Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inhomogeneous electrical characteristics in 4H-SiC Schottky diodes

Hundreds of current–voltage (I–V) measurements of Ni, Pt and Ti Schottky diodes on 4H–SiC were conducted at low applied voltages. The SiC substrates contained homoepitaxial layers grown by either chemical vapor deposition or sublimation. While near-ideal contacts were fabricated on all samples, a significant percentage of diodes (∼7%–50% depending on the epitaxial growth method and the diode size) displayed a non-ideal, or inhomogeneous, barrier height. These ‘non-ideal’ diodes occurred regardless of growth technique, pre-deposition cleaning method, or contact metal. In concurrence with our earlier reports in which the non-ideal diodes were modeled as two Schottky barriers in parallel, the lower of the two Schottky barriers, when present, was predominantly centered at one of the three values: ∼0.60, 0.85 or 1.05 eV. The sources of these non-idealities were investigated using electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to determine the nature and energy levels of the defects. DLTS revealed a defect level that corresponds with the low- (non-ideal) barrier height, at ∼0.60 eV. It was also observed that the I–V characteristics tended to degrade with increasing deep-level concentration and that inhomogeneous diodes tended to contain defect clusters. Based on the results, it is proposed that inhomogeneities, in the form of one or more low-barrier height regions within a high-barrier height diode, are caused by defect clusters that locally pin the Fermi level.
Are paired or single stimuli better to recognize genuine and posed smiles from observers’ galvanic skin response?

Smile recognition plays a vital role in human-human and human-computer interactions. This paper demonstrates a system to recognize the genuine and posed smiles by sensing observers’ galvanic skin response (GSR), while watching sets of images and videos. The smiles were shown either in ‘paired’ or in ‘single’ forms. Here, ‘paired’ means that the same smiler was seen in both genuine and posed smile forms, otherwise the condition is referred to as ‘single’. The GSR signals were recorded and processed, and several time-domain and frequency-domain features were extracted from the processed GSR signals. Classification accuracies were found to be as high as 93.6% and 91.4% from paired and single conditions respectively. In comparison, observers were verbally 59.8% and 56.2% correct. Our results demonstrate that human subconscious responses (i.e. GSR signals) is better than their own verbal response, where the paired condition is slightly better than the single condition.
Kinetic Analysis of the Iron Oxide Reduction Using Hydrogen-Carbon Monoxide Mixtures as Reducing Agent

The kinetics of the reduction of hematite pellets using hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixtures as reducing agent was described by using the "grain model". This model involves the particle size and the porosity of the pellet asmain structural parameters which affect directly the kinetics of the hematite pellets during the reduction process. The predictions of the model were compared with the experimental results. Fired hematite pellets were reduced at 850°C using hydrogen, carbon monoxide and Midrex gas. The weight loss technique was used to follow the reduction process. The reduction of iron oxide pellets using hydrogen or carbon monoxide is a mixed controlled system, where chemical reaction and internal gas diffusion are competing processes during the first stage of the reduction, while internal gas diffusion becomes controlling step at the last stage of the process. The reduction of iron oxide pellets using Midrex gas is a mixed controlled system throughout the whole reduction process.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Interactions on the Photosynthesis of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer effect on the development of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange nursery trees budded on Rangpur lime rootstocks in a greenhouse using containers. The experiment was a complete (1/5) 53 factorial randomized blocks design. Treatments comprised five concentrations (g per plant) of N (1.25; 6.25; 11.25; 16.25; 21.25); K (0.42; 3.75; 6.22; 9.34; 12.45); and P (0.19; 0.89; 1.59; 2.29; 2.99). Carbon dioxide assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomata conductance (gs), and internal carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE). Reducing sugar, sucrose and starch were evaluated. Response functions were adjusted and nutrient rates for maximum yield were presented. The results indicated that the high levels of N (>16.25 g per plant) interferes negatively on photosynthesis. Potassium at intermediate fertilization levels (from 3.75 to 6.22 g per plant) had positive effects on photosynthesis. But P had little interference on photosynthesis. Carbohydrates levels were not related to nutrients fertilized.
Quality of enoki mushrooms as affected by packaging conditions

