Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-Pressure Phase Transitions of the Feldspars, and Further Characterization of Lingunite

All known high-pressure phase transitions of the feldspar end-members albite (NaAlSi3O8), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) are reviewed and summarized. Although all these end-members crystallize in the feldspar structure at ambient conditions, the high-pressure phase behavior of each of these feldspars is rather different except for the formation of NaAlSi3O8-hollandite and KAlSi3O8-hollandite. Yet, the maximum solubility of NaAlSi3O8-hollandite in KAlSi3O8-hollandite was found to be limited to ~51 mol% at 22 GPa and 2200°C. Among all high-pressure Na+, K+, and Ca++ aluminosilicates found in the feldspars (6 in total), only NaAlSi3O8-hollandite (or lingunite), KAlSi3O8-hollandite, and slightly Ca-rich hollandite (An52-An56) have so far been discovered in shocked meteorites. Raman spectrum is available only for natural lingunite, and it has been compared with those of synthetic KAlSi3O8-hollandite, NaAlSi3O8-glass, and stishovite.
Origins of yttrium and rare earth element distributions in metamorphic garnet

Highly variable distributions of yttrium and rare earth elements (Y+REEs) are documented in pelitic garnet from the Picuris Mountains, New Mexico, and from Passo del Sole, Switzerland, and in mafic garnet from the Franciscan Complex, California. The wide variety of these Y+REE zoning patterns, and those described previously in other occurrences, imply diverse origins linked to differing degrees of mobility of these elements through the intergranular medium during garnet growth. In the Picuris Mountains, large, early‐nucleating crystals have radial profiles of Y+REE dominated by central peaks and annular maxima, in patterns that vary systematically with atomic number. Superimposed on these features are narrow spikes in HREEs and MREEs, located progressively rimward with decreasing atomic number. In contrast, profiles in small, late‐nucleating crystals contain only broad central maxima for all Y+REEs. In garnet from Passo del Sole, Y+REE zoning varies radically from sample to sample: in some rocks, crystals of all sizes display only central peaks for all Y+REEs; in others, profiles exhibit irregular fluctuations in Y+REE contents that match up with small‐scale patchy zoning in Y and Ca X‐ray maps. In the Franciscan Complex, Y+REE in garnet cores fluctuate unsystematically, but mantles and rims display concentric oscillatory zoning for both major elements and Y+REEs. Our interpretation of the complexity of Y+REE distributions in metamorphic garnet centres on the concept that these distributions vary primarily in response to the length scales over which these elements can equilibrate during garnet growth. Very short length scales of equilibration, due to low intergranular mobility, produce overprint zoning characterized by small‐scale irregularities. Higher but still restricted mobility yields diffusion‐controlled uptake, characterized by patterns of central peaks and annular maxima that vary with atomic number and are strongly influenced by T–t paths during garnet growth. Still greater mobility permits progressively greater, potentially rock‐wide, equilibration with major‐ and accessory‐phase assemblages, leading to mineralogical controls: an unchanging mineral assemblage during garnet growth produces bell‐shaped profiles resembling those produced by Rayleigh fractionation, whereas changes in major‐ and/or accessory‐phase assemblages produce profiles with distinct annuli and sharp discontinuities in concentration. The very high mobility associated with influxes of Y+REE‐bearing fluids can cause these element distributions to be dominated by factors external to the rock, yielding profiles characterized by abrupt shifts or oscillations that are not correlated to changes in mineral assemblages.
Observations of wave-induced set-up on a natural beach

A new technique has been used to make field measurements of wave-induced set-up. The technique is reliable and accurate, and the results presented show the variation of mean set-up at the shoreline with incident wave height. The amount of set-up is well predicted by a linear function of incident wave height and is found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the observed decay of wave height across the surf zone. The maximum set-up observed was about 40 cm.
Periodic plowing effects on soil properties in a no-till farming system

