Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Fire Hazard of High-temperature Transformer Oil Pool Fire and Exploration on Improvement of Fire-extinguishing System

The effects of initial temperature of fuel on fire characteristics of the 0.16m2 square pool fire and 0.255 m2 circle pool fire were investigated experimentally. The fuel temperature in the burning duration, the mass loss rate (MLR) of fuel, and the heat release rate (HRR) were mainly concerned. Results showed that the rate of increase in the fuel temperature increased with the increasing of initial temperature of fuel in the experiments of 0.16m2 square pool fire, and the initial temperature of fuel showed obvious influence on the fuel temperature at the steady stage in the experiments of 0.255 m2 circle pool fire. Both the MLR and HRR of the transformer oil pool fire increased with the initial temperature of fuel, and the influence of initial temperature of fuel on the MLR and HRR of the transformer oil pool fire was more significant in the experiments with larger fuel tray. Based upon the analysis on fire hazard of transformer oil, the improvement of fire extinguishing systems in the transmission substation were discussed. It was recommended that the foam-water combined monitor system should be arranged to improve the ability of fire extinguishing in high voltage transformer substation.
Adaptive Control With Unknown System Dynamics Estimator for Quadrotor Attitude Tracking

This paper presents an adaptive control scheme via combining with an unknown system dynamics estimator (USDE) for attitude control of quadrotors subject to both parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. The presented controller is designed by effectively merging an adaptive control with an USDE via backstepping, where the extraneous uncertainties are addressed by USDE, and the adaptive law driven by tracking errors accounts for identifying unknown inertial moment constants. The unique characteristic is that a reinforced attitude controlling can be realized benefiting from the separate handling of parametric uncertainties and disturbances via an adaptive updating and a concise disturbance observation, significantly releasing the learning load of USDE and a high gain can be avoided in feedback loops. Meanwhile, Lyapunov analysis demonstrates that all error variables are uniformly ultimately bounded in the closed-loop system. Eventually, simulations substantiate the utility of suggested control strategy.
The dynamic characteristics of an isolated self-excited induction generator driven by a wind turbine

This paper presents the effect of magnetizing inductance on self-excitation. It also describes the loading analysis of an isolated induction generator, and how the operating frequency and generated voltage are affected by the change in operating slip value for regulated and unregulated rotor speed. Wind powered self-excited induction generators (SEIG) have an input wind which is not controllable, but they can be set to operate within a given variation of speed. The experimental and simulated results for a dynamic generated voltage, frequency and power are presented. The dynamic electromagnetic torque produced by the induction generator is also give. A dSPACE DS1102 DSP card is used for data acquisition and for control of the driven speed.
Overcoming the Transimpedance Limit: A Tutorial on Design of Low-Noise TIA

Noise probably the single most important performance metric of the high-speed transimpedance amplifier (TIA), which directly sets the sensitivity of optical receiver. The transimpedance limit which dictates the maximum achievable transimpedance gain of the TIA also turns out to fundamentally limit the TIA noise performance. In this tutorial, we analyze and explore two circuit design approaches to overcome the transimpedance limit. The first approach (Type I) realizes a divide-and-conquer methodology to separate the noise-bandwidth problem and solve them individually. The second approach (Type II) employs a multi-stage stagger-tuned amplifier. Both approaches can overcome the transimpedance limit, forming an effective toolkit for the design of low-noise high-speed TIA for high-sensitivity CMOS optical receivers in current and future applications.
Accurate State of Charge Estimation for Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Cell Using Equivalent Circuit Model, Parameter Tuning and Unscented Kalman Filter

For an Electric Vehicle (EV), knowing the range capability before the next recharge session is dependent on the accuracy of the State of Charge (SOC) estimation. SOC is simply a measure of the amount of extractable charge from a battery cell or pack. Being a hidden state of a nonlinear dynamic system, SOC cannot be directly measured but must be accurately and precisely estimated. Many literatures have been synthesized to understand the methods for estimating battery state of charge in various use cases. However, there are scarcely any thorough reports. Hence, in this paper, we comprehensively investigate the employment of the unscented Kalman filter with a realistic battery equivalent circuit model. A battery model is designed, and the parameters are estimated by model correlation with experimental data. The results showed convergence of the simulated SOC estimate to the real SOC. We therefore make understandable, the state-of-the art technique that should be employed by Battery Management System (BMS) developers in performing an important battery management functionality – SOC estimation.
Simplified procedures for the design of tall, stiff tieback walls

