Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cyanobacterial calcification, carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, and Proterozoic–Cambrian changes in atmospheric composition

Photosynthetic uptake of inorganic carbon can raise the pH adjacent to cyanobacterial cells, promoting CaCO3 precipitation. This effect is enhanced by CO2 concentrating mechanisms that actively transport into cells for carbon fixation. CO2 concentrating mechanisms presumably developed in response to atmospheric decrease in CO2 and increase in O2 over geological timescales. In present‐day cyanobacteria, CO2 concentrating mechanisms are induced when the atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) falls below ∼0.4%. Reduction in pCO2 during the Proterozoic may have had two successive effects on cyanobacterial calcification. First, fall in pCO2 below ∼1% (33 times present atmospheric level, PAL) resulted in lower dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations that reduced pH buffering sufficiently for isolated CaCO3 crystals to begin to nucleate adjacent to cyanobacterial cells. As a result, blooms of planktic cyanobacteria induced precipitated ‘whitings’ of carbonate mud in the water column whose sedimentary accumulation began to dominate carbonate platforms ∼1400–1300 Ma. Second, fall in pCO2 below ∼0.4% (10 PAL) induced CO2‐concentrating mechanisms that further increased pH rise adjacent to cells and promoted in vivo cyanobacterial sheath calcification. Crossing of this second threshold is indicated in the fossil record by the appearance of Girvanella 750–700 Ma. Coeval acquisition of CO2 concentrating mechanisms by planktic cyanobacteria further stimulated whiting production. These inferences, that pCO2 fell below ∼1%∼1400–1300 Ma and below ∼0.4% 750–700 Ma, are consistent with empirical and modelled palaeo‐atmosphere estimates. Development of CO2 concentrating mechanisms was probably temporarily slowed by global cooling ∼700–570 Ma that favoured diffusive entry of CO2 into cells. Lower levels of temperature and DIC at this time would have reduced seawater carbonate saturation state, also hindering cyanobacterial calcification. It is suggested that as Earth emerged from ‘Snowball’ glaciations in the late Neoproterozoic, global warming and O2 rise reactivated the development of CO2 concentrating mechanisms. At the same time, rising levels of temperature, calcium ions and DIC increased seawater carbonate saturation state, stimulating widespread cyanobacterial in vivo sheath calcification in the Early Cambrian. This biocalcification event promoted rapid widespread development of calcified cyanobacterial reefs and transformed benthic microbial carbonate fabrics.
The Condition of the Working-Class in England, 1209-2003

The paper estimates both the real wages of male building craftsmen and laborers in England for 1209-2003, and the wage premium associated with skills. These estimates have implications for our understanding of both the Malthusian era, and of the Industrial Revolution. They reveal, for example, that from 1200 until 1800 there was no trend increase in real wages, even though by 1800 English workers were probably the best paid in the world. There was a period of as long as 350 years with no evidence of TFP growth. But they also imply that modern economic growth, fuelled by productivity advance, probably began in the seventeenth century before the institutional reforms of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Finally these estimates suggest that human capital interpretations of the Industrial Revolution, formalized by Becker et al. (1990), Galor and Weil (2000) and Lucas (2002), as presently constructed, conflict with the empirical record. Human capital accumulation in England began in an era when the market rewards to skill acquisition had fallen substantially from their medieval peak.
RELATION BETWEEN SEISMIC MOMENT M0 AND SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE MS

The relation between MS and logM0 is examined using Harvard CMT M0, with both Prague S M and the improved surface wave magnitude scale t S M [1] applied to ISC data. Although t S M shows less scatter than Prague S M , neither dataset supports a slope of MS against logM0 which tends to 1.0 towards smaller magnitudes. Instead, a good linear fit of slope 0.76 using t S M is found throughout the fitted range of M0 (2.0×10 to 1.26×10 dyne-cm), and this linearity extends down to M0=2.5×10 dyne-cm. This suggests that previous proposals that MS data support a theoretical slope of 1.0 in the low range of magnitude which may be expected from established relationships, is not justified.
Comparison of recent Indian Ocean anthropogenic CO2 estimates with a historical approach

