Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural and anthropogenic trace gases in the southern hemisphere

Concentrations of CCl3F (F-11), CCl2F2 (F-12), CHClF2 (F-22), C2Cl3F3 (F-113), CH3CCl3, CCl4, C2Cl4 (PCE), CH3I, CHCl3, CO, CH3Cl, CH4, N2O, and OCS were measured in and above the boundary layer (0–4 km) of the southern hemisphere (latitudes 30°S–40°S, longitudes 138°E–146°E) during November 1981. The measurements were made by EC/GC, GC/FID, EC/GC/TP and GC/MS (GC-gas chromatography; EC-electron capture; FID-flame ionization detector; TP-temperature programmed; MS-mass spectroscopy). The concentrations are reported, the results are analyzed statistically to uncover differences of concentration in and above the boundary layer and unusual observations are explained.
The Coalbed Methane (CBM) Potential and CO2 Storage Capacity of the Santa Terezinha Coalfield, Paraná Basin, Brazil – 3D Modelling, and Coal and Carbonaceous Shale Characteristics and Related Desorption and Adsorption Capacities in Samples from Exploration Borehole CBM001-ST-RS

This study investigates the CBM generation and CO2 storage capacity of the coal-bearing Permian age Rio Bonito Formation in the Santa Terezinha Coalfield, Paraná Basin, Brazil. In order to assess the volumetrics of the coal seams a fourth-order sequence stratigraphic framework of the coal-bearing succession was established based on parasequence boundaries. A 3D geometric model based on data from 36 well logs was developed, and enabled subdivision of the study area into regions with very different CBM potential, due to variable cumulative coal thickness, depths and presence/absence of diabase. Strata of the coal-bearing Rio Bonito Formation were penetrated in well CBM001-ST-RS at a depth of 575.70 to 638.35 m, from which twelve coal seams and carbonaceous shales, ranging in thickness from 0.15 to 1.77 m, were retrieved for analysis. Gas desorption values range from 0.3 to 2.2 cm3/g. Gas composition is dominated by methane (> 94 Vol%). Gas isotopic analyses suggest a mixed biogenic and thermogenic origin. Vitrinite reflectance indicate a rank of high volatile A bituminous coal, with semi-anthracite occurring in contact with igneous rocks. The majority of the samples has vitrinite group contents > 50 Vol%, mineral matter-free basis. Ash yields range from 42.1 to 92.8 wt. %, whereas sulphur contents range from 0.1 to 7.7 wt. %. Volatile matter and calorific values (dry ash-free) range from 37.6 to 79.4 wt. %, and 2352 to 8107 kcal/kg, respectively. Mineral composition of the samples is dominated by quartz and kaolinite, whereas major element analyses show that SiO2 is most abundant. The 3D model allowed volumetric calculation for the coal seams and formed the basis for calculations of gas content and CO2 storage capacity. According to the 3D model the four coal-bearing parasequences of the study area contain a coal volume on the order of 3212 × 10 6 m3 suggesting a resource base of 5.5 × 109 m3 of methane associated with the coal seams and carbonaceous shales of the study area. The methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacities show a high positive correlation with TOC content. The coal seams appear to be undersaturated, since sorption capacity is significantly higher than the desorbed gas volume. The CO2 sorption capacity at mean reservoir pressure was up to 7 times higher than the methane sorption capacity. Based upon sorption capacities and reservoir conditions, a storage potential of 13.8 Gt CO2 in coal seams and carbonaceous shales of the study area is estimated.
First testing of a volcano Doppler radar (Voldorad) at Mount Etna, Italy

A medium‐power (1 kW) Doppler radar of limited weight (110 kg) and working in the UHF band has been developed for active remote sensing of volcanic eruptions. Named Voldorad, this radar is designed to monitor eruptive activities of variable magnitude at medium distance range (∼0.5–5 km), in any weather condition, and fills the gap between low‐ and high‐power radar or sodar systems previously tested on volcanoes. Voldorad was operated for the first time during an eruption of Mt. Etna on October 11–12, 1998. Doppler spectra recorded at 1 km distance from the vent reveal powerful echoes during the eruption paroxysm (lava fountains), which gradually decreased along with declining activity. An average vertical velocity of 80–87 m s−1 is inferred for the eruptive jets.
Drift Velocity Concept for Sediment-Laden Flows

The vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration in open channel flows is usually described by the advection-diffusion equation. Hence, only the mechanisms of advection and diffusion affect the movement of sediment particles. However, recent publications show that the equation could not describe fully the sediment concentration distribution in open channels. A new model for particle migration in sediment-laden turbulent flow is presented. The model assumes there is an additional mechanism influencing the particle movement in sediment-laden flows. A new mechanism, which is called the drift, acts independently of advection and turbulent diffusion. Based on all three mechanisms, a new equation for the concentration distribution is derived. The equation describes the vertical distribution of sediment concentration more accurately than the advection-diffusion equation.
Climatic change due to solar irradiance changes

Solar irradiance reconstructions back to 1874 are used to estimate the effect of the Sun on global-mean temperature. The importance of the history effect, whereby recent temperature changes may be influenced significantly by past forcing changes, is evaluated. Modelled temperature changes are shown to be relatively insensitive to model uncertainties. The overall range of modelled temperature variations is extremely small, 0.05°C.
The relationship between timing of onset of menarche and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood

Abstract Aims Girls who experience an earlier onset of menarche than their peers are at increased risk of depressive symptoms in mid-adolescence, but it is unclear if this association persists into adulthood. This study examines whether longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood vary according to timing of menarche. Methods About 4,864 female participants in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children provided data on age at onset of menarche (assessed in repeated questionnaires from 8 to 17 years) and depressive symptoms across nine time points (13 to 26 years) using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. We compared patterns of depressive symptoms in girls with ‘early’ (<11.5 years), ‘normative’ (11.5 to 13.5 years) and ‘late’ (≥13.5 years) menarche using a linear spline multilevel growth curve model adjusted for indicators of socioeconomic position, father absence and body mass index. Results Early, compared with normative, menarche was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms at age 14 (imputed adjusted estimated difference = 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44, 1.45), but the association attenuated at 24 years (0.24 [−0.72, 1.19]). Late menarche, compared with normative, was associated with a lower level of depressive symptoms at age 14 (−0.69 [−1.10, −0.29]), but this association also attenuated at 24 years (−0.15 [−0.92, 0.62]). Conclusions This study did not find a persistent effect of early menarche, compared to normative, on depressive symptoms. However, our findings are consistent with the level of depressive symptoms increasing at the onset of menarche irrespective of timing. The late onset girls ‘catch up’ with their peers who experience menarche earlier in terms of depressive symptoms. Future studies should continue to assess the impact of timing of menarche further into adulthood.
Observed correlations between aftershock spatial distribution and earthquake fault lengths

We observe the spatial distributions of the magnitude of aftershocks following the six earthquakes of focal depth shallower than 20 km with magnitude more than 5.0 from 1983 to 1987 in Japan. The upper limit of the aftershock magnitude is examined as a function of the distance from mainshock hypocentre. The observed spatial distributions of the upper limit are bimodal, with a tendency of the upper limit to decrease as the distance from mainshock hypocentre increases. Moreover, we observe the correlations between the aftershock spatial distribution and earthquake fault length. We focus on the largest aftershocks in each of two aftershock sequences constituting the bimodal distribution. The distances of the two largest aftershocks from the mainshock hypocentre are equal to the fault lengths of shallow earthquakes in Japan and to the maximum earthquake fault lengths.
Hydro-Physical Behavior of Gypseous Soils Under Different Soil Management in a Semiarid Region of NE Spain

