Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning based Anomaly Detection in Images: Insights, Challenges and Recommendations

Deep learning-based anomaly detection in images has recently been considered a popular research area with numerous applications worldwide. The main aim of anomaly detection (i.e., Outlier detection), is to identify data instances that deviate considerably from the majority of data instances. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of previous works that have been proposed in the area of anomaly detection in images through deep learning generally and in the medical field specifically. Twenty studies were reviewed, and the literature selection methodology was defined based on four phases: keyword filter, publish filter, year filter, and abstract filter. In this review, we highlight the differences among the studies included by considering the following factors: methodology, dataset, preprocessing, results and limitations. Besides, we illustrate the various challenges and potential future directions relevant to anomaly detection in images. Keywords—Anomaly detection; outlier detection; deep learning
Genotoxic potential of aqueous extract: A sea cucumber species, Bohadschia vitiensis using genotoxicity model Allium cepa

Sea cucumbers are soft bodied, marine echinoderms, usually harvestable from sea floor worldwide (Anderson et al., 2011) and have long been appreciated in East Asia for its nutritional and therapeutic value (Bordbar et al., 2011; Kiew and Don, 2012). Sea cucumbers are a delicacy for Chinese, Korean and Japanese and available at international markets in fresh, dry, frozen and processed forms (Dhinakaran and Lipton, 2014) as well as a well-known remedy for hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts, burns, impotence and constipation in traditional medicines (Bordbar et al., 2011).
The Importance of Being Earnest: What Explains the Gender Quota E ect in Politics?

The literature documenting the e ect of electoral gender quotas on policy is extensive, and yet its potential mechanisms remain under-explored. In this paper, we examine the relative importance of di erential preference of women leaders (supply) vis-a-vis greater demand expressed by women voters in the presence of female leadership in explaining the gender quota e ect. We compile data on household level allocation of a politically salient good—toilets—for the entire rural population (over 25 million households) of Uttar Pradesh, the largest state of India. We argue and show that women exhibit a greater preference for toilets than men and this gender gap is significantly larger for Muslims than Hindus. Additionally, women in female headed households, relative to male headed ones, are more likely to express greater demand. We use the religious and gender identities of council presidents and household heads as proxies for toilet preference to disentangle demand and supply e ects. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we find that gender quota among Muslim leaders has a large and statistically significant positive e ect on toilet provision, while for Hindu leaders it doesn’t have any average e ect. Hindu female leaders, however, allocate disproportionately more toilets to Muslim female headed households. We establish that greater demand expressed by households explains most of the heterogeneous e ects of gender quota across Hindu and Muslim Sarpanches, while we do not find any evidence of the supply mechanism. Our results have important policy implications and can reconcile the mixed evidence on the e ects of gender quotas in elections. JEL Classification: D78, H42, I18
A NEW SPECIES OF VULTURE (AVES, AEGYPIINAE) FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF SPAIN

The site of Gabasa I is located 2 km north of Gabasa village in the province of Huesca, Spain (42°00′N, 0°25′E). This cave is situated in a limestone outcrop which dominates a river valley and its entrance is orientated towards the south-southeast (Hoyos et al., 1992). The excavations have yielded eight archaeological layers (a-h from top to bottom) in a stratigraphic column about 3 m deep with human artefacts and abundant fossil material (Montes, 1988; Utrilla & Montes, 1989). The lithic tools are assigned to the Mousterian and the human occupation of the cave seems to have been irregular, it probably being used as a seasonal hunter’s dwelling place (Montes, 1988). A sedimentological study assigned the archaeological layers to six levels (Hoyos et al., 1992) as follows: I (layer h), II (layers g and f), III (layer e), IV (layers d and c), V (layer b) and VI (layer a). This study also supplied information about the climatic conditions under which the deposits were accumulated. According to the authors, there is a succession of three cold (I, II and VI) and three warm (III, IV and V) phases. Regarding the absolute age of the deposits, there is a C14 date of level III (layer e) of 46500 + 4400-2800 years BP (GrN 12809). This is probably best regarded as a minimum age as it is close to or at the limit of this dating method. Hoyos et al. (1992) attempted to correlate the stratigraphic sequence with the marine oxygen isotopic data, and placed the deposit in Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3, between 42000-34000 years BP. Between the bird remains from level II has appeared one bone of vulture that does not match with any described species. Other bird Ardeola 48(1), 2001, 47-53
Phosphorhydrazide inhibitors: toxicological profile and antimicrobial evaluation assay, molecular modeling and QSAR study

