Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of bird migration in a biogeographical context

We infer from the literature that migratory habits of birds evolved in various phylogenetic lineages and biogeographical contexts, either after gradual range expansion into seasonal habitats, or due to environmental changes within established breeding ranges. Shifts of breeding ranges are the results of interactions between colonization due to dispersal and extinction due to deteriorating conditions. Range expansions provide a platform for the evolution of migration from the newly colonized areas towards seasonally favourable non‐breeding areas. A comparison of palaeoclimatic changes with concurrent evolution and distribution of passerine birds suggests that at least some of the basic genera of the Passerida radiated on the northern continents when quasi‐tropical or subtropical climates prevailed. The Passerida may be a special case, but they suggest that ‘tropical origin’ does not necessarily imply a ‘southern origin’ of migratory species. Climate deterioration required adaptations either towards on‐site survival under harsh conditions or towards escape movements allowing improved non‐breeding survival in less seasonal climates or with reversed seasonality. Taxon‐specific life‐history traits and environmental conditions favoured either sedentary or migratory lines of adaptation. Repeated climate variation induced range shifts and concurrent increases or decreases in the expression of migratory behaviour. Two examples of waders suggest that the principle of range shift, followed by the development of migratory habits, is also applicable for other taxonomic groups.
Early Life Survival of the Anchoveta Engraulis ringens Off Central Chile during the 1995 and 1996 Winter Spawning Seasons

Abstract For fish populations occurring in coastal upwelling areas, the timing of spawning has been proposed to occur during seasons when transport offshore is reduced. Along the coastal zone off central Chile, the anchoveta Engraulis ringens spawns preferentially during winter. Spawning in this season, however, might represent a period of increased risk to eggs and larvae due to the harsh and variable oceanographic conditions. This study determined the mortality rates of egg and larval anchoveta in an area located close to the species' southern limit of distribution during its winter spawning season. Two temporal scales of variability, interseasonal (between years), and intraseasonal (individual daily cohort mortality rates) show that (1) mean seasonal mortality rates were not different between years and (2) mortality rates considering the egg and larval stages together (96% daily in 1995 and 98% daily in 1996) were much higher than those estimated using only the larval stage (4.4% daily in 1995 and 6.8%.
Lipid Contents and Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipid of Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus and Konowata (Salted Sea Cucumber Entrails)

The fatty acid compositions in the body wall, gonads, and alimentary canal of male and female Stichopus japonicus caught in the Sea of Okhotsk off the coast of Abashiri were analyzed to clarify their characteristics. The fatty acid composition was studied also in konowata sold at the market. The analysis was performed by capillary gas chromatography. Major fatty acids that constituted the lipids of the body wall were iso-C15, C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, C18:1n-7, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C23:1n-9, and C22:6n-3. The fatty acid compositions in various tissues were nearly identical between males and females. Although the fatty acid compositions in the body wall and gonads were similar, they markedly differed from the fatty acid composition in the alimentary canal. The iso-C15, C16:0, and C16:1n-7 levels were very high in the body wall, and the C20:1n-9, C20:4n-6, and C20:5n-3 levels were high in the alimentary canal. A very high monoenoic acid content and the absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the exception of icosapentaenoic acid were characteristics of the fatty acid composition in konowata.
Studies employing the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) as a guideline for the research: Literature review of the Saudi context.

Theoretical framework models are widely employed by researchers because these models are able to provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomena under investigation. The models most commonly adopted by researchers in the field of e-learning are the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This paper presents a review of studies that have included the UTAUT framework as a guideline for the research. More specifically, this paper concentrates on research that has been conducted in Saudi Arabia. The results of this review indicate that according to the review and an analysis of previous studies, facilitating conditions, performance expectancy and effort expectancy have positive effects on users’ intentions to integrate and adopt E-Learning technologies. Finally, this paper presents and highlights area for future work.
Elephant behaviour in a semi‐arid environment*

