Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling star formation and feedback in simulations of interacting galaxies

ABSTRA C T We discuss a heuristic model to implement star formation and feedback in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution. In this model, gas is allowed to cool radiatively and to form stars at a rate given by a simple Schmidt-type law. We assume that supernova feedback results in turbulent motions of gas below resolved scales, a process that can pressurize the diffuse gaseous medium effectively, even if it lacks substantial thermal support. Ignoring the complicated detailed physics of the feedback processes, we try to describe their net effect on the interstellar medium with a fiducial second reservoir of internal energy, which accounts for the kinetic energy content of the gas on unresolved scales. Applying the model to three-dimensional, fully self-consistent models of isolated disc galaxies, we show that the resulting feedback loop can be modelled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics such that converged results can be reached with moderate numerical resolution. With an appropriate choice of the free parameters, Kennicutt’s phenomenological star formation law can be reproduced over many orders of magnitude in gas surface density. We also apply the model to mergers of equal-mass disc galaxies, typically resulting in strong nuclear starbursts. Confirming previous findings, the presence of a bulge can delay the onset of the starburst from the first encounter of the galaxies until their final coalescence. The final density profiles of the merger remnants are consistent with de Vaucouleurs profiles, except for the innermost region, where the newly created stars give rise to a luminous core with stellar densities that may be in excess of those observed in the cores of most elliptical galaxies. By comparing the isophotal shapes of collisionless and dissipative merger simulations we show that dissipation leads to isophotes that are more discy than those of corresponding collisionless simulations.
The Impact of Regulation on Innovation

We present a framework that can be used to assess the equilibrium impact of regulation on endogenous innovation with heterogeneous firms. We implement this model using French firm-level panel data, where there is a sharp increase in the burden of labor regulations on companies with 50 or more employees. Consistent with the model’s qualitative predictions, we find a fall in the fraction of innovating firms just to the left of the regulatory threshold. Furthermore, we find a reduction in the innovation response of firms to demand shocks just below the threshold. Regulation reduces aggregate innovation by 5.7 percent. (JEL D22, K31, L11, L25, L51, O31, O34)
Esimation of heterosis in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

The present investigation on “Estimation of Heterosis in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted during Kharif 2016-17 using four line and six tester making 24 crosses and evaluation this material using Randomized Block Design. The cross combination BPMR 145 x BM 2011-1 recorded the highest standard heterosis over the check BM 2003-2. The cross BM 4 x TBM 9 exhibited the highest significant mid parent heterosis and heterobeltosis for the number of pods per plant. The cross AKM 8802×BM 2011-1 was found highest standard heterosis for pod length, number of pod per plant and grain yield per plant. The study further can used to breed a genotype with high yielding potential and to collect the information on the genetic mechanism controlling various traits in the material.
Chapter 2 Uremic Retention Solutes

This chapter will address the broad subject of uremic retention solutes (URS), also known as uremic toxins. Some of these solutes had been recognized for decades, and in 1999 when the European Uremic Toxin Work Group was established, a fuller description of URS was presented. The group sought to identify and characterize the solutes in the serum of patients with impaired glomerular filtration, in order to explore their role in the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome and improve current therapeutic options. This chapter will review the different types of URS, as well as the adverse effects associated with their accumulation. It will also cover current and potential therapeutic approaches to reduce their levels.
Smoking guns and volcanic ash: the importance of sparse tephras in Greenland ice cores

Volcanic ash (fine-grained tephra) within Greenland ice cores can complement the understanding of past volcanism and its environmental and societal impacts. The presence of ash in sparse concentrations in the ice raises questions about whether such material represents primary ashfall in Greenland or resuspended (remobilized) material from continental areas. In this article, we investigate this issue by examining tephra content in quasi-annual samples from two Greenland ice cores during a period of ca. 20 years and considering their relationships with sulphur and particulate data from the same cores. We focus on the interval 815–835 CE as it encompasses a phase (818–822 CE) of heightened volcanogenic sulphur previously ascribed to an eruption of Katla, Iceland. We find that tephra is a frequent but not continuous feature within the ice, unlike similarly sized particulate matter. A solitary ash shard whose major element geochemistry is consistent with Katla corroborates the attribution of the 822±1 CE sulphur peak to this source, clearly showing that a single shard can signify primary ashfall. Other tephras are present in similarly low abundances, but their geochemistries are less certainly attributable to specific sources. Although these tephra shards tend to coincide with elevated sulphur and fine ( 10 µm) particle concentrations that might be expected if the shards had been transported by dust storms. We conclude that the sparse shards derive from primary ashfall, and we argue that low tephra concentrations should not be dismissed as insignificant.
The Financial Crisis and Its Impact on the Global Agricultural Landscape

