Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of lime-nitrogen application on N2O emission from an Andosol vegetable field

Lime-nitrogen (calcium cyanamide, CaCN2) is used as a nitrogenous fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide. During the process of decomposition of lime-nitrogen in the soil, dicyandiamide (DCD), a nitrification inhibitor, is formed. Therefore, lime-nitrogen application may mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from the soil. We conducted a field experiment to investigate the effect of lime-nitrogen on nitrification and N2O emission in fertilized soils, and a soil incubation experiment for further analysis of the effect of the lime-nitrogen. In a field experiment we compared four nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments: CF (chemical fertilizer), LN100 (application of all N fertilizer as lime-nitrogen), LN50 (application of 50% of N as lime nitrogen and the remainder as chemical fertilizer), and CFD (chemical fertilizer with DCD). In a soil incubation experiment, we also studied two nitrogen treatments: CF and lime-nitrogen. Soil nitrification activity was lower in the LN100, LN50, and CFD plots than in the CF plot. The duration of this reduction in soil nitrification activity was longer in the LN100 plot than in the other plots. We found an apparent decrease in the N2O emission rate between 7 and 14 days after fertilization in the LN100, LN50, and CFD plots compared with that in the CF plot. This period of decreased N2O emission paralleled that when DCD was detected in the topsoil layers of the former three plots. Moreover, in the soil incubation experiment, cumulative N2O emission was significantly lower in the lime-nitrogen treatment than in the CF treatment, although the difference in cumulative N2O emission among the plots was not significant in the field experiment. Correlation analysis suggested that application of lime-nitrogen affects N2O emission by controlling both the first (ammonium to nitrite) and the second (nitrite to nitrate) soil nitrification reactions, whereas DCD blocks only the first nitrification reaction.
Novel approaches to enhance regional nutrients management and monitoring applied to the Austrian phosphorus case study

Austria, like the rest of Europe and most of other world countries, relies heavily on imports to satisfy the high demand of phosphorus (P) of its food production system. P is obtained from phosphate rock, which is a finite and non-renewable resource confined in a handful of countries. Owing to the great economic importance of P and to future supply risk, in the year 2014 the European Commission included phosphate rock in its List of Critical Raw Materials. The domestic use of P in Austria and in the rest of Europe presents several inefficiencies and losses. Further, P is not only a fundamental resource but also a harmful pollutant in water bodies, where its excessive concentration can cause sever eutrophication problems. Research is needed to understand P flows and stocks through anthropogenic and natural compartments in order to identify where actions can be taken to increase use efficiency, to reduce losses and emissions and thus to lower import dependency. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) constitutes a suitable approach for such investigations and has been widely applied to describe mostly static P budgets at diverse geographical scales. Temporal dynamics have been however mostly neglected, although they can provide relevant information for the design of management strategies and for the monitoring of their performance. This Thesis presents a multiyear MFA model that represents the Austrian P budget from 1990 to 2011. The systematic analysis of this model reveals that even in this relatively short and stable period of time P flows and stocks have undergone significant changes. Relevant trends in management performance are identified as well as the impact of apparently unrelated regulatory or economic developments on P flows. Further, the investigation in detail of temporal patterns has led to findings highly relevant in the field of water quality and emissions to water bodies. It was found that the decline of P point discharges in the 1990s did immediately translate into lower concentrations at low flow conditions in the Danube, but not into lower loads. The hypothesis put forward in this Thesis and supported by the analyses is that only after the large flood in the year 2002 intensively scoured the river bed and depleted the in-stream P stock accumulated during years of net retention, the reduced availability of dissolved P primarily stemming from point discharges was reflected in lower loads. It is therefore necessary to consider more thoroughly the interweaving effects of anthropogenic measures and hydrological processes in large rivers, in order to properly interpret and assess the performance of environmental management.
Traditional African plant products to protect stored cowpeas against insect damage : the battle against the beetle

