Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ramifications of different externally applied nitrogen sources on the physiology and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)

A two year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the ramification of nitrogen sources on the physiology and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2008 to 2009. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) under factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments comprised two hybrids: that is; H1 (Pioneer-30Y87) and H2 (Pioneer-31R88) with six nitrogen sources S0 : control (0) kg N ha-1, S1 : chemical source (urea) @ 250 kg N ha-1 , S2: poultry manure (PM) @ 9.6 t ha-1, S3 : farm yard manure (FYM) @17.8t ha-1 , S4: press mud of sugarcane (PMS) @ 8.5 t ha-1 and S5: compost (C) @ 10.0 t ha-1. Plant height (cm), 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate varied with treatments in 2008, but plant height (cm), 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (t ha-1) did not differ with treatments in 2009. Physiological traits, such as leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate also responded to treatments. Hybrid maize H1 (Pioneer 30Y87) produced more grain yield due to enhanced physiological traits with urea compared to other sources of N. Hybrid maize H1 (Pioneer 30Y87) produced better grain yield and indirectly enhanced physiological traits when nitrogen sources were applied as chemical (urea) @ 250 kg N ha-1 as compared to other sources of nitrogen. Key words: Nitrogen, hybrid maize, yield, physiological traits.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucia Oriental, Spain : the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne & Swanger, 1936.1. Didelphic species

This paper deals wim nematodes of me genus Dorylaimoides Thome & Swanger, 1936 characrerized by having an opismodelphic female genital sysrem and which has been collecred from natural habitats in Soumeastern Spain. Five species form the group: D. arcualU5 Siddiqi, 1964 (first record in Europe), D. baelUUS Peralta & Pefia Santiago, 1992, D. limnophilus (de Man, 1880) Loof, 1964 and two new species; except for D. baeluus, all me species are described and illustrated. D. grandis sp. n. can be distinguished by having medium size CL = 1.28-1.77), lip region offset by constriction, tips moderarely amalgamared and angular, odonrostyle =5.5-6.5 /Lm, pharyngeal bwb =61-81 /Lm, V =28.3-32.4, anrerior genital branch a simple sac =56-85 /Lm or 1.3-2.2 body widths long, tail elongated to filiform with stighdy dorsally curved posrerior end (113-145 /Lm, c = 10.2-14, c' = 5.4-6.7 in females and 72-93 /Lm, c = 16.4-20.8, c' =2.9-4 in males), spicules =39-41 /Lm and a series of nine regularly spaced ventromedian supplemenrs. D. paraconfusus sp. n. is characterized by having medium size (L = 1.32-1.48 mm), tip region set off by depression, odonrostyle = 5.5-6.5 /Lm, pharyngeal bulb = 60-70 /Lm, V = 28.6-33.5, anrerior genital branch reduced ta a urerine sac with a cell small mass at its anrerior end (97-134/Lm or 2.5-3.6 body widths long), tail elongared wim slighdy dorsally curved rerminal part (106-118 /Lm, c =12.5-12.9, c' =4.8-5.6 in females and 80-91 /Lm, c = 13.2-17.3, c' = 3.7-4.0 in males), spicules =35-40 /Lm, and six ta nine ventromedian supplemenrs. A list of Dorylaimoides species from Spain is given.
Distribution and diversity of Potato mop-top virus in Sweden

