Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Racial Diversity, Electoral Preferences, and the Supply of Policy: The Great Migration and Civil Rights

How does the racial composition of local constituencies affect voters' preferences and politicians' behavior? We study the effects of one of the largest episodes of internal migration in US history, the 1940-1970 Great Migration of African Americans, on both demand for racial equality and supply of civil rights legislation. We predict black inflows by interacting historical settlements of southern born blacks across northern counties with differential emigration rates from different southern states after 1940. We find that black in-migration increased support for the Democratic Party and encouraged grassroots activism. Data on pro-civil rights demonstrations and historical surveys reveal that segments of the white electorate, such as Democrats and union members, supported blacks' struggle for racial equality. At the same time, backlash against civil rights erupted among Republicans and whites more exposed to racial mixing of their neighborhoods. Mirroring the responses of the electorate, Congress members representing areas more exposed to black in-migration became more supportive of civil rights legislation. Such average effects, however, mask substantial heterogeneity, as Democratic and Republican legislators became, respectively, more liberal and more conservative on racial issues. Taken together, our findings suggest that, under certain conditions, cross-race coalitions can emerge, but also that changes in the composition of the electorate can polarize both voters and politicians.
The Hypoxic Regulation and Function of Hypoxiainducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α) In an Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cell Line

Exposure to chronic low oxygen (hypoxia) leads to a series of adaptive responses involving changes in gene expression that are critical for cell, tissue, and organismal survival. These changes are mediated by an important set of regulators belonging to the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors (e.g. HIF-la, HIF-2a, HIF­ 3a) which undergo rapid degradation during normal oxygen (normoxia) but are rapidly stabilized during hypoxia. While the role of HIF-1 a has been extensively studied in many cell types, there have been relatively few studies on the role of HIF-2a, though recent evidence suggests its function maybe tissue specific. This thesis examined the hypothesis that HIF-2a plays a central role in the development and function of catecholaminergic cells of the sympathoadrenal (SA) lineage. The study was aided by use of an immortalized line of rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (i.e. MAH cells), derived from fetal SA progenitors, which express several hypoxia-sensitive properties characteristic of native cells in the adrenal gland. In Chapter 2, I investigated the potential contributions of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 0 2 consumption to HIF-2a induction in MAH cells exposed to chronic hypoxia (2% 0 2; 24 hr) . In MAH cells, chronic hypoxia caused an increase in HIF-2a induction which was blocked by inhibition of any of the mitochondrial complexes using pharmacological agents, or by specific inhibition of complexes III and IV using RNAi techniques. It was found that in this 0 2-sensitive chromaffin cell line mitochondrial 0 2 consumption, rather than changes in ROS, regulated HIF-2a induction during hypoxia. In Chapter 3, I investigated the hypothesized role of HIF-2a in the development of the catecholaminergic phenotype in cells of the SA
Fibrous spherical Ni‐M/ZSM‐5 (M: Mg, Ca, Ta, Ga) catalysts for methane dry reforming: The interplay between surface acidity‐basicity and coking resistance

A highly active and robust fibrous spherical ZSM‐5‐supported nickel catalyst with different promoters (Mg, Ca, Ta, Ga) have been synthesised by microemulsion method for dry reforming of methane (DRM). The structural framework provided by the unique fibrous spherical ZSM‐5 aided confinement of Ni particles. Catalytic activity was improved by homogenous distribution of surface acid‐basic sites, thereby reducing the propensity of coke deposition. Bimetallic Ni‐Ta catalyst produced the highest CH4 and CO2 conversions at 93% and 98%, respectively, with H2/CO ratio closer to unity (0.97). The nature of acid sites and bimetallic Ni‐Ta synergism amplified interaction of catalyst components, resulting in improved interaction with the reactants, thus impeding metal sintering and coke deposition. Consequently, the Ni‐Ta/FZSM‐5 catalyst shows long‐term activity (80 hours) for the DRM reaction at 800°C.
Effects of ENU mutations of Zfp804a on behavioural phenotypes