Seeds of the cowpea plant, Vigna unguiculata , a tropical crop, are very susceptible to attack by the cowpea beetle. This specialist beetle needs only the beans to reproduce rapidly. Most farmers in West Africa have few possibilities to treat the beans and they face their stored supply, on which they are dependent for their daily nourishment, be destroyed within a few months. From lack of other measures, these farmers traditionally used plants, stored together with the beans for protection. In the laboratory, such plants have been tested as powders and as extract for their effect against the beetle. Side effects on natural enemies of the beetle have also been tested for and in a review of the literature, effects on humans have been investigated. Together with the results from a field test in Africa, this gives a picture of the potency of local means to protect stored seeds against insects.
Introduction to thermodynamics and heat transfer

Intro to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2e 1 Introduction and Overview Part 1 Thermodynamics 2 Introduction and Basic Concepts 3 Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis 4 Properties of Pure Substances 5 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems 6 Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes 7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 8 Entropy Part 2 Heat Transfer 9 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 10 Steady Heat Conduction 11 Transient Heat Conduction 12 External Forced Convection 13 Internal Forced Convection 14 Natural Convection 15 Radiation Heat Transfer 16 Heat Exchangers Appendix 1 Property Tables and Charts (SI Units) Appendix 2 Property Tables and Charts (English Units)
Decomposition of Dichlorodifluoromethane by Adding Hydrogen in a Cold Plasma System

The destruction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has drawn great attention because of its well-known depletion of the ozone layer at the stratosphere. Application of RF plasma for the decomposition and conversion of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12 or CCl2F2) is demonstrated. The decomposition efficiency (ηCFC-12) and the fraction of total carbon input converted into CH4 and C2H2 (FCH4+C2H2) in H2 and Ar mixtures have been investigated as a function of input power wattage, H2/CFC-12 ratio, operational pressure, and CFC-12 feeding concentration by using response surface methodology and model sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the ηCFC-12 is over 94% and the FCH4+C2H2 is over 80% under the condition of 100 W of input power wattage, 7.0 of H2/CFC-12 ratio, 15 Torr of operational pressure, and 7.6% of CFC-12 feeding concentration. In addition, the result of sensitivity analysis indicated that both the ηCFC-12 and the FCH4+C2H2 are more sensitive to CFC-12 feeding concentration and input power wattage.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Cellobiose Decomposition in Sub- and Supercritical Water

Cellobiose decomposition kinetics and products in sub- and supercritical water were studied with a flow apparatus at temperatures from 300 to 400 °C at pressures from 25 to 40 MPa, and at short residence times (0.04−2 s). Cellobiose was found to decompose via hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and via pyrolysis of the reducing end. Pyrolysis products were glycosylerythrose (GE) and glycosylglycolaldehyde (GG) which were confirmed by FAB-MS. Hydrolysis products were glucose, erythrose, and glycolaldehyde from cellobiose, GE, and GG, respectively, as well as glucose decomposition products. The kinetics from glucose decomposition were used to fit the experimental results and evaluate rate constants of hydrolysis (kH) and pyrolysis rate constants (k1 and k2). The activation energy for the hydrolysis of cellobiose and pyrolysis products GG and GE was found to be 108.6, 110.5, and 106.1 kJ/mol, respectively. In the supercritical region, there was a decrease in the pyrolysis rates k1 and k2 and a corresponding in.
Studies on the Effects of Microwave Power and Temperature Control on the Quality of Whole Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Fruit during Microwave Vacuum Drying

