Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remodeling Structural Change

In this paper, we rst briey review the current dominant framework for macro-development analysis, which is structureless. Then we explain why structures are important for us to understand economic development and how the existing mainstream literature has largely failed in incorporating economic structures in the most e¤ective way. Next, we formally introduce the theoretical model in Ju, Lin and Wang (2015, Journal of Monetary Economics) as a benchmark model of New Structural Economics, followed by discussions on several extensions to the benchmark model. Key Words: New Structural Economics, Endowment Structures, Industrial Dynamics, Economic Growth, Viability, Structural Change JEL Classi cations: O11, O14, O33, O41
Detection and quantitative analysis of carbendazim herbicide on Ag nanoparticles via surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Carbendazim (MBC) is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, and there are serious concerns regarding the health risks that could be caused by this fungicide. Here, we explore its ultrasensitive detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). First, to obtain maximum SERS signal, the adsorption of the target molecule onto metallic surface is essential. Therefore, we study the adsorption of the MBC onto the nanoparticle surface by SERS under different experimental conditions, such as different synthesis methods of nanoparticle, variable excitation wavelength, and fungicide concentration with the aim to detect MBC at low concentrations. Experiments are carried out with three kinds of colloidal nanoparticles: Ag and Au reduced by citrate and Ag reduced by hydroxylamine. However, mainly Ag colloids are highly efficient in the SERS detection of MBC. In addition, theoretical calculations of MBC Raman spectrum and that of the surface complex are used to help with the understanding the mechanisms responsible for the interaction between MBC and Ag. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy showed displacement to the red of the plasmon resonance of Ag colloid in the presence of MBC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inorganic nitrogen release kinetics and exchangeable inorganic nitrogen of the sediments from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region

Inorganic nitrogen (IN) release kinetics and exchangeable inorganic nitrogen (EIN) of the sediments from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region were investigated. The results showed that the EIN contents of the studied sediments ranged from 131 to 274 mg/kg. With the increase of the total nitrogen (TN) contents, their EIN also significantly increased. Their ratios of EIN to TN ranged from 5 to 17%, and with the increase of their TN contents, their ratios decreased. The relative contribution of NH4+‐N and NO3‐N to EIN ranged from 83 and 11% to 89 and 17%, respectively. The curves of the NO3‐N release kinetics of the studied sediments were not completely consistent with those of IN and NH4+‐N. The amounts of the IN released from sediments not only relate to their EIN contents, but also to other N fractions.
Spin‐wave spectra and magnetization of ferro–ferrimagnetic double layers

The spin‐wave spectra and magnetization of the ferro–ferrimagnetic double layers are studied by using a linear spin‐wave approximation and retarded Green's‐function method. We obtain the four branches of the spin‐wave spectra. Two energy gaps are found to exist in the energy band. The effects of the interlayer exchange coupling, the intralayer exchange coupling and the spin quantum numbers on the spin‐wave spectra and the energy gaps are discussed. The minimum (maximum) value point on the spin‐wave spectra and energy gaps correspond to a system that has a high symmetrical magnetic structure and the balance of quantum competitions among the exchange couplings and the spin quantum numbers of the system. There is a crossover between sublattice magnetizations in ferromagnetic layer that is affected by quantum fluctuations, thermal fluctuations and frustration of spins. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recognition of an important G-quadruplex in the HIV-1 promoter with natural small molecules

Targeting a G-quadruplex with chemical small molecules is a useful strategy for gene therapy for disease. The guanine-rich sequence d(5′-TG1G2CCTG3G4G5CG6G7G8ACTG9G10G11-3′) in the HIV-1 promoter can form a G-quadruplex structure. In this study, circular dichroism was performed to study the conformation and thermal stability of the HIV-1 G-quadruplex before and after adding small molecules. A DMS footprinting assay was used to identify which guanosine can be integrated into the G-quadruplex structure. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the binding affinities of the small molecules with the G-quadruplex. Our results showed that G1, G2, G3, G4, G7, G8, G9, and G10 of the above oligonucleotides formed a two G-tetrad antiparallel G-quadrulex, and nitidine chloride was found to have the highest binding affinity toward the HIV-1 G-quadruplex among the eight studied small molecules. The Tm value of the G-quadruplex was enhanced from 56.6 to 63.2 °C when fourfold nitidine chloride was .
Toward an Improved Description of Constraint Release and Contour Length Fluctuations in Tube Models for Entangled Polymer Melts Guided by Atomistic Simulations

