Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Channel network source representation using digital elevation models

Methods for identifying the size, or scale, of hillslopes and the extent of channel networks from digital elevation models (DEMs) are examined critically. We show that a constant critical support area, the method most commonly used at present for channel network extraction from DEMs, is more appropriate for depicting the hillslope/valley transition than for identifying channel heads. Analysis of high-resolution DEMs confirms that a constant contributing area per unit contour length defines the extent of divergent topography, or the hillslope scale, although there is considerable variance about the average value. In even moderately steep topography, however, a DEM resolution finer than the typical 30 m by 30 m grid size is required to accurately resolve the hillslope/valley transition. For many soil-mantled landscapes, a slope-dependent critical support area is both theoretically and empirically more appropriate for defining the extent of channel networks. Implementing this method for overland flow erosion requires knowledge of an appropriate proportionality constant for the drainage area-slope threshold controlling channel initiation. Several methods for estimating this constant from DEM data are examined, but acquisition of even limited field data is recommended. Finally, the hypothesis is proposed that an inflection in the drainage area-slope relation for mountain drainage basins reflects a transition from steep debris flow-dominated channels to lower-gradient alluvial channels.
The Design of Analog Active Filter with Different Component Value using Genetic Algorithm

The basic purpose in active filters design is to calculate of filter transfer function providing desired features and is to find component values. By using of classical calculation methods in active filters component values calculations cause over time and process load and a different design with found same component value cannot be done. In this study, the reaching of analog active filter amplitude response that provides desired features with different component value that is found by helping of Genetic Algorithm (GA) is provided. With this work, the circuit design by using of different component values at different stages was enabled. In this way, unlike the studies at literature, the same selection imperative of component values have been eliminated to provide easy calculation and this offers easier circuit design possibility for users. In addition; with helping of implemented study, the increasing process load depending on filter degree is eliminated. To reach desired filter characteristic, obtained amplitude response from the used approach methods and desired amplitude response were compared and satisfactory results were observed.
CYTOTOXICITY MEDIATED BY SOLUBLE ANTIGEN AND LYMPHOCYTES IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

The cytopathic effect of lymph node cells from tuberculin-sensitized rats on rat embryo fibroblasts in the presence of PPD was not enhanced by admixture of normal (nonsensitized) lymph node cells. Preincubation studies showed that this in vitro response is initiated by the reaction of lymphocytes with specific antigen, beginning within 30 min, rather than uptake of antigen by the fibroblasts. The supernatant fluids from suspensions of sensitized cells incubated with PPD for 17 hr or more possessed cytotoxic activity. The target fibroblasts showed a marked increase in acid phosphatase content within 48 hr after the addition of sensitized lymph node cells and antigen.
Expressiveness of streaming string transducers

Streaming string transducers define (partial) functions from input strings to output strings. A streaming string transducer makes a single pass through the input string and uses a finite set of variables that range over strings from the output alphabet. At every step, the transducer processes an input symbol, and updates all the variables in parallel using assignments whose right-hand-sides are concatenations of output symbols and variables with the restriction that a variable can be used at most once in a right-hand-side expression. It has been shown that streaming string transducers operating on strings over infinite data domains are of interest in algorithmic verification of list-processing programs, as they lead to Pspace decision procedures for checking pre/postconditions and for checking semantic equivalence, for a well-defined class of heap-manipulating programs. In order to understand the theoretical expressiveness of streaming transducers, we focus on streaming transducers processing strings over finite alphabets, given the existence of a robust and well-studied class of ``regular'' transductions for this case. Such regular transductions can be defined either by two-way deterministic finite-state transducers, or using a logical MSO-based characterization. Our main result is that the expressiveness of streaming string transducers coincides exactly with this class of regular transductions.
Genotyping in the Brazilian Criollo Horse Stud Book: resources and perspectives.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the ability of the genotyping information available in the Brazilian Criollo Horse Stud Book to describe the genetic variability of the breed and the exclusion probability determined in comparative tests. Altogether, two softwares were used in the analyses of the available genotypes: Cervus 3.0. 3 and Genepop 4.0. Eight microsatellite markers totaled 109 alleles, with an average of 13.6 +/- 0.6 alleles per locus. Large differences between expected and observed heterozygosity were ubiquitous (0.821 +/- 0.07 and 0.470 +/- 0.17, respectively). Although the estimated null allele frequency caused initial concern (0.284 +/- 0.199), it is likely that it was a reflection of the inbreeding coefficients found (0.432 +/- 0.184). All loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with heterozygote deficit (P < 0.0001) and genotypic linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker. The high polymorphic information content (0.798 +/- 0.088) could not warrant exclusion power for three loci (HMS7, HMS6 and HTG4) above 50% (0.491 +/- 0.158). However, combined exclusion probability reached 99.61%, a level close to ideal. The results demonstrate the excellent performance of the markers assessed in describing the genetic status of the breed and suggest the considerable ability to establish parentage.
Pacemaker Channels Produce an Instantaneous Current*

