Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal flight patterns of the Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Sweden

The major bark beetle threat to Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) in Eurasia is the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Beetles cause damage after population build-up in defenseless trees. To minimize attacks, timely removal of these trees is important. This is practiced by clearing of wind throws and sanitation felling. Thus, knowledge about the region-specific flight pattern and voltinism of I. typographus is necessary for efficient pest management. This thesis focuses on the flight initiation and the variation in flight pattern of I. typographus over the season, which we have studied using pheromone traps during a seven year period in Sweden. Additionally, logs, that became colonized, were used to determine thermal sums required for the re-emergence of parental beetles and the emergence of filial beetles in southern Sweden. Swarming began in the end of April (51 degree-days (dd) >5°C; daytime temp. >18°C). More than 50% of the flight activity occurred after mid-June and it continued until mid-August. That is a longer flight period than has been recorded previously. At least partly, this discrepancy with previous observations may be explained by our results that the temperature requirement for flight commencement is fulfilled more than two weeks earlier now than 30 years ago. Re-emergence of parental beetles from the first brood started in the end of May (122 dd >5°C). A much higher proportion of parental beetles had re-emerged from trees colonized in May (95%) compared to in June (60%) or July (20%). This verifies that sister broods is an important part of the beetles' reproductive biology. The high proportion of beetles that re-emerged together with a significant continued beetle flight and oviposition showed that a high proportion of the beetles initate at least one sister brood. Filial beetles began to emerge in the end of June (437 dd >5°C) and were caught in flight traps in early July and at least a partial second generation was started in each year. A much higher proportion of filial beetles had emerged from trees colonized in May (75%) than in June (50%) and July (15%). We have shown that the temperature requirement for flight initiation are met earlier in the present climate which gives more time for the development of several sister broods and a potential second generation. This together with an expected increase in severe storm fellings indicates that the need for efficient pest management will increase with time. Timely removal of wind-felled trees is the main pest management option and in this thesis I present results of when the critical time periods occurs.
NON- PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF PHENOTYPIC STABILITY IN CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.)

In order to determine phenotypic stability of grain yield 20 chickpea genotypes were used in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2009-2013 growing seasons. The non-parametric measures used for G × E interaction were highly significant (P<0.01), suggesting differential responses of chickpea genotypes to the test environments. Considering both Si(1) and Si(2), genotype no. 16 had the smallest change in its ranks and was regarded as the most stable genotype followed by genotypes no. 20 and 5. Two other non-parametric statistics, Si(3) and Si(6), combine yield and stability based on yield ranks of genotypes in each environment. The lowest value for each of these statistics indicates maximum stability for a certain genotype. Genotype no. 16 was the most stable genotype considering the Si(3) and Si(6) statistics. Considering NPi(1), genotypes no. 20, 5, 16 and 13 were stable in comparison with the other genotypes. Genotypes no. 20, 16 and 5 had the lowest value of NPi(2) and were considered stable. NPi(3) and NPi(4) also identified genotypes no. 20 and 16 as the most stable genotypes with high mean yield. Spearman's rank correlation indicated that mean yield was significantly and negatively correlated with Si(3), Si(6), NPi(2) and NPi(4) statistics, but it was not correlated with Si(1), Si(2), NPi(1) and NPi(3). Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited that the first four PCAs explained 90.38% of the total variance of original variables. Biplot analysis of stability measures revealed that stability measures can be classified into four groups. Most of the stability methods indicated that the genotypes no. 20, 16 and 5 was the most phenotypically stable
Growth factor-mediated regulation of cardiac myogenesis during early avian embryogenesis

