Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy degrees: Differences and similarities in the curricula and course contents

The historical origins of public administration and public policy analysis suggest that Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy programs should have different focuses in their curricula: the former on management skills and the latter on analytical skills. To investigate whether and to what extent the two types of programs are different and whether the accreditation standards of the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration have a homogenizing effect on them, we investigated the titles and descriptions of the courses in their core curricula. The results show some differences between Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy programs, but no clear distinction. Analytical skills are required by both Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy programs. Master of Public Policy programs distinguish themselves from Master of Public Administration programs primarily by requiring economics and economic analysis courses. Higher percentages of Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration-accredited programs require organization studies, human resource management, and public budgeting courses.
Processing Treatments of Beniseed (Sesamum indicum Linn) on Nutrients, Anti-Nutrients Composition and Functional Properties of Flour

Beniseed is an important oilseed, with high oil content and nutrient composition. The effect of processing (roasting, soaking, boiling, and germination) on proximate, mineral composition, anti-nutrients and functional properties of the beniseed flour were analysed. Also the sensory properties of cookies from blends of wheat and beniseed flours were determined. The results showed that moisture, fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, ash and crude fibre contents of the flours were significantly different and ranged from 3.20% - 4.79%, 34.34% - 50.43%, 15.19% - 30.65%, 18.90% - 22.16%, 4.54% - 6.01% and 4.30% - 7.59%, respectively. Processing significantly (p the anti-nutritional factors and germination gave the highest mineral values in the beniseed flours. Water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming stability, foaming capacity and swelling index, ranged from 1.00 - 1.28, 1.10 - 1.13, 98.72 - 108.82, 2.94 - 19.80 and 1.14 - 1.54 respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that 20% soaked beniseed flour substitution of wheat had no significant difference with 100% wheat cookies. Germinated sample gave a more desired nutrient composition (low fat and carbohydrate, high protein and mineral composition) but performed poorly in sensory attributes. In conclusion, beniseed gave a good flour blend with wheat in baked products, also further processing of the germinated flour to improve the appearance will give more nutritious cookies.
Development of the perfect stage of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa under variable weather conditions of Pomerania in 2004-2008.

The ascomycete fungi Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa cause phoma stem canker and stem lesions, which account for economic loss in oilseed rape in Poland and worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of the sexual fruiting bodies and ascospore release of these pathogen complex in Radostowo located in Pomerania (north Poland), one of the regions of the most intensive oilseed rape cultivation in Poland. Monitoring of pseudothecial maturation and ascospore release was done over five consecutive autumn periods from the year 2004 to 2008, under variable weather conditions. The parameters were interdependent, but differed greatly between seasons. Lengthy durations of pseudothecial maturation coincided with delayed ascospore release. Conversely, early and short maturation process led to early detection of ascospores. The slowest rate of pseudothecial maturation was observed in 2005, which coincided with the smallest number of rainy days in August. In contrast, the fastest pseudothecial maturation, as well as the earliest and most intensive release of ascospores was noted in 2007, when regular rainfall events were observed throughout the whole summer. In 2006 and 2008 small amounts of daily mean ascospores in air samples were detected, which coincided with little rainfall in July, when pseudothecia are formed on oilseed rape stubble. The influence of weather conditions on ascospore release and its relevance to aerobiological surveillance and disease management are discussed.
Local‐scale synchrony and variability in mast seed production patterns of Picea glauca

1 Mast seeding is the synchronous and highly variable production of seed by a population of plants. Mast seeding results from the behaviour of individuals; however, little is known about the synchrony of individuals at local scales. 2 We address two primary questions at a within‐population (17–36 ha study plots) and individual level: (i) How variable is seed production between and within years? (ii) How synchronized is seed production between individuals? 3 We monitored annual cone production of 356 Picea glauca (white spruce) from 1990 to 2005 within four plots spanning a total distance of 5.3 km in the Yukon Territory, Canada. 4 Spearman correlations (rs) were conducted to test for synchrony. Overall, the trees were moderately synchronous (mean rs (± SE) of 0.52 ± 0.14), and synchrony was statistically detectable (rs > 0) over all distances. Individuals < 75 m apart were highly synchronous (0.64 ± 0.18), and correlations dropped to 0.33 ± 0.07 for trees > 3 km apart. There was considerable variation in cone production patterns among pairs of individuals. 5 The number of mast years per plot varied from one to three. During a mast year, many individuals within plots produced large cone crops, with more variability between individuals in low mean cone years. Individual trees had dominant endogenous cycles varying from none to 1–5 years. Forty‐four per cent of trees had no significant lag, 23% a negative 1‐year lag, and 20% a positive 3‐year lag. Basal area did not influence lags, but trees with higher mean cone production throughout the study were more likely to have a 3‐year lag compared with no lag. 6 The scale of highest synchrony coincided with the scale at which the dominant seed predator in the area, the territorial red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), operates. This may be the scale at which selection for synchrony occurs. 7 Based on high synchrony locally, high synchrony within a mast year, and multiple lags in cone production by individuals, both available resources and strong weather cues appear to play roles in the observed patterns.
Investment in Knowledge‐Based Capital and Productivity: Firm‐Level Evidence from a Small Open Economy†

