Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
I. Introduction

The number of students studying at our universities has increased very rapidly during the last decade. During the second half of the 1940s 5.5 percent of all students aged 20 had passed the Swedish s t u d e n t e x a m e nl ; 55 percent of whom continued their university education. The corresponding figures for the second half of the 1950s were 10 and 70 percent respectively (SOU 1959:452). During the second half oE the 1960s about 20 percent of all the students aged 20 had passed the s t u d e n t e x a m e n , and there was a further increase in the number of university studentss. During the period 1901-1905 the total number of students in Swedish universities was 2,825. In 1949 the figure had increased to 10,232. and in 1968 it was 115,610. The number of women students has increased successively from hardly 10 percent in 1910 to about 40 percent now (Statistical Abstract of Sweden 1950 and 1969). The low pass frequency especially in the Faculties of the Arts and Sciences, has often been pointed out (Moberg 1951, SOU 195794, Kim 1966). During the period 1910-1920 this was about 35 percent. Of the students enrolled at the universities in 1948/49, after 15 semesters (for medical students 18-19 semesters) 66 percent had taken their degrees. For the students enrolled in 1956/57 the pass frequency was nearly the same (65 percent). If, however, each faculty is taken separately, it will be found, whereas the pass frequency for the Faculty of Arts remained unchanged (50 percent), that for the Faculty of Science had risen from 49 to 64 percent. For the university colleges with fixed curricula (medical faculty, institute of technology, dental school) the pass frequency has throughout been rather high, 80-90 percent. The number of students who have discontinued their studies without taking a university degree has remained comparatively constant since the beginning of the twentieth century. The dropout frequency for the total number of university and university college students was about 20 percent of the undergraduates in 1910. For the undergraduates enrolled in 1945149 and 1956157 the corresponding figures were 21 and 25 percent respectively. For the Fa-
Application of dhurrin for kinetics and thermodynamic characterization of linamarase (β-glucosidase) genetically engineered from Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at the stationary phase of growth were recovered, homogenized and centrifuged to obtain crude extracts designated as GELIN 0 . Carboxy methyl cellulose, diethyl amino-ethyl-sephadex and diethyl amino-ethyl-cellulose were used to purify the crude extracts of GELIN 0 resulting in GELIN 1 , GELIN 2 and GELIN 3 , respectively. The ability of the enzyme extracts and a commercial native linamarase (CNLIN) to hydrolyse cyanogenic glucosides was challenged using dhurrin from sorghum as substrate. Precisely, the actions of commercial native linamarase (CNLIN) and the genetically engineered linamarase (β-glucosidase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on dhurrin as influenced by degree of its purification, pH (6.8 ) and temperature(30-45°C) were investigated and the data derived were applied for kinetics and thermodynamic characterization of the enzymes. Enzymic degradation kinetics of the dhurrin were evaluated using a 4 x 6 x 8 B/W design comprising of 4 enzyme types ( GELIN o , GELIN 1 GELIN 2 and GELIN 3 ,, 6 temperatures (30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 45 °C) and 8 time intervals( 0-70 min.). Data obtained from the residual HCN with time were fitted into zero, first and second order kinetics models to derive reaction rate constant (Kmin -1 ) values which were analyzed using the Arrhenius and absolute reaction rate models Thermodynamic parameters were obtained including; activation energies (E a ), frequency factor(K o ), enthalpy (ΔH ) and entropy (ΔS#) that characterized the reactions on dhurrin catalyzed by commercial native linamarase (CNLIN) and the genetically engineered linamarase (β-glucosidase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that the best fitted order based on higher coefficient of linear regression (r 2 ) values > 0.998 and linearity of curves was the first order kinetics model and not either zero or second order models. Kmin -1 values ranged from GELIN O- GELIN 3 0.03-0.07 μmol/min while the derived D-values from K-values were in the range of 24-65 min. The frequency factors (K o ) increased with enzyme purity from GELIN 0 to GELIN 3 corresponding to K o (min -1 ) of 22.585 to 56.462. The energy of activation E a (KJ/mol)generated 60.0995 to 150.6900 corresponding to enzymes GELIN 0 to GELIN 3 followed the same pattern with frequency factor for breaking of bonds in dhurrin molecules. At pH 6.8 CNLIN showed no action on dhurrin. The high correlation coefficient values of (r 2 = 0.97 to 0.99) indicated the best fit of the Arrhenius and the absolute reaction rate models. The entropy change (ΔS) increased with enzyme purity from 0.588 J/mol.deg. to 1.4625Jmol degree. The enthalpy change KJ/mol followed the same pattern whereby increases influenced by enzyme purity ranged from 1892 KJ/mol to 13104KJ/mol. Keywords : kinetics, thermodynamic, characterization, dhurrin, genetically engineered β- glucosidase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
CHECKLIST OF BRACONIDAE (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA) FROM IRAN

