Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biopyribole evolution during tremolite synthesis from dolomite and quartz in CO 2H 2 O ß uid

A series of experiments with and without sample retreatment was performed on a starting mixture of dolomite plus quartz at 0.5 GPa and 600 °C in a CO2-H2O ß uid with a mole fraction of CO2 of 0.2 for durations up to 582 h. The initial reaction of dolomite and quartz led to rapid formation of talc and calcite instead of tremolite and calcite by the intended reaction: 5 dolomite + 8 quartz + H2O = tremolite + 3 calcite + 7 CO2. With continued treatment, the talc + calcite + quartz assemblage gradually reacts to form increasing amounts of tremolite and diopside with the eventual loss of quartz and nearly complete loss of talc. The detailed structure of the amphibole and the nature of the Mg enrichment were revealed using AEM analysis of individual amphibole crystals. The most abundant defects are triple-chain chain multiplicity faults (CMFs), which appear as isolated lamellae with single periodicity in short-duration experiments and increasingly as groups of lamellae with variable multiplicity and periodicity in longer duration experiments and especially in a long-duration experiment without retreatment. In this latter experiment, a calcian clinojimthompsonite domain extending 15 unit cells along the b axis was observed. The sample after 582 h and Þ ve retreatments shows, on average, 3.5% true solid solution with Mg expressed as the Mg-cummingtonite (MC) component after correction for the presence of CMFs. This sample is thought to most closely approach the equilibrium composition for the amphibole. The sample after 250 h with three retreatments has about 10%, whereas that after 582 h without retreatment has 0.6% MC component, the latter having a relatively high density of CMFs. This study afÞ rms the importance that precursor non-amphibole biopyriboles play in the formation of tremolitic amphibole.
Measuring User Perception for Detecting Unexpected Access to Sensitive Resource in Mobile Apps

Understanding users' perception of app behaviors is an important step to detect data access that violates user expectations. While existing works have used various proxies to infer user expectations (e.g., by analyzing app descriptions), how real-world users perceive an app's data access when they interact with graphical user interfaces (UI) has not been fully explored. In this paper, we aimed to fill this gap by directly measuring how end-users perceive app behaviors based on graphical UI elements via extensive user studies. The results are used to build an automated tool - GUIBAT (Graphical User Interface Behavioral Analysis Tool) - that detects sensitive resource accesses that violate user expectations. We conducted three user studies in total (N=904). The first two user studies were used to build a semantic mapping between user expectations of sensitive resource accesses and the common graphical UI elements (N=459). The third user study (N=445) was used to validate the performance of GUIBAT in predicting user expectations. By comparing user expectations and the actual app behavior (inferred by static program analysis) for 47,909 Android apps, we found that 75.38% of the apps have at least one unexpected sensitive resource access in which third-party libraries attributed to 46.13%. Our analysis lays a concrete foundation for modeling user expectations based on UI elements. We show the urgent need for more transparent UI designs to better inform users of data access, and call for new tools to support app developers in this endeavor.
Accurate measurements of residual topography from the oceanic realm

In the oceans, our understanding of plate subsidence as a function of age permits residual depth anomalies to be identified and mapped. These anomalies may reflect dynamic topography and could be an important means for constraining convective circulation of the sublithospheric mantle. Here we analyze a global database of seismic reflection and wide‐angle profiles from heavily sedimented oceanic crust, which abuts continental lithosphere. At 449 locations, we calculated water‐loaded subsidence, compared it with a reference age‐depth relationship, and determined residual depth. We then combined these spot measurements of residual depth with observations from mid‐oceanic ridges and from selected ship track bathymetry to construct a global map of residual depth. Our results suggest that the amplitude of residual depth varies by up to ±1 km with wavelengths of order 103 km. We compare our residual depths with free‐air gravity and seismic tomographic anomalies. Our results show that residual depths correlate with long‐wavelength gravity anomalies. In contrast, correlations between residual depths and vertically averaged shear velocity anomalies within the upper and/or the lower mantle are weaker. The largest discrepancies occur at short (∼1000 km) wavelengths. These combined observations suggest that residual depth anomalies could be generate by density variations within a thin (∼102 km) low‐viscosity layer beneath the lithosphere. Our global compilation should play a significant role in helping to refine predictive geodynamical models.
ENERGISING ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING: IMPROVING LEARNING BY FLIPPING THE CLASSROOM AND GOING ONLINE

In 2014, the Electronics Engineering study programme at Aarhus University School of Engineering in Herning was threatened with closure due to a continuous decline in student intake. Consequently, the programme management decided in 2014 to completely rethink the programme. This paper presents how this closure-threatened study programme at Aarhus University (AU) was ‘energised’ by flipping the teaching practice to an online format in 2015, improving the learning for face-to-face students and increasing intake. The background, development process, learning design and impact are presented as well as the lessons learnt. The paper concludes that it is indeed possible to ‘energise’ the programme and at the same time improve learning for face-to-face students.
Does Exposure to Psychosocial Adversity Enhance Deception Detection Ability?

