Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A survey of Off-label Drug Use Prescriptions in Outpatient of Beijing Children's Hospital

Objective: To determine the extent of off-label drug use in outpatient of Beijing Children's Hospital, so as to provide data for getting acquainted with the extent of off-label use in pediatrics in China and developing policy of off-label drug use. Methods: The prescription of outpatient were randomly selected from April 2012 to March 2013, and the off-label use was analyzed according to the package inserts in the following aspects, the types of off-label use in different age groups and categories of medicine. Results: Of the total 10 716 prescriptions with 23 909 medical advices involving 451 drugs were extracted and analyzed, with incidence rates of off-label drug use accounting for 53.0%、29.6%、65.0%、67.0%、79.8%, respectively. The top 3 age groups with highest incidence rate of offlabel drug were infancy(29.8%), pre-school age(29.5%), and babyhood(29.2%). The main categories of off-label drug use were no pediatric information(61.7%), dosing frequency(12.8%), and dosage(11.1%). Conclusions: The off-label drug is widespread in outpatient, drug instructions lack pediatric information, it's badly in need of developing relevant legislation, regulations or guidelines to regulate off-label drug use, and ensure the safety of pediatric drug use.
Study of Lipid Profile during Late Reproductive Phase, Perimenopause and Postmenopause in North Indian Women

Background : Perimenopause or menopausal transition is the pha se which precedes menopause and is characterized with fluctuation in estrogen levels. Several studies hav e been done to investigate the changes in lipid pro file in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Studies regarding the changes in lipid profile during perimenopause are scan ty. This study was done to study the lipid profile in reproductive or premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Materials and method : A case control study was done on 60 late reproduc tive phase, 60 perimenopausal and 60 postmenopausal women. Total cholesterol (TC), serum triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein - Choles terol (HDL-C) were determined with a fasting venous blood sample. Low Density Lipoprotein - Cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by Friedwald's formula. TC/HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were calculated and compared. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scien ces (SPSS) 17.0 version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, US A). Results : Statistically significant increase in the total cho lesterol, serum triglyceride and HDL-C levels and L DL/HDL cholesterol ratio in the perimenopausal was observed when compared with women in late reproductive age group. LDL- C and the TC/HDL-C ratio although increased was statistically not significant. Postmenopausal women showed statistically significant increase in TC, serum TG, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio and LDL/HDL-C ratio. Conclusion: Adverse changes seen in the lipid profile during post menopause beg ins during the perimenopause. As the perimenopause phase is a period of varied length, it is the optimal time for lifest yle style modification and preventive intervention in order to prevent cardiovascular risk in future.
Crosswell Imaging Using Field Reflection Data

Crosswell seismic data were collected by Exxon Production Research Company at a testing site near Friendswood, Texas, in conjunction with VSP, reversed VSP, and surface seismic data (Chen et al., 1990). The survey geometry is shown in Figure 1. Two 1000-ft cased boreholes, separated by 600 ft, were used as a source and receiver well respectively. Downhole explosive sources of 10 g charges were fired at 10 ft intervals from 1000 ft to 30 ft in the source well. A 24-channel hydrophone streamer (spacing between receiver stations was 10 ft) was used at four positions to cover the receiver well from depths of 960 ft to 10 ft. The data were recorded at a 1/4 ms sampling rate for 4000 points. Shown in Figure 2 is a shot record at source depth 330 ft. A number of events were identified, including direct P wave D, downgoing P-wave reflection SR from the free surface, P-wave reflection DR generated from a subsurface layer, and upgoing reflection UR . In addition, tube waves such as 77, 72, and T3 were also marked.
Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century

The guide serves as a primer for decision and policy makers, technical specialists, central, regional and local government officials, and concerned stakeholders in the community sector, civil society and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. The Guide embodies the state-of-the art on integrated urban flood risk management. The Guide starts with a summary for policy makers which outlines and describes the key areas which policy makers need to be knowledgeable about to create policy directions and an integrated strategic approach for urban flood risk management. The core of the Guide consists of seven chapters, organized as: understanding flood hazard; understanding flood impacts; integrated flood risk management (structural measures and non-structural measures); evaluating alternative flood risk management options: tools for decision makers; implementing integrated flood risk management; and conclusion. Each chapter starts with a full contents list and a summary of the chapter for quick reference.
Using Microsatellite Analysis to Verify Breeding Records: A study of 'Honeycrisp' and Other Cold-hardy

