Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinctive Triassic megaporphyritic monzogranite: Evidence for only 160 km offset along the San Andreas Fault, southern California

Distinctive megaporphyritic bodies of monzogranite to quartz monzonite that occur in the Mill Creek region of the San Bernardino Mountains and across the San Andreas fault on Liebre Mountain share identical modal and chemical compositions, intrusive ages, and petrogenesis and similar thermal histories. Both bodies are strontium-rich and contain large potassium feldspar phenocrysts and hornblende. U-Pb determinations on zircon from both bodies indicate Triassic intrusive ages (215 Ma) and derivation, in part, from homogeneous Precambrian continental crust. U-Pb analyses on apatite and sphene and K-Ar analyses on hornblende and biotite show that the bodies suffered a Late Cretaceous thermal event (70–75 Ma). The strong similarities between the two bodies suggest that they constitute segments of a formerly continuous pluton that has been offset about 160 km by movement on the San Andreas fault, about 80 km less than the generally accepted distance. Plutons having monzonitic compositions, reassembled with the megaporphyritic bodies are used as a piercing point, form a relatively coherent province within the varied suite of Mesozoic batholithic and prebatholithic rocks in southern California.
Reconstructed centennial variability of Late Holocene storminess from Cors Fochno, Wales, UK

Future anthropogenic climate forcing is forecast to increase storm intensity and frequency over Northern Europe, due to a northward shift of the storm tracks, and a positive North Atlantic Oscillation. However understanding the significance of such a change is difficult because the natural variability of storminess beyond the range of instrumental data is poorly known. Here we present a decadal‐resolution record of storminess covering the Late Holocene, based on a 4‐m‐long core taken from the peat bog of Cors Fochno in mid‐Wales, UK. Storminess is indicated by variations in the minerogenic content as well as bromine deposited from sea spray. Twelve episodes of enhanced storm activity are identified during the last 4.5 cal ka BP. Although the age model gives some uncertainty in the timings, it appears that storminess increased at the onset and close of North Atlantic cold events associated with oceanic changes, with reduced storm activity at their peak. Cors Fochno is strongly influenced by westerly moving storms, so it is suggested that the patterns were due to variations in the intensity of westerly airflow and atmospheric circulation during times when the latitudinal temperature gradient was steepened.
Compensating Low-Frequency Signals for Prestack Seismic Data and Its Applications in Full-Waveform Inversion

Cycle-skipping problem is one of the major impediments for full-waveform inversion (FWI) to accurately recover subsurface velocity models. The multiscale inversion scheme is a practical and robust strategy to mitigate the cycle-skipping issue. The success of this strategy depends on the existence of low effective frequency components in prestack seismograms. Due to the limited frequency band of the source and receiver, as well as the effects of noises, the low-frequency signals in seismic records are usually either too noisy or totally absent. We explore the possibility of compensating certain low-frequency components for observed band-limited records and apply compensated data to FWI for accurately building subsurface velocity models. We first assume the convolution model holds true for the prestack seismograms, and validate this assumption using a numerical experiment for the Marmousi model. We find that when there are effective low-frequency signals in the records, high-frequency waveforms can be converted to low-frequency waveforms using a deconvolution and convolution filter. However, this strategy fails when the low-frequency signals are missing. Considering the sparsity of seismic wave arrivals, we propose first to estimate Green’s function by solving an $L_{1}$ -norm regularized linear inverse problem, and then construct a new dataset by convolving the estimated Green’s function with a new source function with low-frequency components. Numerical examples for 2-D Amoco and Marmousi models show that the low-frequency compensated data are consistent with the reference data that are computed by using a source wavelet with low-frequency components. By incorporating this low-frequency compensation strategy into a traditional multiscale FWI scheme, we design a modified workflow for recovering the subsurface velocity model hierarchically. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the compensated low-frequency information enables us to resolve large-scale velocity perturbations and mitigate the cycle-skipping problem.
Monetary Overinvestment and The Fall of Asian Tigers

