Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Political Sophistication and Policy Reasoning: a Reconsideration Theoretical and Empirical Background

The sophistication-interaction theory of mass policy reasoning, which posits that the strength of the relationship between abstract principles and policy preferences is conditional on political sophistication, dominates the study of public opinion. This article argues that the sophistication-interaction theory does not hold to the degree the consensus claims. Specifically, it challenges the proposition that sophistication promotes the use of domain-specific beliefs and values. NES data yields two compelling findings. First, a series of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that beliefs about equal opportunity, self-reliance, and limited government in the social welfare domain and about militarism and anticommunism in the foreign policy domain are structured coherently and equivalently in the minds of citizens at different levels of sophistication. Second, structural equation model results demonstrate that political sophistication does not systematically enhance the impact these principles have on policy preferences. T he conventional wisdom in public opinion research holds that the ability to deduce specific policy preferences from abstract principles is conditional on political sophistication. Research shows that sophistication strengthens the relationship between liberal-conservative orientations and issue positions However, the consensus makes the far broader claim that sophistication promotes reliance on all abstract beliefs and values. According to Zaller, " the impact of people's value predispositions always depends on whether citizens possess the contextual information needed to translate their values into support for particular policies " (1992, 25). Delli Carpini and Keeter posit that " the greater the store of information, the more often citizens will be able to connect their values with concrete matters of politics " (1996, 229). Luskin maintains that " [t]here are many reasons to think sophistication important, but perhaps its greatest importance lies in its conditioning of the relationship between values and policy and candidate preferences, which can be expected to be tighter among the more sophisticated " (2002, 220). This article examines critically whether the sophistication-interaction model of public opinion holds and the three anonymous reviewers for their comments and assistance on this project. I assume responsibility for any remaining errors. to the degree the consensus claims. I draw upon the work of Feldman (1988) and Hurwitz and Peffley (1987) to argue that political sophistication will neither affect the absorption of domain-specific principles from the broader political environment, nor strengthen the impact these principles have on policy preferences. My analysis of data from five National Election Study surveys yields two compelling findings. First, I demonstrate that beliefs …
Fluctuation of birch (Betula L.) pollen seasons in Poland

Birch pollen grains are one of the most important groups of atmospheric biological particles that induce allergic processes. The fluctuation pattern of birch pollen seasons in selected cities of Poland is presented. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni 2000 pollen samplers). The distributions of the data were not normal (Shapiro–Wilk test) and statistical error risk was estimated at a significance level of α = 0.05. Pollen season was defined as the period in which 95% of the annual total catch occurred. The linear trend for the selected features of the pollen season, skewness, kurtosis and coefficient of variation ( V %) were also analyzed. During the 12–14 years of study, the beginnings of birch pollen seasons were observed 7–14 days earlier, the ends were noted 5–10 days earlier, and the days with maximum values occurred 7–14 days earlier compared to the long-term data. The left-skewed distribution of the pollen season starts in most sampling sites confirms the short-lasting occurrence of pollen in the air. The threat of birch pollen allergens was high during the pollen seasons. If vegetation is highly diverse, flowering and pollen release are extended in time, spread over different weeks and occur at different times of the day. Flowering time and pollen release are affected by insolation, convection currents, wind, and turbulence. Therefore, pollen seasons are characterized by great inter-annual variability.
Effect of Peppermint and Eucalyptus Oil Preparations on Neurophysiological and Experimental Algesimetric Headache Parameters

The effects of peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological, psychological and experimental algesimetric parameters were investigated in 32 healthy subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over design. Four different test preparations were applied to large areas of the forehead and temples using a small sponge and their effect was evaluated by comparing baseline and treatment measure. The combination of peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil and ethanol increased cognitive performance and had a muscle-relaxing and mentally relaxing effect, but had little influence on pain sensitivity. A significant analgesic effect with a reduction in sensitivity to headache was produced by a combination of peppermint oil and ethanol. The essential plant oil preparations often used in empiric medicine can thus be shown by laboratory tests to exert significant effects on mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of headache.
An Examination of Inattentional Blindness in Law Enforcement

