Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Behaviour Nudges on Tax Compliance: Age as a Factor in Municipalities in the Republic of North Macedonia

We examine the effects of a tax behaviour nudging experiment on non-compliant property taxpayers in three Macedonian municipalities. The results indicate that on average the deterrence message was almost 6 percentage points more effective for non-compliant taxpayers when compared to the control group, while the social norm message and public good message were on average 4.4 and 3.2 percentage points more effective when compared with the control group, respectively. Furthermore, age as a variable is significant and negatively associated with tax compliance behaviour in one of the three municipalities. Finally, we recommend the experiment’s approach to policymakers as effective, while being inexpensive and not requiring legislative changes.
YAP1 Expression in SCLC Defines a Distinct Subtype With T-cell-Inflamed Phenotype

Background: The clinical and biological significance of the newly described small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subtypes, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-Y and SCLC-P, defined respectively by the dominant expression of transcription factors ASCL1, NeuroD1, YAP1 or POU2F3, remain to be established. Methods: We generated new RNA-Seq expression data from a discovery set of 59 archival tumor samples of neuroendocrine tumors and new protein expression data by immunohistochemistry in 99 SCLC cases. We validated the findings from this discovery set in two independent validation sets consisting of RNA-Seq data generated from 51 SCLC cell lines and 81 primary human SCLC samples.
Does Inequality Cause Redistribution: An Empiricl Analysis?

Using data on U.S. state and federal taxes and transfers over a quarter century, we estimate a regression model that yields the marginal effect of any shift of market income share from one quintile to another on the entire post tax, post-transfer income distribution. We identify exogenous income distribution changes and account for reverse causality using instruments based on exposure to international trade shocks, international commodity price shocks and national industry demand shocks, as well as lagged endogenous variables, with controls for the level of income, the business cycle and demographics. We find attenuation initially increases in quintile rank, peaks at the middle quintile and then falls for higher income quintiles, consistent with median voter political economy theory and what Stigler called Director’s law. We also provide evidence of considerable and systematic spillover effects on quintiles neither gaining nor losing in the “experiments,” also favoring the middle quintile, what we label the greedy median voter. “Voting” and “income insurance” coalition analyses are presented. We find a strong negative relationship between average real income and redistribution.
Going Global or Staying Local: Determinants of Domestic and International Corporate Bond Issues in the Baltics

In the period 2017-2022, there has been a notable growth in international bond placements by Baltic companies, which is distinct from corporate bond issuance in the European Economic Area. While the Baltic governments have demonstrated an increased focus on the corporate bond market development – the pan-Baltic Capital Markets Union launched in 2017 and covered bond law as adopted in Latvia in 2021, those activities are not directly linked to the ongoing shift to international corporate borrowing. In the academic literature, the determinants affecting corporate bond issuance are getting certain attention while studying separately the country-level determinants and the firm-level determinants, which are further split into domestic and international corporate bond issuance. For the Baltic countries, rare academic research has focused on the corporate bond market development of an individual Baltic country. This paper aims to discover the determinants for domestic and international corporate bond issuance of Baltic companies. While providing theoretical insight into corporate bond issuance rationale for both domestic and international placements, the paper focuses on factors that have contributed to firms choosing to issue bonds internationally. The methods applied in this study are scientific publication analysis, document analysis, expert survey, in-depth interviews, and statistical data analysis. For the statistical analysis, macroeconomic data was acquired from Cbonds, The World Bank, and International Monetary Fund databases in combination with company-specific data gathered from Nasdaq CSD, Orbis, Lursoft, Storybook, and Rekvizitai. The authors have employed a panel regression model for domestic and international bond issuance, and probit regression for all issued bonds in the Baltics from 2003-2022 to estimate the probability of pursuing bond financing internationally. The findings of this paper indicate that in the Baltics the main firm-level determinants for domestic corporate bond issuance are the company’s financial performance, its geographic exposure, documentation and listing costs, and access to alternative funding sources; on the country-level, the determinants are the share of sovereign international bonds of GDP, corruption perception, and exports as a share of GDP. For issuing international corporate bonds, the main determinants on the firm-level are bond placement size, company size, equity ratio, a satisfactory credit rating, and appropriate yields in the context of higher competition for international investor attention; on the country-level, GDP per capita, country’s export share, interest rate spread, regulatory quality, and political stability play an important role.
Sensitivity to temporal fine structure probed with pulse-spreading harmonic complexes

