Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixture effects and predictability of combination effects of imidazolium based ionic liquids as well as imidazolium based ionic liquids and cadmium on terrestrial plants (Triticum aestivum) and limnic green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus)

Up to now the issues of mixture toxicity and combination effects were neglected within a prospective hazard assessment of ionic liquids (ILs). However when being released to the environment, mixtures of ILs or mixtures of ILs and other pollutants are likely to occur and therefore the impact of mixture toxicity should be taken into account. Thus this study investigates the effects of three differently composed mixtures containing ILs as well as ILs and the heavy metal cadmium on limnic green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). For an evaluation of the results, two well established concepts of concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) were used. Both (CA and IA) underestimated the effects of the mixtures consisting exclusively of ILs leading to the assumption that interactions between the mixture components or between the mixture components and the environmental matrix occurred. The general applicability of CA and IA must be questioned. For the mixture of ILs and cadmium the deviations from the predictions were moderate (and less toxic than expected) so that CA can be recommended as a starting point for the analysis of combination effects of ILs and heavy metals. In general the presence of cadmium reduced the toxicity for both the aquatic as well as the terrestrial organisms. The green algae reacted approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive to the mixture scenarios than wheat and proved to be a good reference test system for the evaluation of measured effects within a prospective hazard assessment of ionic liquids.
Disordering effect on optical absorption processes in CuInP2S6 layered ferrielectrics

The optical absorption edge of CuInP2S6 crystals is studied between 77 and 573 K. The nature of optical transitions, resulting in absorption edge formation in ferrielectric and paraelectric phases, is elucidated. The temperature variation of the energy gap in the ferrielectric phase transition range and the temperature behavior of the Urbach absorption edge in the paraelectric phase are studied. The effect of temperature and structural disordering on the absorption edge energy position and shape is analyzed.
Pengaruh Proporsi Bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) dan Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhisuz) terhadap Karakteristik dan Tingkat Kesukaan Fruit Leather

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh proporsi bengkuang dan buah naga merah terhadap aktivitas air, kuat tarik, kadar air, kadar serat kasar dan tingkat kesukaan fruit leather . Penelitian ini menggunakan 4 perlakuan dan 5 kali ulangan dengan proporsi bengkuang dan buah naga merah yaitu T0 (100:0), T1 (75:25), T2 (50:50), dan T3 (25:75). Bahan baku yang digunakan yaitu bengkuang, buah naga merah, gula, CMC ( Carboxylmethyl cellulose ) dan air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi bengkuang dan buah naga merah yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh nyata (p 5) terhadap aktivitas air. Perlakuan terbaik yang dipilih yaitu proporsi bengkuang dan buah naga merah sebesar 75:25 yang menghasilkan nilai aw (0,43), kuat tarik (0,23N), kadar air (12,33%), kadar serat kasar (1,53%), nilai warna 4,04 (suka), nilai tesktur 3,76 (suka), nilai rasa 3,60 (suka), aroma 3,36 (agak suka) dan overall kesukaan 3,84 (suka).
Volatile Components of the Essential Oils in the Pulp of Four Yellow Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) in Thailand

The composition of essential oil from yellow Thai mangoes, Keaw cultivars and other yellow Thai mango cultivars (Ok-rong, Nam Dorkmai and Choak Anand) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Yellow Keaw mangoes contained terpinolene as the main volatile, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3-(2H)-furanone and (E)-2-hexenal as the major oxygenated compounds. Ok-rong and Choak Anand mangoes possessed a similar compositional pattern of volatile components to that of the yellow Keaw cultivar. The volatile composition of those mangoes showed a similar pattern to those of other cultivars such as Sri Lanka mangoes and Philippine mango but far from Indian mangoes. Nam Dorkmai cultivar having β-caryophyllene as the main volatile showed a unique compositional pattern of volatiles.
Potential surfaces and delocalization of excitons in dimers

In the present work we will demonstrate that the nuclear dynamics have a strong influence on the delocalization of an exciton in a dimer, even if they do not effect the excitonic interaction. It will be shown that the internal nuclear conformation of the molecules forming the dimer depends critically on the delocalization of the exciton state in the dimer and vice versa. The resulting closed loop enforces a localization of the lower excitonic state, but, contrary to the commonly accepted view, a delocalization of the upper one. Qualitatively different time-evolution of the delocalization length for the lower and upper excitonic state will be shown. Besides, it will turn out that the nuclear motions inhibit a complete delocalization of the excitonic state in any case. To accomplish nuclear and exciton dynamics, the nonadiabatic coupling between the two excitonic states will be deduced. This causes a relaxation from the upper to the lower excitonic state, which limits the maximum reachable exciton delocalization.
Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Silicon Nitride Films—Optical Dispersion Induced Frequency Shifts

