Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incompressible lagrangian fluid flow with thermal coupling

A method is presented for the solution of an incompressible viscous fluid flow with heat transfer and solidification using a fully Lagrangian description of the motion. The originality of this method consists in assembling various concepts and techniques which appear naturally due to the Lagrangian formulation. First of all, the Navier-Stokes equations of motion coupled with the Boussinesq approximation must be reformulated in the Lagrangian framework, whereas they have been mostly derived in an Eulerian context. Secondly, the Lagrangian formulation implies to follow the material particles during their motion, which means to convect the mesh in the case of the Finite Element Method (FEM), the spatial discretisation method chosen in this work. This provokes various difficulties for the mesh generation, mainly in three dimensions, whereas it eliminates the classical numerical difficulty to deal with the convective term, as much in the Navier-Stokes equations as in the energy equation. Even without the discretization of the convective term, an efficient iterative solver, which constitutes the only viable alternative for three dimensional problems, must be designed for the class of Generalized Stokes Problems (GSP), which could be able to behave well independently of the mesh Reynolds number, as it can vary greatly for coupled fluid-thermal analysis. Moreover, it offers a natural framework to treat free-surface problems like wave breaking and rough fluid-structure contact. On one hand, the convection of the mesh during one time step after the resolution of the non-linear system provides explicitly the locus of the domain to be considered. On the other hand, fluid-to-fluid and fluid-to-wall contact, as well as the update of the domain due to the remeshing, must be accurately and efficiently performed. Finally, the solidification of the fluid coupled with its motion through a variable viscosity is considered An efficient overall algorithm must be designed to bring the method effective, particularly in a three dimensional context, which is the ambition of this monograph. Various numerical examples are included to validate and highlight the potential of the method.
Understanding the Tax-Setting Behavior of Developing Countries

This paper models the optimal corporate tax policy of countries in a setting where ﬁrms may evade taxes by bribing tax oﬃcials. Various country-speciﬁc characteristics are shown to aﬀect optimal tax policy, suggesting that a country belongs to one of three possible types and either (i) ignores, (ii) combats, or (iii) tolerates tax evasion. Countries characterized by widespread corruption, weak institutions, and high location-speciﬁc rents are likely to set ineﬃciently high tax rates and to tolerate tax evasion. For these countries, the incentive to improve their tax system is low and they are at risk of getting stuck in a regime of ineﬃcient tax collection. We ﬁnd robust empirical evidence for this pattern, and, in line with our theory, show that a big push – substantial and persistent improvements – towards stricter tax enforcement can help countries to escape this regime, raise suﬃcient tax revenue, and foster economic growth.
The Review of Economics and Statistics

To identify the causal effect of schooling on cognitive skills, we exploit conditionally random variation in the date Swedish males take a battery of cognitive tests in preparation for military service. We find an extra ten days of school instruction raises scores on crystallized intelligence tests (synonyms and technical comprehension tests) by approximately 1% of a standard deviation, whereas extra nonschool days have almost no effect. In contrast, test scores on fluid intelligence tests (spatial and logic tests) do not increase with additional days of schooling but do increase modestly with age.
Hello, goodbye: Do lower income taxes attract foreign firm managers?

This paper examines to what extent personal taxes on earned and capital income in(cid:29)uence the location choice of (cid:28)rm managers. The analysis is based on a large panel dataset including detailed information on income taxes and (cid:28)rm managers in 63 countries. Subsequently, an event study and di(cid:27)erent choice models are employed to estimate how an increase in the income tax rate translates into a change in the location choice of (cid:28)rm managers. The results suggest signi(cid:28)cant and negative tax e(cid:27)ects.
Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters

: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by three major symptom clusters following an event that elicited fear, helplessness, or horror. This review will examine each symptom cluster of PTSD separately, giving case study examples of patients who exhibit a preponderance of a given symptom domain. We use a translational approach in describing the underlying neurobiology that is relevant to particular symptoms and treatment options, thus showing how clinical practice can benefit from current research. By focusing on symptom clusters, we provide a more specific view of individual patient’s clinical presentations, in order to better address treatment needs. Finally, the review will also address potential genetic approaches to treatment as another form of individualized treatment.
Structural Transformation and the Global Production Value Chain: Potential Impact of the Cambodia–Republic of Korea FTA on Cambodia

