Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition and correlation of volcanic ash beds of Silurian age from the eastern Baltic

Abstract Sanidine composition and bulk geochemistry of volcanic ash beds from the East Baltic indicate the subalkaline nature of the volcanism near the margins of the Baltica plate during the Silurian. Several bentonites in the Wenlock include a previously unknown sanidine with 48 to 58 mol % of the Na+Ca component. In contrast to the earlier Telychian volcanism, sodium-rich sanidine occurs in ash beds which originate from relatively moderately evolved dacitic magma. The studied material from two drill cores integrated with previous research enables production of a more complete list of 49 volcanic eruption layers for the lower to middle Wenlock in the East Baltic. This updated list of bentonites characterized by their sanidine compositions forms a good basis for future integrated bio- and chemostratigraphic correlations in northern Europe.
Emissions of volatile organic compounds from cut grass and clover are enhanced during the drying process

The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by drying grass and clover leaves and stems was studied in the laboratory using proton‐transfer chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry, which enables the simultaneous, on‐line monitoring of VOC concentrations. A burst of VOC emissions due to cutting the leaves and stems was followed by a second, more intense emission lasting for several hours when the vegetation was starting to dry out. In addition to (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexenol, and hexenyl acetate, that were emitted by the plant tissue in response to the wounding, enhanced emissions of methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone, and possibly formaldehyde were observed. These findings may have important implications for regional air quality in agricultural and urban areas.
Meta-analysis of influential factors on crop yield estimation by remote sensing

Crop yield estimation by remote sensing is an important task in food security. Despite numerous studies in this field, there is a lack of a systematic analysis on the past studies to enable researchers to link individual case studies together. In this article, meta-analysis is adopted to pool various studies around the world and reveal the influences of the factors (such as crop types, soil orders, and climate systems) on the correlations between crop yield and remote-sensing data. The meta-analysis synthesizes the data on the effectiveness of NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) on crop-yield estimation and it has been found that the correlation coefficient (r) varies significantly. Different correlation values are found in different crop types, with the highest 0.88 in cotton and the lowest 0.79 in sugar cane. They are found to be related to the single-leaf blades of the crops except for sugar cane. In addition, the meta-analysis results show that the correlations are also affected by the soil orders and climates, as is evident from the positive correlation with fertility and the negative correlation with precipitation and temperature, respectively. The mean correlation in Mollisols is stronger than that in Oxisols, and the value in hot and humid climates (e.g. humid subtropical climate) is lower than that in dry and cold climates (e.g. temperate continental climate). The study provides useful information for future individual case studies and meta-analysis in this field.
Controls on Stylolite Development: Morphologic, Lithologic, and Temporal Evidence from Bedding-Parallel and Transverse Stylolites from the U.S. Appalachians

Quantification of morphology of bedding-parallel and transverse (or "tectonic") stylolites from the southern Appalachians reveals that, regardless of tectonic setting or stylolite orientation, lithologic heterogeneity controls stylolite development. For example, stylolites in more heterogeneous carbonate lithologies (packstones and grainstones) are more serrate than those in wackestones and mudstones. Similarly, early-forming stylolites are more serrate than late-forming stylolites, and computer simulations suggest that decreases in porosity or other lithologic heterogeneity cause the less serrate nature of late-forming stylolites. The linkage of a stylolite's morphology to its time of development should allow field estimation of timing of stylolitization and thus of timing of loading or compression. Although bedding-parallel and transverse stylolites generally result from different kinds of compression, morphological relations indicate that their development follows the same fundamental patterns. Bedding-parallel stylolites are, on average, thicker and less serrate than transverse stylolites, but that difference may only reflect the development of some bedding-parallel stylolites in clay-rich beds. Bedding-parallel stylolites can predate or postdate transverse stylolites that they intersect, illustrating that bedding-parallel stylolites, which are commonly considered "diagenetic," can have a tectonic origin, either from loading by thrust sheets or from loading by orogenically derived sediments. Transverse stylolites, which provide the best record of the lithology in which pressure dissolution began, are found in host rocks with insoluble residue contents ranging from 2 to 21 wt %. The broad range of clay contents disproves previous claims that stylolites form only in clay-poor carbonate rocks, and it suggests that the role of clays in pressure dissolution may depend on whether clays are the only source of permeability in the host rocks.
Cosmological constraints from density-split clustering in the BOSS CMASS galaxy sample

