Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictors of children’s and young people’s digital engagement in informational, communication, and entertainment activities: findings from ten European countries

ABSTRACT Through a re-analysis of survey data collected with a sample of 9,731 youth aged 11–17 from 10 European countries, the article explores how some of the most popular online activities for children and young people (i.e., informational, social, and entertainment activities) relate to different types of perceived digital skills, as well as individual and social characteristics (such as age, gender, emotional problems, sensation seeking, parental mediation, and family environment). Furthermore, this paper looks at the moderating role of the family environment between enabling parental mediation and online activities. Using multi-group structural equation modeling we found that emotional problems, perceived informational and social digital skills, and enabling parental mediation were associated with informational online activities; sensation seeking, perceived informational digital skills, and enabling and restrictive parental mediation were associated with social online activities; and restrictive parental mediation was associated with entertainment online activities. Implications of these findings for educators, policy-makers, and parents are outlined, as well as limitations and future directions. Impact summary Prior State of Knowledge: When going online, children and young people more commonly engage in informational, communication, and social activities. While different online activities may promote different positive outcomes, variables like digital skills, individual and social characteristics make a difference in what they do. Novel Contributions: We found that perceived informational digital skills was the most consistent predictor of all kinds of online activities, followed by enabling parental mediation positively predicting engagement in informational and social activities and restrictive mediation negatively predicting social and entertainment activities. Practical Implications: Findings are informative for policy-makers and educators to promote curricula fostering informational digital skills, predicting engagement in all kinds of activities, and parents to adopt an enabling mediation style allowing children to undertake a more diverse range of online activities.
DIRECT EVALUATION OF THE HELIUM ABUNDANCES IN OMEGA CENTAURI

A direct measure of the helium abundances from the near-infrared transition of He i at 1.08 μm is obtained for two nearly identical red giant stars in the globular cluster Omega Centauri. One star exhibits the He i line; the line is weak or absent in the other star. Detailed non-local thermal equilibrium semi-empirical models including expansion in spherical geometry are developed to match the chromospheric Hα, Hβ, and Ca ii K lines, in order to predict the helium profile and derive a helium abundance. The red giant spectra suggest a helium abundance of Y ⩽ 0.22 (LEID 54064) and Y = 0.39–0.44 (LEID 54084) corresponding to a difference in the abundance ΔY ⩾ 0.17. Helium is enhanced in the giant star (LEID 54084) that also contains enhanced aluminum and magnesium. This direct evaluation of the helium abundances gives observational support to the theoretical conjecture that multiple populations harbor enhanced helium in addition to light elements that are products of high-temperature hydrogen burning. We demonstrate that the 1.08 μm He i line can yield a helium abundance in cool stars when constraints on the semi-empirical chromospheric model are provided by other spectroscopic features.
Influence of the interplay between de Gennes boundary conditions and cubicity of Ginzburg-Landau equation on the properties of superconducting films

Exact solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation for the straight film subjected at its edges to the Robin-type boundary conditions characterized by the extrapolation length $\Lambda$ are analyzed with the primary emphasis on the interaction between the coefficient $\beta$ of the cubic GL term and the de Gennes distance $\Lambda$ and its influence on the temperature $T$ of the strip. Very substantial role is played also by the carrier density $n_s$ that naturally emerges as an integration constant of the GL equation. Physical interpretation of the obtained results is based on the $n_s$-dependent effective potential $V_{eff}({\bf r})$ created by the nonlinear term and its influence on the lowest eigenvalue of the corresponding Schr\"{o}dinger equation. In particular, for the large cubicities, the temperature $T$ becomes $\Lambda$ independent linearly decreasing function of the growing $\beta$ since in this limit the boundary conditions can not alter very strong $V_{eff}$. It is shown that the temperature increase, which is produced in the linear GL regime by the negative de Gennes distance, is wiped out by the growing cubicity. In this case, the decreasing $T$ passes through its bulk value $T_c$ at the unique density $n_s^{(0)}$ only, and the corresponding extrapolation length $\Lambda_{T=T_c}$ is an analytical function of $\beta$ whose properties are discussed in detail. For the densities smaller than $n_s^{(0)}$, the temperature stays above $T_c$ saturating for the large cubicities to the value determined by $n_s$ and negative $\Lambda$ while for $n_s>n_s^{(0)}$ the superconductivity is destroyed by the growing GL nonlinearity at some temperature $T>T_c$, which depends on $\Lambda$, $n_s$ and $\beta$. It is proved that the concentration $n_s^{(0)}$ transforms for the large cubicities into the density of the bulk sample.
Hadronic models of blazars require a change of the accretion paradigm

