Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of plant material in Australian soils .IV. Decomposition in situ of 14C labeled and 15N labeled legume and wheat materials in a range of southern Australian soils

14C- and 15N-labelled wheat straw, and tops or roots of a pasture legume (either Medicago littoralis or Trifolium subterraneum) were incorporated into topsoils at 12 field sites in southern Australia. These sites were representative of soil types widely used for wheat growing in each region. The soils varied markedly in their physical and chemical properties (e.g. pH, texture and organic matter content). Based on amounts of residual I4C (averaged for all sites), the legume tops decomposed more extensively than did wheat straw, especially soon after incorporation. To a lesser extent the legume tops decomposed more extensively than legume roots, and T. subterraneum tops more than M. littoralis tops; root decomposition for both legumes was similar. For example, after 1 year, the residual organic 14C from wheat straw, M. littoralis tops, T. subterraneum tops and legume roots accounted for 48%, 41%, 38% and 54% of their respective inputs. After two years, residual 14C of wheat straw accounted for 30% of the input. Differences in decomposition due to climate and soil properties were generally small, but at times were statistically significant; these differences related positively with rainfall and negatively with soil clay content, but showed no relationship with pH or soil organic C and N. Some N was mineralized from all plant materials, the greatest from legume tops, the least from wheat straw. After 1 year, residual organic 15N accounted for 56%, 63% and 78% respectively of input l5N from legume tops and roots and from wheat straw. The influence of climate and soil properties on amounts of residual organic I5N was small and generally was consistent with those found for residual 14C. AS an exception, the residual organic 15N from wheat straw was negatively related to soil organic N levels, whereas residual I5N of legume tops and roots and residual 14C of all plant materials were not influenced by soil organic matter levels. These results are discussed in terms of the turnover of N in soils amended with isotope labelled plant materials of different available C:N ratios.
The Paleogeography of Paleozoic and Mesozoic Storm Depositional Systems

Present-day hurricane belts are confined to 5°-45° latitude along the western edges of oceans, whereas winter storms occur ubiquitously above 25° latitude. Both hurricanes and winter storms occur between 25° and 45° latitude in some areas. Storm zones can be identified on global paleogeographic maps with the assumption that this latitudinal zonation of storm systems existed in the geological past. Evaluation of 69 previously-recognized Paleozoic and Mesozoic storm depositional systems on such maps showed that only 70% of them occur in ancient hurricane, mixed hurricane and winter storm, and winter storm belts. The remainder occur on the western sides of continents and/or at low paleolatitudes, and therefore well may be of different origin. Mesozoic storm depositional systems containing hummocky stratification tend to occur in counterpart paleo-winter storm belts, whereas hummocky stratification in suggested Paleozoic examples occur in both winter storm and hurricane belts and in paleolatitudes where we infer storm activity did not occur.
Magnetic properties of the LL5 ordinary chondrite Chelyabinsk (fall of February 15, 2013)

Here we characterize the magnetic properties of the Chelyabinsk chondrite (LL5, S4, W0) and constrain the composition, concentration, grain size distribution, and mineral fabric of the meteorite's magnetic mineral assemblage. Data were collected from 10 to 1073 K and include measurements of low‐field magnetic susceptibility (χ0), the anisotropy of χ0, hysteresis loops, first‐order reversal curves, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X‐ray microtomography. The REM and REM′ paleointensity protocols suggest that the only magnetizations recorded by the chondrite are components of the Earth's magnetic field acquired during entry into our planet's atmosphere. The Chelyabinsk chondrite consists of light and dark lithologies. Fragments of the light lithology show logχ0 = 4.57 ± 0.09 (s.d.) (n = 135), while the dark lithology shows 4.65 ± 0.09 (n = 39) (where χ0 is in 10−9 m3 kg−1). Thus, Chelyabinsk is three times more magnetic than the average LL5 fall, but is similar to a subgroup of metal‐rich LL5 chondrites (Paragould, Aldsworth, Bawku, Richmond) and L/LL5 chondrites (Glanerbrug, Knyahinya). The meteorite's room‐temperature magnetization is dominated by multidomain FeNi alloys taenite and kamacite (no tetrataenite is present). However, below approximately 75 K remanence is dominated by chromite. The metal contents of the light and dark lithologies are 3.7 and 4.1 wt%, respectively, and are based on values of saturation magnetization.
The social and public health implications of global warming and the onslaught of alien species

