Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Care and protection of tamariki Māori in the family court system

This paper urges the government and nation to give effect to long-standing Kaupapa Māori models for developing the new required evaluation measures aimed at reducing the disparities for Māori children and young persons who come to the attention of Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children. Section 7AA(2)(a) will soon come into force in the recently amended and renamed Oranga Tamariki Act 1989 / Children’s and Young People’s Well-being Act 1989 due to reform measures in 2017. This provision, which is effective from July 2019, has great potential to change care and protection decision-making for tamariki Māori. Section 7AA(2)(a) will require the chief executive of the newly established Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children to ensure that the policies and practices of the Ministry have the objective of reducing disparities by setting measurable outcomes for Māori children and young persons who come to its attention.
Global seafood trade flows and developing economies_ Insights from linking trade and production

Knowing the patterns of marine resource exploitation and seafood trade may help countries to design their future strategic plans and development policies. To fully understand these patterns, it is necessary to identify where the benefits accumulate, how balanced the arrangements are, and how the pattern is evolving over time. Here the flow of global seafood was traced from locations of capture or production to their countries of consumption using novel approaches and databases. Results indicate an increasing dominance of Asian fleets by the volume of catch from the 1950s to the 2010s, including fishing in the high seas. The majority of landings were by high-income countries’ fishing fleets in their own waters in the 1950s but this pattern was greatly altered by the 2010s, with more equality in landings volume and value by fleets representing different income levels. Results also show that the higher the income of a country, the more valuable seafood it imports compared to its exports and vice versa. In theory, this implies that the lower income countries are exporting high value seafood in part to achieve the broader goal of ending poverty, while achieving the food security goal by retaining and importing lower value seafood. In the context of access arrangements between developed and developing countries, the results allow insights into the consequences of these shifting sources of income may have for goals such as poverty reduction
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Knowledge and Attitudein a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of rescue breathing and chest compression, which is delivered to the victims who are thought to be in cardiac arrest. In developing countries like Pakistan, standardized resuscitation training is not yet a routine and there is no legislation of this sort. Our study aimed at explore the level of knowledge and attitude of health care professionals in a tertiary care hospital in CPR. The study also explored the value of life and the importance of communication and teamwork, as well as boost self-esteem and also the need for legislation for every healthcare professional to be certified before encountering any of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for three months at The Indus Hospital (TIH), Karachi, Pakistan. The final sample size was calculated to be 288. Only the staff members working in the clinical areas of the hospital were included in the study. The questionnaire was adapted from two studies conducted by Chandrasekaran. , et al. and Annadurai K. , et al. Result: A total of 442 healthcare staff participated in this study. Out of which, overall median CPR knowledge score was found to be 7 with a minimum score of zero and a maximum 12. Majority of the participants had incorrect knowledge regarding the depth of compression in children and chest compression to ventilation ratio in newborn (18.1% and 11.1% respectively). Conclusion: Our study revealed that most of the health care providers did not receive any training on CPR in the past. Moreover, attitudes varied among gender. Females were more confident in providing chest compression compared to males. Additionally, a significant proportion of male health care providers had a negative attitude towards providing chest compression to strangers.
FISH DIVERSITY IN SMALL STREAMS OF SUNGKAI WILDLIFE RESERVE, PERAK, MALAYSIA

The diversity of fishes recorded from several small streams within Sungkai Wildlife Reserve (SWR), Perak is presented here. A total of 26 species from 12 families were recorded during the 3-day survey. Fishes from family Cyprinidae were the most common with 11 species, followed by Channidae with four and Osphronemidae two species. We added seven species to the checklist of fishes of SWR, bring the total number of fishes known to this area to at least 41 species. Here, we update the name of previously reported fish species found at SWR by comparing the checklist to the recently published materials. However, the taxonomic status of four species mentioned in the previous publication was doubtful and we cannot assign them to any valid taxa known to us. Nonetheless, the fish fauna inhabiting the small streams here is diverse and requires further research to obtain more data to validate the checklist that is useful for conservation and planning future management program.
Lifesaving Applications of Transesophageal Echocar- diography in Critical and Emergency Care

