Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of community health worker interventions on socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review

Introduction Community health worker (CHW) interventions are promoted to improve maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries. We reviewed the evidence on their effectiveness in reducing socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health outcomes, how they achieve these effects, and contextual processes that shape these effects. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies published between 1996 and 2017 in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases. We included studies examining the effects of CHW interventions in low-income and middle-income countries on maternal and newborn health outcomes across socioeconomic groups (wealth, occupation, education, class, caste or tribe and religion). We then conducted a narrative synthesis of evidence. Results We identified 1919 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. CHWs facilitated four types of interventions: home visits, community-based groups, cash transfers or combinations of these. Four studies found that CHWs providing home visits or facilitating women’s groups had equitable coverage. Four others found that home visits and cash transfer interventions had inequitable coverage. Five studies reported equitable effects of CHW interventions on antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and/or essential newborn care. One study found that a CHW home visit intervention did not reduce wealth inequities in skilled birth attendance. A study of women’s groups reported greater reductions in neonatal mortality among lower compared with higher socioeconomic groups. Equity was most improved when CHWs had relevant support for assisting women to improve health practices and access health care within community contexts. Conclusion While current evidence remains limited, particularly for mortality, existing studies suggest that CHW interventions involving home visits, cash transfers, participatory women’s groups or multiple components can improve equity in maternal and newborn health. Future mixed-methods research should explore intervention strategies and contextual processes shaping such effects on equity to optimise these efforts.
Findings From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System on Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Transgender Adults, 2014-2017.

E&M visits compared with a mean of 2.3 in the first quarter after an injury report against a physician’s peer, but this increase did not persist. These results are consistent with prior research that suggests that perceived malpractice risk, rather than objective malpractice risk, may influence defensive medicine.2 Limitations to this study include an inability to distinguish responses based solely on malpractice concerns from responses based on wanting to avoid similar injuries. Results are limited to the Medicare population in Florida and may not be generalizable to other populations. Dan P. Ly, MD, MPP
Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function.

OBJECT The authors undertook a retrospective analysis of the incidence and time course of pituitary insufficiency following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for pituitary adenomas. METHODS Pituitary adenomas in 92 patients were analyzed. There were 61 hormonally inactive tumors, 18 prolactinomas, and nine somatotropic and four adrenocorticotropic adenomas. The mean tumor volume was 3.8 cm3 (range 0.2-14.6 cm3). The mean prescription dose was 15 Gy. The mean prescription isodose was 50.7%. The mean follow-up time was 4.6 years (range 1.2-10 years). The following new or deteriorating insufficiencies that did not require treatment were recorded for the different pituitary axes: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/ luteinizing hormone (LH) 19 (20.6%), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 32 (34.8%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 10 (10.9%), and growth hormone (GH) 26 (28.3%). For new insufficiencies or deterioration requiring replacement therapy, the figures were as follows: FSH/LH 20 (21.7%), TSH 22 (23.9%), ACTH eight (8.7%), and GH 12 (13%). Spot dosimetry was performed in 59 patients in the hypothalamic region, the pituitary gland, and pituitary stalk. The pituitary stalks in patients with deterioration of pituitary function received a statistically higher dosage of radiation, 7.7 +/- 3.7 Gy compared with 5.5 +/- 3 Gy (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The function of the residual normal pituitary gland is less affected following GKS of pituitary adenomas than after fractionated radiotherapy. Nonetheless, increased attention needs to be exercised to reduce the dose to the stalk and pituitary gland to minimize the incidence of these complications.
MEASURING THE MAGNITUDE OF SUMS OF INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES By

We will examine several ways to measure this size. The first will be through tail distributions, that is, Pr S > t . Finding an exact solution to this problem would be a dream of probabilists, so we have to temper our desires in some manner. In fact, this problem goes back to the foundations of probability in the following form: if the sequence Xn consists of random variables that are mean zero, identically distributed and have finite variance, find the asymptotic value of Pr S > √Nt as N → ∞. This is answered, of course, by the central limit theorem, which tells us that the answer is the Gaussian distribution. There has been a tremendous amount of work on generalizing this. We refer the reader to almost any advanced work on probability. Our approach is different. Instead of seeking asymptotic solutions, we will look for approximate solutions. That is, we seek a function f t , computed from Xn , such that there is a positive constant c with c−1f ct ≤ Pr S > t ≤ cf c−1t
Natural climate variability as indicated by glaciers and implications for climate change: a modeling study

