Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caddo or Cahokian? Stylistic and compositional analyses of a fine-engraved vessel from northwest Iowa

A ceramic vessel found at a Mill Creek culture (eastern Initial Middle Missouri variant) site in northwest Iowa exhibits features characteristic of both the Southern Caddo Holly Fine Engraved type and the Fine Engraved Carving type of the American Bottom Fine Grog series. Knowing the vessel’s likely manufacturing locale is important in understanding relationships between Middle Missouri tradition people and distant groups to the south. To determine whether the vessel was made in the Caddo area or the Cahokia region, we employ stylistic analysis and three forms of compositional analysis: petrographic, X-ray fluorescence, and neutron activation. We conclude that the vessel was neither made locally in northwest Iowa nor in the Caddo area. It might have been made in the Cahokia region by a potter versed in the Caddo ceramic vocabulary, but further analysis of potential American Bottom source clays is needed.
Incomplete bioinformatic filtering and inadequate age and growth analysis lead to an incorrect inference of harvested‐induced changes

Understanding the evolutionary impacts of harvest on fish populations is important for informing fisheries management and conservation and has become a growing research topic over the last decade. However, the dynamics of fish populations are highly complex, and phenotypes can be influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, it is vital to collect robust data and explore multiple alternative hypotheses before concluding that fish populations are influenced by harvest. In their recently published manuscript, Bowles et al, Evolutionary Applications, 13(6):1128 conducted age/growth and genomic analysis of walleye (Sander vitreus) populations sampled 13–15 years (1–2.5 generations) apart and hypothesized that observed phenotypic and genomic changes in this time period were likely due to harvest. Specifically, Bowles et al. (2020) documented differential declines in size‐at‐age in three exploited walleye populations compared to a separate, but presumably less‐exploited, reference population. Additionally, they documented population genetic differentiation in one population pair, homogenization in another, and outlier loci putatively under selection across time points. Based on their phenotypic and genetic results, they hypothesized that selective harvest had led to fisheries‐induced evolution (referred to as nascent changes) in the exploited populations in as little as 1–2.5 generations. We re‐analyzed their data and found that (a) sizes declined across both exploited and reference populations during the time period studied and (b) observed genomic differentiation in their study was the result of inadequate data filtering, including retaining individuals with high amounts of missing data and retaining potentially undersplit and oversplit loci that created false signals of differentiation between time points. This re‐analysis did not provide evidence for phenotypic or genetic changes attributable to harvest in any of the study populations, contrasting the hypotheses presented by Bowles et al. (2020). Our comment highlights the potential pitfalls associated with conducting age/growth analyses with low sample sizes and inadequately filtering genomic datasets.
The effect of institutional ownership on listed companies’ tax avoidance strategies

ABSTRACT The percentage of institutional ownership in China has increased gradually. Does this characteristic of Chinese institutional investors affect their participation in corporate governance, which in turn, affects corporate tax avoidance activities? We take 1108 listed Chinese companies from 2009 to 2017 to study this issue. The paper uses average daily total market capitalization as an instrumental variable to test the endogeneity problems. We run a quantile regression (QR) at the median level as robustness testing to overcome the fat tail of financial data. Then, the shareholding ratio of majority shareholders is introduced to verify that ownership concentration is one of the mechanisms through which institutional shareholders influence corporate tax avoidance decisions. The findings are as follows: The proportion of institutional investors’ shareholdings is positively related to the degree of enterprise tax avoidance. The increase in institutional investors’ shareholdings is likely to promote corporate tax avoidance. When the level of ownership concentration is low, the increase in institutional ownership can play a greater role in promoting tax avoidance.
Home range of raccoon dogs in an urban green area of Tokyo, Japan

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) has recently become common in urban environments in Japan. We predicted that, like other carnivores adapted to urban environments, raccoon dogs in urban areas should have smaller home ranges than those in rural areas. We investigated the size of home ranges of raccoon dogs in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds, a 51-ha green area in central Tokyo. Between August 2012 and August 2014, 7 adult males and 4 adult females were radiotracked. Mean (± SD) home range size of these 11 raccoon dogs (100% minimum convex polygon = 17.6 ± 13.0 ha; 95% fixed kernel = 8.3 ± 5.7 ha) was smaller than that of raccoon dogs in rural areas obtained in previous studies, and core areas (75% local convex hull) averaged 3.7 ± 4.1 (SD) ha. We detected no seasonal changes in home range size. These results were consistent with the notion that urban carnivores typically have small home ranges. The small home range size seems to be explained by abundance of food resources, restricted environment, and the high population density of raccoon dogs in the urban green area.
Differences between infection with Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia spp. and Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Brazil and Africa environments viewed from an evolutionary perspective

