Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cloudy sounding and cloud‐top height retrieval from AIRS alone single field‐of‐view radiance measurements

High‐spectral resolution measurements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the EOS (Earth Observing System) Aqua satellite provide unique information about atmospheric state, surface and cloud properties. This paper presents an AIRS alone single field‐of‐view (SFOV) retrieval algorithm to simultaneously retrieve temperature, humidity and ozone profiles under all weather conditions, as well as cloud‐top pressure (CTP) under cloudy skies. For optically thick cloud conditions the above‐cloud soundings are derived, whereas for clear skies and optically thin cloud conditions the profiles are retrieved from 0.005 hPa down to the earth's surface. Initial validation has been conducted by using the operational MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) product, ECMWF (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) analysis fields and radiosonde observations (RAOBs). These inter‐comparisons clearly demonstrate the potential of this algorithm to process data from high‐spectral infrared (IR) sounder instruments.
Spinal cord interneurons expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor convey itch through VGLUT2-mediated signaling

Abstract Itch is a sensation that promotes the desire to scratch, which can be evoked by mechanical and chemical stimuli. In the spinal cord, neurons expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) have been identified as specific mediators of itch. However, our understanding of the GRPR population in the spinal cord, and thus how these neurons exercise their functions, is limited. For this purpose, we constructed a Cre line designed to target the GRPR population of neurons (Grpr-Cre). Our analysis revealed that Grpr-Cre cells in the spinal cord are predominantly excitatory interneurons that are found in the dorsal lamina, especially in laminae II-IV. Application of the specific agonist gastrin-releasing peptide induced spike responses in 43.3% of the patched Grpr-Cre neurons, where the majority of the cells displayed a tonic firing property. Additionally, our analysis showed that the Grpr-Cre population expresses Vglut2 mRNA, and mice ablated of Vglut2 in Grpr-Cre cells (Vglut2-lox;Grpr-Cre mice) displayed less spontaneous itch and attenuated responses to both histaminergic and nonhistaminergic agents. We could also show that application of the itch-inducing peptide, natriuretic polypeptide B, induces calcium influx in a subpopulation of Grpr-Cre neurons. To summarize, our data indicate that the Grpr-Cre spinal cord neural population is composed of interneurons that use VGLUT2-mediated signaling for transmitting chemical and spontaneous itch stimuli to the next, currently unknown, neurons in the labeled line of itch.
World Federation for Medical Education perspectives on person-centered medicine

Since 1984 the WFME has conducted an “International Programme for the Reorientation of Medical Education”. An important cornerstone in this process was the Edinburgh declaration of 1988 [1], adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1989 [2]. In order to promote the programme and in keeping with its constitutional mandate, the WFME Executive Council in 1998 in a position paper launched its Programme on Global Standards [3]. The purpose was to provide a tool for quality improvement in medical education, which could be of direct assistance to institutions, organisations and national authorities responsible for education and training of medical doctors at all levels throughout the continuum of medical education.
Tuna Longline Fishing around West and Central Pacific Seamounts

Background Seamounts have been identified as aggregating locations for pelagic biodiversity including tuna; however the topography and prevailing oceanography differ between seamounts and not all are important for tuna. Although a relatively common feature in oceanic ecosystems, little information is available that identifies those that are biologically important. Improved knowledge offers opportunities for unique management of these areas, which may advance the sustainable management of oceanic resources. In this study, we evaluate the existence of an association between seamounts and tuna longline fisheries at the ocean basin scale, identify significant seamounts for tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean, and quantify the seamount contribution to the tuna longline catch. Methodology/Principal Findings We use data collected for the Western and Central Pacific Ocean for bigeye, yellowfin, and albacore tuna at the ocean basin scale. GLMs were applied to a coupled dataset of longline fisheries catch and effort, and seamount location information. The analyses show that seamounts may be associated with an annual longline combined catch of 35 thousand tonnes, with higher catch apparent for yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore tuna on 17%, 14%, and 14% of seamounts respectively. In contrast 14%, 18%, and 20% of seamounts had significantly lower catches for yellowfin, bigeye and albacore tuna respectively. Studying catch data in relation to seamount positions presents several challenges such as bias in location of seamounts, or lack of spatial resolution of fisheries data. Whilst we recognize these limitations the criteria used for detecting significant seamounts were conservative and the error in identification is likely to be low albeit unknown. Conclusions/Significance Seamounts throughout the study area were found to either enhance or reduce tuna catch. This indicates that management of seamounts is important Pacific-wide, but management approaches must take account of local conditions. Management of tuna and biodiversity resources in the region would benefit from considering such effects.
Pressure Drops in Horizontal Wells: When Can They Be Ignored?

