Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Southern Hemisphere Winter Extratropical Cyclone Characteristics and Vertical Organization Observed with the ERA-40 Data in 1979–2001

Abstract The mean characteristics and trends of Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter extratropical cyclones occurring at six levels of the troposphere over the period 1979–2001 have been investigated using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Cyclonic systems were identified with the Melbourne University cyclone finding and tracking scheme. This study shows that mean sea level pressure (MSLP) cyclones are more numerous, more intense, smaller, deeper, and slower moving than higher-level cyclones. The novel vertical tracing scheme devised for this research revealed that about 52% of SH winter MSLP cyclones have a vertically well organized structure, extending through to the 500-hPa level. About 80% of these vertically coherent SH cyclones keep their westward tilt until the surface cyclones reach their maximum depths, and the mean distance is 300 km between the surface and the 500-hPa level cyclone centers when the surface cyclones obtain their maturity. According to the authors’ definition of vertical orga.
Surging of the southwestern part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

The southwestern part of the Laurentidc Ice Sheet, in central North America, repeatedly surged during the last part of the Wisconsin Glaciation. Evidence includes the extreme lobation of the ice margin, the gentle slopes of lateral moraines and other marginal features, a radiocarbon chronology indicating extremely rapid marginal advance and retreat, and the abundance of supraglacial flow till. Rapid ice movement was caused by subglacial water and was probably limited to areas of slowly permeable substrate, which slowed the escape of the water.
Mapping a-helical induced folding within the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the measles virus nucleoprotein by site-directed spin-labeling EPR spectroscopy

Mapping a-helical induced folding within the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the measles virus nucleoprotein by site-directed spin-labeling EPR spectroscopy Valérie Belle,1y Sabrina Rouger,2y Stéphanie Costanzo, Elodie Liquière, Janez Strancar, Bruno Guigliarelli, André Fournel,* and Sonia Longhi* 1 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UPR 9036 CNRS et Université Aix-Marseille I et II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier,
Does Amoxicillin Improve Outcomes in Patients with Purulent Rhinorrhea ?

amoxicillin vs placebo in patients with an acute upper respiratory tract infection and purulent rhinorrhea. ■ S T U D Y D E S I G N Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. ■ P O P U L A T I O N The 416 patients included from 69 family practices were 12 years or older, presenting with acute upper respiratory complaints, and having a history of purulent rhinorrhea and no signs of complications of sinusitis. ■ O U T C O M E S M E A S U R E D Therapy success (disappearance of symptoms that most greatly affected the patient’s health) at day 10 and duration of general illness, pain, and purulent rhinorrhea. ■ R E S U L T S Therapy was successful in 35% of patients with amoxicillin and in 29% of patients with placebo (relative risk [RR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-1.42). There was no effect on duration of general illness or pain. Duration of purulent rhinorrhea was shortened by amoxicillin (9 days vs 14 for clearing of purulent rhinorrhea in 75% of patients; P = .007). Diarrhea was more frequent with amoxicillin (29% vs 19%, RR 1.28, 95% CI, 1.05-1.57). No complications were reported. One patient (0.5%) receiving amoxicillin and 7 (3.4%) receiving placebo discontinued trial therapy because of exacerbation of symptoms (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.04-1.56, P = .07). All 8 patients recovered with antibiotic therapy. ■ C O N C L U S I O N S Amoxicillin has a beneficial effect on purulent rhinorrhea caused by an acute infection of the nose or sinuses but not on general recovery. The practical implication is that all such patients, whatever the suspected diagnosis, can be safely treated with symptomatic therapy and instructed to return if symptoms worsen. ■ K E Y W O R D S Respiratory tract infections; sinusitis; antibiotics; therapeutics; family practice. (J Fam Pract 2002; 51:317-323)
Soil moisture estimation using special satellite microwave/imager satellite data over a grassland region

The special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) is an instrument that has been a component of several satellite platforms since 1987. Although not designed for soil moisture sensing, it is possible based on theory to extract soil moisture information under some conditions. The limiting feature of the SSM/I for soil moisture–related studies is that the frequencies are quite high and are significantly affected by vegetation. However, other features of the data, such as the frequency of measurements, are very good for observing time‐varying hydrologic variables such as soil moisture. There have been no quantitative evaluations of the SSM/I using observed soil moisture data. In this study, data collected in two large‐scale experiments conducted over the Little Washita watershed, in Oklahoma were available for evaluating the capabilities of SSM/I data for soil moisture mapping. Physically based models were used to relate the satellite data to the ground observations. The results indicated that for this grass‐dominated subhumid area a soil moisture–emissivity relationship with an error of estimate of 5.3% could be developed that incorporated the range of temperature and vegetation conditions encountered. An approach to adapting this approach for other vegetation regimes is still needed for wider application.
Turbulence and Internal Waves at the Equator. Part I: Statistics from Towed Thermistors and a Microstructure Profiler

