Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal variation in locomotor activity rhythm in adult Drosophila ananassae

The parameters of the circadian rhythm of adult locomotor activity in strains of Drosophila ananassae originating between 6° and 34°N were variable and latitude-dependent. Two representative southern strains became active before sunrise, but one representative northern strain began activity after sunrise in nature. During entrainment to a 12 h light (L) : 12 h dark (D) cycle in the laboratory, the southern strains showed two peaks of activity, at the beginning and end of photophase, whereas the northern strains showed a single uninterrupted activity peak starting about 3 h after the lights-on. Among the strains, the phase angle difference (Ψ) during entrainment to 12 h L : 12 h D varied by about 5 h, the period of free-running rhythm(τ) in constant darkness by 3 h, the duration of the activity phase (α) by 7 h, and the duration of the resting phase (ρ) by 10 h. Lower latitude was correlated with an early Ψ (r = 0.977), a short τ (r = 0.975), a prolonged α (r = -0.995), a short ρ (r = 0.995) and a large α/.
PROPOSAL OF THE EUPTILOTEAE HOMMERSAND ET FREDERICQ, TRIB. NOV. AND TRANSFER OF SOME SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE PTILOTEAE TO THE CALLITHAMNIEAE (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) 1

Morphological and molecular studies demonstrate that the tribe Ptiloteae (Ceramiaceae, Ceramiales) is polyphyletic. The Ptiloteae, sensu stricto, occur only in the Northern Hemisphere and all Southern Hemisphere representatives belong in other tribes. Three genera (Euptilota, Seirospora, and Sciurothamnion) are transferred to the Euptiloteae Hommersand et Fredericq, trib. nov., and the Callithamnieae is revised to include three Ptilota‐like genera, Georgiella, Falklandiella, and Diapse, and two new genera. Heteroptilon Hommersand, gen. nov. is erected to receive Euptilota pappeana Kützing 1849 and Aglaothamnion rigidulum De Clerck, Bolton, Anderson et Coppejans 2004 from South Africa, and Aristoptilon Hommersand et W. A. Nelson, gen. nov. is established to receive Euptilota mooreana Lindauer 1949 from New Zealand. The principal difference between the Euptiloteae and the Callithamnieae is seen in the earliest stages after fertilization. The fertilized carpogonium enlarges and forms a pair of tube‐like protuberances directed toward the auxiliary cells that are cut off as connecting cells in the Euptiloteae, whereas in the Callithamnieae the carpogonium usually divides into two cells, each of which cuts off a small connecting cell that fuses with an adjacent enlarging auxiliary cell. Nuclei are terminal in spermatangia of the Euptiloteae, subtended by mucilaginous vesicles, and are medial in the Callithamnieae situated between apical and basal vesicles. The Euptiloteae and Callithamnieae (including the Ptilota‐like members) are each strongly supported in maximum‐likelihood tree topologies resulting from analyses of combined 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and rbcL data sets. Their sister relationship is also well supported.
Hedge Fund Franchises

We investigate the growth strategies of hedge fund firms. We find that firms with successful first funds are able to launch follow-on funds that charge higher performance fees, set more onerous redemption terms, and attract greater inflows. Motivated by the aforementioned spillover effects, first funds outperform follow-on funds, after adjusting for risk. Consistent with the agency view, greater incentive alignment moderates the performance differential between first and follow-on funds. Moreover, multiple-product firms underperform single-product firms but harvest greater fee revenues, thereby hurting investors while benefitting firm partners. Investors respond to this growth strategy by redeeming from first funds of firms with follow-on funds that do poorly. Empirically, the multiple-product firm has become the dominant business model for the hedge fund industry. This paper was accepted by Tyler Shumway, finance.
Why is 'Stigler's Coase Theorem' Stiglerian? A Methodological Explanation

