Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global interannual variability in terrestrial ecosystems: sources and spatial distribution using MODIS-derived vegetation indices, social and biophysical factors

Variations in global vegetation activity were measured at a global scale, from 2000 to 2006, based on the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) extracted from the 1km resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. Interannual variations in phenology and/or in annual integrated vegetation index are mapped using change metrics. The relationships between interannual variability and climate, ecosystem disturbances and land use are also examined. Around 14% of the study area experienced high interannual variability in land surface attributes over the six years. The ecosystems most subjected to large fluctuations in surface conditions were the boreal ecosystems, temperate ecozones, and subtropical and tropical steppes. These changes were largely related to rainfall variability and were associated with mean annual rainfall, agriculture, fire regimes and population density. Large population concentrations were mostly found in more stable ecozones. Rainfall and natural fire regimes explained more than half of the land surface variability in Australia. An additional global analysis on trends in vegetation activity also shows that around 4.5% of the vegetated surface of the Earth, excluding deserts and frequently cloudy regions, experienced a continuous decrease in vegetation activity over the six years. This represents more than twice the area experiencing a greening trend over this time period and concerns mostly tropical, subtropical and temperate forest ecozones. The total change in vegetation activity at a global scale and per year amounted to –2% of the annual integrated EVI aggregated across all ecosystems of the study area, on average for the years 2001–2006.
Change in Seismicity and Development of the Focal Region

千島―日本海溝に沿う地域のプレート境界に発生する大規模な地震の震源域とみなされる領域の一部に、地震発生前および発生後に、同一位置に長期間にわたって地震活動の低い地域が存在することが認められる。 大きな地震に先行する、いわゆる“地震活動の空白域”についてはすでに多くの例が報告されている。 こゝで取り上げる「空白域」は、震源域の一部の比較的狭い範囲を対象としていること、および地震発生後にも出現すること等が今まで指摘されているものと異なる。 筆者らは、上記の「空白域」がプレート境界に発生する大規模な地震の震源形成に関して重要な意味を持つものと考え、これを「震源域の核」と名付た。 震源域の核を中心とする地域の地震活動の推移は、大規模な地震の震源域生成過程、すなわち陸側のプレートと海洋プレートとのカップリング条件の変化を反映したものとして理解できる。 震源域の核およびその周辺の地震活動の変遷に着目し、プレート境界の大規模地震の震源域生成過程を次の5段階―I； 震源域の核の生長 (常時地震活動) II； 震源域の核の形成 (地震前の空白域) III； 前兆的活動 IV； 地震発生と余震活動 V； ディカップリング (地震後の空白域)、に分け各段階におけるプレート間のカップリングの状態、歪蓄積の進行状況等について考察する。
Relationship between mercury as well as cadmium and anthocyanin contents in wild forest fruits from environmentally burden region of the Slovakia.

Small fruits as raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants are rich in phytochemicals such as anthocyanins which are glycosidic-linked flavonoids responsible for their red, violet, purple and blue colours (Vollmannová et al., 2009). Anthocyanins are becoming increasingly important as antioxidants. During the last years anthocyanins were reported in helping to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and prevent several chronic diseases (Wei-Dong et al., 2007). In many works a positive correlation between the intake of fruits and vegetables and prevention of diseases like atheroscelerosis, cancer, diabetes, arthritis and also ageing is documented. Total anthocyanin concentrations in wild crop are higher than in cultivated blueberries (Vollmannová et al., 2009). Metals entering the soil are predominatly in the inaccessible forms, but with the various processes occuring in the soil become available and can be received by plants (Tomáš, 2000). High concentrations of heavy metals may affect the ecosystem and human health (Xuedong, 2012). Anthropogenic pollution caused by heavy metals entering the plant subsequently passed into the food chain (Tomáš, 2000). The aim of this work was to found relationship between total mercury and cadmium contents and total anthocyanins contents in wild forest fruit berries.
Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon

An analysis of the heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal shows significant differences between them during the summer monsoon (June-September). In the Arabian Sea the winds associated with the summer monsoon are stronger and favor the transfer of heat to deeper layers owing to overturning and turbulent mixing. In contrast, the weaker winds over the bay force a relatively sluggish oceanic circulation that is unable to overturn, forcing a heat budget balance between the surface fluxes and diffusion and the rate of change of heat in the near-surface layer. The weak winds are also unable to overcome the strong near-surface stratification because of a low-salinity surface layer. This leads to a shallow surface mixed layer that is stable and responds quickly to changes in the atmosphere. An implication is that sea surface temperature (SST) in the bay remains higher than 28°C, thereby supporting large-scale deep convection in the atmosphere during the summer monsoon. The atmospheric heating associated with the convection plays a critical role in sustaining the monsoon winds, and the rainfall associated with it, not only over the bay but also over the Indian subcontinent, maintains a low-salinity surface layer. In the Arabian Sea the strong overturning and mixing lead to lower SST and weak convective activity, which in turn, lead to low rainfall and runoff, resulting in weak stratification that can be overcome easily by the strong monsoon winds. Thus, in both basins, there is a cycle with positive feedback, but the cycles work in opposite directions. This locks monsoon convective activity primarily to the bay.
Variations in net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a boreal mire: Modeling mechanisms linked to water table position

[1] In mires, which occupy large areas of the boreal region, net ecosystem CO2 exchange ( NEE) rates vary significantly over various timescales. In order to examine the effect of one of the most influencing variables, the water table depth, on NEE the general ecosystem model GUESS-ROMUL was modified to predict mire daily CO2 exchange rates. A simulation was conducted for a lawn, the most common microtopographical feature of boreal oligotrophic minerotrophic mires. The results were validated against eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements from Degero Stormyr, northern Sweden, obtained during the period 2001 - 2003. Both measurements and model simulations revealed that CO2 uptake was clearly controlled by interactions between water table depth and temperature. Maximum uptake occurred when the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm and the air temperature was above 15 degrees C. When the water table was higher, the CO2 uptake rate was lower, owing to reduced rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation. When the water table was lower, NEE decreased owing to the increased rate of decomposition of organic matter. When the water table level was between 10 and 20 cm, the NEE was quite stable and relatively insensitive to both changes within this range and any air temperature changes above + 15 degrees C. The optimal water table level range for NEE corresponds to that characteristic of mire lawn plant communities, indicating that the annual NEE will not change dramatically if climatic conditions remain within the optimal range for the current plant community.
Insect Assemblages from iron Age Wells in Central Sweden

Three Iron Age wells in south-central Sweden were studied for their content of insect remains. The wells are dated from the Roman Iron Age to the Migration Period (ca. AD 0-550). The wells are situated within a rural situation of two farm settlements. In general the environment surrounding the settlements is interpreted as a diverse cultural landscape including pastures, cultivated fields, and forested areas. The Mutual Climatic Range method (MCR), used for interpreting the thermal environment based on the beetle record, suggests a slightly warmer summer temperature and a somewhat colder mean winter temperature than today in the study area.
Population-based study of the durability of humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection

SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality are key markers of humoral immunity. However, there is substantial uncertainty about their durability. We investigated levels and temporal change of SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantity and quality. We analyzed sera (8 binding, 4 avidity assays for spike-(S-)protein and nucleocapsid-(N-)protein; neutralization) from 211 seropositive unvaccinated participants, from the population-based longitudinal TiKoCo study, at three time points within one year after infection with the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found a significant decline of neutralization titers and binding antibody levels in most assays (linear mixed regression model, p<0.01). S-specific serum avidity increased markedly over time, in contrast to N-specific. Binding antibody levels were higher in older versus younger participants – a difference that disappeared for the asymptomatic-infected. We found stronger antibody decline in men versus women and lower binding and avidity levels in current versus never-smokers. Our comprehensive longitudinal analyses across 13 antibody assays suggest decreased neutralization-based protection and prolonged affinity maturation within one year after infection.
Distribution of sulphated polysaccharides within calcareous biominerals suggests a widely shared two-step crystallization process for the microstructural growth units

