Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Planar Anteversion Measurements in Anteroposterior Radiographs

Introduction Number of methods has been suggested to measure anteversion in the simple AP radiograph and a few studies have validated their accuracy and reliability. In the current study, we compared six widely used anteversion measurement methods using two different radiographs (conventional pelvis AP vs hip centered AP) in order to determine which measurement method and which radiograph provides highest accuracy and reliability. Material and methods We developed custom made two planar anteversion measurement models for the validation. Each models are designed for Pelvis AP and hip AP. The radiographs were taken with the both models’ inclination changing from 10° to 70° at 10° increments and for each inclination angles, anteversion was changed from 0° to 30° at 5° increments. Therefore, the x-ray of the two models were taken in 49 scenarios. The measurements were done independently by two orthopaedic surgeons blinded from each other using 6 methods : 1) Pradhan et al, 2) Lewinak et al, 3) Widmer et al, and 4) Liaw et al. 5) Hassan et al, 6) Ackland et al. Result The highest accuracy was found when Liaw method was used in hip centered AP radiograph which showed difference of 1.37° ± 1.73. Also, regardless of the type of the radiographs, Pradhan, Lewinnek, Liaw all showed relatively high accuracy. However, substantial difference was found when Widmer, Hassan, Ackland method were utilized regardless of the type of radiograph used. When the anteversion were measured in the inclination between 30° and 50°, Pradhan’s method in pelvis AP showed the highest accuracy (1.23° ± 0.92°). Also, we found no significant difference when measured anteversions were compared between Pelvis AP and hip centered AP. Conclusion The study indicates that the Pradhan, Liaw and Lewinnek method may provide the relatively accurate anteversion measurement regardless of the type of the radiographs. Also, it would be unnecessary to take the hip centered AP radiographs in addition to the pelvis AP radiographs for the purpose of measuring anteversion.
silencing of Foxp3 delays the growth of murine melanomas and modifies the tumor immunosuppressive environment

: Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) expression was believed to be specific for T-regulatory cells but has recently been described in non-hematopoietic cells from different tissue origins and in tumor cells from both epithelial and non-epithelial tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of Foxp3 in murine melanoma. The B16F10 cell line Foxp3 silenced with small interference Foxp3 plasmid transfection was established and named B16F10.1. These cells had lower levels of Foxp3 mRNA (quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [0.235-fold]), protein (flow cytometry [0.02%]), CD25 + expression (0.06%), cellular proliferation (trypan blue staining), and interleukin (IL)-2 production (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [72.35 pg/mL]) than those in B16F10 wild-type (WT) cells ( P , 0.05). Subcutaneous inoculation of the B16F10.1 cell line into C57BL/6 mice delayed the time of visible tumor appearance, increased the time of survival, and affected the weight of tumors, and also decreased the production of IL-10, IL-2, and transforming growth factor beta compared with mice inoculated with the B16F10 WT cell line. The B16F10.1 cells derived from tumors and free of T-cells (isolated by Dynabeads and plastic attachment) expressed relatively lower levels of Foxp3 and CD25 + than B16F10 WT cells ( P , 0.05) in a time-dependent manner. The population of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of T CD4 + cells (CD4 + , CD4 + CD25 + , and CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + ) increased in a time-dependent manner ( P , 0.05) in tumors derived from B16F10 WT cells and decreased in tumors derived from B16F10.1 cells. Similar data were obtained from spleen cells. These results suggest that, in melanomas, Foxp3 partly induces tumor growth by modifying the immune system at the local and peripheral level, shifting the environment toward an immunosuppressive profile. Therapies incorporating this transcription factor could be strategies for cancer treatment.
Soluble metalloendopeptidases and neuroendocrine signaling.

Peptidases play a vital and often highly specific role in the physiological and pathological generation and termination of peptide hormone signals. The thermolysin-like family of metalloendopeptidases involved in the extracellular processing of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular peptides are of particular significance, reflecting both their specificity for particular peptide substrates and their utility as therapeutic targets. Although the functions of the membrane-bound members of this family, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, are well established, a role for the predominantly soluble family members in peptide metabolism is only just emerging. This review will focus on the biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology of the soluble metalloendopeptidases EC 3.4. 24.15 (thimet oligopeptidase) and EC 3.4. 24.16 (neurolysin), as well as presenting evidence that both peptidases play an important role in such diverse functions as reproduction, nociception, and cardiovascular homeostasis.
Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary 1 Molars Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Chennai Population

