Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ammonia nitrogen excretion in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed practical diets: the effects of water temperature

To understand the actual production of fish culture about the utilization of dietary protein and excreta impact on the environment between mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), the study to investigate the effect of temperatures (19 ± 0.5°C, 24 ± 0.5°C and 29 ± 0.5°C) on ammonia-N excretion in mandarin fish and grass carp under fed and fasted states was conducted. These two species were fed a practical diet containing 325.2 g kg−1 crude protein at 3% body weight per day. The ammonia-N excretion rate was significantly increased when temperature increased from 19 to 29°C, and a linear relationship between ammonia-N excretion rate and temperature. The maximum ammonia-N excretion levels of mandarin fish and grass carp were observed at 4–8 h and 2–4 h after feeding, respectively, and the minimum values for both species were observed at 24 h after feeding. Under the feeding condition, mandarin fish had a lower ammonia-N excretion level compared to grass carp at 24°C and 29°C. The average amount of ammonia-N excreted by mandarin fish at 24 h is significantly higher than grass carp under fasting conditions, except 19 ± 0.5°C. These results indicated that mandarin fish might make better use of protein at higher temperature than grass carp when fed practical diets in commercial production. These results of this study suggested that mandarin fish had a lower ammonia-N excretion level compared with grass carp, making a less contribution to environmental loading in an intensive fish culture.
Sterol Ester Formation by Rat Liver Cell Fractions.∗

Summary Rat liver homogenates were fractionated into mitochondria, microsomes and soluble fraction. Cholesterol-4-C14 was found to be esterified in sytems containing whole homogenate, mitochondria plus soluble fraction, microsomes plus soluble fraction and soluble fraction alone. Virtually no esterifying activity was obtained in the presence of heated soluble fraction. A stimulatory effect of DPN on sterol ester formation was noted. The findings suggest that different parts of the liver cell possess the capability of forming sterol esters.
Factors involving in maturation of pig and cattle follicular oocytes cultured in vitro

卵胞卵の培養において,供試卵の状態や培養方法が培養成績に大きく影響すると考えられる。 本実験ではブタ及びウシの卵胞卵を用いて培養条件と卵の成熟の関係についてしらべた。 1) 屠場での卵巣の採取から採卵までの卵巣の最適保存温度及び保存時間の限界について検討した。 33~35°C,20~25°C,4~10°Cに調整した生理食塩液に浸漬して実験室にもちかえった場合,33~35°C保存でもっとも良い培養成績が得られた。 33~35°Cでは保存時間はブタでは3時間が限界と考えられた。 ウシでは8. 5時間保存した場合でも高率に成熟したが,さらに保存時間が長くなると退行変性する卵が著しく増加した。 2) 各種完全合成培養液で卵胞卵を培養したところ,ウシ,ブタともにエネルギー基質の添加されていないKRB液中では成熟しなかったが, TCM 199, Ham F12,Eagle MEM及びグルコース,ピルビン酸,乳酸を含む修正KRB中で成熟した。 培養液に添加する高分子物質として,ウシ血清アルブミン,ウシ血清アルブミン分画V及びフェトインを用いても高率に成熟したがポリビニルピロリドンでは幾分成熟率が低下した。 またブタ卵胞卵の成熟に対して培養液に添加されるウシ血清アルブミンの最適濃度は1 mg/mlであった。 またブタ卵胞卵では至適pHは7. 2~7. 4であって, PH7. 0以下では卵核胞崩壊率が低下し,またpH7. 6以上になると染色体異常凝縮,細胞崩壊などの退行卵が高率に出現した。 ウシ卵胞卵ではpH 6.8~7. 6で高率に成熟し,ブタ卵胞卵の場合にくらべて至適pH域の広いことが明らかにされた。 ブタ卵胞卵は316,355milliosmols区で高率に成熟したが,より低張ないし高張の液では退行卵が高率に出現した。 ウシ卵胞卵でも316,355milliosmols区で高率に成熟したが,234~388milliosmolsの範囲で30%以上中期IIへ移行しブタ卵胞卵にくらべ広い浸透圧範囲で成熟しうる傾向を示した。 3) 機能的な黄体の存在する卵巣から採取した卵胞卵を培養した場合,退行卵の出現率が高かった。 白体の存在する卵巣から採取した卵はすべて成熟した。 未成熟個体の卵巣からの卵では,培養後種々の成熟ステージのものが観察され,性成熟個体からの卵にくらべて分裂の同調性の点で劣っていた。 卵丘細胞の付着していない卵では付着している卵にくらべて成熟率は低下した。 また卵黄実質の直径が50~90μの発育不良と思われる卵では成熟せず退行卵が高率に出現した。
Vertical distribution of photosynthetic pigments and the penetration of light in marine sediments

