Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and investigation of oxygen evolution reaction catalysts for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

Hydrogen as an energy carrier is expected to play a vital role in the future renewable dominated energy system. One of the promising technologies to produce high purity H2 is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. However, its large-scale commercialization is hindered by the high investment cost, even though the technology is becoming mature. One main cost contributor is the anode catalyst, which requires Irbased materials with a high loading to overcome the high overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Aiming to address the challenge to reduce the amount of Ir required in the anodes, several OER catalysts were developed in this work by adopting different strategies. On the one hand, Ir nanoparticles were supported on electro-conductive ceramic materials, including Magnéli phase Ti4O7 and SnO2:Sb aerogel, to increase the Ir utilization. Both Ir/Ti4O7 and Ir/SnO2:Sb aerogel catalysts show significantly improvement in Ir mass activity. In particular the latter one achieved the same performance compared to the unsupported counterpart while only containing ca. 30 wt. % Ir on the electrode. On the other hand, to increase the specific OER activity for each active site, one unsupported Ir-rich catalyst was derived from IrRuOx by electrochemical Ru leaching. After stabilization of Ru leaching, it demonstrates a 13-fold OER activity greater than stateof-the-art, rutile phase IrRuO2. The developed catalysts were physically characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subsequently, the materials were electrochemically evaluated by rotating disc electrode (RDE) technique, consisting of cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) and chronopotentiometry. Besides, CO-stripping and Cu underpotential deposition (CuUPD) were employed to investigate their electrochemical surface area (ECSA). Advanced operando techniques were used to investigate the stabilization and catalysis mechanisms of the given catalysts. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) was applied on rutile phase RuO2 and IrRuO2. The results unveil that the abundant unstable Ru(OH)x formation on the electrode surface leads to the fast degradation of RuO2 while Ir prevents its formation in the case of IrRuO2
Modelling of a downdraft biomass gasifier with finite rate kinetics in the reduction zone

A model of a downdraft gasifier has been developed based on chemical equilibrium in the pyro‐oxidation zone and finite rate kinetic‐controlled chemical reactions in the reduction zone. The char reactivity factor (CRF) in the reduction zone, representing the number of active sites on the char and its degree of burn out, has been optimized by comparing the model predictions against the experimental results from the literature. The model predictions agree well with the temperature distribution and exit gas composition obtained from the experiments at CRF=100. A detailed parametric study has been performed at different equivalence ratios (between 2 and 3.4) and moisture content (in the range of 0–40%) in the fuel to obtain the composition of the producer gas as well as its heating value. It is observed that the heating value of the producer gas increases with the increase in the equivalence ratio and decrease in the biomass moisture content. The effect of divergence angle of the reduction zone geometry (in the range of 30–150°) on the temperature and species concentration distributions in the gasifier has been studied. An optimum divergence angle, giving the best quality of the producer gas, has been identified for a particular height of the reduction zone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between Tissue Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and DNA Adducts in Green-Lipped

Green-lipped mussels Pernairidis were collected from a site in Hong Kong which is . relatively free from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH contamination, and maintained in situ at this and three other sites with different degrees of PAH contamination. The transplanted mussels were retrieved after a 30-day field exposure. DNA adducts in the gill tissues were quantified, and tissue wx . concentrations of benzo a pyrene as well as total PAHs with potential carcinogenicity determined for . individual mussels. Results indicate that 1 tissue concentration of PAHs and adduct levels in mussels . collected from a single site can be highly variable; and 2 adduct levels were related to tissue wx concentrations of benzo a pyrene as well as total PAHs of individual animals.
Bis(1‐Phenyl‐1,3‐Butanedionato) Vanadyl. I. Molecular and Crystal Structure of the cis Form

