Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sequential Learning for Modeling Video Quality of Delivery Metrics

Video streaming traffic growth poses a challenge for many video content providers to maintain high video quality on their networks. Modern day networks are highly dynamic due to the adaptation of routing protocols, time-varying loads, and adaptive codecs. We consider how these dynamics should be incorporated in learning algorithms. We ask how can sequential learning be used in order to account for time-varying trends in learning algorithms that perform forecasts in time-varying video delivery systems? We propose two approaches. The first is called ASAPjitter. It uses a Recurrent Network (RN) to forecast gradients in a time series of jitter measurements for a video stream and a Convolutional Neural Network to classify the forecasts. The second approach is called FEATjitter. It maps the jitter time series to a higher dimensional feature domain. This novel feature domain transform has the aim of enhancing the quality of prediction and classification of future video jitter measurements. Jitter captures varying congestion levels present in the network. Three parameters are extracted from the jitter time series: its period, base and rate of decay. These parameters are used to train an artificial RN to perform forecasts. A batch learning approach such as the Neural Network (NN) or otherwise referred to a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) is used for classifying the feature domain forecasts. Experimental results demonstrate how sequential learning can be used effectively to predict and classify jitter using Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. The accuracy achieved by ASAPjitter is 84.5 % compared to 91.6% for FEATjitter. Performance gains in terms of increased classification accuracy are due to the learning algorithm operating in this feature-space. Performance gains in terms of forecasts are more effective in the time-domain. Our approach contributes to the development of more effective algorithms for managing video streaming traffic in dynamic network environments.
Effect of block rotation on the pitch of slickenlines

Rotation of faults or pre-existing weakness planes produce two effects on the slickenlines of fault planes. First, the rotation leads to changes in the pitch of slickenlines. As a result, the aspect of the pre-existing fault may change. For example, after rotation, a normal fault may show features of an oblique fault, a strike-slip fault, or a thrust fault. Second, due to rotation, stress states on the fault planes are different from those before the rotation. As a consequence some previous planes may be reactivated. For an isolated plane, the reactivation due to rotation can produce new sets of slickenlines. With block rotation, superimposed slickenlines can be generated in the same tectonic phase. Thus, it is not appropriate to use fault-slip data from slickenlines to analyze the stress tensor in a region where there is evidence of block rotation. As an example, we present the data of slickenlines from core samples in the Tunich area of the Gulf of Mexico. The results wrongly indicate that the calculated stress tensor deviates from the far-field stress tensor.
MERIS observations of chlorophyll-a dynamics in Erhai Lake between 2003 and 2009

The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) was used to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in Erhai Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in the Yunnan province of China. Six chl-a retrieval models, including four Basic ERS & Envisat (A)ATSR and Meris Toolbox (BEAM) software-incorporated algorithms and MERIS three-band and two-band models, were validated to find the best fit to extract chl-a concentration in Erhai Lake. With a chl-a range of 5–15 mg m–3, the Lakes/Eutrophic method showed the best performance. The algorithm was then applied to eight-year cloud-free MERIS images between 2003 and 2009, with seasonal and inter-annual variability analysed. Long-term chl-a distributions of Erhai Lake revealed significant seasonal and inter-annual variability. The mean chl-a of the south lake was higher in summer (14.3 mg m–3) than in spring (10.1 mg m–3), while generally lower chl-a was found in the north lake with a mean chl-a of 6.4 mg m–3 in spring and 9.0 mg m–3 in summer, respectively. An increasing trend was found between 2006 and 2009, and the increasing rate was 12.9% for annual chl-a of the entire lake. While chl-a seasonality was attributed to the seasonal changes of the local temperature, the inter-annual variation was possibly linked to the discharged wastewater from Dali City. This work could provide critical information for decision-makers to manage Erhai Lake’s aquatic ecosystems.
Understanding forest loss and recovery: a spatiotemporal analysis of land change in and around Bannerghatta National Park, India

Bangalore is India’s third fastest-growing city and a major information technology center of India. The city is unusual in also having a major protected area located at its periphery, which creates a significant challenge for conservation. Bannerghatta National Park and its surrounding landscape, situated south of Bangalore, have experienced significant land-use and land-cover changes over the last two decades. This analysis combines discrete and continuous approaches of satellite remote-sensing-based change detection using multitemporal Landsat and IRS LISS III imagery to analyze the rate and extent of spatiotemporal changes in and around the Bannerghatta National Park between 1973, 1992 and 2007. Most of the native forest cover loss and decrease in forest density has taken place outside the park, or at the edge of the park, and relates to increased agriculture, suburban development, grazing and illegal logging. However, forest cover inside the park has been maintained, counter to the dominant global theme of deforestation as a consequence of urbanization. Overall, despite the decrease in native forest cover the landscape has experienced a net increase in tree cover or reforestation, which can be attributed to an increase in tree plantations outside the Bannerghatta National Park.
Observations of the Ca/+/ twilight airglow from intermediate layers of ionization

