Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crash Risk Among Young Drivers Diagnosed with Psychopathology

Young drivers’ crash rates are highly elevated. Despite the small age range, this population is extremely heterogeneous, with subgroups at greater risk than others. Real-world driving data were used to examine risks of young drivers diagnosed with psychiatric psychopathologies. 654 young drivers were assessed for up to 2yrs. Relative to healthy controls, drivers with any psychiatric diagnoses had higher crash/near-crash (CNC) rates (aIRR=1.49). Young drivers diagnosed with internalizing psychopathology (depression and/or anxiety) had 41% higher CNC rates compared to healthy controls. Young drivers with comorbid externalizing (ADD/ADHD/Tourette’s Syndrome) and internalizing psychopathologies had the highest crash and CNC rates compared to healthy controls (aIRR=2.60; aIRR=2.51, respectively). In conclusion, psychiatric disorders represent a specific vulnerability for crashes where young drivers with comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders are at much greater risk to crash. Future research should examine possible variability or attenuation of risk associated with psychiatric treatment (e.g., medication or behavioral interventions).
The Determinants of Household Debt in Malaysia

This study aims to observe the determinants of the factors affecting household debt in Malaysia. This study has listed six independent variables that would affect Malaysia’s household debt: real interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, household consumption expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP), and housing price index (HPI). This research was conducted by using annual data for 30 years (1991-2021); this study also used a quantitative approach to the collection of data using secondary data such as the website of the World Bank, Department of Statistics Malaysia, Eikon Thomson Reuters, and Bank Negara Malaysia. A theoretical model with the hypothesized relationships was tested with the help of the structural equation modelling procedures. Findings showed that the unemployment rate and gross domestic product have a positive and significant relationship with household debt. These determinants are directly affecting household debt in Malaysia, especially in microeconomic factors. This study will contribute to a better understanding that household debt can be influenced by other factors. Further study on the other determinants of household debt may result in varying results.
Transaction Accounts and Loan Monitoring

We provide evidence that transactions accounts help financial intermediaries monitor borrowers by offering lenders a continuous stream of data on borrowers' account balances. This information is most readily available to commercial banks, but other intermediaries, such as finance companies, also have access to such information at a cost. Using a unique set of data that includes monthly and annual information on small-business borrowers at an anonymous Canadian bank, we provide empirical evidence that transactions account information helps the bank to monitor commercial borrowers' operating loans and we show the direct mechanism through which an intermediary can use this information in monitoring and controlling moral hazard problems associated with a rising probability of bankruptcy.
LA REPRODUCTION DE LA TOURTERELLE MAILLÉE Streptopelia senegalensis DANS LA PLAINE DU TADLA (MAROC CENTRAL) : ANALYSE COMPARÉE AVEC LA TOURTERELLE DES BOIS Streptopelia turtur

biology of Laughing Dove was studied in 2008 in Tadla olive and orange groves. A comparative analysis with Turtle Dove was carried out. Laughing Doves have occupied only olive groves. The species built their nests at an average height of 2.58 ± 0.09 m (n = 21) from the ground, and at 1.67 ± 0.19 m from the trunk, at 2.12 ± 0.24 m from the lowest part of the canopy and at 2.17 ± 0.24 m from the external part of the canopy. Egg-laying started during the first weeks of February (day 10), with the latest recorded during the last weeks of July. Egg-laying lasted about six months with peaks noted respectively in first weeks of April (28.3%, n = 21) and July (14.3%). Average clutch size was 1.92 ± 0.08 eggs per nest, clutches of two eggs were dominant (90.5%, n = 21). Nest desertion (40.0%, n = 10) and nest destruction (30.0%) were the main causes affecting nesting success. Breeding success defined as the proportion of nests for which at least one chick fledged was 54.0 ± 14.0 % with a mean productivity of 1.08 ± 0.29 fledged chicks per nest. Nest location within olive canopy did not affect breeding success. Comparative analysis with Turtle Dove showed that significative differences were recorded in olive grove occupations, nest placement, egg dimensions and egg-laying period duration. However, no difference was noted in clutch size and breeding success.
Global Water Vapor Trend from 1988 to 2011 and Its Diurnal Asymmetry Based on GPS, Radiosonde, and Microwave Satellite Measurements

AbstractThis study analyzes trends in precipitable water (PW) over land and ocean from 1988 to 2011, the PW–surface temperature Ts relationship, and their diurnal asymmetry using homogenized radiosonde data, microwave satellite observations, and ground-based global positioning system (GPS) measurements. It is found that positive PW trends predominate over the globe, with larger magnitudes over ocean than over land. The PW trend is correlated with surface warming spatially over ocean with a pattern correlation coefficient of 0.51. The PW percentage increase rate normalized by Ts expressed as is larger and closer to the rate implied by the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) equation over ocean than over land. The 2-hourly GPS PW data show that the PW trend from 1995 to 2011 is larger at night than during daytime. Nighttime PW monthly anomalies correlate positively and significantly with nighttime minimum temperature Tmin at all stations, but this is not true for daytime PW and maximum temperature Tmax. The ratio of r.
Statistical patterns of high‐latitude convection obtained from Goose Bay HF radar observations

