Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Properties of segmented polyurethanes derived from different diisocyanates

Various segmented polyurethane materials with a polyurethane hard segment (HS) content of 40 wt % were prepared by bulk polymerization of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol with M n of 2000, 1,4-butanediol, and various diisocyanates. The diisocyanates used were pure 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (T100), toluene diisocyanate containing 80% 2,4-isomer and 20% 2,6-isomer (T80), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hydrogenated 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI), and 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI). The segmented polyurethane materials were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile properties, tear strength, and Shore A hardness. The DSC and DMA data show that the thermal transitions are influenced significantly by the diisocyanate structure. In the segmented polyurethane materials with aliphatic HS, the polyether soft segment (SS) is immiscible with the HS. However, in the segmented polyurethane materials with aromatic HS, the SS is partially miscible with the HS. The diisocyanate structure also influences the mechanical properties significantly and is described as the effect of symmetry and chemical structure of the HS. Various solution polymerized polyurethane resins with solid content of 30 wt % were also prepared and their thickness retention, water resistance, and yellowing resistance were determined for the evaluation of their usage as wet process polyurethane leather. The polyurethane resin with aliphatic HS show poorer thickness retention but better yellowing resistance.
The Infra‐Red Spectrum of Hydrogen Peroxide

The absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide vapor was examined under low dispersion in the range 2–15µ. Four bands were observed at 3590, 2630, 1255, and 877 cm^–1. The spectrum of the liquid also was measured between 2 and 21µ; it showed five bands at about 3400, 2780, 1350, 880, and 550 cm^–1. The last one, which seems very diffuse, is presumably the torsional oscillation of the OH groups; as such it corresponds to a potential energy barrier of the order of 4 kcal. /mole. New assignments are proposed in agreement with the model of Penney and Sutherland. Under high dispersion the second harmonic O--H frequency was found to consist of two identical hybrid bands at 7036.6 and 7041.8 cm^–1, of which the rotational constant for the ground state is in perfect agreement with that already found for the third harmonic band. The explanation given previously for the doublet character of the vibrational levels of hydrogen peroxide is further substantiated by the present results. From both vibrational and rotational data the O--H distance in hydrogen peroxide appears to be slightly greater than that in water.
KEMUNDURAN MUTU IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) PADA PENYIMPANAN SUHU CHILLING DENGAN PERLAKUAN CARA MATI

The time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end postrigor phase of catfish killed instantly in 0, 9, 57, and 144 hours was investigated. In addition, the time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end of postrigor phase of catfish killed after 12 hours without water media were 0, 6, 42, and 120 hours. Freshness declination of catfish killed instantly slower than killed after 12 hours without water media. Fish killed instantly had 5.1x10 colonies/g TPC (Total Plate Count) value and 24.36 mg N/100 TVB (Total Volatile Base) value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 3.95, 4.05, 4.30, 4.45, 4.45 and 3.45 respectively. On the other hand the fish killed after 12 hours without water media had 1,2x106 colonies /g, TPC value and 25,2 mg N/100 g TVB value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 2.3, 2.2, 2.8, 3.9, 3.7 and 2.85, respectively.
A Novel Method of Analyzing Peak Broadening Due to Mosaicity for Cubic Crystals on (001) Substrate using Double‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Methods

A novel method of analyzing X-ray peak broadening due to mosaicity for double-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements is proposed, which is an improved version of a conventional method using azimuthal angle dependence. The method is applicable to cubic crystals grown on a (001) substrate. The novelty of the method lies in the fact that the dependence of the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) on various reflection indices hkl is analytically derived in detail. The geometric relation between a tilted epilayer and the hkl measurement configuration is clarified, and a theoretical formula is derived. The resultant value of the FWHM divided by cos θc, where θc is the angle between (001) and (hkl) planes, is independent of the reflection index when the broadening is due to local tilt distribution caused by crystal mosaicity. The analytical method can be used as a criterion to judge whether or not X-ray peak broadening is due to the mosaicity. It is demonstrated that this formula holds for InAsP/InGaAsP SLS (strained layer superlattice) samples. The presented method is especially useful for samples with very weak peak intensity due to a high degree of mosaicity, to which reciprocal lattice-mapping measurement cannot be applied.
Determinants of Fungicide Spray Decisions for Wheat

