Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation and functional properties of protein coprecipitate from sheep milk

The optimum conditions for the production of coprecipitate from sheep milk were studied. The best percentage of calcium chloride added to milk was 0.2%, which resulted in a recovery of 97.5% of milk proteins. At low pH (4.5–5), the recovery of protein was low, but it increased at higher pH values (5.5–6.5); recovery was greatest at pH 6.5. The optimum heating temperature to obtain coprecipitate from sheep milk was 85–95°C. The functional properties of the sheep milk coprecipitate were studied. At pH values higher than 6, there were no differences between the solubility of sheep milk coprecipitate and sheep milk sodium caseinate, but the solubility of coprecipitate at pH values lower than 5 was relatively higher than those of the caseinate. At pH ≥6, the emulsion activity index (EAI) for emulsions of sheep milk coprecipitate and caseinate increased as pH increased; at all pH values, the EAI of the coprecipitate was higher than that of the caseinate. Sheep milk coprecipitate showed higher foaming ability and stability than sheep milk sodium caseinate.
Three novel C21 polyacetylenes from the marine sponge Callyspongia sp

Three new C21 linear polyacetylenes, callypentayne (1), callyberyne B (2), and callytetrayne (3), along with the known compound siphonodiol (4), have been isolated from the Japanese marine sponge Callyspongia sp. The structures of 1−3 were proposed on the basis of extensive NMR experiments.
Emergence of Quinolone Resistance among Chicken Isolates of Campylobacter in Turkey

The development and extent of quinolone-resistance in broiler isolates of campylobacters over a 15-year period was investigated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid for 567 Campylobacter jejuni and 233 Campylobacter coli strains were determined by the agar dilution method. Of the strains, 180, 420 and 200 were isolated during 1987, 1992 and 2000, respectively. Enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin resistance was not found in isolates from 1987. The first fluoroquinolone resistance (1.4% to enrofloxacin and 1.2% to ciprofloxacin) appeared in strains isolated in 1992, approximately 2 years after the licensing of enrofloxacin in Turkey. The rate of resistance to nalidixic acid was 5.5% in 1987 and 7.3% in 1992. However, the resistance of campylobacters to quinolones increased dramatically in 2000, with 75.5%, 73% and 94.5% of the strains being resistant to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, respectively. Fluoroquinolone resistant strains originated from 7.1% of 28 broiler flocks in 1992, and from 92.9% of 14 flocks in 2000. In total, 18% of C. jejuni and 24% of C. coli strains were resistant to enrofloxacin, and 17.5% of C. jejuni and 22.3% of C. coli strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. A high level of cross-resistance was observed among enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. It was concluded that the uncontrolled use of fluoroquinolones in animals in Turkey caused the emergence and spread of high level resistance among poultry strains of campylobacters, which may have serious effects on both animal and human health and may be a serious food safety concern.
Some Fungal Pathogens of Yam (Dioscorea Spp.) In Storage And The Effects Of Their Infection On The Nutrient Composition

The study isolated and identified three fungal pathogens of yam (Dioscorea spp.) in storage and investigated the effects of their infection on the yam nutrient composition. The pathogens were Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Results showed that the nutrient contents of the two species of yam, D. rotundata Poir. And D. alata L. were quantitatively altered by A. niger, B. theobromae and S. rolfsii during pathogenesis. The moisture content of both species significantly (P < 0.05) increased, whereas carbohydrate content significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in quantity during the period of incubation. The total protein and fat contents of both species were also lowered quantitatively, while the fibre and ash contents were increased by the rot causing organisms. The depletion of carbohydrate, protein and fat contents was more in D. rotundata than in D. alata . The results obtained suggests that the presence of carbohydrate, protein and fat is of primary importance for the survival and successful establishment of the pathogens within the tissue of yam. Keywords : Fungal pathogen, nutrient composition, Dioscorea rotundata Dioscorea alata .
Microorganisms Associated with Ogi Traditionally Produced from Three Varieties of Maize

Aim of this study is to determine the microbial load, isolate and identify microorganisms associated with indiginous fermentation of the different maize varieties. Traditional method of preparation was used to produce ogi using three maize varieties; white local (WM), yellow (YM) and quality protein maize (QPM) varieties. The maize grains were steeped for 72 h, wet milled, sieved and fermented for 48 h separately at 30±2°C by the maize natural microflora. The number and type of microorganisms per mL of the fermenting substrates were estimated daily for the period of the fermentation. The isolated microorganisms were characterized using conventional methods. Molds isolated from the fermenting maize varieties were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. , Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus stolonifer and a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bacteria that were isolated were Corynebacterium sp. , Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Clostridium bifermentans and Staphylococcus aureus. During the secondary fermentation, the microorganisms had been reduced to Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Total viable bacteria counts during the fermentation of QPM ranged from 2.0x105 to 3.8x106 cfu mL-1. For YM it ranged from 4.0x105 to 4.0x106 cfu mL-1 and WM; 5.0x105 to 4.0x106 cfu mL-1. Fungal counts during the fermentation of QPM ranged from 1.0x103 to 3.6x104 cfu mL-1. For YM it ranged from 1.0x103 to 3.6x104 cfu mL-1 and WM; 2.0x103 to 4.0x104 cfu mL-1. Lactobacillus sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were responsible for the quality characteristics of ogi. QPM had a reduced number and type of microorganisms compared to other two varieties.
Identification of Transferred Chicken Germ Cells in Quail Gonad and Semen by Amplification of Chicken-Specific PCR Products

