Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wealth and its Distribution in Germany, 1895-2018

German history over the past 125 years has been turbulent. Marked by two world wars, revolutions and major regime changes, as well as a hyperinflation and three currency reforms, expropriations and territorial divisions, it provides unique insights into the role of country-specific shocks in shaping long-run wealth dynamics. This paper presents the first comprehensive study of wealth and its distribution in Germany since the 19th century. We combine tax and archival data, household surveys, historical national accounts, and rich lists to analyze the evolution of the German wealth distribution over the long run. We show that the top 1% wealth share has fallen by half, from close to 50% in 1895 to 27% today. Nearly all of this decline was the result of changes that occurred between 1914 and 1952. The interwar period and the wealth taxation in the aftermath of World War II stand out as the great equalizers in 20 th century German history. After unification in 1990, two trends have left their mark on the German wealth distribution. Households at the top made substantial capital gains from rising business wealth while the middle-class had large capital gains in the housing market. The wealth share of the bottom 50% halved since 1990. Our findings speak to the importance of historical shocks to the distribution and valuations of existing wealth in explaining the evolution of the wealth distribution over the long run. than results from wealth tax data (Lundberg & Waldenstr¨om 2018) or from estate tax data (Garbinti et al. 2021, Saez & Zucman 2016). The approach chosen to measure wealth concentration in a given country and at a given point in time is typically presaged by the available data sources, each carrying their own advantages and disadvantages. Wealth tax data, estate tax data, and income tax data are the three main administrative data sources used in the above-cited studies. Studies using wealth tax data are scarce due to the small number of countries taxing wealth on a broadly defined scale. Examples are Roine & Waldenstr¨om (2009) for Sweden and this study for Germany. Examples for the estate multiplier method applied to estate tax data are Kopczuk & Saez (2004) for the United States, Piketty et al. (2006) for France, Acciari et al. (2021) for Italy, and Alvaredo et al. (2018) for the United Kingdom. Capitalizing incomes from income tax data is the most recent approach for the long-run study of wealth inequality, revived by Saez & Zucman (2016). Country studies include Garbinti et al. (2021) for France, Mart´ınez-Toledano (2020) for Spain, Lundberg & Waldenstr¨om (2018) for Sweden and Saez & Zucman (2016) for the United States.
How effectively does CBT-I address the traumatic and functional causes of insomnia and sleep disturbance in Veterans?

LAY SUMMARY Cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) continues to be recommended as the first-line treatment for an increasing number of Veterans seeking help for insomnia. Unfortunately, these recommendations are made on the basis of evidence from the general public, who do not experience the same predisposing, activating, and maintaining causes of insomnia as Veterans. This review considers whether CBT-I really addresses the causes of insomnia among Veterans, which can be labelled as functional (e.g., caffeine use) and traumatic (e.g., nightmares). Nine randomized controlled trials of CBT-I delivered to Veterans having trouble falling or staying asleep were reviewed. Evidence was not consistent enough to support the continued recommendation of CBT-I as a first-line treatment for insomnia among Veterans. On a wider level, the authors question whether psychological causes of a mental health problem are always, or should be, fully considered in the process of creating clinical guidelines for treatment.
Analytical Model and Design Strategy for GaN Vertical Floating Island Schottky Diodes

We report GaN-based vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with embedded floating islands (FIs). The incorporation of FI structure can break the theoretical limit of unipolar vertical GaN devices by homogenizing the electric field distribution within the drift layer. To facilitate comprehensive understanding and structural design of FI SBDs, analytical models for both conducting state and blocking state of GaN FI SBDs are established and verified by TCAD simulation. Parametric optimization for the reverse characteristics of GaN FI SBDs is also carried out systematically. We found that the doping concentration, height of p-GaN FIs, and spacing between adjacent p-GaN FIs are closely associated with the electric field distribution and the reverse breakdown characteristics of vertical FI SBDs. An optimum Baliga’s figure of merit (FOM) of 4.98 GW/cm2 can be achieved, which features a 79.14% enhancement compared with the conventional SBD. The results can provide systematic design guidelines for GaN vertical power electronic systems toward high-voltage, high-speed, and high-power applications.
The Implementation of High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Assessment to Evaluate the Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement

HOTS promote the idea of assessing students’ critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving. However, many teachers claimed to have difficulties in designing questions and implementing them in teaching and learning process. The present study aimed to explain how teachers perceive, implement, and assess HOTS assessment in teaching reading comprehension. It employed an exploratory sequential design. Using the purposive sampling technique, two English teachers from SMA N 1 Pati were involved. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, classroom observations, and tests. This study reveals that the teachers had a good perception of HOTS assessment in terms of concept and implementation. They implemented HOTS assessment using appropriate strategies and methods in teaching reading comprehension. In addition, the teachers designed the proper assessment using HOTS assessment in assessing reading comprehension. The students’ achievement also had achieved the required score in reading comprehension. All the results aligned with teachers’ perceptions, implementations, assessments, and students’ achievement. Although the teachers had exemplary performance, they still met difficulties due to students’ needs and motivation. Therefore, it was expected for further research to conduct more detailed research in a long time to collect more valid and complete information about HOTS assessment.
Automated pothole condition assessment in pavement using photogrammetry-assisted convolutional neural network

ABSTRACT Automated detection of pavement distress can prevent deterioration of premature surface disintegration in pavements. Potholes that are a common sight in harsh and cold terrains are a severe threat to road safety and a major contributing factor to pavement distress. To facilitate timely detection and repair of potholes, a computationally light and feasible, intelligent pavement pothole detection system is proposed by developing a novel workflow for image-based detection and severity assessment. A single-stage CNN architecture, RetinaNet is modified and optimised to best detect potholes and used in combination with a novel pothole depth estimation algorithm. A comparative evaluation of the model’s performance against the existing state-of-the-art model on the benchmark dataset establishes the proposed model’s high performance and applicability in real-time scenarios. The depth estimation algorithm is based on a 3D road surface model generated by employing the photogrammetric process of structure from motion (SfM). The point cloud data obtained thereafter, is used for accurate measurement of pothole depth. The comparison of the derived depth with the onsite depth measurement of the pothole reveals a mean error below 5%. This method leads to a practical and intelligent solution to be implemented as part of a potential pavement health assessment system for future practice.
Anatomical Variations of the Iliohypogastric Nerve: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Several anatomical variations of the iliohypogastric nerve branches have been observed in earlier studies. Knowledge of these variations is useful for the improvement of peripheral nerve blocks and avoidance of iatrogenic nerve injuries during surgeries. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature about the anatomical topography and variations of the iliohypogastric nerve. An extensive search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases was conducted by the first author in November 2021, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Anatomical or cadaveric studies about the origin, the course, and the distribution of the iliohypogastric nerve were included in this review. Thirty cadaveric studies were included for qualitative analysis. Several anatomical variations of the iliohypogastric nerve were depicted including its general properties, its origin, its branching patterns, its course, its relation to anatomical landmarks, and its termination. Among them, the absence of the iliohypogastric nerve ranged from 0 to 34%, its origin from L1 ranged from 62.5 to 96.5%, and its isolated emergence from psoas major ranged from 47 to 94.5%. Numerous anatomical variations of the iliohypogastric nerve exist but are not commonly cited in classic anatomical textbooks. The branches of the iliohypogastric nerve may be damaged during spinal anesthesia and surgical procedures in the lower abdominal region. Therefore, a better understanding of the regional anatomy and its variations is of vital importance for the prevention of iliohypogastric nerve injuries.
You Ain’t Woman Enough: Tracing the Policing of Intersexuality in Sports and the Clinic

This article traces the continuities and discontinuities in the history of sporting and clinical rules concerning intersexuality. Through the parallel investigation of how intersexual bodies have been monitored, examined, and modified in the sporting and medical worlds, I argue that neither of them have ‘progressed’ to become more ‘respectful’ or ‘inclusive’. Rather, changes in the management of intersexuality in both areas consist in different iterations of a pervasive conceptualisation of bodies as dichotomously gendered. I contend that medical and sporting bodies’ supposedly ‘scientific’ search to ‘determine’ gender not only is a failed endeavour, given the contradictory gender ‘markers’ that have been ‘discovered’ and enforced on bodies, but also constitutes an attempt, disguised through discourses of health and fairness, to render intersexuality a problematic form of embodiment.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Floating Valve Plate Motion in an Axial Piston Pump

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to experimentally measure the motion of the floating valve plate in an axial piston pump under various operating conditions and to develop a model to determine how the floating valve plate motion affected the lubricating pressures between the valve plate and cylinder block. In order to achieve the objectives, a hydraulic circuit was designed and developed to incorporate and operate a floating valve plate axial piston pump. The hydraulic circuit integrating the axial piston pump (axial piston pump apparatus, APPA) consists of a series of valves, pressure sensors, a charge pump, flow meters, temperature sensors, a heat exchanger, and proximity probes. The floating valve plate axial piston pump housing was modified to incorporate three proximity probes to measure the valve plate position and motion relative to the cylinder block, thus allowing for determination of the film thickness within this contact. The results illustrate that as the pump starts up the valve plate experiences vibrations and begins to lift relative to the cylinder block. Then as the pump reaches steady-state operation the valve plate achieves a fixed position and tilt. The results also demonstrate that under steady-state operation, the valve plate vibrates and this vibration correlates well with the speed and the number of pistons in the pump. The measured film thickness results were then used in a lubrication model to determine the pressures generated between the floating valve plate and the cylinder block. The analytical results highlight how the motion of the valve plate directly correlates to the pressure pulsations seen in the lubricating gap.
Application verification of blast mitigation through the use of thuja hedges

