Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insights into the role of dicarboxylic acid on CCN activity: 1 implications for surface tension and phase state effects

Dicarboxylic acids are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosol particles, but their roles as surfactants in cloud 12 condensation nuclei (CCN) activity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated CCN activity of inorganic salt (sodium 13 chloride and ammonium sulfate) and dicarboxylic acid (including malonic acid (MA), phenylmalonic acid (PhMA), succinic 14 acid (SA), phenylsuccinic acid (PhSA), adipic acid (AA), pimelic acid (PA) and octanedioic acid (OA)) mixed particles with 15 varied organic volume fraction (OVF), and then directly determined their surface tension and phase state at high relative 16 humidity (over 99.5%) by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results showed that CCN derived  CCN of studied dicarboxylic 17 acids ranged in 0.003-0.240. A linearly positive relation between  CCN and solubility was obtained for slightly dissolved species, 18 while negative relation was found between  CCN and molecular volume for highly soluble species. For most inorganic 19 salt/dicarboxylic acid (MA, PhMA, SA, PhSA and PA), a good closure within 30% relative bias between  CCN and chemistry 20 derived  Chem were obtained. However,  CCN values of inorganic salt/AA and inorganic salt/OA systems were surprisingly 0.3- 21 3.0 times higher than  Chem , which was attributed to surface tension reduction as AFM results showed that their surface tensions 22 were 20%-42% lower than that of water (72 mN m -1 ). Meanwhile, semisolid phase states were obtained for inorganic salt/AA 23 and inorganic salt/OA and may also affect hygroscopicity closure results. Our study highlights that surface tension reduction 24 should be considered to investigate aerosol-cloud interactions.
Analysis of assumptions of recent tests of local realism

Local realism in recent experiments is excluded on condition of freedom or randomness of choice combined with no signaling between observers by implementations of simple quantum models. Both no-signaling and the underlying quantum model can be directly checked by analysis of experimental data. For particular tests performed on the data, it is shown that two of these experiments give the probability of the data under no-signaling (or choice independence in one of them) hypothesis at the level of 5%, accounting for the look-elsewhere-effect, moderately suggesting that no-signaling is violated with 95% confidence. On the other hand the data from the two other experiments violate the assumption of the simple quantum model. Further experiments are necessary to clarify these issues and freedom and randomness of choice.
Formaldehyde and hydroperoxide distribution around the Arabian Peninsula – evaluation of EMAC model results with ship-based measurements

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) play a key role in atmospheric oxidation processes. They act as sources and sinks for HOx radicals (OH + HO2), with OH as the primary oxidant that governs the atmospheric self-cleaning capacity. Measurements of these species allow for evaluation of chemistry-transport models which need to account for multifarious source distributions, transport, complex photochemical reaction pathways and deposition processes of these species. HCHO is an intermediate during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is an indicator of photochemical activity and combustion-related emissions. In this study, we use in situ observations of HCHO, H2O2 and ROOH in the marine boundary layer (MBL) to evaluate results of the general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry; European Center HAMburg, Modular Earth Submodel System). The dataset was obtained during the Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin (AQABA) ship campaign around the Arabian Peninsula in summer 2017. This region is characterized by high levels of photochemical air pollution, humidity and solar irradiation, especially in the areas around the Suez Canal and the Arabian Gulf. High levels of air pollution with up to 12 ppbv HCHO, 2.3 ppbv ROOH and relatively low levels of H2O2 (≤0.5 ppbv) were detected over the Arabian Gulf. We find that EMAC failed to predict absolute mixing ratios of HCHO and ROOH during high-pollution events over the Arabian Gulf, while it reproduced HCHO on average within a factor of 2. Dry deposition velocities were determined for HCHO and H2O2 at night with 0.77±0.29 cm s−1 for HCHO and 1.03±0.52 cm s−1 for H2O2 over the Arabian Sea, which were matched by EMAC. The photochemical budget of H2O2 revealed elevated HOx radical concentrations in EMAC, which resulted in an overestimation of H2O2 by more than a factor of 5 for the AQABA dataset. The underestimated air pollution over the Arabian Gulf was related to EMAC's coarse spatial resolution and missing anthropogenic emissions in the model.
Towards the Final State of Spherical Gravitational Collapse and Likely Source of Gamma Ray Bursts

