Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tropical‐cyclone intensification and predictability in a minimal three‐dimensional model

We investigate the amplification and predictability of tropical cyclones in the context of a minimal, three‐dimensional numerical model. In the prototype problem for intensification, starting with a tropical storm strength vortex in a quiescent environment on an f‐plane, the emergent flow in the inner region of the vortex becomes highly asymmetric and dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though the problem as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The details of the intensification process, including the asymmetric structures that develop, are highly sensitive to small perturbations in the low‐level moisture field at the initial time. This sensitivity is manifest in a significant spread in the intensity of vortices from an ensemble of calculations in which random moisture perturbations are added in the lowest model level. Similar experiments are carried out on a β‐plane and in the case where there is an anticyclonic shear flow at upper levels. The former set shows no significant difference from the f‐plane calculations in the evolution of intensity, but the latter set shows a significantly weaker vortex, contrary to a broadly held hypothesis that upper‐level outflow channels are favourable to intensification. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Optical and electrical properties of SnSe2

The optical constants n and κ of crystalline C6, n-type SnSe2, at 290 and 77 °K, have been measured over the photon energy range 0·05-3·7 ev. An analysis of the absorption measurements indicates that the intrinsic SnSe2 absorption edge (at 77 °K) arises from forbidden indirect transitions across energy gaps of less than or equal to 1·03 and 1·30 ev, and allowed direct transitions across an energy gap of 1·97 ev; the direct transitions give rise to an inflexion in the spectral distribution of ϵ2, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant. The crystal birefringence Δ (at a wavelength of 1 μm) has been determined, and the electrical conductivity Eperpendicularc and lattice parameter a0 measured over the temperature range 77-290 °K. The properties of SnSe2 are compared with those of other isostructural IV-VI compounds.
Non-Newtonian Stagnant Lid Convection and Magmatic Resur facing on Venus☆

Abstract Mantle convection on Venus is likely to occur in the regime known as stagnant lid convection. We investigate this regime for internally heated convection with temperature- and pressure-dependent power-law viscosity (dislocation creep). Scaling relationships obtained for large aspect ratio convection are different from steady-state square box calculations but agree well with scaling theory and boundary layer stability analysis. Results for Arrhenius viscosity and pressure dependent viscosity show that the efficiency of heat transport is sensitive to the viscosity function at the bottom of the lid. New scaling relationships are applied to parameterized convection calculations of the thermal history of Venus assuming that plate tectonics could not occur during evolution. The onset of convection beneath the lid is delayed even for initial potential temperatures near the solidus. During the conductive regime, melting is suppressed due to the development of a thick cold lid at the surface. After convection begins, the lid becomes thinner and the planet undergoes a period of widespread melting and volcanism. The timing of the beginning and ending of melting depends on various factors such as the initial conditions and mantle rheology. The episode of melting predicted by the models can be reconciled with the cessation of global resurfacing on Venus 300–800 Myr ago. The models yield present-day lithospheric thicknesses around 200 km which is similar to previously suggested estimates.
NGC 1275 and the Perseus cluster - The formation of optical filaments in cooling gas in X-ray clusters

The paper generalizes previous discussions of the steady-flow models by allowing for the effects of angular momentum, which may be important in the central cooled regions of rich clusters of galaxies. The thermal stability of the flow is studied in a general way by relaxing the assumption that the perturbations comove. It is found that they are only unstable for a restricted range of initial parameters. Situations in which cold filaments can form are considered, and the subsequent evolution and excitation of such filaments are discussed. An estimate of the mass-to-light ratio of NGC 1275 is obtained by comparing the obtained results with the low-velocity filamentation system surrounding NGC 1275 in the Perseus cluster. Finally, the various aspects of cooling accretion flows in clusters are summarized.
Planetary habitability: lessons learned from terrestrial analogues

Abstract Terrestrial analogue studies underpin almost all planetary missions and their use is essential in the exploration of our Solar system and in assessing the habitability of other worlds. Their value relies on the similarity of the analogue to its target, either in terms of their mineralogical or geochemical context, or current physical or chemical environmental conditions. Such analogue sites offer critical ground-truthing for astrobiological studies on the habitability of different environmental parameter sets, the biological mechanisms for survival in extreme environments and the preservation potential and detectability of biosignatures. The 33 analogue sites discussed in this review have been selected on the basis of their congruence to particular extraterrestrial locations. Terrestrial field sites that have been used most often in the literature, as well as some lesser known ones which require greater study, are incorporated to inform on the astrobiological potential of Venus, Mars, Europa, Enceladus and Titan. For example, the possibility of an aerial habitable zone on Venus has been hypothesized based on studies of life at high-altitudes in the terrestrial atmosphere. We also demonstrate why many different terrestrial analogue sites are required to satisfactorily assess the habitability of the changing environmental conditions throughout Martian history, and recommend particular sites for different epochs or potential niches. Finally, habitable zones within the aqueous environments of the icy moons of Europa and Enceladus and potentially in the hydrocarbon lakes of Titan are discussed and suitable analogue sites proposed. It is clear from this review that a number of terrestrial analogue sites can be applied to multiple planetary bodies, thereby increasing their value for astrobiological exploration. For each analogue site considered here, we summarize the pertinent physiochemical environmental features they offer and critically assess the fidelity with which they emulate their intended target locale. We also outline key issues associated with the existing documentation of analogue research and the constraints this has on the efficiency of discoveries in this field. This review thus highlights the need for a global open access database for planetary analogues.
Sensitivity of Nb/sub 3/Sn ITER conductor design to selected parameters

