Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Volatile oil composition of new chemotype of Ocimum basilicum L. from Nigeria

The volatile components obtained by hydrodistillation of Ocimum basilicum L. were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 24 compounds, representing 95% of the total oil, were identiﬁed. The oil was found to contain methylchavicol (60.3%), linalool (10.8%) and (Z)-methylcinnamate (6.3%) as the major components. Other notable components include 1,8-cinole (3.1%), β-pinene (2.1%) and α-pinene (2.7%). From the compositional data, a third chemotype from Nigeria is reported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excited-state structure and energy-transfer dynamics of two different preparations of the reaction center of photosystem II: a hole-burning study

Two distinctly different preparations of the D{sub 1}-D{sub 2}-cytochrome b-559 photosystem II reaction center (RC) complex are shown to exhibit very similar 4.2 K absorption and hole-burned spectra in glasses. Absorption profiles for P680 and the active pheophytin are fully characterized with the mean zero-point energy of P680{sup *} lying {approx}25 cm{sup {minus}1} lower in energy than the Q{sub y} state of the latter. Decay of the accessory chlorophyll and pheophytin Q{sub y} states due to energy transfer is shown to be about 3 orders of magnitude slower than in bacterial RC.
Effect of prebaking and frozen storage on the sensory quality and instrumental texture of bread

The effect of part-baking, freezing, frozen storage, thawing and rebaking on the quality of bread has been investigated. Quality evaluation of the stored bread was done using sensory analysis, instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) and cutting tests of the crumb and crust. It was found that frozen bread with 71% fraction of baking time showed high stability of sensory features and rheological parameters during the entire storage period (11 weeks) and, after thawing and rebaking, had superior quality in comparison with its frozen and thawed full-baked (100%) counterpart. Second-order regression showed that the optimal time for the initial prebaking lies within the wide range from 74 to 86% of the time needed for the full-baking of unfrozen bread. It is therefore a good method for preventing the staling process and obtaining a product of a quality close to that of fresh, not frozen bread. It has also been shown that a fraction of baking time equal to 43% was too small to ensure desirable sensory and textural features of bread after its frozen storage and rebaking. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of instability criterion for bidisperse sedimentation

The instability criterion for bidisperse sedimentation derived by Batchelor and Janse van Rensburg was combined with two empirical models for the particle velocities that are consistent with conservation of momentum and used to construct theoretical stability diagrams. The stability boundaries were fully determined by the particle volume fractions, the particle-size ratio, and the ratio of the density differences with the liquid. The results showed that on increasing the particle-size ratio sufficiently, stability, always is attained. For particles of similar size, instabilities occur mainly if the liquid density is intermediate between the particle densities. The stability diagrams agree well with the limited experimental data, if so-called vertical columns are excluded. This seems reasonable since similar structures observed in monodisperse suspensions are not captured by the bidisperse instability criterion either.
Materials availability for large-scale thin-film photovoltaics

The objective of this paper is to discuss to what extent materials availability could restrain the expansion of PV systems based on CdTe, CIGS, aSiGe and nanocrystalline dye-sensitised cells. The investigated elements are cadmium, tellurium, indium, gallium, selenium, germanium and ruthenium. Materials requirement, annual availability and available stock of resources are assessed. The material constrained growth of installed capacity in the year 2020 is estimated at about 20 GWp/year for CdTe and dye-sensitised cells, 70 GWp/year for CIGS and 200 GWp/year for aSiGe. These potentials are reached through decreased materials requirement and increased materials availability. Metal prices are assumed to rise. With pessimistic assumptions, the potentials decrease by one or two orders of magnitude. Implications for public policy and firm strategy are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurable Durable-Press Fabrics

Polycarbcxylic acids having three or more carboxyl groups per molecule were used as coreactant curing catalysts with a series of N-methylol crosslinking agents. Strongly acidic, water-soluble acids were found to be effective catalysts for the curing reactions, while less soluble or weaker acids were poor catalysts, as were partially neutralized polycarhoxylic acids. The X-methylol crosslinking agents which responded most favorably to catalysis by the carboxylic acids were those which formed ethers that were most stable to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The N-methylol crosslinking reagents which formed ethers less stable to acidic hydrolysis gave poor wrinkle recovery angles when applied to cotton fabrics with carboxylic acid catalysts.
Measurements of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 in the tropical Atlantic: 10 years after the 1982-1984 FOCAL cruises