A batch-type microwave vacuum dryer was used to study the effects of different microwave power densities on the drying characteristics and quality of whole lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruits. Lychees were treated at different power levels and it was observed that the drying process included two drying stages when power density was above 0.3 W/g, and drying process was consisted of three drying stages when power density was 0.1 W/g. The optimal power density was found to be 0.6 W/g. A typical pulp temperature profile of lychees was found during microwave vacuum drying (MVD), including four stages: increasing, decreasing, gently increasing and sharply increasing. Moreover, the decrease in quality was negatively correlated with an increase in temperature at every stage in the temperature profile. Temperature control was applied to improve the quality of MVD lychees. The optimal temperature range value in terms of drying time, vitamin C content, bulk density and sensory evaluation was found to be 60–65C. Practical Applications Air-dried (AD) lychees are popular as traditional food in South China and its sales volume was about 80% of all processed lychee foods. AD lychees have deep brown pulp with much shrinkage and poor flavor. However, microwave vacuum drying (MVD) could produce high-quality dried lychees with light golden yellow color, less shrinkage, better taste, shorter drying time and lower energy. The information provided in this work will sever as the basis for further mass production. MVD lychees are much more promising as a snack food than AD lychees.
Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications

Introduction, Alistair M. Stephen and Shirley C. Churms Starch: Structure, Analysis, and Application, Henry F. Zobel and Alistair M. Stephen Modified Starches, Otto B. Wurzburg Starch Hydrolysates, Paul H. Blanchard and Frances R. Katz Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, Donald G. Coffey, David A. Bell, and Alan Henderson Galactomannans and Other Cell Wall Storage Polysaccharides in Seeds, Michael J. Gidley and J.S. Grant Reid Agars, Norman F. Stanley Gelling Carrageenans, Lennart Piculell Alginates, Kurt Ingar Draget, Storker T. Moe, Gudmund Skjak-Braek, and Olav Smidsrod Inulin, Anne Franck Pectins: Structure, Functionality, and Uses, J.A. Lopes da Silva, and M.A. Rao Bacterial Polysaccharides, V.J. Morris Gums and Mucilages, Peter A. Williams, Glyn O. Phillips, Alistair M. Stephen, and Shirley C. Churms Chitosans, Kjell M. Varum and Olav Smidsrod Polysaccharides in Food Emulsions, George A. van Aken Polysaccharide Rheology and In-Mouth Perception, K. Nishinari Phase Behavior in Mixed Polysaccharide Systems, Vladimir Tolstoguzov Dietary Fiber, Andrew Chesson Genetic Engineering and Food Crops, Jennifer A. Thomson Detection and Determination of Polysaccharides in Foods, Yolanda Brummer and Steve W. Cui Index
Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter

Leaves lying on the forest floor are a major source of dissolved organic substances in soil and surface waters, and these substances have important effects in those environments. We used zero‐tension lysimeters to study the chemical characteristics of water percolating through litter from various species of forest trees. The leaching rates were greatest in the autumn and declined rapidly thereafter, especially for deciduous litter. During an annual cycle, 2.5–17% of the initial contents of the carbon in the litter was recovered as dissolved organic carbon in percolates. Humus‐like substances, hydrophilic acids and hydrophilic neutral compounds constituted the major fractions of dissolved C. Leachates from deciduous leaf litter were only partly biodegradable, and those from spruce needles were scarcely biodegradable.
4-Hydroxycoumarins as New Fluorescent Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization

New 4-hydroxycoumarins compounds were designed, synthesized and characterized as fluorescent compounds. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of these derivatives have been investigated in alcoholic media. The substituting groups with varying electron donating ability exhibits fluorescence at a longer wavelength i.e. 420-460 nm in ethanol in compound (1-5). Compounds 1-5 exhibited high quantum yield in ethanol. The fluorescence intensities of compounds 2 and 5 were extremely strong. Compounds 2 and 5 exhibited high fluorescent quantum yields in solution compared to compounds 1,3,4.
Global Climatic Interpretation of the Deuterium-Oxygen 18 Relationship

