Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergence: When a Difference in Degree Becomes a Difference in Kind

Over the past fifteen years, psychoanalysts have become increasingly interested in the modeling techniques and implications of complexity theory. Complexity theory is based on the findings from several areas of research, including the study of nonlinear dynamic systems, deterministic chaos, selforganization, artificial life, and cellular automata, to name a few. Although these lines of research differ in terms of emphasis and technique, they share an interest in understanding the processes underlying emergence. Emergence describes the development in a dynamic system of collective and coordinated structures, functions, and patterns that are qualitatively different, irreducible, and unpredictable from knowledge of a system’s preceding conditions. Emergence may seem like a relatively uncommon occurrence, but once we begin to look, we see signs of emergence in a wide variety of systems. For instance, there is evidence of emergence in the evolution and extinction of species (Kauffman 1995) and in the history of the Earth’s climate and geological changes (Bak 1996). There is also evidence of emergence in predator–prey relationships, the spotted or striped patterns of animal coats, and the collective, coordinated patterns of birds in flight, hiving bees, and foraging ants and termites (Goodwin 1994; Resnick 1994). Getting a little closer to home, there is evidence of emergence in organizational dynamics (Goldstein 1994), traffic patterns, the distribution of wealth in society, the spread of disease (Epstein and Axtell 1996; Resnick 1994), patterns of brain activity (Freeman 1995, chapter 2) and human development (Demos, chapter 6; Kelso 1999; Thelen and Smith 1996; Wolff 1996), motivation (Ghent 2002), gender identity
Comparing the Current and Desired State of Teaching Professional Ethics among Faculty Members; University of Sistan and Baluchestan

University based on gender, field of study, and educational level (p>0.05). Conclusion In the teachers of Sistan and Baluchestan University, teaching professional ethics is assessed slightly more than the average level. However, there is a gap between the current situation of teaching professional ethics and its desired situation.
INCOME MOBILITY IN SWEDEN

This paper derives and compares income mobility of immigrants and native Swedes during the periods 1980-84 and 1992-96. A general review of the concept of income mobility is conducted, as well as a theoretical examination of possible determining factors and consequences of the income mobility concept. The empirical analysis is deduced by using a database, consisting of approximately 600 000 individuals whose incomes can be followed since 1968. The results demonstrate greater income mobility for immigrants than for native Swedes during the years 1980-84. It is found that during the transition years, between the first and the second time period, income mobility in absolute terms increased for both immigrants and native Swedes. It is also found that, in relative terms, the increase was greater for native Swedes than for immigrants. Författare: André Lippman Kaj Thomsson Handledare: Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg
Neural Versus Non-Neural Text Simplification: A Case Study

We propose a modular rule-based system for Text Simplification and show that it out-performs the state-of-the-art neural-based simplification system in terms of simplicity. We compare the output of both systems to highlight the differences between the two approaches. Further, we present an adaptation of our system to handle domain-specific tasks, where we employ a hybrid approach of our rule-based system and phrase-based machine translation to simplify medical discharge summaries in a low-resource situation. We compile a small medical simplification dataset to evaluate our proposed solution.
A Study on Generation Y and Job Satisfaction in Vietnam

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation and relationship between motivational factors and job satisfaction of generation Y employees of SMEs in HCM city, Vietnam. The motivational factors are Rewards, Leadership styles and Organizational commitment factor. The study uses survey strategy to collect the data from 245 Vietnamese SMEs employees and uses quantitative method to test the correlation and relationship between motivational factors and job satisfaction of generation Y employees of SMEs in HCM city, Vietnam. Results study indicate that there is a correlation between each motivational factor with job satisfaction. Moreover, there are two factors have a relationship with job satisfaction, that are rewards and leaderships, whereas organizational commitment didn’t have a relationship with job satisfaction of generation Y employees of SMEs in HCM city, Vietnam.
EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS IN OECD COUNTRIES: REASSESSING THE ROLE OF POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS by ANDREA BASSANINI and ROMAIN DUVAL

1. The OECD Jobs Strategy stressed the need for fundamental labour market reforms to deal with high and persistent unemployment that affected many member countries (OECD, 1994a, 1997). The case for policy reforms made in the OECD Jobs Study was based on a careful scrutiny of the evidence (both qualitative and quantitative) available at the time. Since then, empirical research on the topic has improved on two fronts. First, microeconometric techniques have evolved and new evidence has become available, as reflected in OECD (2006). Second, the OECD Secretariat has constructed several indicators of policies and institutions that are comparable both across countries and over time. These indicators have been used in a wide range of macroeconometric studies to explore the labour market effects of policies and institutions. While the main policy conclusions from these studies have generally been consistent with the main thrust of the OECD Jobs Strategy, previous OECD recommendations have also been challenged in some cases (see Section 1 and Annex 1 for references). The purpose of this paper is to reassess and expand the recent macroeconometric evidence, taking into account recent advances in both theoretical and empirical analysis, in order to provide further support for the evaluation and reformulation of policy recommendations made in OECD (2006) and subsequent policy papers.
Regulatory Changes, Board Monitoring and Earnings Management in Nigerian Financial Institutions

This paper explores the heterogeneity of board of directors and shareholders involvement in the audit committee in addressing the question of whether the board of directors and audit committee shareholders are effective in suppressing earnings management after the implementation of 2011 revised Code of Corporate Governance in Nigeria. The paper utilized data generated after the implementation of the new Code. It examines explicitly board effectiveness and audit committee shareholder chairman on earnings management in Nigerian financial institutions. The study utilizes a dynamic panel data model of the generalized method of moment (GMM) in analyzing the data. The empirical results suggest that board independence and shareholders as audit committee chair play an essential and a significant negative relationship in curving earnings management. Specifically, the results show that shareholders played effective roles in chairing the audit committee and suppressing the magnitude of earnings management. The results affirmed that the Big 4 relates to lower earnings management. Regulators should consider increasing the number of years shareholders representatives are to serve in the audit committee to continuously improve the quality of the financial reporting process and suppress managers’ opportunistic behavior.
Investment incentives and the geography of innovation in telecommunications

The literature on access prices and investment has suggested that firms under‐invest when subject to an access provision obligation combined with a fixed access price per consumer. In this paper, I study an application of menu regulation in that the access price per consumer for an innovative service such as superfast broadband provided by a regulated firm is a function of its geographical coverage (indexation approach). I develop a model in which the indexation approach can enhance economic efficiency beyond what is achieved with a fixed access price. In particular, it can simultaneously induce the firms to set lower retail prices, lead to wider geographical coverage of innovative services and higher social welfare level as compared to a fixed access price. Moreover, in the model, the indexation may be used to achieve the Ramsey outcome, or the first‐best coverage level. An impact assessment of the indexation approach on infrastructure duplication and areas of investment uncertainty is provided. Several extensions are investigated. I highlight the potential role of indexation as a tool to reduce the need for public subsidies and the associated tax distortions when compared to a fixed access price. Price controls à la carte Media@LSE Working Paper #53
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Compression Fractures

Purpose : To evaluate the results of percutaneous vertebroplasty using PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. Materials and Methods : A retrospective review was conducted of 38 patients with 64 vertebrae treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty from June 1999 to May 2000. The patients had symptomatic, osteoporotic fractures and had failed medical therapy. Immediate and long-term pain responses and complications of the percutaneous vertebroplasty with PMMA were evaluated. Results : Thirty-three (86.8%) of the 38 patients reported pain improvement within the first 48 hours. Seventeen (44.8%) were evaluated as excellent; eleven (28.9%), as good; six (15.8%), as fair; and four (10.5%), as poor. Fourteen (36.8%) patients had cement extrusion into a disc, paravertebral vessels or epidural space without significant systemic symptoms. Conclusion : Percutaneuos vertebroplasty using PMMA provided significant pain relief in a high percentage of patients with osteoporotic compression fractures. It is considered to be an alternative method of treating patients with osteoporotic compression fractures of vertebral bodies who do not respond to conservative treatment.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN THE NETHERLANDS. A DEMOGRAPHY OF FIRMS APPROACH

In the course of time, regional economies grow, decline or stabilize. However, in either of such states the real level of regional economic dynamism may differ widely if we look at the components of growth or decline such as the birth and growth of new firms, firm migrations, and the decline and closure of firms. A thorough explanation of the dynamics of a regional economy requires the description and analysis of the components of change in populations of firms, much in the same way as demographers are looking for demographic trends in fertility, mobility and mortality in order to understand the real structure and causes of population change. To the analogy of population demography such an approach in empirical research may be labeled as ‘demography of firms’. The demography of firms approach developed within economic geography since the late 1970s. But we see comparable developments in other disciplines. What is labeled as firm demography by geographers is known as organization ecology and industrial organization analysis in sociology and economics (Pellenbarg and van Steen 2003a). Depending of the aim and scope of firm demographic analyses, it may apply to countries, regions, or local units. The aim of this article is to describe and comment the key characteristics of the spatial economic dynamism in the country of the Netherlands in terms of the demography of firms approach, and concentrates on the regional variations, as they are observable within the national context. Subsequently, we will treat the firm demographic categories of newly created firms, firm closures, firm migrations, growth and decline of firms, and old firms. The paper is a rewritten version of an article published recently in the Journal of Economic and Social Geography (TESG) 2003, nr. 5 (Pellenbarg & van Steen 2003b).
Synthesis, structural study and X-ray structure determination of transition metal complexes of 4-phenyl-1-(1-(pyridin-2-yl) ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide

Reaction of 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide and 2-acetylpyridine afforded the ligand 4-phenyl-1-(1(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)thiosemicarbazide (H2L). Reaction of H2L and metal transition chloride salt in presence of potassium thiocyanate yield complexes formulated as [Mn(HL)2 (SCN)](H2O) (1), [Fe(HL)2] (SCN)(H2O) (2), [Co(HL)(H2L)] (SCN)(H2O) (3), [Ni(HL)(SCN)] (4), {[Cu(H2L) . (SCN))](NCS)2[Cu(H2L) (SCN)]}(H2O)2 (5), [Zn(H2L)(SCN)2] (6). Elemental analysis, IR, UV, molar conductivity and room temperature magnetic moment measurements were used for characterizing these compounds. The structures of [Fe(HL)2] (SCN)(H2O) (2) and [Zn(H2L)(SCN)2] (6) were determined by X-ray diffraction technic. The two mononuclear complexes (2) and (6) crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. In [Fe(HL)2] SCNH2O, the Fe 3+ is hexacoordinated in an octahedral environment by two molecules ligand of H2L which acts in tridentate fashion via one imino nitrogen atom, one pyridyl nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom; one SCN anion stabilize the complex and one lattice water molecule is present. In [Zn(H2L)(SCN)2], the Zn 2+ is pentacoordinated in a bipyramidal trigonal environment by one ligand molecule of H2L which acts in tridentate fashion and two SCN .
A Minimum Crossed Entropy Model to Generate Information at Disaggregated Level

Montado ecosystem in the south of Portugal, integrated in Mediterranean ecosystems, has been extensively used by man for agro-forestry-extensive grazing systems. Sustainable development of this Montado ecosystem demands a long-term perspective about the consequences of today’s activities, but a definition of the homogeneous units among this heterogeneous ecosystem is absolutely needed. This paper demonstrates the adherence of the minimum crossed entropy model as a process conducting to dynamic spatial information generation and disaggregation. With this model, it will be possible to use the disposable information to generate data disaggregated to homogeneous units that can be used on the estimation of these territories’ soil occupation. The results quality will be evaluated using the weighted prescription absolute deviation (DAPP) and measuring the quantity of information that is changed due to aggregation process by the use of a “Disagegation Information Gain” (DIG), based on the cross entropy between the observed values of soil occupation at aggregated and disaggregated level and on the crossed entropy between the soil occupation estimated by the disaggregation model and those observed at HSU disaggregated level. Key-Words: Montado ecosystem, minimum crossed entropy model, homogeneous units, Alentejo.
Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation Volume 24 Temperature Data Assimila

ABSTRACT The NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) has developed an ocean data assimilation system to initialize the quasi-isopycnal ocean model used in our experimental coupled-model forecast system. Initial tests of the system have focused on the assimilation of temperature profiles in an optimal interpolation framework. It is now recognized that correction of temperature only often introduces spurious water masses. The resulting density distribution can be statically unstable and also have a detrimental impact on the velocity distribution. Several simple schemes have been developed to try to correct these deficiencies. Here the salinity field is corrected by using a scheme which assumes that the temperature-salinity relationship of the model background is preserved during the assimilation. The scheme was first introduced for a z- level model by Troccoli and Haines (1999). A large set of subsurface observations of salinity and temperature is used to cross-validate two data assimilation experiments run for the 6-year period 1993- 1998. In these two experiments only subsurface temperature observations are used, but in one case the salinity field is also updated whenever temperature observations are available. The effectiveness of the Troccoli and Haines scheme is reflected not only in a better salinity field but also in an improved temperature field. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between the assimilation analyses and observations in the equatorial Pacific shows an average improvement in the upper 900m of 20% in the salinity field and of
Quality assurance of environmental gamma radiation measurements in Slovenia

Environmental gamma radiation monitoring established in Slovenia consists of a network of multifunctional gamma monitors (MFM) based on pairs of GM counters and a network of measuring sites with high sensitive TLD detectors. The measuring points are evenly spread across Slovenia, located at the meteorological stations and more densely on additional locations around the Krško NPP. The MFM network has twofold function with one sensor used for purpose of early warning system in near surroundings of the NPP and the other, more sensitive, for natural radiation monitoring. The paper summarizes some activities to establish quality assurance of the environmental gamma radiation measurements in Slovenia, with critical view of the results in comparison to the international standards and recommendations.
EFFECT OF VISCOUS HEAT GENERATION ON TEMPERATURE OF RAREFIED GAS MICROFLOWS DRIVEN BY MOVING SURFACE

