Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Pragmatic Ambiguity in Requirement Specification Using Novel Concept Maximum Matching Approach Based on Graph Network

Requirements specifications written in natural language enable us to understand a program’s intended functionality, which we can then translate into operational software. At varying stages of requirement specification, multiple ambiguities emerge. Ambiguities may appear at several levels including the syntactic, semantic, domain, lexical, and pragmatic levels. The primary objective of this study is to identify requirements’ pragmatic ambiguity. Pragmatic ambiguity occurs when the same set of circumstances can be interpreted in multiple ways. It requires consideration of the context statement of the requirements. Prior research has developed methods for obtaining concepts based on individual nodes, so there is room for improvement in the requirements interpretation procedure. This research aims to develop a more effective model for identifying pragmatic ambiguity in requirement definition. To better interpret requirements, we introduced the Concept Maximum Matching (CMM) technique, which extracts concepts based on edges. The CMM technique significantly improves precision because it permits a more accurate interpretation of requirements based on the relative weight of their edges. Obtaining an F-measure score of 0.754 as opposed to 0.563 in existing models, the evaluation results demonstrate that CMM is a substantial improvement over the previous method.
Twentieth century temperature trends in CMIP3, CMIP5, and CESM‐LE climate simulations: Spatial‐temporal uncertainties, differences, and their potential sources

The twentieth century climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and Phase 5 (CMIP5) are compared to assess the models' ability to capture observed near‐surface air temperature trends at global, continental, and regional scales. We computed trends by using a nonparametric method and considering long‐term persistence in the time series. The role of internal variability is examined by using large ensemble climate simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research model Community Earth System Model (CESM). We computed temperature trends for three periods: the twentieth century, the second half of the twentieth century, and (3) the recent hiatus period to contrast the roles of external forcing and internal variability at various spatial and temporal scales. Both CMIP ensembles show statistically significant warming at global and continental scales during the twentieth century. We found a small but statistically significant difference between CMIP3 (0.57 ± 0.07 °C/century) and CMIP5 (0.47 ± 0.06 °C/century) twentieth century temperature trends, with the CMIP3 estimate being closer to the observations. The spatial structure of long‐term temperature trends, and top‐of‐the atmosphere net radiation trends, suggests that differences in model parameterizations and feedback processes that lead to a smaller net radiative forcing are likely contributing to the differences between CMIP3 and CMIP5. The estimate of internal variability based on the CESM large ensemble spans 24% of the uncertainty in CMIP5 for the twentieth century temperature trends, and 76% for the recent hiatus period, both at global scales, and 43% and almost 100% during the corresponding time periods at regional scales.
Studies on the local distribution and on the methods of host location of some Rhodesian Tabanidae (Oiptera)

Tabanidae were caught in a variety of ways from different vegetation types. No statistical difference was shown in the species composition of the total seasonal catches from each locality. Differences were demonstrated between species in the distance from which female tabanids were attracted to an ox. More flies approached the ox from downwind than from upwind. A vertical visual stimulus was less effective than a horizontal one. Biases in catch composition were associated with catching method and the time of day at which catches were made. Carbon dioxide was strongly attractive for females of Philoliche zonata.
The Importance of the Ice-Phase Microphysics Parameterization for Simulating the Effects of Changes to CCN Concentrations in Deep Convection

Simulations of a well-observed squall line that occurred during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) were conducted using a mesoscale model with a horizontal grid spacing of 1 km to examine the importance of parameterized ice-phase processes to changes in concentrations of activated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in a detailed two-moment bulk microphysics scheme. Numerical experiments showed that the simulated squall-line structure was sensitive to changes in activated CCN concentration not only from the direct impacts on cloud droplet sizes and autoconversion rates, but also because of changes in the growth rates and spatial distribution of ice-phase condensate. A microphysical budget analysis highlighted the importance of graupel in rain production and the sensitivity of graupel growth rates on changes to CCN concentrations. Sensitivity tests on the level of detail in the representation of graupel, specifically the treatment of its bulk density and the number of prognostic moments, indicated that changes in the reflectivity and precipitation structure of the simulated storm due to changes in CCN were sensitive to the graupel parameterization. The results suggest that the proper representation of graupel and possibly other ice-phase categories in microphysics schemes may be crucial for correctly simulating the effects of changes to CCN concentrations for continental deep convective systems.
Linking Generalized Ligamentous Laxity to Musculoskeletal Injury: A Study in the Indian Population

