Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Velocity profile of sediment suspensions and comparison of log-law and wake-law

The log-law and wake-law of velocity profile of open channel flow of sediment suspensions are discussed and compared in the paper. Data from 9 literatures are employed for comparison of the two laws and regression analyses are conducted on the main factors affecting velocity profile. Empirical formulas are obtained for estimation of the factors from the flow conditions. The elevation of the maximum velocity and the deviation of velocity from the logarithmic formula at the water surface are functions of the aspect ratio of the channel. The log-law is developed into Eq. (20) applicable to the whole flow including the region near the water surface for various boundary conditions. The wake law describes the velocity distribution below the maximum velocity point. The relative error of wake-law (11%) is larger than that of log-law (6%). Moreover, the wake coefficient must be determined by using the measured velocity profile because there is no reliable formula to estimate its value from the flow conditions.
Line profile variability from tidal interactions in binary systems

We present the results of ab initio calculations of the photospheric line-profile variability produced by the tidal deformations in binary systems. We use the one-layer approximation to compute the effects produced on a primary star's equatorial region by its companion in the general case of arbitrary rotational velocity (V eq ), eccentricity and viscosity, v. For an eccentric binary such as e Per, the computed absorption lines display bumps that are superposed on the rotationally broadened profile and that travel from the blue side of the line towards the red, qualitatively similar to the observations. The strength and multiplicity of the bumps depend on orbital phase. In the case of binaries with circular orbits, non-synchronous rotation leads to strong profile variability which can he described in terms of inverted S-shape patterns in grey-scale representations of the variability. The radial velocity curves obtained by measuring the centroid of the varying line-profiles are distorted with respect to the true radial velocity curves. This effect may introduce significant uncertainties in the mass determination of unseen companions. The line-profile variability is produced almost entirely by the azimuthal component of the velocity perturbations, ΔV φ' . We put forth the hypothesis that the differentially-rotating external layers that develop in non-synchronous binary systems may lead to the generation of magnetic activity near the stellar surface. The possibility of constraining the values of v near the stellar surface through the use of line-profile variability is also suggested.
On the origin and distribution of meteoroids

The influence of collisional and radiative processes on the population of sporadic and shower meteoroids is examined. It is found that the observed distribution of sporadic meteoroids in the photographic and radio ranges is unstable: collisional processes would rapidly change the distribution of these particles if they are not replenished by a source. It is shown that, in order to maintain the distribution of these sporadic meteoroids in a steady-state condition, a source is needed that replaces the sporadic meteoroids destroyed by collisions. The mass distribution of the required source is calculated and found to agree with the distribution of bright radio-shower meteors, provided that the population index α of sporadic meteors (in the photographic and radio ranges) is taken to be α = 13/6. The evolution of the population in a meteor shower under the influence of collisions with sporadic meteoroids is also examined. Since small particles have shorter lifetimes (with respect to collisions) than do larger particles, the population of faint shower meteors is more strongly affected. It is found that the mass distribution of faint radio meteors in the major showers considered here agrees with the results of the analysis, provided that α = 13/6, for sporadic meteors. Taking α = 13/6 therefore provides self-consistency for analysis and observation, thereby providing new evidence favoring the cometary origin of meteors. The rate at which the population of sporadic meteoroids is losing mass is calculated and found to compare favorably with F. L. Whipple's 1967 estimate as well as his estimate of the rate at which comets are injecting meteoritic mass into the solar system. The influence of the Poynting-Robertson effect on the meteoroid mass distribution is found to be minor; collisional processes dominate the evolution of meteoroids in the faint and brighter radio range. The influence of radiation pressure may be profound. By using previous work by Harwit and geometrical optics, it is shown that the smallest masses present in the major meteoroid showers are in the range of 10−6 to 10−10 gram. This is precisely the mass range where a leveling off of the distribution of sporadic meteoroids is indicated by satellite penetration measurements; these measurements are therefore consistent with the cometary origin of sporadic meteoroids. These theoretical results may not apply to particles with masses of 10−12 gram or smaller (i.e., submicron particles, for which details of physical optics become important).
On the Uniqueness in Law and the Pathwise Uniqueness for Stochastic Differential Equations

We prove that the uniqueness in law for an SDE dX_t^i=b_t^i(X)\,dt+\sum_{j=1}^m\sigma_t^{ij}(X)\,dB_t^j, \qquad X_0^i=x^i,\quad i=1,\ldots,n, \leqno(*) implies the uniqueness of the joint distribution of a pair $(X,B)$. Moreover, we prove that the uniqueness in law for~$(*)$, together with the strong existence, guarantees the pathwise uniqueness. This result is somehow "dual" to the theorem of Yamada and Watanabe.
Super-resolution through Error Energy Reduction

