Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
R EPRESENTATION Q UALITY E XPLAIN A DVERSARIAL A TTACKS

Neural networks have been shown vulnerable to adversarial samples. Slightly perturbed input images are able to change the classification of accurate models, showing that the representation learned is not as good as previously thought. To aid the development of better neural networks, it would be important to evaluate to what extent are current neural networks’ representations capturing the existing features. Here we propose a way to evaluate the representation quality of neural networks using a novel type of zero-shot test, entitled Raw Zero-Shot. The main idea lies in the fact that some features are present on unknown classes and that unknown classes can be defined as a combination of previous learned features without representation bias (a bias towards representation that maps only current set of input-outputs and their boundary). To evaluate the soft-labels of unknown classes, two metrics are proposed. One is based on clustering validation techniques (Davies-Bouldin Index) and the other is based on soft-label distance of a given correct soft-label. Experiments show that such metrics are in accordance with the robustness to adversarial attacks and might serve as a guidance to build better models as well as be used in loss functions to create new types of neural networks. Interestingly, the results suggests that dynamic routing networks such as CapsNet have better representation while current deeper DNNs are trading off representation quality for accuracy.
Efficacy of Different Irrigants and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Removal of Calcium Hydroxide from Root Canals-A Comparative in Vitro Study

Original Research Article Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of 1% peracetic acid, 17% EDTA, 3% NaOCl and 10% citric acid in the removal of calcium hydroxide from the root canals, coupled with passive ultrasonic activation. METHOD: 40 freshly extracted human single rooted teeth were selected. Teeth were decoronated to standardize the root length to 15mm.Working length was determined and biomechanical preparation was done using ProTaper rotary instruments. The canals were irrigated, and filled with calcium hydroxide paste using lentulospiral. The samples were divided into 4 groups depending on the final irrigation sequence. Group 1: 3ml of 17%EDTA with PUI . Group 2: 3ml of 3 % NaOCl with PUI. Group 3: 3ml of 1%peracetic acid with PUI. Group 4: 10% citric acid with PUI. The roots were split longitudinally and viewed under stereomicroscope at 30X magnification. RESULTS: Results showed that 1% peracetic acid was superior in the removal of calcium hydroxide from the root canals when compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: 1% peracetic acid was superior in the coronal, middle and apical third of the root canal followed by 17% EDTA, 10%citric acid and 3% NaOCl.
Extension of Generalized Lorenz Dominance Criterion to Multivariate Attributes

This paper considers an extension of generalized Lorenz dominance (GL) criterion to the case of multivariate attributes. Based on the uniform majorization of Kolm (1977), we propose an extended version of GL which we call uniform supermajorization which allows for attributes with different means. It is verified that uniform supermajorization has similar implications as uniform majorization for welfare ordering. Furthermore, we show that this criterion can be used for comparison of distributions of unequal populations. We also provide a procedure for empirical investigations which is in the standard form of linear programming problems. key words: Generalized Lorenz dominance, Multidimensional inequality, Uniform majorization. JEL code: D31, D63
Explicit silicate cycling in the Kiel Marine Biogeochemistry Model,
version 3 (KMBM3) embedded in the UVic ESCM version 2.9

Abstract. We describe and test a new model of biological marine silicate cycling, implemented in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) version 2.9. This new model adds diatoms, which are a key aspect of the biological carbon pump, to an existing ecosystem model. The new model performs well against important ocean biogeochemical indicators and captures the large-scale features of the marine silica cycle. Furthermore it is computationally efficient, allowing both fully-coupled, long-timescale transient simulations, as well as "offline" transport matrix spinups. We assess the fully-coupled model against modern ocean observations, the historical record since 1960, and a business-as-usual atmospheric CO2 forcing to the year 2300. The model simulates a global decline in net primary production (NPP) of 1.3 % having occurred since the 1960s, with the strongest declines in the tropics, northern mid-latitudes, and Southern Ocean. The simulated global decline in NPP reverses after the year 2100 (forced by the extended RCP CO2 concentration scenario), and NPP returns to pre-industrial rates by 2300. This recovery is dominated by increasing primary production in the Southern Ocean, mostly by calcifying phytoplankton. Large increases in calcifying phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean offset a decline in the low latitudes, producing a global net calcite export in 2300 that varies only slightly from pre-industrial rates. Diatoms migrate southward in our simulations, following the receding Antarctic ice front, but are out-competed by calcifiers across most of their pre-industrial Southern Ocean habitat. Global opal export production thus drops to 50 % of its pre-industrial value by 2300. Model nutrients phosphate, silicate, and nitrate build up along the Southern Ocean particle export pathway, but dissolved iron (for which ocean sources are held constant) increases in the upper ocean. This different behaviour of iron is attributed to a reduction of low-latitude NPP (and consequently, a reduction in both uptake and export and particle, including calcite, scavenging), an increase in seawater temperatures (raising the solubility of particle forms), and stratification that "traps" the iron near the surface. These results are meant to serve as a baseline for sensitivity assessments to be undertaken with this model in the future.
Selection of Suitable Harvesting Times of Sweet Potato Genotypes of Sadar Upazilla at Sylhet District in Bangladesh

