Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Massless Higher Spin Fields From String Theory

We construct vertex operators for massless higher spin fields in Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz superstring theory and compute some of their three-point correlators, describing gauge-invariant cubic interactions of the massless higher spins. The Fierz-Pauli on-shell conditions for the higher spins (including tracelessness and vanishing divergence) follow from the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin-invariance conditions for the vertex operators constructed in this paper. The gauge symmetries of the massless higher spins emerge as a result of the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin-nontriviality conditions for these operators, being equivalent to transformations with the traceless gauge parameter in the Fronsdal's approach. The gauge invariance of the interaction terms of the higher spins is therefore ensured automatically by that of the vertex operators in string theory. We develop a general algorithm to compute the cubic interactions of the massless higher spins and use it to explicitly describe the gauge-invariant interaction of two s = 3 and one s = 4 massless particles.
Inferior Pedicle Reduction Mammoplasty as Corrective Surgery after Breast Conserving Surgery and Radiation Therapy

Background/Aim—Twenty patients had corrective reconstruction surgery by means of a reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy after a previous BCS (Breast Conserving Surgery) and RT (Radiation Therapy); the risk factors and post-operative complications were reported in order to define a safe and effective technique for reduction mammaplasty in previously irradiated breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods—From June 2011 to December 2019, 20 pts. were operated on at the Breast Surgery Clinic of San Martino Policlinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy. Pre- and post-operative parameters included clinic-pathological features of the primary tumor; a lapse of time from primary radio-surgery; the extent of follow-up; the rate of post-operative wound infections; the persistence of breast asymmetry, and a post-operative patient satisfaction index by means of a BREAST-Q questionnaire. Results—Three patients (15%) developed minor complications in the irradiated breast, but no complication was observed into the non-irradiated breast. No statistically significant correlation was found between the post-operative complications and the risk factors. The statistical analysis of BREAST-Q questionnaire responses gave an average patient’s satisfaction index that was equal to 90.8/100 (range: 44 to 100). Conclusions—Inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty is an effective reduction mammoplasty technique in regard to the extent of breast tissues that are to be removed both in irradiated and contralateral breast; moreover, the incidence of post-operative complications is clearly limited when a careful technique is adopted, and it can be reasonably applied also in patients with co-morbidity factors.
Newtonian and relativistic cosmologies

Cosmological N-body simulations are now being performed using Newtonian gravity on scales larger than the Hubble radius. It is well known that a uniformly expanding, homogeneous ball of dust in Newtonian gravity satisfies the same equations as arise in relativistic FLRW cosmology, and it also is known that a correspondence between Newtonian and relativistic dust cosmologies continues to hold in linearized perturbation theory in the marginally bound/spatially flat case. Nevertheless, it is far from obvious that Newtonian gravity can provide a good global description of an inhomogeneous cosmology when there is significant nonlinear dynamical behavior at small scales. We investigate this issue in the light of a perturbative framework that we have recently developed, which allows for such nonlinearity at small scales. We propose a relatively straightforward "dictionary"---which is exact at the linearized level---that maps Newtonian dust cosmologies into general relativistic dust cosmologies, and we use our "ordering scheme" to determine the degree to which the resulting metric and matter distribution solve Einstein's equation. We find that Einstein's equation fails to hold at "order 1" at small scales and at "order $\epsilon$" at large scales. We then find the additional corrections to the metric and matter distribution needed to satisfy Einstein's equation to these orders. While these corrections are of some interest in their own right, our main purpose in calculating them is that their smallness should provide a criterion for the validity of the original dictionary (as well as simplified versions of this dictionary). We expect that, in realistic Newtonian cosmologies, these additional corrections will be very small; if so, this should provide strong justification for the use of Newtonian simulations to describe relativistic cosmologies, even on scales larger than the Hubble radius.
Determination of rain attenuation from electromagnetic scattering by spherical raindrops: Theory and experiment

The forward scattering amplitudes for the spherical raindrops are determined for all raindrop sizes at different frequencies by using the Mie scattering theory. The real parts of the extinction cross sections are used to generate power law models at different frequencies. These are integrated over different established raindrop‐size distribution models to formulate rain attenuation models. Using the developed rain attenuation models with 5 year rain rate statistics at R0.01 determined in previous work, the specific rain attenuation is computed. The experimental results obtained from the horizontally polarized signal level measurements recorded in Durban for different rain attenuation bounds are compared with the theoretical results. Finally, the best theoretical model is used to estimate the seasonal cumulative distribution of rain attenuation for Durban, South Africa.
Electric solar wind sail applications overview

AbstractWe analyse the potential of the electric solar wind sail for solar systemspace missions. Applications studied include y-by missions to terrestrialplanets (Venus, Mars and Phobos, Mercury) and asteroids, missions basedon non-Keplerian orbits (orbits that can be maintained only by applyingcontinuous propulsive force), one-way boosting to outer solar system, o -Lagrange point space weather forecasting and low-cost impactor probesfor added science value to other missions. We also discuss the generic ideaof data clippers (returning large volumes of high resolution scienti c datafrom distant targets packed in memory chips) and possible exploitation ofasteroid resources. Possible orbits were estimated by orbit calculations as-suming circular and coplanar orbits for planets. Some particular challengeareas requiring further research work and related to some more ambitiousmission scenarios are also identi ed and discussed. 1 Introduction The electric solar wind sail (E-sail) is an advanced concept for spacecraft propul-sion, based on momentum transfer from the solar wind plasma stream, inter-cepted by long and charged tethers [1]. The electrostatic eld created by thetethers deects trajectories of solar wind protons so that their ow-aligned mo-mentum component decreases. The ow-aligned momentum lost by the protonsis transferred to the charged tether by a Coulomb force (the charged tether ispulled by the plasma charge separation electric eld) and then transmitted tothe spacecraft as thrust. The concept is attractive for applications because nopropellant is needed for travelling over long distances. The E-sail’s operatingprinciple is di erent from other propellantless propulsion technologies such asthe solar photon sail [2] and the solar wind magnetic sail. The former is based1
In Vitro Activity of Robenidine Analogues NCL259 and NCL265 against Gram-Negative Pathogens

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens, especially Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp. , are recognized by the World Health Organization as the most critical priority pathogens in urgent need of drug development. In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of robenidine analogues NCL259 and NCL265 was tested against key human and animal Gram-negative clinical isolates and reference strains. NCL259 and NCL265 demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity against these Gram-negative priority pathogens with NCL265 consistently more active, achieving lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 2–16 µg/mL. When used in combination with sub-inhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B to permeabilize the outer membrane, NCL259 and NCL265 elicited a synergistic or additive activity against the reference strains tested, reducing the MIC of NCL259 by 8- to 256- fold and the MIC of NCL265 by 4- to 256- fold. A small minority of Klebsiella spp. isolates (three) were resistant to both NCL259 and NCL265 with MICs > 256 µg/mL. This resistance was completely reversed in the presence of the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide (PAβN) to yield MIC values of 8–16 µg/mL and 2–4 µg/mL for NCL259 and NCL256, respectively. When NCL259 and NCL265 were tested against wild-type E. coli isolate BW 25113 and its isogenic multidrug efflux pump subunit AcrB deletion mutant (∆AcrB), the MIC of both compounds against the mutant ∆AcrB isolate was reduced 16-fold compared to the wild-type parent, indicating a significant role for the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump from Enterobacterales in imparting resistance to these robenidine analogues. In vitro cytotoxicity testing revealed that NCL259 and NCL265 had much higher levels of toxicity to a range of human cell lines compared to the parent robenidine, thus precluding their further development as novel antibiotics against Gram-negative pathogens.
Irreversible Decisions under Uncertainty: Optimal Stopping Made Easy

Discrete time - discrete space models. Finite time horizon. - Real options and American options. - Risk-neutral pricing. Finite time horizon case. - Discrete time - discrete space models. Infinite time horizon. - Random walks on ? - Options in the binomial and trinomial models. - General random walks on ? : Option pricing. - Discrete time - continuous space models. - Random walks on ? - Basic options in the model (7.5). - Optimal stopping for general random walks. - Continuous time - continuous space models. - Brownian motion case. - General Levy processes. - Embedded options. - Extensions. - American options with finite time horizon. - Perpetual American and real options under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes.
Peroxiredoxin 2 Ameliorates AβO-Mediated Autophagy by Inhibiting ROS via the ROS–NRF2–p62 Pathway in N2a-APP Swedish Cells

