Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wave propagation and induced steady streaming in viscous fluid contained in a prestressed viscoelastic tube

The oscillatory and time-mean motions induced by a propagating wave of small amplitude through a viscous incompressible fluid contained in a prestressed and viscoelastic (modeled as a Voigt material) tube are studied by a perturbation analysis based on equations of motion in the Lagrangian system. The classical problem of oscillatory viscous flow in a flexible tube is re-examined in the contexts of blood flow in arteries or pulmonary gas flow in airways. The wave kinematics and dynamics, including wavenumber, wave attenuation, velocity, and stress fields, are found as analytical functions of the wall and fluid properties, prestress, and the Womersley number for the cases of a free or tethered tube. On extending the analysis to the second order in terms of the small wave steepness, it is shown that the time-mean motion of the viscoelastic tube with sufficient strength is short lived and dies out quickly as a limit of finite deformation is approached. Once the tube has attained its steady deformation, the s.
Contribution of EUV resist components to the non-cleanable contaminations

The suppression of outgassing from extreme ultraviolet (EUV) resist needs to be addressed for realizing EUV lithography (EUVL) because outgassing is likely the main contributor to the contamination of mirror optics in EUV scanners, which results in reflectivity loss. Resist outgassing causes two types of contamination: cleanable contamination, involving hydrocarbon contaminants, and noncleanable contamination, involving noncarbon components. The relation of cleanable contamination between EUV- and electron beam (EB)-based evaluations is linear. However, the relation of noncleanable contamination is not clear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of EUV resist components to noncleanable contamination using different photoacid generator components. The cleanability of noncleanable elements (sulfur, iodine, chlorine, and bromine) in contamination films was measured and compared for the EUV- and EB-based outgas testers. The result suggested that the chlorine and bromine contaminants were completely removed after cleaning. On the other hand, sulfur and iodine remained even after cleaning. This suggested that the careful use of iodine in resist materials is necessary due to its high photoabsorption and low cleanability. In addition, the cleaning rate and noncleanability of contaminants in the EUV-based test were larger than in the EB-based test. This suggests that the contamination film in the EUV-based test is more porous than that in the EB-based test.
Multiple scattering effect on spectral, angular, and polarization characteristics of bremsstrahlung in a thin amorphous target

The results of theoretical investigation of multiple scattering effect on spectral, angular and polarization characteristics of radiation by a relativistic electron passing through a thin amorphous target (with respect to a coherence length) are presented. It is shown that due to this effect the radiation spectrum may essentially differ from the both predictions of the Bethe-Heitler theory of bremsstrahlung and results of the Migdal theory of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect (LPM). It is also shown that non-dipole regime of radiation in the case of intensive multiple scattering leads to significant changes of angular distribution of emitted gamma-quanta and, as a result, to a new possibility for getting highly linear polarized gamma-quanta. The conditions for experimental observation of these effects are discussed.
Consistency of spin-1 theories in external electromagnetic fields

It is known that while spin-1 (Proca) theory with minimal electromagnetic interaction is marred by the Corben-Schwinger anomaly, the inclusion of specific types of 'anomalous' interactions lead to other difficulties such as non-causality of propagation, and the energy spectrum (in homogeneous magnetic fields of sufficient strength) becoming partially non-real. The authors investigate whether, by making the anomalous terms (introduced into the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation) sufficiently general, it is possible to escape these inconsistencies. The answer, unfortunately, turns out to be in the negative. They comment briefly on other formulations for spin-1.
The effect of the foreign language on cognitive reappraisal during exposure to a phobic stimulus

The foreign language effect shows that emotional reactivity is reduced when we use a second language instead of our native one to address different situations. The present study aims to test whether the use of cognitive reappraisal could be influenced by the participants language (native/foreign). For this purpose, a sample of 60 participants with subclinical phobia to cockroaches was exposed to several phobic and neutral pictures while they used cognitive reappraisal in their native or in a foreign language. Physiological measures (pupil dilation and electrodermal activity) and self-reports of affective valence and arousal were collected. Results show an overall effectiveness of the strategy of reappraisal in both languages. Additionally, the use of a foreign language depicts a decrease in the affective negativity of the threat stimuli in terms of valence. The ratings of arousal also show a general higher arousal as an effect of the use of a foreign language. The present results suggest that using a foreign language could be advantageous to reduce negative emotionality by reappraisal. However, it could be a barrier for reappraising non-unpleasant pictures. Further studies should explore the foreign language effect in psychotherapy to open new ways of approaching different disorders.
Anomalous resonant frequency changes in piezoelectric microcantilevers by monolayer formation of Au films

