Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating interdecadal salinity changes in the Baltic Sea in a 1850–2008 hindcast simulation

Abstract. Interdecadal variability in the salinity of the Baltic Sea is dominated by a 30-year cycle with a peak-to-peak amplitude of around 0.4 g kg −1 at the surface. Such changes may have substantial consequences for the ecosystem, since species are adapted to a suitable salinity range and may experience habitat shifts. It is therefore important to understand the drivers of such changes. We use both analysis of empirical data and a numerical model reconstruction for the period of 1850–2008 to explain these interdecadal changes. The model explains 93 % and 52 % of the variance in the observed interdecadal salinity changes at the surface and the bottom, respectively, at an oceanographic station at Gotland Deep. It is known that the 30-year periodicity coincides with a variability in river runoff. Periods of enhanced runoff are followed by lower salinities. We demonstrate, however, that the drop in mean salinity cannot be understood as a simple dilution of the Baltic Sea water by freshwater. Rather, the 30-year periodicity in river runoff occurs synchronously with a substantial variation in salt water import across Darss Sill. Fewer strong inflow events occur in periods of enhanced river runoff. This reduction in the import of high-salinity water is the main reason for the freshening of the water below the permanent halocline. In the bottom waters, the variation in salinity is larger than at the surface. As a consequence, the surface layer salinity variation is caused by a combination of both effects: a direct dilution by river water and a reduced upward diffusion of salt as a consequence of reduced inflow activity. Our findings suggest that the direct dilution effect is responsible for 27 % of the salinity variations only. It remains unclear whether the covariation in river runoff and inflow activity are only a coincidental correlation during the historical period or whether a mechanistic link exists between the two quantities, e.g. whether both are caused by the same atmospheric patterns.
Pyramidal cell morphology and cell death in the hippocampus of adult mice with experimentally induced hydrocephalus

Background: Hippocampus is a neural structure in the temporal lobe that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Cognitive impairment with learning disabilities is a common feature in hydrocephalus and is more prominent in adult-onset hydrocephalus. The aim of this study is to describethe morphological alterations in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus of adult hydrocephalic mice. Method: Hydrocephalus was induced in adult albino mice by intra-cisternal injection of kaolin suspension (250 mg/ml in sterile water). They were sacrificed 7, 14 and 21 days post-induction. Morphological analysis was carried out on hematoxylin and eosinstained coronal sections of the hippocampus: the pyramidal neurons (normal and pyknotic) in the CA1 and CA3 subregions were counted and the pyknotic index (PI) was calculated. The somatic and dendritic features of Golgistained pyramidal neurons were examined by light microscopy in both hydrocephalic and control mice. Result: The PI was significantly greater in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the hydrocephalic groups compared to the agematched controls. The dendritic processes of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region were fewer with shorter terminal branches in the hydrocephalic mice than in controls; this was pronounced at 7 days post-induction. In the CA3 region, there was no difference in dendritic arborization between hydrocephalic and control mice. Conclusion: Acute adult-onset hydrocephalus was associated with increased pyknosis and reduced dendritic arborization in hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 but not CA3 region.
Effects of long-term fertilization and plastic film covering on some soil fertility and microbial properties

Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment site located at Shenyang Agricultural University initiated from 1987 and soil pH,organic carbon,total nitrogen,hydrolysable nitrogen,Olsen-P,available potassium,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,and average well color development(AWCD) of BIOLOG GN plate were analyzed to examine the complex effects of long-term fertilization and plastic film covering on some soil fertility and microbial properties.Results showed that under conventional cultivation,microbial function indicated by AWCD was affected by fertilization through its impacts on soil organic carbon,Olsen-P and available potassium contents,indicated by the significant correlations between AWCD and these indices(p0.01). Compared to conventional cultivation,plastic film covering cultivation stimulated maize development and aboveground biomass,and changed soil pH and C/N ratio.Under the plastic film covering cultivation,AWCD was correlated significantly with soil pH and C/N ratio(p0.01),but not significantly with soil organic carbon and Olsen-P contents(p0.05),indicating that plastic film covering affected microbial function through its impacts on soil pH and C/N ratio.
Understanding The Impact of Solver Choice in Model-Based Test Generation