The financial crisis arose in the industrial countries, but has affected developing countries through higher interest rates, sharp changes in commodity prices and reductions in investment, trade, migration and remittances. Some also see the recent food price crisis as a strongly related phenomenon. For most low income countries, shocks that affect food prices or wage rates for unskilled workers seem likely to have the biggest impact on poverty. Policies to address the crisis must include measures: to deal with financial sector problems; the resulting reductions in aggregate demand; and the particular vulnerabilities of poor people.
Phenotypic and functional analysis of bovine γδ lymphocytes

The studies have provided the first comprehensive comparison of the factors regulating activation and proliferation of WC1 + and WC1 γδ T cells. The investigation has shown that accessory molecules essential for activation and function of WC1 and WC1 γδ T cells and the sources and roles of cytokines in activation of γδ T cells through the T cell receptor (TCR). The study has also shown that the role of cytokines in activation and function of γδ T cells activated indirectly through cytokines secreted by ab T cells, accessory cells and antigen presenting cells (APC). Cytokines were differentially produced by subpopulations of γδ T cells under different conditions of activation. The investigation obtained in this study has revealed that factors account for activation and proliferation of γδ T cells in cultures designed to study MHC-restricted responses to antigens. Evidence obtained here has shown there is biological relevance to activation under these culture conditions that points to potential regulatory and effector functions of γδ T cells. The investigations have also provided the information needed to begin identifying and characterizing antigens recognized by the TCR repertoires of WC1 and WC1 γδ T cells. Finally, the investigations have provided the information needed to begin analysis of the mechanisms by which γδ T cells modulate MHC restricted immune responses to pathogens and derived vaccines.
Integrated management of sheath rot and brown spot of paddy

The trial was conducted subsequently during three years for development of integrated disease management module in rice with main plot treatments consisting of seed treatment (ST) of benomyl (0.3%) followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.5%) and cultural practices (CP) like soil application of rice husk ash (RHA) at sowing on raised beds (1 kg m-2) + soil application of rice straw (RS) @ 2 tones ha-1 at transplanting and no ST and CP together with eight fungicide treatments including absolute control as subplot treatments. The pooled results revealed that the lowest sheath rot (25.02%) and brown spot (11.11) diseases with highest disease reduction of 63.05 and 79.69 per cent, respectively were recorded in the treatment combination of ST + CP with three sprays of propiconazole (0.1%) at 15 days interval starting first spray at disease appearance. Thereby, this treatment produced highest grain (35.57 q/ha) and straw (40.09 q/ha) yield with substantial increase in the grain (101.23%) and straw (93.10%) yields as well as gave higher monitory benefits such as total monetary returns of Rs. 58048.85 ha-1, net profit of Rs. 30905.85 ha-1, and B : C ratio of 2.14. This was followed by ST + CP with sprays of bitertanol (0.25%), carbendazim (0.1%) and tricyclazole (0.10%).
Formation of massive, dense cores by cloud-cloud collisions

We performed sub-parsec ($\sim$ 0.014 pc) scale simulations of cloud-cloud collisions of two idealized turbulent molecular clouds (MCs) with different masses in the range of $0.76 - 2.67 \times 10^4$M$_{\odot}$ and with collision speeds of 5 $-$ 30 km/s. Those parameters are larger than Takahira, Tasker and Habe (2014) (paper I) in which the colliding system showed a partial gaseous arc morphology that supports the NANTEN observations of objects indicated to be colliding MCs by numerical simulations. Gas clumps with density greater than $10^{-20}$ g cm$^{-3}$ were identified as pre-stellar cores and tracked through the simulation to investigate the effect of mass of colliding clouds and collision speeds on the resulting core population. Our results demonstrate that smaller cloud property is more important for results of cloud cloud collisions. The mass function of formed cores can be approximated by a power law relation with index $\gamma$ = -1.6 in slower cloud cloud collisions ($v \sim 5 $ km/s), in good agreement with observation of MCs. A faster relative velocity increases the number of cores formed in the early stage of collisions and shortens gas accretion phase of cores in the shocked region, leading to suppression of core growth. The bending point appears in the high mass part of the core mass function and the bending point mass decreases with increasing of the collision velocity for the same combination of colliding clouds. The high mass part of the core mass function than the bending point mass can be approximated by a power law with $\gamma$ = -2.3 that is very similar to the power index of the massive part of the observed initial stellar mass function. We discuss implication of our results for the massive star formation in our Galaxy.
Consistency of plug-in confidence sets for classification in semi-supervised learning

