Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Yield Gap in Lowland Rice Production in North-Central Nigeria.

Although Nigeria has comparative resource advantage in terms of favourable climatic, edaphic and ecological conditions in the production of rice, local production has not been able to meet the growing demand. The inability of the Nigerian rice economy to satisfy the domestic demand and the consequent growth of rice import quantity and value remains a cause of concern. The study analyzed the difference between potential and actual yield of rice in North Central Nigeria. Employing a multi-stage sampling technique, data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaire administered to a sample of one hundred and forty four rice farmers in Niger state, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression models. Results indicated that rice farmers in the area cultivated four improved rice varieties WITA 4, FARO 15, FARO 35 and FARO 44 with average yield gaps of 1.48, 2.85, 3.03 and 3.20 tons per hectare respectively. This makes these rice varieties under-exploited as farmers operate at levels where they obtain an average of 49% of the potential yield. Factors which contribute to the reduction in the magnitude of rice yield gap include increase in the frequency of contacts between farmers and extension workers, increase in fertilizer use per hectare and higher intensity of tractor use. It was recommended that the yield potential of cultivated rice varieties should be fully exploited as a first option to meeting the current level of national rice demand because increased rice production towards the attainment of self-sufficiency may well hinge upon the ability of farmers to narrow the gap between current rice yields and yield potentials. Keywords: Lowland rice, Yield gap, Nigeria.
Rare Earth Elements as an Indicator to Origins of Skarn Deposits: Examples of the Kamioka Zn‐Pb and Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(–Fe) Deposits in Japan

Abstract: Systematic data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented in order to put some constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids responsible for two contrastive skarn deposits in Japan; the Kamioka Zn‐Pb and Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies have demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits are of meteoric water origin whereas those for the Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits are of magmatic water origin. The REE abundances of epidote skarn derived from aluminous rocks, garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn derived from limestone, and interstitial calcite associated with sulfide minerals were determined for these contrastive skarn deposits by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).
Metamorphic and deformational processes in the Franciscan Complex, California: Some insights from the Catalina Schist terrane

On Santa Catalina Island, blueschist is structurally overlain by glaucophanic greenschist, which is overlain in turn by a unit of amphibolite and ultramafic rock. These three units are juxtaposed along sub-horizontal postmetamorphic thrusts; tectonic blocks of amphibolite are distributed along the thrust between the greenschist and the blueschist. Physical conditions of metamorphism are estimated to be approximately 300°C and 9 kb for blueschist, 450°C and 8 kb for greenschist, and 600°C and 10 kb for amphibolite. I suggest that metamorphism occurred in a newly started subduction zone, where an inverted thermal gradient developed below the hot hanging-wall peridotite. Postmetamorphic eastward underthrusting along surfaces of varying dip can explain the present structural relationships. Tectonic blocks of glaucophane-epidote schist, amphibolite, and eclogite elsewhere in the Franciscan Complex may be disrupted remnants of similar metamorphic zones. The inverted thermal gradient will only exist in the early stages of subduction, which explains why the blocks are the oldest rocks in the Franciscan Complex. The gross decrease in age and metamorphic grade westward across the Franciscan results from successive underthrusting and accretion of progressively younger slices of supercrustal material, concurrent with uplift and erosion. Pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions of metamorphism in each east-dipping tectonic slice will increase down-dip. At any given time, older, more easterly slices will have been uplifted further, hence metamorphic grade in the exposed edges will increase eastward and structurally upward. If erosion is faster than accretion for a time, younger slices will be metamorphosed at lower pressures than were the older higher ones. Simple reverse faulting can then produce the observed interleaving of rocks of different metamorphic grade.
Gravity anomalies, isostasy, and mantle flow at the East Pacific Rise crest

