Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of nitrogen fertilizers for spring and summer grass production

Three experiments were carried out in 1983-85 to compare split dressings of ammonium nitrate and urea with a single injection of aqueous ammonia for seasonal and total annual dry matter (DM) production. Total annual fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied was 360 kg ha1 for a six-cut management. The solid fertilizers were applied in spring at different dates for the first cut and then after cuts 1 —4in the pattern 90,90,60,60,60 kg N ha1. A winter injection of aqueous ammonia in the first year was replaced thereafter by early and late spring injections, the latter at 300 kg N ha1 with 60 kg N ha 1 as ammonium nitrate. Injection was to a depth of 100 mm at 30 cm spacing using a commercial applicator. The experiments were carried out on farms in a low rainfall area; the soils were sandy loams. Urea gave 3% less total DM production than ammonium nitrate (0middot;32±0middot;153 t ha-1) and produced on average 7% less DM in the spring, and 12% less in dry conditions in early autumn of 1984. Lower production was associated with reduced uptake of N, which occurred at most cuts. From these experiments it is concluded that urea can be a suitable alternative to ammonium nitrate, and when used in spring must be about 20% cheaper per kg N. The performance of aqueous ammonia was variable. In the dry summer of 1984, when applied in early April with 60 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate it equalled the ammonium nitrate treatment in both spring and total production and was better (P 005) in 1985, mainly because of lower spring production. A delayed, mid-April injection, plus ammonium nitrate, in 1985, gave even less spring growth and lower total production. A January injection, in 1983, showed poor persistency and is not recommended for sandy loam soils.
Amphiphilic chitosan modified upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo photodynamic therapy induced by near-infrared light

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted much attention as potential photosensitizer carriers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in deep tissues. In this study, hydrophilic UCNPs were prepared by coating amphiphilic chitosan (N-succinyl-N′-octyl chitosan, SOC) on the surface of hydrophobic oleic acid-capped NaYF4 UCNPs (OA-UCNPs). Water-insoluble photosensitizer zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) was loaded into the SOC-coated UCNPs (SOC-UCNPs) via hydrophobic interactions to form a novel drug delivery system for in vivo deep tissue PDT triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light. The ZnPc-loaded SOC-UCNPs exhibited good dispersibility, excellent optical properties and good photostability. Under NIR light irradiation, the measurement of singlet oxygen production indicated that ZnPc effectively generated singlet oxygen induced by the emission from the UCNPs. Cell viability assays showed the low cytotoxicity of the UCNPs after surface modification. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic investigation evidenced the prominent PDT effects of ZnPc-loaded SOC-UCNPs upon NIR light irradiation. Furthermore, NIR imaging of ICG derivative-loaded SOC-UCNPs after intra-tumoral injection indicated the high retention of SOC-UCNPs only in the tumor site. Histological examination confirmed the negligible toxicity of ZnPc-loaded SOC-UCNPs on other organs. All the results demonstrate the promising potential of using SOC-UCNPs as new photosensitizer carriers for PDT of cancer and other diseases in deep tissues.
Uptake of 14C-labeled Dicarboxylic Amino Acids in Hepatocytes and Hepatoma Cells1

In previous studies, we observed decreased uptake of 14Clabeled t-aspartate and L-glutamate in s.c. transplants of sev eral rapidly growing hepatomas relative to that in normal liver. The present report extends these observations to isolated cells and indicates that circulation differences cannot be the major factor. Mean net uptakes for the two dicarboxylic amino acids in cells from the rapidly growing Morris Hepatomas 7288ctc and 7777 were 5 to 26% of corresponding values for normal hepatocytes. Rates for net uptake in Hepatoma 7787 cells were intermediate between those of the rapidly growing hepa tomas and hepatocytes, while the rates for Hepatoma 5123C cells and hepatocytes were similar. The contribution of sodiumdependent uptake to the mean total net uptake of [1"C]aspartate and [14C]glutamate tended to be higher in hepatoma cells than in hepatocytes. Studies with isolated hepatocytes and Hepa toma 5123C cells showed no significant effect on uptake by 10 mM a-(methylamino)isobutyric acid and 10 HIM 2-amino-2carboxybicyclo[2.2. 1]heptane. On the other hand, L-cysteic acid, L-alanosine, and N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartic acid were shown to be effective inhibitors of sodium-dependent uptake in Hepatoma 5123C cells. The data suggest that the A and L systems are not major contributors to the uptake of dicarboxylic amino acids in hepatic cells. It was concluded that decreased uptake of dicarboxylic amino acids in rapidly growing hepato mas may accompany decreased metabolism of these dietary nonessential amino acids.
Proton spin relaxation due to critical fluctuations in liquid chloroform

