Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Petrology of ultramafic xenoliths from Rayfield River, south-central British Columbia

One hundred mantle xenoliths were collected from a hawaiite flow of Miocene–Pliocene age near Rayfield River, south-central British Columbia. The massive host hawaiite contains subrounded xenoliths that range in size from 1 to 10 cm and show protogranular textures. Both Cr-diopside-bearing and Al-augite-bearing xenoliths are represented. The Cr-diopside-bearing xenolith suite consists of spinel lherzolite (64%), dunite (12%), websterite (12%), harzburgite (9%), and olivine websterite (3%). Banding and veining on a centimetre scale are present in four xenoliths. Partial melting at the grain boundaries of clinopyroxene is common and may be due to natural partial melting in the upper mantle, heating by the host magma during transport, or decompression during ascent.Microprobe analyses of the constituent minerals show that most of the xenoliths are well equilibrated. Olivine is Fo89 to Fo92, orthopyroxene is En90, and Cr diopside is Wo47En48Fs5. More Fe-rich pyroxene compositions are present in some of the we.
Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Endocrinology Division (M.A.), Durand Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care (N.A.), Kuma Hospital, Kobe 650-0011, Japan; Divisions of Endocrinology and Maternal-Fetal Medicine (L.A.B.), University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80010; The Mount Sinai School of Medicine (R.H.C.), New York, New York 10016; Department of Medicine (L.J.D.G.), Division of Endocrinology, Brown University, Providence Rhode Island 02903; Endocrine Division (D.G.), University Hospital Saint Pierre, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (S.J.M.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health (A.S.-G.), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101; and Touro University College of Medicine (A.S.-G.), Hackensack, New Jersey 07601
A link in the chain of the Cambrian zooplankton: bradoriid arthropods invade the water column

Abstract Bradoriids are small bivalved arthropods that had global distribution for about 20 million years beginning at Cambrian Epoch 2 (c. 521 Ma). The majority of bradoriids are considered to be benthic, favouring oxygenated waters, as suggested by their anatomy, lithofacies distribution, faunal associates and provinciality. Most bradoriids were extinct by the end of the Drumian Age (middle of Cambrian Epoch 3). The post-Drumian is characterized by widespread dysoxic shelf lithofacies in southern Britain and Scandinavia and by the abundance of phosphatocopid arthropods. This interval is also associated with two bradoriid species with wide intercontinental distribution: Anabarochilina primordialis, which had a geographical range from the palaeo-tropics to high southern palaeo-latitude, and Anabarochilina australis, which extended through the palaeo-tropics from Laurentia to Gondwana. The wide environmental and geographical range of these species, coupled with a carapace anatomy that suggests an active lifestyle, is used to infer a zooplanktonic lifestyle. A possible driver of this widespread Cambrian bradoriid zooplankton was sea-level rise coupled to the periodic spread of low oxygen conditions onto continental shelves, acting in tandem with anatomical pre-adaptations for swimming. Parallels exist with the myodocope ostracod colonization of the water column during Silurian time, which may also have been influenced by extrinsic environmental controls acting on anatomical pre-adaptations for swimming. Similar biological and environmental mechanisms may have facilitated arthropod zooplankton colonizations across Phanerozoic time.
Level-determined groundwater sampling from open boreholes

Abstract An important aspect of any detailed groundwater quality investigation is determining the vertical distribution of pollutants. This may best be achieved by using permanent sampling systems installed in dedicated boreholes. However, the availability of open boreholes in the UK, coupled with the relative expense of installing dedicated systems, has increased the value of methods for obtaining level-determined samples from such boreholes. This paper presents a qualitative appraisal of three such methods, based on the use of portable pumps and packers, frequently combined with flow logging. The methods were tested in four open boreholes penetrating a multi-layered aquifer. In the most successful applications, vertical profiles of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent concentrations were defined which were thought to be representative of those in the aquifer.
Application of salinization indicators and initial development of potential global soil salinization scenario under climatic change

Salt accumulation in soil is a global problem. This paper investigates salt‐affected soils on a global scale through spatial modeling within a Geographical information system (GIS). As salt‐affected soils arise due to a range of processes that can be very localized and complex in nature, three main indicators have been developed to provide insight into areas at risk of salinization at a global scale. At this scale, climate and topography are the main factors influencing solute accumulation. The paper derives salinity indicators from global data sets and compares them to independent maps of salt‐affected areas. The primary indicators are (1) low relief, (2) high two‐way annual moisture flux, and (3) local flow deficit in large catchments. The first two of these are related for conditions where there is potential for a large vertical flux of salts, and where groundwater levels may be high, providing conditions for salt accumulation locally or at the base of slope catenas. The third indicator is related to conditions where there is a risk of accumulation of salts in floodplains and adjacent irrigated areas. These salinity indicators are then estimated for future GCM scenarios of climate for 2079–2099. Comparison of the current and scenario indicator distributions shows that the areas at risk of salinization may increase globally, through both expansion of existing areas and the creation of new ones. Current distributions of risk, and to a greater extent future scenarios, are limited by the quality and resolution of available data, and have the potential for enhancement as these data improve.
Uncertainty in Twenty-First-Century CMIP5 Sea Level Projections