Application of complementary optical and incoherent scatter radar techniques has detected the presence of Ca+ in lower thermospheric intermediate layers over Arecibo. The altitude distribution and density of the calcium ion is inferred from the variation of twilight resonant scattering with solar depression angle while the Arecibo 430Mhz radar measured electron densities. Comparison between the Ca+ and electron column densities indicates that the composition of low-altitude intermediate layers was 2% Ca+. This value is consistent with both rocket mass spectrometer measurements and with the relative concentration of calcium expected for meteoric debris. These results have implications regarding both possible nighttime tropical E region ionization sources and metal ion circulation in the tropical thermosphere.
Intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors in a three-dimensional global CTM

The coupling of chemistry with atmospheric transport processes provides a mechanism for local and regional pollution from heavily populated continental regions to influence tropospheric composition at hemispheric and global scales. In this study we use the FRSGC/UCI 3-D chemical transport model to quantify the impact of ozone precursors from anthropogenic sources in the United States, Europe and East Asia on regional and global ozone budgets and to identify the key controlling processes. We find that the East Asian region has the greatest potential to affect tropospheric ozone due principally to efficient vertical transport, but that Europe experiences the greatest intercontinental effects due to rapid, short-distance transport from North America. In addition to significant boundary layer ozone production in each region, we find that 25-40% of the total net regional production occurs above 730 hPa in the free troposphere, and that on a hemispheric scale 70-85% of ozone from anthropogenic sources in the upper troposphere, above 400 hPa, is due to in-situ chemistry rather than direct vertical transport. Increased surface ozone concentrations over remote continents are largest in spring and autumn at northern mid-latitudes; while this seasonality is driven by horizontal transport in the free troposphere followed by subsidence, boundary layer and upper tropospheric chemical production make a substantial contribution. Although the effects are greatest in periodic episodes when meteorological conditions are favourable, there is significant enhancement in background ozone concentrations. We suggest that increasing emissions will significantly impact the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere by leading to greater polarization between ozone production and destruction environments.
Ecosystem respiration and tree growth influenced by thinning in a red pine forest in southern Korea

This study was conducted to determine the effect of thinning on the ecosystem respiration in a red pine forest in southern Korea. We measured the ecosystem respiration and its component respirations from soil, stem, leaf, and coarse woody debris (CWD) in thinned and control stands during 2010. The forest was thinned in October 2009. The total respiration was 8.37 and 8.82 Mg C ha−1 year−1 in the thinned and control stands, respectively. Estimated annual soil, leaf, stem, and CWD respirations in the thinned stand were 5.55, 1.41, 0.90, and 0.51 Mg C ha−1 year−1, accounting for 66, 17, 11, and 6%, respectively. Estimated annual soil, leaf, and stem respirations in the control stand were 5.54, 2.09, and 1.19 Mg C ha−1 year−1, accounting for 63, 24, and 13%, respectively. The organic C storage in tree biomass (149.24 vs. 198.61 Mg C ha−1), input from litterfall (6.79 vs. 7.92 Mg dw ha−1 year−1) and total tree biomass increment (7.67 vs. 9.28 Mg C ha−1 year−1) were all significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the thinned stand than in the control stand. However, the individual tree increment was higher in the thinned stand than in the control stand (9.35 vs. 8.24 kg C year−1). Organic C output through the loss rate of litter mass was significantly higher (55 vs. 50%, P < 0.05) in the thinned stand than in the control stand. These results indicate that ecosystem respiration was slightly increased by thinning, whereas tree biomass C dynamics, and organic C input and output through litter production and decomposition were decreased by thinning. Further long-term study and analyses will be required to define overall C cycling in red pine forests.
Mosasauroids from Colombia

An overview of the main traits of the mosasauroid remains found in Colombia is presented. Three stratigraphic levels have been identified as mosasauroid-bearing beds. In adition to the already known Turonian material, new fossils found in Coniacian and Campanian rocks are preliminary described. The taphonomic and geological features of the findings, as well as the differences in age and anatomical morphology of the new Colombian mosasauroid remains open new perspectives for the analysis of processes of adaptation to marine life that occurred in mosasaurs during the Cretaceous.
Indoor radon concentration levels, gamma dose rates and impact of geology – A case study in Kotli, State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, sub-Himalayas, in Pakistan

Inhalation of indoor radon has been recognized as the largest contributor to the total effective dose received by human beings. Indoor radon data were collected from the dwellings lying on the sedimentary rocks (sandstones, siltstones and clays) of the Murree Formation, Nagri Formation, Dhok Pathan Formation, Mirpur conglomerate and surficial deposits of the Kotli area in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Radon measurements were made using the passive time-integrated method using Kodak CN-85 Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors. The radon concentration in dwellings varied from 13 ± 6 Bq.m -3 to 185 ± 23 B. qm -3 , with an average of 73 ± 15 Bq.m -3 . The radon concentration in the Murree Formation, Nagri Formation, river terrace and Dhok Pathan Formation were 89.7 ± 16.5, 72 ± 15, 68.5 and 69 Bq.m -3 , respectively. The average value of all the measured concentrations (73 ± 15 Bq.m -3 ) within the framework of this study is more than the world average value of 40 Bq.m -3 given by UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York, 2000) and is within the action level of 200-600 Bq.m -3 fixed by the ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP publication65, Protection against radon at home and at work, 1993). The ambient gamma dose rates both indoors and outdoors in different parts of Kotli were also measured. The average value of gamma absorbed dose rates prevailing in the indoor environment was 131.2 ± 16.6 nGy/h. The gamma exposure rates recorded outdoors were 35% lower than in the indoor environment. The measured gamma dose rates have a weak positive correlation with indoor radon concentration. The annual effective dose for inhabitants in Kotli due to radon ranged from 0.32 to 4.7 mSv.y -1 , with an average value of 1.8 mSv.y -1 . This dose is relatively higher than the world mean dose of 1.15 mSv/y. That is explained by the particular geology of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the method of construction of the dwellings.
Seroprevalencia de Babesia equi en tres diferentes sistemas de crianza de equinos: Rio de Janeiro - Brasil

Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture and periferic blood smears horses maintained in tree breed system: confined, semi confined and extensive. The blood of this animals was analyzed for immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for B. equi, and the prevalence obtained were the 89.58%, 87.89% and 45.24%, in extensive system, on semi confined system and confined system, respectively. For the direct exam in blood smear, the values was 16.7%, 16.13% and 4.78%, respectively in extensive system, on semi confined system and confined system
Fernandina Volcano's evolved, well-mixed basalts : Mineralogical and petrological constraints on the nature of the Galapagos plume

Fernandina Volcano, the most active of Galapagos volcanoes and the one most directly overlying the Galapagos hotspot, is one of a small number of active, plume-related oceanic island volcanoes with a well-documented recent eruptive record. Whole rock and glass analyses of lava and tephra from all 12 known eruptions from 1958 to the present show them to be evolved (Mg # (= Mg/Mg + Fe2+) of 0.47–0.56), plagioclase-phyric, clinopyroxene- and olivine-bearing tholeiites. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that this phase assemblage erupted at 1100–1130°C and is stable only at low pressures (<0.1–0.2 GPa), thereby representing crystallization within a shallow magma chamber underlying the well-defined, 850-m-deep, 5 by 6.5 km caldera. These tholeiites are remarkably homogenous, as is shown by narrow ranges in Zr/Y (5.7–6.3), (La/Sm)N (1.4–1.7), and (La/Yb)N (3.8–4.3). Prehistoric Fernandina lavas, selected for petrographic and geographic variation over the entire subaerial volcano, are of remarkably similar composition (e.g., Zr/Y is 5.2–6.1, (La/Sm)N is 1.5–1.6, and (La/Yb)N is 3.4–4.1), with a single example of a more primitive lava having an Mg # of 0.63, with 8.5% FeO at 8% MgO. Cr-spinel and glass melt inclusions in plagioclase, together with zoned olivine, give evidence for a range of parental melts in the recent shallow magmatic system, with Mg # as high as 0.62. Extensive, shallow magma mixing is required to explain these variations in mineral and inclusion chemistry, indicating more thermal variation within the shallow magmatic system than is implied by the relatively monotonous whole rock compositions. Apparently, Fernandina's shallow magma chamber has physically blocked passage of more primitive magmas to the surface and homogenized the erupted lavas by extensive mixing. Small variations in lava isotopic and compatible element composition, combined with the need to resupply melt to maintain thermal balance, indicate that replenishment of the magma chamber is semicontinuous, with resupply occurring of the order of a decade or less. Plagioclase-dominated, evolved Fernandina lavas are in sharp contrast to more primitive, olivine-dominated Hawaiian lavas; the total lack of primitive melts in the shallow Fernandina magmatic system implies that substantial fractionation and heat loss occurred during melt transportation from the mantle source to the edifice magma chamber, despite the fact that these melts were transported through relatively warm, young, and thin lithosphere adjacent to the Cocos-Nazca ridge. The diffuse nature of Galapagos volcanism, with 20th century eruptions from eight distinct volcanoes over a 20,000 km2 area, further supports this interpretation and suggests that the Galapagos plume is relatively diffuse, weak, and significantly less thermally intense than the vigorous Hawaiian plume. It may in fact be waning.
Effect of water quality on the composition of fish communities in three coastal rivers of Karnataka, India

