Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative ruminal ciliates distribution and physiology of bacteria isolated in buffalo and cattle fed wheat straw-performed protein diets

Extensive studies on characterization and physiology of rumen bacteria were conducted on fistulated cattle and buffalo. 4 each. maintained firstly on wheat straw- groundnut-cake diet (10.8%CP) followed by another trial onwheat straw-cotton seed-cake diet (8.7%CP). Generic distribution and ruminal sequestrating behaviour based on taxonomic classification of protozoa were also enumerated. Results revealed that fibrribacter bacteria Bacteroides amylophilus, Butvrtvibrio fibrisolvens, Clostridium lochheadii and amylolytic Ruminococcus bromii were readily isolated and frequented in buffalo than in cattle fed wheat straw- groundnut-cake diet. Similar was the Trend for ruminal distribution of isolates barring Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (which exceeded in cattle vs buffalo) due to other fibrous diet (wheat straw-cotton seed-cake) Selenomonas ruminantium excelled in buffalo than cattle due to latter diet. were. however, densely populated in cattle relative to buffalo when fed wheat straw- groundnut-cake diet. The higher occurrence of other anaerobes in cattlc than buffalo irrespective of test diet, was Streptococcus bovis and Succinimonas amylolytica. Wider distribution of celluloly the and H.S producers between buffalo (22.44%) and cattle (8,14%) was recorded. Such occurrence was narrow er for proteolytic bacteria of cattle and buffalo, Isotricha and Entodinium were the most predominant protozoal genera. Ruminal Eudiplodinium were exceedingly trebled in buffalo (2.1%) compared to cattle (0.6%) while their relative prevalence was very less (0.7 vs 0.1%) along the rumen epithelial wall. Protrizoan generic distribution in the proximity of rumen epithelial layer as compared to core of the rumen differed. This along with sequestrating pattern of protozoa is delineated.
Effect of the use of coated plant extracts and organic acids as alternatives for antimicrobial growth promoters on the performance of broiler chickens

The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP’s) has become under pressure more and more due to the fear that their intensive use in the feed of livestock leads to the formation of resistance against pathogenic bacteria in humans. This increasing pressure and the decision of the European Union to reduce or even to ban AGP’s, has initiated intense research on safe and efficient alternatives. Plant extracts, more commonly known as essential oils, have been used for centuries in Chinese herbal medicine. They have been used for many years also in human food, but now more and more they find their way into animal nutrition as possible alternatives for AGP’s, although with inconsistent results (VOGT et al., 1989; LANGHOUT, 2000; SMINK, 2000; WILLIAMS and LOSA, 2001; CROSS et al., 2002; 2003; SIRVYDIS et al., 2003). Plant extracts are known to promote feed intake (mainly due to their appetizing flavour or aroma) and digestive enzyme production, to enhance the immune system as well as to destroy pathogens (bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects) (KAMEL, 2000; MELLOR, 2000). The concentration of bioactive compounds can vary significantly from one botanical source to another (KAMEL, 2000). So, it is believed that a combination of plant extracts provides their greatest effect. The effect of a homogeneous blend of natural and nature identical plant extracts, evenly distributed into micro-granules and protected by a double coating process, named RepaXolTM, was tested in the present trial. The plant extracts used in this product originated from oregano, cinnamon, thyme and capsicum with the main active components being carvacrol, cinnamic aldehyde, thymol, capsaicin and eugenol. Carvacrol is known to inhibit the metabolism of the microbial cell wall (SMINK, 2000). Cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol stimulate appetite and digestion and are antiseptic (KAMEL, 2000). An antioxidant activity is linked to cinnamon and thymol and capsaicin is found to act anti-inflammatory (KAMEL, 2000). Organic acids also have been examined as alternatives for AGP’s. They have been used extensively for more than 25 years in swine production, but more recently also in
Growth of the intertidal snail, Monodonta labio (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) on the Pacific coast of central Japan

