Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microphysical Scaling Relations in a Kinematic Model of Isolated Shallow Cumulus Clouds

Abstract The rain formation in shallow cumulus clouds by condensational growth and collision–coalescence of liquid drops is revisited with the aim of understanding the controls on precipitation efficiency for idealized cloud drafts. For the purposes of this analysis, a one-dimensional kinematic cloud model is introduced, which permits the efficient exploration of many microphysical aspects of liquid shallow clouds with both spectral and two-moment bulk microphysical formulations. Based on the one-dimensional model and the insights gained from both microphysical approaches, scaling relations are derived that provide a link between microphysical and macroscopic cloud properties. By introducing the concept of a macroscopic autoconversion time scale, the rain formation can be traced back to quantities such as cloud depth, average vertical velocity, lapse rate, and cloud lifetime. The one-dimensional model also suggests that the precipitation efficiency can be expressed as a function of the ratio of the macros.
Point Estimation, Hypothesis Testing, and Interval Estimation Using the RMSEA: Some Comments and a Reply to Hayduk and Glaser

Hayduk and Glaser (2000) asserted that the most commonly used point estimate of the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation index of fit (Steiger & Lind, 1980) has two significant problems: (a) The frequently cited target value of. 05 is not a stable target, but a "sample size adjustment"; and (b) the truncated point estimate Rt = max(R, 0) effectively throws away a substantial part of the sampling distribution of the test statistic with "proper models," rendering it useless a substantial portion of the time. In this article, I demonstrate that both issues discussed by Hayduk and Glaser are actually not problems at all. The first "problem" derives from a false premise by Hayduk and Glaser that Steiger (1995) specifically warned about in an earlier publication. The second so-called problem results from the point estimate satisfying a fundamental property of a good estimator and can be shown to have virtually no negative implications for statistical practice.
Delayed digital position control of a single-DoF system and the nonlinear behavior of the act-and-wait controller

The act-and-wait concept is a recently developed type of controller, which is receiving growing interest because of its promising features with respect to the control of systems with feedback delay. Although most of its advantages have been widely discussed and verified experimentally, a detailed analysis of the nonlinear behavior of this type of controller is still missing. In this paper, we apply the act-and-wait controller to the digital position control of a single-degree-of-freedom system. The analysis shows both the linear stability and the post-bifurcation behavior of the system, comparing the system with a regular proportional-differential controller and with the act-and-wait controller. The performed investigation confirms most of the advantages of the act-and-wait controller, already known in the literature, regarding the enlargement of the stable region and the possibility of achieving deadbeat control, also in the presence of delay. On the other hand it shows some drawbacks of this controller, related to the post-bifurcation behavior, which presents unbounded motions, and to the robustness of the stability, which appears to be limited.
Magnetopause reconnection induced by magnetosheath Hall‐MHD fluctuations

Any penetration of solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere would be precluded if the plasma were strictly frozen in the magnetic field. Such transfers cannot therefore be modeled in the frame of ideal MHD: they demand nonideal effects and are likely to involve reconnection at the magnetopause. The strong magnetic fluctuations observed at this boundary have been suggested for a long time to be responsible for these phenomena. The present study revisits two questions: what is the origin of the strong magnetopause fluctuations and by which mechanisms can they allow for reconnection? It is first confirmed that the preexisting magnetosheath fluctuations can be the primary cause of the strong magnetopause fluctuations. The phenomenon invoked in a preceding paper to explain their amplification, known as “Alfven resonance,” is ruled out and shown to be an artifact of ideal MHD. The amplification at the boundary is instead explained by a nonresonant mode conversion (due to the magnetopause gradient), followed by a trapping of the resulting Alfven wave in the boundary (due to the magnetic field rotation). The trapped Alfven wave has strong amplitude and its finite frequency is responsible for a departure from ideal MHD associated with reconnection distributed all over the magnetopause surface. We evidence that reconnected magnetic flux, driven by the incident magnetosheath waves, is able in this way to penetrate the magnetosphere, and we show how a local reconnection rate can be estimated. This result should be the starting point for a new approach of the magnetopause transfer problem since, in this scenario, reconnection occurs without external electrostatic electric field, as in stationary X point models, and without any local instability, as in tearing type models.
Periodic waves in shallow water

An investigation is made into the evolution, from a sinusoidal initial wave train, of long periodic waves of small but finite amplitude propagating in one direction over water in a uniform channel. The spatially periodic surface displacement is expanded in a Fourier series with time-dependent coefficients. Equations for the Fourier coefficients are derived from three sources, namely the Korteweg–de Vries equation, the regularized long-wave equation proposed by Benjamin, Bona & Mahony (1972) and the relevant nonlinear boundary-value problem for Laplace's equation. Solutions are found by analytical and by numerical methods, and the three models of the system are compared. The surface displacement is found to take the form of an almost linear superposition of wave trains of the same wavelength as the initial wave train.
Modulating the field-effect passivation at the SiO2/c-Si interface: Analysis and verification of the photoluminescence imaging under applied bias method

In this paper, we study the surface passivation properties of thermally oxidized silicon wafers with controlled surface band bending, using a recently developed characterization technique combining calibrated photoluminescence imaging with the application of an external voltage over the rear side passivation layer. Various aspects of the technique and possible errors in the determination of the effective surface recombination velocity are discussed, including lateral carrier diffusion, leakage currents, and optical effects related to the presence of metal electrodes on the investigated samples. In order to quantitatively describe the recombination activity at the SiO2/c-Si interface and the effect of fixed charges in the oxide layer, the measured effective carrier lifetime vs. voltage curves have been analyzed in the framework of an extended Shockley-Read Hall recombination model. Furthermore, the results have been compared with corresponding results from microwave detected photoconductance decay measurem.
Impact of Assimilating SSM/I Rainfall Rates on Numerical Prediction of Winter Cyclones

Abstract A series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSE) and real data assimilation experiments were conducted to assess the impact of assimilating Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)-estimated rainfall rates on limited-area model predictions of intense winter cyclones. For the OSSE, the slow-moving, fronto- and cyclogenesis along the cast coast of United States during the second intensive observation period (IOP 2) of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) (26-28 January 1986) was selected as the test case. The perfect “observed” rainfall rates were obtained by an integration of a version of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) limited-area model, whereas the “forecast” was generated by a degraded version of the NRL model. A number of OSSEs were conducted in which the “observed” rainfall rates were assimilated into the “forecast” model. Rainfall rates of various data frequencies, different vertical beating profiles, various assimilation windows, and prescribed systematic errors were.
Highly strengthened multifilamentary (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn wires stabilized with CuNb composite

Multifilamentary (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn superconducting wires with reinforcing stabilizer of CuNb composite, CuNb/(Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn, were developed. The outstanding point is that the 0.2% proof stress at 4.2 K in CuNb/(Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn was extremely improved to 320 MPa even after the heat treatment at 670/spl deg/C for 192 hours, which is 1.8 times higher than that in ordinary Cu/(Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn. The overall J/sub c/ value in CuNb/(Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn was obtained to be 110 A/mm/sup 2/ at 16 T and 4.2 K. These results show that the bronze processed multifilamentary (Nb,Ti)/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire with CuNb reinforcing stabilizer is actually employable for a high field superconducting magnet. >
REFLECTION OF SOME QUASI-LOCAL DOMAINS

If (R, M) and (S, N) are quasi-local domains and f : R → S is a ring homomorphism, then f is said to be a strong local homomorphism if f(M) = N. Let PVD be the category whose objects are the pseudo-valuation domains that are not fields and whose morphisms are the strong local homomorphisms; let VD be the full subcategory of PVD whose objects are all the valuation domains that are not fields. Then VD is shown to be a reflective subcategory of PVD. This result is extended by obtaining a reflective conclusion for a category whose class of objects properly contains all pseudo-valuation domains.
Gravitational clustering of galaxies : comparison of thermodynamic theory and N-body simulations. II, The effects of different mass components

La theorie thermodynamique de l'agencement gravitationnel des galaxies donne une bonne description de la distribution des galaxies pour les simulations de n corps de meme masse et les observations. Les limites d'application de la theorie thermodynamique et le nombre de galaxies massives dans un amas, pour un systeme de n corps considerant des composants de deux masses differentes, sont analyses en fonction du rapport de masse.
Coriolis effects on orographic and mesoscale flows

A perturbation theory is developed for the effects of rotation on stably stratified flow over mountains at low Froude number, F = U0/(NH) where N is the buoyancy frequency, U0 is the wind speed and H is the mountain height. The Rossby number, R0 = U0/(f D) where f is the Coriolis parameter, and D the along‐wind length of the mountain, is assumed to be a large number. The mountain width, βD, is assumed to be larger than D. Typically R0 is found to lie in the range 3–10. The results are compared with the recent numerical simulations. It is found that as the flow impacts on the mountain, in the northern hemisphere it turns to the left (with your back to the wind); also wave activity over the top of the mountain is greatest on the left side but the pressure drop is greatest on the right in the northern hemisphere. Over the Rossby deformation distance, LR, of the order of HN/f, e.g. 150 km for the Pyrenees, a new wake structure develops that can extend downwind over 1000 km (or a spin‐down distance). There is a momentum defect within the wake but the wind speed increases either side of the wake. Coriolis forces induce a deflection upwards of the isopycnals (and hence more precipitation) on the left, and downwards on the right: this is consistent with some of the differences in mesoscale weather and climate phenomena that are observed on the different flanks of elongated mountains and between the different side of wide valleys, and also in the wakes downwind of mesoscale convection cells. The large perturbation pressure change predicted by the theory is of the order of pU20/F (where p is the density), which is consistent with the magnitude of the terms introduced into the recent European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts orographic parametrizations, but it should be noted that these large Rossby‐Froude orographic effects on drag and wave flux are asymmetric with respect to the mountain's centre line. The theory shows how ‘lift’ forces on the mountain are caused, and how these are related to circulation in horizontal planes around the mountains.
Diffusion Process of Myosin and Utilization of ATP Energy in F-Actin Solution

Theoretical calculation has been made on the problem of random flights of myosin particle, where it is assumed that individual myosin particle can slide on F-actin filament along its long axis during F-actin activated ATP hydrolysis and then diffuse freely in the aqueous solution. The apparent diffusion coefficient of such myosin particles is formulated as D = D 0 (1- f )+(1/9) L 0 V f , where D 0 is the diffusion coefficient of the free particles in the absence of ATP and F-actin, f is the fraction of the particles bound on F-actin filaments, L 0 is the average length of F-actin, and V is the sliding velocity of the particles on F-actin filaments. It is suggested that the sliding velocity V can be estimated experimentally on the basis of the above equation. An equivalent but more generally applicable equation than the above equation has also been derived by solving the Brownian motion of myosin particle described by the Langevin's equation. The factors which influence on efficiency of the energy transfor.
High density Monte Carlo simulations of chain molecules: Bulk equation of state and density profile near walls

We introduce a new Monte Carlo method suitable for simulations of chain molecules over a wide range of densities. Results for the equation of state of chains composed of 4, 8, and 16 freely joined hard spheres are compared with the predictions of several theories. The density profile of the fluid in the vicinity of the wall, and the scaling of the pressure with chain length are also discussed.
Stochastic Templates for Aquaculture Images and a Parallel Pattern Detector

A general statistical approach is presented for the identification of objects in digital images, motivated by an application in aquaculture involving underwater images of fish. Using Procrustes analysis, a point distribution model is fitted on a set of training images and used as a prior distribution for the shape of a deformable template. The likelihood of a proposed template is calculated in terms of the response from a feature detector along the boundary of the template. The posterior distribution of template variables is examined by using Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis. A key challenge in the aquaculture application is the variable nature of edges arising from the surface curvature of fish and the low contrast between the foreground and background. Conventional gradient‐based edge detection proves inadequate, but a parallel pattern detector copes much better. Results are presented for a fully automated analysis of the database. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are discussed and future developments are outlined.
Effect of Examinee Ability on Test Equating Invariance

Previous research on the application of IRT method ology to vertical test equating has demonstrated con flicting results about the degree of invariance shown by these methods with respect to examinee ability. The purpose of this study was to examine IRT equating invariance by simulating the vertical equating of two tests under varying conditions. Rasch, three-parame ter, and equipercentile equating methods were com pared. Six equating cases, using different sets of item parameters, were replicated based on examinee sam ples of low, medium, or high ability or where ability was matched to the difficulty level of the test. The re sults showed that all three methods were reasonably invariant to examinee ability level under all conditions imposed. This suggests that multidimensionality is likely to be the cause of the lack of invariance found in real datasets. Index terms: Examinee ability; In variance in item response theory; Item response the ory, equating; Item response theory, invariance; Test equating; Vertical equating.
Robustness and an application of a one-dimensional window-map based on rotation dynamics

This paper studies robustness and an application of a one-dimensional window-map based on rotation dynamics. The map with a flat part that is called a window exhibits various superstable periodic orbits (SSPOs) and bifurcations. Using theoretical analysis, we clarify existence regions of the period of the SSPOs in parameter space. We also consider an application to an analog-to-digital converter and clarify output characteristics based on theoretical calculation. Next, we consider the case where the window has a small slope as parameter perturbation and show typical phenomena and robustness. Finally, we discuss bifurcation phenomena and robustness for the window-map based on chaos.
Optimal choice of a truncation level for the truncated SVD solution of linear first kind integral equations when data are noisy

