Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depth dependence of constitutive law parameters for shear failure of rock at local strong areas on faults in the seismogenic crust

[1] In the framework of slip-dependent constitutive formulation, which leads to a unifying law that governs not only frictional slip failure at precut interface areas on faults but also shear fracture of intact rock at local strong areas on the faults, a thorough investigation has been made about how the constitutive law (of dimensionless form) for rock failure at local strong areas on faults is affected by seismogenic crustal conditions of effective normal stress, pore pressure, and temperature, on the basis of laboratory data on the shear fracture of granite rock obtained by Kato et al. (2003a) under crustal conditions simulated in the laboratory. It has been revealed how dimensionless constitutive law parameters distinctively vary with depth, depending on the crustal conditions simulated; consequently, the constitutive behavior including the slip-weakening phase also distinctively varies with depth. This behavior in the regime of suprahydrostatic pore pressure clearly differs from that in the regime of hydrostatic pore pressure. The results of this study are suited for implementation in a numerical code, and the constitutive properties of rock failure at local strong areas (called “asperites”) on faults will be easily assimilated into numerical models of earthquake ruptures for realistic computer simulation.
A review of satellite remote sensing of aircraft-induced contrails and investigation of their potential role in regional climate change

Condensation-trails, or 'contrails', have a net warming effect on the climate system. They form in the wake of jet aircraft, as exhaust-gases mix with cold and humid ambient air. The climate impact of contrails is largest at night and in winter; even though air-traffic densities are lowest at these times. Depending on ambient atmospheric conditions, contrails can; persist for several hours; grow to several kilometers in length, and trigger additional cirrus cloud formation as they spread. Cirrus cloud cover is increasing in flight corridors as they become increasingly congested. A small, but statistically significant, increase in cirrus coverage has been observed for the North Atlantic flight corridor; in contrast to small negative trends in cirrus elsewhere. Presently, a complete set of validation data for model studies of contrail-cirrus is missing. However, by building upon existing automated-contrail-detection techniques, a satellite-derived cloud and contrail climatology for Ireland will be compiled based on two decades of archived high-resolution satellite imagery. Combining meteorological measurements concurrent with satellite overpasses, the optimal meteorological conditions for contrail formation and persistence will be investigated. The radiative effect of contrails on the atmospheric column radiation budget, and their contribution to regional atmospheric warming, can then be assessed. This paper provides a review of different methods by which contrails and cirrus clouds have been observed from satellite imagery and a discussion of their potential role in climate change.
Overview of current hydraulic fracturing design and treatment technology. Part 1

This paper focuses primarily on fractures that are oriented more or less in the vertical plane, and propagate outward in opposite directions from a wellbore (e.g. vertical fractures). Economics and optimization, general design aspects, potential reservoir response, fracture propagation, and some rock mechanics aspects of fracture propagation are discussed. The design difficulties and high cost of MHF have promoted a strong awareness of the need to enhance fracture design and treatment capabilities.
Closure of "Micromechanics Modeling for Stress-Strain Behavior of Granular Soils. II: Evaluation"

A micromechanics-based constitutive model for granular material is evaluated. The predicted stress-strain behavior for idealized material is compared with that observed from experiments for sands. Under small strain conditions, the model capability is evaluated for predicting initial moduli, secant moduli, and damping ratio when the material is subjected to low-amplitude loading. Under large strain conditions, the model capability is evaluated for predicting the stress-strain strength behavior when the material is subjected to various stress paths. In the predictions, three material parameters are used to represent the stiffness and friction of the interparticle contact. Although the predictions are made for idealized spherical particles, the predicted behaviors are found to be remarkably similar to that observed for sands in experiments. The potential capability of the proposed constitutive theory is illustrated, and the model performance is discussed on various aspects of granular material behavior, such as stress-induced anisotropy, path dependence, plastic flow, dilatancy, and noncoaxial behavior under rotation of principal stress.
Extracting digital elevation models from SAR data through independent component analysis

This article illustrates findings about a new method for the extraction of digital elevation model (DEM) from interferograms of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, based on independent component analysis (ICA). This method is named InSAR-ICA, and its advantages are related to its capability in estimating topographical altitudes without taking into account any or sparse non-SAR data (e.g. ground-based or atmospheric parameters). This is especially useful in cases of mountainous regions, where large altitude changes over short distances and the presence of microclimates generally limit the possibility of DEM estimates by few SAR interferograms only. A comparison between the standard SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission) elevations and those extracted by InSAR-ICA is carried out for the region of South Italy, Apennine Mountains. Results are interpreted in terms of the reliability of InSAR-ICA DEM estimates.
Undrained shear strength of a glacial clay overconsolidated by desiccation

