Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Comparisons of Population Mobility in Russia

The population of Russia is regarded as being quite immobile compared to other countries. There have been some recent methodological advances and new datasets on internal migration which make cross-national comparisons, though these do not extend to Russia. This paper adds comparisons of levels of mobility in Russia with other countries. The study finds that the population of Russia is not significantly less mobile than other large countries and that part of the myth of immobility stems from a deterioration of the migration registration system in the post-Soviet period. There are inconsistencies between lifetime mobility derived from population censuses and annual mobility from a population register which originated during the central-planning period. Given changes in the economic structure at both national and regional levels during the period of economic transition, migration theory predicted significant migration movements, and it seems as if many were not captured by the statistical system.
Dense networks to measure convective rainfall in the southwestern United States

Almost all rangeland runoff in the southwestern United States results from intense short-duration rainfall of limited-area extent. In 1953, two southwest rangeland watersheds, the 150-km2 Walnut Gulch and 174-km2 Alamogordo Creek watersheds, were selected by U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service scientists as outdoor laboratories to measure water yield from rangeland watersheds. The networks were planned initially with gages on a 1-mi grid, but difficulties in access resulted in more uneven networks. Because of budgetary restraints the basic networks were not completed until 1961. Gages were added after 1961, both for better estimates of rainfall on very small intensive study areas and to fill ‘gaps’ in the original network. The values of these dense rain gage networks became more apparent as the full complexity of southwestern rainfall became more apparent. Interstation correlations for storm rainfall decrease very rapidly with distance between stations. Inadequate networks can lead to significant errors in either underestimating or overestimating rainfall input as well as underestimating rainfall variability in verification of hydrologic models developed, for example, to estimate peak discharge, sediment production, or channel recharge. Finally, there are regional differences in intensities, areal extent, and duration of convective rainfall in the Southwest which require adequate sampling at several locations within the region.
Sustainability Assessment Tools in Higher Education Institutions: Comprehensive Analysis of the Indicators and Outlook

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been generally considered signi icant contributors to the promotion of sustainability (Karatzoglou 2013). They can act as transformative agents to shape sustainability (Findler et al. 2018; Wersun et al. 2020) among society and empower individuals to tackle social and ecological problems with entrepreneurial means to put sustainability into practice (Hesselbarth and Schaltegger 2014). The process of sustainability integration in HEIs has recently been gaining increasing attention worldwide, with a stronger interest in Europe (Moreno Pires et al. 2020). Sustainability integration is the entire process of moving from a business-as-usual university to a sustainable university, including all stages of the process along a certain time (Kapitulčinová et al. 2018). A sustainable university is de ined by Velazquez et al. (2006) as an HEI that addresses and promotes, on a regional or a global level, the minimization of negative environmental, economic, societal, and health effects being generated in its use of its resources, and ful ills its functions of teaching, research, outreach, and stewardship in ways to help society make the transition to sustainable lifestyles. Several studies show developing new initiatives to integrate sustainability into the whole systems elements of HEIs, including core elements like education, research, operations, community outreach, and assessment and reporting (Lozano et al. 2015b). Kapitulčinová et al. (2018) schematized three stages of this integration process, namely (i) initiation/awakening, (ii) implementation/pioneering, and (iii) institutionalization/transformation, to shift from a business-asusual university to a sustainable university. Given the central role of HEIs in fostering the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 4 (Quality Education) and target 4.7 (United Nations 2015), the adoption of whole-institution approaches and integrated frameworks by the academic community still appears to be in initial stages (Lozano et al. 2013).
Evaluation du modèle numérique d'élévation d'un petit glacier de montagne généré à partir d'images stéréoscopiques pléiades : cas du glacier d'Ossoue, Pyrénées françaises

