Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1:5000 Landslide map of the upper Gállego Valley (central Spanish Pyrenees)

A 1:5000 scale geomorphological landslide inventory map of the glaciated headwaters of the Gállego River in the Spanish Pyrenees is presented. This map, covering an area of 57.6 km2 and mainly produced by direct mapping in the field, provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of the distribution of slope movements than previous maps. Around 20% of the area is affected by large flow-dominated slope movements developed on Paleozoic slates. Our map shows that some of these post-glacial landslides have blocked the main drainage at several sites creating landslide-dammed lakes. The damage caused by landslides in the mapped area, with an estimated cost of greater 10 million euros, is mostly related to the activity of pre-existing slope movements, some of which have been reactivated or accelerated by adverse human alterations (e.g., excavation at the toe, overloading, higher water infiltration). This study illustrates that the incorporation of detailed cartographic landslide inventories in the planning and development process of alpine areas may contribute to reduce significant landslide-related damage in a cost-effective manner.
Measurements of Mexico City nanoparticle size distributions: Observations of new particle formation and growth

Continuous measurements of the size distribution of atmospheric aerosol in the 3–48 nm diameter range were performed in the Mexico City metropolitan area. These measurements were made during the period 10–20 April 2003 at a ground‐based, mountain pass site in the southeast corner of the Mexico City Federal District and during the period 2–11 May 2003 at the CENICA site located near the city center. The objectives of this work were to determine the frequency of new particle formation and to characterize the atmospheric chemical and meteorological conditions that lead to these events. Several new particle formation events were recorded during the study. Events observed in the mountain pass correlate with northerly winds and elevated levels of sulfur dioxide in the mid‐morning while events observed in the city correlate with elevated concentrations of sulfur dioxide and low particulate matter mass concentrations in the afternoon hours.
Attentive Continuous Generative Self-training for Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Medical Image Translation

Self-training is an important class of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) approaches that are used to mitigate the problem of domain shift, when applying knowledge learned from a labeled source domain to unlabeled and heterogeneous target domains. While self-training-based UDA has shown considerable promise on discriminative tasks, including classification and segmentation, through reliable pseudo-label filtering based on the maximum softmax probability, there is a paucity of prior work on self-training-based UDA for generative tasks, including image modality translation. To fill this gap, in this work, we seek to develop a generative self-training (GST) framework for domain adaptive image translation with continuous value prediction and regression objectives. Specifically, we quantify both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties within our GST using variational Bayes learning to measure the reliability of synthesized data. We also introduce a self-attention scheme that de-emphasizes the background region to prevent it from dominating the training process. The adaptation is then carried out by an alternating optimization scheme with target domain supervision that focuses attention on the regions with reliable pseudo-labels. We evaluated our framework on two cross-scanner/center, inter-subject translation tasks, including tagged-to-cine magnetic resonance (MR) image translation and T1-weighted MR-to-fractional anisotropy translation. Extensive validations with unpaired target domain data showed that our GST yielded superior synthesis performance in comparison to adversarial training UDA methods.
The cultural landscape during 6000 years in southern Sweden : the Ystad project

Introduction Ch.1 Overview of the Ystad Project Ch.2 Source material and methods Ch.3 Society and environment through time Ch.4 Environment and society in selected areas Ch.5 Analysis of changing cultural landscapes - problems and processes Conclusions: Ch.6 Ecological and social factors behind the landscape changes Ch.7 Retrospect and prospect
Evaluating the growth characteristics of a glacial lake and its degree of danger of outburst flooding: Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal

The Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho) (1.03 km2 in 2007) is repeatedly cited as one of the most dangerous glacial lakes in the Himalaya with a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) claimed to be imminent. Knowledge of lake development and its dynamics, however, is limited and forecasts of a possible outburst are not scientifically based. Nevertheless, prospects for such a catastrophe are repeatedly exaggerated, attracting alarmist mass media coverage. The paper provides an assessment of the lake expansion rates from 1956 to 2007. Stage 1 (1956–1975), slowest: coalescence of several small supra-glacial ponds; Stage 2 (1975–1978), a short period of most rapid expansion; Stage 3 (1978–1997), slow: gradual expansion of single lake; and Stage 4 (1997–2007), renewed acceleration: mainly eastward expansion into the glacier surface. The lake's water level has fallen from 5041 m to 5004 m (1964–2006). The results show that there is no immediate danger of catastrophic outburst although the dynamics of up-glacier and down-valley lake expansion, fluctuation of lake water level, and dead-ice morphology changes should be continuously and comprehensively monitored. Alarmist prognostications based solely upon rapid areal expansion are counterproductive.
Modelling catchment processes in the Swan–Avon river basin

A conceptual hydrological model, LASCAM, is applied to the Swan–Avon catchment (area 120 000 km2) in Western Australia to predict yields of water, salt, sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen. Each of the nutrients is further discriminated into soluble and particulate components. The model uses a single set of global parameters that are applied to each of the 134 subcatchments. Spatial mapping of the model results shows that yields are closely related to the distribution of rainfall and vegetation cover. Application of the model to various land cover scenarios show that since European settlement in the catchment, there has been a five‐fold increase in streamflow, a 40‐fold increase in sediment yield, and approximately 16‐fold increases in total nutrient yields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multitemporal Landsat data applied for deciphering a megafan in northern Amazonia

In this article, we present a protocol for the recognition of channels and waterbodies and for estimating their hydroperiod to both characterize a megafan system in northern Amazonia and discuss its dynamics in the late Quaternary. Our approach is based on analysis of a multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) data set consisting of 13 scenes acquired from 2000 to 2009. The images were primarily preprocessed using standard techniques for geometric and radiometric corrections. Following numerous tests with the most common water classifiers, we determined that a simple threshold on an infrared band, which provided a binary image containing both water and non-water classes, would adequately meet the goals of this article. The sum of all 13 classifications produced a new image, the hydroperiod product, with pixel values corresponding to the relative frequency of standing water. The results indicate that there is no permanent drainage network in the Viruá megafan, which displays only temporary channels with medium flood frequency and palaeochannels. These are arranged as complex distributary networks, as is typical of megafan depositional systems. The southern part of the megafan contains distributaries that are seasonally flooded, while the central and northern parts display an increased volume of palaeochannels. These data lead us to conclude that the locus of sediment deposition along this megafan system changed from north to south through time.
Soil aggregate stability and organic matter in clay and fine silt fractions in urban refuse-amended semiarid soils

Organic refuse application to soil may improve soil structure and thus soil quality and productivity. Two semiarid, structureless soils with <10 g kg -1 organic C (OC), differing in clay mineralogy, were amended annually at rates of 30 g kg -1 fresh or composted refuse to a total of 60 g kg -1 in a greenhouse experiment lasting 2 yr. Fresh refuse additions significantly increased the soil aggregate stability in water by 17%. Composted refuse application only increased aggregate stability in the beidellitic clay-dominated soil (13%). In both soils, the greatest increase in OC and humin following refuse additions occurred in the fine silt fraction, which contained less decomposed organic matter than the clay fraction. In the beidellitic clay soil, this increase in OC was larger than in the illitic clay soil. The aggregate stability of the beidellitic clay soil was significantly correlated with OC and humin of fine silt fraction.
Cannonsville Reservoir and Town Brook watersheds: Documenting conservation efforts to protect New York City's drinking water

