Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The side‐effects of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract: The side‐effects of six pesticides used on peaches in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less‐exposed life stages); (c) exposure of adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after application (persistence); (d) Dose–response pesticide exposures of adults on glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC). The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient® (methoxyphenozide) and the fungicide Venturol® (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide Assist® (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management (IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF® (sulphur) and the insecticides Dipterex® 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid® 500 (fenthion) were harmful at both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist® was short lived and therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for use in IPM, but Kumulus® DF, Dipterex® 500 and Lebaycid® 500 constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent (more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals after parasitism showed that Assist® and Kumulus® DF were harmless to the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex® 500 was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid® 500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the pupae. The dose–response test showed that Kumulus® DF and Dipterex® 500 were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus® DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to 0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage. Dipterex® 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.
SUBHARMONICS, BIPHONATION, AND DETERMINISTIC CHAOS IN MAMMAL VOCALIZATION

ABSTRACT To establish a framework for discussing mammalian vocalizations, relevant terminology and concepts from the theory of nonlinear dynamics are introduced. It is suggested that a variety of nonlinear phenomena including subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos are normally occurring phonatory events. The whole spectrum of these phenomena can be found in the repertoire of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. In addition, examples of nonlinear phenomena in a wide range of other mammalian taxa will be presented. Moreover, some artifacts in sound spectrographic analysis are listed which may be misinterpreted as nonlinear phenomena. Within the framework of nonlinear dynamics, a consistent terminology is proposed and our observations are related to laryngeal sound production mechanisms. Finally, some hypotheses concerning the communicative potential of the described phenomena are discussed.
EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON DNA SYNTHESIS AND THE CELL CYCLE OF THE MOSS POLYTRICHUM FORMOSUM

SUMMARY The effects of a 24-h dehydration period on the mitotic and DNA-synthetic activities have been studied in the meristematic cells of the leafy gametophyte of the moss Polytrichum formosum. During the first 2 h of water stress the mitotic index decreased dramatically, and after 6 h none of the cells was observed in division. It is concluded that the stress provokes not only cessation, but also completion of the mitotic phase, so that all the cells of the desiccated plants become interphasic. On rehydration, a period of 24 h was necessary for the first cell to enter division. After 4 h of recovery from water stress, DNA synthesis resumed in the nuclei of a few cells indicating that replication processes were not injured to any marked extent by the desiccation treatment. However, a clear increase in the number of nuclei entering the S phase was only observed 24 h after the start of rehydration. It is suggested that the effect of the dehydration period is to prevent the cells which are situated in G1 or G2 phases to enter respectively the phases of S and M of the cell cycle immediately upon rehydration. In any case the result is to delay, for about 24 h from the beginning of rehydration, the return of proliferative activity. These data are compared with those previously obtained on the metabolism of water-stressed mosses.
Protozoan Density and the Coexistence of Protozoan Predators and Bacterial Prey

Low numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis provided with °2 x 109 Klebsiella pneumoniae or Rhizobium sp. cells/ml reduced the bacterial population only to 107/ml in solution. When 5—7 x 108 K. pneumoniae or 1 x 108 Rhizobium sp. were preyed upon, 106 bacteria/ml survived and coexisted with the ciliate. Low initial densities of the protozoan provided with 3 x 106 or 5 x 107 K. pneumoniae or 3—4 x 107 Rhizobium sp. /ml reduced the prey population t 2—3 x 105/ml. However, when the initial number of T. pyriformis was high (2—34 x 104/ml) and the K. pneumonia or Rhizobium sp. density was °107/ml, the animal did not reduce the bacterial population size. The data suggest that the number of K. pneumoniae or Rhizobium sp. cells able to coexist in solution with T. pyriformis was governed by the number of protozoa initially present or developing as a result of predation. By contrast, 105 Xanthomonas citri cells/ml coexisted with the ciliate whether this bacterium was provided at 7 x 106 or 8 x 108 cells/ml. In soil treate.
Source–sink differences in genotypes and water regimes influencing sucrose accumulation in sugarcane stalks

