Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model CRAC:EPII for atmospheric ionization due to precipitating electrons: Yield function and applications

A new model of the family of CRAC models, CRAC:EPII (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: Electron Precipitation Induced Ionization), is presented. The model calculates atmospheric ionization induced by precipitating electrons and uses the formalism of ionization yield functions. The CRAC:EPII model is based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of electron propagation and interaction with the air molecules. It explicitly considers various physical processes, namely, pair production, Compton scattering, generation of bremsstrahlung high‐energy photons, photoionization, annihilation of positrons, and multiple scattering. The simulations were performed using GEANT 4 simulation tool PLANETOCOSMICS with NRLMSISE 00 atmospheric model. The CRAC:EPII model is applicable to the entire atmosphere. The results from the simulations are given as look‐up table representing the ionization yield function. The table allows one to compute ionization due to precipitating electrons for a given altitude and location considering a given electron spectrum. Application of the model for computation of ion production during electron precipitation events using spectra from balloon‐borne measurements is presented.
Intra-Annual Variation in Responses by Flying Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Pheromone Component endo-Brevicomin

Abstract The southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is attracted to an aggregation pheromone that includes the multifunctional pheromone component endo-brevicomin. The effect of endo-brevicomin on attractive lures varies from strong enhancement to reduction of beetle attraction depending upon release rate, lure component spacing, and proximity of beetle infestations. Anecdotal observations have further suggested that the effects of endo-brevicomin vary during the year. We investigated this possibility under nonoutbreak conditions in southwestern Mississippi where for two-and-a-half years we monitored traps baited with frontalin and the host odor alpha-pinene either (a) alone, or with an endo-brevicomin release device either (b) located directly on the trap, or (c) displaced 6 m away. The endo-brevicomin devices in our tests increased D. frontalis catches during all times of year, and 6 m displacement of the endo-brevicomin release device from the trap did not significantly alter responses except during the spring flight peak when displacement increased catches. Our data suggest that flying D. frontalis have a stronger tendency to avoid the immediate proximity of a release point of endo-brevicomin during their springtime dispersal flight when catches are greatest. Catches of Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a major predator of D. frontalis, were not altered by endo-brevicomin, and ratios of D. frontalis to T. dubius changed over the course of the year. We discuss the possible effects of intra-annual variation in D. frontalis response to endo-brevicomin both on beetle attack behavior and use of endo-brevicomin as a lure adjuvant in D. frontalis population monitoring.
How Designed Communication Supports New Product & Service Development

Design is communication. In a traditional sense of design theory this idea is based on a product related perspective, stating that good design must speak a language that is understood by the recipient. The aesthetics of the design catches his interest and opens his mind as a prerequisite for his willingness to enter into a dialogue. From symbols and images an argument is derived, rationally understandable, convincing and finally condensed in a message. This process is triggered by the product design. It communicates a value proposition for the recipient combined with a demand to buy the product it refers to. At the moment of the purchase decision a transformation takes place and the value proposition turns into a benefit, the design into the product utility and the recipient into a customer. It will be argued that this process retains its validity even if communication itself is considered as a product.
Diagnosing Mesoscale Vertical Motion from Horizontal Velocity and Density Data

The mesoscale vertical velocity is obtained by solving a generalized omega equation (� equation) using density and horizontal velocity data from three consecutive quasi-synoptic high-resolution surveys in the Alboran Sea. The Atlantic Jet (AJ) and the northern part of the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG) were observed as a large density anticyclonic front extending down to 200–230 m. The horizontal velocity uh in the AJ reached maxima of 1.2 m s � 1 for the three surveys, with extreme Rossby numbers of � /f �� 0.9 in
PSR_2100037 1..17

doi:10.1017/S000305542100037X © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Integration of IKONOS imagery for geostatistical mapping of sediment grain size at Baramarae beach, Korea

We describe the potential of high-resolution remote sensing imagery in the geostatistical mapping of sediment grain size distribution in order to supplement sparsely sampled ground observations. Within a multi-Gaussian framework, the IKONOS imagery is used as local means both to estimate the grain size values and to model local uncertainty at unsampled locations. Multiple regression and generalized additive models are applied to compute local mean values. From a case study of Baramarae beach, Korea, all imagery bands showed a reasonable linear relationship with grain size values in phi units, having a correlation coefficient of more than –0.80. Accounting for the IKONOS imagery via simple kriging with local means could reflect detailed surface characteristics with less smoothing effects. Cross validation results showed that the mean square errors from simple kriging with local means via the generalized additive model provided a relative improvement of about 60% over univariate multi-Gaussian kriging and a superior predictive capability when compared with simple kriging with local means via the traditional multiple regression model.
Review Action Potential Initiation and Propagation: Upstream Influences on Neurotransmission

