Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contents of Amino Acids in Grains of Different Bread Wheat Genotypes

This paper analyzes 10 different genotypes of the bread wheat by method of chromatography to identify the presence of free amino acids. The contents of the identified amino acids have been determined by spectrophotometric method. The results of the qualitative analysis showed the great deal of variability in the amino acid composition for each of the examined genotypes. Quantitative analysis of the free amino acids in the grains indicated their high content (over the 100 mg ml -1 ) in wheat genotypes San Pastore, Becker, Lihnida and Ana Morava, while their lowermost content was in the genotypes Uras (73 mg ml -1 ) and Jawa (75 mg ml -1 ). By using chromatography in the examined wheat grains have been determined that the most present amino acids were glutamic acid, glycine, sarcosine, valine, norvaline and tryptophan. The most present of all examined amino acids was glutamic acid, which was identified in nine examined wheat genotypes. The highest content of glumatic acid was found in wheat genotype Uras (6,52 mg ml -1 ). Among the essential amino acids has been found the highest content of norvalin (2,56 mg ml -1 ) and valin (2,32 mg ml -1 ). The wheat grains of the genotypes Becker, San Pastore and Ana Morava had the largest number of the determined essential amino acids (five), indicating their high nutritional value.
Changes in phenolic acids and stilbenes induced in embryogenic cell cultures of Norway spruce by two fractions of Sirococcus strobilinus mycelia

We examined defence responses in embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst) elicited by intracellular protein and cell wall fractions (PF and WF, respectively) prepared from mycelia of the fungus Sirococcus strobilinus Preuss focusing on changes in (soluble and cell wall-bound) phenolic and stilbene concentrations. Treatment with both preparations induced an increase in the total contents of phenolic acids in Norway spruce cells and variations in the levels of stilbene glycosides. More rapid and intense induction of defence response was observed in cells after WF application. The contents of soluble phenolic acids (especially benzoic acid derivatives) and cell wall-bound phenolic acids (especially ferulic acid) started to increase (relative to controls) within 4 h after the addition of the WF preparation and remained high in elicited cells for 8-12 h. A moderate increase in phenolic acids in cells exposed to the PF preparation was observed within 8 h after application. However, after 24 h of WF treatment a decline of total phenolics was observed, while in PF elicited Norway spruce cells the phenolic content continued to increase. Significantly decreased concentrations of stilbene glycosides, isorhapontin, astringin and piceid, were de - termined in PF and WF treated Norway spruce cell cultures. The total content of stilbene glycosides decreased within 8 h after WF application to 68% of the amount determined in the control and within 12 h to 73% of the control in PF-treated cells. These results demonstrate that both PF and WF prepared from the Sirococcus strobilinus mycelium elicit changes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, which are involved in the defence responses of plants to pathogens.
Eugenol como anestésico para juvenis de matrinxã ("Brycon cephalus")

This work evaluated the anesthetic capacity of the eugenol for juveniles “matrinxa” (Brycon cephalus) and the concentration effect in the anesthesy induction and recovery. Seventy-two (3.31 + 0.57 g) fish were submitted to eight different eugenol concentrations (50; 62,5; 75; 100; 125; 150; 175 e 200 mg/L) and submitted to deep anaesthesia; and afterwards the recovery in eugenol free water. It was concluded that eugenol is effective to induce deep anaesthesia in Brycon cephalus and the concentrations had strong influence in the induction time. The concentrations of 50; 62.5; 75 e 100 mg/L were good to deep anaesthesia in concern to induction and recovery times.
Demand-driven fertilization. Part II: Influence of demand-driven fertilization on shoot nitrogen concentration, growth rate, fructan storage and playing quality of golf turf

