Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Tests as an Important Pillar in Today’s Physics Learning: Four-tier Diagnostic Test a Comprehensive Diagnostic Test Solution

This study aims to describe the urgency and development of diagnostic tests starting from the 1-tier test to the 4-tier test. The form of diagnostic tests is always evolving, starting from the 1-tier test (answer only), 2-tier test (answers and reasons), 3-tier test (answers, reasons, and confidence level), up to 4-tier tests (answers, level of confidence in answers, reasons, and level of confidence in reasons). The results of the study show that the more tiers used in the assessment instrument, the more aspects that can be analyzed. The analysis of the 1-tier test depends on the construct of the questions developed. The 2-tier test analysis can be grouped into three categories: understanding concepts, misconceptions, and not understanding concepts. The 3-tier diagnostic test can classify students into six categories, namely; SC, FP, FN, MSC, Lucky Guessing, and LK. Analysis of the four-tier diagnostic test (FTDT) can produce eight or sixteen categories. However, the optimal analysis of FTDT applies to eight categories, namely; SC, LK type 1, FP, LK type 2, FN, LK type 3, MS and LK type 4. The implication of the research is the optimal diagnostic test for diagnosing students' level of understanding of Physics is FTDT, with an analysis of eight categories. FTDT is more meaningful because the results of the diagnosis are accompanied by suggestions for a follow-up to overcome learning difficulties for each student.
Understanding the Effectiveness of Ultrasonic Microphone Jammer

Recent works have explained the principle of using ultrasonic transmissions to jam nearby microphones. These signals are inaudible to nearby users, but leverage "hardware nonlinearity" to induce a jamming signal inside microphones that disrupts voice recordings. This has great implications on audio privacy protection. In this work, we gain a deeper understanding on the effectiveness of ultrasonic jammer under practical scenarios, with the goal of disabling both visible and hidden microphones in the surrounding area. We first experiment with existing jammer designs (both commercial products and that proposed by recent papers), and find that they all offer limited angular coverage, and can only target microphones in a particular direction. We overcome this limitation by building a circular transducer array as a wearable bracelet. It emits ultrasonic signals simultaneously from many directions, targeting surrounding microphones without needing to point at any. More importantly, as the bracelet moves with the wearer, its motion increases jamming coverage and diminishes blind spots (the fundamental problem facing any transducer array). We evaluate the jammer bracelet under practical scenarios, confirming that it can effectively disrupt visible and hidden microphones in the surrounding areas, preventing recognition of recorded speech. We also identify limitations and areas for improvement.
The mass range of carbon stars

This paper considers the existence of a population of carbon stars that is more massive than that described by Claussen et al. (1987) (1.2-1.6 solar mass). These more massive stars are characterized by molecular envelopes that expand at velocities V-infinity not less than 17.5 km/s and confinemenet to low Galactic latitude. An exponential fit to height above the Galactic plane demonstrates that the carbon stars with high V-infinity are described by a smaller scale height, 107 pc, than that which characterizes carbon stars with low V-infinity, 270 pc. A 100-pc scale height is characteristic of main-sequence stars of mass not less than 2.5-4 solar masses. The larger ratio of 12 to 2 micron fluxes for high V-infinity carbon stars as compared with other carbon stars demonstrates that the former group is more dust obscured. Based on the incidence of optical designations, H-alpha emission, and the 12-micron/2-micron ratio, the stars with larger V-infinity generally have larger mass-loss rates and might dominate the mass returned by carbon stars to the ISM. 33 refs.
Analysis on Key-leakage Hardware Trojan of SM4 Algorithm

The cryptographic algorithm is an important part of the security system. Its purpose is to ensure that the attacker can not obtain the correct transmissive information if he has stolen the ciphertext but has not the secret key between the sender and the receiver. Therefore, the key is a part of the cryptographic algorithm, and the leakage of the key will lead to security failure. In this paper, a key leakage Trojan circuit was designed and the original circuit was SM4, a Chinese block cipher algorithm standard. The trigger part is composed of sequential and combinational circuits, so the hardware Trojan would be triggered only when the conditions are met for both two kinds of circuits. One of its components is a counter, with timing function if necessary. The scheme was verified on a DE2-115 Altera cyclone-IV FPGA board. And the total registers increasing caused by the hardware Trojan is as low as 0.26%.
Nonparametric Tests for Trend in Water Quality

