Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shingled Cell Interconnection: A New Generation of Bifacial PV-Modules

The idea to interconnect solar cells in a shingled manner like roof tiles dates back to the 1960’s. However, the standard interconnection technology in the PV industry nowadays is still the front to back series interconnection using solder coated copper ribbons. Shingle interconnection offers very high packing densities of solar cells and increases the module’s active area by eliminating busbars from the illuminated area. Direct interconnection of stripe-like solar cells by electrical conductive adhesives (ECA) replaces the front-to-back ribbon interconnection and therefore eliminates the interconnectors’ ohmic losses. Stripe-like solar cells additionally reduce the overall ohmic losses of the solar cell string by lower cell currents. In this work we provide an overview of the scientific state of the art and a summary of the most important features for shingled cell interconnection. We compare two calculation approaches for the joint deformation due to thermal expansion of the module materials and identify the most relevant parameters. The results show that the thickness of the joint material typically ranging from ~ 20-100 µm is crucial to reduce the shear deformation and therefore enabling sufficient long-term stability. Other geometrical parameters like the overlap width or number of solar cells per string only show a small effect on shear strain for cell widths >20 mm. First experimental prototypes of shingled mini-modules of bifacial pSPEER solar cells using low temperature soldering (Sn42Bi58) show a total power loss of < 5 % after accelerated TC200 testing.
Tracing populations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Irish and Celtic Seas using otolith microstructure

Otolith microstructure of juvenile herring was used to distinguish autumn- and winter-spawned fish collected in the Celtic and Irish Seas in 1999 and 2000. Juveniles showed two distinct patterns of larval otolith growth; widely spaced increments (fast growers) and tightly packed increments (slow growers). Fast- and slow-growing fish exhibited a clear bimodal distribution and the two groups were completely distinct at increments 60–70. Otolith increment counts confirmed that the fast-growing fish originated from the winter spawning season and that slow-growing fish were spawned in autumn. This characteristic pattern of otolith growth was used to determine the relative proportions of autumn- and winter-spawned fish at nursery grounds in the Irish and Celtic Seas. Although the proportions in each area varied between years, nursery grounds in the western Irish Sea were generally dominated by winter-spawned fish whereas autumn-spawned fish were mostly at eastern stations. Given the distribution of spawning adults in the region, the vast majority of winter-spawned fish are likely to originate from the Celtic Sea. Larval growth differences between nursery areas suggest that Celtic Sea herring drift into the Irish Sea during the larval phase. There was significant variation in fish size between nursery areas for both autumn- and winter-spawned fish. Juvenile length was greatest in the Celtic Sea, intermediate in the eastern Irish Sea, and lowest in the western Irish Sea. Therefore, larval dispersal of Celtic Sea herring into the Irish Sea produces components in the surviving juvenile population with characteristic growth patterns. This population segregation could potentially impact on subsequent growth, survival and recruitment. 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
A Model System of Structural Duplication: Homologies of Adductor Mandibulae Muscles in Tetraodontiform Fishes

We critically reviewed the homologies of the jaw muscles in tetraodontiform fishes (Triacanthoidea, Balistoidea, Tetraodontoidea), as first described in Winterbottom's phylogenetic monograph (1974, Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 155:1-201), as a case study in structural duplication. Within this order of teleost fishes, the two main adductor mandibulae muscles, Al and A2, are duplicated one or more times in some subclades. The number of descendant Al and A2 muscles ranges from as few as the original two muscles in triplespines to as many as eight muscles in some filefishes. As first pointed out by Winterbottom, the homologies of some muscles are unclear, particularly in comparisons between the superfamilies Balistoidea (boxfishes, triggerfishes, file- fishes) and Tetraodontoidea (pursefishes, molas, puffers, porcupinefishes). We reassessed the ho- mologies (orthologs and paralogs) of these Al and A2 muscles based on their origins, insertions, and relative masses in representative taxa and their congruence with a phylogeny for these taxa. New names that reflect the homologies of these muscles are presented. Ten muscle duplications by subdivision and three phylogenetic losses of muscles have occurred in this system. No rela- tionship was found between the number of separate muscles and the relative masses of the Al or A2 muscles, suggesting that muscle duplication events essentially repackage existing muscle tissue. However, both Al and A2 muscle masses are correlated with each other and with the feeding ecology of these fishes. Durophagous taxa have relatively larger Al and A2 muscles, whereas planktivores and benthic grazers have relatively smaller A2 muscles. (Homology; mor- phological duplications; muscle evolution; orthology; paralogy; Tetraodontiformes.)
Saphenous vein disease: Influence of preimplantation wall changes on graft patency

