Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Economics and Modeling Marketable Permits: A Survey

This paper reviews fundamental concepts in environmental economics and explores theoretical results regarding the choice of the key policy instruments for the control of externalities: taxes, subsidies and marketable permits. The paper explains why today market mechanisms are increasingly being used as a tool for allocating unpriced rights and scarce resources. We survey how significant market imperfections, a pre-existing regulatory environment and concentration in both permit and output markets can impede the proper functioning of a permit system. The main factors that affect the effectiveness of marketable permits are then discussed. Given the importance of understanding the emission permit price formation, we overview recent attempts at developing valid price models for emission permits, taking into account banking and borrowing opportunities, pollution abatement measures, strategic trading interactions and the presence of asymmetric information in the permit market.
Strategic appraisal of environmental risks : a contrast between the UK ’ s Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change and its Committee on Radioactive Waste Management

In this paper we compare two high-profile strategic policy reviews undertaken for the UK government on environmental risks: radioactive waste management and climate change. These reviews took very different forms, both in terms of analytic approach and deliberation strategy. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change was largely an exercise in expert modelling, building, within a cost-benefit framework, an argument for immediate reductions in carbon emissions. The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management, on the other hand, followed a much more explicitly deliberative and participative process, using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to bring together scientific evidence and stakeholder and public values. In this paper we ask why the two reviews were different, and whether the differences are justified. We conclude that the differences were mainly due to political context, rather than the underpinning science, and as a consequence that, while in our view “fit for purpose”, they would both have been stronger had they been less different. Stern’s grappling with ethical issues could have been strengthened by a greater degree of public and stakeholder engagement, and CoRWM’s handling of issues of uncertainty could have been strengthened by the explicitly probabilistic framework of Stern.
Estimation of the Common Oscillation for Phase Locked Matrix Factorization

Phase Locked Matrix Factorization (PLMF) is an algorithm to perform separation of synchronous sources. Such a problem cannot be addressed by orthodox methods such as Independent Component Analysis, because synchronous sources are highly mutually dependent. PLMF separates available data into the mixing matrix and the sources; the sources are then decomposed into amplitude and phase components. Previously, PLMF was applicable only if the oscillatory component, common to all synchronized sources, was known, which is clearly a restrictive assumption. The main goal of this paper is to present a version of PLMF where this assumption is no longer needed – the oscillatory component can be estimated alongside all the other variables, thus making PLMF much more applicable to real-world data. Furthermore, the optimization procedures in the original PLMF are improved. Results on simulated data illustrate that this new approach successfully estimates the oscillatory component, together with the remaining variables, showing that the general problem of separation of synchronous sources can now be tackled.
Morphological Characteristics of Thermokarst Lakes along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor

Abstract In order to determine the distribution and morphometric characteristics of thermokarst lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, SPOT-5 satellite images were acquired from the Chumaerhe High Plateau to Beiluhe Basin within a 10-km-wide corridor along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. A total of 2163 water bodies, having a total area of 1.09 × 107 m2, were identified in the study area using unsupervised classification and image interpretation. Several shape metrics (area, perimeter, circularity index, elongation index, orientation of major axis, and curvature of lake shoreline) were determined for lakes from the imagery, and bathymetric profiles of lake bottoms were derived using ground-penetrating radar. The results highlighted significant morphometric differences between lakes larger than 5000 m2 among three subregions: the Chumaerhe High Plain (CHP), the Hoh Xil Hill region (HXR), and the Beluhe Basin region (BBR). The lakes in CHP usually have a more regular outline and smooth lake bottoms, while the lakes in HXR often have the greatest depths and the most complex shorelines. The most elongated and largest lakes were typically in BBR. Other than a minor NE-SE peak in HXR and BBR, the major axis orientation for lakes in the three subregions is mostly ENE-WSW. The differences in lake morphology between the three subregions are associated with differences in ground-ice content, local relief, and topography. The dominant factors controlling the development of orientated thermokarst lakes in the region are the prevailing summer wind direction and solar insolation.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON SELF-REPORTED QUESTIONNAIRES TO ASSESS MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

