Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new model for cross-shore surf and swash zone morphology evolution induced by nonlinear waves

Nonlinear wave transformation in the surf and swash zone is computed by a nonlinear breaking wave model based on the numerical solution of the Boussinesq-type equations. Instead of classical equations, higher-order equations in dispersion as well as in nonlinearity are derived and used inside and outside the surf zone. The Dibajnia and Watanabe transport rate formula involving unsteady aspects of the sand transport phenomenon is adopted for estimating sheet flow sediment transport rates as well as the bed load and suspended load over ripples. For the calculation of the suspended load induced by wave breaking, the Bailard formula is used after the consideration that the only dissipation mechanism is the wave breaking. Runup and rundown as well as sediment transport in the swash zone are incorporated in the model. The model is able to reproduce beach accretion and erosion without the use of an erosion/accretion criterion. The model is validated against large-scale experimental data.
Detection of Circovirus in Foxes with Meningoencephalitis, United Kingdom, 2009–2013

A fox circovirus was identified in serum samples from foxes with unexplained neurologic signs by using viral metagenomics. Fox circovirus nucleic acid was localized in histological lesions of the cerebrum by in situ hybridization. Viruses from the family Circoviridae may have neurologic tropism more commonly than previously anticipated.
Hydraulic Efficiency of Grate and Curb Inlets for Urban Storm Drainage

AbstractA curb inlet and two combination inlets (with a grate and curb opening) used for storm-water drainage were tested under varying road conditions, and equations were developed for their application. The need for this study arose from a general uncertainty in matching the inlets tested to previously published methods. This uncertainty relates to sizing inlets and in determining the flow captured. A one-third Froude-scale model of a two-lane road section was designed and built for testing. A total of 120 tests were performed for longitudinal street slopes from 0.5 to 4%, cross slopes from 1 to 2%, gutter prototype flow depths from 0.1 to 0.15 m, and prototype inlet lengths from 1 to 4.6 m. Collected test data on inlet efficiency were compared to previously published methods for the inlets and were found to deviate by as much as 45% and an average of 13% at typical design depths of 0.1–0.15 m. Existing methods for the curb inlet were modified, and empirical design equations were developed for the combi.
Historical background to floodplain morphology: examples from the East European Plain

Abstract Floodplain morphology is described in relation to channel pattern changes in the past. The oldest segments of the present-day floodplains were formed in the Late Valdai (Weichselian). Their morphology is inherited from large palaeomeanders (macromeanders) formed under extremely high discharge conditions. A map of the spatial distribution of Late Valdai macromeander relics on the East European Plain is given. Various floodplain segments have a spectrum of ages that may reflect only selected portions of the river history. The most widespread morphological units correspond to the periods when the river was undergoing its widest lateral migration. Periods of stable channel position may result in a gap in the floodplain age spectrum. The channel pattern and rates of river migration are controlled both by hydrological conditions and by valley floor morphology inherited from the preceding river regime. Heterogeneity of floodplains is illustrated from three key sites: the Khoper River (Southern Russia), the Protva River (Central Russia) and the Vychegda River (Northern Russia).
Resistivity cross section through the southern central Andes as inferred from magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep soundings

To investigate the upper lithospheric structure and subduction-induced processes across an active continental margin, magnetotelluric (MT) and geomagnetic deep sounding (GDS) experiments were done in the southern central Andes (21°–25°S) of northern Chile, southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Using two-dimensional modeling, we have constructed an E-W resistivity cross section at latitude 21°45′S that involves all the Andean units from the Pacific coast to the lowland plains. The crust of the Coastal Cordillera has high resistivities of more than 5000 ohm m with some conductive structures embedded. Increased electrical conductivities between depths of 8 and 40 km may be related to the rise of fluids released from the subducted Nazca plate. The electrical resistivity of the ‘normal Andean’ crust seems to be low, having values of only 200 ohm m. A wide zone of extremely high electrical conductivity with an E-W extent of more than 330 km was detected. This high- conductivity zone (HCZ) is found at a depth of about 25 km under the Western Cordillera and has a total conductance of more than 23,000 S. Here, it may be caused by partially melted crust, an interpretation which would correlate with those from gravity and seismic data. The HCZ can be followed in the lower crust eastward below the Altiplano where it has a total conductance of about 15,000 S. In the western part of the Eastern Cordillera, total conductance first increases and then drops abruptly at about longitude 65°10′W. The latter HCZs can be explained in terms of thrust tectonics, where detachment zones may involve fluids as well as increased mineralizations. The lowlands of the sub-Andean and the Chaco are characterized by a cover of anisotropic low resistivity. The resistivity of the crust and uppermost mantle increases from west to east to more than 1000 ohm m, while the deeper mantle gets unexpectedly much more conductive.
PD-L1 Is a Tumor Suppressor in Aggressive Endometrial Cancer Cells and Its Expression Is Regulated by miR-216a and lncRNA MEG3

