Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hyperglycemia-induced activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway causes myocardial cell death

3 UITTREKSEL.5 ABBREVIATIONS.13 LIST OF TABLES.17 LIST OF FIGURES.17 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.22 1.1 CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH T2DM.24 1.2 GLUCOSE METABOLISM – A PRIMER.26 1.3 FATTY ACID METABOLISM – A PRIMER.31 1.3. 1 EXOGENOUS FATTY ACID UPTAKE.31 1.3. 2 MITOCHONDRIAL FATTY ACID UPTAKE.33 1.4 MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.35 1.5 RANDLE CYCLE.37 1.6 THE HEART AND PERTURBED METABOLISM.39 1.6. 1 MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.39 1.6. 2 DIABETIC HEART. 39 1.7 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.43 1.8 HYPERGLYCEMIA ACTIVATES ALTERNATE METABOLIC PATHWAYS.45 1.8. 1 POLYOL PATHWAY.45 1.8. 2 INTRACELLULAR PRODUCTION OF AGE PRECURSORS.46 1.8. 3 PKC ACTIVATION.48 1.8. 4 PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY.49 1.9 HEXOSAMINE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY.51 1.9. 1 HBP AS A “FUEL SENSOR”. 54 1.10 DIABETES AND APOPTOSIS.55 1.10. 1 APOPTOSIS. 56 1.10. 2 HYPERGLYCEMIA-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS.61 1.11 HYPOTHESIS.63 1.12 AIMS.64 REFERENCES FOR INTRODUCTION.65 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS.80 2.1 CELL CULTURE: IN VITRO MODEL.81 2.1.1 PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT TO MODULATE FLUX THROUGH THE HBP.81 2.1.2 TRANSFECTIONS TO MODULATE FLUX THROUGH THE HBP.84 2.2 IN VIVO RAT MODEL OF INSULIN RESISTANCE.86 2.3 EVALUATION OF APOPTOSIS.87 2.3. 1 HOECHST NUCLEAR STAINING.87
Induced Chlorophyll Mutations in Lentil

Four mutations affecting chlorophyll synthesis in two small seeded (microsperma) and two large seeded (macrosperma) varieties of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) were recorded following treatment with gamma-rays and N-nitroso-N-methyl urea (NMU). Albina and xantha were completely lethal. Chlorina with green-yellow colour had partial viability, and viridis mutants reached to maturity. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was correlated with the dose of gamma-rays and NMU in both the varietal groups. At a common biological parameter (LD50 for plant survival), the frequency of chlorophyll mutations was 1 5–2 times greater in the NMU treatment than with gamma-irradiation. There were no varietal or mutagenic differences with regard to the spectrum and relative proportion of chlorophyll mutations. The induction of four different chlorophyll mutations with similar relative proportion is a reflection of parallelism in genetic variability. NMU was 2 5—5 fold more effective and 1 4—1 8 fold efficient than gamma-rays. The chlorophyll mutations of the same categories induced in the microsperma varieties had better survival and fertility than in the varieties from the macrosperma group.
Species composition and community structure of peruvian rainforest spiders: A case study from a seasonally inundated forest along the Samiria river

Samiria river. - Field work was carried out along the Samiria river, in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, northeastern Peru (Loreto), at the end of the rainy season, May-June 1990. More than a thousand morphospecies belonging to at least 39 families of spiders were collected from various canopy and understory microhabitats by using a combination of fogging and conventional sampling techniques. Over half of the species belong to only three families: Salticidae (19%), Theridiidae (16%), and Araneidae (18%). Diversity and abundance for the former two families were higher in the canopy, while for the last one they were higher in the understory. The highest number of species (151) was found in one of the most heterogeneous canopy microhabitats. A few species accounted for 1-3 % of the adult spiders, the great majority did not reach 0.5 % of the total number of adults collected (5,895 indiv.). The two most complex categories of microhabitats from the canopy and the understory strata appeared to be moderately distinct, 59% of species were present in only one or the other. However, single sets of microhabitats from both strata exhibited a narrow spider species overlap, on average, 89% of complementarity.
Temporal Expression of Cry1Ab/c Protein in Bt-Cotton Varieties, their Efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Population Dynamics of Sucking Arthropods on Them