We used microsatellite loci to investigate the parentage of the apple cultivar 'Honeycrisp', a patented University of Minnesota introduction. In an attempt to find the correct parents, we also examined other apple varieties associated with the University of Minnesota apple breeding program. Based on written records from the 1960s, the presumed parents of 'Honeycrisp' were 'Honeygold' and 'Macoun'. We were able to exclude both of these as parents, but found that 'Keepsake' was consistent as one of the parents. A second potential parent could not be discovered. 'Haralson', another com- mercially important cultivar from the University of Minnesota, is likely from a cross between 'Malinda' and 'Wealthy'.
LEARNERS’ RESPONSES ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF CULTURAL EFL MATERIAL IN ENGLISH CLASSROOMS IN PAPUA

The article presents research findings on the use of culturally familiar materials compared with non-culturally relevant materials. It aims at obtaining responses from highland students on the materials which are designed based on Papuan culture compared with those which are not using Papuan culture. The study was conducted in Timika, Mimika District Papua, Indonesia, involving 80 junior high school students aged 13-15, who are from eight ethnic highlanders. The word “Papua” (used to be called Irian Jaya) in the above title is the name of the Eastern Province in Indonesia. The students involved in the classroom experimentation speak their vernacular fluently, they were considered weak in speaking Indonesian, and were low in academic performance. There were 40 students receiving culturally relevant materials, and 40 students receiving non-culturally relevant materials (conventional materials). The data was analyzed using the Descriptive Statistical Analysis with Contingency Table Analysis to compare groups and questions. Pearson’s chi-square statistics using SPSS was then applied to explore the significant differences in satisfaction. The results revealed that there was a significantly positive response from subjects receiving the culturally relevant materials when contrasted with those receiving the conventional materials. Keywords: Schemata; Prior knowledge, Experimental group; Conventional group; Culturally relevant material; conventional material; EFL (English as a Foreign Language); TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language); Significance Difference in Satisfaction; Learners’ Responses
Incidencia de Phytophthora nicotianae y Phytophthora infestans en Cuba

El genero Phytophthora, hasta hace pocos anos estuvo clasificado entre los Phycomycetes en la clase Oomycetes, actualmente pertenece al Reino Chromista. La mayoria de sus especies son fitopatogenos del suelo que afectan cultivos de importancia economica en diferentes regiones del mundo. El objetivo de esta investigacion fue determinar la incidencia y distribucion geografica de P. nicotianae y P. infestans en Cuba desde que se consigno por primera vez en 1905 hasta el 2007. Se recopilo y analizo la informacion disponible sobre la biologia y epidemiologia de los patogenos, las campanas o anos en que incidieron y los cultivos que atacaron. Los datos sobre P. infestans fueron tabulados y los de P. nicotianae se graficaron. Se destaca y discute la interaccion del tizon tardio con el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum) en Cuba, asi como el incremento del numero de especies hospedantes de P. nicotianae en el tiempo y la relacion que se establece con las condiciones climaticas que favorecen el desarrollo de las enfermedades provocadas por este patogeno
HOARSENESS OF VOICE: AN ETIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF 100 CASES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL: OUR EXPERIENCE

AIMS: The aim of this study is to analyze the age& sex distribution, occupation, predisposing factors and an etiology of hoarseness of voice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who presented with hoarseness of voice to our department of otorhinolaryngology during the period from June 2013 to June 2014 constituted the study. Detailed history, age and sex distribution, occupation and clinical findings which included fibreoptic laryngoscopy were done in all patients of this study. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients who presented with hoarseness of voice were considered for this study. The commonest age group involved was 41-50 years with female preponderance (51%). Vocal abuse was the found to be the commonest predisposing factor. Commonest cause of hoarseness of voice was vocal nodule. CONCLUSION: Hoarseness of voice is a common problem encountered in otolaryngology. Hoarseness of voice especially in elderly should be evaluated thoroughly so that appropriate treatment can be given at the earliest.
Quality and Yield stability of Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato( Ipomoea batatas(L.)lam.) Varieties in Different Agro-Ecologies.

