Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Determination of the Serum Ascitic Fluid Albumin Concentration Gradient in Children with Chronic Liver Disease and Nephrotic Syndrome

This prospective cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka for a period of one year and six months starting from July 2012 to December 2013. The main objective of the study was to determine the serum ascitic fluid albumin concentration gradient in children with chronic liver disease and nephrotic syndrome. A total of 55 children were studied. Among them, 31 children with chronic liver disease with ascites were designated as Group I and rest 24 nephrotic syndrome children with ascites were designated as group II. The mean age of the children was 8.3±3.6 years ranging from 1.0-15.0 years. The mean age of the male patient was 8.0±3.6 years and that of female patients was 9.3±3.5 years. No statistically significant mean age difference was found between male and female patients (p>0.05), although female patients had a bit higher mean age than male patients. The mean age of the group I patients was 9.2±3.7 years ranging from 1.0-14.0 years and group II patients was 7.2±3.2 ranging from 2.0 to 15.0 years and the mean age difference between two groups patients was statistically significant (p 1.2 mg/dl, serum ALT >40 IU/L was 25 (80.6%), prothrombin time more than 3 second than control 23 (74.2%) and serum albumin less than 3.5 mg/dl was 24 (77.4%). The mean serum albumin was 2.8±0.5 mg/dl in group I patients and 1.7±0.4 mg/dl in group II patients. The albumin in ascitic fluid was 1.2±0.4 mg/dl in group I patients and 0.9±0.3 mg/dl in group II patients. Similarly, serum-ascites albumin gradient was 1.6±0.5 in group I and 0.8±0.2 in group II. It was evident that mean serum albumin, ascetic albumin as well as serum-ascites albumin gradient was significantly higher among the group I patients compared to group II patients (p<0.001).
Study of relationship between umbilical cord blood hemoglobin percentage and perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia should be exclusively used to indicate those infants who have metabolic acidosis and hypoxia at birth. There are various maternal and fetal factor which causes perinatal asphyxia. Out of which one important maternal factor that may affect the occurrence of asphyxia in newborns is maternal blood chemistry such as increase or decrease in hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and thrombocyte, which cause impaired uteroplacental blood circulation so that the supply of oxygen to the baby decreased resulting in baby hypoxia in the uterus and may progress to asphyxia in newborns. The assessment of therapeutic strategy and duration of asphyxia depends upon hematological changes observed early after delivery.
Links between microhabitat preferences and seed predation by small mammals in old fields

Recent studies indicate that seed predation by small mammals in old fields can be intense and, in conjunction with other herbivores, may influence the rate, composition and spatial pattern of tree invasion into these systems. Patterns of seed predation in old fields may be predictable, based on the preferences herbivores exhibit for particular microhabitats. Studies testing the strength of these linkages, however, are rare. The risk of predation for foraging animals can have a considerable impact on decisions about where to feed and what to consume in particular microhabitats. We examined how an experimentally created gradient of predation risk influenced the microhabitat use and foraging behavior a white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in an old field in central New Jersey, USA. Specifically, we monitored the removal of seeds from dishes placed in the center of replicated treatment plots in which we manipulated ground and canopy cover, as well as distance from the forest edge. We then determined the relative importance of these factors and their interactions in explaining patterns of seed predation by mice. In addition, the distribution and abundance of small mammals were monitored and the vegetation cover in the area immediately adjacent to our experimental plots was quantified to determine how these factors were related to patterns of seed removal. Other factors evaluated included seed species, nocturnal illumination, temperature, precipitation, and time of year. Ground cover, time of day, and distance from the forest edge explained the most variation in patterns of seed predation. Ground cover, particularly proximity to vines such as Rubus allegheniensis, appeared to take precedence over other microhabitat variables in the decisions seed predators made about where to forage. Significantly higher nocturnal rates of seed removal, trap data, feces and seed remains left around seed dishes, reinforced previous findings which suggest that white-footed mice are the dominant seed predators in the northeastern old fields. However, spatial patterns of seed removal did not correspond with the distribution and abundance of mice as indicated by the trapping data. These results suggest that the impact of P. leucopus on the spatial patterns of seed survival is more dependent on the behavioral responses of individual mice than the distributions of the populations they comprise. Overall. there was little variation from general patterns of seed predation for specific tree species, suggesting that in old fields dominated by mice. there may be relatively uniform regions of high and low seed predation based on the microhabitat preferences of this seed consumer. The consequences of the interaction between old field vegetation and patterns of seed predation by mice for tree invasion and establishment in old fields are discussed.
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a Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran b Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran c Neonatal and Children’s Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran d Student Research Committee, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran e Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Physiological and morphological responses of grapevine (V. vinifera L. cv. 'Italia') leaf to water deficit under different rootstock effects.

