morbidities and recovered from COVID-19 infection were included in this cross-sectional study. Number of pills taken daily by each patient was noted, to determine the occurrence of PP. WHO-QOL-BREF was used to assess the effect of PP on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Medication adherence was measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Results: PP was found in 94.4% while hyper polypharmacy was found in 45.56% of patients. The overall mean score of HRQOL in patients with PP was 187.91 ± 32.98, indicating poor quality of life with PP (p value 0.0014) whereas the overall mean score of HRQOL in patients with hyper polypharmacy was 177.41 ± 26.11, showing poor quality of life with hyper polypharmacy (p value 0.0005). Increased number of pills corelated with poor quality of life (r =0.49). The medication adherence was found to be poor in patients who received mean number of pills 10.44 ± 2.62 whereas the adherence was good if the mean number of pills was 8.20 ± 2.63, (p value of 0.0001). Conclusion: Polypharmacy is highly prevalent among COVID-19 recovered patients and is associated with poor quality of life as well as poor medication adherence.
Physical Activity Levels, Motivators and Barriers to Exercise among Men and Women Aged 30 to 50 Years in Rourkela, India

ABSTRACT Background: Literature suggests that middle age is a period with increasing sedentary behavior and health risks. Objective: We conducted the present study to assess physical activity levels of the adults aged 30–50 years and understand the motivators and barriers to regular physical activity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 adults aged 30–50 years residing in Rourkela, Odisha. The physical activity levels of the adults were assessed using Bouchard’s Physical Activity Record. Height, weight, and waist circumference of the participants were measured using standard procedures. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared to identify the motivators and barriers to physical activity/exercise behavior. Results: Nearly half of the participants were obese, 23.3% were overweight and 28% had a normal body mass index. Based on WC and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), 84% and 79.3% of the participants had metabolic risk, respectively. Over half of the participants were physically inactive. Predominantly, low-intensity activities (yoga, slow walking) were performed as it was assumed to be sufficient. The main motivators of physical activity/exercise behavior were health scare, health benefits, weight loss, availability of resources at convenient time, and better looks. The chief barriers for exercise behavior were lack of motivation, weather, safety concerns, and lack of time. Conclusion: Despite over two-third of participants being overweight/obese, 90% of the physically active participants failed to meet the World Health Organization recommendations. Government, community, and individual participation are imperative to formulate interventions strategies to reduce the barriers to physical activity.
Effects of Obesity on Severity of Menopausal Symptoms in Urban and Rural Women

ABSTRACT Background: According to the WHO, obesity is an epidemic and is quantified by obesity indices. Menopause is a crucial period with a tendency toward weight gain and has profound implications on the morbidity and mortality of women. This study provides a greater insight into the aggravating adverse effects of obesity on the lifestyles of urban and rural women during their menopausal phase. Hence, this cross-sectional study aims at analyzing the effects of obesity indices on the severity of menopausal symptoms in urban and rural women. Objectives: 1. To compare the obesity indices in rural and urban women and to study the severity of menopausal symptoms in them. 2. To assess the influence of the area and body mass index (BMI) on menopausal symptoms. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 120 women, of which 60 healthy women volunteers between the age group of 40 and 55 years from the urban area and 60 age-matched healthy women volunteers from the rural area were recruited. The sample size was calculated based on stratified random sampling. After obtaining informed consent anthropometric measurements were recorded and the Menopausal Rating Scale was used for assessing the severity of menopausal symptoms. Results: A positive correlation was observed between the severity of menopausal symptoms and BMI as well as waist circumference in urban women. The problems related to menopausal symptoms were milder in rural women. Conclusions: Our study concludes that obesity worsens the severity of several menopausal symptoms which is greater among obese urban women owing to the urban lifestyle and increased stress levels.
The Price of Anarchy in Games of Incomplete Information

