Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Loop Current System During the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Event as Observed With D

The ocean circulation patterns of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Loop Current (LC) system and their effects on the advection of the oil discharged during the Deepwater Horizon incident are described using in situ surface drifter trajectories and satellite observations from May to August 2010. These observations include altimetry-derived surface geostrophic velocities, sea surface temperature, ocean color, and surface oil locations. The elongated, northwestward penetrating LC retreated back from its northernmost position in late April 2010 and stayed farther away from the surface oil in the north during May 2010. Although the main body of the surface oil slick remained around the well site and on the Northern Gulf shelf, a small amount of the surface oil was entrained into the northern part of the LC system in mid-May 2010. An anticyclonic eddy in its formative stage then detached from the northern part of the LC in the latter part of May 2010, tending to break the direct connection between the northern Gulf with points farther south. Through interactions with smaller cyclonic eddies on either side, multiple short-lived detachment/re-attachment episodes continued for some time during the spill event, but without ever fully reestablishing a direct LC pathway from the region of the oil spill to the Florida Straits. The mean geostrophic current pattern during this time period showed a separated LC eddy in the eastern GOM. Such ocean circulation patterns helped retain the surface oil in the northeastern Gulf and kept an oil-free environment for most of Florida’s coastal waters.
The Syabru‐Bensi hydrothermal system in central Nepal: 2. Modeling and significance of the radon signature

The Syabru‐Bensi hydrothermal system (SBHS), located in the Nepal Himalayas, is characterized by numerous hot (>30°C) springs and the release of dry, cold (<35°C) CO2 associated with radon‐222, detailed in the companion paper. In the SBHS, CO2 and radon fluxes on the ground vary over 5–6 orders of magnitude, reaching exceptional mean values of 100 kg m−2 d−1 and 12 Bq m−2 s−1, respectively. This paper extends the companion paper by developing three quantitative models for the radon signature of CO2 based on measurements of radon and radium concentrations in the spring waters and effective radium concentration of rocks and soils. The first model considers near‐surface radon and CO2 degassing from water, considered unlikely unless there exist currently unidentified large discharges of hydrothermal water. The second model considers CO2, arising from deeper hydrothermal sources, incorporating radon from shallow radium sources as it percolates upward toward the surface, considered more likely as a percolation depth of 100 m is sufficient to account for the observed radon discharge. The third model considers the observed peak radon concentrations in the gas zones and assumes that gaseous CO2 can be transported from kilometer‐scale depths through a fault network connected to the zones. This latter model affords the possibility that variations of physical parameters at depths associated with earthquake nucleation might be detectable at the surface. Gas‐dominated transport might operate in other locations in Himalayas and elsewhere and may be an important aspect of the coupled mechanisms associated with seismically active orogens.
Timing of volcanism in the Sierra Nevada of California

Thermoluminescent materials have been found suitable for measuring long term exposures to low level ionizing radiation. Oxyhalides of lanthanum, gadolinium and yttrium, including the oxychlorides and oxybromides are activated with terbium and have been found to be most efficient oxygendominated phosphors having thermoradiant efficiencies with excitation by low level ionizing radiation. Thermoluminescence response increases when the previous materials have hafnium and zirconium additives.
Improved vegetation greenness increases summer atmospheric water vapor over Northern China

Northern China is an environmentally vulnerable region with a severe water shortage. Several ecological restoration projects since the 1980s have greatly increased vegetation greenness. This study aims to assess the impacts of the changes in vegetation greenness from 1982 to 2008 on the atmospheric precipitable water (PW) over northern China during the summer seasons (June, July, and August) using reanalysis PW and satellite vegetation index data. Several statistical methods, such as linear regression (piecewise, stepwise), the Empirical Orthogonal Function, Pearson's correlation, have been used to explore the variations in and the coupling between vegetation greenness and PW. The influences of three major atmospheric circulations (the East Asian summer monsoon, the South Asian summer monsoon, and the Westerly circulation) have also been considered and excluded. The results show that summer vegetation greenness within the semi‐arid western part of northern China, including the Tibetan Plateau, is closely linked to summer PW after excluding the influences of atmospheric circulations and that vegetation accounts for as much as 30% of the total PW variance. Vegetation greenness in the central and western water‐limited regions of northern China has significant (>90% confidence level) positive impacts on summer PW. After investigating the relationships among evapotranspiration (ET), PW, and precipitation, it was concluded that strengthened ET driven by increased vegetation greenness makes a major contribution to increased PW. Different from the earlier hypothesis in the literature “only intact contiguous cover of natural forest having extensive borders with larger water bodies is able to keep land moisten up to an optimal for life level everywhere on land,” this study found that interior forest covered regions with adequate water supply can also provide an ET benefit of PW for other regions. This study demonstrates the implications of large‐scale ecological restoration projects on the hydrological cycle in arid/semi‐arid regions.
Geomorphic constraints on fault throw rates and linkage times: Examples from the Northern Gulf of Evia, Greece

