Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Households’ willingness to pay for improved water service in Bonga town, Kaffa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

This study was initiated to estimate households’ willingness to pay for improved water services and identify its determinants by using the contingent valuation method in Bonga town of Kaffa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional data from a total of 212 sampled households’ from two randomly selected kebeles of Bonga town. Contingent valuation survey responses were analyzed through descriptive and econometric analysis using Probit and Bivariate probit model. Double bounded dichotomous choice with open-ended follow-up format was used to elicit the household’s willingness to pay. The descriptive analysis showed that out of the total 205 valid responses indicated that most households’ have perceived the problem of existing water services and were willing to pay for its improvement. Results from the study showed that about 80.98% of the sampled households were willing to pay the initial bid offered for an improvement in their water services scheme. The Probit model regression result shows that the age, daily water use, satisfaction level, fetching time, initial bid, ownership of the house, quality, family size, stay in town, and income were important factors that influenced WTP for improved water service. The study also shows that the maximum willingness to pay for improved water service was calculated to be 57.62 Birr and 30.11 Birr per month from double bounded and open-ended format respectively. The study also reveals that the aggregate welfare gains from the improvement of water supply in the study area were calculated to be 1,176,531 and 614,810 ETB per month from double bounded dichotomous choice and open-ended format respectively. Therefore, the policymakers, as well as project implementers who design solutions to address the problem of water service in the study area, should take account of these factors into their decision. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 105-114, June 2022
Basement Fault Activation before Larger Earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas

Oklahoma and Kansas experienced unprecedented seismic activity over the past decade due to earthquakes associated with unconventional hydrocarbon development. The modest natural seismicity and incomplete knowledge of the fault network in the region made it difficult to anticipate the locations of earthquakes with larger magnitudes (Mw≥4). Here, we show that monitoring of microearthquakes at regional scale using a pretrained neural phase picker and an earthquake relocation algorithm can illuminate unknown fault structures, and deliver information that can be synthesized for earthquake forecasting. We found that 80% of the larger earthquakes that occurred in the past decade could have been anticipated based on the spatial extent of the seismicity clusters that were formed before these earthquakes occurred. We also found that once a seismicity cluster with a length scale enough to host a larger earthquake was formed, there was a ∼5% chance that it would host one or more larger earthquakes within a year. This probability is nearly an order of magnitude higher than one based on Gutenberg–Richter statistics and preceding seismicity. Applying our approach in practice can provide critical information on seismic hazards for risk management and regulatory decision making.
IHNV Infection Induces Strong Mucosal Immunity and Changes of Microbiota in Trout Intestine

The fish intestinal mucosa is among the main sites through which environmental microorganisms interact with the host. Therefore, this tissue not only constitutes the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms but also plays a crucial role in commensal colonization. The interaction between the mucosal immune system, commensal microbiota, and viral pathogens has been extensively described in the mammalian intestine. However, very few studies have characterized these interactions in early vertebrates such as teleosts. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) via a recently developed immersion method to explore the effects of viral infection on gut immunity and microbial community structure. IHNV successfully invaded the gut mucosa of trout, resulting in severe tissue damage, inflammation, and an increase in gut mucus. Moreover, viral infection triggered a strong innate and adaptive immune response in the gut, and RNA−seq analysis indicated that both antiviral and antibacterial immune pathways were induced, suggesting that the viral infection was accompanied by secondary bacterial infection. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing also revealed that IHNV infection induced severe dysbiosis, which was characterized by large increases in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and pathobiont proliferation. Moreover, the fish that survived viral infection exhibited a reversal of tissue damage and inflammation, and their microbiome was restored to its pre−infection state. Our findings thus demonstrated that the relationships between the microbiota and gut immune system are highly sensitive to the physiological changes triggered by viral infection. Therefore, opportunistic bacterial infection must also be considered when developing strategies to control viral infection.
Betriebliche Weiterbildungsabstinenz in Europa: Ergebnisse der Unternehmensbefragung CVTS3

Nach einem Überblick zu Theorien und empirischen Befunden über betriebliche Weiterbildung werden die Ergebnisse der CVTS3-Unternehmensbefragung mit Blick auf Weiterbildungsabstinenz diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die meisten nicht-weiterbildenden Betriebe keinen Weiterbildungsbedarf wahrnehmen. Öffentliche Finanzierungsmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Weiterbildung dürften bei diesen Betrieben wenig wirksam sein, während Öffentlichkeitskampagnen und vor allem Qualifizierungsberatung Informationslücken schließen und die Wahrnehmung sensibilisieren könnten.
Optimization of the Uvp+Pd Rheometric Method for Flow Behavior Monitoring of Industrial Fluid Suspensions

