Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution of behavioural systems: a study of grooming in rodents

In the present paper we focus on the study of complex behavioural systems, within an explicit phylogenetic framework. We reconstruct the phylogeny of rodents using grooming sequences from 12 terminals. Using a method derived from graph theory, we decompose complex behavioural systems into strings of behavioural units (behavioural routines) which are then used as behavioural characters to compose the phylogenetic matrix in addition to three mitochondrial markers as molecular characters (the cytochrome b gene (cytb), the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the 12S ribosomal RNA gene). Our results point to a highly structured behavioural morphospace: only a few characters have been selected for, within the total space of possibilities. The optimization of hundreds of non-homoplastic routines onto three distinct phylogenies (behavioural, combined data and the molecular supertree of Fabre et al., 2012) reveals the same evolutionary trend from simple to complex: while simple behavioural routines (zero- or first-order sequences) are synapomorphies at basal levels of the phylogeny, progressively more complex behaviours evolve later, appearing closer to the tips of the phylogeny. Also, the optimization shows that the organisation of units into modules of coordinated action patterns first evolved around large body parts, namely the head and the trunk, modules that were later fused into one single organising module among rodents. We support the use of complex behavioural systems as a promising tool in the study of evolutionary scenarios and discuss the role of routines length and microstructure to provide phylogenetic information and elucidate evolutionary processes.
Field Ecology of the Brown Alga Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell et Gardner

The distribution, seasonal growth and reproduction of in situ populations of Phaeostrophion irreguläre were studied at Glacier Point, British Columbia in relation to a variety of environmenta] factors. The plant is restricted to sandy areas where large fluctuations of sand occur annuaÜy. Typically P. irreguläre is buried four to six months per year, and its growth and reproduction are limited to periods of sand subsidence. Competition with other plants probably accounts for the restriction ofP. irreguläre to sandy areas, äs it will grow in rocky areas if other algae are eliminated. The period of maximum growth (Febr. to April) is associated with a corresponding increase in light intensity and water temperature. After April, growth in non-tide pool populations decreases much more rapidly than growth of tide pool populations, because of increased desiccation during daylight hours. The morphology of laminate plants of Phaeostrophion irreguläre is extremely variable and the ränge of variability at Glacier Point overlaps with that described for^. australe from California. The latter plant is considered to be a growth form and a taxonomic synonym of P. irreguläre. Distributional evidence also Supports this conclusion, äs there is no marked geographical discontinuity between the t wo plants. Phaeostrophion irreguläre exhibits a sporadic open-coastal distribution from Point Conception, California to Khantaak Island, near Yakutat, Alaska. Temperature is probably the primary factor controlling its geographical distribution, with salinity being regionally signifcant. Even so, local conditions (i.e. the presence or absence of sand) are of major significance in determining the regional distribution of the plant.
Cisto ovariano em vacas de leite: incidência, resposta à aplicação de GnRH e desempenho reprodutivo

The incidence of ovarian cysts, response to GnRH treatment, and effects on reproductive performance and culling rate of Holstein cows were determined. Ovaries of lactating cows (n=333), were weekly monitored by ultrasound, beginning at fourth week postpartum, to determine the presence of corpus luteum (CL) and follicles greater than 10mm. In the seventh week the cows were classified as cycling (n=248; presence of corpus luteum (CL) in one of the ultrasound evaluations); anovulatory (n=54; absence of CL and follicles less than 25mm), and cystic (n=31; absence of CL and presence of structures greater than 25mm). The cysts cows were distributed in two groups in the seventh week: control group (n=16; without treatment) and treatment group (n=15; cows received one GnRH injection). The recovery rate was 60.0% in treated cows and 87.5% in control cows. The cystic cows had longer average interval from parturition to first AI (P<0.05; 91.4±8.3 vs. 77.8±2.5), higher number of services per conception (P<0.05; 4.4±1.2 vs. 3.6±1.5), longer interval parturition to conception (P<0.05; 214.8± 25.9 vs. 174.9±7.7), and higher percentage of culled cows (P<0.05; 41.2% vs. 21.8%), than cycling cows. Cystic cows without treatment had the same recovery rate as cows treated with GnRH. Cystic cows had longer intervals from parturition to conception, and higher culling rate.
Superoxide anion-dependent Raf/MEK/ERK activation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), ciglitazone, and GW1929.

