Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patients Attending Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND The number of patients in emergency departments has risen steadily in recent years, with a particular increase in patients not requiring urgent treatment. The aim of this study is to characterize this group of patients with respect to their sociodemographic features, health status, and reasons for attending an emergency department. METHODS PiNo Nord is a cross-sectional observational study representing two full working weeks in five different hospitals. Patients were questioned in personal interviews, and medical diagnoses were documented. The data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regressions in mixed multilevel models. Predictors for the subjectively perceived treatment urgency were identified by stepwise backward selection. RESULTS The 1175 patients questioned had an average age of 41.8 years and 52.9% were male. 54.7% said the degree of their treatment urgency was low. 41.3% had visited the emergency department on their own initiative, 17.0% on the advice or referral of their primary care physician, and 8.0% on the advice or referral of a specialist. The strongest predictors for low subjective treatment urgency were musculoskeletal trauma (odds ratio [OR] 2.18), skin conditions (OR 2.15), and the momentary unavailability of a primary care physician (OR 1.70). CONCLUSION More than half of the patients do not think their condition requires urgent treatment and thus do not meet the definition of a medical emergency. Patients' reasons for visiting the emergency department are varied; aside from the treatment urgency of the health condition itself, the reason may lie in perceived structural circumstances and individual preferences.
Contribution of remote sensing to disaster management activities: A case study of the large fires in the Peloponnese, Greece

Natural disasters such as floods, wildfires, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions usually result in significant human losses and environmental degradation. To minimize the consequences of these catastrophic events, fire managers and national authorities are in need of accurate information regarding the geographic extent of the affected areas, both during the outbreak and shortly after the suppression of the fire event. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether analysis of Earth Observation (EO) data acquired through the International Charter ‘Space and Major Disasters’ can be successfully used to address the requirements of environmental disaster management. Specifically, operational information extracted through reliable and robust object‐based classification models was provided on the extent of the total burned area and the environmental implications in the Peloponnese (southern Greece) following a request from the National Forest Service and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Hellas. The results not only revealed the size of the disaster but also indicated the potential operational use of remote sensing in order to provide immediate and precise information to local, national and international organizations in relation to the post‐fire impact assessment.
Sounding and surface meteorological data from the Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX)

Abstract : The Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX) was a program designed to investigate the structure and evolution of the coastal marine atmospheric boundary layer with standard and state-of-the-art meteorological systems. Measurements were made in the vicinity of the mouth of the Salinas Valley in central California during the last two weeks of September, 1987. This report documents standard meteorological data from surface and sounding systems during the experiment. (SDW)
Image scoring system for umbilical and uterine artery pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound measurement: Image scoring for umbilical and uterine Doppler

Objective: To develop an objective, image scoring system for pulsed wave Doppler measurement of maternal uterine and fetal umbilical arteries, and evaluate how the system compares with subjective assessment of the images. Methods: As part of the quality control strategy for the INTERGROWTH-21 st Project, we developed a scoring system based on six predefined criteria for uterine and umbilical artery pulsed wave Doppler measurement. The scoring system was compared to subjective assessment, which consisted simply of classifying an image as acceptable or unacceptable. Based on a sample size estimate, a total of 120 ultrasound images of umbilical and uterine artery Doppler were randomly selected from the INTERGROWTH-21 st database. Two independent reviewers evaluated these images in a blinded fashion both subjectively and using the six-point scoring system. The percentage agreement and kappa statistic between the two methods were compared. Results: The overall agreement between reviewers was higher for objective assessment using the scoring system (agreement: 85%, adjusted kappa: 0.70), than for subjective assessment (agreement: 70%, adjusted kappa: 0.47). The levels of agreement for the six components of the scoring system were: anatomical site (adjusted kappa: 0.97), sweep speed (0.88), magnification (0.77), velocity scale (0.68), image clarity (0.68), and angle of insonation (0.65). Conclusion: In quality assessment of umbilical and uterine artery pulsed wave Doppler measurements, an objective six-point image scoring system is associated with greater reproducibility than subjective assessment. We recommend this as the preferred method for quality control, audit and teaching.
The Burden of Asthma: Delineation of Acute Healthcare Utilization among Asthma Patients in Missouri, 2007-2009

