Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuous‐Representation Theory. III. On Functional Quantization of Classical Systems

The form of Schrodinger's equation in a continuous representation is indicated for general systems and analyzed in detail for elementary Bose and Fermi systems for which illustrative solutions are given. For any system, a natural continuous representation exists in which state vectors are expressed as continuous, bounded functions of the corresponding classical variables. The natural continuous representation is generated by a suitable set S of unit vectors labeled by classical variables for which, for the system in question, the quantum action functional restricted to the domain S is equivalent to the classical action. When a classical action is viewed in this manner it contains considerable information about the quantum system. Augmenting the classical action with some physical significance of its variables, we prove that the classical theory virtually determines the quantum theory for the Bose system, while it uniquely determines the quantum theory for the Fermi system.
Stability results for backward parabolic equations with time-dependent coefficients

Let H be a Hilbert space with the norm ‖ ⋅ ‖ and A(t) (0 ⩽ t ⩽ T) be positive self-adjoint unbounded operators from D(A(t))⊂H to H. In the paper, we establish stability estimates of Hölder type and propose a regularization method for the ill-posed backward parabolic equation with time-dependent coefficients Our stability estimates improve the related results by Krein (1957 Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 114 1162–5), and Agmon and Nirenberg (1963 Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 16 121–239). Our regularization method with a priori and a posteriori parameter choice yields error estimates of Hölder type. This is the only result when a regularization method for backward parabolic equations with time-dependent coefficients provides a convergence rate.
Improved Provenance Constraints for Nanaimo Group Sediments, British Columbia, Canada, Through Zircon LA‐ICP‐MS Depth‐Profiling

Detrital zircon from Late Cretaceous rocks of the Insular Superterrane have become an important constraint on Cordilleran paleogeography. These interpretations are largely based on the occurrence of a unique detrital zircon facies characterized by a broad Paleoproterozoic (mode 1.70 Ga) and narrow Mesoproterozoic mode (1.38 Ga) in Cordilleran sedimentary rocks. However, uncertainty about the provenance of this facies and the broad geographic distribution of rocks in which it is found limits its usefulness in constraining paleogeography. Detrital rims found on Mesozoic, Proterozoic, and Archean‐aged zircon cores from the Late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Western British Columbia, Canada provide constraints into its provenance. Depth‐profiling of a large population of grains (N = 16; n = 3,000), combined with observations regarding zircon external morphology, internal growth textures, U/Th ratios, and U concentrations, indicate high‐grade metamorphism occurred in the sediment source area between 99 Ma and 72 Ma. Rapid cooling of the metamorphic source area at rates of 35 to over 100°C/m.y. between 84 and 63 Ma was required to supply these metamorphic zircon to the basin. The geological history of the sediment source region defined by the rim populations (age of metamorphism and exhumation rate) is inconsistent with previously proposed sediment source areas for the Nanaimo Group in southern (Mojave region) or northern Laurentia (Lehmi Subbasin). We hypothesize that the sediment source area was the adjacent Coast Mountains Batholith and a metasedimentary rock, similar to the Pelona‐Orocopia‐Rand‐type schists, that was exhumed during the Late Cretaceous.
A Characterization of Stopping Times

Let $R$ be a random time in $\mathscr{F}_\infty$, the terminal element of a filtration $\mathscr{F}_t$ satisfying the usual hypotheses. It is shown that if optimal sampling holds at $R$ for all bounded martingales, then $R$ is optional. If $\mathscr{F}_t$ is the natural pseudo-path filtration of a measurable process $X_t$, then $R$ is optional if (and only if) the conditional distribution of $X_{R + . }$ given $\mathscr{F}_R$ is $Z_R$, where $Z_t$ is an optional version of the conditional distribution of $X_{t +. }$ given $\mathscr{F}_t$.
Aerobreakup in disturbed subsonic and supersonic flow fields

This work concerns the breakup of millimetre-scale liquid droplets in gaseous flow fields that are disturbed from free-stream conditions by the presence of solid obstacles or other drops. A broad range of flow conditions is considered – from subsonic to supersonic, from highly rarefied to ambient pressures, and from fixed cylindrical obstacles to free liquid droplets (as obstacles). The liquid is water or tributyl phosphate, a water-like low-viscosity fluid of very low vapour pressure. We present data on deformation and breakup regimes, and, aided by numerical simulations, we discuss governing mechanisms and the time scaling of these events. Thereby a methodology is demonstrated for conveniently forecasting first-order behaviours in disturbed flow fields more generally. The highly resolved images lend themselves to testing/benchmarking numerical simulations of interfacial flows. These results, along with the experimental capability developed, constitute one of the key building blocks for our overall long-term aim towards predicting ultimate particle-size distributions from such intense aerodynamic interactions involving very large quantities of Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids.
Weak Almost Periodicity of Convolutions

