Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Case: Morphosyntactic Bootstrapping and Icelandic Datives

Do children use the same resources to learn verb meaning across languages? One approach to language acquisition in which universality has been extensively debated is the syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis, which proposes that children use the argument structure of a verb as a cue to its meaning (Landau & Gleitman 1985, Gleitman 1990, Naigles et al. 1993). In recent years, the extent to which verbal morphology and morphosyntax can be informative of verb semantics has been the subject of cross-linguistic research, with one of the primary questions being whether possibly (syntactic) universal cues have an advantage over language-specific (morphological) ones (e.g. Lidz et al. 2003, Göksun et al. 2008, Matsuo et al. 2012, Trueswell et al. 2012 and Leischner et al. 2016). Using corpora and experimental acquisition data from Icelandic, a language with almost no argument-drop and rich case morphology, we provide qualified support for a morphosyntactic bootstrapping account that does not exclusively rely on universal cues, since a learning model detects the available systematic mappings of form and meaning (Yang 2016). In specific contexts, we argue that morphology can be as salient as the number of arguments. Additionally, we argue that experimental comprehension results show the necessary basis for the welldocumented productivity of the Icelandic non-default dative (Maling 2002, Svenonius 2002, Jónsson and Eythórsson 2005, Ingason 2010 and Barðdal 2011 i.a.). Specifically, we show that non-default subject case marking rules can be accounted for with Yang’s (2016) Tolerance Principle (TP). Lidz et al. (2003), based on ideas of universal syntax-semantics mapping, argued that children initially rely on argument number and ignore morphological form to bootstrap verb meaning, even when the morphology provides stronger cues. This has been challenged from various perspectives, one of them being typological evidence against the universality of argument structure cues (Brown & Bowerman 2008). Still, even work on argument-drop languages such as Japanese and Turkish reveals that children use syntactic frames as cues – in addition to e.g. case
Factors Affecting Yields and Essential Oil Quality of Ocimum sanctum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. Cultivars

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted during the summers of 2001 and 2002 in two locations in Nova Scotia to identify the effect of cultivar, transplanting date, and drying (air-drying and freeze-drying) on basil (Ocimum basilicum ʻMestenʼ and ʻItalian Broadleafʼ, and O. sanctum ʻLocalʼ) productivity and oil quality in Nova Scotia and to identify the potential of growing basil as a cash crop in this region. Results suggested that all of the tested cultivars of basil grown in Nova Scotia had acceptable yields and composition for the international commercial market. Greater yields (ranging from 3.6 to 19.8 t·ha -1 ) were achieved from ʻMestenʼ and ʻItalian Broadleafʼ by earlier trans- planting. ʻLocalʼ had a lower oil content compared to the other cultivars. Linalool was the main component of ʻMestenʼ oil, linalool and methyl chavicol were the main components of ʻItalian Broadleafʼ oil, while elemene and α-humulene were the main components of ʻLocalʼ oil. Both air-drying and freeze-drying were found to alter the composition of the essential oil from O. sanctum and O. basilicum.
Winter Diet and Movements of Wolf (Canis Lupus) in Alampedja Nature Reserve, Estonia

Wolf (Canis lupus) diet was studied in Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve from October to April 1999–2001. 119 wolf scats were collected and analysed. Remains of eight mammal species were found in wolf scats of which ungulates formed nearly 80%. Wolf diet in the nature reserve consisted mainly of wild boar (Sus scrofa; 37%), moose (Alces alces; 30.5%) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; 12.1%). A proportion of moose in ungulate biomass was calculated to be 77.5%; wild boar 20.4% and roe deer only 2%. It was found that wolf diet in the nature reserve differed from that of Estonia in general. We have concluded, that in areas with insufficient roe deer availability, wild boar and moose form the main prey items for wolf. It was suggested, that pack movements in area are mostly influenced by the localisation of prey animals and controlling of pack territory.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE MACROECONOMICS OF STICKY PRICES WITH GENERALIZED HAZARD FUNCTIONS

