Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soybean yield partitioning changes revealed by genetic gain and seeding rate interactions

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] yield has increased during the past century; however, little is understood about the morphological parameters that have contributed most to yield gain. We conducted field studies to determine relationships between genetic gain of soybean yield and seeding rate. The hypothesis was newer cultivars would express higher yield than older cultivars when grown in higher plant populations. A total of 116 soybean cultivars equally representing Maturity Groups (MGs) II and III released over the last 80 yr were evaluated at high and low seeding rates in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and Indiana. Seeding rates were 445,000 and 148,000 seeds ha–¹ resulting in 311,000 and 94,000 plants ha–¹ (high and low, respectively). Seed yield was greater for the high seeding rate vs. low seeding rate throughout all cultivars and years of release, but the difference was larger in newer cultivars. The differences observed primarily came from an increased number of pods and seeds plant–¹. However, newer cultivars grown in low seeding rates increased per plant yield linearly by 0.118 (± 0.02)x– 208.0 g plant–¹, where x = year-of-release, which was three times greater than at the high seeding rate. The greater yield trend came from seeds produced on plant branches. Therefore, newer cultivars produce more compensatory yield on plant branches under lower plant populations than older cultivars, so over the last 80 yr there has been a diminishing response to the expected yield penalty from reduced plant density.
Does ozone stress change the primary or secondary metabolites of birch {Betula pendula Roth.) ?

SUMMARY In field experiments three clones of two-year-old birch (Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed for one growing season to an ozone concentration 1–2 times higher than ambient. At the end of August, leaf and stem material was analyzed for a wide range of primary and secondary metabolites. Although most of these metabolites were not significantly affected by ozone exposure, ozone-treated leaves contained larger concentrations of total sugars and reduced amounts of the phenolic glucoside, dehydrosalidroside. In the stems, greater amounts of catechin pentoside, hyperoside and papyriferic acid were found. The results indicated considerable inter- and intra-clonal variation in the production of phytochemicals in both leaves and stems.
Heart rate as a measure of metabolic rate in teleost fishes; Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta and Gadus morhua

Measurements of oxygen consumption and heart rate showed that the range of variation in metabolic rate for any given heart rate in fish is too wide for any significant correlation to be used as a measure of metabolism as in some other vertebrates. By defining the maximum oxygen pulse a precise relationship can be established between maximum metabolic rate and heart rate. From field measurements of heart rate by telemetry useful information can be gained on metabolic rates.
A comparison of in vitro fermentation characteristics of different botanical fractions of mature maize stover.

An in vitro cumulative gas production technique was used to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of different botanical fractions of mature maize stover (variety Kexiang No.11). Whole maize stover was separated into eight fractions: leaf blade, leaf sheath, whole stem, upper stem, lower stem, cob, husk, and tassel. The results showed that there were significant (P<0.05) variations among different botanical fractions in in vitro gas parameters (e.g., the theoretical maximum volume of gas production, the rate constant of gas production, and fermentation lag time). Husk had the highest theoretical maximum gas production and rate constant, while leaf sheath had the longest lag time. The hemicellulose content was positively related (P<0.05) with cumulative gas production at 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and with the theoretical maximum gas production. The hemicellulose-tocrude-protein ratio was positively related (P<0.05) to the rate constant of gas production. In vitro gas production showed a negative but not significant (P>0.05) relationship with acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent soluble (NDS) contents of the morphological fractions.
Selective predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) foraging on spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Selective predation by and predation rates of brown bears (Ursus arctos) foraging on spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in a small shallow creek in the Wood River lake system near Bristol Bay, Alaska, were quantified during 1986 and 19901992. Bears killed a high proportion of spawning salmon when few salmon entered the creek (92% of 505 fish) and a much smaller proportion when the spawning population reached a historical high (16% of 15 631 fish). Selective predation on salmon that differed in length, sex, and spawning condition was measured by tagging salmon at the mouth of the creek immediately prior to upstream migration and then recovering dead tagged fish during daily surveys of the entire creek. The relative frequencies of large, medium-sized, and small salmon killed by bears indicated that the risk of predation was more than 150% greater for large than for small salmon. A higher proportion of the male salmon population was killed and a greater proportion of male bodies were consumed than.
Influence of crude olive leaf juice on rat liver and kidney functions

