Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concepts in the Direct Waveform Inversion (DWI) Using Explicit Time-Space Causality

The Direct Waveform Inversion (DWI) is a recently proposed waveform inversion idea that has the potential to simultaneously address several existing challenges in many full waveform inversion (FWI) schemes. A key ingredient in DWI is the explicit use of the time-space causality property of the wavefield in the inversion which allows us to convert the global nonlinear optimization problem in FWI, without information loss, into local linear inversions that can be readily solved. DWI is a recursive scheme which sequentially inverts for the subsurface model in a shallow-todeep fashion. Therefore, there is no need for a global initial velocity model to implement DWI. DWI is unconditionally convergent when the reflection traveltime from the boundary of inverted model is beyond the finite recording time in seismic data. In order for DWI to work, DWI must use the full seismic wavefield including interbed and free surface multiples and it combines seismic migration and velocity model inversion into one process. We illustrate the concepts in DWI using 1D and 2D models. AMS subject classifications: 34K29, 34L25, 74J20, 78A46
INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIATION IN DEFENSIVE INVESTMENT OF A MODEL MEDITERRANEAN PINE: A DENDROECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIN DUCTS

Conifers, the largest and longest-lived organisms on the planet, have evolved a sophisticated defensive system which has contributed to their colonization of diverse habitats (Franceschi et al. 2005). The defensive system of conifer trees heavily relies on the production of oleoresin, a terpenoid-based viscous fluid which is toxic for insect herbivores and pathogens (Phillips and Croteau 1999). Oleoresin is produced and accumulated in structures of different specialization degree, from single cells to a complex network of resin ducts in some genera such as Picea or Pinus (Bannan 1936, Wu and Hu 1997). Resin ducts protect the tree against pests by flushing out resin upon wounding, but also by acting as a mechanical barrier that prevents invasion by tree enemies (Franceschi et al. 2005). Importantly, resin duct characteristics (e.g., abundance and size) have been reported to be strongly associated with tree resistance against insect pests and pathogens in several conifer species. For instance, previous studies in different Pinus species have shown trees that survived after bark beetle attacks had more and/or larger xylem resin ducts than trees that died (Ferrenberg et al. 2014, Hood et al. 2015, Kane and Kolb 2010).
Livestock grazing and its effects on ecosystem structure, processes, and conservation

enjoyment and education. ” This mission is premised on the long history of land stewardship and agriculture in the region, the wishes of local residents, and the concept that livestock grazing can support conservation. To evaluate this premise, this report reviews the science around conservation grazing—the use of grazing for biodiversity benefits—and Midpen’s goal to protect and restore the natural environment . This report offers an overview and synthesis of the peer-reviewed scientific literature on (a) livestock grazing and grassland biodiversity, (b) livestock grazing and climate protection, and (c) alternatives to livestock grazing for meeting Midpen management goals, including wildfire risk management. To address the conservation grazing practiced on Midpen lands, this review places special emphasis on low-intensity grazing and the use of grazing to support specific ecological outcomes.
Hnf1b haploinsufficiency differentially affects developmental target genes in a new renal cysts and diabetes mouse model

ABSTRACT Heterozygous mutations in HNF1B cause the complex syndrome renal cysts and diabetes (RCAD), characterized by developmental abnormalities of the kidneys, genital tracts and pancreas, and a variety of renal, pancreas and liver dysfunctions. The pathogenesis underlying this syndrome remains unclear as mice with heterozygous null mutations have no phenotype, while constitutive/conditional Hnf1b ablation leads to more severe phenotypes. We generated a novel mouse model carrying an identified human mutation at the intron-2 splice donor site. Unlike heterozygous mice previously characterized, mice heterozygous for the splicing mutation exhibited decreased HNF1B protein levels and bilateral renal cysts from embryonic day 15, originated from glomeruli, early proximal tubules (PTs) and intermediate nephron segments, concurrently with delayed PT differentiation, hydronephrosis and rare genital tract anomalies. Consistently, mRNA sequencing showed that most downregulated genes in embryonic kidneys were primarily expressed in early PTs and the loop of Henle and involved in ion/drug transport, organic acid and lipid metabolic processes, while the expression of previously identified targets upon Hnf1b ablation, including cystic disease genes, was weakly or not affected. Postnatal analyses revealed renal abnormalities, ranging from glomerular cysts to hydronephrosis and, rarely, multicystic dysplasia. Urinary proteomics uncovered a particular profile predictive of progressive decline in kidney function and fibrosis, and displayed common features with a recently reported urine proteome in an RCAD pediatric cohort. Altogether, our results show that reduced HNF1B levels lead to developmental disease phenotypes associated with the deregulation of a subset of HNF1B targets. They further suggest that this model represents a unique clinical/pathological viable model of the RCAD disease.
Cities Trade Pattern∗

