Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Global Monsoon in Present Warm Period Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings

In this study, we investigate global monsoon precipitation (GMP) changes between the Present Warm Period (PWP, 1900–2000) and the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1250–1850) by performing millennium sensitivity simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1). Three millennium simulations are carried out under time-varying solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, respectively, from 501 to 2000 AD. Compared to the global-mean surface temperature of the cold LIA, the global warming in the PWP caused by high GHG concentration is about 0.42 °C, by strong solar radiation is 0.14 °C, and by decreased volcanic activity is 0.07 °C. The GMP increases in these three types of global warming are comparable, being 0.12, 0.058, and 0.055 mm day−1, respectively. For one degree of global warming, the GMP increase induced by strong GHG forcing is 2.2% °C−1, by strong solar radiation is 2.8% °C−1, and by decreased volcanic forcing is 5.5% °C−1, which means that volcanic forcing is most effective in terms of changing the GMP among these three external forcing factors. Under volcanic inactivity-related global warming, both monsoon moisture and circulation are enhanced, and the enhanced circulation mainly occurs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The circulation, however, is weakened in the other two cases, and the GMP intensification is mainly caused by increased moisture. Due to large NH volcanic aerosol concentration in the LIA, the inter-hemispheric thermal contrast of PWP global warming tends to enhance NH monsoon circulation. Compared to the GHG forcing, solar radiation tends to warm low-latitude regions and cause a greater monsoon moisture increase, resulting in a stronger GMP increase. The finding in this study is important for predicting the GMP in future anthropogenic global warming when a change in natural solar or volcanic activity occurs.
Origin of the magnetoelectric effect in the Cs 2 FeCl 5 .D 2 O compound

${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeCl}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ has been identified as a linear magnetoelectric material, although the correlation of this property with the magnetic structures of this compound has not been adequately studied. We have used single-crystal and powder neutron diffraction to obtain detailed information about its nuclear and magnetic structures. From the nuclear structure analysis, we describe the occurrence of a phase transition related to the reorganization of the ${[\mathrm{FeCl}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}]}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ions and the ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ counterion. The magnetic structure was determined at zero magnetic field at 1.8 K using single-crystal diffraction and its temperature evolution was recorded using powder diffraction. The symmetry analysis of the magnetic structure is compatible with the occurrence of the magnetoelectric effect. Moreover, the evolution of the magnetic structure as a function of the external magnetic field has also been studied. The reorientation of the magnetic moments under applied external field along the easy axis ($b$ axis at low temperature) is compatible with the occurrence of a spin-flop transition. The application of a magnetic field below ${T}_{N}$ compels the magnetic moments to flip from the $b$ axis to the $ac$ plane (with a small induced component along the $b$ axis), for a critical magnetic field of ca. 1.2 T.
Influences of sources and weather dynamics on atmospheric deposition of Se species and other trace elements

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition is an important source of the micronutrient selenium for terrestrial ecosystems and food chains. However, the factors determining the total concentrations and chemical forms (speciation) of selenium in atmospheric deposition remain poorly understood. Here, aerosol samples were collected weekly over 5 years at Pic du Midi Observatory (French Pyrenees), alongside highly temporally resolved samples of aerosols, precipitation, and cloud water taken during a 2-month campaign. Firstly, measurements of selenium, other elements, and water isotopes were combined with sophisticated modelling approaches (aerosol–chemistry–climate SOCOL-AERv2 model and air parcel backward trajectories and Lagrangian moisture source analyses). Aerosol selenium measurements agreed well with SOCOL-AERv2-predicted values, and interestingly, higher fluxes of selenium and other elements were associated with deep convective activity during thunderstorms, highlighting the importance of local cloud dynamics in high deposition fluxes. Our results further indicate the coupling of element and water cycles from source to cloud formation, with decoupling during precipitation due to below-cloud scavenging. Secondly, selenium speciation was investigated in relation to sulfur speciation, organic composition, and moisture sources. While in the 5-year aerosol series, selenite (SeIV) was linked to anthropogenic source factors, in wet deposition it was related to pH and Atlantic moisture sources. We also report an organic selenium fraction, tracing it back to a marine biogenic source in both aerosols and wet deposition. With a comprehensive set of observations and model diagnostics, our study underscores the role of weather system dynamics alongside source contributions in explaining the atmospheric supply of trace elements to surface environments.
D R A F T Sea-surface temperature pattern eﬀects have slowed recent global warming and biased emergent constraints on climate sensitivity

