Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CHEILOSTOMATE NATURE OF THE ALLEGED CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOAN GENUS DYSNOETOPORA

Dysnoetopora celleporoides Canu & Bassler 1926, from the Ripley Formation (Maastrichtian) of the well-known Coon Creek locality (McNairy County, Tennessee), is not a cyclostomate, but a cheilostomate, bryozoan. The cheilostomate affinity of the genus Dysnoetopora is clearly shown by the existence of big avicularia, subsemicircular apertures (suggesting an operculum), septulae with true rosette plates, and ascopores below the aperture. Interzoidal pores and pseudopores, both characteristic of the cyclostomes, are lacking. The zooecia of the arborescent dichotomous zoarium are dimorphic. An axial bundle consisting of long prismatic zooecia is surrounded by a thick layer of irregular cumulating zooecia. The mode of budding and the confused appearance of the zooecia resembles that of the family Celleporidae, and the related Celleporariidae and Celleporinidae. The presence of ascopores, however, excludes the assignment of Dysnoetopora to any of these families, and necessitates the erection of a new family, Dysnoetocellidae. Ovicelles have not been observed. The type species, and two other species assigned to Dysnoetopora, are discussed.
Factors Affecting the Inshore Migration of Pelagic Larval and Demersal Juvenile Red Sea Bream Pagrus major to a Nursery Ground

Abstract The early life history of the red sea bream was investigated to elucidate the recruitment mechanism, as a biological basis for farming fisheries, in Shijiki Bay, southwestern Japan, during 1975–1983. Pelagic larvae, hatched during March-May in offshore spawning grounds, are transported by tidal currents and trapped by a circular current at the mouth of the bay. Larvae reach 10 mm total length about 30 d after hatching, when they begin to metamorphose into pelagic juveniles. The juveniles begin to migrate into the bay beyond the boundary area between the outer and inner water masses. This orientation seems to be closely related to their diel vertical migration. After immigration into the bay, juveniles become demersal. At this period, their main food organisms are the copepods Acartia clausi and A. steueri. Both prey species are contagiously concentrated near the bottom, and their densities increase towards the innermost part of the bay. This gradient of copepod distribution leads the early juveni.
Diffusion of Acetic and Propionic Acids from Chitosan-based Antimicrobial Packaging Films

ABSTRACT: The diffusion of acetic or propionic acids from thin (44 to 54 m m) chitosan-based antimicrobial packagingfilms in which they were incorporated was measured after immersion of the films in water, and the effects of pH (5.7,6.4, or 7.0) and temperature (4 °C, 10 °C, or 24 °C) on diffusion were investigated. The kinetics of acetic- and propi-onic-acid release deviated from the Fickian model of diffusion. Diffusion was found to be unaffected by pH in therange of values tested, but a decrease in temperature from 24 °C to 4 °C resulted in a reduction of diffusion coefficientsfrom 2.59 × 10 -12 m 2 . s -1 to 1.19 × 10 -12 m . s for acetic acid and from 1.87 × 10 m 2 . s -1 to 0.91 × 10 -12 m 2 . s -1 for propionicacid. The effect of temperature on diffusion was well (r 2 . 0.9785) described by an Arrhenius-type model with activa-tion energies of 27.19 J.mole -1 (acetic) and 24.27 J.mole (propionic). Incorporation of lauric acid or essential oils(cinnamaldehyde or eugenol) into the chitosan film at the time of preparation produced a subsequent reduction in thediffusion of acetic or propionic acid, and maximum effects were obtained with lauric acid and cinnamaldehydeincorporated to final concentrations of 1.0% and 0.5% (w/w), respectively.Key Words: diffusion, acetic, propionic, chitosan, packaging
Evaluation of Cluster Bean Meal Cyamposis fefrugonoloba as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

