Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic parameters of clinically normal adult captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )

Objective — To generate reference ranges for echocardiographic variables in clinically normal adult chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). Design —Retrospective cohort study. Animals —88 clinically normal adult chimpanzees. Procedures —Echocardiographic data obtained between 2002 and 2011 from chimpanzees at the Alamogordo Primate Facility were reviewed (263 echocardiograms obtained from 158 individuals). Data from clinically normal individuals (33 females and 55 males) were analyzed. Basic cardiac parameters measured in all individuals included aortic root diameter and left atrial diameter in the short and long axis during diastole. Left ventricular measurements included left ventricular internal diameter in systole and diastole and diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness. The E point to septal separation was also measured. Spectral Doppler measurements included the peak ﬂow velocity of the pulmonary artery and aorta and diastolic transmitral ﬂow. The presence of arrhythmias was also noted. Results
Influence of carnosine and carnosinase-1 on diabetes-induced afferent arteriole vasodilation

Dysregulation in glomerular hemodynamics favors hyper ﬁ ltration in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although carnosine supplementation ameliorates features of DKD, its effect on glomerular vasoregulation is not known. We assessed the in ﬂ uence of carnosine and carnosinase-1 (CN1) on afferent glomerular arteriole vasodilation and its association with glomerular size, hypertrophy, and nephrin expression in diabetic BTBR ob/ob mice. Two cohorts of mice including appropriate controls were studied: i
The past and future of U.S. prison policy. Twenty-five years after the Stanford prison experiment.

In this article, the authors reflect on the lessons of their Stanford Prison Experiment, some 25 years after conducting it. They review the quarter century of change in criminal justice and correctional policies that has transpired since the Stanford Prison Experiment and then develop a series of reform-oriented proposals drawn from this and related studies on the power of social situations and institutional settings that can be applied to the current crisis in American corrections.
Mise en évidence des voies de transfert des cyanotoxines dans les lacs péri-alpins et implications dans les réponses physiologiques des poissons exposés

En depit de la re-oligotrophisation de nombreux lacs d'Europe du nord au cours des deux dernieres decennies, les developpements massifs de cyanobacteries toxiques, telle que Planktothrix rubescens, adaptee aux ecosystemes mesotrophes, sont encore largement observes. Parmi les cyanotoxines produites par cette espece, les microcystines (MCs) sont les toxines les plus frequemment rencontrees et sont reconnues comme des molecules perturbatrices de tous les compartiments trophiques des ecosystemes lacustres. Ces blooms toxiques affectent notamment les lacs peri-alpins pour lesquels des risques de contaminations des populations piscicoles exploitees ont ete demontres. Cependant, il existe encore un manque de connaissances important tant concernant les voies de transfert de ces toxines au sein des reseaux trophiques limniques, que leurs effets physiologiques sur les populations de poisson. Dans le cadre de ce travail de these, deux modeles de poissons, dont les repartitions spatiales verticales different (juveniles de perche et coregones), ont ete consideres. Les objectifs principaux ont ete traites d'une part au travers d'une approche experimentale (par gavage) visant a analyser les processus d'accumulation et de detoxification, ainsi que les effets genotoxiques des MCs sur ces deux especes modeles. Les reponses physiologiques ainsi etudiees ont permis de mettre en evidence que les juveniles de perche et les coregones sont capables de detoxifier une partie des MCs ingerees, mais cependant des effets genotoxiques sont observes suite a l'exposition des poissons aux MCs. D'autre part, des approches ecosystemiques ont permis (1) d'explorer les effets potentiels de la presence du bloom sur la repartition spatiale des poissons (2) d'evaluer les niveaux de contaminations par les MCs pour les deux especes de poisson en tenant compte de la variabilite saisonniere (3) d'identifier les principaux vecteurs zooplanctoniques de MCs jusqu'aux poissons. Les resultats acquis montrent que les filaments de P. rubescens constituent une ressource alimentaire en periode de bloom pour les organismes zooplanctoniques brouteurs et qu'un transfert de MCs est possible jusqu'aux especes zooplanctoniques predatrices et in fine jusqu'aux poissons. Nos resultats mettent egalement en avant que les voies de contaminations ainsi que les intensites de contamination des poissons peuvent varier aussi bien a l'echelle saisonniere que journaliere. Ces variations sont expliquees a la fois par les changements de regime alimentaire des poissons, les variations journalieres de la production de MCs par P. rubescens, et les abondances et distributions verticales des differentes proies zooplanctoniques. A l'issue de ce travail, la part importante du transfert trophique des MCs jusqu'aux poissons a ete verifiee dans les cas des contaminations chroniques qui caracterisent les conditions de blooms des lacs peri-alpins (concentrations en cyanobacteries et en toxines moderees a fortes au cours de plusieurs mois).
Optimal Toeholds in Takeover Contests

