Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust and Local Bias

In this article, we examine the effect of social trust on local bias. Our evidence suggests that institutional investors located in high-trust regions of the United States exhibit lower local bias. Moreover, we find that high-trust investors are better diversified, suggesting that trust helps accomplish greater diversification. The results are not due to firm, demographic, or local economic characteristics. Additional analysis reveals that the documented informational advantage in local holdings exists only in low-trust regions. We show that this finding is consistent with a trust explanation.
Variation in the phenology of bud flushing in white and red spruce

Variation in bud flushing date as related to degree-day accumulation was determined among seed sources, families, and individual white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees in both a provenance study plantation and a progeny test of select trees on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in north central Maine. The primary purpose was to determine the feasibility of improving resistance to spruce budworm defoliation by selection for late bud flushing. Comparisons with native red spruce indicate that while some improvement in late flushing may be possible, it is unlikely that late flushing dates comparable with the mean for native red spruce can be achieved for white spruce.
Anatomia foliar comparativa em espécies de guanxuma

O estudo da anatomia e morfologia das plantas pode ajudar a conhecer provaveis mecanismos que promovem maior capacidade competitiva pelos recursos naturais, principalmente agua, luz e nutrientes, alem da maior capacidade na retencao e/ou impedimento no processo de penetracao de produtos quimicos pelas folhas. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a anatomia foliar das especies Sida urens, Sida spinosa e Sida rhombifolia em diferentes etapas de desenvolvimento. Essas especies foram coletadas em tres estadios fenologicos, caracterizados como V1: formacao de ate 10 folhas completamente expandidas; V2: entre 11 folhas e antes do florescimento; e R: apos florescimento. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas, sendo uma relacionada as atividades de cortes anatomicos e a outra as impressoes paradermicas das folhas. A especie Sida spinosa apresentou maior densidade estomatica na fase R. As tres especies apresentaram menor densidade estomatica, maior densidade tricomatica e parede celular mais espessa no estadio V2. Conclui-se que as tres especies possuem maior conteudo de cera epicuticular na fase vegetativa, porem S. spinosa apresenta relativa diminuicao nessa caracteristica na fase reprodutiva.
Effect Of Supply Chain Risk Management On Organization Performance: A Case Study Of National Foods Manooabad Muridke District Sheikhupura

Purpose: Previously there are many studies that focused on risk management in general context and little attention was paid on how supply chain risks management effects an organization profit and performance. The main aim of our study to explore the effect of supply chain risk management on organization performance in national foods Manooabad Muridke district Sheikhupura. Methodology: This study conducted in National foods Manooabad Muridke. Data were collected by using questioner from the employees of National foods Manooabad Muridke. SPSS 22 (Statistical package for social sciences) was used to analyze the collected data. Main Findings: This study is an attempt to check the effects of supply chain risk management variables to the performance of the organization. Three main supply chain risk management variables were identified namely, supply chain risk identification, supply chain risk sources and supply chain risk mitigation. We find that risk register method is mainly used for the identification of risks in the supply chain at any level. The most important risks of our study that are supplier risks, environmental risks, political risks, markets risks, warehousing risks, and financial risks. In mitigation strategies that are good to mitigate the risk in supply chain risk avoidance measures, risk control measures and risk cooperation measures. Applications: We concluded that it is important for an organization to identify risks proactively as early as possible in the decision-making process. Different types of risks need to be identified in all process of supply chains. After all the identification of risks, the organization needs to be mitigated these risks by using different mitigate strategies plan. Originality: In the future, this study will be helpful for many organizations which deal with food items consumed by people. As in this study, we worked on supply chain risks and their management before many studies were conducted generally on risk management so this study especially focused on supply chain risks. There is a need to conduct more study in this regard in different industries so better information available to people to control risks in supply chain management.
Load‐lightening in cooperatively breeding birds and the cost of reproduction