Recent theoretical models predict that large cities should specialize in more skillintensive goods. In this paper we use international trade data for Spanish urban areas in 2012 to test this hypothesis. We show that trade specialization in skillintensive goods raises with urban area population. We also find that larger cities tend to export more complex goods, and specialize in products that make intensive use of social and cognitive skills, and combine tasks that should be performed geographically close. These results confirm that city size plays a very important role in determining trade patterns. JEL: F11, F14, R12
Formation of Continental Microplates Through Rift Linkage: Numerical Modeling and Its Application to the Flemish Cap and Sao Paulo Plateau

Continental microplates are enigmatic plate boundary features, which can occur in extensional and compressional regimes. Here we focus on microplate formation and their temporal evolution in continental rift settings. To this aim, we employ the geodynamic finite element software ASPECT to conduct 3D lithospheric‐scale numerical models from rift inception to continental breakup. We find that depending on the strike‐perpendicular offset and crustal strength, rift segments connect or interact through one of four regimes: (1) an oblique rift, (2) a transform fault, (3) a rotating continental microplate or (4) a rift jump. We highlight that rotating microplates form at offsets >200 km in weak to moderately strong crustal setups. We describe the dynamics of microplate evolution from initial rift propagation, to segment overlap, vertical‐axis rotation, and eventually continental breakup. These models may explain microplate size and kinematics of the Flemish Cap, the Sao Paulo Plateau, and other continental microplates that formed during continental rifting worldwide.
The Relationship between CEO Compensation and Company Performance Measurements of listed South African Companies

Some commentators argue that increased chief executive officer (CEO) compensation may lead to increased company performance, while others contend that increased CEO compensation does not necessarily cause increased company performance. These different opinions generated several payperformance studies to identify and analyse the relationship, if any, between CEO compensation and company performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between CEO compensation and a wide range of performance measurements of listed South African companies. The study was based on quantitative, empirical and archival research on secondary data over a period of 10 years, namely 2006–2015. Statistical techniques were used to perform a correlation analysis. Additional objectives were to determine whether different performance measurements in a pay-performance study would provide different results, and also to determine whether certain companies’ performance measurements correlate better to compensation than those of other companies’ performance measurements. The main results of the study were that there is a substantial difference in the correlational relationships identified between CEO compensation and company performance, depending on the performance measurement used. In this study earnings per share showed the strongest positive correlation at 0.89 and return on assets reflected the strongest negative correlation with CEO compensation at -0.79. The results suggest that researchers should carefully consider what performance measurement to use when conducting pay-performance studies, as very different results could be delivered. In addition, stakeholders should take note of the specific performance measurements that they should apply if they want to negotiate a performance-based compensation system.
Social and Emotional Challenges Encounter Jordanian Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Dr. Mu'tasem M. al-Masa'deh1 Dr. Najati A.Younis1

The current study aims to identify daily social and emotional challenges encountered by parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and its relation to some demographic variables. The study sample consists of 223 parents whose children having a diagnosis of ASD and receiving services at special education institutions in Amman, the capital city of Jordan. A validated scale was developed to measure social and emotional challenges. Findings revealed that while the most common social challenges were lacking social support, anger and aggression were the parents' dominant emotional challenges in this study. The association between the severity of ASD and the level of challenges was positive, whereas it was negative between household income and challenges. Parents of girls with ASD tended to experience a higher level of challenges.
The effects of lateral halogen substituents on the low-temperature cybotactic nematic phase in oxadiazole based bent-core liquid crystals

We have previously demonstrated that the incorporation of lateral methyl groups on oxadiazole-based liquid crystals leads to relatively low-temperature cybotactic nematic phases which, in some cases, supercool to room temperature. We report here the synthesis and phase behaviour of related compounds that possess lateral halogen groups and in some cases, lateral methyl groups as well. Derivatives with three lateral substituents (one halogen and two methyl groups) in a specific pattern supercool in the nematic phase to room temperature. As was the case with the previously reported trimethylated derivatives, the low-temperature nematic phase is glassy in nature. Two of the new trisubstituted derivatives (with bromo and chloro groups) remain in the nematic phase upon subsequent heating until transitioning to the isotropic phase indicating that the low-temperature nematic phase may be more stable than that shown by the trimethylated analogue. Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the presence of a tilted cybotactic nematic phase. In addition, the splitting observed in the wide-angle scattering feature is indicative of enhanced local biaxial packing.
Testing uniformity on high-dimensional spheres: The non-null behaviour of the Bingham test

