Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing and predicting fatigue damage of road pavement using embedded sensors and deflection measurements: a full scale test

Regular and long-term infrastructures monitoring is fundamental for asset management, as it provides information on the actual mechanical conditions and triggers maintenance actions. Several tools are currently used for this purpose, such as embedded sensing devices, deflection measurements and visual inspections. In this paper, we analyse data from a full-scale experiment performed on the accelerated pavement testing (APT) facility of the Université Gustave Eiffel (formerly Ifsttar) during the BioRepavation project. Dvnifferent monitoring data are recorded and compared: strains from asphalt strain gauges (ASGs), deflections from Benkelman beam and Falling Weigh Deflectometer (FWD) and crack development survey. Deflections measurements at the end of the fatigue test were used to inverse calculate the layer moduli of pavement. Based on this model, numerical strains are calculated and compared with sensor measurements. The analyses conducted proved that instrumentation embedded ASGs and temperature probes can be used valuably to assess pavement fatigue.
The Evidence-Based Conceptual Model of Transactional Analysis: A Focused Review of the Research Literature

Abstract This article presents a focused review of the research literature in transactional analysis (TA). TA was developed in the 1950s as a theory of human personality and social behavior and as a comprehensive form of psychotherapy, but there has not been any systematic research to test the empirical evidence for the efficacy of TA theory and practice. The aim of this study was to develop the conceptual model of transactional analysis on the basis of a systematic review of the actual, self-reported practice of international TA psychotherapists and on the evidence found in research. The article systematically reviews common conceptual components of TA and their empirical evidence by examining the common denominator and the empirical evidence for the central clinical phenomenon, etiology, therapeutic mechanisms, therapeutic competencies, outcomes, and synthesis. TA focuses on problems in ego states (operationalized as Parent, Adult, and Child) with distinctive behavioral functions of Controlling Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Adapted Child, and Free Child. Individuals can develop long-term problems in their ego states, social functioning, and self-efficacy as the result of unfavorable messages from their social context (negative parental messages in early life, lack of developing mature coping mechanisms, intergenerational messages, negative stroke balance), script decisions (accepting or rejecting unfavorable messages via behavior, emotional disconnection, or cognitive styles), life events, and genetics/temperament. TA treatment intends to help clients by developing constructive ego states, improving social functioning, and stimulating a sense of self-efficacy. Research confirms that TA improves psychopathology, behavior, and general well-being thanks to improvement in ego states, self-efficacy, and social functioning. These effects are achieved by four evidence-based therapist competencies: creating a positive client-practitioner relationship, working with experiences in the present, etiological analysis (life scripts, injunctions, counterinjunctions), and therapeutic structure (treatment contracts, treatment stages, psychoeducation/didactics). Meta-analysis of 75 studies shows that TA has moderate to large positive effects on psychopathology, self-efficacy, social functioning, and ego states. This conceptual model shows that TA can be considered a bona fide and evidence-based treatment for a wide range of clients.
Reversible molecular structuring and thixotropy in bitumen

Chemical composition influences inter-molecular interaction and structuring within bitumen. Additionally, microstructural properties affect physical properties like viscosity and more complex rheological properties like thixotropy. Thixotropy is a reversible phenomenon that is caused by the breakdown of microstructures as a result of deformations from the applied stress. In this study, a manifestation of the loss and recovery of microstructure as observed by atomic force microscopy is interpreted as thixotropy. The nature and extent of reversibility as a function of time and temperature have been presented. The application of tensile load on a thin film of bitumen resulted in stress concentrations at the interfaces due to the stiffness difference between the micro-phases. Damage is observed as micro-cracks and subsequent fragmentation of the dispersed phase. The crack morphology and damage levels vary in different penetration grades of bitumen, as they exhibit different microstructural properties. By introducing thermal energy or rest periods, the molecular structures reform and rearrange and create new conﬁgurations. Hence, in response to a change in thermodynamic condition, the ‘microstructure buildup’ can be related to successive recovery in mechanical properties. This study manifests the reversible nature of the formation of the bitumen microstructure and postulated to be the fundamental mechanism of thixotropy.
Energy balance in lubricated drag-reduced turbulent channel flow