Fresh enoki mushrooms (100 g) were packaged under various conditions and stored at 10 °C for 14 days. Package atmosphere, weight loss, stipe elongation, surface colour and sensory quality of the mushrooms were measured during storage. Different levels of initial vacuum application did not have a significant influence on the in-package atmosphere after 2 days. The half-vacuum package was best in terms of quality preservation of the fresh mushrooms. A polyolefin film with respective gas permeabilities of 166 and 731 ml m−2 h−1 atm−1 to O2 and CO2 established an equilibrated atmosphere of 1.7–2.4% O2 and 4.1–5.6% CO2 inside the package at 10 °C. This polyolefin film was shown to contribute to preserving the freshness of the mushrooms. Temperature fluctuations between 5 and 15 °C did not induce a harmful atmosphere inside the polyolefin package, though high temperatures accelerated the quality loss. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Risk Assessment of Aluminum Residue in Drinking Water of Residents in Sandakan, Sabah

Objective: To assess the risk of aluminum residue exposure in drinking water of residents of Batu 7, Sandakan. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the health risk associated with the exposure to aluminum in drinking water among population. The study population comprised of male and female respondents, aged 18 and above whom use treated water as their main source of drinking water. A total of 100 respondents were involved in this study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results: There was significant relationship between aluminum and pH levels of drinking water samples in the study area. There was significant difference between aluminum levels in drinking water with National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. There was no health risk of aluminum exposure among respondents, with HI<1. Conclusion: The mean of aluminum concentration was 1.03 mg/L in this study exceed the national standard of 0.2 mg/L by 5 folds, leaving a significant difference between drinking water sample and the upper safe limit. However, the Hazard Index calculated from the findings did not exceed 1. This showed that the study area was considered safe from having risk related to nervous systems, even though the aluminum concentration exceeded the upper safe limit. Keywords: aluminum, pH, drinking water, chronic daily intake, hazard index
Do Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Food Technologies and Motives of Food Choice Influence Willingness to Eat Cereal Products Fortified with Fibre?

Abstract The aim was to assess the relationships between willingness to eat cereal products fortified with fibre, attitudes towards food technologies and some food choice motives. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 2013 within 1000 Polish consumers. Selection criteria of the sample took into account representativeness of the population due to province, then the choice had quota character by gender, education and size of residence place. The questionnaire consisted of questions on Food Technology Neophobia Scale (FTNS), motives of food choice (health, quality, and hedonic value) and intention to eat bread, pasta and biscuits fortified with fibre. The frequency analysis, cross tables and cluster analysis were used to analyse data. Relationships between parameters were assessed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients using SPPS, version 21.0. The neophilic attitudes towards new food technologies (12.6% of participants) were represented by more women and people in the 26-35 age group. More neophobic (16.1%) were male, worse educated and older respondents. Only 18.4% of participants were in cluster “wanting to eat”. More of them were people with neophilic attitudes. Among “not wanting to eat” (24.5%) there were more men, worse educated respondents, and representing neophobic attitudes. There were statistically significant correlations between perceived motives of food choice and declared intentions to eat cereal products fortified with fibre, except perceived pleasure from eating pasta. The willingness to eat cereal products fortified with fibre was significantly determined by attitudes towards new food technologies, health, quality and pleasure as motives of food choice, but also by socio-demographic profile.
Formation of monodisperse bubbles in a microfluidic flow-focusing device

This letter describes a method for generating monodisperse gaseous bubbles in a microfluidic flow-focusing device. The bubbles can be obtained in a range of diameters from 10 to 1000μm. The volume Vb of the bubbles scales with the flow rate q and the viscosity μ of the liquid, and the pressure p of the gas stream as Vb∝p∕qμ. This method allows simultaneous, independent control of the size of the individual bubbles and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Under appropriate conditions, bubbles self-assemble into highly ordered, flowing lattices. Structures of these lattices can be adjusted dynamically by changing the flow parameters.
Effect of temperature, pressure and lipid acyl chain length on the structure and phase behaviour of phospholipid–gramicidin bilayers