Extreme weather conditions with prolonged dry peri ods and high temperature can severely influence grapevine physiology and morphol ogy. Understanding the physiological and morphological responses of grapevines to water defi cit is thus of utmost importance to modulate the appropriate plant development. The present study evaluates the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on certain leaf characteristics of grapev in cv. ‘Italia’ cultivated on different rootstocks. DI had remarkable effects on the growth, mo rphology, tissue structure, water status and physiology of grapevine leaf. Response of the ‘Ital iaʼ cultivar to DI depended on rootstock used. For example, leaf fresh weight of ‘Italia ʼ/5 BB under DI decreased by 15.2% in comparison to full irrigation (FI), whereas fresh weight v alues for ‘Italia̓/99 R and own-rooted vines under DI decreased 6.2 and 10.5%, respectively. Und er FI treatment, stomatal conductance (g s) reached values of 189.0 mmol m -2 s in ‘Italiaʼ/5 BB, and 178.8 mmol m -2 s in ‘Italiaʼ/99 R. The gs values under DI condition were 178.1 and 164.0 mmo l m -2 s for the vines on 5 BB and 99 R respectively. Stomatal conductance decreased a bout 21.1, 13.8 and 10.2% in vines cultivated on 5 BB, 99 R and own root, respectively. In response to DI, leaf relative water content decreased about 9.4, 4.1 and 3.9% for ‘Italia ʼ/5 BB vines, own roots, and ‘Italia ʼ/99 R, respectively. Combined data over years revealed that the vines cultivated on 99 R displayed more tolerant leaf growth and physiology to drought in comp arison to vines on 5 BB.
Breaking the Worldwide Cycle of Pain, Fear, and Avoidance: Uncovering Risk Factors and Promoting Prevention for Children

Recent research indicates that dental fear may be a universal barrier to oral health and that culture determines the mode of expression of dental fear. This fear of dental treatment appears to be a major problem in studies of the Japanese with Japanese samples reporting four times as much pain at their last appointment as the American sample. It appears that a “cycle of fear” may exist for developing nations and for our own emergency-based dental care delivery systems. Pathology unchecked by preventive services leads to painful dental treatment; this results in fear and subsequent avoidance. Knowledge of etiologic factors is incomplete; however a study of conditioning, expectation and latent inhibition appears promising. Particular attention to developmental factors is needed. A primary prevention program with children that includes creation of a safe environment, careful positive exposure and choice of non-invasive procedures is recommended. Secondary and tertiary preventive procedures for fearful children are also discussed.
Coastal migrations, temporary use of neighbouring rivers, and growth of sea trout (Salmo trutta) from nine northern Baltic Sea rivers

Erik Degerman1*, Kjell Leonardsson2, and Hans Lundqvist2 SLU (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, SE-178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden SLU (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden *Corresponding Author: tel: +46 10 4784225; e-mail: erik.degerman@slu.se
VITAMIN-D3 INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CORPUSCLES OF STANNIUS GLAND OF LABEO ROHITA (HAMILTON, 1822), REARED IN LOW, AND HIGH CALCIUM-RICH WATER

Change in the level of calcium in water affects the Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) in Labeo rohita (Rohu) which was administered by vitamin D3 intra-peritoneally. This study examined the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) gland to the responses of vitamin- D3 intra-peritoneally injected to Labeo rohita @ of 0 IU/kg bw, 100 IU/Kg bw and 500 IU/Kg bw reared in indoor, plastic tubs with 20 and 40 ppm of Calcium (Ca) enriched water. Cellular changes in CS are examined for 15 days with the regular time interval. Rohu administered with 500 IU/kg bw vitamin D3 and exposed to 40ppm Ca-rich water exhibited notable hyperplasia of CS when compared with their control groups which showed normal cell volume. The results demonstrated that the change in calcium level of water modulated the cellular structure of CS to release stanniocalcin and to maintain Ca homeostasis in Labeo rohita which is influenced by intra-peritoneal vitamin D3 and the effect of one-time injection persist up to 15 days of rearing. In the present study, we have observed the cellular changes in CS due to the synergistic effects of calcium and vitamin D3 which will open a future line of research to understand calcium regulation in vertebrates with special reference to fishes cultured in soft and hard water aquaculture and/ or in saline and sodic soil-water system.
Influence of harvesting intensity of logging residues on ground vegetation in coniferous forests

