Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safety Evaluation of Recombinant Staphylokinase in Rhesus Monkeys

Recombinant staphylokinase (rSTAR) is a profibrinolytic agent of bacterial origin. The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of rSTAR administered with bolus intravenous infusion in rhesus monkeys (2/sex/group) at the dosages of 0, 4, 14, and 49 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. The clinical signs were thickening of the skin in all animals and mild hematoma formation in three dosage groups at the injection sites. There were no effects on body weight, absolute or relative organ weights, ophthalmology, or electrocardiogram. Urinalysis indicated that 2 monkeys in 14 or 49 mg/kg/day group developed proteinuria and mild hematuria. Increases in serum BUN levels (14 and 49 mg/kg/day), ALT activity, and bilirubin levels (49 mg/kg/day), and decreases in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations and Hct values (49 mg/kg/day) were observed at week 2. Significant prolongation of APTT, PT, and TT (14 and 49 mg/kg/day), and decreases in circulating plasminogen levels (3 treatment groups) were noted. Dose-dependent increases in the titers of anti-rSTAR antibodies and neutralizing rSTAR activity were observed in the three treated groups. Increased neutralizing rSTAR acti vity diminished the pharmacologic effects of rSTAR (ie, prolonged APTT, PT, and TT approaching baseline levels at week 2). Histopathological findings included hemorrhage, and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration at the injection sites, heptocellular degeneration characterized as cytopla smic eosinophilia, vacuolation and condensed nuclei (49 mg/kg/day), effusion of RBCs and plasma within some Bowman’s capsules and hyaline casts within the lumen of some renal tubules in the kidneys (14 and 49 mg/day/kg), and mild to moderate megakaryocyte hypoplasia with varying levels of pyknotic nuclei at all dose levels. Immune deposits in glomeruli in the kidneys from the three treated groups were detected. These changes were reversible following a 4-week recovery period. In the present preclinical evaluation of toxicity in monkeys, rSTAR is well tolerated at doses up to 49 mg/kg/day. The toxic target organs are the liver, kidney, and bone marrow.
Reply to letter to the Editor

We thank Delisle and colleagues (Delise et al. 2011) for their constructive comments on our recent meta-analysis focusing on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients recovering from acute coronary syndromes (Mazza et al., 2010) specifically challenging data abstraction and pooling methods. Indeed, we have repeated data abstraction fromLesperance et al. (2007) and Glassman et al. (2002), and updated metaanalytic pooling for rehospitalization and change in depression score. We thus found that differences in the risk of rehospitalization were no longer statistically significant, despite the persistence of a strong clinical and statistical trend in favor of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fixed-effect risk difference1⁄4 –3% (95% confidence interval from –6% to 0%), p for effect1⁄4 0.09; random-effect risk difference1⁄4 –4% (from –9% to 0%), p for effect1⁄4 0.07; p for heterogeneity1⁄4 0.29, I1⁄4 19%) (Figure 1). Conversely, both statistical and clinical significance were confirmed in favor of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors when focusing on their impact on changes in depression score (fixed-effect weighted mean difference1⁄4 1.7 (from –2.0 to –1.4), p for effect< 0.001; random-effect weighted mean difference1⁄4 –3.2 (from –4.8 to –1.7), p for effect< 0.001; p for heterogeneity< 0.001; I1⁄4 94%) (Figure 2). As for the use of fixed versus random-effect methods, we understand Delisle et al.’s concern on the difficulty in choosing between fixed and random-effect meta-analytic pooling in the absence of significant heterogeneity. However, we should clarify that no single approach is by definition correct. Indeed, whereas fixed-effect methods may rely too much on large trials with several events and provide spuriously precise effect estimates (Cappelleri et al., 1996), random-effect methods can weigh too much on small trials with sparse events and thus yield effect estimates biased by such small studies (Poole and Greenland, 1999). Thus, our choice of flexibly using fixedand random-effect methods depending on the extent of statistical heterogeneity and inconsistency, maintained also in the present work (Figures 1 and 2), can be scientifically defended and has already been adopted by our research group in other reviews previously published in scholarly journals (Landoni et al., 2007; Lipinski et al., 2007). In fact, the reporting of the above findings with both random-effect and fixedeffect methods clearly show that the former approach may
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves both genetic‐susceptibility and, at least, three sequential environmental‐events. The first environmental‐event is a maternal‐factor, which acts near birth. The second acts subsequently but prior to approximately age 15 years and the third acts long after these first two events have already taken place. Two environmental‐events strongly implicated in MS‐pathogenesis are vitamin D deficiency and Epstein‐Barr viral (EBV) infection. These factors seem well‐suited to the first two environmental‐events in this causal chain. If this notion is correct, it is likely that interrupting either of these factors (e.g. the timely supplementation of Vitamin D or the development of an EBV vaccine might be simple and effective methods for achieving primary disease prevention. In addition to these environmental‐events, genetic factors are both crucial and complex. More than 110 genomic‐regions have now been associated with MS‐susceptibility and only a very small fraction of the population is genetically‐susceptible. However, the actual genes involved are much more poorly defined than is often thought. For example, it turns out that the well‐established association with the DRB1*1501 allele on chromosome 6, is, likely, not due to this allele itself but, rather, to something else that resides on the SNP‐haplotype, which usually harbors this allele. Also, despite women being the large majority of MS patients, men are more likely to be genetically‐susceptible. Nevertheless, women are more responsive to the changing environmental‐exposures, which have occurred recently; thereby accounting for the changes in sex‐ratio and MS‐prevalence in women, which have been found in many regions.
Developmental Changes in Renin-Containing Cells From the Ovine Fetal Kidney

