Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Notice of Jurassic mammals representing two new orders

IN addition to the Mammals from the Jurassic deposits of the Rocky Mountains, already described by the writer, a number of other specimens have since been discovered. Some of these add materially to our knowledge of those previously found, and others are different from any now known. This new material is all from the Atlantosaurus beds, in essentially the same horizon which furnished the earlier specimens. The general resemblance of the American forms to those from the Purbeck of England becomes still more evident in the remains here described.
Principal features and origin of podiform chromite deposits, and some observations on the Guelman-Soridag District, Turkey

Podiform chromite deposits occur in peridotite and mafic complexes of alpine type, and are tabular, pencil-shaped, or irregular in form. In contrast with stratiform deposits, whose textures and structures reflect crystal settling and suggest analogies with sedimentary rocks, the textures of podiform deposits reflect extensive flowage, under magmatic conditions, as a stiff crystal mush and suggest analogies with metamorphic rocks. Though the orebodies as entities may be parallel or discordant with wall-rock layering, interval linear and planar elements are generally parallel with those of the country rock. The relationships of the various structural elements are critical exploration guides.
THE CONTROL DEVICES OF FAMILY-BASED GOVERNANCE : THE CASE OF INDONESIA

I extend the family-based governance study by examining the impact of controlling family ownership, controlling family involvements in management, and the involvement on the board on firm performance in Indonesia. This paper is the first to incorporate all possible control devices and investigate its impact on organizational outcome. The conceptual framework is derived from agency theory assuming that the governance mechanisms affect the behaviour of contracting parties. Using a dataset consisting of 190 Indonesian listed firms, I find that all control devices are negatively related to accounting earnings. The presence of family involvement in management and on the board negates the significant impact of family ownership on firm performance. Further analysis reveals that the involvement on the board lessens the significant relationship between the involvement in management and firm performance. These findings have two important implications. First, the presence of controlling families does not necessarily harm firm performance unless they involve in management and on the board. Second, the entrenchment problem of the involvement on the board is higher than those of family ownership and the involvement in management. The result underlines the necessity to disentangle control mechanisms by the family as it potentially creates different impact on organizational outcome. Keyword: Corporate Governance, Control devices, Family-based Governance, Firm Performance JEL Classification: G32
In Pursuit of the Common Good: The Spillover Effects of Charter Schools on Public School Students in New York City

A particularly controversial topic in current education policy is the expansion of the charter school sector. This paper analyzes the spillover effects of charter schools on traditional public school (TPS) students in New York City. I exploit variation in both the timing of charter school entry and distance to the nearest charter school to obtain credibly causal estimates of the impacts of charter schools on TPS student performance, and I am among the first to estimate the impacts of charter school co-location. I further add to the literature by exploring potential mechanisms for these findings with school-level data on per pupil expenditures (PPE), and parent and teacher perceptions of schools. Briefly, I find charter schools significantly increase TPS student performance in both English Language Arts and math, and decrease the probability of grade retention. Effects increase with charter school proximity and are largest in TPSs co-located with charter schools. Potential explanations for improved performance include increased PPE, academic expectations, student engagement, and a more respectful and safe school environment after charter entry. The findings suggest that more charter schools in New York City may be beneficial at the margin, and co-location may be mutually beneficial for charter and traditional public schools.
The E � ects of News Events on Market Contagion: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis

In this paper, we use the quantile regression technique together with the coexceedance, a contagion measure, to assess the extent to which news events contribute to contagion in the stock markets during the crisis period between 2007 and 2009. Studies have shown that, not only the subprime crisis leads to a global recession, but the e � ects on the global stock markets have also been signiﬁcant. We track the news events, both in the UK and the US, using the global recession timeline. We observe that the news events related to ad hoc bailouts of individual banks from the UK have a contagion e � ect throughout the period for most of the countries under investigation. This, however, is not found to be the case for the news events originating from the US. Our ﬁndings regarding the evidence of contagion e � ects in the UK reinforce the argument that spreads and contagion — an outcome of the risk perception of ﬁnancial markets — are solely a result of the behaviour of investors or other ﬁnancial market participants.
Body Scars and Dorsal Fin Disfigurements as Indicators Interaction Between Small Cetaceans and Fisheries Around the Mozambique Channel Island of Mayotte