Summary Elephants were observed for two dry seasons and the intervening wet season in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. The behaviour of cows was influenced to a greater extent by weather than was the behaviour of bulls. Variations in bulls' ranging behaviour could be explained by the proportion of the bull population that was sexually active at any particular time of year. In the mid dry season, when there was very little food available, bulls moved short distances each day, while cows travelled long distances in search of food for themselves and their dependent offspring. Later in the dry season the benefits of long day ranges were outweighed by increasing juvenile mortality. Resume Des elephants ont ete observes durant deux saisons seches et la saison des pluies intermediaire, au Ruaha N.P. en Tanzanie. Le comportement des femelles est plus influence par le temps que celui des mâles. Les variations dans le comportement des mâles pourraient etre expliquees par la proportion de la population des mâles sexuellement active a chaque moment precis de l'annee. Au milieu de la saison seche, quand il y a peu de nourriture disponible, les mâles parcourent de courtes distances chaque jour alors que les femelles couvrent de longs trajets a la recherche de nourriture pour elles-memes et leur progeniture. Plus tard dans la saison seche, les benefices de longs deplacements sont contrebalances par l'augmentation de la mortalite juvenile.
Home-range size and territoriality in Bolomys lasiurus (Rodentia: Muridae) in an Amazonian savanna

ABSTRACT Bolomys lasiurus is the only species of rodent commonly found in the savanna of Alter do Chão, central Amazonia. Peak densities during 42 months were less than have been reported from the cerrado biome of central Brazil. However, the population at Alter do Chão appears to be more stable than those in other areas and we never recorded zero densities. Many animals were captured over periods greater than 7 months, indicating that either mortality or dispersal was less than in previous studies. Mean home-range size of females was inversely related to the proportion of females that were gravid or lactating. Female home ranges were mutually exclusive and averaged 35% (SD = 8.2%) of male home ranges. Male home ranges overlapped extensively. Indices of home-range size varied seasonally and among years.
Casting Conference Calls

We explore a subtle but important mechanism through which firms can control information flow to the markets. We find that firms that “cast” their conference calls by disproportionately calling on bullish analysts tend to underperform in the future. Firms that call on more favorable analysts experience more negative future earnings surprises and more future earnings restatements. A long–short portfolio that exploits this differential firm behavior earns abnormal returns of up to 149 basis points per month or almost 18% per year. We find similar evidence in an international sample of earnings call transcripts from the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Japan. Firms with higher discretionary accruals, firms that barely meet/exceed earnings expectations, and firms (and their executives) that are about to issue equity, sell shares, and exercise options are all significantly more likely to cast their earnings calls. This paper was accepted by Tyler Shumway, finance.
‘I was quite surprised it worked so well’: Student and facilitator perspectives of synchronous online Problem Based Learning

ABSTRACT Problem Based Learning (PBL) is widely used to educate tertiary health students, mainly because of the pedagogical benefits including promoting critical thinking, clinical reasoning and lifelong learning. However, delivering PBL can be challenging, particularly when students have demanding academic and clinical placement schedules. PBL online has the potential to allow students to participate remotely. In this study, a PBL case was designed and delivered using a synchronous online platform. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the participants’ experiences and perspectives. Focus group and survey data revealed that PBL online is a flexible and accessible alternative to face-to-face PBL. Aspects of the functionality offered by the platform assisted the PBL process, however internet connectivity impacted the trial and students reported difficulties with rapport building and limited depth of discussion. These difficulties were not perceived as detrimental by the facilitator, however additional effort and preparation was required compared to face-to-face PBL.
Emergence Success and Sex Ratio of Natural and Relocated Nests of Olive Ridley Turtles from Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia

The nest environment, in particular sand temperature, is critical to the breeding ecology of sea turtles which lack parental care during their early stages of life. We investigated the effects of sand temperature on emergence success and sex ratio of Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) hatchlings in in situ and relocated nests in Alas Purwo National Park (APNP), East Java, Indonesia. Over two years of observation no in situ nests survived due to predation, while emergence success in relocated nests varied between the years. Temperatures above 34°C experienced by the nests over at least three consecutive days during incubation (T3dm) had decreased emergence success in both years. These high temperatures occurred as a result of metabolic heating of developing embryos combined with high sand temperatures. The indirect method of determining sex ratios from nest temperature profiles indicated that the hatchery at APNP generated more male hatchlings than female. Our study provides justification for on-going egg relocation to the hatchery as a conservation management strategy. Therefore the nest environment inside the hatchery needs to be carefully managed so that temperatures do not exceed the viable limit nor unnaturally skew the sex ratio of embryos.
The reproductive biology of the helmeted honeyeater, Lichenostomus melanops cassidix

