Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Sensitivities of an Idealized Deep Convective Storm to Parameterization of Microphysics, Horizontal Grid Resolution, and Environmental Static Stability

AbstractThis study investigated the sensitivity of idealized deep convective storm simulations to microphysics parameterization, horizontal grid spacing (Δx), and environmental static stability. Three different bulk microphysics schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model were tested for Δx between 0.125 and 2 km and three different environmental soundings, modified by altering static stability above 5 km. Horizontally and temporally averaged condensation and surface precipitation rates and convective updraft mass flux were sensitive to microphysics scheme and Δx for all environmental soundings. Microphysical sensitivities were similar for 0.125 < Δx < 1 km, but they varied for different soundings. Sensitivities of these quantities to Δx were less robust and varied with microphysics scheme. Other statistical convective characteristics, such as the mean updraft width and strength, exhibited similar sensitivities to Δx for all of the microphysics schemes. Microphysical sensitivities were primarily.
Why It Is Necessary to Construct the Mechanics of Structured Particles and How to Do It

The question why it is necessary to build the mechanics of the structured particles, which are the systems of potentially interacting of the material points, basing on the laws of Newtonian mechanics is discussed. We will show how to do it without the restrictive hypotheses and assumptions used in the classical mechanics for construction of the Hamiltonian formalism of the systems. We will show also how concept of entropy appears in the mechanics. Some of important problems in physics, the solution of which can help the mechanics of structured particles, are submitted.
Quantitative estimation of Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission precipitation radar signals from ground‐based polarimetric radar observations

The Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) is the first mission dedicated to measuring rainfall from space using radar. The precipitation radar (PR) is one of several instruments aboard the TRMM satellite that is operating in a nearly circular orbit with nominal altitude of 350 km, inclination of 35°, and period of 91.5 min. The PR is a single‐frequency Ku‐band instrument that is designed to yield information about the vertical storm structure so as to gain insight into the intensity and distribution of rainfall. Attenuation effects on PR measurements, however, can be significant and as high as 10–15 dB. This can seriously impair the accuracy of rain rate retrieval algorithms derived from PR signal returns. Quantitative estimation of PR attenuation is made along the PR beam via ground‐based polarimetric observations to validate attenuation correction procedures used by the PR. The reflectivity (Zh) at horizontal polarization and specific differential phase (Kdp) are found along the beam from S‐band ground radar measurements, and theoretical modeling is used to determine the expected specific attenuation (k) along the space‐Earth path at Ku‐band frequency from these measurements. A theoretical k‐Kdp relationship is determined for rain when Kdp ≥ 0.5°/km, and a power law relationship, k = a Zhb, is determined for light rain and other types of hydrometers encountered along the path. After alignment and resolution volume matching is made between ground and PR measurements, the two‐way path‐integrated attenuation (PIA) is calculated along the PR propagation path by integrating the specific attenuation along the path. The PR reflectivity derived after removing the PIA is also compared against ground radar observations.
Diffusion coefficient of electrons in silicon

This paper reports an experimental and theoretical analysis of the diffusivity of electrons in Si as function of temperature, field strength, and field direction. Results for the longitudinal diffusion coefficient have been obtained experimentally for fields applied along 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 directions with time‐of‐flight and noise measurements. Calculations have been performed with the Monte Carlo procedure. The theoretical analysis, which includes an extensive discussion of the intervalley diffusion process, has yielded a revised version of the silicon model which correctly interprets both the new diffusion data and other well‐established electron transport properties. The revision of the model is mainly concerned with the relative weights of f and g intervalley scattering mechanisms. In fact the interpretation of the anisotropy of the diffusion allows separate estimates of the two types of scattering through their different effects on the intervalley diffusion which comes about when electrons have differen.
Cross language speech-in-noise perception by early Spanish-English bilinguals and English monolinguals

Bilinguals have shown a hyper-awareness of fine phonetic detail in speech, while also sometimes losing out on higher-level syntactic and semantic information in speech-in-noise studies. This study seeks to determine how bilinguals process speech in noisy environments across different language contexts. Specifically, this study tests whether bilinguals utilize certain phonetic cues to access higher-level information. Two experiments will be conducted. First, to determine how bilinguals process speech in noise in different language contexts, early Spanish-English bilinguals and English monolinguals learning Spanish listened to sentences mixed with white noise in English, Spanish, and code-switching (English to Spanish and Spanish to English) contexts. Preliminary results suggest early Spanish-English bilinguals perform significantly above chance on word identification in all contexts, performing best in the Spanish context. The second experiment will determine specifically which noise types (lower versus hi.
Wave phase conjugation of ultrasonic beams

