Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The End of CED? Minimalism and Extraction Domains

The traditional ‘‘unified’’ approaches to extractability out of subjects and adjuncts in the form of Huang's (1982) Condition on Extraction Domains (CED) and Chomsky's (1986a)Barriers and its minimalist descendants face an empirical challenge presented by languages in which extraction out of subjects is possible but extraction out of adjuncts is not. The existence of such languages calls into question the unifying basis for the traditional accounts—namely, the complement/noncomplement distinction that was at the core of these accounts. In this paper I consider a possible extension of a recent minimalist account making use of the complement/noncomplement distinction—Nunes and Uriagereka (2000)—to the problematic languages and show that it also encounters conceptual and empirical problems. I then propose an ‘‘eclectic’’ minimalist approach to extraction domains in which extractability out of subjects and adjuncts are regulated by different mechanisms of grammar in a nonoverlapping manner.
Optimal class boundaries, number of aisles, and pick list size for low-level order picking systems

This article considers a two-block warehouse with low-level aisles having dedicated pickers who follow a return routing policy within the aisle. Travel distance models are formulated assuming a given product density distribution in aisles for multi-item picks. An analytical recursive procedure is developed to find optimal n-class partitions of each warehouse aisle. A range on the number of classes and number of picks for which class-based storage is an attractive option over the random storage policy is determined through a computational study. The article also presents an iterative hierarchical framework to simultaneously obtain pick list size, number of aisles, and class storage boundaries. A sensitivity analysis of optimal pick travel distance against important warehouse design parameters is presented.
Permanent First Mandibular Molar: Loss Prevalence and Pattern among Saudis in Al-Ahsa

Abstract Objectives The permanent first mandibular molar (PFMM) is the first tooth to erupt, usually at the age of 6 years. It is the most effective oral masticatory unit due to its wide occlusal surface and its role in favorable occlusion. This study describes the prevalence of PFMM loss and the reasons for extraction in a group of King Faisal Dental Complex Clinics (KFUDC) Saudi attendees. In addition, to report postextraction complications, consider the gender, age, and the time elapsed from the moment of the extraction. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in January to April 2020, focusing on the loss of PFMM among a group of Saudis attending KFUDC in Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. A total of 417 participants were recruited. The inclusion criteria were adults aged ≥ 18 years. The principal investigator performed all the necessary measures for calibration in the forms of training on clinical examination and interviews. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science, version 25 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, United States). Result Four hundred seventeen attendees participated in the present study. Majority were males 73.9% (308), and 26.1% (109) females. A third, 30% (125), reported missing PFMM; the overwhelming majority reported the reason for extraction as caries 93.6% (117). On clinical examination, 80.8% (101) had complications; drifting of adjacent teeth was the most common complication, 57.6% (72), followed by supraeruption in 23.2% (29). More males than females reported missing PFMM (22.8 and 7.2%, respectively), and those ≥ 25 years reported more missing PFMM than younger (17.5 and 12.5%, p ≤ 0.000). Those confirmed with systemic diseases reported more missing PFMM than their counterpart (23.3 and 6.7%, p ≤ 0.01). Those with good oral hygiene reported less missing PFMM than their poor oral hygiene counterparts (27.8 and 34%). Those who had good knowledge about the complications of early extraction of PFMM stated less missing PFMM than their counterparts (15.6 and 14.4%, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion This study indicated that PFMM were the most common extracted tooth. Caries is the principal reason for tooth extraction among the studied population, followed by periodontal diseases. Emphasis on preventing dental caries is essential to maintain a socially and economically productive life and reduce the burden of oral disease.
Modeling Mobile Writing: Applying Sociocognitive Models of Writing to Mobile Contexts

Current cognitive and sociocognitive models of writing conceptualize writing processes as complex interactions between multidimensional mechanisms that activate a writer’s social motivations, psychomotor processes, and cognitive resources in order to engage in writing. These models have been developed through years of empirical research employing a variety of data channels, such as keystroke logging; however, research about mobile writing processes have been understudied. This paper presents a study of mobile writing processes that used keystroke-logging methods in order to expand scholarship of writing processes into the realm of mobile writing. By examining how participants (N = 10) wrote on mobile devices at the keystroke level, as well as combining textual and keystroke analysis to examine context text-message (SMS) composition, this study argues for theoretically framing mobile writing as an embodied performance.
Experiences of Vulnerability in Adult Male Prisoners: An Integrative Review

Vulnerability linked to offenders tends to focus on victims and society. Understanding prisoner vulnerability is important to better address the negative impact of prison life. This article reviews the evidence of vulnerability reported by male prisoners. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 3039 citations were filtered. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, highlighting four areas of vulnerability: uncertainty, environmental vulnerability, fear of harm, and loss of human connection. The article notes that basic principles for the treatment of prisoners are not met in many areas, indicating a need to shift conceptualizations of vulnerability.
Multiscale modelling of invasive species control: the cane toad in Australia

