Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interglacial Extreme Floods and Their Implications for Climate Instability in the Ipswichian (Eemian) Stage for the River Great Ouse, Southeast England, U.K.

Abstract This paper outlines a sedimentological study of an extreme flood event for the Last Interglacial or the Ipswichian (Eemian) Stage. A channeled bedrock surface and associated fossiliferous diamicton deposits occur below the Ipswichian floodplain alluvium at Woolpack Farm and the adjacent area in the lower middle reach of the River Great Ouse, southeast England. Detailed geological observations suggest that these features were derived from an extreme flood event, probably connected to an exceptionally large storm surge from the North Sea. The waves accompanying the surge not only caused deep entrenchment of the ground but also entrained and transported the brackish-water gastropod Mercuria confusa to the southern margins of the Fenland basin, to an elevation about 2.5 m above the normal marine to brackish influence in this region. At the recession stage, cohesive debris flows developed, emplacing in the scoured channels diamicton deposits containing numerous tree and animal remains. The catastrophic impact exerted by the flood on the landscape has led to its preservation in the bedrock. In comparison with modern storm surges and in light of the absence of comparable geological features in the Holocene, the flood must have been far greater in magnitude, a response to intensified atmospheric circulation perturbation under unstable atmospheric or climatic conditions during the thermal maximum of the Ipswichian at circa 125 ka. Stable climatic conditions probably developed afterwards as indicated by the subsequent accretion of thick argillaceous alluvium characteristically under frequent, relatively low-amplitude flood conditions.
The Structure of the West Orkney Basin, northern Scotland

The West Orkney Basin developed in Devonian times, as the western part of the Orcadian intermontane basin. It has been studied using commercial speculative seismic reflection data and the MOIST deep seismic data. The NW edge of the West Orkney Basin is formed by listric faults which are also strongly arcuate in plan, while the SE part is composed of straight domino-type faults which formed parallel to earlier (Caledonian) layering in the basement. Fault restoration and balancing suggest that initial extension in the basin occurred on low-angle reactivated Caledonian thrust faults. Steeper breaching faults cut the low-angle set, forming planar (domino-type) faults in the centre of the basin but listric faults at the NW margin. The maximum extension is about 45% in the basin centre, most of this being taken up on the later breaching fault system. This extension decreases to the SW, where fault tips occur on-shore, but some may transfer to fault systems in the Minches. The faults apparently decouple at a depth of 18-20 km and the extension suggests an initial post-Caledonian crustal thickness of up to 40 km. However, the sedimentary thickness is an average of only 3 km in the basin centre, much less than would be expected had the lithosphere thinned homogeneously, and there is no evidence of a thermal subsidence phase to the basin. This suggests that the extension shown by the West Orkney Basin was transferred to lower lithospheric levels to the east along the deep decoupling zone. The Devonian sediments on-land show facies changes and periods of uplift and erosion which may be related to extension during basin development. They also show a phase of pre-Late-Permian tectonic inversion where the beds are locally folded and thrusted, probably related to the Hercynian events further south. The West Orkney Basin is capped by Mesozoic sediments and was probably reactivated during Mesozoic basin development in the Minches and Moray Firth. The shape of the faults, their orientation and decoupling levels are strongly controlled by the earlier Caledonian structure, in particular by the layering and crustal anisotropy developed along and above the Moine thrust. The West Orkney Basin with its 20 km deep decoupling level formed by extension of Caledonian thickened crust. It is notable that the major basin-bounding faults to the NW, the Outer Isles and Flannan faults, which developed where the crust was thinner and hence less ductile at depth, decoupled at much deeper structural levels, at the Moho or below.
Early Urinary Markers of Kidney Injury in Adult People with Cystic Fibrosis Correlate with Neutrophil Activation and Lung Infection

Background: Adult people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) have a higher risk of end-stage kidney disease than the general population. The nature and mechanism of kidney disease in CF are unknown. This study quantifies urinary kidney injury markers and examines the hypothesis that neutrophil activation and lung infection are associated with early kidney injury in CF. Methods: Urinary total protein, albumin, and markers of kidney injury and neutrophil activation, normalized to creatinine, as well as urinary immune cells, were quantified in CF (n = 48) and healthy (n = 33) cohorts. Infection burden and chronicity were defined by sputum culture and serum titers of anti-bacterial IgG. Results: PwCF had increased urinary protein levels, consisting of low-molecular-weight tubular injury markers, independent of eGFR. This finding suggests subclinical renal injury processes. Urinary analysis of the CF cohort identified two renal tubular injury signatures: one associated with aminoglycoside exposure and one associated with increased urinary levels of neutrophil activation. High urinary KIM-1 levels and increased prevalence of neutrophils among urine immune cells correlated with decreased lung function in PwCF. The relationship between tubular injury and neutrophil activation was most prominent in patients harboring chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Conclusions: Increased urinary tubular injury markers in PwCF suggest subclinical renal injury not readily detected by eGFR. The strong association of high urinary KIM-1 and neutrophils with diminished lung function and high Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden suggests that pulmonary disease may contribute to renal injury in CF.
Brief Field Guide to Intertidal Sediments, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia

The Bay of Fundy is famous for its tides, which are reputed to have the greatest range of any in the world (e.g., article on "Tide" in Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1971 edition). A search for more detailed information on the tides, however, reveals a surprising lack of information. Apart from the tidal tables issued annually by the Canadian Hydrographic Survey, the main primary source of data appears to be a paper by Dawson (1917), where it is stated that the highest tides occur at Burntcoat Head, on the south shore of Cobequid Bay, and that the mean spring range at that locality is 38.4 ft (11.8 m) with exceptional spring ranges of more than 50 ft (15 m). More recent information about tidal currents has been provided by Langford (1966) and discussed by Godin (1968, 1969) .
Unfolding Learners' Response to Different Versions of Automated Feedback in a MOOC for Programming - A Sequence Analysis Approach

In MOOCs for programming, Automated Testing and Feedback (ATF) systems are frequently integrated, providing learners with immediate feedback on code assignments. The analysis of the large amounts of trace data collected by these systems may provide insights into learners' patterns of utilizing the automated feedback, which is crucial for the design of effective tools and maximizing their potential to promote learning. However, data-driven research on the impact of ATF on learning is scarce, especially in the context of MOOCs. In the current study, we combine a theoretical framework of feedback with educational data mining methods to investigate the effect of feedback characteristics on learning behavior in a MOOC. Sequence pattern analysis is implemented to explore and visualize the actions taken by learners in response to feedback which composed of cognitive, meta-cognitive, and motivational elements. We applied our research approach in an empirical design which consists of five cohorts (total over 2200 learners) utilizing different versions of ATF. The findings suggest that learners tend to adopt learning strategies in response to feedback and exhibit a preference for utilizing example solutions, while still coping with the challenge of solving the assignments independently. The impact of feedback function, content and structure is discussed in light of a detailed view of the differences as well as common trends in learning paths. Allowing for fine-grained insights, we found our research approach contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of automated feedback characteristics in MOOCs for programming.
Notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect against children in Brazil, 2011-2019: an ecological time-series study

Study contributions Main results Notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect against children up to 9 years old showed a rising trend in Brazil and its national macro-regions, for both sexes, between 2011 and 2019. Implications for services Increasing trends in notifications of violence against children highlight the continued need for capacity building in health services, crucial for early detection, effective prevention and coordinated intervention, taking regional variations into account. Perspectives Notification of violence against children by health services requires greater commitment by health workers. Future studies could combine multiple national databases and surveys to increase the accuracy of rates and trends.
B 4 C-Al Metal Matrix Composites for Extreme Space Environments

Extreme space environments such as space vacuum, radiation, thermal extremes and cycles, jagged lunar dust, microgravity, micrometeoroids and orbit debris (MMOD), thrust plume ejecta, and their synergistically-adverse effects are difficult challenges for safe and sustainable space exploration to outer planets and satellites. Prolonged space radiation exposure embrittles materials and structures and abrasive jagged dust particles aggressively wear and erode moving parts leading to premature failure. To counter or even alleviate such potential failures, robust and exceptional materials are needed to make NASA missions including Artemis program sustainable with minimum service and repair needs. This study reports that boron-containing inclusion, B 4 C, can improve wear resistance and radiation shielding/resistance of aluminum alloy (Al6061) significantly to extend the service life in extreme space environments. With increasing B 4 C inclusions, the tensile strength increased up to 20 vol% at both room temperature and an elevated temperature ( 200˚C ) while thermal conductivity decreased gradually as a function of B 4 C concentration. The neutron shielding effectiveness increased more than 110 times when 50 vol% B 4 C is incorporated in Al6061 when compared with the pristine Al6061. The shielding effectiveness under galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE) was also studied computationally using on-line tool for the assessment of radiation in space (OLTARIS). By adding B 4 C, the adverse effect caused by secondary radiation through the Al6061 matrix was effectively suppressed to improve the shielding effectiveness against GCR and SPE. The presence of boron in B 4 C was the main reason for the enhanced radiation shielding capability against neutron, GCR, and SPE environments.
A Reflective Practice of Intensive Teaching of EFL to Non-English Majors in a Hybrid Mode: Insights from an EFL Class from Eastern Siberia