This paper examines the responsiveness of firm productivity to investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC) including a range of intangible assets such as research and development (R&D), intellectual property assets, computer software, organizational, and branding capital. A dynamic econometric model is estimated with micro-data from Ireland over the period 2006–2012. Ceteris paribus , the estimated average elasticity of productivity with respect to investment in KBC per employee is 0.3. In comparison to previous empirical studies, this paper goes beyond the representative firm approach and accounts for the heterogeneous behavior of firms which differ by ownership, size, export participation, and sector of activity. Further, the analysis finds that investing simultaneously in multiple KBC assets has complementary as well as substitution effects on firm productivity, with different interdependence patterns for specific investment combinations across groups of firms and sectors.
Nucleoporin Gene Fusions and Hematopoietic Malignancies

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the sole gateways between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and they mediate all macromolecular trafficking between these cellular compartments. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly selective and precisely regulated and as such an important aspect of normal cellular function. Defects in this process or in its machinery have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer. Nucleoporins, which are about 30 proteins that built up NPCs, are critical players in nucleocytoplasmic transport and have also been shown to be key players in numerous other cellular processes, such as cell cycle control and gene expression regulation. This review will focus on the three nucleoporins Nup98, Nup214, and Nup358. Common to them is their significance in nucleocytoplasmic transport, their multiple other functions, and being targets for chromosomal translocations that lead to haematopoietic malignancies, in particular acute myeloid leukaemia. The underlying molecular mechanisms of nucleoporin-associated leukaemias are only poorly understood but share some characteristics and are distinguished by their poor prognosis and therapy outcome.
A new conceptual model for the warm-water breakdown of the coral–algae endosymbiosis

The symbiosis between reef-building corals and their algae endosymbionts is sensitive to temperature stress, which makes coral reefs vulnerable to climate change. However, a precise understanding of the capacity for the symbiosis to adapt to climate change is currently restricted by the lack of coherent explanation for the set of cellular events leading to its warm-water breakdown (= coral bleaching). Here, a new coral bleaching model is proposed in which the triggering event is a disruption to the ‘dark’ photosynthetic reactions of the algae endosymbionts, primarily due to a limited availability of CO2 substrate around the Rubisco enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase). Paradoxically, this CO2-limiting condition may be enhanced by the modern increase in atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). Importantly, the model delivers a new standpoint from which to explain: (i) upper thermal bleaching thresholds; and (ii) the mechanism underpinning endosymbiont shuffling. Overall, the model leaves little doubt as to the diminished stability and functioning (i.e. resilience) of the coral–algae endosymbiosis due to the rising pCO2 and warming trend in the upper ocean surface layer. It is concluded that whole-colony bleaching is the destructive endpoint to a suite of cellular processes that operate near continuously in modern symbiotic corals.
Effects of riparian forest harvest on streams: a meta‐analysis

Summary Riparian forest harvesting impacts streams in many ways, from altering temperature regimes, shifting geomorphic structure, increasing sediment fluxes and affecting fish populations. However, we have noted considerable variation in the results between studies that led us to ask whether the effects of forest harvesting on streams were consistent between studies. We used meta-analysis of 34 replicated studies to address the effects of riparian logging on biological and chemical components of streams in contrast to control sites. We found that the overall effect sizes of several response variables in replicated studies were significantly higher than zero, especially benthic invertebrates, and nitrogen and potassium concentrations. However, there was a very large amount of variation in the effect sizes between studies, and for many measures, the effect sizes from different studies were positive or negative, indicating site-specific responses. We explored whether stream size, stream gradient and regional potential evapotranspiration could explain some of the effect size variation between studies. Relations with these environmental variables were weak, but suggestive that some of the context-specific, individual outcomes might be due to underlying environmental differences between sites. Synthesis and applications. Despite relatively low numbers of replicated studies, we found significant overall effects of riparian forest harvesting although the magnitude and direction of responses within individual studies were site specific. This lack of consistency in the direction of effect sizes suggests we need a more context-dependent approach to the protection of freshwaters from forest management.
Sexual Activity Influences the Secretion of Reproductive Hormones in the Stallion

