Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment patterns, health care resource utilization, and costs in Japanese adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine

Objective: To describe the characteristics and medication treatment patterns of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prescribed atomoxetine in Japan. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of insurance claims data was conducted using the Japan Medical Data Center database. Adults ( $ 18 years) with ADHD who had $ 1 atomoxetine claim from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014, and $ 180 to # 900 days of follow-up were included. First atomoxetine claim defined the index date. Patient characteristics included age, gender, and comorbid conditions. Treatment patterns assessed included rates of atomoxetine discontinuation, switching, persistence, adherence (assessed via the medication possession ratio), and use of concomitant medications. Results: A total of 457 adults met all the inclusion criteria. Mean (SD) age was 32.7 (10.4) years, and 61.0% of patients were male. Nearly 72.0% of the patients had at least one comorbid mental health condition in the baseline period; depression (43.8%) and insomnia (40.7%) were the most common mental health comorbidities. Most common physical comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.4%) and diabetes (12.9%). Non-ADHD-specific psychotropics were prescribed to 59.7% of patients during the baseline period and to 65.9% during the follow-up period; 6.6% were prescribed non-ADHD-specific psychotropics concomitantly with atomoxetine. Overall, 40.0% of adults discontinued atomoxetine during the entire follow-up period and 65.9% were persistent with atomoxetine therapy at 3 months post-index date. Mean (SD) atomoxetine medication possession ratio was 0.57 (0.25), and 25.4% switched to an alternative ADHD therapy; methylphenidate (22.4%) and non-ADHD-specific psychotropics (77.6%) were the most common medication alternatives. Nearly 8% augmented atomoxetine with methylphenidates, non-stimulants, or non-ADHD-specific psychotropics. Conclusion: In this observational study, a majority of adults with ADHD treated with atomoxetine were still persistent with therapy at 3 months post-index date, with one quarter switching to alternative ADHD therapy. High proportions of mental health comorbidities, along with high use of non-ADHD-specific psychotropic medications in both the baseline and follow-up periods, were observed among patients with ADHD prescribed atomoxetine.
The Regulation of the Train Operating Companies in Britain’s Privatised Railway System

This paper focuses on the performance and regulation of the train operating companies in Britain’s privatised railway system. It places regulation in context by examining rail privatisation, with particular scrutiny given to the franchising process which established these companies. The record of the regulatory authority is assessed according to its five main objectives, and the financial and non-financial performance of the train operating companies is examined. The paper concludes that, while regulation was inconsistent and often ineffective, the fundamental problem was the flawed concept of fragmenting and privatising a loss-making industry.
Colistimethate sodium for the treatment of chronic pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy

: Chronic bacterial respiratory-tract infections are a major driving force in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease and promote chronic lung-function decline, destruction, and progression to respiratory failure at a premature age. Gram-negative bacteria colonizing the airways in CF are a major problem in CF therapy due to their tendency to develop a high degree of resistance to antibiotic agents over time. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the dominating bacterial strain infecting the CF lung from early childhood on, and multiresistant strains frequently develop after years of therapy. Colistin has been used for treating pulmonary bacterial infections in CF for decades due to its very good Gram-negative activity. However, drawbacks include concerns regarding toxicity when being applied systemically, and the lack of approval for application by inhalation in the USA for many years. Other antibiotic substances for systemic use are available with good to excellent Gram-negative and anti-Pseudomonas activity, while there are only three substances approved for inhalation use in the treatment of chronic pulmonary infection with proven benefit in CF. The emergence of multiresistant strains leaving nearly no antibiotic substance as a treatment option, the limited number of antibiotics with high activity against P. aeruginosa , the concerns about increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance by continuous antibiotic therapy, the development of new drug formulations and drug-delivery devices, and, finally, the differing treatment strategies used in CF centers call for defining the place of this “old” drug, colistimethate, in today’s CF therapy. This article reviews the available evidence to reflect on the place of colistimethate sodium in the therapy of chronic pulmonary infection in CF
Development of a questionnaire to measure perceived support during pregnancy and its relation to coping strategies and outcome

There is a considerable body of research examining the effects of social support factors, socioeconomic status (SES) and demographics on pregnancy outcome. However, there has been little research examining the effects of perceptions of social support on pregnancy outcome. The initial studies of this thesis examined the relation of scores on a Support in Pregnancy Questionnaire (SPQ) to pregnancy outcomes (n=68). It was found that the level of perceived support predicted lower infant birthweight and higher rates of obstetric complications (methodological issues of the complication measure are discussed). Furthermore, a small group of women who scored negatively on the questionnaire and received non-directive counselling were comparable to controls who had adequate levels of support. [Continues. ]
MCMC for Imbalanced Categorical Data