—Axonal action potentials initiate the cycle of syn-aptic communication that is key to our understanding of nervous system functioning. The field has accumulated vast knowledge of the signature action potential waveform, firing patterns, and underlying channel properties of many cell types, but in most cases this information comes from so-matic intracellular/whole-cell recordings, which necessarily measure a mixture of the currents compartmentalized in the soma, dendrites, and axon. Because the axon in many neuron types appears to be the site of lowest threshold for action potential initiation, the channel constellation in the axon is of particular interest. However, the axon is more experimentally inaccessible than the soma or dendrites. Recent studies have developed and applied single-fiber extracellular recording, direct intracellular recording, and optical recording techniques from axons toward understanding the behavior of the axonal action potential. We are starting to understand better how specific channels and other cellular properties shape action potential threshold, waveform, and timing: key elements contributing to downstream transmitter release. From this increased scrutiny emerges a theme of axons with more computational power than in traditional conceptualizations.
Evolution of Irrigation-Equipped Areas as Share of Cultivated Areas

Copyright: © 2013 Valipour M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Agricultural water management is one of the most parameters to achieve the sustainable development in the world. However, amount of irrigation-equipped areas as share of cultivated areas is low in the world. In addition, agricultural water management has been done poorly in some areas. Irrigated agriculture in some areas are goodly managed or/ and required water for irrigation is low in them. For example, Wriedt et al. [1] showed that required water for irrigation was only more than 1500 mm/year in two countries in Europe (Italy and Portugal) and for three countries was more than 500 mm/year (Germany, Spain, and Great Britain), while for other countries (16 countries) was less than 500 mm/year (include France, Netherland, etc.). Nevertheless, table 1 [2] shows that conditions of irrigation-equipped areas and agricultural water management are not properly in the world.
DEVS Diagram Revised: A Structred Approach For DEVS Modling

Discrete Event Systems Specification (DEVS) formalism has been used in recent decades for modeling and simulation of discrete event systems as well as for some hybrid systems, since it has a sound semantics for modular hierarchical semantics and good simulation development environments. Nevertheless there are still deep gaps in understanding between the formalism and the practical modeling of large complex systems since the number of events and states of the systems are so huge to handle in the classical DEVS formalism. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the DEVS diagram, a structured diagramic form of the DEVS formalism. For this we introduce the essential notions of state variable and phase for structuring sequential states, and port and message for structuring sequential events. Phase transition diagram is also formally defined. We present the DEVS diagram in both graphical notations and mathematical formulations. A simple example illustrates the modeling method in the DEVS diagram.
The upper three-phase region in the system SiO 2 -H 2 O

Melting relations in the system SiO_2 – H_2O were studied at high temperatures and pressures. A quadruple point for the equilibrium among quartz, tridymite, and 2 fluids was found at 1160° C. and 1500 bars. A second quadruple point for tridymite, 2 fluids, and cristobalite is estimated to be near 1470° C. and 400 bars. The freezing point of SiO_2 in equilibrium with 2 fluid phases is depressed from 1720° C. at one bar to 1130° C. at 2000 bars. This freezing point is diminished by only an additional 50° C. with a further increase in pressure to 9700 bars. The compositions of coexisting fluids along the upper 3-phase boundary have been determined. A critical end point for the univariant equilibrium curve was found at 1080° C. and 9700 bars with a composition of approximately 75 wt% SiO_2 to 25 wt% H_2O.
Viral Double-Stranded RNA Triggers Ig Class Switching by Activating Upper Respiratory Mucosa B Cells through an Innate TLR3 Pathway Involving BAFF1

