Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vitro antagonistic activity of fungi isolated from sclerotia on potato tubers against Rhizoctonia solani

Forty-five fungal isolates were obtained from sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani on potato tubers in Erzurum, Turkey. The interaction between fungal isolates and R. solani was studied in dual culture technique. Some fungal isolates affected R. solani by antibiosis and/or parasitism. Results of the antagonism tests showed that Acremonium sp. , Gliocladium viride, Paecilomyces marquandii, Paecilomyces sulphurellus, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium frequentans (ME-50), Penicillium nigricans, Penicillium olsonii, Penicillium phialosporum, Sporothrix sp. (MCY-4), Sporothrix schenckii, and Verticillium dahliae isolates produced an inhibition zone in front of the R. solani colony to a varying degree. Trichoderma harzianum isolates were able to overgrow the mycelium of R. solani. Physical colony contact was observed between the remaining 21 fungal isolates and R. solani. Furthermore, coiling of hyphae of Acremonium sp. , Acremonium strictum, Gliocladium catenulatum, G. viride, and T. harzianum around those of R. solani was commonly observed.
Utilizacao do modelo Cropgro-drybean na determinacao das melhores epocas de semeadura da cultura do feijao para a regiao de Maringa, Estado do Parana, Brasil

RESUMO. O presente estudo foi realizado para o municipio de Maringa, Estado do Parana, (latitude de 23o27'S, longitude de 51o57' e altitude de 542 metros). Nele, utilizou-se o modelo de simulacao de crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura do feijao, Cropgro-Drybean. Esse modelo simula o desenvolvimento fenologico e crescimento da cultura, considerando o balanco de agua no solo. As simulacoes foram realizadas durante o periodo de 1980 a 2000, em um total de vinte safras, considerando-se a semeadura da cultivar Iapar 57, nas seguintes datas: 1, 10 e 20 de marco, 1 de abril, 20 e 30 de julho, 10 e 30 de agosto e 1 de setembro. Os dados de entrada para as simulacoes foram dados meteorologicos diarios de temperaturas maxima e minima, precipitacao e radiacao solar global, caracteristicas fisico-hidricas do solo correspondentes a capacidade de campo, ponto de murchamento permanente, densidade, etc. Os resultados revelaram maiores produtividades nas semeaduras em 10 e 20 de agosto e 1 de setembro, e menores em 1 de abril e 20 de julho, sendo estas, em media, 25% inferiores. Palavras-chave: Cropgro-drybean, feijao, simulacao.
Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus on wheat straw and waste tea leaves based compost formulas using wheat chaff as activator material

This study was designed to determine the pin head formation time and yield values of Agaricus bisporus on some casing materials. Composts were prepared basically from wheat straw and waste tea leaves by using wheat chaff as activator substance. Temperatures of the compost formulas were measured during composting at various depths in order to determine the compostability level. Results showed that in both compost types, maximum temperature values were recorded in the second turning stage. Composting was completed in 21 days for both composts. While the fastest pin head formation (12.50 days) was obtained on wheat straw based compost using peat of Bolu (PB) and peat of Agacbasi (PA) (50+50; in volume); waste tea leaves based compost using peat of Caykara (PC) and forest soil (FS) mixture (50+50; in volume) as casing material gave the fastest pin head formation (13.25 days). In terms of yield, a mixture of peat of Bolu and peat of Agacbasi (PA) (50+50; in volume) gave the highest yield for wheat straw based compost, a mixture of peat of Agacbasi and perlite (P) (80+20; involume) had the highest yield for waste tea leaves based compost.
Species Concepts in the Genus Usnea (Lichenized Ascomycetes)

Abstract Practically most of the taxonomists working on vascular plants and fungi are using the so-called taxonomic species concept, relying largely on morphological criteria or other observable patterns of discontinuity and assuming that these patterns are reflecting the underlying genetic integrity of species. Such a concept is described in detail here for the genus Usnea. The typologicalview versus the populational view of species are discussed. The diagnostic value of characters used by previous and recent taxonomists of the genus is analysed. The fact that Usnea has such a bad taxonomic reputation is discussed. The use by J. Motyka, author of the world monograph published in the thirties, of characters that are strongly modified by environmental factors together with a typological view of species are thought to be mainly responsible for this. More than 770 names have been published worldwide so far and it is suggested that around 50% are to be considered as synonyms.
Fatty acid and proximate composition of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) muscle with regard to plasma lipids

