Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative stability for minimizing Yamabe metrics

On any closed Riemannian manifold of dimension n ≥ 3 n\geq 3 , we prove that if a function nearly minimizes the Yamabe energy, then the corresponding conformal metric is close, in a quantitative sense, to a minimizing Yamabe metric in the conformal class. Generically, this distance is controlled quadratically by the Yamabe energy deficit. Finally, we produce an example for which this quadratic estimate is false.
Cohort pro ﬁ le: Ho Chi Minh City Youth Cohort d changes in diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and relationship with overweight/obesity in adolescents

Objectives: The Ho Chi Minh Youth cohort study aimed to assess the change in nutritional status; indicators of adiposity; diet; physical activity and sedentary behaviours; home, neighbourhood and school microenvironments and their complex relationships in adolescents in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City. Design: Prospective 5-year cohort. Setting: Systematic random sampling was used to select 18 schools in urban districts. Participants: Children were followed up over 5 years with an assessment in each year. Consent, from both adolescents and their parents, was required. At baseline, 759 students were recruited into the cohort, and of these students, 740 remained in the cohort for the ﬁrst round, 712 for the second round, 630 for the third round and 585 for the last round of follow-up.
Determining azimuthal variations in frontal Froude number from SAR imagery

River plume fronts are the locus of strong mixing between plume and ambient coastal waters, contribute to coastal productivity, and exert a major impact on coastal ecosystems. The frontal Froude number Fr is an important parameter characterizing the frontal status with respect to both propagation and vertical mixing. In this study, we examine azimuthal variations in Fr using a new remote sensing method. We derive Fr from SAR image data on the basis of the SAR imaging theory and the mechanism of internal wave fission at front. This method is applied to a SAR image showing a front off the Columbia River (CR) mouth taken on 31 May 2003 at 14:33:19 UTC under weak wind conditions. Fr increases from south to north along the front. This variation is consistent with potential vorticity conservation and the influence of tidal currents on the plume. This calculation confirms arguments based on vessel observations by Jay et al. (2009).
Conjunto de antenas circulares con una línea de transmisión para formar una antena Yagi-Uda para WiFi Circular antenna array with a transmission line to form a Yagi-Uda WiFi antenna

Resumen— El presente trabajo describe el diseño de un conjunto de antenas apiladas Yagi-Uda para aplicaciones de 2,4 GHz. Su estructura comprende 4 capas, la primera capa contiene el elemento activo, el reflector y la línea de transmisión de alimentación. Las capas dos, tres y cuatro tienen parches circulares que funcionan como directores. La implementación de un parche en forma de "D"se incorpora en el elemento activo, en el que los resultados de la simulación muestran que la antena propuesta puede lograr un ancho de banda significativamente mayor que la antena de parche circular tradicional, dando un ancho de banda de 2,37 a 2,47 GHz. También se modificaron las dimensiones de los directores del parche circular y las distancias entre ellos para tener el mejor ancho de banda.
Locations of night‐side precipitation boundaries relative to R2 and R1 currents

[1] The present study statistically examines the location of various precipitation boundaries introduced by Newell et al. (1996) relative to R2 and R1 currents on the night side. Results are summarized as follows: (1) The electron and ion zero-energy boundaries, b1e and b1i, are located mostly inside the R2 current at dusk-to-midnight and near the equatorward boundary of the R2 current or farther equatorward at midnight-to-dawn. (2) The maximum energy flux of ion precipitation (b2i) occurs inside the R2 current irrespective of magnetic local time. (3) The occurrence distributions of the most equatorward (b3a) and poleward (b3b) electron acceleration events indicate that mono-energetic electron precipitation is mostly confined in the upward R1 current at dusk-to-midnight, whereas at midnight-to-dawn, it is more widely distributed including the downward R1 current. (4) The transition between structured and unstructured electron precipitation (b4s) tends to occur around the R2/R1 demarcation, but its occurrence distribution has extending tails. (5) The distributions of the poleward boundaries of the electron and ion auroral ovals, b5e and b5i, are centered around the poleward boundary of the R1 current but have extending tails especially at midnight-to-dawn. Result 1 suggests that the overlap between the ring current and the plasmasphere is more significant at dusk than at dawn. Result 2 indicates that the b2i boundary can be used as an identifier of the R2 current. Results 3–5 suggest that the R1 current is more structured than the R2 current and that the field-aligned current structure is more complex at midnight-to-dawn than at dusk-to-midnight.
Learning from Your Classmates: A Multi-Method Assessment of Classmate Peer Effects in First-Year Core Courses at Three Colleges

