Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endotherms trade body temperature regulation for the stress response

Responding to perceived threats is energetically expensive and can require animals to curtail somatic repair, immunity, and even reproduction to balance energy ledgers. Among birds and mammals, energetic demands of thermoregulation are often immense, yet whether homeostatic body temperatures are also compromised to aid the stress response is unknown. Using data sourced from over 60 years of literature and 24 endotherm species, we show that exposure to non-thermal challenges (e.g. human interaction, social threats) caused body temperatures to decrease in the cold and increase in the warmth, but particularly when species-specific costs of thermoregulation were high and surplus energy low. Biophysical models revealed that allowing body temperature to change in this way liberated up to 24% (mean = 5%) of resting energy expenditure for use toward coping. While useful to avoid energetic overload, such responses nevertheless heighten risks of cold- or heat-induced damage, particularly when coincident with cold- or heat-waves.
Astrocytic L-lactate signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex is essential for schema memory and neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis

Astrocyte-derived L-lactate was shown to confer beneficial effects on synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. However, how astrocytic Gi signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) modulates L-lactate levels and schema memory is not clear. Here, using chemogenetic approach and well-established behavioral paradigm, we demonstrate that astrocytic Gi pathway activation in ACC causes significant impairment in flavor-place paired associates (PA) learning, schema formation, and PA memory retrieval in rats. It also impairs new PA learning even if a prior associative schema exists. These impairments were mediated by decreased L-lactate in ACC due to astrocytic Gi activation. Concurrent exogenous L-lactate administration bilaterally into the ACC rescues these impairments. Furthermore, we show that the impaired schema memory formation was associated with a decreased neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis caused by decreased L-lactate level in ACC upon Gi activation. Our study also reveals that L-lactate mediated mitochondrial biogenesis is dependent on monocarboxylate transporter 2 and NMDA receptor activity – discovering a previously unrecognized signaling role of L-lactate. These findings expand our understanding of the role of astrocytes and L-lactate in brain functions.
A shift in the mechanisms controlling hippocampal engram formation during brain maturation

The ability to form precise, episodic memories develops with age, with young children only able to form gist-like memories that lack precision. The cellular and molecular events in the developing hippocampus that underlie the emergence of precise, episodic-like memory formation are unclear. In mice, the absence of a competitive neuronal engram allocation process in the immature hippocampus precluded the formation of sparse engrams and precise memories until the fourth postnatal week, when inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus mature. This age-dependent shift in precision of episodic-like memories involved the functional maturation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in subfield CA1 by extracellular perineuronal nets which is necessary and sufficient for the onset of competitive neuronal allocation, sparse engram formation, and memory precision. One-Sentence Summary Episodic-like memory precision requires maturation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons by the extracellular matrix.
The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: Implications for the “Into- and Out-of-Taiwan” models

The origin and dispersal of the Austronesian language family, one of the largest and most widespread in the world, have long attracted the attention of linguists, archaeologists, and geneticists. Even though there is a growing consensus that Taiwan is the source of the spread of Austronesian languages, little is known about the migration patterns of the early Austronesians who settled in and left Taiwan, i.e., the “Into-Taiwan” and “Out-of-Taiwan” events. In particular, the genetic diversity/structure within Taiwan and how this relates to the Into/Out-of-Taiwan events is largely unexplored, because most genomic studies have largely utilized data from just two of the 16 recognized highland Austronesian groups in Taiwan. In this study, we generated the largest genome-wide dataset for Taiwanese Austronesians to date, including six highland groups and one lowland group from across the island, and two Taiwanese Han groups. We identified fine scale genomic structure in Taiwan, inferred the ancestry profile of the ancestors of Austronesians, and found that the southern Taiwanese Austronesians show excess genetic affinities toward the Austronesians outside of Taiwan. Our findings thus shed new light on the Into and Out-of-Taiwan dispersals.
Epigenetically silenced DACT3 promotes tumor growth via affecting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and supports chidamide plus azacitidine therapy in acute myeloid leukemia

