Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LGS adaptive optics system with long-pulsed sodium laser on Lijiang 1.8 meter telescope 2014-2016 observation campaign

During 2014-2016, the Laser guide star (LGS) adaptive optics (AO) system observation campaign has been carried out on Lijiang 1.8 meter telescope. During the campaign, two generation LGS AO systems have been developed and installed. In 2014, a long-pulsed solid Sodium prototype laser with 20W@400Hz, a beam transfer optical (BTO) system, and a laser launch telescope (LLT) with 300mm diameter were mounted onto the telescope and moved with telescope azimuth journal. At the same time, a 37-elements compact LGS AO system had been mounted on the Bent-Cassegrain focus and got its first light on observing HIP43963 (mV= 8.18mv) and reached Sr=0.27 in J Band after LGS AO compensation. In 2016, the solid Sodium laser has been upgrade to stable 32W@800Hz while D2a plus D2b repumping is used to increase the photon return, and a totally new LGS AO system with 164-elements Deformable Mirror, Linux Real Time Controller, inner closed loop Tip/tilt mirror, Multiple-PMT tracking detector is established and installed on the telescope. And the throughput for the BTO/LLT is improved nearly 20%. The campaign process, the performance of the two LGS AO systems especially the latter one, the characteristics of the BTO/LLT system and the result are present in this paper.
Muddying the Waters: The Anatomy of Resistance Campaigns and the Failure of Ceasefires in Civil Wars

Ceasefires are a critical tool for those engaged in conflict management during civil wars, yet little scholarship exists that systematically assesses the durability of these arrangements. We argue that ceasefire failure is driven by variations in the composition of organized dissent including and beyond the context of the civil war. In particular, ceasefires should break down faster given increasingly complicated environments of broader anti-government dissent, where resistance dynamics alter the perceived or actual balance of power between rebels and the state. Using original data on organizations participating in violent and nonviolent dissent across African states from 1990-2015, and new data on civil war ceasefires, we find that ceasefire breakdown is precipitated by complex resistance environments that put the government in a precarious position. Increasing numbers of mobilized organizations, higher ideological fractionalization among those groups, more dense and increasingly decentralized dissident networks all expedite the failure of ceasefires in civil wars.
Indefinite quadratic forms in many variables

Let Q ( x 1 , …, x n ) be an indefinite quadratic form in n variables with real coefficients. It is conjectured that, provided n ≥ 5, the inequality is soluble for every e > 0 in integers x 1 , …, x n , not all 0. The first progress towards proving this conjecture was made by Davenport in two recent papers; the result obtained involved, however, a condition on the type of the form as well as on n . We say that a non-singular Q is of type ( r, n—r ) if, when Q is expressed as a sum of squares of n real linear forms with positive and negative signs, there are r positive signs and n—r negative signs. It was proved that (1) is always soluble provided that
Rings whose modules satisfy chain conditions on essential endosubmodules

Abstract We study rings R such that all (or certain classes) of right R-modules satisfy chain conditions on essential endosubmodules. It is proved that if all right R-modules have DCC on essential endosubmodules, then R is a right pure semisimple ring, and if all right R-modules have both ACC and DCC on essential endosubmodules, then R is of finite representation type. Rings R such that all right R-modules have ACC on essential endosubmodules are discussed, and it is shown, in particular, that if such a ring R is right Artinian, then R is left pure semisimple.
Passion, music, and psychological well-being

Passionate music engagement is a defining feature of music fans worldwide. Although benefits to psychosocial well-being are often experienced by fans of music, some fans experience maladaptive outcomes from their music engagement. The Dualistic Model of Passion proposes that two types of passion—harmonious and obsessive—are associated with positive and negative outcomes of passionate engagement, respectively. This model has been employed in research on passion for a wide range of pursuits including music performers, but not for passionate listeners. The present study employed this model to investigate whether (1) harmonious passion for music is associated with positive music listening experiences and/or psychological well-being and (2) obsessive passion for music is associated with negative music listening experiences and/or psychological ill-being. Passionate fans ( n = 197) of 40 different musical genres were surveyed about their experiences when listening to their favorite music. Measures included the passion scale, affective experiences with music, and psychological well-being and ill-being. Results supported the Dualistic Model of Passion. Structural equation modeling revealed that harmonious passion for music predicted positive affective experiences which, in turn, predicted psychological well-being. Conversely, obsessive passion for music predicted negative affective experiences which, in turn, predicted psychological ill-being. The findings suggest that the nature of passionate engagement with music has an integral role in the psychological impact of music engagement and implications for the well-being of music fans.
Superprocesses in random environments

