Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF BIOTYPES AND FIELD POPULATIONS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM

Seven American and European clones of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). were examined for 13 enzyme systems by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only 8 enzymes were detected by electrophoresis or found suitable for subsequent analysis. Twenty‐two bands were detected, of which 21 were monomorphic. The number of isozymes of superoxide dismutase varied for one biotype, while differences in staining intensity for one esterase isozyme were observed among the clones. The electrophoretic survey of populations collected from 2 alfalfa and 2 pea fields in Southern Quebec did not disclose variations among individuals or populations. Directional selection operating upon parthenogenetic clones may explain the lack of variability of local field populations but cannot account for the very low level of variability of clones collected over such a wide geographical range and which comprise recognized biotypes.
Quantitative patterns of leaf expansion: comparison of normal and malformed leaf growth in Vitis vinifera cv. Ruby Red

Developmental patterns produced during normal expansion of the leaf of Vitis vinifera cv. Ruby Red are quantitatively characterized from the distribution of relative growth rates and growth velocity vectors and are compared to patterns produced during the development of an abnormally shaped leaf. The bilateral symmetry of the V. vinifera leaf, which is present in the normal leaf and absent in the malformed leaf, is shown during growth by the patterns of velocity isolines. Ellipses formed by the isolines around the midrib during normal development are distorted during development of the malformed leaf. During normal growth, tissue elements are displaced in rather straight lines, resulting in streamlines which radiate outward from the petiole. Element motion in the abnormally developing leafcauses curving of streamlines. Relative growth in area of elements located in an area in the normal leaf are higher than those in the malformed leaf. The most frequently observed category of relative area growth in the normal leaf is 400/o-59% d1, while 200/o-39% dI predominates in the abnormal leaf. A spatial gradient in growth appears during normal development with lowest relative growth (200/o-39% d-1) present in the tip region, intermediate values (400/o-59% d1) in the midsection, and maximum growth (> 60% d1) appearing in the basal region. During development of the abnormally shaped leaf, the gradient along the midrib is disrupted with low magnitudes of growth (<20% d-l) appearing in the midsection of the leaf where intermediate values are expected. The theoretical and numerical distinctions between two common expressions for relative growth (relative elemental growth and exponential growth rate) are discussed. Relative elemental growth is shown to become increasingly larger than the exponential growth rate as the magnitude of growth increases relative to initial size of the tissue element. Numerical methods for evaluating relative growth based on finite element areas are compared to methods based on displacement and velocity gradients and are shown to produce similar results.
Morphology and density of glandular trichomes in populations of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens H.B.K., Verbenaceae), and the relationship between trichome density and climate1

Abstract Despite the economic and therapeutic importance of Mexican oregano essential oil, there is no information regarding secretory structures and the effect of environmental factors on their density is unknown. The main goal of this study was to describe the morphology of glandular trichomes in Lippia graveolens H.B. K. (Verbenaceae), and evaluate the hypothesis that glandular trichome density on leaves of L. graveolens would be greatest for populations found in the most arid locations. Morphology and trichome density were investigated using a combination of scanning electron and stereoscopic microscopy in nine wild oregano populations. Emberger's index of aridity was calculated to characterize the populations located in a bio-climatic gradient. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relation between trichome density and aridity. Lippia graveolens presented two types of glandular trichome on both sides of the leaf: peltate and capitate, of which the former presented higher density. Geographic variation in trichome density was observed at three spatial scales: among bio-climatic regions, among populations within regions and among plants within populations. We found that plant populations at the most arid sites had, on average, lower trichome density. Our results showed a trend for a greater trichome density in more humid sites. Nevertheless, the importance of inter-population variation in trichome density suggests that micro-environmental and genetic factors should be taken into account, in order to better explain the observed differences.
FRUIT SET, FRUIT REDUCTION, AND FRUITING STRATEGY IN CORNUS SANGUINEA (CORNACEAE)

We studied various aspects of the fruiting biology of Cornus sanguinea (Cornaceae), a fleshy-fruit-producing deciduous shrub, in four populations in northwest Spain. One population was studied over a 5-yr period (1989-1994), and the remaining populations in 1994 only. Fruit-set level varied among years (range 11-18%) and among populations (range 8-22%), but was in all cases low. Within plants, fruit-set level did not vary significantly among inflorescences, indicating that inflorescence fruit set is independent of inflorescence position and inflorescence phenology. To investigate the function of surplus flowers, we carried out flower removal experiments. Inflorescence fruit-set level was unaffected by removal of up to -75% of flowers. These results suggest that Cornus sanguinea regulates its fruit-set level via plasticity in the number of fruits aborted: if flower mortality has been high, fewer fruits will be aborted. Within the inflorescence, surplus flowers thus act as insurance against flower loss.
Larval fishes of a Middle Atlantic Bight estuary: assemblage structure and temporal stability

