Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A WAVELET–GALERKIN ALGORITHM OF THE E/B DECOMPOSITION OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION MAPS

We develop an algorithm of separating the E and B modes of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization from the noisy and discretized maps of Stokes parameters Q and U in a finite area. A key step of the algorithm is to take a wavelet–Galerkin discretization of the differential relation between the E, B and Q, U fields. This discretization allows derivative operator to be represented by a matrix, which is exactly diagonal in scale space, and narrowly banded in spatial space. We show that the effect of boundary can be eliminated by dropping a few discrete wavelet transform modes, located on or nearby the boundary. This method reveals that the derivative operators will cause large errors in the E and B power spectra on small scales if the Q and U maps contain Gaussian noise. It also reveals that if the Q and U maps are random, these fields lead to the mixing of E and B modes. Consequently, the B mode will be contaminated if the powers of E modes are much larger than that of B modes. Nevertheless, numerical tests show that the power spectra of both E and B on scales larger than the finest scale by a factor of 4 and higher can reasonably be recovered, even when the power ratio of E to B modes is as large as about 102, and the signal-to-noise ratio is equal to 10 and higher. This is because the Galerkin discretization is free of false correlations and keeps the contamination under control. As wavelet variables contain information of both spatial and scale spaces, the developed method is also effective to recover the spatial structures of the E and B mode fields.
Analysis of Determinants of Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Incidence in Pregnant Women in Makassar City

Hepatitis B (HBV) infection in pregnant women has become a global concern because the most common transmission occurs worldwide, especially in endemic areas, namely mother-to-child transmission during the prepartum or perinatal period with the risk of contracting hepatitis B (HBV) infection. in children more than 90%. Quantitative research using observational analytic methods and case control study design was used to find risk factors. The sample size was obtained by means of "Total Sampling" for the case group as many as 45 respondents with a 1:1 ratio between the case and control groups. Data were processed and analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression test. Statistical tests show that education level, parity, and sexual partners are risk factors for the incidence of hepatitis B in pregnant women. Meanwhile, age group and type of work are not risk factors for hepatitis B incidence in pregnant women. Education level, parity, and sexual partners are risk factors for hepatitis B incidence in pregnant women. Among all the risk factors found, sexual partners were the most at risk for the incidence of hepatitis B in pregnant women in Makassar City (p-value = 0.022; OR: 12.920; 95% CI: 1.440-115.894).
Independent and joint effect of relative telomere length and type 2 diabetes on all-cause mortality in American adults

Objective The joint effect of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on the risk of all-cause death has been sparsely explored. The study designed to examine the joint effect of T2D and LTL on the probability of death in American adults. Methods A cohort of 6862 adults with LTL measurements and with or without T2D from the NHANES 1999-2002 with follow-up information until 2015 was studied. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the length of telomeres relative to standard reference DNA (T/S ratio). Individuals were grouped into three tertiles according to the LTL levels, with the first tertile demonstrating the lowest one and used as the reference group. The effects of LTL and T2D status on death were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves along with log-rank test. Three Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for various confounders were used to examine the links between TL and all-cause death possibility using adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Results Adults in the sample averaged 45.54 years of age, with 49.51% being male. After a median follow-up period of 14.4 years, 1543 (22.5%) individuals died from all cause. The probability of all-cause mortality was higher among individuals with LTL in the highest tertile than individuals in the lowest tertile (aHR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.77-1.03); however, the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance (P = 0.11). Conversely, the individuals with T2D had a higher probability of death than individuals without (aHR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.06-1.50; P = 0.0092). When LTL and T2D status were investigated jointly, subjects in the highest TLT tertile and with T2D had the highest probability of mortality compared with their counterparts (aHR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.07-1.68; P = 0.0101). However, there was no independent effect of low TLT on mortality as demonstrated among individuals with diabetes (aHR = 1.14; 95%CI: 0.95-1.38; P = 0.1662). Conclusion The joint effect of TLT and T2D was larger than the sum of the independent effects on the risk of all-cause death. Participants with high TLT and diabetes showed the highest possibility of death compared with other groups.
Modelling heat transfer of carbon nanotubes