Genetic variation in the gene ZNF804A has been shown to be related to risk for psychopathology, especially schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The main aim of this thesis was to characterise the behavioural effects of Zfp804a, the mouse orthologue of ZNF804A, in order to understand more about how this gene influences brain and psychological functioning, and hence provide clues as to its possible role in mediating risk for mental disorders. Prior to this work, two ENU-mutant mouse lines had been generated from a DNA library of ENU mutagenised mice with two non-synonymous mutations selected as viable candidates for further investigation. The C59X mutation encodes a premature stop codon in exon 2, thought to lead to a functional null of the gene, and the C417Y mutation is missense, substituting cysteine for tyrosine in exon 4. A first series of experiments examined the early development of the ENU-mutant lines and showed no gross developmental abnormalities, although the C59X mutants weighed significantly less than their WT littermate controls at weaning and during adulthood. A comprehensive series of behavioural tests then assayed aspects of emotion, motivation, hedonia, sensorimotor gating and response control. In general, the C59X mutants showed the greatest effects, displaying reduced anxiety, anhedonia, and sensorimotor gating deficits, together with evidence of enhanced response inhibition. The C417Y mutants only showed selective effects in terms of enhanced motivation. The data dissociate between the effects of the two ENU-induced mutations of Zfp804a. Furthermore, the findings with the C59X mutants would suggest, a priori, that genetic variance leading to alterations in ZNF804A expression may be an important mechanism contributing to risk for psychopathology.
Audio-Visual Distraction Effect on Heart Rate in Children during Dental Treatment, A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Dental anxiety is one of the causes of avoiding dental visits in children and is associated with physiological body reactions as increased heart rate. Different behavior management techniques have been used to reduce dental anxiety among them are Tell-show-do technique and audiovisual (AV) distraction. Aim: To determine the effect of audiovisual distraction on heart rate during dental treatment in children. Subjects and methods: Forty-two patients requiring pulp therapy were randomly allocated to either control group (managed by tell-show-do technique) or test group (managed by audiovisual distraction using virtual reality eyeglasses). Heart rate measures were recorded for all patients before the treatment and every five minutes during the procedure. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in heart rate mean values between both study groups. Where AV distraction group showed better results in lowering anxiety. Conclusions: Audiovisual distraction can be considered an effective method for reducing anxiety during dental treatment and helping the patients enjoy the dental visit.
THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SOME PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA: AN ECOLOGICAL AND ADAPTIVE PERSPECTIVE

In the last decades, the population structure of some plant pathogenic bacteria has been assessed by using neutral markers. However, the dynamics of such populations as well as host plant and environment selection, gene flow and genetic drift have been analysed to a lesser extent. Insights into the sequential adaptation occurring between the crop and the micro-organism can also contribute to achieve a more effective control of the disease in the long run. In this review the possible centre of origin, often in relation to the geographic history of the crop, is discussed for some phytopathogenic bacteria, such as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cassavae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Erwinia amylovora and Xylella fastidiosa. The rapid genetic change of bacteria through lateral gene flow and the efficient exploration of new adaptive solutions by exploiting the “contingency genes” of mutator clones, might also explain the occurrence of new diseases. Host selection, changes in environmental conditions and the introduction of new agronomic techniques, can play an important role in structuring the bacterial populations and in dramatically altering the equilibrium between the host plant and the pathogen. The prediction of such disturbances of equilibrium is fundamental for disease management.
Sustainable Innovation in Small Medium Enterprises: The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Innovation through a Mediation Analysis by Using SEM Approach

This current study is among the very few investigations, which seeks the relationship between knowledge management and sustainable organizational innovation in garment business firms. This investigation focused on examining how organizational learning mediates the relationship between knowledge management and sustainable organizational innovation. This research establishes that knowledge management and organizational innovation procedures are integral parts of the progress and survival of the organizations. The received data of this population reports on the garment firms, operating their businesses in Lahore and Gujranwala. The study applied a stratified random sampling method for data collection and employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships. The results specify that knowledge management shows a significant positive association with organizational learning, which in turn reveals a positive linkage to sustainable organizational innovation in SMEs of the garment industry. The study results also specify that organizational learning mediates the relationship between knowledge management and sustainable organizational innovation. This research survey identifies the significance of knowledge management and organizational learning in executing the process of organizational innovation, and it helps business managers to understand organizational learning as a mediator, which in turn indicates the benefits of knowledge management in achieving sustainable organizational innovation. This review provides an empirical indication of original data to investigate the linkage between knowledge management, sustainable innovation process, and organizational learning culture in the Pakistani garment sector. The generalizability of the study fallouts is restricted to the garment industry, and it offers valuable insights for imminent researchers.
Epigenetic control of MHC-II expression in tumor-associated macrophages

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Additive simulation of Raman light scattering from skin cancer using the Monte Carlo method