We study hadronic models of broad-band emission of jets in radio-loud active galactic nuclei, and their implications for the accretion in those sources. We show that the models that account for broad-band spectra of blazars emitting in the GeV range in the sample of Boettcher et al. have highly super-Eddington jet powers. Furthermore, the ratio of the jet power to the radiative luminosity of the accretion disc is $\sim 3000$ on average and can be as high as $\sim 10^5$. We then show that the measurements of the radio core shift for the sample imply low magnetic fluxes threading the black hole, which rules out the Blandford-Znajek mechanism to produce powerful jets. These results require that the accretion rate necessary to power the modelled jets is extremely high, and the average radiative accretion efficiency is $\sim 4 \times 10^{-5}$. Thus, if the hadronic model is correct, the currently prevailing picture of accretion in AGNs needs to be significantly revised. Also, the obtained accretion mode cannot be dominant during the lifetimes of the sources, as the modelled very high accretion rates would result in too rapid growth of the central supermassive black holes. Finally, the extreme jet powers in the hadronic model are in conflict with the estimates of the jet power by other methods.
EVALUATING R&D PREMIUM IN THE INDIAN HEALTH AND PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRIES

The economic advantages of research and development (R&D) investment have shown conflicting results in empirical studies. This study aimed to examine a different approach, evaluating R&D premium and cross-sectional variability of equity returns, a particular case for the Indian healthcare industry. The primary motivation for this study arrived from the size of the healthcare industry, the world's third-largest and India's largest industry, and the investment made in R&D activities. Results demonstrated that India's annualized R&D premium was significantly greater than the current value, investment, profitability, and momentum premiums. It indicated that the new R&D risk factor in pricing models is a primary reference for Indian equity investors, particularly for companies with R&D spending. Results were robust in evaluating portfolio return using univariate and multivariate tests. Findings suggested that R&D augmented models outperformed conventional pricing models, denoting that the R&D factor undoubtedly revealed priced element and vital risk factor in designing pricing models for emerging countries like India. When adjusting to R&D investment and trading strategies, policymakers, and financial professionals should hereby evaluate their risk-return implications
A general hypothesis of forest invasions by woody plants based on whole‐plant carbon economics

Although closed‐canopy forests are characterized by low‐light availability and slow population dynamics, many are under threat from non‐native, invasive woody species that combine high colonization ability and fast growth potential with high low‐light survival. This ‘superinvader’ phenotype contravenes expected trade‐offs predicted by successional niche theory, posing a challenge to both invasion and forest succession theory. We propose a parsimonious conceptual model based on the whole‐plant light compensation point (WPLCP) that, across a variety of plant strategies and growth forms, can explain greater competitive abilities of forest invaders in the context of both high‐light growth rate and shade tolerance. The model requires only that non‐native species experience relatively fewer carbon costs than native species, enabling resource‐acquisitive species to establish in low‐light conditions. We review evidence for lower carbon costs in invasive species resulting from (1) enemy release, (2) recent environmental changes that favour less stress‐tolerant phenotypes and (3) phylogenetically constrained native floras. We also discuss implications of invader shade tolerance in the context of other life‐history strategies that, combined with canopy disturbances, facilitate their rapid numerical dominance. Synthesis. An invasion framework driven by carbon dynamics suggests renewed focus on whole‐plant carbon costs, including below‐ground respiration and tissue turnover, which are rarely measured in functional studies of forest invaders.
Planets from the HATNet project

We summarize the contribution of the HATNet project to extrasolar planet science, highlighting published planets (HAT-P-1b through HAT-P-26b). We also brieﬂy discuss the operations, data analysis, candidate selection and conﬁrmation procedures, and we summarize what HATNet provides to the exoplanet community with each discovery.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Childhood Obesity and Lifestyle—A Report from Italy

During the COVID-19 lockdown, especially in the first wave of pandemic (March 2020), sedentary lifestyle and calorie intake increase in children became considerably more prevalent. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate changes in children’s weights and nutritional habits during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. In this cross-sectional observational study, for 3 years, as part of the corporate wellness program (2019–2021) in Emilia Romagna region of Italy, anthropometric data of Ferrari car company employers’ children were collected, analyzed, and compared. Moreover, at the visit of November 2020, performed after the first wave of the pandemic with the most rigorous lockdown rules in Italy, a questionnaire on nutritional and lifestyle habits was administered. We evaluated 307 children (163 M, 10.1 ± 2.3 mean aged in 2019). A significant increase in BMI percentile in 2020 (65.2) compared to 2019 (49.2) was observed; it was confirmed, albeit slightly decreased, in 2021 (64.5). About one-third of participants reported an increase in consumption of fatty condiments and more than half report an increase in consumption of junk food. Levels of physical activity were still high during the COVID-19 lockdown, while sleeping time was significantly reduced. Our findings alert us to the importance of carefully monitoring eating behaviors in young to avoid the adoption of unhealthy food habits and prevent childhood obesity, especially during the period of COVID-19 lockdown.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Patient Care Experiences among Prostate Cancer Survivors: A SEER-CAHPS Study

