Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena

The literature abounds with texts on the subject of lasers. Any one book could provide a beginning graduate student with the tools necessary to understand lasers and their interaction with matter. However, the treatment of ultrashort lasers in such books is cursory, if included at all, since the intricacies of femtosecond pulse generation go beyond what is commonly considered fundamental.
Blind channel identification using the constant modulus adaptive algorithm

A technique is presented for identifying the impulse response of a nonminimum phase channel based solely on observations of the channel output. The technique uses a two-step estimation procedure whereby the channel input is first estimated and then used in conjunction with the observed channel output to determine a least-squares model of the actual channel. Estimation of the channel input is accomplished through equalisation, demodulation, and remodulation of the channel output. The constant-modulus adaptive algorithm (CMA) is used in the equalization process. The technique is applicable to channels carrying quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), frequency modulation (FM), and frequency-shift keyed (FSK) modulation. In addition to identifying the channel response, the technique also generates an estimate of the additive cochannel interference. <<ETX>>
Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies (NUEs) in Open-Field Pepper: Effect of Different Types of Basal Fertilizer and Fertigation Ratio

sustainability. Therefore, we employed an open-field pepper production system to investigate soil nitrate variation, pepper growth and yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The following fertilization treatments were established; three types of fertigation ratio, basal and topdressing (100:0, 50:50 and 30:70), and three types of basal fertilizers, chemical fertilizer (CF), slow release fertilizer (SRF) and livestock compost (LC)+CF as a ratio of 50:50. The CF 50:50, which is widely practiced by farmers in South Korea, was used as a control group to compare with other treatments. Soil nitrate from transplanting until 36 days after transplanting (DAT) ranged from 20 to 60 mg kg -1 except for CF 100:0 and SRF 100:0, indicating significant higher concentrations. Compared to the control, marketable pepper yield was significantly greater, and the difference was not observed by both ferti-gation ratio and the types of basal fertilizer. The NUE (fruit yield/N applied, kg kg -1 ) was significantly higher in CF 100:0, LC+CF 50:50 and LC+CF 30:70, and higher N availability (NutE) showed in fertigation ratio (50:50) and basal fertilizer (LC+CF). Our results clearly represented that the combined application of LC+CF as a basal fertilizer with 50:50 of fertigation ratio could achieve the benefits of sustainable yield, higher NUE and reduced potential soil nitrate leaching in an open-field pepper production system in South Korea.
Sub-6 GHz Channel Modeling and Evaluation in Indoor Industrial Environments

This paper presents sub-6 GHz channel measurements using a directional antenna at the transmitter and a directional or omnidirectional antenna at the receiver at 4.145 GHz in sparse and dense industrial environments for a line-of-sight scenario. Furthermore, the first measured over-the-air error vector magnitude (EVM) results depending on different 5G new radio modulation and coding schemes (MCSs of16 QAM, 64 QAM and 256 QAM) are provided. From the measurement campaigns, the path loss exponents (PLE) using a directional and an omnidirectional antenna at the receiver in the sparse and the dense environment are 1.24/1.39 and 1.35/1.5, respectively. PLE results are lower than the theoretical free space PLE of 2, indicating that indoor industrial environments have rich multipaths. The measured power delay profiles show the maximum root mean square (RMS) delay spreads of 11 ns with a directional antenna and 34 ns with an omnidirectional antenna at the receiver in a sparse industrial environment. However, in a dense industrial environment the maximum RMS delay spreads are significantly increased: maximum RMS delay spreads range from 226 to 282 ns for the omnidirectional and the directional antenna configuration. EVM measurements show that to increase coverage and enable higher MCS modes to be used for reliable data transmission, in both industrial environments using a directional antenna at the transmitter and the receiver is required. The large-scale path loss models, multipath time dispersion characteristics and EVM results provide insight into the deployments of 5G networks operating at sub-6 GHz frequency bands in different industrial environments.
Empagliflozin, irrespective of blood pressure, improves outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Preserved trial

