Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of Multipath BGP Deployment in a Large ISP Network

Multipath routing is useful for networks to achieve load sharing among multiple routing paths. Multipath BGP (MBGP) is a technique to realize inter-domain multipath routing by enabling a BGP router to install multiple equally-good routes to a destination prefix. Most of previous works did not distinguish between intra-domain and inter-domain multipath routing. In this paper, we present a measurement study on the deployment of M-BGP in a large Internet service provider (ISP) network. Our method combines control-plane BGP measurements using Looking Glasses (LG), and data-plane traceroute measurements using RIPE Atlas. We focus on Hurricane Electric (AS6939) because it is a global ISP that connects with hundreds of major exchange points and exchanges IP traffic with thousands of different networks. And more importantly, we find that this ISP has by far the largest number of M-BGP deployments among autonomous systems with LG servers. Specifically, Hurricane Electric has deployed M-BGP with 512 of its peering ASes at 58 PoPs around the world, including many top ASes and content providers. We also observe that most of its M-BGP deployments involve IXP interconnections. Our work provides insights into the latest deployment of M-BGP in a major ISP network and it highlights the characteristics and effectiveness of M-BGP as a means to realize load sharing.
Aspects Affecting Distribution and Dispersal of the Indigenous Heteroptera Complex (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae & Coreidae) in South African Macadamia Orchards

Physical aspects of macadamia orchards appear to play an important role in the distribution patterns of indigenous heteropterans. Increasing tree density and tree height appear to be associated with increases in insect damage. Very dense orchards not only provide these insects with an ideal sheltered habitat, it also reduces the efficacy of many air-assisted sprayers commonly used for insect control in this crop. Macadamias are very tall trees and heteropterans seem to have a preference for nuts occurring in the higher tree strata. The reason for this is unclear at the moment but it might be related to thermoregulation or lekking behaviour. Heteroptera damage was also confined to the edges of many orchards especially during the early season and it is speculated that perimeter trees may temporarily act as a barrier, preventing migration deeper into the orchards. Implications of these findings for an IPM programme are discussed and include: perimeter spraying during the early season as opposed to a full cover spray, tree pruning as well as tree height management.
Revision of the paper “When does gene flow facilitate evolutionary rescue?”

12 Experimental and theoretical studies have highlighted the impact of gene flow on the prob13 ability of evolutionary rescue in structured habitats. Mathematical modelling and simulations 14 of evolutionary rescue in spatially or otherwise structured populations showed that interme15 diate migration rates can often maximize the probability of rescue in gradually or abruptly 16 deteriorating habitats. These theoretical results corroborate the positive effect of gene flow on 17 evolutionary rescue that has been identified in experimental yeast populations. The observa18 tions that gene flow can facilitate adaptation are in seeming conflict with traditional population 19 genetics results that show that gene flow usually hampers (local) adaptation. Identifying con20 ditions for when gene flow facilitates survival chances of populations rather than reducing them 21 remains a key unresolved theoretical question. We here present a simple analytically tractable 22 model for evolutionary rescue in a two-deme model with gene flow. Our main result is a simple 23 condition for when migration facilitates evolutionary rescue, as opposed as no migration. We 24 further investigate the roles of asymmetries in gene flow and / or carrying capacities, and the 25 effects of density regulation and local growth rates on evolutionary rescue. 26
Quantitative unique continuation for hyperbolic and hypoelliptic equations

We review recent results of the authors concerning quantitative unique continuation estimates for operators with coeﬃcients that are analytic in some (or all the) variables. We describe several applications for wave-like equations, but also equations based on hypoelliptic operators. These proceedings are a survey of the general results in [LL19] together with applications to wave equations [LL16] and to hypoelliptic equations [LL17, LL20b].
SOIL AND FOUNDATION PROPERTIES OF A VERTICALLY

