Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The multiple scattering of waves in irregular media. II. Spatial autocorrelation functions

When a wave passes through a large thickness of a non-absorbing medium containing weak random irregularities of refractive index, large amplitude and phase fluctuations of the wave field can develop. In a previous paper it was shown how to calculate the probability distributions and average values of these fluctuations. An essential feature of the treatment was that it took into account waves which have been scattered many times (multiple scatter). The present paper considers the spatial autocorrelation functions of the intensity and phase fluctuations in a plane parallel to the wave front of the incident wave for conditions of multiple scatter. These autocorrelation functions are important since they are used in studying the scintillation of radio signals from stellar sources, and yield information about the scattering medium causing the scintillations. The autocorrelation functions of the field quantities depend on the moment matrix of a four-dimensional joint probability distribution. The moments, which are elements of the matrix, are certain average values of the scattered field. A set of integro-differential equations is formulated for the moments and solved analytically for some special cases. General solutions for the moments are obtained by numerical integration, in the case where the irregularities of refractive index have a Gaussian autocorrelation function. Curves for the spatial autocorrelation functions of intensity and phase in this case are given for different distances in the medium.
Yielding processes in a colloidal glass of soft star-like micelles under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)

The understanding of yielding and flow of a colloidal glass under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) represents a motivating challenge. Monitoring the higher harmonics in the stress signal by Fourier-transform (FT) rheology may provide useful insight on the progressive transition from linear to nonlinear viscoelastic response. However, the physical interpretation of FT-rheology data is still not obvious. Here we study the process of yielding in a colloidal glass formed by star-like block copolymer micelles with LAOS experiments and interrogate the nonlinear intracycle stress response by FT analysis and decomposition to an orthogonal set of Chebyshev polynomials [Ewoldt, R. H. , et al. J. Rheol. 52(6), 1427–1458 (2008)]. Such approach provides a robust framework enabling us to map out a rich phenomenology of intracylce nonlinearities that may relate to distinct physical mechanisms. We find that the nonlinearities during yielding are represented by intracylce shear thickening/thinning and strain harden.
The effect of a steady drift on the dispersion of a particle in turbulent fluid

The effect of a steady deterministic drift on the dispersion of particles suspended in a stationary homogeneous turbulent field is examined using previously reported closed equations of the mean-squared particle displacement. The existence of negative particle velocity correlations is demonstrated. The dependence of the particle diffusivity and kinetic energy on the inertia and drift factors is evaluated for a model turbulence spectrum. Asymptotic formulae are obtained for the case of dominant deterministic motion. The theory is applied to analysis of the experimental data of Snyder & Lumley (1971), and good and consistent agreement with these asymptotic formulae was obtained after accounting for the quasi-stationarity of particle velocity correlation functions in decaying turbulence.
A review of therapeutic failures in late-stage clinical trials

ABSTRACT Introduction The process of drug approval involves extensive and expensive preclinical and clinical examination. Most drugs entering late-stage clinical trials get terminated for a variety of reasons including inability to achieve the primary endpoints or intolerable adverse effects. Only one-tenth of the drugs that enter clinical trials progress to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory submission. Areas covered This review offers insight into some of the attributes that may be responsible for a drug’s failure in late-stage trials. Information from multiple open sources including PubMed articles published between 1989 and 2019, recent articles from authentic websites like www.ClinicalTrials. gov, www.fda. gov, and pharmaceutical news articles for the years between 2017 and 2021 were accumulated and summarized. Further, a few drug candidates that reached the phase III clinical trials but were discontinued at later stages have been presented as case studies. Expert opinion Ineluctable failures were observed due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism of action where the disease progression stages are unclear. Other reasons were choice of patient population, late-stage treatment, and dosage. Adhering to the guidelines and recommendations provided by the regulatory authorities and learning from past failures, considerably reduce failure rates.
Acute hypoxia elicits lasting reductions in the sympathetic action potential transduction of arterial blood pressure in males

