Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
China: internal migration

The success story of Chinese manufacturing in the last quarter-century is inextricably meshed with the story of migrant workers toiling for subsistence wages to produce goods for export. Indeed, the total stock of rural migrant labor, estimated to be about 155 million in 2010 (Cai et al. 2011: 18), has been the backbone of China's export industry since the mid-1990s. In export centers such as Shenzhen and Dongguan, migrant labor accounted for the great majority (70–80%) of the labor force in the early years of the 21st century (Chan 2007). Rural–urban migration has also played a very important part in China's recent epic urbanization. In the 30 years since 1979 China's urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009 (Chan 2010c). Of the 440 million based on de facto urban population counts, the increase of about 340 million was attributable to net migration and urban reclassification (for estimates of components and definitions, see Chan & Hu 2003; Chan 2007). The latest urban population count, based on the 2010 census, was 666 million in November 2010 (NBS 2011). Even if only half of that increase was due to migration, the volume of rural–urban migration in such a short period is likely the largest in human history. The latest urban population count, based on the 2010 census, was 666 million in November 2010 (NBS 2011). Keywords: economics; demography and population studies; assimilation and exclusion; labor; labor supply
Lightning return stroke current radiation in presence of a conducting ground: 2. Validity assessment of simplified approaches

In this paper, the developed formulation, which we shall call the “reference” one, is used to assess the validity of the most popular simplified approach for the calculation of the lightning electromagnetic field over a conducting earth, namely, the Cooray-Rubinstein (CR) approximation. This formula provides a simple method to evaluate the radial component of the electric field which is the component most affected by the finite ground conductivity and which plays an important role within the Agrawal et al. (1980) field-to-transmission line-coupling model. Several configurations are examined, with different values for the ground conductivity and different field observation points. A thorough analysis of all the simulated field components is carried out and comparisons are also made with the “ideal” field, namely, the field that would be present under the assumption of perfectly conducting ground. It is shown that for channel base current typical of subsequent strokes and for very low conductivities, the CR formula exhibits some deviations from the reference one but it still represents a conservative estimation of the radial field component, since it behaves as un upper bound for the exact curve. The developed algorithm is characterized by fast performances in terms of CPU time, lending itself to be used for several applications, including a coupling code for lightning induced overvoltages calculations.
Balancing performance and complexity with adaptive graph coarsening

Graph based models are used for tasks with increasing size and computational demands. We present a method for node classification that allows a user to precisely select the resolution at which the graph in question should be pretrained. Our method builds on an existing algorithm for pretraining on coarser graphs, HARP, which we extend in order to tune the effect of graph coarsening on the accuracy of node classification on a fine level. We present a novel way of refining the reduced graph in a targeted way based on the node classification confidence of particular nodes. This enhancement provides sufficient detail where needed, while collapsing structures where per-node information is not necessary for sufficient node classification accuracy. Hence, the method provides a meta-model for enhancing graph embedding models such as node2vec. We apply it to several datasets and discuss the differing behaviour on each of them in the context of their properties.
SOLMINEQ.88; a computer program for geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions

Geochemical modeling based on equilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics has, in the last 20 years, become a well recognized tool for understanding the processes of water-rock interactions and predicting their consequences. SOLMINEQ.88 is the latest version of the 1973-computer program code SOLMNEQ and its various updated versions. This program is general and comprehensive, but is particularly useful for modeling geochemical interactions in sedimentary basins and petroleum reservoirs where petroleum, aqueous organic species, and subsurface pressure play an important role. SOLMINEQ.88 is written in FORTRAN-77 and has an improved algorithm over that in previous versions for faster execution. This version has a revised thermodynamic database, more inorganic (260) and organic (80) aqueous species and minerals (220), computes the activity coefficients in brines using Pitzer equations, and computes pH and mineral solubilities at subsurface temperatures (0° to 350° C) and pressures (1 to 1,000 bars). New modeling options in SOLMINEQ.88 can be used to study the effects of boiling, mixing of solutions and partitioning of gases between water, oil and gas phases. SOLMINEQ.88 has several mass transfer options that can be used to predict the effects of ion exchange, adsorption/desorption, and dissolution/precipitation of solid phases. A user-friendly interactive code SOLINPUT is available for use to generate and update the input file for SOLMINEQ.88. The numerous assumptions and limitations of geochemical models like SOLMINEQ.88 are described in detail because they indicate the range of conditions where the models can be used successfully. The limitations may be related to incomplete and/or unreliable chemical and mineral data as well as to uncertainties in equilibrium constants for aqueous species and minerals. The modeling capabilities and the limitations of the various options in this code are described with output from selected examples. Alberta Research Council Oil Sands and Hydrocarbon Recovery Department Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio
The effect of slow-release milk replacer feeding on health and behaviour parameters in dairy breed calves

