Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of the placebo lead-in design for clinical trials with binary outcomes

Background: In placebo-controlled clinical trials to develop new drugs for the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders, a high and sometimes greater-than-expected placebo response makes it difficult to show the superiority of an investigational drug over a corresponding placebo. To avoid such difficulty, a placebo lead-in design has been presented, but its usefulness has been open to discussion. Although the statistical properties of the placebo lead-in design are investigated in the context of continuous outcomes, whether these properties can be generalized for binary or ordinal cases remains unclear. Methods: We investigate whether the placebo lead-in design is useful in clinical trials with binary outcomes through mathematical formulae and a numerical investigation. Specifically, we compare the proportion of placebo responders, the drug–placebo difference, and the effect size between two populations: one enriched for placebo nonresponders and the other comprising the all-comers. Results: Under positive correlation of the data between the lead-in stage and the randomized stage for both treatment groups, we mathematically show that the proportion of responders in the population enriched for placebo nonresponders is less than that in the all-comers population, and whether the placebo lead-in design increases the drug–placebo difference depends on the variances of outcomes in both treatment groups as well as the correlations of the outcomes between two stages. Further, through a numerical investigation, we show that whether the placebo lead-in design increases the effect size strongly depends on the magnitude of the correlations and their difference. Conclusion: If the correlation of the placebo–placebo group is much higher than that of the placebo–drug group, the placebo lead-in design is advantageous in most cases but has an impact on an estimand in placebo nonresponders. Therefore, we do not recommend using the placebo lead-in design for clinical trials with binary outcomes.
Using Buddhist Meditation-informed Hypnotic Techniques to Manage Rumination: Two Case Illustrations

ABSTRACT Rumination is a clinical phenomenon that causes significant distress in clients who suffer from various psychological and physical disorders. It also has a deleterious impact on both therapeutic process and outcome. One approach that holds promise to manage rumination is mindfulness meditation in combination with clinical hypnosis. This article: (1) reviews the concept of and techniques to manage rumination in the Buddhist psychological framework, (2) introduces 2 simple mindfulness-based techniques to deal with rumination, i.e., mindful thought detachment and mindful dereflection, and (3) describes 2 case studies in which these strategies were applied successfully. Hypnosis-informed clinicians are encouraged to integrate these approaches in their practices.
Induced gratitude and hope, and experienced fear, but not experienced disgust, facilitate COVID-19 prevention

ABSTRACT Hope, gratitude, fear, and disgust may all be key to encouraging preventative action in the context of COVID-19. We pre-registered a longitudinal experiment, which involved monthly data collections from September 2020 to September 2021 and a six-month follow-up. We predicted that a hope recall task would reduce negative emotions and elicit higher intentions to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours. At the first time point, participants were randomly allocated to a recall task condition (gratitude, hope, or control). At each time point, we measured willingness to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours, as well as experienced hope, gratitude, fear, and disgust. We then conducted a separate, follow-up study in February 2022, to see if the effects replicated when COVID-19 restrictions were relaxed in the UK. In the main study, contrary to our pre-registered hypothesis, we found that a gratitude recall task elicited more willingness to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours in comparison to the neutral recall task. We also found that experienced gratitude, hope, and fear were positively related to preventative action, while disgust was negatively related. These results present advancement of knowledge of the role of specific emotions in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Orb-web spider Argiope (Araneidae) as indigenous arrow poison of G/ui and G//ana San hunters in the Kalahari

Hunting has been crucial in early human evolution. Some San (Bushmen) of southern Africa still practice their indigenous hunting. The use of poisons is one remarkable aspect of their bow-and-arrow hunting but the sources, taxonomic identifications of species used, and recipes, are not well documented. This study reports on fieldwork to investigate recent indigenous hunting practices of G/ui and G//ana San communities in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), Botswana. Here we discuss their use of spider poison. The hunters use the contents of the opisthosoma (‘abdomen’) of a spider as sole ingredient of the arrow poison and discard the prosoma that contains the venom-glands. Using taxonomic keys, we identified the spider as the garden orb-web spider Argiope australis (Walckenaer 1805) (Araneidae). The hunters’ choice of this species is remarkable given the scientific perception that A. australis is of little medical importance. The species choice raises questions about how the spider fluids could kill game, particularly when the prosoma, which contains the venom glands, is not used. Possibilities include trauma, as a source of pathogens, or abdomen-containing toxins. Based on characteristics of Argiope Audouin 1826, we hypothesize that the choice of this species for arrow poisons might have evolved from the recognition of aposematic signalling or spiritual symbolism. Indigenous knowledge (IK) is an important source for advances in biotechnology but is in decline worldwide. The study contributes to the documentation of the San people, and their ancient IK, which is threatened by marginalization, political pressures, and climate change.
Noninvasive methods to monitor intracranial pressure