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set for a chicken microsatellite locus on the Z chromosome, LEI0171 (GenBank Accession No.X85538), amplified a 363bp fragment of genomic DNA in chickens (Gallus domesticus) but not in quail (Coturnix japonica). A concentration of at least 10pg/μl of chicken DNA in the reaction mixture resulted in detectable amplification of the PCR product. Circulating primordial germ cells (PGCs) of chick embryos were transfused into quail embryos, and the chicken-genome-specific PCR product was observed in the chick-PGC-transfused chimeric quail when DNA samples were extracted from whole day-6 embryos, day-10 and -15 embryonic gonads, gonads of 5-day chicks, and the semen of adults.
Population dynamics of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae) in south-eastern Brazil

The population dynamics, including the sex ratio, reproductive period, individual growth and longevity, and population structure of the shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, are described. The shrimps were collected monthly from July 2005 to June 2007 at four sites in Ubatuba Bay, Brazil. The salinity, temperature, depth, organic matter content and sediment grain size were measured at each site. Specimens were quantified and sexed, their carapace length measured and their gonads were classified according to the stage of maturation. A von Bertalanffy model was used to estimate the individual growth, and longevity was calculated using its inverted formula. In total, 6 470 individuals were examined and the number of males and females differed significantly in favour of females. During some periods, the segregation could be related to the reproductive period. Reproductive females were captured throughout the sampled period, and there were biannual peaks that were followed by peaks of juveniles. Carapace growth was less for males than for females, which is likely related to oocyte production and the higher fecundity of the females. The higher probability of female capture can be related to their longer foraging to sustain the enhanced food requirement during the ovarian maturation period.
Lymphotoxin α−/− Mice Develop Functionally Impaired CD8+ T Cell Responses and Fail to Contain Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System

Recent observations have indicated that viral persistence and tumor spreading could occur because of effector function-defective CD8+ T cells. Although chronic exposure to Ag, lack of CD4 help, and epitope dominance are suggested to interfere with CTL differentiation, mechanisms underlying the defective effector function remain obscure. We demonstrate in this report that lymphotoxin α-deficient mice develop CD8+ T cells at normal frequencies when infected with HSV or immunized with OVA Ag but show impaired cytotoxic and cytokine-mediated effector functions resulting in enhanced susceptibility to HSV-induced encephalitis. Although these cells display near normal levels of perforin and Fas ligand, they remain largely at a naive state as judged by high expression of CD62 ligand and failure to up-regulate activation or memory markers. In particular, these CD8+ T cells revealed inadequate expression of the IL-12 receptor, thus establishing a link between CTL differentiation and LTα possibly through regulation of IL-12 receptor. Viruses and tumors could evade immunity by targeting the same pathway.
Genetic analysis of protein yield, udder health, and female fertility in first-parity Danish Holstein cows

Abstract Genetic parameters for protein yield, clinical mastitis, SCS, number of inseminations (NI), and days from first to last insemination (FLI) were estimated for first-parity Danish Holstein cows. The objective was to estimate genetic correlations between the five traits mentioned above and to study whether NI and FLI are measures of the same trait. Records containing information on approximately 200 000 cows were analysed using tri-variate animal models. The genetic correlations between the udder health traits and the fertility traits were favourable and in the range from 0.17 to 0.42, whereas the genetic correlations between protein yield and the fertility traits were unfavourable and ranged from 0.43 to 0.52. These results highlight the importance of continuing to emphasize functional traits in future breeding programmes. The genetic correlation between the fertility traits was 0.82. Based on this result, it cannot be concluded that NI and FLI are measures of the same trait.
Effect of pre-slaughter overnight feed withdrawal on pig carcass and muscle quality

The effects of three feed withdrawal treatments (unfasted, 15 h overnight fast at the abattoir, 15 h overnight fast at the piggery) and three additional abattoir lairage times (0–1, 2–3 or 4–5 h) on pig carcass and non-carcass body component yields and on muscle quality characteristics were evaluated. Liveweight yield was lower (P 0.05) on carcass lean yield, amount of shrink during the chilling process, yield of wholesale cuts, yields of dissected lean, fat and bone in the wholesale cuts, or moistu.
Intestinal pathology in northern pike, Esox lucius L., infected with Triaenophorus crassus Forel, 1868 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)

