Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CirFix: automatically repairing defects in hardware design code

This paper presents CirFix, a framework for automatically repairing defects in hardware designs implemented in languages like Verilog. We propose a novel fault localization approach based on assignments to wires and registers, and a fitness function tailored to the hardware domain to bridge the gap between software-level automated program repair and hardware descriptions. We also present a benchmark suite of 32 defect scenarios corresponding to a variety of hardware projects. Overall, CirFix produces plausible repairs for 21/32 and correct repairs for 16/32 of the defect scenarios. This repair rate is comparable to that of successful program repair approaches for software, indicating CirFix is effective at bringing over the benefits of automated program repair to the hardware domain for the first time.
Automatic Generation of Neural Architecture Search Spaces

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is receiving growing attention as the need to remove the human bias from neural network models rises. There is extensive research in trying to beat state-of-the-art NAS algorithms. However, these advances do not focus directly on the search space these algorithms explore. Here, we propose a framework that encodes the structure of a convolutional neural network, respecting the arithmetical relation of the kernel and stride sizes with the input and output shapes. This framework consists of a formula with constraints that, if given the structure of the problem (input and output shapes), can produce speciﬁcation properties of a neural architecture through a solver. We show that this methodology can assemble networks with arbitrary sizes and structures, that make for unique and uniform search spaces. To compare the resulting architectures, a metric that computes dissimilarity in terms of architectural structure is proposed. We empirically show that generating dissimilar architectures, implies dissimilarities in performance. In accordance, similar architectures are similar in performance.
Rational Sentiments and Financial Frictions∗

We provide a complete analysis of previously undocumented sunspot equilibria in a canonical dynamic economy with imperfect risk sharing. Methodologically, we employ stochastic stability theory to establish existence of this broad class of sunspot equilibria. Economically, self-fulfilling fluctuations are characterized by uncertainty shocks: changing beliefs about volatility trigger asset trades, which impacts productive efficiency and justifies the degree of uncertainty. We show how rational sentiment helps resolve two puzzles in the macro-finance literature: (i) financial crises emerge suddenly, featuring (quantitatively) hard-to-explain volatility spikes and asset-price declines; (ii) asset-price booms, with below-average risk premia, predict busts and financial crises. JEL Codes: E00, E44, G01.
CAMBRIDGE WORKING PAPERS IN ECONOMICS JANEWAY INSTITUTE WORKING PAPERS How Production Networks Amplify Economic Growth

Technological improvement is the most important cause of long-term economic growth. We study the effects of technology improvement in the setting of a production network, in which each producer buys input goods and converts them to other goods, selling the product to households or other producers. We show how this network amplifies the effects of technological improvements as they propagate along chains of production. Longer production chains for an industry bias it towards faster price reduction, and longer production chains for a country bias it towards faster GDP growth. These predictions are in good agreement with data and improve with the passage of time, demonstrating a key influence of production chains in price change and output growth over the long term. Reference Details 2183 Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 2021/13 Janeway Institute Working Paper Series Published 10 December 2021
AUTOMATION IN SMALL BUSINESS LENDING CAN REDUCE RACIAL DISPARITIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE PAYCHECK PROTECTION PROGRAM Automation in Small Business Lending Can Reduce Racial Disparities: Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program

This paper subsumes results in an earlier note from December 2020 titled “Which lenders had the highest minority share among their Payment Protection Program (PPP) loans? ” We are grateful to Georgij Alekseev, Sara Gong, and Cangyuan Li for superb research assistance, and to Enigma, Middesk, Lendio, Biz2Credit, and Ocrolus for sharing part of their data. In particular, we thank Scott Monaco at Ocrolus for his insights and analytical work. We are also grateful for help from Sriya Anbil, Rohit Arora, Venkatesh Bala, Brock Blake, Katherine Chandler, Christine Dobridge, Kyle Mack, Karen Mills, David Musto, Hicham Oudghiri, Madeline Ross, Kurt Ruppel, and Sam Taussig. We thank seminar and conference participants at the NBER, the AFA Meetings, Cornell, Chicago Booth, Princeton, Maryland Smith, Arizona State University, the Government Accountability Office, Northeastern University, the Boston Fed, the Virtual Corporate Finance Seminar, NYU, the NY State Department of Financial Services, and the University of Georgia as well as Michael Faulkender for their helpful comments. Howell’s work on this project is funded by the Kauffman Foundation. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER ABSTRACT In the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), private lenders distributed federally guaranteed (and thus risk-free) COVID-19 relief loans to small businesses. Black-owned firms disproportionately obtained their PPP loans from fintech lenders, especially in areas with high racial animus. Automation in lending processes at fintechs plays an important role in explaining this disparity, in part by reducing opportunities for racial discrimination. Consistent with this mechanism, after traditional banks automate their loan application processes, their PPP lending to Black-owned businesses increases. Our findings cannot be fully explained by racial differences in loan application behaviors, pre-existing banking relationships, contemporaneous firm performance, or fraud rates.
mHealth: A Mediating Tool for Community Health Workers’ Transformation in Armed Conflict Zones