Class switch DNA recombination (CSR) from IgM to IgG and IgA is crucial for antiviral immunity. Follicular B cells undergo CSR upon engagement of CD40 by CD40 ligand on CD4+ T cells. This T cell-dependent pathway requires 5–7 days, which is too much of a delay to block quickly replicating pathogens. To compensate for this limitation, extrafollicular B cells rapidly undergo CSR through a T cell-independent pathway that involves innate Ag receptors of the TLR family. We found that a subset of upper respiratory mucosa B cells expressed TLR3 and responded to viral dsRNA, a cognate TLR3 ligand. In the presence of dsRNA, mucosal B cells activated NF-κB, a transcription factor critical for CSR. Activation of NF-κB required TRIF (Toll/IL-1R domain-containing protein inducing IFN-β), a canonical TLR3 adapter protein, and caused germline transcription of downstream CH genes as well as expression of AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), a DNA-editing enzyme essential for CSR. Subsequent IgG and IgA production was enhanced by BAFF (B cell-activating factor of the TNF family), an innate mediator released by TLR3-expressing mucosal dendritic cells. Indeed, these innate immune cells triggered IgG and IgA responses upon exposure to dsRNA. By showing active TLR3 signaling and ongoing CSR in upper respiratory mucosa B cells from patients with CD40 signaling defects, our findings indicate that viral dsRNA may initiate frontline IgG and IgA responses through an innate TLR3-dependent pathway involving BAFF.
Soil management strategies for rubber cultivation in an undulating topography of Northern Cross River State

This study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility status of an undulating topography of a young rubber plantation located at Ikot-Ukpora, Biase Local Government Area of Cross Rivers State and its implication for rubber cultivation. The result showed that the soils of the area ranged from loamy sand to sandy loam on the surface overlying a slightly heavier textured sub-soil ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay loam. Most areas of the soils studied have gravely layers less than 100 cm from the surface leading to a matured plantation in the area to adopt a survival mechanism of curly tap root geometry with preponderance of extensive lateral root system that compensates for the tap root. The soils were slightly acidic and low in most essential nutrients. Total N, P and ECEC were generally low. Fertilizer recommendations were made for the different stages of rubber growth while other management strategies were suggested aimed at reducing organic matter losses and minimizing soil erosion as well as control of termite infestation. Key words: Rubber, soil fertility, soil properties, Nigeria.
Neighborhood-Aware Address Translation for Irregular GPU Applications

Recent studies on commercial hardware demonstrated that irregular GPU workloads could bottleneck on virtual-to-physical address translations. GPU's single-instruction-multiple-thread (SIMT) execution can generate many concurrent memory accesses, all of which require address translation before accesses can complete. Unfortunately, many of these address translation requests often miss in the TLB, generating many concurrent page table walks. In this work, we investigate how to reduce address translation overheads for such applications. We observe that many of these concurrent page walk requests, while irregular from the perspective of a single GPU wavefront, still fall on neighboring virtual page addresses. The address mappings for these neighboring pages are typically stored in the same 64-byte cache line. Since cache lines are the smallest granularity of memory access, the page table walker implicitly reads address mappings (i.e., page table entries or PTEs) of many neighboring pages during the page walk of a single virtual address (VA). However, in the conventional hardware, mappings not associated with the original request are simply discarded. In this work, we propose mechanisms to coalesce the address translation needs of all pending page table walks in the same neighborhood that happen to have their address mappings fall on the same cache line. This is almost free; the page table walker (PTW) already reads a full cache line containing address mappings of all pages in the same neighborhood. We find this simple scheme can reduce the number of accesses to the in-memory page table by 37% on average. This speeds up a set of GPU workloads by an average of 1.7X.
Fixed Points of the Smoothing Transform: the Boundary Case

Let $A=(A_1,A_2,A_3,\ldots)$ be a random sequence of non-negative numbers that are ultimately zero with $E[\sum A_i]=1$ and $E \left[\sum A_{i} \log A_i \right] \leq 0$. The uniqueness of the non-negative fixed points of the associated smoothing transform is considered. These fixed points are solutions to the functional equation $\Phi(\psi)= E \left[ \prod_{i} \Phi(\psi A_i) \right], $ where $\Phi$ is the Laplace transform of a non-negative random variable. The study complements, and extends, existing results on the case when $E\left[\sum A_{i} \log A_i \right]<0$. New results on the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions near zero in the boundary case, where $E\left[\sum A_{i} \log A_i \right]=0$, are obtained.
Comparative geobarometry of pelitic hornfelses associated with the Newer Gabbros: a preliminary study