A theoretical model is derived to account for the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship measured in meteoric waters. A steady state regime is assumed for the evaporation of water at the ocean surface and the subsequent formation of precipitation. The calculations show that the deuterium and oxygen 18 content in precipitation can be taken as linearly related. From the slope and the intercept (known as the deuterium excess) of the bD-b80 linear relationship for precipitation we compute the mean values on a global scale of the evaporating ocean surface temperature and the relative humidity of the air masses overlying the oceans. The deuterium excess is primarly dependent on the mean relative humidity of the air masses formed above the ocean surface. Paleoclimatic data may be obtained by this isotopic method from the analysis of old water and ice samples. A moisture deficit of the air over the ocean, equal to only 10%, in comparison to 20% for modern conditions, is deduced from the deuterium-oxygen 18 distribution measured in groundwater samples older than 20,000 years.
Texture and morphology variations in (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films grown with various Se source conditions

Texture and morphology variations in co‐evaporated (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films grown with various Se source conditions during growth were studied. The Se species of simply evaporated, large molecular Se (E‐Se, low‐sticking coefficient), and RF‐plasma cracked atomic Se (R‐Se, high sticking coefficient) were used in the present work. (In,Ga)2Se3 precursor films, which were prepared during the first stage of CIGS film growth by the three‐stage process, showed systematic variations in texture and Na distribution profile with varying evaporative Se (E‐Se) flux. The properties of CIGS films and solar cells also showed systematic variations, and the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor were found to be especially sensitive to the E‐Se flux. R‐Se grown (In,Ga)2Se3 precursor films featured granular morphology with strong (105) and (301) peaks in the diffraction pattern, and the texture was very similar to an E‐Se grown film fabricated with a Se to group III metal (In + Ga) flux ratio (P[Se]/[In + Ga]) of about 6, although the nominal P[Se]/[In + Ga] used for an R‐Se source was very small and less than 0.5. The R‐Se grown CIGS films displayed, however, highly dense surfaces and larger grain sizes than E‐Se grown CIGS films. The controllability of film morphology and the Na diffusion profile in (In,Ga)2Se3 and CIGS films with various Se source conditions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TREATMENT OF INDUCED INJURIES IN MICE SKIN WITH ROSEMARY CALLUS ETHANOL EXTRACT AS COMPARED WITH SAMACYCLINE

This study was designed to evaluate the healing potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) callus extracts on induced infected skin injuries in different experiments. Callus was induced on leaf explants and maintained for 30 days on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of benzyl adenine (BA) and 2.0 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Induced injuries in mice skin were made artificially by infection with the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The healing potential of the extract was followed up and compared with those administrated the commercial skin ointment antibiotic Samacycline. Ethanol callus extract showed an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and healing potential at a concentration of 80 mg/ml. Injuries were fully recovered after 12 days in animals treated with callus extracts while took 17 days in those treated with Samacycline. Incubation of Staphylococcus aureus with callus extract for 24 hrs and then applied on mice skin enhanced the recovery after 8 days only. The data clearly show that rosemary callus extracts are effective against mice injuries, with higher potential than Samacycline.
Hartree-Fock equations determining the optimum set of spin orbitals for the expansion of excited states

Abstract The aim of this paper is to obtain an optimum set of spin orbitals for constructing Slater determinants which are a good approximation to a number of excited states and which form a convenient basis for higher-order perturbation theory. This is achieved by using subspace functionals. The equations determining the optimum set of R spin orbitals are similar in form to those of the ground-state Hartree-Fock equations. The system of R equations obtained for the special case of N electron atoms are identical with those of the ground-state Hartree-Fock equations for a corresponding positively charged R-electron ion.
Mediating Effects of Attitude towards Willingness to Pay for Halal Transportation