Abstract The aim of this research paper was to evaluate the effect of a slow-release milk replacer on health and behaviour of neonatal dairy calves. This was done with the potential benefits to welfare during transport in mind. A total of 15 calves were randomly divided into three groups of 5, namely, a control group fed twice in 24 h with 3 l of a conventional milk replacer, a slow-release group fed once in 24 h with 2 l of conventional milk replacer and 1 litre of a specialised micro-encapsulated feed and an enriched-replacer group fed once in 24 h with 3 l of milk replacer enriched with micellar casein. Blood samples were taken before feeding and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after and analysed for acid–base parameters, electrolytes, glucose, haemoglobin, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin and adiponectin. Calf behaviour was recorded between 6 and 14 h after feeding. There was a significant increase in blood pH 6 h after feeding in all groups, but the glucose, HCO3− and base excess increased significantly in the slow-release group only, whereas sodium increased significantly in the enriched group only. Glucose levels remained significantly higher in the slow-release group, relative to the control, at 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. Insulin levels changed significantly over time in the enriched and control group but remained constant in the slow-release group. Insulin levels were significantly higher in the control group when compared to the slow-release group after feeding. Adiponectin changed significantly over time after feeding in the control group only, but no significant changes were observed between the feeding groups. Behavioural patterns were similar in control and slow release groups but less favourable (less lying time, more vocalisations) in the enriched group. In conclusion, once-daily feeding of slow-release milk replacer demonstrated favourable patterns of blood variables related to satiety and hunger as well as behavioural patterns that did not differ from conventional twice-daily feeding.
SHRIMP dating of volcanic rocks from Ningwu area and its geological implications

The SHRIMP U-Pb ages are reported for two volcanic rocks from the Longwangshan and the Dawangshan formations respectively, Ningwu area, Jiangsu Province. The Dawangshan formation (NB-01) is dated at (127 3) Ma, and the Longwangshan formation (NL-01), (131 4) Ma. Besides, a few Archean zircons are also found in the Longwangshan formation, which suggests a possible Archean basement in the region.
THE ACTION OF VARIABLE WIND STRESSES ON A STRATIFIED OCEAN

The forced resporuie of a horizontally infinite ocean on a rotating earth to a transient wind system is investigated. In an equilibrium state, the ocean consists of two homogeneous layers of fluid of finite depth, the fluid in the lower layer being Blightly deruier than that in the upper. The wind system is periodic in space, and its time-dependence is periodic or is given by a step function. Little energy goes into the inertio-gravity waves for winds that blow longer than a half pendulum day; most of the energy appears 88 geostrophically balanced R088by (planetary) waves. Wind systems with periods from a day to a year excite motions which are in part barotropic and in part baroclinic. Winds of long period (100 years or more) excite the (internal) baroclinic Rossby mode, in which the currents are confined to the upper layer. The applicability and oceanographic implications of the model are discussed quantitatively.
Chalk recharge beneath thick till deposits in East Anglia

