Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Mitochondrial-Associated Indices in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Obesity is a significant health problem with an increasing incidence, causing a low-grade systemic inflammatory state and being implicated in various chronic diseases. Moreover, obesity has been shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress and inflammation, eventually affecting energy metabolism. However, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve mitochondrial efficiency through exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine the potential effects of HIIT on mitochondrial-associated indices in obese and overweight adults. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched. RESULTS Twenty-eight eligible studies were included, involving 530 participants. HIIT was found to significantly improve the activity of citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome C (COX-IV), beta-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase (β-HAD), Complexes I-V as well as VO2max in overweight and obese individuals, whereas no significant changes were shown in PGC-1α and SIRT1. Interestingly, subgroup analyses revealed that CS, COX-IV, β-HAD, and Complexes I-V activity exhibited a significant improvement only in the healthy subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Overall, HIIT can be utilized to enhance mitochondrial-associated indices in overweight and obese individuals. However, this improvement may be health status dependent.
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning

We introduce a new approach to regression with imprecisely observed data, combining likelihood inference with ideas from imprecise probability theory, and thereby taking different kinds of uncertainty into account. The approach is very general: it provides a uniform theoretical framework for regression analysis with imprecise data, where all kinds of relationships between the variables of interest may be considered and all types of imprecisely observed data are allowed. Furthermore, we propose a regression method based on this approach, where no para- metricdistributionalassumptionisneededandlikelihood-basedintervalestimatesofquan-tiles of the residuals distribution are used to identify a set of plausible descriptions of the relationship of interest. Thus, the proposed regression method is very robust and yields a set-valued result, whose extent is determined by the amounts of both kinds of uncertainty involved in the regression problem with imprecise data: statistical uncertainty and indeter-mination. In addition, we apply our robust regression method to an interesting question in the social sciences by analyzing data from a social survey. As result we obtain a large set of plausible relationships, reﬂecting the high uncertainty inherent in the analyzed data set.
Determining the timing of formation of the Rawil Depression in the Helvetic Alps by palaeomagnetic and structural methods

Abstract Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, palaeomagnetism and structural methods are used in order to test the relative timing of antiform updoming and formation of the Rawil Depression in the Helvetic Alps. Samples were collected from all nappes currently exposed in the study region. The magnetic fabric is consistent with extension oblique and parallel to the regional fold trend and with palaeostress reconstructions from fault planes and veins. Palaeomagnetic analyses show a stable characteristic remanence (ChRM), with samples recording both normal and reverse polarity. A successful fold test performed across the antiformal dome structure suggests that the palaeomagnetic signal was acquired prior to doming. By comparison with thermochronometric data, the ChRM was acquired between 25 and 10 Ma and is pre- to synfolding. A secondary post-doming palaeomagnetic component (A), whose magnetization is likely to have occurred between 10 and 3.5 Ma, appears to be too steep with regards to the inclination of the Earth's field, suggesting recent large-scale tilting has occurred in the region. These combined analyses indicate that widespread orogen-parallel extension occurred prior to the formation of the Rawil Depression, which is finally interpreted as the result of a stepover structure at the curvature between Central and Western Alps.
Mechanisms of differentiation in the Skaergaard Intrusion