Abstract Aims Empagliflozin reduces the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction. This study aims to evaluate if systolic blood pressure (SBP) moderates these effects. Methods and results The association of SBP and the treatment effects of empagliflozin in EMPEROR-Preserved (empagliflozin outcome trial in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) was evaluated. Randomized patients (n = 5988) were grouped according to SBP at baseline (<110 mmHg, n = 455; 110–130 mmHg, n = 2415; > 130 mmHg, n = 3118). The effect of empagliflozin on blood pressure, cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization (primary outcome), total HF hospitalizations, and rate of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate was studied. Over a median of 26.2 months, the placebo-corrected decline was small and not significantly different across baseline SBP. On placebo, the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF was 8.58 at >130 mmHg, 8.26 at 110–130 mmHg, and 11.59 events per 100 patient-years at <110 mmHg (P = 0.12 vs. > 130 mmHg, P = 0.08 vs. 110–130 mmHg). There was no evidence for baseline SBP moderating the effect of empagliflozin on risk of HF events (primary endpoint interaction P = 0.69, recurrent HF hospitalizations interaction P = 0.55). When comparing empagliflozin with placebo, SBP did not meaningfully associate with adverse events such as hypotension, volume depletion, and acute renal failure. Conclusion In EMPEROR-Preserved, empagliflozin was effective and safe without SBP meaningfully moderating empagliflozin’s treatment effects. This analysis of EMPEROR-Preserved shows that empagliflozin can be used safely and effectively without blood pressure being a meaningful moderator of the drug benefit. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials. gov Unique identifier: NCT03057951
Electronic Sputtering: From Atomic Physics to Continuum Mechanics

The surprising fact that even very complex molecules can be ejected intact into the vapor phase when a material is electronically excited by incident particles provides a new probe of the behavior of condensed matter at high excitation densities. The physics of the conversion of the electronic excitation energy into mechanical and chemical energy links atomic physics in a solid at low excitation densities to nanometer‐scale continuum mechanics at high excitation densities
Integrated data analysis of fusion diagnostics by means of the Bayesian probability theory

Integrated data analysis (IDA) of fusion diagnostics is the combination of heterogeneous diagnostics to obtain validated physical results. Benefits from the integrated approach result from a systematic use of interdependencies; in that sense IDA optimizes the extraction of information from sets of different data. For that purpose IDA requires a systematic and formalized error analysis of all (statistical and systematic) uncertainties involved in each diagnostic. Bayesian probability theory allows for a systematic combination of all information entering the diagnostic model by considering all uncertainties of the measured data, the calibration measurements, and the physical model. Prior physics knowledge on model parameters can be included. Handling of systematic errors is provided. A central goal of the integration of redundant or complementary diagnostics is to provide information to resolve inconsistencies by exploiting interdependencies. A comparable analysis of sets of diagnostics (meta-diagnostics) i.
Development of a three-dimensional dynamic model for chemotaxis

In this study, we proposed a three-dimensional dynamic model under the diffuse interface description for the single crawling cell. From the developed model, we described the clear evolution processes for crawling neutrophil and assessed the reliable quantitative chemotactic property, which confirmed the high possibility of adequate predictions. To establish the system considering of multiple mechanisms such as, diffusion, chemotaxis, and interaction with surface, a diffuse interface model is employed.
Systematic errors of the atmospheric circulation in the ECMWF forecasting system

The aim of this study is to document some of the key systematic errors of the atmospheric circulation as simulated by the ECMWF model during the winter season (December–March). Two major topics are addressed. First, key systematic circulation errors are described and it is shown how they grow from the short range all the way to the extended range. Second, it is shown how systematic circulation errors changed during the last two decades. Results are presented for 500 hPa geopotential height fields, eddy kinetic energy, synoptic variability, and atmospheric blocking. A concise summary is somewhat hampered by the fact that systematic error characteristics significantly depend on the parameter, region, and the forecast range being considered. In general, though, it has been found that systematic circulation errors have been reduced considerably in recent years, particularly from the 1980s to the early 1990s. Model improvements are primarily manifest through a reduction of the rate at which systematic errors grow; their spatial structure, however, remains more or less unchanged for most of the parameters. On the other hand, and somewhat surprisingly, it has been found that for some parameters and regions systematic circulation errors have slightly deteriorated since the mid‐1990s. Moreover, it turns out that during the first few days of the integration the spatial structure of systematic circulation errors undergoes considerable changes; in the medium range and beyond their spatial structure remains virtually unchanged. The most prominent systematic circulation errors identified in this study are: the development of a large anticyclonic bias in the central North Pacific in the medium‐range and extended‐range, the underestimation of kinetic energy of the transient eddies, a pronounced underestimation of synoptic activity in high latitudes, and the underestimation of atmospheric blocking in the extended range. In the medium range over Europe, however, it is shown that recent cycles of the ECMWF model are able to produce realistic blocking frequencies. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Northwestward-Propagating Wave Patterns over the Tropical Western North Pacific during Summer