Les bilans de masse des glaciers de montagne constituent des indicateurs climatiques regionaux reconnus. Moyennant une hypothese sur la densite de la surface glaciaire, on peut etablir le bilan de masse d'un glacier par difference entre deux modeles numeriques d'elevation (MNE) successifs. L'obtention de MNEs precis a haute resolution est donc un enjeu important en glaciologie. Un couple d'images stereoscopiques Pleiades acquis en septembre 2013 a ete traite afin de generer un MNE du glacier d'Ossoue (Hautes Pyrenees) a 2m de resolution en planimetrie et 1m en altimetrie. Un leve DGPS sur le glacier et sa peripherie a une date proche a permis d'estimer l'erreur altitudinale du MNE Pleiades a ±1,8m. Ce resultat permet d'envisager une utilisation operationnelle des images stereoscopiques Pleiades pour determiner des bilans de masses precis de glaciers de montagne, y compris dans les zones impraticables pour les mesures de terrain.
Distribution of earthquakes in the New Guinea-Solomon Islands Region

A brief description is given of the main structural units in the New Guinea-Solomon Islands region. It is shown how the distribution of earthquakes is related to these features. A new trend, named the Bismarck Sea seismic lineation, that consists of a line of shallow earthquakes across the Bismarck Sea, is revealed. This trend does not correspond to any known surface feature. Cross sections both parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the New Britain arc and the Solomon chain are presented. They show that the north New Guinea region of uplift is on a different trend to the island arc structure of New Britain. The zone of earthquakes associated with the arc dips to the north, whereas that associated with the zone of uplift dips to the south. This study has improved the definition of the seismic zones in the New Guinea-Solomon Islands region, and most of the features can be explained in terms of sea-floor spreading.
The extension of Grenville Basement beneath the northern Appalachians: Results from the Quebec‐Maine seismic reflection and refraction surveys

From 1983 to 1984 the United States Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada undertook a series of seismic experiments to determine the crustal structure of the Appalachian mountain belt in Maine and southeast Quebec. These experiments included four deep crustal seismic reflection profiles perpendicular to the strike of regional geological trends and several high-resolution refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles both parallel and perpendicular to strike. Here the data recorded in Quebec and the northwest part of Maine are interpreted in conjunction with existing reflection profiles from Quebec. Synthetic seismogram calculations in laterally varying media are used to model the refraction/wide-angle reflection data, while reprocessing, migration, and attribute plotting are used in the interpretation of the reflection data. A major zone of reflections extending over a distance exceeding 200 km can be traced from shallow depths beneath the St. Lawrence Lowlands southeast to about 25 km depth beneath the southeast edge of the Chain Lakes Massif. This zone of reflections is interpreted as a master decollement separating autochthonous Grenville basement from overlying allochthonous rocks of the Appalachian Orogen, including foreshortened miogeoclinal rocks, the remnants of one or more magmatic arcs, the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium, and the Chain Lakes Massif. In the vicinity of the Chain Lakes Massif, extension has caused Grenville basement to be thinned by as much as 40%. Reflections from the decollement show strong layering and evidence for basement faulting associated with the Guadeloupe and other faults. Normal incidence and wide-angle reflections are observed to be almost continuous beneath the Baie Verte - Brompton Line and Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium, indicating that the Baie Verte - Brompton Line is confined to the upper crust. The Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium is characterized by P-wave velocities of about 5.3 km s−1 and is shown to be a shallow structure with a maximum depth of about 3 km. Rock velocities immediately below the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium are typical of Chain Lakes material (6.1 km s−1). A new model for the tectonic development of the region is proposed in which all pre-Silurian units between the Baie Verte - Brompton Line and the southeastern edge of the Chain Lakes Massif are allochthonous and confined to the upper crust. We infer that the Chain Lakes Massif, volcanics of the Ascot-Weedon Formation, and associated deeper crustal rocks were thrust over Grenvillian basement as a composite unit and may now underlie parts of the Connecticut Valley - Gaspe Synclinorium.
Creep behavior of gold thin ﬁ lms investigated by bulge testing at room and elevated temperature

