Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The functioning of marine ecosystems: a fisheries perspective.

There is considerable evidence that environmental variability plays a major role in controlling abundance and distribution of marine populations and that fisheries alter ecosystem functioning and state. This overviewdocuments emergent, i.e. visible to us as observers, ecosystem-level ecological patterns and addresses important questions regarding the exploitation of marine resources. Do marine ecosystems function differently from terrestrial systems? Do multiple stable states exist in marine ecosystems? Does removal of top predators in marine ecosystems result in fundamental changes in the plankton communities (top-down ‘trophic cascades’), as observed in lakes? Alternatively, are marine ecosystems characterized by bottom-up control such that fishing predatory fish does not disturb community structure and function? Does heavy exploitation of forage species, such as anchovies and sardines, cause changes in the functioning of upwelling ecosystems? The key to answering these questions and exploring whether general principles apply lies in understanding the energy flow within the ecosystems. The chapter reviews different types of energy flow in marine ecosystems, i.e. bottom-up control (control by primary producers), top-down control (control by predators) and wasp-waist control (control by numerically dominant species). No general theory can yet be ascribed to the functioning of marine ecosystems. Ecological understanding and models of ecosystem functioning are provisional and subject to change, and common sense is not sufficient when studying complex dynamic systems. However, tentative and partial generalizations are proposed, namely that bottom-up control predominates; top-down control plays a role in dampening ecosystem-level fluctuations; trophic cascades seldom occur; and wasp-waist control is most probable in upwelling systems. Moreover, alternation and large-scale synchronized fluctuations in fish stocks, stability of fish communities and emergent features such as size spectra are potentially important patterns when assessing states and changes in marine ecosystems. New and meaningful indicators, derived from our current understanding of marine ecosystem functioning, can be used to assess the impact of fisheries and to promote responsible fisheries in marine ecosystems.
ICHNOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO MITRATE PALAEOBIOLOGY

Abstract: Mitrates are a controversial group of extinct deuterostomes; there is little agreement over their affinities, functional morphology or even the orientation of their upper and lower surfaces. Four slabs of slate from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Bundenbach, Germany) are here described, showing trace fossils (Vadichnites transversus igen. et isp. nov.) associated with the mitrate Rhenocystis latipedunculata. These new findings clearly demonstrate that the mitrate appendage was used in locomotion and that this movement took place appendage‐first. Such a functional interpretation suggests that mitrates were oriented with the flat body surface upwards in life and argues against a phylogenetic position in the echinoderm crown‐group.
ATATÜRK’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION

1923 sonrasinda Modern Turkiye’nin ic ve dis politikasi Mustafa Kemal tarafindan Turk modernlesme projesinin tamamlanmasi ideali etrafinda sekillendirilmistir. Modern bir millet yaratma ve Bati eksenli politikalar yurutmek hedefi baglaminda, kimlik tanimindaki dini unsurlarin yerine sekuler karakterdeki unsurlar benimsenmis ve Turk devlet kimliginde radikal bir degisim yasanmistir. Kemalist reformlar sureci bir taraftan Turkiye’nin Islam’la, Osmanli ile ve hatta bazi noktalarda Turkcu gecmisiyle tumden bir kopusun yasanmasi, diger yandan da tum degerlerini ve kurumlarini kabul ederek Bati ile tam bir butunlesmenin saglanmasi anlamina gelmektedir. Bu makalede, 1920 ve 30’larda bizzat Ataturk tarafindan sekillendirilen Kemalist dis politika anlayisinin uygulamalari, Turk devletinin kurulusu ve Turk milli kimliginin tayini ekseninde incelenmistir.
Granite fabrics and regional‐scale strain partitioning in the Seridó belt (Borborema Province, NE Brazil)

Fabrics of the Brasiliano‐age granitoid plutons of the Seridó belt (northeastern Brazil) were organized following the partitioned regional strain field which shaped larger areas of the basement and its metapelitic cover. Nine plutons located at the central and western portions of the belt have been investigated by means of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. These plutons, emplaced between 580 and 575 Ma, are mainly potassic calk‐alcalic magnetite‐bearing monzogranites. The presence of primary coarse‐grained magnetite as the main magnetic mineral is indicated by optical and electronic microscopy, magnetic susceptibilities, hysteresis ratios, and thermomagnetic curves. The plutons show a strong internal coherence of magnetic fabric, with foliation poles distributed around a zone axis parallel to the gently plunging mean lineation. The magnetic fabric was used to trace the strain partitioning along the belt. In the central transpressive shear belt the magnetic lineations are parallel to north trending regional stretching. On the other hand, in the western basement block a voluminous granitic magmatism was emplaced as a consequence of a transtensional/extensional deformation. Lineations in these granites trend in a NE direction, which is parallel to the transport, inferred from kinematic indicators along the shear zones. A crustal‐scale east trending dextral shear zone connects both the transtensional and transpressional domains.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography Investigations of Multilayered Archaeological Settlements: Part II – A Case from Old Smyrna Höyük, Turkey

