Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing test suites of extended finite state machines against model‐ and code‐based faults

Tests can be derived from extended finite state machine (EFSM) specifications considering the coverage of single‐transfer faults, all transitions using a transition tour, all‐uses, edge‐pair, and prime path with side trip. We provide novel empirical assessments of the effectiveness of these test suites. The first assessment determines for each pair of test suites if there is a difference between the pair in covering EFSM faults of six EFSM specifications. If the difference is found significant, we determine which test suite outperforms the other. The second assessment is similar to the first; yet, it is carried out against code faults of 12 Java implementations of the specifications. Besides, two assessments are provided to determine whether test suites have better coverage of certain classes of EFSM (or code) faults than others. The evaluation uses proper data transformation of mutation scores and p‐value adjustments for controlling Type I error due to multiple tests. Furthermore, we show that subsuming mutants have an impact on mutation scores of both EFSM and code faults; and accordingly, we use a score that removes them in order not to invalidate the obtained results. The assessments show that all‐uses tests were outperformed by all other tests; transition tours outperformed both edge‐pair and prime path with side trips; and single‐transfer fault tests outperformed all other test suites. Similar results are obtained over the considered EFSM and code fault domains, and there were no significant differences between the test suites coverage of different classes of EFSM and code faults.
New Achillea-feeding species of the aphid genus Uroleucon (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Bulgaria

An apterous viviparous female of a new aphid species Uroleucon (Uroleucon) bulgaricum sp. n. is described and compared with the similar species U. (Uroleucon) achilleae (Koch, 1865). The new species was collected by the late J. Holman in the Blagoevgrad region (SE Bulgaria), where it is associated with Achillea coarctata Poiret in Lam. (Asteraceae). The similarities and differences between other Achillea-feeding Uroleucon species are discussed. A morphological key to the species of the subgenus Uroleucon Mordvilko, 1914 in Bulgaria is presented. A modified key to the Achillea-feeding Uroleucon aphids of Blackman and Eastop is also provided.
Lumber Potential of Tropical Species in a Mixed Plantation:Assessment at 50 Months

Abstract The use of tropical species in forest plantations is an alternative to supply the demand of good quality wood. However, information regarding the performance of planted tropical species is scarce. The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the lumber potential of Cariniana legalis (“jequitiba-rosa”), Zeyheria tuberculosa (“ipe-felpudo”) and Cordia trichotoma (“louro-pardo”) in a forest plantation. Three trees per species were sampled at age of 50 months, planted in a mixed stand with 2 x 4 m spacing in Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil. We assessed characteristics of the trees, the logs, lumber yield, and partial volumetric shrinkage of wood. Total volumetric shrinkage of ipe-felpudo, jequitiba-rosa and louro-pardo would be around 12.80%, 13.40% and 11.58%, respectively. Among the three species analyzed, louro-pardo had the best performance, followed by ipe-felpudo, while jequitiba-rosa had the worst performance. All species had good performance regarding log quality and dimensional stability of wood.
Predation on planted and wild bay scallops (Argopecten irradians irradians) by busyconine whelks: studies of behavior incorporating acoustic telemetry

Quantifying predator–prey interactions and gaining insights into predator behavior are crucial for optimizing restoration strategies. However, such knowledge is often lacking for marine invertebrates. We examined potential impacts of predation by channeled Busycotypus canaliculatus and knobbed whelks Busycon carica on natural and planted populations of bay scallops in the Peconic Bays, New York, through laboratory and field investigations. In lab experiments, mean predation rates exhibited by small channeled whelks were low: 0.06 and 0.005 scallops d −1 for adult and juvenile scallops, respectively. Predation rates of small knobbed whelks on juvenile scallops were 22 × higher. Eighty-six percent (86%) of scallops consumed by channeled whelks had undamaged shells, while 73% eaten by knobbed whelks had notched ventral margins. In field plots where scallop densities were manipulated via removals/plantings, whelks consumed ~ 2% of ~ 19,100 planted juveniles, whereas crabs and presumably finfish consumed > 40% overall. Acoustic telemetry revealed that tagged channeled whelks moved shorter distances and spent more time in plots planted with scallops versus those without scallops. Whelks spent more time in low versus high-density plots, but consumed far more scallops in the latter. In trials without scallops, whelk movement rates were 5 × higher, presumably due to increased exploratory behavior. Overall, whelks were most active during crepuscular hours and during periods of increasing wind speeds. Our results, combined with population abundance data, suggest that whelks (especially B. carica ) are drawn to planted bay scallop aggregations, but probably contribute to relatively low overall mortality in the context of restoration efforts.
Estimating Test-Score Growth for Schools and Districts With a Gap Year in the Data