We have derived patterns that describe the statistical interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) dependencies of ionospheric convection in the high-latitude region of the northern hemisphere. The observations of plasma motion were made with the HF coherent backscatter radar located at Goose Bay, Labrador, over the period September 1987 to June 1993. The area covered by the measurements extended poleward of 65°Λ to a working limit of about 85°Λ. Distributions of electrostatic potential have been derived and expressed as series expansions in spherical harmonics. The patterns are the first derived from direct ground-based observations of ionospheric convection that approach in completeness and level of detail the patterns derived in recent satellite studies [Rich and Hairston, 1994; Weimer, 1995]. We show the dependence of the convection on IMF angle in the GSM y–z plane for three intervals of IMF magnitude in this plane. Except for predominantly northward IMF, the convection is primarily two-cell. The dusk cell is larger in terms of both spatial extent and potential variation/The effect of IMF By is apparent in the global shaping of the cells and the orientation of the overall pattern in MLT; for By + (By−) the dusk (dawn) cell is more round (crescent-shaped) and the pattern more rotated toward earlier MLTs. The By effect on the nightside convection is pronounced and is hemispherically antisymmetric, like the well-known day side By effect. For IMF increasingly northward, the convection trajectories on the dayside become increasingly distorted, evolving through a three-cell to a four-cell circulation. The additional cells appear on either side of the noon meridian and result in sunward flow. The overall agreement with the results of the satellite studies is good and extends to quite fine detail in the case of the comparison with Weimer [1995]. There are significant differences with the statistical patterns derived from magnetometer measurements, which tend to show domination by the dawn rather than the dusk cell.
Some Characteristics of Permafrost and Its Distribution in the Gaize Area on the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau, China

ABSTRACT An investigation of permafrost in the Gaize area in the west Qinghai—Tibet Plateau in China was conducted in October and November of 2010 and 2011. It was found that mean annual ground temperature was >-1 °C with a permafrost thickness of <60 m in the widespread alpine steppe below an altitude of 5400 m a.s. l. The active layer thickness was usually deeper than 3 m with a maximum of about 5.7 m. Overall, the ice/water content of the top 15 m of frozen soil was usually <10%. The altitudinal limit of permafrost in the alpine steppe was about 5100, 5000, and 4950 m a.s. l. on south-, east-west-, and north-facing slopes, respectively. A permafrost map was constructed using the ARCGIS platform and topographic information from the TOPO 30 digital elevation model. Statistical analysis of the map revealed that permafrost is primarily distributed in the hilly/mountainous areas of Gaize, covering 51% of the study area. The area of permafrost in this map is considerably less than in the Permafrost Map of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau drawn in 1996. Further analysis revealed that the large difference between the two maps could be attributed to both errors in the earlier mapping method and permafrost degradation.
Vertical Patterns in Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) Larval Drift within Two Rivers Directly Connected to Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Fish larvae in riverine environments often disperse (e.g., drift) from areas of egg deposition at the time of hatch. Several components of drift can be important in terms of survival including timing, distribution in the water column, and body size. The longitudinal and cross-sectional aspects of larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) drift from upstream spawning sites have received considerable study. However, the vertical distribution of larval lake sturgeon in the water column has not been comprehensively evaluated with respect to river size, water depth, the size of larvae in drift over the entire drift period, and the effectiveness of traditional sampling gear (D-frame nets) designed to collect larvae along the river bottom. In 2013, we sampled larval lake sturgeon drifting from upstream spawning sites in the Menominee and Oconto Rivers (Wisconsin, USA) using traditional D-frame nets and custom fabricated sampling nets that vertically partitioned the water column. Drifting larval lake sturgeon were observed from the river bottom to the top of the water column in both systems. Vertical net section was a significant predictor of total larval catch with the highest catch occurring in nets towards the center of the water column but was dependent on net location within the rivers’ cross section and downstream distance from spawning locations. 42% of larvae captured across both rivers were outside of the sampling capability of the traditional D-frame nets (i.e., fish would have drifted over the top). Studies seeking to describe larval production for lake sturgeon, as well as other fish species that exhibit drift in larval dispersal, need to consider a balance between net design and sampling the vertical/cross sectional profiles of rivers. Size-based vertical drift may also have consequences for studies seeking to estimate genetic parameters (e.g., diversity and parentage).
Effect of Brewing Methods on Acrylamide Content and Antioxidant Activity: Studying Eight Different Filter Coffee Preparations

