Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements in black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), among 160 samples of black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf—in Iran was determined using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GF-AAS). Besides, the transfer rate of PTEs from made tea into tea infusion was investigated, and the related health risk for consumers was assessed. According to the results, the content of the PTEs is dependent on the type of tea (black or green), the place of cultivation (Iran or India), and the supplied form (both bagged and loose-leaf ). The concentration of Pb, Cd, and As in green tea was significantly lower than black tea (P-value < 0.05). On the other hand, the contents of Zn and Cu in green tea were higher than the corresponding values for black tea. The mean concentration of Pb, As, and Zn in bagged tea samples was significantly higher than those of loose-leaf tea, while the Cd and As levels in Iranian tea samples were significantly lower than the Indian samples. Generally speaking, the mean concentration of Pb, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu were 0.59 ± 0.12, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.16 ± 0.12, 14.23 ± 4.90, and 11.10 ± 2.49 mg kg−1, respectively. The mean transfer rates of Pb, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu were 7.78, 6.29, 9.27, 12.91, and 13.08%, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and noncarcinogenic quotient (target hazard quotient [THQ]) due to the ingestion of PTEs besides the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were considered as acceptable.
Peak inspiratory flow measured at different inhaler resistances in patients with asthma

BACKGROUND: Patients’ peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) may help clinicians select an inhaler device. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients with asthma who could generate correct PIFRs at different inhaler resistance settings. METHODS: During a UK asthma review service, patients’ PIFR was checked at resistance settings matching their current preventer inhaler device, at R5 (high-resistance dry powder inhaler [DPI]) and at R0 (low resistance, pressurized metered dose inhaler [pMDI]). Correct PIFR (“pass”) was defined for R5
Nutrient Composition and Microbiological Status of Nutrient-Dense Flour Produced from Indigenous Crops

Introduction The cause of malnutrition in Nigeria is not only due to decreased food production but largely due to ignorance of what food combinations to eat and how best to process each food. However, the nutritional quality of cereal protein is poor because they are deficient in the essential amino acid Lysine, tryptophan though rich in methionine. The level of protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria particularly Ondo State calls for urgent attention, for instance, according to a research work carried out by Ijarotimi and Odeyemi [1], about 37% of the children in public schools in Ondo State ABSTRACT Consuming diets with low glycemic index may reduce postprandial glycemia and triglyceridemia. The flour which is high in fibre and low in fat (produced from maize, cowpea and Moringa seeds) is a good component for diabetes patient. The objective of the study was to increase the nutrient content of the cereal and improve the nutritional intake of the consumers. Flour blends were produced from maize, cowpea and moringa seed flours in the following ratios of maize: cowpea: moringa seed; 100:0:0; 80:10:10, 75:15:10, 75:10:15, 75:20:05 respectively. Determination of the Proximate and mineral composition were carried out on the flour blends using standard methods. The result for the proximate composition shows that the moisture, ash, fat and fibre contents ranged from 8.75% to 11.23%, 2.00% to 3.10%, 8.15 to 15.00 and 2.00 to 3.94% respectively, while protein and carbohydrate contents ranged from 10.05% to 15.10% and 57.40 to 66.57% respectively. The result of the mineral composition of the flour blends showed that Calcium content of the sample ranged from 6.00 to 29.30 mg/100 g, magnesium 53.10 to 81.40 mg/100 g, potassium 192.35 to 451.15 mg/100 g, sodium 17.90 to 366.25 mg/100 g, manganese 1.15 to 1.60 mg/100 g, iron and zinc content ranged from 4.20 to 7.70 and 2.40 to 3.10 mg/100 g respectively. Sample C (75:15:10) was higher in calcium, magnesium and potassium than the rest blends. The microbiological status of the flour blends from maize/cowpea/moringa seeds showed that the Total Viable Count (TVC) and Yeast and Mould count (YMC) were significantly higher in sample A, C, D, E than in sample B, while Coliform was not detected in any of the samples, an indication that there was no faecal contamination. The microbial count ranged from 29.00 x 103 to 51.00 x 103 and 21.50 x 103 to 46.6 x 103 for TVC and YMC respectively with the lowest value recorded for sample B in both cases. Little information exist for the microbiological status of flour, but the presence of yeast and mould in the flour samples could be attributed to the surrounding air and packaging materials. Conclusively, enrichment of maize flour with cowpea and moringa seeds flours will improve the protein, magnesium, potassium, iron and zinc and make a suitable meal which is high in fibre for people including diabetes patients. *Correspondence: Shakpo I.O. , Food Science and Technology Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Tel: +2348036267170.
DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE? PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS’ PREFERENCE OF PROOF METHOD ON AN INTERMEDIATE PROOF TASK

