Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fay meets van der Pauw: the trisecant identity and the resistivity of holey samples

The van der Pauw method is commonly used in the applied sciences to find the resistivity of a simply connected, two-dimensional conducting laminate. Given the usefulness of this ‘4-point probe’ method there has been much recent interest in trying to extend it to holey, that is, multiply connected, samples. This paper introduces two new mathematical tools to this area of investigation—the prime function on the Schottky double of a planar domain and the Fay trisecant identity—and uses them to show how the van der Pauw method can be extended to find the resistivity of a sample with a hole. We show that an integrated form of the Fay trisecant identity provides valuable information concerning the appearance of ‘envelopes’ observed in the case of holey samples by previous authors. We find explicit formulae for these envelopes, as well as an approximate formula relating two pairs of resistance measurements to the sample resistivity that is expected to be valid when the hole is sufficiently small and not too close to the outer boundary. We describe how these new mathematical tools have enabled us to prove certain conjectures recently made in the engineering literature.
Characteristics of metal-loaded TiO2/SnO2 thick film gas sensor for detecting acetonitrile

This study investigated sensitivity of the gas sensor to chemical weapons with the sensor material doped with catalysts. The nano-sized SnO2 powder mixed with metal oxides (TiO2) was doped with transition metals(Pt, Pd and In). Thick film of nano-sized SnO2 powder with TiO2 was prepared by screen-printing method onto Al2O3 substrates with platinum electrode and chemical precipitation method. The physical and chemical properties of sensor material were investigated by SEM/EDS, XRD and BET analyzers. The measured sensitivity to simulant toxic gas is defined as the percentage of resistance of value equation, [(Ra-Rg)/Ra x100)], that of the resistance(Ra) of SnO2 film in air and the resistance(Rg) of SnO2 film in acetonitrile gas. The best sensitivity and selectivity of these thick film were shown with 1wt. % Pd and 1wt. % TiO2 for acetonitile gas at the operating temperature of 250℃.
The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Rough, Porous Plate: Experimental Heat Transfer with Uniform Blowing

Abstract : Stanton number measurements have been made for a transpired turbulent boundary layer on a rough surface. Tests were conducted at uniform blowing fractions from 0 to . 008, with uniform surface temperature and uniform free- stream velocity. The x-reynolds number range of these tests was from 100,000 to 10 to the 7th power and the roughness Reynolds number range from 20 to 200. The data are believed to be accurate to within + or - . 0001 Stanton number units over most of this range. At each test condition, several velocity profiles were taken to measure the boundary layer growth. The boundary layer momentum thickness variation along the test surface has been used to estimate rough-plate skin friction. The data indicate the expected increase in both skin friction and heat transfer due to roughness. The data display some unusual features when plotted against boundary layer size.
An examination of sonocrystallization kinetics of l-glutamic acid

The power ultrasound effects, the sonocrystallization kinetics and mechanism are investigated for cooling crystallization of l-glutamic acid (LGA) from aqueous solution. Sonocrystallization experiments involving slow and crash cooling have been undertaken for the metastable zone width and induction time measurement. LGA nucleation kinetics was extracted using Nývlt’s method. The results revealed that application of ultrasound can effectively narrow the metastable zone width, significantly reducing the induction time, and accelerate the nucleation rate. The calculated critical nucleus size and interfacial tension suggested that ultrasound reduces the nucleation energy barrier to allow crystallization to occur readily. These effects became more obvious with the increase of ultrasound power. The pressure upon the collapsing cavitation bubble was calculated along with the nucleation rateunder the collapsing pressure. In order to identify the mechanism, an approach was developed in the literature for calculating the ultrasound-induced nuclei number which was employed to establish the inter-relationship between the cavitation number and nucleation event. Whilst the theoretical calculation did not fully match the experimental measurement, the total induced nuclei number was found to be proportional to the cavitation issue; therefore, it still provides a potentially credible mechanism for illustrating the sonocrystallization process. Studies on seeded crystal growth in the ultrasound field indicated that the effect of ultrasound irradiation on LGA growth depends on the supersaturation. The ultrasound increased the growth rate at low supersaturation, while it appeared to have no effect at high supersaturation. The corresponding growth mechanism is believed to be the 2-D nucleation growth. A population balance model was applied for the seeded growth process to predict the dynamic evolution of the particle size distributions that are validated by experimental measurements. The influence of operating conditions on LGA polymorphism was also studied. Investigation of the ultrasound effect on polymorphism suggested that ultrasound favours the precipitation of the stable β-form by improving the surface nucleation of the β-form and hence increasing the transformation rate. The analysis of the LGA crystals produced proved that the variation of ultrasonic power and insonation interval can be utilizedto manipulate the particle size distribution and crystal morphology.
Production of biopesticides as a novel method of wastewater sludge utilization/disposal

