Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimycotic effects of aqueous and ethanol plant extracts on yam rot pathogens in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

The metabolism of secondary plants compounds proves to be important to the plant that synthesizes them. One of the functions is to provide protection against the pathogenic attack. This work aims at studying the effect of different plant extracts on the post harvest phytopathogenic fungi. Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus stolonifer, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Aspergillus flavus that causes deterioration of tubers of yam in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. One gram of ethanol and water extract of different plants. Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum gratissimum and Nicotiana tobacum of 5 milliliters of each of 25 and 15% ethanol as well as 85 and 65% aqueous extract. After adding the extract, the PDA (Potato dextrose agar) was flowed in Petri dishes. After that, disc of 3mm diameter of each of the isolate was placed in the centre of the same one. The radial growth of the fungi was evaluated after 72 hrs. Each treatment had four replications. The highest inhibitions of 64.31 and 52.22% were recorded with Allium sativum against the isolates using 85 and 65% aqueous extract respectively and as well as in 25% ethanol extract of 50.93% inhibition. Allium sativum was the best in its fungitoxic effect against the isolates. Though all the extracts; aqueous and ethanol had inhibitory effect on the rot causing organisms of yam tubers. The possibilities that these plants can serve as sources of alternatives to chemical control of yam rot is quite obvious. (Ijato James Yeni. Antimycotic effects of aqueous and ethanol plant extracts on yam rot pathogens in Ado-
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF TAIWAN AVOCADO ACCESSIONS

Forty-two avocado accessions maintained at the Chiayi Agricultural Experimental Station (Chiayi, Taiwan) were evaluated for genetic diversity using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 107 polymorphic bands were detected for genetic diversity analysis upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 21 octamer primers, an average of five scorable bands per primer. These primers were considered highly informative because they amplified at least one polymorphic band that distinguished between accessions. Jaccard’s coefficient was applied to calculate genetic similarity, and UPGMA cluster analysis to generate the dendrogram. The forty-two accessions were first divided into two main groups ( I and II ), at 0.27 of Jaccard’s coefficient similarity and the second main group was further separated into two subgroups( II-1 and II-2 ), at 0.33. It suggested that there was high degree of genetic diversity between the first main groups of cultivated avocadoes as well as the two subgroups of the second main group. The first main group can be further divided into four subgroups ( I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4 ). Major local selected accessions were assigned to the first two subgroups of the first main group ( I-1 and I-2 ) showed either Guatemalan or West Indian origin. Except Nabel, a cultivar introduced from Guatemala, most cultivars of the third subgroup ( I-3 ) are hybrids with Guatemalan origin. The accessions of the first subgroup of the second main group ( II-1 ) are either hybrids of Mexican and Guatemalan varieties or Guatemalan cultivars. Mexican cultivars are assigned to the second subgroup of the second main group ( II-2 ). In most cases, dendrogram constructed from UPGMA cluster analysis of 42 avocado cultivars, based on similarity index, correlated well with their respective recorded origin.
Endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern Pacific Ocean

We examined the relationship between pelagic larval duration (PLD) and species range for the wrasses and damselfishes of the eastern Pacific Ocean. This region and these species are par- ticularly appropriate for this analysis, since there is huge variation in the biogeographic range among these reef fishes, from endemics to islands a few kilometers in diameter to pan-Indo-Pacific ranges of 25 000 km or more. Furthermore, this variation in range occurs between pairs of congeners. We found no correlation between the mean (or maximum) PLDs measured from daily otolith increments and biogeographic range, for either family of reef fishes, and even after restricting the analysis to species with sample sizes over 50 individuals. A pairwise comparison of congeners showed, if anything, a sig- nificant inverse relationship between larval duration and range. The correlation between mean PLD and maximum PLD was very strong, even for large sample sizes (r = 0.987), indicating that mean PLD may be a good proxy measure for maximum PLD. We conclude that, at least within this region and within the limitations of this technique, larval duration appears not to determine species range.
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil

The genus Thymus are important medicinal plants, highly recommended due to a variety of therapeutic properties of their essential oils, normally known as thyme oil. Scientific validation of traditional uses and phytochemical and antitumour activity evaluation of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. was performed. The hydrodistillated oils obtained from wild thyme species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty two components in total were identified representing more than 97.6% of the oil composition, with thymol (54.26%), -terpinene (9.50%), p-cymene (7.61%), carvacrol (4.42%), terpinolene (3.27%), -terpinene (2.36%), -terpineol (1.63%) and -tujene (1.52%) in T. vulgaris L. as major constitutes. The antioxidant activity of thyme essential oil was assessed by DPPH assay, the concentrations that led to IC is 210, 150, 96 and 53 µg/mL at 10, 30, 60 and 90 min. incubation, respectively. 50 The T. vulgaris L. essential oil revealed the most effective one against A-549, MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines, presenting IC values of 75, 60 and 41µg/mL, respectively. 50
Does Phylogenetic Distance Between Parental Genomes Govern the Success of Polyploids

