Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marchés des permis de pollution et concurrence imparfaite

[eng] Pollution Permit Markets and Imperfect Competition Pollution permit markets offer attractive properties if there are competitive. Moreover, this result is not valid anymore if the pollution permit market or output markets are not competitive. The aim of this article is to show in which case pollution permit markets lead to a welfare higher than a command and control approach, and to determinate how the regulator can intervene to restore efficiency. Conse- quendy, this article can be considered like a guideline for the regulator which wants instauring a pollution permit market. [fre] Sonia Schwartz Marches des permis de pollution et concurrence imparfaite. Lorsque les marches de permis de pollution fonctionnent de facon concurrentielle, ils presentent des proprietes attractives pour le regulateur. Toutefois, ces resultats sont remis en cause lorsque l'on introduit un fonctionnement imparfait du marche des permis et/ou du marche des biens. Cet article vise donc a etablir dans quels cas les marches de permis de pollution engendrent un bien-etre plus eleve qu'une approche reglementaire, et comment le regulateur peut intervenir pour restaurer l'efficacite des marches. L'objectif de cet article est donc de guider le regulateur dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d'un marche de permis de pollution.
Magnetization of the oceanic crust

The Vine-Matthews [1963] model of the magnetic structure of the igneous oceanic crust, in which basement is considered to be made up of alternating normal and reverse magnetic polarity blocks with a one-to-one match with linear marine magnetic anomalies, has received wide acceptance in the geological and geophysical community. Comparison of the results from studies of samples obtained by dredging, submersible, and shallow drilling, with magnetic anomaly inversion and modeling are generally consistent with this model if the sections of magnetic crust are considered relatively thin—of the order of a kilometer in vertical thickness. However, work that has taken place in the last four years seems to indicate that the magnetic structure of the oceanic crust is a great deal more complicated than originally envisaged. Recent studies of the oceanic basement basalt recovered by the GLOMAR CHALLENGER, particularly from deep basement holes in the Atlantic, have indicated that the net magnetization of the upper 600 meters of igneous crust may, in some places, appear to be insufficient to contribute much to the overlying anomaly amplitudes.
Time lapse refraction seismic - a tool for monitoring carbonate fields?

Time lapse refraction seismic has potential for accurate estimation of reservoir velocity changes. Careful processing using rugby-shaped fk-filters, followed by RMS amplitude analysis versus offset is used. Typically, the RMS amplitude level peaks at an offset values slightly larger than the critical offset. By measuring the shift in this peak between the base line and monitor survey, it is possible to estimate the velocity change in the reservoir layer.
Small‐scale models of oceanic transform zones

Previous studies about oceanic transform zones reveal major morphological and structural differences that cannot be explained by simple factors such as spreading rates or offsets. In order to determine how kinematic and mechanic parameters control the deformation pattern, we perform small-scale modeling using sand and silicone putty as analog material of brittle and ductile layers of oceanic lithosphere, respectively. The three dimensional depth geometry of these layers follows the thermal structure of the ridge-transform system. The structure of the deformed transform zone is very sensitive to input parameters, specially to the offset. The obliquity of the deformed zone with the extension direction (i.e., spreading direction in a natural system) depends on the offset and on the brittle layer thickness ; for greater thickness or a shorter offset, the transform domain widens and the components of extension become significant. For smaller lithosphere thickness or larger offset, the transform domain becomes narrow with steeper walls and mainly undergoes strike-slip deformation. Such variability in possible controls on the offset length may help explain the structure complexity observed within the oceanic transform zones. A comparison with 28 natural systems indicates the same relationship of the offset with the angle between the principal transform displacement zone (PTDZ) and spreading direction. A relationship between offset and width is clearly established for Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) transforms, as on analog models. A similar relationship is observed for the East Pacific Rise (EPR) transforms, but with greater variabilty. This difference is interpreted as resulting either from greater complexity of transform zones on EPR than on MAR making it difficult to estimate some parameters, from different mechanical behaviors between slow and fast spreading systems, or from higher rheological complexity of natural systems than out model.
Active faults in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey, imaged by seismic reflection profiles

Turkey is moving westward relative to Eurasia, thereby accommodating the collision between Arabia and Eurasia. This motion is mostly taken up by strike‐slip deformation along the North and East Anatolian Faults. The Sea of Marmara lies over the direct westward continuation of the North Anatolian Fault zone. Just east of the Sea of Marmara, the North Anatolian Fault splits into three strands, two of which continue into the sea. While the locations of the faults are well constrained on land, it has not yet been determined how the deformation is transferred across the Sea of Marmara, onto the faults on the west coast of Turkey. We present results from a seismic reflection survey undertaken to map the faults as they continue through the three deep Marmara Sea basins of Çlnarclk, Central Marmara and Tekirdag, in order to determine how the deformation is distributed across the Sea of Marmara, and how it is taken up on the western side of the sea. The data show active dipping faults with associated tilting of sedimentary layers, connecting the North Anatolian Fault to strike‐slip faults that cut the Biga and Gallipoli Peninsulas.
Emissions from main propulsion engine on container ship at sea

