Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the regularity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on subdomains of ℝn

Abstract We establish the continuity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on W1,p(Ω), where Ω ⊂ ℝn is an arbitrary subdomain and 1 < p < ∞. Moreover, boundedness and continuity of the same operator is proved on the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces Fps,q (Ω) for 1 < p,q < ∞ and 0 < s < 1.
Overmoded GW-class surface-wave microwave oscillator

Results of theoretical and experimental studies of a GW-class, large diameter microwave oscillator are presented. The device consists of a large cross-section (overmoded), slow-wave structure with a unique profile of wall radius specifically designed to support surface waves and to provide a strong beam-wave coupling at moderate voltage (500 kV), an internal adjustable microwave reflector, a coaxial microwave extraction section, and a coaxial magnetically insulated field emission electron gun. In preliminary experiments carried out at 8.3 GHz, the power level exceeding 0.5 GW and efficiency of 15% have been measured calorimetrically.
Local GMM Estimation of Semiparametric Panel Data with Smooth Coefficient Models

In this article, we consider the estimation of semiparametric panel data smooth coefficient models. We propose a class of local generalized method of moments (LGMM) estimators that are simple and easy to implement in practice. We show that the proposed LGMM estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our proposed estimator performs quite well in finite samples. An empirical application using a large panel of U.K. firms is also presented.
Development of analytical vibration solutions for microstructured beam model to calibrate length scale coefficient in nonlocal Timoshenko beams

The present study takes an analytical approach for solving the free vibration problem of a microstructured beam model, in which transverse displacement springs are added to allow for the transverse shear deformation effect in addition to the rotational springs. The exact vibration frequencies for the discrete microstructured beam model with simply supported ends are obtained via matrix decomposition. In addition, a general solution technique involving the use of Pade approximants for the continualization procedure is proposed in order to obtain the continuous equivalent system for the discrete microstructured beam model. The analytical vibration solutions of the equivalent continuous system are obtained and their accuracy is assessed by using the exact solutions. It is found that the solutions of the equivalent continuous system have a first order accuracy when compared with the exact solutions of their discrete counterpart. The length scale coefficient in the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model is calibrated by using the analytical solutions. Two nonlocal Timoshenko beam models, i.e., the Wang model (without the length scale effect in the shear stress strain relation) and the Reddy model, are evaluated based on their ability to capture the nonlocal effect.
Influence of background pressure on the stability region of a Paul trap

We report experimental measurements of the stability region of a Paul trap with very strong damping where the trapping parameter q was up to 25 times greater than the maximum value with no damping. We measured the region of stable trapping of charged particles for background pressures from atmospheric down to 5×10-2 mbar. The large increase in the size of the stability region that we observed at the highest pressure is explained by numerical solution of the Mathieu differential equation including a damping term. We show that stability regions that are separate under conditions of low damping merge together at higher pressures.
An H-alpha atlas of nearby southern spiral galaxies

We present here an atlas of CCD images of 25 nearby southern spiral galaxies taken through narrow-band (15 A) Hα filters, and accompanying red continuum (6676 A) images. Most of these galaxies have never previously been imaged in Hα and will complement the earlier photographic atlas of Hodge & Kennicutt. We comment on the individual distributions of the H II regions in relation to the morphology and characteristics of each galaxy. Nearly half of the galaxies surveyed exhibit rather asymmetrical distributions of star formation activity, even though the stellar distributions may be quite regular. Among galaxies possessing both a strong stellar bar and an encircling inner ring, there appears to be a decrease in the number of H II regions tracing out the bar as the number of H II regions in the ring itself increases, and vice versa
Experiments on the nonlinear evolution of surface waves in an open plasma waveguide

The nonlinear behaviour of surface waves propagating along a plasma column is investigated. The experiments include (i) measurements of the nonlinear dispersion of the waves and (ii) observation of the evolution of the shape of the wave envelope and of the wave spectrum when the waves are excited with an amplitude-modulated signal. Comparison with theory shows that (i) the measured nonlinear wavelength shift corresponds to increasing wave phase velocity with increasing wave amplitude, (ii) the observed narrowing of the wave envelope can be associated with the formation of periodic nonlinear waves described by dn Jacobi elliptic function solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and (iii) the observed strong changes of the wave spectrum are mainly related to a nonlinear effect of phase modulation.
Sample discrimination of intensity differences for mixtures of target and context tones

