Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The San Andreas fault system through time

The active San Andreas fault system today lies at the splintered boundary between the Pacific and North American lithospheric plates, a tectonic arrangement that originated in California in the Oligocene. By late Miocene time sedimentary breccias derived from San Andreas scarps were being shifted laterally from their source areas. During the Pliocene the system extended from the Mendocino triple-junction to the head of the Gulf of California. The Big Bend in the San Andreas developed and the Transverse Ranges rose, in association with the opening of the Gulf of California. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates is wide and fragmented and during the late Cenozoic, the crust has yielded laterally by simple shear and deformed through pull-apart stretching and fault-block squeezing and uplift and rotation. Splay faults, such as the San Jacinto, Calaveras, and Hayward, branch from the main fault near constraining bends. The strewn out arrangement of displaced slices may account for displacements of 600 km on the northern San Andreas and only 300 km on the southern across a wide mobile boundary zone that has a total displacement exceeding 1000 km. Strike slip may also have occurred along faults parallel to the system in Cretaceous-Palaeocene times when the Kula Plate was moving laterally northwestward with respect to the North American Plate.
Characterizing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: Time for Strategic Action

Despite a fair amount of progress on understanding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology globally, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the only region where knowledge of the epidemic continues to be very limited, and subject to much controversy. It has been more than 25 years since the discovery of HIV, but no scientific study has provided a comprehensive data-driven synthesis of HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) infectious spread in this region. The current report provides the first comprehensive scientific assessment and data-driven epidemiological synthesis of HIV spread in MENA since the beginning of the epidemic. It is based on a literature review and analysis of thousands of widely unrecognized publications, reports, and data sources extracted from scientific literature or collected from sources at the local, national, and regional levels. The recommendations provided here focus on key strategies related to the scope of this report and its emphasis on understanding HIV epidemiology in MENA as a whole. The recommendations are based on identifying the status of the HIV epidemic in MENA, through this synthesis, as a low HIV prevalence setting with rising concentrated epidemics among priority populations. General directions for prevention interventions as warranted by the outcome of this synthesis are also discussed briefly, but are not delineated because they are beyond the scope of this report. This report was not intended to provide intervention recommendations for each MENA country.
9. Spatial Patterns in Regulatory Enforcement: Local Tests of Environmental Justice

We examine the determinants of environmental regulatory activity (inspections and enforcement actions) for 1616 U.S. manufacturing plants in four large U.S. cities – Los Angeles, Boston, Columbus, and Houston – using data for 2000-2002. The main focus of our study is to examine whether or not regulators treat different segments of the population differently, by directing more regulatory activity at plants in rich, white neighborhoods and less in poor, minority neighborhoods, controlling for characteristics of the plant (size, age, and industry), and the plant’s past environmental performance. To date, tests of “Environmental Justice” hypotheses tend to focus on whether or not polluters are disproportionately likely to locate in neighborhoods with relatively high poor/minority populations, or on whether polluters located in those neighborhoods emit disproportionately high levels of pollution. Focusing instead on the allocation of enforcement activity across neighborhoods within each city allows us to shed light on a key mechanism through which discrepancies in pollution exposure across neighborhoods could arise and persist. Our results show relatively little statistically significant evidence that regulatory activity is less intense near disadvantaged demographic groups. We do find some suggestive coefficients - plants located in minority neighborhoods face less regulatory activity - but this effect is generally insignificant, and plants located in poor neighborhoods face (insignificantly) more regulatory activity. In contrast, we do find significant effects for plant characteristics and political variables, with plants that are larger and more energy-intensive, owned by single-plant firms, and located near politically active and liberal populations, facing more regulatory activity.
Lipids in Health and Disease

Aim: To test the hypothesis that schizophrenia might be associated with alterations of the endogenous cannabinoid system in human blood. Results: Blood from 20 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with schizophrenia, 5 of which both before and after a successful antipsychotic treatment, was analysed for: 1) the amounts of the endocannabinoid anandamide; 2) the levels of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNAs, and 3) the levels of the mRNA encoding the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), responsible for anandamide degradation. The amounts of anandamide were significantly higher in the blood of patients with acute schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers (7.79 ± 0.50 vs. 2.58 ± 0.28 pmol/ml). Clinical remission was accompanied by a significant decrease of the levels of anandamide (3.88 ± 0.72 pmol/ml) and of the mRNA transcripts for CB2 receptors and FAAH. Conclusion: These findings indicate that endocannabinoid signalling might be altered during the acute phase of schizophrenia not only in the central nervous system but also in the blood. These changes might be related to the several immunological alterations described in schizophrenia. Background The Endogenous Cannabinoid (EC) system comprises at least two cannabinoid receptors, the CB1 and CB2 receptors, a series of lipophilic endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids (ECs), and enzymes for EC biosynthesis and degradation [1]. Mounting evidence indicates that it is involved in the physiological modulation of many crucial functions in both the peripheral and the central nervous system [1]. It has been hypothesized that an alteration of EC neurotransmission could play a role in neurological, psychiatric and immunological disorders [2,3]. In this context, it is possible that, along with other neurotransmitter systems (i.e., dopaminergic, serotonergic), anomalies of the ECs might take part in producing the clinical picture of schizophrenia. This hypothesis relies on the following considerations: Published: 19 August 2003 Lipids in Health and Disease 2003, 2:5 Received: 20 June 2003 Accepted: 19 August 2003 This article is available from: http://www.Lipidworld. com/content/2/1/5 © 2003 De Marchi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
K-Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology and evolution of the Štiavnica Stratovolcano (Central Slovakia)

