Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IN SITU RUMEN KINETICS OF HIGH-PROTEIN FORAGE CROPS IN TEMPERATE CLIMATES

The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and in situ degradation kinetics of eight high protein forage crops: alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), forage oat ( Avena sativa L.), mixed pasture, and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in early vegetative stages, two forage lupins ( Lupinus albus L.) in early bloom stages, sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) and kale ( Brassica napus var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb. ) leaves at root maturity. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics were evaluated by the nylon bag technique through the in situ procedure described by Ørskov and MacDonald (1979) using three ruminally cannulated sheep. Chemical composition of the forage crops showed on average 13.7% DM; 21.4% CP; 31.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); 17.7% crude fiber (CF), 80.6% digestibility of organic matter (DOMD) and 12.13 MJ kg -1 metabolizable energy (ME). The high total degradability of forage crops reported here (> 87% DM; > 93% CP) can be associated with the presence of large quantities of fraction a (> 34% DMa; > 29% CPa) and high degradability of fraction b , resulting in low amounts of undegradable fraction (U) (7.02% DM and 3.55% CP). Correlations between CPb and DMb degradability (r = 0.79) and CPc and DMc degradation rates (r = 0.78) were high, however differences in c were not explained by differences in CP or NDF contents, nor by the amounts of a or b fractions. Degradation for DM and CP during the first 6 h of incubation was strongly and inversely correlated to b (36 h) (r = 0.93) (P < 0.0001) regardless of forage type. The amounts of CPa and CPb influenced effective degradability of CP (r = 0.79; P < 0.02), EDp increased with increased CPa and decreased with increased CPb (r = 0.76; P < 0.02). Therefore, more than 75% of the forage crops degraded within the first 6 h of incubation, which was associated with the DM content and amount of the slowly degradable fraction present.
Retention Characteristics of a Ferroelectric Memory Based on SrBi2(Ta, Nb)2O9

The polarization decay process in SrBi2(Ta, Nb)2O9 capacitors and retention characteristics of a 288-bit ferroelectric memory device fabricated from SrBi2(Ta, Nb)2O9 were studied. The remanent polarization decay at room temperature showed good linearity when plotted against logarithmic retention time over a wide range of 10-3–105 s. The distribution of times to failure of a 288-bit memory was fit to a model having a linear relationship between log (log t f) and 1/T for the period of infant failures and to the Arrhenius model having the form log t f vs 1/T for the period of random failures, where t f is the time to failure and T is the temperature. The activation energy was found to be 0.35 eV for infant failures and 1.15 eV for random failures. Possible causes for the difference in activation energies are discussed.
EFFECT OF SUMMER PRUNING, CLUSTER THINNING, GIBBERELLIN AND FUNGICIDE APPLICATION ON BUNCH ROT DISEASE OF GRAPEVINE CV. THOMPSON SEEDLESS.

Two field trials with 15 years old grapevines cv. Thompson Seedless (highly susceptible cultivar) were conducted at Sadat City, Menofyia governorate, Egypt. In these trials, treatments consisted of summer pruning, i.e. ( leaf removal , shoot removal , topping and the treatment with (leaf removal +shoot removal + topping) in addition to the control vines (without summer pruning) . An additional trial , compared the cluster thinning treatment with the control ( without cluster thinning). All plots were established in a split –plot design with or without fungicides or gibberellin application . The above mentioned treatments were applied during the growing season starting at full bloom till veraison stage ( the beginning of ripening ) in order to control grapevine bunch rot disease . The obtained results showed that the disease incidence and severity of bunch rot were best reduced by using any of the used gibberellin treatments compared to that of untreated vines . The greatest reduction in disease incidence and severity was occurred in the treatments with three sprays of gibberellin when the flower cluster was 10 cm 3 long, Full Bloom and 6mm in berries diameter stage which summer pruning is done . In additional trial , cluster thinning also reduced disease incidence and severity in nonsprayed control compared to the nonsprayed control ( without cluster thinning). The greatest reduction in disease incidence and severity was recorded from the treatments with three sprays of the fungicide (Euparen M) at bloom, pre-close and veraison. Also, the produced fruit yield from treated vines was significantly higher during the first and the second seasons in comparison with that of untreated vines.
Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in Sa˜o Paulo State, Brazil (cid:1)