The rate of recent global warming has been proposed as an “emer-gent constraint” on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR) – key metrics of the global climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing. Using CMIP5/6 models, we show that the inter-model relationship between warming and these climate sensitivity metrics (the basis for the emergent constraint) arises from a similarity in transient and equilibrium warming patterns within the models, producing an effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) governing recent warming that is comparable to the value of ECS governing long-term warming under CO 2 forcing. However, CMIP5/6 historical simulations do
Exploring Drivers and Barriers of Cyber Counseling: A Perspective from Indonesia

— COVID19 pandemic has created a global crisis on mental health by putting pressure and stress. The survey showed a significant surge of mental health problem cases between 2020 to 2022. However, potential usage of cyber counseling as a plausible solution for mental health has not been fully explored. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze possible drivers and barriers on behavioral intention to use cyber counseling to so it will be best utilized and see more usage. This research used quantitative method, using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling. The model was built from seven drivers and seven barriers. The result showed that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, attitude, and perceived behavioral control as main drivers of intention to use cyber counseling while information privacy concern and security risk as main barriers of intention to use cyber counseling. These results can provide recommendations for cyber counseling service providers to improve and to leverage their cyber-counseling services so that the use of cyber counseling constantly sees significant increase.
Occlusion-Free Scene Recovery via Neural Radiance Fields

Our everyday lives are filled with occlusions that we strive to see through. By aggregating desired background information from different viewpoints, we can easily eliminate such occlusions without any external occlusion-free supervision. Though several occlusion removal methods have been proposed to empower machine vision systems with such ability, their performances are still unsatisfactory due to reliance on external supervision. We propose a novel method for occlusion removal by directly building a mapping between position and viewing angles and the corresponding occlusion-free scene details leveraging Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF). We also develop an effective scheme to jointly optimize camera parameters and scene reconstruction when occlusions are present. An additional depth constraint is applied to supervise the entire optimizaion without labeled external data for training. The experimental results on existing and newly collected datasets validate the effectiveness of our method. Our project page: https://freebutuselesssoul.github. io/occnerf.
Making Sense of Human Advocacy Narrative: Raising Support for People Seeking Asylum Among Diverse Audiences

Australian organizations supporting people seeking asylum face a challenging sociopolitical and communications environment. A dominant political narrative labels people seeking asylum as illegal arrivals, making it difficult to communicate humanizing alternatives capable of appealing to hearts and minds. This communication environment also limits the ability of advocacy organizations to raise community support. This research, involving a campaign delivered by an Australian advocacy organization, investigates how stakeholders make sense of human advocacy narrative. The campaign narrative focused on mobilizing activism for people seeking asylum, but in-depth interviews with participants revealed a wide range of emotional and cognitive responses. Findings result in a typology of three distinct audience types, offering insight into how and why different stakeholders respond to, and act on, the advocacy narratives designed to influence them. This research demonstrates how organizations can use communication to strengthen their appeal on emotive human advocacy issues, characterized by competing narratives.
Dying To Eat: The Under-Assessment of Eating Disorders in Marginalized Communities

Obesity has become a major health crisis in the United States and often leads to other significant health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes. This epidemic has hit marginalized communities hardest, with unemployment, financial stress and poverty as strong indicators for weight gain and weight problems. This article explored factors that lead to obesity, mainly food insecurity and early childhood trauma. We conclude that to address this epidemic, obesity needs to be viewed from a social justice perspective as well as a clinical perspective. Individuals of color are not being assessed for eating disorders, leaving pathological eating patterns and motivations unaddressed and ultimately untreated.
Assessing the drift of fish aggregating devices in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract. The tropical Pacific Ocean is characterized by its dominant zonal flow, strong climate dependence on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and abundant tuna stocks. Tuna fisheries in the West and Central Pacific Ocean accounted for 55 % of the world-wide tuna catch in 2019 and are one of the main sources of income in many Pacific island nations. One of the dominant fishing methods in this region relies on the use of drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs): rafts with long underwater appendages (on average 50 m deep) that aggregate fish. Although currents such as the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and South Equatorial Current (SEC) in the tropical Pacific Ocean vary strongly with ENSO, little is known about the impact of this variability in flow on dFAD dispersion. In this study, virtual Lagrangian particles are tracked for the period 2006 to 2021 over the domain in a 3D hydrodynamic model and are advected in simulations with only surface flow, as well as simulations using a depth-averaged horizontal flow over the upper 50 m, representing virtual dFADs. Zonal displacements, eddy-like behaviour and ENSO variability are then studied for both types of virtual particles. It was found that virtual particles advected by surface flow only are displaced up to 35 % farther than virtual dFADs subjected to a depth-averaged flow, but no other major differences were found in dispersion patterns. The strongest correlations between ENSO and virtual dFAD dispersion for the assessed variables were found in the West Pacific Ocean, with Pearson correlation coefficients of up to 0.59 for virtual dFAD displacement. Connections between ENSO and eddy-like behaviour were found in the western part of the SEC, indicating more circulation and meandering during El Niño. These findings may be useful for improving sustainable deployment strategies during ENSO events and understanding the ocean processes driving the distribution of dFADs.
Extensively Invasive Gallbladder Cancer from Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm Treated with Pylorus-Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Extended Cholecystectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) is a rare tumor first classified by the World Health Organization in 2010. ICPN is a counterpart of the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. Previous reports on ICPN are limited; thus, the diagnosis, surgical intervention, and prognosis are controversial. Here, we report an extensively invasive gallbladder cancer arising in ICPN treated with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) and extended cholecystectomy. Case Presentation. A 75-year-old man presented to another hospital with jaundice for 1 month. Laboratory findings showed elevated total bilirubin, 10.6 mg/dL and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 54.8 U/mL. Computed tomography showed a well-enhanced tumor located in the distal bile duct and dilated hepatic bile duct. The gallbladder wall was thickened and homogeneously enhanced. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a filling defect in the distal common bile duct, and intraductal ultrasonography showed a papillary tumor in the common bile duct, indicating tumor invasion of the bile duct subserosa. Subsequent bile duct brush cytology revealed adenocarcinoma. The patient was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment and underwent an open PPPD. Intraoperative findings showed a thickened and indurated gallbladder wall, suggesting concurrent gallbladder cancer; thus, the patient subsequently underwent PPPD and extended cholecystectomy. Histopathological findings confirmed gallbladder carcinoma originating from ICPN, which extensively invaded the liver, common bile duct, and pancreas. The patient started adjuvant chemotherapy (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil) 1 month after surgery and had no recurrence at follow-up after 1 year. Conclusions Accurate preoperative diagnosis of ICPN, including the extent of tumor invasion is challenging. To ensure complete curability, the development of an optimal surgical strategy considering preoperative examinations and intraoperative findings is essential.
On solutions of matrix equation XF − AX = C and XF − A X = C over quaternion field

By means of Kronecker map and complex representation of a quaternion matrix, some explicit solutions to the quaternion matrix equations XF − AX = C and XF − A� X = C are established. One of the solutions is neatly expressed by a symmetric matrix, a controllability matrix and an observability matrix. In addition, two practical algorithms for these two equations are given.
Selection Without Replacement from Within Strata with Probability Proportional to Size

In selection with probability proportional to size x from within strata without replacement, the usual method of selection gives rise to bias in the estimate of the total of a variate y derived by weighting the units by weights proportional to 1/x. By means of numerical examples it is shown that the amount of this bias is usually quite trivial. If, however, unbiased estimates are required, the true total probabilities of selection of the different units can be calculated easily for samples of 2, and with considerably more labour for samples of 3. The bias in the ordinary formula for the estimation of error is also investigated, and the formula is shown to be reasonably accurate. Horvitz and Thompson have given an unbiased estimator of the error variance, but this is shown to be inefficient and a new unbiased estimator is given. A method of revising the size measures so that with the usual method of selection the true total probabilities of selection are proportional to the original size measures is given for samples of 2. Horvitz and Thompson's solution of this problem does not appear to give satisfactory approximations in the cases met with in practice. The selection of successive members of a sample with arbitrary sets of probabilities chosen solely so that the total probabilities shall be proportional to the original size measures, which has been advocated in various quarters, is criticized.
THE PHYSICS OF IDEAS: INFERRING THE MECHANICS OF OPINION FORMATION FROM MACROSCOPIC STATISTICAL PATTERNS

