Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unraveling The Process Of Creative Destruction: Complementary Assets And Incumbent Survival In The Typesetter Industry

When radical technological change transforms an industry established firms sometimes fail drastically and are displaced by new entrants, yet other times survive and prosper. Drawing upon an unusually rich data set that covers the technological and competitive history of the typesetter industry from 1886 to 1990, this paper uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis to unravel this process of creative destruction. It argues that the ultimate commercial performance of incumbents vs. new entrants is driven by the balance and interaction of three factors: investment, technical capabilities, and appropriability through specialized complementary assets. In this industry, specialized complementary assets played a crucial role in buffering incumbents from the effects of competence destruction, and an analysis that examined investment or technical capabilities in isolation would have led to misleading results. This work thus highlights the importance of considering multiple perspectives when examining the competitive implications of technological change. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas Resinovarans Strain AST2.2 Isolated from Enriched Cultures.

A bacterial strain AST2.2 with chlorpyrifos degrading ability was isolated by enrichment technique from apple orchard soil with previous history of chlorpyrifos use. Based on the morphological, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, AST2.2 strain was identified as Pseudomonas resinovarans. The strain AST2.2 utilized chlorpyrifos as the sole source of carbon and energy. This strain exhibited growth upto 400mg/l concentration of chlorpyrifos and exhibited high extracellular organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) activity. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) studies revealed that Pseudomonas resinovarans AST2.2 degraded 43.90 % of chlorpyrifos (400 mg/l) within 96 hrs. Intermediates of chlorpyrifos degradation were identified using GC-MS. This strain have potential to degrade chlorpyrifos and thus can be used for bioremediation and ecological restoration of sites contaminated with chlorpyrifos. keywords: Chlorpyrifos, OPH, Gas chromatography, Pseudomonas resinovarans.
Design Galleries: A General Approach to Setting Parameters for Computer Graphics and Animation

Image rendering maps scene parameters to output pixel values; animation maps motion-control parameters to trajectory values. Because these mapping functions are usually multidimensional, nonlinear, and discontinuous, finding input parameters that yield desirable output values is often a painful process of manual tweaking. Interactive evolution and inverse design are two general methodologies for computer-assisted parameter setting in which the computer plays a prominent role. In this paper we present another such methodology. Design Gallery<sup>TM</sup> (DG) interfaces present the user with the broadest selection, automatically generated and organized, of perceptually different graphics or animations that can be produced by varying a given input-parameter vector. The principal technical challenges posed by the DG approach are dispersion, finding a set of input-parameter vectors that optimally disperses the resulting output-value vectors, and arrangement, organizing the resulting graphics for easy and intuitive browsing by the user. We describe the use of DG interfaces for several parameter-setting problems: light selection and placement for image rendering, both standard and image-based; opacity and color transfer-function specification for volume rendering; and motion control for particle-system and articulated-figure animation
Antithrombin and its inherited deficiency states.

Abstract Antithrombin is the primary inhibitor of thrombin that also inhibits many of the other activated serine proteinases involved in blood coagulation. A hypercoagulable state occurs when a deficiency of antithrombin exists in plasma; the deficiency may be either inherited or acquired. This failure to regulate adequately the activity of coagulation proteinases can, with additional provocation, result in clot formation and in the clinical presentation of thromboembolic disease. The structure and function of antithrombin, nature and heterogeneity of the molecular defects in the antithrombin gene associated with inherited antithrombin deficiency, prevalence and the natural history of inherited antithrombin deficiency are all reviewed here.
PROFITABILITY, TRANSACTIONAL ALIGNMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL MORTALITY IN THE U.S. TRUCKING INDUSTRY