Post‐hypoxia sympathoexcitation does not elicit corresponding changes in vascular tone, suggesting diminished sympathetic signalling. Blunted sympathetic transduction following acute hypoxia, however, has not been confirmed and the effects of hypoxia on the sympathetic transduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) as a function of action potential (AP) activity is unknown. We hypothesized that MAP changes would be blunted during acute hypoxia but restored in recovery and asynchronous APs would elicit smaller MAP changes than synchronous APs. Seven healthy males (age: 24 (3) years; BMI: 25 (3) kg/m2) underwent 20 min isocapnic hypoxia (PETO2: 47 (2) mmHg) and 30 min recovery. Multi‐unit microneurography (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA) and continuous wavelet transform with matched mother wavelet was used to detect sympathetic APs during baseline, hypoxia, early (first 7 min) and late (last 7 min) recovery. AP groups were classified as synchronous APs, asynchronous APs (occurring outside an MSNA burst) and no AP activity. Sympathetic transduction of MAP was quantified using signal‐averaging, with ΔMAP tracked following AP group cardiac cycles. Following synchronous APs, ΔMAP was reduced in hypoxia (+1.8 (0.9) mmHg) and early recovery (+1.5 (0.7) mmHg) compared with baseline (+3.1 (2.2) mmHg). AP group‐by‐condition interactions show that at rest asynchronous APs attenuate MAP reductions compared with no AP activity (−0.4 (1.1) vs. −2.2 (1.2) mmHg, respectively), with no difference between AP groups in hypoxia, early or late recovery. Sympathetic transduction of MAP is blunted in hypoxia and early recovery. At rest, asynchronous sympathetic APs contribute to neural regulation of MAP by attenuating nadir pressure responses.
Linear thermal expansion measurements on silicon from 6 to 340 K

Linear thermal expansion measurements have been carried out from 6 to 340 K on a high‐purity silicon sample using a linear absolute capacitance dilatometer. The accuracy of the measurements varies from ±0.01×10−8 K−1 at the lowest temperatures to ±0.1×10−8 K−1 or 0.1%, whichever is greater, near room temperature, and is sufficient to establish silicon as a thermal expansion standard for these temperatures. The agreement with previous data is satisfactory at low temperatures and excellent above room temperature where laser‐interferometry data of comparable accuracy exist. Thermal expansions calculated from ultrasonic and heat‐capacity data are preferred below 13 K where experimental problems occurred.
Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project Census of X-Ray Stars in the BN-KL and OMC-1S Regions

We present a study of the X-ray sources detected in the vicinity of two density peaks in the Orion Molecular Cloud 1 (OMC-1) behind the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC), as seen in the exceptionally deep (~10 days) exposure of the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project (COUP). We focus on a 40′′ × 50′′ region around the Becklin-Neugebauer object and Kleinmann-Low nebula (collectively BN-KL) and a 60′′ × 75′′ region around OMC-1S, a secondary star-forming peak some 90'' south of BN-KL. A total of 43 and 60 X-ray sources were detected in BN-KL and OMC-1S, respectively, of which one-half and one-third, respectively, were found to be foreground members of the ONC, while the remaining sources are identified as obscured X-ray sources with column densities 22 ≲ log(NH/cm-2) ≲ 24. All but 5 and 18 of these sources have near-infrared stellar counterparts, and 22 of these appear to be young stellar objects (YSOs). X-ray sources are found close to four luminous mid-IR sources, namely, BN, IRc3-i2, IRc2-C, and source n; their X-ray variability and spectral properties are typical of coronal activity in low-mass stars rather than wind emission from massive stars, suggesting that the X-ray emission may be arising from companions. The X-ray light curve of the X-ray source close to BN shows a periodicity of ~8.3 days, and from an X-ray image deconvolution of the region around BN, we conclude that either BN itself or a low-mass companion with a projected separation of ≃200 AU was detected. On the other hand, no emission is seen from the bright radio source I, held by some to be the main source of luminosity in BN-KL. In OMC-1S, Chandra unveils a new subcluster of seven YSOs without infrared counterparts. We compare the hard-band X-ray luminosity functions of obscured X-ray sources in BN-KL and OMC-1S with unobscured X-ray sources in the ONC, and we estimate that the true population of obscured sources in BN-KL and OMC-1S is ≃46 and 57 stars, with 90% confidence intervals of 34-71 and 42-82 stars, respectively.
Satellite-Based Insights into Precipitation Formation Processes in Continental and Maritime Convective Clouds

Multispectral analyses of satellite images are used to calculate the evolution of the effective radius of convective cloud particles with temperature, and to infer from that information about precipitation forming processes in the clouds. Different microphysical processes are identified at different heights. From cloud base to top, the microphysical classification includes zones of diffusional droplet growth, coalescence droplet growth, rainout, mixed-phase precipitation, and glaciation. Not all zones need appear in a given cloud system. Application to maritime clouds shows, from base to top, zones of coalescence, rainout, a shallow mixed-phase region, and glaciation starting at −10°C or even warmer. In contrast, continental clouds have a deep diffusional growth zone above their bases, followed by coalescence and mixed-phase zones, and glaciation at −15° to −20°C. Highly continental clouds have a narrow or no coalescence zone, a deep mixed-phase zone, and glaciation occurring between −20° and −30°C. Limit.
Transcervical Submandibular Approach: A Patient and Observer Scar Objective Score appraisal

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the functional and aesthetical performance of transcervical submandibular incision for various procedures in the submandibular area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a prospective case series for the introduction of the patient and observer scar assessment scale in the postoperative assessment of linear surgical scars in the neck region. Primary outcome variable was the functional and aesthetical outcome performance of transcervical submandibular incision. Statistical significance was set at the 5% level. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with various procedures in the submandibular area were enrolled in this study. Only three patients reported a transient mild dysfunction in the first week, which dissipated in the subsequent follow up period. The patient side of the scar assessment scale ranged from 7 to 19, with a mean record of 10.2 ± 3.45 and a total satisfaction rate of 85.7% was reported by the patients. The observer side of the scar assessment scale ranged from 19 to 25, with a mean record of 21.9 ± 1.42. Furthermore, an extreme degree of reliability was reported when evaluating the outcomes of both different observers (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The transcervical approach granted the patients a safer approach, regarding the safety of the marginal mandibular nerve, and a more aesthetically pleasing outcome with superb patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the utilization of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale in linear facial scars assessment offers a reliable and consistent tool with easy to implement tool.
Does Service Automation Affect Service Quality and Hotel Brand Image in Hotel Chains in Egypt: Managers' Point of View?

Quality and innovation are the two factors that hoteliers strive for in order to offer their guests innovative products and services. In addition, hotels offer a wide range of services to their consumers. In this study, the main aim is to explore the perspectives of hotel department managers regarding the impact of service automation (SA) on service quality (SQ) and hotel brand image (HBI) in the context of hotel chains in Egypt. For this study, we selected a convenient sample of hotel department managers from Egyptian hotel chains. Online surveys were conducted with 114 hotel department managers. The analysis was performed using SPSS software. As a result of this research, it appears that the brand image of hotel chains is not significantly affected by service automation. The quality of service is, however, significantly impacted by service automation. Moreover, from the point of view of the hotel manager, the quality of service has a considerable impact on the brand image of a hotel. امه راكتبلااو ةدوجلا ىلإ قدانفلا باحصأ ىعسي ناذللا نلاماعلا ةفاضلإاب . مهفويضل ةركتبم تامدخو تاجتنم ميدقت لجأ نم امهقيقحت ىلإ ،كلذ فدهلا . اهئلامعل تامدخلا نم ةعساو ةعومجم قدانفلا مدقت قدانفلا ماسقأ يريدم رظن تاهجو فاشتكا وه ةسا ردلا هذه نم يسيئرلا ةدوج ىلع ةمدخلا ةتمتأ ريثأتب قلعتي اميف ةمدخلا ةيراجتلا ةملاعلا ةروصو مت . رصم يف قدانفلا لسلاس قاطن يف قدانفلل رايتخا ةمئلاملا ةنيعلا م نم ءا رجإ مت . رصم يف قدانفلا لسلاس يف قدانفلا ماسقأ يريد عم تنرتنلإا ربع يأ رلا تاعلاطتسا 114 لسلاس يف ماسقلأا يريدم نم جمانرب مادختساب يئاصحلإا ليلحتلا ءا رجإ مت . قدانفلا SPSS ريشتو . ةملاعلا ةروص ىلع ريثأت اهل سيل ةمدخلا ةتمتأ نأ ىلإ ةسا ردلا هذه جئاتن ل ةيراجتلا نم مغرلابو . قدانفلا لسلاس ،كلذ ريثأت اهل ةمدخلا ةتمتأ نإف . ةمدقملا ةمدخلا ةدوج ىلع ريبك اضيأ ريبك ريثأت اهل ةمدخلا ةدوج نإف . نيريدملا رظن ةهجو نم قدنفلل ةيراجتلا ةملاعلا ةروص ىلع
Effect of paramagnetism and diamagnetism on theoretical rocket performance

