Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influência do meio de cultura, tipo e concentração de citocininas na multiplicação in vitro de amoreira-preta e framboeseira

A amoreira-preta e a framboeseira sao especies pouco cultivadas no Brasil, porem representam uma otima opcao de diversificacao para pequenas propriedades, por serem rusticas e com elevada produtividade. A propagacao dessas especies da-se, principalmente, por meio de estacas de raiz e mesmo de hastes novas, porem, ja e crescente o interesse pelo uso da micropropagacao como um metodo alternativo de propagacao vegetativa de plantas frutiferas. No entanto, existe a necessidade de se ajustar, para cada especie, e/ou cultivar, as melhores condicoes de cultivo, para que se obtenha sucesso no processo. Assim, neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar o melhor meio de cultura (MS e WPM), o efeito das citocininas (BAP, 2iP, Zeatina) e suas concentracoes (0; 7,5 ;15 e 22,5 μM) na multiplicacao in vitro de amoreira-preta 'Xavante' e de framboeseira 'Batum' e 'Heritage'. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que, o meio MS e a citocinina BAP na concentracao de 15 μM foi mais eficiente para ambas as especies e cultivares, induzindo maior numero medio de folhas, brotacoes e gemas. Quanto ao comprimento das brotacoes, observou-se um comportamento diferenciado entre especie, cultivar e regulador. Para amoreira-preta, o cultivo em meio MS na ausencia de regulador promoveu o aumento do comprimento das brotacoes, enquanto que para framboeseira 'Batum' e 'Heritage', melhores resultados foram obtidos na presenca de citocininas, respectivamente, Zeatina e 2iP, independentemente das concentracoes utilizadas.
Automatic Speech Recognition for Northern Sámi with comparison to other Uralic Languages

Speech technology applications for major languages are becoming widely available, but for many other languages there is no commercial interest in developing speech technology. As the lack of technology and applications will threaten the existence of these languages, it is important to study how to create speech recognizers with minimal effort and low resources. As a test case, we have developed a Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognizer for Northern Sámi, an Finno-Ugric language that has little resources for speech technology available. Using only limited audio data, 2.5 hours, and the Northern Sámi Wikipedia for the language model we achieved 7.6% Letter Error Rate (LER). With a language model based on a higher quality language corpus we achieved 4.2% LER. To put this in perspective we also trained systems in other, better-resourced, Finno-Ugric languages (Finnish and Estonian) with the same amount of data and compared those to state-of-the-art systems in those languages.
Nectar Dynamics and Sugar Composition in Flowers of Silene and Saponaria Species (Caryophyllaceae)

Saponaria officinalis Silene (S. alba, S. dioica, S. noctiflora, S. nutans, S. vulgaris) S. dioica S. nutans S. dioica S. dioica S. nutans Saponaria officinalis S. noctiflora S. dioica S. vulgaris Silene alba S. alba, S. dioica S. nutans (S. nutans) S. noctiflora S. vulgaris
Germination of the Salt-Tolerant Grass Diplachne fusca. I. Dormancy and Temperature Responses

The germination of the salt-tolerant grass Diplachne fusca (L.) Beauv. was investigated because of its potential as a pasture species to be used in the reclamation of salt-affected land. Fresh seed was dor- mant. Dormancy was not broken by stratification, but gradually broke down during air-dry storage, indicating an after-ripening period of at least 1 year. The germination of germinable stored seeds at various temperature regimes (combinations of day and night temperatures between 11 and 31°C) was assessed on a thermogradient plate. The germination after 21 days was greatest at high temperatures (40-90% when both day and night temperatures were between 24 and 31°C, either constant or alter- nating). Germination was completely inhibited when both day and night temperatures were 5 18.5°C. Germination percentage was more strongly correlated with night than with day temperature. Seeds for which dormancy had been broken by scarification were capable of germinating at lower temperatures (19% germination at 11°C) than stored seeds. From the observed temperature dependence of germination and the mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at Tatura and Deniliquin (latitudes 36° 262S. and 35° 322S. respectively), it is expected that germination in the field, in the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia, would be limited to the summer months (December-February).
‘Pod shatter’ in Arabidopsis thalianaBrassica napus and B. juncea

