Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BRACHYURAN COMMUNITY IN UBATUBA BAY, NORTHERN COAST OF SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

A brachyuran crab assemblage from eight transects at a non-consolidated sublittoral site in Ubatuba Bay was studied on a monthly basis from September 1995 to August 1996. Data about number of individuals of 50 species found and other information such as distribution of the dominant crabs are reported. The family Majidae was represented by 13 species, followed by Xanthidae (13), Portunidae (10), Leucosiidae (5), Calappidae (2), Dromiidae (2), Parthenopidae (2), Goneplacidae (1), Pinnotheridae (1), and Ocy- podidae (1). The brachyuran taxocoenosis was dominated by Callinectes ornatus (60.4%), Callinectes danae (18.8%), and Hepatus pudibundus (7.7%), representing together 86.9% of the total number of collected brachyurans. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index ranged from 1.10 to 2.06 between transects, and from 1.34 to 2.22 between months, depending more on equitability than on richness.
Expansion of Sphagnum fallax in bogs: striking the balance between N and P availability

Abstract Nitrogen deposition may cause shifts in the Sphagnum species composition of bogs, ultimately affecting the conservation value of these systems. We studied the effects of N and P on the expansion of S. fallax and S. flexuosum in bogs. We related historical census data of S. fallax, S. flexuosum, and four of their accompanying species to changes in N deposition. In addition, we conducted two fertilization experiments with N and P; one at a low deposition site with S. flexuosum and one at two high deposition sites with S. fallax. Finally, we related existing data on capitulum N and P concentrations of S. fallax to its abundance in the field. A relative increase in observed frequency of S. fallax coincided with an historical increase in N deposition in the Netherlands. There was no indication that S. fallax consistently outcompeted one of the other five Sphagnum species; the observed frequency of the Sphagnum species analysed was rather stable with time. The census data on S. flexuosum did not indicate a response to N deposition, but the species expanded at the low N deposition site when extra N was applied. In contrast, the expansion of S. fallax at the high deposition sites was limited by P. Organic nutrient concentrations suggested that when S. fallax can maintain a capitulum N concentration of 7 mg g-1 or higher and a P concentration of 0.7 mg g-1 or higher the species can grow to dominate. We conclude that S. fallax will gradually colonize an increasing number of new habitats in areas with a low, albeit increasing, N deposition, but will only grow to dominate when P supply is adequate. Then, the expansion of S. fallax may lead to ousting of the other Sphagnum species present.
Management of powdery mildew of green gram

Experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of different fungicides, plant extracts and culture filtrate of bioagent against powdery mildew of green gram caused by Erysiphe polygoni under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Among all the tested fungicides, 0.05% tridemorph recorded highest (85.11%) inhibition of spore germination in vitro followed by plant extract 5% Terminali belerica (66.45%) and culture filtrate of Pseudomonas fluorescens (63.93%). Maximum disease reduction (69.11%) was obtained in tridemorph and diphenconazole applied @ 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. Highest number of pods/plant (17.27), pods weight/plant and grain weight/plant were observed with penconazole application. Among plant extracts, maximum (57.22%) disease reduction was observed in behada and the bioagent P. fluorescens filtrate showed 51.22% reduction of powdery mildew in green gram under field condition.
What Do They Think and Feel about Growth? An Expectancy-Value Approach to Small Business Managers‘ Attitudes toward Growth1

This study focuses on small business managers‘ motivation to expand their firms. More specifically, we examine the relationships between expected consequences of growth on the one hand, and overall attitude toward growth on the other. Data were collected in three separate studies over a ten-year period using the same measuring instrument. The results suggest that noneconomic concerns may be more important than expected financial outcomes in determining overall attitude toward growth. In particular, the concern for employee well-being comes out strongly. We interpret this as reflecting a concern that the positive atmosphere of the small organization may be lost in growth. We conclude that this concern may be a cause for recurrent conflict for small business managers when deciding about the future route for their firms.
Variable Reaction of Tomato Lines to Bacterial Wilt Evaluated at Several Locations in Southeast Asia

Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith, is one of the most destructive disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the tropics. Twenty tomato lines/accessions previously identified as BW-resistant were evaluated for BW reaction in fields providing high disease pressure at Subang, Indonesia ; Los Banos, Philippines ; Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur ; Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taiwan ; and Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Service (TSIPS). Entries also were tested in the greenhouse at the AVRDC with a P. solanacearum strain from Taiwan (Pss4) using a drench inoculation method. Objectives of the study were to identify stable sources of BW resistance for southeast Asian tomato breeding programs, and to determine the correlation between field and greenhouse reactions. Mean entry survival was 21.6% at Subang, 31.9% at Los Banos, 76.7% at the AVRDC, 93.6% at Malaysia, and 93.3% at TSIPS, indicating that most entries were resistant at MARDI and the Taiwan locations but susceptible at Subang and Los Banos. L285 (mean survival = 83.8%) and CRA 84-58-1 (mean survival = 79.4%) were the most resistant entries in the field trials. Mean survival (70.1 %) of CRA 66-derived entries was significantly better than the mean of entries with resistance derived from UPCA 1169 or UPCA 1169 plus 'Venus' or 'Saturn'. Mean survival of AVRDC entries bred in the 1980s (59.4%) was significantly greater than mean survival of AVRDC lines bred in the 1970s (45.7%). The correlation between entry BW percent survival averaged over the five field trials and entry means from drench inoculation in the greenhouse was highly significant (r = 0.70), suggesting that the drench inoculation method is effective in selection for BW resistance.
Effect of Rhizobium inoculation and NP fertilization on growth, yield and nodulation of soybean (Glycine max L.) in the sub-humid hilly region of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

This research experiment was conducted to examine the effect of Rhizobiuminoculation (RI) and P fertilization (P) on nodulation, growth and yield characteristics of soybean grown in the presence of starter N fertilizer (N). Treatments included: i) 02 levels of RI (RI0, RI1), ii) 02 levels of P (P0, P1 that is, P2O5 @ 90 kg ha-1) iii) 03 levels of N (N0, N1 and N2 that is, N at of 25 and 50 kg N ha-1) iv) 03 replication. Results of the experiment revealed that total number of nodules increased from 73 in the un-inoculated control to 125 and 95 following the application of RI and P representing 70 and 30% increase over control. N supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, combination of RI and P with 25 kg N ha-1 (RI1P1N1) produced the highest number of nodules (152). RI, P, N and their combinations increased shoot and root biomass. Seed yield in the control was 767 kg ha-1 that significantly increased to 1081, 907 and 940 kg ha-1 following the application of RI, P and N demonstrating a 41, 18 and 23% increase over control. The highest seed yield of 1208 kg ha-1 was recorded in the combine treatment of RI1P1N1 indicating 57% increase over control. Relative increase in dry matter yield due to RI, P and N was 63, 46 and 49%. Seed protein content in different treatments ranged between 33 - 40% while oil content ranged between 13 - 18%. Application of RI, P and their combinations increased protein content by 6 - 22% while increase in oil content was 12 - 35%. Concentrations of N and P in plants and their uptake was significantly increased and relative increase in N uptake due to RI, P and K was 77, 21 and 31% , respectively, while the corresponding increase in P uptake was 79, 92 and 56%. It was found that the efficiency of RI and P fertilization increased substantially with the application of 25 kg N ha-1 but the efficiency decreased when N supply increased from 25 kg N ha-1 to 50 kg N ha-1. The results demonstrate the potential benefits of using Rhizobium inoculation and P fertilization with reduced level of N as starter fertilizer in order to achieve plant-growth promotion, increased nodulation and seed yield of soybean. Key words: Glycine max L. , nodulation, N fertilization, P application, soybean,Rhizobium inoculation, soybean.
Zooplankton of 15 lakes in the Southern Central Alps: comparison of recent and past (pre-ca 1850 AD) communities

