Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of different tillage systems and nutrient levels on the biomass and Brix values of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

The biomass and Brix content of sweet sorghum was investigated in 2009 and 2010 to determine the most suitable tillage and fertilization treatments. The experiment was carried out at the Biomass Utilization and Crop Production Demonstration Centre of Szent Istvan University. Both humus content and nitrogen (N) supply of the topsoil was insufficient. In 2009, which was a typical drought year, the yields ranged from 12.14 t/ha (direct drilling) to 56.11 t/ha (ploughing). There were significant differences between the tilled and non-tilled plots. In 2010 as in 2009, the highest yield of 63.52 t/ha was measured in case of ploughing, however cultivating and disk harrowing treatments showed similar biomass results. This study indicates that fertilizers had a significant effect on yields, as in both years highest biomass was obtained at 100 kg ha -1 nitrogen rate. The highest Brix values were measured in 2009 (18.21%) and in 2010 (9.01%) in case of cultivation treatments. In the examination years, direct drilling showed the lowest results for biomass and also regarding Brix values. The results demonstrate that the fertilisation and suitable tillage is very important in the cultivation of sweet sorghum.
ESTADIOS DE VIDA DE Gyrodinium falcatum (DINOPHYCEAE) EN LA BAHÍA DE LA PAZ, GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA

Se observaron cinco estados de desarrollo del dinoflagelado Gyrodinium falcatum en muestras de Bahia de La Paz. Aunque esta especie fue observada a lo largo del ano, fue mas abundante durante el periodo de inviero a primavera, cuando la columna de agua es homogenea. G. falcatum fue observada como epifita de la diatomea Chaetoceros coarctatus . Life stages of Gyrodinium falcatum (Dinophyceae) in Bahia de La Paz, Gulf of California Five stages of development of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium falcatum were observed in field samples from Bahia de La Paz. Although this species was observed throughout the year, it was more abundant in the winter-spring period when the water column is homogeneous. G. falcatum was observed as epiphyte on the diatom Chaetoceros coarctatus .
Non‐structural carbon compounds in temperate forest trees

The current carbon supply status of temperate forest trees was assessed by analysing the seasonal variation of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in leaves, branch wood and stem sapwood of 10 tree species (six deciduous broad-leafed, one deciduous conifer and three evergreen conifer trees) in a temperate forest that is approximately 100 years old. In addition, all woody tissue was analysed for lipids (acylglycerols). The major NSC fractions were starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose, with other carbohydrates (e.g. raffinose and stachyose) and sugar alcohols (cyclitols and sorbitol) playing only a minor quantitative role. The radial distribution of NSC within entire stem cores, assessed here for the first time in a direct interspecific comparison, revealed large differences in the size of the active sapwood fraction among the species, reflecting the specific wood anatomy (ring-porous versus diffuse-porous xylem). The mean minimum NSC concentrations in branch wood during the growing season was 55% of maximum, and even high NSC concentrations were maintained during times of extensive fruit production in masting Fagus sylvestris . The NSC in stem sapwood varied very little throughout the season (cross species mean never below 67% of maximum), and the small reductions observed were not significant for any of the investigated species. Although some species contained substantial quantities of lipids in woody tissues (‘fat trees’; Tilia , Pinus , Picea , Larix ), the lipid pools did not vary significantly across the growing season in any species. On average, the carbon stores of deciduous trees would permit to replace the whole leave canopy four times. These data imply that there is not a lot of leeway for a further stimulation of growth by ongoing atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. The classical view that deciduous trees rely more on C-reserves than evergreen trees, seems unwarranted or has lost its justification due to the greater than 30% increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations over the last 150 years.
DIFFERENTIAL PARASITISM OF MACROLEPIDOPTERAN HERBIVORES ON TWO DECIDUOUS TREE SPECIES

Patterns of larval parasitism among species in the macrolepidopteran assem- blages on two riparian tree species, Acer negundo L. (box elder) and Salix nigra (Marsh) (black willow) were examined. Larvae were collected throughout the growing season for five years and reared for parasitoid emergence. Total parasitism of larvae on box elder was significantly higher than that of larvae on black willow. Comparisons of parasitism levels among lepidopteran families showed that in five of seven families larval parasitism on box elder was significantly higher than on black willow. For species whose larvae were found on both tree species, total parasitism was significantly higher when the larvae were on box elder than when larvae of the same species were on black willow. In comparisons of species found on both tree species, larvae in three of seven families suffered significantly higher levels of parasitism when on box elder than when on black willow. The roles of the functional/numerical responses of parasitoids, common and numerically dominant parasitoid species, and plant volatiles are considered as causal mechanisms underlying differential parasitism but are not supported by the data.
Nuptiality Patterns and Household Structure on the Greek Island of Mykonos, 1849-1959