The hydro-physical properties of gypseous soils, which are commonly associated with dry climates, determine the productivity of rangelands and croplands. The objective of this paper is to study, in the semiarid central Ebro Basin, NE Spain, some hydro-physical properties of gypseous soils under five different contrasted soil managements: soils of ungrazed (N) and grazed (GR) uncultivated lands, and freshly moldboard tilled (MB), cropped (C), and fallowed (F) agricultural soils. The gypsum content of the studied soils, with concentrations that are natural, ranged from 50 to 92%. The soil bulk density (ρb), saturated sorptivity (S 10), hydraulic conductivity (K 10), and the water retention curve (WRC) of undisturbed soil samples from the 0–10 cm deep soil layer after removing the soil surface crust were calculated. Soil penetration resistance (SPR) for the upper 10 cm soil layer was also measured. Additional measurements of soil surface crust sorptivity (S crust ) and hydraulic conductivity (K crust ) were conducted. Livestock trampling in GR promoted the highest ρ b and SPR values. The lack of soil disturbance in N caused that this treatment showed the lowest values of S crust and K crust , but the highest S 10 and K 10. The specific behavior of gypseous soils, whose loose aggregates easily collapse during the soil wetting process, showed that the MB freshly tilled soil produced the lowest values of S 10 and K 10. A typical bimodal function of the WRC was found. Pore size distribution was affected by the soil treatment, with the highest and lowest values under MB and GR treatments, respectively.
The P–T–deformation path for a mid‐Proterozoic, low‐pressure terrane: the Reynolds Range, central Australia

The Proterozoic low-pressure, high-temperature (LPHT) terrane of the Reynolds Range occurs in a 130-km-long, NW-trending belt in the central part of the Arunta Block, central Australia. The Reynolds Range has been affected by two mid-Proterozoic tectonic cycles, DI and DII, associated with two metamorphic events, MI and MII. DI–MI effects are restricted to the older of two sedimentary successions, the Lander Rock beds, which are separated from the younger Reynolds Range Group by an angular unconformity. The dominant structural–metamorphic features formed during DII–MII affected both sedimentary successions and the various granites that intruded them, and reworked most DI–MI effects. The DII deformation history can be subdivided into one prograde, two peak, and one retrograde stage. Average P–T calculations in the southeastern half of the range indicate a peak-metamorphic pressure of 4.1 ± 0.3 kbar. Because the calculated values are derived from the same stratigraphic level corresponding to the base of the Reynolds Range Group, which is exposed throughout the area, it is likely that pressures were similar in the entire range. In fact, however, the peak-metamorphic temperature shows a dramatic increase from greenschist facies (c. 400° C) in the northwest to granulite facies (740 ± 60° C) in the southeast, indicating that MII was associated with anomalously high heat flows. The P–T path is anticlockwise, with isobaric cooling from the metamorphic peak indicated by corona textures. However, the evidence of a prograde increase in pressure is indirect and based on the compressional nature of the structures. Peak-metamorphic mineral assemblages and retrograde mineral assemblages in amphibolite facies shear zones show the same metamorphic zonation, suggesting they formed in response to the same thermal event. If this is true, the implication is that a thermal perturbation external to the crust was maintained for a considerable period of time (110 Ma, based on zircon dating). As it is not clear whether Proterozoic, asthenosphere-active, thermal perturbations operated for this long, the alternative interpretation must be considered, namely that the peak-metamorphic events are separate from the shear zone event associated with reheating of the area.
Learning from in-group and out-group models induces separative effects on human mate copying

Abstract Mate copying is a social learning process in which individuals gather public information about potential mates by observing models’ choices. Previous studies have reported that individual attributes of female models affect mate copying, yet little is known about whether and how the group attributes of models influence mate copying. In the current behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, female participants were asked to rate their willingness to choose the depicted males as potential romantic partners before and after observing in-group or out-group female models accepting, rejecting or being undecided (baseline) about the males. Results showed that participants changed their ratings to align with the models’ acceptance or rejection choices. Compared to rejection copying, the effect of acceptance copying was stronger and regulated by in- and out-group models, manifesting a discounting copying effect when learning from out-group models. At the neural level, for acceptance copying, stronger temporoparietal junction (TPJ) activity and connectivity between TPJ and anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC) were observed when female models belonged to out-group members; meanwhile, the functional connection of TPJ and amPFC positively predicted the rating changes when learning from out-group models. The results indicated that participants might need more resources to infer out-group members’ intentions to overcome the in-group bias during acceptance copying.
The younger dryas cooling in northeast Germany: summer temperature and environmental changes in the Friedländer Groβe Wiese region

