Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity ofPhytophthora,Pythium,and PhytopythiumSpecies in Recycled Irrigation Water in a Container Nursery

Recycling of irrigation water increases disease risks due to spread of waterborne oomycete plant pathogens such as Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium. A comprehensive metabarcoding study was conducted to determine spatial and temporal dynamics of oomycete communities present in irrigation water collected from a creek (main water source), a pond, retention reservoirs, a chlorinated water reservoir, and runoff channels within a commercial container nursery in Oregon over the course of 1 year. Two methods, filtration and leaf baiting, were compared for the detection of oomycete communities. Oomycete communities in recycled irrigation water were less diverse but highly enriched with biologically active plant pathogens as compared with the creek water. The filtration method captured a larger portion of oomycete diversity, while leaf baiting was more selective for plant-associated oomycete species of Phytophthora and a few Pythium and Phytopythium species. Seasonality strongly influenced oomycete diversity in irrigation water and detection with leaf baiting. Phytophthora was the major colonizer of leaf baits in winter, while all three genera were equally abundant on leaf baits in summer. The metabarcoding approach was highly effective in studying oomycete ecology, however, it failed to distinguish some closely related species. We developed a custom oomycete internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 reference database containing shorter sequences flanked by ITS6 and ITS7 primers used in metabarcoding and used it to assemble a list of indistinguishable species complexes and clusters to improve identification. The predominant bait-colonizing species detected in recycled irrigation water were the Phytophthora citricola-complex, Phytophthora syringae, Phytophthora parsiana-cluster, Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides, Phytophthora irrigata, Phytophthora taxon Oaksoil-cluster, Phytophthora citrophthora-cluster, Phytophthora megasperma-cluster, Pythium chondricola-complex, Pythium dissotocum-cluster, and Phytopythium litorale.
SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF POLICE CORRUPTION ON CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE

Police corruption seems to have defied the myriad efforts put in place to redress it in Nigeria. It is almost incontrovertible that a corrupt police force may not in practical terms be effective in crime prevention and control. This is against the backdrop that the supposedly institutional mechanisms put in place to check these excesses are either weak or nonexistent. This paper therefore investigated the socio economic implications of police corruption on crime preventionand control in Awka South Local Government Area (LGA) of Anambra state. Awka south LGA was chosen purposively because Awka metropolis is situated there and Awka metropolis is the capital of Anambra state. Wilson and Kelling’s Broken Window Theory constituted the theoretical framework for the paper. The mixed methods design was adopted and a sample size of 400 study participants was chosen by the researchers. Quantitative data collated were processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics involving the use of frequency counts and percents were used for analyzing the quantitative data while the study hypotheses were tested with the chi square test statistic. It was found among others that greed in the police force was partly responsible for inability of the police to prevent and control crime in Awka south LGA. Weak institutional mechanisms and the prevailing value system in the country were found to exacerbate police corruption in Awka south LGA. The paper therefore recommended among several others the need to strengthen the nation’s institutions to become responsive and proactive. It was also suggested that it has become imperative for change in our value system to mitigate the propensity for material acquisitiveness.
Chemical pulping

Removing lignin from black liquor is one way of recovering valuable organic substances for alternative use as well as reducing the energy surplus in a modern, energy-optimised kraft pulp mill. By using the recently developed "LignoBoost" process it is possible to upgrade black liquor streams of different origin to form valuable chemicals. In this investigation a combination of membrane filtration and the LignoBoost concept was used. The primary objective of the work was to investigate whether or not the filtration properties of the black liquor were affected by its hemicellulose content. The hemicellulose content in the black liquors was lowered prior to precipitation using three different pre-treatment techniques, and the filtration properties were compared to the reference black liquors of evaporated softwood and hardwood black liquor. The pre-treatment methods used were heat-treatment, ultrafiltration and a combination of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. It was shown that the filtration resistance was lowered considerably when the hemicellulose content in the black liquor was reduced prior to precipitation. The experiments also showed that it was possible to produce a hardwood lignin product of high purity i.e. low sodium (0.2 w-% of TIDS) and hemicellulose content (0.7 w-% of TDS) (Less)
Dielectric Tunability Properties in (110)-Oriented Epitaxial 0.5Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 Thin Films Prepared by PLD Method

Epitaxial 0.5Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT-BCT) thin films with single-crystal perovskite structure have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on the (110) SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrates. Temperature-dependent dielectric measurements show obvious characteristics of a diffused phase transition. Typical P-E hysteresis loops with a distinct ferroelectric imprint phenomenon are observed in these BZT-BCT thin films with a remnant polarization of 2.0 μC/cm2 and coercive field of 187 kV/cm. Small leakage currents (<1 × 10−6 A/cm2) are obtained in these thin films under an electrical field of 240 MV/m. These BZT-BCT thin films have shown large dielectric tunability values ranging from 75.8% to 85.7%, under a wide temperature range from 200 K to 330 K and a frequency range between 100 Hz and 100 kHz, which shows their good temperature and frequency stability. Such excellent dielectric tunability properties in these (110)-oriented BZT-BCT thin films promise their great potentials in practical phase shifter applications.
Characterization of Intermediate Pressure Plasmas with Advanced Microwave Resonator Diagnostics.