Glacier fluctuations exclusively due to internal variations in the climate system are simulated using downscaled integrations of the ECHAM4/OPYC coupled general circulation model (GCM). A process-based modeling approach using a mass balance model of intermediate complexity and a dynamic ice flow model considering simple shearing flow and sliding are applied. Multi-millennia records of glacier length fluctuations for Nigardsbreen (Norway) and Rhonegletscher (Switzerland) are simulated using auto-regressive processes determined by statistically downscaled GCM experiments. Return periods and probabilities of specific glacier length changes using GCM integrations excluding external forcings such as solar irradiation changes, volcanic or anthropogenic effects are analyzed and compared to historical glacier length records. Preindustrial fluctuations of the glaciers as far as observed or reconstructed, including their advance during the “Little Ice Age”, can be explained by internal variability in the climate system as represented by a GCM. However, fluctuations comparable to the present-day glacier retreat do not occur in the GCM control experiments and must be caused by external forcing, with anthropogenic forcing being a likely candidate. Reichert et al.: Natural climate variability as indicated by glaciers 2
Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents

s and citations for these studies were compiled and organized using Reference Manager software. A review of titles and abstracts was first conducted for SRs, MAs, RCTs, and guidelines by trained abstractors. For the observational studies, titles and abstracts were reviewed by NHLBI staff. This phase of the review process resulted in a total of 561 SRs, MAs, and RCTs, as well as 78 guidelines and 196 observational studies, which were found to be potentially relevant, as indicated in Figure A–2. Following the review of titles and abstracts, trained abstractors conducted a full-text review of the studies and excluded additional studies. NHLBI staff also reviewed the full text of these studies and identified additional studies to exclude. Following the full-text review phase, an additional 200 studies were excluded. Citations for studies excluded at the full-text level are provided online, along with the complete evidence tables. • Studies were excluded that on closer inspection were found not to be SRs, MAs, RCTs, guidelines, or reports from the selected epidemiologic studies. • Studies were excluded that had an insufficient number of patients at follow-up to draw meaningful conclusions. • Studies conducted in patients with diabetes focused on interventions that were related exclusively to glycemic control were excluded. • For studies that focused on smoking as a risk factor, those that reported on interventions related to policymaking or merchant behavior were excluded. During the review process, inclusion and exclusion criteria were modified to account for topics identified as irrelevant and certain included topics were clarified. Throughout this process, abstractors and the Expert Panel were in close contact to resolve questions regarding the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria to individual studies. C. Literature Review Process After completing electronic searches in each database, a total of 11,231 SRs, MAs, RCTs, guidelines, and major observational studies were identified for review. The distribution of search results by database and study type is presented
Institutional Path Dependence in Climate Adaptation: Coman’s 'Some Unsettled Problems of Irrigation'

Katharine Coman’s “Some Unsettled Problems of Irrigation,” published in March 1911 in the first issue of the American Economic Review addressed issues of water supply, rights, and organization. These same issues have relevance today 100 years later in face of growing concern about the availability of fresh water worldwide as demand grows and as supplies become more uncertain due to the potential effects of climate change. The central point of this article is that appropriative water rights and irrigation districts that emerged in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to aridity to facilitate agricultural water delivery, use, and trade raise the transaction costs today of water markets. These markets are vital for smooth re-allocation of water to higher-valued uses elsewhere in the economy and for flexible response to greater hydrological uncertainty. This institutional path dependence illustrates how past arrangements to meet conditions of the time constrain contemporary economic opportunities. They cannot be easily significantly modified or replaced ex post.
MMobilization of dry matter and its relations with drought stress in wheat genotypes

Twenty winter wheat genotypes were evaluated under both post-anthesis drought stress and normal conditions in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station in two successive growing seasons 2005-2007 using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Post-anthesis drought stress did not affect kernel number per spike. The rate of dry matter accumulation by kernels was considerably decreased by water deficit. Dry weight of vegetative organs decreased in grain filling period under stress and normal conditions, by contrast, in anthesis stage. But, the rate of translocated dry matter was much higher in genotypes No 14, No 15, No 16, No 18, No 19 and No 20 under drought stress condition. The 1000GW and weight of kernels per spike were more severely reduced by water deficit. The positive correlation of grain yield with grain weight per spike, 1000GW, remobilization of dry matter, harvest index and stress tolerance index (STI) and significant negative correlation of grain yield with drought susceptibility index (SSI) revealed that selection must be exercised for high harvest index, grain weight per spike, 1000GW, remobilization of dry matter and STI in stress condition. The negative correlation of ‘STI’ with ‘SSI’ indicated the efficiency of ‘STI’ as a selection criterion for identifying drought tolerant winter wheat genotypes with high yield potential.
Orientación de las crestas cortantes en el molar tribosfénico. Sus implicancias funcionales en didelfoideos (Marsupialia) fósiles y vivientes.

