Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation and Characteristics of Index Forms

Markedly increased application of the floating planktonic foraminifers by petroleum-company micropaleontologists and biostratigraphers now clearly demonstrates the widespread utility of these forms for reliable and precise correlating and dating. Presently the entire Cenozoic time interval is zoned reliably in detail (i.e., to units of about 1 to 2 million years) using some 200 species (and subspecies). Each zone is a unique subdivision of the Cenozoic, and collectively they account for all Cenozoic time with neither gaps nor overlaps. Attempts at cross correlation between classical Cenozoic stages and planktonic foraminiferal zones reveal that conventional stage names (e.g., Aquitanian) and chronologic terms (e.g., late Early Miocene) are highly unsatisfactory currently for accurate correlation and age determination. This zonation, developed initially for tropical to subtropical areas, is recognized now also in temperate latitudes but not generally in sediments deposited from very cold water of Arctic and Antarctic regions. Where planktonic foraminifers occur in surface or subsurface sections of concern, they provide a notable basis for correlating and dating to a uniform time standard. Moreover, local application of this standard zonation yields consistent and exact age interpretations that are essential for detailed evaluation of correlative geologic, geochemical, and seismic data and selection of meaningful isochronous intervals for mapping structure and depositional environments. Even where sections contain only scattered assemblages of planktonic foraminifers, these provide a reliable age framework on which can be hung other locally useful zonations. Although still meriting greatly increased application, planktonic foraminifers certainly cannot entirely replace well-established benthonic foraminiferal and other zonations in regions where these can be applied advantageously. Also, planktonic foraminifers need, locally, to be supplemented by additional planktonic microfossils, such as coccoliths, dinoflagellates, and radiolarians. Most of this report comprises 1) a somewhat pragmatic review of Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonation as described in recent international literature and as practiced by many petroleum micropaleontologists, 2) presentation of a zonal scheme that has practical utility as a standard for industrial and academic paleontologists and biostratigraphers concerned with applying planktonic foraminifers in studies having broad geographic coverage or other requirements for detailed coherence in age determination, and 3) differentiation by description and illustration of those Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers deemed most useful in regional and interregional correlation and age determination. Other data (e.g., selected bibliography, range charts, and index to taxa) are included to facilitate use of the report by both experienced and inexperienced micropaleontologists.
Small domestic wastewater treatment using waste materials

Phosphorus pollution of groundwater from small wastewater system is often considered as a major threat for aquatic habitats. Recirculating biofilters are often used to treat small wastewater systems without significant removal of phosphorus. In this paper, a low-cost waste material (dried alum residual) in pre-treated effluents from recirculating biofilters was examined. Two different types of wastewater were used; one collected from a pilot scale biofilter from a municipality and the other generated in the laboratory using bench scale biofilter. Sorption-based treatment system was used to remove phosphorus using alum residual. Batch and fixed bed column tests were conducted. Results indicated that alum residual was effective in removing phosphorus. The presence of organic matter (BOD5) showed to have decreased the phosphorus sorption behaviour. The leaching of aluminium was reasonable and in many cases aluminium was adsorbed onto the alum residual.
Recent foraminifera in shelf sediments of the Scoresby Sund fjord, East Greenland

A study of sea-bottom samples from shallow waters in the northern part of Scoresby Sund, off Jameson Land, East Greenland, reveals four different foraminiferal assemblages between 1.3 and 35.6 m water depth. The shallowest samples. Assemblage SA (1.3–2.2 m), contain only very few foraminifera, presumably due to the annual repeated formation of an ice foot. Assemblage SB (3.7 and 4.3 m) is characterized by the calcareous species Haynesina nivea and H. orbiculare, while the arenaceous species Spiropleclammina biformis, Reophax arctica, and Recurvoides turbinatus dominate all the faunas of Assemblage SC (9.3–25.9 m depth). The change in fauna to the succeeding Portatrochammina bipolaris - Spiropleclammina biformis fauna (Assemblage SD, 29.6 and 35.6 m) presumably corresponds to the transition from the shallow Fjord water layer to the deeper and relatively more stable Polar water. Elphidiella hannai (Cushman & Grant) is recorded live for the first time in recent assemblages from the Atlantic Ocean.
A 0.025-mm2 0.8-V 78.5dB-SNDR VCO-Based Sensor Readout Circuit in a Hybrid PLL-ΔΣM Structure

