Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond 11% Efficiency: Characteristics of State‐of‐the‐Art Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells

Widespread adoption of solar energy has the potential to bring human civilization greater long-term economic and geopolitical sustainability than currently possible with fossil fuels. However, to fabricate the needed photovoltaic module capacity beyond terawatt levels it is critical to develop low-cost high-throughput production technologies that are unlimited by materials supply and that yield competitive effi ciency levels. Thin-fi lm chalcogenide photovoltaic (PV) technologies offer exceptional opportunity for high-performance, large-area module production, with advantages including the direct band gap absorber, relatively benign grain boundaries with respect to photocarrier recombination and suitability of the technologies for monolithic integration. Indeed, commercial production of the two leading thin-fi lm technologies, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 (CIGSSe), has rapidly increased, with both technologies surpassing 1 gigawatt (GW) production capacity in 2011. [ 1 ] Recent performance enhancements in Cu 2 ZnSn(S 1− x Se x ) 4 (CZTSSe) devices, in which the indium and gallium from CIGSSe are replaced by the more abundant and lower cost zinc and tin, have pointed to the possibility of an additional technology that is more readily scalable to > 100 GW production capacity – a level that would be required for thin-fi lm PV to ultimately impact rapidly growing world-wide electricity demand, which is currently at 10 TW. [ 2–11 ]
Aluminium mass transfer and diffusion in water at 400–550°C, 2 kbar in the K2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system driven by a thermal gradient or by a variation of temperature with time

Abstract Tube-in-tube experiments involving a time-dependent variation of temperature or a strong thermal gradient were conducted in order to decipher the transport and transfer of Al in a closed medium along with dilute water. Results show that the solubility and the transport of Al are controlled by the alkali availability. Starting from a mixture of kyanite + quartz + muscovite at the hot end of a thermal gradient, Al is transported toward the cold end in the form of a complex with an Al/K stoichiometry close to unity. Since more Al than alkali are released by the dissolution of muscovite, an Al-rich phase (kyanite) forms in the vicinity of the starting minerals undergoing dissolution, although Al is mobile in the system. Then, the variation of the solubility of the Al-K complex with temperature leads to the formation of muscovite (+quartz) at the cold end of the thermal gradient. A quantitative interpretation of the experimental results was carried out using data from the literature on Al speciation in dilute water. Extrapolation of the laboratory data to natural rocks suggests that the diffusion of Al is an efficient transport process under medium-grade, low- to medium-pressure conditions. Therefore, mass- transfer estimates based on mass-balance analyses postulating a fixed Al reference frame should be considered with caution. Also the high fluid to rock ratio calculated from the amount of aluminosilicates occurring in veins of medium-grade metapelites is questionable because such calculations neglect the importance of the transport of Al by diffusion.
Structural and nonlinear optical characterizations of tellurium oxide-based glasses : TeO2-BaO-TiO2

Abstract The structure of the pseudo ternary TeO2–TiO2–BaO glasses was investigated by Raman and infrared spectroscopies. In the TeO2–BaO system, glasses with low BaO content have a continuous network constructed by sharing corners of TeO4trigonal bipyramids and TeO3+1polyhedra having nonbridging oxygen atoms. In glasses containing 40% mol BaO, isolated structural units such as TeO3are formed. However, TiO2insertion can inhibit this structural change and favor a continuous network. We discuss the characterization of nonlinear optical process in these materials using Z scan technique. The highest nonlinear absorption values are obtained for titanium tellurite glasses emphasising the particularly significant role of the structural units in the optical response.
Development of Cross-Flow Fluidized Bed Paddy Dryer

ABSTRACT A cross-flow fluidized bed paddy dryer with a capacily of 200 kgh was designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results showed that final moisture content of paddy should not be lower than 23 % dry-basis if quality is to be maintained. Drying air temperature was keot constant at 115°C according to the recommendation of previous work. Results obtained from the mathematical model developed in this study indicatedthat optimum operating parameters should be as follows : air speed of 2.3 m/s, bed thickness of 10 cm and fraction of air recycled of 80 %. At this condition, energy consumption was close to the minimum while drying capacity was near the maximum. A prototype fluidized bed dryer with a capacity of 1 t/h was designed, fabricated and installed with the collaboration of a private company. The unit has been used for almost the whole past harvesting season in 1994 at a paddy merchant sile with preference compared to conventional column continuous dryers. More than 300 tons of paddy were dried.
Phytotoxic and herbicidal activities of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from rhizosphere and soil.