Numerical and analytical approaches are used for modeling field tests that utilized a variety of excitation sources ranging from small impact hammers to large-scale mobile shakers to vertically load a drilled shaft, which induced linear to nonlinear strains in the surrounding soil at a natural site in Austin, Texas. In the field, responses of the 12-ft drilled shaft and its adjacent soil were recorded through embedded geophones. The tests were designed and performed as part of a NEES (Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) project aiming to evaluate the in-situ nonlinear shear stiffness of soil at depth. In the current study, field data is revisited in an attempt to (i) evaluate dynamic properties of soil and (ii) extract impedance functions of the drilled shaft. In the first part of the study, an analytical approach is used to model waves propagating away from harmonically loaded shaft in an attempt to quantify strain-dependent dynamic properties of the instrumented soil layer. In the second part of the study, numerical modeling is used to extract frequency-dependent impedance functions of the soil-shaft system. Extracted impedance functions are compared to direct impedance calculations using field data recorded at the top surface of the shaft. INTRODUCTION Quantification of dynamic behaviour of soil and foundation systems requires knowledge of (i) dynamic soil properties, i.e. strain-dependent stiffness and material damping properties of soil, to characterize free-field response, and (ii) impedance functions, i.e. frequency-dependent stiffness and damping properties of soil-foundation system, to characterize soil-foundation interaction. Accurate quantification of these is considered as a critical issue in designing earthquake-resistant structures. A number of field and laboratory techniques have been developed over the last decades to measure the dynamic properties of soils (Kramer, 1996). The ability of laboratory tests to provide accurate measurements of dynamic soil properties is affected by several factors, such as sample disturbance, specimen size, loading conditions, and reproduction of actual field conditions. At present, there is no validated test method for determining strain-dependent dynamic soil properties in the field. The need for in-situ measurements of soil properties at a wide range of strains has led the geotechnical research team at The University of Texas at Austin to design and perform a series of field tests, which were successfully applied at a natural soil test site in Austin, Texas (Kurtulus and Stokoe, 2008). The tests 1 PhD Candidate, University of California at Los Angeles, USA, esmaeilzadeh@ucla.edu 2 Assoc. Prof., Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey, asli.kurtulus@ozyegin.edu. tr 3 Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California at Los Angeles, USA, ghahari@gmail.com 4 Prof., The University of Texas at Austin, USA, k.stokoe@mail.utexas. edu 5 Assis. Prof., The Catholic University of America, USA, jeong@cua.edu 6 Prof., University of California at Los Angeles, USA, etacir@ucla.edu
Eff ect of the endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 knockdown on the expression of MAP3K5, MAP4K3, CIB1, RIPK1, and RIPK2 genes in U87 glioma cells and its hypoxic regulation

Background: ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1)-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in glioma growth through changing the numerous regulatory gene expressions. We studied the possible role of protein kinases MAP4K3, MAP3K5, RIPK1, and RIPK2 as well as protein kinase interacting protein CIB1 in suppression of U87 glioma cell proliferation upon ERN1 knockdown. Materials and Methods: The expression of MAP4K3, RIPK1, RIPK2, and CIB1genes was measured in human U87 glioma cells and its regulation by hypoxia in dependence of ERN1 enzyme function using quantitative PCR. Results: Blockade of ERN1 signaling enzyme function significantly decreases the expression level of genes encoding MAP4K3, RIPK2, and CIB1 in U87 glioma cells, but increases expression of RIPK1 gene. At the same time, the blockade of ERN1 signaling enzyme does not affect the expression of MAP3K5 gene in glioma cells. Hypoxia downregulates the expression level of MAP3K5, MAP4K3, RIPK1, and RIPK2 mRNAs in control glioma cells. However, inhibition of ERN1 affected hypoxia-mediated changes in expression of these kinase genes and their magnitude. Conclusion: Results of this investigation clearly demonstrated that the expression of MAP4K3, RIPK1, RIPK2, and CIB1genes in human U87 glioma cells relies on blockade of ERN1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and is mostly down-regulated by hypoxia in dependence of ERN1 enzyme function.
The Mediating Effect of Political Intensity on Attitude, Farming Practices, Sources of Funds on Ghana Cocoa Farmers’ Financial Sustainability

Cocoa farmers now need financial sustainability in doing their businesses. To ensure their financial sustainability, they must have the right attitude and incorporate appropriate farming practices and funding. This study concentrates on financial sustainability in that it is related to the availability of agricultural funding and the impact on society for present and future generations to ensure a healthy livelihood for the cocoa farmer.This study is a quantitative study and a correlational research design which used mediation approach to predict and explain the intervening role of political intensity in determining the financial sustainability Ghana’s cocoa farmers based on attitude, practices and sources of funds. The study employed 980 cocoa farmers across the six cocoa growing regions of Ghana to conveniently answer self-contructed research questions with interval validity based on Cronbach Alpha of farmers’ attitude 0.84, farming practices 0.84, sources of funds 0.7, and political intensity 0.955, Financial Sustainbility 0.86. The statistical treatment for the prediction was based on regression and AMOS 23v was used to determine the mediation effect.The study resulted that the predictors of cocoa farmers’ financial sustainability are political intensity, farmers’ attitude and farming practices. Political intensity partially mediates farmers’ attitude and financial sustainability and fully mediate farming practices and sources of funds to financial sustainability. The study recommends that the various approaches used in finding financial sustainability must be synchronized as this study showed a covariate of all the predictors. The disjointed approach in seeking financial sustainability for the cocoa farmer will fail. Keywords: Attitude, Farmers’ Practices, Sources of Funds, Political Intensity, Financial Sustainability DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-10-15 Publication date: May 31 st 2020
THE ARRIVAL SEQUENCE OF THE ARTHROPOD COMPLEX FOLLOWING ATTACK BY DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN PONDEROSA PINE

