Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lactation Performance and Milk Constituents of Ongole Cattle in Its Breeding Tract

A total 62 milk samples from Ongole herd were collected with the objective of assessing milk compositions of Ongole cattle and to investigate the effect of parity and stage of lactation on test-day milk yield and milk constituent traits. Milk compositions were determined by Lactoscan apparatus. The test-day milk yield was 2.78 ± 0.21 kg. Overall least-squares mean for fat, SNF, protein and lactose were 3.31 ± 0.18, 9.34 ± 0.12, 3.51 ± 0.08 and 5.12 ± 0.07 respectively. The analysis revealed that the parity and stage of lactation did not influence the fat, protein, SNF and lactose content and yields. Keywords: Ongole cattle, milk composition, fat, SNF, protein, lactose
Evaluation of Cool-season Vegetable Rotations in Organic Production

Certified organic production is challenging in the southeastern United States due to high weed, insect, and disease pressure. Maintaining and building soil organic carbon in midscale organic production systems can also be difficult due to the warm, moist conditions that promote decomposition. Focusing on cool-season cash crops paired with warm-season cover crops may help alleviate these production problems. This 3-year study (2011–13) evaluated two vegetable rotations of cool-season crops with cover crops for their productivity, disease management, and soil buildingpotential inWatkinsville,GA. In the first rotation, cool-season cash crops included onion (Allium cepa), strawberry (Fragaria ·ananassa), and potato (Solanum tuberosum). These crops were rotated with green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), oats/austrian winter pea (Avena sativa/Pisum sativum ssp. arvense), southernpea (Vigna unguiculata), and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea). In the second rotation, cool-season cash crops included onion, broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica group), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus). These were rotated with millet (Urochloa ramosa), sunn hemp, egyptian wheat/iron clay pea (Sorghum sp./Vigna unguiculata), and sorghum · sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor · S. bicolor var. sudanese)/iron clay pea. Onion yields in both rotations were at least 80% of average yields inGeorgia. Lettuce yields were at least double the average yields in Georgia and were comparable to national averages in the 2nd and 3rd years of the study. Strawberry yields in these rotations were lower than Georgia averages in all 3 years with a trend of lower yields over the course of the study. By contrast, potato, although lower than average yields inGeorgia increased each year of the study. Broccoli yields in the first year were substantially lower than average Georgia yields, but were comparable to average yields in the 2nd year. Carrot remained less than half of average Georgia yields. Green bean were half of average Georgia yields in the 2nd year and were comparable to average yields in the3rdyear.As expected fromwhat is observed in cool-season organic vegetable production in Georgia, disease pressure was low. Cover crops maintained soil organic carbon (C) with a small increase in active C; however, there was a net loss of potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Active C averaged across both rotations at the beginning of the study at 464 mg kg and averaged 572mg kg at the end of the study. On the basis of this study, using cover crops can maintain soil carbon without the addition of carbon sources such as compost. Finally, longer term work needs to be done to assess soil management strategies.
Silkworm as alternate host material for rearing of green lace wing, Mallada desjardinsi (Okamoto) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) - a predator of pests of mulberry

Laboratory studies were undertaken to rear Mallada desjardinsi (Okamoto) using two species of silkworms (i.e., Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and Eri Silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval)) as host material. On the B. mori larvae (1 st instar), the total larval duration lasted for 14.6 ± 0.13 days whereas on that of S. c. ricini , it was 14.75 ± 0.19 days at a constant temperature of 25 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% R.H. A single M. desjardinsi larva on an average consumed 103.35 ± 2.31 and 100.40 ± 2.05 chawki larvae (1 st instar) of B. mori and S. c. ricini , respectively. The sex ratio of male: female was 1:1.4 & 1:1.2 with 78.9 and 69.3 per cent adult emergence, respectively on B. mori and S. c. ricini . The study also revealed that silkworms could be utilized as alternate host material for maintenance of culture as well as production of M. desjardinsi .
Aspects of feeding, growth and survival of the european squid (oligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1799) reared through the early growth stages

Loligo vulgaris was reared to a maximal size of 75 mm dorsal mantle length and 28.2 g wet weight. Experiments lasting up to 140 days permitted obser vations on feeding densities, feeding preferences and grovvth rate. Hatchling mortality was very high; between 50 and 100 percent of the dead squids were missing statoliths which are needed for swimming and orientation. The growth results are compatible with the concept of a one-year life cycle for this species.
Importance of Weissella Species during Kimchi Fermentation and Future Works.