ABSTRACT Many modern applications collect highly imbalanced categorical data, with some categories relatively rare. Bayesian hierarchical models combat data sparsity by borrowing information, while also quantifying uncertainty. However, posterior computation presents a fundamental barrier to routine use; a single class of algorithms does not work well in all settings and practitioners waste time trying different types of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. This article was motivated by an application to quantitative advertising in which we encountered extremely poor computational performance for data augmentation MCMC algorithms but obtained excellent performance for adaptive Metropolis. To obtain a deeper understanding of this behavior, we derive theoretical results on the computational complexity of commonly used data augmentation algorithms and the Random Walk Metropolis algorithm for highly imbalanced binary data. In this regime, our results show computational complexity of Metropolis is logarithmic in sample size, while data augmentation is polynomial in sample size. The root cause of this poor performance of data augmentation is a discrepancy between the rates at which the target density and MCMC step sizes concentrate. Our methods also show that MCMC algorithms that exhibit a similar discrepancy will fail in large samples—a result with substantial practical impact. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Executive Function: The Core Feature of Dementia?

Links between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have been examined, and this paper investigates the role of executive control function (ECF) within the dementia syndrome. 307 AD patients, 168 VaD patients and 208 controls were compared on tests of cognitive function. Results indicated that controls outperformed both patient groups (p < 0.001) on all tests. AD patients performed more poorly than VaD patients on 11 of the 18 cognitive tests (p < 0.05). Factor analysis of patient data indicated the existence of 3 factors generated from the battery of tests, relating to episodic memory, ECF and face recognition. It was primarily on tests of ECF that the AD and VaD groups did not differ significantly. It is concluded that ECF is a feature of cognition shared by the two pathologies, giving rise to an obligation to reconsider the current understanding of the core cognitive feature of dementia.
Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM): Concept, Campaigns, and Initial Results

An international joint research project, entitled Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM), is ongoing. In the late 2000s, an interesting form of interhemispheric coupling (IHC) was discovered: when warming occurs in the winter polar stratosphere, the upper mesosphere in the summer hemisphere also becomes warmer with a time lag of days. This IHC phenomenon is considered to be a coupling through processes in the middle atmosphere (i.e., stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere). Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed so far, but they are still controversial. This is mainly because of the difficulty in observing and simulating gravity waves (GWs) at small scales, despite the important role they are known to play in middle atmosphere dynamics. In this project, by networking sparsely but globally distributed radars, mesospheric GWs have been simultaneously observed in seven boreal winters since 2015/16. We have succeeded in capturing five stratospheric sudden warming events and two polar vortex intensification events. This project also includes the development of a new data assimilation system to generate long‐term reanalysis data for the whole middle atmosphere, and simulations by a state‐of‐the‐art GW‐permitting general circulation model using the reanalysis data as initial values. By analyzing data from these observations, data assimilation, and model simulation, comprehensive studies to investigate the mechanism of IHC are planned. This paper provides an overview of ICSOM, but even initial results suggest that not only GWs but also large‐scale waves are important for the mechanism of the IHC.
Optimality conditions for a class of inverse optimal control problems with partial differential equations

ABSTRACT We consider bilevel optimization problems which can be interpreted as inverse optimal control problems. The lower-level problem is an optimal control problem with a parametrized objective function. The upper-level problem is used to identify the parameters of the lower-level problem. Our main focus is the derivation of first-order necessary optimality conditions. We prove C-stationarity of local solutions of the inverse optimal control problem and give a counterexample to show that strong stationarity might be violated at a local minimizer.
Nurse Practitioners' Practices Related to Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination

Testicular cancer remains the number one cancer for men age 15 through 35. Early detection is essential to decrease morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the extent to which California nurse practitioners screen for testicular cancer and the frequency of teaching testicular self-examination to patients. The study surveyed 425 adult or family nurse practitioners, currently practicing in the state of California, with a patient population that includes males age 15-35. The study supported the previous findings of Sladden and Dickinson (1995). Nurse practitioners do believe that testicular self-examination is an effective screening method to detect testicular cancer. While practitioners believe they should teach the procedure to male patients, teaching inconsistently materializes in clinical practice. Similarly, nurse practitioners believe that their examination of the testes is an effective screening method to detect testicular cancer. While practitioners believe they should screen male patients for testicular cancer, screening inconsistently occurs in clinical practice. Practitioners identified several barriers that account for the discrepancy, the foremost stemming from infrequent, episodic utilii.ation of health care by males in the affected age group.
Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding

Fifty-five groundnut genotypes from various sources were studied for their diversity. Eleven traits of pod and kernel viz., 100-pod weight, pod length, pod width, 100-kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, oil content, oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, palmitic and stearic acid content were recorded. The coefficient of variation ranged from 22.40% for linoleic acid content to 6.38% for oil content. The principal component analysis was done to examine the variation. The first four principal components explained about 78.37 % of the total variability. Cluster analysis grouped 55 genotypes into nine clusters. The cluster distance among genotypes ranged from 11.18 to 1.16. All these genotypes were also profiled for allele specific marker for ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B mutation for high oleic acid trait. The molecular analysis revealed that genotypes Girnar 4, NRCGHFS72, ICGV191020, ICGV191027 and ICGV191035 were found to have both ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B mutation with high oleic acid content.
Seasonal Changes in Poleward Atmospheric Heat Transport Under Increased CO2

Arctic warming under increased CO2 peaks in winter, but is inﬂuenced by summer forcing via seasonal ocean heat storage. Yet changes in atmospheric heat transport into the Arctic have mainly been investigated in the annual mean or winter, with limited focus on other seasons. We investigate the full seasonal cycle of poleward heat transport modelled with increased CO2 or with individually applied Arctic sea-ice loss and global sea-surface warming. We ﬁnd that a winter reduction in dry heat transport is driven by Arctic sea-ice loss and warming, while a summer increase in moist heat transport is driven by sub-Arctic warming and moistening. Intermodel spread in Arctic warming controls spread in seasonal poleward heat transport. These seasonal changes and their intermodel spread are well-captured by down-gradient diﬀusive heat transport. While changes in moist and dry heat transport compensate in the annual-mean, their opposite seasonality may support non-compensating eﬀects on Arctic warming.
Embracing Uncertainty: The Interface of Bayesian Statistics and Cognitive Psychology

Ecologists working in conservation and resource management are discovering the importance of using Bayesian analytic methods to deal explicitly with uncertainty in data analyses and decision making. However, Bayesian procedures require, as inputs and outputs, an idea that is problematic for the human brain: the probability of a hypothesis ("single-event probability"). I describe several cognitive concepts closely related to single-event probabilities, and discuss how their interchangeability in the human mind results in "cognitive illusions," apparent deficits in reasoning about uncertainty. Each cognitive illusion implies specific possible pitfalls for the use of single-event probabilities in ecology and resource management. I then discuss recent research in cognitive psychology showing that simple tactics of communication, suggested by an evolutionary perspective on human cognition, help people to process uncertain information more effectively as they read and talk about probabilities. In addition, I suggest that carefully considered standards for methodology and conventions for presentation may also make Bayesian analyses easier to understand.
Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy

List of papers on quantum philosophy by J. S. Bell Preface Acknowledgements Introduction by Alain Aspect 1. On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics 2. On the Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky paradox 3. The moral aspects of quantum mechanics 4. Introduction to the hidden-variable question 5. Subject and object 6. On wave packet reduction in the Coleman-Hepp model 7. The theory of local beables 8. Locality in quantum mechanics: reply to critics 9. How to teach special relativity 10. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments 11. The measurement theory of Everett and de Broglie's pilot wave 12. Free variables and local causality 13. Atomic-cascade photons and quantum-mechanical nonlocality 14. de Broglie-Bohm delayed choice double-slit experiments and density matrix 15. Quantum mechanics for cosmologists 16. Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality 17. On the impossible pilot wave 18. Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics 19. Beables for quantum field theory 20. Six possible worlds of quantum mechanics 21. EPR correlations and EPR distributions 22. Are there quantum jumps? 23. Against 'measurement' 24. La Nouvelle cuisine.
The Micro Dynamics of Exporting – Evidence from French Firms

This paper investigates the dynamics of export relationships – defined as shipments by a given firm to a given destination in a given year – using a panel of almost 25,000 French exporters over the five-year period 1995-1999. We describe how these export relationships evolve over time and present a number of stylized facts, which we relate to different theories of export dynamics, such as a dynamic sunk-cost model and the recent literature on exporting and learning. We find that export relationships are very dynamic: a large fraction of export relationships are created or destroyed every year and export values within relationships fluctuate substantially. Most of these dynamics are explained by relationship-specific shocks rather than by supply and/or demand shocks. Moreover, upon entry, export values are small but they gradually expand as relationships mature. Finally, while many export relationships are volatile, others are persistent. Having previously exported to a given destination substantially increases the probability of exporting there in the current period. We argue that, taken together, these facts are more in line with a learning model than with the sunk-cost hypothesis.
Patterns of Pretreatment Diagnostic Assessment in Patients Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Special Characteristics in the COVID Pandemic and Influence on Outcomes

