Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Model of the Production of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions in the Tokay Gecko

The role of the ear is to detect sound. Many ears, however, can also generate sounds and transmit them into the environment. These sounds, known as spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, are the most striking proof of the existence of an active process within the ear. This active process originates in hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear; by augmenting the energy contained in sound, it improves both the sensitivity and the frequency selectivity of hearing. Under certain conditions, the active process generates spontaneous oscillations, which then produce spontaneous emissions. Little is known about the process by which the spontaneous oscillations of a collection of hair cells within the ear are transformed into a particular sound that can be measured externally. Here, we suggest that interactions between tonotopically arranged hair cells play a critical role in the formation of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. We have created a model based on the basilar papilla of the tokay gecko, a species notable both for the unusual anatomy of its inner ear and for the prominence of its spontaneous emissions. In this model, the papilla is represented by a tonotopic array of nonlinear van der Pol oscillators, with connections along the array mediated by either viscous or elastic elements. We find that a model incorporating elastic interactions, but not one incorporating viscous interactions, reproduces the appearance of spontaneous emissions. The model also suggests a prominent role for disorder along the length of the papilla. Finally, the model explains what may be the most distinctive feature of spontaneous emissions: the repulsion of spectral peaks within the emission by pure-tone external stimuli. To test our model, we also recorded spontaneous otoacoustic emissions from the tokay gecko. Previous recordings of emissions have primarily focused on the behavior of single peaks within the emission spectrum. We chose instead to focus on the relationships between multiple emission peaks. Upon applying single-frequency tones at a range of amplitudes and frequencies into the ears of geckos we have observed novel behaviors previously predicted by our model. We conclude that interactions along the basilar papilla, mediated by elastic elements, play an important role in the formation of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions.
On the quantification of GR effects in muon g-2 experiments

Recently, Morishima, Futamase and Shimizu published a series of manuscripts, putting forward arguments, based on a post-Newtonian approximative calculation, that there can be a sizable general relativistic (GR) correction in the experimental determination of the muon magnetic moment, i.e., in muon g-2 experiments. In response, other authors argued that the effect must be much smaller than claimed. Further authors argued that the effect exactly cancels. Also the known formulae for de Sitter and Lense-Thirring effect do not apply due to the non-geodesic motion. All this indicates that it is difficult to estimate from first principles the influence of GR corrections in the problem of spin propagation. Therefore, in this paper we present a full general relativistic calculation in order to quantify this effect. The used methodology is the purely differential geometrical tool of Fermi-Walker transport over a Schwarzschild background. This is compared to the Minkowski limit in order to quantify the GR corrections. The correction turns out to be of first order in terms of the Schwarzschild radius over Earth radius, and is suppressed by the squared ratio of the storage ring radius to the Earth radius, for ultrarelativistic particles. The calculated effect can be basically attributed to the contribution of GR to the Thomas precession, which appears since the muons are forced to move on a non-geodesic trajectory. Our calculation, however, does not include the Larmor precession, which is present in the real experiment, only the Thomas precession of the gyroscopic motion which is of purely kinematic origin. This estimation yields a negligible relative systematic error, as a preliminary result.
Abrupt Change in Sahara Precipitation and the Associated Circulation Patterns

This study investigates the changes in inter-annual summer precipitation and the relationship with the atmospheric general circulation in the Sahara Desert occurred in the last 40 years (1971-2010). The results show that the summer precipitation undergone in drought recovery with a strong abrupt change at the end of 20th century. This change in Sahara precipitation is subsequently accompanied with the changes in the atmospheric circulation. The Sahara drought recovery is associated with a significant warming in the tropical and extratropical sea surface temperature, which led to the increase in moisture budget of the tropical African monsoon. The remarkable features such as the strengthening in Arctic high and mid-latitude upper level westerly wind, weakening in subpolar low and upper tropospheric zonal wind over North Africa have shown a distinct relationship with the Sahara precipitation changes.
Semiclassical approximation for strong-laser-field processes

The exact time-evolution operator of an atom in the presence of a strong laser field is expressed using the phase-space path integral. Presenting this result in the form of a perturbative expansion in the effective interaction of the electron with the rest of the atom enables straightforward derivation of the well-known strong-field approximation and its higher-order corrections. Alternatively, one can use this exact result to obtain a semiclassical approximation by expansion in powers of small fluctuations around the classical trajectories. We present a derivation of such a semiclassical approximation. The obtained result for the momentum-space matrix element of the total time-evolution operator can be useful for studying various processes in strong-field physics. Using the example of above-threshold ionization, it is shown how this approximation can be applied to laser-induced processes. More attention is devoted to the laser-assisted scattering. Using the example of few-cycle laser-pulse-assisted electron-atom potential scattering, we show similarities and differences between the semiclassical and the strong-field approximations. For low energies, the semiclassical scattering cross section is modified and there are trajectories along which the electron is temporarily captured by the atomic potential. Applying stationary-phase method to the integral over the scattering time, we clearly identified relevant semiclassical electron trajectories.
Impact of silicon wafer thickness on photovoltaic performance of crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