We report measurements of the proton magnetic spin-lattice relaxation time, T 1, in liquid chloroform near the critical point for the three resonance frequencies, f L, 10·0, 20·8 and 56·4 MHz. There is a sharp minimum in T 1 just above the critical point which is lower and nearer the critical point the lower f L. If is shown that the results cannot be explained in terms of an approximate theory which includes classical hydrodynamics for the critical density fluctuations. However, Kawasaki's modification for the latter fits the observed behaviour quite well in respect of the value and temperature of the T 1 minimum and its dependence on frequency, with reasonable critical parameters. It is found that the relaxation time is most sensitive to critical density fluctuations with wave numbers of order 106 cm-1, which is not readily accessible by the more usual experimental techniques. Away from the critical point the theory does not fit experiment at all well and it is possible that the critical parameters far .
Ultrashallow, high doping of boron using molecular layer doping

A new doping method named molecular layer doping (MLD) is proposed. MLD is based on surface chemical adsorption of dissolvements from induced dopant gas molecules. Ultrashallow boron‐doped layers are successfully achieved by MLD using B2 H6 gas. The p+ n junction formed by MLD exhibits excellent characteristics, with a reverse bias leakage current of less than 2.5×10−16 A/μm2 at 5 V. MLD is attractive in that it offers high‐density, shallow‐junction, damage‐free, selective doping in a short time.
Silicon availability and response of rice and wheat to silicon in calcareous soils

Abstract The 23 surface paddy soils (0–20cm) representing varying range of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were collected to evaluate silicon (Si) supplying power and the factors which affect Si availability. A pot experiment and consecutive four‐year field trials were also carried out in this study to investigate the response of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Wuyujing No. 3) and wheat (Triticum aestium L. cv Yangmai No. 5) to Si‐containing materials applied to the calcareous paddy soils. The result indicated that the available Si contents (sodium acetate‐extractable SiO2) of the soils surveyed were much higher than the accepted critical value. Stepwise regression analysis showed that pH value, clay, and CaCO3 contents significantly affected the available Si content. The pot experiment indicated that the grain yield, spike number, and filled grain percentage and ratio of grain/shoot of the Si‐treated rice markedly increased as compared to the control, but Si added had little effect on the shoot dry matter yield and 1.
Exploring learning implications of the distance secondary school teacher training in Malawi: a case study of Mzuzu University and Domasi College of Education.

i TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii LIST OF TABLES . xii LIST OF FIGURES . xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . xiii STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP . xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . xv DEDICATION. xvi CHAPTER 1 . 1 INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION AND THE NATURE OF THE STUDY.
Growth Kinetics and Oxidation Mechanism of ALD TiN Thin Films Monitored by In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was employed to investigate the growth of atomic layer deposited (ALD) TiN thin films from titanium chloride (TiCl4) and ammonia (NH3) and the followed oxidation in dry oxygen. Two regimes were found in the growth including a transient stage prior to a linear regime. The complementary ex situ characterization techniques showed a good agreement with the results obtained from SE measurements. A columnar structure of the as-deposited TiN film, which was composed of grains surrounded by amorphous material in between, was obtained. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated low chlorine impurity content and slightly N-rich TiN films. The existence of an intermixed layer between the nitride and oxide during the oxidation was verified by the XPS depth profile analysis for a partially oxidized TiN film. A three-layer optical model was constructed for SE in situ monitoring the oxidation. A four-regime oxidation was found for 15-nm TiN films whereas only two regimes were seen in the case of 5-nm films. A new oxidation mechanism was proposed to explain the oxidation behavior of thin TiN films.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PAP AD FROM DIFFERENT BLENDS OF CEREALS WITH BLACKGRAM

Papads are traditional oriental snack foods made primarily from legume flour (usually black gram flour) with salt, oil and spices. The ingredients are worked into dough balls, flattened into discs, dried and stored and are deep fat fried or toasted shortly before consumption. In this study, effects of varying moisture levels (37.8-41.5%) and disc thickness (0.4-0.7 mm) and substitution of black gram flour with cereal flours (rice, sorghum or wheat flour at 25 or 40% to reduce costs) on functional properties (diametrical expansion, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity) and sensory properties (appearance, colour, taste, texture and overall acceptability) of fried papad were investigated. Moisture content and thickness markedly affected diametrical expansion and overall sensory acceptability of the finished product. Papad made from 25% rice flour and 75% black gram flour closely resembled the product made from black gram alone, but showed greater expansion. Overall acceptability was moderately correlated (r = 0.713, P 0.10) to diametrical expansion and water absorption capacity (r = 0.874, P 0.01). It is concluded that use of flours with high water absorption values may be regarded as important for production of papad with a desirable crispy texture.
Isolation and Characterization of the Higher Fullerenes from Carbon Soot

