Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Need for a Physiological Classification of Hemorrhagic Shock

Classifications mean to conceptualize in a cluster and rapidly summarize the assessment and management of a clinical scenario. In the specific case of a hemorrhagic shock (HS), a classification should serve the purpose of allowing a rapid clinical assessment of the shock level and the earliest or right timing of source control, possibly also on whether to apply damage control surgery (DCS) strategy or not. ATLS® classification of HS is not sensitive and specific enough to help decision-making in reference to the timing of management, based only on the amount of blood loss that may be or may not rightly estimated, for example, blood loss on the floor in penetrating injuries before theatre. Moreover, it focuses also on other parameters, which are taken singularly, instead of the individual generalized physiological response to hemorrhage, which is the core by definition of the derangement we call “shock. ” It is unhelpful, difficult, and impractical to apply as well. A new classification, which may well be called as the “physiological HS classification” or “therapeutic HS classification,” was proposed since 2010, following the new developments on microcirculation and an already going-on sensible praxis among some trauma surgeons. It bases on some physiological considerations such as the significance of fluid-blood resistant hypotension, body natural hemostatic mechanisms, the right definition of shock, and the relevance that hemorrhage-triggered ischemia-reperfusion toxemia and systemic inflammatory response have in critical illness scenarios as secondary insults from ischemia, which is what we mean to prevented with DCS. The key factor remains the persistence of hypotension, following fluid challenge.
Schools' Attitudes Towards Single Parents: Experimental Evidence

Single parenthood is on the rise everywhere in the world. While previous studies show that acceptance of single-parent households is increasing, some authors point out that single-parent families are often considered as a reality rather than as an ideal. This circumstance may cause negative attitudes towards single parents, who are also among the most vulnerable groups of society. Motivated by these findings, we study whether schools are more reluctant to interact with single parents than with heterosexual couples. We conduct a field experiment with schools during the children's pre-registration period. We create three types of fictitious families (heterosexual couple, single mother and single father) and send e-mails to schools in which the family structure is made explicit. Our results indicate that single parents benefit from positive discrimination. Schools are more prone to interact with single parents than with heterosexual couples. Further, single mothers receive more answers than single fathers.
Discordance of renal drug dosing using estimated creatinine clearance and measured urine creatinine clearance in hospitalized adults: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Assessment of kidney function is fundamental to optimize drug dosing. The Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation is widely used but has questionable validity for females, changing renal function, and the critical ill. Eight-hour urine collections (U8h) offer direct measurement of creatinine clearance (CrCl) but lack the data for drug dosing. The primary objective of this study was to determine if there was a difference in renal drug dosing based on the estimation of CG CrCl (CrClCG) versus 8-h CrCl (CrCl8h). Methods: This was an observational, retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted between March 2018 and September 2018 with a collection U8hduring hospitalization. The primary outcome was discordance of renal drug dosing defined as the percentage of U8hfor which at least one different active medication CrCl dosing cutoff would result using the CrClCGversus CrCl8h. The secondary outcomes were correlation between CrClCGand CrCl8hand percentage of CrClCGvalues outside ± 20% of the CrCl8h. Results: One hundred collections drawn from 85 unique patients (50.6% male, median age 55 [41–70] years, intensive care unit 88%) were included in the analysis. Median serum creatinine was 0.76 (0.52–1.06) mg/dL and blood urea nitrogen was 20 (14–28) mg/dL at time of collection8h. Median CrCl8hwas 86.2 (43.5–140.3) mL/min versus 99.7 (56.5–166.9) mL/min CrClCG(P < 0.001) and discordance was 25%. The correlation between CrCl8hand CrClCGwas 0.76 (P < 0.001). Only 31% of CrClCGvalues were within ± 20% of the CrCl8hvalue. Conclusion: We found 25% discordance for drug dosing between CrCl8hand CrClCG.Further studies are needed to determine the impact on clinical outcomes.
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and plant growth

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the breaking and re-joining of xyloglucan molecules. It may be involved in plant growth, functioning either to anchor newly synthesized xyloglucan polymers into the cell wall or to reversibly loosen the cellulose-xyloglucan network permitting turgor-driven cell expansion. Consistent with a role in growth, levels of XET activity have been shown to correlate with elongation in, for example, maize roots (Pritchard et al., 1993). Our group has recently isolated a cDNA clone from nasturtium (de Silva et al., 1993) encoding a seed enzyme with XET activity (Edwards et al., 1986; Fanutti et al., 1993). The biological function of XET is being investigated via in vivo manipulation
A New Species of the Lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the Eastern U.S.A.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CFECA48B-7833-472B-8FA8-D746B3A6D9CE SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline. com/UJVP Citation for this article: Frederickson, J. A. , T. R. Lipka, and R. L. Cifelli. 2016. A new species of the lungfish Ceratodus (Dipnoi) from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern U.SA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016. 1136316.
Studies on the Streptomycin for Plants