Growth of the trochid snail Monodonta labio was investigated by individual marking on a Pacific coast rocky shore of Honshu, central Japan. Growth rates of small sized M. labio were greater during summer to fall than during winter. However, the growth of large sized M. labia did not fluctuate all year round. Estimated growth curves were gained from growth data of monthly recaptured M. labio, From the estimated growth curves it was showed that newly recruited M. labio (1.6 mm in shell height) grew 10.3 mm at 1 yr after recruitment, 16.7 mm after 2 yrs, 20.2 mm after 3 yrs, 22.6 mm after 4 yrs, 24.4 mm after 5 yrs and reached the maximum size at the study shore of 25.0 mm after 5 yrs 2 mo.
Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships in the neotropical genus Gymnopithys (Formicariidae)

AL%sTRACT. Evolutionary relationships among obligate ant-following birds in the genus Gymnopithys were addressed using phenetic and phylogenetic analyses of allozyme characters. Genetic variation at 37 gene loci was analyzed across all four species in the genus and within two species (Bicolored Antbird [G. leucaspis], and White-throated Antbird [G. salvin$. Interspecific genetic distances were high, and comparable to other studies of Neotropical birds, which exceed those in many temperate zone species. Within the genus, Lunulated Antbird (G. lunulata) and G. salvini were sister taxa. There was only weak support for a sister-taxon relationship between G. leucaspis and the Rufous-throated Antbird (G. n&da). Within G. leucaspis and G. salvini, high F,, indicated substantial genetic subdivision, again comparable to other Neotropical birds and much greater than temperate zone birds. Increased age of population isolation is proposed to account for the high genetic divergence in Neotropical birds. Received I5 May 1992, accepted 24 Nov. 1992.
EFFECTS OF METHYL JASMONATE ON POSTHARVEST DECAY IN STRAWBERRY FRUIT AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED

The effects of 1 μmol/L methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on fruit decay and some defense enzymes activities in strawberries during storage at 5°C were investigated. The results indicated that treatment with 1 μmol/L MeJA significantly inhibited fruit decay caused by Botrytis cinerea during storage. Control fruit showed fungal decay on day 2 and thereafter fruit decay index increased rapidly. Fruit treated with MeJA exhibited visible fungal decay on day 4 and then the decay index increased gradually. After 10 days of storage, the decay index of MeJA treated fruit was only 12.7%, while that. of control fruit reached 45.3%. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increased rapidly at the initial period and then decreased dramatically after 2 days. [. ]
Challenges for evidence-based environmental management: what is acceptable and sufficient evidence of causation?

Investigators attempting to demonstrate causal relationships in environmental systems face challenges associated with natural variability, multiple stressors, the difficulty of performing rigorous experiments, and the time and money required to undertake such studies. Rapid, transparent, and logical methods are needed to synthesize and evaluate evidence from multiple existing scientific research studies. Eco Evidence was developed for this purpose. It provides a synthesis method, online database, and analysis software for use in environmental causal assessments. Eco Evidence provides a definition of ‘acceptable’ and ‘sufficient evidence’ to establish causation. To illustrate its capabilities, we provide an example in which Eco Evidence informed a review of groundwater abstraction limits for environmental flow guidelines in the Australian Capital Territory. The synthesis of available evidence from peer-reviewed and unpublished sources was deemed sufficient and acceptable to inform a decision to keep groundwater abstraction limits <10% of long-term recharge. However, the definitions of acceptable and sufficient evidence might differ based upon the reasons for conducting an environmental causal assessment and on the perceived risk and consequences of making particular decisions.
New and Interesting Records of South African Fungi.