This paper grew out of an earlier study of classmate peer effects at Reed College, which was undertaken by Jessica Hoel with Parker and Rivenburg under the sponsorship of the Bernard Goldhammer Collaborative Grant Program. The current research is part of a project supported by an Outcomes and Assessments Grant from the Teagle Foundation. Nigel Nicholson, Ruth Russo, Ben Westervelt, Jay Beaman
Ecosystem services and drivers of change in Nyando floodplain wetland, Kenya

Papyrus wetlands in East Africa play a vital role in supporting livelihoods of people living around them. Although, subject to natural fluctuations and threats by anthropogenic activities, little is known about historical changes in wetland functions and services, or their present status. We focused on Nyando wetland on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Three sites in the wetland were identified for assessment of history and current status. Changes during the past fifty years were assessed through participatory exercises with local communities and a review of published work. To establish the current status, we used field surveys and transect walks. Results showed that the wetland is important for hydrological and also ecological functions, which depend on the connectivity of the wetland with river and lake. The major direct drivers of change were hydrological regimes and livelihood activities. The main indirect driver of change was population growth, which leads to more pressure on wetland resources. Provisioning services are important in Nyando wetland but are generated at the expense of regulating services. Hydrology and livelihoods are strongly interlinked as flooding limits access to the wetland. Understanding the historical changes in wetland functions and services is important for rural communities, policy makers and for wetland managers in guiding, planning and wetland management. Key words : Papyrus wetland, wetland ecosystem services, drivers of change, community perception, Nyando wetland.
Biological Indicators of Relative Sea-Level Variations and of Co-Seismic Displacements in the Mediterranean Region

During a study of more than ten years in tectonically active regions of the eastern Mediterranean coast notably in Greece, Turkey and Syria as well as in so-called "stable" areas of the western Mediterranean area, we have made a wide use of biological sea-level indicators (BioS.L.I.) as markers of past sea-levels. These are mainly coralline algae and invertebrates whose skeletons are well preserved as in the case of a rapid uplift of the coast, but much less so in the case of slow elevation or of submersion, whatever the velocity of the displacement. BioS.L. I. include reef-building species as well as solitary forms and boring species. Some BioS.L. I. are best adapted to the detection of slow relative movements (tectonic or eustatic) whereas others allow an accurate reconstitution of very rapid, co-seismic elevations or (more rarely) submergences. Examples put into evidence the ability of BioS.L. I. for the reconstitution of rapid and complex vertical relative movements as well as for simple monitoring of sea-level on coasts subjected to severe seismic hazard. A specific approach allows a comparative study of the possibilities offered by the principal species which may be used as BioS.L. I. in the Mediterranean area.
PSMA FOR THE SURGICAL ONCOLOGIST: INTERPRETING EXPRESSION BEYOND THE PROSTATE

The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radiotracer in positron emission tomography (PET) has been successfully incorporated into the clinical management of prostate cancer. However, PSMA tracer uptake is not limited to prostate cancer tissue. We reviewed studies exploring PSMA expression beyond the prostate gland using techniques of 68 Ga-PSMA PET imaging and immunohistochemistry. PSMA expression has been associated with a variety of solid tumours, and the vasculature associated with neoplastic disease, suggesting that this trans-membrane glycoprotein may be involved in the neovascularisation process in malignancy. These studies demonstrate the need for more research into the potential utility for 68 Ga-PSMA PET imaging in patients with non-prostatic cancers.
An assessment of differences between cloud effective particle radius retrievals for marine water clouds from three MODIS spectral bands

