Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Politics and Pragmatism in Scientific Ontology Construction

Ontologies are supposed to define a common representational framework for a domain of knowledge, but in practice achieving commonality is not an easy task. It might seem that mutual agreement about ontology ought to be an inevitable result of the structure of the world, but in practice it is often a laborious and contentious process, filled with argument, negotiations, compromise, power, and politics. Recent debates in the ontology community between “realists” and “conceptualists” hide the true nature of ontology building, and I will examine pragmatism as an alternate approach that is less brittle and more robust. One of the roots of the pragmatic approach is to look at ontologies as a social product, with an attention to how they are constructed, promulgated, and used. I’ll look at some examples of the sociology of ontology from my personal work experience building knowledge-based systems for scientists. One of the lessons learned is that ontologies in practice are influenced by a wide variety of factors other than pure logic, such as cost of implementation, the relative status of particular users, and user interface considerations. Inconsistencies and conflicts are the norm rather than exceptions. The pragmatic view says that rather than bemoan these impurities, or marginalizing them, we should explicitly acknowledge and make use of them. Copyright of this paper belongs to the author, who hereby grants permission to Stanford University to include it in the conference material and proceedings of Inconsistency Robustness 2011 and to place it on relevant websites.
*Graphical Abstract ‘Stealth’ nanoparticles evade neural immune cells but also evade all major brain cell populations: Implications for PEG-based neurotherapeutics

Surface engineering to control cell behaviour is of high interest across the chemical engineering, drug delivery and biomaterials communities. Defined chemical strategies are necessary to tailor nanoscale protein interactions/adsorption, enabling control of cell behaviours for development of novel therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticle-based therapies benefit from such strategies but particle targeting to sites of neurological injury remains challenging due to circulatory immune clearance. As a strategy to overcome this barrier, the use of stealth coatings can reduce immune clearance and prolong circulatory times, thereby enhancing therapeutic capacity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most widely-used stealth coating and facilitates particle accumulation in the brain. However, once within the brain, the handling of PEGylated particles by the resident immune cells of the brain itself (the ‘microglia’) is unknown. This is a critical question as it is well established that microglia avidly sequester nanoparticles, limiting their bioavailability and posing a major translational barrier. If PEGylation can be proved to promote evasion of microglia, then this information will be of high value in developing tailored nanoparticle-based therapies for neurological applications. Here, we have conducted the first comparative study of uptake of PEGylated particles by all the major (immune and non-immune) brain cell types. We prove for the first time that PEGylated nanoparticles evade all the major brain cell populations – a phenomenon which will enhance extracellular bioavailability. We demonstrate changes in protein coronas around these particles within biological media, and discuss how surface chemistry presentation may affect this process and subsequent cellular interactions.
Effect of Yeast Culture and/or Fibrolytic Enzymes Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performances of Dairy Egyptian Buffaloes

Twenty dairy buffaloes at late pregnancy and in 2-4 parties were divided into four groups fed control ration (G1), or the control ration with 10 g yeast (YC)/h/d (G2), 10 g/h/d fibrolytic enzyme (FENZ, G3) and 10 g YC+10 g FENZ/h/day (G4). The feeding period lasted from three months pre-partum up to 100 days postpartum. Results indicated that digestibility of DM, OM, CP, feeding values as TDN and DCP, actual and 7% FCM milk yield, percentages and components yield of milk and feed efficiency improved (P<0.05) by all treatments. Plasma total proteins, albumin, globulin and glucose increased (P<0.05) by FENZ. Ruminal pH value decreased insignificantly, while total volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N concentrations increased (P<0.05) with YC and FENZ. Supplementation with FENZ improved (P<0.05) calf birth weight (CBW), CBW/post-partum dam weight, weight at weaning, and daily and total gain. Reproductive traits improved by FENZ supplementation, in terms of decreasing (P<0.05) duration of placental drop and uterine involution, 1st heat incidence, days open and number of services per conception. Supplementation of YC and FENZ decreased (P<0.05) the cost of kg 7% FCM, and increased (P<0.05) income of 7% FCM, reflecting the highest economic feed efficiency.Preand post-partum diets supplemented with yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme are beneficial to the digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, milk production, feed conversion rate, economic feed efficiency, and postpartum reproductive performance of Egyptian buffaloes and growth performance of their offspring during suckling period.
Comparison of some New Maize Hybrids Response to Mineral Fertilization

