Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long‐term study of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using O I 630 nm all‐sky imaging and ionosonde over Brazilian low latitudes

[1] In this paper, we report a long-term study of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) occurrence using all-sky images of O I 630 nm airglow emission. Our study is based on a 10.5 year data series in which 5.5 years compound a new data set. The images were obtained by an all-sky imager installed at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W, 15°S magnetic latitude). Our results show the greatest occurrence of MSTIDs during solar minimum and a minor occurrence rate during descending and ascending solar activity periods. During solar maximum, we have not detected MSTID signatures on all-sky images. All detected events have occurred during geomagnetically quiet conditions. Simultaneous measurements using both all-sky images and ionograms obtained at the same site show the occurrence of spread F and a sharp rise in the ionospheric F layer at the same time as dark bands are optically registered over the zenith. It is possible that for certain weaker events, the ionosonde may resolve bands that are not sufficiently raised to cause darkening of the all-sky images. In order to investigate this possibility, we have conducted a study using only ionograms for a 1 year period (March 2000–February 2001) during solar maximum, when we have not seen any MSTID events in the all-sky images. As we conjectured, MSTIDs also occur during solar maximum, and the risings of the ionospheric F layer are not able to disturb the airglow layer during such events.
Nucleation of gas hydrate in marine environments

An extrapolation of parameters from an experimental study of CO2‐hydrate nucleation in porous media is used to describe the nucleation of CH4 hydrate under conditions found below the seafloor. The requirements for nucleation can significantly delay the onset of hydrate formation when CH4‐bearing liquids rise into the hydrate stability zone. Hydrate may not form at all if the vertical extent of the stability zone is too narrow to achieve sufficient cooling below equilibrium temperature. This is particular relevent in shallow water or at times in the Earth's past where the ocean floor was warmer than today.
Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study 1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003
On two-dimensional interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings

SUMMARY The paper presents the views of the 2-D interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) data that are characteristic of the Russian magnetotelluric school. Discussing the strategy of 2-D interpretation of MT data, we have to answer three questions. In decreasing order of importance, these questions are as follows. (1) Which field mode is more sensitive to the near-surface and deep structures that are the targets of MT surveys? (2) Which field mode is more robust to the 3-D eVects caused by real geological bodies? (3) Which field mode is more susceptible to the static shift induced by nearsurface inhomogeneities? We examine the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes of the 2-D magnetotelluric field and show that they satisfy the principle of information complementarity: (1) while the TM mode is more sensitive to the near-surface structures, the TE mode may be more sensitive to the deep structures; (2) while the TM mode is more robust to the 3-D eVects caused by conductive structures, the TE mode may be more robust to the 3-D eVects caused by resistive structures; and (3) while the TM mode is more susceptible to the static shift, the TE mode may be almost undistorted. Thus, the gaps left by one mode can be filled by another mode. If so, the most comprehensive and reliable information on the conductivity of the Earth’s interior can be obtained using both modes, i.e. the transverse and longitudinal MT curves. The general scheme of this bimodal MT inversion is rather simple. The transverse curves provide details of near-surface structures (e.g. in the sediments) and allow one to evaluate the lithosphere resistance and outline the deep conductive faults, while the longitudinal curves help one to detect the conductive zones in deep layers of the lithosphere and in the asthenosphere. An eYcient two-level algorithm for the bimodal MT inversion realizing this scheme is suggested. As an illustration, the paper presents the geoelectrical model of the Kirghiz Tien Shan constructed by means of the bimodal MT inversion
New Isotopic and Sedimentological Measurements of the Thabaseek Deposits (South Africa) and the Dating of the Taung Hominid

Abstract Earlier attempts to date the Taung hominid type specimen of Australopithecus africanus Dart yielded conflicting results. Recent faunal studies pointed to an age of 2.3 myr. Radioisotopic results suggested 1.0 myr. New uranium studies reveal that the Thabaseek (the oldest Taung tufa) was not a closed system and that younger uranium entered the tufa after initial deposition, producing an apparent isotopic age younger than the age of deposition. The Thabaseek isotopic dates provide only a terminus ad quem and this technique is therefore not applicable to the older Taung tufas. Delson's dating (2.3 myr) of cercopithecoids from Hrdlicka's pinnacle ca. 50 m from the hominid site provides the best available approximation to the age of the hominid. In our new Taung excavation, stratigraphic analysis indicates that the hominid may somewhat predate most identified fauna. Sedimentologically the hominid matrix proves to be of fluvial deposition, and hence closely resembles one Hrdlicka deposit, both samples differing appreciably from all other Taung samples which bespeak eolian deposition. Thus, the conditions under which the hominid-bearing stratum was deposited were virtually identical to those pertaining to one of the Hrdlicka deposits. The newest results show that Taung was not the youngest South African australopithecine site and eliminate the discrepancy between the relative ages of the Taung A. africanus africanus and the Sterkfontein A. africanus transvaalensis.
possible trade-offs between organisational