Weissella species are one of the most common lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi during kimchi fermentation but few researches have been done on this group of organisms. Its recent establishment as a separate genus is one reason for the few studies. Another reason is probably poor resolution of identification methods based on biochemical properties. Currently, 14 species are registered in the genus of Weissella but new members are reported continuously. It is important to understand at detail the properties and roles of Weissella species during kimchi fermentation if desirable properties of Weissella species are fully utilized for the production of high quality kimchi with good taste and enhanced biofunctionalities.
Wisconsin Chanterelles Revisited and First Indications for Very Wide Distributions of Cantharellus Species in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains

Abstract The authors discuss and illustrate several American collections of Cantharellus that are in one way or another related to species that have previously been reported or described from Wisconsin. These new collections indicate that the potential distribution area of many of these chanterelles may be much larger than generally assumed. Cantharellus deceptivus sp. nov. is described as new cryptic look-alike of C. phasmatis and problems related to the narrow species concept of C. flavus and C. phasmatis are discussed; C. iuventateviridis sp. nov. is described as closest southern relative to C. chicagoensis. Microscopic features of C. chicagoensis and C. flavus are illustrated for the first time. Cantharellus spectaculus is considered a later synonym of C. persicinus on morphological criteria.
Ways to Increase Word-of-Mouth in the Retail Industry

Live wire Power system faces many difficulties during normal & abnormal operating conditions. Disturbance like imbalance loading & faults hampers the dynamics of the system.Maintaining voltage to frequency ratio is crucial in power network, for this instrument transformers & protective device plays a vital role. So for accurate function of any protection scheme current transformer reliability is essential. The major issue with any current transformer is its saturation. In modern power system optical fiber CTs are being replaced with conventional CTs, but it has its own challenges. Even in present date conventional CTs are being used for protection of system. In this paper we have analyzed & discussed about CT saturation & its impact on distance protection on power system
Thyme oil (Thyme vulgaris L.) as a natural growth promoter for broiler chickens reared under hot climate

Abstract This study aims to utilise thyme oil (TO) as a natural growth promoter in comparison to mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) for broilers raised under hot climates from 1 to 28 days of age. Thus, a total of 180, day-old broilers chicks were divided into five groups (36 broilers/group in 6 replicates of 6 broilers/replicate). The chickens were fed the same corn-soybean meal basal diet and were submitted to one of the following five dietary treatments: (a) positive control group, fed the basal diet supplemented with MOS at 1g/kg feed; (b) negative control group, fed the basal diet without supplementation; (c) thyme oil 1.0 (TO_1.0) group fed TO at 1.0 g/kg feed, (d) thyme oil 1.5 (TO_1.5) group fed TO at 1.5 g/kg feed and (e) thyme oil 2.0 (TO_2.0) group fed TO at 2.0 g/kg feed. The TO_1.0 displayed a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than did the other treatments (p < .01). The MOS, TO_1.5 and TO_2.0 groups had higher (p < .01) plasma total protein than the control, and TO_1.5 also increased plasma globulin (p < .01) compared to the control, but decreased plasma albumin/globulin ratio. Moreover, the TO groups significantly decreased the plasma AST. Groups on the MOS and TO_1.0 diets showed higher (p < .01) white blood cells (WBCs) than the other groups. In addition, the MOS and TO_2.0 groups exhibited a greater (p < .01) antibody titre to infectious bursa disease (IBD) than the control group. In conclusion, TO at 1.0 g/kg diet may be used as a potential growth enhancer for broilers in hot region during 1–28 days.
Diversity of endophytic bacteria of Dendrobium officinale based on culture-dependent and culture-independent methods

