Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A combined modeling and measurement technique for estimating windblown dust emissions at Owens (dry) Lake, California

[1] The problem of dust emissions from playa sources is an important one both in terms of human health and in terms of global dust issues, distribution of loess, and mineral cycling. A refined method of modeling atmospheric dust concentrations due to wind erosion was developed using real-time saltation flux measurements and ambient dust monitoring data at Owens Lake, California. This modeling method may have practical applications for modeling the atmospheric effects of wind erosion in other areas. Windblown dust from the Owens Lake bed often causes violations of federal air quality standards for particulate matter (PM10) that are the highest levels measured in the United States. The goal of this study was to locate dust source areas on the exposed lake bed, estimate their PM10 emissions, and use air pollution modeling techniques to determine which areas caused or contributed to air quality violations. Previous research indicates that the vertical flux of PM10 (Fa) is generally proportional to the total horizontal saltation flux (q) for a given soil texture and surface condition. For this study, hourly PM10 emissions were estimated using Fa = K′ × m15, where m15 is the measured sand flux at 15 cm above the surface, and K′ was derived empirically by comparing air quality model predictions to monitored PM10 concentrations. Hourly sand flux was measured at 135 sites (1 km spacing) on the lake bed, and PM10 was monitored at six off-lake sites for a 30 month period. K′ was found to change spatially and temporally over the sampling period. These changes appeared to be linked to different soil textures and to seasonal surface changes. K′ values compared favorably with other Fa/q values measured at Owens Lake using portable wind tunnel and micrometeorological methods. Hourly trends for the model-predicted PM10 concentrations agreed well with monitored PM10 concentrations. Dust production was estimated at 7.2 × 104 t of PM10 for a 12 month period. A single storm accounted for 9% of the annual dust emissions at 6.5 × 103 t. The modeling results were used to identify 77 km2 of dust-producing areas on the lake bed that will be controlled to attain the federal air quality standard for PM10.
Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations. Magnetic

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) provides non-invasive, quantitative metabolite profiles of tissue and has been shown to aid the clinical management of several brain diseases. Whilst most modern clinical MR scanners support MRS capabilities, routine use is largely restricted to specialized centers with good access to MR research support. Widespread adoption has been slow for several reasons, and technical challenges towards obtaining reliable good-quality results have been identified as a contributing factor. Considerable progress has been made by the research community to address many of these challenges, and in this paper a consensus is presented on deficiencies in widely available MRS methodology and validated improvements that are currently in routine use at several clinical research institutions. In particular, the localization error for the popular point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) localization sequence was found to be unacceptably high at 3T, and the use of the semi-adiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (semi-LASER) sequence is a recommended solution. The incorporation of simulated metabolite basis-sets into analysis routines is recommended for reliably capturing the full spectral detail available from short echo time acquisitions. In addition, the importance of achieving a highly homogenous static magnetic field (B 0 ) in the acquisition region is emphasized, and the limitations of current methods and hardware are discussed. Most recommendations require only software improvements, greatly enhancing the capabilities of clinical MRS on existing hardware. We anticipate the implementation of these recommendations will strengthen current clinical applications and advance progress towards developing and validating new MRS biomarkers for clinical use.
Prostate Radiofrequency Focal Ablation trial: a prospective development study evaluating a bipolar radiofrequency device to treat prostate cancer

: Purpose To determine early efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency ablation with a coil design (bRFA) for focal ablation of clinically significant localised prostate cancer (sPCa)visible at mpMRI. A prospective IDEAL phase 2 development study (NCT02294903) recruited treatment naive patients with a single focus of localised sPCa (Gleason 7 or 4mm or more of Gleason 6) concordant with a lesion visible on multi-parametric MRI. Intervention was a focal ablation with a bRFA system (Encage (cid:210) , Trod Medical) encompassing the lesion and a predefined margin using non-rigid MRI-ultrasound fusion. Primary outcome was the proportion of men with absence of sPCa on biopsy at 6 months. Trial follow up comprised serum PSA, mpMRI at 1 week, 6 and 12 months post ablation. Validated patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for urinary, erectile and bowel functions and adverse events monitoring system were used. Analyses were done on a per-protocol basis.
Using relict rockglaciers in GIS-based modelling to reconstruct Younger Dryas permafrost distribution patterns in the Err-Julier area, Swiss Alp

Differences in mean annual air temperature between the Younger Dryas period and today were estimated at the fronts of 32 relict rockglaciers in the Err-Julier area, eastern Swiss Alps. The analyses were based on a case-by-case calculation of direct incoming solar radiation and mean annual air temperature using a digital elevation model (DEM) and meteo data of recent years. Our results suggest that mean annual air temperature during the Younger Dryas was lowered by c. 3C to 4C, and that the lower limit of permafrost occurrence was depressed considerably more than glacier equilibrium lines. This indicates strongly reduced precipitation (30% to 40% reduction) and much larger abundance of mountain permafrost at that time. A model simulation of the corresponding spatial permafrost distribution during the Younger Dryas indicates that glaciers in the study area were mostly surrounded by permafrost at that time and probably had a polythermal structure of englacial temperatures.
Interdependence of the tropical and extratropical QBO: Relationship to the solar cycle versus a biennial oscillation in the stratosphere

