Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does More Math in High School Increase the Share of Female Stem Workers? Evidence from a Curriculum Reform

This paper studies the consequences of a curriculum reform of the last two years of high school in one of the German federal states on the share of male and female students who complete degrees in STEM subjects and who later work in STEM occupations. The reform had two important aspects: (i) it equalized all students' exposure to math by making advanced math compulsory in the last two years of high school; and (ii) it roughly doubled the instruction time and increased the level of instruction in math and the natural sciences for some 80 percent of students, more so for females than for males. Our results provide some evidence that the reform had positive effects on the share of men completing STEM degrees and later working in STEM occupations but no such effects for women. The positive effects for men appear to be driven by a positive effect for engineering and computer science, which was partly counteracted by a negative effect for math and physics.
Structural, textural and acid–base properties of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatites

Carbonate-containing hydroxyapatites with different Ca/P ratios and optionally containing Na+ cations were successfully synthesized using a precipitation method. The solids were extensively characterized by XRD, LEIS, XPS, IR, TGA and NMR. Further, their acid–base properties were determined by NH3-TPD, PEA-XPS, CO2-TPD and by pulsed liquid chromatography using benzoic acid as a probe. The so-obtained structural, textural and acid–base properties could be finely correlated to give a clear picture of the system. The acidic properties of hydroxyapatites were attributed to Ca2+, surface HPO42− and OH− vacancies and the basic properties were attributed to PO43−, OH− and CaO species. The fine-tuning of the amount, of the nature and the strength of acid–base properties derived by varying the carbonate content in hydroxyapatites can find applications in catalysis, which was illustrated by isopropanol reactivity.
RESEARCH NOTE: A Late Holocene geomagnetic secular variation record from Erhai Lake, southwest China

A secular variation record of the geomagnetic field direction for the last 6.5 kyr has been obtained from the magnetization of sediment cores from Erhai Lake, southwest China. In order to make a comparison with this record, secular variation in east-central China was investigated by combining available magnetic field data from historical records and archaeomagnetic measurements since about 350 Be. The secular variation in Erhai Lake shows features consistent with the combined record, except for the oldest three observed declination swings in Sian from 720 to 900 AD. Many features of declination and inclination in China also occur in Japan. From 500 to 1000 AD, declination was westerly ranging from about -20 degrees to -5 degrees in Erhai Lake, east-central China, and Japan.
Robots and Firms

We study the implications of robot adoption at the level of individual firms using a rich panel data-set of Spanish manufacturing firms over a 27-year period (1990-2016). We focus on three central questions: (1) Which firms adopt robots? (2) What are the labor market effects of robot adoption at the firm level? (3) How does firm heterogeneity in robot adoption affect the industry equilibrium? To address these questions, we look at our data through the lens of recent attempts in the literature to formalize the implications of robot technology. As for the first question, we establish robust evidence that ex-ante larger and more productive firms are more likely to adopt robots, while ex-ante more skill-intensive firms are less likely to do so. As for the second question, we find that robot adoption generates substantial output gains in the vicinity of 20-25% within four years, reduces the labor cost share by 5-7%-points, and leads to net job creation at a rate of 10%. These results are robust to controlling for non-random selection into robot adoption through a difference-in-differences approach combined with a propensity score reweighting estimator. Finally, we reveal substantial job losses in firms that do not adopt robots, and a productivity-enhancing reallocation of labor across firms, away from non-adopters, and toward adopters.
Estimation of Willingness to Accept Airport Noise by Contingent Valuation Approach

This paper presents evidence on the valuation of airport noise in the case of Bangkok Suvarnabhumi International Airport. Using contingent valuation approach, interview data were collected from on-campus faculty and staff residence of KMITL, a major university located just north of the airport runway, and analyzed to determine the residents’ willingness to accept (WTA) airport noise. The results show that the average WTA of the current noise level is 6,439 Baht per month, that the reduction by half in noise intensity and flight frequency, and the nighttime flight ban would decrease WTA by 3,932, 3,487, and 3,660 Baht per month respectively, and that interaction effects of these attributes are significant. These results can inform the formulation of compensation plan for parties affected by airport noise, which will likely increase in the near future, due to the airport expansion.
Silence is Safest: Information Disclosure When the Audience's Preferences are Uncertain

We examine voluntary disclosure when the firm (“sender”) is risk-averse and uncertain about audience preferences. We show that some firms stay silent in equilibrium, in contrast to classic “unravelling” results. Silence reduces the sensitivity of a firm’s payoff to audiences’ preferences, which is attractive to risk-averse firms, i.e., “silence is safest. ” Increases in firm risk-aversion reduce disclosure by firm-types who bear a higher risk under disclosure. In contrast, silence imposes risk on the audience, and consequently, increases in audience risk-aversion increase disclosure. We discuss applications to corporate non-disclosure, and to regulatory rules mandating that disclosure be entirely public.
Diagnosing Emerging Science : The Cases New Science of Networks and Scientometrics