Halal is not restrained to the ingredients and manufacturing operation, but also should be in the supply chain activities, particularly in the transportation activities. Since becoming Halal transportation service providers, the transportation companies involved to adopt specific requirements that will lead to increase their operational cost, and the price will be interchanged to the clients. Literatures claimed that the consumers are looking for the Halal products, hence it is crucial to determine the factors of their willingness to pay (WTP) for the Halal transportation cost. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with religiosity factor was applied to determine those factors, and at the same time attitude will be tested as mediator in the research model. Non-probability sampling method with convenience sampling was used to collect the data from the respondent in the east coast of Malaysia. The findings reveal that all variables representing TPB and have a positive relationship with the willing to pay for the Halal transportation cost. An attitude also has a mediating effect of the relationship between religiosity and subjective norms towards the willingness to pay for the Halal transportation cost. Meanwhile, religiosity was not a significant factor towards the willingness to pay for the Halal transportation cost. The findings of the study will provide a better understanding of Muslim consumer behavior regards to the context of the study. Beside enriches the literature on Halal consumer behavior, it is anticipated that this field will contribute to other studies on Halal transportation.
A strategic study of the impact of invasive alien plants in the high rainfall catchments and riparian zones of South Africa on total surface water yield.

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to determine the impact of upland (non-riparian) invasive alien plants in the high rainfall catchments and riparian areas in all catchments on the total surface water yield available in each of the water management areas of South Africa. This would enable the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) through its public programme Working for Water (WfW) to develop a user charge system for the clearing of invasive alien plants in South Africa. It was found that the total impact of upland invasive alien plants in the high rainfall catchments on the total surface water yield of the country, which included the yield from major dams, minor dams and run-of-river yield, was currently approximately 172 x 106 m3/a and could go up to as much as 1 410 x 106 m3/a in the future. The impact varied greatly between water management areas and had the potential to reach 50 % (195 x 106 m3/a) of registered water use in the Thukela WMA in the future if not controlled. The reduction in yield due to invasive alien plants in the riparian zone in all catchments was estimated to be approximately 523 x 106 m3/a under current conditions and this could increase to 1 314 x 106 m3/a if the riparian zone was allowed to become fully invaded. The combined impact was estimated at 4% of current registered water use and could increase to 16 % of registered water use in the future.
Nickel and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Nickel has been reviewed as a catalyst and promoter in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The main obstacle to its industrial application is the formation of volatile carbonyls, causing deactivation and loss of active phase, as well as a somewhat lighter product than from Co or Fe catalysts. Presented are both experimental and theoretical work pointing to suitable techniques for catalyst preparation, its composition and activation, as well as operating conditions where Ni is capable of producing long chain hydrocarbons in the FTS. Some important perspectives are also provided based on thermodynamic calculations and suggestions for further work are included.
Aerodynamic Droplet Breakup.

Abstract : A three-phase experimental investigation of the physical characterization of liquid droplet behavior within the nozzle contraction were described. These processes are inherentlly dependent. Initial deformations which result in increased accelerations and decreased slip velocity affect the droplet condition at the point of fragmentation. In the initial experiment, conventional liquids were used to study the effects of two liquid properties, namely surface tension and viscosity. Holographic observation of the droplet acceleration, deformation and fragmentation processes within the nozzle contraction were recorded. Holographic observations revealed the dramatic increase in droplet acceleration caused by the initial deformation. Later observations revealed classical breakup mechanisms and finally the fragment size distribution was determined.
Survival of Plant Pathogens and Weed Seeds during Anaerobic Digestion

The survival of Plasmodiophora brassicae was studied at digestion temperatures of 35 °C and 55 °C in laboratory batch digesters within one and two weeks, respectively. The study showed that digestion at 55 °C almost completely reduced the ability of infecting bait plants. The seeds of Rumex obtusifolius and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomatoes) were completely destroyed at 55 °C and a digestion time of 14 days, in laboratory batch digesters. The experiments carried out in a two stage pilot plant (Leach-Bed Solid Phase batch Digester for hydrolysis and a pulsating dynamic anaerobic filter for methanogenesis) showed that hydrolytic conditions are mainly responsible for the killing of weed seeds. Some additional data on the qualities of different digested substrates are presented.