Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation, modelling, and control of a near-surface underwater vehicle

This thesis presents a theoretical study into the dynamics and control of underwater vehicles. Problems related to simulation, modelling and control are examined for a submarine operating near the free surface. Two particular issues in this study are the effects of surface waves on the submarine and the cable tension effects of a body towed by the submarine. Fundamental rigid body mechanics and hydrodynamic principles are used to construct the dynamic equations of motion for a submarine. External control, hydrodynamic, restoring and disturbance forces are recognized and included in the model. A specific study of the results of and the current methods for the evaluation of hydrodynamic added mass and damping for a submarine is included. The equations of motion are expressed for the particular application to the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) DOLPHPN. A guidance system based on global positioning system (GPS) waypoints is incorporated in the simulation. Two tow cable models are presented and included in the simulation model, one for straight flight and one dynamic model for tracking maneuvers. A system identification method is presented for the realization of the dynamic tow model. The superposition of linear free surface waves is used to represent a given sea state for simulation. The effects of these waves on the submarine are included in simulations. Based on the information resulting from the equations of motion and simulation environment, two suitable control system algorithms are developed and compared. The open loop characteristics of the submarine are studied. The control systems designs are based on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) method, and use the Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR) design process. Design based on a linear model is used as a basis, while two augmentations of the model are compared for effectiveness. The tracking performance for ramp and step input commands are compared. Then a turning maneuver is simulated with the tow models. Finally, two long crested sea states and three relative wave directions are simulated with each of the controllers for a single commanded velocity. The effects of sensor noise and the filtering of this noise are also presented. Both augmentations using the LQG control approach show satisfactory performance results for an AUV operating near the surface while towing. Actuator saturation is observed in simulations with waves. Non-linear effects degrade the performance of the compensators. Some improvements are suggested for this application.
Effects of flow regulation on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) recruitment in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia

Carp biomass density and the numbers of ‘sub‐adult’ (juvenile, plus young‐of‐the‐year) carp were used to indicate net recruitment (hereafter ‘recruitment’) to carp populations in ‘regulated’ and ‘unregulated’ lowland rivers (< 300 m altitude) and ‘slope’ rivers (300–700 m) of the Murray–Darling Basin, southeastern Australia. Most recruitment occurred at lower‐altitude reaches, during October–March (water temperature 95% confidence limits=16–32°C). Temporal changes in distribution of juvenile carp and sub‐adult carp, and high biomass density and slightly larger carp sizes in slope populations, indicated that slope sites were ‘sinks’ for downstream ‘source’ populations. The distribution of sub‐adult carp also suggested that recruitment differed between regulated and unregulated lowland sites, and unregulated sites had proportionately more sub‐adult carp in the total catch. We suggest that while floods might have enhanced recruitment in unregulated rivers, flow regulation provides long‐term refuge from mortality associated with high flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Bovine Ticks and Short Residual Efficacy of Acaricides in Arba Minch Areas South West, Ethiopia

: Cross - sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch areas South West, Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine ticks, species composition and assess the efficacy of commonly used acaricides (amitraz and diazinon) against cattle ticks. From 384 randomly selected cattle, 816 ticks were collected and identified into species. The overall prevalence of cattle tick was 84.9%. Amblyomma variegatum was the most common species and its prevalence accounted 71.4%. Laboratory susceptibility test was done by exposing adult ticks to the recommended dose of 20 ml both for amitraz (1:625) and diazinon (1:1000) concentration. Ticks were susceptible to amitraz and diazinon in laboratory test. In field efficacy test, both amitraz and diazinon resulted significant reduction in mean tick count compared to the control, although amitraz showed a relatively better efficacy and long residual effect. Though ticks were susceptible to both amitraz and diazinon, amitraz showed better performance in field efficacy test. Hence, the use of the two acaricides is still promising, but may require repeated application. Strategies involving early detection of resistance could be recommended for long term use of the existing tools.
Proton pump inhibitors and adverse kidney outcomes during immune checkpoint blockade: time to sound the alarm?

Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly altered the treatment landscape for cancer in the last decade. However, their benefits are often offset by therapy-limiting immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the most common renal irAE, but the exact mechanisms underlying its development are poorly understood. ICI-induced immune activation against drug-derived antigens, leading to an inflammatory response within the kidney interstitium, has been postulated, evidenced by current observations of a higher incidence of ICI-associated AIN in patients receiving AIN-inducing drugs such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The role of PPIs in this specific context has garnered significant attention, given their ubiquitous use and sometimes misuse. In this issue of CKJ Miao et al. summarise and synthesize the best available evidence to clarify the interactions of PPIs with ICIs in the development of AIN and other adverse kidney outcomes. The sum of evidence provided appear to implicate PPIs in the development of clinically significant short- and long-term kidney-related adverse effects in patients on immune checkpoint blockade, although causality cannot be proven. In this editorial we discuss the key practical implications of these findings and emphasize the need for further quality studies to delineate the true relationship of ICIs and PPIs in the development of AIN.
Patterned Ground Activity in a Southern New Zealand High-Alpine Cushionfield

