Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interface characterization of metal-gate MOS-structures and the application to DRAM-capacitors

Many devices of today’s information technology like personal computers and personal digital assistants require a memory with fast readand write-times and a low cost per bit. State of the art DRAMs are the only mature circuits fulfilling these requirements. Continuous shrinking of device dimensions is necessary to improve the productivity and hence to reduce the price per bit even further. At the same time, the storage capacitance of a DRAM cell remains the same for every generation which leads to three dimensional capacitors with very high aspect ratios and therefore to high series resistances. According to the ITRS roadmap, the commonly used poly-crystalline silicon will have to replaced by a higher conductive material from the 70 nm generation onwards. In this work, a stack of poly-crystalline silicon and thin metal is proposed as a suitable replacement for pure silicon. A full analysis procedure for metal-gate MOS-structures is developed that allows to identify problems during processing and to extract physical parameters of metal electrodes. Quantities gained from device simulations of MOS-capacitors enable an automatic extraction of flatband potential and physical oxide thickness within an accuracy of 1-2 Å as compared to ellipsometric measurements and IV-analysis. An improved model for the gate-leakage current is presented that describes the measurement data accurately for all voltages and for all gate oxide thicknesses under study. To apply the analysis procedure, a new test chip and pertinent process technology is developed which enables the fabrication of metal-gate MOS-structures on short loops as well as on fullyintegrated wafers. TiN-gate structures are successfully used to characterize a TiN-atomic layer deposition process, to identify process problems and to eliminate them. The thermal stability of pure metal gate-electrodes is found to be insufficient for deeptrench DRAM applications. A stack of 25 nm poly-crystalline silicon and 20 nm TiN is identified as a suitable low-resistance deep trench fill that is thermally stable up to 1050 ◦C. To integrate this stack into DRAMs, the metal has to be deposited into deep trenches with a good step coverage. A tungsten silicide chemical vapor deposition process is investigated with the result that the major challenge is identified as the simultaneous reaching of good step-coverage and a thermally stable composition. A regime for such a deposition process is proposed which, however, lies beyond the parameter space available with the tool employed in this study. On the other hand, a TiN atomic layer deposition process is successfully modified to give 70% step coverage in trenches with an aspect ratio of 40:1. Using this process, deep trench short loops are fabricated that withstand a 60 s anneal at 1050 ◦C while reaching the target values for the maximum allowed leakage current and the minimum capacitance. In summary, results presented in this thesis enable the fabrication of low-resistance deep trench fills for deep trench DRAM-capacitors.
NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project

During August 1-14, 1999, NASA's Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) convened a workshop at the NASA Langley Research Center to try to determine why such a wide variation in aerosol emissions indices and chemical and physical properties has been reported by various independent AEAP-supported research teams trying to characterize the exhaust emissions of subsonic commercial aircraft. This workshop was divided into two phases, a laboratory phase and a field phase. The laboratory phase consisted of supplying known particle number densities (concentrations) and particle size distributions to a common manifold for the participating research teams to sample and analyze. The field phase was conducted on an aircraft run-up pad. Participating teams actually sampled aircraft exhaust generated by a Langley T-38 Talon aircraft at 1 and 9 m behind the engine at engine powers ranging from 48 to 100 percent. Results from the laboratory phase of this intercomparison workshop are reported in this paper.
Supporting learning autonomy and curriculum coverage in university teaching : three case studies of formative assessment

This research investigates formative assessment at a UK research-intensive university, considering the aims and effects of their deployment. The research spans three academic disciplines broadly within the sciences and considers the influence of their history and culture on the approaches taken. It reports on three case studies originally chosen because of their innovative use of technology in teaching and assessment methods. Each case included mid-term summative assessments that were intended to have a formative function for the students. A triangulation of research methods was used that included documentary analysis, interviews and focus groups. Cultural historic activity theory was used to interrogate the data that emerged from the research. Bourdieusian theory was also used to understand and explain some of the findings. The thesis explores commonly held ideas about what constitutes desirable learning outcomes. It concludes that teaching and assessment practices do not always deliver on their promises nor support their intended objectives. Even within innovative educational methods it finds deeply rooted practices which fail to support the graduate skill sets that the tutors are hoping to develop in their students. It suggests that formative assessments which only reward curriculum coverage encourage narrow and conformist thinking and such thinking is at odds with the behaviours we should be developing within our educational environments. However, this thesis also describes educational practices that do meet their primary aims: to develop students’ learning autonomy whilst they cover the course curricula. These practices are constructed around formative assessments that build community within the student cohort, engage the students in authentic tasks requiring critical reflection and give students a chance to develop expertise within niche areas. The thesis suggests that these practices are applicable in all academic disciplines, independent of the subject, and provides approaches to teaching and assessment that encourage autonomous learning and develop high-level transferable skill sets. We all forget facts and procedures over time, and so it is our students’ capacity to know that we must develop within education.
Treadmill grade as a determinant of roller skiing oxygen consumption at a constant external power demand

