Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in vegetation and soil properties following 6 years of enclosure in riparian corridors

Riparian corridors play vital roles in the maintenance of biodiversity. Nonetheless, plant species diversity and vegetation coverage in riparian corridors are seriously threatened by increasing pressure owing to livestock consumption and anthropogenic disturbance; even the stability of river courses has been threatened. The establishment of enclosures is a widely used strategy to restore degraded grassland ecosystems, but its impact on degraded herbaceous riparian vegetation and soil properties remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether species composition, richness, diversity, and soil properties can be recovered by the enclosure. Twenty long-term monitoring sample plots were set in the Liaohe main stream river, Liaohe main stream river was enclosed for grazing and farmland exclusion in 2012. The height, coverage and individual numbers of plant were recorded for species richness and diversity evaluation from 2012 to 2017; soil nutrients were measured for comparative analysis in 2012 and 2017. We examined the effects of the establishment of enclosures on plant species diversity and soil properties from 2012 to 2017 in the riparian corridors of the Liaohe River system in China. Plant species richness and diversity significantly increased from 2012 to 2017. The dominance of Asteraceae plants increased, while the abundance of Gramineae plants decreased over time. The difference in abundance increased each year since enclosure was implemented in 2012. The concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in the soil significantly decreased as a result of the combined effects of vegetation restoration and prohibition of farming practices following the establishment of enclosures. There was also a lag time related to the response of soil organic matter to the establishment of enclosures. In conclusion, our study provides new evidence regarding the response of species diversity, species composition and soil properties following riparian vegetation restoration efforts through enclosure development.
Cold‐pool‐driven convective initiation: using causal graph analysis to determine what convection‐permitting models are missing

Cold‐pool‐driven convective initiation is investigated in high‐resolution, convection‐permitting simulations with a focus on the diurnal cycle and organization of convection and the sensitivity to grid size. Simulations of four different days over Germany were performed using the ICON‐LEM model with grid sizes from 156 to 625 m. In these simulations, we identify cold pools, cold‐pool boundaries and initiated convection. Convection is triggered much more efficiently in the vicinity of cold pools than in other regions and can provide as much as 50% of total convective initiation, in particular in the late afternoon. By comparing different model resolutions, we find that cold pools are more frequent, smaller and less intense in lower‐resolution simulations. Furthermore, their gust fronts are weaker and less likely to trigger new convection. To identify how model resolution affects this triggering probability, we use a linear causal graph analysis. In doing so, we postulate a graph structure with potential causal pathways and then apply multi‐linear regression accordingly. We find a dominant, systematic effect: reducing grid sizes directly reduces upward mass flux at the gust front, which causes weaker triggering probabilities. These findings are expected to be even more relevant for km‐scale, numerical weather prediction models. We thus expect that a better representation of cold‐pool‐driven convective initiation will improve forecasts of convective precipitation.
Evaluation of post-placental IUD insertion during cesarean section at a Tertiary care Hospital in Egypt

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of post placental IUD insertion during cesarean section. Background: IUD could be applied to the female after delivery of placenta during cesarean section, it had many advantages as the female is under anesthesia so no extra manipulation needed, decrease pain, and also the female at the period of delivery had high motive for family planning. Post placental IUD insertion also had many disengages like bleeding and displacement. Material and methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted at tertiary care hospital (Tanta University Hospital) in the period from Jan, 1, 2017 to May 31 2019. Two groups of patients were selected; each group included 60 patients with desire of birth control. The group I was subjected to post-placental intrauterine device (IUD) insertion during cesarean section and group II was subjected to interval IUD insertion (3 months after cesarean delivery). The type of IUD used was cupper-T IUD, both groups were assessed as regard to time of cesarean section (CS), amount of postoperative bleeding, postoperative pain, occurrence of infection, any displacement of IUDs, failure of contraception and patients’ satisfaction. Results: The demographic data were comparable in both groups. The duration of cesarean surgery was slightly prolonged in the study group. The infection, puerperal bleeding, and displacement of IUDs were not significantly different in both groups. The discontinuation rate after 12 months was 13.72% in study group compared to 16.66% in the control group. The satisfaction rates in both groups were 90.20%, 91.67% in study and control groups respectively. The expulsion rates were 3.92% and 0.00% in the study and control groups respectively. Pregnancy on top of IUD was 1.96% in study group and 4.17% in control group with p value = 0.949. Conclusion: Post-placental IUD insertion is found to be safe, easily applied during cesarean section with slight prolongation of cesarean section duration. Post-placental IUD insertion is also effective, with few complications compared to interval IUD insertion. This modality of insertion was accepted by the great majority of patients being painless and at the same time of surgery with no added cost or maneuver and utilizing the enthusiasm of patients for immediate contraception. The continuation rates are good in the study follow up duration.
Influence of Organic and Mineral Fertilization on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions. A Review

120 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Obicna tablica"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide is bringing about major changes to the global environment. Although most of the anthropogenic emissions originate from industrial processes, agriculture is responsible for a significant portion of the greenhouse gases produced by humans worldwide. The impact of agriculture has become a key issue, considering that the main greenhouse gases are those related to carbon and nitrogen global cycles. This paper presents a review of the scientific literature meant to provide the impact of human management through fertilizers use on CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions. The influence of organic and mineral fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions is analyzed, and usage of organic amendments showed a wise potential for protecting the environment and to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Production of instant coffee from cold brewed coffee; process characteristics and optimization

This study aimed to develop a process for producing instant coffee from cold brewed Arabica and Robusta roasted coffee beans. The process starts by selecting an appropriate mixture of Arabica and Robusta coffee beans, degree of roasting (light, medium, dark) and degree of grinding (coarse, fine). Sensory evaluation by a trained panel showed that a mixture of 92.5% Arabica and 7.5% Robusta medium roasted, coarsely ground coffee beans produces instant cold brewed coffee equally or better accepted from other instant coffees available to consumers. The selected coffee beans were subjected to vacuum assisted cold extraction and the extract was spray dried. Spray drying conditions (inlet temperature, air volumetric flow and air aspiration rate) were optimized by a 3 full factorial design. Response variables were solids yield, process thermal efficiency and anti-oxidant capacity of the produced powder measured as %DPPH scavenging ability, FRAP and total phenolic content. The produced powder was analysed for its physicochemical characteristics (caffeine content, phenolics, moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, solubility, particle size distribution, acrylamide content and shelf life determination).
Influence of Kingston Harbor on the phytoplankton community of the nearshore Hellshire coast, Southeast Jamaica

The phytoplankton community composition, abundance and size fractionated biomass (Chlorophyll a) were determined, over 17 months, from 22 stations at the mouth of Kingston Harbor and the Hellshire coast, Jamaica. This study was conducted to indicate the influence of eutrophic harbor outflow on the Hellshire coastline. The influence of this outflow varied in relation to the proximity of the areas to the Hellshire coast. Phytoplankton communities at offshore and inshore waters were found to be more similar (up to 60% similarity) to the harbor community than bay communities (maximum 40% similarity). On several occasions, harbor species such as Gyrodinium were found in offshore and inshore communities but never in bay communities. The eutrophic state of the harbor was confirmed with the outflow of the harbor having a phytoplankton abundance of >10 6 cells. liter -1 and a total biomass of 2.64 mg.m -3 chlorophyll a. These high values decreased exponentially among offshore and inshore stations with increased distance from the harbor and with a less predictable pattern for bay stations. At offshore stations, as much as 60% of the variation in total phytoplankton biomass was attributable to distance from the harbor while only 44% and 39% could be attributed to harbor distance at inshore and bay stations, respectively (R 2 , P < 0.0001). The introduction of factors such as salinity changes and wind from different directions improved the R 2 at bay stations from 39 to 60%, inshore stations from 44 to 56%; but only 60 to 64% improvement was realized at offshore stations (P < 0.0001). The influence of Kingston Harbor was pronounced in offshore and inshore waters along the Hellshire coast, but minimal in the bays.
INTERACTION OF MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA AND FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. CICERIS ON SOME CHICKPEA CULTIVARS

Interaction of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris was studied on chickpea cvs. Pusa-240, Pusa-209, Pusa-261 and Pusa-212. Plants of Pusa-240, Pusa-209 and Pusa-261 wilted when inoculated with the fungus alone. Synergistic interaction occurred between the pathogens on these cvs. both in concomitant and sequential inoculations. Wilt symptoms appeared and greater wilting occurred in the presence of M. javanica. Synergistic interaction in concomitant inoculations was greater than in sequential ones. Resistance of Pusa-212 recorded with the inoculation of the fungus alone was broken in presence of the nematode.
Ab initio study of substitutional nitrogen in GaAs

