Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inverse Shortest Path Routing Problems in the Design of IP Networks

This thesis is concerned with problems related to shortest pathrouting (SPR) in Internet protocol (IP) networks. In IP routing, alldata traffic is routed in accordance with an SPR protocol, e.g. OSPF.That is, the routing paths are shortest paths w.r. t. some artificialmetric. This implies that the majority of the Internet traffic isdirected by SPR. Since the Internet is steadily growing, efficientutilization of its resources is of major importance. In theoperational planning phase the objective is to utilize the availableresources as efficiently as possible without changing the actualdesign. That is, only by re-configuration of the routing. This isreferred to as traffic engineering (TE). In this thesis, TE in IPnetworks and related problems are approached by integer linearprogramming. Most TE problems are closely related to multicommodity routingproblems and they are regularly solved by integer programmingtechniques. However, TE in IP networks has not been studied as much,and is in fact a lot harder than ordinary TE problems without IProuting since the complicating shortest path aspect has to be takeninto account. In a TE problem in an IP network the routing isperformed in accordance with an SPR protocol that depends on a metric,the so called set of administrative weights. The major differencebetween ordinary TE problems and TE in IP networks is that all routingpaths must be simultaneously realizable as shortest paths w.r. t. thismetric. This restriction implies that the set of feasible routingpatterns is significantly reduced and that the only means available toadjust and control the routing is indirectly, via the administrativeweights. A constraint generation method for solving TE problems in IP networksis outlined in this thesis. Given an "original" TE problem, the ideais to iteratively generate and augment valid inequalities that handlethe SPR aspect of IP networks. These valid inequalities are derived byanalyzing the inverse SPR problem. The inverse SPR problem is todecide if a set of tentative routing patterns is simultaneouslyrealizable as shortest paths w.r. t. some metric. When this is not thecase, an SPR conflict exists which must be prohibited by a validinequality that is then augmented to the original TE problem. Toderive strong valid inequalities that prohibit SPR conflicts, athorough analysis of the inverse SPR problem is first performed. Inthe end, this allows us to draw conclusions for the design problem,which was the initial primary concern.
Characteristics and Determinants of NEET Youth in Kalimantan Barat

The change in population structure in Indonesia shows an increase in the young population. As an indicator to see youth's activeness in education and work, NEET has become one of the centers of attention for the government. The number of NEETs in West Kalimantan has increased over the past five years. It indicates that young people who do not work or attend school have not integrated into the labor market. This study investigates the characteristics and factors influencing NEET youth in West Kalimantan. The descriptive and inferential statistical method with a binary logistic regression model is the analytical approach taken in this study. This research use BPS data from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) in August 2021, with a sample of 4,750 young people spread over 14 districts/cities of West Kalimantan Province. The study's findings stated that most NEET youth in West Kalimantan were female, with the highest proportion of women aged 20-24. In addition, NEET youth in West Kalimantan were unmarried youth. Gender, age, completed education, marital status, education of the Head of the Household, and significant disability status are the determinants that determine whether a person is more at risk of becoming a NEET in West Kalimantan in 2021, according to the determinant findings of this study. Some of the recommendations from this study are the suitability of the educational curriculum with the availability of employment, equitable distribution of educational facilities, and information convenience. Furthermore, we need skill training for the younger generation, especially for the disabled, so they can advance their home areas so that they can advance in their place of origin.
The heavy-ion compositional signature in He-3-rich solar particle events

A survey of the approx. 1 MeV/nucleon heavy ion abundances in 66 He/sup 3/-rich solar particle events was performed using the Max-Planck-Institut/University of Maryland and Goddard Space Flight Center instruments on the ISEE-3 spacecraft. The observations were carried out in interplanetary space over the period 1978 October through 1982 June. Earlier observations were confirmed which show an enrichment of heavy ions in HE3-rich events, relative to the average solar energetic particle composition in large particle events. For the survey near 1.5 MeV/nucleon the enrichments compared to large solar particle events are approximately He4:C:O:Ne:Mg:Si:Fe = 0.44:0.66:1. :3.4:3.5:4.1:9.6. Surprising new results emerging from the present broad survey are that the heavy ion enrichment pattern is the same within a factor of approx. 2 for almost all cases, and the degree of heavy ion enrichment is uncorrelated with the He/sup 3/ enrichment. Overall, the features established appear to be best explained by an acceleration mechanism in which the He/sup 3/ enrichment process is not responsible for the heavy ion enrichment, but rather the heavy ion enrichment is a measure of the ambient coronal composition at the sites where the He/sup 3/-rich events occur.
Hidden Markov modelling of speech based on a semicontinuous model