The impact of Si wafer thickness on the photovoltaic performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon (a-Si:H/c-Si) heterojunction solar cells was examined from the optical and electrical points of view. Optical characterization of c-Si wafers of various thicknesses showed that a realistic light-trapping scheme, i.e., pyramidally textured Si wafers with a dielectric antireflection coating and a back reflector, realizes an efficient quasi-Lambertian light absorption enhancement, even for very thin wafers. This indicates that high photocurrent densities are achievable by using the realistic light-trapping scheme, assuming that the parasitic absorption loss is minimized. The potentials of open-circuit voltage (VOC) and the fill factor (FF) of thin c-Si cells were investigated using thin c-Si wafers passivated with intrinsic/doped amorphous silicon film stacks. It was experimentally confirmed that the implied VOC increases steadily with decreasing wafer thickness down to 30 µm, while the implied FF weakly depends on the thickness. As a result of the trade-off between light absorption and implied VOC, a high implied efficiency is expected for a wide range of wafer thicknesses. The VOC increase by thinning the wafer was also experimentally confirmed in an a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction cell with a thickness below 60 µm, resulting in a conversion efficiency of 21.0%.
SOME PROBLEMS IN INTERVAL ESTIMATION

THE object of this paper is to propose for discussion the following topic: b1, b2, . are unbiased estimates of P1, ,2, . , distributed normally with variances and covariances jointly estimated, with f degrees of freedom and independently of bl, b2, . , as vll, v12, V22, . , and the functions F,(cc) do not involve the parameters P3, What can we say about the roots of the equation in F(r, M) = rlFl (a) + P2 F2 (a) + . = 0? Numerical examples are discussed in detail to illustrate the problems of determining the fiducial distributions of (i) the root of a simple equation (i.e., a ratio), (ii) the roots of a quadratic equation with variable coefficients. The solutions proposed are based on a consideration of the region of the (aC, t2) plane lying above the curve
Nematic Fluctuations, Fermiology and the Pairing Potential in Iron-Based Superconductors

The thesis comprises a systematic study on the doping, temperature and momentum dependent electron dynamics in iron-based superconductors using inelastic light scattering. The observation of Bardasis-Schrieffer modes in the excitation spectrum of superconducting Ba(0.6)K(0.4)Fe2As2 is reported and the energy and symmetry dependence of the modes are analyzed. The analysis yields the identification of a strong subdominant component of the interaction potential V(k,k'). Strong nematic fluctuations are investigated in Ba[Fe(1-x)Co(x)]2As2. The nature of the fluctuations and the origin of nematicity in Ba[Fe(1-x)Co(x)]2As2 are identified.
Metabolic Response in Microvascular Flaps during Partial Pedicle Obstruction and Hypovolemic Shock

To investigate tissue metabolism during suboptimal blood perfusion, we used in situ microdialysis in an experimental model of myocutaneous ﬂaps. We assessed concentrations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate in ﬂaps subjected to partial pedicle obstruction and to hemorrhagic shock. When the arterial ﬂow was restricted, the glucose concentration decreased in the ﬂap muscle, and the lactate concentration increased in all ﬂap components. The restriction of venous outﬂow resulted in lactate overproduction and a decrease of glucose in skin and muscle. The lactate-to-pyruvate ratio remained normal during arterial obstruction but increased during venous obstruction. During hypovolemic shock, the lactate production increased and the glucose concentration decreased or remained normal. The metabolic changes occurring during partial pedicle obstruction and hypovolemic shock are moderate and different from those seen in total pedicle obstruction. Microdialysis is a feasible method for assessing local tissue metabolism and can be used to monitor ﬂap ischemia.
The Static Profile for a Floating Particle

The equilibrium profile of a single floating particle is numerically investigated using transformed equations depending on the inclination angle of the deformed surface, which is governed by the Young–Laplace equation. The relationship between the depth far from the flat interface and the filling angle is derived from the force balance acting upon the particle. The Chebyshev nodes are employed as a discretization for the inclination angle and yield satisfactory results for computation. The computational results show that this is an efficient way to analyze the deformed surface around floating particles with an infinity boundary condition. The static profile of the free surface around the spherical particle is largely dependent on the density ratio and the contact angle.
Recurrence of Lethal Qsteogenesis Imperfecta Due to Parental Mosaicism for a Mutation

