Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Diet of the Wedge-Tailed Eagle, Aquila Audax, in Western Australia.

The diet during nesting of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax was examined in several regions of Western Australia. On the arid Nullarbor Plain, rabbits were by far the major food item despite the presence of a number of other prey species. In the south-west of the State, which has a Mediterranean climate, birds (especially ducks, parrots and corvids), rabbits and sheep were the most important foods in a very diverse diet. On the arid western coast near Carnarvon, kangaroos and sheep predominated as food but a number of foxes and cats were also taken. In northern Western Australia, macropods appeared to be the main food source. Eagles were capable of capturing a large number of different species of reptiles, birds and mammals, and these varied considerably in size. Snakes, and birds from orders Pelecaniformes, Ardeiformes and Charadriiformes were rarely taken. Lambs made a significant contribution to the diet of eagles in some regions of Western Australia but the number eaten relative to the number of neonatal deaths from all causes was not high. In the regions studied, predation by eagles seemed unlikely to have a significant effect on rabbit numbers.
Quantifying the benefits of mast seeding on predator satiation and wind pollination in Chionochloa pallens (Poaceae)

Mast seeding could be favoured by a number of factors, including predator satiation and wind pollination. When both these factors could be involved, determining which is more important has been very difficult. In this paper we present 10 years of data on flowering intensity, seed predation and estimated pollination success for Chionochloa pallens (Poaceae), an alpine tussock grass, at Mt Hutt, South Island, New Zealand. C. pallens suffers from high levels of pre-dispersal seed predation (up to 94%) and is wind pollinated, so provides an ideal experimental system. C. pallens had very variable flowering intensity between years (coefficient of variation of floret production (CV)= 1.80). A significant predator satiation effect was found. Predation was not affected by the absolute level of flowering intensity in the current year, but did vary significantly with the change in flowering intensity between the current and previous years. Therefore, predator satiation seemed to involve a numerical response (starving the predator in low seed years). There was a significant wind pollination benefit from larger flowering efforts, which depended only on the size of the current flowering effort. Therefore, for benefits via pollination, C. pallens populations with high levels of resources can satisfactorily produce a large flowering effort every year; in contrast, to gain benefits via predator satiation, fluctuating flowering intensity is required regardless of mean levels. The relative benefits of masting versus constant reproduction were modelled; benefits from wind pollination increased very little with increased CVs, to give a benefit of 2.3% fewer florets with unexpanded ovaries at the field CV of 1.8 than at CV = 0. The overall mean flowering effort is apparently high enough in the study population for efficient pollination even if masting did not occur. Predator satiation gave large benefits from masting, from 8% of all florets at Cv = 1.25 increasing rapidly to 42% at CV = 1.8 and 62% at CV = 2.25. Therefore predator satiation is vastly more important than wind pollination in favouring mast seeding in C. pallens, providing 92-95% of the benefits at CVs>1.5. The rapid increase in benefits from predator satiation at CV > 1.5 may help explain why Chionochloa species have such high CVs.
Breeding behaviour and ecology of the grey fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa)

The grey fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa) is a common Australian flycatcher, yet no detailed reports have been made of its breeding ecology. A population of grey fantails was studied over four seasons in the Australian Capital Territory. Males had large testes and pronounced cloacal protuberances, morphology suggestive of sperm competition. Although two polyandrous trios were observed, most individuals bred as part of a season-long monogamous pair, suggesting that extra-pair copulation may be the principal cause of sperm competition. Indeed, behavioural observations revealed that males regularly intruded other territories, targeting those with building, rather than incubating, females. Intruding males were observed harassing, attempting to copulate and successfully copulating with resident females. Males did not mate guard, but regularly attacked their mates during each building attempt. Despite the probability that extra-pair paternity is common in this species, grey fantails were monomorphic and monochromatic, with a high level of paternal care. Nest depredation was common, with 83% of all clutches depredated before fledging. High levels of male care in care in this species may be better explained by an increase in fledging success associated with high male contribution to offspring care than confidence of paternity.
REVEGETATION OF AN ARCTIC DISTURBED SITE BY NATIVE TUNDRA SPECIES

