Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the 2021/22 epizootic is highly duck adapted and poorly adapted to chickens

The 2021/2022 epizootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAIV) remains one of the largest ever in the UK, being caused by a clade 2.3. 4.4b H5N1 HPAIV. This epizootic affected more than 145 poultry premises, most likely through independent incursion from infected wild birds, supported by more than 1700 individual detections of H5N1 from wild bird mortalities. Here an H5N1 HPAIV, representative of this epizootic (H5N1-21), was used to investigate its virulence, pathogenesis and transmission in layer chickens and pekin ducks, two species of epidemiological importance. We inoculated both avian species with decreasing H5N1-21 doses. The virus was highly infectious in ducks, with high infection levels and accompanying shedding of viral RNA, even in ducks inoculated with the lowest dose, reflecting the strong waterfowl adaptation of the clade 2.3. 4.4 HPAIVs. Duck-to-duck transmission was very efficient, coupled with high environmental contamination. H5N1-21 was frequently detected in water sources, serving as likely sources of infection for ducks, but inhalable dust and aerosols represented low transmission risks. In contrast, chickens inoculated with the highest dose exhibited lower rates of infection compared to ducks. There was no evidence for experimental H5N1-21 transmission to any naive chickens, in two stocking density scenarios, coupled with minimal and infrequent contamination being detected in the chicken environment. Systemic viral dissemination to multiple organs reflected the pathogenesis and high mortalities in both species. In summary, the H5N1-21 virus is highly infectious and transmissible in anseriformes, yet comparatively poorly adapted to galliformes, supporting strong host preferences for wild waterfowl. Key environmental matrices were also identified as being important in the epidemiological spread of this virus during the continuing epizootic.
Single molecule analysis of CENP-A chromatin by high-speed atomic force microscopy

Chromatin accessibility is modulated in a variety of ways to create open and closed chromatin states, both of which are critical for eukaryotic gene regulation. At the single molecule level, how accessibility is regulated in the chromatin fiber composed of canonical or variant nucleosomes is a fundamental question in the field. Here, we developed a single-molecule tracking method where we could analyze thousands of canonical H3 and centromeric variant nucleosomes imaged by high-speed atomic force microscopy. This approach allowed us to investigate how changes in nucleosome dynamics in vitro inform us about chromatin accessibility in vivo. By high-speed atomic force microscopy, we tracked chromatin dynamics in real time and determined the MSD and diffusion constant for the variant centromeric CENP-A nucleosome. Furthermore, an essential kinetochore protein CENP-C reduces the diffusion constant and mobility of centromeric nucleosomes along the chromatin fiber. We subsequently interrogated how CENP-C modulates CENP-A chromatin dynamics in vivo. Overexpressing CENP-C resulted in reduced centromeric transcription and impaired loading of new CENP-A molecules. Thus, changes which alter chromatin accessibility in vitro, also correspondingly alter transcription in vivo. These data suggest a model in which variant nucleosomes encode their own diffusion kinetics and mobility, and where binding partners can suppress or enhance mobility.
Studies of electronic structures and optical properties for rhombohedral CeAlO3 and PrAlO3 under pressure

Abstract The electronic structures of rhombohedral CeAlO3 and PrAlO3 are investigated under different pressures with the method of Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof screened hybrid functional. The same downward trend is observed for the lattice constant and the band gap as the pressure increases. The results of optical properties show that increases continuously with the increasing pressure, and the same trend for main peak of is obviously obtained. Prominent peaks of and have distinct blue-shift with the increase of the pressure. The peak of for CeAlO3 is lower than that of PrAlO3. The peak intensity of of CeAlO3 was higher than that of PrAlO3.
Thermal and driven stochastic growth of Langmuir waves in the solar wind and Earth's foreshock