The pandemic raised a discussion about the postponement of medical interventions for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We analyzed the characteristics of pretreatment diagnostic assessment in the pandemic and the influence of diagnostic assessment on outcomes. A total of 96 patients with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for NSCLC were included. The number of patients increased from mean 0.9 (2012–2019) to 1.45 per month in the COVID era (p < 0.05). Pandemic-related factors (contact reduction, limited intensive care unit resources) might have influenced clinical decision making towards SBRT. The time from pretreatment assessment (multidisciplinary tumor board decision, bronchoscopy, planning CT) to SBRT was longer during the COVID period (p < 0.05). Reduced services, staff shortage, or appointment management to mitigate infection risks might explain this finding. Overall survival, progression-free survival, locoregional progression-free survival, and distant progression-free survival were superior in patients who received a PET/CT scan prior to SBRT (p < 0.05). This supports that SBRT guidelines advocate the acquisition of a PET/CT scan. A longer time from PET/CT scan/conventional staging to SBRT (<10 vs. ≥10 weeks) was associated with worse locoregional control (p < 0.05). The postponement of diagnostic or therapeutic measures in the pandemic should be discussed cautiously. Patient- and tumor-related features should be evaluated in detail.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Product Evaluation : Moderating role of Brand familiarity

This study examines (1) the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and consumer product evaluation and; (2) moderating role of brand familiarity in the relationship between CSR and product evaluation. Using different levels of brand familiarity (high versus low) and CSR commitment (high versus low), a between-subjects-experimentation is carried out. The study shows that CSR has a positive impact on product evaluation and the positive CSR impact is greater for high familiarity brands than for low familiarity brands. The level of brand familiarity moderates the relationship between CSR and product evaluation. It is also revealed that the higher the CSR commitment and the brand familiarity the higher is the product evaluation.
PENGARUH PENGHINDARAN PAJAK, KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL, DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP BIAYA HUTANG (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Periode 2011-2015)

The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of tax avoidance, institutional ownership, and profitability on cost of debt. The sample consisted of 71 manufactured firms in listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2011-2015 by using a purposive sampling method. The results of the study showed that the tax avoidance had negative effect on cost of debt. The meaning is getting smaller Cash Effective Tax Rate the cost of debt incurred greater. The results of this study also showed that the institutional ownership doesn’t had effect on cost of debt. Furthermore, the result of Return on Assets (ROA) as proxy profitability had a negative effect on cost of debt. The meaning that the higher the profitability of the company then the company will have a high internal funds that can be used in making the use of debt financing is getting smaller which causes the cost of debt also becomes smaller.
Skin cancers image classification using transformation and first order statistic features with artificial neural network classifier

Skin cancer is one of the most dangerous types of cancer. Some types of this cancer lead to death, so cancer must be discovered and indexed to avoid its spread through initial detection in the impulsive stage. This paper deals with the detection and indexing of different types of melanomas using an artificial neural network (ANN) depending on the international skin imaging collaboration (ISIC) 2018 dataset that was used. The pre-processing is the most important part because it formulates an image by insolated the cancer part from the skin image. It consists of four stages, removable, cropping, thinning, and normalization. This phase has been used to eliminate all the undesirable hair particles on the image lesion. The cropped image transforms into frequency domain coefficients using discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and gradient transform for sub-band images to extract its feature. The statistical feature extraction is implemented to minimize the size of data for ANN training. The experimental analysis used dataset ISIC 2018 consisting of seven different types of dermoscopic images (this paper deals with four types only). For classification purposes, ANN was implemented and the accuracy obtained is about 88.98% for DWT, 85.44% for sub-band DCT, and 76.07% for sub-band gradient transform.
PENGARUH KEADILAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN TURNOVER INTENTION PADA KARYAWAN THE JAYAKARTA BALI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keadilan organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan turnover intention. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan The Jayakarta Bali yang berjumlah 303 orang. Metode penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan probability sampling , sedangkan metode penentuan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada pendekatan slovin. Berdasarkan kriteria tersebut jumlah karyawan yang memenuhi syarat sebagai sampel sebanyak 75 orang karyawan. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis jalur. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini adalah keadilan organisasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja, keadilan organisasi berpengaruh negatif terhadap turnover intention , dan kepuasan kerja berpengaruh negatif terhadap turnover intention .