Methods for studying the vertical distribution of some photosynthetic pigments in marine sediments (chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll a, phycocyanin and a watersoluble cryptomonad pigment) are described and examples of their vertical distribution and of absolute counts of microalgae from various types of shallow water sediments are given. In all types of sediments many pigmented cells are found below the photic zone. Light penetration in different kinds of sediment was measured for white and colored light. In pigment-free sand long waved light penetrates furthest; this is of significance for the photosynthetic bacteria which live deeper in the sediment than algae and utilize near-infrared light for photosynthesis. The photic zone of very fine sand is of half the thickness of that found in coarse sand. The percentage of light absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments was estimated to be less than 10-20% of the total incident light in rich localities, a low value compared to other plant communities. The amount of chlorophyll a per unit area of the photic zone of different sediments was estimated and found to be lower than estimates from other plant communities.
Earnings and dividend information contained in bond rating changes

We study the information contained in corporate bond rating changes relating to firms’ future earnings and dividends. Consistent with previous findings, rating downgrades are associated with a negative stock price response while rating upgrades appear to be nonevents. For rating downgrades, earnings decline in the two years prior to and the year of the rating change announcement. However, contrary to expectations, earnings increase in the year after the rating review. Similarly, rating upgrades follow a period of rising earnings but do not signal any increase in future earnings. Our results also show that firms whose bonds are downgraded decrease their subsequent dividend payments while no dividend adjustments are made by upgraded firms. Expectation of a policy shift could partially explain the negative stock price response around rating downgrade announcements.
Effects of bacterial lipoprotein on the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 and tumor necrosis factor-α in THP-1 cell line

目的 观察在不同剂量细菌脂蛋白(BLP)刺激后,人单核细胞(THP-1)髓系分化因子88蛋白(MyD88)的表达及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量的变化. 方法 用小剂量BLP诱导THP-1产生耐受,再以大剂量BLP攻击,分别比较对照组、BLP耐受组、耐受后攻击组和直接攻击组MyD88和TNF-α的表达. 用Western Blot测定MyD88蛋白含量,ELISA法测定TNF-α含量. 结果 BLP耐受组、耐受后攻击组和直接攻击组的TNF-α水平均高于对照组,而耐受后攻击组的TNF-α表达明显低于直接攻击组,各组间MyD88蛋白含量无明显改变. 结论 BLP可刺激机体产生炎症因子,小剂量BLP诱导THP-1细胞产生BLP耐受,抑制细胞表达TNF-α,但不同剂量BLP对MyD88的蛋白表达无影响。
Efficacy of different insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard under field conditions

Studies on the efficacy of nine insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard cv. Varuna as foliar spray were carried out at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season of 2003-2004. Studies revealed that after 1 and 3 days of spray, oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 0.025% (88.0% and 96.7%, respectively) proved most effective against mustard aphid. However, on seventh day, imadacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.0178% (99.6%) gave most effective control. On seventh day after spray, the order of efficacy was imadacloprid 0.0178% > oxydemeton methyl 0.025% > monocrotophos 0.036% > dimethoate 0.03% > chloropyriphos 0.05% > malathion 0.05% > endosulfan 0.07% > cypermethrin 0.01% > neemarin, respectively.
Breakthroughs and the ¿Long Tail¿ of Innovation

The largely erroneous perception that breakthroughs are impossible to predict arises from the tendency to focus on just the breakthroughs while ignoring the iterative process of invention and its distribution of outcomes. When all inventions are considered, they demonstrate a highly skewed distribution in which almost all inventions are useless, a few are of moderate value and only a very, very few are breakthroughs. Those breakthroughs constitute the ? long tail? of innovation. If managers wish to understand how those breakthroughs arise, they cannot ignore the process that generates the entire distribution. In particular, they need to keep in mind the following three measures of inventive success: shots on goal (the total number of inventions a company generates), average score (the mean value of those inventions) and maximum scores (the breakthrough inventions). Various factors can affect a company? s inventive output, including the presence of inventors who work alone, the type of collaboration among those inventors who work in teams, the amount of team diversity and the degree to which inventors apply science in the innovation process. Greater team diversity, for instance, will help generate more shots on goal although, on average, those shots will be less successful. But diversity also will increase the variance of the outcome, such that failures as well as breakthroughs are more likely. Thus companies first need to identify how they want to improve their innovation process and then take the appropriate measures to address any deficiencies. Only then can they improve their capacity to innovate in ways that make the best sense for the organization as a whole.
Tooth eruption in two agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis)