A lake sediment record from the Friedländer Groβe Wiese in northeast Germany was studied to reconstruct summer temperature changes associated with changes in vegetation development during the Weichselian Lateglacial. The record was analysed for pollen, chironomids, and oxygen and carbon isotopes of lake marl. The combination of radiocarbon dates, the presence of the Laacher See Tephra and correlation of lithological and palynological changes with other records from the region indicated that the record encompassed the Allerød to the early Holocene. Pollen assemblages reflect development of birch and later pine‐dominated forests during the Allerød, comparable to other sites in the region. Chironomid‐inferred mean July air temperatures (C‐IT) for this period range between ∼14.0 and 14.8°C. A temporary decrease in C‐IT of ∼1°C, a negative shift in the isotope records, and a minor decline of birch may correspond to Greenland Interstadial 1b. Even though the transition to the Younger Dryas appears to be affected by reworking and redeposition processes, a drop in C‐IT to ∼11.1°C is reconstructed for the later part of the Younger Dryas, while it appears that pine locally persisted in the region. Comparison with a nearby pollen record further indicates a local expansion of wetland grasses during this period. At the transition to the Holocene, C‐IT increased to ∼15.7°C, while birch and pine forests re‐expanded. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bainang Terrane, Yarlung–Tsangpo suture, southern Tibet (Xizang, China): a record of intra-Neotethyan subduction–accretion processes preserved on the roof of the world

The Bainang terrane, an intra-oceanic island arc subduction complex into which Tethyan oceanic rocks were accreted during the Cretaceous, is preserved within the Yarlung–Tsangpo suture zone of Tibet. The lithostratigraphic succession established from field mapping records a long history of sedimentation in different portions of the central Tethyan domain from Late Triassic to mid-Cretaceous time. These rocks are preserved within a south-verging imbricate thrust stack of thin (≪1 km thick) northward younging tectonic slices. Five lithotectonic units were mapped in the terrane and these units are assigned to two distinct tracts. The northern tract, which accumulated on the north side of Neotethys, was probably separated from its southern counterpart by a mid-ocean ridge. Detailed radiolarian biostratigraphy is used to constrain the timing of depositional events within each tract. Oceanic plate stratigraphy of the northern tract records its northward travel and mid-Cretaceous (late Aptian) approach towards a south-facing intra-oceanic subduction zone. Rocks in the southern tract developed closer to the Indian subcontinent and experienced thermotectonic subsidence and Mid-Jurassic basic alkaline intraplate magmatism. They were probably accreted late in the Cretaceous. Variations in structural style across the terrane indicate deformation at different depths and vertical growth of the wedge rather than lateral accretion. The overall tectonostratigraphy of the terrane reflects its development in a remote intra-oceanic setting.
Diverse regulatory pathways modulate bet hedging of competence induction in epigenetically-differentiated phase variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Despite enabling Streptococcus pneumoniae to acquire antibiotic resistance and evade vaccine-induced immunity, transformation occurs at variable rates across pneumococci. Phase variants of isolate RMV7, distinguished by altered methylation patterns driven by the translocating variable restriction-modification (tvr) locus, differed significantly in their transformation efficiencies and biofilm thicknesses. These differences were replicated when the corresponding tvr alleles were introduced into an RMV7 derivative lacking the locus. RNA-seq identified differential expression of the type 1 pilus, causing the variation in biofilm formation, and inhibition of competence induction in the less transformable variant, RMV7domi. This was partly attributable to lower expression of ManLMN in RMV7domi, which promoted competence induction through importing N-acetylglucosamine. This effect was potentiated by orthologues of the gram-negative competence regulatory machinery. Furthermore, a phage-related chromosomal island was more active in RMV7domi, which inhibited transformation by increasing expression of the stress response proteins ClpP and HrcA. However, HrcA increased competence induction in the other variant, with its effects depending on Ca2+ supplementation or heat shock. Hence the heterogeneity in transformation efficiency likely reflects the diverse signalling pathways by which it is affected. This regulatory complexity will modulate population-wide responses to synchronising quorum sensing signals to produce co-ordinated yet stochastic “bet hedging” behaviour.
Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