Purpose of review Intracranial pressure (ICP) is determined by the production of and outflow facility of cerebrospinal fluid. Since alterations in ICP are implicated in several vision-threatening and life-threatening diseases, measurement of ICP is necessary and common. All current clinical methods to measure ICP are invasive and carry the risk for significant side effects. Therefore, the development of accurate, reliable, objective, and portal noninvasive devices to measure ICP has the potential to change the practice of medicine. This review discusses recent advances and barriers to the clinical implementation of noninvasive devices to determine ICP. Recent findings Many noninvasive methods to determine ICP have been developed. Although most have significant limitations limiting their clinical utility, several noninvasive methods have shown strong correlations with invasively obtained ICP and have excellent potential to be developed further to accurately quantify ICP and ICP changes. Summary Although invasive methods remain the mainstay for ICP determination and monitoring, several noninvasive biomarkers have shown promise to quantitatively assess and monitor ICP. With further refinement and advancement of these techniques, it is highly possible that noninvasive methods will become more commonplace and may complement or even supplant invasively obtained methods to determine ICP in certain situations.
Family physician services and blood pressure control in China: A population-based retrospective cohort study

Objective Given the importance of continuous family physician (FP) care in the management of hypertension, we explored the effects of such care among hypertensive patients in China, a country where such care is generally underutilized. We examined the longitudinal association between the use and continuity of FP services and health outcomes including blood pressure (BP) control rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from the retrospective regional electronic health record database in Xiamen City, China. The study considered 18,119 hypertensive patients aged over 18 years who had at least two visits to a health center in the preceding 12 months. The generalized estimating equation model was adopted to estimate the longitudinal association between FP service utilization and health outcomes. Results Hypertensive patients treated by their own FPs had a higher BP control rate (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02–1.28) and lower DBP (−0.36 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.20) than those without a FP or those with a FP but treated by a general community physician (GCP). Compared with hypertensive patients treated exclusively by GCPs, patients treated continuously and exclusively by a FP were 45% more likely to have their BP under control (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32–1.60), and their SBP and DBP were lower by 0.6 mmHg (95% CI: −0.78 to −0.39) and 0.6 mmHg (95% CI: −0.79 to −0.47), respectively. Conclusions Hypertensive patients continuously treated by their own FPs performed better in terms of BP control rate, SBP and DBP values. In addition, the number and continuity of FP visits were associated with better BP control.
On the scalar field dynamics in a spatially flat Friedman universe

The dynamics of a spatially homogeneous scalar field, generating a conformally flat Friedman metric, is considered. It is assumed that the scalar field is weakly coupled to ordinary matter and is described by a rather arbitrary potential. The examples of some exact and asymptotic solutions to the non-linear differential equation appearing in the problem, are presented. The possible implications of the solutions for cosmology are briefly pointed out.
Besov regularity for elliptic boundary value problems

This paper studies the regularity of solutions to boundary value problems for the Laplace operator on Lipschitz domains {Omega} in R{sup d} and its relationship with adaptive and other nonlinear methods for approximating these solutions. The smoothness spaces which determine the efficiency of such nonlinear approximation in L{sub p}({Omega}) are the Besov spaces B{sub {tau}}{sup {alpha}}(L{sub {tau}}({Omega})), {tau} := ({alpha}/d + 1/p){sup -1}. Thus, the regularity of the solution in T this scale of Besov spaces is investigated with the aim of determining the largest a for which the solution is in B{sub {tau}}{sup {alpha}}(L{sub {tau}}({Omega})). The regularity theorems given in this paper build upon the recent results of Jerison and Kenig. The proof of the regularity theorem uses characterizations of Besov spaces by wavelet expansions. 14 refs., 1 fig.
The use of arts‐based methodologies and methods with young people with complex psychosocial needs: A systematic narrative review

Arts‐based methodologies and methods (ABM) can elicit rich and meaningful data with seldom‐heard groups and empower participants in research. Young people with complex psychosocial needs could be better engaged in research using arts‐based approaches to overcome communication and literacy issues as well as distrust of those with power, including researchers. A critical review of the use and impact of ABM among this population is timely. The purpose of this review is to synthesize and examine the experience and use of ABM with young people with complex psychosocial needs.
Propriete des iteres et ellipticite