Background Poorly differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma and serous adenocarcinoma represent an aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer (EC). Programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) was known to exhibit a tumor cell-intrinsic function in mediating immune-independent tumor progression. However, the functional relevance of tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 expression in aggressive EC cells and the mechanisms regulating its expression remain unknown. Methods PD-L1 expression in 65 EC tissues and 18 normal endometrium samples was analyzed using immunohistochemical staining. The effects of PD-L1 on aggressive EC cell growth, migration and invasion were investigated by cell functional assays. Luciferase reporter assays were used to reveal the microRNA-216a (miR-216a)-dependent mechanism modulating the expression of PD-L1. Results Positive PD-L1 expression was identified in 84% of benign cases but only in 12% of the EC samples, and the staining levels of PD-L1 in EC tissues were significantly lower than those in the normal tissues. Higher PD-L1 expression predicts favorable survival in EC. Ectopic expression of PD-L1 in aggressive EC cells results in decreased cell proliferation and the loss of mesenchymal phenotypes. Mechanistically, PD-L1 exerts the anti-tumor effects by downregulating MCL-1 expression. We found that PD-L1 levels in aggressive EC cells are regulated by miR-216a, which directly targets PD-L1. We further identified a mechanism whereby the long non-coding RNA MEG3 represses the expression of miR-216a, thereby leading to increased PD-L1 expression and significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Conclusion These results reveal an unappreciated tumor cell-intrinsic role for PD-L1 as a tumor suppressor in aggressive EC cells, and identify MEG3 and miR-216a as upstream regulators of PD-L1.
(E)-N′-(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-(dimethylamino)benzohydrazide

The title compound, C16H16BrN3O2, crystallized with two independent molcules in the asymmetric unit. Each molecule has an E conformation about the C=N bond and the dihedral angles between the benzene rings are 30.5 (3) and 28.7 (3)°. In each molecule, there is an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond and the two molecules are linked by an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are further linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains propagating along [001].
Objectively identifying landmark use and predicting flight trajectories of the homing pigeon using Gaussian processes

Pigeons home along idiosyncratic habitual routes from familiar locations. It has been suggested that memorized visual landmarks underpin this route learning. However, the inability to experimentally alter the landscape on large scales has hindered the discovery of the particular features to which birds attend. Here, we present a method for objectively classifying the most informative regions of animal paths. We apply this method to flight trajectories from homing pigeons to identify probable locations of salient visual landmarks. We construct and apply a Gaussian process model of flight trajectory generation for pigeons trained to home from specific release sites. The model shows increasing predictive power as the birds become familiar with the sites, mirroring the animal's learning process. We subsequently find that the most informative elements of the flight trajectories coincide with landscape features that have previously been suggested as important components of the homing task.
Dynamics of a fluid-driven crack in three dimensions by the finite difference method

The finite difference method is applied to the study of the dynamics of a three-dimensional fluid-filled crack excited into resonance by the sudden failure of a small barrier of area ΔS on the crack surface. The impulse response of the crack is examined for various ratios of crack width to crack length and for several values of the crack stiffness C = (b/μ)(L/d), where b is the bulk modulus of the fluid, μ is the rigidity of the solid, and L and d are the crack length and crack thickness, respectively. The motion of the crack is characterized by distinct time scales representing the duration of brittle failure and the periods of acoustic resonance in the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the source. The rupture has a duration proportional to the area of crack expansion and is the trigger responsible for the excitation of the crack into resonance; the resonant periods are proportional to the crack stiffness and to the width and length of the crack. The crack wave sustaining the resonance is analogous to the tube wave propagating in a fluid-filled borehole. It is dispersive, showing a phase velocity that decreases with increasing wavelength. Its wave speed is always lower than the acoustic velocity of the fluid and shows a strong dependence on the crack stiffness, decreasing as the stiffness increases. The initial motion of the crack surface is an opening, and the radiated far-field compressional wave starts with a strong but brief compression which has a duration proportional to the crack stiffness and size of the rupture area; the amplitude of this pulse increases with the area of rupture but decreases with increasing stiffness. Flow into the newly created cavity triggers a pressure drop in the fluid, which produces a partial collapse of the wall propagated over the crack surface at the speed of the crack wave. The collapse of the crack surface generates a weak long-period component of dilatation following the compressional first motion in the far-field P wave train; the dilatational component is clearer in the signal from stiffer cracks when seen in the direction of the rupture. The energy loss by radiation is stronger for high frequencies, resulting in a progressive enrichment of the crack response in lower frequencies over the duration of resonance. These source characteristics translate into a far-field signature that is marked by a high-frequency content near its onset and dominated by a longer-period component in its coda. The source duration shows a strong dependence on the fluid viscosity and associated viscous damping at the crack wall.
Stability of additive treatment effects in multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis: a simulation study

