Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soil‐5, A New IAEA CErtifiEd Reference Material for Trace Element Determinations*

60 geochemical laboratories from the world over, contributing in all 3687 bits of chemical data on 60 elements, haue willingly participated in the study of SOIL-5 as a reference material. The preparation of SOIL-5 in 45 kg and homogeneity teats are described; in addition, all the data compiled are presented. In evaluating the compiled data, the use of four concurrent tests for outlier-rejection at the same level of significance, has been applied. After proper statistical treatment, “recommended values” could be established for 31 elements, most of them trace elements and “information values” for 29 elements. 23 of the recommended values could be given with a “relatively high” degree confidence whereas the other 18 recommended Values with a “reasonable” degree of confidence. An attempt is made to compare the analytical methods employed; the existence of possible sy3tematic differences is pointed ont.
Synthesis of Poly (Acrylamide-co-Acrylic Acid) based Superabsorbent Hydrogels: Study of Network Parameters and Swelling Behaviour

This article investigates the synthesis of superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs) based on acrylamide and acrylic acid by solution polymerization in the presence of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as a cross-linker and potassium per sulphate as initiator. In this work the acrylamide content was varied in a large range of 30–70% (mole of total monomer) in feed, in order to study its effect on swelling behavior. The results indicate that when acrylamide content present in the hydrogels was increased from 17.23–35.85% (mole of the total monomer); then equilibrium water absorbency also increased from 276–573 (g water/g sample). But when acrylamide content was further increased from 35.85–50.24%, then equilibrium water absorbency abruptly decreased. The equilibrium water absorbency of various copolymeric hydrogels was also investigated in different concentration of saline solutions. The effect of SAHs on growth of seeds of lentil was also studied. The hydrogels were also characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and network parameters such as average molecular weight between cross-links (Mc) and cross-link density (q) were determined to explain the swelling behavior.
Relação entre uso do solo e comportamento hidrológico na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão João Leite

The hydrological behavior of watersheds derives mainly from climate variability and land use. The 'Ribeirao Joao Leite' watershed is the main sourse of water supply in Goiânia city, and recently intense modifications were observed in the land use and availability of water. In this context, this work proposes to classify the land use between 1979 and 2005 and establish the association of the runoff with the land use and climate variability. For this, Landsat images from the years 1979, 1989, 1997 and 2005 were used as well as flow and rainfall data provided by the Agencia Nacional de Agua (ANA). The land use was marked by 17.8% of deforestation, expansion of the urbanization and agriculture corresponded to 6.6 and 15.2%, respectively, and by significant areas of pasture. A trend of reduction in flow was observed that could be explained, in part, by a reduction in the rainfall regime. However, due to the significant increase of water withdrawal and the lack of historical records, there was difficulty in qualitative association between the runoff and the land use in spite of generating linear regression models with coefficients of determination (R²) above 0.75.
Structure and Function of the Membrane in Softwood Bordered Pits)

Bordered its Summary Pit membrane A review is given on the author's studies on the development, structure and function of the memDevelopment brane in softwood bordered pits. New ideas on the role of enzymes in the development of the pit Permeability membrane are presented. It is shown that the pit closing process is combined with a re-arrangeHeartwood formation ment of cellulose fibrils in the margo and a displacement of the amorphous substance in the torus. Fungi The torus itself has a certain permeability which allows the impregnation with aqueous solutions Electron microscopy as ^ as i^ phenolic substances during the heartwood formation. The pit membranes are also important for the spreading of certain fungi in wood.
Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 1. Mild extraction by ultrasonication and quantification of extractives by reverse-phase HPLC

