Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Activities and Safety of Ganoderma lucidum Spores: A Systematic Review

Ganoderma lucidum is traditionally used to prevent and treat some diseases such as liver disorders, hypertension, insomnia, diabetes, and cancer. G. lucidum spore extracts are also reported to share similar bioactivities as extracts from its other parts. However, there is no systematic review that elucidates its pharmacological effect. Our aim is to comprehensively summarise current evidence of G. lucidum spore extracts to clarify its benefits to be applied in further studies. We searched five primary databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Global Health Library (GHL), System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE), and Google Scholar on September 13, 2021. Articles were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A manual search was applied to find more relevant articles. Ninety studies that reported the pharmacological effects and/or safety of G. lucidum spores were included in this review. The review found that G. lucidum spore extracts showed quite similar effects as other parts of this medicinal plant including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, and immunomodulation. G. lucidum sporoderm-broken extract demonstrated higher efficiency than unbroken spore extract. G. lucidum extracts also showed their effects on some genes responsible for the body's metabolism, which implied the benefits in metabolic diseases. The safety of G. lucidum should be investigated in depth as high doses of the extract could increase levels of cancer antigen (CA)72-4, despite no harmful effect shown on body organs. Generally, there is a lot of potential in the studies of compounds with pharmacological effects and new treatments. Sporoderm breaking technique could contribute to the production of extracts with more effective prevention and treatment of diseases. High doses of G. lucidum spore extract should be used with caution as there was a concern about the increase in CA.
Knowledge formulation for supervised evidential classification

The Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence provides an appropriate framework for overcoming problems associated with the analysis, integration, and classification of modern, multisource data sets. However, current methods for generating the prerequisite evidence are subjective and inconsistent. To address this, a more objective approach is presented for deriving evidence from histogram bin transformations of supervised training data frequency distributions. The procedure is illustrated by an example application in which evidential land-cover classification accuracy is increased from a kappa coefficient of 0.51 to 0.90 by appropriate use of bin transformation functions for a complex, mountainous environment in the Canadian sub-Arctic
Perception and Attitude of Nigerian Athletes towards Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Background/Objective: Effective practice of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) will depend to a good extent on the perception and attitude of a population towards this life-saving technique. This study aimed at assessing the perception and attitude of Nigerian athletes towards this important procedure. Methods: A questionnaire-based national cross-sectional survey of Nigerian athletes was carried out during the 21st National Sports Festival (NSF) in Delta State, Nigeria, which continued after the festival in the various locations of the athletes in the country. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 25 and descriptive and chi-square statistics, as well as one sample t test were employed with significance level set at P < . 05. Results: In all, 419 athletes were involved in the study - 278 (66.3%) males and 141(33.7%) females with age range of 11- 49 years and mean age of 23.43 + 5.66 (SD). The participants significantly had positive perception of (P < .000) and attitude towards bystander CPR (P < .000), which did not vary significantly with respect to their participation in contact or non-contact sports (P > .05). Conclusion/Recommendation: The Nigerian athletes showed encouraging positive perception of bystander CPR and attitude towards it. Nigerian Governments should actively support the establishment of sustainable programmes for teaching and training of athletes in bystander CPR
How do We Assess Enterprise Risk Management Disclosure?

This study aims to empirically explore company size and corporate governance as determinants of risk management disclosure by investigating the effect of a combination of determinants on risk management disclosure practices in manufacturing companies. This study used a random sampling method. The sample for this research is 189 manufacturing companies (3 years of observation) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. The COSO 2017 spreadsheet was used to measure the level of risk management disclosure. Panel data regression analysis using the Eviews program version 10 was used to examine the effect of company size and corporate governance on risk management disclosure. The results showed that company size, institutional ownership, and audit committee had a positive effect. In contrast, the size of the board of commissioners hurt risk management. The independent board of commissioners with managerial ownership shows results that do not affect risk management in manufacturing companies in Indonesia.
The Negative Impact of Social Media on Youth’s Social Lives

