Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty of annual net ecosystem productivity estimated using eddy covariance flux measurements

[1] Eddy-covariance-based estimates of net ecosystem exchange are subject to various sources of systematic bias and random measurement uncertainty. Here we concentrate on the cumulative effect of random uncertainty on annual estimates of net ecosystem productivity of carbon (NEP). A 8-year data set of eddy covariance measurements over a mixed deciduous forest at the Morgan-Monroe State Forest (MMSF, Indiana, USA) was used, in conjunction with a 6-day period of paired observations with the AmeriFlux portable system, to evaluate two different approaches to estimate measurement system uncertainty, and an analogous method to estimate the uncertainty in a standard parametric model used to fill data gaps in the annual time series. The cumulative annual uncertainty was obtained by Monte Carlo simulation, separately for the observations and the model estimates. Our results indicate that the overall uncertainty of annual NEP is dominated by the contribution of the gap-filling model, even at relatively small gap fractions of 20%. The magnitude of random uncertainty in NEP varied between ±10–12 gC m−2 yr−1 (i.e., 3–4% of annual NEP at MMSF for years 1999–2006). Thus it must be expected that random uncertainty of eddy-covariance-based NEP is small compared to other potential sources of systematic bias, but we note that very little is known about the long-term cumulative covariate effects of systematic bias in the measured flux.
Dominance of lateral over axial sedimentary fill in dryland rift basins

ABSTRACT Facies models for continental rift basins suggest longitudinal (axis-parallel) fluvial activity dominates sediment transport and deposition. In contrast, modern basins in the arid to semi-arid northern Basin and Range Province, USA, show axial drainage development to be characterized by short endorheic systems that contribute little to the basin fill. Mapping and calculation of the proportionate distribution of surficial facies of three representative basins at different stages of rift evolution show that basin fill is dominated by the deposits of transverse catchments, and axial fluvial deposits are restricted to a narrow corridor by the progradation of lateral systems. Drainage integration in these dryland rifts is limited by the moisture-stressed climate, with a resultant reduction in stream power, and the complex, tectonically-induced physiography, which limits potential drainage pathways. River systems that flow through multiple structural basins are rare, restricted to those systems with catchment headwaters lying outside the dryland climatic regime. These data imply that long-range, axial fluvial deposits should not automatically be included as a significant part of dryland rift sedimentary facies models. Sediment routing pathways in ancient dryland rift systems may be much shorter than commonly predicted, so affecting the spatial distribution of lithofacies. Climate, therefore, has a much stronger control on drainage and lithofacies at all stages of rift development than is generally stated.
Fetch- and Duration-Limited Nature of Surface Wave Growth inside Tropical Cyclones: With Applications to Air–Sea Exchange and Remote Sensing*

AbstractThe 2D wavenumber spectra collected by an airborne scanning radar altimeter in hurricane hunter missions are used to investigate the fetch- and duration-limited nature of wave growth inside hurricanes. Despite the much more complex wind-forcing conditions, the dimensionless growth curves obtained with the wind-wave triplets (reference wind velocity, significant wave height, and dominant wave period) inside hurricanes, except near the eye region, are comparable to the reference similarity counterparts constructed with the wind-wave triplets collected in field experiments conducted under ideal quasi-steady fetch-limited conditions. In dimensionless terms, the youngest waves are in the back quarter of the hurricane. In the Northern Hemisphere, the dimensionless frequency decreases systematically counterclockwise (CCW), and the most mature waves are in the left-hand sector. Except for those waves near the eye region, the dominant wave phase speeds are about 0.32 to 0.71 times of the local wind speed, .
The Linkage between the Eastern Pacific Teleconnection Pattern and Convective Heating over the Tropical Western Pacific

AbstractThe eastern Pacific (EP) pattern is a recently detected atmospheric teleconnection pattern that frequently occurs during late winter. Through analysis of daily ERA-Interim data and outgoing longwave radiation data for the period of 1979–2011, it is shown here that the formation of the EP is preceded by an anomalous tropical convection dipole, with one extremum located over the eastern Indian Ocean–Maritime Continent and the other over the central Pacific. This is followed by the excitation of two quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains. Departing from the subtropics, north of the region of anomalous convection, one Rossby wave train propagates eastward along the East Asian jet from southern China toward the eastern Pacific. The second wave train propagates northward from east of Japan toward eastern Siberia and then turns southeastward to the Gulf of Alaska. Both wave trains are associated with wave activity flux convergence where the EP pattern develops. The results from an examination of the E vecto.
Evidence of the dissociative PTSD subtype a systematic literature review of latent class and profile analytic studies of PTSD

