Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Knowledge about a Group on Perceived Group Variability and Certainty about Stereotype-Based Inferences

Stereotypes are often used to make inferences about others, yet can lead to problematic consequences, which get exacerbated when people are more confident in these inferences. The current research examines whether biases in people’s first-hand and second-hand information about groups make groups appear overly homogeneous, leading to more confident inferences about group members. Supporting this, across two studies, groups appeared more homogeneous when people lacked first-hand information from personal experience with a group, and when stereotypes were based on second-hand information from the media or other people. However, only second-hand information increased confidence about group members, as lacking first-hand information reduced confidence about what groups and group members were like. Biases in homogeneity also had greater impact for typical rather than atypical group members. Thus, people may be especially confident in stereotype-based inferences when stereotypes are based on second-hand information, and when group members appear typical of their group.
Design Principles for Robust Fraud Detection: The Case of Stock Market Manipulations

We address the challenge of building an automated fraud detection system with robust classifiers that mitigate countermeasures from fraudsters in the field of information-based securities fraud. Our work involves developing design principles for robust fraud detection systems and presenting corresponding design features. We adopt an instrumentalist perspective that relies on theory-based linguistic features and ensemble learning concepts as justificatory knowledge for building robust classifiers. We perform a naive evaluation that assesses the classifiers’ performance to identify suspicious stock recommendations, and a robustness evaluation with a simulation that demonstrates a response to fraudster countermeasures. The results indicate that the use of theory-based linguistic features and ensemble learning can significantly increase the robustness of classifiers and contribute to the effectiveness of robust fraud detection. We discuss implications for supervisory authorities, industry, and individual users.
Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol

[1] The ability of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to contribute to the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere is examined. Aerosol is generated by the ozonolysis reaction of monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene) and sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and o-cedrene) in a 10 m 3 temperature-controlled Teflon smog chamber. In some cases, a self-seeding technique is used, which enables high particle concentrations with the desired diameters without compromising particle composition and purity. The monoterpene SOA is excellent CCN material, and it activates similarly (average activation diameter equals 48 ± 8 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) to highly water-soluble organic species. Its effective solubility in water was estimated to be in the range of 0.07- 0.40 g solute/g H 2 O. CCN measurements for sesquiterpene SOA (average activation diameter equals 120 ± 20 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) show that it is less CCN active than monoterpene SOA. The initial terpene mixing ratio (between 3 and 100 ppb) does not affect the CCN activation for freshly generated SOA.
Gender Inequalities and Higher Music Education: Comparing the UK and Sweden

Whilst the impact of gender inequalities has been studied in relation to music education, especially in the UK, relatively little has been written about their impact on higher music education (HME). This article compares data on HME programs and courses, in the UK and Sweden, from 2010 to 2014. It looks at similarities and differences in the numbers of men and women who applied to HME subjects, compared to those who were offered a place on their chosen program or course, in both nations. Through this it demonstrates that whilst a Swedish HME appears to show less institutional discrimination against women, there are still similar transnational divisions in men's and women's HME subject choices. However the article uses these data to build on existing critiques around a need for intersectional understandings of gender inequalities, before arguing that a critique of neoliberalism is essential to tackling gender inequalities in HME.
Metacognition and Motivation: The Role of Time-Awareness in Preparation for Future Learning

In this work, we investigate how two factors, metacognitive skills and motivation, would impact student learning across domains. More specifically, our primary goal is to identify the critical, yet robust, interaction patterns of these two factors that would contribute to students' performance in learning logic first and then their performance on a subsequent new domain, probability. We are concerned with two types of metacognitive skills: strategy-awareness and time-awareness, that is, which problem-solving strategy to use and when to use it. Our data were collected from 495 participants across three consecutive semesters, and our results show that the only students who consistently outperform their peers across both domains are those who are not only highly motivated but also strategy-aware and time-aware.
Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Processing Framework

Predictive processing is transforming our understanding of the brain in the 21 century. Whereas in the 20 century we understood the brain as a passive organ taking in information from the world, today we are beginning to reconceptualize it as an organ that actively creates and tests hypotheses about its world. The promised revolution of predictive processing extends beyond cognitive neuroscience, however, and is beginning to make waves in the philosophy of perception. Andy Clark has written that predictive processing creates a “bootstrap heaven,” enabling the brain to develop complex models of the world from limited data. I argue that the same principles also create a “bootstrap hell,” wherein prejudice biases inherent in our inegalitarian societies result in permanent perceptual modifications. These modifications are unamenable to conventional implicit bias training. The deep embeddedness of prejudice biases in perceptual experience makes any proposal to eliminate prejudice biases by mere “understanding” insufficient.
Temperature measurements for high-current free-burning arcs in nitrogen

A Fowler-Milne technique using the relative intensity of the 746.8 nm N I line has been used to measure the plasma temperature of free-burning arcs in nitrogen at 1 atm pressure. Temperature profiles are presented for different arc currents. The maximum plasma temperature depends on the arc current and is 27000 K near the tip of a 3.2 mm diameter thoriated tungsten cathode with a 60 degrees cone angle for a 200 A, 5 mm long arc. Comparisons are made between high-current arcs burning in argon and in nitrogen.
ZeroSpy: Exploring Software Inefficiency with Redundant Zeros

Redundant zeros cause inefficiencies in which the zero values are loaded and computed repeatedly, resulting in unnecessary memory traffic and identity computation that waste memory bandwidth and CPU resources. optimizing compilers is difficult in eliminating these zero-related inefficiencies due to limitations in static analysis. Hardware approaches, in contrast, optimize inefficiencies without code modification, but are not widely adopted in commodity processors. In this paper, we propose ZeroSpy - a fine-grained profiler to identify redundant zeros caused by both inappropriate use of data structures and useless computation. ZeroSpy also provides intuitive optimization guidance by revealing the locations where the redundant zeros happen in source lines and calling contexts. The experimental results demonstrate ZeroSpy is capable of identifying redundant zeros in programs that have been highly optimized for years. Based on the optimization guidance revealed by ZeroSpy, we can achieve significant speedups after eliminating redundant zeros.
DFT calculations on the electrophilic reaction with water of the guanine and adenine radical cations. A model for the situation in DNAElectronic Supplementary Information available. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b1/b109204a/

Using density functional theory, the H2O (modeled by OH−) addition on the C8-site of the guanine and adenine radical cations (Gua˙+/Ade˙+) is calculated to be exothermic by −75.3 and −77.7 kcal mol−1, respectively. In contrast, in the absence of the N1 proton on Gua˙+, i.e., in the case of the neutral radical (Gua(–H)˙) the H2O addition is +29.4 kcal mol−1endothermic. Similarly, in the case of the neutral adenine radical (Ade(–H)˙), the N6-deprotonated radical cation, the H2O addition is endothermic by +43.7 kcal mol−1. Related to these observations is the fact that with the radical cations, Gua˙+and Ade˙+, the positive charge density on the C8-carbon is higher than with the deprotonated forms. This means that nucleophilic attack is likely to have a lower activation energy in the case of the former than the latter. The protonated radical, Gua˙+, simulates the situation in double-stranded (ds) DNA where the transfer of the N1 proton to solvent molecules is inhibited due to its base pairing with cytosine. In contrast, in single-stranded DNA and in RNA, Gua˙+ is expected to quickly lose its N1 proton to the water phase. In comparison, with Ade˙+ in ds DNA the exocyclic N6-atom is in contact with water molecules in the major groove of the DNA double helix and thus should be able to rapidly lose a proton to a water molecule, even when it is paired with thymine. This concept provides an explanation for the experimental observation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-OGua) formation only in ds DNA and negligible formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine (8-OAde) in any other form of DNA.
Why Are Women Underrepresented in the American IT Industry? The Role of Explicit and Implicit Gender Identities

Gender inequality in the IT profession is an acute issue with major individual, societal, and national implications. In this study, we build on the individual differences theory of gender and IT and extend it to account for subconscious processes that may drive women away from IT university majors and IT career choices. We specifically theorize on how the asymmetric roles of explicit and implicit gender identity facets impact the major selection of men and women students and affect their decisions to pursue the IT profession. To do so, this study introduces the concept of implicit gender identity, defined as the degree to which men and women subconsciously, automatically, and uncontrollably associate themselves with the masculine and feminine gender groups, respectively. We obtained data from 185 pre-major selection university students by means of a survey and the Implicit Association Test. The findings revealed that implicit gender identity was a significant predictor of IT major and career choices for women but not for men university students. Explicit gender identity had no influence on IT major and career choices for men or women university students. Nevertheless, men’s and women’s IT major and career choices appear to be similarly influenced by normative pressures. IT skills and IT work experience also impact such choices. Ultimately, this study shows that implicit gender identity can be a factor that drives women university students away from the IT profession and contributes to the gender gap in the field.
A Model of Prenatal Acquisition of Vowels

