Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alimentation minérale et vitaminique des ruminants : actualisation des connaissances

Cet article precise et actualise les apports journaliers recommandes (AJR) en elements mineraux majeurs, oligo-elements et vitamines. Pour le phosphore (P) et le calcium (Ca), le besoin d’entretien (BENT) est desormais calcule a partir de la matiere seche ingeree et du poids vif ; pour Ca, BENT est superieur pour les animaux en croissance et en lactation. Pour le magnesium (Mg), BENT est legerement reevalue pour tenir compte d’une perte obligatoire dans l’urine sous-estimee jusqu’alors. Les besoins de production sont peu modifies par rapport aux recommandations precedentes. Des recommandations concernant le bilan electrolytique alimentaire (BEA, K+ + Na+ - Cl-, en mEq/kg de MS) des rations selon les objectifs de production sont proposes ; ainsi on recherchera un BEA < 50 en fin de gestation et de l’ordre de 250 pour la lactation. Les AJR en oligo-elements sont inchanges sauf pour le cobalt qui passe de 0,1 a 0,3 mg/kg de MS de la ration en raison de son effet favorable pour la fonction cellulolytique des bacteries du rumen. La revision des AJR en vitamines A, D et E sur la base des dernieres recommandations americaines se traduit par une augmentation des apports en vitamine A et E (surtout pendant la gestation). L’utilisation digestive de l’apport mineral est precisee par l’adoption de coefficients d’absorption reelle (CAR) par groupes d’aliments ; les modifications portent surtout sur P, alors que pour Mg des valeurs differentes pour les ovins et les bovins-caprins sont recommandees, l’effet negatif de la teneur de K des rations sur l’absorption de Mg est quantifie pour les differentes categories de ruminants. Dans le cadre de la revision des Tables de composition et de valeur nutritive des aliments des ruminants, la methodologie qui consiste a etablir des donnees de composition minerale des fourrages verts et d’utiliser ensuite des equations de passage pour les fourrages conserves est decrite.
The Effect of Mixed Amino Acids on Nitrate Uptake and Nitrate Assimilation in Leafy Radish

The objective of the present work was to determine the corresponding uptake and assimilation of in roots and shoots of leafy radish by applying of mixed amino acids (MAA). The amino acids used in this experiment were alanine (Ala), , aspartic acid (Asp), asparagines (Asn), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and glycine (Gly). Leafy radish was grown by conventional fertilization with macro- and micronutrients under controlled conditions. The 15-day-old seedlings were treated 0, 0.3 and 3.0 mM of MAA containing 5 mM in growth medium. Nitrate uptake was determined by following depletion from the uptake solution. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of reduction (NR: nitrate reductase; NiR: nitrite reductase; GS: glutamine synthetase) and the content of were analyzed in shoots and roots. The results of this study showed that uptake was inhibited 38% with treatment of 0.3 mM of MAA. However, there was more than three times increase of N03- uptake in 3.0 mM MAA. In addition, the enzymatic activities were positively affected by the high MAA rate. Finally, the content was increased slightly both in shoots and roots of leafy radish by MAA treatments.
A study on evaluation of the effect of menopause on saliva and dental health

Objectives: This study is done to investigate the effect of menopause on saliva and dental health. Salivary flow rate, pH of stimulated whole saliva, oral hygiene status was determined in regularly menstruating and post menopausal women. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 20 healthy post menopausal women patients and 20 regular menstruating healthy women selected from among the patients who attended the out patients section of the Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital and Research Center Bangalore. Participants chewed on elastic band of standardized size. The saliva secreted during the first one minute was swallowed, and saliva secreted during the next five minutes was spat into a graduated test tube. The flow rate was measured as ml/min. pH strips were used to determine the salivary pH. Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Decayed, missing and filled teeth(DMFT Index)were determined clinically. Results: The study demonstrated that the salivary flow rate decreases after menopause with lower salivary pH. OHI and DMFT were higher in post menopausal women when compared to the control group. Conclusion: There is a marked decrease in the salivary pH and flow rate in postmenopausal women which in turn leads to increased OHI and DMFT indices.
Cryopreservation of gametes for aquaculture and alternative cell sources for genome preservation

