Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deterministic and Stochastic Prisoner ’ s Dilemma Games : Experiments in Interdependent Security

This paper compares the behavior of individuals playing a two-person deterministic prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game with choices in an interdependent security prisoner’s dilemma game with varying probabilities of a loss, repeated play and the ability to learn (or not) about the actions of the subjects’ counterpart. This novel data set from a series of controlled laboratory experiments is analyzed using Bayesian hierarchical methods. We find that individuals are much more likely to be cooperative when payoffs are deterministic than when the outcomes are probabilistic. A key factor explaining this difference is that subjects in a stochastic PD game respond not just to what their counterparts did but also to whether or not they suffered a loss. These findings are interpreted in the context of theories of commitment, altruism and reciprocity.
The Financial Sector in Burundi

This study investigates the performance of the financial system in Burundi in mobilizing and allocating resources. Although the study does not presume that finance is the most binding constraint to growth and socio-economic development in Burundi, it takes the view that unlocking the financing constraint could alleviate other impediments to growth and poverty reduction. We use a blend of methodological approaches drawing from: (1) industrial organization in examining the structure of the banking sector, and the behavior and profitability of financial intermediaries; (2) macroeconomic analysis with a focus on the effect of economic performance and policy framework on the performance of the financial sector; and (3) political economy analysis highlighting the role of political governance and political instability, as well as ownership of financial institutions on allocative and distributional inefficiencies. The paper finds that the core of the financial sector that has survived the worst of the economic and political crises of the last decades is highly profitable. Bank profitability, however, hides several weaknesses of the financial sector: a high level of fragmentation; a narrow credit market that favors "insiders" who are mostly affiliated with the political elites, at the expense of "outsiders"; a severe shortage of long-term stable resources; inefficient allocation of resources relative to social returns and risk; and weak supervision and regulation which largely explain the failure of several financial institutions in the past and the fragility of the banking sector today. Access to finance remains an important challenge, especially for the "stranded middle" (middle income households and medium size firms) due to the "missing middle credit market" which is not filled by either banks or microfinance institutions. Recent developments in the financial sector, particularly the increasing penetration of foreign banks, may potentially boost competition, financial innovation, and access to finance with positive effects on growth and poverty reduction.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE , LEARNING , AND SECTORAL WAGE DETERMINATION

We develop a model in which a worker’s skills determine the worker’s current wage and sector. Both the market and the worker are initially uncertain about some of the worker’s skills. Endogenous wage changes and sector mobility occur as labor-market participants learn about these unobserved skills. We show how the model can be estimated using non-linear instrumental-variables techniques. We then apply our methodology to study the wages and allocation of workers across occupations and across industries using individual-level panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. For both occupations and industries, we find that high-wage sectors employ high-skill workers and offer high returns to workers’ skills. Estimates of these sectoral wage differences that do not account for sector-specific returns are therefore misleading. We also suggest further applications of our theory and methodology. *We thank Derek Neal for persistently encouraging this project during much of its 14-year gestation, David Card for helpful comments that inspired its completion, and the NSF (Gibbons and Katz) and SSHRC (Lemieux and Parent) for financial support. We are particularly grateful to Bob Topel and Derek Neal for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version of this paper.
retrospective chart review of a referenced eeG database in assisting medication selection for treatment of depression in patients with eating disorders

Background: A retrospective chart review was undertaken in a private clinic to examine the clinical outcomes for patients with an eating disorder comorbid with depression or bipolar illness who underwent a referenced electroencephalographic (EEG) database analysis to help guide medication selection. Method: We examined 33 charts for patients with the primary psychiatric diagnosis of an eating disorder and comorbid major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder who underwent a quantitative EEG database assessment to provide additional information for choices of medication. The current analysis includes data from 22 subjects who accepted treatments based on information from the referenced-EEG medication database. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and hospitalization data were examined for these patients. Results: Patients whose EEG data was used for clinical treatment reported significant decreases in associated depressive symptoms (HDRS scores), overall severity of illness (Clinical Global Impression-Severity), and overall clinical global improvement (Clinical Global Impression-Improvement). This cohort also reported fewer inpatient, residential, and partial hospitalization program days following referenced-EEG compared with the two-year period prior to treatment. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with previously reported data for patients with eating disorders and suggest the need for future studies using EEG data correlated with those from other patients with similar quantitative EEG features.
Investigation of anomalous very fast decay regimes in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

