Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Staying Cool: Behavioral Thermoregulation during Summer by Young-of-Year Brook Trout in a Lake

Abstract Thermal habitat selection and behavior by young-of-year brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was studied in a lake in central Ontario, Canada. In May, trout foraged actively within 2 m of shore in the warmest water available (∼15°C). In early June, trout foraged near the bottom within 4 m of shore, where bottom water temperatures were near, or at, the upper thermal tolerance, for trout, of 20°C. In July, when ambient water temperatures ranged from 23°C to 27°C, trout lay on the bottom in the coldest water available (18–20°C) in discrete areas 3–8 m from shore. Flow rate of cold groundwater accounted for 87% of the variance in trout density in these areas, and the data suggest that a minimum flow rate of 125 mL·m−2·min−1 is required for trout to take up station. When trout were displaced from holding positions, sites with greater groundwater flow were more quickly reoccupied by trout than sites with lower flow. Experimentally created trough-like depressions at these sites attracted higher densities o.
The role of copepods and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the production of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients

Zooplankton play a key role in the cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients. The factors that affect these processes, however, are not fully understood. I measured the effects of various diets on DOM and inorganic nutrient production by the copepod Acartia tonsa and the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, and explored the mechanisms of nutrient release from copepods. Copepods feeding on a mixed diet, the preferred diet of most copepods, had significantly lower dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium (NHt +), and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) release rates compared to feeding on a carnivorous or herbivorous diet. Thus, copepod feeding strategy can control the magnitude and composition of regenerated nutrients supplied to bacteria and phytoplankton. Secondly, I determined the effects of non-bloom and bloom concentrations of non-toxic and toxic cultures ofharmful algal bloom (HAB) species Prorocentrum minimum and Karlodinium veneficum on grazing and production of DOM and inorganic nutrients by A. tonsa and 0. marina. All algal diets deterred grazing, which likely resulted in starvation and subsequent catabolism of grazer body tissue. Additionally, DOM was typically a higher proportion of total dissolved nutrients released by zooplankton while feeding on the toxic algal culture, suggesting algal nutrient quality or direct toxic effects played a role in the differential nutrient release. Low ingestion rates coupled with high nutrient release rates could lead to feedback mechanisms that could intensify HABs. Finally, the various mechanisms of A. tonsa nutrient release, including sloppy feeding, excretion, and fecal pellet leaching, were isolated. Excretion and sloppy feeding were the dominant modes of DOC and NH4 + release, while sloppy feeding and fecal pellet leaching were dominant modes of urea release. A large proportion of ingested PON was lost as dissolved NH4 + and urea from copepods via all release mechanisms. These results have implications for the rapidity and location at which the regenerated nutrients are recycled in the water column. My dissertation results emphasize the importance of diet and release mechanism on the production of nutrients, particularly DOM, by zooplankton, which are important in understanding the recycling and transfer of nutrients and organic matter in marine food webs. Grace Kathleen Saba SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA
DENNING ECOLOGY OF BARREN-GROUND GRIZZLY BEARS IN THE CENTRAL ARCTIC

Abstract Between May 1995 and June 1999, we studied denning ecology of 81 barren-ground grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) equipped with satellite radio-collars within a study area of 235,000 km2, centered 400 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. All dens were located on well-drained slopes (X̄ = 25.3°, SE = 1.20, n = 55). Choice of den aspect was nonrandom (χ2 = 12.4, d.f. = 3, P < 0.01, n = 56); the majority of dens faced south (25), followed by west (13), east (10), and north (8). Most dens were constructed under cover of tall (>0.5 m) shrubs (Betula glandulosa and Salix), the root structures of which supported ceilings of dens. Selection of denning habitat by bears was significantly different from random (G = 127.67, d.f. = 6, P < 0.0001). Bonferroni confidence intervals indicated that esker habitat was selected more than expected by chance (P < 0.10). Den entrance occurred primarily in last 2 weeks of October. The majority of bears emerged from dens in the 1st week of May.
Forest ecology on Java: human impact and vegetation of montane forest

