Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Properties of aerosols aloft relevant to direct radiative forcing off the mid‐Atlantic coast of the United States

Comparisons are presented of ambient aerosol optical depths (AOD) derived from airborne in situ measurements of aerosol properties and from Sun photometer measurements off the mideastern seaboard of the United States in July 1996. At 450 nm the Sun photometer measurements of AOD were greater than the in situ measurements by, on average, (12±5)%. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. Comparisons of Angstrom coefficients for the ambient aerosol, based on in situ and Sun photometer measurements, are presented, as well as estimates of the ambient aerosol single-scattering albedo. At a wavelength of 550 nm, the mean value of the ambient single-scattering albedo was (0.95±0.03). Also compared are various optical properties of the dry aerosol derived from airborne in situ measurements with values calculated from a model of the dry aerosol. At a wavelength of 550 nm, measurements and calculations of the total light scattering and light backscattering coefficients for the dry aerosol agree, on average, to within (23±2)% and (8±2)%. The calculated and measured dry aerosol absorption coefficients at 535 nm are in agreement for an assumed value of the mass absorption efficiency for the black carbon content of the dry aerosol of 14 m2 g−1.
Horizontal variability of near‐inertial oscillations associated with the passage of a typhoon

[1] Surface currents to the east of Okinawa Island were observed by using HF (high-frequency) ocean radars in August–September 1995. During that period, a typhoon passed near the observation area, and the horizontal variability of near-inertial oscillations associated with the typhoon passage was estimated. In addition, the near-inertial amplitudes and horizontal wave number vectors were estimated. These estimations showed that the near-inertial amplitude was large in the offshore area and small near the coast. The maximum near-inertial wavelength was estimated to be in the order of 1000 km, and the near-inertial wave direction was southward and changed to northwestward on 23 August in 1995. A slab model, incorporating low-frequency currents, was used to calculate near-inertial currents. It was found that the amplitude of calculated near-inertial oscillations was also large in the offshore area. Moreover, the phase-propagation direction of the near-inertial waves was southward and changed to northwestward or westward on 22 August. The growth rate obtained from the dispersion relation was large in the offshore area, where the near-inertial amplitude was large.
Multi-scale Two-way Deep Neural Network for Stock Trend Prediction

Stock Trend Prediction(STP) has drawn wide attention from various fields, especially Artificial Intelligence. Most previous studies are single-scale oriented which results in information loss from a multi-scale perspective. In fact, multi-scale behavior is vital for making intelligent investment decisions. A mature investor will thoroughly investigate the state of a stock market at various time scales. To automatically learn the multi-scale information in stock data, we propose a Multi-scale Two-way Deep Neural Network. It learns multi-scale patterns from two types of scale-information, wavelet-based and downsampling-based, by eXtreme Gradient Boosting and Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network, respectively. After combining the learned patterns from the two-way, our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on FI-2010 and CSI-2016, where the latter is our published long-range stock dataset to help future studies for STP task. Extensive experimental results on the two datasets indicate that multi-scale information can significantly improve the STP performance and our model is superior in capturing such information.
Existence of a Global Strong Solution and Vanishing Capillarity-Viscosity Limit in One Dimension for the Korteweg System

In the first part of this paper, we prove the existence of a global strong solution for the Korteweg system in one dimension. In the second part, motivated by the processes of vanishing capillarity-viscosity limit in order to select the physically relevant solutions for a hyperbolic system, we show that the global strong solution of the Korteweg system converges in the case of a $\gamma$ law for the pressure ($P(\rho)=a\rho^{\gamma}$, $\gamma>1$) to a weak-entropy solution of the compressible Euler equations. In particular it justifies that the Korteweg system is suitable for selecting the physical solutions in the case where the Euler system is strictly hyperbolic. The problem remains open for a van der Waals pressure; indeed in this case the system is not strictly hyperbolic and in particular the classical theory of Lax [Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 10 (1957), pp. 537--566] and Glimm [Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 18 (1965), pp. 697--715] cannot be used.
Variability in academic research data management practices: Implications for data services development from a faculty survey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how knowledge of local research data management (RDM) practices critically informs the progressive development of research data services (RDS) after basic services have already been established. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was distributed via e-mail to all university faculty in the fall of 2013, and was left open for just over one month. The authors sent two reminder e-mails before closing the survey. Survey data were downloaded from Qualtrics survey software and analyzed in R. Findings – In this paper, the authors reviewed a subset of survey findings that included data types, volume, and storage locations, RDM roles and responsibilities, and metadata practices. The authors found that Oregon State University (OSU) researchers are generating a wide variety of data types, and that practices vary between colleges. The authors discovered that faculty are not utilizing campus-wide storage infrastructure, and are maintaining their own stor.
Item-and Task-level Processes in the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex: Positive and Negative Correlates of Encoding

