Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Major disturbance to aquatic ecosystems in the South Island, New Zealand, following human settlement in the Late Holocene

Lake sediment records from three lakes in the South Island of New Zealand were examined to determine the effects of human (Māori and European) impacts on the lake catchments during the Late Holocene. Major changes in lake biota occurred in the Early to Middle Holocene (11,000–6000 cal. yr BP), but there were no major changes between c. 6000 cal. yr BP and the time of human impact. Intensive Māori forest clearance occurred here between c. ad 1200 and 1600, which is consistent with other New Zealand records. Catchment erosion and increased sedimentation probably occurred in all of the studied lakes, but the most obvious changes occurred in Lake Clearwater and the Māori Lakes. There was evidence for gravity-induced slumping of the littoral sediments in Lake Clearwater due to increased sediment loading, and the outflow from the Māori Lakes was blocked by a migrating alluvial fan. The erosion of sediment (and nutrients) from the lake catchments led to eutrophication, but increases in lake depth were just as important in two of the lakes. Increased water depth was caused by damming of the Māori lakes outflow by a migrating alluvial fan. Reduced evapotranspiration following deforestation would also have led to increased water yield in lake catchments. European impacts were minor compared with the impacts of Māori deforestation, and all lakes display different levels of recovery towards pre-human impact conditions. Complete recovery is prevented by permanent changes in catchment hydrology and probable internal feedback mechanism such as wind-induced sediment re-suspension in the larger lakes.
Sulfur dioxide at the Venus cloud tops, 1978-1986

Ultraviolet spectroscopy from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter shows a decline in the cloud top abundance of SO2 from about 100 ppb to about 10 ppb in the period 1978-1986. A consistent decline in polar haze has occurred over the same period, with the correlation coefficient between these two observables of r = 0.8. Star calibrations determine the instrument sensitivity to within 10 percent which rules out the possibility that this is an instrumental effect. Systematic errors could increase the SO2 abundance to twice the inferred values in later orbits. Tracking of SO2 features and power spectral analysis give rotation periods for the longer-lived features of 3.6-5.2 days, consistent with cloud-tracked winds observed at other wavelengths. The behavior of SO2 and polar haze can be plausibly explained by episodic injection of SO2 into the cloud top regions, for example, by active volcanism.
Reanalyses of the radiation belt electron phase space density using nearly equatorial CRRES and polar‐orbiting Akebono satellite observations

[1] Data assimilation techniques provide algorithms that allow for blending of incomplete and inaccurate data with physics-based dynamic models to reconstruct the electron phase space density (PSD) in the radiation belts. In this study, we perform reanalyses of the radial PSD profile using two independent data sources from the nearly equatorial CRRES Medium Electron A (MEA) observations and the polar-orbiting Akebono Radiation Monitor (RDM) measurements for a 50-day period from 18 August to 6 October 1990. We utilize the University of California, Los Angeles, One-Dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (UCLA 1-D VERB) code and a Kalman filtering approach. Comparison of the reanalyses obtained independently using the CRRES MEA and Akebono RDM measurements shows that the dynamics of the PSD can be accurately reconstructed using Kalman filtering even when available data are sparse, inaccurate, and contaminated by random errors. The reanalyses exhibit similarities in the locations and magnitudes of peaks in radial profiles of PSD and the rate and radial extent of the dropouts during storms. This study shows that when unidirectional data are not available, pitch angle averaged flux measurements can be used to infer the long-term behavior (climatology) of the radiation belts. The methodology of obtaining PSD from pitch angle averaged and unidirectional fluxes using the Tsyganenko and Stern (1996) magnetic field model is described in detail.
Ozone and potential vorticity at the subtropical tropopause break