Wild Brassica plants release seeds by a pod shattering mechanism; in related crop plants, such as oil‐seed rape, this can result in substantial loss of seed, and hence loss of revenue, and also in the distribution of seeds which can contaminate future crops and the environment. To identify strategies which may be used to reduce shatter, either by conventional breeding programmes or by genetic engineering, we have examined fruit development in oil‐seed rape (Brassica napus), and in the related B. juncea and Arabidopsis, using a combination of cytological, cytochemical and molecular techniques. We report here on the patterns of cellular differentiation and tissue development during fruit maturation, and suggest how this results in the shattering phenotype.
Influence of previous crops and nematicide treatments on root lesion nematode populations and crop yields

Nous avons etudie au champ l'influence du precedent cultural, de la sequence culturelle et de traitements a l'aldicarbe sur les populations de nematodes des nodosites et sur les rendements de diverses cultures a l'ile-du Prince-Edouard. La culture precedente a eu le plus grand impact sur le nombre de nematodes. Les sequences des cultures ont parfois eu une influence sur les populations de nematodes des nodosites (principalement Pratylenchus penetrans) et sur les rendements. Dans les champs commerciaux d'orge (Hordeum vulgare), les nematodes des nodosites etaient plus nombreux lorsque l'orge suivait une culture combinee de trefle rouge (Trifolium pratense) et de fleole (Phleum pratense) et les nematodes du rabougrissement (Tylenchorynchus spp., principalement T. dubiuset Merlinius spp.) etaient plus nombreux quand l'orge etait semee pendant deux annees consecutives. La masse de la matiere seche combinee du feuillage et du grain etait plus importante lorsque l'orge etait semee aupres des pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum) et cette masse etait plus faible avec deux cultures successives d’orge ou avec un melange de trefle rouge et de fleole. En conditions experimentales au champ, les populations de nematodes des nodosites etaient plus elevees dans les racines d’orge lorsque celle-ci etait cultivee apres des pommes de terre et les rendements en grain etaient plus faibles lorsque l’orge etait cultivee pendant deux annees consecutives. Les changements dans les populations de nematodes chez la pomme de terre n’etaient pas associes aux sequences debutant avec le ble (Triticum aestivum) ou l’orge que dans les sequences debutant avec les pommes de terre ou le soya (Glycine max). L’aldicarbe a reduit le nombre de nematodes des nodosites en plus d’accroitre les rendements en pommes de terre et en soya.
Species Diversity and Genetic Variation of Terrestrial Lichens and Bryophytes in A Boreal Jack Pine Forest of Central Canada

Abstract Little is known about species diversity and genetic structure of populations of lichens and bryophytes in the Sandilands Provincial Forest in Manitoba. This study investigated the current species diversity of lichens and bryophytes in the area. It also examined the population structure and gene flow in the lichen (Cladonia arbuscula) with the highest cover and second most frequent occurrence, and bryophyte (Pleurozium schreberi) with the highest frequency and percent ground cover. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) of the presence and absence of group I introns in the fungal small subunit (SSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) of the algal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA suggests that low levels of gene flow were occurring in the fungus while a single algal genotype was maintaining the lichen association. Similarly, Interspersed Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers of the bryophyte suggested low levels of gene flow. The examination of variation in both lichen symbionts and a bryophyte, dominant within the same habitat, is a novel aspect of this study. Both these widespread species, dominating the understory in mature jack pine forests, exhibited low levels of sexual reproduction.
Dietary Influences on Endogenous Ileal Protein and Amino Acid Loss in the Pig—A Review