Abstract Ultrasonic Velocity Profiling (UVP) is a powerful technique for velocity profile measurements in research and engineering applications as it is the only available method that is cost-effective, relatively easy to implement and applicable to opaque fluid suspensions, which are frequently found in industry. UVP can also be combined with Pressure Drop (PD) measurements in order to obtain rheological parameters of non-Newtonian fluids by fitting theoretical rheological models to a single velocity profile measurement. The flow properties of complex fluids are almost exclusively obtained today using commercially available instruments, such as conventional rotational rheometers or tube (capillary) viscometers. Since these methods are time-consuming and unsuitable for real-time process monitoring, the UVP+PD methodology becomes a very attractive alternative for in-line flow behavior monitoring as well as quality control in industrial applications. However, the accuracy of the UVP+PD methodology is highly dependent on the shape and magnitude of the measured velocity profiles and there are still a few problems remaining with current instrumentation and methods in order to achieve the robustness and accuracy required in industrial applications. The main objective of this research work was to optimize an UVP+PD system by implementing new transducer technology and signal processing techniques for more accurate velocity profile measurements as well as rheological characterization of complex fluids under industrial/realistic conditions. The new methodology was evaluated in two different pipe diameters (22.5 and 52.8 mm) and tested with three different non-Newtonian fluids in order to obtain a wide range of rheological parameters. Results were also compared to conventional rotational rheometry and tube viscometry. It was found that rheological parameters obtained from accurate velocity data across the pipe radius, especially close to pipe walls where the velocity gradient is high, showed better agreement to conventional rheometry than when compared to results obtained using profiles measured with conventional UVP instrumentation and commercial software (Met-Flow SA Version 3.0). The UVP+PD method is now more robust and accurate. The main challenge remaining is to successfully implement a complete non-invasive system in industrial processes that is able to achieve real-time and accurate complex flow monitoring of non-Newtonian fluid suspensions.
Aristotle in the Anthropocene: The comparative benefits of Aristotelian virtue ethics over Utilitarianism and deontology

In the Anthropocene, humanity faces a pressing question: ‘what should we do? ’ Here we are interested in the underlying sense and reference of the normative ‘should’ as it applies to ethics with respect to different actors. To excavate ‘should’, we unearth the foundations of three conventional groupings of normative ethical systems: Mill’s utilitarianism, Kantian deontological ethics and Aristotelian virtue ethics. Each provides a normative basis for saying what humans ‘should’ do. We draw on specific examples from the private sector to argue that debates on the role of ethics in business are dominated by consequentialist and deontological accounts which, while essential, entail certain limitations regarding the realities of this new geological epoch. Identifying the comparative benefits of Aristotelian virtue ethics enables us to develop new insights and suggestions for ethics in the Anthropocene. We identify three distinctive features of Aristotelian virtue ethics: (i) a focus on agents rather than acts, (ii) a distinction between laws and customs versus nature and (iii) the importance of tradition. We set out corresponding implications for ethics and sustainability as applied to the private sector.
Elastic buckling of a porous beam

The work deals with the problem a straight beam of a rectangular cross-section pivoted at both ends and loaded with a lengthwise compressive force. The beam is made of an isotropic porous material. Its properties vary through thickness of the beam. The modulus of elasticity is minimal on the beam axis and assumes maximum values at its top and bottom surfaces. The principle of stationarity of the total potential energy enables one to define a system of differential equations that govern the beam stability. The system is analytically solved, which leads to an explicit expression for the critical load of the compressed beam. Results of the solution are verified on an example beam by means of the Finite Element Method (COSMOS).
Hochschild cohomology of algebras with homological ideals

Let cp: A -+ B be a homological epimorphism of k­ algebras. We investigate the relationship of the Hochschild co­ homologies Hi(A) and Hi(B) of A and B, and show that they can be connected by a long exact sequence. In particular, if A is a quasi­ hereditary algebra and B is the quotient of A by a minimal heredity ideal, then the long exact sequence provides information on Hi(A), Hi(B) and the extension groups between costandard modules and standard modules, thus one can actually compute Hi(A) inductively. As a consequence, we obtain the Hochschild cohomology of all non­ semisimple Temperley-Lieb algebras and representation-finite Schur algebras;
Doing safe while doing good: Slack, risk management capabilities, and the reliability of value creation through CSR

