Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the CEPEX ozone data using a 3D chemistry‐meteorology model

The ozone (O3) data collected during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) are analysed with the aid of the 3D global photochemistry model MATCH‐MPIC (Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry‐Max‐Planck‐Institute for Chemistry version). This study focuses on using MATCH‐MPIC to address three specific questions: (1) are the individual CEPEX O3 soundings, in particular the extremely low O3 levels occasionally observed in the upper troposphere (UT), reproducible by a state‐of‐the‐art global photochemical model driven with analysed meteorological data from the same time period as the measurements (March 1993): (2) are the CEPEX O3 data likely to be representative of the mean state of the regional atmosphere, or do they instead indicate the degree of variability in this region of the atmosphere; and (3) what causes the UT O3 minima? It is found that MATCH‐MPIC is not able to reproduce the soundings obtained during CEPEX on an individual basis; however, the model does reproduce some of the key features present in the observations, such as UT minima and mid‐tropospheric maxima similar to those observed during CEPEX. the UT O3 minima computed by the model are mainly due to convective pumping of low‐O3 marine boundary‐layer air, as is demonstrated by comparison with the results of a run in which convective transport of O3 is suppressed. the UT O3 minima simulated by MATCH‐MPIC (with O3 between 5 and 10 nmol mol‐1) are less intense than those observed (with O3 < 5 nmol mol‐1), even at relatively high model spatial and temporal resolution, and with a convection scheme that would be expected to readily produce UT O3 minima via intense pumping of low‐O3 marine boundary‐layer air directly into the UT convective outflow regions. This may indicate that additional photochemical loss processes are involved, either in situ in the UT or, in particular, near the surface in the convective inflow regions. where the model tends to overestimate the observed O3 levels. In addition, although a significant temporal variability for O3 in this region is computed, it is still less than indicated by the observations in the UT. This high degree of variability implies that individual O3 soundings will often differ considerably from the mean over a longer period. For instance, 20‐50% less O3 in the UT during the CEPEX period is computed with MATCH‐MPIC than the average for March. Thus, the CEPEX expedition was perhaps fortunate in encountering extreme conditions which produced extensive UT O3 minima. which have helped to demonstrate one end of the large degree of variability of O3 in the tropical troposphere.
Polyamide-6/Poly(lactic acid) Blends Compatibilized by the Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene-Octene Elastomer

To evaluate the feasibility of a strategy to partially replace polyamide-6 (PA6) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), the morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of PA6/PLA blending systems were investigated. Polyethylene-octene elastomer (POE) and POE grafted with maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) are added to improve the impact strength and elongation at break of the blend. The results show that POE-g-MAH is an effective compatibilizer for PA6/PLA blending system. Compared with the morphology of PA6/PLA/POE, smaller particle size, more homogeneous distribution of domains and improved interfacial adhesion between matrix and domains were observed in the PA6/PLA/POE-g-MAH blending system.
Development of an automatic photometric titration procedure to determine olive oil acidity employing a miniaturized multicommuted flow-batch setup