Ozone measurements near 200 mbar from two flights between California and Tahiti are interpreted using maps of potential vorticity (PV) on isentropic surfaces. We focus on extremely abrupt changes in ozone mixing ratio observed at latitudes of 13°N and 23.5°N. Their proximity to strong PV gradients on the 350 K isentropic surface shows that they are associated with crossings of the subtropical tropopause. Small‐scale anticorrelations between ozone and carbon dioxide near one of the two ozone transitions indicate that some stratosphere‐troposphere exchange does occur in this region. Ozone mixing ratios on the stratospheric side of the subtropical tropopause varied from 50 to 100 parts per billion by volume, a range that is more commonly associated with the midlatitude troposphere and is much less than seen on the stratospheric side of the midlatitude tropopause.
Effect of bed form geometry on the penetration of nonreactive solutes into a streambed

The contamination of riverbeds by solutes derived from the surface flow has recently received increasing attention. Channel morphological features such as bed forms are important characteristics of the stream‐subsurface interface and represent one control on the rate of solute delivery from the stream to the bed. Generally, larger bed forms are expected to produce greater rates of stream‐subsurface exchange. However, the longitudinal dimension (wavelength) of the bed form is also important, and this effect can produce penetration patterns that may be unexpected from a visual observation of the bed surface. Experimental tests in a recirculating flume demonstrate these effects. Commonly used mathematical models do not consider the bed form geometry explicitly and depend on the availability of calibration data to derive exchange parameters for each stream reach. More detailed models that consider the effect of bed form shape are capable of simulating some of the observed experimental results. However, existing physically based models are shown to be insufficient for some bed form geometries that may occur in real streams.
Isotopic evidence for nitrification in the Antarctic winter mixed layer

We report wintertime nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δ15N and δ18O) of seawater nitrate in the Southern Ocean south of Africa. Depth profile and underway surface samples collected in July 2012 extend from the subtropics to just beyond the Antarctic winter sea ice edge. We focus here on the Antarctic region (south of 50.3°S), where application of the Rayleigh model to depth profile δ15N data yields estimates for the isotope effect (the degree of isotope discrimination) of nitrate assimilation (1.6–3.3‰) that are significantly lower than commonly observed in the summertime Antarctic (5–8‰). The δ18O data from the same depth profiles and lateral δ15N variations within the mixed layer, however, imply O and N isotope effects that are more similar to those suggested by summertime data. These findings point to active nitrification (i.e., regeneration of organic matter to nitrate) within the Antarctic winter mixed layer. Nitrite removal from samples reveals a low δ15N for nitrite in the winter mixed layer (−40‰ to −20‰), consistent with nitrification, but does not remove the observation of an anomalously low δ15N for nitrate. The winter data, and the nitrification they reveal, explain the previous observation of an anomalously low δ15N for nitrate in the temperature minimum layer (remnant winter mixed layer) of summertime depth profiles. At the same time, the wintertime data require a low δ15N for the combined organic N and ammonium in the autumn mixed layer that is available for wintertime nitrification, pointing to intense N recycling as a pervasive condition of the Antarctic in late summer.
Austral Spring Stratospheric and Tropospheric Circulation Interannual Variability

AbstractThe relationship between the October (spring) total ozone column (TOC) midlatitude zonal asymmetry over the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and the stratospheric quasi-stationary wave 1 (QSW1) interannual phase variability is analyzed. Once contributions to the TOC from known global predictors, estimated with a multiregression model, are removed, the residual TOC interannual variability is observed to be dynamically coupled to the stratospheric QSW1 phase behavior. The stratospheric QSW1 interannual phase variability, when classified according to specifically designed indices, yields different circulation patterns in the troposphere and stratosphere. High (upper quartile) index values correspond to a westward rotation of the midlatitude ozone trough and the stratospheric QSW1 phase, while low (lower quartile) index values represent their eastward-rotated state. These values can be associated with statistically different tropospheric circulation patterns: a predominantly single poleward tropospheric jet s.
Usefulness of wavelet-based features as global descriptors of VHR satellite images