There is growing evidence linking teamwork practices to performance outcomes. However, critics have raised concerns that such outcomes are achieved at the expense of increased job demands and stress among workers. Using large data from a representative sample of British workplaces (N = 4311 workers in 664 workplaces), this study explores the pattern of relationships between teamwork practices, organizational performance, and employee well-being. The study draws on a mutual gains model that links teamwork practices to organizational performance via affective commitment, and a conflicting outcomes model associated with high job demands and job-related anxiety. The study also examines an interactive outcomes model that integrates the mutual gains and conflicting outcomes models. The study reports evidence that the performance gains of teamwork practices may actually come at the cost of increased job demands and job-related anxiety. Nevertheless, these adverse outcomes tend to weaken at higher levels of affective commitment.
Dust deposition to the surface waters of the western and central North Pacific inferred from surface water dissolved aluminum concentrations

Dissolved Al was determined on ∼3500 surface water samples collected in the NW Pacific during the 2002 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Contaminant Baseline survey. In addition, dissolved Al was determined on samples collected at 9 vertical stations occupied along the cruise track. Surface water Al distributions, when converted to annual mineral dust deposition (Measures and Brown, 1996), imply extremely low depositions (mean values ≤0.3 g m−2 yr−1) to surface waters of the subarctic gyre despite the atmospheric transport of large amounts of mineral dust across this region from the desert regions of China. The calculated deposition values are also much lower than the 1–10 g m−2 yr−1 predicted for this region by the GESAMP model (Duce et al., 1991). The lowest mineral dust depositions correspond to the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the NW Pacific, which implies that the biogeochemical status of this region is the result of low atmospheric micronutrient input, similar to other HNLC regions. In the subtropical gyre the Al‐derived dust deposition (mean values 0.1–0.6 g m−2 yr−1) agrees well with the (<1 g m−2 yr−1) predictions of the GESAMP model. Enriched concentrations of dissolved Al in the coastal waters near Kauai, from fluvial sources, indicate the potential role of remote high islands in adding reactive trace elements to the nearby surface waters. In the vertical profiles, elevated dissolved Al concentrations (4–8 nM) were found to correspond to the potential density of the western Pacific “Subtropical Mode” waters which form in the recirculation zone of the Kuroshio.
Thermal and geochemical evolution of the mantle wedge in the northeast Japan arc: 1. Contribution from experimental petrology

Melting phase relations at high pressures have been examined for four Mg-rich basalts from both the trench and the backarc sides of the Miocene NE Japan arc. All these basalts crystallize olivine and orthopyroxene on the liquidus at pressures lower and higher than the point of multiple saturation with those two phases, respectively. The pressure of multiple saturation is rather constant for all samples (1.0–1.4 GPa), suggesting that (1) there was no across-arc variation in the depth of magma segregation in the Miocene NE Japan arc, (2) the depth of magma segregation remains constant since 20 Ma in the trench side of the volcanic arc, whereas it has changed from 30–40 km to >60 km beneath the backarc side of the arc. This temporal variation may be caused by increasing thickness of the lithosphere beneath the backarc region associated with cooling of the mantle wedge after the opening of the Japan Sea backarc basin in the early Miocene.
A numerical tidal and storm surge model of the North Sea

Abstract A two‐dimensional, vertically integrated, numerical model has been used to compute the M2 and S2 tidal components for the North Sea. The model has also been applied for simulation of two storm surge situations. The results of the computations are compared with sea level observations from coastal stations, and for one of the simulations a comparison with current measurements is also performed.
Gridded data set of the stable isotopic composition of precipitation over the eastern and central Mediterranean

An attempt is made to produce 10' x 10' gridded data sets of the isotopic composition of precipitation across the central and eastern Mediterranean. Following previous studies, statistical models are developed using all existing isotopic data from the area, aggregated on seasonal and annual bases. Various combinations of geographical and meteorological parameters are examined. Initial gridded isotopic data sets are obtained by applying these models to gridded geographical and meteorological data. The residuals of the models are interpolated into the desired grid, using ordinary kriging, and the result is added to the model-derived grids, to provide the final gridded isotopic data sets. Goodness of fit statistics are used to select the best combination of model and residual interpolation method using an independent data set consisting of annual averages. Finally, an estimation of the uncertainty of the gridded isotopic values is attempted. Overall, the produced grids are quite successful in representing the observed patterns as well as the actual values of stable isotopes in precipitation at the studied area.
Estimated recharge rates at the Hanford Site