We evaluate how the growth and interaction of active normal faults in the Sperchios Basin and Northern Gulf of Evia, Greece, are recorded by the landscape. We demonstrate that patterns in footwall relief along the faults reflect fault segmentation, and we show that in this study area, fault throw is 2 to 3 times the maximum footwall relief. Rivers crossing the faults typically have two knickpoints, which are unrelated to lithology. However, their heights, measured from the active fault trace, vary systematically. The height of the upper set of knickpoints scales linearly with the footwall relief of the faults and is typically >85% of the maximum relief. The height of the lower set of knickpoints also scales with footwall relief, but the heights are consistently lower. The existence of two sets of knickpoints suggests that the rivers have been perturbed by two changes in tectonic rates during faulting. We interpret the upper knickpoints to represent the initiation and growth of fault‐generated topography, while the lower set of knickpoints reflects a throw rate increase due to fault linkage. Estimates of throw rate enhancement factor derived from fault interaction theory suggest that the faults increased their rate by a factor of ≥3 when they linked. This constraint, combined with the distribution of knickpoint heights, allows us to estimate the throw rate and linkage time for the faults. The Sperchios Fault has a maximum throw rate of 1.5–2.0 mm/yr, while the Coastal Fault has a maximum throw rate of 0.8–1.2 mm/yr.
Revisiting internal waves and mixing in the Arctic Ocean

[1] To determine whether deep background mixing has increased with the diminishment of the Arctic sea ice, we compare recent internal wave energy and mixing observations with historical measurements. Since 2007, the North Pole Environmental Observatory has launched expendable current probes (XCPs) as a part of annual airborne hydrographic surveys in the central Arctic Ocean. Mixing in the upper 500 m is estimated from XCP shear variance and Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) derived Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Internal wave energy levels vary by an order of magnitude between surveys, although all surveys are less energetic and show more vertical modes than typical midlatitude Garrett-Munk (GM) model spectra. Survey-averaged mixing estimates also vary by an order of magnitude among recent surveys. Comparisons between modern and historical data, reanalyzed in identical fashion, reveal no trend evident over the 30 year period in spite of drastic diminution of the sea ice. Turbulent heat fluxes are consistent with recent double-diffusive estimates. Both mixing and internal wave energy in the Beaufort Sea are lower when compared to both the central and eastern Arctic Ocean, and expanding the analysis to mooring data from the Beaufort Sea reveals little change in that area compared to historical results from Arctic Internal Wave Experiment. We hypothesize that internal wave energy remains lowest in the Beaufort Sea in spite of dramatic declines in sea ice there, because increased stratification amplifies the negative effect of boundary layer dissipation on internal wave energy.
Local trend disparities of European minimum and maximum temperature extremes

Ecosystems and societies are highly vulnerable to extreme temperatures and to changes in the range of temperatures at local scales. Here I will show how trends in warm and cold extremes have evolved over the last six decades in Europe on local scales. Comparing the slopes of two extreme quantiles demonstrates that there are significant disparities in trends of cold and warm temperature extremes at many locations in Europe. At some locations the range of extreme cold and hot temperatures increases, while at other locations it decreases. These results suggest that at some locations both warm and cold extremes intensify which seems to be contradictory to the prevailing view of global warming in which both cold and warm temperatures are expected to increase.
Future Seekers II: Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia

Part 1 - An Overview of Asylum Seekers, Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia Immigration, Refugees and Australian Nationhood Compassion and Common Sense: Refugees and Immigration Control The Essence of Control: Australia's Experience of Irregular Migration and Asylum Seekers People Smuggling and People Trafficking Part 2 - Asylum and Refugee Status Seeking Asylum: Refugee Status Determination Procedures Who is a Refugee? The Refugee Definition and "Protection" Protecting Australia: Border Control and the Deflection of Asylum Seekers Refugee Outcomes: Temporary Protection, Permanent Settlement and Removal or Return Part 3 - Immigration Detention Enforcing Australia's Immigration Laws: Arrest, Detention and Removal Australia's Mandatory Detention Regime: The Legal Issues Mandatory Detention: Conditions of Detention World's Best Practice: Asylum in Other Countries Part 4 - Conclusion Imagining the Future: Control and Compassion Index
Structure of the subduction system in southern Peru from seismic array data

