Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variations in the evapotranspiration of a transitional tropical forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil

The seasonal pattern of evapotranspiration (expressed as latent heat flux Qe) for a 28‐ to 30‐m‐tall tropical transitional (ecotonal) forest was quantified over an annual cycle using eddy covariance measurement and micrometeorological estimation techniques. The study was conducted near the city of Sinop, in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is located within the ecotone of tropical rain forest and savanna (cerrado). Although the majority of net radiation (Q*) was consumed by Qe (50–90%), seasonal variations in Qe were large and positively correlated with precipitation. Total daily Qe for the dry season (June–September) was on average 6.0 MJ m−2 d−1, while daily Qe for the transition (October–November and April–May) and wet (December–March) season periods were 7.5 and 10.0 MJ m−2 d−1, respectively. The seasonal variation in midday (0900–1500 LT) surface conductance (gs) was also positively correlated with precipitation. Analysis of the “decoupling factor” (Ω) indicated that the forest was strongly coupled to the atmosphere (Ω = 0.1–0.3) over the dry season and transition periods, suggesting that Qe was under relatively strong stomatal control. Although rainfall during the study period was above the long‐term (30‐year) average, our results indicate that the seasonal dynamics of Qe for the tropical transitional forest were more comparable to tropical savanna than to rain forest.
A prospective cohort study by Bahceci Reply re : “ The Bleph and the Brain : The Effect of Upper Eyelid Surgery on Chronic Headaches ”

Simsek of 152 patients found a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.001) in patient-reported headache scores following blepharoplasty (n = 108) and eyelid ptosis repair surgery (n = 38). Mokhtarzadeh et al. compare a group of patients undergoing upper eyelid surgery with concurrent chronic headaches (the case group) to a group of patients undergoing other oculoplastic procedures with concurrent chronic headaches (the control group). Of the control group, these procedures range vastly from ectropion repair to excisions of eyelid lesions. Indeed, the findings show a statistically significant improvement in preand postoperative headache scores for the case group. This is in keeping with the current literature base. However, I do not believe these results are comparable with the control group. In order for this second cohort of patients to qualify as a control group, they would have to be patients with ptosis who do not undergo surgical intervention, that is, this should be the only variable. The unmatched nature of the groups gives way to possible confounders and thus any statistically significant difference in postoperative headache scores between these 2 groups cannot be attributed to surgical intervention. Kind Regards,
On the role of high frequency waves in ocean altimetry

This work mines a coastal and open ocean air-sea interaction field experiment data set where the goals are to refine satellite retrieval of wind, wind stress, and sea level using a microwave radar altimeter. The data were collected from a low-flying aircraft using a sensor suite designed to measure the surface waves, radar backscatter, the atmospheric flow, and turbulent fluxes within the marine boundary layer. This uncommon ensemble provides the means to address several specific altimeter-related topics. First, we examine and document the impact that non wind-driven gravity wave variability, e.g. swell, has upon the commonlyinvoked direct relationship between altimeter backscatter and near surface wind speed. The demonstrated impact is larger in magnitude and more direct than previously suggested. The study also isolates the winddependence of short-scale slope variance and suggests its magnitude is somewhat lower than shown elsewhere while a second-order dependence on long waves is also evident. A second study assesses the hypothesis that wind-aligned swell interacts with the atmospheric boundary flow leading to a depressed level of turbulence. Cases of reduced drag coefficient at moderate wind speeds were in evidence within the data set, and buoy observations indicate that swell was present and a likely control during these events. Coincidentally, short-scale wave roughness was also depressed suggesting decreased wind stress. Attempts to confirm the theory failed, however, due to numerous limitations in the quantity and quality of the data in hand. A lesson learned is that decoupling atmospheric stability and wave impacts in field campaigns requires both a very large amount of data as well as vertical resolution of fluxes within the first 10--20 m of the surface.
The environmental impact assessment auditing process in Greece: evidence from the prefectural level

This article presents the findings of nation-wide research of Greek prefectural environmental bureaus (EBs) dealing with environmental impact assessment and auditing (EIA&A). The research was conducted through a questionnaire mailed to the heads of the EBs, tackling a number of quantitative and qualitative issues. Based on the answers received (a 73% response rate) it finds that the Greek EBs are suffering from (specialised) staff and equipment shortages as well as work overload since the number of EIA studies submitted for approval is increasing through time. Also, it reports on the EBs heads' perceptions of the major shortcomings of the EIA&A process at the prefectural level. It is found that the procedure is considered too legalistic and bureaucratic, thus, coupled with the EBs' staff shortages and excessive workload, appropriate EIA&A cannot occur.
Early to mid Holocene pollen samples containing mangrove pollen from Sponge Bay, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand

Mangroves (Avicennia marina var. resinifera (Forst.f.) Bakh. ) lived in the Poverty Bay‐East Cape region during the early to mid Holocene for about 4,000 years, from c. 9,800–6,000 years BP. This suggests an essentially frost‐free climate at least one degree warmer than the present day, as required to allow germination and growth of Avicennia seedlings. Sea levels were then lower which would have provided a suitable substrate for the plants on the continental shelf; the local extinction of Avicennia was due to the combination of subsequent sea level rise, increased frostiness, and the disappearance of habitat. Pollen samples from four localities on the east coast of the North Island were examined, and all contain abundant evidence of recycled pollen from Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments. Several samples from one locality (Sponge Bay, near Gisborne, about 7 km southeast of the only previously known North Island east coast early Holocene record of Avicennia) contain Avicennia pollen. Precise paleoclimatic s.
Methane emissions from the Florida Everglades: Patterns of variability in a regional wetland ecosystem

Natural wetlands are presumed to be major sources of atmospheric methane, but current estimates of the global wetland emission vary by almost a factor of 20. Estimates of global source strengths are based on extrapolation of in situ flux measurements to large areas occupied by broad classes of wetland environments, and recent efforts at refinement of these estimates have concentrated on improving inventories of the global distribution of major wetland types. An additional potential source of uncertainty which has not been quantified is regional scale variability in emission rates within the major wetland types. We conducted an experiment which examined the spatial variability of methane flux within a large regional wetland system, the Florida Everglades. We also investigated the association of flux variability with relevant surface characteristics such as soil thickness, water depth, soil temperature, and vegetative community distribution. Unit area methane flux to the atmosphere from water-saturated Everglades environments, measured in situ, varied over more than an order of magnitude (4.2 to 81.9 mg CH4/m2/d), depending on which habitat component of the ecosystem was sampled. Observed physical characteristics of the surface (water and soil depth, soil temperature) were not quantitatively associated with the variability in flux rates. However, the distribution of vegetative community types provided an empirical indicator of flux, permitting an inventory of emissions to be based on mapping of regional vegetation patterns. Use of high-resolution, orbital remote sensing data helped reduce uncertainty in the emission inventory of the Everglades by directing in situ sampling efforts to important habitat types and by providing a means for calculating area-weighted mean flux for the system as a whole. The results indicated that spatial variability in flux within a major wetland ecosystem can introduce significant uncertainty in extrapolations to larger areas, even if the extent of the major ecosystem itself is well known. The results also suggested that the response of total ecosystem flux to changing water level is not a linear function of flooded area, but is damped, with regional flux at lowered water levels decreasing proportionally less than flooded area. Both sources of variability can be addressed by the combination of remote sensing and in situ techniques we have employed in the Everglades.
Eastern Basin and Range crustal extension: A view from seismology and geodesy

This dissertation investigates the crustal structure of the eastern Basin and Range Province in the western United States and its relationship with the present-day extensional regime governing this region. The use of combined results from different geophysical methods provide a better understanding of the subsurface crustal structure and the processes involved in this extensional deformation. Teleseismic receiver functions were used to create a uniformly sampled map of the crustal thickness variations and stacked images of the crust beneath the majority of the state of Utah, which provide additional constraints on the seismic characteristics of the crust and upper mantle. These results reveal crustal variations characterized by a distinct change in crustal thickness that closely follows the surface trace of the Wasatch fault, with differences in depth of up to 10 km across a distance of less than 55 km. Analysis of seismic reflection profiles, horizontal and vertical crustal velocities from continuous GPS, and surface geology provide new constraints on the relationships between interseismic strain accumulation, subsurface fault geometry, and geologic slip rates on seismogenic faults. Seismic reflection data show recent activity along highangle normal faults that become listric with depth, sole into preexisting décollements, reactivating them, and appear to be connected at depth with a regionally extensive detachment horizon. GPS data reveal present-day crustal extension of ~3 mm/yr and no net vertical motion between the Colorado Plateau and eastern Basin and Range. Inverse modeling results of the crustal deformation data include a low-angle dislocation (~8-20°) at a locking depth of ~7-10 km, consistent with the interpreted seismic data, and slipping
The European Water Framework Directive and Economic Valuation of Wetlands The Restoration of Floodplains along the River Elbe

This paper concerns the economic valuation of riparian wetlands ecological services within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The directive is an integrated approach to river basin management in Europe and aims at achieving a good water status for both surface and ground water. It introduces economic analysis as a core part of the development of integrated river basin management plans. However, to date the WFD has not clearly stated to what extent wetlands should be used for the achievement of environmental objectives, or what scope the economic analysis should have. Our study of the river Elbe shows that riparian wetlands provide significant benefits that should be considered in river basin management decisions. To neglect these benefits would lead to biased cost–benefit analysis results and might therefore misguide the decision-making process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on the forest carbon balance in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada; a pilot study (1984–2012)

