Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supplementing herbicides with manual weeding improves weed control efficiency, growth and yield of direct seeded rice

Supplementing herbicide application with manual weeding in dry seeded rice fields can help control weeds more effectively. To test this assumption, pre and post-emergence herbicides applied either alone or supplemented with manual weeding were evaluated in a field study. Pendimethalin at 1137 g a.i. ha -1 as pre-emergence (0 DAS), bispyribac sodium, penoxsulam, pyrazosulfuron ethyl and ethoxysulfuron ethyl at 30, 15, 30 and 30 g a.i. ha -1 , respectively, as early post emergence (15 DAS) were applied alone and supplemented with manual weeding (hoeing/pulling, 30 DAS). A weedy check and manual weeding thrice (15, 30 and 45 DAS) were included for comparison. Data on weed dynamics and crop attributes were recorded following standard procedures. Weed density and biomass was significantly reduced under sole application of herbicides; nonetheless supplementing herbicides with manual weeding further reduced both of these attributes to a much larger extent. Bispyribac sodium recoded higher weed suppression when it was followed by manual weeding. Positive efficiency indices of different weed management treatments were also observed in the study. Significant improvement in rice growth and grain yield was recorded when herbicides were followed by manual weeding. Bispyribac sodium and ethoxysulfuron ethyl followed by manual weeding recorded similar grain yields. Rice growth and yield was negatively associated with weed density and biomass, and unrestricted weed growth incurred 75% yield loss in dry seed fine rice. Combination of bispyribac sodium and manual weeding was the best integrated weed management strategy to control weeds and enhance growth and yield of rice. © 2013 Friends Science Publishers
Weed flora of sugarcane in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan.

A survey was conducted to highlight the weed flora of sugarcane crop in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province, Pakistan during the year 2011. The relative density of weeds was determined using the Oosting scale method. This study explored 73 weed species belonging to 65 genera and 27 families in sugarcane fields in district Bannu. Out of the 27 weed families, three were monocots (with 13 genera and 13 species) and 24 were dicots (with 52 genera and 60 species). The most common families in terms of abundance and number of species infesting sugarcane crop were Asteraceae (12 genera and 12 species), Poaceae (11 genera and 11 species), Papilionaceae (5 genera and 5 species), Solanaceae (4 genera and 5 species), Malvaceae (4 genera and 4 species), Amaranthaceae (3 genera and 5 species), Euphorbiaceae (3 genera and 3 species), Polygonaceae (2 genera and 4 species), Plantaginaceae (2 genera and 2 species), Verbenaceae (2 genera and 2 species), Chenopodiaceae (1 genera and 3 species), and Convolvulaceae (1 genera and 2 species). The rest of the families were represented by only one species each. According to the Oosting scale, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eclipta alba, Enneapogon avenaceus, Leptochloa panicea were the most abundant weed species in sugarcane fields followed by Amaranthus viridis, Alopecurus nepalensis, Carduus argentatus, Cirsium arvense, Cyperus rotundus, Dichanthium annulatum, Eleusine indica, Oxalis corniculata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phalaris minor, Polygonum barbatum, Sorghum halepense which were reported as significantly reducing sugarcane yields in the locality and only judicious management of these species may enable the sugarcane growers to harvest bumper yields of their crop.
Palatabilidad y composición química de alimentos consumidos en cautiverio por el venado cola blanca de Yucatán (Odocoileus virginianus yucatanensis) Palatability and chemical composition of feeds ingested in captivity by Yucatan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus yucatanensis)

SUMMARY The study was conducted at the Regional University Center located in Temozon, north of Yucatan (Mexico). The dietary preferences of 10 white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) subspecies yucatanensis were estimated in the selection of eleven plants growing in the state of Yucatan, using a cafeteria study type. The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the diet and the different vegetal species were determined, as well as the nutritional balance of the deer (30.2±2.65 kg of BW) fed with those species. The deer selected mainly the arboreal ones (76.52%), with a smaller proportion of forbs (19.37%), herbaceous (5.81%) and a minimum of graminae (0.29%). The legumes Leucaena leucocephala and Brosimum alicastrum constituted 51.20% of the ration. The diet had a composition of 56.97% dry matter, 17.64% crude protein, 42.53% cell walls with an IVDMD of 56.90%. The results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that the arboreal species have a significant impact (P 0.1), it presented a significant correlation (r = 0.23; P < 0.05), and none of the other nutrients or digestibility had a significant effect on feed intake. When the vegetal species were evaluated within the same analysis, the arboreal ones showed a significant positive linear effect (P < 0.0012) whereas the herbaceous tended (P < 0.11) to reduce the intake quadratically. It was estimated that the ration meets the maintenance requirements of nitrogen and energy in excess, allowing a maximum of 30% increase in energy for activity over the basal metabolism, a reason why the vegetation in Regional University Center can be considered nutritionally excellent due to its protein content and digestibility for the white tailed deer.
Dynamical models of the mammalian target of rapamycin network in ageing

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a central regulator of cellular growth and metabolism and plays an important role in ageing and agerelated diseases. The increase of in vitro data collected to extend our knowledge on its regulation, and consequently improve drug intervention, has highlighted the complexity of the mTOR network. This complexity is also aggravated by the intrinsic time-dependent nature of cellular regulatory network cross-talks and feedbacks. Systems biology constitutes a powerful tool for mathematically formalising biological networks and investigating such dynamical properties. The present work discusses the development of three dynamical models of the mTOR network. The first aimed at the analysis of the current literature-based hypotheses of mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) regulation. For each hypothesis, the model predicted specific differential dynamics which were systematically tested by in vitro experiments. Surprisingly, no current hypothesis could explain the data and a new hypothesis of mTORC2 activation was proposed. The second model extended the previous one with an AMPK module. In this study AMPK was reported to be activated by insulin. Using a hypothesis ranking approach based on model goodness-of-fit, AMPK activity was in silico predicted and in vitro tested to be activated by the insulin receptor substrate (IRS). Finally, the last model linked mTOR with the oxidative stress response, mitochondrial regulation, DNA damage and FoxO transcription factors. This work provided the characterisation of a dynamical mechanism to explain the state transition from normal to senescent cells and the irreversibility of the senescent phenotype.
Polymorphism in Molecular Crystals

First recognized in 1822, polymorphism of crystals is now a widely recognized and observed phenomenon, with both fundamental and commercial ramifications in disciplines and industries that study and utilize solid forms of matter. The purpose of this edition is to summarize and to bring up to date the current knowledge and understanding of polymorphism in molecular crystals, and to concentrate it in one source. The information has been gleaned from a wide variety (~2500) of sources in the open literature; however, because of the increasing commercial importance of the phenomenon, a significant portion of the information is less accessible, we have attempted to include both the information from those sources as well with full details of their citations. An introductory chapter on fundamental concepts, definitions, and historical development is followed by a presentation of the physical and structural bases for crystallization and polymorphism. The exploration of the crystal form landscape is described in detail, including polymorph screens, concomitant polymorphs, and disappearing polymorphs. A survey of analytical methods for studying and characterizing polymorphs is followed by a discussion of rapidly developing computational methods for studying and attempting to predict polymorphic behavior. A chapter with many examples of the utilization of polymorphic systems to investigate structure–property relationships in solids precedes three individual chapters on the role and importance of polymorphism in pharmaceuticals, high energy materials, and pigments. The book closes with a chapter on the role of polymorphism in establishing and protecting intellectual property connected with polymorphs through the patent system.
Effects of Chilling Injury in the Light on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and D1 Protein Turnover in Cucumber and Pea Leaves

Light-chilling effects were investigated in chilling-sensitive cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ilmichungjang) and chilling-resistant pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Giant) leaf discs in relation to possible damage in D1 protein. In both plants, dark-chilling did not cause any noticeable changes in (Fv)m/Fm and lincomycin did not affect the decrease in (Fv)m/Fm caused by light-chilling. This result suggests that the de novo synthesis of D1 protein did not occur actively during light-chilling. In pea light-chilled for 6 h. the decreased (Fv)m/Fm was partly recovered in the dark, and almost complete recovery was observed in the light. In cucumber light-chilled for 3 h. the reduced (Fv)m/Fm decreased further for the initial 2 h recovery process in the light regardless of the treatment of lincomycin and recovered very slowly. In both plant species, the treatment of lincomycin inhibited the recovery process in the light, but did not significantly inhibit the process in the dark. In cucumber leaves pulse-labeled with , the labeled band intensities of isolated pigment-protein complexes were almost the same during the 6 h light-chilling, but significant decreases in band intensities were observed during the 3 h recovery period. This result suggests that the irreversibly damaged D1 protein was degraded during the recovery period. However, no noticeable changes were observed in the pea leaves during the 12 h chilling and 3 h recovery period. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pigment-protein complexes showed that the principal lesion sites of light-chilling were different from those of room temperature photoinhibition.
ESTIMATION CARBON STOCK ON MANGROVE VEGETATION AT MANGROVE AREA OF UJUNG PIRING JEPARA DISTRICT

ABSTRACT Mangrove forrest is an coastal ecosystem which has so many advantages and usages. Mangrove forrest has ecological functions as carbon sink. This function becomes very important because of the increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere causing climate change. Climate change raises the temperature on the surface of the earth, thus threatening the existence of humans and other living things. The purpose of this research was to determine the amount of biomass, carbon reserve, CO 2 absorption and soil organic carbon in mangrove vegetation Ujung Piring, Jepara.The method used in this research was descriptive and location determined by purposive sampling, which is divided into three locations, in each location used 2-3 x sampling. The data were collected using a 10 x 10 m plot. Determination of stored biomass in stands using non-destructive sampling by measuring stem diameter (Dbh) and allometric equation on each mangrove species. Carbon stock was determined using the results of biomass determination, whereas CO 2 absorption was determined using carbon stock. Soil organic carbon is determined using the results of organic matter measurement.The result showed that 6 mangroves species were found in the research plots: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris . The largest carbon stock value is in Location I with the dominance of R.apiculata . The carbon stock of mangrove vegetation has a linear relationship with soil organic carbon. Ujung Piring has amount of biomass 16,69 ton/ha, carbon stock 7,85 ton/ha, CO 2 absorption 28,76 ton/ha and soil organic carbon 1706 ton/ha. Key words: Biomass, Carbon Stock, CO2 Absorption, Mangrove forrest, Soil Organic Carbon
Evaluation of Dogwood and Birch Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Key Insect Pests and Diseases

Abstract Ten cultivars of dogwoods (Cornus spp.) were evaluated in multi-year trials for relative reisistance to the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris); cold injury; canker disease, Botryosphaeria dothidea; spot anthracnose, Elsinoe corni; and powdery mildew, Oidium sp. , Microsphaera sp. , and Phyllactinia sp. Similarly, eight cultivars of birch (Betula spp.) were evaluated for resistance to the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier); Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; aphids, Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer; the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory; and leaf-spot, Cryptocline betularum. All cultivars of C. florida, C. kousa and C. kousa x florida were susceptible to dogwood borer, although the C. florida cultivars were surviving better than the others. Cornus mas and C. kousa cultivars were relatively resistant to powdery mildew while C. florida x kousa hybrids and C. florida ‘Cherokee Brave’ were intermediately resistant. Betula platyphylla szechuanica ‘Purpurea’ was highly suscept.
Antimicrobial Activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum Against Dental Caries Causing Microorganisms