Block samples of a Boston Blue clay crust were used in a detailed study of the relationship between undrained shear strength and consolidation pressure in the compression and extension shear modes. The glacial silty clay sample that was mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, illite and chlorite has developed an overconsolidation ratio near to 3·0 by desiccation. The in situ coefficient of earth pressure at rest was near to 0·9 as compared to K0p = 0·56 of the normally consolidated young clay in the compression range beyond the preconsolidation pressure. In the compression range, for each consolidation-shear mode, undrained shear strength to vertical consolidation pressure ratio as well as shearing-induced pore water pressure to vertical consolidation pressure ratio, friction angle mobilized at yield, and the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, were constant and independent of consolidation pressure. The mobilized undrained shear strength of the normally consolidated young clay obtained by consolidating s.
Produtividade e qualidade de melão sob manejo com água de salinidade crescente

In semi-arid regions, irregular rainfall and scarcity of good quality water contribute to the use of saline water for irrigation. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effects of saline water use in the yield and quality of melon fruits. Treatments consisted of two melon cultivars (Sancho - C 1 and Medellin - C 2 ) irrigated with low (S 1 = 0.61 dS m -1 ) and high (S 2 = 4.78 dS m -1 ) salinity water levels, for each phenological stage. The experimental design was split-plot randomized blocks, with six irrigation management strategies and two cultivars (6x2), with four replications. The results showed that the total and commercial number of fruits were influenced by the saline water management strategies. The irrigation management with good quality water, during two days, followed by saline water, for one day, enabled the commercial production of melon, with a reduction of 33% in the good quality water use.
Being Different Yet Feeling Similar: The Influence Of Demographic Composition And Organizational Culture On Work Processes And Outcomes

This research was supported by a Center for Creative Leadership grant to the first author. We thank Dan Brass, Ben Hermalin, Rod Kramer, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the paper, and Linda Johanson for working her usual editorial magic. We also thank Zoe Barsness, Joe Baumann, Mary Cusack, Brenda Ellington, Tiffany Galvin, Anne Lytle, Ann Tenbrunsel, Melissa Thomas-Hunt, and Kim Wade-Benzoni for help in administering the study. Drawing from self-categorization theory, we tested hypotheses on the effects of an organization's demographic composition and cultural emphasis on work processes and outcomes. Using an organizational simulation, we found that the extent to which an organization emphasized individualistic or collectivistic values interacted with demographic composition to influence social interaction, conflict, productivity, and perceptions of creativity among 258 MBA students. Our findings suggest that the purported benefits of demographic diversity are more likely to emerge in organizations that, through their culture, make organizational membership salient and encourage people to categorize one another as having the organization's interests in common, rather than those that emphasize individualism and distinctiveness among members.
Ferromagnetic volcanic particulate matter and black magnetic spherules: A comparative study

Ferromagnetic particulate matter from various volcanic areas has been compared with black magnetic spherules (b.m.s.) sampled in air and in marine sediments. The following main differences have been recognized: (1) in the volcanic ash deposits, ferromagnetic spherules neither solid nor hollow are found; only magnetite crystals usually associated with silicate fragments have been observed; (2) the volcanic ferromagnetic particles and the b.m.s. have similar Fe contents but different contents of minor elements, the former yielding Si, Al, Ti, Ca, Mg, and Cr, and the latter, Ni, Co, and Ir; and (3) while the b.m.s. have a polycrystalline structure characterized by a magnetite, wustite, and α-Fe paragenesis, the volcanic particles are composed only of magnetite and are often in monocrystalline form. Thermodynamic considerations agree with the experimental results showing that the b.m.s. cannot have a volcanic origin.
An Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a Section of Niger Delta, Nigeria

Remote Sensing and GIS offer quick and efficient approach to the classification and mapping of land use/land cover changes over space and time. Info rmation on changes in resource classes, direction, area and pattern of land use-land cover classes form the basis for future planning. Specifically, the land use/land cover types for the years 1986 and 2008 were studied and compared. The data products used in the study are Landsat TM imagery of 1986 and Nigeriasat-1 imagery of 2008. The data sets were put into Arcview GIS environ ment for geo-referencing and on-screen digitization of the needed layers. The land use-land cover layers for 1986 and 2008 were therefo re generated. The magnitude, trend and annual rate of change analysis were generated fro m the land use-land covers for the years-1986 and 2008. The annual rate of change was then used as the basis for the p rojection of the 2050 land use-land cover situation of the study area. The findings show that there was high rate o f land use-land cover change leading to decimat ion of sources of livelihood and resettlement of the people.
¿HASTA QUÉ PUNTO CONVERGEN EL TERRORISMO INTERNACIONAL Y LA CRIMINALIDAD ORGANIZADA?: PARÁMETROS GENERALES Y ESCENARIOS CRÍTICOS