In the paper, we introduce an additive simulation approach of Raman light scattering by skin cancer using the Monte Carlo method. Raman light scattering from normal skin and malignant melanoma is investigated. A two-stage algorithm for simulating Raman light scattering from skin based on the known photon transport algorithm has been developed. A method for additive modeling of skin pathologies is proposed. The main idea of this method is a hypothesis that an experimental Raman spectrum of normal skin, obtained by averaging in vivo Raman spectra of normal skin, may be served as a “substrate” for the feature simulated Raman spectrum. Thus, the pathology, for their part, may be “grown” by adding on this “substrate” Raman specific components set related to a tumor type. Additive simulation of malignant melanoma has been carried out. The possibility of using the developed algorithm to determine the component composition of the skin by the in vivo Raman spectrum of skin is discussed. An attempt to evaluate the change in the concentration of skin components during the development of cancer has been made.
Synthesis, supramolecular complexation and DFTstudies of a bis(pyrene)-appended ‘capped’ triazole-linked calix[4]arene as Zn2+ and Cd2+ fluorescent chemosensors

ABSTRACT A new bimodal triazole-bridged pyrene-appended calix[4]arene 2g has been synthesised and characterised and complexation studies showed that the binding of Cd2+ and Zn2+ occurs as demonstrated by enhanced monomer and declining excimer emission fluorescence spectral changes. With several other metal ions, quenching of both monomer and excimer emissions occurred. The observed monomer formation in the fluorescence spectra seen with Zn2+ and Cd2+ is possibly linked not just to the diminished parallel orientations of the pyrene rings but with the magnitude of the resulting HOMO-LUMO gaps and other parameters measured by DFT calculations. Graphical abstract
Numerical Studies on the Thermal Performances of Electroosmotic Flow in Y-Shaped Microchannel Heat Sink

This paper numerically studies the thermal performances of electroosmotic flow (EOF) in a symmetric Y-shaped microchannel heat sink (MCHS) having a constant total channel surface area, that is, constant convective heat transfer area. It is found that the average convective heat transfer coefficient of EOF increases with the increasing driven voltage, which is attributed to the increase of EOF flowrate with the increasing driven voltage. However, the maximum MCHS temperature shows an increasing after decreasing trend with the driven voltage owing to the dramatically increasing Joule heating when the voltage is large enough. Further, both the maximum MCHS temperature and average convective heat transfer coefficient are sensitive to the cross-sectional dimensions of the Y-shaped microchannels. The thermal performances of EOF in the Y-shaped MCHS show a strengthening to weakening trend with the increasing daughter-to-parent channel diameter ratio of the Y-shaped microchannel with circular cross-sectional shape, and show a similar strengthening to weakening trend with the increasing daughter-to-parent channel width ratio and the increasing microchannel height of the Y-shaped microchannel with rectangular cross-sectional shape. These cross-sectional dimension dependences of thermal performances are related to the increasing to decreasing trend of EOF flowrate changing with the microchannel cross-sectional dimensions.
Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects

One of the first successful experiments to verify the effects of an ionizing radiation over an insect (Lasioderma serricorne F., the cigarette beetle) was performed by Runner in 1916. Soon afterwards, Muller demonstrated in 1927 that rays from radioactive substances could induce genetic damage and a larger number of dominant lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, which were expressed through a reduction in the hatchability of the eggs laid by treated females or fathered by treated males. However, the economic entomologists became really aware that sterility in insects could be quite easily achieved through ionizing radiations only after 1950, when Muller made a great effort to publicize the biological effects of radiation. This was the beginning of a new branch of Science, the Radioentomology. More than 2800 references in literature were published along the past six decades. Over 300 species of arthropods, mostly of economic importance, have already been subjected to irradiation studies for basic research, pest control applications (e.g., the autocidal control known as the Sterile Insect Technique-SIT, and in support of biological control programs), and for disinfestation of commodities (for quarantine and phytosanitary purposes) (Bakri et al., 2005). Besides that, insects may be labelled with stable or radioactive isotopes for ecology or nutrition studies.
Collection and Documentation of Vegetables and Fruits in Kurseong Region of Darjelling District of West Bengal

The study was carried out in five gram Panchayats of Kureseong block viz. Ghayabari, Tindharia, Singel, Mahanandi and Rongtong of Darjeeling district of West Bengal. A total 41 species of vegetables and 10 species of fruits utilized by local communities were documented as cultivated or planted in their homegardens of this surveyed region. These species are belonging to 31 genera and 19 families respectively. The most cultivated vegetable was found to be Sechium edule followed by Brassica juncea, Colocassia esculenta, Utica parviflora. The dominant genus was represented by Brassica followed by Capsicum. Rosaceae with five species was the dominant family among the utilized fruit species. Though not extensively but Citrus grandis, Musa spp. , Psidium guajava, Pyrus pyrifolia, peaches and plums are grown here for the sustenance of the livelihood. The reported vegetables and fruit plants are very nutritious vitamins, proteins, polypeptides and flavonoids. Therefore, sustainable management of these resources for the wellbeing of the local communities as well as to conserve biodiversity is needed.
Starfishes of the Atlantic