Aim: To determine the root canal morphology of maxillary 1 molar between different genders by using CBCT based on Vertucci’s classification. Materials and method: 40 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) from different patients were selected randomly from Department of Oral Radiology of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. All the CBCT images of patients were examined for the root canal configurations in maxillary first molar between different genders according to Vertucci’s classification. All root canal morphologies of maxillary 1 molars between different genders were investigated and compared. Background and reason: CBCT is an alternative imaging technique which has been popular due to its ability to detect lesions and defects in the orofacial region and provide three-dimensional information about them. In the field of Endodontics, CBCT is a useful imaging technique to reveal the root canal configurations including irregularities, additional root canals and root fractures. Root canal morphologies of maxillary 1 molar of different genders in Chennai population were determined by using CBCT. Results: The mesiobuccal roots are more likely to have Vertucci’s type I or II canal configuration in both male and female whereas the palatal and distobuccal roots always have a Vertucci’s type I canal configuration. There were no significant difference between both genders in relation to distance between ocllusal pit and pulp chamber, pulp floor to furcation as well as CEJ to pulp chamber.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception : Implants and Intrauterine Devices

Intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants, also called long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC), are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. The major advantage of LARC compared with other reversible contraceptive methods is that they do not require ongoing effort on the part of the patient for long-term and effective use. In addition, after the device is removed, the return of fertility is rapid (1, 2). The purpose of this Practice Bulletin is to provide information for appropriate patient selection and evidence-based recommendations for LARC initiation and management. The management of clinical challenges associated with LARC use is beyond the scope of this document and is addressed in Committee Opinion No. 672, Clinical Challenges of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods (3). Number 186, November 2017 (Replaces Practice Bulletin Number 121, July 2011) ACOG PRACTICE BULLETIN
Large-eddy simulation of hypersonic flows . Selective procedure to activate the sub-grid model wherever small scale turbulence is present

A new method for the localization of the regions where small scale turbulent fluctuations are present in hypersonic flows is applied to the large-eddy simulation (LES) of a compressible turbulent jet with an initial Mach number equal to 5. The localization method used is called selective LES and is based on the exploitation of a scalar probe function f which represents the magnitude of the stretching–tilting term of the vorticity equation normalized with the enstrophy (Tordella et al., 2007) [3]. For a fully developed turbulent field of fluctuations, statistical analysis shows that the probability that f is larger than 2 is almost zero, and, for any given threshold, it is larger if the flow is under-resolved. By computing the spatial field of f in each instantaneous realization of the simulation it is possible to locate the regions where the magnitude of the normalized vortical stretching–tilting is anomalously high. The sub-grid model is then introduced into the governing equations in such regions only. The results of the selective LES simulation are compared with those of a standard LES, where the sub-grid terms are used in the whole domain, and with those of a standard Euler simulation with the same resolution. The comparison is carried out by assuming as reference field a higher resolution Euler simulation of the same jet. It is shown that the selective LESmodifies the dynamic properties of the flow to a lesser extentwith respect to the classical LES. In particular, the prediction of the enstrophy, mean velocity and density distributions and of the energy and density spectra are substantially improved. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
University of Southern Denmark Association between hypoalbuminaemia and mortality in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia is primarily related to acute disorders

We sought to investigate whether hypoalbuminaemia was mainly caused by acute or chronic factors in patients with community-acquired bacteraemia. In this population-based study, we considered 1844 adult cases of community-acquired bacteraemia that occurred in Funen, Denmark between 2000 and 2008. We used a stepwise prognostic predisposition-insult-response-organ dysfunction (PIRO) logistic regression model by initially including age and comorbidity, then added bacterial species, and finally sepsis severity. The models were furthermoreanalysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Outcomes comprised mortality incidence on days 0–30 and 31–365 after the bacteraemia episode. Each step was performed with and without baseline albumin level measured on the date of bacteraemia. In 422 patients, their latest albumin measurement taken 8–30 days before the date of bacteraemia was also used in the analysis together with the baseline albumin level. For each decrease of 1g/L in plasma albumin level, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of mortality in the period of 0–30 days after bacteraemia were 0.86 (0.84– 0.88) in both predisposition (P) and predisposition-insult (PI) models and 0.87 (0.85–0.89) in the full PIRO-model. The AUC values were 0.78 and 0.66 for mortality in the period of 0–30 days in the model comprising only predisposition factors with and without albumin levels added as a factor, respectively. The AUC values in the full PIRO-model were 0.81 and 0.73 with and without consideration of albumin levels, respectively. A higher proportionof patients died within 30 days if there was a decrease in the albumin level between days 8 and 30 before bacteraemia and the actual bacteraemia date. A single plasma albumin PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone. 0160466 September 9, 2016 1 / 14 a11111
long-term outcomes of intravitreous bevacizumab or tissue plasminogen activator or vitrectomy for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) or intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or vitrectomy for macular edema associated with a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: This was a retrospective, interventional case series. Forty-one patients received a single 1.25 mg of IVB injection and followed by pro re nata protocol, 71 patients received a single intravitreal tPA, and 116 patients underwent phacovitrectomy with intraocular lens implantation. Results: The baseline characteristics and follow-up periods were not significantly different among the three groups. The mean follow-up period was 55.5 months with a range of 12–160 months. Sixteen patients (39.0%) in the IVB group, 24 patients (33.8%) in the tPA group, and two patients (1.7%) in the vitrectomy group underwent additional surgeries during the follow-up period. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved in all groups at 1 year after the initial treatment (all, P , 0.0001) and at the final visit (all, P , 0.0001). The differences in the BCVA between the three groups were not significant at all times after the initial treatment. Conclusion: The three groups led to similar long-term good visual outcomes. However, additional surgeries were performed in more than 30% of patients in the IVB and tPA groups. Optometry;
Pitch , loudness and frequency selectivity in low-frequency hearing loss

