Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early life history of the Caribbean coral Orbicella faveolata (Scleractinia: Merulinidae)

Introduction: Rehabilitation of hermatypic coral species that have declined in the Caribbean in recent decades is a priority. Production of sexual recruits is considered the best restoration method to aid affected populations. Objective: To gain knowledge of early life stages of Orbicella faveolata and to enhance production of new sexual recruits. Methods: Gamete bundles from the coral species O. faveolata were collected over two years (2018 and 2019) from Los Corales del Rosario y de San Bernardo Natural National Park, Cartagena, Colombia. Assisted fertilization, larval rearing, settlement (onto crustose coralline algae, CCA) and post settlement survival in laboratory conditions were monitored. Results: Embryonic and larval development were documented over 55 hours after the first cleavage, when larvae were fully developed and started pre-settlement behavior. Settlement began 7 days after first cleavage and after 37 days polyps had acquired zooxanthellae. Larval settlement was higher on Lythophyllum congestum and Titanoderma prototypum than in response to Porolithon pachydermum, Neogoniolithon sp. , Hydrolithon sp. , and Lythophyllum sp. Larvae did not settle on dead coral or on the negative control (sterilized seawater). After the first week post settlement survival was 59 % amongst O. faveolata recruits. During the second week, survival dropped to 42 %, and was further reduced to 0 % at the end of the third week. Conclusions: O. faveolata larvae require cues from certain CCA species to settle, they do not settle in absence of CCA. Increased larvae availability is possible through assisted fertilization in the laboratory, however, due to the high mortality in early post-settlement phases, additional research needs to be conducted in order to scale up larvae production and improve understanding of the cues that enhance settlement and the factors which cause post-settlement mortality.
Biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy implants with laser microgrooved surfaces

ABSTRACT The successful implantation depends on the favorable biocompatibility of the implant. In this paper,microgrooves on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy implants were made by laser processing technology,scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometer were used to observe the laser textured titanium samples,firstly. Then, the liquid-solid contact angle-measuring instrument was used to characterize the wettability of titanium samples. Finally,using a microplate reader and laser confocal microscope, the cytological behavior of cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and cell morphology on the surface of different samples were studied.It showed that laser microgrooved surfaces had reduced liquid-solid contact angles,increased surface roughness,and better proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, while most cells grew along the microgrooves. These results indicate that the increased wettability provides a better growth environment for cell growth. Microgrooves are crucial in cell contact guidance, while their parameters control cell behavior and deserve an in-depth study.
NRLMSIS 2.0: A Whole‐Atmosphere Empirical Model of Temperature and Neutral Species Densities

NRLMSIS® 2.0 is an empirical atmospheric model that extends from the ground to the exobase and describes the average observed behavior of temperature, eight species densities, and mass density via a parametric analytic formulation. The model inputs are location, day of year, time of day, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity. NRLMSIS 2.0 is a major, reformulated upgrade of the previous version, NRLMSISE‐00. The model now couples thermospheric species densities to the entire column, via an effective mass profile that transitions each species from the fully mixed region below ~70 km altitude to the diffusively separated region above ~200 km. Other changes include the extension of atomic oxygen down to 50 km and the use of geopotential height as the internal vertical coordinate. We assimilated extensive new lower and middle atmosphere temperature, O, and H data, along with global average thermospheric mass density derived from satellite orbits, and we validated the model against independent samples of these data. In the mesosphere and below, residual biases and standard deviations are considerably lower than NRLMSISE‐00. The new model is warmer in the upper troposphere and cooler in the stratosphere and mesosphere. In the thermosphere, N2 and O densities are lower in NRLMSIS 2.0; otherwise, the NRLMSISE‐00 thermosphere is largely retained. Future advances in thermospheric specification will likely require new in situ mass spectrometer measurements, new techniques for species density measurement between 100 and 200 km, and the reconciliation of systematic biases among thermospheric temperature and composition data sets, including biases attributable to long‐term changes.
FOOD HABITS OF THE GREAT HORNED OWL BUBO-VIRGINIANUS IN THE CAPE REGION OF LOWER CALIFORNIA MEXICO

