Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Comment Authorship in Anonymous Group Support Systems

This study examines whether technically "anonymous" comments entered by participants during group support system (GSS) brainstorming sessions are, in fact, unidentifiable. Hypotheses are developed and tested about the influences of comment length, comment evaluative tone, duration of group membership, and prior communication among group members on the accuracy of attributions they made about the identity of the authors of these technically anonymous comments. Data on prior communication and group history about each of the 32 small groups was collected before participants began using a GSS for brainstorming. Immediately after the session, each member was asked to attribute authorship to a sample of the session's anonymous comments (comment authorship was known to the researchers). The study's participants made attributions that were significantly more accurate than chance guessing. Factors that had a positive influence on attribution accuracy include evaluative tone of comments (especially humorous comments) and amount of prior communication received from other group members. Vividness of comment tone and comment length was not significantly correlated with attribution accuracy. Although the attributions of anonymous comments were more accurate than expected by chance, most of the attributions were incorrect. Implications and consequences of both accurate and inaccurate attribution are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson River

We made direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in the tidal-freshwater portion of the Hudson River Estuary over a 3.5-yr period. At all times the Hudson was supersaturated in CO2 with respect to the atmosphere. PCO2 in surface water averaged 1125±403 (SD) μatm while the atmosphere averaged 416±68 μatm. Weekly samples at a single, mid-river station showed a pronounced and reproducible seasonal cycle with highest values (∼2000 μatm) in mid-to-late summer, and lowest values (∼500 μatm) generally in late winter. Samples taken along the length of the 190-km section of river showed a general decline in CO2 from north to south. This decline was most pronounced in summer and very slight in spring. Diel and vertical variation were small relative to the standing stock of CO2. Over six diel cycles, all taken during the algal growing season, the mean range was 300±114 μatm. CO2 tended to increase slightly with depth, but the gradient was small, about 0.5 μmol m−1, or an increase of 190 μatm from top to within 1 m of the bottom. For a large subset of the samples (n=452) we also calculated CO2 from measurements of pH and total DIC. Calculated and measured values of CO2 were in reasonably good agreement and a regression of calculated versus measured values had a slope of 0.85±0.04 and an r2 of 0.60. Combining our measurements with recent experimental studies of gas exchange in the Hudson, we estimate that the Hudson releases CO2 at a rate of 70–162 g C m−2 yr−1 from the river to the atmosphere.
Evaluation of invertebrate biometrics and the influence of subsample size using data from some Westland, New Zealand, lowland streams

Abstract The accuracy and variability of six invertebrate biometrics (taxa richness, number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, % EPT abundance, % dominant taxon, the Macroinvertebrate Community Index (MCI), and Quantitative MCI (QMCI)) were examined using data from four Westland, New Zealand, streams. All metrics except QMCI differed significantly among sites. Taxa richness and number of EPT taxa distinguished the most impacted site from the remaining sites. Significant temporal differences among streams occurred for % EPT abundance and MCI, and there were interaction effects for these plus % dominant taxon and QMCI, indicating that any differences among sites varied through time. Within individual streams, MCI and QMCI had low (<5%) variation about the mean from sampling of multiple transects, and the variation for all metrics generally stabilised when three transects were included. Increasing subsample size (100, 200, and 300 individuals) resulted in significant increases in estimates of richness measures and a decrease in MCI values. Metric values obtained from random 100‐count subsamples with replacement had low variability (<20%). Overall, our results suggest that 100‐count subsamples collected from multiple transects within a site provide accurate assessments of most indices. However, richness measures, and biotic indices that are based on presence/absence (e.g., MCI), were more sensitive to low subsample size.
Cuticular hydrocarbons in a termite: phenotypes and a neighbour–stranger effect