The Coase theorem is associated with Stigler because Stigler coined the term. The object of this paper is to show that Stigler’s Coase theorem is Stiglerian for deeper – namely, methodological – reasons. We argue that, convinced as he was by the importance of Coase’s message, Stigler also believed that this message – such as presented in “The Federal Communications Commission” (1959) or “The Problem of Social Cost” (1962) – was not scientific. Hence, he had to transform it into a theorem to give it a scientific dimension. This is what we try to show by presenting Stigler’s methodology and by confronting it to the methodology used in Coase’s articles.
Measuring Manpower Underutilization and Performance of ICT Driven Government Ministries and Parastartals in Nigeria

The level of employees’ utilization in the world of work determines the level of the organisational growth and sustainable development. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of manpower underutilization on the performance of selected public ministries and parastatals in Ogun State, Nigeria. A descriptive research method (Structural Equation Model (AMOS 21)) was applied, to analyse the two hundred and twenty-five copies of valid questionnaire completed by public servants in Ogun State, Nigeria using stratified sampling technique. The results show that strong relationship exists between Human Resource underutilization and organizational performance. Therefore, we can conclude that skill underutilization, knowledge underutilisation, skill/job mismatch and untapped human resource potentials have effects on organisation effectiveness.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE COLONY‐FORMING DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIUM TRICHODESMIUM SPP. (CYANOBACTERIA) IN THE RED SEA

Alkaline phosphatase activities of the diazotrophic marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium were studied among natural populations in the northern Red Sea and in laboratory cultures of Trichodesmium sp. strain WH9601. Open‐water tuft‐shaped colonies of Trichodesmium showed high alkaline phosphatase activities with 2.4–11.7 μmol p‐nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) hydrolyzed·μg chl a−1·h−1, irrespective of date or origin of the sample. Coastal populations of the Trichodesmium tuft colonies had low alkaline phosphatase activities with 0.2–0.5 μmol PNPP·μg chl a−1·h−1. An exception was the Trichodesmium fall maximum, when both tuft colonies and the plankton community (<100 μm) had alkaline phosphatase activities of 0.6–7.4 μmol PNPP·μg chl a−1·h−1. Likewise, the more rare puff and bow‐tie colonies of Trichodesmium spp. in coastal waters had elevated alkaline phosphatase activities (0.8–1.6 μmol PNPP·μg chl a−1·h−1) as compared with tuft colonies coinhabiting the same waters. Intact filaments of tuft‐forming Trichodesmium sp. strain WH9601 from phosphate‐replete cultures had a base alkaline phosphatase activity of 0.5 μmol PNPP·μg chl a−1·h−1. This activity underwent a 10‐fold increase in phosphate‐deplete cultures and in cultures supplied with glycerophosphate as the sole P source. The elevated level of alkaline phosphatase activity was sustained in P‐deplete cultures, but it declined in cultures with glycerophosphate. The decline is suggested to result from feedback repression of alkaline phosphatase synthesis by the phosphate generated in the glycerophosphate hydrolysis. The enhanced alkaline phosphatase activities of Trichodesmium spp. populations provide evidence that P stress is an important factor in the ecology of Trichodesmium in the northern Red Sea.
Mongoloid Dental Complex in the Deciduous Dentition

Special importance was attributed to the concept of character complex in the dentition to analyse the human population histories.Based upon the comparative studies of several races, the term 'Mongoloid dental complex' was proposed for combination of the crown characters which commonly show relatively high frequencies in the deciduous dentition of the Mongoloid populations but not so in the other. The complex is, at present, confirmed to include the following five crown characters : shovel-shaping in the deciduous upper incisors, protostylid, deflecting wrinkle, 6th cusp and 7th cusp in the deciduous lower second molars. Some other characters will probably be added to this complex in the future.It was also suggested that the higher frequencies of the CARABELLI's cusp and the greater values of the canine breadth index common to the White populations were very likely capable of being component characters which form the 'Caucasoid dental complex'. In addition, the remaining problems that should be investigated to strengthen the basis of this concept were suggested.
Development and characterization of wheat-rye lines combining T1RS·1BL translocation and 5R(5D) chromosome substitution or T1RS·1BL and T5AS·5RL translocations

