Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in early contrail evolution of two‐engine versus four‐engine aircraft: Lidar measurements and numerical simulations

Jet- and vortex-regime evolution of contrails behind cruising aircraft is investigated by focusing on the role of aircraft type. Cross-section measurements by ground-based lidar and observational analysis are combined with numerical simulations of fluid dynamics and microphysics in the wake of a two-engine aircraft. Depending on ambient humidity levels, contrail evolution behind short-/medium-range twin-turbofan airliners is classified into two scenarios, which is in contrast to the three scenarios observed for a wide-body four-turbofan aircraft. In the case of ice-subsaturated ambient air, a short visible contrail is formed behind a two-engine aircraft that disappears before the ice is fully entrained into the wingtip vortices (in most cases ≃ 4 s behind aircraft). The early evaporation of the ice is mainly due to the fast initial jet expansion, mixing the exhaust with the ambient air. Contrails behind a wide-body four-engine aircraft always survive at least until vortex breakdown (i.e., typically 2 min behind aircraft). This is simply due to the larger ice mass in the contrail because of the higher fuel flow rate. Generally, in the case of ice supersaturation, a diffuse secondary wake evolves above the primary vortex wake. For a two-engine aircraft, always the whole contrail persists, while for a four-engine aircraft, the ice inside the primary wake disappears in most cases after vortex breakdown, when the relative humidity is only slightly above ice saturation. In the more rare cases of higher ice-supersaturation the ice in the primary wake survives vortex breakdown and becomes part of the persistent contrail.
A N-S receiver function profile across the variscides and caledonides in SW Ireland

SUMMARY Teleseismic receiver functions have been calculated from data of a temporary seismological network of broad-band three-component stations to investigate the lithospheric and asthenospheric structure across the Late Caledonian Iapetus Suture Zone (ISZ) in southern Ireland. The stations were deployed during the Irish Seismological Lithospheric Experiment (ISLE 2002/3) and straddle the Killarney-Mallow Fault Zone, a remnant of the Variscan orogeny, and the ISZ, the inferred boundary between the Laurentia and Eastern Avalonia plates fused together during the Caledonian orogeny. Receiver functions from the western part of the network were projected onto the N‐S VARNET 1996 seismic refraction profile, extending from the Old Head of Kinsale to Galway Bay in SW Ireland. Laterally continuous P to S conversions from the Moho at delay times of about 3.8‐4.1 s are clearly observed, and correspond to Moho depths of about 29‐32 km. The Moho has a transitional character to the south of the ISZ. Synthetic receiver functions, calculated from a 2-D velocity model of the previous VARNET experiment, show Moho conversions and multiple crustal phases compatible to those observed in the ISLE data. Furthermore, P to S conversions from the 660 km discontinuity (66‐68 s delay time) are well determined at the stations. In comparison, the conversion from the 410 km discontinuity at about 43‐45 s delay time is considerably weaker. Delay times of stacked receiver functions from the mantle transition zone are in agreement with the standard iasp91 earth model and thus no structural changes are observed across the ISZ at this depth interval.
Temperature and moisture trends in non‐sorted earth hummocks and stripes on the Old Man Range, New Zealand: implications for mechanisms of maintenance

The mechanisms of maintenance of earth hummocks and non‐sorted stripes in seasonally frozen ground on the Old Man Range, Otago, New Zealand were investigated. These landforms are hypothesised to be active periglacial landforms maintained by seasonal movement of moisture down an energy gradient. We tested three hypotheses: 1) freezing should occur predominantly in the crests of the stripes and hummocks; 2) differential freezing patterns should be consistent between years; and 3) in the presence of a temperature gradient (i.e. in winter), soil moisture content should be greater in crests than in furrows. An array of 39 thermistors at each of two sites was used to monitor soil temperature gradients during three winters, and replicate soil cores were taken in autumn and winter to determine soil moisture gradients. Freezing occurred mainly in the crests and sides (heavily influenced by aspect), and patterns of freezing showed strong interannual consistency, supporting our first two hypotheses. Soil in crests had a higher moisture content in both freezing and thawed seasons, which was inconclusive relative to the expected water gradient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A linear model to predict with a multi‐spectral radiometer the amount of nitrogen in winter wheat