In the first phase of the process, the higher fullerenes, mainly C76 and C84, as well as the basic fullerenes C60 and C70, in a smaller amount, were Soxhlet extracted with pyridine from the sample of initial carbon soot, produced in electrical arc. The extract was obtained in increased, high yield of 16.4%, due to application of the original procedure. The solubility of fullerenes in this solvent was determined. Chromatographic separation of fullerenes from pyridine extract was performed by continual elution, in one phase of the process, under atmospheric pressure, with original, defined gradient of solvents, from pure hexane to pure toluene, on active Al2O3 column, by a new, improved method. Identifications of fullerenes in the obtained chromatographically purified fractions and pyridine extract of the initial soot were performed using determined IR and UV/VIS techniques that have not been presented previously for the higher fullerenes.
Can near-infrared reflectance of green coffee be used to detect introgression in Coffea arabica cultivars?

Most new coffee cultivars disseminated over the last 15 years are derived from the Timor Hybrid (Coffea arabica x C canephora). Introgression of genes from the C canephora genome has been estimated at between 9 and 29% of the genome. It has been shown that introgression can have a negative impact on the cup quality of cultivars derived from the Timor Hybrid. Consequently, coffee buyers or roasters may wish to assess whether the coffee they are purchasing comes from introgressed varieties. The possibility of distinguishing between non-introgressed Arabicas and genotypes carrying chromosome fragments introgressed from C canephora was investigated (i) using some classical chemical compounds (caffeine, chlorogenic acids, trigonelline, fat and sucrose) and (ii) using a new approach based on spectra acquired by near-infrared reflectance of green coffee. Near-infrared spectra were obtained for 129 samples from two collections (Nicaragua and Costa Rica) of introgressed and non-introgressed coffee trees. The spectral collections were treated by principal component and factorial discrimination. When the introgressed coffee trees were compared with the non-introgressed trees using the chemical compounds, small but significant differences were found in caffeine, trigonelline and chlorogenic acid contents. However, the small variations in those compounds are not enough to detect introgression. The spectral collections treated by principal component and factorial discrimination made it possible to class from 92.30 to 94.87% of the analysed samples correctly, while the percentages of correctly classified samples in the verification file varied from 88.23 to 94.11%. The NIRS method appears to be an efficient method for determining whether a green coffee comes from an introgressed variety.
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/nylon-6 (PA6) nanocomposites with different MWNTs loadings have been prepared by the simple melt-compounding approach. A fine and homogeneous dispersion of MWNTs throughout PA6 matrix is observed by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy observation on the fracture surfaces of the composites shows not only a uniform dispersion of MWNTs but also a strong interfacial adhesion with the matrix, as evidenced by the presence of many broken but strongly embedded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the matrix and by the absence of debonding of CNTs from the matrix. Beadlike morphology is also observed along the stretched CNTs and their bundles, probably indicating the anchoring locations of the CNTs defects (within the beads) along the tubes where the PA6 matrix has strong interfacial interactions with the CNTs, thus being favorable to stress transfer from polymer to CNTs. Mechanical testing (by tensile and nanoindentation tests as well as dynamic mechanical ana.
Production d’agneaux à l’herbe

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Production d’agneaux à l’herbe Sophie Prache, M. Theriez
Hierarchical Bi7O9I3 micro/nano-architecture: facile synthesis, growth mechanism, and high visible light photocatalytic performance

Bi7O9I3, a fresh member of the bismuth oxyhalide family, with hierarchical micro/nano-architecture is successfully synthesized by a one-step, template and surfactant-free solution method. The as-prepared product was characterized by various techniques. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirm that the composition of the as-fabricated sample is Bi7O9I3. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that the as-synthesized sample exhibits a microsized plate-like structure with dense nanosheets standing on their surfaces. The time-dependent morphology of the Bi7O9I3 sample was investigated, and a possible formation mechanism of the hierarchical structure is proposed. More importantly, the Bi7O9I3 exhibits an excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of phenol under visible light irradiation. The high catalytic performance of the Bi7O9I3 hierarchical structure comes from its electronic band structure, high surface area and high surface-to-volume ratio. In addition, the Bi7O9I3 hierarchical architecture is stable during the reaction and can be used repeatedly. The present work not only gives insight into understanding the hierarchical growth behaviour of complex bismuth oxide iodide structures in a solution-phase synthetic system, but also provides a new way to improve the photocatalytic performance by designing desirable structures and morphologies.
SOCl2 enhanced photovoltaic conversion of single wall carbon nanotube/n-silicon heterojunctions

We report solar cells based on high-density p-n heterojunctions between single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and a n-type silicon wafer. Chemical modification by thionyl chloride of the SWCNT coating films was found to significantly increase the conversion efficiency by more than 45% through adjusting the Fermi level and increasing the carrier concentration and mobility. Electron-hole pairs are optically excited in the numerous heterojunctions formed between SOCl2-treated SWCNTs thin coating and n-type silicon substrate, and then split and transported through SWCNTs (holes) and n-Si (electrons), respectively.
Influence of Mindful Teaching Program towards Emotion among Teachers of Elementary Schools Implementing Inclusive Education