We invoke the global properties of the actual GTR field equations for spherical collapse to directly show that the condition for formation of trapped surfaces, 2GM/R >1 is not allowed by GTR. And therefore all singularity theorems based on the assumption of formation of trapped surfaces are invalidated! Our conclusion is in perfect agreement with Einstein's intuitive idea that a Sch. like surface can not occur in reality. Further as singularity is approached R ->0, in order that 2GM/R 0! Harrison, et al. had also pointed out that collapse should come to a decisive end with M=0. This is possible in GTR if the fluid radiates its entire original mass-energy during the relentless graviatational contraction process, Q->M c^2! Since the actual efficiency for gamma ray production by the relevant blast wave may hardly exceed 10-20% and there could be a stronger (undetected) nu-anti-nu burst precding GRBs, the actual energy released for GRB 990123, even accounting for probable weak beaming, or for GRB 971214 (unbeamed) could be ~10^{54-55} erg. And such energy release may not be properly accountable without realizing that trapped surfaces are indeed not formed. All authors concerned with this subject, and particularly those, who would like to differ with our derivation are requested to send their criticism either directly or express the same openly for a healthy scientific discussion.
How to mitigate flood events similar to the 1979 catastrophic floods in lower Tagus

The floods that struck lower Tagus valley in February 1979 correspond to the most intense floods in this river and affected the largest number of people in a river flow event in Portugal, during the last 150 years. In fact, the vast area affected impacted significantly circa 10k people in the lower Tagus sector (and an additional 7k in other regions of Portugal), including thousands of people evacuated or made homeless. In this context, the present study focuses on an in depth analysis of this event from a hydrodynamic perspective by means of Iber+ numerical model and on developing strategies to mitigate 20 the flood episodes that occur in the lower section of the Tagus river using the outstating floods of February 1979 as benchmark. In this sense, several large dams and reservoirs are located along the Tagus river basin, and for that, dam operating strategies were developed and analyzed to take advantage of these infrastructures to minimize the effect of floods. Overall, the numerical results indicate a good agreement with water marks and some descriptions of the 1979 flood event, which demonstrates the model capability to evaluate floods in the area under study. Regarding flood mitigation, obtained 25 results indicate that the frequency of floods can be reduced with the proposed strategies. In addition, hydraulic simulations corroborated an important decrease in water depth and velocity for the most extreme flood events, and also a certain reduction of flood extension was detected. This confirms the effectiveness of the proposed strategies to help in reducing flood impact in lower Tagus 1979 flood Thus, the main aims of the present study are to reproduce and analyze this historical event from a hydrologic-hydraulic point of view using the Iber+ numerical model, as well as developing dam operating strategies to mitigate the flood episodes that occur in the lower section of the Tagus river using the outstating floods of February 1979 as benchmark. The effectiveness of the strategies proposed in terms 55 of reducing the flood impact will be evaluated by means of numerical model simulations. This will contribute to address the flood mitigation challenges that the scientific community will face in the coming decades (IPCC, 2012; 2021), also taking into account that the increasing temperatures due to the significant rates of global warming contribute to the recent and future increase of extreme precipitation and floods in some parts of the world Feyen, 2008; Petrow Merz, 2009; Alfieri et al., 2015; 2017; Diakakis, 2016; Arnell and Gosling, 2016; Modarres et al., 2016; ; Jongman, 2018; IPCC 60 2021), including vast areas of the Iberian Peninsula (Lorenzo and Alvarez, 2020). Additionally, this study also intends to prove that with open data and free applications for modeling, the results are satisfactory enough to apply the methodology proposed here in other regions where more detailed data may be scarce or non-existent.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES AT z ≃ 2