The results of numerous scientific researches in developed countries shows that the content produced by social media has a significant impact on the behavior and lifestyle of young people, especially in developing countries such as Afghanistan; But the main problem is that there has been no serious awareness and cognition about the harmful impact of social media content on young people on developing countries, which is comprehensively discussed in this research paper. The general purpose of this paper is to provide information and create awareness about the negative impact of social media on youth's social behavior through content analyses and qualitative research. Social Media refers to different types of platforms or applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook, TikTok, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, etc. through which people share information and use it as a communication resource.This study has specifically addressed the basic questions that How social media changes youth's social behavior and what are the main factors which because social behavior changes in youths by using social media and what are the negative impact of social media on youth's social lives by using reliable resources. Even though social media sites and platforms have more advantages and positive impacts and provide a lot of communication, business, and entertainment opportunities, it leads to social isolation, anxiety, depression, cyberbullying, sexuality, loss of privacy, terrorism, etc. It reduces the number of face-to-face interactions among the youth because they normally spend most of their time on online social platforms. The result of this research shows that social media leads to social isolation and this can cause several effects such as physical, emotional, mental, and psychological issues on youths. This can lead to depression, anxiety, and many other problems.
Generalized equations and their solutions in the (1/2,0)+(0,1/2) representations of the Lorentz group

We present explicit examples of generalizations in relativistic quantum mechanics. First of all, we discuss the generalized spin-1/2 equations for neutrinos. They have been obtained by means of the Gersten-Sakurai method for derivations of arbitrary-spin relativistic equations. Possible physical consequences are discussed. Next, it is easy to check that both Dirac algebraic equations Det(ˆp − m) = 0 and Det(ˆp + m) = 0 for u− and v− 4-spinors have solutions with p0 = ±Ep = ± p p2 + m2. The same is true for higher-spin equations. Meanwhile, every book considers the equality p0 = Ep for both u− and v− spinors of the (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2) representation, thus applying the DiracFeynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of the negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several others) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum field level for both S = 1/2 and higher spin particles. The third example is: we postulate the non-commutativity of 4-momenta, and we derive the mass splitting in the Dirac equation. The applications are discussed.
Analysis of The Relationship Between Self-Help Housing Assistance Programs and The Reduction of Stunting in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the relationship between government policy in the form of the Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance Program (BSPS/Self-Help Homes Program) and the reduction of stunting in Indonesia. By utilizing data on the prevalence of stunting in districts/cities in Indonesia in 2016-2021 and data on districts/cities receiving self-help housing assistance in 2016-2021, this study uses the panel data regression method to show the correlation between the BSPS program and the reduction in stunting at the district/city level in Indonesia. Based on the regression results, it can be concluded that the 2016-2021 BSPS Program as an independent variable shows a negative and significant relationship with a decrease in stunting in 514 districts/cities in Indonesia. The percentage of women giving birth in health facilities, proper sanitation, poor population, the ability to read and write in women aged > 15 years, and district/city GDP per capita significantly reduces stunting in Indonesia. On the other hand, toddlers who receive complete basic immunization and state spending on health do not affect stunting reduction. This study recommends expanding the BSPS Program to more districts/cities in Indonesia, increasing the level of knowledge and awareness of mothers about stunting, improving proper sanitation, evaluating health spending strategies at the district/city level, and considering regional socioeconomic factors in policy planning. Moreover, the allocation of resources contributes to reducing stunting.
The Influence of Internal Control Effectiveness on Corruption Prevention with Performance Accountability as an Intervening Variable

This study aims to determine the effect of internal control effectiveness, budget participation, and apparatus competence on corruption prevention with performance accountability as intervening variables. This study is on the Independent Electoral Commission in Aceh Province and the General Election Commission in North Sumatra Province with a total of 58 work units with data analysis using multiple linear regression. The data uses a questionnaire; the financial manager, the respondent, is given a questionnaire using digital assistance, namely the Google form. This study used data quality tests, classical assumption tests, and computer-assisted hypothesis testing through the IBM SPSS for Windows program. The results show that the effectiveness of internal control, budget participation, apparatus competency, and performance accountability have an impact on preventing corruption in the Independent Electoral Commission in Aceh Province and the General Election Commission in North Sumatra Province. These results indicate that the Effectiveness of Internal Control, Budget Participation, and Apparatus Competence affect accountability at the Independent Electoral Commission in Aceh Province and the Provincial Election Commission in North Sumatra. At the same time, the Effectiveness of Internal Control, Budget Participation, and Apparatus Competence influence Corruption Prevention through Performance Accountability at the Independent Electoral Commission in Aceh Province and the Provincial General Election Commission in North Sumatra.
Measuring Potentially Avoidable Acute Care Transfers From Long-Term Care Homes in Quebec: a Cross Sectional Study