Many people with asthma experience exacerbations. This study was conducted to describe the acute care utilization among patients with asthma in the state of Missouri and associated charges. Using the Patient Abstract System, records for Emergency Department (ED) visits; observation status; and hospital discharges with the principal diagnosis of asthma for a 3-year period (2007-2009) were linked for each patient using deterministic matching. The single record for each person was used in counting patients and in the analysis. There were a total of 115,299 acute care asthma visits for Missouri residents. The total number of ED visits, when ED visits plus hospitalization and ED visits plus observations were included was 106,443, or 20.1% higher than the 88,622 ED only visits to 73,162 total patients. Children aged ≤ 17 comprised 24.1% of Missouri’s population, but represented more than 41.9% of patients using these services. Of the 68,792 patients with an ED visit, 75.8% had a single visit during the 3 years. Of those with ≥ 2 ED visits (n=16,644), African Americans (11.17 per 1,000, 95% CI 11.03-11.31) and children aged 0-4 (10.19 per 1,000, 95% CI 10.00-10.37) had the highest rates. Overall, 26.1% of the total patients were hospitalized, accounting for > 70% of the total $394.8 million. MO Health Net (Medicaid) was the most frequent expected pay source. Uncontrolled asthma places a heavier toll on emergency departments than previously published. Increased application of evidence-based asthma control care and exacerbation prevention strategies may substantially improve health and reduce costs.
Kinematic modeling of fault slip rates using new geodetic velocities from a transect across the Pacific‐North America plate boundary through the San Bernardino Mountains, California

Campaign GPS data collected from 2002 to 2014 result in 41 new site velocities from the San Bernardino Mountains and vicinity. We combined these velocities with 93 continuous GPS velocities and 216 published velocities to obtain a velocity profile across the Pacific‐North America plate boundary through the San Bernardino Mountains. We modeled the plate boundary‐parallel, horizontal deformation with 5–14 parallel and one obliquely oriented screw dislocations within an elastic half‐space. Our rate for the San Bernardino strand of the San Andreas Fault (6.5 ± 3.6 mm/yr) is consistent with recently published latest Quaternary rates at the 95% confidence level and is slower than our rate for the San Jacinto Fault (14.1 ± 2.9 mm/yr). Our modeled rate for all faults of the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) combined (15.7 ± 2.9 mm/yr) is faster than the summed latest Quaternary rates for these faults, even when an estimate of permanent, off‐fault deformation is included. The rate discrepancy is concentrated on faults near the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes; the geodetic and geologic rates agree within uncertainties for other faults within the ECSZ. Coupled with the observation that postearthquake deformation is faster than the pre‐1992 deformation, this suggests that the ECSZ geodetic‐geologic rate discrepancy is directly related to the timing and location of these earthquakes and is likely the result of viscoelastic deformation in the mantle that varies over the timescale of an earthquake cycle, rather than a redistribution of plate boundary slip at a timescale of multiple earthquake cycles or longer.
The impact of diversity on group and individual performance

Using data on a student group project in which groups are exogenously formed, we examine the potential productivity gains from employing work-teams which are diverse in terms of gender, nationality and ability. We find no significant effect of diversity on overall team performance, except when the team members are from different socio-cultural backgrounds. More importantly, we find that students who have worked in more diverse teams experience a subsequent improvement in individual productivity. These individual productivity gains hold for both domestic and foreign students, and for students of different levels of ability. Our results suggest a mechanism by which diversity enhances individual and collective performance.
A modelling study of open‐hole single‐well seismic imaging

Single‐well, or uni‐well, imaging uses an acoustic source and an array of receivers located in the same borehole to image local geological structure. Due to the intrinsic attenuation of the formation it is likely that a source emitting frequencies in the typical cross‐well range would be necessary to illuminate structure at distances above 100 m from the borehole. At these frequencies a significant proportion of the source energy is converted into tube‐waves which are, for the purpose of these surveys, noise. This paper reports the results of a modelling study designed to assess the feasibility of using existing cross‐well hardware, i.e. a piezo‐electric source and hydrophone array, modified to run in a single borehole, to perform single‐well surveys. In particular we study the case of an open borehole in a gas‐filled, low‐permeability sandstone reservoir. Our results suggest that the amplitudes of the tube‐wave reverberations generated by calliper variations are such that reflections of interest arriving in the time window after the first tube‐wave arrival will not be visible. However, reflections may be visible in the time window preceding the first tube‐wave arrival provided tube waves from previous shots are not still present and the long source–receiver offsets required to make observations in this window can be incorporated into the tool design.
Meteoritos españoles del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales

Aims of this work are to collect relevant historical data on Spanish meteorites together with the recent data provided by novelties which are being generated from the important meteorite fall of Villalbeto (Palencia at 2004, January, 4th.). Here are also included new observations performed by ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) in the Spanish Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid (MNCN), new private information and new field observations together with original pictures of the Villalbeto fragments. The impressive fireball of January 4, 2004 was an important geological phenomenon escorted by audible booms, colour, a persistent path of 30 minutes and a production of more than 32 known fragments. The initial entrance magnitude mass was independently determined by photometric, seismic, infrasound and radioisotopes data matching on 750 kg, size less than 1 m of diameter, and 60 000 km/h in the entrance time. A massive fragmentation occurred at a height of 28 km produced a meteorite strewn field of 20x6 km in the northern of Palencia.
Micro-geodynamics of the Karakoram Fault Zone, Ladakh, NW Himalaya