Abstract The basis for using determined values of endogenous ileal protein and amino acid losses in the protein evaluation of pig feeds is reviewed. The amounts of endogenous protein and amino acids in ileal digesta may be determined by numerous methods. These include N-free diets, regression analysis, enzyme hydrolysed casein (EHC) coupled with ultra-filtration, modifying lysine to homoarginine, isotope dilution techniques and calculations based on the difference between the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of protein and amino acids. Endogenous ileal protein loss seems to be influenced primarily by dietary dry matter intake and secondarily by the composition of the diet and can be divided into a basal and an extra loss. The basal loss after ingestion of experimental N-free diets is 10-15 kg−1 DM intake, but, under more physiologically normal conditions when protein-containing diets are ingested, the basal loss seems to be about 20 g kg−1 DM intake. When vegetable feedstuffs are ingested there is often.
Ureide Metabolism in Non-nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The distribution of ureide-N was studied throughout vegetative and reproductive growth of non-nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bushbean) grown in nitrate nutrient solution. Largest increases in ureide-N per plant were correlated with flowering and early pod formation and with seed filling. Highest amounts of ureides per organ were measured in stems and axillary trifoliates. Highest concentrations (μmol ureide-N g−1 fr. wt.) were measured in young developing organs and stems. Seeds did not accumulate ureides until the ureide content of pods had reached a maximum. Results obtained using the inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, allopurinol, are consistent with the origin of ureides via purine degradation but alternative pathways cannot be discounted. Leaves and stems were shown to have the ability to degrade allantoate via an enzymic process.
Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying seed protein and oil contents of soybean across multi‐genetic backgrounds and environments

Seed protein and oil contents are important quantitative traits in soybean. Previously, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed protein and oil were mostly identified in single genetic background. The objective of this work was to identify QTL and their epistatic effects underlying seed protein and oil contents in three recombinant inbred line populations (two of them used one common female parent) across eight environments by composite interval mapping. Forty QTL underlying protein content and 35 QTL underlying oil content were identified. Among them, nine were universal QTL underlying protein content and four were universal QTL underlying oil content. Epistatic interactions between QTL underlying seed protein/oil and different genetic backgrounds were detected. Different pairs of epistatic interactions were observed in diverse genetic backgrounds across multi-environments. Common marker intervals were observed to simultaneously underlie seed protein and oil contents with different epistatic interactions. The results in this study suggested that a specific genotype with high oil content and low protein content might significantly affect the selection of soybean lines for high seed protein.
Assessing Exploratory Behavior and Memory in ICR, BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice Using Habituation

Differences in exploratory, rearing and locomotion activity of ICR, BALB/c and C57BL/6 strain were investigated by a 16-hole board task and an open field with an automated infrared detecting system. ICR mice had the highest response rate while C57BL/6 mice had the lowest. It took less time for ICR mice to get used to a new environment and its performance in memory testing was also superior to C57BL/6 mice. The results confirmed the feasibility of using a hole-board test to assess memory. Comparisons between the trend of rearing and hole-poking activity demonstrated that the rearing behavior of mice, to a certain degree, reflected its exploratory and cognitive ability. Our results provided firm support for the notion that selection of a mouse strain is essential when conducting studies on higher cognitive behavior in mice.
Aluminum-induced abiotic stress counteracts Fusarium infection in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Abstract Interaction between Al and fungal pathogen Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti was investigated in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Germinating seeds of C. cajan conditioned by treating presoaked seeds with Al at concentrations 0, 10, 50, and 100 µM, pH 4.5, for 24 h were subjected to fungal infection. Subsequently, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: O2 •− and H2O2), cell death, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [GPX], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]) in the root tissue of seedlings were estimated. Both Al conditioning and Fusarium infection resulted in a significant increase in ROS generation, cell death, and SOD, but inhibited CAT activity significantly. CAT as well as GPX displayed isomorphic differences between treatments. APX activity was increased in response to Al conditioning, but decreased in response to Fusarium infection. Al conditioning at 50 µM significantly counteracted against Fusarium infection that was marked by a concomitant decrease in ROS generation and cell death whereas little changes were observed in activities of antioxidant enzymes. The findings underscored the importance of controlled ROS homeostasis in counteracting Fusarium infection.
Highly selective tempo mediated oxidation of primary alcohol groups in polysaccharides

