Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Syntax-Guided Controlled Generation of Paraphrases

Abstract Given a sentence (e.g., “I like mangoes”) and a constraint (e.g., sentiment flip), the goal of controlled text generation is to produce a sentence that adapts the input sentence to meet the requirements of the constraint (e.g., “I hate mangoes”). Going beyond such simple constraints, recent work has started exploring the incorporation of complex syntactic-guidance as constraints in the task of controlled paraphrase generation. In these methods, syntactic-guidance is sourced from a separate exemplar sentence. However, these prior works have only utilized limited syntactic information available in the parse tree of the exemplar sentence. We address this limitation in the paper and propose Syntax Guided Controlled Paraphraser (SGCP), an end-to-end framework for syntactic paraphrase generation. We find that Sgcp can generate syntax-conforming sentences while not compromising on relevance. We perform extensive automated and human evaluations over multiple real-world English language datasets to demonstrate the efficacy of Sgcp over state-of-the-art baselines. To drive future research, we have made Sgcp’s source code available.1
THE DIRECTED ISOLATION OF MUTANTS PRODUCING INCREASED AMOUNTS OF METABOLITES

A method is described whereby mutants having a directed increased yield of a metabolite may readily be isolated. A culture of bacterial cells is exposed to a gradient concentration of an antimetabolite that is inhibitory to the growth of the organism and mutants are isolated which survive because of an increased yield of the metabolite. This increased yield may be several times that formed by the parent culture. Techniques and results for increasing the yields of pyridoxine, nicotinic acid and thiamine are described.
Information-theoretic analysis for transfer learning

Transfer learning, or domain adaptation, is concerned with machine learning problems in which training and testing data come from possibly different distributions (denoted as μ and μ', respectively). In this work, we give an informationtheoretic analysis on the generalization error and the excess risk of transfer learning algorithms, following a line of work initiated by Russo and Zhou. Our results suggest, perhaps as expected, that the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence D(μ║μ') plays an important role in characterizing the generalization error in the settings of domain adaptation. Specifically, we provide generalization error upper bounds for general transfer learning algorithms, and extend the results to a specific empirical risk minimization (ERM) algorithm where data from both distributions are available in the training phase. We further apply the method to iterative, noisy gradient descent algorithms, and obtain upper bounds which can be easily calculated, only using parameters from the learning algorithms. A few illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the results. In particular, our bound is tighter in specific classification problems than the bound derived using Rademacher complexity.
Gas Kinematics of the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 Revealed by ALMA

We study the gas kinematics and dynamics of the massive protocluster G286.21+0.17 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array using spectral lines of C18O(2–1), (3–2), (3–2), and (3–2). On the parsec clump scale, C18O emission appears highly filamentary around the systemic velocity, and are more closely associated with the dust continuum, and is strongly concentrated toward the protocluster center, where no or only weak detection is seen for and , possibly due to this region being at a relatively evolved evolutionary stage. Spectra of 76 continuum-defined dense cores, typically a few 1000 au in size, are analyzed to measure their centroid velocities and internal velocity dispersions. There are no statistically significant velocity offsets of the cores among the different dense gas tracers. Furthermore, the majority (71%) of the dense cores have subthermal velocity offsets with respect to their surrounding, lower-density C18O-emitting gas. Within the uncertainties, the dense cores in G286 show internal kinematics that are consistent with being in virial equilibrium. On clump scales, the core-to-core velocity dispersion is also similar to that required for virial equilibrium in the protocluster potential. However, the distribution in velocity of the cores is largely composed of two spatially distinct groups, which indicates that the dense molecular gas has not yet relaxed to virial equilibrium, perhaps due to there being recent/continuous infall into the system.
Receptor based models for spontaneous colour choices in flies and butterflies