Although the resonant frequency of a microcantilever has been reported to be changed by surface stress and/or flexural rigidity, the reasons still remained unclear. Here, we present an observation of anomalous resonant frequency change with positive values at 3.25 A thickness of Au, where it represents the monolayer formation of Au films. This result illustrates the surface stress-dependence of the resonant frequency. The thickness at where the resonant frequency shift would become zero through the compensation of the mass, and the surface stress is expected to be approximately three monolayers (9.7 A).
A unified theory of anomalous resistivity and Joule heating effects in the presence of ionospheric E region irregularities

This paper describes how large-amplitude plasma waves in the E region can simultaneously change the conductivity of the plasma and heat the electrons, and how these two processes are actually related to one another and to overall energy balance requirements. The author shows how to relate the wave-enhanced transport properties to the turbulent state of the plasma, and, ultimately, to broadband electric field and density fluctuation levels. He points out that in theories for which enhanced diffusion effects are used to saturate the unstable waves, care should be taken not to have wave amplitudes that exceed the limits provided by full turbulence estimates; he uses an earlier theory proposed by Ichimaru to obtain such an estimate. He also stresses that anomalous diffusion is, at most, two-dimensional, and that the momentum equation is therefore not affected by anomalous diffusion in the magnetic field direction. On the other hand, he shows that what little wave energy there is in the magnetic field direction could be important for wave heating purposes. He shows how to combine, in general, the parallel wave heating rate and heating produced by the increase in perpendicular conductivity and compare, in that light, various calculations done to date onmore » this subject. « less
Convection and magnetic fields in stars

Recent observations have demonstrated the unity of the study of stellar and solar magnetic fields. Results from numerical experiments on magnetoconvection are presented and used to discuss the concentration of magnetic flux into isolated ropes in the turbulent convective zones of the Sun or other late-type stars. Arguments are given for siting the solar dynamo at the base of the convective zone. Magnetic buoyancy leads to the emergence of magnetic flux in active regions, but weaker flux ropes are shredded and dispersed throughout the convective zone. The observed maximum field strengths in late-tpe stas should be comparable with the field (8.pi.p)/sup 1/2/ that balances the photospheric pressure.
Academic explanatory journalism and emerging COVID-19 science: how social media accounts amplify The Conversation’s preprint coverage

This article examines the public communication of COVID-19-related ‘preprints’ (unreviewed research studies) in a digital media environment. To understand how preprint research flows from preprint server, to media story, to social media audience, we analysed engagement with ‘second-order citations’ – social media posts linking to media coverage of research – using a sample of 41 media stories published by the research amplifier platform The Conversation (TC) that mentioned preprint research during the early months of the pandemic. We applied content analyses to the Facebook and Twitter accounts sharing these stories and analysed the engagement that the posts received. We found that TC stories mentioning preprints were shared among a diverse collection of Facebook and Twitter accounts, providing a second layer of social media amplification of preprint research. Still, posts by a small proportion of ‘elite’ actors – people with prominent roles in media and communications, politics or academia – tended to generate more engagement.
Utility of carotid ultrasound on prediction of 1-year mortality in emergency department patients with neurological deficits: A 10-year population-based cohort study

Background This study aimed to investigate the association between the carotid ultrasound results and 1-yr mortality of patients with neurological deficits in the emergency department (ED). Methods This study included patients with neurological symptoms who presented to the ED between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, and underwent sonographic imaging of the bilateral carotid bulb, common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and external carotid arteries. A stenosis degree of >50% was defined as significant carotid stenosis. Carotid plaque score (CPS) was calculated by adding the score of stenosis severity of all segments. The association between carotid ultrasound results and 1-yr mortality was investigated using the Cox regression model. Results The analysis included 7,961 patients (median age: 69 yr; men: 58.7%). Among them, 247 (3.1%) passed away from cardiovascular (CV)-related causes, and 746 (9.4%) died within a year. The mortality group presented with more significant carotid stenosis of the carotid bulb, CCA, or ICA and had a higher median CPS. A higher CPS was associated with a greater 1-yr all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.13; p = 0.001; log-rank p < 0.001) and CV-related mortality (aHR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.04–1.22; p = 0.002, log-rank p < 0.001). Significant stenosis of either carotid artery segment did not result in a higher risk of 1-yr mortality. Conclusions We comprehensively investigated the utility of carotid ultrasound parameters on predicting mortality in this 10-yr population-based cohort, which included over 7,000 patients with acute neurological deficits presented to the ED. The result showed that CPS could be used as risk stratification tools for 1-yr all-cause and CV mortality.
Protection of the human gene research literature from contract cheating organizations known as research paper mills