Methods used in the design of flexible and stiff tieback walls are described. Methods applicable to the design of stiff tieback wall systems are illustrated by example. Important in the design of stiff tieback wall systems is the consideration of construction sequencing effects. Illustrated by example are the equivalent beam on rigid supports method and the equivalent beam on inelastic supports method. Both the equivalent beam on rigid supports and the equivalent beam on inelastic supports analysis methods consider construction sequencing effects. The equivalent beam on rigid supports method uses soil pressure distributions based on classical methods. The equivalent beam on inelastic supports method uses soil springs (nonlinear) to determine earth-pressure loadings and preloaded concentrated springs (nonlinear) to determine tieback forces. Soil springs are in accordance with the reference deflection method proposed in the Federal Highway Administration’s “Summary report of research on permanent ground anchor walls; Vol II, Full-scale tests and soil structure interaction model” (FHWA-RD-98-066). Soil springs are shifted after each excavation stage to account for the plastic soil movements that occur during excavation. The software program CMULTIANC, newly developed to facilitate the equivalent beam on inelastic supports construction-sequencing analysis, is illustrated in the report. The results from the equivalent beam on rigid supports and equivalent beam on inelastic supports analyses are compared with each other and to the results obtained from other tieback wall analyses. The results are also compared with those obtained from apparent pressure diagram analyses. The apparent pressure diagram approach is common to the design of flexible wall systems. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN IT IS NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN TO THE ORIGINATOR.
Variable Observability Constrained Visual-Inertial-GNSS EKF-Based Navigation

Visual-Inertial Odometry (VIO) is an approach to give high-accuracy pose estimation in GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)-denied environments. However, visual-inertial navigation slowly drifts on its four unobservable directions, namely the translations and yaw in the world frame. The visual and inertial sensors are unable to provide information about how the world frame is aligned with global geographic coordinates. In this letter, g-MSCKF, a Multi-State Constraint Kalman Filter based approach, is developed to combine visual, inertial and GNSS raw measurements. With GNSS raw measurements, g-MSCKF has the ability to use GNSS information even when the number of satellites is below 4. An alignment filter between the local world frame and the global geographic frame is proposed and serves as the initializer for g-MSCKF. Furthermore, unobservable directions may exist and vary when the number of satellites, the satellite-receiver spatial geometry and the receiver motion follow specific patterns. Inconsistency of the estimator may happen under those variable-unobservable circumstances and a variable observability constrained method is provided to avoid inconsistency. Our algorithm is evaluated on real-world open datasets where the sensors traverse indoors and outdoors. The results show that our solution gives globally smooth trajectories in GNSS-intermittent situations with full exploitation of sensor potentials.
Measuring of bond: a comparative experimental research

In the framework of European test methods for masonry a simple test method for bond has to be established. The described research, carried out at Eindhoven University of Technology, tried to contribute to the development of such a test method. In this perspective, the research was focused on bond wrench testing. To investigate the outcome of the bond wrench test a comparative research was carried out using five different test methods in combination with two types of masonry. In total 407 bond tests were performed, using the five different test methods. It was concluded that the bond wrench can be used as a means to predict bond. Under labo-ratory conditions it gave the same or a lower CV as with wallette testing. Taking into account statistical considerations concerning the number of joints tested in flexure, the bond wrench is able to predict the flexural strength parallel to the bed joint as reliable as the flexural test on wallettes.
Relationships between the normalised difference vegetation index and temperature fluctuations in post-mining sites

Abstract The effects of age, vegetation density (normalised difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and vegetation type on temperature fluctuations were studied in post-coal-mining sites in the Czech Republic. NDVI and surface temperature were obtained from an airborne multispectral aerial photograph and FLIR infrared camera. The difference between morning and afternoon temperature was assumed as a measure of the temperature buffering ability of the ecosystem. Buffering increased with increasing NDVI but also depended on the type of vegetation, reclaimed sites have significantly higher buffering than unreclaimed sites. In contrary to grasslands, woody vegetation gradually increased temperature buffering capacity with plot age. Topsoil application substantially increased buffering capacity.
On Orbital Determination of the Lunar-Based SAR Under Apsidal Precession

The signal propagation of the lunar-based synthetic aperture radar (LBSAR) is affected by perturbations of the lunar orbit, wherein the apsidal precession that exerts a significant impact on the LBSAR imaging performance of the LBSAR deserves special care. Accordingly, the orbital determination used to maintain well-focused quality and high geometric fidelity in the existing SAR system becomes critical for the LBSAR. In this article, through establishing criteria for the orbital determination of LBSAR based on its imaging performance under the influence of apsidal precession, we investigate the accuracy requirements for the LBSAR orbital determination in terms of the position and velocity determinations. Analysis results show that the required accuracy for the LBSAR position determination depends on the geometric fidelity in the range direction, while the accuracy requirement for the velocity determination is dominated by the azimuth positioning accuracy. The focusing quality is not a primary issue for the LBSAR orbital determination. In addition, the far look angle of LBSAR accounts for the highest accuracy requirement in the position and velocity determinations; thus, it can be treated as the optimum look angle for the LBSAR orbital determination. It is also found that both velocity and position determinations are challenging in the ${z}$ -direction for the LBSAR.
Heat transfer performance of nano-suspension of Al2O3 in ([C4mim][NTf2]) ionic liquid around a circular cylinder

IoNanofluids are a new category of heat transfer fluids synthesized by suspending fine nanoparticles in ionic liquids. These IoNanofluids show superior heat transfer characteristics than conventional nanofluids and are more suitable for medium to high temperature applications. In this study, a numerical analysis of heat transfer performance of nano-suspension of Al2O3 in ([C4mim][NTf2]) ionic fluid around a circular cylinder has been presented. A 2 −D, laminar, steady and forced convective flow around a hot circular cylinder at a constant temperature has been taken into account at 10 ≤ Re ≤ 40 and 0 % ≤ φ ≤ 2.5 %. Governing equations of flow and heat transfer are solved using SIMPLE algorithm based Finite Volume Method (FVM). An unique aspect of this study is the consideration of the influence of temperature on the thermo-physical properties of the IoNanofluids. Heat transfer characteristics are quantified in terms of mean Nusselt numbers and the thermal field around the circular cylinder has been visualized using isotherms. Influence of flow Reynolds number, particle volume fraction and inlet temperature over the local and mean Nusselt numbers has been discussed in detail. Evidently, increase in flow velocity and addition of nanoparticles resulted in heat transfer augmentation. Additionally , heat transfer performance of Al2O3−([C4mim][NTf2]) IoNanofluid is compared with the conventional Al2O3 − H2O nanofluid. Comparatively, IoNanofluids outperformed conventional water based nanofluids with 59 % higher heat transfer enhancement ratios. Also, the heat transfer enhancement ratios were noted to be higher at high temperatures. Thus, the new class of cooling liquids (IoNanofluids) are promising working fluids for advanced real time high temperature engineering applications. Keywords— Ionic Nanofluids, Thermal Stability, Bluff Body, Heat Transfer.
Muscle Histopathological Abnormalities in a Patient With a CCT5 Mutation Predicted to Affect the Apical Domain of the Chaperonin Subunit

Recognition of diseases associated with mutations of the chaperone system genes, e.g., chaperonopathies, is on the rise. Hereditary and clinical aspects are established, but the impact of the mutation on the chaperone molecule and the mechanisms underpinning the tissue abnormalities are not. Here, histological features of skeletal muscle from a patient with a severe, early onset, distal motor neuropathy, carrying a mutation on the CCT5 subunit (MUT) were examined in comparison with normal muscle (CTR). The MUT muscle was considerably modified; atrophy of fibers and disruption of the tissue architecture were prominent, with many fibers in apoptosis. CCT5 was diversely present in the sarcolemma, cytoplasm, and nuclei in MUT and in CTR and was also in the extracellular space; it colocalized with CCT1. In MUT, the signal of myosin appeared slightly increased, and actin slightly decreased as compared with CTR. Desmin was considerably delocalized in MUT, appearing with abnormal patterns and in precipitates. Alpha-B-crystallin and Hsp90 occurred at lower signals in MUT than in CTR muscle, appearing also in precipitates with desmin. The abnormal features in MUT may be the consequence of inactivity, malnutrition, denervation, and failure of protein homeostasis. The latter could be at least in part caused by malfunction of the CCT complex with the mutant CCT5 subunit. This is suggested by the results of the in silico analyses of the mutant CCT5 molecule, which revealed various abnormalities when compared with the wild-type counterpart, mostly affecting the apical domain and potentially impairing chaperoning functions. Thus, analysis of mutated CCT5 in vitro and in vivo is anticipated to provide additional insights on subunit involvement in neuromuscular disorders.
Synergic action of L-acetylcarnitine and L-methylfolate in Mouse Models of Stress-Related Disorders and Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons

The epigenetic agents, L-acetylcarnitine (LAC) and L-methylfolate (MF) are putative candidates as add-on drugs in depression. We evaluated the effect of a combined treatment with LAC and MF in two different paradigms of chronic stress in mice and in human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated into dopaminergic neurons. Two groups of mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days or chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 21 day, and LAC (30 or 100 mg/kg) and/or MF (0.75 or 3 mg/kg) were administered i.p. once a day for 14 days, starting from the last week of stress. In both stress paradigms, LAC and MF acted synergistically in reducing the immobility time in the forced swim test and enhancing BDNF protein levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, LAC and MF acted synergistically in enhancing type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu2) protein levels in the hippocampus of mice exposed to CRS. Interestingly, CRS mice treated with MF showed an up-regulation of NFκB p65, which is a substrate for LAC-induced acetylation. We could also demonstrate a synergism between LAC and MF in cultured hiPSCs differentiated into dopamine neurons, by measuring dendrite length and number, and area of the cell soma after 3 days of drug exposure. These findings support the combined use of LAC and MF in the treatment of MDD and other stress-related disorders.
Chinese Adolescents’ Reading Motivation Profiles and Their Relations to Reading Amount

This study used a person-centered approach to identify reading motivation profiles of 514 Chinese adolescents in seventh- to ninth-grade, based on dimensions of intrinsic reading motivation (curiosity and involvement) and extrinsic reading motivation (grades and competition). Furthermore, the effects of each profile on outcome variables (reading amount for enjoyment and for school) were investigated. Latent profile analyses revealed three reading motivation profiles: high quantity (high on all four dimensions), high intrinsic (high on curiosity and involvement, low on grades, and competition), and moderate quantity (moderate on all four dimensions). The high-intrinsic and high-quantity profiles proved to be equally successful in terms of amount of reading for enjoyment and for school, and both significantly exceeded the moderate-quantity profile. The current findings emphasize the importance of intrinsic reading motivation and the importance of quality of motivation, compared with its quantity.
Effects of Dark Septate Endophytes on the Performance and Soil Microbia of Lycium ruthenicum Under Drought Stress

In the current study, we explored the effects of dark septate endophytes (DSE) (Neocamarosporium phragmitis, Alternaria chlamydospore, and Microascus alveolaris) on the performance and rhizosphere soil microbial composition of Lycium ruthenicum Murr under drought stress. Differences in plant growth and physiological indexes, soil parameters, and microbial composition under different treatments were studied. Three DSE species could form good symbiotic relationships with L. ruthenicum plants, and the symbionts depended on DSE species and water availability. Inoculation of DSE had the greatest benefit on host plants under drought conditions. In particular, N. phragmitis and A. chlamydospore had a significant positive influence on the biomass, morphological and physiological indexes of host plants. Additionally, the content of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes in the soil was significantly elevated after DSE inoculation in the absence of water. Based on a variance decomposition analysis, DSE was the most important factor affecting the growth and physiological parameters of host plants, and DSE inoculation combined with water conditions significantly affected the contents of soil microbial communities. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that the positive effects of DSE on L. ruthenicum varied with DSE species and plant parameters under different water conditions. These results are helpful to understand the ecological function of DSE and its potential application in the cultivation of L. ruthenicum plants in drylands.
Cognition of Regional Economic Growth Based on China's Intellectual Class

To understand the cognition of China's intellectual class on economic growth, this paper consulted the related documents and conducted questionnaires in China. A sample of 6,326 talented persons from 16 large and medium-sized cities was selected in a descriptive analysis study. The attitude of talents toward regional economic growth has been assessed by a conceptual pathway model of organizational environmental variables. The collected data is analyzed by the SPSS software package to establish a comprehensive framework model, which can quantitatively analyze the relationship between regional economic growth and its predictors. The relationship can be described as follows: YREG = 0.201XEI + 0.149XTEP + 0.217XPO + 0.148XTE + 0.480XNR + θ or YREG = 0.53XTRE + 0.480XNR + θ. The model suggested that regional economic growth was driven predominantly by talent rooting environment and natural resources. Compared with policy orientation, the talent exchanging platform was profound to pay more attention to the future development of talent. The model also demonstrated that increased education investment plays a pivotal role in China's intellectual class, which will directly or indirectly affect talent development, talent introduction, and the environment for talents to be rooted.