Thanks to its magnificent exposures and extraordinary petrologic development, the Skaergaard Intrusion provides an excellent test for three basic mechanisms of crystal-liquid fractionation: diffusive exchange, compaction, convective exchange. (1) Diffusive exchange at the solidification front does not seem to have played a major role, for no obvious difference is seen in the behavior of components of widely differing diffusivities. The effects of diffusion were probably masked by porous flow of the interstitial liquid. (2) Compaction and 'filter pressing' of residual liquids can be tested by comparing concentrations of incompatible elements in parts of the intrusion that crystallized in different orientations with respect to gravity. The contrast between the large concentrations of these elements in the Upper Border Series and consistently smaller abundances in the Layered Series, long thought to ‘be due to contamination of the upper levels with crustal rocks, is more likely a result of compaction that took place at the floor but not under the roof. (3) Convective exchange driven by differences in the compositional densities of the main magma and interstitial liquids seems to have been important at the steep walls and, to a lesser degree, under the roof. It may also have been responsible for a large compositional anomaly near the centre of the Layered Series where an iron-rich liquid percolated down through parts of Lower and Middle Zones. At later stages of crystallization when density relations were reversed, a buoyant liquid, rich in volatiles and incompatible elements, rose from the Layered Series and permeated the upper part of the intrusion. A liquid of this latter kind could have caused the pervasive metasomatic alteration seen in much of the Layered Series. In both compaction and convective exchange, re-equilibration and reactions between migrating liquids and early-formed crystals augmented permeabilities and brought about extensive compositional and textural changes. Although inhomogeneities in the initial magma could account for some of the compositional variations, the main trend of differentiation can be ascribed to a combination of compaction and convective fractionation. The convective flow was of two kinds, one of descending iron-rich liquids and another of more evolved rising liquids (and fluids) with low densities and large concentrations of incompatible elements. In the early stages, the proportions of iron-rich liquids were much greater than those of the silica-rich variety, and until the crystallization fronts converged at the Sandwich Horizon, the former made the greatest contribution to evolution of the main body of magma. As crystallization advanced, however, light, silica-rich liquids became more important; they permeated the Upper Border Series and much of the upper part of the Layered Series. This late-stage liquid continued to differentiate after the crystallization fronts met; a secondary Sandwich Horizon was formed where incompatible elements reach maximum concentrations in the lower part of the Upper Border Series.
The use of the pragmatic marker 'like' by Irish teenagers: Is it a girl thing?

The innovative use of 'like' as a pragmatic marker has generated much discussion in linguistic circles in recent times. This study sets out to explore this linguistic phenomenon, typically associated with teenagers and teenage girls in particular, in an Irish-English setting, in an attempt to determine how the marker is used by young Irish speakers and whether gender differentiated patterns of usage prevail, as has been suggested in some previous accounts. The findings of this research show that Irish teenagers use 'like' as a pragmatic marker in both an older, traditional pattern as in, 'I don't want any 'like' 'and in the newer American usage, as in, 'she's 'like' so weird'; with the latter type dominating teenage speech, although there is no evidence of gender bias for the general use of the marker in either of the two traditions of usage. 'Like' is used pragmatically to mark off a discrepancy between a speaker's thought and its conceptualisation and as a result, contributes to utterance interpretation. It also acts as a marker of minimum politeness and as such reflects the broader socio-cultural context of use. Thus, 'like' plays a unique pragmatic role in the discourse of young Irish-English speakers.
ENERGY SECURITY OF CHINA, INDIA, THE E.U. AND THE U.S. UNDER LONG-TERM SCENARIOS: RESULTS FROM SIX IAMs

