Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION OF FC (cid:1) RECEPTOR IIA (CD32) POLYMORPHISM WITH MALARIAL ANEMIA AND HIGH-DENSITY PARASITEMIA IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

Protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum is partially mediated through binding of malaria- specific IgG antibodies to Fc (cid:1) receptors. Polymorphic variability in Fc (cid:1) RIIa (H/R-131) is associated with differential binding of IgG subtypes and malaria disease outcomes. However, the role of Fc (cid:1) RIIa-131 variability in conditioning susceptibility to severe malarial anemia, the primary manifestation of severe malaria in holoendemic P. falciparum transmission areas, is largely undefined. Thus, Fc (cid:1) RIIa-H131R polymorphism was investigated in 493 children who came to a hospital with acute malaria. Variation in Fc (cid:1) RIIa-131 was not significantly associated with severe malarial anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] < 6.0 g/dL) or malaria anemia (Hb < 8.0 g/dL). However, relative to the heterozygous genotype, homozygotes for the R131 alleles were protected against high-density parasitemia ( (cid:2) 10,000 parasites/ (cid:3) L; odds ratio [OR] (cid:1) 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] (cid:1) 0.37–0.92, P (cid:1) 0.02), while homozygotes for the H131 alleles were mildly protective (OR (cid:1) 0.71, 95% CI (cid:1) 0.45–1.13, P (cid:1) 0.14). Additional multivariate analyses showed that infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 did not influence the associations between Fc (cid:1) RIIa-H131R polymorphism and malaria disease outcomes. Genotypic results presented here parallel data illustrating that parasite density is unrelated to the severity of anemia in children with acute malaria. Thus, although homozygosity for the R131 allele protects against high-density parasitemia, Fc (cid:1) RIIa-131 polymorphism does not protect against malaria anemia.
Gazing at r ∗ : A Hysteresis Perspective ∗

Despite current high inflation and a monetary tightening cycle, the market’s evaluation of long-term real interest rates remains very low in most advanced countries. This is consistent with the view that neither monetary policy nor inflation shocks — which are both nominal phenomena — are likely to effect long-run real interest rates. This paper presents both theory and evidence that put into question this simple dichotomy between real and nominal phenomena due to asset accumulation behavior that favours the emergence of more than one steady state value of real interest rates (r ∗) and thereby creates hysteresis. Our main building block is household saving decisions that incorporate both inter-temporal substitution and retirement forces. When households trade off these two saving motives, we show how this can give rise to C-shaped asset demands and the possibility of more than one steady state equilibrium real interest rate. Since many macroeconomic models predict that long-run asset demands are increasing in interest rates, as opposed to C-shaped, we provide evidence from household balance sheets that runs counter to the former and favours the latter. A central contribution of the paper is to show that when r ∗ is not unique due to C-shaped asset demands, monetary policy can greatly influence long-run real interest rate outcomes. In particular, we show that an aggressive inflation targeting regime can make a high-real-rate outcome fragile to small negative inflation shocks and favour the convergence to a low (possibly negative) real-rate environment. However, we also show that either a large positive inflation shock or a large increase in public debt can bring back an equilibrium with high real rates, which could surprise the market in the current environment. ∗We thank Tom Carter, Oleksiy Kryvtsov, Guillaume Rocheteau, Ludwig Straub, and Tim Willems for helpful comments and discussions. Matthew Tang provided outstanding research assistance. We also thank seminar participants at the Bank of Canada and the University of California, at Irvine for comments on a very early version of this paper. Some of the initial ideas in this paper circulated earlier under the title “Monetary Policy, Trends in Real Interest Rates and Depressed Demand ”. All remaining errors are those of the authors. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily of the Bank of Canada. Preliminary and Incomplete Draft. †Bank of Canada, pbeaudry@bankofcanada.ca ‡Bank of Canada, kkartashova@bankofcanada.ca §Bank of Canada, cmeh@bankofcanada.ca
Stress controls the mechanics of collagen networks how this access benefits you. Your story matters