Background DACT gene is a potential Wnt antagonist and tumor suppressor gene. However, the expression of DACT gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its role are still unknown. Methods In this study, we first multidimensionally analyzed the expression of DACT gene in AML through RNA seq, qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis as well as TCGA database analysis. Then DACT3 was identified as playing a critical role in AML, and its clinical significance was further explored. The molecular mechanism of DACT3 down-regulation in AML from aspects of DNA methylation and histone acetylation were inquired. Finally, the biological functions of DACT3 in AML were investigated by cell models in vitro and animal experiments in vivo. Results Compared with DACT1 and DACT2, DACT3 was the most differentially expressed DACT family member in AML, suggesting that DACT3 plays the major role. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DACT3 were significantly decreased and positively correlated in AML. Moreover, low expression of DACT3 is associated with no remission disease status and poor prognosis in AML patients. In addition, down-regulation of DACT3 in AML was not completely dependent on promoter methylation, but also affected by histone deacetylation. We found that loss of DACT3 in AML is related to activation of Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, DACT3 inhibits the growth of AML cells in vitro and in severe immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Importantly, DACT3 improved the sensitivity of adriamycin in treating AML cells. Further research showed that co-treatment of chidamide and azacytidine up-regulates DACT3 expression and promotes cell apoptosis via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in AML, suggesting a promising therapeutic prospects in FLT3-mutant AML. Conclusion This is the first study revealing the epigenetic regulatory molecular mechanism of the down regulated expression of DACT3 in AML. Our data also shows that DACT3 is a candidate gene for therapeutic target and targeting DACT3 has the potential to validate the combination therapy of DNMT inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors.
Larger but younger fish when growth outpaces mortality in heated ecosystem

Ectotherms are predicted to “shrink” with global warming, in line with general growth models and the temperature-size rule (TSR), both predicting smaller adult sizes with warming. However, they also predict faster juvenile growth rates and thus larger size-at-age of young organisms. Hence, the result of warming on the size-structure of a population depends on the interplay between how mortality rate, juvenile- and adult growth rates are affected by warming. Here, we use two-decade long time series of biological samples from a unique enclosed bay heated by cooling water from a nearby nuclear power plant to become 5–10 °C warmer than its reference area. We used growth-increment biochronologies (12658 reconstructed length-at-age estimates from 2426 individuals) to quantify how >20 years of warming has affected body growth and size-at-age and catch data to quantify mortality rates and population size- and age structure of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). In the heated area, growth rates were faster for all sizes, and hence size-at-age was larger for all ages, compared to the reference area. While mortality rates were also higher (lowering mean age by 0.4 years), the faster growth rates lead to a 2 cm larger mean size in the heated area. Differences in the size-spectrum exponent (describing the proportion of fish by size) were less clear statistically. Our analyses reveal that mortality, in addition to plastic growth and size-responses, is a key factor determining the size structure of populations exposed to warming. Understanding the mechanisms by which warming affects the size- and age structure of populations is critical for predicting the impacts of climate change on ecological functions, interactions, and dynamics.
The causal role of the inferior temporal cortex in visual perception

Neurons in the inferotemporal (IT) cortex respond selectively to complex visual features, implying their role in object perception. However, perception is subjective and cannot be read out from neural responses; thus, bridging the causal gap between neural activity and perception demands independent characterization of perception. Historically though, the complexity of the perceptual alterations induced by artificial stimulation of IT cortex has rendered them impossible to quantify. Here we addressed this old problem by combining machine learning with high-throughput behavioral optogenetics in macaque monkeys. In closed-loop experiments, we generated complex and highly specific images that the animal could not discriminate from the state of being cortically stimulated. These images, named “perceptograms” for the first time, reveal and depict the contents of the complex hallucinatory percepts induced by local neural perturbation in IT cortex. Furthermore, we found that the nature and magnitude of these hallucinations highly depend on concurrent visual input, stimulation location, and intensity. Objective characterization of stimulation-induced perceptual events opens the door to developing a mechanistic theory of visual perception. Further, it enables us to make better visual prosthetic devices and gain a greater understanding of visual hallucinations in mental disorders. One-Sentence Summary Combining state-of-the-art AI with high-throughput closed-loop brain stimulation experiments, for the first time, we took “pictures” of the complex and subjective visual hallucinations induced by local stimulation in the inferior temporal cortex, a cortical area associated with object recognition.
Spatiotemporal soliton propagation in saturating nonlinear optical media

The simultaneous balance of nonlinear spatial self-focusing with diffraction and the compensation of dispersion with nonlinear temporal self-focusing, in a saturating nonlinear medium, give stable spatiotemporal solitons, or ``light bullets. '' An analytical approach for arbitrary saturating nonlinearity is established in order to investigate the dynamics of such light bullets. This approach is applied to nonlinear materials with negative fourth-order optical index. The analytically predicted exceptional robustness of light bullets that can be generated in a large range of parameters is confirmed by numerical simulations.
Comparative Assessment of the Magnitude of Hyperlipidemia in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Lopinavir/r- and Atazanavir/r-Based Antiretroviral Drugs