• The Cambodia–Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA) is expected to increase trade and investment between the two countries by creating dynamic regional and global value chain activities. • The overall results highlight the positive impact of the CKFTA on the Cambodian economy in terms of export growth, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and employment creation. The impact of the CKFTA is lower than that of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), but it still creates a positive impact in addition to the impact of the RCEP. • Bilateral free trade agreements (e.g. the CKFTA) are expected to complement multilateral regional agreements (e.g. the RCEP) by providing more and deeper trade and investment integration between the Republic of Korea and Cambodia, in addition to the level of integration expected in the RCEP agreement. Policy Brief
Meta Analisis: Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis

Untuk dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa salah satu caranya adalah dengan pemilihan model pembelajaran matematika yang tepat. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat dipakai adalah model problem based learning. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kembali pengaruh model problem based learning terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dengan cara mereview, merangkum data dan menganalisis beberapa hasil penelitian yang sudah publish di google scholar sebanyak 14 artikel dengan cara statistika. Jenis penelitian pada artikel ini adalah jenis penelitian meta analisis. Langkah-langkah penelitian antara lain pengumpulan data, pengkodean, perhitungan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan effect size, mengidentifikasi ada tidaknya perbedaan rata-rata, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian rata-rata effect size sebesar 2,02 dengan kategori sangat besar. Sedangkan berdasarkan uji paired sample t-test nilai sig (2 tailed) = 0,000 < α = 0,05 yang artinya terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kemampuan pemecahan masalah sebelum dan sesudah diberi perlakuan model problem based learning. Berdasarkan rata-rata effect size dan hasil uji paired sample t-test dapat disimpulkan bahwa model problem based learning berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa.
Contextual Conservative Interleaving Bandits

The performance of a bandit algorithm is usually measured by the cumulative rewards of the actions chosen by the algorithm. However, in many real-world applications, the rewards in each round should be good enough for reasons such as safety and fairness. In this paper, we investigate the contextual conservative interleaving bandit problem, which has a performance constraint that requires the chosen actions to be not much worse than given baseline actions in each round. This work is the first to simultaneously consider the following practical situations: (1) multiple actions are chosen in a round, (2) the feature vectors associated with given actions depend on the round, and (3) the performance constraints in each round that depend only on the actions chosen in that round. We propose a meta-algorithm, Greedy on Confidence Widths (GCW), that satisfies the performance constraints with high probability. GCW uses a standard bandit algorithm and achieves minimax optimal regret up to logarithmic factors if the algorithm used is also minimax optimal. We improve the existing analyses for the C 2 UCB al-gorithm and the Thompson sampling to combine with GCW. We show that these algorithms achieve near-optimal regret when the feasible sets of given actions are the bases of a matroid. Our numerical experiments on a real-world dataset demonstrate that GCW with the standard bandit algorithms efficiently improves performance while satisfying the performance constraints.
UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2005

Main authors Brown P, Broomfield M, Buys G, Cardenas L, Kilroy E, MacCarthy J, Murrells T, Pang Y, Passant N, Ramirez Garcia J, Thistlethwaite G, Webb N With contributions from Choudrie S, Forden S, Gilhespy S, Glendining M, Gluckman R, Goodwin J, Henshall P, Hobson M, Levy P, Malcolm H, Manning A, Matthews R, Miles S, Milne A, Misselbrook T, Moxley J, Pearson B, Salisbury E, Sussams J, Wakeling D, Walker C, Watterson J
The Development of Local News Collaboration: A Population Ecology Perspective

The increasingly popular local news collaboration (LNC), a form of local news production, was analyzed as a budding population or collection of entities with increasingly similar forms and practices. Growth of the population over time is examined by both tracking the number of foundings and “mortalities” of collaborations and by measuring changes in the population density. The relative isomorphism (homogeneity) of collaboration practices, the relative success of local news collaborations, and the relative formality of practices were assessed. Changing levels of legitimacy of local news collaborations were also assessed, and three types of legitimacy were correlated with density levels, level of collaboration success, and adoption of formal agreements. As anticipated, the results indicate that LNCs are forming a population, but that it is a young, budding population. LNCs are still seeking niches within the journalism space and have not yet attained a shared understanding of best practices. Results also point to the importance of the journalism field’s institutional actors in the emergence of this population.
Existence of invariant measures for Markov processes. II