— A12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of utilizing cluster bean seed meal (CBM) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets for common carp Cyprnus carpio fingerlings. The replacement levels of cluster bean meal protein in the diets were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total fishmeal protein. All diets were isonitrogenous at 33.1% crude protein and isocaloric at 4.8 Kcal/g. There were significant differences in the final individual weights, weight gains, specific growth rates (SGR %/d), feed conversion ratios (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), and feed intake among fish group (P× 0.05). Common carp fed the diet containing 50% (CBM) exhibited comparable growth to those fed a fishmeal-based diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of CBM above 50% of total fishmeal replacement in the diet. Incorporation of CBM in diets significantly affected the dry matter, protein, and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that CBM can replace 50% of the fishmeal in diet for common carp.
Microbial degradation of DDT and its residues—A review

Abstract Microbial degradation of DDT residues is one mechanism for loss of DDT from soil. In this review pathways for biodegradation of DDT, DDD, and DDE by bacteria and fungi are described. Biodegradation of DDT residues can proceed in soil, albeit at a slow rate. To enhance degradation in situ a number of strategies are proposed. They include the addition of DDT‐metabolising microbes to contaminated soils and/or the manipulation of environmental conditions to enhance the activity of these microbes. Ligninolytic fungi and chlorobiphenyl degrading bacteria are promising candidates for remediation. Flooding of soil and the addition of organic matter can enhance DDT degradation. As biodegradation may be inhibited by lack of access of the microbe to the contaminant, the soil may need to be pre‐treated with a surfactant. Unlike DDT, little is known about the biodegradation of DDE, and this knowledge is crucial as DDE can be the predominant residue in some soils.
Cloning and expression of a putative common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γC) gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract A full length cDNA of a putative common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γC) gene of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) has been cloned and sequenced. The contiguous cDNA contained 2291 nucleotides, consisting of an ORF of 1029 bp, with a 72 bp 5′ UTR and a 1190 bp 3′ UTR. The coding region showed 44–46% identity to mammalian γC genes. The ORF translated into a 343 amino acid protein, with some 28–30% amino acid identity to the coding region of mammalian sequences. A predicted signal peptide and transmembrane domain were identified, giving a 206 amino acid extracellular domain and a 98 amino acid intracellular domain in the trout molecule. Five potential glycosylation sites were present in the extracellular domain, as were six conserved cysteine residues and the W-S-X-W-S motif typical of haemopoietin receptors. One of the most interesting differences between the trout and mammalian sequences was the lack of tyrosines in the trout intracellular domain. RT-PCR studies revealed a wide tissue distribution of γC expression, with detectable transcript in blood, spleen, gill, kidney, brain and liver. Low levels of γC transcript were detectable in unstimulated macrophage cultures and expression was increased by stimulation of the cells with recombinant trout interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or LPS. Similarly, in the RTG cell line which exhibited even lower level constitutive expression, stimulation with IL-1β increased γC transcript levels but LPS had no effect.
Control of apple blue mould disease with Torulaspora delbrueckii in combination with Silicon

In this study, Torulaspora delbrueckii alone and in combination with silicon were evaluated for the control of apple blue mould disease caused by Penicillium expansum. In vitro, the antagonistic effects of T. delbrueckii in controlling mycelial growth of P. expansum on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) in dual cultures, and the growth of P. expansum alone with cell-free metabolites and volatile components of T. delbrueckii were assayed. In vitro, to evaluate the direct effect of silicon on mycelial growth of pathogen, silicon at different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1 and 2% (wt./vol.)) was added to PDA medium. Silicon at 0.6% (wt./vol.) and above concentrations completely inhibited the mycelial growth of P. expansum. However, it had no significant effect on population dynamics of yeast in vitro and in apple wounds. In vivo, silicon at 0.2 and 1% (wt./vol.) in combination with antagonistic yeast (1 × 108 cell/ml) was a more effective approach to reduce the lesion diameter of blue mould decay of apples than the application of silicon or T. delbrueckii alone at 20 and 4°C, respectively.
COHERENT SIGNALS IN THE TEMPERATURE AND HEIGHT OF THE SEA SURFACE OFF NORTH CAPE, NEW ZEALAND

