Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motivating Salespeople to Sell New Products: the Relative Influence of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Self-efficacy Literature Review: New Product Performance, Tpb, and the Sales Force Intentions and Sales Performance the Relative Influence of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Self-efficacy the Mod

This research explores the relative influence of salespeople's attitudes toward selling a new product, perceptions of subjective norms, and self-efficacy on the development of selling intentions and, ultimately, the success of a new product launch. The longitudinal study employs a nonlinear growth curve model that leverages survey data from industrial salespeople and objective performance records of their daily sales during the first several months in the market of two new products: a new-to-market product and a line extension. By examining salesperson-level variance on new product performance, the authors suggest that managers should focus on increasing salesperson self-efficacy and positive attitudes toward selling the product to build selling intentions and quickly grow new product performance. They also suggest that sales managers should resist the temptation to rely on normative pressure during a new product introduction. Not only are subjective norms less effective in building selling intentions, but they also diminish the positive impact of attitudes and self-efficacy on salesperson intentions and constrain the positive relationships between intentions and performance and self-efficacy and performance. 1 N ew products are critical to a firm's ongoing sustainability , though they are often costly and fraught with risk. Indeed, new product development has been identified as one of three core business processes and an important driver of shareholder value (Srivastava, Shervani, and Fahey 1999). In addition, product innovation has become increasingly important as a means for competitive advantage, sustainable growth, and financial success in today's ultracompetitive business environment (Pauwels et al. 2004; Sorescu and Spanjol 2008). However, only a small percentage of new product initiatives succeed in the marketplace (Delre et al. 2007), reinforcing the need for additional research into factors that lead to successful commercialization. In particular, little research has focused on the sales force, one of the most pivotal contributors to the success of a new business-to-business product. Customer-contact employees (1) serve as important intermediaries between new product innovation and customers (Abramovici and Bancel-Charensol 2004), (2) directly affect customers' product perceptions, and (3) facilitate customer adoption of innovations (Ahearne et al. 2010). To advance the literature on new product development, it is important to further study the critical role of salespeople in a new product launch and to better understand salespeople's intentions and behaviors with respect to selling new products. Because field salespeople often operate in a relatively autonomous environment without close monitoring of their day-today activities, they enjoy a considerable degree of …
A Survey of Sub-provincial Disparities of HDI in Iran

Regional disparities of human development within many developing countries like Iran are serious obstacles to their integrated development. To adopt efficient policies in order to reduce existent disparities, it is necessary to measure development level of regions in the status quo. In this way, Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the efficient and widely used methods to measure human development of regions and countries. The aim of this study is to investigate sub-provincial disparities of human development in Iran. Meanwhile calculating HDI, this paper addresses two criticisms on HDI including substitution possibilities between its three indices and its common application at aggregated levels which may conceal wide regional disparities and blur the picture of human development within a country. To overcome these shortcomings, it was defined a simple set of fuzzy rules to determine the development level (DL) at sub-province level. Fuzzy classification of DL considerably reduces the substitution possibilities between individual components of HDI and directly reflects the effect of each component on overall DL, and analyzing human development at sub- province level reveals interregional and intraregional disparities more precisely. Based on suggested fuzzy classification, it was defined seven categories for DL including: very high, high, medium-high, medium, low-medium, low and very low. Results showed that a large number of sub-provinces lie in the lower levels of development, and revealed very stark differences of human development among sub-provinces. This study highlights the importance of reducing disparities in Iran to pave way for greater national integration and sustainable development.
Multiple Vent-forming Phreatic Eruptions after AD 1663 in the Noboribetsu Geothermal Field, Kuttara Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan

The Noboribetsu geothermal field (area 1×1.5 km) is located in the western part of Kuttara volcano, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Seventy-one shallow trenches (<90 cm deep) were systematically dug within the geothermal field, in order to study the stratigraphy and distribution of the most recent phreatic fall deposit (the Nb-a deposit) erupted from the field. The Nb-a deposit (<68 cm thick) consists of altered dacitic lithic clasts in a fine-grained clay-rich matrix. The deposit overlies the Us-b tephra that was emplaced in AD 1663. Stratigraphic sections constructed from the 71 trenches indicate that the deposit is distributed within an elliptical area measuring 850×1250m across and extending NNWSSE. Isopach and maximum-grain-size isopleth maps indicate that the deposit increases in thickness and maximumgrain-size toward several explosion craters. These data suggest that phreatic eruptions, through multiple vents, occurred in the Noboribetsu geothermal field after AD 1663.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BICYCLE LANES VERSUS WIDE CURB LANES

