Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ACCUMULATION OF MONOTERPENES AND ASSOCIATED VOLATILES FOLLOWING INOCULATION OF GRAND FIR WITH A FUNGUS TRANSMITTED BY THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Abstract The accumulation of monoterpenes during the defensive response by grand fir was quantified over a 28-day period. Monoterpene content increased exponentially with time and varied greatly among trees. Following analysis, sampled trees were observed for 4 years. Those trees which showed an extensive accumulation of monoterpenes in response to artificial inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver were less likely to be killed during this period than trees which exhibited low levels of secondary monoterpene accumulation. The extent of the defensive response was influenced by host age, disease, crown class, and artificial stress. Following inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver, the proportions of limonene, myrcene, and Δ-3-carene, present in the monoterpene fraction increased. In previously reported laboratory bioassays, each of these compounds has demonstrated higher toxic or repellent properties, or both, than have the other monoterpenes present in grand fir. Mechanical injury resulted in less pronounced reactions than did fungal inoculation. Necrotic lesion formation is accompanied by an increased concentration of short-chain hydrocarbons, followed by a decline to normal levels. Necrotic lesion formation and monoterpene synthesis represent at least two independent activities during the wound response. Résumé L'accumulation de monoterpenes lors de la réaction défensive du sapin Abies grandis a été quantifiée pour une période de 28 jours. La teneur en monoterpene a augmenté exponentiellement avec le temps, tout en montrant une grande variabilité entre arbres. Suite à l'analyse, les arbres échantillonnés ont été observés pendant 4 ans. Les arbres qui ont montré une accumulation importante de. monoterpènes en réponse a l'inoculation artificielle de fongi transmis par un scolyte, ont subi une mortalité plus élevée durant cette période que les arbres ayant montré des niveaux faibles d'accumulation secondaire de monoterpenes. L'intensité de la réaction défensive chez l'hôte a été influencée par l'âge, la maladie, la classe de couronne et le stress artificiel. Suite à l'inoculation de fongi transmis par le scolyte, les proportions de limonène, myrcène, et Δ-3-carène présents dans la fraction monoterpénique ont augmenté. Lors d'essais de laboratoire rapportés antérieurement, ces substances se sont avérées plus toxiques et/ou répulsives, que les autres monoterpenes présents chez A. grandis. Des blessures mécaniques ont provoqué des réactions moins prononcées que l'inoculation fongique. La formation d'une lésion nécrotique s'accompagne d'une augmentation des hydrocarbonees à courte chaîne, suivie d'un retour au niveau normal. La formation d'une lésion nécrotique et la synthèse de monoterpenes sont deux activités pour le moins indépendantes au cours de la réaction à la blessure.
Chemical Modification of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine. A 13 C NMR CP-MAS Study of the Reactivity and Reactions of Polymeric Wood Components with Acetic Anhydride

Analysis by CP-MAS 13 C NMR of solid samples of wood, lignin, cellulose and holocellulose treated with acetic anhydride gas showed that in wood both acetylation and substitution of free sites of the aromatic ring occur readily in lignin both when alone and when in presence of carbohydrates such as in the wood matrix ; that further rearrangements of the new substituents on the aromatic nuclei of lignin also occur inferring real or potential network cross-linking ; that acetylation on the carbohydrates occurs to a considerably lesser extent than on lignin ; that acetylation proper occurs on the carbohydrates at C6, and to a greater extent when in the wood then when alone due apparently to the presence of an additional acetylation site.
Remobilization of Phosphorus in Tea Plants

Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is a highly phosphorus (P) deficiency-tolerant species, however, involving mechanisms have not been investigated so far. In this work, mechanisms for intrinsic efficiency of P utilization were studied in tea seedlings grown hydroponically without or with adequate P supply. The contribution of P reserve in cotyledons to the P nutrition of tea seedlings and the role of mature leaves were examined at two contrasting P supply levels in plants with intact or severed cotyledons. During three subsequent harvest intervals, distinct reduction of P content was observed not only in cotyledons, but also in the mature leaves, stem and roots of plants supplied with low P. In plants supplied adequately with P, in contrast, a continuous rise of P content was detected. It was concluded that the cotyledons of tea plants are a major source of P but not organic compounds for growth of the young seedlings.
Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods : Vegetables