Although the eruption stage of teeth is often used for a quick assessment of maturation in mammals, little is known about tooth-eruption in gibbons in general and specifically about the eruption of permanent teeth. In this study, we present longitudinal data on tooth-eruption in two captive agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). The eruption of the deciduous dentition started around the age of one week, and was completed around the age of five months. This result was similar to findings of earlier studies on other gibbon species. The eruption of permanent teeth started at the age of 1.4 years and was completed at the age of around 6.6 years. There were individual differences between subjects both in the age at which certain teeth erupted and in the sequence of their eruption. A comparison with data on other primates suggests that ages of individual teeth eruptions in agile gibbons were similar to those of Japanese macaques, but occurred earlier than in chimpanzees and humans. As our gibbon sample is very small, observations on additional individuals are required in order to assess the generality of this result.
Pathogenicity study of different avipoxviruses in embryonated chicken eggs and cell cultures

Avipoxvirus infection, an economically important disease of domestic poultry and wild birds, is re-emerging in the recent past. Fowl poxvirus (FPV), quail poxvirus (QPV), turkey poxvirus (TPV) and pigeon poxvirus (PPV) could be adapted and propagated in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture, chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs and QT-35 cell line with optimal titres. Studies were conducted on the pathogenicity of these viruses in these different host systems, which produced characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE) in CEF cell culture and QT-35 cell line viz. presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions in hypertrophied cells and plaque/syncytia formation and the lesions on CAM were distinct pocks, hyperplasia of ectoderm and intracytoplasmic inclusions.
Functional Balance Assessment of Older Community Dwelling Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: For allied health professionals wishing to assess the functional balance of older adults living in the community, the vast number of functional balance tests available makes it difficult to decide which assessment is most appropriate. Objective: To identify the reliability, concurrent validity and clinical practicality of functional balance tests with community dwelling older adults. Methods: A systematic review of published literature relevant to 17 functional balance tests was undertaken. The 17 functional balance tests were identified by a preliminary literature search and through consultation with an expert in the field of functional balance assessment. Studies published in English before January 2007, assessing the use of these functional balance tests with community dwelling adults aged 65 years or above were included. The CINAHL, MEDLINE, Ageline, Amed, PubMed, Cochrane library, PEDro and Joanna Briggs Institute databases were searched. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using a checklist criteria adapted from the Cochrane Working Group for Screening and Diagnostic Tests. Results: Eight databases were searched and 21 studies were included. The majority of studies demonstrated low to moderate methodological quality scores. Despite limitations reported for clinical application with community dwelling older adults, the Berg Balance Scale and the Timed Up and Go Test have been most rigorously tested. Reliability and concurrent validity of the Balance Screening Tool and the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale had also been established in this population, however only one study was retrieved for each. Conclusion: The Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go Test have published reliability and validity with community dwelling older adults. Further testing of other functional balance tests is required to establish their reliability and validity in this target population. BACKGROUND
Local Wisdom, Environmental Protection and Community Development: The Clam Farmers in Tambon Bangkhunsai, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

The present article is a study of the use of the People Research and Development Method as a means of promoting local wisdom, environmental protection, and community development in Tambon Bangkhunsai, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. This method allowed the community to do their own research and to utilize their local wisdom as a form of untapped capital on which self-reliance can be built. Research findings indicated that the People Research and Development method could stimulate local 1 This essay is part of the Ph.D. research entitled ‘The Community Learning Process on Sustainable Mangrove Forest Development: A Case Study in Tambon Bangkhunsai, Amphur Banlaem, Phetchaburi Province,’ under the supervision of Dr. Seri Phongphit. The research is sponsored by the Royal Golden Jubilee Project of the Thailand Research Fund. The author would like to express her thanks to Dr. Michael Howard for his comments on this essay. 2 Environmental Official, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment wisdom to protect the environmental and develop the community in a number of ways. In particular, the local fishermen employed their local wisdom to collect clams and shellfish. They were able to make their own gear in such a way as not to destroy the natural resources and to ensure the preservation of the natural resources for a long time. Local wisdom was also used in the formation of community development projects such as an eco-tourism group and a processed seafood group. It is anticipated that these projects will lead to sustainable resources management.
Identification of an AFLP Fragment Linked to Rust Resistance in Asparagus Bean and Its Conversion to a SCAR Marker