Humans are engaged in an uncontrolled experiment in planetary heating. Each decade, the concentration of CO2, methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing by about 4%. All signs point toward unprecedented rates of warming and climate change. Many plant and animal species living in natural ecosystems will perish because they will be unable to keep up with shifting climatic zones. Warming exacerbates another biomedical problem – the influx of alien animals, plants and pathogens. These introduced species, many from the tropics, will not only increase the variety and incidence of tropical diseases, but will also affect the quality of the wilderness experience and hence, the popularity of outdoor recreation. Some personal actions and political prophylaxis are recommended.
The 1719 El Salvador Earthquake: An M>7.0 Event in the Central American Volcanic Arc?

In the regions where few field neotectonics and paleoseismic studies have been performed (e.g., Central America), the interpretation of the seismic sources responsible for the historical (preinstrumental) catastrophic earthquakes lies almost entirely in the spatial distribution of damage interpreted from historical sources, mainly fragmentary written documents. The occurrence of catastrophic earthquakes affecting this region justifies the necessity of a deeper analysis of the geologic implications of the more significant historical earthquakes in light of the new insights. Recent advances in the identification and dating of surface‐rupture evidences along the central El Salvador volcanic arc led us to revisit some historical evidence of damage along this region and to combine geologic (paleoseismic) evidence with damage distribution. At least 11 destructive earthquakes have occurred in El Salvador since 1900 (White and Harlow, 1993; Fig. 1). These events caused more than 3000 deaths as a consequence of strong ground motions and/or subsequent landslides (Bommer et al. , 2002). The instrumental earthquake record shows that large ( M w>7) events occurred as reverse fault events along the interface between the subducted plate and the over‐riding continental plate or as normal‐faulting events within the subduction plate resulting from extensional forces generated by slab‐pull forces or by bending of the subduction plate (Alvarez‐Gomez, 2009). Onshore, instrumental earthquakes have been reported with moderate magnitudes ( M w 7.0 usually have been assigned to the subduction zone, whereas historical records with M w 7.0) associated with the rupture of the El Salvador fault zone …
Sharp 400‐km discontinuity from short‐period P reflections

P-wave data from the short-period (around 1 Hz) Southern California Seismic Network reveal pre-critical reflections from the 410-km discontinuity below the Gulf of California, appearing as a clear and continuous feature in the data to epicentral distances as small as 10°. Deconvolution and stacking techniques are used to extract these weak arrivals from the coda of earlier arriving P waves. The reflections are used to estimate the width of the gradient zone near 410 km depth, constraining the velocity jump across the discontinuity using critically refracted waves. The velocity jump across the 410-km discontinuity is 6±2.5 %, which is in agreement with existing estimates of the velocity jump for this region. The clear and uninterrupted branch of reflected waves suggests laterally homogeneous discontinuity properties on a scale of several hundred km. Synthetic seismogram modelling of the reflected waves using realistic models of the phase transition occurring at this depth shows that the transition must be as thin as 10 km, with most of the velocity increase occurring over about 4 km or less, for the reflections to be visible in short-period data. Applying this result to recent thermodynamic models of upper mantle composition suggests that the high temperatures associated with the spreading centre continue down to at least 410 km depth.
Reply to comment by A. V. Mikhailov and L. Perrone on “The winter anomaly in the middle‐latitude F region during the solar minimum period observed by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate”