The objective was to develop an optimal vegetation index (VIopt) to predict with a multi‐spectral radiometer nitrogen in wheat crop (kg[N] ha−1). Optimality means that nitrogen in the crop can be measured accurately in the field during the growing season. It also means that the measurements are stable under changing light conditions and vibrations of the measurement platform. Different fields, on which various nitrogen application rates and seeding densities were applied in experimental plots, were measured optically during the growing season. These measurements were performed over three years. Optical measurements on eight dates were related to calibration measurements of nitrogen in the crop (kg[N] ha−1) as measured in the laboratory. By making combinations of the wavelength bands, and whether or not the soil factor was taken into account, numerous vegetation indices (VIs) were examined for their accuracy in predicting nitrogen in wheat. The effect of changing light conditions in the field and vibrations of the measurement platform on the VIs were determined based on tests in the field. VIopt ((1+L)*(R 2 NIR+1)/(R red+L) with L = 0.45), the optimal vegetation index found, was best in predicting nitrogen in grain crop. The root mean squared error (RMSE), determined by means of cross‐validation, was 16.7 kg[N] ha−1. The RMSE was significantly lower compared to other frequently used VIs such as NDVI, RVI, DVI, and SAVI. The L‐value can change between 0.16 and 1.6 without deteriorating the RMSE of prediction. Besides being the best predictor for nitrogen, VIopt had the advantage of being a stable vegetation index under circumstances of changing light conditions and platform vibrations. In addition, VIopt also had a simple structure of physically meaningful bands.
Distribution characteristics of transparent exopolymer particles in the Pearl River estuary, China

Distribution of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) in the Pearl River estuary, China, was investigated during two cruises in August 2009 and January 2010. TEPcolor concentrations were 521.5-1727.4 mg Xeq.L-1 (mu g Gum Xanthan equivalent liter(-1)) in August 2009 and 88.7-1586.9 mu g Xeq.L-1 in January 2010, respectively. The size of TEP generally increased in the seaward along the longitudinal section with the dominant size of 2-40 mu m during the cruises. Experimental work suggested that both concentration and size of TEP increased with Ca2+ concentration (from 0.8 mmol L-1 to 10 mmol L-1). In the field study, Ca2+ concentration had a positive correlation with TEPcolor concentration in the surface layer with salinity <16. Decrease of TEP concentration seaward from intermediary salinity was partly due to dilution of seawater as well as enhanced aggregation and sedimentation of TEP via increasing divalent cation concentration. TEP concentration and turbidity maximum coexisted at the tip of salt wedge in the bottom layer during the wet season, and positive correlation between TEP and turbidity was observed in the winter. Relationships between TEP and turbidity suggested the important contribution of TEP aggregation to flocculation and sedimentation of particles in estuaries. Different pattern of TEP during two cruises can be attributed to physical process (i.e., mixing type) in estuaries. These findings indicated that formation and distribution of TEP were largely influenced by interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes in the Pearl River estuary. A conceptual model for TEP formation and distribution in the Pearl River estuary was developed. Citation: Sun, C. -C. , Y. -S. Wang, Q. P. Li, W. -Z. Yue, Y. -T. Wang, F. -L. Sun, and Y. -L. Peng (2012), Distribution characteristics of transparent exopolymer particles in the Pearl River estuary, China, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G00N17, doi: 10.1029/2012JG001951.
Impact of Shelf–Basin Freshwater Transport on Deep Convection in the Western Labrador Sea

