Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emplacement of massive deposits by sheet flow

Turbidity current and coastal storm deposits are commonly characterized by a basal sandy massive (structureless) unit overlying an erosional surface and underlying a parallel or cross‐laminated unit. Similar sequences have been recently identified in fluvial settings as well. Notwithstanding field, laboratory and numerical studies, the mechanisms for emplacement of these massive basal units are still under debate. It is well accepted that the sequence considered here can be deposited by waning‐energy flows, and that the parallel‐laminated units are deposited under transport conditions corresponding to upper plane bed at the dune–antidune transition. Thus, transport conditions that are more intense than those at the dune–antidune transition should deposit massive units. This study presents experimental, open‐channel flow results showing that sandy massive units can be the result of gradual deposition from a thick bedload layer of colliding grains called sheet flow layer. When this layer forms with relatively coarse sand, the non‐dimensional bed shear stress associated with skin friction, the Shields number, is larger than a threshold value approximately equal to 0·4. For values of the Shields number smaller than 0·4 the sheet flow layer disappeared, sediment was transported by a standard bedload layer one or two grain diameters thick, and the bed configuration was characterized by downstream migrating antidunes and washed out dunes. Parallel laminae were found in deposits emplaced with standard bedload transport demonstrating that the same dilute flow can gradually deposit the basal and the parallel‐laminated unit in presence of traction at the depositional boundary. Further, the experiments suggested that two different types of upper plane bed conditions can be defined, one associated with standard bedload transport at the dune–antidune transition, and the other associated with bedload transport in sheet flow mode at the transition between upstream and downstream migrating antidunes.
Interregional student migration in Greece: patterns and determinants

Cet article propose d’etudier les caracteristiques et les determinants des migrations des etudiants en Grece, en prenant en consideration les attributs individuels des etudiants et les specificites des territoires d’origine et de destination. En Grece, ou l’entree a l’enseignement superieur se fait via un systeme national d’examens, le choix des etudes s’avere une etape importante pour la vie d’un jeune mais aussi pour sa famille, tant sur le plan affectif que sur le plan budgetaire. En s’appuyant sur une base de donnees originale, nous construisons un modele qui etudie les vecteurs spatiaux origine-destination des etudiants et leurs determinants. Les resultats montrent le poids des deux grandes aires metropolitaines, Athenes et Thessalonique, mais aussi le role primordial de la distance dans les choix de localisation et de mobilite des etudiants. La crise economique a limite et rationalise ces migrations.Classification JEL : R23, R25, J24, I23, I25
The expression of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in rats with cerebral ischemic/reperfusion treated by acupuncture

Objective To study the cerebral expression of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in rats treated with acupuncture after cerebral ischemic /reperfusion.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into six groups,electro-acupuncture at "Zusanli" and "Bai hui " group,"Baihui" group,Nimodipime group,joint treatment group of acupuncture and medicine,model,sham group and another 7 as control group.Electro-acupuseture,model and sham group contain 12,24,48,72,96 and 144 h six time points.The pathological lesion was detected by HE staining.The expression of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in core infarct area was examined by immunohistochemistry staining.Results That the pathological lesion reached the peak at 48th hour in the infarct core area;cerebral interstitial oedema was not alleviated until 72 hrs.Also many glial cells and collagen fibers proliferate,and new blood capillaries appear.MMP-9 and ICAM-1 was widely expressed in vascular endothelial and inflammatory cells together with some neurons by immunohistochemistry staining.The positive cells in the ipsilateral region is more than in contralateral region;Com-parison within groups shows MMP-9 and ICAM-1 expression at 48th and 144th hours with a double-peak profile,while the expression in electro-acupuncture group at 48,72 and 96 h time points has significant difference compared with that in model group.Conclusion Acupuncture may promote neurological function recovery through up-regulating injury mediation network.
Tradeoffs between energy use and ventilation rates in U.S. Retail stores

This study conducted experimental measurements of ventilation rates and associated pollutant concentrations in two retail stores for one-week intervals. Pollutants monitored were formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds. Based on the pollutant measurements and mass–balance modeling, different ventilation rate reduction scenarios were proposed, and for these scenarios the differences in energy consumption were estimated. This investigation focused on (a) the tradeoff between energy savings and ventilation rates that do not compromise indoor air quality, and (b) the tradeoff between energy savings and resets of indoor air temperature that do not compromise thermal comfort in winter heating conditions. Two energy simulation models for retail stores were built, calibrated, and validated with actual utility bills. Energy simulation results indicated that by lowering the ventilation rates from the measured values to the lowest acceptable values would reduce natural gas energy use by estimated 6% to 19%. Also, this study found that the electrical cooling energy consumption was not significantly sensitive to variable ventilation rates as the internal heat sources are significant. Results of optimization between heating indoor set-point temperature and different ventilation rate scenarios indicated that the lowest acceptable ventilation rate with the set point temperature of 19.4 °C is the best scenario.
The Selection, Testing, and Application of Ecological Bioindicator Birds: A Case Study of the Bale Mountains, Southeast Ethiopia

