Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DENTAL CARIES STATUS OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULT WITH DISABILITIES ATTENDING SPECIAL NEEDS BOARDING SCHOOLS IN KUANTAN , PAHANG

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the caries status of children with disabilities attending special needs boarding schools in Kuantan, Pahang. Study design: This cross-sectional study involved 270 children and young adult with hearing, visual or learning disabilities aged between 5 to 20 years old. The dental caries status was evaluated using the DMFT/dmft indices in accordance with the WHO criteria. Results: All children (100%) between 5-6 years old had caries, 38 (86.4%) children of the 7-12 age group had caries in mix-dentition while 152 (69.1%) children and young adult from the age group of 13-20 had caries in the permanent dentition. From the total number of 270 participants, 196 (72.6%) children and young adult had caries experience with only 74 participants who were caries free. According to the types of disability, the visually disabled group had the highest dmft mean of 4.00 whereas the learning-disabled group had the highest DMFT mean of 2.95. There were no significant differences across the types of disabilities (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the disabled student at the special needs boarding schools in Kuantan, Pahang have a high caries prevalence.
A New Helcionelloid Mollusk from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, Canada

Abstract Burgess Shale-type faunas provide unique insights into the Cambrian “explosion”. Their degree of representativeness of Cambrian marine life in general is, however, less easy to establish. One line of evidence is to consider only the skeletal component of a Burgess Shale-type fauna and compare that with a typical Cambrian assemblage. This paper describes a new species of helcionelloid mollusk (Totoralia reticulata n. sp.) from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Whilst much rarer than the co-occurring smooth shelled helcionelloid Scenella amii, the strongly costate morphology of Totoralia reinforces comparisons with Cambrian shelly faunas. The extension of the range of Totoralia from Argentina to Canada adds support to the proposed derivation of the Precordillera terrane of Mendoza from Laurentia.
Some aspects of collision tectonics in the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh

Summary In the Indus Suture Zone, five tectonic zones can be recognized, which are from N to S: (i) the Ladakh or Trans-Himalayan Batholith (103−25 Ma) and the Dras Volcanoplutonic Group; (ii) the Indus Detrital Group with marine formations of Aptian to Ilerdian age (103−45 Ma) and continental formations of Oligocene- ? Miocene age; (iii) the Nindam (Cretaceous) and Lamayuru (Ladinian-Dogger) Flysch Nappes; (iv) the Zanskar Structural Nappe Complex (Upper Palaeozoic-Ilerdian) resting on a metamorphic ‘basement’; and (v) the Spongtang-Photaksar Ophiolitic Nappe. Several folding phases affect these tectonic units; analyses of mesoscopic and microscopic structures show a polyphase tectonic history with a syn-metamorphic cleavage (S1 or S1–2, striking 090–120°) which is axial planar to recumbent folds associated with a N-S mineral lineation, a fracture cleavage (striking 120°) which varies in dip and this is cut by a still later steeply dipping fracture cleavage striking 030–040°. The tectonic contacts, the kinematics, relative chronology and structural evolution are discussed. We propose that the structural sequence results from continuous N-S compression occurring during collision.
Induction of Labor GJ.qxp

This Practice Bulletin was developed by the ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics with the assistance of Mildred Ramirez, MD, and Susan Ramin, MD. The information is designed to aid practitioners in making decisions about appropriate obstetric and gynecologic care. These guidelines should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of treatment or procedure. Variations in practice may be warranted based on the needs of the individual patient, resources, and limitations unique to the institution or type of practice. Induction of Labor
Quantifying inﬂuences on intragenomic mutation rate

1 We report work to quantify the impact on the probability of human genome polymorphism both of recombination and of sequence context at different scales. We use population-based analyses of data on human genetic variants obtained from the public Ensembl database. For recombination, we calculate the variance due to recombination and the probability that a recombination event causes a mutation. We employ novel statistical procedures to take account of the spatial auto-correlation of recombination and mutation rates along the genome. Our results support the view that genomic diversity in recombination hotspots arises from a direct effect of recombination on mutation rather than from the effect of selective sweeps. We also use the statistic of variance due to context to compare the effect on the probability of polymorphism of contexts of various sizes. We ﬁnd that when the 12 point mutations are considered separately, variance due to context increases signiﬁcantly as we move from 3-mer to 5-mer and from 5-mer to 7-mer contexts. However, when all mutations are considered in aggregate, these differences are outweighed by the effect of interaction between the central base and its immediate neighbors. This interaction is itself dominated by the transition mutations, including, but not limited to, the CpG effect. We also demonstrate strand-asymmetry of contextual inﬂuence in intronic regions, which is hypothesized to be a result of transcription coupled DNA repair. We consider the extent to which the measures we have used can be used to meaningfully compare the relative magnitudes of the impact of recombination and context on mutation. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
WP / 19 / 078 Foreign Direct Investment , Domestic Investment and Green Growth in Nigeria : Any Spillovers ?