Ground-vegetation succession was analysed at four Swedish coniferous sites 8-16 years after clear-felling. At each site, three levels of logging-residue harvesting were applied in a randomized block design: above-stump whole-tree harvesting (no residues remaining); harvesting all tree parts except needles; and conventional harvest (residues left on site). Vegetational changes at each site were analysed by principal component analyses. Successional changes were related to the first principal components, whereas residue treatments were related to components of the second or lower order. Treatment-related differences in species cover, as analysed by a two-way ANOVA, were noted at all sites, 8 as well as 16 years after harvest. The covers of most vascular plant species, notably herbs and graminoids, were generally lower after whole-tree harvesting, while the covers of epigeic lichens and Vaccinium myrtillus were higher. Bryophytes were mostly indifferent to logging residue treatment, except for Pleurozium schreberi which had a lower cover in plots without logging residues. The overall differences were small and resembled those found along natural soil fertility gradients. The presence of woody debris appeared to have a weak, suppressive effect on the cover of the graminoids Deschampsia flexuosa and Luzula pilosa. This effect was only evident on the first study occasion, about 8 years after felling. Our results suggest that the major influence of logging residues left on site was related to their nutrient contribution. The impact tended to decrease over time and, in a long-term perspective it is suggested that treatment differences in species cover will be small, especially in forests developing dense canopies. However, one cannot exclude the possibility that repeated whole-tree harvesting will produce more drastic effects by reducing soil nutrient availability.
Named Entity Recognition for Icelandic – Annotated Corpus and Neural Models

Named entity recognition (NER) is the task of automatically extracting and classifying the names of people, places, companies, etc. from text, and can additionally include numerical entities, such as dates and monetary amounts. NER is an important preprocessing step in various natural language processing tasks, such as in question answering, machine translation, and speech recognition, but can prove a difficult task, especially in highly-inflected languages where each entity can have many different surface forms. We have annotated all named entities in a text corpus of one million tokens to create the first annotated NER corpus for Icelandic, containing around 48,000 named entities. The data has then been used for training neural networks to annotate named entities in unseen texts. This work consists mainly of two parts: the annotation phase and the neural network training phase. For the annotation phase, gazetteers of Icelandic named entities were collected and used to extract and classify as many entities as possible. Regular expressions and other heuristics were also applied in this pre-processing step. These preclassified results were then manually reviewed. The corpus, MIM-GOLD, is a tagged and balanced Icelandic corpus sampled from thirteen different text types, containing a variety of named entities. The entity types that have been annotated are: person, location, organization, miscellaneous, date, time, money, and percent. In the neural model training phase, a bidirectional LSTM recurrent neural network was trained on the annotated corpus, using word embeddings trained from a larger text source as external input. We trained on different sizes of the corpus, to gain an understanding of how increasing corpus sizes affects the results. We report an F1 score of 83.65% for all entity types when trained on the whole corpus. Experiments with different corpus sizes show a clear advantage in using the whole dataset, but viable results can also be obtained from smaller training sets. The different corpus text genres also allow for selecting the domains that best fit the purpose of the application each time. The corpus and models will be made publicly available, and we hope they will help in moving the rapidly developing Icelandic language technology field even further.
A comparison of gray fox ecology between residential and undeveloped rural landscapes

I compared the ecology of gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) between a rural residential area and an undeveloped area of similar natural habitat. Scat collected in the residential area contained higher frequencies of mammal remains (P = 0.02) and lower frequencies of plant remains (P 128 residences/km 2 ).
Spatial learning and shelter selection by juvenile spotted pythons, Anteresia maculosus

-Spatial abilities are important in mediating natural behaviors in snakes, such as localization of refuges. Twelve spotted pythons (Anteresia maculosus) were trained to find the location of an escape hole in a circular arena, given a choice of eight holes. A snake was deemed to have learned the task if it found the goal on eight out of the last ten acquisition trials. Only half of the animals learned the task after 32 training sessions. Manipulation of sensory cues after training suggests that subjects differed in their responses to manipulations in the environment, suggesting the use of different cues to find the goal. Ten of 12 animals were also tested for shelter preferences. Snakes were given a choice of three different shelter sites (submerged, on the surface, or elevated) to determine the relevance of the arena escape task. Most snakes preferred elevated shelters and showed fidelity to shelters chosen on the first day. These results suggest that juvenile spotted pythons may be more motivated to seek elevated, instead of submerged, refuges, and this may account for the failure of half of the snakes to learn the spatial location task. rnal of Herpetology, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 5 5-587, 2000 right 2000 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles atial Learning and Sh lter Selection by Juvenile Spot ed Pythons, Like most animals, snakes must rely on spatial abilities to find food sources and shelter effectively in their habitats. Most studies on spatial learning and memory have focused on rodents and birds (Bingman, 1990, 1992; Clayton and Krebs, 1992; Sherry et al., 1992). Studies on learning in reptiles have been conducted on turtles, tortoises, and lizards (reviewed in Burghardt, 1977; Brattstrom, 1978; Day et al., 1999), while snakes remain relatively unstudied. In the wild, snakes need to solve spatial tasks in order to find mates, foraging areas, ost animals, snakes must rely on spa4 Corresponding Author. and shelter. Field studies indicate that snakes are able to use celestial cues for orientation (Landreth, 1973; Newcomer et al., 1974; Lawson, 1989, 1994; Lawson and Secoy, 1991). In addition, displacement studies show that snakes actively select specific areas for shelter and can home to a hibernaculum or feeding s te (Noble and Clausen, 1936; Seibert and Hagen, 1947; Stickel and Cope, 1947; Hirth, 1966; Weatherhead and Robertson, 1990; Holtzman, 1998), suggesting that snakes must be able to orient themselves in their environment. Recent laboratory studies have also demonstrated that young corn snakes, Elaphe g. guttata, are able to learn to use and remember orientation cures to 575 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.147 on Sun, 07 Aug 2016 06:44:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
Systematics of Poecilia mexicana (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in Northern Mexico