This paper assesses energy security in three long-term energy scenarios (business as usual development, a projection of Copenhagen commitments, and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario) as modeled in six integrated assessment models: GCAM, IMAGE, MESSAGE, ReMIND, TIAM-ECN and WITCH. We systematically evaluate long-term vulnerabilities of vital energy systems of four major economies: China, the European Union (E.U.), India and the U.S., as expressed by several characteristics of energy trade, resource extraction, and diversity of energy options. Our results show that climate policies are likely to lead to significantly lower global energy trade and reduce energy imports of major economies, decrease the rate of resource depletion, and increase the diversity of energy options. China, India and the E.U. would derive particularly strong benefits from climate policies, whereas the U.S. may forego some opportunities to export fossil fuels in the second half of the century.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning is an approach to artificial intelligence that emphasizes learning by the individual from its interaction with its environment. This contrasts with classical approaches to artificial intelligence and machine learning, which have downplayed learning from interaction, focusing instead on learning from a knowledgeable teacher, or on reasoning from a complete model of the environment. Modern reinforcement learning research is highly interdisciplinary; it includes researchers specializing in operations research, genetic algorithms, neural networks, psychology, and control engineering. Reinforcement learning is learning what to do—how to map situations to actions—so as to maximize a scalar reward signal. The learner is not told which action to take, as in most forms of machine learning, but instead must discover which actions yield the most reward by trying them. In the most interesting and challenging cases, actions may affect not only the immediate reward, but also the next situation, and through that all subsequent rewards. These two characteristics—trial-and-error search and delayed reward—are the two most important distinguishing features of reinforcement learning. One of the challenges that arises in reinforcement learning and not in other kinds of learning is the tradeoff between exploration and exploitation. To obtain a lot of reward, a reinforcement learning agent must prefer actions that it has tried in the past and found to be effective in producing reward. But to discover which actions these are it has to select actions that it has not tried before. The agent has to exploit what it already knows in order to obtain reward, but it also has to explore in order to make better action selections in the future. The dilemma is that neither exploitation nor exploration can be pursued exclusively without failing at the task. Modern reinforcement learning research uses the formal framework of
Compound Geotechnical Disaster in Aomori Prefecture and Northern Iwate Prefecture due to the Earthquake and Tsunami

東北地方太平洋沖地震は，その地震動および津波によって東日本の広範囲で甚大な被害をもたらした。 本論文は，青森県三八上北地方および岩手県北部において発生した地盤災害に対しての調査結果をまとめたものである. 調査地域の範囲内では地震そのものより複合性のある被害（例：津波による地盤災害や液状化による被害など）が顕著であった. 本論文では, 特に地震動, 押し波, 引き波および構造物の構造形式などを着眼とした太平洋沿岸部の被害について述べる.
Magmatic unconformities and stratigraphic relations in the Peridotite zone, Stillwater Complex, Montana

New stratigraphic relations between cumulate layers and units are documented in the Peridotite zone of the Stillwater Complex, a late Archean mafic to ultramafic layered intrusion exposed along the northern edge of the Beartooth uplift, Montana. First, low-angle unconformities occur between all types of successive stratigraphic units and at all scales within the Peridotite zone. Second, new stratigraphic units and divisions, based on the unconformities and type of cumulate layering, within the Peridotite zone are proposed and are correlated with published stratigraphic columns. The stratigraphic units, identified on the basis of rock type(s) and contacts with adjacent units, from smallest to largest are cyclic units, multicyclic units, megacyclic groups, and subzones. The three larger units are usually bounded by low-angle magmatic unconformities. The three subzones and five of the six megacyclic groups identified in the Peridotite zone can be traced over a distance of 17.7 mi (28.3 km). The stratigraphic relations in the Peridotite zone indicate that low-angle crosscutting magmatic unconformities occur at all scales and that lateral variations within and between the identified stratigraphic units are common. The relations suggest an extremely dynamic and rapidly changing environment during formation of the Peridotite zone. Overprinted on the stratigraphic relations is a larger evolution of cumulus rock types in the Peridotite zone from more primitive stratigraphic units dominated by olivine and olivine-bronzite cumulates to more evolved stratigraphic units dominated by bronzite and bronzite-olivine cumulates. Several major magmatic, or possibly structural, events appear to have affected the Peridotite zone during its formation, as indicated by thickness- variation patterns in megacyclic groups and subzones. The thickest massive chromite layers in the Peridotite zone are associated with two of the major magmatic events.
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans

This eighteen issue of DIALOGO [2023.10. 1] is dedicated to the general purpose of our endeavor, i.e., building a valuable and non-utopic dialogue between all science domains and as many theologies and spiritualities as possible. At the same time, we wanted to bring to the attention of the participants of this session a topic of increasing importance for human society and its not-too-distant future: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans. Finally, DIALOGO collects several articles related to artificial intelligence, consciousness, and other research valuable for the general purpose. We begin our effort with the question, "Is there any threat to human safety or our future existence, or is this lack only a fear of the unknown, otherwise unjustified (currently)? "
Globally synchronous extinction of the radiolarian Stylatractus universus