Four listeners were presented with multitone complexes (of fixed frequency and number of tones) in a 2AFC task and asked to indicate which interval had the higher mean tone level. Individual levels of the tones were drawn at random from a Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of 5 dB, and the distributions for the two intervals differed in mean intensity by 5 dB. Across conditions the number of tones presented varied from 1 to 13. Tones were spaced at equilog intervals from 250 to 4000 Hz, beginning with one tone at 1000 Hz and spreading outward with increasing number. Except for one extremely good listener, the results replicated earlier work by Lutfi [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 934–944 (1989)], despite the use of different frequencies. Conditions were then repeated adding two flanking context tones whose intensities were drawn from the lower (nontarget) distribution. The context tones degraded performance in all conditions by approximately 0.6d′ units. A large increase in the number of context to.
Finite-dimensional limiting dynamics for dissipative parabolic equations

For a broad class of semilinear parabolic equations with compact attractor in a Banach space the problem of a description of the limiting phase dynamics (the dynamics on ) of a corresponding system of ordinary differential equations in is solved in purely topological terms. It is established that the limiting dynamics for a parabolic equation is finite-dimensional if and only if its attractor can be embedded in a sufficiently smooth finite-dimensional submanifold . Some other criteria are obtained for the finite dimensionality of the limiting dynamics: a) the vector field of the equation satisfies a Lipschitz condition on ; b) the phase semiflow extends on to a Lipschitz flow; c) the attractor has a finite-dimensional Lipschitz Cartesian structure. It is also shown that the vector field of a semilinear parabolic equation is always Holder on the attractor.
Penetration of thundercloud electric fields into the ionosphere and magnetosphere: 1. Middle and subauroral latitudes

The mapping of thundercloud electric fields at middle and subauroral latitudes is investigated analytically as a three-dimensional boundary value problem. The electrical conductivity is represented by several piecewise exponential functions of altitude, and the anisotropy of the medium is taken into account above 70-km altitude. The geomagnetic field lines are assumed to be straight and vertical below 150-km altitude. Electric field strength at great heights depends sensitively on conductivity and thundercloud models used in the calculations. Sample calculations using representative nighttime profiles show that ‘giant’ thunderclouds can produce transverse electric fields of tens of microvolts per meter in the equatorial plane of the midlatitude magnetosphere. In the daytime, corresponding electric fields are about an order of magnitude less. These results suggest that giant thunderclouds may be an important source of localized electric fields that can form field-aligned electron density irregularities in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.
Stellar content of nearby galaxies. II. The Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxy M32

Using the CCD camera on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, color-magnitude (C-M) diagrams were obtained for brightest stars of the Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxy M32. Both the I vs (V-I) and I vs (R-I) CCD C-M diagrams reveal a red population of stars, the brightest of which resolve at I of about 19.5 mag. Data on the (V-I) and (R-I) colors indicate that the mean metallicity of M32 is greater than that of the most metal-rich Galactic globular clusters. A discontinuity in the I band luminosity function of the M32 was observed, which, if the distance modulus of M32 is comparable to that of M31, is consistent with the appearance of the tip of the first red giant branch in this galaxy. 37 refs.
Measurements of current and electric field distributions beneath a positive DC wire-to-plane corona using a linear biased probe

The new end geometry of the linear biased probe without wraparound bias plates has been adapted to a wire-to-plane system for use in DC corona discharge investigations. It has been shown that the aiding-bias and opposing-bias operations of this new probe are in agreement for the flat geometry of the passive electrode. The current density and the electric field are measured, and their planar distributions are given and compared with the other experiments. A similarity with other electrode systems is found. It has been shown that the measured field increases linearly with the corona voltage. The current density and the electric field decrease as the distance from the centre of plane increases, following the classical empirical cos/sup /spl kappa// law of Warburg. The two measurements also decrease with the wire-plane separation and their behaviour can be represented by a power-law.
EXTENSION OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF A SUBFACTOR TO THE SYMMETRIC ENVELOPING ALGEBRA

In this article, we consider an extension of automorphisms of a subfactor to the symmetric enveloping algebra introduced by Popa. We discuss the relation between this extension and invariants of automorphisms introduced by Kawahigashi. We also compute the symmetric enveloping algebras arising from orbifold subfactors.
Image charge effect on two-dimensional excitons in an inorganic-organic quantum-well crystal

We report a clear experimental evidence of the image charge effect on excitons in the optical and electroabsorption spectra of an inorganic-organic quantum-well crystal ${({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{13}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{2}\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{I}}_{4}$. The ns $(n\ensuremath{\geqslant}2)$ Wannier series are ideal two-dimensional excitons whose binding energies are enhanced by both the spatial confinement and image charge effects. Exceptionally large binding energy of the $1s$ exciton (361 meV) is also due to the prominent image charge effect. We also observed unique blueshifts of the $1s$ excitons under the electric field perpendicular to the quantum-well layers, for which we demonstrated with calculations that the image charge effect plays a significant role.
Quadratic stabilizability of uncertain linear systems: Existence of a nonlinear stabilizing control does not imply existence of a linear stabilizing control

