Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America Chemical Composition and Some Functional Properties of Moringa, Leucaena and Gliricidia Leaf Meals

The potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) as an alternative protein source for livestock in the tropical rainforest of Nigeria was evaluated in comparison with Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaf meals (LLM and GLM respectively). Proximate analysis, mineral constituents, antinutritional factors and some functional properties were considered in this concern. The three tested leaf meals contain comparable crude protein levels at 22.23+0.25g100g-1 DM, 27.31g100g-1 DM and 25.03g100g-1 DM for MLM, LLM and GLM respectively, which are higher than 20% quoted as being common for Multipurpose trees(MPTS). The tested leaf meals had similar ash contents and sufficient levels of Ca, Na,Fe, K and Mg while the high EE content shows that they can be classified as oil rich plants. Pb was absent in all the leaf under investigation. Tannin content was low (3.51mg g-1 in GLM to 3.79mg g-1 in LLM), however, Phytic acid was highest in GLM. Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were low. The capacities of water and oil absorption (WAC & OAC), foaming and emulsion capacities (FC & EC) and emulsion stability (ES) were similar in MLM and LLM while GLM recorded slightly higher values. The three tested leaf meals recorded 2% least gelation concentration while iso-electric points were at pH 4, 6 and 10 indicating solubility in acidic and basic regions.These leaf meals are sources of vegetable protein for all classes of livestock and can be presented in the form of multinutrient blocks, pelleted feeds and stabilizing agents on foods.
Resources for long-distance migration of knots Calidris canutus islandica and C. c. canutus : How broad is the temporal exploitation window of benthic prey in the western and eastern Wadden Sea?

In the course of each spring, two subspecies of knots Calidris canutus (islandica wintering in Europe and breeding in the Nearctic, and canutus wintering in west Africa and breeding in Siberia), stage in the international Wadden Sea before their northward flights to the arctic breeding grounds. In March-April islandica-knots predominantly use the intertidal flats in the western part of the Wadden Sea in The Netherlands (canutus is still in west Africa). In May both subspecies use the eastern part of the Wadden Sea in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany only. We studied these knots in core areas at both ends of the Wadden Sea in 1990, to examine whether the absence of knots in the western Wadden Sea in May is related to food resources or to other factors connected with the energy budget of these long-distance migrants. Islandica-knots in March-April in The Netherlands and canutus-knots in May in Germany had similar diets and showed similar size selection of their major bivalve prey Macoma balthica, giving the possibility for indirect competitive interactions. Knots spent more time feeding per day in Germany. The harvestable biomass of Macoma was of comparable magnitude in both parts of the Wadden Sea in May. That knots always leave the western Wadden Sea in late April is, therefore, not a direct response to prey depletion. If Macoma always subsides earlier in the year in the western part of the Wadden Sea than in the east as in 1990, the knots' absence in the west may represent the riding of an eastward wave of good feeding conditions resulting from longitudinal variation in bivalve-prey biology. At least for canutus, the reliance in May on the eastern Wadden Sea may (additionally? ) represent early movements - at relatively low body masses - towards the breeding areas to gain the benefits of a small saving on the cost and time of travel, and of being closer to the weather systems that may help their flight into the breeding areas.
Fouling Materials on the Reverse Osmosis Membranes during Concentration of Mandarin Orange Juice

The components of fouling materials of mandarin orange juice on the membrane during Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentration were analyzed by washing the deposit from the membrane. Fouling components were mainly pectin, and insoluble materials similar to cellulose. The relatively low molecular weight components, sugars and amino acids, were in lower concentrations in the deposit than in the feed solution. A model solution consisting of the major components of the deposit, pectin and cellulose, was used for examination of the increasing rate of the resistance to water permeability by the deposit. There was no declining flux in the suspension of cellulose. However, a large decline of flux was demonstrated with the solution of pectin. This decline depended on the permeability of the membrane and the operating conditions. A little decline in rate resulted after insolubilization of pectin with calcium chloride. Therefore, it was demonstrated that pectin is a dominant component for resistance, and the increasing rate of resistance to the permeability of water by deposits was governed by the flow velocity in the range of flow rates used in this study. Fractionation by molecular weight of the components of pectin deposited on the membrane was carried out by a gel-filtration technique with a Sepharose 4B column. Pectin has a broad molecular weight range and high molecular weight pectins deposited on the membrane during RO treatment was found to be very large. This phenomenon shows that the higher molecular weight substances have lower diffusibility and lower molecular weight substances have higher diffusibility.
Growth and Reproduction of Potamogeton Crispus in a South African Lake

