Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gargling of Young Coconut Water on Saliva pH of Elementary School Children in Batua Village, Makassar City

Various ways have been done to reduce the risk of caries including by utilizing a variety of plants and plants one of which is young coconut water. This study aims to determine the effect of gargling young coconut water on saliva pH, knowing the pH of saliva before and after gargling young coconut water and to determine the effect of gargling old coconut water on salivary pH. This research method is Pretest and Post-test research design. This study aims to examine the pH of saliva before and after treatment. Retrieval of data is done by purposive sampling technique. The results showed that gargling young coconut water could affect the pH of saliva, gargling young coconut water could reduce the pH of saliva, gargling young coconut water lowered the pH of saliva compared to gargling old coconut water. We recommend that you rinse water after consuming young coconut water or old coconut water.
Flood Size Increases Nonlinearly Across the Western United States in Response to Lower Snow‐Precipitation Ratios

Many mountainous and high‐latitude regions have experienced more precipitation as rain rather than snow due to warmer winter temperatures. Further decreases in the annual snow fraction are projected under continued global warming, with potential impacts on flood risk. Here, we quantify the size of streamflow peaks in response to both seasonal and event‐specific rain‐fraction using stream gage observations from watersheds across the western United States. Across the study watersheds, the largest rainfall‐driven streamflow peaks are >2.5 times the size of the largest snowmelt‐driven peaks. Using a panel regression analysis of individual precipitation and snowmelt events, we show that the empirical streamflow response grows approximately exponentially as the liquid precipitation input increases, with rain‐dominated runoff leading to proportionately larger streamflow increases than snowmelt or mixed rain‐and‐snow runoff. We find that the response to changes in rain percentage is largest in the wettest watersheds, where wet antecedent conditions are important for increasing runoff efficiency. Similarly, the effect of rain percentage is larger across watersheds in the Northwest and West regions compared to watersheds in the Northern Rockies and Southwest regions. Overall, as a higher percentage of precipitation falls as rain, increases in the size of rainfall‐driven and “rain‐on‐snow”‐driven floods have the potential to more than offset decreases in the size of snowmelt‐driven floods.
[Food security in Mexican households in poverty, and its association with access, availability and consumption].

OBJECTIVE To assess changes in the magnitude of food insecurity (FI) in Mexican households in poverty from 2012 to 2018 and to analyze the association of FI with the access, availability and consumption of food. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on 4 464 households were drawn from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición in Mexican localities under 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k). We measured FI according to the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale and analyzed food access and availability on the basis of food expenditures while consumption through dietary diversity among women. Using multiple logistic regression models, we estimated: the association between FI and expenditures for food groups, and the association between FI and dietary diversity. RESULTS Moderate and severe FI remained stable at 43% from 2012 to 2018. Larger expenditures on sugar, oil and on eating out as well as meat and dairy products consumption were associated with a lower possibility of FI. CONCLUSIONS It is important to integrate different dimensions of FI in order to reinforce its measurement and monitoring.
Analysis of Congenital Hand Anomalies at a Specialist Hospital in a Developing Country

Introduction: Congenital hand anomalies constitute a significant work load in plastic surgery practice in this environment. There is however a dearth of information on the presentation and management of these anomalies in our environment. This study was designed to investigate the pattern of presentation and management, determine pre natal factors associated with the condition and review the literature. Methods: Medical and theatre records of patients that presented at National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, with congenital hand anomalies between July, 2002 and June, 2012 were examined. Information obtained was analyzed using (SPSS) version 17 and presented in tables and charts. Results: A total of 43 patients were recorded. They were made up of 16 males and 27 females. The age range was 2 days to 26 years with a peak age group of 0 – 11 months. There was a positive history in first degree relatives in 14% of cases. Syndactyly was the most common observed constituting 37.2% in isolated forms and 25.7% in association with other anomalies and syndromes followed by polydactyly which presented in isolated form in 25.7% of cases and in association with syndactyly in 4.7% of cases. Syndromic forms constituted 14% of cases. 25.6 % of mothers had febrile illness while 9.3% used native medication during early pregnancy. Most patients (93%) had various surgical procedures determined by the type of deformity. Conclusion: Congenital hand anomalies are not uncommon. Those that got to us received standard treatment as documented in the literature.
Effect of dietary incremental levels of flaxseed supplementation on productive performance of lactating Damascus goats

