Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mid-century change analysis of temperature and precipitation maxima in the Swat River Basin, Pakistan

This study analyzes trends in historical (1989–2018) and projected (2041–2060) temperature and precipitation maxima in the Swat River Basin, Pakistan. This basin has a history of climate-related disasters that directly affected livelihood and personal safety in local communities and are becoming more intense and more frequent due to changing climate. Major economic sources of this basin are agriculture and tourism, both highly sensitive to extreme climate events. Therefore, it is very important to assess future trends in extremes of temperature and precipitation. Non-parametric tests were employed for currently acquired data, while future projections were assessed using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) with CanESM2 GCM under three scenarios: representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. The R 2 value between monthly observed and simulated temperatures varied from 0.82 to 0.91 and 0.92 to 0.96 for training and confirmation periods, respectively. For areal precipitation, an R 2 value of 0.49 was noted for calibration and 0.35 for validation. Observed temperatures showed a decreasing trend at all stations except Saidu Sharif, but the differences were not significant. Precipitation showed an increasing trend at two stations, Kalam and Malam Jabba, and a decreasing trend at two other stations, Dir and Saidu Sharif. A >2°C rise was noted for the annual projected maximum temperature (2041–2060) at areal and Dir, while Kalam, Malam Jabba, and Saidu Sharif showed a 1°C rise. For precipitation, an approximately 12% increase in annual maximum (areal) and seasonal precipitation (summer and autumn) was seen under all scenarios except RCP 4.5 in which there was a 20% and 32% increase in summer and autumn, respectively. The performance of SDSM in simulating maximum temperature and precipitation was satisfactory.
Outcomes associated with antithrombotic strategies in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and sinus rhythm following acute ischemic stroke

Purpose Insufficient data exist regarding the benefit of long-term antiplatelet vs. anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with ischemic stroke and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Therefore, this study aimed to compare longitudinal outcomes associated with antiplatelet vs. anticoagulant use in a cohort of patients with stroke and with an ejection fraction of ≤40%. Methods We retrospectively analyzed single-center registry data (2015–2021) of patients with ischemic stroke, HFrEF, and sinus rhythm. Time to the primary outcome of recurrent ischemic stroke, major bleeding, or death was assessed using the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model and was compared between patients treated using anticoagulation (±antiplatelet) vs. antiplatelet therapy alone after propensity score matching using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach, with adjustment for residual measurable confounders. Sensitivity analyses included the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model using ITT and as-treated approaches without propensity score matching. Results Of 2,974 screened patients, 217 were included in the secondary analyses, with 130 patients matched according to the propensity score for receiving anticoagulation treatment for the primary analysis, spanning 143 patient-years of follow-up. After propensity score matching, there was no significant association between anticoagulation and the primary outcome [hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56–2.17]. Non-White race (HR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.16–4.41) and the presence of intracranial occlusion (HR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.40–5.83) were independently associated with the primary outcome, while hypertension was inversely associated (HR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21–0.84). There remained no significant association between anticoagulation and the primary outcome in sensitivity analyses. Conclusion In HFrEF patients with an acute stroke, there was no difference in outcomes of antithrombotic strategies. While this study was limited by non-randomized treatment allocation, the results support future trials of stroke patients with HFrEF which may randomize patients to anticoagulation or antiplatelet.
Beyond the audience: Creating effective engagement strategies for students on the spectrum in the theatre classroom

Historically, theatre and dance have had challenging relationships with disability to say the least. This challenge stems from ableist perspectives that fail to consider specific needs and experiences of persons with disabilities. At all levels, from youth education to training and professional performance, opportunities are limited. Often, performing arts engagement is limited to audience seats for individuals with disabilities, more frequently this focus is on relaxed performances geared toward those identified as autistic. As the prevalence of autism diagnoses have increased, theatre and dance course engagement, specifically youth engagement, which is shown to have life-long positive impacts and predict regular and contined arts engagement, must be determined. Through an observational study, emphasizing autism research and theatre and dance classroom practices, student engagement was measured against curriculum and course planning. Through this strengthened understanding of engagement, theatre and dance curriculum can be planned to engage students on the spectrum. In building an equitable foundation for engagement, autistic students will be better equipped and prepared to move beyond audience seats.
Impact of atmospheric horizontal resolution on El Niño Southern Oscillation forecasts