Background Assessing cumulative effects of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on forest carbon (C) stocks and fluxes, because of their relevance to climate change, is a requirement of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in Canada. However, tools have not been developed specifically for these purposes, and in particular for the boreal forest of Canada, so current forest C assessments in EIAs take relatively simple approaches. Here, we demonstrate how an existing tool, the Generic Carbon Budget Model (GCBM), developed for national and international forest C reporting, was used for a relatively rigorous assessment of the cumulative effects of anthropogenic and natural disturbances to support EIA requirements. We applied the GCBM to approximately 1.3 million ha of upland forest in a pilot study area of the oil sands region of Alberta that has experienced a large number of anthropogenic (forestry, energy sector) and natural (wildfire, insect) disturbances.Results 24% of the pilot study area was disturbed. Increasing disturbance emissions combined with declining net primary productivity over the 29 years of the pilot study changed the area from a net C sink to a net C source. Forest C stocks changed from 332 Mt to 327.5 Mt, declining at an average rate of 0.155 tC ha− 1 yr− 1. The largest cumulative areas of disturbance were caused by wildfire (139,000 ha), followed by the energy sector (110,000 ha), insects (33,000 ha) and harvesting (31,000 ha) but the largest cumulative disturbance emissions were caused by the energy sector (9.5 Mt C), followed by wildfire (5.5 Mt C), and then harvesting (1.3 Mt C). Conclusion An existing forest C model was used successfully to provide a rigorous regional cumulative assessment of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on forest C, which meets requirements of EIAs in Canada. The assessment showed the relative importance of disturbances on C emissions in the pilot study area but their relative importance is expected to change in other parts of the oil sands region because of its diversity in disturbance, types, patterns and intensity. Future assessments should include peatland C stocks and fluxes, which could be addressed by using the Canadian Model for Peatlands.
Psychiatric and psychological follow-up of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students: prevalence and associated factors. Results from the national BOURBON study. Running title: mental health and addictive behavior of medical students

Background. Physicians are at risk of burnout, anxiety and depression. Prevention is needed from the beginning of the medical studies to detect early poor mental health outcomes. Objective. To determine the prevalence and associated of psychiatric or psychological follow-up in a national sample of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students (UPMS). Methods. UPMS of the 35 French Medicine faculties were recruited through mailing lists and social networks between December 2016 and May 2017 and fulfilled Internet anonymised questionnaires. Results. Overall, 10985 UPMS were included in the present study (2165 (19.7%) postgraduate, 31.6% males, mean aged 21.8 years). Overall, 1345 (12.2%) were followed-up by a psychiatrist and/or a psychologist, 20.5% of them were regular anxiolytic consumers and 17.2% of them were regular antidepressant consumers. In multivariate analyses, being followed-up by a psychiatrist and/or psychologist was associated with with lower self-reported general health, social functioning mental health quality life The UPMS followed-up by psychiatrist and/or psychologist reported to have been more frequently exposed to sexual assault (5.1% vs. domestic violence (3.3% /addictive issues and professional suffering. Improving UPMS mental health may also improve the later quality of care of their patients and global stress at hospital. Conflicts of interest: none declared.
Volcanic volumes associated with the Kenya Rift: recognition and correction of preservation biases

Abstract New eruptive volume estimates have been calculated for the Kenyan segment of the East African Rift. Since the initial publications of volume estimates for the Kenyan Rift, numerous age dates have been obtained for the region allowing for temporal analysis of eruptive volumes. Additionally, more recent available datasets allow for the independent testing of map-derived volumes. Newly calculated volumes from available seismic data indicate a total volume of c. 310 000 km3, which is significantly more than map-derived volumes found here or published previously. It is suggested that the map-based estimates are likely affected by biases against recognizing small volume events in the older record. Such events have been, however, the main driver of erupted volume over the last 5 Ma. A simple ratio-adjustment technique was developed to counter these biases and results in convergence of the volume estimates from the two independent datasets examined. Supplementary material: Volume calculations and classifications are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18800.
Regional Variation in Mobility Levels and Timing in the United States

The age patterns of U.S. internal migration, while examined extensively at the national level, have not been fully explored at the regional scale. This study examines, using 1985 - 1990 census data, the state-level variations in two aspects of lifecycle mobility: the mobility level, or the average number of moves made over the lifecycle, and the mobility timing, or the age at which half the lifetime moves are completed. It further delineates typologies of states based upon their age structure of mobility. The study found that regional patterns in the mobility level showed some evidence of the Snowbelt-Sunbelt patterns that characterized economic restructuring in the 1980s. Geographic patterns of mobility timing were less clear; however states in the West and the South showed somewhat more young distributions than the other regions. Further, there was a statistically significant relationship between mobility levels and timing: states with higher mobility levels also exhibited older mobility profiles, as a consequence of disproportionately high elderly mobility rates. The study highlights the regional differences in mobility behavior, and the interplay between the “how much” and the “when” of mobility.
Do Greens Drive Hummers or Hybrids? Environmental Ideology as a Determinant of Consumer Choice and the Aggregate Ecological Footprint