[1] The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud product provides three separate 1 km resolution retrievals of cloud particle effective radii (re), derived from 1.6, 2.1 and 3.7 μm band observations. In this study, differences among the three size retrievals for maritime water clouds (designated as re,1.6re,2.1 and re,3.7) were systematically investigated through a series of case studies and global analyses. Substantial differences are found between re,3.7 and re,2.1 retrievals (Δre,3.7–2.1), with a strong dependence on cloud regime. The differences are typically small, within ±2 μm, over relatively spatially homogeneous costal stratocumulus cloud regions. However, for trade wind cumulus regimes, re,3.7 was found to be substantially smaller than re,2.1, sometimes by more than 10 μm. The correlation of Δre,3.7–2.1 with key cloud parameters, including the cloud optical thickness (τ), re and a cloud horizontal heterogeneity index (Hσ) derived from 250m resolution MODIS 0.86 μm band observations, were investigated using one month of MODIS Terra data. It was found that differences among the three re retrievals for optically thin clouds (τ 0.3), both re,1.6 and re,2.1 were seen to increase quickly with Hσ. On the other hand, re,3.7 statistics showed little dependence on Hσ and remained relatively stable over the whole range of Hσ values. Potential contributing causes to the substantial re,3.7 and re,2.1 differences are discussed. In particular, based on both 1-D and 3-D radiative transfer simulations, we have elucidated mechanisms by which cloud heterogeneity and 3-D radiative effects can cause large differences between re,3.7 and re,2.1 retrievals for highly inhomogeneous clouds. Our results suggest that the contrast in observed Δre,3.7–2.1 between cloud regimes is correlated with increases in both cloud re and Hσ. We also speculate that in some highly inhomogeneous drizzling clouds, vertical structure induced by drizzle and 3-D radiative effects might operate together to cause dramatic differences between re,3.7 and re,2.1 retrievals.
Electric field pulses in K and M changes of lightning ground flashes

From electric field records of 27 ground flashes near Tampa, Florida, and 19 ground flashes at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) the occurrence and waveshape of microsecond-scale electric field pulses associated with both millisecond-scale steplike K changes and millisecond-scale hook-shaped M changes are examined to test and disprove the following two hypotheses: (1) that K changes contain a microsecond-scale pulse component which can be described by the characteristic pulse waveform proposed by Arnold and Pierce (1964) and (2) that there is essentially no difference between K and M processes, as argued by Kitagawa et al. (1962). Microsecond-scale electric field variations exceeding by at least 50% the system noise level were observed in 23% of 135 K changes from Tampa and in 25% of 128 K changes from KSC, while such field variations were found in 44% of 88 M changes from Tampa and in 77% of 30 M changes from KSC. In the majority of the K changes having microsecond-scale pulse activity, that activity did not occur at the beginning of the K step, while in most cases the pulses associated with M changes occurred at the initial portion of the M hook. These results can be interpreted to imply that K changes and M changes are associated with dissimilar physical processes, in refutation of hypothesis (2) above. The microsecond-scale pulse activity during K changes and M changes was highly variable and sometimes irregular in waveshape. Not all the pulses had the same polarity as the K step or the initial portion of the M hook on which they were superimposed. The relation of the microsecond-scale variations to the overall K changes in ground flashes as regards the frequency of occurrence, the position of pulses within the slower field change, and the shape of the pulses is similar to that reported by Bils et al. (1988) for K changes in cloud flashes. The observed microsecond-scale field variations associated with K changes are not consistent with the characteristic electric field pulse waveform attributed by Arnold and Pierce (1964) and some other investigators to K changes, in refutation of hypothesis (1) above. No relation was observed between the magnitude of a K change and the presence or absence of corresponding microsecond-scale field variations. M changes during continuing-current field changes of relatively short duration (less than 20 ms or so) are more likely to have pulses than M changes during continuing-current field changes of longer duration.
Population ecotoxicology of the common snapping turtle in agriculturally impacted lotic ecosystems