To the Editor, In the June 2020 issue of the Journal of Cardiac Surgery, Guida et al have presented a review on the pathology of saphenous veins (SVs) used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), discussing the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of this disease. In recent years there has been an increasing trend to favor total arterial revascularization especially in young patients; this is generally done by routinely using both internal mammary arteries, at times with sequential or Y‐shaped anastomoses, supplemented by employing a segment of radial artery when indicated. Nevertheless, the SV still remains an important conduit, particularly because it is readily available and with sufficient length to obtain more than a single graft; therefore, especially in elderly subjects, the use of the left internal mammary artery associated to SV grafts is still a valid option. However, the major drawback of SV is represented by its limited durability, in terms of graft patency, when compared with arterial grafts. Almost 40 years ago, our group was among the first to perform a histologic study on autologous SVs, before their use for CABG in a consecutive series of 150 patients. Our results demonstrated that in almost all specimen various degrees of thickening and fibrosis were present in the intima and longitudinal medial layers, which, however, were not severe enough to cause critical narrowing of the SV lumen; in addition, such changes were not statistically related to aging. The conclusions of the study were that such pre‐implant structural changes could be a trigger for subsequent progression and eventual graft occlusion; indeed, such findings justify the subsequent development of SV atherosclerosis favored by inherent wall fragility and inability to withstand a higher pressure, once inserted in the arterial system. Such hypothesis should have been validated by subsequent angiographic findings, which unfortunately were not performed. Guida et al have correctly underlined the role of atherosclerosis, inflammation, harvesting techniques and pretreatments, in SV grafts disease, but the importance and possible impact on SV failure of pre‐ existing histological wall changes has been unfortunately overlooked.
Fatty Acid Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Swietenia Macrophylla King Seed Oil

Pathogenic bacteria cause many acute and serious diseases, especially ‘multiple-drug-resistant’ strains have become such a problem due to overuse of antibiotics. Various medicinal plants are used to prevent or cure infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to determine the oil content, fatty acids compositions, and antibacterial activity ofSwietenia macrophylla king seed oil against four multiple-drug-resistant bacteria namely:Staphylococcus aurous, Staphylococcus typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andEscherichia coli by disk diffusion method. The lipids were extracted by soxhlet using diethyl ether and n-hexane; and their Free Fatty Acids (FFA) were analyzed by GC-MS. The oil content was 39 to 42.7% and major fatty acid compositions were linoleic (37.50 to 39.21%), oleic (18.82 to 22.03%), stearic (16.75 to 17.65%), and palmitic (14.62 to 15.47%) for diethyl ether and n-hexane, respectively. The antibacterial activity among seed oil was extremely broad and inhibition zones ranged from 0 to 20 mm. These results showed the potential of S. macrophylla seed oil as antimicrobial agent for certain types of bacteria such as S. typhimurium. Moreover, the TLC analysis showed the presence of others constituents such as sterols and this may warrant further research.
Influence of Nitrogen Metabolism on Lipid Accumulation by Rhodosporidium toruloides CBS 14

Rhodosporidium toruloides CBS 14 was grown in batch culture with urea as principal nitrogen source. The lipid content increased from 18% (w/w) with NH+ 4-grown cells to 52% (w/w) after 90 h growth. Urea was rapidly taken up and catabolized to release intracellular NH+ 4, which accumulated between 10 and 30 h growth. The increase in pool NH+ 4 content was mirrored by an increase in citric acid accumulation and excretion from the cells. The production of intracellular NH+ 4, sufficient to permit lipid accumulation, could be attributed to the increase in activity of urease over this period. Similarly, other catabolic enzymes, such as arginase, threonine dehydratase and NAD+: glutamate dehydrogenase, were also induced (or derepressed) when the respective amino acids were used as medium nitrogen source. Growth with mixed organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds considerably decreased the lipid content and was accompanied by a reduction in activity of the various catabolic enzymes concerned. The significance of nitrogen catabolism during lipid accumulation in this yeast is discussed.
Maternal care behaviour and kin discrimination in the subsocial bug Tectocoris diophthalmus (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Most insects employ non‐caring strategies to safeguard their eggs and offspring from predation. Parental care behaviour is extremely rare in insects, but has been described in several insect groups and particularly in the Hemiptera. Given that such behaviour is considered an evolutionary precursor to more complex forms of insect sociality, investigating the dynamics of parental care may inform our understanding of social evolution. In this paper, we describe the oviposition and maternal care behaviour of the egg‐guarding cotton or hibiscus harlequin bug Tectocoris diophthalmus (Thunberg, 1783) in the field. We also report the results of experimental manipulations designed to test for egg discrimination mechanisms in this species. Our observations indicate that females lay about 100 eggs in a cylindrical cluster around a branch or leaf petiole. Maternal care is limited to egg straddling and defensive postures and behaviours. These were only displayed when walking invertebrate predators approached the egg clutch; mothers were observed to react to the presence of parasitoid wasps on their clutches. Protective behaviours are only displayed by guarding females and are possibly triggered by oviposition, but will cease permanently if females are separated from their clutch for more than a few minutes. We found no evidence for clutch discrimination, as females guarded their own clutch as readily as unrelated eggs until hatching. Egg guarding in this species may have been selected to enhance offspring survival in a high predation environment.
Spatial variation in fishing intensity and its effect on yield

Fishing mortality is rarely, if ever, evenly distributed over space, yet this is a common assumption of many fisheries models. To evaluate the effect of spatial heterogeneity in fishing mortality on yield, we constructed age- structured models that allowed for differing levels of fishing in three regions within the boundaries of a stock and ex- plored alternative assumptions about the life stage in which density-dependent compensation operates. If the fishing mortality rate (F) is not excessive (i.e., F ≤ FMSY defined for the spatially homogeneous case; MSY, maximum sustain- able yield), simulations demonstrated that minor to moderate spatial variation in fishing intensity does not impact sus- tainable yield. However, if fishing mortality is excessive (F > FMSY), spatial variation in fishing intensity often improves yield and can actually produce yields in excess of MSY when compensation occurs after dispersal, and the density-dependent recruitment rate is a function of the local density of adults. The yield premium generated in these simulations by postdispersal density dependence is due to a low level of compensatory mortality in heavily fished areas coupled with dispersal of propagules into these areas from lightly fished adjacent regions. Resume : La mortalite due a la peche est rarement, et probablement jamais, repartie de facon uniforme dans l'espace, bien qu'on le presuppose couramment dans plusieurs modeles des peches. Afin d'evaluer l'effet de l'heterogeneite spa- tiale de la mortalite due a la peche sur le rendement, nous avons construit des modeles structures d'apres l'âge qui per- mettent diverses intensites de peche dans trois regions a l'interieur des frontieres d'un stock et qui explorent des presuppositions de rechange concernant le stade du cycle pendant lequel a lieu la compensation de densite-dependance. Si le taux de mortalite du a la peche (F) n'est pas excessif (c'est-a-dire si F ≤ FMSY defini pour le cas d'homogeneite spatiale), les simulations montrent qu'une variation spatiale de faible a moderee de l'intensite de la peche n'affecte pas le rendement soutenable. Cependant, si la mortalite due a la peche est excessive (F > FMSY), la variation spatiale de l'intensite de la peche ameliore souvent le rendement et peut de fait produire des rendements superieurs au rendement soutenable maximal lorsque la compensation se fait apres la dispersion et que le taux de recrutement dependant de la densite est fonction de la densite locale des adultes. Le rendement additionnel produit dans ces simulations par la den- site-dependance apres la dispersion est due au bas niveau de mortalite compensatoire dans les zones de peche intensive, ainsi qu'a la dispersion dans ces zones de propagules provenant des zones avoisinantes peu exploitees. (Traduit par la Redaction) Ralston and O'Farrell 599
METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE (FI985) AS A PROMISING MYCOINSECTICIDE FOR AUSTRALIAN ACRIDIDS

Only one isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal group 3 has been isolated from a field-infected acridid in Australia. This is isolate FI985 (ARSEF 324) obtained from a spur-throated locust, Austracris guttulosa (Walker), near Rockhampton, Queensland, in 1979. In terms of conidial size and shape as well as phialide morphology, FI985 is intermediate between Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and M . flavoviride . It has been compared with other group 3 isolates using RAPDs and sequence analysis of the ITS region and found to be very similar. However the analysis shows that these group 3 isolates are genetically closer to M . anisopliae than to M . flavoviride sensu stricto. Laboratory bioassays have shown that FI985 is virulent for five species of acridid pests in Australia. Comparative bioassays with other isolates of Metarhizium , including other group 3 isolates from Africa and Asia, have not yet revealed any isolate more virulent than FI985. This isolate is amenable to mass-production on rice and has been formulated in oil as a mycoinsecticide. The results from six field tests, mostly against wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (SjOstedt), using doses of 2–7 × 10 12 conidia per hectare and plot sizes up to 50 ha are summarized. These trials (with the exception of the first against the Australian plague locust) have given high levels of disease-related mortality in caged samples of the target collected within 3 days of spraying. In the four trials with wingless grasshopper, population reductions were detected 10–30 days after application; however these reductions were much less than suggested by cage samples as a result of movement of the target acridids. In contrast, positive control plots sprayed with fenitrothion gave a very high initial kill (>90% in 1 day) but were then more rapidly reinvaded. Consequently, 3–4 weeks after spraying the density in the plots treated with chemical insecticide and those treated with mycoinsecticide were similar. Further field trials are needed especially against the Australian plague locust and evaluating lower doses. The results obtained to date show that a mycoinsecticide based on FI985 is likely to be effective over a wide range of target acridids and weather conditions.
Cotyledonary Storage Proteins in Pisum sativum. I. Molecular Heterogeneity