Abstract Continuous trapping on the bark surface of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte infested trees in the central Sierra Nevada mountains was undertaken with the objective of determining the spatial and temporal arrival patterns of the natural enemies and other insect associates of the western pine beetle. Over 100 species of D. brevicomis associates were collected and patterns of arrival were described for many of these. The main bark beetle predators were trapped during D. brevicomis mass arrival and shortly thereafter. Enoclerus lecontei, Temnochila chlorodia, and Aulonium longum, all predaceous beetles on D. brevicomis adults and larvae, were among the first species to arrive, as was Medetera aldrichii (Diptera), a larval predator. The bark beetle parasites Roptrocerus xylophagorum and Dinotiscus (=Cecidostiba) burkei (Hymenoptera) were well synchronized with the beetles’ life cycle as they arrived late in the beetles’ larval stages when suitable hosts were available. Approximately twice as many associates were trapped in the first (spring) beetle generation as in the second (fall). Differences between species with regard to height distribution were common, and these often varied with seasonal beetle generation. Calculations of changes in species diversity through time, of the associate complex trapped at the bark surface, were made for both the first and second beetle generation. Linear correlation analysis indicated a highly significant increase in species diversity occurred from the time of the beetles’ mass arrival until brood emergence. This increase may correspond to an increase in diversity of the structure of the subcortical community, as more insect species arrived and progressively modified the habitat of the newly killed tree.
Calcium hydroxide intracanal medication effects on pain and flare-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives This study aimed to systematically review the pain and flare-up effects of calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medication (ICM) in non-vital mature teeth. Materials and Methods Electronic-databases searching for published and grey literature and manual searching were conducted. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included comparing CH to other ICMs in non-vital mature teeth. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 Cochrane tool. The main outcomes were pain and flare-up. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, wherever applicable, was performed. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Sixteen articles were included in 6 comparisons at different time points for different outcomes. CH reduced pain risk than no ICM within the 1–14-days interval (p < 0.05) and than triple-antibiotic paste within the first day (p < 0.05) and was similar to corticosteroid/antibiotics combination (p > 0.05). Chlorhexidine (CHX) or CH/CHX, however, reduced pain levels than CH alone (p < 0.05). CH showed higher flare-up risk than CHX (p < 0.05). CoE, however, ranged from very low to moderate. Conclusion Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required. Trial Registration PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953
CHARACTERIZATION AND ORIGIN OF Fe

ÐMillimetric to centimetric green grains widespread in pelagic calcareous sediments recovered at a water depth of 3000 m near the Costa Rica margin were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Samples were collected, during the Ticoflux II expedition, from the upper bioturbated part of four sedimentary cores (0.13ÿ3.75 m below seafloor). The sediments are calcareous and siliceous nanofossil oozes (coccoliths, diatoms, radiolarians, etc.). Green grains show generally a concentric zoning with a green rim in which smectite largely predominates over pyrite and a black core in which pyrite is prevalent. Observations by SEM indicate that this zoning results from a progressive inward alteration and replacement of the accumulations of pyrites by smectites. The high-resolution TEM observations of the smectite-pyrite interfaces suggest that the replacement of pyrites by smectite occurs through a dissolution-precipitation process with the formation of a gel. The pyrite matrix is composed of a huge number of very small (0.5ÿ2 mm) pyrite octahedra, a typical texture resulting from the pyritization of organic material in early diagenetic environments. The accurate mineralogical and crystal chemical characterization of the smectites indicate that they are Fe 3+ -montmorillonites (Fe 3+ -rich smectite with a dominant octahedral charge, rarely recorded in the literature). The formation of such Fe 3+ -montmorillonites forming green grains could be explained by two successive diagenetic redox stages: (1) reducing stage: early pyritization of the organic matter by microbial reduction within reducing micro-environments; (2) oxidizing stage: Fe 3+ -montmorillonite crystallized in space liberated after dissolution of pyrite connected with the rebalancing of the redox conditions of the micro-environments with the oxidizing surrounding sediments. Key WordsÐCalcareous Sediments, Costa Rica Margin, Montmorillonite, Pyrite, Smectite.
Need for Mobile Speed: A Historical Study of Mobile Web Performance