7 Temporal fine structure (TFS) is assumed to play an important role in both pitch and speech 8 processing in normal hearing (NH). However, there is still some debate on how TFS is coded in 9 the auditory periphery. Moore & Sek (2009) provided evidence that NH subjects are sensitive to 10 TFS at very high frequencies in stimulus conditions where spectral cues should not be present. 11 This is important because it implies that phase locking may still provide useful information above 12 4000 Hz where it is commonly believed to be absent. Here, we examine sensitivity to TFS using 13 different stimuli than the frequency-shifted complexes previously used. Pulse-spreading 14 harmonic complexes (PSHCs) are spectrally-dense complexes with a low f 0 (here 2 Hz). The phase 15 of the components is set so that the envelope rate can be manipulated independently from the f 0 . 16 Here, we use a special case of PSHCs for which the TFS peaks were shifted relative to the envelope 17 peaks from one envelope period to the next. For upward PSHCs (up-PSHC), the TFS peaks were 18 progressively advanced, yielding a rising pitch percept across the stimulus, while for downward 19 PSHCs (down-PSHC), the peaks were progressively delayed, yielding a falling pitch percept. In 20 Experiment 1, subjects heard up-PSHC, down-PSHC and regular inharmonic complexes bandpass-21 filtered with a lower cut-off (Fc) of 2000 Hz and were asked to identify whether the pitch was 22 rising, falling or flat in a one interval, three alternative forced choice task. The envelope rate was 23 98, 200 or 450 pps. For the two highest rates, most subjects correctly identified the direction of 24 the pitch change while for the lowest rate, the stimuli could not be discriminated. This shows that, 25 for a given Fc
"Fingerprints" of climate change : adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges

Adapted behaviour and shifting ranges of species -- a result of recent climate warming? G. -R. Walther. Terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate changes in the Antarctic P. Convey. Climate change and ice breeding pinnipeds B.P. Kelly. Detection of range shifts: General methodological issues and case studies using butterflies C. Parmesan. Climate and recent range changes in butterflies J.K. Hill, et al. Expansion of Mediterranean Odonata in Germany and Europe -- consequences of climatic changes J. Ott. Phytophenological trends in different seasons, regions and altitudes in Switzerland C. Defila, B. Clot. Plant phenological changes A. Menzel, N. Estrella. High summits of the Alps in a changing climate H. Pauli, et al. Evergreen broad-leaved species as indicators for climate change G. -R. Walther, et al. The expansion of thermophilic plants in the Iberian Peninsula as a sign of climatic change E.S. Vesperinas, et al. Climate change and coastal flora D. Metzing, A. Gerlach. Sizing the Impact: Coral reef ecosystems as early casualties of climate change O. Hoegh-Guldberg. Fingerprints of climate changes on the photosynthetic apparatus' behaviour, monitored by the JIP-test M. Tsimilli-Michael, R. Strasser. Did recent climatic shifts affect productivity of grass-dominated vegetation in southern Switzerland? A. Stampfli. Responses of some Austrian glacier foreland plants to experimentally changed microclimatic conditions B. Erschbamer. Reliability and effectiveness of Ellenberg's indices in checking flora and vegetation changes induced by climatic variations S. Pignatti, et al. Fingerprints of climate change -- concluding remarks Ch. Korner, G. -R. Walther. Index.
Financial Reconstruction in Conflict and 'Post-Conflict' Economies

