Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity in Bayesian Statistics: The Prior and the Likelihood

Abstract One paradigm for sensitivity analyses in Bayesian statistics is to specify Γ, a reasonable class of priors, and to compute the corresponding class of posterior inferences. The class Γ is chosen to represent uncertainty about the prior. There is often additional uncertainty, however, about the family of sampling distributions. This article introduces a method for computing ranges of posterior expectations over reasonable classes of sampling distributions that lie “close to” a given parametric family. By treating the prior as a probability measure on the space of sampling distributions this article also gives a unified treatment to what are usually considered two separate problems—sensitivity to the prior and sensitivity to the sampling model. First the notion of “close to” is made explicit. Then, an algorithm is given for turning ratio-linear problems into sequences of linear problems. In addition to solving the problem at hand, the algorithm simplifies many other robust Bayesian computational pro.
A field theory for ions near charged surfaces valid from weak to strong couplings

A theory is developed to model the behavior of mobile ions around a fixed charged distribution in the presence of dielectric bodies. By treating the short and long-wavelength fluctuations of the electric potential within different approximation schemes, this approach combines the strengths of the mean field approximation and the strong coupling expansion, while retaining the simplicity of the commonly used Poisson-Boltzmann theory. It is capable of accurately describing ion-correlation induced phenomena, such as the attraction between two like charged plates, the repulsion between two oppositely charged plates, and overcharging. The theory is compared with Monte Carlo simulation data for various systems of charged plates with their associated counterions and added electrolyte. Good agreement is found for nearly all conditions examined.
A central limit theorem for weighted sums of associated random field

ABSTRACT In this paper we obtain the central limit theorem for weighted sums of the form ∑1 ⩽ i ⩽ nan, iXi, where is an array of non negative numbers such that , max 1 ⩽ i ⩽ nan, i → 0 as n → ∞ and is a field of associated random variables with EXi = 0 and EX2i < ∞. As application, we give a central limit theorem for the partial sum of linear random field .
Consistent matrix formulations for structural analysis using finite-element techniques.

The discrete-element stiffness matrix technique for formulation of linear structural problems in engineering mechanics is examined to develop techniques that give exact or closely approximate solutions for static load-displacement, elastic stability, and dynamic response problems. An exact relationship is derived for determining the coordinate load matrix equivalent to a general distributed load function. Use of the load matrix in static load-displacement problems results in an exact solution for the coordinate displacements consistent with the theoretical basis used for constructing the stiffness matrix. Explicit expressions are derived for a finite-displacement matrix for beam and plate elements for use in formulating the general elastic-stability problem. The approach discussed provides closely approximate buckling loads that are upper bounds to the precise solution. The dynamic problem, including elastic-stability considerations, is formulated using a consistent mass matrix approach. This approach provides closely approximate natural frequencies that are upper bounds to the exact solution. The data required for stiffness, load, finite-displacement, and mass matrices for a system composed of Timoshenko beam elements with linearly varying properties are provided. An example cantilever stepped beam problem is solved to illustrate the techniques involved and the exact or closely approximate nature of the solutions obtained.
Incidence and survival of primary central nervous system tumors diagnosed in 4 Canadian provinces from 2010 to 2015.

Background The Brain Tumor Registry of Canada was established in 2016 to enhance infrastructure for surveillance and clinical research on Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. We present information on primary CNS tumors diagnosed among residents of Canada from 2010 to 2015. Methods Data from 4 provincial cancer registries were analyzed representing approximately 67% of the Canadian population. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the 2011 Canadian population age distribution. Net survival was estimated using the Pohar-Perme method. Results A total of 31 644 primary tumors were identified for an ASIR of 22.8 per 100 000 person-years. Nonmalignant tumors made up 47.1% of all classified tumors, with mixed behaviors present in over half of histology groupings. Unclassified were 19.5% of all tumors. The most common histological subtypes are meningiomas (ASIR = 5.5 per 100 000 person-years); followed by glioblastomas (ASIR 4.0 per 100 000 person-years). The overall 5-year net survival rate for CNS tumors was 65.5%; females 70.2% and males 60.4%. GBMs continue to be the most lethal CNS tumors for all sex and age groups. Conclusions The low annual frequency of most CNS tumor subtypes emphasizes the value of population-based data on all primary CNS tumors diagnosed among Canadians. The large number of histological categories including mixed behaviors and the proportion of unclassified tumors emphasizes the need for complete reporting. Variation in incidence and survival across histological groups by sex and age highlights the need for comprehensive and histology-specific reporting. These data can be used to better inform research and health system planning.
Adoption of agricultural innovations among rice farmers in federal capital territory, Nigeria

