Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rough set methods and applications: new developments in knowledge discovery in information systems

1. Introduction. - Introducing the Book. - 1. A Rough Set Perspective on Knowledge Discovery in Information Systems: An Essay on the Topic of the Book. - 2. Methods and Applications: Reducts, Similarity, Mereology. - 2. Rough Set Algorithms in Classification Problem. - 3. Rough Mereology in Information Systems. A Case Study: Qualitative Spatial Reasoning. - 4. Knowledge Discovery by Application of Rough Set Models. - 5. Various Approaches to Reasoning with Frequency Based Decision Reducts: A Survey. - 3. Methods and Applications: Regular Pattern Extraction, Concurrency. - 6. Regularity Analysis and its Applications in Data Mining. - 7. Rough Set Methods for the Synthesis and Analysis of Concurrent Processes. - 4. Methods and Applications: Algebraic and Statistical Aspects, Conflicts, Incompleteness. - 8. Conflict Analysis. - 9. Logical and Algebraic Techniques for Rough Set Data Analysis. - 10. Statistical Techniques for Rough Set Data Analysis. - 11. Data Mining in Incomplete Information Systems from Rough Set Perspective. - 5. Afterword. - 12. Rough Sets and Rough Logic: A KDD Perspective. - Appendix: Selected Bibliofgraphy on Rough Sets.
Bounds for eigenfunctions of the Neumann p-Laplacian on noncompact Riemannian manifolds

Abstract Eigenvalue problems for the p-Laplace operator in domains with finite volume, on noncompact Riemannian manifolds, are considered. If the domain does not coincide with the whole manifold, Neumann boundary conditions are imposed. Sharp assumptions ensuring L q {L^{q}} - or L ∞ {L^{\infty}} -bounds for eigenfunctions are offered either in terms of the isoperimetric function or of the isocapacitary function of the domain.
Analytical and exact critical phenomena of d-dimensional singly spinning Kerr-AdS black holes

In the extended phase space, the $d$-dimensional singly spinning Kerr-anti--de Sitter black holes exhibit the van der Waals phase transition and reentrant phase transition. Since the black hole system is a single-characteristic-parameter system, we show that the form of the critical point can be uniquely determined by the dimensional analysis. When $d=4$, we get the analytical critical point. The coexistence curve and phase diagram are obtained. The result shows that the fitting form of the coexistence curve in the reduced parameter space is independent of the angular momentum. When $d=5--9$, the exact critical points are numerically solved. It demonstrates that when $d\ensuremath{\ge}6$, there are two critical points. However, the small one does not participate in the phase transition. Moreover, the exact critical reentrant phase transition points are also obtained. All the critical points are obtained without any approximation.
CO Outflows from Young Stars: Confronting the Jet and Wind Models

We have mapped the CO J = 1-0 emission from molecular outflows associated with five young stellar systems of class 0 to class II/III using the BIMA array and the FCRAO 14 m antenna. The systems, VLA 05487, HH 212, HH 240/241, HH 111, and RNO 91, are all relatively nearby and of low luminosity, and the majority have H2 emission or optical jet features. The CO outflow generally forms a shell structure around the outflow axis with the higher velocity emission further out from the source. Two distinctive kinematic features are evident in position-velocity (PV) diagrams: a parabolic structure originating at the driving source (e.g., VLA 05487 and HH 111) and a convex spur structure with the high-velocity tip near known H2 bow shocks (e.g., HH 212, HH 240/241 and HH 111). The parabolic PV structure can be produced by a wide-angle-wind model, while the velocity spur structure can be modeled with a jet-driven bow shock model. VLA 05487, which is not associated with any H2 bow shocks, shows only the parabolic structure and kinematics consistent with the wide-angle wind-driven model. HH 212, which is associated with a series of H2 bow shock structures, shows a striking morphological coincidence between the H2 and CO emission and velocity spurs in the PV diagram. It is our best example of the jet-driven bow shock model, and its kinematics can be qualitatively explained in that context. HH 240/241 is similar to HH 212 and shows a close relationship between the H2 and CO emission. The kinematics of its western lobe can also be explained with the jet-driven model. The kinematics of RNO 91 are similar to VLA 05487 and are broadly consistent with a wide-angle wind-driven model. HH 111 has both parabolic and spur PV structures, a combination that is not easily explained in the simplest version of either model. Thus, these observations provide examples of systems that support either the wide-angle wind-driven or jet-driven model in the simplest interpretation. More detailed calculations are needed to understand whether one model might be able to fit all systems. It is crucial to know if time-dependent or long-lived jet-driven bow shock models can produce the observed outflow widths and parabolic PV structures, or if a wide-angle wind can produce the shock features and velocity spur structures in our observations.
DIFFUSIVE COSMIC-RAY ACCELERATION IN SAGITTARIUS A*