Abstract We use direct numerical simulation (DNS) to study drag reduction in a lubricated channel, a flow instance in which a thin layer of lubricating fluid is injected in the near-wall region so as to favour the transportation of a primary fluid. In the present configuration, the two fluids have equal density but different viscosity, so that a viscosity ratio $\lambda =\eta _1/\eta _2$ can be defined. To cover a meaningful range of possible situations, we consider five different $\lambda$ in the range $0.25 \le \lambda \le 4$. All DNS are run using the constant power input (CPI) approach, which prescribes that the flow rate is adjusted according to the actual pressure gradient so as to keep constant the power injected into the flow. The CPI approach has been purposely extended here for the first time to the case of multiphase flows. A phase-field method is used to describe the dynamics of the liquid–liquid interface. We unambiguously show that a significant drag reduction (DR) can be achieved for $\lambda \le 2.00$. Reportedly, the observed DR is a non-monotonic function of $\lambda$ and, in the present case, is maximum for $\lambda = 1.00$ (${\simeq }13\,\%$ flow-rate increase). Upon a detailed analysis of the energy budgets, we are able to show the existence of two different DR mechanisms. For $\lambda =1.00$ and $\lambda =2.00$, DR is purely due to the effect of the surface tension – a localized elasticity element that separates the two fluids – which, decoupling the wall-normal momentum transfer mechanisms between the primary and the lubricating layer, suppresses turbulence in the lubricating layer (laminarization) and reduces the overall drag. For $\lambda < 1.00$, turbulence can be sustained in the lubricating layer, because of the increased local Reynolds number. In this case, DR is simply due to the smaller viscosity of the lubricating layer that acts to decrease directly the corresponding wall friction. Finally, we show evidence that an upper bound for $\lambda$ exists, for which DR cannot be observed: for $\lambda =4.00$, we report a slight drag enhancement, thereby indicating that the turbulence suppression observed in the lubricating layer cannot completely balance the increased friction due to the larger viscosity.
Unsteady effects in a hypersonic compression ramp flow with laminar separation

Abstract Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate a hypersonic flow over a compression ramp with a free stream Mach number of 7.7 and a free stream Reynolds number of $4.2\times 10^{5}$ based on the flat plate length. The DNS results are validated by comparison with experimental data and theoretical predictions. It is shown that even in the absence of external disturbances, streamwise heat flux streaks form on the ramp surface downstream of reattachment, and that they are non-uniformly distributed in the spanwise direction. The surface heat flux exhibits a low-frequency unsteadiness, which propagates in the streamwise direction. Additionally, the unsteadiness of the heat flux streaks downstream of reattachment is coupled with a pulsation of the reattachment position. By conducting a dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) analysis, several oscillatory modes, characterised by streamwise low-frequency periodicity, are revealed in the separation bubble flow. The DNS results are further explained by a global stability analysis (GSA). Particularly, the flow structure of the leading DMD modes is consistent with that of the oscillatory unstable modes identified by the GSA. It is therefore concluded that the global instabilities are responsible for the unsteadiness of the considered compression ramp flow.
Transitions of shock interactions on V-shaped blunt leading edges

Abstract A combination of shock tunnel experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses is conducted on V-shaped blunt leading edges (VBLEs) with a wide range of geometric parameters at a free stream Mach number of 6. The interactions between the shock waves induced by the two straight branches and the crotch of the VBLEs set up intriguing wave structures with increases in $R/r$ (i.e. the crotch radius $R$ over the leading edge radius $r$) and $\beta$ (i.e. the half-span angle between the two straight branches), including regular reflection (RR), Mach reflection (MR) and regular reflection from the same family (sRR). These wave structures are observed in shock tunnel experiments and are reproduced by numerical simulations. Of great interest, transitions of shock interactions from RR to MR and from MR to sRR are identified with variation in $R/r$ or $\beta$. It is revealed that the specific geometric constraints of VBLEs, rather than the classic detachment and von Neumann criteria, govern the transitions of shock interactions. From theoretical analyses of the relative geometric positions of the shock structures near the crotch, transition criteria of the shock interactions on VBLEs are established. These theoretical transition criteria achieve good agreement with the numerical and experimental results for a wide range of $R/r$ and $\beta$ and thus show great potential for practical engineering applications, such as the selection of geometric parameters for the cowl lip of a hypersonic inlet.
Characterization of the shear layer in separated shock/turbulent boundary layer interactions