Abstract The Štiavnica Stratovolcano in Central Slovakia is the largest volcano in the Neogene to Quaternary Carpathian volcanic arc. A large caldera, an extensive subvolcanic intrusive complex and a resurgent horst with late stage rhyolite volcanites are the most characteristic features. The results of new K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotope dating using more sophisticated methodical approaches have changed our view on the timing of volcanic and intrusive activity. K-Ar dating of groundmass fractions combined with Rb-Sr isochron dating in the cases of possible rejuvenation has provided highly reliable results. The lifespan of the stratovolcano is apparently shorter than assumed earlier. Evolution of the stratovolcano took place in five stages during the Early Badenian to beginning of Early Pannonian time: (1) construction of the extensive andesite stratovolcano during the interval 15.0-13.5 Ma; (2) denudation of the volcano concluded with the initial subsidence of a caldera and the contemporaneous emplacement of a subvolcanic intrusive complex of diorite, granodiorite, granodiorite porphyries and quartz-diorite porphyries during the interval 13.5-12.9 Ma; (3) subsidence of the caldera and its filling by differentiated andesites during the interval 13.1-12.7 Ma - volcanic activity overlapping with the emplacement of the youngest intrusions; (4) renewed explosive and effusive activity of less differentiated andesites during the interval 12.7-12.2 Ma; (5) uplift of the resurgent horst in the central part of the caldera accompanied by rhyolite volcanic/intrusive activity during the interval 12.2-11.4 Ma. Extensive epithermal mineralization was contemporaneous with the uplift of the resurgent horst and rhyolite volcanic activity and continued till 10.7 Ma
Deep Labrador Current and its variability in 1996–2005

Long term mooring observations show a substantial warming of the Deep Labrador Current (DLC) during the last decade. In this paper we address the question of whether these water mass changes are accompanied by comparable changes in the deep western boundary current. Individual estimates of alongshore current from moored instruments and transports from Lowered ADCP sections indicate a systematic increase of the boundary current strength on the order of 15% of the mean from the period prior to 1999 to the period thereafter. A combination of these measurements allows the indexing of DLC intensity over the last decade.
Hugoniot equation of state of periclase to 200 GPa

New shock wave data on {100} oriented single crystal periclase covering the pressure range from 160 to 200 GPa suggest that MgO is described by a single Hugoniot up to 200 GPa, with no displacive phase transitions of volume change greater than 1-1.5 per cent. For a third order finite strain fit, with K_0 constrained to its ultrasonically determined value of 162.7 GPa, the implied K_0′ of 4.27 ± 0.24 is in agreement with ultrasonically determined value of 4.17 ± 0.14. The new data indicate a somewhat steeper Hugoniot than that suggested by previously published shock wave results under 120 GPa. A previously published result at 258 GPa shows more compression in the light of the present data than would be expected for MgO in the B1 structure, and may signal the onset of a phase transition, although we cannot confidently make this interpretation. If MgO forms an ideal solid solution with FeO, our data does not support the occurrence of a significant transition in magnesiowustite at lower mantle pressures.
Growth and Nutritional Quality of Lemnaceae Viewed Comparatively in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context

This review focuses on recently characterized traits of the aquatic floating plant Lemna with an emphasis on its capacity to combine rapid growth with the accumulation of high levels of the essential human micronutrient zeaxanthin due to an unusual pigment composition not seen in other fast-growing plants. In addition, Lemna’s response to elevated CO2 was evaluated in the context of the source–sink balance between plant sugar production and consumption. These and other traits of Lemnaceae are compared with those of other floating aquatic plants as well as terrestrial plants adapted to different environments. It was concluded that the unique features of aquatic plants reflect adaptations to the freshwater environment, including rapid growth, high productivity, and exceptionally strong accumulation of high-quality vegetative storage protein and human antioxidant micronutrients. It was further concluded that the insensitivity of growth rate to environmental conditions and plant source–sink imbalance may allow duckweeds to take advantage of elevated atmospheric CO2 levels via particularly strong stimulation of biomass production and only minor declines in the growth of new tissue. It is proposed that declines in nutritional quality under elevated CO2 (due to regulatory adjustments in photosynthetic metabolism) may be mitigated by plant–microbe interaction, for which duckweeds have a high propensity.
Is extreme Arctic sea ice anomaly in 2007 a key contributor to severe January 2008 snowstorm in China?