What is emerging science, and how can it be measured if a eld, subeld, or subject area is emerging? Often emerging science is diagnosed as a research front using citation analysis. Bettencourt et al. employ collaboration analysis and concentrate on structural properties of the process of emergence itself. According to the model the establishment of a paradigm in a eld shows as a topological transition in its social structure. In this paper the model will be applied to the New Science of Networks and the Field of Scientometrics. Di erences in their evolutionary processes show as expected. Model and methods of network and scaling analysis are discussed against the background of science studies, percolation theory, and relational sociology. A de nition of emerging science, based on social structural concepts, is given. Special attention is paid to the self-similarity of the science system. E ects of using di erent counting methods on the results are also discussed.
Shear induced collective diffusivity in an emulsion of viscous drops using dynamic structure factor: effects of viscosity ratio

The shear induced collective diffusivity in an emulsion of viscous drops, specifically as a function of viscosity ratio, was numerically computed. An initially randomly packed layer of viscous drops spreading due to drop-drop interactions in an imposed shear has been simulated. The shear induced collective diffusivity coefficient was computed using a self-similar solution of the drop concentration profile. We also obtained the collective diffusivity computing the dynamic structure factor from the simulated drop positions--an analysis typically applied only to homogeneous systems. The two quantities computed using different methods are in agreement including their predictions of nonmonotonic variations with increasing capillary number and viscosity ratio. The computed values were also found to match with past measurements. The gradient diffusivity coefficient computed here was expectedly one order of magnitude larger than the self-diffusivity coefficient for a dilute emulsion previously computed using pair-wise simulation of viscous drops. Although self-diffusivity computed previously showed nonmonotonic variation with capillary number, its variation with viscosity ratio is in contrast to nonmonotonic variation of gradient diffusivity found here. The difference in variation could arise from drops not reaching equilibrium deformation between interactions--an effect absent in the pair-wise simulation used for computation of self-diffusivity--or from an intrinsic difference in physics underlying the two diffusivities. We offer a qualitative explanation of the nonmonotonic variation by relating it to average nonmonotonic drop deformation. We also provide empirical correlations of the collective diffusivity as a function of viscosity ratio and capillary number.
One-armed Spiral Instability in Double-degenerate Post-merger Accretion Disks

Increasing observational and theoretical evidence points to binary white dwarf (WD) mergers as the origin of some, if not most, normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). In this paper, we discuss the post-merger evolution of binary WD mergers and their relevance to the double-degenerate channel of SNe Ia. We present 3D simulations of carbon–oxygen (C/O) WD binary systems undergoing unstable mass transfer, where we vary both the total mass and the mass ratio. We demonstrate that these systems generally give rise to a one-armed gravitational spiral instability. The spiral density modes transport mass and angular momentum in the disk even in the absence of a magnetic field and are most pronounced in systems with secondary-to-primary mass ratios larger than 0.6. We further analyze carbon burning in these systems to assess the possibility of detonation. Unlike the case of a C/O WD binary, we find that WD binary systems with lower mass and smaller mass ratios do not detonate as SNe Ia up to ∼8–22 outer dynamical times. Two additional models do, however, undergo net heating, and their secular increase in temperature could possibly result in a detonation on timescales longer than those considered here.
Pre-Service Teachers' Mathematical Horizon: The Case of an Irregular Hexagon.

This paper analyses pre-service secondary mathematics teachers’ responses to a hypothetical situation concerning a student’s struggle to determine the area of an irregular hexagon. The analysis focuses on individuals’ Knowledge at the Mathematical Horizon, as it relates to philosophical notions of inner and outer horizons. Specifically, the paper attends to common features in participants’ understanding of the mathematical task, and explores the interplay between their personal solving strategies and professed preferences when advising a student. Implications for teacher education and further avenues of research are suggested.
Obsessive Patients and Deontological Guilt: A Review

In line with the Appraisal Theories of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), in this review we present some experiments aimed at demonstrating the role of fear of guilt in OCD. What kind of guilt do OC patients want to prevent? Several studies suggest the existence of two different types of guilt emotions, namely deontological guilt and altruistic guilt. This research suggests that the former, more than the latter, is involved in OCD. Moreover, it demonstrates that the deontological guilt is related to disgust, and that this relationship could explain why both fear of contamination and fear of guilt are often co-present in obsessive patients. Finally, research shows that the Not Just Right Experience (NJRE) in OCD can be influenced by the deontological guilt. Future research should further verify the actual role of deontological guilt in OCD, and its therapeutical implications.
1 Stages in Writing