AbstractFreshwater exiting the Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) has been shown to affect meridional overturning circulation and thereby the global climate system. However, because of constraints of spatial resolution in most global ocean models, neither the flow of low salinity water through the CAA to the Labrador Sea nor the eddy activity that may transport freshwater from the shelf to areas of open ocean convection can be directly simulated. To address these issues, this study uses a high-resolution ice–ocean model of the pan-Arctic region with a realistic CAA and forced with realistic atmospheric data. This model resolves conditions in the Arctic Ocean upstream of the Labrador Sea and is coupled to a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model that responds to the atmospheric forcing. The major shelf–basin exchange of liquid freshwater occurs south of Hamilton Bank, whereas the largest ice flux occurs in the northwest of the basin. Freshwater flux anomalies entering the Labrador Sea .
Collision-Induced Absorption of CH$_{4}$-CO$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$-CO$_{2}$ Complexes and Their Effect on the Ancient Martian Atmosphere

Experimental measurements of collision-induced absorption (CIA) cross-sections for CO2-H2 and CO2-CH4 complexes were performed using Fourier transform spectroscopy over a spectral range of 100-500 cm and a temperature range of 200-300 K. These experimentally derived CIA cross-sections agree with the spectral range and temperature dependence of the calculation by \citeA{Robin}, however the amplitude is half of what was predicted. Furthermore, the CIA cross-sections reported here agree with those measured by \citeA{Turbet}. The CIA cross-sections can be applied to planetary systems with CO$ {2}$-rich atmospheres, such as Mars and Venus, and will be useful to terrestrial spectroscopists. Additionally, radiative transfer calculations of the early Mars atmosphere were performed and showed that CO2$-CH4 CIA would require surface pressure greater than 3 bar for a 10% methane atmosphere to achieve 273 K at the surface. CO2-H2, however, liquid water is possible with 5% hydrogen and less than 2 bar of surface pressure.
Crescimento e produtividade de cultivares e linhagens de amendoim submetidas a déficit hídrico

Water deficit throughout the peanut plant development negatively affects physiological processes and reduces its yield. This study aimed to evaluate grain yield, yield components and plant growth of peanut cultivars and breeding lines subjected to water deficit under field conditions. The experimental design was split-plot randomized blocks with three replications. Water deficit treatments (with and without irrigation) were considered the plots and genotypes (IAC Tatu ST, BR1, BRS Havana, Col 72 and Col 82) the subplots. Irrigation was discontinued between 35 and 75 days after emergence on plots subjected to water stress. Plant growth, shoot dry matter and leaf area were negatively affected by drought stress. The difference between plots with and without water stress increased proportionally to the increase in the period of water suppression. The BRS Havana cultivar and the Col 82 breeding line were moderately tolerant to water deficit, with the highest grain yields under stress conditions. Water deficit caused a 68 % reduction in grain yield for the IAC Tatu ST cultivar, 44 % in number of pods per plant for the Col 82 breeding line , 11 % in number of seeds per pod for the Col 72 breeding line and 11 % in the 100 seeds weight for the BRS1 cultivar.
A rotational hardening constitutive model for anisotropically consolidated clay

A constitutive relationship, known as CARMEL, is proposed to predict the behaviour of anisotropically consolidated clay. Based on the principles of critical state soil mechanics the model has a non-associated flow rule and accommodates both isotropic and rotational strain hardening. A characteristic of the CARMEL model is that it can represent the changes in stress-strain behaviour of soil caused by variations in stress induced anisotropy. This permits the modelling of long stress paths, during which the induced anisotropy of the soil can be greatly changed. To assess the model, data from stress path triaxial tests reported in the literature have been predicted. Comparisons between the experimental data and predictions of CARMEL show good correlations which significantly improve on predictions using Modified Cam Clay, an isotropic associated model.
The growth rate and distribution of atmospheric methane