Collagen is the main structural and load-bearing element of various connective tissues, where it forms the extracellular matrix that supports cells. It has long been known that collag- enous tissues exhibit a highly nonlinear stress – strain relationship, although the origins of this nonlinearity remain unknown. Here, we show that the nonlinear stiffening of reconstituted type I collagen networks is controlled by the applied stress and that the network stiffness becomes surprisingly insensitive to network concentration. We demonstrate how a simple model for networks of elastic fibers can quantitatively account for the mechanics of reconstituted collagen networks. Our model points to the important role of normal stresses in determining the nonlinear shear elastic response, which can explain the approximate exponential relationship between stress and strain reported for collagenous tissues. This further suggests principles for the design of synthetic fiber networks with colla- gen-like properties, as well as a mechanism for the control of the mechanics of such networks.
cell viability desmin filaments and its impact on filament aggregation and B-crystallin and a The specificity of the interaction between

the R120G mutation in CRYAB causes tissue-specific pathologies, namely cardiomyopathyand cataract. Here, we present evidence to demonstrate that there is a specific functional interaction of CRYAB with desmin intermediate filamentsthat predisposes myo-cytes to disease caused by the R120G mutation. We use a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques to show that plant, animal and ascidian small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs) can interact with intermediate filaments. Nevertheless, the mutation R120G in CRYAB does specifically change that interaction when compared with equivalent substitutions in HSP27 (R140G) and into the Caenorhabditis elegans HSP16.2 (R95G). By transient transfection, we show that R120G CRYAB specifically promotes intermediate filament aggregation in MCF7 cells. The transient transfection of R120G CRYAB alone has no significant effect upon cell viability, although bundling of the endogenous intermediate filament networkoccurs and the mitochondria are concentrated into the perinuclear region. The combination of R120G CRYAB co-transfected with wild-type desmin, however, causes a significant reduction in cell viability. Therefore, we suggest that while there is an innate ability of sHSPs to interact with and to bind to intermediate filaments, it is the specific combination of desmin and CRYAB that compromises cell viability and this is potentially the key to the muscle pathology caused by the R120G CRYAB.
Transcriptional Proﬁling of Nitrogen Fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii (cid:1)

Most biological nitrogen (N 2 ) ﬁxation results from the activity of a molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase, a complex iron-sulfur enzyme found associated with a diversity of bacteria and some methanogenic archaea. Azotobacter vinelandii , an obligate aerobe, ﬁxes nitrogen via the oxygen-sensitive Mo nitrogenase but is also able to ﬁx nitrogen through the activities of genetically distinct alternative forms of nitrogenase designated the Vnf and Anf systems when Mo is limiting. The Vnf system appears to replace Mo with V, and the Anf system is thought to contain Fe as the only transition metal within the respective active site metallocofactors. Prior genetic analyses suggest that a number of nif -encoded components are involved in the Vnf and Anf systems. Genome-wide transcription proﬁling of A . vinelandii cultured under nitrogen-ﬁxing conditions under various metal amendments (e.g., Mo or V) revealed the discrete complement of genes associated with each nitrogenase system and the extent of cross talk between the systems. In addition, changes in transcript levels of genes not directly involved in N 2 ﬁxation provided insight into the integration of central metabolic processes and the oxygen-sensitive process of N 2 ﬁxation in this obligate aerobe. The results underscored signiﬁcant differences between Mo-dependent and Mo-independent diazotrophic growth that highlight the signiﬁcant advantages of diazotrophic growth in the presence of Mo.
Myasthenia Gravis Patients Dendritic Cells and a Regulatory Milieu in Prednisolone Treatment Induces Tolerogenic