We evaluate the feasibility of estimating test-score growth for schools and districts with a gap year in test data. Our research design uses a simulated gap year in testing when a true test gap did not occur, which facilitates comparisons of district- and school-level growth estimates with and without a gap year. We find that growth estimates based on the full data and gap-year data are generally similar, establishing that useful growth measures can be constructed with a gap year in test data. Our findings apply most directly to testing disruptions that occur in the absence of other disruptions to the school system. They also provide insights about the test stoppage induced by COVID-19, although our work is just a first step toward producing informative school- and district-level growth measures from the pandemic period.
Potential hydrological regime requirements for spawning success of the Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis in its present spawning ground of the Yangtze River

Reservoir impoundment often alters the hydrological regimes of the river and consequently leads to the extinction of some sensitive species. This study analysed the spawning response of a critically endangered (CR) species, Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis, under the changing hydrological regimes caused by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Based on our statistic analysis, we inferred that the long duration (>100 days) and large magnitude (>1.8 * 106 m3/s) of high flow pulse in the flood season and low accumulated water temperature in October (<660°C) and November (<540°C) were key hydrological regimes to induce the spawning success of Chinese sturgeon. Such hydrological regimes could not be satisfied after the third phase of the TGR impoundment in 2005, which decreased the suitability of the flow (HSIF) and temperature (HSIT) regimes for the spawning of Chinese sturgeon. However, a significant complementary relationship between high HSIF and low HSIT was found in all years of successful spawning after 2005, but it did not occur in the nonspawning years of 2013, 2015 and 2017, which could be the reason for spawning failure in these years. In the years 2018 and 2019, although the complementary relationship existed, the spawning failure in these 2 years was probably due to few parent fish. Therefore, we suggest that future conservation measures should focus on both optimizing operations of the TGR to ensure suitable hydrological conditions and restocking with adult fish to ensure successful spawning.
The hiring and management practices of a seven-year extracurricular program to enhance Asian undergraduates’ English as an international language communication skills

ABSTRACT An investigation of how an administrator developed and managed a local extracurricular program in an internationalized Asian university was conducted. The transcript resulting from an interview with the administrator of the extracurricular program and 56 monthly learning units of extracurricular program lesson outlines were analyzed, finding most of the program was led by international students, thereby exposing local students to English speakers from each of Kachru’s Three Circles of English (Inner, Outer, and Expanding). The presence and availability of international users of English and the ways in which they used English with local students benefited the development and implementation of the extracurricular program. The flexibility in the recruitment policy as well as the ways in which the extracurricular program was implemented supported recommendations found in the EIL/ELF literature. Unlike previous research, this study did not find a preference for hiring Inner Circle English speakers.
A quantitative and covariational reasoning investigation of students’ interpretations of partial derivatives in different contexts

This paper extends work in the areas of quantitative reasoning and covariational reasoning at the undergraduate level. Task-based interviews were used to examine third-semester calculus students’ reasoning about partial derivatives in five tasks, two of which are situated in a mathematics context. The other three tasks are situated in real-world contexts (i.e. weight, revenue, and mortgage). There are three main findings from this study. First, interpreting quantities representing partial derivatives in real-world contexts was problematic for most of the students. Second, students’ interpretations of partial derivatives were not consistent across tasks. Third, all the students engaged in several levels of covariational reasoning when interpreting quantities representing partial derivatives in the context of weight, revenue, and mortgage. Implications for calculus instruction and directions for future research are included.
Gut and Colony Microbiota of Honey Bees Apis mellifera: Social Immunity, Opportunistic Disease and Survival Overwinter.

