Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bio‐oil from whole‐tree feedstock in resol‐type phenolic resins

Renewable chemicals are of growing importance in terms of opportunities for environmental concerns over fossil-based chemicals. Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into energy and chemicals via thermal and biological processes. Among all the transformation processes available, fast pyrolysis is the only one to produce a high yield of a liquid-phase product called bio-oil or pyrolysis oil. Bio-oil is considered to be a promising substitute for phenol in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis. In this work, bio-based phenolic resins have been formulated, partially substituting phenol by bio-oils from two Canadian whole-tree species. The new resins are produced by replacing 25, 50, and 75% of phenol with bio-oil for each species (three bioresins per species). The aim of this study is to synthesize renewable resins with competitive price and satisfactory quality. The results obtained have shown that substitution degree up to 50% provided reactivity and performance equal or superior to the pure PF resin. They also present a good storage stability, improved shear strength, and thermal stability comparable to the pure PF. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40014.
Abused but not bruised : newcomer reactions to abusive supervision

This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage.
The small shear rate response of electrorheological suspensions. II. Extension beyond the point–dipole limit

Electrorheological (ER) suspensions display dramatic changes in their rheological properties when subjected to large electric fields. In an accompanying paper, a molecular dynamics‐like simulation technique was developed to investigate sheared ER suspensions. The results of that study predicted a dynamic yield stress that saturates at large concentrations of the disperse phase. Experimental results are presented here which confirm the predicted saturation of the yield stress. The experimentally determined yield stresses are larger than the values predicted by the simulations in the point–dipole limit. This discrepancy is accounted for by reconciling approximations made in the simulation model. Incorporation of multipole and multibody contributions to the electrostatic interaction between spheres through a perturbation analysis suggests that accurate predictions of yield stresses can be made. However, we find that the ER response is sensitive not only to the material dielectric properties, but also the det.
Transformation of ice VIII to amorphous ice by ‘‘melting’’ at low temperature

The melting curve of ice VIII near 25 kbar, which has a positive slope, has been estimated from various thermodynamic data and extrapolated approximately to 60 K at zero pressure. When ice VIII is heated from 77 K and ambient pressure it should, therefore, ‘‘melt,’’ presumably below the glass transition. It has been shown to do so, and transforms to low‐density amorphous ice when heated to about 125 K at ambient pressure. Ice I, whose melting curve has a negative slope, is already known to transform to a high‐density amorphous ice at 77 K and 10 kbar, and so this and the present transformation are symmetrical equivalents.
Sintering of Additive Free Hydrothermally Derived Indium Tin Oxide Powders in Air

Abstract High-density and chemically homogeneous Sn-doped (0–10 mole%) indium oxide (ITO) ceramics have been successfully prepared using a highly sinterable hydrothermally derived In–Sn oxyhydroxide fine powder as the starting material. Low-temperature calcination at 500°C of the hydrothermally prepared phase led to formation of a substitutional vacancy type solid solution of In 2 Sn 1− x O 5− y . The sintering behavior of the calcined powder compacts was studied at temperatures from 1200 to 1500°C for 3 h in air. C-type rare-earth oxide structured ITO ceramics were obtained with fine microstructures and fewer pores. Neither the O 2 sintering atmosphere nor sintering aids were used to promote the densification of ITO ceramics. It was found that the addition of Sn to In 2 O 3 propelled the densification.
Highly Efficient Liquefaction of Woody Biomass in Hot-Compressed Alcohol−Water Co-solvents†

Alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and water showed synergistic effects on biomass direct liquefaction, and the 50 wt % co-solvent of either methanol−water or ethanol−water was found to be the most effective solvent for the liquefaction of eastern white pine sawdust. The 50 wt % aqueous alcohol at 300 °C for 15 min produced a bio-oil yield at approximately 65 wt % and a biomass conversion of >95%. At a temperature higher than 300 °C, conversion of bio-oil to char was significant by repolymerization. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) analyses of the obtained bio-oils confirmed the presence of primarily phenolic compounds and their derivatives (such as benzenes), followed by aldehyde, long-chain (and cyclic) ketone and alcohol, ester, organic acid, and ether compounds. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results suggested that hot-compressed ethanol as the liquefaction solvent favored lignin degradation into monomeric phenols. The X-ray diffractio.
Promoting physical activity in community settings : a critical exploration of intervention development, evaluation and implementation

Evidence demonstrating the important and wide-ranging benefits of regular physical activity is well documented, however, one in four of the world’s population is insufficiently active. Efforts to develop and implement effective interventions that facilitate and promote physical activity are therefore urgently required. Through submission of six academic works, published between 2013 and 2019, alongside a critical commentary, this thesis seeks to meet the UWE Bristol requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy by publication (DPhil) award in demonstrating a significant contribution to new knowledge in the area of community-based physical activity intervention development, evaluation and implementation. While the publications submitted refer to research conducted in a range of settings, with different populations of interest and methodological approaches applied, they share a common focus: interventions that promote physical activity in community settings. In the critical commentary, each publication is critically examined, with reference to Medical Research Council guidance on developing and evaluating complex interventions. The critical commentary also provides additional insight into the importance of the research undertaken and its contribution to existing knowledge; it explores the methodological approaches utilised; it demonstrates the candidate’s intellectual contribution to submitted works; and, it charts the candidate’s development as a researcher and plans for future research. Overall, the thesis makes the case for the development, evaluation and implementation of effective and replicable physical activity interventions for the real world, that explicitly consider the socio-ecological factors influencing physical activity behaviours and that reduce inequalities in health. A number of recommendations are proposed to support public health researchers, practitioners and decision-makers in the future development, evaluation and implementation of interventions that promote physical activity in community settings.
Dark Matter direct detection from a model with spin-2 mediators

Dark Matter (DM) and its nature is one of the most interesting problems in modern physics. DM constitutes the 27% of the total content of the Universe and evidence of its existence have been accumulated at diferent scales thanks to its gravitational infuence on ordinary matter. One of the most interesting proposals to study this problem is to assume that DM is made of particles. We study models where a massive spin-two resonance acts as the mediator between Dark Matter (DM) and the SM particles. The interaction of DM and SM is through the energy-momentum tensor and we explore the scenarios where DM is a fermion, a scalar and a vector field. We identify the effective interactions when the mediator is interated out, and match them to the gravitational form factors in order to study the DM-nucleon scattering that will be helpful in the phenomenological analysis. Up to this day, only gravitational efects of DM have been observed but we hope to obtain information that will help us to identify its nature through these three different approaches: direct detection searches, indirect detection techniques and production at colliders. In the context of this work, we obtain the limits on the parameter space of the Gravity Mediated Dark Matter model using the relic density conditions, direct detection bounds and collider searches for the spin-two mediator.
Glass-Like Carbon Spheres — Activation, Porosity and Application Possibilities

A brief review on spherical carbons, including fullerenes and related spherical particles, is first provided, followed by a review of the results on air activation, porosity and applications focused on glass-like carbon spheres derived from phenolic resin spheres. Kinetic studies of the oxidation in air provide a fundamental understanding of activation process of glass-like carbon spheres. On the basis of the results, a new activation procedure, viz. two-step activation, is proposed, which provides ca. 10% higher oxidation yield in obtaining a comparative pore structure. Some possibilities for applications of these glass-like carbon spheres are also described, such as the adsorption/desorption of CO2 gas and chlorinated methanes, the adsorption of organic molecules from their aqueous solutions, and the provision of electrodes for electric double layer capacitors and lithium ion rechargeable batteries.
The economic growth and affecting factors in Sumatera island Yolandaa*, Patria Nagarab, Sumarnia and Efianic