Statistical distributions of Langmuir wave fields in the solar wind and the edge of Earth's foreshock are analyzed and compared with predictions for stochastic growth theory (SGT). SGT quantitatively explains the solar wind, edge, and deep foreshock data as pure thermal waves, driven thermal waves subject to net linear growth and stochastic effects, and as waves in a pure SGT state, respectively, plus radiation near the plasma frequency fp. These changes are interpreted in terms of spatial variations in the beam instability's growth rate and evolution toward a pure SGT state. SGT analyses of field distributions are shown to provide a viable alternative to thermal noise spectroscopy for wave instruments with coarse frequency resolution, and to separate fp radiation from Langmuir waves.
Rethinking Warm-Starts with Predictions: Learning Predictions Close to Sets of Optimal Solutions for Faster L-/L♮-Convex Function Minimization

An emerging line of work has shown that machine-learned predictions are useful to warm-start algorithms for discrete optimization problems, such as bipartite matching. Previous studies have shown time complexity bounds proportional to some distance between a prediction and an optimal solution, which we can approximately minimize by learning predictions from past optimal solutions. However, such guarantees may not be meaningful when multiple optimal solutions exist. Indeed, the dual problem of bipartite matching and, more generally, $\text{L}$-/$\text{L}^\natural$-convex function minimization have arbitrarily many optimal solutions, making such prediction-dependent bounds arbitrarily large. To resolve this theoretically critical issue, we present a new warm-start-with-prediction framework for $\text{L}$-/$\text{L}^\natural$-convex function minimization. Our framework offers time complexity bounds proportional to the distance between a prediction and the set of all optimal solutions. The main technical difficulty lies in learning predictions that are provably close to sets of all optimal solutions, for which we present an online-gradient-descent-based method. We thus give the first polynomial-time learnability of predictions that can provably warm-start algorithms regardless of multiple optimal solutions.
Monoclinic distortion in strain relaxed [111] PbTiO3 epitaxial films

Abstract Stabilization of monoclinic distortion in [111]-oriented strained and strain-relaxed PbTiO3 epitaxial films are investigated using a phenomenological model. Under the effect of biaxial strain due to SrTiO3, temperature stability of monoclinic structure induced by vertical compressive stress is investigated. Due to relaxation of substrate constraint in-plane misfit of the epitaxial system changes from isotropic to anisotropic. Strain relaxation mediated formation of monoclinic structure, polarization, volume and shear strain, and dielectric and piezoelectric constants are investigated and compared with experimental data in the literature. For anisotropically strained [111] epitaxial films mechanical boundary conditions that facilitate enhancement of physical constants are explored.
The evolution of ultrashort period binary systems

A discussion is presented concerning the results of detailed evolutionary calculations in which a very low mass and hydrogen-depleted semiattached binary star containing a collapsed object can reach an exceptionally short orbital period while sustaining a relatively high mass transfer rate. The observed properties of such systems can be understood under the assumption that they contain moderately to severely hydrogen-defficient secondary stars that are neither fully degenerate nor burning He. It is noted that for extremely hydrogen-depleted stars, the assumption of chemical homogeneity becomes untenable. Attention is given to the binary systems 4U 1626-67, 4U 1916-05, and G61-29. 51 references.
Controlled Random Walks