We conduct numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model to answer the question whether the extreme Arctic sea ice anomaly in 2007 contributed to the severe January 2008 snowstorm in China. Results show that the record low Arctic sea ice in September 2007, and follow‐up slow recovery of the Arctic sea ice in October and November 2007 could excite two stationary wave structures. One wave train propagates southeastward from the Barents/Kara Seas to central Asia, strengthening the Middle East Jet Stream (MEJS), and the other wave train propagates southward from central Arctic Ocean/eastern Siberia Sea to the mid‐latitude and subtropics of the north Pacific, weakening the East Asian Jet Stream (EAJS). The anomalous westerlies associated with the strengthening of the MEJS and the anomalous easterlies associated with the weakening of the EAJS form a strong convergence zone over central and southern China, providing favorable conditions for the severe January 2008 snowstorm. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Conversion to Organic Farming in the Continental United States: A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis

Organic agriculture has expanded greatly over the past decades, but the rate of conversion has not been evenly distributed across the United States. Measures of spatial concentration such as local Moran's I show that the highest rates of conversion are clustered in the Western United States, especially California, Washington, and Oregon, but also on the East Coast in New England. The influence of several variables on the spatial distribution of organic conversion is first explored through ordinary least squares regression analysis and then through a more localized technique called geographically weighted regression (GWR). Of the analyzed factors, share of existing organic farms, prevalence of full-time operators, and average farm size were found to be significant determinants of organic agriculture conversion rates. Furthermore, results show that spatial dependence is highly influential on the distribution of farms that are converting to organic production, suggesting the existence of relevant agglomeration effects. The GWR model suggests significant variation in the relationship between average farm size and conversion rates: The relationship is negative in most of the country and positive only in the Northeast and parts of the Western United States. These results highlight the need to consider local models in conjunction with global regression techniques for a better understanding of the spatial relationship between conversion to organic production methods and potential determinants.
The statistical assessment of Rb‐Sr isochrons

The variance in isotope-dilution measurements of Rb87/Sr86in geological samples is shown to be proportional in general to (Rb87/Sr86)2, so that simple regression methods for estimating Rb-Sr isochrons are not formally valid. A new regression method which allows for known experimental error in both Sr87/Sr86 and Rb87/Sr86 and which weights the data to allow for the nonuniform Rb87/Sr86 variance is given. The method is illustrated with the data for the Heemskirk granite, western Tasmania. Analysis of the data shows that, although the simple method gives quite accurate estimates of the isochron parameters, it tends to underestimate the uncertainty in the age and to overestimate that in the initial Sr87/Sr86. Models with geological variation over and above the experimental variation were also examined. Alternative models considered are geological variation independent of Rb87/Sr86 or proportional to (Rb87/Sr86)2, or a compromise between these.
Bracketing the Age of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Activity at the Cerro de Pasco Epithermal Polymetallic Deposit, Central Peru: A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar Study