We investigate the atomic geometry, formation energies, and electronic structure of nitrogen occupying both arsenic and gallium sites in GaAs (NAs and NGa) using first-principles total-energy calculations. We find that both neutral defects induce impurity-like empty levels in the band gap acting as acceptors. While NAs shows a s-like a1 level in the middle of the band gap, NGa shows a p-like t2 level close to the bottom of the conduction band. The gap level of NAs gives theoretical support for the experimentally observed band-edge redshift on the GaAsN alloy for a N concentration ∼3%. Strong inward relaxations preserving the Td symmetry characterize the NAs equilibrium geometry in all the charge states investigated. In contrast, NGa exhibits a structural metastability in neutral charge state and Jahn–Teller off-center distortions in negative charge states forming a negative-U center. Formation energies of competing NAs and NGa defects are also discussed.
Modelling of simple and complex calcium oscillations

This review provides a comparative overview of recent developments in the modelling of cellular calcium oscillations. A large variety of mathematical models have been developed for this wide-spread phenomenon in intra- and intercellular signalling. From these, a general model is extracted that involves six types of concentration variables: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), cytoplasmic, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium, the occupied binding sites of calcium buffers, and the fraction of active IP3 receptor calcium release channels. Using this framework, the models of calcium oscillations can be classified into 'minimal' models containing two variables and 'extended' models of three and more variables. Three types of minimal models are identified that are all based on calcium-induced calcium release (CICR), but differ with respect to the mechanisms limiting CICR. Extended models include IP3--calcium cross-coupling, calcium sequestration by mitochondria, the detailed gating kinetics of the IP3 receptor, and the dynamics of G-protein activation. In addition to generating regular oscillations, such models can describe bursting and chaotic calcium dynamics. The earlier hypothesis that information in calcium oscillations is encoded mainly by their frequency is nowadays modified in that some effect is attributed to amplitude encoding or temporal encoding. This point is discussed with reference to the analysis of the local and global bifurcations by which calcium oscillations can arise. Moreover, the question of how calcium binding proteins can sense and transform oscillatory signals is addressed. Recently, potential mechanisms leading to the coordination of oscillations in coupled cells have been investigated by mathematical modelling. For this, the general modelling framework is extended to include cytoplasmic and gap-junctional diffusion of IP3 and calcium, and specific models are compared. Various suggestions concerning the physiological significance of oscillatory behaviour in intra- and intercellular signalling are discussed. The article is concluded with a discussion of obstacles and prospects.
A multi-scalar climatological analysis in preparation for extreme heat at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games

ABSTRACT Extreme heat can be harmful to human health and negatively affect athletic performance. The Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games are predicted to be the most oppressively hot Olympics on record. An interdisciplinary multi-scale perspective is provided concerning extreme heat in Tokyo—from planetary atmospheric dynamics, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to fine-scale urban temperatures—as relevant for heat preparedness efforts by sport, time of day, and venue. We utilize stochastic methods to link daytime average wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) levels in Tokyo in August (from meteorological reanalysis data) with large-scale atmospheric dynamics and regional flows from 1981 to 2016. Further, we employ a mesonet of Tokyo weather stations (2009–2018) to interpolate the spatiotemporal variability in near-surface air temperatures at outdoor venues. Using principal component analysis, two planetary (ENSO) regions in the Pacific Ocean explain 70% of the variance in Tokyo’s August daytime WBGT across 35 years, varying by 3.95°C WGBT from the coolest to warmest quartile. The 10-year average daytime and maximum intra-urban air temperatures vary minimally across Tokyo (<1.2°C and 1.7°C, respectively), and less between venues (0.6–0.7°C), with numerous events planned for the hottest daytime period (1200–1500 hr). For instance, 45% and 38% of the Olympic and Paralympic road cycling events (long duration and intense) occur midday. Climatologically, Tokyo will present oppressive weather conditions, and March–May 2020 is the critical observation period to predict potential anomalous late-summer WBGT in Tokyo. Proactive climate assessment of expected conditions can be leveraged for heat preparedness across the Game’s period.
Isolation and Characterization of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in Indoor Environment of Elementary Schools

Indoor airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations were examined at classrooms and corridors of 3 elementary schools in Ulsan. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an impaction-type air sampler using plate count agar and dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar. During the semester, concentrations of bacteria ranged at classrooms and at corridors, while those of fungi ranged at classrooms and at corridors. The bacterial concentrations showed larger variations between situations and schools compared to those of fungi. When airborne bacteria were isolated and identified, 84% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant group with 61% of tested isolates, followed by genus Staphylococcus with 10%. The Micrococcus spp. isolates, of which 75% were identified as M. luteus, appeared to be from human origins. The protective pigments and substantial cell wall of Micrococcus may provide selective advantage for their survival in the air. We also isolated and identified 15 genera of filamentous fungi. The most common culturable fungi were Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, and these 3 genera were 69% of fungal isolates. Genus Stachybotrys, of which S. chartarum is a well known producer of many potent mycotoxins, was also detected from one of the schools. further systematic studies are necessary with an emphasis on species identification and mycotoxin production of isolated fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys.
Experimental Study of Airfoil Leading Edge Combs for Turbulence Interaction Noise Reduction