Abstract Dynamic heights of the ocean surface to the north‐east of North Cape, New Zealand are determined from 18 months of Topex‐Poseidon altimeter measurements along a repeat track crossing the East Auckland current system. The anomalies in the heights and in the cross‐track geostrophic currents derived from these heights both portray strong cyclic signals with period of c. 140 days travelling towards New Zealand, and a signal with period of at least 18 months in the opposite sense. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies and anomalies in the along‐track SST gradients exhibit similar periodicity. The coherence between anomalies in velocity and temperature gradient and that between anomalies in height and temperature both reach c. 0.74 at the period of 140 days and 0.88 for the long‐period signal. A correspondence is also shown between the positions of maximum flow in the East Auckland current and positions of high sea‐surface temperature gradient. Winds are shown to affect the strength of the 140‐day si.
Field and laboratory evidence for a volatile pheromone produced by parous females of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus

Abstract. Electrophysiological, behavioural and field evidence is presented for a volatile attractant produced by host‐seeking, parous female Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer. Attraction of host‐seeking females to other live parous females or to extracts of parous females was demonstrated in Y‐tube bioassays, as well as in field trials using baited sticky traps. Threshold numbers were 100–200 females, both in the laboratory and field. Antennal receptors to this pheromone were revealed by recording electroantennograms (EAGs) in response to odour from live parous females and to the extracts of female midges. The female‐produced attractant did not alter field catches of male C. impunctatus.
Days-Open Adjusted, Annualized, and Fat-Corrected Yields as Alternatives to Mature-Equivalent Records

Abstract Models for developing adjustment factors for days open, effects of alternative methods to evaluate lactation yields, and effects of alternative methods of measuring yield on sire evaluation weve investigated. Effects of days open on production were reduced by including summit production (average of 2 highest of first 3 test days) in models; however, adjustment of records by factors from models including summit production were not satisfactory for records with greater than 180 days open. Annualized yield ([total lactation production divided by days between calvings] 365) overcompensated for days open greater than 180. Days open adjusted, annualized yield, and fat-corrected yield were closely correlated. Mature-equivalent production in first parity was most predictive for yield in second parity, but yield adjusted for days open was more predictive of total comulative yield at 26, 39, and 59 mo. Rank correlations among sire transmitting abilities computed from alternative measures were more than . 86. Evaluations by yield adjusted for days open were most similar and fat-corrected yield least similar to evaluation by mature equivalent production. Changes in culling decisions and sire evaluation from use of annualized yield or yield adjusted for days open versus mature equivalent were small, and yield adjusted for days open is preferred over annualized yield.
Role of protein kinase Cδ in transmitting hypoxia signal to HSF and HIF‐1

An hypoxic microenvironment is an important modulator of gene expression in many pathophysiological conditions. In this study, we show a coordinate activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) in RIF tumor cells by hypoxia. Since heat shock protein (hsp) and angiogenic factor genes that are regulated by HSF and HIF‐1 are thought to contribute to the malignant progression of hypoxic tumor cells, it was of our major interest to identify the components that are responsible for the activation of both HSF and HIF‐1. Our finding that a bioflavonoid quercetin (QCT), a well known inhibitor of hsp gene expression, significantly inhibited the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 strongly suggests that QCT‐sensitive molecule(s) is involved in the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. Our results revealed that PCKα, δ and ϵ isoforms are expressed in RIF cells, but only PKCδ was specifically translocated to the membrane by hypoxia. Our results also revealed that the translocation of PKCδ was completely abrogated by QCT. Moreover, inhibiting the PKCδ activation, either pharmacologically with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate or with bisindolymaleimide II or genetically by transient transfection of a dominant negative PKCδ, significantly inhibited the transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. These results strongly substantiate a view that the PKCδ isozyme is the QCT‐sensitive molecule that plays an important role in transmitting hypoxia signals to both HSF and HIF‐1. Here we show that the membrane translocation of PKCδ is dependent on the activation of phosphoinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K). Treatment with PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin or LY294002, abrogated not only PKCδ translocation but the subsequent transcriptional activation of HSF and HIF‐1 by hypoxia. Together, our study shows that the PKCδ isozyme acts as a shared component in transmitting hypoxia‐induced signals to both HSF and HIF‐1, and that the upstream regulator of PKCδ is PI3K. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diet impacts for mitigating air emissions from poultry