(1) Potamogeton crispus L. is common in lakes ('pans') on the floodplain of the Pongolo river in South Africa. The pans are flushed by the river during summer but isolated during the winter. Growth of Potamogeton was found to be markedly seasonal, starting in autumn (April) and reaching maximum above-substrate standing crop (43 g m-2) in early spring (September). No plants were present during summer. (2) Sixty percent of the 1129 m-2 of the vegetative buds (turions) on the sediment surface in April germinated. Although seed density was high (1445 m-2), only 0.001% germinated during the study period. (3) Under experimental conditions, turion germination was significantly inhibited at a temperature of 25 'C and above. In the field, turions germinated only in autumn, when the water temperature had dropped below 25 'C. (4) Individual plants have a short life (c. 5 months), but because turion germination occurs over a period of about 3 months, and newly-produced turions do not germinate until the following year, the population persists for 8-9 months each year. (5) Leaf chlorophyll concentration and the rate of oxygen production by shoot tips declined during spring, but plants that developed late in the season, and which were present during early summer, had a high rate of shoot-tip oxygen production. It is suggested that the decline in standing crop is not caused by high summer temperature. (6) The factors initiating turion development on the mature plant are not clear. Turion production accounted for 23% of the maximum standing crop. (7) Both development and decline of the standing crop had a marked effect on the nutrient dynamics of the pan. Nitrogen appeared to be the nutrient in least supply during growth, and may have been limiting. The disappearance of P. crispus in spring was associated with a release of nutrients into the water at a rate which exceeded uptake by other components of the system. These nutrients may be flushed from the pan during the summer floods.
Determinants of Household School Demand in Ethiopia: A Multivariate Analysis

A logistic regression model is estimated to assess the role of household, community and regional factors in determining household demand for schooling in Ethiopia. Similarly a canonical Discriminant function, which separates those with the demand and those without, is computed. The strategy first to study primary and secondary school demand separately and then to study the overall school demand. Results of the study showed that location of residence, number of school age persons, education of the head, expenditure (a proxy for income), and mother’s education in years of schooling to be important determinants of household demand for schooling. A separate primary and secondary schooling demand analysis also consistently confirmed the above results, except that returns to education was found positively associated with secondary school demand, while distance to school was negatively associated with both primary and secondary school demand. In general, the results of the study demonstrate the usefulness of applying these techniques to the analysis of inter correlated variables. The techniques proved to be effective to the extent, 75% in Discriminant and 85% in logistic regression, of correctly assigning the cases to their correct groups.
Life Cycle of Trhypochthoniellus setosus Willmann(Atari: Trhypochthoniidae)in a Sphagnum Moor at Yachidaira, Northeast Japan

Kuriki, G. , 1955. Life cycle of Trhypochthoniellus setosus Willmann in a Sphagnum moor at Yachidaira, Northeast Japan. J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn. , 4(2): 113-122. The life cycle of Trhypochthoniellus setosus Willmann, the dominant oribatid mite in a moor at Yachidaira, Northeast Japan, was studied in laboratory cultures and by field surveys. It is demonstrated that T. setosus initiates one generation per year and takes one year for each developmental stage. Adults released larvae between July and early September: around five larvae per female in the field, which is close to the mean clutch size. Some of the factors influencing the decrease in population density in the summer are discussed, with particular reference to soil temperature and soil moisture.
Biochemical Constituents ofOvarian Follicular Fluid inRuminants and their Significance inFollicle and Oocyte Development

Biochemical Constituents of Ovarian Follicular Fluid in Ruminants and their Significance in Follicle and Oocyte Development The developmental potential of oocyte largely depends on the follicular fluid ionic, metabolite and hormonal composition. The antrum cavity is filled with follicular fluid that bathes the cumulus– oocyte complexes and it is a source for nutrients and also in the physiological, biochemical and metabolic aspects of the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of the oocyte and the process of ovulation. The mechanisms behind follicular fluid accumulation as of yet have not been fully elucidated, however it is hypothesized that follicular fluid is derived from the blood. Follicular fluid is an indicator of the secretory activities and metabolism of follicular cells and thus could be related to the follicular quality. Though there is a species difference in follicular fluid composition, the trends shows that as follicles became larger, the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and sodium increased while those of total protein, urea, triglycerides, chloride, potassium and magnesium, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase significantly decreased. Apart from various classical hormones (FSF, LH, estradiol, progesterone, thyroid hormones) many growth factors and local factors are present in follicular fluid. The present paper overviewed the biochemical composition (ionic, metabolic and hormonal) of the follicular fluid in ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats) and discussed their on oocyte development and maintenance of fertility in the female animal.
From game theory to real life: How social value orientation affects willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close relationships?