The current state of the acoustic wave phase conjugation (PC) problem is reviewed. The generation of phase conjugate ultrasonic waves is discussed with emphasis on the parametric method using electromagnetic pumping in solids. The giant-amplification supercritical parametric PC mode is considered in detail. Ultrasonic PC with a gain in excess of 80 dB is demonstrated for a soft magnetic ceramics-based amplifier. The high quality of supercritical parametric PC sound is confirmed by acoustic-optical visualization. Acoustic PC effects, such as anomalous sound reflection at the PC mirror and the autofocusing and self-targeting of phase conjugate sound beams incident on a scatterer in a liquid, are shown. Recent experimental results demonstrating the potential of PC for applications are presented.
Diffraction of Impulse Sound Signals on Spheroidal Body, Put in Plane Waveguide

With the help o f the Fourier t ransform and characteristics of the stationary (continuos) sound signal are calculated the impulses, scattered by the ideal spheroid, placed in the waveguide. In the first part of the paper is presented the method of the imag inary sources and imag inary scatterers from the solution of the problem of the sound diffraction on the spheroidal body, put in the plane waveguide. In the second part of the paper are calculated the impulse signals with different filling, scattered by the the ideal soft spheroid, placed in the plane waveguide.
Multichannel CNN-BLSTM Architecture for Speech Emotion Recognition System by Fusion of Magnitude and Phase Spectral Features Using DCCA for Consumer Applications

Conventional Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) approaches put more emphasis on extracting magnitude spectrum-based features, such as Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and Mel spectrogram. However, phase information is ignored due to signal processing difficulties such as the phase wrapping issue. This work develops a multichannel Convolution Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (CNN-BLSTM) architectures with an attention mechanism for speaker-independent SER by considering phase and magnitude spectrum-based features. The phase-based features are extracted using the Modified Group Delay Function (MODGD). The obtained phase features are combined with MFCC features. The CNN-BLSTM network extract learned representation from magnitude and phase features. The learned representation from MFCCs and MODGD are combined and given as an input to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. The Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis (DCCA) is used to maximize the correlation between magnitude and phase information to improve the conventional SER system’s performance. Here the IEMOCAP database is used for performance analysis. The experimental results show improvement over MFCC features and existing approaches for unimodal SER. In this work, we also developed real-time Web server application for the proposed architecture.
Physics teaching at a distance

A subject such as physics which relies heavily on practical experiments is a challenge to teach in the form of a distance course. You must make choices as to whether the course includes experiments and if so on what level. With an objective that it is more important to establish concepts than to verify physical laws through precise measurements, it is possible for students to conduct experiments in their homes. Four years' experience of this kind of introductory physics course (mechanics and thermal physics) at distance is covered. The understanding of mechanical concepts as measured by the force concept inventory test shows that distance education does work in the subject of physics. The problem that some students do not complete their distance course is noted and it is suggested that this problem can be addressed by transforming established methods used in campus courses to encourage interactivity among students. A probable result of applying these methods would be an enhanced understanding of the concept of physics and problem-solving skills.
A fundamental limit on the balance of power in a transpiration-controlled channel flow

This paper is a direct sequel to Bewley & Aamo (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 499, 2004, pp. 183–196). It was conjectured in that paper, based on the numerical evidence available at that time, that the minimum drag of a constant mass flux channel flow might in fact be that of the laminar flow. This conjecture turned out to be false; Min et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 558, 2006, 309318) discovered a curious control strategy which in fact reduces the time-averaged drag to sub-laminar levels. The present paper establishes rigorously that the power of the control input applied at the walls is always larger than the power saved (due to drag reduction below the laminar level) for any possible control distribution, including that proposed by Min et al. (2006), thus establishing that, energetically (that is accounting for the power saved due to drag reduction and the power exerted by application of the control), the optimal control solution is necessarily to relaminarize the flow.
Bianchi Type- III and Kantowski-Sachs Universes with wet Dark Fluid

The Bianchi type- III and Kantowski-Sachs (KS) Universes filled with dark energy from a wet dark fluid has been considered. A new equation of state for the dark energy component of the universe has been used. It is modeled on the equation of state ρ=γ(ρ -ρ *) , which can describe a liquid, for example water. The exact solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained in quadrature form. The solution for constant deceleration parameter have been studied in detail for power-law and exponential forms both. The case γ = 0,γ =1,and γ =1/3have been also analysed.
In situ growth of MgB/sub 2/ thin films by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition

We have carried out thermodynamics studies of the Mg-B system with the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) modeling technique and found that the superconductor MgB/sub 2/ phase is thermodynamically stable only under fairly high Mg pressures at elevated temperatures. This has lead us to the investigation of chemical vapor deposition in which the pressure during the film deposition can be high. Although the initial effort on metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was not successful due to carbon contamination, a unique hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) technique has successfully produced high quality in situ MgB/sub 2/ films. The epitaxially-grown MgB/sub 2/ films show high transition temperature and low resistivity comparable to the best bulk samples, and their surfaces are smooth. In this paper, the details of the technique and the results of the HPCVD films are presented.
Attractiveness, ethnicity, and stage financing: exploring heuristics in venture capital staging

ABSTRACT Understanding heuristics in stage financing is imperative, given the consequences of staging for both new venture entrepreneurs and VC investors. This study documents how entrepreneurs’ physical attractiveness affects VCs’ staging intensity during the early stages of the funding process, while taking into account the ethnic constellation of a given VC – entrepreneur dyad. Using a dataset for a representative sample of 231 European IT-ventures, the study finds that physical attractiveness of the lead entrepreneur and the ethnic constellation of a given VC-entrepreneur dyad independently and jointly affect a VC’s staging intensity during the early stages of the financing process. These findings were subjected to a two-stage least squares analysis and Heckman selection models.
Hygiene practices and factors influencing intestinal parasites among food handlers in the province of Belgarn, Saudi Arabia

Background This study aimed to evaluate the association between socio-demographic status, and hygienic habits among food handlers with intestinal parasitic infections. Methods It was a cross-sectional study in which 112 participants were recruited, from Belgarn province of Saudi Arabia. The descriptive analysis was used to evaluate demographic data and categorical variables. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and Relative Risk regression analysis was performed for each investigated factor. p-value of <0.05, was assumed to be statistically significant. Results One hundred and twelve food handlers with a mean age of 33.5 ± 9.2 years were included in this study. The food handlers were from 15 different countries (11 Asians and four Africans). The majority of the food handlers were cooks (87, 77.7%), and waiters and dish washers (24, 21.4%). Among them, 106 (94.6%) used uniforms, and gloves at work. In hand washing practices, 104 (92.9%) wash their hands with soap before handling and preparing food and eight (7.1%) wash without soap, 98 (87.5%) wash with soap before meals and 14 (12.5%) wash without soap, 105 (93.8%) wash with soap after visiting toilets and seven (6.2%) wash without soap. Twenty-five (42.3%) of infected food handlers are not used to trim their fingernails. Intestinal infection was observed in 59 (52.68%) participants with mean age (32.5 ± 8.1 years) for infected participants. Conclusion In this study, food handlers had a high prevalence of intestinal parasites. Although some of the food handlers had a high level of education, the infection with intestinal parasites was detected. In addition to regular screening for intestinal parasites among food handlers, there is a need for educational programs on proper hygiene habits, modes of transmission and prevention of the infection.
Electrical characterization of metastable carbon clusters in SiC - a theoretical Study

First-principles calculations carried out in $3C$- and $4H\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{SiC}$ show that small metastable carbon clusters can be created in irradiated $\mathrm{SiC}$. The metastable carbon clusters possess occupation levels in the $p$-type as well as in the $n$-type $4H\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{SiC}$. Depending on the conditions of irradiation and the annealing temperature new photoluminescence centers might be detected with characteristic local vibrational modes in the spectrum. We provide the occupation levels and the local vibrational modes of the defects to make the identification possible.
Application of the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Formalism to Stationary Roll Forming Simulations

Due to the length of the mill, accurate modelling of stationary solution of continuous cold roll forming by the finite element method using the classical Lagrangian formulation usually requires a very large mesh leading to huge CPU times. In order to model industrial forming lines including many tools in a reasonable time, the sheet has to be shortened or the element size has to be increased leading to inaccurate results. On top of this, applying loads and boundary conditions on this smaller sheet is usually more difficult than in the continuous case. Moreover, transient dynamic vibrations, which are unnecessarily computed, may appear when the sheet hits each tool, decreasing the convergence rate of the numerical simulation. Beside this classical Lagrangian approach, an alternative method is given by the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formalism which consists in decoupling the motion of the material and the mesh. Starting from an initial guess of the sheet geometry between the rolls, the numerical simulation is performed until the stationary state is reached with a mesh, the nodes of which are fixed in the rolling direction but are free to move on perpendicular plane, following the geometrical boundary of the sheet. The whole forming line can then be modelled using a limited number of brick and contact elements because the mesh is only refined near the tools where bending and contact occur. In this paper, ALE results are compared to previous Lagrangian simulations and experimental measurement on a U-channel, including springback.
Responses of Earth's radiation belts to solar wind dynamic pressure variations in 2002 analyzed using multisatellite data and Kalman filtering