Matthew J. Edwards, Richard J. Wenstrup, Peter H. Byers, and Daniel H. Cohn' Ahmnson Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediarric Research Center, Medical Genetics-Birth Defects Center, SSB-3, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeks, California 90048 (M.J. E., D. H. C.); Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeks, California (D. H. C. ) ; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Duke University M&d Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 (R.J. W.); and Departments of Pathology and Medicine and Center for Inhen'ted Disease, University of Washington, Seattk, Washington 98 J 95 (P. H. B.)
DifferentialAlterations in 5a -ReductaseType1 andType 2 LevelsDuringDevelopment

Lynn N. Thomas,* C.B. Lazier, R. Gupta, R.W. Norman, D.A. Troyer, S.P. O’Brien, and R.S. Rittmaster Departmentof BiochemistryandMolecular Biology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada Departmentof Pathology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada DepartmentofUrology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada Departmentof Pathology,Universityof TexasHealth ScienceCenter, San Antonio,Texas TranscriptomeAnalysis,GlaxoSmithKline,Collegeville, Pennsylvania Departmentof PhysiologyandBiophysics,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada ResearchandDevelopment,GlaxoSmithKline,ResearchTriangle Park,NorthCarolina
A time dependent slip flow of a couple stress fluid between two parallel plates through state space

ABSTRACT In this work, the time dependent flow of an incompressible couple stress fluid passing two infinite parallel plates is investigated. The fluid motion is generated by applying a constant pressure gradient together with a sudden motion of one of the two plates. The linear slip velocity and the vanishing couple stresses on the boundary are applied on both plates. A generalized solution is obtained analytically by utilizing the integral Laplace transform together with the state space technique in the Laplace domain. The inversion of Laplace transform is obtained numerically by using a standard numerical method adopted by Honig and Hirdes. The effects of couple stress viscosity coefficient and slip parameters on both plates are studied numerically. The results show that the increase in the couple stress and slip coefficients results in a decrease in the fluid velocity in the case of stationary plates. However the velocity of the fluid is amplified by the increase of these parameters when the upper plate is set in motion.
Cooperative Periodic Coverage With Collision Avoidance

In this paper, we propose a periodic solution to the problem of persistently covering a finite set of interest points with a group of autonomous mobile agents. These agents visit periodically the points and spend some time carrying out the coverage task, which we call coverage time. Since this periodic persistent coverage problem is NP-hard, we split it into three subproblems to counteract its complexity. In the first place, we plan individual closed paths for the agents to cover all the points. Second, we formulate a quadratically constrained linear program to find the optimal coverage times and actions that satisfy the coverage objective. Finally, we join together the individual plans of the agents in a periodic team plan by obtaining a schedule that guarantees collision avoidance. To this end, we solve a mixed-integer linear program that minimizes the time in which two or more agents move at the same time. Eventually, we apply the proposed solution to an induction hob with mobile inductors for a domestic heating application and show its performance with experiments on a real prototype.
Physical Properties of the Asteroid Belts from Brightness-limited Surveys

We introduce a general debiasing Bayesian formalism to brightness-limited surveys of solar system objects that constrains the statistical distribution of a population’s physical characteristics such as size, albedo, heliocentric distance, or others to account for the survey detections and measured properties such as brightness. We reanalyze the Dark Energy Camera search for main-belt asteroids of Peña et al. and fit a smooth double power-law size to its size distribution. Using only detections with reliable distances and accurate orbital information, we find no evidence for a significant difference in size distribution between the inner, middle, and outer belts for objects between 0.1 and 1 km in diameter, with q 2 = 2.27 ± 0.05 a good fit for the small-end slope. We show that the intrinsic number density of objects is consistent between these populations and is compatible with observational biases. As spectral classes are distributed unevenly throughout the main belt, these results support the ongoing collisional reprocessing of the asteroid belt for objects smaller than 5 km.
THE EFFECTS OF SQUARE DANCING ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND BONE TURNOVER MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS

Objective: To study the effects of square dance on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods: Fifty postmenopausal women (aging 45–60) with osteoporosis were randomly assigned to a research group and a control group. The patients in the research group received 600[Formula: see text]mg of calcium combined with square dance (5 times a week, 30 to 60 minutes each time) for 6 months while those in the control group only received 600[Formula: see text]mg of calcium. BMD, changes in bone turnover markers and bone pain were assessed before and after the treatment. Results: (1) After the 6-month treatment, BMD of L[Formula: see text] and the femoral neck significantly increased in the research group ([Formula: see text]). No significant change was observed in BMD of the Ward’s region. BMD in the control group did not change significantly ([Formula: see text]). (2) No significant difference was found in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase between the two groups both before and after the treatment ([Formula: see text]). Serum levels of P1NP had a significant increase, while [Formula: see text]-CTX’s level did not change significantly. (3) The bone pain in both groups has been effectively relieved. The pain in the research group was relieved significantly compared to the control group. Conclusions: By improving the BMD and relieving the pain, square dancing can exert positive effects on women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Square dancing may become a feasible strategy for osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
Low [Ca2'],, and High Pressure Interactions at Crustacean Excitatory Synapses

The cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of high pressure, GABAergic presynaptic inhibition, and low [Ca2+Io on glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission were studied in the opener muscle of the lobster walking leg. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded with or without prior stimulation of the inhibitor using a loose macropatch clamp technique at atmospheric pressure and at 6.9 MPA helium pressure. High pressure reduced the mean EPSC amplitude and variance, decreased the quantal content (m), but did not affect the quantum current (9). Pressure shifted the median of the amplitude histogram to the left by 1-2 q. Under normal pressure conditions, presynaptic inhibition and low [Ca2+lo induced similar effects. However, quantal analysis using a binomial frequency distribution model revealed that high pressure and low [Ca2+ lo diminished n (available active zones) and slightly increased p (probability of release), but presynaptic inhibition reduced p and slightly increased n. At high pressure, presynaptic inhibition was reduced, a t which time the major contributor to the inhibitory process appeared to be reduction in n and not p. The similarity of the alterations in quantal parameters of release at high pressure, low [Ca2+],, and in some conditions of presynaptic inhibition is consistent with the hypothesis that pressure reduces Ca2+ inflow into the presynaptic nerve terminals to affect the Ca2+-dependent quantal release parameters n and p. o 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Solutions of local fractional sine-Gordon equations

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study sine-Gordon equation in order to obtain exact solitary wave solutions in the domain of fractional calculus. By using the definition of conformable fractional derivative, we obtain analytical solutions of time, space and time-space fractional sine-Gordon equations. We analyze graphically the effect of fractional order on evolution of the kink and antikink type solitons.
Super-Nernstian pH sensors based on WO3 nanosheets

The effects of the surface morphology of hydrothermally grown WO3 nanosheets (NSs) and sputtering WO3 film on the performance of pH sensing electrodes are presented and compared in the pH range of 2–12. Using a separated electrode of an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) configuration, the WO3 nanosheet (NS) pH sensor shows a sensitivity of 63.37 mV/pH, a good linearity of 0.9973, a low voltage hysteresis of 4.79 mV, and a low drift rate of 3.18 mV/h. In contrast, the film-type one shows a typical sensitivity of only 50.08 mV/pH and a linearity of 0.9932. The super-Nernstian response could be attributed to the significant increase in the number of surface ion adsorption sites of the NS structure and the occurrence of local electric field enhancement over the sharp edges and corners of WO3 NSs.
Boussinesq equations for flows over steep slopes and structures

ABSTRACT A finite-slope Boussinesq equation is developed to model curved transcritical flow over spillways and broad-crested weirs, even with large slopes. At a number of computational points, finite difference approximations for all derivatives in the differential equation are used to give a system of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be solved by standard optimization methods. A number of laboratory experiments were performed with different transcritical flow problems including changes in channel gradients and a trapezoidal weir. The equation and the numerical model were tested using results from those experiments and from those for a steep and sharply-curved weir structure, with good results. They can be used as a computational flume to determine the head-discharge characteristics of proposed structures. A novel feature of the equation and numerical method is that higher derivatives of the bed topography are best ignored, apparently mimicking the effects of flow separation in smoothing it.
Object-based classification of QuickBird image and low point density LIDAR for tropical trees and shrubs mapping

Abstract This paper assessed the performance of object-based supervised support vector machine (SVM) and rule-based techniques in classifying tropical vegetated floodplain using 0.6m QuickBird image and LIDAR dataset of 1.4 points per square meter (PPSM). This is particularly significant in hydraulic modelling in which vegetation roughness is a big uncertainty and largely relies on land cover classification. The supervised classification resulted in 79.40% overall accuracy whilst the results improved by 8% with rule-based classification. 40 sample plots of trees and shrubs were measured to be compared to obtain the best classification results. The results showed a linear relationship between tree diameters and NDVI with a high Pearson correlation of 0.76 and coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.58. The canopy areas of shrubs were found to be representative spatially with an even higher Pearson correlation of 0.98 and r2 of 0.95. The study concluded that the fusion of QuickBird image and low point density LIDAR in rule-based classification together with field data were useful in quantifying tropical trees and shrubs.