Microgeodynamics relates grain-scale deformation microstructures to macroscopic tectonic processes. Here the microgeodynamic approach combines optical and electron microscopy, including electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), with field geology, geothermobarometry and microphysical modelling to study fault rocks deformed within a major continental strike-slip fault to quantify changes in fault zone structure and rheology with crustal depth. The overall thesis rational therefore is to test existing fault models against an exhumed example of a continental strike-slip fault zone, namely the central Karakoram Fault Zone (KFZ), NW India. This approach establishes changes in deformation processes with depth in the upper- to mid-crust and suggests that a range of fault weakening mechanisms have reduced fault rock shear strengths, typified by friction coefficients of 0.3-0.4. Metamorphic petrology and geothermobarometry are used to place the KFZ in the context of regional tectono-metamorphic evolution. It is shown using diagnostic microstructures and pressure-temperature-time paths that the fault initiated after peak metamorphism (677-736°C, 875-1059 MPa) and subsequent migmatisation (688±44°C, 522±91 MPa) and leucogranite emplacement (448±100 MPa). Retrograde phyllonites formed during later strike-slip deformation are investigated in detail using EBSD, geothermometry and microphysical modelling. The phyllonites formed at 351±34°C and had low shear strength (<30 MPa) during frictional-viscous flow. EBSD is also used to derive a novel strain proxy based on quartz crystal preferred orientation intensity. Application of this method distinguishes deformation distributions in transects across the KFZ. Deformation intensity varies from <0.2 in essentially undeformed domains to 1.6 within shear zone strands formed at 500-550°C and c. 15 km depth. Evaluation of the history of the KFZ suggests that whilst it plays a relatively minor role in accommodating India-Asia collision, it can nevertheless be used as an analogue for major continental strike-slip fault zone structure.
Estimation of an upper limit on prehistoric peak ground acceleration using the parameters of intact speleothems in caves situated at the western part of Balkan Mountain Range, North-West Bulgaria

Karst regions are very vulnerable with respect to natural and human-activity related hazards. Some of them with beautiful caves were proposed to be of national value. The examination of broken and slim intact speleothems in Bulgarian caves (Varteshkata and Elata caves, western part of Balkan Mountain Range, North-West Bulgaria) allows estimating an upper limit for horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) generated by paleo-earthquakes.The density, the Young’s modulus and the tensile failure stress of the samples originating from broken speleothems have been measured in a laboratory.The fundamental frequency and damping of speleothems have been measured in cavity by in situ observations.The value of the upper limit horizontal ground acceleration resulting in failure and the natural frequency of speleothems were assessed by theoretical calculations using mechanical parameters — the density, the Young’s modulus and the tensile failure stress — of the samples originating from a broken speleothem from Elata cave.The ages of the samples taken from the investigated stalagmites have been determined by alpha spectrometry.The pure elastic behaviour in analytical modeling and calculations have been used.According to our modeling results the investigated speleothem has not been excited by a horizontal acceleration higher than 0.144 g in case of Varteshkata cave, and 0.326 g in case of Elata cave during the last few thousand years. These results can serve to improve the present seismic risk policy for karst regions, too.
Evolution of Early Mesozoic back-arc basins in the Black Sea-Caucasus segment of a Tethyan active margin

Abstract Six new reconstructions illustrate the evolution of back-arc basins in the Black Sea-Caucasus region from the Mid-Triassic to the end of the Mid-Jurassic. The c. 2000 km long Tauric (Küre) basin opened in the Late Permian-Early Triassic as the Pontides-Transcaucasus and Rhodope microcontinents rifted from the Eurasian margin. The oceanic floor of the Tauric basin in the Mid-Triassic was at least 300 km wide. In the east the basin closed near the present-day Caspian Sea and to the west of the West Crimea transform it split into two branches to the south and north of the Moesian platform. The Tauric basin was partly inverted in the Carnian, when several Gondwanian terranes (Iran, South Armenia) collided with the Palaeotethyan subduction zone. Following the initiation of a new subduction zone, the back-arc extension resumed in the Norian-Early Jurassic. Opening of the Izmir-Ankara-Sevan back-arc basin commenced south of the Pontides-Transcaucasus. Simultaneously, rifting began in the Greater Caucasus and continued until the Early Pliensbachian. This was followed by the continental break-up in the Late Pliensbachian-Toarcian. A narrow (100–150 km) strip of oceanic crust had formed by the beginning of the Aalenian. In the Late Aalenian a southward-migrating subduction zone at the southern margin of the Izmir-Ankara-Sevan basin had reached the central part of Neo-Tethys and presumably collided with a mid-oceanic ridge. Subduction was blocked and Africa-Eurasia convergence was compensated by inversion in the Tauric and Greater Caucasus basins. The basins were closed by the end of the Bathonian.
Arrhenius rheology versus Frank‐Kamenetskii rheology—Implications for mantle dynamics