The Braconidae Nees, 1811 (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Iran are reviewed based on available literatures. Two-hundred and two species are listed (as genus-species) from Agathidinae (4-4), Aphidiinae (12 -55), Brachistinae (1-2), Braconinae (7-33), Cardiochilinae (2-4), Cheloninae (3-24), Doryctinae (7-7), Euphorinae (6-12), Helconinae (2-3), Homolobinae (1-1), Hormiinae (2-2), Macrocentrinae (1-2), Microgastrinae (6-30), Microtypinae (1-1), Miracinae (1-1), Opiinae (4-7), Orgilinae (1-5), Pambolinae (1-1) and Rogadinae (2-8).
Screening Sunflower for Resistance to Sclerotinia Wilt

A 3-year field study was conducted to compare sunflower inbreds and hybrids for resistance to sclerotinia wilt caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Significant differences in resistance to sclerotinia wilt were found among the sunflower inbreds and hybrids tested in each year. The study reveals that the nature of resistance to sclerotinia wilt is inheritable as the hybrids derived from resistant inbreds were more resistant than those hybrids derived from susceptible parents. The study concludes that screening parental inbred lines for resistance to S. sclerotiorum is an important step in developing sunflower hybrids with improved resistance to sclerotinia wilt.
IMMUNO‐ELECTROPHORETIC INVESTIGATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID γ‐GLOBULINS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The typical increase of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) y-globulins in multiple sclerosis was first observed by Kabat, Moore & Landow in 1942. They used Tiselius' free electrophoresis. Since then, however, most investigators have used serological methods or above all paper-electrophoresis for assessing any increase in the total y-globulins. Using agargel electrophoresis Lowenthal, van Sande & Karcher (1960) found some CSF y-globulin subfractions to be increased in multiple sclerosis, thus demonstrating qualitative changes within the CSF y-globulins in this d' isease. As known, the total y-globulins in the CSF are increased not only in multiple sclerosis. Such an increase is still more common in neurosyphilis, Yahr, Goldensohn & Kabat (1954) give a value of 74 per cent against 66.5 per cent in multiple sclerosis, and in infection with African trypanosomiasis. It has also since proved a common finding in virus and bacterial meningo-encephalitis. The CSF y-globulins are increased above all in so-called panencephalitis of van Bogaert and Pette-Doring type. The CSF y-globulins are occasionally increased also in other neurological d' iseases. More than 10 years before the investigation of the Kabat group, Kafka (1930) who used a differentiated precipitation procedure had found the CSF globulin values to be elevated in multiple sclerosis, an increase which later proved to be due to an increase of the y-globulins. Long before the works of Kafka colloid reactions of the CSF had been used for differential diagnotic purposes. The change in the albumin/ globulin quotient, which is responsible for an abnormal colloid curve in multiple sclerosis, e.g. in the mastic test, is also due to an increase of the y-globulins in the CSF. As mentioned above, during the last decade, the most widely used method in the investigation of the protein pattern of the CSF is paperelectrophoresis. When the CSF y-globulins, as demonstrated by this
Statins in risk-reduction and treatment of cancer

Statins, which are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, reduce cholesterol blood levels and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and their related complications. In addition to this main activity, statins show pleiotropic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, with applications in many pathologies. Based on their antiproliferative properties, in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated their effects on various types of cancer (i.e., breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer) with different genetic and molecular characteristics. Many positive results were obtained, but they were highly dependent on the physiochemical properties of the statins, their dose and treatment period. Combined therapies of statins and cytotoxic drugs have also been tested, and synergistic or additive effects were observed. Moreover, observational studies performed on patients who used statins for different pathologies, revealed that statins reduced the risk of developing various cancers, and improved the outcomes for cancer patients. Currently, there are many ongoing clinical trials aimed at exploring the potential of statins to lower the mortality and the disease-recurrence risk. All these results are the foundation of new treatment directions in cancer therapy.
Further evaluation of differential expression of keratoconus candidate genes in human corneas