Good understanding of the gas flow under rarefied conditions is important for designing the micro-electro-mechanical systems. The Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations with the slip and jump conditions can capture the rarefied gas flows in the slip regime. In this paper, we focus on evaluating new type of the Smoluchowski jump condition that was recently proposed in our previous work by considering the viscous heat generation. It was validated for external highspeed rarefied gas flows over the stationary surface. Our investigation is undertaken for internal rarefied gas microflows past the moving surfaces. The lid driven microcavity and Couette cases are adopted for this investigation with Knudsen number ranging from 0.05 to 1, the surface velocity varying from 50 m/s to 200 m/s, and argon as working gas. All simulations are run within the OpenFOAM framework. The gas temperatures along the moving surface and those across the microchannel predicted by new type of the Smoluchowski jump condition are close to the DSMC and R13-moment data in all cases considered
Histopathological Changes That Occur on the Testicular and Penile Tissues Depending on the Treatment of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Rat Model

Objectives: To examine the histopathological effects of hCG treatment on the penile and the testicular tissue in rat model. Materials and Methods: The rats of the hCG group (n = 8) were given daily subcutaneous injections of 50 IU of hCG for 15 days (Pregnyl, Organon). Rats of the control group(n = 8) received subcutaneous isotonic saline. All rats were sacrificed at the first month after hCG administration. After the received tissue samples were examined germinal epithelial cell thickness, seminiferous tubule diameter, internal diameter of the tubules, the number of germ cell layers in the testicular tissue and the diameters of penis, cavernous sinus lumen diameters and collagen tissue amount in the cavernous sinus surrounding were assessed in the sections prepared from the penis. Results: İt was detected a decrease in the testis weight, a clear atrophy in the tubules, a reduction in spermatogenesis, a clear decrease in the mature spermatocytes, lower the mean thickness and the number of cell layers of the germinal membrane in testicular tissue in the hCG group. İt was found that the amount of collagen in penile tissue was higher in the hCG group and diameters of cavernosal sinus lumens, diameter of the penis was lower than in the hCG group Conclusion: hCG led to the deterioration in testicular histology and the histological changes in the penile tissue. The degradation in the testicular tissue and these changes formed in the penile tissue may affect the erectile tissue function.
Effect of Different Oil Seeds on Productive Perfor-mance and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Content of Buffalo's Milk* 1- Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes

: Nine Egyptian dairy buffaloes in mid lactation period (from 8 th to 26 th week of lactation) were ran-domly assigned to one of three groups (three animals each) in a complete randomized design for 19 weeks, to determine the feeding value of experimental diets and performance of lactating buffaloes. Buffaloes were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 40% roughage and 60% concentrate mixture (CM) on dry matter basis either without added fat (control) or with 10% of CM as crushed sunflower seeds (SS group), or 10% of CM as crushed canola seeds (CS group). Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF and EE were increased (P<0.05) when sunflower or canola seeds were added, while NFE digestibility was not affected with treatments. Feed intake was the highest in the group fed crushed sunflower seed, followed by control group then that was fed crushed canola.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF PROBLEM- SOLVING SKILLS OF MUSIC TEACHER CANDIDATES’ TO THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PIANO COURSES

The aim of this study is to examine prospective music teachers’ self-perceptions of problem-solving skills (PSS) and how these perceptions affect their ability to solve problems encountered during piano courses. In addition, PSS perceptions of students were examined to see if they varied by gender and the type of high school from which they graduated, and whether there was a meaningful relationship with their success in the piano course. The study group comprised 35 prospective music teachers attending the first year of college. Quantitative data was collected using the “Problem Solving Inventory” developed by Heppner and Petersen (1982), while qualitative data consisted of recorded interviews conducted with 10 students. The data was analyzed using the t-test for independent groups, correlation analysis and content analysis. The study findings suggested that the prospective music teachers had a negative perception of their problem-solving skills. The interviews showed that students with negative PSS perceptions were more successful in solving the problems they encountered during piano courses. Students with positive perceptions, on the other hand, said they did not have confidence in their ability to solve problems during piano courses. There were no significant gender-related differences in the total scores or in the approach-avoidance and the personal control dimensions. In terms of problem solving confidence, there was a significant difference in favor of male students. Nevertheless, there was no significant relationship between PSS perception scores, the type of school from which the students graduated, and their success in piano courses. Interview results also supported this finding.