Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Common but Nonpersistent Acquisitions of Plant Viruses by Plant-Associated Fungi

Investigating a virus’s host range and cross-infection is important for better understanding the epidemiology and emergence of viruses. Previously, our research group discovered a natural infection of a plant RNA virus, cumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus, family Bromoviridae), in a plant pathogenic basidiomycetous fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, isolated from a potato plant grown in the field. Here, we further extended the study to investigate whether similar cross-infection of plant viruses occurs widely in plant-associated fungi in natural conditions. Various vegetable plants such as spinach, leaf mustard, radish, celery, and other vegetables that showed typical virus-like diseases were collected from the fields in Shandong Province, China. High-throughput sequencing revealed that at least 11 known RNA viruses belonging to different genera, including Potyvirus, Fabavirus, Polerovirus, Waikavirus, and Cucumovirus, along with novel virus candidates belonging to other virus genera, infected or associated with the collected vegetable plants, and most of the leaf samples contained multiple plant viruses. A large number of filamentous fungal strains were isolated from the vegetable leaf samples and subjected to screening for the presence of plant viruses. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing of the PCR products revealed that among the 169 fungal strains tested, around 50% were carrying plant viruses, and many of the strains harbored multiple plant viruses. The plant viruses detected in the fungal isolates were diverse (10 virus species) and not limited to particular virus genera. However, after prolonged maintenance of the fungal culture in the laboratory, many of the fungal strains have lost the virus. Sequencing of the fungal DNA indicated that most of the fungal strains harboring plant viruses were related to plant pathogenic and/or endophytic fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Lecanicillium, and Sarocladium. These observations suggest that the nonpersistent acquisition of plant viruses by fungi may commonly occur in nature. Our findings highlight a possible role for fungi in the life cycle, spread, and evolution of plant viruses.
Symbolic Data Structure for Sets of k-uples of Integers

In this document we present a new symbolic data structure dedicated to the manipulation of (possibly infinite) sets of k-uples over integers, initially introduced in [Gan02]. This new data structure called Interval Sharing Tree (IST), is based on sharing trees [ZL95] where each node is labelled with an interval of integers. We present symbolic algorithm on IST for standard set operations and also introduce some specific operation that can be useful in the context of model-checking.
Utilizing the RAFT Strategy: Its Effects on the Writing Performance of Filipino ESL Learners

This experimental research described the effects of RAFT strategy on the writing performance of 10th graders Filipino ESL learners. Forty learners were identified as having nearly the same performance and grouped as experimental and control. The writing tasks used were taken from the actual module used by the Department of Education-Philippines in classroom learning. Two groups were rated using a scoring rubric. The researcher used t-tests, means, and standard deviations included in the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS). The study revealed that the participants had more or less the same knowledge on essay writing. The post-experimental test taught through the RAFT strategy obtained a score of 91.35 percent described as Outstanding while the control group exposed under the conventional strategy had an 88.55, Very Satisfactory. Moreover, both groups have significant differences between their pretests and posttests. A statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group as the p-value of . 011, which is lower than the critical value of 5 percent, in persuasive and argumentative essay writing performance was found. Hence, the use of RAFT as a strategy in teaching writing is found to be effective in teaching persuasive and argumentative essays.
Freshwater Flux Variability Lengthens the Period of the Low‐Frequency AMOC Variability

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) exhibits interdecadal to multidecadal variability, yet the role of surface freshwater flux (FWF) variability in this AMOC variability remains unclear. This study isolates the contribution of FWF variability in modulating AMOC through a partially coupled experiment, in which the effect of the interactive FWF is disabled. It is demonstrated that the impact of the coupled FWF variability enhances the persistence of density and deep convection anomalies in the Labrador Sea (LS), thus lengthening the period of the AMOC oscillation on multidecadal timescale and suppressing its ∼30‐year periodicity. Further lead‐lag regressions illuminate that the more persistent LS density anomalies are maintained by two mechanisms: (a) The local temperature‐salinity coupling through the evaporation and (b) a downstream propagation along the East Greenland Current of the extra salinity anomaly due to the sea ice melting changes associated with an atmosphere forcing over the southern Greenland tip.
THE REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION OF GIANT ARCS IN THE SLOAN GIANT ARCS SURVEY