Patients with Ménière's disease and cochlear hydrops show fluctuating low-frequency hearing loss (FLFHL). At present these changes are followed as patients' subjective reports and occasional measurements. Consecutive long-term measurements should provide more comprehensive information on the hearing fluctuations than the occasional audiogram used today and constitute an approach to quantify the fluctuations. Quantifications could potentially be used to define disease subgroups and to evaluate treatments. This thesis aims to introduce 'home audiometry' to monitor hearing function in monaural FLFHL. The approaches contain assessment of other manifestations of the diseases such as frequency selectivity and frequency coding of the auditory system. Long-term monitoring of binaural loudness and pitch matches showed that patients had daily fluctuations not present in normal-hearing subjects. The average day-to-day difference was considered as a measure of disease activity. This measure showed that patients with Ménière's disease had more fluctuations than patients with cochlear hydrops, and that both these groups had had more fluctuations than normal-hearing references. There was no simple relation between the measurements and simultaneous symptom ratings, corroborating the importance of the measurements. It seems possible to separate disease subgroups using long-term measurements of loudness and pitch matches. This could prove to be an essential feature in understanding the diseases and in clinical treatment trials. The deviant pitch matches observed during the long-term measurements suggest changes in inner ear physiology not only related to pure tone hearing. The probable cause is excessive fluid volume in the affected inner ear. Indeed, after pressure exposure in the hypobaric pressure chamber, no average hearing threshold improvements were seen in patients with FLFHL. However, there were improvements in individual subjects regarding speech recognition, outer hair cell function, and frequency selectivity. But deteriorations were also seen, mainly in frequency selectivity. Moreover, after experimentally reducing conflicting frequency information in the affected ear, the pitch matching precision improved to some extent. It is concluded that the long-term measurements provide more and comprehensive information on the hearing fluctuations than the occasional audiograms used today. More advanced measurements can be done as well, which provide more information than the blunt pure tone audiometry. Separate disease subgroups can be identified by quantifications of the fluctuations. The methods can set a new standard for the hearing evaluation of treatment in FLFHL.
Adult stem cells

Adult tissues contain a continuum of precursor cells, ranging from very primitive stem cells to tissue‐committed progenitor cells. The very primitive stem cells have essentially an unlimited proliferation potential and will form all cell types of the body. The tissue‐committed progenitor cells have a limited proliferation potential, and are very limited in their differentiation potential. They are the immediate precursors of adult differentiated tissues. All these precursor cells are located throughout the body during the postnatal lifespan of an individual. Precursor cells can be isolated from solid tissues using mechanical disruption and/or enzymatic digestion. The cells can be cultured, cloned, cryopreserved, and characterized utilizing unique cell surface markers and differentiation potentials. We have isolated, cloned, and characterized three categories of adult‐derived stem cells: totipotent stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and germ layer lineage‐committed stem cells. Here we report the use of a genomically‐labeled adult‐derived very primitive stem cell clone in the following models: the regeneration of cardiac tissues following myocardial infarction, the formation of dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease, and the generation of three‐dimensional islet‐like structures that secrete species‐specific insulin after a glucose challenge. Because they are easily isolated from adults, adult‐derived stem cells are suitable for use in autologous replacement therapies and regenerative medicine.
Competition and Cooperation in Divisible Good Auctions: An Experimental Examination