The environmental movement has been an effective interest group lobbying governments to enact policies that enhance public goods (the environment) at the expense of tightly organized for profit interests. Collectively, environmentalists have been able to overcome free-rider problems to achieve their goals. But, in day to day life do environmentalists "free ride"? Do they live a "green" lifestyle? This paper uses several California data sets to test for differences in consumption patterns between greens and browns. I document that a community's share of Green Party registered voters is a viable proxy for community environmentalism. Environmentalists are more likely to commute by public transit, purchase hybrid vehicles, and consume less gasoline than non-environmentalists. These observed differentials have aggregate implications for explaining why some nations lie below the cross-national Environmental Kuznets Curve.
Seed Quality: Basic Mechanisms and Agricultural Implications

ContentsPreface * Seed Viability * Seed Vigor * Methods of Viability and Vigor Testing: A Critical Appraisal * Production Environment and Seed Quality * Seed Quality and Microorganisms * Storage of Orthodox Seeds * Storage of Recalcitrant Seeds * Mechanisms of Seed Deterioration * Variety Identification: Modern Techniques and Applications * Low Water Potential and Pre-Sowing Germinating Treatments to Improve Seed Quality * Influence of Seed Quality on Crop Establishment, Growth, and Yield * Index
The Determinants of Gentrification

This paper assesses why lower-income urban neighborhoods gentrify. Over the period 1980-2000, gentrification was more likely in Census tracts that are closer to the city center and have older housing stock, consistent with theoretical predictions from classic urban models and with other recent empirical work on gentrification. The paper makes three contributions. First, neighboring tract income is shown to contribute to gentrification, providing evidence of positive inter-neighborhood spillovers. Second, the reasons for gentrification are shown to vary across cities: proximity to the city center and an older housing stock contribute more to tract-level gentrification in metropolitan areas where these characteristics are scarce - larger and newer metropolitan areas, respectively. Accordingly, U.S. regions vary in how well their cities fit the general pattern of gentrification: cities in the South and Midwest exhibited gentrification over the period 1990-2000, whereas gentrification was characteristic only of the Northeast over the period 1980-1990. Finally, gentrification is accompanied by increases in the number of households and a growing housing stock, as well as changes in residential demographic composition. The analysis relies on the Neighborhood Change Database, which provides tract-level decennial Census data recalculated using a consistent definition of tract boundaries.
La plataforma carbonatada epeírica (Formaciones Imón e Isábena) del Triásico superior del Noreste de la Península Ibérica

Las principales unidades litoestratigraficas localizadas en el limite Triasico/Jurasico del noreste de la Peninsula Iberica son las facies Keuper, los carbonatos de la Formacion Imon/Formacion Isabena y las dolomias, evaporitas y lutitas de la Formacion Carniolas de Cortes de Tajuna/Zona de Anhidrita. Los carbonatos del Triasico superior son conocidos como Formacion Imon en la Cordillera Iberica, Cordilleras Costero Catalanas y Depresion del Ebro y como Formacion Isabena en la vertiente surpirenaica. La asociacion de foraminiferos (Gandinella falsofriedli, Aulotortus friedli, Trochammina jaunensis, Agathammina austroalpina, Trocholina cf. laevis y Trocholina crassa) localizada en la base de la Formacion Imon y de la Formacion Isabena determina una edad Alauniense terminal-Sevatiense medio (Noriense superior). La asociacion de bivalvos (Neoschizodus reziae, Pseudocorbula alpina, Protocardia cf. Rhaetica y Laternula cf. amicii) localizada en la parte alta de la Formacion Imon indica un “Retiense” (Noriense p.p.). La Formacion Imon esta constituida basicamente por dolomias bien estratificadas, mientras que la Formacion Isabena esta formada por calizas. La Formacion Imon presenta dos tipos de dolomias: dolomias grises en la base y dolomias blancas a techo. A partir del estudio petrologico, mineralogico, de elementos traza e isotopos de oxigeno y de carbono de las dolomias, se ha establecido que las dolomias grises son de origen “seepage-reflux” y las dolomias blancas de origen hipersalino. Las curvas de isopacas de la Formacion Imon son redondeadas a elongadas y presentan pendientes muy suaves, lo cual sugiere que la sedimentacion de esta plataforma carbonatada estuvo controlada por la subsidencia termal. El modelo sedimentologico de los materiales carbonatados de la Formacion Imon y de la Formacion Isabena es el de una plataforma carbonatada epeirica.