Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disseminated sulphide mineralisation at Garbh Achadh, Argyllshire, Scotland

A brief investigation of low-grade copper mineralisation associated with a small, talc-alkaline porphyry intrusion of Caledonian age is described. Geological mapping has delineated a small stock of biotite-feldspar 2 porphyry, 0.25 km in area, intruded into a sequence of Dalradian schists and quartzites with inter-bedded epidiorites. Disseminated sulphides occur within the porphyry and the hornfelsed epidiorite but do not normally , exceed 3% of the rock by volume. Assays of both rock types obtained maximum levels of 0.24% Cu. Hydrothermal alteration is prominent within the porphyry, with the widespread development of sericite and kaolinite. Subsequent faulting apparently exerted some control on the present limits of alteration and mineralisation. Several small strata-bound lenses of massive sulphide within the metasediments were recorded but were not investigated in detail. Geochemical rock-sampling delineated a strong arcuate copper anomaly over the northern epidiorite/porphyry contact and a more subdued anomaly along the southern faulted contact. Molybdenum shows a similar distribution but is more closely confined to the porphyry. Overburden sampling demonstrated that little or no metal dispersion occurred within the overlying till, and stream sediment sampling of the catchment area showed that concentrations of copper decrease to background levels within 1 km of the intrusion. 1 Induced polarisation (IP) surveys produced a clearly defined grouping of chargeability anomalies around the edges of the porphyry stock but these showed no increase in magnitude at depth. Above background chargeability values recorded over the centre of the intrusion increase markedly towards the margins , possibly reflecting a pyritic halo. Most resistivity 'lows' coincide with fault zones and the results of a total intensity magnetometer 1 survey showed that, while most magnetic anomalies occur over epidiorites, I significant anomalies are also produced in the vicinity of fault zones. The results of the geological, petrographic, geochemical and I geophysical studies demonstrate the presence of several features : characteristic of 'porphyry copper style' mineralisation but the small 1 surface area and low grade of the deposit, combined with a lack of encouraging geophysical responses at depth, suggest that there is little II chance of discovering an economic orebody by exploratory drilling.
Morphological controls on the downstream passage of a sediment wave in a gravel-bed stream

Sediment waves in river systems have been widely reported, although few studies have examined the interaction between these waves and the morphology of the reaches through which they pass. This interaction determines how waves are modified as they propagate downstream. This study documents the origin and downstream passage of an avulsion-generated sediment wave through a 374 m study reach of the Allt Dubhaig, Scotland. A nested survey framework was adopted, with volumes calculated from cross-sections spaced between 10 and 40 m apart documenting the origin and downstream passage of the wave. The wave moved through an intensively (c. 1 m cross-section spacing) monitored 120 m stretch (Reach A) within the study reach, allowing assessment of sediment exchanges between the incoming wave and the local morphology. Successive surveys show the movement of the wave through and out of the reach, and also that areas where wave sediment was deposited did not always correspond with areas of subsequent erosion. Reach A was divided into three morphologically distinct sub-reaches (1A, 2A and 3A) within which sediment fluxes and the three-dimensional distribution of erosion/deposition were estimated. Sediment wave input into 1A and 2A (relatively stable sub-reaches) caused forced bar aggradation and erosion of sediment from elsewhere within the reach, which then became part of the wave. The downstream transfer of this sediment into unstable 3A caused aggradation and, in response, widespread erosion which increased the magnitude of the sediment wave as it exited reach A. Sediment exchange between the recipient reach and the wave depends upon local morphological stability and is a crucial process affecting wave magnitude and attenuation. The macroscale sediment wave interacted with, rather than overwhelmed, the recipient morphology. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical Parameterization Expressing ENSO Variability and Reversibility in Response to CO2 Concentration Changes

The degree of reversibility in the behavior of El Ni~ Oscillation (ENSO) in response to CO2 concentration changes is examined using the air‐sea coupled Community Climate System Model, version 4. The model is run under simple and idealized climate change scenarios where atmospheric CO2 concentration is gradually increased to four times the preindustrial level and then gradually reduced at a similar rate along this trajectory. While the simulated ENSO amplitude is reduced when CO2 concentration increases, the amplitude is enhanced when CO2 decreases. This enhancement occurs with a relative El Ni~ warming of mean sea surface temperature. Most of the El Ni~ warming is attributed to a weakened cold water upwelling in the equatorial eastern Pacific. This weakened cooling is a result of a vertical ocean temperature gradient that is reduced in relation to a lag between subsurface temperature warming and surface temperature change. From thesefindings, a statistical parameterization expressing ENSO variability is developed in terms of the global-mean surface temperature and the vertical gradient of the global-mean temperature in the upper ocean. Plugging this parameterization into a statistical model of ENSO and combining the latter with a statistical spatial pattern of the ENSO-related temperature anomaly enables the reconstruction of surface temperature variability over North America. This approach can be useful when one assesses future climate changes under various CO2 emission scenarios using very simple models whose outputs are limited to a small number of global-mean variables.
Evaluation of surface albedo from GEWEX-SRB and ISCCP-FD data against validated MODIS product over the Tibetan Plateau