ABSTRACT Natural forests on Java have been generally cleared and remnants are now confined to mountain areas Although legally protected, these forests are used by local people for products like firewood, timber and fodder Locally, such exploitation is carried out daily by hundreds of people, whose livelihood depends on forest products Using a landscape-guided approach, a 15,500 ha area of montane forest in East Java has been sampled and analysed at the sylvatic mosaic level Vegetation types, sociologic species groups and vegetation structure are described for landscape units The most accessible landscape units have the most degraded forest with basal area values < 15 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of < 20% The least accessible units have relatively undisturbed forest with basal area values of > 45 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of > 60% Human activities such as tree cutting have altered species composition and modified forest structure to such an extent that large stretches of forest have been replaced by woodland or shrubland Forest degradation is described as a human induced process in which basal area and canopy closure are ultimately reduced, in spite of regrowth Comparison with other forest areas on Java shows that degradation as a result of tree cutting is a widespread phenomenon
Genetic variability in carnation

Twenty genotypes of carnation were evaluated at four locations to ascertain genetic parameters of variability. Penotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied. However, higher PCV and GCV estimates were found for incidence of disease, followed by stem strength and vase life. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for flowering duration followed by stem strength and vase life.
Influence of Constant Temperatures on the Developmental Rate, Progeny Production, Sex Ratio and Adult Longevity of the Grape Mealybug Parasitoid, Anagyrus Dactylopii (How.) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The effects of six constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 40°C on the rate of development, progeny production, sex ratio and adult longevity of the grape mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) were determined. It was found to complete the development in the temperature regimes of20–35°C but neither sex emerged as adults at 15 and 40°C. Developmental time of male and female decreased from 32.75 to 10 days, and from 34.50 to 11.75 days respectively, as the temperature increased from 20-35°C. Progeny production increased with the rise in temperature up to 30°C, and a maximum of 182 offspring emerged at 30°C. Sex ratio was altered considerably by different temperatures. Maximum female progeny was also obtained at 30°. Adult longevity of both sexes declined with increasing temperature. Mean longevity of male reduced from 2730 days at 15°C to 2.75 days at 40°C. The findings on the effects of temperature in relation to the rearing in the laboratory and the activity of Anagyrus dactylopii in the field are also discussed. RésuméLes effets de 6 températures constantes comprises entre 15 et 40°C sur le taux de développement, l’accroissement de la progéniture, le sex ratio et la longevité imaginale du parasitoïde de la cochenille farineuse du raisin sont étudiés. Entre 20 et 35° C, le cycle biologique a puêtre bouclé alors qu’entre 15 et 40° C aucun adulte, quelque soit le sexe, n’a pu emerger. La durée du cycle biologique au niveau des 2 sexes avec l’élèvement de la température de 20 à 30°C a chuté respectivement de 32.75 à 10 jours. La progéniture augmente avec l’accroissement de la température jusqu’à 30°C où elle atteint le maximun de 182. Le sex ratio a subi des variations considérables suivant les températures. Un maximun de descendance femeile est obtenu à 30°C. La longevité des 2 sexes décroît avec l’accroissement de la température. La longevité moyenne d’un mâle dimunie de 27.7 jours à 15°C à 2.75 à 40°C et celle de la femellle de 42 jours à 15°C à 8 jours à 40°C. Les effets de la température dans les conditions d’élevage en laboratoire, et l’activité d’Anagyrus dactylopii en conditions naturelles sont discutés.
Finite element analysis of the stress distributions in peri-implant bone in modified and standard-threaded dental implants