Yield responses to the application of foliar fungicides to wheat are highly variable. As the cost of treatment is known, some method of estimating future yield response is required if treatments are to be applied only when the value of the yield benefit will exceed the cost. Treatment decisions are often supported by disease thresholds, either formalised or developed by crop managers through practical experience. In farm practice, the proportion of yield that is due to fungicide treatment is not usually known, so the success of a spray decision is often judged by the level of disease later in the season. This paper presents data from field experiments in 1994 and 1995, showing that variation in the current level of visible disease (yellow rust and Septoria tritici) explains little of the variation in future effects of the disease on the host, and that the yield effect of a unit disease is not constant across sites and seasons. These findings suggest that traditional disease thresholds may be unreliable predictors of the need to spray and that estimating the success of a treatment decision by observing disease levels later in the season is prone to error. A 'negative threshold', defined as that level of disease below which an economically damaging epidemic cannot develop within a known time-period, may be more reliable. Below the negative threshold, treatment is not required. Above the negative threshold, other factors affecting the rate of epidemic development and sensitivity of the host to green leaf area loss need to be considered, in order to quantify the need for treatment. Measurements which reflect the crop's ability to intercept solar radiation may prove more reliable tools than percentage disease for judging the success of treatment decisions and, experimentally, for quantifying the effect of variation in risk determinants.
Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma

The present study is a 15-month follow-up of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on the functioning of 66 participants, 32 of whom were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prior to treatment, PTSD participants improved as much as those without the diagnosis, with both groups maintaining their gains at 15 months. At 15-month follow-up, the three 90-min sessions of EMDR previously administered (S.A. Wilson, L.A. Becker, & R. H. Tinker, 1995) produced an 84% reduction in PTSD diagnosis and a 68% reduction in PTSD symptoms. The average treatment effect size was 1.59; the average reliable change index was 3.37. Implications of the maintenance of EMDR treatment effects are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TWENTY FOUR HOURS WATER DEPRIVATION ON RENAL FUNCTION OF SUDANESE NUBIAN GOATS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 24 -hours water deprivation on some urinary indices of renal functi on in Nubian goats. Ten mature non pregnant and non lactating Nubian goats, 3 to 4 years old weighing about 22.5 Kg were used. The animals were fixed with modified catheter for u rine collection using aseptic technique. The experiment was repeated six times with five days rest between the treatments. Water deprivation did not affect the urine pH or th e urinary concentration of ( K or Ca ), but caused a significant increase in Na, Mg (P<0.05) and total protein, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations (P<0.01). No effect on serum urea or Na, Ca, and Mg concentrations was observed.
A REASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF 5,6-DIHYDROXYINDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID MELANINS BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was applied to the structural investigation of synthetic melanins prepared by enzymatic or chemical oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), a major biosynthetic precursor. Following optimization of the experimental conditions, spectra with a clearly distinct pattern of peaks could be obtained for all melanin samples. In contrast to the commonly held notion of melanins as high molecular weight polymers, all the pigments analyzed are mixtures of oligomer species with molecular weights in the range 500–1500 Da. Marked differences in the nature of the oligomer components were observed depending on the preparation conditions. Indeed, significant degradation of the pigment backbone, resulting probably by peroxidative fission at the catechol site of the DHICA units, was found in most of the melanin pigments, even those prepared under mild oxidation conditions. The relevance of these results to the current use of synthetic melanins as models of the natural pigments is discussed.
Correlating δ 13 C and δ 18 O in cellulose of trees

We measured the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of stem cellulose of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior. Several sites along a transect of a small valley in Switzerland were selected which differ in soil moisture conditions. At every site, six trees per species were sampled, and a sample representing a mean value for the period from 1940 to 1990 was analysed. For all species, the mean site δ 13 C and δ 18 O of stem cellulose are related to the soil moisture availability, whereby higher isotope ratios are found at drier sites. This result is consistent with isotope fractionation models when assuming enhanced stomatal resistance (thus higher δ 13 C of incorporated carbon) and increased oxygen isotope enrichment in the leaf water (thus higher δ 18 O) at the dry sites. δ 18 O‐δ 13 C plots reveal a linear relationship between the carbon and oxygen isotopes in cellulose. To interpret this relationship we developed an equation which combines the above-mentioned fractionation models. An important new parameter is the degree to which the leaf water enrichment is reflected in the stem cellulose. In the combined model the slope of the δ 18 O‐δ 13 C plot is related to the sensitivity of the pi/pa of a plant to changing relative humidity.
Sparking potentials of dry air, humid air and water vapour between concentric sphere-hemisphere electrodes

The sparking potentials of dry air, humid air and water vapour between a pair of concentric sphere-hemisphere electrodes are measured, for both voltage polarities of the inner electrode, over a wide range of gas pressures. In dry air, the measurements are conducted over nearly five orders of magnitude of gas pressure. In dry air and for gas pressure >100 torr, corona is observed to precede the breakdown of the gap when the inner sphere is made negative. On the other hand, the corona inception and the breakdown of the gap occurs at the same potential for the positive polarity of the inner electrode. The total secondary ionisation coefficient in dry air is evaluated from the measured sparking potential, and found to depend on the electrode polarity. The influence of the partial-water-vapour pressure on the sparking potential of air is measured. Practical mixtures of air and partial water vapour are employed. It is observed that the addition of water vapour increases the sparking potential for both the negative and the positive voltage polarities of the inner electrode. The relative increase in the sparking voltage depends on both the partial-water-vapour pressure and the total pressure of the mixture. The sparking potential of water vapour is found to be higher than that of dry air for the same gas pressure.
Transfer cell formation in the root epidermis: A prerequisite for fe‐efficiency?