Background: In model-based test generation, SMT solvers explore the state-space of the model in search of violations of specified properties. If the solver finds that a predicate can be violated, it produces a partial test specification demonstrating the violation. Aims: The choice of solvers is important, as each may produce differing counterexamples. We aim to understand how solver choice impacts the effectiveness of generated test suites at finding faults. Method: We have performed experiments examining the impact of solver choice across multiple dimensions, examining the ability to attain goal satisfaction and fault detection when satisfaction is achieved---varying the source of test goals, data types of model input, and test oracle. Results: The results of our experiment show that solvers vary in their ability to produce counterexamples, and---for models where all solvers achieve goal satisfaction---in the resulting fault detection of the generated test suites. The choice of solver has an impact on the resulting test suite, regardless of the oracle, model structure, or source of testing goals. Conclusions: The results of this study identify factors that impact fault-detection effectiveness, and advice that could improve future approaches to model-based test generation.
Molecular and biological characterization of Neoseiulus species from China

Abstract In a survey conducted in southern China for potential biocontrol agents of spider mites, a Neoseiulus sp. was recorded and identified as Neoseiulus californicus based on morphological diagnosis, although 3 morphological features specific for this population were observed. To verify the taxonomic status of this population, we compared DNA sequences from three molecular markers—12S rRNA, Cyt b mtDNA and ITS—with those of other N. californicus populations from multiple countries, using N. idaeus as outgroup. All 3 molecular markers were congruent and supported the Chinese Neoseiulus specimens to be N. californicus. The intraspecific genetic distances determined from all populations including the Chinese one were 0.75, 1.8, and 0.049 while the interspecific genetic distances were 12.1, 28.2, and 3.9 for 12S rRNA, Cyt b mtDNA, and ITS, respectively. In addition, comparison of biological data—development, reproduction and life table parameters—of different N. californicus populations based on published data also supported both molecular and morphological diagnosis of the Chinese Neoseiulus specimens. The Chinese population had the second shortest developmental duration when fed with Tetranychus urticae, and moderate fecundity and life table parameters when compared to other populations.
Effect of Inoculation of VAM Fungi and Rhizobium on Growth and Biomass Production in Acacia nilotica in Nursery

Seedlings of Acacia nilotica were inoculated with Rhizobium strain, isolated from nodules of the same species, VAM fungi and single dose of nitrogen and phosphorus in unsterilized soil in nursery condition. A single species of VAM fungus, Glomus mosseae and a mixture of VAM fungi locally isolated, consisting of Glomus species and a Gigaspora sp. Were used to inoculate the seedlings. Height growth, collar diameter, nodulation, percentage root infection by VAM fungi, fresh and dry weights of shoot and roots were determined after 4 months of inoculation. Inoculation of Rhizobium and VAM fungi and application of nitrogen and phosphorus singly or in different combinations enhanced the growth and biomass production as compared to uninoculated (control) seedlings. Maximum seedlings volume (height x root collar diameter 2 ) was found in seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae and Rhizobium in combination, as well as Rhizobium and phosphorus combination followed by mixed inoculum of VAM fungi. Maximum total dry biomass was recorded in seedlings treated with a combination of mixture of VAM fungi, Rhizobium VAM mixed and phosphorus. It is concluded that inoculation of VAM fungi, Rhizobium singly or in combination is equally or more beneficial over use of chemical fertilizers in raising the seedlings of Acacia nilotica .
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Women: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study

Background Early diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) associated with reproductive health-related risk factors (RHRF) including pregnancy, puerperium, and oral contraceptive (OC) use can prevent severe neurological sequelae; thus, the symptoms must be documented in detail for each group. Methods Out of 1144 patients with CVST, a total of 777 women were enrolled from a multicenter for the study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (VENOST). Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and radiological aspects were compared for 324 cases with RHRF and 453 cases without RHRF. Results The mean age of the RHRF (-) group (43.2 ± 13 years) was significantly higher than of the RHRF (+) group (34 ± 9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis (3%), isolated cavernous sinus involvement (1%), cranial neuropathy (13%), comorbid malignancy (7%), and its disability scores after 12 months (9%) were significantly higher in the RHRF (-) group. The RHRF (+) group consisted of 44% cases of puerperium, 33% cases of OC users and 23% of pregnant women. The mean age was found to be higher in OC users (38 ± 9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis was slightly higher in the pregnancy subgroup (4%). Epileptic seizures were more common in the puerperium group (44%). Conclusion The results of our study indicate that the risk of CSVT increases parallel to age, OC use, and puerperium period. In addition, when considering the frequency of findings and symptoms, epileptic seizures in the puerperium subgroup of the RHRF (+) group and malignancies in the RHRF (-) group may accompany the CSVT. In daily practice, predicting these risks for the CSVT and early recognition of the symptoms will provide significant benefits to patients.
Detection of human emotions through the analysis of brain waves