Inattentional blindness, or the inability to visually detect an unexpected stimulus while attending to a task or situation, can have detrimental effects on those who are subject to the phenomenon. This may be particularly true for law enforcement officers, who are often engaged in cognitively demanding tasks that draw their attention away from potentially deadly hazards. This study aimed to look at the effects of inattentional blindness within a group of officers of varying degrees of experience and expertise. The officers were presented with a video-based scenario in which an unexpected stimulus was placed. The control group was asked to attend to a general task, while the experimental group was asked to attend to a specific and more demanding task. Within the context of an active shooter situation, the officers’ ability to detect a large black suitcase in a hallway during the video was assessed. Overall rates of unexpected stimuli detection was consistent with existing literature, however detection of the scene-relevant stimulus was lower than expected.
Similarity, difference and correlation of meteorological and hydrological drought indices in a humid climate region – the Poyang Lake catchment in China

Based on the estimation of standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized runoff index (SRI), this study investigated the variability and correlation of hydrological drought and meteorological drought in a humid climate region–the Poyang Lake catchment in China. Results indicate that the occurrences of hydrological droughts in the catchment are different from those of meteorological drought on both a seasonal and annual basis. However, annual variability of both indices showed the same periodic variation characteristics during the study period. With comparison of the performance of SPEI and SRI time series at different timescales, our observation reveals that the two drought indices show a higher degree of similarity and correlation as timescales increased. In addition, SRI is found to be less variable than SPEI at shorter timescales and it shows an obvious hydrologic delay of about one to two months in response to SPEI at timescales >12 months. Due to hydrologic detention of subsurface soil moisture, shallow groundwater and perhaps reservoir storage, a two-month timescale of SPEI is found to be more appropriate for river discharge monitoring, especially for those rivers with similar drainage area, climate and geographical conditions as in this study region.
Non-OH chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for the study of atmospheric chemistry systematically examined by modeling

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) using low-pressure Hg lamp emission at 185 and 254 nm produce OH radicals efficiently and are widely used in atmospheric chemistry and other fields. However, knowledge of detailed OFR chemistry is limited, allowing speculation in the literature about whether some non-OH reactants, including several not relevant for tropospheric chemistry, may play an important role in these OFRs. These non-OH reactants are UV radiation, O(1D), O(3P), and O3. In this study, we investigate the relative importance of other reactants to OH for the fate of reactant species in OFR under a wide range of conditions via box modeling. The relative importance of non-OH species is less sensitive to UV light intensity than to water vapor mixing ratio (H2O) and external OH reactivity (OHRext), as both non-OH reactants and OH scale roughly proportionally to UV intensity. We show that for field studies in forested regions and also the urban area of Los Angeles, reactants of atmospheric interest are predominantly consumed by OH. We find that O(1D), O(3P), and O3 have relative contributions to volatile organic compound (VOC) consumption that are similar or lower than in the troposphere. The impact of O atoms can be neglected under most conditions in both OFR and troposphere. We define “riskier OFR conditions” as those with either low H2O ( 200 s−1 in OFR254). We strongly suggest avoiding such conditions as the importance of non-OH reactants can be substantial for the most sensitive species, although OH may still dominate under some riskier conditions, depending on the species present. Photolysis at non-tropospheric wavelengths (185 and 254 nm) may play a significant (> 20 %) role in the degradation of some aromatics, as well as some oxidation intermediates, under riskier reactor conditions, if the quantum yields are high. Under riskier conditions, some biogenics can have substantial destructions by O3, similarly to the troposphere. Working under low O2 (volume mixing ratio of 0.002) with the OFR185 mode allows OH to completely dominate over O3 reactions even for the biogenic species most reactive with O3. Non-tropospheric VOC photolysis may have been a problem in some laboratory and source studies, but can be avoided or lessened in future studies by diluting source emissions and working at lower precursor concentrations in laboratory studies and by humidification. Photolysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) samples is estimated to be significant (> 20 %) under the upper limit assumption of unity quantum yield at medium (1 × 1013 and 1.5 × 1015 photons cm−2 s−1 at 185 and 254 nm, respectively) or higher UV flux settings. The need for quantum yield measurements of both VOC and SOA photolysis is highlighted in this study. The results of this study allow improved OFR operation and experimental design and also inform the design of future reactors.
Compensation Grouting: Concept, Theory and Practice