In this paper, we assess the skill of a seasonal forecast system to predict El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) anomalies and the impact that the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric component has on the forecasts of the growing phase of strong ENSO events. The analysis has been carried out on retrospective six-month forecasts for the period 1973–2001 performed with the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) coupled ocean’atmosphere general circulation model (SINTEX) in the framework of the DEMETER project. Each forecast is formed by an ensemble of nine integrations that start from perturbed initial conditions. In order to consider the possible impact of the seasonal cycle on the forecasts, four different dates of the year have been chosen as initial conditions. The results indicate that, in general, the model is reasonably good in predicting the distribution of the seasonal anomalies in the tropical Pacific. However, it is also shown that the model predictions underestimate substantially the amplitude of the anomalies during the developing phase of intense El Niño episodes. The forecasts of strong ENSO events in the period here considered have been repeated, increasing the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric component. In these experiments, both the ocean model component and the oceanic initial conditions are unchanged. During the decaying phase of the oscillation, the high-resolution and low-resolution versions of the model produce similar results and the forecasts are in general good agreement with the observations. During the developing phase of ENSO, the low-resolution version of the model is unable to sustain the growth of the coupled disturbance.With the low-resolution atmosphere, the initial perturbation of the coupled system decays and the anomalies in the tropical Pacific tend to vanish very quickly. With the high-resolution atmosphere, on the other hand, the model appears to be able to sustain the growth of the disturbance, improving the quality of the forecasts both for El Niño and La Niña cases.
Association of undernutrition and female infertility in East Africa: Finding from multi-country demographic and health surveys

Introduction Infertility is one of the public health problems affecting a significant number of women in the reproductive age group. Although female fertility is predominantly affected by gynecological and systemic diseases, lifestyle and nutritional factors also play an important role in secondary female infertility. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of secondary female infertility and its association with undernutrition using nationwide data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of eastern African countries. Methods The data of ten East African countries that comprise a weighted sample of 38,020 women data were accessed from measure DHS. Data processing and analysis were performed using STATA 15 software. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was fitted to examine the association between undernutrition and secondary infertility. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as significant factors associated with secondary infertility. Model comparison was done based on Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria (AIC and BIC). To measure variation (random effects), Community-level variance with standard deviation and intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Result The proportion of women who have secondary infertility was 16.32% with 95%CI (15.96, 16.69), of which 26.94% were undernourished. This study found that being undernutrition (AOR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.54–1.98) and overweight (AOR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.62–1.86) were significantly associated with secondary infertility. Women aged >35 years (AOR = 3.47; 95%CI: 2.66–4.55), and rural residents (AOR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.02–1.37) are other factors that are positively associated with secondary infertility. However, primary education (AOR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.77–0.97) and richer wealth index (AOR = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.73–0.97) are protective factors for secondary infertility. Conclusion This study indicated that there is a strong association between secondary infertility and undernutrition growing in Eastern Africa. Therefore, Health information dissemination and awareness creation on the impact of malnutrition on infertility should be given to the community and health care providers. Given this, it may lead to integrating nutrition counseling into both clinical settings for infertility management as well as national dietary guidelines for individuals of reproductive age.
Potential roles of oxidative distress on neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease with neuropsychiatric symptoms