ABSTRACT Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were compared and evaluated in the study of the endophytic diversity of Dendrobium officinale. Culture-independent methods consisted of polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and metagenome methods. According to the results, differences were found between the three methods. Three phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, were detected using the culture-dependent method, and two phyla, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, were detected by the DGGE method. Using the metagenome method, four major phyla were determined, including Proteobacteria (76.54%), Actinobacteria (18.56%), Firmicutes (2.27%), and Bacteroidetes (1.56%). A distinct trend was obtained at the genus level in terms of the method and the corresponding number of genera determined. There were 449 genera and 16 genera obtained from the metagenome and DGGE methods, respectively, and only 7 genera were obtained through the culture-dependent method. By comparison, all the genera from the culture-dependent and DGGE methods were contained in the members determined using the metagenome method. Overall, culture-dependent methods are limited to ‘finding’ endophytic bacteria in plants. DGGE is an alternative to investigating primary diversity patterns; however, the metagenome method is still the best choice for determining the endophytic profile in plants. It is essential to use multiphasic approaches to study cultured and uncultured microbes.
EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE MIXTURES ON GROWTH AND FLOWER PRODUCTION IN ANTHURIUM (Anthurium andreanum) GROWN UNDER PROTECTED STRUCTURE WITH PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

REFERENCES APPENDIX LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGES NO. 4.1 Mean days required for appearance of first new leaf after planting 4.2 Mean total number of leaves at 15 days interval from 1 to 90 days after planting per plant 4.3 Mean new leaf lamina diameter (cm) produced at 15 days interval from 1 to 90 days after planting per plant 4.4 Mean length of new leaf sheath (cm) produced at 15 days interval from 1 to 90 days after planting per plant 4.5 Mean plant height (cm) produced at 15 days interval from 1 to 90 days after planting per plant 4.6 Days required to first flowering and number of flowers per plant 4.7 Size of flower (cm) and length of flower stalk (cm) per plant 4.8 Mean vase life of cut Anthurium flowers 4.9a Cost of cultivation of Anthurium (under Mist chamber – 9.875 m) 4.9b Cost Economics of Anthurium (for one year investigation period) under Mist chamber
Inactivation of Listeria Monocytogenes by Chlorine.

Cells of Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott-A were harvested from cultures, washed, and then treated with a solution of sodium hypochlorite at 25°C and pH 7. The cells were more resistant to chlorine when they were (a) harvested from a 24-rather than 48-h-old culture, (b) grown in tryptose broth rather than on a slant of tryptose agar, and (c) washed and suspended using a 20 rather than 0.312 mM phosphate buffer solution. Cells of L. monocytogenes were exposed for 30 s-4 h to sodium hypochlorite solutions that contained 0.5-10 ppm available chlorine. Generally, the number of survivors decreased rapidly during the first 30 s followed by a slower decrease during the rest of the exposure time. The initial count of L. monocytogenes in the suspension (1 × 108-3.2 × 108/ml) decreased 0.49 to 6.4 orders of magnitude during the first 30 s of exposure to the chlorine solutions. The effect of the presence of organic substances on the strength of hypochlorite solutions was studied. Presence of 0.05 or 0.1% peptone caused a large and rapid loss of available chlorine. Glucose or lactose (up to 1%) had almost no effect on the concentration of available chlorine.
Learning person-specific knowledge about new people.

Much progress has been made in the last twenty years or so on understanding the cognitive processes involved in familiar person recognition (see, for instance, Burton, Bruce, and Hancock, 1999). Indeed both Burton and colleagues (Burton et al., 1999) and Bredart and colleagues (Bredart, Valentine, Calder, Gassi, 1995) have proposed implemented models of several aspects of familiar person recognition. Yet models such as these presuppose the prior process of person familiarisation. A satisfactory theory of person processing needs to address not only familiar person processing but also unfamiliar person processing, and most critically, the familiarisation process which bridges the gap between these two categories. There is much evidence to suggest, moreover, that familiar and unfamiliar people are processed by the cognitive system in different ways. Yet studies investigating the gradual transition phase by which a person changes from being unfamiliar to being highly familiar are relatively rare. Some research has been carried out on the perceptual changes which accompany familiarisation (e.g. O’Donnell & Bruce, 2001). Perceptual change, however, is only one component of familiarisation. The other critical component is forming knowledge about the individual (i.e. semantic knowledge). There has hardly been any research on semantic familiarisation to date. The aim of this thesis is to obtain evidence pertaining to the issue of semantic familiarisation which should constrain future models of person processing. I review models of familiar person recognition in chapter one of the present thesis and further identify the gap existing in the literature with respect to semantic aspects of familiarisation. I also offer arguments as to the intrinsic importance of including familiarisation in any theory of person processing. The first experimental chapter investigates, by means of both verification and cued-recall tasks, whether a script-like representation of person-specific knowledge may prove more fruitful than current mechanisms of representing such knowledge in the course of learning about new people. I conclude that an explanation in terms of general memory theory best fits the results obtained in this chapter. The second experimental chapter moves away from the learning methodology used in first chapter to employ a much more ecologically valid learning paradigm. That
Avaliação da multiplicação de Listeria monocytogenes e da atividade antimicrobiana do Biomax D® em nata

The proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes in cream, a milk derivative with high fat content, was evaluated as well as the anti-listerial activity of Biomax D® in this type of food. Antilisterial activity of Biomax was compared with nisin. Six treatments were used: T1: Cream + 102 CFU.g-1 of L. monocytogenes; T2: Cream + 102 CFU.g-1L. monocytogenes + 2,5ppm nisin; T3: Cream + 102 CFU.g-1 L. monocytogenes + 1.5% Biomax; T4: Cream + 105 CFU.g-1 of L. monocytogenes; T5: Cream + 105 CFU.g-1 L. monocytogenes + 2,5ppm nisin; T6: Cream + 105 CFU.g-1 L. monocytogenes + 1.5% Biomax. L. monocytogenes counts were performed on three days storage at 8 °C (zero, 6, 14 and 20th day), with averages ranging between 2 and 10 log CFU.g-1 in treatments without the addition of nisin or Biomax®. However, there was elimination of the microorganism when the antimicrobials were added. It was found that L. monocytogenes is able to grow in cream, reaching high levels of contamination, even when it presents low initial counts. In this dairy derivative, Biomax D® presents antilisterial activity similar to nisin and might be used as a natural antibiotic for the control of L. monocytogenes in fatty foods.
Genetic Drift in Human

Genetic drift consists of changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error. Even if all individuals in a population have the same opportunities to mate, their reproductive contributions to the next generation will vary due to random chance alone. In any population of finite size, this sampling error will cause gene frequencies to fluctuate from generation to generation. Genetic changes due to drift are neither directional nor predictable in any deterministic way. Nonetheless, genetic drift leads to evolutionary change even in the absence of mutation, natural selection or gene flow. Studies of evolution have focused strongly on natural selection since the time of Darwin (1859) and Fisher (1930). However, even Darwin (1859) acknowledged that heritable polymorphisms which do not affect survival or reproduction ‘would be left a fluctuating element’. During the modern synthesis, Wright (1931, 1932) developed a holistic theory of evolution in natural populations that involved complex interactions among alleles, inbreeding, gene flow and the random effects of genetic drift. Wright’s influences on the fields of population genetics and molecular evolution include the dominant mathematical framework for genetic drift that is still in use today. Genetic drift consists of changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error. Even if all individuals in a population have the same opportunities to mate, their reproductive contributions to the next generation will vary due to random chance alone. In any population of finite size, this sampling error will cause gene frequencies to fluctuate from generation to generation. Genetic changes due to drift are neither directional nor predictable in any deterministic way. All populations of finite size experience genetic drift to some extent, with effects that are inversely proportional to the effective population size, Ne. Effective population size is a mathematical abstraction used to correct for factors such as unequal sex ratios, variance among individuals in reproductive output and temporal fluctuations in population size (Ewens, 1982). More precisely, the effective population size is the number of individuals that would be found in an ideal population that undergoes the same amount of drift as the real population. See also: Effective Population Size A simple mathematical model of drift can be constructed by assuming that individuals are diploid (i.e. the gene pool has a size of 2Ne), and that each gene copy produces an infinite number of gametes. The homozygosity of the population, denoted as F, is the probability that two gametes chosen randomly are identical by descent, because they trace back to the same gene copy in a previous generation. By definition, F ranges from 0 to 1. Because the probability of two gametes being identical by descent is 1/(2Ne), F increases over time as Ftþ1 ¼ 1
Deciphering human gene regulation using computational and statistical methods

