Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Irrationality of Continued Fire Suppression: An Avoided Cost Analysis of Fire Hazard Reduction Treatments Versus No Treatment

Without large-scale implementation of fire hazard reduction treatments, the costs of uncharacteristic crown fires in southwest forests will continue to increase. Federal policy continues to allocate vastly more funds to suppression than to prefire hazard reduction. We examined the economic rationality of continuing this policy of emphasizing fire suppression activities over restoration-based fire hazard reduction treatments. We compared treatment plus fire suppression costs to the cost of fire suppression without treatments over 40 years for southwestern forests. This avoided-cost analysis estimates the amount one could invest in treatments to avoid the future cost of fire suppression. Using conservative economic values, we found that avoided future costs justifies spending $238‐601/ac for hazard reduction treatments in the southwest. We conclude that the policy of underfunding hazard reduction treatments does not represent rational economic behavior, because funding hazard reduction would pay for itself by lowering future fire suppression costs.
Gonadal histology in the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae)

In nature, most individuals of Rivulus marmoratus are reportedly self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. A few rare individuals are males, but females have never been found in the field or laboratory. We describe the gonadal histology of this unique fish, mainly on the basis of light-microscopic studies with some elaboration by electron microscopy. Analysis of gonadal structure and the characterization of the stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis allowed us to categorize functional gender and to construct the probable sequence of gonadal development in mature individuals. In our laboratory, some hermaphrodites underwent ovarian regression and testicular proliferation to become secondary males. One individual also developed as a primary male. However, the type of male could generally not be distinguished. Testicular tissue composed only a small portion (less than 10%) of the gonad of most hermaphrodites.
Resource Scheduling of Workflow Tasks in Cloud Environment

In a business or scientific application, most of the jobs consist of multiple computational tasks, having precedence relationships among the tasks. Such a job is generally represented by a workflow. Efficient resource allocation for the tasks of a workflow-based job is a challenging area of research, especially in a public cloud environment. At one end, we need to complete the job at a lower cost by reducing the peak demand of virtual resources for the tasks. At the other end, we need to minimize the makespan of the workflow to achieve high throughput. This research focuses on minimizing the peak demand of the virtual resources to complete the job within its minimum makespan. Determining an optimal solution to the problem is NP-Hard. Hence, we have proposed a polynomial-time heuristic, called Resource-aware Workflow Scheduling (RaWS). We have also analyzed the performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing it with the existing algorithms, namely Heterogeneous Earliest-Finish-Time (HEFT) and Dynamic Heterogeneous Earliest-Finish-Time (DHEFT). The proposed algorithm notably reduces both the peak demand of virtual resources and the makespan of the workflow.
Control of Volunteer Glyphosate-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max)1

Volunteer corn in soybean can reduce yields, interfere with harvest, and cause unacceptable levels of contamination by its presence in the harvested soybean. In Ontario, soybean frequently follow corn in rotation. The use of glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean varieties has increased dramatically in Ontario. Field studies were conducted at two locations in southwestern Ontario to determine whether quizalofop-p-ethyl, clethodim, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl can be tank mixed with glyphosate to provide effective control of volunteer glyphosate-resistant corn in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Soybean plots were overseeded with glyphosate-resistant corn and treatments consisting of glyphosate applied alone and tank mixed with full and reduced rates of each graminicide with and without a recommended surfactant. Tank mixing the graminicides and adjuvants with glyphosate did not affect glyphosate weed control or crop tolerance. Use of a recommended adjuvant significantly improved the effectiveness of the graminicides, particularly when reduced rates were applied. Quizalofop-p-ethyl was the most effective graminicide for controlling glyphosate-resistant volunteer corn, followed by clethodim and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Nomenclature: Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Pioneer 9294 RR’; volunteer corn, Zea mays L. Additional index words: Graminicides, efficacy. Abbreviation: DAT, days after treatment.
First Report of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer) on Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de wit in Ethiopia and a Preliminary Investigation into Its Impacts

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Fabaceae) was introduced to Ethiopia in the early 1980s. Even though this plant is not yet problematic, nor categorized as an invasive species in the country, there are several reports that place leucaena as an extremely damaging weed elsewhere, raising warning signs regarding the potential impacts of the plant in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to make a preliminary assessment of the impact of a pre-dispersal seed feeding bruchid associated with L. leucocephala and determine its impacts on seed germination in Ethiopia. The study demonstrated that the bruchid Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer) (Chrysomelidae) was present at all sites surveyed and damaged up to 44 % of seeds of L. leucocephala at the study sites. Damaged seeds showed reduced germination performance resulting in seedlings with weak, yellow and fragile root systems compared to healthy seeds. This is the first report on the presence of A. macrophthalmus in Ethiopia. Therefore, future studies need to focus on the level of infestations of the plant and the impacts of the plant across the country.
A Theory of Geomagnetic Micropulsations I