Measurements of CO 2 parameters in and over the tropical Atlantic ocean have been made during the CITHER 1 cruise (January to March 1993). These observations are compared to the results obtained a decade earlier in the same area during the FOCAL experiment (1982-1984). The increase of atmospheric CO 2 (1.3 to 1.5 ppm year -1 ) is in agreement with the secular trend. The variation of CO 2 fugacity, f CO 2 , in surface seawater is analysed and compared with variations of hydrographic conditions. The apparent increase of ocean surface f CO 2 is somewhat higher than the atmospheric increase: during the 9-year period, the apparent increase of oceanic f CO 2 is found to range from 22.5 to 24.9 µ tm. A new estimate of air-sea CO 2 flux in the Atlantic equatorial belt indicates that the oceanic source is enhanced in 1993 compared to 1984. An interannual change in total inorganic carbon, T CO 2 , through the accumulation of CO 2 in the mixed layer is assessed and analysed in comparison with the f CO 2 increase. The agreement between the evolutions of the two parameters of the oceanic CO 2 system is acceptable by taking into account the uncertainties to estimate these evolutions. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47. issue1.8. x
Enhanced photopolymerization of dimethacrylates with ketones, amines, and iodonium salts: The CQ system

The kinetics and mechanism of the photopolymerization of dimethacrylates using three-component initiation systems consisting of camphorquinone (CQ), diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2IPF6), and either N,N,3,5-tetramethylaniline (TMA) or N,N-dimethylbenzylamine or triethylamine were studied by photo-DSC and UV-visible spectroscopy. The effect of monomer structure on the curing kinetics and photobleaching were also investigated. Photo-DSC studies showed fivefold increases in polymerization rate when all three components were present and the kinetics followed the trend: CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 ≫ CQ/amine > CQ/Ph2IPF6. For both CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 and CQ/amine systems, the CQ was rapidly photobleached during the photo-DSC timescale but for the systems without amine there was an induction stage before CQ photobleaching was evident. Studies of the effect of monomer type on the photobleaching rate show that the photobleaching behavior was independent of monomer structure. Three photoinitiation mechanisms have been proposed. The reaction mechanism of the CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 system involves the reduction of the excited CQ molecule by the amine to form ketyl and aminoalkyl radicals, followed by the irreversible oxidation of the amine, and to a lesser extent, the ketyl radical by the iodonium salt, to form an initiating radical. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Nanocomposite of Amorphous Ge and Sn Nanoparticles as an Anode Material for Li Secondary Battery

nanoparticles at 400°C for 7 h, and their electrochemical properties and nanostructure changes are investigated duringelectrochemical cycling. The nanocomposite displays a ﬁrst charge capacity of 1078 mAh/g with a capacity retention of 64% after50 cycles. However, both individual Ge and Sn nanoparticles display rapid capacity fade, showing 20% capacity retention after50 cycles. A superior electrochemical property of the nanocomposite to the Sn and Ge nanoparticles is believed to be related to thefact that the amorphous Ge phase acts as an intergrain electrical connecter when Sn particles are pulverized. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3073877 All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted October 27, 2008; revised manuscript received December 26, 2008. Published February 4, 2009.
Phase transitions in nanocomposites of hydrogen-bonded dimeric liquid crystals with mesogenic and non-mesogenic components

Microtextural polarization, phase transitions, and electro-optical effects are studied in a series of nanocomposites, grown by mixing alkyloxybenzoic acids (nOBAs), displaying hydrogen-bonded dimeric liquid crystal (LC) state, with non-mesogens (single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), perfluorooctanoic acid) or mesogens (bent-core LC compound D14F3). Each of the studied nanocomposites, in which the nOBA serves as a matrix, forms complexes with bent-shaped dimeric, caused by the interaction between the dopant structural units and the dimer rings. This feature, coordinated with the surface anchoring, bulk and electrical effects, leads to drastic reduction of the LC system symmetry. As a result, transitions from achiral (characteristic for the pristine nOBA) to chiral states (including ferroelectric smectic C with C2 symmetry and ferroelectric smectic CG with the lowest C1 triclinic one) take place. The functionalization of the SWCNTs causes drastic increase of the ferroelectricity.
A consumer study of fresh juices containing berry fruits

BACKGROUND: Consumer science techniques are proposed here to support the development of innovative fresh juices designed to exploit the sensory characteristics and nutritional advantages of berry fruits and to meet the needs of modern consumers, who increasingly buy ‘ready to eat’ products to save time, without abandoning a healthy diet. RESULTS: A series of consumer tests were conducted on 25 juices created by mixing one of the five berry fruits investigated with five different base juice variants. A high content of polyphenols and anthocyanins characterises these mixes, especially those based on pomegranate. Independently of the added berry fruit, the most successful recipes were the mixes with pineapple and blood orange, characterised by a ‘balanced’ proportion of sweet and sour components whereas the least appreciated were those based on pomegranate. Consumer habits and opinions were also recorded and consumer groups were identified by clustering variables: age, education and juice consumption were shown to be important factors in consumer choice. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a useful insight into production and marketing strategies for a new juice line that could be accompanied by the key message: ‘Just fresh fruit: all the pleasure and nutritional intake of fresh fruit in an appealing drink’. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
New Insights into the Quality of Urban Storm Water in South Eastern Australia

