Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Statistical Assessment of Methods for Pipe Network Analysis

One of the most common important steps in water resources engineering is pipe network analysis. The key methods for this analysis are linear theory, Hardy Cross and Newton-Raphson. In this paper, a report on the evaluation and reliability of these methods using statistical methods (total error, coefficient of determination and model of selection criterion) is presented with particular attention paid to the accuracy, validity, and good fitness of each the methods. Two problems were used to demonstrate the methods. Flow rates, head losses, and Reynolds numbers were calculated using the three pipe network analysis methods. Flow rates were used for the statistical evaluation. The study show that total errors were 30.66, 41.37, and 25.38 for linear theory, Hardy Cross, and Newton-Raphson methods, respectively, and accuracy, validity, and good fitness of these methods are in order of Newton-Raphson (0.90) > linear theory (0.83) > Hardy Cross (0.82) on the basis of their coefficient of determination values and N.
Color change due to surface state modification

The dependence of color on the surface state of an object is calculated in the context of spectrophotometric measurements in a back-scattering configuration. A modification of the surface roughness leads to a vertical shift of the reflectance spectrum. This translation is related, on a physical basis, to the relevant characteristic of the topography: the ratio h/l (ie, r.m.s. roughness/surface correlation length). Changes in L*a*b* colorimetric coordinates associated with this translation are computed. Finally, the color change ΔE is related to the surface state modification via the ratio h/l. Computations show that the color becomes lighter and less saturated when the surface becomes rougher. The color change is more important for dark or saturated initial objects, and also more important for a yellow surface than for a blue one. Finally, the minimum roughness modification that can induce a visible color change is determined. These results could be applied for industrial needs (quality control), or in the artistic field of conservation or restoration (to follow the color of paintings). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 45–49, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Induced polarization signatures of cations exhibiting differential sorption behaviors in saturated sands

Two sets of experiments were designed to understand the change in induced polarization associated with the sorption of copper and sodium, exhibiting distinct sorption behavior on a silica sand. A sand column experiment was first performed to see the change in the complex conductivity during the advective transport of a copper sulfate solution. A second set of experiments was done with the sand at equilibrium with various solutions of NaCl and CuSO4. In the first experiment, the copper sulfate solution replaced a sodium chloride solution, keeping the electrical conductivity of the solution nearly constant. During the passage of the copper sulfate solution, the apparent phase angle decreased from 3 ± 0.2 to 0.5 ± 0.2 mrad, while the magnitude of the conductivity of the sand remained nearly constant. A quantitative model is proposed to explain the change in the complex conductivity as a function of the chemistry assuming a polarization mechanism associated with the Stern layer (the inner part of the electrical double layer coating the water‐mineral interface). The Stern layer polarization is combined with a complexation model describing the competitive sorption of copper and sodium at the pore water interface. The change of the phase lag is directly associated with the ion exchange between sodium and copper at the surface of the silica grains. The explanation of the observed phase differences between Na and Cu relies on their different complexation behaviors, with Na being loosely absorbed, while Cu forms relatively strong complexation with both inner (monodentate) and outer sphere (bidentate) complexes. The replacement of Cu2+ by Na+ is less favorable; therefore, the kinetics of such a replacement is much slower than for the opposite replacement (Na+ by Cu2+). We were able to reproduce the changes in the phase lags at thermodynamic equilibrium near the relaxation frequency and in the frequency domain. These measurements and modeling results open the door to the quantitative interpretation of spectral induced polarization data in the field in terms of quantification of the sorption processes.
Desenvolvimento de salsicha com teor de sódio reduzido (sal light)

On the attempt of developing a product that suits both current market needs and expectations, besides enhancing costumer’s health, five different sausage formulations were developed with partial and total substitution of ordinary salt by light salt. Satisfactory microbiological results were obtained, indicating accordance with Brazilian quality standards. Sensory analysis indicated that up to 50% of ordinary salt replacement the product was well accepted. Replacements above this percentage reduced product’s acceptance.
Preliminary Study of the Effect of Pressure on Asphaltene Disassociation by Molecular Dynamics

Abstract Preliminary studies of the effect of pressure on a system composed of 32 asphaltene molecules immersed in a solvent (pentane or toluene) were carried out. In this case, this system was randomly distributed into a cubic box of 49430.9 Å3 of volume. The NPT simulations showed spontaneous asphaltene disassociation when an asphaltene aggregate was immersed in toluene as a function of the pressure. Among the main configurations found, offset π-stacked geometry was the most frequently observed stacking form. Calculation of the radial distribution function on the system also revealed that the nearest asphaltene molecules have an average separation distance around 3.8 Å. This is a value in agreement with the classical model for asphaltene aggregates developed almost 40 years ago. Some possible asphaltene micelle formation and phase transitions will be described.
Henry's law constants of diacids and hydroxy polyacids: recommended values

