Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Permian 90° clockwise rotation of the Maures–Estérel–Corsica–Sardinia block confirmed by new palaeomagnetic data and followed by a Triassic 60° clockwise rotation

Abstract Palaeomagnetic investigations of the Corso-Sardinian block and Maures–Estérel show that there has been a change in their magnetic orientation during the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian period (305–280 Ma). This trend is interpreted in terms of a large-scale 90° clockwise rotation of the southern branch of the Variscan belt that matches the successive change in shortening directions revealed by structural geology. The evidence is based on existing structural studies of the fabrics of syntectonically emplaced granitoids partly based on the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, combined with a large database of isotopic ages. The chronological match between the palaeomagnetic and tectonic datasets is interpreted here as a result of large-scale dextral wrench movements in the lithosphere between the Gondwana and Laurussia supercontinents. This wrench deformation is regarded as a sequel to the dextral rotation of the northern branch of the Variscan belt during 330–315 Ma which terminated in frontal collision with Avalonia. The continuation of movement in the southern Variscan realm was due to shearing along the southern margin of the Avalonian block. An additional clockwise rotation is inferred to have taken place during the Triassic period. The age of this motion remains to be determined. Supplementary material: Palaeomagnetic and geochronological data from the Maures–Estérel, Corsica–Sardinia block presented in Figure 7 and discussed in the text are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18742.
Mapas Conceptuales como Herramienta en la Enseñanza de Contenidos Comunes a Diferentes Cursos de Ingeniería Agronómica

In this work the advantages of using concept maps as a tool in covering the same subjects in different courses of Agronomy Engineering are shown. The selected topic to construct the concept map is the Fusarium ear blight (FEB), a fungal disease that affects ear wheat and it appears with particular environmental conditions. The concept map of FEB was developed using the concepts extracted from the textbooks used in different courses and applying the software CmapTools. Finally, the map was exported to Web page format so all the students could access it from their own computer. It is concluded that using the concept map at the beginning of the class in each course where the selected concept is treated, students can get a global vision of it, to then deal with the specific subjects of the course in depth.
Paleomagnetism of the Upper Devonian reef complexes, Canning Basin, Western Australia

Paleomagnetism of the Upper Devonian reef complexes in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, was reinvestigated with a primary aim of testing its magnetization age. Samples were collected from back reef and reefal limestones, basinal red beds, syndepositional allochthonous blocks, and sediment infillings in syndepositional cracks and voids. A characteristic remanence, similar to that identified in a previous study, was found in six autochthonous sites in outcrop and four diamond drill cores, with a mean direction of declination D = 27.5°, inclination I = −19.9° (half angle of 95% confidence cone α95 = 15.2°). The primary origin of this remanence was demonstrated by both a syndepositional breccia test and an allochthonous block test. The corresponding Late Devonian pole position (62.0°S, 23.2°E with half angle of 95% confidence cone A95 = 14.6°) overlaps with the previously reported paleopole from this reef complex and other Late Devonian paleopoles from Australia. The evidence indicates that the spread of late Middle to Early Carboniferous paleopoles from Australia is caused by a phase of rapid apparent polar wander, rather than the tectonic discordance of southeastern Australia in relation to the craton.
Effect of WiFS viewing geometry on crop reflectance: A simulation study using SAIL model

The Wide-Field Sensor (WiFS) on board Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS-1C, IRS-P3 and IRS-1D) has a wide swath (∼810 km) and is thus able to provide high repetivity (5/3 days) data acquired from different orbits. The impact of variable viewing geometry from WiFS on crop reflectance was investigated for Delhi (77.2°E and 28.58°N) for all 122 possible acquisitions by IRS-1C during 1997. Using the SAIL simulation model, top-of-canopy red and near-infrared reflectances were simulated for partial and closed crop canopies over soils of different brightness. Results show significant variations in red and near-infrared reflectances. The effects are higher in partial canopies, and they are observed in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) also. For partial canopy, the seasonal variations with solar zenith angle are also significant. For closed canopy, these variations are less, and computed NDVI is relatively insensitive to viewing geometry.
Effect of Electrofi shing Sampling Design on Bias of Size-Related Metrics for Blue Catfi sh in Reservoirs

