Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Backward Induction and Common Strong Belief of Rationality

In 1995, Aumann showed that in games of perfect information, common knowledge of rationality is consistent and entails the backward induction (BI) outcome. That work has been criticized because it uses counterfactual" reasoning|what a player would" do if he reached a node that he knows he will not reach, indeed that he himself has excluded by one of his own previous moves. This paper derives an epistemological characterization of BI that is outwardly reminiscent of Aumann's, but avoids counterfactual reasoning. Speci fically, we say that a player strongly believes a proposition at a node of the game tree if he believes the proposition unless it is logically inconsistent with that node having been reached. We then show that common strong belief of rationality is consistent and entails the BI outcome, where as with knowledge|the word common" signi es strong belief, strong belief of strong belief, and so on ad in nitum. Our result is related to|though not easily derivable from one obtained by Battigalli and Sinischalchi. Their proof is, however, much deeper; it uses a full-blown semantic model of probabilities, and belief is de nied as attribution of probability 1. However, we work with a syntactic model, de nying belief directly by a sound and complete set of axioms, and the proof is relatively direct.
Dynamic Behavior of a Simple Rolling Seismic Isolator with a Position Restoring Device

Herein, the behavior of a rolling type seismic isolation system with a position restoring device (PRD) is investigated, for alleviating problems such as rapid convergence and position restoration. The equation of motion is derived by modeling the behavior of the seismic isolation system, and the seismic characteristics according to the design variables of the PRD are investigated through numerical analysis. The vibration characteristics of the equation of motion show nonlinearity and depend on different variables. Numerical analysis was performed by using the fourth and fifth order Runge–Kutta method, and the vibration characteristics were analyzed with respect to the design parameters in the rolling type seismic isolation system with PRD, and compared to a model without PRD. In the model with PRD, numerical results show that the vibration suppression capability of the earthquake and the position restoration after disturbance are improved compared to those of the model without PRD. In addition, the rolling type seismic isolation system had nonlinear characteristics at specific frequencies, where the response increases suddenly and harmonics occur. This phenomenon can be controlled by the ratio of mass to stiffness and the damping coefficient, showing that the mount system can be designed to avoid resonance through optimal design.
Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Pre-Treatment and the Freezing Methods on the Kinetics of the Freeze-Drying Process of Apple and Its Selected Physical Properties

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of pulsed electric field (PEF) and different freezing methods (fast, slow and vacuum freezing) on the drying kinetics as well as selected physical properties of freeze-dried apple. The apples were subjected to PEF treatment with range of pulses from 0 to 160 and the intake energy from 0 to 1327 kJ·g−1. Apples with and without PEF treatment were frozen with different rates and the freeze-dried. The water content, water activity and colour attributes of freeze-dried apples were investigated. Regression analysis and fitting procedures showed that among six different models, the Midilli et al. model the best described the drying curves of all dried samples. The highest value of the parameter L* = 71.54 was obtained for freeze-dried sample prepared without PEF pre-treatment and fast frozen. Application of PEF pre-treatment resulted in increase in browning index of freeze-dried apples (BI). The studies confirmed the positive effect of PEF on the freeze drying rate only in the case of the slow or fast freezing of the material after the application of low-energy PEF treatment. However, the increase in drying rate was also observed after application of slow and vacuum freezing of the material without PEF pre-treatment. These technologies can be recommended for optimization of the freeze drying process of apples. The statement that the freeze drying process with application of appropriately selected PEF processing parameters causing only partial destruction of cell membranes can be considered as an innovative contribution to the development of science about the possibilities of PEF application.
Exploring the pH dependence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 complete fusion domain and the role of its unique structural features

SARS‐CoV‐2 may enter target cells through the process of membrane fusion at either the plasma (~pH 7.4–7.0) or endosomal (~pH 6.5–5.0) membrane in order to deliver its genetic information. The fusion domain (FD) of the spike glycoprotein is responsible for initiating fusion and is thus integral to the viral life cycle. The FD of SARS‐CoV‐2 is unique in that it consists of two structurally distinctive regions referred to as the fusion peptide (FP) and the fusion loop (FL); yet the molecular mechanisms behind how this FD perturbs the membrane to initiate fusion remains unclear. In this study via solution NMR, we witnessed only a slight conformational change in the FD between pH 7.4 and pH 5.0, resulting in a minor elongation of helix 1. However, we found that the FD's ability to mediate membrane fusion has a large and significant pH dependence, with fusion events being more readily induced at low pH. Interestingly, a biphasic relationship between the environmental pH and fusogenicity was discovered, suggesting a preference for the FD to initiate fusion at the late endosomal membrane. Furthermore, the conserved disulfide bond and hydrophobic motif “LLF” were found to be critical for the function of the complete FD, with minimal activity witnessed when either was perturbed. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the SARS‐CoV‐2 FD preferably initiates fusion at a pH similar to the late endosome through a mechanism that heavily relies on the internal disulfide bond of the FL and hydrophobic LLF motif within the FP.
A Compressed Sensing Based Image Compression-Encryption Coding Scheme without Auxiliary Information Transmission