bstract. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate emission reductions following implementation of diet strategies. Strategies included reduction of protein with supplementation of AA, diet acidification and dietary protein reduction. The impact of feeding these strategies on animal performance and emissions of NH3, H2S, NO, NO2, CO2, CH4, and non-methane total hydrocarbons (NMTHC) were compared to those of animals fed commercial diets (C). Groups of birds were housed in one of eight environmental chambers except turkeys that were housed in floor pens. Experiments lasted five weeks for hens, 16 weeks for turkeys, and 42 days for broilers. Emissions were calculated by sampling the incoming air followed by sequential sampling of each of the chambers for 15 min (10-min purge followed by a 5-min data recording period). Concentrations and airflow were measured every 30 sec and averaged for the 5-min period. When protein was decreased in broiler diets in part by feeding six feed phases vs. four in the control treatment, NH3 emissions decreased by greater than 40% over five flocks. Daily emissions of H2S, CH4, and NMTHC were not affected by treatment. In turkeys, formulation with three AA resulted in a 15% decrease in litter N. Feeding an acidifying diet coupled with decreases protein to hens, resulted in greater than a 35% decrease in NH3 emissions, and in a three-fold increase in H2S emissions due to inclusion of a sulfur containing acidulate. Our results demonstrate that diet modification can be a powerful tool for reducing emissions.
The effect of plant population on the quality of sunflower seed for processing

Among other disadvantages, low hullability of sunflower seed results in oil cake with a high fibre and low protein content. Hullability is known to increase with increased seed size. Seed size generally decreases with an increase in plant density. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of plant density on hullability other physical trails and chemical seed composition of three sunflower cultivars. In a field trial at Potchefstroom the cultivars HV 3037, PAM 7392 and SNK 37 were planted in rows 0.9 m apart at densities of 20 000, 35 000 and 50 000 plants per ha in a randomised complete block, design with two replicates. Yield and seed trails differed among cultivars. Seed oil and protein content was not affected by plant population. Grain yield and hull content were significantly higher for the 20 000 than for the 35 000 and 50 000 populations. The thousand seed weight, a measure of seed size, decreased for all cultivars with increased plant population, The hullability of HV 3037 and SNK 37 declined with increased plant population, while it changed relatively little for PAH 7392. Higher hullability for the 20 000 population resulted in a higher protein content of the kernel rich fraction. Indications are that plant populations lower than the recommended 35 000 plants ha−1 will maximise hullability and minimise losses due to fine material.
External Morphology and Post-Embryonic Development of Derocheilocaris remanei (Mystacocarida) Revisited, With A Comparison to the Cambrian Taxon Skara