Horizontal wells are becoming an established method for recovery of oil and gas in reservoirs where these fluids occupy strata that are horizontal or nearly so, a horizontal well offers greater contact area with a productive layer than does a vertical well. Larger contact areas allow lower drawdowns to recover more oil or gas, reducing the potential for both gas and water coning. In addition to reducing coning tendencies, horizontal wells can enhance production by contacting several naturally occurring, vertical fractures. Economics aside, these facts imply that a horizontal well should be as long as possible, and drilling technology now allows wells several thousands of feet long. However, a factor exists that can possibly limit the useful length of a horizontal well: frictional losses in the wellbore. Frictional losses create a pressure drop within a horizontal wellbore. Should this pressure drop be significant relative to drawdown (the difference in pressure between reservoir and wellbore), the pressure far downhole could nearly equal the pressure in the reservoir. Friction can thus reduce productivity. This paper reports guidelines that indicate whether friction matters in a particular well.
Dependence of coefficient K on grain size

An analytical study to develop correlations between wave characteristics and longshore sediment transport along the perimeter of the Adra River Delta (Spain) has been carried out. Wave characteristics are based on visual data and buoy data. Five regions are defined along the delta in view of the grain size, which varies in range 0.33<D50<2.0(mm). Total sediment transport in each region is evaluated from aerial photographs covering a 30‐year period. Calculated K values decrease with increasing D50. A diagram including results taken from other studies together with the present values is given. Although there are appreciable differences between the techniques followed to obtain the data, the diagram shows a consistent variation of K with D50.
Characterizing Coarse‐Scale Representativeness of in situ Soil Moisture Measurements from the International Soil Moisture Network

In situ soil moisture measurements play a key role for a variety of large‐scale applications. A deep understanding of their quality, especially in terms of spatial representativeness, is crucial for reliably using them as reference data. This study assesses random errors in the coarse‐scale representation of in situ soil moisture measurements from more than 1400 globally distributed stations, drawn from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN), using the triple collocation method. The method was applied on the original measurements as well as on soil moisture anomalies. Error estimates were summarized for different networks, depths, and measurement principles and furthermore related to the respective climate class, soil type, average soil moisture condition, and soil moisture variability to find possible relationships between measurement errors and local properties. The average network error varies from about 0.02 to 0.06 m3m−3 with generally increasing error variability with increasing average error. Trends of (i) decreasing errors with increasing measurement depth and of (ii) increasing errors with increasing average soil moisture conditions and soil moisture variability were found for most networks and sensor types. The errors when looking into anomalies are in general lower than for absolute values. No statistically reliable trends for climate‐ and soil texture classes were found. These results highlighted the necessity of developing a comprehensive quality control process for in situ measurements to reliably exploit existing data sets and to select representative sites and sensors most appropriate for the requirements of a particular larger‐scale application.
Integrating 4D Seismic and Geomechanics – A Case Study

A038 Integrating 4D seismic and geomechanics: a case study Abstract 1 Time-lapse (4D) seismic effects have been studied in a depleting gas field. Feasibility studies based on velocitystress relationships derived from core data suggest that large changes in seismic traveltimes may be expected. However our observations from the actual 4D seismic indicate that these effects are significantly smaller than modeled. At the same time timeshifts outside the reservoir zone are observed. These are considered due to geomechanical effects. Geomechanical models of depleting reservoirs predict that as a result of reservoir compaction due to pressure depletion changes in the long-wavelength stress
The Role of a Finite Density Jump at the Bottom of the Quasi-Continuous Ventilated Thermocline

Abstract The ocean thermocline is resolved in a very large number of layers by means of a recursive relation that extends the LPS model of the ventilated flow from a small to an arbitrary number of layers. In order to have simplified dynamics, the basin is semi-infinite in the zonal direction, the thermocline is fully ventilated, and its thickness vanishes at the northern boundary. In this model, the potential vorticity of each layer is shown to be inversely proportional to the Bernoulli function. The high vertical resolution adopted for the thermocline allows the study of the dependence of its motion on the ratio between the density contrast at the sea surface and the density step separating the thermocline bottom from the underlying quiescent abyss. This ratio controls both the nonlinearity and the baroclinicity of the solution. The behavior of the solution as this ratio varies from zero (linear and barotropic case) to infinity (“fully nonlinear” and baroclinic case) is described. The singularity that i.
Oscillatory‐ and sector‐zoned garnets record cyclic (?) rapid thrusting in central Nepal

Garnets with oscillatory zoning (repeated compositional reversals) and sector zoning (crystallographically controlled compositional differences) were discovered in rocks from near the Main Central Thrust in the Langtang region, central Nepal. This zoning results from crystal growth kinetic effects related to extraordinarily rapid, possibly cyclic thrusting. If cyclic thrusting occurred, then timescales of thrust rate inhomogeneities are ∼25 Kyr, implying that satellite determination of modern fault movement rates may not accurately reflect slip rates or strain partitioning in orogens on timescales exceeding thousands of years. Sector zoning in Ca but not Y, Mn, or Mg implies maximum intracrystalline diffusion rates for Ca of ∼10−21 cm2/s at 550°C but faster rates for other elements.
Poststorm Evolution of Beach-Dune Morphology: Padre Island National Seashore, Texas

ABSTRACT Weymer, B.A.; Houser, C. , and Giardino, J.R. , 2015. Poststorm evolution of beach-dune morphology: Padre Island National Seashore, Texas. The response and recovery of barrier islands to extreme storms and ultimately to relative sea-level rise depends on the height and extent of the foredunes relative to storm surge. The impact of storms is complicated by the tendency of dune morphology to vary alongshore at a range of spatial scales, and it is reasonable to assume that this variable response will be preserved within subsurface stratigraphy. We used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and vibracores to investigate subsurface structures for foredunes of different heights within a 2.5-km section of beach at Padre Island National Seashore, Texas. Identical, laterally continuous radar reflectors were observed at each site at a depth of ~1.2 m and interpreted as a storm surface. Results from the smallest dune suggest that the dune experienced little net erosion during the storm but also exhibited the least recovery. The intermediate dune was completely eroded by the storm but also exhibited the greatest recovery through the migration of accretionary mounds driven by aeolian transport, leading to the development of embryo dunes forming the modern dune core. The largest dune was scoured at the base and experienced little poststorm recovery, except for beachface recovery. Thus, the response and recovery of adjacent, but morphologically distinct, dunes is quite different over the same sequence of storm activity. We suggest that the extent and form of beach-dune recovery is dependent on the impact scale of the storm and may represent a reinforced process once alongshore variations in dune height are initialized.
Illite dates record deep fluid movements in petroleum basins

K-Ar age dates of authigenic illite from sandstones in the UK south Central Graben have a bimodal distribution. In contrast to established hypotheses of thermal triggers, this illite growth is explained by changes in hydrogeological history. Fluid motion during burial can hence be dated. Illite growth at 84-58 Ma on the graben margins was coincident with rapid subsidence of the Graben axis and consequent expulsion of pore fluids onto the margins. This event pre-dated both overpressure, and the secondary migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in the region. Illite growth was probably caused by increased solute transport rates during pore fluid motion. Illite growth on an axial high (33-30 Ma) occurred during overpressured conditions. This was triggered either by: (1) downward fluid migration as a consequence of overpressure release. These fluids carried carboxylic acids or hydrocarbons from the highly overpressured Kimmeridge Clay Formation into the less pressured Fulmar Sandstone Formation; or (2) a decrease in water-rock ratios as fluid flow declined within the sandstones, as a consequence of overpressure build-up. Published experiments show that illite growth is favoured by low water-rock ratios.
CO2 flux measurements in volcanic areas using the dynamic concentration method: Influence of soil permeability

[1] In order to evaluate the influence of soil permeability on soil CO2 flux measurements performed with the dynamic concentration method, several tests were carried out using soils characterized by different permeability values and flow rates. A special device was assembled in the laboratory to create a one-dimensional gas flow through a soil of known permeability. Using the advective-diffusion theory, a physical model to predict soil concentration gradients was also developed. The calculated values of CO2 concentrations at different depths were compared with those measured during the tests and a good agreement was found. Four soils with different gas permeability (3.6 × 10−2 to 1.23 × 102 μm2) were used. The CO2 flux values were varied from 0.1 kg m−2 d−1 up to 22 kg m−2 d−1. On the basis of these results, a new empirical equation for calculating very accurate soil CO2 flux from dynamic concentration and soil permeability values was proposed. As highlighted by the experimental data, the influence of soil permeability on CO2 flux measurements depends on various factors, of which the flow rate of the suction pump is the most important. Setting low values for the pumping flux (0.4–0.8 L min−1), the mean error due to soil permeability was lower than 5%. Finally, the method was tested by measuring the CO2 flux in a grid of 48 sampling sites on Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), and the global error, affecting the CO2 flux measurements in a real application, was evaluated.
From reads to operational taxonomic units: an ensemble processing pipeline for MiSeq amplicon sequencing data