Through comparison of the extinction level of Stylatractus universus with the δO 18 record in widespread high- and low-latitude deep-sea cores, we show that this level is globally synchronous. It occurs in the lower one-third of the isotopic transition between isotope Stages 12 and 11. Several independent estimates of the date of this extinction converge on 410,000 ± 5,000 yr ago. This biostratigraphic datum is now well dated and is globally synchronous.
EngagedScholarship@CSU EngagedScholarship@CSU

An argument is developed that the purported collectivism in Japanese society generates stronger social bonds in Japan than in the more individualistic United States, which might then explain the lower level of deviance often found in Japan. We test this using survey data from samples of Japanese and American college students on measures of deviance and social bonds. Results indicate that Japanese students engage in significantly less deviance than Americans, and
An upbringing to violence? Identifying the likelihood of violent crime among the 1966 birth cohort in Denmark

Why do some boys develop into troublesome youths who eventually get sentenced for violent crimes? In planning a strategy to fight violent crime, it is important to identify significant risk factors for violent criminal behaviour among adolescents and young men. In this study information from population-based registers covers various aspects both for children, aged between 15 and 27 years, and their parents: health (mental and physical), education, social networks, family violence, self-destructive behaviour, parental alcohol or drug abuse, and unemployment. First-time convicted offenders have an increased risk of coming from seriously disadvantaged families; they also seem to be characterized by unstable education and employment records (e.g. not graduating, no vocational training), occasional work, or long-term unemployment.
A comparative assessment of biodiversity, fisheries, and aquaculture in 53 countries' Exclusive Economic Zones.

Alder, J. and D. Pauly. (Editors). 2008. A comparative assessment of biodiversity, fisheries and aquaculture in 53 countries' exclusive economic zones. Ranking maritime countries by the sustainability of their fisheries………………………………………………. …. …13 There are increasing concerns about the sustainability of the seafood we consume and about the environmental impact of fisheries, as attested by the growing popularity of initiatives such as the Monterey Bay Aquarium's and similar wallet cards, and the fisheries certification scheme run by the Marine Stewardship Council. However, the sustainability of fisheries is not only a matter of how they are managed, but also of the health of the ecosystems in which they are embedded. There are at present no practical schemes for assessing the health of ecosystems, even if the concept could be defined rigorously. What is proposed in this report, instead, are a set of indicators which may capture how much countries attempt to do towards managing their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs; usually including several exploited marine ecosystems) and, to a certain extent, how well they succeed in doing so. The EEZs of most countries are used for economic, recreational and cultural purposes, and the impacts from these uses vary across countries. The indicators presented here addressed a number of challenges. Foremost among them was to identify the components of the marine ecosystems that needed to, and could be, tracked by indicators. The second challenge was to design, apply and test selected indicators, notably with regard to their ability to produce, when aggregated, an overall indicator of how well individual countries are managing the biodiversity and the living resources within their EEZs. These challenges could be met, thanks to the dedication of a number of authors, but also because previous work by the Sea Around Us Project had generated precursors to several of the indicators presented here, and databases enabling estimation of their values for most countries. The work of Dr. Pitcher and collaborators, on countries' compliance with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries paved our way, notably regarding the selection of countries to be included in this first analysis. The 53 countries included here represent over 95 % of the world catch. Jointly, they ensure that this report presents more than a pilot study for a sample of countries. The aggregate indicator presented in the first chapter of this report synthesizes 14 specific indicators, jointly covering the major areas of concern with regard to …
Degradability and utilization of dietary nitrogen sources commonly fed to dairy cows