Background . The dissociative PTSD (D-PTSD) subtype was first introduced into the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013. Prior to this, studies using latent profile analysis (LPA) or latent class analysis (LCA), began to provide support for the D-PTSD construct and associated risk factors. This research is important, because dissociative symptoms in the context of PTSD may potentially interfere with treatment course or outcome. The aims of the present study were twofold: to systematically review the LCA and LPA studies investigating support for the D-PTSD construct; and to review the associated research on the risk factors or covariates of D-PTSD in the identified studies. Method . Six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PILOTS, PsychInfo, and Embase) were systematically searched for relevant papers. Results . Eleven studies were included in the present review. The majority of the studies were supportive of the D-PTSD subtype; primarily characterized by depersonalization and derealization. Several covariates of the D-PTSD subtype have been investigated with mixed results. Limitations . Many limitations relate to the state of the current literature, including a small number of studies, the use of self-report measurements of PTSD, and heterogeneity across the samples in investigated covariates. Conclusion . The results were overall supportive of the D-PTSD construct. Future research on D-PTSD and associated risk factors is needed to shed light on the possibilities of facilitating preventive actions, screening, and implications on treatment effects.
Geochemical Constraints on Adakites of Different Origins and Copper Mineralization

The petrogenesis of adakites holds important clues to the formation of the continental crust and copper ± gold porphyry mineralization. However, it remains highly debated as to whether adakites form by slab melting, by partial melting of the lower continental crust, or by fractional crystallization of normal arc magmas. Here, we show that to form adakitic signature, partial melting of a subducting oceanic slab would require high pressure at depths of >50 km, whereas partial melting of the lower continental crust would require the presence of plagioclase and thus shallower depths and additional water. These two types of adakites can be discriminated using geochemical indexes. Compiled data show that adakites from circum-Pacific regions, which have close affinity to subduction of young hot oceanic plate, can be clearly discriminated from adakites from the Dabie Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau, which have been attributed to partial melting of continental crust, in Sr/Y-versus-La/Yb diagram. Given that oceanic crust has copper concentrations about two times higher than those in the continental crust, whereas the high oxygen fugacity in the subduction environment promotes the release of copper during partial melting, slab melting provides the most efficient mechanism to concentrate copper and gold; slab melts would be more than two times greater in copper (and also gold) concentrations than lower continental crust melts and normal arc magmas. Thus, identification of slab melt adakites is important for predicting exploration targets for copper- and gold-porphyry ore deposits. This explains the close association of ridge subduction with large porphyry copper deposits because ridge subduction is the most favorable place for slab melting.
Tourism and Agriculture : New Geographies of Consumption, Production and Rural Restructuring

1. Introduction Rebecca Maria Torres and Janet Momsen Section I Tourism, Agriculture and Rural Restructuring 2. Tourism and Agriculture in Hungary: Post Productivist Transistion or New Functions in Rural Space? Iren Szorenyine Kukorelli 3. The Nexus Between Agriculture and Tourism in Ghana: A Case of Unexploited Development Potential Alex Asiedu and Tometi Gbdema 4. Life Between the Two Milpas: Tourism, Agriculture and Migration in the Yucatan Rebecca Maria Torres 5. Female Empowerment Through Agriculture in Rural Japan? Atsuko Hashimoto and David Telfer Section II Building Tourism and Agriculture Linkages: Challenges and Potential 6. Sustainability on a Plate: Linking Agriculture and Food in the Fiji Islands Tourism Industry Tracy Berno 7. Cracks in the Pavement: Coventional Constraints and Contemporary Solutions for Linking Agriculture and Tourism in the Caribbean Benjamin F. Timms and Stern Neill 8. Agritourism Linkages in Jamaica: Case Study of the Negril All-Inclusive Hotel Subsector Kevon Rhiney 9. Tourism and Agriculture in Barbados: Changing Relationships Pamela Richardson-Ngwenya and Janet Momsen Section III: New Forms of Tourism and Agriculture Production and Consumption 10. Adopting a Sheep in Abruzzo: Agritourism and the Preservation of Transhumance Farming in Central Italy Rosie Cox, Lewis Holloway, Laura Venn, Moya Kneafsey, and Elizabeth Dowler 11. Farm Stay Tourism in California: The Influence of Type of Farming Jill Donaldson and Janet Momsen 12. Tourism and Agriculture Viability: Case Studies from the United States and England Ellen L. Rilla 13. Visiting Winery Tasting Rooms: Venues for Education, Differentiation and Direct Marketing Deborah Che and Astrid Wargenau 14. New Forms of Tourism in Spain: Wine, Gastronomic and Rural Tourism Gemma Canoves and Raul Suhett de Morais
It's Sad but I Like It: The Neural Dissociation Between Musical Emotions and Liking in Experts and Laypersons