The interest in using ecological bioindicators - species or higher taxa, whose presence/absence or abundance reflect the abiotic or biotic state of an ecosystem - as cost-effective means of ecological monitoring has been globally increasing. The main aim of this study was to assess if such ecological bioindicator species could be identified within Afromontane grassland avifauna that would be used for monitoring the effects of livestock grazing on ecosystem in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. We collected data on birds and vegetation structure along 14 transects each in the light (protected) and heavy (unprotected) grazing sites in June 2014 (referred to as the first sampling period) and in December 2014 (the second sampling period). Then, we (i) initially identified potential bioindicator species for the light grazing site, based on data collected during the first sampling period; (ii) examined relationships between abundance of these bioindicators and level of grazing pressure; (iii) tested the consistency of those initially selected bioindicator species, based on independent data collected during the second sampling period. We used the Indicator Value (IndVal) Analysis method to identify bioindicator species for the light grazing site. Species with significant IndVal>60% were considered as potential bioindicator for the site compared to the heavy grazing site. Six species were initially identified as potential bioindicators from the first sampling period dataset, and four of these species were again consistently identified from the second sampling period. Furthermore, abundance of the bioindicators had significantly declined with increasing grazing pressure, but positively correlated with four habitat variables (i.e. heights of shrub, herb and grass, and cover of shrub). These findings suggest that those consistently identified four species represent suite of reliable bioindicators that can successfully be used for monitoring of changes in habitat structure in the site. Recommendations on how to apply these findings for ecological monitoring are provided.
Lower Mantle Dynamics Perceived With 50 Years of Hindsight From Plate Tectonics

Continually improving resolution of lower mantle structure and understanding of mantle dynamics suggest that, as in the plate‐tectonics era, the upper and lower mantle may undergo little exchange. Although the phase transition at ~660 km forms the sharpest seismologically mapped boundary within the mantle, another at 1,000 (±100) km might be more important for geodynamics. Contrasts in density and viscosity may limit penetration of upper and lower mantle through this boundary. Strong evidence, if still not definitive, calls for chemical heterogeneity of the lower mantle that manifests itself in a few energetic plumes rising from near the core mantle boundary and slowly evolving, larger piles or blobs of chemically distinct material. Those blobs or piles may deform little on billion‐year timescales. Convection in the lower mantle might dictate some aspects of flow in the upper mantle, such as the positions of plumes and hot spots and the breakup of supercontinents, but its contribution to the speeds and directions that plates move might be negligible. The improved understanding of mantle convection has not overturned the simple, 50‐year‐old image that plates “drive themselves,” with forces per unit length pushing them apart at spreading centers, excess mass in downgoing slabs pulling them down, and viscous drag on their bases (and tops at subduction zones) retarding movement. Remaining challenges include determining how convection in the lower mantle affects geologic history and using that history to constrain lower mantle dynamics.
A new species of Lucanicum (Cyclophorales, Bacillariophyta) associated with loggerhead sea turtles from South Africa

ABSTRACT A new Lucanicum species, L. ashworthianum Majewska, K.Robert & Van de Vijver sp. nov., was found in multiple samples of biofilm growing on loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta and their symbiotic barnacles Chelonibia testudinaria collected on the beaches of Kosi Bay, eastern coast of South Africa, during the two nesting seasons (the austral summers of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019). The new species possesses several features typical of the genus Lucanicum, including the uniseriate striae composed of one large macroareola, the presence of large apical slit fields and transapically elongated rimoportulae at both poles, and a cingulum composed of numerous open, doubly perforated copulae. It differs from the only other Lucanicum species known to date, the coral-associated L. concatenatum, in having considerably smaller cells with clearly rostrate or sub-capitate apices and internal rimoportula opening composed of a C-shaped inner lip and an oval, flap-like outer lip – a feature not observed previously in Lucanicum. Based on these new observations, an amendment of the genus description is proposed.
Pressure‐Induced Coordination Changes in a Pyrolitic Silicate Melt From Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations

With ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on a Na‐, Ca‐, Fe‐, Mg‐, and Al‐bearing silicate melt of pyrolite composition, we examine the detailed changes in elemental coordination as a function of pressure and temperature. We consider the average coordination as well as the proportion and distribution of coordination environments at pressures and temperatures encompassing the conditions at which molten silicates may exist in present‐day Earth and those of the Early Earth's magma ocean. At ambient pressure and 2,000 K, we find that the average coordination of cations with respect to oxygen is 4.0 for Si‐O, 4.0 for Al‐O, 3.7 for Fe‐O, 4.6 for Mg‐O, 5.9 for Na‐O, and 6.2 for Ca‐O. Although the coordination for iron with respect to oxygen may be underestimated, the coordination number for all other cations are consistent with experiments. By 15 GPa (2,000 K), the average coordination for Si‐O remains at 4.0 but increases to 4.1 for Al‐O, 4.2 for Fe‐O, 4.9 for Mg‐O, 8.0 for Na‐O, and 6.8 for Ca‐O. The coordination environment for Na‐O remains approximately constant up to core‐mantle boundary conditions (135 GPa and 4000 K) but increases to about 6 for Si‐O, 6.5 for Al‐O, 6.5 for Fe‐O, 8 for Mg‐O, and 9.5 for Ca‐O. We discuss our results in the context of the metal‐silicate partitioning behavior of siderophile elements and the viscosity changes of silicate melts at upper mantle conditions. Our results have implications for melt properties, such as viscosity, transport coefficients, thermal conductivities, and electrical conductivities, and will help interpret experimental results on silicate glasses.
Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: Diversity and conservation status

This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic researches on the Persian Gulf ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of C. Niebuhr, a Danish biologist in the 18th century, the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of fishes of Persian Gulf based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. The total confirmed fish species of Persian Gulf comprise 743 species, 131 families, 444 genera and 27 orders. In the class Chondrichthyes, the most diverse family is Charcharhinidae with 23 species (41.89%), followed by Dasyatidae with 15 species (31.08%). Within the class Actinopterygii, Gobiidae with 65 species (9.70%), Carangidae with 45 species (6.27%), Serranidae with 25 species (3.73%), Apogonidae with 25 species (3.73%), Lutjanidae with 23 species (3.43%) and Blenniidae with 23 species (3.43%) are the most diverse families in the Persian Gulf.
Vertical Profiling of Aerosols With a Combined Raman‐Elastic Backscatter Lidar in the Remote Southern Ocean Marine Boundary Layer (43–66°S, 132–150°E)

A combined Raman‐elastic backscatter lidar, deployed aboard the research vessel RV Investigator for two campaigns for a total of 10 week's ship time, is used to quantify the properties of aerosols within the remote Southern Ocean marine boundary layer between Australia and Antarctica in the region 43–66°S and 132–150°E. Eleven Raman case studies are identified for analyses. Particle linear depolarization ratio and height‐resolved lidar ratio S, calculated from the Raman retrievals, are consistent with values expected within the surface mixed layer for clean marine conditions. We determine S=(19±7) sr across the Southern Ocean with the Raman lidar observations. Aerosol optical properties in the marine boundary layer close to Tasmania (43°S) sometimes indicate the influence of continental air masses. Aerosol optical depth at 355 nm calculated from the retrieved Raman extinction profiles within the surface mixed layer is τ=(0.11±0.04). Boundary‐layer height is determined from the lidar observations and decreases from (0.9±0.4) km north of the Polar Front (around 55°S) to (0.7±0.2) km south of the Polar Front. Dried sea salt is present above the midlatitude ocean in the dehumidified decoupled layer in different synoptic‐scale atmospheric conditions including beneath a high‐pressure system and in a post‐frontal air mass. At all latitudes across the Southern Ocean, large aerosol backscatter, low depolarization ratio, and high relative humidity indicate the presence of sea salt droplets within the well‐mixed near‐surface layer.
Phylogenetic analysis of stemmed points from Patagonia: Shape change and morphospace evolution

This work is focused in the study of Patagonian lithic projectile points shape variation from a phylogenetic perspective pursuing three main aims: first, generate a model of projectile point shape diversification and morphospace evolution; second, estimate shape variation through time, and finally, assess the robustness of previous results using the same methods but in a larger sample with better spatial coverage. A previous work using geometric morphometric and cladistic methods suggested a pattern of general morphological diversification across Patagonia related, at least in part, to the spatial distance between cases, distinguishing two main clades in northern (43-45° S) and southern (50-52° S) Patagonia. In the present work to study this pattern in a more detailed level, a sample of ca. 1200 projectile points was used to obtain statistically different morphological classes performing unsupervised K-means searching. Shape characters were used to describe the different taxonomic units and to perform the phylogenetic analysis (through the Neighbor Joining and Maximun Parsimony methods) using as an ancestor the earliest point type known to the region (Fishtail point). The new results suggest that projectile points with longer and narrow blades and smaller stems evolved later in Patagonia and occupy a different sector of morphospace that could be related to the emergence of different technical systems, like the bow and arrow. However, these results do not support the previous ones of a projectile point diversification pattern mediated by spatial distance, maybe due to the reduction of contrast between the extreme north and south of Patagonia by the larger spatial coverage used in the present analysis.
Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Ships with Forward Speed in Shallow Waters