The absorption and translocation of streptomycin in the tobacco plant was investigated by radioautographs of S35 labelled streptomycin sulphate absorbed by the plant. (1) It was found that there was little movement of streptomycin in the leaves when absorbed through the leaf surface. Some movement was observed towards the leaf tips when the streptomycin was applied to the mid-rib or large vein. (2) Movement into the xylem, followed by translocation to the upper leaves, was exhibited when the streptomycin was absorbed in cotton-wool and banded around bottom of the plant stem. When the streptomycin was absorbed in large amounts, translocation to the lower leaves was slow and the higher leaves contained a larger proportion of the streptomycin, though dependent on the total amount of streptomycin absorbed in the stem, the lower leaves often contained more than the middle leaves. (3) The results obtained from these radioautograph experiments were similar to those from the bio-assay of the leaf sap using the cup method and inoculation test with Pseudomonas tabaci. (4) Within twenty-four hours of applying streptomycin to the lower stem, it was translocated to the upper leaves.
Effects of different positive end-expiratory pressure titrating strategies on oxygenation and respiratory mechanics during one- lung ventilation: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is widely used to reduce the risk of hypoxemia and atelectasis during one-lung ventilation (OLV); however, the optimal strategy for PEEP titrating remains unclear.The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of different PEEP titrating strategies on oxygenation and respiratory mechanics during OLV. METHODS Patients undergoing thoracic surgery with general anesthesia were randomly allocated into five groups. In P0 group, PEEP was set to zero; in PLIP2 group, PEEP was set to 2 cmH2O plus the pressure of lower inflection point (LIP) of pressure-volume (P-V) curve; in PLIPS group, PEEP was titrated to achieve maximum static compliance from the averaged LIP pressure value; in groups PSTAT and PDYN, the incremental PEEP values were titrated to achieve maximum static compliance or maximum dynamic compliance from 4 cmH2O. Hemodynamic measurements, respiratory mechanics, and blood gas analyses were recorded at the beginning of OLV, OLV 15 min, OLV 30 min, OLV 45 min, and OLV 60 min. Also, the intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), and oxygenation index (OI) were calculated and compared. RESULTS Seventy-five patients consented to participate in this study. Dynamic compliance, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and plateau inspiratory pressure (Pplat) increased after PEEP titration during OLV. PIP, Qs/ Qt, and OI showed no differences among groups. Group PDYN showed lower Pplat, lower driving pressure, and higher dynamic compliance when compared with zero PEEP group. CONCLUSIONS The PEEP titrating strategy according to dynamic compliance can improve respiratory mechanics, whereas it has no significant effects on oxygenation, dead space ratio, and intrapulmonary shunt, suggesting that it is better during OLV for thoracic surgery.
A model for calculating the mechanical demands of overground running

ABSTRACT An energy-based approach to quantifying the mechanical demands of overground, constant velocity and/or intermittent running patterns is presented. Total mechanical work done (Wtotal ) is determined from the sum of the four sub components: work done to accelerate the centre of mass horizontally (Whor ), vertically (Wvert ), to overcome air resistance (Wair ) and to swing the limbs (Wlimbs ). These components are determined from established relationships between running velocity and running kinematics; and the application of work-energy theorem. The model was applied to constant velocity running (2–9 m/s), a hard acceleration event and a hard deceleration event. The estimated Wtotal and each sub component were presented as mechanical demand (work per unit distance) and power (work per unit time), for each running pattern. The analyses demonstrate the model is able to produce estimates that: 1) are principally determined by the absolute running velocity and/or acceleration; and 2) can be attributed to different mechanical demands given the nature of the running bout. Notably, the proposed model is responsive to varied running patterns, producing data that are consistent with established human locomotion theory; demonstrating sound construct validity. Notwithstanding several assumptions, the model may be applied to quantify overground running demands on flat surfaces.
In vitro effects of azide-containing human CRP isoforms and oxLDL on U937-derived macrophage production of atherosclerosis-related cytokines.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease of the arterial wall. Monomeric (m) and pentameric (p) C-reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) seem to affect the pattern of cytokine production by macrophages, thus playing an important role in atherogenesis. Azide, the commercial preservative of CRP, may influence its action in vitro. The present study aimed to determine the effects of both isoforms of azide-containing CRP (mCRP and pCRP) with and without oxLDL on cytokine production by U937-derived macrophages. U937 monocytes were cultured and differentiated into macrophages and treated with mCRP, pCRP, oxLDL and azide individually and in combination. ELISA were performed to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in culture supernatants collected from U937-derived macrophages following their respective treatments. Most single and combined treatments, especially in triple combination, were able to downregulate the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 compared with control untreated cells, whilst the combination of mCRP and pCRP increased IL-4 levels. Regarding IL-10, except for an increase induced by mCRP, no significant effect was caused by any treatment compared with the control. On the other hand, the levels of TNF-α were not significantly affected by any treatment except for a decreasing trend that was observed with mCRP/oxLDL treatment compared with control. By contrast, double azide caused a significant decrease in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. The results of the present study indicated that mCRP, pCRP, oxLD and possibly azide, individually or in different combinations, had the tendency to upregulate the expression of IL-4 and to downregulate that of the pro-atherogenic cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-6, suggesting that the intima microenvironment serves a crucial role in atherogenesis.
A structural view of PA2G4 isoforms with opposing functions in cancer