We report the results of a study on modern zooplankton community as well as on Cladocera sub-fossil remains from 15 high altitude lakes in the Italian Central-Southern Alps, aimed at investigating changes after 19th Century industrialisation. Present-day communities were compared to those of the pre-industrial period (approximately pre-1850 AD). Numerical analysis suggests a relationship between environmental variables, such as pH or total phosphorus, and the cladoceran community structure. However, as found in previous studies, another important environmental variable not included in numerical analysis, is presence or absence of fish. Arctodiaptomus alpinus was not found at pH levels lower than 6.21, while Daphnia lacked from lakes where fish were regularly introduced. Daphnia re-colonised the today fish-less Lago Paione Inferiore, whereas in the past, with a regular introduction of fish, only rotifers and a few Cyclops were found. The re-colonisation is interpreted by regarding the three Paione lakes as parts of a cascade system, where a transport from the upper Lago Paione Superiore to the lower Lago Paione Inferiore can take place, and the sediments represent a kind of an "egg bank".
Primary and secondary host plants differ in leaf-level photosynthetic response to herbivory: evidence from Alnus and Betula grazed by the alder beetle, Agelastica alni.

Field-grown trees of Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Geartner and Betula pendula Roth displayed pronounced differences in responses of light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat ) to herbivory by the alder beetle (Agelastica alni L., Galerucinae), a specialized insect which primarily defoliates alders. We found that photosynthetic rates of grazed leaves increased following herbivory in Alnus but not in Betula. Area- and mass-based Asat of grazed leaves declined linearly with increasing amount of leaf perforation in B. pendula, by as much as 57%. By contrast Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana increased area-based rates of Asat by 10-50% at all levels of leaf grazing. Given increased Asat in the remaining portion of grazed leaves, a net reduction in photosynthesis per leaf occurred only when the proportion of leaf area grazed exceeded 40% for Alnus incana and 23% for Alnus glutinosa. Since vein perforation by Agelastica alni was observed much more frequently in leaves of Betula than in Alnus, we hypothesized that declining Asat in herbivorized Betula was related to this disruption of water transport. A field experiment with artificial leaf perforation demonstrated a greater decline in Asat in vein-perforated Betula leaves than perforated leaves with midrib veins intact. However, regardless of leaf perforation regime, birch never showed post-perforation increases in Asat . In all species, rates of transpiration of grazed leaves linearly increased and water-use efficiency decreased with increased amount of leaf perforation. In grazed Alnus incana leaves, increasing leaf area consumption by Agelastica alni resulted in an increase of total phenols, a reduction in starch content and no changes in nitrogen concentration in the remaining portion. The increase in photosynthesis in Alnus incana might be related to declining leaf starch concentration or increasing stomatal conductance, but was unrelated to leaf nitrogen concentration. These gas exchange and leaf chemistry measurements suggest that in contrast to B. pendula, Alnus incana and Alnus glutinosa, which are the major host species for Agelastica alni, possess leaf-level physiological adaptations and defence mechanisms which can attenuate negative effects of herbivory by the alder leaf-beetle.
Genetic Relationships among Cultivars and Landraces of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) as Measured by RAPD Markers

Knowledge of relative genetic distance among genotypes is useful in a breeding program because it permits organization of germplasm resources. Genetic distance (GD) was estimated among 65 Phaselous lunatus L. accessions, which included 4 large-seeded and 7 small-seeded cultivars and 54 germplasm accessions (landrace's) from the Caribbean and North, Central, and South America. Based on 125 polymorphic random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands, two major clusters, which generally correspond in seed size and geographic region to (be Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools, were observed among the landraces (GD = 0.726 ± 0.041). Four Fordhook cultivars and a landrace from the United States formed a separate cluster that is more distantly related to the small- (GD) = 0.561 ± 0.039) than to the large-seeded cluster (GD = 0.303 ± 0.022). The mean GD between the Andean and Mesoamerican (0.726), Mesoamerican and Fordhook (0.561), and Andean and Fordhook (0.303) clusters were all significant. The significant GD between the Andean and Mesoamerican groups supports the hypothesized existence of two major gene pools in lima bean. The RAPD marker diversity of the Mesoamerican group was the largest (0.1 10), followed by the Andean (0.097) and Ford hook (0.062) groups. The plot of the relationship between the coefficient of variation (cv) and sample size (number of bands) indicates that cvs as low as 10% for estimating CD between Andean and Mesoamerican lima bean accessions can be achieved by sampling as few as 100 bands.
Evaluation and comparison of antifungal activities of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia mantaly (Combretaceae) on the in vitro growth of Aspergillus fumigatus

