Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of asymmetric hurricanes on a β-plane with vertical shear

A three-layer, semi-implicit model was developed to simulate moving and asymmetric hurricanes on a ? -plane, using Kuo's method of cumulus parametrization. Sensible and latent heat transfer from ocean to atmosphere was included implicitly in the model. In order to predict hurricane movement over a large area and yet resolve finer details near the eye, a multi-grid network was used with a movable finest grid of 20 km mesh size, surrounded by two coarse grid nets with mesh spacings of 60 km and 180 km, respectively. A comparison of the results with f -plane calculations shows that the vortex on the ? -plane intensified at a slower rate before the storm stage, but at the same rate thereafter. The ? -plane hurricane was asymmetric throughout its life cycle, and these asymmetrics looked similar to those observed in real hurricanes. The vortex moved on the ? -plane with a phase velocity of 4.3 km hour ? 1 for the westerly and 3.3 km hour ? 1 for the northerly components. The model was also integrated for two cases where the initial vortex was superimposed on a vertically varying basic current. Results showed that the strength of the simulated hurricane depends very much upon the magnitude of the vertical shear of the basic current; for a large shear (? 15 m sec ? 1 /12 km) the vortex failed to intensify into a hurricane. Computations showed that the pressure weighted mean of the basic current between the surface and 12 km level agreed very well with the magnitude of the steering current. As a result of the interaction between the hurricane circulation and the basic current, the hurricane moved in an oscillatory path with an amplitude of 30 km and a period of about 20 hours. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975. tb01699.x
Gas exchange, stem water potential and leaf orientation of Rubus idaeus L. are influenced by drought stress

SummaryRubus idaeus L. cv. Heritage raspberry plants were placed in controlled environment chambers (25°C, 14 h photoperiod, 2.0 kPa saturated vapour pressure deficit, C02 concentration of 380 μl l–1) to study the effects of drought stress on leaf gas exchange and stem water potential. Whole-plant photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration were sensitive to drought stress and gradually decreased from the second day of the study until rehydration. Stomatal aperture regulation occurred during the initial 48 h of the study with transpiration rates dropping in response to a decrease in stem water potential. Spatial differences in response to drought stress were found with values of leaf Pn, and water vapour and C02 conductance in the younger, distal (i.e. closer to the apex) leaves decreasing at a faster rate than the older, proximal leaves (i.e. close to crown). Evidence of increased mesophyll resistance to drought stress was apparent with intercellular CO2 concentration (c1) remaining either constant or increasi.
Radio Echo Soundings and Ice-Temperature Measurements in a Surge-Type Glacier

Radio echo soundings on Rusty Glacier, a small surge-type glacier in Yukon Territory reveal that the ice is considerably thicker than previously believed. A reinterpretation of deep ice-temperature measurements made in 1969 and 1970 suggests that a large zone of temperate basal ice exists. This result supports thermal instability as the surge mechanism for Rusty Glacier.
The Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oils from Three Aframomum Species from Cameroon, and Their Potential as Sources of (E)-(R)-Nerolidol

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of seeds, pericarps, leaves and rhizomes of Aframomum dalzielii, A letestuianum and A. pruinosum grown in Cameroon were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The seed oils of the three species were characterized by a high content of (E)-(R)-nerolidol (>88.0 %), which was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and chiral GC analysis. The main constituents of the pericarp and rhizome oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly β-pinene (0.8%–22.9%) and sabinene (29.0%–42.3%), along with 1,8-cineole (4.5%–23.7%); leaf oils were characterized by sesquiterpenes, namely (E)-β-caryophyllene (18.4%–82.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.5%–23.7%). The antibacterial activities of these essential oils and of nine pure compounds (sabinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, racemic (E)-nerolidol, (E)-(R)-nerolidol, (E)-β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and caryophyllene oxide) were assessed against Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The strongest activities were observed against E. coli. The seed essential oils and their major component, (E)-(R)-nerolidol, exhibited the lowest MIC values (0.19-0.39 μL/mL), justifying their traditional use and their potential application as natural food preservatives.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants

Two kinds of experiments were conducted to elucidate the relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen nutrition on the dry matter production of crop seedlings. One was a water culture (Table 1) of rice, and the other was a soil culture of rice, Japanese millet and maize at 5 to 6-leaf stages. In the former experiment, nitrogen was applied at 5 to 40 ppm in ammonium nitrate form, and in the latter, 30 to 160 mg nitrogen per plant was applied in ammonium sulfate form. CO2 enrichment or depletion treatments (160 to 3200 ppm) were carried out in transparent plastic growth chambers placed outdoors for 8 to 10 days in June and August. The following results were obtained:1. In rice plant (C3-species), higher CO2 concentration promoted dry matter production, and the effect was accelerated by higher nitrogen levels due mainly to increased leaf area of tillers (Tables 2, 3, 4; Fig.2). No change was caused in the response of net assimilation rate (NAR) to CO2 concentration by nitrogen levels in the soil (Fig.1). 2. Japanese millet (C4-species) was similar to rice in its response of leaf area growth to CO2 and nitrogen, but its low response of NAR to CO2 brought the lower response of dry matter growth rate (GR) to CO2 as compared with rice (Table 4; Fig.1). 3. In maize (C4-species), leaf area growth showed fairly a high response to CO2 at both nitrogen levels, but the response of NAR to CO2 was very low, causing its low response of GR to CO2. Little response of NAR to nitrogen levels was observed both in rice and Japanese millet alike (Table 4; Fig.1). From these results, it may be concluded that the pattern of dry matter production of crop plants in their response to CO2 concentration or nitrogen nutrition does not always reflect their CO2-photosynthesis characteristics as C3-or C4-species, due principally to their differential response in leaf area growth.
Kinetic energy budgets of moving systems: Case studies for an extratropical cyclone and hurricane Celia, 1970

Kinetic energy budgets of an extratropical cyclone and Hurricane Celia, 1970 are examined in moving coordinates. This represents a first attempt to diagnose the energy budgets of moving systems using the method suggested by Vincent & Chang (1973). Both systems are studied during three stages of their life histories over the United States. The extratropical cyclone is investigated for a 36-hour period during which it develops in the lee of the Rockies, matures and occludes as it moves rapidly eastward toward the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Celia is investigated for a 48-hour period after landfall, as it traverses southern Texas into New Mexico. This consists of a 12-hour mature stage, a 12-hour rapidly decaying stage and a subsequent 24-hour slowly decaying stage when the storm dissipates. Generally speaking, the major findings are: (1) boundary fluxes of kinetic energy are important in maintaining the energy budget of the extratropical cyclone except during its occluded stage, whereas, they are practically negligible during all stages of Hurricane Celia's life cycle; (2) upward transport of kinetic energy in the extratropical cyclone produces vertical divergence in the troposphere and convergence in the stratosphere, while for Celia a vertical transport occurs away from the layer of maximum kinetic energy (? 500 mb) with the energy being transported into the stratosphere and toward the surface; (3) generation takes place in the lower troposphere with a somewhat larger destruction aloft for the extratropical cyclone, whereas, generation occurs in all layers for Celia; (4) dissipation, calculated as the residual in the energy budget, represents an energy loss during all stages for both storms except in the upper levels during the developing state of the extratropical cyclone. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the original data to evaluate the effect of random errors on kinetic energy budget calculations. The combined effect of random errors ranging between ±10 degrees for wind direction, ±20% for wind speed, and ±0.5% for geopotential height, occasionally cause certain terms in the budget to vary by almost a factor of two; however, the trend in the results and subsequent scientific interpretations remain essentially the same as those using original data. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975. tb01674.x
The deposition of sulphur in dust in northern Nigeria

Summary The deposition of dust and the sulphur it contained were measured at 10 sites for three dry seasons in northern Nigeria. Amounts of dust deposited varied between seasons and sites depending on the concentration of dust in the air and the duration of dust storms. Deposits ranged from 226 to 52 kg/ha (mean value 146) measured in a south-westerly direction across the area studied; the S deposition ranged from 0·099 to 0·429 kg/ha (mean value 0·226). The most south-westerly sites received plant ash from clearing fires which increased the S deposited, but not the net gain of S to the whole area. The agricultural significance of the results is briefly discussed and other sources of atmospheric-S are considered.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide from deforestation in Southeast Asia

The reduction of carbon in the vegetation and soils of Southeast Asia as a result of changes in land use since 1860 has been analyzed. Several independent estimates of deforestation and of forest biomass were used to construct a range of estimates for the loss of carbon from the land. A net release of carbon to the atmosphere of between 8 and 19 x 1015 g was calculated for the period from 1860 to 1980. In 1980 the net release was 0.15-0.43 x 1015 g C. The largest contributors to this release were the conversion of forests to shifting cultivation and the expansion of permanently cleared land. The greatest uncertainties in the analysis induded estimates of biomass, estimates of the area deared annually by shifting cultivators and the fate of those lands, and the lack of historical or current data on the extent of grasslands in Southeast Asia. FOLLOWING A DECADE OF CONTROVERSY, general agreement now exists that the conversion of terrestrial ecosystems has contributed and is still contributing to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (Clark 1982). Although the losses and accumulations of carbon in the temperate and boreal zones of the earth may approximately balance now, deforestation in the tropics is causing a net flux of carbon to the atmosphere. The estimates of the flux from the tropics range from 0.4 to 4.2 x 1015 g C/yr (Table 1) and are dependent on the carbon held in these ecosystems and the rates at which they are being converted to other land uses. Tropical ecosystems are important not only because they contain large stocks of carbon that result in large releases of CO2 to the atmosphere when disturbed, but also because most of the differences in current estimates of the worldwide biotic release of carbon are caused by uncertainty in the rates of land-use change in the tropics (Houghton et al. 1983). The objective of our research was to examine, in greater detail, land use in the tropics in an attempt to refine and narrow the range in estimates of CO2 flux. This report presents a detailed analysis of the annual net flux of carbon from Southeast Asia between 1860 and 1980. Southeast Asia was chosen because the range of fluxes was greater in this region than any other (0.221.47 x 1015 g C in 1980) (Houghton et al. 1983). The analysis described here included a more detailed division of ecosystems than the earlier study, a greater specificity of ecological parameters to describe carbon stocks and changes in carbon following changes in land use, a more thorough examination of historical data on land use, and the results of a recent FAO/UNEP study (1981) of current rates of deforestation in the tropics. The new range for the estimated flux of carbon was 0.15-0.43 x 1015 g C/yr in 1980, a reduction of the earlier range by 75 percent. The reliability of data and possibility for further refinement of the estimates of net flux of carbon are dis-
Improved classical limit analogues for Galton-Watson processes with or without immigration

It has recently emerged that the central limit theorem and iterated logarithm law for random walk processes have natural counterparts for Galton-Watson processes with or without immigration. Much of the work on these counterparts has previously involved the imposition of supplementary moment conditions. In this paper we show how to dispense with these supplementary conditions and in so doing make the analogy with the random walk results complete.
Heterosis studies in Indian cauliflower (Brassica oleracea I. var. botrytis L.)

Significant and desirable heterobeltiosis was observed for all the characters in cauliflower except plant height, plant spread and days to curd maturity. Best heterobeltiotic effects in desirable direction for stalk length (−13.46%) and curd compactness index (18.62%) were exhibited by PG-26 x D-9. On the other hand, maximum heterobeltiosis for characters viz. net curd weight and per cent marketable curds was expressed by Pusa Sharad x D-5320(74.77%) and PG-26 x D-91(14.28%), respectively. Besides, maximum heterosis over the respective better parent for equatorial diameter of curd (21.88%) and curd size index (43.31%) was possessed by Pusa Sharad x D-9-2. Significant and desirable heterosis over the Pusa Synthetic (standard heterosis) was observed for all the characters under study except for stalk length and per cent marketable curds. Pusa Sharad x D-5320 exhibited maximum significant standard heterosis for equatorial diameter of curd (9.36%) and net curd weight (24.25%).
Bryozoaires du Néogène du Bassin du Rhône : gisements vindoboniens de la région lyonnaise

A study of the bryozoan fauna obtained from six localities of Lyon's area exposing Tertiary strata. After a geologic and geographic introduction, 40 species are described (5 new species) in the systematic part. Various lists showing geographic repartition of bryozoa and their geologic distribution are expressed in the conclusion. An index of various taxinomie terms is also introduced for the convenience of the student.
The Gramicidin A Transmembrane Channel: A Proposed π(L,D) Helix

Abstract A lipophilic, left-handed helical structure is proposed for gramicidin A in which the C-O bonds alternately point toward the amino and carboxyl ends; it is a hybrid of the 4.314 and 4.416 helices. The C-O groups pointing toward the carboxyl end form part of 16-membered hydrogen-bonded rings, whereas the C-O moieties pointing toward the amino end form 14-membered hydrogenbonded rings. The proposed structure is based on conformational analysis combined with requirements for the gramicidin A transmembrane channel. Two helices combine to form the channel. The alternating C-O directions allow hydrogen-bonded dimerization by the unique possibilities of head-to-head and tail-to-tail attachment. The formyl group at the amino end allows for a favorable head-to-head attachment with no loss of structural continuity. Unpublished studies. by M. C. Goodall on the lipid bilayer conductance of deformyl gramicidin A strongly argue for head-to-head attachment. Such hydrogen-bonded association is not possible with previously described helices, as the C-O groups all point in the same direction. In relation to possible π(L,D) helices in mammalian systems, it should be noted that glycines would fill the role of D residues. The conformation can undergo ion-induced relaxations, which provide approximate tetrahedral coordination for the ion, with facile shifting of coordinations. The ready exchange of coordinations provides the mechanism for movement of the ion along the channel. Conceivably, such transmembrane channels could have application as models for ion transport across biological membranes—an application which may be as great as, or greater than, that of carriers such as valinomycin and nonactin. Specifically, biogenic amines and drugs containing aromatic groups could control access to the channel by interactions with the two tryptophan residues at the ethanolamine end and with the negative region provided by the three oxygens.
Soil water-retention characteristics and fertility of afforested arable land

From the standpoint of evaluating site quality for growing forest trees, the soil chemical and physical properties of cultivated arable land are poorly known. Therefore, soil matrix, water-retention characteristics and fertility of afforested arable land were studied. Subsequently, the implications of these soil characteristics for productivity of tree stands were assessed. The results indicated that the soil properties of afforested arable land differ markedly from those of forest soils. The changes in the composition of the soil matrix due to former agricultural land use manifested as increased organic matter content in mineral soils and, in contrast, as increased mineral matter content in peat soils. In general, afforested arable lands were characterized by soils having high contents of nutrients, high content of organic matter, high pH, and low air-filled porosity at field capacity, which resulted from the predominance of small pores. In all investigated soils, the air-filled porosity was less than 20% in the topmost soil layer and decreased significantly with increasing soil depth. The results suggested that soils of afforested arable land commonly have critically low aeration for tree growth. It appears that due to management history, afforested arable lands have a higher level of soil fertility compared to their inherent soil fertility. The high soil fertility of former arable land was, however, also attributed to the inherent properties of fine-grained soils. Consequently, based on of densities of Ca, P, silt and pH in the 0-10 cm soil depth, derived discriminant functions classified all sites from afforested arable land into forest site types of high productivity. Among these soils, those with high clay and silt content were the most fertile. The changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils due to former agricultural land use seem to be significant and long lasting to such a degree that afforested arable land is very unlikely to regain its inherent soil fertility even over an extended period of time.
INSECT FOLIVORY IN AN ANGIOSPERM-DOMINATED FLORA FROM THE MID-CRETACEOUS OF UTAH, U.S.A.

Abstract The Soap Wash flora contains 152 angiosperm leaf fossils from the Albian–Cenomanian boundary of central Utah. The flora exhibits many well-preserved examples of insect folivory for which the extent and type of damage on each leaf was recorded. Fewer than half of the specimens in the collection exhibit insect damage and most of the leaf damage affects less than five percent of the leaf area. Damage was distributed unevenly across the 18 leaf morphotypes described in the flora. Nineteen damage types were recognized. Most of the damage was of a generalized type, dominated by indiscriminate removal of leaf tissues (whole leaf feeding). We observed no correlation between leaf mass per area (MA) and the degree of damage by herbivores, which contrasts with Cenozoic and modern patterns. The low rate, modest area, and low diversity of damage type is similar to patterns reported through the Late Cretaceous and is consistent with a plateau in insect folivore diversity that persisted through the end of the Mesozoic. The preponderance of generalized damage types dominated by whole leaf feeding may reflect (1) the early stage in angiosperm radiation represented by this flora, and (2) the associated lag in folivore diversification and specialization.
Determination of the Three-Dimensional Velocity Field in a Glacier

Abstract A method for the determination of the three-dimensional velocity field in a glacier is described, Measurements in three or more bore holes arranged in an appropriate array are needed for its application. Surface motion measured by triangulation and tape measure, bore-hole profiles given by inclinometry, and the geometry of the bed are all considered simultaneously in order to determine the velocity field. The basic assumption is that velocity between the bore holes can be represented by suitable interpolation based on the measurements in the holes. Ice displacement parallel to bore holes is calculated indirectly from incompressibility and the constraint that velocity normal to the bed be zero. As an example, the method is applied to an array of 9 bore holes in Athabasca Glacier.
A test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control.

SUMMARY Information on the biological activity of a substance is often obtained from experiments in which the treatments comprise a series of doses of the substance and a zero dose control. The aim of such experiments, particularly in toxicity stuidies, may be to determine the lowest dose, if any, at which there is activity. A new test procedure is proposed for this situation in the case where the activity of iinterest is a change in the mean of a single response variate. Tables are given whereby this procedure can be used when all treatments are equally replicated. The advantages of this test over other established tests are discussed. In experiments designed to assess the biological activity of a substance the treatments often comprise a series of doses of the substance and also a control treatment equivalent to zero dose. Usually more than one variate is recorded, but statements are required on the effect of the substance on each of the recorded variates, or given functions of them, and separate univariate analyses are appropriate rather than a multivariate analysis. In this paper we consider the case of a single quantitative variate and we assume that the response, if any, of the variate to the substance is a change in the mean. Two distinct situations arise depending on whether the response is desirable or undesirable. If the response is desirable, for example if it is a measure of the efficacy of a drug or a pesticide, then interest usually centres on estimating the dose level at which the response attains a given magniitude. The most appropriate analysis is to fit a dose response regression and to estimate from this the dose at which the regression achieves a certain level, usually defiled in terms of a difference from the control mean. This paper is concerned with the second situation where the response is undesirable. The most common examples of this occur in studies of the