[1] The winter anomaly (or seasonal anomaly) at middle latitudes is a phenomenon during which the daytime plasma density at the F-peak height (NmF2) is greater in winter than in summer. Radio occultation measurements from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites provide a new data source for study of the winter anomaly on a global scale. In this study we investigate the altitude, local time, latitude, longitude, and hemispheric variations of the electron density in the middle-latitude ionosphere by analyzing the COSMIC data measured in 2007 during a magnetically quiet period (Kp ≤ 3). The seasonal mean behavior of the NmF2 obtained from COSMIC data shows the occurrence of the winter anomaly feature during 0800–1600 LT in the Northern Hemisphere but not in the Southern Hemisphere. The intensity of the winter anomaly is variable with longitude, and a more intense winter anomaly is likely to occur at longitudes closer to the magnetic pole. At northern middle latitudes, a greater electron density in the winter than in the summer occurs in the narrow altitude range near the F-peak height. Except for the winter anomaly feature at northern middle latitudes, the electron density at middle latitudes is greater during the summer than during the winter in both hemispheres.
Paleomagnetism and U‐Pb zircon geochronology of Lower Cretaceous lava flows from the western Lhasa terrane: New constraints on the India‐Asia collision process and intracontinental deformation within Asia

To better understand the India‐Asia collisional process and intracontinental deformation within Asia, a paleomagnetic study has been conducted on the Qushenla Formation lava flows dated at ~132–120 Ma from the Yanhu area in the western Lhasa terrane. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates stable characteristic remanent magnetizations, which include dual polarity and pass fold tests at a 99% confidence level, indicating primary magnetizations. The tilt‐corrected site‐mean direction for 51 sites is D = 28.2°, I = 34.5°, and k = 74.3° with α95 = 2.3°, corresponding to a paleopole at 61.4°N, 192.9°E (A95 = 2.1°). Our new paleomagnetic data, combined with previous Cretaceous volcanic paleomagnetic data from the Lhasa terrane, show that the precollisional southern margin of Asia was at ~16.8°N with a relatively E‐W alignment and that the Lhasa terrane did not experience significantly discrepant north‐south movement although local vertical axis rotations did take place after the Cretaceous. Comparison with the apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) of India and the Cretaceous‐Paleocene paleopoles of the Tethyan Himalaya shows that the India‐Asia collision was at ~54.3 Ma and the Greater India during the Paleocene had a large northern extent of ~2000 km (~18.1°) beyond its present northern margin. Comparison with the Cretaceous Eurasian APWP indicates that a latitudinal convergence of ~1000 km has taken place between the Lhasa terrane and Eurasia since the India‐Asia collision. The amount of north‐south shortening deduced from Cretaceous paleomagnetic data is consistent with that accommodated by the Cenozoic fold and thrust belts between the Lhasa terrane and the Hexi corridor.
Abrupt landscape change post–6 Ma on the central Great Plains, USA

The principal control on landscape evolution in the central Great Plains of the United States over the past 10 m.y. is a contentious subject. New sedimentary data collected from Late Miocene Ogallala Group and Pliocene Broadwater Formation of the Nebraskan Great Plains demonstrates a twofold increase in the median grain size (from 20 mm to >40 mm) exported from the Rocky Mountains across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Paleoslope reconstructions derived from these data support the tilting of the Miocene Ogallala Group after 6 Ma, but demonstrate that the transport slope of the lower part of the unconformably overlying Pliocene succession is identical to the present-day slope. These data allow us to constrain the timing of differential uplift in the Great Plains to between 6 and 3.7 m.y. ; the wavelength and short duration of this tilting are best explained by the initiation of localized dynamic topography. Our results also suggest a threefold to fourfold increase in specific stream power at this time, meaning that Pliocene rivers draining the central Rockies were considerably more competent than their Miocene predecessors. Incision during this period was not continuous. A significant episode of aggradation from 3.7 to 2.5 Ma is best explained by high rates of sediment supply relating to the warm, wet mid-Pliocene climate optimum. The modern pattern of incision on the Great Plains occurred from 2.5 Ma, and not from the end of the Miocene as is sometimes supposed, reflecting the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Reconciling quantum and classical spectral theories of ultrastrong coupling: Role of cavity bath coupling and gauge corrections