The emerging of formal mathematical proof is an essential component in advanced undergraduate mathematics courses. Several colleges have transformed mathematics courses by facilitating undergraduate students to understand formal mathematical language and axiomatic structure. Nevertheless, college students face difficulties when they transition to proof construction in mathematics courses. Therefore, this descriptive-explorative study explores prospective teachers' mathematical proof in the second semester of their studies. There were 240 pre-service mathematics teachers at a state university in Surabaya, Indonesia, determined using the conventional method. Their responses were analyzed using a combination of Miyazaki and Moore methods. This method classified reasoning types (i.e., deductive and inductive) and types of difficulties experienced during the proving. The results conveyed that 62.5% of prospective teachers tended to prefer deductive reasoning, while the rest used inductive reasoning. Only 15.83% of the responses were identified as correct answers, while the other answers included errors on a proof construction. Another result portrayed that most prospective teachers (27.5%) experienced difficulties in using definitions for constructing proofs. This study suggested that the analytical framework of the Miyazaki-Moore method can be employed as a tool to help teachers identify students' proof reasoning types and difficulties in constructing the mathematical proof.
Hydrogen‐bonding and Proton Transfer Interactions between Harmane and Trifluoroethanol in the Ground and Excited Singlet States

A study of the hydrogen‐bonding and proton transfer reactions of the ground and excited states of harmane (1‐methyl‐9H‐pyrido/3,4‐b/indole) and its N9‐methyl derivative with 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol in cyclohexane is reported. Spectral measurements (UV–visible, Fourier trans‐form IR, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence) show the formation of fluorescent ground‐state hydrogen‐bonded complexes. The results have been interpreted assuming a tautomeric equilibrium between a 1:1 hydrogen‐bonded complex and its 1:2 proton transfer tautomer (hydrogen‐bonding ion pair). Upon excitation to its singlet excited state, the proton transfer tautomer of harmane reacts with an additional 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol molecule to give a zwitterionic exciplex, which fluoresces at longer wavelength.
ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION AFFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH FREQUENT PREMATURE VENTRICULAR COMPLEXES BY REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Background: Premature ventricular contractions have been described in 1% of clinically normal people as detected by standard ECG and 40–75% of apparently healthy persons as detected by 24–48 hour ambulatory ECG recording (Holter). In the absence of structural heart diseases, it is thought to be relatively benign. However, PVC-induced cardiomyopathy has been a subject of great interest over the last decade. Objective: To evaluate subtle and early premature ventricular complex (PVC)–induced ventricular impairment in patients with frequent PVCs and without structural heart disease by real-time 3-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (RT3D-STE). Patients and Methods: Forty patients were included in this study with asymptomatic frequent PVCs. Patients without structural heart disease was excluded. Detailed history, physical examination, full laboratory investigations, resting ECG, 24 hours Holter monitoring, conventional 2D echocardiography assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), strain imaging with measurement of LV-GLS, 2D speckle tracking and RT3D-STE (global longitudinal, area, radial, and circumferential strain (GLS, GAS, GRS, and GCS)). The study was performed at Islamic Cardiac Centre of Cardiology, Al-Azhar University during the period from September 2019 to April 2020. Results: RT3D-STE modalities detectap early subtle LV dysfunction better than conventional echocardiographic and showed a significant correlation with PVCs burden, origin, focality, interpolated PVCs and duration of the complex of ectopic beat. Conclusion: Frequent premature ventricular complexes could produce LV dysfunction and cardiomyopathy independently of any pre-existing underlying structure heart disease and early detection of subtle LV dysfunction can be done by RT3D-STE modalities even in asymptomatic patient.
Body Size, Habitat, and Diet of Freshwater Crabs Isolapotamon mindanaoense and Sundathelphusa miguelito (Crustacea: Brachyura) in the Municipality of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Philippines

Isolapotamon mindanaoense (Rathbun 1904) and Sundathelphusa miguelito Mendoza and Sy 2017 have narrow biogeographical distribution and are both regarded as endemic to Mindanao island. They are common and publicly consumed freshwater or semi-terrestrial crabs inhabiting vicinities near the waterfalls of Lake Sebu Municipality, South Cotabato in Mindanao, but both species are scarcely investigated. This study aimed to examine the body size, microhabitat and the feeding ecology of these freshwater crab species. Sex and carapace width and length of individuals were determined from specimens collected by hand at three waterfall sampling sites. Feeding and feeding niche overlap were respectively analyzed using the index of relative importance (IRI) of prey items from individual crab stomachs and the Schoener’s R o index. Food items ingested include fish fragments, insect body parts, fragments of aquatic vascular plants, freshwater algae, sand grains and amorphous materials, and these items were similar between species. However, the larger I. mindanaoense appeared to ingest more fish fragments and other animal prey items compared to S. miguelito which ingested more amorphous materials that are derived from benthic plants. However, the R o value of 93% was high, suggesting very similar diet. The two species further partition niches, with S. miguelito being smaller in size and inhabiting sand and gravel substrate, while the larger I. mindanaoense inhabit areas with big boulders. Hence, the crabs can be categorized as omnivorous and detrivorous, and exhibit feeding and habitat niche partitioning that alleviate possible resource competition between the two species.
Quantification, characterization and footprint appraisal of solid waste in urban areas of Solan district in Himachal Pradesh

As the world hurtles towards its urban future, the amount of solid waste, one of the most important by products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. The paper presents the quantification, characterization and footprint assessment of solid waste in urban areas of Solan District. The study reported that the total quantity of urban solid waste generated varied from 0.896 to 19.527 t day. Organics, paper, plastic, glass, others, metal, textiles, rubber / leather wastes represented 50.01%, 21.93%, 18.42%, 4.25%, 2.10% , 1.20%, 1.09% and 1.00% consequently. Per capita waste generation rates ranged from 0.217 to 0.408 kg capita day. The waste footprint of different urban areas varied from 0.002 to 0.035 ha. Thus the results revealed that the majority of waste was organic (50.01%), suggesting a strong resource recovery potential in terms of animal feed or compost. Waste separation should be enforced at the source level, which could promote reuse and recycling, leading to maximum recovery potential and reduced waste volumes.
A molecular dynamics study of the long-time ice Ih surface dynamics

Molecular dynamics simulations of the ice Ih surface between 180 and 210 K showed that the dynamics of the water molecules in the top two to three bilayers is substantially faster than that of the molecules in the lower (bulk) bilayers. Within the simulation time of tens of nanoseconds, there is rapid exchange of molecules between these upper bilayers, but not between these and the lower bilayers. In-plane translation of the molecules in the top surface bilayer leads to rapid surface reconstruction, and a structure consisting primarily of water heptagons, hexagons, and pentagons replaces the crystal geometry. An Arrhenius analysis of the diffusion of molecules in the top bilayer yields a barrier for in-plane diffusion E0 = 23.2 ± 2.9 kJ mol-1 and a preexponential factor D0 = 0.77 cm2 s-1 (ln(D0) = −0.26 ± 1.99). The activation barrier, which is the same as the experimentally measured value, is similar to the energy required to break a hydrogen bond and supports a diffusion mechanism where water molecules .
Bite force sexual dimorphism in Canidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): relations between diet, sociality and bite force intersexual differences