This report is a comparative analysis of bicycle lanes (BLs) versus wide curb lanes (WCLs). The primary analysis was based on videotapes of almost 4,600 bicyclists (2,700 riding in BLs and 1,900 in WCLs) in the cities of Santa Barbara, California, Gainesville, Florida, and Austin, Texas, as the bicyclists approached and road through eight BL and eight WCL intersections with varying speed and traffic conditions. The intent was to videotape bicyclists who regularly ride in traffic. The videotapes were coded to learn about operational characteristics (e.g., intersection approach position and subsequent maneuvers) and conflicts with motor vehicles, other bicycles, or pedestrians. A conflict was defined as an interaction between a bicycle and motor vehicle, pedestrian, or other bicycle such that at least one of the parties had to change speed or direction to avoid the other. Both bicyclist and motorist maneuvers in conflict situations were coded and analyzed. This covered maneuvers such as a bicyclist moving incorrectly from the bicycle lane into the traffic lane prior to making a left turn, or conversely, a motor vehicle passing a bicyclist and then abruptly turning right across its path. Bicyclist experience data were also collected separately from the videotaping at each of the 16 data collection sites in each city through use of a short oral survey. Slightly more than 2,900 surveys were completed. These data were analyzed to learn about the age, riding habits, and experience levels of the bicyclists riding through these intersections. Bicycle-motor vehicle crash data were also analyzed to determine if there were parallels to the videotape data.
THE DYNAMICS OF CHAPLYGIN BALL: THE QUALITATIVE AND COMPUTER ANALYSIS

The motion of Chaplygin ball with and without gyroscope in the absolute space is analyzed. In particular, the trajectories of the point of contact are studied in detail. We discuss the motions in the absolute space, that correspond to the dieren t types of motion in the moving frame of reference related to the body. The existence of the bounded trajectories of the ball’s motion is shown by means of numerical methods in the case when the problem is reduced to a certain Hamiltonian system.
A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ONSET OF FAILURE POINTS DURING LABORATORY STRENGTH TESTING OF ROCKS

Estimating the pre- failure points for rocks during laboratory testing is not a trivial task. In this study, a new approach is introduced that utilizes change in the slope of the load-deformation curves of rock in the loading cycle for marking the onset of failure point during uniaxial test of a given rock. At each step, load-deformation data footprints of the rock under test are inspected and a decision is made whether the failure has started or not. The load-deformation data obtained from different tests of different rocks are examined including; Norite, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Siltstone and Marble. The computational results over 154 cored rock samples show that the proposed approach locates the onset of failure point for a given rock with an acceptable degree of accuracy.
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF STRONG SOLUTIONS FOR THE SYSTEM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN A COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES-FOURIER FLUID AND A DAMPED PLATE EQUATION DEBAYAN MAITY

The article is devoted to the mathematical analysis of a fluid-structure interaction system where the fluid is compressible and heat conducting and where the structure is deformable and located on a part of the boundary of the fluid domain. The fluid motion is modeled by the compressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier system and the structure displacement is described by a structurally damped plate equation. Our main results are the existence of strong solutions in an L − L setting for small time or for small data. Through a change of variables and a fixed point argument, the proof of the main results is mainly based on the maximal regularity property of the corresponding linear systems. For small time existence, this property is obtained by decoupling the linear system into several standard linear systems whereas for global existence and for small data, the maximal regularity property is proved by showing that the corresponding linear coupled fluid-structure operator is R−sectorial.
FORENSIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF LETHAL TRAUMATISM CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY IN THE DISTRICT OF VARNA

Summary. World literature describes single cases or small series of cases on this topic. In spite of our meticulous search through literature, we did not find references to such cases in Bulgaria, including the district of Varna. These circumstances initiated our research. Our purpose was to present the forensic and epidemiological characteristics of the victims of atmospheric electricity (VAE) in the district of Varna. Subject of this study were 27 death cases caused by atmospheric electricity. The data had been put to alternative- (mean ± SEM), variation- (Student t test) and graphical analysis. The calculations had been made by statistical software (SPSS 11.0). The building of a linear trend had been accomplished by the method of the least squares. Values of P<0.05 had been accepted as significant. VАЕ account for 9.71% of all death cases resulting from atmospheric electricity and represent 0,16% of all forensic medical autopsies, or 0.13 per average 100 000 residents of the district of Varna of average age 42.22 years. Out of these males account for 92.59% or 0,126 per 100 000. Their average age was 39.44 years. Females account for 7.41% or 0.01 per 100 000. Their average age was 50 years. Children and adolescents aged between 0 and 17 account for a total of 22.22% out of which 100% were boys of average age 13.83 years. The research of circumstances at which the lethal end appeared revealed that in 92.59 % of the cases the death was not connected with the exercising of occupational activities; in 7.41% of the cases, the death resulted from accidents at work.
Estimation of inherent optical properties and phytoplankton community structure from hyperspectral in-water radiometry

