Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Room for wolf comeback in the Netherlands A spatial analysis on the possibilities of settlement of wolves from European populations in the Netherlands

Cumulative effects of climate change, pollution, over-harvesting, fragmentation, degradation and loss of habitat threaten biodiversity globally. In Europe, centuries long over-harvesting and persecution of large herbivores and carnivores resulted in local extinctions of large carnivores. At the end of the 20 century, legal protection resulted in stabilization and even increase of the European wolf populations. Now, the public debate forms a challenge in the recovery of wolf (Canis lupus) populations on the mainland of Europe. In West European countries, it is unclear where wolves can live after centuries of man manipulating the natural environment. To facilitate nature managers and policy makers to prepare for avoiding conflicts, it is important to know where wolves will settle in the Netherlands and what routes wolves will take to the Netherlands. Based on presence of artificial surfaces, water bodies, human population density, road density and prey distribution and abundance, a habitat suitability model and a cost-distance analysis were done. Prey species were identified as all large ungulates occurring in the Netherlands: roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and wild boar. Although the Netherlands is a dense populated country with high road density, wolves will still be able to find areas with low human disturbance and prey, mostly in the northeast of the Netherlands. There is room for at least 14 wolf packs. Although the French wolf population is less isolated, wolves from France and Germany will most likely migrate to the Netherlands via north and south of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region. In a nearby area in the Netherlands a wolf was sighted in the summer of 2011. However, the large degree of plasticity that wolves show cannot be modelled. The areas where wolves can live according to this research should be seen as areas where wolves are most likely to settle first. To account for the left out parameters, the scenario is conservative. Therefore, the suitability for 14 wolf packs should be considered as an ecological minimum based on the parameters used in this study. In addition, when wolves settle in the Netherlands, the parameters of the habitat suitability analysis have to be refined.
Two opposing effects of sulfate reduction on carbonate precipitation in normal marine, hypersaline, and alkaline environments

ABSTRACTSulfate reduction has been suggested as a mechanism to induce precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates in marine sediments and microbial mats through most of Earth’s his-tory. However, sulfate reduction also causes a drop in pH that favors dissolution rather than precipitation of carbonates. Model results obtained in this study show that in modern seawa-ter, modern hypersaline water, and assumed Precambrian alkaline seawater, sulfate reduction initially lowers the saturation of carbonates due to a rapid decrease in pH. With continu-ing sulfate reduction, the pH stabilizes between 6.5 and 7, and carbonate saturation slowly increases as a result of increasing dissolved inorganic carbon concentration. However, sulfate reduction in surface microbial mats is not sufﬁ cient to cause such an increase in saturation. With increasing salinity, sulfate reduction becomes even less efﬁ cient to induce carbonate pre-cipitation. In an alkaline Precambrian ocean, where large amounts of carbonate were formed, induction through sulfate reduction was entirely ineffective. Other metabolic pathways or abi-otic factors must be responsible for inducing carbonate formation in microbial mats through Earth’s history.
Eurypterids from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland

ABSTRACT The hibbertopteroid eurypterid genera Hibbertopterus, Dunsopterus, and Cyrtoctenus occur in the East Kirkton Limestone of Bathgate, West Lothian. Most specimens are fragmentary and appear to have been washed into the depositional area with plant debris and tuffaceous sediment. Nearly all of the identifiable material can be attributed to Hibbertopterus scouleri (Hibbert), but two isolated Cyrtoctenus combs, and a femur comparable with Dunsopterus have also been recognised. New material of Hibbertopterus scouleri (Hibbert) reveals that the posterior legs and telson resemble those of the cyrtoctenids more closely than was previously thought. It is possible that Hibbertopterus, Dunsopterus, and Cyrtoctenus are indistinguishable except by relatively minor characteristics, and that all of the material from East Kirkton Quarry might be derived from a single eurypterid species. However, associations of the diagnostic sclerites which would demonstrate that these taxa are either cogeneric or distinct have not yet been found.
Zoobathymétrie et composition chimique de la calcite des ossicules du pédoncule des crinoïdes

La composition chimique du squelette calcitique du pedoncule des pentacrines actuelles (Crinoides, Echinodermes) est analysee en fonction de la profondeur de leur milieu de vie (etagee entre 100 et 1 000 m) dans l'ocean Pacifique. La correlation avec la bathymetrie du biotope apparait nettement pour les rapports isotopiques du carbone et les teneurs en Mg de la calcite des columnales. Le role respectif de la temperature, du flux trophique, de la vitesse de croissance et de la strategie adaptative est discute.
From Manchulization,Chinesization to the Ethnic Unity of Multicultures——Evolution of Relations among Ethnic Groups in Northeast Qing Dynasty