To determine the data acquisition and inversion capabilities of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which is used in multilayered archaeological settlements, an ERT survey was carried out at the Old Smyrna Höyük site, in the city of İzmir, Turkey. This site dates from the third millennium bc and ERT applications were performed using five different arrays (Wenner–alpha, Wenner–Schlumberger, dipole–dipole, pole–pole and pole–dipole). The resistivity distribution of the subsurface was investigated by two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional inversion routines, which use data obtained along orthogonal lines. To test the inversion treatments, ‘semi‐fully three‐dimensional’ and ‘quasi‐three‐dimensional’ approaches were also investigated, and comparison indicated a clear distinction between them. The results show that the quasi‐three‐dimensional solution had insufficient resolution, whereas the semi‐fully three‐dimensional data sets provide interpretable images of the subsurface. In addition, the effects of electrode array type and line interval and orientation were tested to define suitable ERT survey strategies for multilayered archaeological settlements. The array investigations show that dipole–dipole, pole–pole and pole–dipole arrays presented better quality images than the others. The line orientation tests performed in two perpendicular directions (N–S and E–W oriented lines) show that the N–S oriented lines are more suitable in terms of defining the buried architectural plan of Old Smyrna Höyük according to depth‐slicing visualizations. However, the combination of the two perpendicular data sets could be useful if large between‐line intervals are used. Finally, this ERT study clearly revealed the layered stratigraphy of Old Smyrna Höyük. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life Experiences of Street Children in Bulawayo: Implications for Policy and Practice

In the period between 2000 and 2015 much has been written about Zimbabwe’s political and economic problems with very little mention of Zimbabwe’s children, or indeed street children. In this study I explore the experience of street children in Zimbabwe’s second largest city, Bulawayo. The study explores the work and activities that street children engage in as they negotiate their way through public and private spaces. A consideration is given to how the street children’s need for space and their sense of place becomes part of an acquired identity that they establish through negotiation or imposition by others. Their experiences are presented in their words in order to capture who they are and how they navigate living on the margins of society; crossing physical as well as social and moral boundaries. The study employed an ethnographic approach and was informed by the understanding of children as autonomous social actors. It explores some of the conceptual terrain necessary for a study of the life experiences of street children in Bulawayo in the context of their day to day activities and claims for space and places. Their image, journeys and how they project themselves into the future emerges from their interactions amongst themselves and their immediate environment. The study explores whether and how a child-centred model of practice would be possible to use in relation to street children and the implications for policy.
Influence of pre-Andean history over Cenozoic foreland deformation: Structural styles in the Malargüe fold-and-thrust belt at 35°S, Andes of Argentina

The Andes are the classic example of a subduction-related orogen. Segmentation of the orogenic belt is related to dynamics of the subduction zone and to upper plate thermomechanical properties. Understanding the controlling factors on deformation along the orogen requires studying cross sections at different latitudes and determining the respective roles of plate interactions, upper plate weakness zones, and crustal architecture. A newly constructed balanced cross section of the Argentinean Andes at 35°S, in the transition between a flat-slab and a normal subduction segment, shows tectonic inversion of Mesozoic normal faults and development of new thrusts during Andean shortening. Estimated shortening of 26.2 km, equivalent to 22% of the initial length, is lower than previous estimates obtained from partial cross sections using non-inversion structural models. Comparison of this estimate with crustal area balance constrained by geophysical data indicates that (1) crustal thickness was varied across the transect before Andean shortening, with a thick (∼45 km) crustal block to the west related to late Paleozoic orogeny, and a thinner block (∼32 km) in the east related to Mesozoic stretching; and (2) a structural model incorporating tectonic inversion is consistent with regional shortening and crustal thickness trends. Our results underscore the role of the inherited characteristics of the upper plate in subduction-related orogens, including preexisting faults and preorogenic crustal thickness variations.
Micro‐zircon: origin and evolution during metamorphism