Abstract The composition of cuticular hydrocarbons of different colonies of the fungus‐growing termite Macrotermes falciger shows considerable intercolonial variation. Ordination, as well as cluster analyses, separate profiles into three distinct chemical phenotypes. Behavioural tests with major workers reveal no alarm behaviour or mortality in pairings of workers from the same colony but a full range from no alarm to overt aggression, with associated death, when individuals were paired from different colonies. The level of mortality increases with differences in the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons between colonies. However, no mortality occurs in pairings of individuals from neighbouring colonies belonging to different phenotypes. The data thus provide evidence for a ‘neighbour–stranger’ effect (so‐called ‘dear‐enemy’ phenomenon) in termites.
Yield and Potassium Balance in a Wheat–Maize Cropping System of the North China Plain

This study examined the effects of long-term K fertilization on crop yields and K use efficiency and balance under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in the Fluvo-Aquic soil of Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station in the North China Plain (NCP). Results showed that the native K supply could maintain annual grain yields at stable levels at 10.7 Mg ha(-1) for >19 yr with applications of N and P alone. The application of K alone significantly improved maize yield by 46% but wheat showed no response. The agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, and partial factor productivity but not apparent use efficiency of wheat were significantly lower than the average values previously reported. In addition, only 43% of K found in the aboveground biomass of wheat and maize came from an annual application of fertilizer. The application of K caused a large K surplus, even with balanced fertilization, in which 33% of applied K was left in the soil, mostly in the 0- to 20-cm depth due to its surface application. The data indicated that the native K supply in the NCP might sustain normal wheat yields for about 10 to 30 yr. Generally, in a Fluvo-Aquic soil with a high content of soil available K, soil K can be used. In this study, 471 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) K input was excessive for the growth of maize and wheat, and at least 120 to 150 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) K could be saved with the use of balanced fertilization.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for the Production of Ethanol from Stalk Juice of Sweet Sorghum by Immobilized Yeast Using Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of three parameters, including initial total sugar concentration, supplement rate of (NH4)2SO4, and particles stuffing rate, was attempted using response surface methodology based on a Box−Behnken design for the optimal production of ethanol by immobilized yeast fermentation of stalk juice of Liaotian number 1 sweet sorghum cultivar in shaking flasks. The correlation analysis of the mathematical regression model indicated that the quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize ethanol production. The optimum conditions were found to be an initial total sugar concentration of 22.88%, supplement rate of (NH4)2SO4 of 0.244%, and particles stuffing rate of 25.15%. At the optimum conditions, the maximum predicted ethanol yield of 93.83% was obtained. The ethanol yield and fermentation time of verification experiments in the shaking flask were 92.37% and 14 h at the corresponding parameters, respectively, while they were 93.23% and 13 h, respectively, in a 5 L bioreactor, in which the pre.
Induction and quantification of γ-H2AX foci following low and high LET-irradiation

Purpose: To investigate quantitatively the induction and rejoining of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in V79-4 and xrs-5 Chinese hamster cells and HF19 human fibroblast cells, using the phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX (γ-H2AX) as an indicator of DSB, exposed to low doses of either low linear energy transfer (LET) 60Co γ-rays or high LET α-particles. Materials and methods: Cells were irradiated with low or high LET (20 – 2000 mGy). The γ-H2AX foci were detected using immunohistochemistry and quantified by image analysis. Results: The number of DSB determined 30 min post γ-irradiation at 37°C is 12.2 (±1.5), 13.5 (±1.6) and 19.1 (±1.7) foci/cell/Gy for V79-4, xrs-5 and HF19 cells respectively, comparable with levels detected in V79-4 cells using pulse field gel electrophoresis. 6 h post γ-irradiation, γ-H2AX foci levels in V79-4 and HF19 cells approach control levels but remain higher in DSB repair deficient xrs-5 cells. γ-H2AX foci levels remain significantly higher than controls at 6 h in α-irradiated cells. Conclusions: γ-radiation and α-radiation induced the phosphorylation of H2AX in response to DSB at low doses; the variation in the rate of dephosphorylation of induced foci are dependent both on radiation quality and cell characteristics.
Citrus variegated chlorosis bacterium: axenic culture, pathogenicity, and serological relationships with other strains of Xylella fastidiosa.