Emotion-related areas of the brain, such as the medial frontal cortices, amygdala, and striatum, are activated during listening to sad or happy music as well as during listening to pleasurable music. Indeed, in music, like in other arts, sad and happy emotions might co-exist and be distinct from emotions of pleasure or enjoyment. Here we aimed at discerning the neural correlates of sadness or happiness in music as opposed those related to musical enjoyment. We further investigated whether musical expertise modulates the neural activity during affective listening of music. To these aims, 13 musicians and 16 non-musicians brought to the lab their most liked and disliked musical pieces with a happy and sad connotation. Based on a listening test, we selected the most representative 18 sec excerpts of the emotions of interest for each individual participant. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings were obtained while subjects listened to and rated the excerpts. The cortico-thalamo-striatal reward circuit and motor areas were more active during liked than disliked music, whereas only the auditory cortex and the right amygdala were more active for disliked over liked music. These results discern the brain structures responsible for the perception of sad and happy emotions in music from those related to musical enjoyment. We also obtained novel evidence for functional differences in the limbic system associated with musical expertise, by showing enhanced liking-related activity in fronto-insular and cingulate areas in musicians.
Metamorphic rocks : a classification and glossary of terms : recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks

Preface 1. Introduction D. Fettes and J. Desmons 2. Classification and nomenclature scheme R. Schmid, D. Fettes, B. Harte, E. Davis, J. Desmons, W. Smulikowski, F. Sassi, K. Brodie, P. Arkai, W. Wimmenauer, I. Bryhni, O. Rosen, J. Coutinho, H. Krautner, S. Sen, V. Zharikov, N. Pertsev, V. Rusinov, E. Callegari, D. Stoffler, R. Grieve and J. Siivola 3. Glossary 4. References Appendices.
Higher Order Risk Preferences: New Measures, Determinants and Field Behavior

We present and use a novel method to elicit and measure the intensities of higher order risk preferences (prudence and temperance) in an experiment with 658 adolescents. In line with theory, we nd that higher order risk preferences are strongly related to adolescents' eld behavior, including prevention, health-related, and addictive behavior, involving amongst others excessive smartphone usage, or nancial decision making. Most importantly, we illustrate how ignoring prudence and temperance might yield largely misleading conclusions about the relation of risk preferences to eld behavior. Thus we can put previous work that ignored higher order risk preferences into an encompassing perspective.
An exchange flow between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific driven by the East Kamchatka Current

[1] A new mechanism for driving the water mass exchange between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific is presented. This exchange flow originates from the East Kamchatka Current (EKC), a western boundary current of the subpolar gyre, and occurs through the two deepest straits of the Kuril island chain, the Kruzenshtern and Bussol straits. An inflow toward the Okhotsk Sea occurs at the northern Kruzenshtern strait and an outflow toward the North Pacific occurs at the southern Bussol strait. By using the Kelvin's Circulation theorem around the island between the two straits, we show that the transport of the exchange flow entering the Okhotsk Sea is determined such that the frictional stresses around the island exerted by the bifurcated EKC integrate to zero. This forcing mechanism is different from the dynamical framework of the widely used “Island rule. ” Both an analytical analysis and 1.5-layer model experiments demonstrate that the strait width, lateral viscosity, and island geometry are controlling parameters for the exchange flow transport because they affect the magnitude and length scales of the frictional stresses. Inertia of the EKC decreases the exchange flow by enhancing the frictional stress along the northern coast of the Kuril island. Model experiments with realistic topography further reveal that while the steep continental slopes have minor impact on the exchange flow transport, the subsurface peninsula located east of the Kuril island works to decrease the exchange flow by altering the length scale of the frictional stresses and enabling the EKC to flow past the island.
Can Board Gender Diversity Promote Corporate Social Performance?

Purpose: This paper examines if gender diversity on corporate boards promotes corporate social performance across industries and across countries. Methodology: Fixed-effect panel models are estimated using European-wide data from 2002 through 2013. Instrumental variable estimation and propensity score matching are also employed to control for potential endogeneity. Findings: Board gender diversity improves environmental and social performance, and consequently the corporate social performance. Although the positive effect of gender diversity is prevalent across industries, the effect is more pronounced for firms in emerging markets. Regulatory implications: The findings suggest that gender law that fosters gender diversity can promote corporate social performance in firms and the benefit can be enjoyed with just an introduction of one female director to the board. Promotion of gender diversity in Europe is most beneficial in emerging markets. Originality: The results provide new insights to the literature as we find that a critical mass of female directors on boards is not required to promote corporate social performance. The research also highlights that board gender diversity enhances corporate social performance irrespective of the industry and the effect on corporate social performance is more pronounced in emerging markets where regulations regarding CSR are not so clear-cut.
6 v 1 9 M ay 2 00 0 Dynamical Symmetry Breaking in Supersymmetric SU ( n c ) and USp ( 2 n c ) Gauge Theories