The creep behavior of 200-nm thick gold ﬁ lms was investigated by plane-strain bulge testing between 23 and 100 °C. The polycrystalline gold ﬁ lms were produced by thermal evaporation and their columnar microstructure was stabilized by a preliminary heat treatment at 120 °C. The creep tests were performed at constant stress values between 80 and 300 MPa over 12 h, using a custom-built bulge tester. The stress exponent calculated from the creep data decreased from 4.3 to 2.8 between 23 and 100 °C, suggesting a possible transition in deformation mechanisms. The stress exponent and activation energy measured around room temperature point toward the climb of dislocations at grain boundaries being the rate-limiting deformation mechanism. Above 75 °C, scanning electron microscope inspections of tested membranes suggest an increased contribution of diffusion and of grain-boundary mediated deformation, as evidenced by the formation of grooves along grain boundaries. This is presumably the reason for the decrease of the apparent stress exponent and sudden increase of the apparent activation energy.
The asymmetry of the climate system's response to solar forcing changes and its implications for geoengineering scenarios

Motivated by proposals to compensate CO2‐induced warming with a decrease in solar radiation, this study investigates how single‐forcing simulations should be combined to best represent the spatial patterns of surface temperature and precipitation of idealized geoengineering scenarios. Using instantaneous and transient simulations with changing CO2 and solar forcings, we show that a geoengineering scenario, i.e., a scenario where the solar constant is reduced as CO2 concentrations are increased, is better represented by subtracting the response pattern of a solar forcing increase simulation from the response pattern of a CO2 forcing increase simulation, than by adding the response pattern of a solar forcing decrease simulation to a CO2 forcing increase simulation. The reason is a asymmetric response of the climate system to a forcing increase or decrease between both hemispheres. In particular, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation responds faster to a solar forcing decrease compared to a solar forcing increase. Further, the climate feedbacks are state and region dependent, which is particularly apparent in the polar regions due to the sea ice‐albedo feedback. The importance of understanding the local response of the climate system to geoengineering and single‐forcing scenarios is highlighted, since these aspects are hardly discernible when only global mean values are considered.
Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

Soot emission in bio-gas diesel dual fuel engine has been analyzed by numerical simulation with 2-stape soot formation model of Magnussen. The result shows that soot formation mainly occurred in diffusion combustion phase of diesel pilot jet. Soot peak value is proportional to the ﬁrst peak value of ROHR, and it is found at around the same crank angle position with the second peak of ROHR. At a given engine speed and diesel content in the fuel, the highest soot peak value is obtained with slightly rich mixture whereas soot concentration in exhaust gas increases monotonically with increasing equivalence ratio. Increasing diesel content in the fuel increases both soot peak value and soot concentration in exhaust gas. At a given equivalence ratio and diesel content in the fuel, engine speed has a moderate effect on soot formation rate but a signiﬁcant effect on soot combustion rate. Soot concentration in the exhaust gas practically vanished as equivalence ratio under 0.98 and 15% diesel content in the fuel. This is the ideal operation regime of biogas diesel dual fuel engine in view of soot emission control. © 2019 The
A Preliminary Investigation of Age and Growth of Otolithes ruber from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

This study investigated age and growth of Otolithes ruber , found in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The specimens were collected from prawn trawlers that operate off the shallow water Tugela Bank and from a recreational boat fishery in Durban. Estimates of age and growth parameters were based on the examination of sectioned sagittal otoliths. There was difficulty in estimating growth parameters for separate sexes because the small fish were not sexed and the numbers of males was low. Periodicity of growth zone formation was assumed to be annual although periodicity of growth zone deposition could not be established by marginal zone analysis. The von Bertalanffy growth curve was used to describe the combined male and female growth of O. ruber: Lt = 419mm TL (1-e- 0.31 (t+0.96) ) The maximum age estimated was eight years. The repeatability of the age estimates was relatively high (Average Percentage Error: 12.5%). The information gathered from this study will be used in a subsequent stock assessment. Keywords : Scaenidae, age and growth, Otolithes ruber West Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 21-28
Magnetic anisotropy and paleomagnetism