Orange fleshed sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam) has high B-carotene content which is useful in preventing vitamin A deficiency. Unfortunately suitable varieties of orange fleshed absent. The results from Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) conducted in three villages of southern highlands of Tanzania revealed that, most varieties grown are white and cream fleshed. Yields mentioned to be very low ranging from 4.5 to 7.0 t ha-1. A gap difference of 15.5t ha-1 from potential yield mean were estimated. Based on the above findings a study was conducted to determine the adaptability of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties in different agro-ecologies , so as to identify varieties which can suit to the wider environments. Specifically determining beta-carotene and yield stability across different environments. Multilocational field trials involving 12 yellow/orange –fleshed sweet potato varieties were conducted at six different locations (altitude range from 495 and 1798 meters above sea level) in the southern highlands of Tanzania. A randomized complete block design was employed. Tuber yield and B-carotene content of the roots were determined at maturity. B-carotene concentration of the roots was analysed by high performance liquid chromatograph method. Results showed that genotype and environment influence d B-carotene concentration of sweet potato roots. Varieties 199024.1, SPK004, 101055 and Resisto produced high concentrations of B-carotene. These were 28.74, 28.30, 27.8 and 27.7ug/100g respectively. Out of these, varieties 199004.2 (b=0.89) and 101055(b=0.78) considered to have stable performance in terms of B-carotene and stable performance suggested wider adaptation. The B-carotene content in sweet potato roots showed no clear trends with increasing or decreasing altitude for most of the varieties tested. Yields were significantly different (P<0.05) among varieties and across sites. Varieties, Resisto 440443, SPNO, 102020.2, 199024.1 and Carot-Dar displaced near the center of AMMI biplot. These were considered stable in terms of yield performance, according to addictive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) biplot. Out of the varieties, varieties 440443 and 199024.1 had high yield and stability. These varieties were considered to have wider adaptation . Storage root yield and B-carotene showed low significant negative correlation ( r=-0.1092, P<0.05), while, yield and dry matter, B-carotene and dry matter content were none significantly correlated. This effect signified possibly of getting varieties that can combine these traits at high levels through conventional breeding. Further study was recommended to explore the nature of sweet potato B- carotene content variation with environments.
ENFERMEDAD ARTICULAR DEGENERATIVA Y CAMBIOS ENTESIALES EN SEIS COLECCIONES ÓSEAS PREHISPÁNICAS DEL NOROCCIDENTE DE AMÉRICA DEL SUR DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE AND ENTHESEAL CHANGES IN SIX PRE-COLUMBIAN SKELETAL COLLECTIONS FROM THE NORTHWEST OF SOUTH AMERICA

La enfermedad articular degenerativa (EAD) y los cambios entesiales (CE) fueron estudiados en seis colecciones óseas prehispánicas del noroeste de América del Sur con el objetivo de aportar al debate sobre las relaciones entre estos indicadores y la actividad física, así como al conocimiento sobre las condiciones de vida de los pueblos prehispánicos de la región. Se estudiaron tres series del altiplano central de Colombia (Soacha, Marín y Tunja-UPTC), dos series de Panamá (Panamá Viejo y Sitio Sierra) y una colección de la costa central peruana (Ancón 1). El uso de una metodología estandarizada permitió la comparación directa de frecuencias y perfiles de EAD y de CE. Se observó una importante variedad de perfiles y de frecuencias en las diferentes colecciones óseas, pero también algunas tendencias similares en colecciones de ambientes semejantes. Se observó una falta de correspondencia entre los resultados de la EAD y de los CE que podría indicar que, a pesar de que tienen una etiología multifactorial, podrían ser respuestas a diferentes tipos de actividad: una actividad repetitiva podría relacionarse más con la EAD, mientras que una actividad que incluya cargas pesadas podría relacionarse más con los CE. Palabras claves: actividad física, paleoepidemiología, osteoartritis, entesopatías, marcadores óseos de actividad, MSM, bioarqueología.
Effect of Storage Containers on Quality of Household Drinking Water in Urban Communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

