Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the quality and reliability of online health information

Background Internet represents a relevant source of information, but reliability of data that can be obtained by the web is still an unsolved issue. Non-reliable online information may have a relevance, especially in taking decisions related to health problems. Uncertainties on the quality of online health data may have a negative impact on health-related choices of citizens. Objective This work consisted in a cross-sectional literature review of published papers on online health information. The two main research objectives consisted in the analysis of trends in the use of health web sites and in the quality assessment and reliability levels of web medical sites. Methods Literature research was made using four digital reference databases, namely PubMed, British Medical Journal, Biomed, and CINAHL. Entries used were “trustworthy of medical information online,” “survey to evaluate medical information online,” “medical information online,” and “habits of web-based health information users”. Analysis included only papers published in English. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to conduct quality checks of selected works. Results Literature analysis using the above entries resulted in 212 studies. Twenty-four articles in line with study objectives, and user characteristics were selected. People more prone to use the internet for obtaining health information were females, younger people, scholars, and employees. Reliability of different online health sites is an issue taken into account by the majority of people using the internet for obtaining health information and physician assistance could help people to surf more safe health web sites. Conclusions Limited health information and/or web literacy can cause misunderstandings in evaluating medical data found in the web. An appropriate education plan and evaluation tools could enhance user skills and bring to a more cautious analysis of health information found in the web.
Economic Analysis of Initial Public Offering Underpricing in Stock Market of Pakistan

The Initial Public Offering (IPO) underpricing in the stock market is considered an important factor to attract the investor towards the stock. In this study in addition to IPO the economic analysis of underpricing is investigated to examine economic effects of influencing factor of IPO underpricing in stock market of Pakistan for 98 listed companies taking their data for the period of 2013-2018. The findings of the regression analysis indicates that assets return, equities, earnings per share and profit margin are the important factors of IPO underpricing as there economic return to investor has significant, however, the effect of earning-price remains insignificant on IPO underpricing. The descriptive analysis of the study shows maturity of the selected variable and variance influencing factor indicates that the variables isn’t multi-collinear with each other. The study concludes that impact of the liquidity level of IPO underpricing in the optional market would help the financial investors in strategizing their speculation through exchanging component.
Use of Digital Tools for Horizontal Spread of Agricultural Technologies by Farmers of Kerala

In this digital era, integration of digital tools is common in every sector and agriculture is not an exception. The present study was conducted among the farmers of Kerala who were using various digital tools, during the year 2018-2019. The sample of the study consisted of 120 farmers from three zones of Kerala. Awareness and Preference of the respondents were studied in order to find out the horizontal spread. Based on the results obtained it was found that all farmers were aware about tools like television, mobile phone and social media. Most of the farmers had selected mobile phones as the most preferred tool. Farmers were found to use mobile phones mainly for ‘crop protection’ purposes and social media for ‘marketing’ purposes.
Issues and Ideas in Education Perception of Teachers and Students towards the Implementation of Choice Based Credit System at Undergraduate Level

The present study examines the perception of teachers and students of undergraduate colleges towards the implementation of Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) by investigating the significance of difference in the perception of teachers in relation to stream and students in relation to sex, streams and types of colleges. For this purpose near about 60 teachers and 120 students were selected through random sampling from 4 undergraduate colleges of Bargarh district affiliated to Sambalpur University, Odisha. The descriptive survey method was used by the researchers. The data were collected through five point perception scale developed by the researchers for teachers and students separately. For the analysis of the obtained data test was used. The result indicated that arts, science and commerce teachers did not differ significantly in their perception towards implementation of CBCS at undergraduate level. The science students differed significantly from the commerce and arts students in their perception towards the implementation of CBCS at undergraduate level. But arts and commerce students did not differ significantly in their perception. There was no significant difference in the perception of male and female students. The students of Government College differed significantly from the students of private college and government aided colleges in their perception towards the implementation of CBCS at under graduate level.
Effect of different dietary ratios of corn silage to barley silage on fi- ber digestibility, feeding behavior, and milk yield performance of dairy cows