This paper presents a capacitive-coupled VCO-based sensor readout featuring a hybrid PLL $- \Delta \Sigma \mathrm {M}$ structure. It leverages phase-locking and PFD array to concurrently perform quantization and DEM, much reducing hardware/power compared to existing VCO-based readouts counting scheme. A low-cost in-cell DWA scheme is presented to enable highly linear tri-level DAC. Fabricated in 40nm CMOS, the prototype readout achieves 78dB SNDR in 10kHz BW, consuming $4.5 \mu \mathrm {W}$ and 0.025mm2 active area. With 172dB Schreier FoM, its efficiency advances state-of-the-art VCO-based readouts by $50 \times $.
The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Trace gases emitted by smoldering logs and dung from deforestation and pasture fires in Brazil

[1] Earlier work showed that Amazonian biomass burning produces both lofted and initially unlofted emissions in large amounts. A mobile, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) measured the unlofted emissions of 17 trace gases from residual smoldering combustion (RSC) of logs as part of the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE) during the 2004 Amazonian dry season. The RSC emissions were highly variable and the few earlier RSC measurements lay near the high end of combustion efficiency observed in this study. Fuel consumption by RSC was ∼5% of total for a planned deforestation fire. Much regional RSC probably occurs in the residual woody debris burned during pasture maintenance fires. RSC could increase estimated total fire emissions for the Amazon region by 20–50% for several important VOC. FTIR emissions measurements of burning dung (in a pasture) showed high emission ratios for acetic acid and ammonia to CO (6.6 ± 3.4% and 8.9 ± 2.1%). Large emissions of nitrogen containing trace gases from burning dung and crop waste could mean that biomass burning in India produces more particle mass than previously assumed. Measurements of late-stage kiln emissions suggested that VOC/CO may increase as carbonization is extended. A cook stove emitted many VOC and NH3 far outside the range observed for open wood cooking fires. Enclosed/vented cooking stoves may change the chemistry of the smoke that is emitted.
Water Uptake By Plants: II. The Root Contact Model

In the standard analysis of root water uptake, it is assumed there is a constant root membrane resistance in series with a soil resistance which is dependent upon the soil moisture diffusivity. The relation of root extraction rate to soil water content and to soil water potential predicted by this standard model was compared to the results of divided root experiments. The extraction rates predicted by the theory were as much as eight times larger than the measured values. A reasonable fit between theory and experiment could only be obtained by assuming in the theoretical calculations that the rooting density was 100 times smaller than that measured in the experiments. An alternative model emphasizing the possibility of a root-soil contact effect was developed. It was assumed that as the soil dried, the surface area of the roots in contact with the soil decreased, which caused an increase in the root membrane resistance. By assuming that the effective root membrane permeability was simply proportional to the relative saturation of the soil, a much better fit to the data was obtained than by using the conventional theory.
Diurnal and Seasonal CO2–C Flux from Soil as Related to Erosion Phases in Central Ohio

