Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neornithine bird coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia

The fossil record of Mesozoic neornithine birds is restricted to the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian, Maastrichtian) from America, Europe, Asia, and Antarctica (Hope, 2002). Most of the Cretaceous neornithines recorded at present, correspond to aquatic groups (e.g., Charadriiformes, Anseriformes; Olson and Parris, 1987; Elzanowski, 1995), but a few terrestrial forms were also documented (e.g., Psittaciformes, Galliformes, and probably Paleognathae; Stidham, 1998; Hope, 2002). This diversity of taxa constitutes the best available evidence to discuss the timing and branching sequence of clades of modern birds. With regard to the Mesozoic record of birds from South America, it is dominated by the Enantiornithes (Walker, 1981; Chiappe, 1996), an extinct group of worldwide distribution, considered to be the sister taxon of Ornithuromorpha (e.g., Patagopteryx plus Ornithurae; Chiappe, 2001). In contrast, the remains of Mesozoic neornithine birds in South America are restricted to a tarsometatarsus of the presumed loon (Gaviiformes) Neogaeornis wetzeli (Olson, 1992), from the Maastrichtian of Chile. The specimen here described consists of a partial coracoid, found in the Portezuelo Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, Late Cretaceous; Cruz et al., 1989; Leanza, 1999) of Sierra del Portezuelo, NW Patagonia (figure 1). Albeit fragmentary, the bone shows distinct neornithine features. The fossil was found in association with remains of pelecipods, turtle plates, and a number of appendicular bones and vertebrae pertaining to small-sized ornithopods, as well as teeth of dipnoans, crocodiles, sauropods, and non-avian theropods. A few meters above this fossiliferous level, several non-avian theropods were recovered: the alvarezsaurid Patagonykus puertai Novas, 1997, the bizarre tetanuran Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas, 1998, the basal dromaeosaurid Unenlagia comahuensis Novas and Puerta, 1997, and Neuquenraptor argentinus Novas and Pol, 2005. The present discovery enlarges our knowledge of the Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunas of Patagonia, but also adds relevant data about the timing and early radiation of neornithine birds.
Gaussian Distribution-Based Inertial Control of Wind Turbine Generators for Fast Frequency Response in Low Inertia Systems

 Abstract — According to recent grid codes, large-scale wind turbines (WTs) are required to provide fast frequency response (FFR). The existing stepwise inertial control methods suggest immediate incremental power injection by WTs, followed by the abrupt over-production termination to avoid over-deceleration of the rotor speed. These methods have a drawback that they impose severe secondary frequency drops (SFD), or they consider an unrealistic constant wind speed during their inertial control support. This paper proposes a novel Gaussian distribution-based inertial control (GDBIC) scheme that can improve the frequency nadir without rotor speed over-deceleration. Upon detecting a power imbalance, WT increases the output power with an incremental power and declines it following Gaussian distribution trajectory controlled by a standard deviation parameter, ensuring by this convergence of the rotor speed to a stable equilibrium. The proposed scheme is also capable of responding to a second cascade event. The performance of the GDBIC is tested on the wind-integrated IEEE 9-bus system and the IEEE 39-bus system in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. It is also compared with other methods reported in literature. Furthermore, experimental tests are used to verify the performance of the proposed scheme, using two different hardware-in-the-loop testing facilities. The blade fatigue is studied using Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) Code. The simulation and experimental results showed that the release of the kinetic energy in rotors using the proposed GDBIC scheme allows significant improvement of the frequency nadir, with no SFD, as well as contribute to reliable operation during abrupt wind changes.
Moderate exercise prevents impaired Ca 2 ! handling in heart of CO-exposed rat: implication for sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion

Moderate exercise prevents impaired Ca 2 ! handling in heart of CO-exposed rat: implication for sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299: H2076–H2081, 2010. published October 1, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00835. 2010. —Sustained urban car- bon monoxide (CO) exposure exacerbates heart vulnerability to isch-emia-reperfusion via deleterious effects on the antioxidant status and Ca 2 ! homeostasis of cardiomyocytes. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether moderate exercise training prevents these effects. Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a control group and to CO groups, living during 4 wk in simulated urban CO pollution (30–100 parts/million, 12 h/day) with (CO-Ex) or sedentary without exercise (CO-Sed). The exercise procedure began 4 wk before CO exposure and was maintained twice a week in standard ﬁltered air during CO exposure. On one set of rats, myocardial ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min) were performed on isolated perfused rat hearts. On another set of rats, myocardial antioxidant status and Ca 2 ! handling were evaluated following environmental exposure. As a result, exercise training prevented CO-induced myocardial phenotyp-ical changes. Indeed, exercise induced myocardial antioxidant status recovery in CO-exposed rats, which is accompanied by a normalization of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2 ! -ATPase 2a expression and then of Ca 2 ! handling. Importantly, in CO-exposed rats, the normalization of cardiomyocyte phenotype with moderate exercise was associated with a restored sensitivity of the myocardium to ischemia-reperfusion. Indeed, CO-Ex rats presented a lower infarct size and a signiﬁcant decrease of reperfusion arrhythmias compared with their sedentary counterparts. To conclude, moderate exercise, by prevent- ing CO-induced Ca 2 ! handling and myocardial antioxidant status alterations, reduces heart vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion. Regional Myocardial I/R Protocol on Isolated Perfused Heart In a second set of rats ( n " 10/group), a regional myocardial I/R protocol on an isolated-perfused heart was performed (18). This model was chosen to abrogate the potential effects of CO exposure on hormonal, circulating, and nervous parameters. The coronary occlu-sion-induced myocardial regional ischemia was maintained for 30 min. Subsequently, the heart was allowed to reperfuse during 120 min. with the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2 2a (SERCA2a) antibody (A010-20, Badrilla, UK), and the expressed relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) content on the same membrane. Immunodetec- tion was carried out using the ECL Plus system (Amersham Little Chalfont Buckinghamshire, UK).
The determinants of Facebook social engagement for National Tourism Organisations ’ Facebook pages : A quantitative approach

This work explores how the National Tourism Organizations (NTOs) of the top 10 most visited countries by international tourists strategically employ Facebook to promote and market their destinations. Based on big data retrieved from the NTOs’ Facebook pages, and leveraging advanced metrics for capturing user engagement, the study sheds light on the factors contributing to superior level of social activity. The findings indicate that the way Facebook is tactically employed varies significantly across sampled NTOs. The panel data regression analyses suggest that engagement is positively affected by posting visual content (namely photos), and posting during the weekends, and negatively affected by evening posting. Post frequency displays no statistically significant effect on social engagement. The study also shows that most of the NTOs (except for Italy, Spain, Turkey and the UK) deploy Facebook with a top-down approach, and spontaneous user generated content (UGC) is allowed to a very little extent.
Machine translation in the multilingual classroom

Machine Translation (MT), the process by which a computer engine such as Google Translate or Bing automatically translates a text from one language into another without any human involvement, is increasingly used in professional, institutional and everyday contexts for a wide range of purposes. While a growing number of studies has looked at professional translators and translation students, there is currently a lack of research on non-translator users and uses in multilingual contexts. This paper presents a survey examining how, when and why students at Leiden University’s Faculty of Humanities use MT. A questionnaire was used to determine which MT engines students use and for what purposes, and gauge their awareness of issues concerning privacy, academic integrity and plagiarism. The findings reveal a widespread adoption of Google Translate and indicate that students use MT predominantly to look up single words, as an alternative to a dictionary. Many seemed sceptical about the value of MT for educational purposes, and many assumed that the use of MT is not permitted by lecturers for graded assignments, especially in courses focusing on language skills. The results demonstrate a clear need for more MT literacy. Students may not need practical training in how to use MT, but there is much room for improvement in terms of when and why they use it.
Review of Z phase precipitation in 9–12 wt-%Cr steels

For high temperature applications, 9–12 wt-%Cr steels in fossil fired power plants rely upon precipitate strengthening from (V,Nb)N MX nitrides for long term creep strength. During prolonged exposure at service temperature, another nitride precipitates: Cr(V,Nb)N Z phase. The Z phases lowly replace MX, eventually causing a breakdown in creep strength. The present paper reviews the Z phase and its behaviour in 9–12 wt-%Cr steels including thermodynamic modelling, crystal structure, nucleation process and precipitation rate as a function of chemical composition. The influence of Z phase precipitation upon long term creep strength is assessed from several different 9–12wt-%Cr steel grades and alloy design philosophies.
Dissected subgroups predict the risk of recurrence of stage II colorectal cancer and select rational treatment

Background Stage II colorectal cancer(CRC) patients after surgery alone have a five-year survival rate of ~60-80%; the incremental benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy is <5%. Predicting risk of recurrence and selecting effective personalized adjuvant drugs for stage II CRC using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded(FFPE) samples is a major challenge. Methods 1319 stage II CRC patients who enrolled in 2011-2019 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were screened. RNAseq data of FFPE tumor samples of 222 stage II microsatellite stable(MSS) CRC patients(recurrence (n=47), norecurrence (n=175), median follow-up=41 months) were used to develop a method TFunctionalProg for dissecting heterogeneous subgroups of recurrence and predicting risk of recurrence. Results TFunctionalProg showed significant predictive values in 222 stage II MSS CRCs. The TFunctionalProg low-risk group had significantly better recurrence free survival (validation set: HR=4.78, p-value=1e-4, low-risk group three-year recurrence free survival=92.6%, high-risk group three-year recurrence free survival=59.7%). TFunctionalProg dissected two subgroups of transition states of stage II MSS CRCs at a high risk of recurrence; each state displays distinct levels of hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal traits, CD8+ T cell suppression mechanisms and FOLFOX resistance. Based on mechanisms in two subgroups, TFunctionalProg proposed personalized rational adjuvant drug combinations of immunotherapy, chemotherapy and repurposed CNS drugs. TFunctionalProg provides different utilities from ctDNA-based prognostic biomarkers. Conclusion TFunctionalProg was validated using FFPE samples to predict the risk of recurrence and propose rational adjuvant drug combinations for stage II CRC.
Effects of Social Media Social Comparisons and Identity Processes on Body Image Satisfaction in Late Adolescence