In this study, we examined the signaling pathways for extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) activation by three structurally different peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists. In murine C2C12 myoblasts, treatment with 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), ciglitazone, and GW1929 leads to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with ERK phosphorylation, mitogen activated protein/ERK kinase (MEK) phosphorylation as well as Raf-1 kinase activity are also accordingly stimulated, while the constitutive Ser259 phosphorylation of Raf-1 is decreased. The ERK phosphorylation induced by PPARgamma agonists is not blocked by the PKC inhibitors GF109203X and Ro31-8220, the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, the Ras inhibitor FPTI, the negative mutant of Ras, or the PPARgamma antagonist bisphenol A diglycidil ether. Expression of PPARgamma2 without DNA binding domain or with a nonphosphorylatable mutant (S112A) fails to change ERK phosphorylation by 15d-PGJ(2). On the contrary, the ERK phosphorylation by PPARgamma agonists is inhibited by the MEK inhibitor PD98059, GSH, and permeable SOD mimetic MnTBAP. Chemiluminescence study reveals that these three PPARgamma agonists are able to induce superoxide anion production, with an efficacy similar to their action on ERK phosphorylation. Consistent with this notion, we also show that superoxide anion donor 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphoquinone elicits ERK phosphorylation. In this study, we for the first time demonstrate a novel mechanism, independent of Ras activation but initiated by superoxide anion production, for PPARgamma agonists to trigger the Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Performance of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on selected maize hybrids under laboratory conditions

The corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) is one of the most important pests of maize with worldwide distri- bution. The use of relatively resistant corn hybrids may lessen the harmful effects by this aphid; we therefore com- pared population growth parameters of R. maidis reared on six commonly grown maize hybrids in Iran, namely K3640/3MO17, Simon, SC704, EXP1, VRE26K18 and VRE27K18. The experiments were carried out under conditions of 251 o C, 6010% RH, and a photoperiod of 16L8D. The development time and survival of aphid nymphs differed significantly among the maize hybrids tested. We also observed significant differences in aphid fe- cundity, resulting in large variations in population growth parameters, such as the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ), net reproductive rate (R 0 ), finite rate of increase (l) and doubling time (DT). The r m values were highest for aphids reared on maize hybrids EXP1 and VRE27K18, lowest for aphids reared on hybrid K3640/3MO17, and in- termediate for aphids reared on hybrids VRE26K18, SC704 and Simon. Consequently, these results may offer use- ful information for planning a comprehensive program for IPM of the corn leaf aphid in Iran.
NUMERICAL ENTROPY PRODUCTION AS SMOOTHNESS INDICATOR FOR SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS

The numerical entropy production (NEP) for shallow water equations (SWE) is discussed and implemented as a smoothness indicator. We consider SWE in three different dimensions, namely, one-dimensional, one-and-a-half-dimensional, and two-dimensional SWE. An existing numerical entropy scheme is reviewed and an alternative scheme is provided. We prove the properties of these two numerical entropy schemes relating to the entropy steady state and consistency with the entropy equality on smooth regions. Simulation results show that both schemes produce NEP with the same behaviour for detecting discontinuities of solutions and perform similarly as smoothness indicators. An implementation of the NEP for an adaptive numerical method is also demonstrated.
Effect of Water Chilling on Objective Color of Bruised and Unbruised Broiler Tissue

Abstract Changes in the color of skin due to the presence of bruises and chilling were investigated. Broiler chicken carcasses were obtained from a local processing plant after exiting the last picker, individually bagged, and transported to the lab for color evaluation. Selection of carcasses was based on the presence of bruised breast or leg tissue on one side, with the same general location on the other side evaluated as unbruised tissue. The procedure was replicated seven times. Objective color values (L*, a*, and b*) were recorded for both the bruised and unbruised tissue before and after chilling. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with a random block design. Chilling resulted in significant increases in L* values (lightness) for both breast and leg, bruised and unbruised. The only significant change in a* values (redness) due to chilling was observed on unbruised breast tissue, which increased from . 65 to 2.07 after chilling. The a* value of bruised breast and leg and unbruised leg tissue was not affected by chilling. Likewise, immersion chilling did not affect b* values. Under the conditions of this study, immersion-chilled carcasses were lighter in color than unchilled carcasses. Based on a* values, the appearance of bruised tissue did not change due to chilling.
The importance of scent and nectar filters in a specialized wasp‐pollination system