The size and distribution of zircon within a garnet‐mica‐schist from the Scottish Highlands were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The study reveals that abundant 0.2–3.0 μm sized zircon is preferentially concentrated within garnet and biotite porphyroblasts. The micro‐zircon has grown during regional metamorphism and represents >90% of the total number of zircon in the schist. It is texturally distinct from a few larger detrital zircon grains in the schist that commonly preserve evidence of dissolution, and more rarely, small metamorphic outgrowths. The sequential incorporation of zircon in porphyroblasts allows prograde changes in the morphology of the zircon population to be identified. Zircon is reactive and soluble, and responds to medium‐grade metamorphism in a series of dissolution and crystallization events, linked to possible changes in fluid composition. Deformation also has a significant influence on the distribution of zircon, allowing inclusions previously trapped within biotite to react. About 8 × 106 micro‐zircon occur as inclusions within a typical individual 5‐mm garnet porphyroblast and their presence must be considered prior to trace‐element or isotopic analysis of such metamorphic phases.
Direct gas injection into saturated glass beads: Transition from incoherent to coherent gas flow pattern

The transition from incoherent to coherent buoyancy‐driven gas flow is investigated in two‐dimensional tanks filled with glass beads using a high‐resolution optical‐gravimetrical setup. Both a grain‐size (dk)‐ and flow rate (Q)‐dependent transition are observed in the gas flow pattern. Standard quasistatic criteria do not explain the experimental results, since they do not take into account the competition between stabilizing friction forces and destabilizing capillary and gravitational forces. Conceptualizing the steady state tortuous gas flow as core‐annulus flow and applying Hagen‐Poiseuille flow for a straight capillary, we propose a flow rate and grain‐size‐dependent stability criterion that accounts for the experimental results and is used to classify the experiments in a dk‐Q diagram.
Nitrogen cycling processes in Lake Illawarra, an intermittently closed/open estuary in south-east Australia

Mass balance - stoichiometric budgets, such as those developed by the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Programme can indicate the biogeochemical functioning of an estuary, and thus help assist understanding the dominant natural processes within the system. This is the basis to developing cost-effective management strategies. In this study, nutrient budgets for Lake Illawarra, a typical intertidal coastal barrier lagoon in New South Wales, Australia, were firstly examined utilizing the LOICZ model. The LOICZ budget classified this lake as a heterotrophic ecosystem, producing carbon through net respiration. The budget results also showed the Lake to be a net denitrifying and nitrogen limited system. Benthic flux measurements of O2, TCO2, alkalinity, NH4+, NO2- +NO3- and N2 were then made at selected stations from January 2002 to January 2003 to compare the characteristics of benthic biogeochemical processes (benthic metabolism, nutrient fluxes and denitrification) for different primary producers (seagrass or microphytobenthos (MPB)) and/or sediment types (sand or mud), and thus to verify the reliability of LOICZ budget approach. The seagrass meadows exhibited significantly higher gross primary productivity than MPB in shallow sandy or deep muddy regions of the Lake. Net CO2 effluxes and O2 uptake were generally observed for all sites, indicating the Lake was an overall net-respiratory system, meaning more organic carbon was decomposed than produced. This supported the LOICZ modelling conclusion. In general, nutrient fluxes displayed typical diurnal variations, with an efflux in the dark and uptake or reduced efflux in the light. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) net fluxes in the unvegetated sediments were directed from the sediments towards the water column and dominated by the NH4+ fluxes; seagrass beds displayed a net DIN uptake dominated by NO2-+NO3- fluxes, which may be due to the enhanced denitrification and/or assimilation activity by rooted plants. Finally, based on the measured benthic fluxes, N2 flux rates were estimated using carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry, which gave an average net denitrification rate of 0.09 mmol m-2 h-1. This was of similar magnitude to the rates measured using the N2/Ar technique (0.04 mmol m-2 h-1) or estimated using LOICZ modelling (0.03-0.05 mmol m-2 h-1).
Modelling albedo and distributed snowmelt across a low hill in Svalbard.