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the stress distributions with three different loads in two different geometric and threaded types of dental implants by finite element analysis. For this purpose, two different implant models, Nobel Replace and Nobel Active (Nobel Biocare, Zurich, Switzerland), which are currently used in clinical cases, were constructed by using ANSYS Workbench 12.1. The stress distributions on components of the implant system under three different static loadings were analysed for the two models. The maximum stress values that occurred in all components were observed in FIII (300 N). The maximum stress values occurred in FIII (300 N) when the Nobel Replace implant is used, whereas the lowest ones, in the case of FI (150 N) loading in the Nobel Active implant. In all models, the maximum tensions were observed to be in the neck region of the implants. Increasing the connection between the implant and the bone surface may allow more uniform distribution of the forces of the dental implant and may protect the bone around the implant. Thus, the implant could remain in the mouth for longer periods. Variable-thread tapered implants can increase the implant and bone contact.
Fat Deposition in a Broiler Sire Strain: 2. Comparisons Among Lines Selected for Less Abdominal Fat, Lower Feed Conversion Ratio, and Higher Body Weight after Restricted and Ad Libitum Feeding

Abstract Four lines were selected from a broiler sire strain. Selection criteria were sib selection for a low amount of abdominal fat relative to body weight (AF line), individual selection for feed conversion (feed consumed/weight gain) from 21 to 42 days of age (FC line), individual selection for body weight after restricted feeding (GR line), and individual selection for body weight after ad libitum feeding (GL line). In the fifth generation lines were compared at 6 weeks of age for body weight, percent abdominal fat, feed conversion, slaughter yield, and chemical composition. Rankings of lines reared in groups on litter and in individual cages were the same for all traits examined. Lines GR and GL hardly differed, whereas lines AF and FC, compared with line GL, had, respectively, significantly lower body weights (−293 g and −228 g),less abdominal fat (−1.45% and −1.00%), better feed conversions (−.11 and −.17), and higher griller yields (.50% and .70%). Selection for body weight after restricted feeding was not effective in reducing fat deposition. When compared at the same age with the line selected for body weight after ad libitum feeding, sib selection against abdominal fat and selection for a better feed conversion reduced abdominal fat, improved feed conversion, and increased slaughter yields.
The Genus Bryoria Sect. Implexae in Norway

Abstract In Norway three species are recognized in the genus Bryoria sect. Implexae, B. capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. , B. implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. , and B. nadvornikiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Notes on their morphology, chemistry, ecology and distribution are given. Bryoria friabilis Brodo & D. Hawksw. , B. pseudofuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. , and B. vrangiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. are considered to be conspecific with B. implexa. Bryoria setacea (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. is considered to be conspecific with B. capillaris.
Are Changes in Predatory Species Composition and Breeding Performance Responsible for the Decline of Coots Fulica atra in Milicz Ponds Reserve (SW Poland)?

Abstract. Both native and non-native predators should strongly affect resident fauna. Nevertheless, because of a lack of defensive mechanisms in potential prey, the influence of non-native predators should have longer-lasting and more deleterious repercussions. The breeding ecology of the Coot was studied in the Milicz Ponds reserve and compared with data from 20 years earlier. In the meantime, non-native, mammalian predators (American Mink Mustela vison, Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides and Raccoon Procyon lotor) turned up in this area, while the numbers of Hooded Crow Corvus cornix, the main predator of Coot nests, decreased. Compared with 1980–1982, the number of Coots in 2002–2003 dropped by more than half and mean clutch size decreased. Breeding success and the number of hatchlings per pair remained unchanged; in the 1980s, however, Coots renested more frequently, there was greater nesting synchrony and breeding seasons were demonstrably shorter. Moreover, although predation still remained the main cause of losses, its numbers were decreasing. Coots nesting on islands were the most successful, which was due to the weaker predation on the part of Crows. In contrast, the mammalian (non-native) predators did not appear to play a significant role in the breeding success in 2002–2003. Nevertheless, taking into account the breeding parameters of the Coot population and the nature of the relationship between mammalian/bird predators and Coots, it does seem that the low density of Coots in 2002–2003 was a reaction to the pressure of mammalian predators.
Conspecific Aggression by Beavers (Castor canadensis) in the Sangamon River Basin in Central Illinois: Correlates with Habitat, Age, Sex and Season