Methane was measured in air samples collected approximately weekly from a globally distributed network of sites from 1983 to 1992. Sites range in latitude from 90°S to 82°N. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography, with flame ionization detection at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, and the measurements were referenced against a single calibration scale. The estimated precision of the measurements is ±0.2%. Samples which had clear sampling or analytical errors, or which appeared to be contaminated by local CH4 sources, were identified and excluded from the data analysis. The data reveal a strong north-south gradient in methane with an annual mean difference of about 140 ppb between the northernmost and southernmost sampling sites. Methane time series from the high southern latitude sites have a relatively simple seasonal cycle with a minimum during late summer-early fall, almost certainly dominated by the seasonality in its photochemical destruction. Typical seasonal cycle amplitudes there are about 30 ppb. Seasonal cycles at sites in the northern hemisphere are complex when compared to sites in the southern hemisphere due to the interaction among CH4 sources and sinks, and atmospheric transport. Seasonal cycle amplitudes in the high north are about twice those observed in the high southern hemisphere. Annual mean methane mixing ratios were ∼1% lower at 3397 m than at sea level on the island of Hawaii. Trends were determined at each site in the network and globally. The average increase in the globally averaged methane mixing ratio over the period of these measurements is (11.1±0.2) ppb yr−1. Globally, the growth rate for methane decreased from approximately 13.5 ppb yr−1 in 1983 to about 9.3 ppb yr−1 in 1991. The growth rate of methane in the northern hemisphere during 1992 was near zero. Various possibilities for the long-term, slow decrease in the methane growth rate over the last decade and the rapid change in growth rate in the northern hemisphere in 1992 are given. The most likely explanation is a change in a methane source influenced directly by human activities, such as fossil fuel production.
A Comparison of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux Estimates for the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Previously published estimates of the surface turbulent fluxes over the North Atlantic Ocean have been compared by applying the calculation methods used by each author to a common dataset of ship observations. The major differences between the various flux estimations were due to whether or not the data were corrected for observation height, the method of calculating averaged fluxes and the choice of transfer coefficient. By correcting the ship observations obtained from the Voluntary observing ship Special Observing Programme–North Atlantic for known observational biases an estimate of the correct values for the fluxes has been made. The previous studies were found to have overestimated the North Atlantic sea to air heat transfer by up to 30%. All of the schemes overestimated the annual cycle, giving fluxes approximately equal to the best estimate values in the summer but much higher fluxes in the winter. The use of transfer coefficient values much larger than the values determined by air-sea in.
The Vertebrate Assemblage of the Late Triassic Canjilon Quarry (Northern New Mexico, USA), and the Importance of Apomorphy-Based Assemblage Comparisons

Abstract The Upper Triassic Canjilon Quarry in northern New Mexico preserves a vertebrate assemblage typical of the Norian Stage of North America. Although dominated in relative abundance by the phytosaur Pseudopalatus and the aetosaur Typothorax, a more diverse assemblage of smaller forms was previously reported. Additions to the Canjilon Quarry vertebrate assemblage are critically reviewed and described using an apomorphy-based method for assigning taxa. An apomorphy-based approach for compiling and comparing assemblages allows each taxonomic assignment to be a testable hypothesis. Fragmentary yet diagnostic elements that may not be assignable to a species-level taxon can be assigned to a larger clade and thus provide useful information. Additionally, each taxon listed in the assemblage must be tied to a diagnostic specimen listed with a museum specimen number. Using this method for the Canjilon Quarry, we establish the presence of an assemblage that is more similar to other vertebrate quarries near Ghost Ranch than previously thought. The Canjilon Quarry assemblage is restricted to vertebrates from UCMP locality V2816. Vertebrate material housed at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, which was reported from the Canjilon Quarry, was not collected from UCMP V2816 but from a nearby locality.
Arsenic, antimony, and germanium biogeochemistry in the Baltic Sea

Arsenic, antimony, and germanium species concentrations have been determined from fivehydrographic stations along the central axis of the Baltic Sea from the Bornholm Basin to theGulf of Finland. Arsenic and antimony concentrations are lower than in the open oceans and inmost rivers. In the oxic waters, the pentavalent species of As and Sb predominate, while in theanoxic basins, the distribution shifts to the trivalent species and possibly some sulfo-complexes.Methylated arsenic species make up a large fraction of dissolved As in the surface waters, andmethylated species of As, Sb, and Ge are detectable throughout the water column. Germanicacid concentrations are about ten times higher than in the ocean and much higher than can beaccounted for by Ruvial input. The vertical distributions of arsenic, antimony, and germaniumwithin the Baltic Sea are controlled by biogeochemical cycling, involving biogenic uptake,particulate scavenging and partial regeneration. A mass balance including river and atmosphericinputs, exchange with the Atlantic through the Belt Sea, and removal by sediment depositionsuggests that anthropogenic inputs make a significant contribution to the budgets of all threeelements, with atmospheric fluxes dominating the input of Ge to the Baltic. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984. tb00232.x
Evolution of porphyry copper mineralization in an oceanic island arc; Panama