Compensation grouting, or the use of grouting techniques to control ground settlement during soft ground tunnelling, has become a well-established technique. While compensation grouting can be applied using compaction grouting (Baker et al., 1983) or soil fracture grouting techniques, the majority of applications to date have used the soil fracture technique. This paper contrasts the concept and theory of the two techniques and describes the application of soil fracture grouting, along with a review of several case histories.
On the consistency and equivalence of certain definitions of summability

Many definitions have been proposed for the value of a divergent series, those of Cesàro and Holder being familiar examples. All of the definitions proposed are generalizations of convergence ;f that is, they evaluate any convergent series to the value to which it converges. Thus all these definitions give the same value to a convergent series. The fundamental question as to whether, when each of two definitions gives a value to a divergent series, the two values are the same, seems as yet to have received no attention. % That two definitions, both generalizations of convergence, may give different values to the same divergent series, is seen by the following example. Let the sequence defining the series be x„ = ( — 1)"+1 log n (n = 1,2, ■ • •); and let the value of the sequence be defined in two different ways by the limits of the sequences (yn), (z„), where
ADDITIONS TO ASTRAGALUS SECT. HYMENOSTEGIS (FABACEAE) IN IRAN

Ali Bagheri and Farrokh Ghahremaninejad , Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moallem University, 49 Dr. Mofatteh Avenue, 15614 Tehran, Iran. -Ali Asghar Maassoumi (correspondence ), Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P. O. Box: 13185-116, Tehran, Iran. Key words.
Brodalumab: an evidence-based review of its potential in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis

: Advances in knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of psoriasis have allowed the development of a new class of agents known as biologic drugs. Data confirm that T helper (Th)17 and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. High levels of IL-17 and Th17-related cytokines have been reported in psoriasis, leading to the suggestion of agents targeting IL-17 as a potential therapeutic strategy in psoriasis. Brodalumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, blocking the effects of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17E. Data from Phase I and Phase II clinical trials indicate that brodalumab has a favorable safety and tolerability profile, with strong clinical activity, suggesting that it is a potential tool for use in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. under-treatment Core Evidence is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal evaluating the evidence underlying the potential place in therapy of drugs throughout their development lifecycle from preclinical to post- launch. The focus of each review is to evaluate the case for a new drug or class in outcome terms in specific indications and patient groups.
An atmospheric mechanism for ENSO amplitude changes under an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 concentration in CMIP5 models

We investigate the impact of a quadrupled CO2 concentration on the simulated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitudes in 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. The amplitude of ENSO‐related sea surface temperature (SST) variability decreases in 11 of these models, and increases in the rest, in response to the enhanced radiative forcing. These opposing amplitude changes are predominantly explained by opposite changes in the time‐lagged SST response to a given central Pacific zonal wind stress (ZWS) forcing, with the net heat flux forcing and the SST‐ZWS feedback playing smaller roles. We find a robust relationship between the changes in the ZWS forcing efficiency and those in the ZWS‐deep convection coupling in the central‐western Pacific, indicating an important role for this coupling in ENSO amplitude changes. Indeed, the projected change in this coupling is indicative of the projected change in ENSO‐related SST variability.
Certified Assembly Programming with Embedded Code Pointers

Embedded code pointers (ECPs) are stored handles of functions and continuations commonly seen in low-level binaries as well as functional or higher-order programs. ECPs are known to be very hard to support well in Hoare-logic style verification systems. As a result, existing proof-carrying code (PCC) systems have to either sacrifice the expressiveness or the modularity of program specifications , or resort to construction of complex semantic models. In Reynolds's LICS'02 paper, supporting ECPs is listed as one of the main open problems for separation logic. In this paper we present a simple and general technique for solving the ECP problem for Hoare-logic-based PCC systems. By adding a small amount of syntax to the assertion language, we show how to combine semantic consequence relation with syntactic proof techniques. The result is a new powerful framework that can perform modular reasoning on ECPs while still retaining the expressiveness of Hoare logic. We show how to use our techniques to support polymorphism, closures, and other language extensions and how to solve the ECP problem for separation logic. Our system is fully mechanized. We give its complete soundness proof and a full verification of Reynolds's CPS-style " list-append " example in the Coq proof assistant.
Credit, Wages and Bankruptcy Laws