Objective: To determine if the increase in intrarenal renin content that occurs in late gestation in the fetal lamb results from an increase in the proportion of cells containing renin, an increase in the amount of renin per renin-containing cell, or both. Methods: Kidney cells with a density of 1.062 g/mL were isolated from ovine fetuses at 100-104 days gestation (n = 6, immature) and at 131-139 days gestation (n = 6, mature). This fraction was enriched with renin-containing cells. Total renin (TR) and active renin (AR) were measured by their ability to generate angiotensin I (AI). Renin mRNA was measured by RNase protection assay. The presence of renin in cells and the capacity to release it were identified by immunocytochemistry and cell immunoblot analyses. Data were analyzed by analyses of variance. Results: The TR and AR in isolated cells increased from 3.7 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.2 μg AI/μg protein · hr-1 in immature fetuses to 6.2 ± 0.7 and 5.0 ± 0.6 μg AI/μg protein · hr-1 in mature fetuses (P < .01). The percentage of immunopositive renin cells (PC) was greater in mature (40.6 ± 4.3) than in immature fetuses 915.2 ± 1.2) (P < .01). The TR/PC and AR/PC were also higher in mature (8.2 ± 0.6 and 6.6 ± 0.4 ng AI/h · pc-1 than in immature animals (6.5 ± 0.6 and 4.4 ± 0.4 ng AI/h · pc-1) (P < .01). Conclusions: The data indicate that the increase in TR and AR occurring during development in fetal lamb kidney results from an increase in both the number of renin-containing cells and in the renin content per cell.
Listening to Students: Investigating the Effectiveness of an Online Graduate Teaching Strategies Course

In an effort to meet the increasing needs of the graduate student population at a large southwestern state university, several online courses have been developed and implemented to assist students in meeting the academic requirements for a Master’s degree in Education and/or post baccalaureate teacher certification. The purpose of this exploratory study was to gather information on graduate students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of an online course designed to teach instructional strategies used in faceto-face (FTF) secondary classrooms, estimate the perceived ease of transfer of the strategies to a FTF classroom, and gain insight into the online graduate student population. Students were administered a web-based survey after they had completed the course. The instrument explored their perceptions on the effectiveness of the various online and fieldwork activities. Findings showed that the respondents rated the field experience activities within the 25-hour practicum among the highest and the routine weekly readings and summaries among the lowest. Implications of these results are discussed.
Firework-related injury survey report 2013

Background The Northern Territory (NT) is the only jurisdiction in Australia that still permits the sale of fireworks without a permit. CDC has conducted an annual survey for the past 15 years of patients who present to acute care health facilities for fireworks-related injuries. The aim of the surveys is to monitor fireworks-related injury on Territory Day and provide feedback on the effectiveness of safety campaigns and regulation. Methods The survey included NT public hospitals, the Australian Defence Force and for the first time, the Palmerston General Practice Superclinic in Darwin. Data were collected on firework-related injuries between 30 June and 4 July 2013, including details of the time, place and circumstances surrounding the injury event and clinical information about the injury and its severity. Results There were 25 firework-related injuries in people aged between 2 and 56 years; 8 people required admission to hospital. Most injuries were moderate in nature, requiring 2 or more reviews by a health practitioner. Of the 14 people who consented to complete the survey and provide more detailed information 50% suffered injuries to their hand and the majority were bystanders.
A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE RISK OF FAMILY HISTORY OF PSORIASIS

SirWe have conducted a case-control study to analyze the epidemiological importance risk of family history of psoriasis. The retrospective study was done on 1236 patients diagnosed with psoriasis on clinical and histopathological grounds, between 2004-2011, in an Out-patient Clinic in North-Eastern part of Romania.The sex ratio of psoriasis was 1.18:1 (male patients 54.13%, female patients 45.87%), median age at the diagnosis was 29.34±15.24SD; family history of psoriasis (by declaration) was 29.53% (Tabl. I).
Letter To the Editor

chronic inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke in rats and mice (2) I mistakenly did not include a relevant finding. The reason for the omission is that I limited my review to peer-reviewed papers in the scientific literature. One of the papers I reviewed contained data on a smoke-exposed group of female (C57Bl/Cum X C3H/AnfCum)Fl mice and a comparable set of shamexposed controls (4), and I stand by my analysis of the incidences of lung tumors in these groups (statistically, the rates were identical throughout the experiment). As I stated in my paper, a larger set of data on this experiment
1 Can We Reach Tbit / sq . in . Storage Densities With Phase-Change Media ?