Abstract. Pathology surrounding the attachment site of Triaenophorus crassus Forel, 1868 in the intestine of northern pike, Esox lucius L. , was described. The scolex caused ulceration of the mucosa and lamina propria. Cellular infiltration and collagen deposition in the tissue surrounding the scolex raised the scotex into the lumen in isolated nodules, or produced a general thickening of the lamina propria. The lesion was well vascularized, with haemorrhaging and sloughing of epithelium at the lumenal surface, but with limited necrosis at the surface or within the lesion. Thickening of the lamina propria and circular muscle layer underlying regions with dense attachment sites produced an external swelling of the intestine and caused a decrease in the lumen to about one-fifth normal diameter. The nematode Raphidascaris acus was present within the degenerating lamina propria which surrounded attachment sites of T. crassus, but the cestode Proteocephalus pinguis was only found attached in areas with intact villi.
ONTOGENETIC SCALING OF JUMP PERFORMANCE IN THE AFRICAN DESERT LOCUST (SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA)

Ontogenetic growth was used as a model for the effect of body size on jumping performance of the African desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Using models that generated relationships between morphology and body size proposed by McMahon and the relationships between morphology and performance described by Hill, we generated testable predictions of how jumping performance measures may change as a function of body mass. Data were collected over an ontogenetic sequence that ranged from 1-day-old first instars to 45-day-old adults. Performance was quantified using a high- sensitivity, three-dimensional force plate. Performance parameters quantified included the force, acceleration, take-off velocity, kinetic energy and power output. With the exception of power output, each measure of performance scaled to body mass in a manner consistent with the predictions of the elastic similarity model. Power output scaled to body mass in a manner consistent with the predictions of the constant stress similarity model. As we noted previously for the scaling of flexural stiffness of the metathoracic tibiae, the elastic similarity model is approximated by the performance of the locust in spite of the morphological design that deviates from that model9s predictions. These results indicate that the jump has separate functions in the flightless juvenile instars and in the flying adult stage of the life history. Juvenile locusts produce take-off velocities of between 0.9 and 1.2 m s-1 that are relatively scale-independent. The take-off velocity in juveniles produces a distance of ballistic travel that averages between 20 and 30 cm. In adults, the take-off velocity is also relatively scale-independent at a level approximately twice as high as in juveniles (i.e. 2.5 m s-1). This velocity is coincident with the minimum flight speed reported by Weis-Fogh and a minimum flight speed that we have estimated using actuator disc theory. We suggest that, in juveniles, the jump is designed to achieve a characteristic distance travelled and in adults the jump is designed to achieve a minimum velocity necessary to fly.
Checklist of lizards of the Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil

We present the first lizard species list for the municipality of Juruti, state of Para, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi and from inventories conducted in 2008-2011. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individuals on the road. We recorded 33 species, 26 genera and ten families. Norops tandai was the most abundant species. Compared with the other regions of Amazonia, the region of Juruti presented a large number of lizards. However, further studies with an increase in the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in lizards than that observed so far.
Allen Denver Russell Memorial Lecture, 2006

Microbial pathogens continue as major threats to health. Indeed, many ongoing societal changes are enhancing our vulnerability and exposure to several frank and opportunistic pathogens. This, together with rampant antimicrobial resistance and reduced prospects for newer drugs and vaccines, is forcing a higher reliance on microbiocides in infection prevention and control. That this reliance may not be well‐founded becomes apparent from a closer look at current ways of testing and registering microbiocides, their label claims as well as human and environmental safety of certain widely used microbicidal chemicals. Many methods to test microbiocides for registration are flawed and/or entail test conditions irrelevant to field use. Pathogens listed on product labels may not be among those amenable to interruption through microbiocide use. The wide variations and discrepancies in existing national/regional regulations for registering microbiocides for sale stifle innovation. This is a critical look at the above‐mentioned issues with emphasis on chemicals meant for use on environmental surfaces and medical devices. It highlights better ways to test microbiocides and to attain global harmonization of testing and product registration. It also details the known and potential dangers of microbiocide use and what to consider in choosing such formulations for optimal safety and effectiveness. End users are advised to be more critical and prudent in the selection and application of microbicidal chemicals, manufacturers are encouraged to explore infection control products and technologies that are safer in the workplace and for the environment, and regulators are urged to review and update the requirements and procedures for premarket review of microbiocide efficacy data and label claims. Independent investigations are also urgently needed to document the proportion of nosocomial infections that would be amenable to prevention through chemical disinfection of environmental surfaces.
Produção de chapas de madeira compensada de cinco espécies de pinus tropicais.