(1) Succession on an organic tundra soil in interior Alaska was monitored for ten growing seasons following removal of vegetation. (2) Exotic grasses sown following disturbance became established in the first growing season, decreased in density after 3 yr, and were virtually eliminated after 5 yr. Fertilization did not affect initial density or long-term survival of exotic species, but did increase shoot density of native species 3 yr following disturbance. (3) Native sedges established on the disturbed site in 5-10 yr, producing an above-ground biomass equal to that in undisturbed tundra. (4) A procedure is outlined whereby the growth and reproduction of Eriophorum vaginatum can be manipulated by fertilization to revegetate disturbances using plants in adjacent undisturbed tundra (rather than harvested seed) as the seed source.
Organization of the cysts in bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) testis: number of spermatozoa per cyst

The morphology of the cyst cells in Apis mellifera Linne, 1758, Scaptotrigona postica Latreille, 1804, and Melipona bicolor bicolor Lepeletier, 1836 testis, as well as the average number of spermatic cells are reported. The data indicates a supporting and nourrishing role of the cyst cells to the developing cystocytes. The counts of immature spermatozoa in the cysts show an average of 202.8 ± 21.2 spermatozoa for A. mellifera, 117.4 ± 8.68 for S. postica and 88.8 ± 15.57 for M. bicolor, which predict the occurrence of 8 mitotic cycles in the cystocytes of A. mellifera and 7 in the meliponines, considering that only one spermatozoom originates of each final spermatogonium.
Isolation and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in the two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris) and cross-species amplification in the white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) and the saddled bream (Oblada melanura)

AbstractWe have developed nine new microsatellite markers for the two-banded sea bream ( Diplodusvulgaris ) from an enriched genome library protocol. All these loci are polymorphic, withmean allelic diversity of 13 (range 5–21), and expected and observed heterozygosities from0.641 to 0.932 and 0.428 to 0.914, respectively. Cross-species tests in two close-related speciesof the genus Diplodus ( D. sargus and O. melanura ) revealed successful amplifications at 8out of 9 loci, with mean allele number of 4.75 (range 2–8) and 5.50 (range 3 –10), respectively.These results are consistent with the close phylogenetic relationships between the threespecies, indicating this set of primers might prove useful for studying the levels of geneticdiversity and population differentiation in these three species and in other phylogeneti-cally close species of the genus Diplodus and Sparus . Keywords : Diplodus , microsatellite, Oblada melanura , sea bream, Sparidae Received 22 October 2006; revision accepted 13 November 2006
Timing and Location of Spawning by Nonnative Wild Rainbow Trout and Native Cutthroat Trout in the South Fork Snake River, Idaho, with Implications for Hybridization

Abstract Our goal was to assess the likelihood of hybridization between introduced rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and native Yellowstone (YS) cutthroat trout O. clarki bouvieri, based upon habitat use and temporal overlap during spawning. We used radio transmitters in 1996 and 1997 to describe the spawning behavior of rainbow trout, hybrids of rainbow trout and YS cutthroat trout, and YS cutthroat trout (1997 only). Fish displayed two distinct spawning strategies, either spawning in side channels of the main stem (9 rainbow trout, 14 hybrids, and 10 YS cutthroat trout) or in tributaries (5 rainbow trout, 3 hybrids, and 7 YS cutthroat trout). Within the main stem, the majority of rainbow trout and YS cutthroat trout migrated to the same 8-km section to spawn, whereas hybrid trout spawned throughout the study site. The median spawning date for main-stem-spawning YS cutthroat trout (June 9) was significantly later than for rainbow trout (May 19) and hybrids (May 18). However, long spawning periods for rai.
The dose-response curves for IAA induced elongation growth and acidification of the incubation medium of Zea mays coleoptile segments