We define smooth games of incomplete information. We prove an ’’extension theorem” for such games:price of anarchy bounds for pure Nash equilibria for all induced full-information games extendautomatically, without quantitative degradation, to all mixed-strategy Bayes-Nash equilibria withrespect to a product prior distribution over players’ preferences. We also note that, for Bayes-Nashequilibria in games with correlated player preferences, there is no general extension theorem forsmooth games. We give several applications of our definition and extension theorem. First, we show that many gamesof incomplete information for which the price of anarchy has been studied are smooth in our sense.Our extension theorem unifies much of the known work on the price of anarchy in games of incompleteinformation. Second, we use our extension theorem to prove new bounds on the price of anarchy ofBayes-Nash equilibria in routing games with incomplete information.
Star Power : The Effect of Morningstar Ratings on Mutual Fund Flows

Morningstar, Inc., has been hailed in both academic and practitioner circles as having the most influential rating system in the mutual fund industry. We investigate Morningstar’s influence by estimating the value of a star in terms of the asset flow it generates for the typical fund. We use event-study methods on a sample of 3,388 domestic equity mutual funds from November 1996 to October 1999 to isolate the “Morningstar effect” from other influences on fund flow. We separately study initial rating events, whereby a fund is rated for the first time on its 36-month anniversary, and rating change events. An initial five-star rating results in average six-month abnormal flow of $26 million, or 53 percent above normal expected flow. Following rating changes, we find economically and statistically significant abnormal flow in the expected direction, positive for rating upgrades and negative for rating downgrades. Furthermore, we observe an immediate flow response, suggesting that some investors vigilantly monitor this information and view the rating change as “new” information on fund quality. Overall, our results indicate that Morningstar ratings have unique power to affect asset flow. JEL classification: G11, G14, G20
Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

At the end of 2013, the share of government debt held by the domestic banking sectors of Eurozone countries was more than twice the amount held in 2007. We show that increased domestic government bond holdings generated a crowding out of corporate lending. We find that loan supply was depressed by these domestic sovereign bonds only during the crisis period (2010-11). The pattern also holds across firms with different relationship banks within a given countries. These findings suggest that sovereign bond holdings negatively impact private capital formation. We show that direct government ownership, as well as government influence through banks' boards of directors, are among the channels used to influence banks.
Functional Analysis and Proper Functions

The etiological approach to ‘proper functions’ in biology can be strengthened by relating it to Robert Cummins' general treatment of function ascription. The proper functions of a biological trait are the functions it is assigned in a Cummins-style functional explanation of the fitness of ancestors. These functions figure in selective explanations of the trait. It is also argued that some recent etiological theories include inaccurate accounts of selective explanation in biology. Finally, a generalization of the notion of selective explanation allows an analysis of the proper functions of human artifacts.
Time Discounting: Delay Effect and Procrastinating Behavior

The delay effect, that people discount the near future more than the distant future, has not been verified rigorously. An experiment conducted by us in China confirms that, by separating the delay from the interval, the delay effect exists only within a short delay. The results are reliable, because the rewards paid were very large, in order to elicit the subjects' true preferences. The interval and magnitude effects are also confirmed. Finally, subjects' procrastinating behavior, as reported in the questionnaire conducted at the end of the experiment, is explained by the time discount rates and the degree of the delay effect revealed in the experiment.
Genome-wide mutation profiles of colorectal tumors and associated liver metastases at the exome and transcriptome levels

To characterize the mutation profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) primary tumors (PTs) and liver metastases (CLMs), we performed both whole-exome and RNA sequencing. Ten significantly mutated genes, including BMI1, CARD11, and NRG1, were found in 34 CRCs with CLMs. We defined three mutation classes (Class 1 to 3) based on the absence or presence of mutations during liver metastasis. Most mutations were classified into Class 1 (shared between PTs and CLMs), suggesting the common clonal origin of PTs and CLMs. Class 1 was more strongly associated with the clinical characteristics of advanced cancer and was more frequently superimposed with chromosomal deletions in CLMs than Class 2 (PT-specific). The integration of exome and RNA sequencing revealed that variant-allele frequencies (VAFs) of mutations in the transcriptome tended to have stronger functional implications than those in the exome. For instance, VAFs of the TP53 and APC mutations in the transcriptome significantly correlated with the expression level of their target genes. Additionally, mutations with high functional impact were enriched with high VAFs in the CLM transcriptomes. We identified 11 mutation-associated splicing events in the CRC transcriptomes. Thus, the integration of the exome and the transcriptome may elucidate the underlying molecular events responsible for CLMs.
Treatment of thoracic lymphangiomatosis