FOXP3-expressing naturally occurring CD4 (cid:1) CD25 high T regulatory cells (Treg) are relevant in the control of autoimmunity, and a defect in this cell population has been observed in several human autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that altered functions of peripheral Treg cells might play a role in the immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies speciﬁc for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. We report in this study a signiﬁcant decrease in the in vitro suppressive function of peripheral Treg cells isolated from myasthenia patients in comparison to those from healthy donors. Interestingly, Treg cells from prednisolone-treated myasthenia gravis patients showed an improved suppressive function compared with untreated patients, suggesting that prednisolone may play a role in the control of the peripheral regulatory network. Indeed, prednisolone treatment prevents LPS-induced maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells by hampering the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and by limiting secretion of IL-12 and IL-23, and enhancing IL-10. In addition, CD4 (cid:1) T cells cultured in the presence of such tolerogenic dendritic cells are hyporesponsive and can suppress autologous CD4 (cid:1) T cell proliferation. The results shown in this study indicate that prednisolone treatment promotes an environment that favors immune regulation rather than inﬂammation. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183: 0000–0000.
Distributed Selection and Optimization of Threshold of Energy Detection for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

— Spectrum detection is the prerequisite for the Cognitive Radio. Energy detection is often used to sense the spectrum hole in Cognitive Radio network, and the threshold plays a vital role. In this paper, a method of setting threshold is proposed. In the low SNR environment, to protect the primary user, each secondary user observes the environment adaptively and then sets the threshold independently. The simulation results prove that, under the method proposed in this paper, the detection performance can be greatly improved, comparing with the traditional one, i.e., the threshold is set by the spectrum broker and all the secondary users have a same fixed threshold.
SHORT TERM ESTIMATION OF THE BENTHIC ENERGY IN TWO ARID TROPICAL SANDY BEACHES AT USING BIOMETRIC CONVERSION

: The energy content of benthic invertebrates was estimated of two arid tropical sandy beaches, namely AlBirk and AlHorida, on the south eastern coast of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia in the summer of 2007. This is the first study to deal with the benthic energy of such arid tropical beaches, using the relationship between body dimensions and wet weight to estimate biomass (and from this, ash free dry weight) as well energy content independently of species identifications. The energy values were generally lower than those in Temperate or Arctic zones. The average energy content at AlBirk and AlHorida beaches was 4 and 1.4 Kcal.m -2 , respectively. AlBirk was dominated by Amphipoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, and Ostracoda, with energy values of 1.3, 1, 1, and 0.5 Kcal.m -2 , respectively, while AlHorida was dominated by Polychaeta with a value of 0.9 Kcal.m -2 . The differences between the two sites in terms of average wet biomass, ash free dry weight and energy per m 2 were attributable to differences in wave energy, grain size and organic matter that led to the differences in abundance and dominance.
The constraints on power spectrum of relic gravitational waves from current observations of large-scale structure of the Universe

We carry out the determination of the amplitude of relic gravitational waves power spectrum. Indirect best-fit technique was applied to compare observational data and theory predictions. As observations we have used data on large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. The conventional inflationary model with 11 parameters has been investigated, all of them evaluated jointly. This approach gave us a possibility to find parameters of power spectrum of gravitational waves along with statistical errors. The main result consists in following: WMAP data on power spectrum of CMB temperature fluctuations along with LSS data prefer model with small amplitude of tensor mode power spectrum, close to zero. The upper limit for its amplitude at quadupole harmonics T/S=0.6 at 95% C.L.
words in a third Effects of vowel inventory and language proficiency