The study accessed rice farmers’ adoption of innovations in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The FCT has six area council; Abaji, kuje, Municipal, Kwali, Bwari and Gwagwalada. The study area covers a land mass of 8,000 kilometer (km2). It is bordered by four states Kaduna, Nassarawa, Kogi and Niger, it lies between latitude 80 251 and 90 251 North of the equator and longitudes 60 451 and 70 451 east of the Greenwich meridian. Abuja is located in the middle belt of Nigeria, its size is equivalent to 0.8% of Nigeria. There exist expansive fertile marshy plains good for rice production. The multistage sampling method was used to sample a total of 120 rice farmer using structured questionnaires as instruments in Gwagwalada council, 20 farm cells were selected, 6 farmers were then randomly selected from each cell. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Most of the farmers (87.5%) were male. 6-11 persons (33.3%) per house-hold constituted the largest household size of the total farmers sampled. Majority of the farmers (26.76%) earned only between N21, 000 and N60, 000 annually. Adoption rate of some agricultural innovation in rice were rated as Fertilizer (60.2%), herbicides (60.2%), improved seed (30.8%), use of agricultural extension services (3.3%) use of farm machinery (2.1%) and silos (1.1%). Constraints faced by farmers in the study area were inadequate capital (80%), inadequate extension services (85.8%) poor market price (30.8%), high cost of agro chemicals (98.3%), inadequate storage and processing facilities (92.5%), No access to loans and credits (95.0%). The research recommended public private partnership (PPP) to sensitize and educate farmers to enable them benefit from the new innovations and technology that abound in rice farming.
Evaluation of Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D as a Risk Factor in Adult Recurrent Tonsillitis

Background Studies have reported that the rate of upper respiratory tract infections in children and adults is inversely related to serum vitamin D levels and supplementation with vitamin D reduces the incidence of this infection. This study aimed to examine if vitamin D serum levels were a risk factor for recurrent tonsillitis among adult patients. Methods Retrospective comparative analysis was carried out on 100 patients diagnosed with recurrent tonsillitis with 100 age- and sex-matched individuals as controls between June 2016 and May 2022. Tonsillar size was assessed based on Brodsky grading system. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy (25(OH)) vitamin D, total calcium, iron, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were analyzed. Results There was a statistically significant low vitamin D levels in tonsil size grades III+IV compared to grade I+II (p <0.001) among cases. There was a significantly lower serum value for 25(OH) vitamin D in the cases as compared to the control group (p <0.001). A high percentage (68%) of cases had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and this was statistically significant (p <0.001). There were statistically significant higher values of CRP and ESR among cases compared to the control group (p <0.001). At a cut off (≤21.2), serum vitamin D levels achieved 78% sensitivity, 65% specificity (p <0.001) to differentiate cases from controls. Following logistic regression analysis, the level of vitamin D was the only significant risk factor. Conclusion Findings from our study also suggest an association between recurrent tonsillitis among our adult cohorts and low serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Therefore, we opine that serum vitamin D levels should be considered in the management of adult patients with tonsillitis.
Equivalence and bias : A review of concepts, models, and data analytic procedures

Introduction This chapter addresses the methodological issues associated with equivalence and bias in cross-cultural research. These issues are a consequence of the nonexperimental nature of the research designs of cross-cultural studies. True experiments are based on the random assignment of participants to different experimental conditions, which presumably ensures that confounding variables are equated across experimental conditions. However, participants cannot be randomly assigned to cultures, and groups that are compared in cross-cultural studies can hardly ever be seen as matched on all background variables that are relevant for the constructs of interest. Cross-cultural psychology is not unique in the impossibility of matching groups; many studies in clinical and educational psychology involve situations in which intact groups are studied, and the assumption of the similarity of background characteristics across groups is unrealistic. The inability to conduct true experiments to address essential questions in cross-cultural psychology implies that we have to be careful in conducting our studies, being cognizant of relevant methodological knowledge and tools. It also implies that cross-cultural studies are always threatened by bias and inequivalence when cultural groups are being compared. This chapter reviews the extant knowledge of these methodological issues. Our main message is that maximizing the validity of inferences should be the main concern of cross-cultural research and that methodological rigor in terms of establishing cross-cultural equivalence and suppressing bias across cultures plays a crucial role in this endeavor. We first describe a taxonomy of equivalence and bias, how they can be assessed, and the measures that can be taken to increase the validity of cross-cultural inferences. The second part gives an overview of procedures for adapting tests and survey questionnaires across cultures. Conclusions are presented in the final section.
The Deepening of Tropical Convection by Congestus Preconditioning

