Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of sample pretreatment on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry on soils of different cropping history

SUMMARY The effects of cropping history (pasture or arable) and sample pretreatment (field-moist, air-dried or air-dried and then tension or vacuum rewetted) on aggregate stability as measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry were compared. When field-moist samples were used there was a tendency for aggregate stability, as measured by wet sieving, to decline with increasing time under arable cropping (i.e. decreasing soil organic matter content). Air-drying samples caused a pronounced decline in stability of soils from under arable management and as a consequence there was a marked decline in stability with increasing time under arable. Use of tension or vacuum rewetted samples resulted in high values of stability which were unaffected by cropping history. For turbidimetry, there was a marked decline in measured stability with increasing time under arable cropping when field-moist samples were used. Air-drying caused an increase in measured stability that was relatively greater for the less stable samples. In comparison with air-dried samples, tension and vacuum rewetting caused a decrease in stability values for relatively unstable soils. It is suggested that, upon air-drying (and contraction of aggregates), additional intermolecular associations were formed between soil constituents thus conferring greater stability on aggregates. This resulted in reduced dispersion (and the release of particles <0.04 mm in diameter) from the surfaces of aggregates and slaked aggregate fragments following rapid rewetting. As a consequence stability as measured by turbidimetry was increased by drying. For aggregates from a predominantly arable history, this stabilization was not great enough to prevent slaking occurring following rapid rewetting, with the formation of a large proportion of stabilized fragments <0.5 mm in diameter. The stability of these aggregates as measured by wet sieving was therefore decreased by drying.
Comparison of properties of dielectric films deposited by various methods

In this review paper, the physico–chemical properties of various dielectric films used on semiconductor devices are compared according to their method of formation or deposition. The insulators which are discussed are silicon dioxide, phosphosilicate glass, silicon nitride, alumina, borosilicate glass, and other silicate glasses. The techniques of formation or deposition are thermal oxidation, CVD and pyrolytic deposition, plasma CVD, dc and rf reactive sputtering, rf sputtering, electron beam evaporation, and fused glass from sedimented powders.
Water, sanitation and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings

1. ‘Strike a woman and you strike a rock’: A battle cry of the fight against apartheid in South Africa. 2. All these males had mothers who presumably shared caring characteristics with their sisters in Appalachia. When do mothers lose influence over their sons? This is a question that is particularly apposite in South Africa where the crime wave is attributable to male juveniles often under the influence of their peers in criminal gangs. Fathers are often absent from these households. 3. It is not clear what is meant as there is no reference in the index to ‘working – class’. Their protests take up a lot of time. Some of the women are now stay – at – home, mothers or grandmothers and some appear to be owners of land some of it inherited, hence their attachment to the land, which would seem to gainsay such an appellation. It cannot be the juxtaposition to the ‘idle rich’ since one has the impression that Americans in general are hard working and hence ‘working – class’.
X-Ray Crystal Structures of cis- and trans-Dinitrobis(1,4-butanediamine)cobalt(III) Nitrates. Conformation of Seven-Membered Chelate Rings

The structures of cis- and trans-dinitrobis(1,4-butanediamine)cobalt(III) nitrates were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. cis-[Co(NO2)2(tmd)2]NO3 (tmd=H2N(CH2)4NH2) is monoclinic with the space group P21⁄a; the cell constants are a=23.878(4), b=8.403(1), c=16.675(3) A, β=103.24(1)°; Z=8, and the final R value was 0.051. trans-[Co(NO2)2(tmd)2]NO3·H2O is triclinic with the space group P\bar1; the cell constants are a=9.753(3), b=13.909(4), c=6.327(1) A, α=102.07(2), β=91.05(2), γ=87.83(3)°; Z=2, and the final R value was 0.058. Both complexes have a slightly distorted octahedral geometry around the cobalt center. The conformations of the seven-membered chelate rings have twist-chair and chair forms for the cis and trans complexes, respectively.
COMPARISON OF THE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT IN APPLES AND CARROTS GROWN IN ORGANIC AND INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS

The aim of this study was to compare some quality parameters of apples and carrots from organic and integrated farming systems. In addition, the cultivars of carrots were grown in two plant densities (600 or 900 thousand plants per hectare). The fructose, glucose, saccharose and dry matter content of seven apple cultivars (Florina, Zvonkove, Topaz, Sampion, Ontario, Melrose and Idared) and two carrot cultivars (Afalon F1 and Cortina F1) were analysed by HPLC and gravimetric methods, respectively. Significant differences were found between organic and integrated apple samples. The interactions between cultivars and farming methods were also significant (p <0.0001). The dry matter and sugar level tendencies were not the same for all apple cultivars. Conversely, more consistent data were obtained for the two carrot cultivars. The bio carrots of both cultivars showed significantly lower dry matter content (p = 0.0004) and higher carbohydrate content (pfructose = 0.0303, pglucose = 0.0003, psucrose = 0.0083) than the samples from integrated production. Other factors like cultivar and plant density also played an important role in sugar content in carrots. Different densities of plants significantly affected the glucose content (p = 0.0373). Cultivar Aftalon F1 showed higher concentration of monosaccharides compared to Cortina F1 (pfructose = 0.0001 and pglucose <0.0001).
Changes to water repellence of soil aggregates caused by substrate‐induced microbial activity

Soil microbes produce exudates which upon drying become water‐repellent, thus altering hydraulic properties. The influence of microbial activity caused by adding plant nutrients on the hydraulic characteristics of soil aggregates is reported. Soil aggregates were collected from a field that had been fertilized with different amounts of nitrogen. Aggregates were also incubated with different nutrient treatments in the laboratory. Their sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity and water repellency were measured with a new device. Adding nitrogen was found to decrease sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity because of increased water repellency in the field. In the laboratory studies, the addition of nutrients caused severe water repellency in the soil aggregates. Respiration studies identified a large increase in biological activity following nutrient amendment which produces water‐repellent materials.
Multicolor frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography for detection of breast cancer

Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is based on acquiring information from multiply scattered light which penetrates into the tissue up to depths of several centimeters. This technique allows for imaging of absorbing and scattering inclusions inside tissue and distinguishing between them after computer processing of an image. An experimental setup for multicolor frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography (FD DOT) to visualize neoplasia of breast tissue and to estimate its size has been created. A breast is scanned in the transilluminative configuration by a single source and detector pair. Illumination at three wavelengths (684 nm, 794 nm, and 850 nm) which correspond to different parts of the absorption spectrum provides information about concentration of the main absorbers (oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and fat/water). Source amplitude modulation at 140 MHz increases spatial resolution and provides separate reconstruction of scattering and absorption coefficients. In vivo study of breast carcinoma has been performed. Maps of 2D distributions of reconstructed absorption and scattering coefficients and concentration of hemoglobin have been obtained. An increase of absorption and scattering coefficient, total hemoglobin concentration and decrease of blood oxygen saturation is observed in the tumor area in comparison with the surrounding tissue. We can conclude that FD DOT technique confirms a possibility of detecting neoplastic changes.
Canmet's Project on the Chemistry, Generation and Treatment of Thiosalts in Milling Effluents

AbstractDuring the period 1976–1982, CANMET in conjunction with industry and university representatives carried out a project on thiosalt-bearing milling effluents. A body of documentation on many aspects of the thiosalt problem was generated, and the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of that project with the aim of increasing the general awareness of the thiosalt problem associated with milling effluents.Methods of storing and analysing thiosalt effluents were developed. Particular reference is made to the Noranda mercuric chloride titration procedure since this is both simple and accurate. The principal factors affecting thiosalt generation in milling circuits were determined to be grinding pH, sulphide content of the ore, residence time and temperature. Mass balances were conducted at two operating mills to define the relative importance of the various unit operations. Fourteen methods of thiosalt destruction were evaluated on technical and economic grounds. When all aspects of the treatm.
Production of Bio-oil from Alfalfa Stems by Fluidized-Bed Fast Pyrolysis †