Helpers at the nest of cooperatively breeding birds often ‘lighten-the-load’ of the breeders, by allowing them to decrease their effort. When the shape of the relationship between survival cost and provisioning effort is concave-up then a helper incurs only a small increment in mortality, for a given amount of help, but the breeder benefits from a larger fall in mortality. A convex-up relationship for pre-breeders may explain why some groups (such as larids) do not breed cooperatively. Load-lightening could provide significant extra gains to the helper's future indirect fitness by increasing the lifespan and life-time reproductive success of related breeders.
Effects of land-cover type and topography on soil organic carbon storage on Northern Loess Plateau, China

Abstract Changes in land cover from cropland to conservation can sequester carbon in soil. On the Loess Plateau of China, vast areas of sloping cropland were converted into forest and grassland to control soil erosion. The northern plateau is a topographically heterogeneous, semi-arid region. A good understanding of the change of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage on the plateau in the process of land-cover change is important for assessing environmental changes and planning future land cover. We selected four land-cover types (cropland, planted grassland, abandoned orchard, and secondary grassland), and two vegetation covers (Stipa bungeana and Caragana korshinskii) on shady and sunny slopes, to analyse the effects of land cover and slope aspect on SOC storage. Soil C in the top 100 cm was significantly (P<0.05) greater in artificial grassland (2.49 kg m−2) and secondary grassland (2.98 kg m−2) than in cropland (1.69 kg m−2). The SOC pool in the surface soil and throughout the 1-m profile followed the order secondary grassland>artificial grassland>abandoned orchards>cropland. Sequestration extended to deep soil (80–100 cm). Slope aspect affected SOC concentration: wind erosion of the shady slope marginally reduced surface SOC relative to the sunny slope. In deep soil, responses of SOC concentration to slope aspect differed between vegetation covers: under C. korshinskii, SOC concentration was significantly greater on the shady slope (P<0.05), but no difference was found under S. bungeana.
The Influence of Organic and Integrated Production on Nutritional, Sensory and Agricultural Aspects of Vegetable Raw Materials for Food Production

In a six-year crop rotation trial organically and integrated grown vegetables were produced according to current good agricultural practices, taking quality and quantity aspects into consideration. The raw materials assessed focussed on materials used for industrial food production. Nutritional, sensory and agricultural aspects were evaluated. Carrot, cabbage, onion, pea and potato are possible to grow organically for industrial purposes. Depending on crop, the yield was lower (65-90%) for organically grown compared to integrated grown. Cultivation of organic spinach and dill turned out to be difficult due to problems with weed and discoloration. The chemical analyses included pesticide residues, nitrate, glycoalkaloid, dry matter, vitamin C and 25 different minerals and trace elements. Overall, the organically grown crops had higher dry matter content than the integrated grown. However, when examining the data for the different crops contradictory results were noted. No significant differences due to growing system were noticed for vitamin C and the other nutrients except for 4 of the trace elements. The growing system did not influence the sensory properties.
Diets of sharks from estuaries and adjacent waters of the North-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

Sharks were collected over 2 years (six field trips) from the offshore prawn trawling grounds in Albatross Bay (7-45 m depth), from shallow (< 5 m) nearshore waters, and from the adjacent inshore waters of the Embley River estuary. Stomachs from 11 shark species were collected and analysed gravimetrically (% dry weight). Four species (Carcharhinus cautus, C. dussumieri, C. tilstoni and Rhizoprionodon acutus) were represented in all three regions. Seven general food categories (Mollusca, Penaeidae, Brachyura, Stomatopoda, Other Crustacea, Teleostei and Other) were used to describe their diets. Nearly all sharks were primarily piscivorous, and the teleost diet is discussed in detail. Hemigaleus microstoma was not piscivorous and cephalopods represented 94.7% of its diet. Teleostei constituted less than 70% of the diet for three other species: C. amblyrhynchos offshore (64.3% Teleostei, 18.6% Penaeidae, 11.6% Mollusca), C. dussumieri offshore (52.5% Teleostei, 21.8% Stomatopoda, 10.1% Penaeidae), and R. acutus nearshore (59.3% Teleostei, 17.6% Cephalopoda, 10.3% Brachyura). Offshore, there was a strong correlation between estimates of consumed prey biomass and of trawled prey biomass, suggesting that these sharks feed in a density-dependent manner.
Plant Pathogen Eradication During Composting: A Literature Review