The composition of tail muscle fatty acids from wild and cultured blue¢n tuna reared on a diet based on herring and sardine, along with the plasma lipid pro¢le of the farmed individuals, was determined. The total lipid content of farmed blue¢n in this study was 0.922 g/100 g or 3.49 g of saturated fatty acids (SAFA), 4.48 g of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 2.58 g polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 and 0.37 g of PUFA n-6 fatty acids; for wild specimens, it was 0.920 g/100 g, or 2.85 g of SAFA, 4.82 g of MUFA, 2.78 g PUFA n-3 and 0.27 g of PUFA n-6 fatty acids. The major fatty acids in this study were 16:0; 16:1, n7;18:1, n-9 and DHA 22:6, n-3 acids. The sum of these major components accounted for more than 57% and 80% of the total fatty acids in all the samples of farmed and wild tuna respectively. No signi¢cant differences in the proximate composition were demonstrated between farmed and wild samples, except for the energy value, in favour of the farmed tuna. Statistically, glucose tends to increase together with cholesterol (CHOL) and plasma triglyceride, as for these pairs, it showed positive correlation coe⁄cients and P40.05. Some measured tuna metabolites demonstrated strong mutual correlations, especially GLU, CHOL and TRIG, which are crucial factors in the lipid pro¢le of animals.
Osmotic Requirement for Shoot Formation in Tobacco Callus

Tobacco callus grown on medium containing 3% sucrose (w/v) shows optimum growth and produces the highest number of shoots; whereas cultures grown on medium with lower or higher sucrose levels show a reduced growth rate and capacity to form shoots. Cultures grown on a low sucrose containing medium produce a high number of shoots only if the medium is supplemented with mannitol to give the same water potential as that of the 3% sucrose medium. Mannitol cannot replace the sucrose requirement for growth. Increased levels of Bacto Agar, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids added to the medium do not promote shoot formation or replace the carbohydrate requirement for that process. The success in partially replacing the sucrose requirement for shoot formation with mannitol supports the view that part of the tissue carbohydrate is acting in an osmoregulatory role. This finding is further interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of turgor-driven growth and cell expansion.
Bats of the Sangkulirang limestone karst formations, East Kalimantan — a priority region for Bornean bat conservation

ABSTRACT Borneo has a significant role to play in the conservation of bat diversity in Southeast Asia, yet there is little taxonomic and distribution information available for the Indonesian states that represent over two thirds of the island. We report the results of a four week harp-trap and mistnet survey of four limestone karst formations on the Sangkulirang peninsula in East Kalimantan during August 2004. We recorded 36 taxa, including two (a Pipistrellus and Rhinolophus) that may represent new species, and three (Hipposideros bicolor, Myotis horsfieldii and M. montivagus) that are new records for Kalimantan. Several species, including the karst dependent and patchily distributed Hipposideros larvatus, Rhinolophus creaghi and R. pusillus, were highly abundant at the formations. In Borneo, many of the species were previously known from only a few, or scattered, localities including four Red-Listed species (R. creaghi, M. montivagus, Murina rozendaali and Kerivoula minuta). We review the Bornean distributions of individual species given recent surveys in Kalimantan and present taxonomic data from 135 specimens collected during this study. This represents the largest bat collection in Kalimantan so far undertaken and highlights the Sangkulirang peninsula as a key site for bat diversity and conservation in Borneo. Threats to this area include disturbance from bird nest collection in caves, but also mass disturbance from logging and forest fires. We advocate inclusion of the formations and associated forests into a protected area to safeguard this biological resource.
BIOLOGY AND FISHERY OF BARRED SPINY EEL, MACROGNATHUS PANCALUS HAMILTON

