Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross‐resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the B‐type Bemisia tabaci

Abstract: To understand the risk of resistance and the possible mechanisms of resistance to abamectin in B‐type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) better, a resistant strain of B. tabaci was selected in the laboratory and cross‐resistance pattern and resistance mechanisms to abamectin were investigated. The NJ‐Abm strain of B. tabaci was derived from a field population (NJ) collected in Nanjing, China in 2002 with 18 generations of selection with abamectin in the laboratory. Compared with the unselected NJ strain, the selected NJ‐Abm strain developed 14.5‐fold resistance to abamectin and showed significant cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate (4.4‐fold) and imidacloprid (3.4‐fold), but no cross‐resistance to fipronil. The oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and glutathione S‐transferase inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) produced significant synergism on abamectin in the NJ‐Abm strain (with synergistic ratios of 3.9‐ and 4.1‐fold respectively); however, the esterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate (TPP) did not act synergistically with abamectin. Biochemical analysis confirmed that P450 monooxygenase activity and glutathione S‐transferase activity of the NJ‐Abm strain were elevated to 2.1‐ and 2.0‐fold, respectively, compared with that of the NJ strain. This indicated that enhanced metabolism mediated by P450 monooxygenase and glutathione S‐transferase is likely to be involved in abamectin resistance and cross‐resistance to imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate in the NJ‐Abm strain.
Cambios en el uso de la tierra en Argentina y Uruguay: marcos conceptuales para su análisis

El ser humano modifica el territorio para llevar a cabo actividades productivas o construir viviendas. Estas modificaciones producen importantes cambios en la estructura y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, afectando en última instancia la propia calidad de vida de las personas. En este artículo en primer término describimos algunos de los cambios ocurridos en el uso de la tierra en buena parte de Argentina y Uruguay. Utilizamos conjuntamente información aportada por estadísticas oficiales de ambos países y datos resultantes del procesamiento y clasificación de imágenes satelitales. Nuestros análisis muestran que tanto el área agrícola como forestal se han expandido en los últimos años. En Argentina, la mayor expansión la tuvieron los cultivos anuales (desde un 4% a un 14.3%, entre 1988 y 2002) y particularmente la soja, tanto en la provincia de Buenos Aires como en las provincias del Norte Argentino. En Uruguay la mayor expansión entre los censos de 1990 y 2000, estuvo dada por los cultivos forestales, los cuales llegaron a ocupar más del 35 % del área de algunas secciones censales. Luego del 2000, la expansión de la soja también afectó el litoral uruguayo, donde varias secciones censales aumentaron su área de soja a tasas cercanas al 5% anual. En segundo término, presentamos el marco conceptual a los efectos de entender los procesos que determinan estos cambios y examinar su dinámica espacial y temporal. En base a este marco conceptual es posible modelar los cambios en el uso de la tierra a partiendo de la probabilidad de transición entre usos. Los controles de estas transiciones pueden ser ambientales (por ej. tipos de suelos, clima, etc.), económicos (por ej. margen bruto, precios internacionales, etc), sociales (por ej. disponibilidad de mano de obra, tenencia de la tierra, etc.), o políticos (por ej. la ley forestal, política impositiva, líneas de créditos, etc.). Finalmente usando la idea de servicios ecosistémicos presentamos un marco conceptual para la planificación del uso de la tierra considerando sus impactos ambientales, sociales, económicos y políticos.
COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MICROMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE GENUS PAPAVER SECT. OXYTONA (PAPAVERACEAE) AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS

The leaf epidermal structure of seven taxa from the genus Papaver L. sect. Oxytona are investigated. All taxa have the type of anomocytic stomata on abaxial surface and no stomata is present on the adaxial surface. Within the section, the species and interspecific hybrids could be identified by the following characters: stomata size, the shape of the epidermal cells and anticlinal walls on leaf abaxial surface. Seed characteristics of the species of this section were studied using scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscope. Seeds are reniform or sometimes falcate; the epidermal cells shape varies from polygonal and rectangular to irregular polygonal and rectangular; anticlinal walls are nearly straight in P. bracteatum and slightly sinuate in P. orientale and P. setiferum. The sculpturing pattern of testa is granulate-perforate in all taxa. Pollen grains size of seven taxa and the exine structure of P. bracteatum and P. lasiothrix were studied by SEM. P. bracteatum has the smallest pollen grains and P. setiferum × P. bracteatum the largest pollen. The basic shape of the pollen grains is prolate-spheroidal. The aperture is tri-to tetracolpate. Moreover, taxonomically important characters of taxa were observed and measured. A positive correlation is found between stomata and pollen grains size and chromosome number. Our results revealed that seed morphological characteristics have not taxonomic value in separation of taxa from each other. Also, P. lasiothrix could be reduced as synonymy of P. bracteatum. Interspecific hybrid of P. setiferum × P. bracteatum is recorded here for the first time from NW Iran. For these taxa, taxonomical characteristics, localities and geographical distributions are presented.
Absence of DNA Polymorphisms in Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Relation to their Host Plants

DNA polymorphisms were analyzed for 8 clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). The insect has different host preferences and was even classified into two different species, M. persicae Sulzer and Myzus nicotinae Blackman by their morphological characters, but this point is still in arguement. To identify the differences between two types of the green peach aphid by RAPD-PCR, the template DNA was extracted from 4 clones each of tobacco-feeding and non-tobacco-feeding forms and one hundred primers of 10-nucleotideslong were tested in PCR. The amplified DNAs were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Eighty-three primers gave amplified DNA fragments with 1 to 22 in number and 500 to 20,000 base pairs in length, but no amplification was observed in the other 17 primers. The average number of fragment per each amplification was about 13. In the case of 82 out of 83 random primers, band patterns of amplified DNA were identical among 8 clones, even though some differences were noticed in the intensity of specific bands. Polymorphism was detected by only one primer within the tobacco-feeding forms, but not between the two host types. The results did not detect any relationship between RAPD polymorphism and their host preference.
The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment

pathways, germination, and establishment con­ ditions. Generally plants with C3 photosynthetic pathways—most woody vegetation—respond strongly to winter rainfall, while those with C4 photosynthetic pathways—many grasses and most chenopods—respond to summer rain­ fall. Protracted seasonal droughts therefore would differentially affect these groups.The past decades of longer growing seasons char­ acterized by warm, wet springs have been ideal for tree growth in the uplands, a surge in woody plant recruitment at all elevations, and the spread of winter-flowering, non-native grasses in the Sonoran Desert. Historically carbon stor­ age has increased in all of the region's ecosys­ tems unaffected directly by urban development. Landscape rephotography spanning the last 130 years documents increases in above-ground biomass, particularly since the 1960s. Protract­ ed future drought, however, may cause wide­ spread death of individual plants, as occurred during the 1950s drought in New Mexico.
Antioxidant activities of Thai pigmented rice cultivars and application in sunflower oil

Summary An analytical comparison for active chemical compounds and their antioxidant activities between three representative pigmented Thai rice cultivars was performed. It was revealed that the darkest purple-red cultivar (Kum Doi Musur, KDM) contained the highest total phenolic content of 1164.6 mg gallic acid equivalent per100 g (dry basis, db) and the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content of 381.7 mg per100 g (db), when compared with the purple cultivar (Riceberry) and the red cultivar (Sungyod). Its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were also the highest. When applied in sunflower oil, the KDM crude extract was efficiently capable of retarding lipid peroxidation as assessed by peroxide value, p-anisidine value, totox value and the Rancimat method. Results show this specific pigmented rice to be a potent antioxidant for stabilisation of sunflower oil.
Growth Retardants Affect Growth and Flowering of Scaevola