Thus, a mixed strategy for I is a function /, defined for all finite sequences a = (ax, . . . , an) with ak e X, n = 0, 1, 2, . , with values in the set Pr of y-vectors p = (px, . . . , pr), pt ^ 0, S pi = 1: the ith coordinate of f(ax, . .,an) specifies the probability of selecting i at move 4n + 1 when ax, . , an are the ^-points produced during the first 4n moves. A strategy g for II is similar, except that its values are in Ps. For a given pair /, g of strategies, the X-points produced are a sequence of random vectors xx, x2, . , such that the conditional distribution of xn+x given xx, . , xn is 2 fi(xx, . . ., xn) m^g^x^ . , xn), where i,i fit gj are the ith and jth coordinates of /, g. The problem to be considered in this paper is the following: To what extent can a given player control the limiting behavior of the random variables %n = ( % + ••• + xn)/n? For a given closed nonempty subset 5 of X, we shall denote by H(f,g) the probability that xn approaches 5 as n -> oo, i.e., the distance from the point xn to the set 5 approaches zero, where xx, x2, . is the sequence of random variables determined by /, g. We shall say that 5 is approachable by I with /* (II with g*) if H(f*,g) = 1 (H(f, g*) = 1) for all g(f), and shall say that S is approachable by I (II) if there is an f(g) such that S is approachable by I with / (II with g). We shall say that S is excludable by I with f if there is a closed T disjoint from 5 which is approachable by I with /. Excludability by II with g, excludability by I, and excludability by 11 are defined in the obvious way. It is clear that no S can be simultaneously approachable by I and excludable by II. The main result to be described below is that every convex 5 is
Observations of Transition Phenomena on a Controlled Diffusion Compressor Stator With a Circular Arc Leading Edge

Laminar-turbulent transition behavior is studied near the leading edge of an outlet stator blade in a low-speed 1.5-stage axial-flow research compressor. The stator is a typical controlled diffusion design with a circular arc leading edge profile. Slow response surface pressure distribution measurements are compared with numerical predictions from the quasi two-dimensional flow solver, MISES. These both show a strong flow acceleration around each side of the circular arc, followed by a rapid deceleration near each blend point of the arc to the main surface profile. The relative magnitude of the localized overspeeds varies significantly over the wide range of stator flow incidence investigated. The unsteady boundary layer behavior on the stator is studied using a midspan array of surface-mounted hot-film sensors. On the suction surface, wake-induced transitional and turbulent strips are observed to originate close to the leading edge. The boundary layer approaches separation near the leading edge blend point on the suction surface, but this does not always lead to localized turbulent breakdown or continuous turbulent flow: a significant portion of the flow on the forward part of the surface remains laminar between the wake-induced transitional strips. At high positive incidence the wake-induced transitional strips originate near the leading edge blend point, but their growth is suppressed by the strong flow acceleration. On the pressure surface, a small separation bubble forms near the leading edge blend point resulting in almost continuous turbulent flow over the whole incidence range studied.
Numerical Simulation of Nonholonomic Dynamics

We study the numerical integration of nonholonomic problems. The problems are formulated using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. We review briefly the theoretical concepts used in geometric mechanics. We reconstruct two nonholonomic variational integrators from the monograph of Monforte. We also construct two one-step integrators based on a combination of the continuous Legendre transform and the discrete Legendre transform from an article by Marsden and West. Inintially these integrators display promising behavior, but they turn out to be unstable. The variational integrators are compared with a classical Runge-Kutta method. We compare the methods on three nonholonomic systems: The nonholonomic particle from the monograph of Monforte, the nonholonomic system of particles from an article by McLachlan and Perlmutter, and a variation of the Chaplygin sleigh from Bloch.
Cobordisme complexe des espaces profinis et foncteur T de lannes

Nous montrons dans ce memoire que la MU-cohomologie continue des espaces fonctionnels de source le classifiant Bπ d'un groupe de Lie compact commutatif et de but le pro-p-complete d'un espace dont la cohomologie a coefficients dans les entiers p-adiques est sans torsion est l'image de la MU-cohomologie completee en p de l'espace au but par un foncteur T Bπ analogue au foncteur T associe a la cohomologie modulo p du classifiant du groupe cyclique d'ordre p.
Collective Modes of SDW with One-Dimensional Quarter-Filled Band

Fluctuations of both charge density and spin density around the mean-fields of the spin density wave (SDW) state have been studied by calculating collective modes in the case of one-dimensional quarter-filled band and arbitrary magnitude of the inter- action. It is shown that the coexistence of the 2 k F -SDW with the 4 k F -charge density wave is crucial for the commensurability energy and the collective mode of the density fluctuation.
Simultaneous Stabilization of Linear and Nonlinear Systems by Means of Nonlinear State Feedback