Testing uniformity on the unit sphere of R is a fundamental problem in directional statistics. In the framework of axial data, the most classical test of uniformity is the Bingham [8] test. Remarkably, this test does not need any modification to meet asymptotically the target null size in high-dimensional scenarios where p = pn diverges to infinity with the sample size n. However, while the non-null asymptotic behaviour of the Bingham test is well understood in standard asymptotic scenarios where n diverges to infinity with p fixed, nothing is known on the power of this test in high dimensions, not even under standard parametric alternatives such as Watson distributions. In this work, we therefore study the non-null behaviour of the Bingham test in high dimensions. First, we consider a semiparametric class of alternatives that includes Watson alternatives and we derive a local asymptotic normality (LAN) property. An application of Le Cam’s third lemma reveals that the Bingham test is blind to the corresponding contiguous alternatives, though. By using martingale central limit theorems, we therefore study the non-null behaviour of the Bingham test under more severe alternatives. Far from restricting to the aforementioned semiparametric alternatives, our results cover a broad class of rotationally symmetric alternatives, which allows us to consider non-axial alternatives, too. In every distributional framework we consider, the “detection threshold” of the Bingham test is identified and a comparison with the classical test of uniformity for non-axial data, namely the Rayleigh [40] test, is made possible. In the framework of axial data, we derive a lower bound on the minimax separation rate and establish that the Bingham test is minimax rate-optimal in the class of Watson distributions. MSC 2010 subject classifications: Primary 62H11, 62F05; secondary 62E20.
Level of Awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Members of Saudi Society: An Exploratory Study

The study aimed at identifying the level of awareness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Saudi society members. The author adopted the analytical descriptive approach and prepared a scale for measuring the level of ASD awareness. The sample consisted of 888 Saudis comprising 174 males and 714 females, aged 18 to 58 years old. Results showed that a total of 55.2% of the participants has no information about ASD and mass media represents the main source of information for 56.8% of them. There are no statistically significant differences in ASD awareness levels among participants from different districts. There are statistically significant differences in the level of ASD awareness between male and female participants, favoring females, and between young and old participants, favoring young. The highest ASD awareness level was among Ph.D. holders, and the lowest was among holders of moderate and lower qualifications. In regard of profession, the highest ASD awareness level was among practitioners of Special Education and the lowest was among the unemployed.
Curriculum Alignment After Reforms: A Systematic Review with Considerations for Queensland Pre- and In-service Teachers

This systematic review synthesises research on curriculum alignment to suggest considerations for the implementation of the Senior secondary curriculum reform in Queensland, Australia. It focuses on the coherence of cognitive skills in the prescribed and enacted curriculum as these are typically the least aligned curriculum components. Search methods, which followed the PRISMA model, resulted in 108 relevant articles for qualitative synthesis. Results show that alignment after curriculum reforms is typically low. The use of educational taxonomies can support curriculum alignment. Marzano and Kendall’s (2007) New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives underpins the new Queensland Senior secondary syllabi which, in line with other Australian policy, encourage the explicit teaching of cognitive skills. Research is needed on the enacted cognitive skills curriculum in Queensland and its alignment with the reformed prescribed curriculum. To promote the successful implementation of the new Queensland Senior system, pre- and in-service teachers could engage with the New Taxonomy and best practice for teaching cognitive skills.
Confidence Calibration for Deep Renal Biopsy Immunofluorescence Image Classification

With this work we tackle immunofluorescence classification in renal biopsy, employing state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks. In this setting, the aim of the probabilistic model is to assist an expert practitioner towards identifying the location pattern of antibody deposits within a glomerulus. Since modern neural networks often provide overconfident outputs, we stress the importance of having a reliable prediction, demonstrating that Temperature Scaling (TS), a recently introduced re-calibration technique, can be successfully applied to immunofluorescence classification in renal biopsy. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed model yields good accuracy on the specific task, and that TS is able to provide reliable probabilities, which are highly valuable for such a task given the low inter-rater agreement.
Zinc translocation to wheat roots and its implications for a phosphorus/zinc interaction in wheat plants.