Focusing on the widely adopted Hopfield model with cavity dissipation, we show how the linear spectrum of an ultrastrongly coupled cavity and a dipole can be described either classically or quantum mechanically, but only when the quantum model includes (i) corrections to maintain gauge invariance, and (ii) a specific type of cavity bath coupling. We also show the impact of this bath model on the quantum Rabi model, which has no classical analogue in ultrastrong coupling.
First Results of Cloud Retrieval from Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer

This paper introduces a cloud retrieval algorithm for the Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer 10 (GEMS), the first environmental geostationary orbit satellite, and validates its cloud products by comparing them with those produced by other instruments (OMI, TROPOMI, AMI, and CALIOP). The GEMS cloud products are corrected for the impact of clouds on the retrieval of atmospheric components, using the O 2 -O 2 absorption band to retrieve the effective cloud fraction and cloud centroid pressure. The performance of the GEMS retrieval algorithm was similar to that of the OMI instrument. We analyzed the cloud retrieval characteristics for air pollution, typhoons, and sea fog in the East Asia region to evaluate whether 15 GEMS cloud data can accurately represent various cloud features. Also, we evaluated the accuracy of the cloud retrieval algorithm through monthly validation for 2 years. The validation results provide a basis for future improvements of the GEMS cloud retrieval algorithm.
Seasonal changes in pollutant transport to the North Pacific: The relative importance of Asian and European sources

The industrialization of south‐east Asia invokes interest in the export path of the associated pollution into the global atmosphere. During the winter the meteorology of this area is dominated by the Siberian anticyclone. Polluted air is typically kept in the planetary boundary layer by the large‐scale subsidence and moved southwards. This contrasts with the summer when it can be lifted to the upper troposphere and transported across the Pacific by the aloft. This seasonal variation is investigated using trajectory calculations. Then the influence of pollution from the European region on south‐east Asia is investigated. During the winter up to 40% of the tropospheric air entering south‐east Asia may have been polluted by Europe. Finally, we propose an extended monitoring program over central Asia to separate south‐east Asian pollution from the general pollution found in the Northern Hemisphere, and, to understand the effects of this industrialization.
Vertical distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during ICARB-2006: Effects of continental outflow

[1] Measurements of vertical distributions of ozone and meteorological parameters were made over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and Arabian Sea (AS) from ocean research vessel Sagar Kanya during the period of 18 March to 10 May 2006 as a part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB). The observations showed a highly polluted layer (average ozone ∼68.0 ± 10.1 ppbv) over the northern BOB as compared to the northern AS (51.5 ± 7.6 ppbv), southern BOB (42.7 ± 12.8 ppbv), and southern AS (40.9 ± 9.5 ppbv) in the altitude range of 1–3 km. In this altitude range, specific humidity was lower by about 2–6 g/kg, and temperature was higher by 1°C–3°C over the northern BOB and northern AS as compared to their southern counterparts. This comparison and the total potential source contribution function analysis indicate that the observations over the northern BOB and the northern AS were influenced by the transport of continental air masses. The outflow from the polluted atmosphere over northern India, particularly over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, resulted in higher mixing ratios of ozone over the northern BOB. The air masses from the northern Indian region contributed an enhancement of about 13 ± 6 ppbv to the mixing ratio of ozone over the BOB in the altitude range of 0.75–3.0 km. The mixing ratios of ozone in the unperturbed marine air masses were found to be 11 ± 6 and 5 ± 2 ppbv lower than the average ozone over the BOB and AS, respectively. These results clearly show the outflow of continental air containing high ozone and possibly other pollutants over the northern BOB, which can have significant implications in the chemistry and climate of relatively cleaner regions.
Velocity Measurements in Asymmetric Turbulent Channel Flows