People who grow up under stressful conditions tend to score lower on conventional assessments of cognitive abilities. They might, however, develop enhanced mental skills and abilities for solving problems that are more ecologically relevant to them. We present 2 studies examining whether psychosocial adversity (i.e., exposure to neighborhood violence and to harsh parenting) enhances the ability to detect deception. Our results, based on Signal Detection and Bayesian analyses, are mixed. In Study 1, we find no support for our hypothesis that exposure to psychosocial adversity enhances deception detection ability. In Study 2, we do find that only harsher parenting predicts greater accuracy. This evidence is either weak or strong, depending on whether we compare our hypothesis to the null hypothesis or an impairment model, respectively. In both studies, we find no relationship between neighborhood violence and accuracy. Although the implications of our findings are modest, we hope they will encourage future research focused on the skills and abilities of people who develop in harsh environments.
Regional Integration and Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in Africa: 2000-2014

In this paper, we examined how regional integration affected cross-border M&A in Africa for the period 2000 to 2014 using a structural gravity model. We found that customs unions in Africa, specifically Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and the East African Community (EAC) are significant drivers of M&A by firms from within the unions but not those from outside, perhaps due to their relatively small size. This finding suggests that the depth of regional integration determines intra-regional M&A flows in Africa. Findings from this paper suggest that African governments need to strengthen the existing regional integration arrangements, as the case of SACU and EAC indicates, to benefit from intra-African cross-border M&A flows.
The nebular spectra of the Type Ia supernova 1991bg: further evidence of a non-standard explosion

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) come in a large range of luminosities, as determined mostly by the amount of 56Ni produced in the explosion. Nevertheless, they can be normalized and used as standard candles, which suggests that they share a similar origin. The thermonuclear explosion of a Chandrasekhar-mass (MCh) white dwarf accreting mass from a main sequence or red giant companion (the single degenerate scenario) is a favourite configuration, but the presence of SNe Ia that result from the merging of two white dwarfs of total mass exceeding MCh is supported by rate studies. SNe of the spectroscopically peculiar 1991bg class are the least luminous SNe Ia. They produce ∼0.1 M⊙ of 56Ni, which is difficult to reconcile with hydrodynamic explosion models. Here, the properties of the inner ejecta of SN 1991bg are investigated by means of synthetic nebular spectroscopy. In order to reproduce the transformation of the spectra from broader, [Fe ii]+[Fe iii] lines at day ∼120 to narrow, [Fe iii] lines at day ≳210, the innermost region must deviate significantly in density from the prediction of MCh models. In particular, a substantially lower density is required in the innermost ≈3000 km s−1 in order to provide the needed increase of ionization with time. This leads to a mass deficit of ∼0.15 M⊙ in the region inside ≈3000 km s−1 with respect to MCh models, and points to a different type of explosion. Early-time studies require a low explosion kinetic energy and lack of burning products in the outer layers. When combined with the results from this paper, the merger scenario may be a viable candidate for 1991bg-like SNe.
The Farmer, the Blue-Collar, and the Monk: Understanding Economic Development Through Saturations of Demands and Non-Homothetic Productivity Gains

To explain the process of development historically documented, we consider a model with three economic sectors (agriculture, manufacturing and services) characterized by different productivity gains and by saturation levels in the demands of agricultural and manufactured goods. Our parsimonious model captures within a single framework the process of development which is characterized by the structural changes in the workforce across sectors, variable growth rates (an initial “Malthusian regime” exhibiting slow growth, a fast growth regime after a takeoff, and a gradual slow down leading to a possible new stagnation) and the relative evolutions of prices across sectors. Reasonable calibration generates results quantitatively close to the observed empirical facts.
Length difference of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes generates differential cytotoxic responses

Carbon nanotubes have recently been rated as an effective biomaterial owing to their functionalization ability. However, the safety of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has yet to be clearly understood. To investigate how cells differentially react to minor geometric differences, we prepared well‐dispersed and stable long and short MWCNTs showing an approximately 100‐nm length difference in an in vitro system. Through an optimal combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) biosurfactants and ultrasonication, we first confirmed that the MWCNTs were maintained without aggregation throughout the experiments. Internalized MWCNTs in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were then quantified in a label‐free manner using coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering, followed by an analysis of their localization via two‐photon excitation fluorescence. Intracellular MWCNTs were found to primarily localize in mitochondria with abnormal morphologies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which was found to result from early stages of oxidative stress that consequently lead to cell death, was then proved via decreasing mitochondrial membrane potentials, with short MWCNTs showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than long MWCNTs. Our results suggest that even small length differences of MWCNTs may lead to differential responses in cells.
Sustained Abdominal Aorta Compression Elevates Coronary Perfusion Pressure after Asphyxia-Induced Cardiac Arrest in a Rabbit Model

Objective To investigate whether sustained abdominal aorta compression (SAAC) can improve coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and improve resuscitation outcomes without causing liver laceration. Design and Setting Animal study. Methods Cardiac arrest was induced by asphyxia in 28 New Zealand rabbits and maintained for 2 minutes before resuscitation. Animals were resuscitated using either standard CPR (STD-CPR group) or standard CPR and SAAC (SAAC-CPR group). Restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), restoration of spontaneous breathing (ROSB) and cerebral performance category score were determined. CPP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ROSC were compared in the two groups. Results MAP and CPP in the SAAC-CPR group were significantly higher than in the STD-CPR group. However, MAP and blood gas results showed no significant difference between the two groups during ROSC. ROSC was achieved in seven of fourteen animals in the STD-CPR group and in eleven of fourteen animals in the SAAC-CPR group. Five animals in the STD-CPR group and nine in the SAAC-CPR group survived 24 hours after ROSC. No liver injury occurred in the two groups. Conclusions SAAC-CPR produces an increased CPP and MAP than traditional CPR and it does not lead to liver laceration/injury.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation on Multiple Injector Concepts at Different Swirl Ratios in a Heavy Duty Engine

Numerical studies investigated how multiple injectors can reduce the high heat losses associated with swirl, as a further attempt to enhance thermal efficiencies of high-pressure combustion engines. Computational fluid dynamics simulations employed the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes approach for one, two- and three injector configurations. High and medium load conditions were simulated at different swirl ratios. In general, an increased swirl ratio reduced engine efficiency. However, for all swirl ratios, three injectors provided higher efficiency. Two injectors decreased the heat losses for all swirl ratios, and injection against the swirl with multiple injectors provided high efficiencies. In combination with a waste heat recovery system, the two-injector case delivered an efficiency increase of 2.2%-points for the medium load case. Three injectors delivered high efficiencies at all swirl ratios as an effect of a high flow rate and low heat losses. The multiple injector configurations evaluated in this study proved non-beneficial for the high load case. Spray-to-spray interactions lowered the combustion — and indicated efficiencies. However, the three injector case showed potential for delivering high indicated efficiency, from an increased flow rate, at high loads.
A Single-Cell Atlas of Liver Metastases of Colorectal Cancer Reveals the Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment in Response to Preoperative Chemotherapy

Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. How to improve therapeutic options for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) is the core question for CRC treatment. However, the complexity and diversity of stromal context of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in liver metastases of CRC is not fully understood, and its influence on response to chemotherapy is unclear. Here we provide an in-depth analysis of transcriptional landscape of primary CRC, matched liver metastases and blood at single-cell resolution, and perform a systematic examination of transcriptional changes and phenotypic alteration of the TME in response to preoperative chemotherapy (PC). Based on 111,292 single-cell transcriptomes, our study reveal that TME of treatment-naïve tumors is characterized by higher abundance of less-activated B cells and higher heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). By contrast, in tumors treated with preoperative chemotherapy, we find reprogramming of B cell activation, lower diversity of TAMs with immature and less activated phenotype, lower abundance of both dysfunctional T cells and ECM-remodeling cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), an accumulation of myofibroblast. Our study may provide a foundation to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying liver metastasis of CRC and response to preoperative chemotherapy, and open up new possibilities for predicting and guiding therapeutic responsiveness.
The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Sleep Problems among Adolescent Students: Mediation by Depression or Anxiety

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known to be closely related to depression, anxiety and sleep problems. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents with ACEs have sleep problems regardless of depression or anxiety or under a mediating effect from depression or anxiety. Therefore, our aim was to examine whether depression or anxiety mediates the relationship between ACEs and sleep problems in adolescents by using a community sample. The Early Trauma Inventory Self Report–Short Form (ETISR-SF) and List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire (LTE-Q) were used to assess traumatic ACEs. Ultimately, data from 737 students (M = 448, F = 289, 15.1 ± 1.4 years old) were included in the statistical analysis. A total of 576 (78.1%) participants reported that they had experienced one or more ACEs. Adolescents with ACEs had higher levels of depression, anxiety and sleep problems than did adolescents without ACEs, and boys tended to experience more trauma than girls. Depression and anxiety partially mediated the relationship between ACEs and sleep problems. The results of this study suggest the need for depression and anxiety interventions for adolescents with ACEs to reduce the long-term consequences, including sleep problems and physical health problems.
Participation of New Editors after Times of Shock on Wikipedia

User participation is vital to the success of collaborative crowdsourcing platforms such as Wikipedia. Previously user participation has been studied during “normal times”. However, less is known about participation following shocks that draw attention to an article. Such events can be recruiting opportunities due to increased attention; but can also pose a threat to the quality and control of the article and drive away newcomers. We study the collaborative dynamics of Wikipedia articles after times corresponding to shocks generated by drastic increases in attention as indicated by data from Google trends. We find that participation following such events is indeed different from participation during normal times–both newcomers and incumbents participate at higher rates during shocks. We also identify collaboration dynamics that mediate the effects of shocks on continued participation after the shock. The impact of shocks on participation is mediated by the amount of negative feedback given to newcomers in the form of reverted edits and the amount of coordination editors engage in through edits of the article’s talk page.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) A Multi-Model Study of Energy Supply Investments in Latin America under Climate Control Policy Energy

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Evidence and clinical trials in Endourology: where are we going.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an ongoing explosion in the amount and quality, of research in the field of Endourology. From a solid basis of systematic reviews and small, single centre trials it has been possible to design large randomised controlled trials in the UK and in the USA. This review will describe some of the more recent trials (small and large) that are helping to provide a solid evidence base for our practice in Endourology. ONGOING STUDIES Randomised controlled trial (RCTs) include: The Therapeutic Interventions for Stones in the Ureter (TISU), the Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, flexible Ureterorenoscopy and extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy for lower pole kidney stones (PURE RCTs) and the Prevention of Urinary Stones with Hydration (PUSH). Quality of life (QoL) measures and studies include: the Wisconsin Stone QoL Questionnaire, the Cambridge Renal Stone PROM, the Cambridge Ureteral Stone PROM, the Urinary stone and Intervention QoL questionnaire and the Study to Enhance Understanding of sTent-associated Symptoms (STENTS). The Core Outcome Set in Trials on treatments for Renal and UreteriC sTones (COSTRUCT) study aims to define a core outcome set to be used in future trials. SUMMARY On-going studies will provide higher quality evidence on the treatment of ureteric and renal stones to inform treatment decision making and guideline recommendations. They will also guide decisions relating to prevention and recurrence and give insight into the true impact of urinary stones and endourological interventions on patients' quality of life. Future studies will incorporate big data and artificial intelligence.
Inflammation-Induced Protein Unfolding in Airway Smooth Muscle Triggers a Homeostatic Response in Mitochondria

The effects of airway inflammation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In this review article, we will provide a unifying hypothesis for a homeostatic response to airway inflammation that mitigates oxidative stress and thereby provides resilience to ASM. Previous studies have shown that acute exposure to TNFα increases ASM force generation in response to muscarinic stimulation (hyper-reactivity) resulting in increased ATP consumption and increased tension cost. To meet this increased energetic demand, mitochondrial O2 consumption and oxidative phosphorylation increases but at the cost of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (oxidative stress). TNFα-induced oxidative stress results in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of ASM. In the ER, TNFα selectively phosphorylates inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (pIRE1α) triggering downstream splicing of the transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s); thus, activating the pIRE1α/XBP1s ER stress pathway. Protein unfolding in mitochondria also triggers an unfolded protein response (mtUPR). In our conceptual framework, we hypothesize that activation of these pathways is homeostatically directed towards mitochondrial remodeling via an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) expression, which in turn triggers: (1) mitochondrial fragmentation (increased dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) and reduced mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) expression) and mitophagy (activation of the Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin mitophagy pathway) to improve mitochondrial quality; (2) reduced Mfn2 also results in a disruption of mitochondrial tethering to the ER and reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx; and (3) mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mitochondrial volume density. The homeostatic remodeling of mitochondria results in more efficient O2 consumption and oxidative phosphorylation and reduced ROS formation by individual mitochondrion, while still meeting the increased ATP demand. Thus, the energetic load of hyper-reactivity is shared across the mitochondrial pool within ASM cells.