The representative concentration pathway (RCP) simulations included in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) quantify the response of the climate system to different natural and anthropogenic forcing scenarios. These simulations differ because of 1) forcing, 2) the representation of the climatesystemin atmosphere‐ocean generalcirculation models (AOGCMs), and 3)the presence of unforced (internal) variability. Global and local sea level rise projections derived from these simulations, and the emergence of distinct responses to the four RCPs depend on the relative magnitude of these sources of uncertainty at different lead times. Here, the uncertainty in CMIP5 projections of sea level is partitioned at globalandlocal scales,using a164-member ensembleof twenty-first-centurysimulations. Local projectionsat New York City (NYSL) are highlighted. The partition between model uncertainty, scenario uncertainty, and internal variability in global mean sea level (GMSL) is qualitatively consistent with that of surface air temperature, with model uncertainty dominant for most of the twenty-first century. Locally, model uncertainty is dominant through 2100, with maxima in the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. The model spread is driven largely by 4 of the 16 AOGCMs in the ensemble; these models exhibit outlying behavior in all RCPs and in both GMSL and NYSL. The magnitude of internal variability varies widely by location and across models, leading to differences of several decades in the local emergence of RCPs. The AOGCM spread, and its sensitivity to model exclusion and/or weighting, has important implications for sea level assessments, especially if a local risk management approach is utilized.
Settlements of two multistory buildings in Edmonton

Settlement observations have been taken over a period of about 6 years for two multistory buildings on a clay till. The CN Tower is founded on spread footings and the Avord Armson on Franki expanded base concrete piles; both buildings have settled a maximum of about 3 cm (). The settlement measurements showed a rapid response to loading during the construction period. Analysis of the foundations by elastic theory is shown to account satisfactorily for the overall settlement pattern during the construction period. The modulus of elasticity derived from the observations is stress dependent, decreasing with increasing load intensity. A small amount of long-term settlement has occurred at the end of construction; after 6 years it is less than about 20% of the total. Predictions of settlement using parameters obtained from soil samples taken at the sites are unrealistically high when compared with measured settlements.
StrAl: progressive alignment of non-coding RNA using base pairing probability vectors in quadratic time

MOTIVATION Alignment of RNA has a wide range of applications, for example in phylogeny inference, consensus structure prediction and homology searches. Yet aligning structural or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) correctly is notoriously difficult as these RNA sequences may evolve by compensatory mutations, which maintain base pairing but destroy sequence homology. Ideally, alignment programs would take RNA structure into account. The Sankoff algorithm for the simultaneous solution of RNA structure prediction and RNA sequence alignment was proposed 20 years ago but suffers from its exponential complexity. A number of programs implement lightweight versions of the Sankoff algorithm by restricting its application to a limited type of structure and/or only pairwise alignment. Thus, despite recent advances, the proper alignment of multiple structural RNA sequences remains a problem. RESULTS Here we present StrAl, a heuristic method for alignment of ncRNA that reduces sequence-structure alignment to a two-dimensional problem similar to standard multiple sequence alignment. The scoring function takes into account sequence similarity as well as up- and downstream pairing probability. To test the robustness of the algorithm and the performance of the program, we scored alignments produced by StrAl against a large set of published reference alignments. The quality of alignments predicted by StrAl is far better than that obtained by standard sequence alignment programs, especially when sequence homologies drop below approximately 65%; nevertheless StrAl's runtime is comparable to that of ClustalW.
The detectability of climate engineering

We assess the detection and attribution (D&A) of climate engineering (CE) as a function of their duration after initiation. We employ “surrogate” climates where observations are mimicked by simulations. Unlike classical, stationary D&A, the null hypothesis for this analysis is the nonstationary gradual warming caused by continued greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, which creates a number of theoretical and technical complications. Adapting D&A to this nonstationary setting requires several ad hoc assumptions whose validity is analyzed and discussed. We study the stratospheric sulfur injection scenarios G3 and G4 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. For G3, which smoothly balances global warming with a corresponding cooling, the effect is smaller initially and harder to detect. Temperature and precipitation signals are detectable about a decade after commencing CE and attributable a few years later (details depending on model and scenario). The G4 scenario consists of a continuous injection of 5 Tg SO2 (roughly one fourth of the Pinatubo eruption per year), which represents a shock‐like forcing that is easier and earlier detectable, just after a few years. Later into the century, uncertainty in GHG sensitivity increasingly dominates the background noise, hampering G4 detection. Spatiotemporal CE fingerprints produce more stable D&A results, with smoother dependence on time. Spatial resolution (within the range of a few spherical harmonics) is less relevant. We argue that especially for early detectability, climate predictions (with proper initialization from observations) are more promising. Many details depend on the choice of climate model for observation and fingerprint. We discuss the potential and limitation of using multimodel ensembles.
Glaciological reconstruction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: physical processes and modelling challenges