Se compararon parametros angulares indicativos de la disposicion espacial de las crestas cortantes de los molares superiores (metacristas) e inferiores (paracristidas) de algunos didelfoideos sudamericanos, condatos conocidos sobre sus habitos alimentarios. Se analizaron ejemplares de las especies vivientes Didelphisalbiventris Lund, Lutreolinacrassicaudata (Desmarest), y Monodelphisdimidiata (Wagner), asi como tambienespecimenes fosiles asignables a Thylatheridium cristatum Reig y Sparassocynus Mercerat. (1) Los valoresangulares de las crestas cortantes superiores (AS) e inferiores (AI) son relativamente constantes ycaracteristicos de cada una de las especies analizadas. (2) Dichos valores son mas bajos en las formascarnivoras que en las insectivoras y omnivoras. (3) Por motivos no completamente esclarecidos, los registrosde AIml de los Didelphoidea estudiados muestran una llamativa variabilidad. (4) Todos los valores de AIy AS tienden a aumentar desde los primeros hasta los ultimos molares, si bien la amplitud de dicho aumentodepende de los distintos tipos adaptativos: es mayor en los insectivoros y menor en los carnivoros yomnivoros. (5) Se comprobo una clara asimetria bilateral en los valores de AI y AS en todos los didelfoideos estudiados: por lo general, los AI y AS izquierdos son mayores que los derechos. (6) En los ejemplares analizados de Monodelphis dimidiata se comprobo que los AI y AS no muestran variaciones significativasentre machos y hembras, aunque si lo hacen (sobre todo en los AIml) en funcion del peso de dichos especimenes. (7) Por ultimo, las relaciones oclusales entre las crestas cortantes superiores e inferiores de losmolares de M. dimidiata muestran un mas ajustado "efecto tijera" en los individuos adultos que en losjuveniles, lo cual parece corresponderse con cambios en los habitos alimentarios de esta especie durante laontogenia -mas insectivoros en los juveniles y mas carnivoros en los adultos-.
The Value of Being Socially Responsible: A Primal-Dual Approach

This study attempts to formalize and explain the process through which Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is created incorporating it into a production model as one of the outputs comprising the technology. Our framework allows for analyzing technical efficiency and deriving a system of internal shadow prices to quantify the overall value as well as the marginal impact of implementing socially responsible activities. The empirical application focuses on the food and beverage manufacturing sector where we encounter high levels of technical efficiency among the firms included in the analysis. Our findings also document a positive average shadow price of CSR activities, implying that the net value of implementing these activities is positive as their benefit exceeds the cost. Regarding the value at the margin, we show that increasing the socially responsible commitment positively contributes to the creation of firm value. Conversely, reducing the CSR engagement has a negative marginal impact, indicating that firms perceive lower levels of CSR as very costly and damaging.
Pengaruh Upah Minimum Provinsi Dan Alokasi Belanja Pemerintah Terhadap Pembangunan Manusia Provinsi Lampung

Abstrak Bahasa Indonesia ABSTRAK PENGARUH UPAH MINIMUM PROVINSI DAN ALOKASI BELANJA PEMERINTAH TERHADAP INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA PROVINSI LAMPUNG Oleh RAHMA FEBRIA PRAMISSELLA Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bukti empiris tentang pengaruh Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP), alokasi belanja barang dan jasa pemerintah, dan pengaruh keduanya secara bersama-sama terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Provinsi Lampung. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang disusun secara time series tahun 2002 hingga tahun 2014. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi berganda metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) dan belanja barang jasa mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Provinsi Lampung. Kata Kunci: Upah Minimum Provinsi, alokasi belanja barang dan jasa, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, OLS Abstrak Bahasa Inggris ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL MINIMUM WAGE AND GOVERNMENT’S SPENDING ALLOCATION ON THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE By RAHMA FEBRIA PRAMISSELLA This study aims to obtain empirical evidence on the influence of regional minimum wage and government’s goods and services spending allocation, and the influence of all those together on the Human Development Index in Lampung Province. The secondary data as used in the research such as time series data from the period 2006 until 2010. The analytical tool used is multiple regression method of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The research finding indicate that regional minimum wage and government goods and servicec spending allocation have a positive and significant impact on the Human Development Index (HDI) of Lampung Province. Key Words: regional minimum wage, government goods and servicec spending allocation, Human Development Index, OLS
Spatio-temporal variation in moose-vehicle collisions: the effect of varying traffic intensity and light conditions

