Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DARK REACTIONS FOLLOWING PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF PROLYCOPENE *

Cells of mutant C‐6D of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus form only acyclic carotenoid precursors up to prolycopene (7Z, 9Z, 7′Z, 9′Z cis‐isomer of lycopene) when grown heterotrophically in the dark. Upon illumination, however, the cyclic carotenes α‐ and β‐carotene and the xanthophylls are synthesized. Inhibition of the cyclization reaction by nicotine revealed a light‐induced isomerization of prolycopene accumulated in darkness to all‐trans lycopene.
Genetic evidence for two species of the genus Pimelodus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) in the Iguaçu River (Brazil)

The existence of reproductive isolation between two morphs of catfish, endemic to the Iguacu River (Brazil), was examined by enzyme starch gel electrophoresis. Tissues of 19 catfish (Pimelodus ortmanni) and 15 of a similar morph (Pimelodus sp.), which differs from P. ortmanni by presenting larger and more scattered dusky spots on its skin, were analyzed. A Nei's (1978) genetic identity of 0.551 was determined by the analysis of 22 enzyme loci. The loci EST*1, EST*2, GDH*1, GPI*1, GPI*2, IDH*1, MDH*1, MDH*2, and PGM*1 were fixed for different alleles in each morph, that is, no heterozygote was found for these loci. The enzymatic patterns observed for the two morphs indicate both that the taxa are reproductively isolated and that they in fact represent separate species.
The ATR inhibitor elimusertib exhibits anti-lymphoma activity and synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib

Purpose The DNA damage response (DDR) is the cellular process devoted to the preservation of an intact genome. The DDR is often deregulated in lymphoma cells due to high levels of DNA damage, tumor suppressor inactivation, increased replication stress observed after oncogene activation, or high amounts of reactive oxygen species. The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a crucial factor of DDR in the response to DNA single strand breaks. ATR inhibitors are a class of agents that have shown considerable clinical potential in this context. Experimental Design We characterized the activity of the ATR inhibitor elimusertib (BAY 1895344) in a panel of lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of elimusertib in combination with the clinically approved PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in in vitro and in vivo lymphoma models. Results Elimusertib exhibited in vitro activity across a variety of lymphoma subtypes which was associated with expression of genes related to replication stress. Elimusertib also demonstrated wide-spread anti-tumor activity that was stronger compared to ceralasertib, another ATR inhibitor, in several tumor models. This activity was present in both DDR-proficient and DDR-deficient lymphoma models. Furthermore, elimusertib had synergistic antitumor activity in combination with copanlisib. Conclusions Potent antitumor activity of elimusertib was demonstrated in several lymphoma models which is associated with high expression of gene transcripts coding for proteins that are involved in DDR and cell cycle regulation. Combination of ATR and PI3K inhibition by treatment with elimusertib and copanlisib had synergistic efficacy providing a potential new treatment option for lymphoma patients. Translational relevance The DNA damage response (DDR) is often deregulated in lymphoma cells. Here, we characterized the activity of elimusertib, an inhibitor of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) that is involved in the DDR. Elimusertib was demonstrated to exhibit anti-lymphoma activity across several lymphoma cell lines and tumor models. Copanlisib is an inhibitor of PI3K kinase family which has also shown activity in various lymphomas. Combined treatment with elimusertib and copanlisib resulted in a synergistic antitumor effect in lymphoma models. The combination of elimusertib and copanlisib could potentially constitute a new chemotherapy-free treatment option for lymphomas.
Experiments on the decussation and course of Mauthner's fibers in amblystoma punctatum