The two storage-protein fractions of pea seeds, legumin and vicilin, have each been resolved electrophoretically on a cellulose acetate gel matrix into multiple molecular species distinguished by electrophoretic mobility and by quantitative or qualitative differences in subunit composition or both. Electrophoretograms of these apparent holoproteins from a range of lines and cultivars were found to be genotype-specific, generally showing three strong bands, together with up to three additional minor bands, assignable to a vicilin series of components. A further three or four bands could be assigned to a legumin series, although the slowest of these showed apparent admixture of certain polypeptides typical of the vicilin fractions. Each putative holoprotein band in both the legumin and vicilin series behaved additively in the electrophoretograms of F1 offspring from reciprocal crosses between lines showing distinct patterns. For comparison with the proteins distinguished electrophoretically on cellulose acetate gels, storage proteins from lyophilized protein bodies were fractionated on the basis of differential solubility at various ionic strengths and pH values. The single legumin and three vicilin fractions obtained by this method showed sedimentation velocities typical of the respective holoproteins. No overlap in the polypeptide composition of legumin with that of vicilin fractions was observed. The components represented in the four fractions accounted for all the major polypeptides in total storage-protein extracts and in the bands eluted from cellulose acetate gels. The distinctive polypeptide pattern and electrophoretic mobility of vicilin fraction 4 identified this protein as a contaminant of slow legumin bands in cellulose acetate gels, and as an additional vicilin species not recognized directly from the electrophoretic analysis.
Composition of the volatiles from intact and tea aphid‐damaged tea shoots and their allurement to several natural enemies of the tea aphid

Abstract: The comparison between the composition of the volatiles from intact tea shoots (ITS) and that from tea aphid‐damaged tea shoots (TADTS) was accomplished, and the difference of both volatiles in attraction to natural enemies of the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, i.e the ladybug, Leis axyridis (Pallas), the aphid parasite, Aphidius sp. , and the lacewing, Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmeal, was investigated in the current paper. Volatile components from ITS, obtained by air entrainment, were identified by their mass spectra and retention times and comfirmed by comparison with authentic samples. They are E‐2‐hexenal, ocimene, Z‐3‐hexenyl acetate, Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, butanoic acid‐3‐hexenyl ester, linalool, 1‐octanol, geraniol and indole. Volatiles from TADTS have been identified as E‐2‐hexenal, ocimene, Z‐3‐hexenyl acetate, Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, linalool, geraniol, indole, benzaldehyde and E‐2‐hexenoic acid. Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol is the main component in the two kinds of volatiles, whilst benzaldehyde is the another main component in TADTS volatiles. The air entrainment extracts of TADTS and benzaldehyde elicit the stronger electroantennogram (EAG) responses, and the stronger upwind flight and arresting behaviour from each natural enemy in wind tunnel. EAG responses from Leis axyridis and Chrysopa septempunctata were bigger than those from Aphidius sp. , whereas Leis axyridis responds to these odours slightly less than Aphidius sp. and Chrysopa septempunctata in wind tunnel bioassay. So TADTS emits volatile synomones, in which the amount of benzaldehyde is ample and its allurement is the strongest.
Live Weight of Queen Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.) Predicts Reproductive Characteristics

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to determine the effects of queen body weight at emergence on the mating ratio, acceptance of the mated queens by the queenless colonies, onset of oviposition, diameter of spermathecae, the number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae, and the egg-laying rate of the queens. The queens were categorized in three groups; Heavy (207.63 ± 0.95 mg), Medium (193.47 ± 0.96 mg) and Light (175.00 ± 0. 62 mg) according to weight at the emergence. Acceptance rates in heavy, medium and light queen groups were 93.33%, 86.66% and 66.66%; average mating ratios were 93.3%, 90.0% and 83.3%; and the onset of oviposition was 8.5, 8.8 and 9.8 days after emergence, respectively. The diameters of spermathecae and the numbers of spermatozoa in the spermathecae were 1.25, 1.06, 0.86 mm; and 5.2, 4.8 and 4.2 million respectively. The amounts of brood area, 30 days after the onset of oviposition were 6605.2 ± 63.6, 5571.3 ± 90.3 and 4520.2 ± 58.3 cm2 in the colonies headed by the heavy, medium and light queens. Statistically important correlations were found between queen weight and the diameter of the spermatheca (r = 0.98), the number of spermatozoa in the spermatheca (r = 0.97) and egg-laying rate of the queens (r = 0.90).