The crystal structure of vanadyl bis(1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione) has been determined by two‐ and three‐dimensional Fourier methods, and accurate atomic coordinates were obtained by three‐dimensional least‐squares refinements. The crystals are monoclinic with four molecules per unit cell. The space group is P21/c. The unit cell dimensions are a0=8.103, b0=22.599, c0=10.505 A; β=106∘47′. Both Cu Kα and Co Kα radiations were used for collecting the intensities. The over‐all reliability factor (R) for 1894 independent reflections is 0.088. The ligands are arranged in a cis configuration, and each phenyl ring is nearly coplanar with the chelate ring to which it is attached. The resulting balance of resonant and inductive effects appear in the bond distances and angles about the vanadium atom.
Fabrication of Graphene Directly on SiO2 without Transfer Processes by Annealing Sputtered Amorphous Carbon

We fabricated multilayer graphene directly on SiO2 by annealing sputtered amorphous carbon with a catalyst – a simple non-chemical vapor deposition method – without the use of complicated transfer processes. Structural analysis revealed that the graphene sheets formed an epitaxial structure aligned to the Co(111) surface between the Co catalyst and SiO2 dielectric. In the multilayer graphene, a resistivity of approximately 500 µΩ cm was obtained, which is one order of magnitude higher than that of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.
Electron Diffraction Investigation of Gaseous Mercury(II) Chloride

The molecular structure of mercury (II) chloride has been determined by the sector-microphotometer method of gas-phase electron diffraction at accelerating voltages of 29 and 42 kV. The parameter values obtained are: rg(Hg–Cl), 2.252±0.005 A; l(Hg–Cl), 0.052±0.005 A; rg(Cl–Cl), 4.48±0.04 A; and l(Cl–Cl), 0.09±0.04 A. A linear structure has been confirmed within an error of 16°. The experimental mean amplitudes are consistent with the estimated values based on the spectroscopic data. No appreciable differences in the structure parameters have been found between the results of analysis carried out on the basis of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac and the relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater scattering factors.
Safety evaluation of morphological changes in corneal endothelial cells induced by K-115 in cynomolgus monkeys

The present study was designed to evaluate the morphological changes in corneal endothelial cells (CECs), induced by K-115 ophthalmic solution in the ophthalmology, using a specular microscope. Unclear borders between CECs and slightly decreasing trends in corneal thicknesses were noted following ocular instillation of the K-115 ophthalmic solutions into cynomolgus monkeys. These changes were transient and disappeared within 24 hr after instillation. In addition, no significant differences were noted in the degrees or frequencies of these lesions, between the single and 10-day repeated instillations, and no appreciable changes were noted in the number of CECs at 24 hr after instillation. No significant structural changes were noted by histopathological examinations using light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. Similar changes were also noted following ocular instillation of Y-39983 ophthalmic solution at 0.25%, with Rho-Associated, Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase (ROCK) inhibitory effects, similar to the K-115 ophthalmic solution 2.0%. Therefore, the changes were due to pharmacological effects of the K-115 ophthalmic solution. In conclusion, some morphological changes in CECs, following instillation with K-115, were considered to be of minimal toxicological significance because, 1) they were noted transiently after instillation, and CECs recovered by 24 hr after instillation, 2) no enhancement by repeated instillation was noted, 3) no appreciable changes were noted in the corneal thickness or the number of CECs at 24 hr after instillation, and 4) no significant structural changes were noted.
Some physical properties of wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut and kernel as a function of moisture content

Inorder to design equipment for improved processing of wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), some of the engine- ering properties were determined as a function of moisture content. The average length, width and thickness of wild pistachio nuts at 5.83% moisture content (w.b.) were 13.98, 8.76 and 7.25 mm, while the corresponding values of kernels at 6.03% moisture content (w.b.) were 11.07, 5.92 and 4.83 mm, respectively. The bulk and true densities of wild pistachio nut and kernel increased with increase in moisture content, while porosity decreased. At all moisture contents, the static coefficient of friction was the highest for wild pistachio nut and kernel on rubber and the least for glass. The results of this research indicated that the filling and emptying angle of repose of nuts and kernels increased as the moisture content increased in the range studied.
Analysis of phenolics in Anacardium occidentale shoot extracts using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS).