Fruits and vegetables in the diet have been found in epidemiology studies to be protective against several chronic diseases. Epidemiological evidence suggests that flavonoid consumption in the diet is protective against heart disease. Phenols in 23 vegetables have been measured by extraction with and without acid hydrolysis to determine the percent of conjugated and free phenols. Phenols were measured colorimetrically using the Folin−Ciocalteu reagent with catechin as the standard. The extracts' antioxidant quality was assayed by the inhibition of lower density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by cupric ions. Vegetables had antioxidant quality comparable to that of pure flavonols and were superior to vitamin antioxidants. The phenol antioxidant index, measuring both the quantity and the quality of antioxidants present, was used to evaluate 23 vegetables. Isolated lower density lipoproteins from plasma spiked with two vegetable extracts were enriched with phenol antioxidants and showed decreased oxidizabilit.
Extractability and functional properties of some legume proteins isolated by three different methods

The extraction of protein from the flour of three grain legumes (faba beans, chick peas and fenugreek) was investigated using three different methods. Three protein preparations were made: by alkaline extraction and precipitation at isoelectric pH (protein isoelectric precipitate, PIP); extraction with 0.5 M sodium chloride solution and precipitation by ionic strength reduction (protein micellar mass, PMM); extraction in aqueous or saline solution in the presence of pepsin or pancreatin (partially hydrolysed protein preparation, PHP). Two of the protein isolates had higher values of water absorption and fat absorption compared to their corresponding parent flours, with fenugreek being the exception. Oil emulsification of the isolates was in the descending order: PMM, PHP and PIP. The PHP isolate had the highest nitrogen solubility index (NSI) values at pH 2.4 followed by PMM at pH 5.7–6.4 and finally PIP at pH 4.5–5.5.
A hawkmoth crossroads? Species richness, seasonality and biogeographical affinities of Sphingidae in a Brazilian Cerrado

Aim The aim of the study was (1) to describe the biodiversity of the sphingid assemblage in a Cerrado area in the Triângulo Mineiro region, south‐east of Brazil; (2) to evaluate the seasonal variations in species composition; (3) to compare the faunistic relationships between the Cerrado biome and adjacent ecosystems; and (4) to analyse the biogeographical pattern of species distribution in the Neotropical region in a historical context.
Performances of French bean as influenced by plant density and nitrogen application

Field experiments with French bean comprising two varieties (BARI bush bean-1 and BARI bush bean-2), three plant densities (500 x 10 3 , 333 x 10 3 , and 250 x 10 3 plants/ha as maintained by 20 x 10, 30 x 10, and 40 x 10 cm spacings, respectively) and three levels of N (0, 60, and 120 kg/ha) were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Raikhali in the district of Rangamati during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. BARI bush bean-1 outyielded BARI bush bean-2. The lowest plant density (250 x 10 plants/ha) recorded significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes, except plant height which was the maximum with the highest plant density of 500 x 10 3 plants/ha. The highest plant density of (500 x 10 3 plants/ha) resulted in the highest pod yield in comparison with the lower and medium plant densities. Application of 120 kg N/ha coupled with the highest plant density (500 x l0 3 plants/ha) gave the maximum pod yield of 34.3 t/ha and 30.2 t/ha in BARI bush bean-I and BARI bush bean-2, respectively. Key Words: French bean; plant density; nitrogen. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1. 5760 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 105-111, March 2009
The growth of a cyanide-utilising strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens in liquid culture on nickel cyanide as a source of nitrogen