It is believable that supplemental essential fatty acids can change the fatty Acid (FA) composition in the milk. Feeding flaxseed to dairy animals improves milk production and milk quality, resulting in healthier milk for consumer. So, the objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of ascending levels of flaxseed in Damascus goat's ration on performance and milk composition. Twenty-four of lactating Damascus goats (39.60 ±0.50 kg weight and 2-3 years old) were divided into three groups (randomly, eight animals each). The basic diet of control group (T1) consisted of 56.67% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 33.33% alfalfa hay and supplemented with 10% full fat soya, while the other groups were supplemented with 5% flaxseed + 5% full fat soya (T2) and 10% flaxseed (T3), respectively. Inclusion of higher level of flaxseed (10%) in goat’s ration increases dry matter intake (DMI) with the positive effect on digestibility of most nutrients. In addition, rumen fermentation was affected with increased fat supply where levels of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA’s) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) are increased with reduced rumen pH values in animals fed on T3. In this study, significant increase of blood plasma total protein, globulin, albumin, urea and high-density lipoprotein concentration, whereas significant decrease of triglycerides, cholesterol and Low-density lipoprotein concentration in response to higher supplemental fat than T1 and T2. Goats supplemented with higher level of flaxseed recorded higher body weight, milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) yield, milk fat, protein and total solid content than the other groups (T1 and T2). In conclusion, higher flaxseed supply in dairy Damascus goat's diets resulted in improved total tract digestibility, feed efficiency and rumen fermentation parameters and milk production, milk composition while reduced blood lipids.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TURKISH EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OILS ACCORDING TO THE THEIR FATTY ACID PROFILE

In this study, a Mobile Olive Oil Processing Unit (TEM Oliomio 500-2GV, Italy) was designed and used to manufacture cold press extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) under the optimum conditions. The local olive varieties Beylik, Tavşan Yüreği, Uslu, and Saurani in the Turkish provinces Antalya, Manisa, and Hatay have been investigated. EVOO was stored before and after paper filtration. Generally, no significant change was observed in the fatty acid composition during 60 days of storing. The filtration had no detectable effect, and there was significant difference among the EVOOs obtained from different cultivars. The results of this study have shown that the fatty acid profile of EVOOs is a good method to classify Turkish olive oils. Beylik and Tavşan Yüreği had a higher oleic acid content than other cultivars. The Saurani EVOO had the highest content of palmitic and stearic acids. The highest amount of linoleic acid was detected in the EVOO Uslu (Manisa), with the range 12.06–12.09%. The maximum amount of linolenic acid (0.85%) was detected in Saurani (Hatay), and the lowest concentration (0.49%) of linolenic acid was found in Tavşan Yüreği (Antalya). Beylik (Antalya) extra virgin olive had 0.5% of it, and this amount increased after filtration (0.59%). Uslu (Manisa) had 0.7% of linolenic acid. The olive oil samples were classified as EVOO according to the International Olive Council (IOC) regulations. The linolenic acid levels in the Turkish virgin olive oil samples were below the maximum value (0.9%) provided for by the Turkish Food Codex. Predictably, oleic acid (C18:1) was the most abundant fatty acid (70.56–68.64%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:1). The results have shown that Beylik and Tavşan Yüreği extra virgin olive oil have a unique fatty acid profile due to high oleic acid content. Turkish virgin olive oils are low in linoleic and palmitic acids, and high in oleic acid.
The Relationship Between Social Networking and Student-athlete Well-Being

ii Acknowledgments . iv List of Tables . vii Chapter 1 – Introduction & Background . 1 Chapter 2 – Methodology . 36 Chapter 3 – Results . 52 Chapter 4 Discussion . 77 Chapter 5 Manuscript . 92 References . 118 Appendix A – Recruitment Emails . 138 Appendix B – Informational Letter . 140 Appendix C – Demographic Questionnaire . 142 Appendix D – Social Media Use & Integration Scale . 145 Appendix E – The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale . 146 Appendix F – Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale . 147 Appendix G – Satisfaction With Life Scale. 149 Appendix H – Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood . 150
Identifying heavy health care users among primary care patients with chronic non-cancer pain

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to identify biopsychosocial factors predicting primary care chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) patients’ risk of being heavy health care users. Methods: Patients reporting moderate to severe CNCP for at least 6 months with an active analgesic prescription from a primary care physician were recruited in community pharmacies. Recruited patients completed questionnaires documenting biopsychosocial characteristics. Using administrative databases, direct costs were estimated for health care services used by each patient in the year preceding and following the recruitment. Heavy health care users were defined as patients in the highest annual direct health care costs quartile. Logistic multivariate regression models using the Akaike information criterion were developed to identify predictors of heavy health care use. Results: The median annual direct health care cost incurred by heavy health care users (n = 63) was CAD (Canadian dollars) 7627, versus CAD 1554 for standard health care users (n = 188). The final predictive model of the risks of being a heavy health care user included pain located in the lower body (odds ratio [OR] = 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–7.65), pain-related disability (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03–1.48), and health care costs incurred in the year prior to recruitment (OR = 17.67; 95% CI, 7.90–39.48). Variables in the model also included sex, comorbidity, patients’ depression level, and attitudes toward medical pain cure. Conclusion: Patients suffering from CNCP in the lower body and showing greater disability were more likely to be heavy health care users, even after adjusting for previous-year direct health care costs. Improving pain management for these patients could have positive impacts on health care use and costs.
‘A place to be (me)’: a qualitative study on an alternative approach to treatment for persons with dual diagnosis