Introduction Generalized ligamentous laxity (GLL) is defined as an increased range of motion across multiple joints in an individual beyond the mean range of motion in the general population, with a reported prevalence between 5% and 15%. It becomes less common with age and is more common in females and in the lower limbs. Musculoskeletal injury (MSI) is damage to musculoskeletal systems, usually due to strenuous activity. There is conflicting literature regarding whether the risk of MSI during strenuous activity is higher in individuals with GLL and a dearth of evidence from the Indian subcontinent regarding GLL. This study determines if GLL predisposes to musculoskeletal injuries among patients. Materials and methods One hundred eighty patients each were selected as cases and controls after obtaining informed consent, a Beighton score assessment, and a questionnaire regarding injury-filled in all participants with GLL. Result Thirty-three participants (18.33%) in the case group and 16 participants (8.89%) in the control group were found to have GLL. An odds ratio of 2.30 (using a 2x2 RC table) was calculated between participants with GLL among the cases and controls with a Beighton score of 4/9, and a significantly higher mean Beighton score (p=0.018) was found among participants presenting with MSI (cases) than participants without MSI (controls). Discussion The study found that there was a significant prevalence of GLL in the adult population, especially in females compared to males. The younger age group was also comparatively much more involved. It also proved that GLL was more common in patients with MSI and that hyper-mobile people had a twofold chance of injury compared to the general population. The joints of the lower limb were more frequently involved, probably the weight-bearing joints, the most common being the ankle and knee. People with GLL also had higher chances of repeating injuries. Conclusion This study has implications for the prevention of injuries in people with GLL. Screening such individuals to identify those with GLL using the Beighton score could be beneficial. Though orthopedic surgeons primarily manage people with MSI, they rarely identify individuals with GLL, and making a diagnosis regarding the same definitely helps these individuals live pain-free lives.
Modality Conversion Meets Superresolution: A Collaborative Framework for High- Resolution Thermal UAV Image Generation

Due to the limitations and costs of thermal sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms often equip with high-resolution (HR) visible imaging and low-resolution (LR) thermal imaging cameras for all-day monitoring capability. Existing works generate the HR thermal UAV images by either superresolution (SR) from HR visible and LR thermal images or modality conversion (MC) from HR visible images. However, the modality gap between visible and thermal sources might degrade the generation quality. We observe that the MC task is beneficial in addressing the cross-modal gap in the SR task, while the SR task can provide the condition of thermal information to boost the MC task. Moreover, these two tasks have the same output and can thus be carried out simultaneously without any additional annotation. Based on this observation, we propose a collaborative enhancement network (CENet), which performs thermal UAV image SR and visible image MC in a joint manner, for HR thermal UAV image generation. In particular, we design a mutual guidance module (MGM) to interact the features from SR and MC tasks in an alternating bidirectional manner. Considering that low-level vision tasks are position-sensitive, to further enhance the feature alignment between the two tasks, we design a bidirectional alignment fusion module (BAFM) to maintain feature consistency of the MC and SR branches. The proposed collaborative framework not only achieves joint and unified training of the two tasks, but also generates two types of complementary HR images. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that the proposed CENet outperforms current state-of-the-art SR methods in generating HR thermal UAV images, as quantified by peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).
Water budgets of two forested watersheds in South Carolina

ABSTACT: Wetland protection, restoration and management require detail information of the water budgets for a particular system. Relatively undisturbed systems with long-term hydrologic records are extremely valuable for developing reference wetlands and detecting effects of managemenrlTwo forested flatwoods watersheds in the lower coastal plain of South Carolina have been monitored by the USDA Forest Service since 1976 with a primary objective to study the effects of forest management (prescribed burning) on water quality. This study synthesized the accumulated hydrologic data including streamflow and shallow groundwater table with a goal to develop long-term monthly and annual water budgets for the two watersheds. Measured hydro-metrological data and a monthly time step computer simulation model, MRSWARM, were used for analysis. This study found that long-term annual evapotranspiration for undisturbed mature forests was about 9 13 mrn or 75% of annual precipitation. On a hydrology-averaged day, about 25% of the forested wetland watersheds was in aerobic condition and over 50% had a water table within 40 cm from land surface. KEY TERMS: wetland hydrology; water budgets; flatwoods
Cheese and Yogurt By-Products as Valuable Ingredients for the Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

The growing global market of dairy products has led to the need for alternative approaches regarding whey valorization, which is the primary by-product of cheese and strained yogurt production. In this context, prebiotic galactooligosaccharides can be produced enzymatically from whey using commercially available β-galactosidases. A comparative study was conducted to assess the production of galactooligosaccharides from sweet and acid whey, thereby employing two commercial β-galactosidases from Aspergillus oryzae and Kluyveromyces lactis. The study considered the initial lactose content and enzyme load as variables. The maximum yields of galactooligosaccharides in concentrated sweet whey (15% w/v initial lactose) and raw acid whey (3.1% w/v initial lactose) reached 34.4 and 14.7% with lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis (0.13 U/mL), respectively. The corresponding galactooligosaccharide yields for lactase from Aspergillus oryzae were equal to 27.4 and 24.8% in the most concentrated sweet and acid whey, respectively, using enzyme loads of 2 U/mL in sweet whey and 1 U/mL in acid whey. Concerning the profile of the produced galactooligosaccharides, the Kluyveromyces lactis lactase hydrolyzed lactose more rapidly and resulted in higher levels of allolactose and lower levels of 6-galactosyl-lactose, compared to the lactase from Aspergillus oryzae, and achieved in both cases a polymerization degree of up to six.
Drivers of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux in the Subantarctic Zone Revealed by Time Series Observations