1 University of Cocody-Abidjan, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (U.F.R.) Biosciences, Laboratoire de Botanique, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte-d’Ivoire. 2 University of Cocody-Abidjan, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (U.F.R.) Biosciences, Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte-d’Ivoire. 3 Unité des Antibiotiques des Substances naturelles et de Surveillance de la Résistance des Micro-organismes aux Antiinfectieux, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 490 Abidjan 01, Côte-d’Ivoire.
Human hair cuticle : Biologically conspired to the owner's advantage

The structure, chemistry, and physical properties of the human hair cuticle are reviewed, and the role of the covalently linked fatty acids, notably 18-methyl eicosanoic acid (18-MEA), contained therein, is discussed. Differential friction in hair is considered, and it is argued that this property normally facilitates the parallel alignment of hairs on the scalp and aids the rejection of macroscopic scalp surface detritus, to the owner's benefit. The hair seems to possess a natural process of surface repair that, by the gradual mechanical attrition of cuticle, aids in the retention of the hair's differential frictional behavior and in the retention of the associated benefits.
Size-relative Effectiveness of Clove Oil as an Anaesthetic for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758)

The purpose of this work was to investigate the size-relative effectiveness of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout and goldfish. In total, 128 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (two groups of 20-23 and 30-33 cm mean fork length) and 160 goldfish (Carassius auratus) (four size groups of 1.5-2.5, 5-7, 11-15 and 20-25 cm) were anaesthetized at different clove oil concentrations of 50, 100, 150 mg·l -1 for trouts and 75, 100, 150 mg·l -1 for goldfish. Rainbow trout exhibited total loss of balance and no response to external stimuli with shorter induction time as dosage increased (120.5 s, 64.4 s and 44.3 s, respectively). Goldfish exhibited total loss of balance and no response to external stimuli after induction time that varied with dosage used and body size of fish. The small fish (1.5-7 cm) exhibited shorter induction time which ranged from 84.28 s at 75 mg·l-1 clove oil to 41.14 s at 150 mg·l-1 clove oil. The larger fish had a longer induction time inversely related to the dosage. Recovery time was longer than induction time in both species. Both species recovered within 6 min after anaesthesia at 150 mg·l-1 clove oil. Clove oil did not produce marked changes (P 0.05). For both fish species, clove oil was effective, producing minimum stress and zero mortalities, and can be recommended as an effective anaesthetic. Syzygium aromaticum, fish anaesthesia, animal welfare Rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry that occurred in previous decades prompted scientific debates on the potential suffering of fish being handled during common aquaculture procedures or during slaughtering. Research aimed at lessening the suffering of cultured fish is vital to meet the concern for farmed fish welfare (Ashley 2007). Handling stress and various manipulations in aquaculture can have a negative impact on fish health and their growth (Hoskonen and Pirhonen 2006). Anaesthetics are therefore applied to reduce these negative effects to the minimum. The dosage required to induce general anaesthesia varies according to the anaesthetic used and other factors such as water temperature, hardness, salinity, oxygen concentration, length of exposure, body weight, the ratio of gill area/body surface area and the species of fish. In general, small fish are more sensitive to anaesthesia than larger fish (Ross and Ross 1999). An ideal anaesthetic for fish should induce anaesthesia in less than 3 to 5 min, with total loss of balance and muscle tone, allowing an uneventful and rapid (i.e. less than 10 min) recovery with low tissue residues after recovery, thus being safe to users and consumers. The anaesthetic should be inexpensive and easy to use (Gilderhus and Marking 1987;
Rotenone Neurotoxicity Causes Dopamine Neuron Loss in Zebrafish