ABSTRACT It has long been suggested that phylogenetic divergence between parental species determines the likelihood of their producing a successful polyploid, with closely related parents less likely to form a successful polyploid than more divergent parents. This suggestion has been based partly on observation of patterns of polyploid ancestry and partly by extrapolation from analyses of the processes that give rise to polyploids. Here we present a new survey of the patterns of the divergence between the parents of polyploids, based on node-based and clade-based analyses of phylogenetic trees. We also use the topology of the phylogenetic trees to inform a null expectation of the distance between parental species, assuming random crossing between all species pairs in a genus. We used molecular phylogenies now available for eight plant genera containing multiple polyploids whose parentage has been investigated: Tragopogon, Persicaria, Brassica, Leucaena, Spartina, Spiranthes, Nicotiana, and Glycine. We found that the phylogenetic distance between progenitors of polyploids did not differ significantly from the null expectation. In contrast, the distance between parents of diploid hybrids (both stable and unstable) in these genera were lower than would be expected with random crossing. We discuss how these findings may fit with recent progress, through genetic and genomic studies, in understanding the processes involved in polyploidization.
Dicamba and Atrazine Antagonism on Sulfonylurea Herbicides Used for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in Corn (Zea mays)1

Abstract: Field experiments were carried out during 1997 and 1998 in northern Greece to investigate the effects of tank mixing rimsulfuron and primisulfuron with atrazine or dicamba against johnsongrass in corn. Sequential applications, where the johnsongrass herbicides were applied 5 d after the broadleaf herbicides, were also evaluated. Rimsulfuron applied alone at 10 g ai/ha gave very good control (91%) of johnsongrass, which was significantly higher than that provided by 30 g ai/ha of primisulfuron (43%). Rimsulfuron applied in tank mixture with atrazine (1.0 kg ai/ha) or dicamba (0.28 kg ai/ha) gave 12 and 17% lower johnsongrass control, respectively, than of rimsulfuron applied alone, whereas the corresponding reduction for primisulfuron was 18 and 43%. Efficacy of rimsulfuron applied 5 d after the application of atrazine or dicamba was similar to that applied alone; however, this was not the case for primisulfuron, where reduced antagonism was observed compared to that produced by its tank mixture treatments. Again, primisulfuron was affected more by dicamba than by atrazine. Corn yield with rimsulfuron and primisulfuron applied alone was more than double that of the untreated control and similar to that of the weed-free control. Also, rimsulfuron applied with atrazine or dicamba (in tank mixture or sequentially) produced similar corn yield to that applied alone. However, primisulfuron applied in tank mixture or sequentially with dicamba gave 22 and 14% lower yield, respectively, than when applied alone, and slightly lower when applied with atrazine. Nomenclature: Atrazine, dicamba, primisulfuron, rimsulfuron, johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. #3 SORHA; corn, Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer Costanza’. Additional index words: Sequential applications, tank mixtures. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment.
Solorina Spongiosa in Antarctica: An Extremely Disjunct Bipolar Lichen

The bipolar foliose lichen Solorina spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi is reported from James Ross Island, Antarctica, where it grows on moss. This is only the third known occurrence of this lichen from the Southern Hemisphere, the other localities being in Tierra del Fuego and New Zealand. Its morphology resembles that of the New Zealand population and arctic-alpine populations from the Northern Hemisphere, although there are some differences in apothecial and spore size. As elsewhere, it occupies base-rich habitats colonized by predominantly calcicolous mosses and lichens. James Ross Island (64° 10'S, 57°45'W) lies off the north-east coast of Graham Land, the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is approximately 3000 km in area and the northern part, comprising the Ula Peninsula and The Naze, contains probably the largest expanse of ice-free land (c. 200 km) in the Antarctic Peninsula region of Antarctica. The island is composed mainly of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. There are numerous high mesa-like formations but the lower terrain is undulating with ridges and conical hills. Most of the low-lying land is overlain by fine base-rich silts and sands giving a desert-like appearance. Melt streams are frequent, radiating from the island's central icecap, and their flow fluctuates considerably on a diel cycle during summer. Some reach small-river proportions and frequently flood over the extensive lowland fluvioglacial plains and deltas. No climatic data are available for the island, although those for the Argentine station Vicecomodoro Marambio on Seymour Island, 25 km to the east (but at an altitude of about 200 m) indicate a mean air temperature for the warmest month (January) of about — 2°C and for the coldest month (August) of about — 15°C; the annual mean is — 9°C (Jones & Limbert 1987). Precipitation is very low while the incidence of solar radiation is high. One of the authors (RILS) led a small biological expedition to James Ross Island in January-February 1989 and undertook an extensive and detailed ecological survey of the ice-free northern part of the island (Smith 1990). The only previous biological work undertaken was that of I. M. Lamb when he collected a small number of lichens in the winter of 1945 (see Lamb 1948). The present investigations revealed a bryophyte and lichen flora containing many species unknown or very rare elsewhere in the Antarctic. In general, the vegetation of James Ross Island is extremely sparse, although moist stable areas often support stands of moss with occasional associated lichens, whereas dry rocky sites and the occasional bird perches or nesting areas (avifauna is remarkably rare on the island) support a diverse lichen flora. Solorina spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi, was found in several base-rich moss-dominated stands in the vicinity of St Martha Cove, on the north-east side of the island.
The demography of recovery of an overexploited bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, population

