Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia among Juvenile Pacific Herring and Pacific Sand Lances in Puget Sound, Washington

Abstract Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and the associated virus (VHSV) were identified in newly metamorphosed Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and Pacific sand lances Ammodytes hexapterus captured from Puget Sound, Washington, between 1995 and 1998. During that 4-year period, virus was detected in less than 1% of free-ranging, age-0 Pacific herring; however, when groups of these fish were confined in the laboratory, they experienced severe mortality, occasionally exceeding 50%, with the prevalence of VHSV reaching 100% by 14 d postcapture. At 7–21 d postcapture, VHSV titers peaked in excess of 108 plaque-forming units/g of tissue; by 30 d postcapture, however, the virus could no longer be isolated. Fish surviving beyond 30 d eliminated the virus from their tissues, but some remained lethargic and continued to show signs of hemorrhage around the mouth, skin, and fins until about 6 weeks postcapture. No cutaneous ulcers were observed during either the acute or the recovery phases of infection. Eighteen-m.
Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Erwiniua carotovora spp. carotovora (JOnes) Bergey et al. Isolates from Grafted Tomato in Sardinia, Italy

A disease symptomatically similar to that caused by Erwinia carotovora occurred on “Cuore di Bue” and “Cencara” tomato plants grafted on “Beaufort” and “He-Man”, or ungrafted, in greenhouses in Sardinia (Italy). Symptoms were: dark brown/black longitudinal stem lesions, soft stem rot, pith breakdown of the stems, hollow stems, vascular tissue discoloration, wilting and collapse of the plants. Numerous bacterial colonies from stem tissues were isolated on yeast extract salts (YS) medium. Seven isolates (DPP As-1, DPP As-2, DPP As-3, DPP As-14, DPP Pu6, DPP Pu7 e DPP Pu8) were selected on the basis of their ability to cause rot on potato pieces and a hypersensitivity reaction in “White burley” tobacco leaves. Pathogenicity tests revealed that five of these isolates infected artichoke, basil, dwarf bean, fennel, marrow, melon, pepper, eggplant, grafted and ungrafted tomato, and white cabbage. Of the remaining two isolates, one (DPP As-1) did not infect white cabbage, and the other (DPP Pu8) did not infect basil, marrow or white cabbage. Phenotypic properties and ELISA, also performed on naturally infected tissues, revealed that all the isolates were E. c. ssp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. PCR-RFLP analysis placed two (DPP As-2 and DPP As-3) of the seven isolates in RFLP group 8. Five isolates belonged to a hitherto unknown RFLP group. Prevention and control measures for this disease are suggested.
Fatores influentes sobre atropelamentos de vertebrados na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The habitat loss or fragmentation and reduced connectivity between habitats are common features in areas with roads. These impacts have close liaison with trampling of wild vertebrates. This study aimed to identify and quantify the factors that influence directly and indirectly these accidents. Four sections (North, South, East and West) at 100 km of highway BR 158, 287, 392 and RST 241 were monitored, through a different route every week in each trip, totaling 48 in the period from December 2008 to December 2009. The starting point of the routes was the outskirts of Santa Maria, zero km of the route, returning by the same BR occurred after traveling 100 km on the highway. 829 individuals were recorded, belonging to four classes, 43 families and 83 species. The percentage of roadkill mammals was 51.6%; 31.9% of birds; 11.7% of reptiles; and 4.7% of amphibians. The sampling effort of 9600 km resulted in an average of 0.086 roadkill/km. The most roadkilled vertebrates were in the class of mammals the possum-to-ear-White (Didelphis albiventris), 135 records; in birds, eared dove (Zenaida auriculata), with 39 records; in reptiles, tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae), with 42 records; and amphibians in the frog cururu (Rhinella icterica), with 20 animals. The events were affected by seasonality, type of matrix surrounding the accident, the rainfall and temperature. No effective mitigation measures were identified on the slopes. Installation media for the implementation of highways by wildlife in identified critical areas was suggested. However, more studies are needed in order to identify specific features of the highways and species that are present in the region. Key words: wildlife, road traffic, running over.
ON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY AND NATURE OF DIAPAUSE OF LABIDOCERA AESTIVA (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA)