Sometimes the author has the good fortune to collect, or to be sent, fungi which are apparently not recorded for South Africa. It seems desirable to place such species on published record and consequently this paper, the first of what is hoped will be a series, is presented. It is a pleasure to thank all those who have assisted by sending collections. The author is also deeply indebted to the Director of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute and members of his staff, for their help and courtesy in checking some of the determinations. Without such collaboration it is often impossible to be sure of the identity of a fungus suspected of being a new record for the country. No attempt has been made to Hst all the literature concerned with each species, nor to present a complete synonymy, since many of the most important papers are not available. Reference is made to papers which were useful in naming the collections, and in some of these there are hsts of synonyms. Unless otherwise stated, the numbers quoted below refer to collections in the Mycological Herbarium of the Department of Agriculture, Pretoria.
Cytokines (IL 1β and IL 6) responses in non-pregnant does infected with corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis following intradermal route of infection in chronic state

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) which commonly affects sheep and goats. The disease remains as a major disease causing economic loss to the small ruminant industries. There is little information related to responses of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in the chronic states. This study was designed to determine the serum concentrations of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (pg/mL) in non-pregnant does experimentally inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis via intradermal route in chronic form. Eighteen non-pregnant healthy Katjang does aged 2 years old were divided randomly into two groups. The control and the treatment groups consist of nine does each and were kept for 3 months. The control group was inoculated with PBS solution while the treatment group was inoculated intradermally with C. pseudotuberculosis. Serum samples were collected every 3 days (72 hours) for 3 months (2064 hours). The present study showed significant increase in IL-1β (278 ± 19.19 pg/mL) after 1day (24 hours) of post infection (p<0.0001) which decreased sharply (98.31 ± 19.19 pg/mL) after 5 days (120 hours) of post infection (p = 0.9293) and attained a significant concentration (217.43 ± 19.19 pg/mL) after 3 months (2064 hours) of post infection (p<0.0048) in does challenged with C. pseudotuberculosis compared to the control group. In contrast, the concentration of IL-6 increased significantly (p<0.0001) to (56.43 ± 1.98 pg/mL) in 2 months (1392 hours) of post infection and then decreased significantly (p<0.0001) to concentration of (22.18 ± 1.98 pg/mL) in 3 months (2064 hours) compared to the control group. In conclusion, the present study indicate that the importunity of C. pseudotuberculosis is associated with persistently high concentrations of IL-1β and low concentration of IL-6 which, when interpreted, could severely contribute to pathological vicissitudes and injury of organs and tissues in the chronic stage of C. pseudotuberculosis infections.
PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONAL SOFT CHEESE FORTIFIED WITH GINGER EXTRACT.

UF soft cheese fortified with ginger extract as a functional dairy food was evaluated. Buffalo's milk retentate was divided into three equal portions. Five and 10 gm fresh ginger rhizome was extracted and added separately to 100 gm milk retentate. The latter batch had no ginger extract as a control. All groups were salted with 4 % NaCl/water phase. The resultant cheese samples were divided into 2 parts; one was separately pickled in salted permeate (4%), while the other was kept without pickling. All cheese samples were stored at 5±2°C for 6 weeks. The results revealed that, cheese pickling increased the proteolysis and acid value, while decreased pH and total volatile fatty acids (T.V.F.A.). Fortification with ginger extract enhanced cheese proteolysis and (T.V.F.A.), while reduced pH value and peroxide values (P.V.) of cheese samples. In general, un-pickled soft cheese was more springiness, firmer, darker and more yellowish compared with pickled cheese samples. Fortification with ginger extract caused an increase in cohesiveness, whiteness and yellowish colour degree and decrease in firmness of both pickled and un-pickled soft cheese. Ginger extract-fortified cheese enhance the growth of L. lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris, which more pronounced in pickled samples. Mould and Yeast were detected only in control cheese samples after 2 weeks. Ginger extract fortified cheese gained the highest scores for flavour, texture and overall acceptability in both pickled and unpickled cheese samples, which became more acceptable over storage.
Comparative study of drying methods on chemical constituents of Malaysian red seaweed

ABSTRACT This study determined the proximate composition, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the edible red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, under different drying conditions, namely, oven dried, sun dried, vacuum dried, and freeze dried. The proximate composition of K. alvarezii has shown no significant difference (p > 0.05) in macronutrient components except fat content. Phytochemical studies conducted on total phenolic content and total flavonoid content showed that vacuum-dried extracts demonstrated the highest total phenolic content at 12.97 mg PGE g−1 DE. In vitro antioxidant activities of seaweed extract by ferric-reducing antioxidant potential and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity proved that oven-dried extracts showed the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power value, 272.95 µM TE mg−1, and highest scavenging activity, EC50 9.55 mg mL−1. In general, sun-dried extracts showed lowest antioxidant among all treatments.
Extended delignification in kraft cooking through improved selectivity