Abstract The possible relationship between northwestward-propagating wave disturbances and tropical cyclones over the tropical western North Pacific during summer is studied using data assimilated by the navy's global model during May–September 1989–91. A multiple-set canonical correlation (MCC) analysis is applied to the 850-hPa meridional (v) component over a core domain covering the western Pacific. The analysis seeks the maximal geometrically averaged correlation between 12 consecutive twice-daily fields. Two MCC components, with a 90° phase difference and comparable variances that combine to nearly one-third of the total variance, describe the northwestward-propagating pattern with a period near 8–9 days. Upstream of this steady northwestward-propagating pattern there is a weaker, westward propagation along 5°N that may be traced back to 170°E. The surface pressure cell advancing east of the Philippines is consistent with low-level winds for a circulation in gradient wind balance. It has a zonal wave.
Local Empirical Likelihood Inference for Varying-Coefficient Density-Ratio Models Based on Case-Control Data

In this article, we develop a varying-coefficient density-ratio model for case-control studies. The case and control samples come from two different distributions. Under the model assumption, the ratio of the two densities is related to the linear combination of covariates with varying coefficients through a known function. A special case is the exponential tilt model where the log ratio of the two densities is a linear function of covariates. We propose a local empirical likelihood (EL) approach to estimate the nonparametric coefficient functions. Under some regularity assumptions, the proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. The sieve empirical likelihood ratio (SELR) test statistic for detecting whether the varying-coefficients are really constant and other related hypotheses is constructed and it follows approximately a chi-squared distribution. We introduce a modified bootstrap procedure to estimate the null distribution of the SELR when sample size is small. We also examine the performance of proposed method for finite sample sizes through simulation studies and illustrate it with a real dataset. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Ginger as an anticolorectal cancer spice: A systematic review of in vitro to clinical evidence

Abstract Ginger and its derivatives have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of cancer. We undertook a systematic review to answer the question of whether ginger has a role in modifying the biomarkers of cancer in cell culture conditions and on colorectal cancer in randomized clinical trials. We performed a comprehensive search of the literature from Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews. At first, all 12 papers studied the effect of ginger or its derivatives on cell culture conditions. The results of cell culture studies show that ginger has a powerful role in inducing apoptosis. In the second part, five studies of clinical trials were analyzed. By analyzing antitumor markers of clinical trials, ginger increased some anticancer markers but performed poorly in inducing some anticancer markers. This systematic review showed that the consumption of ginger extract has the potential to prevent and treat colorectal cancer but this ability is weak.
An NFIX-mediated regulatory network governs the balance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during hematopoiesis

Key Points • Nfix deficiency results in a loss of long-term hematopoietic stem cells and an accumulation of megakaryocyte and myelo-erythroid progenitors. • NFIX interacts with PU.1 at super-enhancers to regulate gene targets involved in cellular respiration and hematopoietic differentiation.
Neurologic Improvement in Acute Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Objectives Investigations of rapid neurologic improvement (RNI) in patients with acute cerebral ischemia (ACI) have focused on RNI occurring after hospital arrival. However, with stroke routing decisions and interventions increasingly migrating to the prehospital setting, there is a need to delineate the frequency, magnitude, predictors, and clinical outcomes of patients with ACI with ultra-early RNI (U-RNI) in the prehospital and early postarrival period. Methods We analyzed prospectively collected data of the prehospital Field Administration of Stroke Therapy–Magnesium (FAST-MAG) randomized clinical trial. Any U-RNI was defined as improvement by 2 or more points on the Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) score between the prehospital and early post–emergency department (ED) arrival examinations and classified as moderate (2–3 point) or dramatic (4–5 point) improvement. Outcome measures included excellent recovery (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–1) and death by 90 days. Results Among the 1,245 patients with ACI, the mean age was 70.9 years (SD 13.2); 45% were women; the median prehospital LAMS was 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3–5); the median last known well to ED-LAMS time was 59 minutes (IQR 46–80 minutes), and the median prehospital LAMS to ED-LAMS time was 33 minutes (IQR 28–39 minutes). Overall, any U-RNI occurred in 31%, moderate U-RNI in 23%, and dramatic U-RNI in 8%. Any U-RNI was associated with improved outcomes, including excellent recovery (mRS score 0–1) at 90 days 65.1% (246/378) vs 35.4% (302/852), p < 0.0001; decreased mortality by 90 days 3.7% (14/378) vs 16.4% (140/852), p < 0.0001; decreased symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage 1.6% (6/384) vs 4.6% (40/861), p = 0.0112; and increased likelihood of being discharged home 56.8% (218/384) vs 30.2% (260/861), p < 0.0001. Discussion U-RNI occurs in nearly 1 in 3 ambulance-transported patients with ACI and is associated with excellent recovery and decreased mortality at 90 days. Accounting for U-RNI may be useful for routing decisions and future prehospital interventions. Trial Registration Information clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00059332.
Gate Oxide Instability of 4H-SiC p-Channel MOSFET Induced by AC Stress at 200 °C

