Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear analysis of magnitude and interevent time interval sequences for earthquakes of the Caucasian region

It is well known that lithospheric seismic processes are characterized by self-similarity or scale invariance in terms of earthquake-size, time, space and space-time distributions, although precise details of underlying dynamics are not clear. In this study we apply nonlinear dynamics theory tools, such as a correlation dimension, "surrogate" data analysis and positive Lyapunov exponent calculation, to investigate dynamical characteristics of seismicity in the Caucasian region. Interevent time intervals and magnitude sequences are considered for different area and magnitude windows. We find significant evidence of a low dimensional nonlinear structure of earthquake time distribution, obtained by consideration of time interval sequences between all events encountered, above some threshold magnitude, in the original catalogue. However nonlinear structure is absent in artificially generated sequences of time intervals between independent events as well as time intervals between aftershocks. It seems that this kind of filtration of the original catalogue destroys the existing temporal structure of considered lithospheric processes. Unlike artificial inter-aftershock time interval sequences, obtained by removing independent events from the original series, the time interval sequence between the Racha earthquake aftershocks reveals clear evidence of nonlinear structure. Earthquake magnitude dynamics. for all considered regions and magnitude windows, reveal high dimensional nonlinearity.
A SIMULTANEOUS LAGRANGIAN-EULERIAN TURBULENCE EXPERIMENT1

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of turbulent vertical velocity fluctuations at a height of 300 ft. measured by means of a fixed anemometer, small floating balloons, and airplane gust equipment at Brookhaven are presented. The resulting Eulerian (fixed anemometer) turbulence energy spectra are similar to the Lagrangian (balloon) spectra but with a displacement toward higher frequencies.
_{∞}-ring structures for Tate spectra

Let G be a compact Lie group and kG a G spectrum (as defined in [3, Section I.2]). Greenlees and May ([2]) have defined an associated G-spectrum t(kG) called the Tate spectrum. They observe that if kG is a ring G-spectrum then there is an induced ring G-spectrum structure on t(kG), and that if kG is homotopy-commutative then t(kG) will also be homotopycommutative (see [2, Proposition 3.5]). It is therefore natural to ask whether an equivariant E∞-ring structure on kG induces an equivariant E∞-ring structure on t(kG) (we will recall the definition in a moment). We offer both positive and negative answers to this question. On the positive side, we show that t(kG) inherits a structure which is somewhat weaker than an equivariant E∞-ring structure, but which should be adequate for most practical purposes. To explain this, let us recall from [3, Example VII.1. 4] that to each G-universe U is associated an equivariant operad L(U). Let us fix a complete G universe U and let V denote the trivial G-universe U. An equivariant E∞-ring structure is defined to be an action of an equivariant operad equivalent to L(U) (see [3, Definitions VII.2.1 and VII.1.2 and Remark VII.1.3]). Let us define an E′ ∞-ring structure to be an action of an equivariant operad equivalent to L(V ); since G acts trivially on L(V ) we can rephrase this by saying that an E′ ∞-ring structure is an action of a nonequivariant E∞ operad through G-maps. Since there is a map of operads L(V ) → L(U), an equivariant E∞ structure specializes to an E′ ∞ structure. On the other hand, Remark VII.2. 5 of [3] shows that if kG is an E ′ ∞-ring spectrum then the fixed point spectra (kG) H have (nonequivariant) E∞-ring structures which are consistent as H varies; this is likely to be the point most relevant for applications. Our positive result is:
Power Generation Sources and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in BRICS Countries: Static and Dynamic Panel Regression

Purpose: The threat of global warming has escalated as a result of industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and lifestyle changes in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The amount of electricity generated by various sources is directly influenced by their respective carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions. This study’s primary goal is to determine which sources are bad for the environment and which are not. Methodology: Examining the impact of different energy generation sources on CO2 emissions using data from the BRICS. To analyze the data, pooled OLS and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) are used, as well as Quantile Regression (QR). Findings: We found that coal and gas power generation had a positive and large influence on CO2 emissions regardless of the method used. As compared to other emissions, coal-fired energy production has a more significant impact. In all regression models, hydroelectric and renewable energy generation can reduce CO2 emissions. Originality: Identifying an empirical link between CO2 emissions and energy production sources is the study’s most significant accomplishment. To obtain solid results, the paper used a combination of QR and GMM techniques. The conclusions presented in this article have important environmental policy consequences. CO2 emissions can be reduced by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and promoting the development of alternative energy sources such as hydroelectric, wind, and solar power.
Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas

A technique to compensate for mutual coupling in a small array is developed and experimentally verified. Mathematically, the compensation consists of a matrix multiplication performed on the received-signal vector. This, in effect, restores the signals as received by the isolated elements in the absence of mutual coupling. This technique is most practical for digital beamforming antennas where the matrix operation can be readily implemented. >
Phylogenetic data reveal a surprising origin of Euphorbia orphanidis (Euphorbiaceae) and environmental modeling suggests that microtopology limits its distribution to small patches in Mt. Parnassus (Greece)

The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, harboring 25,000 plant species, of which 60% are endemic. Some of them have narrow distributions, such as Euphorbia orphanidis, which is only known from alpine screes on Mt. Parnassos in Greece. Its exact distribution in this mountain was, however, poorly known, and its phylogenetic origin was also unclear. We performed extensive field work in Mt. Parnassos and could register E. orphanidis only in five patches of limestone screes in the eastern part of this mountain range, emphasizing its very narrow distribution, which is likely limited by topography influencing water availability as indicated by environmental modeling. We also registered 31 accompanying species and thus characterized its habitat. Using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and plastid ndhF–trnL and trnT–trnF sequences, we show that it belongs to E. sect. Patellares, despite not having connate raylet leaves typical for this section, and not to E. sect. Pithyusa as previously suggested. The relationships among the species of E. sect. Patellares are poorly resolved, suggesting their simultaneous divergence that dated to the late Pliocene, which coincided with the establishment of the Mediterranean climate. The relative genome size of E. orphanidis is in the range of that for the other members of E. sect. Patellares, suggesting that it is diploid. Finally, we performed multivariate morphological analyses to generate a comprehensive description of E. orphanidis. Based on its narrow distribution and the anticipated negative impact of global warming, we consider this species endangered. Our study demonstrates how microrelief can limit the distribution of plants in topographically heterogeneous mountain environments and likely plays an important, yet neglected, role in shaping the distribution patterns of plants in the Mediterranean Basin.
Sub-bandgap defect states in polycrystalline hafnium oxide and their suppression by admixture of silicon

The crystallinity of atomic layer deposition hafnium oxide was found to be thickness dependent, with the thinnest films being amorphous and thick films being at least partially crystalline. Hafnium oxide films fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are mostly monoclinic. Formation of hafnium silicate by admixture of 20% Si prevents crystallization. Electronic defects are reflected by an absorption feature 0.2–0.3 eV below the optical bandgap. These defects arise in polycrystalline, but not in amorphous, hafnium-based oxides.
Coherent structures in oscillatory boundary layers

The dynamics of the vortex structures appearing in an oscillatory boundary layer (Stokes boundary layer), when the flow departs from the laminar regime, is investigated by means of flow visualizations and a quantitative analysis of the velocity and vorticity fields. The data are obtained by means of direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations. The wall is flat but characterized by small imperfections. The analysis is aimed at identifying points in common and differences between wall turbulence in unsteady flows and the well-investigated turbulence structure in the steady case. As in Jimenez & Moin (1991), the goal is to isolate the basic flow unit and to study its morphology and dynamics. Therefore, the computational domain is kept as small as possible. The elementary process which maintains turbulence in oscillatory boundary layers is found to be similar to that of steady flows. Indeed, when turbulence is generated, a sequence of events similar to those observed in steady boundary layers is observed. However, these events do not occur randomly in time but with a repetition time scale which is about half the period of fluid oscillations. At the end of the accelerating phases of the cycle, low-speed streaks appear close to the wall. During the early part of the decelerating phases the strength of the low-speed streaks grows. Then the streaks twist, oscillate and eventually break, originating small-scale vortices. Far from the wall, the analysis of the vorticity field has revealed the existence of a sequence of streamwise vortices of alternating circulation pumping low-speed fluid far from the wall as suggested by Sendstad & Moin (1992) for steady flows. The vortex structures observed far from the wall disappear when too small a computational domain is used, even though turbulence is self-sustaining. The present results suggest that the streak instability mechanism is the dominant mechanism generating and maintaining turbulence; no evidence of the well-known parent vortex structures spawning offspring vortices is found. Although wall imperfections are necessary to trigger transition to turbulence, the characteristics of the coherent vortex structures, for example the spacing of the low-speed streaks, are found to be independent of wall imperfections.
Association of infant weight at one year of age with the mode of delivery: A case-control study in Primary Health Care Centers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Objective: To demonstrate the association between body mass index (BMI) centile at age one year with the mode of delivery and selected maternal and infant variables in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Methods: A retrospective case-control study where data were collected from the medical records of infants attending Primary Health Centers in 2019. Based on the World Health Organization 2006 growth standard, cases of overweight and obesity (n = 149) were defined as infants with BMI ≥85th centile, whereas controls (n = 434) were infants with a normal BMI between 3rd and <85th centile. Univariate analysis was performed first to compare the distribution of mode of delivery and other covariates between cases and controls. Adjusted odds ratios (adjOR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression. Results: The adjOR for infant overweight and obesity at one year of age was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.39, P = 0.047) for a cesarean mode of delivery as compared to vaginal delivery. The analysis also showed that the adjOR for infant overweight and obesity was 2.67 (95% CI: 1.22, 5.85, P = 0.014) for having no siblings and 2.20 (95%CI: 1.07, 4.51, P = 0.032) for ≤4 siblings. In contrast, infant overweight and obesity was associated with a lower odds of breastfeeding (adjOR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.38, 0.92; P = 0.020) and mixed milk feeding (adjOR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.66; P = 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, infant overweight and obesity was associated with a greater likelihood of cesarean mode of delivery and having ≤4 siblings. The absence of breastfeeding was also associated with infant overweight and obesity.
Computational Modeling of Thermodynamical Pulsatile Flow with Uncertain Pressure in Hydrocephalus