Purpose: To evaluate racial/ethnic disparities in patient care experiences (PCEs) among prostate cancer (PCa) survivors. Methods: This retrospective study used 2007–2015 National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry data linked to Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. First survey ≥ 6 months post-PCa diagnosis was analyzed. We performed multivariable linear regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates, to evaluate the association of race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic Black (NHBs), Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian (NHAs), and other races) with PCE composite measures: getting needed care, doctor communication, getting care quickly, getting needed prescription drugs (Rx), and customer service. Results: Among 7319 PCa survivors, compared to NHWs, Hispanics, NHBs and NHAs reported lower scores for getting care quickly (ß = −3.69; p = 0.002, ß = −2.44; p = 0.021, and ß = −6.44; p < 0.001, respectively); Hispanics scored worse on getting needed care (ß = −2.16; p = 0.042) and getting needed Rx (ß = −2.93; p = 0.009), and NHAs scored worse on customer service (ß = −7.60; p = 0.003), and getting needed Rx (ß = −3.08; p = 0.020). However, NHBs scored better than NHWs on doctor communication (ß = 1.95, p = 0.006). No statistically significant differences were found between other races and NHWs. Conclusions: Comparing to NHWs, Hispanics and NHAs reported worse experiences on several PCE composite measures, while NHBs reported worse scores on one but better scores on another PCE composite measure. Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these disparities and their influence on healthcare utilization and health outcomes among PCa survivors.
Star formation towards the Scutum tangent region and the effects of Galactic environment

By positional matching to the catalogue of Galactic Ring Survey molecular clouds, we have derived distances to 793 Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) sources out of a possible 806 located within the region defined by Galactic longitudes l= 28°. 5–31°. 5 and latitudes |b|≤ 1°. This section of the Galactic plane contains several major features of Galactic structure at different distances, mainly mid-arm sections of the Perseus and Sagittarius spiral arms and the tangent of the Scutum–Centaurus arm, which is coincident with the end of the Galactic long bar. By utilizing the catalogued cloud distances plus new kinematic distance determinations, we are able to separate the dense BGPS clumps into these three main line-of-sight components to look for variations in star formation properties that might be related to the different Galactic environments. We find no evidence of any difference in either the clump mass function or the average clump formation efficiency (CFE) between these components that might be attributed to environmental effects on scales comparable to Galactic structure features. Despite having a very high star formation rate, and containing at least one cloud with a very high CFE, the star formation associated with the Scutum–Centaurus tangent does not appear to be in any way abnormal or different to that in the other two spiral arm sections. Large variations in the CFE are found on the scale of individual clouds, however, which may be due to local triggering agents as opposed to the large-scale Galactic structure.
Hard X-ray morphology of the X1.3 April 25, 2014 partially occulted limb solar flare

At hard X-ray energies, the bright footpoint emission from solar flare loops often prevents a detailed analysis of the weaker loop-top source morphology due to the limited dynamic range available for X-ray imaging. Here, we study the X1.3 April 25, 2014 flare with the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). This partially occulted limb flare allows the analysis of the loop-top emission in isolation. We present results on the flare light curve at different energies, the source morphology from X-ray imaging and a detailed spectral analysis of the different source components by imaging spectroscopy. The loop-top source, a likely site of particle acceleration, shows a clear composition of different emission components. The results indicate the opportunities that detailed imaging of hard X-rays can provide to learn about particle acceleration, transport and heating processes in solar flares.
Selection and Impact of an Aerofoil Leading Edge on Boundary Layer Transition

The choice of leading-edge aspect ratio (AR) plays a crucial role when plan-ning boundary layer wind tunnel tests on a flat plate. Poor selection of the leading-edge profile hampers effectiveness of the experiment and increases testing costs associated with interchanging of leading edges to attain accurate results. Thus, the appropriate selection of the leading edge is a very crucial part of the wind tunnel experiment process. It is argued that the curvature of the leading edge and thus the AR is of paramount importance to achieve accurate results from the wind tunnel testing. In this project, seven different elliptical leading edges were tested, and their performance was compared with an ideal leading edge with zero thickness. Experiments and computation have been done for leading edges ranging from AR6 to AR20. Results were evaluated for boundary layer transition onset location, and it was found that AR20 has the least influence on the flow structure when compared to the ideal leading edge. A study of the flow structure at the stagnation point indicates an increase in adverse pressure gradient with an increase in the AR but also shows a decrease in the size of the stagnation region. The presence of a higher AR leading edge reduces the turbulent spot production rate, which is one of the primary causes of boundary layer transition. This paper presents a correlation that enables aerodynamicists to quantify the impact of the leading-edge AR on transition. A typical case is also presented to compare the relative performance of a wedge and the higher AR leading edge, which provides a choice between an elliptical or a wedge-shaped leading edge.
Grain Boundary Evaluation of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 Solar Cells