Films of Si3N4 on Si substrates were prepared by both sputtering and low pressure chemical vapor deposition. Infrared transmission measurements of the strong 800–900 cm−1 Si-N absorption show large (up to 50 cm−1) shifts as a function of film thickness in the range ∼0.1 to 1.2 μm. The agreement between experimental spectra and simulated spectra calculated from parallel layer optical theory indicates that these shifts can be attributed primarily to optical dispersion distortion effects. However, there is some discrepancy between experiment and theory at the extreme ends of the thickness range for the sputtered films which suggests small intrinsic structural changes of these films may arise as a function of deposition thickness. These results point out the importance of considering optical effects in the interpretation of thin film spectra.
Effect of Core Spray Cooling in Transient State after Loss of Coolant Accident

To examine the conditions brought about upon initiation of core spraying, a 36-rod assembly was heated to different temperatures and then spray cooled. The runs were made at atmospheric pressure using two kinds of assemblies, both made up of heater rods of 15 mm outer sheath diameter, arayed into 6×6 lattice accommodated in a 119×119 mm2 channel, but with heated lengths of 1,500 and 2,500 mm. From these experiments following results were obtained: 1. The surface of the exposed fuel rod after loss of coolant accident can be considered close to adiabatic state. 2. The cooling water streams down the surface of the heater rods in the form of water film. If the wall surface temperature is quite high, water film is blown off the heated wall surface at a certain point along the rod (wet front), where the temperature is about 150°C. This wet front progresses slowly downward along the rod. 3. The speed of downward progress of the wet front was measured, and an empirical equation obtained. 4. After commencement of .
Interfaces between poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) and alkali metals as affected by molecular weight and oxygen

The electronic structure of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)(PFO) in different molecular weights coated with alkali metals (K and Cs) has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). No significant differences on the electronic structures were observed for all combinations of alkali metals and PFO in different molecular weights. These metals led to low injection barrier at the K/PFO or Cs/PFO interfaces and induced bipolaron gap states in the PFO. With increasing coverage of the alkali metals, the bipolaron states and the highest-occupied molecular orbitals gradually broadened, and the two shake-up peaks of Cls XPS peaks associated with the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals of PFO also broadened and greatly diminished. Upon slight oxygen exposure, the two bipolaron states disappeared and the deformed features in the UPS and XPS spectra were partially recovered.
Coupled Microbial and Transport Processes in Soils

This paper reviews methods for modeling coupled microbial and transport processes in variably saturated porous media. Of special interest in this work are interactions between active microbial growth and other transport processes such as gas diffusion and interphase exchange of O2 and other constituents that partition between the aqueous and gas phases. The role of gas–liquid interfaces on microbial transport is also discussed, and various possible kinetic and equilibrium formulations for bacterial cell attachment and detachment are reviewed. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight areas in which additional research may be needed—both experimental and numerical—to elucidate mechanisms associated with the complex interactions that take place between microbial processes and flow and transport processes in soils. In addition to their general ecological significance, these interactions have global‐scale implications for C cycling in the environment and the related issue of climate change.
A novel dry powder aerosol delivery system for real time measurement of the inhaled dose to large animals (dogs)

ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical drugs can be administered by inhalation to experimental animals as a dry powder aerosol. In such experiments the aerosol is continuously generated from a dry powder generator and inhaled by the experimental animal. The drug delivery system can be used to study the effects of drugs either locally, in the airways and lung, or systemically. With conventional methods, however, it has not been possible to measure the inhaled mass and calculate the accumulated inhaled dose nor to perform the measurements in real time. The method evaluated here, called FIDO, was thus developed to more accurately estimate an inhaled dose than the methods used previously. To validate the feasibility of FIDO, it was compared with two conventional filter methods. Inhalation studies on five dogs were performed at three different aerosol concentrations corresponding to low, medium, and high inhaled doses. The dogs were exposed in a random manner four times at each dose level. In separate studies the generator p.
Exposures of Healthy and Asthmatic Volunteers to Concentrated Ambient Ultrafine Particles in Los Angeles

Adult volunteers (17 healthy, 14 asthmatic) were exposed in a controlled environmental chamber to concentrated ultrafine particles (UFP) collected in a Los Angeles suburb with substantial motor vehicle pollution. Exposures lasted 2 h with intermittent exercise. Inhaled particle counts (mean 145,000/cm3, range 39,000–312,000) were typically 7–8 times higher than ambient levels. Mass concentrations (mean 100 μg/m3, range 13–277) were not highly correlated with counts. Volunteers were evaluated for lung function, symptoms, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), Holter electrocardiography, and inflammatory markers in peripheral blood and induced sputum. Relative to control (filtered air) studies, UFP exposures were associated with a 0.5% mean fall in arterial O2 saturation estimated by pulse oximetry (p < .01), a 2% mean fall in forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) the morning after exposure (p < .05), and a transient slight decrease in low-frequency (sympathetic) power in Holter recordings during quiet rest (p < .05). Healthy and asthmatic subjects were not significantly different across most endpoints. Thus, this initial experimental study of human volunteers exposed to concentrated Los Angeles area ambient UFP showed some acute deleterious cardiopulmonary responses, which, although generally small and equivocal as in previous studies of larger sized concentrated ambient particles, might help to explain reported adverse health effects associated with urban particulate pollution.
Continuous Production of Soybean Biodiesel in Supercritical Ethanol−Water Mixtures

The reaction efficiency of soybean oil transesterification in supercritical ethanol in a continuous catalyst-free process was investigated under different water concentrations. Experiments were performed at 350 °C and 20 MPa, with an oil/ethanol ratio of 1:40. A fatty acid ethyl ester content of 77.5% was obtained at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min in a water-free system, while the maximum concentration of ethyl esters reached for a water content of 10 wt % was 68.1% at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Decomposition and trans-isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly affected by the flow rate, with a pronounced reduction in the ratio of C18:2/C16:0 in the final product compared to the starting oil.
Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human-health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd-contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg -1 . The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant-1. In general, indicatype cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica-type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd-partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.
Role of stable and metastable Mg-H complexes in p-type GaN for cw blue laser diodes

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and capacitance-voltage measurements were combined to thoroughly study Mg doping in GaN layers grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. First we found that the Mg steady-state incorporation regime occurs for a surface coverage of 0.3 monolayer. Additionally SIMS indicates that H incorporates proportionally with Mg until a certain [Mg] where [H] saturates. After thermal activation, [H] while being much lower still scales with [Mg]. These results suggest that H combines with Mg to form two different types of Mg-H complexes: a metastable one leading to the Mg acceptor after annealing, the other one (dominating at high [Mg]) being stable and electrically inactive. The obtained results allowed us optimizing doping conditions for blue laser diodes. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3593964]
Hole transport in polyphenylenevinylene-ether under bulk photoexcitation and sensitized injection

Employing the time-of-flight (TOF) technique, the hole mobility in films of polyphenylenevinylene-ether has been measured as a function of electric field and temperature. Charge carriers were generated upon either photoexcitation into the S1←S0 transition of the polymer or via sensitized injection from a thin rhodamine 6G layer. The results will be interpreted in terms of the concept of hopping among polymer segments featuring a Gaussian distribution of energies, its variance being 91 meV. While TOF signals generated via sensitized injection are similar to those in molecularly doped polymers bearing out a transition from nondispersive to dispersive transport, intrinsically generated TOF signal features a cusp at higher temperature and almost no dispersion. The latter phenomenon turns out to be a consequence of charge generation at the tail of the density distribution of hopping states.
Systematic study of the (n, p) reaction cross section on 112Cd isotope from reaction threshold to 20 MeV energies

A experimental study of the cross sections of (n, p) reaction on 112Cd isotope have been performed using the activation technique relative to the 27Al(n, α)24Na reaction. The induced γ-ray activity of the samples and reference foils Al were measured with a high-resolution HPGe detector using off-line γ-ray spectrometry. Fast high energy quasi monoenergetic neutrons were produced by the 7Li(p, n) reaction at the BARC-TIFR pelletron accelerator facility. The theoretical calculations have been performed using the Hauser-Feshbach model, level densities model and exciton model for the incident energies from the reaction threshold to 20 MeV using the statistical reaction Talys (ver. 1.9) code. Finally, the experimental results of the present work are discussed and compared with the experimental cross sections taken from the EXFOR database and JENDL-5.0, ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TENDL-2021 data found in the evaluated libraries. The present experimental results agree with the available literature and evaluation data
Selective Separation of Tocopherol Homologues by Liquid−Liquid Extraction Using Ionic Liquids

Selective separation of tocopherol homologues was performed by liquid−liquid extraction, using ionic liquids (ILs) as extractants in the presence of diluent. The distribution coefficients and selectivities of tocopherols in the biphasic system were determined. A selectivity of δ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol up to 21.3 was achieved when using [bmim]Cl as extractant diluted by methanol. Considering the structural differences of tocopherols, the separation mechanism based on the hydrogen-bonding interaction between IL’s anion and the −OH group on the tocopherols was proposed. The separation efficiency of IL was greatly affected by its anion, and followed the order [bmim]BF4 < [bmim]CF3SO3 < [bmim]Cl under the same conditions, which is consistent with the ascending order of IL’s hydrogen-bond basicity strengths.
Radical Copolymerization of α‐Trifluoromethylacrylic Acid with Vinylidene Fluoride and Vinylidene Fluoride/Hexafluoropropene

The radical copolymerization of α-trifluoromethylacrylic acid (TFMAA) with vinylidene fluoride (VDF), initiated by tert-butyl 2,2-dimethyl peroxypropanoate (or tert-butyl peroxypivalate) is presented. The kinetics of copolymerization were investigated from a series of eight reactions for which the initial [VDF] 0 /[TFMAA] 0 molar ratios ranged between 15.0/85.0 and 89.4/10.6. The compositions of the copolymers, i.e. the molar ratios of VDF and TFMAA monomeric units, were determined mainly by 19 F and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. According to the Tidwell and Mortimer method, the reactivity ratios, r i , were assessed to be: r VDF =0.33±0.09 and r TFMAA = 0 at 55°C, leading to copolymers of mainly alternating structure. Then, the radical terpolymerization of TFMAA with VDF and hexafluoropropene (HFP), initiated by 2,5-bis (tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane is described and the thermal properties of the materials produced are discussed.
Nutrient uptake by wheat seedlings that differ in response to mixed nitrogen nutrition1

Abstract In hydroponics, cereal crop growth is usually enhanced when the nutrient media contains both nitrate and ammonium compared to either form separately. Identification of genotypic variation between two spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum cv. Len, and Triticum durum cv. Inbar) in their magnitude of growth response to mixed N permits a comparative evaluation of metabolic processes underlying enhanced growth from utilization of N mixtures. The objective of this study was to determine if the additional mixed N‐induced growth, and the difference in response between cultivars, is associated with the uptake or partitioning of N, P, or K during the seedling stage of development. Plants of Len and Inbar were grown hydroponicaily for 21 days in nutrient solutions containing N either as all nitrate or as a 50/50 mixture of nitrate and ammonium. The mean of three experiments showed that whole plant dry weight increased 19% for Len and 41 % for Inbar when the plants were supplied with the N mixture compar.
Storage stability of acerola tropical fruit juice obtained by hot fill method

The present work aimed to evaluate the chemical, physicochemical, sensorial and microbiological changes of non-sweetened glass-bottled acerola tropical fruit juice processed by hot fill method stored for 350 days in the same conditions as market (28 ± 2 °C). At the end of the storage period, the juice presented good microbiological stability showing a reduction of the overall acceptance and appearance maintaining, however, the same initial acceptance concerning colour and flavour. The total soluble solid and SO 2 were retained throughout the storage. The juice underwent a soft browning and an increase in pH was observed, while total carotenoids, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid suffered a slight decrease.
The Effect of Plant Harvesting on the Performance of a Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland

Upon decomposition, at the end of the summer and during the autumn, Wetland vegetation releases organic carbon into the wetland system. A part of this organic matter remains in the wetland, and is degraded at different rates during the rest of the year. In this study, Municipal wastewater, pretreated in a septic tank and stabilization lagoon, was treated by two surface-flow wetlands. Both wetlands were planted with Typha latifolia with one of the wetlands harvested. Organic matter concentration and nutrients in both harvested and nonharvested wetlands were analyzed from December 2004 until August 2005 (272 days). TKN, NH4, and TP concentrations were always lower in the effluent of the harvested wetland, indicating nitrogen and phosphorus release by decomposition of vegetation, in the nonharvested system. In addition, harvesting reduced the effluent total suspended solids (TSS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations by 37.3 and 49.2%, respectively, when compared to the nonharvested wetland in sp.
Net-Average Curvature Model for Solubilization and Supersolubilization in Surfactant Microemulsions

In this work, we propose a mathematical model to reproduce the solubilization, equivalent droplet radius, interfacial tension, and phase transitions of anionic surfactant microemulsions by scaling the curvature of the surfactant membranes to the electrolyte concentration required to obtain an optimum microemulsion formulation. At optimum formulation, equal amounts of oil and water are cosolubilized in a bicontinuous media that has a zero net curvature. Our first modeling approach is to use a single curvature term (inverse of an equivalent spherical droplet ratio) which proves to be inadequate as the system transitions to a bicontinuous microemulsion (supersolubilization), where the micelles become swollen and are no longer spherical. Later we introduce two curvature terms (net and average curvature) to interpret bicontinuous microemulsion behavior. The scaling constant (L), which has a length scale, was obtained for sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate microemulsions with styrene, trichloroethylene, and limonene.