The process of composting, when managed in such a way that adequate temperature conditions are achieved, can lead to significant reductions in the levels of many plant and human pathogens. When adequate pathogen reduction is achieved, it is possible to create a beneficial and safe product from waste materials that would otherwise be disposed of in a landfill or incinerator. Time and temperature conditions necessary for the eradication of various types of plant pathogens during composting were evaluated via a literature review. Varying time-temperature conditions have been suggested in the literature and by compost standards organizations in Europe to treat plant pathogens in compost. Literature data suggested conditions for the eradication of phytopathogens were compared with the time-temperatures specified by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for human pathogens. Most bacterial plant pathogens and nematodes, and many fungi and fungus-like organisms (including the Oomycetes and Plasmodiophoromycetes) are likely to be eradicated if compost operations adhere to the human pathogen time-temperature guidelines set out by the CCME and USEPA. Other fungi and fungus-like phytopathogens, and a number of viruses are more heat resistant. Results in the literature have been inconsistent for some hardier species, with some studies showing eradication during composting and others finding that these same species were still viable in finished products. In general, most researchers agree that commercial-scale composting, if monitored and controlled properly, will likely eliminate most phytopathogens, with the exception of a few hardy viruses and fungi/fungus-like organisms such as tobacco mosaic virus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Plasmodiophora brassicae. The higher temperatures and longer exposure times suggested in European guidelines and standards are likely to be effective against a broader range of phytopathogens than the CCME and USEPA requirements. Phytopathogen inactivation in composting trials at different experimental scales was considered. Bench-scale time-temperature studies using pathogen suspensions or cultures on media often did not reliably predict what would happen in full-scale composting systems. If particular pathogens are of concern in a region, either pilot or full-scale studies should be done to evaluate their fate within the composting process used locally, or a more consistently predictive bench scale procedure should be developed.
The Effect of Straw Mulch on Simulated Simazine Leaching and Runoff

Abstract In the Midwestern United States, winter hilling, consisting of two tillage activities per year, is required in vinifera-grape vineyards for winter protection. However, this practice often leads to severe soil erosion and pesticide offsite movement. The effectiveness of wheat straw mulch as a replacement for soil mounding was investigated as a way of providing winter protection and to mitigate pesticide leaching and runoff. A laboratory experiment was conducted where simazine was applied to wheat straw or bare soil and then followed by simulated rainfalls. When compared with bare soil, straw reduced simazine leaching and runoff by 40 and 68%, respectively. Adsorption or interception, or both, of simazine by straw were responsible for this effect. Additionally, straw reduced soil erosion by 95% and would largely reduce simazine runoff associated with sediment displacement. The first simulated rainfall contributed 70 and 34% of total simazine runoff from bare soil and straw, respectively. In conclusion, mulching with straw during winter months to provide winter protection could be an effective practice for controlling simazine offsite movement and soil erosion in vinifera vineyards. Nomenclature: Simazine; grape, Vitis vinifera L. ; wheat, Triticum spp.
First Lagrangian ROMS–IBM simulations indicate large losses of chokka squid Loligo reynaudii paralarvae from South Africa's Agulhas Bank