In this paper we offer an explanation for the empirical anomaly that most raiders do not acquire the maximum possible toehold prior to announcing a takeover bid. By endogenously modeling the target value following an unsuccessful takeover we demonstrate that a raider may optimally choose to acquire a small toehold even if the toehold acquisition does not drive up the pre-tender offer target price. This occurs because although a larger toehold increases profits if the takeover succeeds it also conveys a higher level of managerial entrenchment, and hence a lower firm value, if the takeover fails. In the paper we derive new predictions regarding how the optimal toehold and how target firm value following a failed takeover vary in the cross section. Extending the basic model we examine the impact of the presence of a rival bidder and of dilution on the initial bidder’s toehold strategy. JEL classifications: G34, D8, K22.
Acta Histochemica

This review considers the environmental and systemic factors that can stimulate air-breathing responses in ﬁ shes with bimodal respiration, and how these may be controlled by peripheral and central chemoreceptors. The systemic factors that stimulate air-breathing in ﬁ shes are usually related to conditions that increase the O 2 demand of these animals (e
From structure topology to chemical composition. VII. Titanium silicates: the crystal structure and crystal chemistry of jinshajiangite

The crystal structure of jinshajiangite, ideally BaNaTi 2 Fe 4 2+ (Si 2 O 7 ) 2 O 2 (OH) 2 F, a 10.6785(8), b 13.786(1), c 20.700(2) A, β 94.937(1)°, V 3035.93(6) A 3 , sp. gr. C 2/ m , Z = 8, D calc. 3.767 g/cm 3 , from Norra Karr, Tonkoping province, Sweden, has been refined to R 1 5.69 % on the basis of 3193 unique reflections (F O > 4σF). Electron microprobe analysis gave (wt%): SiO 2 27.56, Nb 2 O 5 0.12, TiO 2 18.36, ZrO 2 0.51, FeO 23.42, Fe 2 O 3 2.89 [the Fe 3+ /Fe tot ratio of 0.10(9) was determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy], MnO 5.13, MgO 0.44, CaO 2.52, BaO 10.24, K 2 O 1.95, Na 2 O 2.27, F 2.33, H 2 O 2.00 (calc. from structure refinement: OH + F = 3 apfu ), O = F − 0.98, total 98.76. The empirical formula is (Ba 0.58 K 0.36 ) ∑0.94 (Na 0.57 Ca 0.39 ) ∑0.96 (Fe 2.84 2+ Mn 0.63 Fe 0.32 3+ Mg 0.10 Zr 0.04 Na 0.07 ) ∑4.00 (Ti 2.00 Nb 0.01 ) ∑2.01 (Si 2 O 7 ) 2 O 2.12 (OH) 1.93 F 1.07 , calculated on the basis of 4 Si apfu . The crystal structure of jinshajiangite can be described as a combination of a TS block and an I block. The TS (titanium silicate) block consists of HOH sheets (H-heteropolyhedral, O-octahedral), and is a component of 27 Ti-disilicate minerals. In the O sheet, there are five [6]-coordinated M O sites occupied mainly by Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ , with minor Fe 3+ , Mg, Zr and Na with O –O> = 2.175 A. Five M O sites give ideally Fe 2+ 4 pfu . In the H sheet, there are three [6]-coordinated M H sites occupied solely by Ti (Ti = 2 apfu ), with H –O>. = 1.953 A, and four [4]-coordinated Si sites occupied solely by Si, with . = 1.619 A. The M H octahedra and (Si 2 O 7 ) groups constitute the H sheet. Linkage of H and O sheets via common vertices of M H octahedra and (Si 2 O 7 ) groups with M O (1–5) octahedra results in a TS block. The topology of the TS block is as in Group II of the Ti disilicates (Ti = 2 apfu ). There are six interstitial sites, three [9–10]-coordinated Ba-dominant A P sites with P –O> = 2.98 A and three [10]-coordinated Na-dominant B P sites with P –O> = 2.600 A. The total content of three A P sites sums to ~1 apfu = Ba 0.58 K 0.36 or ideally 1 Ba pfu . The total content of the three B P sites is Na 0.57 Ca 0.39 or ideally 1 Na pfu . Along c , the TS blocks link via common vertices of M H octahedra (as in astrophyllite-group minerals) and A P and B P sites which constitute the I block. Jinshajiangite is an Fe 2+ analogue of perraultite, ideally BaNaTi 2 Mn 4 2+ (Si 2 O 7 ) 2 O 2 (OH) 2 F, and its crystal structure is topologically identical to that of perraultite.
The Global Theme Park Industry

