Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantification of errors in large-eddy simulations of a spatially evolving mixing layer using polynomial chaos

A stochastic approach based on generalized polynomialchaos (gPC) is used to quantify the error in large-eddy simulation(LES) of a spatially evolving mixing layer flow and its sensitivity to different simulation parameters, viz., the grid stretching in the streamwise and lateral directions and the subgrid-scale (SGS) Smagorinsky model constant (C S ). The error is evaluated with respect to the results of a highly resolved LES and for different quantities of interest, namely, the mean streamwise velocity, the momentum thickness, and the shear stress. A typical feature of the considered spatially evolving flow is the progressive transition from a laminar regime, highly dependent on the inlet conditions, to a fully developed turbulent one. Therefore, the computational domain is divided in two different zones (inlet dependent and fully turbulent) and the gPC error analysis is carried out for these two zones separately. An optimization of the parameters is also carried out for both these zones. For all the considered quantities, the results point out that the error is mainly governed by the value of the C S constant. At the end of the inlet-dependent zone, a strong coupling between the normal stretching ratio and the C S value is observed. The error sensitivity to the parameter values is significantly larger in the inlet-dependent upstream region; however, low-error values can be obtained in this region for all the considered physical quantities by an ad hoc tuning of the parameters. Conversely, in the turbulent regime the error is globally lower and less sensitive to the parameter variations, but it is more difficult to find a set of parameter values leading to optimal results for all the analyzed physical quantities. A similar analysis is also carried out for the dynamic Smagorinsky model, by varying the grid stretching ratios. Comparing the databases generated with the different subgrid-scale models, it is possible to observe that the error cost function computed for the streamwise velocity and for the momentum thickness is not significantly sensitive to the used SGS closure. Conversely, the prediction of the shear stress is much more accurate when using a dynamic subgrid-scale model and the variance of the error is lower in magnitude.
Characteristics of Cloud Size of Deep Convection Simulated by a Global Cloud Resolving Model over the Western Tropical Pacific( The International Workshop on High-Resolution and Cloud Modeling, 2006)

Cloud size distributions of cloud cluster are analyzed for global cloud resolving simulations with the global nonhydrostatic model NICAM whose mesh interval is about 3.5km and 7km. The 3.5km-mesh simulation is performed for 7 days started at 00 UTC 25 Dec 2006 by giving an initial condition of reanalysis data, while the 7km-mesh simulation is run for 32 days from 00 UTC 15 Dec 2006. We used outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) simulated by NICAM to calculate size distributions of deep convection, and compared with those analyzed using equivalent blackbody temperature (TBB) of the infrared channel of 11 μm of the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite (MTSAT-1R). We select two threshold temperatures, 208 K and 253 K, to identify deep convective areas including anvil cloud. Specifically, we call clouds defined by the 208 K-threshold “deeper” convective clouds. Over the tropical region covering the maritime continent and the western tropical Pacific ocean (10S-10N, 90E-160W), we examined size of cloud areas defined by the two TBB threshold values and corresponding threshold values of OLR, which were chosen by comparing cumulative histograms of TBB and OLR in this region. Resolution dependency by NICAM shows that the overall cloud size distribution of the 3.5 km-mesh simulation is much closer to that of the MTSAT-1R observation than that of the 7 km-mesh simulation. Size distributions of deep convection in both simulations indicate nearly lognormal as is seen in the satellite observations. The 3.5 km-mesh simulation shows slightly less frequency than the MTSAT-1R observation for smaller size of deeper convection, and it does not reproduce very large clouds. When compared cloud characteristics over land and ocean, simulated cloud size statistics are closer to the satellite observation in the maritime continent region (westward of 160E) than in the open ocean region (eastward of 160E). Comparison of temporal variation of cloud area shows that the 3.5 km-mesh simulation captures clear signals of diurnal cycles both over the maritime continent and the open ocean regions, together with amplification associated with the MJO event. Morning and afternoon difference of convective activity over large island within the maritime continent is also simulated by 3.5km-mesh simulation. When one uses a global cloud resolving model for climate studies, the analysis of cloud size distributions gives another dimension to improve cloud properties of simulations. It is not only relevant to realistic representations of deep convection, but is also useful for improving the energy budget of global cloud resolving simulations.
Some 3-manifold groups with the same finite quotients

