Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring azinphosmethyl resistance in Archips agyrospila (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) populations

Azinphosmethyl was applied topically to the dorsal thorax of male fruittree leafroller moths, Archips agyrospila (Walker), caught in pheromone traps from 1986 to 1988 to test the tolerance of this pest within individual orchards. The LC50’s estimated with this technique generally reflected the control problems experienced in the individual orchards and were correlated with the tolerance exhibited by neonate fruit tree leafrollers fed diet containing azinphosmethyl in laboratory bioassays. However, high control mortality, and a lack of understanding of behavior in the adult males in response to pheromones and the natural variation in mortality, decrease the reliability of this technique in assessing the azinphosmethyl resistance of individual fruit tree leafroller orchard populations.
Marinating Broiler Parts: The Use of a Viscous Type Marinade

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the microbiological characteristics, amount of marinade pickup, cooking losses, flavor intensity, and overall preference of marinated broiler parts. The effects of marinating for 10, 20, and 30 min at 1.7, 10, and 18 C in a viscous type marinade were determined for each of the parameters. The microorganisms on the skin surface were reduced as the length of time the samples were marinated was increased to 30 min when compared to the ones not marinated. No effect of marinade temperature was found on surface microbe numbers. No differences in the number of organisms in the marinade solution were found attributable to length of time of marinating, temperature of the marinade, and exposure to the broiler part. Sterile and nonsterile marinade solutions were used to evaluate the influence of the solution on skin surface microorganisms. In the sterile marinade at 22 C, the number of organisms increased from 0 to 4.97 cfu/ml after exposure to the broiler parts for 30 min. The nonsterile marinade increased from 3.72 to 4.92 cfu/ml under the same conditions. The number of organisms on the skin surface increased during the first 10 min when compared to the control after exposure to the nonsterile marinade. The samples exposed to the sterile marinade for 10 min at 22 C showed a decrease from the control followed by an increase at 20 and 30 min when compared to those marinated for 10 min. The amount of marinade remaining on the skin surface increased as the time of exposure increased. The skin samples marinated for 10 min at 1.7 C picked up less than those marinated at 10 and 18 C and those marinated for 30 min at 1.7 C picked up more than those at 10 or 18 C. When broiler parts were evaluated, drumsticks picked up less marinade than the breasts (split) or thighs. Percent cooking losses for breasts (split), drumsticks, and thighs were not affected by the length of time or temperature of the marinade. Drumsticks had less cooking loss than either breasts or thighs. Flavor intensity was greater when ratings of marinated samples were compared to those not marinated for samples with skin attached but not in those with the skin removed. This indicated that the marinade did not penetrate the skin. There were no differences in flavor intensity when time of exposure and temperature of the marinade were evaluated.
Phospholipase-C β1 is predominantely expressed in the granular layer of rat cerebellar cortex

The beta1 isoform of phospholipase-C is exclusively present in the nucleus of several hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell lines and primary cells of different species. When present, it represents the key enzyme for initiating the nuclear phospholipid breakdown that is involved in the cellular response to proliferating and differentiating stimuli. We have studied the expression of this enzyme isoform in the rat cerebellar cortex. We demonstrate that phospholipase-C beta1 (PLCbeta1) is predominantly expressed in the neurons of the granular layer, while it is virtually absent in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers of rat cerebellar cortex. This pattern of expression is partially different from that of the mouse cerebellar cortex, where not only granular cells, but also Purkinje cells express PLCbeta1. The high level of synaptic inputs that converge on granular cells may imply a constantly active nuclear phospholipid metabolism that may not be strictly required for the appropriate cellular responses of the other cell types of rat cerebellar cortex.
The reproductive biology of the crystal goby with a comparison to that of the transparent goby

A histological analysis of the gonad of the pelagic crystal goby Crystallogobius linearis, from the coastal central area of the Adriatic Sea, showed it to be a truly semelparous species; after the first spawning the mature gonads of both males and females appeared to have lost the capability for further spawning. Mature females had very low fecundity (200–700 mature oocytes) and small egg size (0·2–0·55 mm) similarly to other progenetic species. This reproductive strategy is compared with that of Aphia minuta, and a possible cause for the post-reproductive mortality of the two gobies is suggested and discussed.
Survival of seeds of tropical grassland species subjected to bovine digestion.

The survival and digestion of seeds of 47 tropical and subtropical legume and grass species were studied by placing the seeds in nylon bags in the rumen of fistulated cattle, followed by acid-pepsin digestion, to identify any differences likely to affect dissemination by grazing cattle. Seeds of only four of the 23 grass species survived in appreciable numbers. Digestion for short periods actually increased germination of Digitaria ciliaris, Axonopus affinis and Paspalum notatum while seeds of Pennisetum clandestinum survived up to 10 days in the rumen. All four are creeping, sward-forming species adapted to heavy grazing. Few seeds of the tall tussock grasses survived the digestive processes. Survival of legume seeds was closely related to the hard seed content of the sample (.)
Permeability Changes by Peroxidation of Unsaturated Liposomes with Ascorbic Acid/Fe2+

AbstractLiposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine having a polyunsaturated fatty acid side chain were peroxidized in ascorbic acid/Fe2+ solution. Lipid peroxidation and the change in membrane permeability were monitored by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and the release of entrapped fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled superoxide dismutase (FITC-SOD), respectively. Peroxidation of liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoylphosphatidylcholine (PAPC) having 4 double bonds on one fatty acid side chain showed high TBARS value and caused the release of FITC-SOD. This release started when TBARS reached a definite value. But liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine having 1 or 2 double bond(s) on one fatty acid side chain caused little increase in lipid peroxidation and FITC-SOD release. During the peroxidation of PAPC-liposomes, the breakdown of PAPC and formation of lysophosphatidylcholine (or like substance) were detected by HPLC analysis.
High frequency of extra-pair fertilisations in the moustached warbler, a songbird with a variable breeding system

Summary We examined the genetic mating system of the moustached warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon, a multi-brooded songbird that sometimes breeds in trios (one female and two males). The second male, which appears relatively late in the breeding cycle, participates in all forms of parental care but provides less care than the pair male. DNA fingerprinting revealed a high frequency of extra-pair paternity: 39% (7/18) of the broods contained extra-pair young, comprising 27% (12/44) of the chicks. An additional 7 broods contained at least 9 chicks (out of 20) that were not sired by the resident male. We were able to assign paternity for 11 (52%) of the extra-pair young. Of these, 7 (64%) were sired by secondary males and 4 (36%) by close neighbours (nesting within 50 m). Consistently, pairs with extra-pair young had more close neighbours, and they also tended to have a secondary male at the nest. Caring for nestlings that they might have sired through extra-pair copulations may be a way for secondary males to salvage their reproductive effort. They may also provide parental care because of the possibility of pairing with the female in future breeding attempts. Our results suggest that female moustached warblers obtain direct benefits (i.e., help with brood care) from extra-pair copulations. However, a skewed fertilisation pattern implies that genetic compatibility between mates and copulation partners may also influence female extra-pair behaviour in this species.
Forage yield and nutritive value of elephantgrass as affected by harvest frequency and genotype

Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is known throughout much of the wet tropics for its prolific growth and usage as a forage for ruminants. In a 3-yr study conducted on a well-drained, infertile soil (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic, Grossarenic Paleudult) and under subtropical conditions near Gainesville, FL, the response of this forage to three harvest frequency regimes was measured. Genotypes evaluated were four tall elephantgrasses (PI 300086, Merkeron', N-43, and N-51), a dwarf elephantgrass (Mott), and a semi-dwarf Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. × P. purpureum Schum. hybrid (Selection 3) (.)
Variability of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in different pea samples for growing-finishing pigs

Six barrows, average initial body weight 32.5 kg, fitted with a simple T-can-nula at the distal ileum, were used to investigate factors responsible for the variability of apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values among six pea samples. The barrows were fed six corn-starch-based diets, formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) (as-fed) from six different pea samples, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as the digestibility marker. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 0800 and 2000 h. The dietary allowance was 1600 g−1. Each experimental period lasted 7 d. Ileal digesta were collected at 2-h intervals for a total of 24 h from 0800 h on day 6 to 0800 h on day 8. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, histidine, and methionine, there were differences (P < 0.05) in the apparent ileal digestibility values of the indispensable including semi-essential (+semi-) AA among the pea samples. Of the indispensable AA (+semi-) within each pea sample, the digestibility va.
Methane production from dairy and beef heifers fed forages differing in nutrient density using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique

The effects of cattle breed type [dairy (Holstein) versus beef (Charolais × Simmental)] and forage quality (high, medium and low) on methane production were measured under ad-libitum and restricted feeding conditions. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the forage diets was high = 61.5%, medium = 50.7% and low = 38.5%. Each hay diet was fed to four animals (two dairy and two beef heifers) in three periods of four 3 × 3 Latin squares. Each period consisted of 23 d during which heifers were individually fed their assigned forage for 14 d on ad-ibitum feeding. Following this, intake was restricted to 2% of body weight (BW) for 9 d. Methane production was measured for five 24-h intervals in each period at both levels of intake using the SF6 gas technique. Methane production was not different (P > 0.05) between dairy (238.0 ± 6.9 L d-1) and beef cattle (228.6 ± 7.8 L d-1) under either level of feeding. Forage quality affected CH4 (L d-1) output, with high = medium > low during ad-libitum feedi.
Growth forms and phenomorphology traits along an environmental gradient: tools for studying vegetation?

Relationships between plant form, plant function, and environmental factors are analyzed in order to test the efficiency of growth form attributes and phenomorphology for studying vegetation on a regional scale. Examples of sclerophyllous evergreen coppices with Quercus ilex in the mediterranean climate of southern France are examined. The results for three growth form attributes (renewal bud location, leaf consistency, leaf size) and some environmental factors show that these criteria are efficient along a gradient of increasing stress. Concerning phenomorphology, some trends along the main environmental gradient become evident, but these results should be confirmed with descriptions of more species. It is suggested that man's ancient, very strong influence upon these ecosystems could explain some results showing that growth form distribution does not fit the pattern of variation in environmental factors.
IMPROVED FEEDING VALUE OF SASKATCHEWAN-GROWN BARLEY FOR BROILER CHICKENS WITH DIETARY ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION

Nine barley samples representative of cultivars grown throughout Saskatchewan were fed with dietary β-glucanase supplementation (Aspergillus niger) as mixed feed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 compared barley diets with or without enzyme addition for broilers from 0 to 21 d, while exp. 2 involved comparison of broiler performance to market weight (0–42 d) when fed enzyme-supplemented barley diets or a wheat/corn-based diet. In exp. 1, chicks fed barley diets with the enzyme additive gained more weight and converted feed more efficiently than those given diets without the enzyme (P < 0.01). Variability among barley diets, as indicated by chick growth and feed efficiency, was reduced by the addition of the enzyme. In exp. 2, broilers consuming barley with dietary enzyme were lighter than their wheat/corn-fed counterparts at 21 and 42 d (P < 0.05). Body weight gain from 21 to 42 d was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Feed-to-gain ratio was higher for barley-fed broilers (P < 0.05) in compa.
MICROMETEOROLOGICAL AND CANOPY CONTROLS OF FIRE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN A FORESTED AMAZON LANDSCAPE

Fire is playing an increasing role in shaping the structure, composition, and function of vast areas of moist tropical forest. Within the Brazilian Amazon, cattle ranching and swidden agriculture provide abundant sources of ignition to forests that become sus- ceptible to fire through selective logging, severe drought and, perhaps, fragmentation. Our understanding of the biophysical factors that control fire spread through Amazon forests remains largely anecdotal, however, restricting our ability to model the Amazon fire regime, and to simulate the effects of trends in climate and land-use activities on future regimes. We used experimental fires together with measurements of micrometeorology (rainfall, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), wind velocity), canopy attributes (leaf area index (LAI), canopy height), and fuel characteristics (litter moisture content (LMC) and mass) to identify the variables most closely associated with fire susceptibility in the east-central Amazon. Fire spread rates (FSR, m/min) were measured in three common forest types: an 8-yr-old regrowth forest, a recently logged/burned forest, and a mature forest. One hundred fires were set in each study area during the last two months of the 2002 dry season. VPD, recent precipitation history, wind velocity, and LAI explained 57% of the variability in FSR. In combination, LAI, canopy height, and recent precipitation history accounted for ;65% of the variability in VPD, the single most important predictor of FSR, and approximately half of the total observed variability in FSR. Using logistic regression we were able to predict whether a fire would spread or die 72% of the time based on LAI, canopy height, and recent precipitation history. An approximate threshold in fire susceptibility was associated with a LMC of ;23%, somewhat higher than previously reported (15%). Fire susceptibility was highest under low, sparse canopies, which permitted greater coupling of relatively hot, dry air above the canopy with the otherwise cool, moist air near the forest floor. Fire susceptibility increased over time after rain events as the forest floor gradually dried. The most important determinants of fire susceptibility can be captured in ecosystem and climate models and through remotely sensed estimates of canopy structure, canopy water content, and microclimatic variables.
Unraveling the Phylogeny of Heptacodium and Zabelia (Caprifoliaceae): An Interdisciplinary Approach

Abstract Recent molecular investigations place Heptacodium as sister to the Lonicera clade, whereas morphology suggests a close relationship with the Linnaea clade s. 1. (former tribe Linnaeeae). Zabelia has always been assumed to be closely related or even congeneric with Abelia. This study presents molecular and morphological data in an attempt to further clarify the systematic positions of Heptacodium and Zabelia as they are key genera to help us understand evolution in Dipsacales. Our molecular analyses strongly support a sister relationship between Heptacodium and the Lonicera clade. Zabelia, however, seems to be closer related to the Morina clade than to any other member of the Linnaea clade s. 1. None of our phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship between Abelia and Zabelia. Morphologically, Zabelia's relationship with the Morina clade is only supported by the shared presence of psilate pollen grains with an endocingulum. Fruit and seed morphology strongly indicate a close relationship between Abelia, Heptacodium, and Zabelia. Even though wood anatomy of Zabelia is unique in several aspects, it does not aid in unraveling the systematic position of the genus. In the case of Heptacodium, hybridization is a plausible scenario that could explain the uncertain systematic position of the genus. A better understanding of the intergeneric relationships of the Lonicera and Linnaea s. 1. clades is essential to solve this matter.
Foodweb structure in a tropical Asian forest stream