Recently, several nonparametric tests for trends in water quality have been proposed. These tests have been developed because the assumptions of classical parametric methods (i.e., normality, linearity, independence) are usually not met by typical water quality data. Additional idiosyncrasies of the data, such as missing values, censored data, and seasonality, compound the analysis problem. The nonparametric methods are more flexible and can handle these problems more easily. However, information on relative power of the various nonparametric procedures has not been reported in the hydrologic literature. For this reason, two classes of procedures, intrablock methods (procedures that compute a statistic, such as Kendall's tau, for each block or season and then sum these to produce a single overall statistic), and aligned rank methods (procedures that remove the block effect from each datum, sum the data over blocks, and then create a statistic from these sums) are examined in detail. Results from the statistical literature show that aligned rank methods are asymptotically more powerful than intrablock methods. In contrast, intrablock methods are more adaptable. Procedures to analyze more general models, including multistation designs and models, which include a trend-season or trend-site interaction, are developed by using Kendall's tau and intrablock methods. Finally, some recommendations on the analysis of data sets with missing values and multiple values per season values are presented.
Study on interfacial thermal resistance between single wall carbon nanotubes and nickel by molecular dynamics

The interfacial thermal resistance of the nanocontact system of carbon nanotubes and nickel crystals was investigated using molecular dynamics. It was found that with the increase in temperature, the interface thermal resistance gradually increased. In addition, the interfacial thermal resistance also increases gradually with the increase of the contact distance. The ballistic transport of phonons is proposed to be the main reason for the interfacial thermal resistance in this case.
Role of AlN/GaN Multilayer in Crack-Free GaN Layer Growth on 5”φ Si (111) Substrate

The growth of high-quality and crack-free GaN layers on a 5”φ Si (111) substrate has been carried out in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. A high-temperature-grown AlN/GaN multilayer buffer was inserted between a GaN layer and a Si substrate. To improve the crystalline quality of GaN and minimize the degree of wafer bending, the structural parameters of an AlN/GaN multilayer (e.g. number of pairs and thickness of each layer) were examined. From the results, two models of strain relaxation in the multilayer, namely, the introduction of a dislocation in the multilayer and the deformation of a strain field by a three-dimensional structure of AlN layers, are suggested. In addition, another role of the AlN/GaN multilayer structure, that of inducing compressive distortion in a subsequent GaN layer, was confirmed. On the AlN/GaN multilayer, a 1-µm-thick GaN layer was grown without crack formation. A dislocation density of 5 ×109 cm-2 determined by atomic force microscopy and a (002) X-ray rocking curve full width at half maximum of 700 arcsec were obtained in the 5”φ Si wafer region.
CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF PURE AMMONIA AND AMMONIA–WATER ICES INDUCED BY HEAVY IONS

Cosmic rays are possibly the main agents to prevent the freeze-out of molecules onto grain surfaces in cold dense clouds. Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most abundant molecules present in dust ice mantles, with a concentration of up to 15% relative to water (H2O). FTIR spectroscopy is used to monitor pure NH3 and NH3–H2O ice samples as they are irradiated with Ni and Zn ion beams (500–600 MeV) at GANIL/France. New species, such as hydrazine (N2H4), diazene (N2H2 isomers), molecular hydrogen (H2), and nitrogen (N2) were identified after irradiation of pure NH3 ices. Nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) are some of the products of the NH3–H2O ice radiolysis. The spectral band at 6.85 μm was observed after irradiation of both types of ice. Besides the likely contribution of ammonium (NH) and amino (NH2) radicals, data suggest a small contribution of NH2OH to this band profile after high fluences of irradiation of NH3–H2O ices. The spectral shift of the NH3 “umbrella” mode (9.3 μm) band is parameterized as a function of NH3/H2O ratio in amorphous ices. Ammonia and water destruction cross-sections are obtained, as well as the rate of NH3–H2O (1:10) ice compaction, measured by the OH dangling bond destruction cross-section. Ammonia destruction is enhanced in the presence of H2O in the ice and a power law relationship between stopping power and NH3 destruction cross-section is verified. Such results may provide relevant information for the evolution of molecular species in dense molecular clouds.
Influence of dc bias on the dielectric relaxation in Fe-substituted CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics: grain boundary and surface effects

CaCu3Ti4−xFexO12 (CCTFO, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.2) ceramics were fabricated by the solid-state reaction method and the dielectric properties have been systematically studied. All ceramics showed the single cubic perovskite structure, and there was no secondary phase. The average grain size increased and the grain boundaries became thin and dense with increasing x. With increasing Fe doping content, the resistivity of grains and grain boundaries increased, which led to a decrease in ε′ in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. A new relaxation process II was discovered by means of dielectric properties spectra measurement at room temperature. Based on the internal barrier layer capacitance model, the dielectric relaxation process I originates from interfacial polarization at grain boundaries. The relaxation process II is sensitive to surface treatment and, in contrast to the relaxation process I, is also strongly affected by the dc bias. As the dc bias voltage increased up to 40 V, the low-frequency dielectric constant and resistivity decreased dramatically in the CCTFO (x = 0.01) ceramic. After polishing the surfaces of the CCTFO (x = 0.01) ceramic, ε′ decreased from 105 to 5 × 104 without the dc bias, but remained essentially unchanged with increasing dc bias voltage at low frequencies. The dependence of the dielectric properties on dc bias voltage and surface characteristics reveals that the relaxation process II originates from the interfacial polarization at the surface layers.
VSC-HVDC Fault Location Method Based on Effective Feature and Depth Belief Network

Aiming at the problems that most fault location methods are applied to the high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system, such as low location accuracy and vulnerability to noise, a voltage source converter (VSC)-HVDC fault location method based on effective feature and deep belief network is proposed. Firstly, the Karenbauer phase mode transform is used to decouple the original fault current data to eliminate the coupling effect between positive and negative lines. Then, Hilbert Huang (HH) transform is used to obtain six effective features of information from frequency domain and time domain analysis to fully characterize the system fault current signal. Finally, the extracted effective features are input into the depth belief network for learning, so as to estimate the fault location in the transmission line. VSC-HVDC system is built based on the MATLAB platform for experimental analysis. The results show that the fault location obtained by the proposed method has the smallest overall fault location error, and the maximum and minimum errors are divided into about 0.52 km and -0.95 km. Compared with other methods, it has certain advantages in fault location.
Quadratic forms for the 1-D semilinear Schrödinger equation

This paper is concerned with 1-D quadratic semilinear Schr6dinger equations. We study local well posedness in classical Sobolev space HS of the associated initial value problem and periodic boundary value problem. Our main interest is to obtain the lowest value of s which guarantees the desired local well posedness result. We prove that at least for the quadratic cases these values are negative and depend on the structure of the nonlinearity considered.
THE PROBABILITY INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATION FOR TESTING GOODNESS OF FIT AND COMBINING INDEPENDENT TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE

y is a non-decreasing function of x, having values confined to the interval (0, 1). Further d p(y) = p(x)Iy = I for < y < l. (3) ~! dx In other words the probability law for the integral, y, is rectangular, all values of y between O and 1 being equally likely to occur. It follows that if we wish to use a set of n independent observations x1, X2, . X. , to test the hypothesis Ho that a probability law is of specified form, say p(x I Ho), it may be possible to carry out this by testing the equivalent hypothesis, ho, that the corresponding values YI, Y2, . , Y,,, obtained by means of the transformation (2), have been randomly drawn from the rectangular distribution (3). The relation between xi and yi is illustrated in Fig. 1; corresponding to the abscissae xi, (i = 1, 2, . ., 10), of the ten ordinates drawn above, are ten values of y shown below on the scale 0 to 1. The hypothesis Ho that the ten x's are a random sample from a population distribution represented by the frequency curve is therefore equivalent to the hypothesis ho that the ten y's form a random sample from a rectangular distribution, range O to 1. If the probability laws p(x) are not the same for all the x's, so that
Fitted electronic density functions from H to Rn for use in quantum similarity measures: cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum(II) complex as an application example

A consistent set of fitted electronic density functions was generated for the elements from hydrogen to radon using an algorithm based on the elementary Jacobi rotations (EJR) technique. The main distinguishing attribute of this fitting procedure is the production of approximated electronic density functions with positive definite expansion coefficients; in this way, the statistical meaning of the probability distribution is preserved. The methodology, which was fully described previously, was modified in this work to improve and accelerate the fitting procedure. This variation concerns the optimization method employed to obtain the optimal angle of the EJR, implementing an algorithm based on a Taylor series expansion. Additionally, a new 1S‐Type Gaussian basis set for atoms H to Rn is presented, that was fitted from a primitive basis set of Huzinaga. Fitted density functions facilitate theoretical calculations over large molecules and may be employed in many areas of computational chemistry, for example, in quantum similarity measures (QSM). To verify the basis set, a sound example related to QSM applications is given. This corresponds to the comparison of experimental structures obtained from X‐ray determination for cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum(II) complex with optimized molecular geometries using several theoretical methods to quantify the differences between the analyzed levels of theory. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 911–920, 1999
Thermal Stresses in a Generally Anisotropic Body With an Elliptic Inclusion Subject to Uniform Heat Flow

A general analytical solution for the elliptical anisotropic inclusion embedded in an infinite anisotropic matrix subjected to uniform heat flow is provided in this paper. Based upon the method of Lekhnitskii formulation, the technique of conformal mapping, the method of analytical continuation, and the concept of superposition, both the solutions of the temperature and stress functions either in the matrix or in the inclusion are expressed in complex matrix notation. Numerical results are carried out and provided in graphic form to elucidate the effect of material and geometric parameters on the interfacial stresses. Since the general solutions have not been found in the literature, comparison is made with some special cases of which the analytical solutions exist, which shows that our solutions presented here are exact and general.
Velocity measurements in dry granular avalanches using particle image velocimetry technique and comparison with theoretical predictions

Velocity and depth are crucial field variables to describe the dynamics of avalanches of sand or soil or snow and to draw conclusions about their flow behavior. In this paper we present new results about velocity measurements in granular laboratory avalanches and their comparison with theoretical predictions. Particle image velocimetry measurement technique is introduced and used to measure the dynamics of the velocity distribution of free surface and unsteady flows of avalanches of non-transparent quartz particles down a curved chute merging into a horizontal plane from initiation to the runout zone. Velocity distributions at the free surface are determined and in one case also at the bottom from below. Also measured is the settlement of the avalanche in the deposit. For the theoretical prediction we consider the model equations proposed by Pudasaini and Hutter [J. Fluid Mech. 495, 193 (2003)]. A nonoscillatory central differencing total variation diminishing scheme is implemented to integrate these mode.
Lie point symmetries and similarity solutions for an electrically conducting Jeffrey fluid

In this work, the equations for the two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow of an electrically conducting Jeffrey fluid have been studied. Lie group analysis was performed and group invariant solutions were obtained. A boundary value problem for the translational symmetry was investigated and the results were represented graphically. The effects of Jeffrey fluid parameters λ1 (the ratio of relaxation to retardation times) and λ2 (retardation time) were noted.
Convolution with affine arclength measures in the plane

We obtain an estimate for the L3/2,1(R2) L3(12) norm of a certain convolution operator. Let 0 be real-valued and smooth on an interval (a, b) C R. Define the measure A on I2 by f dA = f(t, q(t)) I(t) 1/3dt. J2 a We are interested in the LP(R2) Lq(R22) mapping properties of the operator given by convolution with A. The study of this operator was initiated by Drury ([D]), who used complex interpolation and certain integral estimates to obtain the optimal result IIA* fl3 0 and X(3) , 0 on (a, b). Then (1) IIA * XE1-3 (s) y(t) = (s t, 4(s) q(t)) is one-to-one. Thus rb rb / I XE(y (t)(s)) ql'(s) '(t)I ds dt if A C (t, b). To prove (3) we let IAu stand for the (one-dimensional) Lebesgue measure of A n (u, b) whenever t (4) J XA(s)(4 (s)(t))ds = XA(S) Q y(u)d du ds= (u[Au du. Also J XA(S) m) (S) 1/3ds = 1 XA(S) ? >/(S)i/3 11/31A 1-1/3d A () O"(s) s I (s) O" (s) lAslAs ds . b "(s) A 1 d) 2/3( Thus, it follows from (4) that (5) (/ A(s) (/ ) If 0 /bXA 1Al-/2 = ] y/2d -2 A1/2. J s Jo With this and the fact that 0" is nondecreasing, (5) yields (3) to complete the proof. REFERENCES [C] Y. Choi, Convolution operators with affine arclength measures on plane curves, J. Korean Math. Soc. 36 (1999), 193-207. CMP 99:09 [D] S. W. Drury, Degenerate curves and harmonic analysis, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 108 (1990), 89-96. MR 91h:42021 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY, TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32306- 4510 E-mail address: oberlinQmath. fsu. edu This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.244 on Fri, 17 Jun 2016 05:01:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
Nutritional Impacts of Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol: Are there unintended diet consequences?

Background: In 2018, Scotland introduced a Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) policy to remove very-low-cost alcoholic drinks from the market and reduce adverse social and health-related impacts of excessive alcohol consumption. Any increased spending on alcohol may reduce spending on food, and adversely impact diet quality. Objectives: To estimate the effect of MUP on dietary energy, nutrients and diet quality. Methods: Analyses were conducted on household level purchase data, collected by Kantar Worldpanel (KWP) over 53 weeks before and 54 weeks after the introduction of MUP, from 1987 households in Scotland and 6064 households in the north of England. Energy and food purchases were adjusted to per adult-equivalent values after accounting for estimated unavoidable food waste. Difference-in-differences analyses were conducted for energy, energy density, Diet Quality Index, and foods and nutrients that are relevant to the Scottish dietary goals. The Poisson pseudomaximum likelihood regression model with household fixed-effects was used, with estimates adjusted for age of main shopper, household composition, duration of KWP participation, total spending on non-food items, and month of the year. The effects of area level deprivation and levels of alcohol purchase were also explored. Results: The introduction of MUP in Scotland led to a 1.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.02% - 3.16%) reduction in sugar purchase or 8 grams per adult-equivalent per week. This reduction was partly a result of a 16.6% (95% CI 7.15% - 25.96%) reduction in sugar from alcoholic drinks purchased. No significant associations were found between MUP and energy, energy density, other nutrients or diet quality. Households from more deprived areas, or with greater alcohol purchases, had greater levels of sugar reduction from alcohol. Conclusions: The introduction of MUP in Scotland was associated with small, but beneficial, statistically significant reductions in the purchase of sugar. There was no significant change in overall diet quality.