The developmental factors which are responsible for the structural organization of the veftebrate central nervous system are poorly understood. Considering the great bulk of neurological literature, relatively little has been published which attempts specifically to correlate observed structure with concrete developmental forces, and most of these latter investigations have concerned themselves with general applications and principles rather than relating individual detail of structure to specific forces. Mauthner's cell, with its long, easily traceable axon, constitutes material that is peculiarly adapted for experimental problems of this nature. A single pair of these giant neurons is found in the medulla of fishes and amphibians. T.heir axons decussate and, in close association with the respective contralateral fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, run posteriorly throughout the rest of the brain and the spinal cord. The intimate association between Mauthner 's fiber and the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis has aroused a certain amount of speculation as to whether this relationship is due to a directional influence of one of these components upon the other. Should this prove to be the case, it would not only explain the decussation and course of this particular axon but would offer inferential evidence that other standard fiber pathways might likewise owe their anatomcial disposition to attractions exerted by earlier differentiated tracts within the central nervous system. Since Mauthner 's fiber crosses its ipsilateral fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and follows the contralateral fasciculus, the question arises as to why this decussation should occur at all. Why is not the fiber attracted by its nearest, ipsilateral fasciculus and deflected posteriorly by the latter?
Elevated UV‐B radiation incident on Quercus robur leaf canopies enhances decomposition of resulting leaf litter in soil

We examined whether the exposure of Quercus robur L. to elevated UV‐B radiation (280–315 nm) during growth would influence leaf decomposition rate through effects on litter quality. Saplings were exposed for eight months at an outdoor facility in the UK to a 30% elevation above the ambient level of erythemally weighted UV‐B radiation under UV‐B treatment arrays of fluorescent lamps filtered with cellulose diacetate, which transmitted both UV‐B and UV‐A (315–400 nm) radiation. Saplings were exposed to elevated UV‐A alone under control arrays of lamps filtered with polyester and to ambient radiation under unenergised arrays of lamps. Abscised leaves from saplings were enclosed in 1 mm2 mesh nylon bags, placed in a Quercus–Fraxinus woodland and were sampled at 0.11, 0.53, 1.10 and 1.33 years for dry weight loss, chemical composition and saprotrophic fungal colonization.
Rapid induction and disappearance of electron‐dense organelles following sulfide exposure in the marine annelid Branchioasychis americana

Electron-dense organelles (EDOs) are a characteristic feature of marine annelids adapted to hydrogen sulfide, but little is known about their origin or fate or the mechanism by which they are formed. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the appearance, quantity, and size distribution of EDOs in body wall epithelium of the sulfide-tolerant annelid Branchioasychis americana. EDOs were enclosed by either one or two lipid bilayers with a typical diameter in the range of 0.4–1.2 μm. The contents included amorphous electron-dense material, lamellated membranes, and distinct membrane-bounded structures. In animals fixed immediately after collection from the mudflat, the EDO quantity was 0.148 μm−2. This decreased by one-third to 0.100 μm−2 after 2 weeks under sulfide-free conditions. Subsequent exposure to 250–400 μmol L−1 sulfide for ≤24 h increased the EDO quantity by 2.4-fold to 0.240 μm−2, which reverted to control levels after 24 h under sulfide-free conditions. The results show that EDOs are transient structures that are rapidly induced by sulfide, which is consistent with the hypothesis that sulfide-induced EDOs represent the upregulated autophagic degradation of mitochondria or other cellular constituents damaged by sulfide exposure.
Covering the global threat landscape BEHAVIOURAL DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF MALWARE ON OS X

Malware on Apple ’s OS X systems is proving to be an increasing security threat, and one that is currently countered solely with traditional anti-virus (AV) technologies. Traditional AV technologies impose a signiﬁ cant performance overhead on the computer system and there is an inherent delay in their effectiveness, due to their signature-based detection techniques. This paper presents a novel generic behavioural detection and prevention mechanism for malware on OS X that is based on system calls. A large number of system call traces are analysed, from which certain malicious system call patterns are deﬁ ned. These patterns are based on execution system calls, executing Unix shell processes. Three types of user proﬁ les are deﬁ ned to evaluate the detection patterns, resulting in a 100% detection rate and a 0% to 20% false positive rate, depending on the type of user proﬁ le.
A Conspectus of the Genus Phacopsis (Lecanorales)