We used electrofi shing data from Oklahoma and Texas reservoirs to evaluate potential temporal (spring, summer, and fall) and spatial (reservoir section and habitat) biases associated with different sampling strategies for estimating size-related metrics (mean total length, proportional size distribution (PSD), and proportion of stock length fi sh (PSL)) of blue catfi sh Ictalurus furcatus. Regardless of how many individual fi sh were sampled, site-specifi c estimates of mean total length often deviated from the population mean, suggesting that fi sh within a site were of similar size. Bias across seasons was not consistent for any of the length metrics tested. Only one population had length-related differences between reservoir sections. Blue catfi sh collected from channel habitats were consistently larger than those collected from point or fl at habitats. To identify the number of sites required to reduce deviations in estimates of size-related metrics, we used a Monte Carlo simulation technique to evaluate 3, 5, 10, 20, or 50 randomly selected sites. Regardless of how many individual fi sh were sampled, when too few sites were sampled, size-related metrics deviated farthest from the population mean. No- tably, the population with a truncated length distribution had the least deviation. Simulations indicated that randomly sampling 10-20 sites resulted in estimates with consistent deviations 50 mm from the population mean. More effort may be required to routinely estimate PSD and PSL within 10 units. In some situations, biologists may consider stratifying the sample by habitat; however, gains in accuracy and precision may not compensate for increased effort needed to precisely quantify the habitat.
Sustainable Supply Chain Management : A Social Network Perspective

Purpose – The implementation of sustainable supply chain management (SCM) calls for an acknowledgement of uncertainty inherent in complex environment. Confucianist societies form social networks (guanxi networks) into which people are born and continuously develop their social activities. These then influence economic behaviours and business practices in the workplace. The objective of this study is to explore how these social networks influence the implementation of sustainable supply chain management (SCM). In doing so, this study critically investigates the constructs of guanxi networks, their impact on flow of supply chain capital, and how this leverages the implementation of sustainable SCM. Design/methodology/approach – Two systematic literature reviews are conducted to understand the constructs of social networks in Confucianist cultures and to investigate the flow of supply chain capitals in guanxi networks. The review also analyses recorded evidence related to the economic, social and environmental responsibilities of sustainability to reveal the current state of the literature and research gaps. Propositions and a framework are developed to guide future research in this area. Findings – The constructs of ganqing, renqing, xinren and mianzi in guanxi networks have expanded the contexts of social networks in Western literature. Guanxi networks increase the flow of supply chain capital and generate trust between players, thus enhancing capabilities to implement sustainable SCM. Guanxi networks also create the mechanism of network governance with which to increase sustainable SCM implementation under the institutional logics of sustainability. Research limitations – The conceptual framework and justification are based on the review of current studies in the field. Future empirical study is encouraged to test the propositions, both in Confucian cultures and other countries with culture of informal social networks. Originality/value – Social networks are socially constructed concepts. Therefore, the constructs of guanxi networks have developed the knowledge of Western-based social networking theory. Arguments from a social network perspective provide an alternative answer to explain increased behavioural commitment and companies’ investment in sustainable SCM. This study helps practitioners understand the logic of this social norm and to use it to maximise operation outputs, including sustainable SCM implementation.
Systematic and phylogeographic implications of molecular variation in the western North American roseroot, Rhodiola integrifolia (Crassulaceae)

The roseroot genus Rhodiola is widely distributed in arctic and alpine areas of the Northern Hemisphere. It is most speciose in the high mountain ranges of central Asia. Rhodiola integrifolia occurs at high altitudes and high latitudes in western North America and northeastern Asia. During the Pleistocene glaciations the region between Asia and North America known as Beringia was ice free and acted as a glacial refugium for coldadapted taxa. I surveyed variation in a nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (psbA-trnH spacer) DNA region in R. integrifolia and its North American relatives, R. rosea and R. rhodantha. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS showed that (i) the western North American species R. integrifolia and R. rhodantha are distinct but closely related sister taxa; and (ii) these two species and the eastern North American R. rosea belong to separate clades within Rhodiola. Analyses of the plastid region showed that although the
Multidecadal Climate Variability and the “Warming Hole” in North America: Results from CMIP5 Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Climate Simulations*

AbstractThe ability of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate models to simulate the twentieth-century “warming hole” over North America is explored, along with the warming hole’s relationship with natural climate variability. Twenty-first-century warming hole projections are also examined for two future emission scenarios, the 8.5 and 4.5 W m−2 representative concentration pathways (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5). Simulations from 22 CMIP5 climate models were analyzed, including all their ensemble members, for a total of 192 climate realizations. A nonparametric trend detection method was employed, and an alternative perspective emphasizing trend variability. Observations show multidecadal variability in the sign and magnitude of the trend, where the twentieth-century temperature trend over the eastern United States appears to be associated with low-frequency (multidecadal) variability in the North Atlantic temperatures. Most CMIP5 climate models simulate significantly lower “relative p.
Modelling the effect of vertical drains in two-dimensional finite element analyses of embankments on soft ground

A recently developed method for modelling the effect of vertical drains in plane strain finite element analyses of consolidation beneath embankments on soft ground is applied to three case histories. Analyses are reported for the consolidation of the soil served by a single drain (a unit cell) under conditions of no lateral strain. In all three cases a good match was obtained between the average degrees of consolidation in an axisymmetric unit cell and the equivalent plane strain unit cell. This suggests that the method could be used to facilitate full two-dimensional analyses of many embankments. The results of the analyses are also compared with the available field data. Key words : vertical drains, consolidation, finite elements, embankments.
Biochar an alternate option for crop residues and solid waste disposal and climate change mitigation

Atmospheric rise of CO2, N2O and CH4 over years, accelerated increase in global temperature, has led to uncertainty in monsoon rainfall and also leading to recurrence of drought, which in turn is severely affecting crop productivity and livelihood security of the farmers in Semi Arid Tropics. Agriculture contributes considerable amount of CO2, N2O and CH4 emission into the atmosphere through different soil and crop management practices. Nevertheless agricultural activities contribute to global warming. The medium of crop production, soil is one of the major sinks of global warming gaseous and it helps to sequester more carbon and cut the N2O emission by adopting smart soil and crop management techniques. Biochar is one of the viable organic amendments to combat climate change and sustain the soil health with sustainable crop production. It is an anaerobic pyrolysis product derived from organic sources and store carbon on a long term basis in the terrestrial ecosystem and also capable of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from soil to the atmosphere. Biochar application improved the soil health, increase the carbon capture and storage, reduce the GHG emission and enhance the crop yield with sustained soil health, which enables to meet out the food grain needs of the ever growing population.
Migrant adjustment to city life: the Egyptian case.

Migration from rural areas has been chiefly responsible for Egypts soaring rate of urbanization even though natural increase still as high in cities as in rural areas accounts for half the annual rate of urban growth. This migration has favored the largest cities of the country bypassing those of moderate and small size. Consequently there has been a tendency for cities to conform to the principle of allometric growth with high growth rates correlated positively with rank as to size. Indeed for the last three decades cities of highest rank size have sustained average rates of growth which are more than twice the rate of natural increase while smaller towns of between 20000 to 30000 have failed to keep pace with rates of natural increase i.e. have actually experienced net losses of population. Migration then has had its prime impact on the largest cities and the towering giant of Cairo with a present population of close to three and one-half million has been the most important recipient of the newly urbanizing population. This article therefore concentrates on the adjustment of Egyptian villagers to life in Cairo inquiring into its nature and exploring the elements which mediate any dramatic transition between rural and urban life. (excerpt)
Echinidinium zonneveldiae sp. nov., a dinoflagellate cyst from the Late Pleistocene of the Baltic Sea, northern Europe

The dinoflagellate cyst species Echinidinium zonneveldiae sp. nov. is described from last interglacial (Eemian Stage; Upper Pleistocene) deposits of the southern Baltic Sea, where it contributes to the characterization of a diverse interglacial dinoflagellate flora represented by more than 50 species. Echinidinium zonneveldiae is a probable heterotrophic species and does not occur in the region today. The nomenclatural status of the genus Echinidinium Zonneveld, 1997 ex Head et al., 2001a is clarified, and it is noted that two of the seven species assigned to Echinidinium are not validly described.
Carbon Storage and Fixation Function of Scirpus mariqueter in Changjiang River Estuary:A Case Study of Chongming Dongtan Wetland

Wetland ecosystem has strong ability of carbon storage,carbon fixation and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle.To understand the carbon storage and fixation of Scirpus mariqueter in the wetland of Changjiang River estuary,biomass and net primary production of S.mariqueter was investigated on the spot and measured in laboratory,then according to the theory of photosynthesis,the carbon storage and carbon fixation of S.mariqueter in the wetland was estimated.Potential carbon fixation and carbon sequestration of the vegetation was also discussed according to light efficiency.The carbon storage of S.mariqueter in the wetland was 0.34~0.73 kg·m-2,averaged 0.51 kg·m-2.Ratio of underground to aboveground biomass was about 0.31,so the carbon storage in shoot was nearly 3 times in root.The carbon fixation of the wetland was 0.36~1.11 kg·m-2 per year respectively,being 0.73~2.27 times and 0.88~2.71 times of average carbon fixation of terrestrial vegetation in China and the world respectively.The carbon fixation ability of S.mariqueter was much stronger than that of lake,city and river ecosystems,but less than forest ecosystem.According to the formula of light efficiency,it was still low,only 0.3%～0.9%. If the light efficiency were improved to be 5%~6%,the maximum in theory,the carbon fixation ability of the S.mariqueter in the wetland would increase 6.74~17.25 times and reached 6.21~7.48 kg·m-2 per year,the carbon storage ability of the S.mariqueter in Changjiang River estuary could be improved further and the potential carbon fixation would be very huge.
Spectral features,remote sensing identification and breaking-out meteorological conditions of algal bloom in Lake Dianchi

Based on high spectral reflectivity features of Blue-green Algal Bloom(BAB) in Lake Dianchi,by MODIS satellite remote sensing data,RGB:621 combined false color synthesis and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(ADVI) method,we found that green region in false color synthesis image and the region with NDVI value-0.1 were just the BAB area.When -0.1≤ADVI≤0.2,slight BAB occurred,and bloom coverage in a pixel reaches 0-30%;when 0.2ADVI≤0.4,moderate bloom happened, bloom coverage in a pixel reached 31%-80%;dense bloom comed forth while ADVI0.4,and bloom coverage in a pixel can be 81%-100%. From June to September is the key period for BAB breaking-out in Lake Dianchi,and the key factors to affect BAB breaking-out maybe sunshine and wind velocity.During this period,if the sunshine can last for only 4～5 hours and the wind velocity≤2m/s,it's quite easy for BAB breaking-out.
Discussion on the Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated environmental change, causes and consequencesJournal, Vol. 164, 2007, 1093–1108

R. J. Bailey and D. G. Smith write: Cohen et al . (2007) review the major changes in ocean chemistry in the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) and Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene, the latter corresponding to the Palaeocene–Eocene Temperature Maximum (PETM). These changes involved global carbon isotope excursions (CIEs), temperature increases, marine anoxia and biospheric crises. Their preferred explanation is the massive thermal dissociation of methane hydrates, releasing isotopically light carbon. What is problematical is their view that the isotopic data series from the Toarcian and Palaeocene–Eocene intervals (fig. 1a and b) record not only the amounts of change in the carbon isotopes, but also the rates of change. In practice, this claim is reliable only if the samples analysed derive from intervals characterized by unbroken accumulation at an unchanging rate. For the Toarcian, its justification lies in an earlier paper (Kemp et al . 2005) and involves: (1) radiometric dates that place the Toarcian CIE within a c . 2.2 Ma interval; (2) the assumption that this interval was characterized by continuous accumulation at a constant rate; (3) spectral analysis of lithological data series suggesting 81 cm cycles in carbon isotope and biogenic carbonate abundance in the laminated, unbioturbated, sediments accumulated during the CIE; (4) use of the estimated 2.2 Ma steady rate of accumulation to calibrate the cycles, and the duration of the CIE, in terms of a 21.46 ka periodicity; (5) identification of this periodicity with precession-related, c . 21 ka, M-orbital forcing of terrestrial insolation, which is presumed to have triggered the abrupt shifts in δ13C. (The origin of this solution of the quasi-period of Early Jurassic precession is not indicated.) The concordance between the time calibration of the spectrally determined cycles and the estimated period of Early Jurassic orbital precession, somewhat circularly, supports the assumed constant …
Controls on lateral structural variability along the Keping Shan Thrust Belt, SW Tien Shan Foreland, China

Abstract Lateral structural variability and partitioning of fold–thrust belts often reflects lateral variations in the stratigraphy of the deforming foreland and interaction with inherited structures. The Keping Shan Thrust Belt, NW China, was initiated during the late Cenozoic and is a spectacular example of contractional deformation in a foreland setting. The belt is characterized by a series of imbricate thrusts which form a broadly arcuate salient and deform the thick (3–6 km) Phanerozoic sedimentary succession of the NW Tarim Basin (SW Tien Shan foreland). Abrupt lateral changes in the thickness of the sedimentary succession are associated with a series of major pre-existing basement faults which cross-cut the belt and which were probably initiated during early Permian times. These lateral variations in the basin template have impacted strongly on the structural architecture of the superimposed thrust belt. Variations in the thickness of the sediment pile affect the spatial distribution of thrusts, which increase in abundance where the sediment is thinnest. The inherited cross-cutting basement faults and the associated abrupt changes in sediment thickness combine to generate partitioning of the thrust belt.
Resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors in Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum in the United States R. A. SALAS, N. R. BURGOS, 1 A. MAUROMOUSTAKOS,

Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) is a major weed problem in wheat production. Being an obligate outcrossing species, it has a high propensity to ev olve resistance to herbicides. This study was conduc ted to determine the level of resistance and resistance patterns of Ital ian ryegrass populations in the United States to ACCa se- (diclofop and pinoxaden) and ALS (imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyr oxsulam) inhibitors. Dose-response bioassays were co nducted on 47 populations from suspect herbicide-resistant fields in the southern United States (Arkansas, Mississip pi, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,Virginia), Kansas, and Washin gton collected between 2008 and 2011 from fields sus pected of resistance to ALS inhibitors. Eighty-seven percent of the populations were resistant to diclofop. Eight of the diclofopresistant populations (25%) were also resistant to pinoxaden. Thirty-eight diclofop-resistant populati ons (81%) were resistant to at least one ALS inhibitor. Thirty-nin e populations (83%) were resistant to mesosulfuron, 38 of which were also resistant to pyroxsulam. All mesosulfuron-resistant populations tested were cross-resistant to imazamox and pyroxsulam. Cross-resistance patterns to ALS inhibitors differed . Of 45 populations with resistance to ACCase or ALS i nhibitors, 35 (78%) had multiple resistance to both modes of acti on. The majority of diclofop-resistant L. perenne p opulations can be controlled with pinoxaden, but widespread resistance to pinoxaden can evolve soon if it is intensively used. A comprehensive weed management approach prior to planting will be cr itical in managing L. perenne in wheat and preventin g or delaying resistance evolution. Nomenclature: Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum ; diclofop; imazamox; mesosulfuron; pinoxaden; pyroxsulam; ACCase herbicides; ALS herbicides.