Lymphangiomas are rare benign neoplasms believed to be the result of abnormal development of the lymphatic system. They grow very slowly usually localised to one organ, but occasionally involve several organs in one part of the body. In the chest, involvement of the mediastinum, lung, heart, pleura, pericardium, ribs, and vertebrae may be seen in the same patient. Histologically they are made up of spaces lined with endothelium, varying from capillary size to several centimetres in diameter. They contain clear straw coloured fluid occasionally mixed with blood. The spaces are supported by a stroma of variable thickness containing lymphoid tissue. The aetiology is unknown but believed to be a result of congenital malformation of the lymph vessels. Radiation induced cutanous lymphangioma has been described in a patient with breast cancer following mastectomy and radiotherapy.1 Clinically, lymphangiomas are classified into three types: (1) : Simplex, which is made up of capillary sized thin, walled lymphatic channels. This type usually affects the skin (lymphangioma circumscriptum) (2) : Cystic lymphangioma (or cystic hygroma): this may range in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres, seen in a young age, commonly in the neck or the axilla (3) : Cavernosum: this type is made up of dilated lymphatic channels, often with fibrous adventitial coats. This is the type which usually affects organs in the thorax, abdomen, and bones. Bill and Sumner2 pointed out that the three types may coexist in the same patient. Reports of single organ involvement have been published relating to nearly all organs of the body except for the CNS, which is devoid of lymphatic channels. In one large series, lymphangioma of the head and neck accounted for nearly 50% of cases in children, while 10% of cases had visceral disease including the thorax.3 Thoracic lymphangioma has been described in all age groups including infants, neonates, and in the stillborn.4 Presenting symptoms are related to pulmonary and/or mediastinal mass, and signs and symptoms of pleural …
Scholars' Mine Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Gravelly Soil Layer Based on Field Performance Data

In general, gravelly soil layers are considered to be less susceptible to liquefy during earthquakes than sandy soil layers. However, in 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake, sand ejection due to liquefaction was observed in Port Island and RokJco Island, which were man-made islands reclaimed by gravelly soils. In this paper, firstly, site investigation including sampling by freezing technique was conducted in Rokko island where lots of ejected sand was not observed during the earthquake to know liquefaction strengths of the reclaimed deposits. Secondly, earthquake response analyses were conducted for a site in Rokko Island as well as a site in Port Island to evaluate maximum stress ratios which were generated in the reclaimed deposits during the earthquake. Finally, relationships between maximum shear stress ratios during earthquakes and penetration resistance were investigated for liquefied sites and nonliquefied sites in the man-made islands.
Recycling and burial of phosphorus in sediments of an anoxic fjord—the By Fjord, western Sweden

Recycling and burial of sediment phosphorus were studied in the By Fjord, western Sweden, during the years 2009 to 2010 using autonomous benthic landers and sediment sampling. The By Fjord is a small fjord with a shallow sill at its narrow mouth, which limits water exchange of the fjord’s basin water. The water in the basin is exchanged only every 3 to 5 years and the water below sill level is anoxic or sulfidic between water renewals. Five sites were examined in the By Fjord; three shallow sites above the sill level with oxic bottom waters and two deeper sites with anoxic bottom waters. Contents of sediment organic carbon and total nitrogen were higher at deep stations when compared to shallow stations, whereas the contents of sediment inorganic P was higher, and sediment organic P generally lower, at shallow than at deep stations both in surficial and buried sediment. One shallow oxic site and one deep anoxic site were also examined in the adjacent Koljo Fjord having similar characteristics as the By Fjord. In situ measurements of benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) showed that the fluxes from sediments with oxic overlying water (0.05–0.23 mmol m−2 d−1) were much lower than fluxes from sediments with anoxic overlying water (1.25–2.26 mmol m−2 d−1). The DIP flux increased with increasing flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) not only at anoxic but also at oxic bottoms, which is different from observations in brackish water environments. The average ratio between the DIC and DIP fluxes at oxic bottoms was almost 10 times higher than the Redfield C:P ratio indicating partial immobilization of P in oxic sediments. In contrast, the C:P ratio in fluxes was on average 1.5 times lower than Redfield at the anoxic bottoms. The benthic fluxes from anoxic bottoms were P rich not only in relation to C, but also to N. The low C:P flux ratio at anoxic sites coincided with a ≈ 2.5 times higher than Redfield C:P ratio of organic matter in the sediment solid phase clearly suggesting preferential regeneration of P at anoxic bottoms. Burial of inorganic P was higher than organic P burial at both anoxic and oxic sites; the former made up 59 to 60% of the total P burial at the deep anoxic stations, and 80% at the main shallow oxic station. The burial efficiency for organic P at anoxic bottoms was estimated to be only 1 to 3%, which indicates extremely efficient recycling of deposited organic P under anoxic conditions in this fjord environment.
Variations in Community Fish Production and Diversity Across the Appalachians: Implications for Climate Change