The subantarctic zone is an important region in the Southern Ocean with respect to its influence on air‐sea CO2 exchange and the global ocean carbon cycle. However, understanding of the magnitude and drivers of the flux are still being refined. Using observations from the Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) station (∼47°S, 142°E) and auxiliary data, we developed a multiple linear regression model to compute the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) over the past two decades. The mean amplitude of the pCO2 seasonal cycle between 2004 and 2021 was 44 μatm (range 30–54 μatm). Summer minima ranged from 310 to 370 μatm and winter maxima were near equilibrium with the atmosphere. The non‐thermal (i.e., biological processes and mixing) contribution to the seasonal variability in pCO2 was several times larger than the thermal contribution. The SOTS region acted as a net carbon sink at annual time scales, with mean magnitude of 6.0 mmol m−2 d−1. The positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) increased ocean carbon uptake primarily through an increase in wind speed at zero time lag. Increased surface pCO2 was correlated with a positive SAM with a lag of 4 months, mainly due to reduced biological uptake and increased mixing. During the autotrophic season, pCO2 was predominantly impacted by primary productivity, whereas water mass movement, inferred by temperature and salinity anomalies, had a larger impact on the heterotrophic season. In general, mesoscale processes such as eddies and frontal movement impact the local biogeochemical features more than the SAM.
On Passive Privacy-Preserving Exposure Notification Using Hash Collisions

—Even as the COVID-19 pandemic drove advances in contact tracing and exposure notiﬁcation systems, user privacy challenges continue to plague otherwise promising approaches to contain contagions. We propose a novel, scalable approach to address privacy in contact tracing that improves utility. We apply passive WiFi scan data using two metrics suitable for estimating contact between users. We support this with real world experimental data captured across a range of environments relevant to contact tracing. To preserve privacy, we leverage properties of truncated cryptographic hashes in an adaptation unique to contact tracing. This hash collision ﬁlter allows users to share information about potential contacts with a central server without revealing sensitive information. Using an aggressive threat model, including adversarial users and a malicious server, we share how this technique can improve utility while still providing strong security protections compared to other approaches using, for example, only Bluetooth (BT) or global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Finally, we discuss a capability of this approach that allows notiﬁcation for asynchronous co-location from past contacts.
DUCKWEED AS A NON-CONVENTIONAL FORAGE FOR RUMINANTS IN THE TROPICS

The high cost of grain-based concentrates and crop residues are increasingly affecting profitable ruminant farming in Nigeria because of inadequate green forage all year round. Duckweeds are aquatic plants which constitute a nuisance in an earthen fish pond. However, information about their forage value is limited. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value, secondary metabolites and in vitro fermentation characteristics of duckweed from earthen fish ponds. Duckweed represented as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 from different locations were collected, dried and analysed for chemical composition and in vitro gas production using buffered rumen fluid from goats. Cumulative gas production was measured at 3 to 48 hours of incubation periods. Results indicated that crude protein content was similar, while NDF, ADF and ADL were significantly different, with mean values of 54.11 %, 29.53 % and 11.57 %, respectively. Saponin content (0.407 − 0.468 %) was higher than alkaloids (0.312 − 0.433 %) and total phenols (0.158 − 0.175 %). Calcium and phosphorus varied from 0.09 to 0.54 % and 0.01 to 1.05 %, respectively. Lead and cadmium ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 mg.kg-1 and 0.01 to 0.03 mg.kg-1, respectively. Gas from the insoluble fraction (b), potential gas (a+b), the rate (c) and volume (Y) of gas produced were comparable. Cumulative gas produced increased as hours of incubation progressed, with gas volumes higher (3.93 mL/200 g DM) at 48 hr and least (1.07 mL/200 g DM) at 12 hr post-incubations. Metabolizable energy was similar and ranged from 3.13 to 3.68 MJ/Kg DM. Organic matter digestibility was higher (40.58 %) for T1 and comparable with T5 (36.76 %). Short-chain fatty acids (ranged = 0.02 − 0.05 µmol/200 mg DM) were comparable. In vitro dry matter degradability (ranged = 24.00 to 39.67 %) was significantly different. In conclusion, duckweed from earthen fish ponds is fairly degradable in vitro, and the nutrient contents elucidate its forage value for ruminants.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Using Monolithic Pd Reactors and Scaling-Up by Series Connection of the Reactors

