Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Category-wise Attack: Transferable Adversarial Examples for Anchor Free Object Detection

Deep neural networks have been demonstrated to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks: subtle perturbations can completely change the classification results. Their vulnerability has led to a surge of research in this direction. However, most works dedicated to attacking anchor-based object detection models. In this work, we aim to present an effective and efficient algorithm to generate adversarial examples to attack anchor-free object models based on two approaches. First, we conduct category-wise instead of instance-wise attacks on the object detectors. Second, we leverage the high-level semantic information to generate the adversarial examples. Surprisingly, the generated adversarial examples it not only able to effectively attack the targeted anchor-free object detector but also to be transferred to attack other object detectors, even anchor-based detectors such as Faster R-CNN.
Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sediment and turbidite reservoir supply to South Atlantic margins

Abstract Maps have been compiled of indicators of uplift, denudation, sedimentation rates, igneous activity and climate over South Atlantic margins in order to develop the most consistent interpretation of the development of topography, climate and sediment supply through time. Continental margin uplifts and associated topography are concentrated in the Late Cretaceous and Oligocene–Recent periods, with the rates of sediment supply from these dependent on the occurrence of wet or rapidly changing climate. An irregular bimodality is seen on several aspects of African and Brazilian margin geology through time, particularly on periods of sediment progradation, high sedimentation rates and turbidite reservoir development, with peaks of "each centred on the Santonian and Miocene. Some regions show only one of these sedimentation rate peaks and the bimodal pattern, in general, is weaker for the Brazil margin, attributed to continuing uplift of southern Brazilian margins in the early Palaeogene. A crude relationship is observed between sedimentation rate and reserves in turbidite reservoirs. Sedimentary rate mapping can thus be used to identify turbidite fairways of different ages, tied in turn to drainage catchments containing a combination of high topography and wet climate. Additional implications for source rock development and burial history are also explored. Supplementary material: The published papers and electronic sources used for the construction of sedimentation rate profiles (Excel and ArcGIS files of calculated sedimentation rates) are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/gsl/SUP18520.
High-Resolution Climate Change Impact Analysis on Medium-Sized River Catchments in Germany: An Ensemble Assessment

AbstractThe impact of climate change on three small- to medium-sized river catchments (Ammer, Mulde, and Ruhr) in Germany is investigated for the near future (2021–50) following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. A 10-member ensemble of hydrological model (HM) simulations, based on two high-resolution regional climate models (RCMs) driven by two global climate models (GCMs), with three realizations of ECHAM5 (E5) and one realization of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis version 3 (CCCma3; C3) is established. All GCM simulations are downscaled by the RCM Community Land Model (CLM), and one realization of E5 is downscaled also with the RCM Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). This concerted 7-km, high-resolution RCM ensemble provides a sound basis for runoff simulations of small catchments and is currently unique for Germany. The hydrology for each catchment is simulated in an overlapping scheme, with t.
Method of turbulent flux measurement on a ship by using a stable platform system.

The tropical marine boundary layer is of fundamental importance to the whole of the atmospheric motion system by providing a large amount of water vapor into the free atmosphere. It is one of the important subjects for GARP to investigate the turbulent transport mechanism in this layer. In this paper a description is given of a stable platform system that was aimed for turbulent transport measurements on board. The system is designed primarily for turbulent flux measurements by the eddy correlation method on a ship. Various components of the system are briefly described and evaluation data obtained during the summer MONEX field program are also presented. It was found that this system is applicable to the turbulent flux measurement by the eddy correlation method on a ship during MONEX. By further estimation of total errors, it was also found that this system is applicable to the measurements under rougher sea surface conditions.
The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin

Summary In this paper we describe and interpret a critical segment of a Tethyan suture zone in SE Turkey dominated by a major nappe pile which, from the structural top downwards, consists of the following units: first, the Elazıǧ-Palu nappe, a major Upper Cretaceous volcanic arc complex and cover related to subduction of a southern strand of the Mesozoic Tethys. The arc rocks are regionally underlain by metamorphic rocks of the Bitlis-Pütürge nappe, but in the area studied this is absent and the next unit is the Hazar-Guleman nappe, which consists of a sliced ophiolitic assemblage of presumed Upper Cretaceous age unconformably overlain by a relatively undeformed succession of Palaeogene red beds (Ceffan Formation), flysch (Simaki Formation) and both pelagic and redeposited neritic limestones (Gehroz Formation). This nappe is cut by the South Anatolian transform fault. Below it the Kıllan Imbricate Unit consists of imbricated Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic and other mafic extrusives (Killan Group) associated with, and locally unconformably overlain by, Palaeocene and Eocene rocks ranging from deep sea sediments to sedimentary melange and detached blocks, with minor volcanics. Towards the sole-thrust the Killan Imbricate Unit is mostly tectonic melange. Below, are the autochthonous and para-autochthonous successions of the Arabian foreland, including ophiolitic olistostrome of latest Cretaceous age (Koçali Complex). Our Hazar-Guleman nappe and the Killan Imbricate Unit together constitute the Maden Complex. We also report on a distinctive assemblage of Middle Eocene mafic extrusives and interbedded deep water sediments further east along the suture zone (Karadere Formation), and briefly summarise implications for economic sulphide mineralization in the area. We interpret the suture zone in terms of formation of a Mesozoic ocean basin followed by northward subduction. The Karadere Formation further east would in one possible model have formed by rifting of the fore-arc, possibly related to oblique convergence in the Middle Eocene. In an alternative model the Neo-Tethys had essentially closed by the latest Cretaceous facilitating ophiolite emplacement over both the northern active margin and the former passive southern margin. In this case the Killan Imbricate Unit would be related to tightening of the suture and the Karadere Formation to renewed rifting controlled by strike-slip faulting. In both models continental collision was well advanced by the Miocene with flysch and sedimentary melange deposition (Lice and Çüngüş Formations), followed by translation along the South Anatolian transform fault.
Bedrock lithology control on contemporaneous alluvial fan facies, Oligo‐Miocene, southern Pyrenees, Spain

Climate and tectonics play important roles in controlling processes of transport and deposition on alluvial fans, but the bedrock lithology in the fan catchment area is also a significant, independent factor. Adjacent Oligo‐Miocene alluvial fan deposits on the northern margin of the Ebro Basin display contrasting depositional characteristics with one dominated by the deposits of debris flows and the other by deposition from flows of water. A difference in clast compositions indicates that the two studied fans (the Nueno and San Julián fans) had contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. The proximal facies of the Nueno fan body contains matrix‐supported conglomerate beds with up to 80% pebble clasts of gypsum in a matrix of gypsiferous sand, interbedded with gypsarenite beds. The drainage basin of this fan was dominated by Triassic bedrock consisting of beds of gypsum, marl and micritic limestone. The San Julián fan body comprises clast‐supported, polymict conglomerate beds containing pebbles from Triassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene limestone units that are exposed in the adjacent part of the basin margin. The interfingering of the deposits of these two fans demonstrates that they were contemporaneous. Given the consistent climate, the differences in fan depositional processes must therefore be attributed to the contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. A drainage basin consisting mainly of marl and gypsum bedrock provided sufficient fine‐grained material to generate debris flows, whereas more dilute, water‐lain processes dominated where the drainage basin was largely limestone strata.
Analyzing absolute paleointensity determinations: Acceptance criteria and the software ThellierTool4.0

The ThellierTool4.0 is an intuitive and easy‐to‐use software which provides the possibility to analyze a wide range of different modifications of the Thellier absolute paleointensity experiment (available at http://earthref.org/tools/). Besides the Arai plot for paleointensity determination, orthogonal projections of the direction, decay of NRM during thermal demagnetization, and additional plots regarding alteration and multidomain checks enable the user to visualize the quality of individual determinations. Experimental checks for magnetomineralogical changes, either in‐field or zero‐field pTRM* checks, are evaluated regarding their differences to the corresponding pTRM* acquisition in two most commonly used ways. Furthermore, a measure for the cumulative alteration differences beginning at room temperature is calculated, and the possibility to correct for magnetomineralogical changes is provided. Two different experimental methods to check for multidomain bias are supported and analyzed by the software. Intensity differences recorded by pTRM*‐tail checks are calculated. Accounting for the directional difference between applied laboratory field and magnetization of the sample, the effective pTRM*‐tail is determined, and thus failures of Thellier's law of independence are monitored. Failures of the law of additivity, experimentally observed by additivity checks, are also evaluated by the software. The vectorial character of individual measurements is fully considered for all calculations. Uniform selection criteria for acceptance and rejection of determinations can be applied, and a set of such criteria with emphasis on minimal bias due to alteration, multidomain remanence, and analysis/experimental inaccuracies is suggested.
Geographically weighted spatial modelling of sediment quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida

Lake Okeechobee is a large shallow lake with over 44% (as of 2006) being underlain with phosphorus-enriched mud sediments. Wind-induced sediment re-suspension may play a significant role in the nutrient cycling of this lake. It is critical to develop optimal models with low uncertainty to map the distribution and changes of total phosphorus (TP) over time. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a powerful spatial regression method that examines the details of relationship between the target variable and independent variables and their changes over space. The calibrated GWR models were applied to data sets of organic mud sediment from Lake Okeechobee collected in 1988, 1998 and 2006. Three sets of ancillary data were also used in the models: total iron (Fe), which was strongly and positively correlated to TP (0.69–0.72); mud thickness, which was moderately and positively correlated to TP (0.57–0.72); and site elevation, which was weakly but negatively correlated to TP (−0.46- −0.55). The GWR models were compared with Ordinary Kriging (OK), Ordinary Least-squares Regression (OLS) and Regression-Kriging (RK) to determine their accuracy. GWR models use both spatial auto-correlation and correlation between TP and independent variables to improve the model performance. The GWR models were superior to OK and RK models previously applied to these data sets. The GWR (total Fe) and GWR (mud thickness and site elevation) models were the most accurate based on lower root mean square errors (RMSE). GWR (Fe) and GWR (Thickness and Elevation) models were used to map TP concentrations and TP mass. Using TP concentrations and mud volumes, TP mass in the lake sediments was estimated for each sample set. The TP mass increased about 38–44% from 1988 to 1998 and decreased about 30–34% from 1998 to 2006. TP mass was similar in 1988 and 2006.
Ecological impact of brewery effluent on the Ikpoba river, Nigeria, using the fish communities as bio-indicators

This study examined the impact of brewery effluent on the fish communities of the Ikpoba River. Out of the 28 species caught, 22 occurred in station 1 and 28 species in station 2 (the control). Malapterurus electricus and Syndontis nigrita were dominant. Six species were present in station 2 but absent in station 1. Mastacembelus leonnbergii is being reported for the first time in the Ikpoba River. The overall abundance of the fish species was significantly higher (P Key words : Nigeria, Tropics, River, brewery effluent, fish, impact assessment, bioindicators. Journal of Aquatic Sciences Vol.17(1) 2002: 35-44
Dimensioning of V2X Services in 5G Networks through Forecast-based Scaling

With the increasing adoption of intelligent transportation systems and the upcoming era of autonomous vehicles, vehicular services (such as, remote driving, cooperative awareness, and hazard warning) will face an ever changing and dynamic environment. Traffic flows on the roads is a critical condition for these services and, therefore, it is of paramount importance to forecast how they will evolve over time. By knowing future events (such as, traffic jams), vehicular services can be dimensioned in an on-demand fashion in order to minimize Service Level Agreements (SLAs) violations, thus reducing the chances of car accidents. This research departs from an evaluation of traditional time-series techniques with recent Machine Learning (ML)-based solutions to forecast traffic flows in the roads of Torino (Italy). Given the accuracy of the selected forecasting techniques, a forecast-based scaling algorithm is proposed and evaluated over a set of dimensioning experiments of three distinct vehicular services with strict latency requirements. Results show that the proposed scaling algorithm enables resource savings of up to a 5% at the cost of incurring in an increase of less than 0.4% of latency violations.
Modeling the Effects of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Hydrological Processes in a Semiarid Watershed of Loess Plateau

AbstractThe hydrological cycle in a catchment is sensitive to climate and land-use changes. The authors conducted a case study to validate the performance of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and its applicability as a simulator of runoff and sediment transport processes at the mesoscale scale in arid and semiarid areas. SWAT is used to simulate runoff and sediment changes caused by human activities in a typical watershed, the Jihe Watershed (1,019 km2), in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. A marked increase in temperature was observed over the analysis period. The investigation was conducted using 47 years of historical rainfall/runoff data and sedimentary records from 1962–2008. The data from 1962–1981 was used for calibration and that from 1982–2008 for validation. The results showed that the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient was approximately 0.7, the relative error was less than 15%, and the coefficient of determination was greater than 0.7, both for annual flow and sediment.
Validation of a Modified Carman-Kozeny Equation To Model Two-Phase Relative Permeabilities

This paper presents a validation of an internally consistent, physically based model for relative permeability based on an extension of the Carman-Kozeny (CK) equation. The modified CK (MCK) expression is a function of surface areas of fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interfaces, as well as fluid saturations and tortuosity. The model uses interfacial and surface areas determined from capillary pressure measurements and, by this means, can incorporate variable wettability and hysteresis as well as assuring consistency of petrophysical properties. To validate the MCK approach, the model is fit to experiments where both capillary pressure and relative permeability are measured simultaneously during flow. The MCK model is further fit to literature-reported water-oil experimental data. Besides the MCK model, each data set is fit with a modification of the commonly used Brooks-Corey (MBC) model to compare the performances of the two. The surface areas derived from capillary pressure relationship used in the MCK model provide a good description of the experimental relative permeabilities measured under the same conditions. The investigated MCK model fits experimental data almost as well as the MBC model. Furthermore, the MCK model is physically based and appears to agree with the wetting characteristics of the investigated porous media when these are known.
Improving Productivity in Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Semi-Arid Africa