Interannual variations in the tropical and polar stratosphere are investigated in monthly mean records of north polar temperature and equatorial zonal wind. The spectrum of polar temperature possesses discrete components associated with the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), as well as with a biennial oscillation (BO) that figures prominently in the record of north-polar temperature. The BO, in fact, accounts for as much temperature variance as the QBO. The running correlation between equatorial zonal wind and polar temperature oscillates on a decadal timescale, resembling the 11-year sunspot cycle [Kodera, 1993]. This oscillation is shown to follow from an interaction between the QBO and the BO. Interaction between the QBO and BO also figures in Labitzke and van Loon's [1988] evidence of the solar cycle, which results when data are stratified according to the QBO. Both apparent signatures of solar cycle influence therefore revolve about the interpretation of the BO.
Controls on fluvial sedimentary architecture and sediment‐fill state in salt‐walled mini‐basins: Triassic Moenkopi Formation, Salt Anticline Region, SE Utah, USA

The Triassic Moenkopi Formation in the Salt Anticline Region, SE Utah, represents the preserved record of a low‐relief ephemeral fluvial system that accumulated in a series of actively subsiding salt‐walled mini‐basins. Development and evolution of the fluvial system and its resultant preserved architecture was controlled by the following: (1) the inherited state of the basin geometry at the time of commencement of sedimentation; (2) the rate of sediment delivery to the developing basins; (3) the orientation of fluvial pathways relative to the salt walls that bounded the basins; (4) spatially and temporally variable rates and styles of mini‐basin subsidence and associated salt‐wall uplift; and (5) temporal changes in regional climate. Detailed outcrop‐based tectono‐stratigraphic analyses demonstrate how three coevally developing mini‐basins and their intervening salt walls evolved in response to progressive sediment loading of a succession of Pennsylvanian salt (the Paradox Formation) by the younger Moenkopi Formation, deposits of which record a dryland fluvial system in which flow was primarily directed parallel to a series of elongate salt walls. In some mini‐basins, fluvial channel elements are stacked vertically within and along the central basin axes, in response to preferential salt withdrawal and resulting subsidence. In other basins, rim synclines have developed adjacent to bounding salt walls and these served as loci for accumulation of stacked fluvial channel complexes. Neighbouring mini‐basins exhibit different styles of infill at equivalent stratigraphic levels: sand‐poor basins dominated by fine‐grained, sheet‐like sandstone fluvial elements, which are representative of nonchannelised flow processes, apparently developed synchronously with neighbouring sand‐prone basins dominated by major fluvial channel‐belts, demonstrating effective partitioning of sediment route‐ways by surface topography generated by uplifting salt walls. Reworked gypsum clasts present in parts of the stratigraphy demonstrate the subaerial exposure of some salt walls, and their partial erosion and reworking into the fill of adjoining mini‐basins during accumulation of the Moenkopi Formation. Complex spatial changes in preserved stratigraphic thickness of four members in the Moenkopi Formation, both within and between mini‐basins, demonstrates a complex relationship between the location and timing of subsidence and the infill of the generated accommodation by fluvial processes.
Evaluation of in-vehicle technologies to prevent unlicensed driving in Queensland

Unlicensed driving is a serious problem in many Australian states, with unlicensed drivingrelated crashes (UDC) costing up to $300 million per year in Queensland, and $171 million in Victoria. In this paper, we present a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis of ITS technologies aimed at preventing unlicensed driving by verifying the driver’s identity through biometric technology, as well as the validity of their licence; essentially a form of licence interlock. The goal is to provide preliminary recommendations as to which technology is the most beneficial and should be implemented as part of a government-led program increasing the functionalities of Queensland electronic driving licenses (EDL) . Fingerprints and finger vascular patterns recognition technologies are found to systematically have the best BCRs. The most beneficial implementation scenarios involve a mandatory system for all banned drivers (suspensions & disqualifications), and a mandatory system for banned drivers under the age of 21 only. This latter scenario performs extremely well, with returns up to 16 times the investment with a simple fingerprints-based interlock. Although often more modest, all systems are found to have BCRs above 1 in all our scenarios expect one.
Structure and evolution of the continental crust of northern east Greenland from integrated geophysical studies