The watery cerebrospinal fluid that flows in the subarachnoid space (SAS) surrounds the entire central nervous system via symmetrical thermo-solute flow. The significance of this study was to present a flexible simulation based on theoretical vivo inputs onto a mathematical framework to describe the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid circulation restricted to a pathological disorder. The pathophysiology disorder hydrocephalus is caused by an enormous excess of asymmetric fluid flow in the ventricular region. This fluid imposition increases the void space of its boundary wall (Pia mater). As a result, the dumping effect affects an inertial force in brain tissues. A mathematical model was developed to impose the thermal dynamics of hydrocephalus, in which solute transport constitutes the excess watery CSF fluid caused by hydrocephalus, in order to demonstrate perspective changes in ventricular spaces. This paper investigated brain porous spaces in order to strengthen the acceleration and thermal requirements in the CNS mechanism. To characterize neurological activities, a unique mathematical model that includes hydrodynamics and nutrient transport diffusivity was used. We present the analytical results based on physical experiments that use the novel Laplace method to determine the nutrients transported through permeable pia (brain) parenchyma with suitable pulsatile boundary conditions. This causes high CSF pressure and brain damage due to heat flux over the SAS boundary wall. As a result of the increased Schmidt number, the analysis of the hydrocephalus problem revealed an increase in permeability and drop in solute transport. A high-velocity profile caused a rise in thermal buoyancy (Grashof number). When the CSF velocity reached an extreme level, it indicated a higher Womersley number. Additionally, the present study compared a number of clinical studies for CSF amplitude and pressure. We validated the results by providing a decent justification with the clinical studies by appropriate field references.
CONSTRUCTION OF A SMOOTHED DEA FRONTIER

It is known that the DEA multipliers model does not allow a unique solution for the weights. This is due to the absence of unique derivatives in the extreme-efficient points, which is a consequence of the piecewise linear nature of the frontier. In this paper we propose a method to solve this problem, consisting of changing the original DEA frontier for a new one, smooth (with continuous derivatives at every point) and closest to the original frontier. We present the theoretical development for the general case, exemplified with the particular case of the BCC model with one input and one output. The 3-dimensional problem is briefly discussed. Some uses of the model are summarised, and one of them, a new Cross-Evaluation model, is presented.
Hyperfine structure of the ground state in singly ionized manganese

We report the first experimental measurements and theoretical calculations for the hyperfine splitting of the 3d(5) 4s ground state of Mn II. The hyperfine structure constants were determined using Fourier transform spectroscopy with a hollow cathode discharge lamp. The uncertainties in the magnetic dipole constants, A, are between 3 x 10(-4) and 5 x 10(-4) cm(-1). Extensive configuration interaction calculations of the hyperfine splitting of the a(7)S(3) ground state have been carried out to compare with the experimental measurements. In addition, we give wavelengths for three resonant transitions to the ground state of Mn II, accurate to a few parts in 10(8). These wavelengths are of interest in astrophysical applications such as studies of the time variation of the fine structure constant. (Less)
Design of a Computer Model for the Identification of Adolescent Swimmers at Risk of Low BMD