School Implementing Inclusive Education or Sekolah Penyelenggara Pendidikan Inklusi (SPPI)is a school that uses educational service system which allows children with special needs to participate and study together in regular classes along with their normal peer.The status alteration from regular school to SPPI has been causing new problems in its implementation,and it may also cause negative emotion among the teachers. Negative emotion emerges due to the teacher’s failure to deal with existing problems and perceiving the event as threatening. The negative emotion comes in the form of experiencing unpleasant feelings such as worry, tense, irritable, and depressed due to the workload they carry as teachers.Teachers may have both positive and negative emotions. Positive emotion is a pleasant emotion,and it has positive effects on teachers of SD PPI. The approach that may improve positive emotion and reduce negative emotion is mindfulness. Participants were teachers of SPPI which were assigned into two groups, experiment and control (waiting list). The design of this study used was quasi-experiment using untreated control group design with pre-test and post-test designwith two measurements: before and after treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Mindful Teaching program towards emotion among SD PPI teachers. Measurementtools used were emotion scale, observation, interview, and daily journal. The result of quantitative analysis using Wilcoxon test on experimental group showed that there was no significant difference in the score of positive emotion, negative emotion, and emotional balance before and after treatment. Mindful Teaching program can not improve positive emotion significantly, decrease negative emotion significantly, and improve emotional balance significantly for the experimental group. The result of quantitative analysis on pre-test using Mann-Whitney showed that there was no significant difference on positive emotion score, negative emotion, and emotional balance between the experimental and control group on the pre-test. Meanwhile, the result of quantitative analysis on post-test did not show a significant difference on positive emotion score and emotional balance between teachers in the experimental group who received treatment and teachers in the control group, but the significant difference found on negative emotion score between teachers in the experimental group and teachers in control group on post-test.
Oxygen Barrier Coatings Based on Supramolecular Assembly of Melamine

Gas permeability is one of the key performance characteristics of polymeric films. Here we explore a novel approach for modifying the oxygen transmission rate of polymers by vapor deposition of melamine. We will show that melamine, upon physical vapor deposition, forms a transparent uniform layer on polymeric films such as biaxially oriented polypropylene. X-ray diffraction, in combination with molecular modeling, has indicated that the melamine coating is crystalline and macroscopically oriented with the preferred direction of the melamine molecules parallel to the (polymeric) substrate. The vapor-deposited melamine molecules undergo a large number of cooperative hydrogen bond interactions leading to a coherent layer of an infinite supramolecular network. The melamine coating acts as a surprisingly effective barrier against gases, decreasing drastically, for example, the oxygen transmission rate through coated polymer films by 2 orders of magnitude. The effect is attributed to the crystalline nature of t.
Minimax semi-supervised set-valued approach to multi-class classification

We study supervised and semi-supervised algorithms in the set-valued classification framework with controlled expected size. While the former methods can use only n labeled samples, the latter are able to make use of N additional unlabeled data. We obtain semi-supervised minimax rates of convergence under the α-margin assumption and a β-Hölder condition on the conditional distribution of labels. Our analysis implies that if no further assumption is made, there is no supervised method that outperforms the semi-supervised estimator proposed in this work – the best achievable rate for any supervised method is O(n−1/2), even if the margin assumption is extremely favorable; on the contrary, the developed semi-supervised estimator can achieve faster O((n/ logn)−(1+α)β/(2β+d)) rate of convergence provided that sufficiently many unlabeled samples are available. We also show that under additional smoothness assumption, supervised methods are able to achieve faster rates and the unlabeled sample cannot improve the rate of convergence. Finally, a numerical study supports our theory and emphasizes the relevance of the assumptions we required from an empirical perspective.
Effect of Outer Bran Layers from Germinated Wheat Grains on Breadmaking Properties

ABSTRACT Wheat grains were germinated in the dark at room temperature (24°C) for 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 days. Germinated wheat grains were pearled in a Waring blender, and the outer bran layers were separated from the pearled grains. Breadmaking was performed with wheat flour and 10% of the outer bran layer. Breadmaking properties (bread height [mm] and specific volume [cm3/g]) were gradually enhanced by blending the germinated outer bran layers, and maximum specific volume was obtained after 5 days of germination. However, the improvement was lost after 8 days of germination. Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA) and Brabender Farinograph profiles of wheat flour and outer bran layers (10%) indicated that the maximum decrease of peak viscosity and increase of angle of tail were obtained after 3 and 5 days of germination, respectively. Those changes are presumed to be due to the action of enzymes found in the outer bran layers. Activities of α- and β-amylase, lipase, protease, and xylanase in the outer bran layers were mea.