The cane toad (Bufo marinus) is an invasive species in Australia that has a negative impact on native species. Control methods such as trapping, fencing, and water exclusion have been devised to contain the spread of cane toads and reduce their ecological impact. However, implementing these interventions is expensive, and estimating the likely impact of a proposed intervention on spread at a large spatial scale, comprising one or more control methods, is challenging due to the lack of large-scale data and the computational cost of modelling a large number of toads. To address this challenge, we developed a multiscale model which uses individual-level data on cane toad behaviour to estimate the impact of trapping, fencing, and water exclusion when applied at scale in the Pilbara region in north-western Australia. Compared to previous work, our model allows us to explore more complex combinations and tradeoffs of control methods by utilising data sources at different scales. Our results suggest that exclusion of toads from water points is the most effective method for containing the spread of cane toads, and that trapping and fencing alone are unlikely to be sufficient. However, trapping and fencing are still useful supplementary measures in scenarios where exclusion cannot be broadly applied to a large number of water points. Synthesis and applications. Our analyses highlight the importance of limiting access to sheltering and breeding sites in invasive species control. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of multiscale computational models for exploring scenarios where parameters and calibration data are available at the scale of individuals and small groups, but management questions are framed at a much larger scale.
A novel fluorescently-labeled long-chain fatty acid analog for the study of fatty acid metabolism in cultured cells

123I-15-(p-iodophenyl)-(R,S)-methyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) is a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) analog developed to examine myocardial LCFA metabolism and has been used as a tracer for nuclear cardiology. However, its use is limited because of the specialized features of cardiac scintigraphy. In this study, a novel BMIPP-based probe was utilized, in which iodine-123 was replaced with a fluorescent compound, to extend the use of 123I-BMIPP to a wider variety of cells ex vivo. To confirm that this fluorescent LCFA analog (fluorescent BMPP) was imported into cells, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fluorescent cell imaging were performed using cultured cells. The analysis showed that the import of fluorescent BMPP into the cells occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. This import into cells was inhibited by Sulfosuccinimidyl Oleate in a dose-dependent manner, which is an inhibitor of CD36, a well-known LCFA transporter, suggesting that fluorescent BMPP could be imported into cells via the same pathway as LCFA. FACS and cell imaging intensities of the cells importing fluorescent BMPP were attenuated after incubation in the non-Alexa680-BMPP medium. These results suggest that fluorescent BMPP can be transported into and from cells, reflecting the metabolism of LCFA. Fluorescently-labeled BMPP has the potential to be used as a probe for studying LCFA metabolism in various cells.
Neuron- and microglia-specific immunoexpression in steroid-independent male sexual behaviour in castrated B6D2F1 male mice

Sexual behaviour is necessary for procreation for several species and is traditionally viewed to be regulated by sex steroid hormones. However, several species exhibit steroid-independent sexual behaviour, and its molecular understanding is only beginning to be uncovered. The main goal of our experiment was to provide new insight into cell-specific roles that both neuronal and non-neuronal cells may play in steroid-independent male sexual behaviour. Forty B6D2F1 hybrid male mice underwent orchidectomy and were tested for reinstatement of steroid-independent male sexual behaviour after an extended period of social isolation caused by the COVID-19-mandated laboratory shutdown. After 62 weeks post-orchidectomy, 20.59% demonstrated reinstatement of steroid-independent male sexual behaviour (identified as ‘steroid-independent persistent maters’), while 23.53% of the males did not display steroid-independent male sexual behaviour (identified as ‘steroid-independent non-maters’). Using flow cytometry, we compared the preoptic area immunoexpression in NeuN+ neurons and Iba1+ microglia between steroid-independent persistent maters and steroid-independent non-maters (N = 5-6 per group). We found neuronal immunoexpression up-regulated for amyloid precursor protein and androgen receptor, as well as down-regulated for glucocorticoid receptor in steroid-independent persistent maters compared to steroid-independent non-maters. In conjunction, microglial immunoexpression of amyloid precursor protein was up-regulated in steroid-independent persistent maters compared to steroid-independent non-maters. These data suggest there are cell-specific immunoexpression differences, including the role of non-neuronal cells in steroid-independent male sexual behaviour.
A global sorption equation for raw and processed cassava based on a review and compilation of sorption properties