Colour is one of several stimuli used by herbivorous insects in host choice. Insects have between 2 and 5 different types of photoreceptors to catch quanta of different wavelengths of the spectrum. Many insects have been shown to possess opponent neural interactions between the receptors that enable them to see colour. I present simple models to describe colour choices as functions of the receptor quantum catches and linear interactions of the receptor types. Models are applied to data sets obtained from own experiments and from the literature, on Pieris brassicae and P. rapae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), Papilio aegeus (Papilionidae), Dacus oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae) and Eristalis tenax (Syrphidae). In fruit flies, detection of green fruit is based on an inhibitory interaction between a green‐sensitive receptor type and a blue‐sensitive receptor type. This might explain the preference many herbivorous insects have for yellow over green stimuli. Pollen feeding in hoverflies might have evolved from yellow pollen being a super‐normal stimulus for herbivorous insects. In butterflies, an additional red‐receptor is involved in the colour choice for an oviposition substratum and leads to them choosing green and not yellow. The models introduced in this study open new perspective for a physiological understanding of the design of visual stimuli for monitoring and trapping pest insects.
Differential production of thaxtomins by pathogenic Streptomyces species in vitro

Streptomyces scabies and S. acidiscabies, causal agents of potato scab, produced the phytotoxin thaxtomin A and, to a lesser extent, other thaxtomins in oatmeal broth (OMB). Two nonpathogenic strains, Streptomyces lividans TK 24 and Streptomyces sp. 84-05, did not produce thaxtomins in OMB. Though thaxtomin A was produced by S. scabies strain 87-22 in potato broth, fresh potato starch, and some commercial starch preparations, production was much greater in OMB than in other media tested. Thaxtomin A was not produced in Luria broth or tryptic soy broth. Production of thaxtomin A by 87-22 was suppressed by 0.5 % glucose in OMB but was stimulated by up to 5.0 % glucose in oatmeal agar. Streptomyces scabies strain 87-22 produced 4.25 μg thaxtomin A per milliliter of OMB while strain 84-34 produced 0.17 μg per milliliter of OMB. Streptomyces acidiscabies strains 84-110 and 90-25 produced similar amounts of thaxtomin A, 2.65 and 4.45 μg per milliliter of OMB, respectively. Strain 87-22 was much more virulent on tubers of Chippewa, a scab-susceptible potato cultivar, than was strain 84-34. A tuber slice bioassay was useful for detection of thaxtomins in culture media and for identifying pathogenic Streptomyces strains
Desert Granivore Foraging and Its Impact on Seed Densities and Distributions

Field experiments were conducted to determine the foraging behaviors of granivorous desert ants and rodents and to ascertain the impact of these foraging efforts on the density and distribution of seeds in the soil. Foraging experiments were performed which involved providing seeds within taxon—specific enclosures in scattered and clumped distribution on the soil surface and 1.5 cm below the surface. These experiments indicated that ants only foraged on the surface, whereas rodents were able to garner seeds from below the ground. Ants foraged °85% of the experimental seed distributions on the surface and were able to retrieve °45% of the seeds they detected during any 24—h experimental run. Rodents detected 100% of all distributions and got °96% of the seeds from all distributions except scattered/belowground, from which they gathered only 75% of the seeds. Three—year experiments using exclosures which excluded either ants, rodents, both taxa, or neither taxon, indicated that either taxon alone, or both taxon together, have a severe impact on the density of seeds in the soil. When neither is present, seed densities remain high. Furthermore, any combination of granivores greatly reduces the number of samples with either high numbers of seeds or high biomass of seeds, although the ants tend to leave a greater number of large clumps of seeds than the rodents. Clumping indices are also extremely high in the absence of granivores. In opposition to the apparently detrimental effect of seed use by the granivores, surface seed—caching by rodents appears to enhance seed germination.
Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Turkic Languages

