Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of inclusive muon neutrino and antineutrino charged current differential cross sections on argon in the NuMI antineutrino beam

The ArgoNeuT collaboration presents measurements of inclusive muon neutrino and antineutrino charged current differential cross sections on argon in the Fermilab NuMI beam operating in the low energy antineutrino mode. The results are reported in terms of outgoing muon angle and momentum at a mean neutrino energy of 9.6 GeV (neutrinos) and 3.6 GeV (antineutrinos), in the range $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}l{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}l36\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $0l{p}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}l25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/c$, for both neutrinos and antineutrinos.
A JOURNEY TO EXPLORE THE INFLUENCE OF YOUTUBER TO GENERATION Z

The influence of YouTubers to young audiences is irresistible under the social media era, no matter in attitude or audience’s decision making. YouTubers carry with positive and negative impact in various studies. However, least attention has been paid on the influence from YouTubers to Generation Z audience. Focusing on the influence of YouTubers, this study intends to provide a new lens to look into the YouTuber’s personality and charisma, furthermore, to identify effect of them to audience decision making and language. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Use and Gratification Theory are used in this study to explain the audiences’ behaviour in YouTube, specifically on their content selection. Qualitative research method is applied in this study, whereas in-depth interview is research design. There are five university students who represent as Generation Z involve into this study. Thematic analysis is implemented for data analysis. Result of this study discloses that university students receive positive influences from YouTubers base on their representation as role model in motivating the user to keep on learning. The YouTuber’s dramatic personality attract the audience to follow their channel in order to fulfill the entertainment needs. Besides, YouTubers also affect to user’s purchase intention as their experience on using a product has become a reliable source. However, educational level of Generation Z audience is highlighted in this study to relieve the audiences from overly online shopping behavior and this shows limitation in study of lower education level audiences. Overall, YouTubers shows their positive influence on Generation Z undergraduate students.
Quality by Design Guided Development of Polymeric Nanospheres of Terbinafine Hydrochloride for Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis Using a Nano-Gel Formulation

Superficial fungal diseases of the skin and nails are an increasingly common occurrence globally, requiring effective topical treatment to avoid systemic adverse effects. Polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated sustained and effective drug delivery in a variety of topical formulations. The aim of this project was to develop polymeric antifungal nanospheres containing terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) to be loaded into a hydrogel formulation for topical nail drug delivery. A quality by design (QbD) approach was used to achieve optimized particles with the desired quality target product profile (QTPP). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at 2% w/v and a drug to polymer ratio of 1:4, together with a robust set of processes and material attributes, resulted in nanoparticles of 108.7 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.63, 57.43% recovery, and other desirable characteristics such as zeta potential (ZP), particle shape, aggregation, etc. The nanospheres were incorporated into a carbomer-based gel, and the delivery of TBH through this formulation was evaluated by means of in vitro drug release testing (IVRT) and ex vivo nail permeation study. The gel containing the TBH nanospheres demonstrated a slower and controlled drug release profile compared with the control gel, in addition to a more efficient delivery into the nail. These antifungal nanospheres can be utilized for topical therapy of a multitude of superficial fungal infections.
Affective Depression Mediates PTSD to Suicide in a Sample of Treatment-Seeking First Responders

Mental health professionals working with first responders (law enforcement officers [LEOs], firefighters [FFs], and emergency medical technicians [EMTs]) should target affective depression over somatic depression symptoms early in treatment if they want to buffer against suicidality. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), affective or somatic depression, and suicide among first responders (FRs). Method We used baseline data from FRs (N = 232) who sought services at a nonprofit mental health agency specializing in treating trauma exposed FRs. We conducted two PROCESS simple mediation models with PTSD as the predictor, affective depression and somatic depression as the mediators, and suicidality as the dependent variable. Results Affective depression significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD and suicidality, whereas somatic depression did not. The direct effect of PTSD on suicidality was not significant. Limitations These data are cross-sectional and should be followed up with longitudinal analyses across the course of treatment. Conclusions To reduce suicide risk, it is recommended that clinicians target affective depression instead of PTSD symptoms.
Association of Infant Feeding Indicators and Infant Feeding Practices with Coexisting Forms of Malnutrition in Children under Six Months of Age