During the last decades, spraing disease caused by Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) has become a severe problem in the potato production throughout the Nordic countries. In this thesis, it was shown that PMTV is widely distributed throughout Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and has now become prevalent in the potato-production areas within these countries. In Sweden, PMTV was found to be present further north than observed in an earlier study. Compared to the Nordic countries, the occurrence of PMTV in Poland, the Baltic countries and northwestern Russia is still very limited. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationship analyses were carried out for 43 new PMTV sequences originating from potato tubers and field soil from Sweden, Denmark and the USA. The results showed a limited diversity of PMTV based on RNA-CP and RNA-TGB. No strict geographical grouping was obtained for isolates from Europe, Asia and North America indicating that PMTV has spread through infected seed tubers. Weeds, as alternative hosts of plants viruses and their vectors, are an important factor in the epidemiology of plant virus diseases. PMTV was detected in the roots of the weed Chenopodium album, which had been naturally infected with the virus in the field. C. album may together with weeds of the family Solanaceae be an important factor for maintaining PMTV in a field. Sequence analysis revealed a close relationship between the PMTV isolates from C. album and other characterised isolates suggesting that the same genotypes of PMTV are infecting potato and C. album. The presence in Sweden of three other potato-infecting viruses associated with necrotic symptoms in tubers was demonstrated: Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and Potato virus Y (PVY). TRV has become prevalent in potato fields located from southern and up to the central part of Sweden. Analyses of tubers with typical necrotic symptoms of the ABC disease confirmed infection with TNV. In addition, two different necrotic strains of PVY, PVYNTN and PVYNW, were detected in symptomatic potatoes. The presence of TNV and PVYNTN/PVYNW in potato plants was to our knowledge confirmed for the first time in Sweden.
Satisfaction of nutritionists who work in food service

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the job satisfaction of nutritionists who work in food service in the state of Paraná (Brazil). Methods A survey was carried out with 249 nutritionists through a semi-structured online questionnaire, which assessed their profile, professional activities, and job satisfaction. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests and the ordinal logistic regression at a 5% significance level were applied to evaluate the differences and relationship between job satisfaction and the independent variables. Results The average age of the survey participants was 31.9±6.4 years, the majority was female (95.58%), and graduated between 2000 and 2016 (90.36%). The survey revealed that 55.41% of the nutritionists were satisfied at work, 33.68% were indifferent, 6.86% were highly satisfied, and 4.04% were dissatisfied. The variables that influenced job satisfaction the most were age, years of training, income, and workdays in the week. Income explained satisfaction positively. There was statistical difference in relation to the satisfaction of participants regarding their knowledge on food service (p=0.0350), completion of postgraduate courses (p=0.0082), and interest in working in an area of nutrition other than food service (p<0.0001). Conclusion Although most professionals are satisfied, many were indifferent to job satisfaction, which may reflect a low perspective on their current job or poor experience in the food service. These results suggest the need for further actions aiming at raising nutritionists’ perceived professional importance.
Flexible Foraging Behavior in the Invasive Social Wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

ABSTRACT The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), is a highly invasive wasp that exhibits efficient mechanisms while foraging. Plastic cognitive systems might be advantageous for invasive species given that they repeatedly encounter dynamic, unknown, or unpredictable environments. In this study, we explore memory dynamics of wasp foragers dealing with changing contexts. The aim of this work was to analyze how learning a second task interferes with the retrieval of a first learned task. We demonstrate that V. germanica wasps integrate old and new memories while foraging on nondepleted food sources. Learning a second task interferes with a first learned task when both tasks have different response requirements, probably due to response competition. Memories associated with the first learned task are not wiped out. Interestingly, this pattern of memory interference does not change when decreasing the number of feeding trials. This study provides new evidence about the complex cognitive mechanisms of V. germanica wasps, which integrate old and new experiences after very few learning episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first study on memory interference in social wasps.
Proximate composition and nutrient content of some wild and cultivated mushrooms of Ghana

Some chemical analysis and sensory data of the fruitbodies of eight mushroom species- Auricularia auricula, Coprinus disseminatus (Bull. ex. fr.) Fr, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing. strain SH-l, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing strain SM-1, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex. fr) Kummer strain EM-l, Pluteus subcervinus (Schaeff Ex. Fr) Kummer, Termitomyces species and Volvariella volvacea (Bull ex. fr.) were investigated. Proximate composition: moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate; major mineral constituents (Na, Ca, P, K), one minor mineral (Fe) constituent and vitamin C content were determined. The protein content ranged from 6.2 to 30.9 percent; carbohydrate, a major constituent in mushroom species was highest in Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing. strain SH-l (77.2 percent) whilst Auricularia auricula contained 23.5 percent. Values for fat content ranged from 1.1 to 10.8 percent. Ash content ranged between 2.9 to 24.2 percent. Mineral content (P and K) in the mushroom sporophores were found to be higher than in many fruits, and vegetables. From the sensory data Termitomyces species was the most preferred and accepted of the-mushrooms studied.
Significant Variation Exists Among Laboratories Measuring Onion Bulb Quality Traits