Abstract Human gene research generates new biology insights with translational potential, yet few studies have considered the health of the human gene literature. The accessibility of human genes for targeted research, combined with unreasonable publication pressures and recent developments in scholarly publishing, may have created a market for low-quality or fraudulent human gene research articles, including articles produced by contract cheating organizations known as paper mills. This review summarises the evidence that paper mills contribute to the human gene research literature at scale and outlines why targeted gene research may be particularly vulnerable to systematic research fraud. To raise awareness of targeted gene research from paper mills, we highlight features of problematic manuscripts and publications that can be detected by gene researchers and/or journal staff. As improved awareness and detection could drive the further evolution of paper mill-supported publications, we also propose changes to academic publishing to more effectively deter and correct problematic publications at scale. In summary, the threat of paper mill-supported gene research highlights the need for all researchers to approach the literature with a more critical mindset, and demand publications that are underpinned by plausible research justifications, rigorous experiments and fully transparent reporting.
Energy Shortage of Nonthermal Electrons in Powering a Solar Flare

Within a deka-keV energy range, the power-law electron beams interacting with the solar atmosphere also result in the power-law bremsstrahlung of hard X-rays. The energy spectrum of electrons can thus be deduced from the observed hard X-ray spectrum, and the total energy carried by accelerated electrons can then be estimated. For quite a long time, one has always assumed the lower energy cutoff (Ec) of the power-law electron beams to be around 20 keV, an assumption that constitutes a main ingredient of the so-called standard picture of a solar flare, since the nonthermal electrons are substantial in powering a solar flare. However, there is in fact no solid observational basis for Ec = 20 keV. Here we present a quantitative method to determine Ec and its application to 14 BATSE/Compton Gamma Ray Observatory hard X-ray events. We find that Ec, varying from 47 to 141 keV in our samples, is on average 76.4 keV. The total energy carried by nonthermal electrons is therefore shown to be at least 1 order of magnitude lower than that derived by taking Ec = 20 keV. This energy shortage of nonthermal electrons in our sample hard X-ray events conflicts with the widely accepted scenario of a solar flare.
A statistical look at Saaty's method of estimating pairwise preferences expressed on a ratio scale

Abstract This article is concerned with the problem of estimating n ≥ 2 object or attribute weights from a set of n ( n - 1)/2 pairwise preferences expressed on a ratio scale. Saaty's classical solution to this problem (Saaty, 1977, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15, 234-281) is to use as an estimate the normalized positive eigenvector corresponding to the Perron eigenvalue of the binary comparison matrix. An alternative procedure, rooted in the statistical theory of linear models, involves minimizing the total sum of square deviations measured on the logarithmic scale (de Jong, 1984, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 28, 467-478; Crawford and Williams, 1985, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 29, 387-405). In recent years, extensive simulation studies have revealed that the two methods have a tendency to produce similar estimates. This observation is theoretically strengthened here. In addition, a statistically valid interpretation is provided for Saaty's eigenvalue-based index of cardinal consistency in a set of responses. This makes it possible to derive an approximate distribution for this quantity under reasonable assumptions and ultimately leads to a critical examination of the assumptions underlying the so-called 10% cut-off rule recommended by Saaty for identifying response matrices that exhibit too large a degree of cardinal inconsistency.
Dependence of learning outcomes in flipped and lecture classrooms on review questions: A randomized controlled trial and observational study

Purpose The effects of class structure (i.e., lecture vs. flipped) and repeated review on: 1) exam scores and 2) student perceptions of learning were compared in a prospective randomized controlled trial (Study 1) and a retrospective cohort study (Study 2). Methods In Study 1, 42 second year students in a Doctor of Physical Therapy program were randomized to either a lecture or flipped section of a neurobiology class. Both sections incorporated repeated review. In Study 2, exam scores were retrospectively compared between two cohorts: a lecture cohort without repeated review (n = 42) and a flipped cohort with repeated review (n = 46). In both studies, outcomes of interest were exam scores and student surveys. Results In Study 1, students in the lecture and flipped sections had similar exam averages (lecture = 76.7 ± 17%, flipped = 77.5 ± 17%, p = 0.73). Repeated review significantly improved exam scores by 12.0 percentage points (95% CI: 8.0 to 16.0 percentage points) in the lecture section and 10.8 percentage points (95% CI: 6.9 to 14.8 percentage points) in the flipped section. The flipped section reported higher levels of satisfaction and perceived learning. In Study 2, the flipped cohort had significantly higher exam scores than the lecture cohort (lecture = 70.2 ± 6.9%, flipped = 83.4 ± 7.7%, p < 0.0001). Student satisfaction and perceived learning were similar in both cohorts. Conclusion Exam scores improve with review questions and quizzes provided in a class, both in a lecture or flipped classroom.
The Burnett equations in cylindrical coordinates and their solution for flow in a microtube

