Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A multiscale interaction model for the origin of the tropospheric QBO

A conceptual model for the origin of the tropospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is presented. It is argued that the tropospheric QBO may not be a fundamental mode of oscillation of the tropical coupled system. It is proposed that it may arise due to multiscale interactions between high-frequency synoptic and intraseasonal oscillations of the atmosphere and a low-frequency oscillation of the coupled system in the presence of the annual cycle. This is demonstrated using a conceptual low-order system consisting of three variables representing the nonlinear atmospheric oscillations and a linear oscillator representing the low-frequency coupled mode. The annual cycle and coupling to the low-frequency linear oscillator provide slowly varying forcings for the atmospheric high-frequency oscillations. The atmospheric oscillations go through a chaotic regime during a certain part of the slowly varying forcing. Such variable forcing introduces a low-frequency tail in the spectrum of the atmospheric high-frequency oscillations. This low-frequency tail resonantly interacts with the low-frequency oscillation and produces the QBO in addition to broadening the spectrum of the low-frequency oscillator. The conceptual model simulates features similar to many observed features of the tropospheric QBO but depends on the assumption that there is an inherent low-frequency El Nino-Southern Oscillation oscillation with a four-year period that occurs independently of the high-frequency forcing or the QBO.
Eigenfunctions, deficiency indices and spectra of odd‐order differential operators

In this paper we determine the asymptotics of the eigenfunctions of a rather general class of odd‐order operators on the half line. The coefficients are assumed to satisfy conditions which combine smoothness and decay. The asymptotics of these eigenfunctions allow to compute the deficiency indices of the associated operators. The results are also extended to operators on ℝ, and whenever possible the spectra of the self‐adjoint extensions are determined. The form of the eigenfunctions excludes singular continuous spectrum in all cases.
The Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation from Continental Radar Mosaics and Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Part I: Methodology and Seasonal Comparison

Abstract The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the continental United States is characterized through the analysis of radar rainfall maps and is used as a measure of performance of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model during the spring (April–May) and summer (July–August) of 2008. The main interest is to determine the effects of different types of forcing (synoptic versus thermal) on the average daily variability of precipitation and on the model’s representation of it. A secondary objective is to study the interannual variability of the diurnal cycle. The investigation is based on the analysis of time–longitude diagrams of precipitation fields, of average statistics, and of model skill scores. The results show that the main differences between the spring and summer diurnal cycles are the duration of propagating systems, the frequency of convective events in the southeastern United States, and more interannual variability of the spring diurnal cycle. However, most interesting is that the timi.
Small RNA profiling reveal regulation of microRNAs in field peanut pod rot pathogen infection

In recent years, the prevalence of peanut pod rot in northern China has increased, thereby severely threatening peanut yield and quality. The purpose of this study is to identify and analysis miRNAs during the process of peanut responding to pod rot, providing theoretical basis for improving the disease resistance of peanut by genetic engineering. The DNA libraries were diluted and quantified for sequencing through the Small RNA sequencing technology using Illumina HiSeq 2000. The raw reads were clean after quality trimming. The expression profiles of miRNAs were constructed and its target genes were analysis by quantitative real time PCR. The validation of miR156 targets were conducted by the 5’ RACE PCR. The present study identified 334 peanut miRNAs, of which 97 were down regulated and 27 were up regulated. The expression of 15 miRNAs was performed by qRT-PCR. Target gene prediction shown 1,998 target genes and 2,646 target loci were predicted for 303 miRNAs. A total of 152 target genes were predicted for the 119 differentially expressed miRNAs. Correlation analysis of transcriptome sequencing results identified 14 genes, which are regulated by 10 miRNAs. Negative regulatory relationships were observed between four miRNAs and their respective putative target genes. Many different miRNAs were involved in the molecular regulation of peanut responding to pod rot by negatively regulating target genes. These miRNAs showed different expression trends, the same miRNA might target multiple genes and have multiple target sites.
Kolmogorov's test for super-Brownian motion

We prove a Kolmogorov test for super-Brownian motion started at the Dirac mass at the origin. More precisely, we determine the functions g such that for all t small enough, the support of the process at time t will be contained in the ball of radius g(t) centered at 0. As a consequence, we get a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence in certain space-time domains of a solution of the associated semilinear partial differential equation that blows up at the origin.
Analyzing precipitation projections: A comparison of different approaches to climate model evaluation