The initial dose-response curves for auxin-induced elongation growth of Zea mays L. coleoptile segments and simultaneously measured changes of pH of the incubation medium were studied. It was found that these curves are bell-shaped on all occasions and that at all IAA concentrations studied acidification of the incubation medium took place. The optimum response for IAA-induced elongation growth and acidification of the incubation medium was 10−5 and 10−4M IAA, respectively. The regression curves and correlation coefficients between magnitude of the growth response and acidification of the incubation medium indicated a close relationship between these sets of data over a wide range of IAA concentrations.
Abstract 4025: STEAP4 ISH and IHC diagnostics for Tarloxotinib activation in EGFR/HER2 mutant cancers

Background: Tarloxotinib is a clinical-stage prodrug that releases a potent, irreversible EGFR/HER2 inhibitor (Tarloxotinib-E) selectively in severely hypoxic regions of tumors. One-electron reduction leads to loss of the trigger moiety under oxygen-deficient conditions, releasing the neutral, diffusible ‘warhead’ Tarloxotinib-E. CRISPR/cas9-mediated disruption of the metalloreductase STEAP4 has demonstrated its role as the dominant plasma membrane reductase that facilitates one-electron reduction of Tarloxotinib. Methods: Cancer cell lines, PDX and resected tumor tissues processed in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) blocks were evaluated. RNAScope technology was used to develop a method to assess STEAP4 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization using specific probes for human STEAP4. mRNA ISH technology for STEAP4 was optimized on a Leica Bond RX autostainer for detection of STEAP4 in FFPE specimens. STEAP4 antibodies were evaluated for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. STEAP4 IHC was employed as cross-reference, using an anti-STEAP4 antibody validated against STEAP4 knockout and over-expressing cell line and tumor models. Staining data was compared to quantitative PCR results for mRNA ISH and Western blot analysis for IHC. STEAP4 mRNA expression was assessed in FFPE sections of various EGFR/HER2 mutant tumor xenografts and EGFR/HER2 mutant patient tumor specimens. Results: The STEAP4 mRNA ISH assay was optimized and validated using FFPE sections from cell lines and STEAP4 overexpressing tumor blocks and compared to wild type tumors with minimal expression. High level of STEAP4 mRNA was observed in STEAP4 overexpressing tumors. STEAP4 mRNA ISH analysis revealed variable levels of expression in EGFR/HER2 mutant xenograft tumors. STEAP4 mRNA and protein expression level correlated with Tarloxotinib conversion to Tarloxotinib-E. STEAP4 mRNA expression in EGFR/HER2 mutant patient tumor specimens will be presented. Conclusion: STEAP4 reduces Tarloxotinib and leads to the conversion to the active drug, Tarloxotinib-E, in hypoxic tumors. Assessment of STEAP4 expression in individual patients is important to guide patient stratification in Tarloxotinib clinical trials and represents an attractive biomarker to enroll tarloxotinib-responsive patients in clinical trials. Citation Format: Hui Yu, Shevan Silva, Adriana Estrada-Bernal, Chris Rivard, Fred Hirsch, Maria Abbatista, Jeff Smaill, Robert C. Doebele, Adam Patterson, Avanish Vellanki, Vijaya G. Tirunagaru. STEAP4 ISH and IHC diagnostics for Tarloxotinib activation in EGFR/HER2 mutant cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4025.
Fine Structure of the Schizont Stage of the Testate Marine Ameba, Trichosphaerium sp.*

SYNOPSIS. The schizont stage of 3 strains of the testate marine ameba, Trichosphaerium sp. , was examined in the transmission electron microscope. The cytoplasm of this multinucleate organism contained the usual organelles; the test was covered by spicules. Pseudopodial types included broad ectoplasmic lobopods that assisted in locomotion, and thin dactylopods that probably had a sensory function. Nuclear division, observed in one of the strains, was characterized by an intact nuclear envelope (at least through anaphase), and the absence of centrioles. Nuclei in an ameba divided synchronously. An unusual intranuclear body of unknown function was found in another of the strains examined.
Spatial organisation and dynamics of the pine marten Martes martes population in Białowieza Forest (E Poland) compared with other European woodlands