East Greenland's continental crust is little explored compared to the geologically related Norway. As part of a comprehensive geophysical study of east Greenland, the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research acquired eight seismic refraction profiles between 70°N and 76°N. We present the results of four profiles combined with magnetic and geological data. The data set revealed pronounced differences in the crustal architecture north and south of Kong Oscar Fjord (72°N). The crust north of Kong Oscar Fjord shows three structural units, a Caledonian, a Devonian, and a Mesozoic to Tertiary, whereas only a Caledonian and a Devonian to Tertiary unit can be distinguished in the southern area. A seismic high-velocity layer was discovered in the lower crust north of Kong Oscar Fjord which is absent in the southern area. This high-velocity layer coincides with a pronounced magnetic anomaly related to Tertiary magmatism and is interpreted as Tertiary magmatic underplate. By integrating geophysical and geological data, we showed that a different evolution of the areas north and south of Kong Oscar Fjord started after the Devonian extensional collapse of the Caledonides. Mesozoic extension shifted to the east and preserved Devonian structures in the northern area, whereas the Devonian crust was further thinned and weakened in the southern area. We propose that it allowed an easier ascent of Tertiary melts to the surface than the crust north of Kong Oscar Fjord, where most of the melts got trapped in the lower crust. The model explains the distribution of extrusives and intrusives in east Greenland's Tertiary igneous province.
First Record of Megaramphoprion (Annelida; Polychaeta) in Laurentia

THE HUNTINGTON cluster (USNM 536849; Fig. 1) measures 4.1 mm in total length and is comprised of five elements of the maxillary apparatus; the first and second pair of maxillae (right and left MI and MII) and the basal plate (Bp) fitted into the bight of the right MI (for descriptive terminology for ramphoprionids, see Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966; Eriksson, 2001; Fig. 2). Both the MI are broken and lack approximately a third of the anterior end. The right MI also lacks part of its posterior denticulated ridge; the posteriormost tip (p in Fig. 1.2) is, however, still preserved and partly embedded in the slab. Most of the right MII is missing and only a thin rim is exposed, showing the outline of the element. The left MII is almost complete, lacking only a fifth of the antero-dorsal end. The basal plate is well preserved and can be seen in full detail, except for a part of the antero-dextral flange, which is broken off (Fig. 1.3). Adjacent to the maxillary apparatus are other fragments that might be the carriers (Fig. 1.4), i.e., the posteriormost, supporting elements of the apparatus. Except for these possible carriers, all elements are more or less in natural position. (Less)
Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean

Comparing the high‐quality oxygen climatology from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment to earlier data we reveal near‐global decreases in oxygen levels in the upper ocean between the 1970s and the 1990s. This globally averaged oxygen decrease is −0.93 ± 0. 23μmol l−1, which is equivalent to annual oxygen losses of −0.55 ± 0.13 × 1014 mol yr−1(100–1000 m). The strongest decreases in oxygen occur in the mid‐latitudes of both hemispheres, near regions where there is strong water renewal and exchange between the ocean interior and surface waters. Approximately 15% of global oxygen decrease can be explained by a warmer mixed‐layer reducing the capacity of water to store oxygen, while the remainder is consistent with an overall decrease in the exchange between surface waters and the ocean interior. Here we suggest that this reduction in water mass renewal rates on a global scale is a consequence of increased stratification caused by warmer surface waters. These observations support climate model simulations of oxygen change under global warming scenarios.
Rotation of horizontal stresses in the Australian North West continental shelf due to the collision of the Indo‐Australian and Eurasian Plates

There is a 40° rotation of regional maximum horizontal stress (σhmax) orientation between the western end of the Australian North West Continental Shelf (Carnarvon Basin) and its eastern end (Bonaparte Basin). A total of 625 borehole breakouts covering a cumulative length of 7.7 km in 42 wells in the Carnarvon Basin indicates a σhmax orientation of 090°–100°N. A total of 616 borehole breakouts over 6.8 km in 46 wells in the Bonaparte Basin indicates a σhmax orientation of 055°N–060°N. Together with extant data from the World Stress Map, these results indicate that regional σhmax orientation is 050°–060°N from New Guinea westward through the Bonaparte Basin to the Canning Basin (central North West Shelf). Between the Canning Basin and the Carnarvon Basin, σhmax rotates to 090°–100°N. The parallelism of σhmax orientation in the Bonaparte Basin to the Australia/Banda Arc collisional zone indicates that this collision is not generating significant net push. Rather, the 050°–060°N σhmax orientation of much of the northern Australian margin is probably controlled by the more mature New Guinea orogen to which it is approximately orthogonal. The observed rotation of σhmax can be explained solely by the focusing of the forces balancing ridge push along collisional segments of the northeastern boundary of the Indo‐Australian Plate (such as the New Guinea orogen). Although not required to account for the observed stress rotation, a slab pull force from oceanic Indo‐Australian Plate being subducted beneath the Sunda Arc cannot be dismissed.
Old age increases microglial senescence, exacerbates secondary neuroinflammation, and worsens neurological outcomes following acute traumatic brain injury in mice.