A method for the selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl functions of polysaccharides is described. The oxidation is mediated by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and hypobromite is used as the regenerating oxidant. At pH 10.5–11 a selectivity of 98% for cold water soluble potato starch and >90% for dahlia inulin was found.
Efficiency of capture of tench, Tinca tinca L. by trammel nets of monofilament and multifilament net twine combinations

Efficiencies of different trammel net types on capture of tench, Tinca tinca L. were investigated in Lake Beysehir in Turkey between April 1998 and August 1999. Nets with an inner wall of monofilament and outer walls of multifilament (type A) were more efficient than the other net types (type B, monofilament inner and outer walls; type C, multifilament inner wall and monofilament outer walls; and D, multifilament inner and outer walls). Type A nets were 2.08, 1.79 and 1.08 times more effective than the types D, C and B for catching tench. Monofilament inner walls of trammel nets were on average 1.85 times more effective than multifilament inner walls. No significant difference in catching efficiency of monofilament and multifilament outer walls was found (P>0.05). The average size of tench caught in monofilament trammel nets was higher than those caught in multifilament trammel nets, although not significantly different.
Fruit production and quality of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are affected by green compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract Green compost, produced from green wastes, is characterized by high quality standards. The influence of soil amendment with green compost and with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal-rhizobacterial mixed inoculum on plant growth and on yield and quality of fruits in tomato was studied. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were transplanted in pots with soil added with different compost proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Tomato fruits were analyzed for glucose, fructose, nitrate, nitrite, malate, citrate, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid content. There are significant differences in shoot and root dry weights between mycorrhizal and control plants, whereas the addition of compost to substrate until 75% increased shoot dry weight. AM tomato plants showed significantly higher concentrations of glucose and malate in fruits. Citrate was higher with 50% and 75% compost, while its lowest concentration was detected in plants without compost. Nitrate content was increased by AM inoculum and compost; nitrite content was decreased. Higher amounts of compost increased carotenoid content; ascorbate levels were significantly higher in control plants. These results show that the use of AM inoculum and green compost can improve fruit quality, affecting biochemical composition and relative proportion of various compounds.
Sporozoite Infection Rate and Identification of the Infective and Refractory Species of Anopheles gambiae (Giles) Complex

The ability of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to transmit Plasmodium infection is known to be variable within sibling species of the complex with strains that cannot transmit the parasite. High sporozoite infection rate recorded showed that A. gambiae mosquitoes are potent malaria vectors in southwestern Nigeria. The aim of this study was to identify the infective and refractory strains of A. gambiae mosquitoes and to determine the sporozoite infection rate in this area. The infective strains were A. gambiae ( sensu stricto ) and A. arabiensis , while the refractory strains were A. gambiae ( sensu stricto ). However, ovarian polytene chromosome banding patterns could not be used to distinguish between the infective and refractory strains of A. gambiae ( sensu stricto ). This study showed that the refractory strains of Anopheles gambiae complex are present, but in low frequencies, in southwestern Nigeria, and that the sibling species of Anopheles gambiae ( A. gambiae s.s. and A. arabiensis ) are potent malaria vectors .
ARE GREATER SNOW GEESE CAPITAL BREEDERS? NEW EVIDENCE FROM A STABLE‐ISOTOPE MODEL

