Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanism for the recognition reaction in the self-incompatibility of Brassica species

Many higher plants have developed systems to prevent self-fertilization. The self-incompatibility (SI) system has been well known since the time of Darwin. In Brassica, SI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus called S. Discrimination of self and non-self pollen by the pistil should occur on the surface of the stigma. We have investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the SI system and have determined the S-gene products in pistil and pollen. The S-determinant of pollen (SP11) is a small cysteine-rich protein and is the ligand of a receptor complex in papilla cells, which is composed of S-receptor kinase (SRK) and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG). Ligand binding induces the autophosphorylation of SRK, which triggers the signaling cascade that results in the rejection of self-pollen. The ligand-receptor interaction occurs in an S-haplotype specific manner. This is the fundamental reaction of self-recognition system underlying SI in Brassica.
Morphology and systematics of anthracomartidae (Arachnida: Trigonotarbida)

Abstract: X‐ray microtomography (XMT) was applied to three species of the extinct arachnid order Trigonotarbida, hosted in siderite nodules from the late Carboniferous British Middle Coal Measures. All three, Cryptomartus hindi ( Pocock, 1911 ), Cleptomartus plautus ( Petrunkevitch, 1949 ) and Maiocercus celticus ( Pocock, 1902 ), belong to the family Anthracomartidae. As well as providing interactive three‐dimensional visualisations of their likely appearance in life, XMT study has resolved new morphological detail, yielding key data about the likely stance and habitus of these early arachnids. Similarities in the form of the carapace, eyes and coxosternal region between anthracomartids and the Devonian genus Palaeocharinus Hirst, 1923 are highlighted. Analogies in limb disposition are drawn between anthracomartids and modern crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae), which exhibit sit‐and‐wait style predatory behaviour. Anthracomartids are relatively common fossils at many Coal Measures localities. Although they appear to exhibit limited morphological variation, numerous genera and species have been proposed in the literature, often distinguished from each other on rather trivial characters. From our reconstruction of well‐preserved examples, we have resolved a number of common features likely to be present in a typical anthracomartid. Comparisons to this model suggest that the characters on which many anthracomartid genera are distinguished may be artefacts of preservation. We hence treat Promygale Frič, 1901 , Brachylycosa Frič, 1904 , Perneria Frič, 1904 , Coryphomartus Petrunkevitch, 1945 , Cryptomartus Petrunkevitch, 1945 , Pleomartus Petrunkevitch, 1945 , Cleptomartus Petrunkevitch, 1949 and Oomartus Petrunkevitch, 1953 as junior synonyms of the type genus of the family, Anthracomartus Karsch, 1882 . Only the genera Brachypyge Woodward, 1878 and Maiocercus Pocock, 1911 are additionally retained. Within Anthracomartus, Cleptomartus planus Petrunkevitch, 1949 , Cryptomartus meyeri Guthörl, 1964 , Cleptomartus hangardi Guthörl, 1965 and Cryptomartus rebskei Brauckmann, 1984 are treated as junior synonyms of A. hindi Pocock, 1911 (all syn. nov.). Cleptomartus plautus Petrunkevitch, 1949 and Anthracomartus denuiti Pruvost, 1922 are treated as junior synonyms of A. priesti Pocock, 1911 (both syn. nov.).
Timing and intensity of precommercial thinning in Pinus sylvestris stands

The effects of timing and intensity of precommercial thinning were studied in three Scots pine artificially regenerated stands on Vaccinium forest sites in southern Finland. A two-level factorial design (3×3) was used in each stand: thinning at dominant height of 3, 6 and 9 m to 1000, 1600 and 2200 stems ha−1. The effects of the treatments were analysed after a period of 23–25 yrs when the dominant height was 14–15 m. Early thinning resulted in the highest standing volume and amount of merchantable wood, and also in slightly accelerated height development. Thinning to 1000 stems ha−1 caused a considerable production loss, but there were no differences between the densities of 1600 and 2200 stems ha−1. Branches became thicker after early thinning, but the differences between the treatments were negligible for crop trees. Crown ratio was lowest as the result of early or moderate thinning (2200 stems ha−1).
EFEKTIVITAS SUBSTITUSI SITOKININ DENGAN AIR KELAPA PADA MULTIPLIKASI TUNAS KRISAN SECARA IN VITRO