Knowledge of the seasonal distribution patterns of many marine copepods led Fish and Johnson ( 1937) to postulate that these species might produce resting eggs as an adaptive mechanism to insure survival at times of the year unfavorable to a planktonic existence. It was not until 1972 (Zillioux and Gonzalez, 1972) that conclusive results demonstrating the production of resting eggs by a marine copepod were obtained. During the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that the production of resting eggs by temperate, inshore marine copepods is a wide spread event in this group (Zillioux and Gonzalez, 1972 ; Kasahara, Onbe and Kamigaki, 1975 ; Landry, 1975a ; Grice and Gibson, 1975, 1977 ; Grice and Law son, 1976 ; Uye and Fleminger, 1976) . These studies have documented the existence of resting eggs in bottom sediments (Kasahara, Uye and Onbe, 1974, 1975 ; Kasahara, Onbe, and Kamigaki, 1975 ; Grice and Gibson, 1975, 1977 ; Uye and Fleminger, 1976) and demonstrated their production by females collected from the plankton (Grice and Gibson, 1975, 1977 ; Grice and Lawson, 1976 ; Uye and Fleminger, 1976 ; Zillioux and Gonzalez, 1972) . These investigations have shown that physical factors such as temperature, light, salinity, and oxygen con centration affect the maintenance and termination of the resting egg. The events which actually trigger the induction of resting egg production are still poorly understood. The elucidation of factors which influence the induction, maintenance, and termination of copepod resting eggs is necessary to achieve a better under standing of the biology, evolution and distribution patterns, both in time and space, of neretic temperate-boreal copepods which are key elements in the food web. Labidocera aestiva is a large calanoid copepod reported to occur in coastal waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico (Wheeler, 1901 ; Grice, 1956; Fleminger, 1957; Cronin, Daiber and Hulbert, 1962; Anraku, 1964; Van Engel and Tan, 1965;Bowman, 1971;Fleminger,1975). The populations occurring north of Cape Hatteras are seasonally abundant in the plankton, with maximum numbers of nauplii, copepodites, and adults occurring in the summer and fall, and disappearing by mid-December. Grice and Gibson (1975) and Grice and Lawson (1976) have demonstrated the production of resting eggs by females of L. aestiva collected in the field and their presence in bottom sediments. During the summer-fall period in 1977, a preliminary investigation of subitane ous and resting egg production by L. aestiva from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts was conducted. This work indicated that the production of resting eggs commenced in early September. The surface water temperature was 19. 5Â° C. The data presented in this paper document the seasonal variation in subitaneous and resting
Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Salmonella in Genetically Susceptible I/St Mice after Mucosal Challenge

It was previously demonstrated that mice of I/StSnEgYCit (I/St) strain are more susceptible to tuberculosis infection than A/SnYCit (A/Sn) mice, and this susceptibility was controlled by a few interacting QTLs mapped to chromosomes 3, 9, 17. It was also shown, that I/St mice displayed higher susceptibility to acute salmonella disease after intraperitoneal challenge with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Genetic mapping showed the involvement of Tbs2 (D9Mit89) loci in control of both salmonella and tuberculosis infections. In this study we define the immunological correlates of susceptibility in I/St mice after oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. We found that resistance/susceptibility in I/St and A/Sn mice in our experiments correlated with differential pattern of early local and systemic responses of innate cells and specifically with higher involvement of Gr-1
Nutritive value of four by-product meals as potential protein sources in diets for Octopus maya