It is shown that, for an Eberlein-weakly almost periodic (w.a.p.) function f with values in a Banach space X, the convolution dK∗f is again w.a. p. in Z, whenever the kernel K(t) ∈ B(X, Z) is of uniform bounded variation. This result is applied to abstract Cauchy problems as well as to abstract Volterra equations.
Nonlinear mechanisms in microwave photodetectors operated with high intrinsic region electric fields

Measurements and simulations to determine the contributing nonlinear mechanisms in microwave photodetectors operated with high intrinsic region electric fields are presented. An important component of the nonlinear behavior is attributed to absorption in undepleted material adjacent to the depletion region, limiting the attainable device linearity. With as little as 10 nm of undepleted absorbing material, the second harmonic of a 5 GHz fundamental frequency at 1 mA of average detector current can be −60 dBc. Linearity improvements up to 50 dB should be possible if photodetectors can be fabricated with strictly depleted absorbing regions.
Reproduction of Artibeus lituratus and Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest fragment in southern Brazil Reprodução de Artibeus lituratus e Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no Sul do Brasil

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Covariance Properties of Waves Propagating in a Random Medium

Extensive studies have been made on the mean or effective properties of waves propagating in a random medium. We present in this paper a set of correlation equations which are useful in the quantitative determination of the covariance properties of the waves. As an example, the problem of a scalar wave propagating in a random medium is considered.
Finite-Time Predictive Consensus for Discrete-Time Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems Over Switching Digraphs

This brief investigates the finite-time consensus of discrete-time heterogeneous multi-agent systems with the predictive mechanism on switching digraphs. By optimizing the consensus problem, a fully distributed model predictive controller in the analytical form is developed. Moreover, sufficient conditions are obtained, and the finite-time stability is guaranteed with an explicit settling time. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the designed controller and the validity of the derived theoretical results.
Fractional advection‐dispersion equation: A classical mass balance with convolution‐Fickian Flux

The classical form of the partial differential equation governing advective‐dispersive transport of a solute in idealized porous media is the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE). This equation is built on a Fickian constitutive theory that gives the local dispersive flux as the inner product of a constant dispersion tensor and the spatial gradient of the solute concentration. Over the past decade, investigators in subsurface transport have been increasingly focused on anomalous (i.e., non‐Fickian) dispersion in natural geologic formations. It has been recognized that this phenomenon involves spatial and possibly temporal nonlocality in the constitutive theory describing the dispersive flux. Most recently, several researchers have modeled anomalous dispersion using a constitutive theory that relies on fractional, as opposed to integer, derivatives of the concentration field. The resulting ADE itself is expressed in terms of fractional derivatives, and they are described as “fractional ADEs. ” Here we show that the fractional ADE is obtained as a special case of the authors’ convolution‐Fickian nonlocal ADE [Cushman and Ginn, 1993]. To obtain the fractional ADE from the convolution‐Fickian model requires only a judicial choice of the wave vector and frequency‐dependent dispersion tensor.
Development of an expression-tunable multiple protein synthesis system in cell-free reactions using T7-promoter-variant series

Abstract New materials with a low environmental load are expected to be generated through synthetic biology. To widely utilize this technology, it is important to create cells with designed biological functions and to control the expression of multiple enzymes. In this study, we constructed a cell-free evaluation system for multiple protein expression, in which synthesis is controlled by T7 promoter variants. The expression of a single protein using the T7 promoter variants showed the expected variety in expression levels, as previously reported. We then examined the expression levels of multiple proteins that are simultaneously produced in a single well to determine whether they can be predicted from the promoter activity values, which were defined from the isolated protein expression levels. When the sum of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) species is small, the experimental protein expression levels can be predicted from the promoter activities (graphical abstract (a)) due to low competition for ribosomes. In other words, by using combinations of T7 promoter variants, we successfully developed a cell-free multiple protein synthesis system with tunable expression. In the presence of large amounts of mRNA, competition for ribosomes becomes an issue (graphical abstract (b)). Accordingly, the translation level of each protein cannot be directly predicted from the promoter activities and is biased by the strength of the ribosome binding site (RBS); a weaker RBS is more affected by competition. Our study provides information regarding the regulated expression of multiple enzymes in synthetic biology.
Long-term optical spectra variability of BL Lacertae object OJ 287