Summary 1. Plants with open flowers and exposed nectar should attract a wide diversity of flower visitors, yet, for reasons that are not yet well understood, some plants with these ‘generalist’ floral traits have highly specialized pollination systems. 2. We investigated this problem in the African milkweed Pachycarpus grandiflorus which has open flowers that produce copious amounts of exposed and concentrated nectar, yet is visited almost exclusively by spider-hunting wasps in the genus Hemipepsis. 3. These wasps were the only visitors found to consistently carry pollinaria and a cage experiment showed that they are capable of successfully pollinating this plant. Furthermore, experimental hand-pollinations showed that P. grandiflorus is genetically self-incompatible and thus reliant on pollinators for seed set. 4. We investigated the roles of chemical (nectar and floral scent) and spectral properties in the selective attraction of wasps and the filtering out of other potential flower visitors. Nectar palatability experiments showed that the nectar is unpalatable to honeybees but palatable to the wasps. Choice experiments conducted in the field and using a Y-maze in the laboratory showed that wasps are attracted primarily by scent rather than visual cues. Analysis of scent using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry showed that these inflorescences produce 36 different compounds, mostly monoterpenes and aliphatics. Analysis of spectral reflectance showed that flowers have similar colouring to the background vegetation. 5. We conclude that P. grandiflorus is specialized for pollination by Hemipepsis wasps, and in the absence of morphological filters, achieves specialization through unpalatable nectar, cryptic colouring and scent as a selective pollinator attractant. 6. This study demonstrates that plants whose flowers are not morphologically adapted to exclude particular floral visitors can achieve specialization through non-morphological filters.
Depth and movement behaviour of the Pacific sleeper shark in the north‐east Pacific Ocean

Satellite-linked radio telemetry was used to study the geographic movements and vertical movement behaviour of the Pacific sleeper shark Somniosus pacificus. The fish were tagged near Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus rookeries in the Gulf of Alaska during periods when Steller sea lions pups were most vulnerable to predation; when Steller sea lion pups first enter the water (July to August) and when Steller sea lion pups are weaned (April to May). Final locations recovered from most Pacific sleeper sharks (76%) were within 100 km of release locations, 16% were within 100-250 km and 8% were within 250-500 km. The most striking behavioural feature was their extensive, nearly continuous vertical movements. Median daily depth range was 184 m; the most time (61 %) was spent between 150 and 450 m, but ascents above 100 m were common (58% of days). Median vertical movement rate was 6 km day -1 and steady. The longest period of continuous vertical movement (> 60 m h -1 ) was 330 h. Systematic vertical oscillations were most common (60%), followed by diel vertical migrations (25%) and irregular vertical movements (15%). The Pacific sleeper sharks travelled below the photic zone during the day and approached the surface at night. Pacific sleeper sharks appear to employ a stealth and ambush hunting strategy that incorporates slow vertical oscillations to search for prey, and cryptic colouration and cover of darkness to avoid detection by potential prey. The depth and geographic range of Pacific sleeper shark and Steller sea lions overlap near four important Steller sea lion rookeries in the northern Gulf of Alaska, so the potential exists for predation to occur. None of the tissues in the stomachs of the 198 Pacific sleeper sharks collected during a companion diet study, however, were identified as Steller sea lion.
MINIMAL MALE/FEMALE TRADEOFFS IN ZIZANIA PALUSTRIS, A MONOECIOUS ANNUAL GRASS

Because a male/female resource tradeoff is a basic assumption of many models of sex allocation in cosexual plants, statistical and manipulative methods were used to look for evidence of intersexual resource conflicts in Zizania palustris. In this monoecious grass, male and female investments overlap in time within each panicle and on successive panicles, and sex allocation quickly responds to environmental changes. Nevertheless, no negative correlations were found between the numbers of florets of each sex within panicles, on consecutive panicles, or on whole plants. Removing immature fruits or florets of either sex did not significantly increase subsequent investment in the other sex. The one significant tradeoff was slightly lower total fruit production on plants with exceptionally large male investment. Wild rice, therefore, fits the tradeoff assumption of sex allocation models at the population level but rarely at the individual level.
MICROCYLINDERS WITHIN MITOCHONDRIAL CRISTAE IN THE RAT PINEALOCYTE

A minute cylindrical structure with a dense core, designated as "microcylinder," has been observed within enlarged spaces of mitochondrial cristae in pinealocytes of some adult rats (osmium tetroxide fixed, methacrylate embedded). The microcylinders are 270 to 330 A in diameter and of indeterminate length. Their wall is found to be made up of slender filamentous subunits, probably 6 in number, and surrounds a central filament. The microcylinders are arranged parallel to one another, forming monolayered or, more frequently, multilayered aggregates. Their number within a crista varies considerably. Packets of microcylinders may be seen located in the outer mitochondrial chamber, but are never found in the mitochondrial matrix. They have been observed neither in other cell types of the pineal gland nor in neurons, ependymal, and glial cells of the nearby epithalamic tissue. The origin and nature of the microcylinders are unknown. Glycogen-like particles have been encountered, though very infrequently, accompanying bundles of microcylinders within mitochondrial cristae.
Effects of a host plant, Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. , on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n = 150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
Computability and Tiling Problems