An experimental approach is used to examine the performance of three different multi-unit auction designs: discriminatory, uniform-price with fixed supply, and uniform-price with endogenous supply. We find that the strategies of the individual bidders and the aggregate demand curves are inconsistent with theoretically identified equilibrium strategies. The discriminatory auction is found to be more susceptible to collusion than are the uniform-price auctions, and so contrary to theoretical predictions and previous experimental results, the discriminatory auction provides the lowest average revenue. Consistent with theoretical predictions, bidder demands are more elastic with reducible supply or discriminatory pricing than in the uniform-price auction with fixed supply. Despite a lack of a priori differences across bidders, the discriminatory auction results in significantly more symmetric allocations.
The great reversals : The politics of financial development in the twentieth century ∗

The state of development of the financial sector does not change monotonically over time. In particular, by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. We propose an interest group theory of financial development where incumbents oppose financial development because it breeds competition. The theory predicts that incumbents’ opposition will be weaker when an economy allows both cross-border trade and capital flows. This theory can go some way in accounting for the cross-country differences in, and the timeseries variation of, financial development. Classification Codes: G100, G180, G200, G380, O160, P000
Enhancing Betulinic Acid Dissolution Rate and Improving Antitumor Activity via Nanosuspension Constructed by Anti-Solvent Technique

Purpose: The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate betulinic acid nanosuspension (BA-NS) for new drug delivery to enhance its solubility and in vitro anti-tumor activity. Methods: BA-NS was formulated by an anti-solvent precipitation method using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Particle size (PS) and Zeta potential were measured by laser particle size analysis. The drug solid state after freeze drying was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calori-metry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after freeze drying. The saturation solubility and dissolution rate were determined by solubility assay and in vitro dissolution studies, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenltetraazolium bromide (MTT) method. Results: The PS was 129.7±12.2 nm having a Zeta potential of − 28.1±4.5 mV and the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.231±0.013, which con ﬁ rmed that the nanosuspension was in the stable amorphous state. A series of characterization experiments demonstrated that nanoparticles retained original effective structure and existed as spherical or near-spherical nanoparticles in the nanosuspension, but the drug transferred from the crystal state to the amorphous state. The form of lyophilized BA-NS was very successful in enhancing the dissolution rate in PH-dependent way. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that BA-NS could signi ﬁ cantly enhance the in vitro anti-proliferation against tumor cells compared to the BA suspension (BA-S). Conclusion: The BA-NS can remarkably improve solubility and in vitro antitumor activity, which seems very promising for the treatment of cancers in practical application.
It's the Thought That Counts: The Role of Intentions in Noisy Repeated Games

We examine cooperation in repeated interactions where intended actions are implemented with noise but intentions are perfectly observable. Observable intentions lead to more cooperation compared to control games where intentions are unobserved, allowing subjects to reach similar cooperation levels as in games without noise. Most subjects condition exclusively on intentions, and use simpler, lower-memory strategies compared to games where intentions are unobservable. When the returns to cooperation are high, some subjects are tolerant, using good outcomes to forgive attempted defections; when the returns to cooperation are low, some subjects are punitive, using bad outcomes to punish accidental defections.
Efficacy and Safety of Apixaban Compared With Warfarin at Different Levels of Predicted International Normalized Ratio Control for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Background—In the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial, apixaban compared with warfarin reduced stroke and systemic embolism, major bleeding, and mortality. We evaluated treatment effects in relation to 2 predictions of time in therapeutic range (TTR). Methods and Results—The trial randomized 18 201 patients with atrial fibrillation to apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin for at least 12 months. For each patient, a center average TTR was estimated with the use of a linear mixed model on the basis of the real TTRs in its warfarin-treated patients, with a fixed effect for country and random effect for center. For each patient, an individual TTR was also predicted with the use of a linear mixed effects model including patient characteristics as well. Median center average TTR was 66% (interquartile limits, 61% and 71%). Rates of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and mortality were consistently lower with apixaban than with warfarin across center average TTR and individual TTR quartiles. In the lowest and highest center average TTR quartiles, hazard ratios for stroke or systemic embolism were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53–1.00) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.57–1.35) (P interaction =0.078), for mortality were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.74–1.13) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.71–1.16) (P interaction =0.34), and for major bleeding were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.36–0.70) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.58–0.97) (P interaction =0.095), respectively. Similar results were seen for quartiles of individual TTR.