The Cannonsville Reservoir watershed is a major component of the unfiltered New York City water supply system. The voluntary, incentive-based Watershed Agricultural Program is a collaborative effort among producers, federal, state, and local organizations to address the problem of phosphorus loading effects on water quality through implementation of whole-farm plans. The effectiveness of selected conservation practices, including stream-bank fencing, precision feeding, and the use of cover crops with silage corn (Zea mays L.) are being evaluated. Simulation models have been developed and improved to evaluate the effectiveness of individual conservation practices and better assess animal agriculture and manure management practices. Conservation practices implemented through the Watershed Agricultural Program are resulting in lower phosphorus loading from nonpoint sources in the watershed. Future efforts need to identify the most cost-effective conservation practices and extend our knowledge of watershed quality protection beyond the boundaries of the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed.
Characteristics of counter‐Sq SFE (SFE*) at the dip equator CPMN stations

[1] The solar flare effect (SFE) at dip equatorial latitudes sometimes shows the counter-Sq variation around local noon. In this paper, we refer to this type of SFE as SFE*. Observations obtained by the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) reveal some previously unknown characteristics of SFE*. Some of these features are the following: (1) the counter-Sq SFE variation is observed in limited longitude (local time) and latitude sectors (i.e., LT ≈ 1030–1300, ∣DipLat.∣ ≲ 1.5°), (2) outside this limited region, the amplitude of SFE(H) and preflare Sq(H) have a linear relationship, and (3) SFE* is observed during the significant depression of the horizontal magnetic field at dip equatorial latitudes, which indicates the presence of westward electric fields whose origin remains to be understood.
Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s

HOW DO COUNTIES, CITIES, or regions respond to adverse economic shocks? How quickly does an area recover and through which adjustment mechanisms? These questions touch on many different areas of social science and economics and are relevant to our understanding of economic growth, income gaps across regions (for example, North and South in the United States or Italy), and the plight of individual laid-off workers and their families. In this paper we undertake a study of one of the biggest negative shocks to affect the U.S. economy in the past fifty years, namely, the massive loss of steeland auto-related jobs in the early 1980s, which we refer to collectively as the Rust Belt shock. In the decade between 1977 and 1987 the United States shed about 500,000 jobs in the auto industry and 350,000 jobs in the steel industry, far outstripping any other job losses in recent U.S. history. These job losses were concentrated in roughly 140 of the 3,000 counties in the United States. Kahn as well as Black, McKinnish, and Sanders discuss the size of the manufacturing shocks and accompanying job losses. For the first section of our paper, we assemble total employment, industrylevel employment, population, labor force participation, and income data at the level of the county and the metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Our basic approach is to regress shortand long-run changes in outcomes on the size of
A Planetary Boundary Layer Height Climatology Derived from ECMWF Reanalysis Data