[1] Emission measurements were made for major gases and PM2.5 mass for a post PanaMax Class container vessel operating on heavy fuel oil at sea. Additional measurements were made for PM composition, elemental and organic carbon, select hydrocarbons, including PAHs, carbonyls, and n-alkanes. The testing followed the International Standard Organization protocols for emission measurements and operating test cycle. Results showed the weighted emission factor for NOx and PM2.5 were 19.77 ± 0.28 and 2.40 ± 0.05 g/kWh, respectively. The study provided a rare opportunity to repeat measurements made three years earlier on the same vessel. Emission factors of CO2 and NOx closely matched the earlier values, suggesting a low deterioration factor. Results showed the black carbon emission factor was 0.007 ± 0.001 g/kWh, an important metric for determining the radiative forcing contribution of marine engines.
Sources of Momentum Profits: Evidence on the Irrelevance of Characteristics

Several recent studies document that sorting stocks first on certain stock-level characteristics and then on past returns results in elevated momentum profits. We show that such strategies enhance momentum profits simply by trading in stocks with more extreme past returns. Adjusted for this effect, elevated momentum profits resulting from characteristics (size, R², turnover, age, analyst coverage, analyst forecast dispersion, market-to-book, price, illiquidity, credit rating) disappear almost entirely. Interaction patterns have been used to support behavioral and limits-to-arbitrage explanations of momentum; our findings imply that explanations of momentum should instead focus on the link between momentum profits and extreme past returns.
Evaluation of inundation areas resulting from the diversion of an extreme discharge towards the sea: case study in Tabasco, Mexico

This investigation comprises the hydraulic characterisation of a river located in the Mexican State of Tabasco, including the performance of its flood plain under the action of an extreme river discharge. This is done through the combination of a high‐quality validation dataset, remote sensing information, and a standard 2D numerical model. The dataset was collected during an intensive field campaign that took place in August 2009. In particular, in situ measurements of river discharge, bathymetry, water level, and velocities through a whole tidal cycle are employed along with multi‐spectral satellite imagery. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, the integrated approach comprising the combination of a 2D hydrodynamic model, high‐quality in situ measurements and satellite imagery reduce the uncertainty in the model parameterisation and results. Secondly, it is shown that freely available sources of information, such as the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data can be processed and utilized in 2D hydraulic models. This is particularly important in countries where high‐resolution elevation data is not yet available. It is demonstrated that the selected approach is useful when the study of possible consequences in a flood plain induced by an extreme flood discharge are sought. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal dynamics of coastal water masses in a Scottish fjord and their potential influence on benthic foraminiferal shell geochemistry

Abstract Pronounced seasonal heating of middle and high latitude shelf seas results in large temporal changes in seawater temperature that have the potential to be recorded by benthic foraminifera. Predicted oxygen isotope composition for calcite precipitating in equilibrium conditions with seawater suggest that pronounced ‘seasonal isotope effects’ may be encountered in the growth history of benthic foraminifera. Such ‘seasonal’ effects can be difficult to distinguish from so-called ‘vital effects’, where shell and equilibrium calcite values are offset by a constant difference in oxygen isotope values. Preliminary findings suggest that benthic foraminifera may have more than one phase of growth, for example Ammonia becarii calcifies in spring and late summer, potentially introducing apparent intra-annual and inter-annual temperature variations of >1°C into palaeoclimatic reconstructions when mixed-season populations are sampled. We highlight the need to select species-specific palaeotemperature equations to establish reliable isotopic disequilibria and illustrate the importance of understanding the ‘seasonal isotope effect’ when considering disequilibrium effects in foraminifera which have grown in seasonally-changing environments.
Seasonal Variability of Sea Level and Sea-surface Temperature on the North-east Coast of New Zealand

Abstract Low-frequency, seasonal variations in sea level and sea-surface temperature (SST) for the north-east coast of the North Island, New Zealand were investigated using mainly multivariate analyses in the frequency domain over a 20-year period (1973–92). The dominant influence on the annual cycle of sea level (mean amplitude=378 mm) is associated with thermo-steric sea-level adjustments, which explains 50–80% of the variance in the annual frequency band. Sea levels generally peak at the end of April (austral autumn), lagging the SST cycle by around 2 months. The inclusion of secondary forcing variables (barometric pressure and alongshore wind stress) in the multivariate analysis increases the proportion of the variance explained to 70–90+%. Thermo-steric adjustments in sea level almost completely mask the inverted-barometer effect at annual and longer timescales. The response of sea level to wind stress (alongshore) is also anticorrelated to its response to barometric pressure, thereby appearing to reduce the magnitude of the barometric factor below 10 mm hPa−1. These latter factors, along with changes in oceanic current patterns and seasonal coupling of El Nino–Southern Oscillation effects, cause secondary effects on seasonal sea-level variability.
A Comparison of Water Lag Times for Converging and Plane Surfaces

In order to examine the influence of the degree of convergence for converging geometry on lag time, a comparison of surface water lag times for converging and plane surfaces is made using the Overton lag time concept. Assuming that four physical characteristics, watershed length, slope, roughness and rainfall excess are the same, an expression of the ratio of the lag time for converging surface to the lag time for plane surface is derived. The expression is solved numerically, and evaluated graphically for practical purposes. And the findings are compared with those of a previous study.
Vertical Profiles of Suspended Sand Concentration and Size From Multifrequency Acoustic Backscatter

Vertical profiles of suspended sand concentration and size are obtained from multifrequency acoustic profiling data collected in 1989 during a nearshore experiment at Stanhope Lane Beach, Prince Edward Island. The data were acquired with acoustic sounders operating at 1, 2.25, and 5 MHz. Independent estimates of concentration were made using optical backscatter sensors (OBSs). The algorithm for inversion of the three-frequency backscatter data to particle size and concentration, based on the ratios of the different signals, was tested in laboratory experiments with an unconfined high Reynolds number suspended sediment jet. Results from the Stanhope Beach experiment are presented for three different surface wave energy regimes, with significant wave orbital velocities ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 m/s and peak wave periods of 4–6 s. The acoustic estimates of mean concentration are shown to be within 10% on average of those determined with the OBS nearest the bottom at 5- to 10-cm height, over time scales ranging from 6.5 min to 4–6 s (one wave period). The acoustic estimates of suspended sediment size near the bottom are within 5–20% of the bottom sediment mean size. The statistical variability of the size estimates is high, with standard deviations in the estimates ranging between 30 and 50% of the mean. The time-averaged concentration profiles exhibit an exponential decrease with height above an O(10)-cm-thick near-bottom region of nonexpo-nential decrease. In contrast, the time-averaged mean size profiles decrease approximately linearly with height, and rather slowly, about 25% in 0.5 m.
Trace Element and Isotope Characteristics of Cenozoic Basalts around the Tanlu Fault with Implications for the Eastern Plate Boundary between North and South China: An Extended Discussion

Deciphering the collisional tectonics between the North and South China blocks is a key to understanding the evolution of the Eurasian continent. However, no consensus exists about the North and South China collision. Three main opinions about the North and South China plate boundary east of the Tanlu fault zone, based on three sharply contrasting tectonic models, deal with the North and South China collision. Yin and Nie (1993) suggested that the North China block is separated from the South China block by the Tanlu-Sulu-ImpingingHonam zones. Li (1994) advocated a subsurface suture extending eastward approximately from Nanjing. In contrast, in earlier works (Zhang 1997, 1999), I proposed that the North and South China blocks are divided by the Tanlu-Sulu-ImjingangYanji zones and that the whole of South Korea belongs tectonically to the South China block. Recently, Chung (1999) concluded that the lithospheric mantle source region of Cenozoic basalts from the Subei basin in the eastern part of the Tanlu fault is structurally affiliated with the North China block and therefore supported Li’s (1994) model. However, the conclusion that there are distinct isotopic features of Cenozoic basalts from North and South China, which formed the basis of Chung’s view, is drawn on a geographic rather than a tectonic divide, and recent geochemical data from the North and South China basalts, along with recent geophysical investigations, are apparently incompatible with this conclusion. Here I present both isotopic and geophysical data that disagree with Chung’s (1999) conclusions.
Partial assimilative recycling of the mafic plutonic roots of arc volcanoes: An example from the Chilean Andes

At long-lived arc volcanic centers, open-system interactions between new magma and the plutonic roots of the arc will increase with time relative to interactions with older crust. Assimilative recycling of mafic plutonic arc roots will have different isotopic consequences than incorporation of aged continental crust. In the Tatara–San Pedro complex, 30 comagmatic basaltic lavas are characterized by xenocrysts and microxenoliths of olivine, augite, and plagioclase derived from solidified cumulates, wide but poorly correlated ranges of incompatible and compatible major and trace elements, and limited isotopic variability. This mineralogical-chemical signature reflects assimilation wherein grain-boundary melting and disaggregation of xenoliths led to blending of incompatible element– enriched melts derived mainly from hornblende, phlogopite, and plagioclase in combination with variable retention of xenocrysts, hence variable but high compatible element concentrations.
The altitude extension of the mid‐latitude trough and its correlation with plasmapause position

