Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of highly oriented piezoelectric AlN films by reactive sputter deposition

Nucleation and growth of polycrystalline AlN films on thermal and chemical vapor deposited oxide have been studied during rf reactive sputter deposition. The influence of the growth conditions, namely deposition pressure, rf power, Ar/N2 ratio, and substrate temperature, on film properties has been systematically studied. The properties of interest are crystallinity, degree of orientation, crystallite size, surface roughness, stress, piezoelectric coupling, acoustic velocity, and others. The films have been analyzed with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, stress measurements, etc. It is found that these properties are sensitive functions of all deposition parameters and that there exist optimal deposition conditions under which films of high quality are obtained. The films at optimal conditions were analyzed with the following results: full width half maximum (FWH.
The solute atmosphere round a moving dislocation and its dragging stress

Abstract Setting an imaginary tetragonal lattice round a dislocation, the concentration change at each lattice point was calculated in a very short time interval from the jump frequencies of solute atoms between the nearest lattice points, considering the interaction between a solute atom and the dislocation. Repeating this calculation with a high-speed computer, the forming process of a solute atmosphere round a moving dislocation and the stress effected on the dislocation by this atmosphere were obtained. This method is for a non-steady state, from which, if required, a steady state can be obtained as the limiting case.
Disordered quasicrystals: diffuse scattering in decagonal Al–Ni–Fe

High-resolution synchrotron data of near-Bragg diffuse scattering from decagonal Al 71.5Ni 23.5Fe 5 quasicrystals were recorded. A dominant phasonic origin is ruled out because of the absence of a significant G ∥ dependence. An analysis solely in the frame of thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) theory (phonon scattering) showed a good match between experimental and calculated data in the quasiperiodic layers, but with an improbable ratio of elastic constants, c 66/c 11 = 4.0. In situ high-temperature measurements up to 1000 K revealed an increase of the intensity distribution perpendicular to the scattering vector G. Huang diffuse scattering (HDS) arising from quenched local defects has a general appearance that qualitatively reproduces the observed symmetry and anisotropy. An interpretation based on both TDS and HDS contributions is given.
Piscine micronucleus assay and the evidence of environmental degradation: the case of catfish from Brazilian tropical estuaries / Bioensaio de micronúcleo em peixes e evidências de degradação ambientai: o caso dos bagres de estuários tropicais brasileiros

Assessing micronuclei (MN) rates in fish blood cells is a useful, fast and cheap tool for monitoring environmental quality, which can identify DNA damage in animals as an early warning of pollution irreversible effects. This technique was used to estimate genotoxicity in catfish collected at three estuaries of Ceará coast, Brazil, with different contamination status, in order to relate their respective damage rates with the contamination levels in each environment, under natural seasonality (dry and rainy season). Despite the estuaries degradation, all catfish presented extremely low rates of MN and other nuclear abnormalities (NA), contradicting the expected results. No statistical differences in the frequencies of both DNA damage endpoints were observed between seasons. Although literature confirms the presence of contaminants in these estuaries and the local biota exhibits biochemical impairment, our results indicate adaptive responses; the catfish seem to deal with contamination and do not exhibit chromosome damage. Besides, as all fish caught were juveniles, the low genotoxicity rates would be explained by younger greater efficiency to repair DNA damages, associated with low contaminants exposure due to the shorter lifetime or the low contaminants bioavailability under estuarine dynamics. Further studies are required to understand the genotoxic effects in catfish from Ceará and tropical estuaries. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research Braz. J. Anim. Environ. Res., Curitiba, v. 3, n. 4, p. 3369-3394, out. /dez. 2020 ISSN 2595-573X 3370
Natural Formation of Chloroform and Brominated Trihalomethanes in Soil