An exploited bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, population experienced a 28-fold increase in adult density during a 10-year period from a minimum of 60 individuals. This demonstrates the extent to which this population was overharvested. Its ability to respond in fewer than two generations to the implementation of zero-harvest regulations suggests this population was growth-overfished not recruitment-overfished. Examination of stock–recruitment relationships of various life stages indicates that recovery of this population was regulated by the density-dependent survival of juveniles in the rearing creek. This compensatory response occurred between egg deposition and age-1 and regulated the number of fish recruiting into the adult population. A second population bottleneck became apparent later in the recovery process when density-dependent survival of the adult population resulted in its approach to an asymptote, highlighting the necessity of long-term data sets for examining these compensatory responses.
Dispersal and settlement of sea scallop larvae spawned in the fishery closed areas on Georges Bank

Tian, R. C. , Chen, C. , Stokesbury, K. D. E. , Rothschild, B. J., Cowles, G. W. , Xu, Q. , Hu, S. , Harris, B. P., and Marino II, M. C. 2009. Dispersal and settlement of sea scallop larvae spawned in the fishery closed areas on Georges Bank. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2155-2164.Three fishery closed areas in the Georges Bank (GB) region were implemented in 1994 to protect depleted groundfish stocks for population replenishment. However, the drift and ultimate destination of larvae spawned in the closed areas have not been analysed specifically within the framework of ocean currents. To assess the efficiency of the closed areas as population replenishment sources, we conducted a simulation-based analysis on the dispersal and settlement of sea scallop larvae spawned in the closed areas from 1995 to 2005 using circulation fields computed by the Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model, scallop survey data, and a population dynamics model. Closed area I located in the Great Southern Channel (GSC) had a persistently high rate of larval retention (86% on average). For closed area II located on eastern GB, a considerable quantity of larvae was dispersed out of the domain. For the Nantucket Lightship Closed Area located on Nantucket Shoals, larvae consistently drifted away from the region during the 11 years simulated. Our simulation revealed three high-retention regions that are the most suitable for closed-area selection and rotational fishery management in terms of larval supply to the GB-GSC region.
Tolerant potato cultivar selection under multiple abiotic stresses

Potato is one of the most important food crops. Numbers of potato genotypes have been cultivated and widely cultured, especially in arid and semi-arid lands, hence, the resistance ability of potato is vital to fight against environmental stresses. In this experiment, we aimed to test five potato cultivars from different regions under drought, salt, high temperature and oxidative stresses in order to select the cultivar which could possess stronger resistance capability when subjected to one or more stresses. According to our result, the Chinese cultivar named LongShu NO.3 (cv. LS) is tolerant to drought, salt and oxidative stress as it hashigher SOD and APX activities, stronger rooting ability and more root dry weight in PEG or NaCl treated groups;
Maraniona. A New Dalbergioid Legume Genus(Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru

Abstract A new papilionoid legume genus, Maraniona, is described based on recent collections from the Marañon Valley in northern Peru. The sister group relationships of Maraniona are analyzed using a combination of non-molecular and chloroplast DNA matK/trnK sequence data that incorporate comprehensive generic level sampling across the dalbergioid legumes. This analysis places Maraniona in a strongly supported subclade of the informal Pterocarpus clade of the dalbergioid legumes. We discuss the endemic status of Maraniona in relation to overall endemism in the upper Marañon Valley as well as the possible affinities of Maraniona to the genus Tipuana from Argentina and Bolivia.
Mass Media Effect on the Operating Environment of a Wildlife-Related Risk-Communication Campaign