The discrete hidden Markov model (HMM) is extended here by using a combination of continuous Gaussian density functions derived from a vector quantised codebook together with discrete HMM output probabilities. Experimental results for a vocabulary consisting of the digit set for a group of speakers have shown that the semicontinuous approach to HMM offers improved performance in comparison to both the discrete HMM and to dynamic time warping methods which incorporate template adaptation. >
New Algorithm and Data Structures for the All Pairs Shortest Path Problem

In 1985, Moffat-Takaoka (MT) algorithm was developed to solve the all pairs shortest path (APSP) problem. This algorithm manages to get time complexity of O(n log n) expected time when the end-point independent model of probabilistic assumption is used. However, the use of a critical point introduced in this algorithm has made the implementation of this algorithm quite complicated and the running time of this algorithm is difficult to analyze. Therefore, this study introduces a new deterministic algorithm for the APSP that provides an alternative to the existing MT algorithm. The major advantages of this approach compared to the MT algorithm are its simplicity, intuitive appeal and ease of analysis. Moreover, the algorithm was shown to be efficient as the expected running time is the same O(n log n). Performance of a good algorithm depends on the data structure used to speed up the operations needed by the algorithm such as insert, delete-min and decrease-key operations. In this study, two new data structures have been implemented, namely quaternary and dimensional heaps. In the experiment carried out, the quaternary heap that employed similar concept with the trinomial heap with a special insertion cache function performed better than the trinomial heap when the number of n vertices was small. Likewise, the dimensional heap data structure executed the decrease-key operation efficiently by maintaining the thinnest structure possible through the use of thin and thick edges, far surpassing the existing binary, Fibonacci and 2-3 heaps data structures when a special acyclic graph was used. Taken together all these promising findings, a new improved algorithm running on a good data structure can be implemented to enhance the computing accuracy and speed of todays computing machines I lovingly dedicate this thesis to my family, especially. to my husband, Mohd Izhair, for his love, his patience and supporting me each step of the way; to my chidren, Rabbiatul Adawiyah and Muadz Aliman, for being that little sunshine in my life; to my mother, Sofiah, for her love and encouragement; and to my late father, Hashim, who has been my constant source of inspiration.
The Sihailongwan Maar Lake, northeastern China as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series

Sihailongwan Maar Lake, located in Northeast China, is a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for demarcation of the Anthropocene. The lake’s varved sediments are formed by alternating allogenic atmospheric inputs and authigenic lake processes and store a record of environmental and human impacts at a continental-global scale. Varve counting and radiometric dating provided a precise annual-resolution sediment chronology for the site. Time series records of radioactive (239,240Pu, 129I and soot 14C), chemical (spheroidal carbonaceous particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soot, heavy metals, δ13C, etc.), physical (magnetic susceptibility and grayscale) and biological (environmental DNA) indicators all show rapid changes in the mid-20th century, coincident with clear lithological changes of the sediments. Statistical analyses of these proxies show a tipping point in 1954 CE. 239,240Pu activities follow a typical unimodal globally-distributed profile, and are proposed as the primary marker for the Anthropocene. A rapid increase in 239,240Pu activities at 88 mm depth in core SHLW21-Fr-13 (1953 CE) is synchronous with rapid changes of other anthropogenic proxies and the Great Acceleration, marking the onset of the Anthropocene. The results indicate that Sihailongwan Maar Lake is an ideal site for the Anthropocene GSSP.
Rain Detection and Quality Control of SeaWinds

Abstract A good assessment of the information content of scatterometer winds is particularly important in order to assimilate them in weather analysis. Besides retrieval problems in cases of a confused sea state, a particularly acute problem of Ku-band scatterometry is the sensitivity to rain. Elimination of poor quality data is therefore a prerequisite for the successful use of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Scatterometer (NSCAT) or QuikSCAT winds. Following the quality control for the European Remote-Sensing Satellite and NSCAT scatterometers performed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, the authors further develop this methodology for QuikSCAT and define a quality indicator called the normalized residual (Rn). In order to characterize and validate the normalized residual, the authors use collocated Special Sensor Microwave Imager rain and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind data. The results show indeed correlation between Rn and data quality.
Partial least squares regression and statistical models

The calibration method PLS1 is described in terms of the joint covariance structure of the explanatory variables and the predicted variable. In the population version it is possible to give simple conditions for when the PLS algorithm stops after a certain number of steps, and it turns out that the resulting predictor is the same as the one given by principal component regression. The concept of relevant components is defined, and the relationship to factor analysis models is discussed. Finally, the implications for the sample version of PLS are considered, both for the case when it is used as a prediction method, and for the case when scores and loadings from PLS-in a similar way as the scores and loadings from factor analysis-are used in the interpretation of data.
A National Study of Expedited Partner Therapy Use in Emergency Departments: A Survey of Medical Director Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices

In a national survey of academic emergency departments, emergency department medical directors expressed strong support for expedited partner therapy and reasonable levels of feasibility for implementation but low utilization. Background Emergency departments (EDs) are the primary source of health care for many patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Expedited partner therapy (EPT), treating the partner of patients with STIs, is an evidence-based practice for patients who might not otherwise seek care. Little is known about the use of EPT in the ED. In a national survey, we describe ED medical directors' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of EPT. Methods A cross-sectional survey of medical directors from academic EDs was conducted from July to September 2020 using the Academy of Academic Administrators of Emergency Medicine Benchmarking Group. Primary outcomes were EPT awareness, support, and use. The survey also examined barriers and facilitators. Results Forty-eight of 70 medical directors (69%) responded. Seventy-three percent were aware of EPT, but fewer knew how to prescribe it (38%), and only 19% of EDs had implemented EPT. Seventy-nine percent supported EPT and were more likely to if they were aware of EPT (89% vs. 54%; P = 0.01). Of nonimplementers, 41% thought EPT was feasible, and 56% thought departmental support would be likely. Emergency department directors were most concerned about legal liability, but a large proportion (44%) viewed preventing sequelae of untreated STIs as “extremely important. ” Conclusions Emergency department medical directors expressed strong support for EPT and reasonable levels of feasibility for implementation but low utilization. Our findings highlight the need to identify mechanisms for EPT implementation in EDs.
Exploratory study to characterise the individual types of health literacy and beliefs and their associations with infection prevention behaviours amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a longitudinal study

Background. During a global infectious disease pandemic such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), individuals' infection prevention/risk-taking behaviours are likely to differ depending on their health literacy and beliefs regarding the disease. To effectively promote infection prevention behaviours, it is necessary to enable information dissemination and risk communication that consider individuals' health literacy and beliefs. In this study, we exploratorily characterised segments based on individual health literacy and beliefs regarding COVID-19 among the Japanese during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigated whether infection prevention/risk-taking behaviours and fear of COVID-19 differed among these segments. Methods. In this study, we conducted two web-based longitudinal surveys in Japan (PHASE 1, 1-30 November 2020, 6,000 participants; PHASE 2, 1-31 December 2020, 3,800 participants). We characterised segments of the target population using cluster analysis on health literacy and beliefs regarding COVID-19 obtained in PHASE 1. We further investigated the associations between the clusters and infection prevention/risk-taking behaviours and fear of COVID-19, obtained from PHASE 2. Results. Five clusters were identified: 'Calm/hoax denial', 'Hoax affinity/threat denial', 'Minority/indifference', 'Over vigilance', and 'Optimism'. There were significant differences in infection prevention/risk-taking behaviours and fear of COVID-19 among the five clusters. The belief in susceptibility to infection, rather than affinity for hoaxes and conspiracy theories, was coherently associated with infection prevention/risk-taking behaviours and fear of infection across clusters. This study provides foundational knowledge for creating segment-specific public messages and developing interactive risk communication to encourage infection prevention behaviours.
Experience and Hospital Context Influence Fall Prevention Practice by Physical Therapists: A Survey Study

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Abstract Background: Falls in and following hospitalization are common and problematic. Little is understood about the factors that impede or promote effective implementation of fall prevention practices. Purpose and Relevance: Physical therapists are commonly consulted for acute care patients at risk for falling. The purpose of this study is to understand therapist perceptions of their effectiveness in fall prevention and to explore the impact of contextual factors on practice patterns to prevent falls surrounding hospitalization. Methods: Survey questions were tailored to the constructs of hospital culture, structural characteristics, networks and communications, and implementation climate, in addition to inquiries regarding practice patterns and attitudes/beliefs. Results: Overall, 179 surveys were analyzed. Most therapists (n = 135, 75.4%) affirmed their hospital prioritizes best practices for fall prevention, although fewer agreed that therapists other than themselves provide optimal fall prevention intervention (n = 105, 58.7%). Less practice experience was associated with greater odds of affirming that contextual factors influence fall prevention practice (odds ratio 3.90, p < .001). Respondents who agreed that their hospital system prioritizes best practices for fall prevention had 14 times the odds of believing that their system prioritizes making improvements (p = .002). Conclusions/Implications: As experience influences fall prevention practice, quality assurance and improvement initiatives should be used to ensure minimum specifications of practice.
A material based model for topology optimization of thermoelastic structures