The natural remanent magnetization of certain Welsh slates lies in the cleavage plane, which was found to be a plane of high susceptibility defined by the alignment of anisotropic crystals of pyrrhotite. A correlation between the magnitude of susceptibility anisotropy and the bulk susceptibility of the slates has been observed. This is interpreted as a partial masking of the susceptibility anisotropy of the dispersion of magnetic particles by an isotropic contribution to the susceptibility of the rock due to the paramagnetic matrix. As a consequence of this masking, or dilution, rocks with low concentrations of hematite or pyrrhotite may be expected to exhibit susceptibility anisotropy which is small compared with that of the magnetic particles. Small susceptibility anisotropy controlled by the bedding plane has been observed in collections of sedimentary rocks including red sandstones. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that thermoremanent magnetization, isothermal remanent magnetization, and pressure-promoted remanent magnetization may be acquired anisotropically by rocks. Only certain red sandstones, of the rocks commonly used in paleomagnetism, appear to show a comparable divergence of the natural remanence from the geomagnetic field in which remanence was acquired.
Effect of flavonoids on fetal programming : implications for cancer susceptibility

Chronic diseases that occur at the adult age, such as cancer, threaten man’s health. The in utero period, the stage in the uterus, seems to play a role in the development of cancer and is among others determined by the mother’s nutrition. Mice that during pregnancy were exposed to flavonoids, nutrients with an antioxidant effect that are believed to protect against the development of cancer, turned out to be better protected against the development of cancer at an adult age. The reason was among others that their antioxidant defence system was increased.
Predicting spring discharge of the Susquehanna River from a winter synoptic climatology for the eastern United States

Seasonal and interannual variations of freshwater flow strongly influence estuarine processes, exemplified by plankton biomass and productivity. The main tributary feeding Chesapeake Bay, the Susquehanna River, has shown threefold variability of spring flow in the last 52 years. The magnitude of spring discharge from the Susquehanna River is associated with the frequency and type of weather patterns transiting the eastern United States during winter and is related to the precipitation stored in the basin as snow and ice. Large‐scale indices of climate variability, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, have not proven to be strong predictors of freshwater flow in the Mid‐Atlantic. We developed a synoptic climatology as an alternative way to quantify and classify regional weather, focusing on the types and frequency of occurrence of patterns we identified for winter. This approach was used to predict freshwater flow in spring and explained 54% of the variance of spring discharge after extreme outliers were removed. Responses of Chesapeake Bay plankton to contrasting years of weather pattern frequencies and associated freshwater flow were examined to illustrate ecosystem response to climatic forcing.
On the Evolution of Overconfidence and Entrepreneurs ∗

This paper explains why seemingly irrational overconfident behavior can persist. Information aggregation is poor in groups in which most individuals herd. By ignoring the herd, the actions of overconfident individuals (“entrepreneurs”) convey their private information. However, entrepreneurs make mistakes and thus die more frequently. The socially optimal proportion of entrepreneurs trades off the positive information externality against high attrition rates of entrepreneurs, and depends on the size of the group, on the degree of overconfidence, and on the accuracy of individuals’ private information. The stationary distribution trades off the fitness of the group against the fitness of overconfident individuals. Starting any company is really hard to do, so you can’t be so smart that it occurs to you that it can’t be done. Kathryn Gould, Foundation Capital, Menlo Park in GSB Chicago Magazine 21-3, Summer 1999.
Preboreal deglaciation chronology and marine limits of the Lyngen-Storfjord area, Troms, North Norway