A new view of the problem of continuing a given segment of the spectrum of a finite object is presented. Based on this, the problem is restated in terms of reducing a defined ‘error energy’ which is implicit in the truncated spectrum. A computational procedure, which is readily implemented on general purpose computers, is devised which must reduce this error. It is demonstrated that by so doing, resolution well beyond the diffraction limit is attained. The procedure is shown to be very effective against noisy data.
Epoch-by-epoch GPS ambiguity processing for local network-based positioning

When processing code- and carrier-phase ranges sampled at individual epochs, the control baseline of a pair of reference receivers can bring forth relative integer-valued ambiguities and tropospheric delays. The estimates are usually so accurate that they may act as constraints, when a roving user who operates in the network of references requires instantaneous position solutions. This paper has the objective of taking advantage of a tropospheric zenith delay surface for the user’s ranging corrections. A local network of six reference stations was used to study the single-epoch position estimation, which revealed that with the increased reliability of ambiguity resolution on both L1 and L2 carriers, global positioning system-derived height accuracy was refined by more than 60%.
Aspect ratio influence on the stability of Taylor-Couette flow

The study deals with the effect of the fluid hight on the stability of the Taylor-Couette flow of a Newtonian fluid between two coaxial cylinders, the upper surface of the fluid system being free. The exploration of the flow regimes is carried out for different values of the Taylor number Ta and of the aspect ratio Γ. By means of polarographic technique, we have determined the temporal mean value of the gradient velocity at the inner wall of the outer cylinder maintained at rest. We also performed the spectral analysis of the fluctuations of the velocity gradient. In order to complete wall measurements, the LDA technique was used to measure particularly the axial velocity component and rotation speed of the azimuthal wave. In this wavy-mode regime, the analysis of the results associated with the fluctuations of the fundamental frequency shows a change in the circumferential wave number. We established that the appearance of the azimuthal wave is delayed when the aspect ratio decreases. In addition we found that below the critical value Γc, the azimuthal wave regime is no longer observed.
Testing the adequacy of a time series model

SUMMARY The problem of testing the adequacy of an autoregressive-moving average time series model is considered. A new approach is proposed, and some Monte Carlo results on the finite sample size and power of the test procedures of this paper are reported. The test statistics discussed by Box & Pierce (1970) and Ljung & Box (1978) are also examined.
Expansion of the scale mixture of the multivariate normal distribution with error bound evaluated in the L 1 -norm

Let Z be a random vector following the p-variate normal distribution N(0, Ip), and let S be a positive definite random matrix independent of Z. The probability density function f(x) of the random vector X = S1/2Z is expanded around that of N(0, Ip) and its error bound is evaluated in terms of the L1-norm. The bound is given in the form Ck,pE tr(S - I)k, where Ck,p is a constant depending only on k, the number of terms of the expansion, and p.
Chemical Abundances of OB Stars in Five OB Associations

We present LTE abundances of magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, and iron and non-LTE abundances of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon for a sample of 15 slowly rotating B stars belonging to five OB associations: Cyg OB3, Cyg OB7, Lac OB1, Vul OB1, and Cep OB3. These OB associations lie on the Galactic plane and are situated within 3 kpc of the Sun. Of the eight elements sampled, non-LTE abundances for C, N, O, and Si, as well as LTE abundances for Al and Fe, generally show subsolar abundances, with typical underabundances of ~0.2-0.4 dex. The LTE abundances for Mg and S tend to fall closer to solar values in the five associations. Whether the somewhat larger abundances derived for Mg and S, relative to the other six elements studied, are significantly different will require further work, while the modest, but persistent, underabundances (relative to solar) found for the other elements confirm a number of previous studies of young disk OB stars lying relatively near to the Sun. The five associations studied here do not span a significant range of Galactocentric distances; however, their derived abundances agree with what would be expected based upon previous studies that have mapped abundance versus Galactocentric distance and measured abundance gradients in the Milky Way disk.
KIDS: A database of children’s speech

A database of children reading age‐ and reading‐level‐appropriate text aloud has been collected. This labeled data, to be distributed in the near future, was primarily intended to be used in CMU’s LISTEN tutor, which employs speech recognition to monitor children’s reading and then helps correct errors. The speaker population was therefore chosen to represent good and poor readers and to incorporate dialects of the speakers for whom the reading coach is intended. Phonemic balance could not be achieved (although it has been calculated) since the primary concern in recording children reading is to present sentences that can effectively be read by first through third graders. The text is a series of sentences that was adapted from text in the Weekly Reader series—most of the adaptation concerned the lack of the accompanying images. The text was chosen for its intrinsic interest and widespread use. Several trial recording sessions were used to develop a protocol that kept extraneous noises produced by the chi.
Equatorial gyroresonance between electrons and magnetospherically reflected whistlers