PETERSON, DAVID JOHN. Characterization of Intermediate Pressure Plasmas with Advanced Microwave Resonator Diagnostics. (Under the direction of Steven C. Shannon.) Intermediate pressure plasmas (1-100 Torr) are an area of growing academic and industrial interest for a number of different applications. Accurate measurement of plasma parameters is often challenging at these conditions. Most plasma diagnostics rely on interactions with either charged particles or excited species present in a discharge. As pressure increases, collisions with neutral gas particles can act to distort many measurements in a manner that is difficult to recover from. Microwave diagnostics offer a complementary approach to the suite of diagnostics necessary to fully characterize a plasma, one that is particularly well suited to making measurements at intermediate pressures. Specifically, the similarity of a microwave period and mean time between electron-neutral collisions allows microwave diagnostics to obtain additional information from a measurement that would otherwise be either unobtainable or deleterious to the measurement itself. This work uses an array of diagnostics to characterize both radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasmas and microwave surface-wave plasmas at low and intermediate pressures. The primary focus is developing an understanding of the general characteristics of these discharges and also to develop the measurement capabilities of a microwave diagnostic known as the hairpin resonator probe. In particular, mean electron energy can be measured by the probe through the complex plasma permittivity. This work aims to demonstrate the usefulness of the technique and understand the associated experimental limitations. Experiments are performed in radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasmas for pressures ranging from 0.01 Torr to 4.5 Torr and electron densities (ne ) spanning 1×108-2×1010 cm−3 in argon, helium, nitrogen, argon-helium mixtures, and argon-oxygen mixtures. Measurements are primarily made with the hairpin resonator probe. Results are compared to fluid and hybrid simulations and generally show good agreement with a number of notable discrepancies. Potential sources of simulation-model disagreement are discussed and in some cases quantified. Experiments are also performed in a microwave surface-wave discharge using an array of diagnostics, including a hairpin resonator probe, Langmuir probe, laser absorption spectroscopy, and optical emission spectroscopy. Conditions span pressures ranging from 0.2-6 Torr and ne spanning 1×108-2×1011 cm−3 in argon. All results are compared to at least one other diagnostic, all showing good qualitative agreement and in most cases decent quantitative agreement. © Copyright 2020 by David John Peterson
Differential access to neuropsychological evaluation in children with perinatal complications or autism spectrum disorder: Impact of sociodemographic factors

Abstract Objective Early childhood evaluation can identify deficits related to disruptions in early brain development and facilitate interventions. Access to care may differ by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status. We explored neuropsychological evaluation access patterns and examined potential sociodemographic disparities in evaluation timing. Method: Participants were 213 children (age: M = 46.4 months, SD = 15.3 months) with a history of disrupted neural development due to perinatal complications (PC; n = 109) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 104). We used chi square tests of independence and one-way ANOVAs to compare groups on sociodemographics, referral sources, and cognition. Clinical sample means for cognitive and adaptive variables were compared to normative means to determine the presence of developmental delays. Differences in age at evaluation by race/ethnicity, caregiver education, and referral source, accounting for cognition, were explored with ANCOVAs. Results: The ASD group included significantly more White children and the PC group relatively more Black/African Americans. Children with ASD were referred by primary care physicians and caregivers/school staff; those with PC were referred by other medical providers. All participants performed more poorly than expected across all intellectual and adaptive domains, with greater delays in the ASD group. Children of caregivers with lower education were evaluated earlier in the PC group. For ASD, participants referred by primary care physicians were evaluated earlier. Conclusions: Children with PC and ASD exhibit cognitive delays and require neuropsychological evaluation. Disparities in access to care exist, particularly for minority children with ASD. Ways to promote equal access are discussed.
In vitro analysis of intraoral digital impression of inlay preparation according to tooth location and cavity type.

PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the influence of tooth location and inlay cavity type on the accuracy of intraoral digital impressions. METHODS Class II inlay preparation was performed on anatomical models of the maxillary first molar (16) and mandibular first molar (46). Mesio-occlusal and disto-occlusal cavities were prepared, such that the axial wall of the proximal box measured 1 mm or 2 mm in height. Thus, four types of inlay cavities were prepared in 16 and 46, respectively. Ten digital impressions of each cavity were obtained using Cerec Primescan (Sirona). Reference scans were obtained with a laboratory scanner (E3, 3Shape). All scan data were exported for comparative analysis of the three-dimensional models. Mean absolute deviation values were calculated to evaluate the trueness and precision of the digital models. Color-coded maps were used for the qualitative analysis of deviations. RESULTS The overall results showed that the trueness for 16 (10.43 ± 0.39 μm) was higher than that for 46 (12.42 ± 0.59 μm) (p < 0.05), while the precision was similar between 16 (3.08 ± 0.92 μm) and 46 (3.08 ± 0.76 μm). The cavity type affected the accuracy of the digital impressions. The highest deviation was observed in positive directions at the margins of the proximal boxes regardless of the cavity type. CONCLUSIONS Tooth location and cavity type affected the accuracy of intraoral digital impressions. Positive deviations were observed at the margins of the proximal boxes.
The Usage of Smartphone Photography and Its Impact on Professional Photography in Ghana

: The focus of the study was to explore and examine the effects of smartphone usage on the services of professional photographers in Ghana. The study employed interview, focus group discussion and observation to gather qualitative data from six (6) professional photographers in Sekondi/Takoradi metropolis of Ghana. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants as well as the study areas. The study revealed that the adoption of smartphone photography is increasingly becoming pervasive and trendy in the midst of professional digital photography practice, such that both professional and non-professional photographers express their delight in the technology. The findings revealed that in Ghana, majority of people adopt and use smartphones for photography for various reasons, the convenient and easy accessibility of the smartphone in taking photographs and perceived usefulness of smartphone technology in photography. The study also revealed that the usage of the smartphone tends to have a significant effect on professional photography, such as the training for the practitioner, patronage of professional photographic services, competition and battling for space at programmes. Despite the challenges the emergence of smartphones has increased awareness and the demand for photography thereby promoting personalised digital photography.The study, however, concludes that by and large, smartphone photography has emerged to thrive in the social system. It is recommended that professional photographers should adopt mobile application technology to enhance their activities, build their business and take advantage to extend their professionalism into smartphone photography.
Selective Participation of Single Cortical Neurons in Neuronal Avalanches

Neuronal avalanches are scale-invariant neuronal population activity patterns in cortex that emerge in vivo in the awake state and in vitro during balanced excitation and inhibition. Theory and experiments suggest that avalanches indicate a state of cortex that improves numerous aspects of information processing by allowing for the transient and selective formation of local as well as system-wide spanning neuronal groups. If avalanches are indeed involved with information processing, one might expect that particular single neurons would participate in particular avalanche patterns selectively. Alternatively, all neurons could participate with equal likelihood in each avalanche as would be expected for a population rate code. Distinguishing these hypotheses, however, has been difficult as robust avalanche analysis requires technically challenging measures of their intricate organization in space and time at the population level, while also recording sub- or suprathreshold activity from individual neurons with high temporal resolution. Here we identify repeated avalanches in the ongoing local field potential (LFP) measured with high-density microelectrode arrays in the cortex of awake nonhuman primates and in acute cortex slices from rats. We studied extracellular unit firing in vivo and intracellular responses of pyramidal neurons in vitro. We found that single neurons participate selectively in specific LFP-based avalanche patterns. Furthermore, we show in vitro that manipulating the balance of excitation and inhibition abolishes this selectivity. Our results support the view that avalanches represent the selective, scale-invariant formation of neuronal groups in line with the idea of Hebbian cell assemblies underlying cortical information processing.
Pemanfaatan Media Sosial dalam Pemasaran Produk UMKM di Kelurahan Sidokumpul, Kabupaten Gresik

This research discusses how the use of social media in marketing UMKM products in Sidokumpul Village, Gresik District, Gresik Regency. The research objective is to introduce UMKM products to the wider community in order to get a bigger market potential. This research method is qualitative by using phenomenological approach. The research result is, the use of social media provides good prospects for increasing the sales of UMKM products in Sidokumpul Village, Gresik District, Gresik Regency which is experiencing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is because the digital marketing system provides an online buying and selling platform, in order to facilitate the ordering and purchasing process. So that buyers can interact with UMKM owners to make transactions directly
Liver Transplantation and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Breaking Barriers in a Low‐Income Country

Being aware of the necessity of data regarding the impact and outcomes of patients undergoing liver transplantation due to primary sclerosing cholangitis with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease, and the limited availability of data coming from low-income countries, we compare our differences between this recently published article by Irles-Depe et al. (1) and our experience at a Mexican tertiary care center.
Variations of intracellular density during the cell cycle arise from tip-growth regulation in fission yeast

Intracellular density impacts the physical nature of the cytoplasm and can globally affect cellular processes, yet density regulation remains poorly understood. Here, using a new quantitative phase imaging method, we determined that dry-mass density varies during the cell cycle in fission yeast. Density decreased during G2, increased in mitosis and cytokinesis, and rapidly dropped at cell birth. These density variations were explained by a constant rate of biomass synthesis, coupled to slowdown of volume growth during cell division and rapid expansion post-cytokinesis. Arrest at specific cell-cycle stages led to continued increases or decreases in density. Spatially heterogeneous patterns of density suggested links between density regulation and tip growth, and septum bending away from higher-density daughters linked density to intracellular osmotic pressure. Our results demonstrate that systematic density variations during the cell cycle are predominantly due to modulation of volume expansion, and reveal functional consequences of density gradients and cell-cycle arrests.
Alzheimer's Disease Detection Through Whole-Brain 3D-CNN MRI

The projected burden of dementia by Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a looming healthcare crisis as the population of most countries grows older. Although there is currently no cure, it is possible to treat symptoms of dementia. Early diagnosis is paramount to the development and success of interventions, and neuroimaging represents one of the most promising areas for early detection of AD. We aimed to deploy advanced deep learning methods to determine whether they can extract useful AD biomarkers from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and classify brain images into AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN) groups. We tailored and trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) on sMRIs of the brain from datasets available in online databases. Our proposed method, ADNet, was evaluated on the CADDementia challenge and outperformed several approaches in the prior art. The method's configuration with machine-learning domain adaptation, ADNet-DA, reached 52.3% accuracy. Contributions of our study include devising a deep learning system that is entirely automatic and comparatively fast, presenting competitive results without using any patient's domain-specific knowledge about the disease. We were able to implement an end-to-end CNN system to classify subjects into AD, MCI, or CN groups, reflecting the identification of distinctive elements in brain images. In this context, our system represents a promising tool in finding biomarkers to help with the diagnosis of AD and, eventually, many other diseases.
Stability assay of antagonistic activity of Serratia plymuthica strain UBCR_12 under various environmental factors

Serratia plymuthica strain UBCR_12 exhibited promising antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The development of this strain for field use requires a certain level of stability towards various environmental exposures that might occur in the natural condition. This study was aimed to evaluate the stability level of antifungal activity produced by the culture supernatants of S. plymuthica strain UBCR_12 under several environmental factors. Antifungal assay of this strain was performed through the application of culture supernatants under several parameters and was performed in five technical replications. Data were confirmed statistically using one-way and two-way ANOVA and significance among treatments were verified through DNMRT with a p<0.05. The antagonistic effect of this strain varied in each environmental parameter tested. The highest suppression was recorded at pH 8.0 [30.32%] after eight days of application indicating that the alkaline condition might trigger its defense mechanism. Other parameters showed quite similar inhibition efficacy, such as 24.06% [100 C for 45 minutes] and 21.15% [CaCl2 addition]. Compared to control, this strain could suppress anthracnose-causing fungi up to 24.06% suggesting that its antifungal activity was considered as quite stable over the presence of heat and calcium.
Transcriptional Programs Driving Shear Stress-Induced Differentiation of Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells in Culture

Cultured cell models are an essential complement to dissecting kidney proximal tubule (PT) function in health and disease but do not fully recapitulate key features of this nephron segment. We recently determined that culture of opossum kidney (OK) cells under continuous orbital shear stress (OSS) significantly augments their morphological and functional resemblance to PTs in vivo. Here we used RNASeq to identify temporal transcriptional changes upon cell culture under static or shear stress conditions. Comparison of gene expression in cells cultured under static or OSS conditions with a database of rat nephron segment gene expression confirms that OK cells cultured under OSS are more similar to the PT in vivo compared with cells maintained under static conditions. Both improved oxygenation and mechanosensitive stimuli contribute to the enhanced differentiation in these cells, and we identified temporal changes in gene expression of known mechanosensitive targets. We observed changes in mRNA and protein levels of membrane trafficking components that may contribute to the enhanced endocytic capacity of cells cultured under OSS. Our data reveal pathways that may be critical for PT differentiation in vivo and validate the utility of this improved cell culture model as a tool to study PT function.