Present knowledge of ocean currents based on in situ observation and models suggests that passive biological material such as eggs and larvae can be advected offshore away from the Agulhas Bank, South Africa, and hence removed from the ecosystem on which their survival and recruitment depends. Such losses have been cited as the root cause of the sudden drop in annual squid catches experienced in 2001. In this study, a Lagrangian IBM (individual-based model) coupled to a ROMS (regional ocean model system) model was used to investigate this hypothesis. Three simulations were performed for 12 model months using neutrally buoyant particles released from the seabed (120 m) every second day on the mid-shelf of the eastern, central and western regions of the Agulhas Bank. Boundary effects and resolution precluded the release of virtual particles on the inshore spawning grounds. Particles were given lifespans of 40 days. Results demonstrated large particle losses from the eastern Agulhas Bank (76%) and the western Agulhas Bank (64%). In contrast, few particles were lost from the central Agulhas Bank (2%), making this, in terms of the model, the most suitable place on the Agulhas Bank for spawning. Visualisation of the ROMS outputs revealed that leakage on the eastern Agulhas Bank was caused by a cyclonic eddy resident in the Agulhas Bight. Similarly, leakage from the western Agulhas Bank was caused by deep-water cyclonic eddies in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
Effects of Soybean Oligosaccharides on Human Faecal Flora

A purified stachyose and raffinose fraction of soybean oligosaccharides was fermented in vitro by Bifidobacterium spp. , although not B. bifidum, and fermented to a limited degree by Lactobacillus salivarius , Mitsuokella multiacida and the Bacteroides fragilis group, but was not fermented by other bacteria. Six healthy adult males (28 - 48 yr of age) ingested 10 g of soybean oligosaccharides extract (SOE; 23 per cent stachyose and 7 per cent raffinose) daily independently or in combination with 6 x 10 9 colony forming units (c.f.u.) of B. longum 105 for 3 wk. During ingestion of SOE, the number of bifidobacteria increased significantly. Keywords: Soybean oligosaccharides; Stachyose; Raffinose; Faecal microflora; Bifidobacteria.
IDDF2019-ABS-0148 Focal liver lesion classification using a convolutional neural network based transfer-learning algorithm on tri-phase images of contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Background To investigate the potential of a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model for focal liver lesion (FLL) differentiation using tri-phase images of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and transfer-learning algorithm. And to preliminarily explore the integration of radiologist experience and artificial intelligence in medical imaging. Methods CEUS images of 527 patients over three phases (un-enhanced, early arterial and late portal phases) were manually pre-processed into square frames. Supervised CNN was designed as the 152-layer ResNet trained on each phase frames separately and assembled by SVM algorithm. The model was trained on 55350 augmented frames and tested on 474 un-augmented frames. The performance was evaluated on stability and efficiency, and compared with radiologist diagnoses which were based on pre-processed frames first and then on videos with full access to patients‘ clinical information. Integration of CNN and radiologist experience was performed through assemble of the CNN outputs and radiologist diagnoses by SVM algorithm. Results The CNN model was stable among radiologists (ACC: 0.85–0.88; SEN: 0.89–0.94; SPE: 0.67–0.70). While radiologist diagnosed basing on frames varied significantly (ACC: 0.65–0.82; SEN: 0.62–0.90; SPE: 0.55–0.82) and no rules could be found between the variation and radiologists’ experience. However, for diagnoses based on videos, the trend could be found that SPE increased with a higher radiologist’s experience (0.61 vs. 0.91, P<0.01). For diagnostic efficiency, the frames based CNN model and videos based diagnoses were similar for the less-experienced radiologist. While for the experienced radiologist, the CNN model had a significantly lower SPE (0.70 vs. 0.91, P<0.01) (figure 1A). Integration of the CNN and radiologist’s experience achieved good stability. Performance was an improvement for the less-experienced radiologist (SPE: 0.76 vs. 0.61, P<0.01) but a setback for the experienced radiologist (SPE: 0.79 vs. 0.91, P<0.01) (figure 1B). Abstract IDDF2019-ABS-0148 Figure 1 A) CNN model test results Conclusions The CNN model showed good stability that overcame the operator-dependent disadvantage of CEUS. The integrated model of the CNN and radiologist’s experience could significantly improve the performance of less-experienced radiologists, but not for the experienced radiologists.
Performance of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fry maintained on mixed feeding schedules of differing protein content