The present work proposes an automatic procedure for photometric determination of olive oil acidity, employing a miniaturized multicommuted flow-batch analysis setup without the use of calibration curves. Under microcomputer control, the proposed setup was able to mimic the manual procedure suggested by the European Commission Regulation. A homemade LED-based photometer was designed by coupling a radiation source and a photodetector to the titration chamber, creating a compact and downsized unit. The photometric titration of olive oil was carried out using potassium hydroxide solution in an n-propanol medium, which was done without any previous pretreatment, thereby allowing that a true photometric titration procedure in a non-aqueous medium was carried out for the first time. After establishing better operational conditions, the proposed procedure was applied to determine acidity in olive oil samples. The accuracy was assessed by applying the paired t-test to results obtained using a reference method, and there was no significant difference at a 95% confidence level. Other useful features were achieved, including a relative standard deviation of 1.8% (n = 6), a sample consumption of 125 μL per determination, an effluent generation of 1.4 mL per titration, and a sampling throughput ranging from 40 to 50 determinations per hour, whereby indicating that it could be an effective alternative for routine analysis of olive oil.
The effect of furosemide on experimentally-induced seizures in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the loop diuretic, furosemide, on maximal electroshock- and leptazol-induced seizures in mice. Mice were given furosemide, phenytoin and diazepam intraperitoneally and after 30 min they were challenged with maximal electroshock (MES) or leptazol. In MES, furosemide at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg did not protect against hind limb tonic extension (HLTE) while phenytoin (25 mg/kg) provided protection against HLTE. Furosemide at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg afforded protection against leptazol-induced Racine stage 4 seizures (P < 0.05), but 100% (all the animals in a group surviving) protection was only provided at 30 min by the 50 mg/kg dose. Diazepam at 2 mg/kg did not offer 100% protection at 30 min. Results provide evidence that furosemide is effective against leptazol-induced seizures, but not against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; and the present results suggest that furosemide is more potent than diazepam against leptazol-induced seizures. Key words: Furosemide, phenytoin, diazepam, maximal electroshock (MES), leptazol, seizures.
Preparation of a ferrofluid using cyclodextrin and magnetite

Um ferrofluido foi obtido a partir da magnetita e da b-ciclodextrina, com a formacao de um complexo de inclusao. A caracterizacao fisico-quimica do complexo magnetita: b-ciclodextrina foi realizada atraves de espectroscopia de absorcao na regiao do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, difracao de raios X, analise termica (TG/DTA), microscopia eletronica de transmissao (TEM) e espectroscopia de absorcao atomica. E a primeira vez que se relata na literatura a formacao de um complexo de inclusao de um oxido metalico em ciclodextrinas
Theory of analyte extraction by selected porous polymer SPME fibres

Extraction of analytes by the new porous polymer solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibres is based on adsorption rather than absorption. The equilibrium theory developed for the liquid poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating does not apply to these coatings. The paper presents theoretical description of the extraction process for adsorption-type fibres, including PDMS–DVB (divinyl benzene), Carbowax–DVB and Carbowax–TR (template resin). The model is based on Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Expressions describing the amount of analyte extracted by the fibre in two- and three-phase systems are presented and discussed. The effect of selected experimental variables is discussed. In general, there is a non-linear dependence between the amount of an analyte extracted by the fibre and its concentration in a sample. The dependence can be approximated by a straight line for low concentrations only. Matrix composition can significantly affect the amount extracted. Interferences co-extracted with the analyte of interest may reduce the amount extracted and the quasi-linear range of the response. Great care should be exercised therefore when performing quantitative analysis with porous polymer SPME fibres. The phenomena discussed are illustrated on an example of benzene and 4-methyl-2-pentanone extraction from water by PDMS–DVB and Carbowax–DVB fibres.
Separation of variables in the Hamilton–Jacobi, Schrödinger, and related equations. I. Complete separation

It was established by Levi‐Civita that in n dimensions there exist n+1 types of coordinate systems in which the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is separable, n of which are in general nonorthogonal; the form of the separated equations was given by Burgatti and Dall’Acqua. In this paper first the general forms of the n+1 types of metric tensors of the corresponding corresponding Riemannian spaces Vn are determined. Then, sufficient conditions are given for coordinate systems in which the Schrodinger, Helmholtz, and Laplace equation are separable. It is shown that there again exist n+1 types of such systems, whose metric tensors are of the same form as those of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. However, except for the ’’essentially geodesic case’’ of Levi‐Civita they are further restricted by a condition on the determinant of the metric; this condition is a generalization of that found by Robertson for orthogonal systems in the case of the Schrodinger equation.
Spring initiation and autumn cessation of boreal coniferous forest CO2 exchange assessed by meteorological and biological variables