The strategy of relying extensively on stored nutrient reserves for repro- duction (capital breeding) was thought to be common in large-bodied birds breeding in harsh environments, such as arctic-nesting geese, but this view has been challenged recently. Our objective was to model inputs to the eggs from stored reserves and from local food plants in Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) breeding in the high Arctic, using a new approach based on stable-isotope signatures. Snow Geese and their eggs were collected during laying from 1999 to 2001 (N = 66 females and 110 eggs). We analyzed the isotopic signature (813C and 815N) of egg constituents (lipid-free yolk, yolk lipid, and albumen), goose tissues (lipid-free breast muscles, abdominal fat, and whole liver) and of the food plants eaten by laying geese in the Arctic (graminoids and forbs). We applied a two-isotope mixing model approach to delineate nutrient input to eggs quantitatively. Dif- ferences in the isotopic signature of endogenous reserves and arctic food plants were relatively large (5.3-8.0%0 for A813C and 7.5%c for A815N) because reserves were accu- mulated in southern staging areas where geese feed in farmlands and estuarine habitats. The percentage of egg nutrients derived from exogenous sources (food consumed in the Arctic) was higher than from endogenous (body) reserves and varied little among the three years. Isotopic signatures indicated that endogenous reserves contributed 33% of lipid-free yolk nutrients, 27% of albumen, and 20% of yolk lipid, on average. Isotopic signatures of egg constituents of individual females were more strongly related to those of liver than endogenous sources (breast muscles or abdominal fat), indicating that the endogenous isotopic signature was diluted by a dietary input in the liver. We also found evidence of seasonal variation in the use of endogenous reserves. Late-laying females apparently in- vested proportionally more endogenous reserves in their eggs than did early layers, but not those laying larger clutches. We conclude that Greater Snow Geese use a mixed capital/ income breeding strategy. Our study shows that isotopic composition of tissues can be used to infer the contribution of exogenous vs. endogenous sources of nutrients for egg formation where inputs differ isotopically.
Whole‐plant ABA flux and the regulation of water loss in Cedrella odorata

Three-month-old Cedrella odorata seedlings were exposed to a soil-drying treatment. During this period, xylem sap was periodically collected from the plant by applying pneumatic pressure to the roots. This also allowed whole-plant water status to be measured by recording the balancing pressure applied. The concentration of ABA in xylem sap (C) was related to the whole-plant transpiration rate (V) which was measured with a sap flow gauge. The analysis of these paired measurements centred on how the reciprocal of C (R) varied with respect to V. This revealed that (1) the observed increases in C could not be explained by the reductions in V alone, (2) initially, decreases in V were associated with proportional increases in the whole-plant ABA flux (M), and (3) this relationship broke down at low values of V since zero flow was associated with a finite value for C estimated to be 41 pmol ABA mmol−1 H2O. A simple static model is developed from the observations that is able to explain the data well, and the results are discussed in terms of the effects of ABA on stomatal conductance (gsw).
Managing invasive carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for habitat enhancement at Botany Wetlands, Australia

1. In Australia, the carp Cyprinus carpio L. is regarded as a threat to the native fish and the aquatic environment. In recent years, Botany Wetlands, a significant coastal wetland in the Sydney region, has been invaded by the undesirable cyprinids, carp and goldfish (Carrasius auratus L.). 2. In 1996 a cyprinid removal programme commenced at Botany Wetlands with the objective of managing the invasive species, increasing fish diversity, reducing cyanobacterial blooms and hence enhancing the aquatic habitat. Using electrofishing and gill netting, 4073 carp and 261 goldfish, amounting to 10 117 kg of cyprinid biomass were removed between 1996 and 2004. The captured carp ranged from 60 to 835 mm. Males matured before females. Carp between 350 and 680 mm in length grew at the rate of 1.66±0.38 g day−1. 3. The success of the programme was monitored by assessing four indicators related to carp populations and two related to habitat. The former included the pattern of length–frequency distribution, mean weight per size class, condition factor (CF) and the catch per unit effort (CPUE), and the latter the Secchi disc transparency and cyanobacterial counts. After 8 yr of removal, the plots of carp length–frequency distribution flattened, CF decreased from 2.86 to 1.82 and CPUE decreased from 97 kg day−1 to 50 kg day−1. A 10-fold decrease occurred in cyanobacterial counts and the Secchi disc transparency increased by 20%. More than 20 000 fingerlings of native Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata (S.) have been introduced to the wetlands, increasing the potential for juvenile carp predation and biodiversity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.