Soils in no-tillage management are often plowed for crop rotation or to correct a pest or soil management problem. This study determined whether soil properties created by no-tillage were retained or reestablished after plowing and return to no-tillage. The study was conducted on a Capac loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) in East Lansing, MI. In 1986 and 1987, one each of three treatments in no-tillage since 1980 was plowed and subsequently returned to notillage (NTP86 and NTP87) and compared with conventional tillage (CT) and long-term no-tillage (NT). In all treatments, plowing, compared with NT, decreased bulk density by 0.17 to 0.28 Mg m, increased total porosity from 0.03 to 0.10 m m, increased macroporosity by 0.05 to 0.13 m m, and decreased microporosity by 0.03 to 0.05 m m. Wheel traffic increased bulk density 0.14 to 0.18 Mg m in the plowed soils but only 0.04 Mg m in the NT soil. Soil surface P, K, and organic C (OC) were redistributed in the surface 200 mm by plowing, but plowing did not eliminate stratification of chemical properties in the surface 50 mm. The NTP87 treatment enhanced mineralization of N over both CT and NT by 9.8 to 18.4 g N m in the surface 50 mm in 1987. Residual effects were evident 1 yr after plowing. However, 4 to 5 yr after plowing, most soil properties had returned to levels of NT, although reestablishment of C and N in the surface remained lower than NT.
Ionospheric mass ejection in response to a CME

We report observations of a direct ionospheric plasma outflow response to the incidence of an interplanetary shock and associated coronal mass ejection (CME) upon the earth's magnetosphere. Data from the WIND spacecraft, 185 RE upstream, document the passage of an interplanetary shock at 23:20 UT on 24 Sept. 1998. The polar cap plasma environment sampled by the POLAR spacecraft changed abruptly at 23:45 UT, reflecting the compressional displacement of the geopause relative to the spacecraft. POLAR left the polar wind outflow region and entered the mantle flows. Descending toward the dayside cusp region, POLAR later returned from the mantle to an enhanced polar wind flux dominated by O+ plasma and eventually containing molecular ions. The enhanced and O+− dominated outflow continued as the spacecraft passed through the high altitude cleft and then the southern cleft at lower altitude. Such a direct response of the ionosphere to solar wind dynamic pressure disturbances may have important impacts on magnetospheric dynamics.
Does the Birchy Complex of Newfoundland extend into Ireland?

Metabasalts from the Birchy Complex in Newfoundland are chemically similar to the Kill-Callow suite of metabasalts in Co. Mayo, Ireland. The latter, which are also chemically akin to Cambrian amphibolites of the Highland Border Series of Scotland, lie along the shear zone associated with the Fair Head-Clew Bay line, which has been equated with the Baie Verte-Brompton line in Newfoundland. The Birchy Complex occupies an analogous tectonic position along the Baie Verte-Brompton line and hence we postulate that chemical similarities suggest a correlation between the Birchy Complex of Newfoundland and the Kill-Callow suite of Ireland.
Solar cosmic rays and soft radiation observed at 5,000,000 kilometers from Earth

During the period Mar. 27 to Apr. 6, 1960, the integrating ionization chamber and Geiger counter in Pioneer V detected solar cosmic rays and some soft- radiation effects associated with a high level of solar activity. The space probe was 5 x 10/sup 6/ km from the earth, approximately in the plane of the ecliptic, and located somewhat behind the sunearth radius toward the sun. The solar activity was associated with McMath plage region 5615 and was characterized by numerous flares of all sizes, large loops and surge prominences, and strong emission over a wide range of frequencies. On Mar. 31 at 0800 UT, a severe geomagnetic storm began on earth accompanied by major earth-current disturbances, a complete blackout of the North Atlantic communications channel, and auroral displays. At the same time, a large Forbush decrease occurred in the galactic cosmic radiation. An intense series of balloon flights was conducted to record the counting-rate increases at high altitudes due to solar cosmic rays and auroral x rays. Explorer VII showed substantial changes in the radiation belts and detected the solar cosmic rays. The observations of Pioneer V are summarized and compared to the findings of Explorer VII for the samemore » period. (B.O.G.)« less
Distribution and characteristics of Taconian and Acadian deformation, southern Québec Appalachians