Abstract A thorough characterization of the shear layer that exists in large eddy simulation data of three separated, compression ramp-generated shock/turbulent boundary layer interactions is presented. Free stream Mach numbers ahead of the separation shock are 2.9, 7.2 and 9.1. The shear layers produced by the separation in these flows have convective Mach numbers of 1.0, 1.9 and 2.0, respectively. It is found that the separation shear layers share many properties associated with canonical compressible mixing layers. A region of approximate similarity is found in each where it is possible to collapse the mean flow profiles into nearly a single similarity profile. Large mixing-layer-like vortical rollers are found in the shear layers and these are shown to become increasingly three-dimensional with increasing convective Mach number. The relation between the peak turbulence stress and the spreading rate was found to be consistent with mixing layer data and mixing layer theory derived from dimensional analysis. Turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stress budget analysis revealed that, although the streamwise turbulence production is greater than the canonical mixing layer, the transfer of turbulence energy by the pressure–strain terms and the energy drain by viscosity terms both show similar behaviour to mixing layer data at matching convective Mach number. As a result, the spreading rate and turbulence anisotropy decrease with increasing $M_c$. These conclusions are aided by an accurate and direct measurement of the vortex convection velocity determined from enhanced two-point correlations in the shear flow. The usefulness of studying the shock/turbulent boundary layer flow in this manner is emphasized.
Collision rate of bidisperse, hydrodynamically interacting spheres settling in a turbulent flow

Abstract The collisions in a dilute polydisperse suspension of sub-Kolmogorov spheres with negligible inertia settling in a turbulent flow and interacting through hydrodynamics including continuum breakdown on close approach are studied. A statistically significant decrease in ideal collision rate without gravity is resolved via a Lagrangian stochastic velocity-gradient model at Taylor microscale Reynolds number larger than those accessible by current direct numerical simulation capabilities. This arises from the difference between the mean inward velocity and the root-mean-square particle relative velocity. Differential sedimentation, comparable to the turbulent shear relative velocity, but minimally influencing the sampling of the velocity gradient, diminishes the Reynolds number dependence and enhances the ideal collision rate i.e. the rate without interactions. The collision rate is retarded by hydrodynamic interactions between sphere pairs and is governed by non-continuum lubrication as well as full continuum hydrodynamic interactions at larger separations. The collision efficiency (ratio of actual to ideal collision rate) depends on the relative strength of differential sedimentation and turbulent shear, the size ratio of the interacting spheres and the Knudsen number (defined as the ratio of the mean-free path of the gas to the mean radius of the interacting spheres). We develop an analytical approximation to concisely report computed results across the parameter space. This accurate closed form expression could be a critical component in computing the evolution of the size distribution in applications such as water droplets in clouds or commercially valuable products in industrial aggregators.
On the structure of granular jumps: the dynamical systems approach

Abstract Jumps in granular chute flow are obtained as continuous solutions of the properly adapted Saint–Venant equations. We elucidate their internal structure via a dynamical systems approach and show that the jumps in phase space manifest themselves as trajectories organized around the stable/unstable manifold of the fixed point representing the uniform flow. Based on this, we derive an analytic approximate expression for the jump length. The paper concludes with a numerical experiment confirming the stability of the jumps.
Some health hazard metals in commercially important coastal molluscan species in Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to measure the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) concentrations in the muscles of four edible mollusk species ( Perna viridis , Crassostrea crassostrea , Sepia officinalis and Loligo edulis ) for two seasons. The heavy metal concentrations were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The wet weight concentration of heavy metals varied for Pb: 0.03 - 0.05 1mg/kg, Cd 0.03 - 0.04 mg/kg and Hg 0.01 - 0.023 mg/kg. The trend of metals in mollusk muscles were found as Pb > Cd > Hg. There was no significant variation of Cd and Hg concentrations in mollusk species that were analyzed, but Pb varied (F = 22.297; p = 0.00), in terms of both seasons and species. Principal Component Analysis and correlation matrix showed significant anthropogenic intrusions of Pb, Cd and Hg in mollusks. There was significant positive correlation between Cd vs Pb (1.00) and Hg vs Cd (0.447) indicates their common origin especially from industries and municipal wastes. The determined concentrations of all metals in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union (EU) guidelines. Bangladesh J. Zool. 44 (1): 123-131, 2016
Adequacy of small biopsy and cytology specimens for comprehensive genomic profiling of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer to determine eligibility for immune checkpoint inhibitor and targeted therapy