This work compares the classic Chen and Millero [1979] approach for estimating anthropogenic CO2 from ocean carbon measurements with the more recent ΔC* technique used by Sabine et al. [1999] to estimate anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the Indian Ocean. Application of the Chen technique to the WOCE/JGOFS Indian Ocean data set gives a total anthropogenic CO2 inventory that is essentially the same as the ΔC* inventory, but there are substantial differences in the distributions within the water column. Some of these differences result from details of the application of the techniques such as the choice of which equation to use for the preformed alkalinity concentration or the choice of stoichiometric ratio to use for the biological correction. More significant differences, however, result from two fundamental differences in the techniques. One fundamental difference between the two techniques is that changes in the properties of the subsurface waters are referenced to a single deep water value in the Chen approach instead of the multiple reference points from the isopycnal analysis used in the ΔC* approach. The second fundamental difference is in the estimation of the preindustrial TCO2 distribution. Many of the differences examined have counteracting effects that may result in a total anthropogenic CO2 inventory that is similar for the two techniques. However, this similarity does not imply that both approaches are right. Comparison with global carbon models and other measurement‐based techniques do not clearly demonstrate that one technique is better than another. However, given the additional constraints of the transient tracers and the isopycnal analysis, we believe that the ΔC* technique provides a more robust estimate.
Early symbolic numeracy and gross, fine, and perceptual-motor skills in Mexican preschool children

The relation between early numeracy and motor skills has previously been examined, however, different results have been obtained depending on whether gross, fine, or perceptual-motor skills were considered in the study and the numeracy outcomes that were analyzed. The goal of the present research was to examine the relation between preschool children’s performance on two assessments of symbolic numeracy and gross, fine, and perceptual-motor skills. A total of one-hundred-and-twenty-three Mexican preschool children were assessed on their gross, fine, and perceptual-motor skills, their numeracy skills (i.e., applied problem-solving and symbolic number comparison) their numeracy precursor skills (i.e., number identification, cardinality and verbal counting), inhibitory control and visual-spatial working memory. Results from hierarchical linear regressions showed that applied problem-solving was predicted only by children’s numeracy precursor skills while the ability to compare two symbolic numbers was significantly predicted only by perceptual-motor skills. The study highlights the importance of perceptual-motor skills to children’s early numeracy learning. Keywords: Early numeracy skills; motor skills; perceptual-motor skills; preschool children.
Martian magnetic paleopoles: A geostatistical approach

Various attempts have been made to locate magnetic paleopoles on Mars by modeling individual magnetic field anomalies. In this study, a quite different approach, based on geostatistics, is taken. Discreet magnetic sources form magnetic doublet anomalies in the magnetic field that tend to align with the horizontal direction of magnetization. A semivariogram of radial field polarities on Mars indicates that magnetic field anomalies of opposite polarity tend to be separated by 14°. This phenomenon is interpreted to be due to the presence of magnetic doublet anomalies in the field. Accordingly, the autocovariances of the field polarity along longitudinal lines relative to over 1000 trial paleopole locations were examined. Magnetic paleopoles within about 50° of (230°E, 17°N) and (50°E, 17°S) were found to best explain the geostatistical structure of the polarity of the martian magnetic field.
Composition and structure of the Martian surface at high southern latitudes from neutron spectroscopy

[1] Neutron spectroscopy data acquired by Mars Odyssey are analyzed to determine the abundance and depth of near-surface water ice as a function of latitude in the southern hemisphere as well as the inventory of CO2 in the south polar residual cap. The surface is modeled as a semi-infinite, water-rich permafrost layer covered by desiccated material, which is consistent with theoretical models of ground ice stability. Latitude-dependent parameters, water abundance and depth, are determined from zonally averaged neutron counting data. Spatial mixing of the output of neutrons from regions within the footprint of the spectrometer is modeled, and asymmetrical features such as the residual cap are included in the analysis. Absorption of thermal neutrons by major elements other than hydrogen is found to have a significant influence on the determination of water abundance. Poleward of −60°, the water-rich layer contains 60% ± 10% water by weight (70% to 85% by volume) and is covered by less than 15 g/cm2 ± 5 g/cm2 of dry material. The volume fraction of water is generally higher than can be accommodated in the pore space of surface soils, which implies that water vapor diffusion processes alone cannot explain the observations. Alternatives for the formation of the water-rich layer are discussed. Results of our analysis of the residual-cap CO2 inventory support conclusions that the atmosphere is not buffered by a larger reservoir of surface CO2 at the poles and that Mars' total CO2 inventory is well represented by the present atmospheric mass.
Risk of climate change for grapevine production in Mediterranean areas.

Vineyards play an important role in the Mediterranean landscape, thanks to their good adaptation the clime, especially to semi-arid conditions which helps to explain the large extensions throughout Spain. The aim is to evaluate the risk of climate change and the implications for future decisions and policy. The results are useful for exploring solutions for and grapevine management adequate for the future in Mediterranean areas. Historical data of grapevine production in three contrasting locations is used to develop empirical statistical models that are then used to evaluate the impacts of climate change. The uncertainty of future climate conditions is evaluated by using 16 different climate scenarios. We plan to extend this preliminary analysis to include the major grapevine producing regions in Spain and include climate indices and other tools of grapevine adequacy and quality. The results presented here are part of a larger study that includes several other Mediterranean crops and scenarios (Iglesias et al., 2010).
Interannual variability of North American Monsoon hydroclimate and application to water management in the Pecos River Basin