Abstract Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) heartwood samples were extracted in methanol. Reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection was used for extractive separation and analysis. Six major extractives were quantified by comparing analyte response with the response factor of an internal standard using single-point calibration. The limit of detection of the method was estimated as (μg ml-1): (–)-plicatic acid, 0.6; γ-thujaplicin, 3.0; β-thujaplicin, 3.0; β-thujaplicinol, 3.0; thujic acid, 0.6; and methyl thujate, 1.2. Yields were 36% higher for powdered than for sliced samples. A temperature of 4°C during ultrasonication yielded 16% more (–)-plicatic acid than in non-cooled extractions, but did not significantly increase yields for the remaining five compounds. The recovery and repeatability of the extraction method were assessed by adding the aromatic compounds methoxyhydroquinone and 2-acetonaphthone to heartwood samples before extraction. The recovery yield was ∼90% with ∼5% variability.
Vacuum‐Ultraviolet Photolysis of N2O. IV. Deactivation of N(2D)

The NO(β) emission (B 2II→X 2II) observed during photolysis of N2O at 1470 A is due to a chemiluminescent reaction between N(2D) and N2O. Transient measurements of this emission are analyzed to give the rate coefficients for removal of N(2D) by several simple molecules. Photolysis at 1236 A also produces NO(B 2Π), and the decay curves can be analyzed to give the same rate coefficients as observed at 1470 A, although there is evidence that an additional NO(B 2Π) production mechanism is involved. Quenching coefficients are also tabulated for N2(A 3Σ) and O(1S), two other species investigated by the same technique.
Fiber Classification and the Influence of Average Air Humidity

The use of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) as a substitute for asbestos in industrial and residential applications has raised the concerns of the potential hazards associated with inhalable aerosolized fibers. The complex movement of fiber makes it difficult to predict the pattern of fiber deposition in human airways from the behavior of spherical particles. Difficulties in producing monodisperse length fibers has been an obstacle to study fibrous particle deposition in the human respiratory system. To address this problem, a narrow length distribution of fibers was generated using dielectrophoretic classification. Dielectrophoresis is the motion of neutral matter in a nonuniform electric field due to an induced dipole moment. It is sensitive to the conductivity of the matter in the field. A fiber classifier has been used to study the influence of atmospheric humidity on the behavior of glass fibers. Glass fibers, as insulators, can not be classified by the dielectrophoretic classifier. However, our study shows that a humidity higher than 15% RH can change the conductivity of the glass fibers so as to permit their effective classification.
La Mesure de Couleur: Une Méthode d’Etude et d’Optimisation des Transformations Chimiques du Bois Thermolysé

Des mesures de variations de couleurs dans le systeme CIELAB (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*) ont ete effectuees sur des echantillons de bois de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) naturels et traites thermiquement a des temperatures variant de 100°C a 310°C sous atmosphere inerte (N2) durant 30 ou 60 minutes. Nous avons correle les parametres de couleur (luminance L*, ecart total de couleur Delta E*, chroma C*, angle de teinte h*) aux resultats des analyses physico-chimiques des materiaux (densite, % de matieres volatiles, % CHO, taux d'insolubles dans l'acide sulfurique). Des evolutions importantes sont observees au dessus de 240°C. Les bonnes correlations obtenues entre la mesure de couleur et la composition chimique montre que la mesure de la couleur d'un bois thermolyse est une methode rapide et non destructive qui peut servir a determiner et a optimiser les transformations chimiques subies par le bois en vue de son utilisation industrielle. The measurement of the CIELAB L*, a*, b*, C*, h*, color variations were performed on the natural and thermically treated wood samples of Pinus Sylvestris at the temperature range from 100°C to 310°C during 30 or 60 minutes. Correlations were established between color parameters (lightness L*, chromatic coordinates a*, b*, color differences Delta E*, chroma C* and hue angle h*) and the results of the physico-chemical analysis on the wood materials (basic density, % CHO, % of insolubles, % of volatiles materials). A very important evolution are noticed above 240°C level. Thus the good correlation between the color measurement and the chemical contents shows that the color can serve as a fast and non destructive method to determinee and to optimize the suitable chemical transformations undergone in the wood with the view to its industrial utilization.
Growth responses of cereal crops to organic nitrogen in the field