Two batches of local varieties (red and yellow) of Malaysian traditional vegetables or ‘ulam’, Anacardium occidentale, locally known as ‘gajus’ collected from MARDI Seberang Perai germplasm were screened for phenolic compounds. Quantification of the individual phenolic compounds was carried out using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS2) subjected to co-chromatography with standards, fragmentation pattern, absorbance spectra and elution order. A total of 15 phenolic compounds in both varieties, mainly flavonol glycosides, were identified. The total flavonols were quantified and found to be significantly (p <0.05) varied between the red and the yellow varieties (12.1 ± 0.3 mg/g fresh weight, fw. in the red variety and 6.4 ± 0.4 mg/g fw. in the yellow variety respectively). Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside is the highest constituent in both varieties followed by kaempferol-3-O-arabinofuranoside and quercetin3-O-glucoside. RP-HPLC-MS2 has efficiently assisted the identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds in two varieties of Anacardium
Role of Central Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Signalling in Ageing and Endocrine Regulation

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are, besides other mechanisms, controlled by growth hormone (GH) secretion and there are at least two different IGFs: IGF-1 and IGF-2. IGFs regulate various cellular processes e.g. survival, differentiation and proliferation (McMorris et al. 1986; McMorris & Dubois-Dalcq 1988; Mozell & McMorris 1991). Growth hormone, which induces IGF-1 secretion from the liver, is generated in the anterior pituitary and regulated by the hypothalamus via growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) (Jansson et al., 1985; Carlsson & Jansson 1990). IGFs in the brain are synthesised de novo or transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB) and seem to induce a variety of effects on the central nervous system (CNS). So far, the exact transport mechanisms of IGFs into the brain are not fully understood (Duffy, Pardridge, and Rosenfeld 1988). In the rodent brain, IGF-1 is mainly expressed in neuron-dense regions like the hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus and olfactory bulb (Rotwein et al. 1988; Bondy et al. 1990; Garcia-Segura et al. 1991). Accordingly, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs) are mainly found in the olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (Rotwein et al. 1988; Bondy et al. 1990; Bondy and Lee 1993; Werther et al. 1990). However, the function of IGF-1R mediated signals in the central nervous system (CNS) is still under investigation. After binding of IGF-1 to the IGF-1R, a signalling cascade is activated which leads to recruitment and subsequently phosphorylation of intracellular adaptor proteins, the so called insulin receptor substrates (IRS) (Jacobs et al. 1983; Rubin et al., 1983; Sun et al. 1991; Lavan et al. 1997; Lavan et al., 1997). Via these adaptor proteins, the MAP kinase (MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase) cascade, as well as the phosphatidylinositide(PI)3-kinase signalling pathway, is turned on leading to protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) activation, which phosphorylates forkhead box O transcription factors (FoxO) causing their nuclear export (Stokoe et al. 1997; Alessi et al. 1996; Partridge & Bruning 2008). FoxO mediated transcription is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and oxidative stress defence (Clark et al. 1993; Brunet et al. 1999; Dijkers et al. 2000; Dijkers, Medema, Pals et al. 2000; Medema et al. 2000) suggesting a function of FoxO during development and cellular stress response.
A neutron powder investigation of the high-temperature structure and phase transition in stoichiometric LiNbO3