As a result of crossing substituted lines Saratovskaya 29 (S29) 5R(5A) and S29 5R(5D) with line L2075 (T1RS·1BL), two homozygous wheat-rye lines were obtained in the F7 generation and identified as T5AS·5RL + T1RS·1BL and 5R(5D) + T1RS·1BL, respectively. The rye chromosomes yare of different origins: 5R originated from spring rye Onohoskaya and 1RS from winter rye Saratovskaya 5. A new Robertsonian translocation was obtained where the 5RL arm was translocated to the short arm of wheat chromosome 5A, resulting in the T5AS·5RL translocation chromosome. Two translocations, T5AS·5RL and T1RS·1BL, and one chromosome substitution, 5R(5D), were identified and confirmed to be compensating on the basis of genomic in situ hybridisation, C-banding and 1RS- and 5R-specific PCR markers. Evaluation of resistance to fungal diseases revealed that homozygous T5AS·5RL + T1RS·1BL and 5R(5D) + T1RS·1BL lines are resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew.
Reestablishing a Spawning Population of Lake Trout in Lake Superior with Fertilized Eggs in Artificial Turf Incubators

Abstract Fertilized eggs from lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were placed in artificial turf incubators and deployed on Devils Island Shoal, Lake Superior, in an attempt to reestablish a spawning population on this once important spawning area. Efficacy was measured by the changes in catch rates, age composition, and origin of adult lake trout returning to the shoal in the fall in subsequent years. The abundance of lake trout spawners without fin clips, which implies that these fish hatched in the lake, increased throughout the sampling period, whereas the abundance of hatchery-reared fish (indicated by one or more fin clips) stocked for restoration purposes remained low. Year-class-specific stock–recruitment analysis suggested that the recruitment of unclipped spawners was related to the number of eggs planted in previous years rather than to spawning by the few adult lake trout visiting the reef. Increases in adult fish at Devils Island Shoal were independent of trends at adjacent sites, where unclipped.
Systemic Failure in a Network of Derivative Contracts

This paper studies how systemic risk can appear when rational agents establish derivative contracts in a fixed network. Agents are endowed with risks. They optimize their situation by designing and trading derivative contracts. Those deals spread the risks throughout the network and harmonize the amount of capital agents tie up respectively to their exposure. This leads to the emergence of a tipping point of systemic failure. Only the agents who made benefits from the trades can survive past this tipping point. When taking into account the contagion of failures, survivors quickly default as well. This occurs for a large class of networks and behaviors.
Water, Electricity and the Poor: Who Benefits from Utility Subsidies?

Subsidies for utility services are widespread in the water supply, sanitation, and electricity sectors. One motivation is to improve social welfare of the poor by facilitating their access to and use of such services, as well as by redistributing resources to augment their purchasing power. At the same time, such subsidies have often been seen as engendering resource use inefficiencies and financially weak utilities, which hobble efforts to expand and improve service. Those adverse consequences have often been used to argue against charging consumers less than the cost of service. The impact of subsidies on both counts has been the subject of much controversy. The debate has gained renewed vigor as governments seek to ensure that all citizens have ready access to minimal levels of such services while striving to recover a larger share of the costs of utility operations to generate the resources required to sustain service and to improve its quality. This book makes a substantive contribution to our thinking on a key facet of the debate: the distributional impact of consumer subsidies for urban water supply and electricity services. Drawing together empirical research across a wide range of countries, it documents the prevalence and variants of consumer subsidies found in the developing world and presents a number of indicators that are useful in assessing the degree to which such subsidies benefit the poor. The findings are placed in a broader social protection framework where comparisons are drawn with poverty focused programs in other sectors using a common metric. The book’s findings are sobering. It concludes that the most common subsidy instruments (quantity-targeted subsidies such as those delivered through increasing block tariffs) perform poorly in comparison with most other transfer mechanisms. Alternative consumption and connection subsidy mechanisms show more promise, especially when combined with complementary nonprice approaches to making utility services accessible and affordable to poor households. Throughout, the authors dissect the many factors contributing to those outcomes, identifying those that policy makers can control and use to improve performance.
Investor Protection, Ownership, and the Cost of Capital