Production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki HD-1, an industrially produced biopesticide source, was tested as a potential method to valorize wastewater treatment sludge. The effects of sludge solids concentration and inoculum size were verified on the production of Bt. Inoculum sizes of 1% and 5% were tested. The cell and spore counts achieved were comparable to those in the industry standard. Sludge with 1% (v/v) inoculum size gave higher entomotoxicity compared to that of 5% inoculum. It was observed that sludge samples with lower solids concentration gave marginally lower cell and spore count but gave considerably higher toxicity. The production time was also comparable to the industrial standard. Results from these experiments and their economical implications are discussed in this paper.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CHF CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER-TIO2 NANO-FLUIDS

CHF characteristics of nano- fluids were investigated with different volumetric concentrations of nanoparticles. Pool boiling experiments indicated that the application of nano-fluids, instead of pure water, as a cooling liquid significantly increased the CHF. SEM (scanning electron microscope) observations subsequent to the pool boiling experiments revealed that nanoparticles were coated on the heating surface during pool boiling of nano-fluids. In order to investigate the roles of nanoparticles in CHF enhancement ofb nano-fluids, pool boiling experiments were performed using (a) a nanoparticle-coated heater, prepared by pool boiling of nano-fluids, immersed in pure water and (b) a nanoparticle-coated heater immersed in nano-fluids. The results demonstrated two different roles of nanoparticles in CHF enhancement using nano-fluids: the effect of nanoparticles coated on the heater surface and the effect of nanoparticles suspended in nano- fluids.
Study of microbial changes in probiotic and synbiotic lassi during storage

Objective of the present investigation was to assess the microbial changes occurring in the formulated synbiotic lassi containing carrot juice. A (probiotic lassi), and B (synbiotic lassi) were initially evaluated on 0th day and later at an interval of 7 day period up to 28 days, wherein the samples were stored at refrigerated conditions 4 ± 1 oC. During refrigerated storage of 28 days, Lactobacillus count remained well above 108 cfu/ml in both the samples (A and B). Coliforms were found to be absent along with yeast and mold count throughout the storage study. These products can surge ahead in market as appealing functional fermented beverage for consumers giving health benefits due to presence of probiotic culture, FOS and other beneficial constituents from carrot juice.
Seasonal incidence of Gundhi bug on rice under agro-climatic condition of Allahabad

These experiment was studied the seasonal incidence of rice gundhi bug [Leptocorisa acuta (Thonberg)] on rice under agro-climatic condition of Allahabad, at Central Research Farm, SHUATS, Naini, Allahabad during kharif season of 2016. Initial incidence of the rice gundhi bug was noticed on the 38th (third week of September) standard week and reached the peak in the 43rd (fourth week of october) standard week. At that time, average maximum temperature was 34.31°C and minimum temperature was 24.80°C, average morning relative humidity was 90.20% and evening 53.70%, average wind velocity was 1.01km/ hour and average sun shine hour was 8.7 hours.
Rapid prediction of fatty acid composition of vegetable oil by Raman spectroscopy coupled with least squares support vector machines

The fatty acid composition of vegetable oil plays a significant role in a nutrition-balanced diet, which makes this industry more quality conscious. A set of store-purchased vegetable oils and their binary mixtures were characterized by Raman spectra in a region of 800–2000 cm−1. The obtained Raman spectral data were pretreated, and intensities of eight characteristic peaks were extracted as the eigenvalues of an entire spectrum. A prediction model of fatty acid content based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) were established for multivariate analysis between the Raman spectral eigenvalues and the fatty acid composition measured by gas chromatography (GC) method. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing the predicted values to the reference values from GC analysis. The correlation coefficient for the prediction of oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid was 0.9972, 0.9982 and 0.9854, respectively. Raman spectroscopy based on LS-SVM can be a promising technique for predicting the fatty acid composition of vegetable oil with the advantages of being simple and time-effective while not requiring any sample preprocessing. In particular, a portable Raman system is suitable for on-site detection in practical applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemical Studies on Cissus quadrangularis Linn.

Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (Family: Vitaceae) is an ancient medicinal plant, named as Hadjod in Hindi. A triterpene d-amyrin acetate (1), aliphatic acid hexadecanoic acid ( 3 ) and stilbene glucoside trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside ( 9 ) were isolated for the first time from the stems of Cissus quadrangularis, along with previously reported compounds namely, δ- amyrone ( 2 ) d-amyrin ( 4 ), β-sitosterol ( 5 ), kaempferol ( 6 ), quercetin ( 7 ) and resveratrol ( 8 ). The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds were performed by spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS) and by direct comparison with literature.
Microwave-Vacuum Drying of Pharmaceutical Powders

Abstract Due to their temperature sensitive nature, many pharmaceutical products are dried under vacuum to facilitate solvent evaporation at reduced temperatures. However, this necessitates long drying times and represents a processing bottleneck. Microwave heating of such materials at reduced pressures offers a more rapid method of moisture removal, without the risk of product damage. Within this study, the effect of vacuum on the rate of solvent evaporation was investigated, using a range of powders (pharmaceutical actives Paracetamol and Aspirin, and a range of bulk excipients) and solvents including water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. In general, drying rate increased as system pressure decreased, however, the magnitude and duration was system specific. As expected, the diffusion coefficient decreased from the first to the second falling rate period, with the diffusivity in each drying period increasing with increased vacuum. The findings in this research have significant implications for drying operations in the pharmaceutical industry.
Salmonella Typhimurium outer membrane protein A (OmpA) renders protection against nitrosative stress by promoting SCV stability in murine macrophages

Porins are highly conserved bacterial outer membrane proteins involved in the selective transport of charged molecules across the membrane. Despite their significant contributions to the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacteria, their precise role in salmonellosis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of porins (OmpA, OmpC, OmpD, and OmpF) in Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) pathogenesis. OmpA played a multifaceted role in STM pathogenesis, and a strain deleted for ompA (STM ΔompA) showed enhanced proneness to phagocytosis and compromised proliferation in macrophages. However, in the epithelial cells, despite being invasion deficient, it was hyper-proliferative. The poor colocalization of STM ΔompA with LAMP-1 confirmed impaired stability of SCV membrane around the intracellular bacteria, resulting in its (STM ΔompA) release into the cytosol of macrophages where it is assaulted with reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). The cytosolic localization of STM ΔompA was responsible for the downregulation of SPI-2 encoded virulence factor SpiC, which is required to suppress the activity of iNOS. The reduced recruitment of nitrotyrosine on STM in the macrophage cytosol upon ectopically expressing Listeriolysin O (LLO) explicitly supported the pro-bacterial role of OmpA against the host nitrosative stress. Further, we show that the generation of time-dependent redox burst could be responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of STM ΔompA towards nitrosative stress. The absence of OmpA in STM ΔompA resulted in the loss of integrity and enhanced porosity of the bacterial outer membrane, which was attributed to the upregulated expression of ompC, ompD, and ompF. We showed the involvement of OmpF in the entry of excess nitrite in STM ΔompA, thus increasing the susceptibility of the bacteria towards in vitro and in vivo nitrosative stress. In conclusion, we illustrated a mechanism of strategic utilization of OmpA compared to other porins by wildtype Salmonella for combating the nitrosative stress in macrophages.
Infrared Optical Properties of Thin CO, NO, CH4, HC1, N2O, O2, N2, Ar, and Air Cryofilms