Objective: To assess prevalence of hyperlipidemia in patients receiving lopinavir boosted with ritonavir (LPV/r) and atazanavir boosted with ritonavir (ATV/r) antiretroviral drugs. Methods: HIV-infected patients (300) were recruited in the study between December 2015 and April 2016. Lipid profile including triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed. Results: Prevalence of derangement in TG was 71.0% in patients using LPV/r compared to 44% in those using ATV/r (P = .01). Use of LPV/r was independently associated with increased total cholesterol (TC; P = .001) and TG (P = .0003). Females had raised levels of TC compared to males (P = .00008). Body mass index of ≥ 25 kg/m2 was also associated with raised TC (P = .002) and LDL-C (P = .006). Conclusion: LPV/r was significantly associated with lipid derangements, indicating the need to regularly monitor lipid profile in patients using LPV/r.
Relativistic jets as compact radio sources

Variable extragalactic radio sources, associated with the nuclei of galaxies and quasars, are interpreted in terms of a supersonic relativistic jet. It is proposed that radio emission originates both from the quasi-steady jet itself and from behind strong shock waves which either propagate in the jet, or which are formed behind dense condensations (clouds) that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by the flow. In this way the source could display apparent superluminal expansion in which the moving component (associated with a shock) and the stationary component (associated with the optically-thick core of the jet) would have comparable, Doppler-boosted fluxes. Specific models for the dynamical and radiative properties of the jet and of individual shocks are presented. Kinematical consequences of the relativistic motion are described for flux and polarization measurements, as well as for VLBI observations of superluminal sources. It is argued that the majority of bright compact sources are observed along lines of sight making small (< or approx. =10/sup 0/) angles to the jet velocity. This hypothesis has important consequences for the interpretation of low-frequency variable sources, optically-violent variable quasars, Lacertids, and extended double sources. These are briefly outlined, and some specific observational tests are proposed.
Laccase Immobilized onto Zirconia–Silica Hybrid Doped with Cu2+ as an Effective Biocatalytic System for Decolorization of Dyes

Nowadays, novel and advanced methods are being sought to efficiently remove dyes from wastewaters. These compounds, which mainly originate from the textile industry, may adversely affect the aquatic environment as well as living organisms. Thus, in presented study, the synthesized ZrO2–SiO2 and Cu2+-doped ZrO2–SiO2 oxide materials were used for the first time as supports for laccase immobilization, which was carried out for 1 h, at pH 5 and 25 °C. The materials were thoroughly characterized before and after laccase immobilization with respect to electrokinetic stability, parameters of the porous structure, morphology and type of surface functional groups. Additionally, the immobilization yields were defined, which reached 86% and 94% for ZrO2–SiO2–laccase and ZrO2–SiO2/Cu2+–laccase, respectively. Furthermore, the obtained biocatalytic systems were used for enzymatic decolorization of the Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye from model aqueous solutions, under various reaction conditions (time, temperature, pH). The best conditions of the decolorization process (24 h, 30 °C and pH = 4) allowed to achieve the highest decolorization efficiencies of 98% and 90% for ZrO2–SiO2–laccase and ZrO2–SiO2/Cu2+–laccase, respectively. Finally, it was established that the mortality of Artemia salina in solutions after enzymatic decolorization was lower by approx. 20% and 30% for ZrO2–SiO2–laccase and ZrO2–SiO2/Cu2+–laccase, respectively, as compared to the solution before enzymatic treatment, which indicated lower toxicity of the solution. Thus, it should be clearly stated that doping of the oxide support with copper ions positively affects enzyme stability, activity and, in consequence, the removal efficiency of the RBBR dye.
Impaired Cholesterol‐Uptake Capacity of HDL Might Promote Target‐Lesion Revascularization by Inducing Neoatherosclerosis After Stent Implantation

Background We evaluated the importance of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality for target‐lesion revascularization in patients treated with coronary stents using a rapid cell‐free assay system to evaluate the functional capacity of HDL to accept additional cholesterol (cholesterol‐uptake capacity; CUC). Methods and Results From an optical coherence tomography (OCT) registry of patients treated with coronary stents, 207 patients were enrolled and their HDL was functionally evaluated by measuring the CUC. Follow‐up OCT was performed (median duration, 24.5 months after stenting) to evaluate the presence of neoatherosclerosis. Clinical follow‐up was performed to assess target‐lesion revascularization for a median duration of 42.3 months after stent implantation. Neoatherosclerosis was identified in 37 patients (17.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a decreased CUC was independently associated with neoatherosclerosis (odds ratio, 0.799; P<0.001). The CUC showed a significant inverse correlation with incidence of target‐lesion revascularization (odds ratio, 0.887; P=0.003) and with lipid accumulation inside stents, suggesting that neoatherosclerosis contributes to the association between CUC and target‐lesion revascularization. Conclusions Impaired HDL functionality, detected as decreased CUC, might lead to future stent failure by provoking atherogenic changes of the neointima within stents. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments of HDL might enable the improved prediction of clinical outcomes after stent implantation.
Photoreflectance investigations of the bowing parameter in AlGaN alloys lattice-matched to GaN

Room temperature photoreflectance investigations have been performed on a series of AlGaN layers grown both by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire substrates. The aluminum composition was ranging between 0% and 20%, and was determined independently in the different growth laboratories, by various methods. It is found that within the experimental uncertainty, there is no detectable bowing parameter in these alloys. This contradicts some previous experimental investigations and confirms other ones.
Near-resonant forcing in a shallow two-layer fluid: a model for the internal surge in Loch New?