AbstractA planetary boundary layer (PBL) height climatology from ECMWF reanalysis data is generated and analyzed. Different methods are first compared to derive PBL heights from atmospheric temperature, pressure, and relative humidity (RH), which mostly make use of profile gradients, for example, in RH, refractivity, and virtual or potential temperature. Three methods based on the vertical gradient of RH, virtual temperature, and potential temperature were selected for the climatology generation. The RH-based method appears to capture the inversion that caps the convective boundary layer very well as a result of its temperature and humidity dependence, while the temperature-based methods appear to capture the PBL better at high latitudes. A validation of the reanalysis fields with collocated radiosonde data shows generally good agreement in terms of mean PBL height and standard deviation for the RH-based method. The generated ECMWF-based PBL height climatology shows many of the expected climatological fea.
Intermediate to long-term results following the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy and predictors of clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy is a commonly used non-arthroplasty option to treat developmental hip dysplasia in symptomatic younger patients. Predicting which hips will remain preserved and which hips will go on to require arthroplasty following periacetabular osteotomy is a major challenge. In the present study, we assessed the intermediate to long-term results following periacetabular osteotomy to demonstrate the clinical outcomes for patients with varying amounts of dysplasia and arthritis. From these results, a probability-of-failure analysis was conducted to predict the likelihood of hip preservation and to improve surgical decision-making. METHODS Of the 189 hips (in 157 patients) that were treated with periacetabular osteotomy by a single surgeon from May 1991 to September 1998, thirty-one had diagnoses other than developmental hip dysplasia and twenty-three were lost to follow-up. The remaining 135 hips (in 109 patients) were retrospectively reviewed at an average of nine years. Hips were evaluated with use of the pain subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index postoperatively as well as with radiographs that were made preoperatively and at one and more than five years postoperatively. Osteotomy failure was defined as a pain score of >or=10 or the need for total hip arthroplasty. RESULTS One hundred and two hips (76%) remained preserved at an average of nine years, with an average Western Ontario and McMaster Universities pain score of 2.4 of 20. Thirty-three hips (24%) met the failure criteria: seventeen underwent arthroplasty at an average of 6.1 years after the osteotomy, and sixteen had a postoperative pain score of >or=10. Kaplan-Meier analysis with arthroplasty as the end point revealed a survival rate of 96% (95% confidence interval, 93% to 99%) at five years and 84% (95% confidence interval, 77% to 90%) at ten years. Complications occurred in twenty hips. Fifteen hips (11%) were treated with a subsequent arthroscopy because of chondral and/or labral lesions at an average of 6.8 years after the osteotomy. Two independent predictors of failure (defined as arthroplasty or a high pain score) were identified: (1) an age of more than thirty-five years and (2) poor or fair preoperative joint congruency. The probability of failure requiring arthroplasty was 14% for hips with no predictors of failure, 36% for those with one predictor (either an age of more than thirty-five years or poor or fair joint congruency), and 95% for those with both predictors. CONCLUSIONS The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy can be effective for the treatment of painful hip dysplasia, but complications may be expected in as many as 15% of cases. The ideal candidate is the patient who is less than thirty-five years of age and who has good or excellent hip joint congruency.
A new stratigraphy for the Latady Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: Part 2, Latady Group and basin evolution

Recent detailed mapping, section logging and an improved understanding of the geological evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula provide a robust framework for an improved lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Latady Basin, eastern Ellsworth Land. Within the Latady Basin we recognize two main groups: Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group and Latady Group. The focus of this paper is the Latady Group, which is formally subdivided into five formations: Anderson Formation, Witte Formation, Hauberg Mountains Formation, Cape Zumberge Formation and Nordsim Formation. Middle Jurassic, shallow marine deposits of the Anderson Formation are overlain by quiet anoxic deposits assigned to the Witte Formation. The start of the Late Jurassic is marked by the deposition of higher energy deposits of the Hauberg Mountains Formation, subdivided into three members (Long Ridge, Mount Hirman and Novocin members) that reflect varying lithological and environmental characteristics. Thermal subsidence during the latest Jurassic led to deposition of the basinal Cape Zumberge Formation, while uplift of an active continental arc along the Antarctic Peninsula led to deposition of the terrestrial Nordsim Formation in the latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous. The evolution of the Latady Basin reflects early extension during Gondwana break-up, from the Early Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous, and is consistent with a shift in the underlying forces driving extension in the Weddell Sea area from intracontinental rifting related to a mantle plume, to active margin forces in response to subduction.
Telomere Length and Pancreatic Cancer: A Case – Control Study Epidemiology,Biomarkers&Prevention