Abstract: In this chapter the benefits of short- to long-term storage of genetic material from aquatic species in liquid nitrogen are introduced. The biophysical and chemical challenges that arise during freeze-thawing are presented from the perspective of the large degree of structural and biological diversity found in fish, mollusc and crustacean gametes. Sperm cryopreservation procedures and the challenges raised by cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos or larvae are then discussed with a special focus on the importance of the genetic integrity of the thawed cells. Alternatives to the cryobanking of gametes and embryos rely on the cryopreservation of cells of somatic, embryonic and germinal origin. The challenges posed by the use of such cells to reconstruct fish are then described.
Hybrid and Nitrogen Influence on Pearl Millet Production in Nebraska: Yield, Growth, and Nitrogen Uptake, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. ] is a staple grain crop in the arid and semiarid regions of Africa and India, and a new grain crop in the USA. A 2-year field experiment was conducted near Mead, NE, in 1995 and 1996 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) soil with approximately 29 g kg -t organic matter, 35 kg ha -1 NO 3 -N, and pH of 6.0. The objective was to determine the influence of hybrid and N on grain yield, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, and growth rates throughout the growing season. Nitrogen concentrations, uptake, and use efficiency were also determined. Treatments were a factorial combination of the pearl millet dwarf hybrids (59022A × 89-0083, 1011A × 086R, and 1361M × 6Rm) and N levels (0 and 78 kg ha -1 ) in a randomized complete block design. Two plants per plot were sampled at 2-wk intervals and partitioned into plant parts, dried, weighed, and analyzed for N concentration. Applied N increased grain yield by 0.4 to 0.5 Mg ha ', but had only a small effect on dry matter accumulation and partitioning. Hybrid differences were small for grain yield. Pearl millet dry matter accumulation increased cubically in both years, with maximum crop growth rates among hybrids ranging from 0.48 to 0.57 g m - 2 per growing degree day (GDD) in 1995 and ranging from 1.9 to 3.1 g m -2 GDD -1 maximum in 1996. The relative growth rate among hybrids declined from 0.012 to 0.020 g -1 m -2 GDD -1 in both years to near zero at physiological maturity. Nitrogen concentrations were higher during the vegetative stages and decreased with plant age. Applied N decreased N use efficiency for aboveground biomass (NUE 1 ) by 18 to 25 g DM g -1 N, and N use efficiency for grain (NUE 2 ) by 7 to 12 g grain g 1 N. Environmental variability due to years had a greater effect on yield, growth, and N levels than hybrid and applied N.
Life Histories of Generalist Predatory Species, Control Agents of the Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Biological traits of two populations of each of the predators Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus 1758, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville 1842 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea sl (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from different regions of Greece reared on Aphis gossypii Glover 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were studied in the laboratory. The demographic traits in one population from each species were also examined. Egg mortality and preimaginal development were the lowest and highest, respectively in C carnea, while larval, pupal and total preimaginal mortality were the lowest in H convergens. Larvae of C carnea were the most voracious among species, while the last larval instar was the most voracious in all species. Female longevity, fecundity and net reproductive rate were the greatest in C carnea (62.1 days, 581.3 eggs and 148.9 females/female, respectively). Hippodamia convergens showed the shortest preoviposition period (2.6 days) and generation time (34.3 days) and the highest intrinsic rate of population increase (0.124 females/female/day). Significant intrapopulation variation in the preoviposition periods and oviposition rates of C septempunctata was observed. The study highlighted the potential of the three predators as control agents of the cotton aphid. Each species demonstrated relative advantages toward the others, which could be beneficial in certain phases of aphid control in natural conditions.
The viruses causing mosaic of Cowpeas and Azuki Beans, and their transmissibility through seeds. Seed transmission of viruses in Cowpea and Azuki Bean plants. I. Factors influencing seed transmission.