Abstract Conspecific aggression may play an important role in partitioning resources and maintaining territories among beavers (Castor canadensis), yet few studies have examined physical evidence of agonistic encounters. We trapped and examined pelts from 147 beavers harvested between 2006 and 2012 from the Sangamon River (n = 96) and tributary streams (n = 51) in central Illinois. We modeled the influence of sex, age class, season (predispersal or dispersal), and habitat (river or tributary stream) on the number of recent injuries caused by conspecifics. One-third (51/147) of beavers had ≥1 injury; of those, the median number of injuries was 2.0. Kits had fewer injuries than adults (&bgr;Kit = −2.24 ± 0.63), but yearlings and subadults did not (&bgr;yearling = 0.02 ± 0.38, &bgr;subadult = −0.22 ± 0.48). Beavers on small streams had only one-quarter of the injuries recorded for beavers on the river (&bgr;Stream = −1.34 ± 0.82). We failed to detect differences in injuries between the sexes. Our results suggest both sexes participate in territorial defense through physical confrontations and such encounters can be costly to both dispersing juveniles and resident adults.
EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ON GRIZZLY BEARS IN NORTHWESTERN MONTANA

Abstract Highways and railroads have come under increasing scrutiny as potential agents of population and habitat fragmentation for many mammalian species, including grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). Using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and aerial Very High Frequency (VHF) telemetry, we evaluated the nature and extent of trans-highway movements of 42 grizzly bears along the U.S. Highway 2 (US-2) corridor in northwest Montana, USA, 1998–2001, and we related them to highway and railroad traffic volumes and other corridor attributes. We employed highway and railroad traffic counters to continuously monitor traffic volumes. We found that 52% of the sampled population crossed highways at least once during the study but that crossing frequency was negatively exponentially related to highway traffic volume. We found that grizzly bears strongly avoided areas within 500 m of the highway and that highway crossing locations were clustered at a spatial scale of 1.5 km. Most highway crossings occurred at night when highway traffic volume was lowest but when railroad traffic was highest. Highway crossing locations were flatter, closer to cover in open habitat types, and within grassland or deciduous forest vegetation types. Nighttime traffic volumes were low, averaging about 10 vehicles/hr, allowing bears to cross. However, we project that US-2 may become a significant barrier to bear movement in ∼30 years if the observed trend of increasing traffic volume continues.
A Comparative Study of the Role of Private Security Officers at Multipurpose Facilities in England and Wales, South Korea and Slovenia

Security officers are placed in a variety of areas such as shopping malls, banks, hospitals and galleries, and they perform diverse roles: customer service, crime prevention, and dealing with anti-social behaviour among others (Button, 2007; Nalla & Wakefield, 2014; Wakefield & Button, 2014). Button (2007) found that the pattern of consumption for the prevention of crime has shifted towards employing private policing agents and away from relying on public police.
In vitro production of Bos taurus indicus embryos with cysteamine

Advanced reproductive techniques use three phases of bovine embryos in in vitro production (IVP), i.e. in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) for a variety of studies. This study assessed the effect of cysteamine, a thiol component, on the embryonic development during IVP. Bos taurus indicus cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) from ovaries collected at an abattoir were randomly distributed in four groups: control-group (n = 544; without cysteamine), cysteamine in maturation (n = 543), cysteamine in fertilization (n = 540) and cysteamine in the culture medium (n = 557). All COC were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 + 0.01 IU r-hFSH/ml + 0.05 mg LH/ml + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 38.5oC in 5% CO2 in humidified air. In the cysteamine-maturation group, the TCM-199 medium was supplemented with 150 µm cysteamine (CYS). The IVF (day 0 = fertilization day) was performed for 18-22 h in Fert-Talp medium + heparin + penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE). The medium of the cysteamine-fertilization group was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Bos taurus indicus frozen semen was selected by Percoll gradient, and incubated with the oocytes for 18 h. Presumed zygotes were cultured in 400 µl SOFaaci medium + 5% FCS. In the cysteamine-culture group the SOFaaci was supplemented with 150 µm CYS. Embryos were cultured at 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 and saturated humidity for 8 days. Cleavage rates were 86, 90, 88, and 91% respectively, for control, maturation, fertilization and culture groups. The blastocyst yield at day 7 was 29, 29, 38 and, 36% (P < 0.05) hatched blastocyst yield at day 9 was 21, 25, 27, and 29% (P < 0.05) in the control group and treatments, respectively. Results demonstrated that the addition of cysteamine to the fertilization or culture medium improved blastocyst production.
Building a Better Body of Evidence: New Opportunities to Strengthen Evaluation Utilization