Abstract Growth responses of rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and maize (Zea mays) to applications of the organic form of nitrogen (N) were examined under field conditions in 2000–2001. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 15 g m−2 in the form of inorganic N (IN, urea) or organic N (ON, a mixture of rice bran and straw). Organic N application had no significant effect on the concentration of soil inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate), but increased the concentration of neutral phosphate-buffer- extractable organic N in the soil at the early growth stage. The shoot dry weight and N uptake of crops in the ON treatment were similar to those in the IN treatment for pearl millet and maize, but were significantly higher than in the IN treatment for rice and sorghum at the early growth stage. The higher proportion of organic N in the xylem sap of rice and sorghum in the ON treatment compared with the IN treatment also suggests that these two crops could take up the increased amount of soil organic N more efficiently than could maize, for which there was no difference between the treatments. Although pearl millet showed similar results to those of rice and sorghum in xylem sap analysis, the utilization of absorbed organic N was considered inefficient because of the adequate N status in the plant, based on the high concentration of nitrate N in the plant tissues. This is the first study to demonstrate the possibility that sorghum can utilize organic N in the soil more efficiently than can pearl millet. The possible forms of organic N in the soil absorbed by crop roots, such as protein and 8,000–9,000 Da molecular weight compounds, are discussed.
The thermal degradation of polyvinyl compounds - III. The effect of inhibitors and end groups on the degradation of polymethyl methacrylate

An investigation has been made of the effect of various end groups upon the degradation of polymethyl methacrylate chains. Inhibition of the degradation reaction by 1, 4 diamino anthraquinone has also been studied. That small amounts of such a substance do inhibit the reaction shows conclusively that the mechanism is a chain reaction involving free radicals. 1, 4 diamino anthraquinone and its leuco compound have equal inhibitory power indicating that the dyestuff is the active agent. Experiments show that if leuco compound is used, it is very quickly converted to the dyestuff. These experiments, combined with viscosity measurements, gave additional evidence that in degradation the molecules break initially at the ends. Comparison of the rates of degradation of benzoyl peroxide catalyzed polymers, photopolymer and polymer initiated and terminated by diphenyl cyanomethyl radicals show that double and single bond ends, formed by disproportionation, break most easily. The energies of activation of degradation through them are 30,000 and 42,000 although it is difficult to decide which is which. The energy of activation for degradation through diphenyl cyanomethyl end group is 47,000. The energetics are discussed.
Oxidation and Reduction of Liquid SnPb (60/40) under Ambient and Vacuum Conditions

One of the most straightforward approaches to fluxless solder bonding is using vacuum conditions to prevent further oxidation and, where needed, to reduce solder oxides by the use of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) 1.3 . This study on oxidation and reduction of solder oxides on SnPb (60/40) is aimed to provide a better understanding for fluxless solder bonding applications under controlled atmospheric conditions. By means of scanning Auger spectroscopy it is shown, that growth of oxide films on metallic SnPb above the eutectic temperature can be significantly reduced by decreasing the O 2 partial pressure up to ∼10 -5 Pa. The native oxide, which was left on top of one part of the samples, prevented a further scale growth even during heating at temperatures above the melting point. The native oxide consists of SnO 2 , which has most likely an amorphous structure, whereas the oxide, grown at 200 and 250°C is crystalline SnO. For sample preparation, the reduction of the native oxide on eutectic SnPb was carried out successfully using low temperature (250°C) and short heating cycles (2 min). The effectiveness of H 2 to reduce SnO 2 at typical soldering parameters (240°C, < 2 min) was furthermore proven by in situ Auger electron spectroscopy.
Absorption, translocation, and assimilation of foliar-applied urea compared with nitrate and ammonium in tomato plants

Abstract To evaluate the use of foliar application of N fertilizer and the occurrence of leaf injury in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro), the effects of the form and concentration of N and solution pH on the leaf injury were studied in the first experiment (Expt. 1). The effects of solution pH and leaf surface on the absorption, translocation, and assimilation of urea were compared with those of nitrate and ammonium in the second experiment (Expt. 2). In Expt. 1, no leaf injury was observed regardless of N sources applied at the N concentration of 1.0 g L-1. Compared with nitrate or ammonium, the index of leaf injury was the lowest in the leaf to which urea had been applied (hereafter referred to as “urea-applied leaf”), when the N level increased from 2.0 to 10.0 g L-1. Leaf injury was not affected by the solution pH in the case of urea, but it increased in the case of ammonium and decreased when nitrate was applied with increasing solution pH. In Expt. 2, the absorption of nit.
Arthropod diversity associated with Bt and conventional cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Colombia.

1Universidad de Córdoba-Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías-Departamento de Biología-Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica. Montería, Colombia. AA. 354. (leonela.192@hotmail.com; jheimyoyola-414@hotmail.com; claudiofernandezherrera@gmail.com). 2Centro de Investigación Caribia-Corpoica. kilómetro 6, vía Sevilla. (endermanz@hotmail.com). §Autor para correspondencia: karolperez0414@hotmail.com.
Synthesis and Conformational Assignment of N-(E)-Stilbenyloxymethylenecarbonyl-Substituted Hydrazones of Acetone and o-(m- and p-) Chloro- (nitro-) benzaldehydes by Means of and NMR Spectroscopy

Eighteen new N-(E)-stilbenyloxyalkylcarbonyl-substituted hydrazones of ortho- (meta- and para-) chloro- (nitro-) benzaldehydes 1–18 and two analogous hydrazones of acetone 19-20 were prepared. The stereochemical behavior of 1–18 in dimethyl-d6 sulfoxide solution has been studied by NMR and NMR techniques, using spectral data of 19 and 20 as supporting material. The E-geometrical isomers and cis-/trans-amide conformers have been found for these hydrazones. Energy barriers of isomers are reported.
Use of synchrotron radiation SAXS to study the first steps of the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate and charged liposomes

The technique of time resolved small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using a synchrotron radiation source was used to study the structural transformations as well as the kinetic associated with the first steps of the solubilization of liposomes induced by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Neutral and electrically charged (anionic and cationic) lipo- somes were used to investigate the effect of the electrostatic charges on these initial steps. The mechanism that induces the solubilization process consisted in an adsorption of surfactant on the bilayers and a desorption of mixed micelles from the liposomes surface to the aqueous medium. Regardless of the type of charge of the liposome the time needed for the desorption of the first mixed micelles was shorter than that for the complete adsorption of the surfactant on the liposomes surface. The present work demonstrates that the adsorption of the SDS molecules on liposomes was slower when the charges of surfactant and lipids were the same. As for the release of mixed micelles from the surface of these liposomes, this process was slower when the charges of surfactant and lipids were opposite.
Comparison of Vermicompost and Composts as Potting Media for Growth of Tomatoes

Abstract Vermicomposting and composting are efficient methods for converting solid wastes to useful products. Incorporation of composts and vermicomposts into potting and container media is a potential use for these materials. In a greenhouse trial, effects of a vermicompost produced from raw dairy manure (RDM) along with some other composts produced from tobacco residue (TR), yard leaf (YL), sewage sludge + rice hull (SS + RH), sewage sludge + yard leaf (SS + YL), and RDM were studied. The mixing proportions of vermicomposts and composts were 0, 15, 30, and 45% of pot volume and tomato seedlings were grown in pots. All potting mixtures produced significantly higher biomass than the control (soil + sand) and RDM. Shoot and root dry matters (DM) were greatest in VC and SS + RH. Rates of composts in potting mixture did not generally affect DM, although a decrease in DM was observed in pots containing 45% of SS + YL. TR and YL produced lower DM in comparison with VC, SS + RH, and SS + YL. Correlation coefficients between the amounts of nutrients added to the pots by composts and nutrients taken up by plants were in the following order: phosphorus (P) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) > calcium (Ca) > manganese (Mn) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe).
Multivariate statistical analysis of STEM–EDX data from radiation‐induced sensitization in stainless steel