We thank the students in the 2019 Monetary Economics (33502) at The University of Chicago for their comments. We also benefited from the comments of Andrea Ferrara, Rob Shimer, our discussant Andre Silva and participants to the 2019 ECB-PRISMA Conference in Lisbon, the 2019 workshop Recent advances in macroeconomics at EIEF (Rome), and the MacroInternational Workshop at the University of Chicago. This paper originally circulated with the title “The Analytics of Monetary Shocks with Generalized Hazard Functions”. This material is based, in part, on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number SES-1559459. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Morphological, phytochemical and antifungal analysis of Aloe vera L. leaf extracts

This study was undertaken with the aim of analysing some morphological parameters, screening of important phytochemical compounds and the activity of Aloe vera leaf extracts against two fungal species viz; Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus. Morphological assessment of A. vera plant showed significant differences in leaf and root attributes including its color, length and weight under both dried and fresh form. Pendulous and yellow to whitish color flowers were found. Phytochemical analysis of glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, carbohydrates, amino acid, tannins and saponin gave positive consequences and negative for cyanogenic glycosides in both the methanol and ethanol leaf extracts. Alkaloids were found only in the methanol extract but not in that of ethanol extract. Glycosides, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and tannins were present in the aqueous extract. Both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of A. vera showed significantly greater inhibitory effect whereas aqueous extracts were found with lesser inhibitory effect against Rhizopus and A. niger. This investigation strongly suggests A. vera plant leaf extracts with ethanol and methanol as better antifungal candidates.
The reproduction number R for COVID-19 in England: Why hasn't ''lockdown'' been more effective?

The reproduction number R, the average number of people that a single individual with a contagious disease infects, is central to understanding the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic. Values greater than one correspond to increasing rates of infection, and values less than one indicate that control measures are being effective. Here, we summarise how changes in the behaviour of individuals alter the value of R. We also use matrix models that correctly recreate distributions of times that individuals spend incubating the disease and being infective to demonstrate the accuracy of a simple approximation to estimate R directly from time series of case numbers, hospital admissions or deaths. The largest uncertainty is that the generation time of the infection is not precisely known, but this challenge also affects most of the more complex methods of calculating R. We use this approximation to examine changes in R in response to the introduction of lockdown restrictions in England. This suggests that there was a substantial reduction in R before large scale compulsory restrictions on economic and social activity were imposed on 23rd March 2020. From mid-April to mid-June decline of the epidemic at national and regional level has been relatively slow, despite these restrictions (R values clustered around 0.81). However, these estimates of R are consistent with the relatively high average numbers of close contacts reported by confirmed cases combined with directly measured attack rates via close interactions. This implies that a significant portion of transmission is occurring in workplaces; overcrowded housing or through close contacts that are not currently lawful, routes on which nationwide lockdown will have limited impact.
Covid-19 Risk Among Airline Passengers: Should the Middle Seat Stay Empty?

Recent research results and data generate the approximation that, when all coach seats are full on a US jet aircraft, the risk of contracting Covid-19 from a nearby passenger is currently about 1 in 7,000. Under the middle seat empty policy, that risk falls to about 1 in 14,000. Risks are lower in flights that are not full. These estimates imply Covid-19 mortality risks to uninfected air travelers are higher than those associated with plane crashes but probably less than one in one million.
Effect of metabolites produced by Trichoderma species against Ceratocystis paradoxa in culture medium

Metabolites released from Trichoderma viride, T. polysporum, T. hamatum and T. aureoviride were tested in culture medium against Ceratocystis paradoxa, which causes black seed rot in oil palm sprouted seeds. The Trichoderma metabolites had similar fungistatic effects on the growth of C. paradoxa except those from T. aureoviride. The inhibition varied depending on the Trichoderma species producing the metabolites; from 2.0% to 64% in volatile, 0.0% to 74% in non-volatile and 0.0% to 81% from direct-diffusible metabolites. C. paradoxa growth was significantly reduced in the presence of metabolites produced by T. viride and T. polysporum than the other species. T. aureoviride had the least growth inhibition, and medium containing direct-diffusible metabolite supported highest inhibition of C. paradoxa.
Development of Melamine Electrochemical Sensor Using Molecularly Imprinted Conducting Polyanilne-Oxalic Acid Blend as a Molecular Recognition Element