Together, Fermi-LAT and HESS have revealed the presence of an unusual GeV–TeV source coincident with Sgr A* at the Galactic center. Its high-energy emission appears to be bimodal, hinting at an energizing process more sophisticated than mere shock acceleration. It has been suggested that this may be evidence of strong, rapid variability, as required if Sgr A*'s emission were responsible for the fluorescent X-ray echoes detected in nearby molecular clouds. In this Letter, however, we show that stochastic acceleration in a more realistic two-phase environment surrounding the central black hole can accommodate Sgr A*'s high-energy spectrum quite well. We therefore suggest that the Fermi-HESS data alone do not necessarily provide evidence for strong variability in Sgr A*.
Hydrodynamical study on the conversion of hadronic matter to quark matter. II. Diffusion-induced conversion

We study transitions of hadronic matter (HM) to three-flavor quark matter (3QM), regarding the conversion processes as combustion and describing them hydrodynamically. Under the assumption that HM is metastable with their free energies being larger than those of 3QM but smaller than those of two-flavor quark matter, we consider in this paper the conversion induced by diffusions of the seed 3QM. This is a sequel to our previous paper, in which the shock-induced conversion was studied in the same framework. We not only pay attention to the jump condition on both sides of the conversion front, but the structures inside the front are also considered by taking into account what happens during the conversion processes on the time scale of weak interactions. We employ for HM Shen's equation of state (EOS), which is based on the relativistic mean field theory, and the bag model-based EOS for quark matter just as in the previous paper. We demonstrated in that paper that in this combination of EOSs, the combustion will occur for a wide range of the bag constant and strong coupling constant in the so-called endothermic regime, in which the Hugoniot curve for combustion runs below the initial state. Elucidating the essential features of the diffusion-induced conversion both in the exothermic and endothermic regimes first by a toy model, we then analyze more realistic models. We find that weak deflagration nearly always occurs and that weak detonation is possible only when the diffusion constant is (unrealistically) large and the critical strange fraction is small. The velocities of the conversion front are $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}\char21{}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{s}$ depending on the initial temperature and density as well as the parameters in the quark matter EOS and become particularly small when the final state is in the mixed phase. Finally we study linear stability of the laminar weak-deflagration front and find that it is unstable in the exothermic regime (Darrius-Landau instability) but stable in the endothermic regime, which is quite contrary to the ordinary combustions.
THE PLANCK SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH VERSUS THE X-RAY VIEW OF THE COMA CLUSTER

The Planck collaboration has recently published precise and resolved measurements of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in Abell 1656 (the Coma cluster of galaxies), thus directly gauging the electron pressure profile in the intracluster plasma. On the other hand, such a quantity may be also derived from combining the density and temperature provided by X-ray observations of the thermal bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the plasma. We find a model-independent tension between the SZ and the X-ray pressure, with the SZ one being definitely lower by 15%–20%. We propose that such a challenging tension can be resolved in terms of an additional, non-thermal support to the gravitational equilibrium of the intracluster plasma. This can be straightforwardly included in our Supermodel, so as to fit in detail the Planck SZ profile while being consistent with the X-ray observables. Possible origins of the non-thermal component include cosmic-ray protons, ongoing turbulence, and relativistic electrons; given the existing observational constraints on the first two options, here we focus on the third. For this to be effective, we find that the electron population must include not only an energetic tail accelerated to γ ≳ 103 responsible for the Coma radiohalo, but also many more, lower energy electrons. The electron acceleration is to be started by merging events similar to those that provided the very high central entropy of the thermal intracluster plasma in Coma.
Reduced ribosome activity influences the non-uniform evolution of 16S rRNA hypervariable regions

16S rRNA gene sequences are commonly analyzed for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies because they contain hypervariable regions that can help distinguish different genera. However, intra-genus distinction is often difficult due to high sequence identities among closely related species. Although common tools for 16S sequence taxonomic classification weight residue variations equally during comparisons, specific residues within hypervariable regions have not drifted evenly through evolution, suggesting that portions of them may be biologically important. We developed an in vivo test system where 16S variants coexisted among natural ribosome populations which allowed their fitness to be evaluated. We found that versions with evolutionarily disparate hypervariable regions were underpopulated in ribosomes and active translation pools, even for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which indicates functional constraints to the free evolutionary drift of hypervariable regions. Using an in silico method (positional relative entropy), we analyzed over 12,000 16S V3-V4 sequences across Escherichia and Shigella strains and identified species that can be distinguished by position-specific SNPs present in multiple 16S alleles in a genome. When we evaluated these informative SNPs with our in vivo system, we discovered that ribosomes harboring them were compromised, suggesting that their evolution is indeed biologically constrained. Overall, this study demonstrates that SNPs within hypervariable regions are not necessarily inconsequential and that common computational approaches for taxonomic 16S rRNA sequence classification should not assume an even probability of residues at each position. Importance Hypervariable regions within 16S rRNA genes are commonly analyzed to determine microbial diversity. However, because sequences within a genus are highly similar, strain- or species-specific identification is often uncertain. Because there are no established functions of hypervariable regions, residue variations within them are often evenly weighted when making taxonomic comparisons. This study established that 16S rRNAs with naturally occurring variations in hypervariable regions can affect ribosome quality, indicating that their residues should not be weighted equally during taxonomic sequence classifications.
RNA cytometry of single-cells using semi-permeable microcapsules