Current understanding of Pleistocene ice-sheet history is based on collective inferences from three separate avenues of study: (1) the geologic and paleoceanographic records, (2) the isostatic record, and (3) the behaviour of contemporary glaciers and ice sheets. The geologic record provides good constraint on the areal extent of former ice sheets, while isostatic deflection patterns provide important information about late-glacial ice-sheet thickness. The picture emerging from geologic and isostatic deductions is suggestive of a thin and mobile Laurentide Ice Sheet relative to present-day Greenland and Antarctica. We model Laurentide Ice Sheet evolution through a glacial cycle to explore the glaciological mechanisms that are required to replicate the geologic and isostatic evidence. A number of glaciological processes important to the ice-sheet evolution are not fully understood, including marine-based ice dynamics, iceberg calving, rheologic properties of ice, and basal flow dynamics. We present a spectrum of glacial cycle simulations with different treatments of poorly constrained physical processes. We conclude that glaciological model reconstructions can only be reconciled with the late-glacial geologic record of a thin, low-sloping Laurentide Ice Sheet by invoking (1) extremely deformable ice, (2) widespread basal flow, or (3) paleoclimate–ice-sheet fluctuations which give last glacial maximum ice sheets that are far from equilibrium.
Polychlorinated Naphthalenes and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fishes from Michigan Waters Including the Great Lakes

Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in whole body and fillet of fishes collected from Michigan waters, including the Great Lakes, during 1996−1997. PCNs were found in all the fishes analyzed including those from Siskiwit Lake, a remote lake located near the southern shoreline of Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior. Concentrations of total PCNs in fishes ranged from 19 to 31 400 pg/g, wet wt, and varied depending on sampling location and species. Fishes from the Detroit River contained the greatest concentrations of both PCNs and PCBs. Concentrations of total PCNs in fishes from Michigan waters were significantly correlated with the concentrations of PCBs. As with total PCN concentrations, the profiles of PCN isomer/congener distribution in fishes varied among sampling locations and species. Fishes from the Detroit River contained PCN profile similar to that of Halowax 1014, whereas those from Siskiwit Lake and Lake Superior contained greater .
Potential Impacts of the Arctic on Interannual and Interdecadal Summer Precipitation over China

AbstractAfter the end of the 1970s, there has been a tendency for enhanced summer precipitation over south China and the Yangtze River valley and drought over north China and northeastern China. Coincidentally, Arctic ice concentration has decreased since the late 1970s, with a larger reduction in summer than spring. However, the Arctic warming is more significant in spring than summer, suggesting that spring Arctic conditions could be more important in their remote impacts. This study investigates the potential impacts of the Arctic on summer precipitation in China. The leading spatial patterns and time coefficients of the unfiltered, interannual, and interdecadal precipitation (1960–2008) modes were analyzed and compared using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, which shows that the first three EOFs can capture the principal precipitation patterns (northern, central, and southern patterns) over eastern China. Regression of the Arctic spring and summer temperature onto the time coefficients of .
Simulation of West African monsoon circulation in four atmospheric general circulation models forced by prescribed sea surface temperature

[1] The mean evolution of the West African monsoon (WAM) circulation and its interannual variability have been studied using an ensemble of 21 simulations (common period 1961–1994) performed with four different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) (European Center/Hamburg (ECHAM) 3, ECHAM 4, Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE), and Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)) and forced by the same observed sea surface temperature (SST) data set. The results have been compared with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses (ERA-40). The climatological means of WAM winds for the AGCMs are similar to the ERA-40 ones. However, the AGCMs tend to underestimate the southern wind component at low levels around 10°N compared to the ERA-40. The simulated Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) is usually shifted northward and also too weak for ECHAM 3 and ECHAM 4 compared to ERA-40. The interannual variability of an atmospheric WAM index (WAMI) is quite successfully reproduced (the correlations between the mean ensemble of each AGCM and ERA-40 time series over 1961–1994 range between 0.51 and 0.64). In particular, the four AGCMs reproduce quite well the mean teleconnection structure with El Nino–Southern Oscillation, i.e., a strong (weak) monsoon during La Nina (El Nino) events, even if the largest absolute correlations between WAMI and SST in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific are weaker than in ERA-40. On a yearly basis, WAMI is more predictable and skillful during the cold ENSO years than during the warm ENSO ones. The unskillful warm ENSO events are associated with a significant cooling over the equatorial Atlantic and Western Pacific Ocean and a significant warming in the tropical Indian Ocean.
A dynamical‐chemical model of wave‐driven fluctuations in the OH nightglow