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RF superconductivity for accelerators

BASICS Introductory Overview Cavity Fundamentals and Cavity Fields Superconductivity Essentials Electrodynamics of Normal and Superconductors Maximum Surface Fields PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES Cavity Fabrication and Preparation Multicell Field "Flatness" Tuning Cavity Testing Residual Resistance Multipacting Thermal Breakdown Field Emission The Quest for High Gradients Alternate Materials to Solid Niobium COUPLERS AND TUNERS Mode Excitation and Its Consequences Higher Order Mode Couplers Coupling Power to the Beam Input Power Couplers and Windows Tuners and Frequency Related Issues FRONTIER ACCELERATORS High-Current Accelerators High-Energy Accelerators Problems References Index
Morphology of polar cap patch activity

For the period July 1, 1989, to June 30, 1990, for high solar activity, ƒ0F2 data were recorded by the Digital Ionospheric Sounding Systems from two Qaanaaq and Sondrestromfjord; ionospheric UHF scintillation data were recorded from Thule; and airglow images were recorded from Qaanaaq. These data were used to study the morphology of polar cap patches. For this study the polar cap patch activity has been defined as excess electron density above a baseline. The megahertz scale ƒ0F2 for the strength of a patch matches well with the decibel scale of scintillation patches. On a daily basis the polar cap patch occurrence is very high (90%) for weak patches (≥3 MHz), and it decreases significantly (20%) for stronger patches (≥8 MHz). On a daily basis the occurrence of the number of patches per day shows a similar behavior, with as many as 10 weak (≥3 MHz) patches and as few as two strong (≥8 MHz) patches. On the average, patches are seen 50% of the time, whereas strong patches are seen only 5% of the time. Polar cap patches show a strong seasonal dependence, with the highest occurrence in the winter months. Average patch duration is about 55 min at the polar latitudes of Thule and Qaanaaq. The time interval between the patches is about 100 min. The patch occurrence and strength both show a diurnal behavior, with the highest occurrence around 2200–0200 UT and a minimum around 0600–1100 UT. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that the source for patches is a tongue of ionization formed by plasma convection carrying auroral/subauroral plasma into the nightside polar region. The observations support the mechanism of a chopping of a tongue of ionization for a formation of a patch close to auroral latitude, and the patch drifts across the polar cap. The patch activity seems to be weakly dependent on magnetic activity index Kp. The present study shows that the patch occurrence is 27% for By positive and 73% for By negative, and 32% for Bz positive and 68% Bz negative, supporting the present understanding that the polar cap patches predominantly occur with the southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Theory and simulations of electron vortices generated by magnetic pushing

Vortex formation and propagation are observed in kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of magnetic pushing in the plasma opening switch. These vortices are studied here within the electron-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) approximation using detailed analytical modeling. PIC simulations of these vortices have also been performed. Strong v×B forces in the vortices give rise to significant charge separation, which necessitates the use of the EMHD approximation in which ions are fixed and the electrons are treated as a fluid. A semi-analytic model of the vortex structure is derived, and then used as an initial condition for PIC simulations. Density-gradient-dependent vortex propagation is then examined using a series of PIC simulations. It is found that the vortex propagation speed is proportional to the Hall speed vHall≡cB0/4πneeLn. When ions are allowed to move, PIC simulations show that the electric field in the vortex can accelerate plasma ions, which leads to dissipation of the vortex. This electric fiel.
Universal robust quantum gates by geometric correspondence of noisy quantum evolution

A key to the next leap in quantum technologies and quantum computing relies on precise and robust control over noisy quantum systems. For the first time, our theory uncovers an essential correspondence between the driven noisy quantum evolution and multiplex space curves relating to various noises. Each two-sate system's noisy dynamics correspond to a diagram formed of the curves. The curve's properties provide a quantitative geometric metric of evolution error. On the other hand, the geometric correspondence is an explicit model to engineer quantum gates robust against various noises. It further gives the criteria to identify whether a noisy quantum system's evolution could be controlled robustly. Our analytic-numerical hybrid protocol enables the construction of universal robust quantum gates with very simple and smooth pulses for any given gate time. Based on realistic models of semiconductor spin qubits and superconducting transmons, our numerical simulations demonstrate plateaus of gate fidelity above the fault-tolerance threshold over a broad range of noise strength. These solid and promising results prove that our universal robust control pulses are ready for experiments. Therefore, this work shines some light on resolving the general robust quantum control problems.
Detecting Exomoons from Radial Velocity Measurements of Self-luminous Planets: Application to Observations of HR 7672 B and Future Prospects