There has been an increasing interest in learning cross-lingual word embeddings to transfer knowledge obtained from a resource-rich language, such as English, to lower-resource languages for which annotated data is scarce, such as Turkish, Russian, and many others. In this paper, we present the first viability study of established techniques to align monolingual embedding spaces for Turkish, Uzbek, Azeri, Kazakh and Kyrgyz, members of the Turkic family which is heavily affected by the low-resource constraint. Those techniques are known to require little explicit supervision, mainly in the form of bilingual dictionaries, hence being easily adaptable to different domains, including low-resource ones. We obtain new bilingual dictionaries and new word embeddings for these languages and show the steps for obtaining cross-lingual word embeddings using state-of-the-art techniques. Then, we evaluate the results using the bilingual dictionary induction task. Our experiments confirm that the obtained bilingual dictionaries outperform previously-available ones, and that word embeddings from a low-resource language can benefit from resource-rich closely-related languages when they are aligned together. Furthermore, evaluation on an extrinsic task (Sentiment analysis on Uzbek) proves that monolingual word embeddings can, although slightly, benefit from cross-lingual alignments.
Disentangling in Latent Space by Harnessing a Pretrained Generator

Learning disentangled representations of data is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. Specifically, disentangled latent representations allow generative models to control and compose the disentangled factors in the synthesis process. Current methods, however, require extensive supervision and training, or instead, noticeably compromise quality. In this paper, we present a method that learn show to represent data in a disentangled way, with minimal supervision, manifested solely using available pre-trained networks. Our key insight is to decouple the processes of disentanglement and synthesis, by employing a leading pre-trained unconditional image generator, such as StyleGAN. By learning to map into its latent space, we leverage both its state-of-the-art quality generative power, and its rich and expressive latent space, without the burden of training it.We demonstrate our approach on the complex and high dimensional domain of human heads. We evaluate our method qualitatively and quantitatively, and exhibit its success with de-identification operations and with temporal identity coherency in image sequences. Through this extensive experimentation, we show that our method successfully disentangles identity from other facial attributes, surpassing existing methods, even though they require more training and supervision.
BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LETTUCE MOSAIC POTYVIRUS ISOLATES FROM THE SALINAS VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA

Recent lettuce mosaic outbreaks in the Salinas Valley of California have been attributed to the emergence or introduction of necrosis-inducing or severe strains of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). A combination of molecular, serological, and biological methods were used to characterize LMV isolates associated with these outbreaks, including 5 putative necrosis-inducing isolates and a type LMV isolate. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein (CP) N-terminal region (referred to here as the hypervariable [HV] region) did not indicate the presence of distinct strains. The amino acid identities of CP-HV ranged from 88 to 98%, and the sequences of the 5 putative necrosis-inducing isolates were no more identical to each other than they were to those of the other LMV isolates nor did they share common amino acid residues not present in the other isolates. All isolates were classified as pathotype II based on virulence on lettuce differential cultivars. Under the conditions of these inoculations, all isolates induced necrotic symptoms on susceptible cultivars. Induction of necrosis was attributed to host and environmental factors rather than to viral variability. Taken together, these results failed to indicate that new highly virulent LMV strains (pathotypes) are responsible for the recent lettuce mosaic outbreaks. This study illustrates the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction in the characterization of viral variability and establishes that individual isolates of a potyvirus strain may show as much as 12% divergence in the CP-HV region without changes in biological properties.
Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in “Nonmerging” Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-Ray Spectroscopy