Abstract Seven‐day‐old wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gamenya) were grown for a further 11 and 29 days using a split root technique such that 2.5 μM Zn was added to both (Zn++), one (Zn+0), or neither (Zn00) of paired half‐root systems in an otherwise complete nutrient solution. When compared with Zn++ plants, the Zn+0 treatment had no effect on dry matter (DM) of wheat plants or plant parts. Indeed, in all respects, Zn+0 plants appeared identical to Zn++ plants. By contrast, at final harvest, Zn00 plants had symptoms of severe Zn deficiency and P toxicity, and depressed whole plant DM. The Zn+0 treatment was used to calculate translocation rates of Zn from one half‐root system to the other while all three treatments were used to study the effect of Zn supply on P accumulation. Zinc translocation from day 18 (D18) to D36 from the half‐root system supplied with Zn (Ra) to the half‐root system not supplied with Zn (Rb) was 1.0 to 1.5 mg Zn/kg DM RB/day. This rate of translocation could maintain a co.
The Reverse Turing Test for Evaluating Interpretability Methods on Unknown Tasks

The Turing Test evaluates a computer program’s ability to mimic human behaviour. The Reverse Turing Test, reversely, evaluates a human’s ability to mimic machine behaviour in a forward prediction task. We propose to use the Reverse Turing Test to evaluate the quality of interpretability methods. The Reverse Turing Test im-proves on previous experimental protocols for human evaluation of interpretability methods by a) including a training phase, and b) masking the task, which, com-bined, enables us to evaluate models independently of their quality, in a way that is unbiased by the participants’ previous exposure to the task. We present a human evaluation of LIME across ﬁve NLP tasks in a Latin Square design and analyze the effect of masking the task in forward prediction experiments. Additionally, we demonstrate a fundamental limitation of LIME and show how this limitation is detrimental for human forward prediction in some NLP tasks.
Nickel nanocrystals: fast synthesis of cubes, pyramids and tetrapods

We report the use of organometallic precursors in microwave and microfluidic reactors to synthesize Ni nanoparticles of various shapes: spheres, cubes, trigonal pyramids and tetrapods. Each route has the ability to yield a preferential shape based on kinetic control of crystal growth. Tetrapods are obtained only in a microfluidic reactor. Trigonal pyramids crystallize in the metastable hexagonally close-packed (HCP) phase while spheres, cubes and tetrapods crystallize in the thermodynamically stable face-centred cubic (FCC) phase. The magnetic properties of nanocubes (in particular the magnetic coercive field) are found to be greatly enhanced compared to bulk and previous examples of nanostructured Ni materials.
Density Functional Theory Calculations of Hydrogen-Containing Defects in Forsterite, Periclase, and α-Quartz

Electronic structure calculations using the density functional theory within the generalized-gradient approximation and ultra-soft pseudopotentials have been used to investigate the absorption of water and protons in forsterite Mg2SiO4, periclase (MgO), and alpha -quartz (alpha -SiO2). The calculated, structural parameters are found to be in good agreement with experiment. Absorption of water in the perfect lattice is calculated to be an endothermic process in all three minerals but exothermic when associatively adsorbed at the forsterite {010} surface. The introduction of cation vacancies in the lattices is energetically unfavorable, more so for the formation of a silicon vacancy than a magnesium vacancy. The process of introducing a neutral silicon vacancy in the lattice, by reaction of a silicon atom with gaseous oxygen to form SiO2, is endothermic by approximately the same amount of energy (approximately 430 kJ mol(-1)) in both quartz and forsterite, but introducing an equivalent magnesium vacancy in the periclase lattice is less endothermic (163 kJ mol(-1)) than the same process in forsterite (217 kJ mol(-1)). Absorption of hydrogen molecules at the vacant cation sites is a highly exothermic process, releasing on average between 213 and 273 kJ mol(-1) per proton when absorbed at a magnesium vacancy and approximately 275 kJ mol(-1) per proton at a vacant silicon site. When we calculate the replacement of MgO and SiO2 units by liquid water molecules, as a first step in the process of dissolution of the minerals, we find that it is an endothermic process in the bulk minerals but exothermic by 71 kJ mol(-1) for replacing an MgO unit at the forsterite {010} surface.
Reversibly light‐responsive biodegradable poly(carbonate) micelles constructed via CuAAC reaction

Light-responsive poly(carbonate)s PEG113-b-PMPCn-SP were synthesized via copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction between azide-modified spiropyran (SP-N3) and amphiphilic copolymer PEG113-b-PMPCn. PEG113-b-PMPC25-SP can self-assemble to biocompatible micelles with an average diameter of ∼96 nm and a critical aggregation concentration of 0.0148 mg mL−1. Under 365 nm UV light irradiation, the characteristic absorption intensity of merocyanine (MC) progressively increased and most of the micellar aggregations were disrupted within 10 min, suggesting the completion of the transformation of hydrophobic SP to hydrophilic MC. Subsequent exposuring the micelles to 620 nm visible light, spherical micelles aggregated again. The light-controlled release and re-encapsulation behaviors of coumarin 102-loaded micelles were further investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. This study provides a convenient way to construct smart poly(carbonate)s nanocarriers for controlled release and re-encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 750–760