Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral Kernel Approach to Study Radiative Response of Climate Variables and Interannual Variability of Reflected Solar Spectrum

[1] The radiative kernel approach provides a simple way to separate the radiative response to different climate parameters and to decompose the feedback into radiative and climate response components. Using CERES/MODIS/Geostationary data, we calculated and analyzed the solar spectral reflectance kernels for various climate parameters on zonal, regional, and global spatial scales. The kernel linearity is tested. Errors in the kernel due to nonlinearity can vary strongly depending on climate parameter, wavelength, surface, and solar elevation; they are large in some absorption bands for some parameters but are negligible in most conditions. The spectral kernels are used to calculate the radiative responses to different climate parameter changes in different latitudes. The results show that the radiative response in high latitudes is sensitive to the coverage of snow and sea ice. The radiative response in low latitudes is contributed mainly by cloud property changes, especially cloud fraction and optical depth. The large cloud height effect is confined to absorption bands, while the cloud particle size effect is found mainly in the near infrared. The kernel approach, which is based on calculations using CERES retrievals, is then tested by direct comparison with spectral measurements from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) (a different instrument on a different spacecraft). The monthly mean interannual variability of spectral reflectance based on the kernel technique is consistent with satellite observations over the ocean, but not over land, where both model and data have large uncertainty. RMS errors in kernel-derived monthly global mean reflectance over the ocean compared to observations are about 0.001, and the sampling error is likely a major component.
Geomagnetic Storms over the Last Solar Cycle : A Superposed Epoch Analysis

[1] Presented here is a discussion of the results of a superposed epoch analysis of geomagnetic storms over the last solar cycle. Storms, identified by means of their characteristic SYM-H evolution, are separated by size into weak (−150 < SYM-H ≤ −80) nT, moderate (−300 < SYM-H ≤ −150) nT, and intense (SYM-H ≤ −300) nT categories. Where possible, the corresponding solar wind (SW) onset mechanisms were located by means of 1 min ACE OMNI data. Intense storms were observed to be driven solely by coronal mass ejections (CMEs); moderate storms were dominated by CME onset, while only weak storms were driven by both CMEs and corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at a ratio of ∼2:1, respectively. As might be expected, more intense storms resulted from the largest SW enhancements. Individual storm phase durations for different storm sizes were investigated, revealing that the duration of the main phase increases with storm size to a critical point, then decreases for more intense storms, contrary to the findings of a previous study by Yokoyama and Kamide (1997). Various SW-magnetosphere coupling functions were investigated for this data set in an attempt to estimate storm size from SW conditions.
Detecting Haze Hotspots Through Network Modeling

Haze is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs mostly in developing countries and is caused by tiny micro-gaseous air pollutants that affect human health, the economy, and the environment. The transboundary haze, or polluted air scattered in the atmosphere from a source location, impacts the livelihoods of the human population, lasting days to weeks. To prevent massive disruption caused by haze, it is thus important to detect the probable affected locations by knowing the source location of the pollutants in the atmosphere. Based on the idea of the Epidemiological Triangle (ET), we proposed a contact triangle named Haze Contact Triangle (HCT) be formulated, representing the interdependency of the environment, source locations, and affected locations. Therefore, this paper aims to present a proof-of-concept that in detecting the affected locations, a bipartite network model can be used for this purpose. The relationship between two nodes which are the source location and the affected location of the haze was clearly defined and quantified through a weighted link. The quantification of the two nodes is based on the environmental properties of the locations so that the dispersion of haze from the source location to the affected location can be formulated. The weight of the link between the two nodes was quantified using parameters such as the high temperature, wind directions, distance between the affected location from the source location, and the rates of smouldering fire in the formulation of the Haze Contact Strength (HCS). The formulated network is then sent through a web-based searching algorithm resulting in ranked locations. Therefore, the result is an indication of a haze hotspot, which may then be used to improve the efficacy of controlling the haze situation locally.
Does coordinated stasis yield taxonomic and ecologic stability?: Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of central New York

Statistical tests of coordinated stasis within the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group demonstrate significant temporal changes in taxonomic composition and ecological structure of the macrofauna throughout a 5‐6 m.y. time span. The analysis, based upon a collection of . 38,000 specimens obtained over a 20 yr period from the Hamilton Group of central New York, used highly controlled sampling techniques, applied within a single, well-defined lithofacies. Assemblages were tested for stability through time, as would be predicted by the model of coordinated stasis. Our results reveal that within at least one major Hamilton environment, taxonomic and ecological stability are not statistically significant and therefore do not support the hypothesis of coordinated stasis.
Beidellite and Associated Clays from the Delamar Mine and Florida Mountain Area, Idaho