The nutritional value of four meals made from animal by-products of squid (SBM), tuna (TBM), poultry (PBM) and pork (POBM), and their potential use in diets for Octopus maya were evaluated. Lyophilized crab-meat meal (CRM) (Callinectes sapidus) was used as a reference for the nutritional requirements of the octopus. CRM had the highest crude protein (CP) content (847.2 g kg −1 ) and the lowest lipid content (27.5 g kg −1 ). SBM and PBM had more than 700 g kg −1 CP content, while TBM and POBM had less than 600 g kg −1 . Lipid content varied between 75.3 (SBM) and 127.2 (PBM) g kg −1 . Energy content of CRM was 17.5 MJ kg −1 , and the maximum difference with respect to the by-product meals did not exceed 3 MJ kg −1 . Amino acid analysis showed that SBM and PBM had high content of Thr, Ser and Ala, which are the most important amino acids for the metabolism of O. maya. Fatty acid analysis showed that they also had a high content of PUFA. PBM showed deficiencies in EPA and DHA content, but had a high content of linoleic acid, which can be a precursor of C:20 and C:22. Based on this, SBM and PBM have nutritional qualities which could be adequate for use as primary protein sources in artificial diets for O. maya.
Inhibition of post-mortem muscle softening following in situ perfusion of protease inhibitors in tilapia

: A method of introducing protease inhibitors into fish muscle through the bulbus arteriosus was developed using an in situ perfusion technique. Perfusion efficiency was initially tested using eosin and [35S]-methionine. Visible fluorescence was observed in the gill, liver, intestine and dorsal muscle of the eosin-treated tilapia, and the occurrence of eosin in the blood vessels of the dorsal muscle was confirmed under a fluorescence stereoscopic microscope with ultraviolet light. The radioactivity of [35S]-methionine was taken into the dorsal muscle and liver at a concentration of 7.8 Bq/g and 70.2 Bq/g, respectively, after perfusion with 1000 Bq/mL solution. Using the perfusion technique with four kinds of protease inhibitors dissolved in physiological saline, the type of proteases implicated in the post-mortem muscle softening in tilapia (867 ± 195 g, n = 10/protease inhibitor) was investigated. After the perfusion of leupeptin (serine and cysteine protease inhibitor), benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk; caspase inhibitor), chymostatin (serine protease inhibitor) and ο-phenanthroline (metalloprotease inhibitor), the breaking strength of the perfused muscle was measured as a parameter of the meat toughness and compared with that of the control fish, which were perfused with physiological saline only. The reduction of breaking strength during storage was inhibited by the perfusion of leupeptin and Z-VAD-fmk.
AFLP Analysis of Gene Pools of a Wild Bean Core Collection

Studies of diversity permit conclusions about the genetic structure of species. Systematically developed core collections are a particularly good tool for such purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure between and within gene pools of a core collection of wild Phaseolus vulgaris L. using the technique of amplified restriction polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. DNA fingerprint patterns of 114 genotypes were analyzed by the NTSYS program. Major groups or gene pools were recognized in Mesoamerica, Colombia, the northern Andes of Ecuador and northern Peru, and the southern Andes, although the separation among gene pools was not wide. A unique segment of germplasm from northern Peru showed greater genetic distance than the other gene pools. Although most Mexican wild beans formed a rather homogenous group, a small number of accessions clustered with the Andean gene pool, and accessions from Guatemala tended to cluster apart from Mexican accessions. In the southern Andean gene pool, more discrete groups were formed which were associated with certain regions such as Argentina, possibly reflecting greater geographic and genetic isolation. Colombian accessions appeared to be highly introgressed with germplasm from other areas. AFLP analysis produced a large amount of data in a short period, thus permitting greater insights into the genetic structure of wild beans than had been possible with other methods of analysis.
On the stability of the high-latitude climate-vegetation system in a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model