Detection of human emotions through the analysis of brain waves by Malte Trauernicht The recognition and communication through emotions and emotional states are an integral part in human interaction and omnipresent in daily life. Being involved in various areas such as cognition, learning and decision making, these concepts have been studied with great interest to be applied for Human Machine Interaction (HMI) and potentially for those with socioemotional impairments, such as children with ASD. This thesis addresses the development of a framework to measure and categorize emotional states by aid of pattern recognition with electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. For the investigation, the commercially available Emotiv EPOC headset was used. Three emotional categories, namely positively excited, negatively excited and calm have been selected to be recognized through the use of various processing and classification methods researched. The framework has been verified with data from a publicly available EEG-database after which it has been tested on adults and children using emotionally loaded images. Experimental results were presented and discussed towards the performance and readiness of the framework for emotion recognition in adults and children. The findings of this thesis contribute to the understanding of current challenges faced when working with visual stimuli, especially to be used for children. Some of these challenges include (i) designing a protocol to allow for unique emotion elicitation to avoid classification error, (ii) integrate efficient algorithms for the reduction of noise and (iii) agreeing upon universal evaluation standards to allow for a deeper evaluation of performance towards emotion recognition.
Response to Reviewers and Proposed Revisions

We map the weekly position of the Antarctic Polar Front (PF) in the Southern Ocean over a 12-year period (20022014) using satellite sea surface temperature (SST) estimated from cloud-penetrating microwave radiometers. Our study advances previous efforts to map the PF using hydrographic and satellite data and provides a unique realization of the PF at weekly resolution across all longitudes (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.855640). The mean path of the PF is asymmetric; its latitudinal position spans from 44 to 64 S along its circumpolar path. SST at the PF ranges from 0.6 to 6.9 C, 5 reflecting the large spread in latitudinal position. The average intensity of the front is 1.7 C per 100 km, with intensity ranging from 1.4 to 2.3 C per 100 km. Front intensity is significantly correlated with the depth of bottom topography, suggesting that the front intensifies over shallow bathymetry. Realizations of the PF are consistent with the corresponding surface expressions of the PF estimated using expendable bathythermograph data in the Drake Passage and Australian and African sectors. The climatological mean position of the PF is similar, though not identical, to previously published estimates. As the PF is a key 10 indicator of physical circulation, surface nutrient concentration, and biogeography in the Southern Ocean, future studies of physical and biogeochemical oceanography in this region will benefit from the provided data set.
Attitudes on Voting in 2020: Preparing for Elections During a Pandemic

RAND authors analyzed responses from 2,389 survey respondents about public safety, election integrity, and preparedness of local officials to manage the November 2020 election in the pandemic context. Responses indicate that although most voters say they believe that voting will be safe and that their vote will be counted despite the pandemic, those who question election safety and some who question election integrity appear less likely to vote.
Heterosis for yield and yield components in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata duch. ex. poir

An 8 x 8 half diallel cross of pumpkin was evaluated with parents for heterotic manifestation of yeild and yield attributing characters. Heterosis to the extent of 17.8, 18.1, 70.0, 150.0, 68.7, 48.4 and 181.5 per cent over better parent was recorded for vine length, number of primary branches, female flowers and fruits per plant, average fruit weight, flesh thickness and yield per plant respectively. The crosses between high x low performing (gca) parents exhibited greater hybrid vigour. Heterosis for yield wa generally accompanied by heterosis for yield components. Ten promising crosses were identified for developing high yielding. F1 hybrids/varieties of pumpkin with many desirable traits.
Two new Cyclocosmia (Araneae: Ctenizidae) from Thailand

Two new Cyclocosmia (Araneae: Ctenizidae) from Thailand. - Two new species of the peculiar trapdoor spider genus Cyclocosmia, C. siamensis sp. n. and C. lannaensis sp. n. , are described from male and female specimens collected in Thailand and are compared with C. ricketti (Pocock) from China. Notes are given on taxonomic characters, variation, relationships, biology and the distribution of all three species.
Probiotics: viable and inactivated cells on the performance, microflora and blood parameters of piglets

