Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insect Developmental Inhibitors. Effects of Candidate Mosquito Control Agents on Nontarget Aquatic Organisms

The side effects of candidate mosquito control agents against nontarget organisms were investigated in the laboratory and outdoors in artificial containers, intermittent ponds, and irrigated pastures. The compounds used were TH 6040 [1-(4-chlorophenyl)- 3-(2, 6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea], H 24108 [3-butyn-2 yl N - ( p -chlorophenyl) carbamate], and Altosid® [isopropyl 11-methoxy-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-2, 4 dodecadienoate]. In the laboratory, crustaceans, especially the tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus LeConte, clam shrimp, Eulimnadia spp. , and water fleas, Daphnia and Moina spp. , were susceptible to TH 6040 at levels below 0.01 ppm. Copepods, Cyclops and Diaptomus spp. , showed some tolerance at 0.01 ppm, whereas seed shrimp, Cypricerus and Cypridopsis spp. , were tolerant to as much as 0.5 ppm. Among aquatic insects tested, mayfly nymphs, Callibaetis spp. , and chironomid midge larvae, Goeldichironomus holoprasinus (Goeldi), were sensitive. However, beetles, Thermonectus basillaris (Harris), Laccophilus spp. , Hydrophilus triangularis Say, and Tropisternus lateralis (F.), demonstrated a strong tolerance. Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard), also showed no effect at high dose levels. In artificial containers, TH 6040 suppressed the cladocera and copepod populations, but they recovered again. There was no effect on seed shrimp and the sideswimmer, Hyalella azteca (Saussure). TH 6040 also suppressed reproduction of the backswimmer, Notonecta unifasciata Guerin. There was no adverse effect on the backswimmer and mosquitofish colonies when the SR-1O formulation of Altosid was applied. In field tests, TH 6040 suppressed populations of tadpole shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas, and copepods; but these recovered soon. Adult emergence of mayflies and aquatic midges was affected by TH 6040 treatments. Some affected midge pupae were noticed when Altosid was applied.
Effects of aphid honeydew on soil nitrogen availability and net primary production in an Alnus rubra plantation in western Washington

The effect of honeydew from an aphid (Pterocallis alni DeGeer) infesting a red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) plantation in western Washington, USA, was studied experimentally. The purpose of the study was to examine the hypothesis that melezitose, an aphid-synthesized sugar in honeydew, causes an increase in the available soil nitrogen which improves tree assimilation thus benefitting the aphids. Aphids were removed from one plot by periodic spraying with Malathion and were left undisturbed on a control plot. The hypothesis was not supported by this study. Honeydew reaching the soil caused a reduction in available soil nitrogen, nitrogen mineralization rates, aboveground net primary production and nitrogen uptake by trees.
Effects of Wheat Grass Powder Incorporation on Physiochemical Properties of Muffins

Wheat grass powder contains various antioxidant compounds and has excellent antioxidant activity. Wheat grass powder was added at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% levels by replacing wheat flour to make muffins namely control, WG2.5, WG5.0, and WG7.5. The viscosity in the muffin batter, hardness, chewiness, protein, total dietary fiber, ash, and total phenolic content of baked muffins increased with increasing wheat grass powder levels. The volume, cohesiveness, springiness, and color (L, a, b values) of samples showed a reverse trend. Sensory testing of WG7.5 showed lower acceptability while WG5.0 had the maximum score (8.4) as compared to other levels.
Non-economic Objectives and the Efficiency Properties of Trade

It is well known (Kemp, 1962; Samuelson, 1962; Bhagwati, forthcoming) that, for a country with no monopoly power in trade (or domestic distortions), free trade (in the sense of a policy resulting in the equalization of domestic and foreign prices and hence excluding trade, production and consumption taxes, subsidies, and quantitative restrictions) is the optimal policy. It follows, therefore, that free trade is superior to no trade. We can then conclude with the following propositions: 1. In the case where the desired production bundle can be reached by the use of a trade tariff, rather than a trade subsidy, autarky will still be an inferior policy, thus enabling us to rank in descending order the following three policies: (a) trade (and consumption at international prices), (b) trade tariff, and (c) no trade or autarky. 2. Where the desired production bundle must be reached by the use of a trade subsidy, on the other hand, this strong ordering of policies will disappear, while trade (and consumption at international prices) continues naturally to be the optimal policy.
Acetaldehyde contamination of water, alcoholic, and non-alcoholic beverages stored in glass or plastic bottles