Cross-country (XC) skiing is typically considered an aerobic activity, yet the accumulated oxygen deficit (ΣO2-deficit), a representation of anaerobic capacity, has shown to be a valuable predictor of XC skiing performance. The ΣO2-deficit is calculated as the difference between the predicted oxygen consumption (VO2) demand and the measured VO2 cost during a roller skiing time-trial protocol (RSTT). To determine VO2 demand, a lactate threshold (LT) protocol is performed with the purpose of plotting external power demand (TEPD) against measured steady-state VO2 cost. A regression line is fit and used to predict the VO2 demand of the RSTT. A possible limitation of this methodology is that it is common to use a lower treadmill grade for the LT protocol than that used for the RSTT. In order to validate the use of the LT protocol as a component of calculating the ΣO2-deficit, this study investigated the influence of different treadmill grades on the linear relationship between VO2 cost and TEPD in collegiate XC skiers. Fifteen female collegiate XC skiers (Mean±SD, Range: 20±1, 18-24 years) completed three laboratory visits within a 10 day period. During each visit, skiers completed a single LT protocol at one of three treadmill grades (2°, 3°, 4°), for the purpose of measuring VO2 while roller skiing. The TEPD values of each treadmill stage were computed as the sum of both rolling and gravitational resistances. Steady-state VO2 values were plotted against corresponding TEPD values and a regression line was fit to the data. The resulting slope and intercept terms for each line were compared across treadmill grades using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffe’s post hoc test (α=0.05). Neither the slopes (P=0.31) nor the intercepts (P=0.63) were significantly different between treadmill grades. This study demonstrated that the slope and the intercept terms of the VO2 cost TEPD regression line were not significantly influenced by treadmill grades between 2-4°, in female collegiate XC skiers. Consequently, this study indicates that the treadmill grade of LT roller skiing protocols will not significantly affect a skier’s calculated ΣO2-deficit.
Is it Time for Australia to adopt Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA)?

Abstract Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA)—an innovative process for reintegrating child sex offenders into the community after a period of incarceration— have not yet been firmly established in any Australian jurisdiction. This is the case despite their widespread use in Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States of America, and despite a growing body of research evidence that demonstrates their efficacy in reducing recidivism among child sex offenders. This Contemporary Comment outlines the emergence of COSA and the existing evidence in support of COSA. It argues that COSA should be piloted in Australia.
Molecular Identification of T. mentagrophytes and M. canis Isolated from Children Infected with Tinea Capitis in Basra Governorate by Using AP-PCR Technique

The current study included molecular identification of dermatophytes causing Tinea capitis in children in Basrah governorate, including T. Mentagrophytes&M. canis, using AP-PCR or RAPD –PCR polymerase chain reaction technique. By using EZ-10 Spin Column Fungal Genomic DNA Mini –Preps Kit used to extract DNA from dermatophytes fungi, where DNA was obtained from these two dermatophytes fungi. The DNA bands appeared clearly after the electrophoresis of the DNA extract showed the results of DNA amplification . The efficiency of the primeres used in the diagnosis of these two types of dermatophytes, called: random primeres OPAA11, OPAA17, OPU15, OPD18, was obtained by the positive results obtained when amplified using these primeres.Used for both dermatophytes The results obtained by using OPAA17 showed success in DNA amplification - obtained from M.canis and T. Mentagrophytes, with six bands for M.canis. As for T. Mentagrophytes, the number of bands obtained was 13, and the amplification results obtained using OPAA11 showed the efficiency of this primer. Five bands were obtained when used to amplify the DNA of the dermatophytes. While seven bands belonged to T. Mentagrophytes, The amplification results of OPU15 indicated that there were six bands for M.canis, while only one bande for T. Mentagrophytes showed the results of amplification using OPD18 used in diagnosis of dermatophytes to four bands for M.canis while the number of bands for T. Mentagrophytes has ten bands. This method for identifecation is fast and has a high diagnostic efficiency of dermatophytes, as the diagnosis based on genetic characteristics is more accurate than resulting on phenotypic characteristics .
Regulatory impact of nuclear reactor accident source term assumptions. Technical report