Anthropogenic impacts on lotic systems, including pollutants, have had both direct and indirect negative effects on the aquatic habitats of the world. Goals of this study are: (1) Quantify atrazine, the atrazine metabolite diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), and glyphosate burdens in common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) tissue from individuals collected within the Embarras River in Coles County, Illinois. (2) Quantify the atrazine, DACT, and glyphosate loads in water from the aquatic habitats in which common snapping turtles reside. (3) Quantify the relative abundance of all turtle species and movement patterns of common snapping turtles in this lotic ecosystem. Hoop nets and modified minnow traps were deployed and all turtles captured were identified to the species level. In addition, common snapping turtles were weighed, sexed, marked, and a tissue sample collected from the tail. Concentrations of atrazine, DACT, and glyphosate in tissue did not show any relationship with distance from the spillway (Lake Charleston, Illinois), carapace length, width, or mass. Year and gender did show a trend for atrazine in the tissue. Turtles captured the second time tended to have more atrazine and glyphosate in their tissue than when they were first captured; however, a paired t-test did not reveal any significance. Both atrazine and glyphosate tissue samples varied as a function of site, but DACT did not. Tissue concentration ofatrazine tended to vary with tissue concentrations ofDACT. Beginning at the spillway, atrazine and glyphosate concentrations in water samples showed a linear effect on distance and a deviation from linearity. DACT water samples did not show a linear effect on distance, but there was a deviation from linearity. Water column concentrations of all three contaminants varied across capture sites, but atrazine
Changes in serum, liver, and brain high and low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase following manganese toxicity in rats

The relationship between manganese (Mn) treatment and changes in the activities of serum, liver, and brain high and low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was investigated. Results obtained showed that every other day intrapritoneally injection of 175 µmol kg−1 Mn to male rats for two consecutive weeks produced decreased levels of liver and brain ALP activity, while a serum enzyme activity was significantly elevated. Chronic exposure to 68.7 µmol kg−1 Mn produced a significant fall in liver and brain levels of ALP activity and a rise in serum activity. Using gel filtration chromatography technique with sephacryl S300 showed that, in comparison to control, serum and liver homogenate from Mn-treated groups displayed a significant level of high molecular weight ALP, which might be considered as a potential biomarker for Mn toxicity.
Extreme Weather and Climate Change in the American Mind, April 2013

This report is based on findings from a nationally representative survey – Climate Change in the American Mind – conducted by the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication. Interview dates: April 8 - 15, 2013. Interviews: 1,045 Adults (18+) Total average margin of error: +/- 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level; regional margins of error are +/- 7 percentage points for the Northeast and West; +/- 6 percentage points for the Midwest; and +/- 5 percentage points for the South.Key findings include:• About six in ten Americans (58%) say “global warming is affecting weather in the United States. ”• Many Americans believe global warming made recent extreme weather and climatic events “more severe,” specifically: 2012 as the warmest year on record in the United States (50%); the ongoing drought in the Midwest and the Great Plains (49%); Superstorm Sandy (46%); and Superstorm Nemo (42%). • About two out of three Americans say weather in the U.S. has been worse over the past several years, up 12 percentage points since Spring 2012. By contrast, fewer Americans say weather has been getting better over the past several years – only one in ten (11%), down 16 points compared to a year ago. • Many Americans (51%) also say weather in their local area has been worse over the past several years. • Overall, 85 percent of Americans report that they experienced one or more types of extremeweather in the past year, most often citing extreme high winds (60%) and extreme heat (51%). • Of those Americans who experienced extreme weather events in the past year, many (37%) say they were significantly harmed. Moreover, the number who have been harmed appears to be growing (up 5 percentage points since Fall 2012 and 4 points since Spring 2012). For example, about one in five Americans today say they suffered a moderate or great deal of harm from extreme high winds (18%, up 8 points since Fall 2012) or extreme cold weather (10%, up 5 points). More also say they were harmed by a hurricane (6%, up 3 points). • Most Americans (80%) have close friends or family members (not living with them) who experienced extreme weather events in the past year, including extreme high winds (47%), an extreme heat wave (46%), an extreme snowstorm (39%), extreme cold temperatures (39%), an extreme rainstorm (37%), or a drought (35%). • Over half of Americans (54%) believe it is “very” or “somewhat likely” that extreme weather will cause a natural disaster in their community in the coming year. • Americans who experienced an extreme weather event are most likely to have communicated about it person-to-person – either in person (89%) or on the phone (84%) – although some used social media, such as writing about the experience on Facebook (23%) or sharing a photo of the event or its aftermath using Facebook, Tumblr, or Instagram (19%).
Academic performance, emotional intelligence and academic engagement in adolescents