I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEME PARKS * The social origins of the theme park concept * Case 1. Searching the origin of amusement parks at Bakken, Denmark * Case 2. The New World in Singapore, an early XXth century amusement park in Asia * Development and categorisation * Case 3. Efteling, the best childhood memories for everyone * Case 4. Huis ten Bosch, a replica of the Dutch world in Japan * Case 5. Cedar Fair, the roller coaster capital of the world * Globalization of the theme park industry * Case 6. The recent growth of the theme park industry in Brazil * A profile of major theme park operators * Case 7. The family-run Europa Park * Case 8. A chocolate-related entertainment destination in Hersey, Pennsylvania * Case 9. Suncity, entertainment and property development in Malaysia II. THEME PARKS IN THE ENTERTAINMENT SOCIETY * Theme parks and the commercialisation of leisure * Case 10. The ecohistorical parks of Grupo Xcaret * Case 11. The globalisation of leisure and the Sesame Street characters * The urbanism of theme parks and spatial innovation * Case 12. The creation of a leisure destination in Dubai * The impact of theme parks * Case 13. Environmental protection measures in the redevelopment of Ocean Park * Caso 14. The Grand Parc du Puy du Fou and the valorisation of the local heritage * Caso 15. The enhancement of the urban landscape at International Drive, Orlando * The development of theme park destinations * Case 16. The transformation of PortAventura into a tourist destination. III. FUNDAMENTALS OF THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT * Factors influencing the development process * Case 17. Effects on attendance of the addition of a new gate in a multipark destination * Basic principles of theme park planning * Case 18. Access for the disabled at Disneyland Paris * The architectonical design of a theme park * Case 19. A flow management model to optimise retail profits at Universal Studios Hollywood * Management strategies * Case 20. The safety of the attractions at Six Flags parks * Case 21. The International Attractions and Amusement Parks Association.
The Effects of Human Resource Management Practices on Productivity: A Study of Steel Finishing Lines

The authors investigate the productivity effects of innovative employment practices using data from a sample of thirty-six homogeneous steel production lines owned by seventeen companies. The productivity regressions demonstrate that lines using a set of innovative work practices, which include incentive pay, teams, flexible job assignments, employment security, and training, achieve substantially higher levels of productivity than do lines with the more traditional approach, which includes narrow job definitions, strict work rules, and hourly pay with close supervision. Their results are consistent with recent theoretical models which stress the importance of complementarities among work practices. Copyright 1997 by American Economic Association.
Changes in the Distribution of the Body Mass Index in France, 1981-2003: a Decomposition Analysis

: Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions are used to decompose the changes in the distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) in France between 1981 and 2003 into a composition effect produced by shifts in the socio-demographic composition of the population, and a structure effect from changes in the marginal effect of various factors on BMI. The impact of educational expansion, population ageing, the rise in divorce and immigration are separately identifed. The empirical results clearly illustrate the non-market benefits from education policies. In the absence of educational expansion, the median BMI would have increased by 1:28 points instead of 0:93 points for women, and 0:89 points instead of 0:74 points for men. The structure effects also reveal a 11% increase in education-related inequalities for women and a 8% rise for men. While ageing explains part of the rise in BMI, the age-BMI profile has flattened, showing that younger cohorts are heavier. There is also suggestive evidence that immigration has contributed to the rise in BMI, while the increasing proportion of singles is associated to a negative composition effect.
Entrepreneurship and Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Decisions