A theory of one of several possible mechanisms responsible for micropulsations is presented. It is shown that hydromagnetic waves generated by an instability of the interface between solar wind and magnetosphere are transmitted through the magnetosphere and received on the surface of the earth as micropulsations. The bandwidth of the micropulsations essentially determined by the source mechanism is found to be a few tenths of a second to hundreds of seconds. The important role of the path in the magnetosphere, including that in the outer exosphere in determining the transmission characteristics of micropulsations is analyzed. The crucial role of the slightest variation of the path length in the outer magnetosphere (due to variations in the solar wind) in masking out the resonances of lower exosphere and upper ionosphere is discussed. The resonances in transmission due to the path in outer magnetosphere are seen to be more likely than those of the lower exosphere and upper ionosphere.
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF THE PSYCHIATRIC PHARMACIST

Psychiatric pharmacists have specialized knowledge, skills, and training or substantial experience working with patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. As part of the collaborative team with a physician, psychiatric pharmacists can provide comprehensive medication management (CMM), a direct patient care service, to patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders. CMM is a standard of care in which all medications for an individual patient are assessed to determine appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. Studies have shown that when psychiatric pharmacists are included as part of the collaborative team with a physician, medication-related outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders improve. Despite the evidence supporting the value of psychiatric pharmacists as part of the health care team, the very limited mechanisms for compensation for CMM limit the numbers of patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders who have access to services provided by a psychiatric pharmacist. We believe that all patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders should have access to CMM provided by a psychiatric pharmacist.
Phylogeography and systematics of Acanthogammarus s. str., giant amphipod crustaceans from Lake Baikal

Daneliya, M. E. , Kamaltynov, R. M. & Väinölä, R. (2011). Phylogeography and systematics of Acanthogammarus s. str. , giant amphipod crustaceans from Lake Baikal. —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 623–637.
The food composition of two brown frog populations (Rana dalmatina and Rana temporaria) from Slaj County, Romania

The studied individuals fed very intensely during the research. There are no important differences between the feeding of the two species or of the Rana dalmatina adults and sub-adults. The food competition between the two species was reduced, or even lacked, at least during the study. In the stomach contents of both species and size classes we identified vegetal matter, shed-skin fragments and animal preys belonging to 32 invertebrate groups. The Araneida was the most important prey taxa for R. dalmatina, while the Coleoptera was the most important one for R. temporaria. R. temporaria registered the highest food diversity, while the lowest one was recorded by the R. dalmatina sub-adults. Both species and R. dalmatina classes use the sit-and-wait strategy, consuming large preys. R. temporaria consumed the largest preys, while the R. dalmatina sub-adults captured the smallest ones. Both species seem to be opportunistic predators, without trophic selectivity.
Impact of legume 'break' crops on the residual amount and distribution of soil mineral nitrogen

Important factors in the successful uptake of grain legumes by cereal growers have been their capacity to increase soil N and control cereal disease, as these have underpinned high yields in following wheat crops. However, alternative 1-year legume crops are required to introduce additional biodiversity and management flexibility for cereal growers. The effects on soil mineral N and potential contribution to soil total N of other legume enterprises were studied. These included vetch (Vicia bengalhensis) or clovers (mix of Trifolium alexandrinum, T. versiculosum, T. resupinatum) managed for green manure; pea (Pisum sativum), vetch, or clovers managed for silage; and clovers managed for hay. These were compared with pea and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) managed for grain production. Wheat was also included as a control. The legumes were grown in acidic Red Kandasol soil at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales, in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Mineral N was measured in the autumn or winter of seasons 1997 and 1998 respectively. Amounts of stubble residue N were measured in all seasons. The green manure crops, particularly vetch, produced more mineral N than both grain legumes. The forage conservation crops (silage or hay) produced similar amounts of mineral N to grain pea and more than grain lupin. For the grain and green manure legume crops, variation in amounts of mineral N was explained by the total N content of legume stubble residue, but for the forage conservation crops, more mineral N was measured than was predictable from stubble N. The amounts of mineral N at different soil depths differed between legume treatments and experiments (sites and years). Based only on above-ground plant N, the green manure crops contributed more to increasing total soil N than grain legumes; in turn, the grain legumes contributed more than the forage conservation crops. It was concluded that alternative annual legume enterprises to grain legumes may provide at least similar enrichment of soil mineral N early in the following season, and that all annual legume enterprises may accumulate nitrate deep in the soil profile in some seasons. AR Leg ro l mi Jv et al
Weed management in soybean with a special focus on the control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is globally an important perennial weed. Infestations from this species lead to significant losses in yield and quality of crop production. A field study was conducted at Kopaida region in Greece, to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides for the weed management in soybean. The evaluation of the herbicides was based on the efficacy against purple nutsedge and the effect on soybean biomass production and crop seed yield. Treatments included an untreated control, two pre-emergence applications (with S-metolachlor and pendimethalin), as well as three post-emergence applications (with trifloxysulfuron, bentazone and pyrithiobac sodium). A single application of S-metolachlor maintained the density of purple nutsedge at 15 plants per m in soybean and allowed the crop to compete adequately with the weed. S-metolachlor also resulted in a seed yield of 3.26 tn ha, a value 52% higher than the untreated control and 38–45% higher than the other herbicides. The results from this study demonstrated that a combination of high seed density in soybean and effective application of herbicides like S-metolachlor can lead to economically acceptable yields.
Localization and Identification of Mucoprotein in the Skin and Gills Epidermal Mucous cells of Cynoglossus semifasciatus