The role of proliferation-associated protein 2G4 (PA2G4), alternatively known as ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1), in cancer has become apparent over the past 20 years. PA2G4 expression levels are correlated with prognosis in a range of human cancers, including neuroblastoma, cervical, brain, breast, prostate, pancreatic, hepatocellular, and other tumors. There are two PA2G4 isoforms, PA2G4-p42 and PA2G4-p48, and although both isoforms of PA2G4 regulate cellular growth and differentiation, these isoforms often have opposing roles depending on the context. Therefore, PA2G4 can function either as a contextual tumor suppressor or as an oncogene, depending on the tissue being studied. However, it is unclear how distinct structural features of the two PA2G4 isoforms translate into different functional outcomes. In this review, we examine published structures to identify important structural and functional components of PA2G4 and consider how they may explain its crucial role in the malignant phenotype. We will highlight the lysine-rich regions, protein-protein interaction sites, and post-translational modifications of the two PA2G4 isoforms and relate these to the functional cellular role of PA2G4. These data will enable a better understanding of the function and structure relationship of the two PA2G4 isoforms and highlight the care that will need to be undertaken for those who wish to conduct isoform-specific structure-based drug design campaigns.
Population Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in 93 Countries

Death rates due to COVID-19 pandemic vary considerably across regions and countries. Case Mortality Rates (CMR) per 100,000 population are more reliable than case-fatality rates per 100 test-positive cases, which are heavily dependent on the extent of viral case testing carried out in a country. We aimed to study the variations in CMR against population risk factors such as aging, underlying chronic diseases and social determinants such as poverty and overcrowding. Data on COVID-19 CMR in 93 countries was analyzed for associations with preexisting prevalence rates of eight diseases [asthma, lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), hypertension, ischemic heart disease, depression and diabetes], and six socio-demographic factors [Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, unemployment, age over 65 years, urbanization, population density, and socio-demographic index]. These data were analyzed in three steps: correlation analysis, bivariate comparison of countries, and multivariate modelling. Bivariate analysis revealed that COVID-19 CMR were higher in countries that had high prevalence of population risk factors such as AD, lung cancer, asthma and COPD. On multivariate modeling however, AD, COPD, depression and higher GDP predicted increased death rates. Comorbid illnesses such as AD and lung diseases may be more influential than aging alone.
Body size and sexual dimorphism in mainland and island tiger snakes