This note is concerned with the problem of stabilizing an uncertain linear system via state feedback control. An uncertain system which admits a stabilizing state feedback control and some associated quadratic Lyapunov function is said to be quadratically stabilizable. In a number of recent papers, conditions are given under which quadratic stabilizability via nonlinear control implies quadratic stabilizability via linear control. These papers restrict the manner in which the uncertain parameters are permitted to enter structurally into the state equation in order to establish this result. This note presents an example which shows that this implication is not true for more general uncertain linear systems. To this end, we describe an uncertain linear system which is quadratically stabilizable via nonlinear control but not quadratically stabilizable via linear control.
Quantitative synthesis of uncertain multiple input-output feedback system†

There is given an n input, n output plant with a specified range of parameter uncertainty and specified tolerances on the n2 system response to command functions and the n2 response to disturbance functions. It is shown how Schauder's fixed point theorem may be used to generate a variety of synthesis techniques, for a largo class of such plants. The design guarantees the specifications are satisfied over the range of parameter uncertainty. An attractive property is that design execution is that of successive single-loop designs, with no interaction between them and no iteration necessary. Stability over the range of parameter uncertainty is automatically included. By an additional use of Schauder's theorem, these same synthesis techniques can be rigorously used for quantitative design in the same sense as above, for n × n uncertain non-linear plants, even non-linear time-varying plants, in response to a finite number of inputs.
A kinematic method for measuring the pattern speed of barred galaxies.

Il est possible de mesurer Ω p d'une galaxie disque barree sans utiliser de modele dynamique particulier. Dans sa forme la plus simple, la methode necessite la mesure de la brillance de surface et de la vitesse radiale le long d'une bande parallele a la ligne des nœuds. On a teste la methode sur une simulation numerique de disque barre construit par Sellwood; on trouve qu'il est possible d'obtenir Ω p a ±15% pres
Classification of finite-dimensional universal pseudo-boundaries and pseudo-interiors

Let n and k be fixed integers such that n ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ k ≤ n. Let B k n and s k n denote the k-dimensional universal pseudo-boundary and the k-dimensional universal pseudo-interior in R n , respectively. The aim of this paper is to prove that B k n is homeomorphic to B k m if and only if s k n is homeomorphic to s k m if and only if n=m or n, m ≥ 2k + 1
Measurement and analysis of terahertz radiation from bulk semiconductors

We report the recent measurement and analysis of the transmitted and pseudoreflected optically induced terahertz (THz) beams emitted from a semiconductor wafer under femtosecond laser illumination, where the static electric field is either parallel or perpendicular to the surface. In general, the amplitude of the transmitted THz field is different from that of pseudoreflected THz field, except at the Brewster angle.
The redshift distribution of X-ray selected quasars - Is it really anomalous

X-ray selected active galactic nuclei have a redshift distribution which is significantly different from that of optically selected quasars with the same optical magnitude. In particular, a much higher percentage of low-redshift quasars is found in the X-ray selected samples. However, we show in this Letter that no qualitative different in the X-ray properties of X-ray selected and optically selected quasars is required in order to explain the deficiency of high-redshift quasars in the available samples of X-ray selected objects. In fact, the redshift distribution of such samples is well reproduced by using evolutionary models and the optical luminosity function derived from optically selected samples plus the correlation between X-ray optical luminosities found in a large sample of optically selected active galactic nuclei.
On the Adjoint and the Closure of the Sum of Two Unbounded Operators

Abstract We prove, under some conditions on the domains, that the adjoint of the sum of two unbounded operators is the sum of their adjoints in both Hilbert and Banach space settings. A similar result about the closure of operators is also proved. Some interesting consequences and examples “spice up” the paper.
Thermoelectric performance of MX2 (M = Mo,W; X = S,Se) monolayers

Using ab-initio method and ballistic transport model, we study electron and phonon energy dispersion relations of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides: MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2. Their electron and heat transports as well as their thermoelectric properties are also studied under linear response regime with different doping types, crystal orientations, and temperatures. Our results show that electron and phonon transports are not very sensitive to crystal orientations because the differences between group velocity and transmission of these carriers along different transport directions are not significant. Furthermore, as temperature increases, first peak values of thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT1st peak) increase linearly except for monolayer n-type WSe2/MoSe2 and p-type WS2, which have higher increasing rates when temperature is high due to the electron transport contribution from an additional valley. Among these various conditions, the results show that all monolayers have similar ZT1st peak a.
Photoelectric heating of interstellar gas