[1] Complexity and resolution of global climate models are steadily increasing, yet the uncertainty of their projections remains large, particularly for precipitation. Given the impacts precipitation changes have on ecosystems, there is a need to reduce projection uncertainty by assessing the performance of climate models. A common way of evaluating models is to consider global maps of errors against observations for a range of variables. However, depending on the purpose, feature-based metrics defined on a regional scale and for one variable may be more suitable to identify the most accurate models. We compare three different ways of ranking the CMIP3 climate models: errors in a broad range of climate variables, errors in global field of precipitation, and regional features of modeled precipitation in areas where pronounced future changes are expected. The same analysis is performed for temperature to identify potential differences between variables. The multimodel mean is found to outperform all single models in the global field-based rankings but performs only averagely for the feature-based ranking. Selecting the best models for each metric reduces the absolute spread in projections. If anomalies are considered, the model spread is reduced in a few regions, while the uncertainty can be increased in others. We also demonstrate that the common attribution of a lack of model agreement in precipitation projections to different model physics may be misleading. Agreement is similarly poor within different ensemble members of the same model, indicating that the lack of robust trends can be attributed partly to a low signal-to-noise ratio.
Assessment of the changes in the oral health related quality of life 24 hours following insertion of fixed orthodontic appliance components - An observational cross-sectional study conducted at Bahria University Medical and Dental College Karachi.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in Oral Health Related Quality of Life 24 hours following insertion of fixed orthodontic appliance components, and to compare the results between different age groups and genders. Methods The observational cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2017 at Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, and comprised patients from the Orthodontics outpatient department enrolled via convenience sampling. Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire was used to assess the Oral Health Related Quality of Life after placement of separators, bands and brackets. Patients were assessed before the appliances were placed and 24 hours after the insertions. Changes were evaluated and age and gender groups were compared using SPSS 17. RESULTS Of the 70 patients, 20(28%) were males and 50(72%) were females. The overall mean age of the sample was 18.3}3.8 years. Oral Health Impact Profile scores showed significant deterioration of oral health quality 24 hours after the placement of brackets (p<0.05). However, there was no significant deterioration of lack of self-confidence (p=0.19), avoid smiling (p=0.11) and embarrassment (p=0.62) after the placement of separators and bands. There was no significant difference across genders (p>0.05), but young adults had significantly higher mean difference compared to adolescents after placement of bands (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Oral Health Related Quality of Life significantly deteriorated 24hours following the insertion of separators, bands and brackets.
Seismic design of bridges with seat-type abutments considering the participation of the abutments during earthquake excitation

Abutments are not only earth-retaining systems, but also contribute to the earthquake resisting system (ERS) of bridges. The backfill-abutment-bridge interaction has been extensively discussed in international literature with emphasis on the seismic response and performance of bridges. Along these lines, the need arises to study the effect on the design of bridges considering the abutment-backfill seismic participation. To meet this objective, an extended parametric study was conducted on three real bridges with seat-type abutments, in which the system of the abutment with the backfill soil either participates or not in the ERS of bridges. Non-linear dynamic time history analysis was performed and revealed that in most cases the backfill-abutment-bridge interaction is beneficial, as the seismic demand of bridges was reduced. However, this beneficial effect was attenuated in longer bridges with tall piers, whose seismic actions can be increased under certain conditions.
A minimization algorithm for the design of linear multivariable systems

A new algorithm for the design of linear multivariable systems is presented. This algorithm constructs a set of minimal-order (McMillan degree) solutions to a proper rational matrix equation. The algorithm has direct application in exact model matching, inverse systems, and dynamic observers. In particular, application of the algorithm is made to the construction of a minimal-order inverse system.
Breaking the Phonon Bottleneck for Holes in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Size dependent hole dynamics are measured in colloidal CdSe quantum dots for a specific state-to-state excitonic transition. These experiments show that the hole energy loss rate increases for smaller quantum dots, contradicting known relaxation mechanisms for holes. These experiments reveal a new mechanism for hole relaxation in colloidal quantum dots which circumvents the expected phonon bottleneck for holes. The data are consistent with a nonadiabatic surface channel as the dominant pathway for hole relaxation in colloidal semiconductor quantum dots.
Designing tapered anvil apparatus for achieving higher pressures

An analysis is made for tapered anvils of ultrahigh‐pressure apparatus in terms of the loading distribution on the face and flanks that would generate stress fields within the body of the anvil which are within the strength capability of the anvil material. To attain the highest possible face pressures the hardest and strongest materials must be used for the anvils, and in addition, the pressure of the gaskets against the tapered flanks must follow a proper gradient. The pressure performances of various actual apparatuses are presented to compare with the suggestions of the analysis. Using diamond anvil material together with optimum gasket geometry and structure it seems that useful apparatus pressures as high as one megabar (105 GPa) are possible.
Electron-impact ionization of neon ions (q=4-8)

Absolute cross section measurements for electron-impact single ionization of Ne-q+ (q = 4-8) ions and for double ionization of Ne5+ and Ne6+ are reported. The animated crossed-beams method has been applied. The measurements cover the energy range from threshold to several keV. The Ne4+ and Ne6+ ion beams are found to contain an important population of ions formed in metastable states. For single ionization, results are in overall good agreement with direct ionization theoretical predictions, when available. Excitation-autoionization is observed in the ionization threshold region for Ne4+ and in the K-L transition energy region for Ne6+ and Ne7+. Double ionization of Ne5+ and Ne6+ is found to be dominated by K-shell ionization followed by autoionization.
Plasma emission from isotropic Langmuir turbulence - Are radio microbursts structureless?