Humans learn much about their language while still in the womb. Prenatal exposure has been repeatedly shown to affect newborn infants’ processing of the prosodic characteristics of native language speech. Little is known about whether and how prenatal exposure affects infants’ perception of speech sound segments. Here we simulated prenatal learning of vowels in two virtual fetuses whose mothers spoke (slightly) different languages. The learners were two-layer neural networks and were each exposed to vowel tokens sampled from an existent five-vowel language (Spanish and Czech, respectively). The input acoustic properties approximated the speech signal that could possibly be heard in the intrauterine environment, and the learners’ auditory system was relatively immature. Without supervision, the virtual fetuses came to warp the continuous acoustic signal into “proto-categories” that were specific to their linguistic environment. Both learners came to create two categorization patterns and did so in language-specific ways, primarily on the basis of the vowels’ first-formant characteristics. Such prenatally formed proto-categories were not adult-like in that they entirely collapsed some of the nativelanguage contrasts. At the same time, the categories reflected features of the adult language in that they were languagespecific. These results can inspire future work on speech and language acquisition in real young humans.
Silicon surface passivation by aluminium oxide studied with electron energy loss spectroscopy

The origin behind crystalline silicon surface passivation by Al2O3 films is studied in detail by means of spatially‐resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. The bonding configurations of Al and O are studied in as‐deposited and annealed Al2O3 films grown on c‐Si substrates by plasma‐assisted and thermal atomic layer deposition. The results confirm the presence of an interfacial SiO2‐like film and demonstrate changes in the ratio between tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al in the films after annealing. These observations reveal the underlying origin of c‐Si surface passivation by Al2O3. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Digestibility and metabolic utilisation of dietary energy in adult sows: influence of addition and origin of dietary fibre

According to a 4×4 Latin square design, four adult ovariectomised sows fed at a similar energy level (516 kJ ME/kg body weight (BW)0·75 per d) received one of four diets successively: a control low-dietary-fibre (DF) diet (diet C, 100 g total DF/kg DM) and three fibre-rich diets (200 g total DF/kg DM) that corresponded to a combination of diet C and maize bran (diet MB), wheat bran (diet WB), or sugar-beet pulp (diet SBP). Sows were adapted to the diet for 12 d before an 8 d measurement period. Digestibility of energy and nutrients in the diets, and total heat production (HP) and its components (fasting HP, activity HP and thermic effect of feeding (TEF), were measured. The TEF was partitioned between a short-term component (TEFst) and a long-term component (TEFlt). Total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy was greater for diet C; among the three other diets, the digestibility coefficients were higher for diet SBP than for diets MB and WB. Energy losses from CH4 were linearly related to the digestible total DF intake (+1·4 kJ/g). Fasting HP at zero activity averaged 260 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d. Activity HP represented 20 % total HP, or 83 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d on average. Total TEF and TEFlt were higher (P<0·05) for diet WB than for the other diets. However, total HP (406 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d) was not significantly affected by diet characteristics. Our results suggest that metabolic utilisation of dietary energy is little affected by the addition and origin of DF, at least under the conditions of the present study.
Novel Nucleophilic Compounds with Oxime Group as Reactivators of Paraoxon-Inhibited Cholinesterases

New cholinesterase reactivators are synthesized as potential antidotes for treatment of organophosphorus agent poisonings or as part of pseudo catalytic scavengers for improvement of the nerve agent prophylaxis. In this study, three novel potential cholinesterase reactivators (K064 - (E)-1-(pyridinium)-4-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide; K065 - (E)-1-(quinolinium)-4-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide; K066 - (E)-1- (isoquinolinium)-4-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide) were synthesized and tested for their po- tency to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.3) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, 3.1.1.8) inhibited by pesti- cide paraoxon. As resulted, none from the synthesized compounds surpassed currently clinically used reactivators (prali- doxime, obidoxime and HI-6).
Climate Risk and Commodity Currencies

The positive relationship between real exchange rates and natural resource income is well understood and studied. However, climate change and the transition to a lower-carbon economy now challenges this relationship. We document this by proposing a novel news media-based measure of climate change transition risk and show that when such risk is high, major commodity currencies experience a persistent depreciation and the relationship between commodity price fluctuations and currencies tends to become weaker.
Manipulation of three-dimensional asymmetries of a turbulent wake for drag reduction