This study focused on the production of bio-oil from alfalfa stem material. Two alfalfa maturity stages, harvested at the early bud and full flower stages of development, were examined to evaluate the impact of variation in cell wall polysaccharide and lignin content on pyrolysis oil yields, production efficiency, and bio-oil and char quality, in terms of their use as combustion fuel and for chemicals. Findings included a lower-than-average yield of bio-oil and a higher-than-average yield of charcoal from alfalfa stems, compared to previous results for other biomass feedstocks. The bio-oil showed a decrease in oxygen content from the alfalfa stems, leading to a higher-than-average energy content in the bio-oil. Bio-oil yields were slightly higher for the more-mature alfalfa, which had higher levels of cell wall cellulose and lignin. Overall, when all the pyrolysis products were considered, energy recovery was better for the more-mature alfalfa stems.
Ethical Issues in The Treatment of Transsexual Patients

The trans community, under the spectrum LGBTQ is one of the minorities that faces challenges on various psycho-social, economic and political fronts. One of the greatest challenges that these people face is not only being discriminated socially but also receiving discriminated treatments. One of the bigger challenges in the health domain is that of mental health. There is a lack of sensitivity, appropriate understanding and sufficient treatment modalities for treatment of trans community of patients. The present paper provides an overview of the various ethical issues encountered when treating transsexual patients in clinical practice.
Synthesis and Properties of P2O5-SnO2-ZnO Penetrated into Silica Aerogel Matrix by Sol-Gel Technique

This work demonstrated the synthesis of SiO2-P2O5-SnO2-ZnO quaternary porous aerogel by sol-gel followed supercritical carbon dioxide drying, starting from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursor for SiO2 and triethyl phosphate, tin (iv) chloride pentahydrate and zinc nitrate hexahydrate as precursor for P2O5-SnO2-ZnO. It has been recorded that prepared P2O5-SnO2-ZnO sol was added to silica sol, then formed the quaternary aerogel by base catalyst. The microstructure, morphology and properties of the quaternary aerogel were studied by TG/DTA, FTIR, solid-state 29Si NMR, BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement and BJH nitrogen gas adsorption. The silica aerogels tetrahedral subunit structure and the influence of the loaded oxide have been observed. The results indicated that the quaternary aerogel exhibited average pore diameter of 14.15 nm, cumulative pore volume of 2.31 ml/g, the specific surface area as high as 796.29 m2/g and bulk density of 0.275g/cm3. There were four types of Si (O1/2)4 tetrahedral unit structure in the quaternary aerogel. From this study, different chemical bond of P2O5-SnO2-ZnO penetrated into the silica network structure.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAM AS A FUNCTION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of gram. Six levels of moisture content ranging from 10.83 to 31.20 percent (dry basis) were considered for this study. Length, width, thickness, diameter of equivalent sphere, mass of 1000 grains and porosity increased linearly from 7.968 to 8.758 mm, 5.864 to 6.554 mm, 5.713 to 6.359 mm, 6.770 to 8.795 mm, 137.97 to 172.73 g, and 33.17 to 35.85% respectively with the increase of moisture content from 10.83 to 31.20%. The angle of repose increased from 27.03 to 33.27° with the increase of moisture content. Bulk density and true density decreased linearly from 787.31 kg/m3 to 712.61 kg/m3 and 1398 kg/m3 to 1250 kg/m3, respectively. Static coefficient of friction was determined over plywood, galvanized steel, celluloid sheet, and glass sheet. Static coefficient of friction varied from material to material and depended on the roughness and wetness of the true. The highest coefficient of static friction was found over plywood and lowest for glass sheet among the materials tested.
In Situ EPR Monitoring of Chromium Species Formed during Cr−Pyrrolyl Ethylene Trimerization Catalyst Formation

