Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants.

BACKGROUND To compare the effects of volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) with pressure-limited ventilation (PLV) in preterm infants. METHODS A total of 100 preterm infants who required mechanical ventilation during the two study periods were investigated. PLV was used for 50 preterm infants during period 1 and VTV was used for 50 preterm infants during period 2. Clinical outcomes, including mortality rate, duration of mechanical ventilation, air leak syndrome, hypocarbia, hypercarbia, hypoxemia, combined outcome of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were evaluated. RESULTS There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the duration of mechanical ventilation, air leak syndrome, hypocarbia, hypoxemia or BPD between the two study groups. The mortality rate, hypercarbia and combined outcome of death or BPD were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the VTV group compared with the PLV group. CONCLUSION Preterm infants using VTV had a lower mortality rate, less hypercarbia and a significant decrease in the combined outcome of death or BPD.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Rate dependence of AE activity during frictional sliding

A velocity‐step test was performed to examine effects of the macroscopic sliding‐rate on AE activity during steady‐state frictional sliding on a pre‐cut fault in a granite sample. Both the amplitude‐frequency relation and the number of AE events per unit displacement changed in response to a change in the macroscopic sliding‐rate. Both the AE activity and its rate‐dependence evolved with sliding. The rate dependence of cumulative seismic energy calculated from the AE activity shows a positive correlation to that of friction coefficient, suggesting that the rate dependence of seismic energy is one of the origins of rate‐dependent friction, because the seismic energy is a part of frictional energy‐loss. Further, the rate dependence of seismic energy is much larger than that of friction, meaning that a ratio of seismic energy to frictional energy‐loss depends on the macroscopic sliding rate.
Efectos del ataque de fitófagos perforadores en el fruto de la encina (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.)

SORIA, F. J.; E. CANO Y M. E. OCETE, 1996. Efectos del ataque de fitofagos perforadores en el fruto de la encina (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.). Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 22 (2): 427-
Necessary optimality conditions for local minimizers of stochastic optimal control problems with state constraints

The main purpose of this work is to establish some first and second order necessary optimality conditions for local minimizers of stochastic optimal control problems with state constraints. The control may affect both the drift and the diffusion terms of the systems and the control regions are allowed to be nonconvex. A stochastic inward pointing condition is proposed to ensure the normality of the corresponding necessary conditions.
Short communication: studying the impact of farm mechanization on wheat production in Punjab-Pakistan.

Contribution of mechanical inputs in farming is considered in terms of farm mechanization. Farm mechanization has helped in increasing the cultivated area and yield of major crops like wheat, rice and maize to 0.4%, 10.4% and 27.3%, respectively, by bringing barren land under cultivation. To study the present status of farm mechanization in all the districts of Punjab using GIS, data of farm machines, sowing area and wheat crop production was collected from Census Organizations for 1994-95 to 2004-05. Graduated color maps and multivariate maps were used to analyze the spatial variation in farm mechanization in thirty four districts of Punjab upto year 2004. To analyze the combined effect of most common farm machines (tractors, disc plows, cultivators, tubewells and threshers) on cultivated area of wheat and its production, multivariate maps help by considering the sum attribute of these farm machines. According to maps generated; Central, Southern and Eastern Punjab have greater area under cultivation as compared to Northern Punjab except Attock and Mianwali and there is a great need of recommended farm machines which may help to increase the wheat production for the same area under cultivation.
Evaluation of lambs subjected to a targeted selective treatment anthelmintic regime

Targeted selective anthelmintic treatments (TSTs) can identify individuals less reliant on anthelmintic, information from which could be utilised to select lambs based on anthelmintic requirement. However, it is important to first determine if selection based on anthelmintic requirement compromises genetic potential for productive traits. Sheep Improvement Limited (SIL) estimated breeding values (eBVs) for production traits and associated indexes for 214 female lambs and 158 male Coopworth lambs were compared with their requirement for anthelmintic following exposure to a liveweight gain-based TST regime. Mean liveweight gain for both sexes was reduced with increasing anthelmintic requirement (P <0.001). Favourable increases in eBVs with decreasing anthelmintic requirement were observed for fecundity in both sexes (P = 0.003) and for survival in females only (P = 0.03). No effect was observed for eBVs for maternal survival, weaning weight, maternal weaning weight, live weight at eight months of age, and live weight and fleece weight at 12-months of age (P >0.05 for all). Dual purpose index values for resilience increased with decreasing anthelmintic requirement (P <0.001) while meat yield index and overall productivity were not affected (P >0.05 for both). It is concluded that selection of lambs for low anthelmintic requirement can be made with no apparent compromise in the genetic potential for production traits.
Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania

With increasing demands on the water of the Pangani River Basin, coupled with a decreasing catchment runoff due to climate change, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, and leading to conflicts among users. The objectives of the study described here were to provide first-cut estimates of the value of water in different uses, as well as to review various issues and economic tools pertaining to water resource allocation and financing mechanisms for Integrated River Basin Management. The application of economic tools to water resource management issues in the Pangani River Basin is considered to be an important step towards resolving water user conflicts and improving water allocation and management processes.
Corporate Financial Strategy

Setting the context What does the share price tell us? Linking corporate and financial strategies Corporate governance and perceived risk Making the case Financial strategy and the corporate lifecycle-Start up businesses and venture capital rowth companies: marketing focused Mature companies-to divi or not? Declining businesses-a case for euthanasia? Financial instruments: the building blocks Types of financial instrument Dividends and buybacks Transactions and operating issues-Floating a company Acquisitions mergers and selling a business Restructuring a company Management buyouts and other leveraged transactions Strategic working capital management Executive compensation International corporate finance Appendices-Review of theories of finance Valuing options and convertibles Glossary Discount and option tables.
A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels

The development of a mathematical model for predicting rate of fire spread and intensity applicable to a wide range of wildland fuels is presented from the conceptual stage through evaluation and demonstration of results to hypothetical fuel models. The model was developed for and is now being used as a basis for appraising fire spread and intensity in the National FireDanger Rating System. The initial work was done using fuel arrays composed of uniform size particles. Three fuel sizes were tested over a wide range of bulk densities. These were 0.026-inch-square cut excelsior, 114-inch sticks, and 112-inch sticks. The problem of mixed fuel sizes was then resolved by weighting the various particle sizes that compose actual fuel arrays by either surface area or loading, depending upon the feature of the fire being predicted. The model is complete in the sense that no prior knowledge of a fuel's burning characteristics is required. All that is necessary are inputs describing the physical and chemical makeup of the fuel and the environmental conditions in which it is expected to burn. Inputs include fuel loading, fuel depth, fuel particle surface-area-to-volume ratio, fuel particle heat content, fuel particle moisture and mineral content, and the moisture content at which extinction can be expected. Environmental inputs are mean wind velocity and slope of terrain. For heterogeneous mixtures, the fuel properties are entered for each particle size. The model as originally conceived was for dead fuels in a uniform stratum contiguous to the ground, such as litter or grass. I t has been found to be useful, however, for fuels ranging from pine needle litter to heavy logging slash and for California brush fields. The concept of fuel models is introduced, wherein parameters of wildland fuels necessary for inputs to the model are categbrized and tabulated. These are then used to predict fire spread and intensity; this eliminates the necessity for repeatedly measuring such parameters. The conceptual approach recognizes that fuels have inherent characteristics that are repeatable.
Environmental governance and the emergence of forest-based social movements.

This occasional paper is based on the results of a three-year project examining the emergence of forest-based grassroots movements in Latin America. Funded by the Ford Foundation, the Support to Grassroots Community Forestry Organizations in Central America and Brazil Project sought to understand how grassroots groups develop and influence conservation and development. The project focused on four noteworthy cases in Central America and Brazil, each representing ‘successful' broad-based collective action to defend local control and use of forest lands. Cases included the Association of Forest Communities of the Peten in Guatemala, the Siuna Farmerto-Farmer exchange programme in Nicaragua, the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, and the Brazilian rubber tapper movement in Acre. Although the context and outcomes varied, in these cases grassroots collective action to defend local livelihoods emerged when initially weak government institutions attempted to counteract chaotic frontier conditions through the imposition of conservation and development initiatives, provoking local resistance. A combination of indigenous capacity for collective organization and significant external assistance helped produce grassroots forest movements capable of becoming proactive partners in the management and defence of protected areas. These groups still confront external incursions into their hard-won resources rights and strive to respond to changing membership needs. The cases suggest that local communities can become effective forest stewards when acquired rights are duly recognized, avenues exist for meaningful participation, costs and benefits are distributed fairly, and appropriate external support is provided.
GPS CONSTRAINTS ON GARLOCK AND EASTERN CALIFORNIA SHEAR ZONE FAULT SLIP RATES