Cetacean bycatch in fisheries occur in all oceans of the world and may have both lethal and non-lethal consequences (body injuries). In the lagoon of Mayotte (12o50’S, 45o10’E), in the northern Mozambique Channel, two main types of fisheries occur: handlining (inside the lagoon) and longlining (outside the barrier reef, over the ‘continental’ slope). The level of interactions between small cetaceans and fisheries in this area were characterised using identification photographs taken from July 2004 to April 2008 during dedicated cetacean surveys. Photographs were taken of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ), melon-headed whales ( Peponocephala electra ) and short-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ). Injuries on the dorsal region (especially the dorsal fin) were characterised and related to fisheries or intra-/inter-specific interactions (with sharks and other cetacean species). The results suggest interactions with fisheries involving the three species around Mayotte. The occurrence of interactions was the highest in the most coastal species, i.e. T. aduncus . This study shows that interactions between fisheries and small cetaceans occur at varying levels around Mayotte. It also confirms the utility of scars as indicators of fishery exposure to cetaceans.
Climatic uncertainty in Himalayan water towers

The Himalayan water towers (e.g., Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra) play a major role in water resource availability and affect a significant population in the South Asia region. Climatic uncertainty in the region not only hampers progress toward process understanding but also decision making. Observational data sets show uncertainty (standard deviation in mean temperature in data sets) of 0.2 to 0.5°C in winter (January‐February‐March‐April) and the monsoon season (June‐July‐August‐September) air temperature. Observational uncertainty in precipitation in the winter and monsoon seasons ranged between 6 and 17% (with respect to ensemble mean seasonal precipitation) in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) South Asia regional climate models (CORDEX‐RCMs) show larger uncertainty (1–3.6°C in temperature and 18–60% in precipitation) than that of the observations. Moreover, RCMs exhibit a large cold bias (6–8°C) and are not able to reproduce the observed warming in the Himalayan water towers. In fact, the CORDEX‐RCMs overestimate observed warming by threefold in Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, which raises a question on their reliability on future warming trends in the region. The CORDEX‐RCMs overestimate the area that experienced significant warming and fail to reproduce precipitation trends in both magnitude as well as direction. In observational data sets, uncertainty in precipitation and air temperature increases with elevation, which may be associated with sparse observations. However, the CORDEX‐RCMs showed larger uncertainty at the lower elevations in both precipitation as well as temperature. The host general circulation models show a better performance in simulating winter climate than the CORDEX‐RCMs, which suggest that an improved representation of elevation may not necessarily improve the model's performance. While observations show significant warming in the Indus basin and decline in the monsoon season precipitation in the Ganges basin, reliability of future climate projections and their impacts on water resources in the region will depend on improvements in the models and observations in coming years.
Thyroid storm. A review of 22 episodes with special emphasis on the use of guanethidine.

Twenty patients with 22 episodes of thyroid storm were seen between 1949 and 1969. A precipitating event, most often underlying infection, could usually be identified. The protein-bound iodine level, not previously reported in a large series of patients with thyroid storm, was significantly higher (20.8ug/100 cc) than that seen in a group of patients with uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis. Hyperglycemia was observed frequently and returned to euglycemic levels with remission of thyroid storm, a fact not heretofore emphasized. The level of consciousness and degree of mentation were valuable prognostic signs with coma indicating a more serious outcome. Improving level of consciousness and mentation were seen with a favorable response to therapy. Survival improved to 93% during the last ten years. This improvement was attributed to early diagnosis and the addition of guanethidine sulfate to the existing regimen.
Continental crust beneath the Agulhas Plateau, southwest Indian Ocean

The Agulhas Plateau lies 500 km off the Cape of Good Hope in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Acoustic basement beneath the northern one third of this large, aseismic structural high has rugged morphology, but basement in the south is anomalously smooth, excepting a 30- to 90-km-wide zone with irregular relief that trends south-southwest through the center of the plateau. Seismic refraction profiles across the southern plateau indicate that the zone of irregular acoustic basement overlies thickened oceanic crust and that continental crust, locally thinned and intruded by basalts, underlies several regions of smooth acoustic basement. Recovery of quartzo-feldspathic gneisses in dredge hauls confirms the presence of continental crust. The smoothness of acoustic basement probably results from erosion (perhaps initially subaerial) of topographic highs with redeposition and cementation of debris in ponds to form high-velocity beds. Basalt flows and sills also may contribute locally to form smooth basement. The rugged basement of the northern plateau appears to be of oceanic origin. A plate reconstruction to the time of initial opening of the South Atlantic places the continental part of the southern plateau adjacent to the southern edge of the Falkland Plateau, and both abut the western Mozambique Ridge. Both the Agulhas and Falkland plateaus were displaced westward during initial rifting in the Early Cretaceous. Formation of an RRR triple junction at the northern edge of the Agulhas continental fragment during middle Cretaceous time may explain the origin of the rugged, thickened oceanic crust beneath the northern plateau as well as the apparent extension of the continental crust and intrusion of basaltic magmas beneath the southern plateau.
One-Way Essential Complements