We have analyzed the broadband X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in two “nonmerging” luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), UGC 2608 and NGC 5135, utilizing the data of Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, Suzaku, XMM-Newton, and Chandra. Applying the X-ray clumpy-torus model (XCLUMPY), we find that both sources have similar spectra characterized by Compton-thick (CT) absorption ( ∼ 5–7 × 1024 cm−2) and small torus angular width (σ < 20°). The intrinsic 2–10 keV luminosities are × 1043 erg s−1 (UGC 2608) and × 1043 erg s−1 (NGC 5135). The [O iv]-to-nuclear-12 μm luminosity ratios are larger than those of typical Seyferts, which are consistent with the torus covering factors ( 0.7) estimated from the torus angular widths and column densities by X-ray spectroscopy. The torus covering factors and Eddington ratios ( ∼ 0.1) follow the relation found by Ricci et al. for local AGNs, implying that their tori become geometrically thin, due to significant radiation pressure of the AGN that blows out some part of the tori. These results indicate that the CT AGNs in these “nonmerger” LIRGs are just a normal AGN population seen edge-on through a large line-of-sight column density. They are in contrast to the buried CT AGNs in late-stage mergers that have large torus covering factors even at large Eddington ratios.
Completing partial Latin squares with two filled rows and three filled columns

Consider a partial Latin square $P$ where the first two rows and first three columns are completely filled, and every other cell of $P$ is empty. It has been conjectured that all such partial Latin squares of order at least $8$ are completable. Based on a technique by Kuhl and McGinn we describe a framework for completing partial Latin squares in this class. Moreover, we use our method for proving that all partial Latin squares from this family, where the intersection of the nonempty rows and columns form a Latin rectangle with three distinct symbols, is completable.
Environmental correlates of geographical variation in skull and mandible shape of the punaré rat Thrichomys apereoides (Rodentia: Echimyidae)

The pattern of correlations between geographic–environmental variables and geometric shape descriptors for the skull and mandible of Thrichomys apereoides was studied by recently developed combinations of geometry and multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental variables were obtained for each locality: altitude, mean temperature, rainfall, human population density, and vegetation type. The three views of the skull (dorsal, lateral and ventral) and the mandible were significantly associated with a latitudinal environmental gradient along the diagonal of open areas (caatinga and cerrado) throughout the range sampled. The populations from xeric environments presented relatively larger coronoid processes, larger jugals and wider snouts (related to the activity of jaw closing muscles). A correlation of patterns of shape variation from data sets of different skull views showed that lateral skull shape is the most informative view. Further studies are necessary to separate completely the contribution of genetic and environmental components to skull and mandible shape divergence among populations of T. apereoides.
Cultivation of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Determination of its Harvest Time to Make Use as the Raw Material for Fermentation, Practiced during Rainy Season in Dry Land of Indonesia

Abstract We cultivated sweet sorghum cultivars – Wray, Keller and Rio – to confirm the feasibility of cultivation in dry land of Indonesia for monosodium glutamate (MSG) production. Stem yield of Wray was 4,790 ~ 6,593 g m−2. Sweet sorghum reached anthesis at 73 days after sowing (DAS) and was harvested 3.5 months after sowing. Stem length increased to 36 DAS, then rapidly to 320 cm by 80 DAS. Stem diameter reached 18 mm by 36 DAS. Stems enlarged for 1 month, then elongated. Thinning and weeding for 1 month after sowing produced heavy-stem plants with high yield because stem length and diameter determine stem volume and yield. Stem sugar weight increased after anthesis and reached a peak at 26–33 days after anthesis (DAA). Grain grew until 26 DAA and dried. It was harvestable after 30 DAA. Stem sugar content closely correlated with Brix indicating its value as an index of sugar in stem juice. Consequently, the optimum harvest time is determined by measuring Brix after 30 DAA (103 DAS). Yields were highest in cv. Wray: stems (4,790 g m−2) and sugar (286 g m−2). The juice extraction rate was ca. 50% by single-step milling without imbibition water. Using imbibition water and multiple milling steps can provide more than 400 g m−2 of sugar with a greater than 75% juice extraction ratio. Grain yield of other cultivars was similar to cv. Wray’s 238 g m−2. Sweet sorghum could be cultivated on dry land in the rainy season.
Slender phoretic theory of chemically active filaments