Abstract The role of environmental moisture in the deepening of cumulus convection is investigated by means of cloud-resolving numerical experiments. Under idealized conditions of uniform SST and specified radiative cooling, the evolution of trade wind cumulus into congestus clouds, and ultimately deep convection, is simulated and analyzed. The results exhibit a tight coupling between environmental moisture and cloud depth, both of which increase over the course of the simulations. Moistening in the lower troposphere is shown to result from the detrainment of water vapor from congestus clouds, and the strength of this tendency is quantified. Moistening of the lower troposphere reduces the dilution of cloud buoyancy by dry-air entrainment, and the relationship between this effect and increasing cloud depth is examined. The authors confirm that the mixing of water vapor by subgrid-scale turbulence has a significant impact on cloud depth, while the mixing of sensible heat has a negligible effect. By contrast.
The influence of the gate dielectrics on threshold voltage instability in amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin film transistors

We investigated the threshold voltage (Vth) instability for various gate dielectrics (SiNx and SiOx) in amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs). The a-IGZO TFTs with SiNx 150 °C exhibited reasonable electrical performance (field-effect mobility of 8.1 cm2/V s and Ion/off ratio of >108) but showed huge Vth shift under positive gate bias. The TFTs with SiOx dielectrics exhibit smaller Vth instability than those of SiNx dielectrics. This behavior can be explained by using simple charge trapping into the gate insulators and the difference of Vth instability on various dielectrics may be originated from the hydrogen contents, providing high density of charge traps in gate dielectrics.
Enthalpy of Formation of Various Phases and Formation Energy of Point Defects in Perovskite-Type NaNbO3 by First-Principles Calculation

In order to clarify the thermodynamic relations of various phases in NaNbO3, the enthalpies of formation for the cubic (Pm3m), tetragonal (P4/mbm), orthorhombic (Ccmm, Pnmm, Pbma) and rhombohedral (R3c) phases in NaNbO3 were calculated using a plane-wave pseudopotential method. The NaNbO3 phase with a lower symmetry has a smaller enthalpy of formation. The enthalpy of formation for the rhombohedral (R3c) phase is the smallest. Moreover, in order to quantitatively evaluate the formation energies of point defects in NaNbO3, first-principles pseudopotential calculations using plane-wave basis functions were performed. Relaxation of first- and second-neighbor atoms around a vacancy was considered in a 40-atom supercell. The formation energies of point defects were calculated as a function of the atomic chemical potentials of constituent elements. The formation energy of Na vacancy was the lowest under the oxidation limit of NaNbO3 and that of O vacancy was the lowest under the reduction atmosphere. The formation energy of Nb vacancy was the highest under both oxygen-rich and -poor conditions. This result agrees with the empirical rule that the B site defect in the perovskite-type oxide does not exist.
Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Cooperative Direct Learning (CODING) berbasis Home-Visit untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa SD

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi model cooperative direct learning berbasis home-visit dan guna mengetahui motivasi belajar siswa setelah menggunakan model pembelajaran Cooperative Direct Learning berbasis home-visit pada siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 01 Sroyo di lingkungan Beluk Kidul. Model pembelajaran cooperative direct learning berbasis home-visit merupakan gabungan model pembelajaran cooperative learning dan direct instruction yang dilakukan secara luring dari rumah atau kunjungan guru ke rumah siswa maupun siswa ke rumah guru dalam proses belajar yang memudahkan siswa untuk memahami materi pembelajaran yang dilakukan secara berkelompok dan penjelasan materi secara berurutan tahap demi tahap. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Sampel yang digunakan merupakan siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 01 Sroyo di lingkungan desa Beluk Kidul yang berjumlah 2 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan dapat dilihat bahwa siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 01 Sroyo di lingkungan Beluk Kidul mengalami banyak hambatan belajar selama pembelajaran daring sehingga membuat motivasi belajar siswa menurun. Maka dari itu diperlukan implementasi model pembelajaran yang tercantum dalam Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) serta penciptaan media pembelajaran dalam belajar dirumah selama pandemi Covid-19. Modifikasi Model pembelajaran Cooperative Direct Learning (CODING) berbasis home-visit serta media pembelajaran Puzzle Pintar memberikan dampak positif yaitu siswa menjadi lebih nyaman, riang, dan gembira dalam mengikuti pembelajaran dengan berkelompok menggunakan media pembelajaran, selain itu siswa menjadi lebih mudah memahami materi yang diberikan.
A systematic approach to adaptive observer synthesis for nonlinear systems

This paper addresses the issue of state estimation from limited sensor measurements in the presence of parameter uncertainty. An adaptive nonlinear observer is suggested for Lipschitz nonlinear systems and the stability of this observer is shown to be related to finding solutions to a quadratic inequality involving two variables. A coordinate transformation is used to reformulate this inequality as a linear matrix inequality. A systematic algorithm is presented which checks for feasibility of a solution to the quadratic inequality and yields an observer whenever the solution is feasible. The state estimates then are guaranteed to converge to zero asymptotically. The convergence of the parameters, however, is determined by a persistence-of-excitation type constraint.
The properties of rubber in pure homogeneous strain