By mapping atomistic trajectories accumulated in the course of long molecular dynamics simulations onto the tube model for model mono- and bidisperse polyethylene and cis-1,-4 and trans-1,4-polybutadiene melts, we have computed contributions to chain dynamics in entangled polymers from pure reptation, contour length fluctuation, and constraint release. We find that the tube diameter is the same in the matrices with molecular weight (MW) above the characteristic value Me for the formation of entanglements, but becomes larger in the matrices with MW below Me, in agreement with the Viovy et al. hypothesis. Additional results for the segment survival probability function c(s,t) have been used to propose modifications to the dual constraint model of Pattamaprom et al. and to the Leygue et al. model.
Contrasting behaviors of metal fullerides C60Rhxand C60Mx (M = La, Y) in the metallofullerene formation by laser ablation

Contrasting behaviors of Rh with Y(La) in the formation of metallofullerenes by excimer laser ablation of metal fullerides C60Rhx and C60Mx (M = La, Y) were observed. For Rh, two sequences of rhodium metallofullerenes, C2nRh and C2n+1Rh with even and odd numbers of carbon atoms, are formed in both the negative and positive ion channels, but for La and Y, only the metallofullerene sequence with even numbers of carbon atoms is formed and only in the positive ion channel. Evidence of the encapsulation of La and Y atoms in fullerene cages forming endohedral fullerenes has been observed, whereas the Rh atom is most probably incorporated into the network of the fullerene cage or pseudo-fullerene forming substitutional metallofullerenes. Density functional theory calculation was performed to determine the structures of the model metallofullerenes C53Rh and C54M (M = Rh and Y). The calculated results are in general consistent with the experimental observations.
Identification of the midecamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces mycarofaciens UC189B (ATCC 21454) and analysis of the enzymes for dTDP-D-mycaminose biosynthesis

In dieser Arbeit wurden die folgenden Aspekte der Genetik und Biosynthese des Makrolids Midecamycin ausgearbeitet, um die Mechanismen der Makrolidzuckersynthese zu klaren und Handwerkszeuge fur die Herstellung hybrider Makrolide zu liefern. Durch sequentielles Screening einer genomischen DNA-Bank im Cosmidvektor pKU206 durch zwei homologe PCR-amplifizierte Genproben wurden zwei Regionen von insgesamt ca. 75 kb DNA isoliert, die die gewunschten Anteile des Midecamycin (mid) Genclusters enthielten. Ca. 10 kb DNA aus Cosmid Smyc-LC1 und ca. 7 kb DNA aus Smyc-LC3 wurden komplett sequenziert. Die ubrigen Regionen wurden durch partielle Sequenzierung charakterisiert, um weitere Informationen uber Struktur und Genverteilung zu erhalten. Unter den Genen wurden 10 komplette und 14 unvollstandige Leserahmen identifiziert, die fur die Midecamycin-Biosynthese notwendig sind. Die Region der Mycarose-Biosynthesegene wurde auf Smyc-LC1 gefunden. Das komplette Set der Gene fur Biosynthese und Transfer der Mycaminose wurde kloniert. Die Organisation des mid Genclusters ist ahnlich wie in andern Makroliden zu beiden Seiten der zentralen PKS Gene mit zwei gemischten Gruppen von Zucker-, Acylierungs-, Resistenz- und Regulatorgenen strukturiert. Die Genen, midC, midH, midK und midI, wurden durch heterologe Expression charakterisiert. MidC und MidH wurden als losliche Proteine in E. coli uberproduziert, jeweils in nativer und His-tag fusionierter Primarstruktur. Die ebenfalls loslichen His-tag Proteine MidK und MidI wurden nur in geringer Menge gebildet und uber Westernblot nachgewiesen. Um die postulierten Funktionen der MidH (3,4-Isomerase) und MidC (3-Aminotransferase) nachzuweisen, wurden die Produkte eines gekoppelten Enzymtests zur Umsetzung von dTDP-D-Glucose mit RmlB (4,6-Dehydratase), MidH und MidC mittles HPLC und LC-MS Techniken ausgewertet. Es wurde bestatigt, das das MidC Protein verantwortlich ist fur die Transaminierungsreaktion bei der Bildung des dTDP-Amino-6-Deoxy-D-Glucose.
Trace Elements in Street and Household Dusts in Amman, Jordan

