Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of extreme temperature response to 0.5 °C additional warming between dry and humid regions over East–central Asia

The additional 0.5 °C warming from 1.5 to 2°C global target has a significant impact on the occurrence of extreme temperature events. While the arid and semi‐arid areas (ASA) and humid areas (HA) present different response characteristics to the additional global mean 0.5 °C warming due to their differences in thermal properties. In this study, both the stabilized and transient 1.5 °C (2 °C) global warming scenarios projected by the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are used to compare the extreme temperature responses between the ASA and HA to the 2 and 1.5 °C global warming targets over East–central Asia. The results indicate that cold fixed‐threshold indices (frost days [FD] and icing days [ID]) will decrease more rapidly in ASA, by approximately 10 days (1.5 °C) and 15 days (2 °C) compared to the historical period, respectively. Warm fixed‐threshold indices (summer days [SU] and tropical nights [TR]) will become more common in HA, especially southeast of China. Under 1.5 °C target, the increase of intensity indices is equal to the average temperature warming response (1.5 °C), while the additional 0.5 °C warming makes the response of intensity indices much greater than 0.5 °C. Under 0.5 °C warmer world, the daily temperature range (DTR) will experience a 0.5 °C increase in most HA and a 0.2–0.5 °C decrease in ASA during winter. As a whole, the additional 0.5 °C warming has an amplified effect and the 1.5 °C global warming target could reduce the extreme temperature events significantly over East–central Asia.
A numerical evaluation of HSL packages for the direct solution of large sparse, symmetric linear systems of equations

In recent years, a number of new direct solvers for the solution of large sparse, symmetric linear systems of equations have been added to the mathematical software library HSL. These include solvers that are designed for the solution of positive-definite systems as well as solvers that are principally intended for solving indefinite problems. The available choice can make it difficult for users to know which solver is the most appropriate for their use. In this study, we use performance profiles as a tool for evaluating and comparing the performance of the HSL solvers on an extensive set of test problems taken from a range of practical applications.
Nonverbal Expressions of Status and System Legitimacy

A voluminous literature has examined how primates respond to nonverbal expressions of status, such as taking the high ground, expanding one’s posture, and tilting one’s head. We extend this research to human intergroup processes in general and interracial processes in particular. Perceivers may be sensitive to whether racial group status is reflected in group members’ nonverbal expressions of status. We hypothesized that people who support the current status hierarchy would prefer racial groups whose members exhibit status-appropriate nonverbal behavior over racial groups whose members do not exhibit such behavior. People who reject the status quo should exhibit the opposite pattern. These hypotheses were supported in three studies using self-report (Study 1) and reaction time (Studies 2 and 3) measures of racial bias and two different status cues (vertical position and head tilt). For perceivers who supported the status quo, high-status cues (in comparison with low-status cues) increased preferences for White people over Black people. For perceivers who rejected the status quo, the opposite pattern was observed.
Learning to Fuse Disparate Sentences

We present a system for fusing sentences which are drawn from the same source document but have different content. Unlike previous work, our approach is supervised, training on real-world examples of sentences fused by professional journalists in the process of editing news articles. Like Filippova and Strube (2008), our system merges dependency graphs using Integer Linear Programming. However, instead of aligning the inputs as a preprocess, we integrate the tasks of finding an alignment and selecting a merged sentence into a joint optimization problem, and learn parameters for this optimization using a structured online algorithm. Evaluation by human judges shows that our technique produces fused sentences that are both informative and readable.
Preparation, characterization and tissue disposition of niosomes containing isoniazid

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (or niosomes) are now widely studied as alternates to liposomes. An increasing number of non-ionic surfactant has been found to form vesicles, capable of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. Isoniazid encapsulated as formulation using ethanol injection method. A different ratio of cholesterol was used. The formulated systems were characterized for in vitro by size distribution analysis, drug entrapment efficiency and drug release profiles. In vivo drug disposition was evaluated in normal, healthy albino rats for niosomal formulation. The size range 2.28 ±0.008(Plain Span 60), 2.311±0.009 (Span60: Cholesterol, 40:50), 2.15±0.002 (span60: Cholesterol 50:50). The entrapment release 74.12% (Plain Span 60), 80.23 %( Span60: Cholesterol, 40:50), 76.26% (span60: Cholesterol, 50:50). In vitro release pattern indicated that about total drug content were released within 48 h. The drug disposition by niosomal drug delivery proved that the drug accumulated in visceral organs (lung, kidney, liver, spleen) was lower than free drug. This proved that niosomal drug delivery system has lesser toxicity than free drug. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that the prepared niosomal drug delivery system of antitubercular agent such as isoniazid has exceptional potential for development into a low dose performed with effective treatment for tuberculosis.
Heat Kernel Smoothing of Anatomical Manifolds via Laplace-Beltrami Eigenfunctions Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging

We present a novel surface smoothing framework using the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. The Green’s function of an isotropic diffusion equation on a manifold is analytically represented using the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltraimi operator. The Green’s function is then used in explicitly constructing heat kernel smoothing as a series expansion of the eigenfunctions. Unlike many previous surface diffusion approaches, diffusion is analytically represented using the eigenfunctions reducing numerical inaccuracy. Our numerical implementation is validated against the spherical harmonic representation of heat kernel smoothing on a unit sphere. The proposed framework is illustrated with mandible surfaces, and is compared to a widely used iterative kernel smoothing method in computational anatomy. The MATLAB source code is
Small gain theorems for large scale systems and construction of ISS Lyapunov functions

We consider interconnections of n nonlinear subsystems in the input-to-state stability (ISS) framework. For each subsystem an ISS Lyapunov function is given that treats the other subsystems as independent inputs. A gain matrix is used to encode the mutual dependencies of the systems in the network. Under a small gain assumption on the monotone operator induced by the gain matrix, a locally Lipschitz continuous ISS Lyapunov function is obtained constructively for the entire network by appropriately scaling the individual Lyapunov functions for the subsystems.
Dynamic point location in arrangements of hyperplanes

We present algorithms for maintaining data structures supporting fast (polylogarithmic) point-location and ray-shooting queries in arrangements of hyperplanes. This data structure allows for deletion and insertion of hyperplanes. Our algorithms use random bits in the construction of the data structure but do not make any assumptions about the update sequence or the hyperplanes in the input. The query bound for our data structure isÕ(polylog(n)), wheren is the number of hyperplanes at any given time, and theÕ notation indicates that the bound holds with high probability, where the probability is solely with respect to randomization in the data structure. By high probability we mean that the probability of error is inversely proportional to a large degree polynomial inn. The space requirement isÕ(nd). The cost of update isÕ(nd−1 logn. The expected cost of update isO(nd−1); the expectation is again solely with respect to randomization in the data structure. Our algorithm is extremely simple.We also give a related algorithm with optimalÕ(logn) query time, expectedO(nd) space requirement, and amortizedO(nd−1) expected cost of update. Moreover, our approach has a versatile quality which is likely to have further applications to other dynamic algorithms.Ford=2, 3 we also show how to obtain polylogarithmic update time in the CRCW PRAM model so that the processor-time product matches (within a polylogarithmic factor) the sequential update time.
Learning General Search Control from Outside Guidance

The system presented here shows how Soar, an architecture for general problem solving and learning, can acquire general search-control knowledge from outside guidance. The guidance can be either direct advice about what the system should do, or a problem that illustrates a relevant idea. The system makes use of the guidance by first formulating an appropriate goal for itself. In the process of achieving this goal, it learns general search-control chunks. In the case of learning from direct advice, the goal is to verify that the advice is correct. The verification allows the system to obtain general conditions of applicability of the advice, and to protect itself from erroneous advice. The system learns from illustrative problems by setting the goal of solving the problem provided. It can then transfer the lessons it learns along the way to its original problem. This transfer constitutes a rudimentary form of analogy.
CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program

CHARMM (Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics) is a highly versatile and widely used molecular simulation program. It has been developed over the last three decades with a primary focus on molecules of biological interest, including proteins, peptides, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and small molecule ligands, as they occur in solution, crystals, and membrane environments. For the study of such systems, the program provides a large suite of computational tools that include numerous conformational and path sampling methods, free energy estimators, molecular minimization, dynamics, and analysis techniques, and model‐building capabilities. The CHARMM program is applicable to problems involving a much broader class of many‐particle systems. Calculations with CHARMM can be performed using a number of different energy functions and models, from mixed quantum mechanical‐molecular mechanical force fields, to all‐atom classical potential energy functions with explicit solvent and various boundary conditions, to implicit solvent and membrane models. The program has been ported to numerous platforms in both serial and parallel architectures. This article provides an overview of the program as it exists today with an emphasis on developments since the publication of the original CHARMM article in 1983. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.J Comput Chem, 2009.
Interaction of the Tobacco Lectin with Histone Proteins1[C][W][OA]

The tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) agglutinin or Nictaba is a member of a novel class of plant lectins residing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cells. Since tobacco lectin expression is only observed after the plant has been subjected to stress situations such as jasmonate treatment or insect attack, Nictaba is believed to act as a signaling protein involved in the stress physiology of the plant. In this paper, a nuclear proteomics approach was followed to identify the binding partners for Nictaba in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cv Xanthi cells. Using lectin affinity chromatography and pull-down assays, it was shown that Nictaba interacts primarily with histone proteins. Binding of Nictaba with histone H2B was confirmed in vitro using affinity chromatography of purified calf thymus histone proteins on a Nictaba column. Elution of Nictaba-interacting histone proteins was achieved with 1 m N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Moreover, mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the Nictaba-interacting histone proteins are modified by O-GlcNAc. Since the lectin-histone interaction was shown to be carbohydrate dependent, it is proposed that Nictaba might fulfill a signaling role in response to stress by interacting with O-GlcNAcylated proteins in the plant cell nucleus.
Solutions to Key Exposure Problem in Ring Signature

In this paper, we suggest solutions to the key exposure problem in ring signature. In particular, we propose the first forward secure ring signature scheme and the first key-insulated ring signature scheme. Both constructions allow a (t, n)-threshold setting. That is, even t secret keys are compromised, the validity of all forward secure ring signatures generated in the past is still preserved. In the other way, the compromise of up to all secret keys does not allow any adversary to generate a valid key-insulated ring signature for the remaining time periods. All our proposed schemes are proven secure in the random oracle model.
Crocetin reduces the oxidative stress induced reactive oxygen species in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) brain

Crocetin is a natural carotenoid compound of gardenia fruits and saffron, which has various effects in biological systems. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of crocetin on reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical using in vitro X-band electron spin resonance and spin trapping. Crocetin significantly inhibited hydroxyl radical generation compared with the control. Moreover, we performed electron spin resonance computed tomography ex vivo with the L-band electron spin resonance imaging system and determined the electron spin resonance signal decay rate in the isolated brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, a high-oxidative stress model. Crocetin significantly reduced oxidative stress in the isolated brain by acting as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, especially hydroxyl radical, as demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo electron spin resonance analysis. The distribution of crocetin was also determined in the plasma and the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats using high-performance liquid chromatography. After oral administration, crocetin was detected at high levels in the plasma and the brain. Our results suggest that crocetin may participate in the prevention of reactive oxygen species-induced disease due to a reduction of oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species in the brain.
Non‐Competitive Antagonism of N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate by Displacement of an Endogenous Glycine‐Like Substance

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA; 40 μM) induced depolarizations of cortical wedges that were reduced by 30–60% in the presence of D‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate (D‐AP5; 5 μM), ketamine (5 μM), dextrorphan (5 μM), magnesium (500 μM), kynurenate (200 μM), and 1‐hydroxy‐3‐aminopyrrolidone‐2 (HA‐966; 200 μM). Superfusion with glycine (1 μM‐1 mM) did not enhance the action of NMDA in control medium and in media containing D‐AP5, ketamine, dextrorphan, or magnesium. In the presence of kynurenate and HA‐966, however, NMDA‐induced depolarizations were enhanced in a dose‐dependent manner by glycine (10 μM‐3.16 mM). NMDA antagonism produced by HA‐966 appeared to be more completely reversed than that produced by kynurenate. This action of glycine was mimicked by D‐serine but not by GABA or L‐serine, and was resistant to strychnine (10–50 μM). Reduction of responses to quisqualate by kynurenate was not reversed by glycine.
A Microcalcification Detection Using Adaptive Contrast Enhancement on Wavelet Transform and Neural Network

Microcalcification detection is an important part of early breast cancer detection. In this paper, we propose a microcalcification detection algorithm using adaptive contrast enhancement in a mammography CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) system. The proposed microcalcification detection algorithm includes two parts. One is adaptive contrast enhancement in which the enhancement filtering parameters are determined based on noise characteristics of the mammogram. The other is a multi-stage microcalcification detection. The results show that the proposed microcalcification detection algorithm is much more robust against fluctuating noisy environments.
Scalability through Cultivation

The objective of this paper is to discuss how to use Information Technology to enable the staff at a mission-critical order packaging department to cope with a drastically increasing scale of operation. To reduce the risk of interrupting the production, a cultivation approach is adopted. We use co-ordination theory to analyse the current work setting and present a design proposal. The basic building blocks of the analysis and the design are co-ordination mechanisms. This facilitates the understanding of today's way of working, as well as the design of a new setting, enabling the department to cope with the larger scale of operation. The underlying approach for the change process is cultivation, which is a softer, less disruptive approach compared to more radical methods for organisational change. Based on the results, we argue that it is the co-ordination work that is lacking, not the actual productive work performed. Even though co-ordination theory has been criticised for being difficult to apply in practice, we find that it is indeed fruitful to use in this real-world case. The cultivation approach facilitates a design that allows implementation of changes without disrupting the throughput at the
SNR Classification System Based on Classification of Voiced / Unvoiced Signal

This paper proposes a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) classification system based on a classification of voiced/unvoiced signal using a time-delay neural network for noise reduction in speech that is degraded by background noises. As such, the proposed system detects voiced and unvoiced sections, then reduces the noise signal for each input frame using the time-delay neural network.
Markov Chain Model Using Lévy Flight for VLSI Power Grid Analysis

Due to complex architectures of modern high performance processor designs, signal integrity across the power grid network has become a challenging issue. To ensure reliable signal delivery, the process of power grid analysis requires definite investigation of entire power grid network for any hotspot (worst-case voltage fluctuation) using efficient algorithms during chip design and verification. As the process is inherently iterative and considering the size of modern chips, it requires extensive computations to locate the hotspots across the power grid network. This enables to employ correct methodology to efficiently analyze large power grid networks in suitable computing environment. This paper presents a method based on Markov chain algorithm model, which utilizes a Levy flight principle to identify the region of influence, i.e. hotspots of a power grid network using graphics processing units (GPUs). Here, the basic idea of proposed method is to traverse the power grid network depending upon the states acquired in each step during transition on Markov chain using Levy flight. Experimental results show that the proposed method demonstrates remarkable performance improvement over state-of-art solutions with acceptable accuracy loss (≤ 4%). Further, a speedup of 2.48× has been achieved over serial version of proposed method on GPU while analyzing a power grid network having 49 million vertices.
A simple camera calibration method for vehicle velocity estimation

Camera calibration is an essential step in vision-based vehicle speed measurement systems. In this paper, a simple, easy, and robust camera calibration method for vehicle speed measurement is proposed. First, the camera is installed at any position that can cover the desired traffic images. After that, an equilateral triangle is drawn on the ground within the view scene of the camera as a reference object. Then, the image of the triangle captured by the traffic camera is used to determine the camera parameters. The main advantage of our method is that it requires very little effort put into installing the camera and can be used in any road conditions. In order to prove the advantages of our method, we use the found camera parameters with the motion vectors of traffic video frames estimated by the optical flow algorithm to calculate the real moving speed of vehicles. Our experimental results have shown that the proposed method is reliable and easy to use.
Ultrasonic Study of Binary Mixture of Acetic Acid and Toluene

Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) for binary liquid mixtures of acetic acid with toluene have been measured at 3 MHz ultrasonic frequency at 303K. From this data, acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA) and intermolecular free length (Lf) are calculated. The result is interpreted as per molecular interaction between the mixtures.
Distance from a Fishing Community Explains Fish Abundance in a No-Take Zone with Weak Compliance

There are numerous examples of no-take marine reserves effectively conserving fish stocks within their boundaries. However, no-take reserves can be rendered ineffective and turned into ‘paper parks’ through poor compliance and weak enforcement of reserve regulations. Long-term monitoring is thus essential to assess the effectiveness of marine reserves in meeting conservation and management objectives. This study documents the present state of the 15-year old no-take zone (NTZ) of South El Ghargana within the Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area, South Sinai, Egyptian Red Sea. Previous studies credited willing compliance by the local fishing community for the increased abundances of targeted fish within the designated NTZ boundaries compared to adjacent fished or take-zones. We compared benthic habitat and fish abundance within the NTZ and the adjacent take sites open to fishing, but found no significant effect of the reserve. Instead, the strongest evidence was for a simple negative relationship between fishing pressure and distance from the closest fishing village. The abundance of targeted piscivorous fish increased significantly with increasing distance from the village, while herbivorous fish showed the opposite trend. This gradient was supported by a corresponding negative correlation between the amount of discarded fishing gear observed on the reef and increasing distance from the village. Discarded fishing gear within the NTZ suggested decreased compliance with the no-take regulations. Our findings indicate that due to non-compliance the no-take reserve is no longer functioning effectively, despite its apparent initial successes and instead a gradient of fishing pressure exists with distance from the nearest fishing community.