Globally, investments in physical and human capital have been identified to foster real economic growth and development in any economy. Investments, which could be domestic or foreign, have been established in the literature as either complements or substitutes in varying scenarios. While domestic investments bring about endogenous growth processes, foreign investment, though may be exogenous to growth, has been identified to bring about productivity and ecological spillovers. In view of these competing–conflicting perspectives, this chapter examines the differential impacts of domestic and foreign investments on green growth in Nigeria during the period 1970-2017. The empirical evidence is based on Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Granger causality estimates. Also, the study articulates the prospects for growth sustainability via domestic or foreign investments in Nigeria. The results show that domestic investment increases CO2 emissions in the short run while foreign investment decreases CO2 emissions in the long run. When the dataset is decomposed into three sub-samples in the light of cycles of investments within the trend analysis, findings of the third sub-sample (i.e. 2001-2017) reveal that both types of investments decrease CO2 emissions in the long run while only domestic investment has a negative effect on CO2 emissions in the short run. This study therefore concludes that as short-run distortions even out in the long-run, FDI and domestic investments has prospects for sustainable development in Nigeria through green growth.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE TSUNAMI OF DECEMBER 26, 2004 ON THE NEAR-SHORE BATHYMETRY OF THE KALPAKKAM COAST, EAST COAST OF INDIA

The devastating impact of the December 26, 2004 tsunami on the coast of South India has been well documented. However, only a few studies assessed the tsunami’s impact in the near-shore region. The present study evaluates changes in bathymetry along the near-shore of Kalpakkam before and after the tsunami. Using GIS software, data was extracted from charts to create three-dimensional bathymetric representations of the offshore region before and after the tsunami. Initially, a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) surface was created by using Arc GIS software. Subsequently, by employing a 3D analyst tool, a three-dimensional surface of the near shore bathymetry was generated and comparisons were made with the pre-tsunami bathymetry. Based on comparisons of selected profiles, conclusions were drawn as to changes that resulted from the tsunami’s impact. The analysis indicated that the tsunami deposited loose inner shelf sediments that altered significantly the near shore region bathymetry of the Kalpakkam coastal region. Sediment accretion changed the local bathymetry by 10 to 50 cm.
A review of Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic lithotectonic terranes in the northeastern Appalachian orogen of New Brunswick, Canada, and their tectonic evolution during Penobscot, Taconic, Salinic, and Acadian orogenesis

Geological relationships preserved in the New Brunswick segment of the Appalachian orogen are key to decipher ing the complex tectonic events that occurred during the closing of the Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean. These events can be explained in terms of geodynamic interactions between eight lithotectonic terranes. The first, the Caledonia terrane, comprises Neoproterozoic volcanic arc sequences and comagmatic plutons considered to form part of the microcon tinent of Avalonia. The seven other terranes are associated with the microcontinent of Ganderia and consist of (1) Brookville terrane–Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic platformal carbonates and Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian plutonic rocks, (2) New River terrane–Neoproterozoic volcanic arc sequences and comagmatic plutons overlain by a Cambrian Penobscot volcanic arc sequence, (3) Annidale terrane–Upper Cambrian to lower Lower Ordovician Penobscot volcanic arc-backarc sequence and unconformably overlying upper Lower Ordovician volcanic sequence, (4) St. Croix terrane–Cambrian to Upper Ordovician sedimentary sequence deposited on the passive margin of the New River terrane, (5) Miramichi terrane–Cambrian to Lower Ordovician sedimentary sequence and unconform ably overlying Middle to Upper Ordovician Tetagouche volcanic backarc sequence; and Lower to Middle Ordovician Meductic volcanic arc sequence, (6) Elmtree terrane–Middle to Upper Ordovician backarc ophiolitic sequence, and
Creation of pre-oil-charging porosity by migration of source-rock-derived corrosive fluids through carbonate reservoirs: one-dimensional reactive mass transport modelling