The toroidal field coils and the central solenoid of ITER are to be wound from Nb/sub 3/Sn CICC (cable-in-conduit conductors) which can be operated up to 68 kA, 11.8 T and 41.4 kA, 13.5 T respectively. The design approach of these conductors is based on the optimization of both the cable current density and the quantity of sc (superconducting) strand in the cable for the most severe conditions expected during operation. The amount of sc strands and the total amount of copper in cables are set by design rules such as "temperature margin" to operate below the critical current, "Stekly parameter" to ensure stability in operation and "hot spot temperature" in case of quench. The design approach is reviewed on the basis of the test results of the ITER Model Coils conductors. A sensitivity study is then carried out to assess the impact on the conductor design of parameters such as the strand critical current density (J/sub c/), the residual resistivity ratio of copper (RRR), the copper to noncopper ratio of the sc strands as well as some of the operating conditions.
Coronal Faraday Rotation Observations: Measurements and Limits on Plasma Inhomogeneities

We report Faraday rotation measurements of the extended radio galaxy J0039+0319 (4C+03.01) seen through the solar corona when the source was at an average distance of 8.6 R☉ from the center of the Sun. Nearly continuous polarimetric observations were made over an 11 hour period on 1997 March 28 with the NRAO Very Large Array at frequencies of 1465 and 1635 MHz. The observations were made near solar minimum conditions. Observations of radio galaxies have two advantages with respect to spacecraft transmitter signals. (1) The λ2 dependence of the polarization position angle expected of Faraday rotation can be verified. (2) Observations of spatially extended radio galaxies have the potential of directly measuring the propagation speed of coronal MHD irregularities. With the use of observations made when the source was far from the Sun, we measure an average rotation measure of +6.2 ± 1.0 rad m-2 attributable to the corona. A rotation-measure time series was obtained for the most polarized component of the source. This rotation-measure time series showed slow variations during the observing session, with a total change of about 3 rad m-2. This variation is attributed to large-scale gradients and static plasma structures in the corona. We also obtain a weak detection of rotation-measure fluctuations on timescales of 15 minutes to 1 hour, which may be due to coronal Alfvén waves. This fluctuating component of the coronal rotation measure has an rms value ≤0.40 rad m-2, comparable to previously reported detections. This measurement is then used to place model-dependent upper limits to the Alfvén wave flux at the coronal base. Depending on the precise geometry of the solar wind flow from the coronal base to 8.6 R☉, the inferred wave flux at the coronal base ranges from 2.4 × 104 to 2.3 × 105 ergs s-1 cm-2. These values range from slightly below to more than an order of magnitude below the wave flux needed to heat and accelerate the solar wind to its observed values. Our results corroborate an increasing body of observational evidence indicating that long-wavelength MHD waves are not responsible for the heating and acceleration of the solar wind.
PHANGS–JWST First Results: Measuring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Properties across the Multiphase Interstellar Medium

Ratios of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) vibrational bands are a promising tool for measuring the properties of the PAH population and their effect on star formation. The photometric bands of the MIRI and NIRCam instruments on JWST provide the opportunity to measure PAH emission features across entire galaxy disks at unprecedented resolution and sensitivity. Here we present the first results of this analysis in a sample of three nearby galaxies: NGC 628, NGC 1365, and NGC 7496. Based on the variations observed in the 3.3, 7.7, and 11.3 μm features, we infer changes to the average PAH size and ionization state across the different galaxy environments. High values of F335MPAH/F1130W and low values of F1130W/F770W are measured in H ii regions in all three galaxies. This suggests that these regions are populated by hotter PAHs, and/or that the PAH ionization fraction is larger. We see additional evidence of heating and/or changes in PAH size in regions with higher molecular gas content as well as increased ionization in regions with higher Hα intensity.
Global existence and boundedness in reaction-diffusion systems