The author proposes that the Asian financial crisis can be traced back to the Plaza Accord of 1985, an agreement to artificially strengthen the yen and weaken the dollar. Coupled with low interest rates, the arrangement enabled the fabled speculative boom of the 1990s in East Asia. The essay illustrates, using the Austrian overinvestment theory, how financial liberalization undermined by government exchange interventions can lead to devastating consequences. Government interference in the financial sector, either for the purpose of protecting consumers or domestic manufacturers, results in instability in the long-run. Even after sacrificing the broader economy to subsidize a certain group of manufacturers or consumers, the governments and central banks failed to protect these groups they set out to subsidize in the first place
Age of Information in Internet of Things: A Survey

In recent years, the increasing demand to see the status of objects over the Internet leads to an increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The unique nature of IoT, which involves potentially millions of interconnected devices with different data rate, power, bandwidth, and range specifications, requires different performance metrics than those conventionally employed in other communication applications. In conventional wireless communication systems such as cellular networks, performance indicators, including data rate and spectral efficiency, have become decisive, whereas in energy-constrained real-time IoT applications which require low data rate, the freshness of information has become a more prominent characteristic. Age of Information (AoI), which is the elapsed time after the last received packet update was created at the source, has emerged as a fundamental metric for determining the freshness of information and has attracted substantial research interest. In this regard, this article is dedicated to provide an overview of the current state of the art on the use of AoI for the design and optimization of a large variety IoT applications. After a brief introduction of the IoT and AoI fundamentals, this article presents a survey of the research works on common design issues, such as AoI-based optimization, scheduling for IoT networks, application of learning methods in large-scale IoT systems, real-life applications, and experimental results together with a synopsis of potential future applications and research challenges.
Loop Current Eddy Interaction with the Western Boundary in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract A two-layer, intermediate equations model that, uniquely, allows for the intersection of the bathymetry with the layer interface is used to study the interaction of isolated Loop Current Eddy (LCE)-type anticyclones with western-boundary topography. Two idealized topography configurations representative of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) coastal topography at 25° and 23°N are studied; the 25°N topography configuration is characterized by a relatively wide shelf and a narrow continental slope, and the 23°N configuration is characterized by a relatively narrow shelf and a wide continental slope. The physical mechanism that has the most significant effect on the evolution of the LCE in both topographic configurations is the interaction of the LCE with cyclones formed directly to its north through the process of off-shelf advection of potential vorticity in the upper layer. The LCE interaction with those cyclones that are generated through this mechanism results in the LCE becoming elliptic and rotating clo.
Influence of Social Support and Self-Compassion on Student Happiness in the Pandemic Period

This study aimed to analyze the impact of social support and self-compassion on students' happiness during a pandemic. This study used a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis. The sample was taken using the non-probability sampling method (purposive sampling), consisting of 213 students living in JABODETABEK. The scales used to measure the variables in this study are the Orientation to Happiness Scale, the Personal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), and the Indonesian version of the Self-Empathy Scale (SWD). Based on the results of this study, social support, and self-compassion influence happiness by 27.4%. In addition, based on the results of this study of seven variables, four significantly impact happiness, namely evaluation of support, concrete support, self-kindness, and common humanity. This research contributed to the Positive Psychology field and gave parents and teachers feedback on supporting student happiness.
Simulated midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly in realistic geomagnetic fields

[1] In the present work, using the three-dimensional theoretical ionospheric model of the Earth in Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIME3D-IGGCAS), we simulate the temporal-spatial distribution of the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA) and the influences of thermospheric meridional and zonal winds on the formation of MSNA. MSNA mainly appears in three distinct regions, the East Asian region, the northern Atlantic-Europe region and the South Pacific region. MSNA in the South Pacific region is obviously stronger than that in the other two regions. In these three regions, MSNA not only occurs in local summer, but also often occurs in Equinox. Through lifting up or lowering the F region ionization, thermospheric winds mainly drive the formation of MSNA. In the East Asian region and the northern Atlantic-Europe region, MSNA are mainly driven by the thermospheric meridional wind, and the influence of the thermospheric zonal wind can be neglected. However, although MSNA in the South Pacific region (or Weddell Sea Anomaly) are mainly driven by the thermospheric meridional wind, the thermospheric zonal wind also plays an important role in the formation of MSNA.
Effect of Long-Term Low-Dose Arsenic Exposure on DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Human Liver Cells

Millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated levels of arsenic through food or drinking water. Epidemiological studies have linked chronic arsenic exposure to an increased risk of several cancers, cardiovascular disease, central nervous system neuropathies, and genotoxic as well as immunotoxic effects. In addition to the induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of DNA repair processes, epigenetic effects, including altered DNA methylation patterns resulting in aberrant gene expression, may contribute to carcinogenicity. However, the underlying mechanisms by which chronic micromolar concentrations of arsenite affect the methylation status of DNA are not fully understood. In this study, human HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells were treated with 0.5–10 μM sodium arsenite for 24 h, 10, or 20 days. During these periods, the effects on global DNA methylation, cell cycle phase distribution, and gene expression were investigated. While no impact on DNA methylation was seen after short-term exposure, global hypomethylation was observed at both long-term exposure periods, with concomitant induction of the DNA methyltransferase genes DNMT1 and DNMT3B, while DNMT3A was slightly down-regulated. Pronounced time- and concentration-dependent effects were also seen in the case of genes involved in DNA damage response and repair, inflammation, oxidative stress response, and metal homeostasis. These results suggest that chronic low-dose arsenite exposure can lead to global hypomethylation. As an underlying mechanism, the consistent down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase genes could be excluded; alternatively, interactions at the protein level could play an important role.
Siberian trap magmatism on the New Siberian Islands: constraints for Arctic Mesozoic plate tectonic reconstructions

It is widely held that a large composite terrane including the East Siberian shelf, Northern Chukotka and Arctic Alaska moved to its current location from the other side of the Mesozoic ocean in the course of the Amerasia basin opening. The western boundary of this terrane is critical for tectonic models of the Mesozoic Arctic. Consequently, the New Siberian Islands, which lie in the centre of this critical region, should help to define the position of this boundary. We have studied subvolcanic gabbroic intrusions on Bel'kov Island, the westernmost island in the New Siberian Archipelago. Their age is 252 ± 2 Ma (U–Pb zircon, secondary ion microprobe technique) and they represent mantle-derived tholeiitic magma modified by continental crust contamination. Their age and petrographic and geochemical features are identical to those of the Siberian traps, suggesting that in Early Mesozoic time the western New Siberian Islands were adjacent to northern Siberia (modern coordinates). This indicates that the large composite terrane that includes the western New Siberian Islands is not exotic to Siberia as is currently implied in some Arctic Mesozoic tectonic reconstructions.
Prognostic Impact of CD38- and IgκC-Positive Tumor-Infiltrating Plasma Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Due to a higher mutational load, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by a higher immunogenicity compared to other subtypes. In this context, we analyzed the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells in a cohort of 107 triple-negative breast cancer patients. Tumor-infiltrating plasma cells were analyzed via immunohistochemistry using the plasma cell markers CD38 and IgκC. The prognostic impact of the CD38 and IgκC expression was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox regression analyses. A Spearman-Rho correlation coefficient was used to evaluate a possible association between plasma cell infiltration and the BRCA mutation status. The study cohort consisted of 107 patients with early-stage TNBC, who were treated between 2009 and 2016 at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany. The median follow-up was five years. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that higher tumor infiltration with CD38-positive plasma cells was associated with significantly longer metastasis-free survival (MFS) (p = 0.039 Log Rank). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis for metastasis-free survival, in which additional clinicopathological factors (age, tumor size, nodal status, and grading) were considered, CD38 was identified as an independent prognostic factor within the analyzed cohort (HR 0.438, 95% CI 0.195–0.983; p = 0.045). In addition to the CD38 expression, the nodal status was also identified as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression. Regarding the IgκC expression, a higher IgκC expression was shown to be associated with a better outcome, although this effect was not statistically significant. Furthermore, we were able to show a significant correlation between plasma cell infiltration and the BRCA mutation status. A favorable prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells could be demonstrated in triple-negative breast cancer immunohistochemically analyzed for the CD38 and IgκC expression. CD38 was identified as an independent prognostic factor via multivariate Cox regression.
Efficiency, Stability, and Productivity on Indonesian Islamic Insurance Industry

This study attempts to analyze the productivity level of Takaful industry in Indonesia, both in terms of changes of its efficiency and also its technological. There are two things that are calculated in Malmquist index measurement that is catch-up effect and frontier shift effect. Findings from the results are very interesting. The average value of the overall efficiency of Takaful industry in Indonesia is relatively medium at 77.8%, while the mean standard deviation is 0.17. This indicates the enough good performance of Takaful industry in Indonesia. In general, there has been an increase in the level of productivity of Takaful institutions in Indonesia in the period 2016 to 2018, even though its very small. The increase in productivity growth (1.076) of Takaful institutions in Indonesia is generally caused by technological change (1.078) instead of changes in efficiency (0.998). Thus the service of Takaful institutions is needed which is more innovative in relation to the development of technology in the future.
MORPHOLOGIC EVOLUTION IN THE USGS SURFACE-WATER MODELING SYSTEM

The morphology of an alluvial channel adjusts in response to variations in the volume and timing of water and sediment supplied to the channel. For example, hydrograph alterations due to anthropogenic causes, such as dams and diversions, produce channel adjustments over a wide variety of length and time scales; similarly, extreme flow events associated with natural variability can have profound effects on channel morphology that may produce morphologic adjustment over days to decades. For these and other important problems, geomorphologists and engineers are asked to provide quantitative assessment of the morphologic impacts of hypothetical or planned alterations in flow and/or sediment supply. Because the flow field and the morphology are intricately linked with each other and the processes of sediment transport, predicting channel form and its temporal changes in response to a known hydrograph is difficult, and better tools to address these types of problems are needed. The USGS Multidimensional Surface Water Modeling System (MD_SWMS) was originally created as a public- domain tool for surface-water modeling in rivers and streams. The software comprises topography filtering and editing tools, grid-generation tools, two- and three-dimensional surface water models, and a wide spectrum of flexible two- and three-dimensional graphics routines for visualizing inputs to and outputs from the models. To extend MD-SWMS capabilities to providing quantitative predictions of morphologic adjustment in rivers, we incorporated routines for the prediction of sediment transport and the stepwise prediction of changes in bed elevation produced by predicted patterns of erosion and deposition. Thus, given an initial channel geometry, grain sizes making up the bed, and a hydrograph, the new version of MD_SWMS can predict the time evolution of bed morphology. To test the approach for well-known simple geometries, we verified that MD_SWMS predicts realistic point bars in curved channels, alternate bars in straight channels with low width-to-depth ratios, and higher-mode braid bars in straight channels with higher width-to-depth ratios. The approach also predicts the formation of mid-channel bars and/or separation bars in channels with rapid expansions. A simple example of the role of discharge variations on topographic adjustment of a point bar is shown to illustrate how the new module can be used to examine such effects. We believe MD-SWMS now includes a good methodology for making quantitative predictions of channel responses to changes in flow and sediment supply and that, in the future, this and other similar approaches could be more widely used to evaluate and predict the temporal adjustment of river channels.
Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen

We compiled new and published data on the natural abundance N isotope composition (δ15N values) of soil and plant organic matter from around the world. Across a broad range of climate and ecosystem types, we found that soil and plant δ15N values systematically decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) and decreasing mean annual temperature (MAT). Because most undisturbed soils are near N steady state, the observations suggest that an increasing fraction of ecosystem N losses are 15N‐depleted forms (NO3, N2O, etc.) with decreasing MAP and increasing MAT. Wetter and colder ecosystems appear to be more efficient in conserving and recycling mineral N. Globally, plant δ15N values are more negative than soils, but the difference (δ15Nplant‐δ15Nsoil) increases with decreasing MAT (and secondarily increasing MAP), suggesting a systematic change in the source of plant‐available N (organic/NH4+ versus NO3−) with climate. Nitrogen isotopes reflect time integrated measures of the controls on N storage that are critical for predictions of how these ecosystems will respond to human‐mediated disturbances of the global N cycle.
Paleoflora de la Formación Ligorio Márquez (XI Región, Chile) en su localidad tipo: sistemática, edad e implicancias paleoclimáticas

Los resultados del estudio de improntas foliares y polen fosiles recuperados de sedimentos de la Formacion Ligorio Marquez, en su localidad tipo, al sur de Chile Chico, en la XI Region de Chile, son presentados en este articulo. La paleomegaflora incluye veinte organoespecies, catorce de ellas Lauraceae. El elenco palinologico recuperado, que proviene de niveles estratigraficos ca. 15 m superiores a aquellos que contienen la paleomegaflora, esta constituido por siete especies polinicas de Pteridophyta, dos de Pinophyta y cuatro de Magnoliophyta. Los resultados paleobotanicos permiten postular afinidades de esta paleoflora con aquella de Concepcion-Arauco, y que la edad mas probable de la formacion sea paleocena superior. Los nuevos antecedentes paleofloristicos indican, ademas, un paleoclima humedo, de altas temperaturas medias anuales y bajo rango de variaciones medias
Cosmogenic, radiogenic, and stable isotopic constraints on groundwater residence time in the Nubian Aquifer, Western Desert of Egypt

Measurements of radiochlorine (36Cl), radiogenic noble gases (4He and 40Ar), and stable chlorine isotope ratios were obtained to assess the residence time of groundwater in the Nubian Aquifer of the Western Desert of Egypt. Measured 36Cl/Cl ratios yield apparent residence times from ∼0.2 to 1.2 × 106 years in the deep (600–1200 m) groundwater (assuming constant Cl) and ≤0.16 × 106 years in the shallow (<600 m) groundwater. Values of δ37Cl in the groundwater strengthen the application of the 36Cl dating method by constraining Cl sources and identifying groundwater mixing. Dissolved gases were measured in some of the deep groundwater samples. Measured 4He concentrations indicate accumulation of radiogenic 4He that is qualitatively consistent with the age progression indicated by the 36Cl/Cl ratios, but the flux of external 4He from the underlying crust has not been quantified and is not constant throughout the aquifer. Concentrations of 40Ar range from 3.3 to 6.7 × 10−4 ccSTP/g and indicate excess air incorporation at recharge. Measured 40Ar/36Ar ratios do not exceed the atmospheric ratio. A two‐dimensional numerical hydrodynamic transect of the aquifer was modeled from the area of the Uweinat Uplift to the northern Bahariya Oasis. Predicted groundwater velocities in the deep portion of the aquifer are 0.5–3.5 m/yr with groundwater residence times up to 9 × 105 years; residence times up to 1.3 × 106 years are predicted in the confining shale. Aquifer properties are estimated by using the model to fit the measured 36Cl/Cl ratios. Under these conditions, hydrodynamic residence times are within about 30% of those calculated from 36Cl when mixing of Cl− is accounted for in the highest‐Cl− deep groundwaters. By mutually calibrating multiple methods (hydrodynamic, 36Cl, and 4He), a consistent picture of the Nubian Aquifer has emerged in which lateral flow from a southern recharge area dominates the deep horizons, while shallow horizons contain younger, autochthonous recharge.