Background. The barred spiny eel, Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton 1822 (known also as the striped spiny eel) has high food- as well as ornamental value in India and its neighbouring countries. The natural resources of this species are declining due to over exploitation and habitat changes. The aim of this study was to provide necessary inputs on food habits, reproductive biology, and fishery of the species for artificial propagation programs and fisheries guidelines for conservation of its natural populations. Materials and Methods. Fish samples were collected monthly, for a period of 12 months, from an oxbow lake, situated in the Ganga River basin, India, during June 2004–May 2005. Food habits, reproductive biology, length–weight relation, fishery resource status, asymptotic length (L 4 ), length at maturity (L m ) and length at maximum possible yield (L opt ) for the species were studied. Results. The fish subsisted mainly on insect larvae. Fecundity range was 227 (fish: 10.7 cm and 5.03 g) to 8310 (fish: 17 cm and 30.31 g). Length at first maturity calculated through maturity curve was 10–11 cm (males) and 11–12 cm (females) in total length. The breeding period was within March–September. The regression model fitted for length and weight of the fish was Log W = 3.3224 Log L – 6.0793, R 2 = 0.9094 for male; Log W = 3.3378 Log L – 6.0716, R 2 = 0.9183 for female. The exponent ‘b’ for male and female varied significantly from ‘3’ indicating allometric growth pattern. The relation of fecundity with total length and weight of the fish was Log F = 2.9574 Log L – 3.2055, R2 = 0.3728 and Log F = 0.9684 Log W + 2.0934, R 2 = 0.4716. Immature specimens dominated in the catch. The estimates obtained for L4 = 18.8 cm (s.e. range 15.9–22.3 cm), Lm male = 10.8 cm (s.e. range 7.7–15.1 cm), Lm female = 12.3 cm (s.e. range 9.3–16.3 cm) and L opt = 11.3 cm (s.e. range 9.6–13.4 cm). Biomass of the species in experimental fishing was high during October–January, which was also the period when immature specimens were lowest. Conclusion. Closed or less intense fishing for the species during March–September and capture of only specimens above 14 cm length would help conservation of the natural stock of the fish in the wetland.
Reversible hydrogenase activity of Gloeocapsa alpicola in continuous culture

The unicellular non-N2-fixing cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa alpicola strain Fitzgerald 1051 was grown in continuous culture with nitrate as nitrogen source. Hydrogenase activity (measured in methyl viologen-dependent H2 evolution tests) was higher in cultures limited by light or nitrate and did not depend on the presence of oxygen. Development of hydrogenase activity involved de novo protein synthesis. Both light-limited and nitrate-limited cells evolved H2 in the dark due to fermentation of stored glycogen. Nitrogen-limited, but not light-limited G. alpicola consumed H2 in the light-dependent reaction. Addition of CO2 or NO−3 enhanced H2 uptake rate.
Antioxidant Activity Coefficient, Mechanism, and Kinetics of Different Derivatives of Flavones and Flavanones Towards Superoxide Radical

●– ●– room temperature. The scavenging of the radical was monitored by the decrease in anodic or/and cathodic currents while linearly increasing the concentration of the flavonoid. The strength of interaction was quantified in terms of the binding constant ( k b ) values ranging from 1 × 10 2 and 5 × 10 3 M –1 . The antioxidant activity coefficient ( k ao ) was calculated from the linear part of the plot of ‘current decrease vs. flavonoid concentration’. Radical scavenging mechanism of the antioxidant was proposed and discussed in terms of the structure activity relationship. Nicholson-Shain method was employed to estimate the bimolecular homogeneous kinetics and on this basis control use of antioxidant is pointed out.
Spawning Migration and Intragravel Movement of the Torrent Sculpin, Cottus rhotheus

Abstract Torrent sculpins (Cottus rhotheus) migrated into the Abernathy Incubation Channel from late January to late April with most fish entering from mid-March through mid-April. Egg laying by captive females was restricted to April. A downstream migration of sculpins occurred in Abernathy Creek in May and June. The sculpins appeared to have entered the incubation channel by intragravel movement.
Projecting to Manifolds via Unsupervised Learning