Learning Abstract This study examines the effect of L2 and L3 proficiency on L3 word learning. Native speakers of Spanish with different proficiencies in L2 English and L3 Dutch and a control group of Dutch native speakers participated in a Dutch word learning task involving minimal and non-minimal word pairs. The minimal word pairs were divided into ‘minimal-easy’ and ‘minimal-difficult’ pairs on the basis of whether or not they are known to pose perceptual problems for L1 Spanish learners. Spanish speakers’ proficiency in Dutch and English was independently established by their scores on general language comprehension tests. All participants were trained and subsequently tested on the mapping between pseudo-words and non-objects. The results revealed that, first, both native and non-native speakers produced more errors and longer reaction times for minimal than for non-minimal word pairs, and secondly, Spanish learners had more errors and longer reaction times for minimal-difficult than for minimal-easy pairs. The latter finding suggests that there is a strong continuity between sound perception and L3 word recognition. With respect to proficiency, only the learner’s proficiency in their L2, namely English, predicted their accuracy on L3 minimal pairs. This shows that learning an L2 with a larger vowel inventory than the L1 is also beneficial for word learning in an L3 with a similarly large vowel inventory.
Speeding, punishment, and recidivism evidence a regression

This paper estimates the eﬀects of temporary driver’s license suspensions on driving behavior. A little known rule in the German traﬃc penalty catalogue maintains that drivers who commit a series of speeding transgressions within 365 days should have their license suspended for one month. My regression discontinuity design exploits the quasi-random assignment of license suspensions caused by the 365-days cut-oﬀ and shows that 1-month license suspensions lower the probability of recidivating within a year by 20 percent. This is largely a speciﬁc deterrence eﬀect driven by the punishment itself and not by incapacitation, information asymmetries, or the threat of stiﬀer future penalties.
Effect of the divertor geometry on the pedestal confinement in JET-ILW

The baseline type I ELMy H-mode scenario has been re-established in JET with the new tungsten divertor and beryllium-main wall (JET-ILW) in 2011. In comparison with carbon wall (JET-C) discharges in similar conditions, a degradation of the confinement has been observed, with the reduction mainly driven by a lower pedestal pressure [1]. The causes of the pedestal degradation are not clear yet and are currently under investigations. Some of the main possibilities are a difference in the pedestal stability (possibly driven by the different impurity content between JET-C and JET-ILW) and/or a difference in the recycling flux in the divertor area. This work investigates the effect of the magnetic configuration in the divertor region on the pedestal structure, pedestal confinement and ELMs. A set low triangularity H-mode discharges have been performed using the same gas fuelling and the same NBI power (two power levels, 16MW and 23MW) with similar core shape but changing the strike position relative to the pump throat. The confinement varies from H98≈0.7 to H98≈0.9, with the highest confinement obtained in the corner configuration, where the outer strike is closed to the pump. For the low power level, the electron pedestal temperature is not significantly affected by the divertor configuration (Te≈0.7keV) and the difference in the confinement is mainly driven by the electron pedestal density. For the high power level, the corner configuration has 20-30% higher electron pedestal pressure (due to both higher Te and higher ne) and higher ion pedestal temperature than the discharges with the strike point away from the pumping throat. The corner configuration is also characterized by small ELMs with energy losses ΔW≈0.2MJ and temperature collapses ΔTe≈0.3keV, while the configuration with the lowest confinement is characterized by large ELMs, with energy losses up to ≈0.4MJ and large temperature collapses (ΔTe≈0.6keV). This work also investigates the correlation between the pedestal confinement and the changes in the recycling for the different divertor geometries [2].
EXTENDING COVARIANCE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS FOR MULTIVARIATE AND FUNCTIONAL DATA