This paper discusses some of the principal issues relating to the reconstruction of the financial sector in conflict-affected countries, focusing on currency reform, the rebuilding (or creation) of central banks, the revitalization of the banking system, and its prudential supervision and regulation. Different types of conflict have different effects on the financial system. Country priorities for reconstruction therefore vary accordingly. Nevertheless, the following problems repeatedly occur in reconstruction. First, central banks often remain weak and under-resourced. The consequence is haphazard and lenient supervision of the financial system, which is compounded by the frequently lax accounting and reporting standards of commercial banks. This hinders the application of international models of prudential supervision, such as the Basle Core Principles. Second, regulatory forbearance is common, reflecting both the technical weakness of central banks, but also the pressure of powerful interests—including war criminals—that straddle both state institutions and the financial sector. The consequences are leniency in the licensing of banks, insider-lending, excessive risk exposure, and a general failure to curb emergent bank crises. These in turn destabilize economies in recovery from war, and the fiscal burden of bank crises limits development and poverty spending—thereby threatening ‘postconflict’ reconstruction itself.
Tenure & Turnover among State Health Officials from the SHO-CASE Survey: Correlates & Consequences of Changing Leadership

Objective: To examine characteristics associated with tenure length of State Health Officials (SHOs); and examine reasons and consequences for SHO turnover. Design: Surveys of current and former SHOs linked with secondary data from the United Health Foundation. Setting: Original survey responses from SHOs in the United States. Participants: Respondent included SHOs who served between 1973-2017. Main Outcome Measures: Tenure length and consequences of SHO turnover. Results: Average completed tenure among SHOs was 5.3 years (median = 4) and was shorter in recent time periods compared with decades prior. Older age at appointment (b= –0.109, p=0.005) and those holding a management degree (b= –1.835, p=0.017) and/or a law degree (b= –3.553, p<0.001) were each associated with shorter SHO tenures. SHOs from states in the top quartile for health rankings had significantly longer average tenures (b= 1.717, p=0.036). Many former SHOs believed their tenure was too short and reported that their departure had either a significant or very large effect on their agency’s ability to fulfill its mission. Conclusions: SHO tenures have become shorter over time and continue to be shorter than industry CEOs and best practice recommendations from organizational researchers. States have an opportunity to consider, and address, how factors within their control influence the stability of the SHO position.
Occlusion Acute Ischemic Stroke with CTA Collateral Status in Large-Vessel Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio Correlates

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Collateral blood supply is a key determinant of outcome in large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Single-and multiphase CTA collateral scoring systems have been described but are subjective and require training. We aimed to test whether the CTP-derived hypoperfusion intensity ratio is associated with CTA collateral status and whether a threshold hypoperfusion intensity ratio exists that predicts poor CTA collaterals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging and clinical data of consecutive patients with large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively reviewed. Single-phase CTA and multiphase CTA scoring were performed by 2 blinded neuroradiologists using the Tan, Maas, and Calgary/Menon methods. CTP was processed using RApid processing of PerfusIon and Diffusion software (RAPID). Hypoperfusion intensity ratio ¼ ratio of brain volume with time-to-maximum . 10 seconds over time-to-maximum . 6-second volume. Correlation between the hypoperfusion intensity ratio and CTA collateral scores was calculated using the Pearson correlation. The optimal threshold of the hypoperfusion intensity ratio for predicting poor collaterals was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke were included. Multiphase CTA collateral scoring showed better interrater agreement ( k ¼ 0.813) than single-phase CTA (Tan, k ¼ 0.587; Maas, k ¼ 0.273). The hypoperfusion intensity ratio correlated with CTA collateral scores (multiphase CTA: r ¼ (cid:2) 0.55; 95% CI, (cid:2) 0.67 to (cid:2) 0.40; P # . 001). The optimal threshold for predicting poor multiphase CTA collateral status was a hypoperfusion intensity ratio of . 0.45 (sensitivity ¼ 78%; speci ﬁ city ¼ 76%; area under the curve ¼ 0.86). Patients with high hypoperfusion intensity ratio/poor collateral status had lower ASPECTS/larger infarcts, higher NIHSS scores, and larger hypoperfused volumes
THE MALDIVIAN TUNA FISHERY AND INDO-PACIFIC OCEAN VARIABILITY