Confident prediction is highly relevant in machine learning; for example, in applications such as medical diagnoses, wrong prediction can be fatal. For classification, there already exist procedures that allow to not classify data when the confidence in their prediction is weak. This approach is known as classification with reject option. In this paper, we provide a new methodology for this approach. Predicting a new feature via a confidence set, we ensure an exact control of the probability of classification. Moreover, we show that this methodology can be implemented easily, in a semi-supervised way, and has attractive theoretical and numerical properties.
Descriptive Norms and Gender Diversity: Reactance from Men

Descriptive norms provide social information on others’ typical behaviors and have been shown to lead to prescriptive outcomes by “nudging” individuals towards norm compliance in numerous settings. This paper examines whether descriptive norms lead to prescriptive outcomes in the gender domain. We examine whether such social information can influence the gender distribution of candidates selected by employers in a hiring context. We conduct a series of laboratory experiments where ‘employers’ decide how many male and female ‘employees’ they want to hire for male- and female-typed tasks and examine whether employers are more likely to hire more of one gender when informed that others have done so as well. In this set-up descriptive norms do not have prescriptive effects. In fact, descriptive norms do not affect female employers’ hiring decisions at all and lead to norm reactance and backlash from male employers when informed that others have hired more women.
Influence of composition of raw wastewater on removal of nitrogen compounds in multistage treatment wetlands

Influence of composition of raw wastewater on the efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen removal in multistage treatment wetlands has been examined. Commonly used indicators, like COD/BOD5 and BOD5/TN ratio, determining wastewater susceptibility to biodegradation in conventional treatment technologies were assessed. It was confirmed that multistage treatment wetland may be used for treatment of wastewater with high loads of organic pollutants and unfavorable composition for a biological treatment expressed by the ratio of COD/BOD5 and BOD5/TN equal to 2.7 and 0.7, respectively. 1
Controls on stream hydrochemistry dynamics in a high Arctic snow‐covered watershed

Arctic streams are highly sensitive to climate change due to warmer air temperature and increased precipitation associated with an encroaching low Arctic climatic zone into currently high‐Arctic coastal areas. Increases in nivation processes and permafrost degradation will lead to potential changes in stream physicochemical habitat, although these impacts are poorly understood. To address this gap, physicochemical habitat characteristics in streams around Zackenberg in Northeast Greenland National Park were investigated during the summers of 2013 to 2016. Streams with different sized snowpacks represented both low and high snowfall conditions leading to different nivation processes. Streams with larger snowpacks displayed lower channel stability, with higher channel mobility, suspended sediment and solute concentrations. Suspended sediment concentration was identified as a key driver of stream solute concentrations, and varying snowpack levels caused high interannual variability in solute concentrations. Winter snowpack size was confirmed to be an important driver of stream physicochemical habitat in an Arctic region with low glacial cover. We predict climate change will strongly impact stream hydrochemistry in this region through increased nivation processes alongside active layer thickening and solifluction, thereby increasing stream suspended sediment and solute concentrations. These findings indicate that hydrochemistry was principally a function of erosion, with variation being determined by spatial and temporal patterns in erosional processes, and as such, alternative methods to fingerprint water sources should be considered in this region.
Individual Investors Perception of Dividends: Pakistan's Perspective

This research paper argue that there exists a strong preference for dividends among investors. The main purpose is to find the factors that lead individual investors to reveal their preference for either cash or stock dividends. The most important dividend theories are employed to test the behavior of Pakistani individual investors towards dividends. The results reveal strong evidence that individual investors in Pakistan want dividends either in the form of cash or stocks. They also have a strong preference for dividend even if a company has to pay it by borrowing.
Genome-Wide RNAi High-Throughput Screen Identifies Proteins Necessary for the AHR-Dependent Induction of CYP 1 A 1 by 2 , 3 , 7 , 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has a plethora of physiological roles, and upon dysregulation, carcinogenesis can occur. One target gene of AHR encodes the xenobiotic and drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1, which is inducible by the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) via the AHR. An siRNA library targeted against over 5600 gene candidates in the druggable genome was used to transfect mouse Hepa-1 cells, which were then treated with TCDD, and subsequently assayed for CYP1A1-dependent ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity. Following redundant siRNA activity (RSA) statistical analysis, we identified 93 hits that reduced EROD activity with a p value ≤ . 005 and substantiated 39 of these as positive hits in a secondary screening using endoribonuclease-prepared siRNAs (esiRNAs). Twelve of the corresponding gene products were subsequently confirmed to be necessary for the induction of CYP1A1 messenger RNA by TCDD. None of the candidates were deficient in aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator expression. However 6 gene products including UBE2i, RAB40C, CRYGD, DCTN4, RBM5, and RAD50 are required for the expression of AHR as well as for induction of CYP1A1. We also found 2 gene products, ARMC8 and TCF20, to be required for the induction of CYP1A1, but our data are ambiguous as to whether they are required for the expression of AHR. In contrast, SIN3A, PDC, TMEM5, and CD9 are not required for AHR expression but are required for the induction of CYP1A1, implicating a direct role in Cyp1a1 transcription. Our methods, although applied to Cyp1a1, could be modified for identifying proteins that regulate other inducible genes.
Sharp spectral estimates in domains of infinite volume