Petrologic, isotopic, and radiometric studies of intrusive rocks in the Panamanian oceanic island arc indicate that magmatism and associated porphyry copper mineralization were episodic and that they exhibit systematic compositional changes. The earliest stage of igneous activity took place about 60 to 70 m.y. ago and involved emplacement of quartz diorites with tholeiitic chemical characteristics, which did not form porphyry copper mineralization. Later magmatism was calc-alkaline in character and commenced with 50 m.y. quartz diorite and K-poor granodiorite. Later events at 35 m.y. and 5 m.y. emplaced granodioritic intrusions that are more potassic than their local predecessors. Porphyry copper mineralization was most intense and most widespread during the last intrusive event.Comparison of the Panamanian results with information on other island arcs indicates that porphyry copper mineralization is essentially absent from earliest stage, tholeiitic(? ) intrusions and, with few but prominent exceptions, becomes more important in successively younger stages of arc evolution. Not all arcs exhibit potassium-enrichment trends like Panama, and late-stage quartz diorite-type porphyry copper deposits can develop. Shoshonitic or alkaline porphyry copper deposits, though absent from the tholeiitic phase of arc evolution, can form at any time during the calc-alkaline stage. Gold values are high in shoshonitic and possibly in quartz diorite-related calc-alkaline porphyry copper deposits, and molybdenum appears to be most abundant in granodiorite-related calc-alkaline deposits.
An Oxygen Isotope Investigation of the Origin of the Basal Zone of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska

An analysis of the oxygen isotope content of ice of the englacial and basal zones of the Matanuska Glacier at its terminus reveals the origin of the ice and entrained debris. The decrease with depth in the $$\delta O^{18}$$ values of ice of the diffused facies of the englacial zone and the dispersed facies of the basal zone is consistent with previous studies and indicates this ice originates in the accumulation area. Characteristics of the ice and debris of the dispersed facies indicate a subglacial source for most of the debris. The sharp increase of more than 4‰ in the $$\delta O^{18}$$ values of ice of the lower, stratified facies of the basal zone and its young radiocarbon age indicate this facies formed by subglacial freezing of isotopically enriched meltwater, probably surface-derived, to the glacier sole. The bubble-poor, fine-grained ice, thickness, stratification, rounded pebbles, and undisturbed sedimentary structures in this facies support this conclusion. The location, extent, and rates of subglacial ice formation and sediment entrainment vary. The Matanuska Glacier is therefore thermally complex, with zones of ice at the glacier sole that are at or below the pressure-melting point.
A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India

Abstract: Yarasuchus deccanensis gen. and sp. nov. is a new addition to the poorly known Middle Triassic terrestrial vertebrates. It is described on the basis of the fossil material of at least two incompletely preserved individuals and several isolated bones. It was a long‐necked, gracile animal and might have had a facultatively bipedal gait. Apart from its characteristic elongate cervical vertebrae, other osteological features of Y. deccanensis resemble those of Prestosuchus, Saurosuchus, Ticinosuchus and ‘Mandasuchus’. It is therefore referred to the Rauisuchian family Prestosuchidae despite the debated validity of this taxon.
How did the Messinian Salinity Crisis end?

The cause of the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis has been widely debated, but its re‐flooding remains poorly investigated. Interpretations generally involve tectonic collapse of the Strait of Gibraltar or global sea‐level rise, or even a combination of both. The dramatic sea‐level fall in the Mediterranean has induced deep fluvial incision all around the desiccated basin. We investigate erosion dynamics related to this base level drop by using the numerical simulator EROS. We show that intense regressive erosion develops inevitably in the Gibraltar area eventually inducing the piracy of the Atlantic waters by an eastward‐flowing stream and the subsequent re‐flooding of the Mediterranean.