Locally increased porosity of carbonate reservoir rocks may result from acidic fluids that migrated as a pre-oil phase through the reservoir. Here, hydrogeochemical modelling, which is based on the principles of chemical equilibrium thermodynamics, is performed to test such a hypothetical concept. Despite the generic nature of the model, the modelling results give basic and quantitative insights into the mechanisms of calcite dissolution in carbonate reservoirs induced by migrating acidic and corrosive aqueous fluids. The hydrogeochemical batch modelling considers pre-oil-phase aqueous fluids that form by kerogen maturation in siliciclastic source rocks underlying the carbonate reservoir rocks. Although saturated with respect to calcite, migration of such fluids through the carbonate reservoir triggers continuous calcite dissolution along their migration path following a decreasing pressure and temperature regime. One-dimensional reactive transport modelling reveals that thermodynamically controlled chemical re-equilibration among pre-oil-phase fluids, calcite and CO2(g) is the driving force for continuous calcite dissolution along this migration path. This reflects the increasing solubility of calcite in the system ‘pre-oil-phase fluids/calcite/CO2(g)’ with decreasing pressure and temperature. In consequence, such fluids can preserve their calcite-corrosive character, if they are exposed to continuously decreasing pressure and temperature along their migration path through the reservoir. Supplementary material: The modelling input files to ensure retraceability of our modelling approach and its results are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18802.
Educational Deprivation of Girls in Orissa

Educational attainments of the heads of households revealed that they were on an average educated up to graduation level. Expectedly the average number of years of education of the household heads was the highest in the high literacy districts and lowest in the low literacy districts. The pattern of female educational attainment also revealed a similar trend. The low literacy districts had an average female literacy of 6 years while for the middle and high literacy districts this was 9 years and 12 years respectively. Accordingly the magnitude of female dropouts varied: the low literacy districts had the highest average number of female dropouts before completion of primary as well as secondary education which was the lowest in the high literacy districts. The economic position of the poorer families did play a determining role with regard to female dropout rates. An improved income position enabled the family to meet the direct and indirect costs of schooling and hence reduced dropout rates in primary and secondary schools. But the coefficients were significant in the low literacy districts and for secondary school dropouts in the middle literacy districts. Among the other castes large numbers of dropouts before high school were observed in the low literacy and high literacy districts. After a certain level of educational attainment girls of these castes were given in marriage. Their job prospects were poor and family culture did not allow them to pursue higher studies. The positive value of the coefficient for the dropouts before secondary classes in the middle literacy districts also lent support to such an observation. In the low literacy districts a negatively significant coefficient for caste variables reflected fewer dropouts for girls of higher castes before primary education while in the case of their scheduled caste and scheduled tribe counterparts this pattern was reversed. Girls of the latter category were found to engage themselves in various income-generating activities at an early age and hence they dropped out from school. (authors)
An analysis of the sources of heavy metals in soils of eastern Hebei plain

This paper has conducted a comparative study of the content of eight heavy metals in surface layer and deep layer soils.The sources of heavy metals were analyzed by factor analysis.Seven main factors were selected,and diagrams of factor scores were drawn.The results show that Cr comes from two sources:one is soil parent material and the other is mining pollution.Agricultural pollution is the main source of Hg in eastern Hebei plain,while in some areas,Hg is mostly derived from metallurgy and traffic.Cd is deposited in Tanghai County by river transportation,Pb results from mining pollution,and As,Cu,Zn,Ni are rooted in local natural background.
Imaging the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, using teleseismic receiver functions: crustal fluids above the forearc mantle wedge

SUMMARY We image the Hikurangi subduction zone using receiver functions derived from teleseismic earthquakes. Migrated receiver functions show a northwest dipping low shear wave feature down to 60 km depth, which we associate with the crust of the subducted Pacific Plate. Receiver functions (RF) at several stations also show a pair of negative and positive polarity phases with associated conversion depths of ∼20‐26 km, where the subducted Pacific Plate is at a depth of ∼40‐50 km beneath the overlying Australian Plate. RF inversion solutions model these phases with a thin low S-wave velocity zone less than 4 km thick, and an S-wave velocity contrast of more than ∼0.5 km s −1 with the overlying crust. We interpret this phase pair as representing fluids near the base of the lower crust of the Australian Plate, directly overlying the forearc mantle wedge.
Process‐based characterization of evapotranspiration sources over the North American monsoon region