We consider the Dirichlet Laplace operator on open, quasi-bounded domains of infinite volume. For such domains semiclassical spectral estimates based on the phase-space volume - and therefore on the volume of the domain - must fail. Here we present a method how one can nevertheless prove uniform bounds on eigenvalues and eigenvalue means which are sharp in the semiclassical limit. We give examples in horn-shaped regions and so-called spiny urchins. Some results are extended to Schr\"odinger operators defined on quasi-bounded domains with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Differential Gene Expression in Eyecup and Retina of a Mouse Model of Stargardt-like Macular Dystrophy ( STGD 3 )

RESULTS. Significant expression level changes were found in only 17 of the 252 genes examined. Nine were upregulated (Fgf2, Fgfr1, Ntf5, Cbln1, Ngfr, Ntrk1, Trp53, Tlr6, and Herpud1), and eight were downregulated (Ccl22, Ccr3, Il18rap, Nf1, Ccl11, Atf6 , Rpn1, and Serp1). Overexpression of FGF2 was detected at 1 month, before rod loss onset, and was maintained at high levels until cone loss (18 months). By 9 months, FGF2 overexpression was seen in photoreceptor cell bodies. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression due to glial cell reactivity followed the same time course. Levels of NGFR/p75NTR remained invariant. Although present in rod outer segments at 1 month, the macrophage chemoattracting chemokine CCL22 became undetectable by 9 months, a likely consequence of progressive rod outer segment truncation.
Molecular staging and differential diagnosis

Dissemination of solid tumors occurs through the lymphatic and blood vessels leading to regional lymph node and organ metastases, respectively. Although the majority of solid human malignancies use the lymphatic route for dissemination, lymph node metastases of solid canceras are rarely fatal. However, in several types of cancer identification of the lymphatic spread of the tumor is a prognostic factor that influences the therapy and prognosis of the disease. On the other hand, hematogenous spread of solid cancers represents the biggest clinical challenge in oncology, and has a fundamental influence
Engagement in socio constructivist online learning to support personalisation and borderless education

Increasingly, higher education is tasked with designing online courses that fulfil the twin purposes of scalability and personalisation. In response to market pressures, a traditionally taught masters at a UK university undertook its first online module. Influenced by existing evidence around creating a positive online learning environment through pertinent course structure and pedagogy, the new online module followed socio-constructivist principles and was then evaluated through a mixed method research study. By dividing the teaching team between ‘academic experts’ and ‘pedagogic coordinators’ students drew on the expertise of active researchers through their published work, a podcast and an asynchronous discussion forum. Students’ reflections on iterative fortnightly research themes were moderated in a second discussion forum by the pedagogic coordinators but was highly influenced by the strength of the peer support and review that was designed into the course. Recommendations are offered on how the personalisation and borderless provision of a socio constructivist design can be implemented in an online format.
Determinants of Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change: A Case Study from the Coastal Region of Bangladesh

Socio-economic conditions of farmers, especially in the coastal region in Bangladesh, have been severely affected because of climate change. This study was focused on analyzing the farmers’ perception of climate change by examining three vital issues: (1) description of the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers; (2) reporting on the perception of farmers experiences with climatic change; and (3) identification of the socio-economic factors associated with farmers’ perception of climate change. The study area encompasses three villages within the coastal region (Sathkhira district) of Bangladesh, a geographic region where climate change literature has highlighted as prone to accelerated degradation. A logit model, along with weighted indexes for ranking and descriptive statistics, was used to analyze the result of 100 farmers surveyed by questionnaire. We found that the majority of the farmers (88%) perceived changes in climatic conditions. Almost all farmers indicated increases in temperature, droughts, floods, cyclones, salinity level and decreasing rainfall over the last 20 years. The logit model explained that out of the nine factors surveyed; education, family size, farm size, family income, farming experiences and training received were significantly related and influential factors to perception of climate change. Therefore, government and non-governmental organizations are recommended to push forward with interventions, especially focusing on identified factors, in order to strengthen the farmers’ capacity to battle against climate change effects.