Bathymetry and gravity data obtained during a detailed Hydrosweep survey of the southern East Pacific Rise from 7°S to 9°S are used to investigate isostasy at the axis of a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge. In particular, we examine the manner in which the bathymetric crestal high is supported and how this support varies along the axis within the 160-km-long 7°12'S-8°38'S ridge segment. The crestal high stands about 400 m above the adjacent ridge flanks and has a nearly constant minimum axial depth for a distance of 140 km. The summit is broad and flat, and an axial summit caldera is present for the entire length of the ridge segment. However, the width and cross-sectional shape of the crestal high vary systematically along the axis. It is broad with gentle slopes in the center of the segment but becomes progressively narrower and steeper toward the ends of the ridge segment. The ridge crest is marked by a free-air gravity anomaly high about 15–20 km wide with an amplitude of 10–15 mGal relative to the ridge flanks. Mantle Bouguer anomalies vary systematically along the axis with minimum values found near the center of the segment. The axial mantle Bouguer anomalies thus do not reflect the axial depth but are correlated with changes in the cross-sectional area of the crestal bathymetric high. The effects of cooling and subsidence away from the axis were removed from the bathymetry and free-air anomalies to isolate residual topographic and gravity anomalies associated with the ridge crest. The residual crestal bathymetric high was modeled as a flexural feature resulting from the upward buoyant load of a region of low density material centered beneath the axis. The lithosphere was treated as a broken plate, either with a constant flexural rigidity or an effective elastic thickness Te which grows at a rate proportional to the square root of distance from the axis. The best fitting values of Te for the constant rigidity case are in the range of 0.3–0.6 km. For the growing plate model, Te increases at a rate of 0.2–0.3 km½. The gravity constrains the mass deficiency to extend to a depth of 20–30 km for both lithospheric models. We interpret this low-density material as a region of partial melt feeding magma to the ridge axis. The best fitting density anomalies imply that a 4–9% melt fraction is present beneath the crestal high. Upwelling of melt to the axis is thus confined to a narrow zone within about 10 km of the axis. The mass deficiency and thus the upwelling partial melt are not distributed evenly along the ridge axis but rather are concentrated in the central portion of the ridge segment. It thus appears that differences between the along-axis gravity and depth patterns observed at slow spreading and at fast spreading ridges are not the result of a change from three-dimensional, focused upwelling at slow spreading ridges to two-dimensional sheetlike upwelling at fast-spreading ridges. Rather, the differences in axial gravity and depth between fast and slow spreading ridges reflect differences in the efficiency of the shallow along-axis magma distribution.
Prior Knowledge Incorporated Large-Scale Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Load Frequency Control of Isolated Microgrid Considering Multi-Structure Coordination

In load frequency control (LFC) of island microgrids, the objectives of the controller and power distributor are inconsistent, which increases the frequency deviation and total generation cost. To solve this problem, a data-driven multi-input multioutput LFC (MIMO-LFC) method is proposed. Furthermore, an innate-oriented large-scale multiagent double delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm is proposed for this method. The design of the algorithm is based on a human cognitive mechanism, whereby a priori knowledge is delivered to the agent before prelearning to guide the learning of the agent more effectively, thus improving the robustness of MIMO-LFC. This method integrates the controller and distributor into one agent and solves the cooperative control problem arising between the controller and power distributor by outputting the command of each unit directly. An experiment on the Zhuzhou Island microgrid verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Water quality perception and the recreational uses of Green Bay, Lake Michigan

How people perceive Green Bay as a recreation resource, how perceptions differed between groups, and how these perceptions related to recreation use patterns, are identified. Whereas seven of 10 household heads interviewed participated in boating, or swimming, only three of the 10 used Green Bay during the preceding 12 months, indicating that Green Bay was not a focal point of water-based recreation among residents of the five-county study area. Chi square test groups differed significantly on most comparisons when used to describe the Bay and its most bothersome physical and water quality characteristics. Generally, participants and those who use the Bay were less apt to cite unpleasant smell and dead fish as major problems and more apt to cite such problems as winds, waves, and cloudiness. Comparisons between three user groups (fishermen, boaters, and swimmers) indicated swimmers and boaters differed most in their perception of the Bay and its troublesome characteristics, with fishermen occupying a position between the two groups.
Copper‐gold mineralisation in New Guinea: Tectonics, lineaments, thermochronology and structure

In New Guinea, the upper crust is rich in Late Miocene and Pliocene copper‐gold deposits, yet the host intrusives are mainly in the New Guinea Fold Belt and are of mantle origin and not directly subduction‐related. Structural, thermochronological and geodynamic analyses of the Grasberg, Porgera, Ok Tedi and Frieda River deposits show that the richest deposits occur along the eastern edge of the intersections between long‐lived crustal transfers perpendicular to strike and strike‐parallel crustal extensional faults that were strongly inverted during Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene orogenesis. The deposits are all associated with north‐northeast‐trending transfers, parallel to the aeromagnetic grain in basement, across which the continent‐ocean suture shows >50 km horizontal separation, as identified by the southern limit of the central New Guinea ophiolites. In the fold belt, the transfers coincide with the termination of regional anticlines or uplifts that are 150–200 km long and 30–60 km wide. Balanced sections reveal that the southern limit of these regional anticlines is commonly fault‐bound and coincides with major facies and thickness changes, indicating long‐lived, crustal extensional faults that were inverted. Fission track and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages show that mineralisation occurred during inversion of these faults and, hence, correlates with propagation of orogenesis from northeast to southwest. It is proposed that the pre‐compression New Guinea margin comprised step‐like promontories and embayments delineated by long‐lived crustal fracture zones, as on Australia's North West Shelf. During Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene compression the crust was thickened, accompanying melting of the underlying mantle, and the crustal fracture zones were reactivated as transfers. Where the transfers intersected crustal extensional faults that were being inverted, local zones of dilation occurred, allowing emplacement of mantle magmas and associated mineralisation. When the deformation propagated southwards, so did the crustal thickening and the reactivation of major faults, allowing emplacement of younger magmas and mineralisation.
Substorm and interplanetary magnetic field effects on the geomagnetic tail lobes