Background Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) belong to a category of non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), which seriously compromise the quality of life and prognosis of PD. This study focused on the correlations between NPSs, free radicals, neuroinflammatory factors, and neuropathological proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with PD, aiming to provide insights into the potential mechanisms and therapeutic target for PD with NPSs (PD-NPSs). Methods In total, 129 patients with PD were enrolled and assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Inventory (NPI); they were divided into the PD-NPSs group (75 patients) and PD with no NPSs (PD-nNPSs) group (54 patients). The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl radical (·OH), anti-oxidative enzyme, neuroinflammatory factors, and neuropathological proteins in CSF from patients with PD were measured. The levels of the above variables were compared between PD-NPSs and PD-nNPSs groups, and correlation analyses among the above variables were conducted. Results (1) The levels of H2O2 and NO in CSF from the PD-NPSs group were significantly elevated compared with the PD-nNPSs group (p = 0.001), and NPI score positively correlated with the levels of H2O2 and NO (r = 0.283, P = 0.001; r = 0.231, P = 0.008). Reversely, total superoxide dismutase (tSOD) activity in CSF from the PD-NPSs group was significantly reduced compared with the PD-nNPSs group (p = 0.011), and negatively correlated with NPI score (r = −0.185, p = 0.036). (2) The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level in CSF from the PD-NPSs group was significantly decreased compared with the PD-nNPSs group (p = 0.002) and negatively correlated with NPI score (r = −0.211, p = 0.016). (3) The total tau (T-tau) level in CSF from the PD-NPSs group was significantly higher than in the PD-nNPSs group (p = 0.014) and positively correlated with the NPI score (r = 0.167, p = 0.060). (4) The levels of H2O2 and NO positively correlated with the T-tau level in CSF from the PD-NPSs group (r = 0.183, p = 0.039; r = 0.251, P = 0.004), and the levels of TNF-α and T-tau showed a negative correlation (r = −0.163, p = 0.067). Conclusion Oxidative distress characterized by the elevations of H2O2 and NO levels may closely correlate with the neurodegeneration in brain regions related to PD-NPSs. Thus, therapeutic antioxidants may become an important target for PD-NPSs therapy.
The role of grievance in fatal family violence and implications for the construct of lone actor grievance-fuelled violence

Introduction The concept of lone actor grievance fuelled violence assumes that homicides that occur in very different contexts can be thought about in a consistent manner because they share common motivations and resultant emotional states like resentment, outrage or revenge. Fatal family violence has been largely excluded from discussions of lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide, based on the assumption that it is conceptually different. This scoping review examines similarities and discrepancies between the characteristics and motivations of perpetrators of fatal family violence and those who have engaged in lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide outside the family context, and the relevance of the concept of grievance-fuelled violence to fatal family violence. Methods This study reviewed published case studies and case series, resulting in a dataset of 102 homicide cases from 36 studies, of which there were 38 fatal family violence cases and 64 categorised as lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide. Results Twenty of the 38 fatal family violence cases were identified as being grievance-fuelled, based on the presence of motivations consistent with definitions in the grievance literature. Whilst there were some offence similarities between the fatal family violence cases (e.g., location of offence), those driven by grievance were more similar to lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide in other ways (e.g., offender’s gender and offence methods). In both these categories violence was predominantly motivated by grievance and a desire for revenge, whereas non-grievance fatal family violence cases were predominantly motivated by altruism. Discussion The motivations that defined behaviour as lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide were equally apparent in a sub-group of fatal family violence, implying that some family violence cases can be integrated into the construct of lone actor grievance-fuelled homicide in future research and theorising.
Teacher autonomy support and externalizing problems: Variations based on growth mindset toward personality and ethnicity

Introduction Given the prevalence of externalizing problems during adolescence, the present study investigated the main and interactive relationships between environmental-level (teacher autonomy support) and person-level (growth mindset toward personality) factors related to externalizing problems. This study further estimated ethnic variations of these relationships among the majority Han and one ethnic minority group (Hui) in China. Methods To achieve the research objectives, the study involved 704 Han (Mage = 12.57; 53.7% female) and 642 Hui adolescents (Mage = 12.45; 49.4% female) who completed a suite of research questionnaires. Results The results of the hierarchical linear regression analysis, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid internalizing problems, showed that teacher autonomy support was directly and negatively related to externalizing problems. This negative relationship was also moderated by growth mindset toward personality and ethnicity. More specifically, a high growth mindset buffered the undesirable effect of low teacher autonomy support on externalizing problems for Hui adolescents but not Han adolescents. Discussion The finding from the current research suggests that teacher autonomy support plays a universally beneficial role in youth mental health across two selected ethnic groups. At the same time, identifying the protective role of growth mindset has important practical implications for the design of personalized school-based activities that aim to facilitate adaptive youth behaviors.
Visiting crowded places during the COVID-19 pandemic. A panel study among adult Norwegians