Received: 21 May. 2020, Accepted: 19 Jun. 2020, Published online: 01 Jul. 2020. Abstract This study assessed the substitution effects of barley silage (BS) for corn silage (CS) on nutrient utilization, feeding behavior, and performance of dairy cows. Eight Holstein lactating cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, and the cows were offered diets containing different ratios of CS to BS (22% of DM) as 1) 3:0 (CS3BS0); 2) 2:1 (CS2BS1); 3) 1:2 (CS1BS2); and 4) 0:3 (CS0BS3). The diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous, but the dietary concentration of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and proportion of long particles (>19 mm) were increased with increasing BS proportion in the diets. The degradability characteristics of the silages were evaluated by in situ technique. Both silages were similar in predicted total tract NDF digestibility (TTNDFD = 35 %), 30-h undegradable NDF (uNDF30h = 32 %), NDF digestion rate (kd = 1.8 %/h), but CS was lower in iNDF and higher non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Intake of DM was unchanged, but NDF intake was linearly increased with increasing BS levels. Total tract NDF digestibility did not differ among treatments, but DM digestibility linearly decreased with increasing BS proportion. Feeding different ratios of CS: BS did not affect milk yield or milk fat and protein concentration. Furthermore, ruminating time was unaffected by dietary treatments but increasing BS level decreased quadratically the eating and total chewing times. The experimental treatments did not affect plasma β-hydroxybutyric acid and glucose concentrations, but BS increased linearly ruminal ammonia and blood urea nitrogen concentration. The results indicated that BS had a higher iNDF content and a negative impact on DM digestibility and N utilization. However, partial or total substitution of CS with BS led to similar DM intake and milk yield, possibly as a result of similar fiber digestion rate and uNDF30h.
Inactivation of Gossypol by Iron.

Chicks were used in a series of studies designed to examine the molar ratios of ironrgossypol required for gossypol inactivation. Gossypol acetic acid or cottonseed meal was fed as a source of gossypol. Iron was supplied as ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Four week weight gain, feed conversion and gossypol excretion patterns were used as criteria to measure the responses. Weekly feed analyses revealed a continual loss of gossypol in all trials. The greatest loss appeared to occur during or soon after mixing of the feed. Gossypol appeared to be more stable when supplied as cottonseed meal than when supplied as gossypol acetic acid. No evidence to indicate binding of gossypol by iron in the ration was observed. Increasing the dietary gossypol level from zero to BOO ppm, at increments of 200 ppm, resulted in a reduction of weight gain with each increase of dietary gossypol. The greatest reduction in weight gain occurred when cottonseed meal was used to supply gossypol. Addition of iron to rations containing gossypol resulted in a significant im­ provement in weight gain. No improvement was noted as a result of increasing the ironrgossypol molar ratio above 1:1 and B:1 for rations containing gossypol acetic acid or cottonseed meal, respectively. vii There was a decrease in free gossypol excretion and an increase in bound gossypol excretion per gram total gossypol consumed as a result of adding iron to rations containing gossypol. For rations containing gossypol acetic acid, a molar ratio of iron:gossypol of 4 d yielded maximum gossypol inactivation. An iron:gossypol molar ratio of 8:1 was required for maximum gossypol inactivation for rations containing
The Influence of Atrazine on the Growth, Development and Oxygen Consumption of Pelophylax nigromaculatus Tadpoles

Amphibians grow and reproduce in water, and are sensitive to water pollution. Atrazine is one of the widely distributed herbicides that can damage the amphibians. To study the influence of atrazine on the growth, development and oxygen consumption of Pelophylax nigromaculata larvae, 26 stages of tadpoles were raised in water containing different concentrations of atrazine (0, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μg/L). After treatments at different times (10, 15, 20, 25 d), the snout vent length (SVL), total length, body width and the bodyweight of tadpoles were measured, and oxygen consumption of tadpoles was checked with an aquatic biorespirometer. The results showed that with the increase of treatment time, the SVL, whole length, body width and the bodyweight of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles of each concentration group increased. At the same treatment time, the SVL, whole length, body width and the bodyweight of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles gradually decreased with the increase of concentration. Compared with the control group, the oxygen consumption in the treatment groups increased in the short-term treatment (10 d), had no difference in the medium-term treatment (15 d) and decreased in the long-term treatment (20 and 25 d).
The engraver beetle Ips acuminatus in the south-eastern Alps - Life traits and population dynamics

