Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specification of > 2 MeV electron flux as a function of local time and geomagnetic activity at geosynchronous orbit

An algorithm has been developed for specifying > 2 MeV electron flux everywhere along geosynchronous orbit for use in operational products. The statistics of integrated electron fluxes from four GOESs for more than a solar cycle clearly indicate that the local time variation can be represented by a Gaussian distribution as a function of geomagnetic Kp index, which empirically determines the center and the half width of the Gaussian distribution. Using the most current estimated 3 h Kp value as an input, the prediction scheme requires the most recent electron flux measurements from available GOES(s) to determine the maximum and minimum for a Gaussian fit and to provide estimated electron fluxes at geosynchronous orbit with the time resolution of the instrument. In balancing between sufficient data for statistics and the change of geomagnetic configuration, the optimal length of data accumulation time for nowcasting is 6 h when one or two satellites are available. The prediction efficiency (PE) is independent of local time and solar cycle. We found that the PE values are greater than 0.5 when Kp < 5 and independent of Kp at low and moderate values; however, PE decreases dramatically with increasing Kp when Kp ≥ 5. Although the PE varies from year to year and with the choice of the test satellite, our finding resulted in a PE > 0.6 in 67.6% of the cases and PE > 0.8 more than 23.5% of the time based on our analysis from four GOESs between 1998 and 2009. Moreover, skill scores from our newly developed algorithm are ~90% of the time better than those resulting from a simpler algorithm based on a table provided by O'Brien (2009), indicating a dramatic improvement in predictive capability.
Perfect complexes on algebraic stacks

We develop a theory of unbounded derived categories of quasi-coherent sheaves on algebraic stacks. In particular, we show that these categories are compactly generated by perfect complexes for stacks that either have finite stabilizers or are local quotient stacks. We also extend Toën and Antieau–Gepner’s results on derived Azumaya algebras and compact generation of sheaves on linear categories from derived schemes to derived Deligne–Mumford stacks. These are all consequences of our main theorem: compact generation of a presheaf of triangulated categories on an algebraic stack is local for the quasi-finite flat topology.
Smoothed Particle Inference Analysis of SNR DEM L71

Supernova remnants (SNRs) are complex, three-dimensional objects; properly accounting for this complexity when modeling the resulting X-ray emission presents quite a challenge and makes it difficult to accurately characterize the properties of the full SNR volume. We apply for the first time a novel analysis method called smoothed particle inference, which can be used to study and characterize the structure, dynamics, morphology, and abundances of the entire remnant with a single analysis. We apply the method to the SNe Ia remnant DEM L71. We present histograms and maps showing global properties of the remnant, including temperature, abundances of various elements, abundance ratios, and ionization age. Our analysis confirms the high abundance of Fe within the ejecta of the supernova, which has led to it being typed as a Ia. We demonstrate that the results obtained with this method are consistent with results derived from numerical simulations carried out by us, as well as with previous analyses in the literature. At the same time, we show that despite its regular appearance, the temperature and other parameter maps exhibit highly irregular substructure that is not captured with typical X-ray analysis methods.
TIME-DEPENDENT, COMPOSITIONALLY DRIVEN CONVECTION IN THE OCEANS OF ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS

We discuss the effect of convection driven by chemical separation at the ocean–crust boundary of accreting neutron stars. We extend the steady-state results of Medin & Cumming to transient accretors, by considering the time-dependent cases of heating during accretion outbursts and cooling during quiescence. During accretion outbursts, inward heat transport has only a small effect on the temperature profile in the outer layers until the ocean is strongly enriched in light elements, a process that takes hundreds of years to complete. During quiescence, however, inward heat transport rapidly cools the outer layers of the ocean while keeping the inner layers hot. We find that this leads to a sharp drop in surface emission at around a week followed by a gradual recovery as cooling becomes dominated by the crust. Such a dip should be observable in the light curves of these neutron star transients, if enough data is taken at a few days to a month after the end of accretion. If such a dip is definitively observed, it will provide strong constraints on the chemical composition of the ocean and outer crust.
“The Subject Matter Should Be an Adequate Trigger Warning”: How and Why Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Use (and Don’t Use) Trigger Warnings

Abstract Trigger warnings are written or oral notifications of course content meant to provide students advance notice of sensitive material that may produce adverse health responses and, therefore, inhibit academic performance. This study examined trigger warning use in an academic discipline that includes a substantial amount of graphic content regarding violence and victimization using survey data from criminal justice and criminology faculty (N = 791). Trigger warning use was widespread − 61.9% of faculty had used a trigger warning. They were largely used to allow students to prepare for upcoming material and because in the faculty’s judgment, the content warranted a trigger warning. Use was highest in Victimology courses, but trigger warnings were used in a wide array of courses. Most faculties had not changed anything in their teaching over concerns about potentially triggering material. Research is needed to see if trigger warnings are helpful to students in criminal justice and criminology courses.
Robust Extreme Learning Machine Using New Activation and Loss Functions Based on M-Estimation for Regression and Classification

