Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An adaptive scheme with parameter identification for spacecraft attitude control

We discuss the dynamic model of a spacecraft governed by gas jet actuators or momentum wheels. Dynamic control with parameter estimation which guarantees asymptotic stability of desired trajectories is designed. We obtain an adaptive scheme which provides the convergence of the tracking errors and, in addition, for persistently exciting desired motions ensures the convergence of parameter estimates to their true values. The scheme is of composite type as it exploits both the tracking errors and prediction errors to estimate system parameters. The scheme is modified to obtain, for persistently exciting motions, instability of all steady motions with the exception of the desired trajectory. The region in the phase space is defined where exponential convergence is achieved.
What is Mathematics, Really?

Most philosophers of mathematics treat it as isolated, timeless, ahistorical, inhuman. Reuben Hersh argues the contrary, that mathematics must be understood as a human activity, a social phenomenon, part of human culture, historically evolved, and intelligible only in a social context. Hersh pulls the screen back to reveal mathematics as seen by professionals, debunking many mathematical myths, and demonstrating how the "humanist" idea of the nature of mathematics more closely resembles how mathematicians actually work. At the heart of his book is a fascinating historical account of the mainstream of philosophy--ranging from Pythagoras, Descartes, and Spinoza, to Bertrand Russell, David Hilbert, and Rudolph Carnap--followed by the mavericks who saw mathematics as a human artifact, including Aristotle, Locke, Hume, Mill, and Lakatos.What is Mathematics, Really? reflects an insider's view of mathematical life, and will be hotly debated by anyone with an interest in mathematics or the philosophy of science.
On a fractional distributed-order oscillator

We consider a viscoelastic rod with a concentrated mass at its end. The mass is moving along the straight line that coincides with the rod axis. The mass is connected by a linear spring and a known active force is acting on it. We assume that the rod is light and described by fractional dissipation. The dynamics of such a system constitutes a problem of a fractional oscillator. In this paper, we shall study some properties of the solutions for the distributed-order fractional derivative viscoelastic rod.
Imprints on CMB Angular Power Spectrum Modes from Cosmological Reionization

The accurate understanding of the ionization history of the Universe plays a fundamental role in modern cosmology. It includes a phase of cosmological reionization after the standard recombination epoch, possibly associated to the early stages of structure and star formation. While the simple “τ-parametrization” of the reionization process and, in particular, of its imprints on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy likely represents a sufficiently accurate modelling for the interpretation of current CMB data, a great attention has been recently posed on the accurate computation of the reionization signatures in the CMB for a large variety of astrophysical scenarios and physical processes. The amplitude and shape of the B-mode Angular Power Spectrum (APS) depends, in particular, on the tensortoscalar ratio, r, related to the energy scale of inflation, and on the reionization history, thus an accurate modeling of the reionization process will have implications for the precise determination of r or to set more precise constraints on it through the joint analysis of E and B-mode polarization data available in the next future and from a mission of next generation. In this work we review some classes of astrophysical and phenomenological reionization histories, beyond the simpleτ-parametrization, a present a careful characterization of the imprints introduced in all the CMB APS modes. We have implemented a modified version of CAMB, the Cosmological Boltzmann code for computing the CMB anisotropy APS, to introduce the predicted hydrogen and helium ionization fractions. We compared the results obtained for these models for all the non-vanishing (in the assumed scenarios) modes of the CMB APS. Considering also the limitation from potential residuals of astrophysical foregrounds, we discussed the capability of next data to disentangle between different reionization scenarios in a wide range of tensor-to-scalar ratios.
Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific: Their Frontal Evolution

Abstract Extratropical transition (ET) in the western North Pacific during 2001–02 is examined in terms of frontal evolution and its environment using a gridded global analysis dataset produced by the Japan Meteorological Agency. According to the best-track data created by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo-Typhoon Center, 23 out of 52 (44%) tropical cyclones (TCs) completed ET during these two years. These ET cases are classified into three categories in terms of the lower-tropospheric equivalent potential temperature distributions, characteristics of the TCs, and their environments. Eight TCs (35% of all ET cases) had temporary warm secluded frontal patterns and then occluded patterns at the completion of ET, which is defined as a seclusion–occlusion (SO) type. This occurs downstream of an intense upper-tropospheric trough interacting with a TC, which is then likely to move northward while keeping its tropical characteristics and have a large impact on relatively high latitudes .
Braid statistics in local quantum theory