Oreochromis niloticus (L.) young of two size groups, 170-213 mg (±7) and 1-017-1-072 g (±0-04), were reared under seven different dietary schedules for 70 days. The two control diets had 18% and 30% protein content; the other five schedules were randomly determined, where the feeding of the low-protein diet alternated with the high-protein diet, for differing periods. On the basis of the observed rate of growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and percentage protein retained in both size groups of young O. nitoticus, those reared on a dietary schedule of 2A/3B performed best followed by those reared on schedule 1A/3B; where the numerical value refers to the number of days a particular diet was offered continuously. The feed cost-saving factor, by adopting alternate feeding schedules as compared to presenting a high-protein diet continuously, is shown to be significant.
The Re-establishment of Meromixis in Hemlock Lake, Michigan, After Artificial Destratification

The limnological characteristics of meromictic Hemlock Lake, Michigan, are outlined. The changes brought about by artificial destratification, and those accompanying re-establishment of meromixis, are then described. A mechanism for the return of meromixis is suggested, and its events compared with an analogous case in a Tasmanian reservoir.
LASTING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

Certain specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice bred and maintained under semiprotected conditions have an intestinal flora which is qualitatively simpler (although not quantitatively smaller) than that of mice of the same genetic stock produced under ordinary conditions. They are also heavier at weaning time, grow at a faster rate, and reach a greater adult weight than ordinary mice. When SPF mice are contaminated per os shortly after birth with certain bacterial cultures isolated from the intestinal contents of adult ordinary mice, these bacteria multiply extensively throughout the gastrointestinal tract and persist at extremely high levels until weaning time. Such bacterial infections do not affect significantly either weaning weight, growth rate, or maximum adult weight. In contrast, weight depression could be consistently brought about by contaminating newborn SPF mice per os with bacteria-free filtrates of homogenates of intestines from ordinary mice. The weight-depressing agent passed through Millipore discs of 0.45 and 0.22 µ porosity, but was held back at 0.10 µ porosity. The depression of weight caused by either intestine homogenate or filtrates thereof could be detected within a few days after contamination (of 2 day old mice) and persisted throughout the adult life of the contaminated animals. When intestine homogenate of the SPF mice used in this study were introduced per os into newborn SPF mice, they did not affect their growth rate or adult weight. On several occasions, but not consistently, bacteria-free filtrates capable of depressing the weight curve of SPF mice produced alterations in the appearance of tissue cultures of BHK-21 and mouse embryo cells. When tissue cultures so infected were introduced into newborn SPF mice, the weight of these animals was depressed early and lastingly. An agent exhibiting weight-depressing activity has been transferred from mouse to mouse over many passages by contaminating newborn SPF animals per os. Weight depression was achieved with extremely small doses of material (10–5 ml of intestine homogenate of 10–4 of mouse embryo culture). Under these conditions, none of the animals showed obvious signs of disease except reduced weight. Only very young SPF mice (preferably less than 3 days old) proved susceptible to the weight-depressing effect of the filtrates of intestine homogenates or of infected tissue cultures prepared therefrom. After oral contamination, it took approximately 1 wk before the intestinal homogenate obtained from contaminated animals exhibited a high level of weight-depressing activity. The growth-depressing effect could be transmitted from one generation to the next by mating SPF mice that had been contaminated shortly after birth and that were consequently smaller than control SPF animals.
Flow Cytometric Determination of Genome Size in the Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae sensu stricto and Sciadopityaceae

The genome sizes of 13 species of Taxodiaceae, 19 species of Cupressaceae s.s. and Sciadopitys verticillata were determined by flow cytometry of isolated nuclei stained with propidium iodide, using Hordeum vulgare nuclei as an internal standard. In Taxodiaceae, the genomes of Cunninghamia lanceolata (28.34 pg/2C) and Taiwania species (25.78, 26.80 pg/2C) were larger than those of other genera/species, which ranged from 19.85 to 22.87 pg/2C. In Cupressaceae s.s. ,