Spontaneous rhythmic activity in mammalian heart and brain depends on pacemaker currents (Ih), which are produced by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. Here, we report that the mouse HCN2 pacemaker channel isoform also produced a large instantaneous current (Iinst(HCN2)) in addition to the well characterized, slowly activating Ih. Iinst(HCN2) was specific to expression of HCN2 on the plasma membrane and its amplitude was correlated with that of Ih. The two currents had similar reversal potentials, and both were modulated by changes in intracellular Cl− and cAMP. A mutation in the S4 domain of HCN2 (S306Q) decreased Ih but did not alter Iinst(HCN2), and instantaneous currents in cells expressing either wild type HCN2 or mutant S306Q channels were insensitive to block by Cs+. Co-expression of HCN2 with the accessory subunit, MiRP1, decreased Ih and increased Iinst(HCN2), suggesting a mechanism for modulation of both currents in vivo. These data suggest that expression of HCN channels may be accompanied by a background conductance in native tissues and are consistent with at least two open states of HCN channels: Iinst(HCN2) is produced by a Cs+-open state; hyperpolarization produces an additional Cs+-sensitive open state, which results in Ih.
Commercially Supplied Amine-Modified siRNAs May Require Ultrafiltration prior to Conjugation with Amine-Reactive Compounds

Conjugation of siRNA to macromolecules such as serum albumin has multiple potential benefits, including enhanced extravasation via albumin-mediated transcytosis across endothelial cells and reduced renal clearance. In attempting to conjugate siRNA to albumin, we used commercially sourced amine-modified siRNA and reacted it with the heterobifunctional linker succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) to introduce a maleimide group suitable for conjugation to the thiol group of the surface-exposed cysteine residue (Cys 34) within albumin. We found the conjugation of the SMCC-treated siRNA to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to be very inefficient and investigated the cause of the low yield of conjugate. Ultrafiltration with phosphate-buffered saline prior to activation with SMCC dramatically increased the yield of siRNA-albumin conjugate (~15-fold). Communication with the commercial supplier revealed that ammonium acetate buffer was used in a desalting step as part of the siRNA purification process prior to supply, likely resulting in ammonium counterions to the siRNA polyanion, which would interfere with conjugation by consuming the SMCC. After ultrafiltration, a greatly reduced amount of SMCC could be used to affect conjugation, without significant reduction in yield. These data indicate that amine-modified siRNA sourced commercially may require ultrafiltration or dialysis prior to use in conjugation reactions.
Performance evaluation of 3D stacked multi-core processors with temperature consideration

3D stacked multi-core processor is one of the applications of 3D integration technology. It achieves high bandwidth access to last level cache and allows to increase the number of cores while maintaining the package area. Although, 3D multi-core temperature increases with the number of stacked dies because of the escalating power density and thermal resistivity. Therefore, 3D multi-cores require lower clock frequencies for keeping the temperature under a safe constraint, so that performance is not always improved. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of 3D stacked multi-cores running under temperature constraints, and we show that there is a trade-off between clock frequency and parallel capability.
Tropism of AAV‐2 vectors for neurons of the globus pallidus

A recombinant AAV-2 vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was injected into the striatum at varying antero-posterior coordinates. When the virus was delivered to the anterior part of the striatum, transduction efficiency was low and limited to the vicinity of the needle tract. In contrast, after injection into the posterior part of the striatum, in addition to a localized transduced area in the striatum, efficient and widespread transduction was observed at distance from the injection site, in the globus pallidus. In the latter case, labelled cells were also detected in the internal capsule and in the stria terminalis. The number of transduced cells in the striatum increased up to 1 month and then decreased whereas in the globus pallidus, transduction was maximal as early as 2 weeks post-injection. In the striatum and in the globus pallidus, the labelled cells had a neuron-like morphology. In contrast, in the internal capsule, labelled cells had a glial-like morphology.
Regularized Least-Squares classification for Word Sense Disambiguation