Original Research Article Appropriate harvesting time of sweetpotato is a critical issue for obtaining a quality sweetpotato. With a view to finding a suitable harvesting time of sweetpotato genotypes, an experiment was conducted at Daspara village of Sylhet Sadar in Bangladesh during November 2017 to April 2018 using seven sweetpotato genotypes viz. Local-1, Local-5, Local-6, Local-8, Exotic-2, Exotic-3, and BARI Sweetpotato-12 harvested at four dates viz.105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting (DAP) following Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Morphological and yield attributes were recorded at every harvesting date. Result revealed that at 120 DAP, Local-5 had the highest vine number plant -1 (37.40), highest vine fresh (503.4 g plant -1 ) and dry (88.1 g plant -1 ) weight plant -1 and at 105 DAP, Local-6 had maximum leaf number plant -1 (576.02). At 135 DAP, the highest storage roots number plant -1 (7.57) was found in Exotic-2 and at 120 DAP, the longest storage roots (20.90 cm) were in Local-5. The thickest storage roots (4.92 cm) was found in Local-8 at 135 DAP whereas the thinnest (1.62 cm) in Local-5 at 120 DAP. At 150 DAP, the highest fresh (867.69 g plant -1 ) and dry (274.42 g plant -1 ) weight of storage roots were in Local-1. At 105 DAP, the highest non-marketable yield of storage roots was recorded in Exotic-2 and Local-5 while the highest marketable yield (46.96 t ha -1 ) and total yield (48.21 t ha -1 ) in Local-1 at 150 DAP. It is concluded that genotype Local-1 showed the best performance among all the genotypes in respect to total yield and marketable yield.
What can seismic noise tell us about the Alpine reactivation of the Iberian Massif? An example in the Iberian Central System

Abstract. The Iberian Central System, formed after the Alpine reactivation of the Variscan Iberian Massif, features maximum altitudes of 2500 m. It is surrounded by two foreland basins with contrasting elevation: the Duero Basin to the north, located at 750–800 m, and the Tajo Basin to the south, lying at 450–500 m. The deep crustal structure of this mountain range seems to be characterized by the existence of a moderate crustal root that provides isostatic support for its topography. New seismic data are able to constrain the geometry of this crustal root, which appears to be defined by a northward lower-crustal imbrication of the southern Central Iberian crust underneath this range. Contrarily to what was expected, this imbrication also affects the upper crust, as the existing orogen-scale mid-crustal Variscan detachment was probably assimilated during the Carboniferous crustal melting that gave rise to the Central System batholith. In addition, the lower crust might have thinned, allowing coupled deformation at both crustal levels. This implies that the reactivated upper-crustal fractures can reach lower-crustal depths, thus allowing the entire crust to sink. This new model can explain the differences in topography between the Central System foreland basins. Also, it provides further constraints on the crustal geometry of this mountain range, as it seems to be that of an asymmetric Alpine-type orogen, thus hindering the existence of buckling processes as the sole origin of the deformation. The results presented here have been achieved after autocorrelation of seismic noise along the CIMDEF (Central Iberian Massif DEFormation Mechanisms) profile. Although the resolution of the dataset features limited resolution (0.5–4 Hz, stations placed at ∼ 5 km), this methodology has allowed us to pinpoint some key structures that helped to constraint the deformation mechanisms that affected Central Iberia during the Alpine orogeny.
Extreme waves and climatic patterns of variability in the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean basins

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of extreme wave climate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea is assessed using a 31-year wave model hindcast. Seasonality accounts for 50 % of the extreme wave height variability in the North Atlantic Ocean and up to 70 % in some areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Once seasonality is filtered out, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Scandinavian index are the dominant large-scale atmospheric patterns that control the interannual variability of extreme waves during winters in the North Atlantic Ocean; to a lesser extent, the East Atlantic Oscillation also modulates extreme waves in the central part of the basin. In the Mediterranean Sea, the dominant modes are the East Atlantic and East Atlantic–Western Russia modes, which act strongly during their negative phases. A new methodology for analyzing the atmospheric signature associated with extreme waves is proposed. The method obtains the composites of significant wave height (SWH), mean sea level pressure (MSLP), and 10 m height wind velocity (U10) using the instant when specific climatic indices have a stronger correlation with extreme waves.
A STUDY ON THE EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFELONG LEARNING TENDENCY AND DIGITAL LITERACY LEVEL