The winds of creative destruction rarely blow more fiercely than in a newly deregulated environment. Managers simultaneously face a novel focus on operating efficiency and an onslaught of new competitors. What must managers do to enable their firms to survive in such an environment? What factors bear on firms’ survival? This paper presents an analysis of mortality of large motor carriers in the U.S. interstate for-hire trucking industry after deregulation. It examines this phenomenon through a multidisciplinary lens that encompasses organizational ecology, neoclassical economics, and transaction cost economics. The paper posits that carrier mortality is a function of both firm-level and industry-level attributes, which are drawn from both ecological and economic theories. While each of these theories separately informs motor carrier mortality, the inclusion of predictions derived from both disciplines in one model significantly increases explanatory power over either theory evaluated alone. The empirical analysis is among the first to show increased mortality when firms do not adhere to operating policies consistent with transaction cost minimization principles. In sum, managers are well advised to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to strategy to ensure their firms’ survival. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STUDIES ON 782 CASES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY PART I

INTRODUCTION During the twelve month period to June 1962, all patients (782) then in the Children’s Cottages, Kew (C.C.K.), were examined and the preliminary results have already been reported (Pitt and Roboz, 1965). Comprehensive surveys of institutionalised mentally retarded persons have been carried out in Switzerland (Brugger, 1930), Sweden (Larson, 1931), England (Penrose, 1938), in the U.S.A. (Halperin, 1945; Yannet, 1946) recently by Roberts (1966), and in Australia by Covernton (1967).
Structure‐Activity and Mechanism Studies on Silicon Phthalocyanines with Plasmodium falciparum in the Dark and Under Red Light

Syntheses for the new photosensitizers HOSiPc‐OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH2)1 or 3(CH3)2, Pc 34 and Pc 25, have been developed and the order of activity of these photosensitizers and the previously reported photosensi‐tizer Pc 4, HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, in the dark and with broad‐band red light toward Plasmodium falciparum in red blood cell (RBC) suspensions has been studied. The order of activity has been found to be Pc 4 Pc 34 Pc 25. Thus, the activity of the photosensitizers under both sets of conditions is inversely proportional to the length of their terminal amino alkyl chains. The 50% inhibition dye concentration (IC50) in the dark for the parasites in RBC suspension with Pc 4 is 24 nM and the dye concentration and light fluence that yield:3 log10 of parasite inactivation with Pc 4 are 2 mM and 3 J/cm2, respectively. The synthesis of DNA and proteins by the parasites in culture was strongly inhibited by Pc 4 in the dark while parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity was unaffected. With Pc 4 and light, DNA and protein synthesis of the parasites in culture was strongly inhibited, pLDH activity of the parasites was moderately inhibited and ribosome density of the parasite cells was reduced. Gel electrophoresis studies showed that synthesis of all parasite proteins was inhibited to a similar extent. These results suggest that Pc 4 both in the dark and with light inactivates the cells by disturbing their machinery for the synthesis of not just one but a whole series of proteins. It is concluded that Pc 4 and light may be able to serve as a practical sterilization combination not only for HIV and other viruses but also for malaria parasites in RBC concentrates, and that Pc 4 by itself may have potential as a chemotherapeutic agent toward malaria.
Biological Control of Solenopsis Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley on Cotton: A Typical Example of fortuitous Biological Control

Observations on field incidence of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) attacking cotton and the predators and parasitoids associated with it were recorded in the cotton growing belt of Haryana state by conducting monthly surveys during 2008 and 2009. To assess the impact of primary and secondary parasitoids on the population of the solenopsis mealybug, parameters like severity of pest incidence, abundance of predators and parasitoids and parasitism/hyperparasitism by various parasitoids were taken into consideration. One primary parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat, and four hyperparasitoids were recovered. The most abundant and dominant hyperparasitoid was Myiocnema comperei Ashmead, while the other three were of lesser importance. Similarly, out of six predators recovered from mealybug colonies, Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) and Nephus regularis Sicard were more abundant. During 2008, in the absence of the primary parasitoid, A. bambawalei , mealybug incidence was quite high on cotton. However, during 2009, as the activity of the primary parasitoid increased, the pest population reduced significantly and its incidence was confined to only 18% of the fields and 1.6% of the plants by August. During mid-season (July-August), A. bambawalei was attacked by several species of hyperparasitoids, particularly M. comperei , which caused considerable reduction in its population during August. This resulted in the resurgence of solenopsis mealybug, though on a lower scale, during September-October.
Clinical spectrum and treatment outcome of retinoblastoma with Group D and E diseases