The paper describes RLSC-LIN and RLSCCOMB systems which participated in the Senseval-3 English lexical sample task. These systems are based on Regularized Least-Squares Classification (RLSC) learning method. We describe the reasons of choosing this method, how we applied it to word sense disambiguation, what results we obtained on Senseval1, Senseval-2 and Senseval-3 data and discuss some possible improvements.
Illustrated Examples of the Effects of Risk Preferences and Expectations on Bargaining Outcomes

Abstract The author highlights bargaining examples that use expected utility theory. Bargainer payoffs in the event of a dispute are represented by a simple lottery. Expectations are assumed to affect a bargainer's subjective probabilities over lottery outcomes, and risk preferences affect the expected utility of a given lottery. Risk preferences and/or expectations are predicted to influence both negotiated outcomes and the likelihood of a bargaining impasse. The analysis shows that, ceteris paribus, risk aversion or pessimism, or both, will cause a bargainer to capture less of the pie in negotiations. Similarly, risk-loving and optimistic bargainers are more likely to experience impasse because of the disappearance of the contract zone. The results are intuitive, can be shown graphically and algebraically, and provide upper-level students with engaging examples that show the usefulness of expected utility theory.
Discourse Structure and Computation: Past, Present and Future

The discourse properties of text have long been recognized as critical to language technology, and over the past 40 years, our understanding of and ability to exploit the discourse properties of text has grown in many ways. This essay briefly recounts these developments, the technology they employ, the applications they support, and the new challenges that each subsequent development has raised. We conclude with the challenges faced by our current understanding of discourse, and the applications that meeting these challenges will promote.
Detecting emergent behavior in distributed systems using an ontology based methodology

Lack of central control makes the design of distributed software systems a challenging task because of possible unwanted behavior at runtime, commonly known as emergent behavior. Developing methodologies to detect emergent behavior prior to the implementation stage of the system can lead to huge savings in time and cost. However manual review of requirements and design documents for real-life systems is inefficient and error prone; thus automation of analysis methodologies is considered greatly beneficial. This paper proposes the utilization of an ontology-based approach to analyze system requirements expressed by a set of message sequence charts (MSC). This methodology involves building a domain-specific ontology of the system, and examines the requirements based on this ontology. The advantages of this approach in comparison with other methodologies are its consistency and increased level of automation. The effectiveness of this approach is explained using a case study of an IntelliDrive system.
Implementation of a Configurable Crossbar Switch for Prototyping of Single-Chip Multiprocessors

This paper describes the implementation of a configurable crossbar switch for use as an interconnect between custom processors and cache/memory components in research prototyping of tightly-coupled single-chip multiprocessors in programmable logic. The configurability of the crossbar includes the number of ports and their width, the provision of buffering at the ports, and the complexity of the arbitration. Configuration parameters control the size of the full expansion of the crossbar from a structured, generic specification in VHDL. Results from synthesizing crossbar instances with custom 32-bit pipelined processors that have been developed in earlier multiprocessor research efforts of Manjikian (2003) are presented for configurations ranging in size from 2 times 2 to 16 times 16. With 32-bit paths for address and data, the prototyping overhead of the interconnect/arbitration logic relative to processor logic ranges from 1.2% for a 2 times 2 configuration to 55% for a large 16 times 16 configuration. For a 16 times 16 system, in particular, the crossbar and processor logic consume 73% of the logic resources in a high-capacity Altera Stratix 1S80 chip, with ample resources still available in this large chip for other components. Operational results are also provided to demonstrate the functionality of the crossbar in providing concurrent service of cache misses from multiple processors
Further characterization of the spatial learning deficit in the human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic rat

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia (HAD) encompasses a spectrum of cognitive and motor deficits resulting from the progression of central nervous system abnormalities caused by the HIV-1 virus. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these deficits have become milder, but more prevalent as the population of HIV-positive individuals ages. Mild impairment in cognition has also been identified in asymptomatic HIV-1 patients. The noninfectious HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat recently developed to study the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may also be useful for the study of the early and chronic effects of HIV-1 on learning and cognition. In a previous study, we demonstrated that HIV-1Tg rats show a deficit in learning how to swim to a hidden platform in a modified water maze task compared to normal and transgenic controls. In the present study, we replicate this result and demonstrate that HIV-1Tg rats also show a significant deficit in reversal learning and new strategy learning. These results indicate that the HIV-1Tg rat is a promising model in which to study the neuropathogenic mechanisms that can cause cognitive deficits in patients with HAD as well as asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals.
Combined battery SOC/SOH estimation using a nonlinear adaptive observer