The nest was in an alluvial prairie (24ø08'N 110•26'W) 17 km West of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 635 m from the coast line and 6 m above sea level. Vegetation consisted of fleshy stemmed shrubs about 2 m in height with Mesquite (Prosopis articulata), Sweet Mangrove (Maytenus phylantoides), Torote and Copals (Bursera spp.), Adam's tree (Fouquieria diguetii), Dagger Cactus (Machaerocereus gummosus), Cholla Cactus (Opuntia sp.), and Cardons as high as 7 m. We collected 49 pellets and prey remains from the ground below the nest Cardon (Fig. 1) and eleven other locations in a 50 m radius on 16 and 24 May, and 3 and 9 June. Fledglings left the nest in the first week of June. Skeletal remains were identified using the bird and mammal collection of Centro de Investigaciones Bio16gicas de Baja California Sur. Invertebrates were identified according to Chu (1949) and Borror et al. (1981). Identified prey were classified into seven groups, according to their phylogenetic affinities: lagomorphs, rodents, birds, Coast Horned Lizards, ophidia, insects and centipedes, spiders and scorpi-
Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from cotyledonary explants ofCitrus reticulata L. Blanco

The cultivation of Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata L. Blanco), an important commercial fruit, is faced with the problem of insects, pests and diseases. In order to overcome the hurdles of field cultivation of this species, in vitro approaches became necessary for selection of genotypes. The present study was undertaken to study the amenability of cotyledonary explants of C. reticulata for direct shoot regeneration without an intervening callus phase. A highly efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol was developed for in vitro shoot regeneration of C. reticulata from cotyledons of 12 day old germinated seeds. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and kinetin. The best response for multiple shoot formation after four weeks of culture was observed on media supplemented with 5 mg/l BAP where 84% of the explants responded producing an average of 6.5 buds per explant. In vitro rooting of the microshoots was tried on Murashige and Skoog medium incorporated with various concentrations and combinations of BAP, NAA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). IBA was found to be superior than other auxins for in vitro root induction. Eighty eight percent of the regenerated shoots developed roots when transferred to MS medium with 2 mg/l IBA. Thereafter, the in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in soil with a survival percentage of 93.33%.
Distinctive male–female acoustic duetting supports the specific status of Isophya fatrensis, a West-Carpathian endemic bush-cricket (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae)

Abstract The present study provides the first detailed sound-analysis-based description of the male calling song and male–female duet of Isophya fatrensis Chládek, an endemic bush-cricket species known from Veľká Fatra, Kremnické vrchy, Nízke Tatry and Poľana Mountains in Slovak Western Carpathians. The male calling song consists of a long sequence of syllable groups, each composed of 2–10 syllables. Intersyllable interval tends to decrease within each syllable group. In response to the male calling song, females emit short acoustic replies during the intervals between the syllable-groups of the male song. Results of a generalized linear regression model calculated between male syllable duration and the relative timing of female response suggest that the beginning of the last syllable of the male syllable groups function as a marker for female response timing. The oscillographic pattern of male song is superficially similar to that of I. harzi, but the timing of female response is sharply different in the two species. These results confirm the validity of the specific status of Isophya fatrensis and can aid reliable identification of specimens.
Convergence with naticids: phenotypic phylogenetic study on some Antarctic littorinoideans, with description of the zerotulid new genus Pseudonatica, and its presence in Brazil (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda)

Some Antarctic littorinoideans have a remarkable convergence with Naticoidea in shell and operculum features. Two naticid-like species of that group are studied in their phenotypic features in order to improve their taxonomy and to discuss the meaning of that convergence, as the former are herbivore-detritivore and the latter active predatory organisms. One of the studied species is the littorinid Laevilacunaria antarctica (Martens, 1885). The other belongs to a new genus – Pseudonatica, with the type species also newly described: P. antarctica, the genus is tentatively placed in Zerotulidae. Another Pseudonatica is also described, P. ampullarica, based only on shells collected by Marion-Dufresne French expedition off Brazilian coast, this finding expands the occurrence of zerotulids northwards. Besides the similarities of shell and operculum, other structures of these Antarctic species also show singular similarities with naticoideans, such as the wide foot, the complexity of opercular attachment in pedal opercular pad, the wide oesophageal gland, and the coiled arrangement of the pallial oviduct. The phenotypic characters were coded and inserted in a previous large phylogenetic analysis on Caenogastropoda (Simone, 2011), furnishing a wide basis for discussion on the characters, taxonomic position, evolution and adaptations of these organisms.
Influence of container type on growth and development of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings in nursery