Adherence to pharmacological therapies are keys to effective treatments in diabetic patients. Previous reviews found that most adherence measurement studies on chronic diseases used a self-reported scale. However, there is no consensus on the best scale to measure adherence in diabetic patients. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the potential self-reported scale that could be considered for measuring medication adherence in diabetic patients and to provide recommendations for researchers or clinicians to determine appropriate adherence self-reported scales in diabetic patients. This review follows general guidelines in the implementation of systematic reviews. After further review, it was found that 33 studies met all inclusion criteria from 4 databases (Wiley, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed). The articles were done by the PRISMA, while the keywords were determined by the PICO method. Most research was conducted in Asia (69.7%) and America (18.2%) on patients with type 2 diabetes (81.3%), patients in hospitals (54.5%), suffering for 1–6 months (54.5%), and using a cross-sectional study design (78.8%). HbA1c clinic data (57.6%) were used in most studies as biological markers of adherence. The measurement scales of medication adherence in diabetic patients are MMAS-8 (57,.5%), MMAS-4 (12.1%), BMQ (9%), MCQ (6%), ARMS (3%), ARMS-D (3%), GMAS (3%), LMAS-14 (3%), and MARS-5 (3%). This review provides information on the different self-reported scales most widely used in diabetic medication adherence research. Various aspects need to be considered before choosing the scale of adherence.
The effect of land use planning on agricultural productivity capability (case study: Azaran watershed, Kashan, Iran)

The objective of this study was to analyze the enhancement of agricultural productivity capability with reference to land use planning programs at Azaran watershed in Kashan,Iran.For this purpose, first land use map of 2007 has been generated using Landsat satellite images and Land use map for future(Land use planning) generated using Systemic and Makhdoum (1987) evaluation model. Then, agricultural productivity data of this region in 2007 was collected by related questionnaire and cluster sampling. As result of this study, If land use planning programs will perform, the Gross income in the study region will increase by 36.1% and 36.19% and the Net income will increase 36.19% and 35.1% in a semi-mechanized and a mechanized way respectively. *Corresponding Author: Maliheh Sadat Hemmesy  sadatmaliheh@yahoo.com
Provenance of the Permian Malužiná Formation sandstones (Malé Karpaty Mountains, Western Carpathians): evidence of garnet and tourmaline mineral chemistry

Abstract The chemistry of detrital garnets (almandine; spessartine-, grossular-, and pyrope-rich almandine; andradite) and mostly dravitic tourmalines from three sandstone samples of the Permian Malužiná Formation in the northern part of the Malé Karpaty Mts (Western Carpathians, SW Slovakia) reveals a great variability of potential source rocks. They comprise (1) low-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks (metacherts, blue schists, metapelites and metapsammites), (2) contact-thermal metamorphic calcareous rocks (skarns or rodingites), (3) garnet-bearing mica schists and gneisses resulting from the regional metamorphism of argillaceous sediments, (4) amphibolites and metabasic sub-ophiolitic rocks, (5) granulites, (6) Li-poor granites and their associated pegmatites and aplites as well as (7) rhyolites. Consequently, the post-Variscan, rift-related sedimentary basin of the Malužiná Formation originated in the vicinity of a low- to high-grade crystalline basement with granitic rocks. Such lithological types of metamorphic and magmatic rocks are characteristic for the Variscan terranes of the Central Western Carpathians (Tatricum and Veporicum Superunits).
45. ANALYSIS OF FULL WAVEFORM ACOUSTIC LOGGING DATA AT ODP SITE 642—OUTER VORING PLATEAU 1

Formation compressional and shear-wave velocities were calculated from sonic full waveform logs in ODP Hole 642E. The data were recorded over a 710-m interval of a cyclic repetition of lava flows and volcaniclastic sediments which are intruded by tholeiitic dikes. Although compressional (p) and shear (s) velocities in the flows are above 5 km/s and 3 km/s, respectively, interval velocities are 4.14 km/s for/? and 2.25 km/s for s, resulting in an average Vp/Vs of 1.84 for the entire logged interval. This is a consequence of the much lower velocities in the volcaniclastics. The velocity results are interpreted in conjunction with the companion logs (density, porosity, natural gamma, and electrical resistiv­ ity) run in the drill hole in an attempt to determine the mechanisms causing the characteristic velocity response. The re­ sults show that porosity and microstructure have the primary influence on velocities. The degree of alteration to clay minerals is a secondary effect that requires the existence of initial pore connectivity.
A Review of Play Interventions for Children with Autism at School