This paper presents the development of a computational model for the topology optimization problem, using a material distribution approach, of a 2-D linear-elastic solid subjected to thermal loads, with a compliance objective function and an isoperimetric constraint on volume. Defining formally the augmented Lagrangian associated with the optimization problem, the optimality conditions are derived analytically. The results of analysis are implemented in a computer code to produce numerical solutions for the optimal topology, considering the temperature distribution independent of design. The design optimization problem is solved via a sequence of linearized subproblems. The computational model developed is tested in example problems. The influence of both the temperature and the finite element model on the optimal solution obtained is analysed.
Performance of computed tomography and its reliability for the diagnosis of transmural gastrointestional necrosis in a setting of acute ingestion of predominantly strong acid substances in adults

Abstract Objectives Computed tomography has become a critical component in evaluating adult patients with acute caustic ingestions and an alternative to endoscopy for detecting transmural gastrointestinal necrosis. This study assessed the performance and reliability of computed tomography findings of transmural gastrointestinal necrosis, given that the presence of the disease potentially signifies the need for surgery. Methods A retrospective database search was performed to identify consecutive adult patients with acute caustic ingestions who had computed tomography with endoscopy or surgery within 72 h of admission. Eight physicians reinterpreted computed tomography in two separate rounds. Diagnostic performance utilized eight rounds of radiologists' reinterpretations against reference endoscopic or surgical grades. Intra- and interobserver agreements were calculated. Results Seventeen patients (mean age, 45.6 years; 9 men; 46 esophageal and 34 gastric segments; 16 ingested strong acid substances) met the inclusion criteria. Eight patients (10 esophageal and 13 gastric segments) had transmural gastrointestinal necrosis. The highly differentiating findings between those with and without transmural gastrointestinal necrosis were esophageal wall thickening (100% vs. 42%, P = 0.001; 100% sensitive), gastric abnormal wall enhancement and fat stranding (100% vs. 57%, P = 0.006; 100% sensitive), and gastric absent wall enhancement (46% vs. 5%, P = 0.007; 100% specific). The intra- and interobserver percentage agreements were 47–100%, and 54–100%, which increased to 53–100%, and 60–100%, respectively, when considering only radiologists’ reinterpretations. Conclusions In a very small sample of adults who primarily ingested acid, contrast-enhanced computed tomography performed well when interpreted by a panel of radiologists.
Tunneling field-effect transistor with epitaxial junction in thin germanium-on-insulator

We report on the fabrication and electrical characterization at room and low temperatures of a tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET). The devices are fabricated in thin germanium-on-insulator and consist of a heavily p+-doped, epitaxially grown source, a heavily n+-doped ion implanted drain, and a standard high-κ (HfO2) gate stack with an effective gate length Leff of 60 nm, obtained by trimming. The TFETs are fabricated using an ultralarge-scale integration compatible process flow. The devices exhibit an ambipolar behavior, reasonable on/off current ratio, and improved on current compared to silicon-on-insulator TFETs.
Optical properties of Ag nanoparticle layers deposited on silicon substrates

Silver nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes and modified distances between them were prepared on silicon substrates using thermally evaporated metal thin films of varying thicknesses followed by annealing. The ∼4 nm silver thin film annealed around ∼300 °C showed considerable reflectance reduction from the silicon substrate in the entire polychromatic spectrum. The effects of dipolar and quadrupolar resonances of silver nanoparticles on the reflectance reduction from the silicon substrate are discussed. The quadrupolar resonances of silver nanoparticles lead to reduced reflectance from the silicon substrate in the near UV–visible region (∼350–600 nm) due to the enhanced forward scattering. The reflectance reduction in the Vis and NIR regions (∼600–1300 nm range) is explained by the interaction of the surface plasmons of the metal nanoparticles, which is very sensitive to the size and shape of the particles, and the distances between them. Some of the waveguide modes existing at the interface between the silicon and the metal nanoparticles also couple the excited surface plasmons, which helps in trapping the light near the NIR region. With proper tuning of the metal particle sizes, shapes and distances between the particles in the layers, one can reduce the total reflectance from the silicon substrate in the entire polychromatic solar spectrum.
AGB Stars and the Observed Abundance of Neon in Planetary Nebulae

Abstract Asymptotic giant branch stars are expected to produce 22Ne through the combined H and He burning that operates during their thermally pulsing evolution. However, observationally there is a fairly tight correlation between the O and Ne abundances as measured in planetary nebulae in various populations. In this paper we use recent detailed stellar evolutionary calculations for compositions appropriate to the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud, in an attempt to determine if the models are consistent with the observed abundances. We show that there is only a narrow range in stellar mass, about 2 to 4 M⊙ (lower for lower [Fe/H]) where 22Ne is produced in sufficient quantities to affect the total observed elemental neon abundance, which is mostly 20Ne. The models appear to be consistent with the observations, but a more thorough analysis is required.