We investigated the effect of incorporation of gramicidin D (GD) on the structure and phase behaviour of aqueous dispersions of fully hydrated neutral phospholipid bilayers of different chain lengths 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). A temperature range of 0–80°C and a pressure range of 0.001–10 kbar (1 bar=105 Pa) were covered. Pressure was applied so as to be able to tune the lipid chain lengths and conformation and to select specific gel phases. Infrared spectral parameters obtained by FT-IR spectroscopy, such as frequencies, intensities and bandwidths, were used to detect structural and dynamic changes upon incorporation of GD into the lipid bilayers. Analysis of the amide I band frequencies allowed us to determine the corresponding peptide structure adopted in the lipid environment. At a concentration of 5 mol% of GD in lipid bilayers, the structure of the temperature- and pressure-dependent lipid phases is significantly altered by the insertion of the polypeptide and broad gel–fluid co-existence regions are induced. Further, the lipid matrix has the ability to modulate the conformation of the inserted polypeptide. The balance between double-helical and helical dimer structures depends significantly on the phospholipid hydrocarbon chain length and phase state. The larger the hydrophobic mismatch, the higher is the population of the double-helical structures. By formation of broad gel–fluid co-existence regions, the system has a further means of avoiding large hydrophobic mismatch. In these regions, a molecular sorting mechanism seems to be very likely. No pressure-induced unfolding of the polypeptide is observed up to pressures of 10 kbar.
Plasma poling of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Piezo‐ and pyroelectric response

A plasma poling technique and its use with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films is described. Specimens of biaxially drawn (blow extruded) PVDF containing both Form I ( β) and Form II (α) crystals were poled under various conditions in a plasma field while the charging current was monitored to determine the polarization. Subsequently, both piezoelectric and pyroelectric activity were measured in order to evaluate their magnitudes with respect to the remnant polarization (that is, the polarization remaining after returning the applied field to zero). The results are shown to be in reasonable quantitative agreement with the predictions of a model of PVDF consisting of a mixture of preferentially aligned crystals in randomized amorphous material.
Steric Effect of Ortho Substituents of 1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐aroylpyrazol‐5‐ones on the Synergic Extraction of Scandium and Lanthanum with Tri‐n‐octylphosphine Oxide

Abstract The substituent effect of ortho‐substituted 4‐aroyl derivatives of 1‐phenyl‐3‐methylpyrazol‐5‐one (HA) on the adduct formation reaction between their scandium or lanthanum (M) chelates and a neutral ligand, tri‐n‐octylphosphine oxide (TOPO, L), in benzene was studied using a liquid–liquid distribution system. The 15 extraction constants and 30 adduct formation constants were obtained for the extraction systems of trivalent scandium and lanthanum ions using eight kinds of ortho‐substituted 4‐aroylpyrazol‐5‐ones. Obvious steric hindrance by the ortho substituents was observed in the extraction reactions, especially in adduct formation reactions. The correlation between the steric hindrance and the size of the central metal ions was discussed on the basis of equilibrium constants, ionic radii and van der Waals volumes. The stepwise formation constants of their adducts indicate that the steric hindrance mainly occurs in the first step of the adduct formation, MA3L, for lanthanum and in the second step of the adduct formation, MA3L2, for scandium. The factors that cause the steric hindrance were considered to be the bulkiness of the ortho substituents, the proximity of the neutral ligand to the metal chelate and the crowdedness of the ligands around the central metal ion.
Ab Initio MO Study of the Structures of N2, NO, and CO Molecules Coordinated to the Pdn (n = 1, 2, 5, 25) Clusters as a Model of Pd(110) Surface