There has been much interest in the rare specimen of beidellite from the Black Jack Mine, Florida Mountain, Idaho. A variety of aluminous clays exists along veins such as the Black Jack vein, in rhyolite and latite flows, and in near-surface ash beds, often containing less than 1.0% MgO and 0.5% Na20. Associated clays include beidellite, illite, kaolinite, 10-Å halloysite, dickite, nacrite, rectorite and a tarasovite-like mineral. The predominant clay is mixed-layer illite—beidellite. The beidellites have Al2O3 contents ranging from about 28 to 33%, and predominantly Ca and K as interlayer cations. The typical beidellite dehydroxylation temperatures of about 595 °C readily differentiate the beidellite from montmorillonite, which has a dehydroxylation temperature in the range of 735 °C. A modified differential thermal analysis (DTA) method is given for readily estimating the interlayer cation populations of smectites, including Mg++ and Al+++ cations. Chemical analyses and layer charges of II beidellites from mines around the Black Jack Mine are given. The beidellites have an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) classification of CR, φ value, internal friction angle of about 8° and an expansion pressure of about 9 kgf/cm2 (88.3 kPa), similar to that of nontronite.
Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders

Abstract Many years of high-resolution measurements by a number of space-based sensors and from Lagrangian drifters became available recently and are used to examine the persistent atmospheric imprints of the semipermanent meanders of the Agulhas Extension Current (AEC), where strong surface current and temperature gradients are found. The sea surface temperature (SST) measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the chlorophyll concentration measured by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) support the identification of the meanders and related ocean circulation by the drifters. The collocation of high and low magnitudes of equivalent neutral wind (ENW) measured by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which is uniquely related to surface stress by definition, illustrates not only the stability dependence of turbulent mixing but also the unique stress measuring capability of the scatterometer. The observed rotation of ENW in opposition to the rotation.
Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the TAG active hydrothermal mound using mineralogical and geochemical data

The TAG active hydrothermal mound, located 2.4 km east of the neovolcanic zone at 26°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is ∼200 m in diameter, exhibits 50 m of relief, and is covered entirely by hydrothermal precipitates. Eight different types of vent solids were recovered from the mound by the submersibles Alvin and Mir in 1986, 1990, and 1991. Detailed petrographic and geochemical studies of samples and their distribution are used to deduce patterns of fluid flow and seawater/hydrothermal fluid interaction. Geochemical modeling calculations using fluid composition data corroborate these interpretations. Current activity includes highly focused flow of 363°C fluid from a chimney cluster on the top of the mound and deposition of a high fS 2 -fO 2 mineral assemblage that reflects low concentrations of H 2 S in black smoker fluid. Slow percolation of black smoker fluid pooled beneath the black smoker cluster and entrainment of seawater result in formation of massive sulfide crusts and massive anhydrite. These three sample types are enriched in Co and Se. Blocks of sulfide and white smoker chimneys, enriched in Zn, Au, Ag, Sb, Cd, and Pb, are forming on the surface of the mound from black smoker fluid that has been modified by mixing with entrained seawater, precipitation of sulfides and anhydrite, and dissolution of sphalerite within the mound. This is the first time that on-going remobilization, zone refinement, and significant modification of high-temperature fluid in the near surface has been documented in a seafloor hydrothermal system. Deposits of ocherous material and massive sulfide with outer oxidized layers that formed during previous hydrothermal episodes are exposed on the steep outer walls of the mound. Studies of the full range of samples demonstrate that highly focused fluid flow, consequent seawater entrainment, and mixing within the mound can result in formation of a large seafloor hydrothermal deposit exhibiting sample types similar to those observed in Cyprus-type ore bodies.
4He/³He dispersion and mantle convection

Histograms of the 4He/³He ratios analysed in MORB glasses from individual ridge segments show a linar correlation between the ridge spreading rate and the standard deviation of the corresponding averaged 4He/³He ratio. We interpret the form of these histograms in terms of stirring time (τstir) of the upper mantle. This stirring time corresponds to the time that perturbations brought in from outside into the upper mantle, in the form of oceanic island source material or slabs, were attenuated by a factor of 1/e through the effect of convection. Using 4He/³He ratios of oceanic basalts, we calculate a stirring time close to 250 Ma, distinct from the residence time of ∼1 Ga. This may indicate the existence of two scale upper mantle convection, rapid convection being responsible for the homogeneisation of helium in the upper mantle, and the consequent uniformity of the 4He/³He ratio, and slower convection being responsible for mantle outgassing and plate tectonic motion.
Integrated stratigraphy of the Ludfordian in the Prague Synform

The stratigraphic correlation of the Ludfordian in the Prague Synform is summarized using refined biostratigraphic data from updated conodont and graptolite faunal records. The seven graptolite and seven conodont biozones and faunal intervals are correlated. The biozonations are then integrated with the generalized eustatic and carbon isotope curves. Levels of major extinction and radiation events are plotted against an integrated and refined Ludfordian stratigraphy of the Prague Synform. The proposed correlation chart is a basis for further high-resolution correlation of that region.
Soil Fertility Maps Preparation Using GPS and GIS in Dhenkanal District, Odisha, India

Soil fertility maps of Dhenkanal district, Odisha were prepared by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) tomake awareness among the farmers regarding use of balanced fertilization according to soil test based recommendation and integrated nutrient management for higher and sustainable crop production. Soils of different villages for each block were collected b y GPS instrument.
Dye tracing a jökulhlaup: I. Subglacial water transit speed and water-storage mechanism

Abstract We present results of an investigation of two jökulhlaups (glacial lake outburst floods) at Gornergletscher, Switzerland, using dye-tracer experiments and complementary hydrological measurements. Repeated dye injections into moulins showed that tracer transit speeds were larger after the lake had emptied, but when proglacial discharge was still high, than during the main phase of the jökulhlaup. This counter-intuitive finding was modelled by tracer retardation inside the injection moulin. This model, together with an estimate of the maximum time the tracer takes to transit the injection moulin, allows us to calculate bounds on the transit speed in the main drainage channel where the lake water flows. These results indicate that the main drainage channel transit speeds are indeed highest during the peak of the flood. Moreover, it is known from a previous study that water amounting to half of the lake volume is temporarily stored within the glacier during a Gornergletscher jökulhlaup. Our observations suggest that this process occurred via lateral spreading of water at the glacier bed.
A strategy for coupled 3D imaging of large-scale seismic and electromagnetic data sets: Application to subsalt imaging

ABSTRACTOffshore seismic and electromagnetic (EM) imaging for hydrocarbons can require up to tens of millions of parameters to describe the 3D distribution of complex seabed geology and relevant geophysical attributes. The imaging and data volumes for such problems are enormous. Descent-based methods are the only viable imaging approach, where it is often challenging to manage the convergence of stand-alone seismic and EM inversion experiments. When a joint seismic-EM inversion is implemented, convergence problems with descent-based methods are further aggravated. Moreover, resolution mismatches between seismic and EM pose another challenge for joint inversion. To overcome these problems, we evaluated a coupled seismic-EM inversion workflow and applied it to a set of full-wave-seismic, magnetotelluric (MT) and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data for subsalt imaging. In our workflow, we address disparate resolution properties between seismic and EM data by implementing the seismic inversion in th.
The role of microphysical and chemical processes in prolonging the climate forcing of the Toba Eruption

The mega-eruption of Toba, Sumatra, occurred around 73 Ka ago, during the onset of a glaciation of the Late Quaternary. This coincidence combined with the unprecedented amount of sulphur released by this volcano has led to the hypothesis that Toba sulphate aerosols caused a transient surface cooling which may have contributed to a shift of the climate system. Because of the self limiting effect of gravitational sedimentation, the climatic impact of extremely large sulphur injections into the stratosphere are thought to be rather limited. Here we present model calculations combining microphysical and chemical feedbacks which show that the eruption could instead have led to the formation of a long-lasting volcanic aerosol layer. Although the concentrations of radiatively active species such as O3 or SO2 could also have been considerably perturbed, the resulting forcings should have only slightly moderated the aerosol cooling effect during the first few years following the eruption. According to our results, extremely high stratospheric sulphur loading could lead to a more prolonged effect on the climate than previously assumed.
Toward Energy-Efficient 6G Networks: Uplink Cell-Free Massive MIMO With NLD Cancellation Technique of Hardware Impairments

This paper focuses on investigating uplink (UL) data transmission in cell-free massive MIMO based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CF-mMIMO-OFDM) systems, taking into account the effects of hardware impairments (HWIs). Specifically, the HWIs arise from nonlinear distortions (NLD) caused by power amplifiers (PAs) at user equipments (UEs). These NLD have a significant impact on both channel estimation and data transmission in UL CF-mMIMO-OFDM. To mitigate NLD while maintaining a good power-efficiency, we propose a successive NLD cancellation approach that is adequate for CF-mMIMO-OFDM. Specifically, a novel frequency-domain channel estimation method is introduced that incorporates NLD cancellation. This method aims to accurately estimate the channel despite the presence of hardware impairments. Additionally, a joint multi-user (MU) combining and NLD cancellation scheme is proposed to mitigate the NLD impact on data detection. Note that three combining schemes are adopted, namely maximum-ratio (MR), zero-forcing (FZF), and partial-FZF (PFZF). Most-importantly, the proposed techniques are designed to be implemented in a distributed and scalable manner, highlighting the advantages of CF-mMIMO-OFDM systems. The performance of the proposed techniques are evaluated with simulations when considering the combining schemes. Results show the capability of our proposed NLD cancellation approach to improve both channel estimation and data detection, especially when leveraging the good features of PFZF combing scheme. For objective comparison purpose, we derived closed-form expressions on UL spectral-efficiency (SE) performance of an UL CF-mMIMO-OFDM system in presence of ideal and nonlinear PA.
Climate Change, Viticulture, and Wine: Challenges and Opportunities