We study the impact of different bankruptcy laws in general equilibrium, taking into account the interactions between the credit and labour markets, as well as wealth heterogeneity. Soft bankruptcy laws often preclude liquidation, to avoid ex-post inefficiencies. This worsens credit rationing, depresses investment and reduces aggregate leverage. Yet, tough laws do not necessarily maximize social welfare or emerge from the legislative process. Relatively rich agents can invest irrespective of the law. They favour soft laws that exclude poorer entrepreneurs from the market and thus reduce labour demand and wages. This raises the pledgeable income of the entrepreneurs who still can raise funds, and thus lowers their liquidation rates and the associated inefficiencies. Hence, a soft law can maximize social welfare.
Multiparametric observation of volcanic lightning: Sakurajima Volcano, Japan

We recorded volcanic lightning generated by Vulcanian explosions at Sakurajima Volcano using a synchronized multiparametric array. Physical properties of lightning are related to plume dynamics, and associated electromagnetic field variations are revealed by video observations (high speed and normal speed) together with infrasound and high sampling rate magnetotelluric signals. Data show that volcanic lightning at Sakurajima mainly occurs in the plume gas thrust region at a few hundred meters above the crater rim, where the overpressure of the turbulent volcanic jets determines the electrification of particles generating a complex charge structure in the growing plume. Organization of charges may be achieved at later stages when the plume transitions from the jet phase to the convective phase. Comparison with atmospheric sounding and maximum plume height data show that the effect of hydrometeors on flash generation at Sakurajima is negligible and can be more prudently considered as an additional factor contributing to the electrification of volcanic plumes.
Resource Allocation under Fire

Rising suppression cost and severity of wildfires in the United States have prompted debate over federal wildfire management policy. We estimate an econometric model of suppression resource allocation using a dynamic panel dataset on over 500 wildfires in the western United States. We find that more hand crews and engines are dispatched to fires that threaten homes, while more aircraft are dispatched to fires that start near higher-value homes. We combine our results with projected housing growth estimates in California to show that suppression expenditures may rise by nearly $24 million per year. (JEL Q23, Q28)
The Functional Anatomy of Divided Attention in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated changes in brain function in cognitively normal subjects at increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Amne-stic mild cognitive impairment (AMCI) carries a high risk of developing into Alzheimer's disease. In AMCI altered cortical activation has been demonstrated during memory tasks, using functional MRI (fMRI). Memory and attention are closely related cognitive functions. It is unclear whether the memory impairment of AMCI is associated with attentional deficits of the sort likely to be revealed by tasks requiring divided attention. Ten older adults (mean age 72 years, range 57–81 years) with AMCI were compared with healthy matched controls on divided attention and passive sensory processing tasks using fMRI. During the divided attention task both groups activated similar regions of left hemispheric prefrontal and extrastriate visual cortex. However, the AMCI group had attenuated prefrontal activation compared with age matched controls. On the passive sensory processing task there was no difference between the AMCI and control groups. We conclude that there are changes in the functional network subserving divided attention in patients with AMCI as reflected in the attenuation of prefrontal cortical activation. These findings have implications for evaluating cog-nition in AMCI and also for monitoring the effects of future treatments in AMCI.
The Benefits of a Right to Silence for the Innocent

This paper shows that innocent suspects benefit from exercising their right to silence during criminal proceedings. We present a model in which a criminal suspect can either make a statement or remain silent during police interrogation. At trial, the jury observes informative but imperfect signals about the suspect's guilt and the truthfulness of the suspect's statement. We show that a right to silence benefits innocent suspects by providing them with a safer alternative to speech, as well as by reducing the probability of wrongful conviction for suspects who remain silent with and without a right to silence. The paper thus provides a broad utilitarian justification for the argument that a right to silence helps the innocent. 1 2 " . the privilege [against self-incrimination], while sometimes a 'shelter to the guilty,' is often 'a protection to the innocent. ' " Murphy v.
Ecology of some Arctic foraminifera

An investigation of the Foraminifera in cores of the bottom sediments of the central Arctic Ocean indicates significant quantitative trends in this relatively uniform environment. Foraminiferal occurrence are compared with sediments, sea-floor topography, water depth, calcium carbonate distribution, organic C content of the sediments, temperature and salinity of the water, and associated organisms. A total of 105 species of Foraminifera, of which 20 were useful in establishing depth zones, were collected at depths between 433 and 2760 m. Five species and 1 variety are new. Faunal changes correspond generally to changes in slope. Application of the data suggests displacement of the sediments in parts of some cores.