Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk Riding Behaviours of Young Motorcyclists Among Students in Univeristi Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor

Introduction: Road accidents involving young motorcyclists are one of the most concerning safety issues in Malaysia. Motorcyclists in Malaysia have a higher vulnerability towards risk and a higher possibility of involving in commuting accidents. Most of these risks are related to the motorcyclist’s riding behaviour. Most of the youngster use motorcycles as their daily mode of transportation. However, less study has been conducted to analyze these young motorcyclists (university students) riding behaviour. Therefore, this study aims to determine the riding behaviours of this young motorcyclist. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design and a simple random sampling method. It was conducted among 184 respondents (92 males and 92 females) in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. The respondents were given the self-administered Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ) containing 59 items adapted from previous studies. Results: The males had higher crash involvement in both road accidents and near-miss accidents compared to female respondents. The traffic error (p = 0.009), speeding p = 0.001), safety violations (p = 0.001), and safety equipment (p = 0.003) were significantly difference between both male and female students. Safety violation and precautions were the significant road accident predictors among UPM young motorcyclists. Conclusion: Thus, several prevention programs should be conducted to educate them on motorcycle safety riding. It is intended as an early prevention for this young motorcyclist, which in the long term will have a positive impact on reducing commuting accidents in the future.
Surgical Management of Polymethylmethacrylate-Collagen Gel Complications in the Lower Eyelid

Background As nonsurgical rejuvenation with fillers continues to grow in popularity, patients are increasingly interested in more durable results. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-collagen gel is unique among fillers in that the PMMA microspheres are not completely absorbed and phagocytosed by the body. This durability coupled with the biophysical properties of PMMA makes it a poor choice for periorbital rejuvenation, an unforgiving and highly complex anatomic area. Methods Between 2011 and 2018, 14 patients with PMMA granulomas in various facial areas self-referred to the senior author's practice. Of these patients, 11 were managed nonsurgically; however, all 3 patients who presented with granulomas in the infraorbital area required surgery to remove the filler and restore a natural aesthetic. Results The 3 patients with significant swelling and PMMA filler nodules in the infraorbital area with unacceptable cosmetic appearance were females between the ages of 50 and 55 years. Nonsurgical protocols were unsuccessful, and surgical removal was required. All subjects have been followed for a minimum of 2 years with no immediate- or long-term postoperative complications secondary to PMMA removal. Patients remain satisfied with the outcome of the surgery. Conclusions Despite the evidence that the periorbital area is prone to adverse events when injected with particulate fillers, misguided enthusiasm for PMMA-collagen gel as a durable treatment continues to lead to unnecessary and severe complications in patients. The case studies presented here highlight that this product should not be introduced into the periorbital area. We also describe a surgical treatment approach for its removal if complications arise.
Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on East African rainfall: II. March–May season extremes and interannual variability

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) was shown in Part I to have a significant impact on both East African rainy seasons at pentad time‐scale. The case of the ‘long rains’ (March–May) is further examined by considering both shorter (daily) and longer (interannual) time‐scales. Based on composite analyses, extreme daily rainfall events in the Highland (west) and in the coastal (east) regions of Equatorial East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania) are extracted. Low‐level westerly wind anomalies are seen to accompany wet events in the west and easterly ones in the east. These opposite circulation anomalies preferentially occur at distinct phases of the MJO, which indicates that the latter has a major influence on rainfall at the daily time‐scale.
Thermoelectric properties of molten Bi2Te3, CuI, and AgI

To achieve large figure of merit (ZT) and superior thermal durability at high temperatures, we have investigated thermoelectric properties of molten Bi2Te3, CuI, and AgI up to 1173 K. Molten Bi2Te3 was found to have large electrical conductivity between 1800 and 2000 (Ω ⋅ cm)−1. Molten CuI and AgI, however, exhibited small electrical conductivity less than 1 (Ω ⋅ cm)−1, nevertheless they show very large Seebeck coefficients over 800 μV/K. We estimated thermal conductivity using Wiedemann Franz law and the model established by Regel et al. [Phys. Status Solidi A 5, 13 (1971)]. The evaluated ZT for CuI is over 0.1.
Investigation of flux formulae in transonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction

SUMMARY The aim of the present study is to examine the accuracy and improvement of various numerical methods in the solution of the transonic shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction problem and to show that a significant source of numerical inaccuracies in turbulent flows is not only the inadequacy of the turbulence model but also the numerical discretization. Comparisons between a Riemann solver and a flux-vectorsplitting method as well as between various numerical high-order extrapolation schemes with corresponding experimental results are presented.
SIGNALLING STRATEGY AND SUCCESS OF CROWDFUNDING CAMPAIGN

Improving the funding results of crowdfunding campaigns is a pivotal point for entrepreneurs, investors, and platforms. Building upon previous research in the field of crowdfunding and signaling theory, we propose a logistic regression to identify the determinants of the success of 5228 KissKissBankBank crowdfunding. The main focus is on estimating the role of signalling opportunities provided to project initiators and funders in mitigating the harmful consequences of asymmetric information. Our main results reveal that, as expected, the success of crowdfunding campaigns is promoted by the signal of identity, patience, pointing, reciprocity, intention and interactivity. The ambition signal is a factor that hinders funding success. Contrary to our research hypotheses, the signal of reputation and social capital has a negative impact on the probability of crowdfunding projects' success. The findings provide not only empirical evidence to understanding the importance of the role of signals in determining the success of crowdfunding campaigns but also useful tools for stakeholders in developing their own crowdfunding strategies at an early stage.
TOWARD AUTOMATED FOREIGN OBJECT DETECTION OF CARBON FIBER LAMINATES USING PULSE ECHO ULTRASOUND

Carbon fiber composites are becoming more desirable as a design choice in a wide range of industries due to their high strength to weight ratio. One common challenge to greater adoption of carbon fiber laminates is the reduction in performance due to the occurrence of foreign object defects introduced during the laminate manufacturing. These foreign objects lead to increased costs and waste through both the discarding of failed parts and in the need to overdesign parts to survive when foreign objects are not detected. The ability to reliably find foreign objects would lead to significant savings and would open the door to greater adoption of carbon fiber composites by making these parts cheaper, safer, and perhaps more lightweight. Non-destructive techniques are crucial to the detection of foreign objects, and ultrasound has shown to be a cost-effective and reliable technique for the identification of foreign objects. Previous work by Baylor researchers has shown the ability to determine the size and location of foreign objects made with Teflon films with high accuracy. This work focuses on the improvement of these methods and adapting them for other foreign object materials, specifically: copper, peel ply, infusion mesh, vacuum bagging, and gloving; while moving the technique towards full automated detection.
General formalism solving linear recursion relations

We give the general solution of multiterm linear homogeneous recursion relations with nonconstant coefficients, by introducing a new class of special combinatorics functions based on the partition of an interval into classes. This provides power series solutions, whenever they exist, of ordinary linear differential equations, of any order, with polynomial coefficients.
Conference Summary: Experiments in confinement and wave–plasma interaction

This paper summarizes the results presented at the IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2002 with respect to the performance and confinement of tokamaks, spherical tokamaks, stellarators, reversed field pinches and mirrors. Transport, internal transport barriers, methods to control pressure and current density profiles by auxiliary heating and non-inductive current drive will be discussed and compared to the predictions for ITER. Based on the results presented at this conference it can be concluded that one has confidence that the ITER performance specifications will be achieved in the future. Marked progress on alternative confinement concepts can be noted as well.
Transient (000)-order attenuation effects in ultrafast transmission electron diffraction

We discuss the observation of a transient (000)-order attenuation in time-resolved transmission electron diffraction experiments. It is shown that this effect causes a decrease of the diffraction intensity of all higher diffraction orders. This effect is not unique to specific materials as it was observed in thin Au, Ag and Cu films.
Componentwise linear ideals and Golod rings.