Abstract High correlations between turbulent dissipation rates and high-wavenumber internal waves and the high values of turbulent dissipation associated with internal wave activity suggest that internal waves are the main direct source of mixing in the thermocline above the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent. An extensive dataset obtained using a microstructure profiler and thermistor chain towed along the equator was analyzed to examine the correspondence between turbulent mixing and high-wavenumber internal waves. In the low Richardson number (Ri) thermocline below the mixed layer but above the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent, and when winds were moderate and steadily westward, it was found that: • the spectrum of vertical isotherm displacement was dominated by a narrow wavenumber band (corresponding to 150–250-m zonal wavelength) of internal waves; • both turbulence and internal waves varied diurnally—hourly averaged values of turbulent dissipation rate and wave potential energy were greater by a.
Safety and efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in HiV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma

: Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumor linked to the presence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) and the incidence of which has increased considerably the world over after the onset of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Antiretroviral therapy combined with cytotoxic agents has been established as the treatment of choice in the past 10 years. Among chemotherapeutic agents, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has become the preferred one for patients with HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in Western countries. The drug in this formulation localizes better to the tumor and has higher efficacy. Skin toxicity, mucositis, and leukopenia/neutropenia are the main side effects. Hepatotoxicity and mild cardiotoxicity are observed less frequently. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin impacts favorably on quality of life. Although cost effective in Western countries, the drug is less so in developing countries.
Evaluation of a distributed model for urban catchments using a 7-year continuous data series

The documentation existing on both land use and the delineation of pervious and impervious zones in urban areas tends to be rather complete. In addition, topographical information (altitudes, slopes) is generally available, although contours are not drawn in detail on urban-area maps. The development of urban databases has provided a convenient means of accessing this information for the purpose of hydrological modelling. The objective of this paper is to evaluate a recent model, 'SURF' (semi-urbanized runoff flow), specifically developed for coupling with a GIS based on a digital terrain representation. This model was evaluated by use of an original approach from the field of urban hydrology. A 7-year continuous data series, which includes the dry periods, has been used as input to run the model. The principles behind the SURF model are briefly described herein. A sensitivity analysis is then performed in order to select the most influential parameters. Following the calibration stage, the model's validation is discussed. This validation is conducted not only by comparing observed and simulated hydrographs, but also by comparing the SURF model with a more conventional model in urban hydrology, called the URBAN model. It is demonstrated that the SURF model provides useful simulation results and does outperform the URBAN model. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rupture Process of the 2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku, Japan, Earthquake Derived from Near-Source Strong-Motion Records

Abstract We derive the rupture process of the 2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku, Japan, earthquake ( M JMA 7.2), during which the largest ground acceleration to date, namely, 4022 cm/sec 2 , was recorded at a hanging-wall station, IWTH25 station of KiK-net, just above the hypocenter. Velocity waveform data (0.1–1 Hz) at 14 strong-motion stations of K-NET and KiK-net, including the borehole records of IWTH25, are inverted using the multi-time-window linear waveform inversion method. We assume a horizontally layered velocity structure model having low-velocity subsurface layers for each station in order to calculate the Green’s functions. The waveform inversion indicates that there are two major slip patches. One patch extends from the hypocenter to the southern shallower part of the fault. A particularly large slip area in this patch is centered approximately 8 km to the south of the hypocenter with a maximum slip of 6.2 m, the area ruptured between 4 and 9 sec after the initial break. The other patch with smaller slip is located in the northern part, which broke after the rupture of the southern slip patch. The initial 0–4 sec rupture occurred beneath IWTH25, contributing to the synthesis of a distinctive upward velocity pulse at this station. Examination of the slip contribution to the synthetic velocity waveforms and comparison of the isochrones with the slip distribution suggest that a peak acceleration greater than 4000 cm/sec 2 observed at IWTH25 was generated from the area that is closest to the hypocenter in the southern particularly large slip area.
Variability in the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current : upstream causes and downstream effects as observed at Line W

