Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral contents of 34 species of edible mushrooms growing wild in Turkey

Mineral contents of 34 species of wild mushrooms, growing particularly in the central Anatolia region in Turkey, were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). All mushrooms contained high amounts of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and P. The highest potassium level was 45189.4 mg kg−1 for the species Coprinus micaceus, whereas the lowest K content was 9973.8 mg kg−1 in Polyporus squamosus. Among the wild mushrooms, the highest lead level was 5.4 mg kg−1 in the species Helvella leucomelano. Iron contents of mushrooms were found in similarly small percentages in all the species analysed, ranging from 338.3 mg kg−1 in Russula delica to 8994.71 mg kg−1 in Helvella spadicea. Phosphorus content ranged from 2095.6 mg kg−1 in Polyporus squamosus to 22799.0 mg kg−1 in Helvella spadicea. Magnesium was found to be high, ranging from 458.1 mg kg−1 in Rhizopogon luteolus to 4254.9 mg kg−1 in Morchella esculenta. This study attempts to contribute to knowledge of the human nutritional properties of these mushroom species, and may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
An investigation of graded and uniform base Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ HBT's using a Monte Carlo simulation

A fully self-consistent Monte Carlo simulation has been used to investigate electron transport through the base-collector region of various Ge/sub x/ Si/sub 1-x/ based heterojunction bipolar transistors. By considering a range of Ge content in the base of such devices we have shown that the base transit time decreases significantly as the Ge content of the base is increased from 0% to 15% but remains essentially unchanged by a further increase to 30%. Furthermore, it is shown that high current densities can beneficially affect the field distribution in the collector, substantially reducing the collector transit time. A modified form of the simulation has been used to investigate a graded base heterojunction bipolar transistor, with a maximum Ge content of 30%. By including the variation of effective masses across the base we have been able to show how deviations from linear grading can be modelled and to prove that such configurations can produce improvements for base transit times. >
Kinetics of O2(1Δg) photo-oxidation reactions in egg-yolk lecithin vesicles

The photosensitized oxidation of single bilayer vesicles of egg-yolk lecithin by singlet oxygen is investigated. The isotopic enhanced lifetime of singlet oxygen in heavy water, and the inhibitory effect of azide ions, are both used to examine the O2(1Δg) diffusion characteristics. The rate of photo-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid is shown to be strongly dependent on the precise location of the sensitizer in the bilayer. Rate constants for the interaction of singlet oxygen with the lipid, with the acceptor 9,10-dimethylanthracene and with azide are determined to be 7.5 × 105, 3.2 × 108 and 1.0 × 108 dm3 mol–1 s–1, respectively.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONTROL IN ACRYLONITRILE POLYMERIZATION

ABSTRACT Acrylic fiber is commercially produced by free radical polymerization, initiated by a redox system. The fact that the kinetics is a great deal more complicated than that of ordinary polymerization systems makes the problem of controlling molecular weight a difficult one. In this study, dynamics and control of continuous acrylonitrile polymerization are studied based on a previously described kinetics by Peebles (Applied Polymer Science, 1973, 17, 113–128). As the conventional feedback controller was found to be unsuccessful, a model state feedback (MSFB) control strategy was implemented. The performances of linear and nonlinear controllers have been compared via simulation, and it was concluded that the nonlinear form would be effectively employed for set point tracking as well as disturbance rejection.
Doping a TiO2 Photoanode with Nb5+ to Enhance Transparency and Charge Collection Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The optoelectronic properties of our benchmark nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 photoanode were modified by means of aliovalent doping with Nb5+. Even for a low doping level, the charge collection efficiency can be noticeably improved as a result of a higher electron lifetime when using the heteroleptic Ru(+II) C101 dye. Particularly of interest, while this was only possible by adding additives in the electrolyte, the doping concentration allows tuning of the energetic of the trap state distribution; parameter particularly crucial for the injection rate and charge collection efficiency. This improvement brings the power conversion efficiency of a 7 μm thick transparent photoanode to 8.7% while intensifying the electrode’s transparency.
The Influence of Oleic Acid to Metal Nitrate Ratio on the Particle Size and Magnetic Properties of Lanthanum Ferrite Nanoparticles by Emulsion Method