[1] This paper presents a scheme to examine the accuracy of albedos used in two operational satellite-based radiation data sets over the Tibetan Plateau (TP): the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment-Surface Radiation Budget (GEWEX-SRB) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project-Flux Data (ISCCP-FD). First, albedo observations at six sites are used to validate the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 16 day albedo product with a 500 m spatial resolution. It is shown that both the MODIS black-sky and white-sky albedo products are comparable to the in situ measurements made during snow-free periods. Then, the MODIS 500 m albedos are taken as the ground truth, aggregated to the coarse-resolution grid cells, and compared with the GEWEX-SRB and ISCCP-FD albedo values. The results indicate that both data sets have negative biases in the central and western TP and large positive biases in the southeastern glaciated region. It is recommended that the MODIS albedo product be applied as the input in producing the GEWEX-SRB and ISCCP-FD data sets, at least when processing summer data over the TP. However, the MODIS albedo algorithm needs to be improved to take the effect of snow into consideration when the snow duration is much shorter than the MODIS 16 day inversion window.
Rice-fish research and development in Asia

Joint proceedings of two international workshops on rice-fish farming systems research and development A» one held in Ubon, Thailand, on 23-27 October 1988; and the other on 23-27 October 1989 in Nueva Ecija, Philippines; gathering country overviews, production systems, economic and biological interactions, research and extension programs, and on-station and on-farm research activities from Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
Uncertainty Ranges Associated with EPA's Estimates of the Area of Land Close to Sea Level

James G. Titus and Jue Wang. 2008. Maps of Lands Close to Sea Level along the Middle Atlantic Coast of the United States: An Elevation Data Set to Use While Waiting for LIDAR. In Background Documents Supporting Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.1. Edited by James G. Titus and Elizabeth M. Strange. 2008. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp 1-44. EPA 430-R-07-004.
The role of transient disturbances in the dynamics of the Pacific-North American pattern

Abstract A 25-yr dataset is used to investigate the role of transient eddies in the dynamics of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern. Monthly mean vorticity and sensible heat flux divergences associated with submonthly transients are computed over the Northern Hemisphere for each winter month. These fields are composited over months with strong PNA patterns, and the average over all winter months is subtracted to obtain anomaly fields. The vorticity flux divergence anomaly is found to be well correlated with the PNA height field, particularly in the upper troposphere, where an eddy vorticity flux convergence (divergence) is found in the low (high) height regions of the PNA anomaly. The sensible heat flux divergence, on the other hand, is negatively correlated with the PNA temperature anomaly, so that the transient eddies produce a sensible heat flux out of the warm regions of the PNA and into the cold regions, thus tending to destroy the temperature anomaly. A linear quasi-nondivergent global steady-s.
An Analysis of the Relation Between the Surface and Bedrock Profiles of Ice Caps

Abstract Results art, presented of spectral analyses of the surface and bedrock profiles along a flow line of the Wilkes ice cap and the surface along the Greenland E.G.I.G. profile. Although the bedrock appears irregular over all was velengths studied, the ice-cap surface is typically characterized by a smooth curve with small-scale surface undulations superimposed on it. The following relations of Budd (1969, 19701 are confirmed. The “damping factor" or ratio of the bedrock amplitude to the surface amplitude is a minimum for wavelengths λ about 3.3 times the ice thickness. The surface lags the bed in the direction of motion by λ/4. The magnitude of the minimum damping factor φm is typically least near the coast, and increases inland depending on the ice thickness Z, the velocity V, and the mean ice viscosity η (which is a function of stress and temperature) according to where p is the mean ice density and g is the gravitational acceleration. Thus the determination of the damping factors provides a valuable means of estimating the ice flow parameter η.
Research Toward the Practical Application of Liquidity Risk Evaluation Methods