Scattered marginal moraines in the Lyngen-Storfjord area proximally to the Tromso-Lyngen moraine were formed by the Scandinavian ice-sheet during its retreat in the Preboreal. They correspond to ice-front positions in the main fjords and fjord-valleys where between three and four major and, in places, some minor ice-front accumulations occur. These have been correlated using the marine limits related to synchronous shorelines. Dates for the shorelines and moraines have been derived from a shoreline emergence curve based on 14C dated shore levels from North Norway. Two major, and probably at least one minor, climatically induced, glacial events are indicated: the Ornes event c. 9800–9900±150 B.P., the Skibotn event 95–9600±150 B. P., and a younger event c. 9400±250 B. P. The inner fjord-valleys were probably deglaciated by c. 9100 B. P. Final deglaciation of the innerplateau during late Preboreal or early Boreal was characterized by downwasting.
Seismic time-lapse surprise at Teal South: That little neighbor reservoir is leaking!

Why perform time-lapse seismic monitoring? Is it to verify the reservoir model? No! We should conduct time-lapse seismic surveys in order to find out what is incorrect in the reservoir model, in a way similar to the production history matching familiar to reservoir engineers as they look for improvements to the model. This being the case, it is difficult to determine in advance of monitoring just what it is we should be monitoring. Thus, surveys designed specifically to test one feature of a reservoir model may be missing other important features. In this paper, we present a set of very surprising results from the Teal South time-lapse multicomponent (4-D/4-C) study, in Eugene Island Block 354 in the Gulf of Mexico. We will show that time-lapse seismic observations have revealed that an undrilled reservoir near a producing reservoir is exhibiting time-lapse changes consistent with expansion of a free gas phase, and that this implies that oil is being lost through the spill point, never to be recovered, ev.
Aerosol effects in the UV‐B spectral region over Pune, an urban site in India

Collocated measurements of UV‐B irradiance and aerosol optical characteristics have been carried out over Pune, western India from April 2004 to March 2005 to estimate the role of aerosols in UV‐B radiation at the surface. It is found that a unit increases in aerosol optical depth reduces by about 40–56% of the harmful UV‐B radiation that reaches the site. Ultraviolet‐impact on human health is usually characterized by the UV‐index (UV‐I), and is estimated with the aid of a radiative transfer model using aerosol and ozone measurements over the site. The index is found to be in the extreme range (10.1 to 13.5) during pre‐monsoon, high to extreme (8.5 to 11) during post‐ monsoon and high (7 to 10) during the winter seasons, vulnerable to sensitive skin. The estimated UV‐I values are found to be compared well with SCIAMACHY satellite observed UV‐I values with mean ratio of 0.95 ± 0.05.
Characterizing and identifying structural domains at rifted continental margins: application to the Bay of Biscay margins and its Western Pyrenean fossil remnants

Abstract We use the Bay of Biscay and Western Pyrenees as a natural laboratory to develop and apply an approach to characterize and identify distinctive rifted margin domains in offshore and onshore settings. The Bay of Biscay and Western Pyrenees offer access to seismically imaged, drilled and exposed parts of one and the same hyperextended rift system. Offshore, we use gravity inversion and flexural backstripping techniques combined with seismic interpretation to provide estimates of accommodation space, crustal thickness and lithosphere thinning. Onshore, we focus on key outcrops of the former rift domain to describe the nature of sediment and basement rocks, and of their interface. This qualitative and quantitative characterization provides diagnostic elements for the identification of five distinct structural domains at magma-poor rifted margins and their fossil analogues (proximal, necking, hyperthinned, exhumed mantle and oceanic domains). This new approach can be used to reconcile offshore and onshore observations, and to aid interpretation when only local observations are available. Onshore remnants can be placed in an offshore rifted-margin context, enabling the prediction of first-order crustal architecture. For the interpretation of offshore seismic reflection sections, geological insights into rift structures and basement nature can be suggested based on onshore analogies. Supplementary material: Sensitivity of backstripping results to flexural rigidity is available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18778.