In Alzheimer’s disease, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by the deposition of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), which represent one of the important causes of neuronal cell death. Additionally, AβOs are known to induce autophagy via ROS induction. Previous studies have shown that autophagy upregulation aggravates neuronal cell death. In this study, the effects of peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), a member of the peroxidase family of antioxidant enzymes, on regulating AβO-mediated autophagy were investigated. Prx2 decreased AβO-mediated oxidative stress and autophagy in N2a-APPswe cells. Further, we examined the relationship between the neuronal protective effect of Prx2 and a decrease in autophagy. Similar to the effects of N-acetyl cysteine, Prx2 decreased AβO-induced ROS and inhibited p62 protein expression levels by downregulating the activation of NRF2 and its translocation to the nucleus. In addition, treatment with 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, ameliorates neuronal cell death. Overall, these results demonstrate that the Prx2-induced decrease in autophagy was associated with the inhibition of ROS via the ROS–NRF2–p62 pathway in N2a-APPswe cells. Therefore, our results revealed that Prx2 is a potential therapeutic target in anti-Alzheimer therapy.
The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. SPIRE point-source catalogs and number counts

Aims. We present three independent catalogs of point-sources extracted from SPIRE images at 250, 350, and 500 mu m, acquired with the Herschel Space Observatory as a part of the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS). The catalogs have been cross-correlated to consistently extract the photometry at SPIRE wavelengths for each object. Methods. Sources have been detected using an iterative loop. The source positions are determined by estimating the likelihood to be a real source for each peak on the maps, according to the criterion defined in the source Extractor Sussextractor task. The flux densities are estimated using the source Extractor Timeline, a timeline-based point source fitter that also determines the fitting procedure with the width of the Gaussian that best reproduces the source considered. Afterwards, each source is subtracted from the maps, removing a Gaussian function in every position with the full width half maximum equal to that estimated in source Extractor Timeline. This procedure improves the robustness of our algorithm in terms of source identification. We calculate the completeness and the flux accuracy by injecting artificial sources in the timeline and estimate the reliability of the catalog using a permutation method. Results. The HeViCS catalogs contain about 52 000, 42 200, and 18 700 sources selected at 250, 350, and 500 mu m above 3 sigma and are similar to 75%, 62%, and 50% complete at flux densities of 20 mJy at 250, 350, 500 mu m, respectively. We then measured source number counts at 250, 350, and 500 mu m and compare them with previous data and semi-analytical models. We also cross-correlated the catalogs with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to investigate the redshift distribution of the nearby sources. From this cross-correlation, we select similar to 2000 sources with reliable fluxes and a high signal-to-noise ratio, finding an average redshift z similar to 0.3 +/- 0.22 and 0.25 (16-84 percentile). Conclusions. The number counts at 250, 350, and 500 mu m show an increase in the slope below 200 mJy, indicating a strong evolution in number of density for galaxies at these fluxes. In general, models tend to overpredict the counts at brighter flux densities, underlying the importance of studying the Rayleigh-Jeans part of the spectral energy distribution to refine the theoretical recipes of the models. Our iterative method for source identification allowed the detection of a family of 500 mu m sources that are not foreground objects belonging to Virgo and not found in other catalogs.
Fluctuation identities for Levy processes and splitting at the maximum

It6's notion of a Poisson point process of excursions is used to give a unified approach to a number of results in the fluctuation theory of LUvy processes, including identities of Pecherskii, Rogozin and Fristedt, and Millar's path decomposition at the maximum. LEVY PROCESS; SPLITTING TIME; FLUCTUATION THEORY; POINT PROCESS OF EXCURSIONS
RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELING OF Lyα EMITTERS. II. NEW EFFECTS ON GALAXY CLUSTERING

We study the clustering properties of z ∼ 5.7 Lyα emitters (LAEs) in a cosmological reionization simulation with a full Lyα radiative transfer calculation. Lyα radiative transfer substantially modifies the intrinsic Lyα emission properties, compared to observed ones, depending on the density and velocity structure environment around the Lyα-emitting galaxy. This environment-dependent Lyα selection introduces new features in LAE clustering, suppressing (enhancing) the line-of-sight (transverse) density fluctuations and giving rise to scale-dependent galaxy bias. In real space, the contours of the three-dimensional two-point correlation function of LAEs appear to be prominently elongated along the line of sight on large scales, an effect that is opposite to and much stronger than the linear redshift-space distortion effect. The projected two-point correlation function is greatly enhanced in amplitude by a factor of up to a few, compared to the case without the environment-dependent selection effect. The new features in LAE clustering can be understood with a simple, physically motivated model, where Lyα selection depends on matter density, velocity, and their gradients. We discuss the implications and consequences of the effects on galaxy clustering from Lyα selection in interpreting clustering measurements and in constraining cosmology and reionization from LAEs.
Pengaruh kinerja keuangan sebelum dan selama adanya pandemi Covid-19 terhadap harga saham pada laporan keuangan klub sepak bola