Various forages commonly provided to dairy cattle were fed to cannulated steers in order to study dietary nitrogen breakdown and ut i l i z a t i o n . Feed intake and apparent dige s t i b i l i t y of dry matter, fibre and nitrogen were monitored as well as microbial nitrogen production in the rumen. Two Holstein and two Ayrshire steers, each fitted with a re-entrant duodenal cannula were used. Two of the steers were also used before the cannulae were fi t t e d . Five different forages were investigated: low quality grass hay (1.7%N), a l f a l f a cubes (2.3%N), high quality grass hay (2.7%N), Italian ryegrass (1.7%N) and orchard grass (2.1%N). For each forage, each steer was allowed a two-week adaptation period followed by a four-day digestiblity collection period. Fecal samples were obtained daily, and digesta samples were collected at the duodenum three times daily. Unfortunately, due to illnesses, only one steer was able to complete a l l of the diges t i b i l i t y t r i a l s with a l l of the forages. When low quality hay and al f a l f a cubes were given, cannulation had no effect (p>.05) on feed intake or apparent dige s t i b i l i t y of fibre and nitrogen. Only apparent digestiblity of dry matter was higher (p<.05) for the intact steers. Feed intake, and apparent di g e s t i b i l i t y of dry matter and nitrogen were greater (p<.05) for the higher nitrogen (al f a l f a cube) diet. Forage type had no effect (p>.05) on feed intake, and apparent dige s t i b i l i t y of dry matter and fibre when any of the forages were given to cannulated steers. Nitrogen apparent
Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician D. clingani and P. linearis graptolite biozones on the Island of Bornholm, Denmark

The last decade saw a revival of the debate on the exact stratigraphical position of the Upper Ordovician P. linearis graptolite biozone. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy can be useful to help address this question. Here, we provide a high-resolution chitinozoan biostratigraphy through the Dicellograptus Shale Formation at Vasagård on the Island of Bornholm (Denmark), which recently also was subject to a thorough revision of its graptolite fauna, representing the Dicellograptus folicaceus, Dicranograptus clingani and Pleurograptus linearis biozones. We have identified close to 9000 individual chitinozoan vesicles from 26 samples through the upper c. 9m of the Dicellograptus Shale Formation. The Spinachitina cervicornis, Fungochitina spinifera and Tanuchitina bergstroemi chitinozoan biozones are identified, and their boundaries carefully calibrated against the revised graptolite biostratigraphy. A correlation with the chitinozoan biozonation in the British Cautley district, which has a predominantly Baltoscandian, mid-latitude signature and is well-correlated with the graptolite and shelly fauna biozones described from the historical type region, is established.
FISHING GEAR AND FISH CATCH ASSESSMENT ALONG THE OTI RIVER AT AGBASAKOPE IN KRACHI EAST DISTRICT OF VOLTA REGION, GHANA

Rivers are a great source of fish and contribute significantly to the fish consumed by many Ghanaians. However, catches from rivers have declined over the past few decades partly due to various illegal fishing activities. The study was conducted on the Oti River at Agbasakope in Krachi East District in the Volta Region of Ghana from December, 2013 to March, 2014 to assess gears used and fish catches in order to provide technical information for sustainable exploitation of fish. Fishing gears were identified through personal observation. Fish catch data was obtained from randomly selected commercial fishermen once in a month. The results revealed that fishing gears such as atidza net, beach seine net, bamboo traps and gillnets were used. Gillnet was the most dominant fishing gear (47%) and the least used gear was atidza net (8%). The total average monthly fish catch was estimated as 10,027.9 kg during the period of study. Forty-six (46) fish species belonging to twelve (12) families were identified. Ten (10) species were caught from the family Cichlidae. Claroteidae was the most relatively abundant family (49.1%) with Chrysichthys auratus (20.1%) registering the highest percentage abundance in terms of number. Most fishing gears used by the fishermen did not conform to those legally allowed by the Fisheries Directorate for inland capture fisheries. Ban on use of unauthorised fishing gears should be enforced to increase fish production on a sustainable basis from the River Oti. Keywords : Fish, Fishing gears, Catch, Fishermen and Oti River