Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drought tendencies in Hungary

Drought is a major climatic hazard, which is expressed as relative to a long term average. Drought is a recurrent feature in Hungary's climate and it can cause significant damage to the country's agriculture. Its importance is emphasized by recurrent drought events in the 1980s and 1990s. In this study, we examine long time series of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to characterize statistical features of drought in Hungary. Two statistical tests are presented which are appropriate tools for studying normal and extreme climatic features or events that can be characterized with thresholds. The two tests were applied to the PDSI series in order to capture changes in drought occurrence: (i) whether drought events tend to concentrate at one end of the time series, and (ii) whether droughts tend to recur in subsequent years. On a country-wide scale, results indicate that more droughts happened at the end of the time series, especially moderate and severe droughts. Moreover, moderate and severe droughts tend to occur in subsequent years. Most of the stations show the same results as the country-wide series, although some of them failed to indicate significant change. There are spatial differences, but at most of the stations a general drying tendency is apparent. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society.
Cone Penetration in Very Weakly Cemented Sand

Researchers investigate cone penetration testing in very weakly cemented sands with unconfined compressive strengths of 60 kPa or less in a calibration chamber. Monterey 0/30 sand is artificially cemented with 1 percent and 2 percent portland cement. A miniature electric cone penetrometer that gives a diameter ratio of 42 is employed in the chamber. Boundary conditions with zero lateral volumetric strains and a constant vertical stress are used. Both tip resistance and the sleeve friction increase with cementation. The friction ratio is indifferent to the increase in cementation at very weak cementation levels and vertical effective stresses of 50 to 300 kPa. Tip-resistance values at vertical effective stresses of less than 100 kPa increase over two times and over four times the uncemented values at peak cohesion intercepts of 10 kPa and 30 kPa, respectively. Before the effect of confinement overshadows the influence of any weak cementation, tip resistance at a vertical stress of 300 kPa can still be 15 to 25 percent and 40 to 45 percent more than the uncemented values at peak cohesion intercepts of 10 kPa and 30 kPa, respectively.
Periodontal Regeneration by FGF-2 (bFGF) in Primate Models

We recently demonstrated that a topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2 ; bFGF) to alveolar bone defects in beagle dogs enhanced periodontal regeneration. The purpose of this study was further characterization of the biological effects of FGF-2 in non-human primates. Thirty-two inflamed furcation class II defects were surgically created in 4 male primates. The gelatinous carrier alone or the carrier containing 0.1 or 0.4% human recombinant FGF-2 was topically applied to the defects and compared with no treatment. Eight weeks after application, the periodontal regeneration in those defects was analyzed. In all FGF-2-treated sites, significant periodontal regeneration was dose-dependently observed in greater amounts than in the carrier-treated or non-treated sites. No instances of epithelial down-growth, ankylosis, or root resorption were observed in the FGF-2-treated sites. These results indicate that a topical application of FGF-2 can enhance considerable periodontal regeneration in surgically created furcation class II defects of non-human primates.
Degree one heterogeneity and hemispherical variation of anisotropy in the inner core from PKP(BC)–PKP(DF) times

We have investigated the relationship between heterogeneity and anisotropy in the inner core. Heterogeneity was examined using PKP(DF) and PKP(BC) phases traveling in the east-west direction (E-W paths). The geographical pattern of the PKP differential travel time (BC-DF) residuals was found to be a manifestation of degree one heterogeneity in the outermost 100 to 500 km of the inner core. Spherical harmonics analysis showed that the P velocities in the inner core are fast in the region from 43°E to 177°E (the quasi-eastern hemisphere) with a peak value of +0.29±0.15% and slow in the region from 183°W to 43°E (the quasi-western hemisphere) with a peak value of -0.66±0.20%. Regional variation of anisotropy in the inner core was examined using PKP phases traveling nearly parallel to the Earth's spin axis (polar paths). The averages of BC-DF time residuals were 2.4±0.8 s in the quasi-western hemisphere and 0.5±0.4 s in the quasi-eastern hemisphere. We found that the inner core anisotropy predominates only in the quasi-western hemisphere in which the 0.66% slow P velocity is observed for the E-W paths. Geophysical implications of the degree one pattern in the inner core were briefly discussed. We propose that the hemispherical structure of the inner core reflects ancient core dynamics immediately after core formation.
Comparison of Model-simulated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide with GOSAT Retrievals