While competition between firms producing substitutes is well understood, less is known about rivalry between complementors. We study the interaction between firms in markets with one-way essential complements. One good is essential to the use of the other but not vice versa, as arises with an operating system and applications. Our interest is in the division of surplus between the two goods and the related incentive for firms to create complements to an essential good. Formally, we study a two-good model where consumers value A alone, but can only enjoy B if they also purchase A. When one firm sells A and another sells B, the firm that sells B earns a majority of the value it creates. However, if the A firm were to buy the B firm, it would optimally charge zero for B, provided marginal costs are zero and the average value of B is small relative to A. Hence, absent strong antitrust or intellectual property protections, the A firm can leverage its monopoly into B costlessly by producing a competing version of B and giving it away. For example, Microsoft provided Internet Explorer as a free substitute for Netscape; in our model, this maximizes Microsoft's joint monopoly profits. Furthermore, Microsoft has no incentive to raise prices, even if all browser competition exits. This may seem surprising since it runs counter to the traditional gains from price discrimination and versioning. We also show that a essential monopolist has no incentive to degrade rival complementary products, which suggests that a monopoly internet service provider will offer net neutrality. There are other means for the essential A monopolist to capture surplus from B. We consider the incentive to add a surcharge (or subsidy) to the price of B, or to act as a Stackelberg leader. We find a small gain from pricing first, but much greater profits from adding a surcharge to the price of B. The potential for A to capture B's surplus highlights the challenges facing a firm whose product depends on an essential good.
Edge-preserving decompositions for multi-scale tone and detail manipulation

Many recent computational photography techniques decompose an image into a piecewise smooth base layer, containing large scale variations in intensity, and a residual detail layer capturing the smaller scale details in the image. In many of these applications, it is important to control the spatial scale of the extracted details, and it is often desirable to manipulate details at multiple scales, while avoiding visual artifacts. In this paper we introduce a new way to construct edge-preserving multi-scale image decompositions. We show that current basedetail decomposition techniques, based on the bilateral filter, are limited in their ability to extract detail at arbitrary scales. Instead, we advocate the use of an alternative edge-preserving smoothing operator, based on the weighted least squares optimization framework, which is particularly well suited for progressive coarsening of images and for multi-scale detail extraction. After describing this operator, we show how to use it to construct edge-preserving multi-scale decompositions, and compare it to the bilateral filter, as well as to other schemes. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our edge-preserving decompositions in the context of LDR and HDR tone mapping, detail enhancement, and other applications.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND INCIVILITY ON AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT IN BANKING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN

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Poleward Buoyancy Transport in the Ocean and Mesoscale Eddies

Abstract There are many dynamic similarities between mesoscale eddies in the ocean, and cyclones and anticyclones in the earth's atmosphere. Observational data, however, are still not adequate to explore this analogy in detail. In the present study a new eddy-resolving ocean circulation model, which includes both wind-driving and buoyancy-driving, is used to determine whether mesoscale eddies play a role in poleward buoyancy transport in any way comparable to the role of synoptic scale motions in transporting heat in the atmosphere. Within an Eulerian reference frame, mesoscale eddies transport buoyancy poleward through two mechanisms. One involves the correlation of time-dependent fluctuations of horizontal velocity and buoyancy. The other transport mechanism involves wave-driven cells in the meridional plane. These cells are analogous to the Ferrel cell in the atmosphere, except that the geometry of the ocean basin allows them to be geostrophically balanced. In an eddy-resolving model of ocean circulati.
Continental carbonate facies of a Neoproterozoic panglaciation, north‐east Svalbard