The brightness temperature of radio emission through the fundamental and second harmonic plasma processes is determined for isotropic Langmuir waves of low-energy density in order to account for the microbursts at meter-dekameter wavelengths. The probable cause for low levels of Langmuir turbulence is the presence of isotropic density fluctuations in the corona which isotropize the beam-generated Langmuir waves. We determined the energy density of Langmuir waves attainable from the beam-plasma instability in the presence of isotropic density fluctuations. Since the electron density fluctuations isotropize the beam-generated plasma waves, the head-on collision of plasma waves becomes efficient to produce the second harmonic plasma emission. For reasonable beam parameters, the brightness temmperature of the fundamental never exceeds 10 exp 6 K, while the second harmonic covers the observed range of microburst brightness temperatures. Thus, the microbursts are predominantly at second harmonic. This leads to an important conclusion that the microbursts are structureless, similar to a population of normal type III bursts of low polarization with no fundamental-harmonic structure.
Cleaning ability and Apically Extruded Debris of Three Single file Rotary Nickel Titanium systems (an in vitro study)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate three single rotary NiTi systems regarding their cleaning ability and the amount apically extruded debris. Methodology: A total of forty five extracted permanent mature lower anteriors were divided then instrumented in three groups (n = 15): Fanta AF F One file, OneShape file and OneCurve file. 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite was used as an irrigant. preweighets and postweights were recorded for apical extrusion. Teeth were longitudinally splited into two halves. Images were taken then analysed for debris percentage using J image software. Intergroup comparisons and intragroup comparisons were done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The apical extrusion results showed that the highest mean value of apically extruded debris was found in Fanta AF F One group followed by OneCurve group, while the least value was found in OneShape group. Regarding the cleaning ability, none of the tested instrument showed complete cleaning of the canal walls. The three file systems showed better cleaning ability in the coronal and the middle while a less cleaning ability was in the apical thirds of the root canals. Fanta AF F One file showed better cleaning ability compared to Oneshape and OneCurve file systems. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, Fanta AF F One file produced more debris than the One Shape and OneCurve file systems. While it showed a better cleaning ability compared to the other file systems.
Polynomial regressions reveal that levels of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, soluble phenolics and aldehydes modify mathematically sugarcane shoot multiplication rate in temporary immersion bioreactors under salt stress

Polynomial regression analysis is a powerful statistical tool used to describe non-linear relationships. The goodness-of-fit of this model is assessed by evaluating the coefficient of determination (R2). An R2 value closer to 1 is indicative of a strong correlation between the two under consideration. While polynomial regression analysis has been widely used in studies of plant stress responses to stress, to the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report on the application of this method to study the response of sugarcane plants to salt stress in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs). In this context, sugarcane plants were exposed to salt stress while undergoing multiplication in TIBs. At the end of the multiplication cycle, the levels of biochemical metabolites (i.e. chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolics and aldehydes) were evaluated. Polynomial regression analysis was subsequently used to elucidate the relationships between shoots multiplied under high salt stress conditions and consequent metabolite levels. The results indicated that the levels of chlorophyll a had a strong positive relationship (in mathematical terms) with shoot multiplication rate (R2 = 0.7063) with a corresponding high determination coefficient. In contrast, shoot multiplication rate was decreased in response to increased levels of carotenoids, soluble phenolics in shoots, and other aldehydes. Changes in levels of chlorophyll b, cell wall-linked phenolics, soluble phenolics excreted to the culture medium and malondialdehyde did not seem to (mathematically) influence sugarcane shoot multiplication in TIBs under salinity stress. The results from the present investigation provides evidence for the application of polynomial regression analysis as a tool to elucidate relationships between plant metabolites as markers for stress and shoot multiplication (as an indicator of growth) in in vitro systems. It is recommended that this statistical tool would be useful in an overall in vitro screening approach to investigate the stress response of other plant species in similar systems.
Dynamical decoherence control of multi-partite systems