Phacopsis is a genus of lichenicolous fungi distributed worldwide on members of the Parmeliaceae s. ampl. The genus is characterized using current concepts, and its delimitation and family position are discussed. Thirteen taxa are accepted and a key supplied together with new data on their host specificity and distribution. In this genus ascospore shape as well as color and amyloidity of the hypothecial hyphae proved to be major diagnostic characters. Phacopsis falcispora Triebel & Rambold, P. falcispora var. sipmanii Diederich & Triebel, P. lethariellae Hafellner & Rambold, P. menegazziae Triebel & Rambold, P. oxyspora var. defecta Triebel & Rambold, and P. oxyspora var. fusca Triebel & Rambold are described as new. Phacopsis oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel & Rambold and P. vulpina Tul. are lectotypified. Emended descriptions of P. oxyspora var. oxyspora, P. pro- lificans (Muill. Arg.) Triebel & Rambold, and P. rufa (Miill. Arg.) Triebel & Rambold and notes on other species of the genus are given. Phacopsis is a genus of obligately lichenicolous fungi which is distributed worldwide on foliose and fruticose taxa of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Species of Phacopsis are easily recognized by their growth habit, in particular the subimmersed, shiny brown to black apothecia which are often found aggregated on galls of the host lichens. The genus is currently placed in the family Lecanoraceae (Haf- ellner 1987), which means that its closest relatives are presumably lichens. Because of an increasing interest in these commonly collected lichenicolous fungi, a conspectus of the genus seems timely.
SEX-LINKED GENES AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN LEPIDOPTERA

Abstract I review reports on the genetic basis for species differences in the Lepidoptera. In the six best-studied species complexes, more than half of all ecological, behavioral, or physiological differences among species are controlled by X-linked genes. Because Lepidoptera have about 30 pairs of chromosomes, this finding clearly indicates strong bias toward X-linkage of genes for species differences. The proportion of X-linked species differences ranges from complete X-linkage in Colias butterflies, to almost none in Yponomeuta moths. Four other complexes all have at least one X-linked gene that is crucial to species differences, including the Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, Papilio glaucus L. , and Papilio machaon L. species groups, and Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner pheromone strains. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are open to speculation. Nonetheless, an interesting implication of disproportionate X-linkage is that reproductive isolation may frequently arise by selection on linkage complexes, rather than as a random byproduct of evolution in geographically isolated populations. If confirmed, the bias toward X-linked species differences may also help efforts to find characters that distinguish host races and sibling species, as well as provide an avenue by which genes crucial to speciation can be more easily mapped and characterized at the molecular level. Résumé J’ai fait la synthèse des données sur l’origine génétique des différences spécifiques chez les Lépidoptères. Chez les six complexes d’espèces les plus étudiés, plus de la moitié de toutes les différences écologiques, comportementales et physiologiques entre les espèces sont attribuables à des gènes liés au chromosome X. Comme les Lépidoptères ont environ 30 paires de chromosomes, cette constatation indique clairement que les différences spécifiques sont fortement reliées au linkage à l’X des différents gènes. La proportion des différences spécifiques liées à l’X va de 100% chez les espèces de Colias, à près de 0% chez les papillons nocturnes du genre Yponomeuta. Quatre autres complexes ont tous au moins un gène lié à l’X qui est essentiel aux différences spécifiques, notamment les groupes d’espèces de Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, de Papilio glaucus L. et de Papilio machaon L. , et les lignées d’Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner différenciées par leurs phéromones. Les mécanismes responsables de ce phénomène sont mal connus. Cependant, l’un des corollaires intéressants de l’hypothèse d’un linkage à l’X disproportionné suppose que l’isolement génétique est souvent le résultat de la sélection de complexes de linkage plutôt que le produit aléatoire de l’évolution chez des populations isolées géographiquement. Si cette hypothèse est confirmée, l’attribution des différences spécifiques aux gènes liés à l’X peut également rendre plus facile la détermination de caractères qui distinguent les races hôtes et les espèces soeurs; elle peut également faciliter la cartographie des gènes essentiels à la spéciation et permettre de les caractériser au niveau moléculaire. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
A preliminary study on gill metazoan parasites of Dentex dentex (Pisces: Sparidae) from the western Mediterranean Sea (Balearic Islands)

Summary A preliminary study of the gill parasites from 61 common dentex (Dentex dentex, Pisces, Sparidae) was developed. Seven parasite species were found: one monogenean (Microcotyle erythrini), one udonellidean Udonella caligorum), one digenean trematode (Stephanostomum sp. metacercariae), three copepods (Caligus productus, Caligus diaphanus and Clavellopsis fallax) and one isopod (Gnathia vorax, praniza larvae). Only 1.6% of the fishes examined presented one parasitic species whilst the remainder had two parasitic species (13%), three (26%), four (21%), five (20%) and six different species (18%). The udonellidean U. caligorum was found as a hyperparasite or phoront of the three copepods. Prevalence and other ecological parameters as well as the spatial site of each parasite in the gill tissue are described. The multiparasitic combinations are also examined.
Water quality influences the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae in cage cultured red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus

Attempts were made to identify the association between water quality parameters and the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae in cage cultured red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus. Fish from commercial floating net cage-culture systems in a river and lake were randomly sampled over a 24-month period. Swabs from the brains, eyes and kidneys were streaked directly onto blood agar to isolate S. agalactiae. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, clarity, ammonia, nitrite, sulfide, rate of water flow and depth of water at sampling sites were measured at the same time of fish sampling. The prevalence of fish that were cultured positive to S. agalactiae was significantly higher in lake compared with river. The length and weight of the infected fish were between 9 and 33 cm, and between 20 and 760 g respectively. There was a significant and positive strong correlation between the presence of S. agalactiae and fish mortalities in lake. All water quality parameters showed significant differences between river and lake. However, only water temperature, clarity and pH of lake and the ammonia, temperature and dissolved oxygen in river showed significant correlation with the presence of S. agalactiae in the cultured fish. It was concluded that several unfavourable water quality in the fish farm influencing the presence of S. agalactiae in cultured red hybrid tilapia.
Parasites of the Carolina Bay Lake-Endemic Fundulus waccamensis (Waccamaw Killifish)

Abstract Lake Waccamaw, NC, is an unusual Carolina bay home to endemic and rare species. Parasites of the lake-endemic Fundulus waccamensis (Waccamaw Killifish) have not been described previously. In 2011, we collected Waccamaw Killifish (n = 101) by seining and dip netting from 3 sites over 3 seasons (spring, summer, and fall) to investigate the identity, prevalence, and intensity of the parasite-component community. We found 13 taxa of parasites, all of which were new host records, and total prevalence of parasitism = 95%. Infected hosts contained 2.3 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) parasite species, with the component community composed of 6 ecto- and 7 endoparasites. The most prevalent (70.3%) and highest mean intensity (17.3 metacercariae per host) infections were associated with the generalist trematode Posthodiplostomum minimum.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO VERTICAL DE MOSQUITOS DOS GÉNEROS HAEMAGOGUS E SABETHES, EM ZONA URBANA DE GOIÂNIA-GOIÁS-BRASIL

Apresentam-se os resultados de capturas semanais de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae)realizadas em Goiânia, de janeiro a dezembro de 1992, utilizando-se simultaneamente de isca humanaem solo e plataforma a 12m de altura. Foram obtidas 42 especies no solo e 22 em plataforma. Destas,Haemagogus (Haemagogus) capricornii (Lutz, 1904) e Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leacocelaenus(Dyar & Shannon, 1924) foram registradas com valores proximos no solo e plataforma. Sabethes(Sabethoides) chloroptents (Humboldt, 1820) foi a especie que apresentou uma discreta tendenciapara sugar em humano na plataforma 6% a mais que no solo. Entretanto Sabethes (Sabethes)belisarioi (Neiva, 1908) sugou (6 %) a mais no solo que em plataforma. Sabethes (Sabethes)purpureas (Theobald, 1907) foi registrado 59% no solo e 41% na plataforma. Sabethes (Sabethinus)intermedias (Lutz, 1904) foi o de menor frequencia na copadas arvores (l 1%) no solo (89%).
Evaluating Laboratory-Derived Thermal Criteria in the Field: An Example Involving Bonneville Cutthroat Trout

Abstract Water temperature plays an important role in limiting salmonid distributions, and there is much interest in applying laboratory-derived thermal tolerance limits to field conditions. We examined the response of Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki utah to stream thermal regimes expected to be harmful based on laboratory thermal tolerance tests. We monitored water temperature throughout the summer concurrently with trout abundance and movement in a Rocky Mountain stream. Fish abundance at two sites was estimated with three-pass depletion electrofishing before, during, and after peak summer temperatures. Fish movement throughout the summer was examined with radio telemetry, a two-way weir, and visible implant tags. We hypothesized that fish would emigrate or die as summer water temperatures increased beyond the 7-d upper incipient lethal temperature (LT50) of 24.2°C determined from laboratory experiments. However, our results suggested that fish neither emigrated from warm stream reaches n.
Relation between Nitrogen Status, Carbohydrate Distribution and Subsequent Rooting of Chrysanthemum Cuttings as Affected by Pre-harvest Nitrogen Supply and Cold-storage

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between internal nitrogen and carbohydrate distribution in chrysanthemum cuttings of two cultivars (‘Puma’, ‘Cassa’) when affected by nitrogen supply to stock plants (0.6, 1.5, or 4.0 g N m −2 week −1 ) and different periods (2, 3, or 4 weeks) of dark cold-storage (0.5 or 5°C), and adventitious rooting. Concentrations of total nitrogen (N t ) and nitrate in cuttings and the levels of sugars, starch and fructan in different cutting parts (leaves, upper stem, and basal stem) were studied in relation to subsequent adventitious rooting at natural radiation in a greenhouse. Increasing nitrogen supply resulted in substantially lower starch levels and higher sucrose concentrations in leaves when cuttings were excised. Fructan concentrations were low and decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. Starch completely disappeared from leaves and to a large extent from stems within the shortest storage period. A less pronounced decrease in sugar concentration was observed, particularly in low-nitrogen cuttings and the cuttings of ‘Puma’. The number and length of adventitious roots subsequently formed by unstored and stored cuttings was positively correlated with initial N t , and to a lesser extent with initial nitrate concentrations in cuttings. Whereas rooting was not limited by pre-rooting concentrations of carbohydrates in the different cutting parts, the generally higher rooting capability of nitrogen-rich cuttings, a stronger nitrogen response of ‘Cassa’, and increased rooting at a particular harvest date, were associated with higher sucrose:starch ratios in leaves at harvest. This reflected an increased assimilate export. By using this characteristic in a linear regression model, total variability of root numbers, ranging from three–35 per cutting, could be predicted to 57% for the unstored and to 40% for all cuttings. Increased basipetal transport of carbohydrates, of nitrogen compounds, and of auxins may be causally involved in these associations.
Karyomorphology of Several Species of Phaseolus and Vigna

ly. Marechal (1969) provided total complement length, longest and shortest chro mosome length and an average chromosome length within the complement for each of 8 species of Phaseolus. In other studies (Krishnan and De 1965, and Shri vastava et al. 1973) the individual chromosomes ranged from 0.44 to 3.33 microns and the total length ranged from 11.44 microns to 23.00 microns. The range of the longest chromosome divided by the shortest in a complement was 1.6 to 4.0. The genus Vigna belongs to the tribe Phaseoleae. The diploid chromosome number of the genus as reported by Darlington and Wylie (1955) is 22. There are also some species with 20 chromosomes and some reported with 24 (Sen and Bhowal 1960). In conjunction with the problem of classification, Sen and Bhowal (1959) studied 11 species of Vigna for taxonomic purposes. All the chromosomes of the 11 species are similar in that the number of long, medium, and short chromosomes was about equal. They stated that the gross morphology of the 11 species was similar. Marechal (1969) reported on 21 plant introduction lines including 14 species of Vigna. The total length of the complements ranged from 13.03 microns to 20.90 microns. The ratio of longest chromosome divided by the shortest within each plant ranged from 1.75 to 2.36.