Modelling heat transfer of carbon nanotubes is important for the thermal management of nanotube-based composites and nanoelectronic devices. By using a finite element method for three-dimensional anisotropic heat transfer, we have simulated the heat conduction and temperature variations of a single nanotube, a nanotube array and a part of a nanotube-based composite surface with heat generation. The thermal conductivity used is obtained from the upscaled value from the molecular simulations or experiments. Simulations show that nanotube arrays have unique cooling characteristics due to their anisotropic thermal conductivity.
U-bootstrap percolation: Critical probability, exponential decay and applications

Bootstrap percolation is a wide class of monotone cellular automata with random initial state. In this work we develop tools for studying in full generality one of the three `universality' classes of bootstrap percolation models in two dimensions, termed subcritical. We introduce the new notion of `critical densities' serving the role of `difficulties' for critical models, but adapted to subcritical ones. We characterise the critical probability in terms of these quantities and successfully apply this link to prove new and old results for concrete models such as DTBP and Spiral as well as a general non-trivial upper bound. Our approach establishes and exploits a tight connection between subcritical bootstrap percolation and a suitable generalisation of classical oriented percolation, which will undoubtedly be the source of more results and could provide an entry point for general percolationists to bootstrap percolation. Furthermore, we prove that above a certain critical probability there is exponential decay of the probability of a one-arm event, while below it the event has positive probability and the expected infection time is infinite. We also identify this as the transition of the spectral gap and mean infection time of the corresponding kinetically constrained model. Finally, we essentially characterise the noise sensitivity properties at fixed density for the two natural one-arm events. In doing so we answer fully or partially most of the open questions asked by Balister, Bollobas, Przykucki and Smith (2016)---namely we are concerned with their Questions 11, 12, 13, 14 and 17.
Circuit-quantum electrodynamics with direct magnetic coupling to single-atom spin qubits in isotopically enriched 28Si

Recent advances in silicon nanofabrication have allowed the manipulation of spin qubits that are extremely isolated from noise sources, being therefore the semiconductor equivalent of single atoms in vacuum. We investigate the possibility of directly coupling an electron spin qubit to a superconducting resonator magnetic vacuum field. By using resonators modified to increase the vacuum magnetic field at the qubit location, and isotopically purified 28Si substrates, it is possible to achieve coupling rates faster than the single spin dephasing. This opens up new avenues for circuit-quantum electrodynamics with spins, and provides a pathway for dispersive read-out of spin qubits via superconducting resonators.
A Systematic Literature Review of User Trust in AI-Enabled Systems: An HCI Perspective

User trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled systems has been increasingly recognized and proven as a key element to fostering adoption. It has been suggested that AI-enabled systems must go beyond technical-centric approaches and towards embracing a more human centric approach, a core principle of the human-computer interaction (HCI) field. This review aims to provide an overview of the user trust definitions, influencing factors, and measurement methods from 23 empirical studies to gather insight for future technical and design strategies, research, and initiatives to calibrate the user AI relationship. The findings confirm that there is more than one way to define trust. Selecting the most appropriate trust definition to depict user trust in a specific context should be the focus instead of comparing definitions. User trust in AI-enabled systems is found to be influenced by three main themes, namely socio-ethical considerations, technical and design features, and user characteristics. User characteristics dominate the findings, reinforcing the importance of user involvement from development through to monitoring of AI enabled systems. In conclusion, user trust needs to be addressed directly in every context where AI-enabled systems are being used or discussed. In addition, calibrating the user-AI relationship requires finding the optimal balance that works for not only the user but also the system.
MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS DRIVEN BY LOW-MASS PROTOSTARS. I. CORRECTING FOR UNDERESTIMATES WHEN MEASURING OUTFLOW MASSES AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES

We present a survey of 28 molecular outflows driven by low-mass protostars, all of which are sufficiently isolated spatially and/or kinematically to fully separate into individual outflows. Using a combination of new and archival data from several single-dish telescopes, 17 outflows are mapped in 12CO (2–1) and 17 are mapped in 12CO (3–2), with 6 mapped in both transitions. For each outflow, we calculate and tabulate the mass (Mflow), momentum (Pflow), kinetic energy (Eflow), mechanical luminosity (Lflow), and force (Fflow) assuming optically thin emission in LTE at an excitation temperature, Tex, of 50 K. We show that all of the calculated properties are underestimated when calculated under these assumptions. Taken together, the effects of opacity, outflow emission at low velocities confused with ambient cloud emission, and emission below the sensitivities of the observations increase outflow masses and dynamical properties by an order of magnitude, on average, and factors of 50–90 in the most extreme cases. Different (and non-uniform) excitation temperatures, inclination effects, and dissociation of molecular gas will all work to further increase outflow properties. Molecular outflows are thus almost certainly more massive and energetic than commonly reported. Additionally, outflow properties are lower, on average, by almost an order of magnitude when calculated from the 12CO (3–2) maps compared to the 12CO (2–1) maps, even after accounting for different opacities, map sensitivities, and possible excitation temperature variations. It has recently been argued in the literature that the 12CO (3–2) line is subthermally excited in outflows, and our results support this finding.
Young Stars with SALT

We present a spectroscopic and kinematic analysis of 79 nearby M dwarfs in 77 systems. All of these dwarfs are low-proper-motion southern hemisphere objects and were identified in a nearby star survey with a demonstrated sensitivity to young stars. Using low-resolution optical spectroscopy from the Red Side Spectrograph on the South African Large Telescope, we have determined radial velocities, H-alpha, lithium 6708 Å, and potassium 7699 Å equivalent widths linked to age and activity, and spectral types for all of our targets. Combined with astrometric information from literature sources, we identify 44 young stars. Eighteen are previously known members of moving groups within 100 pc of the Sun. Twelve are new members, including one member of the TW Hydra moving group, one member of the 32 Orionis moving group, 9 members of Tucana-Horologium, one member of Argus, and two new members of AB Doradus. We also find 14 young star systems that are not members of any known groups. The remaining 33 star systems do not appear to be young. This appears to be evidence of a new population of nearby young stars not related to the known nearby young moving groups.
MODELING THE CRYOSPHERE WITH FEniCS

This manuscript is a collection of problems and solutions related to modeling the cryosphere using the finite element software FEniCS. Included is an introduction to the finite element method; solutions to a variety of problems in one, two, and three dimensions; an overview of popular stabilization techniques for numerically-unstable problems; and an introduction to the governing equations of ice-sheet dynamics with associated FEniCS implementations. The software developed for this project, Cryospheric Problem Solver (CSLVR), is fully open-source and has been designed with the goal of simplifying many common tasks associated with modeling the cryosphere. CSLVR possesses the ability to download popular geological and geographical data, easily convert between geographical projections, develop sophisticated two- or three-dimensional finite-element meshes, convert data between many popular formats, and produce production-quality images of data. Scripts are presented which model the flow of ice using geometry defined by mathematical functions and observed Antarctic and Greenland ice-sheets data. A new way of solving the internal energy distribution of ice to match observed intra-ice water contents within temperate regions is thoroughly explained.
Thermodynamic Casimir effect: Universality and Corrections to Scaling