Himmelberg, Hubbard, and Love combine the agency theory of the firm with risk diversification incentives for insiders. Principal-agent problems between insiders and outsiders force insiders to retain a larger share in their firm than they would under a perfect risk diversification strategy. The authors predict that this higher share of insider ownership and the resulting exposure of insiders to higher idiosyncratic risk will result in underinvestment and higher cost of capital. Using firm-level data from 38 countries, the authors provide evidence in support of their theoretical model, showing that the premium for bearing idiosyncratic risk varies between zero and six percent and decreases in the level of outside investor protection. The results of the study imply that policies aimed at strengthening investor protection laws and their enforcement will improve capital allocation and result in higher growth. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study corporate governance and access to finance.
Net methane emissions from grazing sheep

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are responsible for 45 % of New Zealand’s combined CO2‐equivalent greenhouse gas inventory, and arise principally from sheep. Using a flock of 6‐month old sheep (20 ha–1) grazing abundant pasture, we compare micrometeorological measurements of net methane emission rates with measurements from individual sheep based on a sulphur‐hexafluoride tracer technique. Individual sheep emission rates were highly variable and averaged 19.5 ± 4.8 (SD) g CH4 sheep–1 d–1, or 39 ± 9.6 mg CH4 m–2 d–1 on an areal basis. Emission rates were poorly correlated with animal live weight or dry matter intake but represented an average dietary energy loss of 3.6%.
Behavioural and Genetic Data Suggest that Bechstein's Bats Predominantly Mate Outside the Breeding Habitat

Investigating mating systems of species with a cryptic lifestyle often requires a combination of behavioural and genetic data. We used such a combined approach to investigate the mating system of the communal breeding Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Although females of this species are philopatric, gene flow among colonies is high. Gene flow occurs if dispersing males mate within the colony to which they moved. Males could gain local matings by defending resources or females in their breeding habitat. Alternatively, mating may take place at swarming sites, apart from the breeding habitat of the females, where males and females of several colonies meet. Whether or not males defend resources or females in the breeding habitat is of importance for understanding the mating system. Detailed observations of individual foraging and roosting behaviour over 4 yr suggest that males do not defend resources or females to gain matings. Moreover, paternity assignment based on microsatellite data of four complete juvenile cohorts showed that local males fathered less than 25% of the juveniles born in the colony where they settled. Even more striking, none of the males that had immigrated into our study area reproduced with the local females.
Lawyer CEOs

We examine the value of CEOs with specialized professional skills by focusing on CEOs with law degrees and their effect on corporate litigation. We find that lawyer CEOs are associated with both lower litigation frequency and less severe litigation. This relation is observed for most of nine types of common corporate litigation. This reduction in litigation is achieved, in part, through a decrease in activities that can lead to litigation, such as earnings management, and an increase in legal oversight by directors with legal expertise. Moreover, CEOs with legal training are associated with higher value in firms with high litigation risk and growth firms.
Angel Network Affiliation and Business Angels’ Investment Practices

This paper provides preliminary evidence on the effects of membership in an angel network (BAN) on the investment choices of business angels. Using a novel dataset containing qualitative and quantitative information on 810 angel or angel-group backed investments on 619 companies by 330 unique business angels from 2008 to 2014, we show that BAN membership generates valuable information, networking, monitoring and risk reduction effects, which ultimately affect the amount of personal capital committed by each angel investor and their equity stake in the investee companies. These results extend our knowledge of the investing behavior and characteristics of business angels, a relatively opaque funding source that is rapidly gaining prominence in support of new ventures and the development of the global economy.
Gender and Financial Misconduct: A Field Experiment on Mobile Money