The fish assemblage and diversity in relation to water quality of three coastal rivers Sita, Swarna and Varahi of Udupi district, Karnataka, India was studied. 71 species representing 7 orders, 20 families and 41 genera were recorded from 21 sites along the three rivers. Species composition varied longitudinally in relation to the environmental factors of the habitat. The downstream change in the three rivers indicates that fish assemblage changed with increasing loss of riparian canopy cover and increasing agricultural land-use. The richness and abundance of fishes were correlated with land-use type, canopy cover, pH and turbidity. Diversion of water, discharge of domestic sewage and agricultural runoff were prominent among the disturbances that alter the habitat quality.
Complex bombs of phreatomagmatic eruptions: Role of agglomeration and welding in vents of the 1886 Rotomahana eruption, Tarawera, New Zealand

[1] Basaltic bombs ejected from a Rotomahana crater during the 1886 Tarawera eruption in New Zealand are of two fundamental types: cored bombs, which have single large fragments, generally of rhyolite wall rock material, as their cores, and “loaded” bombs, which contain abundant small fragments dispersed through the bombs. Similar lithic-bearing bombs are common products of other, phreatomagmatic eruptions worldwide. Cored bombs originate when a large wall rock fragment is entrained in basaltic melt and then ejected with an adhering skin of basalt. In contrast, loaded bombs are constructed by agglomeration of multiple fragments of basalt, among which smaller rhyolitic wall rock fragments are dispersed. Different styles and rates of bomb “loading” are reflected in the bombs' textures and compositions. These textures provide insight into the nature of fragmentation during the eruption, the processes of recycling that produce multiply ejected clasts versus “recapitulated” ones (those where early formed clasts were reingested in magma and then formed the cores of new bombs), the degree and timescale of interaction of magma with vent walls, and the timescales over which lithic material from the vent walls is incorporated into complex bombs prior to their ejection. Because fragments of rhyolitic pumice are readily refused, their condition constrains estimates of the timing of fragmentation and agglomeration. The presence of nonfused rhyolite pumice within many loaded bombs implies that the processes forming and quenching the bombs cannot have exceeded several seconds. In contrast, other bombs contain patches of compositionally modified basalt with isolated rhyolite-derived feldspar xenocrysts that indicate complete fusing, melting and assimilation of entrained rhyolitic debris. The bomb population overall indicates that conditions within this Rotomahana vent were thermally and physically heterogeneous and that recycling of debris was ubiquitous, both as recycling of large individual clasts and by fallback and aggregation of material which was reingested in magma before being reejected as new bombs.
Who Wants the Contrat De Travail Unique? Social Support for Labor Market Flexibilization in France

In France, a proposal was made to substitute a unique labor contract with a degree of employment protection increasing with tenure to the existing open-end and fixed-term contracts. Using survey data, this paper analyzes the social support for this contrat de travail unique (CTU). Contrary to the prediction of insider/outsider theories, support for the CTU comes from insider groups, whereas most outsider groups oppose it. This result may be the consequence of the job protection increasing with tenure. This mechanism could reinforce certain types of market segmentation instead of abolishing employment precariousness.
Crystal structure of a chloride-bridged copper(II) dimer: piperazine-1,4-dium bis(di-μ-chlorido-bis[(4-carboxypyridine-2-carboxylato-κ2 N,O 2)chloridocuprate(II)]

A new centrosymmetric chloride-bridged CuII dimeric anion, in which one carboxyl group of the pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid ligand remains protonated, is present in the title structure, together with a diprotonated piperazine as a charge-compensating agent.