Acknowledgements We are thankful to the following curators and/or collection managers for access to the specimens used in this study under their care, help during our visits or loans: Robert Voss, Teresa Pacheco, John Flynn and Judy Galkin (AMNH); Bruce Patterson (FMNH) and Robert Fisher (USNM). We are thankful to Erika Hingst-Zaher, for her collaboration in the earlier studies that resulted in this dataset, to Alessandra Lamarca and Carlos Schrago for providing us the files with their phylogenetic tree, and to an anonymous reviewer for suggestions that improved our manuscript. This work was developed while ARM received an undergraduate fellowship from FACEPE. ARM is now supported by a doctoral fellowship from CAPES. EMD was supported by fellowships from FACEPE and CNPq, and DA is or was supported by grants from CNPq, CAPES, FACEPE, and FAPESP for the acquisition of equipment used for data collection and during its development. Abstract
Decisions about equivalence: A comparison of TOST, HDI-ROPE, and the Bayes factor.

Some important research questions require the ability to find evidence for two conditions being practically equivalent. This is impossible to accomplish within the traditional frequentist null hypothesis significance testing framework; hence, other methodologies must be utilized. We explain and illustrate three approaches for finding evidence for equivalence: The frequentist two one-sided tests procedure, the Bayesian highest density interval region of practical equivalence procedure, and the Bayes factor interval null procedure. We compare the classification performances of these three approaches for various plausible scenarios. The results indicate that the Bayes factor interval null approach compares favorably to the other two approaches in terms of statistical power. Critically, compared with the Bayes factor interval null procedure, the two one-sided tests and the highest density interval region of practical equivalence procedures have limited discrimination capabilities when the sample size is relatively small: Specifically, in order to be practically useful, these two methods generally require over 250 cases within each condition when rather large equivalence margins of approximately . 2 or . 3 are used; for smaller equivalence margins even more cases are required. Because of these results, we recommend that researchers rely more on the Bayes factor interval null approach for quantifying evidence for equivalence, especially for studies that are constrained on sample size. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Effect of additional PGF2? dose on pregnancy rate in Nellore females subjected to FTAI

This study examined the effect of administering an additional dose of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2? ), in a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI), on the fertility of female Nellore cattle. Two experiments were carried out: the first (Experiment I) took place in the state of Tocantins and the second (Experiment II) in the state of Pará, Brazil. In Experiment I (E1), 80 cows were used in three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) in which all received the same FTAI protocol. In T1 (n = 29), the cows received 12.5 mg of Dinoprost on day 9; in T2 (n = 28), they received the additional dose on day 10; and in T3 (n = 23; control group), the animals did not receive the additional PGF2? dose. Experiment II consisted of 147 bovine females distributed into two treatment groups, namely, T1 - 72 animals receiving the same protocol as T1 of E1; and T2 - 75 animals receiving the same protocol as T3 of E1. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, applying the PROC NPARWAY procedure for E1, and means were compared by the Wilcoxon test at the 5% significance level. In Experiment II, the data were subjected to analysis of variance by PROC GLIMMIX and means were compared by the T test at the 5% significance level. The following pregnancy rates were obtained in Experiment I: T1 - 62.06% (18/29); T2 - 57.14% (16/28); and T3 - 52.17% (12/23), with no significant difference observed between treatments. In Experiment II, pregnancy rate in T1 was 66.67% (48/72), whereas in T2 it was 41.33% (31/75), with a significant difference detected (P < 0.05). An additional dose of PGF2? provides an increase in pregnancy rate in Nellore females.
Anthropometric Profiles and Physical Characteristics in Competitive Female English Premiership Rugby Union Players.