This research aims at quantifying the concentrations of heavy metals within the home environment in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, and to compare the total concentrations of indoor dusts to that of exterior dusts and soils. Housedust samples were collected from different zones of Amman. Street dust samples and garden soil samples were collected in the immediate vicinity within 10–50 m of each residence. The geometric mean concentrations of metals in the household dust were Pb, 169 mg/kg; Cd, 2.92 mg/kg; Zn, 1985 mg/kg; Cu, 133 mg/kg; Cr, 66 mg/kg; Co, 21 mg/kg; Ni, 31 mg/kg; Mn, 284 mg/kg; Be, 3.0 mg/kg; Ba, 43 mg/kg; B, 697 mg/kg and Al, 1441 mg/kg. Comparisons of household dust, garden soil and street dust were based on the same particle size fraction. Results showed housedust samples to contain higher concentrations for Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and B, than either street dust or garden soil samples. However, the differences between Pb and Cr levels in the three different sample categories were insignificant. Enrichment factor calculations and the enrichment factor ratios indicated that patterns of enrichment of indoor dust differ from that of exterior dusts.
Bulk synthesis and high-temperature ferromagnetism of (In1−xFex)2O3−σ with Cu co-doping

The synthesis and magnetic properties of (In1−xFex)2O3−σ bulk ceramics with Cu co-doping are reported. Magnetic Fe ions are found to have high thermodynamic solubility (up to 20%) in the In2O3 host compound. The lattice constant decreases almost linearly as Fe doping concentration increases indicating the incorporation of Fe ions into the host lattice. The samples with high Fe concentration annealed under Ar reduced atmosphere were found to be ferromagnetic, and the Curie temperature is around 750K. The extensive structural and magnetic studies rule out the possibility that the observed magnetism is derived from magnetic impurity phases.
Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of Bangladesh

In a developing country like Bangladesh, FDI is considered to hold a significant value in the overall development process and industrial growth. Most firms which are financed through FDI export a significant proportion of their output, which leads to increase in net exports. Inflation affects the yield or return on capital on investment which, in turn, effects foreign investment. Hence macroeconomic stability in the form of inflation levels has direct effects on FDI and growth. However, the influence of trade and FDI on economic growth varies according to the state of development of countries. The question arises here is whether FDI and trade causes the changes in economic growth or vice-versa. This paper, therefore, analyzes the interrelationship and direction of causality between FDI, trade and growth of Bangladesh, taking macroeconomic stability into account. The study is conducted based on time series data from 1980 to 2015 for trade openness, FDI, inflation and GDP of Bangladesh, to carry out Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Granger Causality tests. Findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from trade openness to GDP, trade openness to inflation and a bidirectional causal relationship between FDI and GDP in Bangladesh. However, no causal relationships between trade openness and FDI or inflation have been found. Since FDI and trade are two crucial factors that promote economic growth in Bangladesh based on the results of this study, policies that are favorable towards investment and trade sector are recommended.
Ethanol promotion by the addition of cerium to rhodium–silica catalysts

The selectivity of rhodium-based catalysts is very dependent on the choice of support or the promotors. Cerium oxide is very effective for ethanol promotion when added to Rh/SiO2 catalysts or used as support (70–80% ethanol selectivity). The role of the cerium oxide has been studied by various techniques, namely chemical trapping, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the use of probe molecules. The results show that when cerium oxide is added to rhodium catalysts, a new absorption band appears at 1725 cm–1 in the infrared spectra which may be attributed to a CO molecule bonded through both the carbon and oxygen atoms. Such an interaction could be responsible for the formation and stabilization of the formyl species which, from chemical trapping experiments, is proposed as a key intermediate. These results and those obtained with probe molecules would be in accordance with a reactional pathway where the formyl species is a building block of the C2-oxygenates and the acetaldehyde a primary product of the synthesis. In addition to its role in the activation of carbon monoxide towards hydrogenation, it is also shown that cerium oxide is responsible for the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol.
Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha−1 y−1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.
Heavy metal pollution of vegetable crops irrigated with wastewater 41 Heavy Metal Pollution of Vegetable Crops Irrigated with Wastewater in Accra, Ghana

Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water (samples =120), soil (samples =144) and edible parts of both exotic and traditional vegetables (samples = 240) irrigated with wastewater from some parts of Accra were studied. The concentrations of heavy metals in mg/l were quantified in wastewater from Accra and groundwater at Mampong as Fe (0.67; 1.00), Mn (0.78; 0.31), Cu (0.06; 0.07), Zn (0.14; 0.13), Pb (0.08; 0.12), Ni (0.06; 0.13), Cr (< 0.006), Cd (< 0.002) and Co (< 0.005), soil Fe (164.38; 162.92), Mn (39.39; 20.09), Cu (7.21; 6.13), Zn (6.03; 7.45), Pb (9.31; 7.63), Ni (5.00; 2.97), Cr (0.51;0.85), Cd (0.07;0.09) and Co (0.73;0.87), and vegetables from Accra and Mampong. The wastewater used for irrigation had the highest concentration (mg/l) of Mn (0.78), followed by Fe (0.67), Zn (0.14), Pb (0.08), Cu (0.06), Ni (0.06) while Cr, Cd and Co were below detection limits. Fe (164.38; 162.92), Mn (39.39; 20.09), Cu (7.21; 6.13), Pb (9.31; 7.63) and Ni (5.00; 2.97) levels were higher in wastewater irrigated soils than groundwater irrigated soils, respectively. However, average values were all below the FAO/WHO recommended mean levels in mg/l for wastewater and soil as Fe (5.00; 50,000), Mn (0.20; 2,000), Cu (0.20; 100), Zn (2.00; 300), Pb (5.00; 100), Ni (0.20; 50.00), Cr (0.10;50.00), Cd (0.01;3.00) and Co (0.05;100), respectively. Concentration levels of heavy metals (mg/kg) in vegetables crops analysed from all sites were not elevated except for Pb in cabbage, (10.51), lettuce (10.19), green pepper (9.44), hot pepper (7.61) and ayoyo (9.05) compared to the FAO/WHO maximum recommended limit of 0.30 mg/kg for Pb. Health risk assessments showed that hazard indexes for the crops were below 1 (USEPA), indicating that normal consumption of vegetables analysed pose no risk from heavy metal toxicities. However, to prevent any chronic health risk and extent of heavy metal contamination, steps must be taken to reduce human activities at the sites. Regular monitoring of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas is also necessary.
Developing Recommendation Systems for Movies Using Graph Database Clustering

This paper covered the idea of developing recommendation systems from clustering graph databases. Graph databases are a form of storing data where each piece of information is stored as a node. Each node is connected by an edge that is defined by some relationship in the data between the nodes. This paper investigated two methods of representing movie data in a graph database sing the TMDb 5000 Movie database. The first was by representing each node as either an actor, a movie, a director or a genre. The relationships were between each non-movie node and the director/genre/actor node associated with it. The second graph contained only movie nodes that were connected by shared actors, directors, genres and keywords. Clustering algorithms were tested on these graphs to see if the clusters found were suitable to be used for a recommendation system where a user is associated a cluster that contains movies they have enjoyed. Other movies in this cluster would then be recommended to the user by the system. The clustering algorithms investigate where Connected Components, Strongly Connected Components, Louvain Modularity and Label Propagation The graph databases were successfully constructed, however none of the algorithms were able to produce clusters that could be used for a recommendation system.
Pedagogies and curricula of everyday food practices : a critical ethnographic approach

I CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP . III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . IV TABLE OF CONTENTS . VI LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES . X FIGURES . X TABLES . XI CHAPTER 1.
Synthesis, Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of 1 : 1 Complexes of Gold(I) Halides with Trimesitylphosphine