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum fruit extracts were studied against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of the selected plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganism except L. acidophilus. The most susceptible microorganism was S.aureus followed by S.mutans, S.cerevisiae and C.albicans in case of Amomum subulatum while in the case of Elettaria cardamomum; S.aureus was followed by C.albicans, S. cerevisiae and S.mutans. The largest mean zone of inhibition was obtained with the ethanolic extract of A. subulatum and acetonic extract of E.cardamomum against Staphylococcus aureus (16.32mm and 20.96mm respectively). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were also determined against the four selected microorganisms showing zones of inhibition ≥10mm. This study depicts that ethanol and acetone extracts of fruits of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum can be used as a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents used to cure dental caries.
Distributional patterns of the relictual subfamily Raymondionyminae (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae): a track analysis

Raymondionyminae are endogean. blind weevils. which ha ve been recently assigned to the · family Erirhinidae. They are currently classified into two tribes: Myrtonymini and Raymondionymini. Myrtonymini comprise a single described genus, MyrtonymZLv, from New Zealand. Raymondionymi1ú comprise 12 genera: Alaocephala, Derosasius, Pararaymondivnymu1·, and Tarattostichus from Europe: Ubychia from Europe and western Asia: Alaocyba, Raymondiellu5. and Raymondionymu1· trom Euro pe and northern Atrica; Gilbertiola and Schizomicru5 from North Amcrica; Neoubychia from Mexico: and Bvrdoniola from South Amcrica (Venezuela). The individual tracks constructed for the different genera overlap only in southwestern Europe and no11hern Africa (Palaearctic region), which thus represents the most complex area.
Supervision by robust risk monitoring – a cycle-independent Hungarian corporate credit rating system

International and Hungarian prudential regulation primarily tasks the supervisory authority with controlling the supervised credit institutions’ lending policy and, in relation to this, the internal models used in this policy. However, the crisis period that started in 2009 demonstrated that in many cases credit institutions with the same lending policy employ models which project significantly different capital and risk costs when rating their clients. As a result, developing monitoring tools that enable comparison of individual internal models and regular monitoring of the lending practices of the individual institutions have recently gained prominence in international supervision. This study presents a possible, simple yet stable and readily applicable corporate monitoring framework which is in line with the Hungarian and international regulation and best practices.
The Influence of Mechanical Forces on the Renin Angiotensin System in Cultured Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

S – Personal Oral Presentations Stanley AG, Patel H, Williams B. Mechanical Strain increases matrix synthesis in cultured Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via an Angiotensin II-Dependent Pathway. J Hypertens. 1999; 17(S3):S18. (Personal oral presentation EHS) Stanley A, Patel H, Williams B. Evidence for the role of Angiotensin II and Mechanical Strain in vascular matrix production by human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Human Hypertens. 1999; 13:4. (Personal oral presentation BHS). Stanley A, Patel H, Williams B. Synergy between Angiotensin II and Mechanical Strain in matrix synthesis by human vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of the ReninAngiotensin-Aldosterone System. 2000; 1:57. (Personal oral presentation AIIA).
Studies on some Criconematoidea (Nematoda) from South Africa with a description of Ogma rhombosquamatum (Mehta & Raski, 1971) Andrassy, 1979.

Ogma rhombosqllamatum (Mehta & Raski, 1971) Andrassy, 1979 is descriptionbed, figured and photographed, for the first time, from South Africa. Additional information as well as stereoscan photos are also given of five previously reported species of Macroposthonia, viz. M. curvata (Raski, 1952) De Grisse & Loof, 1965, M. ferniae (Luc, 1959) De Grisse & Loof, 1965, M. obtusicaudata (Heyns, 1962) Heyns, 1970, M. sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) De Grisse & Loof, 1965 and M. xenoplax (Raski, 1952) De Grisse & Loof, 1965 and also Criconemella par va (Raski, 1952) De Grisse & Loof, 1965.
The effects of trade-offs and disturbance on multi-species coexistence