Three kinds of viruses were isolated from mosaic diseased plants of cowpeas (Vigna catjang and V. sesquipedalis). One of them is a seed-borne virus in cowpea plants, which is transmitted by sap and by at least three species of aphids. Its host range is restricted to several genera of Leguminosae, and Chenopodium. Infectivity of the crude sap was lost by heating at 50-60°C for 10 minutes, and by aging at room temperature for 5 to 6 days, and by diluting at 1:104-1:105. The electron microscopy of virus preparations by dip method always revealed a small amount of elongated virus particles of about 750mμ in length. Thus, according to Anderson's classification scheme (1955), the virus in question was considered to be a member of the Group 2 among Vigna and Crotalaria viruses. To avoid the present confusion in virus names of the Group 2, the authors proposed to use a name of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV) (Lovisolo and Conti, 1966) for all members of the Group 2. The remaining two viruses isolated from cowpea plants were cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and subclover mottle virus. The latter is considered to be a virus belonging to broad bean wilt virus group. Neither of these two viruses is transmitted through seeds of cowpea. More than fifty collections of cowpea plants showing mosaic symptoms from commercial fields in Kanto district, were tested for identification of the causal virus by sap inoculations to a set of differential hosts. The results showed that CAMV was found predominant. Viruses causing mosaic of azuki bean (Phaseolus angularis) were also investigated. Azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV), CMV, and CAMV were isolated from azuki bean plants showing mosaic symptoms. AzMV is a seed-borne virus in azuki bean, Whereas both CMV and CAMV are not transmitted through seeds of azuki bean. Host range of AzMV is restricted to leguminous plants. The virus in the crude sap is inactivated by heating at 55-60°C for 10 minutes, and by aging at room temperature for 2 to 7 days. The dilution end point lies between 1:104 and 1:105. AzMV preparations examined under the electron microscope by dip method always showed a small amount of elongated virus particles of about 750mμ in length. AzMV seems to be closely related to CAMV, because the former virus protects azuki bean plants from infection by the latter virus. Fifty collections of mosaic plants of azuki bean from commercial plantings in Kanto district, and identification of the causal virus involved was undertaken by sap inoculations to a set of differential hosts. The results showed that the percentages of infection by CMV, CAMV, and AzMV were 55, 26, and 32%, respectively. It was also noted that some of azuki bean plants were infected simultaneously with CMV and either of CAMV and AzMV.
After the Ice Age : the return of life to glaciated North America

The fascinating story of how a harsh terrain that resembled modern Antarctica has been transformed gradually into the forests, grasslands, and wetlands we know today. "One of the best scientific books published in the last ten years. "-- "Ottowa Journal" "A valuable new synthesis of facts and ideas about climate, geography, and life during the past 20,000 years. More important, the book conveys an intimate appreciation of the rich variety of nature through time. "--S. David Webb, "Science"
Use of essential oils and biocontrol cultures for the improvement of shelf-life of fresh cut products

The demand of minimally processed fruits and vegetables has increased in the last years. However, their intrinsic characteristics may favor the growth of pathogens and spoilage microbiota. The negative effects on human health reported for some traditional chemical sanitizers have justified the search for substitutes to guarantee food safety and quality. In this work we have evaluate the potential of some essential oils and their components to improve the safety and the shelf life of Lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta) and apples (Golden delicious). Moreover, the effects of selected lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination with essential oils or their components, on the shelf-life and safety as well as organoleptic properties of minimally processed products, were evaluated. Since the lack of knowledge of microbial cell targets of essential oils represent one of the most important limit to the use of these molecules at industrial level, another aim of this thesis was the study of the action mechanisms of essential oils and their components. The results obtained showed the beneficial effects of the natural antimicrobials as well as the selected lactic acid bacteria on minimally processed fruit and vegetable safety and shelf-life, without detrimental effects on the quality parameters. The beneficial effects obtained by the use of the selected biocontrol agents were further increased combining them with selected natural antimicrobials. The natural antimicrobial employed induced noticeable modifications of membrane fatty acid profiles and volatile compounds produced by microbial cells during the growth. The modification of the expression in genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis suggesting that the cytoplasmic membrane of microbial cells is one of the major cellular target of essential oils and their components. The comprehension of microbial stress response mechanisms can contribute to the scaling up of natural antimicrobials and bio-control agents at industrial level.
Reproductive and productive performance of crossbred pigs

Significant differences between genetic groups with 75% LWY-desi crossbreds excelling in most of the production traits indicate its superiority over the half-breds. However, the half-breds recorded superior litter traits. With the medium heritability recorded for litter traits in the present study, selective breeding of75% LWY-desi crossbreds for increased reproductive performance might increase the overall productivity of this genetic group. Significantly favourable means recorded for most of the traits during cooler seasons indicated the need to provide cooler ambient ten1peratures to maximize their performance.
The Alternative Sigma Factors Of Listeria Monocytogenes: Stress Response Regulation At The Level Of Non-Coding Rnas And Proteins

SbrE is a ncRNA in Listeria monocytogenes, reported to be up-regulated by the alternative sigma factor σ. Initial quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments on parent strains and isogenic ΔsigB strains demonstrated σ-dependent expression of SbrE across the four L. monocytogenes lineages and in L. innocua. Microarray and proteomics (MDLC/MS/MS with iTRAQ labeling) experiments with the L. monocytogenes parent strain and an isogenic ΔsbrE strain identified a single gene (lmo0636) and two proteins (Lmo0637 and Lmo2094) that showed lower expression levels in the ΔsbrE strain. qRT-PCR demonstrated an increase in SbrE transcript levels in stationary phase L. monocytogenes and in bacteria exposed to oxidative stress (mean log2 transcript levels 7.68 + 0.57 and 1.70 + 0.71 greater than in mid-log phase cells, respectively). However, no significant differences in growth or survival between the parent strain and ΔsbrE strain were confirmed under a variety of environmental stress conditions tested. Our data suggest that σ-dependent transcription of SbrE represents a conserved mechanism that contributes, across Listeria species, to finetuning of gene expression under specific environmental conditions that remain to be
Epidemiological Pattern of Injuries Resulting from Road Traffic Accidents in Khartoum, Sudan