Based on the long-term data in the literature, we present evidence for long-term optical spectral index variability behaviour for BL Lacertae object OJ 287. First we find that the optical spectral index variability period of BL Lacertae object OJ 287 is in agreement with the optical flux variability period of about 11.96 yr. It is considered that different processes induce optical variability, and each process should have a definite signature in the spectral index, thus leading to the periodicity of the spectral index. We also find that the time lag between the optical spectral index and the optical flux density is half of the optical flux variability period. This result tends to support the argument that when the brightness of the long-term variations increases, the optical spectra become bluer. These variations can be explained by energy loss of the electrons during the outburst. We show that the spectral index is different during the flares compared with outside the flares; between the first and second flare peaks of the superflares, the spectrum shapes are different. Disparate processes possibly induce the two peaks of OJ 287.
Endocrine Sequelae in 157 Pediatric Survivors of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)

Abstract Context Successful rates of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) face paralleled escalation of late endocrine and metabolic effects. Objective This work aimed to characterize these sequelae distinguishing between the underlying pathologies and treatments received. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 157 children post-HSCT (hematopoietic pathology [N = 106], solid tumors [N = 40], and rare entities [N = 11]) followed at a single endocrine department between 2009 and 2019. Regression analysis was used to ascertain association. Results Of all patients, 58.7% presented with at least one endocrine abnormality. Endocrinopathies post HSCT were most frequently developed in lymphoblastic leukemia (60.5% of them), whereas myeloid leukemias had the fewest. A total of 64% of patients presented with primary hypogonadism, 52% short stature, and 20% obesity. Endocrinopathy was associated with older age at HSCT (9.78 years [6.25-12.25] vs 6.78 years [4.06-9.75]) (P < .005), pubertal Tanner stage V (P < .001), chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) (P = .022), and direct gonadal therapy (P = .026). The incidence of endocrinopathies was higher in girls (15% more common; P < .02) and in patients who received radiotherapy (18% higher), steroids (17.4% increase), allogenic HSCT (7% higher), thymoglobulin, or cyclophosphamide. Those on busulfan presented with a 27.5% higher rate of primary hypogonadism (P = .003). Conclusion More than half of children surviving HSCT will develop endocrinopathies. Strikingly, obesity has risen to the third most frequent endocrine disruption, mainly due to steroids, and partly adhering to the general population tendency. Lymphoblastic leukemia was the condition with a higher rate of endocrine abnormalities. Female sex, older age at HSCT, pubertal stage, allogenic transplant, radiotherapy, alkylating drugs, and GVHD pose risk factors for endocrine disturbances.
Brain regions involved in speech production, mechanism and development

Speech might be one of the best inventions of human beings due to its critical communicative role in individuals' daily lives. Hence any study about it is valuable. To our knowledge, merely three studies focused on brain regions' associations with speech production were published more than eighteen years ago; furthermore, research on the brain areas associated with speech production is currently insufficient. The present review aims to provide information about all brain areas contributing to speech production to update the knowledge of brain areas related to speech production. The current study confirms earlier claims about activating some brain areas in the process; however, the previous studies were not comprehensive, and not all brain areas were mentioned. Three cerebral lobes are involved in the process, namely, the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The regions involved include the left superior parietal lobe, Wernicke's area, Heschl's gyri, primary auditory cortex, left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), Broca's area, and premotor cortex. In addition, regions of the lateral sulcus (anterior insula and posterior superior temporal sulcus), basal ganglia (putamen), and forebrain (thalamus) showed participation in the process. However, there was a different brain activation of overt and covert or silent speech (Broca's and Wernicke's areas). Moreover, mouth position and breathing style showed a difference in speech mechanism. In terms of speech development, the early postnatal years are important for speech development, as well as identifying three crucial stages of speech development: the pre-verbal stage, transition to active speech, and refinement of speech. In addition, during the early years of speech development, auditory and motor brain regions showed involvement in the process.
THE NATURE OF FLARE RIBBONS IN CORONAL NULL-POINT TOPOLOGY