10-11 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 12-37 I. Mesoderm Induction and Patterning in Amphibians 12-17 II. Origins of Cardiac Muscle 17-22 in. Inductive Interactions Regulating Cardiac Myogenesis 23-25 IV. An In Vitro Assay for Studying Early Cardiac Myogenesis 25-26 V. Growth Factors Which Regulate Myocardial Cell Development 26-31 VI. Transcriptional Regulation of Myocardial Cell Development 32-37 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS 38-45 I. Embryo Explanation and Culture 38-40 II. Growth Factors and Antagonists 40-42 in. Immunofluorescence 42-44 IV. Statistics 44 V. PCR Analysis 44-45 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS 46-71 1. Activin/TGFP and BMP-2/BMP-4 Have CardiogenicInducing Capacities Which Mimic the Pregastrula H3^oblast and Anterior Lateral Endodemi, Respectively 46-50 n. Activin and TGFP Can Induce Cardiac Myogenesis in Epiblast Not Normally Fated to Form Heart 50-51 in. Follistatin and Noggin Inhibit Cardiac Myogenesis 51-55 IV. BMP Signaling Is Required for Activin-Mediated Induction of Cardiac Myogenesis in Epiblast 55-57
Strategic inventory under suppliers competition

This paper investigates the impact of competition and the strategic inventories on the performance of a supply chain comprising two competing suppliers and one retailer. Existing literature has shown that the retailer's optimal strategy in equilibrium is to carry inventories, and the suppliers are unable to prevent this. In contrast, our results show that the suppliers will prevent the retailer from carrying strategic inventories when the degree of competition between suppliers is high, and the retailer's carrying strategic inventory is not necessary to force suppliers to lower the future wholesale price. We also find the substitutable relationship between the effect of strategic inventories and the effect of competition. When the degree of competition increases, the suppliers are worse off but the retailer and the total supply chain are both better off when carrying strategic inventories. The retailer could introduce profit sharing contracts so as to encourage suppliers to support strategic inventories which enhance the entire performance of the supply chain.
Beta calibration: a well-founded and easily implemented improvement on logistic calibration for binary classifiers

For optimal decision making under variable class distributions and misclassiﬁcation costs a classi-ﬁer needs to produce well-calibrated estimates of the posterior probability. Isotonic calibration is a powerful non-parametric method that is however prone to overﬁtting on smaller datasets; hence a parametric method based on the logistic curve is commonly used. While logistic calibration is designed for normally distributed per-class scores, we demonstrate experimentally that many clas-siﬁers including Naive Bayes and Adaboost suffer from a particular distortion where these score distributions are heavily skewed. In such cases logistic calibration can easily yield probability estimates that are worse than the original scores. Moreover, the logistic curve family does not include the identity function, and hence logistic calibration can easily uncalibrate a perfectly calibrated classiﬁer. In this paper we solve all these problems with a richer class of calibration maps based on the beta distribution. We derive the method from ﬁrst principles and show that ﬁtting it is as easy as ﬁtting a logistic curve. Extensive experiments show that beta calibration is superior to logistic calibration for Naive Bayes and Adaboost.
Genetic diversity and population genetic differentiation in the endangered annual weed, Bidens cernua (Compositae), and two common congeners in Japan

In this study, we examined the genetic diversity in three populations of the critically endangered annual, Bidens cernua, in Japan by using inter-simple sequence repeat markers and compared our data with those from two common congeners: Bidens radiata var. pinnatifida and Bidens tripartita. In contrast to our expectations, the degree of genetic diversity at the species level was higher in B. cernua than in B. radiata var. pinnatifida or B. tripartita. At the population level, the degree of genetic diversity was highest in B. cernua. These results may be ascribed to the mating system and method of seedbank formation in B. cernua. An analysis of molecular variance revealed relatively high genetic differentiation among the populations of all three species. We concluded that the distribution width could not be an index of genetic variability in Bidens examined in this study.
Understanding the evolutionary history of the papillomaviruses