Background Keratoconus (KTCN) is a progressive eye disease, characterized by changes in the shape and thickness of the cornea that results in loss of visual acuity. While numerous KTCN candidate genes have been identified, the genetic etiology of the disease remains undetermined. To further investigate and verify the contribution of particular genetic factors to KTCN, we assessed 45 candidate genes previously indicated as involved in KTCN etiology based on transcriptomic and genomic data. Methods The RealTime ready Custom Panel, covering 45 KTCN candidate genes and two reference transcripts, has been designed. Then, the expression profiles have been assessed using the RT-qPCR assay in six KTCN and six non-KTCN human corneas, obtained from individuals undergoing a penetrating keratoplasty procedure. Results In total, 35 genes exhibiting differential expression between KTCN and non-KTCN corneas have been identified. Among these genes were ones linked to the extracellular matrix formation, including collagen synthesis or the TGF-β, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways. The most downregulated transcripts in KTCN corneas were CTGF, TGFB3, ZNF469, COL5A2, SMAD7, and SPARC, while TGFBI and SLC4A11 were the most upregulated ones. Hierarchical clustering of expression profiles demonstrated almost clear separation between KTCN and non-KTCN corneas. The gene expression levels determined using RT-qPCR showed a strong correlation with previous RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) results. Conclusions A strong correlation between RT-qPCR and earlier RNA-Seq data confirms the possible involvement of genes from collagen synthesis and the TGF-β, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways in KTCN etiology. Our data also revealed altered expression of several genes, such as LOX, SPARC, and ZNF469, in which single nucleotide variants have been frequently identified in KTCN. These findings further highlight the heterogeneous nature of KTCN.
Influence of ball possession and playing position on the physical demands encountered during professional basketball games

Understanding the game demands encountered in basketball provides useful insight for developing specific, individualized and team-based training sessions. This study quantified and compared the game activity demands encountered by basketball players of different playing positions: i) strictly when in possession of the ball and ii) overall during live playing time (irrespective of ball possession). The activity demands encountered by 44 (22 guards, 14 forwards, 8 centres) adult, professional, male basketball players were assessed across 10 official games. Time-motion analysis was used to determine the frequency and proportion (%) of playing time performing recovery (REC), low- (LIA), moderate- (MIA), and high- (HIA) intensity activities. Linear mixed models were constructed to examine differences in dependent variables between playing positions, accounting for repeated measures. Guards, forwards, and centres spent 11.9±5.9%, 3.5±1.3%, and 2.9±1.1% of live playing time in possession of the ball, respectively. Guards performed more activities at all intensities (total movements, REC, LIA, MIA, and HIA) than forwards (P < 0.05) and centres (P < 0.05) when in possession of the ball. The proportion of time spent performing HIA in possession of the ball was greater for forwards (P = 0.001) and centres (P = 0.001) than guards. During live playing time overall across games, centres performed more HIA per minute (P = 0.049) and spent a greater proportion of time performing HIA (P = 0.047) than guards. Activities performed when in possession of the ball and during live playing time across basketball games are affected by playing position. These data highlight the need to develop position-specific training drills, particularly with ball possession.
First Permanent Molar Caries and Oral Health Practices in Saudi Male Teenagers: Inequalities by Socioeconomic Position

Objectives Caries remains a problem in high-risk groups aggravated by socioeconomic inequalities. The study aimed to investigate (1) oral health practices associated with caries in the 1st permanent molars in Saudi male teenagers and (2) the impact of socioeconomic position (SEP) on caries control using these practices. Methods A cross-sectional study targeted 1137 male teenagers in intermediate schools in Khobar and Dammam, Saudi Arabia, in 2016. Caries was examined using the World Health Organization criteria and plaque was assessed using the plaque index of Loe and Silness. A questionnaire assessed SEP (parental education, employment, and home ownership) and oral health practices (using fluoridated toothpaste twice daily, regular dental visits for check-ups, and avoiding daily sugary snacks). Regression models analysed the association of these factors with caries presence and the mean number of decayed 1st permanent molars. Stratification was used to assess differences between SEP levels. Results The response rate was 81.7%. Caries prevalence and mean (SD) number of decayed 1st permanent molars were 50.4% and 1.08 (1.31). The use of fluoride toothpaste was associated with lower odds of caries and fewer decayed molars (OR = 0.50 and regression coefficient = −0.35). Differences in the relationship between caries and toothpaste were observed by SEP levels with stronger associations in less advantaged groups. Conclusions Brushing twice daily using fluoride toothpaste was associated with less caries in Saudi male teenagers with stronger association observed in groups with lower SEP. The use of fluoride toothpaste helps in reducing health inequalities associated with SEP.
DNA barcoding and hypopygium shape support delimitation of sympatric Dissomphalus species (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from the Atlantic rainforest

Abstract Dissomphalus is a cosmopolitan genus of Bethylidae and has 269 Neotropical species divided into 32 species-groups, mostly defined by the genital and the tergal process structures. Dissomphalus rectilineus and D. concavatus are sympatric species in the ulceratus species-group. Members of the species-group share many similarities in the morphology of the head, hypopygium, tergal process and genitalia, but may be distinguished by the structure of the hypopygium. Previous studies have found intermediate structures of the hypopygium in the sympatric areas and raised questions about the distinctiveness of these two species. We sequenced 340 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I of 29 specimens from Brazil and Paraguay, calculated the genetic divergence among specimens, and recovered the phylogenetic relationships between taxa. In addition, we compared the morphology of the hypopygium to evaluate its use as a species-specific diagnostic character using the genetic divergence values. We recovered three well-supported monophyletic groups (intraclade divergence from 1.3 to 13.4%) and three hypopygium morphologies associated with each clade, two of them associated with D. rectilineus and D. concavatus (as described in the literature); the third one is new, not associated with any known species. The divergence between the D. rectilineus and D. concavatus clades was 19%, while the third clade is divergent from each species by 19–20%. If fully described, the hypopygium shape associated with the COI sequence will represent an extremely promising approach to the diagnosis of Dissomphalus species.
Comparative assessment of single-stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion for biogas production from high moisture municipal solid waste