The article discusses the intensive English language training for non-English major students at the North-Eastern Federal University, Russia’s Far East region. This study checks out the efficacy of an intensive hybrid teaching model in undergraduate students. The intensive method of teaching is aimed at creating an activating environment for the concurrent development of English skills in non-English major students. The theory of the intensive methodology in the EFL field has been studied in Russian and international research. The intensive hybrid training model combining digital and face-to-face instruction is presented in this article. During the intensive training, 100 undergraduate non-English major students took part in experimental learning. Placement test for students was conducted at the start of the academic year and the final test upon completion of the academic year. The results of the test in the control and experimental groups are also presented. Moreover, the problems in using the intensive hybrid training model are identified.
Antisocial Personality Disorder – A Review

: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) lists ten distinct kinds of personality disorders, with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) being one of them. DSM-5 describes ASPD as “a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others”. ASPD has a number of negative effects, including interprofessional, psychological, and legal conflicts. It is frequently associated with BPD, substance abuse, depressive disorders, and high suicide risk. The majority of research estimates that between 2% and 3% of the general population has ASPD and that these people are liable for an imbalanced proportion of crime, violence, and social hardship. There is a reported 3:1 ratio of males to women, with prevalence rates in men being significantly greater than in women. Therefore, for a better understanding of this stigmatized condition that is socially constructed, this review provides an entire, complete overview of antisocial personality disorder.
CASE STUDY Spatiotemporal analysis of oil palm land clearing

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Oil palm is an agricultural crop essential to Indonesia’s economy. Therefore, the number of oil palm plantations has increased, leading to widespread deforestation in Indonesia, including Jambi Province. In this investigation, remote sensing with a geographic information system approach is used to evaluate deforestation and the land changes caused by oil palm expansion conducted by smallholders that eventually influence environmental change. This study conducts a spatiotemporal (spatial and temporal) analysis of oil palm land clearing in Jambi Province that results in land changes and environmental impacts. METHODS: This research used data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The land cover classification was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood approach, whereas the overlay method was used for land change analysis. The accuracy assessment of classification results used a confusion matrix by considering the overall accuracy and Kappa Coefficient. Within the field observation, the validation class was the oil palm class, and documentation and plotting using the global positioning system were conducted. Other classes were validated using the region of interest collected through Google Earth. This research used the Aviation Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System 10.1 software to transform the categorization results into vector data. FINDINGS: This study shows that the land cover classification results have high accuracy and that the area of oil palm land from 2015 to 2019 has increased along with a decrease in land used, such as forests and others. The area of oil palm land in 2014 was 2,071,345 hectares, whereas that in 2019 was 2,110,545 hectares. In particular, the land cover area increased by 39.2 thousand hectares because of land clearing and deforestation. Moreover, the built-up area has increased in the last five years by 165,358 hectares. The number of oil palm plantations in relatively plain areas tends to be greater than that in areas with relatively high altitudes and steep slopes. Small farmers’ area of oil palm land has increased by 1,000 hectares from 2014 to 2018. The most remarkable increase of approximately 38,889 hectares has occurred from 2016 to 2017. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that using Landsat 8 imagery with Geographic Information System approaches provides the optimal method for an in-depth analysis of land cover changes related to oil palm expansion and land clearing that occur on a broad spatial and temporal scale in Jambi Province. This study shows that smallholder oil palm plantations in the Jambi region play an important role in increasing deforestation not only in Jambi Province but also throughout Indonesia. This study is expected to serve as a valuable resource for informing policy decisions aimed at addressing the issue of deforestation resulting from the prospective increase in oil palm crops in the forthcoming period.
Clustering to define interview participants for analyzing student feedback: a case of Legends of Learning