Magnetosphericaily reflected whistlers resonantly interact with energetic (of order 100 keV) electrons in a relatively narrow energy range during multiple equatorial crossings over a wide range of L-shells (1.5 < L < 4). Results indicate that wave energy that enters the magnetosphere at a fixed location can potentially contribute to the loss of particles over a wide range of latitudes.
INFLUÊNCIA DO GÊNERO NA DEMANDA VISUAL POR MAPAS EM ESCALAS DIFERENTES EM SISTEMA DE NAVEGAÇÃO E GUIA DE ROTA

Este trabalho investiga a influencia do genero do motorista na demanda visual por mapas dinâmicos exibidos em diferentes escalas em Sistemas de Navegacao e Guia de Rota em Automovel- SINGRA. Um grupo de 26 homens e 26 mulheres participou de um teste realizado em um simulador de direcao de baixo custo. A tarefa do motorista consistiu em realizar uma viagem por uma rota desconhecida, auxiliado por um prototipo de SINGRA que exibe mapas em duas diferentes escalas. Este trabalho replica os achados da literatura a respeito de que ha uma relacao significativa entre o genero e o desempenho em tarefas visuo-espacial. Os resultados mostram que motoristas de diferentes generos apresentam diferentes niveis de demanda visual, tanto para a variacao da escala do mapa quanto para a variacao da complexidade da manobra. Estes resultados sao discutidos com base nas diferencas individuais em termos de habilidade espacial e ansiedade espacial.
Weighted Likelihood Equations with Bootstrap Root Search

Abstract We discuss a method of weighting likelihood equations with the aim of obtaining fully efficient and robust estimators. We discuss the case of continuous probability models using unimodal weighting functions. These weighting functions downweight observations that are inconsistent with the assumed model. At the true model, therefore, the proposed estimating equations behave like the ordinary likelihood equations. We investigate the number of solutions of the estimating equations via a bootstrap root search; the estimators obtained are consistent and asymptotically normal and have desirable robustness properties. An extensive simulation study and real data examples illustrate the operating characteristics of the proposed methodology.
Crystalline structure effect on the performance of flexible ZnO/polyimide surface acoustic wave devices

This paper reports the fabrication of flexible surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices on ZnO/polyimide substrates and investigation of the effects of the deposition conditions, crystal quality, and film thickness of the ZnO films on the performance of the SAW devices. The deposition pressure has a significant effect on the crystal quality of the ZnO film, and which in turn affects the transmission of the SAW devices strongly. The device performance improves greatly and is mainly attributed to the better crystal quality of the film deposited at high pressure. The performance of the SAW devices also improves significantly with increase in ZnO film thickness, owing to the reduced defects and improved piezoelectric effect for the films with large grain sizes and better crystallinity as the film thickness increases. Flexible SAW devices with a resonant frequency of 153 MHz, a phase velocity of 1836 m/s, and a coupling coefficient of 0.79% were obtained on the ZnO film of 4 μm thickness, demonstrated its great pot.
High-field properties of carrier transport in bulk wurtzite GaN: A Monte Carlo perspective

The transport properties of both electron and hole in bulk wurtzite phase GaN in the high electric field domain are presented by using an ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) method. In our EMC simulation, the impact ionization process, which is seldom studied due to the lack of experimental data, is included. The impact ionization is treated as an additional scattering mechanism, and the impact ionization rate is described by the Keldysh formula, with the parameters in the formula determined by fitting the simulation results to the numerical calculation results. Such a treatment makes it convenient to simulate the impact ionization initiated by either an electron or hole with the EMC method compared to the previous study of carrier transport properties in GaN up to the high field. Steady-state properties of carriers under an applied electric field up to 1 MV/cm are presented and analyzed. Particularly, the impact ionization process here is further studied and detailed discussions are also given. It is found that t.
A consistent probabilistic definition of reserves

Uncertainty begs for a probabilistic treatment, and almost no business is filled with more uncertainty than that of the petroleum technologist in quest of oil and gas volume estimates. As in most uncertain endeavors, no single number captures the range that describes the lack of knowledge. Fortunately, the petroleum business has a mathematical ally, the central limit theorem. When one multiplies variables (reservoir thickness, reservoir length, reservoir width, porosity, saturation, percent of hydrocarbon in place that can be produced with present technology and prices) one very quickly approaches the log-normal distribution. One can make the estimates of proved, probable, and possible reservoirs all consistent if one makes sure that each lies on the same log-normal probability distribution. Still other improvements can be made if one takes these distributions for wells (or the basic unit on which they estimate reserves) and adds the entire distribution to get reservoir, field, or company reserves. Simply adding proved reserves has never been a mathematically legal operation and ought to cease as quickly as possible. By striving for a distribution answer, one can supply the kinds of numbers from ``very safe`` to ``this is a dream`` that will satisfy the various constituencies requiring volume information--governments,more » management, explorationists, bankers, and others. Still better, when estimates have probabilistic definitions, it is also possible to generate performance measures that hold the estimators to their promises. « less
Ecosystems in a State of Flux: Evidence from A Kenyan Coastal Riparian Ecosystem