The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Thesis directed by Professor Balaji Rajagopalan The North American Monsoon (NAM) is the large-scale atmospheric circulation system responsible for up to 55% of the annual precipitation in the southwestern U.S. These summer thunderstorms, however, are highly variable and predicting the variability in the strength, location, and timing of monsoonal precipitation and streamflow is understandably very important for efficient water resources management. This research, comprised of three main components, analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of NAM precipitation and streamflow; and using this information it develops a statistical forecasting framework which is then integrated with a decision support system to evaluate water management strategies on the Pecos River Basin. First, the interannual variability of precipitation and streamflow in the NAM region of southwest U.S. is studied and large-scale and local climate features that drive the variability are diagnosed using robust Spearman rank correlation analysis and Kendall Theil slope estimators. These analyses led to the proposal of the following hypothesis: antecedent Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) modulate the winter/spring hydroclimatology and land conditions of the NAM region, thus playing an important role in setting up the land-ocean temperature gradient (the key driver of the NAM), and, consequently, in modulating monsoonal rainfall and precipitation. This offers increased hopes of long-lead forecasts of summer iv hydrologic conditions in the NAM region. The second component of this study develops a framework for generating ensemble forecasts of spring and summer streamflow at five lead times using the large-scale climate information obtained from the diagnostics. In the third, and final, component of this study, streamflow exceedance probabilities calculated from the ensemble forecasts are used in a decision support system, modeled with RiverWare, to evaluate various water management options for reservoir releases, irrigation diversions and interstate spill in the Pecos River Basin. The Pecos River receives a significant portion of its annual streamflow in the summertime from monsoon thunderstorms, however operations on the river do not utilize forecasts of this important moisture source. The research framework developed here demonstrates significant improvements to water management though decreased reservoir spills and increased irrigation water delivery. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. Clark. Each provided a unique perspective …
Interfacial solitary wave run-up in the St. Lawrence Estuary

Density variations show evidence of interfacial solitary waves (ISW) running up the sloping boundary of an island in the St. Lawrence Estuary, confirming inferences based remote sensing. Further detail is suggested by simulations created with a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model. The simulations confirm theoretical predictions of the location of wave breaking, something that is difficult to observe in the field. Two other results of the simulations match laboratory findings: the creation of turbulent boluses that propagate upslope of the breaking zone, and the creation of an intermediate layer that transports mixed water away from the mixing site. Although our sampling could not resolve the intermediate mixing layer, it did provide evidence of boluses. In addition to ISW breaking the bolus and intrusion effects may also be important in coastal regions.
South America's earliest (Ordovician, Floian) crinoids

Abstract Two new Early Ordovician crinoids have been discovered in Gondwanan rocks of northwest Argentina. Ramseyocrinus argentinus n. sp. , among the most complete for the genus, aids in reconstructing key morphology. Ramseyocrinus is unorthodox with just four radials forming the entire cup, these articulating to five arms above and a tetrameric stem below. Evidence is presented radials comprise A, B, D, and E ray elements (C absent) with B and D radials adjoining to form a compound facet for the C arm. Thus the cup entirely lacks posterior plating; an elongate anal sac projects from the CD tegmen region alongside the C arm. Cup synapomorphies closely link Ramseyocrinus and the Middle Ordovician Tetragonocrinus; inclusion of this clade within disparids is tenuous. Quechuacrinus ticsa n. gen. and sp. , increases the paleogeographic range of reteocrinid camerates, previously documented only from Laurentia. This taxon expresses synapomorphies characterizing the Late Ordovician Reteocrinus, demonstrating the antiquity of this morphotype.
Forage Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value Dynamics of a Mixed Cool-Season Grass Sward across Seasons

6. Nave, R. L. G. ; Sulc, R. M. ; Barker, D. J. 2011. Using the correlation of forage nutritive value and morphological composition to manage a cool-season grass sward. Graduate Student Competition – C6 International Annual Meetings ASA-CSSASSSA – San Antonio/TX 7. Nave, R. L. G. ; Sulc, M. R. ; Barker, D. 2010. Seasonal Changes in Forage Quality of a Mixed Cool-Season Grass Sward. Graduate Student Competition – C6 International Annual Meetings ASA-CSSA-SSSA – Long Beach/CA 8. Nave, R. L. G. ; Sulc, M. R. ; Barker, D. 2010. Seasonal Changes in Forage Quality in Strata of a Mixed Cool-Season Grass Sward. Graduate Student Competition – Research Retreat – Department of Horticulture and Crop Science – Columbus/OH 9. Nave, R. L. G. ; Pedreira, C. G. S. ; Lima, C. G. 2009. Canonical Correlations among Forage Quality Traits of Palisadegrass under Rotational Grazing. C6 International Annual Meetings ASA-CSSA-SSSA – Pittsburgh/PA 10. Nave, R. L. G. ; Sulc, M. R. ; Barker, D. 2009. Relationship between Biomass Accumulation and Forage Quality in a Mixed Cool-Season Grass Sward. Graduate Student Competition – C6 International Annual Meetings ASA-CSSA-SSSA – Pittsburgh/PA 11. Nave, R. L. G. ; Sulc, M. R. ; Barker, D. 2009. Forage biomass and nutritive value dynamics of a mixed cool-season grass sward across seasons. Graduate Student Competition – Research Retreat – Department of Horticulture and Crop Science – Wooster/OH
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews

Objectives This study aims to summarise the evidence on more than 140 pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD) and to evaluate the confidence that patients and clinicians can have in the underlying science about their effects. Design This is a review of systematic reviews. Data sources This study used MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and Epistemonikos from 2011 up to February 2017 for systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials in adult patients with acute-phase MDD. Methods We dually reviewed abstracts and full-text articles, rated the risk of bias of eligible systematic reviews and graded the strength of evidence. Results Nineteen systematic reviews provided data on 28 comparisons of interest. For general efficacy, only second-generation antidepressants were supported with high strength evidence, presenting small beneficial treatment effects (standardised mean difference: −0.35; 95% CI −0.31 to −0.38), and a statistically significantly higher rate of discontinuation because of adverse events than patients on placebo (relative risk (RR) 1.88; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.28). Only cognitive behavioural therapy is supported by reliable evidence (moderate strength of evidence) to produce responses to treatment similar to those of second-generation antidepressants (45.5% vs 44.2%; RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.30). All remaining comparisons of non-pharmacological treatments with second-generation antidepressants either led to inconclusive results or had substantial methodological shortcomings (low or insufficient strength of evidence). Conclusions In contrast to pharmacological treatments, the majority of non-pharmacological interventions for treating patients with MDD are not evidence based. For patients with strong preferences against pharmacological treatments, clinicians should focus on therapies that have been compared directly with antidepressants. Trial registration number International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: 42016035580.
Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: An Updated Review

Depression represents one of the most common non-motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and it has been related to worse life quality, higher levels of disability, and cognitive impairment, thereby majorly affecting not only the patients but also their caregivers. Available pharmacological therapeutic options for depression in PD mainly include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants; meanwhile, agents acting on dopaminergic pathways used for motor symptoms, such as levodopa, dopaminergic agonists, and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, may also provide beneficial antidepressant effects. Recently, there is a growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy; physical exercise, including dance and mind–body exercises, such as yoga, tai chi, and qigong; acupuncture; therapeutic massage; music therapy; active therapy; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for refractory cases. However, the optimal treatment approach for PD depression is uncertain, its management may be challenging, and definite guidelines are also lacking. It is still unclear which of these interventions is the most appropriate and for which PD stage under which circumstances. Herein, we aim to provide an updated comprehensive review of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for depression in PD, focusing on recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological agents that are currently under investigation at a clinical level, as well as future approaches based on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset of depression in PD.
Flow signatures on the bed and the surface of ice sheets

Ice flow produces morphological features at the bed and on the surface of ice sheets. These ‘flow signatures’ provide us with an insight into the mechanisms, history and characteristics of ice sheet flow. In this thesis I examine the characteristics of basal and surficial ice sheet flow signatures, as well as possible links between them. The first chapter introduces ice sheet flow signatures. At the bed, a suite of landforms known as subglacial bedforms are found. The surface of an ice sheet is home to longitudinal surface structures (LSSs) and transverse surface structures (TSSs). Whilst the two environments are mostly considered in isolation, links between the sets of flow signatures found at each have been suggested. Section A deals with basal flow signatures. Chapter 2 asks whether subglacial bedforms are patterned. Drumlins are found to be regularly placed within the landscape, and likely grow or shrink over time. Chapter 3 examines whether subglacial bedforms conform to a size and shape continuum. By collating and analysing a dataset of 96,900 measurements of size and shape it is found that 3 continua of subglacial bedforms exist: flutes, lineations and ribs. The latter two are joined by an understudied class of quasi-circular bedforms. Section B deals with surficial flow signatures. In Chapter 4 I present and analyse a map of the LSSs of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The morphology, spatial distribution and glaciological context of LSSs leads to the proposal of a model for their formation. Chapter 5 presents the first systematic study of TSSs. Mapping and analysis reveals that TSSs are regularly spaced, differ little in their morphology between ice streams and are most likely stationary. Section C compares basal and surficial ice sheet flow signatures. In Chapter 6, morphological comparisons, a case study of the Rutford Ice Stream, analysis of ice penetrating radar and examination of ice flow modelling lead to the conclusion that the majority of basal and surficial flow signatures are separate entities. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis and provides suggestions for future research.