One of the important developmental tasks in adolescence and emerging adulthood is the questioning of identity issues, with body image being a prominent concern. In the age of modern technology, many processes of social comparison take place on social media, which serve as an ideal platform for comparison with others. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of identity dimensions, social media use, and social media social comparison, on different domains of body image satisfaction (i.e., appearance, weight, and attribution). An online survey was conducted with 354 young people in Croatia (Mean age = 18.49, SD = 1.44; Women/girls = 78.9%). The results revealed that each of the body image domains had a different pattern of association with identity dimensions and social media social comparison. The contribution of identity dimensions was more important for evaluation attributed to others about one’s body appearance, whereas social media use and social comparison were more crucial for thoughts and feelings about appearance and weight satisfaction. Higher identity commitment and exploration were related to more positive thoughts about how others evaluate one’s appearance, regardless of social comparison. On the other hand, social media use and social media social comparison were associated with lower satisfaction with appearance and weight.
Grassland management, soil biota and ecosystem services in sandy soils

Recent legislative restrictions on the use of fertilizers and irrigation, and a quest for sustainable farming systems have drawn renewed attention to the functioning of the soil and the ecosystem services it provides. Soil biota play an important role in the provision of these ecosystem services, which may be influenced by grassland management. The two objectives of this thesis were 1) to gain insight into the effect of different grassland management measures on soil biota in sandy soils; and 2) to explore the effect of grassland management on the ecosystem services provided by soil biota.
Changing Citizenship: Democracy and Inclusion in Education

Introduction Part one: Changing citizenship 1. Cosmopolitan citizenship 2. Human rights, democracy and development 3. Children as citizens Part two: Learning for inclusion 4. The right to education 5. Learning for cosmopolitan citizenship 6. Practising citizenship 7.Mainstreaming antiracism Part three: Democratising schools 8. Democratic schooling 9. Rights and responsibilities 10. Changing leadership References Index.
Probability and Estimated Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Air Travel System: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

As an emerging virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of transmission during air travel is of high interest. This paper estimates the probability of an infectious index passenger in the air travel system transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus to a fellow passenger during air travel. Literature was reviewed from May-September 2020 to identify COVID-19 cases related to the air travel system. The studies were limited to publicly available literature for passengers starting in January 2020; studies on other persons such as flight crews were not reviewed. A novel quantitative approach was developed to estimate air travel transmission risk that considers secondary cases, the overall air travel passenger population, and two correction factors for asymptomatic transmission and underreporting. There were at least 2866 index infectious passengers documented to have passed through the air travel system in a 1.4 billion passenger population. With correction factors, the global risk of transmission during air travel is 1:1.7 million. Uncertainty in the correction factors and a 95% credible interval indicate risk ranges from 1 case for every 712,000 travelers to 1 case for every 8 million travelers. The risk of COVID-19 transmission on an aircraft is low, even with infectious persons onboard.
Seismic Velocity Structure along the Western Segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone Imaged by Seismic Tomography

The three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the crust of the central and western segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone are determined by applying a tomography method to arrival times data generated by local earthquakes that occurred beneath the study area. From the obtained P and S wave velocity models, we further calculate Poisson’s ratio for a more reliable interpretation of the imaged seismic anomalies. With the exception of high-velocity anomalies detected at a depth of km, prominent low-velocity zones are clearly visible along most parts of the studied segment down to a depth of km. High Poisson’s ratio anomalies are widely distributed in most parts of the studied region. Seismic activity is more intense in the high-velocity and high Poisson’s ratio zones, although it sometimes occurs in low-velocity areas. Large crustal earthquakes occur in areas characterized by a highly heterogeneous velocity structure, but with distinctly high Poisson’s ratio anomalies. These results indicate that the active tectonics of this area are reflected in the seismic velocity structure, and that large crustal earthquakes occur generally in highly heterogeneous zones revealed by seismic tomography. These inferences are of great significance for understanding earthquake-generating processes in areas having intense seismic and tectonic activities such as the Anatolian plate.
Physiological, environmental, and mineralogical controls on Mg and Sr concentrations in Nautilus