The CO{sub 2}-C flux from soil is an important part of the global C cycle, whose dependence on erosion is as yet largely unknown. The authors hypothesized that the magnitude of diurnal and seasonal C flux is related to soil erosion phase and is influenced by soil water and temperature regimes. The CO{sub 2}-C flux from the surface of a Miamian silt loam soil (fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalf) in central Ohio was monitored using the static chamber method. Gas samples were collected four times daily (at 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 h) at {approx}2-wk intervals between July 1995 and June 1997. The CO{sub 2} evolved from the soil surface varied significantly among seasons ranging from 0 g C m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1} in the winter to {approx}1.6 g C m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1} during the summer. Soil erosion phase had no direct effect on C flux from the soil, although depositional areas had 20 to 25% higher water content than other phases, while severely eroded and depositional areas generally had higher soil temperatures than slightly and moderately eroded phases. Soil C flux exhibited diurnal variations with high values differing from lows by as much as 0.04 g Cmore » m{sup {minus}2} h{sup {minus}1}. Peak flux rates as high as 0.082 g C m{sup {minus}2} h{sup {minus}1} occurred during the mid afternoon during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Soil C flux was significantly correlated with soil temperature (r{sup 2} = 0.804) and air temperature (r{sup 2} = 0.806) but not with soil moisture content. « less
Impact of Target Management Card on Patient Safety in the Emergency Department: A Mixed Methods Study

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of the Target Management Card on patient safety in the emergency department. Patients and Methods A mixed method design was developed, combining a one-group pretest-posttest design with a qualitative study. Target Management Cards were formulated for 32 emergency nurse practitioners and focus group interviews were conducted after the intervention. Wilcoxon’s signed rank test was used to compare pre-test and post-test scores. The interview data were subject to content analysis. Results After developing the Target Management Card, there were significant improvements in safety behaviors (Z = 4.709, p < 0.01) and perception of patient safety (Z = 4.257, p < 0.01) among emergency nurse practitioners. The nurses in the focus group interviews agreed that the Target Management Card could improve patient safety by warning and supervising nursing work in the emergency department, promoting a positive change in nurses’ attitudes and behaviors toward patient safety. Conclusion Our study found that nurses and nursing managers jointly formulating Target Management Cards in emergency departments significantly enhances patient safety.
Resolution enhancement of hyperspectral data using multispectral imagery

Hyperspectral imagers tend to have lower spatial resolution than multispectral ones. This often results in a (sometimes difficult) trade-off between spectral and spatial resolution. We have developed a technique, called CRISP, that combines low-resolution hyperspectral data and high-resolution multispectral data to produce high quality, high-resolution hyperspectral data. This technique shows good quantitative performance when applied to realistic applications such as land cover estimation and anomaly detection. As a test of this technique, we have performed an experiment using HyMap hyperspectral data and multispectral instruments over the coast waters of Oahu, Hawaii. The accuracy of the CRISP sharpening approach when used for coastal applications such as depth mapping is assessed.
Postglacial relative sea‐level observations from Ireland and their role in glacial rebound modelling

The British Isles have been the focus of a number of recent modelling studies owing to the existence of a high‐quality sea‐level dataset for this region and the suitability of these data for constraining shallow earth viscosity structure, local to regional ice sheet histories and the magnitude/timing of global meltwater signals. Until recently, the paucity of both glaciological and relative sea‐level (RSL) data from Ireland has meant that the majority of these glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling studies of the British Isles region have tended to concentrate on reconstructing ice cover over Britain. However, the recent development of a sea‐level database for Ireland along with emergence of new glaciological data on the spatial extent, thickness and deglacial chronology of the Irish Ice Sheet means it is now possible to revisit this region of the British Isles. Here, we employ these new data to constrain the evolution of the Irish Ice Sheet. We find that in order to reconcile differences between model predictions and RSL evidence, a thick, spatially extensive ice sheet of ∼600–700 m over much of north and central Ireland is required at the LGM with very rapid deglaciation after 21 k cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Western U.S. upper mantle structure

Regional three-dimensional inversions of upper mande P wave velocity structure are created from teleseismic P wave travel time residuals recorded by many of the high-density high-frequency regional arrays operated within the western United States. These inversions are adjusted to a global (International Seismic Centre) reference and merged to obtain an image of the upper mantle beneath western United States. The P wave velocities in the upper mantle are slow on average, and the structure is very heterogeneous. Where resolution is good, coherent upper mantle structures are imaged that extend as deep as ∼200 km (the Juan de Fuca and Gorda slabs, which penetrate to greater depths, are exceptions) and deviate from the average velocity (at a given depth) by as much as ±4%. Lateral resolution of these structures usually is very good, although the magnitude of the actual seismic variations is probably greater than that imaged. The long wavelength part of the imaged mantle structure defines coherent elongate features with wavelengths of 200–500 km. Within ∼250 km of the Pacific Coast, these structures have a wavelength of ∼250 km and trend parallel to the surface physiography and young tectonic structures. Beneath the continental interior, where use is made of additional seismic studies to infer average structure in regions of poor teleseismic data coverage, structures have a wavelength of ∼500 km and trend northeasterly. This northeast orientation is discordant with young tectonic structures but aligns with young volcanic activity.
Characteristics and classification of soils of Gora Daget forest, South Welo highlands, Ethiopia