In Brazil, when prevalence data were examined using simple summary statistics, there is a negative association between prevalence of Taenia spp. infection and Schistosoma mansoni or soil-transmitted helminths (STH) irrespective to routes of infection. That does not occur in African data. However, they vary considerably when plotted. So, in data collected on Brazilian area, it to show in ordered (smallest first) scores prevalence of STH infections both long lag phase in prevalence of STH infecting by oral route ( Ascaris and Trichuris ), and into STH infecting by skin route (hookworm and Strongyloides ). To the other side, African study it show smaller lag phase in prevalence of STH infecting by oral route or into STH infecting by skin route. Darwinian, it was suggested Taenia spp. and STH, inhabiting a non-human environment which became so suitable for them according to their biological needs, their develop by means of natural selection.
Characterizing fisheries connectivity in marine social–ecological systems

Characterizing fisheries connectivity in marine social– ecological systems Emma C. Fuller, Jameal F. Samhouri, Joshua S. Stoll, Simon A. Levin, and James R. Watson,* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA 98112, USA School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, ME 04469, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Program, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 10405, Sweden Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, OR 97331, USA
Recognition, diagnosis and treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of low density lipoprotein metabolism characterized by lifelong elevation of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature valvular and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The two manifestations of this disease, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) were, until recently, assumed to be genetically and phenotypically distinct with the former assumed to be more severe. However, with the growing use of genetic testing to diagnose FH, considerable phenotypic overlap between HoFH and HeFH is now recognized Areas covered: We provide a contemporary overview of the genetics, phenotype, current and emerging treatment options for HoFH. We conclude with a discussion of the role genotype and phenotype should play in the diagnosis and management of HoFH as it is now understood. Expert opinion: The identification of a HoFH genotype has important diagnostic and potentially, management value and should be sought where possible. However, a negative genetic result should not be used to rule out the diagnosis of HoFH. Generally, phenotype should carry more weight in management decisions.
Performance of Yield and Yield Attributes of Ten Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Genotypes under Drought Stress

Drought is considered as one of the key limiting factor for oil seed production and productivity in Rajasthan. Therefore, the present piece of work was carried out at S.K. N.U. Agriculture College, Jobner (Rajasthan), to examine the effect of drought stress in 10 Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars. Yield and yield attributes were thoroughly investigated in the mustard cultivars under control and water stress condition. Plant height, days to 50 % flowering, number of silique/plant, number of seed/ siliqua, seed yield, biological yield, oil content and oil quality were observed in both with irrigation and drought conditions. Yield and yield attributes were decline in all cultivars under drought condition compare to control. Yield and yield attributes data revealed that under irrigation condition performance of genotype RH0749 and RH-0406 was better than other selected genotype.RB-50 and RGN-48 maintain higher seed yield and oil quantity under drought situation due to lesser reduction in yield attributes and tolerance mechanism. Therefore, selection of drought tolerance genotype based on yield attributes can significantly enhance yield potential under adverse environmental situations.
Exponential Nitrogen Fertilization of Luehea divaricata Mart. Seedlings

Nutritional balance interferes positively in obtaining high-quality seedlings of wood species. This study aimed to evaluate nitrogen fertilization during the production of L. divaricata seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a shade house located at 24°33’S and 54°04’W, in a randomized block design formed by two forms of fertilization plus a control applied during three months, totaling nine applications, with seven replicates of five seedlings each. Both exponential and conventional fertilization regimes supported the hypothesis of growth induction of L. divaricata seedlings in relation to the control during the growth phase, with exponential fertilization as a valid option to reduce initial nutrient loss by leaching.
Zusammenhänge zwischen der somatischen Zeitzahl und einigen eutermorphologischen Eigenschaften

Abstract. Title of the paper: Relationship between the somatic cell count and certain udder-morphologic traits The authors carried out their udder-morphologic (the shape, hanging (up) and depth of udder; the length and diameter of teats and the space between them; the length of ductus papillaris) research in a high blood-share black-spotted Holstein-Friesian (R3-R4) cow population in a West Hungarian large dairy farm with a stock of 500 cows, The results of examinations carried out by groups offspring draw the attention to the close correlation (r = 0.62–0.88) between certain udder-morphologic traits and the pigmentation of teats as well as between the values of somatic cell count. Furthermore, the authors observed that there is also a close correlation (r = −0.58–−0.89 between the length of teat duct (ductus papillaris) and the values of somatic cell count. All biological characteristics (udder-morphologic, pigmentation of teats, length of ductus papillaris) together with those influencing somatic cell count are to be taken into account in the selection work having the aim of decreasing somatic cell count.
Effects of nonnative Rainbow Trout on two species of endemic Mexican amphibians

Introduction of nonnative salmonids into fishless aquatic ecosystems often can have negative effects on these ecosystems. Amphibians appear to be particularly susceptible to the introduction of trout. Nonnative Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been introduced to Mexico, including to streams in the mountains around Mexico City that are home to several endemic Mexican amphibians. We examined the effect of Rainbow Trout on the distributions of 2 endemic Mexican amphibians, Ambystoma altamirani and Hyla plicata, in the Sierra de Las Cruces. Ambystoma altamirani was never found at sites with Rainbow Trout, and H. plicata was observed only once at sites with Rainbow Trout. Stream site characteristics, for the most part, did not vary among streams occupied by different species, suggesting environmental variables were not primarily responsible for the species distributions. Our results provide strong circumstantial evidence that the introduction of Rainbow Trout in streams in the Sierra de Las Cruces has a negative effect on the distribution of native Mexican amphibians.
Difenzoquat for Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control

Postemergence difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was evaluated in the field, greenhouse, and controlled environmental chamber. Wild oat control with difenzoquat was greater at the five- that at the three and one-half or two-leaf stages of growth. Barley tolerance to difenzoquat was excellent; however, spring wheat tolerance was influenced by cultivar. Durum wheat generally was more tolerant of difenzoquat than spring wheat. Tank mix combinations of broadleaf herbicides with difenzoquat had no effect on crop injury or wild oat control. Wild oat control with difenzoquat was greatest with adequate soil moisture, adequate fertility, warm air temperatures and high relative humidity. A simulated rainfall of 0.25 mm within ½ h or 1 mm within 4 h of application reduced wild oat control with difenzoquat.
Evaluation of Morphometric and Reproductive Traits of Indigenous Dairy Goat Types in North Western Amhara, Ethiopia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphometric and reproductive traits of indigenous dairy goat types. It was conducted in three districts (Ebnat, Gonji-kolela and Farta) based on the agro-ecological differences, goat population potentials and experience of the farmers using goat milk. Semi-structured questionnaires, field observations, morphological and reproductive trait measurements were used. The results revealed that the average age at sexual maturity of male in Farta district, (Mean±SE) was 7.04 ± 0.41 months. However, age at first service of male goats was longer in Gonji kolela (9.84±0.95) and Ebnat (11.54±1.28) districts. The average body length (BL) for dairy, dual and meat type goats were 59.65 ± 0.58, 54.87 ± 0.69 and 55.52 ± 0.74 cm. The mean rear udder length, udder circumference and teat length were 17.14 ± 0.28, 31.39 ± 0.59 and 3.71 ± 0.07 cm, 14.21 ± 0.48, 26.75 ± 1.01 and 3.41 ± 0.12 cm and 13.44 ± 0.38, 24.67 ± 0.81 and 3.01 ± 0.09 cm, respectively. Whereas, the mean rear udder diameter for dairy, dual and meat types for female goats were 10.04 ± 0.22, 8.66 ± 0.37 and 8.01 ± 0.30 cm, respectively. Dairy type female goats had significantly higher (P<0.001) values for all udder and teat measurements than dual and meat type female goats. In conclusion, goat breeding and reproduction was not identified as dairy, meat and dual purpose types and there is no specialized dairy goat breeding, reproduction with corresponding production system. Therefore, evaluation of morphometric and reproductive traits of indigenous dairy type goats with specialized and intensive production system are crucial to increase the milk production and productivity.
Phenology of brown bear breeding season and related geographical cues

Abstract Knowledge about breeding biology is often incomplete in species with complex reproductive strategies. The brown bear Ursus arctos is a polygamous seasonal breeder inhabiting a wide variety of habitats and environmental conditions. We compiled information about brown bear breeding season dates from 36 study areas across their distribution range in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions and investigated how their breeding phenology relates to geographical factors (latitude, photoperiod, altitude and region). Brown bear matings were observed for 8 months, from April to November, with a peak in May–July. We found a 59-day difference in the onset of bear breeding season among study areas, with an average 2.3 days delay for each degree of latitude northwards. The onset of the breeding season showed a strong relationship with photoperiod and latitude, but not with region (i.e. Palearctic vs Nearctic) and altitude. First observations of bear mating occurred earlier in areas at lower latitudes. Photoperiod ranged between 14 and 18 hours at the beginning of the season for most of the study areas. The duration of the breeding season ranged from 25 to 138 days among study areas. None of the investigated factors was related to the length of the breeding season. Our results support the relevance of photoperiod to the onset of breeding, as found in other ursids, but not a shorter breeding season at higher latitudes, a pattern reported in other mammals. Our findings suggest a marked seasonality of bear reproductive behaviour, but also certain level of plasticity. Systematic field observations of breeding behaviour are needed to increase our knowledge on the factors determining mating behaviour in species with complex systems and how these species may adapt to climate change.
Kernel Extreme Learning Machine: An Efficient Model for Estimating Daily Dew Point Temperature Using Weather Data

