Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A state-of-the-art review on reinforced concrete slabs strengthened by frp sheets under monotonic, impact and repeated loading

Composites made of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) have gained popularity as new high-performance material for concrete buildings in now days. The advantages of FRP composites include high strength, lightweight, and corrosion resistance. This paper’s primary objective is to assess the affect of FRP strips on the strengthening and repair of plain and reinforced concrete slabs. under the monotonic, impact, and repeated loading. According to studies’ observations, applying FRP strips to RC slabs significantly affects the final load and deflection. The number and positioning of FRP sheets improve the performance of slabs. The failure load magnitude of strengthened slabs would increase as slab thickness, concrete compressive strength, and sheet thickness increase. The ultimate load capacity was increased by (27-52%), depending on the FRP strengthening strategy used. GFRP sheets could be employed for improving or enhancing the impact strength of concrete structures. Externally attached GFRP sheets gave good resistance for reinforced concrete slabs against typical explosive blast.
Urban–rural temperature differences in coastal cities: influence of rural sites

This paper considers problems in calculating the heat island magnitude of coastal cities. We examined the influence on heat island magnitude (1) when a rural observatory located in an inland area is compared with an urban observatory and (2) when an observatory in an atypical countryside setting is chosen as the rural site. The results showed that the urban–rural temperature difference was bigger in winter than in summer when the rural observatory was located in a relatively inland area in comparison with the corresponding urban observatory. This tendency was more marked at night than in the daytime. When an observatory in an atypical rural setting was used, the urban–rural temperature difference was greater from 11:00 p.m. to midnight in summer. Therefore, only observatories located in typical rural areas and located roughly the same distance from the sea as the corresponding urban observatories should be selected for investigation of urban heat island magnitude. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON THE DIRECT CURRENT RESISTIVITIES OF OIL SANDS AND ROCKS

This paper contains the results of detailed research study to determine the factors which govern the electrical conductivities of oil sands and rocks. The experimental work shows the electrical resistivity to be an inverse function of the percentage of conductive water present in any rock type. It was found that the resistivity‐moisture curve of both petroliferous and non‐petroliferous rock are of a general hyperbolic form. For the higher values of moisture content, the curves rapidly approached the conductivity of the electrolyte contained within the rock or oil sands, while for the lower values of moisture content the resistivity values are high and governed by the properties of the rock. Rocks containing soluble salts have critical points on their resistivity‐moisture curves, with the greatest change occurring in the neighborhood of ten per cent moisture content. Rocks containing fresh water have relatively high resistance values which change fairly uniformly with the variations in moisture content. Th.
Moment Magnitudes for Early (1923–1961) Instrumental Iberian Earthquakes

A collection of 18 Iberian earthquakes, felt with epicentral intensity I 0 ≥ VI (MSK) in the Iberian Peninsula during the period 1923–1961, just before the introduction of the WWSSN stations in 1962, have been investigated through digital reconstruction of old seismograms recorded in four Spanish seismological observatories: Alicante, Almeria, Ebro, and Toledo. Spectral analysis of the seismic waves recorded at the different stations has been performed and the seismic moment of the early instrumentally recorded earthquakes considered has been calculated according to the model of Brune (1970) and applying corrections by instrumental response, anelastic attenuation, free surface, and radiation pattern. A seismic moment-magnitude relation has been obtained, and the result has been compared with other regressions obtained for different seismo-active regions in Spain and in the world. The moment magnitudes of the earthquakes considered have been calculated according to the scale of Kanamori (1977) and Hanks and Kanamori (1979). Finally, a magnitude correction for the conversion of surface wave magnitude to moment magnitude has been proposed: M = 0.96 M (A/T) – 0.36. This conversion should be considered valid for the 4.0–6.0 surface-wave magnitude interval, which spans well the characteristic range for the moderate seismic activity in the Iberian Peninsula.
Effect of nutrient enrichment on δ13CH4 and the methane production pathway in the Florida Everglades