Analytical tools for gene expression profiling of individual cells are critical for studying complex biological systems. However, the techniques enabling rapid measurements of gene expression on thousands of single-cells are lacking. Here, we report a high-throughput RNA cytometry for digital profiling of single-cells isolated in liquid droplets enveloped by a thin semi-permeable membrane (microcapsules). Due to selective permeability of the membrane, the desirable enzymes and reagents can be loaded, or replaced, in the microcapsule at any given step by simply changing the reaction buffer in which the microcapsules are dispersed. Therefore, complex molecular biology workflows can be readily adapted to conduct nucleic acid analysis on encapsulated mammalian cells, bacteria, or other biological species. The microcapsules support sequential multi-step enzymatic reactions, and remain intact under different biochemical conditions, freezing, thawing and thermocycling. Combining microcapsules with conventional FACS provides a high-throughput approach for conducting RNA cytometry of individual cells based on their digital gene expression signature.
Microbiome and resistome dynamics along a sewage-effluent-reservoir continuum underline the role of natural attenuation in effluent receiving reservoirs

This study assessed temporal dynamics of total and antibiotic resistant fecal bacterial indicators and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) along a sewage-effluent-reservoir continuum, in an experimental system consisting of a sewage-fed membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR) whose effluent fed a 4500 L polypropylene basin that mimicked an effluent storage reservoir. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that coupled physicochemical analyses, cultivation of total and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli, microbiome (bacterial and eukaryotic) analysis and qPCR/ddPCR quantification of selected ARGs. Total and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli loads dropped by approximately 1.5 log units in both the MABR and the reservoir, but the relative reduction (normalized to 16S rRNA genes) in both E. coli and ARGs was higher in the reservoir. Reservoir microbiomes were significantly different from those in the MABR, and were characterized by temporal shifts and periodic algal (Chlorophyta) blooms that were coupled to oxygen and pH fluctuations. Collectively, the data indicates that the decrease in E. coli and ARGs in the MABR was primarily facilitated by sludge removal, whereas in the reservoir, it was predominantly associated with microbial community shifts. The study highlights the capacity of ecological interactions in mitigating antibiotic resistance in both engineered and natural ecosystems. Importance Antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most significant public health predicaments of the 21st century, and there is growing evidence that anthropogenically impacted environments such as those receiving raw and treated sewage can contribute to this phenomenon. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of total and antibiotic resistant fecal pathogen indicators and antibiotic resistance genes along a sewage-treated wastewater-effluent reservoir continuum, concurrent to evaluation of microbial community composition and physicochemical parameters. Results indicate that both the treatment bioreactor and the effluent storage reservoir removed resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance encoding genes. However, in the reactor removal was primarily linked to physical processes, whereas in the storage reservoir it appeared to be strongly facilitated by ecological interactions. The study highlights the capacity of aquatic ecosystems to alleviate antibiotic resistance, and suggests that ecological processes in aquatic ecosystems can be harnessed to mitigate antibiotic resistance.
Microprobe-XRF assessment of nutrient distribution in soybean, cowpea, and kidney bean seeds: a Fabaceae family case study

The present study explored the microprobe X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-XRF) for quantitative and space-resolved distribution of macro, i.e., K, P, S, and Ca, and micronutrients, i.e., Fe, Zn, and Mn elemental composition in the cross-sectioned seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, important agricultural species within the Fabaceae family. It unveils that both macro and micronutrients were heterogeneously distributed across seed tissues. Most of the P and S, Fe, Zn, and Mn were mainly found at the embryo axis tissues in all three Fabaceae species, whereas K was spread along the cotyledon and Ca was mostly observed trapped at the seed coat region. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a strong spatial correlation between P and S, and K and S in cowpea and soybean seed tissues, whereas Zn and Mn association was also recorded. Therefore, the µ-XRF technique demonstrates to be an important tool for assessing seed nutrient distribution, thus subsidizing the understanding of the physiological role of nutrients in seeds and fostering innovative approaches for nutrient supply and biofortification.
Workplace Bullying and Its Implications for Gender Transformation in the South African Higher Education Sector An Intersectional Perspective