This thesis focuses on the evolutionary history of the papillomaviruses (PVs) using phylogenetic approaches. Two aspects have been examined: the first is the level of phylogenetic compatibility among PV genes and the second is determining the ancestral diversification mechanisms of the PVs in order to explain the origin of the observed associations with host species. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis has been used to make evolutionary inferences. The existence of phylogenetic compatibility among genes was examined by estimating constrained and unconstrained phylogenies for pairs of PV genes. The Bayes' factor statistic derived from comparison of the constrained and unconstrained models indicated significant evidence against identical phylogenies between any of the 6 PV genes investigated and may indicate the existence of ancestral recombination events. The formation of new host-virus associations can occur via a process of 'codivergence', where, following host speciation, the ancestral virus association is effectively inherited by the descendant host species; 'prior divergence' of the virus, which results in multiple virus associations with the host; and 'host transfer', in which the virus lineage is transferred between contemporaneous host species. To distinguish between these mechanisms of virus diversification, an approach based on temporal comparisons of host and virus divergence times was devised. Difficulties associated with the direct estimation of PV divergence times led to the incorporation of a biased sampling approach into Bayesian phylogenetic estimation. This allowed for viral divergence events to be biased in favour of codivergence but allowed sampling of times that violate this assumption and therefore indicate either prior divergence or host transfer. Statistical evaluation of the proportion of violations at each viral divergence identified significant evidence of prior divergence events behind many of the observed PV-host associations and one ancestral host transfer event.
Composición y distribución de la ictiofauna en la Laguna del Mar Muerto, Pacífico mexicano

La Laguna del Mar Muerto, Oaxaca-Chiapas fue muestreada entre 1991 y 1993 con el objetivo de caracterizar la ictiofauna en cuanto a su composicion y abundancia. Se colectaron un total de 27 971 peces que aportaron 120.9 kg. La ictiofauna de la region esta caracterizada por 29 familias, 45 generos y 66 especies. El mayor numero de especies se presenta en la parte sureste de la laguna (cerca de la Boca de Tonala), area con mayor influencia marina, abundante vegetacion costera y mayor descarga fluvial. El menor numero de especies se presenta en la parte mas interna de la laguna, caracterizada por hipersalinidad en la epoca de secas y baja salinidad en la epoca de lluvias. Las especies que presentan amplia distribucion son Diapterus peruvianus, Lile stolifera. Anchoa lucida, Anchoa mundeola. Mugil curema, Atherinella guatemalensis y Anchovia macrolepidota .
Isolation of new genes involved in temperature synchronization of the circadian clock of Drosophila melanogaster

Circadian clocks regulate behaviour and physiology of many organisms and keep them in synchrony with the environment. Drosophila’s circadian clock is mainly synchronized by natural light-dark cycles and temperature fluctuations, both at molecular and behavioural levels. The mechanisms underlying temperature entrainment are poorly understood, but previous studies have shown that this process can be genetically dissected. In this work, I isolated several mutants which interfere with the temperature synchronization of Drosophila’s circadian clock. Three variants were isolated in a chemical EMS-mutagenesis screen monitoring putative secondand thirdchromosomal mutations. The mutants behave normal in light-dark cycles suggesting that they specifically interfere with temperature entrainment. In a different, RNAi-based screen, a Forkhead-domain transcription factor encoding gene was isolated, which shows defective circadian activity of per expression and PER accumulation in temperature-entrainment condition, when down-regulated. Finally, a candidate approach led me to identify three genes encoding proteins belonging to the TRP family of ion channels. Mutations in the pyrexia, trpM and trpA1 genes show abnormal temperature synchronization of locomotor behaviour, similar to our EMS-candidates. The isolation and analysis of those mutations are described, as well as a behavioural analysis of the already-known “temperature-mutant” nocte. In particular, I discuss the involvement of chordotonal organs as structures required for temperature entrainment of the clock and the role of nocte for signalling the temperature information from the periphery to the brain. The rest-activity pattern is a well-studied circadian output behaviour; the pupal emergence, named eclosion, is another behaviour strictly regulated by the circa2 dian clock. Here we show that genes important for entrainment of adult locomotor behaviour to temperature do not play the same role in regulating the synchronization of eclosion. To gain insight into the synchronization mechanisms of eclosion, I studied how different entrainment conditions affect the phase and free-running period of eclosion.
SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? CAREER CHOICES FOR YOUNG WORKERS IN LATIN AMERICA

