Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mild and Efficient Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds, α-Diketones and Acyloins with Sodium Borohydride/Dowex1-x8 System

/Dowex1-x8 system in THF at room temperature. This system is also efficient for the conversion of α-diketones and acyloins to the vicinal diols in refluxing THF.Key Words : Sodium borohydride, Dowex1-x8, α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls, α-Diketones, AcyloinsIntroductionReduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds bymetal hydrides can follow two pathways: addition to carbonylgroup (1,2-reduction) to give allylic alcohols or addition tothe conjugated double bond (1,4-addition) to give saturatedcarbonyl compounds. Due to importance of synthetic pre-cursors of allylic alcohols, the regioselective reduction ofα,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones seems to be aconvenient and easy way to obtain these compounds. So, thisachievement is synthetically very important.
Scanning electron microscope study and pasting properties of unripe and ripe plantain

Unripe and ripe plantain flours were evaluated for chemical properties, some functional characteristics and the starch was compared with differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The major component of the flours is carbohydrate with 85.78% and 83.41%, respectively, for unripe and ripe plantain. Unripe plantain had higher (196%) value of water absorption capacity than ripe plantain flour. Oil absorption capacity was 210% and 187% for unripe and ripe flour respectively. Least gelation concentration of 8% was recorded for both. The gelatinization temperature range of plantain starch was similar. The enthalpies of gelatinization were 2.79 and 3.09 J g -1 for unripe and ripe plantain starches. The morphological difference of starch granules from unripe and ripe samples may be due to changes during the process of ripening. The unripe sample exhibited spherical shape with varying size ranges. The ripe sample, however, showed longitudinal, elongated or oval shapes of irregular sizes. Both could serve as thickening agent for fillings.
Comparison between the changes in muscle oxygenation and blood lactate concentration in finswimmers during incremental exercise

For the purpose of comparing the response in local skeletal muscle oxygenation and blood lactate concentration during incremental exercise, 8 female finswimmers were recruited to take an incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. Muscle oxygenation in right vastus lateralis (VL) were monitored by continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CW NIRS), respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate concentration ([La]b) were simultaneously measured by a metabolic system and a portable blood lactate analyzer respectively. NIRS measurements showed a muscle oxygenation index inflection point (OIip), from which the muscle oxygenation started to decrease dramatically. Significant correlations have been found between OIip and blood lactate threshold identified at the lowest [La]b value which was >0.5 mmol/L lower than that obtained at the following workload. These results might suggest that the CW NIRS measurement could be applied to monitor lactate threshold noninvasively.
Physical refining of edible oils

Crude oils obtained by oilseed processing have to be refined before the consumption in order to remove undesirable accompanying substances. The traditional alkali refining is often replaced by physical refining in which the use of chemicals is reduced. The most widely used method is steam refining. The crude oil quality is very important in order to obtain high quality refined oil. Furthermore, the oil should be efficiently degummed to remove phospholipids as well as heavy metals and bleached to remove pigments. The most important step consists of the application of superheated steam under low pressure and at temperatures higher than 220 °C. Both free fatty acids and objectionable volatiles, formed by cleavage of lipid oxidation products, are removed. A disadvantage is the partial loss of tocopherols. Side reactions, particularly isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids, should be minimized. The quality of physically refined oil is close to that of alkali refined oils, but losses of neutral oil are lower and the environment is less polluted. Among other methods of physical refining the application of selective membranes is promising.
The Visible Structure of Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames: Large-Scale Organization and Flame Tip Oscillation

Abstract High speed visual observations of free turbulent jet diffusion flames are presented. Computer graphic volume rendering, whereby many frames from a movie sequence are displayed simultaneously, is used to provide a unique view of the flow evolution. Two fuels were used, acetylene and ethylene, to span Ihe range from the momentum-driven to the buoyancy-driven regime. The data show that, for all flow regimes, the flames exhibit a large-scale organized motion in the far-field of the jet as manifested by a progression of organized structures up through the length of the visible flame. Occasional pairings of structures are also observed. These structures eventually become the flame tip, which burns out in a quasi-periodic manner. Under no conditions was a random, small-scale breakup and disappearance of the flame tip ever observed. In all cases the speed of the organized structure is seen to be constant and equal to 12 ± 2° of the jet exit velocity. The constancy of speed occurs in spite of the axial de.
A Viscosity Equation for Gas Mixtures

