Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanism of Fucoidan Nanoparticles as Protector on Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats’ Aortas

Antioxidants have an important role in protecting against diabetes complications such as vascular endothelial cell damage. Fucoidan has strong antioxidant properties, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of fucoidan nanoparticles through the pathway of antioxidant activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetic aortic endothelial cell dysfunction in rats. Fucoidan nanoparticles are made utilizing high-energy ball milling. This research consists of five groups, namely: control rats, rats were administered aquadest; diabetic rats, rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ); fucoidan nanoparticle rats, rats were administered STZ and fucoidan nanoparticles. Aortic tissue was collected for the evaluation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Nitric Oxide (NO), cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), relaxation response of acetylcholine (Ach), and the diameter of the aorta. The size distribution of the fucoidan nanoparticles was 267.2 ± 42.8 nm. Administration of fucoidan nanoparticles decreased the levels of ROS and MDA, and increased the levels of SOD, levels of GPx, Nrf2 expression, NO levels, cGMP expression, the relaxation response of Ach, and lumen diameter of the aorta, which are significantly different when compared with diabetic rats, p < 0.05. In this study, we concluded that the mechanism pathway of fucoidan nanoparticles prevents aortic endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetic rats through antioxidant activity by reducing ROS and MDA and incrementing SOD levels, GPx levels, and Nrf2 expression. All of these can lead to an elevated relaxation response effect of Ach and an increase in the lumen diameter of the aorta, which indicates a protective effect of fucoidan nanoparticles on aortic endothelial cells.
SLOT COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONS IN C AND X BANDS

This paper presents an aperture coupled microstrip antenna with a rectangular patch which is located on top of two slots on the ground plane. The patch and slots are separated by an air gap and a material with low dielectric constant. There is a 50 Ω feed line which is divided into two 100 Ω feed lines by a two way microstrip power divider under the ground plane. Using a parametric study on the effect of the position and dimensions of the feed line the impedance bandwidth of the antenna (VSWR < 2) is increased to 7.9 GHz (86%) centered at 9.25 GHz and the gain of the structure is more than 7 dB from 5.4 GHz to 8.8 GHz (48%).
Explaining the physics of transfer learning in data-driven turbulence modeling

Abstract Transfer learning (TL), which enables neural networks (NNs) to generalize out-of-distribution via targeted re-training, is becoming a powerful tool in scientific machine learning (ML) applications such as weather/climate prediction and turbulence modeling. Effective TL requires knowing (1) how to re-train NNs? and (2) what physics are learned during TL? Here, we present novel analyses and a framework addressing (1)–(2) for a broad range of multi-scale, nonlinear, dynamical systems. Our approach combines spectral (e.g. Fourier) analyses of such systems with spectral analyses of convolutional NNs, revealing physical connections between the systems and what the NN learns (a combination of low-, high-, band-pass filters and Gabor filters). Integrating these analyses, we introduce a general framework that identifies the best re-training procedure for a given problem based on physics and NN theory. As test case, we explain the physics of TL in subgrid-scale modeling of several setups of 2D turbulence. Furthermore, these analyses show that in these cases, the shallowest convolution layers are the best to re-train, which is consistent with our physics-guided framework but is against the common wisdom guiding TL in the ML literature. Our work provides a new avenue for optimal and explainable TL, and a step toward fully explainable NNs, for wide-ranging applications in science and engineering, such as climate change modeling.
DCAM-Net: A Rapid Detection Network for Strip Steel Surface Defects Based on Deformable Convolution and Attention Mechanism

Strip steel surface defect detection is a critical step in the production field of the steel industry and a vital guarantee to improve the quality of strip steel production. However, due to the poor contrast of the strip steel surface defect images, the diversity of defect types, scales, texture structures, and the irregular distribution of defects, it is difficult to achieve rapid and accurate detection of strip steel surface defects with the existing methods. In this article, a rapid detection network for strip steel surface defects based on deformable convolution and attention mechanism (DCAM-Net) is proposed. First, we introduce contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) as a data augmentation method to improve the contrast of the defect image and highlight the defect feature on the strip steel surface images. Second, we propose a novel enhanced deformation-feature extraction block (EDE-block) for various complex and irregularly distributed strip steel defects. By fusing deformable convolution, the receptive field of the defect feature extraction network is expanded to capture complete and comprehensive defect texture features. Finally, we introduce the coordination attention (CA) module to replace the backbone network’s spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) structure, which further factorizes the pooling operation and effectively improves the network’s ability to locate defects. The experimental results on the NEU-DET dataset showed that the mean Average Precision (mAP@IoU $=0.5$ ) of the proposed algorithm is 82.6%, which is 7.3% higher than the baseline network, and the detection speed is up to 100.2 fps, which effectively improves the detection efficiency of surface defects of strip steel.
Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity and Clustering Analysis of Propolis Samples Based on PCA from Different Regions of Anatolia