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o uso oral de probioticos Lactobacillus spp viaveis e inativadas (“pool” de Lactobacillus spp.), sobre o desempenho, a microbiota intestinal, e parâmetros sanguineos de leitoes do nascimento aos 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados na fase de aleitamento 108 leitoes com peso medio inicial de 1,41kg e, na creche, 72 leitoes com peso medio inicial de 5,47kg, distribuidos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: Controle: 1 mL de caldo MRS + 1 mL de solucao salina esteril; Ativo: 1 mL de probiotico (“pool” de Lactobacillus spp. e Lactobacillus plantarum) ativados no caldo MRS + 1 mL de solucao salina; Inativo: 1mL de probiotico contendo celulas inativadas no caldo MRS + 1 mL de solucao salina. Os tratamentos nao influenciaram o ganho de peso total e diario dos leitoes no aleitamento. Dos 21 aos 35 dias de idade, observou-se diferenca entre os tratamentos para consumo de racao, consumo de racao diario, ganho de peso total e diario. As contagens de bacterias acido-laticas e coliformes nao foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos e idades. Com excecao da globulina, os demais parâmetros sanguineos analisados nao sao influenciados. Na fase de creche o tratamento probiotico com celulas inativadas significa uma alternativa viavel para uso principalmente pelo desempenho obtido para ganho de peso; no entanto os tratamentos probioticos nao influenciam as contagens microbiologicas e os parâmetros sanguineos.
Short-term Forecasting of the COVID-19 Pandemic using Google Trends Data: Evidence from 158 Countries

The ability of Google Trends data to forecast the number of new daily cases and deaths of COVID-19 is examined using a dataset of 158 countries. The analysis includes the computations of lag correlations between confirmed cases and Google data, Granger causality tests, and an out-of-sample forecasting exercise with 18 competing models with a forecast horizon of 14 days ahead. This evidence shows that Google-augmented models outperform the competing models for most of the countries. This is significant because Google data can complement epidemiological models during difficult times like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, when official statistics maybe not fully reliable and/or published with a delay. Moreover, real-time tracking with online-data is one of the instruments that can be used to keep the situation under control when national lockdowns are lifted and economies gradually reopen.
Management of root and collar rot (Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.) of OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) through bioagents, oil cakes and fungicides

The in vitro evaluation of five different bioagents against Macrophomina phaseolina, incitant of root and collar rot of okra, revealed that Trichoderma viride was the most effective with highest growth inhibition (73.06%) followed by T. harzianum (68.89%). Among the oil cake extracts, neem cake extract had highest growth inhibition with 33.89 and 38.89 per cent at 10 and 20 per cent concentration, respectively. Among the different fungicides tested, tebuconazole had cent per cent growth inhibition at both concentration followed by carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% with 89.63 and 91.86 per cent growth inhibition at 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Out of the eight different treatments tested in vivo through pot culture studies, seed treatment with T. viride combined with soil application of T. viride enriched FYM recorded the least mortality percentage (26.55%) and highest vigour index (1643).
Exploitation of heterosis for grain yield and quality traits in wheat

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in world, first rank of wheat in among cereal crops in all over world. it is a thermo stable and long day plants extensively cultivated with latitudinal distribution (Sahu et al., 2002). Wheat is prominently produced and consumed by the dense public domain in tropical and sub tropical areas. wheat mainly flourished at optimum temperature approximately 15-18 0C (Choudhury and Wardlaw, 1978). Wheat is the dominant crop in temperate regions that is being used by the human feed and livestock feed. Wheat contains the good protein approximately 8-11% and also contribute the mineral, vitamins, photo chemicals and dietary fiber to the human diet. but current scenario of wheat is not good due to more prone disease affected to wheat yield and resulting decreased yield (Shewry 2009). So how to overcome these problems, heterosis can be exploited in wheat crops. Heterosis is the superiority of progeny from both parents. Causes of heterosis is the dominance effects in progeny that is derived from the crossing between diverse parents. Heterosis in wheat due to complementary and dominance effects of gene interaction that Heterosis can be exploited in wheat. There are many problems to exploited heterosis in wheat that has been described in following and in this review we will be describe future exploitation of heterosis.
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This experimental study aims to investigate teacher written feedback with different degrees of explicitness of error correction namely, direct, coded, and uncoded feedback. These three types of feedback were given to 81 EFL major students enrolled in a 14-week paragraph writing course using a process approach in a Thai university. The students wrote paragraphs of three different genres (narration, description, and comparison and contrast) with three topics and three drafts for each genre. A total of 1,458 second drafts and final drafts were compared to see the improvement of student writing (holistic writing, targeted linguistic errors, and length of writing. Paired Sample T-Test reveals a highly significant improvement in the studentsû holistic writing and reduction of errors, but there was no significant difference in the length of writing in comparing first and last writing. The result of error analysis shows that the highest error rate was found in wrong word followed by sentence structure, verb, article, and noun ending respectively.