Activity in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) is often thought to reflect processes that support episodic encoding. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to test whether processes subserved by LIPC could be negatively related to subsequent memory performance. Specifically, the current experiment explicitly tested the hypothesis that LIPC processing would positively impact encoding when primarily focused towards specific target items (item-level processing), whereas it would negatively impact encoding when primarily focused on the retrieval and instantiation of current task instructions (task-level processing). Two methods were used to identify regions that were sensitive to the two types of processes: a block-level manipulation of encoding task that influenced subsequent memory, and a back-sort procedure. LIPC was sensitive to item-and task-level processing, but not in a way that always facilitates encoding. LIPC was more active for subsequently remembered words than subsequently forgotten words, but it was also more active in a task that emphasized task-level processing relative to a task that emphasized item-level processing, although this former condition led to poorer subsequent memory performance. This pattern indicates that processes subserved by LIPC are not always positively correlated with episodic encoding. Rather, LIPC processes can support both the controlled semantic processing of items and the controlled retrieval of relevant semantic task context. When devoted to the latter, the diversion of LIPC processes to the task level can have a negative consequence for item-level analysis and encoding.
A study of the Cretaceous-Tertiary unconformity in the Piceance Creek basin, Colorado; the underlying Ohio Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous) redefined as a member of the Hunter Canyon or Mesaverde Formation

Detailed work in the southwest Piceance Creek basin and reconnaissance work elsewhere in the basin have shown the presence of a major regional unconformity between rocks of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary age. The time gap represented by this unconformity in the southwestern part of the basin, based on palynomorph studies, is from late Campanian or early Maestrichtian to late Paleocene time. The Cretaceous rocks beneath the unconformity consist of gray-weathering lenticular sandstone units as thick as 30 m and more, separated by gray claystone, gray mudstone, and thin coal beds. Lenses of small chert pebbles are scattered throughout the upper 410 m of Cretaceous strata underlying the unconformity, but they are most abundant in the uppermost 150 m. The uppermost 50 to 150 m of the section beneath the unconformity crop out in a distinctive white color. Petrographic and X-ray mineralogy studies at Hunter Canyon in the southwestern part of the basin show that the white color is due to a breakdown of feldspar and subsequent accumulation of kaolinite, and it probably marks a paleoweathering profile developed during the time interval represented by the unconformity. Paleosoils are locally preserved in the upper few meters as well. If the kaolinitic zone is a paleoweathering profile as we believe, however, then it is a secondary characteristic superimposed on whatever rocks were being subjected to surface weathering at that time. Rates of erosion during this time interval were probably not constant throughout the basin and consequently the presently preserved kaolinitic zone is probably not everywhere at the same stratigraphic level. This kaolinitic, sparsely conglomeratic zone has been called the Ohio Creek Conglomerate or the Ohio Creek Formation by previous workers. The presence of conglomerate and the white color, the two features used to define the formation, are independent of each other, however, and need not occur together. We recommend, therefore, that the Ohio Creek Formation be reduced in stratigraphic rank to member and redefined as the white-colored kaolinitic zone, which may or may not contain chert-pebble conglomerate, found at the top of the Hunter Canyon or Mesaverde Formation. 2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY
Evidence for Clostridia as Agents of Dissimilatory Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonium in Soils1

Reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₄⁺ was studied in fresh and air-dried soils which were amended with ¹⁵NO₃⁻ and glucose, acetate, or water and incubated anaerobically. Soils were either untreated or heat-shocked at 68°C for 1 hour prior to amendment. Ammonium was produced rapidly after the onset of anaerobiosis, and thereafter was incorporated into organic matter. ¹⁵NH₄⁺ plus ¹⁵N-organic matter production was observed in glucose-amended fresh soil in quantities up to 43% of added ¹⁵NO₃⁻ in untreated samples and 55% in heat-shocked samples after 5 days incubation. In soils unamended with organic carbon, NO₃⁻ reduction to NH₄⁺ was minor. Pretreatment of the soils either by air-drying or heat-shocking increased to a similar extent the amount of NO₃⁻ reduced to NH₄⁺. The activity of clostridia during the NO₃⁻ reduction was indicated by the absence of any effect exerted by heat-treatment, the production of H₂ and CO₂, and the presence of higher numbers of anaerobic sporeforming bacteria relative to denitrifying bacteria in the air-dried soil. Also, the most common isolate capable of reducing NO₃⁻ to NH₄⁺ was a Clostridium spp. The addition of washed spores of a NO₃⁻-reducing Clostridium isolated from the soil increased the formation of ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N plus ¹⁵N-organic N fourfold, an accumulation equivalent to 83% of added ¹⁵NO₃⁻-N. The reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₄⁺ in soils was not inhibited by NH₄⁺ or glutamine, indicating that the mechanism of reduction was dissimilatory. This conclusion is supported by studies with several Clostrdium spp. isolated from the soils. The isolates were capable of reducing NO₃⁻ to NH₄⁺ and exhibited increased cell yields when NO₃⁻ was included in the growth medium. These studies suggest that the potential for significant dissimilatory NO₃⁻ reduction to NH₄⁺ exists in most soils, principally in the sporeforming genera of Clostridium and Bacillus, but that this potential is likely expressed only when soils become anoxic and are rich in C.
Measuring Social Norms and Preferences Using Experimental Games: A Guide for Social Scientists