We find the phase and flavor symmetry breaking pattern of each N = 1 supersymmetric vacuum of SU(nc) and USp(2nc) gauge theories, constructed from the exactly solvable N = 2 theories by perturbing them with small adjoint and generic bare hypermultiplet (quark) masses. In SU(nc) theories with nf ≤ nc the vacua are labelled by an integer r, in which the flavor U(nf ) symmetry is dynamically broken to U(r) × U(nf − r) in the limit of vanishing bare hyperquark masses. In the r = 1 vacua the dynamical symmetry breaking is caused by the condensation of magnetic monopoles in the nf representation. For general r, however, the monopoles in the nfCr representation, whose condensation could explain the flavor symmetry breaking but would produce too-many Nambu–Goldstone multiplets, actually “break up” into “magnetic quarks”: the latter with nonabelian interactions condense and induce confinement and dynamical symmetry breaking. In USp(2nc) theories with nf ≤ nc + 1, the flavor SO(2nf ) symmetry is dynamically broken to U(nf ), but with no description in terms of a weakly coupled local field theory. In both SU(nc) and USp(2nc) theories, with larger numbers of quark flavors, besides the vacua with these properties, there exist also vacua in free magnetic phase, with unbroken global symmetry. IFUP-TH 2000-8; SWAT-00/255; UCB-PTH-00/07; LBNL-45323 May 2000
Does Distance-Driven Information Asymmetry Affect Private Income Transfers? Theory and Evidence From Colombia

This paper investigates to what extent distance between donors and receivers influences the responsiveness of private transfers to positive income shocks. First, I provide an original conceptual analysis that incorporates the notion that information asymmetry increases with distance and encourages donors and receivers to act strategically. Next, using evaluation data from a conditional cash transfer program in Colombia, Familias en Acción, and implementing a difference-in-difference strategy, I test the main predictions of the underlying theoretical framework. The estimates support the idea that benefiting from a government subsidy affects transfer decisions when donors and receivers live geographically close from each other. This finding challenges the existing literature on the topic by showing that, ignoring information asymmetry can lead to erroneous interpretations of transfer-income derivatives and crowding out effects.
On the Mesozoic Ionian Basin

SUMMARY New seismic reflection profiles of the Italian deep crust project CROP provide new insights on the structure of the Ionian sea. In spite of the Apennines and Hellenides Neogene subduction zones, two conjugate passive continental margins are preserved at the margins of the Ionian sea, along the Malta escarpment to the southwest and the Apulian escarpment to the northeast. The Ionian sea is likely to be a remnant of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean, confined by these two conjugate passive continental margins. The transition from continental to oceanic crust appears sharper to the northeast than to the southwest. The basin between southeast Sicily and southwest Puglia was about 330 km wide and suggests a low spreading rate. The inferred oceanic ridge should have been flattened by thermal cooling and buried by later sediments. Based on stratigraphic and structural constraints to the north in the Apennines belt, the ocean continued to the northwest. This palaeogeography is supported by the seismicity of the Apennines slab underneath the southern Tyrrhenian sea, which implies downgoing oceanic lithosphere. The adjacent absence or paucity of deep seismicity does not imply absence of subduction, but rather it can be interpreted as due to the more ductile behaviour of the subducted continental lithosphere. Surprisingly, we note that where the oceanic inherited basin is subducting underneath the Apennines, in the hangingwall of the subduction hinge there are outcropping slices of continental crystalline basement previously deformed by the Alpine orogen.
Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, Outdoor Temperature, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome

Ambient air pollution and temperature have been linked with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome and its components—abdominal obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose concentration, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia—predict cardiovascular disease, but the environmental causes are understudied. In this study, we prospectively examined the long-term associations of air pollution, defined as particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and temperature with the development of metabolic syndrome and its components. Using covariate-adjustment Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated associations of mean annual PM2.5 concentration and temperature with risk of incident metabolic dysfunctions between 1993 and 2011 in 587 elderly (mean = 70 (standard deviation, 7) years of age) male participants in the Normative Aging Study. A 1-&mgr;g/m3 increase in mean annual PM2.5 concentration was associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.52), an elevated fasting blood glucose level (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.39), and hypertriglyceridemia (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.30). Our findings for metabolic syndrome and high fasting blood glucose remained significant for PM2.5 levels below the Environmental Protection Agency's health-safety limit (12 &mgr;g/m3). A 1°C increase in mean annual temperature was associated with a higher risk of developing elevated fasting blood glucose (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.56). Men living in neighborhoods with worse air quality—with higher PM2.5 levels and/or temperatures than average—showed increased risk of developing metabolic dysfunctions.