We conduct an experiment to study gender differences in misconduct, a significant yet poorly understood issue. We construct a census of the market for mobile banking in rural Ghanaian villages, and using actual transactional audits estimate that 1 out of every 5 mobile money transactions is overcharged relative to a mandated rate. In an experiment, we randomize the matches between vendors and customers, finding strong evidence of “gender misconduct gap”: female vendors are 10 percentage points more likely to commit such misconduct relative to male vendors. The nature of misconduct is asymmetric: female vendors are 8 percentage points more likely to cheat customers of their gender; in contrast, male vendors are 11 percentage points less likely to cheat customers of their gender. We present evidence suggesting gender differences in empowerment as one relevant mechanism whereby low empowerment of females creates incentives for higher profit maximization objectives and thus misconduct. Survey results suggest that differences in beliefs about gender among vendors and customers is also an important parallel mechanism.
Ownership Structure and R&D: An Empirical Analysis of Italian Listed Companies

The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between research and development outlays (R&D) and firm ownership structure for the public corporations listed on the Italian stock exchange. There is literature on the impact of corporate governance on firms’ innovation, and specifically on the relation between ownership structures and innovation. However, related empirical research is still in its infancy, with most contributions focused on the USA. Using a sample of 369 firm-year observations over the period 2005-2013, we investigate the relationship between R&D outlays and ownership structure estimating both a the fixed-effects panel model and a dynamic panel data system-GMM model. We consider various indicators of corporate governance, such as ownership concentration, board ownership, and institutional investors. Our findings reveal a negative relationship between R&D outlays and ownership concentration. Furthermore, we find a positive relationship between R&D investments and institutional investors, and a positive relationship between R&D outlays on the one hand and both firm size and firm age on the other hand. Finally, we find a negative relationship between R&D outlays and the debt-to-capital ratio.
Genetic population structure of Norwegian brown trout

Biochemical genetic variation in populations of anadromous and resident brown trout, Salmo trutta L. , was studied. Altogether 50 Norwegian populations were screened for 32 enzyme loci. Genetic polymorphism was found at the following 11 loci: AAT-4* (E.C. 2.6.1.1), CK-1* (E.C. 2.7.3.2), G3PDH-2* (E.C. 1.1.1.8), IDHP-2* (E.C. 1.1.1.42), LDH-5* (E.C. 1.1.1.27), MDH-2* (E.C. 1.1.1.37), MDH-3/4* (E.C. 1.1.1.37), MEP-2* (E.C. 1.1.1.40), GPI-2* (E.C. 5.3.1.9). GPI-5* (E.C. 5.3.1.9) and PGM-1* (E.C. 5.4.2.2), giving an overall polymorphism of 34%, ranging from 3.7 to 29.6% among individual populations. The average calculated heterozygosity ranged from 1.4 to 10.2% among populations. Genetic heterogeneity was observed among anadromous populations, and significant differences in allelic frequencies were found between anadromous populations in neighbouring watercourses, among resident populations and between anadromous and resident populations inhabiting the same watercourses. Significant heterogeneity was also found among 12 populations from Lake Mjosa, with a major division between the western and eastern populations of the lake. Differences in allelic frequencies were found between wild stocks and their hatchery derivatives, and between different hatchery derivatives originating from the same wild population. In some cases release of hatchery populations into wild stocks may have influenced the genetic characteristics of wild stocks. The data support the hypothesis of eastern as well as western postglacial colonization lines for Norwegian brown trout.
Public Contract Execution: A Critical Review of Performance Hindering Factors Among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In Lagos State, Nigeria

Buying from SMEs has been advanced as a positive measure towards ensuring the development and growths of SMEs. However, SMEs face myriads of challenges when it comes to contract performance after award has been made. The present study investigates and ranks factors perceived to have hindered the execution of public contract awarded to small and medium enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from two hundred and sixty-seven (267) SME suppliers who were randomly selected whilst the data collected was analyzed using ranking method. The findings revealed three most significant performance hindering factors among SMEs in public contract execution as: late and delay payment, short delivery duration and fluctuation in cost of items. The study concluded that SMEs operators could not deliver and perform optimally in public contracts because they are hindered by some factors which sometimes are caused by the clients, contractors or factors beyond the control of parties to the contract. In order to ensure effective and efficient public contract execution among SMEs suppliers the study recommends that: prompt fund mobilization must be ensured, contract duration must be reasonable and adequate, and contract renegotiation must be possible to accommodate unforeseeable circumstances that may prevent performance of a contract.