Abstract The ability of demand-driven fertilization, based on the growth potential provided by solar radiation and temperature, to regulate golf turf characteristics such as growth rate, leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, carbohydrate storage and playing quality was investigated in a 2-year field experiment at Landvik, Norway. Three N regimes (100, 60 and 40% of the estimated N requirement for maximum growth) were applied on a sand-based green with a turf cover consisting of creeping bentgrass, colonial bentgrass, velvet bentgrass, slender creeping red fescue or chewings fescue. In the 100% treatment, this corresponded to 3 (creeping bentgrass), 2.1 (colonial and velvet bentgrass) and 1.5 (chewings and slender creeping red fescue) kg N 100 m−2 yr−1. The weekly liquid fertilizer dose basically followed the potential growth curve provided by solar radiation and temperature from early April to late October. The turf was exposed to artificial wear and daily maintenance followed conventional standards. Growth, leaf N concentration, carbohydrate storage in clippings, green appearance and playing quality were determined once per month. The results indicated that solar radiation and temperature can successfully be used as driving variables when quantifying turf fertilizer requirements from early spring to late autumn. The desired leaf N concentration, i.e. growth rate, and the resulting effects on fructan content and playing quality can be achieved by raising or lowering the seasonal fertilizer curve. A leaf N level of 3.1–3.5% was indicated as the lower limit for producing healthy-looking turf with high playing quality.
Control of meiotic recombination at a human crossover hotspot

XI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF MEIOSIS . 1 1.1.1 Prophase I.4 1.2 MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION.5 1.2.1 Homologue Recognition and Pairing . 5 1.2.2 Meiotic Recombination Is Initiated by Double Strand Breaks (DSB). 5 1.2.2.1 Models of Meiotic Recombination.7 1.2.2. 2 D-loop Nicking Pathway in S. pombe.9 1.2.2.3 The Crossover/ Non-Crossover Decision . 10 1.2.3 The Synaptonemal Complex (SC) Links Homologous Chromosomes.10 1.2. 4 Recombination Nodules Mark The Locations of Recombination Events . 11 1.2. 5 Two Homologous Non-Sister Chromatids Exchange Genetics Material During Crossover at Chiasmata . 12 1.2. 6 The Numbers And Distribution of Crossovers Are Controlled by Interference 12 1.2. 7 Mis-Match Repair Proteins Involved In Recombination . 13 1.3 RECOMBINATION HOTSPOTS IN EXPERIMENTAL ORGANISMS.13 1.3. 1 Recombination Hotspots in Yeast . 13 1.3. 2 Maize Recombination Hotspots . 15 1.3. 3 Mouse Recombination Hotspots . 15
Self-incompatibility in Eucalyptus

Eucalypts are generally preferentially outcrossing (Pryor 1976; Griffin et a1 1987), with relatively high outcrossing rates (e.g. 0.69-0.84 Moran and Bell 1983) maintained by varying degrees of self-fertility (Pryor 1957, 1976; Hodgson 1976b; Griffin et a1 1987), aided by protandry (Pryor 1976) and reinforced by selection against the products of self-fertilization in later stages of the life cycle (see Potts et a1 1987). Most species exhibit a marked reduction in seed yield following self-pollination compared to outcrossing, although within species there is considerable variation in the level of self-fertility
‘To tree or not to tree’: the role of energy limitation on host tree acceptance in a bark beetle

Background: Energy and time constraints experienced by dispersing animals often limit individual dispersal and subsequent habitat selection decisions. When substantial variation in individual dispersal capability is present, these constraints may have significant impacts on populations where condition-dependent evaluation of habitat sites interacts with statedependent habitat selection. Latty and Reid (2010) hypothesize that the internal state of the dispersers and characteristics of their habitat mediate habitat selection (‘condition matching’). Hypothesis: Individual beetles in better energetic condition are more likely to attack betterdefended trees (i.e. riskier habitat). Organism: Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). Field sites: Two field sites were used, and work at both sites coincided with the start of the beetles’ emergence and flight period. Beetles used for lipid extraction analysis were collected near Merritt, BC, Canada in 2006, and host tree acceptance experiments were performed in 2010 near Field, BC, Canada. Methods: We sampled a population of beetles to characterize the relationship between beetle size and lipid content, then examined the variation in individual somatic energy condition and date of emergence. We separately tested the effect of somatic energetic condition on habitat (host) selection decisions by experimentally manipulating beetles’ somatic energy reserves, placing them on host trees of different nutritional qualities, and measuring the latency in beetles’ host tree acceptance. Results: Most beetles emerged early. Their somatic energy condition is higher at the start of the emergence period than near the end, although there is substantial individual variation in both timing and condition upon beetle emergence. Beetles’ host selection decisions are influenced by both host tree nutritional quality and individuals’ lipid reserves. Trees of good nutritional quality are accepted sooner than ones of poor nutritional quality. Individuals with lower energy reserves are less selective, accepting host trees of poorer quality sooner than beetles with higher energy reserves.
Efecto de la aplicación de sulfato de calcio y materia orgánica sobre la incidencia de la pudrición apical de la guayaba (Psidium guajava L.)