Article history: Received: October 27, 2020 Received in revised format: November 26 2020 Accepted: December 9, 2020 Available online: December 9, 2020 The indicators of success in macro development can be measured from the economic growth, which is reflected in changes in the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The factors which affect the economic growth are very complex. This study analyzes the economic growth and the factors that affect Sumatra island. The data used is panel data with descriptive analysis techniques and multiple linear regression. Based on the research results: Education, economic openness, road infrastructure, and investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth and poverty and unemployment have a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Besides, the results of panel data explained that the openness of the economy to economic growth is very low, while the highest is education. © 2021 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada
Cation type and ionic strength effects on the solution composition of an acidic subsoil

SUMMARY Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium chloride solutions of four concentrations (0.4, 1.0, 4.0, l0.0meq dm−3) and distilled water were equilibrated with the highly weathered, acidic subsoil of a Plinthic Paleudult from Natal at a soil:solution ratio of 2.2:1, then separated by centrifugation with an immiscible liquid and analysed for inorganic solutes. With each salt, increasing ionic strength resulted in lower solution-pH (the maximum pH was 4.95 in the distilled water equilibration) and higher aluminium concentration and activity. These effects were much less marked for sodium (maximum ΔpH of 0.47) than for the other cations (maximum ΔpH of 0.83) and both the concentration and activity of aluminium were correspondingly lower (by tenfold at the highest chloride concentration) in the sodium solutions. Irrespective of the nature or concentration of the electrolyte added, pH and the activities of A13+ and silica in solution were consistently interrelated in a way which suggests that equilibrium with the gibbsite and poorly crystalline kaolinite in this soil had been closely approached. The results provide a basis for anticipating the effect of infiltrating solutions of fertilizer salts on subsoil acidity and suggest that a beneficial effect may accrue from the presence of sodium in the cation suite of acid soils.
The impact of capital structure on profitability. Evidence from the FTSE 100 and FTSE 250

iii Preface . iv 2.Introduction . 1 2.1 Purpose of this Study . 1 2.2 The Structure of this Study . 1 3.Literature Review . 3 3.1 The determinants of capital structure . 3 3.1. 1 The size of a firm . 3 3.1. 2 Asset tangibility . 3 3.1. 3 Growth . 4 3.1. 4 Profitability . 4 3.1. 5 Debt tax shields . 4 3.1. 6 Non-debt-tax shield . 5 3.1. 7 Age . 5 3.1. 8 Risk. 5 3.2 The impact of Capital Structure on Profitability . 6 4.Research Methodology . 23 4.1 Data . 23 4.2 Modeling . 24 4.3 Population . 25 4.4 Research Hypotheses . 25 5.Empirical Results & Analysis. 27 5.1 FTSE 100 Period: 2002 – 2010 . 27 5.2 FTSE 100 Period: 2011 – 2018 . 47 5.3 FTSE 250 Period: 2002 2010 . 65 6.4 FTSE 250 Period: 2011 – 2018 . 82 6.Conclusions . 100 6.1 Key Results . 100 6.2 Further Research . 103 Bibliography . 104 Appendix . 1
LIPID STATUS IN RACEHORSES FOLLOWING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS INTENSITY AND DURATION