The regional structure of the southern Quebec Appalachians is redefined in terms of superposed Taconian and Acadian deformation events. Taconian structures and metamorphism dominate in Cambro-Ordovician rocks west of the Baie Verte-Brompton Line (BBL). The Taconian orogen is subdivided into a northwestern external zone, composed of fault-imbricated continental rocks displaying single-phase foreland structures, and a south-eastern internal zone of polydeformed and metamorphosed continental and oceanic rocks. The structural relationships of Cambro-Ordovician rocks astride the BBL demonstrate that the continent-ocean contact was deformed by both southeast-verging late Taconian and upright Acadian folds. East of the BBL, syn- and post-Taconian rocks were mainly affected by Acadian deformation. The Acadian external zone consists of Cambro-Ordovician and post-Ordovician rock units characterized by a single phase of folding. The zone is bounded to the southeast by the Riviere Victoria fault. The Acadian internal zone displays polyphase deformation in the easternmost part of the Quebec Appalachians. The Acadian deformation shows a significant overlap with Taconian structures and metamorphism, and structural windows of the Taconian orogen are found within both the external and internal zones of the Acadian orogen.
THE RELATION BETWEEN SELF-REGULATION SKILLS AND EMERGENT AND EARLY WRITING IN PRESCHOOL AND KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN

Past research has established that self-regulation may play an important role in the early academic skills such as math and literacy, but has focused less on relations with other early skill domains such as writing (Ponitz, McClelland, Matthews & Morrison, 2009; McClelland, Cameron, Connor, Farris, Jewkes, & Morrison, 2007; Howse, Calkins, Anastopoulos, Keane, & Shelton, 2003). In one previous study on older children, however, there was evidence to suggest that self-regulation significantly related to more advanced writing skills (Graham, Harris & Mason, 2005). The purpose of the present study was to extend that line of study to younger children, by assessing the relation of self-regulation to early writing. Preschool (n=161) and kindergarten (n=139) children, ages 4-6 years, were participants in this study. The preschool assessment battery included measures of early/emergent writing (name writing, letter writing, and spelling) and a direct measure of self-regulation (Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task; HTKS). Kindergarteners received the preschool battery as well as measures of letter writing fluency, a standardized measure of spelling, and a standardized measure of writing to capture knowledge of writing and composition skill. Data were analyzed using multi-level modeling. The results of this study indicated that self-regulation was significantly related to writing skills for both grade levels, but not as expected. Self-regulation was significantly and positively related to letter writing and spelling only for preschool children. Contrary to expectations, self-regulation did not significantly contribute to predicting performance on the advanced measures of letter writing fluency and spelling for the kindergarten children. It did, however, relate to knowledge of writing and composition tasks in kindergarten. This study expands current literature on the role of self-regulation in children’s writing by demonstrating the relation of self-regulation to emergent writing. Discussion highlights the potential for early assessments and classroom structuring to support children with low self-regulation. Future research should focus on a wider assessment battery to account for task-specific findings and evaluate whether preschool self-regulation scores relate to writing scores in later years.
Modelling the lithospheric rheology control on the Cretaceous rifting in West Antarctica

Small‐scale analogue models were used to investigate the process of Cretaceous orthogonal extension in the West Antarctic Rift System. The models considered the transition from the East Antarctic Craton to a weaker lithosphere, and the results support previous hypotheses about the strong control exerted by lateral variations in lithospheric structures on the process of extension. Strain was mostly accommodated at the boundary between the two types of lithosphere, with a relative uplift of the cratonic block which remained essentially undeformed. Conversely, the weaker lithosphere showed wide‐rifting style geometry, locally associated with core complex‐like structures. In agreement with the natural prototype, this tectonic scenario led to a long‐lasting extension without continental break‐up, and to the absence of relevant surface magmatism.
Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age