We collected weekly, quantitative ichthyoplankton samples over 6 years (1989-1994, 1309 samples) to identify temporal scales of variability in the abundance and occurrence of larval fish assemblages near Little Egg Inlet in southern New Jersey, U.S.A. We collected species that spawn in the estuary (30%), both the estuary and continental shelf (35%), continental shelf (25%), and the Sargasso Sea (10%). The following analyses suggest an annually repeated seasonal progression of species assemblages: (i) the rank abundance of the 20 dominant species did not change significantly from year to year, (ii) variation in the density of the dominant species was primarily explained by intraannual rather than interannual variation, and (iii) multivariate analysis of the assemblage matrix identified five seasonal assemblages that occurred during all six years. We found that the timing and duration of each of these seasonal groups were correlated with two characteristics of the annual temperature cycle, magnitude (higher.
Diurnal changes in structure and function of the compound eye of Ligia exotica (Crustacea, Isopoda)

The ultrastructure of the retinula cells of Ligia exotica changes diurnally and in response to light/dark adaptation. At the low phase of electroretinogram (ERG) amplitude (at noon), the arrangement of microvilli is ordered and the rhabdom is of the open type. An irregular arrangement of microvilli appears at the high phase of ERG amplitude (at midnight), when the rhabdom is of the closed type. The pigment granules disperse at midnight and assemble at noon. A centrally positioned, spikeproducing eccentric cell is present in each ommatidium. Spectral response curves based on ERG measurements have two maxima, one to light of 383 nm wavelength, the other at around 520 nm. These two peaks represent the two classes of receptor cells identified by intracellular recordings. The ERG responses to light of 383 nm and 520 nm wavelengths display a diurnal rhythmicity, being high at night and low during the day. However, the responses to green light are more strongly affected than those to ultraviolet light. Consequently, the eye displays a relatively higher ultraviolet-sensitivity during the day, whereas at night sensitivity to green light is increased. This behaviour, which persists in continuous darkness, suggests that an endogenous mechanism is involved in bringing about the observed diurnal morphological and physiological changes in the compound eye of Ligia exotica.
Gall-Inducing Wasps of the Genus Diplolepis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Shrub Roses of Turkey

Abstract Five species of gall-inducing Diplolepis are reported from Rosa spp. in Turkey - D. eglanteriae (Hartig), D. fructuum (Rübsaamen), D. mayri (Schlectendal), D. rosae (Linnaeus), and D. spinosissimae (Giraud). The most abundant gall is that induced by D. fructuum which is often considered a pest of the rose industry because it can completely destroy the hips. In some areas, up to 90% of the hips are infested by galls of D. fructuum. Diplolepis eglanteriae, D. mayri, D. spinosissimae, and D. rosae induce galls on the leaves, but are uncommon and not considered pests. The importance of Turkey as a midpoint between Europe and Asia in the distribution of roses and Diplolepis is discussed. The inducer responsible for hip galls in Turkey previously identified as D. mayri is reported here as D. fructuum.
Floral development in Arabidopsis thaliana: a comparison of the wild type and the homeotic pistillata mutant

Homeosis is sometimes defined as the replacement of one member of a meristic series by another member normally formed in a different position. The pistillata floral mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) has petals replaced by sepal-like organs ("petals"), is male sterile, and has abnormal gynoecial development. We compared the ontogeny of wild type and pistillata flowers to determine the developmental basis for their divergent final forms. Normal sepal development in wild type pistillata flowers is indistinguishable in terms of initiation events, anatomical and morphological development, and allometric growth. Wild type petals and pistillata "petals" are initially ontogenetically similar in these same respects. The first observable difference between the two floral forms is abnormal patterns of cell division in pistillata at stamen inception. Tissues in the normal position of the androecium appear congenitally fused to the gynoecium to various extents and differentiate gynoecial cell fates. Form d.
The effect of 6 week plyometric training program on maximal vertical jumping height of collegiate level soccer players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 week plyometric training program on maximal vertical jumping height of collegiate level soccer players. To achieve the purpose of this study, 30 students selected from C.S. J.M. University, Kanpur were selected as subjects. Their age were ranged between 20 to 25 years. The selected subjects were randomly divided into two groups each group consists of 15 students, namely experimental group “A‟ and control group “B‟. Plyometric training for 6 week was assigned to experimental group “A‟ and control group “B‟ does not undergone any type of experimental training. All the training programmes were scheduled for three days per week for a period of 6 week. The maximal vertical jumping height measured by the help of standing vertical jump. The data collected from the plyometric training group “A‟ and control group “B‟ on the criterion measures i.e., maximal vertical jumping height was statistically analyzed by the application of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The mean of pretest for plyometric training group (50.06) and control group (49.53). Further the mean of post test for plyometric training group (54.86) and control group (49.73). The result of ANCOVA shows that there was significant effect of 6 week plyometric training group maximal vertical jumping height of collegiate level soccer players. In the light of finding it is conclude that plyometric training improves maximal vertical jumping height of collegiate level soccer players.
Determination of Rennin and Bovine Pepsins in Commercial Rennets and Abomasal Juices