We develop two algorithms for determining two inherent optical properties (IOPs) from radiometric measurements in vertically homogeneous waters. The first algorithm is for estimation of the ratio of the backscattering to absorption coefficients from measurements of only the vertically upward radiance and the downward planar irradiance at depths where the light field is in the asymptotic regime. The second algorithm enables estimation of the absorption coefficient from measurement of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in the asymptotic regime after use of the first algorithm. Multiplication of the two estimates leads to an estimate for the backscattering coefficient. The algorithms, based upon the use of a simplified phase function and the asymptotic eigenmode, are shown to potentially provide good starting conditions for iteratively determining the absorption and backscattering coefficients of a wide variety of waters. The uncertainty in the estimates defines a subspace for IOPs that may reduce ambiguity in such iterative solutions. Because of the ease of estimating the backscattering to absorption ratio from in-water measurements, this IOP deserves further investigation as a proxy for biogeochemical quantities in the open ocean. © 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (010.0010) Atmospheric and ocean optics; (010.4450) Ocean optics; (010.7340) Water; (030.5620) Radiative transfer; (100.3190) Inverse problems; (160.4760) Optical properties; (290.4210) Multiple scattering. References and links 1. H. R. Gordon, “Inverse methods in hydrologic optics,” Oceanologia 44, 9–58 (2002). 2. N. J. McCormick, “Inverse Radiative Transfer Problems: A Review,” Nucl. Sci. Eng. 112, 185–198 (1992). 3. C. D. Mobley, Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters (Academic, New York, 1994). 4. H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
The Modern Corporation and Private Property

This monumental work on the corporation is one of those enduring classics that many cite but few have read. Graced with a new introduction by Weidenbaum and Jensen, this new edition makes this classic available to a new generation. Written in the early 1930s, The Modern Corporation and Private Property remains the fundamental introduction to the internal organization of the corporation in modern society. Combining the analytical skills of an attorney with those of an economist, Berle and Means raise the central questions, even when their answers have been superseded by changing circumstances. The book's most enduring theme is the separation of ownership from control of the modern corporation and its consequences. Berle and Means display keen awareness of the divergent interests of directors and managers, and of each from owners of the firm. Among their predictions are the characteristic increase in size of the modem corporation and concentration of the economy. The authors view stock exchanges and stock markets as essential by-products of the rise of the modem corporation, and explore how these function. They address the difficult questions of whether corporations operate for the benefit of owners or managers, and explore what motivates managers to make effective use of corporate assets. Finally, they examine the role of the corporation as the prevailing form of organizing the production and distribution of goods and services. In their new introduction, Weidenbaum and Jensen, co-directors of the Center for the Study of American Business at Washington University, critically assess the impact of developments not fully anticipated by Berle and Means, such as the rise of the service sector, and the significant role played by institutional investors in the owner/manager equation. They note the authors' prescient observations, including the complex role of and motivating influences on professional managers, and the significance of inside information on stock markets. As they note, The Modern Corporation and Private Property remains of central value to all those concerned with the evolution of this major social institution of the twentieth century. Scholar and practitioner alike will find it of enduring significance.
Chapter 40 Baffin Fan and its inverted rift system of Arctic eastern Canada: stratigraphy, tectonics and petroleum resource potential

Abstract Baffin Fan is a 12 km-thick sedimentary wedge of Eocene to Pleistocene age in northwestern Baffin Bay, with size and resource potential comparable to Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin. A widespread Moho detachment originating in Mesoproterozoic strata may have influenced development of Cretaceous–Palaeogene horst blocks and half-grabens throughout the region, and their transformation by later phases of inversion. Reflection profiles indicate 12 depositional sequences in lower Palaeozoic and Cretaceous to Pleistocene strata. Notable is syntectonic sedimentation with possible volcanism and rifting in the Cretaceous–Danian. Sequences associated with inversion in the later Paleocene and Eocene display out-of-graben thrust anticlines formed over horst blocks in Lady Ann and Lancaster Sound basins. The Oligocene to mid-Miocene is associated with fluvial–deltaic systems, replaced since then by glacial–interglacial sequences including submarine canyons and deepwater fans. Exploration targets are located in Lancaster Sound, and a Baffin Bay fairway that runs 220 km northwestward to east of Coburg Island. Sixty-five per cent of prospects are located under Neogene cover. Fourteen are each greater than 70 km2, and five are between 334 and 592 km2. Based on drilling success rates elsewhere and the existence of a petroleum system, 12 of the 40 mapped structures may contain hydrocarbons in significant quantity.
The Neuroprotective Effects of the Modulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Diabetic Encephalopathy Through Pharmacological and Genetic Means