A useful evaluation of an education program is one that adds to the body of timely, relevant evidence to increase the likelihood that policy decisions improve program performance. This definition focuses on performance rather than change and recognizes that studies can’t guarantee the use of their findings but can only increase the likelihood of such use. Adding to the body of sound program evidence is the evaluators’ main method for influencing programs. Unprecedented congressional demand for scientifically sound evaluation evidence will lead investigators to conduct experiments and systematic reviews to rigorously answer causal program questions. But not all questions related to improving education program performance are causal, and other useful methodologies utilize scientifically valid, large-scale surveys and case studies to evaluate program outcomes and better understand implementation. The experience of the U.S. Department of Education demonstrates that well-designed, timely evaluations using scientifically valid methodologies tailored to important questions can make important contributions to legislative, budget, and administrative decisions to improve the performance of government-funded programs.
Correlation Between Women Age And Oocyte Quality, Embryo Formation And

It is documented that there is a decline in female fertility as a function of age. To estimate the eff ect of women age on assisted reproductive technology (ART) outco mes, a total of 1560 in vitro fertilization (IVF) a nd intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were initiated in different age-groups women. (Group 1: age ≤ 25, Group 2: age between 26-30 , Group 3: age between 3 1-35, Group 4: age between 36-40, Group 5: age > 40 ). Patient’s data and pregnancy outcomes were ascertai n d by records review and face-to-face follow-up. A ge, number of retrieved oocytes and matured oocytes, types of ART procedures, number of fertilized oocytes, zygot e and embryo scores, as well as, pregnancy and delivery r ates were evaluated. The results showed a significa tly negative correlation between age of patients and the number of oocytes retrieved (P<0.01), mature oocytes (P<0. 001), and fertilized oocytes (P<0.01) in five agegroups. We found no significantly differences in the number o f mature oocytes in the 26–30 age group with the women who a ged between 31 and 35 (P=0.066). The zygote and emb ryo scores only showed a significant negative correlati on with age in women more than 40 years of age (P ≤ 0.01 for each). However, a statistically negative correlatio n was found between the age of women with clinical pregnancy and delivery rates (P=0.031 and P=0.006, respective ly). No striking differences found in pregnancy rat e between IVF and ICSI procedures (P=0.095 and P=0.117, respe ctively). Our findings recommend that the age-relat ed decline in female fertility by effect on oocyte and embryo quality. The women age negatively influence outcome of assisted reproductive technology treatment.
Flavobacterium gleum, a New Species Found in Human Clinical Specimens

We propose a new species, Flavobacterium gleum. Each of the 12 strains placed in this new species was examined for 129 characteristics, including reactions in 58 enzyme tests (API ZYM System). These bacteria are rod shaped, aerobic, gram negative, and nonmotile and attack carbohydrates oxidatively. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acids of six representative strains is 37.6 ± 1.0 mol%. Most strains of the new species were isolated from human clinical specimens; vaginal specimens were a common source. One of the strains included in the new species (strain NCTC 10795) is a reference strain of the unnamed taxon Flavobacterium species group IIb. The type strain is strain F93 (= NCTC 11432).