In this thesis we will present and discuss various results pertaining to tiling problems and mathematical logic, speciﬁcally computability theory. We focus on Wang prototiles, as deﬁned in [32]. We begin by studying Domino Problems, and do not restrict ourselves to the usual problems concerning ﬁnite sets of prototiles. We ﬁrst consider two domino problems: whether a given set of prototiles S has total planar tilings, which we denote TILE, or whether it has inﬁnite connected but not necessarily total tilings, WTILE (short for ‘weakly tile’). We show that both TILE ≡m ILL ≡m WTILE, and thereby both TILE and WTILE are Σ11-complete. We also show that the opposite problems, ¬TILE and SNT (short for ‘Strongly Not Tile’) are such that ¬TILE ≡m WELL ≡m SNT and so both ¬TILE and SNT are both Π11-complete. Next we give some consideration to the problem of whether a given (inﬁnite) set of prototiles is periodic or aperiodic. We study the sets PTile of periodic tilings, and ATile of aperiodic tilings. We then show that both of these sets are complete for the class of problems of the form (Σ1 1 ∧Π1 1). We also present results for ﬁnite versions of these tiling problems. We then move on to consider the Weihrauch reducibility for a general total tiling principle CT as well as weaker principles of tiling, and show that there exist Weihrauch equivalences to closed choice on Baire space, Cωω. We also show that all Domino Problems that tile some inﬁnite connected region are Weihrauch reducible to Cωω. Finally, we give a prototile set of 15 prototiles that can encode any Elementary CellularAutomaton(ECA). We make use of an unusual tileset, based on hexagons and lozenges that we have not seen in the literature before, in order to achieve this.
Standard methods for varroa research

Summary Very rapidly after Varroa destructor invaded apiaries of Apis mellifera, the devastating effect of this mite prompted an active research effort to understand and control this parasite. Over a few decades, varroa has spread to most countries exploiting A. mellifera. As a consequence, a large number of teams have worked with this organism, developing a diversity of research methods. Often different approaches have been followed to achieve the same goal. The diversity of methods made the results difficult to compare, thus hindering our understanding of this parasite. In this paper, we provide easy to use protocols for the collection, identification, diagnosis, rearing, breeding, marking and measurement of infestation rates and fertility of V. destructor. We also describe experimental protocols to study orientation and feeding of the mite, to infest colonies or cells and measure the mite's susceptibility to acaricides. Where relevant, we describe which mite should be used for bioassays since their behaviour is influenced by their physiological state. We also give a method to determine the damage threshold above which varroa damages colonies. This tool is fundamental to be able to implement integrated control concepts. We have described pros and cons for all methods for the user to know which method to use under which circumstances. These methods could be embraced as standards by the community when designing and performing research on V. destructor.
Developing Effective Methods for Electronic Health Personalization: Protocol for Health Telescope, a Prospective Interventional Study

Background Existing evaluations of the effects of mobile apps to encourage physical activity have been criticized owing to their common lack of external validity, their short duration, and their inability to explain the drivers of the observed effects. This protocol describes the setup of Health Telescope, a longitudinal panel study in which the long-term effects of mobile electronic health (eHealth) apps are investigated. By setting up Health Telescope, we aim to (1) understand more about the long-term use of eHealth apps in an externally valid setting, (2) understand the relationships between short-term and long-term outcomes of the usage of eHealth apps, and (3) test different ways in which eHealth app allocation can be personalized. Objective The objectives of this paper are to (1) demonstrate and motivate the validity of the many choices that we made in setting up an intensive longitudinal study, (2) provide a resource for researchers interested in using data generated by our study, and (3) act as a guideline for researchers interested in setting up their own longitudinal data collection using wearable devices. For the third objective, we explicitly discuss the General Data Protection Regulation and ethical requirements that need to be addressed. Methods In this 4-month study, a group of approximately 450 participants will have their daily step count measured and will be asked daily about their mood using experience sampling. Once per month, participants will receive an intervention containing a recommendation to download an app that focuses on increasing physical activity. The mechanism for assigning recommendations to participants will be personalized over time, using contextual data obtained from previous interventions. Results The data collection software has been developed, and all the legal and ethical checks are in place. Recruitment will start in Q4 of 2020. The initial results will be published in 2021. Conclusions The aim of Health Telescope is to investigate how different individuals respond to different ways of being encouraged to increase their physical activity. In this paper, we detail the setup, methods, and analysis plan that will enable us to reach this aim. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/16471