The structures of N2, NO, and CO molecules coordinated to the Pdn (n = 1, 2, 5, 25) clusters as a model of Pd(110) surface were investigated by means of ab initio MO methods. All three molecules, N2, NO, and CO, coordinate to the one Pd atom by the end-on mode, where the tilted end-on structure is more favorable for NO due to the additional electron in the π* orbital. On the contrary, in the Pd2 system, N2 coordinates to the bridge site of Pd2 cluster preferably by the side-on mode as reported previously (Blomberg et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1991, 179, 524−530), although NO and CO prefer the end-on structure. On the other hand, on the hollow site of the Pd5 cluster which is the (1 × 1) surface unit of Pd(110) with one Pd atom in the second layer, the tilted structures with an unconventional coordination mode with the interaction of the admolecule with the Pd atoms in both first and second layers were found for all three molecules. With the further extension of the cluster model from the Pd5 cluster to the Pd.
The thermal expansion of 2H-MoS2 and 2H-WSe2 between 10 and 320 K

The hexagonal cell dimensions a and c of 2H-MoS2 and 2H-WSe2 have been measured over the temperature range 10 to 320 K. In both compounds a increased linearly and c non-linearly with temperature, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion in the c direction being greater than that in the a direction for 2H-MoS2. In 2H-WSe2 the linear coefficients of thermal expansion in the a and c directions were approximately equal.
Trust, Risk, Perceived Usefulness, and Ease of Use on Intention to Online Shopping Behavior

This study aims to analyze the influence of trust, risk perception, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use together with buying interest online. This research is a quantitative study with an active student population in the Special Region of Yogyakarta University. The sampling technique uses a purposive sampling method with a sample size of 200 people. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used is the Multiple Linear Regression. The results of this study indicate that trust, risk perception, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use have a significant effect on the intention to buy online shop.
Pathogenic Variability among Eight Populations of Meloidogyne javanica Isolates on Tomato Plants

oot - knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) are the main pathogens of tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) worldwide. Eight isolates of Meloidogyne javanica (Mj1, Mj2, Mj3, Mj4, Mj5, Mj6, Mj7 and Mj8) were collected from five Egyptian Governorates, i.e. Ismailiya, Beni-Suef, Beheira, Minya and Alexandria. Each isolate was identified by using perineal pattern and isozyme esterase assay. These isolates showed pathogenic variability when inoculated on the tomato cultivar (Super Marmand). Mj1, Mj7 and Mj8 significantly recorded high number of galls and number of juveniles per plant while, the isolates Mj3 and Mj4 had the lowest rate at the same parameters. However, the isolates Mj2, Mj5 and Mj6 were moderately pathogenic comparing with other isolates. In addition, the tomato growth parameters, significantly affected by all isolates compared to non-infected plants. Exclusively, Mj7 isolate reduced significantly the total fresh weight and shoot dry weight compared to the other isolates.
How and Why Does the Attitude-Behavior Gap Differ Between Product Categories of Sustainable Food? Analysis of Organic Food Purchases Based on Household Panel Data

Organic agriculture promotes the transformation toward sustainability because of positive effects for the environment. The organic label on food products enables consumers to make more sustainable purchasing decisions. Although the global market for organic food has grown rapidly in recent years, only a part of the organic product range benefits from this positive trend. To develop the organic market further, it is important to understand the food-related values and attitudes that drive the purchase of organic food. Previous research on this topic has suffered from two main weaknesses. Firstly, most studies have been based on surveys and rely on stated behavior instead of actual purchase behavior. Secondly, the focus of most extant studies is predominantly on organic food in general or on food products with a relatively high organic market share, such as milk and eggs. To address this knowledge gap, the present study analyzes the value-attitude-behavior relationship by means of structural equation modeling using household purchase panel data from GfK. The paper provides evidence for the existence of an attitude-behavior gap in the organic market, with this gap found to be much stronger in the case of meat, frozen food, cheese, and sweets than for organic purchases in total. Analysis in different product categories reveals that while purchase behavior is driven by the same food-related values, their relative importance differs.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM ON-FARM AND INDUSTRIAL COMPOSTS

Source materials and manure management may affect compost nutrient availability to plants. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the impact of these factors on the N and P release from 23 on-farm and 6 industrial composts. Composts were mixed with the Ap horizon of an Arago sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol), at 200 mg N kg−1, and incubated for 13 wk in glass jars at 35 °C. The soil mineral N content at the end of incubation was the highest from poultry litter, sheep manure, horse manure and vegetable residue sources whereas the fresh solid, beef and young dairy manure composts resulted in high N immobilization. The release of N from the compost organic N fraction was in most cases negative. The soil Mehlich-3 P content at the end of the incubation period was higher from the poultry litter than from any other sources, whereas P was strongly immobilized from week 1 to week 13 in the fresh solid, beef and young dairy manure compost amended soils. Septic tank sludge compost was the least efficient .
Improved material properties of polycrystalline CuInSe2 prepared by rapid thermal treatment of metallic alloys in H2Se/Ar

In this study the material properties of metallic alloys were evaluated at different stages of reaction to H2Se/Ar. Precursors of identical composition (Cu/In atomic ratio=0.96) were considered and the temperature was rapidly (in 2 min) increased to the specific selenization temperature (i.e., 200, 300, 400, and 600 °C). The composition of the films remained virtually unchanged when selenized at low temperatures below 400 °C. The material properties of these films were dominated by the presence of binary phases and photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed the presence of only one broad transition around 0.83 eV. Structural analysis revealed a significant increase in the Cu/In atomic ratio with associated Cu-selenide secondary phases and inhomogeneous film morphologies in the case of samples selenized at temperatures around 400 °C. In this case, PL studies revealed relatively sharp and well-defined transitions which are typical for Cu-rich films. The most significant result that followed from this study is .
Doses e fontes de nitrogênio na produtividade do eucalipto e nas frações da matéria orgânica em solo da região do cerrado de Minas Gerais

Apesar da grande quantidade de N acumulada em plantacoes de eucalipto de alta produtividade, o aumento em volume do tronco em resposta a aplicacao de N nao tem sido expressivo nem consistente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de doses e fontes de N sobre o crescimento e o acumulo de N em plantas de eucalipto, na serapilheira, alem do impacto nas fracoes da materia orgânica do solo (MOS). O experimento foi instalado em campo, no municipio de Itamarandiba-MG, em blocos ao acaso com tres repeticoes, consistindo da aplicacao em cobertura de doses (0, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1) e fontes de N distintas (sulfato de amonio e nitrato de amonio) em clone de eucalipto (AEC1528®). O efeito dos tratamentos sobre o crescimento e acumulo de N nas plantas foi avaliado aos 30 meses de idade, abatendo-se arvores com DAP medio e separando-as em lenho, casca, galhos e folhas, para determinacao da producao de materia seca e dos teores e conteudos de nutrientes das plantas. Amostras de solo e de serapilheira foram coletadas para analises de nutrientes. Os teores de C e N total da materia orgânica particulada (MOP) e da materia orgânica associada a fracao mineral (MOAM) foram determinados por espectrometria de massa de razao isotopica, apos separacao fisica da MOS. As analises estatisticas consistiram de analise de variância e de regressao. A aplicacao de adubos nitrogenados promoveu aumento no crescimento volumetrico do tronco e na materia seca da parte aerea. A dose de N como sulfato de amonio para obter 90 % da producao maxima foi de 74 kg ha-1, a qual resultou em incremento de 42,3 % no volume de tronco em relacao a testemunha sem adubacao nitrogenada. Na dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N, nao houve diferenca de resposta a aplicacao de sulfato de amonio e nitrato de amonio. Nao foram detectadas alteracoes nos estoques de C e N da MOS com a adubacao nitrogenada. No entanto, houve aumento da absorcao de Ca, Mg e S. A taxa de recuperacao aparente de N no campo foi maior na dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N, atingindo 34,4 %.