By application of the kinetic theory, with several simplifying assumptions, the previous equation of Buddenberg and the author has been modified to give a general equation for viscosity as a function of molecular weights and viscosities of the pure components of the mixture. Agreement of the equation with experimental data is demonstrated for a number of highly irregular binary gas systems and mixtures of three to seven components.
Dual-Collaborative Fusion Model for Multispectral and Panchromatic Image Fusion

The aim of multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) image fusion is to obtain an MS image that has high resolution in both spectral and spatial domains. During the fusion process, there are two important issues, i.e., spectral information preservation and spatial information enhancement. In this article, we propose a dual-collaborative fusion model that considers not only the spectral correlation collaboration but also the spatial-spectral collaboration. First, the features of PAN and MS images are extracted by a shared feature embedding network. Then, in order to enhance the spatial details, the PAN features are decomposed into four subbands, and the collaborative relationships among subbands are fully explored to refine the features. After the refinement of the subbands, the high-frequency components are directly taken as the inputs of the reconstruction network, while the low-frequency components are transformed by the guidance generation network to accomplish the spatial-spectral collaboration and also make preparations for the spectral adjustment. To explore the spectral correlation collaboration, a novel graph convolutional network is designed for the modulation of intraspectral relationships. Finally, the adjusted MS features are combined with the high-frequency components of PAN features to reconstruct the high-resolution MS image. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional state-of-the-art pan-sharpening methods as well as the available deep learning-based ones.
Seed quality of greengram stored in different storage environment.

A laboratory experiment was conducted with mungbean seeds kept in three different containers. Three containers were tin pot, poly bag and jute bag and stored at room temperature and RH for three months (23 June-23 September) in the Laboratory of Agronomy Department, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to study their storage behavior, germination percentage and quality. The seed of jute bag came to the contact with air and their moisture contents was decreased from initial moisture content and remained near to their Equilibrium Moisture content (EMC), moisture content of the seeds of jute bag was found decreased from 7.50% to 16.70% within 6 weeks of storage. But moisture contents of seeds of tin pot and poly bag remained approximate constant throughout 7 weeks period. As tin pot and poly bag was more or less air tight so the seeds of these container could not come to the contact with ambient room air, resulting no significant change of their moisture content. Germination capacity of the seeds of tin pot was found decreased from 78% to 68% and 77% to 58% in the seeds of poly bag. Germination capacity of the seeds of jute bag was found decreased from 73% to 48%t in 5th week of storage. So, the germination capacity was also found a little bit higher than the seeds of other containers. Considering three different container, tin pot container has been proved much more safe and secured than jute bag or poly bag container.
An In situ Time-Resolved XRD-PSD Investigation into Na-Montmorillonite Interlayer and Particle Rearrangement during Dehydration

X-ray diffraction with a position-sensitive detector (XRD-PSD) was used to make a time-resolved study of the dynamics of deposition and dehydration of Na-montmorillonite crystallites on flat substrates from deionized water suspensions. The static PSD geometry and simultaneous counting procedure allowed the acquisition of high-resolution data on the dynamics of interlayer and interparticle arrangements during dehydration. Three experimental datasets of Na-smectite dehydration are presented, each one representing different initial sample states (suspension, slurry and re-wetted thin film). The computer program NEWMOD was used to simulate one of the three datasets (dehydration of a smectite suspension) and thus obtain the apparent changes in relative proportions of different 00l values as smectite crystallites formed and dehydrated. Two types of diffracting domains formed: water-dispersed ‘packets’ of 1–2 smectite layers gaining long-range order in the c axis direction as water was lost to evaporation, and smectite layers deposited as hydrated crystallites with variable interlayer water contents. The experimental patterns show the rapid step-wise transition of Na-montmorillonite layers from d values of ∼55 to 18.5, 15.4 and 12.5 Å, with variations that depended upon how the hydrated smectite sample was prepared. The simulations show that there was a wide range of d values whose frequency distribution changed as dehydration proceeded and that transient d values occurred between the peaks observed experimentally. The data obtained in this study illustrate that XRD-PSD instruments have great potential in providing detailed data on the rapid kinetics of interlayer reorganization.
Hydrogen Production by Redox of Cation-Modified Iron Oxide

A series of modified iron oxides, which can store and supply pure hydrogen for polymer electrolyte fuel cells through repeated redox reactions (Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↔ 3Fe + 4H2O), were prepared by impregnating Fe or Fe2O3 powder with an aqueous solution containing foreign metal additives. Effects of various metal additives in the modified samples on the hydrogen production from water decomposition were investigated. Among all the metal cation additives examined, Mo was the most favorable one for enhancing the reoxidation performance of the reduced modified samples at lower temperatures. The addition of Mo to Fe or Fe2O3 powder not only decreased the temperature of water decomposition significantly (i.e., increased the production of hydrogen at lower temperatures) but improved the stability of the modified samples during repeated redox cycling. The temperature of H2 production decreased from 489 to 289 °C for Mo-modified Fe and from 527 to 283 °C for Mo-modified Fe2O3 in the fourth cycle. No obvious decrease in the.
Evaluation of Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extraction procedures for plant nutrients in acid mineral soils of Florida*

Increasing number of soil testing laboratories in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern states of the United States are adopting Mehlich-3 (M-3) as the official extraction procedure in place of Mehlich-1 (M-1) or the dilute double acid method. Several studies have indicated that the M-3 has at least equivalent if not better extractability, particularly of micronutrients in the acidic and mineral soils in these regions. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the two Mehlich procedures and to provide conversion equations from M-1 to M-3 procedure. This is expected to serve as an estimate of nutrient availabilities particularly by the extension personnel and crop professionals evaluating different test procedures. A set of 519 mineral soil samples received at the UF/IFAS Extension Soil Testing Laboratory were selected and assayed with both M-1 and M-3 extracting solutions. The concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) in the extracted solutions were determined and comparative equations were developed. Highly significant linear correlation coefficients were found for all the nutrients extracted with both M-3 and M-1. Acidic to near neutral soil pH range of the soils had no influence on the efficiencies of extraction solutions. The equations developed showed that P, Cu, Mn, and B extracted were 47%, 94%, 101%, and 111% more with M-3 than with M-1 while for K, Mg, and Zn generally remained the same for both methods. *This work was supported in part by Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés—Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (CNAMTS INSERM) grant no. 3 AM 055 Paris, France, Association pour la Recherche sur le Temps Biologique (A.R.T.B.C.), Villejuif, France, and Compagnie de Développement Aguettant, Lyon, France.
Extraction and characterization of pigment from Sclerotinia sp. and its use in dyeing cotton

The fruiting body of a cup fungus was collected from a compost pit containing fresh cow dung amended with biodynamic herbal preparations. The fungus was identified as Sclerotinia sp. by following standard procedures. The mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sp. on cow pat pit manure was monitored for 90 days and on day 5 pin head primordia were observed and matured into individual fruiting bodies (0.5 cm diameter each, 1 gram fresh weight) on day 20. The fruiting body started yielding dark green spores and the spore deposits were seen on the top surface of the fruiting body. The spores are liberated from the fruiting bodies when they receive an external stimulus. The Sclerotinia sp. spore was elliptical in shape and was 2 µm in size when examined under phase contrast microscope at 40x. The dark green spore of Sclerotinia sp. excretes a pinkish red pigment in distilled water (pH 6.5). Spectrophotometer scanning (200—800 nm) of the pigment showed three peaks: 507 nm (optical density (O.D.) 0.554), 525 nm (O.D. 0.629), and 545 nm (O.D. 0.567). The pigment had high protein content (0.332 mg/ml) but no deductible amount of carbohydrates or lipids. Stability of the pigment was tested at various temperatures (40—100°C) and no change in its original color was observed under UV—visible spectral scan analysis. Pigment from Sclerotinia sp. changed its original pinkish red color at various pH values (pH 2.0, 3.0, and 14.0). The antibacterial activity of this pigment extract was tested on seven different bacteria of which a zone of inhibition was observed for E. coli. The pigment from Sclerotinia sp. applied on cotton yarns pretreated with different mordants gave different color shades, which were confirmed using the standard color code index.
The use of a near-field probe for the study of semiconductor heterostructures

We present a calculation to determine the intensity profile and polarization state within a semiconductor sample of the electric field emission from a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) probe. The propagation of radiation from the apex of a metal-coated tapered optical fibre to the sample, and the subsequent propagation of the electric field through the sample are calculated by using the Bethe-Bouwkamp model, considering the problem to be that of diffraction of linearly polarized monochromatic light by a subwavelength circular hole in a perfectly conducting metallic screen. The sample chosen in our calculation, GaAs, allows us to demonstrate that subwavelength imaging is possible on buried heterostructures.
STRUCTURE OF ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS OF SILVER BIRCH (Petula pendula Roth) IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF NITROGEN PLANT "PU‡ AWY" S.A. IN TERMS OF USE FOR ENERGY PURPOSES

Summary. The paper presents the structure of aboveground biomass of 11-year old stands of silver birch in the vicinity of the Nitrogen Plant „Pu·awy” S.A. in the context of its use for energy purposes. The survival rate of the trees was determined, the amount of dry mater of wood of trunks and branches (with division into thickness classes), as well as the energy value of the biomass. Dry matter of the wood of trunks and branches amounted to, on average, 32.1 Mg · ha -1 – which under the unfavourable conditions of growth and development can be considered as a relatively high value. The energy value of the biomass was 599 GJ o ha -1 .
Dynamics of Deep-Bed Filtration: Velocity, Depth, and Media

The dynamics of particle capture and head-loss development were studied in laboratory filters over extended periods. Particle-size distributions and pressures were measured above the sand media and at three depths. Conditions included filtration velocities of 1.8 and 5.5 mm/s and mean media sizes of 0.39, 0.78, and 1.85 mm. The suspension was sedimentation effluent from a softening water-treatment plant. Ripening, the improved removal efficiency with time, was extensive for small particles, but breakthrough, the decreased removal with time, was more significant for intermediate and larger particles. Detachment of previously retained particles was demonstrated to contribute substantially to breakoff; apparently, flocs are formed on the media surface by the sequential capture of particles and break off together. Theory suggests that higher velocities and larger media sizes can be offset quantitatively, with respect to particle removal, by proportionately greater depths; data from this research support these.
Preparation of self-assembled cobalt hydroxide nanoflowers and the catalytic decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide

α-Co(OH)2 hierarchical nanoflowers were synthesized using a microemulsion as a nanoreactor. These structures were self-assembled from cobalt hydroxide nanoflakes and possessed flowerlike morphology with a diameter of 200–500 nm. These α-Co(OH)2 nanoflowers exhibited high specific area and porosity and show high activity in the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide. 99% conversion and 94% selectivity for K–A oil could be obtained.
Physical characterization of component particles included in dry powder inhalers. I. Strategy review and static characteristics

The performance of dry powder aerosols for the delivery of drugs to the lungs has been studied extensively in the last decade. The focus for different research groups has been on aspects of the powder formulation, which relate to solid state, surface and interfacial chemistry, bulk properties (static and dynamic) and measures of performance. The nature of studies in this field, tend to be complex and correlations between specific properties and performance seem to be rare. Consequently, the adoption of formulation approaches that on a predictive basis lead to desirable performance has been an elusive goal but one that many agree is worth striving towards. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a discussion of the use of a variety of techniques to elucidate dry particle behavior that might guide the data collection process. If the many researchers in this field can agree on this, or an alternative, guide then a database can be constructed that would allow predictive models to be developed. This is the first of two papers that discuss static and dynamic methods of characterizing dry powder inhaler formulations.
Preliminary study using trace element concentrations and a chemometrics approach to determine the geographical origin of tea

A preliminary study to classify tea by geographical origin using trace metal concentrations was made. Fifteen types of tea from ten different countries were digested using nitric acid. The digests were then analysed for their trace metal contents using either inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for the more concentrated analytes (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, La, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ti and Zn) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the less concentrated analytes (Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Hg, La, Li, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Se, Sn, Ti, V and Zr). The data obtained from these results were then analysed using UNSCRAMBLE, a chemometrics package that incorporates principal component analysis, and by using Matlab 4.2cl High Performance Numeric Computation and Visualisation software. The results of the chemometrics analysis indicated that a distinction between African and Asian and between Chinese and other Asian teas could be made.
SELECTION OF A SUITABLE METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES

Various methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles employing chemical, physical and biological techniques considering bottom-up and top-down methods synthesis have been studied. The properties of copper nanoparticles depend largely on their synthesis procedures. The results from various investigations performed by di®erent scientists using these methods have been summarized. The applications, characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis method are also the point of discussion. A detailed study of the results reveals that chemical reduction methods are most suitable for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. Chemical reduction of copper salts using ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a new and green approach in which ascorbic acid is used both as the reduction and capping agent. This approach is the most e®ective