This paper proposes a practical framework for the quantification of Liquidity-adjusted Value at Risk ("L-VaR") incorporating the market liquidity of financial products. This framework incorporates the mechanism of the market impact caused by the investor's own dealings through adjusting Value-at-Risk according to the level of market liquidity and the scale of the investor's position. Specifically, the optimal execution strategy for liquidating the investor's entire position is first calculated taking the market impact into account. Then the maximum loss that may be incurred by price fluctuations under optimal execution strategy is calculated as L-VaR. This paper presents a specific model providing a closed-form solution for calculating L-VaR, and examines whether this framework can be applied to the practices of financial risk management by calculating numerical examples. It also demonstrates that this L-VaR calculation framework may be applied under more general conditions, such as (1) when the market impact is uncertain, (2) when the investor's portfolio consists of multiple financial assets, and (3) when there is a non-linear relationship between the market impact and the trading volume.
Policy responses to the post-bubble adjustments in Japan : a tentative review

This paper provides a very tentative review of the monetary and prudential policy responses to the post-bubble adjustments in Japan. The adjustments after the collapse of the bubble have been prolonged due to (1) the rapid downward revision of the expected economic growth rate; (2) balance-sheet adjustments on the part of firms; and (3) the malfunctioning of the financial intermediary system stemming from its nonperforming-asset problem. We use four yardsticks, Marshallian k, Taylor rule, the equity yield spread, and the short-term real interest rate for assessing the monetary easing. The results suggest that the timing of policy reversal was swift and the magnitude of easing in the early phase could be viewed as broadly adequate for dealing with a normal business cycle. It is possible to argue that the effects of the bursting of the bubble might have not been sufficiently taken into account. It should be noted the outcome would not have differed greatly even if the drastic monetary easing that eventually took place had been decided at an earlier point in time without a fundamental cure of the nonperforming- asset problem. A considerable achievement of prudential policy in the period under review is that systemic risk was avoided with the cost being delayed in establishing a legal framework for handling troubled financial institutions and in organizing a comprehensive safety net. As a result of this delay, it took a long time to deal with the nonperforming- asset problem. This, in turn, posed a serious drag on the economy. Our preliminary conclusion about the lesson we should draw from this experience is the importance for the Bank of Japan of identifying the precise impacts of shocks on the economy as well as their transmission mechanism promptly and thereby minimizing adjustment costs. It should also be conducive for the Bank to address actively structural issues that may influence the effectiveness of its policy measures.
Chaotic dynamics can generate Taylor’s power law

Previous traditional ecological models of single-species insect populations regulated by weak density dependence did not conform well to the ubiquitous relation between spatial variability and mean density known as Taylor’s power law. New evidence is assembled to demonstrate that this may have been because the degree of density dependence modelled was unrealistically small. Similar models with stronger density dependence, which generate simulated populations within the chaotic region, are presented in this paper. Using very few parameters, these models can generate realistic data which conform very well to the power law relation and to observed frequency distributions and time series of British moth species.
Numerical modelling of the paleotidal evolution of the Earth-Moon System

The results of a numerical simulation of the tidal evolution of the Earth-Moon system during the Phanerozoic epoch (the last 600 million years) are given. In most of the researches devoted to the solution of the problem the authors simplified and parametrized very complicated tidal phenomena to a primitive integral hump on the Earth's surface. As distinct from these the numerical model of the ocean tides in its most complete form is the core of the present study: the problem is solved for a viscous liquid in a paleoocean with variable outlines and depth allocations stimulated by the drift of the lithospheric platforms; the global interaction between the ocean and earth tides and the fluctuations of the gravitational field of the planet caused by them are taken into account. The astronomical component of the model is simplified. It is assumed that the Earth-Moon system is isolated, the Moon's orbit circular and the moment of inertia of the Earth constant during the Phanerozoic epoch. It is shown that the evolution of the Earth-Moon system during the Phanerozoic was nonuniform and that the primary role in this process belongs to the geodynamic factor.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abstract_service. html
Formal Uncertainty Analysis of a Lagrangian Photochemical Air Pollution Model

