Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting climate change induced range shifts: where and how should we be looking?

Global climate warming is expected to cause systematic shifts in the distribution of species and consequently increase extinction risk. Conservation managers must be able to detect, measure and accurately predict range shifts in order to mitigate impacts on biodiversity. However, important responses to climate change may go unnoticed or be dismissed if we fail to collect sufficient baseline data and apply the most sensitive analytical tests. Here we use randomizations of a contemporary data set on rainforest birds of north-eastern Australia to quantify the sensitivity of three measures for assessing range shifts along altitudinal gradients. We find that smaller range shifts are detectable by analysing change in the mean altitude of presence records rather than upper or lower range boundaries. For a moderate survey effort of 96 surveys, measurements of change in the mean altitude of 34 species have the capacity to provide strong inference for a mean altitudinal range shift as small as 40 m across the species assemblage. We also show that range shifts measured at range boundaries can be potentially misleading when differences in sampling effort between contemporary and historical data sets are not taken into account.
The effect of temperature and water stress on the timing of leaf death in Vicia faba

SUMMARY The timing and pattern of leaf death was studied in three field experiments from observations of the area and dates of death of individual leaves. Two linear regression lines adequately described the pattern of leaf death on the plant in all experiments and treatments. These represented an initial phase with a slow rate of leaf death changing to a second phase with a more rapid rate of leaf death. The change from the first to second phase of leaf death occurred when the maximum seed dry weight was reached. The rates of both the first and second phases of leaf death increased with temperature. This was confirmed in an experiment in growth rooms. The rate of leaf death in both phases of plants grown at three constant temperatures increased linearly with temperature from 14 °C to 22 °C. The rate of leaf death in phase 2 increased with increasing solar irradiance and vapour pressure deficit. The rate of leaf death in both phases increased with increasing water stress in three irrigation treatments in the field.
Structure and Function of the Malpighian Tubules, and Related Behaviors in Juvenile Cicadas: Evidence of Homology with Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea & Cercopoidea)

Abstract Anatomical and histological study of the Malpighian tubules in the cicada genera Tibicen and Magicicada (Cicadoidea) demonstrated that, at the nymphal stage, these organs display a glandular modification, similar to one involved in the production of the “froth” in spittlebug nymphs (Cercopoidea). Proximal parts of the tubules contain a short smooth inflated segment, which produces granules of an acid mucopolysaccharide. A more distal long nodulose segment comprises cells which display extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory vacuoles, indicating the manufacture of a proteinaceous product. These cells are strongly PAS-positive, suggesting the secretory product also contains carbohydrates. The production of secretory products in the tubules ceases at the adult stage. Available observations of the behaviors of cicada nymphs suggest that the tubule secretory products mix with copious watery excretion of the gut to form the anal liquid, which is used by the nymphs to cement the walls of the burrows and clean the body. The Malpighian tubule products apparently account for the adhesive properties of the anal liquid. The regional differentiation of the tubules, details of the cell ultrastructure in each of the segments, and the major secretory products are similar to those of spittlebug nymphs, which live immersed in their excretion which is conditioned with the Malpighian tubule secretory products. The results suggest that the distinctive adaptations of juvenile Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea have a common origin.
The Cantor Tree and the Fréchet‐Urysohn Property