The soils of the slopes of the South Welo highlands have been either intensively cultivated or overgrazed and eroded. As a result there are few sites where undisturbed soils exist for use as a reference against which the impacts of land use can be evaluated. The Gora Daget forest on a very steep slope located close to Dessie town provides one of these rare opportunities for the type of investigation. Three pairs of representative soil profiles that formed under this indigenous mixed juniperous forest were investigated to establish the soil characteristics and identify the grouping within the fao/unesco classification system. The depths of the soils ranged from less than 30 cm to slightly more than a meter. The solum in all soil types showed very little horizon differentiation and comprised of only Ah horizon, where it is shallower, and Ah and ac horizons where it is deeper. The Ah colour is invariably dark brown (10yr2/2) while the ac is black (10yr2/1). The crumb structure and the loam texture typifying the surface soils changes very little with depth. The main minerals constituting the clay fraction were mica, morderite and sepiolite while those comprising the skeletal fraction were pyroxenes, anorthoclase, plagioclase, morderite, quartz, and magnetite. The organic carbon and total nitrogen are generally high but available phosphorus is low. The pH is within a range suitable to most plants while both the cec and base saturation values registered for the soils were high. The A-horizons were mollic and the soil units were identified as Mollic Leptosols and Mollic Phaeozems. All of the soils showed transitional characteristics with Andosols necessitating their third-level categorization as Andi-mollic Leptosols and Andi-mollic Phaeozems. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 23, No. 1 (June 2000), pp. 35-51 Key words/phrases: Ethiopia, Gora Daget forest, soils, Welo highlands
Prepared for submission to JHEP Holographic Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theories

We construct a holographic dual of the Schwinger-Keldysh effective action for the dissipative low-energy dynamics of relativistic charged matter at strong coupling in a fixed thermal background. To do so, we use a mixed signature bulk spacetime whereby an eternal asymptotically anti-de Sitter black hole is glued to its Euclidean counterpart along an initial time slice in a way to match the desired double-time contour of the dual field theory. Our results are consistent with existing literature and can be regarded as a fully-ab initio derivation of a Schwinger-Keldysh effective action. In addition, we provide a simple infrared effective action for the near horizon region that drives all the dissipation and can be viewed as an alternative to the membrane paradigm approximation. On leave from: National Centre for Nuclear Research, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland. ar X iv :1 81 2. 06 09 3v 1 [ he pth ] 1 4 D ec 2 01 8
A Hoxnian interglacial doline infilling at Slade Oak Lane, Denham, Buckinghamshire, England