Throughout human existence weather and climate have played a decisive role in where and how cultures have developed. Agricultural systems that could support early civilizations were crucial to their success. Nomadic tribes have always moved to find better growing conditions for their crops or to feed their animals. During the age of worldwide exploration the suitability of a given location to certain crops helped to determine whether a colony could be established there or not. Today, as in the past, climate is clearly a pervasive factor in the success of all agricultural systems, influencing whether a crop is suitable to a given region, largely controlling crop production and quality, and ultimately driving economic sustainability. Maybe more so than at any time in human history, our agricultural systems today are at risk from rapidly changing climates that affect the suitability and sustainability of crops worldwide. Climate’s influence on agribusiness is at its most evident with viticulture and wine production where it is arguably the most critical aspect in ripening fruit to its optimum to produce a desired wine style. As in the past, today’s wine production occurs over relatively narrow geographical and climatic ranges, most often in midlatitude regions that are prone to high climatic variability. Furthermore, individual winegrape varieties have even narrower climate ranges, which further limit the areas suitable for their cultivation. These narrow niches for optimum quality and production put the cultivation of winegrapes at greater risk from both short-term climate variability and long-term climate changes than other crops. And while winegrapes as a crop are not crucial to human survival, the vine’s extraordinary sensitivity to climate makes the industry a strong early-warning system for problems that all food crops may confront as climates continue to change. This special issue of the Journal of Wine Research, along with further supplemental papers in the next issue, is devoted to examining the significance of climate change to growing grapes for wine production. Articles in the two issues provide perspectives on the physical basis for climate’s influence, vulnerabilities of differing sectors of the industry, and available mitigative and adaptive strategies. In this issue, Schultz and Jones detail how climate change has altered grape composition and wine styles and show that the geography of wine regions globally is changing and will likely continue to change in the future. Examining climate in Australia and China, Pagay and Pullman in the next issue detail how both regions have experienced increased heat extremes and below average precipitation that has lead to more frequent and severe droughts. Other research in Australia has coupled these observations with projections
The characteristic of relative error in eddy covariance measurements and its application to data quality control in rainfed paddy field

201 Abstract The long-term measurements of sensible and latent heat and CO 2 fluxes (H, lE, and Fc) in various terrestrial ecosystems contribute to improve understanding of the biogeochemical cycle on interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere. The flux is measured by the eddy covariance method using not only reliable micrometeorological knowledge but also developed instrumental techniques. However, the eddy covariance measurements should include error (d) as a statistical uncertainty because of diverse measurement conditions based against theoretical assumptions. Here, we take account of the relative error (z) to evaluate the flux measurements with statistical analysis of rainfed paddy field in tropical crop regions. The least median of squares (LMS) method is applied to estimate the spatiotemporal descriptive statistics of relative error (zt ) because the frequency distribution of z has more significant kurtosis and skewness than Gaussian. Consequently, we found that zt=0.13±0.04, which is similar to other studies, despite the seasonal variation and the difference in land cover. The characteristic of z presented in this study could be of significant use in the quality control analysis of eddy covariance flux measurements.
Terrain Type Detection for Smart Equine Gait Analysis Systems Using Inertial Sensors and Machine Learning

Lameness, limping due to pain, is a significant welfare issue for horses. Veterinarians typically evaluate horses on two terrain types (hard and soft, e.g., asphalt and sand) that are known to affect the observed degree of lameness based on the origin/location of the pain. In the past years, whole-body inertial measurement units (IMU)-based gait analysis systems were developed to support diagnostics and monitor locomotion changes over time. Movement direction and gait (walk, trot) are automatically labeled, resulting in smart and easy-to-use systems. However, terrain types are not detected, leading to information loss. In this work, we explored terrain classification tasks with equine IMU data and machine and deep learning. Using the data of 111 horses equipped with IMU sensors (withers, pelvis, front, and hind limbs), we compared different features-based (FT) and time-series-based (TS) classifiers (train-test ratio: 0.7-0.3). In order to reduce the computational costs of the future system, we also evaluated the performance (F1 score) of the classifiers with different sampling frequencies (10 to 200Hz) and different IMU combinations (body and limbs). Our Convolutional Neural Network models accurately classified terrain types with only one IMU placed on the front limb. Downsampling the signals led to similar results, thus enabling real-time applications.