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), individuals over 65 years of age show increased mortality and worse functional outcomes compared to younger persons. As neuroinflammation is a key pathobiological mechanism of secondary injury after TBI, we examined how aging affects posttraumatic microglial responses and functional outcomes. Young (12-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham surgery and neurological function was evaluated. At 72 hours post-injury, brain, blood, and spleen leukocyte counts were assessed ex vivo using flow cytometry. Aged mice demonstrated more severe deficits in forelimb grip strength, balance and motor coordination, spontaneous locomotor activity, and anxiety-like behavior. These animals also exhibited more robust microglial proliferation and significantly higher numbers of brain-infiltrating leukocytes. Microglia in aged mice showed impairments in phagocytic activity and higher production of interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ). Infiltrating myeloid cells in aged TBI mice also had deficits in phagocytosis, but showed diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production and greater reactive oxygen species production. Expression of several senescence markers (Bcl-2, p16 ink4a , p21 cip1a , lipofuscin, and H2AX (pS139)) was increased with age and/or TBI in both microglia and injured cortex. Although there was no difference in the number of circulating blood neutrophils as a function of age, young mice exhibited more pronounced TBI-induced worse posttraumatic behavioral outcomes in aged animals are associated with exaggerated microglial responses, increased leukocyte invasion, and up-regulation of senescence markers.
Effect of Soil Properties on Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Pore-Interaction Factors

The variability of the pore-interaction factor, , for a microscopic model proposed for predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K( ), from soil water-retention, , data was examined in relation to soil particle-size data and indices, bulk density, organic C, parameters for the van Genuchten function, an index (W) of total energy of drainage and soil-series, toposequential, and geographic groupings. The exhibited no trend relationship to any of the soil properties tested. However, a change in the distribution of was observed in relation to the geometric-mean particle diameter (Gd) and other soil textural variables. For Gd < 0.08 mm, variability was much larger than for soils with Gd 0.08 mm. The latter consisted entirely of soils in the sand and loamy sand textural groups. A similar distributional relationship also occurred for vs. W. Examination of on three sites of the Hecla soil series and on related toposequential soils indicated that classification of on the basis of soil series or of soil-association groupings is a feasible strategy for parameter estimation on some soils. The exponential factor for a macroscopic model was also investigated. The was found to be related to W as an exponential function over the full data range. However, vs. W was nearly identical to a linear function for W data extending from 0 to 400 cm(where is the density of water). The was also strongly related to Gd as a power function, and to other textural variables as exponential functions. The increasing slope of the power function for Gd < 0.08 mm indicated a large potential error of prediction for K on fine-textured soils. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8
LXR (cid:1) activation perturbs hepatic insulin signaling and stimulates production of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins

activation perturbs hepatic insulin signaling and stimulates production of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 297: G323–G332, 2009. X receptor- (cid:1) (LXR (cid:1) ) is considered a master regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism; however, little is known about the link between LXR activation, hepatic insulin signaling, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-apolipoprotein B (apoB) assembly and secretion. Here, we examined the effect of LXR (cid:1) activation on hepatic insulin signaling and apoB-lipoprotein production. In vivo activation of LXR (cid:1) for 7 days using a synthetic LXR agonist, TO901317, in hamsters led to increased plasma triglyceride (TG; 3.6-fold compared with vehicle-treated controls, P (cid:2) 0.006), apoB (54%, P (cid:3) 0.0001), and VLDL-TG (eightfold increase compared with vehicle). As expected, LXR stimulation activated maturation of sterol response element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) as well as the SREBP-1c target genes steroyl CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Metabolic pulse-chase labeling experiments in primary hamster hepatocytes showed increased stability and secretion of newly synthesized apoB following LXR activation. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA and protein were unchanged, however, likely because of the relatively short period of treatment and long half-life of MTP mRNA. Examination of hepatic insulin-signaling molecules revealed LXR-mediated reductions in insulin receptor (IR) (cid:4) subunit mass (39%, P (cid:2) 0.014) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (24%, P (cid:2) 0.023), as well as increases in protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B (29%, P (cid:3) 0.001) protein mass. In contrast to IRS-1, a twofold increase in IRS-2 mass (228%, P (cid:2) 0.0037) and a threefold increase in IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation (321%, P (cid:2) 0.012) were observed. In conclusion, LXR activation dysregulates hepatic insulin signaling and leads to a considerable increase in the number of circulating TG-rich VLDL-apoB particles, likely due to enhanced hepatic assembly and secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins.
Response to Comment on ‘ ‘ Characterization and Optimal Management of High-risk Pancreatic Anastomoses During Pancreatoduodenectomy Response to Goussous and Cunningham ’ ’ Reply : W

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