Maize (Zea mays, L.) production considered as one of the most important creal crops in Egypt to face the human and animal essential needs. In this respect, to increase the maize production, some continuous extension efforts had been done at both horizontal and vertical levels to study response of some new maize hybrids to mineral and nanofertilization. Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture (SabaBasha), Alexandria University, Abess Region, Egypt, during two summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. A split plot design in three replicates was used. Main plots contain of four fertilization treatments “Mineral fertilizer (K and P) as foliar application, Mineral fertilizer (K and P) in soil, application of Nanofertilizer (K and P) as foliar application, and mineral as soil application (K AND P) + nanofertilizer as foliar (K AND P)”. While, sub-plots contained three yellow maize hybrids “Single Cross 162 (S.C. 162), Single Cross 166 (S.C. 166) and Single Cross 168 (S.C.168)”. The obtained results revealed that application of mineral fertilizer in the soil + foliar application of nanofertilizer recorded the highest value of plant height, ear length and number of rows/ear, number of grains/row, number of grains/ear, 100grain weight, biological, straw and grain yield. However, S.C. 168 hybrid gave the highest grain yield and its components in comparison with other hybrids. On the other hand, interact maize hybrid S.C. 168 with foliar application of Nanofertilizers (K and P) and soil application of mineral fertilization by K and P increased yield and its components of maize crop under the study Alexandria Governorate conditions.
Phylogeographical structure of a narrow endemic plant in an isolated high-mountain range

Phylogeographical analyses of alpine species in temperate Europe, distributed in island-like habitats in high-mountain ranges, generally focus on widely distributed species at wide geographical scales. However, genetic diversity and population differentiation in the alpine zone is strongly associated not only with patterns in large-scale isolation, but also local topographic structure of habitats. Regionally endemic species offer the possibility of a realistic overview of genetic diversity in relation to local scale history without the effect of unrecognized external gene flow. Here, we focus on Cochlearia tatrae, a narrow endemic species occurring only within an isolated highmountain area in the Tatra Mts. Based on population sampling across its entire range, AFLP genotyping and DNA sequencing (non-coding plastid DNA and nrITS) this species’ genetic structure was assessed in the spatial context of its distribution and discussed in terms of its Late Pleistocene history. Pattern of genetic structure in C. tatrae populations did not include strongly divergent genetic lineages with high levels of unique genetic markers. In the PCoA and Neighbour-Net analyses of AFLP data, individuals formed a genetically coherent complex. However, despite the lack of discontinuities, the general tendency was for them to cluster in a way that reflects individual populations and geographical provenance. Despite the small area of distribution of this species (~80 × 20 km), the Bayesian analysis of population structure revealed four genetic groups, with a latitudinal (east–west) distribution across the Tatra Mts. CpDNA and ITS sequences varied little but localized distribution of several closely related plastid haplotypes mostly supported the delimitation of the genetic groups. Based on this phylogeographical structure it is assumed that the Last Glacial history of C. tatrae was characterized by vertical movements and isolation in peripheral, periglacial microrefugia where the conditions were cold and moist. Subsequent postglacial upslope movements, together with poor dispersal and little gene flow resulted in several genetic lineages distributed longitudinally along the Tatra Mts.
Numerical investigation of spray combustion towards HITAC conditions

The features of High Temperature Air Combustion (HiTAC), i.e. high-efficiency combustion processes creating a uniform temperature distribution with low NOX and CO emissions, lend itself ideally for the combustion of all sorts of "difficult” fuels, ranging from low-calorific gases such as waste-gases, to heavy fuel-oils. However, to date most of the applications of HiTAC are for gaseous fuels and solid fuels, while little has been investigated on liquid fuel spray combustion in such combustion regimes. The objective of the research presented in this thesis is to identify and specify the important parameters for achieving good model performance and to understand how HiTAC conditions can be achieved for spray combustion. For this purpose numerical investigations have been performed on the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) methanol spray flame under a conventional condition, the DSHC (Delft Spray-in-Hot-Coflow) ethanol spray flames in both cold and hot co-flow conditions, and the heavy fuel oil spray combustion in a 9 MW boiler with flue gas recirculation using Stork Double Register Burner (DRB). The NIST methanol spray flame was numerically studied using an Eulerian- Lagrangian RANS model. With steady laminar flamelet model good agreements between experimental data and numerical results were observed. Then we extended the validated models and methods to the the simulation of DSHC flames, and also extended the limited co-flow conditions of experiment to a series of combinations of temperatures and O2 concentrations for comparative study. The results showed that the low O2 concentration plays a key role in the reduction of peak temperature and thus thermal NOX emissions. The flame profiles and SMD at various elevations showed good agreements with experimental data under the similar conditions. The analysis of spray trajectories has been discussed in order to perform proper model validation. Heavy fuel-oil combustion in a 9MW boiler was numerically investigated with the Euler-Lagrange method as well. For Combustion, Eddy Dissipation model with a two-step global reaction mechanism was used instead. The results showed that a more uniform temperature distribution in the boiler can be achieved by diluting the primary and secondary air flow with flue gas recirculation. In this way the thermal NOX can be effectively reduced, while the remained fuel NOX formation is mainly dependent on the local combustion characteristics and the initial concentration of nitrogen-bound compounds. Besides, soot formation should be included in the simulation since it shows considerable influence on peak temperature and NOX formation. It is also concluded that the realization of HiTAC-like conditions in heavy fuel-oil combustion depends on the possibility to guarantee a sufficiently high level of flue gas recirculation flow into the evaporating spray jet.
Interpretation of Korean Null Pronouns in subject and object position: Comparing native and non-native speakers