The focus of the study is the population of the Cycladic island of Mykonos, Greece, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. An overwhelming preponderance of nuclear households was found there in the mid- nineteenth century. The inheritance system facilitated the observed rules of neolocality. At the same time, the marriage pattern was clearly Mediterranean, i.e. with rather low age at first marriage for females, high for males, and low levels of permanent celibacy. Over the period of the study a gradual move away from this pattern was observed, mainly due to an increase in the female age at marriage. These findings are in line with other evidence from southern Mediterranean Europe, and indicate the strong influence of common socio economic and probably cultural elements.
Trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in the buffalo milk

Abstract The fatty acid content in milk samples, obtained from buffaloes of the Bulgarian Murrah breed reared in a buffalo farm in the Agricultural Institute - Shumen was investigated. Milk samples were obtained from the morning and evening milking. The determination of fatty acids was done with a combination of gas chromatography and highperformance liquid chromatography. It was found out that from the saturated fatty acids in buffalo milk, the highest amount was that of palmitic acid (29.39%), followed by myristic (11.28%) and stearic (10.58%) acids. Out of unsaturated fatty acids, the oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) predominated with 18.79%, and the total sum of its trans isomers was 1.75%. The buffalo milk fat was with relatively little content of conjugated linoleic acid – 0.38%, with concentration of the biologically active isomer C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 of 0.29%. The total amount of saturated fatty acids in the studied buffalo milk was 72.15%, of monounsaturated – 24.70%, and of polyunsaturated – 3.15%.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS FOR THE RED SUNFLOWER SEED WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING OILSEED SUNFLOWER

Abstract The control of the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, relies on the use of insecticides. An economic injury level is essential to the judicious deployment of insecticidal control. Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to quantify the weight loss and oil content loss of damaged kernels as a result of larval infestation and the relationship between the adult weevil population and the subsequent number of damaged achenes. We found that for each weevil sampled in plant stages R5.0–5.3, 26.88 damaged achenes resulted. Damaged kernels lost an average of 9.86 ± 2.36 mg (mean ± SD) per kernel, approximately equal to the amount consumed by a single larva. The oil content loss in damaged kernels was 3.34%. Economic injury levels were calculated as a function of the cost of controls, the market value, and the plant population density. Use of adult weevil counts when most plants in the fields are in plant stages R5.0–5.3 are recommended for calculating economic status. Résumé La lutte contre le charançon parasite du tournesol Smicronyx fulvus LeConte se fait au moyen d’insecticides. Il est essentiel de déterminer un seuil économique de dommage pour élaborer un programme judicieux de lutte contre l’insecte. Des études sur le terrain en 1992 et 1993 ont permis de quantifier la perte de masse et la diminution du contenu en huile des graines endommagées à la suite de l’infestation larvaire et d’établir la relation entre la population de charançons adultes et le nombre d’alkènes qui risquent d’être endommagés. Nous avons constaté que, pour chaque charançon échantillonné chez les stades R5,0–5,3 de la plante, 26,88 akènes étaient endommagés. Les graines endommagés avaient subi une perte moyenne de 9,86 ± 2,36 mg (moyenne ± écart type) par graine, ce qui équivaut à peu près à la quantité consommée par une larve. La quantité d’huile perdue dans les graines endommagés a été évaluée à 3,34%. Les seuils économiques des dommages ont été calculés en tenant compte du coût relié à la lutte, de la valeur marchande de la population de plants et de sa densité. Le dénombrement des charançons adultes au moment où la plupart des plants sont aux stades R5,0–5,3 est idéal pour calculer le statut économique. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Consistent differences in feeding habits between neighbouring breeding kestrels

In this study, we analysed the diet of breeding kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in a Mediterranean area with the aim to evaluate the relative importance of both hunting area and individual feeding behaviour as factors affecting prey selection. Differently from the populations from middle and northern Europe which primarily feed on voles, the kestrels breeding in the Mediterranean region showed a wider diet composition. As expected, hunting area features influenced the diet composition and, in general, the kestrels were feeding on what was locally more abundant. However, we detected consistent differences in the diet composition between neighbouring breeding pairs which were also maintained in subsequent years. Since the neighbouring birds were sharing the same hunting grounds, the differences observed were likely to reflect individual preferences or capabilities in catching some prey type regardless of their actual availability. The presence of differences in diet composition between neighbouring pairs and their temporal consistency suggests that the hunting skills, and in general the feeding behaviour of kestrels, is likely to represent a trait characterising a behavioural type.
The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated

The nomenclature of 51 taxa in 27 genera of Turkish Brassicaceae has been updated to bring the account of the family in line with the current classification and nomenclature. An appendix listing the previous names, current ones, and pertinent bibliographical citations is provided, as well as another listing the taxa with relevant literature published after the second supplement of the Flora of Turkey. A comprehensive listing of the literature supporting the nomenclatural changes is provided. Pseudosempervivum amanum (Contandr. & Quezel) Al-Shehbaz, Mutlu & Donmez and P. gurulkanii (Yild.) Mutlu, Al-Shehbaz & Donmez, are proposed as new combinations. Gorkemia Yild. is determined as a diseased specimen of Isatis sp. Since the publication of the second supplement of the Flora of Turkey, 45 taxa of Brassicaceae in the genera Alyssum, Arabis, Bornmuellera, Clastopus, Draba, Hesperis, Iberis, Litwinowia, Matthiola, Noccaea and Raphanus have been added to the flora.
Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurologic disorders and brain dysfunctions. Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima (SP) is a cyanobacteria with nutritional, pharmacological and important antioxidant activity. This study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective role of SP against kainic acid (KA) neurotoxicity. Male SW mice were treated with SP for 24 days (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, (o.v.) and KA (35 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered as a single dose on day 14. After the treatment, neurobehavioral changes were monitored and lipid peroxidation in hippocampus was studied as an index of oxidative stress. These studies indicate that SP treatment reduced oxidative stress and protected against the damaging neurobehavioral effects of KA, suggesting it could be a possible alternative in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Key words: Hippocampus, kainic acid, neurobehavioral effects, neuroprotection, Spirulina.
NOSEMATIDAE AND OTHER PROTOZOA AS AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS

Protozoa known to infect Acrididae include certain Amoebida (Phylum Rhizopoda), Eugregarinida, Neogregarinida (Phylum Apicomplexa) and at least one species from the Phylum Ciliophora, but are mainly Microsporida (Phylum Microspora). Among the Microsporida, Nosema locustae Canning has been the most common subject of large-scale field testing as a potential microbial control of grasshoppers and locusts. Although there have been demonstrations of significant impacts of Protozoa such as Nosema spp. on survival, development, reproduction and feeding of grasshoppers and locusts, these candidates have not met the requirements for fast-acting control of Acrididae. However, recently discovered and as yet undiscovered Microspora and other Protozoa may offer reliable non-chemical control of grasshoppers and locusts. Research on candidates such as Nosema locustae has not been wasted effort; at a minimum, research invested toward development of methods of formulation, application, assessment and ecological fate of these potential microbial control agents has provided useful information needed to prepare for the eventuality of discovery of more fast-acting protozoa, and has contributed to development of field methods required for testing of other microbial agents. With improvements in understanding of insect behavioral and physiological responses, satisfactory short-term efficacy (perhaps resulting from combined formulations with behavioral modifiers or stressors) may allow N . locustae , N . cuneatum Henry, N . acridophagus Henry or Johenrea locustae Lange et al. to also serve a role in limiting acridid abundance and activity, either as an agent of biological control in sites requiring special care, or within a rangeland IPM context.
Glyphosate Resistance Is More Variable Than Paraquat Resistance in a Multiple-Resistant Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) Population

Abstract Reduced control of some glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane populations with paraquat has raised concerns about evolved multiple resistance to both glyphosate and paraquat. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of multiple-resistant (glyphosate and paraquat) hairy fleabane populations in California. A series of dose-response experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of glyphosate and paraquat in a known susceptible (S) and putative multiple-resistant (R) population of hairy fleabane. The greenhouse experiments were conducted during summer, fall, and winter under controlled temperature and natural light conditions. Multiple-resistant hairy fleabane was identified; however, the level of resistance to glyphosate varied substantially among seasons. During the summer, the glyphosate rate required to reduce growth by 50% (GR50) for the R population was 0.94 kg ae ha−1, 5.2-fold more than for the S population. In the fall and winter experiments, however, the R population response to glyphosate was similar to the S population with a GR50 of 0.22 kg ae ha−1 or less. Multiple-resistant plants were controlled in the fall and winter at rates that did not control the same population during summer. GR50 of paraquat varied among seasons (0.94, 0.24, and 0.07 kg ai ha−1 during summer, fall, and winter, respectively); however, plant mortality was more consistent. This is the first reported case of glyphosate–paraquat resistance in hairy fleabane and the multiple-resistant population could pose a significant challenge to annual no-till and perennial cropping systems in California. Further research on the mechanisms of resistance and the physiological factors underlying the seasonally variable response to glyphosate is needed. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; paraquat; hairy fleabane, Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.
In situ egg production and hatching success of the marine copepod Pseudocalanus newmani in Funka Bay and adjacent waters off southwestern Hokkaido, Japan: associated to diatom bloom