We measure the redshift distribution of a sample of 28 giant arcs discovered as a part of the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey. Gemini/GMOS-North spectroscopy provides precise redshifts for 24 arcs, and “redshift desert” constrains for the remaining 4 arcs. This is a direct measurement of the redshift distribution of a uniformly selected sample of bright giant arcs, which is an observable that can be used to inform efforts to predict giant arc statistics. Our primary giant arc sample has a median redshift z = 1.821 and nearly two-thirds of the arcs, 64%, are sources at z ≳ 1.4, indicating that the population of background sources that are strongly lensed into bright giant arcs resides primarily at high redshift. We also analyze the distribution of redshifts for 19 secondary strongly lensed background sources that are not visually apparent in Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging, but were identified in deeper follow-up imaging of the lensing cluster fields. Our redshift sample for the secondary sources is not spectroscopically complete, but combining it with our primary giant arc sample suggests that a large fraction of all background galaxies that are strongly lensed by foreground clusters reside at z ≳ 1.4. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests indicate that our well-selected, spectroscopically complete primary giant arc redshift sample can be reproduced with a model distribution that is constructed from a combination of results from studies of strong-lensing clusters in numerical simulations and observational constraints on the galaxy luminosity function.
Challenges Encountered by an Active Bilingual Child in Productive Skills

The purpose of this study was to describe the bilingual child's ability and challenges in speaking and writing in two languages: Bahasa Indonesia and English. This research was designed by using a case study. The subject of this research was an 11-year-old, who communicated in both Bahasa Indonesia and English. Data were collected through observation, interview, video recording of the child’s speaking English and Bahasa Indonesia, and document analysis. The result showed that the subject was an active bilingual child because he actively spoke Bahasa Indonesia as his mother tongue and English as his second language. In English speaking, he had constraints in pronouncing /wɑː. zənt/, /bɑːt/. In speaking Bahasa Indonesia, he missed spealing some words, such as Hari, Dermaga, Bermain. In, writing English, he had difficult in writing words. He dominantly had challenge in writing the Indonesian Language, especially in developing content, vocabulary used, and in grammar used.
Need adapted use of medication in the open dialogue approach for psychosis: a descriptive longitudinal cohort study

ABSTRACT Background The open dialogue (OD) approach includes the need-adapted use of psychiatric medication in treating first-episode psychosis (FEP), but there is limited information on how psychiatric medications are actually used in OD-based services. This study aims to analyse long-term medication dispensing patterns among FEP cohort treated according to the OD. Methods The OD cohort consisted of people who received treatment for FEP in the Finnish Western Lapland catchment area at a time of OD implementation (n=61). The comparison group included people whose FEP treatment commenced outside the catchment area during the mid-1990s (n=1378). Data were gathered from national registers from onset to the end of the 10-year follow-up or death. A non-confirmatory descriptive comparison was performed to evaluate the usage patterns and cumulative exposure to psychiatric medication. Results Under OD, a smaller proportion had been dispensed benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and neuroleptics. Persons who had received these medications did not differ in cumulative exposure. In both groups, most of those who received neuroleptics in the first follow-up years continued using medication throughout follow-up. Discussion OD may assist in detecting FEP patients who can manage without neuroleptics, thus minimizing iatrogenic effects. Due to the observational design, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
RELATIVISTIC VISCOUS UNIVERSE MODELS

The research on relativistic universe models with viscous fl uids is reviewed. Viscosity may have been of significance during the early inflatio nary era, and may also be of importance for the late time evolution of the Universe. Bulk viscosity and shear viscosity cause exponential decay of anisotropy, while nonlinear viscosity causes powerlaw decay of anisotropy. We consider also the influence from t urbulence, in connection with future singularities of the universe (Big Rip and Littl e Rip). Finally, we review some recent developments of causal cosmology theories.
A study of chronic superficial venous insufficiency in patients with competent saphenofemoral junction

Background: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a condition that affects the venous system of the lower extremities rendering the superficial, perforating, and deep veins incompetent. This results in venous hypertension causing various pathologies including pain, swelling, edema, skin changes and ulcerations. Traditionally SFJ incompetence was viewed as the primary pathology for varicose veins and Trendelenburg’s surgery is considered as a standard surgical procedure for the treatment of varicose veins. Later studies have shown incidence of chronic superficial venous insufficiency (CSVI) with competent SFJ was seen in as many as about 40% cases. Therefore, present study aims to identify the incidence of CSVI with competent SFJ, severity of disease in these individuals and patient outcome and response to Trendelenburg’s surgery.Methods: Prospective observational study with non-randomised purposive sampling.Results: Prevalence of competent SFJ was about 40.54% in patient with CSVI. 56.7% patients had C4 disease, 26.7% had C6 disease, 13.3% had C5 disease and 3.3% had C2 disease. In all the patients, progression of the disease was arrested after surgical intervention and no recurrence or ulceration was seen by the end of the 3 months.Conclusions: In comparison to patients with CVI with incompetent SFJ, patient with CSVI. Competent SFJ vary in that there is high male preponderance compared to females, disease progression and severity is independent of age and gender. Surgical outcomes were comparable to the patients with CSVI and incompetent SFJ Trendelenburg surgery can be used as the choice of surgical treatment in patients with competent SFJ and CSVI.
A descent modified HS conjugate gradient method with an optimal property

In this paper, by minimizing the distance between the CG direction and the direction of the improved Perry conjugate gradient method [15], we propose a descent modified HS conjugate gradient method. A remarkable property of the modified HS method is that it can produce sufficient descent property, which is independent of the line search used. Under suitable conditions, we prove that the modified HS method with the standard Armijo line search is globally convergent for uniformly convex functions and the modified HS+ method with standard Wolfe line search is globally convergent for general nonlinear functions.
Linking haloes to galaxies: how many halo properties are needed?

Recent studies emphasize that an empirical relation between the stellar mass of galaxies and the mass of their host dark matter subhaloes can predict the clustering of galaxies and its evolution with cosmic time. In this paper we study the various assumptions made by this methodology using a semi-analytical model (SAM). To this end, we randomly swap between the locations of model galaxies within a narrow range of subhalo mass (M-infall). We find that shuffled samples of galaxies have different auto-correlation functions in comparison with the original model galaxies. This difference is significant even if central and satellite galaxies are allowed to follow a different relation between M-infall and stellar mass, and can reach a factor of similar to 2 for massive galaxies at redshift zero. We analyse three features within SAMs that contribute to this effect. (a) The relation between stellar mass and subhalo mass evolves with redshift for central galaxies, affecting satellite galaxies at the time of infall. (b) In addition, the stellar mass of galaxies falling into groups and clusters at high redshift is different from the mass of central galaxies at the same time. (c) The stellar mass growth for satellite galaxies after infall can be significant and depends on the infall redshift and the group mass. All of the above ingredients modify the stellar mass of satellite galaxies in a way that is more complicated than a dependence on the subhalo mass only. By using two different SAMs, we show that the above is true for differing models of galaxy evolution, and that the effect is sensitive to the treatment of dynamical friction and stripping of gas in satellite galaxies. We find that by using the FOF group mass at redshift zero in addition to M-infall, an empirical model is able to accurately reproduce the clustering properties of galaxies. On the other hand, using the infall redshift as a second parameter does not yield as good results because it is less correlated with stellar mass. Our analysis indicates that environmental processes that affect galaxy evolution are important for properly modelling the clustering and abundance of galaxies.
Type-II perfect absorption and amplification modes with controllable bandwidth in combined PT-symmetric and conventional Bragg-grating structures

We reveal previously unnoticed Type II perfect absorption and amplification modes of optical scattering system. These modes, in contrast to the counterparts in recent works [Phys. Rev. A 82, 031801 (2010); Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 093902 (2011). ] which could be referred as Type I modes, appear at a continuous region along the real frequency axis with any frequency. The Type II modes can be demonstrated in the PT-symmetric/traditional Bragg grating combined structures. A series of exotic nonreciprocal absorption and amplification behaviours are observed in the combined structures, making them have potential for versatile devices acting simultaneously as a perfect absorber, an amplifier, and an ultra-narrowband filter. Based on the properties of Type II modes, we also propose structures with controllable perfect absorption and amplification bandwidth at any single or multiple wavelengths.
Variation in the stable isotope trophic position of the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) from two Mediterranean sites: insights from a global meta-analysis

A direct consequence of sea warming is the shift in the distribution range of thermo-tolerant species that have the potential to determine novel inter-specific interactions, ultimately altering food web structures and ecosystem processes. In this study, we investigated the trophic position of the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), a pelagic predator that has recently expanded its distribution in the Mediterranean basin and for which scant information is available on its functional role in recently-colonised areas. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes were determined in muscle tissues of bluefish specimens collected in south-east Italy in the Gulf of Taranto (NW Ionian Sea) and in the Strait of Otranto (SW Adriatic Sea) at two coastal sites showing contrasting oceanographic conditions. The bluefish trophic position (TP) was estimated using locally abundant forage fish species as isotopic baselines. The results indicated for bluefish from the Strait of Otranto a TP value of 5.1, significantly higher than that determined in the Gulf of Taranto (4.2), and exceeding stomach content-based estimations reported by the online database FishBase and by literature sources. A synthesis of 30 publications reporting isotopic data for the bluefish and its potential prey at a global scale indicated that the species’ trophic position varied considerably between 2.7 and 5.2. The observed variability depended on locationand on the baseline species used in the estimations. Yet, a significant difference in trophic position was observed for bluefish from transitional and inshore environments as compared with offshore areas, mirroring the results obtained from the Gulf of Taranto and the Strait of Otranto. The findings of the study highlight the high trophic plasticity characterizing the bluefish in recently colonized areas, suggesting that it may play a key role in facilitating the expansion of its distribution range. However, additional investigations are essential to provide an advanced resolution of the bluefish functional role in Mediterranean coastal food webs.
Experiences of Psychologists in Applying Mandatory Reporting in Ireland (Children First)

ABSTRACT To address child protection concerns countries often implement mandatory reporting (MR) laws. This ensures that relevant professionals alert child protection services of children who are at risk of or are currently experiencing abuse. However, these well-intended mandatory requirements can sometimes have unintended negative consequences that affect all those who are involved in the process. The current research investigated the experiences of Irish psychologists in implementing MR and examined if there was any personal or professional impact resulting from this process. All participants were qualified psychologists of various disciplines working in the HSE, the national health service of Ireland. A qualitative research design was implemented that consisted of thematic analysis of focus group transcripts. Three focus groups (n = 18) were conducted. Three major themes were identified within the data; the unintentional harm that is caused by MR, the contexts where reporting is needed, and the issues with the current MR system. Some benefits to MR exist but these advantages need to be considered within a greater context. The findings of the current study outlined how participants perceived aspects of MR as having significant detrimental consequences for victims of abuse.
Systematic and Comparative Analysis of the Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias in Mexico. Results at the National and Subnational Levels, 1990–2019

Introduction Dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in older people. It is a growing health problem in low- and middle-income countries, where epidemiological information is scarce and deficient. The aim of this study was to analyze the burden of AD and other dementias in Mexico from 1990 to 2019 by sex, subnational level, and age groups. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Data on prevalence, incidence, mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to AD and other dementias were obtained. A joinpoint regression analysis was performed to describe the changes in the trend of age-standardized DALY rates by AD and other dementias during the analysis period. Results AD and other dementias ranked second among neurological disorders producing the most DALY in Mexico. Between 1990 and 2019, prevalence and incidence increased by almost 203%. In 2019, the age-standardized rate per 100,000 inhabitants was: 512 for prevalence, 79.3 for incidence, 73.3 for YLD, 256.9 for YLL and 272.2 for DALY. Likewise, five states concentrated 39% of AD and other dementias cases: Ciudad de México, Estado de México, Veracruz, Jalisco and Puebla. Differences were also observed by sex and age groups. Discussion Given that the number of older adults in Mexico will significantly rise over the next few decades, AD and other dementias represent one of the most important health challenges. The fact that epidemiological and demographic transformations take place in Mexico in a very diverse way makes it difficult for the country to adequately plan for the growing demands of both people with AD and other dementias and their families.
Population Characteristics of Selected Small Pelagic Fish Species along the Tanzanian Coast

Although small pelagic fishing in Tanzania is rising, lack of information on population structure has been a significant concern in its management. This study aimed to determine the species composition, length-weight relationship and length at first maturity of Amblygaster sirm, Encrasicholina heteroloba, Encrasicholina punctifer, Stolephorus commersonii, and Spratelloides gracilis landed at Kilwa Kivinje, Kipumbwi and Shangani along the Tanzanian coast. These landing sites were chosen because of their locations and importance in the small pelagic fishery. Sampling was done monthly from October 2018 to June 2020. The catch composition was site specific such that E. heteroloba dominated at Kilwa Kivinje and Shangani, while E. punctifer dominated at the Kipumbwi site. Further analysis shows allometric coefficient to be greater than 3 for A. sirm and E. punctifer, indicating positive allometric growth, while for S. commersonii and S. gracilis, the allometric coefficient was less than 3, indicating negative allometric growth. Our findings showed that length at first maturity (L50) differed, implying that these species start spawning at different sizes, an essential biological reference for sustainable small pelagic fish exploitation. We recommend seasonal closure of the fishery to maintain reproductive seasons since many species are multiple spawners. Keywords: Population; Small pelagic; Maturity; Tanzania
Rectangles and Rhombi: How Well Do Preservice Teachers Know Them?.

This descriptive study investigated preservice teachers' understanding of the properties and relationships among parallelograms. Forty preservice teachers in a pre-methods mathematics course for elementary education provided written descriptions of the terms rectangle and rhombus. These responses were sorted into categories according to similarities in description. Results show that only nine respondents articulated adequate descriptions of rectangle and only 1 respondent articulated an adequate description of rhombus. The findings are consistent with the body of literature showing teachers of young children are in need of further development of their conceptions of mathematics ideas particularly in geometry.