The Ground-Water Surveillance Project monitors the distribution of contaminants in ground water at the Hanford Site for the U.S. Department of Energy. A subtask called {open_quotes}Water Budget at Hanford{close_quotes} was initiated in FY 1994. The objective of this subtask was to produce a defensible map of estimated recharge rates across the Hanford Site. Methods that have been used to estimate recharge rates at the Hanford Site include measurements (of drainage, water contents, and tracers) and computer modeling. For the simulations of 12 soil-vegetation combinations, the annual rates varied from 0.05 mm/yr for the Ephrata sandy loam with bunchgrass to 85.2 mm/yr for the same soil without vegetation. Water content data from the Grass Site in the 300 Area indicated that annual rates varied from 3.0 to 143.5 mm/yr during an 8-year period. The annual volume of estimated recharge was calculated to be 8.47 {times} 10{sup 9} L for the potential future Hanford Site (i.e., the portion of the current Site bounded by Highway 240 and the Columbia River). This total volume is similar to earlier estimates of natural recharge and is 2 to 10x higher than estimates of runoff and ground-water flow from higher elevations. Not only is the volumemore » of natural recharge significant in comparison to other ground-water inputs, the distribution of estimated recharge is highly skewed to the disturbed sandy soils (i.e., the 200 Areas, where most contaminants originate). The lack of good estimates of the means and variances of the supporting data (i.e., the soil map, the vegetation/land use map, the model parameters) translates into large uncertainties in the recharge estimates. When combined, the significant quantity of estimated recharge, its high sensitivity to disturbance, and the unquantified uncertainty of the data and model parameters suggest that the defensibility of the recharge estimates should be improved. « less
Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton

A new empirical equation is introduced that describes the photosynthesi s by phytoplankton as a single, continuous function of available li ght from the initi al linear response through the photoinhibited range at the highest light levels li able to be encountered under any natural conditions. The properties of the curve are deri ved, and a procedure is given for fitti ng it to the results of light-saturation experiments for phytoplankton. The versatility o f the equation is illustrated by data collected on natural phytoplankton assemblages from the eastern Canadian arctic and from the continental shelves of Nova Scotia and Peru. Photoinhibition indices derived fr om the fi tted curve vary strongly wi th depth and wi th time of day : they may be useful in characterizing the physiological state of the phytoplankton.
Some topics and historical episodes in geomagnetism and aeronomy

Both the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) were established in 1919, to promote the study of physical problems in and above the Earth, for national and international managements. The initial internal structure within IUGG (especially for geomagnetism and space science dealt with in IAGA, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy) owes very much to AGU's appropriate proposals. After the IGY (International Geophysical Year 1957-58), it was necessary for both AGU and IAGA to modify their internal structures to cope with a rapid progress in space physics with technological development for in-situ observations by spacecraft. A serious discussion was held in 1920's - 30's about the possible existence of a non-potential part in the geomagnetic field and its time-variations in connection with the air-Earth current. The curl-freeness of the geomagnetic field cannot be experimentally proved insofar as the differential operation is simply substituted by spatial differences of the observed magnetic field values. It was shown that the archeo-secular variation of the geomagnetic dipole axis in historic time could be known also from a comparison of the records of ancient auroras preserved in the Oriental and Occidental places. In the history of magnetic storm studies, there was a severe debate between two groups of workers, the Scandinavian school (the importance of field-aligned currents at high latitudes was emphasized, based on an early study of Birkeland, and later advocated by Alfven and his colleagues) and the British school (headed by Chapman, attributing the ground magnetic effect rather to horizontal currents in the ionosphere). However, their severe debate was rather meaningless without in-situ magnetic field measurements above the ionosphere. It is emphasized in this paper that we have to pay more attention to the change in the magnetic declination, in particular its seasonal dependence. The declination change at the storm sudden commencements shows specific local-time and seasonal dependences, reflecting the solar-wind interaction with the geomagnetic field. The seasonal dependence of the daily declination change on quiet days enables us to infer transequatorial field-aligned currents in the magnetosphere at low and middle latitudes. A review is given also for the significant contribution of MAGSAT to the study of three-dimensional electric currents in the near-Earth environmental space. There are five Appendices to supplement the above subjects, i.e. on the origin of the words “geomagnetism” and “aeronomy”; the transition from IATME to IAGA; Birkeland's last days in Tokyo; and Harang discontinuity; and the VII General Assembly of IUGG in September 1939 in Washington, D. C.
Mapping invasive species (Acacia dealbata Link) using ASTER/TERRA and LANDSAT 7 ETM+ imagery