ABSTRACT:Objectives: We sought to determine whether rotenone, a commonly used pesticide, exhibits neurotoxicity in zebrafish by causing dopamine neuron loss through rotenone-induced oxidative damage. Methods: We exposed transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the cis-regulatory elements of dopamine transporter (dat) to rotenone to determine the neurotoxic effects of rotenone on dopamine neuron abundance and pattern distribution, as well as the presence of apoptotic markers. The oxidative stress potential of rotenone on embryos was assessed using a live MitoSOX Red assay, and behavioural testing on adult zebrafish was assessed using video recordings of midline crossing events. Results: Zebrafish embryos treated with rotenone displayed a 50% reduction in dopamine neurons in the ventral diencephalon when exposed to 30µM rotenone (n=6, p<0.001), and rotenone-exposed zebrafish raised to adulthood demonstrate an anxiety-like behaviour (n=5, p<0.01). Furthermore embryos exposed to rotenone also demonstrated a logarithmic increase in markers of oxidative damage (n=3, p<0.001) and apoptotic activity in their diencephalic neurons. Conclusions: These results show that rotenone can induce dopamine neuron loss in zebrafish, providing a useful model for studying the environmental causes of Parkinson’s disease. RESUME:Objectif: Nous cherchons a determiner si la rotenone, un element commun dans les pesticides, demontre de la neurotoxicite dans les poissons-zebres en causant une perte de dopamine dans leurs neurones a travers le dommage oxydatif induit par la rotenone. Methode: Nous avons expose des embryons de poissons-zebres transgeniques qui expriment la proteine fluorescente verte sous le controle d’elements cis-regulateurs des transporteurs selectifs de dopamine (dat) a la rotenone pour determiner les effets neurotoxiques de ce dernier sur les niveaux dopaminergiques dans leurs neurones. De plus, nous avons evalue la presence de marqueurs apoptotiques. Le stress oxydatif potentiel de la rotenone sur les embryons a ete analyse par le « live MitoSOX Red assay » et les tests comportementaux sur les poissons-zebres adultes furent analyses en utilisant des enregistrements video. Resultats: Les embryons de poissons-zebres qui ont ete traites avec la rotenone ont demontre une reduction de dopamine de 50% dans les neurones localises dans le diencephale ventral, quand exposes a 30µM de rotenone (n=6, p<0.001). Ils ont egalement illustre une augmentation logarithmique dans les marqueurs de dommage oxydatif (n=3, p<0.001) et une activite apoptotique dans les neurones du diencephale. Les poissons-zebres exposes a de la rotenone qui ont atteint l’âge adulte ont demontre des comportements d’anxiete (n=5, p<0.01). Conclusion: Les resultats demontrent que la rotenone peut induire une perte dopaminergique dans les neurones des poissons-zebres. Ces resultats s’averent utiles pour etudier davantage les causes environnementales reliees a la maladie de Parkinson.
Impact of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed on the Acute Phase and Metabolic Responses of Cattle During an Immunological Challenge

OF THESIS IMPACT OF ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED TALL FESCUE SEED ON THE ACUTE PHASE AND METABOLIC RESPONSES OF CATTLE DURING AN IMMUNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE Acute phase responses (APR) and circadian rhythm of body temperature (CRT) changes to a minor, chronic stressor (endophyte) and major, acute stressor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated in two experiments (E1:22 heifers; E2:24 heifers). Vaginal (E1 and E2) and rectal (E2) temperature probes recorded body temperature. Temperature was analyzed by cosinor analysis in each of 4 Phases: pre-endophyte (P1), endophyte exposure, pre-LPS (P2), post-LPS spike 1 (P3), post-LPS spike 2 (P4). During P1 of E1, amplitude (P=0.05), but not mean temperatures (P>0.10), differed across days (P=0.05). Endophyte affected E2 vaginal temperature amplitudes in P2 (P=0.07) and P4 (P=0.08) without influencing mean temperatures. Significant treatment*weaning exit velocity (wEV) interactions occurred for E2 mean rectal temperatures during P1-P3 (P≤0.10). During E1, post LPS, endophyte depressed glucose (P=0.05) and increased creatinine (P<0.01) and decreased TNF-α (P<0.01) at 24h. During E2, post-LPS, IFN-ɤ decreased (P=0.02) with increasing wEV. Endophyte increased serum BUN concentrations with slow wEV and increased BUN with fast wEV (P=0.04) post-LPS in E2. Endophyte increased NEFA (P<0.01) and IL-6 (P=0.02) from 1-8 hours post-LPS during E2. Results
Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

Summary Experiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.