The impact of an externally applied magnetic field on theoretical rocket performance has been investigated and the results of this investigation are presented and discussed. The application of a magnetic field has been assumed to impact rocket performance as a result of only the paramagnetic and diamagnetic nature of the constituent species in order to isolate the related phenomena. For the results presented in this paper, the impact of an applied magnetic field has been evaluated only for the case of an infinite area combustor. The equilibrium chemical composition produced in the combustor was assumed frozen as the fluid expanded through a supersonic nozzle. The parametric investigation examined a model reaction between kerosene and oxygen. The theoretical model was validated by comparison with existing chemical equilibrium and theoretical rocket performance models for the case of no applied magnetic field. The results indicate that the application of a magnetic field decreases mixture molecular mass, increases specific impulse, decreases the expansion ratio required for isentropic flow, and decreases the thrust coefficient.
Advantages of DES over BMS in Preventing the Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and Mortality in Various Populations

Backgrounds: Previous studies have demonstrated that drug-eluting stents (DESs) are more effective than bare metal stents (BMSs) in reducing the risk of myocardial infarction in the short term, but the long-term preventive benefits for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and mortality are not clear. Objective: This study deeply analyzed the long-term (within 3 years) advantages of the use of DESs in preventing the risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and mortality in various populations compared with those of using BMSs. Methods: This was a retrospective observational cohort study. We used the 2015–2019 claims data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients over the age of 18 who underwent coronary stent placement (both DESs and BMSs) for the first time in 2016 were included in the study population. Propensity-score matching was applied to increase the comparability of the DES and BMS groups. We used a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to compare the effectiveness of DESs and BMSs in preventing myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and all-cause mortality. A subgroup analysis was also performed. Results: In total, 21,608 cases were included in this study. Overall, the risk of myocardial infarction (aHR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.78–0.85), ischemic stroke (aHR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81–0.95), and mortality (aHR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.57–0.65) in the DES group were significantly lower than those in the BMS group. However, in some special cases, the results were not statistically significant. In particular, in patients with obesity (aHR = 2.61; 95% CI: 1.20–5.69), the DES group appeared to have a significantly higher long-term intermediate ischemic risk than the BMS group. Conclusions and Relevance: In conclusion, although DESs were more effective than BMSs in reducing the risk of long-term myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and mortality, this study also found that, in some cases, the advantages of DESs over BMSs were not clearly observed.
Global convergence and local superconvergence of first-kind Volterra integral equation approximations