Abstract A re-description of the post-embryonic development of Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare-Deboutteville and Chappuis, 1951 (Mystacocarida) is presented. It includes nine stages, not ten as originally described. The first stage already has a maxillula (though not fully developed) and is, therefore, not an ortho-nauplius as previously reported. Particular focus is on the development of the post-mandibular appendages (maxillula, maxilla, maxilliped) that undergo significant changes during ontogeny, and the development of the so-called ‘toothed furrows’, all of which are good indicators of changes between the stages. The maxilla and maxilliped are quite different from each other in the adult stage, but they develop in a very similar manner, showing very similar morphologies at certain stages. None of the post-mandibular appendages has a fully formed coxa, but only a proximal endite, which is in contrast to some previous interpretations. The development of D. remanei was originally considered very different from that of its transatlantic ‘sister species’, D. typicus, but our observations indicate that this is not the case. Rather, the development of D. typicus and D. remanei is very similar. This implies that not only the adult morphology of Mystacocarida is remarkably conservative, but also the larval sequence. With regard to the feeding system, mystacocaridans have a cephalo-thoracic feeding apparatus including the first pair of trunk limbs modified as maxillipeds, which collaborate with the maxillulae and maxillae in the feeding process. All three limbs are very similar to each other (the main difference is that the maxilliped possesses a vestigial exopod). The feeding system is in both general aspects and in particular details very similar to that of Copepoda and the representatives of the Cambrian taxon Skara. This suggests a close relationship between these three taxa, for which we propose the name Copepodoida. The name refers to specific features found exclusively in copepodans and, in our view, mystacocaridans and the three species of Skara.
The occurrence and natural alleviation of stunting in a population of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.)

Two sudden and pronounced changes in the growth rate of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), in Slapton Ley, Devon, have been observed between 1972 and 1976. At first the growth rate declined to the point at which the population became stunted, then subsequently it improved again. These changes were correlated with population density; the numbers of roach were increasing during the late 1960's/early 1970's, and this increase was substantially reinforced by very strong year classes in 1972, and, to a lesser extent, in 1973. The increase in population density resulting from the strong 1972 year class was apparently adequate to accelerate the onset of the stunting observed. The improvement in growth rate in 1976 followed immediately after extensive mortalities amongst the roach during 1975, caused by an epidemic of the parasite Ligula intestinal is (L.). Some improvement in the growth of O group roach had been evident during 1975, but this was not observed in the population. Ford-Walford plots showed a decline in the value of L after the onset of stunting in 1972. Differences in the reproductive biology of the fish were found following the alleviation of stunting; the gonads of both sexes achieved a greater relative weight, and correspondingly the fecundity of the females was higher, although this latter effect became progressively less marked with increasing size. It was not apparent amongst the largest individuals. There was also some evidence of a decline in the proportion of fish maturing at minimum size. The changes in the reproductive biology were associated with the improvement in conditions for individual fish following the decline in population density.
Histopathological alterations in the digestive system of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared on four feeding levels.

Abstract The pathological effects of different feeding levels on the organ systems of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (also known as olive flounder) were studied sequentially from 3 to 45 d posthatch. The flounder were fed enriched live foods—the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp in the genus Artemia–at four feeding levels (L1–L4). The respective food densities at L1, L3, and L4 were 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 times that at L2. Level L2 is the one conventionally adopted by hatcheries. At that level, the initial density of rotifers is 0.5 individuals/mL of culture water; the density gradually increases to approximately 3.5 individuals/mL after metamorphosis. The initial density of brine shrimp at L2 is 0.1 individuals/mL, which gradually increases to 3 individuals/mL. Light and electron microscopy showed no evidence of viral, bacterial, parasitic, or mycotic invasions in developing Japanese flounder. However, pathological lesions were observed (including adhesions among the.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a pathogen of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Abstract During experimental Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation on cattle, approximately 5% of engorged female ticks showed symptoms of bacterial infection. The affected ticks were unable to oviposit, secreted a distinctive yellow exudate through the genital orifice and eventually died. Microscopic analysis of tick exudate showed abundant clusters of Gram-positive cocci bacteria that were isolated and cultured on bacteriological medium. Biochemical phenotyping and 16S rRNA ribotyping analysis on cultured bacteria identified it as Staphylococcus saprophyticus. This species was also isolated from healthy tick larvae, indicating that S. saprophyticus is commonly found in ticks during different developmental stages. However, conspicuous symptoms are only found on fully engorged females. Cultured S. saprophyticus induced identical pathological symptoms when the bacteria were experimentally inoculated into healthy ticks, demonstrating it to be the causative agent of the R. microplus infectious lethal disease described in this work.