The gate oxide instability of 4H-SiC pMOS induced by ac stress was experimentally investigated at 200 °C for the first time. The threshold voltage drift (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of pMOS under different stress conditions was experimentally measured. The results show that high-frequency ac stress could cause the additional <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, it was found first that high-frequency ac stress will cause the gate oxide breakdown at 200 °C. However, no gate oxide breakdown was found at 27 °C. By investigating the effects of ac stress conditions on the gate oxide breakdown, it is demonstrated that the captured electrons in interface states at low-level voltage (inversion) play an important role in the gate oxide breakdown.
A meta-analysis of effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cattle

Ruminants, particularly dairy and beef cattle, contribute to climate change through mostly enteric methane emissions. Several mitigating options have been proposed, including the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). The objectives of this study were to explain the variability in the mitigating effect of 3-NOP and to investigate the interaction between diet composition and 3-NOP dose, using meta-analytical approaches. Data from 13 articles (14 experiments) met the selection criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, and 48 treatment means were used for the analysis. Mean differences were calculated as 3-NOP treatment mean minus control treatment mean and then expressed as a percentage of the control mean. Three types of models were developed: (1) one including 3-NOP dose, overall mean, and individual covariate; (2) a combination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 3-NOP dose, and overall mean; and (3) one selected model from all combinations of up to 5 covariates, which were compared using a leave-one-out cross validation method. Models including only 3-NOP dose resulted in a significant reduction of 32.7%, 30.9%, and 32.6% for CH4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg dry matter intake), and intensity (g/kg energy-corrected milk), respectively, at an average 3-NOP dose of 70.5 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The greater the NDF content in the diet, the lower the reduction efficiency for a given 3-NOP dose. For 10 g/kg DM increase in NDF content from its mean (329 g of NDF/kg of DM) the 3-NOP effect on CH4 production was impaired by 0.633%, the 3-NOP effect on CH4 yield by 0.647%, and the 3-NOP effect on CH4 intensity by 0.723%. The analysis based on leave-one-out cross validation showed an increase in NDF and crude fat content reduces efficacy of 3-NOP and an increase in 3-NOP dose increases efficacy. A 1% (10 g/kg) DM decrease in dietary NDF content from its mean may increase the efficacy of 3-NOP in reducing CH4 production by 0.915%. A 1% (10 g/kg DM) decrease in dietary crude fat content from its mean enhances the efficacy of 3-NOP on CH4 production by 3.080% at a given dose and NDF level. For CH4 yield, next to 3-NOP dose, dietary NDF content and dietary crude fat content were included in the selected model, but also dietary starch content with an opposite direction to NDF and crude fat. The effect of 3-NOP dose on CH4 intensity was similar to its effect on CH4 production, whereas the effect of dietary NDF content was slightly lower. Expanding the previously published models with the newly available data published from trials since then improved model performance, hence demonstrating the value of regularly updating meta-analyses if a wider range of data becomes available.
A Review of Power Converters for Ships Electrification

Fully electric ships have become popular to meet the demand for emission-free transportation and improve ships' functionality, reliability, and efficiency. Previous studies reviewed the shipboard power systems, the different types of shipboard energy storage devices, and the influences of the shore-to-ship connection on ports' electrical grid. However, the converter topologies used in the electrification of ships have received very little attention. This article presents a comprehensive topological review of currently available shore-to-ship and shipboard power converters in the literature and on the market. The main goal is to anticipate future trends and potential challenges to stimulate research to accelerate more efficient and reliable electric ships.
Career and Technical Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Profession and Willingness to Encourage Students to Enter a CTE Teaching Career

This study examined the current climate of how Virginia CTE teachers perceive their profession and if they are encouraging their students to enter the teaching profession. A survey developed by the National Center for Education Statistics was submitted to CTE teachers in Virginia ( n = 743) to address these questions. Descriptive statistics helped to determine that CTE teachers are generally satisfied with their careers but dissatisfied with factors over which they have no control, and the number of teachers recommending the profession to their students in recent years has decreased considerably. A Pareto analysis was conducted, and the results showed the key reasons why teachers are not recommending the CTE teaching profession to their students are salary/benefits and school variables not in their control.