The form taken by a finite amplitude internal seiche in a shallow two-layer fluid within a long narrow container is akin to a shock wave in a gas-filled tube; an undular bore or surge is present which reflects back and forth along the length of the container. The internal surge in Loch Ness is sometimes observed to retain its amplitude over several seiche periods, and a resonance with the wind appears possible. This idea is explored by developing a theoretical model and by making a laboratory experiment, but difficulties are encountered in estimating the size of the parameters which characterize the natural phenomenon.
Emotion Detection by Using Similarity Techniques

The analysis of emotions and opinions is a new research field that is aimed to identify opinions, feelings, assessments, behaviors, tendencies and emotions of people expressed in texts. The growing importance of emotion analysis has coincided with the growth of social media, such as surveys, forums, blogs, twitter and social networks. Emotional analysis systems are used in almost all businesses and social fields, because opinions and emotions are important for all human activities and have a serious impact on people’s behaviours. In this paper, we discuss detecting and analyzing emotions based on similarity using VSM and STASIS methods. In comparison with keyword based method VSM has provided better results.
A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models

Abstract A simple but realistic biosphere model has been developed for calculating the transfer of energy, mass and momentum between the atmosphere and the vegetated surface of the earth. The model is designed for use in atmospheric general circulation models. The vegetation in each terrestrial model grid area is represented by two distinct layers, either or both of which may be present or absent at any given location and time. The upper vegetation layer represents the perennial canopy of trees or shrubs, while the lower layer represents the annual ground cover of grasses and other herbaceous species. The local coverage of each vegetation layer may be fractional or complete but as the individual vegetation elements are considered to be evenly spaced, their root systems are assumed to extend uniformly throughout the entire grid area. Besides the vegetation morphology, the physical and physiological properties of the vegetation layers are also prescribed. These properties determine (i) the reflection, trans.
A Further Study of Cumulus Interactions and Mergers: Three-Dimensional Simulations with Trajectory Analyses

Abstract A total of nine three-dimensional experiments are made to study cloud interaction and merging under the influence of different imposed conditions. Large-scale lifting forcing, environmental wind shear and cloud microphysical processes are the three parameters to be varied. The basic design of the study is to generate several convective clouds randomly inside the model domain and, then, to observe and analyze the interactions and merging between the simulated clouds. The locations as well as the intensities of simulated clouds while they interact with each other are not predetermined. A two-dimensional version of the model has been used to investigate the effects upon merging produced by varying large-scale conditions with a GATE dataset. In this study, we continue studying the cloud interactions and merging problems through using a fully three-dimensional model and the same dataset. Ten merged systems involved precipitating clouds are identified in this numerical study. Eight mergers involve two .
NOTES ON EXTRAGALACTIC SUPERNOVAE

1. Catalogues of supernovae. The recognition by W. Baade and F. Zwicky1 (first suggested by K. Lundmark2) that novae could be divided into two categories, ordinary novae and supernovae, immediately led to an effort to separate the ordinary from the supernovae in already existing lists of novae, and to discover more supernovae on both new and old photographs of external galaxies. Excellent lists of supernovae have been published by C. Bertaud3 and by B. V. Kukarkin and P. P. Parenago.4 A supplementary list of supernovae that do not appear in both of these lists is given in Table I. Many earlier supernova lists included
Extreme winds at northern mid-latitudes since 1871

St udying a suff ciently large sample of extremes or analysing the statistics of their occurrence, including trends, is hampered by the length of theexisting observation-based record. New datasets suchas the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), which consists of an ensemble of 56 members, signif cantly extend our record back in time. In this paper, we present examples of extremes of winds at northern hemisphere mid-latitudes in 20CR to illustrate challenges and opportunities for analysing extremes over a longer period than previously possible. For four representative storms from Europe and North America, 20CR provides a relatively good depiction of the synoptic-scale meteorological development, although it misses smaller scale features as well as local effects due to orography. For analysing trends of extreme winds, it is shown that the individual ensemble members should be used, rather than the ensemble mean, which appears to be biased towards lower wind speeds early in the record. For the studied locations, decadal variability and trends can best be characterised after around 1950, when the ensemble variance remains consistent. Different methodological approaches for studying changes in extreme winds are discussed. Finally, we show hemispheric maps of trends in extreme wind speeds since 1950.