The purpose of this chapter is to describe a menu of experimental games that are useful for measuring aspects of social norms and social preferences. Economists use the term 'preferences' to refer to the choices people make, and particularly to tradeoffs between different collections ('bundles') of things they value-food, money, time, prestige, and so forth. 'Social preferences' refer to how people rank different allocations of material payoffs to themselves and others. We use the term 'self-interested' to refer to people who do not care about the outcomes of others. While self-interest can be a useful working assumption, experimental research of the 1980s and 1990s have shown that a substantial fraction of people in developed countries (typically college students) also care about the payoffs of others. In some situations, many people are willing to spend resources to reduce the payoff of others. In other situations, the same people spend resources to increase the payoff of others.
Comparison of observed and modeled direct aerosol forcing during TARFOX

Aircraft measurements have been made of the downward and upward solar irradiance under cloud-free conditions over a range of aerosol loadings in the summer haze plume off the East Coast of the United States during the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX). Optical properties calculated from measured aerosol microphysical and chemical properties have been used as input to a shortwave radiative transfer model. This model was used to calculate the diurnally averaged direct aerosol forcing and to compare with values deduced from the aircraft radiative measurements. The modeled and observed forcings agree well when the aerosol has a significant absorbing component.
Characterizing the long-period ULF response to magnetic storms

[1] This study presents an analysis of long-period ULF wave power observed at 44 ground magnetometer stations in the western hemisphere, at latitudes from the equator to the polar caps, during the magnetic storm intervals of May 1997, March 1998, May 1998, September 1998, and October 1998 identified by the GEM research community. Comparison of the long-period pulsations (in the Pc5 frequency range) observed on the ground to the solar wind velocity and solar wind pressure observed by the WIND satellite confirms previous results that high solar wind velocity correlates well with increased Pc5 power. Although some variability was evident among the five storms, solar wind pressure and variability in velocity or pressure exhibited considerably weaker correlations. Each storm exhibited narrow-band Pc5 wave activity during the recovery phase, but only in the dawn-noon sector at each site. During the main phase, and at all other local times during the recovery phase, wave activity was broadband. The strongest Pc5 power was observed at frequencies above 2 mHz at stations in the auroral zone and poleward and below 2 mHz at stations at middle and low latitudes. Comparison to published time profiles of energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit suggests that if ULF wave activity is responsible for the initial energization of these electrons, broadband activity rather than narrowband (Pc5) waves must play the dominant role. Our data cannot rule out, however, the importance of narrowband waves in providing additional energization during the recovery phase.
Multiscale modeling of air pollutants dynamics in the northwestern Mediterranean basin during a typical summertime episode

[1] The complex behavior of photochemical pollutants in the northwestern Mediterranean basin (NWMB) is conditioned by the superposition of circulations of different scale and the pattern of emissions. Therefore a new approach to the modeling of air quality in the NWMB has been adopted by combining the global climate-chemistry model ECHAM5/MESSy and the regional modeling system MM5-EMICAT2000-CMAQ to analyze the high levels of photochemical air pollution during a typical summertime episode. We show that this combination of models is well suited to address the range of scales involved. The complexity of the area requires the application of high spatial and temporal resolution (2 km and 1 hour) modeling to cover local to regional interactions. We address the local and large-scale processes controlling tropospheric ozone in the NWMB, notably emissions and photochemistry, convective and advective transport, deposition processes, and stratosphere-troposphere exchange. The simulation results indicate that the ozone buildup largely results from local photochemical production, which strongly exceeds the removal rates through transport and deposition. The contribution by advective transport is limited, associated with the stagnant meteorological conditions. In the lower troposphere, local recirculation systems are of key importance. The strength of the land-sea breeze circulation and thermally or mechanically driven convection over the complex orography of the eastern Iberian coast can induce vertical transport and the layering of air pollution.
Global Information Systems: The Implications of Culture for IS Managment