We studied the commencement and finishing of the growing season using different air temperature indices, the surface albedo, the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and the carbon dioxide (CO2) tropospheric concentration, together with eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux. We used CO2 flux data from four boreal coniferous forest sites covering a wide latitudinal range, and CO2 concentration measurements from Sammaltunturi in Pallas. The CO2 gas exchange was taken as the primary determinant for the growing season to which other methods were compared. Indices based on the cumulative temperature sum and the variation in daily mean temperature were successfully used for approximating the start and cessation of the growing season. The beginning of snow melt was a successful predictor of the onset of the growing season. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm and the CO2 concentration were good indicators of both the commencement and cessation of the growing season. By a derivative estimation method for the CO2 concentration, we were also able to capture the larger-scale spring recovery. The trends of the CO2 concentration and temperature indices at Pallas/Sammaltunturi were studied over an 11-yr time period, and a significant tendency towards an earlier spring was observed. This tendency was not observed at the other sites.
Surface Analysis of Silane Nanolayer on Silica Particles Using 1H Pulse NMR

The surface treatment of spherical silica particles with silane coupling agent having mercapto group was carried out and structure and amount of silane nanolayer formed on silica surface were analyzed using 1H pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Effects of loading amount and number of alkoxy groups of silane on the structure were investigated. Silanes with dialkoxy and trialkoxy structures were used as silane coupling agents and the loading amount of the silane on the silica surface was varied from one to nine times the amount required for monolayer coverage. The relaxation time was longer in the dialkoxy type than in the trialkoxy type of silane. The relaxation time increased with increase of the loading amount of silane for the dialkoxy type; on the other hand, there was no influence of the loading amount of silane for the trialkoxy type. It was found that the silane structure was flexible for the dialkoxy type, whereas it was rigid for the trialkoxy type. Effect of mixing ratio of silane coupling agents having di- and trialkoxy groups on the silane nanolayer structure was also investigated, and 1H pulse NMR studies confirmed that the relaxation time measured for the mixed silane-treated system was between those for the dialkoxy and the trialkoxy structures and depended on the mixing ratio. It was found that the network density of silane-treated layer on silica particles could be controlled by varying the molar ratio of dialkoxy/trialkoxy silane coupling agents.
A novel method to radiolabel stealth liposome through 1,2- dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-DTPA with 99mTc and biological evaluation

Purpose : To study surface technetium labeling of stealth DTPA-Liposome and to evaluate its potential as a molecular imaging tracer for both normal and melanoma-bearing mice. The radiolabeling yield of liposomes was greater than 90% and showed good chemical and biological stability. Biodistribution studies in normal mice showed blood clearance with hepatic and renal depuration. Melanoma-bearing mice showed a similar pattern of biodistribution with high tumor uptake allowing tumor imaging. The developed method of surface radiolabeled DTPA-PEG-Liposomes with 99m Tc was effective and stable in vivo .
Atomic Absorption Assessment of Mineral Iron Quantity in Ferritin

ABSTRACT The goal of this work is to study the possibilities for quantitative determination of the number of iron atoms in the mineral core of ferritin by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Distinctive AAS measurements show iron content between 1000 and 4500 atoms per molecule ferritin. [ 1-6 ] This motivated us to investigate the amount of iron in the horse spleen ferritin with atomic absorption spectroscopy under application of the Bulgarian standard BDS EN 14082/2003 Foodstuffs—Determination of Trace Elements—Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Iron and Chromium by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) after Dry Ashing. [ 7 ] We have obtained as a result 1792 atoms in one ferritin molecule. This result is in accordance with previous results, published by leading researchers. [ 4 , 5 ] The investigation of the iron content with AAS under the use of the Bulgarian standard can be a good opportunity to study many other objects of biological interest.
Permeability of High-Alumina Refractory Castables Based on Various Hydraulic Binders

This work investigated the changes in the permeability of high-alumina self-flowing refractory castables based on calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and hydratable alumina binder (HAB) pretreated between 110° and 1650°C. Permeability constants k1 and k2 were fitted from Forchheimer's equation based on airflow tests conducted at room temperature. The results indicated that dehydration was the main contributing factor for increased permeability in bodies pretreated up to 600°C and that sintering effects prevailed between 900° and 1650°C. Castables based on HAB were less permeable than those based on CAC, a behavior ascribed to the type of hydrates formed and to the particle-packing features of the matrix and the matrix–aggregate interfaces.
Synthesis of nano‐crystalline zeolite β: Effects of crystallization parameters