This paper discusses a number of modelling approaches to simulate phase-transition behaviour in Ge2Sb2Te5 material used in optical and electrical phase-change memories. Such models include the well-known Johnson-Mehl-AvramiKolmogorov (JMAK) formalism to calculate the fraction of crystallized material. In the literature this model is widely used, but parameters of the model reported by different investigators vary considerably, and can probably be attributed to the inappropriate use of the JMAK approach. In order to overcome the restrictions imposed by JMAK theory, generalizations based on the classical nucleation theory have been suggested and used by several researchers. A more recent alternative modelling technique is the so-called Cellular Automata (CA) approach. A CA representation can be driven by stochastic or deterministic rules, by theoretical descriptions or by empirical rules derived from experimental observations. Finally, yet another approach is that based on evaluating the population density of ‘crystal clusters’ using rate-equations. Although it is computationally quite intensive, this technique has yielded favourable and reliable results, and we present various simulation-experiment comparisons to illustrate the capabilities of this approach. We also use the various models to assess the limits of thermodynamic stability in GeSbTe phase-change materials, with a view to using such material in ultra-high density (1 Tbit/sq.in. and beyond) scanning probe-based memories. Some write-read simulations of such a memory at Tbit/sq.in densities are also presented.
A patient-centred study of the consequences of stroke

Objective: To explore subjective accounts of the consequences of stroke. Design: Qualitative methods using depth interviews. Participants and setting: Forty people sampled ten months post stroke from a hospital stroke register which was established in two adjacent health districts in North Thames Regional Health Authority. Results: Interviewees reported a number of ways in which the stroke had affected their daily lives, including difficulty with leaving the house, doing the housework, pursuing former leisure activities, inability to walk in the way they wanted, problems with communicating, washing, bathing and dressing, and with confusion and deteriorating memory. In all these areas people described the loss of social contact that accompanied these changes, and the loss of valued roles which had been embedded in the everyday functions they had previously performed. In general, people over the age of 70 were more seriously affected. Conclusion: The type of changes which people reported would not easily have been captured using standardized outcome measures, pointing to the value of qualitative methods in providing subjective accounts. In terms of clinical practice, there is a need to reduce people's isolation after stroke by providing home visits after discharge, particularly to those living alone, and also by reducing disability through rehabilitation and by tackling the environmental obstacles which can imprison people in their homes. The findings suggest that many people with stroke would benefit from being able to talk about the changes which have occurred. Imaginative proposals are needed to develop ways to help replace the loss of activities, social contacts and social roles, particularly among older people with stroke.
Evolution of retinal microvasculature abnormalities and its association with cardiovascular morbimortality

Evolution of retinal microvasculature abnormalities (areteriovenous ratio, arteriolar caliber and venular caliber) measured by automatic retinography, in patients suffering from essential hypertension of new onset and never treated, is associated with 5 years cardiovascular morbimortality The main objective is to verify if there is an association in newly-diagnosed and never treated hypertensive patients between: Arteriovenous ratio evolution measured by automatic retinography and 5 years cardiovascular morbimortality Arteriolar caliber evolution measured by automatic retinography and 5 years cardiovascular morbimortality Venular caliber evolution measured by automatic retinography and 5 years cardiovascular morbimortality The secondary objective is to verify if there is an association between arteriovenous ratio baseline values and cardiovascular mortality The target population is composed by patients with essential hypertension of new onset and never treated, according to the ESH-ESC criteria, aged 35 to 74 years
Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma equigenitalium antibodies in equines by indirect ELISA

The seroprevalence of Mycoplasma equigenitalium by an indirect-ELISA has been determined in genitally diseased and apparently healthy equines. The results suggested a higher seroprevalence of specific M. equigenitalium-ELISA-antibodies in diseased equines (20.0%) than those in healthy equines (3.7%). Disease-wise specific seroprevalence of M. equigenitalium in equines ranged from 0 to 41.2% (0% for abortion and balanoposthitis, 15.9% for repeat breed and 41.2% for metritis).
Prevalence of IgG and IgM Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in HIV Positive Patients in Northeast of Iran