structure of the digital tips (basis for generic separation of Niceforonia). E. elassodiscus and E. nigrovittatus are structurally intermediate between the two species of Niceforonia and the widespread, lowland E. binotatus complex in the characteristics of digital morphology. All of these species share the following character states: 1) first finger longer than second, 2) skin of venter smooth, 3) nasal bones in median contact and 4) frontoparietals complete with no frontoparietal fontanelle. The structural intermediacy of E. elassodiscus and E. nigrovittatus suggests evolutionary intermediacy as well.
Apparent commensalism among three Vaccinium species on a climatic gradient

(1) Three Vaccinium species each in turn dominate a section of a gradient of light and temperature, with some overlap: V. uliginosum (ULI) dominates tundra sites, V. angustifolium (ANG) open but sheltered krummholz sites, and V. myrtilloides (MYR) shaded forest sites. This study examines congeneric interactions along that gradient. (2) Plant biomass, soil temperature and light intensity were used to characterize the gradient. The vertical distribution of biomass inside and outside congeneric interfaces (areas of direct interspecific contact) was determined to examine the nature of congeneric interactions. (3) Only 24-44% of the variation in biomass of ULI, ANG and MYR could be explained by light and temperature conditions alone, but adding the biomass of other vascular species to the analyses increased that range to 44-67%. (4) The biomass of each Vaccinium species was significantly reduced outside its own area of dominance, except in direct contact with the locally dominant congener. On the other hand, the biomass of the locally dominant Vaccinium species was either unchanged or somewhat larger in direct contact with a congener, compared to non-contact zones. (5) Several hypotheses are discussed to account for this apparent commensalism, including recent climatic changes, microsite effects, interspecific shelters against climate or pathogens, and innate or competition-induced growth patterns.
Pupariation and Pupation in Cyclorrhaphous Flies (Diptera): Terminology and Interpretation

Formation of the puparium in cyclorrhaphous flies occurs many hours before that of the pupa and should be consistently termed pupariation to distinguish it from the process of pupation. During the part of the 3rd larval stage between end of feeding and pupariation, the larva should be called the postfeeding larva. During the period between pupariation and larval-pupal apolysis, the larva should be called the prepupa. The term cryptocephalic pupa denotes the pupa during the period between larval-pupal apolysis and head evagination. The time between head evagination and the pupal-adult apolysis is an extended period during which the insect closely resembles an exarate (free) pupa in other insect orders. Larvalpupal apolysis occurs well after pupariation, and over a period, and starts anteriorly. Pupal-adult apolysis occurs long after head evagination, and also over a period, but starting posteriorly.
Prevention of post-spinal anesthesia shivering: Low dose ketamine vs tramadol

Background: Shivering is described as an involuntary, spontaneous, and repetitive muscular movement. Hypothermia is one of the frequent causes that lower the shivering threshold. Patients and Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that approved by Mustasharak Hospital, KSA.150 patients scheduled for surgery under SA from March 2017 to December 2018 were included. After SA, patients were randomized to: (K) group = ketamine (0.2 mg/kg intravenously), (T) group = tramadol (0.5 mg/kg) and (S) group = saline (5 mL saline). The tympanic and core temperatures were documented every 5 minutes until the end of the surgery. Shivering scores were reported every 5 minutes and every 10 minutes postoperatively for 60 minutes. Hemodynamics were reported every 5 minutes intraoperatively and every 10 minutes postoperatively for 60 minutes. Adverse events were reported. The level of sedation was valued according to a five-point scale. Results: There was no significant difference between groups (p0.261). The incidence of grade 3 shivering showed a statistically significant difference (p0.03) in the saline group as compared to other groups. Time to the onset of shivering was statistically different among the groups (p0.001). There was a significant decrease in tympanic temperature after SA with respect to baseline values. Tympanic and core temperature changes over time in each group were statistically significant (p0.002). Conclusion: The prophylactic administration of low-dose IV ketamine or tramadol is effective in reducing the incidence and intensity of shivering in patients having surgery under SA with the priority to tramadol.