Summary Crude juice of olive leaves (Kronakii cultivar) was obtained by hydraulic press. The level of polyphenlic compounds in the juice was 215 ppm. An aliquots of the concentrated olive leaf juice, represent 600, 1200 and 2400 ppm as polyphenols and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT; 200 ppm) were administered to rats daily for 6 weeks by stomach tube. The liver (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities) and kidney (bilirubin, uric acid, creatinine and urea) function tests and serum contents (total lipids, total cholesterol and low and high-density lipoproteins) were measured to assess the safety limits of the polyphenolic compounds in the olive leaf juice. The data of the aforementioned measurements indicated that the administration of olive leaf juice did not cause any changes in liver and kidney functions. On the contrary, BHT at 200 ppm induced significant increases in the enzyme activities and the serum levels of total lipids, uric acid, urea and creatinine. Microscopical examinations of kidney and liver tissues of rats administered with the phenolic compounds of olive leaf juice had the histological character as that of control rats whilst, the administration of BHT at 200 ppm altered the features of rat liver tissues and severely damaged the rat kidney tissues.
Lipid class and fatty acid composition of eggs of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), in relation to egg quality in captive broodstock

Lipid class and fatty acid analyses were carried out on eight batches of pre-fertilized eggs of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.). These batches were classified as ‘viable’ or ‘non-viable’ according to fertilization rate, blastomere symmetry and incubation success. The lipid class and fatty acid compositions were very similar between egg categories with exception of cholesterol which was shown to be significantly greater in the ‘non-viable’ eggs. Polar lipid classes predominated (67·1% and 67·0% of the total lipid for ‘viable’ and ‘non-viable’ egg batches respectively), with phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the major class (43·2% and 43·5%) and triacylglycerol (TAG) the main neutral lipid class (18·8% and 17·8%). Gas liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters from the total lipid revealed no significant differences in fatty acid composition. The fatty acid profiles of viable egg batches showed five major fatty acids 16:0 (17·3%), 18:0 (4·8%), 18:1n-9 (9%), 20:5n-3 (119%) and 22:6n-3 (25·9%). The results are discussed in terms of the potential role of lipids as egg quality determinants in fish.
Efeitos ambientais e genéticos sobre o ganho em peso diário de bovinos Nelore no Estado da Paraíba

Registros de 6.674 pesos de bovinos da raca Nelore nascidos entre 1975 e 1990 em duas fazendas no Estado da Paraiba foram utilizados para estudar efeitos ambientais e estimar parâmetros geneticos das caracteristicas ganhos em peso diario do nascimento aos 205, dos 205 aos 365 e dos 365 aos 550 dias de idade. Os efeitos ambientais foram estudados usando-se o programa SAS®. O modelo incluiu o efeito aleatorio de touro e os efeitos fixos de ano-mes-sexo, fazenda e idade da vaca como covariavel linear e quadratica. Os componentes de (co)variância usados para estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade direta e materna foram obtidos pelo Metodo da Maxima Verossimilhanca Restrita, usando o programa MTDFREML sob modelo animal. Todos os efeitos incluidos no modelo foram significativos, exceto o efeito de fazenda para o ganho diario do nascimento a desmama. As medias estimadas foram de 0,575 ± 0,089, 0,231 ± 0,114 e 0,283 ± 0,110 kg para ganhos em peso diario do nascimento aos 205, dos 205 aos 365 e dos 365 aos 550 dias de idade, respectivamente. As herdabilidades estimadas para efeito direto foram de 0,12, 042 e 0,21 e, para efeito materno, de 0,29, 0,00 e 0,00, na mesma ordem. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade indicam que a selecao baseada no ganho em peso pos-desmama ate um ano de idade pode proporcionar consideravel ganho genetico.
The Carbon Balance of Plants

There has been considerable recent interest in the assessment of the en­ ergy allocation of plants (38, 50, 52). It is likely that through a quantitative understanding of how different plants gain and allocate their resources it will be possible to make predictions as to their success in any given physical envi­ ronment in combination with any competitor and predator. We are still far from this reality. However, as a contribution toward this goal, this review seeks to gather the available. information on the various evolutionary strate­ gies which plants have evolved to gain energy and to account for the numer­ ous ways in which this energy is utilized to meet the demands of the environ­ ment, as well as to successfully produce progeny. To date, studies which have considered allocation have generally been at a rather gross level-e.g., reproductive versus nonreproductive (38), roots versus shoots (117), and photosynthetic versus nonphotosynthetic tissue (86). A study by Harper & Ogden (52) has attempted, however, to account in somewhat more detail for the various sources of energy allocation. To account in more detail for energy gain in allocation and for its even­ tual loss through a variety of routes, the approach that will be used here is the capture of carbon by plants and its SUbsequent diversion into various products which perform a multiplicity of functions. Carbon is the vehicle by which organisms store and transfer energy by chemical binding. This device enables the utilization of a large reservoir of physiological and ecological data into a single coherent body. However, it becomes rather clear that the total information required for any given plant simply does not exist. Thus, this review unfortunately can represent only a composite picture of the gen­ realized routes of carbon movement in plants. It does, however, call attention to the continual partitioning of resources and the multiplicity of carbon path­ ways. Emphasis is placed on the modes of capture of carbon. Hopefully, this analysis will stimulate studies which will provide, for a given series of bio­ types, the total information on carbon gain, use, and loss, so that quantitative models can be derived relating these to shortand long-term environmental influences.
The skull of Yunnanosaurus huangi Young, 1942 (Dinosauria: Prosauropoda) from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China

The Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic: ? Hettangian-? Sinemurian) of Yunnan Province, China, has yielded an important and diverse fauna of terrestrial vertebrates that is dominated by early sauropodomorph dinosaurs (prosauropods and basal sauropods). Nevertheless, few of these animals have been studied in detail, undermining their potential significance in understanding sauropodomorph phylogeny, palaeobiology, and palaeoecology. Here, we present a detailed re-description of the cranial osteology of Yunnanosaurus huangi Young, 1942 and propose an emended diagnosis for this taxon on the basis of numerous autapomorphic characters (including an expanded internarial bar, unusual midline cranial bosses, and the possession of elongate maxillary tooth crowns lacking marginal serrations). Incorporation of these novel anatomical data into existing phylogenetic analyses of sauropodomorph interrelationships substantially affects the resolution, length, and topologies of the trees recovered. Although the phylogenetic position of Yunnanosaurus remains labile, these new analyses undermine previous suggestions that the former was the sister taxon of the southern African prosauropod Massospondylus. Several features of the skull of Yunnanosaurus (small external nares, cranial bosses, tooth crown morphology, and the lack of maxillary foramina) indicate that the palaeobiology of Yunnanosaurus may have been rather different from that of other prosauropods and basal sauropods, although more detailed functional studies and better material are needed to confirm this suggestion. (c) 2007 Natural History Museum, London. Journal compilation (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 150, 319-341.
Responses of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) seedlings to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium†

The growth response to fertilizer under different soil texture (light clayey soil and composite soil consisting of the light clayey soil and sand), and the timing of N fertilization (early summer and fall fertilization) were determined for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds., var. Penncross) in glasshouse experiments. At the three-leaf stage, both plant species were treated with 30, 100, 300, 1,000, 3000 or 10 000 p.p.m. (w/v) of N, P2O5 and K2O equivalent to ammonium sulfate (N), calcium superphosphate (P) and potassium chloride (K). Three weeks after fertilization, the dry weight of shoots or roots was measured. Both plant species were more sensitive to N than to P or K; however, creeping bentgrass required a higher rate of N (1000 p.p.m.) for maximum shoot and root growth than did the weed (300 p.p.m., N). Shoot growth of both plant species was strongly affected by the timing of N fertilization and soil texture; their shoot responses to N increased in the order: composite soil > light clayey soil, and early summer N fertilization > fall N fertilization, and this tendency was especially marked for creeping bentgrass. These results suggest that the response of annual bluegrass to fertilizer is similar to that of creeping bentgrass; however, the two plants are different in regard to the N requirement or their relationship between response to N and application timing and/or soil texture.
Chemical composition of volatile substances from adults of the swallowtail, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Adults of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polytes have a faint scent, which is stronger in males than in females. From the solvent extracts from adults, six relatively high-volatile substances including linalool, nonanal, and decanal were detected in small amounts. Since males contained more linalool than females in the average amount per individual, this compound is believed to be attributable the male's strong scent. The majority of the substances is somewhat concentrated on the wings rather than on the body, whereas acetoin is mainly present in the body, particularly in the thorax for both sexes. In addition, the solvent extracts were found to have large amounts of relatively low-volatile substances in which six n-alkanes, three n-alkenes, and four carboxylic acids possessing 10 to 29 carbon numbers were identified, and the major components were n-heptacosane, n-nonacosane, and hexadecanoic acid. In the extracts from individual whole 3-d-old adults, (Z)-7-tricosene and dodecanoic acid were significantly more abundant in males than in females, while (Z)-7-pentacosene and n-heptacosane were significantly more abundant in females than in males, indicating that the swallowtail adults have a sexual dimorphism in volatile composition. During the 3 d after emergence, most of the identified components averagely increased by twice the amount per adult.
Chemical composition of lipids, especially triacylglycerol, in grape seeds

Total lipids were extracted from five varieties of grape seeds and systematically analyzed for their chemical compositions. The yields of the total lipids were 10–16%, and triacylglycerol (TG) usually amounted to c. 90% of the whole. From a reversed-phase high-performance liquid Chromatographic analysis, the major molecular species of TG were shown to be trilinolein (40%), oleoyldilinolein (21%) and palmitoyldilinolein (18%). The component fatty acids were asymmetrically distributed at C-1 and C-3 of the TG molecule. Palmitic acid was exclusively located at the C-1 position, although unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, were predominant at the C-1 position, as at the C-2 and C-3 positions. Compared with TG, higher proportions of palmitic and linolenic acids were generally observed in thirteen other lipid classes isolated from grape seeds, although the fatty acid compositions of the diacylglycerol and free fatty acids were roughly identical with that of TG. As component sterols, sitosterol, c.
Longitudinal changes and indicator species of the fish fauna in the subtropical Sinos River, Brazil

