Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to reveal the nature of three or more pentaquark states

Within the chiral unitary approach and with the constraints of heavy quark spin symmetry, we study the coupled channel interactions of ${\bar D}^{(*)}\Sigma_c^{(*)}$ channels, close to whose thresholds three pentaquark-like $P_c$ states have been reported by the LHCb Collaboration. In the present work, we take into account the contributions of pion exchanges via box diagrams to the interaction potentials, and therefore lift the degeneracy in the masses of ${\bar D}^*\Sigma_c^{(*)}$ spin multiplets. Fitting the $J/\psi p$ invariant mass distributions in the $\Lambda_b^0 \to J/\psi K^- p$ decay, we find that the LHCb pentaquark states can not be reproduced in the direct $J/\psi p$ production in the $\Lambda_b^0$ decay, and can only be indirectly produced in the final state interactions of the $\Lambda_b^0$ decay products, ${\bar D}^*\Sigma_c^{(*)}$, which further supports the nature of these states as $\bar{D}\Sigma_c$ molecules. Based on the fit results obtained, we study the partial decay widths/branching ratios to other decay channels, $\bar{D}^* \Lambda_c$, $\bar{D} \Lambda_c$, and $\eta_c N$, and the corresponding invariant mass distributions. The resonances with $J^P=\frac{1}{2}^-$, $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and the one of $\bar{D}^* \Sigma_c^*$ around 4500 MeV, have large partial decay width into $\eta_c N$, and thus, can be easily seen in the $\eta_c N$ invariant mass distributions. By contrast, the states with $J^P=\frac{3}{2}^-$, $P_c(4457)$, the (predicted) narrow $P_c(4380)$ and the bound state of $\bar{D}^* \Sigma_c^*$ with a mass of about 4520 MeV, do not decay into $\eta_c N$. Therefore, the $\eta_c N$ channel should be studied in future to provide further insights into the nature of these states, especially that of the $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$.
Antidiabetic Effect of Anacardium occidentale. Stem-Bark in Fructose-Diabetic Rats

Abstract The antidiabetic activity of the cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale. Linn. [Anacardiaceae]) stem-bark methanol extract was investigated in fructose-fed (diabetic) and normal rats. Animals were randomly divided into group A (control), group B (treated with 200.0 mg/kg body weight of the extract; orally), group C (fed with enriched fructose diet only, 25%; w/w) and group D (fed with enriched fructose diet along with 200.0 mg/kg body weight of the extract; orally). Animals were treated with extract and/or enriched fructose diet for 21 days. The enriched fructose diet resulted in significant increases in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, malonyldialdehyde, total protein, urea, and creatinine. Administration of the extract significantly prevented changes in plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, malonyldialdehyde, urea, and creatinine induced by enriched fructose diet. On the other hand, treatment with enriched fructose diet and/or extract did not have any significant effect on plasma alkaline phosphatase level. These results show that chronic oral administration of methanol extract of Anacardium occidental. stem-bark at a dose of 200.0 mg/kg body weight may be a safe alternative antihyperglycemic agent that has beneficial effect by improving plasma glucose and lipids in fructose-induced diabetic rats, which is associated with a reduced lipid peroxidation.
Evaluation of Egg Incubation Methods and Larval Feeding Regimes for North American Burbot

Abstract Incubation methods and larval feeding regimes were investigated for North American burbot Lota lota maculosa over 2 years. Three upwelling incubators were tested: 6.0-L McDonald-type jars, 2.0-L pelagic egg jars, and 1.2-L Imhoff cones. Larvae were allocated to five feeding regimes in year 1 (trial 1) and three feeding regimes in year 2 (trial 2). In trial 1, a live diet (marine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp Artemia spp.) was administered from 11 d posthatch (dph) until introduction of a commercial diet at 21, 31, or 41 dph; the fourth treatment applied the commercial diet exclusively starting at 11 dph, and the fifth treatment used only the live diet. Trial 2 examined (1) exclusive use of live feed beginning at 16 dph; (2) use of live feed at 16–50 dph, which was combined with commercial feed at 31–50 dph, and use of only the commercial diet at 51–76 dph; and (3) use of the live diet at 16–50 dph, the addition of frozen brine shrimp at 31–50 dph, and use of the commercial diet .
Evolution within the gastropod mollscs; using the ribosomal RNA gene-cluster as an indicator of phyolgenetic relationships

The evolutionary relationships among the pulmonate land snails have long remained the subject of contro-versy. While classiﬁcations based on morphology have been relatively consistent in the assignment of taxa to families, the deeper phylogeny within the group remains unresolved, with morphological studies giving confusing and conﬂicting taxonomies 1,2,3 . Molecular techniques have proved valuable in determining the evolutionary relationships between taxa in cases where morphological features fail to give clear information. Yet, so far, only limited molecular work has been undertaken on the pulmonates, with studies restricted to the analysis of relatively short sequence regions or limited sets of taxa (large subunit rDNA 4,5,6 ; mitochondrial 16S rDNA 7 ). Consequently, these stu- dies have been unable to adequately resolve the deep phylogenetic relationships within the group. Here we present primer sequences for the ampliﬁcation of approximately 1460 nucleotides of the ribosomal (r) RNA gene-cluster. The region comprises a combination of conserved, variable and highly variable sections, and thus will be of utility in addressing evolutionary questions over a wide taxonomic range. We describe the genetic variation observed at different taxonomic levels, and present a preliminary phylogeny conﬁrming the monophyletic nature of the stylommatophoran land snails within the Gastropoda. Work is now under way to generate a phylogeny encompassing all the major stylommatophoran groups using this rDNA sequence region.
African Grazing Lawns—How Fire, Rainfall, and Grazer Numbers Interact to Affect Grass Community States

Abstract Grazing lawns are recognized as important components of many savanna ecosystems, but there is no clarity on their origin or their stability in space and time. Some researchers believe soil nutrients control grazing lawn distributions. Others believe feedbacks created by herding mammals grazing in patches can promote the spread of grazing lawns without soil nutrient differences. This in turn is affected by rainfall and fire. We presented a simulation model that tests the conditions required for the initiation and spread of grazing lawns. Lawns were shown to develop in a homogeneous soil substrate, but only during periods of low rainfall, high grazer densities, and infrequent fires. Including heterogeneity in the model did not increase grazing lawn area but did reduce the effectiveness of frequent fires in preventing their establishment. We compared these results with conditions in a typical savanna park in Southern Africa. Running the model under current fire, grazing, and rainfall conditions reproduced the current grazing lawn proportions in the park. Using lower fire frequencies and higher grazer densities—such as were experienced in the park in the last 100 years—could more than double the proportion of grazing lawns in the park.
Clerodendrum volubile Ethanol Leaf Extract: A Potential Antidote to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Doxorubicin is widely applied in hematological and solid tumor treatment but limited by its off-target cardiotoxicity. Thus, cardioprotective potential and mechanism(s) of CVE in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity were investigated using cardiac and oxidative stress markers and histopathological endpoints. 50–400 mg/kg/day CVE in 5% DMSO in distilled water were investigated in Wistar rats intraperitoneally injected with 2.5 mg/kg DOX on alternate days for 14 days, using serum troponin I and LDH, complete lipid profile, cardiac tissue oxidative stress marker assays, and histopathological examination of DOX-treated cardiac tissue. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative assays of CVE's secondary metabolites were also conducted. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids (34.79 ± 0.37 mg/100 mg dry extract), alkaloids (36.73 ± 0.27 mg/100 mg dry extract), reducing sugars (07.78 ± 0.09 mg/100 mg dry extract), and cardiac glycosides (24.55 ± 0.12 mg/100 mg dry extract). 50–400 mg/kg/day CVE significantly attenuated increases in the serum LDH and troponin I levels. Similarly, the CVE dose unrelatedly decreased serum TG and VLDL-c levels without significant alterations in the serum TC, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels. Also, CVE profoundly attenuated alterations in the cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers' activities while improving DOX-associated cardiac histological lesions that were possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or antioxidant mechanisms. Overall, CVE may play a significant therapeutic role in the management of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in humans.
Critically Examining the Claimed Value of Convolutions over User-Item Embedding Maps for Recommender Systems

In recent years, algorithm research in the area of recommender systems has shifted from matrix factorization techniques and their latent factor models to neural approaches. However, given the proven power of latent factor models, some newer neural approaches incorporate them within more complex network architectures. One specific idea, recently put forward by several researchers, is to consider potential correlations between the latent factors, i.e., embeddings, by applying convolutions over the user-item interaction map. However, contrary to what is claimed in these articles, such interaction maps do not share the properties of images where Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are particularly useful. In this work, we show through analytical considerations and empirical evaluations that the claimed gains reported in the literature cannot be attributed to the ability of CNNs to model embedding correlations, as argued in the original papers. Moreover, additional performance evaluations show that all of the examined recent CNN-based models are outperformed by existing non-neural machine learning techniques or traditional nearest-neighbor approaches. On a more general level, our work points to major methodological issues in recommender systems research.
Unveiling the Hierarchical Structure of Open Star Clusters: The Perseus Double Cluster

We introduce a new kinematic method to investigate the structure of open star clusters. We adopt a hierarchical clustering algorithm that uses the celestial coordinates and the proper motions of the stars in the field of view of the cluster to estimate a proxy of the pairwise binding energy of the stars and arrange them in a binary tree. The cluster substructures and their members are identified by trimming the tree at two thresholds, according to the σ-plateau method. Testing the algorithm on 100 mock catalogs shows that, on average, the membership of the identified clusters is (91.5 ± 3.5)% complete and the fraction of unrelated stars is (10.4 ± 2.0)%. We apply the algorithm to the stars in the field of view of the Perseus double cluster from the Data Release 2 of Gaia. This approach identifies a single structure, Sub1, that separates into two substructures, Sub1-1 and Sub1-2. These substructures coincide with h Per and χ Per: the distributions of the proper motions and the color–magnitude diagrams of the members of Sub1-1 and Sub1-2 are fully consistent with those of h Per and χ Per reported in the literature. These results suggest that our hierarchical clustering algorithm can be a powerful tool to unveil the complex kinematic information of star clusters.
The star cluster age function in the Galactic disc with Gaia DR2

We perform a systematic reanalysis of the age distribution of Galactic open star clusters. Using a catalogue of homogeneously determined ages for 834 open clusters contained in a 2 kpc cylinder around the Sun and characterised with astrometric and photometric data from the Gaia satellite, we find that it is necessary to revise earlier works that relied on data from the Milky Way Star Cluster survey. After establishing age-dependent completeness limits for our sample, we find that the cluster age function in the range 6.5 < log t < 10 is compatible with Schechter-type or broken power-law functions. Our best-fit values indicate an earlier drop of the age function (by a factor of 2−3) with respect to the results obtained in the last five years, and are instead more compatible with results obtained in the early 2000s along with radio observations of inner-disc clusters. Furthermore, we find a typical destruction timescale of ∼1.5 Gyr for a 104 M⊙ cluster and a present-day cluster formation rate of 0.55−0.15+0.19 Myr−1 kpc−2, suggesting that only 16−8+11% of all stars born in the solar neighbourhood form in bound clusters. Accurate cluster-mass measurements are now needed to place more precise constraints on open-cluster formation and evolution models.
Isotropy Maximization Loss and Entropic Score: Accurate, Fast, Efficient, Scalable, and Turnkey Neural Networks Out-of-Distribution Detection Based on The Principle of Maximum Entropy.

Current out-of-distribution (OOD) detection approaches require cumbersome procedures that add undesired side effects to the solution. In this paper, we argue that the low OOD detection performance of neural networks is due to cross-entropy SoftMax loss anisotropy and extreme propensity to produce low entropy (high confidence) posterior probability distributions in frontal disagreement with the Principle of Maximum Entropy. Consequently, we propose IsoMax, a loss that is isotropic (distance-based) and produces high entropy (low confidence) posterior probability distributions despite still relying on cross-entropy minimization. Additionally, we propose a speedy Entropic Score for OOD detection. IsoMax loss works as a seamless SoftMax loss drop-in replacement that keeps the overall solution accurate, fast, efficient, scalable, and turnkey. Our experiments indeed confirmed that neural networks OOD detection performance may be extremely improved without relying on techniques such as adversarial training or validation, data augmentation, ensembles methods, generative approaches, model architectural changes, metric learning, or additional classifiers or regressions. The results also showed that our straightforward approach is competitive against state-of-the-art solutions besides avoiding previous methods undesired drawbacks.
Amount and quality of grass harvested for first‐cut silage for differing spring‐grazing frequencies of two mixtures of perennial ryegrass cultivars with contrasting heading date

There are potential advantages and disadvantages associated with grazing spring perennial ryegrass swards designated for first-cut silage. These may differ for intermediate-heading (0·50 ear emergence in the second half of May) and late-heading (0·50 ear emergence in the first half of June) cultivars. The interactions between cultivar type, spring-grazing frequency, silage-harvest date and year were examined in an experiment with a randomized complete block (n = 4) design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, conducted in Ireland. The factors were (i) two perennial ryegrass mixtures: intermediate- vs. late-heading cultivars, (ii) three spring-grazing regimes: no grazing, grazing in mid-March or grazing in both mid-March and mid-April, (iii) four first-cut silage-harvest dates that were at c. 10-d intervals from 19 May and (iv) 2 years (1998 and 1999). The effects of cultivar mixture on herbage mass of the swards in spring were small and not statistically significant. The late-heading cultivars provided lower amounts of herbage dry matter for harvesting for first-cut silage but herbage with higher in vitro organic digestibility values compared with intermediate-heading cultivars. To achieve the same amount of herbage for silage, the late-heading cultivars needed to be harvested 8 d later than the intermediate-heading cultivars. Even with this delay in harvest date, the late-heading cultivars had higher in vitro organic digestibility values than the intermediate-heading cultivars. The late-heading cultivars could be harvested up to 30 d later and produce a higher amount of herbage for first-cut silage with similar digestibility values compared with the intermediate-heading cultivars.
Efficacy of the steroidal fraction of fenugreek seed extract on fertility of male albino rats

T. foenum‐graecum seed extract (100 mg/day/rat) was fed orally to male albino rats for 60 days. The sperm count and motility of cauda spermatozoa declined significantly leading to negative fertility tests. The organ weights as well as androgen dependent parameters (protein, sialic acid and fructose) were lower, revealing the reduction in circulating androgen. Cholesterol is a precursor of androgen. The increase in testicular and serum cholesterol may be co‐related with its nonutilization by the system, leading to a fall in circulating androgen and hence the altered histoarchitecture observed. Therefore T. foenum‐graecum extract exerts both antifertility and antiandrogenic activities.
Optimizing the Risk-Benefit Balance of Thromboprophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

To the Editor: We read with interest the narrative review by Iba et al (1) about the state of knowledge on coagulopathy in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), published recently in Critical Care Medicine. We appreciate the important work provided by the authors on a rapidly evolving subject depending on the several studies already published (2–5). As mentioned by the authors (1), activation of the coagulation pathway seems to be a key point in the clinical picture of patients COVID-19 admitted to ICU. d-dimer level and fibrinogen concentration have been reported as markers that can help the clinician for the patient’s prognosis but also in the research for venous thromboembolism (VTE), that can also contribute to the degradation of pulmonary function (2– 5). Indeed, several recent studies reported higher rate of VTE compared with non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients despite thromboprophylaxis (3, 4) probably due to the association of endotheliitis (5), cytokine storm (2) and the enhanced platelet-vessel wall interaction described in these patients in addition to the main independent risk factors already reported in mechanically ventilated ICU: male gender, high body mass index (BMI), and use of neuromuscular blockers. For all of these reasons, optimal thromboprophylaxis is crucial in ICU patients with COVID-19. In their article, Iba et al (1) summarize these current recommendations. Nevertheless, we completely disagree with the dosing recommendations for low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), especially with a dose of 40 mg of enoxaparin once daily as thromboprophylaxis in ICU patients with COVID-19. Indeed, if the optimal dose for thromboprophylaxis remains unclear in ICU patients, the dose of at least 50 international units/kg body weight agrees with some guidelines, especially in COVID-19 patients where overweight is frequently reported. Therefore, the dose suggested by the authors seems very suboptimal. Furthermore, dose of 40 mg of enoxaparin was also the dose reported for thromboprophylaxis in two studies reporting a very high rate of VTE (3, 4). It therefore, seems to us that the risk of VTE greatly exceeds the benefit of treatment. We rather suggest adapting the doses of LMWH according to BMI: 60 mg for BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m and 80 mg for BMI greater than or equal to 40 kg/m, respectively. Doses could be adapted by the measure of peak anti-Xa and if the risk exceeds the benefit by the risk of bleeding due to the higher frequency of acute renal failure in these patients, trough anti-Xa activity could be measured or unfractionated heparin could be preferred. As thrombotic complications were frequently reported and associated with higher mortality in ICU patients with COVID-19, higher dose of LMWH guided by anti-Xa activity are probably necessary. We need studies to optimize thromboprophylaxis in these patients. Dr. Wautrecht received funding from Bayer and Bristol Meyer Squibb. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
Many-Body Physics in the NISQ Era: Quantum Programming a Discrete Time Crystal

Recent progress in the realm of noisy, intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices represents an exciting opportunity for many-body physics, by introducing new laboratory platforms with unprecedented control and measurement capabilities. We explore the implications of NISQ platforms for many-body physics in a practical sense: we ask which {\it physical phenomena}, in the domain of quantum statistical mechanics, they may realize more readily than traditional experimental platforms. As a particularly well-suited target, we identify discrete time crystals (DTCs), novel non-equilibrium states of matter that break time translation symmetry. These can only be realized in the intrinsically out-of-equilibrium setting of periodically driven quantum systems stabilized by disorder induced many-body localization. While precursors of the DTC have been observed across a variety of experimental platforms - ranging from trapped ions to nitrogen vacancy centers to NMR crystals - none have \emph{all} the necessary ingredients for realizing a fully-fledged incarnation of this phase, and for detecting its signature long-range \emph{spatiotemporal order}. We show that a new generation of quantum simulators can be programmed to realize the DTC phase and to experimentally detect its dynamical properties, a task requiring extensive capabilities for programmability, initialization and read-out. Specifically, the architecture of Google's Sycamore processor is a remarkably close match for the task at hand. We also discuss the effects of environmental decoherence, and how they can be distinguished from `internal' decoherence coming from closed-system thermalization dynamics. Already with existing technology and noise levels, we find that DTC spatiotemporal order would be observable over hundreds of periods, with parametric improvements to come as the hardware advances.
Combining Ability Analysis for Yield and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Thirteen parental lines were crossed in line X tester fashion comprising 10 lines and 3 testers at vegetable farm Banaras Hindu University Varanasi to estimate combining ability in tomato for fruit yield, yield components and fruit quality traits. F1 and parents were grown in towards four and half meters in randomized block design with three replications during winter-2010 involvement of both additive and non additive gene action was operated for the control of fruits per plant, fruit weight and average fruit weight. All the fruit quality characters like, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and lycopene of the fruit were governed by non additive gene action. In most of the traits, over-dominance was predominant. The analysis of components of genetic variance for yield components showed that the main part of genetic variance was due to additive effect. Estimation of general combining ability (GCA) for yield and earliness showed that Pant T-3 had the highest GCA for increasing yield and Punjab Upma had the highest GCA for both earliness and average fruit weight. Cross combination CO-3 X Azad T-5 exhibit significant specific combining ability (SCA) for the most of desirable traits among all cross combinations.