This research adopted an interdependence analysis of sacrifice, examining the link between commitment (i.e., the subjective experience of dependence and long-term orientation) and willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close relationships, and determining whether this link is moderated by preexisting individual differences in social value orientation (i.e., prosocial, individualistic, or competitive orientation). Consistent with hypotheses, results of 2 studies revealed both that willingness to sacrifice was associated with greater commitment and that this link was more pronounced among individualists than among prosocials. Results also revealed an association between one's own willingness to sacrifice and beliefs regarding the partner's willingness to sacrifice (this link was somewhat more pronounced among prosocials than among individualists) and one's own willingness to sacrifice and actual partner's willingness to sacrifice.
Texas High-Performance Concrete Bridges: How Much Do They Cost?

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), in cooperation with the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin (UT), have sponsored the design and construction of two HPC bridges in Texas as part of FHWA's Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Implementation Program. This article discusses cost comparisons that can be made at this early stage of HPC implementation in the Texas bridges. The San Angelo HPC bridge project, because of its higher-than-expected bid costs, is looked at in detail, followed by a brief comparison with the Louetta Road Overpass HPC project, which had bid costs comparable to non-HPC U-beam bridges.
Regular ArticleThe ethmoidal region ofDibamus taylori(Squamata: Dibamidae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis on dibamid relationships within Squamata☆

The nasal capsule and nasal sac ofDibamus tayloriare described based on a plate reconstruction of serially sectioned material and are compared with several other squamate taxa. The ethmoidal region ofD. tayloriis characterized by a short nasal vestibule, a well developed concha, a much reduced and nearly functionless Jacobson's organ, an incomplete nasal roof, and a true nasopharyngeal duct with a complicated secondary palate. Cartilaginous and epithelial structures of the ethmoidal region provide many informative and useful characters for a phylogenetic analysis. Different anatomical features ofD. tayloriare compared with other burrowing forms (Acontias meleagris,Anniella, pulchra Voetzkowia mira,Feylinia currori) and discussed functionally and phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analysis of all higher squamate taxa using 144 available data derived from many regions of the body indicates relative relationships as (((Dibamidae, Amphisbaenia) Serpentes) Scleroglossa).
Klinik örneklerden izole edilen anaerobik bakteriler: Yedi yillik değerlendirme Anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens: Seven-year review

Aim. Although anaerobic bacteria are a group of bacteria that can cause significant pathological changes, they are are frequently overlooked due to the difficulties in culturing and isolation. This study aims to investigate the distributions of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the specimens sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine between the years 2006-2013 based on a preliminary diagnosis of anaerobic infection. Methods. This study includes 543 samples properly collected from various clinics, these samples were retrospectively examined using laboratory records. Results. While there was no growth in 409 (75.3%) of the study samples, various anaerobic bacteria were grown on 134 (24.6%) samples. Our study found the highest growth rate (29.9%) to be in Bacteroides spp. among the anaerobic bacteria isolated in our study, followed by Peptopstreptococcus spp. (23.1%), and Propionibacterium spp. (20.2%). Conclusions. As a result, although growing anaerobic bacteria is difficult, time-consuming and more expensive, it is possible to isolate a significant amount of anaerobic bacteria as infectious agents when clinical samples were properly collected and sent. We consider that describing anaerobic bacteria will allow for a more accurate treatment of such infections. We think that the local data obtained with this study will offer benefits in following and treating infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and contribute to the current literature.
Assessing prey provisioned to Common Buzzard Buteo buteo chicks: a comparison of methods

ABSTRACT Capsule: Methods of assessing raptor diet carry significant inherent biases which can vary over time. Aims: To compare methods of assessing Common Buzzard Buteo buteo diet composition and assess how any differences vary between years. Methods: Diet was assessed at 32 Common Buzzard nests on an area of upland heather moorland in Britain, managed for Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scotica, over three years. Data obtained from nest cameras were compared with data from prey remains and regurgitated pellets. Results: Diet composition differed between methods in all years. Methodological differences varied between years in relation to an almost twelve-fold change in Field Vole abundance, a key prey of Common Buzzards, while abundances of alternative prey changed little. Small mammals were underestimated by prey remains in all three years, while herpetofauna were underestimated by prey remains and pellets in two years. Large birds were overestimated by prey remains, significantly so in one year. Pellets overestimated invertebrates in all years. By combining prey remains and pellets, significant yearly variations in biases were eliminated, although the combined measure overestimated large birds and invertebrates. Conclusion: Our results suggest that future studies should consider not only how chosen methods may affect results, but also how effects can differ between years.
The influence of habitat ecology on spatial learning by the threespine stickleback

