Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Processing relative clauses by Hungarian typically developing children

Hungarian is a language with morphological case marking and relatively free word order. These typological characteristics make it a good ground for testing the crosslinguistic validity of theories on processing sentences with relative clauses. Our study focused on effects of structural factors and processing capacity. We tested 43 typically developing children in two age groups (ages of 4.11–7.2 and 8.2–11.4 years) in an act-out task. Differences in comprehension difficulty between different word order patterns and different head function relations were observed independently of each other. The structural properties causing difficulties in comprehension were interruption of main clauses, greater distance between the verb and its arguments, accusative case of relative pronouns, and SO head-function relations. Importantly, analyses of associations between working memory and sentence comprehension revealed that structural factors made processing difficult by burdening components of working memory. These results support the processing accounts of sentence comprehension in a language typologically different from English.
Postischemic Administration of an Anti‐Mac‐1 Antibody Reduces Ischemic Cell Damage After Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Background and Purpose Postischemic cerebral inflammation may contribute to ischemic cell damage. The CD11b/18 (Mac‐1) integrin mediates stimulated neutrophil binding to endothelia. We therefore investigated the effect of administration of an anti‐Mac‐1 monoclonal antibody on cerebral ischemic cell damage in the rat. Methods Rats (n=10) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion; the anti‐Mac‐1 antibody was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg IV at 1 hour of reperfusion and 1 mg/kg IV at 22 hours of reperfusion or an isotype‐matched control antibody (n=10) was administered using the same experimental protocol. Rats were killed at 46 hours of reperfusion, and brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. In a separate population of rats given either vehicle (n=8) or anti‐Mac‐1 antibodies (n=9), intraparenchymal neutrophils were measured by means of a myeloperoxidase assay. Results The lesion volume was significantly smaller (28%) in the anti‐Mac‐1 antibody group compared with the vehicle control group (P<.01). Numbers of intraparenchymal polymorphonuclear cells were significantly reduced (P<.05) in the cortex of the anti‐Mac‐1 antibody group compared with the vehicle control group. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that administration of anti‐Mac‐1 antibody 1 hour after onset of reperfusion results in significant reductions of ischemic cell damage and intraparenchymal neutrophils after transient (2‐hour) focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. (Stroke. 1994;25:869‐876.)
A system for forecasting student performance based on course evaluation

The current work presents software capable of simulating the results obtained by students enrolled in an undergraduate course through the results obtained previously in other subjects of the course. The students and subjects were modeled as nodes and links in a graph and the growing models used in complex networks simulations were applied. The created graph represents similarity indexes between the students. The growing models were capable of predicting the evolution of the graph and, consequently, the grades obtained by the students to some precision. The current work presents four graph models based on Barabási-Albert and small world models as a way to represent relationships between students and subjects. Each presented graph model identifies clusters of students and subjects in different clustering indexes, and in this current work is discussed the benefits, limitation and growing characteristics of each model. The results obtained brought a good precision in the simulated grades, and they also made a discussion about the students and the course characteristics possible.
Relationships of Mental Disorders and Weight Status in the Korean Adult Population

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between weight status and mental disorders, including depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder. A total of nationally representative 6,510 subjects aged 18-64 yr was interviewed in face-to-face household survey. Response rate was 81.7%. Mental disorders were diagnosed using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). The subjects reported their heights and weights. After adjusting for age and gender, the lifetime diagnosis of depressive disorder had a significant association with only the underweight group (odds ratio [OR], 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.38). The association between underweight and depressive disorder was the strongest for subjects with a high education level (OR, 1.75, 95% CI, 1.2-2.56), subjects with a married/cohabiting status (OR, 1.94, 95% CI, 1.17-3.22) and smokers (OR, 2.58, 95% CI, 1.33-4.98). There was no significant association between obesity and depressive disorder in Korea. But there was a significant association between the underweight group and depressive disorder. The relationship between obesity and mental disorder in a Korean population was different from that in a Western population. These results suggest that the differences of traditional cultures and races might have an important effect on the associations between the weight status and mental disorders.
PADS: A Probabilistic Activity Detection Framework for Video Data

There is now a growing need to identify various kinds of activities that occur in videos. In this paper, we first present a logical language called Probabilistic Activity Description Language (PADL) in which users can specify activities of interest. We then develop a probabilistic framework which assigns to any subvideo of a given video sequence a probability that the subvideo contains the given activity, and we finally develop two fast algorithms to detect activities within this framework. OffPad finds all minimal segments of a video that contain a given activity with a probability exceeding a given threshold. In contrast, the OnPad algorithm examines a video during playout (rather than afterwards as OffPad does) and computes the probability that a given activity is occurring (even if the activity is only partially complete). Our prototype Probabilistic Activity Detection System (PADS) implements the framework and the two algorithms, building on top of existing image processing algorithms. We have conducted detailed experiments and compared our approach to four different approaches presented in the literature. We show that-for complex activity definitions-our approach outperforms all the other approaches.
Risk Management Method Using Data from EVM in Software Development Projects