Current study focused on expression profiling of locally bred Bt-cotton varieties through ELISA and were tested for their efficacy against survival of Helicoverpa armigera in control environment. The population dynamics of five sucking arthropods; whitefly, jassid, aphid, thrips and mites, along the growing season was also monitored and correlated with different meteorological factors. Expression levels of insecticidal protein Cry1Ab/c were found to vary significantly ( P<0.05) among varieties and across different sampling dates. The highest mean expression was recorded in GN-31 and Sitara-008 and the lowest in FH-113 and MG-6 while across sampling dates the highest mean expression was recorded at 30 days after emergence (DAE) which decreased along the season with lowest mean at 120 DAE. A critical expression level of Cry1Ab/c in leaves was found at 770 ± 25 ng g -1 , for 95% control of the target insect pests. Sucking pest population was found to be variable among both the cultivars and the sampling dates. A positive correlation was found between rain/ humidity and sucking arthropods population in the sampled cotton plots. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers
Characterization of a second helical amylose modification

From x‐ray diffraction data, a pseudohexagonal unit cell with a = b = 14.94 A. and c = 7.93 A. has been obtained for partially dried precipitate of amylose and tertiary butyl alcohol. Geometrical considerations establish a helical amylose configuration which has seven glucose residues per helix turn.
Milk progesterone profiles and their relationship with fertility, production and disease in dairy cows in Northern Ireland

A detailed investigation was conducted to identify the main factors influencing the current poor reproductive performance in dairy herds in Northern Ireland. Nineteen herds were selected and a comprehensive database was established, comprising detailed information collected over a 2-year period. Milk progesterone monitoring (no.=1423 cows), based on twice weekly sampling, was included in this on-farm investigation. The mean interval from calving to commencement of luteal activity was 30·1 days and 13·4% (184/1378) of these cows had not commenced luteal activity by day 50 post partum . In addition, there was a high incidence of abnormal progesterone profiles: delayed ovulation type I; 15·6% (242/1388), delayed ovulation type II; 11·7% (125/965), persistent corpus luteum type I; 19·4% (212/1121) and persistent corpus luteum type II; 11·9% (70/619). Delayed commencement of luteal activity and abnormal profiles were associated with reduced fertility performance manifested as increased interval to first AI service and ultimately prolonged calving interval. Delayed commencement of luteal activity and abnormal progesterone profiles, with the exception of ‘delayed ovulation type II’ profiles, were not associated with lower conception rates. Assistance at calving was associated with delayed commencement of luteal activity. Delayed commencement of luteal activity and delayed ovulation types I and II profiles were associated with indicators of nutritional stress and poorer production performance in early lactation. Retained foetal membranes were strongly associated with prolonged luteal phases (persistent corpus luteum types I and II profiles). While hormonal therapy may prove useful in treating cows with abnormal milk progesterone profiles, the prevention and treatment of associated diseases and the implementation of good management practices are likely to be more rewarding.
Effect of Temperature and Propanil on Penoxsulam Efficacy, Absorption, and Translocation in Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the effects of temperature and propanil on alligatorweed control with penoxsulam. Biomass reduction of alligatorweed at 42 d after treatment (DAT) compared to nontreated was greatest at 21/11 C (day/night) compared to 26/18 C or 30/25 C for all treatments. Propanil plus penoxsulam reduced biomass less than penoxsulam applied alone, independent of temperature. At 21 and 27 C, delaying propanil application 3 d after penoxsulam provided similar biomass reduction to penoxsulam applied alone. At 27 C and 30 C, delaying propanil application 10 d after treatment was required to achieve biomass reduction greater or equal to penoxsulam applied alone. Absorption and translocation of 14C penoxsulam indicated that propanil reduced absorption of penoxsulam into the treated leaf of alligatorweed 48 h after treatment. This research demonstrates the potential for propanil to antagonize penoxsulam when applied to alligatorweed. Under the most severe antagonistic conditions (30 C) propanil applications following penoxsulam needed to be delayed 10 d to avoid antagonism. Nomenclature: Penoxsulam; propanil; alligatorweed, Alternantherea philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. ALRPH.
Flowers' shedding under high temperature in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek).