In this paper we present the results of research carried out to assess the usefulness of wavelet-based measures of image texture for classification of panchromatic VHR satellite image content. The study is based on images obtained from EROS-A satellite. Wavelet-based features are calculated according to two approaches. In first one the wavelet energy is calculated for each components from every level of decomposition using Haar wavelet. In second one the variance and kurtosis are calculated as mean values of detail components with filters belonging to the D, LA, MB groups of various lengths. The results indicate that both approaches are useful and complement one another. Among the most useful wavelet-based features are present not only those calculated with short or long filters, but also with the filters of intermediate length. Usage of filters of different type and length as well as different statistical parameters (variance, kurtosis) calculated as means for each decomposition level improved the discriminative properties of the feature vector consisted initially of wavelet energies of each component.
Revisions to the age of the Brunhes ‐ Matuyama Boundary and the Pleistocene geomagnetic polarity timescale

The currently referenced age of 730 ka for the Brunhes-Matuyama (B-M) geomagnetic polarity boundary [Mankinen and Dalrymple, 1979] is based largely on K-Ar and paleomagnetic data from postcollapse rhyolites in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico [Doell and Dalrymple, 1966; Doell et al., 1968]. Dating of sanidine from Valles rhyolites by the 40A/39Ar laser fusion technique indicates that samples critical to defining the B-M boundary are up to 90 ka older than previously thought. The new data combined with earlier results yield an age for the B-M boundary of 780 ± 10 ka. 40Ar/39Ar ages from other samples suggest the Jaramillo normal polarity subchron extended from 1010 to 915 ka.
Europe and the mystique of Islam

Part 1 Western views of the Muslim world: the Middle Ages toward a less polemical image coexistence and reconciliation from coexistence to objectivity the birth of Orientalism the enlightenment the 19th century challenges to Eurocentrism. Part 2 Toward a new approach to Arab and Islamic studies: traditional Orientalism in the past the present crisis and current problems the present state of the craft - the continuance of the past impetus theologocentrism in scholarship new fields and disciplines regional influences in Islamic studies the modalities of future progress proposals for future study.
Cretaceous to Miocene thrusting and wrenching along the central south Carpathians due to a corner effect during collision and orocline formation

Field studies in the Romanian South Carpathians (longitude 22.5° to 24.2°E and latitude 45.2° to 45.6°N) demonstrate (1) Cretaceous top-to-NE shearing parallel to the present strike of the thrust system connected with coaxial flattening within the generally northwest dipping foliation, (2) Paleogene ductile-brittle dextral wrenching, E-W compression (σ1: 87±15°), and basin formation (Petrosani basin) along the Cerna-Jiu fault system, (3) large-scale Miocene dextral wrenching along the northern margin of Moesia (σ1: 143±16°), and (4) probably Pliocene–early Pleistocene N-S compression (σ1: 205±25°). We discuss the tectonics of the South Carpathians stressing the corner effect of the Moesian foreland promontory during convergence and formation of the Carpathian orocline. Up to the late Early Cretaceous, subduction of oceanic crust was active between Europe-Moesia on one side and East Carpathia-Rhodopia on the other side. Collision and intracontinental deformation occurred during the late Early and Late Cretaceous. The pinning of the thrust front at the western tip of Moesia and the foreland recess north of it caused superposition of thrusting and wrenching during collision and lateral translation, tangential stretching during orocline formation, and spreading into the recess. Further convergence during the early Tertiary resulted in dislocation of the previously welded East Carpathian-Rhodopian and Moesian fragments along the Cerna-Jiu fault system and the further northeast translation of the western segment. The intramontane Petrosani basin opened as a northeasterly propagating, transient pull-apart structure along the Cerna-Jiu fault system, which acquired a curved, northwesterly convex, transtensional trace due to the shape of the Moesian promontory. Tightening of the Carpathian orocline and/or rearrangement of the microplate geometry during the formation of the Pannonian basin system led to large-scale dextral wrenching along the northern margin of Moesia. Pliocene N-S compression reflects final shortening in the Carpathian system before ongoing convergence between Europe and Africa was transferred to the Mediterranean. Rotation of material lines around the Moesian corner is corroborated by paleomagnetic studies.
Large‐scale reclamation of barren lands in Iceland by aerial seeding