This report describes the results of a project to investigate the Chalk-till groundwater system in East Anglia and to estimate rates of recharge to the Chalk aquifer through thick Lowestoft Till (chalky boulder clay). The project has involved drilling two cored boreholes, monitoring groundwater levels, sampling Chalk and till fracture waters and porewaters, numerical modelling of groundwater levels and the development of a conceptual model of the Chalk-till groundwater system. The main findings of the report are that: • the till has a significant impact on recharge quantity and distribution to the underlying Chalk aquifer. Beneath the interfluves recharge appears to be lower than previous estimates of 20 – 40 mm/a (Klink et al., 1996; Soley and Heathcote, 1998), maybe as low as 5 mm/a; • the Chalk groundwater beneath the interfluves is old (probably a minimum of several hundreds of years) and has negligible nitrate concentrations. This groundwater makes only a relatively small contribution to the active circulation system in the valleys; • recharge rates to the Chalk aquifer at the edge of the till are greater than the effective rainfall (rainfall minus actual evapotranspiration) because of the contribution of large volumes of runoff from the till sheet. This water characterises the modern (post- 1960s), high-nitrate, groundwaters of the main Chalk valleys with potentially short travel times from recharge to discharge. The arable land on the till sheet has had field drains installed and these contribute to the bulk of the runoff; as a consequence nitrate concentrations in the runoff are high; • the Chalk-till groundwater system and the spatial distribution of recharge to the Chalk aquifer determine the shape and dimensions of the catchment areas of abstraction boreholes. This in turn controls the proportion of modern water pumped by abstraction boreholes, which has implications for the concentration of nitrate in pumped water. One consequence of the redistribution of recharge by the till is that boreholes close to the edge of the till sheet are likely to pump a greater proportion of modern recharge than previously believed and these are likely to produce water with higher nitrate concentrations; • the Chalk groundwaters at the edge of the till sheet are vulnerable to pollution because of the potentially high recharge rates (due to runoff recharge) and the relatively shallow depth to the water table. As a consequence, travel times through the unsaturated zone may be short.
Dissolved methane concentration profiles and air‐sea fluxes from 41°S to 27°N

Water column samples from a transect cruise from southern Chile through the Panama Canal to the Gulf of Mexico were used to determine dissolved methane depth profiles and air‐sea methane fluxes. In the Gulf of Mexico, surface concentrations were approximately 40% supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere, whereas near the equator and in the Peru upwelling region, 10–20% supersaturation generally occurred. These saturation ratios translate into an average flux of methane from the sea surface to the atmosphere of 0.38 μmol m−2 d−1. In addition, water column profiles of dissolved methane indicate that subsurface maxima in dissolved methane concentrations are a consistent feature of the open ocean, except near the equator. At the equator, the subsurface peak at the base of the mixed layer may be bowed down by the Equatorial Undercurrent. The highest methane concentration (12 nM) was observed in the Peru upwelling region.
Dendrochronological growth characterization of timber species from moist to dry tropical forests in Bolivia

En la busqueda de mayor informacion y entendimiento de las especies Machaerium scleroxylon, Amburana cearensis, Cedrela fissilis y Cedrela angustifolia, muy valiosas y comerciales en nuestro pais pero cuyas poblaciones han estado considerablemente, hemos aplicado la dendrocronologia como factor comun en cada uno de los analisis, ademas de la relacion del crecimiento y el clima. Las aplicaciones y casos variaron segun la novedad del estudio, avances y vacios de conocimiento. Capitulo II: Empezamos con el analisis del potencial dendrochronologico de una especies nueva y poco conocida, Macherium scleroxylon. Las caracteristicas de la madera y fenologia de esta especie presentan variaciones lo que ha dificultado el avance en las investigaciones, mayor conocimiento de la especie y consecuentemente deficiente manejo forestal. Las caracteristicas anatomicas de la madera (false rings, lenses and wedging rings) requirieron mucho tiempo y paciencia para el reconocimiento e identificacion de los anillos de crecimiento pero, una vez sobrellevado este contratiempo, se pudo estimar el MLD, cutting cycle and crecimiento medio ademas de analizar el crecimiento en relacion al clima local (bosque tropical seco) y a atmospheric circulation patterns (El Nino-Southern Oscillation). Capitulo III: Para el caso del roble (Amburana cearensis), ya se contaba con informacion previa que determinaron la anualidad de la especie. El objetivo de la investigacion fue el de ir paso mas alla para conocer a la especie. Demostrando otra aplicacion de la dendocronologia en especies locales, reconstrucciones climaticas, ademas de su utilidad en proporcionarnos mayor informacion sobre el crecimiento y comportamiento de la especie en el bosque tropical seco. Capitulo IV: Finalmente y debido a la urgencia de conocer mas sobre el crecimiento de Cedrela especies por su importancia en el CITES y normativas locales para regular el mercado internacional, se analizaron las diferencias de crecimiento de Cedrela fissilis y Cedrela angustifolia en 3 diferentes tipos de bosque: Bosque seco Chiquitano, Chiquitano transicional amazonico y montano Tucumano.
Subsurface flow velocities in a hillslope with lateral preferential flow