This report addresses the reactor accident source term implications on accident evaluations, regulations and regulatory requirements, engineered safety features, emergency planning, probabilistic risk assessment, and licensing practice. Assessment of the impact of source term modifications and evaluation of the effects in Design Basis Accident analyses, assuming a change of the chemical form of iodine from elemental to cesium iodide, has been provided. Engineered safety features used in current LWR designs are found to be effective for all postulated combinations of iodine source terms under DBA conditions. In terms of potential accident consequences, it is not expected that the difference in chemical form between elemental iodine and cesium iodide would be significant. In order to account for the current information on source terms, a spectrum of accident scenerios is discussed to realistically estimate the source terms resulting from a range of potential accident conditions.
Railroad Vehicle Dynamics: A Computational Approach

The methods of computational mechanics have been used extensively in modeling many physical systems. The use of multibody-system techniques, in particular, has been applied successfully in the study of various, fundamentally different applications. Railroad Vehicle Dynamics: A Computational Approach presents a computational multibody-system approach that can be used to develop complex models of railroad vehicle systems. The book examines several computational multibody-system formulations and discusses their computer implementation. The computational algorithms based on these general formulations can be used to develop general- and special-purpose railroad vehicle computer programs for use in the analysis of railroad vehicle systems, including the study of derailment and accident scenarios, design issues, and performance evaluation. The authors focus on the development of fully nonlinear formulations, supported by an explanation of the limitations of the linearized formulations that are frequently used in the analysis of railroad vehicle systems. The chapters of the book are organized to guide readers from basic concepts and definitions through a final understanding of the utility of fully nonlinear multibody- system formulations in the analysis of railroad vehicle systems. Railroad Vehicle Dynamics: A Computational Approach is a valuable reference for researchers and practicing engineers who commonly use general-purpose, multibody-system computer programs in the analysis, design, and performance evaluation of railroad vehicle systems.
Critical appraisal of product development expertise in Irish SMEs

The focus of this research was on the product development expertise of Irish SMEs. In particular, SMEs developing physical products (a physical product is defined as an electronic, medical device, plastic or general engineering product). A survey of Irish SMEs was conducted across industry sectors developing physical products with the objective of understanding how indigenous SMEs and therefore Ireland is progressing towards becoming a knowledge economy. SME characteristics (customers and markets, organisational structures, systems, processes and procedures, human and financial resources, culture and behaviour) were researched and used to understand the issues SMEs have with product development (PD research is mostly considered from the perspective of large companies). In relation to product development: strategy, innovation and learning, strategic techniques, organisational structure, product development process design, types of product development processes, tools and methodologies, technology, intellectual property, change management, marketing and branding and performance measurement were all examined. Survey items (variables) were identified from the literature review and used to create a survey designed based on ‘best practice’ PD and SME characteristics. This survey was conducted based on identified survey best practice in order to increase response rate and went through two pre-tests and a pilot before the final study. Descriptive analysis, reliability/consistency analysis and regression analysis were conducted on the constructs of product development. Specific relationships identified in the literature review were examined. The results of this analysis revealed that Irish SMEs are operating in a ‘Knowledge Based Development’ or learning environment. They carry out many of the techniques associated with various tools and methodologies but reported no use of these T&M which could aid their approach. There is a high use of technology, especially CAD and technology is mostly developed within the product development process. There was a high use of Cross Functional Teams and in general strategy and fuzzy front end/voice of the customer usage was carried out well. There were no issues with change management and in relation to intellectual property the use of an IP policy, strategy and portfolios was low. Generally, Irish SMEs are ready to reach the next stage of company evolution by linking ‘organisational (innovation) processes’.
Pedestrian accidents in marked and unmarked crosswalks: a quantitative study

