Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Understanding Why Lookahead Generalizes Better Than SGD and Beyond (Supplementary File)

This supplementary document contains the technical proofs of convergence results and some additional experimental results of the NeurIPS’21 submission entitled “Towards Understanding Why Lookahead Generalizes Better Than SGD and Be-yond”. It is structured as follows. Appendix A ﬁrst discusses the limitations of this work. In Appendix B, we provides more experimental results and details, including the robustness investigation of SLRLA to regularization parameter. Next, Appendix C presents several auxiliary lemmas which will be used for subsequent analysis. Then Appendix D gives the proofs of the main results in Sec. 4, including Theorem 1 ∼ 4 and Corollary 1 which analyze optimization error, generalization error and excess risk error of vanilla lookahead algorithm. Finally, Appendix E provides the proofs of the results in Sec. 5, including Theorems 5 and 6 which analyze the optimization error, generalization error and excess risk error of the proposed SLRLA.
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)

Although the impact of Health IT and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) adoption and use has been investigated in acute-care settings, there is a lack of understanding about the application and efficacy of Health IT in the long-term and post-acute care (LTPAC) facilities. How do Health IT adoption and use affect the rapidly evolving LTPAC sector of the U
VAEP: An Objective Approach to Valuing On-the-Ball Actions in Soccer (Extended Abstract)

Despite the fact that objectively assessing the impact of the individual actions performed by soccer players during games is a crucial task, most traditional metrics have substantial shortcomings. First, many metrics only consider rare actions like shots and goals which account for less than 2% of all on-the-ball actions. Second, they fail to account for the context in which the actions occurred. This work summarizes several important contributions. First, we describe a language for representing individual player actions on the pitch. This language unifies several existing formats which greatly simplifies automated analysis and this language is becoming widely used in the soccer analytics community. Second, we describe our framework for valuing any type of player action based on its impact on the game outcome while accounting for the context in which the action happened. This framework enables giving a broad overview of a player's performance, including quantifying a player's total offensive and defensive contributions to their team. Third, we provide illustrative use cases that highlight the working and benefits of our framework.
Shoreline displacement and human resource utilization in the southern Baltic Basin coastal zone during the early Holocene: New insights from a submerged Mesolithic landscape in south-eastern Sweden

Along parts of the Hanö Bay coast in south-eastern Sweden, remains of a submerged landscape can be found down to depths of almost 25 m b.s.l. The coastal landscape was formed during two periods of lowered water levels in the Baltic Basin: the Yoldia Sea and the Initial Littorina Sea stages. In order to reconstruct the local environment and shoreline displacement during the Yoldia Sea and Ancylus Lake stages, sediment sequences were obtained at 4.5, 17.5 and 18.7 m b.s.l. Detailed bathymetric mapping was based on multi-beam echo-sounding while surveillance and sampling of tree remains and archaeological findings were performed through diving. The Yoldia Sea low-stand reached its minimum level at 24–25 m b.s.l. just before 10,800 cal. BP. During the subsequent Ancylus transgression, a slow-flowing river passed through the area, accumulating thick deposits of fine-grained organic sediments in lagoonal basins. The river was surrounded by open woodland dominated by pine. Based on successive flooding of rooted tree stumps, the transgression rate was estimated at 4 cm·yr−1, until the Ancylus high-stand was reached at 5 m b.s.l. at 10,400–10,300 cal. BP. Findings of worked aurochs and beaver bones provide evidence of human presence in the landscape and show the importance of terrestrial resources for their subsistence. These integrated palaeoecological and archaeological investigations demonstrate the importance of submerged landscapes with well-preserved sediment, wood and bone material for our understanding of southern Baltic coastal landscapes and their inhabitants during the Early Mesolithic.
Time-frequency analysis of UHF and VHF profiler observed winds over the central equatorial Pacific

Much of the precipitation over the equatorial Pacific is organize by atmospheric waves, but there are few detailed observations of the vertical structure of these waves (e.g. Takayabu 1994; Wheeler and Kiladis 1999). This study using three to seven years of wind observations from collocated UHF and VHF wind profilers in the central equatorial Pacific documents some of the dominant waves/ oscillations including mixed Rossby gravity waves, and the Quasi Biennial Oscillation, and their vertical structures. This paper begins with a comparison of the UHF and VHF wind profiler observations. This is followed by a time-frequency analysis of meridional winds with a study of mixed Rossby gravity waves and of vertical winds with a study of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO).
Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic abnormal thermal event constrained by zircon fission track dating and vitrinite reflectance in Xishan coalfield, Qinshui Basin, central North China