La difference d'alcalinite a 170 o C entre des solutions contenant de la lignine dissoute et des solutions sans lignine (lessive blanche) a ete determinee indirectement par determination du degre de degradation de la cellulose evalue a partir des changements du degre de polymerisation calcule a partir de mesures de la viscosite intrinseque. Les resultats montrent que l'alcalinite de la solution contenant la lignine augmente avec la temperature
Hydrothermal pre-treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch into fermentable sugars

Presently oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the solid waste which is produced daily whereby it is usually left at plantation site to act as organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch. The major drawback in biomass conversion technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. A pre-treatment step is required to break the lignocellulosic biomass to easily accessible carbon sources for further use in the production of fuels and fine chemicals. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of hydrothermal pre-treatment under different reaction temperatures (100 - 250°C), reaction time (10 - 40 min), solid to solvent ratio of (1:10 - 1:20 w/v) and particle size (0.15 - 1.00 mm) on the solubilization of OPEFB to produce soluble fermentable sugars. The maximum soluble sugars of 68.18 mg glucose per gram of OPEFB were achieved at 175°C of reaction temperature, 20 min of reaction time, 1:15 w/v of solid to solvent ratio for 30 mm of particle size. Results suggest that reaction temperature, reaction time, the amount of solid to solvent ratio and size of the particle are crucial parameters for hydrothermal pretreatment, in achieving a high yield of soluble fermentable sugars.
Winter home range of snow leopards in Népal

A cause de leur densite peu elevee, leur distribution eparpillee, leur comportement insaisissable, et leur habitat montagneux, les pantheres des neiges (Uncia uncia) ont ete l'objet de peu d'etudes. Dans cette etude, le domaine d'hiver de trois pantheres des neige equipees de colliers-emetteurs (2 femelles et 1 mâle) dans la zone de conservation de l'Annapurna, au Nepal, a ete mesure. Les domaines d'hiver varient de 13.9 a 22.3 km 2 (1= 19.1 km 2 ). Les domaines se recouvrent de facon extensive aussi bien entre animaux de meme sexe qu'entre animaux de sexes differents, et une superficie de 8.1 km 2 au centre de la zone d'etude a ete partagee par les pantheres etudiees.
Isolation and Characterization of Multi drug Resistant Super Pathogens from soil Samples Collected from Hospitals

Soil samples from two different city hospitals were collected, pre-treated along with several antibiotics for primary screening of numerous microbes and were cultured after serial dilution over sterile nutrient agar plates. A total of three isolated were identified and purified from the samples, further screened for individual antibiotics at their respective varying concentrations and all the three isolates were found to be strong resistant against antibiotics selected in the study. Morphological, biochemical and physiological properties were analysed for all the isolates.
Convergence in leaf phenology traits of two understorey ferns in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Plants control leaf phenology to maximize annual photosynthetic product. Although ferns play an important ecological role in many habitats, especially forests, their phenology traits have been poorly studied. Here, we investigate the leaf phenology of two ferns of the forest understorey and analyse the relationship between the timing of leaf emergence and spore dispersal and the effect of between-year climatic variation. We compared the leafing and sporing phenologies of two ferns with very large (>2 m), overwintering leaves: Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans. We regularly monitored individuals of six populations in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula during a 3-year study. We studied eight phenology variables: leafing start date, leafing end date, leaf expansion time, number of new leaves per individual, between-individual synchrony, within-individual synchrony, percentage of fertile leaves and spore release date. We also determined leaf mass per area (LMA) and gathered data on air temperature and humidity. Both C. macrocarpa and W. radicans produce few leaves (~2 leaves individual⁻¹ year⁻¹), which expand simultaneously for a very long period (from midwinter to early summer), are retained for more than 1 year (37 and 19 months, respectively) and have relatively high LMAs. Such traits, together with large leaf size, have also been found in seed plants from the forest understorey and represent adaptations to this light-limited environment. Spores of both study ferns are simultaneously released in late winter, with little between-year variation caused by differences in air humidity. This remarkable similarity between species suggests that the convergence in timing of leaf emergence favours the convergence in timing of spore dispersal.
Effects of dietary oil sources, calcium and phosphorus levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics and bone quality of broiler chickens