La pudricion apical (PA) del fruto del guayabo (Psidium guajava L.) causada por el hongo Dothiorella sp. , es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en Venezuela causando perdidas en la produccion nacional calculadas en 62%. Se determino el efecto de la adicion de sulfato de calcio y materia organica al suelo sobre la incidencia de la PA en una parcela experimental del Centro Fruticola del Zulia (CENFRUZU-CORPOZULIA) (10°49�46,6�� LN, 71°46�29,2�� LO), que consta de 204 plantas de guayabo de 12 anos de edad. Para el ensayo se seleccionaron 32 plantas por su uniformidad morfologica. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: aplicacion de 20 kg.planta-1 de materia organica (MO), 6 kg.planta-1 de sulfato de calcio, combinacion de MO y sulfato de calcio en las dosis ya mencionadas y un testigo sin aplicacion. Las variables evaluadas fueron: el numero y la masa de los frutos, la incidencia de la pudricion apical (IPA), el contenido de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na y la textura de los frutos. Los tratamientos evaluados no afectaron la produccion ni la IPA, solo se observo diferencia para la IPA con relacion al tiempo de muestreo, con el mayor valor en septiembre de 2006, tres meses despues de un pico de precipitacion. Los frutos enfermos presentaron el mayor valor de P, K y el menor valor de N, Ca y Mg a diferencia de los frutos sanos, y no hubo diferencias entre ellos con relacion al contenido de Na y la textura.
Phenolic compound content, antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties of methanolic extracts from the seed coat of certain Thai tamarind cultivars.

Methanolic extracts from the seed coats of five major tamarinds (Srichomphu, Sithong-nak, Sithong-bao, Priao-yak and Khanti) cultivated in Thailand were investigated for their content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidative properties. Antioxidative properties were evaluated by various different methods: scavenging effect on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical, anti-lipid peroxidation and reducing power assay. The phenolic compound contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extract of Priao-yak with the highest tannin content showed the strongest reducing power, while extract of Khanti with the highest proanthocyanidin content revealed high scavenging ability on both DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Stronger antioxidative activity measured by most assays was noted for the extract of Sithong-bao with a high content of total phenols, proanthocyanidin and tannins. The results suggest that specific phenolic constituents in the extract could be responsible for the different antioxidant properties observed in different cultivars. Furthermore, seed coat extract of Sithong-bao may be a potential source of natural antioxidant to be developed into nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Components of Tamarindus indica L. , a tree indigenous to India and South-East Asia, have long been used as a spice, food component and traditional medicine. According To traditional medicine, the tamarind pulp is used as a digestive, carminative, laxative, expectorant and blood tonic; the seeds are used as an anthelmintic, antidiarrheal and emetic. In addition, the seed coat is used to treat burns and aid wound healing as well as as an antidysenteric. Recent studies have demonstrated polyphenolic constituents with more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of T. indica seed coat extract. Therefore, seed coat extracts of T. indica have economic potential for development into health promotion products as well as natural preservatives to increase the shelf life of food by preventing lipid peroxidation.
Regulation of mammalian SINE transcription