Our understanding of hillslope subsurface flow relies on assumptions about how storm characteristics affect the hillslope runoff response. Experiments in hillslopes dominated by preferential flow features often show that runoff is dynamic and is affected by antecedent conditions, rainfall conditions, and position of the slope. We applied tracers to a hillslope under natural and steady state flow boundary conditions to determine the relationship between lateral tracer velocities and various hillslope lengths and storm indicators. Tracer velocities were similar to the fastest velocities measured in other similar experiments. The velocities were dependent on the boundary conditions and slope length, and the subsurface flow velocity was most closely related to the 1‐h rainfall intensity. Unlike some studies, there was little correlation between our measured flow velocities and storm volume or antecedent conditions. We attributed this to the hillslope characteristics and the relatively consistent wet antecedent conditions during the experiments. This experiment showed that the connectivity of the hillslope preferential flow network is an important factor governing the average subsurface flow velocity.
Economic Valuation of Mangroves and the Roles of Local Communities in the Conservation of Natural Resources: Case Study of Surat Thani, South of Thailand

Mangrove ecosystems are a very important category of wetland systems that shelter coastlines and estuaries. Mangroves, especially in the tropics, are rich in flora and fauna. Their major environmental services include storm protection, shore stabilization, and control of soil erosion and flooding. They are also a biomass export and a nursery ground for marine life. In Thailand, however, mangroves rapidly disappear at the alarming rate of approximately 38,909 rai (6,225 ha) per year (Table 1.1). One of the major causes of mangrove clearance is the conversion of mangrove areas into the intensive shrimp farms which have become a very popular business venture, especially in the South of Thailand (CORIN 1995). Mangrove swamps are targets for shrimp farming because the areas are flooded with brackish water which become potential areas for aquaculture (Hassanai 1993). In fact, culture of banana shrimps ( ) and greasy shrimps ( ) has been practised for more than 50 years. In traditional methods, mangroves are only partially cleared but the intensive culture of black tiger shrimps ( ) requires full conversion of mangrove areas. This type of shrimp culture started as early as 1974. However, it was in 1985 when Japan's increasing demand for shrimps pushed up the price to $100 per kilogram, and intensive shrimp farming boomed (Bantoon 1994).
Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea 1

Collentine, Dennis and Holger Johnsson, 2011. Crop Discharge Permits for Reduction of Nitrogen Loads to the Baltic Sea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 24‐31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011. 00596.x
U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of lunar troctolitic cumulate 76535 - Implications on the age and origin of this early lunar, deep-seated cumulate