LetA = K[x1, . , xn] be a polynomial ring over a field K,and letR = A/I be the quotient ofA by an idealI ⊂ A that is homogeneous with respect to the standard grading in which deg (xi) = 1. WhenI is generated by square-free monomials, it is traditional to associate with it a certain simplicial complex 1, for whichI = I1 is theStanley–Reisner ideal of 1 andR = K[1] = A/I1 is theStanley–Reisner ring or face ring.The definition of1 as a simplicial complex on vertex set [ n] := {1,2, . , n} is straightforward: the minimal non-faces of 1 are defined to be the supports of the minimal square-free monomial generators of I. Many of the ring-theoretic properties of I1 then translate into combinatorial and topological properties of 1 (see [14, Chap. II]). In particular, a celebrated formula of Hochster [14, Thm. II.4. 8] describes Tor A · (R,K) in terms of the homology of the full subcomplexes of 1. HereK is considered the trivial A-module K = A/m for m = (x1, . . . , xn). It is well known that the dimensions of these K-vector spaces Tor A · (R,K) give the ranks of the resolvents in the finite minimal free resolution ofR as anA-module. In a series of recent papers, beginning with [8] and subsequently [9; 15; 13], it has been recognized that, for square-free monomial ideals I = I1, there is another simplicial complex1∗ which can be even more convenient for understanding free A-resolutions ofR. The complex1∗, which from now on we will call theEagon complexof I = I1, carries equivalent information to 1 and is, in a certain sense, its canonical Alexander dual : 1∗ := {F ⊆ [n] : [n] − F / ∈1 }.
The spreading of self‐excited hot jets by side jets

A transitional, heated, axisymmetric air jet is investigated in the regime in which it is self‐excited and develops a regular sequence of intense vortex ring structures. Seeding of the jet fluid and laser illumination reveals a star‐shaped jet cross section with between two and six radial fingers. Each finger thereby represents a cut through a strong quasisteady side jet that is directed away from the main jet axis and is approximately planar. It is suggested that these side jets contribute prominently to the entrainment of all jets with strong primary vortex ring structures.
A Mossbauer study of Sm/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/Ga/sub 3/C/sub x/ (x=0-2.5)

/sup 57/Fe Mossbauer spectra of Sm/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/Ga/sub 3/C/sub x/ (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) collected at 293 K have simplified fitting model of four (for x=0) or six (for x/spl ne/0) broadened sextets which ignores the local Ga environment of each Fe site. Our analyses show that the strong Ga preferential occupation of 18 h site model results in the best fit to the experimental spectrum, The values of the hyperfine field of four sextets with zero neighbouring carbon are virtually constant for all namely, 28.7(5), 22.9(5), 20.8(5) and 20.3(5) T. The reduction in hyperfine field with one neighbouring carbon for 18 f site is 6.3/spl plusmn/0.8 T; whereas for 18 h site it is only 2.7/spl plusmn/0.1 T. The average hyperfine field carbon content, which that the average Fe magnetic moment is largely unaffected by the introduction of carbon. Using a conversion factor of 15 T//spl mu/B, the average Fe atomic magnetic moment in Sm/sub 2/Fe/sub 14/Ga/sub 3/ is about 1.47 /spl mu/B at 293 K. The volume expansion resulting from the introduction of carbon leads to a slight increase in the weighted average of the /sup 57/Fe isomer shift.
Total Ozone Determination from the Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) Experiment

Abstract The algorithm used to derive total ozone from the Nimbus 4 Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment is described. A seven-year global data set with more than one million retrievals has been produced and archived using this algorithm. The algorithm is a physical retrieval scheme using accurate radiative transfer computations. Error sources are discussed and verified using Dobson network comparisons and the statistics of the BUV A- and B-pair derived ozone values.
Evaluation of Schottky and MgO-based tunnelling diodes with different ferromagnets for spin injection in n-Si

In this work we present the electrical properties of sputter-deposited ferromagnetic (FM) Schottky diodes and MgO-based tunnelling diodes to n-doped (0 0 1) silicon. The effective Schottky barrier height (SBH) has been evaluated as a function of the FM electrode (Co70Fe30, Co40Fe40B20 and Ni80Fe20), the silicon doping density (1015 to 1018 cm−3), the MgO tunnelling barrier thickness (0, 1.5 and 2.5 nm) and post-deposition annealing up to 400 °C. The ideality factors of the Schottky diodes are close to unity, indicating transport by thermionic emission and the absence of an interfacial oxide layer, which is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The effective SBH is found to be approximately 0.65 eV, independent of the FM material and decreasing with increasing doping density. The changes induced by high temperature annealing at the current–voltage characteristic of the Schottky diodes depend strongly on the FM electrode. The effective SBH for the tunnelling diodes is as low as 0.3 eV, which suggests a high density of oxide and interface traps. It is again independent of the FM electrode, decreasing with increasing doping density and annealing temperature. The inclusion of MgO leads to higher thermal stability of the tunnelling diodes. The measured contact resistance values are discussed with respect to the conductivity mismatch for spin injection and detection.
From 0D to 1D spatial models using OCMat

We show that the standard class of optimal control models in OCMat can be used to analyze 1D spatial distributed systems. This approach is an intermediate step on the way to the FEM discretization approach presented in Grass and Uecker (2015). Therefore, the spatial distributed model is transformed into a standard model by a finite difference discretization. This (high dimensional) standard model is then analyzed using OCMAT. As an example we apply this method to the spatial distributed shallow lake model formulated in Brock and Xepapadeas (2008). The results are then compared with those of the FEM discretization in GRass and Uecker (2015)
The atomic decomposition for tent spaces on spaces of homogeneous type

Tent spaces on R (n ≥ 1) were introduced by Coifman, Meyer and Stein in [3] and this study was pursued and developed in [4]. These spaces naturally arise in harmonic analysis for such questions as nontangential behavior, Carleson measures, duality between H(R) (the Hardy space) and BMO(R) and the atomic decomposition in H(R). A relevant general setting for these questions is the framework of spaces of homogeneous type, as introduced by Coifman and Weiss in [5] and [6]. In the present note, we consider tent spaces on such spaces, and prove that they admit an atomic decomposition, following the original proof in [4]. We now define precisely our setting. Let (X, d) be a non-empty metric space endowed with a σ-finite Borel measure μ. For all x ∈ X and all r > 0, denote by B(x, r) the open ball centered at x with radius r, and by V (x, r) its measure. We call (X, d, μ) a space of homogeneous type if, for all x ∈ X
Nonuniversal self-similarity in a coagulation–annihilation model with constant kernels

The large time dynamics of a two-species coagulation–annihilation system with constant coagulation and annihilation rates is studied analytically when annihilation is complete. A scaling behaviour is observed which varies with the parameter coupling, the annihilation of the two species and which is nonuniversal in the sense that it varies, in some cases, with the initial conditions as well. The latter actually occurs when either the coupling parameter is equal to one, or the initial number of particles is the same for the two species.
MU radar observations of the aspect sensitivity of backscattered VHF echo power in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

By using the fast beam steerability of the MU radar, we have studied the characteristics of the aspect sensitivity of the VHF backscattered echo power in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The tropopause clearly divides the altitude range into regions with and without large aspect sensitivity. In the stratosphere, large aspect sensitivity occurs in the entire altitude region and is clearly correlated with the echo power received in the vertical direction. From investigation of the Doppler spectra, it is found that the aspect sensitivity of the echo power is correlated with the zenith angle dependence of the spectral width. Fairly large aspect sensitive echoes are also received from intense scattering layers in the troposphere, although their time-height variation is large. Because of the large aspect sensitivity of the stratospheric echo power, the effective zenith angle of the antenna beam is smaller than the bore sight angle, so that the horizontal wind velocity can not be estimated correctly from the radial wind velocity measurements done at small zenith angles.
A Constrained Lagrange Formulation of Multilink Planar Flexible Manipulator

