Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sign Types Corresponding to an Affine Weyl Group

The sign types corresponding to an affine Weyl group Wa were first studied in [3]. In the present paper, I generalize all the results of [3] on sign types to the case when Wa is an indecomposable affine Weyl group of an arbitrary type. As a result, I verify Carter's conjecture on the cardinality of sign types of type is an indecomposable root system of an arbitrary type. The main results are Theorems 2.1 and 8.1. We start with the definition of an admissible sign type in terms of a 0-tuple over Z. Then §§ 3-5 are reserved for the proof of Theorem 2.1. Theorem 2.1 asserts that the set 5^(0) of admissible sign types can be identified with the set of certain equivalence classes of Wa. We also deduce in §6 that £? ( . Let 0 + , 0 ~ be the corresponding positive and negative root systems of 0 . Let E be the Euclidean space spanned by 0 with positive definite inner product such that |a| = = 1 for any short root a of 0 . For any oce0, a = 2a/ is called the coroot of a. The set 0 v = {a | aeO} of coroots is again a root system such that the set {a/, .,aj} affords a choice of simple root system in it. Let — o be the highest short root of 0 . Then ( — o^) is the highest (co)root of 0 v . Let h be the Coxeter number of 0 . Then h is also the Coxeter number of 0 v . Let Wbt the Weyl group of 0 generated by the reflections^ on £"for a e 0 , where Received 14 February 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification 20H15. J. London Math. Soc. (2) 35 (1987) 56-74 SIGN TYPES CORRESPONDING TO AN AFFINE WEYL GROUP 57 sa sends x t o j c a . Let Q denote the root lattice 2 + over Z. The following results are well known. LEMMA 1.1 [4, Lemma 1.1]. Let Ax = n + ^t;fca witn kaeZ. Then Ak is an alcove of E if and only if for any cc,fie , the inequality
3000 times grating compressor with positive group velocity dispersion: Application to fiber compensation in 1.3-1.6 µm region

A compressor is designed that presents an opposite sign of the dispersion to that of standard two grating compressors. This is achieved by placing a telescope between gratings in order to modify in an adequate manner the phase shift for different wavelengths. The telescope simultaneously provides a high magnification in order to compensate more than 90 km of standard monomode fibers in the 1.6 μm region, yielding compression factors as high as 3000. Analytical expressions for Gaussian beams are found and limitations due to lateral spectral walkoff and telescope pupils are discussed.
Combining environmental niche models, multi‐grain analyses, and species traits identifies pervasive effects of land use on butterfly biodiversity across Italy

Understanding how species respond to human activities is paramount to ecology and conservation science, one outstanding question being how large‐scale patterns in land use affect biodiversity. To facilitate answering this question, we propose a novel analytical framework that combines environmental niche models, multi‐grain analyses, and species traits. We illustrate the framework capitalizing on the most extensive dataset compiled to date for the butterflies of Italy (106,514 observations for 288 species), assessing how agriculture and urbanization have affected biodiversity of these taxa from landscape to regional scales (3–48 km grains) across the country while accounting for its steep climatic gradients. Multiple lines of evidence suggest pervasive and scale‐dependent effects of land use on butterflies in Italy. While land use explained patterns in species richness primarily at grains ≤12 km, idiosyncratic responses in species highlighted “winners” and “losers” across human‐dominated regions. Detrimental effects of agriculture and urbanization emerged from landscape (3‐km grain) to regional (48‐km grain) scales, disproportionally affecting small butterflies and butterflies with a short flight curve. Human activities have therefore reorganized the biogeography of Italian butterflies, filtering out species with poor dispersal capacity and narrow niche breadth not only from local assemblages, but also from regional species pools. These results suggest that global conservation efforts neglecting large‐scale patterns in land use risk falling short of their goals, even for taxa typically assumed to persist in small natural areas (e.g., invertebrates). Our study also confirms that consideration of spatial scales will be crucial to implementing effective conservation actions in the Post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In this context, applications of the proposed analytical framework have broad potential to identify which mechanisms underlie biodiversity change at different spatial scales.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of ethyl acetate polar fractions from walnut green husk.