Krisan (Chrysanthemum indicum L) merupakan salah satu komoditas bunga potong yang sangat digemari di Indonesia. Keindahan warna dan variasi bentuk bunga serta tingkat kelayuan yang rendah menyebabkan krisan banyak diminati. Minimnya pengadaan dan kualitas bibit merupakan salah satu masalah yang ada di lapangan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk meningkatkan jumlah dan kualitas bibit krisan agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian eksperimental. Sampel yang digunakan berupa meristem lateral, menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAK) dengan dua faktorial. Faktor pertama konsentrasi air kelapa (5%,10%,15%,20% & 25%), sedangkan faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi benzil adenin (BA) (0 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm & 1.5 ppm). Multiplikasi krisan diukur berdasarkan tiga parameter pengamatan: tinggi eksplan, jumlah tunas & daun. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data ANAVA dua jalan dengan uji lanjut beda nyata terkecil (BNT). BA berpengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun namun tidak signifikan terhadap tinggi tunas, air kelapa berpengaruh signifikan terhadap semua parameter pengamatan. Multiplikasi tunas yang optimal dianjurkan untuk menggunakan interaksi BA 0.5 ppm dengan 10% air kelapa Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L ) was one of the most popular cut flower commodity in Indonesia. The popularity of this flower was caused by the beauty of various petals color and flower shape as well as high level of flower freshness. The lack of high quality seed provision was one of the problems which are currently existed. Based on that problem, it was urgent to conduct a research in order to improve the quantity and quality of chrysanthemum seedlings as well as fulfilling the market demand. This research was categorized as experimental research. The sample used in this study was lateral meristem of Chrysanthemum and the design used was a complete randomized design (RBD) with two factorials. The first factor was the concentration of coconut water (coconut endosperm) which was; 5%, 10 % , 15 % , 20 % & 25 %. While the second factor wass the concentration of benzyl adenine ( BA ) which was; 0 ppm, 0.5 ppm 1 ppm and 1.5 ppm ). Chrysanthemum multiplication was measured using three observations parameters; the height of explants, the number of shoots and leaves. Data were analyzed by using two- way ANOVA and using least significant difference (BNT) as the further test. The results of study that BA had significant effect on the number of shoots and leaves but has no significant effect on shoot height, while coconut water had significant effect on all observation parameters. In order to accelerate the multiplication of shoots and leaves of chrysanthemum, it was recommended to use the combination of BA 0.5 ppm with 10 % coconut water.
Local annual survival of booming male Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris in Britain, in the period 1990–1999

Male Great Bitterns Botaurus stellaris have individually distinctive boom vocalizations which have been used since 1990 to count the British population accurately. We used vocal individuality to identify birds between years and analyse the survival of the British booming population. We used six instances of Great Bitterns known to be the same birds (from radio tracking and re-sighting of darvic rings) in successive years to provide a means of identification independent from vocalizations. All of these birds remained in the same territory from one year to the next. Seven spectrogram measures were chosen as quantitative descriptors of Great Bittern booms. Boom similarity was expressed in terms of Euclidean 'acoustic' distance between descriptors of pairs of birds. Great Bitterns that were known to be the same birds had more similar booms across years than those known to be different. The acoustic distances and knowledge of site fidelity were used to construct parsimonious rules on which to base re-identification decisions and to build survival histories. Great Bittern local survival in Britain as a whole was estimated as 70% (± 5.1 se) with survival in north-west England (at Leighton Moss) higher (82.8%, ± 7.3 se) than that in East Anglian sites (65.2%, ± 5.4 se) (X 2 1 = 3.4, P = 0.07). Movements of males between years were apparent between sites within the Suffolk and Norfolk coastal regions but not on a large scale. Survival of adult males in East Anglia was positively related to winter rainfall, but there was no significant relationship with winter temperature. There was a positive relationship between the annual population change in East Anglia and the annual local adult survival rate.
Recent anticancer agents targeting sphingolipid pathways

Sphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules that affect multiple cell signalling pathways to control cell proliferation, survival, vascularisation, migration and interactions with other cells, including those of the immune system. Nearly all categories of sphingolipids are relevant to cancer based on their biological functions; however, there is considerable experimental evidence for the anticancer efficacy of the sphingoid base and ceramide backbones of sphingolipids in both cell culture and in vivo systems, plus an increase in the patent literature dealing with the use of these compounds, analogues or modulators of their endogenous production, to control cancer and other proliferative disorders. This review describes the structural features of these compounds, their potential mechanisms of action and some aspects of their formulation, uptake and transport, metabolism and activities as a new category of anticancer agents.
Spatial variability of soil organic C and total N in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

Abstract Data from the Donggou small catchment, located in a typical wind-water erosion crisscross zone on the Loess Plateau of China, illustrate the spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) for the 0–0.10 m, 0.10–0.20 m and 0.20–0.40 m soil depths. Statistical analysis revealed that SOC and STN presented moderate spatial variability in the small catchment, and varied with land use. The SOC and STN contents and variations were also influenced by the five land use patterns in a complex manner. Geostatistical analysis showed that Gaussian models were the best fitting descriptors for these SOC and STN data set. The nugget-to-sill ratio ranged from 39.4–56.3% for SOC semivariograms, and 42.6–59.0% for STN semivariograms, indicating moderate spatial dependence at the three soil depths. Regression analysis indicated that land uses, topographic variables, and soil texture accounted for approximately 57.3% of the SOC variability and 70.1% of the STN variability for the 0–0.10 m soil layer. All regression models were reasonable enough to predict SOC and STN in similar loess areas. It was proposed that creating a mosaic pattern to increase spatial variation of areas by land use arrangement would be an effective management strategy to trap soil nutrients to stay in the ecosystem. Our data also suggested that more C input such as manure addition and crop residues return, and alternative cultivation practices such as application of contour cultivation and building terraces for soil erosion control would improve SOC and nutrients on the hilly areas similar to the Loess Plateau of China.
Presentation of Recombinant Proteins in Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Extracellular Enveloped Virions

Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain developed during the smallpox eradication campaign. Nowadays recombinant attenuated poxviruses gain importance as live carrier vaccines against different infectious diseases and in cancer therapy. The aim of this work was to develop recombinant viral vectors, for presentation of a foreign antigen on the surface of extracellular enveloped particles (EEV). First, it was tested whether significant amounts of this viral form are produced by MVA in comparison to replication competent and widely used vaccinia virus strains. Using a number of independent approaches it could be shown that MVA infection in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts results in the production of enveloped viruses, but strikingly most of these were not released into the culture medium but remained attached to the plasma membrane. The results also showed that the replication competent vaccinia virus IHD-J is more efficient in trans-Golgi-network-wrapping and in releasing enveloped virions into the extracellular medium, while the WR strain is less efficient than MVA. Two different strategies were followed to target the recombinant protein to the surface of extracellular enveloped viruses. Since it was shown that non-vaccinia virus proteins can be incorporated to some extent into the outer membrane, a native model type II membrane protein was used. To increase the chance of foreign protein incorporation a fusion protein was used which consisted of the transmembrane domain of a protein known to be specific for the outer membrane of extracellular eveloped virus and the extracellular domain of the foreign antigen which was used in its native form. The data show that both proteins were incorporated into the extracellular enveloped virions produced in MVA infected chicken embryo fibroblasts, albeit with low efficiency. the ransmembrane domain of the EEV pecific protein was not sufficient to target the foreign protein specifically to the outer envelope.
Polymorphism in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA among different Fusarium species

Fusarium species causing wilt diseases in different plants were characterised by comparing nonpathogenic and different pathogenic species using rDNA RFLP analysis. The ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of 12 isolates belonging to the section Elegans, Laseola, Mortiella, Discolor, Gibbosum, Lateritium and Sporotrichiella were amplified by universal ITS primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplified products, which ranged from 522 to 565 bp were obtained from all 12 Fusarium isolates. The amplified products were digested with seven restriction enzymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were analysed. A dendrogram derived from PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA region divided the Fusarium isolates into three major groups. Assessment of molecular variability based on rDNA RFLP clearly indicated that Fusarium species are heterogeneous and most of the forma speciales have close evolutionary relationships.
ECOLOGIA ALIMENTAR DE Astyanax lacustris (OSTEICHTHYES: CHARACIDAE) NA LAGOA DO PIATÓ, ASSU, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRASIL

O presente trabalho baseia-se na analise do conteudo estomacal de Astyanax lacustris , capturados mensalmente no periodo de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007 na Lagoa do Piato, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Como instrumento de captura utilizou-se rede de espera com malha de 4 cm entrenos. Foram obtidos de cada exemplar o comprimento total, comprimento padrao, massa corporal total e peso do estomago. A analise do conteudo estomacal de 360 peixes foi realizada de acordo com o metodo volumetrico, de pontos e o metodo de frequencia de ocorrencia, aplicando-se sobre este o Indice de Importância Alimentar. Os estomagos tiveram o grau de replecao determinado e foi calculado o Indice de Replecao. As variacoes na dieta e a frequencia de ingestao alimentar foram relacionadas com a pluviosidade e os fatores limnologicos. Os itens alimentares identificados foram separados em grupos distintos de acordo com a sua origem. Concluiu-se que a especie apresenta habito alimentar onivoro, com tendencia a insetivoria e com maior atividade alimentar durante a estiagem. A concentracao do oxigenio dissolvido teve maior relacao com a frequencia de alimentacao do que a pluviosidade e os demais fatores fisico-quimicos da agua. Palavras-chave: dieta, peixe, insetivoria, lagoa, estiagem.
Notes On Balaenophilus Unisetus P. O. C. Aurivillius, 1879, and Its Occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

Des specimens adultes du Copepode commensal Balaenophilus unisetus, trouves recemment en grand nombre sur les fanons de baleines, particulierement sur un rorqual (Balaenoptera borealis), d'Afrique du Sud, paraissent identiques a ceux precedemment decrits d'Australie occidentale et de l'Atlantique nord. Les stades nauplius montrent quelques petites differences par rapport aux precedentes descriptions. Des adultes en reproduction (femelles ovigeres) sont signales pour la premiere fois de l'hemisphere sud. Les captures signalees suggerent que, dans cet hemisphere, Balaenophilus peut preferer comme hote les baleines a fanons qui recherchent les eaux plus chaudes comme habitat.
Submodels of a Brackish Water Environment

Abstract. Microbial biomass production rates were determined in the brackish water of Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea). The calculated rates are based on the actual uptake data of 14C-U-labelled carbohydrates (ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose). The relation to data obtained from uptake of HC-labelled phytoplankton exudates is discussed. The average microbial biomass production varied from 0.018 to 5.81 μg C I1 h-1. This represents an average of 15 % of the primary production over an annual cycle. A comparison with other data concerning microbial biomass production indicates that glucose may be used as a model to calculate fluxes of dissolved organic matter in this ecosystem. The amount of produced particulate matter by microheterotrophes is discussed with regard to higher trophic levels.
Cytology and Taxonomic Relationships of Some Taxa in the Genus Silene L

The karyotypes of 21 samples of the genus Silene L. from the Mediterranean region, belonging to 10 species and 8 sections, have been investigated. Diploid chromosome numbers of 2n=24 are reported in S. succulenta, S. rubella, S. ligulata, S. biappendiuclata, S. alba, S. gallica and S. nocturna. In S. vulgaris both 2n=24 and 48 are recorded in different accessions. In addition 2n=20 is recorded in two accessions of S. conoidea, and 2n=30 in S. longipetala.Considerable variation in mean chromosome length was found. S. biappendiculata, S. succulenta have the longest chromosomes, while S. conoidea has the shortest chromosomes. The karyotypes are more or less similar with respect to centromere position, being composed of metacentric to submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes.The cytological characteristics provide evidence for the separation of S. longpetala and to some degree S. conoidea from the rest of the species studied.
Calorimetric estimates of construction cost and their use in ecological studies

