Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compensatory Sponsorship in Higher Education

In this paper, I evaluate the extent to which colleges and universities of varying degrees of selectivity engaged in racial, ethnic and socioeconomic affirmative action for cohorts of students who graduated in 1972, 1982 and 1992. I find that a much wider range of institutions engage in affirmative action for African American students than previous analysts reported, and that a growing number of institutions extend the benefits of affirmative action to Hispanic students. Colleges and universities are less enthusiastic about engaging in affirmative action for socioeconomically disadvantaged students. To understand why postsecondary institutions might prefer students from particular minority groups over otherwise comparable white students, I introduce the concept of compensatory sponsorship (buidling on Turner’s ideal type of sponsored mobility). In a contest system perceived by many to unfairly disdavantage some competititors, college personnel engage in affirmative action both to right a perceived wrong and to preserve the legitimacy of the contest. The beneficiaries of compensatory sponsorship, however, are determined by historical and social forces that constrain how postsecondary institutions recruit, admit and fund potential matriculants.
Resistência à penetração de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo do Cerrado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo

The intensification of agricultural production systems has caused soil compaction even when soil conservation technologies are adopted. Soil compaction is one of the main problems for farmers, both in no-tillage and in conventional-tillage systems, as well as in pasture. This study was conducted in Rio Verde, (State of Goias), on Red-Yellow Latosol under the following systems: no-tillage for 14 years (SD14); no-tillage for 8 years (SD8); no-tillage for 2 years (SD2); conventional tillage (CT); pasture (P) and forest (F). The soil resistance to penetration was measured by the impact penetrometer Model IAA/Planalsucar - Stolf, from soil surface to the soil depth of 0.40 m. Soil bulk density and granulometry were also determined. Conventional tillage had lower resistance to penetration at the 0-0.10 m depth, whereas SD2 had more resistance up to 0.40 m in depth. There were no significant differences below 0.15 m in depth among treatments CT, SD8, and SD14. The first two years under the no-tillage system are critical, with regard to the resistance to penetration in to the soil surface layers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALTENES AND RESINS FROM PROBLEMATIC MEXICAN CRUDE OILS

Asphaltenes and resins have been separated from four mexican oils suffering from the deposition of asphaltenic material during recovery operations. A SARA separation of the oils was performed and the resins and asphaltenes further analyzed. Characterization methods employed were FTIR, elemental composition both of CHNSO, and trace metals and molecular weight determination using size exclusion chromatography. NMR techniques were applied to two asphaltene samples. The overall scope of the work was to get a better understanding of the nature of the asphaltene stability at a molecular level in these problematic oils. Separation of resin in two fractions indicates that there is no long alkyl chains in these as given by FTIR, which may be the cause of the lack of stability along with the large difference in bubble point and reservoir pressure. *On sabbatical leave from Dept. Chem. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
Bilayer Organic–Inorganic Gate Dielectrics for High‐Performance, Low‐Voltage, Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Transistors, Complementary Logic Gates, and p–n Diodes on Plastic Substrates

High‐capacitance bilayer dielectrics based on atomic‐layer‐deposited HfO2 and spin‐cast epoxy are used with networks of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to enable low‐voltage, hysteresis‐free, and high‐performance thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on silicon and flexible plastic substrates. These HfO2–epoxy dielectrics exhibit excellent properties including mechanical flexibility, large capacitance (up to ca. 330 nF cm–2), and low leakage current (ca. 10–8 A cm–2); their low‐temperature (ca. 150 °C) deposition makes them compatible with a range of plastic substrates. Analysis and measurements of these dielectrics as gate insulators in SWNT TFTs illustrate several attractive characteristics for this application. Their compatibility with polymers used for charge‐transfer doping of SWNTs is also demonstrated through the fabrication of n‐channel SWNT TFTs, low‐voltage p–n diodes, and complementary logic gates.
Solution Processable Fluorenyl Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Solar Cells

The organization of organic semiconductor molecules in the active layer of organic electronic devices has important consequences to overall device performance. This is due to the fact that molecular organization directly affects charge carrier mobility of the material. Organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) performance is driven by high charge carrier mobility while bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require balanced hole and electron transport. By investigating the properties and device performance of three structural variations of the fluorenyl hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (FHBC) material, the importance of molecular organization to device performance was highlighted. It is clear from 1H NMR and 2D wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D WAXS) experiments that the sterically demanding 9,9‐dioctylfluorene groups are preventing π–π intermolecular contact in the hexakis‐substituted FHBC 4. For bis‐substituted FHBC compounds 5 and 6, π–π intermolecular contact was observed in solution and hexagonal columnar ordering was observed in solid state. Furthermore, in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, nanoscale phase separation was observed in thin films of FHBC and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blends. The differences in molecular and bulk structural features were found to correlate with OFET and BHJ solar cell performance. Poor OFET and BHJ solar cells devices were obtained for FHBC compound 4 while compounds 5 and 6 gave excellent devices. In particular, the field‐effect mobility of FHBC 6, deposited by spin‐casting, reached 2.8 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s and a power conversion efficiency of 1.5% was recorded for the BHJ solar cell containing FHBC 6 and PC61BM.
Field Performance Measurements of Half-Facepiece Respirators—Paint Spraying Operations