Maldivian tuna catches are affected by changes in oceanographic conditions, including those associated with ENSO events and with decadal-scale oscillations. Three types of variability are considered here. (1). On inter annual time scales, catch rates of skipjack tuna tend to go down during El Nino events, while catch rates of yellowfin tuna, frigate tuna and kawakawa tend to go up. The opposite is seen during La Nina events. (2). Over decadal scales, skipjack catches were higher and yellowfin tuna catches were lower than average during 1970-72 and 1985-92, but the opposite was seen during 1973-84 and 1993-98. This is interpreted as evidence for a decadalscale oscillation in Indian Ocean oceanographic conditions, with a period of about 20 years. (3). Over still longer periods, frigate tuna catches have decreased while kawakawa catches have increased. This is interpreted as possible evidence for a decadal -scale oscillation in Indian Ocean oceanographic conditions, with a period of perhaps 60 years or longer. The lack of understanding of Indian Ocean variability is a hindrance to a full understanding of Indian Ocean tuna dynamics.
Assessing the Authenticity of the Document-Based Question Featured within the New York State Global History and Geography Regents

This study questioned the validity of the Global History and Geography Regents exam DBQ as an authentic learning event and assessment. The previous five years of the Global History and Geography Regents DBQs administered in June were evaluated to assess the authenticity of the documents in regards to their context, the level of questioning featured in the task and constructed response questions, and the readability levels of the documents. Ultimately the analysis of the data disproved the validity of the DBQ as an authentic task as presented in the Global History and Geography Regents. In the end, teachers must infuse their curriculum with both challenging texts and authentic tasks to prepare students in accordance to new Common
Lower Cretaceous reservoir development in the North Sea Central Graben and 1 potential analogue settings in the Southern Permian Basin and South Viking Graben 2

8 Much of the future hydrocarbon exploration potential in the North Sea lies in locating 9 stratigraphic traps and discrete reservoir intervals. This study assesses the potential for Lower 10 Cretaceous reservoirs, with particular focus on the Norwegian Central Graben and proposed 11 methods to identify future prospects over a wider area. Seismic interpretation and well data 12 reveal the structure and sedimentology of the study area. Although the region was isolated 13 from a large hinterland in the Early Cretaceous, potential local sediment sources, sediment 14 transport routes and areas with possible reservoir development are identified. The greater 15 Mandal High area, where Lower Cretaceous shoreface deposits and submarine fan systems 16 are postulated, is suggested for primary focus. Similar deposits may have developed around 17 the other exposed highs in the region, although several were drowned towards the end of the 18 Early Cretaceous. Detailed seismic and stratigraphic analysis will be necessary to identify 19 individual reservoir units. Since similar settings may have occurred in the adjacent South
The role of angiotensin receptor blocker (losartan) on decreasing fibrotic process of corpora cavernosa in priapism model of wistar rats