The interaction of a turbulent flow with the leading edge of a blade is a main noise source mechanism for fans and wind turbines. Motivated by the silent flight of owls, the present paper describes an experimental study performed to explore the noise-reducing effect of comb-like extensions, which are fixed to the leading edge of a low-speed airfoil. The measurements took place in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel using the microphone array technique, while the aerodynamic performance of the modified airfoils was captured simultaneously. It was found that the comb structures lead to a noise reduction at low frequencies, while the noise at high frequencies slightly increases. The most likely reasons for this frequency shift are that the teeth of the combs break up large incoming turbulent eddies into smaller ones or that they shift turbulent eddies away from the airfoil surface, thereby reducing pressure fluctuations acting on the airfoil. The aerodynamic performance does not change significantly.
Investigating the Effect of Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs) on Fatigue and Rutting Properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures Modified by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

The current study assessed the influence of Anti Stripping Agents (ASA), Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on performance behavior of binder and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Through this paper, the 85/100 penetration grade bitumen was utilized as original bitumen. Also, three liquid ASA’s (ASA (A), ASA (B), ASA (C)) were used as a mixture modifier. For this purpose, softening point, penetration, rotational viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Multi Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were implemented to investigate the rheological properties of modified bitumen. For evaluating the behavior of modified mixtures several tests such as; Resilient Modulus, Tensile Strength, dynamic creep, wheel track and four-point beam fatigue tests were implemented. Based on MSCR test results, utilization of mentioned polymers enhanced the elasticity of bitumens and therefore the permanent deformation resistance of binders increases. Also by the addition of PET percentage, the rutting resistance improves. Results indicated that utilization of ASAs, PET and Crumb Rubber (CR) enhance the Resilient Modulus (Mr), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), rutting resistance, fatigue life and Fracture Energy (FE) of asphalt mixtures. Also based on results, modification of binder by PET/CR with a ratio of 50%/50% and ASA (B) have the highest fatigue life which indicates that this mixture has highest resistance against fatigue cracking.
Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features in 101 Death Cases with COVID-19

Background The illness progress of partial patient of COVID-19 is rapid and the mortality rate is high.we aim to describe the clinical features in death cases with COVID-19. Methods In this single center, observational study, We recruited all Death Cases with COVID-19 from Dec 30, 2019 to Feb 16, 2020 in Intensive care unit of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital.Demographics, basic diseases, X-ray/CT results, possible therapy strategies and test results when their entrance into admission, ICU and 48 h before death were collected and analyzed. Results This study involved 101 COVID-19 dead cases in Intensive care unit of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital.47 patients went directly to the ICU because of critical condition, and 54 patients were transferred to ICU with aggravated condition.57 (56.44%) were laboratory confirmed by RT-PCR, and 44 (43.6%) were consistent with clinical diagnostic criteria.The cases included 64 males and 37 females with average age of 65.46 years (SD 9.74). The blood type distribution was significantly different, with type A 44.44%, type B 29.29%, type AB 8.08% and type O 18.19%. The clinical manifestations of new coronavirus pneumonia are non-specific,the common symptom was fever (91 [90.10%] of 101 patients),Cough (69[68.32%]) and dyspnea (75[74.26%]). Neutrophils, PCT, CRP,IL-6,D-dimer gradually increased as time went on.Myocardial enzymes were abnormal in most patients at admission,with the progress of the disease, myocardial damage indicators were significantly increased.61(60.40%) used antiviral drugs,59(58.42%) used glucocorticoids, 63.37% used intravenous immunoglobulins, and 44.55% used thymosin preparations. All patients received antibiotic treatment, 63(62.38%) used restricted antibiotics, 23(22.78%) used antifungal drugs.84(83.17%) used non-invasive ventilator or high-flow oxygen therapy equipment, and 76.24% used invasive mechanical ventilation. 7 patients were treated with ECMO and 8 patients were treated with CRRT.The median time from ARDS to invasive mechanical ventilation was 3.00 days(IQR 0.00-6.00). The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation was 5 days (IQR2.00-8.00). Conclusions Critical COVID-19 can cause fatal respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure with high mortality rate. Heart may be the earliest damaged organ except the lungs. Secondary infection in the later period is worthy of attention.