Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical study on effect of CO2 addition in flame structure and NOx formation of CH4‐air counterflow diffusion flames

Numerical study with detailed chemistry has been conducted to investigate the effect of CO2 addition on flame structure and NOx formation in CH4–air counterflow diffusion flame. Radiation effect is found to be dominant especially at low strain rates. The addition of CO2 makes radiation effect more remarkable even at high‐strain rates. It is, as a result, seen that flame structure is determined by the competition between the radiation and strain rate effects. The important role of CO2 addition is addressed to thermal and chemical reaction effects, which can be precisely specified through the introduction of an imaginary species. Thermal effect contributes to the changes in flame structure and NO formation mainly, but the effect of chemical reaction cannot be neglected. It is noted that flame structure is changed considerably due to the addition of CO2, in such a manner, that the path of methane oxidation prefers to take CH4→CH3→C2H6→C2H5 instead of CH4→CH3→CH2→CH. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
48—AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF SORPTION HEAT IN CLOTHING ASSEMBLIES

This paper gives the historical background of sorption heat in textile materials and makes an appreciation of the physics of the phenomenon, together with its physiological implications. Details are given both of the laboratory evaluation of the ‘comfort’ properties of the fabrics or garments used and of a series of physiological investigations aimed at assessing the value of sorption heat to the wearer. The physiological experiments were performed on groups of men wearing clothing assemblies of matched construction made from fihres having very large differences in regain characteristics, namely, wool and Terylene. The conditions under which experiments were made were as follows: at rest in simulated environments (indoor conditions 68°F (20°0) and 43% r.h. , outdoor damp–cold at 43°F (6·1°C and 93% r.h.; as in (1) with a 5-miles/hr turbulent wind; sweating from work in a cool environment (58°F (14·4°C) and 50% r.h. ); a sweating slightly at rest in a hot–dry environment (88°F (31·l°C) and 26% r.h. ) and then.
Understanding and Modifying Water Uptake of Seed Coats Through Characterizing the Glass Transition

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of seed coat was studied in relation to water uptake behavior. Tg values of seed coats were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for selected pea and bean varieties. Rapidly hydrating samples showed a sharp Tg near ambient temperature with a range spanning 4–10°C. Samples that demonstrated a lag and consequently slow hydration exhibited a broad Tg above ambient temperature with a range spanning 22–33°C. Slow hydrating samples were processed via cyclic heating and cooling above and below Tg, resulting in elimination of the lag phase and markedly improved hydration rates. This research showed that Tg can be related to water uptake behavior and can be used as a parameter to determine processing conditions for improving water uptake in seeds.
High-temperature oxidation of ethanol. Part 2.—Kinetic modelling

The high-temperature oxidation of ethanol has been modelled in a 97-step, 30 species reaction mechanism and the results of the calculations compared with recent measurements of the ignition delays of mixtures of ethanol, oxygen and argon behind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 1080–1660 K, at pressures of 1.8–4.6 bar and with equivalence ratios of 0.25–2.
Phase transition in strongly stretched polymer gels

We will present the volume phase transition of cylindrical poly N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) gels under large distortion along the uniaxial direction. The neutral and slightly ionized NIPA gels were synthesized in submillimeter diameter. The gel was stretched along the uniaxial direction with the longitudinal deformation ratio, α∥ (the ratio of the stretched length to the equilibrium length in the swollen state at 30 °C). By keeping the longitudinal length constant, we have simultaneously measured the equilibrium diameter and the force as functions of temperature. The swelling curves of the neutral NIPA gels including the volume phase transition temperature were obtained for several deformations in the range between α∥=1 and α∥=6. With increasing α∥, the transition temperature increased up to 1 °C in the small deformation below α∥∼3.5, and it saturated and slightly decreased in the large α∥ above α∥∼4. At the transition temperature on heating, the force to keep the length constant increased discontinuousl.
Reactivity of Palladium(II) Complexes Containing the Orthometalated C,C-Chelating Ligand C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COCH2PPh3 toward Deprotonating Reagents