Onion pungency is a major quality attribute with many consumers demanding less pungent onions. In recent years, some growers and retailers have attempted to measure pungency of onions produced in different regions to guarantee a desired level of pungency. However, there are few data on the variability among laboratories using standardized protocols to estimate relative levels of pungencies. Onion cultivars were grown in replicated trials at three locations. Random samples of bulbs from each experimental unit were harvested and shipped to at least three cooperating laboratories, each of which measured soluble solids content (SSC) and pungencies using the same techniques. As expected, cultivars and environments showed significant (P < 0.001) differences. For all three trials, laboratories were a highly significant source of variation (P < 0.024 to 0.001) for measurements of SSC and pungency. Therefore, one cannot make recommendations on relative pungencies of the same lots of onions measured by different labs. The onion research community must identify specific procedures to reduce variation among laboratories to develop a more repeatable standardized assay for the measurement of onion pungency.
The cause of peat erosion: a palaeolimnological approach

SUMMARY Palaeoecological analyses of two lake sediment cores from the Round Loch of Glenhead, Galloway, S.W. Scotland and Loch Laidon, Rannoch Moor, Central Scotland have been conducted to elucidate the cause of the observed blanket peat erosion in their catchments. Both simple physical measurements such as percentage loss on ignition and the pollen and diatom record reveal clearly the onset of peat erosion in these catchments. Accurate dating of erosion is still problematical. Nevertheless, some of the competing hypotheses that have been advanced to explain blanket peat erosion are evaluated. Acid deposition cannot be responsible for the peat erosion in these two catchments since the combined use of 210Pb and "4C dating suggests that erosion was initiated between c. AD 1500 and AD 1700, an age well before the effects of atmospheric deposition are documented by the core. However, it remains to be resolved what the effects have been of land-management changes such as grazing, burning and climatic effects, such as the Little Ice Age.
Colonization of Steelhead in a Natal Stream after Barrier Removal

Colonization of vacant habitats is an important process for supporting the long-term persistence of populations and species. We used a before-after experimental design to follow the process of colonization by steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) at six monitoring sites in a natal stream, Beaver Creek, after the modification or removal of numerous stream passage barriers. Juvenile O. mykiss were collected at monitoring sites by using a back- pack electrofisher. Passive integrated transponder tags and instream tag reading stations were used in combination with 16 microsatellite markers to determine the source, extent, and success of migrant O. mykiss after implementation of the barrier removal projects. Steelhead migrated into the study area during the first spawning season after passage was established. Hatchery steelhead, although comprising more than 80% of the adult returns to the Methow River basin, constituted a small proportion (23%) of the adult O. mykiss colonizing the study area. Adult steelhead and fluvial Rainbow Trout entered the stream during the first spawning season after barrier removal and were passing the uppermost tag reader (12 km upstream from the mouth) 3-4 years later. Parr that were tagged in Beaver Creek returned as adults, indicating establishment of the anadromous life history in the study area. Population genetic measures at the lower two monitoring sites (lower 4 km of Beaver Creek) significantly changed within one generation (4-5 years). Colonization and expansion of steelhead occurred more slowly than expected due to the low number of adults migrating into the study area.
Spatial variability of soluble solids or dry-matter content within individual fruits, bulbs, or tubers : Implications for the development and use of NIR spectrometric techniques

Additional index words. nondestructive quality evaluation, constituent variability, NIR calibration equations, Malus ×domestica, Cucumis melo, Citrus paradisi, Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis, Prunus persica, Ananas comosus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Allium cepa, Solanum tuberosum Abstract. Spatial variation in soluble solids content (SSC) of fruits of apple ( Malus ×domestica Borkh. cv. Red Delicious), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. Cantaloupensis group), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Indian River Ruby Red), honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. Inodorus group), mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Hayden), orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck. cv. Valencia), peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch. cv. Windblow), pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr. cv. Kew) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and of bulbs of onion ( Allium cepa L. Cepa group) and in dry-matter content (DMC) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) tubers was measured along three directional orientations (i.e., proximal to distal, circumferentially midway along the proximal to distal axis, and radially from the center of the interior to the outer surface). The pattern and magnitude of constituent variation depended on the type of product and the direction of measurement. Radial and proximal to distal variation was greater than circumferential variation in all the products tested. Honeydew had the highest radial variation with a SSC difference of 6.0 % and a CV of 22.8%, while tomato displayed lower radial variation with a CV of 1.0%. Pineapple had a proximal to distal SSC difference of 4.6% with a CV of 13.8%, while the difference in tomato was 0.6% with a CV of 5.1%. Circumferential variation of SSC in all products tested was <2% with CV ranging from 1.1% to 3.8%. The results confirm that considerable constituent variabil- ity exists within individual fruit and vegetable organs. This variability may affect the accuracy of calibration equations and their prediction capability. Therefore, within- unit constituent variability should be meticulously assessed when an NIR spectrometric method is being developed for the nondestructive quality evaluation and sorting of a product.
Household activity-travel behavior : implementation of within-household interactions

This paper considers car allocation choice behavior in car-deficient households explicitly in the context of an activity-scheduling process, focusing on work activities. A decision tree induction method is applied to derive a decision tree for the car allocation decision in automobile deficient households using a large travel-and-activity diary data set recently collected in the Netherlands. The results show a satisfactory improvement in goodness of fit of the decision tree model compared to a null model. Overall, the probability of males getting the car for work is considerably higher than that of female in many condition settings. However, activity schedule, spatial and socio-economic variables appear to have an influence as well. An analysis of impacts of condition variables on car allocation decisions reveals that socio-economic variables have only a limited impact, whereas attributes of the transportation and land-use system have a relatively big impact. The propensity of men driving a car to the work place is higher than that of women. However, the relative accessibility of the work location by bike compared to car appears to have a relatively large influence on who gets the car for work. Household income and presence of children also appear to have significant effects.
Observations on the Flight, Wing Movements and Wing Structure of Male Priacma serrata (Lee.) (Coleoptera: Cupedidae)

During May, 1957 near Lumby, B.C., there was a reoccurrence of the gregarious flight behaviour of Priacma serrata males observed the preceding year (Atkins, 1957). Once more these beetles exhibited a strong attraction to “Perfex” laundry bleach, which is an aqueous solution containing 5-5.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite and 4.3 per cent sodium chlorate. They swarmed around the bleach-treated articles every fair day from the 5th of May until the first week of June. This situation presented an ideal opportunity to study certain aspects of the behaviour of this strange insect and accordingly observations were made on the beetles' flight both in the field and under laboratory conditions.
Infiltration and adsorption of dissolved metolachlor, metolachlor oxanilic acid, and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid by buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) filter strips

Abstract Vegetative filter strips (VFS) potentially reduce herbicide transport from agricultural fields by increasing herbicide mass infiltrated (Minf) and herbicide mass adsorbed (Mas) compared with bare field soil. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature concerning the contribution of Mas to herbicide trapping efficiency (TE). Moreover, no study has evaluated TE among metolachlor and metolachlor metabolites in a VFS. This experiment was conducted to compare TE, Minf, and Mas among metolachlor, metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA), and metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) in buffalograss filter strips. Runoff was applied as a point source upslope of a 1- × 3-m microwatershed at a rate of 750 L h−1. The point source was fortified with metolachlor, metolachlor OA, and metolachlor ESA, each at 0.12 μg ml−1. After moving through the plot, water samples were collected at 5-min intervals and stored at 5 C until analysis. Water samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. TE was significantly greater for metolachlor (25.3%) as compared with the OA (15.5%) and ESA metabolites (14.2%). The average Minf was 8.5% and was not significantly different among compounds. Significantly more metolachlor (17.3%) was retained as Mas compared with either metolachlor OA (7.0%) or metolachlor ESA (5.5%). Moreover, Mas accounted for 68 and 42% of the total TE for metolachlor and metolachlor metabolites, respectively. These results demonstrate that adsorption to the VFS grass, grass thatch, or soil surface (or all) is an important retention mechanism for metolachlor and metolachlor metabolites, especially under saturated conditions. Moreover, the Mas data indicate that metolachlor is preferentially retained by the VFS grass, grass thatch, or soil surface (or all) compared with the OA and ESA metabolites. Greater metolachlor retention in VFS compared with the OA and ESA metabolites may partially explain why metolachlor metabolites are frequently measured at higher concentrations than metolachlor is in surface water. Nomenclature: Metolachlor; metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, (2-[(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl-1)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid); metolachlor oxanilic acid (2-[(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]-2-oxoacetic acid); buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.
The breeding biology of introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) on a Scottish Island: lessons for population control and bird conservation

The breeding biology of a recently (1974) introduced hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus population was studied on a large Scottish island. These hedgehogs have caused serious declines in internationally important ground-nesting shorebirds, and population control is now being attempted. Sexual behaviour commenced in late April, a few days after the main emergence from hibernation. It peaked in mid-May and again in late June/early July, and ceased by mid-August. Females were promiscuous and were estimated to have sexual encounters (although not necessarily matings) with at least five males during the main mating period. Two-thirds of females attempted to breed for the first time in their second calendar year (i.e. as sub-adults), and the rest in their third calendar year (i.e. as adults). At least 96% (n=27) of adult females attempted to breed in the early part of the season (litters born in June). The vast majority (81%, n=26) bred again in the later part of the season (litters born after mid-July). Breeding success (≥1 young emerged) was relatively high. For adults, 63% (n=24) of early-season and 86% (n=18) of late-season attempts were successful. For sub-adult females the figure was 62% (n=9). The annual mean productivity per female was estimated at 4.04 young for adults and 0.85 young for sub-adults. The implications of these results for the effectiveness, timing and welfare aspects of hedgehog control programmes are discussed.
The Stability of Invertebrate Communities in Bromeliad Phytotelmata in a Rain Forest Subject to Hurricanes

Communities of invertebrate animals in lower canopy and saxicolous tank bromeliads, originally studied in 1993–1997, were resampled along an elevational gradient in tabonuco, palo colorado, and dwarf or cloud forest in Puerto Rico in 2010. These Puerto Rican montane rain forests were impacted strongly by hurricanes in 1989 and 1998, so the surveys in the 1990s represented 4–8 yr of post‐hurricane recovery, whereas our recent survey represents 12 yr of post‐hurricane recovery. At most elevations, species diversity, both within individual bromeliads and at the forest scale, declined between the 1990s and 2010. This decline in diversity between decades is associated with reductions in bromeliad density as the canopy progressively closed during recovery from hurricane damage. The observed decline in alpha and gamma diversity appears to have involved the loss of rarer species, as might be expected from standard metapopulation theory. By contrast, the most common species were remarkably stable in abundance, composition, and frequency of occurrence over the two decades. In the lowermost tabonuco forest, two endemic bromeliad specialists, restricted to bromeliads for their entire life cycle, were not found on resampling. This study also demonstrates that, at least in Puerto Rico, sets of ten plants from each forest were sufficient to monitor bromeliad invertebrate populations and their diversity over time.