Background Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a suitable process for treating high moisture MSW with biogas and biofertilizer production. However, the low stability of AD performance and low methane production results from high moisture MSW due to the fast acidify of carbohydrate fermentation. The effects of organic loading and incineration fly ash addition as a pH adjustment on methane production from high moisture MSW in the single-stage AD and two-stage AD processes were investigated. Results Suitable initial organic loading of the single-stage AD process was 17 gVS L−1 at incineration fly ash (IFA) addition of 0.5% with methane yield of 287 mL CH4 g−1 VS. Suitable initial organic loading of the two-stage AD process was 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% with hydrogen and methane yield of 47.4 ml H2 g−1 VS and 363 mL CH4 g−1 VS, respectively. The highest hydrogen and methane production of 8.7 m3 H2 ton−1 of high moisture MSW and 66.6 m3 CH4 ton−1 of high moisture MSW was achieved at organic loading of 43 gVS L−1 at IFA addition of 1% by two-stage AD process. Biogas production by the two-stage AD process enabled 18.5% higher energy recovery than single-stage AD. The 1% addition of IFA into high moisture MSW was useful for controlling pH of the two-stage AD process with enhanced biogas production between 87–92% when compared to without IFA addition. Electricity production and energy recovery from MSW using the coupled incineration with biogas production by two-stage AD process were 9,874 MJ ton−1 MSW and 89%, respectively. Conclusions The two-stage AD process with IFA addition for pH adjustment could improve biogas production from high moisture MSW, as well as reduce lag phase and enhance biodegradability efficiency. The coupled incineration process with biogas production using the two-stage AD process was suitable for the management of MSW with low area requirement, low greenhouse gas emissions, and high energy recovery.
New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa

The Somali Sengi or Somali Elephant-shrew (‘Elephantulus’ revoilii, Macroscelidea, Mammalia) has been considered a “lost species” and is primarily known from about 39 museum specimens, with no new vouchered occurrence records since the early 1970s. The scientific literature contains no data concerning living Somali Sengi individuals and the species’ current Data Deficient conservation status is attributable to an absence of modern information. Almost everything that has been published about the species is derived from anatomical examinations of historic specimens, gleaned from museum collection notes, or inferred from the known habits and ecology of other sengi taxa. Here we report new evidence that the Somali Sengi is currently extant. These data include voucher specimens, georeferenced occurrence localities, body measurements, habitat parameters, and DNA sequences. While the species is historically documented as endemic to Somalia, these new records are from the neighboring Republic of Djibouti and thus expand the Somali Sengi’s known range in the Horn of Africa. Furthermore, Djiboutian locality data near international borders suggests that the Somali Sengi is also a current inhabitant of both Somalia and Ethiopia. Criteria that inform conservation status assessments (e.g., suitable habitat contiguity and occurrence in wildlife protected areas) can be positively characterized in Djibouti and therefore bode well for the survival of the Somali Sengi species. New data also inform previously undocumented substrate and sheltering affiliations. DNA analyses indicate that the Somali Sengi is a descendant of the Macroscelidini lineage and therefore reveal that the species’ referral to the genus Elephantulus is incompatible with sengi phylogeny. This taxonomic issue is resolved by recognizing a new genus replacement and recombinant binomial that redesignates the Somali Sengi as Galegeeska revoilii (gen. nov., nov. comb). An analysis of ancestral biogeography suggests that the Somali Sengi has inhabited the Horn of Africa for more than 5.4 million years—and the recognition of the species’ phylogenetic ancestry appends the already remarkable biogeographic story of the Macroscelidini tribe.
Correlation and path analysis in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)

Correlation and path coefficient are important tools for getting information regarding relationship among traits for use in selection. In the present study, these parameters have been studied in 50 black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) genotypes, which are planted in zaid season (1997 and 1998) in randomized block designs. Estimates of genotypic correlation revealed positive and highly significant association among plant height, no. of branches/plant, no. of clusters/plant, no. of pods/plant, pod length, no. of seeds/pod and 100-seed weight. The phenotypic correlations too showed the same pattern of associations. Path coefficients at genotypic level revealed that days to maturity, no. of pods/plant, no. of clusters/plant, no. of branches/plant, no. of seeds/pod and 100-seed weight had maximum direct-contribution and also exerted appreciable indirect influence on yield.