Communities affected by armed conflict are striving to provide access to effective healthcare services in countries like Nigeria, where there exists a fragile healthcare system with an acute deficit of manpower and resources. This fragility has a negative impact on child health service delivery. mHealth is considered an excellent platform for enhancing/transforming the activities of community health workers (CHWs) in the delivery of effective health services. This paper aims to explore how mHealth implementation mediates and transforms the activities of CHWs in an armed conflict setting using activity theory as a lens. An interpretive research methodology was used, and the method of data collection was done mainly by participatory observations and interviews. The findings show that the introduction of an mHealth tool can transform the activities of CHWs in various ways. The study contributes to information systems research by broadening our understanding of the implementation of mHealth in armed conflict settings.
First detection of the DMRT3 “Gait Keeper” mutation in horse breeds in Bulgaria

Lukanova, N. , Stoykova-Grigorova, R. & Stefanova, K. (2021). First detection of the DMRT3 „Gait Keeper” mutation in horse breeds in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 27 (6), 1233–1237 The present study aimed to identify the genotype and the allele variety of the DMRT3 gene highly linked SNP with the horse breed. It aims as well as to determine the effective alleles, influencing the ability to perform alternate gaits, which causes a favorable effect on the harness racing performance (all that being based on the results discussed). The animals were selected via genotyping based on their breed, gaits, and racing performance. Some of these horses showed good racing performance, so we’ve used their performance traits. The RFLP analysis was carried out with specific endonuclease DdeI. The whole group of horses was genotyped for SNP (BIEC2_620109) via Sanger sequencing. In the study, the mutation was observed in horses from the following 5 harness breeds (Germany, Italian, Standardbred, French and Bulgarian trotters). In the breeds for a flat race, only the wild type was observed. SNP (BIEC2_620109) is highly linked with the A and C alleles of DMRT3_Ser301STOP mutation, except for only one horse of the Fresian breed. Both groups: young horses of 2 and 3 yo (years old), incl. a qualification test and horses older than 4 yo (years old) /of heterozygous genotype CA showed a better placing. The heterozygous genotypes (CA) have a positive effect on the winning results of the four-year-old ones. The heterozygous genotype (CA) has a negative effect on the qualification and the racing career of the young horses. These results indicate that this polymorphism may be useful for assisted selection for the gait type of the gaited breeds.
Preferences and Equivalent Income in the UK

The use of multidimensional wellbeing has emerged from a shift of the main focus of policies from income to the consideration of other non-income dimensions. Using the ordered logit fixed effects modelling technique in a life satisfaction regression to estimate coefficients related to income and non-income life domains, the study has examined the computation of a preferencebased single index measure of wellbeing called equivalent income. It is noted that one contribution from this study is that the analysis takes into account hedonic adaptation when computing of equivalent income. This aspect is new in the literature and none of the previous studies included adaptation in the estimation of equivalent income. The coefficients related to income and non-income life domains estimated from the life satisfaction regressions are used to calculate equivalent income at the individual level. The results confirm low degree of overlap between individuals with the lowest equivalent income and those worst-off identified by equivalised income and by life satisfaction. The estimated willingness to pay (WTP) for perfect health accounts for a large proportion of equivalised income, while WTP for being employed is quite low. In addition, the findings conclude that across wellbeing measures, women aged 40-50 with lower education, living with other people in an urban area, childless and do not own a home outright are often identified as the worst-off. Regarding adaptation, the results confirm no adaptation to impairment after more than three years since onset.
TWO KEY VOLATILES OF CHINESE WHITE PINE (PINUS ARMANDII) (PINALES: PINACEAE: PINOIDEAE) PHLOEM RESIST INVASION BY CHINESE WHITE PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS ARMANDII) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE)