We study the thermodynamic Casimir force for films in the three-dimensional Ising universality class with symmetry breaking boundary conditions. We focus on the effect of corrections to scaling and probe numerically the universality of our results. In particular we check our hypothesis that corrections are well described by an effective thickness L_{0,eff}=L_0+c (L_0+L_s)^{1-\omega} +L_s, where c and L_s are system specific parameters and \omega\approx 0.8 is the exponent of the leading bulk correction. We simulate the improved Blume-Capel model and the Ising model on the simple cubic lattice. First we analyse the behaviour of various quantities at the critical point. Taking into account corrections \propto L_0^{-\omega} in the case of the Ising model, we find good consistency of results obtained from these two different models. In particular we get from the analysis of our data for the Ising model for the difference of Casimir amplitudes \Delta_{+-}-\Delta_{++}=3.200(5), which nicely compares with \Delta_{+-}-\Delta_{++}=3.208(5) obtained by studying the improved Blume-Capel model. Next we study the behaviour of the thermodynamic Casimir force for large values of the scaling variable x=t [L_0/\xi_0]. This behaviour can be obtained up to an overall amplitude by expressing the partition function of the film in terms of eigenvalues and eigenstates of the transfermatrix and boundary states. Here we show how this overall amplitude can be computed with high accuracy. Finally we discuss our results for the scaling functions \theta_{+-} and \theta_{++} of the thermodynamic Casimir force for the whole range of the scaling variable. We conclude that our numerical results are in accordance with universality. Corrections to scaling are well approximated by an effective thickness.
The Euclidean three-point function in loop and perturbative gravity

We compute the leading order of the three-point function in loop quantum gravity, using the vertex expansion of the Euclidean version of the new spin foam dynamics, in the region of γ < 1. We find results consistent with Regge calculus in the limit γ → 0, j → ∞. We also compute the tree-level three-point function of perturbative quantum general relativity in position space and discuss the possibility of directly comparing the two results.
A causal net approach to relativistic quantum mechanics

In this paper we discuss a causal network approach to describing relativistic quantum mechanics. Each vertex on the causal net represents a possible point event or particle observation. By constructing the simplest causal net based on Reichenbach-like conjunctive forks in proper time we can exactly derive the 1+1 dimension Dirac equation for a relativistic fermion and correctly model quantum mechanical statistics. Symmetries of the net provide various quantum mechanical effects such as quantum uncertainty and wavefunction, phase, spin, negative energy states and the effect of a potential. The causal net can be embedded in 3+1 dimensions and is consistent with the conventional Dirac equation. In the low velocity limit the causal net approximates to the Schrodinger equation and Pauli equation for an electromagnetic field. Extending to different momentum states the net is compatible with the Feynman path integral approach to quantum mechanics that allows calculation of well known quantum phenomena such as diffraction.
A search for Hα emission in high-metallicity damped Lyman α systems at z ∼ 2.4

We report on a sensitive search for redshifted H$\alpha$ line-emission from three high-metallicity damped Ly$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) at $z \approx 2.4$ with the Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrometer (NIFS) on the Gemini-North telescope, assisted by the ALTtitude conjugate Adaptive optics for the InfraRed (ALTAIR) system with a laser guide star. Within the NIFS field-of-view, $\approx 3.22" \times 2.92"$ corresponding to $\approx 25$ kpc $ \times 23$ kpc at $z=2.4$, we detect no statistically significant line-emission at the expected redshifted H$\alpha$ wavelengths. The measured root-mean-square noise fluctuations in $0.4"$ apertures are $1-3\times10^{-18}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. Our analysis of simulated, compact, line-emitting sources yields stringent limits on the star-formation rates (SFRs) of the three DLAs, $< 2.2$~M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ ($3\sigma$) for two absorbers, and $< 11$~M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ ($3\sigma$) for the third, at all impact parameters within $\approx 12.5$~kpc to the quasar sightline at the DLA redshift. For the third absorber, the SFR limit is $< 4.4$~M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ for locations away from the quasar sightline. These results demonstrate the potential of adaptive optics-assisted, integral field unit searches for galaxies associated with high-$z$ DLAs.
Ultrafast probes of nonequilibrium hole spin relaxation in the ferromagnetic semiconductor GaMnAs