The viscosity of planetary mantle material is strongly temperature dependent. This dependence is described by an Arrhenius law. But for the realistic viscosity contrast that appears over the depth of the mantle, strong gradients in the upper thermal boundary layer occur. These strong gradients are not realizable in numerical models. Therefore, the Frank‐Kamenetskii approximation, leading to a linearized exponential viscosity function, is commonly used. Much research on the plate‐mantle system has been done applying the Frank‐Kamenetskii rheology. The question though still arises, if these results can be reproduced when using the Arrhenius law. Here it has to be kept in mind, that in numerical models the realistic viscosity contrast appearing over the mantle can neither be coped with by the Arrhenius nor the Frank‐Kamenetskii approach. Thus, the computational aspects to date only allow for viscosity contrasts being moderate as compared to realistic values and extrapolations to planet‐like values have to be made for both rheologies. Comparing results obtained by the commonly used forms of the Arrhenius and the Frank‐Kamenetskii approach, we observe the same change in flow behavior from mobile‐lid to stagnant‐lid convection. The differences are only of quantitative nature: In the stagnant‐lid regime, some Arrhenius formulations lead to a thinner top boundary layer which results in values of lithospheric thicknesses being more realistic. Here it has to be noted that different forms of the Arrhenius law have been used which differ among themselves. When properly scaled, the differences between the Frank‐Kamenetskii and Arrhenius rheology can, however, be strongly diminished. To understand general features in the plate tectonics‐mantle convection system an additional stress dependence of the viscosity has to be considered. The discrepancies between the various viscosity formulations are then of even less importance, because for an Earth‐like convection regime, the top viscosity is more strongly influenced by the stress dependence rather than by the temperature dependence.
Performance Characteristics of Horizontal Interlaced Multilayer Moored Floating Pipe Breakwater

The paper presents the results of model scale experiments for the study of wave attenuation by horizontal interlaced, multilayer, moored floating pipe breakwater. A review of some significant floating breakwater models proposed by earlier investigators is included. For a floating breakwater the transmission coefficient ( Kt ) is influenced by relative width of the breakwater (W∕L) . Nondimensional graphs indicating the variation of Kt with respect to W∕L (with Hi ∕L as a parameter for different Hi ∕d values) and Kt versus Hi ∕L (for a range of d∕L values from 0.09 to 0.24) have been plotted. Further variation of Kt with relative depth d∕L for different W∕L values is also studied. From the experimental study and results obtained, it is found that the transmission coefficient decreases with an increase in relative breakwater width W∕L and wave steepness Hi ∕L for all Hi ∕d values. In the present study it was observed that performance was better for breakwater configurations of W∕L⩾0.7 when compared with con.
Pioneers, subcultures and cooperatives: The grassroots augmentation of urban places

About the book: There have been numerous possible scenarios depicted on the impact of the internet on urban spaces. Considering ubiquitous/pervasive computing, mobile, wireless connectivity and the acceptance of the Internet as a non extraordinary part of our everyday lives mean that physical urban space is augmented, and digital in itself. This poses new problems as well as opportunities to those who have to deal with it. This book explores the intersection and articulation of physical and digital environments and the ways they can extend and reshape a spirit of place. It considers this from three main perspectives: the implications for the public sphere and urban public or semi-public spaces; the implications for community regeneration and empowerment; and the dilemmas and challenges which the augmentation of space implies for urbanists. Grounded with international real -life case studies, this is an up-to-date, interdisciplinary and holistic overview of the relationships between cities, communities and high technologies.
On the Regulation and Activation of JAK2: A Novel Hypothetical Model

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a protein tyrosine kinase central to a multitude of cellular processes. Here, a novel model of JAK2 regulation and activation is proposed. In the JAK2 dimer, instead of being auto-inhibited by its own JH2 domain, inhibition comes from the JH2 domain of the partnering JAK2 monomer. Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes a conformational rotation that is passed to its dimeric partner. The activation is achieved by the rotation of two JAK2 molecules, which relieves the JH1/JH2 inhibitory interface and brings two JH1 domains in proximity for the subsequent trans-phosphorylation event. This hypothetical model is consistent with most of the currently available experimental evidence and warrants further tests. Based on the proposed model, it is possible to rationalize the differential responses of JAK2 signaling involving various receptors and ligands. Implications: The proposed model of JAK2 regulation and activation is poised to suggest potential alternative drug-discovery strategies that could impact a number of relevant diseases. Mol Cancer Res; 11(8); 811–4. ©2013 AACR.