We present a comprehensive convergence analysis for discontinuous piecewise polynomial approximations of a first-kind Volterra integral equation with smooth convolution kernel, examining the attainable order of (super-) convergence in collocation (DC), quadrature discontinuous Galerkin (QDG) and full discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. We introduce new polynomial basis functions with properties that greatly simplify the convergence analysis for collocation methods. This also enables us to determine explicit formulae for the location of superconvergence points (i.e.\ discrete points at which the convergence order is one higher than the global bound) for \textbf{all} convergent collocation schemes. We show that a QDG method which is based on piecewise polynomials of degree $m$ and uses exactly $m+1$ quadrature points and nonzero quadrature weights is equivalent to a collocation scheme, and so its convergence properties are fully determined by the previous collocation analysis and they depend only on the quadrature point location (in particular, they are completely independent of the accuracy of the quadrature rule). We also give a complete analysis for QDG with more than $m+1$ quadrature points when the degree of precision (dop) is at least $2m+1$. The behaviour (but not the approximation) is the same as for a DG scheme when the dop is at least $2m+2$. Numerical test results confirm that the theoretical convergence rates are optimal.
High-power, cw, diffraction-limited, GaAlAs laser diode array in an external Talbot cavity

A 20‐element linear array of single transverse mode semiconductor lasers is operated in an external Talbot cavity. A total cw output power of 250 mW in a diffraction‐limited far field and 29% differential efficiency is obtained with a 50% output coupler. By decreasing the output mirror reflectivity to 20%, 900 mW cw in a 1.7 times diffraction‐limited radiation pattern with an increased differential efficiency of 38% is obtained. The low fill factor of the array (1:12) acts as a spatial mode‐selective filter resulting in strong mode discrimination.
Morphological evolution during the last hurrah of the trilobites: morphometric analysis of the Devonian asteropyginid trilobites

Abstract. The Asteropyginae Delo, 1935 is a group of phacopid trilobites in the family Acastidae Delo, 1935 that has served as the focus for several studies due to their distinctive morphologies and diversity. However, despite an interest in these characteristic morphologies, there have been no studies that have examined this group using morphometric techniques. Our investigation utilized both geometric morphometric and elliptical Fourier methods to quantify the morphology of cephalic sclerites of asteropyginid specimens representing wide taxonomic sampling of the clade. We constructed a phylomorphospace that shows temporal and spatial patterns of phenotypic evolution within the framework of a novel tip-dated phylogenetic tree generated using Bayesian inference. We recovered similar patterns in disparity regardless of the morphometric approach. Both analyses illustrated a marked expansion into morphospace throughout the temporal range of the clade, peaking in disparity in the Emsian and with European taxa exhibiting the highest disparity in glabellar morphospace. Additionally, glabellar shape showed low phylogenetic signal and no major patterns in phylomorphospace. This study highlights the utility of employing different methodologies to quantitatively explore the disparity of fossil taxa. It also illustrates some of the patterns of morphological change occurring during one of the final and major evolutionary radiations within Phacopida.
Automatic Network Slicing for Admission Control, Routing, and Resource Allocation in Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems

Large-scale underwater wireless communications networks are gaining popularity because they are a critical enabler for a variety of applications in the environmental, commercial, and civilian domains. Multiple applications with various service-level-agreement (SLA) requirements can be provided utilizing the same network infrastructure to enable cost-effective underwater (UW) network deployment and maintenance, allowing for globally efficient resource management. Because various stakeholders may have different service level agreements (SLAs), underwater acoustic communication systems (UACS) must provide functional isolation of services. As a result, network slicing is critical in such networks. In this paper, a novel optimization framework for automated network slicing (ANS) in UACS is presented, which enables SLA-based admission control, routing, and dynamic resource allocation. It achieves optimized solutions and improves network performance, decreases deployment costs and simplifies network operation This paradigm is also in line with the development of 5G/6G networks. The proposed automatic slicing framework considers the difficult underwater acoustic channel characteristics to deliver a heuristic sub-optimal routing and resource allocation solution based on the SLA provided/required by network tenants/applications. An in-depth numerical analysis is used to test the suggested solution and compare it to state-of-the-art software-defined networks (SDN) routing and resource allocation algorithms.