Writing professional documents requires finding relevant related information. Although the availability of information constantly increases, seeking for information relevant for the task is not easy. A Proactive Recommendation System (PRS) retrieves information relevant to the written text and presents it without user intervention. The information presented can improve the quality of the text, but can also interrupt the process of writing. We investigated the impact of a PRS on writing in comparison to active seeking situations. We explored the effects of both ways to access information (active versus proactive) during the different stages of writing. The results suggest that people need to access information especially in the first stage of writing: planning. Participants found that proactive presentation of relevant information is more useful and less disturbing during planning.
Should low skilled work be subsidized ? an inquiry within the extensive model

A number of countries have implemented variants of a negative income tax, to push the less skilled members of the economy into work, or to make work pay in comparison with welfare bene ts. In most cases, these measures have resulted for the concerned groups in a decrease of the tax rates, that remain positive, rather than in a subsidy, in conformity with the standard recommendations of the theory of optimal taxation. Indeed in the Mirrlees setup (continuous labor supply or intensive margin, unobserved productivity, utilitarian planner) the marginal tax rate is non negative at the optimum. It is known however mainly through examples, see in particular Diamond (1980), that in the extensive model it may be optimal to subsidize low skilled labor. The purpose of the paper is to study more systematically the second best optimal tax schedules in the extensive model when the planner has a utilitarian objective. We nd a large class of economies and planner objectives where it is optimal to have the low skilled work more than in the laissez-faire: their net income at work is larger than the sum of the subsistence income they would get when not working and of their productivity (here the cost of their labor to their employer). This property holds when both income e ects and the social weights attached to the unemployed are not too large. We hope that these results help towards providing some theoretical foundations for low skilled work subsidy, and extending the scope of welfare to work programs. JEL classi cation numbers: H21, H31.
Study on Peeling Behavior in Pick-up Process of IC Chip with Adhesive Tapes

A method to evaluate pick-up performance of four kinds of adhesive tape materials with different thickness has been studied numerically and experimentally. Needles peel an IC chip with an adhesive film off the base material in the pick-up process, by pushing the back of the base material. In our evaluation method, the dependence of the peel energy on the peel speed was measured using a peel test. The finite element method was applied to calculate the energy release rate of the pick-up process for various peel lengths. The pick-up time was obtained from the results of the peel tests and the finite element analysis. Our results indicate that the peel energy is the dominant property influencing the pick-up performance, and the difference in energy release rate in the pick-up process between the samples is not significant. Furthermore, the minimum needle displacement was estimated from the calculated pick-up time using our method. The minimum needle displacement of the experimental pick-up values was in good agreement with the estimated result.
The Impact of Corporate Governance on Value Creation in Entrepreneurial Firms

Introduction The compliance with codes of corporate governance has become the norm for listed firms all over the world. In most countries, Entrepreneurial firms do not have to comply with such codes but it has been argued that such codes should also apply to these small medium enterprises (SMEs). Since corporate governance forms the environment for the internal activities of a company and appropriate environmental conditions are crucial for corporate entrepreneurship to flourish in a company, it is apt that these two topics be discussed in relation with each other. Corporate governance mechanisms may dampen value creation in firms if appropriate measures are mandated by the regulators. This paper examines the implications of the extension of corporate governance principles to SMEs and the impact this will have on value creation through corporate entrepreneurship.
Affordable and Adequate Annuities with Stable Payouts: Fantasy or Reality?

This paper introduces a class of unit-linked annuities that extends existing annuities by allowing portfolio shocks to be gradually absorbed into the annuity payouts. Consequently, our new class enables insurers to offer an affordable and adequate annuity with a stable payout stream. We show how to price and adequately hedge the annuity payouts in a general financial environment. In particular, our model accounts for various stylized facts of stock returns such as asymmetry and heavy-tailedness. Furthermore, the generality of our framework makes it possible to explore the impact of a parameter misspecification on the annuity price and the hedging performance.
Smoothed Isotonic Estimators of a Monotone Baseline Hazard in the Cox Model

We consider the smoothed maximum likelihood estimator and the smoothed Grenander‐type estimator for a monotone baseline hazard rate λ 0 in the Cox model. We analyze their asymptotic behaviour and show that they are asymptotically normal at rate nm/(2m+1), when λ 0 is m≥2 times continuously differentiable, and that both estimators are asymptotically equivalent. Finally, we present numerical results on pointwise confidence intervals that illustrate the comparable behaviour of the two methods.
Mindfulness and Taking Action to Start a New Business*