We give examples of closed, oriented 3-manifolds whose fundamental groups are not isomorphic, but yet have the same sets of finite quotient groups; hence the same profinite completions. We also give examples of compact, oriented 3-manifolds with non-empty boundaries whose fundamental groups though isomorphic have distinct peripheral structures, but yet have the same sets of finite peripheral pair quotients (defined below). The examples are Seifert Fibered Spaces with zero rational Euler number; moreover most of these manifolds give rise to such examples.
FITTING THE UNION2.1 SUPERNOVA SAMPLE WITH THE Rh = ct UNIVERSE

The analysis of Type Ia supernova data over the past decade has been a notable success story in cosmology. These standard candles offer us an unparalleled opportunity to study the cosmological expansion out to a redshift of ∼1.5. The consensus today appears to be that ΛCDM offers the best explanation for the luminosity–distance relationship seen in these events. However, a significant incompatibility is now emerging between the standard model and other equally important observations, such as those of the cosmic microwave background. ΛCDM does not provide an accurate representation of the cosmological expansion at high redshifts (z ≫ 2). It is therefore essential to re-analyze the Type Ia supernova data in light of the cosmology (the Rh = ct universe) that best represents the universe's dynamical evolution at early times. In this paper, we directly compare the distance relationship in ΛCDM with that predicted by Rh = ct, and each with the Union2.1 sample, and show that the two theories produce virtually indistinguishable profiles, though the fit with Rh = ct has not yet been optimized. This is because the data cannot be determined independently of the assumed cosmology—the supernova luminosities must be evaluated by optimizing four parameters simultaneously with those in the adopted model. This renders the data compliant to the underlying theory, so the model-dependent data reduction should not be ignored in any comparative analysis between competing cosmologies. In this paper, we use Rh = ct to fit the data reduced with ΛCDM, and though quite promising, the match is not perfect. An even better fit would result with an optimization of the data using Rh = ct from the beginning.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Low Magnetic Field Using Hyperpolarized ^3He Gas

A low magnetic field magnetic resonance imaging system for small animal lung imaging using hyperpolarized He gas is presented. The hyperpolarized He gas at 1 mbar pressure and 30% polarization is obtained by the metastability exchange optical pumping technique. The magnetic resonance imaging unit is based on a permanent magnet of open geometry, built from a new generation Nd–B–Fe magnetic material. It produces the magnetic field of 88 mT with homogeneity better than 50 ppm in the 10 cm diameter sphere, after application of passive shimming. The magnetic field gradients of 30 mT/m are generated by a set of biplanar, actively shielded gradient coils. The first H images of various biological objects, as well as He images of the rat lung in vivo obtained in the described system are shown. In terms of sensitivity and resolution, the technique is superior to conventional H magnetic resonance imaging, and offers great possibilities in early diagnosis of lung diseases.
Evolution of the Orszag-Tang vortex system in a compressible medium. I: Initial average subsonic flow

In this paper the results of fully compressible, Fourier collocation, numerical simulations of the Orszag–Tang vortex system are presented. The initial conditions for this system consist of a nonrandom, periodic field in which the magnetic and velocity field contain X points but differ in modal structure along one spatial direction. The velocity field is initially solenoidal, with the total initial pressure field consisting of the superposition of the appropriate incompressible pressure distribution upon a flat pressure field corresponding to the initial, average Mach number of the flow. In these numerical simulations, this initial Mach number is varied from 0.2–0.6. These values correspond to average plasma beta values ranging from 30.0 to 3.3, respectively. It is found that compressible effects develop within one or two Alfven transit times, as manifested in the spectra of compressible quantities such as the mass density and the nonsolenoidal flow field. These effects include (1) a retardation of growth.
The impact of strike action on patient morbidity: A systematic literature review

Abstract Strike action in healthcare has been common over the last several decades. The overarching aim of this systematic review was to synthesise and analyse the empirical literature that examines the impact of strike action on patient morbidity, that is, all patient outcomes except mortality. After conducting a search and apply eligibility criteria, 15 studies were included in this review. These articles included a variety of outcomes from hypertension control to rates of chlamydia. Strikes ranged from 13 to 118 days, with a mean strike length of 56 days. A textual narrative synthesis was employed to arrange studies by whether they had a positive, mixed or neutral or negative impact on patient morbidity. Results suggest that strike action has little impact on patient morbidity. The majority of studies reported that strike action had a neutral or mixed impact of strike action on patient morbidity. One study reported positive outcomes and three studies reported negative outcomes, however in both cases, the impact that the strike had was marginal.
Modified Technique of Single-Bone Forearm in the Treatment of Deformities