The Marinoan panglaciation (ca 650 to 635 Ma) is represented in north‐east Svalbard by the 130 to 175 m thick Wilsonbreen Formation which contains syn‐glacial carbonates in its upper 100 m. These sediments are now known to have been deposited under a CO2‐rich atmosphere, late in the glaciation, and global climate models facilitate testing of proposed analogues. Precipitated carbonates occur in four of the seven facies associations identified: Fluvial Channel (including stromatolitic and intraclastic limestones in ephemeral stream deposits); Dolomitic Floodplain (dolomite‐cemented sand and siltstones, and microbial dolomites); Calcareous Lake Margin (intraclastic dolomite and wave‐rippled or aeolian siliciclastic facies); and Calcareous Lake (slump‐folded and locally re‐sedimented rhythmic/stromatolitic limestones and dolomites associated with ice‐rafted sediment). There is no strong cyclicity, and modern analogues suggest that sudden changes in lake level may exert a strong control on facies geometry. Both calcite and dolomite in stromatolites and rhythmites display either primary or early diagenetic replacive growth. Oxygen isotope values (−12 to +15‰VPDB) broadly covary with δ13C. High δ13C values of +3·5 to +4·5‰ correspond to equilibration with an atmosphere dominated by volcanically degassed CO2 with δ13C of −6 to −7‰. Limestones have consistently negative δ18O values, while rhythmic and playa dolomites preserve intermediate compositions, and dolocretes possess slightly negative to strongly positive δ18O signatures, reflecting significant evaporation under hyperarid conditions. Inferred meltwater compositions (−8 to −15·5‰) could reflect smaller Rayleigh fractionation related to more limited cooling than in modern polar regions. A common pseudomorph morphology is interpreted as a replacement of ikaite (CaCO3·H2O), which may also have been the precursor for widespread replacive calcite mosaics. Local dolomitization of lacustrine facies is interpreted to reflect microenvironments with fluctuating redox conditions. Although differing in (palaeo)latitude and carbonate abundance, the Wilsonbreen carbonates provide strong parallels with the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica.
Statistical Study on Properties of High-Performance Recycled Aggregate Concrete

The engineering properties of high-performance recycled aggregate concrete (HPRAC) using the crushed brick, tile and hardened mortar to replace the coarse aggregate of concrete were studied. Three placement ratios by volume are 0%, 10% and 20%, respectively. Experimental results show that, basically, the more the amount of recycled aggregate replacement is, the lower the corresponding engineering properties of concrete will be. The maximum reductions occur in compressive strength and surface electrical resistance where 27.5% and 37.7% reduction, respectively, were observed as compared with the control normal concrete specimens. On the other hand, the statistical analyses on the experimental results, including three-factor ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were also carried out. According the result of statistical study, the brick, tile and hardened mortar replacement are the significant factors on the performance of concrete, respectively. From the results of weight analysis, the brick aggregate replacement is the most significant factor influencing the performance of HPRAC due to it lower specific weight and higher water apportion. Statistical Study on Properties of High-Performance Recycled Aggregate Concr te Bo-Tsun Chen,Ta-Peng Chang, Tzong-Ruey Yang, Ya-Chu Chan, Tien-Chin Hsiao Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech), Taipei, Taiwan, R.O. C. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures High Performance, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Special Loadings and Structural ApplicationsB. H. Oh, et al. (eds) c 2010 Korea Concrete Institute, ISBN 978-89-5708-182-2 aggregate. The basic propertied of these recycled aggregates are also shown in Table 1. Table 1 Properties of various aggregate Specific weight Water absorption* Fineness modulus Normal coarse aggregate 2.72 1.3 6.69 Normal fine aggregate 2.71 0.7 3.05 Recycled brick 1.6 13.1 6.72 Recycled tile 2.27 10 7.14 Recycled hardened mortar 2.3 10 6.71 * 24 hours after aggregate submerged in the water. Figure 1 Recycled brick aggregate Figure 2 Recycled tile aggregate Figure 3 Recycled hardened mortar aggregate 4. Fly ash: The F class was used in this study. It contained about 51.2% of SiO2 and 24.3% of Al2O3. Its fineness and specific gravity were 311.0 m 2 /kg and 2.17, respectively. 5. Slag: The industrial by-product from the domestic iron and steel plant of Taiwan contains about 64.9% of SiO2 and 41.8% of CaO. Its fineness and specific gravity were 800 m 2 /kg and 2.85, respectively.