In the last years extensive outbreaks of the pine engraver beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) have been reported in many Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests in the Alps including the valley of Boite (Dolomites). The beetle has been considered for a long time of minor economic importance, but recently it has been included among the ten most damaging wood boring insect in Europe as a result of the increasing tree mortality caused by this species. Extrinsic factors such as high temperature and drought are known to trigger outbreaks of I. acuminatus and it is likely that climate change may aggravate the threat to pine forests, either with the beetle alone or in combination with secondary pathogens and pests, as the recent infestations seem to confirm. I. acuminatus is one of the most common bark beetles infesting Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Eurasia. It is a polygamous species with up to 6-12 females joining each male within the gallery systems. The maternal galleries radiate outward from the central nuptial chamber (formed by the male) creating a distinctive star-shaped pattern. Eggs are laid on both sides of the maternal galleries. Larval galleries develop shortly in the phloem as I. acuminatus is a phloemycetophagous species associated with Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum and Ambrosiella macrospora. Before emerging, callow adults need a period of maturation feeding that takes place in the phloem close to the galleries where the larvae have developed. The adults infest the upper part of the trunk and the branches, as a bark thickness of 2-3 mm is preferred. Literature reports I. acuminatus as monovoltine in Scandinavia and bivoltine in southern Europe, overwintering as adult mainly under the bark of the infested trees. However, overwintering in the litter has been considered possible in northern populations. Spring emergence begins slowly when air temperature reaches 14°-16°C, but the real mass flight occurs when temperature exceeds 18°C. As many other bark beetle species, I. acuminatus have a very pronounced spatial patterning linked to the cooperative attack strategy it adopts, resulting in a „spot infestation‟. This dissertation addresses poorly known aspects of the biology of the bark beetle observed during the outbreak that started in 2005 in the south-eastern Alps, with particular focus on: - voltinism, phenology and breeding performance in relation to both temperature and colonisation density, in order to determine how these factors may affect insect performance and population dynamics in a climate-change perspective; - spatial-temporal dynamics of the infestations during the different phases of the outbreak, in order to model bark beetle activity and behaviour; - effects of a sanitation felling on spot dynamics and damage level, in order to help management decisions making about whether to apply active control measures; - natural enemy complex associated with I. acuminatus, in order to assess the role of parasitoids and predators on population dynamics.
Screening of Musculoskeletal Disorders Using Standard Nordic Questionnaire in Petrol Pump Workers in the Age Group of 25-50 Years

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is reported as one of the most common health problems in the working population causing physical disability, poor quality of life, loss of productivity. Petrol pump workers have to perform repetitive work and stand for long hours, increasing the demand on the musculoskeletal system. Aim: The main aim of the study was to Screen for Musculoskeletal pain using Standard Nordic Questionnaire in Petrol Pump Workers in the age group of 25-50 years. Material and Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 280 male petrol pump workers in the age group of 25-50 years who are working in Mumbai. The study used the self-administered Standard Nordic Questionnaire aimed at screening the petrol pump workers for musculoskeletal pain in 9 anatomic regions of the body. Result: out of the total study population, 69% of the petrol pump workers had pain. The commonest sites were the low back (50.3%), knee (26.7%) and foot (18.5%) Conclusion: The study concludes that a significant number of petrol pump workers had musculoskeletal problems. Majority of the subjects reported Low back pain (50.3%), followed by knee pain (26.7%) and foot pain (18.5%)
The inheritance and gift tax in Germany: Reform potentials for tax revenue, efficiency and distribution

* The authors would like to thank the two anonymous referees, Hrvoje Šimović, the participants of the conference Public Sector Economics, October 24 2019 in Zagreb, Andreas Thiemann, and the participants of the in-depth session Inheritance and gift tax in Germany, October 16 2019 in Brussels organised by the European Commission for useful comments and suggestions. ** Received: November 6, 2019 Accepted: May 13, 2020
Growth, yield attributes and yield performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under graded levels of fertilizer

The present study was carried out with the objectives to study the growth characters of the variety under different fertility levels and yield performance of the Indian mustard variety NRCHB-101 under graded doses of fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted during 2016-17 at the Agronomy Main Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneswar laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and twelve treatments. At harvest, highest plant height and highest number of secondary branches was observed at P2 (40 kg ha-1) whereas highest number of primary branches were observed at N3 (120 kg ha-1). Numerically higher LAI was noticed at N2 (80 kg ha-1). The dose of 100kg N ha-1 produced maximum amount of seed and the dose of 80kg N ha-1 produced maximum stover. As regards P application, 40 kg P ha-1 had the highest yield of seed and stover. Highest seed yield and stover yield were obtained from 30 kg K ha-1. The increasing doses of nutrients have a positive effect on the seed yield and stover yield. The harvest index also increased significantly with increased doses of nitrogen application.
Icelandic as a second language: university students’ experiences

The aim of this paper is to present and analyze how university students experience teaching methods of Icelandic as a second language and communication with teachers during the learning process. The theoretical framework includes multicultural education theory and second language teaching and learning theories. The findings are based on qualitative interviews with twelve students who study Icelandic as a second language at the University of Iceland. The analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants were generally satisfied with the learning environment and had positive experiences of communication with the majority of the teachers. Nevertheless, the participants described themselves as being rather passive recipients of knowledge in the courses where explicit teaching of grammar was applied, and lacking active participation in the learning process. Additionally, the participants encountered several challenges during the learning process such as issues related to task-based and group assignments and, in some cases, teachers lacked understanding of different students’ needs, such as that of providing extra learning materials.
The dynamics and scaling of foraging velocity and encounter rate in mammalian herbivores