It is estimated that at least 10-20% of the mammalian genome is dedicated towards regulating the 1-2% of the genome that codes for proteins. This non-coding, regulatory layer is a necessity for the development of complex organisms, but is poorly understood compared to the genetic code used to translate coding DNA into proteins. In this dissertation, I will discuss methods developed to better understand the gene regulatory layer. I begin, in Chapter 1, with a broad overview of gene regulation, motivation for studying it, the state of the art with a historically context and where to look forward. In Chapter 2, I discuss a computational method developed to detect transcription factor (TF) complexes. The method compares co-occurring motif spacings in conserved versus unconserved regions of the human genome to detect evolutionarily constrained binding sites of rigid transcription factor (TF) complexes. Structural data were integrated to explore overlapping motif arrangements while ensuring physical plausibility of the TF complex. Using this approach, I predicted 422 physically realistic TF complex motifs at 18% false discovery rate (FDR). I found that the set of complexes is enriched in known TF complexes. Additionally, novel complexes were supported by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) datasets. Analysis of the structural modeling revealed three cooperativity mechanisms and a tendency of TF pairs to synergize through overlapping binding to the same DNA base pairs in opposite grooves or strands. The TF complexes and associated binding site predictions are made available as a web resource at http://complex.stanford. edu. Next, in Chapter 3, I discuss how gene enrichment analysis can be applied to genome-wide conserved binding sites to successfully infer regulatory functions for a
Aflatoxin Residues in Milk of Dairy Cows after Ingestion of Naturally Contaminated Grain.

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to level of milk production, were fed cottonseed meal contaminated with aflatoxin B1, (AFB1) (0, 94, 241 and 500 μg/kg) as 20% of their ration (equivalent to 0, 20, 48 and 104 μg/kg in complete feed). Within 12 h, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appeared in the milk of all cows receiving contaminated feed. The mean AFM1 concentrations in the milk approached steady-state conditions (0.35, 0.63 and 1.61 μg/L for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively) at 24 h and returned to the Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.5 μg/L or lower within 24 h after removal of the contaminated feed. The ratio of AFB1 in the feed to AFM1 in the milk averaged 66:1. The mean percent of daily AFB1 intake that was transferred to AFM1 was 1.74. This value was unaffected by the concentration of AFB1 in the feed (1.89, 1.55 and 1.81% transferred for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively). Although increased milk production had no effect on the concentration of AFM1 in the milk, it had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the percent of AFB1 intake transferred to AFM1 (2.14 vs 1.35%). In a second trial, 16 additional cows were fed either naturally contaminated cottonseed meal or corn (44 and 49 μg/kg, respectively, on a complete feed basis). The percent of AFB1 intake secreted as AFM1 was affected (P ≤ 0.02) by the source of contamination (1.73 vs. 1.32% for the cottonseed meal and corn treatments, respectively). The AFM1 concentrations in the milk were not significantly different (P>0.05).
Análisis fisonómico estructural del manglar de Puerto Soley, La Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

En un estudio de la composicion floristica, patrones de zonacion y desarrollo estructural en un manglar de la Costa Pacifica de Costa Rica se encontro que el sitio presenta un ejemplo claro del efecto de un gradiente de salinidad sobre el desarrollo estructural y los patrones de zonacion en una comunidad de mangle. Las salinidades altas afectan el desarrollo estructural en los individuos: se reduce la altura, el area basal y el tamano de las hojas. La tolerancia de las especies de mangle a salinidades altas parece ser mayor de lo que anteriormente se ha informado. Se encontro a Avicennia germinons creciendo en areas de hasta 155 0 / 00 con promedios anuales de 100,5 0 / 00 .