The single-bone forearm is a salvage technique for massive loss of bone due to serious trauma, malignant tumors, infections or congenital deformity. It is also described to treat the sequelae of hereditary multiple exostoses disease that affects the distal end of the ulna. We present the case of a 29-year-old patient, operated for sequelae of hereditary multiple exostoses disease of the left forearm by a modified single-bone forearm technique. The patient, right-handed, operated on twice in childhood for a hereditary multiple exostoses disease of the left forearm: incomplete excision of the exostosis of the distal end of the ulna and lengthening of this last on external fixator, without improvement. The patient presented for a deformation of the left forearm with shortening compared to the right side. Significant limitation of prono-supination (pronation 15°, supination 20°). Elbow flexion at 110° and extension with deficit of 15°. Wrist flexion at 50° and extension at 50°, radial inclination at 25° and ulnar at 30°. The pain score was 3 according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), especially on effort. Dash score was 31,82/100. We chose the forearm technique with a single bone. The immediate postoperative result found a realignment of the forearm, without neurological or vascular damages. Consolidation was obtained in four months. At five months, the patient recovered elbow flexion at 110° and full extension, wrist flexion at 45° and extension at 50°. Radial inclination at 20° and ulnar at 25°. The single-bone forearm technique has been described, not only for the treatment of hereditary multiple exostoses disease, but also for serious trauma or tumors with massive loss of bone. The technique generally consists of an osteotomy of the radius as well as the ulna, fixing the radius to the ulna creating a synostosis, with or without resection of part of one or both bones of the forearm. The most described complications of single-bone forearm procedure are pain, complications related to soft tissue secondary to the previous injury, and infections. The one-bone forearm remain a salvage technique for massive loss of bone of the forearm, or large deformities due to congenital malformations. This technique could allow the excision of massive bone and keep only a part of the ulna and the radius, with function maintenance and aesthetic forearm preservation.
The upper atmosphere of Uranus

Voyager measurements of the upper atmosphere of Uranus are analyzed and developed. The upper atmosphere of Uranus is predominantly H2, with at most 10 percent He by volume, and the dominant constituent of the exosphere is H. The thermosphere is warm, with an asymptotic isothermal temperature of about 800 K. Atomic hydrogen at this temperature forms an extensive thermal corona and creates gas drag that severely limits the lifetime of small ring particles. The upper atmosphere emits copious amounts of UV radiation from pressures greater than 0.01 microbar. The depth of this emission level imposes a powerful constraint on permissible emission mechanisms. Electron excitation from a thin layer near the exobase appears to violate this constraint. Solar fluorescence is consistent with the observed trend in solar zenith-angle variation of the emissions and is absent from the night side of the planet. On Uranus, it accounts for the observed Lyman beta to H2 bands intensity ratio and an important fraction of the observed intensity (about 55 percent).
Decision‐making experiences of health professionals in withdrawing treatment for children and young people: A qualitative study

Abstract Objective To explore factors that influence professionals in deciding whether to withdraw treatment from a child and how decision making is managed amongst professionals as an individual and as a team. Study Design Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of health professionals working at a UK Children's Hospital, with children with life‐limiting illnesses whose treatment has been withdrawn. Data were transcribed verbatim, anonymized and analysed using a thematic framework method. Results A total of 15 participants were interviewed. Five interrelated themes with associated subthemes were generated to help understand the experiences of health professionals in decision making on withdrawing a child's treatment: (1) understanding the child's best interests, (2) multidisciplinary approach, (3) external factors, (4) psychological well‐being and (5) recommendations to support shared decision making. Conclusion A shared decision‐making approach should be adopted to support professionals, children and their families to make decisions collectively.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding antibiotic self-treatment use among COVID-19 patients

Background: Self-medication with antibiotics is a common practice across different age groups and different cultures that can cause problems such as drug resistance, side effects, and rising costs for the healthcare system community. During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), people with mild symptoms have avoided seeing a doctor, preferring to self-medicate. The impact of self-medication in COVID-19 patients is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of, attitudes toward, and performance of self-medication with antibiotics in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with COVID-19. Participants were selected by random sampling. A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of taking antibiotics in patients with COVID-19 was conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Results: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in patients with COVID-19 was 56.1%. Most COVID-19 patients have the overall knowledge, attitude and practice score of self-medication with antibiotics. There was a significant difference between the knowledge and attitudes of educated and uneducated patients (p<0.01). Of the demographic variables, there was no significant difference between sexes in terms of attitude and practice of antibiotic self-medication in COVID-19 patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of antibiotic self-medication in COVID-19 patients, it is recommended to provide the necessary education and practical means of reducing the amount of antibiotic self-medication.
Preventable contributors to the neonatal healthcare-associated infections: a uni-center analytical study from South India.