Abstract The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ocular survival and event-free survival after multimodal therapy for group D and E of retinoblastoma (RB). Enucleation of group D and E is controversial as the risks of chemotherapy must be weighed against the potential for vision. A 10-year retrospective study from one center of 86 patients with advanced intraocular disease defined as International Classification Retinoblastoma (ICRB) group “D” or “E. ” Cases with visible extraocular extension at diagnosis were excluded. Ocular survival and patient survival were assessed. Indirect ophthalmoscopy at examination under anesthesia to visualize the tumor was used to evaluate clinical response. The median onset age in 86 patients with group D or E eye was 16 months (1–167 months). There were 29 (34%) bilateral cases. Leukocoria was the most common presentation sign (61%). Chemoreduction was primarily used in the treatment of intraocular RB. Selective ophthalmic arterial injection (SOAI) was applied as a component of multimodal therapy in 34 of the 86 cases. The globe preservation rate in patients with group D or E eyes was 19%. Using chemoreduction for advanced eyes, more eyes are being preserved which enables 70% 5-year ocular survival in patients with group D eyes. In triaging appropriate patients, multidisciplinary strategy can reduce tumor size with chemoreduction and consolidate the regressed tumor with local ophthalmic therapy to ensure globe salvage.
Perinatal Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and colonization: the association with preterm delivery and the spectrum of disease in neonates

Ureaplasma urealyticum is a mycoplasma that commonly colonizes the lower reproductive tract of pregnant women and is transmitted vertically to their infants. Renewed interest in this organism in perinatal–neonatal medicine is based upon two observations: when U. urealyticum gains access to the upper genital tract it is associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery; vertical transmission of U. urealyticum to very low birth-weight infants – resulting in colonization of their airways – is associated with the development of chronic lung disease and possibly other neonatal morbidities. The objectives of this review are to describe briefly the organism and new developments in identification and isolation, to present new concepts of the role Ureaplasma plays in the pathogenesis of preterm delivery, and to describe in detail the spectrum of disease processes due directly to infection with Ureaplasma or as a consequence of colonization in newborns, particularly very low birth-weight infants.
Correlation and path analysis in F3 material for grain yield and grain mold resistance.

Received : March, 2011 Revised : June, 2011 Accepted : August, 2011 In many regions of the world where sorghum is produced, grain mold is a serious disease that reduces grain quality and tis utilization. The term grain mold is used to describe the diseased appearance of sorghum grain resulting from infection by one or more parasitic fungal species. Grain mold is most commonly caused by Fusarium moniliforme and Curvularia lunata (Esele et al., 1993), although many other species also cause grain mold. This disease is especially severe when grain development coincides with wet and warm weather conditions. Sorghum grain mold is one of the most important biotic constraints to sorghum improvement and production worldwide. Kharif sorghum grains are usually caught in September – October rains, thus mold develops on grains and make the grain unfit for consumption. In addition, consumption of mold affected grains cause health hazards to human beings, dairy animals and poultry birds. Mold reduces the germination per cent of the affected seeds thus reduce the quality of seed
Pharmacokinetic differentiation of drug candidates using system analysis and physiological‐based modelling. Comparison of C.E.R.A. and erythropoietin

Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics (PKs) in a proper physiological context is paramount to elucidate the factors that may improve a drug's PK properties. Using modern system analysis‐based physiological modelling principles, this work applies a novel kinetic analysis framework to a PK comparison of two erythropoietically active drugs, C.E. R.A. (continuous erythropoietin receptor activator) and recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo), aimed at elucidating the main factors responsible for the substantial PK differences seen. The evaluation according to the new model is compared with a compartmental model analysis. Sheep (n = 7 for Epo; n = 8 for C.E.R.A.) received intravenous bolus injections of Epo and C.E. R.A. Baseline and 20–30 blood samples per injection were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Fundamental physiologically based PK building block principles were introduced, proceeding to the construction of a general PK model and several sub‐models from which a final PK model was selected based on information theoretical principles. The compartmental comparison analysis use a two‐compartment model with central Michaelis‐Menten elimination. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the desirable slow elimination of C.E. R.A. relative to Epo is mainly caused by a smaller recirculation extraction fraction, which appears more influential on the elimination kinetics than the mean circulation transit time. The compartmental analysis demonstrates large differences in several PK parameters that contribute to C.E. R.A. 's slower elimination, consistent with the recirculation model analysis. It is hypothesized that C.E. R.A. 's smaller recirculatory extraction fraction is due to a reduced receptor‐mediated elimination, consistent with in‐vitro measurements where C.E. R.A. shows Epo‐receptor binding with a lower association constant and a larger dissociation constant.
Intestinal P-glycoprotein: pharmacokinetic implications and approaches for enhancement of oral bioavailability of its substrates

A variety of drug transporters expressed in the body control the fate of drugs by affecting absorption, distribution, and elimination processes. In intestine, the transporters mediate the influx and efflux of endogenous or exogenous substances depending on their affinity to intestinal carrier systems as well as their chemical nature. Of prime interest are drug efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein that are recognized to pose functional role in determining the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered by peroral as well as parenteral route. Various formulation approaches are opted in order to overcome this P-glycoprotein mediated drug efflux. Moreover, broad substrate recognition by this protein and clinical implications of its inhibition lead to design and development of novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors that includes some therapeutic drugs and daily foods and beverages. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein improves intestinal absorption and tissue distribution while reducing the substrate metabolism and its elimination. Some of the pharmaceutical excipients have also shown P-glycoprotein inhibition activity. In this review, we will be discussing about the various approaches that can be explored to reduce P-glycoprotein mediated drug efflux and improve the bioavailability of its substrates.
Secondary Production of Two Lotic Snails (Pleuroceridae:Elimia)

We investigated secondary production by two stream gastropods, Elimia clara and E. cahawbensis (Pleuroceridae). Monthly production was estimated for each of five size classes for both species using the instantaneous growth method. Both laboratory and field growth rates were estimated monthly for each size class from individuals kept in growth chambers. Growth rates in the field and in the laboratory did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Laboratory growth rates were used to construct growth curves, which indicated that individuals of E. clara and E. cahawbensis may live for 11 and 10 yr, respectively. Growth and production varied widely from month to month for each species while biomass remained relatively constant. These snails have relatively high standing stocks when compared with most lotic invertebrates: E. clara with 5.4 g AFDM/m2 and E. cahawbensis with 2.3 g AFDM/m2. Because of slow growth, annual production was low when compared with other estimates for snails: 0.8 and 1.6 g AFDM/m2 for E. clara (field and laboratory estimates, respectively) and 0.6 and 0.7 g AFDM/m2 for E. cahawbensis. Annual turnover of biomass was slow (approximately 0.3 for both species) owing to the long life cycle.
Relationship between seawater adaptability and body weight in 0+ landlocked rainbow trout

A seawater challenge test was conducted on 0+ age-group landlocked rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to estimate the sufficient size for seawater culture. The seawater adaptability of fish of different body weights (averages respectively 50, 100, 150, and 200g) was assessed accoring to mortality, muscle moisture content, gill Na+-K+ATPase activity, and serum Na concentration, at intervals of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96h after direct transfer into seawater (31.6‰). A high mortality occurred among fish in the 50g weight class. Muscle moisture content in the 200g weight class showed less change than in other classes. The serum Na concentration in the 50 and 100g weight classes was higher than in the 150 and 200g weight classes after seawater transfer. These results indicate that the seawater adaptability of fish is size dependent, and that fish over 150g may acquire complete seawater adaptability. Therefore, fish over 150g are of sufficient size to develop in seawater culture and these fish can be transferred directly into seawater without any acclimation.
The Effect of Sterilization and Storage Conditions on the Viability of the Spores of Cyathea delgadii

Tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of various sterilization procedures on spores of Cyathea delgadii stored under different conditions with the intent of developing a strat- egy of ex-situ spore conservation of this declining species. Although the percentage of germination after two years of storage was relatively low for all storage and sterilization parameters, dry storage at -12? C resulted in the best survival rate. Elimination of bacterial and fungal contaminants was best when the spores were washed, treated with calcium hypochlorite, incubated, filtered, and washed again before sowing on medium containing Nystatin. The spores of some tree ferns in the Cyatheaceae lose their viability after a few weeks of storage (Page, 1979). The viabilility of Cyathea delgadii Sternb. spores is already decreased after only two months storage at 12? C and low humidity (Randi and Felippe, 1988a) and percent spore germination is signif- icantly decreased after six months of storage under the same conditions (Mar- condes-Ferreira and Felippe, 1984). In general, it is advisable to store fern spores at low temperature and low humidity, sometimes with the use of des- iccators (Dyer, 1979a). More recently, storage in darkness at room temperature and high humidity (imbibed) has been advised for some species (Lindsay et al., 1991). Before storing imbibed spores in the laboratory or before germination of spores stored dry, there is the need to sterilize them. Several chemicals have been used for this purpose (Dyer, 1979b), and either sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl2)J4H2O) are the most commonly used. Unfortunately, most treatments that kill contaminant fungi and bacteria also reduce fern spore germination. Different concentrations of chemicals and duration of application have been used. Before germination, it is advisable to incubate the spores in darkness for a period of time: the fungi and bacteria start to grow and become more sensitive to the chemicals used for sterilization (Voeller, 1964; Schedlbauer, 1976). The objective of this investigation was to study different sterilization meth- ods and storage conditions in order to develop a procedure for maintaining a source of viable spores of Cyathea delgadii for "ex situ" conservation, because this species is rapidly disappearing from the Brazilian forests as consequence of commercial exploitation.
Expression of Lipid Metabolism-Associated Genes in Male and Female White Feather Chicken

Differential lipid metabolic requirements of sexually-mature males and females may influence the regulation of lipid metabolism-associated genes and hence the content of adipose tissue. We measured the expression of eight lipid metabolism-associated genes (fatty acid synthase, FASN; acylglycerol- 3- phosphate O-acyltransferase 9, AGPAT9; peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ; lipoprotein lipase, LPL; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A, CPT1A; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B, CPT1B; acyl-COA dehydrogenase long chain, ACADL; monoglyceride lipase, MGL) in eight tissues (hypothalamus, HYP; liver; heart; pectoralis major muscle, PM; gastrocnemius muscle, GAS; abdominal fat, AF; clavicular fat, CF; subcutaneous fat, SF) of five male and five female white feather chickens using real time PCR at 217 d (when the females were at peak egg production). There were no difference between sexes, nor were there sex by tissue interactions for CPT1A and MGL. In both cases expression was greater for liver than the other tissues. When interactions of sex by tissue were significant, the FASN mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and PM was greater for females than males. There was no sexual dimorphism for any tissue for PPARγ. Overall values were greater for adipose depots than HYP and liver with muscles intermediate for AGPAT9. LPL mRNA abundance in PM and AF was greater for females than males, with the pattern reversed for heart and SF. CPT1B mRNA abundance in GAS and CF was greater for females than males, with the relationship reversed for liver. ACADL mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and GAS was greater for females than males, and lower in PM than males. The results demonstrated that expression of lipid metablism–associated genes varies among sexes in mature chickens depending on the gene and the tissue.