Acetaldehyde is a naturally found chemical in food substances characterized by a fruity aroma at low levels. However, high levels of acetaldehyde can add to or change the taste of foods and beverages. More importantly, acetaldehyde has recently been found to be possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). In this investigation, the amounts of acetaldehyde in several alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages consumed in Greece, including red or white wine, retsina, tsipouro, grappa, fruit-based liqueurs, beers with different alcohol content as well as mineral water, soft drinks, and fruit juices were measured. The analytical method used is based on derivatization of acetaldehyde with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and its subsequent measurement using high performance liquid chromatography. High concentrations (median, min–max) were detected in grappa (29.4, 29.2–52.7 mg L−1) and tsipouro (17.1, 0.8–55.6 mg L−1), followed by beer (6.8, 6.7–6.9 mg L−1) and red wine (3.7, 1.6–29.4 mg L−1); the lowest levels were detected in soft drinks (0.067, 0.033–0.075 mg L−1) and mineral water (0.04, 0.002--0.096 mg L−1). Levels of acetaldehyde in retsina were very high (68.1, 63.9--68.3 mg L−1) when after opening, the wine remained in plastic bottles for a long time, much higher than in samples taken from just opened bottles (7.2, 7.1–7.4 mg L−1). The amount of acetaldehyde shows some positive correlation to the alcoholic content. These results suggest that regulatory measures and consumer guidance may be necessary for acetaldehyde in beverages.
Denning Ecology and Movements of Coyotes in Maine during Pup Rearing

Den attendance, movements, and home range of eight adult coyotes (Canis la- trans) attending pups were investigated during 1981-1983 in eastern Maine. Coyote families used several dens during pup rearing, and dens were frequently relocated following human disturbance. Six den entrances were oriented 120-236' from north. Two coyote families aban- doned dens when pups were 8-10 weeks of age. Males and females shared in the duties of pup raising, and both frequently attended pups. Movement rates and home ranges of adult coyotes increased from the nursing to weaning periods, but movements and home ranges of adults were greatest after pups became independent. Movements suggested that males centered their activities near den sites during the nursing period to supply food for mates and protection for pups. Females were more restricted than males during pup rearing because of nursing responsibilities.
The Biogeography of Enid Landsnails on the Aegean Islands

The distribution in the Aegean archipelago of one family of landsnails, the Enidae, is described. The relationship between the number of species on an island and (i) the island's area, (ii) the island's distance from the nearest mainland, and (iii) mean size of each species, is examined. The number of species per island is not correlated significantly with any of these three factors. There is a good correlation between the distribution of landsnails and the topography beneath sea level around the island. Some species are found only off the coasts of Turkey or of Greece, on islands included within the 100 fathom isobath; one subspecies is found on twenty-four islands, all within the area included within the 200 fathom (364 m) isobath; and other species are found on those islands which lie beyond the 200 fathom (364 m) isobath. This suggests that, rather than representing island biogeography in its dynamic sense (recent dispersal over a hostile habitat), the recent Enid fauna represents a relict continental biogeography (past dispersal over a continuous, non-hostile habitat), and that such continental dispersal occurred in periodY when, as the relative level of the sea dropped as compared to that of today, isolation between certain islands, was abolished. The known geological history of the Aegean archipelago agrees well with such an hypothesis. From the recent distribution pattern it appears that the Enidae invaded the Aegean in three distinct waves, corresponding to three different past sea-levels. The fact that over 800% of the sixty-three islands, regardless of each island's area or proximity to mainland, have only one species of Enid each, whereas Turkey is inhabited by fifty-five Enids, suggests that today there is almost no immigration from the Turkish mainland. There also appears to be no immigration from Greece. The fact, on the other hand, that almost every Aegean island, down to the most remote and minute of these, is inhabited by Enidae of one species or another, suggests that the rate of extinction is very low. The number of species on an island thus appears to be the combined result of almost no immigration and almost no extinction.
Effect of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acid Supplemented Diets on Semen Quality in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The present work aimed to compare the effect of different dietary oil sources on semen characteristics of quail males. Japanese quail males (21 per diet) were fed one of four treatment diets: diet containing sunflower oil (T1), flax oil (T2), corn oil (T3), or fish oil (T4) as the oil source. Birds were 6 weeks old at the beginning of experiment. Following two weeks of adaptation period, semen was collected twice a week fortnightly from each male to evaluate semen traits included in this study. First semen collection was used to evaluate ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, live in total sperm, live normal sperm, sperm quality factor and abnormal sperm, while the second semen collection was used after pooled the semen of each replicate (7 male each) for determine semen glucose, protein, Aspartate Aminotrnsferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). Results of this study revealed that fish oil group (T4) surpasses other treatment groups as regards all semen characteristics involved in this study followed by the results of flax oil (T2), whereas the worst results for these traits were recorded when the diets of quail males supplemented with sunflower oil (T1) and corn oil (T3). In conclusion, fish oil and flax oil supplemented diets can be used as efficient tool for improving reproductive performance of Japanese quail males.
The influence of dietary protein and level of feeding on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of entire and castrated male pigs