, Abstract Background: Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, are critical for maintaining genomic stability and grow shorter with age. Shortened telomeres in pancreatic tissue play a key role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer,andshortertelomeresinperipheralbloodleukocytes(PBL)havebeenassociatedwithincreasedriskfor several cancer types. We hypothesized that shorter blood telomeres are associated with higher risk for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Telomere length was measured in PBLs using quantitative real-time PCR in 499 cases with pancreatic cancer and 963 cancer-free controls from the Mayo Clinic. ORs and conﬁdence intervals (CI) were computed using logistic generalized additive models (GAM) adjusting for multiple variables. Results: In multivariable adjusted models, we observed a signiﬁcant nonlinear association between telomere length in peripheral blood samples and the risk for pancreatic cancer. Risk was lower among those with longer telomeres compared with shorter telomeres across a range from the 1st percentile to 90th percentile of telomere length. There was also some evidence for higher risk among those with telomeres in the longest extreme. Conclusions: Short telomeres in peripheral blood are associated with an increased risk for pancreatic cancer across most of the distribution of length, but extremely long telomeres may also be associated with higher risk. Impact: Although the temporality of this relationship is unknown, telomere length may be useful as either a marker of pancreatic cancer risk or of the presence of undetected pancreatic cancer. If telomere shortening precedes cancer incidence, interventions to preserve telomere length may be an effective strategy to prevent pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(11); 1–6. (cid:1) 2012 AACR.
The computational modeling of sensitive periods.

In the continuing debate on sensitive periods, Tyler (this issue) argues for a mechanistic explanation of sensitive periods in development, rather than simply deriving a relationship between plasticity and age. Armstrong et al. (2005) endorse convergent approaches to assess types of plasticity, including the use of behavioral evidence, neurophysiological evidence, functional magnetic resonance imaging, event related potentials, and an appeal to evolutionary perspectives. In this contribution, we propose that a computational level of analysis is a key component in understanding the mechanisms through which functional plasticity alters in the cognitive system. To support our case, we discuss three examples of specific computational models that exhibit reductions in plasticity, and show how these models relate to Johnson (2005) three proposals for how sensitive periods might end: endogenous, self-terminating, and stabilization. Typically, we will find that implemented computational models of sensitive periods demonstrate multiple influences at work when functional plasticity reduces. Further, we suggest that computational modeling will allow us to understand how different factors interact to result in a functional reduction of plasticity in different cases.
Nature and importance of mass‐wasting by rock glaciers in alpine permafrost environments

Active rock glaciers are forms of and indicators for alpine permafrost. On average every individual transports a volume of 1.2-1.6 × 106 m3 of talus and ice with a speed of 5-100 cm/yr. The amount of talus in a rock glacier is about 40-50 per cent of the total volume. Active rock glaciers are therefore an important talus transport system of the periglacial zone of high mountains. They form below talus slopes and beneath small glaciers, and they resemble therefore talus transport systems in continuation of the talus slope or the glacier transport system. According to our estimation (Tables II, III and IV) the total volume of all 994 active rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps is 1,200-1,600 × 106 m3. The total amount of talus on the move is estimated to be 500-800 × 106 m3, and the mass-wasting by active rock glaciers per year is then 450-600 × 106 m × t (horizontal) and 140-190 × 106 m × t (vertical) for a movement of 0.3 m/yr and a slope of 30 per cent (= 17°). In relation to the unit of area (km2) these values represent 20 per cent of the total mass-wasting in the eastern Swiss Alps according to Jackli (1957) or 160 per cent of the mass-wasting in Karkevagge according to Rapp (1960).
Atmospheric large‐scale dynamics during the 2004/2005 winter drought in portugal

The unusually dry conditions during the 2004/2005 winter in Portugal led to the development of an extreme/severe drought episode throughout the country with major socioeconomic impacts. In fact, at some locations, this winter was the driest in at least the last 60 years. A K‐means classification of days into a set of five weather regimes (WRs), relevant for winter precipitation in Portugal, reveals a large prevalence of the two driest weather regimes during the 2004/2005 winter. These two regimes are basically linked to either anticyclonic circulation or easterly winds over Portugal and their prevalence explains the significant precipitation deficit. Winter precipitation variability in Portugal is indeed skillfully represented by linear models where the predictors are the frequencies of occurrence (FO) of these weather regimes. The dominance of the ‘dry phases’ of the main coupled modes between winter precipitation in Portugal and the large‐scale atmospheric circulation also supports the prevalence of the dry regimes and the corresponding lack of precipitation.