Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation and Atmosphere of Complex Organic Molecules of the HH 212 Protostellar Disk

HH 212 is a nearby (400 pc) Class 0 protostellar system recently found to host a “hamburger”-shaped dusty disk with a radius of ∼60 au, deeply embedded in an infalling-rotating flattened envelope. We have spatially resolved this envelope-disk system with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at up to ∼16 au (0.″04) resolution. The envelope is detected in HCO+ J = 4–3 down to the dusty disk. Complex organic molecules (COMs) and doubly deuterated formaldehyde (D2CO) are detected above and below the dusty disk within ∼40 au of the central protostar. The COMs are methanol (CH3OH), deuterated methanol (CH2DOH), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and formamide (NH2CHO, a prebiotic precursor). We have modeled the gas kinematics in HCO+ and COMs and found a centrifugal barrier (CB) at a radius of ∼44 au, within which a Keplerian rotating disk is formed. This indicates that HCO+ traces the infalling-rotating envelope down to the CB and COMs trace the atmosphere of a Keplerian rotating disk within the CB. The COMs are spatially resolved for the first time, both radially and vertically, in the atmosphere of a disk in the earliest, Class 0 phase of star formation. Our spatially resolved observations of COMs favor their formation in the disk rather than a rapidly infalling (warm) inner envelope. The abundances and spatial distributions of the COMs provide strong constraints on models of their formation and transport in low-mass star formation.
Introduction to Toric Varieties.

Toric varieties are algebraic varieties arising from elementary geometric and combinatorial objects such as convex polytopes in Euclidean space with vertices on lattice points. Since many algebraic geometry notions such as singularities, birational maps, cycles, homology, intersection theory, and Riemann-Roch translate into simple facts about polytopes, toric varieties provide a marvelous source of examples in algebraic geometry. In the other direction, general facts from algebraic geometry have implications for such polytopes, such as to the problem of the number of lattice points they contain. In spite of the fact that toric varieties are very special in the spectrum of all algebraic varieties, they provide a remarkably useful testing ground for general theories.The aim of this mini-course is to develop the foundations of the study of toric varieties, with examples, and describe some of these relations and applications. The text concludes with Stanley's theorem characterizing the numbers of simplicies in each dimension in a convex simplicial polytope. Although some general theorems are quoted without proof, the concrete interpretations via simplicial geometry should make the text accessible to beginners in algebraic geometry.
Analysis of long-lived particle decays with the MATHUSLA detector

The MATHUSLA detector is a simple large-volume tracking detector to be located on the surface above one of the general-purpose experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. This detector was proposed in [J. P. Chou, D. Curtin, and H. J. Lubatti, Phys. Lett. B 767, 29 (2017)PYLBAJ0370-269310.1016/j.physletb. 2017.01. 043] to detect exotic, neutral, long-lived particles that might be produced in high-energy proton-proton collisions. In this paper, we consider the use of the limited information that MATHULSA would provide on the decay products of the long-lived particle. For the case in which the long-lived particle is pair-produced in Higgs boson decays, we show that it is possible to measure the mass of this particle and determine the dominant decay mode with less than 100 observed events. We discuss the ability of MATHUSLA to distinguish the production mode of the long-lived particle and to determine its mass and spin in more general cases.
On age of 6070 Rheinland and 54827 (2001 NQ8) asteroid pair

In this paper we present results of our studying of famous very young pair of asteroids 6070 Rheinland and 54827 (2001 NQ8). We have done numeric integration of orbits of pair with only planet perturbations and include Ceres and Vesta effect. We have confirmed results of previous studying, obtained with different integrators. And we confirm significant effect of Ceres and Vesta perturbation on dynamic of this pair. We find that effect of other massive asteroids is insignificant. According our results, more probable age of 6070 Rheinland and 54827 (2001 NQ8) pair is 16.2 kyrs. Our value of age is very close to most recent age determination by Vokrouhlicky et al [12], obtained with different method. After the compare our results, we can conclude, that non-gravitational forces are small and large number of clones is not necessary in studying of this pair. As an additional way of studying of close orbits dynamics, we calculate relative velocity in pair during numeric integration. Normal component of velocity show a very good convergence at epoch of closest encounter in pair.
Hybrid Sausages: Modelling the Effect of Partial Meat Replacement with Broccoli, Upcycled Brewer’s Spent Grain and Insect Flours