Backgroung and Purpose: Growth and development of evergreen oak seedlings, which were grown in various containers, was observed during two years in nurseries l ; ; Slavinjr ; ; in Omis and l ; ; Subicevar ; ; in Sibenik, with the aim to state the influence of containers on the development of evergreen oak seedlings. Materials and Methods: Three types of containers were used: Bosnaplast 12, Bosnaplast 18 and PVC 7/24, which were filled with standard mixture of peat and earth 2:1. The containers were seeded on April 4th 2002. The measurements and analyses were done on oneyear (1+0) and twoyear seedlings (2+0) in nursery, successively every two months four times and seven times. Variables which were examined in nursery and laboratory were: the height of the plant, diameter of upper part of root, weight of root, entire lenght of root, weight of leaves, weight of plant, entire weight of plant, relation between weight of plant and root. Results: The volume of container influenced positively the morphology of oneyear and twoyear plants in nursery. The largest and best quality plants were produced in PVC containers, with 932 cm3 volume and relation of depth and diameter 3, 4, then in Bosnaplast 18 containers of 220 cm3 volume, and the smallest in Bosnaplast 12 containers of 120 cm3 volume. The different degree of deformation of root systemwas was stated, depending on container type and duration of growth. In Bosnaplast 12 and Bosnaplast 18 the deformation of root system begins in the middle of the first vegetation, at the beginning of August, and in the halfetilene containers after one and a half vegetation the spiralling was noted. Conclusions: The growth of seedling of evergreen oak in Bosnaplast 12 and Bosnaplast 18 containers, longer than one vegetation is not recommended, because of great root deformities, and for PVC containers not longer than one and a half to two vegetation season.
Origins of cultivars of Chrysanthemum—Evidence from the chloroplast genome and nuclear LFY gene

The origins of cultivated chrysanthemums have attracted considerable attention, but they remain poorly known. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of representative well‐known cultivars and wild species of the genus Chrysanthemum using chloroplast genomes and the nuclear LEAFY gene. Our results suggest that geographic and ecological factors may determine the opportunities for wild species to be involved in the origin of the cultivars. The wild species C. indicum, C. zawadskii, C. dichrum, C. nankingense, C. argyrophyllum, and C. vestitum were likely directly or indirectly involved as paternal species of most of the chrysanthemum cultivars examined in this study. Yet, the maternal species is supported to be a lineage of an extinct wild Chrysanthemum species and its subsequent cultivars, as all accessions of chrysanthemum cultivars sampled formed a strongly supported clade, distinct from all other species of Chrysanthemum in the plastome tree. Thus, the cultivated chrysanthemums originated from multiple hybridizations involving several paternal species rather than only two or a few wild species, with an extinct species and its subsequent cultivars serving as the maternal parents. This finding is consistent with Chrysanthemum having high rates of hybridization and gene flow, which has been demonstrated within previous studies; nevertheless, it is important to unravel the role of an extinct wild Chrysanthemum species as the ultimate maternal parent species for all the chrysanthemum cultivars. Our results also suggest that C. vestitum from Tianzhu and Funiu Mountains in Anhui and Henan Provinces of China represent two distinct cryptic species.
Competition of natural convection and thermal creep in a square enclosure

Although natural convection and thermal creep have been well recognized in the continuum and rarefied regimes, respectively, the study of the competition of them in a wide flow regime is very scarce. From a theoretical point of view, natural convection can be described by Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) equations at the macroscopic level, while thermal creep needs descriptions at the molecular level. Therefore, it is quite challenging to capture these two effects simultaneously. In this work, we employ the unified stochastic particle Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (USP-BGK) method to investigate thermally driven gas flow in a square enclosure. The simulation results obtained by the USP-BGK method are validated by comparing to those from NSF solutions and direct simulation Monte Carlo method for the continuum and transitional regimes, respectively. We find that the flow patterns in the whole flow regime cannot be determined by just one nondimensional parameter, i.e., the Rayleigh number (Ra), but needs two nondimensional parameters, i.e., the Knudsen number (Kn) and the Froude number (Fr), or Kn and Ra. Specifically, small Knudsen and Froude numbers tend to generate natural convection, while large Knudsen and Froude numbers tend to cause thermal creep. Moreover, our simulation results and analyses demonstrate that when Kn 0.28, or equivalently, L/L* > 1.0, where L is the characteristic length of the system and L* is the equivalent characteristic length of molecules. These findings provide useful guidance for better understanding of the complex gas flows resulting from the competition of natural convection and thermal creep under microscale or low-density conditions such as on Mars.
Effect of Aloe vera Gel and Arjun Tree Bark Extract Incorporation on Quality of Buffalo Male Calf Meat Rolls During Refrigeration (4±1 °C) Storage