The effects of concentration and method of application of uniconazole on growth and flowering of Scaevola aemula R. Br. 'New Wonder', 'Mini Pink Fan', 'Purple Fan', and 'Royal Fan',Scaevola albida (Sm.) Druce. White Fan', and Scaevola striata 'Colonial Fan' were studied, as was the efficacy of four other growth retardants on S. aemula 'New Wonder'. Variables measured included plant width, flower stem number, flower stem length, flower number per stem, flower number per cm stem length, and days to flower. Uniconazole (1.0 mg.L -1 ) applied as a medium drench to S. aemula 'New Wonder' reduced plant width and flower stem length without affecting flower stem number or time to flower. Flower number per stem and number of flowers per cm of stem length were increased, resulting in attractive, compact clusters of flowers. Paclobutrazol medium drench at 4.0 mg.L -1 gave similar results. Daminozide and ethephon sprays reduced plant width; however, flower number was reduced and ethephon delayed flowering. Ancymidol did not affect the parameters measured. When uniconazole drenches were applied to the other cultivars, plant width and flower stem length in all cultivars except White Fan' decreased as rate increased. Spray applications reduced plant width of all cultivars except 'Mini Pink Fan'. Flower stem length was not affected in any cultivar. Flowering habit was improved more in S. aemula 'New Wonder', 'Purple Fan', and 'Royal Fan' than in the other cultivars. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(s)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).
Activation of NF‐κB p50/p65 is regulated in the developing mammary gland and inhibits STAT5‐mediated β‐casein gene expression

The NF‐κB family of transcription factors regulates diverse cellular functions such as immune response and cell growth and development, and has been reported to be constitutively active in a variety of mammary carcinoma cell lines. However, its role in normal mammary gland development has not been addressed. In our study, we detected devel‐opmentally regulated NF‐κB activity in the mammary gland of mice. During pregnancy, DNA binding activity of NF‐κB p50/p65 increased until day 16 postcoitum and decreased with the onset of lactation, most likely due to reduced p50 and p65 protein levels in the nucleus. Cotransfection experiments performed with 293 cells revealed an inhibition of the prolactin receptor/JAK2/STAT5 pathway by NF‐κB. In HC11 cells, NF‐κB p50/p65 activity was inversely correlated with prolactin‐induced STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, expression of endogenous β‐casein gene, and of a transfected β‐casein gene promoter reporter construct. This indicates a negative cross talk between NF‐κB and the prolactin receptor/JAK2/STAT5 activation pathway, which occurs at the level of STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation. Our results provide evidence for a role of NF‐κBui normal mammary gland development, and indicate its function as a negative regulator of β‐casein gene expression during pregnancy by interfering with STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation. —Geymayer, S. , Doppler, W. Activation of NF‐κB p50/p65 is regulated in the developing mammary gland and inhibits STAT5‐mediated β‐casein gene expression. FASEB J. 14, 1159–1170 (2000)
The Evolutionary synthesis : perspectives on the unification of biology