The simultaneous stabilization (resp., asymptotic stabilization) of a countable family of control systems consists of finding a control which stabilizes (resp., asymptotically stabilizes) all the systems in the family. In this paper, we introduce a new method which enables us to show that, given any countable family of stabilizable nonlinear systems, there exists a continuous state feedback law which simultaneously stabilizes (not asymptotically) the family. Then, by enriching this method, we prove that any finite family of stabilizable linear time invariant (LTI) systems can be simultaneously exponentially stabilized by means of nonlinear time-varying state feedback. We also derive sufficient conditions for the simultaneous asymptotic stabilizability of countably infinite families of LTI systems. Finally, sufficient conditions for the simultaneous asymptotic stabilizability of finite families of nonlinear systems are provided and used for the simultaneous asymptotic stabilization of certain pairs of nonlinear homogeneous systems.
An experimental study of the explosion generated by a pressurized sphere

An experimental investigation of the explosions of 2 in. diameter glass spheres under high internal pressure has been made. The spheres were initially filled with air or helium at 400 and 326 p.s. i. , respectively, and were exploded in air at atmospheric pressure. Experiments on the simulation of high-altitude explosions are also described. Schlieren and spark shadowgraph records of explosion phenomena, and pressure records of the reflexion of the spherical shock wave at various radii, are presented. An account of some initial experiments on the implosion of 5 in. diameter glass spheres is given. The results were not very satisfactory because of the failure of the spheres to shatter in a desirable manner while under an external pressure of 65 p.s. i. Numerical solutions to the air and helium sphere explosions are described and the experimental wave phenomena are shown to be in good quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions, in that they exhibit all the main features that were predicted and are modified only by the physical limitations of the glass diaphragm. A formation process is associated with the spherical shock waves in practice, resulting in initial shock velocities which are lower than the theoretical values.
Spiral Bands in a Simulated Hurricane. Part I: Vortex Rossby Wave Verification

Abstract An initially axisymmetric hurricane was explicitly simulated using the high-resolution PSU–NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MM5). Spiral potential vorticity (PV) bands that formed in the model were analyzed. It was shown that PV bands and cloud bands are strongly coupled. The PV anomalies in and at the top of the boundary layer interact with friction to produce upward motion that gives rise to the inner cloud bands. The propagation properties of the PV bands were studied and found to be consistent with predictions of vortex Rossby wave theory. In the control simulation with full physics, continuous generation of PV through latent heat release in the eyewall and spiral rainbands maintain a “bowl-shape” PV field. Inward transport of high PV by the vortex Rossby waves and the process of nonlinear mixing tend to increase the inner-core PV and in turn intensify the hurricane. On the other hand, frictional and PV mixing processes acted linearly to spin down the hurricane to a midlevel vortex in a d.
Magnetohydrodynamic flow constructions with fundamental solutions

In this paper steady flows of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting fluid are constructed from fundamental solutions of magnetohydrodynamics in which the applied magnetic field is parallel to the velocity at infinity. The flat plate and the sphere are considered as examples, and approximate solutions are presented for the limiting cases of large and small Reynolds and magnetic Reynolds numbers. The effects of currents in the body are also considered, and it is found that unless the magnetic Prandtl number is larger than unity, currents in the body have negligible effect on the flow.
Behavior of indicator variograms and transition probabilities in relation to the variance in lengths of hydrofacies

When using indicator geostatistics to represent the distribution of hydrofacies or lithofacies, the range and curvature of the autotransition probabilities or the autovariogram are related to the variation in facies lengths. As the coefficients of variation for the length of each facies increase toward unity, the effective range increases while the indicator‐correlation structure evolves from a periodic linear structure to a somewhat periodic spherical structure to an aperiodic exponential structure. Multimodal distributions of facies lengths can give rise to autotransition probabilities or autovariograms that appear to have nested structures. With the understanding of these relationships it is possible to choose a model form and model parameters for the autotransition probability or autovariogram based upon the facies proportions and the modality, mean, and variance in length of the facies. This is illustrated with data from a case study.
Comparison of satellite chlorophyll a algorithms for the Baltic Sea