Understanding the role of volcanic and solar variations in climate change is important not only for understanding the Little Ice Age but also for understanding and predicting the effects of anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition in the twentieth century and beyond. To evaluate the significance of solar and volcanic effects, we use four solar reconstructions and three volcanic indices as forcings to an energy-balance model and compare the results with temperature reconstructions. Our use of a model representing the climate system response to solar and volcanic forcings distinguishes this from previous direct comparisons of forcings with temperature series for the Little Ice Age. Use of the model allows us to assess the effects of the ocean heat capacity on the evolution of the temperature response. Using a middle-of-the-road model sensitivity of 3°C for doubled CO2, solar forcings of less than 0.5% are too small to account for the cooling of the Little Ice Age. Volcanic forcings, in contrast, give climate responses comparable in amplitude to the changes of the Little Ice Age. A combination of solar and volcanic forcings explains much of the Little Ice Age climate change, but these factors alone cannot explain the warming of the twentieth century. The best simulations of the period since 1850 include anthropogenic, solar, and volcanic forcings.
Ventilation changes in intermediate water on millennial time scales in the SE Nordic seas, 65‐14 kyr BP

A glacial epibenthic δ13C record from 773 m water depth in the SE Nordic seas reveals moderate, but distinct changes in the ventilation ∼65,000−14,000 years ago. The Last Glacial Maximum, the warm interstadials, and the shorter stadials are characterized by high δ13C values indicating well‐ventilated intermediate water masses in the Nordic seas. Decreasing δ13C values during the cold Heinrich events signify a reduction in intermediate water ventilation. We attribute the reduction to the development of a halocline causing a stop in convection and outflow from the Nordic seas. The well‐ventilated outflow water is replaced by warmer Atlantic water, which due to the stratification is isolated from the atmosphere. Its initial high δ13C values are reduced due to 'ageing'. We ascribe the lack of response in the subsurface Atlantic Water during the stadials to the smaller geographical extent of these events as compared to the Heinrich events.
New Cambrian inarticulate Brachiopoda from Australasia and the age of the Tasman Formation

Four new genera and species, Amictocracens teres, Picnotreta debilis, Stilpnotreta magna and Treptotreta jucunda are introduced for inarticulate brachiopods which occur in Middle and early Late Cambrian strata of the Georgina Basin, northeastern Australia and the Tasman Formation, northwestern Nelson, New Zealand. The brachiopod fauna of the Tasman Formation is fully described and shown to include a new species of Linnarssonia, L. tumida. Comparison of the Tasman Formation brachiopod assemblage with a faunal sequence established for the Georgina Basin shows it to be of early Boomerangian (Ptychagnostus cassis Zone) age and demonstrates the utility of Cambrian inarticulate brachiopods for interregional correlation.
Seasonal and Interannual Modulation of the Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Caribbean Sea

AbstractVariability of the mesoscale eddy field in the Caribbean Sea is analyzed over the period 1993–2009 using geostrophic anomalies derived from altimeter data and a high-resolution regional model. The Colombia Basin presents the largest values of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and its semiannual cycle, with a main peak in August–October and a secondary peak in February–March, is the dominant feature in the whole Caribbean EKE cycle. The analysis of energy conversion terms between low-frequency currents and eddies explains these peaks by enhanced baroclinic and barotropic instabilities, in response to seasonally varying currents in the region of the Guajira Peninsula. The semiannual acceleration of the atmospheric Caribbean low-level jet intensifies the southern Caribbean Current (sCC) twice a year in this region, together with its vertical and horizontal velocity shears. The asymmetry of the EKE seasonal cycle in the Colombia Basin is explained by a summer peak in the annual cycle of the whole sCC. Numeric.
Correlation between Fish Distribution and Pleistocene Hydrography in Eastern California and Southwestern Nevada, with a Map of the Pleistocene Waters