Abstract Objectives: This study aims at gaining insight into an alternative approach to treatment for persons with dual diagnosis by unraveling the daily practice of Villa Voortman, a community-based meeting place in Ghent (Belgium) offering support to this group. Methods: Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with several actors: visitors, staff members, volunteers, and persons involved from outside the meeting place. Results: First, Villa Voortman was experienced as ‘a place to be’, providing visitors a possibility to feel safe and accepted, and belong to a peer group. Voluntary participation to activities is crucial to install such feeling. In time, the meeting place also becomes ‘the place to be’, as visitors start to feel at home. Secondly, it functions as ‘a place to be me’, helping participants to (re-)build their identity and become visible citizens. Conclusions: The findings are highly consistent with recovery literature and Lacanian ideas on the treatment of psychosis. Some ‘contours’ that shape the daily practice of Villa Voortman could be identified: particularizing to personal needs, having a focus on personal, social, and structural aspects of recovery and the coexistence of different discourses.
Characterization of Neuropathic Pain in Sickle Cell Disease

Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a multifaceted, chronic disease that severely affects the quality of life of patients globally. Recurrent episodes of pain are a hallmark of SCD; however, there are limited data on the characterization of the pain. This paper characterizes the types of pain experienced by persons living with SCD in Grenada, West Indies. More specifically, it assesses the presence of neuropathic pain in these individuals. This study hopes to increase awareness of the types of pain in SCD and contribute to the development of effective pain management guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the presence and characteristics of pain in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SCD in Grenada. Participants were selected randomly from the registry provided by the Sickle Cell Association of Grenada. The painDETECT questionnaire was used to provide quantitative data and the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire to provide qualitative data. Results: The study examined 63 participants, 24 males and 39 females, with a mean age of 21.16 years. In the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire, participants chose pain descriptors for all three types of pain: nociceptive, affective/evaluative and neuropathic. An independent sample median test found neuropathic pain descriptors to be significantly different across age groups (p = 0.046). There was no age dependency in nociceptive and affective/evaluative pain. The mean final score of all participants in the painDETECT survey was 19.27 (95% CI: 17.25, 21.29), which is a score suggestive of a neuropathic pain component. There was also a positive correlation of 0.41 (p = 0.01) between age and painDETECT final score. Furthermore, a positive correlation of 0.56 (p < 0.001) existed between the number of neuropathic pain descriptors chosen and the painDETECT final score. Conclusion: The presence of all three types of pain, as well as the presence of neuropathic pain with increasing age, indicates the need for a multimodal pain management plan that is individually targeted and varied throughout the life of a patient with SCD.
Expression and significance of EMMPRIN, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in non-small cell lung carcinoma tissues of Guangxi Province, China

Background: Although radical operation to treat lung cancer is thought to be an important treatment measure, prognosis of advanced lung cancer is still poor. A reasonable treatment procedure for advanced lung cancer is an issue worthy of investigating nowadays. The further research on the role and the co-relationship of EMMPRIN, MMP-9, TIMP-1 will not only help to approach the mechanisms of the non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) incidence and development in depth, but also offer help for the gene targeted therapy of NSCLC. This study was to examine the expression and significance of tumor metastasis genes EMMPRIN , MMP-9 , TIMP-1 in Guangxi NSCLC)tissues, cancer adjacent tissues and benign lung tissues. Methods: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the expression level of EMMPRIN, MMP-9, TIMP-1 in 80 cases of NSCIC, 40 cases of tumor adjacent tissues and 10 cases of benign lesion lung tissues, then we analysed the sequence of PCR products of these gene. Results: The positive expression rate of EMMPRIN, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in lung cancer cells was higher than in the cancer adjacent tissues (P 0.05). Patients with EMMPRIN or MMP-9 negative expression had a significantly longer OS (P=0.016 and P=0.026) than those with positive expression. Conclusions: In NSCLC, the detected level of EMMPRIN, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was higher than in cancer adjacent tissue and benign lung tissue, suggesting that they were involved in NSCLC incidence and development; EMMPRIN, MMP-9, TIMP-1 expression can not only serve as the indicator to determine the pathological classification, metastasis and prognosis of NSCLC, but also offer help for targeted gene therapy of NSCLC.
Nontraditional hypsometric equation

