Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of causes of primary teeth extraction by age and gender in pediatric patients admitted to a university hospital

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Determining the reasons causing the extraction of primary teeth is significant for countries in terms of taking the precautions while establishing their health policies. The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes for primary teeth extraction and the most common tooth type in children aged 0-13 years. METHODS: The records of patients aged 0-13 years who admitted to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, between 2016 and 2020, were collected. The patients' age, gender, number of extracted tooth, and causes of extraction were analyzed retrospectively. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U, independent samples t, Welch ANOVA with post-hoc Tamhane, and Pearson's chi-square tests were used for analyses. Statistical significant level was considered at P<0.05. RESULTS: In this study, 3076 deciduous teeth of 1363 pediatric patients aged 0-13 years (mean age of 7.8 ± 2.1 years) were evaluated. No difference was found between the genders in terms of the number of extractions (P = 0.489). The most common reasons for extraction were caries and mobility/root resorption, which constituted 55.1% and 42.4% of the extractions, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, the teeth extraction of the patients aged 0-13 years was investigated. Dental caries (55.1%) was the most common cause of deciduous teeth extraction. Also, it was the most common reason of deciduous teeth extraction for the age groups of 0-5 and 6-9 years. Primary molar teeth were the most commonly extracted teeth. Although there was no significant difference between genders, striking results were recorded regarding teeth types in different age groups. According to the results obtained from this study, steps should be taken regarding preventive dentistry programs.
Evaluation of the Impact of Travel Time Reliability on Urban Expressway Traffic Safety

In urban areas, toll expressways have been constructed to provide motorists with safe, efficient, and reliable trips. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between safety and efficiency. However, there has been only a limited focus on how traffic safety and reliability are related. In this study, multiple travel time reliability indicators were developed on the basis of an automatic vehicle identification system installed on the expressway of interest. The effects of travel time reliability on crash frequency were evaluated within the Bayesian hierarchical Poisson lognormal framework. It was confirmed that the reduction of travel time reliability caused by late arrivals would lead to more crashes. Nevertheless, the effects of travel time reliability were more significant on multivehicle crashes than on single-vehicle crashes. In addition, the necessity of using direct reliability measurement in safety analysis was assessed by calibrating models with only traditional traffic flow variables and structural equation models in which the effects of travel time reliability were modeled by latent variables. Comparison results showed that to understand better the effects of travel time reliability on safety, inclusion of direct reliability measurement would be more efficient. In conclusion, this study suggests that improvement of travel time reliability by providing estimated travel times to drivers in real-time might not only be beneficial to better travel experience, but might also improve safety on urban expressways.
Awareness of Dental Implants among Patients in Jazan City-A Questionnaire Based Study

Aim of the study: Rehabilitation of missing or lost teeth with dental implants has been accepted widely and have very often obtained positive response from patients who have undergone implant treatment. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of patient knowledge about dental implants among a selected sample of dental patients in Jazan. Materials and Methods: A total of 600 patients were selected from among those patients referred to college of Dentistry; Jazan. Patient’s knowledge regarding dental implants was evaluated through a questionnaire. Results: The results of this study indicate that 90.35% of the subjects knew about dental implants. The most common source of information on the procedure of implants were friends and dentist (mean value 33.2% and 30.6%) followed by media like television and then prior treated patients, 19.6% mean value (19.6% male and 19.6% female) believed that the functional life of the dental implant was between 10-20 yrs. 86.35% mean value (87.7% male and 85% female) patients believed that dental implants have no effect on systemic health. Conclusion: The survey concluded that an acceptable number of patients had heard of dental implants as a treatment option for replacing missing teeth, with friends and dentists being the main source of information.
ABCB1 limits the cytotoxic activity of TAK-243, an inhibitor of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme UBA1.

BACKGROUND One of the major concerns of cancer therapy is the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR-associated ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) transporter is established to mediate resistance against numerous anticancer drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that the Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) inhibitor TAK-243 is transported by the ABCB1. METHODS MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of TAK-243. Western blot was carried out to investigate if TAK-243 affect to ABCB1 protein expression in cancer cells. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and ATPase assay were carried out to confirm TAK-243 as an ABCB1 substrate. [3H]-paclitaxel accumulation assay was used to determine the MDR reversal effect of TAK-243. Computational docking analysis was performed to investigate the drug-transporter binding position. RESULTS The cytotoxicity profile showed that TAK-243 was less effective in ABCB1-overexpressing cells than in the parental cells, but pharmacological inhibition or knockout the gene of ABCB1 was able to reverse TAK-243 resistance. Furthermore, TAK-243 potently stimulated ABCB1 ATPase activity and the HPLC analysis revealed that TAK-243 accumulation was significantly reduced in ABCB1-overexpressing cells. Finally, the computational docking analysis indicates a high binding affinity between TAK-243 and human ABCB1 transporter. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro data characterized TAK-243 as a substrate of ABCB1, which may predict limited anticancer effect of this compound in drug resistant tumors.
Correlation and Path Analysis of Morphological Traits in Different Wheat Genotypes under End Drought Stress Condition