The average relationship of the tail lobe magnetic energy density to the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and substorm expansion phase is investigated by using a superposed epoch analysis method. An enhanced average lobe energy density is observed to be associated with a southward component of the IMF prior to substorm breakup. Coincident with the expansion onset, the lobe field rapidly recovers, and the north-south component of the IMF turns northward. The average magnitude of the substorm-associated lobe field variation is measured to be ∼14%, a value sufficiently large to enable the lobes to serve as the source of the energy dissipated during substorms.
The world's most spectacular marine hydrocarbon seeps (Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara Channel, California): Quantification of emissions

We used 50 kHz sonar data to estimate natural hydrocarbon emission rates from the 18 km2 marine seep field offshore from Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, California. The hydrocarbon gas emission rate is 1.7 ± 0.3 × 105 m3 d−1 (including gas captured by a subsea seep containment device) and the associated oil emission rate is 1.6 ± 0.2 × 104 Ld−1 (100 barrels d−1). The nonmethane hydrocarbon emission rate from the gas seepage is 35±7 td−1 and a large source of air pollution in Santa Barbara County. Our estimate is equal to twice the emission rate from all the on-road vehicle traffic in the county. Our estimated methane emission rate for the Coal Oil Point seeps (80±12 td−1) is 4 times higher than previous estimates. The most intense areas of seepage correspond to structural culminations along anticlinal axes. Seep locations are mostly unchanged from those documented in 1946, 1953, and 1973. An exception is the seepage field that once existed near offshore oil platform Holly. A reduction in seepage within a 1 km radius around this offshore platform is correlated with reduced reservoir pressure beneath the natural seeps due to oil production. Our findings suggest that global emissions of methane from natural marine seepage have been underestimated and may be decreasing because of oil production.
Stable carbon isotope ratios of Pinus sylvestris from northern Finland and the potential for extracting a climate signal from long Fennoscandian chronologies

Stable carbon isotope ratios were measured on the latewood cellulose of 36 Scots pine trees from four sites in northern Finland. δ13C values were corrected for changes in the δ13C of air and de-trended to remove the effect of tree age. Simple linear and multivariate correlations were used to determine the nature and strength of any climate signal. At three sites, the dominant controls are, in descending order, summer sunshine, temperature and antecedent precipitation. At the fourth site, the dominant controls are antecedent precipitation and air relative humidity, while summer sunshine and temperature appear unimportant. δ13C values record changes in the concentration of CO2 in the stomatal chambers, which reflects the balance between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate. Photosynthetic rate is controlled primarily by photon flux (sunshine) and temperature, suggesting that this dominates at three of the sites, whereas stomatal conductance is controlled by air humidity and soil moisture status (antecedent precipitation), suggesting that it dominates at the fourth site. The balance between these controls varies spatially and it is likely to have varied locally during the Holocene. Without some independent estimate of either stomatal conductance or photosynthetic rate, there is limited potential for using δ13C alone to extract a clear and consistent climate signal from the long Fennoscandian pine chronologies.
Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in a Patient with Pierre Robin Sequence by Using Distraction Osteogenesis

Miss A is a 23-year-old Malay female diagnosed with a Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) associated with severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and feeding problem because of a severe micrognathic mandible. She required a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device to sleep at night. The mandible was successfully treated with distraction osteogenesis. Her OSA improved, and her feeding problem was alleviated. Thus, she no longer needs a CPAP device.
Acanthorhachis, a new genus of shark from the Carboniferous (Westphalian) of Yorkshire, England

Abstract An association of diverse hollow spines and dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from the Carboniferous (Westphalian) of Todmorden, Yorkshire, England are attributed to a new genus of enigmatic shark that may lie close to Listracanthus Newberry & Worthen, 1870. Scanning electron microscopy shows that denticle morphology is highly variable, but forms a morphocline including elongate multi-spined elements as well as robust dome-like stellate denticles and recurved spinose elements. Histological analysis suggests an absence of enameloid. Continuous variation of form between elongate multi-cusped spines to boss-like circular denticles shows that all previously described Palaeozoic species of Listracanthus are probably junior synonyms of the type species L. hystrix Newberry & Worthen, 1870. The status of Listracanthus as a surviving ‘Lilliputian’ taxon after the Permian extinction is questioned. Although the new specimen has affinities with Listracanthus, significant differences in the form of the posterior spines on elongate denticles warrants its placement in the new genus Acanthorhachis gen. nov. The family Listracanthidae is erected to accommodate Listracanthus and Acanthorhachis.
Observations of long‐duration episodic bottom currents in the Middle America Trench: Evidence for tidally initiated turbidity flows