A xylem-limited bacterium serologically related to strains of Xytetta fastidiosa has been associated previously with citrus variegated chlorosis, a new and potentially serious disease of citrus in Brazil. When isolated and grown on PW (periwinkle wilt) medium, this gram-negative bacterium measured 0.4×4 μm and was indistinguishable based on colony appearance from reference strains of X. fastidiosa obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD. The bacterium also had a rippled cell wall typical of X. fastidiosa and induced symptoms typical of citrus variegated chlorosis in sweet orange after artificial inoculation [. ]
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605): The Study of Trace Fossils During the Renaissance

The Renaissance was a time of flourishing for literature, art and science. A prominent figure in Renaissance science was the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi, considered today to be one of the founding fathers of modern paleontology. Aldrovandi is known to have widely studied body fossils, but his work on trace fossils has yet to be explored by science historians. This paper proposes to critically analyze Aldrovandi's approach to trace fossils, based on his writings (most of which are still unpublished) and on the illustrations that accompany them. In his studies, the Bologna-born naturalist accurately describes such ichnological celebrities as Gastrochaenolites and Cosmorhaphe and discusses a few theoretic principles on the trace-making process. The study of the works of Aldrovandi brings to light a fascinating and little-known source of the history of ichnology.
A new genus of large Vesicomyidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Vesicomyidae, Pliocardiinae) from the Congo margin, with the first record of the subfamily Pliocardiinae in the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic)

Krylova E. M. & Cosel R. von 2011. — A new genus of large Vesicomyidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Vesicomyidae, Pliocardiinae) from the Congo margin, with the first record of the subfamily Pliocardiinae in the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic). Zoosystema 33 (1): 83-99. ABSTRACT A new genus in the subfamily Pliocardiinae (Vesicomyidae), Christineconcha n. gen., is established for “Calyptogena” regab Cosel & Olu, 2009. The most characteristic features of Christineconcha n. gen. are a rather thin and elongate shell up to 122 mm in length, a pallial line starting from the ventral margin of the anterior adductor scar, the presence of the inner demibranch only and the absence of the pallial fusion between the pedal gape and the inhalent siphon. Morphologically, Christineconcha is closest to the genus Abyssogena Krylova & Sahling, 2010. The monospecific new genus occurs in the Atlantic on the continental margin of Africa and Europe, from the Gulf of Guinea to the southern Bay of Biscay, at depths of 2820–4017 m. In the Gulf of Guinea, Christineconcha n. gen. is recorded from cold seeps; in the Bay of Biscay, the record of C. regab n. comb, indicates the likely presence of reducing biotopes. Morphological basis for the slightly different ecological niches of the co-occurring species Christineconcha regab n. comb. and Laubiericoncha chuni (Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931) is discussed.
Misaligned? Overvalued?. The Untold Story of the Turkish Lira

Scholars agree that overvalued exchange rates result in currency crises. This paper estimates the equilibrium real exchange rate for Turkey, finding that the lira was indeed overvalued before the crises in 1994 and 2001. However, the actual real exchange rate is at present close to the equilibrium level, exposing the myth propagated by Turkish exporters that the lira's overvaluation is responsible for Turkey's uncompetitive exports. The paper also highlights the role for fiscal adjustment in macroeconomic stability.
Derivation of the springtime starch increase in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