We present details of a mathematical theory of superselection sectors and their statistics in local quantum theory over (two- and) three-dimensional space-time. The framework for our analysis is algebraic quantum field theory. Statistics of superselection sectors in three-dimensional local quantum theory with charges not localizable in bounded space-time regions and in two-dimensional chiral theories is described in terms of unitary representations of the braid groups generated by certain Yang-Baxter matrices. We describe the beginnings of a systematic classification of those representations. Our analysis makes contact with the classification theory of subfactors initiated by Jones. We prove a general theorem on the connection between spin and statistics in theories with braid statistics. We also show that every theory with braid statistics gives rise to a “Verlinde algebra”. It determines a projective representation of SL(2, ℤ) and, presumably, of the mapping class group of any Riemann surface, even if t.
APOL1 renal risk variants promote cholesterol accumulation in tissues and cultured macrophages from APOL1 transgenic mice

Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variants G1 and G2, compared to the common allele G0, are major risk factors for non-diabetic kidney disease in African descent populations. APOL1 is a minor protein component of HDL, as well as being expressed in podocytes and vascular cells. Reverse cholesterol transport involves the transport of cholesterol to HDL by cellular ATP-binding cassette; ABCA1 and ABCG1 with subsequent delivery from peripheral tissues to the liver. With impaired reverse cholesterol transport, lipid accumulation occurs and macrophages morphologically transform into foam cells, releasing inflammatory factors. We asked whether the APOL1 risk variants alter peripheral cholesterol metabolism and specifically affect macrophage cholesterol efflux. Tissues and bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes were isolated from wild-type mice (WT) and from BAC/APOL1 transgenic (APOL1-G0, APOL1-G1, and APOL1-G2) mice, which carry a bacterial artificial chromosome that contains the human APOL1 genomic region. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using M-CSF, and then polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages. Cholesterol content, cholesterol efflux, and ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expression were measured. Kidney, spleen, and bone marrow-derived macrophages from APOL1-G1 and -G2 mice showed increased cholesterol accumulation and decreased ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels. BM-derived macrophages from APOL1-G1 and -G2 mice showed significantly reduced cholesterol efflux compared to WT or APOL1-G0 macrophages. Taken together, the evidence suggests that APOL1-G1 and -G2 risk variants impaired reverse cholesterol transport through decreased expression of cholesterol efflux transporters suggesting a possible mechanism to promote macrophage foam cell formation, driving inflammation in the glomerulus and renal interstitium.
Self-diffraction properties in nanotubes (CNTs)

Nonlinear effects are consequence of interaction of height intensities of energy with the matter. Self-diffraction is nonlinear effect and rings are produced. We analyzed the increase of rings due to changes in intensity of CW Ar laser that modify the nonlinear refractive index. The Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed on different solvents: a) water, b) ethanol, c) isoprophanol, and d) acetone. The concentrations were 10ml:1mg in all samples. The dependence between power and concentration of CNTs is shown.
Gastric Alimetry impacts the management pathway of chronic gastroduodenal disorders

Background Gastric Alimetry is a new diagnostic tool using non-invasive gastric electrical mapping and symptom logging to identify patient subgroups. This study aimed to propose an initial framework for Gastric Alimetry implementation in the routine management of gastroduodenal disorders, and assess its impact on diagnosis and management. Methods Gastric Alimetry using standard tests (30-min fasted, ~480kCal meal, followed by 4-hr postprandial recording with concurrent symptom logging) was applied to patients presenting with gastroduodenal symptoms. Results Overall, 50 patients were evaluated with Gastric Alimetry. The test aided management decisions in 78% of patients (39/50) and aided a change in diagnosis in 40% (20/50), predominantly from a motility disorder to disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Changes in invasive nutritional support occurred in 18% (9/50). Conclusion Gastric Alimetry impacted care in most patients in this first series. Further work to inform clinical utility is now a priority.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the monomer density profiles of knotted ring polymer chains confined in a slit of two parallel walls with one attractive and another repulsive surface.

We have used Molecular Dynamics simulations to obtain the monomer density profiles for real linear and ring polymer chains of 360 monomers length with different topological structures such as simple knots: 31, 61, 91, 10124, complex knots 313151 and twisted knots with n = 10 and n = 20 in a slit geometry of two parallel walls with one attractive and another repulsive surface. We have used Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) software to perform simulations with the Verlet integration algorithm. The interactions between monomers were simulated as Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential, for bonds we have used Finitely Extensible Nonlinear Elastic (FENE) potential and the interaction with the walls was taken into account via Lennard-Jones 9-3 potential. We observed that topologically complex polymers have lower monomer density profiles near the attractive wall, but at some distance in the direction to the repulsive wall this tendency changes to the opposite. We showed that most complex twisted knots have two maxima in narrow slits. In the wide slits we do not observe such relation for twisted knots at higher temperatures. These results are important for better understanding the nature of the depletion forces which arise in a slit geometry of two parallel walls with one attractive and one repulsive wall.
Review of Auroral Currents and Auroral Arcs

Discrete auroral arcs involve both magnetic-field-aligned electric fields and currents. Theories agree that the currents close below the arcs through the E region ionosphere. Postulated closures above the arcs include: (1) currents due to pressure gradients; (2) polarization currents; (3) currents in the conjugate ionosphere; (4) currents on the magnetopause. The energization of particles to several keV by parallel electric fields requires an energy input and hence a force doing work in the outer magnetosphere. For the above, this force is identified as: (1) diamagnetic repulsion of the plasma by the earth's field; (2) inertial forces as a flux tube gains and loses momentum due to interaction with the ionosphere; (3) magnetic stresses due to conjugate points not being those required for a minimum energy magnetosphere; (4) discontinuities in the magnetic stresses at the magnetopause arising from either the different histories of flux tubes or topological features such as the cleft. Any of the above result in a shear in the magnetic stresses from one side of the current sheet to the other consistent with the existence of the current sheet. Thus, if the magnetospheric convective flow is decoupled from the ionosphere by a non-zero resistivity, rapid convection occurs in thin sheets on each side of the arc producing: (1) a potential drop along field lines; (2) a net downward component of the Poynting vector to the region of particle acceleration. It is concluded that the process is one of energy transfer from magnetic fields to plasma and the possibility arises that this could occur at any tangential discontinuity in space where the electric current is subject to a non-zero resistivity. The process is compared with merging and possible flows are presented.
Assessing water quality in the northern Adriatic Sea from HICO™ data

This letter focuses on water-quality estimation in the northern Adriatic Sea using physically-based methods applied to image obtained with the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™). Optical properties of atmosphere and water were synchronously measured to parameterise such methods. HICO™-derived maps of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) indicated low values, in the range of 0–3 mg m−3 and 0–4 g m−3, respectively, correlating significantly with field data (R2 = 0.71 for chl-a and R2 = 0.85 for SPM). The results, on analysis, identify clear waters in the open sea and moderately turbid waters near the coast due to river sediment discharge and organic matter from coastal lagoons. These findings support the use of HICO™ data to assess water-quality parameters in coastal zones and suggest the feasibility of integrating them with future-generation space-borne hyperspectral images.
A Novel Modeling Technique to Solve a Class of Rectangular Waveguide Based Circuits and Radiators.

A new methodology has been developed, based on moment method; for analyzing a class of rectangular waveguide based circuits and radiators. The methodology involves in modeling the given structure using tetragonal bricks or cavities and then replacing all the apertures and discontinuities with equivalent magnetic current densities so that the given structure can be analyzed using only the Magnetic Field Integral Equation (MFIE). As it is necessary to use a number of such cavities in order to study these complicated waveguide structures, the present method is named as Multiple Cavity Modeling Technique (MCMT). The major advantage for using the MCMT in rectangular waveguide based structures is the fact that since only the magnetic currents present in the apertures are considered the methodology involves only solving simple magnetic field integral equations rather the coupled integral equation involving both the electric and magnetic currents. Further it is possible to consider both co and cross polarization and also the thickness of the waveguide discontinuities like diaphragm thickness or window thickness in the analysis. Due to this, it is possible to get highly accurate result. It is also possible to extend the method to any number of resonators, cavities or irises regardless of the polarization. To demonstrate, the methodology has been applied to analyze an open end of a waveguide with dielectric plug, both in transmitting and receiving mode, and a waveguide step discontinuity. Even mode and odd mode admittances of interacting identical inductive diaphragms have also been calculated using this methodology. Data obtained using this technique has been compared with measured, CST microwave studio simulation and literature available data. The theory has been validated by the reasonable agreement obtained between experimental data, simulated data and literature available data with numerical data.
Incompressible SPH Simulation of Double-Diffusive Convection Phenomena

An incompressible SPH method was developed to simulate double-diffusive convection phenomena, including the simultaneous diffusions of temperature and salinity, and both two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations were carried out. The "salt-finger phenomenon" resulting from instability at the interface between liquids with two different densities was successfully simulated. The results indicated that the ratio between the speed of temperature conduction and the salinity diffusion controlled the overall phenomenon. Additionally, the "Christmas-tree phenomenon" was successfully simulated. The results revealed that this phenomenon did not take place when the salinity profile had a vertically constant gradient, but only when the original salinity profile had a staircase-like profile with layers of several steps. Although the results indicated that the developed SPH method is capable of reproducing the basic features of the phenomena, a discrepancy in the growth rates remains.
Knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers toward research among medical students: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey

Introduction: Research in medicine has an impact on prevention, diagnosis, and newer treatment for the medical ailments. It has brought reforms in policies for health-care programs. Involvement of undergraduates in research was less, so this study was planned to determine the factors and their perception toward the same. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude, experience, and the barriers of research among medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted after the protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and obtaining written informed consent from participants. The predesigned validated questionnaire containing 34 questions was used. Filled questionnaires were received from the medical undergraduates of different phases of MBBS from our institute. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 89% (267/300) responded, 140/267 were females. The knowledge score regarding the concept of research and its methodology was 2405/3458 (70%). Sixty percent strongly agreed to include research in undergraduate curriculum, 57% believed that it would facilitate better understanding of the subject and clinical practice (41%). Nearly 56% opined that research was not waste of time and does not interfere in studies. Barriers for research were lack of awareness (53%), interest (54%), funds (62%), time (59%), and difficulty in follow-up of patients (67%). Almost 59% of students disagreed to lack of encouragement by faculty. Conclusion: Most of the participants had knowledge regarding research and expressed positive attitude toward involvement in research activity. Some of barriers were lack of awareness, time, funds, and difficulty in patient follow-up.
Spectrum estimation of moderately overspread radar targets using aperiodic transmitter coding

We present a new method of spectrum estimation of moderately overspread targets using a pulse-to-pulse method, with nonuniform pulse spacing. This method is especially applicable to VHF observations of the auroral electrojet irregularities, for which the ratio of the target range extent and the autocorrelation time exceeds the speed of light by a modest amount. For a suitable choice of pulse spacings, the range and frequency aliasing can be uniquely unraveled, and the estimation algorithm can be expressed in terms of the fast Fourier transform, for excellent computational efficiency. This technique should find application to other moderately overspread targets, such as Doppler weather radar and equatorial spread F.
Estimating multivariate random effects without replication

This paper considers the estimation of multivariate random effects that are measured with error, but for which there are no replications. Using structural simplification of the correlation of the data, separate estimates are generated for the covariance of the random effects and the covariance of the error. An estimator of the random effects based on a truncated eigen structure is defined, and matrix mean squared error and its trace (risk) are analyzed, with comparison to the maximum likelihood estimator (m.l.e) and also to the Stein-like estimator of Efron and Morris (1972). It is shown that the estimator has risk which is smaller than the risk of the maximum likelihood estimator and the Efron-Morris estimator in most cases.
The role of continental subduction in mantle metasomatism and carbon recycling revealed by melt inclusions in UHP eclogites

Subduction is the main process that recycles surface material into the mantle. Fluids and melts derived by dehydration and partial melting reactions of subducted continental crust, a major reservoir of volatiles (i.e., H2O and CO2) and incompatible elements, can substantially metasomatize and refertilize the mantle. Here, we investigate glassy inclusions of silicate melt of continental origin found in Variscan ultrahigh-pressure eclogites to assess the continental crust contribution to mantle metasomatism and the journey of volatiles, carbon in particular, to the deep roots of mountain belts. We argue that the melt preserved in these inclusions is the agent responsible for mantle metasomatism and subsequent ultrapotassic magmatism in the Variscides. We propose that continental subduction can redistribute a substantial volume of carbon in the continental lithosphere, which is subsequently transferred to the continental crust during postcollisional magmatism and stored for a time length longer than that of the modern carbon cycle.
ON VISCOUS FLUID FLOW DOWN AN INCLINED PLANE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROLL WAVES

We develop a tractable, and mathematically rigorous, asymptotic theory for the development of instability in viscous fluid flow down an inclined plane, at supercritical Reynolds numbers. Our theory involves consideration of an ill posed problem, and provides a new example of the way such problems come up in applied mathematics. We show how one may use additional information, inherent in the problem one really wishes to solve, in order to regularize this improperly posed problem. We discuss several numerical experiments and compare the results with experimental observations of “roll waves” and “slug flows” in inclined channels, at similar slopes and Reynolds numbers.
Perineuronal nets support astrocytic ion and glutamate homeostasis at tripartite synapses

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are dense, negatively charged extracellular matrices that cover the cell body of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons. Synapses can be embedded and stabilized by PNNs believed to prevent synaptic plasticity. We find that in cortical fast-spiking interneurons synaptic terminals localize to perforations in the PNNs, 95% of which contain either excitatory or inhibitory synapses or both. The majority of terminals also colocalize with astrocytic processes expressing Kir4.1 as well as glutamate (Glu) and GABA transporters, hence can be considered tripartite synapses. In the adult brain, degradation of PNNs does not alter axonal terminals but causes expansion of astrocytic coverage of the neuronal somata. However, loss of PNNs impairs astrocytic transmitter and K+ uptake and causes spillage of synaptic Glu into the extrasynaptic space. This data suggests a hitherto unrecognized role of PNNs, to synergize with astrocytes to contain synaptically released signals.