For multivariate data, when testing homogeneity of covariance matrices arising from two or more groups, Bartlett? s (1937) modified likelihood ratio test statistic is appropriate to use under the null hypothesis of equal covariance matrices where the null distribution of the test statistic is based on the restrictive assumption of normality. Zhang and Boos (1992) provide a pooled bootstrap approach when the data cannot be assumed to be normally distributed. We give three alternative bootstrap techniques to testing homogeneity of covariance matrices when it is both inappropriate to pool the data into one single population as in the pooled bootstrap procedure and when the data are not normally distributed. We further show that our alternative bootstrap methodology can be extended to testing Flury? s (1988) hierarchy of covariance structure models. Where deviations from normality exist, we show, by simulation, that the normal theory log-likelihood ratio test statistic is less viable compared with our bootstrap methodology. For functional data, Ramsay and Silverman (2005) and Lee et al (2002) together provide four computational techniques for functional principal component analysis (PCA) followed by covariance structure estimation. When the smoothing method for smoothing individual profiles is based on using least squares cubic B-splines or regression splines, we find that the ensuing covariance matrix estimate suffers from loss of dimensionality. We show that ridge regression can be used to resolve this problem, but only for the discretisation and numerical quadrature approaches to estimation, and that choice of a suitable ridge parameter is not arbitrary. We further show the unsuitability of regression splines when deciding on the optimal degree of smoothing to apply to individual profiles. To gain insight into smoothing parameter choice for functional data, we compare kernel and spline approaches to smoothing individual profiles in a nonparametric regression context. Our simulation results justify a kernel approach using a new criterion based on predicted squared error. We also show by simulation that, when taking account of correlation, a kernel approach using a generalized cross validatory type criterion performs well. These data-based methods for selecting the smoothing parameter are illustrated prior to a functional PCA on a real data set.
Is health expenditure on immunisation associated with immunisation coverage in Sub-Saharan African countries?

In a bid to address the high burden of vaccine-preventable disease and low immunisation coverage in Africa, Ministers of health and finance from several African countries conveyed at the maiden Ministerial Conference on Immunisation at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on the 25th of February 2016 to pledge political commitments to reduce the prevalence and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases to the barest minimum. The fulfilment of this pledge across Africa would require the design of contextually tailored sustainable plans to finance the procurement of vaccines and the running of apt immunisation programs. A robust understanding of the trend of immunisation financing in Africa will support the development of suitable national immunization financing plans, guide policy makers to develop immunisation financing strategies focused on domestic resources but factor in donor support; and provide insights for the rejuvenation and expansion of immunisation programs. Our studys objective is to estimate the minimum fraction of a countrys health budget that should be invested in the national immunisation programme to achieve a national immunisation coverage of 80% or greater depending on the context with and without donors support. The study results did not find any evidence to indicate that health expenditure on immunisation (as a proportion of total health expenditure) could be a strong predictor of immunisation coverage. However, we observed an association between total health expenditure (as a % of the GDP) and immunisation coverage, with significant p-values seen with BCG (p=0.047) and DPT3 (p=0.013) vaccines. Therefore, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP can be considered as an important predictor of immunisation coverage. With strong statistical evidence, our prediction model showed that for the GAVI target of 80% in the countries with low DPT3 coverage to be met, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP would need to be increased by more than 45%. We are optimistic that our study results and recommendations will facilitate the development of strategies that support African countries to increase domestic financing for national immunization programmes towards achieving 2030 targets for immunization coverage.
Body mass index in parents and their adult offspring: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Obesity may track across generations, due to genetics and shared family environmental factors, or possibly intrauterine programming. However, many studies only assess associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) and offspring BMI in childhood. To determine whether maternal and paternal associations with offspring BMI differ and whether associations persist into adulthood, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was done. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (to October 2022) were searched. Observational studies reporting associations between maternal or paternal BMI and adult offspring BMI were included. Offspring BMIs were reported as continuous or categorical measures. Forty‐six studies were included in the systematic review. Meta‐analyses were conducted using random‐effects models. Parental BMI was positively associated with offspring BMI in adulthood. The pooled mother–offspring standardized mean difference (SMD) was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20, 0.26), and father–offspring SMD was similar: 0.22 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.25) in adjusted models. Offspring of mothers with overweight or obesity had the same risk of higher BMI as offspring of fathers with overweight or obesity. If these associations are causal, they support interventions targeting all family members, rather than focusing solely on mothers, to obtain a healthy weight development among offspring.