The effects of variation in Si/Al ratio (25 and 100) and crystallization temperature (80 °C to 180 °C, at an interval of 20 K) on crystal size of zeolite β were studied. Products obtained at different synthesis parameters were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. Increase in crystal size with crystallization temperature and Si/Al molar ratio was observed. Crystal morphology at 140 °C was spherical whereas at 180 °C it was of irregular shape. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adhesive bond strength of end grain joints in softwood with varying density

Abstract Norway spruce wood specimens covering a wide density range, including density samples between 300 kg m-3 (low density wood) and 750 kg m-3 (high-density compression wood), were joined at end grain surfaces and tested in tension perpendicular to the bonded surface to estimate the effect of mechanical interlocking on the adhesive bond strength. It was hypothesised that the higher the density of the specimens the lower will be the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive joints due to a reduced penetration of the adhesive into the cell cavities. An increase of tensile strength was observed with increasing density. These results demonstrate that in the specific case investigated here the cross-sectional cell wall area available for adhesive bonding, which correlates with density, is probably more important than mechanical interlocking.
Effect of black bean (Vigna mungo) on the quality characteristics of oven-roasted chicken seekh kababs

The study was aimed at optimizing the basic formulation and processing conditions for the preparation of chicken seekh kababs from spent hens meat by oven roasting method of cooking and their extension with black bean paste (hydrated 1:1 w/w). Three levels of black bean paste viz. 10, 15 and 20% were used as extender replacing lean meat in the formulation. The chicken seekh kababs formulated without black bean served as control and were compared with kababs extended with different levels of black bean for various physicochemical and sensory properties. pH, emulsion stability and cooking yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in the extension level with highest value for the kababsextended with 20% black bean. All the proximate parameters that is, moisture, protein and fat percent except ash content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing extension level for both raw as well as cooked kababs. Scores for all the sensory parameters except for appearance decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in the level of extension. All the sensory parameters of the kababs extended with 10% black bean were comparable with control. Sensory scores and physicochemical properties indicated that 10% black bean paste was optimum extension level for the formulation of extended chicken seekh kababs. Key words: Seekh kababs, vanaraja, black bean, oven-roasting, quality parameters
The teleomorph of the weakly aggressive segregate of Leptosphaeria maculans