The variability in the DWBC, its connection to the forcing in the northern North Atlantic and interaction with the Gulf Stream were explored from a combination of remote sensing and in-situ measurements in the western North Atlantic. Using satellite altimetry and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) we found evidence of the relation between changes in the Gulf Stream path and the variability in the temperature and velocity fields in the Slope Water. This relation was such that southward shifts of the main axis of the Gulf Stream were preceded by cold temperature anomalies and intensification of the southwestward flow. The analysis of 5.5 years of moored CTD and horizontal velocity data in the DWBC at 69 0W recorded during the period 2002-2008, showed that the variability along the DWBC is linked to changes in the dense water formation regions. The evolution of potential vorticity (PV) at the mooring site, characterized by a transition from deep to upper Labrador Sea Water (LSW), was similar to that observed in the Labrador Sea 6 to 9 years earlier, and imply spreading rates for the LSW that varied over time from 1.5 to 2.5cm/s. The time dependence of the spreading rates was in good agreement with changes in the strength of the DWBC at the mooring site. The evolution of the DWBC transport was explored in more detail from a 5element moored array, also at 69'W. The results, for the period of 2004-2008, were consistent with the single mooring analysis. The variability measured from the array showed that upper, intermediate and deep water mass layers expand and contract at each other's expense, leading to alternating positive and negative PV anomalies at the upper-LSW, deep-LSW and Overflow Water (OW). Larger DWBC transports were associated with enhanced presence of recently ventilated upper-LSW and OW, rather than deep-LSW. The relative contribution of the different water masses to the observed circulation was investigated by inverting individual PV anomalies isolated from the observations. We found that changes in the depth-integrated circulation were mostly driven by changes in the OW. Thesis Supervisor: Terrence M. Joyce Title: Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Modelling effects of discharge on habitat quality and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon

A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to seven study reaches in the Colorado River within Grand Canyon to examine how operation of Glen Canyon Dam has affected availability of suitable shoreline habitat and dispersal of juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha). Suitable shoreline habitat typically declined with increasing discharges above 226–425 m3/ s, although the response varied among modelled reaches and was strongly dependent on local morphology. The area of suitable shoreline habitat over cover types that are preferred by juvenile humpback chub, however, stayed constant, and in some reaches, actually increased with discharge. In general, changes in discharge caused by impoundment tended to decrease availability of suitable shoreline habitat from September to February, but increased habitat availability in spring (May–June). Hourly variation in discharge from Glen Canyon Dam substantially reduced the amount of persistent shoreline habitat at all reaches. Changes in suitable shoreline habitat with discharge were shown to potentially bias historical catch per unit effort indices of native fish abundance up to fourfold. Physical retention of randomly placed particles simulating the movement of juvenile humpback chub in the study reaches tended to decline with increasing discharge, but the pattern varied considerably due to differences in the local morphology among reaches and the type of swimming behaviour modelled. Implications of these results to current hypotheses about the effects of Glen Canyon Dam on juvenile humpback chub survival in the mainstem Colorado River are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Afforestation and stream temperature in a temperate maritime environment

There have been few long term investigations of the effects of afforestation on stream temperatures in the UK, and the present study uses the results of continuous monitoring of water temperatures in a forest and a moorland stream of the Loch Grannoch area in southwest Scotland over a 4 year period to investigate the effects of planting coniferous forest on stream thermal regime. The presence of a coniferous tree canopy resulted in a lowering of mean water temperatures by ∼0·5 °C but larger reductions in summer monthly mean maxima and diel ranges of up to 5 °C and 4 °C respectively. The diel cycle in the forested stream lagged behind that of the moorland site in all months of the year, but the delay in timing was greater for the peak than for the trough in the diel cycle. Mean water temperatures were higher in the forest stream during the mid‐winter months, reflecting higher minimum values. Contrasts in stream thermal regime between forest and moorland showed relatively little interannual variability over the study period. Continuous monitoring of air temperatures during 2002 revealed contrasts between the study sites that were less pronounced for air than for water temperature, and suggested it is the shading of incoming solar radiation that has a strong effect in determining the water temperature behaviour of the forested stream. Although the biological impact of the observed contrasts in stream temperature between land uses is likely to be relatively modest, the presence of forest cover moderates the occurrence of high summer temperatures inimical to the survival of some salmonid species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geophysical study of geyser action in Yellowstone National Park

Seismic and steam activity associated with several geysers in Yellowstone National Park, especially Old Faithful geyser, were studied simultaneously. Three distinct phases were evident in the Old Faithful eruption cycle: following an eruption, continuous steam activity and no seismic acivity; steam and seismic activity increasing or decreasing together; and directly preceding the next eruption, no steam or seismic activity. The three phases are believed to be indicative of the filling of the underground reservoir with water, heating, and superheating, respectively, which triggers the eruption. A limited study of eight other geysers suggests that each has its individual seismic signature.
Ranging patterns by the red-footed tortoise - Geochelone carbonaria (Testudines: Testudinidae) - in the Bolivian Chaco