In Qing Dynasty,Mt.Changbai and the Amur River,which dominate the landscape of Multi-national(Manchu、Chinese 、 Mongol 、Korean and soon) nationality has formed exist side by side and interactive nation and three kinds economy culture(fishing and hunting,farming) patterns.The kind of Ethnic pattern not be static state,unceasingly,the Ethnic crashes,mingles while keeping oneself tradition Ethnic region,From Manchulization,Chinesization to the Ethnic unity of multicultures finally.
Fixed-to-variable length resolution coding for target distributions

The number of random bits required to approximate a target distribution in terms of un-normalized informational divergence is considered. It is shown that for a variable-to-variable length encoder, this number is lower bounded by the entropy of the target distribution. A fixed-to-variable length encoder is constructed using M-type quantization and Tunstall coding. It is shown that the encoder achieves in the limit an un-normalized informational divergence of zero with the number of random bits per generated symbol equal to the entropy of the target distribution. Numerical results show that the proposed encoder significantly outperforms the optimal block-to-block encoder in the finite length regime.
Sensitivity Analysis for Two-Level Value Functions with Applications to Bilevel Programming

This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the link between a now conventional framework in hierarchical optimization called the optimistic bilevel problem and its initial more difficult formulation that we call here the original optimistic bilevel optimization problem. It follows from this research that although the process of deriving necessary optimality conditions for the latter problem is more involved, the conditions themselves do not---to a large extent---differ from those known for the conventional problem. It has already been well recognized in the literature that for optimality conditions of the usual optimistic bilevel program appropriate coderivative constructions for the set-valued solution map of the lower-level problem could be used, while it is shown in this paper that for the original optimistic formulation we have to go a step further to require and justify a certain Lipschitz-like property of this map. This is related to the local Lipschitz continuity of the optimal value funct.
Title Development of multiple strain competitive index assays for Listeria monocytogenes using pIMC ; a new site-specific integrative vector

Background: The foodborne, gram-positive pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, is capable of causing lethal infections in compromised individuals. In the post genomic era of L. monocytogenes research, techniques are required to identify and validate genes involved in the pathogenicity and environmental biology of the organism. The aim here was to develop a widely applicable method to tag L. monocytogenes strains, with a particular emphasis on the development of multiple strain competitive index assays. Results: We have constructed a new site-specific integrative vector, pIMC, based on pPL2, for the selection of L. monocytogenes from complex samples. The pIMC vector was further modified through the incorporation of IPTG inducible markers (antibiotic and phenotypic) to produce a suite of four vectors which allowed the discrimination of multiple strains from a single sample. We were able to perform murine infection studies with up to four EGDe isolates within a single mouse and showed that the tags did not impact upon growth rate or virulence. The system also allowed the identification of subtle differences in virulence between strains of L. monocytogenes commonly used in laboratory studies. Conclusion: This study has developed a competitive index assay that can be broadly applied to all L. monocytogenes strains. Improved statistical robustness of the data was observed, resulting in fewer mice being required for virulence assays. The competitive index assays provide a powerful method to analyse the virulence or fitness of L. monocytogenes in complex biological samples. Background Historically, the measurement of bacterial virulence has involved the use of infection models to access the ability of a pathogen to cause disease. One widely used method is the LD50 assay, which is defined as the number of bacteria required to kill 50% of the infected hosts. This method yields valuable data pertaining to the cumulative, absolute virulence of the bacterium, which can theoretically be compared between laboratories. But as detailed by Beuzón and Holden [1], it is a crude method as it does not relay information on the infection kinetics. Also, if the deletion of a gene does not increase the LD50, it does not Published: 13 June 2008 BMC Microbiology 2008, 8:96 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-96 Received: 14 March 2008 Accepted: 13 June 2008 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2180/8/96 © 2008 Monk et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. BMC Microbiology 2008, 8:96 http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2180/8/96
The H II Region of a Primordial Star

The concordance model of cosmology and structure formation predicts the formation of isolated, very massive stars at high redshifts in dark matter-dominated halos of 105-106 M☉. These stars photoionize their host primordial molecular clouds, expelling all the baryons from their halos. When the stars die, a relic H II region is formed within which large amounts of molecular hydrogen form that will allow the gas to cool efficiently when gravity assembles it into larger dark matter halos. The filaments surrounding the first star-hosting halo are largely shielded and provide the pathway for gas to stream into the halo when the star has died. We present the first fully three-dimensional cosmological radiation hydrodynamical simulations that follow all these effects. A novel adaptive ray-casting technique incorporates the time-dependent radiative transfer around point sources. This approach is fast enough so that radiation transport, kinetic rate equations, and hydrodynamics are solved self-consistently. It retains the time derivative of the transfer equation and is explicitly photon-conserving. This method is integrated with the cosmological adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo and runs on distributed and shared memory parallel architectures. Where applicable, the three-dimensional calculation not only confirms expectations from earlier one-dimensional results but also illustrates the multifold hydrodynamic complexities of H II regions. In the absence of stellar winds, the circumstellar environments of the first supernovae and putative early gamma-ray bursts will be of low density, ~1 cm-3. Albeit marginally resolved, ionization front instabilities lead to cometary- and elephant trunk-like small-scale structures reminiscent of nearby star-forming regions.
Efecto de sistemas de labranza e incorporación de abono verde (Lablab purpureus L.) Sweet, sobre las características físicas, químicas y biológicas de un yermosol haplico en zonas áridas

Adoption of reduced tillage fallow systems and green manure incorporation in the irrigation zones of Mexico has been limited, in spite of the several reports that describe the benefits from those practices. We evaluate the effect of three tillage systems and dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.) green manure incorporation on the fertility soil recuperation. Also we evaluated soil compaction, nutrimental and bromatological content of dolichos bean, nutrimental content of basil as indicating crop and finally we made an economic analysis of tillage systems and green manure incorporation. MO showed a significant recovery after incorporating green manure, with an increase of 0.21%. The soil with green manure increase nutriment content and fertility, showing increases of 0.11 mg P kg-1, 0.01% of N and 30.814 mg of K kg-1. Dolichos bean green manure production was 13 dry matter tons that implies 366 kg N ha-1 at soil. It was confirmed that canonical and principal components analyses were appropriated tool to discern the significant effects in studies of high heterogeneity. The economic analysis reflected an Internal Rate of Return of 75.14% in reduced or minimum tillage with green manure incorporation in comparison with a TIR of 17.61% in conventional tillage without green manure incorporation. The soil microbial respiration based in CO2 production was higher in 36% after green manure incorporation with respect to the first sampling. In that sense, the potentiality of dolichos bean like promoter of microbial activity in arid zone soils is evident. In low input agriculture system it is possible use green manures like an economically viable route to replace partial or total necessities of nitrogen mineral fertilizers in organic agriculture.
Modified Isotropic Compression Relationship for Cement-Admixed Marine Clay at Low Confining Stress

This technical note proposes a modified log-linear compression relationship for the pre-yield isotropic compression behavior of cement-admixed marine clay. The difference between this modified relationship and the conventional log-linear relationship is the use of the tensile strength as an added stress to the mean effective stress. This allows the cement-admixed clay to retain a finite specific volume as the mean effective stress approaches zero, which is more consistent with the fact that cement-admixed clays remain intact even under zero effective stress condition. Comparison with data from isotropic compression test shows that the addition of the tensile strength to the mean effective stress leads to a remarkable improvement in linearity, indicating a much-improved fit to the log-linear relationship. The resulting pre-yield compression index implies a non-zero equivalent effective bulk modulus, which is also intuitively more reasonable. At effective stress levels much lower than the tensile strength, the bulk modulus is approximately constant; this is also consistent with the notion of linear elastic behavior at low stress level.
Characterization of the Seasonal Circulation Patterns and Its Application on Oil Spill Transport in the Northwestern Continental Shelf of India

We implemented the Princeton Ocean Model to study the seasonal circulation patterns in the Gulf of Khambhat and surrounding oceans on the northwestern continental shelf of India. Simulated currents are used in General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment to track a past oil spill event in this region. The model's performance is evaluated against the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and in situ measurements. Mean currents, computed by subtracting tidal components from the simulated currents, are used together with satellite images of Chlorophyll-a to describe spatial patterns of the circulation. Mean-flow patterns inside the gulf are characterized with strong along-channel flow during southwest monsoon and spring seasons, which are weak during winter and autumn seasons. On the proximity of the gulf mouth currents are northwestward throughout the year except the southwest monsoon when the circulations are southwestward. Coastal boundary currents parallel to the 60 m isobath are prominent during the inter-monsoon and weak during the monsoon periods. Slope currents, near the shelf-break, are strong during southwest monsoon and spring periods. Numerical experiments suggest that ocean current is the main driver of the net transport of spilled oil in this region and other factors such as direct wind drift play negligible role.
Breaking of poverty through sericulture among the tribe- A Socio-Economic study of Dharamjaigarh block of Raigarh Dist, CG, India