Abstract Synchrotron-based XANES characterization of sulphated sulphur combined with atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (imaging and diffraction) allow insights into the crystallization of the calcareous units produced by invertebrates. As a result of a series of converging data, reticulate crystallization of the amorphous Ca-carbonate molecules conveyed to the micron-thick growth layer by the sumicrometric organo-mineral units seems a reasonable hypothesis, providing us with a method of explaining the multiple and taxonomy-linked ‘vital effects’ which have long been recognized among the calcareous biocrystals.
DESEMPENHO DE UM LISÍMETRO DE PESAGEM HIDRÁULICA COM SENSOR DE PRESSÃO HIDROSTÁTICA E SISTEMA MANOMÉTRICO

1 RESUMO Os lisimetros de pesagem hidraulica tem sido difundidos e aperfeicoados para minimizar os problemas operacionais e apresentar boa precisao para deteccao de mudancas de massa de agua em condicoes de campo. Assim, objetivou-se construir, instalar e calibrar um lisimetro de pesagem hidraulica com um sensor de pressao hidrostatica para automacao das leituras, e analisar seu desempenho comparado ao tradicional sistema de leitura com pistao de mercurio. O lisimetro constitui-se de um tanque interno em fibra de vidro com borda circular, possuindo area de 1,32 m² e volume de 1 m³, e um sistema de pesagem com tres travesseiros hidraulicos flexiveis de butil-nylon de 100 mm de diâmetro. A calibracao foi conduzida em recipientes de massa conhecida, representando uma faixa de variacao de massa equivalente a 50 mm. Os resultados indicaram elevada linearidade entre as variacoes de massa e as respectivas leituras no sensor e manometro. A precisao foi de 0,135 mm de ETo registrada pelo manometro e de ate 0,061 mm de ETo registrada pelo sensor, indicando que o sensor de pressao foi mais sensivel as variacoes de massa do lisimetro. Os erros associados a histerese, estimativas de variacao de massa e o erro medio posicional foram mais elevados no sistema manometrico. Palavras-chave: evapotranspiracao, coeficiente de calibracao, lisimetria. LIMA, N. S. ; MONTENEGRO, S. M. G. L. ; ALBUQUERQUE FILHO, J. A. C. ; SILVA, E. F. F. ; MONTENEGRO, A. A. A. ; NASCIMENTO, A. H. C. PERFORMANCE OF A HYDRAULIC WEIGHING LYSIMETER WITH A HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE SENSOR AND A MANOMETRIC SYSTEM 2 ABSTRACT Hydraulic weighing lysimeters have been widely used and improved to minimize operational problems, and provide good accuracy for detection of changes in soil water content under field conditions. The objectives of this study were to construct, install and calibrate a hydraulic weighing lysimeter with a hydrostatic pressure sensor for automation of readings, and analyze its performance as compared to the traditional reading system with mercury piston. The lysimeter consisted of a tank with internal glass fiber, circular edge area of 1.32 m² and volume of 1 m³, and a weighing system with three hydraulic flexible pillow of butyl nylon 100 mm in diameter. Calibration was conducted in known mass containers, which represented a range of mass variation of 50 mm. The results showed high linearity between mass variation and the sensor and manometer readings. Accuracy of 0.135 mm ETo recorded by the pressure gauge and up to 0.061 mm ETo by the sensor showed that the pressure sensor is more sensitive to mass variations than the lysimeter. Errors associated with hysteresis, estimates of mass variation and the average positional error were higher in the manometric system. Keywords: evapotranspiration, calibration coefficient, lysimeters.
Effects of diagenesis and clays on compressional velocities in rocks

Experimental results at ultrasonic frequencies in brine- or water-saturated samples cut perpendicular to bedding demonstrate that compressional velocities vary linearly with porosity and volume-fraction clay in detrital silicate rocks characterized by pores with low aspect ratios. P-wave velocity is more sensitive to porosity than clay content, obeying the empirically derived expression Vp = −2.4C − 8. 6ϕ + 5.8 at 800 bars confining pressure and 400 bars pore pressure, where the units of Vp are kilometers per second, ϕ is the volume fraction pores, and C is the volume fraction clay. Deviations from this equation are less than ± 2% with the exception of the high pore aspect ratio St. Peter sandstone, which has a compressional velocity that is 17% higher than the predicted value. The equation is insensitive to the chemical compostion of the dominant clay mineral and apparently insensitive to the location of the clay grains with respect to the mineral framework, e.g., in free pore space or in contact zones between mineral grains of lower compressibilities.
Global tectonics under g having a minute westward tilt