Global atmospheric CO₂ distributions were simulated with a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and compared with space-borne observations of CO₂ column density by GOSAT from April 2009 to January 2010. The GEOS-Chem model simulated 3-D global atmospheric CO₂ at 2°×2.5°horizontal resolution using global CO₂ surface sources/sinks as well as 3-D emissions from aviation and the atmospheric oxidation of other carbon species. The seasonal cycle and spatial distribution of GEOS-Chem CO₂ columns were generally comparable with GOSAT columns over each continent with a systematic positive bias of ~1.0%. Data from the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) from twelve ground stations spanning 90°S-82°N were also compared with the modeled data for the period of 2004-2009 inclusive. The ground-based data show high correlations with the GEOS-Chem simulation (0.66≤R₂≤0.99) but the model data have a negative bias of ~1.0%, which is primarily due to the model initial conditions. Together these two comparisons can be used to infer that GOSAT CO₂ retrievals underestimate CO₂ column concentration by ~2.0%, as demonstrated in recent validation work using other methods. We further estimated individual source/sink contributions to the global atmospheric CO₂ budget and trends through 7 tagged CO₂ tracers (fossil fuels, ocean exchanges, biomass burning, biofuel burning, net terrestrial exchange, shipping, aviation, and CO oxidation) over 2004-2009. The global CO₂ trend over this period (2.1 ppmv/year) has been mainly driven by fossil fuel combustion and cement production (3.2 ppmv/year), reinforcing the fact that rigorous CO₂ reductions from human activities are necessary in order to stabilize atmospheric CO₂ levels.
Auroral structure at the cusp equatorward boundary: Relationship with the electron edge of low‐latitude boundary layer precipitation

We document the correspondence between different categories of auroral forms/ activities and particle precipitation/plasma convection regimes in the 1100-1300 MLT/ 70°-77° MLAT sector during strongly negative interplanetary magnetic field B y (-7 nT) and smaller (2 to -4 nT) B z conditions. Ground observations of the aurora are combined with data from two overflights by the spacecraft DMSP F 11 and F 12 on 8 January 1999. We describe the dynamics of the aurorae in the midday sector corresponding to the particle precipitation regimes which in the literature are designated (1) the dayside extension of the central plasma sheet, (2) void, (3) the electron edge, (4) the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), and (5) the plasma mantle. The aurorae observed in the corresponding latitude regimes are the following: (1) the pulsating, diffuse, green line-dominated plasma sheet aurora (type 3), (2) a ∼100 km wide latitudinal gap in auroral emission, (3) and (4) the type 1 cusp aurora characterized by recurrent (T = 2-3 min) equatorward boundary intensifications (EBIs), and (5) poleward moving auroral forms. Special focus is placed on (1) the association between EBIs and the electron edge/ion cutoff observed at the equatorward boundary of the LLBL precipitation and (2) the gap in the auroral emission profile located on its equatorward side. The latter corresponds to the observed strongly depleted field-aligned electron fluxes (void), which in our view is due to the loss of plasma sheet particles along newly opened field lines. Thus, in this case study we document the auroral fine structure corresponding to the open LLBL, with its electron edge, as well as the signature of the escape of magnetospheric electrons along the adjacent field lines on its equatorward/inward side.
Striding-Athabasca mylonite zone: Complex Archean deep-crustal deformation in the East Athabasca mylonite triangle, northern Saskatchewan

The geophysically defined Snowbird tectonic zone is manifested in northernmost Saskatchewan as a deep-crustal, multistage mylonitic structure, the East Athabasca mylonite triangle. The triangle, located at the northeastern apex of a stiff, crustal-scale "lozenge," is composed of mid-Archean annealed mylonites and late Archean ribbon mylonites, formed during two granulite facies events (850–1000 °C, 1.0 GPa). The flow pattern in the mylonites is geometrically and kinematically complex, and corresponds to that expected adjacent to the apex of a stiff elliptical volume subjected to subhorizontal regional extension parallel to its principal axis. The late Archean mylonites are divided into an upper structural deck, entirely occupied by a dip-slip shear zone, and an underlying lower deck. The latter is divided into two upright conjugate strike-slip shear zones, separated by a low-strain septum, which deformed by progressive coaxial flow. The flow pattern in the mid-Archean mylonites is compatible with that of .
Meta‐analysis of heterogeneous data sources for genome‐scale identification of risk genes in complex phenotypes

Meta‐analyses of large‐scale association studies typically proceed solely within one data type and do not exploit the potential complementarities in other sources of molecular evidence. Here, we present an approach to combine heterogeneous data from genome‐wide association (GWA) studies, protein‐protein interaction screens, disease similarity, linkage studies, and gene expression experiments into a multi‐layered evidence network which is used to prioritize the entire protein‐coding part of the genome identifying a shortlist of candidate genes. We report specifically results on bipolar disorder, a genetically complex disease where GWA studies have only been moderately successful. We validate one such candidate experimentally, YWHAH, by genotyping five variations in 640 patients and 1,377 controls. We found a significant allelic association for the rs1049583 polymorphism in YWHAH (adjusted P = 5.6e−3) with an odds ratio of 1.28 [1.12–1.48], which replicates a previous case‐control study. In addition, we demonstrate our approach's general applicability by use of type 2 diabetes data sets. The method presented augments moderately powered GWA data, and represents a validated, flexible, and publicly available framework for identifying risk genes in highly polygenic diseases. The method is made available as a web service at www.cbs. dtu.dk/services/metaranker. Genet. Epidemiol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 35:318‐332, 2011
Precipitation variability and changes in the greater Alpine region over the 1800–2003 period

[1] The paper investigates precipitation variability in the greater Alpine region (GAR) (4–19°E, 43–49°N) based on 192 instrumental series of homogenized and outlier checked monthly precipitation and on the 1° gridded version of the same data set. Compared to the previous data sets, the one used in this paper adds a full century of data (earliest series starting in 1800) by exploiting the early instrumental period as much as possible in terms of series length and spatial density. The records were clustered into climatically homogeneous subregions, by means of a principal component analysis, and average subregional series were calculated. The principal component analysis was applied also in T-mode to investigate the most recursive precipitation patterns that characterize the examined area. Yearly and seasonal trend analysis was performed both on subregional average series and on the mean GAR series. It was also applied to moving windows, of variable width ranging from 2 decades to 2 centuries, in order to investigate any trends over decadal to secular timescales. Beside trends in total precipitation, precipitation seasonality was also analyzed as an important indicator of climate changes. Links between precipitation variability in the Alpine region and atmospheric circulation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation in particular, were also studied.
Deconvolution of CYP Induction Mechanisms in HepaRG Nuclear Hormone Receptor Knockout Cells

Pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and PXR/CAR knockout (KO) HepaRG cells, as well as a PXR reporter gene assay were used to investigate the mechanism of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction by prototypical substrates and a group of compounds from the Merck KGaA oncology drug discovery pipeline. The basal and inducible gene expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 of nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) KO HepaRG relative to control HepaRG was characterized. The basal expression of CYP3A4 was markedly higher in the PXR (10-fold) and CAR (11-fold) KO cell lines compared to control HepaRG, whereas inducibility was substantially lower. Inversely, basal expression of CYP3A4 in PXR/CAR double KO (dKO) was low (10-fold reduction). Basal CYP2B6 expression was high in PXR KO (9-fold) cells which showed low inducibility whereas the basal expression remained unchanged in CAR and dKO cell lines compared to control cells. Most of the test compounds induced CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 via PXR and to a lesser extent via CAR. Furthermore, other non-NHR driven induction mechanisms were implicated, either alone or in addition to NHRs. Notably, 5 of the 16 compounds (31%) that were PXR inducers in HepaRG did not activate PXR in the reporter gene assay, illustrating the limitations of this system. This study indicates that HepaRG is a highly sensitive system fit for early screening of CYP induction in drug discovery. Furthermore, it shows the applicability of HepaRG NHR KO cells as tools to deconvolute mechanisms of CYP induction using novel compounds representative for oncology drug discovery. This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD Fast Forward. Published on May 25, 2021 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120. 000333 at A PE T Jornals on Jne 4, 2021 dm d.aspurnals. org D ow nladed from SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This works describes the identification of induction mechanisms of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 for an assembly of oncology drug candidates using HepaRG NHR KO and displays its advantages compared to a PXR reporter gene assay. With this study, risk assessment of drug candidates in early drug development can be improved. This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD Fast Forward. Published on May 25, 2021 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120. 000333 at A PE T Jornals on Jne 4, 2021 dm d.aspurnals. org D ow nladed from
Geometry and Quaternary kinematics of fold‐and‐thrust units of southwestern Taiwan

Structural and paleostress analyses provide new insights into the Quaternary kinematics of the outermost fold‐and‐thrust units of southwestern Taiwan Foothills. The frontal folds are interpreted as fault‐related folds, and their tectonic evolution through space and time is tightly constrained. Fold development is correlated with reef building on top of the anticlines. Moreover, we provide field evidence that NW–SE fault zones oblique to the structural grain of the belt probably acted as transfer fault zones during the the Quaternary fold‐thrust emplacement. Two successive Quaternary stress regimes are evidenced in southwestern Taiwan: A NW–SE compression, followed by a recent nearly E–W compression. The latter shows an along‐strike change from pure E–W contraction to the north to perpendicular N–S extension in the south. This southward decrease in N–S confinement probably represents the on‐land signature of the incipient Quaternary tectonic escape predicted by analogue and numerical modelling and evidenced at present‐day by Global Positioning System data.
Qualitative and Quantitative Scintigraphic Imaging to Predict Fracture Healing

Summary Purpose: Evaluate the value of 24- hour postoperative quantitative bone scintigraphy to identify devascularized fragments and predict delayed fracture bridging in canine clinical patients; to determine the effect of fracture type, fixation type, age, sex, and weight on fracture bridging and the quantitative scintigraphic ratios; and to evaluate the relationship between qualitative scintigraphic assessment and quantitative scintigraphic ratios. Methods: Forty-two adult dogs, with diaphyseal long bone fractures treated with minimally invasive biological or invasive surgical techniques, were evaluated with 24-hour postoperative bone scintigraphy and six and 12 week postoperative radiographs. Fractured bones were classified as simple, moderately multiple, or severely multiple. Bone scintigrams were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Radiographs were made at six and 12 weeks after the operation and graded as fracture gap(s) bridged or not bridged with bone opacity material. The data was evaluated statistically to determine the relationship between age, sex, and weight of the dogs, fracture type, fixation type, and results of scintigram analysis to fracture bridging at six and 12 weeks. Results: Fourteen of the 42 fractures were bridged at six weeks after the operation and 33 at 12 weeks. Prediction of fracture healing was not possible. There was not any statistical relationship of fracture type, fixation, sex, nor weight to bridged fractures or non-bridged fractures at six and 12 weeks. There was a trend toward more of the fractures with multiple fragments treated with minimally invasive biological techniques to be bridged by 12 weeks when compared to similar fractures treated with invasive techniques. The mean age of dogs with bridged fractures at six and 12 weeks was significantly lower than the mean age of dogs with non-bridged fractures at six and 12 weeks. Qualitative scintigraphic assessment scores were not significantly related to the quantitative scintigraphic ratios or to fracture bridging. Conclusions: Neither qualitative nor quantitative assessment of bone scintigrams 24 hours after the operation could be used to predict fracture bridging at six or 12 weeks postoperatively. The value of 24-hour postoperative qualitative and quantitative bone scintigraphy to predict fracture bridging by 12 weeks in canine clinical patients with diaphyseal long bone fractures was evaluated. Neither qualitative nor quantitative assessment of bone scintigrams 24 hours after the operation could be used to predict fracture bridging by 12 weeks. Supported in part by a grant from the AO Vet Centre, Zurich, Switzerland.
Impact of climate change on area burned in Alberta’s boreal forest

Eight years of fire weather data from sixteen representative weather stations within the Boreal Forest Natural Region of Alberta were used to compile reference weather streams for low, moderate, high, very high and extreme Fire Weather Index (FWI) conditions. These reference weather streams were adjusted to create daily weather streams for input into Prometheus – the Canadian Wildland Fire Growth Model. Similar fire weather analyses were completed using Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) output for northern Alberta (174 grid cells) to generate FWI class datasets (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, Fine Fuel Moisture Code, Duff Moisture Code and Drought Code) for 1 ×, 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios. The relative differences between the CRCM scenario outputs were then used to adjust the reference weather streams for northern Alberta. Area burned was calculated for 21 fires, fire weather classes and climate change scenarios. The area burned estimates were weighted based on the historical frequency of area burned by FWI class, and then normalized to derive relative area burned estimates for each climate change scenario. The 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios resulted in a relative increase in area burned of 12.9 and 29.4% from the reference 1 × CO2 scenario.
Gastropod shells recycled – an example from a rocky tidal flat in the northern Red Sea

Gastropod recycling at a rocky intertidal flat in the Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt) is a process of increasing encrustation, changing secondary inhabitants, and probably decreasing shell strength. Encrustation by coralline red algae starts in the living gastropods, with the aperture area staying free of epigrowth. The dead gastropod shells are colonized by hermit crabs, tend to be more heavily encrusted and show encrustation of the aperture. This justifies the description ‘pagurized’ and the conclusion that coralline red algae produce the same pagurization features as predominantly suspension-feeding invertebrates. After the shells are abandoned by inhabitants that carry them around, further growth of coralline algae leads to rhodoliths, which are sometimes colonized by stomatopods. Secondary inhabitants therefore influence not only the taphocoenoses of gastropods but also the formation of rhodoliths.
Tracing the resources of iron working at ancient sagalassos (South-West Turkey) : A combined lead and strontium isotope study on iron artefacts and ores

Lead and strontium isotope analyses were performed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) on Roman to Byzantine iron artefacts and iron ores from the territory of ancient Sagalassos (south-west Turkey), to evaluate Pb and Sr isotopes for provenance determination of ores for local iron production. It can be demonstrated that for early Roman artefacts and hematite iron ore processed in early Roman times from Sagalassos proper, as well as for magnetite placer sands and early Byzantine raw iron from the territory of the city, Sr isotopes are much less ambiguous than Pb isotopes in providing clearly coherent signatures for ore and related iron objects. Late Roman iron objects were produced from iron ores that as yet remain unidentified. Early Byzantine iron artefacts display more scatter in both their Pb and Sr isotope signatures, indicating that many different ore sources may have been used. Our study demonstrates that iron objects can be precisely analysed for their Sr isotopic composition, which, compared to Pb isotopes, appears to be a much more powerful tool for distinguishing between chronological groups and determining the provenance of raw materials.