We present near-infrared integral-field spectroscopic observations targeting Hα in eight submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z = 1.3–2.5 using the Very Large Telescope/Spectrograph for Integral Field Observations in the Near Infrared, obtaining significant detections for six of them. The star formation rates derived from the Hα emission are ∼100 M⊙ yr−1, which account for only ∼20%–30% of the infrared-derived values, thus suggesting that these systems are very dusty. Two of these systems present [N ii]/Hα ratios indicative of the presence of an active galactic nucleus. We mapped the spatial distribution and kinematics of the star-forming regions in these galaxies on kiloparsec scales. In general, the Hα morphologies tend to be highly irregular and/or clumpy, showing spatial extents of ∼3–11 kpc. We find evidence for significant spatial offsets, of ∼0. ″1–0. ″4 or 1.2–3.4 kpc, between the Hα and the continuum emission in three of the sources. Performing a kinemetry analysis, we conclude that the majority of the sample is not consistent with disk-like rotation-dominated kinematics. Instead, they tend to show irregular and/or clumpy and turbulent velocity and velocity dispersion fields. This can be interpreted as evidence for a scenario in which these extreme star formation episodes are triggered by galaxy–galaxy interactions and major mergers. In contrast to recent results for SMGs, these sources appear to follow the same relations between gas and star-forming rate densities as less luminous and/or normal star-forming galaxies.
Forecasting Inflation: A GARCH-in-Mean-Level Model with Time Varying Predictability

In this paper we employ an autoregressive GARCH-in-mean-level process with variable coefficients to forecast inflation and investigate the behavior of its persistence in the United States. We propose new measures of time varying persistence, which not only distinguish between changes in the dynamics of inflation and its volatility, but are also allow for feedback between the two variables. Since it is clear from our analysis that predictability is closely interlinked with (first-order) persistence we coin the term persistapredictability. Our empirical results suggest that the proposed model has good forecasting properties.
The Urmia playa as a source of airborne dust and ice-nucleating particles – Part 2: Unraveling the relationship between soil dust composition and ice nucleation activity

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) originating from deserts, semi-arid regions, and dried lakebeds may cause heterogeneous ice nucleation, impacting cloud properties. Recently, due to climate change and water scarcity, abandoned agricultural lands with little surficial crust and negligible vegetation cover have become an increasing source of atmospheric dust worldwide. Unlike deserts, these areas are rich in soluble salt and (bio-)organic compounds. Using soil samples from various sites of the Lake Urmia playa (LUP) in northwestern Iran and airborne dusts collected at nearby meteorological stations, we elucidate how minerals, soluble salts, and organic matter interact to determine the IN activity of saline soils and dust. X-ray powder diffraction shows that the mineralogical composition is dominated by K-feldspars (microcline), quartz, carbonates, and clay minerals. The samples were stripped stepwise of organic matter, carbonates, and soluble salts. After each removal step, the ice nucleation (IN) activity was quantified in terms of onset freezing temperatures (Thet) and heterogeneously frozen fractions (Fhet) by emulsion freezing experiments using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We examined the influence of soluble salts and pH on microcline and quartz in emulsion freezing experiments, comparing these with reference suspensions of microcline and quartz exposed to salt concentrations and pH levels characteristic of the LUP samples. These analyses, combined with correlations between Thet and Fhet, allow us to identify the components that contribute to or inhibit IN activity. The LUP dusts turn out to be very good INPs, with freezing onset temperatures around 248 K in immersion freezing experiments. Interestingly, their IN activity proves to be dominated by the relatively small share of (bio-)organic matter (1 %–5.3 %). After organic matter removal, the remaining IN activity (Thet≈244 K) can be traced back to the clay fraction, because Thet and Fhet correlate positively with the clay mineral content but negatively with quartz and microcline. We attribute the inability of quartz and microcline to act as INPs to the basic pH of the LUP samples as well as to the presence of soluble salts. After additionally removing soluble salts and carbonates, the IN activity of the samples increased again significantly (Thet≈249 K), and the negative correlation with quartz and microcline turned into a slightly positive one. Removing carbonates and salts from the natural samples leads to an increase in Thet and Fhet as well, indicating that their presence also suppresses the IN activity of the (bio-)organic INPs. Overall, this study demonstrates that mineral and organic INPs do not just add up to yield the IN activity of soil dust but that the freezing behavior is governed by inhibiting and promoting interactions between the components.
Open Research Online An empirical evaluation of a Reﬂective Writing Framework (RWF) for Reﬂective Writing in Computer Science Education