Preface, 1998 Preface to the Original Edition Prologue: Some Thoughts on the History of the Evolutionary Synthesis Ernst Mayr Part One: Different Biological Disciplines and the Synthesis Genetics Introduction William B. Provine Theoretical Population Genetics in the Evolutionary Synthesis Richard C. Lewontin Cytology Introduction William B. Provine The Evolution of Genetic Systems: Contributions of Cytology to Evolutionary Theory C.D. Darlington Cytology in the T.H. Morgan School Alexander Weinstein Cytogenetics and the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis Hampton L. Carson Embryology Introduction William B. Provine Embryology and the Modern Synthesis in Evolutionary Theory Viktor Hamburger The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and the Biogenetic Law Frederick B. Churchill Systematics The Role of Systematics in the Evolutionary Synthesis Ernst Mayr Botany Introduction Ernst Mayr Botany and the Synthetic Theory of Evolution G. Ledyard Stebbins Paleontology Introduction Ernst Mayr G.G. Simpson, Paleontology, and the Modern Synthesis Stephen Jay Gould Morphology Introduction Ernst Mayr Morphology in the Evolutionary Synthesis William Coleman The Failure of Morphology to Assimilate Darwinism Michael T. Ghiselin Severtsov and Schmalhausen: Russian Morphology and the Evolutionary Synthesis Mark B. Adams Part Two: The Synthesis in Different Countries Soviet Union The Birth of the Genetic Theory of Evolution in the Soviet Union in the 1920s Theodosius Dobzhansky Sergei Chetverikov, the Kol'tsov Institute, and the Evolutionary Synthesis Mark B. Adams Germany Introduction Ernst Mayr Historical Development of the Present Synthetic Neo-Darwinism in Germany Bernhard Rensch Evolutionary Theory in Germany: A Comment Viktor Hamburger France Introduction Ernst Mayr Evolutionary Biology in France at the Time of the Evolutionary Synthesis Ernest Boesiger The Arrival of Neo-Darwinism in France Ernst Mayr A Second Glance at Evolutionary Biology in France Camille Limoges England Introduction William B. Provine Some Recollections Pertaining to the Evolutionary Synthesis E.B. Ford Lamarckism in Britain and the United States Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr. A Note on W.L. Tower's Leptinotarsa Work Alexander Weinstein United States Introduction William B. Provine The Evolutionary Synthesis: Morgan and Natural Selection Revisited Garland E. Allen Hypotheses That Blur and Grow Hampton L. Carson Part Three: Final Considerations Interpretive Issues in the Evolutionary Synthesis Introduction William B. Provine The Meaning of the Evolutionary Synthesis Dudley Shapere Epilogue William B. Provine Biographical Essays How I Became a Darwinian Ernst Mayr Curt Stem Ernst Mayr J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher, and William Bateson C.D. Darlington Morgan and the Theory of Natural Selection Alexander Weinstein Morgan and His School in the 1930s Theodosius Dobzhansky G.G. Simpson Ernst Mayr Contributors Conference Participants Index
In-vitro screening of some chemicals and biocontrol agents against Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, the causal agent of soft rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum).

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was isolated from the infected potato tuber and was identified by pathological, morphological and biochemical studies. Five chemicals viz. Cupravit 50 WP (Copper oxychloride), Sulcox 50 WP (Copper oxychloride), Champion 77 WP (Copper hydroxide), Indofil M- 45 (Mancozeb) and Bavistin 50 WP (Carbendazim) and five biocontrol agents viz. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens , Rhizobium leguminosarum, Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus were screened out in vitro against the growth of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by well diffusion method measuring the inhibition zone. Among the chemicals, Sulcox 50 WP (Copper oxychloride) was highly effective against it with 31.00 mm inhibition zone after 48 hours of incubation at 0.2% concentration when 100 μl/well was used. In case of biocontrol agents, Bacillus subtilis was the best against the bacterium with 16.67 mm inhibition zone after 48 hours of incubation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/agric.v11i2. 17480 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 1-9
Internal Cave Gating for Protection of Colonies of the Endangered Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens)

–Persistent human disturbance is a major cause for the decline in populations of many cave-dwelling bats and other sensitive cave-obligate organisms. Cave gating has been used to eliminate human disturbance, but few studies have assessed directly the impact of such management activities on resident bats. In northeastern Oklahoma, USA, 25 entrances of caves inhabited by two endangered species and one endangered subspecies of bats are protected from human entry with internal gates. Because cave gates may impede ingress and egress of bats at caves, we evaluated the impacts of internal gates before and after their construction at six colonies of endangered gray bats (Myotis grisescens) from 1981 to 2001. No caves were abandoned by gray bats after the construction of internal gates; in fact, total numbers of gray bats using the six caves increased from 60,130 in 1981 to 70,640 in 2001. Two caves harbored more gray bats after gating, and three caves had no change in gray bat numbers after gating. We also compared initiations of emergences at three gated and three open-passage caves in June and July 1999–2000. No differences in timing of initiation of emergence were found between colonies in gated versus open-passage caves. Our results support the use of internal gates to protect and thereby enhance recovery of colonies of endangered gray bats. Additional research is encouraged to confirm that our observations on gray bats are generally applicable to other species of cave-dwelling bats.
Lethal effect of high temperatures on the eggs of Fasciola hepatica