Background and Objectives: Toxoplasmosis has become one of the more frequent opportunistic infections and the most common cause of focal brain lesions complicating the course of AIDS. However, there is a little information about the frequency of the toxoplasmosis in various regions of Iran. At the present study, we evaluated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS in Mashhasd (Northeast Iran). Material and Methods: Overall, 258 suspected patients with CD 4 + T-cell count and clinical manifestation for HIV infection were referred from Infectious Disease Center to Imam Reza Hospital in 2009. These patients were examined by ELISA, western blot method and tested by P24 antigen. HIV positive patients (n=121) were entered in this cross-sectional study and investigated for IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma antibodies with ELISA. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35.83 + 6.75 yr. 83.5% of the patients were intravenous drug misuse. The IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were positive in 46 (38.01%) patients, while IgM antibody was detected in 3 cases (2.5%). Conclusion: The rate of toxoplasmosis infection in HIV positive patients is high. Therefore, immediate treatment of these patients is essential in rising specific antibody cases that may cause toxoplasmic encephalitis resulting from its reactivation.
BINDSURF: a fast blind Virtual Screening methodology on GPUs

non-bonded interaction kernels (Guerrero 2011) for the description of the electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions between the ligand and the protein. A GPU optimized Monte Carlo minimization algorithm is used to minimize the total energy of the system. In the final output we find for each ligand detailed information about the protein spots where the strongest interactions are found for the different ligand conformations. This information can be parsed to PyMOL (www. pymol.org) to obtain a graphical depiction of the results. These results can be later used in a more detailed VS methodology to screen only the ligands with the highest estimated affinities in the hotspots found by BINDSURF.
Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation

Microcredit has rapidly expanded in the past years, providing access to financial services to a large population previously excluded from the financial system. However, whether it helps the poor has been a subject of intense debate on which, until very recently, there was no rigorous evidence. This paper reports the results of a randomized experiment designed to measure the impact of microcredit in rural areas of Morocco. Within the catchment areas of new MFI branches opened in areas that had previously no access to microcredit, 81 pairs of matched villages were selected. The treatment villages, randomly selected within each pair, were offered microcredit just after Al Amana opened the branch, while the control villages were offered access only two years later. Al Amana program increased access to credit significantly. Its main effect was to expand the scale of existing self-employment activities of households, for both non-livestock agriculture and livestock activities. We find little or no effect on average consumption as well as on other outcomes such as health, education, etc. However, treatment effects are heterogeneous depending on whether the households had an existing self-employment activity at baseline. Households that had a pre-existing activity decrease their non-durable consumption and consumption overall, as they save and borrow to expand their activities. Households that had not a pre-existing activity increase food and durable expenditure and no effects on business outcomes are observed. 1 We are deeply indebted to the whole team of Al Amana without whom this evaluation would not have been possible, in particular, to Fouad Abdelmouni, Zakia Lalaoui and Fatim-Zahra Zaim. We thank Aurélie Ouss and Diva Dhar for outstanding field coordination, as well as Stefanie Stantcheva for excellent research assistance. We are also grateful to the Agence Française de Développement for funding this study. We finally want to thank the International Growth Center at the London School of Economics for providing extra financial support allowing to complete this study successfully. 2 The authors are from CREST and J-PAL Europe, PSE and J-PAL Europe, MIT (Department of Economics and J-PAL), and Université Catholique de Louvain and J-PAL Europe.
University of Groningen Changes in neural activation patterns and brain anatomy as a function of non-pathological first language attrition Keijzer, Merel

In recent years the Critical Period Hypothesis of language acquisition has come under close scrutiny. The premise that native-like language proficiency can only be attained if the language is learned early in life seems difficult to maintain, as neuroimaging data have revealed a greater plasticity of the human brain to master new languages than has previously been assumed. The field of non-pathological first language (L1) attrition has not contributed much to this debate. Adding attrition perspectives, however, can inform the field of language learning and the critical period in general: learning a language early in life should leave long-lasting traces in the neural circuit. But investigations of this nature would also directly benefit the field of L1 attrition itself. Attrition theories have largely built on behavioral paradigms, and two pivotal questions remain unanswered but could be addressed using neuroimaging techniques: 1) Is the cause of L1 attrition mainly L1 non-use or rather the introduction and mastery of a second language (L2)? 2) is L1 attrition an irreversible, permanent phenomenon or does it merely reflect a temporary inaccessibility of the L1 system? This paper aims to review the scantly available evidence for functional and/or anatomical brain changes as a function of non-pathological L1 attrition, specifically focusing on the two outstanding questions above. Building on previous insights, this paper theorizes about L1 attrition-induced neurological changes that have not been addressed in previous work and formulates goals and avenues for future