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a poorly constrained flux in the North American monsoon (NAM) region, leading to potential errors in land‐atmosphere feedbacks. We quantified the spatiotemporal variations of ET using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, modified to account for soil evaporation (Esoil), irrigated agriculture, and the variability of land surface properties derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer during 2000–2012. Simulated ET patterns were compared to field observations at 59 eddy covariance towers, water balance estimates in nine basins, and six available gridded ET products. The modified VIC model performed well at eddy covariance towers representing the natural and agricultural land covers in the region. Simulations revealed that major sources of ET were forested mountain areas during the summer season and irrigated croplands at peak times of growth in the winter and summer, accounting for 22% and 9% of the annual ET, respectively. Over the NAM region, Esoil was the largest component (60%) of annual ET, followed by plant transpiration (T, 32%) and evaporation of canopy interception (8%). Esoil and T displayed different relationships with P in natural land covers, with Esoil tending to peak earlier than T by up to 1 month, while only a weak correlation between ET and P was found in irrigated croplands. Based on the model performance, the VIC‐based estimates are the most realistic to date for this region. Furthermore, spatiotemporal patterns reveal new information on the magnitudes, locations, and timing of ET in the North American monsoon region with implications on land‐atmosphere feedbacks.
Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated-gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidization: Chemical-reaction-path modeling of ore-depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada

Integrated geologic, geochemical, fluid-inclusion, and stableisotope studies of the gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada, provide evidence that gold deposition was a consequence of both fluid mixing and sulfidization of host-rock iron. Chemical-reaction-path models of these ore-depositional processes confirm that the combination of fluid mixing, including simultaneous cooling, dilution, and oxidation of the ore fluid, and wall-rock reaction, with sulfidization of reactive iron in the host rock, explains the disseminated nature and small size of the gold and the alteration zonation, mineralogy, and geochemistry observed at Jerritt Canyon and at many other sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits.
Cretaceous Paleogeography of Western North America

Cretaceous rocks are widespread along the Pacific margin of North America and record the presence of a variety of plutonic, metamorphic, and volcanic events, basin types, depositional systems, and tectonic regimes. More accurate time-stratigraphic divisions of Cretaceous rocks, based on improved biostratigraphic zonations and new radiometric dating, permit both improved paleogeographic reconstructions and correlations with global changes in sea level, climate, and oceanic paleocirculation patterns. Better understanding of the mobility and interaction of tectonostratigraphic terranes along the Pacific margin, supported by paleomagnetic studies of increased accuracy, have forced us to re-evaluate all previous paleotectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions. Major accretionary events, marked by regional structural deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism, characterized the Pacific margin in Jurassic time. The Cretaceous paleogeographic framework of California and Oregon reflects the reconstruction of the margin into a more continuous and less complex magmatic arc, forearc basin, and subduction complex. most
Temperature dependence of the absorption cross sections of formaldehyde between 223 and 323 K in the wavelength range 225–375 nm

UV absorption cross sections of formaldehyde (HCHO) have been measured with a spectral resolution of 0.025 nm in the wavelength range 225–375 nm at 298 K using a diode array detector. At selected temperatures ranging from 223 to 323 K, measurements have been conducted to obtain temperature gradients in the wavelength range 250–356 nm. Error limits for the reported absorption cross sections are ±5% but at least ±3×10−22 cm2 molecule−1. For the temperature gradients, uncertainties are <8%. Spectra and temperature gradients are compared with earlier measurements.
The Effects of Pressure, Temperature, and XH2O on Phase Assemblage in Four Synthetic Rock Compositions

The variation in stable phase assemblage has been determined over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and water content for four compositions within the system $$CaAl_{2}Si_{2}O_{8}-NaAlSi_{3}O_{8}-KAlSi_{3}O_{8}-SiO_{2}$$. The compositions used were based on the average analyses of (1) hornblende-biotite granite; (2) hornblende-biotite adamellite; (3) hornblende-biotite granodiorite; and (4) hornblende-biotite tonalite as compiled by Nockolds. The variable parameters studied were pressure (2-8 kb), temperature (625°-1,200°C), and $$H_{2}O$$ content (0-20 wt %). The results are compared with recent vapor-saturated "rock-melting" experiments on similar natural materials, and the approximate position of the bivariant liquid which coexists with plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz, and vapor in the system $$CaAl_{2}Si_{2}O_{8}-NaAlSi_{3}O_{8}-KAlSi_{3}O_{8}-SiO_{2}-H_{2}O$$ determined. The study suggests that quartz resorption should commonly occur during the intrusion of granitic magmas in the absence of a free vapor phase. The liquidus temperatures determined are strongly affected by changes in anorthite and water content. The order in which crystalline phases appear during crystallization will also be strongly effected by the water content of the system as well as pressure, temperature, and anhydrous bulk composition. The study of such synthetic analogs may be helpful in determining the conditions of origin, intrusion, and crystallization of granitic magmas.
Borrowing to Keep Up (with the Joneses) Inequality, Debt, and Conspicuous Consumption

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.