Quantifying the quality of urban storm water is an important prerequisite to the effective management of urban runoff, which is recognized as the major nonpoint source of pollution in urban areas. Although data on urban storm-water quality are widely available, they are often based on relatively limited data sets, usually containing few samples per event and/or few events per catchment. This paper reports on a large scale monitoring of the key storm-water pollutants found in urban discharges during both wet and dry weather from seven urban catchments in South Eastern Australia. The catchments are all separately sewered (with wholly piped systems) with varying sizes and land uses. Using the same monitoring technique, between 16 and 52 pollutographs were captured at each site for total suspended solid (TSS), total phosphorus, and total nitrogen (TN), while event mean concentrations (EMCs) of heavy metals and major ions, as well as species of N and P, were recorded at a subset of sites. It was found that EMCs of TSS were around 50% less than have been typically reported in earlier literature. During wet weather, nutrients were similar to previously reported, as were most metals concentrations. However, zinc concentrations were significantly higher than previously reported. EMCs of TSS were higher during storm flows than in baseflow, while TN concentrations were consistently higher during baseflow. EMCs of all pollutants monitored were poor with simple hydrological parameters (e.g., event rainfall depth); however, event pollution loads correlated very well with the rainfall intensity to a power, summed over the event duration. It was not possible to distinguish an impact of land use on pollutant concentrations. The first-flush effect was found not to be significant at all sites except the smallest catchment with the simplest drainage layout (the roof of a large building). All these findings have significant implication for treatment strategies with the significantly lower than previously observed TSS requiring consideration in future modeling and treatment design.
Micronutrient Levels in Sugar Beet in Soils of Greece

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted in order to estimate micronutrient levels in plants and soils of 215 farms in Greece cultivated with sugar beet. Soils were analyzed for particle-size distribution, pH, organic carbon (C), CaCO3, and DTPA-extractable copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). Sugar beet leaves were analyzed for the same metals. Also, aboveground biomass (top), root, and raw sugar yields were recorded. DTPA-extractable Fe and Mn were above critical levels in all cases, whereas Cu and Zn were above critical levels in 49% and 24% of the soil samples, respectively. Concentrations of the four metals in plant tissue were similar or higher than the sufficiency range. Concentrations of DTPA-extractable Fe and Mn, and plant Zn and Mn, were significantly and negatively correlated with soil pH. Soil pH and DTPA-extractable Fe seemed to have a significant positive impact on root, top, and raw sugar yields. However, in all cases, less than 14% of the variance of the sugar beet parameters was explained by soil characteristics.
Kinetic study of polyolefin pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor

Kinetic results of polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene) pyrolysis obtained in a conical spouted bed reactor are compared with those obtained by thermogravimetry and in a high-heating-rate microreactor. The results are evidence of the good performance of this original reactor for kinetic studies of flash pyrolysis of plastics at high temperatures, which is due to bed isothermicity and to the fast and uniform coating of sand particles with melted plastic and, consequently, to lower limitations of heat and mass transfer. Agglomeration problems are minimum in this reactor, which is due to the good gas−solid contact in the spouted bed and to the vigorous particle movement attained with the conical geometry of the reactor.
Distribution of carbon dioxide in the aqueous phase of aerobic soils.

Summary Theory predicts that in the aqueous phase of aerobic soils carbon dioxide concentration/distance gradients are 1·35 times as large as those for oxygen. Because of differences in solubility, the partial pressure/distance gradients of carbon dioxide should be less than one-twentieth of the gradients of oxygen partial pressure. Experiments were carried out to test this prediction. In some experiments oxygen partial pressures were measured directly by means of a micro-electrode and carbon dioxide indirectly by methods involving microelectrode determinations of specific conductance in agar-CaCO3 gel. Measurements were made in models of water-saturated soil consisting of yeast cells embedded in agar-CaCO3 gel, around plant roots in agar-CaCO3 gel and within water-saturated soil. Oxygen partial pressures fell by 5–15 per cent of an atmosphere over distances of 0·2–0·4 cm whereas carbon dioxide partial pressures increased by less than 0·3 per cent of an atmosphere over the same distance. In other experiments different thicknesses of water-saturated soil were incubated with their upper surfaces exposed to air. The mean oxygen partial pressure fell by 7–13 per cent of an atmosphere with increasing the thickness from 0·2 to 0·4 cm whereas the carbon dioxide partial pressure never increased by more than 0·2 per cent of an atmosphere. Both sets of evidence confirm the theoretical prediction. It is concluded that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the aqueous phase of soils containing no oxygen-free zones, would never, even at the surfaces of roots, be more than 1 per cent of atmosphere greater than in the gas phase.
Modeling Drying and Energy Performance of Industrial Through-Dryers

A model of an industrial through-dryer for production of tissue paper was developed. The model can be used to predict the performance of a dryer section of an industrial through-drying machine consisting of one or more through-drying rolls separated by free draw sections. Roll diameters, wrap angles, machine speed, basis weight, initial paper moisture ratio, operating pressure differentials, drying air temperatures, and drying air humidity are input parameters to the model. Based on the input information, the model predicts paper drying rate, paper moisture ratio, paper temperature, exhaust air humidity, exhaust air temperature, and air flow rate as a function of time, which at a given machine speed is equivalent to a certain position in the machine direction of the dryer. The model also includes a description of the fabric and along with the paper properties the model also predicts fabric drying rate, fabric moisture ratio, fabric temperature, and fabric air humidity as a function of time (or position). Air, vapor, and enthalpy fluxes were integrated over the residence time of each through-drying roll in order to retrieve the average flow rate and air properties of the air leaving each roll. These data were then used in a steady-state description of the air system of each roll, which means that, for given drying conditions, natural gas consumption in the burners and the fan power associated with each roll can be predicted. The model was used to study how the different operating conditions affect the energy demand and economics of the through-drying process. The simulation results indicate small differences in total drying cost for different operating conditions. Reduction of fabric water was shown to have a relatively large impact on overall drying cost. Reducing the initial fabric moisture ratio from 0.019 to 0.012 kg water/kg dry solids reduced total operating costs by approximately 3.3%.
Protein content and gluten quality of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. durum ) as affected by sowing date

The end use quality of durum wheat is sensitive to the environmental conditions pertaining before and during grain filling, and can therefore be modified by manipulation of cultivar and sowing date. A field trial was carried out to study the effect on protein content and gluten quality of varying both sowing date (October, December and March) and cultivar (Simeto, Colosseo and Creso). A delay in sowing date was associated with a decrease in mean grain weight, but not in grain nitrogen content, thus leading to an overall increase from 10.7 to 14.7% in grain protein percentage. Independent of sowing date, over 78% of the grain nitrogen was derived from re-translocation from vegetative tissue. The similar amounts of nitrogen accumulated in each grain at maturity were set by the similarity in the amount of nitrogen available at anthesis. The observed increase in protein percentage partly explained the greater dough strength (alveographic W) observed in material harvested from the latest sowing. The gluten index, on the other hand, decreased as sowing was delayed. Given the parallel increase in glutenin percentage, we propose that temperatures above 30 °C at the end of the grain filling period have a negative effect on the gluten polymerisation process. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurements of the(p,ρ,T) relation of methane and carbon dioxide in the temperature range 240 K to 520 K at pressures up to 30 MPa using a new accurate single-sinker densimeter

Abstract Comprehensive ( p , ρ , T ) measurements on pure methane (159 values) and pure carbon dioxide (118 values) have been carried out in the temperature range 240 K to 520 K at pressures up to 30 MPa. The measurements were performed by means of a single-sinker densimeter that is based on Archimedes’ buoyancy principle. The total relative uncertainty of the measurements in the density ρ was estimated to be ⩽ |(1.5 to 2) · 10 − 4 · ρ | for methane and ⩽ |(2 to 3) · 10 − 4 · ρ | for carbon dioxide. The measurements are compared with previous results of other experimentalists and with values calculated from current equations of state. Moreover, previously unpublished results of ( p , ρ , T ) measurements on carbon dioxide (29 values) and methane (53 values) are listed in the appendix.
Antioxidant activities of Solenostemon monostachyus leaf extract using in vitro methods

Solenostemon monostachyus is an important herb that is native to West and Central Africa. The leaves have been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes however the scientific basis for these effects is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities of S. monostachyus extract by assessing its hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scaveinging ability and ferric ion reducing ability. Other activities assessed are the ability of the extract to reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the extract possessed significant abilities to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, and also significant ability to reduce ferric ions. The extract also possessed significant abilities to reduce lipid peroxidation and haemolysis in erythrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide when compared with the ability of ascorbic acid to do the same. This is ascribed to the possession of antioxidant phytochemicals which acted in synergy, thus the plant could be exploited for pharmacological and neutraceutical purposes. Key words: Solenostemon monostachyus, antioxidant, free radical, haemolysis, phytochemical.
Recent Progress of Photosensitive Polyimides

Photosensitive polyimides (PSPIs) have been attracting great attention as insulating materials in microelectronic industry, and can be directly patterned to simplify processing steps. This article reviews recent works on development of PSPIs. After brief introduction, a typical PSPI formulation was described in comparison with a conventional method, followed by major strategies for the patterning. A number of recent reports on PSPIs were then divided into two major terms; positive-working and negative-working, and highlighted with focus on their chemistries up to pattern formation. In addition to the photosensitivity of PSPIs picked up in this review, other important subjects such as low-temperature imidization and low dielectric constants were also discussed.