During late Pleistocene time an integrated river system occupied several of the desert basins in eastern California and southwestern Nevada, with Death Valley as the sump. A study of the Recent and fossil fishes of the region supports the physiographic evidence for the existence of this drainage and presents zoögeographic data which strongly suggest connections between this system and the Lahontan basin to the north, as well as with the Colorado River basin to the south and east. Both the physiographic and the fish evidence harmonize. Detailed maps of the Pleistocene and Recent hydrography of the southern Great Basin are presented, and two new lakes are mapped and named.
A latest Permian radiolarian fauna from Hushan, South China, and its geological implications

A latest Permian (late Changhsingian) radiolarian fauna is recorded from the upper Talung Formation, Hushan, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, South China. This fauna includes 24 species belonging to 16 genera; new species are Albaillella hushanensis, Copicyntroides stellatus and Trilonche crassus. The presence of the radiolarian fauna and its taxonomic composition reveal that the Eastern Qinling-Dabie deep sea, which was located along the northern margin of the northeastern Yangtze Basin, persisted at least until the end of the Palaeozoic and that the collision between the North China and South China plates had not occurred by the end of the Permian.
Constant mean curvature surfaces via an integrable dynamical system

It is shown that the equation which describes constant mean curvature surfaces via the generalized Weierstrass - Enneper induction has Hamiltonian form. Its simplest finite-dimensional reduction is the integrable Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom. This finite-dimensional system admits -action and classes of -equivalence of its trajectories are in one-to-one correspondence with different helicoidal constant mean curvature surfaces. Thus the interpretation of well known Delaunay and do Carmo - Dajczer surfaces via an integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian system is established.
Comparison of tethered balloon vertical profiles of particulate matter size distributions with lidar ceilometer backscatter in the nocturnal urban boundary layer

A novel ceilometer validation is presented for a nocturnal elevated PM layer observed over Vancouver, British Columbia. The boundary-layer structure was confirmed by both meteorological and PM vertical profiles. This result is especially significant due to the low PM concentrations present during the observational period (a mean PM10 concentration of 10.6 μg m−3 was recorded) and suggests that ceilometers are able to resolve boundary-layer structure more subtle than that normally present during periods of poor air-quality. A direct relation between backscatter intensity and PM concentration suggests that not only may these relatively cheap, robust ceilometers be used to elucidate boundary-layer structure, but they represent a promising quantitative alternative to the measurement of PM concentrations that complements existing surface-based instrumentation. This study extends and confirms the growing body of evidence supporting the utility of ceilometers for making detailed, cost-effective measurements of the boundary-layer.
Oceanic eddy formation and propagation southwest of Taiwan

[1] Oceanic eddies are active and energetic southwest of Taiwan. The formation and propagation of eddies in this area were investigated using 17 year satellite altimeter data. Cyclonic eddies (CEs) and anticyclonic eddies (ACEs) often coexisted, but there were more CEs than ACEs generated during the period from October 1992 to October 2009. ACEs were stronger and, in general, lived longer than CEs. ACEs occurred more often in winter than in other seasons, while CEs were more frequent in summer. Compared with the direct local wind forcing, the Kuroshio path variability appears to be a dominant factor for eddy formation in this area. A conceptual model of an eddy-Kuroshio interaction is proposed. In summer, there exists an outflow northwest of Luzon Island, and the Kuroshio likely leaps across the Luzon Strait. To the north of the outflow and left of the Kuroshio axis, CEs are often formed, which in turn induce ACEs to the west of CEs. In winter, under the influence of northeasterly monsoon, the Kuroshio Current Loop (KCL) appears southwest of Taiwan more frequently than in other seasons, and ACEs are frequently shed from the KCL. Most of the ACEs propagate westward, and, as a result, CEs are often spun up to the east of the ACEs. The surface South China Sea outflow in summer and the KCL in winter are, however, likely related to the monsoons. Therefore, the indirect effects of monsoon winds are also evident in the seasonal variations of eddy occurrence.