Artificial microswimmers, or ‘microbots’, have the potential to revolutionise non-invasive medicine and microfluidics. Microbots that are powered by self-phoretic mechanisms, such as Janus particles, often harness a solute fuel in their environment. Traditionally, self-phoretic particles are point like, but slender phoretic rods have become an increasingly prevalent design. While there has been substantial interest in creating efficient asymptotic theories for slender phoretic rods, hitherto such theories have been restricted to straight rods with axisymmetric patterning. However, modern manufacturing methods will soon allow fabrication of slender phoretic filaments with complex three-dimensional shapes. In this paper, we develop a slender body theory for the solute of self-diffusiophoretic filaments of arbitrary three-dimensional shape and patterning. We demonstrate analytically that, unlike other slender body theories, first-order azimuthal variations arising from curvature and confinement can make a leading-order contribution to the swimming kinematics.
Trade-offs between Error Exponents and Excess-Rate Exponents of Typical Slepian–Wolf Codes

Typical random codes (TRCs) in a communication scenario of source coding with side information in the decoder is the main subject of this work. We study the semi-deterministic code ensemble, which is a certain variant of the ordinary random binning code ensemble. In this code ensemble, the relatively small type classes of the source are deterministically partitioned into the available bins in a one-to-one manner. As a consequence, the error probability decreases dramatically. The random binning error exponent and the error exponent of the TRCs are derived and proved to be equal to one another in a few important special cases. We show that the performance under optimal decoding can be attained also by certain universal decoders, e.g., the stochastic likelihood decoder with an empirical entropy metric. Moreover, we discuss the trade-offs between the error exponent and the excess-rate exponent for the typical random semi-deterministic code and characterize its optimal rate function. We show that for any pair of correlated information sources, both error and excess-rate probabilities exponential vanish when the blocklength tends to infinity.
NeuroAttack: Undermining Spiking Neural Networks Security through Externally Triggered Bit-Flips

Due to their proven efficiency, machine-learning systems are deployed in a wide range of complex real-life problems. More specifically, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emerged as a promising solution to the accuracy, resource-utilization, and energy-efficiency challenges in machine-learning systems. While these systems are going mainstream, they have inherent security and reliability issues. In this paper, we propose NeuroAttack, a cross-layer attack that threatens the SNNs integrity by exploiting low-level reliability issues through a high-level attack. Particularly, we trigger a fault-injection based sneaky hardware backdoor through a carefully crafted adversarial input noise. Our results on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and SNNs show a serious integrity threat to state-of-the art machine-learning techniques.
Effect of exogenous enzyme on in vitro fermentation of sesame straw by rumen bacteria culture

To investigate the effect of exogenous enzymes on fermentation and in vitro rumen anaerobic bacterial growth, sesame straw (SS) was treated with 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/kg exogenous enzyme. Enzyme increased disappearance of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre of SS by bacteria in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). Highest level of enzyme resulted in the highest gas production, metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility, ammonia-N and short chain fatty acid concentrations. It may be concluded that the growth and activity of rumen anaerobic bacteria on SS is favourably influenced by exogenous enzyme content.
Universal Adversarial Perturbations: A Survey

Over the past decade, Deep Learning has emerged as a useful and efficient tool to solve a wide variety of complex learning problems ranging from image classification to human pose estimation, which is challenging to solve using statistical machine learning algorithms. However, despite their superior performance, deep neural networks are susceptible to adversarial perturbations, which can cause the network's prediction to change without making perceptible changes to the input image, thus creating severe security issues at the time of deployment of such systems. Recent works have shown the existence of Universal Adversarial Perturbations, which, when added to any image in a dataset, misclassifies it when passed through a target model. Such perturbations are more practical to deploy since there is minimal computation done during the actual attack. Several techniques have also been proposed to defend the neural networks against these perturbations. In this paper, we attempt to provide a detailed discussion on the various data-driven and data-independent methods for generating universal perturbations, along with measures to defend against such perturbations. We also cover the applications of such universal perturbations in various deep learning tasks.