A series of phosphorhydrazide (PHA) derivatives with the (X = O,S) P–NHα–NHβ–C (X = O,S) skeleton (1–23) were synthesized and characterized by spectral techniques. A single crystal X-ray study of 4 and 21 provided confirmation of the hydrogen bonding structures. The synthesized compounds exhibited drastically reduced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria compared to the reference drugs. The insecticide activity of the PHAs appraised for the elm leaf beetle demonstrated that (CH3O)2(S)P–NHα–NHβ–C(O)(C4H4O) has more effect than the other compounds in inhibiting α-esterase. Docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between the N–Hα protons of the (S)P–NHα–NHβ–C(S), (O)P–NHα–NHβ–C(S) and (O)P–NHα–NHβ–C(O) moieties with Gly323, Gly18 and Gly319 as well as the N–Hβ proton of the (S)P–NHα–NHβ–C(O) moiety and the AChE receptor site (Gly234). According to the QSAR model, the net charge of the N–Hα (QN(α)) nitrogen atom contributes an important electronic function in the inhibition of AChE. A high interrelationship between QN(α) and QP proved that the NH–P(X) moiety has a higher inhibitory activity than the NH–C(X) moiety.
Gender differences and relationships between upper extremity muscle strength, lower limb power and shuttle velocity in forehand smash and jump smash in badminton

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between shuttlecock velocity during a badminton forehand smash with and without jump (VmaxWJ and VmaxNJ), strength of upper limb muscles, vertical jump height and to analyze differences in these parameters for each gender. Methods: The study examined members of the Polish National Badminton Team seven women and seven men. A special torque meter was used to assess the strength of the upper limb muscles. Vertical jumps were performed on an AMTI force plate. Shuttlecock velocity was measured using Vicon motion capture system. Results: Differences between the right and left limbs were observed in all muscle groups except shoulder flexion for both genders. The results of all measured parameters: torques, height of countermovement and spike jump (HACMJ, HCMJ, HSPJ), VmaxWJ and VmaxNJ, were greater for men than for women. No statistically significant differences were found between VmaxWJ (men: 83.27 ± 4.83 m/s; women: 67.57 ± 4.21 m/s) and VmaxNJ (men: 84.19 ± 6.05 m/s; women: 69.70 ± 6.53 m/s) within the same gender. Positive correlations were found between both HCMJ and HSPJ regarding VmaxWJ in men; the height of shuttlecock impact in jump smash (HWJ) and HSPJ in women; proving the importance of jumping ability in badminton. Negative correlations were found between HWJ and VmaxWJ for both genders. Conclusions: The jump before smash is not used in order to hit the shuttle from the highest point, but to gain time to correctly prepare the phase of stroke while being in the air.
Factors Associating with Purchasing Decision of Gems and Jewelry and Possible Implication of Online Marketing to Empowering Entreprenuer’s Sale Performance

The research aimed to study the personal factors and customer’s behavior associated with purchasing decision of gems and jewelry and to recommend possible implication of online marketing to empowering entrepreneur’s sale performance. Data derived from two sources: primary and secondary. Primary source refers to the data collection from 400 samples purchasing gems and jewelry users and also residing in Bangkok and its vicinities by using questionnaires. The secondary source refers to the data obtained from internet, online journal and library. Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation; and inferential statistics including independent samples t-test and One-Way ANOVA with least square difference at the significance level of . 05. The results showed that customer with different personal factors in terms of monthly income had degree of purchasing decision of gems and jewelry in terms of price, place and promotion, differently. In the meantime, customer with different behavior in terms of type of products, frequency of purchase per year, average spending per time, place of purchase, occasion of purchase and purchasing influencer had degree of purchasing decision of gems and jewelry in terms of product, price, place and promotion, differently, at the significant level as of 0.05. Recommendation of possible implication of online marketing to empowering entrepreneur’s sale performance is also included. International Journal of Applied Computer Technology and Information Systems: Volume 7, No.2, October 2017 March 2018 48
Microsoft Word-Seguino_UNW Background _final_2.15.16.docx

This paper identifies a series of macro-level tools to create a supportive environment and the resources to promote SDGs related to gender equality. A key argument is that financing for gender equality can be self-sustaining because of the feedback effects from gender equality to economy-wide well-being. Among the tools related to targeted government spending are demand-stimulating macroeconomic policies to promote full employment and public investment. Two types of public investment are explored. Physical infrastructure investment, such as spending on clean water, sanitation, and health clinics, can reduce women’s unpaid care burden. Social infrastructure investment, defined as investment in people’s capabilities, refers to the fundamental social, intellectual, and emotional skills and health of individuals— or level of human development—a country relies on for its economy to function. Both types have a public goods quality in that they generate positive spillover effects on economy-wide productivity. Financing for gender equality in these areas is more properly seen as an investment that yields an income stream in the future, as a result of the beneficial development and growth effects. As a result, both physical and social infrastructure spending have the ability to create fiscal space. Additional sources of financing for gender equality are discussed, including taxation of the financial sector. Monetary policy can also be harnessed to promote gender equality. A much wider range of policy tools are available to central banks than are now used. These include capital management techniques, asset-based reserve requirements, and loan guarantees in order to overcome women’s lack of legal title to assets. The review of monetary policy tools here also suggests that emphasis on low inflation via the policy interest rate is problematic on two counts. First, higher interest rates dampen aggregate demand and thus employment. Second, the policy interest rate failures to address the underlying causes of inflationary pressures in many countries. Those pressures are often best dealt with through targeted fiscal policies in education, health care, and investment in strategic sectors, such as agriculture and infrastructure. Government and central banks cannot adequately pursue these goals without changing their composition. The lens for identifying appropriate public investment projects and credit targets needs to be gendered and ethnically representative, underscoring the important role of affirmative action in private and public decision-making bodies.
A Study on HIV-TB Coinfection among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in North East India

Introduction: HIV and TB can individually be the major causes for public health threats and the combination of the two has proven to have a far greater impact on the epidemiologic progression and consequently on the global health scene. Due to this relationship there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in countries with high prevalence of HIV and TB. Objectives: To understand the prevalence of HIV-TB coinfection among patients attending a Tertiary Care Centre in North East India and assessment of the risk factors for HIV-TB coinfection. Materials and Method: The study was conducted in two groups of patients attending Integrated Counseling and Test Centre (ICTC) under National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) and Designated Microscopy Centre (DMC) under RNTCP were included. Prevalence of HIV-TB coinfection and risk factors for coinfection were estimated. Results: A total of 6786 clients attending ICTC and 2651 patients attending DMC of which 86 (1.26%) were positive for HIV, 253(9.54%) were positive for pulmonary TB, and 12(0.13%) had HIV-TB coinfection respectively. Prevalence of coinfection was more common among males sexually active age group. Substance abuse, illiteracy and truck drivers by occupation were found to be risk factors for coinfection in comparison to other similar studies. Conclusion: HIV-TB coinfection represents a novel pathogenic scenario at the global level. It constitutes a serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenge particularly in poor countries. In our study, we found that prevalence of HIV-TB coinfection was lower in contrast to many studies where the prevalence was higher.
Aspectual coercion versus blocking: Experimental evidence from an ERP study on Polish converbs

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the limits of tacit aspectual adjustment operations (the so-called coercion) in Polish as a language with a rich overt aspectual morphology. Following the standard definition of coercion according to which “coercion is triggered if there is a conflict between the aspectual character of the eventuality description and the aspectual constraints of some other element in the context” and “[t]he felicity of an aspectual reinterpretation is strongly dependent on linguistic context and knowledge of the world” (de Swart 1998: 360), we created contexts with two kinds of mismatches, i.e., morphological and semantic/pragmatic conflicts, which should potentially give rise to coercion. These contexts involving converbs, simultaneous and anterior, served as the basis for two online acceptability rating questionnaires as well as an Event Related Potentials (ERP) study. Our initial expectation was that perfective aspect in Polish due to its semantic and morphological markedness will considerably constrain coercion. In contrast, imperfective aspect in Polish as being semantically and morphologically unmarked should potentially allow for coercion. In contexts with a word-internal morphological clash between the aspectual requirements of a converbial morpheme and the aspectual form of a verbal stem we found no evidence for coercion. Such mismatches are clearly processed as morpho-syntactic violations. In contexts involving a conflict between the semantic/pragmatic selectional requirements of converbs (i.e., temporally anchored participial clauses functioning in a sentence as adverbial modifiers) and the aspectual properties of a main clause eventuality instead of the expected coercion we found experimental evidence proving the psychological reality of semantically based morphological blocking (understood as a competition between two potentially possible forms in which the form which is more specific/informative (here: the perfective one) blocks the use of the less specific form (here: the imperfective one). Ours results differ from the experimental findings of previous studies which were conducted mainly in languages with less articulated aspectual morphology. In sum, we provide new experimental evidence pointing to the conclusion that any discussion on the process of aspectual interpretation should take into account the semantics of overt aspectual operators supplemented with tacit adjustments (coercion) and possible blocking effects (resulting from the existence of a competition between two forms).
Evaluation of Lipid metabolizing enzymes: Paraxonase1(PON1) and Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities in children with nephrotic syndrome