Velocity measurements, using a two‐dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), were made in turbulent channel flows of water, at a Reynolds number of 60,000, over a flat stationary sediment bed with covers of different roughness characteristics. The measurements confirmed the noncoincidence of the planes of maximum velocity and zero Reynolds stress. Significant diffusion of momentum and kinetic energy took place from the rough to the smooth surface. As the roughness of the cover was increased, the vertical transfer of vertical velocity fluctuations near the bed decreased, resulting in a decrease in the sediment‐suspension mechanism. The proper length scale in the outer region was the height of the plane of zero total stress from the corresponding surface. When the distance from each surface was normalized with this length scale, the measured mean streamwise velocity defects agreed with the log law, and the measured streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations agreed with the exponential variations formu.
[Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression].

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of cognitive techniques and to review studies on the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of depression. METHOD A non-systematic review of the literature of original studies complemented with data from meta-analyses and specialized textbooks. RESULTS The fundamentals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression are described and the evidence of short- and long-term efficacy is reviewed. The use of pharmacological therapy in conjunction with CBT is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS CBT in the treatment of depression is one of the therapeutic modalities with the highest empirical evidence of efficacy, whether applied alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy.
Proterozoic orogens of the northeastern Canadian Shield: new information from the Lithoprobe ECSOOT crustal reflection seismic survey

As part of the Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore–Offshore Transect (ECSOOT), Lithoprobe acquired 1250 km of deep seismic reflection data along the coast of Labrador and across Ungava Bay, to image evidence of Proterozoic crustal accretion to the Archean nuclei of the Nain and Superior provinces of the Canadian Shield. The relatively pristine Archean crust of the Nain Province has low reflectivity and generally lacks systematic reflector orientations. Reworking of Archean crust on the margins of the Makkovik Province has little effect on this weak signature. In contrast, the Archean crust in the Eastern Churchill (Rae) Province appears to have been overprinted by a strongly developed, whole-crustal, easterly dipping reflection fabric, interpreted to result from Proterozoic collision of the Nain and Superior provinces in the paired New Quebec and Torngat orogens. Juvenile Proterozoic crust in the Makkovik and Grenville provinces also shows strong whole-crustal dipping reflection fabrics, interpretable as outw.
Particle size distributions in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, growth and freezing of sulfuric acid droplets, and implications for cloud formation

Particle size and volume measurements obtained with the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP), model 300 during January and February 1989 in the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiment are presented and used to study processes important in the formation and growth of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles. Comparisons of the observations with expected sulfuric acid droplet deliquescence suggest that in the Arctic a major fraction of the sulfuric acid droplets remain liquid until temperatures at least as low as 193 K. Arguments are presented to suggest that homogeneous freezing of the sulfuric acid droplets might occur near 190 K and might play a role in the formation of PSCs. The first suggestion of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles appears near saturation ratios of HNO3 with respect to NAT of 1 (about 195 K) as an enhancement, of the large particles on the tail of the sulfuric acid droplet size distribution. The major increases in number and volume indicative of the main body of the NAT cloud are not seen in these Arctic investigations until 191 to 192 K, which corresponds to an apparent saturation ratio of HNO3 with respect to NAT of about 10, unlike the Antarctic where clouds were encountered at saturation ratios near 1. A decrease in the number of particles was observed in regions in which the airmass was denitrified, i.e. NOy, the sum of all reactive nitrogen species, was reduced. This was especially true for the larger particles on the upper tail of the sulfate size distribution. The loss of these largest particles supports the idea that denitrification may be the result of the preferential nucleation and growth of NAT on only the largest sulfate particles, which then sediment out of the airmass.