Title of dissertation: THE PHYSICS OF IDEAS: INFERRING THE MECHANICS OF OPINION FORMATION FROM MACROSCOPIC STATISTICAL PATTERNS Keith Burghardt, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Dissertation directed by: Professor Michelle Girvan Department of Physics In a microscopic setting, humans behave in rich and unexpected ways. In a macroscopic setting, however, distinctive patterns of group behavior emerge, leading statistical physicists to search for an underlying mechanism. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the macroscopic patterns of competing ideas in order to discern the mechanics of how group opinions form at the microscopic level. First, we explore the competition of answers in online Q&A (question and answer) boards. We find that a simple individual-level model can capture important features of user behavior, especially as the number of answers to a question grows. Our model further suggests that the wisdom of crowds may be constrained by information overload, in which users are unable to thoroughly evaluate each answer and therefore tend to use heuristics to pick what they believe is the best answer. Next, we explore models of opinion spread among voters to explain observed universal statistical patterns such as rescaled vote distributions and logarithmic vote correlations. We introduce a simple model that can explain both properties, as well as why it takes so long for large groups to reach consensus. An important feature of the model that facilitates agreement with data is that individuals become more stubborn (unwilling to change their opinion) over time. Finally, we explore potential underlying mechanisms for opinion formation in juries, by comparing data to various types of models. We find that different null hypotheses in which jurors do not interact when reaching a decision are in strong disagreement with data compared to a simple interaction model. These findings provide conceptual and mechanistic support for previous work that has found mutual influence can play a large role in group decisions. In addition, by matching our models to data, we are able to infer the time scales over which individuals change their opinions for different jury contexts. We find that these values increase as a function of the trial time, suggesting that jurors and judicial panels exhibit a kind of stubbornness similar to what we include in our model of voting behavior. THE PHYSICS OF IDEAS: INFERRING THE MECHANICS OF OPINION FORMATION FROM MACROSCOPIC STATISTICAL PATTERNS
Iterative Reconstruction Methods for Inverse Problems in Tomography with Hybrid Data

This paper considers the reconstruction problem in Acousto-Electrical Tomography, i.e., the problem of estimating a spatially varying conductivity in a bounded domain from measurements of the internal power densities resulting from different prescribed boundary conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the limited angle scenario, in which the boundary conditions are supported only on a part of the boundary. The reconstruction problem is formulated as an optimization problem in a Hilbert space setting and solved using Landweber iteration. The resulting algorithm is implemented numerically in two spatial dimensions and tested on simulated data. The results quantify the intuition that features close to the measurement boundary are stably reconstructed and features further away are less well reconstructed. Finally, the ill-posedness of the limited angle problem is quantified numerically using the singular value decomposition of the corresponding linearized problem.
A geometric relativistic dynamics under any conservative force

Riemann’s principle “force equals geometry” provided the basis for Einstein’s General Relativity — the geometric theory of gravitation. In this paper, we follow this principle to derive the dynamics for any static, conservative force. The geometry of spacetime of a moving object is described by a metric obtained from the potential of the force field acting on it. We introduce a generalization of Newton’s First Law — the Generalized Principle of Inertia stating that: An inanimate object moves inertially, that is, with constant velocity, in its own spacetime whose geometry is determined by the forces affecting it. Classical Newtonian dynamics is treated within this framework, using a properly defined Newtonian metric with respect to an inertial lab frame. We reveal a physical deficiency of this metric (responsible for the inability of Newtonian dynamics to account for relativistic behavior), and remove it. The dynamics defined by the corrected Newtonian metric leads to a new Relativistic Newtonian Dynamics for both massive objects and massless particles moving in any static, conservative force field, not necessarily gravitational. This dynamics reduces in the weak field, low velocity limit to classical Newtonian dynamics and also exactly reproduces the classical tests of General Relativity, as well as the post-Keplerian precession of binaries.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Risk: The Moderating Effect of Risk Environment and Growth Potential

Theoretical arguments regarding the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm liability risk are abundant; however, empirical evidence about this relationship is scarce. We investigate the relationship between CSR and the personal liability risk of a firm’s directors and officers. We argue that companies with better CSR performance represent a better underwriting risk for directors’ and officers’ (D&O) insurance providers and, therefore, have a lower cost of insurance. Our results show that firms with better CSR performance are more likely to purchase D&O insurance and have a lower premium-to-coverage ratio, known as the insurance rate-on-line. We also show that this risk-reduction effect is stronger for firms that operate in a high-risk environment and have higher sales growth. These results provide evidence that CSR can be used as a risk management tool to mitigate liability risk and suggest which firms benefit most from this effect.