Previous geodetic studies of the Garlock fault of Southern California have found left lateral slip rates that are below geologic rate estimates. Our study develops a model for crustal deformation based on Quaternary faults of the southwest United States, and Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities. We used velocity estimates from the SCEC Crustal Motion Map, v. 3, the PBO, PBO NUCLEUS, SCIGN, and BARGEN continuous GPS networks to constrain this model. Using a simplified crustal deformation model we estimate relative block motions to match observational crustal velocities. The blocks are assumed to be elastic, deforming along their edges to simulate interseismic strain accumulation on active faults. The eastern Californian shear zone was divided into 8 blocks separated by 22 fault segments. Dividing the Garlock fault into five segments allowed for variation in slip rate along the fault system. We tested several model scenarios, under different assumptions about block rotation. For our preferred model, we estimate rates of 2.96 ± 0.15, 2.81 ± 0.15, 3.04 ± 0.16, and 2.79 ± 0.15 mm/yr of left lateral slip starting along the western Garlock and moving east. On the east most segment, we found a rate of 0.82 ± 0.09 mm/yr, right lateral. Slip rates are fairly consistent to the west with a large drop in amplitude along the east most segment of the Garlock fault. Despite the consistency of the western segments, these rates are significantly lower than geologic rates of 7 ± 2.5 mm/yr. The discrepancy of rates along with the right lateral motion along the eastern segment may suggest a complex role of the Garlock fault in the Eastern California Shear zone. The difference between the geological rates and geodetic rates may imply the importance that a time scale has on fault rates, but it could also indicate biases in either the geodetic or geologic estimates. The importance of the Garlock fault discrepancy derives from the fact that the “missing motion” explanation for geodetic-geologic discrepancy requires that the geodetic rates be higher. Thus, the discrepancy may result from transient postseismic deformation biasing the geodetic rate estimate downward, or it may represent a real discrepancy in slip rate. Introduction The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) lies between the North American and Pacific plates and east of the San Andreas fault. The San Andreas fault accommodates 70% of the total motion between these two plates (Meade and Hager 2005). Other fault zones such as the ESCZ accommodate the rest of slip and this slip rate decreases from the Pacific plate to the North
Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster

Cluster Within Virgo Globular clusters are gravitationally bound systems within galaxies containing hundreds of thousands of stars. Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the thousands of galaxies that constitute the Virgo cluster, Lee et al. (p. 334, published online 11 March) fulfilled a prediction made almost 60 years ago and found globular clusters outside galaxies. In Virgo the clusters are found far from the center and are concentrated in several substructures much larger than galaxies. Possibly they were stripped off from low-mass dwarf galaxies, and potentially trace the dark matter distribution within the Virgo cluster. Extensive regions of mass have been located between the galaxies of the Virgo cluster. Globular clusters are usually found in galaxies, and they are excellent tracers of dark matter. Long ago it was suggested that intracluster globular clusters (IGCs) may exist that are bound to a galaxy cluster rather than to any single galaxy. Here we present a map showing the large-scale distribution of globular clusters over the entire Virgo cluster. It shows that IGCs are found out to 5 million light years from the Virgo center and that they are concentrated in several substructures that are much larger than galaxies. These objects might have been mostly stripped off from low-mass dwarf galaxies.
Impact of organizational culture on employees’ job performance

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the overall impact of organizational culture directly or indirectly on employees’ job performance. Design/methodology/approach – To find the influence of organizational culture on employee performance within software houses working in Pakistan. This is a survey-based research study. Primary and secondary data were used in this study. Primary data were gathered via questionnaire and formal and informal interview. Customer service, employee participation, reward system, innovation and risk-taking and communication system are considered variables for this study. Sample size is (n = 110); therefore, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis have been used. Findings – The overall results support that culture of organizations has a significant positive impact on employees’ job performance at selected software houses in Pakistan. Employees’ participation is the most important factor for achieving organizational goals. Originality/value – This study .
Implementing Plant Hydraulics in the Community Land Model, Version 5

Version 5 of the Community Land Model (CLM5) introduces the plant hydraulic stress (PHS) configuration of vegetation water use, which is described and compared with the corresponding parameterization from CLM4.5. PHS updates vegetation water stress and root water uptake to better reflect plant hydraulic theory, advancing the physical basis of the model. The new configuration introduces prognostic vegetation water potential, modeled at the root, stem, and leaf levels. Leaf water potential replaces soil potential as the basis for stomatal conductance water stress, and root water potential is used to implement hydraulic root water uptake, replacing a transpiration partitioning function. Point simulations of a tropical forest site (Caxiuanã, Brazil) under ambient conditions and partial precipitation exclusion highlight the differences between PHS and the previous CLM implementation. Model description and simulation results are contextualized with a list of benefits and limitations of the new model formulation, including hypotheses that were not testable in previous versions of the model. Key results include reductions in transpiration and soil moisture biases relative to a control model under both ambient and exclusion conditions, correcting excessive dry season soil moisture stress in the control model. PHS implements hydraulic gradient root water uptake, which allows hydraulic redistribution and compensatory root water uptake and results in PHS utilizing a larger portion of the soil column to buffer shortfalls in precipitation. The new model structure, which bases water stress on leaf water potential, could have significant implications for vegetation‐climate feedbacks, including increased sensitivity of photosynthesis to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit.
Comparação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre mulheres na pós-menopausa praticantes de atividade física com e sem osteoporose