Effects of depth and forward speed on hydrodynamic coefficients of ships are presented in this paper. A modified simple Green function technique was used to calculate 2D coefficients while strip theory was used to calculate 3D coefficients. Numerical results are provided for hydrodynamic coefficients of parabolic hull ship. It is found out that both depth and forward speed have considerable effects on hydrodynamic coefficients of ship.
Assessing population perception and socioeconomic impact related to flood episodes in urban Côte d’Ivoire

Urban flooding causes serious socioeconomic damages to cities worldwide. However, due to the lack of adequate sanitation and housing infrastructures, populations in developing countries are the most affected. This study sought to assess the population perception of the main issues around flooding, and the socioeconomic impact of flood-related damage in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Direct field observations, meteorological data analysis, a survey of land features and household interviews were therefore conducted. Poor design and mismanagement of drainage systems were seen as the primary causes of flooding, while the two main consequences reported were the displacement of affected populations and material damage. Residents seem to be aware of the causes and the potential consequences of flooding; however, they are lacking adequate prevention strategies and effective mechanisms of coping with the damage inflicted. For a more efficient flood management system, collaboration between authorities and affected populations is highly encouraged. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Developing country, drainage system, geographical survey, risk perception, urban flooding
Temperate mesophotic ecosystems: gaps and perspectives of an emerging conservation challenge for the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract Mesophotic habitats, hosting benthic assemblages totally unknown and unexpected in the early 2000s, are attracting an increasing interest from scientists. Realizing that many long living and habitat forming species are playing a unique pocket of biodiversity in the frame of climate crisis, it is important to recognize the potential of the mesophotic zone in conservation strategies. The mesophotic zone is characterized by environmental factors generally more stable than the shallow counterpart; therefore, it represents a refuge habitat to preserve species that, in shallow waters, may be involved in bleaching events, massive mortalities or other pathologies generally triggered by thermal anomalies. The definition of the mesophotic zone in the temperate seas is confused, creating possible misunderstandings and problems not only from a scientific point of view but also in communication and outreach strategies. Here, we review the scientific literature to build the best definition possible based on the maximum consensus coming from papers analysis. Moreover, the key roles of mesophotic habitats, including ecosystem engineers as animal forests, have been schematized to enhance the perception of the potential risks we are running in case of damage or loss of these habitats.
Sistem Pengobatan dan Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Pengobatan Tradisional Berdukun atau Bulian di Desa Sungai Pasir Putih Kecamatan Kelayang Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu

Talang Mamak is a tribal society in Indragiri Hulu district, spread over 9 districts in Indragiri Hulu regency. Talang Mamak tribe settlements are mostly located on the edge of the forest, the forest and the edge of the rive flow Indragiri Hulu. Berdukun or bulian is a traditional healing rituals Talang Mamak community by asking the user to supernatural beings as well as using traditional tools and materials whose activities led by a Shaman or Kumantan and auxiliary rituals such as Bujang Bayu, Complementary Old and Dendi. The purpose of this research is to determine the treatment system and the public perception Sungai Pasir Putih subdistrict Kelayang to traditional treatments berdukun or bulian. The method in this research is the method Snownball Sampling. Results showed that the system of public confidence in the Talang Mamak cure various diseases by way of treatment to traditional healers known as traditional medicine berdukun or bulian and subdistrict public perception Kelayang to traditional treatments berdukun or bulian very good perception.
Elastic, Electronic, and Optical properties of NaSnX (X=Sb, Bi, As): First principle calculations

In the present work, the structural, mechanical, electronic and optical properties of NaSnX (X=Sb, B, As) compounds have been investigated by means of first principles calculations. The generalized gradient approximation has been used for modeling the exchange-correlation effects. It has been observed that the calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with the experimental and theoretical lattice parameters. Bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus Poisson’s ratio, sound velocities and the Debye temperatures using the calculated elastic constants for NaSnSb, NaSnBi and NaSnAs compounds have been obtained. The electronic band structure and the projected density of states corresponding to the electronic band structure have calculated.and interpreted. The obtained electronic band structure for NaSnSb and NaSnBi compounds are metallic in nature, and the NaSnAs compound is also a narrow semiconductor. Based on the obtained electronic structures, we further calculated the frequency-dependent dielectric function, the energy-loss function, optical conductivity, and reflection along the x-and z-axes.