Despite its potentially crucial role in improving the fit between an organism's phenotype and the environment, relatively little is known about exactly when and how animals should use learning within their natural habitats. This thesis integrates the comparative approach with techniques traditionally developed in experimental psychology to assess how divergent habitat conditions shape learned responses in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Fish collected from different habitats (ponds and rivers) were trained to learn a simple spatial task in which both landmarks and turn direction (turn left or right) reliably indicated reward location. Pond fish used both landmarks and turn direction while river fish showed a preference for using turn. In rivers, flow and turbulence may make local visual features unstable and therefore unreliable as positional cues. However, both pond and river fish fail to learn to use landmarks as goal directing cues when they are the only predictor of reward location and unstable with respect to all other sources of spatial information. A controlled rearing experiment was carried out to investigate the causal basis of cue preferences in pond and river fish. The results suggest both genetic and environmental factors may influence cue preference in the threespine stickleback. A comparison of spatial learning by sympatric species of threespine stickleback that occupy different microhabitats (pelagic and littoral zones) within the same lakes, revealed a species difference in the rate at which they learnt the task. The two species may therefore be equipped with learning abilities that best suit them to either a littoral or pelagic lifestyle, even within the same macrohabitat. Together, these results suggest that learned behaviour is fine-tuned or adapted in response to local habitat conditions on a fine scale. Learning appears to operate in close conjunction with genetic and or developmental processes that enable and direct it in response to particular ecological problems.
Biochemical changes induced by dimethoate (Rogor 30% EC) in the gills of fresh water fish Puntius ticto (Hamilton)

The freshwater fish Puntius ticto was exposed to lethal (5.012 ppm) and sublethal (2.506 and 1.253 ppm) concentrations of dimethoate for 96 h and 60 days, respectively. Biochemical changes in the gills were analyzed after exposure period. Exposure of fish to lethal and two sublethal concentration of dimethoate showed decreased in the protein content in the gills after 60 days exposure. As compared to lethal exposure, significant change in the protein content was observed during the sublethal exposure. Glycogen, cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents in the gills also decreased after exposure. Key words: Lethal and sublethal toxicity, dimethoate, Puntius ticto, biochemical changes.
Is Candida albicans a cause of nosocomial infection in Iran?

Nosocomial infection is defined as an infection that is not apparent when the patient is admitted to hospital or other healthcare facility. The period for diagnosis of a nosocomial infection will be dependent on the incubation period of the specific infection. Candida albicans is defined as a diploid fungus, which can grow in both yeast and filamentous cell forms. There is a high rate of nosocomial infection by C. albicans in different parts of the world; however, there are limited data about the infection by C. albicans in Iran. It is clear that the nosocomial infection by C. albicans is a problematic issue worldwide. C. albicans as a cause of nosocomial infection and its prevalence is not clear in Iran and it seems necessary to focus more on C. albicans as a cause of nosocomial infections in Iran hospitals.
New mitochondrial data demonstrating a close relationship between Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) and Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797)

SUMMARY: The question of the phylogenetical relationships between recent Elephantidae has been raised on morphological but also molecular grounds. Mitochondrial data (cytochrome b gene particularly) either support or question the classical scheme which associates Mammuthus primigenius with the Indian elephant, Elephas maximus Linne 1758. Recent studies depict a closer relationship between mammoth and African elephant, Loxodonta africana. We report the partial sequencing of two mitochondrial markers from a 49,000 years old Siberian mammoth. The comparison of its sequence with 10 other mammoths and with African (both bush and forest forms) and Asian elephants gives weight to this hypothesis. However, a previous study of the same specimen (Yang et al. 1996) produced a highly divergent sequence that clusters with Indian elephants. The accuracy of the two alternative sequences is evaluated and leads us to the conclusion that the woolly mammoths form the monophyletic sister-group of African elephants on molecular grounds.
Effect of storage temperature and period on quality of dehydrated ripe mango slices

The influence of storage temperature and period of storage on the quality of dehydrated ripe mango slices was invesigated. Dehydrated ripe mango slices could be stored at low temperature (7°C) upto 6 months and 4 months at room temperature (33-33.5°C) without losing their colour, flavour and texture. Low temperature helped in retaining higher level of ascorbic acid and total carotenoids in the slices. The quality of the product was affected significantly by storage temperature, period as well as their interaction.