A theory is presented to explain tidally induced oscillations in the emission intensity I and rotational temperature T of the OH nightglow. The theory includes photochemical reactions among H, O, O3, OH, and HO2 and the complete dynamics of tides in an isothermal, uniformly rotating atmosphere. The ratio refers to a perturbation quantity and the overbar signifies an average) depends on basic state atmospheric structure, minor constituent scale heights, especially that of O, and altitude of OH emission. For both semidiurnal and diurnal migrating modes, η has an amplitude in the approximate range 1–2.5 and a phase between about 10° and 30°.
A study of national trend and variation in UK floods

Trends in UK flood behaviour are examined using extensive peaks‒over‒threshold and annual maxima data from 890 gauging stations. The analysis focuses on changes that have occurred at the national scale; data were therefore pooled across all available sites. Two annual series are examined, representing flood size and frequency of flood occurrence. Results are presented for the 40‒year period 1941–1980, for the 50‒year period 1941–1990 (annual maxima only), and for some limited data for 1870–1995. Three main tests for trend (linear regression, normal scores regression and Spearman's correlation) were applied using (i) conventional theoretical significance levels, and (ii) a permutation approach. Test results were generally significant under the conventional approach but were not significant under the permutation approach. This difference occurs because some of the independence assumptions required for the conventional approach are not satisfied. There is a high year‒to‒year variation inherent in the data and, relative to this variation, any underlying trends are not significant. Regional and seasonal effects are considered but no significant trends emerge. Although no trends in national flood behaviour are seen, the year‒to‒year variations in UK floods appear to show some systematic behaviour (fluctuations) when smoothed using locally weighted regression. Further investigation suggests that these fluctuations are driven climatically; similar fluctuations are evident in UK annual rainfall values. The influence of climatic variation on the pattern of flood occurrences also means that, at the national scale, progressive changes in the UK flood regime, e.g. arising from land‒use change, are hidden. Over the period 1940 to 1980 smoothed curves suggest increased fluctuation, with emergence of some possible cyclic tendencies. However, in the context of the limited data going back to 1870, this increased fluctuation is not atypical. Overall, no evidence for climate change emerges for the periods for which data are currently available, although climate clearly has a marked effect on floods. The observed climate‒linked fluctuations indicate that inferences from short flood records may differ appreciably from those obtained from longer series. This could have potentially important implications for flood‒risk studies and trend detection. ©1998 Royal Meteorological Society.
Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684.

PURPOSE Interferon alfa-2b (IFN alpha-2b) exhibits antitumor activity in metastatic melanoma and on this basis has been evaluated as an adjuvant therapy following surgery for deep primary (T4) or regionally metastatic (N1) melanoma. METHODS A randomized controlled study of IFN alpha-2b (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) administered at maximum-tolerated doses of 20 MU/m2/d intravenously (i.v.) for 1 month and 10 MU/m2 three times per week subcutaneously (SC) for 48 weeks versus observation, was conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in 287 patients. RESULTS A significant prolongation of relapse-free survival (P = .0023, one-sided) and prolongation of overall survival (P = .0237, one-sided) was observed with IFN alpha-2b therapy in this trial, which is now mature with a median follow-up time of 6.9 years. The impact of treatment on relapse rate is most pronounced early during the treatment interval. The overall benefit of treatment in this trial was analyzed stratified by tumor burden and the presence or absence of microscopic nonpalpable and palpable regional lymph node metastasis. The benefit of therapy with IFN alpha-2b was greatest among node-positive strata. Toxicity of IFN alpha-2b required dose modification in the majority of patients, but treatment at > or = 80% of the scheduled dose was feasible in the majority of patients through the IV phase of treatment, and for more than 3 months of SC maintenance therapy. Discontinuation of treatment due to toxicity was infrequent after the fourth month of therapy. CONCLUSION IFN alpha-2b prolongs the relapse-free interval and overall survival of high-risk resected melanoma patients. The increment in median disease-free survival (from 1 to 1.7 years) and overall survival (from 2.8 to 3.8 years) that results from this therapy is associated with a 42% improvement in the fraction of patients who are continuously disease-free after treatment with IFN (from 26% to 37%) in comparison to observation. IFN alpha-2b is the first agent to show a significant benefit in relapse-free and overall survival of high-risk melanoma patients in a randomized controlled trial.