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of physical activity on the lipid status in racehorses in a gallop race and a fortykilometre endurance ride. Two groups of healthy 3-5-year-old full-blooded racehorses were assessed. The first one ran a 2 400-m gallop race, which is considered a short-lasting, intense physical activity; lipid status was assessed prior to, and 48 and 72 h after the race. The second group ran a fortykilometre endurance ride, which is a long-lasting moderate physical activity; the lipid status was assessed immediately before, soon after and 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after finishing the race. In intense physical activity the parameters of lipid status (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free cholesterol and triglycerides) remained stable at all times assessed in comparison with basal concentrations (p>0.05). Following the long-lasting moderate physical activity a slight, although statistically insignificant (p>0.05), increase in the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, free cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was noticed immediately after the endurance ride in comparison to the values before the ride. By contrast, the concentration of LDL cholesterol increased immediately after the gallop race, which was followed by its significant decrease (p<0.05) 96, 120 and 144 h after the ride in comparison to the values both before and immediately after the ride. Unlike in the gallop race, immediately after the 40-km endurance ride there was a plummet in triglyceride concentration (p<0.01), but was followed by its statistically significant increase (p<0.05 and p<0.01) at all sampling times in comparison to the value on finishing the ride. In horses which ran the gallop race there was a high positive correlation between the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides before, 72 and 96 h after the race (r = 0.9278, p<0.001). In those which ran the endurance ride a high positive correlation between the concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol was noticed on finishing the ride (r=0.7395 p<0.01), as well as at all sampling times which followed. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol 72 h (r=0.6843, p<0.01) after the ride. Aerobic exercise decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, partly because it is accompanied by the moderate increase in serum concentration of HDL cholesterol, decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, which all result in the improvement in lipid profile in horses which completed the endurance ride. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173034]
International Financial Flows and Misallocation

We study the impact of international financial flows on credit allocation exploiting the early 2000s boom of capital inflows in Italy. Using detailed bank-firm matched data we compare the patterns of credit allocation of banks with different exposure to the shock. Exposed banks significantly expand lending to high productivity and low credit-constraint firms. Constrained but high productivity firms also benefit from the shock. These results hold using alternative measures of firm productivity and credit constraints or of bank exposure to the flows, and do not seem to be driven by concurrent changes in bank funding or by the sorting of borrowers and lenders. We also find that the patterns of credit allocation induced by capital inflows have a positive, albeit small, impact on aggregate TFP. These results show that international financial flows did not contribute to increase misallocation.
Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Motives and Barriers Towards Scientific Research among Dentists and Dental Students in Saudi Arabia

Research is crucial for the scientific progress of the health of individuals, communities, and systems. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, motives and barriers among dentists and dental students in the western region of Saudi Arabia. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, motives and barriers toward scientific research among dentists and dental students in the western region of Saudi Arabia. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 467 dentists and dental students using a convenience sampling method from seven dental colleges, major governmental and private dental clinics in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. We used a validated self-report questionnaire to collect data and assess the knowledge of, attitude towards and barriers to scientific research. The participants (who are dentists and dental students) have a total knowledge score of m=4.57, SD=2.46, which is slightly lower than the midpoint. Participants who work in governmental clinic were significantly (F (2,464) =13.71, p<0.001) more knowledgeable than those who worked in private clinic and the students. Most participants had positive general and personal attitudes toward scientific research. Of the participants, 40.5% to 60.4% were involved in research activities, and 37.3% have submitted or published scientific articles. The most common motive for scientific research was receiving credit for post-graduate application (58.46%). The most common organizational barrier to conduct a research was the difficulty of finding research supervisor (39.19%) and lack of time due to work overload (32.55%). While most common personal barriers were lack of knowledge/skills (38.76%), lack of personal time (36.83%) and receiving credit for postgraduate application. Saudi dentists and dental students had a moderate level of knowledge and practice in research, but their attitude was highly positive. More efforts are needed to facilitate scientific dental research including supervisors’ availability and time allocation for research. The study has some limitations including using convenience sample from one region and self-report questionnaire that decreases the external validity of the study and increases the potential for self-reported biases.
An Assessment of Soil Materials in Kenya as Sorbent Media for Defluoridation of Water