We studied the occurrence of halogenated organic compounds in soil air of rural areas. Chloroform appeared to occur in elevated concentrations compared tO those in atmospheric air, while the concentrations of other chlorinated solvents were almost equal or lower than those in atmospheric air. We report conclusive evidence that chloroform is naturally produced from in situ Na37Cl enrichment field studies in soil top layers. The concentration of chloroform in soil air increased in deeper soil layers, but spiking of these soil layers by Na37Cl did not result in the formation of chloroform enriched with 37Cl. Bromodichloromethane shows similar concentration gradients in soil air as does chloroform. It seems also to be formed naturally in soil, even although this could not be confirmed by the Na37Cl enrichment field studies, because of the low concentration levels encountered. No detectable concentrations of chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in soil air were observed. In situ enrichment of a soil top layer by KBr showed that soil has the potential to form chlorodibromomethane and bromoform naturally. The formation mechanisms of the trihalomethanes are discussed, and a hypothesis is given to explain the natural formation in the soil top layer and the concentration gradients in soil air.
Investigating the Synergistic Effect of D2EHPA and Cyanex 302 on Zinc and Manganese Separation

The synergistic effect of Cyanex 302 on the extraction of zinc and manganese with D2EHPA in sulfate media was investigated. Experiments were carried out in the pH range of 1.0–5.0, temperature of 23, 40, and 60°C with sole D2EHPA and Cyanex 302 as extractant and D2EHPA to Cyanex 302 ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. The experimental results showed that the co-extraction of zinc and manganese increased with increasing equilibrium pH and temperature. Increasing the D2EHPA to Cyanex 302 ratio in the organic phase, caused a left shifting of the extraction isotherm of zinc and a right shifting of the extraction isotherm of manganese. Thus, a better separation of zinc over manganese was achieved. At low pHs, the separation factor is low when pure D2EHPA is used as an extractant; however, using Cyanex 302 as a synergist, the separation factor increases and results in a better separation of zinc from manganese. Stoichiometric coefficient of zinc for single D2EHPA and Cyanex 302 and their mixture was calculated to be close to 6.
Dark energy survey year 3 results: Covariance modelling and its impact on parameter estimation and quality of fit

We describe and test the fiducial covariance matrix model for the combined 2-point function analysis of the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES-Y3) dataset. Using a variety of new ansatzes for covariance modelling and testing we validate the assumptions and approximations of this model. These include the assumption of Gaussian likelihood, the trispectrum contribution to the covariance, the impact of evaluating the model at a wrong set of parameters, the impact of masking and survey geometry, deviations from Poissonian shot-noise, galaxy weighting schemes and other, sub-dominant effects. We find that our covariance model is robust and that its approximations have little impact on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimation. The largest impact on best-fit figure-of-merit arises from the so-called fsky approximation for dealing with finite survey area, which on average increases the χ2 between maximum posterior model and measurement by $3.7{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (Δχ2 ≈ 18.9). Standard methods to go beyond this approximation fail for DES-Y3, but we derive an approximate scheme to deal with these features. For parameter estimation, our ignorance of the exact parameters at which to evaluate our covariance model causes the dominant effect. We find that it increases the scatter of maximum posterior values for Ωm and σ8 by about $3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and for the dark energy equation of state parameter by about $5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Analysing the Direction of Emotional Influence in Nonverbal Dyadic Communication: A Facial-Expression Study

Identifying the direction of emotional influence in a dyadic dialogue is of increasing interest in the psychological sciences with applicationsin psychotherapy, analysis of political interactions or interpersonal conflict behavior. Facial expressions are widely described as being automatic andthus hard to overtly influence. As such, they are a perfect measure for a better understanding of unintentional behavior cues about social-emotionalcognitive processes. With this view, this study is concerned with the analysis of the direction of emotional influence in dyadic dialogue based on facialexpressions only. We exploit computer vision capabilities along with causal inference theory for quantitative verification of hypotheses on the directionof emotional influence, i.e., causal effect relationships, in dyadic dialogues. We address two main issues. First, in a dyadic dialogue, emotionalinfluence occurs over transient time intervals and with intensity and direction that are variant over time. To this end, we propose a relevant intervalselection approach that we use prior to causal inference to identify those transient intervals where causal inference should be applied. Second, wepropose to use fine-grained facial expressions that are present when strong distinct facial emotions are not visible. To specify the direction ofinfluence, we apply the concept of Granger causality to the time series of facial expressions over selected relevant intervals. We tested our approachon newly, experimentally obtained data. Based on quantitative verification of hypotheses on the direction of emotional influence, we were able to showthat the proposed approach is most promising to reveal the causal effect pattern in various instructed interaction conditions.
ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): Detection of Extremely High-density Compact Structure of Prestellar Cores and Multiple Substructures Within

Prestellar cores are self-gravitating dense and cold structures within molecular clouds where future stars are born. They are expected, at the stage of transitioning to the protostellar phase, to harbor centrally concentrated dense (sub)structures that will seed the formation of a new star or the binary/multiple stellar systems. Characterizing this critical stage of evolution is key to our understanding of star formation. In this work, we report the detection of high-density (sub)structures on the thousand-astronomical-unit (au) scale in a sample of dense prestellar cores. Through our recent ALMA observations toward the Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps, we have found five extremely dense prestellar cores, which have centrally concentrated regions of ∼2000 au in size, and several 107 cm−3 in average density. Masses of these centrally dense regions are in the range of 0.30 to 6.89 M⊙. For the first time, our higher resolution observations (0.8″ ∼ 320 au) further reveal that one of the cores shows clear signatures of fragmentation; such individual substructures/fragments have sizes of 800–1700 au, masses of 0.08 to 0.84 M⊙, densities of 2 − 8 × 107 cm−3, and separations of ∼1200 au. The substructures are massive enough (≳0.1 M⊙) to form young stellar objects and are likely examples of the earliest stage of stellar embryos that can lead to widely (∼1200 au) separated multiple systems.
Focusing More on Conflicts with Mis-Predictions Helps Language Pre-Training

In this work, we propose to improve the effectiveness of language pre-training methods with the help of mis-predictions during pre-training. Neglecting words in the input sentence that have conflicting semantics with mis-predictions is likely to be the reason of generating mis-predictions at pre-training. Therefore, we hypothesis that mis-predictions during pre-training can act as detectors of the ill focuses of the model. If we train the model to focus more on the conflicts with the mis-predictions while focus less on the rest words in the input sentence, the mis-predictions can be more easily corrected and the entire model could be better trained. Towards this end, we introduce Focusing Less on Context of Mis-predictions(McMisP). In McMisP, we record the co-occurrence information between words to detect the conflicting words with mis-predictions in an unsupervised way. Then McMisP uses such information to guide the attention modules when a mis-prediction occurs. Specifically, several attention modules in the Transformer are optimized to focus more on words in the input sentence that have co-occurred rarely with the mis-predictions and vice versa. Results show that McMisP significantly expedites BERT and ELECTRA and improves their performances on downstream tasks.
Excess Colloid Retention in Porous Media as a Function of Colloid Size, Fluid Velocity, and Grain Angularity

The deposition and re-entrainment behaviors of five sizes of carboxylate-modified microspheres (ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 μm) were examined both in porous media and impinging jet systems under a variety of environmentally relevant pore fluid velocities (2−8 m day-1), and in both the absence and the presence of an energy barrier to deposition. The magnitudes of the deposition efficiencies were compared among the porous media and impinging jet systems under equivalent fluid velocities, solution chemistries, and surface chemistries. The observed deposition efficiencies were factors of about 5 to 50 greater in the porous media relative to the impinging jet across the entire size range of microspheres examined, demonstrating that this excess deposition in porous media is relevant to a wide range of colloid sizes. The magnitude of excess deposition increased with increasing fluid velocity, and was greatest for the smallest colloids (0.1 μm). A range between 15% and 40% of the excess retained colloids were release.
Photocatalytic decomposition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate under aqueous media in the presence of TiO2