While transformation in the higher education sector in South Africa has been the subject of intensive research since 1994, few studies have explored the link between workplace bullying and transformation. Whereas workplace bullying has drawn researchers’ attention for decades, it is only recently that scholars have started to interrogate the phenomenon through the intersectional lens. This paper employs intersectionality to explore women academics’ experiences of workplace bullying and to suggest links between workplace bullying and gender transformation in the higher education sector in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a cross-section of 25 women academics who had experienced workplace bullying. As part of data triangulation, four union representatives and three human resources practitioners were also interviewed. The study’s main findings indicate that gender, race and class mediate women academics’ experiences of workplace bullying. In historically White universities, African, Coloured and Indian women academics, particularly those from working-class backgrounds, are more likely to be bullied, by seniors, peers, administrators and students. For White women academics, race ameliorates their workplace bullying experiences. The simultaneous effects of race, gender and class derail transformation as members of previously disadvantaged groups either remain stuck in junior academic positions, or exit the sector.
RECONSTRUCTING THE HISTORY OF ENERGY CONDITION VIOLATION FROM OBSERVATIONAL DATA

We study the likelihood of energy condition violations in the history of the universe. Our method is based on a set of functions that characterize energy condition violation. Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmological models are built around these “indication functions. ” By computing the Fisher matrix of model parameters using Type Ia supernova and Hubble parameter data, we extract the principal modes of these functions’ redshift evolution. These modes allow us to obtain general reconstructions of energy condition violation history independent of the dark energy model. We find that the data suggest a history of strong energy condition violation, but the null and dominant energy conditions are likely to be fulfilled. Implications for dark energy models are discussed.
Simultaneous UBVRI Light Curves of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4151 during the Extraordinary Brightening from 1989 to 1996

We present observations of the nuclear region of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151, obtained with the 1.25 m telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. On 96 nights during eight observational runs between 1989 February 11 and 1996 June 14, we performed over 1500 simultaneous measurements, using the 20″ diameter aperture, in each spectral band of the Johnson UBVRI system. Estimated single-measurement accuracy is greater than 0.01 mag. The light curve of NGC 4151 in each of the UBVRI bands shows a slow increase in intensity during almost the entire observation period, overlapped by rapid outbursts. The increase in the brightness of the nucleus began in 1990 February and continued through 1996 June, constituting an extraordinarily long-term brightening. Brightening amplitudes and gradients decreased from the U to the I band. Amplitude values were 2.0, 1.5, 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 mag in UBVRI, respectively. During the 7.3 yr period of observation, variations in brightness gradients for the UBVRI bands were 0.30, 0.23, 0.15, 0.13, and 0.11 mag yr-1, respectively. Flares lasting 10–147 days are revealed on smooth UBVRI light curves. Flare amplitudes, A = Fmax/Fmin, decrease from the U to the I band. During flares, brightness gradients over tens of days in the nucleus exceed those of the observation period as a whole. The largest gradients are observed at the end of the observation period. UBVRI energy distributions for flux excesses both during flares and during the observation period in general reveal a power-law form: Fν ∼ να. We discuss our data in terms of a model in which an increase in the brightness in the nucleus of NGC 4151 is caused by the ejection in jet form of clouds emitting synchrotron radiation from the nucleus during its active period. Calculated spectral slopes for the flares are +0.18 ≥ αpl ≥ -1.83, for Δαpl = 2.01. The increase in spectral indices over time in the model we have adopted shows that the optical depth of the clouds emitting synchrotron radiation increased from the beginning to the end of the nuclear brightening.
THE VERY YOUNG TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA 2013dy: DISCOVERY, AND STRONG CARBON ABSORPTION IN EARLY-TIME SPECTRA

The Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2013dy in NGC 7250 (d ≈ 13.7 Mpc) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. Combined with a prediscovery detection by the Italian Supernova Search Project, we are able to constrain the first-light time of SN 2013dy to be only 0.10 ± 0.05 days (2.4 ± 1.2 hr) before the first detection. This makes SN 2013dy the earliest known detection of an SN Ia. We infer an upper limit on the radius of the progenitor star of R0 ≲ 0.25 R☉, consistent with that of a white dwarf. The light curve exhibits a broken power law with exponents of 0.88 and then 1.80. A spectrum taken 1.63 days after first light reveals a C ii absorption line comparable in strength to Si ii. This is the strongest C ii feature ever detected in a normal SN Ia, suggesting that the progenitor star had significant unburned material. The C ii line in SN 2013dy weakens rapidly and is undetected in a spectrum 7 days later, indicating that C ii is detectable for only a very short time in some SNe Ia. SN 2013dy reached a B-band maximum of MB = −18.72 ± 0.03 mag ∼17.7 days after first light.