To what extent do global terrorism and organised criminality converge? : general parameters and critical scenarios Despite their differences in terms of motivations and methods, historical examples indicate that terrorism and organized criminality can converge in several ways. Indeed, some analysts think that both threats can no longer be studied in isolation. This report explores the hypothesis of a crime-terror nexus for the special case of global (jihadi) terrorism. Three types of convergence are examined: involvement in criminal activities by terrorists, transformation of terrorists groups into hybrid or purely criminal organizations and cooperation between organized criminal organizations and terrorist groups. Finally, the study ends with a section dedicated to the cases of Af-Pak, Iraq and Western Sahel, presented as examples of privileged scenarios for interaction between global terrorism and organized crime.
Interdependence of fault displacement rates and paleoearthquakes in an active rift

Paleoearthquakes at Earth's surface often generate faults with variable displacement rates over short time intervals (e.g., <18 k.y.). The nature and origin of these variations and the extent to which they result from systematic, and therefore predictable, earthquake processes is unresolved. We examine the processes underlying fluctuations in displacement rates by charting the accumulation of displacement over the last 60 k.y. on 25 normal fault traces distributed across the Taupo Rift, New Zealand. Displacement rates become more stable with increasing fault size and are uniform when aggregated across the entire rift. The increased stability of fault displacement rates at greater spatial scales suggests that each fault is a component of a kinematically coherent system in which all faults interact and their earthquake histories are interdependent. Fault interdependencies generate short-term complex (<18 k.y.) fluctuations in the timing and magnitude of earthquakes, but also ultimately result in the stability of displacement rates on million-year time scales.
Characteristics of atmosphere‐ocean interactions along North Atlantic extratropical storm tracks

[1] This study explores the characteristics of the air-sea interactions and extratropical autumn storms in the northwest Atlantic. Simulations are performed with a relatively fine resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean model system. The model system consists of the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community atmospheric model coupled to a recent version of the Princeton Ocean model. Atmospheric boundary conditions for storm simulations are given by the Canadian Climate Centre model, Second Generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2), following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IS92a scenario conditions. The CGCM2 control conditions are obtained from simulated years 1975–1994. Our results show that interactions between extratropical storms and the upper ocean are affected by the upper ocean, latent and sensible heat fluxes across the air-sea interface, and the atmospheric structure, which propagates relative to the ocean surface as storms move along their storm tracks. Three types of numerical storm experiments are conducted, for storms that (1) make landfall, (2) move along the coastline without landfall, and (3) remain over the open ocean. Our results suggest that the locations of the maximum storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling are mainly dominated by the upper ocean thermostructure. The storm's intensity, as represented by its maximum wind speed, can cause further SST cooling. In turn, the upper ocean can reduce storm intensity by as much as 4–5 hPa in minimum sea level pressure, or 2–4 m s−1 in surface winds. Although the impacts of these effects are most notable in the lower atmospheric boundary layer, they extend to the top of the troposphere.
Lateral Resistance of Single Pile Located Near Geosynthetic Reinforced Slope

An extensive program of laboratory tests was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the lateral behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1 (V):1.5 (H) made with sands of three different unit weights representing dense, medium dense, and loose relative densities. Several configurations of geogrid reinforcement with different numbers of layers, vertical spacing, and length were investigated. The experimental program also included studies of the location of pile relative to the slope crest, relative density of sand, and embedment length of pile. The results indicate that stabilizing a soil slope has a significant benefit of improving the lateral load resistance of a vertical pile. The improvement in pile lateral load was found to be strongly dependent on the number of geogrid layers, layer size, and relative density of the sand. It was also found that soil reinforcement is more effective for piles located closer to the slope crest. Based on test results, critical values are discussed and recommended.
Production of stabilized Criegee intermediates and peroxides in the gas phase ozonolysis of alkenes: 1. Ethene, trans‐2‐butene, and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene

Ozone-alkene reactions generate stabilized Criegee intermediates (of the form R1R2COO), which are believed to react with water molecules to form organic hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide and carboxylic acids. These reactions are thought to be significant sources of these environmentally important compounds, yet both the yields of stabilized Criegee intermediates and the branching ratios from their reaction with water are not well known. The formation of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides was investigated in the gas phase ozonolysis of ethene, trans-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene for relative humidities (RH) from 0 and 80% by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Additionally, yields of acetaldehyde and acetic acid from trans-2-butene and acetone from 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene were measured. The reactions of stabilized Criegee intermediates with water were found to proceed almost entirely via organic hydroperoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation with little acid formation. Stabilized Criegee intermediate yields of 0.39, 0.24, and 0.10 were obtained for ethene, trans-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, respectively.
Bulk mineralogical changes of hydrous micrometeorites during heating in the upper atmosphere at temperatures below 1000 °C

Abstract— Small particles 200 μm in diameter from the hydrous carbonaceous chondrites Orgueil CI, Murchison CM2, and Tagish Lake were experimentally heated for short durations at subsolidus temperatures under controlled ambient pressures in order to examine the bulk mineralogical changes of hydrous micrometeorites during atmospheric entry. The three primitive meteorites consist mainly of various phyllosilicates and carbonates that are subject to decomposition at low temperatures, and thus the brief heating up to 1000 °C drastically changed the mineralogy. Changes included shrinkage of interlayer spacing of saponite due to loss of molecular water at 400–600 °C, serpentine and saponite decomposition to amorphous phases at 600 and 700 °C, respectively, decomposition of Mg‐Fe carbonate at 600 °C, recrystallization of secondary olivine and Fe oxide or metal at 700–800 °C, and recrystallization of secondary low‐Ca pyroxene at 800 °C. The ambient atmospheric pressures controlled species of secondary Fe phase: taenite at pressures lower than 10−2 torr, magnesiowüstite from 10−3 to 10−1 torr, and magnetite from 10−2 to 1 torr. The abundance of secondary low‐Ca pyroxene increases in the order of Murchison, Orgueil, and Tagish Lake, and the order corresponds to saponite abundance in samples prior to heating. Mineralogy of the three unmelted micrometeorites F96CI024, kw740052, and kw740054 were investigated in detail in order to estimate heating conditions. The results showed that they might have come from different parental objects, carbonaterich Tagish Lake type, carbonate‐poor Tagish Lake or CI type, and CM type, respectively, and experienced different peak temperatures, 600, 700, and 800˜900 °C, respectively, at 60–80 km altitude upon atmospheric entry.
Evaluating Global Streamflow Simulations by a Physically-based Routing Model Coupled with the Community Land Model

AbstractAccurately simulating hydrological processes such as streamflow is important in land surface modeling because they can influence other land surface processes, such as carbon cycle dynamics, through various interaction pathways. This study aims to evaluate the global application of a recently developed Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport (MOSART) coupled with the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4). To support the global implementation of MOSART, a comprehensive global hydrography dataset has been derived at multiple resolutions from different sources. The simulated runoff fields are first evaluated against the composite runoff map from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC). The simulated streamflow is then shown to reproduce reasonably well the observed daily and monthly streamflow at over 1600 of the world’s major river stations in terms of annual, seasonal, and daily flow statistics. The impacts of model structure complexity are evaluated, and results show that the spatial and temporal va.
An assessment of remotely sensed land surface temperature

[1] The satellite application facility on land surface analysis (Land SAF) generates, archives, and disseminates land surface temperature (LST) in an operational basis. LST is estimated from the spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat, making use of a generalized split-windows algorithm. Here SEVIRI LST is compared with retrievals from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), collocated in space and time, for three 10° × 10° areas (Iberian Peninsula, Central Africa, and the Kalahari), and for six 7-day periods between July 2005 and May 2006. Overall, SEVIRI LSTs are warmer than MODIS values, with maximum discrepancies generally observed for daytime. The mismatches between the two satellite retrievals are then analyzed in terms of (1) satellite viewing angle differences, (2) surface orography, and (3) surface type. Daytime discrepancies are strongly impacted by differential heating rates of elements within a pixel (e.g., vegetation types, bareground), leading to a relatively wide range of MODIS-SEVIRI LST differences, with strong dependency on the MODIS view zenith angle. In contrast, average nighttime discrepancies are generally below 2°C. The intercomparison between MODIS and SEVIRI LST is complemented with in situ observations taken at Evora ground station (southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula). The differences between ground and satellite-derived values show high variability for daytime for both sensors, with a systematic overestimation of in situ values by SEVIRI LST. In the case of nighttime observations, both sensors tend to underestimate local measurements, with estimated bias over all events under study of −1.7°C and −2.6°C for SEVIRI and MODIS LST, respectively.