Clutch size and egg viability were examined for wild females of Pseudocalanus newmani collected from four different stations inside and outside Funka Bay, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, during pre-phytoplankton-bloom conditions in 1997, and from a single station outside the bay during the period from pre- to post-blooming seasons in 1998, to examine spatio-temporal variability of the reproductive parameters and to detect deleterious effects of diatom blooms on in situ copepod repro- duction. Clutch size and hatching success in P.newmani were relatively similar at the four stations in 1997. The eggs almost always hatched completely, but deformed nauplii occurred in 20-40% of the cases. The proportion of deformed nauplii gradually decreased when the females were fed on non- diatom Pavlova sp. in the laboratory, suggesting that the occurrence of deformed nauplii was related to the quality of in situ food particles, including diatoms. Clutch size varied from 12 to 30 eggs female-1 during the study period in 1998; more than 90% of the variation could be explained by the body size of the females which depended on ambient water temperature. Hatching success also varied, from 15 to 80%, but was not related to either clutch size, female body size, water temperature or diatom biomass. These results suggest that not only egg production but also hatchability should be measured routinely when estimating recruitment of the copepod into the planktonic population, and show that neither clutch size nor egg viability are directly affected by diatom biomass. Although we could not obtain clear evidence of in situ deleterious effects of diatoms on abnormal embryos and nauplii, this might be related to methodological problems and properties or characteristics of prey-predator inter- actions. Also, deformities of copepod nauplii have not yet been observed for reasons other than feeding on diatoms.
The genetic mineralogical characteristics of fish otoliths and their environmental typomorphism

18 O values of the calcium carbonate are indicators of the temperature of the water where the fish lives. The geometry, color, common and trace elements, oxygen and carbon isotopes of the zones can be employed effectively to classify the species, trace the source, migration habits, nutrition level of the fish and the variation of the ocean environment, in order to predict the environmental variation trend of related waters and make strategic plan for fishery production. Thermoluminescence technique can be taken as a new tool in the investigation of fish otolith to describe the heavy metal pollution of related waters, and the thermoluminescence parameters can be used to deduce the source and manage fishery resources.
Hydrologic balance in an intact temperate forest ecosystem under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration

Abstract Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration decreases stomatal conductance in many species, but the savings of water from reduced transpiration may permit the forest to retain greater leaf area index (L). Therefore, the net effect on water use in forest ecosystems under a higher CO2 atmosphere is difficult to predict. The free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility (n = 3) in a 14‐m tall (in 1996) Pinus taeda L. stand was designed to reduce uncertainties in predicting such responses. Continuous measurements of precipitation, throughfall precipitation, sap flux, and soil moisture were made over 3.5 years under ambient (CO2a) and elevated (CO2e) ambient + 200 µmol mol−1). Annual stand transpiration under ambient CO2 conditions accounted for 84–96% of latent heat flux measured with the eddy‐covariance technique above the canopy. Under CO2e, P. taeda transpired less per unit of leaf area only when soil drought was severe. Liquidambar styraciflua, the other major species in the forest, used progressively less water, settling at 25% reduction in sap flux density after 3.5 years under CO2e. Because P. taeda dominated the stand, and severe drought periods were of relatively short duration, the direct impact of CO2e on water savings in the stand was undetectable. Moreover, the forest used progressively more water under CO2e, probably because soil moisture availability progressively increased, probably owing to a reduction in soil evaporation caused by more litter buildup in the CO2e plots. The results suggest that, in this forest, the effect of CO2e on transpiration was greater indirectly through enhanced litter production than directly through reduced stomatal conductance. In forests composed of species more similar to L. styraciflua, water savings from stomatal closure may dominate the response to CO2e.
The growth of the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the growth response of Pinus sylvestris L.

SUMMARY Nine ectomycorrhizal fungi have been studied for their effect on the growth of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. The plants were kept growing for six months in root chambers with a changeable volume. All seedlings were cultivated under conditions of low substrate nutrient concentrations and they became strongly infected within a short time. We demonstrated the existence of an important negative correlation between the extent of the fungal development and the growth of the host plants. In most studies this reduced growth is attributed to an energy drain by the fungus. Fungi producing large amounts of fungal tissue are more energy consuming than species which only develop a sparse mycelium. However we suggest that also nitrogen acquisition by the plants might be altered by the fungus. Certain fungi probably retain a considerable amount of nitrogen for their own growth, thus reducing the amount transported to the host plant. A decreased N transport finally results in a slower growth. In this study the extramatrical mycelium in the rooting substrate was determined by wet oxidation and by nitrogen determination. This component of the fungal biomass showed the biggest variation among the different mycobiont species. The results are discussed in relation to the culture technique employed.