We directly measure the hole spin lifetime in ferromagnetic GaMnAs via time- and polarization-resolved spectroscopy. Below the Curie temperature Tc, an ultrafast photoexcitation with linearly-polarized light is shown to create a non-equilibrium hole spin population via the dynamical polarization of holes through p-d exchange scattering with ferromagnetically-ordered Mn spins, and we characterize their relaxation dynamics. The observed relaxation consists of a distinct three-step recovery : (i) femtosecond (fs) hole spin relaxation ~ $160-200 fs, (ii) picosecond (ps) hole energy relaxation ~ 1-2 ps, and (iii) a coherent, damped Mn spin precession with a period of ~ 250 ps. The transient amplitude of the hole spin component diminishes with increasing temperature, directly following the ferromagnetic order, while the hole energy amplitude shows negligible temperature change, consistent with our interpretation. Our results thus establish the hole spin lifetimes in ferromagnetic semiconductors and demonstrate a novel spectroscopy method for studying non-equilibrium hole spins in the presence of correlation and magnetic order.
ON THE NATURE OF SMALL PLANETS AROUND THE COOLEST KEPLER STARS

We constrain the densities of Earth- to Neptune-size planets around very cool (Te = 3660–4660 K) Kepler stars by comparing 1202 Keck/HIRES radial velocity measurements of 150 nearby stars to a model based on Kepler candidate planet radii and a power-law mass–radius relation. Our analysis is based on the presumption that the planet populations around the two sets of stars are the same. The model can reproduce the observed distribution of radial velocity variation over a range of parameter values, but, for the expected level of Doppler systematic error, the highest Kolmogorov–Smirnov probabilities occur for a power-law index α ≈ 4, indicating that rocky-metal planets dominate the planet population in this size range. A single population of gas-rich, low-density planets with α = 2 is ruled out unless our Doppler errors are ⩾5 m s−1, i.e., much larger than expected based on observations and stellar chromospheric emission. If small planets are a mix of γ rocky planets (α = 3.85) and 1 − γ gas-rich planets (α = 2), then γ > 0.5 unless Doppler errors are ⩾4 m s−1. Our comparison also suggests that Kepler's detection efficiency relative to ideal calculations is less than unity. One possible source of incompleteness is target stars that are misclassified subgiants or giants, for which the transits of small planets would be impossible to detect. Our results are robust to systematic effects, and plausible errors in the estimated radii of Kepler stars have only moderate impact.
Research on Vehicle Trajectory Deviation Characteristics on Freeways Using Natural Driving Trajectory Data

Lateral driving behavior analysis is the foundation of freeway cross-section design and the focus of road safety research. However, the factors that influence vehicle lateral driving behavior have not been clearly explained. The dataset of the natural driving trajectory of freeways is used in this study to analyze vehicle lateral driving behavior and trajectory characteristics. As vehicle trajectory characteristic indicators, parameters such as preferred trajectory deviation and standard deviation are extracted. The effects of lane position, speed, road safety facilities, and vehicle types on freeway trajectory behavior are investigated. The results show that lane width and lane position significantly impact vehicle trajectory distribution. As driving speed increases, the lateral distance between vehicles in the inner lane and the guardrail tends to increase. In contrast, vehicles in the outside lane will stay away from the road edge line, and vehicles in the middle lane will stay away from the right lane dividing line when the speed increases. Statistical analysis shows that the preferred trajectory distribution of the same vehicle type in different lane positions is significantly different among groups (Cohen’s d > 0.7). In the same lane, the lateral position characteristics of the center of mass of different vehicle types are basically the same (Cohen’s d < 0.35). This work aims to explain what variables cause trajectory deviation behaviors and how to design traffic safety facilities (guardrail and shoulder) and lane width to accommodate various vehicle types and design speeds.