We study the limiting behavior of large branching particle systems undergoing random motion, whose branching mechanism is affected by a random environment. The weak convergence result is established for a sequence of such particle systems and the limiting process is characterized as the unique solution of a martingale problem. The proof of uniqueness of the solution for the martingale problem requires an extension of standard duality techniques.
Analysis on steady-state vibration induced by backlash in machine tool rotary table

This paper presents a mathematical model of a machine tool rotary table with backlash to describe the dynamic behavior of the mechanical system and the motion controller. The accuracy of this model is verified by experiments. The steady-state vibration under different conditions is simulated to investigate its mechanism and change rule. The results show that the steady-state vibration is attributed to the alternate impact of transmission components. Based on the different performances of the steady-state vibration for different control gains and different motion directions, the concept of stability region in the plane of control gains is presented. In the critical region, the steady-state vibration only occurs when the table moves toward backlash. The complex contact regimes may lead to a significant increase in the amplitude of the steady-state vibration. Besides, the influences of the load and the magnitude of backlash on the steady-state vibration and the stability region are also discussed.
Multiscale modeling of chemical vapor deposition

An integrated method for modeling chemical vapor deposition on length scales ranging from microns to meters has been developed. The macroscale problem of flow and transport in a single wafer, low pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor is solved using the finite element method. However, on the feature scale, continuum models of flow and transport are not valid and discrete particle transport models must be employed. The two transport regimes, continuum and discrete particle, are linked by an effective reactivity function e which includes both effects of multiscale surface heterogeneity and microscale transport resistance. A hybrid ballistic transport, Monte Carlo method, is developed permitting calculation of e for any set of reaction pathways occurring over microelectronic device features of any geometry. Surface topography, that is, feature scale calculations, are combined to yield an effective reactivity map over the surface of the substrate. This map is subsequently used to formulate a flux boundar.
High-performance beam steering using electrowetting-driven liquid prism fabricated by a simple dip-coating method

A high degree of beam steering is demonstrated using an electrowetting-driven liquid prism. While prism devices have typically relied on complex and expensive laboratory setups, such as high-vacuum facilities for fabrication of dielectric layers, this work utilizes a simple dip-coating method to provide an ion gel layer as a dielectric, offering 2 or 3 orders higher specific capacitance (c ≈ 10 μF/cm2) than that of conventional dielectrics. Analytical studies present the effects of liquid selection and arrangement on overall prism performance. For experimental demonstrations of high-performance beam steering, we not only selected two immiscible liquids of water and 1-bromonaphthalene (1-BN) oil which provide the large refractive index difference (nwater = 1.33 and n1-BN = 1.65 at λ = 532 nm) between them, but also utilized a double-stacked prism configuration which increases the number of interfaces for incoming light to be steered. At a prism apex angle of φ = 27°, we were able to achieve significantly l.
Factors influencing health professionals' use of high-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis – A qualitative study

Aim To explore the factors influencing the use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy for infants with bronchiolitis. Design Qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews. Methods The semi-structured interviews (face-to-face or virtual) were conducted between September 2020 and February 2021. Deductive content analysis was used to map key influencing factors for use of HFNC therapy to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Results Nineteen interviews were undertaken before reaching thematic saturation (7 nurses, 12 doctors) in emergency departments and paediatric wards from four purposively selected hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Influencing factors were mapped to eight domains in the TDF with 21 themes identified. Main findings included: (1) Health professionals' expectations of HFNC therapy on patient deterioration, work of breathing and oxygenation; (2) Staff emotions relating to concern and anxiety about deterioration and “need to do something”; (3) Social influences from other health professionals and parents and (4) Environmental factors relating to logistics of care and patient transfer considerations. These factors, combined with the ready availability of HFNC equipment and health professionals having the required skills to administer the therapy, contributed to its initiation. Conclusion Individual/personal and contextual/environmental factors contribute to the use of HFNC therapy for infants with bronchiolitis. It is evident these influences contribute substantially to increased use, despite evidence-based guidelines recommending a more nuanced approach to this therapy. These findings will inform a targeted implementation intervention to promote evidence-based use of HFNC therapy in infants with bronchiolitis.
Silicon‐based light emitters

A new concept for a Si light emitting diode (LED) capable of emitting efficiently at 1.55 µm or at 1.3 µm, respectively, is proposed. It utilizes radiation from a well‐defined dislocation network created in a reproducible manner by direct Si wafer bonding. The wavelength of the light emitted from the network can be tailored by adjusting the misorientation between the Si wafers. That way dominance of radiation at 1.55 µm (D1 line) or at 1.3 µm (D3 line) was achieved. There are hints that decoration of the dislocations by oxygen enhances the intensity of the D1 radiation. A critical analysis of the light emitter proposed by W. L. Ng et al. [Nature 410, 192 (2001)] using band‐to‐band emission is given. Its application at the above wavelengths would require a few microns thick SiGe layer on top of the Si substrate. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Religiosity or Income? Factors Driving Customer Buying Interest in Islamic Insurance Products