The main objective of risk management is to reduce factors that will give negative influence to project. However, it is difficult to specify the risk of actualizing beforehand. In this paper, we first analyze real cases of software development projects that adopted risk management but failed, and identify the root causes. Next, we propose a permanent monitoring agency that predicts future risks generation using quantitative data captured by earned value management technique. The proposal of this paper was applied an actual software development organization and ensured effectiveness.
On the robustness of (semi) fast quorum-based implementations of atomic shared memory

Atomic (linearizable) read/write memory is a fundamental abstractions in distributed computing. Following a seminal implementation of atomic memory of Attiya et al. [6], a folklore belief developed that in messaging-passing atomic memory implementations "reads must write. " However, work by Dutta et al. [4] established that if the number of readers R is constrained with respect to the number of replicas S and the maximum number of crash-failures t so that R < S/t - 2, then single communication round-trip reads are possible. Such an implementation given in [4] is called fast. Subsequently, Georgiou et al. [3] relaxed the constraint in [4], and proposed semifast implementations with unbounded number of readers, where under realistic conditions most reads need only a single communication round-trip to complete. Their approach groups collections of readers into virtual nodes. Semifast behavior of their algorithm is preserved as long as the number of virtual nodes V is constrained by V < S/t - 2. Quorum systems are well-known mathematical tools that provide means for achieving coordination between processors in distributed systems. Given that the approach of Attiya et al. [6] is readily generalized from majorities to quorums (e.g., [5, 2]), and that the algorithms in [4] and [3] rely on intersections in specific sets of responding servers, one may ask: Can we characterize the conditions enabling fast implementations in a general quorumbased framework? This is what we establish in this work.
A Polarized Cell Model for Chikungunya Virus Infection: Entry and Egress of Virus Occurs at the Apical Domain of Polarized Cells

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has resulted in several outbreaks in the past six decades. The clinical symptoms of Chikungunya infection include fever, skin rash, arthralgia, and an increasing incidence of encephalitis. The re-emergence of CHIKV with more severe pathogenesis highlights its potential threat on our human health. In this study, polarized HBMEC, polarized Vero C1008 and non-polarized Vero cells grown on cell culture inserts were infected with CHIKV apically or basolaterally. Plaque assays, viral binding assays and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated apical entry and release of CHIKV in polarized HBMEC and Vero C1008. Drug treatment studies were performed to elucidate both host cell and viral factors involved in the sorting and release of CHIKV at the apical domain of polarized cells. Disruption of host cell myosin II, microtubule and microfilament networks did not disrupt the polarized release of CHIKV. However, treatment with tunicamycin resulted in a bi-directional release of CHIKV, suggesting that N-glycans of CHIKV envelope glycoproteins could serve as apical sorting signals.
Premenopausal Women Exhibit an Inherent Protection of Endothelial Function Following a High-Fat Meal

Endogenous estrogens likely increase blood flow and subsequently shear stress but have also been associated with improved endothelial function and cardiovascular protection. In contrast, a high-fat meal is thought to reduce endothelial function and increase cardiovascular risk. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that fluctuating hormones across the menstrual cycle (1) facilitate an increase in shear rate and explain phase-specific differences in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and (2) provide vascular protection against the insult of a high-fat meal. Flow-mediated dilation was determined at baseline and 4 hours following a high-fat meal in young women during the menses (M), follicular (F), and luteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle. Male control participants were studied once. 17β-Estradiol was elevated (P < .05) during the F (5.3 ± 0.7 pg/mL) and L (5.2 ± 0.6 pg/mL) phases when compared to the M (3.9 ± 0.5 pg/mL) phase, and this was accompanied by an elevated FMD in the F and L phases (12.4 ± 1.4% and 11.2 ± 0.9%, respectively) compared to M (8.0 ± 0.9) with no change in shear rate. Female postprandial FMD was similar throughout the menstrual cycle, while men exhibited a 50% reduction (6.4 ± 1 to 3.3 ± 1%; P < .05). Interestingly, the postprandial FMD response was not associated with concentrations of either 17β-estradiol or progesterone. Despite acutely changing ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle, shear stress is invariant and therefore does not account for the changes in FMD. Additionally, young women appear to have an inherent vascular protection from the insult of a high-fat meal, perhaps helping to explain sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk.
Racial Differences of Pediatric Hypertension in Relation to Birth Weight and Body Size in the United States