The convection seen to affect Moon's mantle takes place under gravity having a component of asymmetry, in the form of a minute westward slope or tilt constituting the external part of the field. Its effect is explored employing the equivalent potential, denominated . Its nature is to bias convection of internal origin, inducing east–west polarization of a type prominent in global tectonics. Separately, research at Harvard has shown that by causing advection of non‐hydrostatic masses within the heterogeneous mantle, deep‐seated convection inevitably displaces the axis of maximum moment, compelling polar wander. A reconstruction based on observed dissipation suggests that the combined effect of these factors is to contribute a not inconsiderable low‐latitude, surface‐west component to the structure of the convection. Cumulative alteration in the direction ‘west’ must eventually require global rearrangement of its cell structure, offering explanation of the abrupt Mesozoic–Tertiary transition and progressive net lithosphere rotation.
Long‐term trend analysis for precipitation in Asian Pacific FRIEND river basins

In order to analyse the long‐term trend of precipitation in the Asian Pacific FRIEND region, records from 30 river basins to represent the large range of climatic and hydrological characteristics in the study area are selected. The long‐term trend in precipitation time series and its association with the southern oscillation index (SOI) series are investigated. Application of the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test for 30 precipitation time series has shown that only four of these 30 time series have a long‐term trend at the 5% level of significance. Nevertheless, most of the records tend to decrease over the last several decades. The dataset is further divided geographically into northern, middle, and southern zones, with 20°N and 20°S latitude as the dividing lines. The middle zone has the greatest variation and the southern zone the least variation over the past century. Also, the southern zone has greater variation during the past 30 years. The association between precipitation and SOI is investigated by dividing the precipitation records of each station into El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods. The Wilcoxon rank‐sum test showed that differences in precipitation for the three classes were most marked in the southern zone of the study area. The frequencies of below‐ and above‐average precipitation for El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods are estimated for the 30 precipitation time series as well. The results show that the frequencies of precipitation under each set of conditions, with lower precipitation generally associated with El Niño periods in the southern zone. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two late Mesozoic volcanic events in Fujian Province: constraints on the tectonic evolution of southeastern China

Two representative geologic sections of the late Mesozoic ‘Nanyuan Formation’ volcanic rocks in eastern Fujian Province have been dated by SHRIMP zircon U–Pb techniques. The results identified two active volcanic stages at 162–150 Ma and 143–130 Ma. The rock association of the earlier period is composed of andesite‐dacitic crystal tuff‐rhyolitic ignimbrite. The rocks are enriched in alkali elements, Al2O3, large ion lithophile element (LILE) and light rare earth element (LREE), depleted in MgO, high field strength element (HFSE) and siderophile elements, and have similar εNd (t) values. These features indicate that the rocks were derived from a mantle source metasomatized by subduction‐related fluids, and their chemical variations indicate fractional crystalization during magmatic evolution. In contrast, the rock association of the later period consists of tholeiitic basalt‐rhyolitic crystal ignimbrites. The tholeiitic basalts have negative εNd (t) values (−3.4 to −2.6) and exhibit fractionated REE pattern with weak negative Eu anomalies. These rocks are enriched in LREE and depleted in HFSE with ratios of Ce/Pb = 6.9–11.1, Th/U = 2.7–4.0, La/Nb = 2.2–3.0, suggesting that they were also subduction‐related and experienced proportional fractionation of olivine and clinoproxene along with significant crustal contamination. The rhyolitic crystal ignimbrites are generally characterized by rather high K, Rb, Th and relatively low Nb, Sr, Ti, P, with relatively low εNd (t) values (−5.3 to −6.0), impling that they were derived from a different source from the tholeiitic basalt. Judging by extensive overthrust structures, the occurrence of the earlier rock association is considered to have been generated in a compressional tectonic environment during the early stage (>150 Ma) of Pacific plate subduction, In contrast, the later bimodal association was generated in an extensional tectonic setting during a later stage (<143 Ma ) of subduction.
Evidence for mechanically coupled lithosphere in central Asia and resulting implications