Recent measurements confirm the current activity of some solifluction terraces in high-alpine cushionfield, under periglacial conditions on the Old Man Range in southern New Zealand. Downslope movement amounts to some 3.5 cm a decade. Extensive areas of fully vegetated earth or soil stripes on gentle slopes (3-7? ) and similarly vegetated soil hummocks on adjacent flatter sites are much less obviously active and have been assumed by previous researchers to be relicts of a more glacial climate. Three years of over-winter temperature measurements at up to four depths (5, 20, 40, 60 cm) beneath an adjacent crest and hollow of welldeveloped stripes (ca. 1.5 m between crests and 30 cm high), and similar measurements over one winter from a nearby hummock site revealed consistent differential temperatures, and usually differential freezing. Crests of both stripes and hummocks remained continuously frozen at least to 20 cm depth over much of the winter while soil in the depressions remained unfrozen at 20 cm depth and only intermittently frozen at -5 cm. Differential freezing would permit water transfer along a free energy gradient from the nonfrozen to frozen regions, where expansion associated with its freezing probably is sufficient to maintain the microtopographic patterns of both stripes and hummocks.
Simultaneous Ribosome Proﬁling of Human Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous obligate intracellular parasite that infects the nucleated cells of warm-blooded animals. From within the parasitophorous vacuole in which they reside, Toxoplasma tachyzoites secrete an arsenal of effector proteins that can reprogram host gene expression to facilitate parasite survival and replication. Gaining a better understanding of how host gene expression is altered upon infection is central for understanding parasite strategies for host invasion and for developing new parasite therapies. Here, we applied ribosome proﬁling coupled with mRNA measurements to concurrently study gene expression in the parasite and in host human foreskin ﬁbroblasts. By examining the parasite transcriptome and translatome, we identiﬁed potential upstream open reading frames that may permit the stress-induced preferential translation of parasite mRNAs. We also determined that tachyzoites reduce host death-associated pathways and increase survival, proliferation, and motility in both quiescent and proliferative host cell models of infection. Additionally, proliferative cells alter their gene expression in ways that are consistent with massive transcriptional rewiring, while quiescent cells were best characterized by reentry into the cell cycle. We also identiﬁed a translational control regimen consistent with mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in quiescent cells and, to a lesser degree, in proliferative cells. This study illustrates the utility of the method for dissection of gene expression programs simultaneously in the parasite and host.
Hyperventilation syndrome. A brief review.

THE HYPERVENTILATION syndrome is a common, often disabling, and frequently inadequately treated clinical problem. Diagnosis is often missed, perhaps because physicians are not sufficiently aware of it or because patients rarely demonstrate the classic textbook picture of obvious overbreathing, paresthesia, and tetany. More commonly, symptoms are subtle and often mimic those of other clinical conditions, either organic or functional. Indeed, many patients with this affliction wander from one physician to another either vainly undergoing increasingly complex diagnostic procedures or being dismissed as anxious or neurotic. The purpose of this brief review is to emphasize the clinical importance of this syndrome, its common clinical signs and symptoms, and its metabolic and physiologic consequences, and to define effective management. DEFINITION AND INCIDENCE Hyperventilation is defined as ventilation in excess of that required to maintain normal blood Pao 2 and Paco 2 . It may be produced either by an increase in frequency or
Nutrient Patchiness, Phytoplankton Surge-Uptake, and Turbulent History: A Theoretical Approach and Its Experimental Validation

Despite ample evidence of micro- and small-scale (i.e., millimeter- to meter-scale) phytoplankton and zooplankton patchiness in the ocean, direct observations of nutrient distributions and the ecological importance of this phenomenon are still relatively scarce. In this context, we first describe a simple procedure to continuously sample nutrients in surface waters, and subsequently provide evidence of the existence of microscale distribution of ammonium in the ocean. We further show that ammonium is never homogeneously distributed, even under very high conditions of turbulence. Instead, turbulence intensity appears to control nutrient patchiness, with a more homogeneous or a more heterogeneous distribution observed under high and low turbulence intensities, respectively, under the same concentration in nutrient. Based on a modelling procedure taking into account the stochastic properties of intermittent nutrient distributions and observations carried out on natural phytoplankton communities, we introduce and verify the hypothesis that under nutrient limitation, the “turbulent history” of phytoplankton cells, i.e., the turbulent conditions they experienced in their natural environments, conditions their efficiency to uptake ephemeral inorganic nitrogen patches of different concentrations. Specifically, phytoplankton cells exposed to high turbulence intensities (i.e., more homogeneous nutrient distribution) were more efficient to uptake high concentration nitrogen pulses (2 µM). In contrast, under low turbulence conditions (i.e., more heterogeneous nutrient distribution), uptake rates were higher for low concentration nitrogen pulses (0.5 µM). These results suggest that under nutrient limitation, natural phytoplankton populations respond to high turbulence intensities through a decrease in affinity for nutrients and an increase in their transport rate, and vice versa.
Factors limiting processes in freshwater wetlands: An agricultural primary stream riparian forest