Three clay soil materials obtained from different parts of Kenya were studied for their feasibility as adsorption media for fluoride removal from water through batch tests. The soil materials were characterized by particle size distribution based on sieve analysis and oxides fraction percentage determined by X-ray fluorescence analytical technique. The soils clay content ranged from 68% to 75% and dominant oxides were SiO2(39-53%), Al2O3(35-39%) and Fe2O3(8-22%). Soils thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 500 to 850o C as well as pristine soil samples were compared for their fluoride adsorption efficiency. Fluoride removal efficiency of the soil materials increased with the clay content and the total percentage of the dominant oxides. The soils as collected in the field were of low permeability and; achieved very low fluoride removal of between 27-48%, whilst materials calcined at 650oC had the highest removal efficiency of between 52-80%, using raw water of 5mg/l fluoride concentration. Optimum conditions were achieved at pH 6, media dosage of 8g/200ml and contact time of 1hr. The soil sample MN obtained from Meru North achieved the highest removal of 80%. The Langmuir isotherm analysis indicated both the soil materials from Meru North and Nyeri to be feasible as an adsorption media for fluoride removal and further tests and actual performance evaluation will be undertaken on the Meru North soil. Key words : fluoride, adsorption, calcined clay material, isotherm
The Relationship of the Internal Audit with the Internal Control System and the Effect of its Components on US Banking Sector

3 LIST OF TABLES . 5 LIST OF FIGURES . 6 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION . 7 CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW . 13 CHAPTER 3VARIABLES AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS . 17 3.1DEPENDENT VARIABLES . 17 3.2-INDEPENDENT VARIABLES . 20 CHAPTER 4RESEARCH DESIGN-METHODOLOGY . 28 4.1SAMPLE AND DATA COLLECTING PROCESS . 28 4.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS . 29 4.3 -DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS . 33 4.4CORRELATION MATRIX . 36 4.5ESTIMATION MODEL-TESTS . 37 CHAPTER 5 – EMPIRICAL RESULTS . 40 5.1 – DEPENDENT VARIABLE-CREDIT RISK . 40 5.2 – DEPENDENT VARIABLE-PROFITABILITY . 43 5.3 – DEPENDENT VARIABLE-COMPLIANCE . 46 CHAPTER 6CONCLUDING REMARKS . 49 6.1 – RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS . 49 6.2 – RESEARCH LIMITATIONS . 52 6.3 – RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS . 52 REFERENCES . 53 APPENDIX . 66
Manganese valency and the colour of the Mn2AsO4(OH) polymorphs eveite and sarkinite

Abstract Polarized optical absorption spectra of single crystals of the two dimorphic Mn2AsO4(OH)-minerals eveite and sarkinite show that minor concentrations of Mn3+ at the octahedral site determine the colour and cause the distinct pleochroism in green and yellow of eveite. In the sarkinite spectra only absorption bands due to spin-forbidden d-d transitions in Mn2+ at six- and five-coordinated sites are observed, which produce a weak flesh-red mineral colour and a very faint pleochroism.
Promoting Positive Mental Health in the Canadian Working Population: A Qualitative Review of Not Myself Today

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x Chapter 1: Background . 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 3 WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH AND THE RELATED KEY ISSUES IN NEED OF RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT? 3 Mental Health Burden . 5 MENTAL HEALTH IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT . 6 The Need for Workplace Mental Health Interventions . 7 Elements of Mentally Healthier Work Environments . 9 KEY MENTAL HEALTH MECHANISMS INFLUENCED BY WORKPLACE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES . 10 Psychosocial Safety Climate . 10 Stigma . 10 A CANADIAN WORKPLACE MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTION . 12 The ‘Tool Kit’ . 13 Why Not Myself Today? 13 THEORIES RELATING TO WORKPLACE MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS. 14 Implementation Theory and the NMT Results Chain . 15 Additional Considerations from Implementation Science . 18 NMT Through the Lens of Normalization Process Theory: Becoming Routine . 19 SENSITIZING CONCEPTS . 21 Chapter 3: Study Rationale . 23 Chapter 4: Study Design . 24 Purposeful Sampling and Selection of Organizations . 24 PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT . 25 Analysis of the Data . 26 Ethical Considerations . 27