39.9%, respectively, and these values in the group incubated at 45°C were 46%, 42.5% and 33.7%, as well. However, in the case of incubation at 50°C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h, these values were recorded as 1.96%, 0.57%, 0.07%, 0.00% and 0.00%, respectively. The results indicated that the eggs were susceptible to high temperatures and incubation of the eggs at 50°C for 4 h was enough to significantly inactivate the eggs and prevent miracidial formation (P<0.001). However, using the livestock faeces as fertilizer in many rural areas may lead to the contamination of pasture. According to the findings of this study, in the areas with a high prevalence rate of Fasciola hepatica, manure storage for a sufficient time or heating the livestock manure before use as fertilizer is strongly recommended.
Reaction norms of Arabidopsis. V. Flowering time controls phenotypic architecture in response to nutrient stress

The evolutionary and environmental stability of character correlations has increasingly been the focus of ecological and quantitative genetic studies. Although the genetic stability of character correlations is a central assumption of quantitative genetic models of phenotypic evolution, theoretical considerations suggest that both the genetic and the phenotypic architecture should change in response to selection and to environmental heterogeneity. We investigate genetic (population) differences and plasticity to nutrient availability of the phenotypic architecture describing the whole‐plant phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae). We found significant genetic differences among early and late flowering ecotypes in the relationships between several traits, when a path‐analytical model was used to estimate character correlations. Furthermore, we found significant plasticity of several path coefficients when nutrient levels were altered. A whole‐plant analysis considering all paths in the model simultaneously confirmed that populations of A. thaliana are characterized by distinct phenotypic architectures, and that these are altered in different ways by environmental changes. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of selective pressure on and response by multivariate phenotypes.
The World's Zoogeographical Regions Confirmed by Cross-Taxon Analyses

The world's zoogeographical regions were historically defined on an intuitive basis, with no or a limited amount of analytical testing. Here, we aimed (a) to compare analytically defined global zoogeographical clusters for the herpetofauna, birds, mammals, and all these groups taken together (tetrapod vertebrates); (b) to use commonalities among these groups to propose an updated global zoogeographical regionalization; and (c) to describe the resulting regions in terms of vertebrate diversity and characteristic taxa. The clusters were remarkably uniform across taxa and similar to previous intuitively defined regions. Eleven vertebrate-rich (Nearctic, Caribbean, Neotropical, Andean, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Madagascan, Indo-Malaysian, Wallacean, New Guinean, Australian) and three vertebrate-poor (Arctic, Antarctic, Polynesian) zoogeographical regions were derived; the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Australian had the highest numbers of characteristic tetrapod genera. This updated regionalization provides analytically accurate divisions of the world, relevant to conservation, biogeographical research, and geography education.
Biological control of the wheat root rot caused by Fusarium graminearum using some PGPR strains in Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selected bacterial strains against the wheat soil-borne pathogen Fusarium graminearum under greenhouse conditions. The most potent isolates were 3 isolates out of 18 isolates, which have numbers 3, 9 and 10 with in vitro inhibition index 42.5%, 41.3% and 46.3% respectively. Isolates 3 and 10 were selected for the following experiments. Isolates 3 and 10 were identified as Bacillus subtilis MAA03 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MAA10, respectively according to International Identification Keys and, confirmed by using Biolog system and 16S rDNA where the strains exhibited more than 99.5% sequence identity. Their close taxonomic relationship was further documented by phenotypic similarities. The using of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens separately or in mixture as biocontrol agent against F. graminearum on wheat significantly increased the final germination percent, the mean daily germination and germination index of wheat cultivar, while the mean germination time was significantly decreased relative to infested control. The final infection percent, the mean daily infection and infection index were decreased significantly, while the mean infection time was significantly increased relative to infested control. The use of P. fluorescens as biocontrol agent was the most efficient than B. subtilis or in mixture and the best treatment was seed coating. The application of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens separately or in combination significantly affected the growth parameters of wheat cultivar Tabuki, the root length was significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments, while non-significantly decreased in case of soil drench treatment relative to infested control. Shoot length was significantly decreased in case of seed coating treatment relative to infested control. The shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments relative to infested control. The root fresh and dry weights were significantly increased in seed coating and seed soaking treatments relative to infested control. The number of leaves was significantly increased in all treatments relative to infested control.