The study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera gel and Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark extract on shelf life of buffalo male calf meat rolls at refrigeration (4±1°C) storage. The meat rolls were prepared with incorporation of 4% Aloe vera gel (T1) and 2% Arjun tree bark extract (T2) and compared with control (C) meat rolls. The products were assessed for their physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological quality at 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. However, the sensory scores and moisture content decreased and microbial load, TBA value and free fatty acids (FFA) increased as the days of storage increased for control as well as treated products. The rate of decline in sensory score and moisture content and rate of increase in microbial load, TBA vale and FFA during storage were higher in control samples as compared to treated (T1 and T2) meat rolls. It was concluded that Aloe vera gel (4%) and Arjun tree bark extract (2%) incorporation showed their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, by keeping the treated products organoleptically acceptable and microbiologically safe up to 21 days of refrigeration storage.
Causes of road accidents in Botswana: An econometric model

Background: Road traffic accidents claim over 1.3 million lives annually around the globe and remain a key socio-economic challenge today. At 20.1 per 100 000, Botswana’s fatality rate is higher than the global average of 17.4. Previous studies on the causes of road crashes in Botswana have not explored statistical causality. This study is thus grounded on the theory of causality. Objectives: This study sought to determine the causes of road traffic accidents and fatalities in Botswana. For this purpose, the article discusses the accident count model based on Botswana data. Method: The study used road accident data from 2008 to 2017. Econometric modelling on Gretl was used to compute two ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models. Manual elimination of insignificant variables was performed through the iterations. Results: Both models are statistically significant at p ≤ 0.001, but the accident count model, with an adjusted R 2 value of 0.99 against 0.83, is more robust and has a better predictive power as opposed to the fatalities model. At the individual variable level, the analysis shows mixed results. Conclusion: The study contends that increased exposure and night-time travel increase road crashes, whilst expansion of road infrastructure is inversely related to road accidents. An increase in both population density and exposure leads to increased fatalities. Regulating the importation of used vehicles and investment in rail transport is a potential policy panacea for developing economies. Future studies should investigate the causes of pedestrian fatalities and night accidents.
Investigating the combined role of the introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera) and magnet plants on the pollination of both native and exotic plants in Australian ecosystems

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A systems change framework for evaluating academic equity and inclusion in an Ecology and Evolution Graduate Program

Abstract While academia is moving forward in terms of diversifying recruitment of undergraduate and graduate students, diverse representation is still not found across the academic hierarchy. At the graduate level, new discussions are emerging around efforts to improve the experiences of women and underrepresented minorities through inclusive graduate programming. Inclusive graduate programs are that which actively center and prioritize support for diverse experiences, identities, career goals, and perspectives, from recruitment through graduation. Establishing regular and rigorous evaluation of equity and inclusion efforts and needs is a critical component of this work. This is recognized by funding agencies that increasingly require reporting on inclusion efforts; here, we suggest use of a systems change framework for these evaluations. A systems change approach emphasizes three levels: explicit change (e.g., policies), semi‐explicit change (e.g., power dynamics), and implicit change (e.g., biases). We use the Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB) PhD Program at the University of Texas at Austin in an exercise to (a) identify areas of concern regarding inclusive programming voiced by graduate students, (b) categorize efforts to address these concerns, and (c) integrating and evaluating which areas of the systems change framework show the greatest progress or potential for progress. We argue this framework is particularly useful for academic systems as they are complex, composed of variable individuals, and must address diverse stakeholder needs.
Cluster-Based Thermodynamics of Interacting Dice in a Lattice

In this paper, a model for two-component systems of six-sided dice in a simple cubic lattice is developed, based on a basic cluster approach previously proposed. The model represents a simplified picture of liquid mixtures of molecules with different interaction sites on their surfaces, where each interaction site can be assigned an individual energetic property to account for cooperative effects. Based on probabilities that characterize the sequential construction of the lattice using clusters, explicit expressions for the Shannon entropy, synonymously used as thermodynamic entropy, and the internal energy of the system are derived. The latter are used to formulate the Helmholtz free energy that is minimized to determine thermodynamic bulk properties of the system in equilibrium. The model is exemplarily applied to mixtures that contain distinct isomeric configurations of molecules, and the results are compared with the Monte-Carlo simulation results as a benchmark. The comparison shows that the model can be applied to distinguish between isomeric configurations, which suggests that it can be further developed towards an excess Gibbs-energy, respectively, activity coefficient model for chemical engineering applications.
Chloroplast phylogeography of New Zealand Sophora trees (Fabaceae): extensive hybridization and widespread Last Glacial Maximum survival

To date, there have been few studies investigating the phylogeography of forest trees that are widely distributed in New Zealand. Our main objective was to examine the phylogeographic distribution of chloroplast DNA from New Zealand Sophora trees with respect to known biogeographical regions, proposed refugia and species boundaries. A second objective was to investigate the origins of the southern and Chatham Island populations of Sophora chathamica, which have been proposed to derive from Māori translocation.