Describing the chemical ontogeny of 36 specimens of Nautilus allowed the identification, as well as the determination of the relative effects, of the controls on Mg and Sr concentration in skeletal aragonite. The previously documented trend that aragonite contains higher concentrations of Sr than Mg persists within skeletal structures of Nautilus. This relationship suggests that neither physiological nor environmental controls overwhelm the mineralogical control. Significant differences in Mg and Sr concentrations of nacreous shell, prismatic shell, and septal nacre suggest that these structures may form from extracellular fluids with differing elemental concentrations. Many specimens exhibit greater variability of Mg and Sr concentrations in juvenile portions of the skeleton than in more mature portions. This suggests that either the physiochemical system matures during ontogeny and achieves increasing control over skeletal chemistry or the organism adjusts to the new conditions and behavioral maturation stabilizes elemental concentrations by reducing stress. The decreased growth rate that Nautilus experiences as it approaches maturity does not effect Mg or Sr concentrations. Differences in combined Mg and Sr concentrations among species of Nautilus indicate that extracellular fluids that produce each skeletal structure are chemically distinct, with the exception of the fluids that produced septal aragnite of N. belauensis and N. scrobiculatus, and exemplify phyletic control of trace element concentration at the species level. Although significant chemical separation exists among species of Nautilus, sufficient variation and overlap persists in elemental concentrations to make a classification based solely on these two elements ineffective. Significant chemical differences between two sympatric species of Nautilus demonstrate that physiological systems, and not environmental variables, primarily control elemental concentrations in skeletal aragonite.
Cardiovascular Screening and Lipid Management in Breast Cancer Survivors

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among breast cancer (BC) survivors. BC survivors are at increased risk of CVD due to a higher prevalence of risk factors. Current data are limited on the cardiovascular screening practices and lipid management in this population in primary care settings. Methods: A retrospective case control study was performed with 105 BC survivors and 210 matched controls (based on age and medical comorbidities of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia). BC survivors were established with primary care practices within a large academic institution and had completed primary cancer treatment. Data on screening for CVD and lipid management were collected via a retrospective chart review. Results: The average BC survivor was 63 years old, with 9 years since diagnosis. Compared with matched controls, BC survivors had more cholesterol screening (88% vs 70%, P < .001) and active statin prescriptions (63% vs 40%, P < .05) if indicated by the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Calculator. There were no differences in CVD screening in White and African American BC survivors. However, African American BC survivors were more likely to have hypertension ( P < .01) and have a body mass index in the overweight and obese category ( P < .001) than White BC survivors. Older BC survivors were more likely to receive cholesterol screening. Discussion: This study demonstrates that BC survivors who have an established primary care provider have improved cholesterol screening and statin therapy based on their risk of developing chronic diseases. ( J Am Board Fam Med 2020;33:894–902.)
Error Prone Inference from Response Time: The Case of Intuitive Generosity

Response time is increasingly used to shed light on the process by which individuals make decisions. As mistakes may be correlated with response time it could, however, be misleading to use this measure to draw inference on preferences. To demonstrate we build on a recent literature, which uses response time to determine whether individuals intuitively are generous or selfish. Examining public good games researchers have shown that fast decision makers appear more generous than slow decision makers and this has been interpreted as evidence that generosity is intuitive and impulsive while selfishness is a calculated response (Rand et al. 2012; Nielsen, et al. 2014). Modifying the public good game to have an interior dominant strategy equilibrium we ask if the negative correlation between response time and giving is sensitive to the location of the equilibrium and whether it may result from mistakes. When the equilibrium is located below the midpoint of the strategy space we replicate earlier findings. However, when the equilibrium is located above the midpoint of the strategy space we get instead a positive correlation between response time and giving. While contribution distributions vary significantly by treatment for slow decision makers, these differences are not significant for fast decision makers. Fast decision makers are in both treatments more likely to make contributions that simultaneously lower individual and group earnings. We argue that the negative correlation between response time and giving rather than reflecting ‘spontaneous giving’, results from confused participants quickly selecting contributions that lie, on average, in the middle of the strategy space. Our results demonstrate that inference on preferences from response time requires that we take into account how mistakes are correlated with response time.
Trading and Liquidity with Limited Cognition

We study the reaction of financial markets to aggregate liquidity shocks when traders face cognition limits. While each financial institution recovers from the shock at a random time, the trader representing the institution observes this recovery with a delay reflecting the time it takes to collect and process information about positions, counterparties and risk exposure. Cognition limits lengthen the market price recovery. They also imply that traders who find that their institution has not yet recovered from the shock place market sell orders, and then progressively buy back at relatively low prices, while simultaneously placing limit orders to sell later when the price will have recovered. This generates round trip trades, which raise trading volume. We compare the case where algorithms enable traders to implement this strategy to that where traders can place orders only when they have completed their information processing task.