Leptosphaeria biglobosa n.sp. is described for the weakly virulent (or non-aggressive) pathogen causing blackleg of oilseed rape and canola. The new species differs from the aggressive blackleg organism, Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. in having a very prominent beak on the ascomata that is greatly enlarged at the apex. Ascomata of both species were produced on canola stems either by inoculation of compatible strains of the Phoma anamorph or by single ascospore isolates at a distance of 1 cm and letting them grow together. Both species exhibit bipolar heterothallism. Interspecific crosses were negative. In a study of type specimens of Leptosphaeria spe- cies with 5-septate ascospores infecting Cruciferae, none were found that matched the features of L. biglobosa. Leptosphaeria napi (Fuckel) Saccardo on Brassica napus L. , and Leptosphaeria virginica (Cooke & Ellis) Saccardo on Lepidium virginica L. , are synonyms of L. maculans. Leptosphaeria submaculansHolm on Sisymbrium, Berteroa, and Erysimum has distinctively enlarged ascospores. Leptosphaeria alliariae (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. on Alliaria officinalis Andrz. , has much smaller ascospores. Leptosphaeria lindquistii Frezzi on Helianthus annuus L. of the Asteraceae has ascospores with only one, two, or rarely, three septa but was considered because it too has a Phoma anamorph. Resume : Les auteurs decrivent le Leptosphaeria biglobosa n.sp. , un champignon pathogene faiblement virulent (ou non-agressif) responsable de la jambe noire chez le canola. La nouvelle espece differe de l'organisme agressif de la jambe noire, le Leptosphaeria maculans(Desm.) Ces. & De Not. , par son bec tres proeminent sur les ascomata, lequel s'elargit considerablement a l'apex. Des ascomata des deux especes se developpent sur des tiges de canola soit par l'inoculation d'isolats compatibles de l'anamorphe Phoma, ou par des isolats monosporaux place sa1c m dedistance, en les laissant croitre ensemble. Ces especes montrent toutes les deux un heterothallisme bipolaire. Les croisements in- terspecifiques ne se font pas. Dans une etude des specimens types de cinq especes de Leptosphaeria munis d'ascospores a cinq septations, capables d'infecter des cruciferes, aucune ne comporte les memes caracteres que le L. biglobosa . L eLeptosphaeria napi (Fuckel) Saccardo sur Brassica napus L. , et leLeptosphaeria virginica (Cooke & Ellis) Saccardo sur Lepidium virginica L. , sont des synonymes du L. maculans. Le Leptosphaeria submaculansHolm sur Sisymbrium, Berteroa et Erysimum possede de grosses ascospores bien caracteristiques. Le Leptosphaeria alliariae (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. sue Alliaria officinalis Andrz. , a des ascospores beaucoup plus petites. Le Leptosphaeria lind- quistii Frezzi sur Helianthus annuus L. , une Asteraceae, possede des ascospores avec un, deux ou rarement trois septa- tions, mais a ete pris en compte parce qu'il possede egalement un anamorphe de type Phoma. Mots cles : Phoma lingam, groupe B, ascomata. (Traduit par la Redaction) Shoemaker and Brun 419
Polymer Dynamics in PEG-Silica Nanocomposites: Effects of Polymer Molecular Weight, Temperature and Solvent Dilution

The mechanical properties of particulate nanocomposites strongly depend upon the particle dispersion, as well as on the closely related properties in thin polymer films covering the particle surface. The length scale of such changes is relevant for the understanding of particle–particle interactions, which ultimately dominate the mechanical response. Using well-defined 44 nm diameter silica nanoparticles dispersed in poly(ethylene glycol), we focus on surface-induced changes in polymer dynamics. Using proton time-domain NMR, we distinguish three polymer phases of different mobility, i.e., a strongly adsorbed, solid-like fraction, a fraction with intermediate relaxation times and a highly mobile fraction. We explore how these fractions change as we vary polymer molecular weight from 300 to 20 000 and particle volume fraction up to 0.3. A multiple-quantum experiment enables a closer analysis of the mobile component which we show consists of two fractions, one resembling the bulk melt-like and another one sh.
Molecular Cocrystals of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids with Unsymmetrically Substituted Ureas. The Structures of Phenylurea and the 1 : 1 Adducts of Phenylurea with a Series of Nitro-Substituted Acids

The crystal structure of phenylurea (1), [(C7H8N2O)], has been determined and revealed a simple cyclic dimer involving hydrogen bonding between the two nitrogen atoms of one molecule and the oxygen atom of a second molecule. The system is completed by a hydrogen bond between the non-substituted nitrogen atom of a third molecule and the oxygen atom of the second molecule to form a chain polymer. The 1 : 1 molecular adducts of phenylurea with 2-nitrobenzoic acid, [(C7H5NO4)(C7H8N2O)] (2), 3-nitrobenzoic acid, [(C7H5NO4)(C7H8N2O)] (3), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, [(C7H4N2O6)(C7H8N2O)] (4), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid, [(C7H3N3O8)(C7H8N2O)] (5), 5-nitrosalicylic acid, [(C7H5NO5)(C7H8N2O)] (6), and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, [(C7H4N2O7)(C7H8N2O)] (7) have been prepared and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and, for compounds (2), (4), (5) and (6), by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The adduct involving phenylurea and 4-nitrobenzoic acid could not be isolated from this system. In all examples, cyclic hydrogen-bonding interactions are found between the phenylurea and the carboxylic acid groups. All display further peripheral hydrogen bond associations that result in the formation of predominantly simple chain polymeric structures.