Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Slavic Word for ‘Morning’: *(j)u(s)tro

ABSTRACT The history of the Slavic word for ‘morning’ constitutes an old problem of Slavic etymology. Forms such as OCS utro, Cr jȕtro, R утро, Cz jitro ‘morning’ as well as the adverb OCS zaustra ‘in the morning’, Bg зáстра etc. certainly continue the root PIE *h2eu̯s- ‘(morgens) hell werden’. Consequently, an explanation of the attested forms needs to account for the following three issues: (1) the loss of the root final sibilant in most of the Slavic forms; (2) the acute tone on the root syllable; (3) the presence of a word-initial glide j in some Slavic languages. The present article deals with these problems. By starting from a holokinetic r-stem both the loss of the root final sibilant as well as the acute tone on the root syllable are explained as resulting from contamination of different stem or root variants respectively. The occurrence of a word initial glide, on the other hand, is explained by a transfer within syntagmatic expressions. One of the advantages of the proposed scenario is that all the posited changes may be paralleled by developments elsewhere in Slavic or Indo-European.
The Relationship of 6-Mercaptopurine Medication Adherence to Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Cancer

Objective. To investigate a multidimensional framework for investigating oral 6mercaptopurine (6MP) medication adherence using indirect (i.e., behavioral: electronic monitoring) and direct measures (i.e., pharmacological: metabolites) of adherence to predict clinical outcomes over time in a multisite cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed with ALL or LBL. Methods. Adherence to 6MP and its relationship to clinical outcomes were examined for 139 patients ages 7-19 years diagnosed with ALL or LBL across six centers. Medication adherence was measured using two objective methods: behavioral adherence (i.e., electronic monitoring of 6MP) and pharmacological adherence (i.e., metabolite profiles of 6MP). Behavioral measures of adherence were collected daily and downloaded at three-month intervals. Pharmacological measures of adherence were obtained at three-month intervals via serum assay. Health outcomes were measured at quarterly intervals through medical chart reviews. Results. Unconditional growth curve modeling indicated that the mean percentage of behavioral adherence was 84.4% at baseline and declined over 15 months of follow-up to 75.2%. Three trajectories of 6MP behavioral adherence were identified: 1) optimal adherence (67.1% of patients): averaging 95% behavioral adherence across 15 months of follow-up; 2) moderate adherence (20%): relatively stable poor adherence (67%); and, 3) chronically nonadherent (12.9%): behavioral adherence decreased from 62.7% to 30%. Three metabolite profiles were identified: high levels of one metabolite and low levels of the second metabolite were considered adherent: 1) high TGN-low MMP (18.9%); and, 2) low TGN-high MMP (46.2%). Low levels of both metabolites were considered nonadherent: low TGN-low MMP (34.9%). Patients presenting with the nonadherent metabolite profile (low TGN-low MMP) had the lowest adherence rates over time (70% to 76%) relative to those presenting with adherent metabolite profiles (85 to
Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), bread (Triticum aestivum L.), and durum (Triticum durum Desf.) wheat

Introduction. Wheat (Triticum ssp.), a major cereal, and its marginally grown hulled ancestor einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), have bioactive compounds reducing and preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardio vascular diseases, besides highly desired nutritional properties. Methods. We evaluated the total phenolics and flavonoids and quantified their phenolic acids, α-tocopherol by high performance liquid chromatography, and their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Results. Ferulic acid (148.67-764.04 µg/g), p-coumaric acid (5.06-54.09 µg/g), and total phelonic content (2.06-8.11 µmol GAE/g) of einkorn were significantly higher than bread and durum wheat (p<0.05). Conclusion. Results suggested that einkorn is a rich gene resource for the improvement of modern healthier wheat cultivars.
Lipophilic extractives of the wood and bark from Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell grown in Merauke, Indonesia

Abstract Lipophilic extractives in the dichloromethane extract from Eucalyptus pellita wood and bark were identified by GC-MS. Of the various morphological parts, the bark samples contain more extractives than wood samples. The largest extractive content was measured in the bark of the top part. Four groups (i.e., free fatty acids, sterols-steroids, triterpenoids, and other compounds) were detected in all parts. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids as well as β-sitosterol dominated among of the lipophilic extractives. Long chain fatty acids were the major lipophilic groups in heartwood. Sterols-steroids were the major components in the bottom and top part of the bark. Conversely, triterpenoids and short chain-fatty acids were the minor components in bottom and top part of the bark. Very long-chain fatty acids (i.e., docosanoic, lignoceric, and hexacosanoic) were also observed. The concentration of certain lipophilic constituents, e.g., stigmast-4-en-3-one, squalene, glycerol, oleic, linoleic, hexacosanoic, and β-sitosterol, was affected by position within the tree in axial and radial directions. The higher concentration of long chain fatty acids in the heartwood as well as sterols-steroids in the bark seems to be clearly disadvantage as far as pitch formation is concerned.
Taurine and dopamine-related effects of ethanol. An experimental study in rodents