We studied factors affecting density and spacing patterns in the pine marten Martes martes population inhabiting temperate forests of Biatowieza National Park, eastern Poland. From 1985/1986 to 1995/1996 marten densities ranged from 3.63 to 7.57 individuals 10 km - 2 (mean 5.4) and were positively correlated with abundance of forest rodents in the previous year. The rate of marten population growth was inversely density-dependent and positively related to rodent density. Annual mortality rate averaged 0.384 and tended to be negatively related to marten densities. Mean annual home range of males (2.58 km 2 , SE =0.24) was larger than that of females (1.41 km2, SE=0.20). Seasonal home ranges also differed significantly between males and females. Both sexes held the smallest ranges in December-January. Female ranges increased in April-May, whereas those of males increased in June-September when they were mating. Fidelity of pine martens to their home ranges was very high. The mean shift between arithmetic centres of seasonal ranges was 0.25 km, and the ranges recorded in two consecutive seasons overlapped, on average, by 87-90%. We observed very little home range overlap between neighbouring male (mean 4-6%) or female (mean 6%) marten. Year round the neighbouring individuals of the same sex neither avoided nor attracted each other. Females attracted males only during the spring-summer mating season. A review of other studies has documented that winter severity and seasonal variation in ecosystem productivity were essential factors shaping the biogeographic variation in pine marten densities between 41° and 68°N. The density of marten populations increased in areas with mild winters and lower seasonality. Maximum population densities (indicative of habitat carrying capacity) were correlated with mean winter temperature. In Europe, male home ranges increased with decreasing forest cover in a study area, whereas female ranges varied positively with rodent abundance.
A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity

A new hypothesis, based on differences in the rates at which populations of competing species approach competitive equilibrium (reduction or exclusion of some species), is proposed to explain patterns of species diversity. The hypothesis assumes that most communities exist in a state of nonequilibrium where competitive equilibrium is prevented by periodic population reductions and environmental fluctuations. When competitive equilibrium is prevented, a dynamic balance may be established between the rate of competitive displacement and the frequency of population reduction, which results in a stable level of diversity. Under conditions of infrequent reductions, an increase in the population growth rates of competitors generally results in decreased diversity. This model clarifies an underlying pattern of variation in diversity and points out the common elements of previous hypotheses. Rather than arguing that either competition, predation, or productivity control diversity, it demonstrates that all of these may contribute to the same basic mechanism. In doing so, it not only explains the correlations of the other hypotheses with patterns of diversity, but also explains the exceptions that these hypotheses could not explain. This hypothesis may be applied to variations of diversity both on a latitudinal gradient and within specific regions.
Crescimento de cordeiros abatidos com diferentes pesos: 2. Constituintes corporais

O experimento foi realizado no Setor de Ovinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de determinar o crescimento de orgaos e outros constituintes do corpo de cordeiros, e suas proporcoes em relacao ao peso vivo (PV) e peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Utilizaram-se 22 cordeiros machos inteiros, filhos de carneiros Texel e ovelhas cruzas (Texel x Ideal). Desses, quatro foram abatidos ao nascimento, e os restantes ao desmame e aos 28 e 33kg. A determinacao do crescimento dos constituintes corporais foi realizada atraves de equacoes alometricas, utilizando-se o logaritmo do peso de cada componente corporal, em funcao do logaritmo do PCV. As proporcoes do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), do conjunto de orgaos internos (COI), da gordura interna (GOI) e da carcaca aumentaram com a elevacao do PV e PCV (P<0,05), enquanto que coracao, figado, rins, baco, (pulmao e traqueia), sangue, patas e pele diminuiram suas proporcoes (P<0,05). Os constituintes do corpo apresentaram diferentes ritmos de crescimento. Um grupo foi de desenvolvimento precoce (coracao, rins, pulmoes + traqueia, patas, sangue e cabeca), e outro tardio (rumen, reticulo, omaso e abomaso), TGI e GOI. Os restantes (figado, baco, intestinos, pele e carcaca) cresceram na mesma velocidade que o PCV.
Entangling Photons Radiated by Independent Pulsed Sources a

By pumping two or more downconversion crystals with a pulsed laser, it is experimentally feasible to obtain with nonnegligible probability one photon pair from each crystal within a pulse. Then, by registering the idlers in such a way that this does not provide path information, we observe that the signal photons emitted together with the idlers are projected onto the desired entangled state. The necessary condition for erasure of idler path information is that the idler filter bandwidth results in an idler coherence time that significantly exceeds the pump pulse length. We show the importance of this technique for photon correlation schemes that would permit one to perform “event-ready’’ two-photon Bell tests, entanglement swapping, and quantum teleportation and to obtain GHZ states. Entanglement is at the source of a number of pure quantum phenomena, such as the correlations violating Bell’s inequalities,’ quantum teleportation,2 GHZ correlations,j and various other nonclassical interference phen~mena . ~ Entanglement between two or more particles was generally viewed as a consequence of the fact that the particles involved did originate from the same source or at least were interacting at some earlier time. However, it has first been suggested in seminal papers by Yurke and Stoler-’ that the correlations of particle detection events required for a Bell test can even arise for photons, or any kind of particle for that matter, originating from independent sources. What, though, are the operational procedures required to achieve such correlations? If we can observe violations of Bell’s inequality for (destructive) registrations of particles coming from independent sources, can we also entangle them in a nondestructive manner? Is this possible for particles that do not interact at all and that share no common past? What would be the requirements for an experimental realization of such a scheme? These questions will be discussed here. In general, the answers could be summed up in the following way:6 it turns out
Diet determination for small laboratory-housed wild mammals

Adaptation of wild mammals to captivity is a decisive and limiting step in laboratory research. Here we describe a method to determine a diet that meets the nutritional and water requirements of small wild mammals in captivity. Several kinds of food are offered to the animals and a preference index (P) is calculated. A diet prepared with foods obtaining P ≥ 1.00 for 50% or more of the individuals is given to the animals. This diet contains the same proportions of proteins, lipids, and glucides determined by the food preferences experiment. Two groups are fed on this diet, one with free water and the other without, and their weights are monitored for approximately 12 days. The results allow the detection of water and nutritional deficiencies. We used these procedures with the grey four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum (Polyprotodontia, Didelphidae), and obtained a balanced diet of eggs, meat, banana, and orange that has proved suitable for keeping these animals in good condition.
Bryophyte flora of Uganda. 5. Hypnaceae (Part 2)

Plants robust to slender, forming loose to dense mats, often coarsely so, light to dark green, yellowish-brown or golden. Primary stems creeping, radiculose beneath, leaves distant, often eroded, stipitate, stipe inconspicuous to rather elongate. Secondary stems arching or subascending, central strand weak; pseudoparaphyllia foliose. Stem leaves¡ distant, mostly broadly ovateto triangular-lanceolate, rarely ovate-oblong, 0.8–2.0 mm long, apex acuminate, rarely acute or rounded, base short to¡long decurrent; margins plane or occasionally erect near apex, at base reflexed, toothed above, rarely entire; costae short and double, occasionally strong, or single, to 1/2 lamina length; median cells linear, appearing smooth or projecting at distal angles; alar cells few, mostly oblong-rectangular to subquadrate, smooth; branch leaves often complanate, commonly shorter or rarely longer than secondary stem leaves, oblong, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 0.7–1.5 mm long, often coarsely serrate, costae weak or absent, laminal cells usually strongly papillose by projecting distal angles. Autoicous or dioicous. Perichaetial leaves ovateto triangular-long subulate. Seta to 30 mm long, slender, smooth, often twisted. Capsule suberect to subpendulous, ovoid to shortly cylindrical, 1.5–3 mm long, usually constricted below mouth when dry. Operculum conic to short rostrate. Peristome with exostome teeth cross-striate below, distally papillose, endostome basal membrane high, segments keeled and perforate, lightly papillose, cilia 2–3. Spores papillose. Distinguished from Chryso-hypnum which has the leaf cells protruding as papillae at both ends, stems which are procumbent not stipitate, and pseudoparaphyllia lanceolate not foliose. A number of species have been described for Africa but they are in need of taxonomic revision; only one is confirmed for Uganda.