In this article, the closed-form dynamic equations of planar flexible link manipulators (FLMs), with revolute joints and constant cross sections, are derived combining Lagrange’s equations and the assumed mode shape method. To overcome the lengthy and complicated derivative calculation of the Lagrangian function of a FLM, these computations are done only once for a single flexible link manipulator with a moving base (SFLMB). Employing the Lagrange multipliers and the dynamic equations of the SFLMB, the equations of motion of the FLM are derived in terms of the dependent generalized coordinates. To obtain the closed-form dynamic equations of the FLM in terms of the independent generalized coordinates, the natural orthogonal complement of the Jacobian constraint matrix, which is associated with the velocity constraints in the linear homogeneous form, is used. To verify the proposed closed-form dynamic model, the simulation results obtained from the model were compared with the results of the full nonlinear finite element analysis. These comparisons showed sound agreement. One of the main advantages of this approach is that the derived dynamic model can be used for the model based end-effector control and the vibration suppression of planar FLMs.
The downward flux of O(+) over the nightside of Venus

Abstract We have constructed a map of the downward flux of O + over the nightside of Venus at high and low solar activities through a combination of modeling and analysis of Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometer data. O + density profiles were obtained for almost 400 inbound or outbound segments of orbits from the first 2 years of the mission and about 40 more in the recent reentry phase of the mission. We have determined the nearly linear relationship between the O + maximum density and the downward O + flux for several solar zenith angles and local times by constructing models of the nightside ionosphere of Venus for a range of downward ion fluxes at the upper boundaries. We find that the largest downward fluxes occur near the terminators, and the fluxes fall off sharply toward the antisolar point. Although the standard deviations in the data are large, there is a suggestion of a local maximum near 155°, and the location of this maximum correlates fairly well with structure in the peak electron density as a function of solar zenith angle reported for the Pioneer Venus radio occultation experiment. The average downward ion flux is inferred to be about 1.7 × 10 8 cm -2 sec -1 over the nightside hemisphere at solar maximum and a factor of 7 less at moderately low solar activity.
Dynamical Correction of Neutron Diffraction Data for Light Nuclei Liquids

It is necessary to correct the dynamical effect for obtaining the structure factor of liquids by the neutron diffraction method. The dynamical correction is so difficult for light nuclei that the neutron diffraction method has been prevented to be applied to various hydrogeneous liquids. The present paper describes the dynamical correction for light nuclei liquids in the case of the Time-of-Flight neutron diffraction method. The formulae of the correction consist of two seperative treatments in the high and low Q regions. The former is based on the Wick's short time approximation, whilist the latter is derived by the Placzek's inverse mass expansion method.
Testing and obtaining fit of data to the Rasch model

Problems and procedures in assessing and obtaining fit of data to the Rasch model are treated in the paper. The assumptions embodied in the model are made explicit and it is concluded that statistical tests are needed which are sensitive to deviations such that more than one item parameter would be needed for each item, and such that more than one person parameter would be needed for each person. Statistical goodness-of-fit tests, based on the conditional maximum-likelihood estimates of the item parameters, which can detect these two kinds of deviation are presented. Common sources of deviation are also identified, as are the tests needed to detect them. Problems in the use of statistical tests to assess fit are discussed and some investigations of power are presented. In relation to a distinction between use of the Rasch model as a criterion and as an instrument the treatment of the goodness-of-fit problem in different measurement contexts is discussed. Finally it is concluded that items which can be identified as misfitting should not be routinely excluded to obtain fit to the model; instead other actions should often be taken such as grouping of the items into homogeneous subsets.