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. To study the prevalence and genetic variability of NoV in children with acute gastroenteritis in Sa˜o Paulo State, Brazil, we examined 234 stool samples from children with or without gastroenteritis during a 5-year period (1995 to 1999). NoV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and conﬁrmed by DNA sequence analysis. We used two different oligonucleotide primer sets targeting the 3 (cid:1) end of the RNA polymerase gene (region B), as well a partial capsid region at the 3 (cid:1) end of the VP1 gene (region D). A total of 78 (33.3%) of the samples tested positive for NoV, and in region B, of the 66 strains sequenced, 4 (6.1%) belonged to GI, 52 (78.7%) belonged to GII, and ﬁve samples (7.6%) contained a mixture of the GI and GII genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority (40 of 66 [60.6%]) of the strains belonged to genotype GII.4. The nucleotide sequence identity of three strains was lower than 77.9% compared to a region B reference sequence database but showed 85.3 to 88.8% identity with GII.2 Melksham strain in region D, indicating the circulation of a possible recombinant NoV strain. One sample (GII.3) was sequenced only in region D. In conclusion, we have a total of 67 sequenced strains. This is the ﬁrst report that describes the predominance of GII.4 NoV strains in children visiting the ambulatory of different hospitals in Sa˜o Paulo State, Brazil, and we show that mixtures of different strains can be found in individual samples, including some possible new recombinant strains.
Biological management of powdery mildew of grapes

: Powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator is an economically important disease of grapes in the world. Injudicious use of pesticides have created major hurdle in export of grapes hence the study was carried out to reduce the pesticide use and thereby residues and also find out eco-friendly solution to mitigate the disease with the help of biological antagonist such as yeast. The twenty two yeast isolates were obtained from leaf samples collected from different districts of Maharashtra State and evaluated against Uncinula necator under field condition . Out of twenty two isolates, the isolates MPKVYI-12, MPKVYI-14, ANYI-1, ANYI-2, ANYI-3, SATYI-1, SOLYI-1 and NYI-1 were found effective, where intensity of the fungus reduced upto 50 per cent. In subsequent test the isolates ANYI-2, SATYI-1 and NYI-1 were reduced the disease intensity upto 80 per cent and out of these three, the isolate no 22 (NYI-1) was found most effective. In the mechanism of phyto parasitism it was observed that the spores of yeast get attached to the epidermis of fungal spore and which further get disturbed and shrinked. In physiological studies of eight yeast isolates, it was observed that the growth of all isolates were excellent at temperature 20-35°C and 8-10 pH. In pesticide compatibility study all the eight yeast isolates were found compatible with commonly used fungicides and antibiotics. The grape vine leaf microflora was altered due to spray of yeast.
Quorum-regulation mediated by nested antagonistic feedback circuits via CD28 and CTLA-4 confers robustness to CD8 + T cell population dynamics

expressed CD80 and CD86 interacting with CD28 and CTLA-4 on neighbouring T cells. These interactions fed two nested antagonistic feedback circuits regulating IL-2 production, whose competition was affected by T cell density. Modulation of this network in vivo confirmed that CD8 + T cell population-intrinsic mechanisms regulate cellular behavior, thereby promoting robustness of population dynamics. biological replicates. How is robustness conferred to T cell dynamics in light of their regulation by cell division and death? population contraction is determined by both regulators. As the expression of IL-2 and CTLA-4 is functionally linked, these results provide a mechanism conferring robustness to population dynamics across different cell counts and densities.
Anisotropic Propagator for the Goldstone Modes in Color-flavor Locked Phase in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