This study aims to analyze financial performance's effect on football clubs' share prices before and during the Covid-19. Financial performance in this study is measured by the profitability, liquidity and solvency ratio. This research will use quantitative research methods with secondary data sources in the form of archives of financial statements of football clubs listed on various stock exchanges and Public shares in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The analysis technique used in this study is a multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of this study show the results that the profitability ratio measured by Return On Investment, liquidity ratio is measured by Current Ratio and Cash Ratio, and solvency ratio measured by Debt to Assets Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio have no effect and are not significant to the share price of football clubs both before and during Covid-19.
Improved upper-ocean thermodynamical structure modeling with combined effects of surface waves and M2 internal tides on vertical mixing: a case study for the Indian Ocean

Abstract. Surface waves and internal tides have a great contribution to vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean. In this study, three mixing schemes, including non-breaking surface-wave-generated turbulent mixing, mixing induced by the wave transport flux residue and internal-tide-generated turbulent mixing, are introduced to study the effects surface waves and internal tides on vertical mixing. The three schemes are jointly incorporated into the Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM) ocean circulation model as a part of the vertical diffusive terms, which are calculated by the surface wave parameters simulated from the MASNUM wave model and the surface amplitudes of the mode-1 M2 internal tides extracted from satellite altimetry data using a two-dimensional plane wave fit method. The effects of the mixing schemes on Indian Ocean modeling are tested by five climatological experiments. The surface waves and internal tides enhance the vertical mixing processes in the sea surface and ocean interior, respectively. The combination of the mixing schemes is able to strengthen the vertical water exchange and draw more water from the sea surface to the ocean interior. The simulated results show significant improvement in the thermal structure, mixed layer depth and surface currents if the three schemes are all adopted.
THE DECELERATION OF NEBULAR SHELLS IN EVOLVED PLANETARY NEBULAE

We have selected a group of 100 evolved planetary nebulae (PNe) and study their kinematics based upon spatially-resolved, long-slit, echelle spectroscopy. The data have been drawn from the San Pedro Mártir Kinematic Catalogue of PNe. The aim is to characterize in detail the global kinematics of PNe at advanced stages of evolution with the largest sample of homogenous data used to date for this purpose. The results reveal two groups that share kinematics, morphology, and photo-ionization characteristics of the nebular shell and central star luminosities at the different late stages under study. The typical flow velocities we measure are usually larger than seen in earlier evolutionary stages, with the largest velocities occurring in objects with very weak or absent [N ii] λ6584 line emission, by all indications the least evolved objects in our sample. The most evolved objects expand more slowly. This apparent deceleration during the final stage of PNe evolution is predicted by hydrodynamical models, but other explanations are also possible. These results provide a template for comparison with the predictions of theoretical models.
Places of Justice? Representations of Law in Canadian Court Museums

Abstract There is little scholarship on museums and heritage sites that memorialize courts, judges, and law. Engaging with literatures on penal history and law and culture, we explore representations of law and power in court museums across Canada. Based on observations and interviews, we examine the meanings of the artifacts curated at court museum sites. In a post-Truth and Reconciliation Commission context, where heritage sites have been called upon to account for the atrocities experienced by Indigenous peoples in colonial institutions, we show how court museums in Canada continue to be curated in ways that naturalize the Canadian state and law, deny colonialism, and reproduce myths regarding the Canadian penal system. In our discussion, we reflect on the implications of our findings for literatures on representations of penality and law. We contend penal history museums must learn from critical, decolonizing trends in museological studies.
Effects of Financial Soundness on Export Activities: Evidence from Firm-Level Data of Korea

ABSTRACT We examine effects of financial soundness on various export activities of manufacturing firms in South Korea. The main results are as follows. First, the export-starters prepared to have a better financial soundness a few years before becoming export-starter. Second, the better financial soundness at a given year increases a probability for a firm to become a new exporter at the following year. Third, the better financial soundness is related to covering export market entry costs rather than export continuation costs. Our findings imply that the financial soundness plays a self-selection role in increasing numbers of export firms in manufacturing sectors.
Extinction versus unbounded growth; Habilitation Thesis of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg

Certain Markov processes, or deterministic evolution equations, have the property that they are dual to a stochastic process that exhibits extinction versus unbounded growth, i.e., the total mass in such a process either becomes zero, or grows without bounds as time tends to infinity. If this is the case, then this phenomenon can often be used to determine the invariant measures, or fixed points, of the process originally under consideration, and to study convergence to equilibrium. This principle, which has been known since early work on multitype branching processes, is here demonstrated on three new examples with applications in the theory of interacting particle systems.