The reinforcing properties of alcohol (ethanol) are associated with activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and the concomitant increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (nAc). Changes in this system are thought to be a predominant underlying factor in promoting excessive alcohol intake and alcohol use disorder. We have previously shown that a simultaneous increase in endogenous taurine is required in order for ethanol to increase nAc dopamine levels, and hypothesize that taurine, which acts as an osmoregulator, is released in order to re-equilibrate the osmotic pressure. The intake of taurine has escalated over the last decade due to consumption of taurine-containing energy drinks, but whether a long-term intake of taurine induces adaptations influencing ethanol-induced dopamine elevation is not clear. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to investigate correlations between taurine and dopamine during ethanol exposure, with special focus on the nAc. To this end, behavioral tests were combined with neurochemical measurements and gene expression analysis performed in rodents. Our data show that systemically administrated taurine enters the CNS, a process that is not influenced by sub-chronic taurine treatment. Even though acute exposure does not increase locomotion, repeated exposure leads to behavioral sensitization to the drug, and taurine combined with caffeine potentiates ethanol-induced locomotion, a phenomenon previously linked to the reinforcing properties of the drug. By means of in vivo microdialysis we show that rats consuming high levels of ethanol respond with a blunted taurine elevation in response to acute ethanol treatment, and exhibit a lower dopamine tone compared to rats consuming low amounts of ethanol. At the same time, repeated taurine exposure does not influence the dopamine elevating properties of ethanol. By combining microdialysis with pharmacological and chemogenetic manipulations, we found that ethanolinduced taurine release is not action potential dependent and may involve astrocytes and volume regulated anion channels (VRACs). In conclusion, we suggest that increased nAc taurine levels following ethanol exposure mainly derives from astrocytes and involves VRACs, supporting an osmoregulatory role of taurine. Even though ethanol-induced dopamine release is not influenced by sub-chronic taurine exposure, taurine could contribute to the increase in alcohol consumption seen in humans drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks.
Mind the Gap: Southern Exit, Northern Voice and Changing Loyalties Since the Euro Crisis

In this article, we examine whether the EU's unequal encroachment on its northern and southern members' core state powers since the Euro crisis – manifested in highly uneven burdens of economic adjustment and the reversal of intra‐EU migration dynamics – has in turn affected individual European identity. Using individual‐level data from Eurobarometer pooled over time, we investigate the micro‐foundations of EU citizens' continued sense of belonging, be it shared (national or EU) or exclusive (national). Though a steady majority of EU citizens continues to identify at least partially as European, we observe a rather puzzling North–South divergence in identity among the young and a widening skills gap overall. We argue that the Euro crisis triggered dynamics of southern exit (through surging South–North migration), northern voice (based on EU adoption of policies preferred in the North) and shifting national versus European loyalties, which may have consequences for the changing nature of European identity research.
Infectious agents as a security challenge: Experience of typhus, variola and tularemia outbreaks in Serbia

The global community of today is confronted with serious threats from infective diseases, which can appear as naturally-occurring diseases, outbreaks and pandemics, or after deliberate misuse of the pathogens in the event of bioterrorist actions. There are about 2-3 million of various microorganisms in the Nature, and only about 5% of them have been identified until now. In 2013 there were about 35 million people infected with HIV in 119 countries, and 1.5 million people died. The anthrax campaign of 2001 in the United States, as well as subsequent outbreaks of SARS, the avian flu and Ebola, along with the swine flu pandemic, show that microorganisms are a real threat with unforeseeable consequences for human health, the environment and society, and accordingly represent a serious security risk per se. Unlimited possibilities for manipulations that science and technology provide in this area instill fear of the possible abuse of the pathogens and their use in the war and bioterrorist acts, particularly in times of accumulated contradictions of modern civilization. Therefore, the development of co-operation strategies and precise definition of the roles and tasks of intelligence and security sector, police, military, public health sector and decision-makers in such circumstances as well providing of adequate resources for detection, identification, diagnostics and treatment of the agents and the diseases should be one of the main national tasks. International cooperation is also of paramount importance. This paper presents the experience and lessons from the large outbreaks that occurred in our geographic region in different historical periods: typhus, which caused great damage to Serbian army and people during World War I, the epidemic of smallpox in Yugoslavia in 1972 as the biggest postwar outbreak in Europe and the tularemia outbreaks in the area the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. The infective agents causing these diseases are potential biological weapons.
Utility of Integrated Farming Systems: A perception study from Kuttanad