This paper aims to elaborate a decision tree for the early detection of adolescent swimmers at risk of presenting low bone mineral density (BMD), based on easily measurable fitness and performance variables. The BMD of 78 adolescent swimmers was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at the hip and subtotal body. The participants also underwent physical fitness (muscular strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance) and swimming performance assessments. A gradient-boosting machine regression tree was built to predict the BMD of the swimmers and to further develop a simpler individual decision tree. The predicted BMD was strongly correlated with the actual BMD values obtained from the DXA (r = 0.960, p < 0.001; root mean squared error = 0.034 g/cm2). According to a simple decision tree (74% classification accuracy), swimmers with a body mass index (BMI) lower than 17 kg/m2 or a handgrip strength inferior to 43 kg with the sum of both arms could be at a higher risk of having a low BMD. Easily measurable fitness variables (BMI and handgrip strength) could be used for the early detection of adolescent swimmers who are at risk of suffering from low BMD.
Surviving in a new host: Eight years of monitoring translocated aroids, bromeliads, and orchids in the Andean forests in Colombia

Vascular epiphytes are extraordinarily diverse in the tropical Andean region. Compared to trees and terrestrial herbs, epiphytes are more vulnerable to forest alteration due to their structural dependence on trees and environmental requirements. Based on experimental approaches for ecological purposes, monitoring air pollutants, and seeking propagation alternatives, the rescue and translocation of vascular epiphytes (mainly bromeliads and orchids) from a threatened forest to a safer forest has been recently conducted in Colombia. Preliminary assessments indicate that epiphytes benefit from such well-planned measures, and their mortality and survival might be associated with extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which remain to be understood. We evaluated the survival of 16 vascular epiphyte species after translocation into a secondary forest in Antioquia (Colombia) for 8 years. We assessed the role of intrinsic (foliar area, number of leaves, initial pseudobulbs, stems or rosettes, functional group, and epiphyte species) and extrinsic factors (host tree species, bark water-holding capacity, type of substrate, location on the host tree, nutrients, and hormone addition) and the effect of climatic variables on plant survival. The overall mortality rate in this study ranked 1–7% per year, and survival decreased annually, reaching 44% by the end of the 8th year. Host tree species and intrinsic factors such as the functional group and epiphyte species significantly affected the probability of survival. Bromeliads, in particular, exhibited high mortality, which their monocarpic growth form could explain. Another group of species showing high mortality were the miniature orchids, Masdevalia amanda and M. platyglossa, and are associated with short life cycles. Five host tree species appear to affect the survival of translocated epiphytes; however, the factors or characteristics involved remain unclear. A higher seasonality of precipitation was related to the percentage of overall mortality. This result indicates that extreme precipitation events or drought reduce epiphyte longevity. In conclusion, our study suggests that a wide range of epiphytes may be successfully translocated to secondary forests in the Colombian Andes and demonstrates that the effective introduction of epiphyte assemblages may be useful for ecological restoration efforts in Andean forests.
The age of a mutation in a general coalescent tree

Kimura and Ohta showed that the expected age of a neutral mutation observed to be of frequency x in a population is We put this classical result in a general coalescent process context that allows questions to be asked about mutations in a sample, as well as in the population. In the general context the population size may vary back in time. Assuming an infmitely-many-sites model of mutation, we find the distribution of the number of mutant genes at a particular site in a sample; the probability that an allele at that site of a given frequency is ancestral; the distribution of the age of a mutation given its frequency in a sample, or population; and the distribution of the time to the most recent common ancestor, given the frequency of a mutation in a sample, or in the population
Primate liver tissue substrate in indirect immunofluorescence diagnostics for patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease

Introduction Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a rare autoimmune, polymorphous blistering disorder, characterized by severe itch or burning sensation, which represents the cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease (CD). The current estimation of DH versus CD is around 1:8 and the affected individuals have a genetic predisposition. Pathogenetically, IgA autoantibodies against the epidermal transglutaminase, an essential constituent of the epidermis, cause DH and are reported to develop through cross-reaction with the tissue transglutaminase, with IgA auto-antibodies causing CD. Immunofluorescence techniques allow for a rapid diagnostics of the disease using patient sera. Evaluation of IgA endomysial deposition with indirect immunofluorescence on monkey oesophagus is highly specific, but moderately sensitive, with some operator-dependent variability. Recently, indirect immunofluorescence with monkey liver as a substrate has been proposed as an alternative, well-functioning diagnostic approach with higher sensitivity in CD. Methods The objective of our study was to evaluate whether monkey oesophagus or liver tissue shows advantage for diagnostics in patients with DH, compared to CD. To that end, sera of 103 patients with DH (n=16), CD (n=67) and 20 controls ere compared by 4 blinded experienced raters. Results For DH, we found a sensitivity of 94.2% for monkey liver (ML) compared to 96.2% in monkey oesophagus (ME), while specificity in ML was superior (91.6% versus 75%) to ME. In CD, ML had a sensitivity of 76.9% (ME 89.1%) and specificity of 98.3% (ME 94.1%). Discussion Our data show that ML substrate is well suitable for DH diagnostics.