The structural changes of stoichiometric LiNbO3 at temperatures up to 1470 K have been investigated by neutron powder diffraction. At Tc ≈ 1460 K, LiNbO3 transforms from a paraelectric high-temperature (R3c) to a ferroelectric low temperature structure (R3c). The phase transition is of coupled order-disorder and displacive type. In the high-temperature phase, Li is highly disordered over two off-centre positions, whereas Nb takes a centrosymmetric position within O6 octahedra. An analysis of anisotropic displacement parameters shows that the probability density function of Li is extended along c, that of the oxygens is more or less perpendicular to the Nb-O bonds, and that of Nb is slightly extended in the a - b plane at high temperatures. An increase of the tilt angle of the NbO6 octahedra away from an h.c. p. arrangement towards a perovskite structure was observed. The octahedra become almost regular at high temperatures. Comparison with an earlier investigation of congruent lithium niobate shows a quite similar behaviour, however, all parameters of the latter are closer to those of the perovskite structure at same temperatures. Anomalies in the behaviour of the order parameters, a more complicated disorder and a high mobility of Li at high temperatures are explained by the competition of the order-disorder and displacive character of the phase transition.
Dechlorination techniques to improve sensory odor testing of geosmin and 2‐MIB

Chlorine in finished water can mask the more subtle odors of geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol (2‐MIB), two chemicals that often trigger consumer complaints when present at even nanogram‐per‐litre concentrations. These are two of the odors that are revealed as chlorine dissipates in the distribution system, which is typically at the consumer's end. As a result, odor monitoring at the treatment plant may not identify unpleasant smells because chlorine levels at the plant are typically high and mask the other odors. Proper sensory evaluation of these odor‐causing substances requires that the chlorine odor first be reduced or eliminated so that the secondary odor can be identified. In this study, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, sodium thiosulfate, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing chlorine solutions and for their subsequent usefulness in sensory analysis. Oxalic acid and UV irradiation were inefficient dechlorinators, and sodium thiosulfate produced a rotten‐egg odor under the study conditions. Triangle testing and flavor profile analysis showed that ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide were effective in reducing chlorinous odors without producing new odors, and they did not alter the testers' sensory perceptions of geosmin and 2‐MIB.
The effectiveness of chitosan as coagulant aid in turbidity removal from water

Aims: In this study, the effectiveness of chitosan as a coagulant aid in the removal of turbidity from surface water was investigated. Materials and Methods: A conventional jar test apparatus was used to evaluate the coagulation process. Coagulation of turbidity in river water using chitosan as coagulant aid and ferric chloride as coagulant was studied in the pH range 4-9 and initial turbidity concentrations in the range of 20-200 mg/l. Results: The findings showed that the optimum pH for FeCl 3 as a coagulant on turbidity removal was seven. About 95% removal of turbidity is achieved at this pH, without filtration and the residual turbidity drops below 5 NTU. The optimum dosage of FeCl 3 was achieved 10 mg/l. The optimal chitosan concentration required to effect coagulation is 0.5 mg/l. Restabilization of the turbidity is observed at higher concentrations of chitosan. When chitosan (0.5 mg/l) used as a coagulant aid, efficiency removal turbidity was increased and optimal dosage of FeCl 3 turbidity removal was reduced to 50% of initial dosage of FeCl 3 . Conclusion: Chitosan as natural coagulant aid improved turbidity removal efficiency by coagulation process. And FeCl 3 concentration as coagulant was reduced then residual iron decreased in treated water. Also by using natural coagulant considerable savings in chemicals and sludge handling cost may be achieved.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Performance

The aim of this research is to study the effect of high concentrations of salts, pressure and temperature on the performance of the RO membrane with time. Four different (Na2CO3) concentrations (5000, 15000, 25000 and 35000) ppm and various pressures such as (1, 3 and 5) bars at different temperatures of the feed solution (i.e., 25, 35 and 45) ◦C were used in this work. It was found that, as the concentration of salt and feed temperatures increase, the rejection of the salt decrease. While the salt rejection of the membranes increases with increase of transmembrane pressure.
Interface roughness/intermixing and magnetic moments in a Fe/Co(001) superlattice

The superiority of a local probe method over diffraction methods in determining the interface details is demonstrated by a comparison between Fe/Co and Fe/V superlattice data. From Mossbauer spectra, the higher interface quality in the Fe/Co superlattice was evident although the x-ray diffraction data were similar in the two cases. In fact, by comparison of the details of the Mossbauer spectrum for the Fe/Co case with published values of the magnetic hyperfine field for iron in cobalt no detectable roughness/intermixing was found. From the variation of the iron magnetic hyperfine field as a function of location of the iron atoms, with respect to the interface, the individual iron magnetic moments could be derived. The magnitudes of the magnetic moments thus obtained correlate well with recent calculated values.
A Novel Series of Corrosion Inhibitive Polymers for Steel Protection

Poly(o-aminophenol), poly(o-aminothiophenol), poly(m-anisidine) and polyaniline have been prepared by chemical oxidation of their monomers using ammonium persulfate at 0°C. The polymers were characterized and their structures confirmed using elemental analysis and spectrophotometric measurements (FTIR, UV-VIS, 1HNMR, MS, XRD and TGA). The polymers were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for steel protection by measuring their corrosion rates in comparison with the previously prepared polyaniline and the control sample. The polymers show a high performance as efficient corrosion inhibitors, and promising results were achieved when the polymers were incorporated in various paint formulations to replace a major part of the inhibitive pigments and to replace the classical toxic corrosion inhibitors of low molecular weights and low melting points. These results are very important from an economic and safety points of view.
Aromatic Compound Solubility in Solvent/Water Mixtures

The solubility of various aromatic solutes in miscible, polar solvent/water mixtures was investigated through experiment and interpreted through chemical thermodynamic models. Eighteen solute/solvent/water systems were evaluated that represented different properties with respect to hydrogen bonding and functional group substitution. The presence of appreciable (i.e., percent by volume) organic solvent in the aqueous phase had a very large effect on the solubility of the more hydrophobic solutes. In general it was observed that there was a semi‐logarithmic increase in solubility with increasing solvent volume fraction. The increase in solute solubility with solvent volume fraction could be predicted by several chemical thermodynamic techniques, for which the accuracy improved with the extent of use of experimental data to account for nonideal effects. The results of this study are useful to understand solute physico‐chemical properties in heavily contaminated systems, such as in certain industrial wastewat.
The influence of alkalization type waste activated sludges on the yield, content and value of utilization coefficient of nitrogen by tested plants

In a 3-year pot experiment, the fertilizing value was investigated of fresh and 3 month composted waste activated sludges, FYM and their mixtures with CaO and brown-coal ash. Higher yields of maize and sunflowers were achieved from objects fertilized with waste activated sludges with the addition of ash than those with the addition of CaO or without any addition. The effectiveness of waste activated sludges from Siedlce and £uków, applied as either fresh or composted, was similar. Higher yields were achieved from objects fertilized with waste activated sludges than fertilized with FYM. The content of nitrogen was higher in the biomass of maize and sunflower harvested from objects fertilized with only waste activated sludges than those with mixtures of waste activated sludges with CaO and brown-coal ash. The highest value of nitrogen utilization coefficient calculated for the whole period of the experiment was achieved from objects fertilized with waste activated sludges and FYM with the addition of ash, slightly lower from objects on which waste activated sludges and FYM with the addition of ash and CaO were applied, and the lowest from objects on which mixture of FYM and waste activated sludges with the addition of CaO were applied. The basic form of agriculture measure required to achieve high yields of cultivated plants on light soils is fertilization. Mineral and organic fertilizers are sources of plant nutrients as well as influencing the physical, chemical and biological properties of the fertilized soils [1, 18, 20]. According to figures in the literature (since 1990), the level of nitrogen application has been borderline for plant nutrient demand, but in later periods the doses of nitrogen have not been significant and very low levels of fertilization were observed for the more intensive decomposition process of nitrogen organic compounds and humus in the soil [22]. In order to improve the biomass of plant nutrients as well as to increase the content of organic matter in the soil, the past few years have seen the system of fertilization more often including waste organic materials like waste activated P O L I S H J O U R N A L O F S O I L S C I E N C E VOL. XXXIX/2 2006 PL ISSN 0079-2985