Recently clinicians at our center managed one of the most critical patient emergencies. An elderly woman (Patient A) presented to our emergency department (ED) by ambulance with cardiac arrest of unknown aetiology. Information on her medications was initially unavailable and history provided by her family was nonspecific: she had experienced generalised malaise, diarrhoea and poor oral intake for several days. Patient A also had a history of hypertension, obesity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidaemia and atrial fibrillation. Upon arrival, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) was detected and she was endotracheally intubated while cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocols were initiated. After one round of CPR and resuscitative medications, Patient A remained in PEA. ACLS guidelines advocate for continued resuscitation while simultaneously considering and treating potentially reversible causes of the cardiac arrest (Sayre et al. 2010). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was attempted, but it provided no meaningful information due to ongoing CPR. This case illustrates several challenges clinicians face during the resuscitation of patients in cardiac arrest and how our team uses transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to reliably obtain high-quality images, guide decision-making and intraarrest procedures, and monitor response without interrupting lifesaving chest compressions. This article provides an overview of TEE training, programme development, feasibility and impact on the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients at London Health Sciences Centre, a tertiary care center consisting of two hospitals in Ontario, Canada with 50 intensive care unit (ICU) beds at two sites and two emergency departments (EDs) with 140,000 combined annual visits. Lifesaving applications of TEE in the ED and ICU are also reviewed.
Theoretical study of the collision-induced fundamental absorption spectra of O 2 } O 2 pairs for temperatures between 193 and 273 K

A theoretical analysis of the collision-induced fundamental absorption spectra of O 2 }O 2 pairs is presented for temperatures between 193 and 273 K. Most of the absorption arises from the long-range quadrupole and hexadecapole-induced dipole mechanisms for which accurate matrix elements are available from various other experimental measurements or from ab initio calculations. The line shape used is that obtained from quantum computations of the far infrared collision-induced absorption of N 2 , modi"ed to include dips resulting from the e! ects of intercollisional interference. Several re"nements, including contributions from back-reaction and short-range induced-dipole moments, can improve the agreement in certain spectral regions but do not lead to signi"cant improvement in the global "ts to the experimental data. The small structural features superimposed on the smooth continuum can be modeled by the modi"ed line shape but the half-widths of the dips have a density dependence inconsistent with that arising from interference. On the other hand, di! erence spectra obtained by subtracting the theoretical results from the experimental data appear quite similar to those obtained previously at low temperatures, leading to the conclusion that this structure is due to dimers. Further experimental results at higher temperatures and for O 2 }N 2 pairs would be useful to validate this interpretation. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The phylogeny of Post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea)

The evolutionary relationships between different genera of asteroid echinoderms (starfish) have been interpreted by study of the skeletal morphologies and homologies of 24 extant taxa. It appears that the initial diversification of the neoasteroids took place in the Triassic or earlier, whereas the wide fossil diversity of this essentially modern fauna only became apparent in the Jurassic when extensive marine sediments appeared in the stratigraphic record.
New Zealand Society of Animal Production online archive

The objectives of the present study were to investigate phenotypic correlations of milk urea (MU) and efficiency of crude protein utilization (ECPU) with milk production and cow parameters in two contrasting herds. Between July 2016 and May 2017, 210 cows were milked twice daily with high supplementary feed inclusion (HS) and 258 cows were milked once daily with low supplementary feed inclusion (LS). In early, mid and late lactation, milk samples were collected to measure MU. At every herdtest date, ECPU was calculated as protein yield (PY) divided by crude protein intake (CPI); this last variable derived from intake estimations of metabolizable energy requirements. Positive correlations between milk yield (MY) and both dry matter intake (DMI) and CPI were observed in LS and HS. The ECPU only correlated positively with MY traits in LS, and there was no correlation of CPI with MU in either herd. A moderate negative correlation of ECPU with live weight (LW) was observed in both herds, but it was stronger in LS. By suppressing MY due to the reduced milking frequency of cows fed LS, these cows gained LW, had higher body condition score and CPI, and lower PY, reducing the ECPU. No correlation between ECPU and MU was detected.
Risk Attitude and Portfolio Choice: An Intra-household PerspectiveWe are grateful to seminar participants at the University of Essex and University of Cambridge for helpful comments.

Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) data, we document that the households whose financial decision-makers are husbands are more attached to the financial market than those whose decisionmakers are wives. To explain this fact, we develop a simple intra-household bargaining model of household portfolio choice, in which the couple first collectively decides the household risk preference, which, in turn, determines their portfolio allocations. The bargaining power of each spouse depends on a wide range of economic and non-economic characteristics. Our channel decomposition analysis shows the risk related variables (income, education, cognitive ability and financial literacy) are most important factors in explaining the gender asymmetric associations between the bargaining power and household investment decisions. Incorporating "Big-five" personality traits in the bargaining equation reduces the household risk taking preference and therefore leads to the decrease of stock market participation rates, which is opposite to the effect of gender identify norm. ∗We are grateful to seminar participants at the University of Essex and University of Cambridge for helpful comments. †University of Essex. Email: ran.gu@essex.ac. uk ‡London School of Economics and Political Science. Email: c.peng9@lse.ac. uk §University of Cambridge. Email: weilong.zhang@cam.ac. uk 1
Colloquium Biometricum 38, 67-78