In this paper, we will show how the Cantor tree provides an easy example of a countable FrBchet-Urysohn space that is not metrizable (equivalently, by Urysohn’s metrization theorem, not first countable). Then, we will show how it can be used to provide a countable, nonmetrizable Frichet-Urysohn topological group under certain set-theoretic hypotheses (see COROLLARY 3.5). We also will discuss two other problems for which the Cantor tree provides examples and insight. These problems were solved by A. Dow and J. Steprfms shortly after the Third New York Conference on Limits, from where they were relayed by A. Kato to Toronto.
Seasonal Variation in Fish Assemblage Structure and Habitat Structure in the Nearshore Littoral Zone of Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract To evaluate whether fish abundance, fish habitat, and fish–habitat associations vary across seasons in nearshore littoral zones of five northern Wisconsin lakes, we assessed fish abundances and quantified habitat characteristics in littoral zones across three seasons (spring, summer, and fall) during 1996. Seasonal responses of the fish community in the nearshore littoral zone were taxa specific and guild specific. In the nearshore littoral zone, species richness and the abundance of pumpkinseeds Lepomis gibbosus, rock bass Ambloplites rupestris, yellow perch Perca flavescens, and centrarchids differed significantly across seasons. Some habitat characteristics, including mean water depth, maximum water depth, percent floating vegetation, and percent submersed vegetation, also differed significantly among seasons. Analysis of covariance indicated that changes in fish abundance for the three species coincided with variation in habitat characteristics in the nearshore littoral zone. Significant inte.
Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide‐Mediated Apoptosis in Neuronal PC12 Cells After Stimulation with Tumor Necrosis FActor‐α/Lipopolysaccharide

Abstract: Exposure of neuronal PC12 cells, differentiated by nerve growth factor, to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in de novo synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein with an increase up to 24 h. Brain NOS expression was unaffected. The induction of iNOS in differntiated PC12 cells was associated with cell death characterized by features of apoptosis, The NOS inhibitors N‐monomethylarginine, aminoguanidine, and 2‐amino‐5,6‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐4H‐1,3‐thiazine HCl prevented TNF‐α/LPS‐induced cell death and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that the TNF‐α/LPS‐induced cell death is mediated by iNOS‐derived NO. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that addition of l‐arginine, which serves as a precursor and limiting factor of enzyme‐derived NO production, potentiated TNF‐α/LPS‐induced loss of viability.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE SEED COAT OF ACACIA KEMPEANA (MUELLER) WHICH RELATE TO INCREASED GERMINATION RATE INDUCED BY HEAT TREATMENT

Entry of water and subsequent germination of hard seeds of Acacia kempeana occurs after the strophiole lifts and cracks. The ‘opening’ of a strophiole is induced by heat and is effected through the splitting of thin-walled cells lying beneath short palisade cells within the strophiole. Estimated pressure increases of greater than 25 % within the vascular bundle, which passes directly under the thin-walled cells, might influence strophiolar lifting. The vascular bundle between the hilum and the adjacent strophiole is virtually devoid of xylern vessels, thereby preventing water entry through the hilum. However, following the strophiole, the vascular bundle obtains a maximum number of about 35 xylern vessels and is itself enclosed in this region by a noticeable group of over 150 thin-walled cells. Many of these thin-walled cells appear crushed along the route of the vascular bundle through the mesophyll layer to the end opposite the hilum. At the non-hilum end, the vascular bundle almost touches the internal side of the seed coat and thus entry of water would be facilitated through this zone to the internal endosperm and embryo.
Interaction Between Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes of Wheat

Interaction between the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and the resistant wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , plant introduction lines PI 137739, PI 140207, and PI 262660 and the susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Stephens’ were studied. D. noxia reproductive rate and population development were higher when fed on Stephens compared with the resistant genotypes. Reproductive rate of D. noxia decreased as aphid density and length of aphid time on plant increased. Whereas, D. noxia populations increased with increasing aphid densities and length of aphid time on plant. Although the populations of D. noxia were lower when fed resistant genotypes. total chlorophyll content was reduced compared with the susceptible genotype. This could have been caused by increased aphid probing activity on resistant genotypes. There was no significant difference between the antibiotic line PI 140207 and the tolerant line PI 262660 in aphid reproductive rate, population density or reduction in leaf chlorophyll content. Expression of several polypeptides were altered by D. noxia feeding on PI 137739 and Stephens. Three polypeptides of sizes ≈32, 33, and 35 k were enhanced in PI 137739 but not in Stephens. Involvement of these proteins in plant defense is discussed.
Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles

The in£uence of stocking density (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8k g m 2 ) was investigated on haematological parameters, growth and ¢n erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles for a period of 8 weeks. The mean weight of ¢sh at the start of trial was 93.13 1.04 g. After 8 weeks of rearing, the mean weight was 362.4, 319.7, 267, 242.1 and 211.1 in densities1^8 kg m 2 respectively. The results of this study showed that growth parameters, including condition factor, weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, speci¢c growth rate and body weight increase, had a statistically signi¢cant diierence among treatments (Po0.05). A signi¢cant diierence (Po0.05) was observed in haematocrit, but the other haematological parameters, including red blood cells, white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and diierential WBC count, showed no signi¢cant eiect with stocking density (P40.05). At the end of the experiment, stocking density had no signi¢cant eiect on plasma cortisol and glucose concentration. The ¢n length (dorsal, anal, ventral, pectoral and caudal) of ¢sh was measured to calculate the ¢n index. According to this index, dorsal, anal, ventral and pectoral ¢ns showed no signi¢cant diierence among treatments (P40.05), but the erosion of the caudal ¢n was signi¢cantly diierent between ¢sh held on 6a nd 8k g m 2 (Po0.05). These results showed that rearing density has a major eiect on the growth indices of H. huso . U nlike many other ¢sh, great sturgeon exhibited lower stress responses to high stocking density. This indicates that they are more tolerable to rearing conditions in high stocking densities.With respect to the various eiects that density causes on growth, ¢n erosion and physiological and haematological parameters, better understanding of these phenomena considering diierent levels of density could have a bene¢cial impact on many rearing steps of this species.
Measuring life‐history omnivory in the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta, with stable nitrogen isotopes

Mysis relicta is a species of omnivorous zooplankton that has been implicated over the last several decades in important food‐web processes such as the lengthening of food chains, the mobilization of benthic contaminants to the pelagic, and the restructuring of community dynamics. We used stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) to quantify ontogenetic diet shifting of M. relicta in five North American lakes. Analyses indicated that M. relicta measuring >1.5 cm were elevated, on average, 0.73 trophic levels above conspecifics measuring <1‐cm length, and 0.57 trophic levels above conspecifics measuring <1 but >1.5‐cm length. This pattern suggests a trend toward increasing carnivory with maturity, which is consistent with the results of previous conventional approaches to diet analysis in this species. Our results should be useful to modelers concerned with quantifying the effects of M. relicta on energy transfer and contaminant bioaccumulation in food chains.
Aspectos reprodutivos de Sphoeroides greeleyi (Gilbert), Pisces, Osteichthyes, Tetraodontidae, da gamboa do Baguaçu, Baia De Paranaguá, Paraná, Brasil

The present study analyses the reproductive aspects of Sphoeroides greeleyi (Gilbert, 1900), such as morphology and histochemistry of carbohydrates in the oogenesis phases, maturity scale, time and type of spawn, sexual rate and first ripened mature size for females. From the monthly captured animais (Nov 1998 to Nov 1999) the morphometric data (entire length and total weight) were extracted and the sex and the gonadal maturity were determined. Some ovaries were prepared for microscopic analysis that charac-terized six phases for the development of the ovarian folheies. Through the carbohydrates analysis the acid carbohydrates could be related to the oogenesis maintenance and the neutral carbohydrates to the beginning of embryonic development. A maturity scale containing six stages of gonadal development was determined. The reproductive period is between August and January and the spawn time is from October to January. The first ripened mature size for females oceurs between 6,5cm and 7.5 cm of total length. The sexual rate shows that there are more females than males during the reproductive period.
Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus habitat in woods with different structure and management in southern England