Background The prevalence of hypertension is known to differ by racial group in adults in the United States (US), but findings in children are scarce and inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess the racial differences in pediatric hypertension and to explore whether these differences, if any, can be explained by low birth weight (LBW) and obesity. Methods Analyses were performed for participants aged 8–17 years (N = 9,250) included in the 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regressions and weighted analysis were carried out considering the complex survey design. Results Compared to non-Hispanic White youth, the crude prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in non-Hispanic Blacks (7.1% vs. 5.6%; P = 0.04), but not in Mexican Americans (5.4% vs. 5.6%; P = 0.77). Blacks also had higher rates of LBW (14.6% vs. 5.9%; P <0.001) and obesity (22.9% vs. 15.8%; P <0.001) than Whites. In stratified analysis by age-sex groups, the Black-White difference in hypertension prevalence was only significant in boys aged 13–17 (9.6% vs. 6.6%). After controlling for age, Black boys had a 51% higher odds of having hypertension (Odds ratio = 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 3.43; P = 0.04) compared to White youth at ages 13–17. This racial difference persisted with additional adjustment for birth weight (odds ratio (OR) = 2.00; P = 0.02) and for current body mass index (OR = 1.50; P = 0.04). Mexican American youth had no difference in hypertension prevalence as compared to White youth after adjusting for age, sex, birth weight and obesity (Odds ratio = 0.82; P = 0.16) and in age-sex stratified subgroups. Conclusions Non-Hispanic Black adolescent boys have a significantly higher hypertension rate than their non-Hispanic White counterparts in the US. This racial difference cannot be explained by LBW and current obesity status within the Black population.
Using neurostimulation to understand the impact of pre-morbid individual differences on post-lesion outcomes

Significance Data from patients with brain damage have provided unique insights into the neural bases of cognitive function. Yet interpretation of patient data is complicated by the possible influence of pre-morbid individual differences on performance. We addressed this issue by considering the impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced “virtual lesions” of the left anterior temporal lobe upon reading performance in healthy individuals who vary in their degree of semantic reliance during reading. TMS only disrupted performance in higher semantic reliance readers. These results establish a direct link between pre-morbid individual differences and post-damage outcomes. Our virtual lesion approach provides a methodology through which the impact of pre-morbid individual differences can be examined and their theoretical implications understood. Neuropsychological data have proven invaluable in advancing our understanding of higher cognition. The interpretation of such data is, however, complicated by the fact that post-lesion behavioral abnormalities could reflect pre-morbid individual differences in the cognitive domain of interest. Here we exploited the virtual lesion methodology offered by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore the impact of pre-morbid individual differences on post-lesion performance. We applied this approach to the domain of reading, a crucial ability in which there are known to be considerable individual differences in the normal population. As predicted by neuropsychological studies of surface dyslexia in semantic dementia and the connectionist triangle model of reading, previous empirical work has shown that healthy participants vary in their reliance on meaning for reading words with atypical correspondences between spelling and sound. We therefore selected participants who varied along this dimension and applied a virtual lesion to the left anterior temporal lobe. As expected, we observed a significant three-way interaction between “pre-morbid” reading status, stimulation, and word type, such that TMS increased the disadvantage for spelling–sound atypical words more for the individuals with stronger semantic reliance. This successful test-case study provides an approach to understanding the impact of pre-morbid individual variation on post-lesion outcomes that could be fruitfully applied to a variety of cognitive domains.
Design of scalable shared-memory multiprocessors: the DASH approach

The DASH (directory architecture for shared-memory) multiprocessor, which combines the programmability of shared-memory machines with the scalability of message-passing machines, is described. Hardware-supported coherent caches provide for low-latency access of shared data and ease of programming. Caches are kept coherent by means of a distributed directory-based protocol. Shared memory in the machine is distributed among the processing nodes, and scalable memory bandwidth is provided by connecting the nodes through a general interconnection network. The prototype DASH machine will consists of 64 high-performance microprocessors, with an aggregate performance of over 1200 MIPS and 250 scalar MFLOPS. The fundamental premise in DASH is that it is possible to build a scalable shared-memory machine with hardware-supported coherent caches by using a distributed directory-based cache coherence protocol. The mechanisms for providing scalable memory bandwidth, reducing and tolerating memory latency, and supporting efficient synchronization are described. A brief description of the machine's implementation is given. <<ETX>>
Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Brazil: Identification of seven novel LDLR gene mutations