Abstract. In spite of the importance of diacids and functionalised diacids for organic aerosol formation through aqueous-phase processes in droplets and aerosol water, there seems to be no reliable set of experimental values for their Henry's law constants (HLCs). We show that their estimation through the use of infinite dilution activity coefficients is also prone to error. Here we present HLC values for diacids and hydroxy polyacids determined from solubilities, water activities and vapour pressures of solids or solutions, by employing thermodynamic relationships. The vapour pressures are found to be the largest source of error, but the analysis of the obtained HLC points to inconsistencies among specific vapour pressure data sets. Although there is considerable uncertainty, the HLC defined as aqueous concentration per unit gaseous partial pressure of linear α- and ω-diacids appear to be higher than estimated by the often cited review work of Saxena and Hildemann (1996).
Modelling detonation of heterogeneous explosives with embedded inert particles using detonation shock dynamics: Normal and divergent propagation in regular and simplified microstructure

This paper discusses the mathematical formulation of Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) regarding a detonation shock wave passing over a series of inert spherical particles embedded in a high-explosive material. DSD provides an efficient method for studying detonation front propagation in such materials without the necessity of simulating the combustion equations for the entire system. We derive a series of partial differential equations in a cylindrical coordinate system and a moving shock-attached coordinate system which describes the propagation of detonation about a single particle, where the detonation obeys a linear shock normal velocity-curvature (Dn–κ) DSD relation. We solve these equations numerically and observe the short-term and long-term behaviour of the detonation shock wave as it passes over the particles. We discuss the shape of the perturbed shock wave and demonstrate the periodic and convergent behaviour obtained when detonation passes over a regular, periodic array of inert spherical particles.
A Simple Relationship between Total RF Pulse Energy and Magnetization Response - The Nonlinear Generalization of Parseval′s Relation

Abstract A simple expression for the total energy of an RF pulse is given in terms of the magnetization response of the pulse. It is shown to be a nonlinear generalization of Parseval′s relation and is one of an infinite number of conserved quantities, or integrals of the motion, found in the theory of nonlinear evolution equations. The simplicity of this expression enables the statement of a straightforward criterion for pulses that must have their energy reduced. It also allows the proof of some important theorems in pulse theory, including the known result that minimum-phase pulses are minimum energy pulses, and the previously unknown result that B 1 -insensitive pulses must induce (possibly improper) bound states. A comparison of the energy requirements of minimum-phase and self-refocused pulses is given. Further, "Butterworth" pulses are compared to "Chebyshev I" pulses and found to require more energy in general.
Surface Structure to Achieve the SurfaceFree Energy Lower than 10 mJ/m2

Perfluoro-oligomer, n-perfluoroeicosane (C20F42), thin films were vapor deposited on glass with various pretreatments. The surface structure and property were evaluated using X-ray diffraction and dynamic contact angle èav. The effect of C20F42 thin film structure on the surface free energy ãs value was investigated. The surface exposure of 芋CF2芋 groups or 芋CF3 groups, and slight inclination of the perfluoroalkyl groups greatly relate to the ãs value. A precious control of surface structure, especially total coverage of the surface with 芋CF3 groups is found to be essential to achieve the ãs value lower than 10 mJ/m.
Microwave spectrum, molecular structure and dipole moment of pivalaldehyde

The microwave spectra of eight isotopic species of pivalaldehyde [(CH3)3CCHO] have been studied in the frequency region 9–40 GHz. The zero-point average skeletal structure has been derived to be: r[C(1)O]= 1.206(6)A, r[C(1)–H]= 1.130(5)A, r[C(1)–C(2)]= 1.516(7)A, r[C(2)–C(3)]=r[C(2)–C(4),(5)]= 1.537(2)A, ∠ C(1)C(2)C(3)= 110.5(4)°, ∠ C(1)C(2)C(4),(5)= 107.4(3)°, proj. ∠ C(4),(5)C(2)C(1)= 120.78(4)°, ∠ CCO = 126.0(5)° and ∠ CCH(1)= 113.0(3)°. The tert-butyl group is found to be tilted 2° away from the CO bond. Accurate Stark effect measurements have been performed on the main species, (CH3)3CCDO and (CD3)3CCHO. The ground-state dipole moment of (CH3)3CCHO was determined as µa= 2.618(5) D and µb= 0.728(2) D giving µtotal= 2.717(5) D at an angle of 13.6° to the CO bond.
Influence of Li2O2 morphology on oxygen reduction and evolution kinetics in Li–O2 batteries