The rapid spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is now recognised as one of the greatest threats to the ecological and economic well being of the planet. This study shows a comparison between ASTER/TERRA and ETM+/LANDSAT 7 sensors data suitability for mapping the Acacia dealbata Link spots. The work was carried out in central Portugal (Viseu region) where the presence of invader species in pure stands is quite significant. The images were orthorectified and submitted to supervised classifications techniques. The achieved results showed an overall accuracy of 89.42% over the ETM+ image and 86.69% over the ASTER image. For the class Acacia dealbata Link, the producer’s precision was 100% for both images but the user’s accuracy was only 23% in ETM+ and 12% in ASTER image. The obtained results suggest good perspectives for the use of this type of satellite images in order to detect and map this invasive species.
Spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions and the parameterization of cloud droplet effective radius

Parameterization of effective radius (re) as proportional to the cube root of the ratio of cloud liquid water content (L) to droplet concentration (N), i.e., re = α(L/N)⅓, is becoming widely accepted. The principal distinction between different parameterization schemes lies in the specification of the prefactor α. This work focuses on the dependence of α on the spectral dispersion of the cloud droplet size distribution. Relationships by Pontikis and Hicks [1992] and by Liu and Hallet [1997] that account for the dependence of α on the spectral dispersion are compared to each other and to cloud microphysical data collected during two recent field studies. The expression of Liu and Hallet describes the spectral dependence of α (or re) more accurately than the Pontikis and Hicks relation over the observed range of spectral dispersions. The comparison shows that the different treatments of α as a function of spectral dispersion alone can result in substantial differences in re estimated from different parameterization schemes, suggesting that accurately representing re in climate models requires predicting α in addition to L and N.
Power spectra and discontinuities of the interplanetary magnetic field - Mariner 4.

Power spectra from 3 × 10−4 to 0.5 cps based on Mariner 4 interplanetary magnetic field data show a dependence on frequency ƒ that is roughly of the form ƒ−γ with γ typically near 3/2 and essentially always between 1 and 2 for each of the three components and for the absolute value of the field. This is based on the analysis of data for days of widely ranging degrees of activity near solar minimum. Power levels were typically a factor of 10 higher for disturbed than for quiet days and, except on quiet days, were a factor of 2 higher for the various components than for the absolute value. Data relating to frequently occurring field discontinuities show few shocks and many contact surfaces. The associated current sheets are found to be unusually thin, roughly 50% of those analyzed had thicknesses less than 3500 km and 10% less than 500 km. The structure of the current sheets that produced the cleanest discontinuities was analyzed and shown to be consistent with that of a tangential discontinuity characterized by zero normal field and normal velocity components. The directional distribution of current sheet normals strongly suggests a local latitudinal solar wind shear that prevails over one sector and can change from sector to sector. The cross sections of magnetic filaments are found to be in some cases highly elliptical rather than more-or-less circular, again suggesting a latitudinal solar wind shear.
Voxel-wise Longitudinal Analysis of Weight Gain from Different Dietary Fats using Image Registration-Based “Imiomics” Analysis

There is an emerging global epidemic of obesity and related complications, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alterations in body composition (adipose tissue, muscle volume and fat contents) are known to be associated with an increased metabolic risk. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms is key for development of novel intervention strategies. One study investigating the effect on body composition by different diets is Lipogain1. In this study, it was found that a small weight gain induced by polyunsaturated fats (PUFA, n=19) or saturated fats (SFA, n=20) had very different effects on body fat, liver fat and lean tissue mass respectively. The SFA group gained more liver fat and fat mass in general, while the PUFA group gained more muscle mass. These results were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. The goal of this project was to visualize the results from Lipogain1 by utilizing the novel technique Imiomics. Imiomics is a method for statistical analysis of whole-body medical images. By utilizing image registration, all images are transformed to a common reference space. This enables point-wise comparisons between all images included in the analysis. In this project, mean images of the alterations in fat content and local volume change of the two groups were created. These were used to visualize the alterations in body composition from the study. Additionally, statistical tests were used to visualize statistically significant differences between the groups.
from King’s Research Portal

In this article we use well-known machine learning methods to tackle a novel task, namely the classiﬁcation of non-sentential utterances (NSUs) in dialogue. We introduce a ﬁne-grained taxonomy of NSU classes based on corpus work, and then report on the results of several machine learning experiments. First, we present a pilot study focussed on one of the NSU classes in the taxonomy—bare wh -phrases or ‘sluices’—, and explore the task of disambiguating between the different readings that sluices can convey. We then extend the approach to classify the full range of NSU classes, obtaining results of around an 87% weighted F-score. Thus our experiments show that, for the taxonomy adopted, the task of identifying the right NSU class can be successfully learned, and hence provide a very encouraging basis for the more general enterprise of fully processing NSUs.