In the present work, oxalic acid doped molecularly imprinted conducting polyaniline film for melamine detection was prepared by in-situ-electrochemical polymerization on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using melamine as template. The optimal monomer/template molar ratio was attained to be 0.2:0.1:0.01 (aniline: oxalic acid: melamine) and molecular recognition properties towards melamine were evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions the imprinted polymer film was used to detect different concentrations of melamine in standard solutions and real milk samples. Compared with the nonimprinted polymer (NIP), the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film showed higher affinity and sensitivity towards melamine with a linear range, quantification limit and detection limit of 0.5-200 nM, 1.375 nM and 0.413 nM respectively. Furthermore, the polymer blend film showed good selectivity toward melamine, stability, reproducibility and practical applications for the determination of melamine in infant formula milk with the recovery of 92.32-102.49%. The doping of the polymer with oxalic acid enhanced the conductivity and sensitivity of the sensor.
THE HUMAN CHROMOSOME

Human lymphocytes were grown in short-term tissue culture and were arrested in metaphase with Colcemid. Their chromosomes were prepared by the Langmuir trough-critical point drying technique and were examined under the electron microscope. In addition, some chromosomes were digested with trypsin, Pronase, or DNase. The chromosomes consist entirely of tightly packed, 240 ± 50-A chromatin fibers. Trypsin and Pronase treatments induce relaxation of fiber packing and reveal certain underlying fiber arrangements. Furthermore, trypsin treatment demonstrates that the chromatin fiber has a 25–50 A trypsin-resistant core surrounded by a trypsin-sensitive sheath. DNase digestion suggests that this core contains DNA.
Winter season krill (Euphausia superba D.) as a source of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Krill (Euphausia superba D.) caught in winter near South Georgia were examined as a raw, intermediate product, precipitate and by product. The following assayes were performed: lipid composition (TLC), fatty acid composition (GC), lipid susceptibility to oxidation, and carotenoids content. The krill harvested in July/August was found to contain about 3% of lipids. The amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in total lipids of whole krill accounts for 19.0 ± 1.7% of fatty acids. There was no any lost of n-3 PUFA during processes used to obtain the precipitate and the lipid formula. Euphausia superba is a valuable source of n-3 PUFA, primarily because of their stability in krill.
Intracellular Localization and Loss of Copper Responsiveness of Mnk, the Murine Homologue of the Menkes Protein, in Cells from Blotchy (Moblo) and Brindled (Mobr) Mouse Mutants

Menkes disease is an X-linked copper deficiency disorder that results from mutations in the ATP7A ( MNK ) gene. A wide range of disease-causing mutations within ATP7A have been described, which lead to a diversity of phenotypes exhibited by Menkes patients. The mottled locus ( Mo, Atp7a, Mnk ) represents the murine homologue of the ATP7A gene, and the mottled mutants exhibit a diversity of phenotypes similar to that observed among Menkes patients. Therefore, these mutants are valuable models for studying Menkes disease. Two of the mottled mutants are brindled and blotchy and their phenotypes resemble classical Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome (OHS) in humans, respectively. That is, the brindled mutant and patients with classical Menkes disease are severely copper deficient and have profound neurological problems, while OHS patients and the blotchy mouse have a much milder phenotype with predominantly connective tissue defects. In this study, in an attempt to understand the basis for the brindled and blotchy phenotypes, the copper transport characteristics and intracellular distribution of the Mnk protein were assessed in cultured cells from these mutants. The results demonstrated that the abnormal copper metabolism of brindled and blotchy cells may be related to a number of factors, which include the amount of Mnk protein, the intracellular location of the protein and the ability of Mnk to redistribute in elevated copper. The data also provide evidence for a relationship between the copper transport function and copper-dependent trafficking of Mnk.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of PGS/PCL Nanocomposite Films: Effect of Organo-Modified Montmorillonite