Localization and characterization of skin and gill epidermal mucoproteins (SEM, GEM) in the mucous cells located in the gills of the fish Cyanoglossus arel were investigated. Using histological procedures pavement cells are the most abundant type of cell on both primary and secondary lamellae and there are a great number of mucous and chloride cells between them. Histochemical characteristics that included methods for localization and characterizat ion of glycoproteins (GPs), showed no differences between the mucous cell contents of the primary and secondary lamellae. In the tongue sole skin, four morphologically distinct layers were identified: cuticle, epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Neutral mucosubstances and/or glycoconjugates were observed in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis of C.semif asciatus skin. Proteins rich in different amino acids, such as arginine and cysteine, reacted negatively or weakly positive in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Blue at pH 2.5. When Alcian Blue pH 2.5–PAS reaction was performed, most mucous cells were stained blue (carboxylated mucins) and some mucocytes stained purple, indicating a combination of neutral and acid mucins. Proteins rich in cysteine-bound sulphydryl (-SH-) and cystine disulphide (-S-S-) g roups were strongly detected in epidermal mucous cells, where as lysine, tyrosine and arginine containing proteins showed very weak staining in epidermal mucous cells. Protein reactions were strongly positive in the pillar cells, except for those rich in tryptophan. It is concluded from this study that cytohistochemical features of the tongue sole skin and Gill may serve as structures in natural systems to monitor or detect environmental stress responses at the histological level and histochemical level. The GPs were identified with (a) oxidizab le vecinal dio ls; (b) sialic acids; (c) carboxyl groups and (d) sulphate groups. The distribution pattern of the mucous was identical in the primary and secondary lamellae. This work clearly demonstrates the heterogeneity of the mucous cell glycoconjugates, which could be involved in various functions, such as lubrication, protection, inhibit ion in microorganisms and a role in the regulation and diffusion.
Food web connections: Links and sinks

Multivorous food webs potentially connect secondary production of microorganisms to metazoan consumers. The actual amount of carbon flux from microorganisms to metazoans is dependent on assimilation efficiency, the length of food chains, the chemical and physical nature of available organic matter, connectivity, and retentiveness. Ruminant nutrition appears to be the most efficient in transferring organic carbon from a microbial food web to metazoans. Phytotelmata (small water bodies contained by plants) contain little-studied microbial food webs that support a metazoan community. Salt marshes, though productive, have major losses of carbon to microbial loops in sediments and additional losses in the detritus food web. In the more productive of the ocean systems, there may be a tradeoff for metazoan consumers between direct consumption of large phytoplankton and consumption of larger protozoans that are feeding on picophytoplankton. Low-productivity central ocean systems may be dominated by this latter food web structure in which the microbial food web is an inefficient intermediary between most of the primary production and metazoan consumers.
Estimating employment e↵ects of the German minimum wage

This thesis uses individual-level data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to examine the e↵ect of the introduction of the German minimum wage on the employment retention probabilities of those directly a↵ected: individuals whose wages would have had to be raised to comply with the minimum. The findings suggest significant disemployment e↵ects of the minimum wage on this group. For full-time and part-time employees the estimated reduction in the employment probabilities is roughly between 3 and 5.5 percentage points. The estimates further increase when only those are considered for whom the required wage raises were particularly large. Since there is a substantial degree of non-compliance with the minimum wage, the sample is further restricted to ”compliers”: the estimated reduction in subsequent employment probabilities increases to up to 13.5 percentage points for individuals in regular employment and up to almost 18 percentage points for the marginally employed. A separate estimation of aggregate employment e↵ects further suggests that the impact of the minimum wage is highly heterogenous across industries.
ACID-BASE VARIABLES IN MALPIGHIAN TUBULE SECRETION AND RESPONSE TO ACIDOSIS

Summary 1. Malpighian tubule fluid from Schistocerca gregaria adults, starved for 1 day, was collected in situ by cannulation of the gut, both before and after injecting lO^rnol of HC1 or NaCl into the haemocoel. 2. Haemolymph pH at the neck remained depressed by 0.3 units for at least 6 h in HC1- as compared to NaCl-injected locusts. A lower haemolymph pH persisted near the acid injection site for several hours. 3. The pH of tubule fluid remained about 0.5 units more acid than haemolymph under all conditions. Thus, net tubular acid secretion was proportional to haemolymph acid-base status. 4. The greater acidity of tubular fluid after acid injection was associated with lower estimated bicarbonate concentrations and higher Pco2' without any change in total CO2 when compared to controls. 5. The combined contribution of bicarbonate, phosphate and urate to total buffering capacity of tubular fluid was estimated to be 75%, with bicarbonate responsible for 55 % of the total. 6. The maximum rate of acid removal by all Malpighian tubules of starved locusts, including H + trapped in ammonium ions, was calculated to be very small in relation to the acid load injected into the haemocoel.
The Cultivable Microflora of Denture Plaque from Patients with Denture-induced Stomatitis

Saliva and denture plaque samples were taken from a group of 20 patients with complete dentures who were suffering from denture-induced stomatitis. The samples were cultured and the proportions of a number of microbial groups were determined. The microflora of plaque taken from the fitting surface of the denture was dominated by streptococci, with gram-negative obligate anaerobes forming a smaller proportion although they were consistently present. Candida albicans was isolated from only 60 per cent of the samples and black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were detectable in only 10 per cent and 15 per cent of the samples respectively. The microflora of the saliva samples were similarly dominated by streptococci with gram-negative anaerobes being consistently present. Blackpigmented Bacteroides spp. were isolated from only 15 per cent of the samples, but, in contrast to the plaque specimens, S. aureus was isolated from the saliva of 70 per cent of the patients. C. albicans was cultured from 75 per cent of the saliva samples. The results of this study have demonstrated that the microflora of denture plaque and saliva from patients with denture-induced stomatitis is dominated by bacteria. C. albicans was not consistently isolated and, when present, comprised only a small proportion of the cultivable flora. Keywords: Denture plaque; Denture-induced stomatitis; Microbiology.
Herbicide-Resistant Grass Weed Development in Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat: Weed Biology and Herbicide Rotation1

A general life cycle model was modified to demonstrate how agronomic practices and weed biology factors affect the rate of appearance of herbicide-resistant downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and wild oat in Pacific Northwest wheat cropping systems. The model suggests herbicide rotation strategies for cropping systems that include imidazolinone-resistant wheat as a weed management tool. Simulation of continuous annual imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat and imazamox herbicide use resulted in the resistant soil seed banks of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and wild oat surpassing their susceptible soil seed banks in 5, 7, and 10 yr, respectively. Reducing the initial seed bank density of downy brome before beginning a rotation that includes imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat reduces the likelihood of selecting for herbicide-resistant biotypes. The best simulated management option for reducing the total jointed goatgrass soil seed bank in low-precipitation areas is an imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat–fallow rotation. Rotations that include winter and spring crops and rotations that include non–group 2 herbicides minimize herbicide resistance selection pressure and reduce the wild oat soil seed bank. Nomenclature: Imazamox; downy brome, Bromus tectorum L. # BROTE; jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica Host #3 AEGCY; wild oat, Avena fatua L. # AVEFA; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Clearfield™. Additional index words: Crop rotation, population model, resistance management. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; PNW, Pacific Northwest.
Response of antioxidant defence systems to thermal stress in the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica

Abstract The effects of thermal stress on antioxidant defences in tissues of the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica were evaluated and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, and levels of total glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonyl (PC) in digestive gland and gill over 0–4 days under extreme thermal stress (10°C) were measured. Superoxide dismutase activity was slightly higher after one day of thermal stress, although catalase activity was not altered significantly in either digestive gland or gill tissues. Thermal stress was associated with a significant increase in the activity of GSH-related antioxidant enzymes. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities increased up to 1.8- and 2.0-fold, respectively, after two days of thermal stress. Glutathione S-transferase activity drastically increased, to over 3.4- and 4.2-fold in digestive gland and gill, respectively, and remained high on day four. GSH levels also increased in both tissues and remained high on day four. PC content, a marker of protein oxidation, increased after two days of thermal stress. There is evidence that GSH-related antioxidant defence plays a significant role in relation to potential toxicity from reactive oxygen species during thermal stress.