Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships and Generic Concepts within Styphelieae (Epacridaceae)

A morphological data base of 30 characters has been assembled for 33 terminal taxa in the tribe Styphelieae sensu Powell et al. (1996), as well as four outgroup taxa representing the other major affinity groups previously identified within the Epacridaceae on morphological and molecular data. Heuristic and bootstrap analyses provided strong support for the tribe, but indicated a need to modify several long-established generic concepts. Four genera are shown here to be polyphyletic. Six new monotypic genera should be segregated from Astroloma. Brachyloma should be divided into three segregates. Two distinct affinity groups warranting generic status were identified within Cyathodes. The separation of the monotypic Western Australian genus, Croninia, from Leucopogon s.l. is supported, and four other separate entities are here recognised: four species from section Heteranthus Benth. should be united with Lissanthe, and the other three segregates warrant generic status. In addition, Monotoca is paraphyletic, and should be redefined to incorporate Oligarrhena, while a new genus, ‘Pseudactinia’, is required to accommodate two new species from Western Australia. There seems little justification for maintaining the distinction between Trochocarpa and Decatoca. The pattern of intergeneric relationships resolved suggests that Astroloma s.l. , Coleanthera, Conostephium, Croninia, Melichrus, Styphelia and much of Leucopogon s.l. constitute an affinity group, and that Brachyloma s. str. and B. scortechinii are basal within the tribe, but there is only weak support for these aspects of the topology within the data.
Fingerprinting and assessment of genetic variability of Varroa destructor in Egypt

Summary This study describes the use of eleven Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to determine the genetic variability of Varroa destructor mites in Egypt. Mites from ten different Egyptian localities were included in this study. The results indicated that 133 bands were amplified, out of a total of 923. Of these amplified bands, 95 were polymorphic (71.4%) and 38 were monomorphic (28.6%). In addition, 37 specific positive RAPD markers for V. destructor in Egypt were identified. This is the first molecular genetic study carried out with V. destructor in Egypt. The markers obtained in the present study might have potential applications mite control for the beekeeping industry in Egypt. Further detailed investigations at DNA sequence level are needed to obtain complete and accurate identification of V. destructor in Egypt.
Temperate Maize Inbreds Derived from Tropical Germplasm: I. Testcross Yield Trials

Tropical maize (Zea mays L.) has been suggested as a germplasm source to improve yield and disease resistance for U.S. breeding programs. Our objective was to compare the performance of testcrosses between tropical-derived lines and an elite U.S. tester with the performance of adapted commercial hybrids. A group of 190 lines was derived from seven tropical commercial hybrids and intercrosses among them using two cycles of pedigree selection for adaptation to North Carolina. Ear-to-row sib-mating and selfing were used to develop the lines. Visual selection of each generation concentrated on silk-tassel synchrony, earliness, standability, lower ear height, and ear quality. No selection for combining ability was made during line development. Lines were topcrossed onto the public U.S. single cross B73Ht/Mo17Ht. Testcrosses were evaluated in yield trials at three locations during 2 yr. Among 190 testcrosses, 16 were within the LSD (0.05) of the commercial checks for yield, standability, and grain moisture. Most genetic variation for yield, standability, and grain moisture was accounted for by differences among pedigrees rather than differences among lines within a pedigree. Seventeen testcrosses yielded more than the tester, B73Ht/Mo17Ht. The inbreds B73 and Mo17 represent two dominant heterotic groups utilized by U.S. maize breeders. Since tropical-derived lines appear to combine well with B73/Mo17, they could be used as a source of disease resistance for either heterotic group. In addition, they have potential to enhance the combining ability of inbreds representing these two heterotic groups
Viability and Freshwater Performance of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) × Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Triploid Hybrids

Survival to initiation of feeding and early freshwater growth were measured for both diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 2N and 3N hybrids between female Atlantic salmon and male brown trout (Salmo trutta) to evaluate the triploid hybrid's potential for commercial culture. Crosses were made in 1990 and 1991 and triploidy was induced by heat shock. Average survival to initiation of feeding generally did not differ among the 2N Atlantic salmon and hybrids within years, nor between the 3N crosses within years. Average survival to initiation of feeding of the 3N Atlantic salmon and hybrids relative to the corresponding 2N crosses was reduced by 2 and 9%, respectively, in 1990, and by 55 and 62%, respectively, in 1991. Five freshwater growth trials were conducted to compare the different crosses. Results indicated no consistent differences in relative growth rates, although the hybrids demonstrated greater variability in growth at age 0+.
Measurement in sheep of the quantity and composition of rumen digesta and of the fractional outflow rates of digesta constituents.

Knowledge of the fractional outflow rates of rumen digesta constituents is required for the quantitative prediction of rumen function. However, there are few data available for these parameters because of the problems associated with specific labelling of digesta constituents and with the need to ensure that samples are truly representative of rumen digesta. Methods are described here by which two markers can be used together to overcome the problem of representative sampling of the rumen, so eliminating the need for specific labelling, with 'ideal' markers, of digesta constituents. Thus, from the measurement of the amount and composition of true digesta in the rumen and the amount and composition of true digesta flowing from the abomasum, values for the fractional outflow rates (and its reciprocal, mean retention time) of rumen digesta constituents can be calculated. Appropriate application of these methods will allow the derivation of functions to predict fractional outflow rates. The results presented show that the fractional outflow rate of an adsorbable marker, 103Ru-P, was about half that of water but was about twice that of particulate matter; it was also greater than the net value for microbes. On the assumption that microbial material leaving the rumen is drawn from a free-floating microbial population and a population associated with particulate matter, it was calculated that 0.29 ¦ SE 0.07 (range 0.09-0.49) of the rumen microbial population could have been free-floating.
Glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin regulate the expressions of distinct miRNA precursors through the activation of GFRα2

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are structurally related neurotrophic factors that have both been shown to prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo. NTN and GDNF are thought to bind with different affinities to the GDNF family receptor alpha‐2 (GFRα2), and can activate the same multi‐component receptor system consisting of GFRα2, receptor tyrosine kinase Ret (RET) and NCAM. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through translational repression or RNA degradation. miRNAs have diverse functions, including regulating differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in several organisms. It is currently unknown whether GDNF and NTN regulate the expression of miRNAs through activation of the same multi‐component receptor system. Using quantitative real‐time PCR, we measured the expression of some miRNA precursors in human BE(2)‐C cells that express GFRα2 but not GFRα1. GDNF and NTN differentially regulate the expression of distinct miRNA precursors through the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2). This study showed that the expression of distinct miRNA precursors is differentially regulated by specific ligands through the activation of GFRα2.
The structure and dimensions of redds and egg pockets of the endangered salmonid, Sakhalin taimen

Each redd of the Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi had a V–shaped pot that is specific to this species. The shape of each multiple–egg–pocket redd was a combination of one–egg–pocket redds, and the number of egg pockets in the redd could be estimated from the shape. False redds were small and did not have any V–shaped pots. The factors affecting redd size were examined numerically; consequently, numbers of egg pockets and eggs and female fork length were correlated significantly with tail length. Each egg pocket contained 11–920 eggs (mean: 546·7±95% CL 81·9) and the egg pocket depth was correlated significantly with female fork length. Mean number of redds per female was three, and the number of females could be estimated as one third of the redds.
BIOLUMINESCENCE FROM THE REACTION OF FMN, H2O2 AND LONG CHAIN ALDEHYDE WITH BACTERIAL LUCIFERASE

Abstract— The bioluminescent oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide by bacterial luciferase involves a long‐lived flavoenzyme intermediate whose chromophore has been postulated to be the 4a‐sub‐stituted peroxy anion of reduced flavin. Reaction of long chain aldehyde with this intermediate results in light emission and formation of the corresponding acid. These experiments show that the typical aldehyde‐dependent, luciferase‐catalyzed bioluminescence can also be obtained starting with FMN and H2O2 instead of FMNH2 and O2. We postulate that the 4a‐peroxy anion intermediate is formed directly by attack of H2O2 on FMN. The latter may be bound to luciferase. An enzyme bound intermediate is formed which by kinetic analysis, flavin specificity for luminescence, aldehyde dependence, and bioluminescent emission spectrum appears to be identical with the species generated by reaction of FMNH, and O2 with luciferase. The quantum yield of the H2O2‐‐ and FMN‐initiated biolumlnescence is low but can be enhanced by certain metal ions, which also stimulate a chemiluminescent reaction of oxidized flavin with H2O2. The peak of this chemiluminescence. however, appears to be at a shorter wavelength than that (490 nm) of the bioluminescence.
EFFECT OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON THE MACROMOLECULAR AND LIPID CONTENT OF THE PHYTOFLAGELLATE OCHROMONAS DANICA 1

Ochromonas danica grown in a chemically defined medium under controlled conditions at different incubation temperatures showed marked changes in chemical composition and secretory pattern. As the incubation temperature rose from 15 to 30 C, the cell number per unit volume of medium increased; the cell mass reached a maximum and then declined slightly, and the weight per single cell decreased. The chemical composition of the cells changed with increasing temperature: carbohydrates decreased dramatically; proteins quadrupled at 20 C and then declined 25%; lipids increased; and RNA increased to 25 C and then decreased to about 40% of maximum at 30 C. The extracellular secretion by the cells of carbohydrates seemed to increase and then decline; RNA decreased; proteins increased; and lipids remained approximately constant, as the temperature increased. The implications of these findings for thermal pollution are discussed.
Effects of solvent retention capacities, pentosan content, and dough rheological properties on sugar snap cookie quality in Chinese soft wheat genotypes

Development of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with excellent cookie quality is an important breeding objective in southern China. Seventeen Chinese soft wheat genotypes grown at three locations in the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons in the southern winter wheat region, were uniformly evaluated for their solvent retention capacities (SRC), pentosan content, dough rheology, and suitability for making sugar snap cookies, to identify the main parameters that could be used in wheat breeding programs for improving cookie quality. Significantly negative correlations were found between water SRC, sucrose SRC, and sugar snap cookie diameter, and between sodium carbonate SRC, alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC), and water soluble pentosan, while significantly positive correlations were obtained between water, sodium carbonate, lactic acid, and sucrose SRC and AWRC. Alveograph parameters were more closely associated with sugar snap cookie quality compared with parameters from farinograph and extensograph except for water absorption. Water SRC was highly and significantly associated with farinograph water absorption, extensograph extensibility, alveograph P (tenacity), and P/L (the ratio of tenacity and extensibility). Regression analyses showed that sucrose SRC and flour particle size could be used to predict the sugar snap cookie diameter. Cluster analysis based on sugar snap cookie diameter indicated that 'Jianmai 1', 'Wanmai 19', and 'Wanmai 48' were characterized by good cookie quality, with low water soluble and total pentosans, water and particularly sucrose SRC, water absorption, and P and P/L values. It also indicated that substantial progress for soft wheat sugar snap cookie quality improvement could be achieved through appropriate use of current elite germplasm.
Linking the occurrence of brook trout with isolation and extinction in small Boreal Shield lakes

SUMMARY 1. We surveyed 62 Canadian Shield lakes (<50 ha) to determine the relationship between factors related to isolation and extinction and the occurrence of brook trout (BT) (Salvelinus fontinalis), for which local extinctions have been documented over the last century in half of the lakes. 2. Logistic regression and information–theoretic model selection were used to determine the importance for the occupancy of BT of (i) isolation factors (degree of lake connectivity and the proximity of source populations of BT in neighbouring bodies of water) and (ii) extinction factors (lake morphometry and trophic status, as proxies of the risk of lake anoxia; predation and competition; and flooding caused by beaver (Castor canadensis) dams, which could potentially increase the risk of anoxia). 3. Isolation factors were the best predictors of the absence of BT in these lakes. Among extinction factors, only the impact of beaver dams (as measured by an index of increased water level and mortality of shrubs and trees in the littoral zone) improved model fits. Beaver dams were present at the outlets of all study lakes, but extensive mortality of riparian trees and shrubs was more common in lakes where BT populations were extinct. 4. Taken together, these results suggest that recolonization is a major factor determining the occurrence of BT while flooding caused by beaver dams might contribute to BT extinction by increasing the likelihood of winterkill in these small lakes.
High-Content Screening Analysis of the p38 Pathway: Profiling of Structurally Related p38α Kinase Inhibitors Using Cell-Based Assays

The complexity of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway presents challenges to understanding the efficacy of p38 inhibitors. Biochemical recombinant kinase assays and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion assays are typically used to evaluate p38α inhibitors, but they do not provide insight into proximal intracellular events. Stimulation of the pathway evokes a cascade of phosphorylation events, accompanied by movement of molecules to different cellular compartments. Herein, we describe the profiling and potency comparison of a large set of p38α inhibitors with a pyrimidinone, imidazopyrimidine, or triazolopyrimidine core against biochemical recombinant p38α kinase activity, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated TNFα secretion by THP-1 cells, and a set of cellular imaging assays in SW1353 chondrocytes and baby hamster kidney cells. These pathway assays included p38 phosphorylation, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 translocation, and heat shock protein (HSP) 27 phosphorylation. We.
Is Compassion a Good Career Move?

We explore the nonprofit earnings penalty. To separate the influence of demand and supply, we leverage workers who change employers in administrative tax data. The average nonprofit worker earns 5.5 percent less than the average for-profit worker. Supply-side factors (worker selection) contribute 80 percent of the nonprofit differential. The remaining 20 percent is from demand (a nonprofit penalty). Within-worker nonprofit variation generates several insights about the influence of nonprofits on the labor market. Nonprofits compress the wage distribution and reduce inequality among earners. Nonprofit penalties are much more pronounced in classic charities than in “commercial” nonprofits, which sometimes exhibit nonprofit premia.
Cryptophycean‐Like Double Membrane‐Bound Chloroplast in the Dinoflagellate, Dinophysis Ehrenb.: Evolutionary, Phylogenetic and Toxicological Implications

Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Phototrophic species have an orange primary fluorescence indicating the presence of phycobilins. The chloroplasts greatly resemble cryptophycean chloroplasts having pairs of thylakoids and electron-dense material in the thylakoid lumen. They are bound by only two membranes, in contrast to the blue-green chloroplasts of Amphidinium wigrense Woloszynsk, which are enveloped by three membranes (Wilcox and Wedemayer, 1985). Possible ways of evolution of the Dinophysis chloroplasts, phylogenetical questions and implications for the monitoring of toxic dinoflagellates are discussed.
Suco de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.): avaliação microbiológica, tratamento térmico e vida de prateleira

One of the principal problems encountered when elaborating acai juice is contamination by microorganisms, originating from technical and hygienic-sanitary problems during processing. With the object of eradication of this microbiota in the acai juice, the processes of pasteurization and ebullition at different temperatures and time were used, and shelf life was evaluated. The juice was stored in a freezer at 18oC for 120 days and evaluated monthly with regard to the microbiological and physical-chemistry characteristics. The microbiological results of the acai in natura demonstrated high contamination for total coliformes (> 100 NMP/ml) and feces (> 110 NMP/ml), moulds and yeasts (> 300 UFC/ml). The pasteurization at 90oC for five minutes and ebullition for one minute demonstrated efficiency in eradicting microorganisms, maintaining sensore characteristics and conserving acai juice for 120 days at 18oC.
Revision of the scorpionfly family Holcorpidae (Mecoptera), with description of a new species from Early Eocene McAbee, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract The scorpionfly family Holcorpidae (Mecoptera) has been informally discussed since the early 1960’s, but a detailed treatment in accordance with the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for naming families was not provided until Willmann did so in 1989; he is recognized as author of the family. The Holcorpidae concept is revised here based on examination of its two specimens of Holcorpa maculosa from the Late Eocene of Florissant, Colorado, and a third, new specimen from the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands locality at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada. This new specimen belongs to a second, new species, which is described here, Holcorpa dillhoffi n. sp.
Song pitch ― habitat relationships in white-throated sparrows: cracks in acoustic windows?

I compared the hypothesis that birds singing from song posts above 1–2 m should sing in as low a pitch as possible regardless of habitat type, with the traditional "acoustic window" hypothesis which argues that selection favours an inverse relationship between song pitch and foliage density. Songs of white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis, were obtained from four habitats which could be arranged in a gradient of foliage density. The pitch of these songs was found to be inversely related to the density of foliage in the habitat occupied, consistent with the acoustic window hypothesis. Significant pitch variation occurred not only between open and forest habitats, but also between mixed and boreal forest habitats. I distinguish between hypotheses that could explain support for the traditional hypothesis despite recent data suggesting that low pitched sound travels best regardless of habitat at song post heights used by white-throated sparrows (5–10 m). I conclude that the acoustic window model may .
Resistance of roses to pathotypes of Diplocarpon rosae

Summary Colonies of Diplocarpon rosae derived from single conidia were isolated on malt extract agar, multiplied (at 23°C) and stored (at -20°C) on surface-sterilised leaf discs of a universally susceptible rose, ‘Frensham’. The resistance of 16 species and cultivars of Rosa to different isolates ofD. rosae was assessed using surface-sterilised leaf discs. Four pathotypes of D. vosae were distinguished on the basis of host range. One species and one hybrid were resistant to all pathotypes. Two species and two cultivars were susceptible to all pathotypes. Four species and six cultivars were interpreted as having vertical resistance because they were strongly resistant to some but not all pathotypes. Only species and hybrids of the section Cinnamomeae were resistant to the pathotype identified as CW1 whereas only roses of other origins were resistant to the pathotype DA2.
Biogeographical determinants of pteridophytes and spermatophytes on oceanic archipelagos

Using the data from six oceanic archipelagos, we investigated the species richness patterns on islands for all natives, archipelagic endemics and single-island endemics of pteridophytes and spermatophytes. We tested the hypothesis that the descriptive ability of biogeographical factors for species is reduced as we move from native species, to archipelagic endemics and to single island endemics, because of the increasing importance of island ‘idiosyncrasies’ (i.e. unique features of each island shaping its biota, such as catastrophic volcanic eruptions, random colonization events, mega-landslides) in controlling the species richness of endemic species. This hypothesis was addressed using two approaches: (1) the island species–area relationships (ISARs), and (2) a multiple regression approach with variable selection based on permutation, to test the combined effects of island area with other biogeographical factors. Area was an effective predictor of species richness for all native species (R 2 = 0.568 and R 2 = 0.624 for pteridophytes and spermatophytes respectively), but its predictive capacity decreased for archipelagic endemics (R 2 = 0.261 and R 2 = 0.531) and single-island endemics (R 2 = 0.084 and R 2 = 0.438). The reduction of R 2 from all native species, to archipelagic endemics and to single-island endemics was attributed to the increasing effects of the ‘idiosyncrasies’ of each island. The predictive capacity of multiple regression models increased with respect to ISARs, ranging from 27.3% (for single-island endemic pteridophytes) to 83.3% (all native pteridophytes), and included three to five predictors. Island area remained the most important variable for spermatophytes but was less important for pteridophytes. For pteridophytes, elevation was the most important predictor for native species, while isolation-related variables were the most important predictors for archipelagic endemics and single-island endemics. Our results support the hypothesis that as we move from native, to archipelagic endemic and to single-island endemic species the predictive ability of models is reduced, indicating an increased effect of the ‘idiosyncratic’ character of islands.