Play is an important aspect of children’s development and its value to education has been widely explored. However, play in children with disabilities and especially children with autism may be restricted when compared to that of their non-disabled peers of similar age and abilities. Moreover, play has been neglected to a certain extent in school practice due to the focus many teachers place on academic attainments and the difficulty in engaging autistic children in play activities. Children spend most of their time in schools as opposed to attending interventions individually. School based research can improve the educational outcomes for autistic children and, therefore, there is a pressing need for more research to be conducted in school settings. The current literature review aims to: (i) identify empirical studies using interventions to develop play skills in autistic children at school, and (ii) explore the features of play skills targeted in these studies. A systematic search of two electronic databases: (i) PsycINFO, and (ii) Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) has been conducted between 2000 and 2014. Fourteen papers were collected and the findings suggest that a significant number of studies have been conducted in schools exploring a wide range of play skills. Strengths and limitations of the reviewed studies are given as well as implications for practice and future research. Conclusions are discussed in the light of the high ecological validity of real world studies and the need to bridge the gap between academic research and school practice.
Distribuição de espécies e suscetibilidade a antifúngicos de Candida spp. vulvovaginais no sul de Mato Grosso, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a prevalent opportunistic mucosal infection, caused predominantly by Candida albicans. Candida species vary in their susceptibility to the antifungal agents, thus, the susceptibility tests have clinical significance in determining the appropriate therapeutic choice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of vulvovaginal yeasts and the susceptibility pattern to azoles antifungal isolated in southern Mato Grosso State, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical samples from 166 patients were obtained regardless signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vaginal swabs were collected, seeded onto plates containing Sabouraud Dextrose agar and incubated at 35oC, for five days. A pool of colonies that grown on each plate was subcultured in CHROMagar Candida medium. On the basis of a pure culture, the yeasts were identified using traditional phenotypic identification methods. Susceptibility tests for antifungal fluconazole and ketoconazole were performed using the broth microdilution method according to the reference protocol M27A3 of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS: The frequency of Candida spp. in the study population was 30%, of which 28% were in the group of asymptomatic women and 35% among symptomatic. Among the isolated strains were C. albicans (50%), C. glabrata (33%) and C. tropicalis (17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for fluconazole ranged from 0.5 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml and for ketoconazole from 0.03 μg/ml to 4 μg/ml. The resistance rates were 1.7% for fluconazole and 3.4% for ketoconazole. CONCLUSION: C. albicans was the predominant species. We observed a high susceptibility of Candida spp. to fluconazole and ketoconazole antifungal.
From critters to cancers : bridging comparative and clinical research on oxygen sensing , HIF signaling , and adaptations towards hypoxia

Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology and the Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Environmental Science Division, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; kInstitute of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany; Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Physiology of Marine Animals, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany; Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Social Worker Shame in Child and Family Social Work: Inadequacy, Failure, and the Struggle to Practise Humanely

Social workers operate within a complex environment where the failure to live up to expectations can lead to negative self-judgements or negative judgements from others, a sense of inadequacy and not feeling ‘good enough’. This paper conceptualises such issues through the lens of ‘social worker shame’ defined through a psychosociocultural understanding of the emotion. The effect of social worker shame on social workers' well-being and practise is considered and begins to conceptualise how an organisation can become shame-sensitive and practitioners shame-resilient with the aim of reducing the potential impact of social worker shame on practise.
Knowledge and Creative Destruction over the Industry Life Cycle: The Case of the German Automobile Industry

The paper investigates how pre-entry experience, post-entry experience and innovative activity affected the survival of German automobile firms over the period 1886-1936. A statistical survival analysis is performed which links instrumental variable estimation with the Cox regression. The main results are that all three knowledge components exert an independent and significantly positive effect on firm survival. Moreover, innovative activity is able to compensate for post-entry experience, in accord with Schumpeterian creative destruction. Copyright (c) The London School of Economics and Political Science 2008.
Brain Maturation of Newborns and Infants

Recently, imaging studies of early human development have received more attention, as improved modeling methods might lead to a clearer understanding of the origin, timing, and nature of differences in neurodevelopmental disorders. Non-invasivemagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide three-dimensional images of the infant brain in less than 20 minutes, with unprecedented anatomical details and contrast of brain anatomy cortical and subcortical structures and brain connectivity. Repeating MRI at different stages of development, e.g., in yearly intervals starting after birth, gives scientists the opportunity to study the trajectory of brain growth and compare individual growth trajectories to normative models. These comparisons become highly relevant in personalized medicine, where early diagnosis is a critical juncture for timing and therapy types.
Subcritical 90° Equal-Width Open-Channel Dividing Flow