In the Bolivian Chaco, the tortoise Geochelone carbonaria is an important reptile to indigenous people for subsistence purposes and in traditional medicine. In Bolivia the species is considered near threatened, while observations suggest it is less abundant near communities and cattle ranches. However, understanding of its biology and ecology is limited. As part of a landscape conservation program with indigenous land and wildlife management, this article describes research on ranging patterns for the species at two long-term research camps in the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park. The principal research method is radio-telemetry with 15 individuals over a two-year period. The tortoises occupy home ranges of 50-600 ha, with males using ranges three times larger than females. Individual home ranges overlap, up to 96% between pairs of monitored individuals, with multiple individual ranges overlapping simultaneously, while many males and females shift their ranges between wet and dry seasons. The relatively large ranges for an animal of this size in the Chaco, combined with shifting ranges across seasons, even in protected areas, means that conservation of red-footed tortoises within human-impacted landscapes will require provision of key resources that include appropriate food, water, and shelter where these become scarce. Alternatively, indigenous territories and ranches will need to set aside communal and private reserves exceeding 1,000 ha in order to maintain tortoise populations on their lands.
Geography and Community: New Forms of Interaction Among People and Places

Today location-based data, such as GPS coordinates, are increasingly being incorporated into Internet sites such as Flickr, Jaiku, and Placeopedia. In turn, new practices are emerging that evoke innovative ways of relating among people and between individuals and places. This article investigates this geographic turn in networked interaction—particularly, emergent sensemaking regarding the role of location in distributed communities. The author uses an inductive, grounded theory methodology based on ethnographic interview and artifact data to compare the microblogging practices of two communities: those using Twitter and those using Jaiku. Findings suggest that the organizing practices of the two groups are quite different, despite the similarities in the tools they use to interact. Although each platform allows for the development of peripheral awareness and ambient intimacy within user groups, the design affordances of Twitter as a straightforward broadcasting tool result in social patterns that are quite distinct from those of Jaiku, whose design enables threaded conversation. As a result, the communal bonds among Jaiku users appear to be built on thematic, conversational interaction that relies little on shared geographical references. Twitter users, with less robust means of threaded response, tend to broadcast individual reports from various geographical outposts. Communal bonds are thus formed on the basis of recognizing the highly indexical references, which in turn reinforce a common geographical locus for the community. The article concludes with a discussion of how design, though not determinate of interaction directly, is influential in shaping social patterns that emphasize different types of communal bonds.
The species-area relationship: new challenges for an old pattern

The species-area relationship (i.e., the relationship between area and the number of species found in that area) is one of longest and most frequently studied patterns in nature. Yet there remain some important and interesting questions on the nature of this relationship, its causality, quantification and application for both ecologists and conservation biologists. Traditionally, the species-area relationship describes the very general tendency for species number to increase with island area; a relationship whose slope declines (but remains positive) as area increases. The true relationship, however, may be much more complicated than this, and may in many cases approximate a sigmoidal relationship. On small islands, species number may vary independently of island area. Species richness then increases as we consider larger islands, but the curve eventually slows and asymptotes or levels off when richness equals that of the the source or mainland pool. The relationship may also include a secondary phase of increase in richness if island area becomes large enough to allow in situ speciation. Causal explanations for this relationship may, therefore, need to be multifactorial and include a range of processes from disturbance and stochastic variation in habitat quality on the very small islands, to ecological interactions, immigration, extinction and, finally, evolution on the larger islands.
Sediments with gas hydrates; internal structure from seismic AVO

We interpret amplitude variation with offset (AVO) data from a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) offshore Florida by using rock-physics-based synthetic seismic models. A previously conducted velocity and AVO analysis of the in-situ seismic data showed that the BSR separates hydrate-bearing sediments from sediments containing free methane. The amplitudes at the BSR are increasingly negative with increasing offset. This behavior was explained by P-wave velocity above the BSR being larger than that below the BSR, and S-wave velocity above the BSR being smaller than that below the BSR. We use these AVO and velocity results to infer the internal structure of the hydrated sediment. To do so, we examine two micromechanical models that correspond to the two extreme cases of hydrate deposition in the pore space: (1) the hydrate cements grain contacts and strongly reinforces the sediment, and (2) the hydrate is located away from grain contacts and does not affect the stiffness of the sediment frame. Only the second model can qualitatively reproduce the observed AVO response. Thus inferred internal structure of the hydrate-bearing sediment means that (1) the sediment above the BSR is uncemented and, thereby, mechanically weak, and (2) its permeability is very low because the hydrate clogs large pore-space conduits. The latter explains why free gas is trapped underneath the BSR. The seismic data also indicate the absence of strong reflections at the top of the hydrate layer. This fact suggests that the high concentration of hydrates in the sediment just above the BSR gradually decreases with decreasing depth. This effect is consistent with the fact that the low-permeability hydrated sediments above the BSR prevent free methane from migrating upwards.