Today societies think that it is important to raise individuals having the desire for lifelong learning and digital literacy skill. The fact that current information has lost its validity and the dominance of digital tools and materials in accessing information has increased as well as the rapid change experienced in science and technology prompts societies to contemplate in this way. Education process and the teachers who are the guides of this process are essential in raising individuals having the desire for lifelong learning and digital literacy skill. In this study employing relational screening model, the relation between the social studies teacher candidates’ lifelong learning tendencies and their digital literacy level is investigated and lifelong learning tendencies and digital literacy levels of the candidates are determined according to several variables. The research population is composed of 188 teacher candidates studying in the department of social studies teaching of a state university in Marmara Region of Turkey in fall semester of 2019-2020 academic years. As data collection tool “Lifelong learning scale”, “Digital literacy scale” and “Personal information form” are used. In order to determine the source of the difference among the data obtained, T-Test, Single-Factor Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and in determining the relation between the scales, Regression Analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient are used. The findings indicate that lifelong learning tendencies of the teacher candidates are high while their digital literacy skills are at a medium level. Another finding of the research is that the candidates’ lifelong learning tendencies vary according to gender and class level while these tendencies do not vary according to socio-economic level. Digital literacy level of the teacher candidates varies according to gender, class and socio-economic levels. The findings regarding the relation between the lifelong learning tendencies and digital literacy level indicate that there is a moderate, positive and significant relationship. Article visualizations:
Comparison of CPT-Vs relations developed for loess and general Christchurch New Zealand soils using SCPTu

Seismic piezocone (SCPTu) data compiled from loess soil sites in the greater Christchurch, New Zealand area are used with multiple linear regression to develop an empirical correlation for predicting shear wave velocity (Vs) from cone penetration test (CPT) data. The performance of the model is assessed through analysis of the variation in prediction bias with different CPT parameters and through comparisons of measured and predicted Vs profiles. Comparisons with the recently-developed Christchurch-specific general soil CPT-Vs correlation show that this general soil correlation (based on alluvial, marine, estuarine, and peat/swamp soils) significantly underpredicts the Vs of the loess soils, likely due to the cemented nature of these deposits, thus demonstrating the need for the loess-specific correlation presented here.
COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS IN SELECTED SORTS OF BISCUITS, OFFERED FOR CHILDREN

The fatty acid (FA) composition, especially total trans-fatty acids (TFA) content in 12 assortments of biscuits offered for children, produced by four different companies, were determined by gas chromatography. Total fat content of the biscuit samples ranged from 2.2 to 22.8 g/100 g of product. The major FAs were palmitic C16:0, oleic C18:1, and linoleic C18:2 acids. Depending on the biscuit type, the total saturated fatty acids (SFA) content was between 14.8% and 60%, total monoenoic FA (MUFA) 32.4% and 57.5%, and polyenoic FA (PUFA) 5.8% and 26.8%. The results of the examination of total FA composition of samples have shown a very large variation in the content of TFA in the biscuits produced by different plants. The total FA content ranged from 0.5 to 8.8%. The levels of TFA in studied biscuits offered for children were relatively low by comparison with products from other countries. According to the regulatory approach d aniSh V eterinary and F ood a dMiniStration (2003), the levels of TFA in examined samples did not exceed the limited value of 2 g/100 g of product. Furthermore, these contents of TFA are conforming to the requirements under European Union Food Law.
Preliminary structural evaluation of an X-Field Onshore Niger Delta using 3D seismic data

A structural evaluation of a post stack time migrated (PSTM) 3D seismic data over an X–Field in the eastern Niger Delta has been attempted. The objective of the study is to structurally evaluate the field with a view to identifying structural features such as faults, map geologic horizons and analyze reflection characteristics that might be a good lead to probable hydrocarbon accumulations. Results revealed that six growth faults (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6) and three seismic horizons (HI, H2 and H3) were delineated on the seismic section. F1, F2, F4, F5 and F6 are synthetic, while F3 is antithetic growth faults. The synthetic faults trend northeast-southwest and dips southwestward, while the antithetic fault trend northwest-southeast and dips southeastward. The seismic horizons are fault truncated with hanging wall/footwall fault assisted closures characterized by distinctive high amplitude reflection events. The horizons have good reflection continuity, moderate to strong reflection strength and medium to high amplitudes. These suggests wide spread and uniform deposition of clastic sediments with thick sand facies and inter-bedding shales, which is the characteristic of a hydrocarbon reservoir in the Niger Delta basin. The potential for hydrocarbons is high in this prospect field based on our preliminary study, which could be explored.
Taxonomic studies of Cryptomonas lundii clade (Cryptophyta: Cryptophyceae) with description of a new species from Vietnam

A new species from Vietnam, Cryptomonas vietnamica sp. nov., is described based on morphological and molecular data. Six strains from different habitats were analyzed. Cryptomonas vietnamica is characterized by large cells up to 54 µm long, 30 µm wide and 20 µm thick, flattened in dorso-ventral plane and often twisted. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from nuclear small and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences show that the new species forms a clade with Cryptomonas lundii, a rare taxon, described from Europe. Cryptomonas lundii is reported for the first time from Russia and second time since its initial description.
Manipulatives and Multiplicative Thinking

This small study sought to determine students’ knowledge of multiplication and division and whether they are able to use sets of bundling sticks to demonstrate their knowledge. Manipulatives are widely used in primary and some middle school classrooms, and can assist children to connect multiplicative concepts to physical representations. Qualitative data were generated from semi-structured interviews with 32 primary and middle school children aged nine to eleven years. Participants were asked to work out the answer to multiplication and division examples and explain their thinking using bundling sticks. Results suggest that the majority of participant students may have a limited knowledge of aspects of the multiplication process and even less knowledge of the division process. The study also identified that many of the students appeared uncomfortable and/or unfamiliar with using bundling sticks and a number of them had difficulty in using bundling sticks to explain the multiplication and division processes. We conclude that manipulatives such as bundling sticks do not magically lead children to mathematical learning but are sufficiently powerful to warrant teachers familiarising themselves with how manipulatives can be used to develop conceptual understanding.
Mesozooplankton biomass and temperature-enhanced grazing along a 110°E transect in the eastern Indian Ocean

Low-latitude waters of the Indian Ocean are warming faster than other major oceans. Most models predict a zooplankton decline due to lower productivity, enhanced metabolism and phytoplankton size shifts that reduce trophic transfer efficiency. In May−June 2019, we investigated mesozooplankton biomass and grazing along the historic 110° E transect line from the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of the 1960s. Twenty sampling stations from 39.5 to 11.5° S spanned latitudinal variability from temperate to tropical waters and a pronounced 14°C gradient in mean euphotic zone temperature. Although mesozooplankton size structure was similar along the transect, with smaller (<2 mm) size classes dominant, total biomass increased 3-fold (400 to 1500 mg dry weight m−2) from high to low latitude. More dramatically, gut-fluorescence estimates of grazing (total ingestion or % euphotic zone chl a consumed d−1) were 14and 20-fold higher, respectively, in the low-latitude warmer waters. Biomass-normalized grazing rates varied more than 6-fold over the transect, showing a strong temperature relationship (r2 = 0.85) that exceeded the temperature effects on gut turnover and metabolic rates. Herbivory contributed more to satisfying zooplankton energetic requirements in low-chl a tropical waters than chl a-rich waters at higher latitude. Our unexpected results are inconsistent with trophic amplification of warming effects on phytoplankton to zooplankton, but might be explained by enhanced coupling efficiency via mixotrophy. Additional implications for selective herbivory and topdown grazing control underscore the need for rigorous field studies to understand relationships and validate assumptions about climate change effects on the food webs of tropical oceans. OPEN ACCESS
High expression of hexokinase 2 promotes lung cancer proliferation and metastasis

High metabolic plasticity, as one of the hallmarks of multiple cancers, usually promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, metabolic enzymes could be selective targets in suppressing the growth and invasion of cancer cells. It is generally believed that hexokinase 2 (HK2) catalysing glucose into glucose-6-phosphate is the first step in glucose metabolism. It is unclear, however, if HK2 is involved in lung cancer (LC) proliferation and metastasis.Tumours and adjacent tissue from LC patients were used to study the expression of HK2 by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Several different LC cell lines were used to explore the oncogene function of HK2 via MTS and BrdU assay in vitro, as well as xenografts model and Lung metastasis model in vivo.HK2 was upregulated in primary LC tissue and metastatic foci. The expression of HK2 can be modulated by multiple mutations of oncogenes or tumour suppressors, including Kras, p53, and Keap1. Functionally, suppression of HK2 expression by shRNA transfection in LC cell lines hindered lactate production and therefore suppressed cell migration and invasion. The depletion of HK2 also sensitised the LC cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, suggesting that HK2 also mediated the chemoresistance in LC. Finally, our in vivo data indicated that stable knockdown of HK2 inhibited xenografted tumour growth, sensitized the tumour response to cisplatin treatment, and decreased the incidence of lung metastasis in nude mice after tail vein injection.We demonstrated that HK2 is required for LC cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and for its relationship between multiple mutations in LC. Our results revealed that HK2 promotes LC cell proliferation and metastasis in various mutation backgrounds of LC cells, indicating that HK2 is a high-potential therapy target for LC treatment. Our data provide strong evidence that HK2 plays an important role in promoting LC disease progression, and it may be a promising target for lung cancer therapy.