Background: Traffic accidents are increasingly becoming a threat to public health and national development in many developing countries. Sudan isn’t an exception, the number of vehicles is rapidly increasing while the road’s widths remain as same as before, so many accidents took place, and serious losses and damages to both human beings and vehicles may occur. This study was aimed at identifying the epidemiological pattern of injuries and determinants that contribute to road traffic accidents (RTA) in Khartoum Teaching Hospital Sudan. Methodology: Hospital based descriptive study was conducted in Khartoum Teaching Hospital. 150 road traffic victims who attended the emergency room or were admitted to the hospital from February-May 2012 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. A pre-test standardized administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Males were more affected (85%); laborers were the highest among the victims (43%). Sixty three of RTA causes were related to the drivers. Conclusion: Urgent intervention is needed through the involvement of many sectors and specialties. There is an urgent need to setup a database to collect, store and analyze information related to road traffic accidents. This will help the authorities to plan strategically for appropriate interventions across the country.
Production mechanisms of leptons, photons, and hadrons and their possible feedback close to lightning leaders

It has been discussed that lightning flashes emit high‐energy electrons, positrons, photons, and neutrons with single energies of several tens of MeV. In the first part of this paper we study the absorption of neutron beams in the atmosphere. We initiate neutron beams of initial energies of 350 keV, 10 MeV, and 20 MeV at source altitudes of 4 km and 16 km upward and downward and see that in all these cases neutrons reach ground altitudes and that the cross‐section areas extend to several km2. We estimate that for terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes approximately between 10 and 2000 neutrons per ms and m2 are possibly detectable at ground, at 6 km, or at 500 km altitude. In the second part of the paper we discuss a feedback model involving the generation and motion of electrons, positrons, neutrons, protons, and photons close to the vicinity of lightning leaders. In contrast to other feedback models, we do not consider large‐scale thundercloud fields but enhanced fields of lightning leaders. We launch different photon and electron beams upward at 4 km altitude. We present the spatial and energy distribution of leptons, hadrons, and photons after different times and see that leptons, hadrons, and photons with energies of at least 40 MeV are produced. Because of their high rest mass hadrons are measurable on a longer time scale than leptons and photons. The feedback mechanism together with the field enhancement by lightning leaders yields particle energies even above 40 MeV measurable at satellite altitudes.
Five commercial citrus rate poorly as hosts of the polyphagous fruit flyBactrocera tryoni(Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory studies

Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a polyphagous pest, and many citrus types are included among its hosts. While quantification of citrus host use by B. tryoni is lacking, citrus is generally considered a ‘low pressure’ crop. This paper investigates B. tryoni female oviposition preference and offspring performance in five citrus types; Murcott mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Navel orange and Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis), Eureka lemon (Citrus limon) and yellow grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Oviposition preference was investigated in laboratory-based choice and no-choice experiments, while immature survival and offspring performance were investigated by infesting fruits in the laboratory and evaluating pupal recovery, pupal emergence and F1 fecundity. Fruit size, Brix level and peel toughness were also measured for correlation with host use. Bactrocera tryoni demonstrated an oviposition preference hierarchy among the citrus fruits tested; Murcott and grapefruit were most preferred for oviposition and lemon the least, while preference for Navel and Valencia was intermediate. Peel toughness was negatively correlated with B. tryoni oviposition preference, while no significant correlations were detected between oviposition and Brix level or fruit size. Immature survival in the tested fruit was very low. Murcott was the best host (21% pupal recovery), while all other citrus types that showed pupal recovery of 6% or lower and no pupae were recovered from Valencia orange. In pupae recovered from Navel orange and lemon, adult eclosion was greatly reduced, while in grapefruit and lemon, no eggs were recovered from F1 adults. Based on these laboratory results, many commercial citrus varieties appear to be poor hosts for B. tryoni and may pose a low post-harvest and quarantine risk. These findings need to be confirmed in the field, as they impact on both pre-harvest and post-harvest countermeasures.