Mindfulness, meaning a receptive attention to and awareness of present events and experience, is reported to have a wide range of benefits, but it has been suggested that it could prove costly in terms of task performance. This article analyzes how dispositional mindfulness relates to taking entrepreneurial action. Based on two waves of survey data, we find that mindful individuals are less likely to engage in entrepreneurial action than less mindful individuals, but when they do start to act, they take as many actions as individuals who score low on trait mindfulness, and even more if they have entrepreneurial experience.
Valuing flexibility in electro-intensive industries: the case of an aluminum smelter

Electro-intensive industries account for a significant proportion of the total industrial electricity consumption, and these industries usually possess co-generation assets, which can supply at least part of their energy needs. However, due to price uncertainty, it may be optimal for the firm to temporarily suspend production and sell the available energy. If this strategy creates value, governments can create incentives through price signals for these firms to take their plants offline and increase the supply of electricity during times of shortage. This study analyzes the case of an aluminum plant that has the choice of temporarily suspending operations and models its managerial flexibility as a bundle of European switch options. The suspension and modeling would occur under two simultaneous situations, uncertainty and asymmetric state switching costs under the real options approach, to determine whether the changes add value to the firm. The results indicate that this flexibility can add significant value to the firm.
Drop splashing is independent of substrate wetting

A liquid drop impacting a dry solid surface with sufficient kinetic energy will splash, breaking apart into numerous secondary droplets. This phenomenon shows many similarities to forced wetting, including the entrainment of air at the contact line. Because of these similarities and the fact that forced wetting has been shown to depend on the wetting properties of the surface, existing theories predict splashing to depend on wetting properties as well. However, using high-speed interference imaging we observe that at high capillary numbers wetting properties have no effect on splashing for various liquid-surface combinations. Additionally, by fully resolving the Navier-Stokes equations at length and time scales inaccessible to experiments, we find that the shape and motion of the air-liquid interface at the contact line at the edge of the droplet are independent of wettability. We use these findings to evaluate existing theories and to compare splashing with forced wetting.
Unconventional scaling of the superfluid density with the critical temperature in transition metal dichalcogenides

Pressure effect in NbSe2 resembles hallmark features of unconventional superconductivity in cuprates. We report on muon spin rotation experiments probing the magnetic penetration depth λ(T) in the layered superconductors in 2H-NbSe2 and 4H-NbSe2. The current results, along with our earlier findings on 1T′-MoTe2 (Guguchia et al.), demonstrate that the superfluid density scales linearly with Tc in the three transition metal dichalcogenide superconductors. Upon increasing pressure, we observe a substantial increase of the superfluid density in 2H-NbSe2, which we find to correlate with Tc. The correlation deviates from the abovementioned linear trend. A similar deviation from the Uemura line was also observed in previous pressure studies of optimally doped cuprates. This correlation between the superfluid density and Tc is considered a hallmark feature of unconventional superconductivity. Here, we show that this correlation is an intrinsic property of the superconductivity in transition metal dichalcogenides, whereas the ratio Tc/TF is approximately a factor of 20 lower than the ratio observed in hole-doped cuprates. We, furthermore, find that the values of the superconducting gaps are insensitive to the suppression of the charge density wave state.
SURGE’s Evolution Deeper into Formal Representations: The Siren’s Call of Popular Game-Play Mechanics

We have iteratively designed and researched five digital games focusing on Newtonian dynamics for middle school classrooms during the past seven years. The designs have evolved dramatically in terms of the roles and relationships of the formal representations, phenomenological representations, and control schemes. Phenomenological representations can be thought of as the “world” representations that depict the actual actions and motion of a game as they occur (i.e., the central representations in most recreational games). Formal representations highlight the disciplinary relationships of interest from a pedagogical perspective (such as vector arrows, graphs, and dot traces). Our initial design perspective focused on highlighting the formal physics relationships within popular game-play mechanics. This perspective prioritized a commitment to the phenomenological representations and controls of recreational games, specifically marble-genre games. We designed formal representations around and over the phenomenological representations of that genre. Over the next seven years, we navigated the tensions between the original recreational genre and creating a new genre situated within the formal representations themselves. More specifically, our designs evolved to situate the game-play squarely in the formal representations in terms of the controls as well as in terms of the communication of goals and challenges. We backgrounded phenomenological representations and streamlined visual complexity to focus on key relationships. Our discussion compares our design evolution to the SimCalc design evolution recounted in IJDL’s recent special issue on historic design cases.