We present a new mechanism, called adversarial projection, that projects a given signal onto the intrinsically low dimensional manifold of true data. This operator can be used for solving inverse problems, which consists of recovering a signal from a collection of noisy measurements. Rather than attempt to encode prior knowledge via an analytic regularizer, we leverage available data to project signals directly onto the (possibly nonlinear) manifold of true data (i.e., regularize via an indicator function of the manifold). Our approach avoids the difficult task of forming a direct representation of the manifold. Instead, we directly learn the projection operator by solving a sequence of unsupervised learning problems, and we prove our method converges in probability to the desired projection. This operator can then be directly incorporated into optimization algorithms in the same manner as Plug-and-Play methods, but now with robust theoretical guarantees. Numerical examples are provided.
Immune Responses to Vibrio anguillarum in Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, Fed Selenium Supplementation

Effects of dietary selenium (Se) on immune competence of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, were investigated. The fish were fed one of the three experimental diets including a control diet without Se supplementation and two diets supplemented with Se from Se-yeast (Selplex) at 2 and 4 mg/kg. After feeding for 6 wk, the fish were challenged by injecting Vibrio anguillarum and observed for 2 wk. Dietary Se had no effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and survival over the course of 6-wk feeding; however, it significantly increased weight gain and Se content in muscle. Following the bacterial infection, the immune-stimulating effects of Se were observed in antibody, lysozyme, and bactericidal responses, and there was a corresponding increase in survival and hematocrit by Se. Under infectious condition, antioxidant capacity of fish as measured in terms of resistance of red blood cells to peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity also increased by supplementation of Se. Liver necrosis and kidney melano-macrophages were only seen in surviving fish fed the control diet after the challenge. Furthermore, there was evidence of myopathy in fish fed the diet without Se supplementation. This study suggests that Se, supplemented at 2 or 4 mg/kg, can improve growth and health of yellowtail kingfish.
A Content Analysis of Content Analyses: Twenty-Five Years of Journalism Quarterly

Examination of the increasing number of articles employing quantitative content analysis in 1971–95 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly showed primary focus on news/editorial content in U.S. media. Nearly half examined newspapers, and half were coauthored. Most used convenience or purposive samples. Few involved a second research method or extra-media data, explicit theoretical grounding, or research questions or hypotheses. Half reported intercoder reliability, and two-fifths used only descriptive statistics. Analysis of trends shows growth in coauthorship and reporting of reliability, and increasing emphasis on more sophisticated statistical analysis. No parallel trend exists, however, in use of explicit hypotheses/research questions or theoretical grounding.
Inheritance and linkage of metabolism-based herbicide cross-resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

Abstract The inheritance and linkage of enhanced metabolism-based herbicide cross-resistance was examined in a multiple resistant population of rigid ryegrass. F1 hybrids between resistant and susceptible populations showed an intermediate response to all the four herbicides tested, with no indication of maternal inheritance. Segregation of F2 families fitted a single-gene model for resistance to simazine, chlorotoluron, and chlorsulfuron. But there was more than the expected mortality from the low dose of tralkoxydim. Segregating F2 populations were selected by high rates of each of the four herbicides to create selected F2 families. Analysis of the response of these families demonstrated that simazine resistance is linked to chlorotoluron resistance. No other herbicide resistances were linked. Therefore, in this population of rigid ryegrass, at least three separate genes are responsible for metabolism-based cross-resistance. This study shows that multiple herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass is the result of accumulation of a number of different resistance genes. Nomenclature: Simazine; chlorotoluron; chlorsulfuron; tralkoxydim; rigid ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. LOLRI.
Modeling Hourly Soil Temperature Using Deep BiLSTM Neural Network