Contents The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sexual activity on concentrations of reproductive hormones in plasma of stallions. In the first experiment, two groups of stallions were monitored for secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and oestradiol from the beginning until shortly after the end of the breeding season. One group of animals were reserve stallions not used for breeding (group 1, n = 10), the other group consisted of active breeding sires (group 2, n = 8). Blood samples were withdrawn from March to August at 14-day intervals. In sexually nonactive stallions (group 1), seasonal variations in LH, testosterone and oestradiol occurred and concentrations of these hormones reached a maximum in May (p < 0.05). In the breeding stallions (group 2), no significant changes in the concentrations of these hormones were found between March and August. Concentrations of LH and testosterone were significantly lower in breeding stallions than in reserve stallions at most blood sampling times (p < 0.05). In the reserve stallions, oestradiol concentrations were significantly higher than in the breeding stallions in April and in June (p < 0.05). In a second experiment, the effect of regular sexual activity (semen collection three times per week) on the concentration of LH, testosterone and oestradiol was tested in a group of breeding stallions after a period of sexual rest for several weeks. Blood samples were taken once daily starting the day before the first semen collection was performed. Testosterone concentration significantly decreased in the first days after semen collection started (p < 0.05), while LH secretion was only transiently decreased and no effects on oestradiol concentration were found. In both experiments, semen parameters were within the normal range of fertile stallions. No correlations between the sexual drive of the stallions and concentration of reproductive hormones occurred. It can be concluded that in the stallion the secretion of reproductive hormones is influenced by sexual activity. Regular semen collection seems to inhibit testosterone release by unknown mechanisms while the effects on LH and oestradiol secretion are less pronounced.
What Is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology

Living things are hugely complex and have unique properties, such as selfmaintenance and apparently purposeful behaviour which we do not see in inert matter. So how does chemistry give rise to biology? What could have led the first replicating molecules up such a path? Now, developments in the emerging field of systems chemistry are unlocking the problem. Addy Pross shows how the different kind of stability that operates among replicating molecules results in a tendency for chemical systems to become more complex and acquire the properties of life. Strikingly, he demonstrates that Darwinian evolution is the biological expression of a deeper, well-defined chemical concept: the whole story from replicating molecules to complex life is one continuous process governed by an underlying physical principle. The gulf between biology and the physical sciences is finally becoming bridged.
Effect of delayed film wrapping and waxing on the shelf life of avocado fruit

Film wrapping and waxing are both known to extend the shelf life of harvested avocado fruit. However, the effect of delays in film wrapping and waxing on shelf life has not been reported. Early, mid, and late season avocado cv. Hass fruit were wrapped in 'Glad Wrap' or waxed in 'Avocado and Passion-fruit Wax' at intervals of up to 96 h after harvest. Compared with untreated control fruit, both wrapping and waxing delayed softening and colour change at 22¦C by about 50%. Loss in fruit weight during ripening was reduced more by wrapping than by waxing. Delaying wrapping or waxing by up to 48 h after harvest was not associated with consistent differences in shelf life. There was, however, significant (P<0.05) shortening of both time to colour and time to soften if treatment was delayed to 96 h. Accordingly, wrapping or waxing avocado fruit is advisable within 48 h of harvest to realise maximum treatment benefits. Early colouring within 3-4 days of harvest, but not early softening, was characteristic of late season fruit.
Association Between Prostate Cancer and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 Levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007−2008 Results

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2020 C Copyright The Korean Urological Oncology Society and The Korean Prostate Society. All Rights Reserved. Association Between Prostate Cancer and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 Levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007−2008 Results
Fire Frequency and Subalpine Forest Succession Along a Topographic Gradient in Wyoming

Differences in fire frequency and the rate of secondary succession following fire have had a major effect on the present composition of forest vegetation in a 4500—ha undisturbed watershed in the subalpine zone of the Medicine Bow Mountains, southeastern Wyoming. USA. Periodic fire coupled with slow secondary succession has perpetuated lodgepole pine forest on the upland, while mature Engelmann spruce—subalpine fire forests have developed in sheltered ravines and valley bottoms where fire is less frequent and succession following fire is more rapid and/or more direct. A graphic model is presented showing the relationship between topographic position, fire—free interval, and the occurrence of mature forests dominated by spruce and fire. See full-text article at JSTOR
Meso-Zooplankton Movement through the Newly Constructed Mfolozi Channel into and out of the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa

The historical canalization of the Mfolozi River resulted in the St Lucia Estuary losing its main fresh-water source. This, combined with the recent drought, led to low water levels, hypersaline conditions and dramatic losses in biodiversity. The excavation of a beach spillway between the estuary and the Mfolozi River mouth in 2012, combined with the commencement of a wet phase in the preceding year, has alleviated the freshwater deprivation crisis. This study compares the meso-zooplankton composition within the channel on both flood and ebb tides, providing a preliminary understanding of the role of the Mfolozi channel in the migration and recruitment of organisms. Abundance was higher on ebb tides, while species richness was higher on flood tides. A total of 53 zooplankton taxa were recorded in the channel. Of these, one had never been recorded in St Lucia before, namely the gastropod Pterotrachea cf. hippocampus. Additionally, the ctenophore Pleurobrachia cf. pileus and the mysid Gastrosaccus gordonae were again recorded for the first time since the late 1970s. Results show that the beach spillway has facilitated recruitment into St Lucia from the ocean and the Mfolozi River. Further research is needed to ascertain what effect this recruitment has on long-term zooplankton community structure.
Prognosis of Hydro-Meteorological Attributes based on Simulation and Projection of Streamflow in a High-Altitude Basin using Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model

Subsistence of freshwater resources at high altitude regions has remained a paradox for stakeholder communities at both regional and global levels. To address such an issue, Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning Light (hereafter HBV) model was used to assess hydro-meteorological shifts triggered under climate change scenarios in snow dominant region of Chitral river basin. The model performed well both during calibration and validation periods with Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency values of 0.91 and 0.81 respectively on daily time scale in the basin. The HBV was thereafter engaged for the projection of streamflow in the Chitral river basin using projected data of four statistically downscaled climate models with four emission scenarios for the 21st century. Multi-model ensemble projections of precipitation revealed an increase of up to 165% in monsoon inception period and an increase in temperature of up to 9.5°C in winter to summer transitioning period for the 2070‒2099 time slice under a high-end emission scenario. An increase of up to 122% in evapotranspiration was projected in the peak winter months for the 2070‒2099 time slice under the high-end emission scenario. Attributed to the significant increases in the temperature and the liquid precipitation, it was projected that basin streamflow had potential to increase by up to 182 % in the monsoon inception period for the 2070‒2099 time slice under the high-end emission scenario. It further indicated that precipitation might be falling as liquid rain most of the year, and snow will hardly accumulate in prognosticated future environements of the basin.
Bargaining under polarization: The case of the Colombian armed conflict

A bargaining framework and a measure of conflict polarization are developed from two elements: (i) hatred-based negative externalities experienced by the parties to the conflict, and (ii) penalties the parties impose on their delegated negotiators when concessions are made in the bargaining process. The framework establishes agreement and disagreement regions and it is shown that a necessary condition for a negotiated solution is the adoption of a dual policy that combines dissociative political and military strategies. This analytical approach is applied first to polarized conflicts generally and then to the specific case of the internal conflict in Colombia between that country’s government and the FARC guerrilla group. The model provides a rationale for the complex dynamic of Colombia’s current peace process, which has involved a preliminary agreement and its subsequent rejection in a national referendum. Our analysis highlights the successful dissociative political-military strategy followed by the negotiators that enabled them to reach the agreement and the negotiators’ underestimation of the hatred levels that led the majority of the Colombian society represented in the referendum to vote the agreement down because they considered the concessions made by the government too generous to be acceptable.
Preservation of hymenopteran specimens for subsequent molecular and morphological study

Some guidelines are presented for long‐term preservation of insects for non‐traditional systematic studies such as DNA sequencing and internal anatomical research. The main criteria for good DNA preservation appear to be the rapidity with which the DNA is protected from enzymatic and chemical breakdown, and subsequent storage conditions. The immediate post mortem treatment of specimens appears particularly important to the preservation of amplifiable DNA. For storage we recommend 70–100% ethanol at low temperature, deep freezing, and critical point or chemical drying direct from alcohol. For internal anatomy, traditional fixatives, 70% ethanol in a refrigerator, critical point drying or chemical drying are recommended. Cold‐storage in 70% ethanol with or without subsequent critical point drying or chemical drying using hexamethyldisilazane allow both molecular and morphological study.