Within the last decade, different educational data mining techniques, particularly quantitative methods such as clustering, and regression analysis are widely used to analyze the data from educational games. In this research, we implemented a quantitative data mining technique (clustering) to further investigate students’ feedback. Students played educational games within a week on the educational games platform, Legends of Learning and after a week, we asked them to fulfill the feedback survey about their feelings on the use of this platform. To analyze the collected data from students, firstly, we prepared clusters and selected one prototype student closest to the centroid of each cluster to interview. Interviews were held to explain the clusters more and due to time and resource limitations, we were unable to interview all (N=60) students, thus only the most representative students were interviewed. In addition to the students, we conducted an interview with the teacher as well to get her detailed feedback and observations on the usage of educational games. We also asked students to take an exam before and after the research to see the impact of games on their grades. Our results depict that though educational games can increase students’ motivation, they may negatively impact some students’ grades. And even though playing games made students feel interested and fun, they would not like to play them on a daily basis. Hence, using educational games for a certain duration such as subject re-vision weeks may positively influence students’ grades and motivation.
LOHEST'S TRUE AND FALSE ‘DEVONIAN AMPHIBIANS’: EVIDENCE FOR THE RHYNCHODIPTERID LUNGFISH SOEDERBERGHIA IN THE FAMENNIAN OF BELGIUM

Abstract Remains from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of Belgium attributed to an early ‘amphibian’ during the nineteenth century are reviewed. This putative tetrapod material is identified here as a rhynchodipterid lungfish, possibly Soederberghia, a genus previously known from the Upper Devonian of East Greenland, Pennsylvania, and Australia. Newly discovered material from Belgium is also attributed to this large, cosmopolitan lungfish genus. Remains attributed to ? Jarvikia, another long-snouted dipnoan from East Greenland, have also been recovered from Famennian strata in Belgium. These occurrences provide additional evidence for paleobiogeographical links between Greenland and the central southern coast of the Euramerican continent during the Late Devonian.
Multicultural and

Innovation is essential for the sustainability of the organization. Innovation behavior tends to be owned by members of the organization who care to share knowledge. The aspect of transformational leadership is also a determinant of how someone can innovate for organizational goals. This study aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior with knowledge sharing as a mediating variable. This research was conducted at the Regional General Hospital Dr. R. Soedjono Selong. The sample of this study was 191 nurses who provided direct services to patients—collecting data using a questionnaire. Data analysis using PLS with the findings that: (1) Transformational Leadership has a positive and significant impact on Innovative Work Behavior. (2) Transformational Leadership has a positive and significant influence on Knowledge Sharing. (3) Knowledge Sharing has a positive but not significant effect on Innovative Work Behavior. (4) Transformational Leadership has a significant effect on Innovative Work Behavior through Knowledge Sharing.
Robust inference and errors in studies of wildlife control

: Randomized, controlled trials (RCT) are seen as the strongest basis for causal 9 inference, but their strengths of inference and error rates relative to other study have never been 10 quantified in wildlife control and rarely in other ecological fields. We simulate common study 11 designs from simple correlation to RCT with crossover design. We report rates of false positive, 12 false negative, and over-estimation of treatment effects for five common study designs under 13 various confounding interactions and effect sizes. We find non-randomized study designs mostly 14 unreliable and that randomized designs with suitable safeguards against biases have much lower 15 error rates. One implication is that virtually all studies of lethal predator control interventions 16 appear unreliable. Generally, applied fields can benefit from more robust designs against the 17 common confounding effects we simulated.
To speak or not to speak, and what to speak, when doing task actions collaboratively

Transactive discussion during collaborative learning is crucial for building on each other’s reasoning and developing problem solving strategies. In a tabletop collaborative learning activity, student actions on the interface can drive their thinking and be used to ground discussions, thus affecting their problem-solving performance and learning. However, it is not clear how the interplay of actions and discussions, for instance, how students performing actions or pausing actions while discussing, is related to their learning. In this paper, we seek to understand how the transactivity of actions and discussions is associated with learning. Specifically, we ask what is the relationship between discussion and actions, and how it is different between those who learn (gainers) and those who do not (non-gainers). We present a combined differential sequence mining and content analysis approach to examine this relationship, which we applied on the data from 32 teams collaborating on a problem designed to help them learn concepts of minimum spanning trees. We found that discussion and action occur concurrently more frequently among gainers than non-gainers. Further we find that gainers tend to do more reflective actions along with discussion, such as looking at their previous solutions, than non-gainers. Finally, gainers discussion consists more of goal clarification, reflection on past solutions and agreement on future actions than non-gainers, who do not share their ideas and cannot agree on next steps. Thus this approach helps us identify how the interplay of actions and discussion could lead to learning, and the findings offer guidelines to teachers † Both authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. A majority of the work was conducted while the authors were employed at CHILI Lab, EPFL ∗ (Does NOT produce the permission block, copyright information nor page numbering). For use with edm article.cls. and instructional designers regarding indicators of productive collaborative learning, and when and how, they should intervene to improve learning. Concretely, the results suggest that teachers should support elaborative, reflective and planning discussions along with reflective actions.