1. We developed a simple model of foraging locomotion for mammalian herbivores that contains two parameters, maximum foraging velocity (V max , m s -1 ) and acceleration (a o , m s -2 ) and a single dependent variable, the distance between plants (d, m). 2. We examined predictions of our model by varying the distance between plants offered to nine mammalian herbivores ranging in mass from 0.05 to 533 kg. 3. Application of simple laws of motion were adequate to explain the dynamics of foraging locomotion. As the animals travelled between food items, they accelerated to a maximum foraging velocity, which they maintained until they approached the next food item. Acceleration was achieved by increasing both the length and the frequency of strides. Mean foraging velocity increased up to 10-fold as plant spacing increased, but as plant spacing increased, mean velocity was asymptotic with distance between plants. 4. V max scaled in proportion to M M0.04, and a o scaled as M -0.17 . 5. Our results suggest that small herbivores achieve similar maximum foraging velocities as do large herbivores, but can accelerate faster and therefore encounter plants more rapidly when plants are spaced closely together (<2 m apart). We conclude that foraging models that do not include the effects of acceleration will overestimate encounter rate and affect the model solution.
Różnicowanie i ujednolicanie się flor ruderalnych w warunkach izolacji środowiskowej [Differentiation and unification of ruderal floras in environmental isolation conditions]

North Podlasie settlements have a character of environmental islands forming nodes of a network with varied strength of interactions. The expansion of alien species within settlement network is a function of time, isolation and size of the settlements; therefore, the differences in floras of the settlements are also dependent on their size and isolation. The above assumptions were tested on the basis of floristic data from 36 settlements of different size. The actual proportion of species representing various historical, geographical and ecological groups in local floras was compared to expected values obtained from regional pool of species and local species richness. As some of obtained results are consistent with equilibrium hypothesis, other may be better explained by habitat diversity and passive sampling hypotheses. Ruderal floras of North Podlasie are strongly unified. The bigger the settlements, the more similar their floras are. In the floras of the smallest settlements, archaeophytes are overrepresented, while the proportion of kenophytes (neophytes sensu MEUSEL 1943) in local floras always corresponds to an expected value. Terophytes and species of American origin are the most effective kenophytes in colonization of the smallest and most isolated towns and villages. Based on their features, anthropophytes of North Podlasie may be divided into three functional groups. Observed differences in a rate of colonisation of towns and villages by alien species enable prognosis of their further expansion.
The relevance of wind for optimal migration theory

Tracking radar measurements of winds at the flight levels of bird migration during several migratory seasons in central Europe, southern Israel and the western Mediterranean are analysed with regard to optimal migratory behaviour in relation to wind. Birds migrating through central Europe and the Mediterranean area have to cope with windspeeds commonly ranging from 50 to 100% of their normal airspeed. Opposing winds prevail in central Europe, while at the western and eastern edge of the Mediterranean headand tailwinds occur in similar frequencies. Winds are highly variable in time and altitude. A bird migrating selectively during nights with favourable wind conditions speeds up its flight by 30% (on average) compared to an individual disregarding the wind situation. Selecting the most profitable flight altitude may result in an additional gain of 40% in flight speed. Therefore, taking into account the wind situation carefully, a bird can almost double its flight speed and save about half of the energy required for its migratory journey through central Europe and the Mediterranean. The time needed for refuelling decreases accordingly or the safety margins provided by fat reserves can be increased. For birds flying long distances in one step, the selection of favourable winds should be more important than adjusting departure to local fat accumulation rates.
Risk and benefit judgment of excreta as fertilizer in agriculture: An exploratory investigation in Rwanda and Uganda

ABSTRACT This research explores the use of psychometric techniques to improve understanding of psychological mechanisms underlying judgment of excreta as fertilizer in agriculture including other excreta-related activities. Participants consisted of environmental health students, smallholder farmers, and traders in rural and urban Rwanda and Uganda. The finding reveals an inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgments. This relationship holds for the three groups of participants with significant risk and benefit correlations of p < . 0001. This finding is consistent with other studies in showing that affect plays a key role in risk perception, judgment, and decision-making. Building on this finding, we conclude that individuals with high risk and low benefit judgment for excreta-related practices would eschew them or emphasize strict standards. Individuals with a high benefit and low risk judgment would engage in excreta management practices regardless of the actual risks involved. This finding is relevant for risk communication and risk management as it indicates that individuals do not rely only on risk management information they receive concerning excreta and related risks but also depend, to an extent, on their feelings about these substances when making judgments and decisions regarding the purpose for using excreta as fertilizer and the level of exposure they can tolerate and manage.