Xishan coalfield, Shanxi, is located in the northwest of the Qinshui Basin, central North China. It is notable for its varieties of coal rank ranging from high volatile bituminous coals to anthracite as well as having abundant coalbed methane resources. Zircon fission track (ZFT) analyses were carried out on the zircons in 2 Upper Carboniferous and 5 Lower‐Middle Permian sandstones, and vitrinite reflectance of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian coals were measured to determine the timing of thermal events and maximum paleo‐temperatures, which were responsible for coal maturation and coalbed methane generation. Maximum paleo‐temperatures calculated from vitrinite reflectance values reached to about 232 and 223 °C in Late Carboniferous and Early Permian coals, respectively, and the estimated paleo‐temperature gradient was 11.84 °C/100 m, representing an intensive abnormal thermal event. Results of the ZFT dating indicated that 5 samples failed the χ2‐test and 2 samples passed the test. The decomposition results of the 5 samples divided their age populations into 3 periods: (a) older ages (537, 584, and 802 Ma) than sandstones ages, (b) close to or slightly older than their depositional ages (289, 301, and 331 Ma), and (c) younger than the depositional ages (181–215). The 2 samples that passed χ2‐test yield the central ages of 168 ± 7 Ma and 190 ± 8 Ma, respectively, younger than the deposition age. The close to or older ages than the sandstones depositional ages represent the tectonothermal events occurring in their source areas; the younger ages indicate the existence of the postdepositional tectonothermal event. The agreement of the partly annealing temperature zone (210–300 °C) of zircon fission tracks with the calculated maximum paleo‐temperatures from vitrinite reflectance suggests a Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic abnormal thermal event with the formation time of the present coal rank being 181–215 Ma, rather than a unique intrusion at 95–135 Ma on the western margin of coalfield as previously believed. Combined with other ZFT ages regionally, this abnormal event also occurred in the southern as well as the northern parts of the Qinshui Basin. The Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic intensive extension in the North China Craton is the geodynamic setting of this tectonothermal event.
Seismic shaking in the North China Basin expected from ruptures of a possible seismic gap

A 160 km long seismic gap, which has not been ruptured over ~8000 years, was identified recently in North China. In this study, we use a dynamic source model and a newly available high‐resolution 3‐D velocity structure to simulate long‐period ground motion (up to 0.5 Hz) from possibly worst case rupture scenarios of the seismic gap. We find that the characteristics of the earthquake source and the local geologic structure play a critical role in controlling the amplitude and distribution of the simulated strong ground shaking. Rupture directivity and slip asperities can result in large‐amplitude (i.e., >1 m/s) ground shaking near the fault, whereas long‐duration shaking may occur within sedimentary basins. In particular, a deep and closed Quaternary basin between Beijing and Tianjin can lead to ground shaking of several tens of cm/s for more than 1 min. These results may provide a sound basis for seismic mitigation in one of the most populated regions in the world.
Fencing and Forest Conservation: Attitudes of Local People Living Adjacent to Eastern Slopes of Mount Kenya

This study was carried out to assess local people attitudes on fencing and conservation management of Mount Kenya Forest. A random sampling technique was used in administering semi structured questionnaires to 100 households living adjacent to the forest. Secondary sources and key informants provided additional information through interviews. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and creation of themes. From the findings 57% of the respondents were male and 43% were female. Age distribution revealed that 6% of the respondents were between the ages of 21-30 years; 30% between the ages of 31-40 years; 24% between the ages of 41-50 years; 19% were aged 60 and above. The results showed that local communities are deriving myriad benefits from the forest which include; fuel wood, timber, honey, fruits, medicinal plants and water for community irrigation projects. Findings shows that seventy six percent (76%) of the respondents’ supported forest conservation while 24% supported de-gazettement of forest to create farmlands. Fence installation has led to reduced cases of crop and destruction of property and death/injury of livestock. The results further revealed that forest illegal activities have significantly declined, citing few cases of illegal harvesting of hardwood trees. Trust relationships between the local communities and other stakeholders participating in forest conservation and management activities have also been enhanced. It is recommended that to improve local communities’ attitude towards conservation there is need to increase the flow of both direct and indirect benefits to the local communities thus creating strong partnerships for effective conservation and management of the forest.
Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy

The high prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in women of fertile age poses an extra challenge in the management of this chronic neurological disease (Ghezzi and Zaffaroni 2008). The recently studied increasing incidence of MS in Europe (Koutsouraki et al. 2010), with a higher female:male ratio (Bentzen et al. 2010) reinforce the importance of updated knowledge in the subject of pregnancy in women with MS. For several decades, these women were discouraged from having children, until knowledge accumulated following the work by Confavreux et al (1998) showed otherwise. In fact, the gestational period has a beneficial role on the MS relapse rate without affecting the long-term progress of the disease (Bennet 2005). It has even been proposed that pregnancy might have a favourable effect of MS in the long term (D’hooghe et al. 2009). This chapter summarises the data in the literature on MS and pregnancy, discussing the effects of one condition on the other, and the reproductive risks for both mother and child. It is important to highlight that some symptoms of MS may determine different approaches to particular problems. For example, spasticity of lower limbs may affect normal delivery and require caesarean intervention, and urinary incontinence may lead to higher use of antibiotics due to frequent bladder infections. Hormones in Pregnancy and MS The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy induce a physiological shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response, reflecting a favourable profile of anti-inflammatory cytokines (Devonshire et al. 2003). This shift may, at least in part, be the reason for the reduced relapse rate observed during pregnancy (Confavreux et al. 1998). Oestrogen induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in monocytederived dendritic cells (DCs), thereby limiting T-cell proliferation and cytokine production (Zhu et al. 2007; Kahler et al. 2009). The foetal-placental unit produces oestriol, a type of oestrogen that is probably responsible for part of the relative immunosuppressive state of pregnancy. Ultimately, the oestrogenic profile of pregnancy may be favourable to a period of fewer relapses and less inflammation. Alpha-fetoprotein, an oncofoetal glycoprotein, is another substance typical of pregnancy. The suppressive effect of alpha-fetoprotein on T cells was described over three decades ago (Murgita et al. 1978; Stahn 1978), without changes in the total number of these cells (Birk et al. 1990). Animal studies have shown that T cells from alpha-fetoprotein treated mice had significantly reduced activity towards the encephalitogenic peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) (Irony-TurSinai et al. 2006). The same study showed that alpha-fetoprotein also inhibited MOGspecific antibody production, as well as the expression of CD11b, MHC class II and the chemokine receptor CCR5. Recombinant human alpha-foetoprotein is now being considered as a possible treatment for autoimmune diseases, due to its induced changes
Agent Based Modelling and Simulation of the Immune System : a Review

Computer simulations play an important role as a tool for predicting and understanding the behaviour of complex systems. The immune system is one such system, and it is feasible to expect that a well tuned model can provide qualitatively similar behaviour. Such models can have several applications, among which is its use as a virtual test bench in the first stages of drug testing. Most of the existing models are developed using a formal approach based on differential equations, which yields average behaviour and results for the total cellular population. This approach is not very intuitive, and though well formalized, can stray from biologic significance. In this paper we focus on cellular automata (CA) and agent-based models, that although poorly formalized, are more flexible and offer modelling possibilities close to biologic reality. We review and compare several models, discuss their methodologies and assumptions, and how these map on to plausible simulations. Finally we suggest a model based on those we consider the aspects of greater potential of the discussed solutions. [1]
Online quality assessment of human motion from skeleton data

We propose a general method for online estimation of the quality of movements from Kinect skeleton data. A statistical model of normal movement is built from observations of healthy subjects, and the level of matching of new observations with this model is computed on a frame-by-frame basis following Markovian assumptions. A robust non-linear manifold learning technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the noisy skeleton data. The proposed method is validated on the assessment of gait on stairs.
Title : SBA engineering principles comprehensively exploiting HCI and contextual knowledge

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement n° 215483 (S-Cube). Identifier: Deliverable # CD-JRA-1.1. 6 Management Summary In this deliverable, we present the research that has been performed in the last year around the S-Cube life-cycle and some related service engineering aspects. Some of the presented contributions validate and extend the S-Cube life-cycle and integrate it with new knowledge about user tasks, inherited from the HCI literature, and context. A special attention is also posed to the problem of service evolution. The various facets of this evolution are considered and a formal framework that allows a definition of service compatibility is provided. A formal framework is also used as the basis for an approach that supports the design and runtime self-adaptation of SBAs. As one of the main goals of industry is to reuse their assets in order not to lose their investments, an important issue for the practical adoption of SBAs is to understand how migration from traditional to SBA systems can be achieved. In this deliverable we present a first step toward a systematization of this field.
Data-Driven Safety-Critical Control: Synthesizing Control Barrier Functions With Koopman Operators

Control barrier functions (CBFs) are a powerful tool to guarantee safety of autonomous systems, yet they rely on the computation of control invariant sets, which is notoriously difficult. A backup strategy employs an implicit control invariant set computed by forward integrating the system dynamics. However, this integration is prohibitively expensive for high dimensional systems, and inaccurate in the presence of unmodelled dynamics. We propose to learn discrete-time Koopman operators of the closed-loop dynamics under a backup strategy. This approach replaces forward integration by a simple matrix multiplication, which can mostly be computed offline. We also derive an error bound on the unmodeled dynamics in order to robustify the CBF controller. Our approach extends to multi-agent systems, and we demonstrate the method on collision avoidance for wheeled robots and quadrotors.
And Business

In this paper, I investigate the output composition of monetary policy transmission mechanism in Japan. It is usually thought that the investment channel, namely the process that a change in interest rate alters the cost of capital and therefore investment, is more predominant in Japan. Yet, in the United States, it is commonly argued that the consumption channel through intertemporal substitution is more prevalent than the investment channel. The aim of this paper is twofold; 1) to understand which of the two channels; the consumption channel and the investment channel, is more significantly predominant in the monetary transmission mechanism of Japan based on the analysis with VAR and DSGE models, and 2) to contribute the research concerning the ”Output Composition Puzzle” advocated by Angeloni, Kashyap, Mojon and Terlizzese (2002) for the fact that the consumption channel is more prevalent in the United States but in Euro area investment channel is the predominant driver of output changes. The results obtained from the Japanese models are consistent with our intuitive conclusion that the investment channel is more important. JEL Classification: C33; E50.
A Threat Tree for Health Information Security and Privacy

This paper begins a process of organizing knowledge of health information security threats into a comprehensive catalog. We begin by describing our risk management perspective of health information security, and then use this perspective to motivate the development of a health information threat tree. We describe examples of three threats, breaking each down into its key risk-related data attributes: threat source and action, the health information asset and its vulnerability, and potential controls. The construction of such a threat catalog is argued to be useful for risk assessment and to inform public health care policy. As no threat catalog is ever complete, guidance for extending the health information security threat tree is given.
Aerial Surveys of Beluga Whales in Cook Inlet, Alaska, Between June 2001 and June 2002

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) conducted aerial surveys of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) population in Cook Inlet, Alaska, almost monthly between June 2001 and June 2002. The surveys were flown in a twin-engine, high-wing aircraft at an altitude of 244 m (800 ft) and speed of 185 km/hour (100 kt). Tracklines were approximately 1.4 km offshore, and systematic transects were made across the inlet, covering much of upper Cook Inlet. These methods were consistent with NMFS= abundance surveys conducted each June or July since 1993, except that only in June were there multiple surveys (repeat samplings) within a block of days. During the 200102 monthly surveys, aerial counts of belugas (median counts when more than one observer was counting) generally stayed high from June through October (n = 211 in June, 39 and 152 in July, 205 in August, 185 in September, 162 in October, respectively), but counts dropped from November to April (n = 24 in November, 15 in January, 0 in February, 18 in April, respectively) before rising again the following June (n = 192). Low counts in winter were probably due to ice in the inlet, making it hard to see the white whales. This study provides evidence of the presence of belugas in upper Cook Inlet in nearly every month of the year, but it is not clear what proportion of the population remains in the upper inlet year-round.
Isochron‐burial dating of glaciofluvial deposits: First results from the Swiss Alps

In this study, we use isochron‐burial dating to date the Swiss Deckenschotter, the oldest Quaternary deposits of the northern Alpine Foreland. Concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in individual clasts from a single stratigraphic horizon can be used to calculate an isochron‐burial age based on an assumed initial ratio and the measured 26Al/10Be ratio. We suggest that, owing to deep and repeated glacial erosion, the initial isochron ratio of glacial landscapes at the time of burial varies between 6.75 and 8.4. Analysis of 22 clasts of different lithology, shape, and size from one 0.5 m thick gravel bed at Siglistorf (Canton Aargau) indicates low nuclide concentrations: <20 000 10Be atoms/g and <150 000 26Al atoms/g. Using an 26Al/10Be ratio of 7.6 (arithmetical mean of 6.75 and 8.4), we calculate a mean isochron‐burial age of 1.5 ± 0.2 Ma. This age points to an average bedrock incision rate between 0.13 and 0.17 mm/a. Age data from the Irchel, Stadlerberg, and Siglistorf sites show that the Higher Swiss Deckenschotter was deposited between 2.5 and 1.3 Ma. Our results indicate that isochron‐burial dating can be successfully applied to glaciofluvial sediments despite very low cosmogenic nuclide concentrations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DODR : Delay On-Demand Routing

(transmission control protocol) congestion control mechanism is triggered into action when packet loss is detected. This implicit assumption for packet loss mostly due to network congestion does not work well in Mobile Ad Hoc Network, where there is a comparatively high likelihood of packet loss due to channel errors and node mobility etc. Such non-congestion packet loss, when dealt with by congestion control mechanism, causes poor TCP performance in MANET. In this study, we continue to investigate the impact of the interaction between transport protocols and on-demand routing protocols on the performance and stability of 802.11 multihop networks. We evaluate the important wireless networking events caused routing change, and propose a cross layer method to delay the unnecessary routing changes, only need to add a sensitivity parameter α , which represents the on-demand routing's reaction to link failure of MAC layer. Our proposal is applicable to the plain 802.11 networking environment, the simulation results that this method can remarkably improve the stability and performance of TCP without any modification on TCP and MAC protocol.