Microwave-assisted synthesis of polyglycerolsebacate (PGS) - polycaprolactone (PCL) with nanoclay composite films were fabricated in this study. PGS produced via microwave irradiation technique was blended withorgano-modified montmorillonite (O-MMT) and PCL, and cast using thermally induced phase separation technique (TIPS) to produce nanocomposite films. The fabricated films underwent different qualitative characterization to identify its morphology, porosity,wettabilityandmechanical strength. FTIR results showed changes in the band peaks signifying the interaction between PCL, O-MMT and PGS. SEM images of the films displayed filamentous and non-uniform pores present on the films, which became more visible upon the addition of O-MMT and PGS.Also, the films showed improved tensile strength and elongation upon addition of PGS, but on an optimum O-MMT amount. Furthermore, the pore size of films increased upon addition of PGS, which confirmed the effect of its hydrophilic in nature. Thiswas correlated to the enhanced wettability of the films produced and the formation of asymmetric surface structure.
Influence of hairy vetch residue on atrazine and metolachlor soil solution concentration and weed emergence

Abstract High levels of cover-crop residue can suppress weed emergence and also can intercept preemergence herbicides and potentially reduce their effectiveness. This research was conducted in continuous no-tillage corn to compare the effect of residue from a hairy vetch cover crop with that of background crop residue on the soil solution concentration of atrazine and metolachlor and on the emergence of weeds with and without herbicide treatment. In a 3-yr field experiment, 5-cm-deep soil samples were taken and the weed density measured in paired microplots with and without herbicide at approximately weekly intervals after application of atrazine and metolachlor. High levels of residue were present in both treatments; the percentage of soil covered by residue ranged from 91 to 99 in the no–cover-crop treatment and from 99 to 100 in the hairy vetch treatment. Initial metolachlor concentration was lower and degradation rate higher in two of the 3 yr with a hairy vetch cover crop than without a cover crop. Cover-crop treatment had little effect on atrazine concentration or degradation. Annual grass weeds (predominantly fall panicum) were the major species in this field. Hairy vetch alone reduced grass emergence by 50 to 90%, and preemergence herbicides alone reduced emergence by 72 to 93% compared with the treatment without cover crop and herbicide. The combination of preemergence herbicides with hairy vetch provided only 24 to 61% control of grass weeds compared with control by hairy vetch alone and 23 to 52% compared with control by herbicide alone, suggesting an antagonism probably resulting from reduced metolachlor concentration by hairy vetch residue. Metolachlor with hairy vetch delayed emergence of weeds and reduced the concentration of metolachlor required to prevent emergence initiation compared with metolachlor without a cover crop. Nomenclature: Atrazine; metolachlor; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; corn, Zea mays L. ; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth VICVI.
Styrene Recovery from the Pyrolysis of Polystyrene Waste Using Bentonite and Natural Zeolite Catalyst

Polystyrene is a type of plastic that is widely used in daily life. It is applied for decoration, food packaging, and electronic packaging process. However, the use of polystyrene has become a problem for the environments because its properties are difficult to be degraded by nature. Pyrolysis method can be regarded as one of the environmentally friendly methods for recycling polystyrene waste. This research aims to investigate the effect of bentonite and natural zeolite catalyst on the pyrolysis of polystyrene. The experiment was carried out in a batch process. The pyrolysis process consists of a cylindrical reactor with electrical heater, a condenser, and a liquid product container. About 100 grams of polystyrene material was pyrolysis per batch. Catalysts used in the variation of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of polystyrene. The liquid product was collected in 60 minutes and weighed. The composition of the liquid product was determined by gas chromatography. Polystyrene pyrolysis utilizes bentonite and natural zeolite as the catalyst. It produces benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and isopropyl benzene as the liquid product, and polystyrene residue as a solid product. Among the catalyst studied, bentonite is found to be the most efficient and increase the styrene selectivity (30.28 wt%) significantly at a reaction temperature of 400°C in comparison to the natural zeolite catalyst.
When Breaking Seed Dormancy Is a Problem Try a Move-along Experiment