The present strategy of rural development in India mainly focuses on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative programmes of wage and self-employment. Poverty is biggest challenge in India. Poverty is a social phenomenon in which a section of society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities. Solution of rural poverty and unemployment can come from land and water based jobs, which even today employ six times. The farmers are encouraged to take up non-agriculture practices. In this context sericulture is a better option because it is labor intensive industry. It provides direct or indirect employment to about 7 million people in India. Sericulture requires low investment and offers high profit. It also provides regular income to farmers throughout the year unlike most other agricultural crops. Sericulture plays a vital role in the flow of income from the urban rich sections of the society to the rural poor. There are more than 58 countries practicing sericulture in the world. India is the only Country in the world to produce all the four known varieties of silk including Mulberry, Eri, Tasar and Muga. In Chhattisgarh Tropical Tasar and mulberry are reared on commercial scale. Tasar is realy named as Kosa. Sericulture is being practiced by the tribal of traditional Districts of Baster, Raigarh, Bilaspur and Surguja. The study area has about 364 acres under mulberry cultivation. Total area covered under tasar centers is about 3153.25 acres. Tasar rearing in forest are covered 4729.88 acres. The total beneficiaries are 5739 out of them 3347 are tribal in the district. In the block only 18 (18%) beneficiaries out of 100 adopted the sericulture as main occupation and rest 82 (82%) as secondary occupation. Out of 100 respondents in block 32% received employment for duration of 100-150 days and 64% for a period of 151-200 days and 3% of 201-300 days and the 1% for more than 300 days. The total monthly income obtained from all sources to the families involved in sericulture occupation is average 3840/-. The total monthly expenditure is about 2380/-. The respondent tribe of study area collects forest minor products and thus they earn income about 5950/- once in year which is a satisfactory amount for poor families. Before having sericulture occupation, the economic condition of 72% of the respondent was normal, 8% was bed and 20% was very miserable. The average annual income from the old occupation was Rs. 19350/. The change in annual income is reported app. Double which is good in amount.
Partial Melting of Spinel Lherzolite in the System CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 ± K2O at 1·1 GPa

The compositions of multiply saturated partial melts are valuable for the thermodynamic information that they contain, but are difficult to determine experimentally because they exist only over a narrow temperature range at a given pressure. Here we try a new approach for determining the composition of the partial melt in equilibrium with olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel (Ol þ Opx þ Cpx þ Sp þ Melt) in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3– SiO2 (CMAS) at 1 1GPa: various amounts of K2O are added to the system, and the resulting melt compositions and temperature are extrapolated to zero K2O. The ‘sandwich’ experimental method was used to minimize problems caused by quench modification, and Opx and Cpx were previously synthesized at conditions near those of the melting experiments to ensure they had appropriate compositions. Results were then checked by reversal crystallization experiments. The results are in good agreement with previous work, and establish the anhydrous solidus in CMAS to be at 1320 10 C at 1 1 GPa. The effect of K2O is to depress the solidus by 5 8 C/ wt %, while the melt composition becomes increasingly enriched in SiO2, being quartz-normative above 4 wt % K2O. Compared with Na2O, K2O has a stronger effect in depressing the solidus and modifying melt compositions. The isobaric invariant point in the system CMAS–K2O at which Ol þ Opx þ Cpx þ Sp þ Melt is joined by sanidine (San) is at 1240 10 C. During the course of the study several other isobaric invariant points were identified and their crystal and melt compositions determined in unreversed experiments: Opx þ Cpx þ Sp þ An þ Melt in the system CMAS at 1315 10 C; in CMAS–K2O, Opx þ Cpx þ Sp þ An þ San þMelt at 1230 10 C and Opx þ Sp þ An þ San þ Sapph þ Melt at 1230 10 C, where An is anorthite and Sapph is sapphirine. Coexisting San plus An in three experiments help define the An–San solvus at 1230–1250 C.
Quasi-decadal Salinity Fluctuations in the Labrador Sea*

Abstract The quasi-decadal salinity fluctuations in the upper 300 m of the Labrador Sea are investigated by partitioning all available salinity station data since 1948 by region and bottom depth. There are major freshwater anomalies in the early 1970s (the Great Salinity Anomaly), mid-1980s, and early 1990s. These vary in amplitude throughout the region, being least on the shelf and greatest over the slope region near the Labrador Current. The Labrador Sea cannot be considered a simple conduit for freshwater anomalies originating in the East Greenland Current. There is evidence that local processes modulate the anomaly. The freshwater anomalies in the Labrador Current are approximately twice as large as those in the East Greenland Current. The Baffin Island Current flowing southward through the western Davis Strait is the only local source of freshwater with sufficient volume to account for this increase. The propagation speed, 2–3 cm s−1, of the anomaly along the Labrador Sea margin is much less than the.
Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Exocytosis is a general term used to denote vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane, and it is the final step in the secretory pathway that typically begins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), passes through the Golgi apparatus, and ends at the outside of the cell. Endocytosis refers to the recovery of