Riparian ecosystems are considered hotspots of carbon and nitrogen transformations. These biochemical transformations are driven by anthropogenic activities in the immediate riverine water catchments. The anthropogenic activities may include and not limited to extraction of goods such as agricultural products, wood products, honey, plant based pharmaceutical products, livestock products, firewood, water and grass for thatching homesteads. Riparian ecosystems also provide important tangible and intangible ecosystem services comprising spiritual and aesthetic functions, pollination, ecosystem detoxification functions, carbon and nitrogen sequestration and CO2 sinks for amelioration of climate change impacts among others. These ecosystems are increasingly threatened by degradation attributed to land use changes. Human perturbations such as crop farming on riparian land, overgrazing and population pressure on land resources influence degradation of riparian ecosystems, with profound effects on biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. Evidence from the literature indicates that although there is a general understanding regarding the response of terrestrial and wetland ecosystems to human perturbations, there is a dearth of information on the response of African riparian ecosystems to ecologic and socio-economic impacts.
EXPLORATION OF SOURCES OF GENETIC RESISTANCE IN MAIZE GENOTYPES AGAINST STEM BORER ( Chilopartellus (Swinhoe))

Fourteen different maize genotypes were screened for their relative resistance to maize stem borer Chilopartellus (Swinhoe) under glass house condition at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan during two consecutive years 2018 and 2019 . The design of the experiment was completely randomized design having 2 replications. The unit plot size was one row of one meter length with 50 cm row to row and 20 cm plant to plant spacing. Two second instar larva of C. partellus (Swinhoe) per plant were released two times, first at 8 th leaves (vegetative) and second at 12 th leaves (Before tasseling) stages. Insect damage parameters (IDPs) viz. dead heart percentage, damage % at vegetative and foliar stage, foliar injury rating (1-9) at vegetative and before tasseling stage, tunnel length (cm), exit hole number and yield per plot were recorded to study the germplasm susceptibility level. The result revealed that IDPs and yield varied significantly among the tested genotypes. Over the years, IDPs like dead heart percentage (5.17%), percent damage atpre-tasseling stage (10.6%), foliar injury level (2.25), tunnel length (10.15 cm) and exit holes (2.32) were found lower with high yield (2235 g/plot) in RML-95/ RML-96 followed by RML-86/RML-96. Two pipeline maize hybrids RML-95/RML-96 and RML-86/RML-96 with least damaged by maize stem borer in both years will be useful for maize stem borer resistance source.
A Study on the Complex Dynamic Factors Influencing Foreign Entrepreneurs in China: A GTMA Perspective

Abs tract- The re is a huge opportunity for foreign entrepreneurs to enter the Chinese market. They have noted that the market is difficult to enter and complex to navigate. This study seeks to contribute towards filling this gap by examining the success o r failure of foreign nationals setting up businesses in China and identifying the critical success factors for foreigners in China, basing on transnational entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition theories. 128 entrepreneurs in China were surveyed through semi-structured interviews. Their responses were collated and analyzed using graph theoretic matrix approach to identify and rank the factors with the most influence on their business success. It was found that the factors with the greatest influence on the success of foreign entrepreneurs are government policies and funding. Government policies towards innovation through financing for technology companies and the demographic make-up of the consumer population provide the greatest opportunities for foreigners.
Investigation of Toxic Effects of Bendiocarb on L929 Cell Line

: In this study, the determination of bendiocarb-induced oxidative stress and toxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells was completed using the Antioxidant test, MTT test, Comet test and Apoptosis test. The LC 50 dose, viability and cytotoxicity of bendiocarb-treated L929 cells were evaluated using the MTT assay. LC 50 dose was determined as 90 µg/mL. SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA tests were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity and MDA levels were determined by ELISA. In the study, DNA tail lengths, tail moment and tail percentage were analyzed using the Comet test to evaluate whether bendiocarb caused DNA damage. In addition, to measure the apoptosis caused by Bendiocarb, L929 cells, which were applied to increasing doses of bendiocarb using fluorescent dyes, were stained with Acridine Orange-Ethidium Bromide and their images were taken by a fluorescent microscope. In the findings, it was determined that L929 cells inhibited proliferation after 90 µg/mL. These results were confirmed by the Comet test and the Apoptosis test. Treatment of bendiocarb significantly decreased its antioxidant activity and increased MDA formation. It showed a strong enhancing effect on oxidative stress induced by bendiocarb in L929 cells and a reducing effect on fibroblast viability. This reveals the potentially harmful effect of bendiocarb-induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and DNA damage in determined concentrations.