LaFeO3 nanoparticles of different sizes are prepared by varying the molar concentration of oleic acid to metal nitrate using emulsion combustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that LaFeO3 nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with an orthorhombic structure. The average particle size and saturation magnetization decreases from 56 to 32 nm and 0.20 to 0.08 emu/g, as molar concentration of oleic acid to metal nitrate increases from 0.25 to 1. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra show the lower frequency bands are assigned to Fe–O stretching vibration (579 cm−1) and O–Fe–O deformation vibration (475 and 400 cm−1). The experimental results suggest that molar concentration of oleic acid to metal nitrate plays an important role in the particle size and magnetic property of combustion synthesized lanthanum ferrite nanoparticles.
Valores de referência local e avaliação da contaminação por zinco em solos adjacentes a áreas mineradas no município de Vazante-MG

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a current concern that requires a suitable approach, taking the needs of modern societies into account. In mined areas the evaluation of soil contamination is an important tool for the management of degraded areas. This study was carried out in order to establish local reference values (LRV) for Zn in soils surrounding mining areas in the county of Vazante-MG (Brazil), with a view to evaluate the environmental contamination. Soil profiles were collected in the mining areas, and both upslope and downslope and sampled at depths of 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-50, 50-100 and 100-150 cm. Total concentrations and available forms (Melich-3 and DTPA) of Zn were determined. LRV was obtained by the mean of total Zn contents in the 0-20 cm layer of the profiles in upslope position. Based on the LRV, the contamination factor (CF) and the geoaccumulation index (GI) were calculated for each profile. The LRV determined for Zn was 1262 mg kg-1, which is a very high content when compared to quality standard values and suggests monitoring and restrictions in the agricultural and residential soil use. Nevertheless, the LRV is lower than the intervention values for industrial areas established in the State of Sao Paulo, USA and Canada. The CF was higher in soils of the mined area, mainly in profile 5 of the mining area. Based on the GI, the profiles located downslope were classified as moderately contaminated to not contaminated.
Photo-controllable electro-optic response of liquid crystalline cells using photo-isomeric molecules

A photo-controllable liquid crystal (LC) material was evaluated using a nematic LC mixture with azobenzene. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms that result in variations of material parameters specifically caused by the morphological change of guest molecules. The transition from rod-shaped trans isomers to bent-shaped cis isomers weakened the intermolecular ordering interactions and the decreasing order parameter caused variations of material parameters. The shift of dielectric response cannot be solely explained by the weakened intermolecular interactions but is also significantly influenced by the properties of the guest cis isomer itself. The bend elastic constant was more affected than the splay elastic constant, which implies that the shift of the elastic properties is due to the morphological shape of the cis isomer as well as the decreased molecular ordering. Thus, three different mechanisms are involved in the variations of the material properties: (i) weakened intermolecular ordering interactions, (ii) direct contribution of cis isomers, and (iii) molecular morphological interactions of the cis isomer with the host LCs. It was also demonstrated that the optical properties of twisted nematic (TN) cells can be controlled, and that the stability of the bend state in the optically compensated birefringence (OCB) mode cell can be improved.
On the factors affecting distributions of freshwater diatom species in a remote South Atlantic archipelago