Water Conservation Area 2A in the Florida Everglades is characterized by a nutrient gradient with high levels in the north from agricultural runoff and more oligotrophic conditions in the southern interior. Based on laboratory incubations and field studies, we found that the relative importance of methane (CH4) production mechanisms shifted along this gradient, with a greater contribution due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at higher nutrient levels. The relative contributions of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis were determined from laboratory experiments and verified with field results. In the lab the relative contributions of the two pathways were determined from the differences in CH4 production rates in soil collected from sites along the nutrient gradient that was incubated with and without an inhibitor of acetoclastic methanogenesis (methyl fluoride, CH3F). In the nutrient‐poor soil, most of the CH4 was formed via acetate fermentation and only 25% came from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. At the nutrient‐impacted site CH4 was produced at fourfold higher rates and the proportion of CH4 produced via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis increased to 50%. Isotopic fractionation factors for hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis were calculated from the soil incubations and applied to δ13C‐CO2 and δ13C‐CH4 measured in pore water from the same transect. The trend of increased hydrogenotrophic relative to acetoclastic CH4 production along the nutrient‐impacted gradient was mirrored in the field data, which produced similar results to the lab incubation work, with up to 23% of the CH4 produced from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at the nutrient‐poor site and nearly half at the nutrient‐impacted site.
The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: the reduction of don't in English

Abstract In this paper we take the position that there are many degrees of constituency and that these derive in a direct manner from the frequency with which elements are used together: elements that are frequently found next to each other show a tighter constituent structure than those that collocate less frequently. We use both phonological and functional evidence from conversation to argue that repetition conditions chunking (Haiman 1994), sometimes overriding the syntactic and semantic logic of the organization of utterances. Our study examines the reduction of don't in American English conversation. We find that don't is reduced the most in the contexts in which it occurs the most, that is, after I and before certain verbs, such as know. While a generalized constituent structure may be an emergent property arising from many analogous utterances, specific combinations that are frequently used may diverge from the general pattern because frequency conditions autonomy in storage and renders internal analysis unnecessary. This phenomenon reveals the essential role of repetition in the creation of constituent structure: while semantic and pragmatic factors determine what occurs together in discourse, the actual repetition of stretches of talk triggers the chunking mechanism that binds them into constituents.
Power of teleconnection patterns on precipitation and streamflow variability of upper Medjerda Basin

The potential impact of large‐scale climate patterns of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in modulating precipitation regimes across the upper Medjerda River Basin in northern Tunisia is assessed. As the case study is located in the Mediterranean region (North Africa), the regional Mediterranean Oscillation (MOAC) and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) are also investigated. Six precipitation time series are also observed. Strong correlations are identified between ENSO and precipitation series at lag − 2 years. Extreme ENSO years are reflected in the precipitation as periods of severe water deficit or excess. Wavelet spectra driven to seasonal precipitation reveal that precipitation is organized in preferred bands with distinct activities in each scale band, and that most of the precipitation variance is explained by the 2–8‐year scales. Using cross‐wavelet analysis, climate patterns that are most associated with precipitation variability are identified. The analysis demonstrates also that precipitations are simultaneously controlled by different climate patterns. Particularly, the influence of ENSO on precipitation is stronger as well as that of PDO and MO. Results indicate that precipitation variability at the upper Medjerda River Basin is associated with global‐scale ENSO processes at the annual as well as seasonal time scales and is aligned with changing phase difference between periods. Moreover, separation of annual precipitation into two seasons reveals statistically significant associations between El Niño and La Niña phases of ENSO with dry and wet seasonal precipitation, respectively. Complementing this, three streamflow records with length up to 104 years are used, and relationships with rainfall series are analysed using wavelets. A strong coherence between rainfall and streamflow observations is found and justifies undertaking the study of climate‐streamflow relationships where ENSO exhibits potential impacts on annual streamflows. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The travel time of P seismic waves in Europe and Western Russia

Summary Over 4000 arrival times at WWSSN stations in Europe from earth-quakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and from presumed Russian nuclear explosions are used to define first arrival travel-time curves for the region. Travel times within Europe show no broad regional variation and are considerably slower than those predicted by published velocity models for Fennoscandia and the Russian Platforms. The travel times from the Russian explosions differ only slightly from the European ones and it is concluded that the transition to a region of higher average velocity occurs far enough east for most of the data in this study to be representative of the lower, ‘European', velocity structure.
Atlantic thermohaline circulation and its response to increasing CO2 in a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model

We discuss aspects of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and its response to increased greenhouse gas concentration, using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) whose oceanic component is a new hybrid‐isopycnal model. Two 200‐year model integrations are carried out—a control run assuming fixed atmospheric composition and a perturbation run assuming gradual doubling of CO2. We employ no flux corrections at the air‐sea interface, nor do we spin up the ocean prior to coupling. The surface conditions in the control run stabilize after several decades. When doubling CO2 at the rate of 1% per year, the model responds with a 2°C increase in global mean surface air temperature (SAT) after 200 years and a virtually unchanged Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. The latter is maintained by a salinity increase that counteracts the effect of global warming on the surface buoyancy.
Motion of Contact‐Load Particles at High Shear Stress

For rivers in flood and beaches under wave attack, the shear stress at the top of the stationary granular bed can set up a sheared layer of contact‐load (bed‐load) particles. This type of motion also occurs in pressurized ponduits, where more accurate observations can be obtained. For high shear stress (Y>0.8) the shear layer has a thickness of several grain diameters. Experimentation and analysis demonstrated that mobile beds at high shear stress obey neither the smooth‐boundary nor the rough‐boundary law, but follow a different friction relation of their own, which does not depend on particle size. This analysis has now been significantly extended using a curvilinear concentration profile based on previous experiments. This profile is now applied to the evaluation of boundary friction and the transport rate of contact‐load solids. The present analysis provides the theoretical background to explain both existing experimental results and new data presented here.
Projected changes in the dynamics of flood hazard in the Grand River Basin, Canada.

In this study future flooding frequencies have been estimated for the Grand River catchment located in south - western Ontario, Canada. Historical and future climatic projections made by fifteen Coupled Model Inter - comparison Project - 3 climate models are bias - corrected and downscaled before they are used to obtain mid - and end of 21 st century streamflow projections. By comparing the future projected and historically observed precipitation and temperature record s it is found that the mean and extreme temperature events will intensify in future across the catchment. The increase is more drastic in the case of extreme events than the mean events. The sign of change in future precipitation is uncertain. Further flow extremes are expected to increase in magnitude and frequency in future across the catchment. The confidence in the projection is more for low return period (<10 years) extreme events than higher return period (10 - 100 years) events. It can be expected that increases in temperature will play a dominant role in increasing the magnitude of low return period flooding events while precipitation seems to play an important role in shaping the high return period events.
Ionospheric electron concentration imaging using GPS over the USA during the storm of July 2000

A new technique for ionospheric imaging is demonstrated during a severe geomagnetic storm of 15th July 2000. The three‐dimensional time‐dependent imaging algorithm is applied to multi‐directional ground‐based GPS data and yields spatial maps of electron concentration. This technique is demonstrated by showing a series of images of the mid‐latitude ionosphere over the USA during the storm of July 2000. A strong uplift in the height of the F‐layer is observed after 20 UT on 15th July, followed by a severe latitudinal electron concentration gradient. Independent verification of the images is provided by the ionosondes and incoherent scatter radar data. The GPS images reveal the large‐scale dynamics of the ionosphere during the disturbed conditions and show the potential of geophysical imaging for storm‐time ionospheric studies.
Devonian basins of Northern Scotland: extension and inversion related to Late Caledonian — Variscan tectonics

Summary The Devonian sedimentary basins of Northern Scotland illustrate the different processes of inversion along reactivated frontal and lateral thrust ramps, and the importance of strike-slip fault movements to late and post-Caledonian tectonics. The basins of the West Orkneys and West Shetland, west of the Great Glen Fault developed by collapse of thickened Caledonian crust during the Devonian. The basins extended in a NW-SE direction on dominantly SE-dipping faults, which curve and become parallel to the earlier Caledonian fabric at depth. The Caledonian structures developed a crustal anisotropy which was subsequently reworked during the later Palaeozoic and Mesozoic by extensional and compressional movements. Hence in the West Orkney and Minches basins, Caledonian structures influenced the kinematics of Early to Middle Old Red Sandstone extension, later (Devonian and Permo-Carboniferous) compression, Mesozoic extension and later Mesozoic-Tertiary compression. During basin extension, minor inversion of early listric normal faults occurred within the basin sediments, driven by gravitational gliding down tilted fault blocks. SE of the Great Glen Fault in eastern Shetland and possibly also the Inner Moray Firth, basins were affected by NE-SW extension during Middle to Upper Devonian times. This is possibly a result of sinistral strike-slip displacements on the Great Glen-Walls Boundary Fault system. This strike-slip episode may have been responsible for inversion of the earlier and more regionally widespread Lower and Middle Devonian basins formed by NW-SE extension. Localized zones of folding in Caithness and the Orkney Islands and wide zones of more intense folding in western Shetland are thought to be related to this deformation. Late Palaeozoic Variscan dextral strike-slip displacements juxtaposed basins along the Great Glen-Walls Boundary fault system which have distinct stratigraphies and structural evolutions and formed separately to the east and west of these faults. This strike-slip deformation inverted basins both to the east and west of the Great Glen Fault. In the East Shetland basins it produced local zones of overturned beds above oblique and frontal ramps. Further subsequent dextral movements in the Mesozoic produced pull-apart basins in the Moray Firth and East Orkneys.
Glacier changes in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard,1901–2000

Abstract High-resolution ground-penetrating radar surveys at 50 MHz on the polythermal glaciers Hornbreen, Hambergbreen and several surrounding glaciers in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are presented and interpreted. Accurate positioning was obtained using differential global positioning system (DGPS). Digital elevation models (DEMs) of the bedrock and surface were constructed. Comparison of DGPS data and surface DEMs with data from the topographic mappings from 1936 oblique stereoscopic aerial photographs and from Mission Russe in 1899–1901 shows that the Hornbreen and Hambergbreen surfaces are about 60–100 m thinner today in the upper part than at the beginning of the 20th century. Hornbreen has retreated by 13.5 km from the central part of the front, and Hambergbreen by 16 km. All the fronts of the nearby east-coast glaciers in this area have retreated. The bedrock DEM shows that the Hornbreen and Hambergbreen beds lie at –25 to 25 m a.s. l. The combination of sub-sea-level fronts and increasing steepness of the glaciers suggests that the low-lying glaciated valley filled by Hornbreen and Hambergbreen may become a partially inundated ice-free isthmus within perhaps 100 years.
Seasonal streamflow forecasting in eastern Australia and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation

Previous studies have identified a strong link between climate variability in Australia and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This paper describes the development and use of a seasonal streamflow forecast model based on an optimal linear combination of forecasts derived from climatology, persistence, the Southern Oscillation index (SOI), and equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST). The model builds on the work of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and that of other researchers who have investigated southeast Australian rivers. The model is tested using 66 years of unimpaired streamflow data from 10 eastern Australian catchments. Results from testing the model further support the ENSO‐hydroclimate link, showing that eastern Australia generally receives below normal streamflow during El Niño conditions and above normal streamflow during La Niña conditions. In southeast Australia the SOI is a better predictor for July–September and October–December streamflow and the SST a better predictor of January–March and April–June streamflow. For many of the seasons and stations, the skill associated with the cross‐validation forecast is better than that drawn from the baseline condition of climatology.
Cartography and Architecture: Interplay between Reality and Fiction

Abstract In this paper, cartographic and architectural methodologies are compared, showing their congruency and contrasts, but also reversions of concepts: cartography deals with the depiction of spatial objects and phenomena; architecture starts with a conceptual idea which is then implemented in a real physical object. Architectural projects begin with sketches at a synoptic scale, which are gradually converted into detailed plans. Maps are generalized from detailed geographic data. Cartographers make intentional use of 'subjective' methods; however, they try to avoid too high a degree of subjectivity during the map design process by applying predefined design rules. The architectural designing process is influenced by the personal interpretation of the architect for the building task. The process then becomes more and more objective, taking regulations, structures, building technologies, etc., into account. Evidently, both cartography and architecture deal with contrary levels of scale and precision. Reversing scale and precision leads to a paradox. Two examples of architecture and landscape architecture demonstrate this outcome.
An effective medium algorithm for calculating water saturations at any salinity or frequency

An algorithmic approach is used to mix the conductivities and geometric factors of the disperse components (the rock and hydrocarbon particles) with the host conductivity (formation water). The theoretical basis for the algorithm is the Hanai-Bruggeman (HB) equation, which itself incorporates only one disperse component. The new approach, the incremental model, accommodates geometric factors such as sand and shale porosity exponents, saturation exponent, and also accommodates the associated grain conductivities. Its advantage over previous methods is that it works at any water salinity or tool frequency while allowing saturation and porosity exponents to have values other than 1.5. The algorithm is general and is written to accommodate simultaneous mixing of up to three disperse components and the formation water, but it can be extended to accommodate any number of disperse components. In its application to shaley sands, hydrocarbon and sand elements are set to zero conductivity at low frequency, but they can be nonzero for calculating saturations at higher frequencies. The reason for this is that hydrocarbon and sand conductivities are real and very close to zero at low frequencies, but at high frequencies the dielectric constants become significant, making the complex conductivities nonzero. The incremental model compared well with the Waxman-Smits model on multiple water-conductivity saturation data from two published experimental data sets. The model is adaptable to other rock conductivity problems such as vuggy porosity, vuggy water saturation, and clay-coated sand grains. The potential exists for the algorithm to be part of a comprehensive computer program for calculating rock conductivities and saturations using many different combinations of rock fabrics and compositions.