Photosynthetic carbon fixation is the most abundant form of autotrophic energy capture on earth, and thus plant biomass represents the single largest pool of energy available for trophic level transfers. Energy partitioning, allocation and content influence both plant form and function, setting the stage for trophic level transfers. In many ways energy is the most basic unit that can be used to compare organisms, spanning studies of biomolecules, cells, organs, tissues, individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems and global dynamics. It is not surprising that early ecologists devoted much attention to the direct measure of the energy contents of plants. What is more surprising is that so few recent studies have expanded on the early work to incorporate more mechanistic measures of energy requirements. The concept of construction cost, or the total substrate requirement for the biosynthesis of an endproduct, has been attributed to Pasteur (1875, as cited in Penning de Vries, Brunsting & van Laar 1974). In 1987 Williams et al. defined construction cost as a measure of the amount of glucose required to provide carbon skeletons, reductant and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) for the synthesis of organic compounds, and formulated a set of techniques and equations to estimate the construction cost of plants. These researchers found that the energy required to form plant tissues can easily be estimated from simple measurements of the heat of combustion, ash content and organic nitrogen content. Prior to publication, the method was used in an extensive study of common Spanish plants (Merino 1987), but since publication, the technique has been cited only 25 times in the primary literature and twice in textbooks (Science Citation Index to July 1993). Of these citations, only half actually used the technique. The ecological significance of construction cost has only begun to be studied. Of the 25 papers that have cited Williams et al. (1987), nearly one-third were primarily concerned with modelling (Nobel 1991; Nobel, Lopez & Alm 1991; Raich et al. 1991; Ryan 1991; Webb 1991a,b;
The p53-dependent γ-Ray Response of GADD45

Activation of the human GADD45 gene by ionizing radiation (IR) has previously been shown to be dependent on the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 (M. B. Kastan, et al. , Cell 71: 587–597, 1992). Unlike GADD45 , the response of other DNA damage-inducible genes to IR is not dependent on p53 based on the observation that induction in a panel of cell lines did not correlate with a normal p53 status; this included human GADD153 , another member of the gadd (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible) group; MyD118 , a gene related to GADD45 ; and the protooncogenes c- jun and c- fos . This p53-dependent response of GADD45 was further investigated in human cells with halogenated pyrimidines, which act as radiosensitizers when incorporated into cellular DNA. When cellular DNA contained halogenated pyrimidines such as iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd), GADD45 γ-ray induction, as measured by increased mRNA, was enhanced. Rapid induction could be seen with doses as low as 0.5 Gy, and substitution with IdUrd resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in induction over a wide dose range. This level of IdUrd substitution produced a similar fold increase in cellular radiosensitivity and has been shown previously (T. M. Kinsella et al. , Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys. 13: 733–739, 1987) to produce a similar fold increase in DNA strand breaks after IR. Considering that substitution with halogenated pyrimidines would be expected to have little effect on other cellular targets after IR, these experiments indicate that actual damage to DNA, primarily strand breaks, is a major signal for the activation of this p53-dependent pathway that is required for GADD45 induction and for activation of the G1 “checkpoint” cell cycle delay.
Impact of habitat fragmentation on the genetics of populations in dendritic landscapes

Summary 1. The effect of habitat fragmentation on freshwater species has been addressed using brown trout Salmo trutta L. as a model species with a dendritic population structure. 2. Microsatellite loci were employed as molecular markers. Levels of gene flow and population subdivision were determined in more than 1200 brown trout individuals inhabiting four south European rivers with contrasting patterns of fragmentation, defined by the presence of barriers. 3. The genetic units in the four rivers were restricted by artificial barriers, and gene flow among samples within each river was associated with the level of fragmentation of the river. 4. Loss of genetic diversity and dislocation of the dendritic model have been detected in fragmented rivers. These results emphasise the importance of mitigating the impact of dams by constructing passages to restore gene flow along the river, for fish and other migratory species, as well as the need for caution in relation to stocking in isolated areas to avoid problems of inbreeding.