Walnut green husk (WGH) is rich in natural compounds and is valued as a potential source of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of petroleum ether polar fraction, dichloromethane polar fraction, ethyl acetate polar fraction (EAPF), and n-butanol polar fraction from WGH were analyzed. The results showed that EAPF exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (65.74 ± 1.01 mg rutin equivalents [RE]/g dry weight [DW]) and total phenol content (48.73 ± 1.09 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g DW), with the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical (•OH), and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate scavenging activity compared with other fractions. EAPF also showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus vegetative cells, with a diameter of inhibition zones of 33.5 and 37.6 mm, respectively, a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mg/ml and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 62.5 mg/ml, which inhibited the growth of both bacteria. Analysis of the antibacterial mechanism demonstrated that EAPF damaged the integrity of the cell membrane, increased the membrane permeability, and triggered the leakage of intracellular material. In addition, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 8 polyphenols and 14 flavonoids were mainly present in EAPF, such as chlorogenic acid (C16 H18 O9 ), gallic acid (C7 H6 O5 ), vanillic acid (C8 H8 O4 ), ferulic acid (C10 H10 O4 ), epicatechin (C15 H14 O6 ), catechin (C15 H14 O6 ), hesperetin (C16 H14 O6 ), naringenin (C15 H12 O5 ), hyperin (C21 H20 O12 ), luteolin (C15 H10 O6 ), and so on. Therefore, WGH had the potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial material. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our work indicates that WGH contains abundant flavonoids and polyphenols compounds. Therefore, the plant byproducts like WGH may have a promising application as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant additives.
Metabolic responses to acute sprint interval exercise training performed after an oral 75‐gram glucose load in individuals with overweight/obesity

There is evidence supporting that acute sprint interval training (SIT) might improve metabolic responses to postprandial glucose, but results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of acute SIT on metabolic response and substrate utilization in individuals with overweight/obesity after an oral 75‐gram glucose challenge. Thirty‐three participants with overweight/ obesity (32.7 ± 8.3 years, 24 male, 9 female) participated in the study and a crossover design was followed. After the 75‐gram glucose load, participants were randomly allocated to two groups: no exercise (resting) or SIT protocol. Metabolic data including respiratory quotient (RQ) and substrate utilization rates (fats and carbohydrates) were collected using the COSMED Q‐NRG + ® calorimeter. The RQ was significantly lower in the acute SIT group (0.76 [0.01]; p < 0.0001) than in the resting group (0.80 [0.01]; p = 0.036) at the 120‐min postprandial time point, and the RQ area under the curve (AUC) was also lower in the SIT group (mean difference of −6.62, 95% CI −12.00 to −1.24; p = 0.0161). The contribution of fat to energy expenditure increased after SIT during the postprandial period whereas the contribution of carbohydrates decreased. The AUC for fat contribution was significantly higher (mean difference 2311.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 578.8 to 4043.3; p = 0.0098) and the AUC for carbohydrate contribution was significantly lower (mean difference −2283.1, 95% CI −4040.2 to −527.1; p = 0.0117) in the SIT group than in the resting group. In conclusions, acute SIT might have a positive effect on metabolic responses to postprandial glucose and, accordingly, should be recommended for improving metabolism in people with overweight/obesity.
On the Behavior of Statistical Estimators When Sampling Accounting Populations

Abstract Auditors usually have information on both the book amount and the audit amount available for each sample audit unit. Problems in using difference and ratio estimators, as well as some other estimators, for constructing large-sample normal confidence intervals when the population error rate is low are explored empirically in this article. The findings indicate the need for great care in using large-sample normal confidence intervals for sample sizes of 100 or 200 (sizes frequently encountered in auditing practice).
Enhancing students' understanding of cardiac physiology by using 4D visualization

Difficulties in achieving knowledge about physiology and anatomy of the beating heart highlight the challenges with more traditional pedagogical methods. Recent research regarding anatomy education has mainly focused on digital three‐dimensional models. However, these pedagogical improvements may not be entirely applicable to cardiac anatomy and physiology due to the multidimensional complexity with moving anatomy and complex blood flow. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate whether high quality time‐resolved anatomical images combined with realistic blood flow simulations improve the understanding of cardiac structures and function. Three time‐resolved datasets were acquired using time‐resolved computed tomography and blood flow was computed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The anatomical and blood flow information was combined and interactively visualized using volume rendering on an advanced stereo projection system. The setup was tested in interactive lectures for medical students. Ninety‐seven students participated. Summative assessment of examinations showed significantly improved mean score (18.1 ± 4.5 vs 20.3 ± 4.9, p = 0.002). This improvement was driven by knowledge regarding myocardial hypertrophy and pressure–velocity differences over a stenotic valve. Additionally, a supplementary formative assessment showed significantly more agreeing answers than disagreeing answers (p < 0.001) when the participants subjectively evaluated the contribution of the visualizations to their education and knowledge. In conclusion, the use of simultaneous visualization of time‐resolved anatomy data and simulated blood flow improved medical students' results, with a particular effect on understanding of cardiac physiology and these simulations may be useful educational tools for teaching complex anatomical and physiological concepts.
Faster social attention disengagement in individuals with higher autism traits