The dinuclear complex [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COCH2PPh3)]2(ClO4)2 reacts with Hg(OOCCH3)2 (1:1 molar ratio, CH2Cl2, room temperature) giving the trinuclear derivative [Pd2Hg(μ-Cl)2(C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COC(H)PPh3)2](ClO4)2 (1). The X-ray structure of 1 has been determined: C78H62Cl4HgO10P4Pd2, monoclinic, I2/a, a = 20.205(3) A, b = 11.7529(9) A, c = 30.905(3) A, β = 90.333(10)°, V = 7339.0(14) A3, Z = 4. The structure shows two Pd atoms bridged by two Cl atoms and also shows weak Pd−Hg contacts. Both orthometalated ylide groups [C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COC(H)(PPh3)]- in 1 act as C,C,C-tridentate ligands, coordinated to the palladium center through the arylic carbon atom and the ylidic carbon atom adjacent to the PPh2 group and to the mercury center through the ylidic carbon atom adjacent to the PPh3 group. The reaction of [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COCH2PPh3)]2(ClO4)2 with (acac)AuPPh3 (acac = acetylacetonate; 1:2 molar ratio) affords [Pd(C6H4-2-PPh2C(H)COCH2PPh3)(acac-O,O‘)](ClO4) (2) by transmetalation of the acac gro.
Soil microbial biomass, functional diversity and crop yields following application of cattle manure, hog manure and inorganic fertilizers

Soil biological properties can be significantly impacted by land management. Cattle manure, hog manure or inorganic fertilizers were applied annually or triennially in field trials conducted at two sites over 3 yr. A control treatment without manure or fertilizer was also included. Canola (Brassica napus) was grown in year 1, hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare) in year 2, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) in year 3. Where effects were significant, cattle manure increased soil microbial biomass C (MBC) by 26% to three-fold, hog manure by 31% to two-fold, and inorganic fertilizers reduced MBC by 20–64%. Similar effects, except the reduction by inorganic fertilizers, were observed for functional diversity of soil bacteria (Shannon index, H′ ). At one site, where crop yields were recorded for 3 yr, hog manure produced greater grain yields (75% increase over the control) than the rest of the treatments (49% increase by cattle manure) in year 1, but cattle manure out-yielded other treatments thereafter, when it increa.
The transferability of Australian pedotransfer functions for predicting water retention characteristics of French soils

A French data set was used to evaluate how well two widely used analytical functions describe measured soil water characteristic (SWC) data. Both the van Genuchten (sigmoidal) and Campbell (power‐law) equations gave good descriptions of the data (mean R2 of 98.1 and 97.1% respectively). Methods of predicting SWC data were also evaluated. When a power‐law equation was parameterised using just two measured SWC points and bulk density (the ‘two‐point’ method), a very good SWC prediction was obtained for the French data (mean R2 of 94.8%). An empirical equation for prediction of the SWC was also assessed using the French data set. This method was developed using multiple regression analysis from Australian soil data and requires soil texture and bulk density as input. The predictions (mean R2 of 85.2%) lacked accuracy and precision in comparison with the two‐point method but the empirical approach uses more readily available input data. The accuracy of prediction from both methods was similar to that observed previously for Australian data sets. The empirical approach developed from Australian soil data has reasonable applicability to French soils. The approach of assuming a power‐law model and empirically predicting slope and air entry potential is shown to have merit. A strategy for achieving adequate coverage of soil hydraulic property data for France is suggested incorporating hydraulic prediction methods such as those evaluated here.
HIGH TEMPERATURE INCIPIENT FLUIDIZATION IN MONO AND POLYDISPERSE SYSTEMS