—As more and more users rely on their mobile devices for the majority of their computing needs, browser vendors are competing for the user’s attention on the mobile platform. As a result, mobile Web page performance has improved over the years. However, it is not clear if these improvements are a result of better browsers, optimized Web pages, new platforms, or improved network conditions. In this work, we conduct a historical study over 4 years with 8 popular mobile browsers, loading over 250K Web pages, to isolate the effect of different factors on page load improvements. Using a combination of record-and-replay proxies, historical data from the Internet archive, and speciﬁcations about current and past network speeds, we quantify the performance of mobile browsers over the years (i.e. measuring how a user with a 2015 smartphone and a 2015 mobile browser experienced the 2015 web, compared to today). Our key ﬁndings are that: (a) browsers have become more bloated, and older browsers perform better on newer devices, compared to newer browsers on the same new devices, (b) Web pages have become more complex, and (c) improvement in network speeds have a diminishing returns in terms of page performance. Taken together, the improvements we see in mobile page performance over the 4 years is largely due to improved platform in new mobile devices, and not a result of browser, network, or Web page improvements.
Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus Following the Introduction of Antibiotic Therapy

Staphylococcus aureus is a species of bacteria which colonizes the human respiratory system and skin in a commensal relationship. Although generally harmless, S. aureus can be responsible for a variety of diseases including food poisoning, necrotizing pneumonia, and endocarditis[1]. It is among the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide, accounting for some 500,000 nosocomial infections per year in America alone. About 20% of the world's population is colonized with S. aureus long term, with an additional 60% of the population will host a colony at some point during their life[2]. S. aureus infections can usually be treated with antibiotics of the penicillin family, the discovery of which is accredited to Alexander Fleming in 1928 when a culture of Penicillium rubens was observed excreting a substance with antibiotic properties. By 1945, penicillin was being mass produced for medical use[3], but within a decade populations of S. aureus were showing increasing resistance to what had previously been considered a miracle drug. In 1952, methicillin (renamed meticillin in 2005) was introduced as an alternative antibiotic due to the increasing rate of penicillin resistance in S. aureus[4], but by 1961 British physicians were reporting S. aureus isolates which had acquired resistance to methicilli[5]. This methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) now composes as much as 67% of the S. aureus colonies in developed countries such as the U.S. and Great Britain[6]. Furthermore, MRSA has become synonymous with multidrug-resistance due to a tendency for MRSA isolates to be resistant to the majority of commonly used antibiotics[2]. Another antibiotic, vancomycin, was discovered soon after penicillin, but was rarely used because other antibiotics were considered more efficacious and less toxic until the 1980s when it became the drug of last resort for treating MRSA[7]. S. aureus proved slow to develop resistance to this antibiotic, allowing it to be used safely for nearly 30 years before vancomycinresistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates were identified. Staphylococcus aureus is a unique species of microbe which has lived alongside mankind since before recorded history. In addition to an intimate familiarity with its host's body, this bacteria is capable of rapidly evolving to withstand an ever increasing arsenal of manmade antibiotics. Against this worthy foe mankind is engaged in an arms race: modern medicine against evolution. The recent evolution of S. aureus can be categorized as the development of a range of antibiotic resistances, from penicillin to methicillin to vancomycin, accentuated by a series of epidemic outbreaks. As multidrug-resistant S. aureus spreads from hospitals to communities to the food chain, researchers struggle to stay ahead of one of our oldest companions.
Seedling emergence and seed longevity of the tree weeds Celtis sinensis and Cinnamomum camphora

Factors influencing germination and seed survival of Celtis sinensis Pers, and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. were investigated in a series of experiments conducted under natural rainfall regimes in the field and under irrigation in a growth tunnel. Germination from surface-sown seeds of C. camphora was virtually nil under natural rainfall, in contrast to almost 100% germination under irrigation. This suggests that surface-lying seeds of this species will germinate only in highly protected microsites in the field. For C. sinensis, however, in one of the two field experiments germination from surface-sown seeds was similar (=40%) to that achieved under irrigation. Germination from intact fruits of both species was generally considerably less than from seeds. Seeds of both species were relatively short-lived under field conditions. A maximum of 1% of seeds of C. camphora remained viable at 12 months post-sowing under field conditions, whereas a maximum of 8% viable seeds of C. sinensis was detected at 24 months post-sowing in one of the field experiments.
Winter den abandonment by brown bears Ursus arctos: causes and consequences

Winter den abandonment by brown bears Ursus arctos in south-central Sweden and southeastern Norway was found to occur in 9% of 194 bearwinters, based on 68 radio-marked bears almost two years old and older. There was no statistical difference between the sexes, between adults and subadults, nor did protection from military or timber-harvesting activities reduce the rate of abandonment. Although anecdotal, observations suggest that human disturbance was a major cause of den abandonment. Most abandonment occurred early in the denning period, before mid-winter. Bears moved up to 30 km before denning again. Distance was not related to sex, age, or time of abandonment. Apparently for the first time, a fitness cost of den abandonment is documented: pregnant females that changed dens prior to parturition lost young in or near the den significantly more often than those that did not move.