Two fungi, one isolated from the rhizosphere of Mentha piperita and the other isolated from the top soil (20 cm) of the agricultural farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. The rhizospheric fungus was identified as Aspergillus and Penicillium as soil born. The dried crude extracts of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were screened for phytotoxic bioassay and herbicidal activities (against Lemna minor and the weed Silybum marianum L., respectively) in order to evaluate the agrochemical importance of the extracts. Different dose concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 μgmL) of the ethyl acetate and n-Hexane fraction of both the species were tested against Lemna minor and seeds of Silybum marianum L. A dose concentration of 1000 μgmL of ethyl acetate extract and n-Hexane fraction of Aspergillus species inhibited the growth of Lemna minor by 65 and 85%, respectively; while the same dose concentration of ethyl acetate extract and nHexane fraction of Penicillium species inhibited the growth of Lemna minor by 56.66 and 30%, respectively. In addition, the same dose concentrations of the crude extract from both the species completely inhibited the germination of the seeds of Silybum marianum L. The results showed that extract of both fungi has potential agrochemical constituents which might inhibit the growth of Silybum marianum L. and Lemna minor. The results showed potent herbicidal activity against the test weed and therefore is suggested for further isolation and purification work of the active component(s).
Automated direct nucleation control for in situ dynamic fines removal in batch cooling crystallization

Secondary nucleation (e.g. due to attrition) and accidental seeding (e.g. from crust on the wall of vessels) are undesired events that often take place during industrial crystallization processes. The crystal size distribution is greatly affected by these events. The typically used open loop control strategies fail to respond to these dynamic changes resulting in undesired end product properties. Variations in seed quality during seeded operations (e.g. initial breeding) can also result in undesired product quality. The automated direct nucleation control (ADNC) approach presented in this paper automatically detects any changes in the system and removes fines in situ. The approach is tested for external seed additions and accidental seeding scenarios. The results show that the ADNC approach is able to detect any changes in the metastable zone width and drive the system accordingly to dissolve unwanted fines providing an automatic in situ fines removal mechanism.
A STUDY OF THE ION EXCHANGE REMOVAL OF ANTIMONY(III) AND ANTIMONY(V) FROM COPPER ELECTROLYTES

Abstract Several methods have been developed to remove antimony from copper electrolytes. Previous research, however, has focussed almost exclusively on the behaviour of Sb(III), neglecting the fact that Sb(V) is also commonly found in copper electrolytes. In this project, the solubility and the ion exchange behaviour of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) were studied and significant differences in the behaviour of the two species were observed. Thus, the solubility of Sb(III) in a synthetic copper electrolyte increased with temperature in the range from 30 to 80 °C, whereas the solubility of Sb(V) was constant over the same range. Both Sb(III) and Sb(V) were extracted by an aminophosphonic resin, but only Sb(III) was readily eluted by HCl or complexing agents, such as EDTA and tartaric acid. By contrast, the elution of Sb(V) was extremely slow with HCl and ineffective with complexing agents. This observation implies that in industrial practice, unless special measures are taken, Sb(V) will accumulate on the resin, eventually impeding the ion exchange process. Plusieurs méthodes ont été développées pour enlever l’antimoine des électrolytes de cuivre. Cependant, les recherches antécédentes étaient concentrées presque exclusivement sur le comportement de Sb(III), négligeant le fait qu’on trouve également Sb(V) communément dans les électrolytes de cuivre. Dans ce projet, on a étudié la solubilité et le comportement d’échange d’ions à la fois de Sb(III) et de Sb(V) et l’on a observé des différences importantes dans le comportement des deux espèces. Ainsi, la solubilité de Sb(III) dans un électrolyte synthétique de cuivre augmentait avec la température dans la gamme de 30 à 80°C, alors que la solubilité de Sb(V) était constante dans la même gamme de température. On a extrait tant le Sb(III) que le Sb(V) avec une résine aminophosphonique, mais seulement Sb(III) était facilement élué par le HCl ou par les agents complexants tels que l’EDTA et l’acide tartrique. En contraste, l’élution de Sb(V) était extrêmement lente avec le HCl et inefficace avec les agents complexants. Cette observation implique qu’en pratique industrielle, à moins qu’on ne prenne des mesures spéciales, le Sb(V) va s’accumuler dans la résine, empêchant éventuellement le procédé d’échange d’ions.
Optical Properties of Blends: Influence of Mixing-Induced Disorder in Pentacene:Diindenoperylene versus Perfluoropentacene:Diindenoperylene

The optical properties of mixed films of pentacene:diindenoperylene and perfluoropentacene:diindenoperylene in various mixing ratios are studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry and polarization dependent transmission spectroscopy. Compared to the spectra of films of the pure compounds, the absorption spectra of the blends are found to be significantly influenced by interactions of the comixed compounds and the mixing-induced disorder. On the basis of the comparison of the two mixed systems, we address the effects of mixing and ordering behavior on the specific optical transitions of the different blends by analyzing the line shape of the spectra and the energy positions and widths of the characteristic peaks. The results are important for a fundamental understanding of organic semiconductor blends and possible charge transfer effects in these systems relevant for device applications.
Application and Possibilities of Supercritical CO2 Extraction in Food Processing Industry: An Overview

The food industry is always looking for the best separation technology to obtain natural compounds of high purity, healthy products of excellent quality with several industrial applications. The conventional extraction process for those compounds has some limitations regarding the solvent toxicity, flammability and wastefulness. Research into energetically less costly technologies with respect to the environment is required. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively new extraction process that has attracted great interest in many industries. Supercritical fluid properties are used selectively to extract specific components. This paper overviews the applications of supercritical fluid technology in food processing using carbon dioxide as the ideal supercritical fluid because of its non-flammable, non-toxic, non-polluting and recoverable characteristics. A summary of commercial applications and examples of recent developments illustrate the different possibilities that SFE has in industrial food processes.
Zn3V2O8 hexagon nanosheets: a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Novel Zn3V2O8 hexagon nanosheets were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The Zn3V2O8 nanosheets were revealed to show a high performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with good rate capacity, high cycling stability, and excellent discharge capacity up to 1103 mA h g−1 at a 200 mA g−1 current density.
Influence of different sterilization methods on callus initiation and production of pigmented callus in Arnebia densiflora Ledeb.

We analyzed the effects of sodium hypochlorite and Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) on surface sterilization. We also examined the effects that the addition of an antibiotic-antimycotic solution to the culture medium had on callus induction. Explants were initially sterilized with different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and cultured on MS media containing kinetin (0.29 mM) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 10 mM). No calluses were produced, either because of contamination of the explants, or loss of explants as a result of the high levels of sodium hypochlorite. The application of PPM and antibiotics at different concentrations reduced contamination and led to callus induction from shoot apexes and young root explants. The best callus responses were obtained using PPM at 1%-2%, whereas callus induction on shoot apexes diminished at higher concentrations (4% PPM). This is the first report of successful sterilization and reduced contamination of explants from naturally field grown A. densiflora by PPM. Moreover, established callus cultures produced pigmented calluses, which were analyzed spectrophotometrically.
Electrification current in the spinning disk system

Generation of electrostatic charges has been found to be one cause of failures of high power transformers. In this paper we present experimental investigations of transformer oil electrification obtained during research on a spinning disk system. The experiments have been carried out for oil within the temperature range of 20 to 80/spl deg/C and Reynolds number of 3000 to 9000. The equilibrium duct-flow theory of Abedian and Sonin (1981) has been modified to deduce the wall charge density coefficient for transformer oil. From the analysis it appears that the model proposed to describe electrification in the spinning disk system agrees with the experimental data. >
Blood pressure phenotypes based on ambulatory monitoring in a general middle-aged population

Abstract Background Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is increasingly recommended for clinical use, but more knowledge about the prevalence and variability in ABPM-derived phenotypes in the general population is needed. We describe these parameters in the community-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) cohort. Methods We examined 5881 men and women aged 50–64 with 24-hour ABPM recordings using validated monitors. ABPM phenotypes were defined according to European guidelines. White coat hypertension was defined as elevated office BP (≥140/90 mmHg) with normal mean ambulatory BP (<135/85 mmHg in day-time, <120/70 mmHg in night-time, <130/80 mmHg over 24-h); and masked hypertension as normal office BP (<140/90 mmHg) with elevated mean ambulatory BP (≥135/85 mmHg in day-time, ≥120/70 mmHg in night-time, ≥130/80 mmHg over 24-h). Blood pressure variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation (SD), and average real variability. Results Based on the ABPM recordings, 36.9% of participants had 24-h hypertension, 40.7% had day-time hypertension, and 37.6% nocturnal hypertension. Among participants treated with anti-hypertensive drugs, one in three had elevated office blood pressures, and more than half had elevated 24-h, day-time or nocturnal blood pressures. Among participants without anti-hypertensive drugs, only one in six had elevated office blood pressures, but one in three had elevated 24-h, day-time or nocturnal blood pressures. Men had higher 24-h blood pressures, more masked hypertension, but less white-coat hypertension than women. The prevalence of white-coat hypertension increased with age, but not the prevalence of masked hypertension. A positive association between blood pressure level and variability was observed, and within-person and between-person SD and CV were of similar magnitude. The variance in ABPM on repeated measurements was substantial. Conclusions In the middle-aged general population, masked hypertension is an underappreciated problem on the population level.
Valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement versus redo surgical aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

With the growing contemporary use of bioprosthetic valves, whose limited long‐term durability has been well‐documented, an increase in the need for reintervention is expected. We perform a meta‐analysis to compare the current standard of care, redo surgical aortic valve replacement (Redo SAVR) with the less invasive alternative, valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (ViV TAVR) for treating structural valve deterioration.
Meta-analysis of arterial anastomosis techniques in head and neck free tissue transfer

The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the differences in the incidence of thrombosis and vascular compromise in arterial anastomosis between microvascular anastomotic devices and hand-sewn techniques during free tissue transfer in the head and neck. We searched for articles in PubMed/Medline, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science, from January 1, 1962 till April 1, 2020 that reported data of microvascular anastomosis during free tissue transfer in the head and neck. The incidence of arterial thrombosis or vascular compromise, or both was the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was anastomotic time. We also assessed the sensitivity and the risk of bias. This meta-analysis included 583 arterial anastomoses from six studies. The group using microvascular anastomotic devices tended to have an increased incidence of arterial thrombosis and vascular compromise (risk ratio (RR), 3.42; P = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91–12.77). The hand-sewn technique took significantly longer to perform the anastomosis compared with that of the microvascular anastomotic devices (weighted mean difference, 15.26 min; P<0.01; 95% CI, 14.65–15.87). Microvascular anastomotic devices might increase the risk of arterial thrombosis and vascular compromise compared with the hand-sewn technique; however, further randomized controlled trials are needed to provide a more accurate estimate. The application of microvascular anastomotic devices will help to reduce anastomotic surgery time and achieve acceptable vessel opening, benefiting from the developments of arterial couplers and microsurgical techniques.
Cimetidine, C10H16N6S, form C: crystal structure and modelling of polytypes using the superspace approach

The H2 antagonist cimetidine forms many polymorphs, several of which have resisted structural analysis thus far. Using single-crystal X-ray measurements obtained from synchrotron radiation, the crystal structure of cimetidine form C has been solved. This layered structure crystallizes in space group C2/c with an unusually large lattice parameter, a = 82.904 A. The thickness of each layer L is equal to a′ = a/6 = 13.82 A, and a = 6a′ originates from a sixfold LLLL′L′L′ sequence with L and L′ differing by 0.5b. This packing is reminiscent of polytypic stacking in metals. A (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace model is derived and used to explain and predict many polytypic modifications. This model is characterized by (i) the (3 + 1)-dimensional symmetry group X2/c(α0γ)00, where X = 0\textstyle{1 \over 2}0\textstyle{1 \over 2}; (ii) the lattice parameter a′ and modulation vector q = 1/n(a′*); (iii) the atomic positions of a single molecule of cimetidine form C; (iv) the primary variable, 1/n. The model reproduces the previously solved structure, the 6M polytype, and generates the related polytypes nM with lattice parameter anM = na′ for n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. A comparison of powder X-ray diffraction patterns available for cimetidine form C with those simulated for the nM polytypes suggests that the powder samples published previously probably contain a mixture of various polytypes.
Longitudinal monitoring of asthma in the clinic using respiratory oscillometry

Asthma guidelines emphasize the importance of assessing lung function and symptoms. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) and its longitudinal relationship with spirometry and symptoms are unresolved. We examined concordance between longitudinal spirometry, FOT and symptom control, and determined FOT limits of agreement in stable asthma.
Parasitism and host behavior in the context of a changing environment: The Holocene record of the commercially important bivalve Chamelea gallina, northern Italy

Rapid warming and sea-level rise are predicted to be major driving forces in shaping coastal ecosystems and their services in the next century. Though forecasts of the multiple and complex effects of temperature and sea-level rise on ecological interactions suggest negative impacts on parasite diversity, the effect of long term climate change on parasite dynamics is complex and unresolved. Digenean trematodes are complex life cycle parasites that can induce characteristic traces on their bivalve hosts and hold potential to infer parasite host-dynamics through time and space. Previous work has demonstrated a consistent association between sea level rise and increasing prevalence of trematode traces, but a number of fundamental questions remain unanswered about this paleoecological proxy. Here we examine the relationships of host size, shape, and functional morphology with parasite prevalence and abundance, how parasites are distributed across hosts, and how all of these relationships vary through time, using the bivalve Chamelea gallina from a Holocene shallow marine succession in the Po coastal plain. Trematode prevalence increased and decreased in association with the transition from a wave-influenced estuarine system to a wave-dominated deltaic setting. Prevalence and abundance of trematode pits are associated with large host body size, reflecting ontogenetic accumulation of parasites, but temporal trends in median host size do not explain prevalence trends. Ongoing work will test the roles of temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability on trematode parasitism. Parasitized bivalves in one sample were shallower burrowers than their non-parasitized counterparts, suggesting that hosts of trematodes can be more susceptible to their predators, though the effect is ephemeral. Like in living parasite-host systems, trematode-induced malformations are strongly aggregated among hosts, wherein most host individuals harbor very few parasites while a few hosts have many. We interpret trace aggregation to support the assumption that traces are a reliable proxy for trematode parasitism in the fossil record.