Abstract A DEAE cellulose column chromatographic method is described to separate and to titrate rennin and bovine pepsin II from a mixture. Microgranular DEAE cellulose was equilibrated in . 02m piper-azine buffer pH 5.3 and was placed on a 1×8cm column. The enzyme solution was poured on the column, as such, or, if necessary, after dialysis against the same buffer. Elution of enzymes was by a linear gradient of NaCl (100ml of .15m NaCl in the first chamber and 100ml of .5m NaCl in the second chamber). The flow was about 80ml per hour. Rennin was eluted in the first fraction and pepsin II in the second fraction. This method was used to determine the enzymatic composition of several commercial rennet preparations and abomasal juices collected from fistulated calves.
Genetic analysis of variation in sugar chain composition at the C-22 position of group A saponins in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Saponins are a diverse group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants. Some saponins in soybean seeds have medicinal properties, but the terminal acetylated sugar at the C-22 position of group A saponins in seed hypocotyls causes a bitter and astringent taste. We used cultivated and wild soybean accessions classified into four different group A saponin phenotypes, including non-acetylated A0-αg and deacetyl-Af, as parents to obtain four F2 populations and a population of recombinant inbred lines to test their genetic relationship. The gene controlling the phenotype of the group A saponins in each line was mapped near the simple sequence repeat marker Satt336 on soybean chromosome 7 (linkage group M). An allelism test of the A0-αg and deacetyl-Af variants revealed no segregation of Aa and Ab phenotypes in the progeny, although the genes controlling the two phenotypes have been assigned to two different loci, Sg-1 and Sg-2. These results suggest that the four group A saponin phenotypes are controlled by multiple alleles at the single locus Sg-1.
Underwater observations on sea snake behaviour

SUMMARY Sea snakes forage on the bottom but often bring prey to the surface to swallow. Surface activity not exclusively associated with feeding or breathing, sometimes occurs, especially at night. The skin is usually shed entire; it is loosened by rubbing against coral, curling and knotting or expanding the body. Courtship consists of the male swimming above the female and slightly behind her and then later pressing his body against hers while she rests on the sea bottom. Other topics are briefly discussed.
Properties of mappings generated with inequalities for isotonic linear functionals

We consider mappings generated by inequalities for isotonic linear functionals such as the inequalities of Chebyshev, Beckenbach-Dresher, Jensen-Mercer, Jensen, Hölder, Minkowski and their reversed versions. Properties like quasilinearity, boundedness and monotonicity are proved. Also, properties of the composite functional x 7→ h(v(x))Φ g(x) v(x) are mentioned, where g and v are functions associated with the mappings generated by the inequalities and Φ is a h-concave monotone function.
The biosynthesis of Juvenile Hormone, its degradation and titres in females of the true armyworm: a comparison of migratory and non‐migratory populations

In a previous study [ McNeil et al. (1996) Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 32, 575–584], patterns of sexual maturation and Juvenile Hormone (JH) biosynthesis were compared in virgin females from migratory (North American) and non‐migratory (Azorean) populations of the true armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sexual maturation occurred at a significantly earlier age after emergence in the non‐migrant population, and the rates of biosynthesis of JH in vitro suggested that lower titres of JH may be required to initiate the onset of calling behaviour (pheromone emission) and ovarian development in Azorean females. To examine the physiological differences in the reproductive biology of migratory and non‐migratory populations in greater detail, the haemolymph titres of JH and JH esterase activity were compared in virgin females as a function of age. In addition, the effects of mating on JH biosynthesis in vitro, JH titres, JH esterase activity and egg production were measured in the two populations. As expected, JH titres rose more rapidly after emergence in Azorean females than in their North American counterparts but, contrary to our prediction, the maximum levels were also higher in the non‐migrant population. Activity of JH esterase was much higher in Azorean females on the day of emergence. However, by the second day both populations had similar activity levels (about 17 nmol JH/min/ml) and exhibited a similar age‐related decline in subsequent days.
Pollination ecology of Justicia rusbyi (Acanthaceae), a common understory plant in a tropical mountain forest in eastern Bolivia