Background Priapism induces regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression and collagen-type-1 deposition. This will replace the normal corpora cavernosa with fibrotic tissue which eventually resulted in erectile dysfunction. It is also known that the fibrosis process of corpora cavernosa is related to Renin-Angiotensin II System (RAS). Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), especially losartan, inhibit the inflammation process and fibrotic tissue formation. This study evaluated the effect of losartan in reducing fibrosis in priapism by evaluating TGF-β1 and collagen-type-1 in cavernous tissue and determined the effect of losartan in preventing fibrosis in priapism model of Wistar rats assessed by the metavir score. Methods A total of eighteen male Wistar rats mean were divided into five groups. For the priapism models, we applied negative pressure on the penis to make an artificial erection to mimic the priapism process. The control groups were observed and the treatment groups were orally given losartan 15 mg/kg/day. Corpora cavernosa was harvested for TGF-β1 and collagen-type-1 measurement using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The fibrotic tissue of each rat was then collected and assessed histopathologically with the metavir scoring system. Results Penile TGF-β1 concentration in the losartan-treated group was not significantly different on day 10 and day 28 of observation (p10=0,30; p28=0,17). Meanwhile, collagen-type-1 concentration was significantly lower compared to control group (p10=0,002; p28=0,01). There was a significant difference in metavir scores in rats that received losartan and those who did not (p<0,05). Conclusion Losartan could suppress the fibrosis process in the priapism model. It could decrease the collagen type 1 deposition during corpora cavernosa tissue regeneration. Based on the metavir score, the group receiving losartan therapy was better than the control group.
Combinatorial immunotherapy strategies: most gods throw dice, but fate

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Combinatorial immunotherapy strategies: most gods throw dice, but fate Joseph Ciccolini, Dominique Barbolosi, Nicolas André, Sebastien Benzekry, Fabrice Barlesi
Is Money All? Financing Versus Knowledge and Demand Constraints to Innovation

The paper adds to the scattered empirical evidence on the role of obstacles to innovation in a three-fold way. First, we correct for the usual sample selection bias by filtering out firms not interested in innovation from ‘potential innovators’. Second, we assess what mostly affects firms’ propensity to realize innovative outputs. Third, we do so in a panel framework by using an unbalanced panel of UK firm for the period 2002 - 2010. We find that demand- and market-related factors are as important as financing conditions in determining firms’ innovation failures. This evidence puts much of the latest hype on finance in perspective.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae in Norwegian bovine dairy herds: Risk factors, sources, and genomic diversity

Despite the importance of Streptococcus dysgalac-tiae ssp. dysgalactiae (SDSD) as an udder pathogen, the reservoir and epidemiological characteristics of this bacterium are largely unexplored. The aims of this study were to investigate risk factors for SDSD intramammary infections (SDSD-IMI) in Norwegian bovine dairy herds, identify sources of SDSD on animals and in the environment, and elucidate the genetic diversity of SDSD isolates. Data from herd recordings and a questionnaire were used to investigate herd-level risk factors for SDSD-IMI in 359 freestall dairy herds. Seven herds with a suspected high prevalence of SDSD-IMI were visited to sample extramammary sources (e.g., skin, wounds, mucous membranes, and freestall environment). Bacterial isolates were whole-genome sequenced to investigate the distribution of SDSD genotypes within herds and to assess the phylogenetic relationship between SDSD isolates from 27 herds across Norway. Risk factors for high incidence of SDSD-IMI in freestall dairy herds were related to housing, including closed flooring in alleys and rubber mats in cubicle bases. Parlor milking was also a risk factor compared with automatic milking systems. From herd visits, a considerable proportion of extramammary samples were SDSD positive, particularly from wounds and skin of the animals and the cubicle bases. Samples from mucous surfaces (nostrils, rectum, and vagina) and water troughs were least frequently positive. Eight multilocus sequence types (ST) were identified among the sequenced isolates from 27 herds, and phylogenetic analyses revealed 8 clades corresponding to ST. No significant association was identified between sampling site (milk, body sites, and environment) and ST. In 4 of 6 herds from which 5 or more isolates were available, one ST dominated and was found in milk and extramammary samples. One ST (ST453) was found in 15 of 27 herds, which implies that this is a widely distributed and possibly a bovine-adapted strain. Findings in this study suggest that SDSD is a cow-adapted opportunist with potential for contagious transmission, and that the freestall environment is likely to play a role in transmission between cows.