The method of storage is essential in maintaining water purity and safety for drinking purposes. This study assessed the effect of various storage containers on household drinking water quality in a resource-limited setting. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Four communities using protected springs as household drinking water sources were purposively selected. Forty-four households were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups; namely Covered Buckets with Taps (CBT), Covered Buckets without Tap (CB), Covered Kegs with Taps (CKT) and Covered Kegs without Tap (CK). Physicochemical analysis and bacteriological analysis were carried out on the water samples before and after they were put in the containers. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 12. At baseline, mean pH values of water samples from the springs and RSC were 6.4±0.6 and 7.1±0.7 respectively which were above the recommended. Mean chloride concentration of springs (14.3±7.4mg/l) and RSC (19.3±10.0 mg/l) samples were below recommended. Mean Total Coliform Count (TCC) of the springs in the four communities was 18.0±4.0 and mean TCC of RSC was 12.7±4.9. Five percent of water samples from RSC had mean E.coli count of 100/100ml. The mean TCC after introducing CB, CBT, CK and CKT in all the communities were 10.0±4.0, 8.5±4.2, 6.9±2.8 and 7.3±3.7 respectively (p<0.05). The use of covered kegs without tap was best in reducing contaminants in drinking water. Education on appropriate household drinking water storage and handling practices is recommended.
Composición y diversidad vegetal de un área de matorral desértico micrófilo con historial pecuario en el noreste de México

espanolLas agrupaciones de matorral desertico ocupan la mayor parte de la extension de las regiones aridas de Mexico y son areas que comunmente se encuentran bajo constante presion antropogenica. Este estudio aborda la caracterizacion de la diversidad vegetal del matorral desertico microfilo en el noreste de Mexico. Para cumplir los objetivos se establecieron 25 sitios de muestreo de 10 x 10 (100 m²), donde se censaron los arbustos y arboles ≥0.5cm de diametro (d0.10), y se midio diametro de copa (dcopa). Se calcularon los parametros ecologicos de abundancia (Ar), dominancia (Dr), frecuencia (Fr), indice de valor de importancia (IVI), indice de Margalef (DMg), indice de Shannon (H') e indice de Pretzsch (A). Los resultados muestran a Gutierrezia microcephala como la especie mas abundante con 584 N/ha (33%), seguida de Prosopis glandulosa con 368 N/ha (21%); la especie que presento mayor valor de dominancia y frecuencia fue P. glandulosa con 1574 m²/ha, con presencia en 19 de los 25 sitios, lo cual incide en el IVI, siendo la especie que presenta el valor mas alto con 34.6%. Se obtuvo un valor de DMg = 2.29 para riqueza de especies y un indice de diversidad de H'=1.87. EnglishThe desert scrub vegetation covers most of the arid areas in northeast Mexico. These areas are under continuous human pressure. This study addresses the plant diversity characterization in a microphyll desert scrub vegetation of the northeast Mexico. A total of 25 sampling sites of 100 m² (10 x 10 m) where established. In the sampling plots all shrubs and trees with the following characteristics: ≥ 0.5cm in diameter (d0.10), and crown diameter (dcopa) were measured. Ecological parameters as abundance (Ar), dominance (Dr), frequency (Fr), and importance values index (IVI), Margalef index (DMG), Shannon (H') and Pretzsch indexes (A) were calculated. The results shown that Gutierrezia microcephala was the most abundant species with 584 N/ha (33%), followed by Prosopis glandulosa with 368 N/ha (21%); P. glandulosa was the species that showed the highest values in dominance and frequency with presence in 19 out of 25 sampling sites, which influences the IVI values of this species (34.6%). The estimated species richness and diversity for the areas were 2.29 and 1.87 respectively.
Intensificación de la producción en la agricultura orgánica: caso café