Diabetes is a major medical problem, with complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy shortening life span and impairing quality of life. One of these complications of chronic diabetes, diabetic encephalopathy, is characterized by deficient cognition and may progress to an Alzheimer's disease-like condition over time. The primary pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic encephalopathy include impaired insulin signaling and hyperglycemia. Deficient insulin signaling results in an over-activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) leading to an increase in amyloid-beta (A[beta]) protein and the hyper-phosphorylation of the structural protein tau. In an effort to combat the cognitive decline seen in chronic diabetes, we treated streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice with one of two drugs: AR-A014418, a GSK3 inhibitor, or TX14(A), a neuropeptide derived from prosaposin that possesses both GSK3 inhibitory and neuroprotective properties. DN-GSK3 mice, a model expressing inactive GSK3[beta], were used to compare the effects of endogenous versus pharmacological inhibition. Treatment with AR- A014418 was sufficient to prevent the development of cognitive deficits while TX14(A) was able to both prevent and reverse them. No prevention of cognitive decline was seen with endogenous inhibition of GSK3. These results may open a new avenue for treatment to prevent or ameliorate some of the detrimental effects of diabetic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease
Establishing Laboratory-Speci�c Reference Intervals for TSH and fT4 by use of the Indirect Hoffman Method

Background: The results of examinations of laboratory parameters are the basis of appropriate medical decisions. The availability of reliable and accurate reference intervals (RIs) for each laboratory parameter is an integral part of its appropriate interpretation. Each medical laboratory should con�rm their RIs. Up to date reference intervals for thyroid function hormones are still a matter of ongoing controversy. The aim of the study was application of the indirect Hoffman method to determine RIs for TSH and fT4 based on the large data pools stored in laboratory information systems, and the comparison of these RIs to generally used RIs. Material and methods: The TSH and fT4 routine examination results of a hospitalized and outpatients population over �ve years (2015-2019) were collected, and reference limits were established by the improved Hoffmann method after the exclusion of outliers. Comparative veri�cation of established RIs was conducted with the RIs values provided by test manufacturers and literature data. Results: The various RIs in different age groups in examined populations were observed. For TSH RIs varied between different age groups, with a narrower range of RIs in the studied adult population, while for children, a shift of both reference boundaries toward higher values in comparison to manufacturers' data was observed. RIs estimated for fT4 were very similar to the manufacturer and literature data. Conclusion: Thyroid hormone levels change during a person's lifetime and vary between sexes, but this difference does not always in�uence the clinical interpretation of laboratory results in the context of RIs. The use of indirect methods is justi�ed due to the ease and low cost of their application.
www.econstor.eu What Determines the Speed of Adjustment to the Target Capital Structure?

We use a dynamic adjustment model and panel methodology to investigate the determinants of a time-varying optimal capital structure. Because firms may temporarily deviate from their optimal capital structure in the presence of adjustment costs, we also endogenize the adjustment process. In particular, we analyze the effects of firm-specific characteristics as well as macroeconomic factors on the speed of adjustment to the target leverage. Our sample comprises a panel of 90 Swiss firms over the years 1991 to 2001. We find that faster growing firms and those that are further away from their optimal capital structure adjust more readily. Our results also reveal interesting interrelations between the adjustment speed and popular business cycle variables. For example, the speed of adjustment is higher when the term spread is higher, i.e., when economic prospects are good.
Typhoon induced upper ocean cooling off northeastern Taiwan

The ocean cooling off northeastern Taiwan induced by typhoons is complicated by the presence of the continental shelf of the East China Sea and the Kuroshio. The cooling is primarily due to the upwelling of the Kuroshio's subsurface water, which accompanies the Kuroshio's intrusion onto the shelf, rather than the entrainment mixing generated by the wind. The Kuroshio's intrusion in this region has a seasonal variation, being more substantial in winter than in summer. Previous studies found that the winter northeasterly monsoon creates an intrusion‐favored flow pattern, while the reversed summer monsoon opposes it. This study found that the strong northeast wind, accompanied by a typhoon along a certain path, could significantly alter the circulations on the shelf. An intrusion event will be triggered via a similar mechanism as induced by the winter monsoon, but at a faster pace. A numerical study and observation data are provided to illustrate this mechanism.
Toroidal oscillations and SH body waves of an aspherical Earth

SUMMARY The WKBJ solution is used to show that effects of aspherical perturbation are incorporated to long-period SH synthetic seismograms by a simple method. The source radius is shifted as well as the frequency and the epicentral distance (as shown by Jordan and Woodhouse & Dziewonski).