In order to find effective mitigating measures against the large number of moose-vehicle collisions (MVCs) in the Nordic countries, it is important to learn more about the underlying mechanisms causing their spatio-temporal variation. While many studies have looked at the effects of varying moose density, traffic volume and weather conditions on the seasonal and yearly variation in MVCs, previous research has rarely studied the same questions based on MVC data collected at the temporal scales of date and hour. However, because the circadian activity of moose is closely related to the variation in daylight, the road-crossing probability of moose may differ between light periods (dusk, dawn, night and daytime)  which timing and extent vary with month and latitude. Conversely, the circadian variation in traffic intensity seems to follow a fixed daily pattern in all of Norway. This indicates that the overlap between high crossing probability and high traffic intensity will show a predictable pattern across months and latitudes. To test this hypothesis, I examined to what extent the probability of MVC in a municipality was related to varying traffic intensity within light period during the year, while simultaneously controlling for spatial variation in moose density (harvest per km2) and traffic volume (number of cars). My results demonstrated that the probability of MVC for a given traffic intensity was lowest during the day, which concurs with previous findings that moose are more active at dawn, dusk and night. However, while the probability of MVC increased with increasing traffic intensity at dawn and night, as expected, the relationship was negative at daytime and dusk. The latter two periods coincide with hours of the day with the on average highest traffic intensity, which may suggest that moose may increasingly perceive roads as barriers when the traffic intensity exceeds a certain level. The circadian relationship also explained parts of the latitudinal and monthly variation in MVCs, particularly in November-January. My findings suggest that high probability of MVC is partly associated with the time of the year when high traffic intensity extends into the dark and twilight periods of the day. These results can be used to provide management authorities and the public better information about when and where an MVC is more likely to occur.
Development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM

The main purpose of this work was the development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM. For this aim, tools and procedures were developed apart from this code for the preprocessing and data extraction, which were thereafter applied in the simulation of a real case. For the generation of the computational domain, a systematic method able to translate the terrain elevation model to a native OpenFOAM format (blockMeshDict) was developed. The outcome was a structured mesh, in which the user has the ability to define the number of control volumes and its dimensions. With this procedure, the difficulties of case set up and the high computation computational effort reported in literature associated to the use of snappyHexMesh, the OpenFOAM resource explored until then for the accomplishment of this task, were considered to be overwhelmed. Developed procedures for the generation of boundary conditions allowed for the automatic creation of idealized inlet vertical profiles, definition of wall functions boundary conditions and the calculation of internal field first guesses for the iterative solution process, having as input experimental data supplied by the user. The applicability of the generated boundary conditions was limited to the simulation of turbulent, steady-state, incompressible and neutrally stratified atmospheric flows, always recurring to RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) models. For the modelling of terrain roughness, the developed procedure allowed to the user the definition of idealized conditions, like an uniform aerodynamic roughness length or making its value variable as a function of topography characteristic values, or the using of real site data, and it was complemented by the development of techniques for the visual inspection of generated roughness maps. The absence and the non inclusion of a forest canopy model limited the applicability of this procedure to low aerodynamic roughness lengths. The developed tools and procedures were then applied in the simulation of a neutrally stratified atmospheric flow over the Askervein hill. In the performed simulations was evaluated the solution sensibility to different convection schemes, mesh dimensions, ground roughness and formulations of the k − ε and k − ω models. When compared to experimental data, calculated values showed a good agreement of speed-up in hill top and lee side, with a relative error of less than 10% at a height of 10 m above ground level. Turbulent kinetic energy was considered to be well simulated in the hill windward and hill top, and grossly predicted in the lee side, where a zone of flow separation was
Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

SUMMARY Chlordane was commercially introduced as a non-systemic (not taken up in the plant), contact and ingested insecticide in 1947. Technical chlordane is a mixture, which consists of at least 147 compounds and the composition varies with the manufacturing process. It contained 43 – 75 % cis- and trans-chlordane and lesser amounts of heptachlor, cis- and trans-nonachlor and chlordenes. After 1970, a more refined formulation containing >95 % of cis- and transchlordane was also produced. Chlordane was used for agricultural purposes, mainly for soil and seed treatment and wood protection, the latter being applied mostly in the USA. It has been banned for use in the European Union since 1981 and currently in most other countries worldwide. In the environment chlordane is relatively stable and can be transported over long ranges. Chlordane is included in the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 2 and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution protocol on POPs (CLRTAP-POP). Because of their lipophilic properties and persistence in the environment, chlordane and related compounds are bioaccumulated and biomagnified along the food chain. Chlordane compounds show