1. Three isocaloric diets containing 170, 210 or 231 g crude protein per kg were given at two levels, and offered ad libitum to entire and castrated male pigs growing from 20 to 70 kg live weight. 2. Between 20 and 45 kg, growth rate improved with each increase in level of feeding ( P ad libitum treatment the food intake and growth performance of both entire and castrated pigs were similar. On the restricted feeding treatments the growth performance of entire, but not of castrated pigs, improved when dietary protein was raised from 170 to 210g/kg ( P 3. During the live-weight periods 45 to 70 and 20 to 70kg, raising food intake improved growth rate ( P P ad libitum were equivalent to those of castrated pigs fed at the lowest level. 4. Dietary protein level had no significant effect on growth performance from 20 to 70 kg or on carcass fat measurements at the latter weight. However, each increase in dietary protein in the live-weight period 45 to 70 kg depressed the performance of castrated pigs ( P
Interstitial Fluid Pressure

Interstitial fluid pressures in the lung were estimated in 39 dogs from pressure measurements made in implanted perforated capsules. Special operative procedures were used to minimize operative trauma of the lungs and infection and inflammation in and around the implanted capsules. In 86% of the preparations, the x-ray findings indicated little remaining inflammation and edema around the capsules, though autopsy findings indicated that a few of these did still have some edema not detectable by x-rays. In 29 of 34 animals in which x-ray findings indicated no edema, the intracapsular pressure was negative. The average of the measurements in all 34 animals was −5.8 mm Hg (± 0.8 SEM), and in the 29 animals with negative pressure values the average was −7.3 mm Hg (± 0.6 SEM). In eight capsules the pressures were below −10 mm Hg, ranging to −16 mm Hg. Because the tissues around some of the capsules undoubtedly still had varying degrees of inflammation and edema, despite the failure of roentgenograms to show these, it is suggested that the normal interstitial fluid pressure of pulmonary tissues in dogs is somewhat more negative than the capsule pressure measurements indicate, perhaps as low as −10 mm Hg.
Natal Dispersal in Florida Sandhill Cranes

Knowledge of natal dispersal is essential for understanding how nonmigratory crane populations expand and how this process can be augmented by relocation or reintroduction. We conducted a study from 1988 to 1999 and found that natal dispersal in Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) was female-biased. Females (n = 16) dispersed an average of 11.6 km from their natal territory. Male (n = 12) dispersal averaged 3.9 km. This difference was significant (P 0.05) or affected by gender (P > 0.05). Male philopatry and female-biased natal dispersal are consistent with theories of a resource-based mating system. Timing of the start of dispersal (family breakup) was found to be more closely tied to the female's laying the subsequent clutch than to the age of the juvenile crane.
A new Xiphosuran from the Triassic sediments at Brookvale, New South Wales