Flare ribbons are commonly attributed to the low-altitude impact, along the footprints of separatrices or quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs), of particle beams accelerated through magnetic reconnection. If reconnection occurs at a three-dimensional coronal magnetic null point, the footprint of the dome-shaped fan surface would map a closed circular ribbon. This paper addresses the following issues: does the entire circular ribbon brighten simultaneously, as expected because all fan field lines pass through the null point? And since the spine separatrices are singular field lines, do spine-related ribbons look like compact kernels? What can we learn from these observations about current sheet formation and magnetic reconnection in a null-point topology? The present study addresses these questions by analyzing Transition Region and Coronal Explorer and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager observations of a confined flare presenting a circular ribbon. Using a potential field extrapolation, we linked the circular shape of the ribbon with the photospheric mapping of the fan field lines originating from a coronal null point. Observations show that the flare ribbon outlining the fan lines brightens sequentially along the counterclockwise direction and that the spine-related ribbons are elongated. Using the potential field extrapolation as initial condition, we conduct a low-β resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulation of this observed event. We drive the coronal evolution by line-tied diverging boundary motions, so as to emulate the observed photospheric flow pattern associated with some magnetic flux emergence. The numerical analysis allows us to explain several observed features of the confined flare. The vorticity induced in the fan by the prescribed motions causes the spines to tear apart along the fan. This leads to formation of a thin current sheet and induces null-point reconnection. We also find that the null point and its associated topological structure is embedded within QSLs, already present in the asymmetric potential field configuration. We find that the QSL footprints correspond to the observed elongated spine ribbons. Finally, we observe that before and after reconnecting at the null point, all field lines undergo slipping and slip-running reconnection within the QSLs. Field lines, and therefore particle impacts, slip or slip-run according to their distance from the spine, in directions and over distances that are compatible with the observed dynamics of the ribbons.
Raman spectra of the ferroelectric phase of Sr Ti 18 O 3 : Symmetry and domains below T c and the origin of the phase transition

Polarized Raman spectra of isotope substituted $\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ti}}^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (STO18) crystals were studied in the ferroelectric phase below ${T}_{c}=24.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Samples were confirmed to be a single domain in the tetragonal phase $({T}_{c}lTl{T}_{0}=108\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$. Raman spectra in various phonon propagation directions ${\stackrel{P\vec}{K}}_{p}$ were found to satisfy the selection rules for orthorhombic ${C}_{2v}$ symmetry with the spontaneous polarization $\stackrel{P\vec}{P}$ parallel to the tetragonal axes, either ${[110]}_{c}$ or ${[1\overline{1}0]}_{c}$. Below ${T}_{c}$, STO18 is inhomogeneous and consists of a number of small ferroelectric domains as well as remnants of the tetragonal structure. Soft TO modes originated from the lowest ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ mode in cubic phase were observed at 20 and $12.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. On heating, these modes soften but do not freeze at ${T}_{c}$. Near ${T}_{c}$, a quasielastic scattering component appears and its intensity critically increases. Although for temperatures far from ${T}_{c}$, the transition is promoted by the softening of the TO modes, the appearance of $\stackrel{P\vec}{P}$ at ${T}_{c}$ cannot be attributed to the freezing of Slater mode since $\stackrel{P\vec}{P}$ is not parallel to the cubic axis ${[100]}_{c}$. Origin of the relaxational mode near ${T}_{c}$ and the direction of $\stackrel{P\vec}{P}$ are discussed in terms of the orientational ordering of locally polarized clusters which already exist above ${T}_{c}$. These results indicate that the phase transition in STO18 is a peculiar transition and has both order-disorder and displacive nature.
On a generalization of the Schauder and Krasnosel'skii fixed points theorems on Dunford–Pettis spaces and applications

In this paper, we give a generalization of the Schauder and Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorems in Dunford–Pettis spaces. Both of these theorems can be used to resolve some open problems posed by Jeribi (Nonlinear Anal.: Real World Appl. 2002; 3:85–105); and Latrach (J. Math. Phys. 1996; 37:1336–1348). Further, we applied our work to prove some existence results for a source problem with general boundary conditions in L1 spaces. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposed-anvil-type high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus using sintered diamond

An opposed-anvil-type high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus is developed, adopting sintered diamond as the anvil material. Pressures and temperatures up to about 30GPa and 1700K can be achieved routinely without difficulty. The use of a metal gasket dramatically reduces the occurrence of blowouts and results in very stable pressure generation. By improving the preparation methods and materials used for the small components of the sample assembly, experiments can be performed much more easily than with previous versions of the apparatus. Pressures and temperatures were measured by in situ x-ray diffraction using two different pressure markers. Temperatures of the sample were also estimated from the resistance change of the heater. Estimated pressure and temperature conditions were checked by the phase transformation of Al-bearing MgSiO3 and were consistent with the stability field of the perovskite phase as previously reported. Compared to the laser-heated diamond anvil cell, this apparatus has the .
Spectrophotometric Standards from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Near-Infrared: STIS and NICMOS Fluxes

With photometric repeatability in the 0.2%–0.4% range and wavelength coverage from 1150 to 10,200 Å, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) low-dispersion spectrophotometry provides excellent absolute flux standards. STIS observations of 19 stars are used to update the database of Hubble Space Telescope standard stars with absolute fluxes that are based on the white dwarf pure hydrogen scale. Uncertainties in the STIS absolute flux calibration range from 4% in the far-UV to 2% at longer wavelengths. The relative and absolute fluxes of our composite standards in the IR are verified by the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrograph (NICMOS) observations and by ground-based IR photometry.