Physical conditions of contact metamorphism have been estimated for pelitic hornfelses collected from the inner aureoles of the Morven–Cabrach, Knock, Huntly and Belhelvie ‘Newer Gabbro’ intrusions using a few well-calibrated mineral equilibria. Inner aureole temperature estimates range from 700°C to 850°C. Calculated pressures all fall between 4 kbar and 5 kbar, implying the existence of between 15 km and 18.5 km of overburden at each locality at the time of intrusion of the Newer Gabbros. The results indicate that the four Newer Gabbros mentioned above were all emplaced at a similar crustal level, and that there has been no net regional tilting of the NE Dalradian since then. The results are not incompatible with some large-scale, late-stage (D3) gentle folding as implied by the regional isograd pattern.
Influence of Tillage on Soybean (Glycine max) Herbicide Carryover to Grass and Legume Forage Crops in Missouri

Studies were established in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at two locations in Missouri to study the influence of fall tillage and herbicides on carryover of several residual soybean herbicides to grass and legume forage crops. Chlorimuron, clomazone, imazaquin, imazethpyr, and metribuzin plus chlorimuron were applied at their registered and 2X-registered rates in soybeans. Forage crops were planted the following fall and spring after herbicide application and evaluated for carryover effects. Fall tillage did not influence the carryover potential of these herbicides. However, herbicides injured several of the rotational crops. This injury was crop species and herbicide specific.
Intense tropical cyclone activities in the northern Indian Ocean

This research concerning the northern Indian Ocean demonstrates the variability of intense tropical cyclones (categories 3–5) both on an inter‐annual and intra‐seasonal scale. All the cyclones intensity have been re‐analysed with the Dvorak technique using both National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and geostationary satellites with a 4‐km infrared resolution. During the period from 1980 to 2009, 21 cyclones became intense. The decade from 1990 to 1999 was by far the most active with 11 intense cyclones while 5 intense cyclones formed in each of the other two decades. There has been no trend towards an increase in the number of categories 3–5 cyclones over the last 30 years. An early study, not based on re‐analysed data, found a significant increase in the number of intense cyclones. Thirteen cyclones became intense when the Oceanic Nino Index was negative and matched with lower vertical wind shear. And, La Nina events have had a noticeable influence with eight intense cyclones. The monthly distribution is bimodal with seven and eight cyclones, respectively in the months of May and November. No intense cyclones were observed from July to September, being the peak of the monsoon season. Over these 3 months, the vertical wind shear is too strong to allow a significant intensification of storms. Despite particularly warm ocean waters, only 6% of categories 1–5 cyclones approached their maximum potential intensity. However, extreme intensities (05B at 155 knots in 1999) are comparable to other basins despite lower in terms of activity level. The proximity of land limits most cyclones from reaching a greater intensity. However, 16 of the 21 cyclones reached land with sustained winds of 100 knots and more. India and Bangladesh have been hit frequently by intense cyclones. Since 1990s, there is an increasing hit in Burma and Pakistan. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Marine fisheries catches in arctic Alaska

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provides global data on fisheries catches based on reports by member countries. Interestingly, for FAO Statistical Area 18 (Arctic), the USA reports no fish catches to the global community. In Alaska, it is the communities found north of Cape Prince of Wales that fall within FAO area 18. However, the State of Alaska’s Department of Fish and Game has collected time series of commercial data, and undertakes community fisheries subsistence studies that are temporally and spatially intermittent. At the regional level, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, Alaska) do not report on either of these fisheries, as they take place within state waters. The Sea Around Us Project, at the University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre, undertakes catch reconstructions to account for discrepancies between globally reported and likely total catches. Our catch reconstruction includes both subsistence and commercial fisheries of marine and anadromous species from 1950-2006 for 15 coastal and near-coastal communities in arctic Alaska. Total catches over this time period were estimated to be 89,000 tonnes (196.2 million pounds), with subsistence catches contributing 54 % (48,200 tonnes or 106.4 million pounds), and commercial catches estimated at over 40,700 tonnes (89.8 million pounds). Subsistence catches averaged 847 tonnes·year-1 (1.8 million pounds·year-1, range: 589-1,139 tonnes·year-1). It is only since the late 1980s that subsistence catches have exceeded those from the 1950s, when there was a higher reliance on fisheries resources. Despite a small increase in subsistence catches, the human population has increased from approximately 3,550 to approximately 12,650, which resulted in per capita catch rates falling from 237 kg·person-1·year-1 (523 pounds·person-1·year-1) in 1950 to 78 kg·person-1·year-1 (171 pounds·person-1·year-1) in 2006. One of the main drivers for this was the decrease in the amount of fish used for dog feed, when the snowmobile replaced the dogsled as the main form of transportation. The more holistic historical perspective of total reconstructed fisheries catches presented here is important, in view of the impacts of global climate change, given the significance of these resources for the food security of arctic peoples.