Accurate estimation of dew point temperature (Tdew) has a crucial role in sustainable water resource management. This study investigates kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), boosted regression tree (BRT), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) models for daily dew point temperature estimation at Durham and UC Riverside stations in the United States. Daily time scale measured hydrometeorological data, including wind speed (WS), maximum air temperature (TMAX), minimum air temperature (TMIN), maximum relative humidity (RHMAX), minimum relative humidity (RHMIN), vapor pressure (VP), soil temperature (ST), solar radiation (SR), and dew point temperature (Tdew) were utilized to investigate the applied predictive models. Results of the KELM model were compared with other models using eight different input combinations with respect to root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) statistical indices. Results showed that the KELM models, using three input parameters, VP, TMAX, and RHMIN, with RMSE = 0.419 °C, NSE = 0.995, and R2 = 0.995 at Durham station, and seven input parameters, VP, ST, RHMAX, TMIN, RHMIN, TMAX, and WS, with RMSE = 0.485 °C, NSE = 0.994, and R2 = 0.994 at UC Riverside station, exhibited better performance in the modeling of daily Tdew. Finally, it was concluded from a comparison of the results that out of the five models applied, the KELM model was found to be the most robust by improving the performance of BRT, RBFNN, MLPNN, and MARS models in the testing phase at both stations.
The voices of parents and children in foster care

Summary This article presents the results of a qualitative study whose objective was to collect information on the perceptions of changes in parents and their children who are in the Spanish foster care system after completing a positive parenting programme. Findings The participants in the focus groups included 66 parents and 57 children. Triangulation of the voices of all protagonists identified findings that suggest the need for changes regarding understanding foster care measures and the process of family resilience; the quality and content of visits and contact between parents and children; and the role of professionals involved in the case. Applications The findings indicate the efficacy of the intervention proposed in the ‘Walking family’ programme with the direct and active involvement of children as they become a driver of change for the parents. However, when this does not occur, professionals must work from a critical approach and should provide a realistic view of the family to children.
Costs and benefits of a leaf beetle Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program II. Cost-benefit analysis

ABSTRACT Forest health and biosecurity programs rarely capture sufficient data to enable thorough cost-benefit analyses to be done. One notable exception has been Forestry Tasmania’s research project to develop and use an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for the leaf beetle Paropsisterna bimaculata. For this project we were able to estimate all major costs and benefits in monetary terms for the period 1975–2034, to allow analysis of a ‘control’ and a ‘no control’ option across a full rotation. Overall, the 1975–2034 leaf beetle IPM project provided a net positive return at a 5% discount rate. However, the case study was atypical because research commenced nearly three decades before the IPM program was used operationally in the expanding eucalypt plantation estate. For this reason, the year 1990, when research on the precursor of the operational IPM program commenced, was chosen as the default base year for commencing cash-flow analyses. The present value (in AU$ as at 2015) of the total expenditure between 1990 and 2034 on research to develop the leaf beetle IPM program and on its operational use was $5.4 million, of which nearly 60% was expended on research. The research costs included costs to develop the operational IPM program using conventional insecticides and costs involved in unsuccessful attempts to develop an IPM program using more environmentally friendly control options. When research expenditure was restricted to that needed for developing an IPM program using conventional insecticides, the internal rate of return from the project exceeded 7.5%. Additional timber yields from using the IPM program translated to additional revenues, which resulted in positive cash flows after 2011. The benefit:cost ratio resulting from the operational use of the IPM program (treating research expenditure as sunk costs) was 7.5. The long interval between commencing research, and applying the IPM program operationally once the plantation estate had become established, is not typical of the circumstances relating to future pest threats. Nonetheless, the findings from our study are still relevant to projects involving future pests that may cause similar damage. Another finding of the study was that research needed for future projects to develop an operational pest management program will provide greater benefit if done centrally and the resultant program adopted broadly by as many affected plantation owners as possible.