This paper outlines the perception of farmer’s regarding the Integrated Farming Systems of Kuttanad, Kerala along with their socio- psychological and economic characteristics like age,family size, level of aspiration and product diversification. The study was carried out in the region called Kuttanad that lies in selected parts of the three district of the state of Kerala namely, Alappuzha, Kottayam and Pathanamthitta. This region is identified as a potent agricultural area that lies below mean sea level. The above listed socio- psychological and economic characteristics were also studied with suitable scales. Quartile analysis along with frequency, percentage analysis, ANOVA and correlation were the statistical tools used for the study. The study however identifies medium level of perception regarding utility of farming system among majority of both marginal and small farmers.
End-stage renal disease costs for patients new to hemodialysis in Italy: The FARO-2 Study

Background: Increasing incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) together with the presence of several comorbidities in chronic kidney disease patients (CKD) could be associated with a relevant economic burden. Aim: The aim of this analysis was to estimate the direct healthcare costs of ESRD and its major Original Research Article Roggeri et al.; BJMMR, 12(5): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BJMMR. 22222 2 comorbidities in Italian patients who were naïve to hemodialysis (HD) recruited for the FARO-2 study. Methods: The FARO-2 study was a retrospective observational study conducted in Italy that evaluated the patterns of treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and related costs in patients naïve to HD. The observational period was 2006–2008. Costs were measured in Euros (reference year: 2008). Resource use for the first 2 periods of 6 months of HD was monetized, with reimbursement calculated for SHPT drugs, phosphate binders, and erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs); HD sessions; and hospitalizations due to ESRD and its major comorbidities. The analysis was performed by the Italian National Health Service (INHS) perspective. Results: 567 patients were observed for at least 2 periods of 6 months. During the first 12 months after the initiation of HD, average direct healthcare costs were assessed using the percentage of patients treated and the average daily dosages (for drugs), the percentage of patients hospitalized and the types of hospitalizations (for inpatients), and the average weekly frequency of HD sessions. Total per-patient yearly costs totaled 34,789.9 €: HD accounted for 66.1% of expenditures, with hospitalizations and drugs accounting for 12.9% and 21.0% of expenditures, respectively (including 17.1% for ESAs). Conclusions: Patients naïve to HD have a significant impact on Italian National Health Service expenditures, although only the costs related to treatment of ESRD and its comorbidities were calculated in the present study. The major cost drivers were HD and ESAs, while SHPT drugs and phosphate binders together accounted for only 3.9% of direct healthcare expenditures.
The relationship between knowledge and perception of patients regarding informed consent in surgical procedures in Rwanda

Background: Lack of patient’s knowledge on surgical informed consent increase the likelihood of a patient safety incident, patient anxiety and result in postoperative dissatisfaction. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between knowledge and perception of patients regarding informed consent process for surgical procedures. Methods: A descriptive correlation design was conducted. Using Probability Stratified sampling technique, a sample size of 147 surgical patients was selected. Data was collected using an interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Eighty-three per cent (83%) had low knowledge, 12% moderate and only 5% had high level of knowledge. Twenty-three per cent (23%) had low perception, 50% moderate and 31% had high level of perception towards informed consent for surgical procedures. A weak significant positive correlation [(r = 0.487), (-1≤ r ≤1), p<0.00)] between patient’s knowledge and perception towards informed consent for surgical procedures was found with knowledge contributing variance 23.7% (R Square=0.237). Conclusions: This study revealed that the patient’s knowledge towards informed consent for surgical procedures is limited and their perception towards informed consent is poor. Therefore, there is need to devise strategies that increases the knowledge levels of patients so that they will be able to positively alter their perceptions towards informed consent of surgical procedures.
Narrowband UVB Therapy in Yemeni Patients

Objective: This study aimed to assess the usefulness of narrow band UVB (NB-UVB) therapy in Yemeni patients with different skin conditions. Methods: A prospective clinical audit was conducted of 120 Yemeni patients (45 males and 75 females), aged 5-54 years from all patients with different skin diseases in dermatology clinic (January 2013 May 2014), treated by NB-UVB irradiation without being combined with topical steroid or topical chemotherapy during the course of the study. Results: 120 patients enrolled in this study with mean age 25.8±12.6 years old. Females consisted of the major rate (62.5%), and patients who came from Aden had a high rate (77.5%). Ninety four (78.3%) patients had complete response to treatment, 6.7% had partial and 15% had no response. Mycosis fungoid and atopic dermatitis had a high mean number of session (84.50±0.70), followed by vitiligo with mean number of sessions 27.10±23.70. The Lichen planus, Mycosis and Pityriasis had complete response (100%) to treatment, followed by vitiligo 79.3%, while partial response appeared in patients with alopecia (66.7%) and atopic dermatitis (22.2%). Patients with chronic renal failure had no response to treatment in 33.3%, followed by Parapsoriasis (20%). Conclusion: Our study proves that NB-UVB therapy is an effective and safe tool in the management of skin diseases and is considered the first-line phototherapeutic option for many skin conditions.
Epistemic violence in psychological science: Can knowledge of, from, and for the (othered) people solve the problem?