- Reflective writing is vital in learning professional skills and particularly in Computer Science (CS). However, there appears to be a lack of literature relating to a reliable of the current reflective writing frameworks used for CS education. This paper describes a novel Reflective Writing Framework (RWF) that has been applied to the manual content analysis of CS students’ reflective writings. The paper aims to empirically examine this RWF in terms of reflection indicators and levels that can be manually assessed by raters. The results of this manual content analysis showed empirically that the coding scheme of the RWF is valid and reliable. The results were that the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of the overall coding scheme of the RWF increased from 0.5 to 0.8 in pilot tests and ranged between 0.40 and 0.75 in terms reflection indicators and levels; substantially, this means ranged from moderate to substantial agreement. This research contributes to CS education an RWF that can be reliably annotated and was validated by CS experts.
Oligomer formation from the gas-phase reactions of Criegee intermediates with hydroperoxide esters: mechanism and kinetics

Abstract. Hydroperoxide esters, formed in the reactions of carbonyl oxides (also called Criegee intermediates, CIs) with formic acid, play a crucial role in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. However, the transformation mechanism of hydroperoxide esters in the presence of stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) is not well understood. Herein, the oligomerization reaction mechanisms and kinetics of distinct SCI (CH2OO, syn-CH3CHOO, anti-CH3CHOO, and (CH3)2COO) reactions, with their respective hydroperoxide esters and with hydroperoxymethyl formate (HPMF), are investigated in the gas phase using quantum chemical and kinetics modeling methods. The calculations show that the addition reactions of SCIs with hydroperoxide esters proceed through successive insertion of SCIs into hydroperoxide ester to form oligomers that involve SCIs as the repeated chain unit. The saturated vapor pressure and saturated concentration of the formed oligomers decrease monotonically as the number of SCIs is increased. The exothermicity of oligomerization reactions decreases significantly when the number of methyl substituents increases, and the exothermicity of anti-methyl substituted carbonyl oxides is obviously higher than that of syn-methyl substituted carbonyl oxides. The −OOH insertion reaction is energetically more feasible than the −CH insertion pathway in the SCI oligomerization reactions, and the barrier heights increase with increasing the number of SCIs added to the oligomer, except for syn-CH3CHOO. For the reactions of distinct SCIs with HPMF, the barrier of the −OOH insertion pathway shows a dramatic decrease when a methyl substituent occurs at the anti-position, while it reveals a significant increase when a methyl group is introduced at the syn-position and dimethyl substituent. Compared with the rate coefficients of the CH2OO + HPMF reaction, the rate coefficients increase by about 1 order of magnitude when a methyl substituent occurs at the anti-position, whereas the rate coefficients decrease by 1–2 orders of magnitude when a methyl group is introduced at the syn-position. These new findings advance our current understanding of the influence of Criegee chemistry on the formation and growth processes and the chemical compositions of SOA.
Buckling of imperfect thick cylindrical shells and curved panels with different boundary conditions under external pressure

In this paper, the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling behavior of thick cylindrical shells and curved panels are investigated. It is assumed that the shell has an axisymmetric and periodic initial imperfection in the axial direction. The shell is assumed to have different boundary conditions and subjected to pure external pressure loading. Governing differential equations are developed on the basis of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and are reduced to a homogenous linear system of equations using the differential quadrature method. The effects of different boundary conditions, geometric ratios; curvature and imperfection parameter on the buckling behavior of isotropic thick cylindrical shells and curved panels are carefully discussed. The results obtained by the present method are verified with finite element solutions and those reported in the literature.
Mathematical formalism of many-worlds quantum mechanics