The social, environmental and health concerns associated with the massive consumption of meat products has resulted in calls for a reduction in meat consumption. A simplex lattice design was used for studying the effect of combining broccoli, upcycled brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and insect flours from Tenebrio molitor (IF) as alternative sources of protein and micronutrients, in hybrid sausages formulation. The techno-functional properties of the ingredients and the nutritional and textural properties of nine hybrid sausages were analysed. The effect of adding these ingredients (constituting 35% of a turkey-based sausage) on protein, fat, fibre, iron and zinc content, and textural properties (Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) and Warner–Bratzler parameters) were modelled employing linear regression (0.72 < R2 < 1). The “desirability” function was used for multi-response optimisation of the samples for the highest protein content, optimum chewiness and a* value (closeness to red). The analysis of sensory data for the three optimised samples showed no significant differences in juiciness and odour between the hybrid meat sausage with 22% broccoli, 3% BSG, and 10% IF and the commercial Bratwurst sausage elaborated exclusively with animal protein. Colour, appearance, chewiness and pastiness were rated higher than for the reference. The instrumental chewiness highly correlated with sensorial chewiness (R2 = 0.98). Thus, a strategy introducing less refined and more sustainable sources of protein and micronutrients was successfully employed to model and statistically optimise a meat product formulation with reduced animal protein content.
Comparison between predicted and measured resting energy expenditures in Korean male collegiate soccer players

[Purpose] This study aimed to evaluate the differences between predicted resting energy expenditure (REE), using fat-free mass (FFM)-based prediction equations, and measured REE in Korean male collegiate soccer players. [Methods] Fifteen male collegiate soccer players (18-21 years) participated in this study. The REE measurements were conducted using the Douglas bag method. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The differences between the measured REE and predicted REE, using the five FFM-based REE equations, were analyzed using the t-test, calculation of errors, regression analysis, and the Bland-Altman method. [Results] The Cunningham (1980) and ten Haaf and Weijs (2014) equations showed significantly overestimated REE (1,808 ± 99 kcal/d, p <0.01; 1,838 ± 103 kcal/d, p <0.01; respectively), but the Owen (1988), Taguchi (2011), and Kim (2015) equations’ estimations were not significantly different from the measured REE (1,589 ± 106 kcal/d, 1,640 ± 124 kcal/d, and 1,622 ± 68 kcal/d, respectively). The Taguchi equation gave the best prediction of REE with the lowest constant error (-6 ± 125) and effect size (-0.05), and a non-significant proportional bias (p = 0.95). [Conclusion] The Taguchi equation is recommended for predicting REE in Korean collegiate soccer players. The selection process of a REE-prediction equation must take into consideration the target population’s characteristics. Future studies are recommended to evaluate the validity of the different FFM-based REE-prediction equations in various Korean athletes.
Hα Emission From Active Equal-Mass, Wide M Dwarf Binaries

We identify a sample of near-equal mass wide binary M dwarf systems from the SLoWPoKES catalog of common proper-motion binaries and obtain follow-up observations of their chromospheric activity as measured by the Hα emission line. We present optical spectra for both components of 48 candidate M dwarf binaries, confirming their mid-M spectral types. Of those 48 coeval pairs, we find eight with Hα emission from both components, three with weak emission in one component and no emission in the other, and 37 with two inactive components. We find that of the 11 pairs with at least one active component, only three follow the net trend of decreasing activity strength (LHα/Lbol) with later spectral type. The difference in quiescent activity strength between the A and B components is larger than what would be expected based on the small differences in color (mass). For five binaries with two active components, we present 47 hr of time-resolved spectroscopy, observed on the ARC 3.5-m over 12 different nights. For four of the five pairs, the slightly redder (B) component exhibits a higher level of Hα emission during the majority of the observations and the redder objects are the only components to flare. The full range of Hα emission observed on these variable mid-M dwarfs is comparable to the scatter in Hα emission found in single-epoch surveys of mid-M dwarfs, indicating that variability could be a major factor in the spread of observed activity strengths. We also find that variability is independent of both activity strength and spectral type.
P/2010 A2 LINEAR - I. An impact in the asteroid main belt