The photocatalytic oxidation of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a water pollutant was investigated in batch stirred reactor vessels under an ordinary 30W UV-C lamp, with TiO 2 (anataze) as catalyst. The effectsof some physico-chemical parameters were studied to find the optimum relevant values. Data showed a maximum conversion at catalyst concentration of about 10ppm and pH about 3. There is also a range of agitation speed with diffusion limiting. The conversion can reach more than 93% in about 120min. An empirical kinetic model proposed under optimum conditions, The relevant thermodynamic parameters were also reported.
Effects of Magnetic And Aharanov-Bohm (AB) Fields on the Energy Spectra of the Yukawa Potential.

In this article, the Yukawa potential is scrutinized taking into consideration the effects of magnetic and AB flux fields within the non-relativistic regime using the factorization method. The energy equation and wave function of the system are obtained in close form. We find that the all-encompassing effects result in a strongly attractive system and consequently there is a significant upward shift in the bound state energy of the system. We also find that to achieve a low-energy medium for the Yukawa potential, weak magnetic field is required, however the AB flux field can be used as a controller. The magnetic and AB fields eliminates the degeneracy from the spectra. From our findings, it could be concluded that to manipulate the energy spectra of this system, the AB-flux and magnetic field will do so greatly. The results from this study can be applied in condensed matter physics, atomic and molecular physics.
Pluronic-P105 PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer in aqueous urea solutions. Micelle formation, structure, and microenvironment

The effects of urea on the micellization properties of a poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) copolymer (commercially available as Pluronic P105) and on the structure and microenvironment of the micelles are reported. Urea increased the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and critical micelle temperature (cmt) of the PEO-PPO-PEO copolymer; the effect of urea on the cmt was more pronounced at low copolymer concentrations and diminished at concentrations of nearly 2.5%. The surface activity and the partial specific volume of the block copolymer decreased with an increase in the urea concentration, whereas the hydrodynamic radii of the copolymer micelles, determined using dynamic light scattering, remained unaffected by the presence of 4 M urea in the solution. The micropolarity in copolymer solutions in urea/water was probed as a function of temperature using the I{sub 1}/I{sub 3} intensity ratio of the pyrene vibrational fine structure recorded in fluorescence emission spectra; a small decrease in the micropolarity of the micelle core was observed in the presence of urea. The microviscosity in the micelle interior, estimated from the intramolecular excimer fluorescence of the hydrophobic probe bis(1-pyrenylmethyl) ether (dipyme), also exhibited a small decrease with an increase in the urea concentration. 80 refs., 8 figs.
Chemical Vapor Deposition Model of Polysilicon in a Trichlorosilane and Hydrogen System

The traditional polysilicon processes should be refined when addressing the low energy consumption requirement for the production of solar grade silicon. This paper addresses the fluid dynamic conditions required to deposit polysilicon in the traditional Siemens reactor. Analytical solutions for the deposition process are presented, providing information on maximizing the rate between the amount of polysilicon obtained and the energy consumed during the deposition process. The growth rate, deposition efficiency, and power-loss dependence on the gas velocity, the mixture of gas composition, the reactor pressure, and the surface temperature have been analyzed. The analytical solutions have been compared to experimental data and computational solutions presented in the literature. At atmospheric pressure, the molar fraction of hydrogen at the inlet should be adjusted to the range of 0.85-0.90, the gas inlet temperature should be raised within the interval of 673 and 773 K, and the gas velocity should reach the Reynolds number 800. The resultant growth rate will be between 6 and 6.5 μm min -1 . Operation above atmospheric pressure is strongly recommended to achieve growth rates of 20 μm min -1 at 6 atm.
Supersymmetry anomalies and the Wess–Zumino model in a supergravity background