Nowadays, large gatherings of people, such as open-air concerts, outdoor-sport events, trade fairs, etc., are often attracted by the terrorists. Recently, an interesting passive alternative way of securing such events against terrorist threats appeared in the scientific literature, in which the tree hedges mitigation potential against blast waves were studied. Despite comprehensive studies regarding selected species of hedge trees, the real application outlines were reported to be still missing for those barriers. Our study verified the mitigation potential of thuja in field tests for (i) several distances behind the hedge and for (ii) several positions along the hedge wall. The explosives of 5 kg trinitrotoluene with a rectangular shape were used in four detonations. Six pressure pencil gauges were registering the overpressure histories. A high-speed camera was recording the in-plane deformation of the hedge wall, the motion of selected points on the height of the wall was plotted. For each position, the reduction of overpressure peak and overpressure impulse were obtained in reference to their counterparts for the position without a hedge. The maximal overpressure peak reductions obtained were 14% for case (i) (differing distances from the explosive) and 22% for case (ii) (differing positions along the hedge wall). The experiments' outcomes showed the safest position behind the thuja wall and the actual benefit from using them in the public application if the terrorist acts would happen.
Integrating the customers’ perceived risks and benefits into the triple-channel retailing

Multiple channel retailing and channel selection strategy have become key issues for many corporations to place themselves at the heart of a new era of retailing. This paper studies a triple-channel system in which a manufacturer operates a conventional channel, a direct online channel, as well as increases its online presence with an online shopping platform. It also takes the heterogeneity of consumers’ price sensitivity and channel preferences into account. It highlights that the perceived risks and perceived benefits are aggregated into an inhibitor or activator entering the customers’ acceptance of triple channels and further affecting their purchasing decisions. Three cases are discussed to investigate the demand distributions, the profit behaviours, the optimal pricing strategies and the channel selection strategies. Theoretical analysis is further validated by a case study with the aid of agent-based modelling. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that two acceptance indices – respectively, regarded as the consumers’ willingness to tolerate the perceived risks of the online channel and approve the perceived benefits from the third-party online platform – significantly govern the total profit in two stylised scenarios. This study schematically characterises the structure of demand distributions, helps the corporation to discern consumers’ channel choices and then focus its marketing efforts towards more profitable customers and strategic channel structures. Furthermore, some implications are outlined for the optimal supply chain designation decision.
The importance of muscle mass in predicting intradialytic hypotension in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

Background Patients undergoing hemodialysis are susceptible to sarcopenia. As intracellular reservoirs of water, skeletal muscles are important contributors to intradialytic hypotension. This study was designed to determine the role of skeletal muscle mass in intradialytic hypotension. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the body composition of 177 patients was measured immediately after hemodialysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The parameters measured were skeletal muscle mass, intracellular and extracellular water contents, total body water, and cell-membrane functionality (in phase angle at 50 kHz). Data from laboratory tests, chest radiography, measurements of handgrip strength and mid-arm circumference, and questionnaires were collected. The main outcome was intradialytic hypotension, defined as more than two episodes of hypotension (systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg) with intervention over the 3 months following enrollment. Logistic regression models including each parameter related to sarcopenia were compared with a clinical model. Results Patients with a low ratio of skeletal muscle mass to dry body weight (SMM/WT) had a higher rate of intradialytic hypotension (40.7%). Most low-SMM/WT patients were female, obese, diabetic, and had a lower handgrip strength compared with the other patients. In the high-SMM/WT group, the risk of intradialytic hypotension was lower, with an odds ratio of 0.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02–0.28) and adjusted odds ratio of 0.06 (95% CI, 0.01–0.29). Conclusion Measurement and maintenance of skeletal muscle can help prevent intradialytic hypotension in frail patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Post-Pembrolizumab Optic Neuritis in a 57-Year Old Female with non-small cell lung carcinoma