The detection of satellites around extrasolar planets, so called exomoons, remains a largely unexplored territory. In this work, we study the potential of detecting these elusive objects from radial velocity monitoring of self-luminous, directly imaged planets. This technique is now possible thanks to the development of dedicated instruments combining the power of high-resolution spectroscopy and high-contrast imaging. First, we demonstrate a sensitivity to satellites with a mass ratio of 1%–4% at separations similar to the Galilean moons from observations of a brown-dwarf companion (HR 7672 B; K mag = 13; 0.″7 separation) with the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (R ∼ 35,000 in the K band) at the W. M. Keck Observatory. Current instrumentation is therefore already sensitive to large unresolved satellites that could be forming from gravitational instability akin to binary star formation. Using end-to-end simulations, we then estimate that future instruments such as the Multi-Object Diffraction-limited High-resolution Infrared Spectrograph, planned for the Thirty Meter Telescope, should be sensitive to satellites with mass ratios of ∼10−4. Such small moons would likely form in a circumplanetary disk similar to the Jovian satellites in the solar system. Looking for the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect could also be an interesting pathway to detecting the smallest moons on short orbital periods. Future exomoon discoveries will allow precise mass measurements of the substellar companions that they orbit and provide key insight into the formation of exoplanets. They would also help constrain the population of habitable Earth-sized moons orbiting gas giants in the habitable zone of their stars.
Uncertainty Estimation based on Geometric Separation

In machine learning, accurately predicting the probability that a speciﬁc input is correct is crucial for risk management. This process, known as uncertainty (or conﬁdence) estimation, is particularly important in mission-critical applications such as autonomous driving. In this work, we put for-ward a novel geometric-based approach for improving uncertainty estimations in machine learning models. Our approach involves using the geometric distance of the current input from existing training inputs as a signal for estimating uncertainty, and then calibrating this signal using standard post-hoc techniques. We demonstrate that our method leads to more accurate uncertainty estimations than recently proposed approaches through extensive evaluation on a variety of datasets and models. Additionally, we optimize our approach so that it can be implemented on large datasets in near real-time applications, making it suitable for time-sensitive scenarios.
A Distinct Unsupervised Reference Model From The Environment Helps Continual Learning

The existing continual learning methods are mainly focused on fully-supervised scenarios and are still not able to take advantage of unlabeled data available in the environment. Some recent works tried to investigate semi-supervised continual learning (SSCL) settings in which the unlabeled data are available, but it is only from the same distribution as the labeled data. This assumption is still not general enough for real-world applications and restricts the utilization of unsupervised data. In this work, we introduce Open-Set Semi-Supervised Continual Learning (OSSCL) , a more realistic semi-supervised continual learning setting in which out-of-distribution (OoD) unlabeled samples in the environment are assumed to coexist with the in-distribution ones. Under this conﬁguration, we present a model with two distinct parts: (i) the reference network captures general-purpose and task-agnostic knowledge in the environment by using a broad spectrum of unlabeled samples, (ii) the learner network is designed to learn task-speciﬁc representations by exploiting supervised samples. The reference model both provides a pivotal representation space and also segregates unlabeled data to exploit them more efﬁciently. By performing a diverse range of experiments, we show the superior performance of our model compared with other competitors and prove the effectiveness of each component of the proposed model.
Deep Axial Hypercomplex Networks

Over the past decade, deep hypercomplex-inspired networks have enhanced feature extraction for image classification by enabling weight sharing across input channels. Recent works make it possible to improve representational capabilities by using hypercomplex-inspired networks which consume high computational costs. This paper reduces this cost by factorizing a quaternion 2D convolutional module into two consecutive vectormap 1D convolutional modules. Also, we use 5D parameterized hypercomplex multiplication based fully connected layers. Incorporating both yields our proposed hypercomplex network, a novel architecture that can be assembled to construct deep axial-hypercomplex networks (DANs) for image classifications. We conduct experiments on CIFAR benchmarks, SVHN, and Tiny ImageNet datasets and achieve better performance with fewer trainable parameters and FLOPS. Our proposed model achieves almost 2% higher performance for CIFAR and SVHN datasets, and more than 3% for the ImageNet-Tiny dataset and takes six times fewer parameters than the real-valued ResNets. Also, it shows state-of-the-art performance on CIFAR benchmarks in hypercomplex space.