We briefly recall the procedure for computing the Ward identities in the presence of a regulator which violates the symmetry being considered. We compute the first nontrivial correction to the supersymmetry Ward identity of the Wess–Zumino model in the presence of background supergravity using dimensional regularization. We find that the result can be removed using a finite local counter term and so there is no supersymmetry anomaly.
Rate-Based Process Modeling Study of CO2 Capture with Aqueous Monoethanolamine Solution

Rate-based process modeling technology has matured and is increasingly gaining acceptance over traditional equilibrium-stage modeling approaches. [Taylor et al. Chem. Eng. Prog. 2003, 99, 28−39] Recently comprehensive pilot plant data for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture with aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solution have become available from the University of Texas at Austin. The pilot plant data cover key process variables including CO2 concentration in the gas stream, CO2 loading in lean MEA solution, liquid to gas ratio, and packing type. In this study, we model the pilot plant operation with Aspen RateSep, a second generation rate-based multistage separation unit operation model in Aspen Plus. After a brief review on rate-based modeling, thermodynamic and kinetic models for CO2 absorption with the MEA solution, and transport property models, we show excellent match of the rate-based model predictions against the comprehensive pilot plant data and we validate the superiority of the rate-based models over t.
The Radiation Chemistry of CMPO: Part 2. Alpha Radiolysis

Octylphenyl-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) dissolved in dodecane was subjected to α-irradiation using a He-ion beam, 244 Cm isotopic α-rays, and He and Li ions created by the n,α reaction of 10B in a nuclear reactor. Post-irradiation samples were analyzed for the radiolytically-induced decrease in CMPO concentration, the appearance of degradation products, and their Am solvent extraction distribution ratios. The –G CMPO-value for the radiolytic degradation of CMPO was found to be very low compared to values previously reported for γ-irradiation. Additionally, isotopic irradiation to absorbed α-doses as high as 600 kGy in aerated solution had no effect on Am solvent extraction or stripping. The main CMPO radiolysis products identified in He-ion beam irradiated samples by ESI-MS include amides, an acidic amide, and amines produced by bond rupture on either side of the CMPO carbonyl group. Deaerated samples irradiated using the reactor in the absence of an aqueous phase, or with a dilute nitric acid aqueous phase showed small but measurable decreases in CMPO concentration with increasing absorbed doses. Higher concentrations of nitric acid resulted in lower decomposition rates for the CMPO. The radio-protection by dissolved oxygen and nitric acid previously found for γ-irradiated CMPO also occurs for α-irradiation. This suggests that similar free-radical mechanisms operate in the high-LET system, but with lower degradation yields due to the lower overall radical concentrations produced.
The effect of some phthalimide derivatives on the corrosion behaviour of copper in nitric acid

Purpose – To show the effect of organic compounds containing O and N atoms on the corrosion inhibition of Cu in HNO3 and; the effect of some donating substituent groups on the corrosion inhibition.Design/methodology/approach – A range of published papers (1956‐1995), which aim to discuss the effect of organic compounds on the corrosion inhibition process. Two methods were used to determine the rate of corrosion, these methods were weight loss and polarisation. The effect of temperature and concentration were studied. The thermodynamic parameters for the process were computed and discussed.Findings – Provides information about weight loss and polarisation methods and how to prepare the Cu samples before and after tests. This will provide many academics relevant information before teaching or researching duties.Research limitation/implications – The paper may be using withdrawing substituting groups in addition to donating groups, this will improve the discussion, also the paper does not use the technique o.
Developing self-confidence through the transformation of evaluation practices

: Self-confidence is the driving force behind learning. But does it not also underlie the ability to make strong and courageous decisions when faced with various challenges? With the aim to provide an education for sustainable development and ecological transition, or even an education on the state of our planet, to what extent do academic evaluation systems prevent pupils from developing the self-esteem they need to face current problems calmly and take an active role in dealing with them? This article proposes practical approaches for setting up an evaluation system that is based on a teacher-pupil dialogue and provides pupils with the opportunity to work on their cognitive, metacognitive and skills .