Background: Many medical interventions are administered in the form of treatment combinations involving two or more individual drugs (eg, drug A + drug B). When the individual drugs and drug combinations have been compared in a number of randomized clinical trials, it is possible to quantify the comparative effectiveness of all drugs simultaneously in a multiple treatment comparison (MTC) meta-analysis. However, current MTC models ignore the dependence between drug combinations (eg, A + B) and the individual drugs that are part of the combination. In particular, current models ignore the possibility that drug effects may be additive, ie, the property that the effect of A and B combined is equal to the sum of the individual effects of A and B. Current MTC models may thus be suboptimal for analyzing data including drug combinations when their effects are additive or approximately additive. However, the extent to which the additivity assumption can be violated before the conventional model becomes the more optimal approach is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative statistical performance of the conventional MTC model and the additive effects MTC model in MTC scenarios where additivity holds true, is mildly violated, or is strongly violated. Methods: We simulated MTC scenarios in which additivity held true, was mildly violated, or was strongly violated. For each scenario we simulated 500 MTC data sets and applied the conventional and additive effects MTC models in a Bayesian framework. Under each scenario we estimated the proportion of treatment effect estimates that were 20% larger than ‘the truth’ (ie, % overestimates), the proportion that were 20% smaller than ‘the truth’ (ie, % underestimates), the coverage of the 95% credible intervals, and the statistical power. We did this for all the comparisons under both models. Results: Under true additivity, the additive effects model is superior to the conventional model. Under mildly violated additivity, the additive model generally yields more overestimates or underestimates for a subset of treatment comparisons, but comparable coverage and greater power. Under strongly violated additivity, the proportion of overestimates or underestimates and coverage is considerably worse with the additive effects model. Conclusion: The additive MTC model is statistically superior when additivity holds true. The two models are comparably advantageous in terms of a bias-precision trade-off when additivity is only mildly violated. When additivity is strongly violated, the additive effects model is statistically inferior.
The influence of pre-failure soil stiffness on the numerical analysis of tunnel construction

The use of the finite-element method to analyse tunnels is becoming more widespread, but any prediction is dependent (among other things) on the model adopted for the pre-failure soil behaviour. This paper compares and contrasts plane strain predictions of ground movement for both single- and twin-tunnel excavations in stiff clay modelled as (a) isotropic linear elastic perfectly plastic (b) anisotropic linear elastic perfectly plastic (c) isotropic non-linear elastic perfectly plastic with shear stiffness dependent on deviatoric strain and mean effective stress, and bulk modulus dependent on volumetric strain and mean effective stress (d) anisotropic non-linear elastic perfectly plastic employing the model in (c) above (e) isotropic non-linear elastic perfectly plastic with shear and bulk stiffness dependent on deviatoric strain level, mean effective stress, and loading reversals. The analyses model the geometry of the twin Jubilee Line Extension Project tunnels beneath St James's Park (London, UK), and .
COVID-19-associated Coagulopathy Characterization using Rotational Thromboelastometry in a Prospective, Observational Cohort Study: The HemoCoV Study.

INTRODUCTION COVID-19-associated coagulopathy includes systemic and endothelial inflammation with coagulation dysregulation related to immunothrombosis. The aim of this study was to characterize this complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. METHODS An open-label, prospective observational study conducted in patients with COVID-19 moderate to severe acute respiratory failure admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Coagulation testing, including thromboelastometry, biochemical analysis and clinical variables, were collected at prespecified time points during the 30 days of ICU stay. RESULTS The study included 145 patients, 73.8% male, with a median age of 68 years (interquartile range - IQR 55 - 74). The most prevalent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (63.4%), obesity (44.1%) and diabetes (22.1%). Simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) was on average 43.5 (11 - 105) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) at admission was 7.5 (0 - 14). During ICU stay, 66.9% of patients underwent invasive mechanical ventilation and 18.4% extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support; thrombotic and hemorrhagic events occurred in 22.1% and 15.1% of the patients respectively; anticoagulation with heparin was present in 99.2% of patients since early ICU stay. Death occurred in 35% of patients. Longitudinal studies revealed changes in almost all coagulation tests during the ICU stay. SOFA score, lymphocyte counts, some biochemical, inflammatory and coagulation parameters, including hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis seen in thromboelastometry, differed significantly (p < 0.05), between ICU admission and discharge. Hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis persisted throughout ICU hospitalization, showing higher incidence and severity in non-survivors. CONCLUSION COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is characterized by hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis from ICU admission, and persisted throughout the clinical course in severe COVID-19. These changes were more pronounced in patients with higher disease burden and in non-survivors.
Chronostratigraphical and lithostratigraphical correlations of the Zechstein Limestone in Central Europe