BackgroundOverwintering is a major contributor to honey bee colony loss and involves changes in environmental conditions, host physiology and group behavior that influence disease susceptibility. Honey bees possess a secretory head gland that interfaces with the extended colony environment on many levels, producing pro-oxidants, antioxidants and antimicrobial peptides. With the coming of winter, colonies produce a long-lived (diutinus) worker phenotype that survives until environmental conditions improve. We used a known-age worker cohort to investigate microbiome integrity and social gene expression of diutinus workers overwinter. We provide additional context by contrasting host-microbial interactions from warm outdoor and cold indoor overwintering environments. ResultsWe produce the first evidence that social immune gene expression is associated with the core hindgut and colony microbiota in honey bees, and highlight the midgut as a target of opportunistic disease overwinter. We discovered a distinct physiological and microbiological trajectory for diutinus workers that differs drastically from younger, short-lived workers in the colony. Diutinus bees were associated with decreased fungal load and decreased bacterial diversity, and increased core microbiota and longevity. Colonies overwintered indoors maintained a stable or improved microbiota structure and complimentary gene expression overwinter. In contrast, workers from colonies overwintered outdoors in warm southern conditions possessed changes co-occurring throughout the alimentary tract microbiota that suggest opportunistic disease progression and resistance in diutinus workers, but susceptibility to opportunistic disease in younger workers that emerged during the winter, including increases in Enterobacteriaceae, fungal load and bacterial diversity abundance. ConclusionsOur results highlight social selection pressures that shaped the colony and hindgut microbiome with evolution to a perennial life history. The results are consistent with a “group level” explanation of social immunity, including host associations with the colony microbiota, and a social immune response by long-lived diutinus workers to accompany microbial opportunism. The cost/benefit ratio associated with limited expression of the diutinus phenotype may be a strong determinant of colony survival overwinter. The relationship of colony and gut microbiota with social immune function highlights the range of host-microbial interaction associated with the honey bee superorganism, and its potential influence on colony health, disease resistance and gut integrity.
Effect of Substrate Bias and Temperature Variation in the Capacitive Coupling of SOI UTBB MOSFETs

In this work, the electrical features related to the capacitive coupling and temperature influence of the Ultra-Thin Body and Buried Oxide SOI MOSFET (UTBB) transistors are explored through numerical simulations. The impact of the substrate bias is observed for a set of values ranging from -3 V to 2 V for a temperature range between 100 K and 400 K. Also, structures with different types of ground plane (GP-P and GPN) and without GPhave been evaluated. This approach analyzes the capacitive coupling through the body factor and shows that the negative biasing for all GP types significantly improves the structure coupling and that the device with P-type ground plane has the lowest value of body factor for all the evaluated conditions. The dependence of the body factor on the temperature has shown to be negligible for longer devices. However, for devices shorter than 50 nm, the position of the maximum electrons concentration inside the silicon layer may affect the capacitive coupling.
Private Car, Public Oversight: Municipal Regulation of Ride-hailing Platforms in Toronto and the Greater Golden Horseshoe

Municipalities in many regions of Canada have regulated vehicle-for-hire services. With the rise of ride-hailing platforms, such as Uber and Lyft, this responsibility to produce a reliable vehicle-for-hire service has largely been transferred to private platforms. Using a case study of the City of Toronto and surrounding Greater Golden Horseshoe, this article examines how local regulation of this critical urban mobility service has changed. Drawing upon an analysis of 27 interviews with municipal staff, councilors and industry experts, a review of written local media, and a review of government documents, the study finds that municipalities are withdrawing from direct control of the industry due to a lack of tools of oversight and a prioritization of private industry over public service. The study discusses ongoing challenges that may be addressed by greater oversight of the service. It concludes by highlighting examples of municipalities growing their capacity for oversight and provides recommendations for further growth.
The Complementary Currency Zielony in Poland and Its Importance for the Development of Local Economy Entities during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

The article aims to present how the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown affects the functioning and circulation of complementary currencies in entities that have joined the complementary currency system with a special focus on the complementary currency Zielony (PLZ) in Poland. The main research problem of the paper is formulated in the form of a question concerning the impact of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of the Zielony in Poland in commercial transactions by entities belonging to the local currency system. In order to achieve the objective and solve the main problem, the article uses such research methods as: the method of critical analysis of literature, historical method, statistical method, comparative method, observational method, free expert interview, as well as analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction and abstraction. We conducted a critical analysis of the literature and analysis of statistical data of the complementary currency Zielony in Poland in the period from March 2015 to June 2021, and the results of the expert interview showed that this currency is not a tool to support the functioning of local economy entities during non-financial crises, such as COVID-19 pandemic. This is influenced by, among other things, full or partial lockdown and other restrictions on the functioning of commercial entities during a pandemic. The consequences of such solutions include the weakening of economic activity and a decrease in the value of turnover of entities operating in various sectors of the local economy, especially entities of a service nature, which constitute about 80% of the structure of the Zielony complementary currency system in Poland. The main conclusion resulting from the conducted research is as follows: the complementary currency Zielony in Poland can influence the creation of local entrepreneurship and sustainable development and support the activities of the sector of small- and medium-sized enterprises, but these benefits are possible to achieve primarily in conditions of stable and undisturbed functioning of the economy. The realization of the payment function of the complementary currency, the Zielony, and its use in payments of entities belonging to those industries covered by lockdown and other administrative restrictions is impossible (or insignificant) at this time due to the absence (or hindered) of its circulation in the economy. The research results and conclusions presented in the article meet the assumptions of the application objective and can provide the entities of the micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprise sector with knowledge about the dependencies resulting from the use of the complementary currency in the lockdown period by the entities that implement the assumptions of the system of complementary currencies.
Moderating effect of internal control system to determinants influencing the financial statement disclosure