Catastrophic soil erosion has resulted in the deserti®cation of vast areas in Iceland. Barren lands are revegetated on a large scale by aerial broadcasting of commercial grass seed of Festuca rubra cv. Leik (red fescue) and subsequent regular fertilizer application for ®ve years. Vegetation cover following aerial seeding of F. rubra was recorded in three reclaimed sites, which were two, ten and 25 years old, in an inland area in southern Iceland. As a comparison, vegetation cover was also recorded on barren land. Plant succession was inferred from these records. Vegetation cover was recorded using the point-intercept method. Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) were recorded from each site. Barren lands have characteristically low (55%) vegetation cover. The highest cover of F. rubra was found two years after revegetation was initiated. Non-dependent AMF forbs also colonized and increased their cover rapidly in the second year due to fertilizer application, but after a decade their cover declined. Ten years after the aerial seeding, F. rubra disappeared and the area was dominated by the native grass Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass). A cover of mosses and plant litter was also recorded on the ten-year-old site. AMF spores were low in all studied sites, and colonization of AMF was only found in the roots of A. stolonifera. After 25 years, it appeared that the cover of native forbs started to increase again and salix bushes were established. Aerial seeding of F. rubra failed to create a long-lasting cover to facilitate natural rapid succession. Alternative revegetation practices, taking into consideration the dynamics of the mutualistic microorganisms (Rhizobium and AMF)/plant association, are suggested for a better and more economic management of reclamation strategies. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cenozoic landscape evolution of the Convoy Range to Mackay Glacier area, Transantarctic Mountains: Onshore to offshore synthesis

On the basis of geomorphic mapping, we reconstruct the landscape evolution of the Convoy Range to Mackay Glacier area of the rifted margin of the Transantarctic Mountains and compare the land record with that obtained from offshore marine sedimentary rocks in the Ross Sea. Three landform assemblages reflect (1) fluvial planation and dissection, (2) local glaciation under temperate conditions, and (3) overriding by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Overall landscape evolution is typical of a passive continental margin. Contrasts in morphology between the Convoy Range and the adjacent Dry Valleys and Royal Society mountains reflect the varying location of the initial drainage divide in relationship to the rifted coast. In a wider synthesis we draw the following conclusions for the 260-km-long McMurdo sector of the Transantarctic Mountains. Denudation since rifting at ca. 55 Ma has removed a wedge 4–7 km thick at the coast, declining inland to ∼1 km. Most denudation occurred in the Eocene from planation and incision of river valleys near the coast. A subsequent pulse of denudation, most rapid at 34–31 Ma, and declining until ca. 17 Ma, coincided with further crustal extension and a change from cool temperate to polar climate. During the same interval, there was a progressive decrease in landscape modification by warm-based glaciers and/or rivers. Between 14.8 and 13.6 Ma the maximum overriding Antarctic ice sheet flowed northeastward across the mountains, leaving meltwater features crossing high-altitude saddles and areally scoured bedrock near the coast. Since 13.6 Ma, the landscape has seen little change under a hyperarid polar climate, either by local glaciers or subaerially. Fragile middle Miocene surficial deposits still survive. There has been tectonic stability since the middle Miocene.
Posttemperature Effects on Shaft Capacity of a Full-Scale Geothermal Energy Pile