(Plate xiii.) Amongst the many interesting fossils obtained from the shale beds at Brookvale is an almost complete specimen ofaXiphosuran. These Brookvale sediments are generally considered to be of freshwater origin. They contain insects as well as nsh, Estheria and Leaia. As Xiphosura occur in both freshwater and marine sediments this specimen throws no light on the probable nature of the sediments.
DISEASE SPREAD AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ANTHER-SMUT INFECTION OF SILENE ALBA CAUSED BY THE FUNGUS USTILAGO VIOLACEA

SUMMARY (1) The anther-smut fungus, Ustilago tiolacea, sterilizes its dioecious host plant Silene alba by transforming plant reproductive parts into stamen-like structures that produce and disperse spores. To examine the dynamics of the plant-fungus interaction, a population of S. alba in Virginia, U.S.A. was mapped, and followed over two years, to study the demography of healthy and diseased individuals and spread of the disease. Additional field experiments explored the processes of spore dispersal and floral infection. (2) The number of spores deposited on male, but not female, flowers was related to the number and proportion of diseased flowers close-by. (3) Within a flowering season, both natural levels of floral infection and infection levels resulting from any inoculation experiment were about 20%/o. Observation of marked plants revealed, however, that only 4'%o of plants healthy in one year were diseased the following year, indicating that floral infection does not always lead to successful systemic infection. (4) A deterministic model was used to explore the effects of plant recruitment and disease-spread on the fate of infected populations. Either elimination of the fungus, coexistence of plant and fungus, or local extinction of both organisms could occur depending on circumstances.
Distances Travelled by Drifting Mayfly Nymphs: Factors Influencing Return to the Substrate

We determined the distance travelled by drifting nymphs of the mayflies Baetis and Cinygmula to add to existing knowledge of factors influencing drift distance, and to investigate the influence of drift-exiting behavior upon drift magnitude and periodicity. Individuals were released into the water column of a trough at 0.5-m intervals above the exit point, and numbers remaining in suspension over each release distance were fit to a previously developed model which describes return to the substrate according to a negative exponential function. Drift distance increased with increasing current velocity (range studied: 5-55 cm/s) and with decreasing body size (range studied: ca. 0.1-1 mg dry wt) according to log-linear functions. At higher velocities (35 and 55 cm/s), nymphs of both species drifted much shorter distances alive than dead, indicating active exiting from the drift. Drift distances of live nymphs scarcely differed between day and night, which contradicts the suggestion that greater drift abundances at night are caused by disorientation in darkness and consequently greater drift distances. Furthermore, comparisons using nymphs collected from the drift vs. the benthos, and subsequently fed or starved, also revealed no effect of treatment on drift distance, counter to expectations if drifting individuals were intrinsically weaker or less healthy than their benthic counterparts. Thus, although behavioral ability to exit the drift clearly exists in a number of invertebrate taxa, neither the occurrence of drift nor its diel periodicity was explainable on the basis of drift exiting behavior.
Generation of mean ocean circulation by fluctuating winds

The study of barotropic wind-driven, ocean circulation by means of a Fourier series expansion is extended in this paper to include systems with up to six components in each of the horizontal directions. The results agree with the qualitative results deduced from the 2 times 2 study reported earlier. The principal new result which is derived here is that a fluctuating wind (whose time-average vanishes) superimposed on a mean wind can significantly increase the mass transport of the mean circulation. The maximum increase derived here is 30% of the mean circulation in the absence of a fluctuating wind. It is also shown that mean circulations arise from purely fluctuating winds. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966. tb01445.x
Protective effect of schisandrins extract on liver ultrastructure in rats with CCl_4 poisoning