Abstract The occurrence of transfer cells in the root epidermis of three dicotyledonous Fe‐efficient species (tobacco, tomato, cucumber)is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy for hydroponically cultured as well as sand grown plants. The transfer cell formation is exclusively confined to a subapical root zone which is characterized by a transient decrease of the elongation rate and the development of dense root hairs. Even the root hairs exhibit the typical transfer cell features such as cell wall protuberances and dense cytoplasm rich in organelles. Excess trace metals (Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) block the differentiation of transfer cells. Evidence is presented that proton extrusion and production of reducing substances ‐ the typical biochemical Fe‐stress response reactions ‐ are confined to the area of transfer cell differentiation. Therefore these highly specialized cells are considered to be functionally integrated in the overall ‘Fe‐stress‐response mechanism1 of these three species. In contrast Hawkey.
Catalytic Technology for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

The mitigation and utilization of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are among the most important challenges in the area of energy research. Dry reforming of CH4 (DRM), which uses both CO2 and CH4 as reactants, is a potential method to utilize the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Natural gas containing high concentrations of CO2 and CH4 could therefore be utilized for hydrogen and synthesis gas (syngas) production in the near future, without need for the removal of CO2 from the source gas. Thus, the DRM reaction is a suitable process to convert CH4 and CO2 to syngas, which is a raw material for liquid fuel production, through the Fischer–Tropsch process. Herein, the development of CO2 reforming for syngas production is reviewed, covering process chemistry, catalyst development, and process technologies as well as the potential future direction for this process.
PHOSPHORUS SORPTION BY ULTISOLS AND INCEPTISOLS OF THE NIGER DELTA IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA

Phosphorus (P) sorption at equilibrium concentrations of 0.1–2 ppm in 0.01 M CaCl2 by 42 samples of highly acidic surface layers of Ultisols and Inceptisols from three major geomorphological regions of the Niger Delta of Nigeria, West Africa, conformed to the Langmuir isotherm. Langmuir sorption maxima and sorption at 0.2 ppm equilibrium P concentration ranged from 100–767 μ P/g soil and 30–240 fig μ P/g soil, respectively, indicating that the soil samples have low to medium P fertilizer requirements. No significant difference in sorption capacities among the soils of the three geomorphological regions or the two soil orders was noticed. Sorption capacities were significantly correlated with percentages of clay and silt, surface area, and different forms of Fe and Al, but not with pH or organic matter. Multiple regression equations relating P sorption to exchangeable Al, amorphous Al, amorphous Fe, and crystalline Fe are presented, and the relative contributions of these factors in the soils of the three geomorphological regions are discussed.
Combustion characteristics of waste printed circuit boards in thermogravimetric analyzers

High temperature combustion is crucial for the most promising pyrometallurgical processing among the present processing methods of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). This article reports the experimental studies of pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of waste PCBs using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques, and inorganic bromine (HBr+Br2) evolution during the temperature ranges based on the TGA data using the batch reactor system. Emphasis is laid on the weight loss in predevolatilization stage and the volatiles evolution. In the predevolatilization stage, there are 0.7% and 1.0% weight losses under pyrolysis and combustion condition respectively. The evolution of inorganic bromine contributes 85% and 90% to the two weight losses respectively. Remarkably, in the stage of volatiles rapid evolution, compared with that under pyrolysis condition, the volatiles evolution decreases by 22.8 wt % under combustion condition. Besides, 62 wt % of the original bromine evolves in the form of HBr during this stage, and 67% HBr in effluent converts to Br2. Based on these findings, the primary mechanism of weight loss in the predevolatilization stage and the volatiles evolution were discussed and analyzed. The findings are valuable for the combustion organization practice of waste PCBs. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1105–1110, 2014
Efficient recovery of high‐purity aniline from aqueous solutions using pervaporation‐fractional condensation system

Selective recovery of valuable minor component with high-purity form from dilute aqueous solution is an interesting issue in the area of organophilic pervaporation. High-purity aniline was recovered with a high production rate from dilute aqueous solution by a pervaporation-fractional condensation (PVFC) coupling system. The effects of downstream pressure and temperature (the first condenser) on the performance of PVFC system were investigated based on experimental measurements and Aspen simulations. Sorption and desorption experiments demonstrated that the sorption selectivity of poly(ether block amide) (PEBA-2533) membrane to aniline was extremely high, indicating excellent pervaporation performance for aniline/water solutions. The perfect integration of high-performance PEBA-2533 membrane with the fractional condensation process yielded high production rate of 1222.5 g/(m2 h) as well as high recovery efficiency (86.5%) for recovering high-purity aniline in the first condenser when feed concentration and temperature were 1 wt % and 80°C, respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4445–4455, 2015
A BENCH SCALE STUDY OF REVERSED FLOW METHANOL SYNTHESIS.