We present a clustering analysis of the BOSS DR12 CMASS galaxy sample, combining measurements of the galaxy two-point correlation function and density-split clustering down to a scale of $1\,h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$. Our theoretical framework is based on emulators trained on high-fidelity mock galaxy catalogues that forward model the cosmological dependence of the clustering statistics within an extended-$\Lambda$CDM framework, including redshift-space and Alcock-Paczynski distortions. Our base-$\Lambda$CDM analysis finds $\omega_{\rm cdm} = 0.1201\pm 0.0022$, $\sigma_8 = 0.792\pm 0.034$, and $n_s = 0.970\pm 0.018$, corresponding to $f\sigma_8 = 0.462\pm 0.020$ at $z \approx 0.525$, which is in agreement with Planck 2018 predictions and various clustering studies in the literature. We test single-parameter extensions to base-$\Lambda$CDM, varying the running of the spectral index, the dark energy equation of state, and the density of massless relic neutrinos, finding no compelling evidence for deviations from the base model. We model the galaxy-halo connection using a halo occupation distribution framework, finding signatures of environment-based assembly bias in the data. We validate our pipeline against mock catalogues that match the clustering and selection properties of CMASS, showing that we can recover unbiased cosmological constraints even with a volume 84 times larger than the one used in this study.
Loupe: Driving the Development of OS Compatibility Layers

Supporting mainstream applications is fundamental for a new OS to have impact. It is generally achieved by developing a layer of compatibility allowing applications developed for a mainstream OS like Linux to run unmodified on the new OS. Building such a layer, as we show, results in large engineering inefficiencies due to the lack of efficient methods to precisely measure the OS features required by a set of applications. We propose Loupe, a novel method based on dynamic analysis that determines the OS features that need to be implemented in a prototype OS to bring support for a target set of applications and workloads. Loupe guides and boosts OS developers as they build compatibility layers, prioritizing which features to implement in order to quickly support many applications as early as possible. We apply our methodology to 100+ applications and several OSes currently under development, demonstrating high engineering effort savings vs. existing approaches: for example, for the 62 applications supported by the OSv kernel, we show that using Loupe, would have required implementing only 37 system calls vs. 92 for the non-systematic process followed by OSv developers. We study our measurements and extract novel key insights. Overall, we show that the burden of building compatibility layers is significantly less than what previous works suggest: in some cases, only as few as 20% of system calls reported by static analysis, and 50% of those reported by naive dynamic analysis need an implementation for an application to successfully run standard benchmarks.
A comparison of the geometry, spatial organization and fracture patterns associated with forced folds and buckle folds

Abstract In this paper the three-dimensional geometry and spatial organization of folds (both buckle folds and various types of forced folds) are considered, together with their associated fracture patterns, in an attempt to determine if these features can be used in regions of poor exposure or in areas where the geologist must rely on seismic data to indicate the type of folding that has occurred. This study of the relationship between the various fold types and associated fracture patterns draws on theoretical considerations of ideal conceptual models of folds, analogue models and field studies.
Collaborative Distributed Machine Learning

Various collaborative distributed machine learning (CDML) systems, including federated learning systems and swarm learning systems, with different key traits were developed to leverage resources for development and use of machine learning (ML) models in a confidentiality-preserving way. To meet use case requirements, suitable CDML systems need to be selected. However, comparison between CDML systems regarding their suitability for use cases is often difficult. This work presents a CDML system conceptualization and CDML archetypes to support comparison of CDML systems and introduce scientific and practical audiences to the principal functioning and key traits of CDML systems.
Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Video Question Answering with Multi-Modal Prompts

Recent vision-language models are driven by large-scale pretrained models. However, adapting pretrained models on limited data presents challenges such as overfitting, catastrophic forgetting, and the cross-modal gap between vision and language. We introduce a parameter-efficient method to address these challenges, combining multimodal prompt learning and a transformer-based mapping network, while keeping the pretrained models frozen. Our experiments on several video question answering benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of our approach in terms of performance and parameter efficiency on both zero-shot and few-shot settings. Our code is available at https://engindeniz.github. io/vitis.
Recurrences for elliptic hypergeometric integrals

In recent work (math.QA/0309252) on multivariate hypergeometric integrals, the author generalized a conjectural integral formula of van Diejen and Spiridonov to a ten parameter integral provably invariant under an action of the Weyl group E_7. In the present note, we consider the action of the affine Weyl group, or more precisely, the recurrences satisfied by special cases of the integral. These are of two flavors: linear recurrences that hold only up to dimension 6, and three families of bilinear recurrences that hold in arbitrary dimension, subject to a condition on the parameters. As a corollary, we find that a codimension one special case of the integral is a tau function for the elliptic Painlev\'e equation.
Thinning in Trembling Aspen stands: Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Results of eight thinning experiments in trembling aspen (Pap1l11l.s tl'cmu­ laides Michx.) have been pooled, chiefly for the purpose of developing tentative thinning regimes for the eastern plains area of Canada. Thinning regimes to age 40 were developed, and they indicate that total volume production can be increased by as much as 25 per cent by thinning at 5-year intervals. Under a heavy thinning schedule, crop trees at age 40 can be expected to average 8.0 inches in diameter at breast height as compared to 6.0 inches in unthinned stands. Maximum net periodic total volume increments for 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-old stands were achieved at about 30, 50, 65, 85 and 100 square feet basal area per acre respectively. Published under the authority of The Honourable Maurice Sauve, P.C. , M.P . Minister of Forestry Ottawa, 1966
Compositional Program Generation for Few-Shot Systematic Generalization

Compositional generalization is a key ability of humans that enables us to learn new concepts from only a handful examples. Neural machine learning models, including the now ubiquitous Transformers, struggle to generalize in this way, and typically require thousands of examples of a concept during training in order to generalize meaningfully. This difference in ability between humans and artificial neural architectures, motivates this study on a neuro-symbolic architecture called the Compositional Program Generator (CPG). CPG has three key features: \textit{modularity}, \textit{composition}, and \textit{abstraction}, in the form of grammar rules, that enable it to generalize both systematically to new concepts in a few-shot manner, as well as productively by length on various sequence-to-sequence language tasks. For each input, CPG uses a grammar of the input language and a parser to generate a parse in which each grammar rule is assigned its own unique semantic module, a probabilistic copy or substitution program. Instances with the same parse are always processed with the same composed modules, while those with different parses may be processed with different modules. CPG learns parameters for the modules and is able to learn the semantics for new rules and types incrementally, without forgetting or retraining on rules it's already seen. It achieves perfect generalization on both the SCAN and COGS benchmarks using just 14 examples for SCAN and 22 examples for COGS -- state-of-the-art accuracy with a 1000x improvement in sample efficiency.
Chiral Photonic Super‐Crystals Based on Helical van der Waals Homostructures

Chirality is one of the most mysterious symmetry transformations. Very readily broken in biological systems, it is practically absent in naturally occurring inorganic materials and is very challenging to create artificially. Chiral optical wavefronts are often used for the identification, control, and discrimination of left‐ and right‐handed biological and other molecules. Thus, it is crucially important to create materials capable of chiral interaction with light, which would allow one to assign arbitrary chiral properties to a light field. This study utilizes van der Waals technology to assemble helical homostructures with chiral properties (e.g., circular dichroism). Because of the large range of van der Waals materials available, such helical homostructures can be assigned with very flexible optical properties. The approach is demonstrated by creating helical homostructures based on multilayer (arsenic trisulfide), which offers the most pronounced chiral properties even in thin structures due to its strong biaxial optically anisotropy. The work showcases that the chirality of an electromagnetic system may emerge at an intermediate level between the molecular and the mesoscopic one due to the tailored arrangement of non‐chiral layers of van der Waals crystals and without additional patterning.
Placing a value on academic work The development and implementation of a time-based academic workload model

This paper presents a detailed case study of the development and implementation of a quantifiable academic workload model in the education faculty of an Australian university. Flowing from the enterprise bargaining process, the Academic Staff Agreement required the implementation of a workload allocation model for academics that was quantifiable in terms of hours with a stipulated annual maximum. Upon its eventual implementation, evidence emerged of academic workloads well beyond the supposed upper limit to hours. The case study demonstrates the highly political nature of defining academic work. With the emphasis in a modern university on competition driven by reduced funding and limited resources, academics are increasingly held accountable through performance management for teaching and research outcomes. The case study revealed the inherent tensions that arose between academics and managers as the related issues were negotiated.
Late orogenic strike-slip faulting and escape tectonics in frontal Dinarides-Hellenides, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece

The frontal zone of the Dinarides and its foreland are characterized by the presence of major late orogenic northwest-southeast faults trending parallel to and locally dissecting the leading edge of the thin-skinned thrust belt. On the basis of their geometry and regional distribution, these structures are interpreted as right-lateral strike-slip faults and are related to the formation of en echelon compres sional structures in the Split-Dubrovnik area of the central Adriatic region and to the opening of the post-Messinian pull-apart Albanian foredeep (South Adriatic Basin) in the Pliocene-Holocene. These strike-slip faults represent the last stage of the mountain-building process in the Pliocene and Holocene, when the forelandward prop agation of the Dinaric thrust belt was inhibited by stacking of thrust sheets and by overall thickening of the colliding continental crust. In that respect, the Dinaric side of the Apulia (Adria) differs from the Apenninic side, where the thin-skinned thrusting progressed normally toward the foreland until the Pliocene. On a regional scale, these northwest-southeast-trending strike-slip faults in the frontal Dinarides and their apparent continuation to the Hellenides of western Greece, as well as the dextral Vardar fault system, indicate the existence of escape tectonics in the Di naric-Hellenic region. During the last stage of orogeny, the strike-slip faults provided a means of tectonic transport from the collision zone of Apulia with Europe toward the subduction zone of the Hellenic Trench. In southern Greece, the southeastward-moving Dinaric-Hellenic blocks apparently interfered with the westward-moving Anatolian plate and deflected it southwestward. The Albanian foredeep, in terms of tectonic setting, resembles the pull-apart Vienna basin, which formed within the attenuated southwest-northeast-trending transfer zone of the West Carpathi ans during the last stages of the Alpine orogeny. The late orogenic strike-slip faulting may have breached seals and thus negatively affected the hydrocarbon potential of the Dinaric-Hellenic side of the peri-Adriatic region, as contrasted with that of the more prolific Apenninic side, which was not significantly disrupted by the late orogenic strike-slip faulting.
Framework Dilation, Winnowing, and Matrix Particle Size: The Behavior of Some Sand-Gravel Mixtures in a Laboratory Flume

ABSTRACT A series of experiments have been carried out in a laboratory flume to simulate the conditions in a gravel-bed river with a supply of finer, sand-size material under flow conditions where some or all of the material is in motion. The experimental program incorporated three sets of experiments: (1) where flows were just above the theoretical threshold for entrainment of the sand; (2) where flows were at the theoretical threshold for entrainment of the gravel, and (3) where flows were well above the threshold for both transport of sand and gravel. Particle movements were monitored using a new digital photographic and image analysis method that allows detection of motions over periods as small as 0.04 s. The results show that, where flows are capable of moving only the finer material, grain size of the matrix is controlled by a combination of winnowing and particle overpassing. Under these conditions the grain size of the fine material trapped in the pore spaces of the gravel declines downstream. Once the gravel becomes entrained, the processes are very different. Just before the surface gravel layer is eroded, the framework lifts and dilates, causing matrix particles to move down into subsurface pores. Under these conditions matrix grain size increases downstream, because larger matrix particles are more likely to become stuck in pore throats and entrained with the gravel framework. The dilation process is hitherto unreported and has many implications for sediment transport. It appears that lift, not drag, is the important force during the early stages of entrainment and, as a result, fine matrix particles can be less mobile than those of the coarser framework.
- CAMBIO DE RÉGIMEN Y SOSTENIBILIDAD A LARGO PLAZO DE LA POLÍTICA FISCAL: EL CASO DE ESPAÑA

In this paper, the Spanish fiscal policy sustainability is tested for the period 1964-1996. The theoretical framework used in this paper draws from Quintos (1995) where a distinction between weak and strong conditions for deficit sustainability is pointed out. From an empirical point of view, new cointegration techniques allowing for structural breaks in the long-run relationships as well as in the cointegration parameters are implemented in order to reach a deeper insight. En este trabajo se contrasta la sostenibilidad de la politica fiscal en la economia espanola para el periodo 1964-1996 utilizando el planteamiento teorico propuesto en Quintos (1995). Desde el punto de vista empirico, la novedad del estudio radica en la utilizacion de nuevas tecnicas de cointegracion que recogen la posibilidad de cambios estructurales, tanto en las relaciones de largo plazo como en los parametros de cointegracion.
Monitoring the length structure of commercial landings of albacore tuna during the 2001-2002 fishing year

Albacore tuna caught by trolling in New Zealand waters during the 2001–02 fishing season were sampled in fish sheds to determine the length composition and length-weight relationship. Albacore sampled in the 2001−02 fishing year had a mean fork length of 63.6 cm, and ranged in size from 42−89 cm, with nearly all fish (99%) in the 47−83 cm range. Length:weight relationships are determined. Log of fork length plotted against log of green weight produced a significant linear relationship (R=0.95). Nearly all of the albacore sampled in the troll fishery over a six year period from 1996−97 to 2001−02 are in the 47−82 cm size range (99%), with a mean fork length of 63.8 cm. Data are presented for the troll catch in comparison with the New Zealand observed longline catch of albacore. Longline caught albacore are larger, with an average fork length of 82.6 cm, and most fish (99%) are in the 59−105 cm size range. Albacore caught by trolling around the New Zealand coast tend to be smaller than those caught by troll vessels from the U.S.A. fishing in the sub-tropical convergence zone, the only other surface fishery for the South Pacific albacore stock. Fish caught by longline throughout the South Pacific are all larger sub-adult and adult fish. Continued monitoring of the catch composition of juvenile albacore in the New Zealand troll fishery is a critical input to the length-based regional stock assessment of the South Pacific albacore stock. The New Zealand fishery catches up to half of the total removals of juveniles from this stock and is one of only a few target fisheries for this stock. Failure to monitor size composition in this stock would appreciably increase uncertainty of stock assessments.