Understanding the origins of high overpotentials required for Li2O2 oxidation in Li–O2 batteries is critical for developing practical devices with improved round-trip efficiency. While a number of studies have reported different Li2O2 morphologies formed during discharge, the influence of the morphology and structure of Li2O2 on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and pathways is not known. Here, we show that two characteristic Li2O2 morphologies are formed in carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes in a 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte: discs/toroids (50–200 nm) at low rates/overpotentials (10 mA gC−1 or E > 2.7 V vs. Li), or small particles (<20 nm) at higher rates/overpotentials. Upon galvanostatic charging, small particles exhibit a sloping profile with low overpotential (<4 V) while discs exhibit a two-stage process involving an initially sloping region followed by a voltage plateau. Potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) measurements reveal that charging in the sloping region corresponds to solid solution-like delithiation, whereas the voltage plateau (E = 3.4 V vs. Li) corresponds to two-phase oxidation. The marked differences in charging profiles are attributed to differences in surface structure, as supported by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data showing that oxygen anions on disc surfaces have LiO2-like electronic features while those on the particle surfaces are more bulk Li2O2-like with modified electronic structure compared to commercial Li2O2. Such an integrated structural, chemical, and morphological approach to understanding the OER kinetics provides new insights into the desirable discharge product structure for charging at lower overpotentials.
The Growth of Cloud Drops by Condensation. I. General Characteristics

Condensation in 'cloud is studied to demonstrate certain general characteristics, without special assumptions about the condensation nuclei or the vertical velocity. The equation of growth of a droplet is constructed, taking account of ventilation due to its falling velocity. Lifting is assumed to occur adiabatically. An approximate value is found for the supersaturation of cloud air, which under certain conditions can be computed from observable quantities-the cloud droplet spectrum and the vertical velocity. Growth of drops at small sizes is very rapid : at constant supersaturation, in a period of a few seconds, a drop in general either grows beyond r= 1μ, or else comes so close to equilibrium at some smaller size that growth practically ceases. When the supersaturation is moderate or large, a threshold effect appears : the size of the condensation nucleus determines whether or not the drop shall grow, but, if it does, has little influence on its final size. The definition of the size of a small condensation nucleus is reviewed and a more precise interpretation is suggested.
Two‐dimensional spatial variation of soil physical properties in two tillage systems

Soil physical properties are known to be variable as a result of tillage in both space and time; however, small‐scale variations (<1 m) related to tillage are poorly characterized. In this study, morphological descriptions of soil structures created by tillage under conventional (CT) and conservation or mulch (MT) tillage are related to bulk density (ρb) and hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements to determine causality and to predict the effects of tillage practices on these properties. Mouldboard ploughing in CT tended to create marked spatial heterogeneity in soil physical properties within the tilled layer, a finding well expressed in the results from morphological description. This method was much less applicable to MT due to a more homogeneous spatial distribution of soil physical properties. Under both tillage systems, rows had higher bulk density values and lower hydraulic conductivity than inter‐rows. The global geometric mean of the saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher and more variable under CT than under MT (66 vs. 41 mm/h). Under each tillage system, zones with a high capacity to conduct water were identified (inter‐furrows under CT with a mean KS of 720 mm/h, and soil zones with earthworm burrows and cracks in MT with a mean KS of 400 mm/h). In the untilled layer, higher K values were measured under MT than under CT (40 vs. 22 mm/h). The contrast in K between the tilled and the untilled layers was very limited for MT compared to CT where mouldboard ploughing resulted in marked contrast between both layers. The assessment of this small‐scale variability in soil physical properties aids our understanding of water and solute movement through topsoil layers.
Paste Residence Time in a Spouted Bed Dryer. II: Effect of Spout Operational Conditions

Residence time distributions for an aqueous solution of 10% sodium chloride in a spouted bed dryer of inert particles were determined using the stimulus-response technique. Glass and polyethylene beads with diameters 2.6 and 3.4 mm were used as inert bodies in a cylindrical column of 14.0 cm diameter and 60° conical base. The effects of inert bodies load, air, and paste flow rates on the mean residence times and RTD were determined following 23 factorial designs. The RTD could be correlated to the perfect mixing cell model with R2 varying from 0.8684 to 0.9815. The mean residence times in CSBD varied from 10.8 to 13.9 and 10.7 to 13.3 min for glass and polyethylene beads, respectively. For both inert particles, mean residence times increased with bed height and decreased with paste feed rates. Also, terms of interaction among the factors were significant in some cases, showing a complex behavior of paste residence times. Equations obtained by response surface regression could predict mean residence times on glass and polyethylene beads with deviations lower than ±10%.
Associations of adenovirus-reactive immunoglobulins with atrial fibrillation and body mass index