Abstract The objective of this study was to define, from literature data, the most relevant water sorption isotherm to use in simulation models for cassava root processing. The isotherm should be as global and generic as possible. Compiling isotherms from the literature showed that the variety of cassava and the level of processing generally have a negligible or unclear influence on the sorption behavior. Moreover, no significant hysteresis between adsorption and desorption is observed. For the purpose of simulation, measuring the sorption properties specific to each batch of product appears to be irrelevant. Actually, for this purpose, global properties, representing the average product behavior are preferred to propose equipment pre-design available for a large range of products. Following the wisdom of crowds theory, it is assumed that the mean value of sorption measurements with uncertainties on products from various origins from a dataset that is sufficiently large will represent the behavior of an average product with an accuracy sufficient for the purpose of simulation. A global, generic model (Eq. (1)) was obtained by fitting all the ad- and desorption data reviewed to a temperature-dependent model. A model of the heat of sorption was deduced from this global model (Eq. (2)). Both models are valid in a C temperature range and a water activity range. (1) (2) where X is the moisture content (d.b.), TK the temperature (K), aw the water activity, Lp the heat of sorption ( ), Lv the latent heat of vaporization of free water ( ).
Sexually Dimorphic Regulation of Gonadotrope Cell Hyperplasia in Medaka Pituitary via Mitosis and Transdifferentiation

The two pituitary gonadotropins, Fsh and Lh, regulate the reproductive function in vertebrates. While many studies have investigated the regulation of gonadotropin production and release by the sex steroid feedback, its role on the regulation of gonadotrope cell number remains unclear. Using medaka as a model and an optimized protocol to restore physiological sex steroids levels following gonadectomy, we show that gonadal sex steroids not only decrease fshb transcript levels, but also Fsh cell number in both sexes. We then investigated the origin of the Fsh cell hyperplasia induced by gonadectomy. In both sexes, BrdU incubation shows that this is achieved via Fsh cell mitosis. In situ hybridization reveals that new Fsh cells also originate from transdifferentiating Tsh cells in females, but not in males. Both phenomena are inhibited by sex steroid supplementation via feeding. In males (but not females), gonadectomy (without recovery with sex steroid supplementation) also reduces sox2 transcript levels and Sox2-immunopositive population volume, suggesting that sox2-progenitors may be recruited to produce new Fsh cells. Opposite to Fsh cells, gonadectomy decreases lhb levels in both sexes, and levels are not restored by sex steroid supplementation. In addition, the regulation of Lh cell number also seems to be sex dependent. Removal of gonadal sex steroids stimulates Lh cell mitosis in male (like Fsh cells), but not in females. To conclude, our study provides the first evidence on sexually dimorphic mechanisms used in the fish pituitary to remodel gonadotrope populations in response to sex steroids. HIGHLIGHTS - Supplementing gonadectomized fish with sex steroids via feeding allows for the recovery of physiological circulating levels of sex steroids. - Gonadal sex steroids not only regulate gonadotrope cell activity, but also gonadotrope cell number. - Removal of gonadal sex steroids induces Fsh cell hyperplasia via mitosis of Fsh cells in both sexes, and transdifferentiation of Tsh cells into bi-hormonal Tsh/Fsh cells in females only. - Gonadectomy also reduces the number of Sox2 progenitor cells in males (but not in females), suggesting that they may be recruited to contribute to Fsh cell hyperplasia. - Removal of gonadal sex steroids stimulates Lh cell mitosis in males, but not in females.
Uncovering the Genomic Basis of Infection Through Co-genomic Sequencing of Hosts and Parasites

Understanding the genomic basis of infectious disease is fundamental objective in coevolutionary theory with relevance to healthcare, agriculture, and epidemiology. Models of host-parasite coevolution often assume that infection requires specific combinations of host and parasite genotypes. Coevolving host and parasite loci are therefor expected to show associations that reflects an underlying infection/resistance allele matrix, yet little evidence for such genome-to-genome interactions has been observed among natural populations. We conducted a study to search for this genomic signature across 258 linked host (Daphnia magna) and parasite (Pasteuria ramosa) genomes. Our results show a clear signal of genomic association between multiple epistatically-interacting loci in the host genome, and a family of genes encoding for collagen-like protein in the parasite genome. These findings are supported by laboratory-based infection trials, which show strong correspondence between phenotype and genotype at the identified loci. Our study provides clear genomic evidence of antagonistic coevolution among wild populations.
BCI learning phenomena can be explained by gradient-based optimization

Brain-computer interface (BCI) experiments have shown that animals are able to adapt their recorded neural activity in order to receive reward. Recent studies have highlighted two phenomena. First, the speed at which a BCI task can be learned is dependent on how closely the required neural activity aligns with pre-existing activity patterns: learning “out-of-manifold” tasks is slower than “in-manifold” tasks. Second, learning happens by “re-association”: the overall distribution of neural activity patterns does not change significantly during task learning. These phenomena have been presented as distinctive aspects of BCI learning. Here we show, using simulations and theoretical analysis, that both phenomena result from the simple assumption that behaviour and representations are improved via gradient-based algorithms. We invoke Occam’s Razor to suggest that this straightforward explanation should be preferred when accounting for these experimental observations.
A bioelectrical phase transition patterns the first beats of a vertebrate heart