Abstract The Burnett equations constitute a set of higher-order continuum equations. These equations are obtained from the Chapman–Enskog series solution of the Boltzmann equation while retaining second-order-accurate terms in the Knudsen number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Kn}$ . The set of higher-order continuum models is expected to be applicable to flows in the slip and transition regimes where the Navier–Stokes equations perform poorly. However, obtaining analytical or numerical solutions of these equations has been noted to be particularly difficult. In the first part of this work, we present the full set of Burnett equations in cylindrical coordinates in three-dimensional form. The equations are reported in a generalized way for gas molecules that are assumed to be Maxwellian molecules or hard spheres. In the second part, a closed-form solution of these equations for isothermal Poiseuille flow in a microtube is derived. The solution of the equations is shown to satisfy the full Burnett equations up to $\mathit{Kn} \leq 1.3$ within an error norm of ${\pm }1.0\, \%$ . The mass flow rate obtained analytically is shown to compare well with available experimental and numerical results. Comparison of the stress terms in the Burnett and Navier–Stokes equations is presented. The significance of the Burnett normal stress and its role in diffusion of momentum is brought out by the analysis. An order-of-magnitude analysis of various terms in the equations is presented, based on which a reduced model of the Burnett equations is provided for flow in a microtube. The Burnett equations in full three-dimensional form in cylindrical coordinates and their solution are not previously available.
Conditioned Stochastic Processes for Conditional Random Fields

Analytical development is presented for the theory of conditional random fields involving conditioning deterministic time functions. After discussion of their basic concept and their engineering significance, the probability distribution of the Fourier coefficients for conditioned stochastic processes is derived. Its physical interpretation is presented in terms of harmonic amplitudes and phase angles. On this basis, solutions are obtained for the time‐varying mean values and the variances of conditioned stochastic processes as well as their first‐passage probabilities. Numerical simulation of the conditional random fields is also performed for assumed power spectral density and coherence functions. These results are discussed in terms of the probability theory and engineering application. Specifically, effects of coherency and the number of conditioning deterministic time functions are examined.
Two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled-defect laser diode

We demonstrate a two-dimensional photonic crystal defect laser diode based on a coupled cavity waveguide. The laser cavity is formed by 40 coupled hexagonal defect microcavities in a triangular lattice of air cylinders, which are etched into an InGaAsP/InP laser structure. The coupling of the individual cavity modes creates minibands within the photonic band gap. Stable single-mode lasing occurs on the first miniband mode with the lowest group velocity with side mode suppression greater than 40 dB. The lasers emit up to 2.6 mW at a 1.53 μm wavelength under continuous-wave operation at room temperature.
Detection of absorption by H2 in molecular clouds: A direct measurement of the H2:CO ratio

Vibrational absorption by H2 and CO has been searched for toward infrared sources embedded in molecular clouds. H2 was detected toward NGC 2024 IRS 2 and possibly toward NGC 2264 (GL 989). CO was detected toward both sources. The results are consistent with the H2 ortho:para ratio being equilibrated at the cloud temperature. Toward NGC 2024, H2:CO = (3700(sub -2600)(sup +3100)) (2 sigma limits), and toward NGC 2264, H2:CO less than 6000. Approximately one-third of all carbon is in gas-phase CO.
An Infinite-Dimensional Analogue of the Lebesgue Measure and Distinguished Properties of the Gamma Process

Abstract We define a one-parameter family L θ of sigma-finite (finite on compact sets) measures in the space of distributions. These measures are equivalent to the laws of the classical gamma processes and invariant under an infinite-dimensional abelian group of certain positive multiplicators. This family of measures was first discovered by Gelfand–Graev–Vershik in the context of the representation theory of current groups; here we describe it in direct terms using some remarkable properties of the gamma processes. We show that the class of multiplicative measures coincides with the class of zero-stable measures which is introduced in the paper. We give also a new construction of the canonical representation of the current group SL(2, R )X.