The catalyst systems Cr(acac)3/pyrrole/AlEt3/AlEt2Cl and Cr(EH)3/pyrrole/AlEt3/AlEt2Cl in cyclohexane (EH = 2-ethylhexanoate), modeling the Phillips ethylene trimerization catalyst, have been studied by EPR spectroscopy. The effect of various components of these catalyst systems on the concentration of Cr(III) and Cr(I) species and ethylene trimerization activity has been investigated. The relationship between the trimerization data and the nature of the chromium species present in the reaction solution has been studied.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE SOILS OF NORTH WEST PEMBROKESHIRE

Summary Total amounts of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Bt, Rb, Si, Y, Zr and Pb were determined in soil samples from approximately 250 profiles. Examples of automatically plotted maps show the distribution of some of these elements in topsoils and subsoils. Element distribution in the soils is related to land units based on underlying rock-type and air photograph interpretation; these units distinguish soils of different lithological and drainage status and many are dominated by a single soil subgroup. Agricultural and pollution aspects of the work are discussed. The survey indicates the present levels of the elements, and may be used as a comparison in future pollution studies.
Degradation of antibiotics amoxicillin by Co3O4‐catalyzed peroxymonosulfate system

Sulfate radical‐based advanced oxidation processes (SR‐AOPs) are attracting considerable attention due to the high oxidizing ability of sulfate radical to degrade organic pollutants in aqueous environments. In this study, the degradation of antibiotics amoxicillin using SR‐AOPs was investigated. This process is based on the generation of sulfate radicals through Co3O4‐mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Several parameters affecting antibiotics degradation such as Co3O4, PMS, pH, and temperature were investigated. The optimal conditions were found to be as follows: oxone concentration 0.01 mol·L −1, Co3O4 dosage 0.06 g, pH 6.0, reaction temperature 60°C, and reaction time 45 min. Under these optimum conditions, it was found that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 91.01% was achieved. The effect of ultrasound in the Co3O4/PMS system for amoxicillin degradation was also studied. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 193‐197, 2013
Cointegration Testing Method for Monitoring Nonstationary Processes

This paper introduces cointegration testing method for nonstationary process monitoring, which yields a long-run dynamic equilibrium relationship for nonstationary process systems. The process variables are examined, and then a cointegration model of the tested nonstationary variables is identified. The residual sequence of the cointegration model describes the dynamic equilibrium errors of the nonstationary process system and can be further analyzed for condition monitoring and fault detection purposes. The autocorrelated residual sequence is filtered with AR model first, then compensated to keep the fault signatures from being distorted by the filtering process. An application case study to an industrial distillation unit with a nonstatioanry process shows that a tidy cointegration model can describe the dynamic equilibruim state of the unit and correctly detect abnormal behavior of the process.
The theory of the nuclear hyperfine structure of paramagnetic resonance spectra in the copper Tutton salts

The general theory of a previous paper is applied to the copper Tutton salts. It is found that unless account is taken of the effect of admixed configurations containing unpaired s-electrons, agreement with experiment is impossible. Allowance for unpaired s-electron configurations gives good agreement, both for anisotropy and magnitude of the effect. The effect of the nuclear quadrupole moment, though small, is important, and the paramagnetic resonance method is in principle perhaps capable of giving a more accurate value of this nuclear constant than optical methods.
Influence of spacing on yield, quality and economics of tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.)

The experiment was carried out to study the influence of spacing on yield, quality and economics of tikhur.The experiment was carried out at instructional farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment was consisted of six different spacings viz. T1 - of 45 cm × 20 cm, T2 - 45 cm × 30 cm, T3 - 45 cm × 45 cm, T4 - 60 cm × 20 cm, T5 - 60 cm × 30 cm and T6 - 60 cm × 45 cm. Increasing trend in weight, number, thickness and yield per plant was observed with increase in spacing. Closest spacing of T1 - 45 cm × 20 cm produced highest rhizome yield per plot, rhizome yield per hectare and starch yield per hectare. Starch recovery percent and protein content did not change due to different plant spacing. Spacing of T1 - 45 cm × 20 cm recorded maximum gross return and net return however maximum benefit: cost ratio was observed in spacing of T4 -60 cm × 20 cm.
Adsorption of Lithium on Finite Graphitic Clusters