This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical composition and biological activity of propolis samples from different regions of Türkiye to characterize and classify 24 Anatolian propolis samples according to their geographical origin. Chemometric techniques, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical clustering algorithm (HCA), were applied for the first time to all data, including antioxidant capacity, individual phenolic constituents, and the antimicrobial activity of propolis to reveal the possible clustering of Anatolian propolis samples according to their geographical origin. As a result, the total phenolic content (TPC) of the propolis samples varied from 16.73 to 125.83 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GAE/g) sample, while the number of total flavonoids varied from 57.98 to 327.38 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (QE/g) sample. The identified constituents of propolis were phenolic/aromatic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and trans-cinnamic acid), phenolic aldehyde (vanillin), and flavonoids (pinocembrin, kaempferol, pinobanksin, and apigenin). This study has shown that the application of the PCA chemometric method to the biochemical composition and biological activity of propolis allows for the successful clustering of Anatolian propolis samples from different regions of Türkiye, except for samples from the Black Sea region.
Gender and adaptive capacity in climate change scholarship of developing countries: a systematic review of literature

ABSTRACT People in developing countries face the difficult task of coping with climate change impacts given their socioeconomic struggles. Gender, along with other social factors, plays divisive roles to regulate people’s capacities to respond to climate crises. This paper undertakes a systematic review of the literature to explore the trends of research in developing countries on gender and adaptive capacity concerns. Leximancer was employed to undertake textual analysis of research articles (n = 59) published from 2010 to 2020. Thematic and concept analysis indicated that agriculture-related concerns were the key topic to prompt discussion on gender and adaptive capacities of vulnerable people. Concepts of power, social norms, control over assets, and decision-making processes were found to have a joint effect on the capacity building of vulnerable people, particularly women. The findings suggested that while discussing vulnerability and adaptive capacity of women, the associated subjects of discussion such as income, organization, community, water, food, farming, security, and land vary in African and Asian countries. The growing attention in adaptation research to better understand the opportunities to adequately support women’s adaptive capacities will require focusing on a collective approach of incorporating social, cultural, situational, locational and historical contexts of gendered climate vulnerabilities in society.
IBEX's Enigmatic Ribbon in the sky and its many possible sources

Launched in October 2008, NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has provided the first‐ever energy‐resolved all‐sky maps of energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions from the boundary of the heliosphere with the local interstellar medium (LISM). The maps reveal an enigmatic “Ribbon” of enhanced emissions superposed on a smoothly varying global distribution of ENA emissions. The Ribbon lies between the locations where the two Voyagers crossed the termination shock and was not sampled by them on their trajectories out through the heliosphere. IBEX's discovery of the Ribbon—a feature completely unpredicted by theory and numerical simulations—requires a new paradigm in our understanding of the heliosphere/LISM interaction. The Ribbon appears to be ordered by the interstellar magnetic field and the solar wind's latitudinal structure. The Ribbon's origin, whether from processes occurring in the heliosphere or beyond in the LISM, is unknown and the subject of intense investigation. Continued observations over the first 3 years of the IBEX mission have characterized the Ribbon, including its location, energy spectra, fine structure, and time variations. Here we review and compare the various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the Ribbon, assess their ability to account for the features that have emerged from 3 years of careful analysis of the IBEX sky maps, and discuss how evolving theories and observations during IBEX's extended mission and by the National Research Council's recommended follow‐on mission (the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe) will be used to finally determine the true source of the Ribbon.
The Transformation of Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker Program