Diatom species distributions on remote islands are influenced by both habitat quality and location. In this study diatom distributions and water quality were explored in the Falkland Islands archipelago with reference to island floras elsewhere, using 28 freshwater sites (small ponds, shallow lowland lakes, upland tarns and several streams). Site water chemistries varied from strongly acid to circum-neutral and from low to high conductivity and water-colour. Dissolved ions co-varied with conductivity and varied strongly between sites and ion ratios indicated a strong influence of sea-salt deposition. Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the diatom and environmental data revealed three groups of sites, (1) high water-colour and low pH, (2) low conductivity and low water-colour, and (3) high conductivity and higher pH. Diatom species frequency abundances were most strongly influenced by water conductivity and pH. Diatom assemblages were composed of both cosmopolitan and regionally endemic Subantarctic species. Water chemistry was a weak predictor of diatom diversity but sites with more regionally endemic species tended also to have more cosmopolitan species. Taxonomic harmonization allowed species comparisons to be made with diatom assemblages on two islands elsewhere, Signy Island (Antarctica) and South Uist (Scottish Outer Hebrides). Detrended Correspondence Analysis of the species data from these three locations strongly discriminated the Signy Island sites and Subantarctic species characterized the Falkland Islands samples. Regionally endemic species groups within the Subantarctic zone were configured by biogeographical controls on dispersal, as well as by habitat selection and water quality. Variance partitioning showed that water chemistry and spatial (location) variables were both highly significant in accounting for similar proportions of unique variance in the combined island-species dataset. Despite overall low diversity, Subantarctic species are an important floral component and need to be incorporated into global freshwater diatom diversity patterns by using species-sensitive and carefully harmonized datasets.
Strongly temperature-dependent free-energy barriers measured in a polycrystalline semiconductor

We measured temperature-dependent changes in free-energy barriers for emission of holes and electrons from metastable defects in polycrystalline CuIn1−xGaxSe2 using transient capacitance techniques. The free-energy barrier for holes increases by 17 meV, while the barrier for electrons decreases by 30 meV as the temperature increases from 380 to 400 K. The usual relation between thermal emission time and activation energy is reversed in this temperature range (we find a shorter emission time for the larger activation energy). Large entropy changes of +15kB and −21kB for the electron and hole emission, respectively, are calculated using transition-rate theory. These entropy terms in the free energy barrier account for the temperature dependences and the emission time inversion.
Computer simulation of the structure and properties of non-crystalline oxides

The results of the studies of the structure and properties of non-crystalline (liquid and amorphous) oxide systems obtained using computer simulation methods are summarised. The models of simple oxides, homologous series of non-crystalline oxides and of binary and multi-component oxide systems are considered. The results of the simulation of the ion transfer are discussed. The ionic theory of oxides allows one to predict adequately the structural and thermodynamic properties of oxide systems except for the phosphate oxides and some other systems. The bibliography includes 222 references.
Boron-based quasicrystals with sevenfold symmetry

It is not too surprising that 5-fold symmetry is the symmetry of quasicrystals since icosahedral coordination is the most frequent atomic environment type (AET) in intermetallic phases. What about AETs with 7-fold symmetry? Whereas no regular or semi-regular polyhedra (Platonic or Archimedean solids) exist with rotational symmetry larger than 5-fold, polyhedra with only axial n-fold symmetry (e.g. pyramids) are possible for arbitrary n. Indeed, (distorted) seven-membered rings are very common in ternary borides and borocarbides such as the YCrB4, ThB4, ThMoB4, Y2ReB6 structure types. The possibility to find heptagonal quasicrystals related to these phases will be discussed.
Raman scattering and electroluminescence of ZnS:Cu,Cl phosphor powder

Raman spectra of ZnS:Cu,Cl powders show a structural transition from hexagonal to cubic and a crystal growth with increasing Cu addition (>400ppm), which is supposed to result from Cu incorporation or CuxS precipitation. The redshift of longitudinal optical mode in ZnS:Cu,Cl with increased amounts of Cu suggests that the excess Cu ions were located interstitially in the lattice and created a tensile strain. Under an electric field (3.75×106V∕m), a broad emission spectrum superposing of green, self-activated blue, and blue bands can be observed in the powders (Cu⩾400ppm), which agrees with the luminescence centers of CuZn+, vacancies, and Cui+, respectively.
Detection of doubly deuterated interstellar formaldehyde (D2CO) : an indicator of active grain surface chemistry