Ahtract: We advocate a broader perspective for wetland studies and present a case study to illustrate our approach. The case study focuses on the hydrology and belowground processing of nitrate and sulfate in a riparian forest wetland that receives hydrologic inputs from a cropland watershed and from direct precipitation. A conceptual model is presented that relates the nitrate and sulfate uptake in the wetland to wetland processes, such as evapotranspiration, plant uptake, oxidation-reduction reactions, and gaseous diffusion, and to external controlling factors, such as temperature, groundwater input, and precipitation. The forest wetland transpired an average of 67% of the sum of precipitation and groundwater inputs and took up averages of 86% of the nitrate and 25% of the sulfate that entered in precipitation and groundwater. Approximately 25% of this nitrogen was assimilated by trees and stored as woody biomass accretion. The efficiency of nitrate uptake was relatively constant from year to year, but was highest in the autumn (97%) and lowest in the winter (81%). The case study illustrates some general features of the proposed broader perspective. A wetland process cannot be studied in isolation but must be related to factors that may limit this process. A classification of important wetland processes and potential limiting or controlling factors is presented. Limits on a process can originate from geomorphic and climatic considerations or from human management. In each of these categories, the controls can act directly within the wetland or act on a wetland process externally by controlling the inputs to the wetland from its watershed or airshed. The important internal and external controls that should be considered in studies of belowground oxidation and reduction processes in wetlands are listed; examples of how those controls yield negative feedback that limits the progress of a belowground process are given.
Alterações recentes nas razões isotópicas de Pb em sedimentos do Canhão Submarino de Cascais (Portugal) Recent changes in lead isotopic signature in sediments of the Cascais Canyon (Portugal)

Temporal variations in lead concentrations and stable lead isotopic ratios ( 206 Pb/ 207 Pb, 208 Pb/ 206 Pb) in two sediment cores from the Cascais Canyon shows changes in sources of Pb during the last two centuries. The increase of total Pb contents with the evolution of 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio recorded in both cores reveals the increase of Pb from industrial sources. Nevertheless, this increase is lower in deeper core location (252-32) due to dilution and mixing with uncontaminated marine materials. An isotopic shift towards lower 206 Pb/ 207 Pb in the shallower core (252-35) during the 1970s may reflect the increasing number of vehicles in the Lisboa area during that time.
A global systematic review of frugivorous animal tracking studies and the estimation of seed dispersal distances

Abstract Seed dispersal is one of the most important ecosystem functions globally. It shapes plant populations, enhances forest succession, and has multiple, indirect benefits for humans, yet it is one of the most threatened processes in plant regeneration, worldwide. Seed dispersal distances are determined by the diets, seed retention times and movements of frugivorous animals. Hence, understanding how we can most effectively describe frugivore movement and behaviour with rapidly developing animal tracking technology is key to quantifying seed dispersal. To assess the current use of animal tracking in frugivory studies and to provide a baseline for future studies, we provide a comprehensive review and synthesis on the existing primary literature of global tracking studies that monitor movement of frugivorous animals. Specifically, we identify studies that estimate dispersal distances and how they vary with body mass and environmental traits. We show that over the last two decades there has been a large increase in frugivore tracking studies that determine seed dispersal distances. However, some taxa (e.g. reptiles) and geographic locations (e.g. Africa and Central Asia) are poorly studied. Furthermore, we found that certain morphological and environmental traits can be used to predict seed dispersal distances. We demonstrate that flight ability and increased body mass both significantly increase estimated seed dispersal mean and maximum distances. Our results also suggest that protected areas have a positive effect on mean seed dispersal distances when compared to unprotected areas. We anticipate that this review will act as a reference for future frugivore tracking studies, specifically to target current taxonomic and geographic data gaps, and to further explore how seed dispersal relates to key frugivore and fruit traits.
Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. The U.S. Treasury Yield Curve: 1961 to the Present

This paper reviews a simple three-factor arbitrage-free term structure model estimated by Federal Reserve Board staff and reports results obtained from fitting this model to U.S. Treasury yields since 1990. The model ascribes a large portion of the decline in long-term yields and distant-horizon forward rates since the middle of 2004 to a fall in term premiums. A variant of the model that incorporates inflation data indicates that about two-thirds of the decline in nominal term premiums owes to a fall in real term premiums, but estimated compensation for inflation risk has diminished as well. JEL Classification: E43
Effectiveness of treatments for ﬁ rework fears in dogs