Introduction : During the school stage of the students in their schools different personal and academic activities have a decisive influence on the personal and on the performance variables. Therefore, the study of variables such as emotional intelligence, engagement and academic performance will help to understand the relationships between these constructs. The objective of this paper was to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence, academic engagement and school performance in a sample of 3512 adolescent students belonging to 18 compulsory secondary education schools. Method : The instruments used the Spanish versions of the Traid Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student (UWES-S) and the school performance was quantified through the average mark of their student. Results : The results showed positive relations of school performance with academic engagement and emotional intelligence, except with emotional perception, in turn, as a predictive value of the dedication to academic tasks. Discussion or Conclusion : The need to promote adaptive behaviors in the classroom as facilitators of positive attitudes for school performance and social development of students was revealed.
Inﬂ uence of Tree Size on Transplant Establishment and Growth

S UMMARY . Studies have demonstrated that the size of transplanted trees has a measurable impact on establishment rates in the landscape. Larger trees require a longer period of time than smaller trees to produce a root system comparable in spatial distribution to similar sized non-transplanted trees. This lag in redevelopment of root system architecture results in reduced growth that increases with transplant size. Research has demonstrated that smaller transplanted trees become established more quickly and ultimately result in larger trees in the landscape in a few years. Additional studies dispute these ﬁ ndings. This paper provides a review of current research on the effect of tree size on transplant establishment.
The effect of zoned garnet on metapelite pseudosection topology and calculated metamorphic P-T paths

Abstract P-T pseudosections, constructed in MnNCKFMASH and adjusted for chemical compositional changes resulting from zoned garnet growth (chemical fractionation) in a pelitic rock, show negligible changes in the position of the peak metamorphic mineral assemblage field (garnet + biotite + plagioclase + sillimanite + quartz) compared to the position of this field calculated with the bulk-rock composition. Pelitic rock samples with less than 5% modal garnet were modeled using bulk-rock chemical compositions (unfractionated), and compositions adjusted for 1, 2, and 5% garnet growth, in order to model the effects of changes in effective composition on pseudosection topology. Differences in the location of mineral mode zero lines along the garnet growth P-T path and in the peak mineral assemblage field are generally less than 10 °C and/or less than 0.3 kbar. However, at some P-T conditions, significant changes in topology are observed. For example, at pressures above 9 kbar, large temperature shifts in the zoisite mode zero line change the pseudosection topology so that biotite+zoisite stability in the pseudosection with 5% garnet fractionation has a larger temperature range (>120 °C) than in the unfractionated pseudosection (<50 °C). The effects of porphyroblast growth-induced fractionation of bulk-rock chemistry can be determined from mineral chemistry and mineral modes; pseudosections can be constructed with the adjusted chemical compositions to resolve whether fractionation affects the pseudosection topology in the P-T range of interest. In the case of the North Cascades samples discussed here, garnet fractionation is estimated to have minimal effects on P-T paths determined from pseudosections. Therefore, pseudosection modeling based on bulk-rock chemistry can be used to estimate peak metamorphic P-T conditions and constrain parts of metamorphic P-T-t paths once the effects of fractionating minerals are understood.