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the quality of life among physically active post-menopausal women with and without a diagnosis of osteoporosis. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out through interview. All the participating women volunteered to take part of this study through previous contact by telephone. The characteristics and objectives of the inter view were explained in addition to confirmation of their postmenopausal status. There were two groups of 21 volunteers each: group 1 were non-osteoporotic women (64.38 ± 4.24 years-old) and group 2 were osteoporotic women (67.81 ± 4.19 years-old). Each volunteer was asked to fulfill a preliminary form in order to register personal information, clinical history, co-morbidities and health care. Following, the SF-36 questionnaire was applied. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess differences between the two groups. RESULTS: there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between both groups only with regard to the "Role Physical" and "General Health " components of the SF-36 form showing a better performance to group 1. CONCLUSION: post-menopausal women with a diagnosis of osteoporosis that did not sustain a fracture may present a similar quality of life, as compared to non-osteoporotic post-menopausal women.
Prescribing of antibiotics and admissions for respiratory tract infections in England

The increase in antibiotic resistance is one of the most worrying trends facing 21st century medicine. Much antibiotic prescribing is of little therapeutic value, and lower prescribing rates may lead to lower rates of resistance.w1 Consequently, doctors are being encouraged to use antibiotics less frequently. However, lower levels of antibiotic prescribing may lead to an increase in complications from infectious diseases.w2 We analysed NHS primary care prescribing data in England to examine the number of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population (STAR-PU weighted) between 1996 and 2002, as well as the standardised hospital admission rate for respiratory tract infections during the same period. #### The bottom line • A sustained decrease in community antibiotic prescribing rates in recent years has been associated …
An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis in the Ruby Mountains-EastHumboldt Range core complex, Nevada

Oxygen isotope analyses were made of 91 whole rock and mineral separate samples from the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex and other nearby areas in eastern Nevada. In addition, ten hydrogen isotope analyses were made of the hydrous minerals muscovite, biotite, and hornblende. The samples include plutonic igneous rocks, high-grade metasedimentary rocks, and low-grade sediments that are thought to be their protoliths. The δ^(18)O values vary systematically in each of these categories. Most of the metasediments were shifted to lower δ^(18)O values than their protoliths, but the magnitude and pervasiveness of this ^(18)O-depletion varies in different geographic areas, becoming most intense at Lizzies Basin in the East Humboldt Range where the deepest structural levels in the area are exposed. Within the area sampled at this locality, all silicate rock-types are isotopically homogenized over scales of at least tens of meters and shifted to δ^(18)O values close to +6. Quartz from contrasting igneous and metasedimentary rock-types has a uniform oxygen isotope composition implying that this mineral was very well equilibrated (see also WICKHAM and PETERS, 1990). Elsewhere, exchange was less effective as illustrated by contrasts in the δ^(18)O values of adjacent marble, quartzite, and leucogranite layers. The δ^(18)O values of chemically similar leucogranites vary widely within the area studied. The most ^(18)O-rich samples are from the northern Ruby Mountains (δ^(18)O > + 12), and these must have been derived by anatexis from sedimentary material. The lower-^(18)O leucogranites were probably derived from similar material that had been isotopically altered at an earlier, metamorphic stage. ^(18)O-depletion in the deep-seated metasediments and igneous rocks was probably the result of exchange with fluids derived from primitive mantle-derived intrusive rocks or with the rocks themselves. This conclusion is supported by the "normal" plutonic igneous δD values shown by these same samples. At high structural levels, mylonites and associated rocks within the low-angle fault zone exposed at Secret Creek gorge were variably affected by meteoric water infiltration, which probably occurred during Tertiary extensional deformation, resulting in anomalously low D/H and ^(18)O/^(16)O ratios. Low-grade sedimentary rocks from other areas are also sporadically ^(18)O-depleted, and this is similarly attributable to exchange with meteoric waters. These new isotopic data from Nevada add to, and complement, data from other terranes, such as the Pyrenees (WICKHAM and TAYLOR, 1985), that demonstrate that profound ^(18)O- depletions and isotopic homogenization of metasedimentary rocks can take place during certain types of regional metamorphism. However, it is also becoming clear that these metamorphic ^(18)O-depletions are probably produced by a variety of different mechanisms.