Tests have been made on the behaviour of fluidized beds at high temperature (15-950°C). Bed materials used were silica sand of different sizes. Bed voidage at minimum fluidization conditions was found to be dependent on temperature rise and on increase in Reynolds number. Plots of bed voidage function, bed voidage and Ar versus Remf show a change in the behaviour at Reynolds numbers between approximately 0.75-2. This is explained in terms of a variation in the fluid flow pattern inside the bed: at very low Remf creeping flow exists, but at higher values of Reynolds number, separation of boundary layer takes place and a wake appears at the rear of the particle, creating a low pressure zone. This contributes to attractive forces between particles at the minimum fluidization conditions, decreasing the value of ϵmf. If Remf increases, the separation point moves towards the rear of the particle and the wake shrinks; attractive forces decrease, and ϵmf increases. Data on umf , both for monodisperse systems and .
Ethylenediamine–hydrochloric acid–zinc(II) eluent for the suppressed ion chromatographic separation of strontium(II) from a large amount of calcium(II): application of the method to the simultaneous determination of magnesium(II), calcium(II) and strontium(II) in high salinity sub-surface waters

A new eluent has been developed for the suppressed ion chromatographic separation of strontium from large amounts of calcium. Together with a Dionex CS-2 separator column, the eluent, a mixture of 2.5 mmol dm–3 ethylenediamine, 5 mmol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and 1 mmol dm–3 Zn2+, was successfully used for the simultaneous determination of strontium, magnesium and calcium in high salinity sub-surface waters. The results of the determination of magnesium, calcium and strontium in sub-surface Arab-D brine and its mixtures with aquifer Wasia and sea-water compare well (p > 0.1) with those obtained by a standard atomic absorption spectrometric method. A base line separation of magnesium, calcium and strontium from each other and from a large excess of sodium in a sub-surface brine can be achieved in approximately 8.0 min. This is a considerably shorter time than that required to achieve a reasonably good separation factor between calcium and strontium by other liquid chromatographic methods, although such methods have not been used for the determination of alkaline earth metal cations in sub-surface waters.
Modelling Np(IV) Solvent Extraction between 30% Tri-Butyl Phosphate and Nitric Acid in the Presence of Simple Hydroxamic Acids

Abstract Formo- and aceto-hydroxamic acids are very effective reagents for stripping tetravalent actinide ions from a tri-butyl phosphate phase into nitric acid. A model describing the partitioning of actinide (IV) ions has been derived accounting for reactions in the aqueous and solvent phases, including complex formation with nitrate and hydroxamate ions. Predicted distribution ratios for Np(IV) are compared with experimental data in the presence of aceto-hydroxamate ions. Additionally, a value of 0.473 (±0.004) kgmol−1 for the Np(IV) ion interaction coefficient with nitrate ions (εNp4+-NO3−) was determined.
Long-term changes in microbial community structure in soils subjected to different fertilizing practices revealed by quinone profile analysis

Abstract Quinone profile analysis of stored air-dried soils gave an approximation of the long-term changes in the microbial community structure in four soils subjected to different types of fertilizer application from 1987 to 1997: unfertilized soil (NF-soil), soil amended with chemical fertilizers (CF-soil), soil amended with chemical fertilizers and 40 t ha-1 y-1 of farmyard manure (CF+ FYM-soil), and soil amended with 400 t ha-1 y-1 of farmyard manure (FYM-soil). The carbon content increased, and the soil pH remained higher in the soils receiving farmyard manure. Principal component analysis of the quinone profiles of the soils indicated that the microbial community structure showed a high similarity among the four soils before the onset of cultivation and changed to a different community structure specific to the respective fertilizing practices except for the NF-soil. The specific quinone profile became stable after two cropping seasons in the FYM-soil, after 10 cropping seasons in the CF+ FYM-soil a.
Ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante em méis de Melipona fasciculata, M. flavolineata (Apidae, Meliponini) e Apis mellifera (Apidae, Apini) da Amazônia

Honey produced by three stingless bee species (Melipona flavolineata, M. fasciculata and Apis mellifera) from different regions of the Amazon was analyzed by separating phenolic acids and flavonoids using the HPLC technique. Data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis (PCA, HCA and DA). Results showed the three species of honey samples could be distinguished by phenolic composition. Antioxidant activity of the honeys was determined by studying the capacity of inhibiting radicals using DPPH assay. Honeys with higher phenolic compound contents had greater antioxidant capacity and darker color.
Effects of Polymers on the Cocrystallization of Adefovir Dipivoxil and Suberic Acid