Summary In order to investigate the hypothesis that the Earth's climate and vegetation patterns may have more than one basic state, we use the fully coupled GENESIS-IBIS model. GENESIS is an atmospheric general circulation model. IBIS is a dynamic global vegetation model that integrates biophysical, physiological, and ecological processes. GENESIS and IBIS are coupled by way of a common land surface interface to allow for the full and transient interaction between changes in the vegetation structure and changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere. We examine two modern climate simulations of the coupled model initialized with two different initial conditions. In one case, we initialize the model vegetation cover with the modern observed distribution of vegetation. In the other case, we initialize the vegetation cover with evergreen boreal forests extending to the Arctic coast, replacing high-latitude tundra. We interpret the coupled model's behaviour using a conceptual model for multistability and demonstrate that in both simulations the climate-vegetation system converges to the same equilibrium state. In the present climate, feedbacks between land, ocean, sea ice, and the atmosphere do not result in the warming required to support an expanded boreal forest.
Evaluation of the serum fructosamine test to monitor plasma glucose concentration in the late-pregnant sheep

Since the persistent decrease in blood glucose during late pregnancy in sheep is an index of high risk of metabolic disorder, the present study aimed to evaluate the capacity of the serum fructosamine (Fser) to retrospectively monitor blood glucose. Pregnant grazing sheep were assigned to three treatments: high energy (n = 8), supplemented with 400 g of corn grain from Day 100 until lambing; medium energy (n = 7), not supplemented, and low energy (n = 8), fasted from Days 136 to 141. In weekly blood samples (7 weeks before to 3 weeks after lambing), glucose, fructosamine, β-hydroxybutyrate and total proteins were determined. Serum protein were stable and without differences among groups. β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in the fasted group the week after fasting (P < 0.05). The regression analysis between plasma glucose and Fser in the same week and in the 3 weeks following, showed no significant correlations, actual or retrospective, neither considering all sheep nor within each energy level. The results did not support the usefulness of Fser for monitoring plasma glucose concentration in late pregnant ewes.
Faunal diversity of Fagus sylvatica forests: A regional and European perspective based on three indicator groups

While the postglacial history of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and the plant species composition of beech forests in Central Europe are fairly well understood, the faunal biodiversity has been less well investigated. We studied three groups of mostly sedentary organisms in beech forest at regional and European scales by combining field studies with a compilation of existing literature and expert knowledge. Specifically, we examined the relationship between host tree genera and saproxylic beetles, and the diversity and composition of forest ground-dwelling molluscs and ground beetles in relation to the abundance of beech. At a west central European scale (Germany), where beech has a “young” ecological and biogeographical history, we found 48 primeval forest relict species of saproxylic beetles associated with beech, 124 ground beetles and 91 molluscs inhabiting beech forest, yet none exclusive of west central European beech forests. High levels of faunal similarity between beech and other woodland trees suggested that many of the beech forest dwelling species are euryoecious and likely to originate from mid-Holocene mixed broadleaf forests. Beech forests of the mountain ranges in southern and east central Europe, which are ecologically and biogeographically “old”, were found to harbour distinct species assemblages, including beech forest specialists (such as 10 carabid species in the Carpathians) and narrow-range endemics of broadleaf forest. The observed biodiversity patterns suggest differentiated conservation priorities in “young” and “old” European beech forest regions.
Parent Barn Swallow fluctuating asymmetry and offspring quality

Fluctuating asymmetry may impair locomotion but may also reflect intrinsic phenotypic quality. I tested whether fluctuating asymmetry of adult Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica negatively influenced offspring quality, by estimating the relationship between parental asymmetry and offspring size, condition and immunocompetence during three breeding seasons. Controlling for timing of breeding, brood size and the size of a secondary sexual character (tail length), wing and outermost tail feather asymmetry of male and female parents was not significantly correlated with offspring size, condition and immunocompetence. This was the case in spite of clear differences in nestling quality among years. In addition, parents with extreme asymmetries due to tail feather damage (not representing fluctuating asymmetry) did not have nestlings of lower quality than parents with undamaged tail feathers. These results indicate that there is only a weak relation between parental asymmetry and offspring quality.
Seasonal colonisation and effects of salinity and temperature on species richness and abundance of fish of some brackish and estuarine shallow waters in Sweden