Aims In advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), incomplete genotyping for guideline-recommended genomic biomarkers poses a significant challenge to making informed and timely clinical decisions. We report our institution’s experience in assessing the adequacy of small specimens for comprehensive genomic profiling for guideline-recommended lung cancer biomarker testing. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of all image-guided procedures for NSCLC performed in our institution between October 2016 and July 2018, including core needle biopsy (CNB) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in patients who had undergone genomic profiling for lung cancer. Lung cancer biomarker adequacy, defined as successful testing of guideline-recommended biomarkers including, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); serine/threonine protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF); anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK); proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase ROS (ROS1); Rearranged during Transfection (RET); Tyrosine protein kinase Met (MET); and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), was evaluated. Results A total of 865 cases were evaluated in this study, 785 of which included testing of all lung cancer biomarkers. Lung tissue was adequate for biomarker testing in 84% of cases; this rate increased to 87% when biomarker testing was combined with concurrently acquired FNA or CNB specimens. Biomarker testing success correlated strongly with DNA concentration (p<0.0001) and the use of 22G needles in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) procedures (p=0.0035). Biomarker testing of CNB specimens showed a significantly higher success rate than did biomarker testing of cytology FNA specimens (p=0.0005). The adequacy of EBUS-TBNA samples was not significantly different from that of the transthoracic needle aspiration samples (p=0.40). Variables such as age, gender, lesion size, site, diagnosis and number of needle passes showed no significant correlation with success rates in lung cancer biomarker testing. Conclusion The growing numbers of therapeutic biomarkers in NSCLC requires judicious triage of limited-volume tissue from small specimens. Our study showed that thoracic small tissue specimens can be used successfully to provide prognostic and predictive information for the current guideline-recommended biomarkers for NSCLC in most cases.
Effect of surfactant on the settling of a drop towards a wall

Abstract Sedimentation of drops has been widely investigated, although a relatively small number of studies have accounted for the presence of a bounding wall, presumably because of the associated analytical difficulties. In addition, these drops almost always contain impurities in the form of surfactants, which alter the interfacial properties, thereby changing the flow characteristics and the settling dynamics. Therefore, a more physically accurate description of settling should account for both the presence of a bounding wall as well as surfactants, a paradigm that remains poorly addressed. As such, here we analyse the effect of surfactants on a drop settling towards a solid wall in the limit of small deformation. We only account for the interfacial transport of the surface impurities and use bipolar coordinates to represent the fluid motion. Assuming the surfactant transport to be diffusion dominated, asymptotic solutions for the velocity field are derived and are subsequently used to analyse the settling dynamics and deformation of the drop. We show that the surfactants slow down the drop and may either augment or reduce the deformation by a small amount depending on the location of the drop. The effect of surfactant becomes most prominent near the wall, wherein the drop experiences the largest hydrodynamic drag. The changing flow patterns caused by the wall also redistributes the surfactant around the interface, resulting in asymmetric depletion and accumulation near the poles. Our results might have potential significance in areas such as separation processes as well as droplet based microfluidics.
Developing contextually aware ship domains using machine learning

Abstract Developing risk models to predict where collisions between vessels might occur is hindered by the relative sparsity of collisions. To address this, vessel encounters and near-misses have been used as a surrogate indicator of collision risk, referred to as ‘domain analysis’. When constructed empirically, using historical information, previous work is challenged by the multitude of factors which influence the passing distances between vessels. Within this paper, we conduct data mining of big vessel traffic datasets to determine the encounter characteristics across different waterways, vessel types and speeds, weather conditions and other exploratory variables. To achieve this, we utilise a novel approach of machine learning through a random forest algorithm to predict the critical passing distance between vessels in a multitude of conditions. We contribute a far greater range of influencing factors on domain size and shape than previous studies. Finally, we investigate the potential advantages of this approach to assess the spatial risk of collision across a large region. The results help to establish the factors that influence collision risk between navigating vessels and enable empirical maritime risk assessments.
Dissolution of a sloping solid surface by turbulent compositional convection

We examine the dissolution of a sloping solid surface driven by turbulent compositional convection. The scaling analysis presented by Kerr & McConnochie (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 765, 2015, pp. 211–228) for the dissolution of a vertical wall is extended to the case of a sloping wall. The model has no free parameters and no dependence on height. It predicts that while the interfacial temperature and interfacial composition are independent of the slope, the dissolution velocity is proportional to $\cos ^{2/3}\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ , where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is the angle of the sloping surface to the vertical. The analysis is tested by comparing it with laboratory measurements of the ablation of a sloping ice wall in contact with salty water. We apply the model to make predictions of the turbulent convective dissolution of a sloping ice shelf in the polar oceans.