A series of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra acquired in a field‐emission gun scanning transmission electron microscope to generate compositional profiles across a grain boundary in a neutron‐irradiated stainless steel were subjected to a multivariate statistical analysis (MSA). The complex profiles generated by conventional spectrum processing were factored by MSA into two independent components of information, one associated with both the pre‐irradiation heat treatment and radiation‐induced segregation (RIS) and the other with diffusion prior to precipitate formation. The two experimental components were separately modelled to deconvolute simple theoretical distributions of composition, which were then recombined to give the full variation in composition across the boundary. A new observation was that the commonly observed RIS enhancement of Ni and Si did not persist in the boundary plane, the composition of which was dominated by pre‐irradiation segregation. The potential benefits of MSA for segregation studies are discussed.
Crosslinking of Cotton with DMDMDHEU in the Presence of Sodium Chloride

A crosslinking treatment is reported for cotton fabric with dimethyldimethyloldihy droxyethyleneurea ( DMDMDHEU ) in the presence of various amounts of sodium chlo ride using a pad-dry-cure process. The crosslinked fabric and a control are studied for various physicochemical properties using standard methods. The distribution of cross links per anhydroglucose unit and the length of crosslinks are calculated from form aldehyde and nitrogen contents. Both number and length of crosslinks decrease with increased NaCl concentration in the pad bath. Self-condensation of resin and surface distribution ( on the treated fabrics ) are evident for fabric samples treated in the presence of sodium chloride. The relationships between various treated fabric properties are also considered.
Biorecovery of zinc from industrial effluent using native microflora

The industrial effluent of Hindustan Zinc Limited, Udaipur (India), was treated using native microflora to recover zinc. The experiments were conducted using microorganisms isolated from soil samples in nearby areas. Effects of pH and temperature on the biorecovery process were studied. Metal uptake experiments with live and dead microbial cells were carried out. Significant recovery of zinc could be achieved using native microflora and the process is pH dependent.
Diferentes tecnologias de iluminação para produção de mudas de crisântemo

The application of artificial illumination to induce photoperiodic effects on chrysanthemum nursevy production implies in a rational electrical energy use. In this context, the objective of this research was to test and to analyze the application of high intensity discharge (HID) illumination to substitute the conventional incandescent filament illumination in chrysanthemum nurseries production. The presence of floral buttons was taken as the main parameter in evaluating the tested varieties because it is closely associated to photoperiodic effects. Electrical energy evaluation parameters included demand, consumption, power factor as well as specific consumption. Results generated by the statistical analysis indicated no increase in the number of buttons associated with the high discharge illumination method. However the illumination with compacted yellow fluorescent discharge lamps of 23 W presented the lowest maximum demand as well as a 75% energy consumption reduction when compared with the 100 W incandescent lamps.
A GGA+U study of the reduction of ceria surfaces and their partial reoxidation through NO2 adsorption

We present the structure and energetics of surface reduction and NO2 adsorption on the reduced (1 1 1), (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) surfaces of ceria using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximations (GGA) corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions, GGA+U. Vacancy formation at the surfaces of the ceria show reduction of two neighbouring Ce atoms to Ce(III) and gap states in the electronic density of states (EDOS). This gives rise to relaxation of the surface with elongated Ce–O distances around the reduced sites. Reduction is the easiest on the (1 1 0) surface which displays two energetically similar structures with reduction of a sub-surface cerium ion in one of the cases. NO2 adsorbs strongly on the surface resulting in an asymmetric molecule with significant expansion of the N–O bonds for the oxygen that fills the vacant site. This activation of the molecule is the weakest on the (1 1 0) surface. Analysis of the electronic structure and spin density distributions demonstrates that one Ce(III) has been re-oxidised to Ce(IV), with the formation of an adsorbed species. These results allow a rationalisation of experimental findings and demonstrate the applicability of the GGA+U approach to the study of systems in which reduced ceria surfaces play a role.