A unified theory is given of dynamically modified decay and decoherence of field-driven multipartite systems. When this universal framework is applied to two-level systems or qubits experiencing either amplitude or phase noise due to their coupling to a thermal bath, it results in completely analogous formulae for the modified decoherence rates in both cases. The spectral representation of the modified decoherence rates underscores the main insight derived from this approach, namely, that the decoherence rate is the spectral overlap of the noise and modulation spectra. This allows us to come up with general recipes for modulation schemes for the optimal reduction of decoherence under realistic constraints. An extension of the treatment to multilevel and multipartite systems exploits intra-system symmetries to dynamically protect multipartite entangled states. Another corollary of this treatment is that entanglement, which is very susceptible to noise and can die, i.e., vanish at finite times, can be resuscitated by appropriate modulations prescribed by our universal formalism. This dynamical decoherence control is also shown to be advantageous in quantum computation setups, where control fields are applied concurrently with the gate operations to increase the gate fidelity.
The Distribution of FIML in the Leading Case

In a recent article (1984a) Phillips showed that the distribution of the limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimator of the coefficients of the endogenous variables in a single structural equation is multivariate Cauchy in the leading (totally unidentified) case. The purpose of the present note is to show that the same result holds for the full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimator. Our proof relies on the theory of invariant measures on a Stiefel manifold. This approach provides a major simplification of the derivation of the LIML result given in the earlier article and extends to the FIML case without difficulty. We start by illustrating its use for LIML.
Self-similar Solutions and the Stability of Collapsing Isothermal Filaments

In this paper self-similar solutions which describe collapsing isothermal cylinders with self-gravity are derived. The solutions are parameterized by their line masses. Their stability is also investigated by two different methods in the linear regime. One is the approximate separation of variables as an eigenvalue problem and the other is direct numerical integration of the evolution of perturbations.
Third order ordinary differential equations and Legendre connections

We use N. Tanaka’s theory of normal Cartan connections associated with simple graded Lie algebras to study Cartan’s equivalence problem of single third order ordinary diﬀerential equations under contact transformations. As a result we obtain the complete structure equation with two diﬀerential inv riants, which is applied on general Legendre Grassmann bundles of three-dimensional contact manifolds.
Homoepitaxial growth of GaN under Ga-stable and N-stable conditions by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

The structure, morphology, and optical properties of homoepitaxial GaN layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown GaN “template” layers were investigated as a function of the group III/group V flux ratio during growth. GaN layers grown with a low III/V ratio (N-stable growth) displayed a faceted surface morphology and a tilted columnar structure with a high density of stacking faults. In contrast, films grown with a high III/V ratio (Ga-stable growth) displayed comparable structure to the underlying MOCVD-grown template. The transition from N-stable to Ga-stable growth modes was found to occur over a narrow range of Ga fluxes at a growth temperature of 650 °C. Evidence of Ga accumulation and step-flow growth was observed for films grown under Ga-stable conditions, leading to the formation of spiral growth features at the surface termination of mixed edge/screw dislocations. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the deep-level (∼550 nm) emission is.
The fractal dimension of drifter trajectories and estimates of horizontal eddy-diffusivity

We analyse drifter data from the Northeast Atlantic and find that single-particle motion has fractal dimension D = 1.28 ± 0.08 at scales 5 to 100 km. The single particle trajectories are modeled using fractional Brownian motion. Integral time scale is therefore shown to be a function of both the time between position fixes and the length of the total period the drifter was tracked. The variance (particle dispersion) grows as approximately t 3/2 . The probability density function of single-particle velocity is observed to be leptokurtic, consistent with the fractional Brownian motion model. The present work reports two-particle trajectories with fractal dimension D = 1.3 for scales from 8 km to 150 km. The two-particle dispersion is modelled as accelerated fractional Brownian motion, in which speed becomes a function of time elapsed since the particles were very near to each other. The acceleration is chosen to be consistent with the patch variance growing as t 2.34 . The dependence of relative velocity between pairs of drifters separated by a distance l , is observed to scale as l 0.3 . This is consistent with the accelerated fractional Brownian motion model for two-particle motion. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991. t01-1-00008.x
Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Bi0.05Sr0.925TiO3 Thin Films

Dense and crack-free Bi0.05Sr0. 925TiO3 (BiST) thin films have been prepared by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The targets were synthesized using a conventional solid state reaction processing and fired at 1320°C for 5 hrs. BiST thin films were deposited at various substrate temperatures from 600°C to 780°C with the fixed power energy of 250 mJ and oxygen partial pressure of 10 Pa. X-ray diffraction results reveal that the thin films are cubic perovskite structure and random orientation. The dielectric properties of BiST thin films as a function of frequency were measured. The influence of the growth temperature on the structures and electrical properties has been discussed.