This article presents the results of a workplace protection factor (WPF) study for half-facepiece respirators conducted in an aircraft paint-spraying operation. The major elements of the paint overspray collected with ambient samples were titanium, strontium, chromium, and silicon. The major elements collected on the in-facepiece samples were chlorine and silicon. The geometric mean (GM) ambient concentrations of chromium and titanium varied significantly among painting locations and paint types. There was a significant difference in GM in-facepiece concentrations of titanium among painting locations. However, no significant difference in GM in-facepiece concentrations of chromium by location was found. In both ambient and in-facepiece samples the amounts of chromium and strontium were highly correlated as expected. In ambient samples total airborne mass was highly correlated with levels of chromium and titanium when primer and top coat were applied, respectively. No difference in respirator performance, .
Ab-initio structure determination from X-ray powder data and solid-state DFT study of monohydrate and anhydrous cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin

Abstract The synthesis, thermal analysis, and crystal structures of cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin monohydrate (I) and its anhydrous form (II) have been reported. The compounds (I) and (II) crystallize in space group Pna21 and P21/c, respectively. In the present work, redetermination of crystal structure of (I) and ab-initio structure analysis of (II) have been accomplished from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structures of both compounds were solved following direct-space approach, and refined by the Rietveld method and solid-state DFT calculation. The results of two refinement procedures for structure determination from X-ray powder data have been compared. The effect of dehydration of (I) has been revealed in different crystal packing arrangements in (I) and (II). In (I), extensive intermolecular N–H · · · O, and O–H · · · O hydrogen bonds involving lattice water molecules generate a two-dimensional C(5)[R33(10)][R43(10)] supramolecular assembly, whereas in (II), a C22(9)[R22(8)] [R22(8)] framework is established via intermolecular N–H · · · O hydrogen bonds.
Mechanisms involved in HBr and Ar cure plasma treatments applied to 193 nm photoresists

In this article, we have performed detailed investigations of the 193 nm photoresist transformations after exposure to the so-called HBr and Ar plasma cure treatments using various characterization techniques (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared, Raman analyses, and ellipsometry). By using windows with different cutoff wavelengths patched on the photoresist film, the role of the plasma vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light on the resist modifications is clearly outlined and distinguished from the role of radicals and ions from the plasma. The analyses reveal that both plasma cure treatments induce severe surface and bulk chemical modifications of the resist films. The synergistic effects of low energetic ion bombardment and VUV plasma light lead to surface graphitization or cross-linking (on the order of 10 nm), while the plasma VUV light (110–210 nm) is clearly identified as being responsible for ester and lactone group removal from the resist bulk. As the resist modification depth de.
Integrated Approach for the Extraction and Purification of IgY from Chicken Egg Yolk

The production of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) from an immunized chicken egg yolk serves numerous applications in various fields of immunology. The present work, for the first time, demonstrates the feasibility of aqueous two-phase extraction and three phase partitioning for the separation of IgY from the chicken egg yolk. The protocol deals with partitioning of IgY using polyethylene glycol 1500/potassium phosphate aqueous two-phase system and its comparison with three phase partitioning, both followed by the precipitation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out to confirm the presence of IgY at the different steps of purification process. The IgY was preferentially partitioned to the PEG-rich top phase, especially at lower phase-volume ratio. The effect of process parameters such as tie line length and volume ratio was studied. The tie line length of 5.55% and volume ratio of 0.49 gave the best results. The yield of IgY obtained from aqueous two-phase system was 9.0 mg/mL of egg yolk while that of three phase partitioning it was 6.0 mg/mL.
MANUFACTURING COST OF SUPERCRITICAL-EXTRACTED OILS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM AMAZONIAN PLANTS