Pinus armandii phloem is the key tissue in which Dendroctonus armandii live and breed. Although previous research examined the volatiles in P. armandii phloem, the dynamic changes and functions of these volatiles were never revealed. This study detected the changes in P. armandii phloem volatiles at each stage of infestation from healthy to dead trees and tested the toxicity of these volatiles against D. armandii. It revealed that (1) the weight of females was significantly greater than that of males, and females were more tolerant to host volatiles than males. (2) Limonene and myrtanol of P. armandii phloem volatiles played the key roles in resisting the invasion of D. armandii. The first increased the percentage of limonene together with other volatiles killing D. armandii in the resistant period of P. armandii, and the second synthesised myrtanol to further resist the invasion of D. armandii in the retreat period of P. armandii. These observations highlight the differences in the resistance of males and females to toxicity from the volatiles and the difference in the toxicity of different volatiles to D. armandii, revealing the defensive system of P. armandii phloem to provide a theoretical basis for the control and management of D. armandii.
University of Groningen Early atherosclerosis in systemic sclerosis and its relation to disease or traditional risk factors Hettema,

Introduction Several systemic autoimmune diseases are associated with an increased prevalence of atherosclerosis which could not be explained by traditional risk factors alone. In systemic sclerosis (SSc), microvascular abnormalities are well recognized. Previous studies have suggested an increased prevalence of macrovascular disease as well. We compared patients with SSc to healthy controls for signs of early atherosclerosis by measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery in relation to traditional risk factors and markers of endothelial activation. Methods Forty-nine patients with SSc, of whom 92% had limited cutaneous SSc, and 32 healthy controls were studied. Common carotid IMT was measured by using B-mode ultrasound. Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed and serum markers for endothelial activation were measured. Results In patients with SSc, the mean IMT (median 0.69 mm, interquartile range [IQR] 0.62 to 0.79 mm) was not significantly increased compared with healthy controls (0.68 mm, IQR 0.56 to 0.75 mm; P = 0.067). Also, after correction for the confounders age, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.328) or using a different model taking into account the confounders age, HDL cholesterol, and history of macrovascular disease (P = 0.474), no difference in IMT was present between SSc patients and healthy controls. Plaques were found in three patients and not in healthy controls (P = 0.274). In patients, no correlations were found between maximum IMT, disease-related variables, and markers of endothelial activation. Endothelial activation markers were not increased in SSc patients compared with controls. Conclusion SSc is not associated with an increased prevalence of early signs of atherosclerosis. Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized connective tissue disorder characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and widespread vascular lesions. The pathogenesis of the vasculopathy is not fully understood, but a viral trigger, immune reactions to viral or environmental factors, reperfusion injury, or antiendothelial antibodies may all be involved [1]. Also, angiogenesis is insufficient or defective [2,3]. Most attention has been given to microvascular disease in SSc, but previous studies have suggested an increased prevalence of macrovascular disease as well [4,5]. In other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Wegener granulomatosis, a significantly increased prevalence of atherosclerosis has been described [6-10]. Atherosclerosis
Outside options, reputations, and the partial success of the Coase conjecture

A buyer and seller bargain over a good’s price in continuous time. The buyer has a private value and positive outside option. Additionally, bargainers can be either rational or committed to some ﬁxed price. If the sets of buyer values and commitment types are rich and the probability of commitment vanishes, outcomes are partially consistent with the Coase conjecture: the seller chooses a price below the maximum of the lowest outside option and half the lowest value; the buyer immediately accepts or exits, taking her outside option. There is minimal delay, but outcomes are ine ﬃ cient when the buyer exits.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SPP. ASSOCIATED WITH CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) WILT DISEASE IN THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most significant crop grown in Pakistan. This crop is a rich source of protein and carbohydrates. In developing countries, civilians are facing dietary protein shortage problems due to limited resources. Animals’ products, including beef, fish, meat and eggs are major sources of proteins which are too expensive to buy for the poor. In Pakistan, it is mostly cultivated in arid/semi-arid areas of the Thal region of Punjab province. These areas are totally dependent on rainfall for water requirements. Fortunately, chickpea is a drought tolerant crop but some biotic factors are also involved in low production of chickpea crop. Gram wilt disease is one of the major threats to this crop. Considering the current situation, it is necessary to develop sustainable management strategies. This study was planned with the aim of long-term management strategies against fungal pathogen associated with wilt disease including determination of resistant resources among the available genetic material, among three biocontrol agents Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum inhibition under in vitro and in vivo conditions and among ten chemicals, score showed maximum inhibition of Fusarium spp. which was followed by Topsin M and Baviston under in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Optimization of the Coupling Coefficient of the Inductive Link for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants

is work focuses on the optimization of coupling coefficient (k) of the inductive link for the wireless power transfer (WPT) system to be used in implantable medical devices (IMDs) of centimeter size. e analytic expression of k is presented. Simulations are conducted by using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Analytic results are verified with simulations. e receiving (Rx) coil is implanted in the body and set as a circular coil with a radius of 5 millimeters for reducing the risk of tissue inflammation. e inductive link under misalignment scenarios is optimized to improve k. When the distance between the transmitting (Tx) and Rx coils is fixed at 20mm, it is found that, to maximize k, the Tx coil in a planar spiral configuration with an average radius of 20mm is preferred, and the Rx coil in a solenoid configuration with a wire pitch of 0.7mm is recommended. Based on these optimization results, an inductive link WPT system is proposed; the coupling coefficient k, the power transfer efficiency (PTE), and the maximum power delivered to the load (MPDL) of the system are obtained with both simulation and experiment. Different media of air, muscle, and bone separating the Tx and Rx coils are tested. For the muscle (bone) medium, PTE is 44.14% (43.07%) and MPDL is 145.38mW (128.13mW), respectively.
Translation Quality Assessment Rubric: A Rasch Model-based Validation

The present study aimed to examine and validate a rubric for translation quality assessment using Rasch analysis. To this end, the researchers interviewed 20 expert translation instructors to identify the factors they consider important for assessing the quality of students’ translation. Based on the specific commonalities found throughout the interviews, a 23-item assessment rubric was constructed on a four-point Likert scale. More specifically, this study used the Rasch rating scale model for polytomous data to investigate the psychometric properties of the rating scale in terms of dimensionality, reliability, use of response category, and sample appropriateness. Then, a translation exam was administered to 60 translation students at the BA level in Iranian universities. Following this, the rubric was employed to assess the quality of students’ translation. The results revealed that the Rasch model fits the data well. Thus, the findings of the study indicated that the rubric is potentially valid and useful, and can be used as a measure of translation quality assessment in the Iranian context.
Observation Selection, Total Variation, and L-Curve Methods for LiDAR Data Denoising

In this article, we propose a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data denoising scheme for wind profile observation as a part of quality control procedure for wind velocity monitoring and windshear detection. +e proposed denoising scheme consists of several components. (i) It selects LiDAR observations according to their SNR values so that serious noisy data can be removed. (ii) A polar-based total variation smoothing term is employed to regularize LiDAR observations. (iii) +e regularization parameters are automatically determined to balance the data-fitting term and the total variation smoothing term. Numerical results for LiDAR data collected at the Hong Kong International Airport are reported to demonstrate that the denoising performance of the proposed method is better than that of the testing LiDAR data denoising schemes in the literature.
Learning Consistent Deep Generative Models from Sparsely Labeled Data

We develop broadly applicable methods for learning flexible models of high-dimensional data, like images, that are paired with (discrete or continuous) labels. We are particularly interested in semi-supervised learning (SSL) (Zhu, 2005; Oliver et al., 2018) from data that is sparsely labeled, a common situation in practice due to the cost or privacy concerns associated with data annotation. Given a large and sparsely labeled dataset, we seek a single probabilistic model that simultaneously makes good predictions of labels and provides a high-quality generative model of the high-dimensional input data. Prior approaches for semi-supervised learning of deep generative models include variational autoencoders (VAEs) (Kingma et al. (2014)), generative adversarial networks (GANs) (Dumoulin et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2017), normalizing flows (Nalisnick et al., 2019; Izmailov et al., 2020) and hybrids of these (Larsen et al., 2016; de Bem et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019). We favor VAEs due to their ability to learn low-dimensional representations with high predictive accuracy and their ability to evaluate a learned probability density function. We have three key contributions. First, we expose the conceptual and practical deficiencies of SSL VAEs built on the M2 approach of Kingma et al. (2014). Second, to address these limitations we provide a new downstream SSL framework – prediction constrained variational autoencoders (PC-VAEs) – which learns high-quality generative models while simultaneously enforcing accurate predictions. Third, we show that the generative model structure leads to a natural consistency constraint vital for effective semi-supervised learning from very sparse labels. Our experiments demonstrate that consistent prediction-constrained (CPC) VAE training leads to accuracy competitive with state-of-the-art SSL methods and integrates well with generative modelling improvements such as “very-deep” VAEs (Child, 2021).