In the coastal region of Oaxaca, in the middle of the basin, is the coffee agroe-cosystem, where in addition to environmental services, coffee production is the basis of the rural economy, vulnerable to disasters associated with tropical storms and cyclones. For example, before Hurricane Paulina occurred from 12-15 quintals ha, 13 years after the meteor the coffee have a cover with 81% shade, 7000 kilos of litter has on the ground and an average yield of only 2.9 qq/ha. Soil leaching has led to soil degradation where the pH is 5.4, the C/N of 11.57 and available phosphorus of 17.68 mg kg. Therefore, in demonstration plots scheme is promoted: the restoration of soil biology, organic matter for soil remineralization incorporate nonmetallic secondary minerals, such as zeolites, dolomite and rock phosphate, is practiced inoculation microorganisms: Azotobacter and mycorrhizae, and the incorporation of compost and foliar fertilization.
Expressions of HIF-1α、VEGF and VEGFR2 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and their Clincical Significance

Objective To investigate the correlation between the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2)in human non-small cell lung cancer and their clinical significance.Methods The expression of HIF-1α、VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 50 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and 10 patients with benign lesion of lung.some clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed.Results Positive immunostaining rates of HIF-1α、VEGF and VEGFR2 were 58%、54% and 60% respectively.Being compared with the conrtol,the expression of HIF-1α、VEGF and VEGFR2 in lung cancer was significantly different(P0.01). The relation between those protein expression and the clinicopathologic character of NSCLC:no difference were discovered in the expression of these protein when the age 、gender and pathology type were considered(P0.05). But on the other hand,there were difference when the histological grade,clinical TNM stage and the lymph node status were considered(P0.05). In the result analysis by Spearman Test,the expression of HIF-1α shows significantly positive correlation with that of VEGF and VEGFR2(P0.01). Conclusion According to these data,we can speculate that HIF-1α、VEGF and VEGFR2 correlate significantly and play a key role in NSCLC occuring,development,metastatsis and prognosis,it will be benefit to clinical treatment of antiangiogenesis.
A model-based constraint on CO2 fertilisation

We derive a constraint on the strength of CO 2 fertilisation of the terrestrial biosphere through a “top-down” approach, calibrating Earth system model parameters constrained by the post-industrial increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration. We derive a probabilistic prediction for the globally averaged strength of CO 2 fertilisation in nature, for the period 1850 to 2000 AD, implicitly net of other limiting factors such as nutrient availability. The approach yields an estimate that is independent of CO 2 enrichment experiments. To achieve this, an essential requirement was the incorporation of a land use change (LUC) scheme into the GENIE Earth system model. Using output from a 671-member ensemble of transient GENIE simulations, we build an emulator of the change in atmospheric CO 2 concentration change since the preindustrial period. We use this emulator to sample the 28-dimensional input parameter space. A Bayesian calibration of the emulator output suggests that the increase in gross primary productivity (GPP) in response to a doubling of CO2 from preindustrial values is very likely (90 % confidence) to exceed 20 %, with a most likely value of 40– 60 %. It is important to note that we do not represent all of the possible contributing mechanisms to the terrestrial sink. The missing processes are subsumed into our calibration of CO2 fertilisation, which therefore represents the combined effect of CO2 fertilisation and additional missing processes. If the missing processes are a net sink then our estimate represents an upper bound. We derive calibrated estimates of carbon fluxes that are consistent with existing estimates. The present-day land–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated at −0.7 GTC yr−1 (likely, 66 % confidence, in the range 0.4 to −1.7 GTC yr−1). The present-day ocean–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated to be −2.3 GTC yr−1 (likely in the range−1.8 to−2.7 GTC yr−1). We estimate cumulative net land emissions over the post-industrial period (land use change emissions net of the CO 2 fertilisation and climate sinks) to be 66 GTC, likely to lie in the range 0 to 128 GTC.