In many applications, systems of reaction-diffusion equations arise in which the nature of the nonlinearity in the reaction terms renders ineffective the standard techniques (such as invariant sets and differential inequalities) for establishing global existence, boundedness, and asymptotic behavior of solutions. In this paper we prove global existence and uniform boundedness for a class of reaction-diffusion systems involving two unknowns in which an a priori bound is available for one component as long as solutions exist. Among this class of systems is the so-called Brusselator, a model from the study of instabilities in chemical processes.
Multiple Selves, Multiple Worlds: Cultural Perspectives on Individuality and Connectedness in Adolescent Development

Studies of culture and human development often compare individuals from different national or cultural groups on the basis of two global qualities: individualism and collectivism (Greenfield & Cocking, 1994; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Triandis, 1995). These are often portrayed as mutually exclusive values, stable over time, and typical of individuals in each group. For example, the United States and Europe are considered individualistic cultures and Africa, Asia, and Latin America as collectivist or communal. Perhaps because of this categorical approach, culture is often considered separately from indicators of variation and change within groups, such as age, gender, occupation, employment, poverty, generation of immigration, education, ethnicity, or “race. ”
Io’s Optical Aurorae in Jupiter’s Shadow

Decline and recovery timescales surrounding eclipse are indicative of the controlling physical processes in Io’s atmosphere. Recent studies have established that the majority of Io’s molecular atmosphere, SO2 and SO, condenses during its passage through Jupiter’s shadow. The eclipse response of Io’s atomic atmosphere is less certain, having been characterized solely by ultraviolet aurorae. Here we explore the response of optical aurorae for the first time. We find oxygen to be indifferent to the changing illumination, with [O i] brightness merely tracking the plasma density at Io’s position in the torus. In shadow, line ratios confirm sparse SO2 coverage relative to O, since their collisions would otherwise quench the emission. Io’s sodium aurora mostly disappears in eclipse and e-folding timescales, for decline and recovery differ sharply: ∼10 minutes at ingress and nearly 2 hr at egress. Only ion chemistry can produce such a disparity; Io’s molecular ionosphere is weaker at egress due to rapid recombination. Interruption of a NaCl+ photochemical pathway best explains Na behavior surrounding eclipse, implying that the role of electron impact ionization is minor relative to photons. Auroral emission is also evident from potassium, confirming K as the major source of far red emissions seen with spacecraft imaging at Jupiter. In all cases, direct electron impact on atomic gas is sufficient to explain the brightness without invoking significant dissociative excitation of molecules. Surprisingly, the nonresponse of O and rapid depletion of Na is opposite the temporal behavior of their SO2 and NaCl parent molecules during Io’s eclipse phase.
Characterisation of an improved 3” Hamamatsu photomultiplier for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope

The Hamamatsu R14374-02 3-inch photomultiplier tube is an improved version of the previous R12199-02 model. It will be used for the completion of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. Five hundred photomultipliers have been characterized for dark count rate, timing spread, and spurious pulses. The quantum efficiency, the gain and the peak-to-valley ratio have also been measured for a sub-sample of two hundred PMTs in order to determine parameter values needed as input to numerical simulations of the detector.
Cost-effectiveness of use of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among adults in Germany

ABSTRACT Objectives Despite national recommendations for use of pneumococcal vaccines, rates of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remain high in Germany. New pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) with expanded coverage have the potential to reduce the pneumococcal disease burden among adults. Methods Using a Markov model, we evaluated the lifetime outcomes/costs comparing 20-valent PCV (PCV20) with standard of care (SC) vaccinations for prevention of CAP and IPD among adults aged ≥60 years and at-risk adults aged 18–59 years in Germany. PCV20 also was compared with sequential vaccination with 15-valent PCV (PCV15) followed by PPSV23 in a scenario analysis. Results Over the course of a lifetime (82 years), use of PCV20vs. SC would prevent 54,333 hospitalizations, 26368 outpatient CAP cases, 10946 disease-related deaths yield 74,694 additional life-years (LYs), while lowering total medical costs by 363.2 M €. PCV20 remained cost saving (i.e. dominant) versus SC even in numerous sensitivity analyses, including a sensitivity analysis assuming moderate effectiveness of the SC pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against noninvasive pneumococcal CAP. In several scenario analyses and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, PCV20 was also cost-saving compared toPCV15 PPSV23 vaccination. Conclusions One dose of PCV20 among adults aged ≥60 years and adults aged 18–59 years with moderate- and high-risk conditions wouldsubstantially reduce pneumococcal disease, save lives, and be cost saving compared with SC.
23-year trends of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Paratyphi A indicates low rates on resistance acquisition