Capsule Use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data identified suitable Willow Warbler habitat based on mean vegetation height. This habitat model provided maps of distribution and occupation of suitable habitat. Aims To identify habitat associations in woods with different vegetation structure and management systems during a period of low Willow Warbler populations. Methods Locations of all Willow Warblers were mapped during the breeding season in three woods of contrasting management; recent low intervention, actively coppiced woodland and high forest with clear‐fells. Height profile models of each wood were derived from airborne LiDAR. The mean vegetation height at locations with Willow Warblers and a sample from the rest of the wood were used to produce models of optimum habitat and breadth of habitat occupied in each wood. The habitat model was then used to produce maps of suitable habitat. Results The habitat models did not differ between woods, with highest probability of Willow Warbler occurrence in mean vegetation heights of 3.7–5.3 m. Habitat of heights 6–11 m appeared less suitable, being only partly occupied. Habitat maps showed that habitat of suitable height was only occupied when it occurred as large patches; smaller patches (mostly <0.5 ha) and edges along rides and fields were not used. Conclusion The use of LiDAR derived measures of vegetation height identified areas of suitable habitat for Willow Warblers. Willow Warblers occupied areas of low mean vegetation height either as early successional or open canopy woodland in all woods. Height‐based habitat maps can identify areas of suitable habitat within larger expanses of heterogeneous woodland and are a potentially useful tool in assessing changes in extent of what are often temporary patches of habitat.
The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity

ABSTRACT The most commonly cited apomorphy of Archosauriformes is an opening in the snout known as the antorbital cavity. Despite the ubiquity and prominence of the antorbital cavity, its function and importance in craniofacial evolution have been problematic. Discovering the significance of the antorbital cavity is a two step process: first, establishing the function of the bony cavity (that is, its soft-tissue relations), and second, determining the biological role of the enclosed structure. The first step is the most fundamental, and hence is examined at length. Three hypotheses for the function of the antorbital cavity have been advanced, suggesting that it housed (1) a gland, (2) a muscle, or (3) a paranasal air sinus. Thus, resolution is correctly viewed as a “soft-tissue problem,” and is addressed within the context of the extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) approach for reconstructing the unpreserved features of fossil organisms. The soft-anatomical relations of the antorbital cavity (or any bony st.
Inventaire des algues et phanérogames marines benthiques de la Tunisie

Abstract Check list of the benthic marine flora of Tunisia. — 393 species, varieties, formae and stadii of algae and seagrasses are listed: 6 Bangiophyceae, 239 Florideophyceae, 1 Xanthophyceae, 82 Phaeophyceae, 20 Chlorophyceae, 45 Bryopsidophyceae and 5 seagrasses.
Evolutionary genetics of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup

Eight species belonging to the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup were examined genetically and biochemically for the construction of phylogenetic trees. Based on the hypothesis advanced by Watanabe and Kawanishi (1979, 1981), we have estimated the ages for the eight Drosophila species in the descending order to be as follows: D, melanogaster, D, orena, D. simulans, D, yakuba, D, erecta, D. teissieri, D, mauritiana, and D. sechellia The plausible immediate ancestor for D. orena, D, simulans and D. sechellia appears to be D. melanogaster and that for D. yakuba, D, teissieri and D. mauritiana is D, simulans. On the other hand, a two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis has suggested that the subgroup consists of two complexes; they are D, melanogaster complex (D, melanogaster, D, simulans, D, mauritiana, D. sechellia) and D, yakuba complex (D, yakuba-D, teissieri pair and D. erecta-D. orena pair). Hybridization tests among the eight species have revealed that the most closely related pairs of species are the D, simulans-D, mauritiana within the complexes and the D, mauritiana-D, teissieri between the complexes.
Dispersal of Small Seeds by Big Herbivores: Foliage is the Fruit

Many species of herbs (including grasses) have some of their seeds dispersed by the large grazing mammals that consume the seeds along with foliage. This is an interaction that has probably been occurring for many millions of years. It should result in a very effective kind of seed dispersal to sites newly open for colonization in a wide variety of habitat types. It should select not only for seeds with the traits that enhance survival percentage or amount during the trip though the animal (small size, large numbers, resistant seed coats), but for edibility of the plant's vegetation either at the time of ripening of seeds or throughout the vegetative life of the plant. Such a view of the vegetative structure of a herb as the functional fruit ("bait" for the dispersal agent) confounds attempts at understanding leaf defensive chemistry and seed coat traits solely in the context of fitness-depressing herbivory or seed dormancy.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Responses of Corn to a Pre‐Anthesis Soil Water Deficit

Irrigation should be scheduled in order to minimize water application while maximizing crop yield, and such judicious watering requires better understanding of how crops respond to water supply. This field study was initiated to determine the influence of water deficits prior to anthesis on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a sandy soil. A rain shelter was employed to provide periods without water of 21 d in 1988 and 18 d in 1989. Water deficit treatments were begun as the eighth or ninth leaf emerged from the whorl of plants for two corn hybrids. Control plots were irrigated to maintain plant available water (PAW) at 80% or greater throughout the growing reason (.)
The catalogue of the freshwater crayfish (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidae) from Romania preserved in "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History of Bucharest

The catalogue of the freshwater crayfish (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidae) from Romania preserved in "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History of Bucharest The largest collection of freshwater crayfish of Romania is preserved in "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History of Bucharest. The collection consists of 426 specimens of Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus and Austropotamobius torrentium. Catalogul colecţiei de decapode astacide (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidae) din România, aflată în Muzeul Naţional de Istorie Naturală "Grigore Antipa" din Bucureşti Cea mai mare colecţie de raci (Crustacea, Astacidae) din România se găseşte la Muzeul Naţional de Istorie Naturală "Grigore Antipa" (Bucureşti). Aceasta conţine 426 exemplare aparţinând la două genuri şi trei specii, Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus şi Austropotamobius torrentium. Materialul a fost colectat în perioada 1933-2000 de Mihai Băcescu şi colaboratorii acestuia din aproape toată ţara. Sunt date primele hărţi mai complete ale răspândirii în România a acestor specii, realizate pe baza datelor din colecţie şi din literatură (Scriban, 1908; Entz, 1912; Băcescu, 1967; Papadopol & Diaconu, 1987). La plus grande collection d'écrevisses de Roumanie se trouve au Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa» de Bucarest. Elle comprend 426 exemplaires appartenant à deux genres et trois espèces, Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus et Austropotamobius torrentium.
Morphology and molecular phylogeny of the marine algal order Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) from New South Wales, including Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands

Fifteen species in seven genera of the marine benthic red algal order Gelidiales are reported from the New South Wales coast including Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Critical sampling, a re-examination of herbarium specimens filed in the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney and the University of Melbourne, and molecular sequencing of most of the species has determined that many of the previous identifications from this region of the Pacific were incorrect. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, once widely reported from this coast, is shown not to occur here and the specimens on which these misidentifications were made have proved to represent either new species or previously described species. Similarly, records of Gelidium australe J. Agardh have been found to represent misidentification of the formerly New Zealand endemic Gelidium allanii V.J.Chapman, and specimens identified as Gelidium caulacantheum J. Agardh actually represent the new species Gelidium hommersandii sp. nov. Previously recorded species verified in this study are Capreolia implexa Guiry & Womersley, Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann & G.Hamel, Gelidium maidenii Lucas, Pterocladia lucida (Turner) J. Agardh, Pterocladiella caerulescens (Kutzing) Santelices & Hommersand [as Pterocladia caerulescens (Kutzing) Santelices], Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand [as Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet], and Ptilophora pectinata (A. & E.S. Gepp) R.E. Norris. These species are described and illustrated in detail along with previously unreported reproductive structures. Three species are newly recorded for the New South Wales mainland [Parviphycus antipae Celan, Gelidium crinale (Turner) Gaillon, and Pterocladiella caloglossoides (Howe) Santelices], and two species (Gelidium isabelae W.R.Taylor and Gelidium allanii V.J.Chapman) represent new records for the Australian continent. In addition, three new species are described: Gelidium bernabei sp. nov., Gelidium declerckii sp. nov., and Gelidium hommersandii sp. nov.