Non-pharmaceutical interventions, including promotion of social distancing, have been applied extensively in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding cognitive and psychological factors regulating precautionary behavior is important for future management. The present study examines the importance of selected factors as predictors of having visited or intended to visit crowded places. Six online questionnaire-based waves of data collection were conducted in April–October 2020 in a Norwegian panel (≥18 years). Sample size at Wave 1 was 1,400. In the present study, “Visited or intended to visit crowded places” for different types of locations were the dependent variables. Predictors included the following categories of items: Perceived response effectiveness, Self-efficacy, Vulnerability, Facilitating factors and Barriers. Data were analyzed with frequency and percentage distributions, descriptives, correlations, principal components analysis, negative binomial-, binary logistic-, and multiple linear regression, and cross-lagged panel models. Analyses of dimensionality revealed that a distinction had to be made between Grocery stores, a location visited by most, and locations visited by few (e.g., “Pub,” “Restaurants,” “Sports event”). We merged the latter set of variables into a countscore denoted as “Crowded places. ” On the predictor side, 25 items were reduced to eight meanscores. Analyses of data from Wave 1 revealed a rather strong prediction of “Crowded places” and weaker associations with “Supermarket or other store for food. ” Across waves, in multiple negative binomial regression models, three meanscore predictors turned out to be consistently associated with “Crowded places. ” These include “Response effectiveness of individual action,” “Self-efficacy with regard to avoiding people,” and “Barriers. ” In a prospective cross-lagged model, a combined Response effectiveness and Self-efficacy score (Cognition) predicted behavior (“Visited or intended to visit crowded places”) prospectively and vice versa. The results of this study suggest some potential to reduce people's visits to crowded locations during the pandemic through health education and behavior change approaches that focus on strengthening individuals' perceived response effectiveness and self-efficacy.
Preschoolers’ attention to and learning from on-screen characters that vary by effort and efficiency: An eye-tracking study

Prior findings are mixed regarding the extent to which children understand others’ effort in early childhood. Especially, little is known about how character effort impacts children’s selective attention and learning. This study examined preschoolers’ visual attention to and learning from two on-screen characters: One character exerting high effort with low efficiency and another character exerting low effort with high efficiency in solving problems successfully. Children between 3.5 and 6.5 years of age (N = 70) watched a video of the two on-screen characters successfully solving problems. Children’s eye movements were recorded during viewing. Each of the two on-screen characters consistently displayed either high effort/low efficiency or low effort/high efficiency to solve four problems (familiarization). For the final problem (testing), the two characters exerted the same level of effort as each other and used unique solutions to solve the problem. Children then solved the final problem themselves using real objects. Children could selectively use either character’s solution demonstrated in the video. Lastly, children explicitly judged how good the characters were at solving problems. Younger children were more likely to use the solution demonstrated by the character with high effort/low efficiency, whereas older children were more likely to use the solution provided by another character with low effort/high efficiency. Younger children allocated more attention to the high effort/low efficiency character than the low effort/high efficiency character, but this pattern was modified by age such that children’s gaze to the low effort/high efficiency character increased with age. Children’s explicit credibility judgments did not differ by character or child age. The findings are discussed with respect to preschoolers’ understanding of effort and implications for children’s learning from screen media.
Photovoltaic panels have altered grassland plant biodiversity and soil microbial diversity

Introduction Human concerns about fossil fuel depletion, energy security and environmental degradation have driven the rapid development of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Most of the photovoltaic power generation plants are concentrated in desert, grassland and arable land, which means the change of land use type. However, there is still a gap in the research of the PV panel layout on grassland plant species diversity and ecological function. Methods In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the effects of PV panel arrangement on grassland plant species diversity and soil microbial diversity. In view of the differences in the microclimate at different sites of the PV panels, quadrates were arranged in front edge (FE), beneath the center of each panel (BP), back edge (BE), the uncovered interspace adjacent to each panel (IS) and the undisturbed grassland around the PV panels (Control), respectively. Results PV panels (especially FE) significantly increased the total aboveground productivity (total AGB) and plant species diversity in grasslands. FE increased precipitation accumulation and plant species diversity directly and indirectly changed the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities. PV panels decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, while increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Methylomirabilota. EC, Margalef’ s richness and total AGB were the main factors affecting the composition of bacterial communities, while alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were the main factors affecting the composition of fungal communities. Discussion In conclusion, the arrangement of PV panels increased the plant species diversity and soil microorganisms in grassland. This study provides important information for further understanding the impact of PV panels on grassland ecosystem function and is of great significance for maintaining grassland ecosystem function.