The contents of starch, total sugar, crude fat, and moisture were determined during the spring (late March until mid-June) in needles, bark, and wood of 1-year-old balsam fir shoots variously shaded, defoliated, and girdled in late March. The starch content in control shoots peaked during the first week in June, about the time vigorous current shoot elongation began. Shading reduced the concentrations of both starch and total sugar throughout the experimental period, while defoliation decreased them after about mid-spring. Girdling increased the carbohydrate content during early spring in both shaded and unshaded shoots, but decreased it in defoliated shoots. It is concluded that the bulk of the starch accumulating in conifers during the spring is derived from current photosynthesis, the rest being regenerated from carbohydrates produced during the previous year and stored overwinter. Timing the lifting date to maximize the springtime accumulation of starch might be an important consideration when transpl.
First documentation of adult Trichosirocalus horridus on several non-target native Cirsium species in Tennessee

Abstract Releases of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), native to Europe, began in Tennessee in 1989 as part of a biological control program against musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.). In surveys conducted to investigate non-target feeding of T. horridus on native Cirsium thistle species from 2005 to 2008, adults of T. horridus were observed on all five native Cirsium thistles. These adult occurrences are the first documentation of T. horridus occurring on three of these native species [C. carolinianum (Walt.) Fern & Schub. , C. horridulum Michx. and C. muticum Michx. ], and the first record of T. horridus occurring in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. While C. carolinianum and C. horridulum did not show symptoms of larval feeding in the meristematic tissues, C. altissimum, C. discolor, and C. muticum all had damaged meristems and possible oviposition scars on the midribs of the leaves. However, the impact of feeding by larvae of T. horridus on the reproductive potential of native plants is uncertain, because even in the target species (musk thistle and other introduced Cirsium species) plant death only sometimes occurs, and seed production continues.
Novel Triterpenoids from the Mycelial Mat at the Previous Stage of Fruiting of Ganoderma lucidum

Wehave investigated several bitter triterpenoids and related compounds, which have highly oxidized lanostane skeletons, from the fruiting body of the title fungus.X) Recently, we reported that the type of triterpenoid component of the fruiting body was different between the strains of G. lucidum, and could be divided into the C27 lucidenic acid type and the C30 ganoderic acid type. Wealso reported that lucidenic acids were induced during fruiting.2) On the other hand, Toth et al? A) and Hirotani et al.5) have reported the isolation of several ganoderic acids, which were cytotoxic to hepatoma cells or antihepatotoxic, from cultured mycelia of G. lucidum. It is interesting to explore the biogenetic relationship between the components of the mycelium and the fruiting body of G. lucidum. In this paper, we describe the isolation and structural determination of six novel com-
Comportamento fenológico de espécies lenhosas em um cerrado sentido restrito de Brasília, DF

In this study we followed the phenology of 19 woody species of a cerrado sensu stricto in the IBGE Ecological Reserve (15o55'06"-15o57'57" S and 47o51'22"-47o54'07" W), in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil. Phenological observations were made every fortnight between August 2000 and October 2003. The vegetation studied is a seasonal semi-deciduous wood savanna, where a hot wet season (from October through to April) is followed by a cool dry season (from May through to September). Vegetation canopy is reduced during the dry season and foliage cover reaches a minimum of 50% at the end of the dry season. Even though new leaves and flowers appear along the year, their production is intensified during the transition between the dry and wet seasons. According to the vegetative phenology, four groups were identified: four evergreen species with continuous growth, five evergreen species with seasonal growth, eight brevideciduous species and two deciduous species. The evergreen species with continuous growth produced leaves along the wet season, while the remaining groups produced leaves more intensely at the end of the dry season. Fruit maturation of autochoric and anemochoric species occurred within the dry season; zoochoric species dispersed seeds mainly during the wet season. Soil water availability seemed not to have restricted leaf production and reproduction of most species since the peak of flushing and blooming was at the end of the dry season. However, endogenous factors such as leaf longevity and internal water balance, as well as exogenous factors such as evaporative demand and irradiation seem to influence the phenological patterns observed in this vegetation.
Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida L.): 2,4-D Dose Response and Control with Postemergence Herbicides in Soybean

Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed is an increasing problem in glyphosate resistant cropping systems in southwestern Ontario. The postemergence herbicides registered for use in soybean in Ontario do not provide consistent control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. There is limited research on the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Consequently, the objectives of this study were a) to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean, and b) to determine the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. Ten postemergence herbicide combinations and seven rates of 2,4-D were evaluated in field studies conducted in 2011 and 2012 at six locations confirmed with glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. The post emergence herbicides evaluated did not provide acceptable/consistent control. Of the herbicides evaluated, glyphosate plus cloransulam-methyl provided 26% to 70% control 8 WAA of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed, which was the best of the herbicides combinations evaluated. The doses of 2,4-D required to reduce giant ragweed shoot dry weight by 50, 80 and 95% were 142, 310 and 1048 g a.e. ha-1, respectively.
Metabolic protein replacement drives tissue turnover in adult mice

Stable isotopes are increasingly being used to examine ecological and physiological questions, such as dietary choices, migration routes and timing, and physiological condition. To address these questions in the field, laboratory experiments must be done to determine diet–tissue discrimination values and turnover rates for stable isotopes in tissues. In this study, we examined the carbon and nitrogen turnover rates of whole blood, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, heart, and brain, as well as the sulfur turnover rate of whole blood, skeletal muscle, and liver in Mus musculus L. , 1758 following a diet change. By examining tissue isotope change in two groups of mice fed different diets, we found that tissues turnover at different rates (in order of fastest to slowest — liver, kidney, heart, brain, whole blood, skeletal muscle), but that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes turned over with similar half-lives within a single tissue. By using a diet with different nutrient isotopic values, we also calculated t.
Interest Rate Pass-Through in Poland: Evidence from Individual Bank Data

This paper employs individual bank data to analyze interest rate pass-through from money market rates to bank deposit and lending rates. First the speed and completeness of interest rate adjustment is assessed. As the sample covers the period prior to and after the outbreak of the financial crisis, some comparisons of the interest rate transmission process in these periods are made. The influence of individual bank characteristics (e.g., size, liquidity, strength of deposit base, quality of credit portfolio) on features of the interest rate transmission is also examined.
Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on the glucosinolate profile of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Clear influence of N and S applications on the profile of individual glucosinolates in the seeds of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) was found in field experiments. The major effect of N was on the relative abundance of the four alkenyl glucosinolates. Increasing the N rate increased the relative proportion of 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl at the expense of pent-4-enyl, and to a lesser extent, 2-hydroxypent-4-enyl, in the double-low (low erucic acid and low glucosinolates) variety Cobra, but at the expense of but-3-enyl in the single-low (low erucic acid) variety Bienvenu. The results strongly suggest that a high N supply favours the hydroxylation step from but-3-enyl to 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl. In contrast, the major effect of S appeared to be on the relative abundance of the alkenyl and indole groups as a whole. Sulphur deficiency decreased the concentrations of the alkenyl glucosinolates more than those of the indole glucosinolates, whereas S application to a S-deficient crop resulted in a larger response in the alkenyl group than in the indole group. The more sensitive response of alkenyl glucosinolates to the plant S status is probably due to the requirement of methionine in their biosynthesis, as compared with the indole glucosinolates which are derived from tryptophan. Implications for changes in the glucosinolate profile in rapeseed are discussed.
The relationship between limb‐segment proportions and joint kinematics for the hind limbs of quadrupedal mammals

Film sequences were used to measure functional hind limb-segment proportions and joint angles at successive stages of walking strides for 22 species of quadrupedal mammals from five orders. Similar data were obtained from three trotting dogs. For each animal, nine Fourier series coefficients describing the movement of each of the hip, hock and ankle joints were obtained. Multivariate statistical analysis of these coefficients revealed that animals with similar limb-segment proportions move their joints in similar ways. However, it should be noted that animals with similar leg-segment proportions also tended to be phylogenetically related. Most of the discriminatory power was between animals of different stances (plantigrade, digitigrade or unguligrade) and between walking and trotting.