This thesis uses theoretical models to answer questions that revolve around the ecological processes that maintain diversity. Chapter 1 studies the importance of competitive asymmetry on the likelihood of coexistence. Considering a competition-fecundity trade-off, we find conditions that allow coexistence of two species, and show the likelihood of these species coexisting increases with competitive asymmetry. Further, we demonstrate that asymmetry allows for the coexistence of an arbitrarily large number of species, although the likelihood of coexistence decreases as more species are considered. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are all concerned with the effects of disturbance on diversity. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that the frequency and intensity of disturbance events can affect the community dynamics in different ways. We demonstrate that the diversity-disturbance relationship can take several different forms as frequency and intensity interact to determine overall disturbance regimes. Chapter 3 examines which of three predicted trade-offs are likely to contribute most to coexistence. In particular, we derive the likelihood of two species coexisting as defence against disturbance, fecundity and juvenile growth rates vary between species. We show that a fecundity-defence trade-off is particularly sensitive to parameters, and is not expected to contribute to diversity in large communities. Further, we conclude that a fecundity-growth trade-off contributes more to the maintenance of diversity than a growth-defence trade-off, although the latter is expected to have some effect. In Chapter 4, we consider the effects of disturbance extent on the likelihood of three species coexistence. We demonstrate that in a single, well mixed community a fecundity-growth trade-off cannot support three species. We then use a metapopulation structure to show that spatial heterogeneity in disturbance regimes can increase diversity; showing that a community protected from disturbance can contribute to increase regional diversity, and increase diversity in a neighbouring patch with disturbance.
Existing management practices followed by the cattle keepers in Churu district of Rajasthan.

The study was conducted in Churu district of Rajasthan to acquire first hand information on existing breeding, feeding and housing management practices for dairy cattle. It was observed that 86.00% of the respondents resorted to natural service, 61.75% inseminate their cows at an early heat stage. Significantly more (82.00%) respondents believed in quacks treatment for anoestrous/repeaters animals and only 4.25% cattle keepers followed pregnancy diagnosis. Regarding feeding practices, majority of the farmers followed group feeding (68.75%) and grazed in fallow/harvested field (65.25%). Home prepared concentrate mixture (60.50%) with soaking (78.50%) was prevalent in the area. Only 17.25 and 32.25% of the respondents incorporated mineral mixture and common salt in concentrate mixture, respectively. All the cattle keepers had kutcha floor in shed and 58.50% kept their cattle near dwelling house. Thatched (70.50%) and single slope roof (45.50%) was observed in study area. None of the respondents followed grooming practice. The results indicated that knuckling (81.75%) was the main method of milking. All the respondents, clean udder and teats and wash hand before milking. None of the cattle keepers did dry hand milking and sealing of teat canal at the end of lactation. More than half (53.50) of the respondents fed colostrum to newly born calf within 2 h. All the respondents attended the calf at the time of calving and 96.25% cattle keepers cut and disinfected the naval cord of calf. Only few respondents dehorned and castrated the calf. Regarding sick animal treatment, 82.00% cattle keepers preferred first quacks then vety. doctor/stock man. Only 14.25% of the respondent followed vaccination and deworming practice. Majority (65.50%) of the cattle keepers isolated their sick animals from healthy animals. Water trough and manger was cleaned at weekly interval by 78.00% respondents, while animal shed was cleaned daily by 91.50% cattle keepers.
In Utero Estrogen Exposure Increases Antiestrogen Resistance by Inducing EMT

Abstract : Endocrine therapies such as antiestrogens (AE) are widely used in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, due to their efficacy and limited toxicity. However, the clinical reality is that of the 50% of ER+ patients that initially respond to these therapies, many will acquire resistance and recur. The causes of antiestrogen resistance are currently unclear. Our recent preclinical study found that maternal exposure to excess estrogens during pregnancy increases the risk that AE resistance in ER+ mammary tumors in the offspring. This increase may be caused by epigenetic mechanisms, such as an increase in DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and methylation, and histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone modifications. In this study, our preliminary data show not only an increase in TAM resistance in rats exposed to in utero estrogen, but concurrent treatment with DNMT and HDAC inhibitors inhibited this resistance, suggesting that epigenetic changes driven by estrogenic exposures early in life may preprogram the breast to develop tumors with a higher propensity to develop antiestrogen resistance.