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene mutations cause familial hypercholesterol‐emia (FH), one of the most common single gene disorders. The spectrum of LDLR mutations in Brazil is not known. The aim of this study was the characterization of LDLR mutations in 35 unrelated Brazilian patients with heterozygous FH. The promoter region, the 18 exons and the flanking intron sequences of the LDLR gene were screened by PCR‐SSCP analysis and by DNA sequencing. In addition, we have screened the apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) for known mutations (R3500Q and R3531C) that cause Familial defective apo B‐100 (FDB) by PCR‐RFLP procedure. We found two nonsense (E92X and C371X) and six missense LDLR mutations (R236W, G322S, G352D, A370T, C675W and C677Y), that were previously described in FH patients from other populations. We also found five novel missense [G(‐20)R, T476P, V503G, D580H and S652R] and two novel frame shift LDLR mutations (FsR757 and FsS828). Four patients were found to carry two different mutations in the LDLR gene: G352D and A370T (one patient), S652R and C675W (one patient) and T476P and V503G (two patients). APOB mutations were not found. These findings demonstrate that there is a broad spectrum of mutations in the LDLR gene in FH individuals from Brazil. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctive Quantal Properties of Neurotransmission at Excitatory and Inhibitory Autapses Revealed Using Variance–Mean Analysis

Normal brain function depends on an interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission, yet questions remain about the biophysical differences between these two classes of synapse. By taking advantage of a simple culture system, we present here a detailed comparison of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission under identical conditions using the variance–mean (V–M) method of quantal analysis. First, we validate V–M analysis for glutamatergic autapses formed by isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture, confirming that the analysis accurately predicts the quantal amplitude (Q). We also show that V–M analysis is only weakly sensitive to intersite and intrasite quantal variance and to the known inhomogeneities in release probability (Pr). Next, by repeating the experiments with GABAergic autapses, we confirm that V–M analysis provides an accurate account of inhibitory neurotransmission in this system. Mean Pr, provided by V–M analysis, shows a dependence on extracellular Ca2+ concentration that is nearly identical for both excitatory and inhibitory autapses. Finally, the V–M method allows us to compare the locus of short-term synaptic plasticity at these connections. Glutamatergic autapses exhibit paired-pulse depression that depends mainly on changes in Pr, whereas depression at GABAergic autapses appears to depend primarily on changes in the number of release sites. We conclude that, apart from differences in the mechanisms of short-term plasticity, the basic quantal properties of excitatory and inhibitory connections in this hippocampal system are remarkably similar.
EMC ’ 09 / Kyoto Experimental Whole-Body Average SAR Estimation System using Cylindrical Field Scanning Method

This paper presents a new whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) estimation method based on the cylindrical fields scanning technique. The aim of this study is to achieve experimentally an estimation of whole-body averaged SAR in human models due to plane wave exposure using the radiation-field scanning technique. In this paper, the validity of the proposed methods is investigated using Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations for the purpose of design and development of the experimental system. The calculated wholebody averaged SAR based on the proposed method is compared with that obtained by conventional estimation methods.
Development environment for layout design of e-commerce applications using block-based approach

E-commerce is a process of buying, selling, transferring or exchanging products or services via the Internet. It is expected that in the future, more and more business transactions will be carried out through e-commerce. The design of an e-commerce website plays a significant role in attracting potential customers to visit the site. It can also influence customer's decision to make purchase and to return to the site. Good e-commerce applications need to be developed by professional programmers and the cost is substantially high. With the advent of Web 2.0 technology, end-users are now able to create their own web content and applications such as blog, facebook and friendster. Some providers such as Google provide a mechanism for end-users to create web sites and host e-commerce applications. However, using these technologies, users can only select and customize the application according to provide templates. One of the main problems with this approach is that they do not support a flexible layout design. This implies that an end-user cannot change the layout of a selected template. This paper presents a flexible and easy to use block-based development environment for creating customized e-commerce applications. A block is a single layer software component that performs a single function. Concurrent project has developed blocks for e-commerce application. The proposed development environment is intended for non-programmer end-users to design and develop their own e-Commerce applications by selecting and positioning blocks on a page.
Sparse dynamic programming

This paper provides a systematic study of the impact of sparsity on the computation of many different dynamic programming recurrences whose applications include sequence analysis. These recurrences are defined over a number of points that is quadratic in the input size. However, due to natural constraints of the problems, only a sparse set matters for the result. Based on new algorithmic techniques, we obtain algorithms that improve the best known time bounds by a factor almost linear in the density of the problems. All our algorithms are based upon a common unifying methodology.