This study investigated the fish fauna in the subtropical Sinos River, considering species addition and replacement and the occurrence of indicator species along a longitudinal gradient. Patterns in fish assemblage ordination evaluated by correspondence analysis reflected the headwater and lowland river reaches. Uppermost sampling stations were characterized by species with restricted occurrence and medium abundance, whereas in the lowland most species were captured only once during the surveyed period and in low abundance. Species addition prevailed between the headwater sampling stations and both addition and replacement occurred between the lowland sampling stations. Nine species were characteristic for the headwater reach and 14 species for the lowland reach. # 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria isolated from a Calcisol in a semi‐arid region of Uzbekistan: biochemical characterization and effectiveness

Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of cotton, wheat, alfalfa, and tomato grown in field locations within a semi-arid region of Uzbekistan. Strains were identified as Pseudomonas denitrificans, P. rathonis, Bacillus laevolacticus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Arthrobacter simplex. The isolated strains produced different enzymes, phytohormone auxin and were antagonists against specific plant-pathogenic fungi. Most of the strains are tolerant with respect to salt and temperature. All of the bacterial strains isolated in this study have been found to increase plant growth of wheat and maize in pot experiments.
Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen immersion anaesthesia with essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hérit) Britton or tricaine methanesulfonate: effect on stress response and antioxidant status

Responses to anaesthesia with essential oil (EO) of Aloysia triphylla (135 and 180 mg L−1) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) (150 and 300 mg L−1) were assessed in silver catfish. Exposure to the anaesthetics elicited a stress response in the species. In the case of MS222, it was displayed as a release of cortisol into bloodstream, elevation in hematocrit and plasma ion loss. The EO presented cortisol-blocking properties, but increased haematocrit and disturbances of hydromineral balance were observed. Liver antioxidant/oxidant status of EO and MS222-anaesthetized silver catfish was also estimated. The synthetic anaesthetic induced lipoperoxidation, notwithstanding increased catalase contents, whereas the naturally occurring product was capable of preventing the formation of lipid peroxides, possibly due to combined actions of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase. Anaesthetic efficacy was also tested via induction and recovery times. Overall, the promising results obtained for the physiological parameters of the EO-treated fish counterbalanced the slight prolonged induction time observed for 180 mg L−1. As for 135 mg L−1, both induction and recovery times were lengthy; despite that, the EO was able to promote oxidative protection and mitigate stress. None of the MS222 concentrations prompted such responses concomitantly.
The First Combined Thermal Desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph—Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TAG-AMS)

To address the critical need for improving the chemical characterization of the organic composition of ambient particulate matter, we introduce a combined thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph—aerosol mass spectrometer (TAG-AMS). The TAG system provides in-situ speciation of organic chemicals in ambient aerosol particles with hourly time resolution for marker compounds indicative of sources and transformation processes. However, by itself the TAG cannot separate by particle size and it typically speciates and quantifies only a fraction of the organic aerosol (OA) mass. The AMS is a real-time, in-situ instrument that provides quantitative size distributions and mass loadings for ambient fine OA and major inorganic fractions; however, by itself the AMS has limited ability for identification of individual organic compounds due to the electron impact ionization detection scheme used without prior molecular separation. The combined TAG-AMS system provides real-time detection by AMS followed by semicontinuous analysis of the TAG sample that was acquired during AMS operation, achieving simultaneous and complementary measurements of quantitative organic mass loading and detailed organic speciation. We have employed a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-MS) to enable elemental-level determination of OA oxidation state as measured on the AMS, and to allow improved compound identification and separation of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) measured on the TAG. The TAG-AMS interface has been developed as an upgrade for existing AMS systems. Such measurements will improve the identification of organic constituents of ambient aerosol and contribute to the ability of atmospheric chemistry models to predict ambient aerosol composition and loadings. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research
Larval Stages of the Shrimp, Ogyrides Limicola Williams, 1955 (Decapoda, Caridea) Obtained in the Laboratory1)

Le developpement larvaire d'Ogyrides limicola Williams, 1955, eleve en laboratoire depuis l'eclosion jusqu'a la postlarve, comporte 8 a 9 stades zoes et une postlarve. Dans la presente etude, ces stades sont decrits et figures, et l'importance des caracteres larvaires en ce qui concerne la position systematique d'Ogyrides est discutee.