The space integration of the lithiation of aryl halides, the borylation of aryllithiums, and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using a Pd catalyst supported by a polymer monolith flow reactor without using an intentionally added base was achieved. To scale up the process, a series connection of the monolith Pd reactor was examined. To suppress the increase in the pressure drop caused by the series connection, a monolith reactor having larger pore sizes was developed by varying the temperature of the monolith preparation. The monolithic Pd reactor having larger pore sizes enabled Suzuki–Miyaura coupling at a higher flow rate because of a lower pressure drop and, therefore, an increase in productivity. The present study indicates that series connection of the reactors with a higher flow rate serves as a good method for increasing the productivity without decreasing the yields.
Assessment of Factories on Adherence to COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedures: A Case Study of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, and Jinja Districts, Uganda

Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Uganda confirmed the first case of COVID-19 on 21st March, 2020, which led to the first total lockdown in the country. During the lockdown, some factories remained operational; hence, there is a need for a study aimed at assessing the level of adherence to COVID-19 standard operating procedures (SOPs) in factories as a mitigator for the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study to assess compliance of factories to COVID-19 SOPs was conducted in Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, and Jinja districts during the month of September, 2021. This involved visitation of factories and collection of data using the KoboCollect tool by interviewing general managers as well as human resource managers of the factories. A total of 39 factories were included in the study and were categorized into four major groups; food and beverages (15), plastics (5), construction (8), and others (11). Data analysis was done using STATA version 14.2. Results Overall adherence to COVID-19 SOPs by the factories was 64.1% (95% CI = 49.1–79.1). Communication and training of employees (79.5%; 95% CI = 66.8–92.2), wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), and respiratory protection (79.5%; 95% CI = 66.8–92.2) as well as enhanced cleaning and disinfection of surfaces (74.4%; 95% CI = 60.6–88.1) were the most implemented SOPs in the factories. Implementation of the SOPs was the highest in Mukono district (88.9%; 95% CI = 68.4–100) and the least in Wakiso district (40.0%; 95% CI = 9.6–70.4). The COVID-19 SOPs were followed mostly in construction material factories (87.5%; 95% CI = 64.6–100) and least in food and beverage factories (40%; 95% CI = 15.2–64.8). There was no significant difference in the adherence of COVID-19 SOPs among the districts (X2 = 5.02 and P=0.17) and factories (X2 = 7.04 and P=0.07). Although good overall adherence to SOPs noted was not dependent on location and type of factory, adherence to some SOPs such as exposure control plan, presence of signages on COVID-19, maintenance of social distance, and implementation of a health control plan varied with location of the district. Likewise, exposure control plan, signages on COVID-19, and maintenance of social distance varied significantly with the type of factory. Conclusion This study revealed moderately good overall adherence to COVID-19 SOPs by factories, with variations in the level of implementation of individual SOPs being observed.
Art as immanent liberation : a Deleuzean study of the role of art in Iris Murdoch's The Unicorn

Art has a critical place in Iris Murdoch's The Unicorn (1963) where it is closely intertwined with freedom. However, to date this aspect of the novel has been largely overlooked. The present study adopts a Deleuzean approach to examine the liberating role of art in this novel as Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of "minor art" can shed new light on the novel's thematic structure. The present study shows the effects of (minor) literature and music on the protagonist, namely Hannah Crean-Smith. This study, then, offers a Deleuzean reading of the intertextual relations in The Unicorn to explore the potential of the other texts addressed in the novel and to investigate their impact on actualizing Hannah's will to power. The results show that the virtual powers of the novel Hannah reads, together with her interest in music, de-subjectify and liberate her from the bounds of familialism and organism.
Predictors of Students’ Performance in Accounting 1 at Romblon State University

In Romblon State University (RSU), the surge of enrolment but low cohort survival rate in the BS Accountancy program calls for an urgent review of its admission policies. This study analyzed whether gender, school type, academic track, senior high school report card grade, Overall College Admission Test (CAT) Score, and its subject components (Science, English, Mathematics and Filipino), and abstract reasoning can significantly predict students’ performance in Accounting 1. Correlation between accounting grade in senior high school and final grade in Accounting 1 in college was also determined. Multiple linear regression was employed in analyzing registration data and test results from 79 students with complete information out of 139 target respondents. Results showed that English CAT Score (β = 0.34 , p = 0.001), academic track (β = 0.32 , p = 0.001) and Abstract Reasoning Test Score (β = 0.31 , p = 0.002) can predict the performance of students in Accounting 1 but there was no significant relationship between accounting grade in senior high school and final grade in Accounting 1 in college (r = 0.21, n = 55, p = 0.12). The significant predictors are reflective of the important intellectual skills and competencies the accounting profession requires such as analytical, problem-solving and strategic critical thinking skills. The University may consider these factors in updating their admission policy to the program.