Background Potentially avoidable emergency department transfers (PAEDTs) and hospitalizations (PAHs) from long-term care (LTC) homes are two key quality improvement metrics. We aimed to: 1) Measure proportions of PAEDTs and PAHs in a Quebec sample; and 2) Compare them with those reported for the rest of Canada. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study of residents who were received at one tertiary hospital between April 2017 and March 2019 from seven LTC homes in Quebec, Canada. The MedUrge emergency department database was used to extract transfers and resident characteristics. Using published definitions, PAEDTs and PAHs were identified from principal emergency department and hospitalization diagnoses, respectively. PAEDT and PAH proportions were compared to those reported by the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Results A total of 1,233 transfers by 692 residents were recorded, among which 36.3% were classified as being potentially avoidable: 22.8% ‘PAEDT only’, 11.6% ‘both PAEDT & PAH’, and 1.9% ‘PAH only’. Shortness of breath was the most common reason for transfer. Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis from the ‘both PAEDT & PAH’ category. PAEDTs and PAHs accounted for 95% and 37% of potentially avoidable transfers, respectively. Among 533 hospitalizations, 31.3% were PAHs. These proportions were comparable to the rest of Canada, with some differences in proportions of transfers due to congestive heart failure, urinary tract infection, and implanted device management. Conclusions PAEDTs far outweigh PAHs in terms of frequency, and their monitoring is important for quality assurance as they may inform LTC-level interventions aimed at their reduction.
The importance of imperviousness

Berylloaluminosilicates having faujasite structure are described. These beryllium zeolites (Y-zeolites) can have substantially higher Al2O3/SiO2 ratios than the berylliumfree aluminosilicates of similar structure; they can be obtained hydrothermally from aqueous mixtures of the components and can be used instead of the faujasites in industrial processes involving absorption or catalysts.
The role of Proton Pump Inhibitors in COVID-19

The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated with increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and severe outcomes. This may be because the gut is the most important immune organ in the body and the virus reach and replicate rapidly in the absence of gastric acid. Therefore, the use of PPIs as acid suppressant drugs may have negative impact on COVID-19. We aimd to identify the relationship between the use of PPIs with the incidence of Covid-19 and the severity of outcomes. This case-control study was conducted on 246 participant who were pretested for Covid-19 in Herat city, Afghanistan. We investigated the incidence rate and risk of severe clinical symptoms and outcomes (mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and requirement of oxygen therapy) in COVID-19 patients. The incidence of Covid-19 was insignificantly higher among PPI-users than non-users (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.74 – 2.25). Moreover, the symptoms including respiratory, digestive and systemic complains, taste and smell disturbances and outcome of the disease were more severe in PPI users {OR (95% CI)}, 2.47 (0.71 – 8.63), 2.16 (0.97 – 4.84), 2.32 (1.01 – 5.31), 2.23 (1.05 – 4.72), 2.62 (1.23 – 5.45), 4.38 (2.01 – 9.51), 7.56 (2.93 – 19.61) and 5.99 (2.52 – 14.30) respectively. In Conclusion We found a significant icreased risk of COVID-19 negative outcomes in PPIs users. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to find the exact role of PPIs use on COVID-19.
Evaluation of Drip Lateral Spacing on Yield and Economic Return of Onion (allium cepa l.) at Awash Melkassa, Ethiopia

Water availability is becoming a critical issue in Ethiopia in semi-arid climate mainly in Rift Valley areas. Field experiment was carried out during the dry cropping season of 2019/2020 to evaluate the performance of drip lateral spacing on onion yield and its net return with two adjustments of drip lateral spacing at full irrigation application viz., lateral placed in every row and between two rows. The performance of drip lateral spacing system was evaluated on the basis of parameters like emitter flow rate (q), emission uniformity (EU), emitter flow rate (qvar), coefficient of variation (CV), uniformity coefficient (CU). The mean values of upper, middle, and lower lateral spacing showed non- significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in emission uniformity of drip lateral spacing. An average emitter uniformity parameter value was 93.66%, 96.28%, 12.05 %, 1.68 % for emission uniformity, uniformity coefficient, emitter flow variation and coefficient of variation respectively. The designed drip lateral spacing was operated excellently as all values of emitter uniformity parameter were in the recommended range in each case. The average basic infiltration rate was found to be 18 mm/hr. From the result, onion yield and yield parameters was affected by the effects of drip lateral spacing. Maximum onion bulb yield of 41.44t ha-1 and 25.83t ha-1 were obtained from lateral spacing in every row and between two rows respectively. Total bulb yield was reduced by 37.65% when drip lateral between two rows was used. But the cost of drip lateral between two onion plant rows was 26.14% less than drip lateral in every onion plant rows. Therefore, onion could be irrigated by drip lateral spacing in every row to get better onion bulb yield.
Heavy metals variations in organs of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia dageti from landing sites at lower Benue River, Ibi, Taraba, Nigeria

This research studied heavy metal variations in organs of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia dageti from landing sites by lower Benue River at Ibi, Taraba State, Nigeria. The results of heavy metal variations examined showed C. gariepinus recorded higher concentrations of the metals compare to T. dageti. Among the metals studied zinc (Zn) values were higher for both species while cadmium (Cd) values were lower. Ranking profile in organs was: liver >Gills > muscles with metal in order of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. Concentration of metals varied significantly ( p <0.05) in organs for T. dageti . Zinc (Zn) recorded higher concentration (1.2000 mg/kg) while cadmium recorded lower values (0.0034 mg/kg). Also the correlation results during the study for the two species showed C. gariepinus have a strong association with the heavy metals compare to T. dageti. The Correlation association of heavy metals for cadmium (Cd) showed there was significant difference ( p <0.05) for affinity for metal between the species. However, Lead (Pb) concentrations showed weak correlation between C. gariepinus and T. dageti during the study period. The correlation results also showed significant difference ( p <0.05) in zinc (Zn) concentrations for C. gariepinus compare to T. dageti . Results of this study ascertained occurrence of heavy metals in lower river Benue and that variations in levels affect fish. All metals studied were within safe range for fish and fisheries product by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) in the two species. However continuous monitoring and check on fish species for heavy metals load should be encourage and sustained. Heavy metals concentrations should also be investigated in other commercial species of the river to assess their safety for consumption and routine studies of the river water should also be sustained.
Characterizing Atrazine Degradation by Molybdenum-reducing Pseudomonas sp.

The most feasible and economical technique for removal of toxic compounds in the polluted environment is bioremediation. This technique surpasses other physicochemical methods in recent time for being effective particularly at a lower concentration of the toxicant. In this study, seven (7) previously isolated molybdenum-reducing bacteria were screened for their potential to degrade atrazine herbicide as sole carbon source for growth. Bacterial colony count on mineral salt medium supplemented with atrazine was used for the screening, while the effects of incubation time, concentration, temperature, pH, inoculum size and heavy metals on atrazine biodegradation was used in characterizing the candidate isolate. Of the seven isolates, an isolate identified as Pseudomonas sp. that grew best with a count of 195 CFU/mL was chosen. The optimum conditions supporting atrazine degradation by Pseudomonas sp. were found to be temperature 35 °C, pH 7.0, incubation time 48 hours and 400 µL inoculum. The use of atrazine as carbon and electron donor source for molybdenum reduction, poorly support molybdenum blue (Mo-blue) production. At a concentration (2 ppm), heavy metals such as lead and copper did not significantly (p>0.05) affect atrazine biodegradation relative to control, iron and silver shows a relative stimulatory effect to the process, while mercury and zinc showed significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effect when compared to control. The ability of the isolate to degrade atrazine makes it an important instrument for bioremediation of this herbicide.
What Have We (Not) Learnt from Millions of Scientific Papers with P Values?

ABSTRACT P values linked to null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the most widely (mis)used method of statistical inference. Empirical data suggest that across the biomedical literature (1990–2015), when abstracts use P values 96% of them have P values of 0.05 or less. The same percentage (96%) applies for full-text articles. Among 100 articles in PubMed, 55 report P values, while only 4 present confidence intervals for all the reported effect sizes, none use Bayesian methods and none use false-discovery rate. Over 25 years (1990–2015), use of P values in abstracts has doubled for all PubMed, and tripled for meta-analyses, while for some types of designs such as randomized trials the majority of abstracts report P values. There is major selective reporting for P values. Abstracts tend to highlight most favorable P values and inferences use even further spin to reach exaggerated, unreliable conclusions. The availability of large-scale data on P values from many papers has allowed the development and applications of methods that try to detect and model selection biases, for example, p-hacking, that cause patterns of excess significance. Inferences need to be cautious as they depend on the assumptions made by these models and can be affected by the presence of other biases (e.g., confounding in observational studies). While much of the unreliability of past and present research is driven by small, underpowered studies, NHST with P values may be also particularly problematic in the era of overpowered big data. NHST and P values are optimal only in a minority of current research. Using a more stringent threshold, as in the recently proposed shift from P < 0.05 to P < 0.005, is a temporizing measure to contain the flood and death-by-significance. NHST and P values may be replaced in many fields by other, more fit-for-purpose, inferential methods. However, curtailing selection biases requires additional measures, beyond changes in inferential methods, and in particular reproducible research practices.