Abstract : The infrared spectral transmittance of cryofilms formed by CO, NO, CH4, HC1, N2O, O2, N2, Ar, and air were measured. These films were condensed on a 20 K germanium substrate and ranged in thickness from 0.25 to 15 micrometer; the deposition pressure for the films was 2 x 10 to the -7th power torr. Transmission spectra were obtained for the 500- to 3700/cm wavenumber range using a Fourier transform spectrometer. Values of complex index of refraction (n = n - ik) for the cryodeposits were derived from the experimental data using an analytical model and the nonlinear least-squares method. The analytical model treats the germanium as a thick noninterfering film and the deposit as a thin film. Results from the least-squares method are also compared with a Kramers-Kronig determination of the real part of the index of refraction. The optical properties (n,k) of such cryofilms are reqiured for predicting the degradation of contaminated, cryogenically cooled optical surfaces.
Tetracycline degradation and mineralization by the coupling of an electro‐Fenton pretreatment and a biological process

BACKGROUND Studies on the degradation and mineralization of tetracycline by means of the electro-Fenton process are lacking in the available literature. Its relevance as a pre-treatment prior to a biological process for the removal of tetracycline was therefore examined. RESULTS Degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the optimal operating conditions were: 0.1 mmol L-1 catalyst (Fe2+) concentration, 300 mA applied current intensity and 25 mg L-1 tetracycline, leading to total degradation within only 5 min and a mineralization yield of 89 % after 6 h electrolysis. Biodegradability tests were realized with 100 mg L-1 tetracycline; BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.02 to 0.56 after 6 h electrolysis, showing the relevance of the electro-Fenton pre-treatment. However, to keep a significant residual organic content, 2 to 4 h electrolysis time may be more relevant, leading to BOD5/COD ratio and mineralization yields of 0.33–0.44 and 46–72%, respectively. CONCLUSION Activated sludge cultures of pretreated and non-pretreated tetracycline solutions were carried out for 3 weeks. The overall TOC removal increased from 28% for the non-pretreated tetracycline to 68 and 86% after 2 and 4 h electrolysis, confirming the efficiency of the proposed combined process. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and stability of W/O/W emulsions containing sucrose as weighting agent

The objective of present study was to evaluate the use of sucrose as a weighting agent in W/O/W emulsions. Placing sucrose in the internal water phase could increase the density of the oil droplet and provide natural weighing to the oil phase. A 60 wt% sucrose solution with or without gelatin served as inner aqueous phase (W). Orange oil terpenes (OT) or Miglyol 812 (MCT) were compared as oil phase (O). Different concentrations of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were evaluated as lipophilic emulsifier. Gum Arabic (GA), modified starch (MS), and/or Tween 20 were evaluated as hydrophilic emulsifiers. Mean droplet diameter (MDD) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were measured with yellow #6 as a marker incorporated in inner aqueous phase. Nano-sized W/O emulsions were formed with MDD as small as of 72 nm by using Microfluidization. Gelling the inner phase significantly increased droplet size of W/O emulsions. GA-stabilized W/O/W emulsions showed highest dye retention (EE > 85%) and smallest MDD (0.75 to 4.5 µm), whereas MS and Tween 20 showed poor performance (EE <50%). Both concentrated and diluted W/O/W emulsions with MCT as oil phase stabilized by GA showed good stability in MDD, EE and turbidity during four weeks of storage at 23 °C. The results demonstrated the potential and challenges of creating stable beverage cloud applications based on W/O/W emulsions using sucrose as a natural weighting agent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of macroreticular resin and activated carbon as sorbents