The reversed flow operation of a bench scale catalytic reator was applied to the synthesis of methanol from CO-CO 2 -H 2 mixtures at 50 bar, over a ICI copper-based commercial catalyst. Temperature and concentration profiles develop and wander back and forth through the reator, depending upon the direction of the flow. The relaxation characteristics of the different region pathways on the catalytic surface are also responsible for the significant transients generated in the gas-phase composition. The experimental results lead to considerable insight into the mechanism of methanol synthesis. The influence of the cycle length, flow rate, and inlet temperature on the ractor performance are also reported
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FEG‐STEM EDX SPECTRA

A multivariate statistical analysis method has been used to examine the information content of a series of EDX spectra acquired using a FEG‐STEM recorded across a segregated grain boundary in a ferritic steel. The spectra have been factored into a set of orthogonal information components (eigenspectra), each of which corresponds to an independent source of information. Two meaningful eigenspectra are identified: one is related to the segregation of P and Cr and the other to a combination of self‐absorption and coherent bremsstrahlung. Spectra are reconstructed from the meaningful eigenspectra to reduce noise and improve the sensitivity for detection of trace element segregation.
A new structure for RF-compensated Langmuir probes with external filters tunable in the absence of plasma

A new Langmuir probe structure using externally placed filters that can be tuned in the absence of plasma is proposed. The probe design and tuning procedure take into account especially the change in the probe's environment when plasma is turned on, thereby ensuring that the filters do not become detuned in the presence of plasma. Measurement of the RF voltage amplitudes in RF plasma using a calibrated capacitive probe gave, respectively, ≈15.7 V, ≈4.1 V, ≈2.1 V and ≈0.5 V at the fundamental frequency (≈13.56 MHz), the second, third and the fourth harmonics; based on these values a three-stage filter was built at the fundamental and the second and third harmonics. A complete analysis of the probe including its stray capacitance, RF equivalent circuit, filter and plasma impedance has been carried out, from which the maximum RF sheath voltage drop could be estimated as ≈0.27 V, ≈0.34 V and ≈1.30 V at the fundamental, the second harmonic and the third harmonic, respectively; the drop for the latter is somewhat large because of unexpectedly high loss in the filter components at the higher frequencies. I–V characteristics presented show that the floating potential of the probe decreases by ≈60 V, as the probe is detuned progressively from its tuned condition; also, the electron temperature increases from ≈1.7 to 3.5 eV with progressive detuning. It is worth noting here that although the method of calibrating the capacitive probe in this work is accurate for moderately high plasma densities (RF skin depth in plasma (= δs) small in comparison with the plasma dimension, L) its accuracy for lower densities (δs ∼ L) is not too certain. Therefore, although the probe itself can be used at low plasma densities, verifying its efficacy for such cases could be difficult.
A hydrodynamic mechanism for the disintegration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an industrial homogenizer

Amongst the commercial type of homogenizers the Manton‐GaulinAPV homogenizer (APV Company Ltd., Crawley, Surrey, England) which is generally being used for other purposes than cell disintegration processes, has recently been proved to be effective for the breakage of yeast cells. To understand fully the disintegration process occurring in such machines it becomes necessary to describe their functions through mathematical expressionsbased on a realistic hydrodynamic model.
Comparison of Phenol-Formaldehyde and Lignin-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Wood Application

Phenolic resins are thermosetting material that is commercially produced via the condensation process of phenol and formaldehyde. However, due to the usage of petro-based materials in the production of phenolic resins, several approaches have been made, and one of the approaches is by substituting the raw materials, especially phenol, with lignin. In this study, acetosolv lignin was used to produce lignin-formaldehyde (LF) and compared with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. The resinification reaction was conducted at 85 °C for 4h. The functional group, curing behavior and the shear strength of the resins was analyzed using FTIR-ATR, DSC and Universal Testing Machine, respectively. The formation of PF and LF resins was confirmed by the presence of the methylene bridge functional group at 1460 cm-1. The curing curve shows the shift of LF resin to a higher temperature compared to the PF resin. Furthermore, the evaluation of bonding strength shows that LF resin possesses a low shear strength compared to PF resin. However, both resins pass to be adhesives for the manufacture of plywood panels based on standard JIS K-6852.