Breastmilk is the only recommended source of nutrition for infants below six months of age. However, a significant proportion of children are either on supplemental breastfeeding (SBF) or weaned due to the early introduction of solid/semi-solid/soft food and liquids (SSF) before six months of age. There is good evidence that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in infants below six months of age protects them from preventable illnesses, including malnutrition. The relationship between infant feeding practices and coexisting forms of malnutrition (CFMs) has not yet been explored. This study examined the association of different feeding indicators (continuation of breastfeeding, predominant feeding, and SSF) and feeding practices (EBF, SBF, and complete weaning) with CFM in infants aged below six months in Pakistan. National and regional datasets for Pakistan from the last ten years were retrieved from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and UNICEF data repositories. In Pakistan, 34.5% of infants have some form of malnutrition. Among malnourished infants, 44.7% (~15.4% of the total sample) had a CFM. Continuation of breastfeeding was observed in more than 85% of infants, but less than a quarter were on EBF, and the rest were either SBF (65.4%) or weaned infants (13.7%). Compared to EBF, complete weaning increased the odds of coexistence of underweight with wasting, and underweight with both wasting and stunting by 1.96 (1.12–3.47) and 2.25 (1.16–4.36), respectively. Overall, breastfed children had lower odds of various forms of CFM (compared to non-breastfed), except for the coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity. Continuation of any breastfeeding protected infants in Pakistan from various types of CFM during the first six months of life.
Impact of armed conflict on land use and land cover changes in global border areas

National borderlands as the spatial carrier and forefront for exerting geopolinomical influence and implementing geopolinomical strategy, most have the same or similar eco‐geographical structure characteristics, such as land cover. However, there are different development trends in different national relationships (e.g., cooperation and conflict), and land use and land cover changes (LUCC), especially in apparent in border areas. In general, armed conflict in border areas is accompanied by severe, immediate and long‐lasting LUCC‐like forest loss. Here, by means of geospatial analysis, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and Climate Change Initiative Land Cover dataset were used to investigate the linkages between the armed conflict and LUCC or the patterns and processes of LUCC before, during and after armed conflict around the globe in borderlands from 1992 to 2020. The main and key insights are: (1) nearly 50% of global armed conflict has occurred and re‐occurred in these borderlands since 1992, leading to about 16.5% of LUCC globally; (2) the impact of armed conflict on LUUC is hysteretic, based on the intensity of conflict, especially in borderlands; (3) the transfer rate of land use is high during the conflict and tends to be stable in the post‐conflict period; (4) the absolute amount of armed conflict damage to forest land is large, but the changes rate of impervious surfaces is far more than the former, nearly 18 times greater. These findings improve the understanding of the impact of armed conflict on LUCC, in border areas. This study could provide a proxy and benchmark for exploring the cause‐effect and impact‐response between geopolinomical relations and the borderlands LUCC.
Efros-Shklovskii variable-range hopping in reduced graphene oxide sheets of varying carbonsp2fraction

We investigate the low temperature electron transport properties of chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets with different carbon sp2 fractions of 55 to 80 %. We show that in the low bias (Ohmic) regime, the temperature (T) dependent resistance (R) of all the devices follow Efros-Shklovskii variable range hopping (ES-VRH) R ~ exp[(T(ES)/T)^1/2] with T(ES) decreasing from 30976 to 4225 K and electron localization length increasing from 0.46 to 3.21 nm with increasing sp2 fraction. From our data, we predict that for the temperature range used in our study, Mott-VRH may not be observed even at 100 % sp2 fraction samples due to residual topological defects and structural disorders. From the localization length, we calculate a bandgap variation of our RGO from 1.43 to 0.21 eV with increasing sp2 fraction from 55 to 80 % which agrees remarkably well with theoretical prediction. We also show that, in the high bias regime, the hopping is field driven and the data follow R ~ exp[(E(0)/E)^1/2] providing further evidence of ES-VRH.
A study of the remarkable galaxy system AM 546-324 (the core of Abell S0546)

Aims. We report first results of an investigation of the tidally disturbed galaxy system AM 546-324, whose two principal galaxies 2MFGC 04711 and AM 0546-324 (NED02) were previously classified as interacting doubles. This system was selected to study the interaction of ellipticals in a moderately dense environment. We provide spectral characteristics of the system and present an observational study of the interaction effects on the morphology, kinematics, and stellar population of these galaxies. Methods. The study is based on long-slit spectrophotometric data in the range of ∼4500−8000 A obtained with the Gemini MultiObject Spetrograph at Gemini South (GMOS-S). We have used the stellar population synthesis code STARLIGHT to investigate the star formation history of these galaxies. The Gemini/GMOS-S direct r-G0303 broad band pointing image was used to enhance and study fine morphological structures. The main absorption lines in the spectra were used to determine the radial velocity. Results. Along the whole long-slit signal, the spectra of the Shadowy galaxy (discovered by us), 2MFGC 04711, and AM 0546-324 (NED02) resemble that of an early-type galaxy. We estimated redshifts of z = 0.0696, z = 0.0693 and z = 0.0718, corresponding to heliocentric velocities of 20 141 km s −1 , 20 057 km s −1 , and 20 754 km s −1 for the Shadowy galaxy, 2MFGC 04711 and AM 0546-324 (NED02), respectively. The central regions of 2MFGC 04711 and AM 0546-324 (NED02) are completely dominated by an old stellar population of 2 × 10 9 < t ≤ 13 × 10 9 yr and do not show any spatial variation in the contribution of the stellar-population components. Conclusions. The observed rotation profile distribution of 2MFGC 04711 and AM 0546-324 (NED02) can be adequately interpreted as an ongoing stage of interaction with the Shadowy galaxy as the center of the local gravitational potential-well of the system. The three galaxies are all early-type. The extended and smooth distribution of the material in the Shadowy galaxy is a good laboratory to study direct observational signatures of tidal friction in action.
Radial and orbital excitation energies of charmonium