The grain boundary (GB) properties of polycrystalline Cu(In1-x,Gax)Se2 (CIGS) have been characterized using electron beam-induced current (EBIC) measurements, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns, and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) measurements. The polished cross section of CIGS solar cells was evaluated by these three methods, and the surface EBIC image was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A combination of the EBIC and EBSD techniques makes it possible to investigate the effect of the GBs on the minority carrier collection. Furthermore, the SSRM mapping enables the analysis of grain-by-grain carrier profiling by measuring the spreading resistance of CIGS solar cells. It was found from these results that the twin boundaries of CIGS grains do not contribute to carrier recombination. Furthermore, the brighter EBIC signals were observed at the GBs of CIGS, which showed that the produced electron–hole pairs easily separate from each other and that the minority carriers are repelled from the GBs. This remarkable property of the GBs is suitable for application of CIGS to solar cells.
Mid-Gap Electronic States in Zn1-xMnxO.

Electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, photoconductivity, and valence-band X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopic measurements were performed on epitaxial Zn1 xMnxO films to investigate the origin of the new mid-gap band that appears upon introduction of Mn2+ into the ZnO lattice. Absorption and MCD spectroscopies reveal Mn2+-related intensity at energies below the first excitonic transition of ZnO, tailing well into the visible energy region, with an onset at ~2.2 eV. Photoconductivity measurements show that excitation into this visible band generates mobile charge carriers, consistent with assignment as a Mn2+/3+ photoionization transition. XPS measurements reveal the presence of occupied Mn2+ levels just above the valence-band edge, supporting this assignment. Magnetic circular dichroism measurements additionally show a change in sign and large increase in magnitude of the excitonic Zeeman splitting in Zn1 xMnxO relative to ZnO, suggesting that sp-d exchange in Zn1 xMnxO is not as qualitatively different from those in other II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors as has been suggested. The singular electronic structure feature of Zn1 xMnxO is its Mn2+/3+ ionization level within the gap, and the influence of this level on other physical properties of Zn1 xMnxO is discussed.
Approximate Riemann solvers for moment models of dilute gases.

APPROXIMATE RIEMANN SOLVERS FOR MOMENT MODELS OF DILUTE GASES by Shawn Lee Brown Chairperson: Philip L. Roe Two sets of transport equations based on the 10and 35-moment models of kinetic theory are presented as possible models for the prediction of transitional ows. The 10-moment model is based on the Gaussian distribution function and is de cient in heat transfer while the 35-moment distribution function is an expansion of the Gaussian and is capable of modelling heat transfer. Detailed eigensystem and linearized dispersion analyses on these systems revealed hyperbolicity of the transport equations with elegant wave structures. This hyperbolicity allows for the use of powerful numerical schemes which take advantage of the wave-like nature of the physics. Roe-type approximate Riemann solvers are developed for both of the moment models with three Riemann solvers given for the 35-moment model. Two of the 35-moment solvers use eigenstructures obtained at near-equilibrium conditions along with a correction so that the correct ux jumps are obtained. The third solver 1 uses the non-equilibrium eigenstructure with the eigenvectors expressed as functions of the eigenvalues. A relationship exists among terms which make up the nonequilibrium characteristic polynomial of the 35-moment model which is exploited to provide e cient numerical solution of the non-equilibrium eigenvalues. These solvers were signi cantly less expensive in terms of computational costs than a 35moment solver which obtained the eigenvectors numerically. An additional condition is presented for Property U which leads to unique Roe-averages for moment models. This condition must be satis ed if the left eigenvectors obtained from the primitive form of the transport equations are used in the solver. The rst known solutions of these models are obtained for the problem of onedimensional shock structure for a monatomic gas with comparison made to the Navier-Stokes and direct simulation Monte Carlo methods. The solutions are extended to second-order accuracy using Hancock's Predictor/Corrector technique. The results reveal that for the 10-moment model there is no upper limit on the in ow Mach number while solutions are unobtainable above an in ow Mach number of approximately two for the 35-moment model. At low in ow Mach numbers the 35moment model provides solutions in excellent agreement with the DSMC solutions at a computational cost several orders of magnitude less expensive. At higher in ow Mach numbers the agreement, while not excellent, remains good. An e ciency study reveals that even though the cell cost of the moment models is greater, with respect to the Navier-Stokes cell cost, there is signi cant saving in iteration count at the higher Mach numbers.