Monomeric two-coordinate gold(I) complexes, [Au(P(mes)3)X] (P(mes)3 = tris(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphine, X = Cl, Br and I), have been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determinations, far-infrared spectroscopy and solution and solid-state CPMAS 31 P n.m. r. spectroscopy. X-Ray structure determinations show that crystals obtained from solutions of [NBu4] [AuX2] and P(mes)3 in acetonitrile for X = Cl, Br and I and in dimethylformamide (dmf) for X = Br and I form an isomorphous series of complexes, crystallizing in space group P21/c with a a 8, b a 22, c a 13 A, b a 98˚ (a form). Crystallization of the chloride from dimethylformamide yields the solvated complex [Au(P(mes)3)X]·(dmf) in space group P2/a with a 15.224(2), b 10.070(1), c 18.210(4) A, b 100.42(2)˚. Electrochemical synthesis of the complexes for X = Cl and Br yield two new crystalline phases; the chloride in space group P21/c with a 10.249(2), b 8.189(2), c 31.844(3) A, b 91.68(1)˚ (b form) and the bromide in space group Pbca with a 19.208(4), b 15.586(3), c 16.962(4) A ( g form). The Au–P bond lengths increase in the order Cl < Br < I with distances c. 0.02–0.03 A longer than average values for other [Au(PR3)X] complexes, reflecting steric congestion by the P(mes)3 ligand. For the unsolvated complexes, the Au–X distances are c. 0.02 A shorter than average values. For the Cl/dmf solvate, both Au–P and Au–X bond lengths increase. For the a complexes, far-infrared spectra show n(Au 35,37 Cl) 336, 329 cm –1 , n(AuBr) 234 cm –1 and n(AuI) 195 cm –1 and solid-state 31 P CPMAS n.m. r. spectra yield broad peaks with d–3.9 (Cl), –0.6 (Br) and +6.0 I). For the Cl/dmf solvate, n(Au 35,37 Cl) are 334, 327 cm –1 and d is –4.4. Solution 31 P n.m. r. spectra in CDCl3 give sharp single peaks at d –5.0 (Cl), –1.4 (Br) and +5.5 (I) with the similarity of the values with those for the solid-state spectra consistent with similar conformational structures for the [Au(P(mes)3)X] molecules in the two states.
Determination of Physiological Changes in Related to Effects of Exogenous Indole-Butyric-Acid and Callus Formation in Some Kinds of Apple (Malus sylvestris Miller) Stem Cuttings

In this study, the effect of exogenous indole-butyric-acid and callus formation on the total chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, anthocyanin and carbohydrate contents in cuttings stems of three apple (Malus sylvestris Miller) kinds (‘Golden delicious’, ‘Starkrimson delicious’ and ‘Misket delicious’) were investigated. The callus formation percentage increased with indole-butyric-acid treatment of three apple kinds but it was decreased at certain concentrations of indole-butyric-acid (3000 mg/L) in some apple kinds (‘Golden delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson delicious’). For all of the three apple kinds, total chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids contents of the callus stems were lower than noncallus stems, however anthocyanin content was high in callus stems of three apple kinds. In all indolebutyric-acid treated (2000 and 3000 mg/L) apple kinds, it was showed an increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and anthocyanin contents of the callus compared to control. Although carbohyrate contents were decreased by callus formation, there were no significant differences between callus treated with indole-butyric-acid (2000 and 3000 mg/L) and control callus in three apple kinds.
Some Recent Topics in Wood and Pulping Chemistry

On etudie trois sujets differents: differences de structure chimique entre les lignines de la lamelle moyenne et de la paroi cellulaire dans le bois d'epicea; influence du broyage sur la digestibilite du bois par les enzymes; lixiviation aqueuse des macromolecules de lignine des parois des fibres de pâte kraft
Bioaccessibility of minerals from cereal-based composite meals and ready-to-eat foods.

Mineral content and bioaccesibility of 4 home-made composite meals and 6 commercial ready· to-eat (RTE) foods were assessed. Bioaccessibility of Fe from composite meals based on 4 staple cereals ranged from 1.5% (finger millet meal) to 4.7% (wheat meal), while that of Zn, from 8.5,* (rice meal) to 0.31% (sorghum meal) and of Ca, from 5.1% (wheat meal) to 9.8% (rice meal). Rice and finger millet meals provided more bioaccessible Zn and Ca. while wheat and sorghum meals had more bioaccessible Fe. Commercial RTE foods provided more bioaccessible Zn and Ca than Ihe corresponding whole meal, Thus, intake of minerals is not compromised by consuming the traditional RTE foods instead of regular home-cooked meals.