1. Notation. We shall use the notation of [1] for topological and measure theoretic concepts. Let X be a normal topological space. Let P(x, A) be the transition probabilities of a Markov Process: 1.1. For a fixed xGX the set function P(x,) is a measure, on the Borel sets, of total measure one. 1.2. For a fixed Borel set A, the function P(., A) is Borel measurable. By a measure we shall mean a countably additive positive measure, unless otherwise stated. Let us denote by r b a the set of regular bounded finitely additive signed measures on X and by r c a those elements of r b a which are countably additive. The transition probabilities induce an operator on the bounded measurable functions by 1.3. (Pf) (x) =ff(y)P(x, dy). Also if j. is a bounded finitely additive signed measure one defines 1.4. (juP) (A) =fP(x, A),ju(dx). It is well known that 1.5. f(Pf) (x) A (dx) =ff(x) (juP) (dx) and that ,uP is countably additive if A is. Throughout the paper we assume: 1.6. If fE C(X) then PfE C(X), where C(X) denotes the continuous functions. Also: 1.7. If . lEr ca then APCrc a. These two conditions are always satisfied under the assumptions of [2 ]: under the assumptions of [2 ] every countably additive measure is regular. Another example is given by (PD (x) =f(? >(x)) where 4, is a homeomorphism of X onto X.
Temporal and Spatial Variability in Rates of Eolian Transport Determined from Automated Sand Traps: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, U.S.A.

Automated Sand Traps (ASTs) were deployed in four subenvironments of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNL) and were monitored, along with near surface wind speed and direction, on a semi-continuous basis for two field seasons. An analysis of several individual wind storms indicated that sand transport rates at the field site are strongly affected by transient factors such as antecedent soil moisture, rainfall, snowcover, and ground freezing. Plots of measured (AST) sand-transport rates versus wind speed (at 1.5 m) consistently exhibited a histeresis loop wherein the same wind speeds were associated with different transport rates at the beginning and end of wind storms. The simultaneous measurements of sand transport by identical ASTs indicated that rates consistently differ by one-to two orders of magnitude in the primary subenvironments of the backshore-foredune area at IDNL. The data collected in this study testify to a large degree of variability in sand transport rates that is not adequately accounted for in conventional eolian transport models which assume that an equilibrium condition exists between wind flow and sand transport.
Human influence on growing-period frosts like in early April 2021 in central France

Abstract. In early April 2021 several days of harsh frost affected central Europe. This led to very severe damage in grapevine and fruit trees in France, in regions where young leaves had already unfolded due to unusually warm temperatures in the preceding month (March 2021). We analysed with observations and 172 climate model simulations how human-induced climate change affected this event over central France, where many vineyards are located. We found that, without human-caused climate change, such temperatures in April or later in spring would have been even lower by 1.2 ∘C (0.75 to 1.7 ∘C). However, climate change also caused an earlier occurrence of bud burst that we characterized in this study by a growing degree day index value. This shift leaves young leaves exposed to more winter-like conditions with lower minimum temperatures and longer nights, an effect that overcompensates the warming effect. Extreme cold temperatures occurring after the start of the growing season such as those of April 2021 are now 2 ∘C colder (0.5 to 3.3 ∘C) than in preindustrial conditions, according to observations. This observed intensification of growing-period frosts is attributable, at least in part, to human-caused climate change with each of the five climate model ensembles used here simulating a cooling of growing-period annual temperature minima of 0.41 ∘C (0.22 to 0.60 ∘C) since preindustrial conditions. The 2021 growing-period frost event has become 50 % more likely (10 %–110 %). Models accurately simulate the observed warming in extreme lowest spring temperatures but underestimate the observed trends in growing-period frost intensities, a fact that yet remains to be explained. Model ensembles all simulate a further intensification of yearly minimum temperatures occurring in the growing period for future decades and a significant probability increase for such events of about 30 % (20 %–40 %) in a climate with global warming of 2 ∘C.
Airborne observations of the physical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosol

Aerosols have a significant influence on both human health and global climate, and are associated with a potentially important role in future climate change. The microphysical and optical properties of aerosols need to be well quantified to understand the radiative impact, important in weather and climate models. This work focuses on two globally significant species from two different aircraft campaigns, mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol. An analysis is presented of mineral dust properties from the Saharan region during the Fennec campaign in June 2011 and 2012. In making observations it is crucial to understand the associated measurement limitations. The Low Turbulence Inlet (LTI) was designed to improve inlet efficiency and is shown to quantifiably measure coarse mode mineral dust up to 10 μm. This has allowed for Rosemount inlet characterisation with enhancements relative to the LTI determined to be 8 times for particles up to 3.0 μm. The physical and optical properties and vertical structure of aged Rondonian regional haze from the SAMBBA campaign in Rondonia, Brazil in September 2012 are characterised. Good agreement is shown between in-situ extinction coefficients and those retrieved using lidar remote sensing. Characterisation of airborne thermo-optical techniques for measuring black carbon content is achieved through comparisons with SP2 measurements. Total number concentration was reduced by 77 % compared with 96 % for the SP2, suggesting not all volatile material was removed with the thermooptical technique. The imaginary part of the aerosol refractive index was 40 % lower using the Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule compared with the volume-mixing rule for Rondonian regional haze. This difference is small compared with the uncertainty derived from the assumed refractive index of the sub-components, articularly for organic carbon; the singlescattering albedo at 550 nm is shown to range from 0.88 to 0.95. Humidification effects on the optical properties of biomass burning aerosol were found to be negligible due to modest ambient relative humidities. Comparisons with retrieved properties from the SCAR-B campaign in 1995 suggest consistency in biomass burning and agricultural practices over time.
Knowledge of General Dentists of Kermanshah about Root Canal Therapy in 2012

Introduction: The present study was conducted to analyze the knowledge of general dentists of Kermanshah about root canal therapy in 2012. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a two-part questionnaire was designed and given to 93 general dentists in Kermanshah to complete. The first part of the questionnaire comprised of personal and professional information of the participant dentists and the second part of the questionnaire determined the awareness of the dentists about root canal therapy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) using Pearson correlation coefficient, oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test. Results: A total of 84 dentists with the mean age of 39.3±7.1 completed the questionnaires. The mean for 12 correct responses was 63.3%. The highest number of correct responses (86.2%) belonged to using proper intra-canal medication (calcium hydroxide) and the lowest number of correct responses (41.4%) was associated with the number of root canals in maxillary first molar (four canals). There was a reverse correlation between awareness and work experience (P=0.002, r=-0.337). Also, participation in retraining courses did not have significant impact on the knowledge of the dentists (P =0.82). Conclusion: General dentists have average knowledge about root canal therapy. Higher quality regular training is recommended to promote the knowledge of the dentists about endodontic therapies.
Do Journalists Help Investors Analyze Firms ' Earnings News ? by Nicholas Guest

I examine whether the market's reaction to firms' earnings news varies with analysis (or editorial content) produced by financial journalists. A series of natural experiments at The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) suggests that WSJ articles increase trading volume and improve price discovery at S&P 500 earnings announcements. The effects are stronger when an article contains more original analysis and less content reproduced from the firm's press release. This evidence refines inferences from prior studies that find media dissemination, but not analysis, makes the market's earnings response more efficient. Instead, my paper suggests media analysis also enhances investors' trading decisions by improving their understanding of earnings news, albeit for a limited set of large firms. In other words, journalists' analysis efforts provide value to readers, which helps explain the continued production of costly earnings-related analysis amid increasing pressure from low-cost information sources. Thesis Supervisor: S.P. Kothari Title: Gordon Y Billard Professor of Accounting and Finance Thesis Supervisor: Eric So Title: Sarofim Family Career Development Professor
Tracking atmospheric water pathways by direct evaporation tagging: A case study for West Africa

One of the central questions in hydrological research is where and to what extent evaporated water of a region returns as precipitation in another region. This study addresses this question and presents a detailed process‐based approach implemented into a regional climate model. It allows tagging and tracking of the moisture evaporating from a given region into the atmosphere until it returns to the land surface as precipitation. Our approach is fully three‐dimensional and enables the detailed consideration of vertical transport mechanisms for tagged water. We present a case study for the region around Lake Volta in West Africa. The simulation demonstrates the performance of the regional model and the implemented tagging mechanism. It shows the evolution of the tagged moisture field and reveals details of the transport: Moisture evaporated from Lake Volta is initially transported predominantly to the east and north, lifted by convective processes and then transported in upper layers to the west far away from the source of evaporation. The results indicate that the coupling between boundary layer and higher levels through convective processes can be essential for the fate of tagged water substances. Detailed analysis for a 2 month period in the rainy season 1998 shows that locally up to 6% of precipitating water originates from the Lake Volta region. Less than 2% of the evaporated water is locally recycled as precipitation in the source area. A further 10% precipitates in the rest of the Volta Basin.