The subduction zone in southern Peru is imaged using converted phases from teleseismic P, PP, and PKP waves and Pwave tomography using local and teleseismic events with a linear array of 50 broadband seismic stations spanning 300 km from the coast to near Lake Titicaca. The slab dips at 30° and can be observed to a depth of over 200 km. The Moho is seen as a continuous interface along the profile, and the crustal thickness in the back-arc region (the Altiplano) is 75 km thick, which is sufficient to isostatically support the Andes, as evidenced by the gravity. The shallow crust has zones of negative impedance at a depth of 20 km, which is likely the result of volcanism. At the midcrustal level of 40 km, there is a continuous structure with a positive impedance contrast, which we interpret as the western extent of the Brazilian Craton as it underthrusts to the west. V_p/V_s ratios estimated from receiver function stacks show average values for this region with a few areas of elevated V_p/V_s near the volcanic arc and at a few points in the Altiplano. The results support a model of crustal thickening in which the margin crust is underthrust by the Brazilian Shield.
Satellite surveillance of evaporative depletion across the Indus Basin

The irrigated Indus Basin in Pakistan has insufficient water resources to supply all its stakeholders. Information on evaporative depletion across the Basin is an important requirement if the water resources are to be managed efficiently. This paper presents the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) method used to compute actual evapotranspiration for large areas based on public domain National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite data. Computational procedures for retrieving actual evapotranspiration from satellites have been developed over the last 20 years. The current work is among the first applications used to estimate actual evapotranspiration on an annual scale across a vast river basin system with a minimum of ground data. Only sunshine duration and wind speed are required as input data for the remote sensing flux algorithm. The results were validated in the Indus Basin by comparing results from a field‐scale transient moisture flow model, in situ Bowen ratio measurements, and residual water balance analyses for an area of 3 million ha. The accuracy of assessing time‐integrated actual annual evapotranspiration varied from 0% to 10% on a field scale to 5% at the regional level. Spatiotemporal information on actual evapotranspiration helps to evaluate water distribution and water use between large irrigation project areas. Wide variations in evaporative depletion between project areas and crop types were found. Satellite‐based measurements can provide such information and avoid the need to rely on field databases.
Association of Vitamin D with Suicide Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: Research findings on the relationship between vitamin D and suicide are not consistent; therefore, the objective of the present paper is to assess the relationship between vitamin D and suicide behaviors using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method : A search strategy was developed using keywords including “Vitamin D”, “Vitamin D deficiency”, “suicide” "attempted suicide", "completed suicide”, “Suicide, Attempted”, “Suicidal Ideation. ” We searched databases including Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by July 7, 2022. We examined the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the articles to select eligible ones. To pool the results of the selected studies, we used the random-effect method and mean difference as the effect size. The quality of the articles was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Moreover, heterogeneity and bias of reporting were evaluated by the I2 statistic and Egger's and Begg's tests, respectively. Results: Out of 149 studies retrieved in the databases, 11 studies were included in the final phase. Among these, the pooled findings of seven studies included in the meta-analysis phase showed that low levels of vitamin D are related to increased probability for suicide behaviors (P < 0.05). Moreover, subgroup analysis showed a significant relationship between vitamin D and suicide ideation and suicide attempt (P < 0.05). In addition, the I2 statistic indicated moderate heterogeneity (58%) and Egger's and Begg's tests did not show any evidence of publication bias (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides evidence in favor of the relationship between vitamin D and suicide behaviors. It suggests that insufficient levels of vitamin D play a role in suicidal behaviors. However, it should be noted that further and stronger evidence is needed to establish this role. Finally, incorporating vitamin D-rich foods into the diet or taking vitamin D supplements is recommended to reduce the risk of suicide.
Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates: A narrative review of perinatal risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of premature neonates and according to several authors its prevalence varies between 15% - 44.7%. Numerous perinatal risk factors have been associated with the development of IVH. This hemorrhagic situation has been defined as a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality despite the great improvement observed in the clinical management of premature neonates. Rates of neonatal morbid­ity and adverse neurologic sequelae due to IVH remain high, making clinical decisions regarding treatment and management of IVH, challenging for healthcare professionals working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Since IVH is a complex situation that requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary team, we aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the topic. Through up-to-date scientific data, this review summarizes the key aspects of IVH in relation to development, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management via pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
Managing Cattail (Typha latifolia) Growth in Wetland Systems