Rugby union (RU) is a field-based team sport with a large number of high-intensity actions such as sprinting, change of direction, tackling, scrummaging, rucking, and mauling. Competitive success in female RU has previously been related to anthropometric and physical characteristics, and with the recent introduction of professionalism in female rugby, characterizing such physical attributes may provide insight into selection and training processes. PURPOSE To identify anthropometric and physical characteristics of competitive female RU players and differences between playing positions. METHODS Twenty-two players were recruited from the top tier of female RU in the United Kingdom during the 2018-2019 Premiership season. Players were split into forwards and backs and underwent body composition testing via dual-X-ray absorptiometry and physical characteristic tests (10- and 20-m speed, 1-repetition-maximum bench press and squat, countermovement jump, drop jump, isometric midthigh pull, and 1200-m shuttle). RESULTS Moderate to large significant differences between playing positions in both anthropometric and physical characteristics were found (P < .01). Forwards displayed greater body mass (P = .03), fat mass (P = .01), and absolute upper-body strength (P = .03), whereas backs demonstrated superior countermovement jump height (P = .01), drop jump height (P = .01), greater reactive strength (P = .03), and speed (P = .03). CONCLUSION These findings provide practitioners with a greater understanding of anthropometric and physical characteristics of professional female RU players.
Depth distribution of simulated urine in a range of soils soon after deposition

Abstract The distribution of a solution simulating cow urine in soil was measured within 6 hours of deposition, by applying 2 litres of KBr‐pyranine dye solution to the soil surface at a rate of 0.2 litres s−1, followed by excavation and sub‐sampling of the area affected by urine in 10‐cm depth increments until no further pyranine dye could be detected under UV fluorescence. Preferential flow of simulated cow urine to below 20 cm soil depth occurred in 9 of the 10 soils examined. Up to 68% of applied solution moved below 20 cm, at an average of 17% over all soils examined. Two soils exhibited a high degree of preferential flow and excluding these from the data reduced the average loss to 11%. Although this preferential flow was significant, much of the urine nutrients moving via preferential flow would still be available for uptake by plant roots at depth, and therefore cannot be considered a loss to pasture. The movement of urine to below 20 or 30 cm soil depth was best predicted by saturated hydraulic c.
Random Forest for Human Daily Activity Recognition

Machine learning classifiers are often used to evaluate the predicting accuracy of human activity recognition. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of random forest (RF) compared to other classifiers with considering the time taken to build the models. Human activity daily living data, namely walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, sitting, standing, and lying down were collected from smartphone-based accelerometer with sampling frequency of 50Hz. The dataset was evaluated using artificial neural network (ANN), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF). The results of the study showed that RF indeed predicted the activities with the highest accuracy. However, the time taken to build the models using RF was the second-longest after ANN.
Empirical Investigation of Relationship between Kaizen Philosophy and Organizational Performance: A Case of Ethiopian Manufacturing Industries

The purpose of this research is empirically investigating the effect of Kaizen on organizational performance in Ethiopian manufacturing industries. Developing research framework, experimental analysis of the empirical study and developing new model are the research approaches used in this study. Moreover, the primary data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) 20. The findings were triangulated to relate with the existing literature. Based on this, the findings discovered that Kaizen practices relating social and technical factors have a highly positive effect on organizational performance. It was also found that people, process and partnership factors were apparent as the foremost Kaizen practices in achieving organizational performance. However, strategy does not have significant impact on achieving society results. The study showed that effective implementation of Kaizen philosophy results in enhancing organizational performance. The study was limited with small number of companies in Ethiopia with little respondents on each company and it may not be adequate to generalize the results for the entire Ethiopian manufacturing companies. The findings of this study emphasized that Kaizen philosophy with 2 social and 4 technical factors as a total of 36 items practice holistically rather than on a piecemeal basis able to get the full potential of the identified Kaizen practices with improving the operational and financial performance of companies. Since there is lack of literature on Kaizen empirical evidence, the study has contributed to the Kaizen philosophy literature with a better understanding of its practices and their association with performance measures that will provide valuable knowledge to Ethiopian manufacturing company managers, academicians, practitioners and Ethiopian Kaizen Institute on improving Kaizen philosophy current practices.