Despite the enormous potential represented by an 87% Muslim population and the growing welfare of the Muslim community in Indonesia, Islamic insurance has not grown rapidly during the past decades. The primary issues that hinder the growth of the Islamic insurance sector are thought to be people's level of income and religiosity. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the effect of religiosity and income on people's interest in buying Islamic insurance products. This study employed a quantitative approach with a questionnaire as a data mining technique. 200 residents of eight districts and cities in East Java, a province in Indonesia, participated as respondents in this study. The data analysis involved descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, classical assumption test, and hypothesis test. This study demonstrates that people's interest in buying Islamic insurance products is positively and significantly influenced by their religiosity and income, either partially or simultaneously. This result can be taken into account by the Islamic insurance sector when planning the best marketing plan, especially for the wealthy and fervently religious Muslim segment of society.
Near-Minimum-Time Eigenaxis Rotation Maneuvers Using Reaction Wheels

A near-minimum-t ime (near-maximum-acceleration/deceleration) control technique is presented to rotate a spacecraft around its eigenaxis (shortest angular path). Practical control constraints such as wheel torque and wheel speed are also taken into account. In this paper a nominally nadir pointing satellite in a circular low Earth orbit under passive gravity gradient stabilization and active reaction wheel control will be used as an example. A standard linear feedback quaternion regulator will be used to three-axis stabilize the spacecraft before and after each large angular rotation. Robustness against inertia modeling errors is ensured by tracking the reference maneuver. The algorithm presented can easily be adapted to be used on inertially stabilized spacecraft.
Trust, cooperation, and the tradeoffs of reciprocity

This article demonstrates that foreign policies of reciprocity entail previously unrecognized tradeoffs. The conventional wisdom in international relations holds that reciprocating another state's cooperative and non-cooperative actions can simultaneously promote cooperation and allow states with compatible preferences to build trust. We present a model that synthesizes recent work on signaling and cooperation to identify a tension between the goals of building long-term trust and inducing short-term cooperation. Specifically, a receiver's highly reciprocal strategy generates strong incentives for hostile senders to behave cooperatively, which reduces the credibility of cooperation as a signal of benign intentions. Conversely, a less reciprocal strategy increases the credibility of senders’ cooperative signals, but forgoes the benefits of short-term cooperation with hostile states. Thus, uncertain receivers often face a tradeoff between inducing cooperation and eliciting credible signals. We illustrate these tradeoffs in pre-First World War British foreign policy, and highlight the article's policy implications for contemporary US–China relations.
Theory as behaviour: Why empathy research needs horizontal, mutualistic habits of seeing

I propose that theory, typically understood as a mere intellectual position, is also a habit of seeing (in the Deweyan sense). It is a form of behaviour organized through person–environment collaboration that reshapes both person and environment, facilitating and constraining subsequent potentials for action. I discuss two of psychology’s habits of seeing and their effect upon empathy research: (a) the vertical worldview, a habit of searching for reality at higher or lower levels, which neglects the empathizer’s context and (b) dualism, a habit of treating organisms as distinct from environments, which creates the problem of other minds. I present two alternative habits of seeing: (a) van Dijk and Withagen’s horizontal worldview, which looks outward to empathizers’ contexts and (b) organism–environment mutuality, which approaches organisms and environments as processes rather than entities. These latter habits, I conclude, better afford psychologists the possibility of addressing the practical problem of nonempathetic behaviour.
Portfolio Diversification Across Islamic Vs. Conventional Banks: The Role of Macroeconomic Fundamentals in Stock Volatility

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of macroeconomic factors on the stock return volatility and volatility dynamics on comparative bases for Islamic vs. Conventional Banks. Methodology: The stock returns volatility of all the Pakistani listed banks from Islamic and Conventional sectors is considered for the period from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2021. A time-series model GARCH(1,1) is applied for the relationship between stock returns volatility along with its various dynamics and economic fundamentals. Findings: All the macroeconomic factors prove their significance in finding the stock return volatility in both Islamic and Conventional banking systems. The market return shows a negative association with stock return volatility in both Islamic and Conventional Banks. For most of the Conventional and Islamic banks, the risk-free rate shows positive and negative effects, respectively. Finally, the exchange rate and oil prices show a negative impact on both Islamic and Conventional banks. The volatility shocks are quite persistent. Both the ARCH and GARCH effects play their role in generating conditional future stock return volatility. Moreover, the overall volatility process is mean-reverting; nonetheless, the speed of mean reversion varies across both sectors. Significance: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that compares the Conventional and Islamic banks’ stock volatility with regard to the economic fundamentals in Pakistan. Practical Implication: The results designate that there are significant dissimilarities (even carrying opposing or negative correlation) in both sectors; hence, the investors may diversify their investment and form their liquidity positions in both sectors to attain the maximum
Evidence for helical kink instability in the Venus magnetic flux ropes