Despite the abundance of the templates, both human and rodent SINEs are normally expressed at a very low level. DNA methylation-mediated silencing has been proposed as a possible cause of their transcriptional repression. The effect of DNA methylation and the effect of DNA methylation-dependent methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins (MBD proteins) on SINE transcription were studied here. It was shown that both human and rodent SINEs are bound by MeCP2, MBD1 and MBD2. Both human and rodent SINEs were also shown to be occupied by HDAC1, HDAC2 and a component of SWI/SNF complex, Brahma. Human Alus were also found to be occupied by components of two corepressor complexes, SIN3 and NuRD. Whether MBD proteins repress SINE transcription in a DNA methylation-dependent manner was further investigated using systems with low or near absent DNA methylation and, in the case of MeCP2 protein, by its direct removal. MeCP2 was found to have no repressive effect on B1 and B2 expression. RT-PCR analysis showed no increase in B1 and B2 RNA levels in MeCP2 null mice kidneys. ChIP analysis of Dnmt1n/n p53-/- embryonic fibroblasts, which have less than 5% of the normal DNA methylation level, showed significant reduction in MeCP2 and MBD2 binding, confirming that their presence is DNA methylation-dependant. RT-PCR comparison of Dnmt1+/+ p53-/- and Dnmt1n/n p53-/- cells, however, detected no increase in B1 or B2 RNA levels. This was consistent with results obtained from MeCP2 null mice, where lack of MeCP2 did not result in increased B1 and B2 expression and with a previous study involving human Alus (Yu et al., 2001). MBD2 also does not seem to repress SINE activity, as its release following loss of DNA methylation did not result in increased SINE RNA levels. Strikingly, all human and rodent SINEs studied here were found to be bound by transcription factors TFIIIB and TFIIIC at comparable levels with actively transcribed genes. Some RNA polymerase III was also detected, but at levels significantly lower than on active genes, suggesting a defect in RNA polymerase III loading onto SINEs. This occupancy of the transcriptional complex was comparable in cells with normal levels of DNA methylation and in cells with significantly reduced levels of DNA methylation, suggesting that the occupancy is not affected by methylated DNA or DNA methylation-dependent components of chromatin. Indeed, removal of 50% of histone H1 did not result in increased B1 or B2 expression in this study. The fact that all tested SINEs are occupied by TFIIIB and TFIIIC also brings an unprecedented insight into the number of these transcription factors present in the cell.
Dissecting Small RNA Loading Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster : A Dissertation

In the preceding chapters, I have discussed my doctoral research on studying the siRNA loading pathway in Drosophila using both biochemical and genetic approaches. We established a gel shift system to identify the intermediate complexes formed during siRNA loading. We detected at least three complexes, named complex B, RISC loading complex (RLC) and RISC. Using kinetic modeling, we determined that the siRNA enters complex B and RLC early during assembly when it remains double-stranded, and then matures in RISC to generate Argonaute bearing only the single-stranded guide. We further characterized the three complexes. We showed that complex B comprises Dcr-1 and Loqs, while both RLC and RISC contain Dcr-2 and R2D2. Our study suggests that the Dcr-2/R2D2 heterodimer plays a central role in RISC assembly. We observed that Dcr-1/Loqs, which function together to process pre-miRNA into mature miRNA, were also involved in siRNA loading. This was surprising, because it has been proposed that the RNAi pathway and miRNA pathway are separate and parallel, with each using a unique set of proteins to produce small RNAs, to assemble functional RNA-guided enzyme complexes, and to regulate target mRNAs. We further examined the molecular function of Dcr-1/Loqs in RNAi pathway. Our data suggest that, in vivo and in vitro, the Dcr-1/Loqs complex binds to siRNA. In vitro, the binding of the Dcr-1/Loqs complex to siRNA is the earliest detectable step in siRNA-triggered Ago2-RISC assembly. Futhermore, the binding of Dcr-1/Loqs to siRNA appears to facilitate dsRNA dicing by Dcr-2/R2D2, because the dicing activity is much lower in loqs lysate than in wild type. Long inverted repeat (IR) triggered white silencing in fly eyes is an example of endogenous RNAi. Consistent with our finding that Dcr-1/Loqs function to load siRNA, less white siRNA accumulates in loqs mutant eyes compared to wild type. As a result, loqs mutants are partially defective in IR trigged white silencing. Our data suggest considerable functional and genetic overlap between the miRNA and siRNA pathways, with the two sharing key components previously thought to be confined to just one of the two pathways. Based on our study on siRNA loading pathway, we also elucidated the molecular function of Armitage (Armi) protein in RNAi. We showed that armi is required for RNAi. Lysates from armi mutant ovaries are defective for RNAi in vitro. Native gel analysis of protein-siRNA complexes suggests that armi mutants support early steps in the RNAi pathway, i.e., the formation of complex B and RLC, but are defective in the production of the RISC.
Development and evaluation of a beta-glucan biopolymer formulation of lactoferrin produced using a novel cryomilling technique

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Spatial and seasonal variation of chemical composition of desert plant and camel faeces

To study the nutritive variability in camel farming system face to spatiotemporal fluctuatior of the fodder offers in Saharan range lands, the part grazed by the dromedary of 21 vivaciou plants composing the various types of Saharan rangelands was harvested. , Besides 13 faece samples of dromedaries were collected in the same rangelands, during four seasons to analyz their chemical composition, including: Mineral Matter (MM), Organic Matter (OM), Tota Nitrogen Matter (MAT), Crude Wende Cellulose (CWB), Neutral Detergent Fibber (NDF) Acid Detergent Fibber (ADF) and Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL). The spatiotemporal study o the chemical composition of the camel faeces confirms us the obtained results for different plants grazed by this animal. Indeed, in general, the obtained values reflect very well the general trend of the chemical composition of plants, with values very low in nitrogen (going from 3.56 to 18.04% of the MS for the species and 3.62 to 11.53% of the MS for the faeces) and relatively high in membrane constituents (going from 21.47 to 74.83% of the MS for the species and 16.6 to 62.06% of the MS for the faeces). However, a significant seasonal variability was observed in plants (P = 0.001) contrary to faeces where no significant seasonal differences was reported (P = 0.058). This shows that the dromedary, by its particular feeding behaviour, applies a strategy of adaptation to nutrient fluctuations, caused by the seasonal climatic variations, and can ensure a relative stability of its annual nutrient contribution. (Texte integral)
Genetic analysis of the group IV Rht LOCI in wheat

The introduction of the group IV semi-dwarf Rht alleles, Rht-B1b (formerly Rht1) and Rht-D1b (formerly Rht2) into bread wheat varieties from the donor line „Norin 10‟ that began in the 1960s was a major contributor to the „green revolution‟. Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were characterised and cloned over a decade ago (Gale and Youssefian 1985; Peng et al. 1999), however the Rht-A1 locus has not been isolated and little is known regarding the genetic diversity of the group IV Rht loci or the genetic composition of the contiguous sequence surrounding Rht that was presumably introgressed into wheat varieties along with the dwarfing alleles. To investigate the contiguous region around Rht, a hexaploid wheat („Chinese Spring‟ (CS)) BAC library was screened using a PCR-based technique (Febrer et al. 2009). This identified several Rht-containing BAC clones, three of which (representing the A, B, and D genomes) were sequenced and found to contain one to two genes upstream of Rht in conserved order. Gene synteny was also highly conserved in rice, Brachypodium distachyon, sorghum, and maize. The previously unidentified Rht-A1 homoeologue was physically mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4A using aneuploid lines and mapped relative to genetic markers. To estimate genetic diversity, the entire coding regions of Rht-A1, Rht-B1, and Rht-D1 and the flanking regions (approximately 1800 bp 5‟ and 450 bp 3‟) were sequenced in 40 diverse wheat accessions. Little polymorphism and few haplotypes were identified on the A and D genomes, but on the B genome a relative abundance of haplotypes and polymorphism were present, including insertions (relative to CS) of 160 bp and 197 bp within 600 nucleotides of the ORF. The Rht-B1 insertions did not have a pronounced effect on RNA transcript level when assessed in seedlings. In an analysis of 368 lines from the INRA bread wheat core collection (BWCC) (Balfourier et al., 2007), lines with the Rht-B1 insertions were associated with reduced heights and reduced GA sensitivity relative to lines without an insertion, but only the height reductions associated with the 197 bp insertion were significant (p < 0.05). GA sensitivity tests of the INRA BWCC did not reveal any novel GA insensitive mutants. An investigation of the origin of the „Norin 10‟ alleles revealed potential discrepancies between the published pedigree and of „Norin 10‟ and the genotypes of seed stocks. Sequence, annotation, and comparative genomics of the Rht-containing BAC clones, the mapping of Rht-A1, and the discovery and investigation of novel genetic diversity provides greater insight into the Rht region and also provides tools for further analysis of this region and for the potential improvement of bread wheat. *Article from 'Genome' submitted as an appendix (further bibliographic details contained within thesis contents) not uploaded. Please contact author for further information. Article available on submitted CD deposited with UEA Library.