Tomographic imaging provides a powerful technique for obtaining images of the spatial distribution of ionospheric electron density in an altitude versus geographic latitude grid at a specified longitudinal sector. The method, which involves monitoring the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere using signals transmitted from the global positioning system (GPS), has the ability to reveal the detailed structure of the ionosphere including the mid‐latitude trough. The tomographic reconstruction of ionospheric electron density structures are performed at different specific longitudinal sectors both in the northern and southern hemisphere. At the same time the plasmapause position is estimated from IMAGE EUV images and mapped onto tomographic images. The simultaneous location of the altitude extension of the mid‐latitude trough and the plasmapause position are essentially co‐located.
Lessons learnt from the Deluge of Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India

Around 4094 persons went missing in the hydro metrological disaster that struck Mandakini valley of Higher Himalaya in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand, India in June, 2013. The disaster took place in two phases; in the evening hours of 16 June, 2013 breach of landslide dammed lake formed close to Kedarnathon Mandakini river ravaged Rambara and Gaurikund while in the morning hours of 17 June, 2013 breach of the glacial lake, Chorabari Tal, devastated temple township of Kedarnath. Disruption of communication and adverse weather and terrain conditions complicated the situation and people could not be rescued in time. This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the sequence of events as also to highlight the constraints faced on ground. Lessons learnt from this tragedy can help in smooth lining various disaster management related functions for future.
An anticyclonic circulation above the Northwest Georgia Rise, Southern Ocean

Data from a variety of sources reveal a warm‐core anticyclonic circulation above the Northwest Georgia Rise (NWGR), an ∼2000‐m high bathymetric feature north of South Georgia. The sense of the circulation is opposite to the general cyclonic flow in the Georgia Basin. The circulation shows the characteristics of a stratified Taylor column: dimensional analysis shows that the local bathymetry and hydrography are conducive to the formation of such. ERS2 altimeter data show that the column, whilst not fully permanent, is nonetheless a recurring feature. High concentrations of chlorophyll‐a are observed at the centre of the circulation, indicating that the modulation of the physical environment has significant consequences for the local biogeochemical system via enhanced primary production. Enhanced chlorophyll‐a extends in a long plume from the NWGR along pathways indicated by drifters; this passive redistribution may have consequences for the larger (basin‐) scale ecosystem.
Convectively generated mesoscale gravity waves simulated throughout the middle atmosphere

A three‐dimensional simulation was conducted with a cloud‐resolving model to investigate mesoscale gravity waves generated by cumulus convection that propagate to the mesospheric and lower thermospheric (MLT) region. It is found that both individual convective turrets and mesoscale convective systems excite gravity waves, resulting in a broad scale distribution. Waves excited by the former have conically shaped phase surfaces as previously reported and are conspicuous up to around the stratopause. Waves excited by the latter dominate in the MLT region. Frequent wave breaking is found above 85 km, where convective instability is found typically in the initial stage, leading to unstable shear with billows resembling the ripple‐type structures observed frequently in airglow imaging.
Convectively coupled equatorial waves

Convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) control a substantial fraction of tropical rainfall variability. Their horizontal structures and dispersion characteristics correspond to Matsuno's (1966) solutions of the shallow water equations on an equatorial beta plane, namely, Kelvin, equatorial Rossby, mixed Rossby‐gravity, and inertio‐gravity waves. Because of moist processes, the tilted vertical structures of CCEWs are complex, and their scales do not correspond to that expected from the linear theory of dry waves. The dynamical structures and cloud morphology of CCEWs display a large degree of self‐similarity over a surprisingly wide range of scales, with shallow convection at their leading edge, followed by deep convection and then stratiform precipitation, mirroring that of individual mesoscale convective complexes. CCEWs have broad impacts within the tropics, and their simulation in general circulation models is still problematic, although progress has been made using simpler models. A complete understanding of CCEWs remains a challenge in tropical meteorology.
Review: Studies and Applications of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation

This paper reviews observation- and model-based studies of stable isotopes in precipitation and discusses the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) and other regional networks and projects involving isotope observations. Using data from the latest GNIP/Isotope Hydrology Information System (ISOHIS) database, the annual and monthly variabilities of δD-δ18O relationships, the temperature effect, and the amount effect for δ18O were calculated as averages for the Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and globe. At the global scale, the global Meteoric Water Line (MWL) was δD = 8.00 × δ18O + 9.62 (R2 = 0.99), the temperature effect was 0.53‰/°C (R2 = 0.71), and the precipitation amount effect was -1.05‰/100 mm (R2 = 0.20). Comparisons of modeled and observed temperature and amount effects indicate that most General Circulation Models (GCMs) have reproduced the present climate well. This paper also summarizes the use of stable isotopes in precipitation as proxy data for climate variability and water origins, as well as the results of recent isotope-observation studies, especially in the Asian monsoon regions.