An online questionnaire survey investigated (1) management and (2) treatment methods for ﬁ rework fears in dogs used by dog owners and their (perceived) effectiveness. A Principal Components Analysis on data from 1,225 respondents revealed four management strategies (i.e., interventions during ﬁ rework exposure): the principal components are “ environmental modi ﬁ cation ” (e.g., providing a hiding place, keeping windows and blinds closed, and playing music), “ feed/play ” (providing the dog with chews, play, and food during ﬁ reworks in general, as well as contingent on loud bangs), “ alternative ” (use of calming nutraceuticals, pheromones, herbal products, homeopathic products, Bach ﬂ owers, and essential oils), and “ interaction ” (allowing body contact, petting, and talking to the dog when loud bangs occurred). To explore possible effects of these management methods on fear development, the components were correlated with a score for fear progression. Of the four components, only “ feed/play ” was statistically associated with an improvement in fear responses to ﬁ reworks. To evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment strategies, owners were asked to select from a range of options which interventions they had used and whether they considered them as effective. With prescription medication (N ¼ 202), improvements were noted by 69% of owners, with high success rates reported for the most frequently prescribed drugs, alprazolam (91%) and Sileo (cid:1) (74%). Although individual products were not evaluated, the reported success rates for the categories “ pheromones ” (N ¼ 316), “ herbal products ” (N ¼ 282), “ nutraceuticals ” (N ¼ 211), “ essential oils ” (N ¼ 183), “ homeopathic remedies ” (N ¼ 250), and “ Bach ﬂ owers ” (N ¼ 281) were all in the range of 27-35%, which is not higher than that would be expected based on a placebo effect. Pressure vests were deemed as effective by 44% of respondents (N ¼ 300). Counterconditioning (providing desirable stimuli after the occurrence of noises) was the most successful training technique according to the owners (N ¼ 694), with a reported effectiveness of over 70%. Relaxation training (N ¼ 433) was reported to be almost as successful at 69%, whereas noise CDs (N ¼ 377) were effective in 55% of cases. Thus, counterconditioning, relaxation training, and anxiolytic medication appear to be the most effective strategies in the treatment of ﬁ rework fears in dogs. On this basis, it is recommended that ad hoc counterconditioning and relaxation training should complement the standard behavioral technique of desensitization/counterconditioning with noise recordings. (cid:3) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ultracold collisions in the presence of synthetic spin-orbit coupling

We present an analytical description for ultracold collisions between two spin-12 fermions with isotropic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of the Rashba type. We show that regardless of how weak the SOC may be, at suﬃciently low energies the collision properties are signiﬁcantly modiﬁed. The ubiquitous low energy Wigner threshold behavior is changed and its modiﬁed form for ground state neutral atoms is given. The particles are further found to scatter preferentially into the lower-energy helicity states due to the breaking of parity conservation. This latter point establishes interaction with SOC as one mechanism for the spontaneous emergence of handedness. Our theory is applicable both to elementary spin-12 fermions such as electrons in condensed matter and to ultracold pseudo spin-12 atoms such as 6 Li in its ground hyperﬁne state.
International Review of Financial Analysis

We analyze whether the pricing of volatility risk depends on the asset pricing framework applied in the tests, the specified volatility proxies, and the portfolio sorts used for spanning the asset universe. For this purpose, we compare the results using a macroeconomic and fundamental based asset pricing model using three proxies of volatility and uncertainty, using size/value sorted and industry sector portfolios. Our results reveal that the marginal pricing effect of the VIX volatility factor is strong and statistically significant throughout the models and specifications, while the effect of an EGARCH-based volatility factor is mixed, mostly smaller but with the correct sign. In most cases, the EGARCH factor does not impair the pricing effect of the VIX. The portfolio sorts have a substantial impact on the volatility premiums in both model frameworks. The size of the volatility risk premium is more uniform across the models if the industry sector portfolio sort is used. Finally, the size/value portfolio sort generates larger volatility risk premiums for both models.
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF TENOFOVIR (PMPA) AGAINST NUCLEOSIDE-RESISTANT CLINICAL HIV SAMPLES

The presence of the lamivudine-associated M184V RT mutation increases tenofovir susceptibility in multiple HIV genotypes. Tenofovir is uniquely active against multinucleoside-resistant HIV expressing the Q151M mutation, but shows reduced susceptibility to the T69S insertion mutations. HIV with common forms of zidovudine and lamivudine resistance are susceptible to tenofovir, corroborating phase II clinical results demonstrating the activity of tenofovir DF in treatment-experienced patients.