Introduction. Glossary. Historical review. Asteroidea. Paxillosida. Luididae. Astropectinidae. Radiasteridae. Porcellasteridae. Goniopectinidae. Notomyotida. Benthopectinidae. Valvatida. Chaetasteridae. Odontasteridae. Ganerdiidae. Asterinidae. Incertae sedis. Poraniidae. Incertaesedis. Sphaerasteridae. Goniasteridae. Ophidiasteridae. Mithrodiidae. Asteropseidae. Oreasteridae. Velatida. Solasteridae. Pterasteridae. Myxasteridae. Korethrasteridae. Cayanostellidae. Spinulosida. Echinasteridae. Forcipulatida. Xoroasteridae. Neomorphasteridae. Pedicellasteridae. Asteridae. Labidiasteridae. Brisingida. Brisingidane. Freyellidae. Index
Short-Selling Pressure and Aggressive Corporate Tax Avoidance

We study how short-selling pressure affects tax aggressiveness using the pilot program in Regulation SHO, which increased short-selling pressure on pilot firms. Our difference-indifferences estimates show that short-selling pressure significantly reduces tax aggressiveness. We offer a simple model to explain the reduction and provide evidence that when short-selling pressure increases, the likelihood of detecting aggressive tax shelters increases, discouraging tax aggressiveness. Furthermore, the effect is stronger (weaker) for firms that were subject to fewer (more) audits by the IRS. These findings suggest that short-sellers provide valuable monitoring service that helps reduce aggressive tax avoidance schemes. March 30, 2020
Some Effects of Buthidazole on Corn (Zea mays) Photosynthesis, Respiration, Anthocyanin Formation, and Leaf Ultrastructure

The effect of the herbicide buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone} on photosynthesis, respiration, anthocyanin formation and leaf ultrastructure of corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3780’) was studied following pre- or postemergence applications. Total photosynthesis and dark respiration were measured with an infrared CO2 analyzer in an open air flow system 12, 18, and 24 days after preemergence treatment with 0, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of buthidazole. The 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha preemergence treatments had no effect on total corn photosynthesis even 24 days after treatment, whereas buthidazole at 2.24 kg/ha inhibited photosynthesis as early as 12 days. Total photosynthesis and dark respiration were also measured in whole plants, 30 cm tall, before herbicide application and 4, 24, 48, and 96 h after postemergence treatment with buthidazole at 0, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg/ha. Following postemergence treatment, buthidazole inhibited total corn photosynthesis at any rate examined as early as 4 h after treatment. Neither pre- or postemergence buthidazole applications influenced respiration with the exception of a transitory increase caused by 0.56 kg/ha 12 days after preemergence treatment and by 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha 4 h after postemergence treatment. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that buthidazole applied postemergence at 0.28 and 1.12 kg/ha reduced or prevented the accumulation of starch in bundle sheath chloroplasts as early as 24 h after treatment. Ultrastructural disruptions in some mesophyll chloroplasts of treated corn plants were also evident. Preemergence application of buthidazole at rates of 0.28, 0.42, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha inhibited anthocyanin formation indicating an alteration in corn metabolism.
Shelf Life of Modified-Atmosphere-Packaged Fresh Tilapia Fillets Stored under Refrigeration and Temperature-Abuse Conditions.

We investigated the shelf life of fresh Tilapia spp. fillets packaged in high-barrier film under both 100% air and a modified atmosphere (MA) of 75% CO2:25% N2, and stored under refrigeration (4°C) and abuse temperatures (8 and 16°C). The chemical spoilage indicators trimethylamine, K-value, and surface pH, as well as microbial counts, were compared with the sensory characteristics of spoilage. For fillets packaged under 100% air, the shelf life was 9 to 13 days at a storage temperature of 4°C, but decreased to 3 to 6 days at 16°C. However, the shelf life of MA-packaged fillets stored at 4°C increased to >25 days when the lag phase and generation time of the bacteria were extended. MA packaged fillets stored under temperature-abuse conditions (8 and 16°C) had a shorter shelf life. The trimethylamine content associated with onset of sensory spoilage for MA packaged fillets increased as storage temperature increased and differed for each temperature. The surface pH and K-values of MA-packaged fillets were not good indicators of spoilage onset.