This study examines whether the internal control system moderates the relationship among budget expenditure, government size, legislative size, and audit findings on financial statement disclosure in Indonesia. This is a quantitative study that uses the purposive sampling technique to collect data from 240 local governments in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Smart PLS. The results show that government size, legislative size, and audit findings had a positive and significant effect on financial statement disclosure, whereas budget expenditure does not. In addition, the findings revealed that the internal control system moderates the relationship between government size and legislative size and financial statement disclosure, but not by audit findings. The study contributed to extending the institutional and agency theory that explains these factors toward disclosure in the local government in Indonesia. The findings suggest that Indonesia’s local governments consider potential factors regarding increasing pressure to carry out disclosure of financial statements, as well as increasing the proper disclosure required by applicable Indonesian regulations.
A Systematic Review of the Most Recent Concepts in Smart Windows Technologies with a Focus on Electrochromics

In the context of sustainability and in the face of ambitious goals towards the reduction of CO2 emission, the modification of transparency in architecture becomes an important tool of energy flow management into the building. Windows that dim to stop the energy transfer reduce the cooling load in the building. Recently, however, the latest achievements in the development of electrochromic materials allowed us to integrate some additional—previously unknown—functionalities into EC devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of recent technological innovations in the field of smart windows and present the possibilities of recently established functionalities. This review article outlines recent general progress in electrochromic but concentrates on multicolour and neutral black electrochromism, spectrally selective systems, electrochromic energy storage windows, hybrid EC/TC systems, OLED lighting integrated with the EC device, and EC devices powered by solar cells. The review was based on the most recent publication from the years 2015–2020 recorded in the databases WoS and Scopus.
Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye ve Örgütsel Güvenlerine İlişkin Bir Çalışma

In the study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between teachers' organizational psychological capital levels and organizational trust levels and the effect of organizational psychological capital on organizational trust. Relational survey model was used in the research. The study group of the research consists of 220 teachers working in Kilis. The research data were subjected to t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression analyses. As a result of the analyses, it was found that organizational psychological capital does not differ significantly according to gender, professional seniority and seniority at the current school; according to the marital status variable, it was concluded that it significantly differentiated. It is concluded that organizational trust does not differ significantly according to the variables of gender, marital status, professional seniority and seniority at the current school. A significant relationship was found between organizational psychological capital and organizational trust. As a result of the regression analysis, it was concluded that organizational psychological capital is a significant predictor of organizational trust. In this sense, it should be taken into consideration that contributions to organizational psychological capital will also have a positive effect on organizational trust.
Metal Ions-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease and Chelation Therapy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), ranked as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide, is one of the most incidental neurodegenerative disorders. AD patients experience irreparable damages to the brain, indicated as progressive, insidious, and degenerative. Past research has discovered that the amyloid cascade hypothesis best describes the pathophysiological etiology of AD, designating amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as the ‘hallmarks’ of AD pathology. Furthermore, accumulating evidence show that the oxidative stress state, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidation, contributes to AD development. This chapter describes the oxidative stress process in AD. It mainly tackles the correlation of metal-catalyzed ROS production with amyloid-β and how it oxidatively damages both the amyloid-β itself and the surrounding molecules, potentially leading to AD. Additionally, both the role of metal chelation therapy as a treatment for AD and its challenges will be mentioned as well. This chapter specially focuses on how metal ions imbalance induces oxidative stress and how it affects AD pathology.
On the non-monotonic behaviour of fire spread

A conceptual model based on the dynamic interaction between fire, the fuel bed and the surrounding flow to explain the non-monotonic or intermittent behaviour of fires is proposed. According to the model, even in nominally permanent and uniform boundary conditions, the fire-induced flow modifies the geometry of the flame and its rate of spread. After an initial acceleration, there is a reduction in the rate of spread followed by one or more cycles of growth. Carefully controlled experiments of fires in slopes and canyons show that the evolution of fire properties, namely flame angle and rate of spread, have high-frequency oscillations superimposed on the low-frequency fire growth cycle described above.