AbstractShallow geothermal heat exchangers integrated in structural pile foundations have the capability of being an efficient and cost-effective solution to cater for the energy demand for heating and cooling of built structures. However, limited information is available on the effects of temperature on the geothermal energy pile load capacity. This paper discusses a field pile test aimed at assessing the impact of thermomechanical loads on the shaft capacity of a geothermal energy pile. The full-scale in situ geothermal energy pile equipped with ground loops for heating/cooling and multilevel Osterberg cells for static load testing was installed at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia in a sandy profile. Strain gauges, thermistors, and displacement transducers were also installed to study the behavior of the energy pile during the thermal and mechanical loading periods. It has been found that the pile shaft capacity increased after the pile was heated and returned to the initial capacity (i.e., initi.
Effect of anisotropy on the paleomagnetic contact test for a Grenville Dike

We report a detailed paleomagnetic contact test for a mafic dike and its tonalitic gneiss host rock in the Precambrian Grenville Province of Canada. Directions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in the country rock were corrected for assumed deflection by the strong magnetic anisotropy due to the rock fabric, using the measured anisotropy of laboratory-induced thermoremanent magnetization (TRM). The TRM ellipsoids have the same principal axes as the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) ellipsoids, but the anisotropy of remanence is more pronounced than the AMS. Anisotropy correction moves NRM directions in the unbaked zone almost 20°, bringing them close to typical Grenvillian paleofield directions. The anisotropy seems to be controlled by multidomain rather than single-domain magnetic minerals. NRM directions from the baked gneiss near the dike contact after anisotropy correction agree well with the NRM directions from the chilled margin of the early Cambrian (570 ± 3 Ma) dike. This positive baked contact test is augmented by the presence of a “hybrid zone”, in which country rock NRMs are increasingly overprinted by the dike NRM as one moves from the unbaked toward the baked zone. The dike NRM is therefore primary. However, the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) for the dike NRM: 51°N, 131°W (dp=10°, dm=12°, N=24 samples) or 41°N, 153°W (dp=13°, dm=18°, N=4 chilled margin samples) does not fall near most established Cambrian paleopoles. Post-emplacement tectonic movement of the dike is unlikely; it may be that the dike cooled and acquired TRM during a geomagnetic field excursion because of its geologically short cooling (blocking) period of a few tens of years.
JET SCOUR IN EQUILIBRIUM PHASE

In this study a different approach has been used to compute the practical equilibrium scour process caused by both plunging and horizontal jets when no bed protection was present. Newton's second law of motion has been applied to a mass of particles of fluid to derive relations for the maximum scour depth in the equilibrium phase. The closure problem has been solved by applying the Buckingham Pi Theorem in which the unknowns are related to material characteristics analogous to the scour relation presented by Schoklitsch. The accuracy of some formulas from literature that calculate the scour depth under jets, such as issue from pressure gates, flip buckets, and dam spillways, are evaluated using numerous data of both prototype situations and flume experiments. A significant amount of work from other researchers has been drawn together to calibrate and verify the predictors for the scour depth caused by horizontal jets. Though the predictability of the new relations to other scour relations has been increas.
The March 11, 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake and cascading failure of the plate interface

A continuous back‐projection analysis using data recorded in North America between March 9, 2011 and April 7, 2011 is applied to the Mw 9.0 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake and the foreshocks and aftershocks of this event. As with the Mw 8.8 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake, back‐projection results of the mainshock show variations in rupture behavior when data filtered to different frequency ranges are used. In particular, there is a relationship between the frequency of data used and the position along the dip direction of the energy release, with the highest‐frequency result imaging energy at the down‐dip edge of the rupture and progressively lower frequencies showing a continuous shift updip. In addition, these results show that late in the rupture (∼200 seconds after the hypocentral time), energy at all frequencies is imaged very close to the trench at about 37°N, which, with the energy imaged near and updip of the epicenter, may have acted as a tsunami source. Comparing the mainshock rupture area to the area that ruptured during M ≥ 6 foreshocks and aftershocks between March 9th and April 7th shows that total failure of the plate interface nearly doubled compared to the mainshock alone. Building upon the idea that the mainshock occurred through interactions between multiple segments, the results imply that the total failure area of the interface may represent the area that can rupture during a single event as a series of in‐phase interface segments.