Abstract Combinations of passive and active flow control are used to reduce the aerodynamic drag of a three-dimensional blunt body by manipulating its large-scale wake asymmetries. An Ahmed-like body with a square-back is mounted in ground proximity in the test section of a wind tunnel to produce a canonical turbulent wake at $Re_H = 5 \times 10^5$ based on the height $H$ of the body. By using passive perturbations around the model, the large-scale asymmetry and dynamics of the unforced recirculation region are modified. Depending on the unforced wake equilibrium, additional high-frequency pulsed blowing, coupled with small curved deflecting surfaces along selected edges of the base, produces a very different impact on the drag. On the one hand, forcing the wake along all edges results in important drag reduction of up to 12 % through a wake-shaping mechanism with weak influence on the large-scale asymmetry. On the other hand, the reorganization of the recirculation region equilibrium plays a key role in the observed drag changes when the wake is only forced along some edges of the base. In particular, the symmetrization of the mean wake and the influence of forcing on the interaction mechanism between facing shear layers described by Haffner et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 894, 2020, A14) appears to be one of the main mechanisms involved in drag reduction. Even if asymmetric forcing strategies resulting in symmetrization of the mean wake provide more modest drag reductions of up to 7 % compared with forcing around the whole base, they are more efficient from an energetic point of view. This study provides key ingredients to adapt forcing strategies for drag reduction in the presence of various wake asymmetries typically imposed in real flow conditions around ground vehicles.
On the nature of the chromate conversion coating formed on intermetallic constituents of AA2024‐T3

The objective of the research reported in this paper was to refine an existing model for chromate conversion coatings (CCC) formed on the surface of AA2024‐T3, an Al–Cu aircraft alloy, by considering the composition and structure of the CCC formed on constituent intermetallic compounds (IMCs). To achieve this aim it was necessary to develop large‐area samples composed of compositionally homogeneous thin films of the various IMCs found on the AA2024‐T3 surface, which were galvanically attached to thin films of Al–4.2wt. %Cu (representative of the AA2024‐T3 matrix). This was performed in a two‐step process: disks of IMC compositions were formed by reactive arc melting (RAM), followed by femtosecond laser ablation of the RAM IMCs, resulting in the formation of homogeneous thin films. These thin films were used to analyze the formation of CCC on IMCs, the AA2024‐T3 matrix analog and matrix–IMC galvanic couples. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling revealed significant variations in CCC film thickness and composition related to the underlying IMCs. The SIMS results indicated that the CCC formed on the matrix analog had the same average thickness as the average CCC formed on AA2024‐T3, whereas those formed on individual θ and S phases were only 9% and 12% as thick, respectively, when uncoupled to the matrix and 11% and 14% as thick when coupled to the matrix. The CCC thickness on the Al20Cu2(MnFe)3 was found to be variable, having an islanded structure. Topographical maps indicate that the IMC/matrix boundaries are covered with CCC of a thickness approaching that of the matrix. Inhibition of CCC growth is related to the high copper content (and therefore insufficient aluminum) present in the IMCs compared to the matrix, which provides a more accurate model of CCC formation on AA2024‐T3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Factors Predicting Students’ Participation in Online English Courses

Purpose: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which restricted face to face instruction, most of the educational institutions have been obliged to continue their education through distance education without examining the conditions necessary for effective online learning The researcher who offered more than 100 class hours of English instruction realized that the students did not participate in online courses as much as expected Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level of students’ online learning readiness (OLR) and the factors predicting their participation in online English courses Method: The study employed a correlational research design to discover the relationship between variables The sample included 177 students selected from the Departments of Civil Aviation and Translation and Interpreting Data were collected using a validated and reliable OLR scale This instrument was conducted as an online form, which included an additional part to obtain information about some characteristics of the sample, which were used to examine relationships Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression Findings: The findings revealed that the students had an average level of OLR The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that students’ department type, previous experience in online courses, computer ownership, computer/internet self-efficacy (CIS) and motivation for learning (ML) influenced students’ participation in online courses, while internet limit, self-directed learning (SDL), learner control (LC) and online communication self-efficacy (OCS) were not significant variables influencing their participation frequency Implications for Research and Practice: Further research was suggested to examine the relationship between different predictors and the outcome variable It was suggested to take actions to maximize students’ participation for more learning gains © 2021 Ani Publishing Ltd All rights reserved