The objective of this work was to study the economical viability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oil and carotenoids from three Amazonian palm trees: buriti, pupunha and pressed palm fiber (PPF). Literature experimental SFE data were used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM) of oils and carotenoids present in the crops, considering five main costs: fixed cost of investment, operational labor, utilities, waste treatment and raw material. SFE at 40C/300 bar, 50C/250 bar and 45C/300 bar presented the lowest COM for buriti, pupunha and PPF oils, respectively. The time of extraction determined the concentration of carotenoids in the oils. Under the conditions studied, the prices of SFE oils were higher than the selling prices of pressed oils, not because of the investment cost, but because of the raw material cost. Nevertheless, it is known that SFE oils are generally richer in carotenoids, which should determine higher selling prices and special uses for the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Oils extracted from the pulp and shell of Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) and Guilielma speciosa (pupunha) and from the pressed fiber of Elaes guineensis (palm oil), all of which are Amazonian palm fruits, are rich in carotenoids. Recent studies have shown that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) may be economically viable to obtain vegetable extracts. However, it is important to study the economical viability of this technology, because the investment costsare usually pointed as the main reason why there are still no SFE industrial plants in Latin America. Studies showing SFE viability and each cost impact for Amazonian plants may be decisive in order to influence South American companies to invest in this green technology.
A trigonal‐bipyramidal coordinated ytterbium(III) alkyl: tris­(tri­methyl­silyl­methyl)­bis­(tetra­hydro­furan‐O)­ytterbium(III)

The title compound, [Yb(CH2SiMe3)3(thf)2] (thf is tetra­hydro­furan, C4H8O), was obtained by direct synthesis from ICH2SiMe3 and Yb chips. The Yb atom shows a slightly distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment formed by the C atoms of three alkyl ligands in equatorial positions (average Yb—C = 2.374 A) and the O atoms of two tetra­hydro­furan mol­ecules (average Yb—O = 2.330 A).
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL AND PLANT CARBON LEVELS IN TWO ECOSYSTEMS (WOODY BAMBOO AND PASTURE) IN MONTANE ECUADOR

Although pasture maintains high soil carbon level, other better options may exist in the Neotropics, such as woody bamboo (Guadua angustifolia), in contributing to global C sequestration through increased soil carbon storage. A study was conducted in montane Ecuador to test a hypothesis that bamboo results in greater soil carbon levels than pasture ecosystems. We sampled soil at three depths (0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm) and measured standing biomass in six pasture-bamboo paired sites at elevations from 1000 to 1500 m a.s. l. in Nanegal, northwestern Ecuador. Compared with pasture, soils under bamboo at the above three depths had greater total C and N concentrations, and lower bulk densities. Because of the difference in soil bulk density between pasture and bamboo systems, C and N stock was calculated based on 30-cm soil depth in bamboo and corrected soil depth in pasture (22.6 cm) that provided soil mass equal to that under bamboo. The soil C stock at "equivalent 0-30" cm depth was greater under bamboo (60.8-123 Mg ha−1) than that under pasture (33.4-75.3 Mg ha−1). The carbon stock of bamboo standing biomass (51.8-95.6 Mg ha−1) was remarkably greater than that of pasture standing biomass (3.53-8.14 Mg ha−1). Higher soil N stock and lower C/N ratio were observed under bamboo than under pasture. Our results suggest that more C would be stored in terrestrial ecosystems with the planting of bamboo to degraded (pasture) soils in the Andes.
CO-PYROLYSIS OF ESTONIAN SHALES WITH LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

The effect of co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene with Estonian kukersite oil shale, its semicoke and Dictyonema shale on the yield and composition of the pyrolysis oil was investigated. The oil obtained in autoclaves was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, and the composition of hydrocarbon fractions by capillary gas chromatography. The effect of co-pyrolysis was evaluated by comparison the quantity of destruction products obtained in copyrolysis experiments with the hypothetical mean of the destruction product quantity from single objects pyrolysis. The yield and chemical group composition of co-pyrolysis oil depends to a certain degree on the shale type used. The yields of co-pyrolysis products (gas, oil, solid residue) practically coincide with those calculated. Dictyonema shale has the strongest effect on the yield and composition of co-pyrolysis products, it increases polyethylene conversion which results in increasing the quantity of gas and decreasing that of oil because of the degradation of hydrocarbons to shorter and more volatile ones. High content of aliphatic hydrocarbons and low content of aromatic ones in the oil obtained from polyethylene changes the composition of co-processing oil resulting in low content of aromatic hydrocarbons, especially polycyclic ones.
Efeito da irrigação e adubação na disponibilidade e composição bromatológica da massa seca de lâminas foliares de capim-elefante