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain NCIMB11764 is able to utilise cyanide as a source of nitrogen for growth. When KCN(≡ HCN) is the source of nitrogen it has to be supplied as the limiting nutrient in fed-batch cultures [1]. In this study it has been shown that metal-complexed cyanide, as nickel cyanide (Ni(CN)2−4), can be used as the source of nitrogen when it is added directly to the growth medium in batch cultures. Ni(CN)2−4 could also be used as the source of nitrogen in nitrogen-limited continuous cultures. In both batch and continuous cultures, growth on Ni(CN)2−4 was associated with induction of cyanide oxygenase activity. An assay for cyanide has been developed utilising its binding to nickel.
REARING THE CABBAGE MAGGOT WITH AND WITHOUT DIAPAUSE

Abstract Data presented demonstrate that induction of pupal diapause in the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), involves a relationship between photoperiodic, temperature, and light intensity conditions provided for the flies, eggs, and larvae. Generally, a short daylength of 12 hours for the flies induces pupal diapause, whereas a 16-hour photoperiod dictates continuous development without diapause. However, the expected response can he partially or almost completely reversed depending upon, conditions of photoperiod and temperature provided for eggs and larvae. Decreasing temperatures combined with low light intensities and short photoperiods for flies and larvae cause almost all pupae to enter diapause, and high temperatures tend to offset the influence of a short daylength or a downward trend in photoperiodic exposures provided for the flies and larvae. Diapause development proceeds to completion at a wide range of temperatures but high levels at certain times result in high mortality. Growth development following the completion of diapause development is inhibited by temperatures above 22 °C, whereas the final or adult developmental stage continues to completion at an increasing rate with increasing temperatures.
Demonstration of a TGF‐α‐EGF‐receptor autocrine loop and c‐myc protein over‐expression in papillary thyroid carcinomas

Autocrine growth stimulation has been identified in several types of human cancer. In the present study we wanted to establish whether autocrine stimulation of the epidermal‐growth‐factor receptor (EGF‐r) by its ligand, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF‐α) occurs in thyroid neoplasia. We examined 190 fresh, frozen thyroid tissue samples from 70 patients by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to EGF‐r, TGF‐α, c‐erbB‐2 and c‐myc. EGF‐r expression was detected in 17 out of 19 papillary carcinomas, TGF‐a expression in 10, and c‐erbB‐2 expression in IS. No papillary carcinoma expressed TGF‐a without also expressing EGF‐r. Concomitant expression of EGF‐r, TGF‐α and c‐erbB‐2 was seen in 7 papillary carcinomas. No EGF‐r, TGF‐α or c‐erbB‐2 immunopositivity was found in normal‐appearing thyroid tissue (25 cases), whereas a few of the non‐neoplastic lesions (colloid goitres and diffuse hyperplasias) expressed either EGF‐r or TGF‐α. c‐myc expression was detectable in all tissue samples, and expression was invariably nuclear. Increased expression was observed in 10 out of 19 papillary carcinomas, and 8 of these also co‐expressed EGF‐r and TGF‐α. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of TGF‐α mRNA in tumour epithelium of TGF‐α‐immunopositive samples. The concomitant expression of EGF‐r, TGF‐α and TGF‐α mRNA gives evidence for a TGF‐α‐EGF‐r autocrine loop in thyroid papillary carcinomas. The increased c‐myc expression may reflect the proliferative advantage of these tumours. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fish, sea snakes, dolphins, teeth and brains – some evolutionary paradoxes

Abstract We review the evidence for the concept of the “initial” or prototype brain. We outline four possible modes of brain evolution suggested by our new findings on the evolutionary status of the dolphin brain. The four modes involve various forms of deviation from and conformity to the hypothesized initial brain type. These include examples of conservative evolution, progressive evolution, and combinations of the two in which features of one or the other become dominant. The four types of neocortical organization in extant mammals may be the result of selective pressures on sensory/motor systems resulting in divergent patterns of brain phylogenesis. A modular “modification/multiplication” hypothesis is proposed as a mechanism of neocortical evolution in eutherians. Representative models of the initial ancestral group of mammals include not only extant basal Insectivora but also Chiroptera; we have found that dolphins and large whales have also retained many features of the archetypal or initial brain. This group evolved from the initial mammalian stock and returned to the aquatic environment some 50 million years ago. This unique experiment of nature shows the effects of radical changes in environment on brain-body adaptations and specializations. Although the dolphin brain has certain quantitative characteristics of the evolutionary changes seen in the higher terrestrial mammals, it has also retained many of the conservative structural features of the initial brain. Its neocortical organization is accordingly different, largely in a quantitative sense, from that of terrestrial models of the initial brain such as the hedgehog.
Valsartan (Profiles of Drugs Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology)