Rust disease, incited by the fungus Uromyces vignae, adversely affects production and quality of asparagus bean and other types of cowpea in many parts of the world. Genetic resistance to the rust pathogen has been identified in a few accessions, but it is difficult to efficiently transfer the resistance to a broad range of asparagus bean cultivars using traditional breeding approaches. We determined that rust resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene designated Rrl in the cross of a highly resistant cultivar ZN016 and highly susceptible cultivar Zhijiang 282. Bulked segregant analysis was applied to an F 2 population derived from these parents, and an AFLP marker (E-AAG/M-CTG), 150 bp in size, was detected in the resistant bulk. The AFLP fragment was then converted to a SCAR marker, named ABRS AAG / CTG98 , and the genetic distance between the marker and the Rrl gene was estimated to be 5.4 cM. This SCAR marker could be used effectively for MAS of Rrl in breeding programs to develop rust-resistant asparagus bean cultivars and potentially more widely to breed rust-resistant cultivars of other types of cowpea.
Symbolische Netzwerke in Europa. Der Einfluss der nationalen Ebene auf europäische Öffentlichkeit. Deutschland und Frankreich im Vergleich.

Warum wird die gemeinsame europaische Politik in einem Mitgliedsland diskutiert, wohingegen sie in einem anderen Land gar nicht oder in einer vollig anderen Form auf die Medienagenda gelangt? Zeigen sich trotz dieser nationalen Filterprozesse Ansatze fur europaische Offentlichkeit – oder anders gefragt: wie kann sich europaische Offentlichkeit in dieser Vielfalt entwickeln? Europaische Offentlichkeit resultiert nicht aus der Vereinheitlichung, sondern aus der kommunikativen Vernetzung massenmedialer Debatten verschiedener Lander. Ob Debatten vernetzt sind und wenn ja, wie diese Vernetzungen aussehen, hangt von nationalen Akteuren und Kontexten ab. Anhand der deutschen und franzosischen Debatten uber die EU-Erweiterung und eine gemeinsame europaische Verfassung geht Silke Adam den Mechanismen der nationalen Thematisierung und Interpretation europaischer Politik nach und analysiert wie dieselben sich auf die Entstehung europaischer Offentlichkeit auswirken. Dazu konzeptualisiert die Autorin Offentlichkeiten als symbolische Netzwerke, die sich mit Hilfe der empirischen Netzwerkanalyse erfassen lassen. Das Buch richtet sich an Forscher und Studierende im Bereich der Politik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft und Praktiker wie Journalisten oder Politikberater. Im Besonderen richtet sich dieses Buch an diejenigen, die sich fur Prozesse der Europaischen Integration, fur politische Kommunikation im internationalen Vergleich und fur methodische Fragen zur Verbindung von empirischer Inhalts- und Netzwerkanalyse interessieren.
Effects of Dietary Amino Acid and Metabolizable Energy Levels on Performance of Native Chicken, Hinai-dori

The present study was conducted to study the effects of dietary amino acid and metabolizable energy (ME) levels on the performance of Hinai-dori at different ages, and to obtain the basic information of Hinai-dori preceding a series of experiment to determine the requirement of individual essential amino acids.Three Hinai-dori chicks of both sexes per dietary group were confined individually in wire cages and were fed the experimental diets ad libitum from 7 to 21, 42 to 56 and 77 to 91 days of age in Experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Experiments have a 3×5 factorial arrangement of treatment with three ME and five amino acid levels. The body weight and feed intake were recorded on the 14th day on the experimental diet.There was no sexual difference in the response to dietary amino acid and ME levels for any of the parameters determined. The body weight gain and feed efficiency were improved with increasing of amino acid levels. The feed intake was not affected by amino acid levels. The body weight gain, feed efficiency and feed intake were not affected by ME levels. The amino acid level for the maximum body weight gain and feed efficiency decreased with age. The maximum body weight gain was observed at the period from 42 to 56 days of age.
Post-tsunami transitional settlement and shelter: Field experience from Aceh and Sri Lanka

as a process, not as an object’. 1 Especially in a postdisaster context, shelter must be viewed as a series of actions fulfilling certain needs, rather than simply as objects such as tents or buildings. Those needs can be summarised as: (i) health, including protection from the elements; (ii) privacy and dignity for families and for the community; (iii) physical and psychological security; and (iv) livelihood support. Beneficiaries often take action to meet these needs by altering the post-disaster shelter provided during relief operations. As a result, self-help should be factored into any shelter process, including providing support to beneficiaries for their alterations.2
Return of the Deficit