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv ATTRIBUTION . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS . vii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF TABLES . x THESIS INTRODUCTION . 1 MANUSCRIPT I . 4 ABSTRACT . 4 INTRODUCTION . 5 METHODS . 8 RESULTS . 15 DISCUSSION . 19 REFERENCES . 24 FIGURES . 31 TABLES . 36 MANUSCRIPT 2 . 38 ABSTRACT . 38 INTRODUCTION . 39 METHODS . 42 RESULTS . 51 DISCUSSION . 56 REFERENCES . 63 FIGURES . 72 TABLES . 77 MANUSCRIPT 3 . 84 ABSTRACT . 84 INTRODUCTION . 85 METHODS . 87 RESULTS . 95 DISCUSSION . 101
The Colter Formation: Evidence for Miocene Volcanism in Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming

Abstract The Colter Formation, composed largely of pyroclastic flow, lahar, surge, and coarse air-fall deposits, provides evidence that volcanoes were active in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, from the early to middle Miocene (late-early Arikareean to late Barstovian land-mammal age, correlating with about 24 to 13 my ago). The formation is the only record of relatively continuous early and middle Miocene volcanism known from the northern Rocky Mountains. The distribution of the Colter, its varying thickness, and facies changes within it suggest that most vents were located in the vicinity of the presently active Teton Fault. An early episode of compressional-type volcanism, lasting from at least 24 to 18 my ago, is inferred from the lower 500 m of andesitic, trachytic, and latitic tuff and ignimbrite, which are newly defined as the Crater Tuff-breccia Member. Extensional-type volcanism apparently followed by 13 my ago, as interpreted from the overlying 1000 m of rhyolitic tuff, ignimbrite, and conglomerate, the Pilgrim Conglomerate Member. The change from regional compression to extension between 18 and 13 my ago coincides with the development of the Mid-Tertiary unconformity in the northern Rockies, but the unconformity is less prominent in Jackson Hole than in southwestern Montana. The more complete depositional sequence in Jackson Hole probably is due to proximity of volcanoes that produced abundant detritus. Downfaulting, possibly as the magma chamber emptied, preserved the section. Additional movements along the Teton Fault since about 9.4 my ago tilted the Colter Formation westward and stepfaulted it into at least three major blocks that dropped eastward up to 1000 m per block.
(2019). A semi-automated algorithm to quantify scarp morphology (SPARTA): Application to normal faults in southern Malawi. Solid Earth and Discussions

Along-strike variation in scarp morphology re-ﬂects differences in a fault’s geomorphic and structural development and can thus indicate fault rupture history and mechanical segmentation. Parameters that deﬁne scarp morphology (height, width, slope) are typically measured or calculated manually. The time-consuming manual approach reduces the density and objectivity of measurements and can lead to oversight of small-scale morphological variations that occur at a resolution impractical to capture. Furthermore, inconsistencies in the manual approach may also lead to unknown discrepancies and uncertainties between, and also within, individual fault scarp studies. Here, we aim to improve the efﬁciency, transparency and uniformity of calculating scarp morphological parameters by developing a semi-automated Scarp PARameTer Algorithm (SPARTA). We compare our ﬁndings against a traditional, manual analysis and assess the performance of the algorithm using a range of digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions. We then apply our new algorithm to a 12 m resolution TanDEM-X DEM for four southern Malawi fault scarps, located at the southern end of the East African Rift system