This research was developed aiming at evaluating the feasibility of the use of 5 species of tropical pine to plywood manufacture. The following species were studied: Pinus caribaea, Pinus chiapensis, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus tecunumannii and Pinus taeda , being the last used as the referential species. Plywood were manufactured with 5 plies, bonded with urea-formaldheyde and fenol-formaldheyde resin. The results of thickness sweeling and recovering were the same for all species studied, with exception to thickness sweeling for the boards glued with fenol-formaldheyde resin. The boards made from Pinus maximinoi and Pinus oocarpa , showed the higher values in modulus of elasticity. The boards of Pinus maximinoi , Pinus oocarpa and Pinus taeda , glued with fenol-formaldheyde resin, resulted in higher values of the modulus of rupture, in comparison to other species. For the glue line strength, the boards of Pinus maximinoi , Pinus taeda and Pinus chiapensis , showed the better results. Based on the general results of this research it, could be said that the Pinus maximinoi and Pinus oocarpa present the high potentiality to plywood manufacture.
Revision of the Helosciomyzidae (Diptera)

The subfamily Helosciomyzinae Steyskal (Sciomyzidae), with the genera Helosciomyza Hendel, Polytocus Lamb, and Xenosciomyza Tonnoir and Malloch, is given family rank. The taxonomy of the group is reviewed, and a key to the nine genera and 23 species now included is given. A new genus, Cobergius, is erected to receive two new Australian species, C. canus and C. hirsutus. Sciogriphoneura Malloch is transferred from the Dryomyzidae to the Helosciomyzidae. Helosciomyza is subdivided to create four new genera: Dasysciomyza, Napaeosciomyza, Neosciomyza, and Scordalus. Helosciomyza simillima Harrison is placed in synonymy with Napaeosciomyza rara (Hutton). Male postabdomens of 21 species are illustrated. Family, genus, and species relationships are discussed briefly.
Phyllanthus embilica Leaves Extract: A Potential Amylase enzyme Inhibitor with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Plants are an important source of chemical constituents, which have potential as functional food and therapeutic agents. The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves exhibited inhibition (61.12%) against ? -amylase at pH 7 and temperature 40? C. The extract acts as a non-competitive inhibitor and reduces turnover number (Kcat) and catalytic efficiency (Kcat / Km). It contains phenol and vitamin C content, 117 and 5.12 mg g-1 respectively. Antioxidant activity of leave extract (600 g ml-1) is equivalent to the 800 g ml-1 strength of ascorbic acid. The extract has antibacterial effectiveness against bacteria strains E. coli and S. aureus test organisms.
Fish Predation by the Water Snake Afronatrix anoscopus in a Guinean Rainforest Stream

ABSTRACT We collected fifty specimens of the colubrid water snake Afronatrix anascopus during a single day in a 100 m section of a rainforest stream of southeastern Guinea. Food items were present in the digestive tracts of 17 specimens, with a significantly higher occurrence in females (48%) than in males (14%). Small tishes (<2 g) belonging to four species (Tilapia brevimanus, Epiplays hildegardae, Barbus sacraftis, and Kribia krihensis) were the main prey, representing 89% of the total numbers of prey items. A. anoscopus is probably one of the main predators of juvenile fishes in the West African rainforest.
Factors affecting lipase production in Aspergillus wentii.

Aspergillus wentii showed maximum growth and lipase production at 30°C in 3 days at pH 6.0, when cultivated on a shaker. The medium supplemented with glucose showed maximum production of lipase followed by mannitol, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Amongst the nitrogen sources tested, lipase yield was maximum with peptone at the 2% level. Calcium and sodium citrates (0l.%) increased the yield of lipase. Synthetic and natural lipids when added to the growth medium reduced the growth and lipase production.
The Effect of Different Nest Types on the Breeding Success of Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in a Rural Ecosystem

EL EFECTO DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE NIDO SOBRE EL EXITO REPRODUCTIVO DE FALCO TINNUNCULUS EN UN ECOSISTEMA RURAL Estudiamos la tasa reproductiva de Falco tinnunculus en diferentes tipos de nido artificiales y naturales en una region rural de Israel. Los nidos se clasificaron en tres tipos: (1) nidos grandes artificiales de tipo cerrado (i.e., cajas de nidificacion), (2) nidos pequenos artificiales de tipo cerrado (i.e., cajas de nidificacion) o (3) nidos naturales de tipo abierto (i.e., nidos en palmas datileras Phoenix dactylifera). El exito reproductivo fue menor en las cajas de nidificacion grandes: el porcentaje de los nidos en que los huevos eclosionaron fue el mas bajo, al igual que el tamano de la parvada, el numero de pichones que abandonaron el nido por puesta de la pareja y el porcentaje de productividad de los huevos. Un numero significativamente menor de parejas fueron exitosas en las cajas de nidificacion grandes en producir al menos un volanton que en los otros dos tipos de nido. Esto posibleme.