The emergence of anomalous fast decay regimes in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) decay is investigated via both theoretical analysis and eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian simulations. The work provides new insight about a fundamental issue playing a role in HIT decay, namely the influence of non-standard shapes of the energy spectrum, in particular in the large energetic scale region. A detailed analysis of the kinetic energy spectrum E(k) and the non-linear energy transfer T(k) shows that anomalous decay regimes are associated with the relaxation of initial energy spectra which exhibit a bump at energetic scales. This feature induces an increase in the energy cascade rate, toward solutions with a smooth shape at the spectrum peak. Present results match observations reported in wind-tunnel experiments dealing with turbulence decay in the wake of grids and bluff bodies, including scaling laws for the dissipation parameter C-E. They also indicate that the ratio between the initial eddy turnover time and the advection time determines of how fast anomalous regimes relax toward classical turbulence free-decay. This parameter should be used for consistent data comparison and it opens perspectives for the control of multiscale effects in industrial applications.
Factors associated with HIV testing among female sex workers in Botswana

Botswana continues to have a high level of HIV prevalence, with about 17% of the population living with HIV AIDS (BAIS IV, 2013). Female sex workers are classified among the most at risk population group in the country. However, sub-national disaggregated data on new infections are not available. Hence, there is a need to focus great attention on other proxies of infection. The present study examines predictors of HIV testing among female sex workers (FSWs) in Botswana. The FSWs were recruited into the study using the time-location cluster sampling method (TLS) to collect data on prevalence and incidence of HIV and other STIs and their risk factors for HIV. The logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate crude odds ratios and identify the factors associated with having an HIV test among the FSWs. HIV prevalence among sex workers in Botswana was found to be 3 times higher than in the general population. Analysis of the results shows that the sex workers most likely to seek HIV testing were young women with no children. The odds of testing for HIV were almost 4 times more for FSWs who had first sex older as compared to the odds of testing for those who are 17 to 19 years old. Lack of or inconsistent condom use and currently having symptoms of STIs such as lower abdominal pain and genital ulcerations were also factors associated with HIV testing. Results further show that FSW hold little discrimination and stigma related attitudes towards PLWA. FSWs have little participation in the HIV prevention, treatment and care efforts currently accessed by the general population. It is recommended is that this framework should also be extended to FSW’s and their clients in order to curb HIV and STIs. Key words: Female sex workers, HIV testing, Botswana, prevalence, associated factors, odds ratio.
HMM‐based graph edit distance for image indexing

Most of the existing graph edit distance (GED) algorithms require cost functions which are difficult to be defined exactly. In this article, we propose a cost function free algorithm for computing GED. It only depends on the distribution of nodes rather than node or edge attributes in graphs. Hidden Markov model (HMM) is employed to model the distribution of feature points and thus dissimilarity measure of graphs can be posed as distance of HMMs. A fast algorithm of Kullback‐Leibler Distance, suitable for computing the distance between two probability models, is adopted to compute the distance of HMMs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed GED algorithm can characterize the structure variety of graphs effectively and is available for clustering and indexing images of both rigid and nonrigid bodies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 209–218, 2008
Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates and Characteristics.

The words “missing child” call to mind tragic and frightening kidnappings reported in the national news. But a child can be missing for many reasons, and the problem of missing children is far more complex than the headlines suggest. Getting a clear picture of how many children become missing—and why—is an important step in addressing the problem. This series of Bulletins provides that clear picture by summarizing findings from the Second National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART–2). The series offers national estimates of missing children based on surveys of households, juvenile residential facilities, and law enforcement agencies. It also presents statistical profiles of these children, including their demographic characteristics and the circumstances of their disappearance.
DeepWAS : Directly integrating regulatory information into GWAS using 1 deep learning supports master regulator MEF 2 C as risk factor for major 2 depressive disorder 3 4

15 Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify genetic variants 16 predictive of common diseases but this does not directly inform on molecular 17 mechanisms. The recently developed deep learning-based method DeepSEA uses 18 DNA sequences to predict regulatory effects for up to 1000 functional units, namely 19 regulatory elements and chromatin features in specific cell-types from the ENCODE 20 project. 21 Results: We here describe “DeepWAS”, a conceptually new GWAS approach that 22 integrates these predictions to identify SNP sets per functional units prior to association 23 analysis based on multiple regression. To test the power of this approach, we use 24 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/069096 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 11, 2016;
From the outside in: The negative spillover effects of boundary spanners' relations with members of other organizations

Summary Contrary to much boundary spanning research, we examined the negative consequences of boundary spanning contact in multi-organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 833 Dutch peacekeepers show that employees’ boundary spanning contact with members of other organizations was associated with reports of negative relationships with external parties (e.g., work-specific problems, culture-specific problems). These negative relationships also had a spillover effect such that they mediated the effect of boundary spanning contact on boundary spanners’ negative attitudes toward their own jobs and organization (e.g., job attractiveness and confidence in the organization). Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research Online

B ackground : Fecally contaminated drinking water is believed to be a major contributor to the global burden of diarrheal disease and a leading cause of mortality among young children. However, recent systematic reviews and results from blinded studies of water quality interventions have raised questions about the risk associated with fecally contaminated water, particularly as measured by thermotolerant coliform (TTC) bacteria, a WHO-approved indicator of drinking water quality. o Bjectives : We investigated the association between TTC in drinking water and diarrhea using data from seven previous studies. M ethods : We obtained individual-level data from available field studies that measured TTC levels in household-drinking water and reported prevalence of diarrhea among household members during the days prior to the visit. (95% and (95% CI: for the diarrhea by 21%, and 49% for water from and > 1,000 TTC/100 mL, respectively to 1 TTC/100 We found no of increased odds of with Our analysis of individual-level data shows increased risk of diarrhea with increasing levels of TTC in drinking water. These results suggest an association between fecally contaminated and diarrheal disease and provides support for health-based targets for levels of TTC in drinking water and for interventions to improve drinking water quality to prevent diarrhea.
Sibutramine: A Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake-Inhibitor for the Treatment of Obesity

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy data, adverse effects, and drug interactions of sibutramine as a treatment for obesity. DATA SOURCES: English-language clinical studies, abstracts, and review articles were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and a manual search from January 1980 through December 1998. References were also obtained from the reference section of published articles. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles identified were evaluated for possible inclusion in this review. Evaluative and comparative data from prospective, open-label, double-blind, and controlled studies were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sibutramine is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor effective in the treatment of obesity. It does not act as a releasing agent of these neurotransmitters. Sibutramine undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver via CYP3A4, forming two pharmacologically active metabolites. This agent has demonstrated efficacy superior to placebo in reducing weight when used as part of an integrated regimen involving behavior modification, physical activity, and a reduced-calorie intake. The most frequently reported adverse effects include dry mouth, anorexia, headache, insomnia, and constipation. Sibutramine has also been shown to substantially increase blood pressure and heart rate in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on anorectic efficacy data, sibutramine, a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor, is a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of obesity. Recommended candidates for this medication are patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 without concomitant risk factors or patients with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2 with concomitant risk factors. Sibutramine should be used with caution in patients with a history of hypertension and should not be used in those with uncontrolled hypertension and concomitant cardiovascular disease. Further studies need to be conducted in order to identify long-term outcomes beyond one year.
Residual Cooling and Persistent Star Formation amid AGN Feedback in Abell 2597

New Chandra X-ray and Herschel FIR observations enable a multiwavelength study of active galactic nucleus (AGN) heating and intracluster medium (ICM) cooling in the brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 2597. The new Chandra observations reveal the central < 30 kiloparsec X-ray cavity network to be more extensive than previously thought, and associated with enough enthalpy to theoretically inhibit the inferred classical cooling flow. Nevertheless, we present new evidence, consistent with previous results, that a moderately strong residual cooling flow is persisting at 4%-8% of the classically predicted rates in a spatially structured manner amid the feedback-driven excavation of the X-ray cavity network. New Herschel observations are used to estimate warm and cold dust masses, a lower-limit gas-to-dust ratio, and a star formation rate consistent with previous measurements. The cooling time profile of the ambient X-ray atmosphere is used to map the locations of the observational star formation entropy threshold as well as the theoretical thermal instability threshold. Both lie just outside the < 30 kpc central region permeated by X-ray cavities, and star formation as well as ionized and molecular gas lie interior to both. The young stars are distributed in an elongated region that is aligned with the radio lobes, and their estimated ages are both younger and older than the X-ray cavity network, suggesting both jet-triggered as well as persistent star formation over the current AGN feedback episode. Bright X-ray knots that are coincident with extended Ly-alpha and FUV continuum filaments motivate a discussion of structured cooling from the ambient hot atmosphere along a projected axis that is perpendicular to X-ray cavity and radio axis. We conclude that the cooling ICM is the dominant contributor of the cold gas reservoir fueling star formation and AGN activity in the Abell 2597 BCG.
Nanocarriers for transdermal drug delivery

: Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug-delivery methods of oral administration and injection. Apart from the convenience and noninvasiveness, the skin also provides a “reservoir” that sustains delivery over a period of days. It offers multiple sites to avoid local irritation and toxicity, yet it can also offer the option of concentrating drugs at local areas to avoid undesirable systemic effects. However, at present, the clinical use of transdermal delivery is limited by the fact that very few drugs can be delivered transdermally at a viable rate. This difficulty is because the stratum corneum of skin acts as an efficient barrier that limits penetration of drugs through the skin, and few noninvasive methods are known to significantly enhance the penetration of this barrier. In order to increase the range of drugs available for transdermal delivery, the use of nanocarriers has emerged as an interesting and valuable alternative for delivering lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs throughout the stratum corneum with the possibility of having a local or systemic effect for the treatment of many different diseases. These nanocarriers (nanoparticles, ethosomes, dendrimers, liposomes, etc) can be made of a lot of different materials, and they are very different in structure and chemical nature. They are too small to be detected by the immune system, and furthermore they can deliver the drug in the target organ using lower drug doses in order to reduce side effects.
Infinite systems of integral equations in Fr\'{e}chet spaces using the notion of L-functions

The aim of this paper is to prove some fixed point theorems for L-functions with the help of measure of noncompactness and the Tychonoff fixed point theorem. Also, we prove some existence theorems for a general infinite system of integral equations. As an application, we study the problem of the existence of solutions for infinite systems of nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type in two variables. The results obtained extend several ones. Finally, an example is presented to guarantee our results. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H09; 47H10; 54H25
The ABCs of incentive-based treatment in health care: a behavior analytic framework to inform research and practice

: Behavior plays an important role in health promotion. Exercise, smoking cessation, medication adherence, and other healthy behavior can help prevent, or even treat, some diseases. Consequently, interventions that promote healthy behavior have become increasingly common in health care settings. Many of these interventions award incentives contingent upon preventive health-related behavior. Incentive-based interventions vary considerably along several dimensions, including who is targeted in the intervention, which behavior is targeted, and what type of incentive is used. More research on the quantitative and qualitative features of many of these variables is still needed to inform treatment. However, extensive literature on basic and applied behavior analytic research is currently available to help guide the study and practice of incentive-based treatment in health care. In this integrated review, we discuss how behavior analytic research and theory can help treatment providers design and implement incentive-based interventions that promote healthy behavior.
Identifying Legality of Japanese Online Advertisements Using Complex-Valued Support Vector Machine with DFT-Based Document

As Internet advertising market expands, the number of ad-vertisements containing inappropriate language is increasing. Advertise-ments that exaggerate the eﬃcacy of products may contravene the Pharmaceutical Aﬀairs Law and the Act against Unjustiﬁable Premiums and Misleading Representations. Therefore, a system that can detect problematic expressions is required. Some advertisements cannot be classiﬁed using only the statistics of words. Therefore, embedding other information, such as word order and word period in the features is eﬀective to categorize documents. However, the number of labeled data in advertising documents is limited; consequently, models with complex structures tend to overlearn. In addition, features and discriminant models with high generalization performance must be found even if the number of data is small. To address these severe issues, we propose a document feature based on the discrete Fourier transform(DFT) of word vectors weighted using an index previously proposed in a study that attempted to categorize Chinese online advertisements. We also propose a document discriminant model based on a complex-valued support vector machine. We demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms previous models in terms of discriminative performance of F-measure. We found that the proposed index emphasizes word vectors of speciﬁc nouns and verbs in Japanese advertisements. In addition, we found that DFT signiﬁcantly increased the norms of document vectors of illegal documents. These factors contributed to the better performance of the proposed model.