Labor market institutions shape the return to workers’ skills. They define the incentives of firms and workers to invest in general and specific skills, affecting the returns to experience and tenure. This paper presents an empirical assessment of this hypothesis. We take advantage of rich administrative data from Brazil and Chile, two countries with different regulatory frameworks. We focus on young workers as they face to a greater extent the trade-off between accumulating general or specific skills. The analysis is motivated by a simple conceptual framework, from which we derive empirical predictions. It takes into account the potential endogeneity of occupational choices, while allowing for heterogenous returns to tenure and experience. We find positive average returns to both dimensions in both countries, with larger returns to tenure in Brazil and larger returns to experience in Chile. This is consistent with the original conjecture as the more rigid labor market legislation in Brazil encourages firms to carry out additional investments in young workers’s specific skills. Chile’s institutions, on the contrary, promote the acquisition of general skills. We further examine how these returns differ by educational attainment, an important policy consideration in the region, and find that more educated workers in both countries face larger returns to experience and tenure relative to their less educated counterparts.
Monitoring and control of stochastic systems

The questions treated in this thesis are motivated by practical applications with a particular focus on the monitoring and control of telecommunication networks. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I is about the static control of such stochastic systems with the objective of meeting certain performance criteria. In particular, we provide performance evaluation techniques for call centres based on queuing models. We find asymptotic expressions as well as provably efficient simulation algorithms for the purpose of estimating certain rare event probabilities of interest such as the probability of overload. In Part II we consider a class of dynamic control problems known as restless multiarmed bandit problems, where the decision maker needs to select arms of a bandit (a slot machine) to play on, with the objective of maximising the rewards accumulated over time. We model control problems in telecommunications such as the problem of dynamically selecting transmission channels. For suitable bandit models we investigate the performance and structural properties of the celebrated Whittle index compared to a naive myopic policy. The performance of any control policy derived from a stochastic model crucially depends on the validity of the imposed modelling assumptions. In Part III we therefore consider questions related to the monitoring and testing of data for the presence of ‘change points’ at which the assumed probability distribution has changed. We investigate novel criteria for the false alarm performance of such sequential tests, and propose methods for evaluating these criteria based on approximations.
Cbf gene regulation in wheat in response to varying cold acclimation induction temperatures

Low temperature (LT) adaptability has been studied intensely in the Triticeae, which includes economically important cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). Phenotypic studies have shown that the cold induced protective mechanisms in cereals are developmentally regulated and involve acclimation processes that can be stopped, reversed, and restarted (Fowler et al. 1999).
Legume Nodulation: A Global Perspective