Relatively little is known about the physiological basis for variation in sucrose content among sugarcane clones despite substantial research at the molecular and biochemical levels. We used irrigation and continuous monitoring of photosynthesis and plant extension rate to modify dry matter partitioning in four clones differing widely in sucrose content. Three pot experiments were conducted on two low sucrose content clones, KQ97-2599 and KQ97-2835, and two high sucrose content clones, Q117 and KQ97-5080, in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. As expected, sucrose content on a dry mass basis of whole stalks was greater in high (55% maximum) than in low sucrose clones (40% maximum), but sucrose content in the two clones selected for low sucrose reached 55% in some internodes. Differences between clones in whole-plant net photosynthesis and aerial biomass accumulation were small. However, biomass was distributed over fewer stalks in the high sucrose clones (4–7 stalks per pot) than in the low sucrose clones (9–11 stalks per pot). The high sucrose clones also allocated a considerably greater proportion of dry matter to the stalk (70% maximum) than the low sucrose clones (60% maximum). It is suggested that the relatively large amount of new leaf tissue produced by the high tillering, low sucrose clones placed an additional demand for structural photo-assimilate in these clones and delayed the accumulation of sucrose in the stalk. The results indicated that there is little direct genetic control on the maximum amount of sucrose that can accumulate in stalk tissue and that genetic contrasts in sucrose content reside more in the morphology of the plant and responses to ripening stimuli such as mild water stress, and how these traits influence supply and demand for photo-assimilate.
Dormancy in Pinus monticola seed related to stratification time, seed coat, and genetics

The inner layer of the seed coat, a papery membrane, and physiological conditions of the gametophyte–embryo were shown to be major sites of dormancy in seed of western white pine. The hard seed coat layer was a minor site. With no stratification, 7% of the seeds were not dormant, 9% were dormant because of the hard seed coat, 34% were dormant because of the inner seed coat, and 50% were dormant because of physiological conditions of the gametophyte–embryo. These values varied with stratification times and seed lots (families).
Population genetic substructure in blue whiting based on allozyme data

The genetic population structure of the pelagic gadoid blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou throughout its east Atlantic distribution range was explored using polymorphisms at the tissue enzyme loci IDHP-2* and PGM-1*. The study included 5025 individuals from 65 locations in the east Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Significant geographic heterogeneity in allele frequencies was demonstrated at both loci (IDHP-2*: P=0·030, PGM-1*: P=0·005). The degree of genetic differentiation (FST= 1·1%) in blue whiting appears to be at the same level as for the demersal gadoids cod and haddock. Several separate reproductive units were indicated at the fringes of the distribution range, i.e. in the Barents Sea, and in one Norwegian fjord (Romsdalsfjord).
Occurrence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel, 1895) Dowson 1939, on Brassicas in Montenegro

Brassicas form the most important group of vegetable crops in Montenegro. The cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is most commonly grown, although other brassicas, particularly kale, Brussels sprout, cauliflower and broccoli, have been increasingly produced since recently. One of the specialties of vegetable production in Montenegro is growing of collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), which is the simplest variety of the Brassica oleracea species and in the nearest relation with their wild ancestor - the sylvestris variety. Diseases are the main restrictive factors for successful production of these vegetables. Susceptibility of the cultivars and inadequate control often result in more or less damaged crops in some plots. Causal agents of brassica diseases, especially bacterial, have not been investigated in Montenegro until 2009. Since the symptoms observed in 2009 were „V” shaped leaf edge necrosis and black rot of vascular tissue, it was assumed that they were caused by plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Samples of the infected plants were collected from different localities in Montenegro. Isolation and identification of the bacterium were performed using laboratory methods according to Schaad (1980), Lelliott and Stead (1987) and Arsenijevic (1997). Examination of chosen bacterial isolates was conducted using both, classical bacteriological methods (examination of their pathogenic, morphological, cultivation and biochemical and physiological characteristics), and ELISA test. The obtained results confirmed the presence of X.campestris pv. campestris (Pammel, 1895) Dowson 1939, on cabbage, kale, broccoli and collard in Montenegro. This is the first experimental evidence that collard is the host of X. campestris pv. campestris in Montenegro.
Preliminary Observations on the Biology of Folsomia candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola: Isotomidae)

Folsomia candida was formerly regarded as being synonymous with F. fimetaria (Linnaeus, 1758), but according to Stach (1947) this is incorrect, F. candida being considered a good species with the following synonyms: Isotom fimetaria var. caldaria Axelson, 1905; Isotoma (Folsomia) fimetaria var. caldaria Axelson, 1905; Folsomia fimetaria var. caldaria (Axelson) Linnaniemi, 1912; Folsomia kingi Bagnall, 1939; Folsomia distincta Bagnall, 1939; Folsomia caldaria (Axels.) Bagnall, 1939.
Indirect effects of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on the structure of epilithic algal communities in an oligotrophic boreal forest stream

The impact of fish on epilithic algae community structure was studied in a replicated series of artificial outdoor channels fed by a boreal forest stream (Canada) to test the hypotheses that brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) induce a three-trophic chain top-down change in epilithic community structure, at both taxonomic and physiognomic levels. Fish were introduced into five of ten channels and the epilithic algae growing on tiles were sampled four times during summer to determine biomass, algal physiognomy and species composition in relation to presence of fish and invertebrate community structure. Diatom biomass showed distinctive development patterns, increasing at the beginning of fish introduction and decreasing towards the end of the experiment. The responses were the reverse in the absence of fish. Chrysophyceae increased in the absence of fish, particularly at the end of the experiment. From the seven algal physiognomic types considered, epilithon overstory, attached erected algae and loosely attached algae were generally more abundant in the presence of fish. Species' biomass was markedly different in both treatments and followed contrasted temporal patterns. In the presence of fish, attached erected diatoms species rapidly reached a complex spatial overstory structure, while in the absence of fish the epilithic community remained at a younger successional stage. Partial redundancy analysis showed that those changes were mediated by large grazing invertebrates, which had lower abundance over the bottom surfaces in the presence of fish. Variance partitioning analysis reinforced the hypothesis that most of the variability in epilithic community structure was explained by fish-invertebrate interactions and that the effect of fish presence alone was not significant. The results show that reduction in total epilithic algal biomass was a transient top-down effect, but the three-trophic level control on major taxa, species composition and community physiognomy remained along the summer experiment.
Physical Properties of Cross‐linked and Acetylated Normal and Waxy Rice Starch

Waxy and normal starches present wide biological diversity in their structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the physical properties of cross-linked and acetylated normal (NR) and waxy (WR) rice starch. Cross-linking increased shear stability and decreased swelling power and solubility of NR and WR, but increased viscosity, pasting temperature, and heat of gelatinization of WR, and decreased pasting temperature and heat of gelatinization of NR. Acetylation increased viscosity and solubility of NR and WR, while it increased the swelling power of NR, and decreased the swelling power of WR. Cross-linking increased hardness and adhesiveness of NR and WR gels, while acetylation increased hardness but decreased adhesiveness of the gels. Freeze-thaw stability results showed that both acetylation and cross-linking decreased retrogradation of NR, but increased it in WR.
Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters

Morphological characters of the Euthyneura available from the literature were re-evaluated in terms of terminology and primary homology. A total of 77 characters and 75 taxa were retained in a data matrix. Several assumptions on character weights and types were tested. In the cladistic analyses, it appeared that the data matrix was highly homoplastic, and only robust nodes (those which were little modified by variations in weight and coding of characters) were retained in a concensus tree. The evolutionary histories of all characters and monophylies of higher euthyneuran taxa were discussed. The following interrelationships of the taxa were obtained in a consensus tree: the clade Heterobranchia includes paraphyletic allogastropod taxa which emerge basally, and the clade Euthyneura. The latter includes the clade Pulmonata and at least 10 opisthobranch clades of unresolved relationship (Thecosomata, Gymnosomata, Acochlidioidea, Pyramidelloidea, Runcinoidea, Cephalaspidea, Sacoglossa, Umbraculoidea, Pleurobranchoidea, Nudibranchia). The Pulmonata include basommatophoran paraphyletic taxa and the clade Geophila (Onchidiidae, Soleolifera, Stylommatophora). The position of the Sacoglossa and the monophyly of the Notaspidea are also discussed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 135, 403–470.
Allee effect and population dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

The Allee effect a decrease in population growth rate at low density - may be produced by several mechanisms including difficulty in finding mates at low densities. We present evidence for the Allee effect in natural populations of an endangered butterfly. the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) and for two mechanisms that cause it. Specifically. we show that emigration rate increases and the fraction of mated females decreases with decreasing local density. We then demonstrate a connection between mating success and population growth rate and more generally, slightly reduced reproductive success in the smallest butterfly populations in an extensive data set gathered over four years. The Allee effect increases the significance of the rescue effect in metapopulations, and thereby the potential for alternative stable states in metapopulation as well as in local dynamics.
Water uptake resumption following soil drought: a comparison among four barley genotypes

Soil water resulting from episodic growing season rainfall evaporates rapidly in semi-arid regions. Plants may not benefit from such water additions if near-surface roots are unable to resume water uptake rapidly following periods of soil water deficit. Our objectives were to develop a means of quantifying root uptake responses in the upper soil layer following rewetting after soil water deficit, and to evaluate the existence of genotypic differences among four diverse barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes in this regard. Plants were grown in replicate soil columns having hydraulically isolated surface and subsoil layers, and instrumented with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) waveguides. The upper 0.05 m soil layer was allowed to dry to -1.8 to -3.0 MPa for 10-14 d, during which time subsoil wetness was maintained at about -0.6 to -0.7 MPa. The time-course of soil water uptake was monitored at 0.5 h intervals following rewetting of the surface layer. Substantial water uptake began 1 d after rewetting following 10 d, and 2-3 d after rewetting following 14d of water deficit. Rate of water uptake was more rapid in response to a second rewetting 5-7 d later. Consistent genotypic responses in terms of cumulative water uptake on a whole plant and leaf area-specific basis were observed during each trial. These results have application to evaluating drought hardiness and interspecific competitive ability under semi-arid conditions, and to investigations of root physiological and morphological changes that contribute to recovery from water deficit.
Landscape complexity has limited effects on the genetic structure of two arable plant species, Adonis aestivalis and Consolida regalis

Summary The agricultural landscape of central Europe has changed dramatically in recent decades due to intensified cultivation, bringing many of its characteristic species to the brink of extinction. We investigated whether landscape structure affects the genetic structure and diversity of remnant populations of the two arable plant species Adonis aestivalis and Consolida regalis. We used dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (AFLPs) and compared populations from six regions of 5 km² in central Germany. These regions represent two different classes of landscape structural complexity: intensively used, homogeneous landscapes (>95% of area covered by arable land with low extent of field margins) or heterogeneous regions (<60% of area covered by arable land with large extent of field margins). Contrary to expectations, within-population diversity levels did not significantly differ between homogeneous and heterogeneous landscapes. No significant isolation-by-distance was found for either species, regardless of landscape structure, and genetic structures may still mirror more continuous conditions before large-scale restructuring commenced in Germany's arable landscapes from the 1950s onwards. These results suggest that current landscape complexity, as such, is not as important for local-level genetic structure for the species studied. Thus, homogenised and intensively used landscapes may also be important for the conservation of arable plant diversity and should not be neglected.
Optimising the timing of visual surveys of crabeater seal abundance: haulout behaviour as a consideration

The most practical means of estimating pack-ice seal abundance is by conducting visual surveys from ships and aircraft. However, only those seals hauled out on the ice are ‘available’ to such surveys, and additional information on haulout behaviour is required to adjust counts of seals on the ice to estimate the total population size. Consideration of the optimal time to undertake visual surveys with respect to availability is important to ensure that bias and uncertainty in the abundance estimate are minimised for a fixed survey effort. In order to assess the optimal time for conducting visual surveys of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga), satellite-linked dive recorders were attached to 24 adult seals in the pack-ice off east Antarctica to record haulout behaviour over a 4-month period from mid-September to mid-January. The optimal time for visual surveys within these four months was December to mid-January (after the pupping season) when a high, relatively constant proportion of seals were hauled out over a period of 6–7 h during daylight, and when variation in haulout behaviour between seals was low. Despite the necessity for breeding seals to haul out continuously for extended periods during the pupping season, this was not a preferred time for visual surveys because variability in haulout behaviour between breeding and non-breeding seals was high. The efficiency of surveys before pupping was limited by the relatively short time during daylight when both the proportion of seals hauled out was high and variability in haulout behaviour among seals was small.
Bioavailability and genotoxicity of soluble and particulate nickel compounds in cultured human lung cells

Nickel compounds are well known human and animal carcinogens, but the carcinogenic potential depends largely on the actual species. Within the present study, water soluble nickel chloride and poorly water soluble nickel oxide were compared with respect to uptake, intracellular distribution and genotoxicity as determined by the induction of DNA strand breaks and DNA base modifications recognized by the bacterial formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg). The results show that both compounds were taken up by A549 cells. Furthermore, both compounds increase the nickel content in the nucleus and the cytoplasm yielding concentration ratios nucleus/cytoplasm of up to 0.18 and >0.5 for NiCl2 and black NiO, respectively. Also, the induction of DNA lesions was evident for water soluble and particulate nickel(II), even though pronounced effects were restricted to cytotoxic concentrations. Thus, it is proposed that nickel ions appear to be the ultimate species exerting both direct and indirect genotoxicity. The higher carcinogenic potential of particulate nickel(II) may thus be due to much longer retention times in vivo, not to different mechanisms of action on the cellular level.