Abstract Site investigations for the M25 motorway at Denham proved a maximum depth of 37.5 m of deposits filling an enclosed hollow up to 40 m across beneath a small seasonally dry valley near Higher Denham. This previously unknown very steepsided hollow is infilled with gravel and sand, partially laminated clayey silt and pebbly clay. Within these deposits a bed of organic clay mud up to 4.5 m in thickness is present. Resistivity survey of the hollow proves that it is completely enclosed. Palaeobotanical investigation shows that the organic sediment contains fossil pollen, spores and macroscopic remains. The pollen spectra indicate that the sediments accumulated during the later half of the Hoxnian interglacial Stage (Ho III/IV). Macroscopic remains include ‘relict’ species Dulichium arundinaceum, and Brasenia schreberi, the latter being new to the Hoxnian Stage. The evidence for waterlevel fluctuation during the interglacial at the site is discussed. The origin of the hollow is considered and the conclusion reached is that it is a doline formed by solution of the underlying Chalk bedrock. The infilling of the basin is attributed to collapse, solifluction and slope wash of local material under cold climates before and after the interglacial. The interglacial sediment is a shallow water pool accumulation. The hollow is thought to have been formed originally as a solution pipe beneath the Thames' Gerrards Cross Gravel, rapid drainage of a neighbouring glacial lake causing the major collapse in the late Anglian Stage. Subsequent infill took place during the later part of the Anglian, Hoxnian and Wolstonian Stages and possibly even later. Heavy mineral analyses of the silt-rich sediment above and beneath the interglacial deposits are appended and indicate that it is almost all of local Reading Beds material.
Statistical study of auroral kilometric radiation fine structure striations observed by Polar

We have conducted a statistical survey of a semirandom sample of the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) data observed by the plasma wave instrument wideband receiver on board the Polar spacecraft. We have determined that AKR fine structure patterns with very narrowband, negative drifting striations occur in approximately 6% of the high-resolution wideband spectrograms when AKR is present. Positive sloping striations are also observed, but at a much lower rate. More than 8200 AKR stripes have been scaled. The stripes are predominantly found in the 40- to 215-kHz frequency range and have a frequency extent of about 4 kHz and a duration of usually less than 2 s. The majority of the stripes have drift rates between -8 and -2 kHz/s, with a peak in the distribution between -6 and -4 kHz/s. There is also a much smaller group of striations with positive drift rates of up to about 5 or 6 kHz/s. We have further investigated the change of drift rate with frequency. Almost all striations are observed in the lowest two frequency bands of the wideband receiver (f < 215 kHz). There is an increase in the statistical drift rate with increasing frequency. The statistical slope of the striations increases with frequency from about -4.4 kHz/s at 75 kHz to about -5.7 kHz/s at 170 kHz. This frequency dependence of the drift rate is consistent, under certain conditions, with a production mechanism stimulated by an upward propagating electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave, as had been suggested earlier. However, such a changing drift rate is also compatible with a stimulated source region that propagates upward along the magnetic field line at the velocity of an ion beam accelerated by a local, upward directed electric field, as is typically observed in the auroral region. An explanation for this association is not apparent at this time.
Hoof-print structures in beach sand

Complicated structures in Recent beach sands were seen to be related to circular depressions of the beach surface at about the upper limit of swash. The structures were interpreted to be either products of ) air-heave', or consequent upon deformation of normal beach stratification by horse-hooves. Trials showed that the structures are matched by horse-hoof prints partly modified and infilled by swash.
Observations of extremely low tropopause temperature over the Indian tropical region during monsoon and postmonsoon months: Possible implications

[1] The present study examines the possible role of the “freeze and dry effect,” which is generally believed to occur when the tropopause temperature is lower than 191 K. So far, there is observational evidence to support the role of the “freeze-dry mechanism” over the western Pacific region, in particular, over Indonesia. The paper presents observations from four intensive radiosonde/GPS sonde campaigns during summer monsoon and postmonsoon seasons from a number of stations in the tropical Indian region. Observations provide clear evidence of the existence of tropopause temperature lower than 191 K. Analysis suggests that cold tropopause occurs over a wide area of 5° × 5° in latitude and longitude and more often around local midnight hours. Cold tropopause temperature appears to occur more often over the ocean as compared to the coastal stations. The observations at the coastal stations show that on the days of low temperature, the tropopause is cooler by ∼8 K than the climatological temperature for the Indian equatorial region and ∼3.5 K from the mean of all observations. It is noted that on the days of observed cold tropopause, the lapse rate just below the tropopause is closer to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. This indicates a rapid cooling in a narrow height range. The present observations thus provide evidence that the freeze-dry mechanism could be operating over a wide area, which includes the Indian tropical region. The possible role of atmospheric convection and also of atmospheric waves in producing low tropopause temperatures is examined and discussed.