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation, followed by increasing levels of nitrogen and potassium (100-80; 200-160; 300-240; 400-320, respectively N and K2O), on the production and chemical composition of the leaf lamina at the elephantgrass. The experimental delineation was of blocks randomized with three repetitions for treatments irrigated and dry land. The low temperatures and the smallest light hours in the dry season determined the low plant forage growth, even with the irrigation. However, in the summer, there was fast growth of plant forage under irrigation, emphasizing the culm growth in relation to leaf laminas, determining the lower relations to the higher fertilizer levels. The leaf laminas under irrigation also showed the lower crude protein contents and higher NDF and ADF contents. So, more frequent managing in the irrigated pastures could control the culm growth and available material of better chemical composition.
MEASURED SF6 EMISSIONS FROM MAGNESIUM DIE CASTING OPERATIONS

Industrial molten magnesium processes primarily utilize sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) as a cover gas to inhibit surface oxidation, which can result in fires if not controlled. Recent concerns with global warming and subsequent research has determined SF 6 to be a potent and long lived greenhouse gas. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for estimating the emissions of SF 6 from industrial magnesium processes assumes that 100 percent of the gas utilized for a given process is emitted directly to the atmosphere. This study examined the SF 6 utilization for a magnesium die-casting process and determined that, for the specific operating conditions, the level of SF 6 destruction was process dependent. Maximum S F6 destruction was observed to occur during ingot feeding operations, and ranged from 16 to 20 percent. During non-feeding periods the level of destruction decreased to approximately half that observed during feeding periods. While this paper is limited to one facility using a hotchambered die-casting unit, it does provide a useful step towards defining the true nature of SF 6 emissions from the magnesium industry as a whole.
Lapachol: An overview

Lapachol is a naphthoquinone that was first isolated by E. Paterno from Tabebuia avellanedae (Bignoniaceae) in 1882. A wide spectrum of therapeutic activities have been attributed to lapachol or its derivatives viz., anti-abscess, anti-ulcer, antileishmanial, anticarcinomic, anti- edemic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiseptic, antitumor, antiviral, bactericidal, fungicidal, insectifugal, pesticidal, protisticidal, respiradepressant, schistosomicidal, termiticidal, and viricidal. Originally isolated from species of the Bignoniaceae family, lapachol can also be found in other families such as Verbenaceae, Proteaceae, Leguminosae, Sapotaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Malvaceae. The interesting and most usefull knowledge on lapachol, which is reviewed in this paper, can be used as a starting point in future research endeavors.
Metal–insulator transition: the Mott criterion and coherence length

On the basis of the Mott criterion for metal–insulator transition (MIT), an expression for the correlation length, identical to that for the coherence length in the theory of superconductivity, is obtained. This correlation length characterizes the size of an electron–hole pair (in an excitonic insulator) or the effective Bohr radius (as, e.g., in doped semiconductors). The relation obtained is used for calculation of the coherence length in vanadium dioxide. The presence of two characteristic coherence lengths (ξ1 ~ 20 A and ξ2 ~ 2 A) is found. This is associated with the specific features of the transition mechanism in VO2: this mechanism represents a combination of the purely electronic Mott–Hubbard contribution and the structural (Peierls-like) one. It is shown, however, that the driving force of the MIT in VO2 is the electron-correlation Mott–Hubbard transition.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressures on drying kinetics of blueberries variety o'neil

The main aim of this research was to study the effect of high hydrostatic pressures before hot air drying during matter transfer of blueberries variety O'Neil in comparison to three pretreatments commonly used in drying kinetics. The samples were subjected to the following pretreatments: enzymatic (Pectinex 8% v/v at 50oC for 30 min), sodium hydroxide (1.5% w/v for 10 s), microwave (power 1500 W for 10 sec), high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) (350 MPa for 30 s) and with no pretreatment (only drying at 70oC). The drying experiments were carried out using a convective dryer at 70±0.2oC with an air flow rate of 2.0±0.1 m/s. All the experiences were carried out in triplicate. The equations of Modified Page, Wang & Singh, Modified Henderson-Pabis, Logarithmic, Two Terms and Fick's second law were applied in the study and in the modelling of the drying kinetics of this fruit. All pretreatments decreased considerably the drying time of 780 min (no-pretreatment) to 480 min, the HHP and Enzymatic pretreatments having the shortest processing time (420 min). Logarithmic and Wang & Singh models gave the best fits for each drying curve, based on the statistical test determination coefficient, sum square error and Chi-square. In consequence, both models are excellent tools for estimating the drying time of this product.
Numerical investigation of the effect of electrode size on the behaviour of quadrupole mass filters

The behaviour of a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) for variation in rod size has been investigated using a numerical approach reported previously. Behaviour is found to vary significantly with the change in rod size and the optimum rod size suggested is closer to that used in some commercial QMS instruments than to the value from analytical approaches. The results allow an upper limit to manufacturing tolerances to be inferred. The present work also confirms that the size of the QMS housing has only a very small effect on QMS behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.