The effects of polymers on the cocrystallization of adefovir dipivoxil (AD) and suberic acid (SUB) were investigated. The polymeric additives in the present study were poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). When the polymers were added to the solution of AD and SUB, their effects were limited to the morphology and crystallinity of the AD/SUB cocrystal, which could be also achieved without polymeric additives by the excess amount of SUB in the solution or through the solvent-assisted grinding. When the polymers were mixed with AD before adding SUB in the solution, PEG was dramatically more effective at the same amount with possible alteration of the cocrystal structure. Also, PAA completely inhibited the formation of crystals. The present study demonstrated that the effects of polymers on the cocrystallization could be tuned by simply modifying the mixing strategy.
Solid-State Structures and Enzymatic Degradabilities for Melt-Crystallized Films of Copolymers of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid with Different Hydroxyalkanoic Acids

The films of random copolymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with different hydroxyalkanoic acids such as (R)-3-hydroxypentanoic acid, (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, and (S,S)-lactide were prepared by the melt-crystallized method at various crystallization temperatures. The solid-state structures and thermal properties of melt-crystallized films were characterized by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Both the long period distance and the lamellar thickness of melt-crystallized polyester films were increased with an increase in the crystallization temperature. The melting temperature of polyester films also increased with an increase in the crystallization temperature. From the relationship between lamellar thickness and melting temperature, it has been concluded that randomly distributed second monomer units except for the (R)-3-hydroxypenta.
Crystal-state structures of Boc-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 hemihydrate and two lactam-restricted analogues

A crystal-state structural analysis of Boc-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2(2a) hemihydrate and two conformationally restricted analogues that incorporate a γ- or δ-lactam modification at the –Leu-Gly– sequence, (3) and (4) respectively, has been performed by X-ray diffraction. In all three compounds the conformation of the tertiary amide group of the Nα-protecting urethane moiety is cis and the prolyl residue is semi-extended. The basic conformational feature of the published structure of H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2(1), the ten-membered ring type-II β-bend structure at the C-terminus, is preserved in the Nα-t-butyloxycarbonyl derivative (2a). However, the γ- and δ-lactam modifications induce drastic changes in the backbone torsion angles of the –Leu-Gly– sequence, eventually promoting the onset of extended conformations.
Measurement of residence time distribution in a rotary calciner

Rotary calcination is widely used in catalyst manufacturing and many other industrial processes. In this article, the influence of operational variables and material properties on the mean residence time (MRT), hold up, and axial dispersion was investigated in a pilot plant rotary calciner. Residence time distributions (RTD) of spherical, cylindrical, and quadrilobe catalyst particles were measured and contrasted. The Saeman's model was successfully applied to predict the experimental bed depth and the MRT as particles flowed through the calciner. It was observed that increasing the feed rate did not significantly affect the MRT. Results for the different particles indicated that cylinders and quadrulobes exhibited less axial dispersion than spheres due to the decreased flowability. A reliable method was developed to provide a reasonable RTD prediction in rotary calcination systems. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4068–4076, 2013
The formation of SO5− by gas phase ion–molecule reactions

A flow tube apparatus was used to investigate the formation of SO5− ions by gas phase ion–molecule reactions. The reactions studied in an N2 buffer gas at 2.5 hPa pressure and room temperature (298 K) included SO2 and O2 reactions with O2−, O3−, CO3−, SO2−, and SO3− as well as their hydrates. Reaction rate constants were measured and the major product channels were identified for most reactions. The free energy changes for the hydration reactions of SO3−, SO4−, and SO5− were derived from equilibrium constant measurements. The present investigations clearly show that SO5− ions are formed in the gas phase by the association of O2 to SO3− and by the switching reaction of SO3−H2O with O2. An effective binary rate constant of 2.0×10−12 cm3 s−1 was measured for the association reaction at 2.5 hPa N2 and the rate constant of the switching reaction was 5.0×10−11 cm3 s−1. Also the reaction of O3−H2O with SO2 probably yields SO5− by a switching process having a rate constant of 1.8×10−9 cm3 s−1. The heat of formati.
Thin-Film Study on the Oxidation of Linseed Oil in the Presence of Selected Copper Pigments