The charmonium system has several excited states below the energy threshold for decay into $D$ and $\bar{D}$ mesons, which can in principle be studied accurately in lattice QCD. Studies that include many states in the spectrum have typically only been done at one value of the lattice spacing and with relatively heavy light quarks in the sea. Here we give preliminary results for radial and orbital excitation energies for charmonium from a calculation on 2+1+1 MILC configurations at multiple lattice spacings and including physical values for $u/d$ quark masses. We use the HISQ formulation for $c$ to obtain small discretisation errors and smeared operators to improve excited state overlap.
Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep

Simple Summary Colostrum is of interest to the scientific community because of its nutritional and therapeutic capabilities. The aims of this study were to characterize the macro and micro composition of colostrum from Sarda dairy sheep and to compare it with the composition of the mature milk of the same breed. The results of this survey showed a large variation in the immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum, which could affect the acquisition of passive immunity by lambs. The strong correlation between immunoglobulin G and the total protein content suggests that this can be used to estimate the immunoglobulin content in sheep colostrum. The concentration of essential minerals is higher in colostrum than in milk as a result of mineral salt block supplementation at the end of gestation. Colostrum has a significantly different fatty acid profile than milk, and this is due to the specific needs of newborn lambs. Abstract Colostrum is a major source of immunity in ruminants. It allows the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus, and it is the exclusive source of nutrients for the newborn. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the macro and the micro composition of colostrum; (ii) to analyze the antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and essential and toxic mineral content of colostrum; and (iii) to compare FA profiles and the amount of trace elements between colostrum and mature milk. For these purposes, samples of colostrum and milk were collected from a representative sample of animals from eight sheep dairy farms in the north of Sardinia (Italy). Fat, proteins, and seven essential and toxic minerals were measured in all samples of colostrum and milk. Furthermore, the FA profile was also measured in both matrices, while total antioxidant capacity was measured only in colostrum samples. The average amounts of fat and protein (TP) concentration in colostrum were 7.8% and 16%, respectively. Additionally, an average amount of 40 ± 20 g dm−3 was found for immunoglobulin G (IgG). As regards the antioxidant capacity of colostrum, a large variation was observed between samples from different farms for test 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which was 30 ± 10% (mean ± standard deviation). High levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were found in colostrum (200 µg kg−1, 25,000 µg kg−1, and 1200 µg kg−1, respectively). A strong positive correlation between TP and IgG was observed (r = 91%). In colostrum, the amount of IgG is positively correlated with Se and Zn, as they are essential minerals to the immune system. The FA profile demonstrated higher levels of medium and long chain fatty acids in colostrum than in mature milk, and this is mainly true for arachidonic acid (ARA), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study provided new information on the quality of colostrum in Sarda dairy sheep and showed the different composition of fatty acids between colostrum and mature milk.
Socioeconomic Position in Modern Contraceptive Uptake and Fertility Rate among Women of Childbearing Age in 37 Sub-Saharan Countries

Women’s socioeconomic position has a significant effect on health services use. With the nature of the socioeconomic empowerment process in relation to improvements in sexual and reproductive health, population-based contraceptive use is key to determining the growth in the human development index of every country. We looked into the effects of women’s socioeconomic position on modern approaches to birth control in sub-Saharan African (SSA) women of childbearing age. A sample of 496,082 respondents was analyzed from 2006–2021 Demographic and Health Surveys data. From the analysis, Southern SSA (46.0%), Eastern SSA (27.0%), Central SSA (16.0%), and Western SSA (15.0%) have decreasing prevalence of any modern methods of contraceptive uptake among all women. Similarly, Southern SSA (57.0%), Eastern SSA (37.0%), Western SSA (16.0%), and Central SSA (14.0%) have decreasing prevalence of married women currently using any modern methods of contraception. Furthermore, Southern SSA (76.0%), Eastern SSA (56.0%), Western SSA (36.0%), and Central SSA (26.0%) have decreasing prevalence of demand for family planning satisfied by modern contraceptives. While Southern SSA reported a total fertility rate of 3.0%, other sub-regions have a pooled rate of 5.0%. Our results indicated that increasing women’s socioeconomic position can increase contraceptive use and, thus, maternal healthcare service utilization.
Testing Modified Gravity with Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