This work presents a modeling and estimation techniques for State of Charge and State of Health estimation for Li-ion batteries. The analysis is done using an adaptive estimation approach for joint state and parameter estimation and by simplifying an existing nonlinear model previously obtained from experiments tests. A switching mechanism between two observers, one for the charging phase and one for the discharging phase, is done to avoid transients due to the discontinuity of model's parameters. Simulations on experimental data show that the approach is feasible and enhance the interest of the proposed estimation technique.
Using Episodic Memory in a Memory Based Parser to Assist Machine Reading

The central task for a Machine Reader is integrating information acquired from text with the machine’s existing knowledge. Direct Memory Access Parsing (DMAP) is a machine reading approach that leverages existing knowledge and performs integration in the early stages of parsing natural language text. DMAP treats machine reading, fundamentally, as a task of knowledge recognition, and creates new knowledge structures and instances only when it cannot map the input text to existing knowledge. A goal of the research is to be able to use existing knowledge to improve the acquisition and integration of new knowledge, from (simplified) natural language. DMAP’s understanding is driven by memory structures, and it maps immediately and directly to existing knowledge. This provides an opportunity to experiment with and evaluate methods for using existing knowledge (both semantic and episodic) to facilitate machine reading. We present the basic architecture of a DMAP implementation, three experiments to leverage existing episodic memory, and the implications of the experiments on future research.
Brisement force in fibrous ankylosis: A technique revisited

Fibrous ankylosis is a common complication of trauma to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in children. Proper treatment and regular follow-up is necessary for its successful management. This report highlights a case of posttraumatic fibrous ankylosis successfully managed with brisement force-gradual tractional forces applied to the TMJ under local anesthesia without any associated complications. Mouth opening increased significantly from 15 to 35 mm. The patient was advised to perform rigorous physiotherapy at home, to maintain interincisal opening of 35 mm. The case was followed up for 6 months with no decrease in mouth opening.
Visual tracking with astructured local model

In this paper, we propose a novel visual tracking algorithm combining appearance feature and spatial information. These two aspects extract the constant elements of the target object. To represent information of an object, we utilize a block-local model and a structured visual histogram learned from an object's spatial information, which can adapt to changes in the appearance of the target and environment of the background. During tracking, the proposed algorithm introduces an occlusion model to prevent the environment change from affecting the target's posterior probability. Besides, the online updating is based on incremental algorithms for principal component analysis and the renewal of a spatial histogram queue. Experimental results show that our method outperforms relative trackers.
The pattern of changes in ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocities during in vitro fertilization treatment and its relationship with outcome of the cycle

To assess the effect of short‐term (2–3 weeks) pituitary suppression and controlled ovarian stimulation on ovarian and uterine artery Doppler measurements during the fertilization (IVF) treatment cycle and to compare the pattern of these changes between conception and non‐conception cycles as well as between patients with normal and those with polycystic ovaries.
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease.

Last Updated: June 2020 Importance Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a serious and extremely contagious viral disease of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Morbidity and mortality rates are high in unvaccinated animals; on some farms, most or all naive rabbits may die. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is thought to have emerged in the 1970s or 1980s in Europe. In 1984, a major outbreak in China killed 14 million domestic rabbits within 9 months. By the late 1990s, outbreaks had been seen in forty countries, and RHDV had become endemic in a number of locations where European rabbits also exist in the wild. The disease caused dramatic declines in some wild rabbit populations, particularly when it was first introduced. This has had a detrimental effect on some ecosystems in Europe, where wild rabbits are an important food source for certain endangered predators such as Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). Conversely, RHDV has been used to help control excessive numbers of non-native European rabbits in Australia. A new virus, RHDV2, emerged around 2010 in Europe and caused outbreaks in animals that had immunity to RHDV. Although early variants of RHDV2 appeared somewhat less pathogenic than RHDV, some recent isolates can be just as virulent. RHDV only seems to affect European rabbits, but RHDV2 also causes disease in hares (Lepus spp.), and its full host range might not yet be known. Like classical RHDV, RHDV2 spread to many countries within 10 years and became endemic in some. In some areas, it is now more common than RHDV. A closely related virus, European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHV), causes a similar disease in wild and farmed hares but does not affect European rabbits. The origins of RHD viruses and EBHSV are not completely understood, but they might have emerged from avirulent caliciviruses that circulate asymptomatically in lagomorphs. This suggests that other virulent lagoviruses might emerge in the future.