This paper provides an analysis of the combining effect of novel activation function and loss function based on M-estimation in application to extreme learning machine (ELM), a feed-forward neural network. Due to the computational efficiency and classification/prediction accuracy of ELM and its variants, they have been widely exploited in the development of new technologies and applications. However, in real applications, the performance of classical ELMs deteriorates in the presence of outliers, thus, negatively impacting the precision and accuracy of the system. To further enhance the performance of ELM and its variants, we proposed novel activation functions based on the psi function of M and redescend the M-estimation method along with the smooth l 2-norm weight-loss functions to reduce the negative impact of the outliers. The proposed psi functions of several M and redescending M-estimation methods are more flexible to make more distinct features space. For the first time, the idea of the psi function as an activation function in the neural network is introduced in the literature to ensure accurate prediction. In addition, new robust l 2 norm-loss functions based on M and redescending M-estimation are proposed to deal with outliers efficiently in ELM. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology against other state-of-the-art techniques, experiments have been performed in diverse environments, which show promising improvements in application to regression and classification problems.
High-Dimensional Analysis of Finger Motion and Screening of Cervical Myelopathy With a Noncontact Sensor: Diagnostic Case-Control Study

Background: Cervical myelopathy (CM) causes several symptoms such as clumsiness of the hands and often requires surgery. Screening and early diagnosis of CM are important because some patients are unaware of their early symptoms and consult a surgeon only after their condition has become severe. The 10-second hand grip and release test is commonly used to check for the presence of CM. The test is simple but would be more useful for screening if it could objectively evaluate the changes in movement specific to CM. A previous study analyzed finger movements in the 10-second hand grip and release test using the Leap Motion, a noncontact sensor, and a system was developed that can diagnose CM with high sensitivity and specificity using machine learning. However, the previous study had limitations in that the system recorded few parameters and did not differentiate CM from other hand disorders. Objective:
Revisiting the Government Spending and Growth analysis in Ghana: A disaggregated Analysis

Government’s desire to raise economic growth in Ghana has led to a sharp rise in government spending in Ghana without any significant impact on economic growth. This study set out to investigate the relationship between economic growth and government spending at the disaggregated level with the ARDL model with annual data spanning from 1970 to 2010 to advice policy makers on the dynamics of growth. The study found out that, in both the long run and short run, government capital expenditure has a significant negative impact on economic growth but recurrent expenditure has a positive effect on economic growth in both the long run and the short run though it was not significant in the short run. The study therefore advocates for fiscal discipline and efficiency in the disbursement of capital expenditure to trigger positive benefits in the future. Key words; economic growth, government expenditure, Capital expenditure, recurrent
PURELY DRY MERGERS DO NOT EXPLAIN THE OBSERVED EVOLUTION OF MASSIVE EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES SINCE z ∼ 1

Several studies have suggested that the observed size evolution of massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) can be explained as a combination of dry mergers and progenitor bias, at least since z ∼ 1. In this paper we carry out a new test of the dry-merger scenario based on recent lensing measurements of the evolution of the mass density profile of ETGs. We construct a theoretical model for the joint evolution of the size and mass density profile slope γ′ driven by dry mergers occurring at rates given by cosmological simulations. Such dry-merger model predicts a strong decrease of γ′ with cosmic time, inconsistent with the almost constant γ′ inferred from observations in the redshift range 0 < z < 1. We then show with a simple toy model that a modest amount of cold gas in the mergers—consistent with the upper limits on recent star formation in ETGs—is sufficient to reconcile the model with measurements of γ′. By fitting for the amount of gas accreted during mergers, we find that models with dissipation are consistent with observations of the evolution in both size and density slope, if ∼4% of the total final stellar mass arises from the gas accreted since z ∼ 1. Purely dry merger models are ruled out at >99% CL. We thus suggest a scenario where the outer regions of massive ETGs grow by accretion of stars and dark matter, while small amounts of dissipation and nuclear star formation conspire to keep the mass density profile constant and approximately isothermal.
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF THE HIGH-MASS γ-RAY BINARY 1FGL J1018.6−5856: A PROBABLE NEUTRON STAR PRIMARY