The reproductive biology of the critically endangered helmeted honeyeater was documented in and near the Yellingbo State Nature Reserve, Victoria, from 1984 to 1993. The population bred in pairs, sometimes with helpers. Females did most of the nest construction, incubation and brooding; both parents fed the young and males more often defended the nest. Nests were cup-shaped and placed in shrub thickets, or less commonly in reedbeds, ferns or eucalypt foliage. In all, 91% of clutches were of two eggs. Young fledged from 33% of nests, estimated by the Mayfield method. Predation was the main cause of nest failure, with adverse weather also a significant contributor. Post-fledging survival was high. Juveniles were substantially independent by the sixth week after hatching. The helmeted honeyeater was markedly multi-brooded, with re-nesting usually occurring rapidly after both failure and success. The commitment by individual pairs of helmeted honeyeaters to reproduction can extend to a predictable 70% of the year. This level of commitment is probably facilitated by their sedentary, territorial nature and the moisture-stable environment occupied. Reproductive performance does not limit the helmeted honeyeater population.
Enumeration of stereo, position and chiral isomers of polysubstituted giant fullerenes: applications to C180 and C240

Abstract We have developed combinatorial generation function methods that combine Mȍbius inversion and character cycle indices for the enumeration of stereo, position and chiral isomers of icosahedral giant fullerenes C180 and C240. Techniques are also developed for the machine perception of symmetries of especially giant fullerenes. The techniques yield, symmetries, position, stereo and chiral isomers of giant fullerenes which we illustrate with applications to icosahedral C180(Ih), and C240(Ih). We have obtained combinatorial tables for the isomers of C180Xk and C240Xk. Our results point to errors in previous computations on C240 permutations. We have also outlined applications to NMR and ESR spectroscopy.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY: APICAL ABORTION

The semicultivated lowbush blueberry is fire-pruned on a 3- to 4-year cycle. In spring, vegetative growth is accomplished through the development of an axillary bud on an aerial shoot. In a fire-pruned area, the growth is delayed in both its initiation and termination by as much as a month and arises either from axillary buds on the unburned below-ground portions of the aerial stems, or from rhizome seated buds. Shoot growth is terminated by the abortion of the apical meristem and the death of the proximal portions of the axis. Evidence is presented suggesting that the death of the apex is not triggered by an appropriate photoperiod. Further, although it is inherently controlled, it does not follow the production of a specified quantity (relative to clone) of leaf nor vegetative tissue and is not related to the development of a specified (per clone) leaf photosynthetic area. Finally, there is a strong indication that the death of the shoot is speeded by the presence of a high level of auxin.
Dental Morphology of Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

ABSTRACT—The cranium of Vintana sertichi preserves the first associated upper dentition of a gondwanatherian mammal. Gondwanatherians are known almost exclusively from isolated teeth, particularly molariforms. As such, referral of V. sertichi to the Gondwanatheria, differentiation of V. sertichi from other gondwanatherians, and determination of the relationships of V. sertichi to other gondwanatherians must rely heavily on dental morphology. The hypsodont nature, gross morphology, enamel microstructure, and wear pattern of its molariform teeth serve to unequivocally identify the cranium of V. sertichi as that of a sudamericid gondwanatherian. Based on available morphology, V. sertichi appears to have had an upper dental formula of 2.0. 1.4. There are two long, curved alveoli in each premaxilla for enlarged, buccolingually compressed, procumbent incisors that were well separated from the cheek teeth by a long diastema. There is no evidence of a canine. The single premolariform tooth appears to have been small and two-rooted, but neither the left nor the right crowns are preserved. Of the eight upper molariform alveoli, four are preserved with teeth in situ, three in the left maxilla (antepenultimate, penultimate, and ultimate) and one in the right (penultimate). The molariform cheek teeth have several salient characteristics: large size, hypsodont crowns, roughly quadrangular outlines, occlusal surfaces worn essentially flat, numerous cementum-filled infundibula, cementum-filled furrows that invaginate from the buccal side but do not extend to the base of the crown, and multiple, short root apices. The relative amounts of wear on the molariform cheek teeth of V. sertichi indicate a mesial-to-distal eruption sequence. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline. com/UJVP
MATING SYSTEM AND SEXCUL DIMORPHISM IN LARGE TERRESTRIAL, MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES

Sexual dimorphism in mammals is not entirely satisfactorily explained by the models that are advanced to account for it among birds. This may be because species‐specific styles of being dimorphic, and of attaining mature dimorphic state, are not clearly recognized. Mature dimorphism is a syndrome involving body size, appearance and weaponry; each facet and the whole syndrome may have functions in both fighting and signalling. The mature dimorphic stage has to be reached by growth and change from juvenile and sub‐adult states.
Molecular Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central Role of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal and in Heavy Metal Chelation

Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. A common consequence of HM toxicity is the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG), both of which can cause peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, DNA damage and/or interact with other vital constituents of plant cells. Higher plants have evolved a sophisticated antioxidant defense system and a glyoxalase system to scavenge ROS and MG. In addition, HMs that enter the cell may be sequestered by amino acids, organic acids, glutathione (GSH), or by specific metal-binding ligands. Being a central molecule of both the antioxidant defense system and the glyoxalase system, GSH is involved in both direct and indirect control of ROS and MG and their reaction products in plant cells, thus protecting the plant from HM-induced oxidative damage. Recent plant molecular studies have shown that GSH by itself and its metabolizing enzymes—notably glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II—act additively and coordinately for efficient protection against ROS- and MG-induced damage in addition to detoxification, complexation, chelation and compartmentation of HMs. The aim of this review is to integrate a recent understanding of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of HM-induced plant stress response and tolerance based on the findings of current plant molecular biology research.
Seasonal Changes in Feeding of Coho and Chinook (Spring) Salmon in Southern British Columbia Waters

Food study based on the stomach analyses of 551 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and 659 coho salmon (O. kisutch) collected from the various localities along the southern British Columbia coast during the summer of 1957 revealed that herring followed by crustaceans formed the most important items of the diet of the two species. Coho salmon exhibited a more pelagic and varied diet than chinook salmon caught in the same area. Definite seasonal fluctuations in the composition of food and feeding intensity were noticed. Considerable amounts of Crustacea were taken in early summer months and after that fish assumed importance.Qualitative and quantitative differences in the feeding of these two species on the east and west coasts of Vancouver Island appear to warrant the establishment of two food type areas, Although herring constitute the major food item of both spring and coho salmon, evidences are presented in support of the hypothesis that a change in herring stock is not likely to affect salmon ab.
Seasonal pulses in migrations of New Zealand diadromous fish and the potential impacts of river mouth closure

Abstract Movements of 16 diadromous New Zealand freshwater fishes between rivers and the sea show distinct seasonal pulses: most migration from the sea into rivers occurs during spring and most migration from rivers into the sea occurs during summer‐mid‐winter. Inspection of life stages at which migrations occur shows that pulses in movements in both upstream and downstream directions variously involve both larval/juvenile fish and adult/prespawning fish. For this reason it is unlikely that there is a general explanation for what seems, superficially, to be common timing of movements by many species. The ability of diadromous fish to move between catchments through the sea gives such species the capacity to recolonise rivers where there has been extirpation as a result of perturbation. This probably explains why fish species on small nearshore and offshore islands around New Zealand are almost exclusively diadromous. Understanding the timing of these movements is important if river managers are to minimis.
Longitudinal Differences in Human Hippocampal Connectivity During Episodic Memory Processing

Abstract The question of longitudinal hippocampal functional specialization is critical to human episodic memory because an accurate understanding of this phenomenon would impact theories of mnemonic function and entail practical consequences for the clinical management of patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery. The implementation of the robotically assisted stereo electroencephalography technique for seizure mapping has provided our group with the opportunity to obtain recordings simultaneously from the anterior and posterior human hippocampus, allowing us to create an unparalleled data set of human subjects with simultaneous anterior and posterior hippocampal recordings along with several cortical regions. Using these data, we address several key questions governing functional hippocampal connectivity in human memory. First, we ask whether functional networks during episodic memory encoding and retrieval are significantly different for the anterior versus posterior hippocampus (PH). We also examine how connections differ across the 2–5 Hz versus 4–9 Hz theta frequency ranges, directly addressing the relative contribution of each of these separate bands in hippocampal–cortical interactions. While we report some overlapping connections, we observe evidence of distinct anterior versus posterior hippocampal networks during memory encoding related to frontal and parietal connectivity as well as hemispheric differences in aggregate connectivity. We frame these findings in light of the proposed AT/PM memory systems. We also observe distinct encoding versus retrieval connectivity patterns between anterior and posterior hippocampal networks, we find that overall connectivity is greater for the PH in the right hemisphere, and further that these networks significantly differ in terms of frontal and parietal connectivity. We place these findings in the context of existing theoretical treatments of human memory systems, especially the proposed AT/PM system. During memory retrieval, we observe significant differences between slow-theta (2–5 Hz) and fast-theta (4–9 Hz) connectivity between the cortex and hippocampus. Taken together, our findings describe mnemonically relevant functional connectivity differences along the longitudinal axis of the human hippocampus that will inform interpretation of models of hippocampal function that seek to integrate rodent and human data.