In the context of investigating the thermal degradation and yellowing of painting media by oxygen, the effect of the green copper compounds, malachite (basic copper carbonate), verdigris (basic copper acetate), and copper abietate, on the oxidation of linseed oil films was studied. To this end, an experimental methodology suitable for in situ spectroscopic investigation has been introduced. Spin-coating is used for the preparation of thin oil films of controlled thickness (1.0−1.4 μm) on quartz, glass, or silicon wafer substrates, enabling UV-absorption and IR spectroscopic studies to follow the course of thermal oxidation. The study is supported by chromatographic analysis of oxidative degradation products obtained at different processing conditions. A differentiation in oxidation of linseed oil is confirmed in the presence of the different copper pigments. On the other hand, light bleaching of yellow films is accompanied by degradation of the medium. On the basis of these results, the factors influencin.
MODELING DIMENSIONAL SHRINKAGE OF SHAPED FOODS IN FLUIDIZED BED DRYING

Three particular geometrical shapes of parallelepiped, cylinder and sphere were selected from cut beans (length : diameter = 1: 1, 2:1, 3: 1), potatoes (aspect ratio = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1) and peas, respectively. The dimensional shrinkage behavior was studied in a batch fluidized bed at three drying temperatures of 30, 40 and 50C. Relative humidity of hot air was kept at 15%. Dimensional shrinkage was plotted using a nondimensional moisture ratio and the shrinkage behavior of the selected foods was modeled with simple mathematical models.
Effect of permeating solutions on complex permittivity of compacted clay

The complex permittivity of a natural clayey till (Halton Till) is measured before and after permeating with four different ionic contaminant solutions (CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, and acetic acid) to examine the effects of contaminant type and concentration on the complex permittivity of contaminated soil. The complex permittivity at 250 MHz is most sensitive to the concentration of the ions in the pore fluid, and a good linear correlation is obtained between the real and the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and the concentrations of the anions, including chloride and acetate. These anions are distinguished by their own unique relationships for the simple solutions examined. Linear relationships also exist between the real and the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and all of the cation species in the simple chloride salt solutions, namely Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. The results provide the evidence that the complex permittivity of soils may be used to identify changes in soil pore-water chemistry.
Charge carrier transport in polyvinylcarbazole

A critical analysis of the existing time-of-flight (TOF) data in poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) proves that these are highly controversial with claims and counterclaims about charge carrier transport (dispersive versus Gaussian). It is felt that the TOF method taken alone is incapable of resolving the standing dilemma. As a final means to resolve it, we propose a combination of two varieties of the TOF technique using both sheet-like and uniform carrier generation modes in conjunction with radiation-induced conductivity measurements. All three techniques are realized using the ELA-50 electron gun facility. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach we report experimental data for PVK, which show that carrier transport in this polymer is indeed dispersive. Evidence is presented substantiating the gross interference the surface traps could exert on the shape of a TOF transient. As a result, a preflight part of the TOF signal should not be used for parameter evaluation.
Evaluating Cefiderocol in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: A Review of the Emerging Data

Abstract Infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB), especially when carbapenem resistant, have been very difficult to manage in the last fifteen years, owing to the paucity of dependable therapeutic options. Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) that may have the potential to fill some of the remaining gaps in the treatment of MDR-GNB infections. Among others, cefiderocol demonstrated in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and metallo-β-lactamases producers. Clinical data from both registrative studies and post-marketing experiences are essential to confirm whether these promises from in vitro studies could readily translate into clinical practice, as well as to delineate the precise place in therapy for cefiderocol for the treatment of MDR-GNB in the near future. Because of its unique potential, it is essential to provide both randomized controlled trials (RCT) and real-life data to improve the ability of clinicians to exploit its benefit in both empirical and targeted treatment of MDR-GNB infections. In this narrative review, we discuss the emerging data from pivotal RCT and initial real-life experiences on the use of cefiderocol for the treatment of MDR-GNB infections.