The heart is among the first organs to function in vertebrate development, but its transition from silent to beating has not been directly characterized. Using all-optical electrophysiology, we captured the very first zebrafish heartbeat and analyzed the development of cardiac excitability around this singular event. The first beats appeared suddenly and propagated coherently across the primordial heart. Targeted optogenetic perturbations mapped the development of excitability and conduction before and after the first heartbeats. Measured bioelectrical dynamics support a noisy saddle-node on invariant circle (SNIC) bifurcation as the critical phase transition that starts the heart. Simple models of this bifurcation quantitatively capture cardiac dynamics in space and time through early development, including coherent beating before transcriptional specification of pacemakers. Our work shows how gradual and largely asynchronous development of single-cell bioelectrical properties produces a stereotyped and robust tissue-scale transition from quiescence to coordinated beating.
Optogenetic activation of visual thalamus generates artificial visual percepts

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a retinotopic relay center where visual inputs from the retina are processed and relayed to the visual cortex, has been proposed as a potential target for artificial vision. At present, it is unknown whether optogenetic LGN stimulation is sufficient to elicit behaviorally relevant percepts and the properties of LGN neural responses relevant for artificial vision have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that tree shrews pretrained on a visual detection task can detect optogenetic LGN activation using an AAV2-CamKIIα-ChR2 construct and readily generalize from visual to optogenetic detection. We also characterize how amplitude and frequency of optogenetic stimulation affect behavioral performance. Given the importance of temporal stimulation parameters, we also study tree shrew behavioral ability to discriminate among pairs of visual flicker frequencies and demonstrate performance transfer among related discrimination problems as well as limitations. Neural recordings in LGN and primary visual cortex (V1) examining two flicker discriminations reveal that while LGN neurons multiplex information about temporal stimulation discriminations, V1 neurons explicitly encode information about one or the other discriminations but not both. Our findings confirm the LGN as a potential target for visual prosthetics and introduce a distinction in stimulus encoding between thalamic and cortical representations that could be of fundamental importance in artificial vision.
Effortless and beneficial processing of natural languages using transformers

Abstract Natural Language Processing plays a vital role in our day-to-day life. Deep learning models for NLP help make human life easier as computers can think, talk, and interact like humans. Applications of the NLP models can be seen in many domains, especially in machine translation and psychology. This paper briefly reviews the different transformer models and the advantages of using an Encoder-Decoder language translator model. The article focuses on the need for sequence-to-sequence language-translation models like BERT, RoBERTa, and XLNet, along with their components.
Optimizing scheduling in cloud using a meta-heuristic approach

Abstract Cloud computing aims to optimal use of its resources by aggregating them to increase throughput and solve difficult computational problems in the most efficient way possible. Task scheduling problem is incompliant with exact solutions in cloud due to its NP-hard nature. To address this, various meta-heuristic strategies have been developed. A task scheduler should locate the optimal resources for the user’s job while taking into account specific cloud task parameter constraints. Here, a hybrid task scheduling strategy is described that incorporates deep learning and nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimization to maximize cloud throughput while minimizing completion time in an IaaS cloud. The scheduler succeeds towards cloudlet allocation resulted to shorter makespan and higher system throughput. The novel scheduling technique was evaluated against certain algorithms using the CloudSim software. When compared to existing algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), the experimental findings show that the suggested approach outperforms them.
Does Bergmann’s rule apply in bats? Evidence from two neotropical species

ABSTRACT Bergmann’s rule is one of the most vigorously debated ecogeographic patterns but has rarely been examined in Neotropical bats. Herein, I examined Bergmann’s rule in Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus lituratus along an elevation gradient of 2500 m at both inter- and intraspecific level. I measured 384 specimens from collections belonged to C. perspicillata (89 ♀, 102 ♂) and A. lituratus (89 ♀, 104 ♂). The size of C. perspicillata increased with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature, whereas A. lituratus showed the converse pattern. For both species, females did not differ between elevation categories, contrary to males that were larger above 1000 m in C. perspicillata, but smaller in A. lituratus. Conformity to Bergmann’s rule depends on bat size and sex. Despite C. perspicillata follows the pattern, the explanatory mechanisms still need to be understood. By contrast, A. lituratus follows the converse of Bergmann’s rule due to naked and highly vascularized wings that aid thermoregulation in warmer environments. Male size is more sensitive to changes in temperature for both species which may be partially explained by sexual selection. Elevation and temperature are not the only factors related to bat morphology and other mechanisms may explain size in bats.