Facing the explosive growth of image data, how to realize low-cost compression coding and how to protect the confidentiality of image data have become two important research topics. In this work, a novel image coding scheme is proposed, which combines compression and encryption under the framework of compressed sensing (CS). Firstly, the signal is sampled using CS, then normalized and quantified. Next, according to the statistical characteristic of the measurements, the partially quantized measurements are selected for single-valued diffusion, and at the same time the auxiliary information, including the energy information and the quantization parameters, are automatically embedded. In contrast to other existing schemes, our scheme simultaneously achieves two security objectives: one is avoiding energy leakage in CS-based cryptosystem; the other is resisting Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA). Furthermore, without transmitting the auxiliary information, the receiver can perform decryption correctly. Experimental results and analysis also demonstrate the effectiveness and security of the proposed scheme.
Intoxicações agudas por medicamentos e drogas de abuso no estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 2016 a 2020

As intoxicações, sejam por tentativas de suicídio ou acidentes individuais, vem se tornando um grave e crescente problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações agudas por medicamentos e drogas de abuso no estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 2016 a 2020. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico documental descritivo, retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando os dados do Centro de Informação Toxicológica do Rio Grande do Sul (CIT-RS). O clonazepam, paracetamol e a cocaína foram os fármacos e droga de abuso que mais causaram intoxicações, com respectivamente 7.621, 4.637 e 750 casos. As mulheres apresentaram mais casos de intoxicações com medicamentos, enquanto os homens mostraram maior número de casos com drogas de abuso. No público mais jovem, observou-se uma tendência maior de intoxicação por medicamentos isentos de prescrição além dos psicofármacos. É necessário o aprimoramento de medidas relacionadas a toxicovigilância, assim como medidas preventivas da população e das equipes de saúde, visando minimizar as possibilidades de ocorrência de acidentes tóxicos.
The Effects of Low Air Temperatures on Thermoregulation and Sleep of Young Men While Sleeping Using Bedding

Most people do not use heating systems during nocturnal sleep in their bedrooms during the cold season in Japan; instead, they like to use extra blankets and quilts for sleeping. To investigate the effect of low air temperature (Ta) on sleep and thermoregulation when sleeping with bedding, 12 healthy young men participated in sleep experiments over three non-consecutive nights. The experimental conditions were at a Ta of 3 °C, 10 °C and 17 °C, with a relative humidity (Rh) of 50% and an air velocity of 94% for each of the three Tas, and no disturbances were found by Ta in the sleep parameters, although the duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep showed variations at 3 °C. The skin temperature (Ts) of the forehead decreased in proportion to Ta and remained stable. The decreasing rate in rectal temperature (Tre), Ts of forehead and thigh during sleep were significantly greater at 3 °C than at 10 °C and 17 °C. The innermost microclimate temperature (Tmicro) made by the bedding did not correlate with the Tre. The young men were significantly more dissatisfied with 3 °C in the sleep quality evaluation.
Students’ practice on autonomous language learning behaviors: A narrative inquiry

The ability of learners to take an active role in their learning has attracted attention in foreign language learning as the focus of language teaching practice and theory have shifted to a student-centered approach. Thus, this study aimed at exploring how students employed autonomous language learning behaviors, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating their learning, including the challenges that the students may find. By applying a narrative inquiry, this study focused on examining students’ experience in doing autonomous language learning behaviors and their challenges. The data were obtained using a semi-structured interview with four bilingual students who live at private Islamic boarding school. The findings revealed that they implemented autonomous language learning behaviors, yet they met some difficulties in doing those behaviors, such as the dilemma in determining the goals or the priorities to learn, the lack of motivation in doing those behaviors, the need of others to help them doing the behaviors and misunderstanding of the autonomous behavior concepts. The findings imply that the participation of the teacher's assistance and encouragement in implementing autonomous behaviors is crucial. Due to the limited data obtained in this study, future research can be done to explore more about autonomous behaviors. Keywords: autonomous; behaviors; challenges; learner autonomy
The Clinical Significance of Urinary Retinol-Binding Protein 4: A Review

Effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring in renal diseases (in general) comprise an unmet need. Urinary retinol-binding protein 4, which is the most sensitive indicator of renal tubular damage, holds great promise as a universal biomarker for renal pathologies, in which tubular injury is the driving force. Here, we summarize the most important existing data on the associations between urinary retinol-binding protein 4 and renal diseases and highlight the untapped potential of retinol-binding protein 4 in clinical use.
Is there any change in disease presentation and surgical outcomes in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma? An evaluation of the time trend

Background This study aims to investigate the changes in the clinical and radiological presentations of pulmonary aspergilloma in patients undergoing surgery and to evaluate changes in the surgical outcomes over time. Methods Between January 2000 and January 2020, a total of 88 patients (69 males, 19 females; mean age: 45.4±11.2 years; range, 17 to 70 years) who underwent surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma were retrospectively analyzed. Surgeries performed were divided into two groups based on their chronological order: first period (from 2000 to 2010, n=44) and second period (from 2010 to 2020, n=44). Results The most frequent underlying disorder was tuberculosis (72.7%), whereas 10 patients did not have any predisposing conditions for pulmonary aspergilloma. Regarding the aspects of radiological imaging and operative findings, 22 patients had simple aspergilloma and 66 patients had complex aspergilloma. Complications and mortality rates were 33.0% and 5.7%, respectively. A statistical downward was observed in the second period compared to that in the first period regarding the rate of patients with tuberculosis history (61.4% vs. 84.1%, p=0.01). There were more patients who did not have any predisposing conditions for pulmonary aspergilloma in the second period and in the simple aspergilloma group (p=0.04 and p<0.001, respectively). Simple aspergilloma was often observed in the second period than that in the first period (31.8% vs. 18.2%). There was no significant difference between the periods regarding the type of surgical resection (p=0.506), whereas in the simple aspergilloma group, more patients underwent wedge resection (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the periods and radiological groups in terms of complications and mortality. Patients who underwent pneumonectomy had significantly higher rates of complications and mortality (p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). Conclusion Although pulmonary aspergilloma patients who underwent surgery in the last 10 years had a lower history of tuberculosis than those who were operated in the previous 10 years, there was no change in postoperative complications and mortality rates. An increase in simple aspergilloma prevalence may reduce the rate of surgical morbidity.
Quasi-Static and Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Intraply Hybrid Flax/Basalt Composites

In an attempt to increase the low-velocity impact response of natural fiber composites, a new hybrid intraply woven fabric based on flax and basalt fibers has been used to manufacture laminates with both thermoplastic and thermoset matrices. The matrix type (epoxy or polypropylene (PP) with or without a maleated coupling agent) significantly affected the absorbed energy and the damage mechanisms. The absorbed energy at perforation for PP-based composites was 90% and 50% higher than that of epoxy and compatibilized PP composites, respectively. The hybrid fiber architecture counteracted the influence of low transverse strength of flax fibers on impact response, irrespective of the matrix type. In thermoplastic laminates, the matrix plasticization delayed the onset of major damage during impact and allowed a better balance of quasi-static properties, energy absorption, peak force, and perforation energy compared to epoxy-based composites.
The Impact of Parents’ Emotional Expression on Their Children with Specific Learning Disorders: The Role of Parental Educational Counseling Program