A multiply deuterated interstellar molecule, D2CO, has been detected via four transitions in the compact ridge component of Ori(KL), the same component from which H2CO and HDCO largely arise. Derived abundance ratios are given. It is shown that the D2CO/HDCO and HDCO/H2CO ratios cannot be produced by ion-molecule gas-phase reactions, but they fit the model of Tielens for the active grain surface catalysis of these species. The NH2D/NH3 and (NH2D/Nh3)/(D2CO/HDCO) ratios are also found to agree quantitatively with the model. This is considered as evidence of the active, catalytic role of the grain surface chemistry. 17 refs.
Initial Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc Exposed to Formic Acid, Investigated by in Situ Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations †

Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations of formic acid on ZnO/Zn have been performed in order to understand the first step of atmospheric corrosion on zinc initiated by formic acid. In addition, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) has been employed to complement the surface sensitive VSFS results to identify the corrosion products. Oxidized polycrystalline zinc samples were exposed to 120 ppb formic acid in either humid or dry air where, the formic acid adsorption on ZnO/Zn is observed to have a low dependence on the humidity, as deduced by VSFS. Formate is formed on the surface in both dry and humid air and stabilized in configuration after about 90 min exposure in 120 ppb formic acid as seen in the VSFS results. This is evidenced by the occurrence of the CH and symmetric COO− vibrations of the formate ion. The DFT calculations support the VSFS results, showing a coordination of the formate to zinc ions without participation .
Piezoelectric cantilever microphone for photoacoustic gas detector

Abstract New micromachined pressure sensors based on PZT coated silicon cantilevers have been fabricated and integrated in a photoacoustic gas detector. PZT Sol-gel thin films texture and composition were optimized with respect to the transverse piezoelectric coefficient e31,f. A best value of -12 C/m2 was obtained with (100)/(001) textured thin films at the MPB composition. Optimum stress compensation between the different layers composing the cantilever has been studied in order to yield flat cantilevers. A high response of 150 mV/Pa with a S/N of 700 at 1 Pa and 1 Hz bandwidth has been measured. The influence of the damping chamber under the cantilever is also reported.
Studies on the constituents of marine opisthobranchia, III. Isolation and structure of two 5,8α‐epidioxysterols and a cholesteryl ester mixture from the albumen gland of Aplysia juliana

From the albumen glands of the sea hare Aplysia juliana, collected in Kumamoto Prefecture, a mixture of cholesteryl esters (1) and two 5,8α-epidioxysterols 5 and 8 have been isolated. Acid-catalyzed methanolysis of 1 afforded four methyl esters of fatty acids [palmitate (major component), stearate, margarate, and an isomer of margarate] and cholesterol. 5 and 8 were identified by spectroscopic and synthetical evidence to be 5,8α-epidioxy-5α-cholest-6-en-3β-ol and 5,8α-epidioxy-5α-cholesta-6,9(11)-dien-3β-ol, respectively. Studien uber Inhaltsstoffe von Opisthobranchia, III. – Isolierung und Struktur von zwei 5,8α-Epidioxysterolen und von einem Cholesterylester-Gemisch aus der Albumen-Druse des See-Hasen Aplysia juliana Aus der Albumen-Druse des See-Hasen Aplysia juliana, der in der Provinz Kumamoto gesammelt worden war, wurden das Cholesterylester-Gemisch 1 und die zwei 5,8α-Epidoxisterole 5 und 8 isoliert. Saurekatalysierte Methanolyse von 1 ergab die Methylester von vier Fettsauren [Palmitat (Hauptbestandteil), Stearat, Margarat und ein Isomeres von Margarat] und Cholesterin. Auf Grund synthetischer und spektroskopischer Untersuchungen wurden die Strukturen von 5 und 8 als 5,8α-Epidioxy-5α-cholest-6-en-3β-ol und 5,8α-Epidioxy-5α-cholesta-6,9(11)-dien-3β-ol festgestellt.
Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase Systems for the Continuous Countercurrent Cloud Point Extraction

Aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions split into two phases if the temperature is increased beyond a certain temperature, the so-called cloud point temperature. Presently many different types of nonionic surfactants are produced commercially, out of these numerous have been considered as potential solvent for the cloud point extraction. In this work the crucial thermophysical properties of nonionic surfactants are investigated to determine the potential of surfactant systems for extraction processes. Phase equilibria of the binary system Triton X-114/water and the ternary system Triton X-114/water/phenol were measured. Based on these data the cloud point extraction was implemented in a continuous stirred extraction column. It was found, that increasing temperature within the column reduces the loss of surfactant and leads to an increasing enrichment factor. This work demonstrates that surfactant/water systems represent a suitable alternative to conventional solvents and can effectively be processed in continuous extraction columns.
Carbon nanomaterials in organic photovoltaic cells

Carbon nanomaterials in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have attracted a great deal of interest for the development of high-efficiency, flexible, and low-cost solar cells. Due to the complicated structure of OPV devices, the electrical properties and dispersion behavior of the carbon nanomaterials should be controlled carefully in order for them to be used as materials in OPV devices. In this paper, a fundamental theory of the electrical properties and dispersion behavior of carbon nanomaterials is reviewed. Based on this review, a state-of-the-art OPV device composed of carbon nanomaterials, along with issues related to such devices, are discussed.
Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: a review.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils plays an important role in the biogeochemistry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, in pedogenesis, and in the transport of pollutants in soils. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature about controls on DOM concentrations and fluxes in soi
Photoluminescence characterization of Si-based nanostructured films produced by pulsed laser ablation

Photoluminescence (PL) properties of nanostructured Si-based films produced by pulsed laser ablation in a residual gas are studied. Two types of PL signals have been identified. Signals of the first type are sensitive to the ablation conditions with the PL peak position depending on the gas pressure during the deposition. Signals of the second type with PL peaks around 1.6–1.7 and 2.2– 2.3 eV are almost independent of the ablation conditions and are mainly determined by the presence of oxygen-related complexes in the film composition. These complexes can be formed through a prolonged natural oxidation or thermal annealing of the films, or through the direct laser ablation in the presence of oxygen. Possible mechanisms of PL signals are discussed.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Ozonation of Three Dichlorophenols in Aqueous Solutions

This research investigates the kinetic parameters associated with the ozonation of 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,5-dichlorophenols (DCPs) in aqueous solutions at 25°C. The overall ozonation kinetics of each DCP was found to be first order with respect to each reactant concentration (i.e., DCP and ozone). Among the three isomers studied, the ozonation of 2,5-DCP was the fastest with the overall rate constant varying from 68,500 to 7,750,000 M−1 s−1 within a pH range of 2.1 to 5.0. The overall rate constant increased with pH because of the increase in the degree of dissociation of the DCP molecules to dichlorophenoxide ions. The electrophilic addition of ozone at the ortho and para positions of the molecular and ionic forms of the DCPs was postulated to be the likely mechanism for the degradation of the DCPs to chlorobenzenediols, monochlorophenols, chlorocyclohexadienediones, ethylacetate, heptanone, carboxylic acids, and other by-products that were detected using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analysis.
Transport of Atrazine in Residue-Amended Soils: Effect of Kinetics

In this study, our aim was to quantify the transport of atrazine in soil columns where sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hyb.) residue was incorporated. The residue is a result of sugarcane combine harvest technology where massive amount of residue is deposited on the soil surface after each harvest. Miscible displacement experiments were carried out to quantify the mobility of atrazine in soil columns where sugarcane residue was mixed a Commerce soil. The residue was either incorporated uniformly with the soil or applied as a thin mulch layer over surface soil. The incorporation of residue with the soil resulted in retarded atrazine mobility because of strong sorption and slow release of the breakthrough curves (BTCs) during leaching. Moreover, early arrival of atrazine in the column effluent was observed from BTC results where the residue was uniformly incorporated with the soil, which is possibly due to physical nonequilibrium conditions, that is, preferential flow or macropore flow. An equilibrium-type model was incapable of describing atrazine BTCs from all columns regardless of whether the residue was placed as a surface layer or incorporated in the soil. In contrast, good overall description of measured BTC results was realized when a fully kinetic model was used. Therefore, our hypothesis that kinetic rather than equilibrium-type reactions are the dominant mechanisms for the release of adsorbed atrazine from the residue is supported.