Measurements are reported on the relationship between the principal stresses t1 and t2 and the corresponding extension ratios lambda 1 and lambda 2 in the general biaxial strain of a rubber sheet. The resulting data are shown to be consistent with the Valanis-Landel hypothesis, according to which the strain energy W is a separable function w( lambda ) of the principal extension ratios. The formulation of the series for lambda (dw/d lambda ) in terms of strain invariants I1 and I2 enables delta W/ delta I1 and delta W/ delta I2 to be accurately calculated for any values of I1 and I2. It is concluded that both delta W/ delta I1 and delta W/ delta I2 are functions of both I1 and I2. The results confirm the conclusions of earlier workers that the empirical Mooney constants derived from uniaxial extension or compression bear no direct relation to the values of delta W/ delta I1 and delta W/ delta I2.
Right alternative algebras and Wedderburn principal theorem

Examples are given of right alternative algebras and of quadratic Jordan algebras (the latter only over fields of characteristic two) without a Wedderburn splitting but such that at least one u-isotope admits a Wedderburn splitting. An example of a noncommutative Jordan algebra over a field of characteristic =# 2 is given such that no u-isotope admits a Wedderburn splitting. Everyone who has worked with right alternative algebras knows that the defining relations are rather weak. Hence there should exist a lot of right alternative algebras. But only a few examples may be found scattered in the literature. In this note we study a family of unital right alternative k-algebras of rank 8 by giving the multiplication table of a basis that depends on 5 independent parameters. Each of our right alternative k-algebras R has a radical Z of rank 4 such that ZZ = 0 and R/Z is isomorphic to the full 2-rowed matrix ring over k. We determine for which values of the parameters our algebras admit a direct splitting R = S ff Z, where S is a subalgebra of R isomorphic to R/Z. As a consequence one sees that the Wedderburn Principal Theorem does not hold in the class of all right alternative algebras. But R has at least one u-isotope admitting a Wedderburn splitting. Moreover we get an example of a quadratic Jordan algebra R + of characteristic two that has no Wedderburn splitting. This shows that the Wedderburn Principal = Albert-Penico-Taft Theorem for linear Jordan algebras cannot be extended to quadratic Jordan algebras of characteristic two. But there is a u-isotope admitting a Wedderburn splitting. In a final section we present a noncommutative Jordan algebra with the property that no u-isotope admits a Wedderburn splitting. Right alternative algebras. Let k be a commutative associative ring with unit element. Choose as parameters elements a, E, T, (, K of k with the only restriction that K is invertible. Let R be a free k-module of rank 8 with basis denoted by cl, c2, C12, C21, Z1, Z2, Z12' Z21. We give R the structure of a kalgebra R = R (a, E, T, (, K) by requiring that these elements multiply according to the following multiplication table. Received by the editors November 14, 1977. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 17A30, 17C50, 17A15, 17C10.
Position angles and alignments of clusters of galaxies

The position angles of a large number of Abell and Shectman clusters, identi(cid:12)ed in the Lick map as surface galaxy-density enhancements, are estimated. In total I determine the major axis orientation of 637 clusters out of which 448 are Shectman clusters (202 of which are also Abell clusters) and 189 are Abell clusters not originally detected by Shectman due to his adopted density threshold. Using published redshifts for 277 of these clusters I have detected strong nearest neighbour alignments over scales up to (cid:24) 15 h (cid:0)1 Mpc at a & 2:5 (cid:0) 3(cid:27) signi(cid:12)cance level, while quite weak alignments are detected even up to (cid:24) 60 h (cid:0)1 Mpc. A more signi(cid:12)cant alignment signal ((cid:24) 4(cid:27)) is detected among all neighbours residing in superclusters and having separations . 10 h (cid:0)1 Mpc. Again, weaker but signi(cid:12)cant alignments are found when larger separations are considered. Since my cluster sample is neither volume limited nor redshift complete, a fact that would tend to wash-out any real alignment signal, the alignments detected should re(cid:13)ect a real and possibly a stronger underline e(cid:11)ect.
A Note on the Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression Model

A mixed, geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is useful in the situation where certain explanatory variables influencing the response are global while others are local. Undoubtedly, how to identify these two types of the explanatory variables is essential for building such a model. Nevertheless, It seems that there has not been a formal way to achieve this task. Based on some work on the GWR technique and the distribution theory of quadratic forms in normal variables, a statistical test approach is suggested here to identify a mixed GWR model. Then, this note mainly focuses on simulation studies to examine the performance of the test and to provide some guidelines for performing the test in practice. The simulation studies demonstrate that the test works quite well and provides a feasible way to choose an appropriate mixed GWR model for a given data set.