Abstract:Malgré les efforts répétés pour réduire sa taille, nous montrons que le Programme canadien des travailleurs étrangers temporaires (TÉT) a évolué de telle sorte depuis 2000 que les TÉT forment maintenant plus de quatre pour cent de la main-d'œuvre au Canada – une multiplication par cinq de leur proportion. Cette main-d'œuvre est de plus en plus spécialisée, dispose de permis de travail à long terme et est susceptible de demander la résidence permanence (RP). Bien que les cas de TÉT disposant déjà d'une expérience du marché du travail semblent être concentrés dans des marchés relativement compétitifs, 85 pour cent sont exemptés des critères d'offre d'emploi, et l'augmentation des permis émis sans critères d'offre d'emploi dépasse l'augmentation du nombre de TÉT qui demandent la résidence permanente//acquièrent le statut de résident permanent. Nous soutenons que le système doit montrer davantage de transparence en ce qui concerne, d'une part, les lieux et les emplois où se retrouvent les TÉT disposant de permis avec exemption des critères d'emploi, et, d'autre part, le suivi de leur taux de transition vers la résidence permanente.Abstract:Despite repeated efforts to curtail its size, we show that Canada's Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program has undergone a transformation since 2000 in which TFWs now account for more than four percent of total Canadian employment—a five-fold increase—and are increasingly skilled, employed on long-term permits, and likely to transition to permanent residency (PR). While TFW entries that are labour market tested appear to be concentrated in relatively tight markets, 85 percent are exempt from labour market tests (LMTs), and the growth in LMT-exempt permits has exceeded the growth in TFWs who transition to PR status. We argue that the system requires greater transparency in identifying the locations and occupations of TFWs with LMT-exempt permits and in tracking their PR transition rates.
The first BATSE gamma-ray burst catalog

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) has triggered on 1637 cosmic gamma-ray bursts between 1991 April 19 and 1996 August 29. These events constitute the Fourth BATSE burst catalog. The current version (4Br) has been revised from the version first circulated on CD-ROM in 1997 September (4B) to include improved locations for a subset of bursts that have been reprocessed using additional data. A significant difference from previous BATSE catalogs is the inclusion of bursts from periods when the trigger energy range differed from the nominal 50-300 keV. We present tables of the burst occurrence times, locations, peak fluxes, fluences, and durations. In general, results from previous BATSE catalogs are confirmed here with greater statistical significance.
Application of additive technologies in the design and creation of electrical machines

This work reveals the essence and analyzes the advantages and problems on the way of using additive manufacturing in the electrical machines development. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that this issue is being raised by some scientific groups, but is at an early stage of research. In particular, the main problems are unresolved problems of porosity in printing, a limited list of materials suitable for use, as well as unapproved parameters and methods of using additive technologies in the production of electrical machines. However, despite the indicated disadvantages, additive manufacturing can bring such advantages to the creation of electrical machines as a significant reduction in design and manufacturing time, an increase in the repeatability of products, the possibility of introducing new topologies due to the manufacture of complex structures, and the elimination of manual labor. The authors of the article propose their own approach to the implementation of the first stage of research on the introduction of additive technologies in the electrical machines development. The machine weight reduction and advanced materials with better magnetic characteristics are expected as a result of this work.
Magnetic merging in a collisionless plasma

This paper examines the problem of magnetic merging in a fully collisionless plasma, i.e., a plasma of noninteracting charged particles, explicitly avoiding the fluid (MHD) approximation. The Alfven self-consistency criterion that relates the plasma density to the electric and magnetic fields is shown to be equivalent, when suitably generalized, to the stress-balance requirement discussed by Rich, Vasyliunas, and Wolf. From this criterion the self-consistent electric field and the magnetic merging speed are obtained as functions of the magnetic field configuration and of the incident plasma parameters. The merging speed obtained for equal antiparallel fields is within a factor of 2 of the result of fluid theory if the incident plasma pressure is initially isotropic. The merging speed is respectively reduced or enhanced when the incident parallel plasma pressure P∥ is greater than or less than the incident transverse pressure P⊥. When P∥ - P⊥ = B²/µ0 (the marginal fire hose stability condition), merging ceases. For the more general field configuration wherein the opposing magnetic fields B1 and B2 have arbitrary magnitudes and directions the merging electric field is shown to have a maximum value when the fields are antiparallel and to decrease monotonically to zero as the angular separation of the fields decreases to arccos (B1/B2). The expected merging electric field at the day side magnetopause as a function of the strength and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field is presented in a form that can be compared directly with observations. Although a detailed comparison is not feasible, the general results of the analysis are compatible with available observations in the magnetosphere and solar wind.
Iron Charge Distribution as an Identifier of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections

We present solar wind Fe charge state data measured on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) from early 1998 to the middle of 2000. Average Fe charge states in the solar wind are typically around 9 to 11. However, deviations from these average charge states occur, including intervals with a large fraction of Fe 16 which are consistently associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). By studying the Fe charge state distribution we are able to extract coronal electron temperatures often exceeding 2 10 6 kelvins. We also discuss the temporal trends of these events, indicating the more frequent appearance of periods with high Fe charge states as solar activity increases.
Scattering cross-section of a transformation optics-based metamaterial cloak

We present experimental quantitative scattering cross-section (SCS) measurements for a metamaterial cloak. The cloak is nearly identical to that reported in 2006; however, quantitative experimental measurements have not yet been reported for such a structure. This cylindrically symmetric cloak is designed to operate at a frequency of 10 GHz and to reduce the SCS of a cylinder 50 mm in diameter. Despite being only a crude approximation of the ideal transformation optical design, the fabricated metamaterial cloak is shown to reduce the SCS of the cylinder over the frequency range from 9.91 to 10.14 GHz, a span of 230 MHz or a 2.3% bandwidth. The maximum reduction in the SCS is 24%. This result provides a useful experimental, quantitative benchmark that can form the basis for comparison of the performances of future improved cloaking structures.
Electromagnetic modes in dusty plasmas with charge and mass distributions

Electromagnetic modes in dusty plasmas are studied for polydisperse dust grains with a distribution in charge and mass. Owing to the different charge and mass weightings of the velocities, there occurs an infinite chain of equations of motion, coupled through the magnetic part of the Lorentz force. Depending on the frequency and associated convergence regimes, one has to close the chain in ascending or in descending order. Both series together lead to the polydisperse dispersion law that is a generalization of monodisperse or size distributed dust. Power-law distributions typical for heliospheric plasmas are discussed as an application.
The Multiwavelength AGN Population and the X-ray Background

Abstract In order to fully understand galaxy formation we need to know when in the cosmic history are supermassive black holes (SMBHs) growing more intensively, in what type of galaxies this growth is happening and what fraction of these sources are invisible at most wavelengths due to obscuration. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) population synthesis models that can explain the spectral shape and intensity of the cosmic X-ray background (CXRB) indicate that most of the SMBH growth occurs in moderate-luminosity (LX~ 1044 erg/s) sources (Seyfert-type AGN), at z~ 0.5−1 and in heavily obscured but Compton-thin, NH~ 1023cm−2, systems. However, this is not the complete history, as a large fraction of black hole growth does not emit significantly in X-rays either due to obscuration, intrinsic low luminosities or large distances. The integrated intensity at high energies indicates that a significant fraction of the total black hole growth, 22%, occurs in heavily-obscured systems that are not individually detected in even the deepest X-ray observations. We further investigate the AGN triggering mechanism as a function of bolometric luminosity, finding evidence for a strong connection between significant black hole growth events and major galaxy mergers from z~ 0 to z~ 3, while less spectacular but longer accretion episodes are most likely due to other (stochastic) processes. AGN activity triggered by major galaxies is responsible for ~60% of the total black hole growth. Finally, we constrain the total accreted mass density in supermassive black holes at z > 6, inferred via the upper limit derived from the integrated X-ray emission from a sample of photometrically selected galaxy candidates. We estimate an accreted mass density <1000 M⊙Mpc−3 at z~ 6, significantly lower than the previous predictions from some existing models of early black hole growth and earlier prior observations.
Estimation and Testing of Cointegrated Systems by an Autoregressive Approximation

This paper studies the estimation and testing of general cointegrated systems by using an autoregressive approximation. Simple estimators for both the cointegration vectors and their weight matrix in the autoregressive error correction model representation of the system are developed. Since these estimators assume that the number of cointegration vectors and their normalization are fixed in advance, convenient specification tests for checking the validity of these assumptions are also provided. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators and test statistics are derived by assuming that the order of the auto-regressive approximation increases with the sample size at a suitable rate. This generalizes some previous results derived for finite-order autoregressions as no assumption of a finite-parameter data-generating process is imposed. The estimators and tests of the paper are interpreted in terms of autoregressive spectral density estimators at the zero frequency and, in the special case of a finite-order Gaussian autoregression, their relation to maximum likelihood procedures is discussed. All estimators of the paper can be applied with simple least-squares techniques and used to construct conventional Wald tests with asymptotic chi-square distributions under the null hypothesis. The limit theory of the specification tests is nonstandard, similar to that in univariate unit root tests.