A primary target of Indigenous psychologists and critical psychologists is the epistemic violence found in mainstream research. The epistemic violence derives from two alleged mainstream tendencies: (a) omitting concepts/conceptions of othered peoples and (b) interpreting observed group differences to be caused by inherent inferiorities of othered peoples. In seeking remedial research practice, some theoretical psychologists distinguish (a) psychological knowledge from and for the folk, which they advocate and (b) psychological “knowledge” about the folk, the alleged source of objectification of othered peoples. Though seemingly self-evident, this for/about prepositional divide may not be clear. First, mainstream epistemic violence often depends on folk notions. Second, the use in science of folk concepts/conceptions has advanced oppressive purposes, whereas some mainstream findings may serve progressive goals. I exemplify with race concepts, especially racialized essentialism and dehumanization, and I demonstrate how mainstream science sometimes reveals mechanisms of othering that may inform progressive social reform efforts.
Extra Domain A Containing Fibronectin Levels in The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with Meningitis

Background Meningitis is a life-threatening disease because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord. Untreated bacterial meningitis is almost always fatal; therefore it is important to differentiate bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis early. Objectives: To evaluate the role of Extradomain A (EDA) Fibronectien in diagnosis of meningitis and differentiation between bacterial and aseptic causes. Methods: This study was conducted on total number of 150 patient aged (18-60years old) suspected to have meningitis, 100 patients were excluded due to trauma, cerebrovascular stroke and CNS tumors. Patients were classified according to the CSF findings into 20 patients as bacterial meningitis group (group1) and 20 patients as aseptic meningitis group (group II). In addition to 10 cases of matched age and sex, free from any CNS diseases serving as control group (group III). All subjects were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and measurement of plasma and CSF EDA- FN levels using ELISA method. Results: CSF EDA- FN level at a cut off value less than 14.2mg/l have a sensitivity of (90%) and specificity of (85%) to differentiate between bacterial and aseptic meningitis (P-Value <0.001), while plasma EDA- FN level at a cut off value more than 2.45mg/l have a sensitivity of (75%) and specificity of (50%) to differentiate between bacterial and aseptic meningitis (p- value <0.05). Conclusion: CSF and plasma EDA-Fibronectin level can be used as a diagnostic marker in patients with meningitis. It can also differentiate between bacterial and aseptic meningitis.
Conservative Treatment Protocol for Para-Keratinized Odontogenic Keratocysts by Enucleation and Open Packing

Background: odontogenic keratocyst is classified as a developmental cyst derived from enamel organ or from dental lamina. Treatment of odontogenic keratocysts of the jaws remains controversial. Aim of study: was to report the outcome of a conservative treatment protocol in the form of enucleation with open packing for surgical treatment of parakeratinized odontogenic keratocysts. Methods: after clinical and radiographic examination, fine needle aspiration was obtained from lesions and submitted for histopathological examination. Then the patients were treated by enucleation and open packing. This conservative treatment protocol was selected to decrease the morbidity rate in young aged patients. The follow-up duration of the cases was 2 years. All the cases were monitored continuously with clinical evaluations and radiographically through Orthopantomographs (OPG) and Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Results: Clinical evaluation showed healing improvement of the surgical site with no signs of infection. Radiographic examination showed newly formed bony trabeculation at surgical site. Conclusions: This conservative treatment protocol for odontogenic keratocysts based on enucleation with open packing would be a possible choice with a view of offering low recurrence rate and low morbidity rate particularly in young patients.
What Factors Influence the Up-Take of Tuberculosis Vaccine for Children in Ghana? -

Background: Tuberculosis is one the most dangerous communicable diseases in the world. However, with regards to children, the problem is exacerbated by the fact that there is a challenge in diagnosing childhood tuberculosis (WHO, 2013). This therefore strengthens the need for adopting preventive means such as immunisation in order to avoid childhood tuberculosis. Methods: This paper used data from the 2014 Ghana demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) which was conducted from early September to mid-December 2014 and the binary probit model to investigate the factors which Influence the Up-Take of Tuberculosis Vaccine for Children in Ghana. Results: The study revealed that children from the Eastern region, children from the Traditional/no religion/Spiritualist faith, male children, children with younger, unemployed and uninsured (no health insurance) mothers as well as those whose mothers had big monetary challenges in seeking self-medical care, were less likely to have received or utilised the tuberculosis vaccine. Conclusion: This study therefore concludes that mother’s employment, religion, region of residence, mother’s insurance, and challenges with finances in seeking medical care for mother, mother’s age and the sex of the child are the factors that determine the up-take of tuberculosis vaccine among children in Ghana.