OBJECTIVE:To explore the protective effect of Schisandrins extract on liver ultrastructure in rats with CCl4 poisoning.METHODS:Twenty five Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group,the CCl4 poisoned 24 h and 10 d groups,the Schisandrins 24 h and 10 d groups,five groups with 5 rats in each group.The rats of the CCl4 poisoned and the Schisandrins groups were given one peritoneal injection of CCl4(200 ml/L in vegetable oil) at a dosage of 0.2 ml/100 g body weight,the rats of the control group were given the same volume of vegetable oil.Then Schisandrins extract(0.5 ml/100 g body weight)were given orally to rats of the Schisandrins group daily,while saline was given to rats of the poisoned and the control groups.The rats were sacrificed at different time points.The morphologic changes of the hepatocytes were examined by transmission electron microscopy.RESULTS:The ultrastructure of hepatocytes of rats were changed in the CCl4 poisoned 24 h group,the cytoplasm of hepatocytes was loosed and vacuolated,mitochondria were swollen,with cristae breakdown or loss,and the endoplasmic reticulum appeared lamellar.The nuclear membrane was shrunken and ruptured,and the nuclear chromatin condensed and marginated.The hepatocytic nuclei showed obvious atypia in rats of the CCl4 10 d group.By comparing with that of the CCl4 group,the ultrastructure of hepatocytes in rats of the schisandrins group was less severely damaged.CONCLUSION:The use of Schisandrins extract in the treatment of CCl4 poisoned rats exerted a protective effect on liver ultrastructure.
The diurnal boundary layer wind oscillation above sloping terrain

The role of thermal forcing in the diurnal oscillation of the planetary boundary layer wind above sloping terrain is investigated. Because the gravitational force vector has a component parallel to a sloping boundary, the diurnal temperature oscillation in the boundary layer provides a source of potential energy which drives a diurnal oscillation in the boundary layer wind. Thus, the viscous (Ekman) boundary layer and the thermal boundary layer are coupled. A set of three second order differential equations which approximately governs the dynamics of the boundary layer is derived. Diurnally periodic solutions are obtained, and it is shown that the thermal forcing mechanism can account for the amplitude of the nocturnal low-level jet observed over the sloping Great Plains region of the United States. However, it appears that time and height variations in the eddy viscosity and eddy heat diffusion coefficients must be included to duplicate in detail the vertical structure and phase of the observed jet. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967. tb01473.x
Influence ofpulmonary vascular disease andfibrosis on prognosisfollowing closed mitral valvotomy

We haveexamined biopsies ofthelingula oftheupper lobeoftheleft lungfrom85patients undergoing mitral valvotomy andhavecorrelated thepresenceofvascular changes andfibrosis ofthelungtissue withpulmonary vascular resistance, thedegree andtypeofmitral stenosis, and theduration ofpulmonary symptoms.Factors whichsignificantly affected theprognosis were high pulmonary artery pressures, highvascular resistance, andnarrowing ofthepulmonary arteries; but,aboveall, pulmonary fibrosis. Theprognosis forpatients withmitral incompetence was less favourable thanforthosewithout incompetence, especially ifthere was increased pulmonary vascular resistance andpulmonary hypertension withaxisdeviation intheelectrocardiogram. Thatpulmonaryvascular and parenchymal changes occurinpatients withrheumatic heart disease iswellestablished (Parker andWeiss, 1936; EvansandShort, 1957;Donald, Bishop, Wade, andWormald, 1957;AberandCampbell, 1965; McCredie, 1966); whatisnotwellestablished istheir influence on prognosis aftermitral valvotomy. Larrabee, Parker, andEdwards(1949) considered thatsimple decompression oftheengorged vessels bymitral valvotomy should befollowed by earlyregression of suchpulmonary vascular changes that hadno,t become irreversible. Thiswas supported byearlier correlations oflungbiopsies withtheclinical behaviour ofpatients after closed mitral valvotomy, whichseemed toindicate that pulmonary vascular disease hadlittle influence on prognosis (Enticknap, 1953;Denst, Edwards, Neubuerger, andBlount, 1954;Clowes, Hackel, Mueller, andGillespie, 1953;Goodale, Sanchez, Friedlich, Scannell, andMyers, 1955); failure to achieve permanent success wasascribed largely to cardiac andnottopulmonary factors (Turner and Fraser, 1956;Woodl1954;Learoyd, Blacket, Sinclair-Smith, Mills, Halliday, and Maddox, 1960).