This study applied Monte Carlo analysis with Latin hypercube sampling to evaluate the effects of uncertainty in air parcel trajectory paths, emissions, rate constants, deposition affinities, mixing heights, and atmospheric stability on predictions from a vertically resolved photochemical trajectory model. Uncertainties in concentrations of ozone and other secondary compounds and in predicted changes due to 25% reductions in motor vehicle non-methane organic compound (NMOC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were examined. Surface wind measurements were interpolated over the modeling domain, and uncertainties were quantified using data withholding. The resulting wind fields and uncertainties were used to generate ensembles of trajectories ending at four Southern California air quality monitoring sites. A motor vehicle emissions inventory and associated uncertainties were derived from remote sensing and fuel sales data. Uncertainties in chemical rate parameters were obtained from expert reviews. Estimated u.
The morphological representation of channel-forming flow in arroyos

This thesis presents a study of three similar, yet contrasting, arroyos: the Rio Puerco, New Mexico and the Santa Cruz and San Simon Rivers in Arizona. Arroyo systems have been subject to several periods of cut and fill within recent geologic time. The most recent incision phase occurred during the mid- to late-19th Century, enabling subsequent morphological changes to be observed. Observations indicate that these systems have developed distinct geomorphological reaches, which evolve at different rates within the constraints of the specific controlling variables, most importantly discharge, sediment load and artificial alteration. Thus, location-for-time substitution cannot be assumed. Within the continuum of morphological change, six stages were identified, enabling a general model of arroyo evolution to be developed. Precipitation has increased in the south-western USA. However, within the arroyos studied, some gauges have seen a concurrent increase in discharge, whereas others have experienced a decline. It was discovered that the different responses were explained by the interaction between discharge and morphology at different stages of evolution. The first four stages of arroyo evolution differ little from those proposed previously. However, this study has emphasised the necessity of recognising the event-driven nature of morphological change within the system during these stages. Since some change occurs during each flood, the arroyo morphology is controlled by a combination of the flow variability and channel-deforming events. As aggradation predominates, the arroyo develops a quasi-stable form, creating a feedback between discharge and morphology. High-magnitude flows are suppressed and aggradation is promoted, permitting continued stabilisation until a quasi-equilibrium form is attained, typified by a trapezoidal active channel and densely vegetated inner floodplain. These morphological changes alter the discharge regime sufficiently that lower-magnitude flows assume greater relative effectiveness. It is not until a quasi-equilibrium morphology becomes adjusted to the effective discharge, at which point the effective discharge becomes a truly channel-forming and maintaining flow.
Midlatitude Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction during El Niño. Part II: The Northern Hemisphere Atmosphere

Abstract The influence of midlatitude air-sea interaction on the atmospheric anomalies associated with El Nino is investigated by coupling the Community Climate Model to a mixed-layer ocean model in the North Pacific. Prescribed El Nino conditions, warm sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical Pacific, cause a southward displacement and strengthening of the Aleutian Low. This results in enhanced (reduced) advection of cold Asian air over the west-central (northwest) Pacific and northward advetion of warm air over the eastern Pacific. Allowing air-sea feedback in the North Pacific slightly modified the El Nino–induced neu-surface wind, air temperature, and precipitation anomalies. The anomalous cyclonic circulation over the North Pacific is more concentric and shifted slightly to the east in the coupled simulations. Air-sea feedback also damped the air temperature anomalies over most of the North Pacific and reduced the precipitation rate above the cold SST anomaly that develops in the central Pacifi.
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN ENUGU-NIGERIA

Actual stature, weight and body measurements are useful for the purpose of assessing growth, body fat distribution and for provision of reference data The aim of this study was to provide data for economic planning and health use and to determine presence of sex difference in the parameters. The study was a cross sectional survey of 1489 subjects (807 males and 691 females) within the age of 5-18 years selected from University of Nigeria primary and secondary school and Command day secondary school. The height (Ht), weight (Wt), biacromial diameter (BAD), bi-iliac diameter (BID) and waist circumference (Wc) were measured and analyzed. At 9 to 13 years, the females were taller and weighed more than the males though statistically significant at 12 and 9 years respectively, while the males were significantly taller and weighed more than the females at 14 to 18years. At 5 to 8, the values for the males were greater but not significant. The BAD were significantly greater in males at 5, 6, 8 and 15 to 18 years while at 9 to 11 years, it was greater in females. Generally, the females had higher values of BID and Wc than the males except at 18years where the males recorded significantly higher values. There were significant positive correlations among the parameters measured. Presented here are the anthropometric measures and existence of sexual dimorphism in school children and adolescents in Enugu with males having larger BAD, being taller and weighing more than the females. These differences were most significant at 14 to 18 years old. In contrast, females had larger BID and Wc. Females also tend to have higher values at 9 to 13 year age group in other parameters due to the obvious reason of early adolescent