We combine the ideas of Dirac's orthonormal representation, Everett's relative state, and 't Hooft's ontological basis to define the notion of a world for quantum mechanics. Mathematically, for a quantum system $\mathcal{Q}$ with an associated Hilbert space $\mathbb{H},$ a world of $\mathcal{Q}$ is defined to be an orthonormal basis of $\mathbb{H}. $ The evolution of the system is governed by Schrodinger's equation for the worlds of it. An observable in a certain world is a self-adjoint operator diagonal under the corresponding basis. Moreover, a state is defined in an associated world but can be uniquely extended to the whole system as proved recently by Marcus, Spielman, and Srivastava. Although the states described by unit vectors in $\mathbb{H}$ may be determined in different worlds, there are the so-called topology-compact states which must be determined by the totality of a world. We can apply the Copenhagen interpretation to a world for regarding a quantum state as an external observation, and obtain the Born rule of random outcomes. Therefore, we present a mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics based on the notion of a world instead of a quantum state.
Near-infrared High-resolution Imaging Polarimetry of FU Ori-type Objects: Toward a Unified Scheme for Low-mass Protostellar Evolution

We present near-IR imaging polarimetry of five classical FU Ori-type objects (FU Ori, V1057 Cyg, V1515 Cyg, V1735 Cyg, Z CMa) with an ∼0. ″1 resolution observed using HiCIAO+AO188 at the Subaru Telescope. We observed scattered light associated with circumstellar dust around four of them (i.e., all but V1515 Cyg). Their polarized intensity distribution shows a variety of morphologies with arms, tails or streams, spikes, and fragmented distributions, many of which were reported in our previous paper. The morphologies of these reflection nebulae significantly differ from many other normal young stellar objects (Class I–II objects). These structures are attributed to gravitationally unstable disks, trails of clump ejections, dust blown by a wind or a jet, and a stellar companion. We can consistently explain our results with the scenario that their accretion outbursts (FUor outbursts) are triggered by gravitationally fragmenting disks, and with the hypothesis that many low-mass young stellar objects experience such outbursts.
PINPOINTING THE MOLECULAR GAS WITHIN AN Lyα BLOB AT z ∼ 2.7

We present IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer observations of the CO(3–2) and CO(5–4) line transitions from an Lyα blob at z ∼ 2.7 in order to investigate the gas kinematics, determine the location of the dominant energy source, and study the physical conditions of the molecular gas. CO line and dust continuum emissions are detected at the location of a strong MIPS source that is offset by ∼1. ″5 from the Lyα peak. Neither of these emission components is resolved with the 1. ″7 beam, showing that the gas and dust are confined to within ∼7 kpc from this galaxy. No millimeter source is found at the location of the Lyα peak, ruling out a central compact source of star formation as the power source for the Lyα emission. Combined with a spatially resolved spectrum of Lyα and He ii, we constrain the kinematics of the extended gas using the CO emission as a tracer of the systemic redshift. Near the MIPS source, the Lyα profile is symmetric, and its line center agrees with that of the CO line, implying that there are no significant bulk flows and that the photo-ionization from the MIPS source might be the dominant source of the Lyα emission. In the region near the Lyα peak, the gas is slowly receding (∼100 km s−1) with respect to the MIPS source, thus making the hyper-/superwind hypothesis unlikely. We find a sub-thermal line ratio between two CO transitions, ICO(5-4)/ICO(3-2) = 0.97 ± 0.21. This line ratio is lower than the average values found in high-z submillimeter galaxies and QSOs but is consistent with the value found in the Galactic center, suggesting that there is a large reservoir of low-density molecular gas that is spread over the MIPS source and its vicinity.