Soil temperature (ST) plays a key role in the processes and functions of almost all ecosystems, and is also an essential parameter for various applications such as agricultural production, geothermal development, and their utilization. Although numerous machine learning models have been used in the prediction of ST, and good results have been obtained, most of the current studies have focused on daily or monthly ST predictions, while hourly ST predictions are scarce. This paper presents a novel scheme for forecasting the hourly ST using weather forecast data. The method considers the hourly ST prediction to be the superposition of two parts, namely, the daily average ST prediction and the ST amplitude (the difference between the hourly ST and the daily average ST) prediction. According to the results of correlation analysis, we selected nine meteorological parameters and combined two temporal parameters as the input vectors for predicting the daily average ST. For the task of predicting the ST amplitude, seven meteorological parameters and one temporal parameter were selected as the inputs. Two submodels were constructed using a deep bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM). For the task of hourly ST prediction at five different soil depths at 30 sites, which are located in 5 common climates in the United States, the results showed the method proposed in this paper performs best at all depths for 30 stations (100% of all) for the root mean square error (RMSE), 27 stations (90% of all) for the mean absolute error (MAE), and 30 stations (100% of all) for the coefficient of determination (R2), respectively. Moreover, the method adopted in this study displays a stronger ST prediction ability than the traditional methods under all climate types involved in the experiment, the hourly ST produced by it can be used as a driving parameter for high-resolution biogeochemical models, land surface models and hydrological models and can provide ideas for an analysis of other time series data.
Medication use pattern and quality assessment of psychiatry outpatient department prescriptions of a tertiary care hospital

Background: Psychiatric illness is a major but often underreported health burden. The field of psychopharmacotherapy is continuously evolving therefore needs monitoring to prevent irrationality. In this setting, authors analyzed the prescribing pattern of psychotropic drugs while simultaneously monitoring prescription quality in a tertiary care teaching private hospital.Methods: A 6 month-prospective observational study was conducted in psychiatry out-patient department. Prescription pattern was analyzed using World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators. The quality of the prescriptions was assessed as per prescription writing guidelines issued by The Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal.Results: Of the 745 prescriptions analyzed, depression and psychosis constituted the bulk of diagnosed cases irrespective of any gender predominance. The average number of psychotropic drugs per prescription was 2.85±1.48. Antidepressants, sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytics are most commonly prescribed drugs. 37.58% of psychotropic drugs were given as fixed dose combination, most common being risperidone with trihexyphenidyl. Only 2.91% of the drugs were prescribed in generic name whereas 53.99% were enlisted in national essential medicine list 2015. Polypharmacy and therapeutic duplication were noted in 41% and 26.84 % of prescriptions and dose, duration and frequency were not mentioned in 2.68%, 53.02% and 19.00% of the prescription respectively.Conclusions: Use of psychotropic drugs follows closely with different treatment guideline, though routine uses of central anticholinergics with atypical antipsychotics are not recommended. Despite high utilization of NLEM, more generic prescribing, correct prescription dosing schedule, avoidance of polypharmacy and non-Judicious use of multivitamin FDCs may significantly improve treatment outcome.
Does Kochia prostrata Spread From Seeded Sites? An Evaluation From Southwestern Idaho, USA

Abstract Purposeful introductions of exotic species for rehabilitation efforts following wildfire are common on rangelands in the western United States, though ecological impacts of exotic species in novel environments are often poorly understood. One such introduced species, Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad (forage kochia) has been seeded on over 200 000 ha throughout the Intermountain West to provide fuel breaks and forage, and to compete with invasive plants. Despite its potential benefits, K. prostrata has been reported to spread from some seeded areas, and no studies have addressed its potential interactions with native species. A systematic investigation is needed to increase understanding of the extent to which K. prostrata spreads from seeded areas, the environmental conditions under which it spreads, and its interactions with the associated plant communities. We sampled 28 K. prostrata postfire rehabilitation and greenstrip seedings in southwestern Idaho, which ranged from 3 to 24 yr since seeding. We analyzed cover of K. prostrata and the associated plant community in adjacent seeded and unseeded areas, and quantified extent of spread from seeded areas. Abundance of K. prostrata was negatively associated with that of most plant functional groups, including native species, but was positively associated with abundance of exotic annual forbs. Kochia prostrata spread to unseeded areas on 89% of sampled sites; distances of the farthest individual from the seeding boundary were greater than those previously reported, ranging from 0 to 710 m, with a mean distance of 208 m. Further, although the area covered by K. prostrata increased with time since seeding, we found no evidence that plant community composition affected spread of K. prostrata. Results contribute to current understanding of potential ecological implications of seeding K. prostrata and will enhance the ability of land managers to make scientifically based management decisions about its use.