Education as the great leveler of social class is one of the enduring myths of American culture. With hard work and a good education “any American can grow up to be president. ” It was in this context that the Brown v. Bd. of Education decision of the US Supreme Court held such hope for African Americans. After decades of “inherently unequal,” separate schooling sanctioned by the Supreme Court’s Plessy decision, integrated classrooms and schools required by the Brown decision promised an antidote to the poverty and discrimination that limited the life chances of African Americans. Recommended Citation Dudley-Marling, Curt (2007) "Return of the Deficit," Journal of Educational Controversy: Vol. 2 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://cedar.wwu. edu/jec/vol2/iss1/5 Language English Format application/pdf  Download
Effect of nitrogen scheduling and weed management on weed density, growth and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2012 and 2013 to study the effect of nitrogen scheduling and weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under irrigated condition. Nitrogen scheduling significantly reduced the total weed density and dry weight and increased the yield-attributing charactersand yield of crop. The results indicated that the minimum total weed density and dry weight, and maximum crop growth and yield attributing characters were recorded under four nitrogen splits: ¼ 2 WS+¼ 4 WS+¼ 6 WS+¼ 8 WS followed by 1/3 2 WS+1/3 4 WS+1/3 6 WS. Application of nitrogen scheduling at ¼ basal+¾ 4 WS and ¼ basal+½ 4 WS+¼ 6 WS recorded higher weed density and dry weightat all stages of observation during both the years. The various weed management treatments significantly decreased the density and dry weight of weed and increased the weed control efficiency, growth and yield attributing characters compared with the weedy check. Application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/hafb bispyribac+carfentrazone (25 + 20 g)/ha and pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha fb bispyribac+ethoxysulfuron (25+18 g)/ha recorded minimum weed density and dry weight of weed and increased the weed control efficiency, growth and yield attributing characters comparable to other treatments.
Effect of new herbicides on growth and yield of wheat

An average decrease in grain yield by 15.42% was observed due to season-long weed-crop competition. Lowest monocot and dicot weeds were observed with weed free treatment. The best weed control efficiency in case of monocot (90.8%) and dicot (82.8%) was achieved with metsulfuron-methyl and metribuzin, respectively compared to other herbicides namely pendimethalin, carfentrazone, fenoxaprop and 2,4-D. All the treatments except fenoxaprop, carfentrazone, 2,4-D and mixture of metribuzin and fenoxaprop application gave significantly higher grain yield compared to weedy check. However, higher additional net return (`31,359) was obtained with metsulfuron-methyl followed by metribuzin (` 30,907).
Effects of direct drilling on the phosphorus uptake and fertilizer requirements of wheat

The effect of direct drilling on the phosphorus (P) relations of ~vheatw as examined in seven field experiments over three years. Compared with conventional cultivation of the soil, direct drilling concentrated available phosphorus nearer the soil surface and resulted in higher strength and lower root length in surface soil (0-10 cm). Tissue-P concentration and dry weight of young plants (< 10 weeks) were consistently lower after direct drilling. It appeared therefore that direct drilling limited the uptake of soil phosphorus. An unknown factor also reduced plant dry weight per unit of P taken up in some experiments, whilst high rates of P fertilizer generally failed to give equal P concentration or dry weight in early growth. It is suggested that the young plants were unable to exploit fully the banded fertilizer because of insufficient adaptation of roots to the concentrated source of P and that this effect is a greater disadvantage for a direct-drilled crop. Direct drilling gave lower grain yields in four experiments when no fertilizer was applied, but where rates of P fertilizer were high, the two tillage treatments produced equal'pields. In these four experiments direct-drilled crops needed more fertilizer to attain 90% of the maximum yield. Crops in cultivated soil had the higher dry weight at anthesis and therefore the higher potential yield at equal rates of P fertilizer (in two years), but they failed to realize their potential at high rates of fertilizer because their greater vegetative growth led to increased water stress after flowering.