When can corporate social responsibility become a reliable strategic asset? There is a scarcity of both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence investigating the trade-off between the risk and return of corporate social responsibility. We intend to fill this gap by (1) investigating corporate social responsibility’s simultaneous impact on firm value and the reliability of this impact and (2) exploring the conditions under which corporate social responsibility’s impact on firm value becomes more or less reliable. The presented findings suggest that corporate social responsibility by itself is an unreliable value enhancer, in that it not only increases firm value but also increases the variance of expected value distribution. Yet, the impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value becomes more reliable when a firm has immediately redeployable slack or when a firm has stronger risk management capabilities. This research provides practical implications to managers and investors regarding the riskiness of corporate social responsibility investments and strategies for mitigating such risks.
Prediction of the spontaneous combustion liability of coals and coal shales using statistical analysis

without the contribution of heat from external sources. The reaction between coal and oxygen provides enough energy to support combustion without the influence of an external heat source (Onifade and Genc, 2018a). Spontaneous combustion in spoil heaps, waste dumps, highwalls, and coal shales is similar to coal oxidation. The self-heating of coal with a potential transition into endogenous fire constitutes a direct safety hazard in both underground and opencast mines, and unfavourably influences the mine environment. Most heat transfer may be by conduction, convection or radiation to the surrounding strata (Akande and Onifade, 2013; Akande, Onifade, and Aladejare, 2013). Rocks tend to be good insulators and retain heat within a coal seam or spoil heap. Selfheating as the major cause of coal shale and spoil heap fires is due to the accumulated influence of heat generating and heat dissipating mechanisms. Coal and coal shale are sedimentary rocks that contain considerable amounts of organic and inorganic constituents (Dullien, 1979; Onifade and Genc, 2018b). This renders the rock permeable to water and air, and increases its surface area, thereby making the organic particles reactive to facilitate oxidation (Dullien, 1979). Extensive research has been conducted experimentally and computationally on the self-heating of coal in both surface and underground mines (Carras and Young, 1994; Genc and Cook, 2015; Kucuk, Kadioglu, and Gulaboglu, 2003; Stracher and Taylor, 2004). However, only limited studies have been conducted towards understanding the spontaneous combustion liability of coal shales exposed to atmospheric oxygen (Onifade, Genc, and Carpede, 2018; Onifade and Genc, 2018c; Onifade and Genc, 2018b). Self-heating of coals and coal shales has been found to cause spontaneous combustion in selected bands of coal seams, highwalls, and spoil heaps (Onifade, Genc, and Carpede, 2018; Onifade and Genc, 2018c; Onifade and Genc, 2018b) (Figure 1). There is not sufficient information to evaluate and compare the spontaneous combustion liability of coal shales in relation to coals. Different intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting self-heating are the reason for the lack of better understanding of the mechanism of spontaneous combustion. These factors have been documented in various studies to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal (Banerjee, 1985; Beamish and Blazak, Prediction of the spontaneous combustion liability of coals and coal shales using statistical analysis
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Ergonomic Hazards Among Healthcare Workers in a Saudi Government Hospital

Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) must be considered and addressed as a serious issue. Thus, it is important to incorporate ergonomics into clinical practice to prevent MSDs. The objectives of this study were to investigate HCWs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ergonomics in a large governmental healthcare facility. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the participants were interviewed to complete a validated four-section questionnaire (demographic data, knowledge, attitudes, and practice information related to ergonomics). The questionnaire was newly self-developed based on a literature review and was pilot tested after development. Results This study included 273 HCWs. Their average knowledge score regarding ergonomics was 2.6, or “fair to good. ” Overall, the participants reported good attitude scores, with a total average score of 1 and 2, or “agree to strongly agree. ” The findings also indicated that appropriate ergonomics practices were often not implemented, as the average practice score was 1 to 2, or “always to sometimes engaging in bad practice. ” The risk factors of being Saudi, being a woman, and having low academic achievement were associated with poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to ergonomics among HCWs. Conclusion This study showed that the majority of the participants had fair knowledge and good attitudes toward ergonomics at work while practicing. However, the practice of ergonomics at work was not implemented. It is important to apply ergonomics at work to prevent MSDs; therefore, ergonomic principles should be included in the undergraduate health curriculum for all HCWs, with emphasis on practicing ergonomics in their routine clinical work.
Adaptability study of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] varieties in Pastoral areas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Field experiments were conducted on pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of South Omo Zone at Dasenech, Hammer and Gynagatom woredas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia on four cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. ] varieties in 2019 under irrigation. The objective of the study was to select the best performing cowpea varieties in the target areas. The cowpea varieties included in the field experiment were (Black eye bean, Bole, TVU, and Kankeit). The experiments were carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The combined analysis of variance results depicted that there were significant differences among the varieties for all the studied parameters except the number of seeds per pod. The mean values for plant height ranged from 84.89 (cm) for the variety Bole to 120.67 (cm) for TVU. The mean values for the number of pods per plant ranged from 24.33 for the variety Bole to 46.90 for TVU. The mean value for 100 seeds weight was maximum (21.11g) for the cowpea variety black eye bean and, while it was minimum (17.11 g) for the variety TVU. The highest overall mean grain yield of 2457.0 kg ha-1 was recorded for the variety Kankeit while the minimum 1695.3 kg ha-1 was noted for the cowpea variety black eye bean. Therefore, the variety Kankeit and TVU could be recommended for the study areas however further research should be done to put the recommendation on a strong basis. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 137-140, June 2022
Factors affecting blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetic patients referred to Imam Reza Clinic of Arak, Iran

Background and aims: An efficient diabetes control delays the emergence of the side effects of the disease. The present study aimed to assess factors associated with blood sugar indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 diabetic individuals who were referred to Imam Reza Clinic in Arak, Iran, in 2019. To this end, all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients subjected to fasting blood sugar (FBS), 2-hour postprandial (2hpp), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) tests during the recent one month were selected using a convenience sampling method. Additionally, a demographic checklist and the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults questionnaire were filled out through face-to-face interviews. Results: Based on the results, blood sugar levels, especially HbA1c were related to residence (P=0.012) and access to health clinics (P=0.028) so that those with easier access had lower blood sugar indices. Further, an inverse correlation was observed between the HbAlc value and health literacy (P=0.013). An increase in the education level improved blood sugar amount, although the relationship was not significant. Finally, the mean value of 2hpp was related to the family support level, thus better family support led to a lower amount. Conclusion: The results suggested a relationship between access to health clinics, residence, family support, health literacy, and occupation with blood sugar levels in diabetic subjects.
Joint Estimation: SPC Method for Short-Run Autocorrelated Data

In this paper we investigate the use of the joint estimation (JE) outlier detection method as a statistical process control method for short-run autocorrelated data. Because JE is able to differentiate between four different outlier (out-of-control observation) types, performance is reported with respect to its ability to locate the out-of-control observation and identify the associated type. This is of particular interest to practitioners because the four different types may indicate different problems in the process. The results show that JE performs better for AR(1) models when the out-of-control observation is the last observation than for MA(1) models. However, JE is better able to distinguish between the four outlier types for MA(1) models than for AR(1) models. An example using real data is also provided.
Early and Appropriate Use of Ceftazidime-Avibactam in the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in the Indian Scenario

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens exerts a substantial burden on the healthcare infrastructure worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens, especially, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the topmost priority while developing newer antimicrobials. The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria also poses a challenge when choosing the empiric antimicrobial therapy for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The infections caused by MDR Gram-negative organisms ultimately result in increased mortality, morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and increased cost of management. To tackle these challenges, newer antimicrobials like ceftazidime-avibactam were explored. The article also discusses the in vitro activity and therapeutic efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam along with its pharmacokinetic properties and the role it will play in the management of MDR Gram-negative organisms in the Indian setting. Several studies have highlighted the role of early and appropriate antibiotic use in the reduction of mortality in patients with Gram-negative infections. Timely initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy for serious infections leads to favorable clinical outcomes. Early and appropriate use of ceftazidime-avibactam while treating MDR Gram-negative infections has been associated with improved clinical outcomes. The aim of this review is to highlight the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam in the treatment of MDR Gram-negative infections. We have also summarized the information on outcomes achieved by early and appropriate use of ceftazidime-avibactam.