In recent years, entrepreneurship has become an important topic in both academic and practice to find policies to promote entrepreneurship and contribute to economic development. This chapter first presents some arguments about entrepreneurship based on theoretical and practical approaches to entrepreneurship, digital entrepreneurship, and sustainable entrepreneurship. Second, the presentation of the survey results on factors affecting the business decisions of young entrepreneurs of Vietnam’s generation Y. The results show that nine factors influence the business decisions of young entrepreneurs of the Y generation in Vietnam, such as entrepreneurial education, the background of the family, entrepreneurial ecosystem, knowledge, social valuation, opportunity perception, attitude, business performance, and purposeful entrepreneurial competence. The results highlight the role of entrepreneurship educated, social valuation, perceived opportunity, etc. Hence, to promote success in entrepreneurial entrepreneurship, strengthen entrepreneurial education, and proposed a strategy to complete the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Alkalinity and nitrate dynamics reveal dominance of anammox in a hyper-turbid estuary

Abstract. Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. In heterotrophic temperate estuaries, anaerobic respiration of organic matter, e.g., by denitrification, can be an important source of TA. Denitrification is the anaerobic reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to elemental nitrogen (N2). By contrast, anammox yields N2 as its terminal product via comproportionation of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrite (NO2-); however, this occurs without release of TA as a byproduct. In order to investigate these two nitrate and nitrite respiration pathways and their resulting impact on TA generation, we sampled the highly turbid estuary of the Ems River, discharging into the North Sea in June 2020. During ebb tide, a transect was sampled from the Wadden Sea to the upper tidal estuary, where we additionally sampled fluid mud for incubation experiments and five vertical profiles in the hyper-turbid tidal river. The data reveal a strong increase of TA and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the tidal river, where stable nitrate isotopes indicate water column denitrification as the dominant pathway. However, in the fluid mud of the tidal river, the measured TA and the N2 incubation experiments imply only low denitrification rates, with the majority of the N2 being produced by anammox (>90 %). The relative abundances of anammox and denitrification, respectively, thus exert a major control on the CO2 storage capacity of adjacent coastal waters.
Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of

Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of pulmonary embolism / D. Poli; M. Miniati. In: CURRENT OPINION IN PULMONARY MEDICINE. ISSN 1070-5287. STAMPA. 17:(2011), pp. 392-397. [10.1097/MCP.0b013e328349289a] Original Citation: Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of
Calibration of the GOES 6–16 high-energy proton detectors based on modelling of ground level enhancement energy spectra

– For several decades, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) series have provided both real-time and historical data for radiation exposure estimation and solar proton radiation environment modelling. Recently, several groups conducted calibration studies that signi ﬁ cantly reduced the uncertainties on the response of GOES proton detectors, thus improving the reliability of the spectral observations of solar energetic particle events. In this work, the long-established Band function ﬁ tting set for past ground level enhancements (GLEs) and their recent revision are used as references to estimate the best matching energies of proton channels of GOES 6 – 16, with emphasis on comparing with previous calibration studies on the high energetic proton measurements. The calculated energies for different missions in the same series (GOES 8, 10, 11) show overall consistency but with small variations, and differences among missions of different series are noticeable for measurements crossing the past three solar cycles, though the results are sensitive to the method used to subtract background ﬂ uxes. The discrepancy and agreement with previous calibration efforts are demonstrated with other independent analyses. It is veri ﬁ ed that the integral channel P11 of GOES 6 – 16 can be reliably used as a differential proton channel with an effective energy of about 1 GeV. Therefore, the multi-decade in situ measurements of the GOES series can be utilized with more extensive energy coverage to improve space radiation environment models.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Metformin and carotid intima-media thickness in never-smokers with type 1 diabetes