Valsartan is an antihypertensive drug which selectively inhibits angiotensin receptor type II. This tetrazole derivative was first developed by Novartis and marketed under brand name Diovan® . This compound is orally active and is rapidly absorbed after oral doses, having a bioavailability of approximately 23% . Valsartan appears as a white or almost white hygroscopic powder. This compound must be kept in an air-tight container and should be protected from light and heat. It is available in film-coated tablets containing valsartan 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg, and capsules with dosage of 80 or 160 mg. Tablet combinations of valsartan with hydrochlorothiazide or amlodipine are also available
The influence of macrophytes on the spatial distribution of littoral rotifers

1. The effect of macrophytes on the spatial distribution of littoral rotifers was examined in Lake Rotomanuka, New Zealand (37°55′S, 175°19′E). Total rotifer abundances and those of abundant species, were compared between three macrophyte species, Myriophyllum propinquum, Eleocharis sphacelata and Egeria densa, and spatially across a littoral transect in relation to these species. 2. The abundances of many species, for example Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane closterocerca and L. lunaris, differed significantly between macrophyte species. More planktonic forms, Ascomorpha saltans, Keratella cochlearis and Synchaeta oblonga, however, showed no significant preference for macrophyte species. 3. Differences in rotifer abundances were evident even when different species of macrophyte grew in close proximity to one another, indicating that variations in physical and chemical conditions, which occur in the littoral of Lake Rotomanuka, could be largely discounted for much of the variation between macrophyte species. 4. Variation in rotifers between macrophytes was probably the result of a number of factors, including differences in macrophyte morphology, macrophyte age, epiphytic algal growths and the differential effects of predation by invertebrates and fish between macrophytes. 5. Variability of rotifer abundances spatially across the ecotone was less marked than between macrophyte species. The species of macrophyte occurring, and therefore the community composition and distribution of macrophyte species in the littoral, appears to be a major influence in the spatial structuring of rotifer communities in the littoral region of lakes.
Public opinion surveys: Evaluating existing measures

Over the last three decades, populist actors have established themselves as influential political forces around the world (de la Torre 2015). To grasp the phenomenon, the discipline puts a particular focus on populism’s conceptualisation (e.g., Albertazzi and McDonnell 2008; Canovan 2005; Mudde 2004; Weyland 2001), as well as the identification of its underlying causes (e.g. Kriesi and Pappas 2015; Mudde 2007) and the evaluation of its consequences (e.g. Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser 2012; Rooduijn, de Lange, and van der Brug 2014). Until recently, however, most of these studies almost exclusively focused on populism as a supply-side phenomenon.
The influence of pea products on the functional properties of frankfurters

The aim of this study was to compare the functional properties of two pea products – the commercial product PeaTex and lyophilized peas and to determine their effects on the quality of frankfurters. Pea products differed in the composition of their protein fractions – PeaTex had a lower albumin content. Lyophilized peas were characterized by a better water-binding capacity at ambient temperature (1.62 ml/g). The highest emulsification capacity was observed for PeaTex (57.8%) at a NaCl concentration of 40 g/kg. The yield of model meat systems composed of minced meat, pea products and salt, determined after heat treatment, was positively affected by increasing amounts of substitutes and salt content, but higher fat content had a negative effect on the yield. Frankfurters produced with the addition of lyophilized peas exhibited the highest yield (91.32%); however, they were characterized as being darker and less red in comparison with frankfurters produced with PeaTex.
A cross-fostering experiment with the Newell's race of Manx shearwater

Transport d'œufs de Puffinus puffinus newelli, espece menacee, dans des nids de Puffinus pacificus (sites: Kilanea Point Wildlife Administrative Site et dans le Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary). Bons resultats, notamment pour la croissance des poussins
A Reinterpretation of Syntactic Alignment

Harmonic Alignment was proposed by Prince and Smolensky (1993) as a mechanism to establish a correspondence between different harmony scales within the overall framework of Optimality Theory (“OT” henceforth). They specifically address the combination of the phonological sonority hierarchy with the hierarchy of syllable positions. In recent work, Judith Aissen has taken up this idea as a mean to formulate insights from the functionally oriented markedness theory in morphology and syntax within OT syntax (cf. Aissen 1999, 2000). Though based on earlier work in typology like Silverstein (1981) , Aissen manages a formalization of a mechanism that promises an account of much that seems quaint and bizarre about natural languages when considered from the perspective of e.g. a designer of computer languages or logical formalisms. Suppose a linguistic item can be classified according to two features, A and B. Suppose furthermore that A has two possible values, A1 and A2, while B has n possible values, B1 . Bn, for some n ≥ 2. Finally, the values of each both features are ranked according to their prominence. Lets say that A1 is more prominent than A2, and Bi is more prominent than Bj iff i < j. Formally, we thus have the prominence scales
Phloem Unloading within the Seed coat of Pisum sativum Observed using Surgically Modified Seeds

Minchin, P. E. H. and McNaughton, G. S. 1986. Phloem unloading within the seed coat of Pisum sativum observed using surgically modified seeds. —J. exp. Bot. 37: 1151-1163. Phloem unloading in pea seed coats was observed by removing the embryos from developing seeds and washing the attached coats with a weakly buffered solution. The quantity of labelled photosynthate appearing in the washing solution varied immediately when the solute concentration was changed, and is shown to be an osmotic response. This response is predicted by the Miinch theory of phloem transport with concentration dependent unloading. Respiratory inhibitors and the sulphydryl modifying reagent PCMBS had a slow effect upon the washout of tracer, which arrived within the seed coat prior to inhibitor application, but completely stopped any washout of tracer arriving after its application. This time-course suggests that the inhibitors were not directly inhibiting unloading, but preventing further tracer from entering the region of unloading within the seed coat. Phloem unloading within the seed coats of Pisum appears to be passive and not dependent upon a PCMBS-sensitive carrier.
Maternal Plant Responses to High Pollen Loads

Maternal plant responses to different levels of pollination vary and are of importance for the total fitness of the plant. We studied how varying pollen load affects late flowering, reproduction, and growth of maternal plants. Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, and Brassica napus were used as study species. We conducted hand‐pollination experiments with different pollen loads for early flowers in the inflorescence and measured responses on vegetative traits, floral traits of late flowers, and seed production. There were no effects on vegetative traits, but floral traits were affected by treatments in two of the study species. The high pollen load treatment in S. arvensis resulted in longer petals on late flowers compared with the low pollen load treatment. In R. raphanistrum, the high pollen load treatment resulted in a higher number of flowers, with narrower petals, than the low pollen load treatment. Total seed production was similar in both treatments in all species. Our results suggest that plants that received a high pollen load were able to allocate resources to high seed production of early flowers and to increased pollen dispersal of late flowers, thereby achieving higher total fitness than plants that received a lower pollen load.
Detection of Clostridium sp. and its Relation to Different Ages and Gastrointestinal Segments as Measured by Molecular Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes

The objective of this study was to establish a specific, sensitive and rapid PCR approach for the detection of Clostridium sp. at the genus level. Clostridium sp. in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of broiler chickens were analyzed by 16S rRNA genes. The PCR detected the presence of Clostridium spp. in naturally contaminated intestinal samples. For the total gastrointestinal segments, 53.125, 65.625 and 59.375% samples were positive for naturally occurring Clostridium spp. at the ages 4, 14 and 30d, respectively. Analysis of the microbial contents indicated that Clostridium sp. was not consistently detected in all intestinal segments. These results can put in evidence the hypothesis that Clostridium spp. may be interfering in health and performance of chickens.