ABSTRACT Introduction Atypical visual and social attention has often been associated with clinically diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and with the broader autism phenotype. Atypical social attention is of particular research interest given the importance of facial expressions for social communication, with faces tending to attract and hold attention in neurotypical individuals. In autism, this is not necessarily so, where there is debate about the temporal differences in the ability to disengage attention from a face. Method Thus, we have used eye-tracking to record saccadic latencies as a measure of time to disengage attention from a central task-irrelevant face before orienting to a newly presented peripheral nonsocial target during a gap-overlap task. Neurotypical participants with higher or lower autism-like traits (AT) completed the task that included central stimuli with varied expressions of facial emotion as well as an inverted face. Results High AT participants demonstrated faster saccadic responses to detect the nonsocial target than low AT participants when disengaging attention from a face. Furthermore, faster saccadic responses were recorded when comparing disengagement from upright to inverted faces in low AT but not in high AT participants. Conclusions Together, these results extend findings of atypical social attention disengagement in autism and highlight how differences in attention to faces in the broader autism phenotype can lead to apparently superior task performance under certain conditions. Specifically, autism traits were linked to faster attention orienting to a nonsocial target due to the reduced attentional hold of the task irrelevant face stimuli. The absence of an inversion effect in high AT participants also reinforces the suggestion that they process upright or inverted faces similarly, unlike low AT participants for whom inverted faces are thought to be less socially engaging, thus allowing faster disengagement.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Basic Theory and Advanced Methods

Preface 1. Setting the stage: why ab initio molecular dynamics? Part I. Basic Techniques: 2. Getting started: unifying MD and electronic structure 3. Implementation: using the plane wave basis set 4. Atoms with plane waves: accurate pseudopotentials Part II. Advanced Techniques: 5. Beyond standard ab initio molecular dynamics 6. Beyond norm-conserving pseudopotentials 7. Computing properties 8. Parallel computing Part III. Applications: 9. From materials to biomolecules 10. Properties from ab initio simulations 11. Outlook Bibliography Index.
Interoceptive differences in elite sprint and long-distance runners: A multidimensional investigation

Interoception, the process of detecting and interpreting bodily sensations, may facilitate self-regulation and thereby play a crucial role in achieving elite performance in competitive sports. However, there is a lack of research conducted in world-class athletes. In the present research, two studies examined self-reported (interoceptive sensibility) and behavioural (interoceptive accuracy) interoception in elite (top 100 ranking) sprint and long-distance runners, and non-athletes. Study 1 used the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire. Sprinters reported having better regulation of attention to internal sensations, greater emotional awareness, better self-regulation, and reported a greater propensity to listen to their body for insight, than distance runners. Compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners had more bodily trust, attention regulation, and self-regualtion. Additionally, elite athletes reported lower emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Study 2 examined cardioception using two tasks: The Heartbeat Counting Task, and The Heartbeat Detection Task. Elite and non-elite runners performed the tasks under two conditions; in silence, and whilst listening to pre-recorded crowd noise that simulated the live sounds of spectators during a sporting event. Sprinters and distance runners were able to maintain heartbeat detection accuracy when distracted, whereas non-athletes could not. Across both tasks, compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners were more confident than non-athletes in their interoceptive percept. Additionally, elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes were less accurate when counting their heartbeat and were characterised by a higher interoceptive prediction error. Athletic populations have altered interoceptive abilities.
Differences in frequency modulation detection and fundamental frequency discrimination between complex tones consisting of resolved and unresolved harmonics

Three experiments investigated the finding [Shackleton and Carlyon, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 3529–3540 (1994)] that listeners are very poor at detecting frequency modulation (FM) imposed on complex‐tone carriers consisting of harmonics unresolved by the peripheral auditory system. In the first experiment, stimuli consisted of the harmonics of a 62.5‐ or 250‐Hz fundamental (f0) passed through a bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies of 1375 and 1875 Hz. This produced two complexes, one with resolved and one with unresolved harmonics. Threshold measurements confirmed that listeners were very poor at detecting 5‐Hz FM imposed on a 200‐ms unresolved group, but that performance was relatively good for the resolved group. In addition, the results revealed that, for the unresolved group, thresholds for detecting FM were similar to thresholds for detecting an f0 difference between two static 50‐ms complex‐tone bursts presented 50 ms apart. The second experiment added a third complex consisting of the harmonics of.
An analytic characterization of groups with no finite conjugacy classes