The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters affecting the extraction of positive molecules such as chlorogenic acids and antioxidants, as well as potentially carcinogenic substances such as acrylamide, in different coffee brewing methods. Three coffee varieties, each assigned a different roasting degree, were used to prepare coffee brews following eight different preparation methods. Acrylamide was quantified using the HPLC-MS/MS instrument, while chlorogenic acids and caffeine were quantified using the HPLC-DAD system. Three spectrophotometric analyses were also performed (DPPH, TFC and TPC) to evaluate antioxidant activity. The results showed that the main brewing parameters, which have the greatest influence on the final content of these compounds, were the volume of water used, more specifically the brewing ratio (coffee to water ratio), the extraction time and the particle size of the coffee powder. In addition, the variables that have the greatest impact on the discrimination of the preparation methods studied are total chlorogenic acid content, TFC, TPC, caffeine and the DPPH assay. For this reason, the recipe and infusion parameters used for each of the extraction systems are the key factors that determine the extraction of coffee components and, consequently, the quality of the cup.
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics from slow pools of soil organic matter in a temperate forest: Pyrogenic organic matter and root litter

iv Dedication . vi Acknowledgements . vii List of Tables . xiv List of Figures . xvi Appendices . xix Chapter 1: Introduction and background . 1 PyOM . 3 Root litter C. 5 PyOM turnover in soils . 7 Elucidating the chemical structure of PyOM from forest fire events . 9 Atmospheric deposition as an input pathway for PyOM . 12 The effects of PyOM on the turnover rate of native SOM . 13 The influences of plant litter inputs on fine root decomposition in soils . 15 Nitrogen deposition effects on the degradation of slow and passive SOM fractions . 16 Overview of dissertation research . 18 References . 19 Chapter 2: Biological degradation of pyrogenic organic matter in temperate forest soils . 30 Abstract . 30
Lepidoptera research in Puerto Rico: Reconnecting with historical legacies to guide future priorities

The Caribbean archipelago of Puerto Rico supports a diverse flora and fauna and is located in a region characterized by complex socio‐economic and environmental change. The diversity of entomofauna across Puerto Rico has received considerable attention in wide‐scale research over the last century, with particular emphasis on the order Lepidoptera as the subject of substantial taxonomic and ecological surveys. However, much of this work is incomplete, outdated, or has been obscured in gray literature. Thus, our primary objectives were to contextualize the role of past research in the current understanding of Puerto Rican Lepidoptera and to outline an agenda for future research. Specifically, we provide an overview of taxonomic, ecological, agricultural, and conservation Lepidoptera research in Puerto Rico and highlight key studies and historical datasets. We found that, despite a strong taxonomic legacy, native moth taxonomy remains poorly understood, except for a few major pests. Further, much of the recent Lepidoptera research has focused on short‐term evaluations of agricultural pests, necessitated by immediate economic needs. The current ecological status of Lepidoptera on the islands is unknown. Therefore, prioritizing ecological research could provide timely insight for understanding changing Lepidoptera diversity and distribution and for conserving this biologically and economically significant group. Greater emphasis on long‐term monitoring and digitization of museum collections would be particularly useful for quantifying past and forecasting future impacts of global change.
Using odonates as markers of the environmental health of water and its land related ecotone

The study of Odonata communities along wetlands requires the basic understanding of the abundance, distribution and number of species present. As habitat conditions change, they also exhibit changes in their diversity and distribution. Odonata assemblages were surveyed along the Densu River at Atewa Range Forest Reserve (ARFR) and Nsawam in the Eastern Region of Ghana and Weija in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Of the 177 species recorded for Ghana, 66 species (43 dragonfly and 23 damselfly species) were sampled along the Densu River. These belonged to eight families of which the Libellulidae dominated. The distribution of species was significantly different between the sites with the most diverse area being ARFR with 47 species. The various environmental variables along the river were recorded and their effects discussed.
Changes in the molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic carbon within a Precambrian shield stream

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is of environmental and biological significance to Precambrian shield streams. Our objective was to determine the extent of transformations to the concentration and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of DOC along the length of Harp 4A stream, from the headwater swamp to the outflow into Harp Lake. The average MWD shifted to a smaller weight by 0.48 kDa. A rapid decline in the concentration and MWD of DOC was observed within 120 m from the main DOC source, a headwater swamp. The most significant decline in concentration and MWD was observed within the first of a series of three beaver ponds. DOC within waters downstream of the beaver ponds was resistant to further changes in concentration and MWD. The MWD within each of four stream sections with Hp 4a remained stable over 6 months, from May to October 2001.
Rapid loss of phenotypic plasticity in the introduced range of the beach daisy, Arctotheca populifolia