The U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of four lightly leached residues of pristine, high-Mg, troctolitic cumulate 76535 were analyzed in order to determine their ages and magma sources. The data indicate that the cumulate was in isotopic equilibrium with a fluid or magma characterized by a high U-238/Pb-204 (mu) value of 600 at 4.236 Ga. Two and three stage Pb evolution calculations define even greater source mu values of about 1000, assuming low lunar initial mu values between 5 and 40 prior to about 4.43 Ga. These results are similar to mu values for KREEP sources and are also consistent with values from 78235, suggesting that at least some high-Mg suite rocks were derived from magma sources with high-mu values similar to KREEP, and support that idea that these rocks postdate primary lunar differentiation and formation of ferroan anorthosites.
An Experimental Approach to Comparing Trust in Pastoral and Non-Pastoral Australia

It is generally held that rural Australians are more cooperative in character than their urban counterparts. To explore one aspect of this notion, we conducted an experiment which compared trust and trustworthiness among a sample of Australian senior high school students which included students with both pastoral and non-pastoral backgrounds. While student behaviour is unlikely to mimic adult behaviour, any significant differences between pastoral and non-pastoral students would suggest differences do exist between the social norms that guide pastoral and non-pastoral communities. We repeated our experiment at three different schools containing students from both pastoral and non-pastoral backgrounds, allowing us to draw comparisons. In total 78 students participated. Our experiments were based on similar experiments that have been applied across a range of contexts internationally (trust game/investment game). We did not find evidence of differences between students with pastoral and non-pastoral backgrounds, either in the level of trust in others or in trustworthiness, though our methods probably have a bias towards this conclusion. Our results concurred with other studies in showing that social distance is an important determinant of the level of cooperation.
Aseismic slip and low‐frequency earthquakes in the Bungo channel, southwestern Japan

Analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) data has shown transient crustal deformation in the Bungo channel, in southwestern Japan, since late August 2003, six years after a similar event in 1996–1997. Considering the southeastward motion at many of the GPS sites and the similarity between the 1996–1997 and 2003 events, it is highly likely that the transients were caused by aseismic interplate slip between the Philippine Sea plate and the Amurian plate. The 2003 aseismic slip is estimated beneath the Bungo channel and the relative slip increased with time on the west side, with a moment magnitude (Mw) amounting to 7.0. In contrast to the gradual subsidence of low‐frequency earthquakes which began and ended in coincidence with the 2003 event, the 2003 transient crustal deformation proceeded at a roughly constant rate until the end of November 2003. The Bungo channel area may release energy accumulated from the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate by aseismic slip.
Correlated biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of microplankton from the Bearpaw Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii DEDICATION.iv LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION . 1 1.2 RATIONALE. 2 1.3 THE CAMPANIAN – MAASTRICHTIAN BOUNDARY . 3 1.3.1 Placement of the global Campanian-Maastrichtian type section.4 1.4 STUDIED TAXA: DINOFLAGELLATES AND ACRITARCHS. 6 1.4.1 Dinoflagellates – General Remarks . 6 1.4. 2 Taxonomic Overview.9 1.4. 4 Stratigraphic Range.11 1.4. 5 Acritarchs – General Remarks . 12 2.0 GEOLOGIC SETTING. 14 2.1 THE BEARPAW FORMATION. 15 2.1.2 Deposition and Stratigraphy . 15 2.1.3 Biostratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy.17 2.1.4 Geochronology.20 2.2 STUDIED SECTIONS . 21 2.2. 3 Cypress Hills Section: RCA Thelma and Manyberries Locality . 21 2.2.2 Castor Section . 26 3.0 PREVIOUS RESEARCH. 29 3.1 PALAEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BEARPAW FORMATION . 29 3.1.1 Macropalaeontology . 29 3.1.2 Micropalaeontology . 30 3.2 PREVIOUS PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES . 30 3.2.1 Terrestrial Palynology.30 3.2.2 Previous dinoflagellate studies in the Bearpaw Formation.32 3.2. 3 Studies of other Campanian – Maastrichtian Assemblages in North America . 36 4.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 38 4.1 MATERIALS. 38 4.1.1 RCA Castor Core 13-34-37-13W4 . 38 4.1.2 RCA Thelma Core (66-1) 14-31-6-2W4.40