Background: Typhoid and paratyphoid remain common bloodstream infections in areas with suboptimal water and sanitation infrastructure. Paratyphoid, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A, is less prevalent than typhoid and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends are less documented. Empirical treatment for paratyphoid is commonly based on the knowledge of susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid. Hence, with rising drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi, last-line antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin are prescribed for both typhoid and paratyphoid. Here, we report 23-year AMR trends of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Bangladesh. Methods: From 1999 to 2021, we conducted enteric fever surveillance in two major pediatric hospitals and three clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Blood cultures were performed at the discretion of the treating physicians; cases were confirmed by culture, serological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined following CLSI guidelines. Results: Over 23 years, we identified 2,725 blood culture-confirmed paratyphoid cases. Over 97% of the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, and no isolate was resistant to all three. No resistance to ceftriaxone was recorded, and >99% of the isolates were sensitive to azithromycin. A slight increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is noticed for ceftriaxone but current average MIC is 32-fold lower than the resistance cut-off. Over 99%, of the isolates exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Salmonella Paratyphi A has remained susceptible to most antibiotics, unlike Salmonella Typhi, despite widespread usage of many antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data can guide evidence-based policy decisions for empirical treatment of paratyphoid fever.
Expression levels of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, and miR-519d and their possible associations with inflammatory markers among patients with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death around the world. Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) can be involved in forming of atherosclerotic plaques, inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and other mechanisms involved in CAD development. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, and miR-519d and their possible association with inflammatory markers among patients with CAD. METHODS The expression level of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, miR-519d, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 46 patients with CAD and 39 healthy controls using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. RESULTS 53.8% (n = 21) and 52.2% (n = 24) of controls and cases were men, respectively; the mean age was 59.8 ± 7.4 and 57.0 ± 9.8 years, respectively. The miRNA expression pattern of each group showed significantly different expression profiles. In the CAD patients group, miR-22, miR-30c, and miR-145 were down-regulated compared to the control group. On the opposite, miR-519d was up-regulated in patients with CAD compared to the control group. Our results also showed that the expression levels of IL-6 and TGF-β were up-regulated among patients with CAD compared to the control group. In addition, the expression of miR-145 and miR-519d had a significantly negative and positive correlation with TGF-β and IL-6, respectively. CONCLUSION The change in expression levels of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, and miR-519d in PBMCs of patients with CAD could be considered as a potential biomarker for CAD.
Characterization of arbitrary femtosecond pulses using frequency-resolved optical gating

The frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) technique for characterizing and displaying arbitrary femtosecond pulses is presented. The method is simple, general, broadband, and does not require a reference pulse. Using virtually any instantaneous nonlinear-optical effect, FROG involves measuring the spectrum of the signal pulse as a function of the delay between two input pulses. The resulting trace of intensity versus frequency and delay is related to the pulse's spectrogram a visually intuitive transform containing time and frequency information. It is proven using phase retrieval concepts that the FROG trace yields the full intensity I(t) and phase phi (t) of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse with no physically significant ambiguities. FROG appears to have temporal resolution limited only by the response of the nonlinear medium. The method is demonstrated by using self-diffraction through the electronic Kerr effect in BK-7 glass and 620-nm, linearly chirped, approximately 200-fs pulses of a few microjoules. >
In vivo characterization of cerebrovascular impairment induced by amyloid β peptide overload in glymphatic clearance system using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Abstract. Significance Antiamyloid β (Aβ) immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but generates large amounts of soluble Aβ peptides that could overwhelm the clearance pathway, leading to serious side effects. Direct implications of Aβ in glymphatic drainage transport for cerebral vasculature and tissue are not well known. Studies are needed to resolve this issue and pave the way to better monitoring abnormal vascular events that may occur in Aβ-modifying therapies for AD. Aim The objective is to characterize the modification of cerebral vasculature and tissue induced by soluble Aβ abundantly present in the glymphatic clearance system. Approach Aβ1 − 42 peptide was injected intracerebroventricularly and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was used to monitor the progression of changes in the brain microvascular network and tissue in vivo over 14 days. Parameters reflecting vascular morphology and structure as well as tissue status were quantified and compared before treatment. Results Vascular perfusion density, vessel length, and branch density decreased sharply and persistently following peptide administration. In comparison, vascular average diameter and vascular tortuosity were moderately increased at the late stage of monitoring. Endpoint density gradually increased, and the global optical attenuation coefficient value decreased significantly over time. Conclusions Aβ burden in the glymphatic system directly contributes to cerebrovascular structural and morphological abnormalities and global brain tissue damage, suggesting severe deleterious properties of soluble cerebrospinal fluid-Aβ. We also show that OCT can be used as an effective tool to monitor cerebrovascular dynamics and tissue property changes in response to therapeutic treatments in drug discovery research.