A land-surface model is used to simulate the albedo and mass of patchy snowcovers during radiation-driven melt for three years at a site in Svalbard. Performing single energy and mass balance calculations for the combined snow-covered and snow-free parts of the surface gives a faster decrease in albedo than observed because too much of the solar radiation absorbed by the composite surface is used to melt snow. Representing the snowcover separately allows the model to be calibrated to give a good match to the observed albedo for each of the years studied. A single set of model parameters cannot, however, give a good simulation for all of the years. The average snow mass and snowcover fraction measured on a grid of points can be simulated using either a distributed version of the model or a more efficient tiled version supplied with the observed relationship between snow mass and fractional coverage. Parameters obtained by optimising the snow mass simulations are more consistent from year to year than from the albedo simulations.
On the biogeochemical response of a glacierized High Arctic watershed to climate change: revealing patterns, processes and heterogeneity among micro‐catchments

Our novel study examines landscape biogeochemical evolution following deglaciation and permafrost change in Svalbard by looking at the productivity of various micro‐catchments existing within one watershed. It also sheds light on how moraine, talus and soil environments contribute to solute export from the entire watershed into the downstream marine ecosystem.
The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Finite element formulations based on stabilized bilinear and linear equal-order-interpolation velocity-pressure elements are presented for computation of steady and unsteady incompressible flows. ,}:he stabilization procedure involves a slightly modified Galerkin/least-squares formulation of the steady-state equations. The pressure field is interpolated by continuous functions for both the quadrilateral and triangular elements used. These elements are employed in conjunction with the one-step and multi-step time integration of the Navier-Stokes equations. The three test cases chosen for the performance evaluation of these formulations are the standing vortex problem, the lid-driven cavity flow at Reynolds number 400, and flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number 100.
Effects of varying discharge regimes on bed-form sedimentary structures in modern rivers

The discharge regimes that occur in modern rivers vary chiefly with climate. Where there are large sand waves in a river, these show different responses to flow changes of different speeds and magnitudes. A rapid fall of discharge leaves bed forms stranded in the river, with flow around the front eroding the slip faces. With a slower rate of fall, smaller superimposed sand waves produce groups of convex-upward erosion surfaces within tabular cross-bedded sets. With a very slow fall and pronounced low-stage reworking, the sand waves are largely dissected.
Seismic constraints on a large mafic intrusion with implications for the subsidence history of the Danish Basin

[1] Seismic refraction data from the ESTRID-1 profile are used for seismic velocity modeling along the strike of a large mafic intrusion in the Norwegian-Danish Basin, central Denmark. The P wave velocity structure identifies a ∼8 km thick sedimentary succession with velocities between 1.8 and 5.7 km/s. The top basement is defined by a step to vp = 6.2 km/s. In the middle to lower crust a high-velocity body (vp > 6.7 km/s), with its top located at about 10–12 km depth, is interpreted as a high-velocity and high-density gabbroic intrusion of Permian age. This high-velocity body explains the large (∼50 mGal) positive gravity anomaly known as Silkeborg Gravity High. The intrusion has a minimum volume of 40,000 km3, which implies that the magma influx and the consequent cooling of the lithosphere from high temperature could have had profound effects on the subsidence of the Danish Basin, in particular because the magma probably intruded during only a few events and other similar structures cover much of the basin. An anomalously high velocity gradient (from 7.0 km/s in the middle crust to 7.7 km/s at 30–32 km depth) in the central part of the intrusion coincides with an interval without Moho reflections, indicative of a gradual transition zone between the crust and the mantle. This feature may show the location of the feeder dykes of the intrusion.
Spectral Analysis of Prone-to-fall Rock Compartments using Ambient Vibrations

ABSTRACT The dynamic response of four unstable rock compartments in the Alps has been studied using the ambient vibration technique, with the aim of identifying precursors to rockfalls. The test sites present various geological settings (limestone, argillite, and shale-sandstone series), failure mechanisms and volumes. The ambient vibration spectra measured on the unstable compartments systematically showed clear energy peaks at specific frequencies, in contrast with records made on the adjacent stable rock masses. These predominant frequencies were interpreted as resonant frequencies of the unstable compartments, in agreement with 2-D modal analysis. In the horizontal plane, ground motion at the fundamental frequency was found to be systematically parallel to the line of maximum slope gradient, and perpendicular to the main bounding fracture observed at most of the sites. The fundamental frequency of each prone-to-fall compartment shows reversible variations related to temperature fluctuations at differe.
Validation of MIPAS satellite measurements of HNO3 using comparison of rotational and vibrational spectroscopy

[1] HNO3 profiles measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument operating on the Envisat satellite are validated with balloon measurements. An agreement of ±5% is obtained. The two measurements observe HNO3 features in different spectral regions (vibration spectra in the middle infrared and rotation spectra in the far infrared, respectively) and the agreement is obtained after that significant upgradings are made to the spectroscopic database. A stringent test of our understanding of HNO3 spectroscopy for remote sensing measurements is obtained.