Abstract Chlorophyll a (chl- a ) products calculated using medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) data were tested. The satellite products were compared to chl- a concentrations measured in surface waters between 2003 and 2011 throughout the Baltic Sea. Image processing was performed with two neural-network-based MERIS data processors: the Case-2 Water Properties processor developed at the Freie Universität Berlin (FUB) and the Case-2 Regional processor of the German Institute for Coastal Research (C2R). Additionally, two algorithms for deriving chl- a concentrations from atmospherically corrected reflectances originally designed for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor radiometers and adapted to Baltic Sea conditions were tested (algorithms denoted further as MD and SW respectively). The effectiveness of the Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land (ICOL) processor was also verified. Our results showed that the accuracy of chl- a concentration retrieval from satellite data varies depending on the location of the area. The difference in the statistical error between results from optically different coastal and open sea waters was as high as 200%. The most accurate results for the coastal zone were noted for the standard chl- a FUB processor product, while in open sea waters the highest accuracy was noted for the MD and SW algorithms with reflectance derived from the FUB processor.
Current rectification in a single GaN nanowire with a well-defined p–n junction

This letter discusses Mg incorporation in GaN nanowires with diameters ∼35 nm, fabricated by vapor–liquid–solid synthesis in p-type nanowires. Turning on the Mg doping halfway through the synthesis produced nanowires with p–n junctions that showed excellent rectification properties down to 2.6 K. The nanowires are shown to possess good-quality, crystalline, hexagonal GaN inner cores surrounded by an amorphous GaN outer layer. Most wires grow such that the crystalline c axis is normal to the long axis of the nanowire. The temperature dependence of the current–voltage characteristics is consistent with electron tunneling through a voltage-dependent barrier.
Prolongement méromorphe de la matrice de scattering pour des problèmes à deux corps à longue portée

We prove the existence of a meromorphic extension of the scattering matrix for long range potentials analytic at infinity. This extension exist as a bounded operator on some Gevrey spaces on S n−1 , with critical depending on the rate of decay of the potential at infinity. We use a semi-stationary definition of the scattering operator due to Isozaki-Kitada, using time independent modifiers. We show that the poles of the scattering matrix coincide with the resonances of the Hamiltonian On montre l'existence d'un prolongement meromorphe de la matrice de diffusion (scattering) pour un potentiel a longue portee analytique a l'infini. Ce prolongement existe comme operateur continu sur des espaces de Gevrey sur S n−1 dont l'indice depend du taux de decroissance a l'infini du potentiel. Utilisation d'une definition de l'operateur de diffusion due a Isozaki et Kitada. Les poles de la matrice de diffusion coincident avec les resonances de l'operateur
A New Algorithm for Solving the Best-Fit Sphere of Optical Aspherical Surface

To solve the best-fit sphere (BFS) accurately is one of the technological keys for the generating and testing of optical aspherical surfaces. This paper presents a new algorithm for solving the BFS of aspherical surfaces to suppress some deficiencies in the existing BFS algorithms. In the proposed approach, a BFS is constructed, which passes through both sides of endpoints in the section of the aspherical surfaces, the center of the BFS is shifted along the x-axis, and its radius of curvature is automatically computed. The variable step size method is proposed to speed up the convergence of the iteration. Through numerically solving the BFS of conic and cubic surface, the advantages of the proposed approach are verified. The results show that the proposed approach is of rapid convergence, and high accuracy; it is not only suitable for the conic surface, but also for higher order aspheres. The obtained asphericity and material removal function is more suitable for the machining and test.