Background: According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the fifth edition (DSM-5), specific learning disorders (SLDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that share common features of persistent difficulty in learning key academic skills like reading, writing, or mathematics. Some children in different countries worldwide suffer from various forms of SLDs, which can be highly frustrating for a schoolchild, especially if associated with high (negative) parents' emotional expression (PEE). Aim: This study aimed to identify the relation between PEE and anxiety in children with SLD, and evaluate the effect of a parental educational counselling program (PECP) on the emotional expressions (EE) of parents and anxiety in children with SLD.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 140 children with SLD and their parents at the Helwan University Educational Hospital's Learning Disability Unit (LDU) in Cairo, Egypt. The emotional expression scale (EES) of parents and Taylor manifest anxiety scale (TMAS) of children were used, and children's serum cortisol levels were measured as an anxiety marker. TMAS and EES were repeated after the conduction of 10 sessions of PECP. Serum cortisol samples were taken before PECP.Results: The study was revealed that more than half (60%) of studied children are suffered from morbid anxiety, and 80% of their parents practised high EE. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in children with severe& morbid anxiety, and in children whose parents practised high EE (P<0.001). After applying PECP, scores of TMAS demonstrated a significant drop from 33.06±10.4 to 25.85±10.4, and scores of EES showed a significant drop from 61.31±16.84 to 36.51±13.89. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between scores of TMAS& EES before and after PECP (r=0.533) and (r=0.309), respectively, proving the presence of a direct impact of PEE on the anxiety of studied children with SLDs.
Implications of Network Relations for the Governance of Complex Projects

Our article aims to answer the call for studies on new perspectives of complex projects and their governance. We adopt the social network approach to investigate the implications of network relations for the governance of project networks. We analyze quantitative and qualitative data following two theoretical models: flow and coordination. Our results show how the supply, contractual, and information networks influence the governance of project networks. We contribute to the literature explaining the dependence of the project network governance to network relations. It is necessary to use different theoretical models to analyze the coordination and control of complex project networks.
What do thought leaders make us think about journalism? A boundary-work analysis of newspaper commentary articles

As “boundary objects,” thought-leader articles show some characteristics of journalism but are not considered journalism in its pure sense. Yet this peripheral format occupies a critical place in the media canon and thought-leader articles have value for news organization and audience alike. Given an ongoing demand for content and a declining tendency to pay for it, thought-leader articles have a secure place. But even as they help journalism to overcome one (economic) obstacle, they raise another in the form of questions about their content: Who has a voice? Who is held to account? What agendas are pursued? How are events and topics framed? What are the values of the writer? And who benefits from having a voice, pursuing an agendum and setting the frames of the discussion? When asked of regular reporting, these questions have helped define journalism’s boundaries; when asked of thought-leader articles, the answers similarly reveal what sits inside journalism’s field. This article investigates what thought-leader articles indicate about the boundaries of journalism, through their conformity or otherwise to traditional values and roles.
Financial implications of the EU Emission Trading System: an analysis of wavelet coherence and volatility spillovers

Summary We study the European Union’s Emission Trading System (EU ETS) from a financial perspective. Using ARMA-eGARCH filtered volatilities, we first discuss the evolution of the volatility of EU ETS allowances’ returns from 2008 to 2021. Second, we study the degree of co-movement and interdependence between the EU ETS returns’ volatility and those of 37 large companies in industries subject to the System; to this end, we employWavelet Coherence and Volatility Spillovers Analyses. Despite spotting seasons of co-movement between volatilities in the markets under consideration, the market performances of the companies in our sample are not particularly responsive to the EU ETS dynamics, except for temporary seasons of interconnection in correspondence of relevant policy changes. Abstract We study the European Union’s Emission Trading System (EU ETS) from a financial perspective. Using ARMA-eGARCH filtered volatilities, we first discuss the evolution of the volatility of EU ETS allowances’ returns from 2008 to 2021. Second, we study the degree of co-movement and interdependence between the EU ETS returns’ volatility and those of 37 large companies in industries subject to the System; to this end, we employ Wavelet Coherence and Volatility Spillovers Analyses. Despite spotting seasons of co-movement between volatilities in the markets under consider-ation, the market performances of the companies in our sample are not particularly responsive to the EU ETS dynamics, except for temporary seasons of interconnection in correspondence of relevant policy changes.
Exploring the effects of traditional media, social media, and foreign media on hierarchical levels of political trust in China

Although there is a consensus that mass media play an important role in the rise and fall of political trust in Western democracies, existing research on media use and political trust in China achieved relatively inconclusive findings. By using two surveys conducted in China in 2013 and 2018, we examine the effects of media use, including traditional media, social media, and foreign media, on Chinese citizens’ trust in their central and local governments. Our research shows that traditional media usage such as watching TV and reading newspapers is positively associated with citizens’ trust in the central government but is not related to their trust in local governments. Social media usage is negatively associated with trust in local governments but not with trust in the central government. Using VPNs to access foreign media is negatively associated with Chinese citizens’ trust in the central government but does not affect their trust in local governments. We explain why different types of media have such contrasting effects on political trust in central versus local Chinese governments and discuss the theoretical and empirical implications of these findings.