Based on experimental observations, for a subcritical, right-angled, equal-width, open-channel dividing flow over a horizontal bed, the contraction coefficient at the maximum width-contracted section in the recirculation region is almost inversely related to the main channel upstream-to-downstream discharge ratio. The energy heads upstream and downstream of the division in the main channel are found to be almost equal. Under the assumption that the velocities are nearly uniformly distributed at the considered boundaries, the depth-discharge relationship follows the commonly used energy equation. The predicted results correlate fairly with the experimental data from this and other studies. The energy-loss coefficient of a division is expressed in terms of discharge ratio, upstream Froude number, and depth ratio. An expression for practical engineering applications is to determine the maximum possible branch-channel discharge at a given upstream discharge with a prescribed downstream Froude number or the maximum possible downstream Froude number if both branch- and main-channel discharges are prescribed.
Dose-response: an International Journal Stochastic Thresholds: a Novel Explanation of Nonlinear Dose- Response Relationships for Stochastic Radiobiological Effects Stochastic Thresholds: a Novel Explanation of Nonlinear Dose-response Relationships for Stochastic Radiobiological Effects

ᮀ New research data for low-dose, low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation-induced, stochastic effects (mutations and neoplastic transformations) are modeled using the recently published NEOTRANS 3 model. The model incorporates a protective, stochastic threshold (StoThresh) at low doses for activating cooperative protective processes considered to include presumptive p53-dependent, high-fidelity repair of nuclear DNA damage in competition with presumptive p53-dependent apoptosis and a novel presumptive p53-independent protective apoptosis mediated (PAM) process which selectively removes genomically compromised cells (mutants, neoplastic transformants, micronucleated cells, etc.). The protective StoThresh are considered to fall in a relatively narrow low-dose zone (Transition Zone A). Below Transition Zone A is the ultra-low-dose region where it is assumed that only low-fidelity DNA repair is activated along with presumably apoptosis. For this zone there is evidence for an increase in mutations with increases in dose. Just above Transition Zone A, a Zone of Maximal Protection (suppression of stochastic effects) arises and is attributed to maximal cooperation of high-fidelity, DNA repair/apoptosis and the PAM process. The width of the Zone of Maximal Protection depends on low-LET radiation dose rate and appears to depend on photon radiation energy. Just above the Zone of Maximal Protection is Transition Zone B, where deleterious StoThresh for preventing the PAM process fall. Just above Transition Zone B is a zone of moderate doses where complete inhibition of the PAM process appears to occur. However, for both Transition Zone B and the zone of complete inhibition of the PAM process, high-fidelity DNA repair/apop-tosis are presumed to still operate. The indicated protective and deleterious StoThresh lead to nonlinear, hormetic-type dose-response relationships for low-LET radiation-induced mutations, neoplastic transformation and, presumably, also for cancer.
Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on Oxidative Stress , TNF-α Level and Kidney Histological Changes in Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity in Rat 1

Cisplatin (CP) is an anticancer drug that enhances renal generation of reactive oxygen metabolites, lipid peroxidation and inflammation. This study examined the effect of hydrogen sulfide on lipid peroxidation content, tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in cisplatin nephrotoxic rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats in each group: control, nephrotoxic and nephrotoxic groups that received single dose 100 μmol/kg NaHS (i.p.). Nephrotoxicity was induced by a single intraperitoneally injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg b.w.). Five days after cisplatin injection kidney tissue samples removed for laboratory analyses and light microscopy evaluation. Lipid peroxidation content and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and TNF-α were measured in kidney homogenate supernatants. Statistical differences were assessed with one-way ANOVA by SPSS followed by Tukey's t-test. P<0.05 was assumed statistically significant. An increase in TNF-α, Plasma urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation content and apoptotic cells and decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in kidney of nephrotoxic rats were observed. The NaHS administration decreased TNF-α, lipid peroxidation, apoptotic cells and enhanced activities of studied antioxidant enzymes in kidney of cisplatin nephrotoxic rats. The results suggested that NaHS could ameliorate cisplatin nephrotoxic rats through reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress and increases in renal antioxidant enzyme activities.