The present study reports the species composition, behavior and ecology of floral visitors to a common understory herb, Justicia rusbyi (Acanthaceae), in a tropical mountain forest. Although the analyses were made during the peak flowering period, floral visitors were rare. In total, 22 species were observed visiting. The most frequent visitors were a small species of stingless bee (Meliponinae) and a skipper (Hesperiidae). Approximately threequarters of all floral visitors visited only one flower during a stay. Most visitors were observed at noon and in direct sunlight, and there was a positive correlation between the number of J. rusbyi flowers displayed and the number of visitors. The nectar was found to be rich in hexose, which is unusual in bee-pollinated plants.
Field performance of entomopathogenic nematodes and an egg parasitoid for suppression of corn borers in Egypt

Abstract Two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and an egg parasitoid for controlling three corn borers (Sesamia cretica, Chilo agamemnon and Ostrinia nubilalis) in corn fields. EPNs, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (BA1) and Steinernema carpocapsae (BA2) were applied to the control S. cretica (after 40 d post planting) on different planting dates. Three releases of Trichogramma evanescens were also conducted at two-week intervals to control C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis starting at tasseling time for the three planting dates; two release levels were used [20 & 30 cards (1000 parasitized eggs/ card)/acre]. During the first planting period, the spraying of EPN resulted in a 97% and 100% mortality of S. cretica larvae with H. bacteriophora (BA1) and S. carpocapsae (BA2) respectively, one week post spraying. After two weeks there was a 100% mortality of S. cretica on both EPN species. During the second planting period, the infestation by S. cretica was low, suggesting that this might be a suitable time for planting corn. There were a relatively high number of C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis eggs laid during the third planting period compared to first and second. The parasitism percentages by Trichogramma were high on all planting dates using the 30 cards/acre level compared to the second 20 cards/acre level. At season's end, the numbers of C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis larvae were significantly reduced on the Trichogramma release plots compared to on the control plots. The overall reduction in corn borer larvae on the treated plots using EPNs and later Trichogramma resulted in an increased yield compared to on the control plots. The results suggest that EPN and Trichogramma together can play a crucial role to control the three corn borers.
Effect of protective shields on drift and deposition characteristics of field sprayers

Field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of shields in reducing off-target droplet drift from ground-rig sprayers. Sprayer booms ranging in width from 10 to 13.5 m and equipped with commercially available shields were operated along a 150-m swath in a field of approximately 20-cm-tall spring wheat in wind speeds ranging from 10 to 35 km h−1. Airborne drift was measured using aspirated air samplers. The use of an 80 flat fan tip (8001) at a pressure of 275 kPa and a ground speed of 8 km h−1 resulted in 7.5% of the 50 L ha−1 spray solution drifting off the target area. The use of protective cones with 8001 tips without lowering the boom reduced airborne drift by 33% at a 20 km h−1 wind speed, while a 65–85% drift reduction was accomplished with the combination of solid or perforated shielding and lowering the sprayer boom. Increasing the application rate to 100 L ha−1 by using 8002 tips reduced drift of the unshielded sprayer by 65%. Decreasing application rate to 15 L ha−1 by using 800017.
Diseases of wheat in long-term agronomic experiments at Pendleton, Oregon.

Diseases of winter wheat were evaluated over 3 years in four long-term (27- to 60-year) cropping system experiments. Disease incidence and severity were evaluated with respect to seasonal precipitation and soil chemical and microbiological parameters. Take-all and eyespot were associated with increasing precipitation, and Rhizoctonia root rot and Fusarium crown rot were favored by drought. Eyespot and crown rot increased with rate of applied nitrogen and were inversely proportional to soil pH. Surface residue from previous crops had variable effects on diseases. Crown rot increased with amount of surface residue and was directly correlated with soil organic nitrogen and carbon. Surface residue also had a variable effect on Rhizoctonia root rot, depending on the magnitude of soil microbial respiration; root rot increased directly with amount of residue in a wheat-summer fallow rotation and was unaffected by residue or tillage in a wheat-pea rotation. Repeated burning of wheat stubble caused variable disease response, depending on precipitation and nitrogen rate. At high fertility, burning suppressed Pythium root rot and Rhizoctonia root rot, and enhanced eyespot and take-all. Effects of crop rotations on diseases appeared related to soil microflora effects on pathogen survival or virulence. Rhizoctonia root rot was most damaging in wheat-fallow rotation, Pythium root rot in wheat-fallow and annual wheat, and eyespot and crown rot in annual wheat. Diseases were collectively least prevalent where nitrogen in a wheat-fallow rotation was applied as pea vines or manure, rather than as inorganic fertilizer. Diseases also were generally less damaging in a wheat-pea rotation than in an annual wheat or wheat-fallow rotation. Soilborne plant pathogenic fungi appeared to suppress wheat yield by 3 to 12%. Long-term experiments provided insights to crop management and seasonal effects that are unlikely to be identified in short-term experiments.