Nutrient availability, water depth, competition, and soil management effects on cattail (Typha latifolia) growth in wetland systems were examined. Soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) removals were tested at a constructed wetland receiving municipal wastewater effluent. Over all, no significant differences in nutrients occurred between diverse planted and cattail areas. T. latifolia seeds, under the canopy of Eleochoris macrostachya, had low seed germination. Established stands of emergent vegetation can prevent cattail colonization and spread. Germination of T. latifolia at various water depths was tested, and depth impacts on cattail seedling growth and survival were ascertained using various moist soil management techniques in three ponds. Water levels at 0cm and >40cm can adversely impact cattail establishment.
Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology

The Environmental Isotopes Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Radioisotopes Isotope Fractionation Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D) Tracing the Hydrological Cycle Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation Effects of Extreme Evaporation Precipitation The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation Local Effects on T - d18O Ice Cores and Paleotemperature Groundwater Recharge in Temperate Climates Recharge in Arid Regions Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies Groundwater Mixing Tracing the Carbon Cycle Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters Carbonate Geochemistry Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System Dissolved Organic Carbon Methane in Groundwaters Isotopic Composition of Carbonates Chapter 6. Groundwater Quality Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study Source of Chloride Salinity Landfill Leachates Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology Identifying and Dating Modern Groundwaters The "Age" of Groundwater Stable Isotopes Tritium in Precipitation Dating Groundwaters with Tritium Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Thermonuclear 36Cl Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr Submodern Groundwater Age Dating Old Groundwaters Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon Correction for Carbonate Dissolution Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater The Uranium Decay Series Water-Rock Interaction Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange High Temperature Systems Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions Field Methods for Sampling Groundwater Water in the Unsaturated Zone Precipitation Gases Geochemistry References Index Each chapter has Problems sections.
A Holistic Investigation of the Relationship between Digital Addiction and Academic Achievement among Students

Digital addiction (DA), an umbrella term referring to addiction to any type of digital media, such as the internet, smartphone, digital games, and social media, is a significant factor influencing students’ academic achievement (AA). Many scholars have contributed to this line of research from around the world. Nevertheless, the literature lacks a holistic investigation of how the DA–AA research field evolved, which could guide future studies. The current study aims to address this void and conducts a combined bibliometric and science mapping analysis of research addressing the relationship between DA and AA. Data were retrieved from the WoS database, considered one of the optimal databases for such studies with its comprehensive coverage of quality journals. One hundred eighteen articles were included in the final dataset and were analyzed using the SciMAT software, which allowed analysis over three consecutive periods and yielded comparable results regarding the conceptual and thematic evolution of the DA–AA domain. The results indicated an increased research interest in the topic, especially during the last five years. The science mapping analysis showed that the most-studied types of addiction were smartphone addiction for the first two periods and social media addiction for the last. Research in the DA–AA domain which focused on understanding the addictive use of smartphones during the first period, evolved to address factors such as self-efficacy or life satisfaction leading to smartphone addiction and lower grades. During the third period, the number of factors addressed gained significant variety and covered family-related and personal factors.
The Effect of Various Contact Lenses on Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Goldman Tonometer

Article history: Received: 31 Oct 2011 Accepted: 12 Jan 2012 Available online: 11 May 2013 ZJRMS 2014; 16(6): 33-35 Background: Today, contact lenses have extensive usages. Contact lens places on cornea, so it may induce variation on cornea and these variations can influence the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldman tonometer. The aim of this research was to study the effect of various contact lenses on measurement of intraocular pressure by Goldman tonometer. Materials and Methods: In this study, 80 subjects aged 18-25 were selected randomly among patients of Al-Zahra ophthalmology center. None of them has any eye pathological problems. Before wearing the lens, intraocular pressure was measured, and then patients were divided into two groups of soft and hard contact lenses. Soft and hard contact lenses were placed on the eye for two hours, and the intraocular pressure was measured again. Results: The mean of IOP before wearing contact lenses and two hours later was 15.96 mmHg and 13.93, s respectively. Paired test showed a significant difference between IOP before and after wearing contact lenses (p=0.001). There was no significant differences in mean of intraocular pressure decline before and after placing the contact lens in both soft and hard lenses. Conclusion: According to this study, the intraocular pressure decreases after wearing contact lenses (CL). This decline may be due to variation in properties of cornea after wearing CL that can also affect IOP measurement. Copyright © 2014 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.