FOWLER, L. E. 1979. Hatching success and nest predation in the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Ecology 60(5):946-955. FUJIWARA, M. 1964. Some cases of spontaneous twinning in the loggerhead turtle. Acta Herpetol. Japan 2:7-8. (In Japanese.) GLAESNER, L. 1924. Uber drei Doppelbildungen von Chelone mydas. Zool. Anz. 60:185-194. HEWAVISENTHI, S. 1989. Twin green turtle hatchlings in Sri Lanka. Marine Turtle Newsl. 46:9. HUBERT, J. 1964. Essais de fissuration de l'oeuf de lezard vivipare (Lacerta vivipara J.). C. r. Soc. Biol. Paris 158:523-525.
Impact of sleep-disordered breathing on glucose metabolism among individuals with a family history of diabetes: the Nagahama study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES It is well known that a family history of diabetes (FHD) is a definitive risk factor for type 2 diabetes. It has not been known whether sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) increases the prevalence of diabetes in those with FHD. METHODS We assessed SDB severity in 7,477 study participants by oximetry corrected by objective sleep duration determined by wrist actigraphy. HbA1c ≥6.5% and/or current medication for diabetes indicated the presence of diabetes. In addition to the overall prevalence, the prevalence of recent-onset diabetes during the almost 5 years before the SDB measurements was investigated. RESULTS Of the 7,477 participants (mean age 57.9 [range 34.2-80.7, SD 12.1] years, females 67.7%), 1,569 had FHD. The prevalence of diabetes in FHD participants with moderate-to-severe SDB (MS-SDB) was higher than in those without SDB (MS-SDB vs. without SDB: all, 29.3% vs. 3.3%, P <0.001; females, 32.6% vs. 1.9%, P <0.001; males, 26.2% vs. 11.7%, P = 0.037). However, multivariate analysis showed that MS-SDB was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes only in FHD (+) females (OR [95%CI]: females, 7.43 [3.16-17.45]; males, 0.92 [0.37-2.31]). Among the FHD (+) participants, the prevalence of recent-onset diabetes was higher in those with MS-SDB than those without SDB, but only in females (MS-SDB vs. without SDB: 21.4 % vs. 1.1%, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS MS-SDB was associated with diabetes risk in females with FHD, and future studies are needed on whether treatment of SDB in females with FHD would prevent the onset of diabetes.
Characterization of resistance genes to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in North Lebanon

Background. – Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most significant pathogens causing significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the incidence of MLS-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections continues to grow globally.Objective. – The aim of this study is to examine the expression of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates to MLS and the prevalence of genes involved in this resistance by PCR.Methods. – 38 strains of S. aureus MLS-resistant (resistant at least for one macrolide) were isolated in the sector of microbiology at Nini Hospital in North Lebanon. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the phenotype of the MLS resistance. The resistance genes involved were detected by PCR using specific gene primers for ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, linA, mefA, vat and vgb genes.Results. – A total of 55.3% of the isolates were positive for inducible phenotype (iMLSB), 15.8% for the constitutive phenotype (cMLSB), 23.7% for MSB phenotype and 5.2% for L phenotype. The ermC gene was the most prevalent (52.6%), while ermA, ermB, msrA and linA genes were observed with lower prevalence. However, a combination of several of these genes was detected. The vgb, vat and mefA genes were not detected in any of the clinical isolates.Conclusion. – To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation regarding characterization of MLS resistance genes in clinical isolates of S. aureus in Lebanon. The study revealed a high prevalence of the inducible resistance to lincosamides (iMLSB phenotype) and the most prevalent resistance determinants was ermC.
Saudi Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Management of Potential Arrhythmogenicity Associated with Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19

ABSTRACT Evidence of cardiovascular complications associated with the COVID-19 global pandemic continues to evolve. These include direct and indirect myocardial injury with subsequent acute myocardial ischemia, and cardiac arrhythmia. Some results from a limited number of trials of antiviral medications, along with chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, have been beneficial. However, these pharmacotherapies may cause drug-induced QT prolongation leading to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mitigation of the potential risk in these susceptible patients may prove exceptionally challenging. The Saudi Heart Rhythm Society established a task force to perform a review of this subject based on has recently published reports, and studies and recommendations from major medical organizations. The objective of this review is to identify high-risk patients, and to set clear guidelines for management of patients receiving these pharmacotherapies.
Crude oligosaccharides mediated resistance and histo-chemical changes in Capsicum annuum against anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici

Abstract Enhancing the host resistance using biotic elicitors is one of the eco-friendly approaches developed for plant disease management. The Crude Oligosaccharides (CO) extracted from Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby was evaluated for their efficiency to elicit resistance in chilli against anthracnose disease. Among the different concentrations tested, CO treatment at 2.5 mg/ml concentration for 3 h duration significantly enhanced seed germination (90.5%) and seedling vigor (986.7), compared to control which offered 78% of seed germination and 712.5 of seedling vigor. Application of CO at 2.5 mg/ml concentration also reduced the disease severity with a highest anthracnose disease protection of 68% under greenhouse conditions and enhanced the vegetative growth parameters compared to control. The induction of resistance was evident with higher expression of primary defense responses like hypersensitive response, deposition of lignin, callose, hydrogen peroxide and phenol when compared to control plants. There was a one fold increase in defense enzyme activities phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and lipoxygenase in crude oligosaccharide-treated inoculated seedlings when compared to susceptible inoculated seedlings which were similar to that of resistant inoculated seedlings where a maximum of 1.5-fold increase in enzyme activity was observed.