We present medium-resolution optical spectroscopy with the SOAR telescope of the O star secondary of the high-mass γ-ray binary 1FGL J1018.6–5856 to help determine whether the primary is a neutron star or black hole. We find that the secondary has a low radial velocity semi-amplitude of 11–12 km s−1, with consistent values obtained for H and He absorption lines. This low value strongly favors a neutron star primary: while a black hole cannot be excluded if the system is close to face on, such inclinations are disallowed by the observed rotation of the secondary. We also find the high-energy (X-ray and γ-ray) flux maxima occur when the star is behind the compact object along our line of sight, inconsistent with a simple model of anisotropic inverse Compton scattering for the γ-ray photons.
Ocular Manifestations and Socio-Demographic Factors among Adults on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Enugu, Nigeria

HIV/AIDS is associated with systemic immune dysfunction which makes the body susceptible to certain opportunistic infections and tumours. The advent of HAART his know to provide some desired improvement leading to altered patterns of clinical finding which includes the ocular manifestations Objective: To determine the socio-demographic association, frequency and types of ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS in adult HIV positive patients in Enugu. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study. It comprised 331 randomly selected and consenting adult HIV positive patients on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) at the retroviral disease clinic of UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. They had slit lamp examination of the anterior and posterior segment. Data was obtained using an interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was with SPSS version 21. Their demographic data, frequency and pattern of ocular manifestations were presented in frequency and percentages. A p-value of < 0.05 was used to define statistical significance at 95% confidence interval. Results: The hospital prevalence of HIV related ocular manifestations was 18.4%. HIV microangiopathy was the commonest (18.8%). Posterior segment ocular manifestations were the commonest (37.7%) observed class of HIV ocular manifestations. Of those with HIV related ocular manifestations, only 33.3% had a previous history of eye problem. There was no statistically significant association between the socio-demographic variables and the ocular findings. Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy has altered the overall clinical course of HIV/AIDS. However, HIV related ocular manifestations are still common, though no association was found between the demographic variables of the population and the ocular findings. We recommend that all patients on follow up in for HIV/AIDS should continue to adhere strictly to recommended HAART regimen.
From outburst to quiescence: the decay of the transient AXP XTE J1810-197

Aims. XTE J1810-197 is the first transient anomalous X-ray pulsar ever discovered. Its highly variable X-ray flux allowed us to study the timing and spectral emission properties of a magnetar candidate over a flux range of about two orders of magnitude. Methods. We analyzed nine XMM-Newton observations of XTE J1810-197 collected over a four year baseline (September 2003– September 2007). EPIC PN and MOS data were reduced and used for detailed timing and spectral analysis. Pulse-phase spectroscopic studies were also carried out for observations with a high enough signal-to-noise. Results. We find that (i) a three-blackbody model reproduces the spectral properties of XTE J1810-197 over the entire outburst statistically better than the two blackbodies model previously used in the literature, (ii) the coldest blackbody is consistent with the thermal emission from the whole surface and has temperature and radius similar to those inferred from ROSAT observations before the outburst onset, (iii) there is a spectral feature around 1.1 keV during six consecutive observations (since March 2005). If this stems from proton resonant cyclotron scattering, it would imply a magnetic field of ∼2 × 10 14 G. This closely agrees with the value from the spin period measurements.
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine Glioma Brain Tumor Detection and Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network

The classification of the brain tumor image is playing a vital role in the medical image domain, and it directly assists the clinicians to understand the severity and to take an appropriate solution. The magnetic resonance imaging tool is used to analyze the brain tissues and to examine the different portion of brain circumstance. We propose the convolutional neural network database learning along with neighboring network limitation (CDBLNL) technique for brain tumor image classification in medical image processing domain. The proposed system architecture is constructed with multilayer-based metadata learning, and they have integrated with CNN layer to deliver the accurate information. The metadata-based vector encoding is used, and the type of coding estimation for extra dimension is known as sparse. In order to maintain the supervised data in terms of geometric format, the atoms of neighboring limitation are built based on a well-structured k-neighbored network. The resultant of the proposed system is considerably strong and subjective for classification. The proposed system used two different datasets, such as BRATS and REMBRANDT, and the proposed brain MRI classification technique outcome is more efficient than the other existing techniques.
Submersions of CR submanifolds

There is nothing difficult about the proof. It is simply a combination of the equation of Gauss for the submanifold Na V and the corresponding equation for the submersion π: N—> W. The former is classical and appears, for example, in [4] in the context of CR submanifolds. The latter is due to O'Neill [3]. The reason for singling out this theorem is its application to moduli spaces of stable holomorphic vector bundles over compact
RADIO PROPERTIES OF THE BAT AGNs: THE FIR–RADIO RELATION, THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE, AND THE MAIN SEQUENCE OF STAR FORMATION