Background: Globally, neonatal healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are known to cause high mortality. HAIs is a preventable condition related to the healthcare environment. The current study explored the contributors to neonatal HAIs in one of the largest tertiary care referral hospitals in South India. Methods: Neonates from December 2016 to June 2018 were observed for the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections and compared with the matched control group. Various observations on neonatal demography, maternal contributors, and medical procedures were made and recorded to explore and analyse the contributors to neonatal HAIs. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to find the contributors. The Odds ratio with 95% CI was also computed and reported. Results: Bloodstream infection (83%) was prevalent among neonates; the maternal contributor was only preterm labor (Odds ratio of 11.93; 95% CI; 6.47-21.98; p<.05) to acquire HAIs. On univariate analysis, mechanical ventilation for > 3days duration, NIV for > five days, and PICC line insertion procedure were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. IV cannulation for more than three times in four consecutive days was found in 100(85%) neonates considered being associated with neonatal HAIs. On multivariate analysis, NIV, PICC line, preterm labor, and low birth weight were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. Conclusion: The increased duration of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic devices and catheters contributes to neonatal HAIs. Neonates are acquiring bloodstream infections; low birth weight (LBW) neonates are more susceptible to acquiring HAIs.
Correlation of the antibacterial activity of commercial manuka and Leptospermum honeys from Australia and New Zealand with methylglyoxal content and other physicochemical characteristics

Variation in the antibacterial potency of manuka honey has been reported in several published studies. However, many of these studies examine only a few honey samples, or test activity against only a few bacterial isolates. To address this deficit, a collection of 29 manuka/Leptospermum honeys was obtained, comprising commercial manuka honeys from Australia and New Zealand and several Western Australian Leptospermum honeys obtained directly from beekeepers. The antibacterial activity of honeys was quantified using several methods, including the broth microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against four species of test bacteria, the phenol equivalence method, determination of antibacterial activity values from optical density, and time kill assays. Several physicochemical parameters or components were also quantified, including methylglyoxal (MGO), dihydroxyacetone (DHA), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and total phenolics content as well as pH, colour and refractive index. Total antioxidant activity was also determined using the DPPH* (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing–antioxidant power) assays. Levels of MGO quantified in each honey were compared to the levels stated on the product labels, which revealed mostly minor differences. Antibacterial activity studies showed that MICs varied between different honey samples and between bacterial species. Correlation of the MGO content of honey with antibacterial activity showed differing relationships for each test organism, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing no relationship, Staphylococcus aureus showing a moderate relationship and both Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli showing strong positive correlations. The association between MGO content and antibacterial activity was further investigated by adding known concentrations of MGO to a multifloral honey and quantifying activity, and by also conducting checkerboard assays. These investigations showed that interactions were largely additive in nature, and that synergistic interactions between MGO and the honey matrix did not occur.
Adolescents with congenital limb reduction deficiency: Perceptions of treatment during childhood and its meaning for their current and future situation

Abstract Background Children with congenital limb reduction deficiency live with the decisions made by their parents and healthcare professionals about treatments to be carried out during the first years of life. To understand better the meaning of treatment during childhood, it is necessary to listen to adolescents who have had this experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of adolescents with congenital limb reduction deficiency concerning the treatment they received during childhood and what it meant to them currently and in the future. Methods A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was used. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 adolescents (six girls and four boys) with upper and/or lower limb reduction deficiency, median age 17.5 years (range 16–19). The interview data were analysed using a phenomenographic approach. Results The treatment received during childhood had contributed to shaping the adolescents, as shown in the emerging description categories Creating opportunities, Choosing one's own path and Belonging in a context. Their current situation fell into three categories: A continuous journey, indicating that they still used the skills learned during childhood; Leaving the door open, indicating that they were not currently using the skills learned during childhood, but felt that there could be opportunities ahead; and Closing a chapter, indicating that they had stopped using their prosthesis or assistive devices and no longer needed those skills. Further, the adolescents' thoughts about the future are portrayed in the categories Uncertainty about the future and Confidence about the future. Conclusions An understanding of the meaning of treatment received during childhood may help improve the delivery of treatment and continued support to meet the needs of children with congenital limb reduction deficiency in the short and long term.