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A total of 378, 1-day-old birds (Cobb 500) were fed either 6% palm oil, soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three dietary levels of calcium (1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) for 6 weeks. Birds fed SO had higher body weight (BW) compared with those fed LO (p < .05). However, feed efficiency, carcass and bone quality were similar among the oil treatments. Regardless of the oil source, chicken fed diets containing 1.50% of Ca had lower BW compared with those fed 1.00% and 1.25% of Ca. In contrast, birds fed 1.25% of Ca had significantly higher (p < .05) bone quality than those fed 1% of Ca. It can be concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 1.25% improved bone quality regardless of the type of oil.
First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines

The Sihedang locality of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation is the only recognized ornithuromorph-dominated locality in the Jehol Group of north-eastern China. Here we report on the first enantiornithine from this locality and erect a new taxon Monoenantiornis sihedangia gen. et sp. nov. The holotype and only specimen preserves a rare ontogenetic stage in which the intermedium is ossified but free from the other proximal tarsals and the tibia, consistent with the pattern of ossification that occurs in neornithines. In order to explore the pattern of skeletal development in the enantiornithines, we select several published specimens inferred to represent different ontogenetic stages and document their degree of fusion in five key compound bones and the sterna. This provides a preliminary hypothesis for the sequence in which compound bones form in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines. From this hypothesis, most known specimens can be categorized into four major ontogenetic stages: all the compound bones unfused; synsacrum and pygostyle fused; tarsals fused; tibiotarsus and carpometacarpus formed. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:347485CA-87E6-4834-BEB5-687B6798644E
Cytological studies in tuberose varieties

In Polianthes tuberosa, two high yielding F 1 hybrids namely 'Shringar' (single) and 'Suvasini' (double) were compared with their parents viz., 'Mexican Single' and 'Pearl double'. Somatic chromosome number in all the four varieties was similar and was 2n=60. Five pairs of large chromosomes and 25 pairs of small chromosomes were present. At diakinesis, one, two or three nucleoli were present in the four varieties. However, their frequency differed among varieties. Course of meiosis was nearly normal but pollen fertility varied. Acknowledgements : The senior author thanks the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for the Junior Research Fellowship granted during the course of study.
Purification and characterization of extra- and intracellular β-fructofuranosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing on Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract

Purification and characterization of extra- and intracellular β-fructofuranosidase produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-12632 cultivated on water hyacinth leaf extract are reported. Purification of both extra- and intracellular enzymes was done with different purification techniques giving specific activities (4638.38 and 6900 U/mg protein) with 26 and 41.4 purification fold for extra- and intracellular enzymes respectively. The pure enzymes gave 2 bands for each by SDS-PAGE with molecular weights (42, 36 KDa) and (40, 34 KDa) for extra- and intracellular enzymes respectively, while the molecular weights determined by gel filtration were 69 and 79.4 KDa respectively. Both pure extra- and intracellular enzymes showed maximum activities at pH 5, while the optimum temperatures were 30 and 60°C for extra- and intracellular enzymes respectively. Both enzymes were able to hydrolyze sucrose, raffinose and partially inulin while melizitose, maltose and trehalose were not hydrolyzed by both enzymes. The K m values of extra- and intracellular enzymes were 0.15 and 0.075 M respectively. Both enzymes were completely inhibited by Hg 2+ ion and only intracellular enzyme was completely inhibited by Mg 2+ ion. Pure extra- and intracellular enzymes were found to contain 14 and 15 amino acids respectively. End product analysis of the pure enzymes by HPLC revealed that both enzymes possessed transfructosylating activities in addition to their hydrolytic activities.