The Cerro de Pasco epithermal Cordilleran base metal deposit in central Peru consists of two mineralization stages which are spatially and genetically related to a mid-Miocene diatreme-dome complex. In order to constrain the duration of the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Cerro de Pasco, U-Ph age determinations and Hf isotope determinations have been conducted on single zircon grains. Biotite from intrusive rocks, and sericite and alunite related to the first and second mineralization stages, respectively, have been used for stepwise IR-CO2 laser Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations. This study has been complemented by Rb-Sr analyses of sericite and associated pyrite. Single crystal zircon U-Pb analyses yield ages of 15.36 +/- 0.03 Ma for an accretionary lapilli tuff from a collapsed block within the diatreme, 15.40 +/- 0.07 Ma for it dacite porphyry dome in the diatreme, 15.35 +/- 0.05 and 15.16 +/- 0.04 Ma for two quartz monzonite porphyry dikes emplaced into the diatreme-dome complex that are within a time span of 350,000 yr. There is no field evidence for any magmatic activity predating the formation of the diatreme-dome complex. Stepwise IR-CO2 laser Ar-40/Ar-39 ages have been determined on sericite and alunite. The latter formed during the second mineralization stage in advanced argillically altered domes and from halos of oxidized enargite-pyrite veins in the Venecocha and Santa Rosa area, located on the northwestern margin of the diatreme-dome complex and on the southern part of the Cerro de Pasco open pit, respectively, Ar-40/Ar-39 alunite ages cluster between 14.54 +/- 0.08 and 14.41 +/- 0.07 Ma. This age consistency suggests that advanced argillic alteration related to the second mineralization stage at Cerro de Pasco formed during a period of 100,000 yr. Three significantly younger alunite ages of 1.2. 39 +/- 0.06, 12.13 +/- 0.07 Ma, and 10.94 +/- 0.10 M, probably reflect partial resetting by late circulating fluids. Therefore, it appears that magmatic-hydrothermal activity at Cerro de Pasco Pasco lasted about 1 m.y. , from 15.4 to.14. 4 Ma, similar to the duration in the nearby mid-Miocene Colquijirca district. An attempt to more precisely date the first mineralization stage, bracketed by the quartz monzonite. dikes (15.1 Ma) and the second mineralization stage (14.5 Ma) failed: the Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of sericite in the alteration halo of the pyrite-quartz body are not reliable, Probably due to inherited argon derived from Precursor micas in Paleozoic clasts of the diatreme breccia. This is indicated by Rb-Sr data on sericite which indicate binary mixing between Miocene magmatic mid Paleozoic basement sources and do not carry any age, information.
Cell-Type and State-Dependent Synchronization among Rodent Somatosensory, Visual, Perirhinal Cortex, and Hippocampus CA1

Beta and gamma rhythms have been hypothesized to be involved in global and local coordination of neuronal activity, respectively. Here, we investigated how cells in rodent area S1BF are entrained by rhythmic fluctuations at various frequencies within the local area and in connected areas, and how this depends on behavioral state and cell type. We performed simultaneous extracellular field and unit recordings in four connected areas of the freely moving rat (S1BF, V1M, perirhinal cortex, CA1). S1BF spiking activity was strongly entrained by both beta and gamma S1BF oscillations, which were associated with deactivations and activations, respectively. We identified multiple classes of fast spiking and excitatory cells in S1BF, which showed prominent differences in rhythmic entrainment and in the extent to which phase locking was modulated by behavioral state. Using an additional dataset acquired by whole-cell recordings in head-fixed mice, these cell classes could be compared with identified phenotypes showing gamma rhythmicity in their membrane potential. We next examined how S1BF cells were entrained by rhythmic fluctuations in connected brain areas. Gamma-synchronization was detected in all four areas, however we did not detect significant gamma coherence among these areas. Instead, we only found long-range coherence in the theta-beta range among these areas. In contrast to local S1BF synchronization, we found long-range S1BF-spike to CA1–LFP synchronization to be homogeneous across inhibitory and excitatory cell types. These findings suggest distinct, cell-type contributions of low and high-frequency synchronization to intra- and inter-areal neuronal interactions.
Introduction to special section: BOREAS in 1999: Experiment and science overview

The goal of BOREAS is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere in order to clarify their roles in global change. This overview briefly reviews the science background and motivations for the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The findings of the 27 papers in this journal special issue are reviewed. Important scientific results of the project to date are summarized, and future research directions are identified.
Isotropy overlying anisotropy at the top of the inner core

We investigate the existence of anisotropy near the top of the inner core under the western hemisphere using differential travel times of pole‐parallel PKPcd‐PKPdf phase pairs and comparisons to equatorial data. We invert a large dataset of PKP differential travel‐time residuals in the same region for a layered model of inner core anisotropy. Our analysis shows that the uppermost 50–150 km of the inner core in this region is isotropic. This implies that anisotropy at greater depths is higher than previous estimates, perhaps as high as 5%. The transition from isotropy to strong anisotropy is modeled as a discontinuity, but a broad transition zone is not excluded by the data. We offer several possible mechanisms for the existence of a layered structure of anisotropy.
Initiation of motion in overland flow

This article reports the results of an experimental study concerning the initial movement of sediment in overland flow. Experiments were carried out in a small flume using water and quartz materials of various grain sizes. The comparison of our experimental results with classic criteria showed that the Shields-curve and the criterion of Yang can also be used for turbulent overland flow. Generally, higher shear stresses are necessary to provoke bed-instability under laminar flow conditions, especially at higher shear-velocity particle Reynolds numbers. A relative roughness effect also exists in laminar flow. Contrary to the observations by Savat on fixed beds, laminar flow does not show an ‘uncommon selectivity’, when loose, homogeneous beds are considered.