We conducted 22 GHz 1″ JVLA imaging of 70 radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Swift-BAT survey. We find radio cores in all but three objects. The radio morphologies of the sample fall into three groups: compact and core-dominated, extended, and jet-like. We spatially decompose each image into core flux and extended flux, and compare the extended radio emission with that predicted from previous Herschel observations using the canonical FIR–radio relation. After removing the AGN contribution to the FIR and radio flux densities, we find that the relation holds remarkably well despite the potentially different star formation physics in the circumnuclear environment. We also compare our core radio flux densities with predictions of coronal models and scale-invariant jet models for the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet AGNs, and find general consistency with both models. However, we find that the LR/LX relation does not distinguish between star formation and non-relativistic AGN-driven outflows as the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet AGNs. Finally, we examine where objects with different radio morphologies fall in relation to the main sequence (MS) of star formation, and conclude that those AGNs that fall below the MS, as X-ray selected AGNs have been found to do, have core-dominated or jet-like 22 GHz morphologies.
The model theory of Cohen rings

The aim of this article is to give a self-contained account of the algebra and model theory of Cohen rings, a natural generalization of Witt rings. Witt rings are only valuation rings in case the residue field is perfect, and Cohen rings arise as the Witt ring analogon over imperfect residue fields. Just as one studies truncated Witt rings to understand Witt rings, we study Cohen rings of positive characteristic as well as of characteristic zero.Our main results are a relative completeness and a relative model completeness result for Cohen rings, which imply the corresponding Ax–Kochen/Ershov type results for unramified henselian valued fields also in case the residue field is imperfect. The key to these results is a proof of relative quantifier elimination down to the residue field in an appropriate language which holds in any unramified henselian valued field
The Role of Learning Motivation as a Mediator in the Implementation of the Professional Mukmin Program in MARA Professional College on the Formation of Students ' ‘Insaniah’ Leadership Character

Learning motivation is an important element in contributing to the effectiveness of the implementation of an educational program that shapes the character of students. A weak relationship of the elements of learning motivation will cause the objectives of the implementation of the program are not achieved. This study aims to measure the role of learning motivation as a mediator with all key elements of the implementation of the Professional Mukmin Program (PMP), namely PMP module content, the role of lecturers, management support and environmental support for the formation of ‘Insaniah’ leadership character of students in MARA Professional College. The study subjects consisted of 674 students in throughout Malaysia. Quantitative methods were implemented using the SmartPLS Path model. The results of the study confirmed the role of learning motivation as a mediator with all the key elements to the formation of students' ‘Insaniah’ leadership character. The study also confirmed all the learning motivation hypotheses has a significant relationship with all key elements in contributing to the formation of students’ ‘Insaniah’ leadership character. The results of the study will be a guide in the evaluation of other elements that also contribute to the formation of the ‘Insaniah’ leadership character of students in MARA Professional College.
Anomalous parity asymmetry of WMAP 7-year power spectrum data at low multipoles: Is it cosmological or systematics?

It is natural to assume a parity-neutral Universe and accordingly no particular parity preference in the cosmic microwave background sky. However, our investigation based on the WMAP 7-year power spectrum shows there exists a large-scale odd-parity preference with high statistical significance. We also find that the odd-parity preference in WMAP7 data is slightly higher than earlier releases. We have investigated possible origins, and ruled out various noncosmological origins. We also find that the primordial origin requires |Re[{Phi}(k)]|<<|Im[{Phi}(k)]| for k < or approx. 22/{eta}{sub 0}, where {eta}{sub 0} is the present conformal time. In other words, it requires translational invariance in the primordial Universe to be violated on scales larger than 4 Gpc. The Planck surveyor, which possesses wide frequency coverage and systematics distinct from the WMAP, may allow us to resolve the mystery of the anomalous odd-parity preference. Furthermore, polarization maps of large-sky coverage will reduce degeneracy in cosmological origins.
PHASE-RESOLVED X-RAY SPECTRA OF MAGNETARS AND THE CORONAL OUTFLOW MODEL

We test a model recently proposed for the persistent hard X-ray emission from magnetars. In the model, hard X-rays are produced by a decelerating electron-positron flow in the closed magnetosphere. The flow decelerates as it radiates its energy away via resonant scattering of soft X-rays, then it reaches the top of the magnetic loop and annihilates there. We test the model against observations of three magnetars: 4U 0142+61, 1RXS J1708–4009, and 1E 1841–045. We find that the model successfully fits the observed phase-resolved spectra. We derive constraints on the angle between the rotational and magnetic axes of the neutron star, the object inclination to the line of sight, and the size of the active twisted region filled with the plasma flow. Using the fit of the hard X-ray component of the magnetar spectrum, we revisit the remaining soft X-ray component. We find that it can be explained by a modified two-temperature blackbody model. The hotter blackbody is consistent with a hot spot covering 1%–10% of the neutron star surface. Such a hot spot is expected at the base of the magnetospheric e± outflow, as some particles created in the e± discharge flow back and bombard the stellar surface.