The apparent discrepancies between density functional (DFT) and Mϕller−Plesset (MP2) calculations for the interaction of lithium with graphene recently pointed out by Ferre-Vilaplana (J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 3998) are discussed. In his calculations, this author used a finite coronene cluster, C24H12, to simulate graphene. We show here that the DFT binding energies of Li to C24H12 are very weak, similar to those calculated by MP2. The weak binding energy is due to the large HOMO−LUMO gap of the coronene, which makes this cluster rather inert. So, the main reason for the earlier discrepancy is that the C24H12 cluster that Ferre-Vilaplana used to represent graphene is too small to properly account for the electronic structure of graphene. In contrast, graphene has zero gap, which allows for a strong interaction with partial ionic character between Li and graphene, as obtained previously in DFT calculations.
Selected Geometric Characteristics, Density, and Mechanical Properties of Unsplit Pistachio Nut

In this study, several physical properties of unsplit pistachio nut were determined as functions of moisture content. By increasing moisture content from 5 to 20% all geometric characteristics increased linearly. Also, apparent and bulk density increased from 803 to 872 kg/m3 and from 458 to 575 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity decreased from 43% to 34%. Coefficient of static friction of the sample nuts on galvanized iron, plywood, and rubber surfaces increased linearly with moisture content. Nut splitting force decreased from 142 to 21 N and energy increased from 20 to 52 mJ with increasing moisture content from 5 to 20%.
Voltage–Current Nonlinearity of CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics

Ceramic samples of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) were prepared and the voltage–current characteristics were investigated. Extremely strong nonlinear behavior, similar to the reported results in literature [Nature Materials 3[11] 774–8 (2004); Appl. Phys. Lett. , 89[19] 191907 (2006); Appl. Phys. Lett. , 89[21] 212102 (2006); Appl. Phys. Lett. , 91[9] 091912 (2007)] was observed. However, we found that this is a measurement artifact due to a thermionic emission current feedback amplification effect. Compared to that of ZnO varistor, the thermionic emission current of CCTO sample is about six orders of magnitude higher and it is feedback amplified due to strong negative temperature coefficient resistance behavior when the CCTO sample is tested with a voltage (or current) source. Eliminating the thermionic emission current feedback amplification effect, the true value of nonlinear coefficient of the CCTO sample is much lower.
A Comparison of Drying Time and Timber Quality in the Contihuous and Cyclic Drying of Australian Turpentine Timber

ABSTRACT Continuous- and cyclic-dryins experiments have been carried out on an Australian hardwood timber; tuipentine. to compare the drying timesand the final quality of the timberproduced by these techniques. More severe drying conditions have been used in the the active drying Periods for cvclic drvins than for continuous drvins in order to hchieve similar drying Cimis. Fourteen boards of approximate original dimension 45 mm wide by 25 mm thick by 750 mm long, sealed at each end using an epoxy mastic coating, have been dried in each experiment. with end-matched samples being used to reduce the effect of different growing locations. The two cyclic-drying experiments differed in the use of high-humidity conditions in the relaxation period for the first experiment and ambient conditions in the relaxation period for the second experiment. The total drying time for the second cyclic-drying experiment was equal to that for continuous drying, while the drying time for the first cyclic-drying experiment was 20.
Variation in the Extract Composition of Mints of Different Origin Cultivated in Finland

Abstract Mentha x piperita L. , and five other Mentha species of mint were grown in Northern Finland at the North Ostrobothnia Research Station of the Agricultural Research Center at latitude 64°40′N and 25°05′E. To investigate the influence of harvest dates on the oil composition, leaves were collected at an early flowering stage (50% of buds) (I) and when 30% were in full bloom (II). Different harvesting times did not greatly affect the percentage of the main components for any of the mints. At this stage of plant development, young leaves contained more menthone than menthol, and apparently the amount of menthol had only started to increase. Also the relative percentages for menthofuran and pulegone were low in the leaves. The compositional studies were performed by GC/MS on solvent extracts of the leaves.