Photoelectric emission from interstellar grains is reexamined, and it is argued that some of the assumptions made by other authors lead to an overestimate of the heating rate associated with this process, particularly at temperatures T> or approx. =3000 K. Steady-state solutions for the temperature of diffuse gas (including radiative cooling and recombination, cosmic ray or X-ray heating and ionization, grain photoelectric heating, and other heating mechanisms) are found. Grains do not contribute significantly to the heating of the ''hot'' (Tapprox. =8000 K) phase, although they dominate the heating of the ''cold'' (Tapprox. =100 K) phase. The minimum pressure for which the ''cold'' phase can exist is sensitive to the choice of grain properties and grain abundance, and under some circumstances the coexistence of two distinct phases in pressure equilibrium is forbidden. A steady-state model with intercloud H I heated by soft X-rays and clouds heated by grain photoemission is in accord with some observations but lacks intermediate-temperature H I. The time-dependent cooling of a fossil H II region is calculated; grain photoelectric heating significantly prolongs the time required for the gas to cool. Fossil H II in the wakes of runaway O stars may produce significant amounts of themore » intermediate temperatue (500> or approx. =T> or approx. =3000 K) H I inferred from 21 cm observations. « less
The formation of hurricane Humberto (2001): The importance of extra‐tropical precursors

The authors examine the formation of hurricane Humberto (2001) in the Atlantic basin. Precursor disturbances originating in the extratropics appear critical for inducing tropical cyclogenesis. One precursor near the tropopause arose during the development of hurricane Erin on 7 September and could be tracked continuously for 12 days until 1200 UTC 19 September. A fully explicit numerical simulation with the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model produces a generally realistic evolution of the developing storm during a 4‐day period beginning 0000 UTC 19 September.
L- and M-shell absorption measurements of radiatively heated Fe plasma

Measurements of iron-plasma absorption spectrum over 150–1200 eV photon energy range were reported at temperature T = (72 ± 4) eV. The electron temperature was diagnosed with the absorption spectrum of aluminum mixed with iron. The density was not diagnosed directly but obtained from a radiative hydrodynamic simulation with the Multi-1D code. The broad photon energy range enables simultaneous observation of the L-shell and M-shell transitions that dominate the radiation transport at this temperature. The spectrally resolved transmission data were compared to the detailed-configuration-accounting model calculations and reasonable agreement was found.
Evaluation of the coupled COSMO‐CLM/DCEP model with observations from BUBBLE

The urban canopy scheme DCEP coupled with the mesoscale climate model COSMO‐CLM is evaluated extensively against data from the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) for the period 20 June 2002 to 10 July 2002. The urban canopy parameters required for this purpose are based on a 3D building dataset of the canton of Basel‐Stadt (Switzerland) and land‐use data for Basel and its surroundings. The simulated radiative and energy fluxes as well as near‐surface air temperatures and wind velocities are compared with the measurements. The results indicate a good online performance of the model system which is comparable with the oﬄine performance of other urban canopy schemes in terms of the fluxes. DCEP is able to simulate typical characteristics of the urban boundary layer, in contrast to the default bulk‐transfer scheme of COSMO‐CLM.
LIGHT CURVE TYPES, ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GALACTIC NOVAE.

For 31 classical galactic novae and four recurrent novae distances, absolute magnitudes and extinction data are derived by different methods. A new absolute magnitude - t3 time relation is established. Two groups of novae are found: very fast and fast novae with smooth light curves and absolute magnitudes between -8 and -11, and fast, slow, and very slow novae with structured light curves and absolute magnitudes between -6 and -7. Group I exhibits quasi-instantaneous mass loss at a luminosity far above the Eddington limit. Group II exhibits continued radiation at the Eddington limit from a bloated white dwarf. A classification scheme for nova light curves which is useful in the context of the new luminosity calibration is described and applied to 95 novae.
Hard X-Ray Bursts from GRO J1744–28. I. Observations by the Konus-Wind and Konus-A Experiments

Observations of hard X-ray bursts from GRO J1744-28 by the Konus-Wind and Konus-A experiments, including the characteristics of the burst light curve and energy spectra, are reported. Observed burst rates display onset, plateau, and decay periods. The average burst strength increases to its highest values by January 20 and then declines. However, an analysis of the burst rate, if corrected for the missed weaker events, shows that the mean time interval between bursts is evidently constant, ~29.6 minutes, for the whole period of observation from 1995 December 18 to 1996 March 15.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Charge Build-Up in an ECR Etcher

The charge build-up in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) etcher has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results show that the charge build-up profiles of the wafer are convex and positive, and are detected only when the RF bias exists. We have derived a simplified equivalent circuit model for the wafer in an ECR etcher. The charge build-up profile predicted with the simplified equivalent circuit model shows a good agreement with the experimental results. It is concluded that the variation of plasma potential caused by the radial RF current across the magnetic field results in the charge build-up.