Background: The most common glomerular disorder in children is nephrotic syndrome, associated with high morbidity despite notable advances in its treatment. Many of the nephrotic syndrome complications, including the increased risk of atherosclerosis and thromboembolism, can be linked to dysregulated lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia. Paraoxonase enzyme is responsible for the most of antioxidant properties of HDL, thus preventing the formation of atherogenic ox-LDL molecules, and Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase is intimately involved in HDL maturation and is a key component of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, which removes excess cholesterol molecules from the peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the serum activities of paraoxonase-1(PON-1) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in children with nephrotic syndrome in an active phase (as newly diagnosed or old cases with acute relapse) also, to study any correlation exists between paraoxonase-1 activity and lipid profile. Methods: This study consists of Group 1 with 40 cases of nephrotic syndrome in the age group of (2-14 years) and Group 2 with 40 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Lipid profile and paraoxonase activity, Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase activities were measured in both groups' serum samples. Results: Statistical analysis by student's t-test showed that the mean levels of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL were significantly increased in Group 1 when compared to Group 2 (p <0.001). PON1 and Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase levels were significantly lowered in Group 1 compared to Group 2, and there is no significant difference among nephrotic groups. Conclusion: Both Paraoxonase-1 enzyme and Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase are considered good promising predictors for nephrotic syndrome and other parameters such as LDL, HDL, and T.G. The significantly decreased Paraoxonase-1 enzyme and Lecithin Cholesterol acyltransferase activities result in increased oxidation of LDL, thus accelerating atherosclerosis.
Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Formation of a Kaolinitemethanol Complex and Simulation of its Vibrational Spectra

Kaolinite is often used as a base for the synthesis of new organo-mineral nanomaterials designed for applications in industry and in environmental protection. To make the mineral structure more likely to interact with organic molecules, a kaolinite-methanol complex (KM) can be used. In the present study, different experimental procedures were tested to investigate the formation of the KM. The kaolinitedimethyl sulfoxide intercalation compound (KDS), either wet or dried, was used as a pre-intercalate. The samples obtained were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, CHNS elemental analysis, 13C CP-magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), and 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR techniques. The method of density functional theory with dispersion corrections (DFT-D2) was used to explain the structure and to simulate the vibrational spectra of KM. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data. The most effective formation of the KM (d001 = 11.1 Å — wet; d001 = 8.7 Å — dried) was observed when the dried KDS precursor was used. In such conditions the degree of intercalation reached ~98% after 24 h of reaction time. As indicated by the CHNS elemental analysis, ~1/6 of the inner-surface OH groups were grafted by OCH3 groups. The esterification reaction was less efficient at higher temperatures or when wet KDS was used. In the latter case, the excess of very polar dimethyl sulfoxide molecules prevented intercalation of methanol and further grafting. Detailed analysis of the results of theoretical simulations revealed that the reaction of the KDS with methanol led to the formation of kaolinite with both grafted methoxy groups and intercalated methanol, and water molecules in the interlayer space. The spectra calculated revealed the contribution of individual vibrational modes into the complex bands, i.e. the energy of C-H vibrations was in the order: νasCHmet > νasCHmtx > νsCHmet > νsCHmtx.
Thyroid Lymphoma

P rimary thyroid lymphoma is an uncommon cancer and includes < 5% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma and < 5% of all thyroid cancers. In the past, it was often difficult to correctly diagnose by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Development of immunocytochemical lymphoid markers has improved the success rate of an accurate diagnosis of thyroid lymphoma. Although thyroid lymphoma is not a common cancer, it is very important to distinguish primary thyroid lymphoma from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma since the prognosis is very different; few patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma survive beyond 2 years; while primary thyroid lymphoma generally has a favorable outcome. This article reviews the clinical presentation, prognosis, therapeutic strategies, and outcomes of thyroid lymphomas.
Exact Divisibility of Exponential Sums over the Binary Field via the Covering Method

Boolean functions are one of the most studied objects in mathematics. In this paper, we use the covering method to compute the exact 2-divisibility of exponential sums of boolean functions with prescribed leading monomials. Our results generalize those of [6] and [5] for the binary field. As an application of our findings, we provide families of boolean functions that are not balanced, and give sufficient conditions for the solvability of systems of boolean equations.
Transient behavior of the biofilters for toluene removal

A mathematical model, taking into account the interactions between the adsorption, microkinetics, mass transfer, and gas flow patterns in biofilters, was developed to describe the transient behavior of the biofiltration process. Transient responses of biofilters as affected by the compost and by inert particles were estimated separately. In addition, time delay of the microbial growth was also considered. Simulated results were compared with previous experimental data obtained in three laboratory-scale biofilters with mixtures of chaff and compost, diatomaceous earth (DE) and compost, and granular activated carbon (GAC) and compost as the filter materials. Toluene was used as the gas pollutant in the experiments. Both the experimental and simulated results validated that the transient behavior of the biofilters was mainly influenced by the filter material properties and the operating conditions. The GAC-compost biofilter had a better transient performance than the chaff-compost and DE-compost biofilters. Moreover, the transient behaviors of the biofilters simulated by the proposed model showed good agreement with the experimental results.