[1] Benthic flow in the Middle America Trench off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica is examined using time series from a single-point acoustic current meter moored 21 m above bottom at 4386 m depth at the southern end of the trench from November 2005 to April 2007. In addition to significant (∼0.1 m s−1) tidal currents, the instrument recorded a series of 12 episodic northwestward along-trench flow events of roughly monthly duration. Event velocities often exceeded 0.25 m s−1 and were contemporary with enhanced acoustic backscatter intensity. Events ended with a rapid (<1 day) reversal to southeastward flow and reduced backscatter. Seafloor temperature records from two nearby Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) borehole observatory sites reveal that the flow events were accompanied by a steady rise in bottom water temperature. Temperatures dropped abruptly to background values at the end of each event. The event timing generally tracked the envelope of the tidal current modulation. On the basis of the November 2002 to February 2009 borehole observatory temperature records, the events had a mean duration of 40(±20) days and were separated by a between-event interlude of 30(±25) days. Findings indicate that the episodic flows were likely rotationally modified, autosuspending turbidity currents initiated by tidal current resuspension of sediments above the shoaling trench floor to the southeast of the mooring site. Suspended particles in the turbidity currents are estimated to range from 0.0003% to 0.006% of the current by volume. Results suggest that tidally induced turbidity currents may be common to steep, well-mixed regions of the deep ocean adjacent to sediment rich continental margins.
40Ar/39Ar constraints on the timing and origin of Miocene leucitite volcanism in southeastern Australia

Laser incremental-heating 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of seven leucitites from southeastern Australia indicates that leucite-bearing lavas in individual geographic clusters were erupted in one million years or less. The eruption ages range from 17.9 ± 0.3 Ma (2σ) at El Capitan in northern-central New South Wales to 8.9 ± 0.2 Ma (2σ) at Cosgrove in northern Victoria. The 40Ar/39Ar results demonstrate that the southward migration of leucite-bearing lavas was near-contemporaneous with age-progressive central-volcano magmatism in southeastern Australia. As such, the 40Ar/39Ar results are consistent with a hotspot-related origin for the leucitites. However, the question of whether single or multiple hotspots are required to explain these volcanic chains, which are separated by a distance of about 300 km, awaits a more complete geochronological picture of the onset, duration and migration of leucitite and central-volcano magmatism in eastern Australia.
Women, Aging, Health and Quality of Life: A framework for action and policy formulations

The population of the elderly in the world will double from 2015 to 2050, reaching nearly 2.1 billion. The ageing population suffers from physical, mental health, and psychological well-being. There such customized policy that caters to helping the ageing population. The current examination studies ageing women, their health, and their quality of life () in India. The study tried to capture the two major and vast diversified areas. Respondents were randomly selected from four south and north Indian states. The present investigation covered 64 cities in these four states and collected 1,100 samples. The data analysis revealed that QoL has a significant difference with different demographic factors as well as health status, Literacy level, marital status, socioeconomic status, and health status of elderly women. Most of them suffer from diabetes, hypertension, and digestive system issues, so they need regular medical care and attention. Further data analysis unearthed that most ageing women belong to middle and lower socio-economic backgrounds. The government should focus more on their financial assistance and food security and arrange proper counselling therapy for their mental health to improve their QoL. The study contributes to the constructive and reflective handling of the health and well-being of the ageing female population. Policymakers must look into the health issues of the elderly population and make customised policies and actions that can assist the elderly population.
Modelling seasonal and spatial variations in the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland

Abstract The impact of spatial and temporal variations in the surface albedo and aerodynamic roughness length on the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, was examined using a semi-distributed surface energy-balance model (Arnold and others, 1996). The model was updated to incorporate the glacier-wide effects of albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations using parameterizations following Brock (1997). After the model’s performance was validated, the glacier-wide patterns of the net shortwave, turbulent and melt energy fluxes were examined on four days, representative of surface conditions in late May, June July and August. In the model, meteorological conditions were held constant on each day in order that the impact of albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations could be assessed independently. A late-summer snowfall event was also simulated. Albedo and aerodynamic roughness-length variations, particularly those associated with the migration of the transient snowline and the decay of the winter snowpack, were found to exert a strong influence on the magnitude of the surface energy fluxes The importance of meteorological conditions in suppressing the surface energy fluxes and melt rate following a fresh snowfall was highlighted