Let A be a unital Banach algebra and 8 the group of isometrics in A. The norm in A is uniquely maximal if S is not contained in any larger bounded group in A and there is no equivalent norm on A with the same group of isometrics. We use a group theory result of B. H. Neumann to prove that the discrete measure algebra l'(Ci) is uniquely maximal if and only if G has no finite conjugacy classes. 1. Uniquely maximal norms. Let A be a complex unital Banach algebra. Let ^i — {u G A; Hull = lit/-1 II = 1). We shall call § the group of isometries in A. We shall say A has a maximal norm if e is a maximal bounded group in A. This is equivalent to saying that there is no equivalent algebra norm on A with more isometries. When A is maximal, there may be many equivalent algebra norms on A with the same group of isometries. What shall concern us in this paper is when a maximal norm is unique. The unital Banach algebra A has a uniquely maximal norm if it is maximal and there is no equivalent algebra norm on A with the same group of isometries. The s*-algebras are uniquely maximal. For commutative and finite dimensional alge- bras, uniquely maximal is equivalent to B* (see (1)). For a general unital Banach algebra we shall say the norm is convex transitive if ~co~ {u; u G $} = (a G A; \\a\\ \ such that (a, (? ) ( the semigroup generated by a and § ) is bounded. Proof. We shall first prove uniquely maximal implies convex transitive. We
Comparison of diaphragm meat juice and muscle swab samples to spleen and spleen swab samples for the detection of African swine fever viral nucleic acid

Use of meat juice and muscle swabs at slaughterhouses may provide an easy-to-collect sample for African swine fever (ASF) surveillance. Meat juice has been experimentally shown to be a reliable sample for the detection of ASF virus (ASFV). We compared the detection of ASFV nucleic acid from diaphragm meat juice, diaphragm muscle swab, spleen, and spleen swabs from pigs with signs of ASFV infection at slaughterhouses around Kampala, Uganda. Pigs with ≥2 clinical or pathology signs at the time of slaughter had a spleen sample, spleen swab, diaphragm muscle sample, and diaphragm muscle swab collected. Meat juice was collected from muscle samples through a freeze–thaw cycle. Each sample was tested individually, and 72 spleen, meat juice, and muscle swab sample pools of 4 negative and 1 positive sample were tested, as well. Standard operating procedures from the USDA–Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for viral DNA extraction and real-time PCR (rtPCR) were used. Of the 493 pigs evaluated, we classified as positive 357 (72.4%) diaphragm meat juice samples, 218 (44.2%) diaphragm muscle swabs, 247 (50.1%) spleen samples, and 241 (48.9%) spleen swabs. All spleen sample pools were positive (72 of 72; 100%), as were 71 of 72 (98.6%) meat juice pools and 67 of 72 (93.1%) muscle swab pools. Meat juice samples provided a reliable sample type for the detection by rtPCR of ASFV in pigs with natural infections.
Identifying Genetic Regulators of Protein‐Glycan Interactions with Genome‐Wide CRISPR Screening

Glycans are carbohydrate molecules appended to proteins and lipids on the surface of all living cells. Glycans play key roles in a wide array of biological processes, and structural changes in cell‐surface glycosylation patterns have been connected to pathogenesis of several diseases. In particular, cancer cells frequently upregulate expression of glycans that bind to inhibitory receptors (lectins) on immune cells. These glycosylated antigens systematically inhibit immune activity and protect cancer cells from immune surveillance. Understanding how cancer cells generate these glycan ligands can thus lead to identification of novel druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. However, glycan ligand biosynthesis is subject to extremely complex genetic regulation, making it difficult to identify the key genes involved in production of immune‐regulatory glycan antigens. In a recent publication, we described a CRISPR/Cas9 screening approach to identify genes that drive synthesis of ligands for glycan‐binding immune receptors. Here, we outline a detailed, step‐by‐step protocol for completing this type of genome‐wide screen. Our protocol produces a genome‐wide atlas of all genes whose expression is required for cell‐surface binding of a recombinant immune lectin. This dataset can be used both to identify novel ligands for immune lectins and annotate regulatory genes that drive changes in cancer‐associated glycosylation. Our protocol serves as a general resource for researchers interested in the detailed study of cancer glyco‐immunology. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Characteristics of ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in healthy adults

Abstract Objective This study aimed to characterise the ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential using clicks and 500 Hz tone burst stimuli in healthy adults. Method Masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential was recorded from 20 healthy participants aged 19–28 years (11 males and 9 females). Masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential was recorded using 500 Hz tone burst and click stimuli in ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral modes. Results A statistically significant difference was observed between ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation for p11 latency, n21 latency and p11-n21 amplitude for both click and 500 Hz tone burst stimuli. The amplitude of the p11-n21 complex was higher for ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral stimulations for 500 Hz tone burst than for click stimulus. Conclusion This study showed a significant difference for p11-n21 amplitude between click and 500 Hz tone burst evoked masseter vestibular-evoked myogenic potential. In addition, bilateral stimulation elicited a larger response than ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation.