Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations of solar irradiance due to magnetic activity.

Variations in the Sun's luminosity have become, almost overnight, an active and productive field of astrophysics. There is now a nearly unbroken time series of precise data, from two separate satellites, beginning in late 1978 and running to the time of this writing. The study of these solar variations has jumped to a level of activity that might be expected in any field suddenly presented with a three-decade improvement in data quality. This improvement has been created largely by Willson's (90-93) Active Cavity Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). This was the first satellite to have been repaired in space by a manned mission; the repair was tremendously important for the study of solar variability. The variations so far seen have been as large as approximately 0.4% over a time scale of a week. The irradiance has also exhibited a steady decline since 1980 of the order of 0.02% per year. A review of temporal variations is given by Frohlich (3 1 a). In this review, we concentrate on solar luminosity variability due to magnetic activity. The precision of the ACRIM while operating in its normal mode approached 1 0 ppm of the mean solar irradiance, when averaged over a day. At this level of precision, the Sun's output is almost always changing. Another experiment, the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) on the Nimbus-7 satellite, has produced an even longer record of solar variability measurements, though with less precision (35). The data from the two spacecraft have revolutionized the field within the past six or seven years.
SUPERHUMPS IN CATACLYSMIC BINARIES. XII. CR BOOTIS, A HELIUM DWARF NOVA

CR Bootis is an enigmatic blue variable star with rapid photmetric variations and a spectrum dominated by helium. It consists of two white dwarfs in close orbit, with a probable underlying binary period of 1471 s. For years we have marveled at the star's large nightly variations - ramping up or down at a rate of ~0.1/hr. An intensive photometry campaign in 1996 showed that this variability is cyclic with a quasiperiod of about 19 hr, and demonstrated association of 14990 s photometric variations ("superhumps") with extended bright states ("superoutbursts"). During superoutburst, the 1490 s signal initially decreased with dot P = -2x 10-5 , but then stabilized at 1487.29±0.02 s after ~300-600 binary orbits. Spectroscopy reveals variably asymmetric absorption lines, with the asymmetry migrating on a probable period of 36 hr; this may be the period of accretion disk precession. Neither the helium composition, nor the degeneracy of the mass-losing component, nor the shortness of the period (all of the periods) seem to present any barrier to the star in being fully certificable as a bona fide dwarft nova. Stabilization of the superhump period at such a low value (1487.29 s) favors a model in which period changes arise from eccentricity changes rather than mean radius changes in the disk. This naturally explains why decreasing period and decreasing amplitude are strongly linked in the superhumps of dwarf novae.
The Role of Genetics in the Development and Pharmacotherapy of Depression and Its Impact on Drug Discovery

Complex disorders, such as depression, remain a mystery for scientists. Although genetic factors are considered important for the prediction of one’s vulnerability, it is hard to estimate the exact risk for a patient to develop depression, based only on one category of vulnerability criteria. Genetic factors also regulate drug metabolism, and when they are identified in a specific combination, may result in increased drug resistance. A proper understanding of the genetic basis of depression assists in the development of novel promising medications and effective disorder management schemes. This review aims to analyze the recent literature focusing on the correlation between specific genes and the occurrence of depression. Moreover, certain aspects targeting a high drug resistance identified among patients suffering from major depressive disorder were highlighted in this manuscript. An expected direction of future drug discovery campaigns was also discussed.
Laplace approximations for censored linear regression models

We consider approximate Bayesian inference about scalar parameters of linear regression models with possible censoring. A second‐order expansion of their Laplace posterior is seen to have a simple and intuitive form for logconcave error densities with nondecreasing hazard functions. The accuracy of the approximations is assessed for normal and Gumbel errors when the number of regressors increases with sample size. Perturbations of the prior and the likelihood are seen to be easily accommodated within our framework. Links with the work of DiCiccio et al. (1990) and Viveros and Sprott (1987) extend the applicability of our results to conditional frequentist inference based on likelihood‐ratio statistics.
Density-functional calculations of the structures, binding energies, and magnetic moments of Fe clusters with 2 to 17 atoms

We report ab initio calculations of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{n}$ clusters up to $n=17. $ We used a density-functional method that employs linear combinations of numerical atomic orbitals as basis sets, nonlocal norm-conserving pseudopotentials, and the local spin density approximation for exchange and correlation. Our results for $nl~7$ generally agree quite well with those obtained in previous density-functional studies. The structural predictions for $ng7$ are also generally in keeping with information inferred from chemical probe and time-of-flight mass spectrometry experiments. The origin of the discrepancies arising in some cases is discussed.
Quota fulfillment times

An example of the classical occupancy problem is to sample with replacement from an urn containing several colours of balls and count the number of balls sampled until a given number of “quotas” are filled. This and the corresponding random variable for sampling without replacement will be referred to as quota fulfillment times. Asymptotic and exact methods for computing moments and distributions are given in this paper. Moments of quota fulfillment times are related to moments of order statistics of beta and gamma random variables. Most of the results for sampling without replacement and some of the results for sampling with replacement are believed to be new. Some other known sampling-with-replacement results are given for comparative purposes. Supposons qu'une urne contienne des boules de differentes couleurs et qu'on tire ces boules avec ou sans remise jusqu' a ce que certains quotas aient ete atteints. Les variables aleatoires representant le nombre total de boules tirees avec ou sans remise sont appelees des “temps d'obtention des quotas”. Dans le present article, on developpe des methodes exactes et asymptotiques pour le calcul des distributions et des moments de ces variables aleatoires. On montre que les moments des temps d'obtention des quotas sont relies a ceux des statistiques d'ordre de variables aleatoires des types běta et gamma. La plupart des resultats obtenus dans le cas de tirage sans remise sont apparemment nouveaux, de měme que certains des resultats correspondant au cas de tirage avec remise. Certains resultats connus concernant ce dernier cas sont egalement presentes pour fins de comparaison.
Ferroelectrically modulated ion dynamics in Li+ electrolyte-gated transistors for neuromorphic computing

Li+ electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have attracted significant attention as artificial synapses because of the fast response of Li+ ion, low operating voltage, and applicability to flexible electronics. Due to the inherent nature of Li+ ion, Li+ EGTs show, however, limitations, such as poor long-term synaptic plasticity and nonlinear/nonsymmetric conductance update, which hinder the practical applications of artificial synapses. Herein, Li+ EGTs integrated with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) ferroelectric polymer as a channel–electrolyte interlayer are presented. Owing to the polarized domains of PVDF-TrFE, the transport of Li+ ions at the channel–electrolyte interface is accelerated, and Li+ ions effectively penetrate the channel. Moreover, the self-diffusion of Li+ ions from the channel to the electrolyte is suppressed by the downward polarized domains. Li+ EGTs, therefore, successfully demonstrate synaptic characteristics, including excitatory postsynaptic current, short-/long-term synaptic plasticity, and paired-pulse facilitation. Also, conductance update in Li+ EGTs shows a dynamic range ( Gmax/ Gmin) of 92.42, high linearity, and distinct stability over 100 cycles. Based on their synaptic characteristics, inference simulations using a convolution neural network for the CIFAR-10 dataset imply that Li+ EGTs are suitable as artificial synapses with an inference accuracy of 89.13%. The new methodological approach addressing modulation of ion dynamics at the interface is introduced for developing practical synaptic devices.
Application of fractional Fowler-Nordheim law on field electron emission from tungsten and lanthanum hexaboride nano-scale emitters

ABSTRACT The Murphy-Good Fowler-Nordheim equation was derived for planar and smooth conducting surfaces based on the Sommerfeld free-electron theory. It is applicable to a wide range of micro-emitters. The analyses of experimental field emission data from nano-scaled emitters showed deviation from the theoretical predictions. This has either been noticed in the mismatch of the current–voltage characteristics and/or in the FN-plot behaviour. Such deviation is attributed to the non-planar character of the emitting surface and the shape of the surface potential barrier through which the emitting electrons are tunnelling. Recently, Zubair et al. derived a FN-type equation that takes into account the reduced dimensionality of the emission surface and the non-parabolic energy dispersion [Zubair et al., IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 65(6) 2018]. In this model, the constants of the conventional FN equation become two variables that depend on the fractional parameter expressing the surface complexity. In the present work, the fractional law is applied to field electron emission from clean tungsten (W) nano-emitter and lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) nano-protrusions. This has been accomplished in the whole range of the fractional parameter in order to find the value that reproduces a better fit with the experimental data. The application requires determining the geometrical parameter of the emitter and the field emission setup. Results show that the experimental data can easily be reproduced at certain values of the fractional parameter. These ‘certain’ values depend on the geometrical parameters and thus the method used to calculate the electric field value at the emitter surface.
Sample Size and Number of Parameter Estimates in Maximum Likelihood Confirmatory Factor Analysis: A Monte Carlo Investigation

A number of authors have proposed that determining an adequate sample size in structural equation modeling can be aided by considering the number of parameters to be estimated. This study directly investigates this assumption in the context of maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. The findings support previous research on the effect of sample size, measured-variable reliability, and the number of measured variables per factor. However, no practically significant effect was found for the number of observations per estimated parameter.
The Possible Role of Symmetric Instability in the Formation of Precipitation Bands

Abstract Fifteen cases of banded and nonbanded precipitation not associated with surface frontal regions are presented. Results from the linear perturbation and parcel theories of symmetric instability are compared to the observed properties of these bands. Symmetric instability can explain many of the features of the bands considered in this study: all of the bands are aligned parallel to the thermal wind; strong shear and near-neutral static stabilities are observed when bands occur; multiple bands have a wavelength that is related to the depth of the unstable region and the slope of moist isentropic surfaces. However, the linear theory of symmetric instability assumes a basic state of unidirectional flow and thermal wind balance, while the observations indicate that in some cases these conditions are not met. This study supports the hypothesis that symmetric instability may be responsible for precipitation bands, but the comparison between theory and observations is hampered by the inability of the pre.
Novae: The Evolution from Onset of Convection to the Runaway

All previous multidimensional calculations of nova thermonuclear runaways (TNR) were only able to simulate stages for which the relevant timescales were very short (seconds). Therefore, only the last phases of the ignition stage and the runaway itself have been studied in multiple dimensions. Improvements made in the hydro solver, and better computational resources, enable us to substantially extend previous research. We are almost able to resolve scales that are already unstable to the shear Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability, thus improving the credibility of the results concerning undershoot mixing. Evolving the models in two dimensions from various early stages of the one-dimensional (1D) evolution puts our findings about the multidimensional effects on much firmer ground, since we can start our study closer to the stage at which the model is still stable against convection. For very early stages, the conditions of spherical symmetry and a jump in the composition, which are part of our assumptions for the 1D initial model, are legitimate. At early stages, we can also examine the fate of local perturbations related to the convective flow. A major issue for research is the ability of such early perturbations to ignite a flame that engulfs the whole envelope as an advancing burning front. Our limited experience with artificial parametric perturbations, presented here, denies this possibility. A major part of the research is devoted to close examinations of numerical effects that can compete with physical mechanisms. We try to estimate the uncertainty limits on the results, mainly on mixing, due to numerical issues. The timescales considered range from a phase close to the onset of convection, when the temperature at the base of the envelope is about 5 × 107 K, to the runaway itself.
Estimation of Degradation Degree in Road Infrastructure Based on Multi-Modal ABN Using Contrastive Learning

This study presents a method for distress image classification in road infrastructures introducing self-supervised learning. Self-supervised learning is an unsupervised learning method that does not require class labels. This learning method can reduce annotation efforts and allow the application of machine learning to a large number of unlabeled images. We propose a novel distress image classification method using contrastive learning, which is a type of self-supervised learning. Contrastive learning provides image domain-specific representation, constraining such that similar images are embedded nearby in the latent space. We augment the single input distress image into multiple images by image transformations and construct the latent space, in which the augmented images are embedded close to each other. This provides a domain-specific representation of the damage in road infrastructure using a large number of unlabeled distress images. Finally, the representation obtained by contrastive learning is used to improve the distress image classification performance. The obtained contrastive learning model parameters are used for the distress image classification model. We realize the successful distress image representation by utilizing unlabeled distress images, which have been difficult to use in the past. In the experiments, we use the distress images obtained from the real world to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method for various distress types and confirm the performance improvement.
The Interaction of Planetary-Scale Tropical Easterly Waves with Topography: A Mechanism for the Initiation of Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The interaction of a basic state flow consisting of a planetary-scale easterly wave superimposed on a uniform easterly zonal wind with an isolated topographic feature is examined by numerical integration of the shallow water equations in an equatorial beta-plane channel. The topographic parameters are chosen to represent the Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico. The zonal wavelength and phase speeds of the basic state easterly waves are chosen to correspond with previously published observations. The topographic modification of a slow Rossby mode in which the basic state vorticity maximum is located near 15° latitude is characterized by the generation of a cyclonic vorticity maximum in the lee of the mountain, which extends the entire length of the ridge, and a secondary maximum which propagates downstream. A fast mixed Rossby–gravity mode in which the vorticity maximum is located at the equator interacts less strongly with the mountain, with a lee vorticity maximum that is confined near the southern.
Current Trends in Endoscopic Ear Surgery

Endoscopes have found broad applications within the field of otolaryngology by allowing direct visualization of hidden anatomic areas. However, while the endoscope has been robustly incorporated into standard practice in rhinology and laryngol-ogy for anterior skull base, sinus, and laryngeal surgery, its use in otology is emerging. Currently, the operating microscope is the preferred surgical instrument used by most otologists. Over the past 4 decades, however, use of the endoscope for otologic procedures has incrementally grown. In the 1990s, Tarabichi, Thomassin, and Poe utilized the endoscope for performing middle ear surgeries rather than purely for inspection, beginning a revolution in the way the endoscope is used in ear surgery (1–4). Many studies have since demonstrated the improved visualization of the tympanic cavity with the endoscope compared to the operating microscope, and clinical studies have shown outcomes of endoscopic ear surgery (EES) to be comparable to those of the operating microscope (5–13). This article provides an overview of EES, including its history, current trends, advanced uses, integration into medical training, ergonomic and safety considerations, and utility of endoscopes in an office-based setting.
Extension of entire functions of completely regular growth and right inverse to the operator of representation of analytic functions by quasipolynomial series

Let be an entire function of one complex variable that has exponential type, completely regular growth, and whose conjugate diagram is equal to the sum of the closure of a bounded convex domain and a convex compact subset of . Criteria ensuring that the operator of the representation of analytic functions in by quasipolynomial series with zeros of the function as exponents has a continuous linear right inverse are established. These criteria are stated in terms of conformal maps of the unit disc onto the domain and of the exterior of the closed unit disc onto the exterior of , and of extensions of the original function to an entire function of two complex variables whose absolute value satisfies certain (upper) estimates. An analogue of the Leont'ev interpolation function defined by this extension is used to obtain formulae for the continuous linear right inverse to the representation operator .
Prostatic zonal parameters and lower urinary tract symptoms as quantified via magnetic resonance imaging.

INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common diagnosis among aging males; however, the relationship between prostate volume and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) severity is imperfect. The goal of this study was to comprehensively investigate the relationship between various prostate zone-based parameters measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and LUTS. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected for 144 patients who underwent MRI between 2015 and 2017 at a single institution. Prostate volumes were measured on sagittal and axial T2 weighted using the prostate ellipsoid formula. RESULTS Only transition zone thickness (TZT) correlated with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (Pearson's=0.33; p=0.007). The intraprostatic protrusion (IPP) component (rho 0.261; p=0.036), transitional zone volume (TZV) (rho 0.264; p=0.034), and TZT (Pearson's correlation 0.422; p<0.001) all correlated with worsening QoL scores. In total, 97.9% of men had the presence of an IPP (>0 mm) and larger IPPs were found in older men with higher postvoid residual volumes. Larger peripheral zone volume (PZV) (odds ratio [OR] 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-12.30, p<0.05), TZV (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.69-21.35, p<0.05), and TZT (OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.17-13.69, p<0.05) were predictive of developing severe LUTS; however, IPP (p=0.122) was not. CONCLUSIONS TZV, TZT, and IPP all demonstrated a role in the evaluation of LUTS with predictive capabilities. IPP is very common but not always clinically significant. Clarifying more precise zonal parameters and their relationship with LUTS may ultimately help clinicians guide the need for surgical intervention more precisely.
The Logic of Explanatory Power

This article introduces and defends a probabilistic measure of the explanatory power that a particular explanans has over its explanandum. To this end, we propose several intuitive, formal conditions of adequacy for an account of explanatory power. Then, we show that these conditions are uniquely satisfied by one particular probabilistic function. We proceed to strengthen the case for this measure of explanatory power by proving several theorems, all of which show that this measure neatly corresponds to our explanatory intuitions. Finally, we briefly describe some promising future projects inspired by our account.
Plasma mode of weakly and strongly coupled one-component plasmas

Starting from a novel exact expression for the dielectric constant of a classical one-component plasma, we study the important modifications of the plasma oscillation modes which appear when one progressively increases the plasma expansion parameter lambda. For small lambda values the evaluation of the plasma mode requires a non-Markovian theory. We find good agreement between our results, recent computer findings, and known theoretical expressions. For instance, the dispersion of the plasma frequency is shown to take on values slightly above the mean-field prediction. For large lambda values the plasma mode is shown to be expressible in terms of hydrodynamical quantities. Here the dispersion of the plasma frequency is shown to be negative, while the damping of the plasma mode is given by the strong-coupling limit of the longitudinal viscosity from which the non-Markovian contributions to the bulk viscosity are to be deleted. (AIP)