In this study two questions concerning the structure and organisation of shallow brackish and estuarine fish assemblages are: (1) Does the species number decline with lower salinity as found for the macrofauna invertebrates? (2) Does the water temperature during the year influence the abundance of fishes along the Swedish coast? In a west coast estuary salinities were higher but fluctuated more than in the Bothnian Sea. Days with temperatures exceeding 15°C were up to twice as many in the west coast estuary as in the Bothnian Sea. In spring the species number increased, but later on in summer it declined to increase again in autumn, but declined once again as winter approached. Fish density in the west coast estuary increased gradually to a maximum in late summer and then declined, while in the Bothnian Sea there was often a decline during summer. Positive correlations were found between observed minimum salinities and average species number, and between number of days with temperatures exceeding +15°C and both yearly average and maximum fish densities. Juveniles (0+) were present for longer periods in the west coast estuary than in the Bothnian Sea and reproduction of the common species started earlier in the former area. In winter the shallow areas are devoid of fish because of ice and so are re-colonised each spring. The study demonstrates that water salinity limited the species number, and water temperature the abundance of fish.
Enzyme activity levels underestimate lactate production rates in cod (Gadus morhua) gas gland

Maximal in vitro activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase were assessed in cod (Gadus morhua) gas gland. The metabolic profile predicts a substantial anaerobic relative to aerobic metabolism. The effect of catecholamines, acetylcholine, and low pH on in vitro rates of lactate production by gas gland was assessed. Adrenaline and acetylcholine both increased the rate of lactate production even under aerobic incubation conditions. However, the rates of lactate production were well below the capacity suggested by the enzyme levels. It is suggested that the tissue has an abundance of enzymes that operate at submaximal rates.
Action of RH 5849, a non-steroidal ecdysteroid mimic on Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in vivo and in vitro.

We have examined the effects of RH 5849, a non-steroidal ecdysteroid mimic, on the growth and development of Plodia interpunctella. When RH 5849 was administered in the diet, larval growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, while concentrations of 15 ppm and greater were highly toxic. However, the deleterious effects of RH 5849 could be prevented, except at very high concentrations of RH 5849, by the simultaneous administration of the juvenile hormone mimic methoprene. Larvae simultaneously treated with both hormone mimics continued to grow until they attained a size about three times normal. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary molts, whereas, only an occasional supernumerary molt occurred in larvae treated with methoprene alone. In larvae undergoing super numerary molts, wing imaginal discs produced a tanned pupal cuticle, but did not evaginate. When wing discs were cultured in vitro, RH 5849 stimulated evagination and chitin synthesis at concentrations of 10 and 1 μM, respectively. Likewise, RH 5849 stimulated GlcNAc uptake and inhibited cellular proliferation in IAL-PID2 cells at similar concentrations. These in vitro effects of RH 5849 also were produced by 20-hydroxyecdysone, but at lower concentrations. We conclude that RH 5849 exhibits molting hormone activity in vivo as well as in vitro. However, the toxicological effects in P. interpuncetella result from action on feeding and growth, rather than molting. Thus, RH 5849 represents a new class of IGR, which will have impact on our understanding of endocrine regulation and open up new avenues for pest control.
Grazing history versus current grazing: leaf demography and compensatory growth of three alpine plants in response to a native herbivore (Ochotona collaris)

1 We measured leaf births, leaf deaths and leaf length of three alpine perennial species, Kobresia myosuroides, Erigeron humilis and Oxytropis nigrescens, from sites with different grazing histories (strong or weak) in response to two levels of current season grazing (present or absent) by collared pikas (Ochotona collaris), a small lagomorph, in the south‐west Yukon.