The recent dramatic increase in seismic anisotropy and surface global positioning system (GPS) data for central Asia permits a comprehensive examination of the mantle’s role in mountain building. A joint analysis of 178 shear-wave-splitting and ~2000 GPS observations using a new technique reveals that the crust and lithospheric mantle deform coherently, arguing for crust-mantle mechanical coupling during deformation. The observed spatial variations in anisotropy refl ect the large-scale pattern of lithospheric deformation, as well as a change in deformational style from simple shear on the Tibetan Plateau transitioning to pure shear in surrounding regions.
The Tropical Atmospheric El Niño Signal in Satellite Precipitation Data and a Global Climate Model

Abstract Aspects of the tropical atmospheric response to El Nino related to the global energy and water cycle are examined using satellite retrievals from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-E and simulations from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model (GCM). The El Nino signal is extracted from climate fields using a linear cross-correlation technique that captures local and remote in-phase and lagged responses. Passive microwave and radar precipitation anomalies for the 1997/98 and 2002/03 El Ninos and the intervening La Nina are highly correlated, but anomalies in stratiform–convective rainfall partitioning in the two datasets are not. The GISS GCM produces too much rainfall in general over ocean and too little over land. Its atmospheric response to El Nino is weaker and decays a season too early. Underestimated stratiform rainfall fraction (SRF) and convective downdraft mass flux in the GISS GCM and excessive shallow .
Land Cover Change on the Seward Peninsula: The Use of Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Potential Influences of Climate Warming on Historical Vegetation Dynamics

RÉSUMÉ La végétation dans la Péninsule de Seward, en Alaska, caractérisée par des transitions de la toundra à la forêt boréale, pourrait être sensible aux influences du changement climatique au plan de la modification ou de la composition des espèces. Pour déterminer le potentiel de détection des changements structuraux dans la végétation à l'échelle décadaire, des techniques d'analyse du vecteur de changement (AVC) ont été évaluées pour des images Thematic Mapper (TM) de Landsat de la Péninsule de Seaward de 1986 à 1999. Les scènes ont été corrigées géographiquement à une précision à l'échelle du sous-pixel et ensuite rectifiées radiométriquement. Entre les images de 1986 et 1992, l'analyse AVC a permis de détecter des changements dans la direction et l'amplitude des deux indices (bande 4 de TM/bande 3 de TM, bande 5 de TM). Pour la rangée 14, on a détecté un changement sur 135,518 ha et, pour la rangée 15, on a détecté un changement sur 111,831 ha. Entre les scènes de 1992 et 1999, basé sur l'utilisation de l'analyse AVC, on a observé un changement sur 93,278 ha. Les résultats de l'AVC et de la photo-interprétation ensemble montrent que l'avancée des arbustes équivaut à 100 m dans les vallées au nord des Monts Bendeleben et que le couvert d'arbustes s'est accru le long des lits de rivières. À travers la trajectoire 78, rangée 14 et 15, la classification non dirigée a permis de détecter que 55% des pixels ont subi un changement entre 1986 et 1992. Globalement, approximativement 759,610 ha ont changé vers une classe caractérisée par un couvert mieux développé et seulement 268,132 ha ont changé vers une classe caractérisée par un couvert moins développé. Ainsi, l'analyse de détection du changement basée sur la classification non dirigée indique que le changement du couvert dans la Péninsule de Seward s'est effectué principalement en fonction d'un accroissement dans la strate arbustive. Ensemble, notre comparaison des résultats AVC, des résultats de la classification non dirigée et de l'interprétation visuelle des photographies aériennes suggère que le couvert arbustif pourrait être en croissance dans la Péninsule de Seward, ce qui est cohérent avec les résultats des expériences touchant le réchauffement dans la toundra. L'utilisation conjointe de l'analyse AVC et de la classification non dirigée représente un outil d'interprétation plus performant du changement que l'utilisation d'une seule de ces deux méthodes dans les régions de transition, entre la toundra et la forêt boréale.