1. Nodulation in a Taxonomic Context 1.1 Caesalpinioideae 1.2 Mimosoideae 1.2.1 Acacieae 1.2.2 Ingeae 1.2.3 Mimoseae 1.3 Papilionoideae 1.3.1 Non-nodulation in the Papilionoideae 1.3.2 Nodulating papilionoids with primitive nodule structure 1.3.3 Tribes with the 50kb inversion 1.3.4 The Dalbergioid clade 1.3.5 The Mirbelioid clade 1.3. 6 The Millettioid clade 1.3. 7 The Robinioid clade 1.3. 8 The Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) 2. Global Distribution of Legumes 2.1 Deserts 2.2 Savannas 2.2.1 African savannas 2.2.2 Neotropical savannas 2.2.3 Australian savannas 2.3 Seasonally dry tropical forests (succulent biome) 2.3.1 Caatinga 2.3.2 Other areas 2.4 Rainforests 2.4.1 Atlantic forest 2.4.2 Temperate rainforests 2.4.3 Tropiucal rainforrests 2.5 Temperate regions 2.5.1 Mediterraqnean ecosystems 2.5.2 Temperate, boreal and high altitude legumes 2.6 Invasive legumes 3. Evolution of Nodulation 3.1 When did nodulation first occur? 3.2 Where did nodulation first occur? Where are nodulated legumes going? 3.2.1 Madagascar as a special case 3.2.2 Recent evolution 3.3 How was the information for nodulation acquired? 3.3.1 Ancient genes that have been recruited for symbiotic purposes 3.3.2 Gene duplication 3.4 Why was nodulation necessary? 3.5 Model legumes 4. Bacteria Nodulating Legumes 4.1 alpha-Proteobacteria 4.4.1 Rhizobium 4.1.2 Sinorhizobium and Ensifer 4.1.3 Other members of Rhizobiaceae 4.1. 4 Bradyrhizobium 4.1. 5 Azorhizobium and Devosia 4.1. 6 Methylobacterium 4.1. 7 Ochrobactrum 4.1. 8 Mesorhizobium 4.1. 9 Phyllobacterium 4.2 beta-Proteobacteria 4.3 Other bacterial nodule occupants 4.4 Specificity 4.5 Competition 4.6 Stability and genetic exchange 5. Development and Functioning of Nodules 5.1 Root hair infection 5.2 The role of hormones 5.3 Autoregulation 5.4 Formation of symbiosomes Bacteroid size and shape The role of polybetahydroxybutyrate (PHB) 5.5 Nodules lacking root hair infection 5.5.1 Dalbergioid legumes 5.5.2 Genisteae and Crotalarieae 5.5.3 The special case of Sesbania 5.6 Other variations on nodule structure 5.7 Functioning nodules. The critical role of oxygen 5.8 Nitrogen fixation and export of products 5.8. 1 The hydrogen enigma 5.9 Nodule effectiveness 5.10 The bacteria within the nodules- control by the bacteria, plant or both? 5.11 Constraints on nitrogen fixation in agriculture and the environment 5.11.1 Waterlogging drought and salinity 5.11.2 Temperature 5.11.3 Edaphic factors 5.12. Legumes, pests and pathogens 6. Some Legumes for the Future? 6.1 Human food 6.1.1 Vigna spp 6.1.2 Other phaseoloid legumes 6.2 Forage legumes 6.3 Pharmaceutical uses 6.4 Other uses
Linguistic Transfer and its Effects on Secondary Stage Students’ Translation

The purpose of this study is to show through the interference of the native language, Arabic, in the English translation of the Egyptian students. It aims at probing some discrepancies in the Egyptian secondary stage students’ proficiency in translation, attributed to lexical and semantic transfer from Arabic to English, reflected through a set of language tasks. The participants are 35 Egyptian secondary stage EFL students; studying English as part of their curriculum, during the second semester of the school year 2015-2016. The study raises the question: What problems arise from the linguistic of Arabic when translating different written texts into English and conversely? To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher analyzed the participants' errors in written translation texts. Since the study is mainly qualitative; some kinds of transfer/interference phenomena that occurred in the collected data were spotted, the possible communicative strategies that the participants employed, consciously or unconsciously, when translating were identified and exemplified and the reasons behind their occurrence were analyzed. Besides, a quantitative analysis was carried out to interpret the results using frequencies and percentages. Results showed that the problems that arise from interference are mainly lexical and semantic, and might be attributed to the participants' lack of knowledge and awareness of the source language as well as the target one. The study concluded that sometimes translations from Arabic into English and vice versa tend to lose original meanings or be misinterpreted compared to the source text because of linguistic transfer. It is suggested that raising awareness of liguistic transfer through focused attention on transfer errors alongside with systematic instruction and practice on translation might be valued by the students and seemed essential for them to achieve productive proficiency.
Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species

Worldwide scientists believe that millions of natures species are on the verge of being replaced by billions of hungry people asphalt brick glass and useless eroded red clay baked by a harsh tropical sun. They describe the happening as an "extinction spasm" and many postulate that millions of species will be extinct in the next few decades. It is noted that this extinction occurs at an accelerated rate: humans are altering the face of the planet faster than ever and these alterations change the areas where species live. This process called habitat transformation abruptly converts a place to which creatures have adapted over millennia into strange hostile territory. According to Edward O. Wilson a Harvard biologist a conservative estimate of the existing worldwide rate of extinction is 27000 species/year. In view of this several proper responses to the problem are recommended.