Abstract A food web based on the gut contents of consumers (invertebrates and fishes) in pools of Tai Po Kau Forest Stream (TPKFS), Hong Kong (southern China), indicated the importance of periphyton and fine organic particles; coarse particulate organic matter was a less important food source despite its higher relative abundance in this shaded hillstream. Stable isotope analysis of consumer tissues was undertaken to confirm this result. IsoSource software was used to model n-isotope and >n + 1-sources, so that the relative contribution of the potential food sources could be determined. Results of an IsoSource mixed model of δ15N and δ13C stable isotope signatures of primary consumers generally supported evidence from gut content analyses about the importance of autochthonous resources. Inconsistencies between the results of gut content analysis and isotope signatures of consumer tissues occurred in a few cases but could be explained either by small sample size or the wide range of feasible solutions provided by the isotopic mixed model. Both techniques were needed to resolve the trophic position of omnivores. For instance, the gut contents of balitorid loaches indicated that they were primarily herbivorous but their stable isotope signatures revealed a significant dependence on animal food. Considerable overlap in the diets of predatory fishes and invertebrates (odonates, perlid stoneflies, palaemonid shrimps) was confirmed by both gut contents and stable isotope analyses. This finding, along with a lack of intraguild predation, resulted in a short mean and maximum foodchain length, high links per species, and high connectance for the TPKFS food web when compared with literature reports of other stream food webs. Periods of spate-induced disturbance during the wet season and limited algal productivity in TPKFS might also have contributed to the short food chains. Inconsistent levels of resolution for different taxonomic groups within the food web may have generated artefacts of low linkage complexity, high predator–prey ratio, and a small number of basal and intermediate species, a pattern that has been confirmed for stream food webs elsewhere. Our study is the first example of a food web based on complementary analyses of gut contents and stable isotope signatures for any tropical stream. This combined approach is recommended for future studies of food webs, especially in habitats where omnivores are an important component of the community.
INFLUENCE OF ENERGY INTAKE ON DEVELOPMENT OF BROILER BREEDER PULLETS

One hundred and two broiler breeder pullets were reared from 10 wk of age on one of three diets formulated to contain 15% CP and provide 10.67, 11.72, or 12.89 MJ ME kg−1. All birds received the same daily feed allotment. At 20 wk of age, the pullets were light-stimulated and nine birds per treatment were slaughtered for carcass analysis. The remaining birds were slaughtered for carcass analysis at the time that they laid their first egg. Twelve birds from each treatment were blood sampled from 10–25.5 wk of age and plasma luteinizing hormone levels determined. While all birds had similar ages at first egg, birds given the high energy diet grew faster and had more fat, protein and fat-free mass in the body at first egg relative to birds consuming the least amount of energy. Birds fed the high energy diet also displayed a higher percentage of fat and lower percentage of protein at first egg than did the birds fed the low energy diet. Coefficients of variation for weight of protein and fat-free mass at firs.
A long‐term study of the roles of competition and facilitation in the establishment of an invasive pine following heathland fires

1 Where competition with established vegetation limits plant recruitment, fires create open conditions which can allow invasive species to establish. However, facilitation theory suggests that destruction of vegetation will restrict germination and survival. These hypotheses were tested in a long‐term study of establishment by Pinus sylvestris– a globally important invasive – on English temperate heaths. 2 Pine seeds were sown at 10 sites which represented replicated stages of heath recovery after fire: from bare soil to dense, tall vegetation. 3 Seedling emergence varied among stages from 3% to 36% and was closely related to vegetation density, increasing with lower shrub height. The same pattern was evident within sites where seedlings emerged mostly at sowing locations with little or no vegetation. 4 Yearly seedling survival showed a quadratic relationship with vegetation density over the first 4 years; with extremely high (> 95%) mortality in both very open and very dense conditions, but low mortality (< 30%) under intermediate cover. Over the subsequent 5 years seedling mortality did not differ among stages or with vegetation density. 5 The initial conditions after fire constrain invasion because high emergence is countered by high mortality. However, the moderate shrub density during the first decade post‐fire enhances P. sylvestris seedling survival and so promotes invasion. Invasibility is low in dense mature heath, but becomes high as shrubs collapse in degenerate heath which increases seedling emergence and survival. 6 Synthesis. This study provides evidence that facilitation can occur in temperate regions, and that the plant interactions within a heathland community are a balance of competition and facilitation. This balance is governed by vegetation structure and plant ontogeny. Dominance of competition in more dense vegetation and for seedling emergence changed to facilitative effects in less dense vegetation and for older seedlings.