In order to study cause and effect relations among some morphological traits of nine advanced wheat genotypes under end drought stress, a research had been performed in the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch. Experiment were carried by factorial split plot experiment on the basis of completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications in 2008-2009 agricultural year. Path analysis results showed that the grain yield has a direct and positive effect (0.527) over harvest index, while the straw yield has a direct and negative effect over it(-0.366). Of effective traits to grain yield, four traits including number of grain per spike (0.212), grain weight (0.408), 1000 grain weight (0.093) and biological yield (0.853) had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. Three traits including spike length, spike weight and biological yield had the most direct effect to straw yield (respectively with 0.029,-0.191 and 0.891). With respect to the achieved results, we can use biological yield trait as a selected suitable criteria in the wheat breeding programs and production of productive varieties.
OPTIMAL INFORMATION DISCLOSURE IN AUCTIONS

We characterize the revenue-maximizing information structure in the second price auction. The seller faces a classic economic trade-off: providing more information improves the effi ciency of the allocation but also creates higher information rents for bidders. The information disclosure policy that maximizes the revenue of the seller is to fully reveal low values (where competition will be high) but to pool high values (where competition will be low). The size of the pool is determined by a critical quantile that is independent of the distribution of values and only dependent on the number of bidders. We discuss how this policy provides a rationale for conflation in digital advertising. Jel Classification: D44, D47, D83, D84. ∗We acknowledge financial support from NSF grants SES-2001208, SES-1948336 and SES-2049744, and ANID Fondecyt Iniciacion 11200365. We thank the guest editor, Andy Skrzypacz and three anonymous referees for helpful suggestions. We thank Steve Berry, Ozan Candogan, Roberto Corrao, Phil Haile, Sergiu Hart, Jason Hartline, Nicole Immorlica, Maxim Ivanov, Anton Kolotilin, Renato Paes Leme, Denis Shishkin, Rann Smorodinsky, Philipp Strack, Alex Wolitzky and Song Zuo for informative discussions. We thank seminar audiences at Informs AMD, UCSD, PUC Chile, Harvard-MIT, Hebrew University , the China Meetings of the Econometric Society and the Stony Brook International Conference on Game Theory for many helpful comments. This manuscript combines and subsumes the results in Bergemann, Heumann and Morris (2021) and Sorokin and Winter (2021). These two papers shared the current Theorem 1, obtained via different proof strategies. †Yale University, dirk.bergemann@yale.edu. ‡Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, tibor.heumann@uc.cl. §Massachusetts Institute of Technology, semorris@mit.edu ¶Glasgow University and Higher School of Economics, constantine.sorokin@glasgow.ac. uk ‖The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Lancaster University, eyal.winter@mail.huji. ac.il
Independence factors influencing audit expectation gap in listed deposit money Banks in Nigeria

This study examines the effect of independence factors on audit expectation gap in listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The population of the study comprises of the investors/shareholders, lenders and other creditors and a sample of 385 respondents was selected using Cohran sample size formula. The period under study is from January, 2012 to December, 2019. The study used a questionnaire drawn on a five point likert scale to collect data. The questionnaire has been pilot tested for reliability and validity, using the Cronbach alpha and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple-regression analysis. The study concludes that auditor depends on client economically. Competing for audit market, carrying out non-audit market service, receiving gifts from management and prospects for reappointment are strong determinants of audit expectation gap in deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study opines that the independence factors have significant positive impact on audit expectation gap in listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. This finding is in line with that of Salehi et al., Amaechi and Chinedu as well as Kamau et al. but is not consistent with findings of Ogweno and Kamau. The study recommends that regulatory authority and professional accounting associations should ensure that auditors avoid economic dependence on the client, carrying out services which are not audit related, and collecting gifts from management and that the regulatory authority has to emphasize on auditors tenures and appointment of auditor shall be through a centrally organized body and not allow audit firms to be competing among themselves.
The Impact of Vaccination on Incidence and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Kidney Failure in Scotland

Significance Statement Patients with kidney failure requiring KRT are at high risk of poor outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with variable antibody responses to vaccination reported. Ninety-three percent of patients on KRT in Scotland received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The effectiveness of two vaccine doses was only 33% (95% CI, 0 to 52) against SARS-CoV-2 infection and 38% (95% CI, 0 to 57) against hospitalization in patients requiring KRT. Within 28 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, 9.2% of fully vaccinated patients died (7% patients on dialysis and 10% transplant recipients). These data suggest that a primary vaccine course of two doses does not provide adequate protection in patients receiving KRT and highlight the urgent need for adjunctive strategies to reduce risk of both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. Visual Abstract Background Patients with kidney failure requiring KRT are at high risk of complications and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with variable antibody responses to vaccination reported. We investigated the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the incidence of infection, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19 infection. Methods The study design was an observational data linkage cohort study. Multiple health care datasets were linked to ascertain all SARS-CoV-2 testing, vaccination, hospitalization, and mortality data for all patients treated with KRT in Scotland from the start of the pandemic over a period of 20 months. Descriptive statistics, survival analyses, and vaccine effectiveness were calculated. Results As of September 19, 2021, 93% (n=5281) of the established KRT population in Scotland had received two doses of an approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Over the study period, there were 814 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection (15.1% of the KRT population). Vaccine effectiveness rates against infection and hospitalization were 33% (95% CI, 0 to 52) and 38% (95% CI, 0 to 57), respectively. Within 28 days of a SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR test, 9.2% of fully vaccinated individuals died (7% patients on dialysis and 10% kidney transplant recipients). This compares to <0.1% of the vaccinated general Scottish population admitted to the hospital or dying due to COVID-19 during that period. Conclusions These data demonstrate that a primary vaccine course of two doses has limited effect on COVID-19 infection and its complications in patients with KRT. Adjunctive strategies to reduce risk of both COVID-19 infection and its complications in this population are urgently required.
Protection afforded by prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron variant

BACKGROUND: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits strong protection against reinfection with the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. However, the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant harbors multiple mutations that can mediate immune evasion. We estimated effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection (PES) with Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants in Qatar. METHODS: PES was estimated using the test-negative, case-control study design, employing a methodology that was recently investigated and validated for derivation of robust estimates for PES. Cases (PCR-positive persons with a variant infection) and controls (PCR-negative persons) were exact-matched by sex, 10-year age group, nationality, and calendar time of PCR test, to control for known differences in the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar. RESULTS: PES against symptomatic reinfection was estimated at 90.2% (95% CI: 60.2-97.6) for Alpha, 84.8% (95% CI: 74.5-91.0) for Beta, 92.0% (95% CI: 87.9-94.7) for Delta, and 56.0% (95% CI: 50.6-60.9) for Omicron. Only 1 Alpha, 2 Beta, 0 Delta, and 2 Omicron reinfections progressed to severe COVID-19. None progressed to critical or fatal COVID-19. PES against hospitalization or death due to reinfection was estimated at 69.4% (95% CI: -143.6-96.2) for Alpha, 88.0% (95% CI: 50.7-97.1) for Beta, 100% (95% CI: 43.3-99.8) for Delta, and 87.8% (95% CI: 47.5-97.1) for Omicron. CONCLUSIONS: Protection afforded by prior infection in preventing symptomatic reinfection with Alpha, Beta, or Delta is robust, at about 90%. While such protection against reinfection with Omicron is lower, it is still considerable at nearly 60%. Prior-infection protection against hospitalization or death at reinfection appears robust, regardless of variant.
Incidence and distribution of human leptospirosis in the Western Cape Province, South Africa (2010-2019): a retrospective study

Background Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis of global importance. In South Africa, the infection is an underreported public health concern, with limited information on its incidence and distribution. This study aimed to determine the incidence of human leptospirosis from 2010 to 2019 in Western Cape Province (WPC), and to compare the incidence based on seasonal and demographic factors. Methods A retrospective study was conducted with data on leptospirosis diagnoses by sex, age, season, and year in WCP obtained from the National Health Laboratory Services. With the provincial population sizes as the denominator, the incidence of leptospirosis was estimated and expressed as cases per 100,000 population. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the effect of sex, season, and year on the incidence of leptospirosis. Results A total of 254 cases of leptospirosis were reported between 2010 and 2019, with the highest number of cases being in 2015. The annual incidence ranged between 0.15 and 0.66/100,000 population with a 10-year average incidence of 0.40/100,000 population. The incidence was higher among males than in females (0.55 vs. 0.25/ 100,000 population; incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.2, 95% CI: 1.66,3.03). The 18-44 age cohort and had the highest average incidence (0.56/100,000 population), while the less or equal to 17 age cohort had the lowest incidence (0.07/100,000 population). The 18-44 (IRR 8.0, 95% CI: 4.65,15.15) and the greater or equal to 45 (IRR 7.4, 95% CI: 4.17,14.17) age cohorts were more at risk of infection compared to the less or equal to 17 age cohort. The average incidence of the infection was similar among seasons and there was no significant association between season and incidence of leptospirosis. Conclusions The results highlight that leptospirosis is an important zoonosis within the province disproportionately affecting males and the productive age demographic groups. These findings should enhance targeted prevention and provoke further investigation on the importance of environmental and socioeconomic factors on leptospirosis burden.
Heat Input Radius for Crater Formation in the Electric Discharge Machining

This paper describes some relations between electrical input power and demensions of EDM craters. To our authors' Knowledge, there were no reports taking into account expansion of arc column for metal heating by transient electrical input power. We have estimated expansion of virtual heat input radius in EDM energy range and proposed to use the time average of the thermal expansion as heat input radius for material heating. To determine crater profile,the dimensions of melting zone were calculated from the temperature distribution in the materials, estimated by using the equation of thermal conduction. Comparison between calculated EDM crater dimensions and experimentally obtained ones has shown reasonability of our proposal. Our study has made it possible to calculate time dependence of expansion of arc column for EDM region. It has become clear that the virtual heat input radius is larger than crater radius, and, in addition, that removal amount of work material with repetitional discharge can be estimate from the removal amount with impulse discharge.
Identification of hazardous motor vehicle accident sites: some Bayesian considerations

Appropriate hazardous accident site identification and discrimination is a fundamental difficulty that confronts traffic safety researchers. Readily employed Bayesian methods can redress this difficulty and are the focus of this thesis. Accident analysis, including hazardous site identification, invariably requires the specification of some defined distributional function. However, several different distributions have been proposed to model traffic accidents, and so the most suitable model amongst these must be appropriately determined and selected. Model selection should satisfactorily fulfill two requisite criteria; firstly, that the best model is discriminated, and secondly, that this best distribution adequately describes the data. To help satisfy these requirements we introduce the averaged Bayes factor, a new method that determines the best model from likely candidate distributions, and we propose a new Bayesian procedure that facilitates the quantitative assessment of model adequacy. In addition, a method quantifying the power of detecting model inadequacy is presented. With the specification of an appropriate accident distribution, procedures facilitating hazardous site identification, ranking and selection are then proposed. These procedures are accomplished using the hierarchical Bayesian method and three intuitive quantitative strategies. Especially useful is a variation of the posterior probability that gives the probability each particular site is worst and by how much it is worst. All proposed techniques are illustrated using previously published accident data from 35 sites in Auckland, New Zealand.
Diversity and Spectral Efficiency in Wireless Relay Networks

by Deqiang Chen Motivated by the increasing demand for higher data rate, broader coverage, and lower infrastructure cost in wireless systems, a major effort is being made to study the use of relay stations in wireless networks. In this dissertation, we propose efficient relaying protocols for two types of wireless networks, i.e., networks with one destination, one relay and multiple sources, and networks with one destination, one source and multiple relays. We model the former as a multi-access relay channel (MARC) and refer the latter as a multihop network. For a MARC, we propose the multi-access relay amplify-forward (MAF) protocol. The proposed protocol allows for a low-complexity relay, allows the users to operate as if in a normal (non-cooperative) multi-access channel (MAC), and allows multiple users to achieve significant gains from sharing a single amplify-forward relay in slow fading environments. MAF achieves the optimal diversity-multiplexing trade-off at high multiplexing gains. Analysis of the protocol reveals that it outperforms the compress-forward strategy at low multiplexing gains and further outperforms the dynamic decode-forward protocol at high multiplexing gains. We also propose different routing protocols for wireless multi-hop networks. An information theoretic analysis suggests that there is an optimum number of hops in maximizing the end-to-end spectral efficiency for a multihop network with
AJAR-09-2020-0078_proof 152..164

Purpose – It is argued that the going concern opinion is issued if auditors have a doubt about financial condition of a company. Provision of the going concern audit opinion may worsen the company in terms of gaining public trust andmay even indicate bankruptcy. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the auditor’s going concern opinion. Design/methodology/approach – This research used secondary data obtained from annual reports and independent audit reports published by the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this research includedmanufacturing firms registered in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2019. The sample after the purposive sampling technique being applied consisted of 33 companies. The data were analyzed using logistic regression performed in the statistical analysis software, SPSS 24.0. Findings – The results indicated that leverage positively affected the going concern audit opinion, then the audit quality, profitability and liquidity negatively affected the going concern audit opinion, whereas firm size and audit lag did not affect the going concern audit opinion. Originality/value – This study is in contrast to several existing studies on the determinants of the auditor’s going concern opinion and provides knowledge on developing more factors affecting the auditor’s going concern opinion.