A quantitative study was conducted to examine a random group of pedestrian accidents at unprotected crosswalks in the city of Los Angeles and to determine the validity of current city practices. The study involved 104 intersections where marked crosswalks have been removed on arterial streets due to street resurfacing from February 1982 through December 1991. The results of the study are presented. Language: en
RELAP5/MOD3 subcooled boiling model assessment

This report presents the assessment of the RELAP5/Mod3 (5m5 version) code subcooled boiling process model which is based on a variety of experiments. The accuracy of the model is confirmed for a wide range of regime parameters for the case of uniform heating along the channel. The condensation rate is rather underpredicted, which may lead to considerable errors in void fraction behavior prediction in subcooled boiling regimes for nonuniformly or unheated channels.
Piloting Telecare in Kent County Council: The Key lessons, Final Report - 2006

This report describes a project funded by KCC. The Centre for Health Services Studies at the University of Kent monitored and reviewed the development of three pilot Telecare projects in Kent on behalf of Kent Social Services. Specifically the project aimed to: Examine how the service developed and the factors which shaped its development; Analyse the nature, application and impact of the technology on users, carers and providers especially in terms of the experiences of service users and the outcomes of specific interventions; Indentify the type of infrastructure that was needed to support Telecare and make recommendations for the development of a full service from the pilot.
Effects of blade preset pitch/offset on curved-blade Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine performance

Current designs of curved-blade Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have blades mounted in such a way that the position vector from the axis of rotation intersects the blade chord perpendicularly between the -25% and -50% chord points. This paper describes the effects on aerodynamic performance of the Sandia National Laboratories' (SNL) 5-m-dia turbine when its symmetrical cross-section blades are mounted such that the axis of rotation-blade chord position vector effects a normal intersection with the blade chord at points between -180% and +77% chord. These variations produce significant changes in cut-in tip-speed ratio, peak efficiency, and peak power.
Development of SIS Mixers for SMA 400-520 GHz Band

SIS junction mixers were developed for SMA 400-520 GHz band. The results show receiver noise temperature around 100 K across the band, with noise contribution from RF loss and IF estimated to be around 50 K and 20K, respectively. Two schemes were used to tune out junction's parasitic capacitance. When a parallel inductor is employed, the input impedance is close to Rn, which facilitates impedance matching between the junction and the waveguide probe. Waveguide probes were designed to achieve a low feed-point impedance to match to the junction resistance. Optimum embedding impedances for lower receiver noise temperature were investigated. Performances of two schemes and composition of receiver noise were also discussed. mixer chip, measuring 0.250 x 0.050 x 2.276 mm, is clamped between the horn section and the back piece of the block in a suspended microstrip configuration. The thickness of the substrate is reduced from 0.060 mm to 0.050 mm to avoid higher order modes of propagation along the microstrip transmission lines seen during simulations.
Overview of Serious Thorax Injuries in European Frontal Car Crash Accidents and Implications for Crash Test Dummy Development

For the EC 7th Framework Action COVER and to support the THORAX and THOMO projects, the objectives of this work were to: define the current state of knowledge on thorax injuries in frontal impacts; extend that knowledge to define in detail thorax injuries fro diverse user groups; and recommend priorities for biomechanical testing, crash test dummy development, and injury risk functions that would be most relevant for future advanced frontal impact dummies. This paper brings together accident data analyses from the UK, Germany and France to address these objectives. Based on the results of these analyses it was observed that there was an increased risk for older occupants to sustain a torso injury. There also tends to be a greater torso injury risk for occupants seated in the front passenger seat compared with the driver's seat. Fractures to the ribs and then the sternum were the most frequently occurring types of injury at the AIS 2 severity level. Injuries to the lungs were the most frequently occurring visceral injuries to the torso.
Using of throughout accounting in manufacturing companies - case studies

Received: . AbstractAccepted: . In the article using of throughout accounting in manufacturing companies was presented.Authors solved the example according to the traditional approach, that is with application ofmeasures used universally in the cost accounting and then according to new approach, withapplication of measures proposed by the theory of constraints. It was shown that based onlyon unit costs and a local productivity while analyzing proﬁtability of investment isn’t possiblebecause we should take care of importance of the given source into account from a point ofview of the purpose which the organization want to achieve.Keywordsthroughput accounting, throughput, investment, operating cost, theory of constraints.