This study investigates data on the Cl, F, and S concentrations of plume-filter samples collected between 1992 and 1995 from Mount Etna. The samples were collected during eruptive and noneruptive activity and show fairly constant Cl/F ratios but wide variation in the Cl/S ratios. The determination of the Cl/F ratio (between 5 and 14) allows an estimate of F degassing to be derived that ranges from 10 to 30% of the initial F content of the magma. The variation in the Cl/S ratio fits an empirical two-stage degassing model where gas with high Cl/S ratio is discharged during quiescient degassing and gas with low Cl/S ratios is discharged during eruptive degassing. The typical permanent degassing occurs from a depth at which chlorine exsolution exceeds sulfur exsolution (Cl/S > 1). The opposite of this behavior is observed during eruptive periods when significant sulfur degassing occurs because magma degasses at near atmospheric pressure (Cl/S ∼ 0.1). The Cl/S ratio in the plume, characterizing the type of degassing, has the potential to be a useful geochemical tool for monitoring the volcano.
MICRO-ORGANIC MATERIAL WITH DIAGENETIC PYRITE FROM THE LOWER PROTEROZOIC MOUNT ISA SHALE AND A CARBONIFEROUS SHALE

Summary Forms of organic material already known to be associated with first generation pyrite grains in the Mount Isa Shale (Lower Proterozoic, Queensland, Australia) are explained by reference to similar forms obtained from an Upper Carboniferous shale from Yorkshire, England. In both cases the material is regarded as first having lain as plant micro-debris in the sea-floor mud, where iron sulphide formed within it. Deformation of some bodies by reorganization of pyrite, with or without new mineral, left various distinct and characteristic forms. Probably of diverse origin, some of the original bodies from the Mount Isa Shale are referable to the Acritarch sub-group, Sphaeromorphitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant, 1963.
Influence of winter sea-ice motion on summer ice cover in the Arctic

Summer sea-ice cover in the Arctic varies largely from year to year owing to several factors. This study examines one such factor, the relationship between interannual difference in winter ice motion and ice area in the following summer. A daily-ice velocity product on a 37.5-km resolution grid is prepared using the satellite passive microwave sensor Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer—Earth Observing System data for the nine years of 2003–2011. Derived daily-ice motion reveals the dynamic modification of the winter ice cover. The winter ice divergence/convergence is strongly related to the summer ice cover in some regions; the correlation coefficient between the winter ice convergence and summer ice area ranges between 0.5 and 0.9 in areas with high interannual variability. This relation implies that the winter ice redistribution controls the spring ice thickness and the summer ice cover.
Stratigraphy and evolution of basalts in Mare Humorum and southeastern Procellarum

Abstract— We have studied the mare basalts of Mare Humorum and southeastern Procellarum (30°W–50°W, 0°–40°S). One hundred and nine basaltic units have been identified from differences in their FeO wt% and TiO2 wt% content, and variations in crater densities. Crater counting and reference to isotopically dated Apollo samples have provided an age for 33 major units. Some evidence for three distinct periods of volcanic activity has been found. We found that the large unit in the middle of Mare Humorum is the oldest in the basin. This supports the suggestion that the oldest central unit sank causing the lithosphere to bend and create dykes through which lava flowed to produce the outer units. No evidence of a trend in FeO wt% and TiO2 wt% content against time is found within Mare Humorum. There appears to be no lateral trend of basalts in terms of FeO and TiO2 wt% over the entire area with time. An increase in FeO content with time is found in the 33 major units and there is some evidence for an increase in TiO2 in the same units. A correlation between FeO wt% and TiO2 wt% content is evident when all 109 units are compared. A notable feature of this correlation is a sharp increase in gradient of TiO2 wt% content when the FeO wt% content rises above about 17%.