We consider the phase diagram of QCD at very high baryon density and at zero temperature in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The state of matter at such high densities and low temperatures is believed to be a phase known as the color-flavor locked phase which breaks color and electromagnetic gauge invariance, leaving a linear combination of them, denoted as $U(1{)}_{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{em}}$, unbroken. Of the nine quarks (three flavors and three colors), five are neutral under this unbroken generator and four are oppositely charged (two with a charge of $+1$ and two with $\ensuremath{-}1$). In the presence of a magnetic field corresponding to $U(1{)}_{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{em}}$, however, the properties of the condensate change and a new phase known as the magnetic color-flavor locked (MCFL) phase is realized. This phase breaks an approximate $SU(3{)}_{C}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{B}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{A}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ symmetry of the Lagrangian to $SU(2{)}_{C+L+R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{em}}$ giving rise to six Goldstone modes, five of which are pseudo Goldstone modes. These Goldstone modes are composed of excitations that correspond to both neutral quarks and charged quarks. Hence it is natural to expect that the propagators of these Goldstone modes are affected in the presence of a magnetic field, and their speed becomes considerably anisotropic. Although this anisotropy is self-evident from symmetry arguments, it has not been quantified yet. We calculate this anisotropy in the speed of the Goldstone modes using a Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model type of interaction between the quarks and comment on the impact of such anisotropic modes on transport properties of the MCFL phase.
Can we learn from errors? Retrieval facilitates the correction of false memories for pragmatic inferences

Errorful learning suggests that, when perfect learning has not yet been attained, errors can enhance future learning if followed by corrective feedback. Research on memory updating has shown that after retrieval, memory becomes more malleable and prone to change. Thus, retrieval of a wrong answer might provide a good context for the incorporation of feedback. Here, we tested this hypothesis using sentences including pragmatic sentence implications, commonly used for the study of false memories. Across two experiments with young adults, we hypothesized that corrective feedback would be more efficient at reducing false memories if provided immediately after retrieval, when memory is more malleable than after being exposed to the material. Participants’ memory was assessed as a function of the type of learning task (Experiment 1: retrieval vs. restudy; and Experiment 2: active vs. passive recognition); and whether participants received corrective feedback or not. In both experiments, we observed that retrieval not only improved correct recall (replicating the testing effect) but also promoted the correction of false memories. Notably, corrective feedback was more effective when given after errors that were committed during retrieval rather than after restudy (Experiment 1) or after passive recognition (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that the benefits of retrieval go beyond the testing effect since it also facilitates false memories correction. Retrieval seems to enhance memory malleability, thus improving the incorporation of feedback, compared to the mere presentation of the information. Our results support the use of learning strategies that engage in active and explicit retrieval because, even if the retrieved information is wrong—when immediate feedback is provided—memory updating is promoted and errors are more likely to be corrected.
Cold-induced metabolic depression in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus): A multifaceted cellular event

Metabolic depression and dormancy (i.e., stopping/greatly reducing activity and feeding) are strategies used by many animals to survive winter conditions characterized by food shortages and cold temperatures. However, controversy exists on whether the reduced metabolism of some fishes at cold temperatures is due to dormancy alone, or also involves active metabolic depression. Thus, we acclimated winter-dormant cunner [Tautogolabrus adspersus, a north temperate wrasse which in Newfoundland is at the northern limit of its distribution] and winter-active Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to winter (0°C; 8h light: 16h dark) and summer (10°C; 16h light: 8 h dark) conditions, and measured the thermal sensitivity of ATP-producing and O2-consuming processes in isolated liver mitochondria and hepatocytes when exposed in vitro to temperatures from 20 to 0°C and 10 to 0°C, respectively. We found that: 1) liver mitochondrial State 3 respiration and hepatocyte O2 consumption in cunner were only ~ one-third and two-thirds of that measured in salmon, respectively, at all measurement temperatures; 2) cunner mitochondria also have proton conductance and leak respiration (State 4) values that are only approximately one-third of those in salmon; 3) the mitochondria of cunner show a dramatic reduction in respiratory control ratio (from ~ 8 to 3), and a much greater drop in State 3 respiration, between 10 and 5°C (Q10 values in 10- and 0°C-acclimated fish of 14.5 and 141.2, respectively), as compared with salmon (3.9 and 9.6, respectively); and 4) lowering temperature from 5 to 0°C resulted in ~ 40 and 30% reductions in hepatocyte O2 consumption due to non-mitochondrial respiration and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, respectively, in cunner, but not in salmon. Collectively, these results highlight the intrinsic capacity for metabolic depression in hepatocytes and mitochondria of cunner, and clearly suggest that several cellular processes play a role in the reduced metabolic rates exhibited by some fishes at cold temperatures.
Understanding scientists’ communication challenges at the intersection of climate and agriculture