Information technology has had a major impact on individuals, organizations and society over the past 50 years. There are few organizations that can afford to ignore IT and few individuals who would prefer to be without it. As managerial tasks become more complex, so the nature of the required information systems (IS) changes - from structured, routine support to ad hoc, complex enquiries at the highest levels of management. Global Information Systems aims to present the many complex and inter-related issues associated with culture in the management of information systems. The editors have selected a wide range of contemporary articles from leading experts in North America and Europe that represent a wide variety of different national and cultural environments. They offer valid explanations for, rather than simply pointing out cultural differences in articles that cover a variety of national cultures, including: China, Egypt, Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Jamaica, Peru South Korea, Kuwait, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, the United Arab Emirate, the UK, and the US. * Provides students with insight into managing global firms and IT workforce* Contributions are carefully selected from universities of world renown and is supported by helpful introductions for each paper * Reflects current trends and debates around Global IS
Arctic Report Card 2008: Tracking recent environmental changes

ed by J. Overland, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory The Barents Sea, north of the Scandinavian Peninsula is shown, with the prevailing warm and cold current directions, in Figure B1. Temperature in the Barents Sea has been above normal in recent years, and is currently close to an all-time high, rivaling temperatures of 1937–1938, for the periods where observations are available. Figure B1. The main features of the circulation and bathymetry of the Barents Sea. From PINRO/IMR report. Figure B2. Mean annual temperature (a) and salinity (b) anomalies in the 0–200 m of the Kola section in 1951–2006. 1 – coastal waters, 2 – the offshore current. From PINRO/IMR report. Ocean temperature history for the Kola section, directly north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, averaged over 0–200 m depth, shows temperatures of 1 °C above the long term mean (Figure B2). Although this increase may not seem very large, it has the potential to cause significant changes in the ecosystem. For some of the species found in the Barents Sea, recent temperature conditions are probably close to the limit of what they can adapt to, and even a small temperature change may lead to a northward increase of their distribution area. Changes in distribution of species could also cause changes in species overlap and hence predator-prey interactions.
Siliciclastic shoreline to growth‐faulted, turbiditic sub‐basins: The Proterozoic River Supersequence of the upper McNamara Group on the Lawn Hill Platform, northern Australia

The River Supersequence represents a 2nd‐order accommodation cycle of approximately 15 million years duration in the Isa Superbasin. The River Supersequence comprises eight 3rd‐order sequences that are well exposed on the central Lawn Hill Platform. They are intersected in drillholes and imaged by reflection seismic on the northern Lawn Hill Platform and crop out in the McArthur Basin of the Northern Territory. South of the Murphy Inlier the supersequence forms two south‐thickening depositional wedges on the Lawn Hill Platform. The northern wedge extends from the Murphy Inlier to the Elizabeth Creek Fault Zone and the southern wedge extends from Mt Caroline to the area south of Riversleigh Station. On the central Lawn Hill Platform the River Supersequence attains a maximum thickness of 3300 m. Facies are dominantly fine‐grained siliciclastics, but the lower part comprises a mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic succession. Interspersed within fine‐grained facies are sharp‐based sandstone and conglomeratic intervals interpreted as lowstand deposits. Such lowstand deposits represent a wide range of depositional systems and palaeoenvironments including fluvial channels, shallow‐marine shoreface settings, and deeper marine turbidites and sand‐rich submarine fans. Associated transgressive and highstand deposits comprise siltstone and shale deposited below storm wave‐base in relatively quiet, deep‐water settings similar to those found in a mid‐ to outer‐shelf setting. Seismic analysis shows significant fault offsets and thickness changes within the overall wedge geometry. Abrupt thickness changes across faults over small horizontal distances are documented at both the seismic‐ and outcrop‐scales. Synsedimentary fault movement, particularly along steeply north‐dipping, largely northeast‐trending normal faults, partitioned the depositional system into local sub‐basins. On the central Lawn Hill Platform, the nature of facies and their thickness change markedly within small fault blocks. Tilting and uplift of fault blocks affected accommodation cycles in these areas. Erosion and growth of fine‐grained parts of the section is localised within fault‐bounded depocentres. There are at least three stratigraphic levels within the River Supersequence associated with base‐metal mineralisation. Of the seven supersequences in the Isa Superbasin, the River Supersequence encompasses arguably the most dynamic period of basin partitioning, syndepositional faulting, facies change and associated Zn–Pb–Ag mineralisation.