Summary A glacioeustatic mechanism governed the sedimentation of the PZ1 Zechstein Limestone and made it possible to correlate Zechstein Limestone deposits in different areas chronostratigraphically. The chronohorizons are surfaces (uncommon) or layers up to several centimetres thick that originated in a subaerial or shallow water environment and overlie deposits formed in a subtidal environment. These chronohorizons divide the Zechstein Limestone sequences into three parts or sub-cycles. The boundary between the previously established lower and upper lithostratigraphical units of the Zechstein Limestone corresponds with that between the first and the second sub-cycles or that between the second and the third sub-cycles, or both, depending on the local palaeogeography.
Observed and Simulated Intraseasonal Variability of the Wintertime Planetary Circulation

Abstract The persistence of the planetary-scale simulation over the North Pacific Ocean is investigated during 18 Northern Hemisphere winters from 1965/66 to 1982/83. Quasi-stationary flow patterns dominate 20 periods during the 6 El Nino winters. In contrast, 29 such periods are observed during the remaining 12 winters. Nearly all of the quasi-stationary episodes during El Nino winters exhibit negative 500 mb geopotential height anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska-Aleutian Island region. During the other 12 winters, episodes characterized by positive height anomalies in that region occur as frequently as those exhibiting negative height anomalies. The observed persistence of the planetary circulation is contrasted to that simulated by the UCLA general circulation model. Ten winters of model output are analyzed: during five winters, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are prescribed to evolve through their climatological seasonal cycle while during the other five winters, SST anomalies corresponding to idealized .
Peridotite Melting at 1 GPa: Reversal Experiments on Partial Melt Compositions Produced by Peridotite–Basalt Sandwich Experiments

One of the goals of igneous petrology is to use the subtle and more obvious differences in the geochemistry of primitive basalts to place constraints on mantle composition, melting conditions and dynamics of mantle upwelling and melt extraction. For this goal to be achieved, our first-order understanding of mantle melting must be refined by high-quality, systematic data on correlated melt and residual phase compositions under known pressures and temperatures. Discrepancies in earlier data on melt compositions from a fertile mantle composition [MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) Pyrolite mg-number 87] and refractory lherzolite (Tinaquillo Lherzolite mg-number 90) are resolved here. Errors in earlier data resulted from drift of W/Re thermocouples at 1 GPa and access of water, lowering liquidus temperatures by 30-80 degrees C. We demonstrate the suitability of the 'sandwich' technique for determining the compositions of multiphase-saturated liquids in lherzolite, provided fine-grained sintered oxide mixes are used as the peridotite starting materials, and the changes in bulk composition are considered. Compositions of liquids in equilibrium with lherzolitic to harzburgitic residue at 1 GPa, 1300-1450degrees C in the two lherzolite compositions are reported. Melt compositions are olivine + hypersthene-normative (olivine tholeiites) with the more refractory composition producing a lower melt fraction (7-8% at 1300 degrees C) compared with the model MORB source (18-20% at 1300 degrees C).
Supplementary Fig. 1

Simple dm/ASarea plot to outline the position of the various studied cross sections. The nine specimens divide into three groups: 1) Forms with a high ASA (*Nautilus*, *Macrocephalites* and in the adult stage *Hammatocyclus*), 2) Forms with a moderate ASA (*Revilloceras* and *Joannites*, *Metalegoceras* in the adult stage) and 3) Forms with low ASA (*Choffatia* and *Sageceras*).
Validation of the Peripheral Ultrasound-guided Vascular Access Rating Scale

Abstract Evidence-based standards in proficiency are needed for ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access. In this study, we explored the validity of the Peripheral Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access (P-UGVA) Rating Scale. We recruited 3 groups of physicians (5 novices, 5 intermediates, and 5 experts) of increasing proficiency in peripheral ultrasound-guided intravenous access. All participants performed 3 peripheral ultrasound-guided intravenous accesses on three different patients. Performance was video-recorded by 3 cameras and the ultrasound image. Synchronized and anonymized split-screen film clips were rated using the P-UGVA rating scale by 2 assessors, which also assessed overall performance on a 1–5 Likert-scale. Evidence of validity was explored using the contemporary validity framework by Messick (content, response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences). Content and response process was ensured in the development of the rating scale and validity study. Internal consistency of the P-UGVA rating scale was excellent and sufficient high for certification purposes (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91). Proficiency groups were successfully discriminated by the UPGIVA rating scale (P = .029, one-way ANOVA), and the P-UGVA rating scale scores also correlated strongly with the overall performance evaluations (rho = 0.87, P < .001, Pearson correlation). We calculated a pass/fail score of 29, which lead to a theoretical false positive rate of 26.5% and false negative rate of 8.5%. We present validity evidence for the P-UGVA rating scale and an evidence-based standard in proficiency for ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access.