The observed velocity dispersion of the classical dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies of the Milky Way (MW) requires the Newtonian stellar mass-to-light ($M_*/L$) ratios in the range of about 10 to more than 100 solar units that are well outside the acceptable limit predicted by stellar population synthesis models. Using Jeans analysis, we calculate the line-of-sight velocity dispersion ($\sigma_{\emph{los}}$) of stars in eight MW dSphs in the context of the modified gravity (MOG) theory of Moffat, assuming a constant $M_*/L$ ratio without invoking the exotic cold dark matter. First, we use the weak field approximation of MOG and assume the two parameters $ \alpha $ and $ \mu $ of the theory to be constant as has already been inferred from fitting to the observed rotational data of The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey catalogue of galaxies. We find that the derived $M_*/L$ ratios for almost all dSphs are too large to be explained by the stellar population values. In order to fit the line-of-sight velocity dispersions of the dSph with reasonable $M_*/L$ values, we must vary $\alpha$ and $\mu$ on a case by case basis. A common pair of values cannot be found for all dSphs. Comparing with the values found from rotation curve fitting, it appears that $\mu$ correlates strongly with galaxy luminosity, shedding doubt on it as a universal constant.
What about Development? Social Capital and Suicide

ABSTRACT Suicide causes more than 800,000 deaths a year worldwide. Finding factors that may reduce or prevent suicide is of utmost concern. Social capital has been one of the factors examined for its role in reducing suicide; however, the exact relationship between social capital and suicide is not clear. Moreover, many of the studies examining social capital and suicide take place in high-income areas. There is a void in our knowledge of the relationship between social capital and suicide because of our lack of inclusion of different levels of development. The study – including 41 high-income and 77 middle and low-income countries – found that social capital was a significant predictor of suicide in high-income countries; social capital was not significantly associated with suicide in middle or low-income countries.
Galactic cold cores. VI. Dust opacity spectral index

Context. The Galactic Cold Cores project has carried out Herschel photometric observations of 116 fields where the Planck survey has found signs of cold dust emission. The fields contain sources in different environments and different phases of star formation. Previous studies have revealed variations in their dust submillimetre opacity. Aims. The aim is to measure the value of dust opacity spectral index and to understand its variations spatially and with respect to other parameters, such as temperature, column density, and Galactic location. Methods. The dust opacity spectral index β and the dust colour temperature T are derived using Herschel and Planck data. The relation between β and T is examined for the whole sample and inside individual fields. Results. Based on IRAS and Planck data, the fields are characterised by a median colour temperature of 16.1 K and a median opacity spectral index of β = 1.84. The values are not correlated with Galactic longitude. We observe a clear T–β anti-correlation. In Herschel observations, constrained at lower resolution by Planck data, the variations follow the column density structure and β_(FIR) can rise to ~2.2 in individual clumps. The highest values are found in starless clumps. The Planck 217 GHz band shows a systematic excess that is not restricted to cold clumps and is thus consistent with a general flattening of the dust emission spectrum at millimetre wavelengths. When fitted separately below and above 700 μm, the median spectral index values are β_(FIR) ~ 1.91 and β(mm) ~ 1.66. Conclusions. The spectral index changes as a function of column density and wavelength. The comparison of different data sets and the examination of possible error sources show that our results are robust. However, β variations are partly masked by temperature gradients and the changes in the intrinsic grain properties may be even greater.
Study on the Mechanism of Elastic Instability Caused by Natural Growth in Orthotropic Material

Compared to synthetic materials, naturally grown biological materials have more specific behavioral patterns and life connotations in their morphological evolution over millions of years of environmental evolution on Earth. In this paper, we investigate the physical mechanisms and manifestations of out-of-plane deformation instability. Firstly, the origin of the instability phenomenon caused by the growth of the leaf is introduced. Leaf instability problems are modeled using rectangular thin plates. Secondly, the variation in the critical intrinsic strain with the principal shear modulus is obtained by numerical solution. The post-buckling behavior of the growth instability is further analyzed by general static analysis, and we obtain the phase diagram of morphogenesis of thin plant organs as functions of the principal shear modulus and off-axis angle. The research results enhance the understanding of the mechanism of elastic instability caused by natural growth in orthotropic materials.