The prospects for improving the productivity of sorghum and pearl millet cultivation in the West African semi-arid tropics are considered, with an examination of likely changes. The paper begins with a brief review of recent production trends and sources of past growth. This is followed by a description of the physical context of agriculture in the West African semi-arid tropics, and an evaluation of demographic change which is destabilizing production systems in areas where population pressure has already reached relatively high levels. Past trends in factor costs and probable future changes in the cost of land, labour, and fertilizer are considered. The paper then assesses promising directions for technical change at the farm level in the short and long run, considering the products of on-going and future research, and the research process and orientation. It is concluded that a coherent assessment of the prospects for reducing unit costs of producing coarse grains must be based on: (1) a clear recognition of the range of agroclimatic and demographic conditions that characterize the area; (2) recognition of the time frames within which particular technical changes can be developed; and (3) some assumptions as to future research resource allocations. The potential for major increases in supply exist only in the Sudano-Guinean zone and to a lesser extent in the Sudanian zone where yield increasing and labour saving technologies fit best. Yield stabilizing and land conservation technologies, which have little direct impact on shifting the regional supply curve, should be given highest priority in the Sahel. Even in the higher potential agroecological zones, yield increasing technologies are appropriate primarily in areas of relative land scarcity.
Low‐frequency tremors, intraslab and interplate earthquakes in Southwest Japan—from a viewpoint of slab dehydration

Low‐frequency tremors (LFT) recently found in the Southwest Japan fore‐arc likely occur due to hydro‐fracturing from fluids leaving the dehydrating Philippine Sea slab. However, there are some places without such LFT; they are N. Izu‐Kanto, E. Shikoku, and S. Kyushu. These are the places where island‐arc type crust is subducting. We propose that dehydration of the subducted crust does not occur beneath these regions, because it is composed mainly of tonalite, lacking the quantity of hydrous minerals seen in normal subducting oceanic crust. We show that almost no earthquake occurs within the subducted crust in such regions, consistent with dehydration embrittlement hypothesis for intraslab seismicity. The lack of dehydration from the crust would also affect the mode of occurrence of interplate earthquakes, because pore fluid pressure is more difficult to rise at the thrust zone. This might be reflected in the irregular occurrence of great earthquakes in these regions.
Statistical analysis of the surface circulation of the California Current

We use a set of mixed-layer drifting buoy trajectories from the California Current (20°N–40°N) during 1985–1990 to obtain statistically reliable estimates of the mean currents, the mean variance field, and the geographically varying diffusivity, integral timescales, and integral space scales. Typical values for the diffusivity are 1.1–8.7 × 107 cm2 s−1, while the timescales and space scales are 2.1–7.1 days and 16–59 km, respectively. The variance field displays a strong westward gradient out to 125°W, and diffusivity shows a tendency to decrease toward the southwest part of the domain. Significant anisotropy is found in the variance field near the coastal boundary and at 30°N, 130°W, which is the region where the subarctic and northern subtropical fronts approach the California Current. The antisymmetric component of the diffusivity tensor indicates that cyclonic eddies dominate the mesoscale signature of drifters in this region. We seek simple parameterizations to relate the scales of motion of the random velocity field to the diffusivity by testing least squares fits to κ∞ ∝ u02T and κ∞ ∝ u0L, where u02 is the velocity variance. We found no cases for which these two hypotheses could be distinguished. For the meridional component the linear regressions are not successful, which suggests that the meridional departure velocities result from a flow regime that is significantly organized by, for example, waves or coherent structures. A subset of the drifters measured temperature along their tracks, and we use the resultant data to produce the first direct estimates of the horizontal eddy heat flux divergence based on Lagrangian estimates. In addition, we separately compute the “eddy diffusivity” parameterization of the eddy heat flux divergence, ∇ · 〈u′θ′〉 = ∇(κ∇Θ), using our diffusivity estimates and a sea surface temperature climatology. The two independent terms agree well, which provides a measure of reassurance about the diffusivity estimates. The eddy heat flux divergence in the California Current is very small (<5 W m−2) and does not appear to be significant in the long-term heat budget of the upper ocean in this region.