This study corrects the hypsometric equation by restoring the nontraditional terms to relax the hydrostatic approximation. The nontraditional terms include one Coriolis term and two metric terms in the vertical momentum equation. The hypsometric equations with and without the nontraditional correction are used to calculate the geopotential height of pressure levels using more than 300,000 selected tropical rawinsonde profiles. With westerlies between two pressure levels, the thickness of the layer increases, which reduces the upward pressure gradient forces to balance the upward nontraditional Coriolis forces; the opposite is true for easterlies. Hence, zonal winds are negatively correlated with traditional geopotential height biases aloft. At 500 hPa, for example, traditional geopotential height error in the tropical troposphere is on the order of at least 0.5 m, which is considerable with respect to geopotential height variability in tropical large‐scale flow, on the order of 10 to 15 m.
Learning Internal State Memory Representations from Observation

Learning from Observation (LfO) is a machine learning paradigm that mimics how people learn in daily life: learning how to do something simply by watching someone else do it. LfO has been used in various applications, from video game agent creation to driving a car, but it has always been limited by the inability of an observer to know what a performing entity chooses to remember as they act in an environment. Various methods have either ignored the effects of memory or otherwise made simplistic assumptions about its structure. In this dissertation, we propose a new method, Memory Composition Learning, that captures the influence of a performer’s memory in an observed behavior through the creation of an auxiliary memory feature set that explicitly models the aspects of the environment with significance for future decisions, and which can be used with a machine learning technique to provide salient information from memory. It advances the state of the art by automatically learning the internal structure of memory instead of ignoring or predefining it. This research is difficult in that memory modeling is an unsupervised learning problem that we elect to solve solely from unobtrusive observation. This research is significant for LfO in that it will allow learning techniques that otherwise could not use information from memory to use a tailored set of learned memory features that capture salient influences from memory and enable decision-making based on these influences for more effective learning performance. To validate our hypothesis, we implemented a prototype for modeling observed memory influences with our approach and applied it to simulated vacuum cleaner and lawn mower domains. Our investigation revealed that MCL was able to automatically learn memory features that describe the influences on an observed actor’s internal state, and which improved learning performance of observed behaviors.
Effects of White Noise on Off-Task Behavior and Sleep for Elementary-Age Students with ADHD

Abstract Children with ADHD were administered 75 dB of continuous white noise during independent seat work in the classroom and during bedtime in their homes. Compared to baseline all three students exhibited decreases in off-task behavior. Off-task behavior returned to original baseline levels when white noise was removed and decreased again when reintroduced in classrooms. White noise also decreased bedtime sleep latency and spontaneous night wakings at home. Both sleep latencies and night wakings increased during return-to-baseline conditions. Surprisingly, when white noise was reintroduced only in the classrooms sleep improved a second time. White noise in classrooms with or without simultaneous treatment during sleep at night resulted in lower levels of off-task classroom behavior as well as less disruptive sleep. Results were independent of whether children were on ADHD medication. Children, teachers, and parents all rated white noise favorably.
A Two-Moment Bulk Parameterization of the Drop Collection Growth in Warm Clouds

To improve the modeling of warm rain initiation, a two-moment bulk parameterization of the drop collection growth in warm clouds is developed by two steps: (i) its prototype is first derived based on the analytic solution of the stochastic collection equation (SCE) with the Golovin kernel, and (ii) the prototype is then revamped empirically to fit the numerical solution of SCE with the real hydrodynamic collection kernel, reaching the final version of the parameterization. Since the final version represents the self-collection of cloud drops explicitly, it replicates warm rain initiation well even when liquid water content (cloud-drop number concentration) is very low (high). It also replicates the autoconversion threshold and time delay of rain initiation via a small autoconversion rate.
Role of sugars, amino acids and organic acids in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance

Plant growth and development are affected by many environmental factors. Among them, abiotic factors such as drought and salinity are more destructive; and responsible for worldwide crop losses. These stresses are also responsible for several biochemical and physiological changes in the plants. During metabolomic profiling, it was confirmed that sugars, amino acids and amines are accumulated in different plant species under abiotic stress condition. In most plant species, sugars are considered as the major contributing factor in osmotic adjustment. Soluble sugars are very important in various metabolic events, work as a signal to regulate different gene expression that are involved in photosynthesis, osmolyte synthesis and sucrose metabolism. It was suggested that the accretion of amino acids helps in stress tolerance of plants; through contributing in detoxification of reactive oxygen species, regulation of pH and osmotic adjustments. Among all organic acids, especially succinic, malic and galacturonic acids increase the plant response to long-term drought stress. Amphoteric quaternary amines such as glycine betaine regulate water balance between a plant cell and the environment by stabilizing macromolecular structure and activity. Metabolomic analysis of sugars, amino acids and organic acids is an important tool to correlate the metabolic changes with plant responses. This review aims to explore how sugars, amino acids and organic acids assist plants under severe environmental conditions and alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses.