Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production and decay of ClNO2 from the reaction of gaseous N2O5 with NaCl solution: Bulk and aerosol experiments

The chemistry of N2O5 on liquid NaCl aerosols or bulk NaCl solutions was studied at 291 K by aerosol smog chamber and wetted-wall flow tube experiments. The uptake of N2O5 on deliquescent aerosol was obtained to be (3.2±0.2)×10−2 (1σ error) from the aerosol experiments. In the wetted-wall flow tube we observed that nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is the main product of the reaction at NaCl concentrations larger than approximately 0.5 M and almost the only product at concentrations larger than 1 M. The ClNO2 yield does not depend linearly on the NaCl concentration, especially at small sodium chloride concentrations (i.e., smaller than 1 M). It appeared that a simple mechanism where N2O5 undergoes two reaction channels (hydrolysis and reaction with Cl−) is unable to explain the observed concentration dependence of the product yield. We propose that N2O5 dissociates to NO2+ and NO3− (rate constant kl>104 s−1) mainly. The directly hydrolysis of N2O5 (k3[H2O]) is less than 20% of the total reaction. NO2+ reacts with water to form 2H+ and NO3− (k5) or with Cl− to form ClNO2 (k4). Neglecting the influence of ionic strength we evaluate k4/k5 to be 836±32 (1σ error). Using the wetted-wall flow tube technique, we studied the uptake of nitryl chloride by aqueous solutions containing NaCl. We observed that the uptake coefficient γ decreased from (4.84±0.13)×10−6 on pure water to (0.27±0.02)×10−6 on a 4.6 M NaCl solution. The sharp decrease of γ with increasing salt concentrations is evidence of reversible hydrolysis. ClNO2 dissociates to Cl− + NO2+(k6). In the absence of Cl− we evaluate H ⋅ k61/2 to be 0.44±0.01 mol L−1 atm−1 s−1/2. Finally, we discuss that atomic Cl from photolysis of ClNO2 may play a role in the marine boundary layer at high northern latitudes.
Geotechnical characteristics of large slow, very slow, and extremely slow landslides

Based on a study of 45 large slow-moving landslides, it is apparent that for a landslide to travel slowly after failure, the sliding is most likely to be active or reactivated, on a basal rupture surface at or close to residual strength. The likelihood of slow movement after failure is also increased when the inclination of the basal rupture surface is less than the residual friction angle. The slow-moving landslides are all of low rock-mass strength with varying degrees of disaggregation, or they possess soil strength. The influence of lateral margins on landslide restraint is generally small, with landslide movement typically controlled by fluctuations in piezometric pressure. The most commonly observed slow large landslides are mudslides and translational debris–rock slides, followed by particular forms of translational rock slides and internally sheared compound slides. Some mudslides display evidence of short periods of up to moderate velocities.
Thermochronometrically constrained anatomy and evolution of a Miocene extensional accommodation zone and tilt domain boundary: The southern Wassuk Range, Nevada

Apatite (AHe) and Zircon (ZHe) (U‐Th)/He thermochronometric data from the southern Wassuk Range (WR) coupled with 40Ar/39Ar age data from the overlying tilted Tertiary section are used to constrain the thermal evolution of an extensional accommodation zone and tilt‐domain boundary. AHe and ZHe data record two episodes of rapid cooling related to the tectonic exhumation of the WR fault block beginning at ~15 and ~4 Ma. Extension was accommodated through fault‐block rotation and variably tilted the southern WR to the west from ~60°–70° in the central WR to ~15°–35° in the southernmost WR and Pine Grove Hills, and minimal tilting in the Anchorite Hills and along the Mina Deflection to the south. Middle Miocene geothermal gradient estimates record heating immediately prior to large‐magnitude extension that was likely coeval with the extrusion of the Lincoln Flat andesite at ~14.8 Ma. Geothermal gradients increase from ~19° ± 4°C/km to ≥ 65° ± 20°C/km toward the Mina Deflection, suggesting that it was the focus of Middle Miocene arc magmatism in the upper crust. The decreasing thickness of tilt blocks toward the south resulted from a shallowing brittle/ductile transition zone. Postmagmatic Middle Miocene extension and fault‐block advection were focused in the northern and central WR and coincidentally moderated the large lateral thermal gradient within the uppermost crust.
Delayed recovery of soil respiration after wetting of dry soil further reduces C losses from a Norway spruce forest soil

[1] This experiment investigated the effects of prolonged summer drought on soil respiration (SR) in a mountainous Norway spruce forest in south Germany. On three manipulation plots we excluded summer throughfall in the years of 2006/2007 and measured SR fluxes in comparison to three control plots. Using radiocarbon measurements we quantified the contribution of rhizosphere (RR) and heterotrophic respiration (HR) to total SR. In both manipulation years, mean CO 2 emissions (±SE) from the throughfall exclusion (TE) plots were smaller than from the control plots with 5.7 t C ha -1 (±0.3) compared to 6.7 t C ha -1 (±0.2) in 2006 and 5.9 t C ha -1 (±0.3) compared to 7.0 t C ha -1 (±0.4) in 2007. Under control conditions, CO 2 originated mainly from HR (60-95% of SR). Prolonged drought reduced HR, whereas RR was not affected or even increased slightly. Reduction of CO 2 emissions on the TE plots was found up to 6 weeks after differences in matric potential conditions disappeared, possibly either because water repellency inhibited homogeneous rewetting of the organic horizons or because of severe damage to the microbial population. No evidence was found for the release of new, formerly protected substrates by preceding drought. Continuous measurements in 2008 (no manipulation) did not reveal increased CO 2 emissions on the TE plots that could compensate for the reduction during the years 2006/2007. Based on our results, we postulate a negative feedback between increased frequency and magnitude of summer droughts and SR in Norway spruce stands.
A study of the dependence of rural ozone on ozone precursors in the eastern United States

A comprehensive three-dimensional mesoscale model, with detailed treatment of meteorology and photochemistry, is applied to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada to address the issue of ozone production over rural regions. Simulations with various anthropogenic emission reductions over a 4-day high-pressure period, for which the eastern U.S. experienced elevated O3 levels, are compared to the results of a reference case that incorporates the most recent National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (1985) emissions inventory. Our focus is on the relative effects of anthropogenic NOx versus nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emission reductions on O3 concentrations within this photochemical regime. The model results are consistent with earlier studies that predict a reasonably high O3 sensitivity to NMHC emission reductions, and O3 increases for NOx emission reductions in regions of strong urban influence. However, the total area that exhibits these distinctly urban characteristics comprises less than 10% of the continental area within the model. O3 production for the majority of the eastern United States is found to be limited by NOx availability rather than NMHC. Thus the sensitivity to NOx emission reductions averaged over the continental regions of the model domain is about a factor of 3 higher than that of NMHC. Because of large uncertainties in the natural and anthropogenic NMHC emissions, additional sensitivity runs are performed with increased anthropogenic NMHC emissions and natural NMHC emissions excluded. These alterations do not effect our basic conclusions with respect to rural O3 formation but do impact urban locations. When anthropogenic NMHC emissions are increased by a factor of 4, control Of NOx emissions has nearly the same effect in both urban and rural areas. The nonlinear nature of regionally averaged O3 with respect to anthropogenic and natural precursors is also illustrated from the results of the sensitivity studies.
Rhyolite domes and pyroclastic socks (Whitianga Group) of the Hahei Area, Coromandel Peninsula

Abstract Acidic volcanic rocks (Whitianga Group) in the Hahei area consist of breccia, lapilli breccia and tuff (Coroglen Subgroup) overlain by rhyolite lava domes (Minden Rhyolite Subgroup). The remnants of three or more domes are preserved, composed of biotite, biotite-hornblende, and pyroxene rhyolite.
A colour composite of NOAA-AVHRR-NDVI based on time series analysis (1981-1992)

This paper describes an image obtained by applying a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm to a long time-series of satellite images: ten years of monthly images of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, a measure of the amount of green vegetation cover, for the entire South and Central America. The paper also gives a brief overview and literature references on the work done by the authors in the past five years.
Impact of soil heterogeneity in a mixed-layer model of the planetary boundary layer

Abstract The dynamics of soil moisture and temperature states are forced by land surface fluxes that form the coupling between the soil and the atmosphere. This two-way interaction between the soil and the atmosphere results in feedback mechanisms that affect the temporal patterns of variability of the system. To understand these characteristics of soil moisture and temperature variability, a one-dimensional coupled mixed-layer model of the land surface and the planetary boundary layer energy and humidity budgets is constructed. To allow integrations on the order of days, the model includes both the growth phase and the collapse phase of mixed layer evolution. The model includes the radiative effects due to the presence of clouds. Given the incoming shortwave radiation, lapse rates of temperature and humidity above the mixed layer and lateral windspeed, the model predicts all longwave radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes. The model is shown to capture accurately observations taken during the FIFE f.
Advanced morphology and behaviour of extinct earwig-like cockroaches (Blattida: Fuziidae fam. nov.)

Advanced morphology and behaviour of extinct earwig-like cockroaches (Blattida: Fuziidae fam. nov.) We describe the extinct cockroach family Fuziidae fam. nov., represented by Fuzia dadao gen. et sp. nov. from the ? Bathonian (168 Ma) Middle Jurassic sediments of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Males are characterized by unique, long and narrow bodies with a notch on forceps of earwig-like cerci, which attaches to the long external ovipositor during courtship. In a combination with the presence of male tergal glands, it appears the most advanced form of reproduction in the nearly 300 Myr history of long external ovipositor-bearing cockroaches. Its advanced morphology significantly supports attribution of living and fossil cockroaches within a single order Blattida.
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism

Knowledge of the frequencies of highly explosive, moderately explosive, and nonexplosive eruptions would be useful in a variety of volcano studies. Historical records are generally incomplete, however, and contain very little quantitative data from which explosive magnitude can be estimated. Only the largest eruptions have a complete record back to the early 19th Century; other important explosive events went unrecorded prior to about 1960. Only a handful of the very biggest eruptions are represented in the geologic record, so it will be impossible to augment historical records post facto. A composite estimate of the magnitude of past explosive eruptions, termed the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), is proposed as a semiquantitative compromise between poor data and the need in various disciplines to evaluate the record of past volcanism. The VEI has been assigned to over 8000 historic and prehistoric eruptions, and a complete list is available in a companion document.
Adequacy of the Early Ordovician trilobite record in the southern Montagne Noire (France): biases for biodiversity documentation

ABSTRACT The litho- and biostratigraphical subdivisions of the Tremadocian-Arenigian succession of the southern Montagne Noire are hereby revised. The Lower Ordovician diversity patterns are estimated through statistical analysis of 27 families, 64 genera and 132 species of trilobites across nine interval zones; from bottom to top: the Proteuloma geinitzi, Shumardia (Conophrys) pusilla, Euloma filacovi, Taihungshania miqueli, Taihungshania shui landyranensis, Colpocoryphe maynardensis, Neseuretus (Neseuretus) arenosus, Apatokephalus incisus and Hangchungolithus primitivus zones. Maximum trilobite diversity occurred within the E. filacovi and A. incisus zones, alternating with two sharp declines (S. (C.) pusilla and T.shui landyranensis zones), in both cases drastically related to transgressive-regressive trends. Trilobites attained their highest diversity in muddy outer-platform settings, decreasing in fine-grained sandstones and siltstones of shoreface environments, where trilobites could still be numerically abundant. Four major trilobite turnovers are recognised at the bottom of the P. geinitzi, S. (C.)pusilla, E. filacovi and T. shui landyranensis zones, in which survivors from previous intervals are not reported at specific level, and important generic replacements took place. Despite the relative incompleteness of the Lower Ordovician trilobite record, envisaged after analysing the high proportion of monotypic taxa and discontinuous ranges of some families, the trilobite record is representative enough to estimate diversity patterns, although a better understanding of the palaeoenvironmental control will greatly enhance biodiversity resolution.
Informal caregivers and the risk of nursing home admission among individuals enrolled in the program of all-inclusive care for the elderly.

PURPOSE We sought to determine whether participants in the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) with an informal caregiver have a higher or lower risk of nursing home admission than those without caregivers. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a secondary data analysis of 3,189 participants aged 55 years or older who were enrolled in 11 PACE programs during the period from June 1, 1990 through June 30, 1998. Cox proportional hazard models determined whether having any caregiver, as well as specific caregiver characteristics, such as either living separately from the enrollee, being over the age of 75 years, providing personal care, not reducing or quitting work to provide care, or not being a spouse, predicted time to nursing home admission. RESULTS Fewer than half of the participants (49.4%) lived with a caregiver, and 12.4% had no caregiver. Individuals who lived with their caregiver were frailer than either those who lived separately or those without a caregiver. We measured frailty in terms of functional and cognitive status, incontinence, and multiple behavioral disturbances. The presence of a caregiver did not change the risk for institutionalization. None of the caregiver characteristics were associated with a higher risk of nursing home admission. IMPLICATIONS Unlike individuals in the general population, participants in PACE who lack an informal caregiver are not at higher risk of institutionalization. Further research is required to ascertain whether PACE's comprehensive formal services compensate for the lack of informal caregiving in limiting the risk for institutionalization.
Return stroke speed of cloud‐to‐ground lightning estimated from elve hole radii

We present the first measurements of the lightning return stroke speed that directly relate to the current return stroke, as opposed to its optical manifestation. The shape of elves is determined by the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation pattern at D region altitudes, which is in turn controlled by the geometry and current propagation properties of the return stroke channel. In particular, numerical simulation of the EMP‐ionosphere interaction shows a strong relationship between the elve “hole” radius and the current return stroke speed. The hole radii are measured from a data set of 55 elves observed with the PIPER photometer. Using these radii observations in conjunction with numerical simulations of the EMP, we perform Bayesian inference to estimate the distribution of return stroke speeds. The results show a maximum a posteriori probability return stroke speed estimate of 0.64c for elve producing lightning.
Gravity terrain effect of the seafloor topography in Taiwan

Gravity terrain correction is used to compensate for the gravitational effects of the topography residual to the Bouguer plate. The seafloor topography off the eastern offshore of Taiwan is extremely rugged, and the depth of the sea bottom could be greater than 5000 m. In order to evaluate the terrain effect caused by the seafloor topography, a modern computer algorithm is used to calculate the terrain correction based on the digital elevation model (DEM). Based on the results of this study, the terrain effect caused by the seafloor topography makes a significant contribution to the total terrain effect in every region of Taiwan. In the southern coastal area of Taiwan, the terrain effect caused by the seafloor topography is approximately six times that caused by land topography. Therefore, the terrain effect caused by the seafloor topography cannot be neglected in the reduction of gravity data measured on land. The terrain correction should be calculated from the DEM of both land topography and bathymetry. The optimum correction distance for different regions in Taiwan is different. In eastern and southern Taiwan, the proper correction distance is 300 km, while in western and central Taiwan, it is 100 and 200 km, respectively. The accuracy of terrain correction over the rugged topography of Taiwan can be improved by compensating for the gravitational effect caused by the seafloor topography. The complete Bouguer gravity map of eastern Taiwan is reproduced based on the total terrain correction introduced in this paper. The lineation of the gravity anomaly coincides with the known fault traces and provides the possible position of extension in those areas that are difficult to trace on the surface. In this paper, the southern extension of the Chihshang fault is well delineated in the vicinity of Luye from the gravity anomaly map and confirmed by a ground resistivity survey.
Uncertainty in modelling the detachment of soil by rainfall.

In process-based models of soil erosion, soil detachment by rainfall is commonly modelled as a simple function of rainfall intensity, based on the assumption of a relationship between drop-size distribution and intensity. Here we show that rainfall kinetic energy (and hence soil detachment) does not bear a simple relationship to intensity. For low-intensity rainfall, observed variations in drop-size distributions indicate that soil detachment, at a given rainfall intensity, may vary by about a factor of two. Comparable estimates of variation in soil detachment at high rainfall intensity are not possible because of a dearth of observational data on variation in drop-size distributions in high-intensity rainfall. Variation in drop-size distributions in natural rainfall may, therefore, account for a significant component of differences between observed soil detachment and that predicted by models of soil erosion. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the transient behavior of coal-seam degasification wells

Described in this paper are the mathematical and numerical developments for a series of finite difference models which simulate the two-phase, transient behavior of coal seam degasification wells. Included in this series are models for unstimulated, as well as hydraulically stimulated, wells. The hydraulically stimulated wells are assumed to have either a single infinite or finite conductivity vertical fracture. The natural fracture system of the coal seam, the butt and face cleat, is identified with a porous network and assigned effective porosities, nominally less than ten percent, and absolute permeabilities, generally less than 25 md with values extending into the microdarcy range. A time dependent sorption term has been included to describe the phenomenon of gas desorbing from the coal matrix to the porous network. The coal seam is then modeled with the mathematics of multiphase flow through porous media. All models described in this paper are single well, mesh centered models in radial-cylindrical coordinate geometry. The fully implicit, generalized Newton-Raphson procedure has been employed to solve the coupled, nonlinear equations generated by the models. An intensive sensitivity analysis of the models is included. All models have been verified with successful history matches against stimulated and unstimulated methane drainage wellsmore » producing from coal gas reservoirs. « less
The formation of deep topsoils in Orkney

The Soil Survey for Scotland, in their mapping of the soils in Orkney, identified a deep top phase of the Bilbster Series. This soil is distinguished by having a topsoil usually in excess of 75 cm and it occurs almost exclusively on the Mainland of Orkney, especially in the west round Marwick and Skaill Bays. An anthropogenic origin to this soil is proposed and the present study is designed to investigate the particular processes of formation which have led to the increase in soil depth. Results from transect and grid surveys indicate how the soil is thickest adjacent to old farms. The historical literature suggests a wide range of possible inputs from seaweed and calcareous sand to turves after they had been used as bedding for cattle. Analytical results support the last process as the dominant one and an accumulation rate of c.1 mm/yr is proposed.
The electrical and precipitation characteristics of morning sector Sun-aligned auroral arcs

Two sounding rockets launched from Greenland on March 31, 1987, present one of the most detailed pictures of polar cap auroral arc dynamics ever obtained. The electrodynamics show a clear picture of energy flux carried by energetic, precipitating electrons accompanied by a comparable magnitude Poynting flux immediately adjacent to the electron precipitation. The result is a W-shaped region of energy flux at the locations of auroral arcs. In addition, the current carried by the energetic, precipitating electrons is somewhat greater than that indicated by the magnetometer measurements, suggesting that the background ionosphere in the polar cap may have closed the upward electron current with a downward current along the same field lines. The measurements are compared to a model of quasi-static auroral acceleration based on that by Lyons [1981]. It is found that this model reproduces well most of the electrodynamic features; energy flux, electric fields, and parallel currents determined by the model are in generally good agreement with the in situ measurements.
NEW ARCHAEOINTENSITY RESULTS FROM GREEK MATERIALS

This paper reports palaeointensity results from Greek materials from BC and AD periods, recently obtained in the Sofia palaeomagnetic laboratory. The classical Thellier method was applied and of 26 specimens studied 20 gave acceptable results. The paper aims to compare the newly obtained results with previously published ones from Greece and neighbouring territories relating to the same period of time. The trend of palaeointensity obtained for the period 2900-1700 BC coincides well with the Bulgarian intensity variation curve, while the younger period, 1900-1200 BC, needs further investigation because of the contradictory results obtained by different authors. It is also established that the bricks from the church of Agios Ioannis are earlier than the date of the building's construction and are reused.