Given error contaminated discrete data $z_i = \int_0^1 {k(s_i ,t)f(t)dt + \varepsilon _i } $, $i = 1, \cdots ,n$, we apply the truncated singular value decomposition to find an approximate solution to the Fredholm first kind integral equation $(Kf)(x) = \int_0^1 {k(s,t)f(t)dt = g(s)} $. We define an optimal truncation level m and apply generalized cross validation to choose an estimate of this optimal truncation level which depends on the data. Convergence rates for $\|f_{m;n} - f\|$ , where $f_{m;n} $ denotes the approximation obtained from the data with this optimal truncation level, are obtained. A numerical example is included.
The Prediction Accuracy of soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery using Dolphin 3D Software package; A pilot study

: T he three-dimensional planning software packages are widely used for prediction planning of the soft tissue changes of orthognathic surgery. This study evaluated the accuracy of Dolphin 3D software in the prediction of facial soft tissue changes following bimaxillary osteotomy for the correction of dentofacial deformities. The study was conducted on seven class III patients who had undergone maxillary advancement and mandibular setback. All the study subjects had preoperative (T0) and at least 6 months postoperative (T1) cone-beam computed tomography scans for planning and postoperative evaluation. The actual surgical movements of the osteotomy segments were quantified to generate 3D soft tissue simulation using the software. The difference between the prediction and the actual soft tissue changes following surgery were measured at 13 cephalometric landmarks. The prediction accuracy was more accurate at certain landmarks than others. The mean prediction error was 2.78 mm. In conclusion, the software has a limited prediction accuracy of the soft tissue changes of bimaxillary osteotomy. This should be taken into consideration in clinical prediction planning of the surgical correction of dentofacial deformities.
MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN REACHING MOVEMENTS FOR DISEASE CLASSIFICATION

Human arm motor control has been object of great investigation for several decades, during which some issues have been identified as themes of high interest. There is a wide number of studies on human motor control supporting the theory that reaching and pointing movements are the result of sequences of discrete motion units, called sub-movements. Evidence for the existence of discrete sub-movements underlying continuous human movement has motivated many attempts to "extract" them. Moreover, to analyze the strategy of the reaching movements, gained a great appeal in the rehabilitation field. In fact, understanding movement deficits following central nervous system lesions and the relationships between these deficits and functional ability, is fundamental to the development of successful rehabilitation therapies. The goal of sub-movement extraction is to infer the sub-movement composition of a movement from kinematic data. In the tangential velocity domain, a sub-movement is represented as a uni-modal, bell-shaped function. Determining the number, relative timing, and amplitude of sub-movements that most closely reproduce the original tangential velocity data is a non-linear optimization problem difficult to solve. The experimental observations suggest that sub-movements are ubiquitous but proof of their existence and detailed quantification of their form have been elusive. Although several sub-movement extraction algorithms have been proposed previously, all of them are subject to finding local, rather than global, minima and to producing spurious decomposition results. The first section of this thesis, propose a review on the decomposition methods developed until now and the several methodologies used to extract them. Furthermore, an hybrid sub-movement decomposition method is proposed, based on a robust expectation maximization (EM) constrained algorithm and a scale-space approach capable to overcome the limitations of the EM algorithm, which is a local maximum seeker. This representation allowed to explore whether the movements are built up of elementary kinematic units by decomposing each surface into a weighted combination of Gaussian functions. Finally, is proposed a new kinematic and electromyographic assessment of robot assisted upper arm reaching in hemiparetic subjects applying successfully the sub-movement decomposition method implemented to carefully analyze their motor and muscle strategy.
Exchange of angular momentum between the core and the mantle.

Exchanges of angular momentum between the core and the mantle responsible of the so-called decade variations in the length of the day (l.o.d.) are reexamined. It is proposed that, for the relevant time constants, the changes in the core angular momentum are carried by cylindrical annuli rigidly rotating around the Earth's rotation axis. Then the possible coupling mechanisms are discussed. The electromagnetic torque is first computed using a full expansion of the flow at the core-mantle boundary as inferred from the secular variation of the geomagnetic field. Its time changes are estimated and compared to the time changes of the torque responsible for the l.o. d. time changes. The topographic torque, i.e. the torque exerted on the non-axisymmetric core-mantle boundary by the pressure field linked with the flow at the core mantle boundary (CMB), is then shown to be too large by two orders of magnitude if the amplitude of the topography is as large as proposed by seismologists. A mechanism is presented which can reduce this torque down to values compatible with l.o. d. data.
High order algebraically stable multistep Runge-Kutta methods

In this paper we examine some of the stability properties of a special class of multivalue methods called (in K. Burrage, Order properties of multivalue methods, IMA J. Numer. Anal., submitted) multistep Runge-Kutta methods and construct families of algebraically stable methods of arbitrarily high order.