It has been difficult to establish a definitive causal link between radiation belt electron dropouts and solar wind dynamic pressure, due to adiabatic effects and observations limited to a single location in space at one time. Here we reconstruct the radial profiles of radiation belt electron phase space density (PSD) for the entire year of 2002 (solar maximum), based on a combination of the VERB radial diffusion model and data assimilation of the sparse observations from six satellites including GEO1989, GEO1990, LANL‐97A, LANL‐01A, GPSns33, and POLAR, to perform a statistical analysis of the potential relationship between electron PSD dropout and solar wind dynamic pressure variation. We capture 59 electron PSD dropout events, 81% associated with solar wind dynamic pressure sudden jumps (i.e., pulses) or modest increase, consistent with the results of Shprits et al. (2012) for the period of 1990–1991. With the continuous availability of high quality solar wind data in 2002, we further identify 41 pressure pulses and determine that 68% of them are associated with electron PSD dropouts. We also identify 49 pressure enhancements, 41% of which are associated with electron PSD dropouts. Our results support that gradual or sharp enhancements in solar wind dynamic pressure can play an important role in producing electron PSD dropouts, owing to inward intrusion of the magnetopause that enhances the loss to the magnetopause and outward radial diffusion. But we conclusively demonstrate that solar wind dynamic pressure pulses and enhancements are neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the formation of electron PSD dropouts, which suggests that some other mechanism(s), which remains mysterious, is required to explain electron PSD dropout occurrences without pressure pulse or modest pressure increase. For the first time, we also perform a quantitative comparison of conjunctions between electron PSD reanalysis results and satellite PSD data, which indicates a tolerable and reasonable error in assimilated PSD within a factor of 5. Differences in assimilated PSD and satellite PSD have a potential for use to evaluate the ignored processes in the physical model and to estimate the errors associated with satellite measurements.
Infection of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages by Wild Type and Vaccine Strains of Measles Virus: NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Independent of Virus Production

In humans and non-human primates, wild type (WT) measles virus (MeV) replicates extensively in lymphoid tissue and induces an innate response characteristic of NF-κB and inflammasome activation without type I interferon. In contrast, the live attenuated MeV vaccine (LAMV) replicates poorly in lymphoid tissue with little detectable in vivo cytokine production. To characterize the innate responses of macrophages to WT MeV and LAMV infection, we analyzed primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and phorbol myristic acid-matured monocytic THP-1 cells (M0) polarized to inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes 24 h after MeV infection. LAMV infected macrophages more efficiently than WT MeV but produced less virus than WT MeV-infected macrophages. Both strains induced production of NF-κB-responsive cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and inflammasome products IL-1β and IL-18 without evidence of pyroptosis. Analysis of THP-1 cells deficient in inflammasome sensors NOD-like receptor pyrin (NLRP)3, IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) or absent in melanoma (AIM)2; adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) or effector caspase 1 showed that IL-18 production was dependent on NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1. However, M1 cells produced IL-1β in the absence of ASC or caspase 1 indicating alternate pathways for MeV-induced pro-IL-1β processing. Therefore, the innate response to in vitro infection of macrophages with both LAMV and WT MeV includes production of IL-6 and TNFα and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome to release IL-1β and IL-18. LAMV attenuation impairs production of infectious virus but does not reduce ability to infect macrophages or innate responses to infection.
Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling Using SPSS and AMOS. Niels J. Blunch. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008, 270 pages, $39.95.

Niels Blunch uses an example-driven approach in this book intended as a nonmathematical first course in structural equation modeling (SEM) geared toward social and behavioral science students. In addition to SEM concepts and methods, the book covers important related topics such as psychometrics and the issue of drawing conclusions about causal relationships using nonexperimental data. AMOS 16 is the software used to run the SEM models and SPSS is used to run related statistics. Instruction is provided on how to program the software, interpret output, and evaluate and compare models. Appendices contain a review of the statistical prerequisites and an introduction to the use of the AMOS’ graphic interface. A companion Web site on the Sage UK Web site includes the data sets used in the book (http://www.sagepub.co.uk/blunch).
Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicities of <i>Momordica foetida</i> Schumach. (Cucurbitaceae) Leaves Methanol Extract in Wistar Rats

Momordica foetida is a plant widely used in tropical Africa to manage ga-stroenteric diseases. Previous studies demonstrated interesting antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. However, the security or toxicity of methanol leaf extract has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the leaf extract of Momor-dica foetida. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to rats which were observed for 14 days in order to identify signs of toxicity or death. In the sub-acute toxicity, the animals were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Body weights and behavior were noted throughout the experiment. Upon treatment, blood and urine were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, testes and ovaries were analyzed for relative weights and histopathology. The acute toxicity study of M. foetida leaf extract revealed no signs of toxicity related to