Abstract The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided microbial ecologists with an efficient approach to assess bacterial diversity at an unseen depth, particularly with the recent advances in the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. However, analyzing such high-throughput data is posing important computational challenges, requiring specialized bioinformatics solutions at different stages during the processing pipeline, such as assembly of paired-end reads, chimera removal, correction of sequencing errors, and clustering of those sequences into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Individual algorithms grappling with each of those challenges have been combined into various bioinformatics pipelines, such as mothur, QIIME, LotuS, and USEARCH. Using a set of well-described bacterial mock communities, state-of-the-art pipelines for Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing data are benchmarked at the level of the amount of sequences retained, computational cost, error rate, and quality of the OTUs. In addition, a new pipeline called OCToPUS is introduced, which is making an optimal combination of different algorithms. Huge variability is observed between the different pipelines in respect to the monitored performance parameters, where in general the amount of retained reads is found to be inversely proportional to the quality of the reads. By contrast, OCToPUS achieves the lowest error rate, minimum number of spurious OTUs, and the closest correspondence to the existing community, while retaining the uppermost amount of reads when compared to other pipelines. The newly introduced pipeline translates Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing data into high-quality and reliable OTUs, with improved performance and accuracy compared to the currently existing pipelines.
Association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group.

BACKGROUND Adverse cardiac events are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. It is necessary to determine the predictors of these outcomes in order to focus efforts on prevention and treatment. Patients undergoing noncardiac surgery sometimes have postoperative cardiac events. It would be helpful to know which patients are at highest risk. METHODS We prospectively studied 474 men with coronary artery disease (243) or at high risk for it (231) who were undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. We gathered historical, clinical, laboratory, and physiologic data during hospitalization and for 6 to 24 months after surgery. Myocardial ischemia was assessed by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, beginning two days before surgery and continuing for two days after. RESULTS Eighty-three patients (18 percent) had postoperative cardiac events in the hospital that were classified as ischemic events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina) (15 patients), congestive heart failure (30), or ventricular tachycardia (38). Postoperative myocardial ischemia occurred in 41 percent of the monitored patients and was associated with a 2.8-fold increase in the odds of all adverse cardiac outcomes (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.9; P less than 0.0002) and a 9.2-fold increase in the odds of an ischemic event (95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 42.0; P less than 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed no other clinical, historical, or perioperative variable to be independently associated with ischemic events, including cardiac-risk index, a history of previous myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, or the occurrence of ischemia before or during surgery. CONCLUSIONS In high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, early postoperative myocardial ischemia is an important correlate of adverse cardiac outcomes.
SAVINGS BY AND FOR THE POOR: A RESEARCH REVIEW AND AGENDA

The poor can and do save, but often use formal or informal instruments that have high risk, high cost, and limited functionality. This could lead to undersaving compared to a world without market or behavioral frictions. Undersaving can have important welfare consequences: variable consumption, low resilience to shocks, and foregone profitable investments. We lay out five sets of constraints that may hinder the adoption and effective usage of savings products and services by the poor: transaction costs, lack of trust and regulatory barriers, information and knowledge gaps, social constraints, and behavioral biases. We discuss each in theory, and then summarize related empirical evidence, with a focus on recent field experiments. We then put forward key open areas for research and practice. JEL Codes: D12, D91, G21, O16
Chemical Dating of Bones Based on Diagenetic Changes in Bone Apatite

Abstract Eighty-seven subfossil bones found in soil at different locations in the province of Skane, southern Sweden, were analysed for their fluorine content. Sixty-one of these bones were also analysed for 13 other major and minor elements. The analytical results are compared with the chemical composition of the subsoil water in the area and radiocarbon dates of the bones. The relationship between fluorine and silicon provides new information about the diagenesis of the inorganic phase of bone. The results indicate that silicon is gradually incorporated into the bone mineral in a similar manner to fluorine. It is suggested that silicate replaces phosphate in the bone apatite crystals. The content of both fluorine and silicon in bone, as well as the Ca: (PO 4 +CO 3 ) molar ratio, are time-dependent, which means that these parameters seem to be suitable for dating purposes. Methods and improvements are proposed in order to make chemical analysis and chemical dating of bone as reliable as possible. The application of the described chemical dating method made it possible to discover the first Swedish and the oldest dated Scandinavian finds of wild horse, and one of the oldest finds of domestic cattle in Scandinavia.