Adenovirus (AdV) has been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to evaluate an association between AdV-specific immunoglobulins G in the serum (AdV-IgG) and AF. The present case-control study comprised two cohorts, including cohort 1 of patients with AF and cohort 2 of asymptomatic subjects. Initially, two groups, MA and MB, were selected from the cohorts 1 and 2, respectively, for serum proteome profiling using an antibody microarray to identify possible relevant protein targets. The data of microarray analysis indicated a possible overall increase in the total adenovirus signals in the group MA vs. group MB, suggesting potential relevance of adenoviral infection to AF. Then, the groups A (with AF) and B (control) were selected from the cohorts 1 and 2, respectively, to assay the presence and levels of AdV-IgG- by ELSA. The prevalence of AdV-IgG-positive status demonstrated a 2-fold increase in the group A (AF) compared with that in the group B (asymptomatic subjects); odds ratio 2.06 (95%CI: 1.11–3.84; P = 0.02). The prevalence of obesity demonstrated an approximately 3-fold increase in AdV-IgG-positive patients of the group A compared with that in AdV-IgG-negative patients of the same group A (odds ratio 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02–7.1; P = 0.04). Thus, AdV-IgG-positive reactivity was independently associated with AF, and AF was independently associated with BMI, indicating that adenoviral infection may be a possible etiological factor for AF.
Annealing experiments on CO2-bearing jadeite glass: an insight into the true temperature dependence of CO2 speciation in silicate melts

Abstract The thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 speciation in silicate melts have been studied by measuring the concentration of CO2 mol and carbonate in jadeite glass annealed at 575, 450 and 4008C. Assuming that the reaction is CO2mol.Obr ⇌ CO3 (1) where CO2mol.Obr represents a CO2 molecule weakly bonded to a bridging oxygen in the network and CO3 represents a bridging carbonate group with no net negative charge, H for the reaction is 17 (+4/−8) kJ mol−1 and ΔS is 24 (+6/−9) J K−1 mol−1. The rate of equilibration of the species was measured at each temperature and the rate constants were deduced. The temperature dependence of the rate constants was used to determine the activation energy of the forward and reverse reactions which are 68 (+3/ −31) kJ mol−1 and 86 (+1/−69) kJ mol−1 respectively. The data suggest that CO2mol may be much more abundant in silicate melts than previously assumed on the basis of studies of CO2-bearing glasses. Models of solubility, diffusion, and isotope fractionation should take this into account.
Sarsolenane and Capnosane Diterpenes from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller as PTP1B Inhibitors

Two new sarsolenane diterpenes, dihydrosarsolenone (2), methyl dihydrosarsolenoneate (3), and two new capnosane diterpenes, sarsolilides B (5) and C (6), were isolated together with the known analogue, sarsolilide A (4), from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with reported data, leading to a structure revision of sarsolenone (1). The absolute configurations of 2 and 5 were determined by TDDFT ECD calculations, and they could be used as ECD reference compounds in the determination of the absolute configuration of their related derivatives. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited inhibitory activity in vitro against protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B), representing the first report of PTP1B inhibitory activity for capnosane diterpenes.
Glycyrrhizic acid modified Poria cocos polyscaccharide carbon dots dissolving microneedles for methotrexate delivery to treat rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation. Methotrexate is one of the most effective drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, but the adverse reactions caused by oral methotrexate greatly limit its clinical application. Transdermal drug delivery system is an ideal alternative to oral methotrexate by absorbing drugs into the human body through the skin. However, methotrexate in the existing methotrexate microneedles is mostly used alone, and there are few reports of combined use with other anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods: In this study, glycyrrhizic acid was first modified onto carbon dots, and then methotrexate was loaded to construct a nano-drug delivery system with fluorescence and dual anti-inflammatory effects. Then hyaluronic acid was combined with nano-drug delivery system to prepare biodegradable soluble microneedles for transdermal drug delivery of rheumatoid arthritis. The prepared nano-drug delivery system was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, laser nanoparticle size analyzer, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The results showed that glycyrrhizic acid and methotrexate were successfully loaded on carbon dots, and the drug loading of methotrexate was 49.09%. The inflammatory cell model was constructed by lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. In vitro cell experiments were used to explore the inhibitory effect of the constructed nano-drug delivery system on the secretion of inflammatory factors by macrophages and the cell imaging ability. The drug loading, skin penetration ability, in vitro transdermal delivery and in vivo dissolution characteristics of the prepared microneedles were investigated. The rat model of rheumatoid arthritis was induced by Freund's complete adjuvant. Results: The results of in vivo animal experiments showed that the soluble microneedles of the nano drug delivery system designed and prepared in this study could significantly inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and had a significant therapeutic effect on arthritis. Discussion: The prepared glycyrrhizic acid-carbon dots-methotrexate soluble microneedle provides a feasible solution for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.