Empirical models of the magnetic field structure of flux ropes found in the Venus ionosphere indicate that ropes are unstable to long wavelength (>100 km) helical kink perturbations. The onset of such an instability can explain the apparent volume distribution of flux ropes with altitude, and their orientation as a function of altitude. In the subsolar region, the fraction of volume that is occupied by flux ropes increases from roughly 20% at high altitudes to more than 50% at low altitudes, which is a greater increase than would be expected if ropes convect downward as simple straight horizontal cylinders. The helical kink instability increases the fractional volume occupied by ropes by turning the originally straight, horizontal flux tubes into corkscrew-shaped structures as they convect to lower altitudes. This instability also explains why high altitude ropes tend to be horizontal and low altitude ropes appear to have almost any orientation. Specifically, the orientation distribution of low altitude subsolar ropes suggests a 70/sup 0/ average helical kink pitch, which agrees with the pitch obtained from the fractional volume increase.
On Weakly Locally Uniformly Rotund Banach Spaces

Abstract We show that every normed space E with a weakly locally uniformly rotund norm has an equivalent locally uniformly rotund norm. After obtaining a σ -discrete network of the unit sphere S E for the weak topology we deduce that the space E must have a countable cover by sets of small local diameter, which in turn implies the renorming conclusion. This solves a question posed by Deville, Godefroy, Haydon, and Zizler. For a weakly uniformly rotund norm we prove that the unit sphere is always metrizable for the weak topology despite the fact that it may not have the Kadec property. Moreover, Banach spaces having a countable cover by sets of small local diameter coincide with the descriptive Banach spaces studied by Hansell, so we present here some new characterizations of them.
Effect of Al Concentration on Basal Texture Formation Behavior of AZ-Series Magnesium Alloys during High-Temperature Deformation

Magnesium and its alloys have been restricted in their industrial applications due to problems related to their formability. To overcome this issue, controlling the crystallographic texture is important, and the texture formation mechanism should be investigated in relation to factors including deformation conditions and solute atoms. In particular, the effects of solute atoms on the texture formation behavior should be further analyzed because they can considerably affect the deformation behavior. Thus, in this study, to clarify the effect of aluminum concentration on the texture formation behavior and microstructure, high-temperature uniaxial compression tests were conducted on three types of AZ-series magnesium alloys (AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91). Compression was conducted at 673 K and 723 K, with strain rates of 0.05 s−1 and 0.005 s−1, up to a true strain of −1.0. Cylindrical specimens were prepared from a rolled plate that had a (0001) basal texture and was compressed parallel to the c-axis of the grains. Consequently, work softening and fiber texture formation were observed in all the specimens. During the deformation, the development of grain boundaries, which is a typical characteristic of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), was observed, and the (0001) texture was highly developed with increasing Al content. Although each alloy was associated with the same deformation conditions and mechanisms, the AZ31 alloy exhibited a non-basal texture component. The stacking fault energy contributed to the generation of slip systems and gliding, and it was seen as the main reason for texture variation.
NONAUTONOMOUS BIFURCATION OF BOUNDED SOLUTIONS: CROSSING CURVE SITUATIONS

Caratheodory differential equations naturally occur as path-wise realization of random differential equations and are amenable for deterministic calculus. In the setup of such nonautonomous differential equations with only measurable time-dependence, we present an approach to a bifurcation theory based on a topological change in the set of bounded entire solutions. In such a setting of at least planar equations, we provide sufficient criteria for a nonhyperbolic entire solution to bifurcate into two branches of bounded or homoclinic solutions. As opposed to transcritical or pitchfork bifurcations, no trivial solution branch is supposed to exist in advance. In particular, we discuss a degenerate fold bifurcation pattern, where the transversality assumption is replaced by a nondegeneracy condition on the second-order derivative. Both bifurcation patterns are intrinsically nonautonomous and do not occur for time-invariant equations. Our notion of a nonhyperbolic solution is based on the fact that the associate variational equation possesses exponential dichotomies on both semiaxes with compatible projectors. The resulting Fredholm theory allows one to apply recent abstract bifurcation results due to Liu, Shi and Wang (2007).