Segregating populations were developed through induced mutations and hybridization using local and exotic mungbean genotypes to select mutants/recombinants tolerant to flowers shedding under high temperature. Entire segregating population showed flowers shedding under high temperature. But 242 recombinants/mutants were advanced to phenotypic uniformity following consecutive selection on the basis of new flowers production on the same raceme from where flowers were shed under high temperature. These recombinants/mutants were evaluated to rate the new flowers production on terminal raceme of the main stem at 90% pods maturity and to collect basic information about flowers shedding under high temperature. Out of 242 recombinants/mutants, 163 showed 10-20% (moderately tolerant) and 79 showed more than 40% (susceptible) flowers shedding from terminal raceme on the main stem recorded at 90% pods maturity. Only opened flowers shed under high temperature. Buds and pods at any stages did not shed due to high temperature. Humidity fluctuations had no effect on the flowers shedding in mungbean.
The Karaman vole Microtus irani karamani is a new record for Iran (Arvicolinae; Microtus )

We studied 1038bp of cytochrome b gene for social voles from three localities in Iran. The new sequences were compared with the previous published data correspond to eight species of social voles. Our results indicated that new material from west of Iran belong to the two species; Microtus socialis and M. irani karamani . This finding led to prove more knowledge about the Iranian vole distribution rang in Iran, and showed that west part of Iran is occupied with three social voles; M. socialis , M. qazvinensis that already have been documented, and M. irani karamani that is a new addition record for Iran.
Prevention of sow uterine inflammation

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of antibiotic preparations: 2.5% Cobactan, Metricure, and Clamoxyl® Metritis in the prevention of postpartum inflammation of the uterine. Before parturition, smears from the uterus cervix were taken from 56 sows and examined bacteriologically. Bacteriological examinations showed mixed microflora in 85.4% and pure cultures in 14.3% of the smears. The animals were divided into 4 equal groups immediately after parturition. Group I received 2.5% Cobactan (4ml/100kg) i. m. once daily for 2 consecutive days. Group II received 2.5% Cobactan (4ml/100kg) i. m. once daily, for 2 consecutive days and additionally a single intrauterine dose of Metricure. Group III received a single intrauterine dose of Clamoxyl® Metritis. Group IV was set to be a control, and all manipulations were limited to the observation of uterus involution. Samples from the cervix of the uterus were taken 4 - 5 days after repeated treatment. Treatment efficacy was determined by artificial insemination index after weaning, number of piglets born alive, and dead, mean weight of litter and piglets at weaning, and litter weight at weaning. After treatment, bacteriological examination of cervix samples showed that for group I in 50% cases pure cultures and in 50% - mixed cultures of bacteria were isolated. For group II, pure cultures of bacteria were isolated in 42.8% and mixed cultures in 14.3% of the samples. No microbial growth was evidenced in 42.9% of the samples. For group III, pure cultures were isolated in 37.1%, and mixed cultures in 21.4%. No growth was evidenced in 41.4% of the samples. For group IV, 14.3% of pure cultures and 85.7% of mixed cultures were isolated. After weaning, 1.5 semen doses for group I, 1.0 dose for groups II and III and 1.64 semen doses for group IV were used to obtain fertility. The number of piglets born alive and weight of piglets were approximately equal in all experimental groups and in control group, but mean weight of litter was higher in experimental groups, especially for groups II and III. It can be stated, that intrauterine treatment with antimicrobial preparations ensures the sterile environment during puerperal period. Histological investigations of culled sows confirmed uterine inflammatory processes in the control group.
INFLUENCE OF NEIGHBORS ON TREE FORM: EFFECTS OF LATERAL SHADE AND PREVENTION OF SWAY ON THE ALLOMETRY OF LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA (SWEET GUM)

Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum) saplings were open grown (control), guy-wired to prevent wind-induced sway (constrained), or guy-wired within open-topped shade cloth cylinders to simulate shading by neighboring trees (shaded). Mechanical stability was assessed after 2 years of growth by field measurement of whole-tree flexibility and with the critical buckling height predictions of five allometrical models. Data from this experiment are supplemented with measurements of sweet gum trees growing in a 9-year-old pine plantation; individuals crowded but not overtopped by pines are compared with similar-aged trees growing in openings within the plantation. Changes in aboveground architecture were stimulated by both prevention of sway and lateral shade but the effect of the latter was most pronounced; shaded saplings approached or exceeded their calculated critical height and buckled under their own weight when the shade cloth cylinders were removed. Rates of aboveground biomass acquisition, total leaf area, wood density, and wood elastic moduli did not differ among the three treatments; changes in stem allometry accounted for most of the observed differences in tree stability. Sweet gum trees growing in a pine plantation responded similarly to neighbors; crowded trees had larger height: diameter ratios and more closely approached their calculated critical heights than did trees growing in the open. Sweet gum saplings growing in dense stands of similar-sized plants may surmount their neighbors by allocating relatively more wood to height growth than to girth increment.
Perturbative formulation of general continuous-time Markov model of sequence evolution via insertions/deletions, Part I: Theoretical basis

Background Insertions and deletions (indels) account for more nucleotide differences between two related DNA sequences than substitutions do, and thus it is imperative to develop a stochastic evolutionary model that enables us to reliably calculate the probability of the sequence evolution through indel processes. Recently, such probabilistic models are mostly based on either hidden Markov models (HMMs) or transducer theories, both of which give the indel component of the probability of a given sequence alignment as a product of either probabilities of column-to-column transitions or block-wise contributions along the alignment. However, it is not a priori clear how these models are related with any genuine stochastic evolutionary model, which describes the stochastic evolution of an entire sequence along the time-axis. Moreover, none of these models can fully accommodate biologically realistic features, such as overlapping indels, power-law indel-length distributions, and indel rate variation across regions. Results Here, we theoretically tackle the ab initio calculation of the probability of a given sequence alignment under a genuine evolutionary model, more specifically, a general continuous-time Markov model of the evolution of an entire sequence via insertions and deletions. Our model allows general indel rate parameters including length distributions but does not impose any unrealistic restrictions on indels. Using techniques of the perturbation theory in physics, we expand the probability into a series over different numbers of indels. Our derivation of this perturbation expansion elegantly bridges the gap between Gillespie’s (1977) intuitive derivation of his own stochastic simulation method, which is now widely used in evolutionary simulators, and Feller’s (1940) mathematically rigorous theorems that underpin Gillespie′s method. We find a sufficient and nearly necessary set of conditions under which the probability can be expressed as the product of an overall factor and the contributions from regions separated by gapless columns of the alignment. The indel models satisfying these conditions include those with some kind of rate variation across regions, as well as space-homogeneous models. We also prove that, though with a caveat, pairwise probabilities calculated by the method of Miklós et al. (2004) are equivalent to those calculated by our ab initio formulation, at least under a space-homogenous model. Conclusions Our ab initio perturbative formulation provides a firm theoretical ground that other indel models can rest on. [This paper and three other papers (Ezawa, Graur and Landan 2015a,b,c) describe a series of our efforts to develop, apply, and extend the ab initio perturbative formulation of a general continuous-time Markov model of indels. ]
Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology

AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish H. jalalabadensis sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key below. This species is well characterized by very broad first and second metasomal segments in relation to the fourth metasomal segment, namely in females (Figs. 56–59). This unusual feature is present in only one other Hottentotta species, H. scaber from Arabia, which has characteristically colored metasomal segments (the first through third segments are yellow and the fifth and the telson are black; see Fig. 100) and cannot possibly be confused with H. jalalabadensis sp. n.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF RUMEX NEPALENSIS LEAVES

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of methanolic extract of the leaves of Rumex nepalensis (MERN). The methanolic extract of Rumex nepalensis were tested for antibacterial efficacy against four bacterial strains and antifungal activity against three fungal strains by well diffusion method. In present study Ampicillin 10µg/well (antibacterial) and Fluconazole 10µg/well (antifungal) used as a reference standard. The methanolic extract possessed some antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms at concentration of 400µg/well. This study scientifically supports the usage of plant as a remedy for various superficial bacterial and fungal infections in traditional medicine.
Variation in milk yield and composition in cows in tropic of Veracruz State, Mexico.

Article history Received: 30 Nov, 2014 Revised: 15 Dec, 2014 Accepted: 15 Jan, 2015 Abstract To analyze the yield and composition of milk under tropical conditions in Mexico in different genetic groups (Holstein, Brown Swiss, Zebu, Tropic Milking Creole and crosses), a retrospective analysis of 1047 cows (11154 records) in 28 herds located in the central region of the Veracruz State, Mexico was conducted during dry and rainy seasons. The Holstein showed higher milk yield with low percentage composition compared with Zebu and Tropic Milking Creole. Milk yield was significantly high in Holstein cows compared to the other breeds. Among the five genotypes, higher fat and protein percentage was found in TMC. Similarly, lactose, non fatty solids and total solids were significantly high in Z and MTC breeds. Except Holstein, all other breeds produced higher milk yield and composition in rainy season. The data provides a basis for the development of standards of quality specifications for tropical milking cows, establishment of payment systems based on protein and other solids.
Population size of threatened and endemic birds of the Cerrado in Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, a fragmented area in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract The pressures for land use change have led to an increasing isolation of habitat remnants throughout the world. The goal of this study was to estimate the population size and density of some endemic and threatened species in a nature reserve in the Cerrado biome. One hundred and thirty four point transects were undertaken at the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), one of the last natural grassland savannah remnants in São Paulo state, in the south-east of Brazil between September and December 2006 and densities estimated for seven species (four endemic to the Cerrado, one near-endemic and two grassland specialists). Neither species reached the minimum viable population size of 500-5000 individuals. Four species, White-banded Tanager, White-rumped Tanager, Black-throated Saltator and Sharp-tailed Tyrant have populations ranging from 112 to 248 individuals, while the other species have a low population (< 60 individuals). The mean densities of Sharp-tailed Tyrant and Cock-tailed Tyrant in the EEI grassland showed similar values to those observed in larger areas of the Cerrado, which may indicate that the EEI grassland area is well conserved. In spite of the restricted size of the EEI, small areas can maintain some endemic and threatened bird populations, thus contributing to local biodiversity and the ecological processes in the region. The capacity of fragments of Cerrado (~ 2,000 ha) to maintain populations of endemic and threatened bird species is unlikely to be effective in the long term.
Long-term Functional Sperm Storage by a Female Common House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus, from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

ABSTRACT A female Hemidactylus frenatus, collected on 7 June 2004 and housed alone in a cage, produced a total of six clutches, each consisting of one or two eggs, until 24 June 2005. All eggs but one, including the one egg composing the last clutch, hatched to produce hatchlings that included a male. This indicates that females of this broadly distributed gecko can store functional sperms for more than one year. Such ability may have played an important role in the colonization by this gecko of tropical and particularly subtropical regions of Asia and the Pacific islands.