We report an experiment that investigates how native and non-native Korean speakers’ interpretation of null pronouns in subject and object position is influenced by structural and discourse-level factors. We compare native Korean speakers to L2 Korean learners whose L1, Spanish, only has null pronouns in subject position. We find that native Korean speakers’ interpretation of subject and object null pronouns is guided by structural factors as well as discourse-level coherence relations, with subject nulls being more sensitive to coherence relations than object nulls. In contrast, our results suggest that L2 speakers’ interpretation of null pronouns in Korean is less influenced by coherence relations. Our results support claims that interface phenomena are challenging in L2 acquisition and provide new evidence that this occurs with null pronouns in L2 even when the L1 has null pronouns.
Making and Breaking of European Governments

The durability of European governments, or, their ‘making and breaking’, is often accredited to their specific institutional environments. Accordingly, it is not solely elections that determine what kind of government forms or how long it survives. Rather, the systematic features of European parliamentary democracies, which make the executive accountable to the legislature, play an important role. Consequently, European governments are mostly the outcome of a bargaining process with other parliamentary parties, which in turn is influenced by a variety of institutional arrangements. However, caution should be advised; treating government formation and survival as a function of the institutional setup of parliamentary democracies is inordinately deterministic. Without doubt, parliamentary settings impose constraints on the processes of government formation and hence also influence government survival. Nevertheless, I will argue that the sources of government formation and stability are not exclusively limited to institutional frameworks. They importantly extend to the role of ‘human agency’ of politicians and parties, their motivations and ideological polarization, as well as to economic conditions. These factors affect the type of government that will be formed as well as its longevity. Institutional arrangements alone can thus not account for the ‘making and breaking’ of European governments.
Information Privacy, Cultural Values, and Regulatory Preferences

The global nature of e-commerce is complicating privacy issues because perceptions of privacy, trust, risk, and fair information practices vary across cultures, and differences in national regulation create challenges for global information management strategies. Despite the spike in international regulatory attention devoted to privacy issues and the tensions associated with them, there has been very little research on the relationship between information privacy concerns and consumers' regulatory preferences, and even rarer is research that incorporates cultural values into a framework that includes privacy concerns and regulation. This study examines privacy concerns, a full complement of cultural values, trust, risk, and regulation at the individual level in a cohesive manner. Relying on a dataset of consumers gathered in the United States and India, the authors test a model that incorporates these constructs as well as trust and risk beliefs. The model explains 48% of the variance in consumers' regulatory preferences, and all but one of the hypotheses find statistical support.
Novel Glycoprotein, gp34, That Is Specifically Induced by the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type I Transactivator p4Otax

We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding gp34, a novel glycoprotein expressed in cells bearing human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I has a trans-acting transcriptional activator, p40tax, that is thought to be implicated in leukemogenesis through the activation of cellular enhancers. With a subline (JPX-9) of the human T-celi line Jurkat, in which p40 is inducible, gp34 was shown to be of cellular origin and to be transcriptionally activated by p40. It was also demonstrated that two species of mRNA are generated from one copy of the gp34 gene and that these mRNAs encode the identical gp34 product and differ in the 3' untranslated region. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of gp34 showed that it lacks typical signal peptides; however, it has a hydrophobic stretch for membrane anchoring and four possible N-linked glycosylation sites at the carboxy-terminal portion, indicating that it belongs to the family of membrane proteins whose carboxy-terminal portion protrudes out of the cell. The gp34 gene displayed relatively delayed induction compared with other genes activated by p40. Taken together with the observation of the dependence of gp34 expression on HTLV-I p40, unlike other p4Otax-dependent genes such as those for the interleukin-2 receptor a chain and c-fos, which are expressed or induced under physiological conditions, we predict that the mechanism involved in the induction of gp34 expression by p40 is distinct from and more intricate than those for the previously characterized genes.
Supervised Learning in φ^4 Lattice Field Theory

Lattice quantum field theory is a frequently used approach to explore, describe and investigate physical phenomena computationally using numerical simulations. Machine Learning (ML) has the potential to provide useful tools and techniques which may assist in this context. For this purpose ML algorithms have to respect certain symmetries which are essential for applications in physics. In this work we focus on constructing translationally invariant Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and explore their application to a dualized description of the discretized Klein-Gordon φ scalar field theory. Another advantage of the architectures we explore, besides translational invariance, is the possibility to provide differently sized inputs to the CNN. We perform a regression and classification task to evaluate whether these ML algorithms are able to predict physical observables. The models were able to perform accurate predictions for field configurations with a lattice size on which they were trained. More interestingly, they were able to generalize to larger lattice sizes and deliver comparable predictions.
The MOSE Machine: An anthropological approach to the building of a flood safeguard project in the Venetian Lagoon

This article reconstructs and analyses the reactions and perceptions of fishers and inhabitants of the Venetian Lagoon regarding flood events, ecosystem fragility and the safeguard project named MOSE, which seems to be perceived by residents as a greater risk than floods. Throughout the complex development of the MOSE project, which has involved protracted legislative and technical phases, public opinion has been largely ignored, local knowledge neglected in favour of technical agendas and environmental impact has been largely overlooked. Fishers have begun to describe the Lagoon as a ‘sick’ and rapidly changing organism. These reports will be the starting point for investigating the fishers’ interpretations of the environmental changes they observe during their daily fishing trips. The cause of these changes is mostly attributed to the MOSE’S invasive anthropogenic intervention. The lack of ethical, affective and environmental considerations in the long history of the project has also led to opposition that has involved a conflict between local and technical knowledge.
Evil Under the Sun: Understanding and Discovering Attacks on Ethereum Decentralized Applications

The popularity of Ethereum decentralized applications (Dapps) also brings in new security risks: it has been re-ported that these Dapps have been under various kinds of attacks from cybercriminals to gain proﬁt. To the best of our knowledge, little has been done so far to understand this new cybercrime, in terms of its scope, criminal footprints and attack operational intents, not to mention any efforts to investigate these attack incidents automatically on a large scale. In this paper, we performed the ﬁrst measurement study on real-world Dapp attack instances to recover critical threat intelligence (e.g., kill chain and attack patterns). Utilizing such threat intelligence, we proposed the ﬁrst technique DE-FIER to automatically investigate attack incidents on a large scale. Running DEFIER on 2.3 million transactions from 104 Ethereum on-chain Dapps, we were able to identify 476,342 exploit transactions on 85 target Dapps, which related to 75 0-day victim Dapps and 17K previously-unknown attacker EOAs. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest Ethereum on-chain Dapp attack incidents dataset ever reported.
Knowledge Level of Iranian Dental Practitioners Towards Digital Radiography And Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: TThis study aimed to assess the knowledge level of Iranian dental practitioners about digital radiography (DR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: In this crosssectional study, a researcher-designed questionnaire was administered among 180 general dentists and specialists. The questionnaire had three main domains of demographic information, fifteen questions about knowledge of DR (advantages, disadvantages, physical properties) and twenty six questions about knowledge of CBCT (indications, applications, advantages, route of knowledge acquisition). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Of 180 participants, 76 (42.2%) were females. The minimum, maximum and mean± standard deviation scores obtained in DR were 4, 14, and 9.031 ± 1.85 and in CBCT were 0,26 and 18.56 ± 4.81, respectively. In the CBCT domain, the participants had maximum knowledge about “low radiation dose” (72.8%) and minimum knowledge about the “role of CBCT in determination of bone density” (45%). In DR domain, the participants had maximum knowledge about “no need for radiographic films” (75.6%) and minimum knowledge about “not requiring manual processing” (15.6%). Overall, participants had higher level of knowledge about CBCT than DR. An inverse correlation was noted between age and work experience with the number of correct answers. However, no significant difference was noted in the knowledge level of males and females regarding CBCT or DR (p = 0.233 and p = 0.227, respectively). Conclusions: further education seem imperative for dentists in this respect for more efficient diagnosis and treatment planning, minimize patient radiation dose and save time and cost. RESUMO