The move-along experiment is a double germination phenology study that is easy to use, does not require large numbers of seeds, and allows one to determine if summer only, winter only, or a summer-winter sequence of temperatures is required for dormancy break in seeds with water-permeable seed (or fruit) coats. Two temperature profiles (simulating 1-y cycles proceeding from winter to winter or summer to summer) and control treatments (seeds kept continuously at each temperature regime) are run concurrently. For most species, the combination of dormancy-breaking temperatures required for germination can be determined in 1 y with this technique.
Characterization of LTO/Silicon Oxycarbide with Activated Carbon Addition for Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium Titanate (LTO) is one of the anode materials that has good performance because of its unique properties, which is zero-strain. In this study, LTO was synthesized using the sol-gel method and mechanochemical hydrothermal with LiOH as the source of lithium-ion. Silicone oxycarbide (SiOC) is a ceramic material synthesized through a simple pyrolysis process of silicone oil precursors. Carbon used in this study is a carbon activated process so that activated carbon is obtained with a large pore size. The addition of activated carbon to the LTO is done during the sol-gel process, while the addition of SiOC to LTO-C is performed during the slurry making process. SEM-EDS shows the extent of the elements in the sample where Ti, F, Si, O, and C are present. Also, SEM-EDS characterization shows an increase in the amount of carbon in each sample. XRD shows the presence of the LTO spinel phase and impurity phases such as TiO2 rutile and anatase, and Li2TiO3. In EIS performance testing, low resistivity expresses high conductivity. In this research, high conductivity is owned by LTO-1% C/SiOC. In addition, CV and CD performance tests were performed where the highest specific capacity was obtained in the LTO-5%/SiOC samples.
Effect of Cadmium on the Morphology, Membrane Integrity and Permeability of Pseudomonas putida

Summary: Cadmium-adapted Pseudomonas putida exhibited a long lag phase (6 h) on incubation in a defined medium containing 3 mM-Cd2+. During this time extensive blebbing of the outer membrane was observed by electron microscopy and polyphosphate granules containing Cd2+ were present in the cells. Cells from exponential-phase cultures of cadmium-adapted P. putida were found in clusters. They were much smaller than control cells grown without cadmium, and contained electron-dense aggregates. Cadmium-adapted cells released more lipopolysaccharide and protein into the external medium than did control cells; the addition of Ca2+, but not Mg2+, to the medium prevented this increased release. Cadmium-adapted cells also showed greatly increased sensitivity towards certain antibiotics, including the aminoglycosides, cyclic polypeptides and doxycycline. It is suggested that this is related to changes in membrane structure.
Fabrication and Characterization of Banana Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin Based Composites

Concerning the importance of composite material for multi-purpose applications, an attempt has been taken to synthesize composites using natural fiber with unsaturated polyester resin. Since the use of synthetic polymer plays a key role in polluting the environment, we have used natural fiber (banana fiber) as an alternative source. Our approach dealt with the preparation of reinforced composites by hand lay-up technique using 20 % banana fiber (by weight) as reinforcing materials. Several techniques were applied to characterize synthesized composites e.g. universal testing machine (UTM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UTM facilitated the measurement of the tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (EB), bending strength (BS), and bending modulus (BM) while functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR and the morphology of the composites was investigated by SEM. Observed results revealed that the TS, TM, BS, and BM followed an increasing fashion of 100%, 53%, 75%, and 55% respectively with respect to the matrix materials. On the other hand, the EB of the composite reduced drastically by 50%. Hence, higher mechanical properties were obtained for the banana fiber reinforced composites (BFRC) than the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrix.