Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbon-Supported Platinum Nanoparticle Solid-State Ion Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Potassium

This article reports the influence of the amount of platinum in carbon supported platinum nanoparticle solid-state ion selective electrodes for the determination of potassium. All developed electrodes showed excellent metrological parameters during potentiometric measurements; however, the most stable and reproducible linear response toward potassium ions was observed for electrodes with 15 wt% platinum nanoparticles in the carbon black layer. These electrodes also exhibited low potential drift as shown by monitoring the potential of the electrodes under open circuit conditions (7.0 ± 0.5 µV h−1 over 172 h) and applying constant current in chronopotentiometric measurements (40.3 ± 0.9 µV h−1 for a current of 10 nA).
Government Spending between Active and Passive Monetary Policy

Conventional wisdom suggests that the government spending multiplier is larger when the central bank raises nominal interest rates less than one for one to inflation. However, models supporting this consensus estimate multipliers while holding the monetary policy rule constant after a government spending shock. We show that the multiplier does not depend on monetary policy. We find instead that the monetary policy rule itself changes after a government spending shock. The monetary policy rule evolves quickly to reach a similar regime regardless of its initial condition. This rapid change of monetary policy in response to the economic condition after the government spending shock leaves the multiplier almost completely unaffected by the initial monetary policy regime. An exception to this characterization of monetary policy occurs when nominal interest rates are stuck at zero. We analyze the multiplier at the zero lower bound, and find that the multiplier exceeds one.
The Pedestrian Traffic of the Inner Courtyards in Graz

1 ABSTRACT The UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revis ion report has explained that 54% of the world’s populationlived in cities. And based on the forecas ts by 2050 this rate will be 66%. All this is due t o that in the metropolitan regions high level economic activi ty is taking place and their services getting bette r quality. Besides of that the cities are not only information and service nodes but also varied cultural and edu cational centers which providing a lot of opportunities for occupational change or to learn new professions whi ch could be attractive to the high qualified people to o. Therefore the cities of the future will have to face significant demographic and sociological problems b ecause besides moving into the city various ethnic a d religious groups according to the characteristic of the western countries the urban population shows a n aging trend. And in addition the increasing number of the disabled people whose mobility even in a crowded c ity must be ensured. Therefore the public spaces will p lay an even more significant role in the cities lif e because this is the “space” in every city where regardless of gender, age, religion, qualification, etc. all s ocial classes can be found. This is especially true for the publi c squares and parks where people can not only meet with each other from the different social groups but the y can dialogue with each other as well; actively or passively relaxing, having fun, etc. All of this ca n significantly contribute so that these groups cou ld get know each other. However the public spaces of the c i ies including the squares and parks looking at th eir size are bounded. So for the expansion of the public spa es lternative routes could serve as opportunity. One of these are the inner courtyards, which are similar t o the squares and could have restaurants, terraces, benches, etc. In a framework of a scholarship in April 2019 I had the opportunity to study the pedestrian traff ic o the inner courtyards of Graz in Austria. The study had proved that the inner courtyards could be used as a public open space but their traffic is not only influenced by the there located stores, restaurants, offices, functions etc. Therefore in my presentation with the example of four in Graz located inner courtyards would like to show how can become an inner courtyard well used an d successful in cities.
Regioselective Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction of meso‐Pentafluorophenyl‐Substituted Porphyrinoids with Alcohols

A detailed study of the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted tetrapyrrole systems with different alcohols is presented. The systematic investigation of various alcohols and bases in two different solvents led to optimized reaction conditions, allowing the selective substitution of the p-fluorine atoms of meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted porphyrins, their zinc complexes, and a meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole with alcohols and a simple base in high yields. When applied to A3B porphyrins in combination with suitable protecting groups, functionalized, polar A3B porphyrins can be prepared in a simple two-step one-pot procedure. By using the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction, a dimeric porphyrin system was synthesized. In addition, the copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of properly functionalized meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted porphyrins led to the corresponding porphyrin dimer with a 1,2,3-triazole linker. The method described herein allows a simple and fast approach towards multifunctionalized porphyrinoids based on meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted tetrapyrroles.
Determination of Antiradical Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Contents of Extracts and Fractions of Langsat (Lansium domesticum Coor.) Seeds

Lansium domesticum Coor. is a fruit species from the Meliaceae family, which is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia. Local citizens call it langsat, longkong, or duku and have used it as traditional medicine. The seeds of L. domesticum are used as a fever medicine, its bark is used to treat scorpion sting, and its leaves are used to repel mosquitoes. Because of its various uses, it is necessary to explore the antiradical potential of L. domesticum seeds. This study aims to determine the antiradical potential of L. domesticum seeds extract and fractions by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and to discover compounds that act as antiradical. Lansium domesticum seed powder was macerated with methanol, and then the extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The antiradical assay was conducted on extract and fractions by using DPPH radicals. Phenolic and flavonoid contents from extract and fractions were also tested. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained strong antiradical potential with an IC50 value of 8.938 ± 0.031 μg/mL. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate fraction were higher with values of 58.25 ± 0.501 mgGAE/g sample and 75.123 ± 0.175 mgQE/g sample, respectively. Correlation of phenolic and flavonoid contents, which inhibited radicals had R2 values of 0.9182 and 0.7658. Ethyl acetate fraction of L. domesticum seeds had very strong antiradical activity. Further isolation is expected to be conducted to discover which compounds are the most responsible as antiradical.
Estimation of effective dose caused by 40K, 90Sr and 137Cs in daily food

Abstract This paper presents 137Cs, 90Sr and 40K activity concentrations in daily food and an annual effective dose caused by these radionuclides. Samples were taken during the period 28 October 2004–23 June 2005 once a month in a students’ canteen of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU). The weight of samples varied from 1,37 kg to 2,26 kg, and an average weight was 1,89 kg. The volume of liquids varied from 500 cm3 to 1000 cm3, and the average was 816 cm3. The average of activity concentration of 90Sr in daily food from the students’ canteen was (0,03±0,01) Bq/kg, of 137Cs – (0,02±0,01) Bq/kg and of 40K – (34±3) Bq/kg. An annual effective dose caused by these radionuclides was estimated using measured activity concentrations in daily food and dose coefficients. An annual effective dose caused by 90Sr was in the range of (1,9–14)·10−8 Sv, by 137Cs – (0,47–6,2)·10−8 Sv and by 40K – (6,8–21)·10−5 Sv.
CHIA (SALVIA HISPANICA L.) SEED OIL A NEW SOURCE OF OMEGA-3

Chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica L.), was used as a replacement source of rich oil in omega 3. The aim of this study was to determine the physico-chemical properties, fatty acids composition, unsaponifiable matter, tocopherols and phenolic content of chia seed oil. Chia oil showed a far better overall quality, its, acid, peroxide, iodine, saponification values. Sterol fraction was found rich in β-sitosterol (6.33), stigmasterol (4.83%), campesterol (3.77%) and ∆5-avenasterol (3.55%). the main fatty acids were identified as omega-6 fatty acid (60.93%). Chia and flax seed oils were feeding to rats for 8 weeks. The liver and kidney (aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities) function testes and serum contents (total lipids, total cholesterol and low and high density lipoproteins) were measured. The result of the aforementioned measurements indicated that the feeding of chia oil didn't cause any changes in liver and kidney function and serum contents. Generally, the results suggest the chia oil is that the vegetable source with the very best content of essential fatty acids.
A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BETAINE

Betaine is an important phytoconstituent found in plant Beta vulgaris. It is found abundantly in various common foods like beets, spinach and cereals, whereas wheat is its major source in human diet. Chemically, betaine is termed as trimethylglycine. It plays an important physiological role in the body. It has found to be a an organis osmolyte and it participates in methionine−homocysteine cycle as a methyl group donor due to which it possesses many physiological activities. It has widely been studied for its promising antioxidant properties, neuroprotective effects, anti-Inflammatory effects, inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulating energy metabolism to relieve chronic inflammation, mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, canonical and noncanonical inflammasome-mediated processing of IL-1β, against neurodegenerative diseases, anticonvulsant effects, reducing the total homocysteine content in brain and its role in performance and action. The present article firstly aims to review the pharmacological effects including neuroprotective effects, physiological effects of betaine including effects on performance and human body composition, secondly to study the safety concerns of betaine and its future prospects.
Discharges on a negatively biased solar cell array in a charged-particle environment

The charging behavior of a negatively biased solar cell array when subjected to a charged particle environment is studied in the ion density range from 200 to 12 000 ions/sq cm with the applied bias range of -500 to -1400 V. The profile of the surface potentials across the array is related to the presence of discharges. At the low end of the ion density range the solar cell cover slides charge to from 0 to +5 volts independent of the applied voltage. No discharges are seen at bias voltages as large as -1400 V. At the higher ion densities the cover slide potential begins to fluctuate, and becomes significantly negative. Under these conditions discharges can occur. The threshold bias voltage for discharges decreases with increasing ion density. A condition for discharges emerging from the experimental observations is that the average coverslide potential must be more negative than -4 V. The observations presented suggest that the plasma potential near the array becomes negative before a discharge occurs. This suggests that discharges are driven by an instability in the plasma.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CONOCARPUS ERECTUS LEAVES EXTRACTS ON SOME MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH BURN INFECTION

Medicinal plants are a source for a wide variety of natural active compounds and are used for the treatment of diseases throughout the world. Conocarpus erectus L. widely planted all over Iraq and has different secondary metabolites, which has been used in treatment of anemia, cancer, fever and diarrhea. The present study aims to estimate the antibacterial activity of Conocarpus erectus leaves extracts on some microorganisms collected from patients with burn infection. The study began with the collection of Conocarpus erectus leaves in June 2018 from the trees in university of Baghdad. Maceration method was used to prepare aqueous extract, while Soxhelt apparatus was used to prepare methanolic extract. The results of phytochemical test showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponine in the Conocarpus erectus leaves extracts, while alkaloids were not detected in aqueous extract. Agar well diffusion method was employed to determined the antibacterial activity, the best effect was seen on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in concentration 100 mg/ml with inhibition zone (23 and 22 mm) respectively for methanolic extract, and 22 mm on Staph. aureus in the same concentration for aqueous extract, and their efficacy in terms of MIC and MBC were ranged from 50 to 75 mg/ml.
Oxidation of silicon and germanium by atomic and molecular oxygen

Space vehicles residing in the low Earth orbit (LEO) are exposed to a harsh environment that rapidly degrades their materials. The LEO ranges from 200-700km in altitude from the Earth’s surface, and the temperature varies between 200 and 400K. The most hazardous species in LEO is atomic oxygen (AO) containing 5eV kinetic energy d ue to the high velocity of the spacecrafts (8km/s). The goal of this research is the elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms of semiconductor degradation and passivation in LEO conditions by comparing the structural differences in the oxide films created by exposure to AO and molecular oxygen (MO). Silicon is the base material for solar cells used in LEO whereas Ge and SiO x films are common coatings to protect polymer materials that are used as structural materials in spacecrafts. Hyperthermal AO was created by the laser detonation of MO within a high vacuum (HV) chamber, that produces a high flux of AO. A variety of nano-characterization techniques, including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to determine the microstructure and local chemistry of the oxide and the oxide/semiconductor interface. For Si, the amorphous silica formed by AO was nearly twice as thick, more ordered, and more homogeneous in composition, than the oxide formed by MO. The Si/SiO x interface formed by AO was atomically abrupt, with no suboxides detected near the interface or throughout the oxide. The oxide scale formed by MO on Si(100) consisted of transitional oxidation states. The oxide film formed on Ge(100) due to exposure to 5eV AO, is 2-3 times thicker and similarly to the Si/SiO x interfaces, the Ge/GeO x interface was found to be atomically abrupt. The oxidation kinetics of Si and Ge were monitored in situ using a research quartz crystal microbalance (RQCM) that was incorporated into the AO source. The oxidation kinetics in hyperthermal AO did not follow the standard linear to parabolic Deal-Grove kinetics. A novel oxidation model, based on the oxide structure continually changing during AO exposure, is proposed to explain the unusual power law oxidation kinetics.
Atomic Transition Probabilities Scandium through Manganese

Atomic transition probabilities for about 8,800 spectral lines of five iron-group elements, Sc(Z = 21) to Mn(Z = 25), are critically compiled, based on all available literature sources. The data are presented in separate tables for each element and stage of ionization and are further subdivided into allowed (i.e., electric dipole-E1) and forbidden (magnetic dipole-M1, electric quadrupole-E2, and magnetic quadrupole-M2) transitions. Within each data table the spectral lines are grouped into multiplets, which are in turn arranged according to parent configurations, transition arrays, and ascending quantum numbers. For each line the transition probability for spontaneous emission and the line strength are given, along with the spectroscopic designation, the wavelength, the statistical weights, and the energy levels of the upper and lower states. For allowed lines the absorption oscillator strength is listed, while for forbidden transitions the type of transition is identified (M1, E2, etc.). In addition, the estimated accuracy and the source are indicated. In short introductions, which precede the tables for each ion, the main justifications for the choice of the adopted data and for the accuracy rating are discussed. A general introduction contains a discussion of our method of evaluation and the principal criteria for our judgements.
FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITY, MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus species)

Due to the importance of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) as a source of food and medicine to man, they have been cultivated both on large and small scales or collected in the wild. The present study evaluated the different antioxidant activities, mechanisms of action and various health implications on human of Oyster mushrooms. Since a single study is not effective in determining the antioxidant property of mushroom, several in vitro assays were reviewed including scavenging activities of DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl and ABTS as well as Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities among others. In vivo assays like enzymatic (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and Glutathione (GSH)); using mice, rats and porcine brain were also reviewed. Oyster mushrooms extract scavenged free radicals and prevented oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo, and can influence their activities as natural immune boosters and thereby affect human health positively. The review has revealed oyster mushrooms as functional foods enriched with antioxidants and a good potential to oppose the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, preventing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals.
Aptamers as detection molecules on reverse phase protein microarrays for the analysis of cell lysates

This study presents and discusses the application of Cy3‐labeled aptamers (where Cy3 is indocarbocyanine) directed against the his‐tag (where his is histidine) for the detection of his‐tagged proteins on microarrays in a so‐called reverse phase assay. These types of assays are widely used tools in protein microarray technology. Up to now antibodies are usually applied as detection molecules. Here, two different spotting techniques, contact and noncontact spotting, as well as different types of slides, aldehyde‐modified glass slides and nitrocellulose membrane coated slides, were examined and compared. Through this study, we validated the importance of a high protein‐binding capacity of the microarray, and the labeling position of the fluorophore within the aptamer. Purified his‐tagged PFEI (Pseudomonas fluorescence esterase I) was used as a model system. Concentrations of PFEI‐his as low as 30 nM were detectable. These results demonstrate the applicability of aptamers as stable detection molecules in protein assays. Additionally, the reverse phase assay was found to be suitable for the detection of PFEI‐his in cell lysates. This might be of further interest in monitoring of protein production and purification processes.
AN UPDATE ON THE MicroRNAs AND THEIR TARGETS IN UNICELLULAR RED ALGA PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding and regulatory RNAs about ≈ 21 nucleotides in length. The miRNAs are reported in large number of higher eukaryotic plant species. But very little data of miRNAs in algae is available. Porphyridium cruentum is unicellular red alga famous as a source for polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins and polysaccharide contents. The present study is aimed to update the microRNAs and their targets in this important algal species. A comparative genomics approach was applied to update the miRNAs in P. cruentum. This effort resulted in a total of 49 miRNAs belonging to 46 families in P. cruentum. Their precursor-miRNAs were observed with a range of 40 to 351 nucleotides (nt). The mature miRNA sequences showed a range of 17-24 nts. The minimum free energies by stem loop structures of these miRNAs are found with an average of -32 Kcalmol. A total of 13 targets, including important proteins like; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, Light-harvesting complex I, Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein, Phycobiliproteins, Granule-bound starch synthase and Carbonic anhydrase were also predicted for these miRNAs.
Tensile material properties of human rib cortical bone under quasi-static and dynamic failure loading and inuence of the bone microstucture on failure characteristics

Finite element models of the thorax are being developed to assist engineers and vehicle safety researchers with the design and validation of countermeasures such as advanced restrain systems. Computational models have become more rened with increasing geometrical complexity as element size decreases. These nite element models can now capture small geometrical features with an attempt to predict fracture. However, the bone material properties currently available, and in particular the rate sensitivity, have been mainly determined from compression tests or tests on long bones. There is a need for a new set of material properties for the human rib cortical bone. With this objective, a new clamping technique was developed