The sorptive properties of XAD-resin and Filtrasorb 300 activated carbon were compared by determination of the recovery of one hundred model compounds added to water samples at a concentration of 100 . mu.g/l, and also the recovery of 13 compounds added to water samples at a concentration of 1 . mu.g/l. The relative efficiencies of the two sorbents were also determined by a comparison of gas-chromatographic profiles of organic compounds recovered from real water sources of fifteen different municipal water utilities in the United States. Comparisons were also made using water samples from settling ponds at a coal mine and a coal washing plant. Use of the resin as a sorbent resulted in a greater recovery of 59 of the 100 tested compounds added to water at the higher concentration; the use of carbon was more effective for 12 of the compounds; comparable results were obtained for 7 compounds, and neither sorbent was adequate for 22 of the test substances. Out of the classes of compounds studied, resin was more effective for 9, including phthalate esters, most aromatics, and pesticides. Carbon was more effective for alkane sorption. Neither sorbent was particularly effective with acidic compounds. Although the resin appears to be superior more » for isolating these organic compounds from water, this work has not shown whether resins are superior to all types of activated carbon for treating drinking water. 8 tables, 1 figure. « less
Paraji and Bidan in Rancaekek : integrated medicine for advanced partnerships among traditional birth attendants and community midwives in the Sunda region of West Java, Indonesia

The study about paraji (Traditional Birth Attendants - TBA) and bidan (Community Midwives -CMW) in Rancaekek, a subdistrict in West Java, Indonesia, aimed to contribute to the knowledge and understanding about the relationships between traditional and modern Maternal and Child Health (MCH) systems. This study analyses how existing MCH systems function in a community where two different types of health care are accessible. To this end, the behaviours of pregnant and perinatal women are studied to learn how they utilize the MCH services in their community. The research method of the study is using qualitative and quantitative approaches complementarily, and also implementing the Leiden Ethnosystems Approach. The result of the study is: that the role of paraji as well as bidan in the community should be valed equal in MCH care. The recommendation is: that current MCH practices undergo revision to a certain extent to create an integrated and partnerships among paraji and bidan to generate alternantive strategies for development of MCH care, from the bottom up through community participation.
Excitability of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex During Unilateral Goal-Directed Movement

Introduction Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have revealed that the activity of the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand (ipsi-M1) plays an important role in motor control. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ipsi-M1 excitability would be influenced by goal-directed movement and laterality during unilateral finger movements. Method Ten healthy right-handed subjects performed four finger tapping tasks with the index finger: (1) simple tapping (Tap) task, (2) Real-word task, (3) Pseudoword task, and (4) Visually guided tapping (VT) task. In the Tap task, the subject performed self-paced simple tapping on a touch screen. In the real-word task, the subject tapped letters displayed on the screen one by one to create a Real-word (e.g., apple). Because the action had a specific purpose (i.e., creating a word), this task was considered to be goal-directed as compared to the Tap task. In the Pseudoword task, the subject tapped the letters to create a pseudoword (e.g., gdiok) in the same manner as in the Real-word task; however, the word was less meaningful. In the VT task, the subject was required to touch a series of illuminated buttons. This task was considered to be less goal-directed than the Pseudoword task. The tasks were performed with the right and left hand, and a rest condition was added as control. Single- and paired-pulse TMS were applied to the ipsi-M1 to measure corticospinal excitability and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) in the resting first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Results We found the smaller SICI in the ipsi-M1 during the VT task compared with the resting condition. Further, both SICI and LICI were smaller in the right than in the left M1, regardless of the task conditions. Discussion We found that SICI in the ipsi-M1 is smaller during visual illumination-guided finger movement than during the resting condition. Our finding provides basic data for designing a rehabilitation program that modulates the M1 ipsilateral to the moving limb, for example, for post-stroke patients with severe hemiparesis.