In the United States, a public debate remains about the existence and effects of anthropogenic climate change. This skepticism is present in the agricultural sector, rendering climate science communication challenging. Due to the polarization of climate change issues and the concurrent need for agricultural adaptation, we sought to examine how scientists communicate in this sector. A survey, administered to climate scientists and pertinent U.S. federal agency staff (response rate = 43%), was conducted to examine perspectives on communicating with five agricultural stakeholder groups: agribusinesses, crop advisors, general public, producers, and policymakers. We focused on three aspects of the communication process with these stakeholders to evaluate if scientists, as messengers, were following best practices–communicator training, knowledge of stakeholder, and terminology use. We found scientists valued communication training; however, the majority had not attended formal training. Scientists had different views on climate change than producers and crop advisors but understood their perspective and were deliberate with their communication with different audiences. This suggests stakeholder knowledge and terminology use do not hinder communication between scientist and stakeholder. We also highlight three communication challenges present across stakeholder groups–stakeholder knowledge, timescale, and scientific uncertainty–and others that were specific to each stakeholder group. Future research should support scientists by identifying and resolving barriers to training and effective communication strategies for each stakeholder group that addresses these challenges.
Thinness negatively affects lung function among Sri Lankan children

Background There have been conflicting findings on the effect of body mass index (BMI) on lung functions in children. Therefore, we studied the relationship between spirometry parameters and BMI among healthy Sri Lankan school children aged 5–7 years. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 school children (5–7-year-old) without apparent lung disease. Recruitment was done with stratified random sampling. Spirometry parameters, FEV1, FVC, PEFR, and FEV1/FVC ratio were determined. The acceptable and reproducible spirometry recordings were included in the analysis. Simple and multivariate linear regression analysis examined possible associations of lung function parameters with BMI, socio‐demographic variables and indoor risk factors. Also, the mediator effect of gender on lung function through BMI was explored. Results The participants’ mean age (SD) was 6.4 (0.65) years. One-third were thin/severely thin (37%). A statistically significant difference in FVC (p = 0.001) and FEV1 (p = 0.001) was observed between BMI groups (obesity/overweight, normal, and thinness). Yet, PEFR or FEV1/FVC did not significantly differ among BMI groups (p = 0.23 and p = 0.84). Multivariate regression analysis showed that FEV1 and FVC were significantly associated with BMI, child’s age, gender, family income, father’s education, having a pet, and exposure to mosquito coil smoke. Interaction between gender and BMI for lung functions was not significant. The thin children had significantly lower FVC (OR: -0.04, 95%CI: -0.077, -0.012, p = 0.008) and FEV1 (OR: -0.04, 95%CI: -0.075, -0.014, p = 0.004) than normal/overweight/obese children. Family income demonstrated the greatest effect on lung functions; FVC and FEV1 were 0.25L and 0.23L smaller in low-income than the high-income families. Conclusion Lower lung function parameters (FVC and FEV1) are associated with thinness than normal/overweight/obese dimensions among children without apparent lung disease. It informs that appropriate nutritional intervention may play a role in improving respiratory health.
Liver damage in the context of SARS-CoV-2. Covid-19 treatment and its effects on the liver

Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the scientific community has tried to protect the population from the infection and its effects through multiple lines of evidence. Patients at high risk of developing severe disease were advised to protect themselves and practice effective physical distancing. Phenotypes specific to this infection need to be reviewed to understand COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations. When the pandemic began, the scientific community was concerned with the unfavorable outcome of cases with pre-existing liver disease. There have been speculations about risk factors for severe diseases such as liver disease, age, gender, and association with obesity or diabetes.
In vitro study of the effect of resveratrol purified from the skin of Iraqi black grape (Vitis vinifera) on lymphocyte cultures isolated from the blood of patients with lymphoma

The natural stilbene compound resveratrol (RSV) was extracted and purified locally from the black grape skin (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in Iraq. Cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes were obtained from the blood samples of patients with and without lymphoma to be treated with RSV at different concentrations. Three RSV concentration levels were subjected to isolated lymphocytes from blood samples of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and without lymphoma to estimate the change in TNF-α and IL-10. Resveratrol seemed to differently affect cytokines level in normal and lymphoma lymphocytes in relation to its concentration. The lowest resveratrol concentration (50 µg/ml) decreased TNF-α levels for patients without lymphoma and all NHL patients in contrast to the HL sample. Treating normal lymphocytes with a higher dose (1000 µg/ml) might elevate the levels of TNF-α in almost all samples. There was an inverse relationship between both cytokines in most treatments; with the increase in TNF-α level, there was a decrease in IL-10 level except in HL and normal lymphocytes treatment. The locally purified resveratrol could serve as a multi-target drug that modulates the immune system to improve body defense in patients suffering from lymphoma and in patients without lymphoma by altering cytokine levels in response to different resveratrol concentrations in a different manner.
Disturbance Attenuation in Linear 2 x 2 Hyperbolic Systems: With Application to the Heave Problem in Managed Pressure Drilling

Many physical systems can be modelled using linear 2 x 2 hyperbolic partial differential equations. The act of stabilizing systems of this type has therefore been subject to extensive research, and a number of techniques and feedback laws have been proposed in the literature. In this thesis, a full state feedback law for disturbance attenuation in such systems is derived, with actuation limited to the right boundary. The disturbance is modelled using an autonomous, finite dimensional linear system affecting the partial differential equation? s left boundary. The effect of the disturbance is attenuated at an arbitrary given point in the domain. Two controller formulations of the feedback law is given, along with a considerable simplified controller derived subject to a few assumptions. The three controllers may be combined with an observer generating full state and disturbance estimates from sensing limited to the same boundary as actuation. Using the Laplace transform, the trans-fer functions of the three controllers combined with the observer are derived. A model reduction technique based on the Laguerre series representation is also given, so that rational, simple transfer function approximations can be found. The results are applied to the heave problem from Managed Pressure Drilling and tested through simulations. Both versions of the full state feed-back law and the simplified one showed significant attenuation properties, both when using the system states directly, and when using the observer generated states. The attenuation properties of the reduced order trans-fer function approximations were also satisfactory in most cases. However, achieving a good transfer function match for the two full state feedback controllers deemed challenging, probably due to the apparent resonance terms observed in the original transfer functions. Rational transfer functions that approximated the original transfer functions well for the frequencies of interest were eventually found after some tuning. However, finding a good transfer function match when using the simplified controller was generally much easier, and a good match was quickly found for both the cases tested, without much tuning.
Copper Metal for Semiconductor Interconnects Copper Metal for Semiconductor Interconnects

Resistance-capacitance ( RC ) delay produced by the interconnects limits the speed of the integrated circuits from 0.25 mm technology node. Copper (Cu) had been used to replace aluminum (Al) as an interconnecting conductor in order to reduce the resistance. In this chapter, the deposition method of Cu films and the interconnect fabrication with Cu metallization are introduced. The resulting integration and reliability challenges are addressed as well.