Comet P/2010 A2 LINEAR is an object on an asteroidal orbit within the inner Main Belt, therefore a good candidate for membership with the Main Belt Comet family. It was observed with several telescopes (ESO New Technology Telescope, La Silla, Chile; Gemini North, Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i; University of Hawai‘i 2.2 m, Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i) from 14 Jan. until 19 Feb. 2010 in order to characterize and monitor it and its very unusual dust tail, which appears almost fully detached from the nucleus; the head of the tail includes two narrow arcs forming a cross. No evolution was observed during the span of the observations. Observations obtained during the Earth orbital plane crossing allowed an examination of the out-of-plane 3D structure of the tail. The immediate surroundings of the nucleus were found dust-free, which allowed an estimate of the nucleus radius of 80‐90 m, assuming an albedo p = 0.11 and a phase correction with G = 0.15 (values typical for S-type asteroids). A model of the thermal evolution indicates that such a small nucleus could not maintain any ice content for more than a few million years on its current orbit, ruling out ice sublimati on dust ejection mechanism. Rotational spin-up and electrostatic dust levitations were also rejected, leaving an impact with a smaller body as the favoured hypothesis. This is further supported by the analysis of the tail structure. Finston-Probstein dynamic al dust modelling indicates the tail was produced by a single burst of dust emission. More advanced models (described in detail in a companion paper), independently indicate that this burst populated a hollow cone with a half-opening angleα ∼ 40 ◦ and with an ejection velocity vmax ∼ 0.2 m s −1 , where the small dust grains fill the observed tail, while the arcs are foreshortened sections of the burst cone. The dust grains in the tail are measured to have radii between a = 1‐20 mm, with a differential size distribution proportional to a −3.44±0.08 . The dust contained in the tail is estimated to at least 8× 10 8 kg, which would form a sphere of 40 m radius (with a density ρ = 3 000 kg m −3 and an albedo p = 0.11 typical of S-type asteroids). Analysing these results in the framework of crater physics, we conclude that a gravity-controlled crater would have grown up to∼ 100 m radius, i.e. comparable to the size of the body. The non-disruption of the body suggest this was an oblique impact.
Crack depth determination with inductive thermography

Castings, forgings and other steel products are nowadays usually tested with magnetic particle inspection, in order to detect surface cracks. An alternative method is active thermography with inductive heating, which is quicker, it can be well automated and as in this paper presented, even the depth of a crack can be estimated. The induced eddy current, due to its very small penetration depth in ferro-magnetic materials, flows around a surface crack, heating this selectively. The surface temperature is recorded during and after the short inductive heating pulse with an infrared camera. Using Fourier transformation the whole IR image sequence is evaluated and the phase image is processed to detect surface cracks. The level and the local distribution of the phase around a crack correspond to its depth. Analytical calculations were used to model the signal distribution around cracks with different depth and a relationship has been derived between the depth of a crack and its phase value. Additionally, also the influence of the heating pulse duration has been investigated. Samples with artificial and with natural cracks have been tested. Results are presented comparing the calculated and measured phase values depending on the crack depth. Keywords: inductive heating, eddy current, infrared
A Composition Analysis and an Antibacterial Activity Mechanism Exploration of Essential Oil Obtained from Artemisia giraldii Pamp

The goal of this work was to use the GC-MS technique to explore the chemical components of Artemisia giraldii Pamp essential oil (AgEo) and to uncover its antibacterial activity, specifically the antibacterial mechanism of this essential oil. There were a total of 63 chemical constituents in the AgEo, monoterpenes (10.2%) and sesquiterpenes (30.14%) were found to be the most common chemical components, with camphor (15.68%) coming in first, followed by germacrene D. (15.29%). AgEo displayed significant reducing power and good scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radicals, according to antioxidant data. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of AgEo against S. aureus and E. coli was (14.00 ± 1.00) mm and (16.33 ± 1.53) mm, respectively; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgEo against E. coli and S. aureus was 3 μL/mL and 6 μL/mL, respectively; and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgEo against E. coli and S. aureus was 6 μL/mL and 12 μL/mL, respectively. The antibacterial curve revealed that 0.5MIC of AgEo may delay bacterial growth while 2MIC of AgEo could totally suppress bacterial growth. The relative conductivity, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, and protein concentration of the bacterial suspension were all higher after the AgEo treatment than in the control group, and increased as the essential oil concentration was raised. In addition, the cell membrane ruptured and atrophy occurred. The study discovered that AgEo is high in active chemicals and can be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and S. aureus, which is critical for AgEo’s future research and development.
Molecular 
Ωc
 states generated from coupled meson-baryon channels

We have investigated $\Omega_c$ states that are dynamically generated from the meson-baryon interaction. We use an extension of the local hidden gauge to obtain the interaction from the exchange of vector mesons. We show that the dominant terms come from the exchange of light vectors, where the heavy quarks are spectators. This has as a consequence that heavy quark symmetry is preserved for the dominant terms in the $(1/m_Q)$ counting, and also that the interaction in this case can be obtained from the $\textrm{SU(3)}$ chiral Lagrangians. We show that for a standard value for the cutoff regulating the loop, we obtain two states with $J^{P}={1/2}^{-}$ and two more with $J^{P}={3/2}^{-}$, three of them in remarkable agreement with three experimental states in mass and width. We also make predictions at higher energies for states of vector-baryon nature.
A Non-Gaussian Limit Process with Long-Range Dependence