Optic Neuritis in a 57-Year Old Female with Abstract Pembrolizumab, also known as Keytruda, is a novel immunotherapeutic used for the treatment of certain cancers like non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, melanoma, among other types. It is a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and suppresses immune resistance of cancerous cells. We present a case of 57-year-old female who was treated with pembrolizumab for non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma and subsequently developed bilateral optic neuritis. The patient developed worsening vision and a constricted field of vision as a result. Pembrolizumab therapy was stopped, followed by immediate administration of corticosteroid therapy. As a result, the patient’s vision experienced moderate improvement without full remission due to the consequential post-swelling optic atrophy. Although pembrolizumab very effective and FDA approved treatment, reports of such rare cases are important in helping guide treatment plans of future patients.
Avian Haemosporidian Diversity in South Texas: New Lineages and Variation in Prevalence between Sampling Sources and Sites

Avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium) in Texas are relatively understudied for such a large geographic area with diverse ecoregions. Our study sites in south Texas, located in two adjacent ecoregions, present the opportunity for investigating patterns and possible causes of infections between habitats, and characterizing the baseline makeup of the avian malaria community. We assessed the avian haemosporidian community using their mtDNA cytb gene in 576 birds, 25.69% of which were infected. The overall detection rate was much higher from blood samples than tissue samples, and the more arid ecoregion had a significantly lower overall prevalence. Findings also revealed significantly lower Plasmodium infections in the more arid ecoregion. We identified 25 novel lineages which included 16 Haemoproteus, 2 Leucocytozoon, and 7 Plasmodium lineages. This information establishes a baseline of prevalence for these ecoregions and provides insight to the disease ecology of resident and migrant birds of this area. We assert that baseline knowledge of this type is necessary for meaningful comparisons to areas of high anthropogenic change, and essential to aiding conservation efforts of birds in future.
Optimal Operation for Reverse Supply Chain Incorporating Inspection Policy into Remanufacturing of Used Products

This paper discusses a reverse supply chain (RSC) which consists of the process flows from procurement of used products collected from a market, through remanufacturing products from the used products, to sales of the products in a market. In general, it is conceivable for the RSC to face the uncertainty in quality of used products collected from a market. Inspection is one of efficient methods to deal with the problem regarding quality of used products. However, there is a trade-off between inspection cost and inspection accuracy. This paper focuses on the following five types of inspection: (1) 100% inspection, (2) sampling inspection, (3) sampling inspection with screening of rejected lots, (4) sampling inspection with screening of acceptable lots, and (5) no inspection, and determines the optimal operation consisting of the optimal number of procured used products and the optimal inspection policy. Numerical analysis clarifies not only how changes of conditions of the RSC affect the manufacturer’s optimal operation but also features of each inspection type. In addition, from the results of numerical analysis, this paper shows the usability to add the proposed inspection in this paper, the sampling inspection with screening of acceptable lots, to choices of inspection type.
Online Learning for Students with Learning Disabilities and Their Typical Peers: The Association between Basic Psychological Needs and Outcomes

For some students, online learning, particularly as it relates to the COVID–19 pandemic, can have negative implications for self–efficacy, fatigue, and burnout. One way to combat these negative outcomes is for institutions to support students’ basic psychological needs (BPNs) of autonomy, relatedness, and competence. However, online learning may also frustrate students’ BPNs, particularly if they have a learning disability (LD). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the satisfaction and frustration of BPNs in relation to self–efficacy, fatigue, and burnout for students with and without LD. We surveyed postsecondary students about their courses online and examined differences between students with LD and their typical peers. We also examined BPN satisfaction and frustration as predictors of self–efficacy, fatigue, and burnout. Recommendations are provided from a universal design for learning perspective. Moreover, limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Paleoclimate reconstruction using compound - specific hydrogen isotope ratios of n-alkanes

This dissertation would not have been written without the encouragement and a tremendous amount of support of a large number of people. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors PD. Dr. Gerd Gleixner at Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry and Prof. Dr. Roland Mausbacher at the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, who supported and guided me with their valuable motivation, criticism and fruitful discussions during the time of research for this dissertation. Acknowledgements are also given to the whole “Nam Co Research Bundle” for their support throughout my thesis work. Therefore I would like to thank Prof. Antje Schwalb; Philip Steeb; Claudia Wrozyna (TU Braunschweig); Prof. Brigitta Schutt; Jonas Berking (FU Berlin) and Dr. Gerhard Daut; Dr. Peter Frenzel (FSU-Jena) for their scientific contributions and discussions as well as for the support in the field and for the great time we spent on the Tibetan Plateau and in China. I respectfully acknowledge Tandong Yao, Baiquing Xu and Guangjian Wu (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Science) for the organization and realization of an impressive field trip and the continuous scientific support during my thesis work.