Abstract Managers and other stakeholders may rely on wildlife-related risk communication campaigns to prevent or reduce risks associated with human–wildlife conflict. The operating environment or the sphere of activity within which a campaign functions can influence a campaign's ability to achieve outcomes. Between 1 May 2005 and 30 October 2005, we studied human–black bear conflict in southeastern New York and the wildlife-related risk communication campaign, the New York NeighBEARhood Watch (NYNW). Based on the social amplification of risk framework, our goal was to determine whether mass media affected the operating environment of the campaign, and if so, identify the magnitude and direction of the effect. We used a self-administered mail survey (N = 2,800) in 4 southeastern New York, USA, towns to collect data about residents' perceived black bear-related risks, bear-related behavior, and exposure to the NYNW. We also conducted a content analysis of mass media coverage about black bears. Exposure to the NYNW from newspapers was positively correlated (R = 0.39, P < 0.01) with respondents' decreased acceptance of black bear-related risks. Our results showed a small social amplification of risk associated with black bears from exposure to mass media, specifically newspapers. Mass media can influence the operating environment of a wildlife-related risk communication campaign, including through amplification of risk perception. Characterizing the operating environment of campaigns is key to HWC-intervention planning, evaluation, and policy. Wildlife practitioners can consider media effects, as well as other biological and social factors, as potential influences on a campaign's operating environment and be aware that interaction effects may occur.
Population Dynamics of an Estuarine Forage Fish: Disaggregating Forces Driving Long-Term Decline of Longfin Smelt in California's San Francisco Estuary

AbstractForage fish production has become a central concern of fisheries and ecosystem managers because populations of small fish are a critical energetic pathway between primary producers and predator populations. Management of forage fish often focuses on controlling exploitation rates, but it is also possible to manage productivity of these species in coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries. Like several forage fish species that are native to the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) in California, the Longfin Smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys has experienced dramatic population declines over the past few decades. This population is not fished commercially or recreationally; trends in its relative abundance have been described statistically, but the mechanisms that drive population dynamics are still poorly understood. Our objective was to evaluate alternative conceptual models of Longfin Smelt population dynamics to better understand the forces that may constrain the species' productivity during different phases.
HERITABILITY OF SINGLE PLANT YIELD AND INCIDENCE OF BLACK POD DISEASE IN COCOA

Broad sense heritabilities were estimated in three long-term cocoa clone trials in Ghana, with 20, 18 and 15 entries. They were 0.15, 0.05 and 0.15 for yield in pods per plant, and 0.26, 0.19 and 0.40 for incidence of ‘bad’ pods, mostly due to black pod disease, caused by infection with Phytophthora spp. The low heritability of single plant yield, which has been known for 80 years, has been widely overlooked in cocoa research and extension, compromising the success of clone selection programmes. The heritability of the incidence of black pod disease is high enough to justify mass selection where family level data are not available. The findings will be applied in a new large-scale programme in Ghana to select clones that are high yielding in the presence of P. megakarya.
Pain to remember: a single incidental association with pain leads to increased memory for neutral items one year later

Negative and positive experiences can exert a strong influence on later memory. Our emotional experiences are composed of many different elements – people, place, things - most of them neutral. Do emotional experiences lead to enhanced long-term for these neutral elements as well? Demonstrating a lasting effect of emotion on memory is particularly important if memory for emotional events is to adaptively guide behavior days, weeks, or years later. We thus tested whether aversive experiences modulate very long-term episodic memory in an fMRI experiment. Participants experienced episodes of high or low pain in conjunction with the presentation of incidental, trial-unique neutral object pictures. In a scanned surprise immediate memory test, we found no effect of pain on recognition strength. Critically, in a follow-up memory test one year later we found that pain significantly enhanced memory. Neurally, we provide a novel demonstration of activity predicting memory one year later, whereby greater insula activity and more unique distributed patterns of insular activity in the initial session correlated with memory for pain-associated objects. Generally, our results suggest that pairing episodes with arousing negative stimuli may lead to very long-lasting memory enhancements.
Do audiences receive diverse ideas from news media? Exposure to a variety of news media and personal characteristics as determinants of diversity as received

Media policies in Europe traditionally promote a diverse media supply. This article investigates for the first time under what conditions audience members actually receive diversity. It focuses on the reception of diverse ideas on European integration from mainstream news media in Ireland and the Netherlands. Results show that exposure to a variety of media outlets predicts to some extent the reception of diverse ideas, especially for citizens with lower education. But interest and knowledge are better predictors. This indicates that policies that favour a diverse supply are necessary but not sufficient. New ideas are required to stimulate audiences to receive the diversity that is sent, especially in modern online societies.