This thesis, consisting of three papers and a summary, studies topics in the theory of stochastic processes related to long-range dependence. Much recent interest in such probabilistic models has its origin in measurements of Internet traffic data, where typical characteristics of long memory have been observed. As a macroscopic feature, long-range dependence can be mathematically studied using certain scaling limit theorems. Using such limit results, two different scaling regimes for Internet traffic models have been identified earlier. In one of these regimes traffic at large scales can be approximated by long-range dependent Gaussian or stable processes, while in the other regime the rescaled traffic fluctuates according to stable ``memoryless'' processes with independent increments. In Paper I a similar limit result is proved for a third scaling scheme, emerging as an intermediate case of the other two. The limit process here turns out to be a non-Gaussian and non-stable process with long-range dependence.In Paper II we derive a representation for the latter limit process as a stochastic integral of a deterministic function with respect to a certain compensated Poisson random measure. This representation enables us to study some further properties of the process. In particular, we prove that the process at small scales behaves like a Gaussian process with long-range dependence, while at large scales it is close to a stable process with independent increments. Hence, the process can be regarded as a link between these two processes of completely different nature.In Paper III we construct a class of processes locally behaving as Gaussian and globally as stable processes and including the limit process obtained in Paper I. These processes can be chosen to be long-range dependent and are potentially suitable as models in applications with distinct local and global behaviour. They are defined using stochastic integrals with respect to the same compensated Poisson random measure as used in Paper II.
Pointwise space–time estimates for compressible Navier–Stokes equations for a reacting mixture

In this paper, we consider the pointwise space–time behaviors of solutions for the dynamic combustion of compressible reactive mixture. The pointwise estimates of global solutions are established in the whole space R3$\mathbb {R}^3$ by using the Green's function method. These estimates also show the wave propagation of the solution. As a by‐product, the Lp$L^p$ ‐norm decay rates of the solution are achieved.
A Scrutiny of Diverse Parameters and Post Tracheostomy Outcome with Quality of Life in Severe COVID-19 Infection

Objectives: The primary aim was to investigate the prognostic factors among critically ill COVID-19 patients, who required mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy. Secondary aim was to analyse their Health-related Quality of Life (HrQoL) at 90 days after ICU discharge. Study Design & Setting: An observational cohort study conducted at a quaternary care setting in Bengaluru, India. Patients’ demographics and clinical data including inflammatory markers, ventilatory parameters, details of intubation and tracheostomy were analysed. Methods: Data were analysed and expressed as mean with percentage (%). Data from the 2 groups, survivors and non- survivors, were compared using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables. The survivors and ‘age and sex’ - matched general population (not infected by COVID-19), from the same geographical area were subjected to questionnaires by the EuroQol group. Results: Among 33 critically ill COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy,15 patients (45.4%) survived. Comorbidities and COVID-19 related complications were noted high among the non-survivors. Ventilatory parameters FiO2, PEEP and PaO2/FiO2 were better in the survivors group which favored the recovery. Complication rate of tracheostomy was 18.1%. Ventilation liberation rate from our study was found to be 45.4% and decannulation rate 42.4%. Low values of D-Dimer and Ferritin strongly favored better recovery. Health-related Quality of Life of the survivor group and general population were comparable. Conclusion: Ventilatory parameters, inflammatory markers and comorbidities do have a role in prognosticating outcome in patients who required tracheostomy. At 90 days follow up there was no significant impact of the disease in the quality of life of survivors.
Magnetic field dependence of the electron spin revival amplitude in periodically pulsed quantum dots

Periodic laser pulsing of singly charged semiconductor quantum dots in an external magnetic field leads to a synchronization of the spin dynamics with the optical excitation. The pumped electron spins partially rephase prior to each laser pulse, causing a revival of electron spin polarization with its maximum at the incidence time of a laser pulse. The amplitude of this revival is amplified by the frequency focusing of the surrounding nuclear spins. Two complementary theoretical approaches for simulating up to 20 million laser pulses are developed and employed that are able to bridge between 11 orders of magnitude in time: a fully quantum mechanical description limited to small nuclear bath sizes and a technique based on the classical equations of motion applicable for a large number of nuclear spins. We present experimental data of the nonmonotonic revival amplitude as function of the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the optical axis. The dependence of the revival amplitude on the external field with a profound minimum at $4\;$T is reproduced by both of our theoretical approaches and is ascribed to the nuclear Zeeman effect. Since the nuclear Larmor precession determines the electronic resonance condition, it also defines the number of electron spin revolutions between pump pulses, the orientation of the electron spin at the incidence time of a pump pulse, and the resulting revival amplitude. The magnetic field of $4\;$T, for example, corresponds to half a revolution of nuclear spins between two laser pulses.