Aim: To determine whether metformin's effects on carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) in type 1 diabetes differ according to smoking status. Methods: Regression model effect estimates for the effect of metformin versus placebo (double-blind) on carotid IMT were calculated as a subgroup analysis of the REMOVAL trial. Results: In 428 randomized participants (227 never-smokers, 201 ever-smokers), averaged mean carotid IMT progression (per year) was reduced by metformin versus placebo in never-smokers ( − 0.012 mm, 95% CI − 0.021 to − 0.002; p = .0137) but not in ever-smokers (0.003 mm, 95% CI − 0.008 to 0.014; p = .5767); and similarly in non-current smokers ( − 0.008 mm, 95% CI − 0.015 to − 0.00001; p = .0497) but not in
(20E) Primary Response Gene E75 isoforms mediate

20 21 Eyes absent (Eya), is a protein structurally conserved from hydrozoans to humans, for 22 which two basic roles have been reported: it can act as a transcription cofactor and as a 23 protein tyrosine phosphatase. Eya was discovered in the fly Drosophila melanogaster in 24 relation to its function in eye development, and the same function was later reported in 25 other insects. Eya is also involved in insect oogenesis, although studies in this sense are 26 limited to D. melanogaster , which has meroistic ovaries, and where eya mutations 27 abolish gonad formation. 28 In the present work we studied the function of eya in the panoistic ovary of the 29 cockroach Blattella germanica . We show that eya is essential for correct development 30 of panoistic ovaries. In B. germanica , eya acts at different level and in a distinct way in 31 the germarium and the vitellarium. In the germarium, eya contributes to maintain the 32 correct number of somatic and germinal cells by regulating the expression of 33 steroidogenic genes in the ovary. In the vitellarium, eya facilitates follicle cells 34 proliferation and contributes to regulate the cell program, in the context of basal ovarian 35 follicle maturation. Thus, eya -depleted females of B. germanica arrest the growth and 36 maturation of basal ovarian follicles and become sterile. 37 38 39 40 41 42
Borderland studies, frontierisation and the Middle East’s in-between spaces 1

This paper provides a conclusion to a special issue of Mediterranean Politics that has sought to promote critical approaches for better understanding of spatial process in some of the Middle East region’s most prominent in-between spaces. Just as there have been recent efforts to observe bordering processes in and around the region, this collection develops the possibility that a subtly different process of territorialisation is taking place in those in-between spaces where state power is most challenged, compromised and uncertain – frontierisation. In assessing its possibilities and potential, this paper highlights the significant record of past geographical approaches to studying borderland process but also selectively explores the established phenomenon of in-betweenness in the evolution of the regional territorial framework. It concludes by suggesting that any fresh consideration of contemporary spatial process in the Middle East region’s in-between spaces should engage with geography’s long tradition of studying borderlands as cooperative features and more recent multidisciplinary coverage that tends to view them today as spaces of insecurity in state margins beyond the reach of state authority. Any reinvigorated borderland studies – to which the idea of frontierisation might well have something to say – needs to be multidisciplinary but also would do well to further develop agendas for exploring these regions that have been around for some time.
) and the introduction of facial nerve crossover anastomosis in 1895

Summary Sir Charles Ballance (1856 e 1936) was the ﬁrst surgeon in history to perform a facial nerve crossover anastomosis in 1895. Although, recently, several papers on the history of facial nerve surgery have been published, little is known about this historically important operation, the theoretical reasoning behind the operation or the surgical perspective in which Ballance developed this method. An original document on the operation, dated in 1895, is not known. The earliest report of the operation is a paper by Ballance, published in 1903. Study of this 1903 paper reveals that Ballance stopped performing the operation after his ﬁrst attempt in 1895 until he resumed in December 1901. What was the reason for this interruption? Why did Ballance start doing it again in 1901? Between 1895 and Ballance’s 1903 paper, several other surgeons had published the results of their facial nerve crossovers. Were they inspired by Ballance’s operation from 1895 to do the same or did they invent the method independently? To enhance our knowledge about the early history of facial nerve surgery, the original manuscripts by Ballance and his contemporaries have been studied. Ballance’s ﬁrst facial nerve crossover from 1895 is described in the surgical perspective of the end of the 19th century. The theoretical reasoning for the operation is discussed. It was discovered that Ballance’s operation was ﬁrst recorded in St. Thomas’s Hospital Report of 1895, which was published in 1897. However, this report was probably hardly known by Ballance’s contempo-raries and consequently could not have stimulated them to perform the operation themselves.