Phenotypic plasticity is thought to be beneficial for species when introduced to a new range, increasing their proficiency in colonising and expanding into new environments. It has been hypothesised that an increase in phenotypic plasticity can be selected for when introduced to a new range. We set out to determine whether there was greater phenotypic plasticity in introduced populations of Arctotheca populifolia, compared with their native source population. We compared levels of phenotypic plasticity in four introduced Australian populations with the one identified source population from South Africa, across two separate glasshouse experiments that varied availability of (i) nutrients and (ii) water. Phenotypic plasticity was assessed at the population level for 13 individual traits, and across a suite of traits using a meta‐analysis to determine whether there was an overall difference in plasticity between ranges. The Australian populations had a significantly lower composite plasticity in response to nutrient availability (−0.56 [95% CI: −0.99; −0.13]), as well as lower plasticity in response to water availability, though this was not significant (−0.36 [95% CI: −0.80; 0.07]). Synthesis. Contrary to our expectations, A. populifolia has lower phenotypic plasticity in its introduced range than in its native range. This may have resulted from founder effects, or from rapid changes in plasticity due to selective pressures differing between the native and introduced ranges.
Cover crop mixture diversity and function

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crop mixture diversity on cover crop function. Specifically, this study evaluated the effect of cover crop species and functional richness on aboveground biomass productivity, weed suppression, soil nutrient retention, soil microbial community characteristics, and performance stability. Twenty to forty cover crop treatments were replicated three to four times at eleven sites across southeastern Nebraska using a pool of eighteen species representing three cover crop species each from six pre-defined functional groups: cool-season grasses, cool-season legumes, cool-season brassicas, warm-season grasses, warm-season legumes, and warm-season broadleaves. Each species was planted in monoculture and the most diverse treatment contained all eighteen species. Remaining treatments represented intermediate levels of cover crop species and functional richness. Cover crop planting dates ranged from late July to late September with both cover crop and weed aboveground biomass being sampled prior to winterkill. Soil samples were taken in the following spring and analyzed for soil extractable nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, sulfate, and chloride as well as extracted for fatty acid methyl esters to characterize soil microbial biomass and community structure. Performance stability was assessed by evaluating the variability in cover crop biomass for each treatment across plots within each site. While increasing cover crop mixture diversity increased average aboveground biomass productivity, I argue that this was simply the result of the average performance of the monocultures being drawn down by low yielding species rather than due to niche complementarity or increased resource use efficiency. Furthermore, while increases in cover crop mixture diversity were often correlated with increases in weed suppression, increases in soil nutrient retention, increases in soil microbial biomass, alterations in soil microbial community structure, and increases in performance stability, I argue that this was a result of diversity co-varying with aboveground biomass, and that differences in aboveground biomass rather than differences in diversity drove the differences observed in weed suppression, nutrient retention, soil microbial community characteristics, and stability. The results of this study contradict many popular hypotheses regarding the relationship between plant mixture diversity and function. v Dedication To my husband, Robert, with thanks. vi Acknowledgements I have been incredibly fortunate in the people I have been able to work with during my time at the University of Nebraska. For these people and to these people I would like to express my heartfelt thanks. First and foremost I want to thank my major advisor, Dr. …
Drained Behaviour of Sand Under Plane-Strain Conditions

In this paper, a new plane-strain apparatus is described. Experimental data obtained from drained tests on very loose to me- dium dense sand are presented. The failure behaviour of a granular fill material under plane-strain conditions is studied. The results show that the friction angles obtained from plane-strain tests are higher than those from triaxial tests. It is observed that under plane- strain conditions shear bands will occur for medium loose to dense sand. However, no visible shear bands are observed for very loose specimens.
The Association between the EAT–Lancet Diet and Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Several studies have explored the association between diabetes and the EAT–Lancet diet. Thus, the objective of our study was to conduct a systematic review to analyze and summarize all clinical studies concerning the association between diabetes and the EAT–Lancet diet. We undertook a comprehensive search of the Embase, Cochrane, and PubMed databases up to 15 August 2023. All clinical studies concerning the association between diabetes and the EAT–Lancet diet were summarized and analyzed. In total, our systematic review included five studies of four prospective studies and one cross-sectional study, encompassing 259,315 participants. All the included studies were evaluated as high quality. The outcomes from all studies indicated that adherence to the EAT–Lancet diet was correlated with a reduced risk of diabetes. In conclusion, the EAT–Lancet diet may be an effective dietary intervention for diabetes. Nevertheless, the number of studies examining the association between diabetes and the EAT–Lancet diet is limited. Further high-quality studies are required to expand our understanding of the benefits of the EAT–Lancet diet for patients with diabetes.