Bootstrap confidence intervals for mean were examine d. Two most popular bootstrap methods were used in computer simulations: percentile a nd with bias-correction. The bootstrap confidence intervals were compared with standard theoret ical intervals in aspects of coverage of true value, length and estimators of intervals bounds. I nfluence of sample size (from 10 to 100 elements) on considered results was examined. Normal d istribution of observations was used in study because it was very known theorems about constructi ng and correctness of analytical confidence intervals.
Does international trade cause detrimental specialization in developing economies? Evidence from countries south of the Suez Canal*

When opening up to trade, countries specialize according to their comparative advantage. However, developing countries are often disadvantaged in production that requires contract enforcement or other institutions. In those countries, trade liberalization can eliminate the demand for contract enforcement, implying a detrimental impact on institutional development. This paper evaluates this argument of detrimental specialization. To identify the causal impact of trade isolation on specialization, I examine the impacts of a war-induced closure of the Suez canal on agricultural trade of the East African countries that suffered longer trade routes. Trade isolation of developing countries hurts the sectors that require good institutions—the opposite of what the detrimental specialization argument predicts. I offer a potential explanation by combining the standard models of international trade and endogenous institutions.
Factors Making the Change in Current Academic Performance of Business Students at the University Level

The key objectives of current empirical research study to examines the Factors making the change in the current academic performance of business students at the University level as a mediators role of Curriculum, English competency, Students Facilities, Faculty quality and Fee Remission. For this key purpose, primary data was collected by respondents via self-administrative questionnaire. Following econometric models have entertained to expose actual phenomenon: Reliability test was taken to test the consistency among the questions; descriptive statistics were used to determine the data visualizing and data normality; a correlation matrix was applied to quantify individual significance; the linear regression model was used to examine the per-unit and overall volatility in the model; mediation regression test was used for diagnosing the mediation effect and sobal test was used for robustness check of the mediation effect. The result indicates that the previous academic performance of students and the current academic performance of students have positively associated. Moreover, the consequences have acknowledged that the partially mediation effect of curriculum, English competency, Student facilities, Faculty quality and fee remission. This research study will be supported to the university administration for creating novel-legislation concerning uplift the academic performance of students.
Low temperature storage of corms extends the flowering season of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Summary Conditions for the cold-storage of saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.) corms to delay flowering have been characterised. Storage of corms at 2ºC after flower initiation resulted in a time-dependent abortion of those flowers already initiated. The more advanced the stage of flower initiation at the beginning of cold-storage, the faster the rate of flower abortion. Overall, no benefit resulted from cold-storing corms after flower initiation. Corms stored in the cold before flower initiation, formed flowers when incubated after storage at 21º–25ºC. The number and size of flowers formed, and the yield of spice saffron per corm, depended both on the duration and conditions of cold-storage. Storage at freezing temperatures (0º or –1ºC) damaged the corms. Flowering could be induced in corms stored between 0. 5º–2ºC. Within this range, temperature had little effect on the subsequent behaviour of corms. Flower number and flower size decreased gradually with increasing duration of cold-storage. This decrease was slower when storage was performed in 1% oxygen than in a normal atmosphere (21% oxygen). Corms lifted after leaf-withering, and stored at 2ºC in 1% oxygen for 70 d, could be forced to flower from early December until the end of January with the same yield of spice saffron as non cold-stored corms.These results complement previous findings on the control of saffron flowering. Taken together, they allow saffron flowering without loss of spice yield from early September to the end of January. Flowering could be further delayed until May by extending the duration of cold-storage, but this delayed flowering resulted in a significant reduction in spice saffron yield.
In Too Deep: The Effect of Sunk Costs on Corporate Investment*

Sunk costs are unrecoverable costs that should not affect decision-making. I provide evidence that firms systematically fail to ignore sunk costs and that this leads to significant distortions in investment decisions. In fixed exchange ratio stock mergers, aggregate market fluctuations after parties enter into a binding merger agreement induce plausibly exogenous variation in the final acquisition cost. These quasi-random cost shocks strongly predict firms’ commitment to an acquired business following deal completion, with an interquartile cost increase reducing subsequent divestiture rates by 8-9%. Consistent with an intrapersonal sunk cost channel, distortions are concentrated in firm-years in which the acquiring CEO is still in office. Further tests reveal that excessive commitment triggered by sunk costs generates substantial real effects and erodes firm performance.
Moving Beyond the Margin: A Multi-Perspective Approach to the Study of the Peripheral Neanderthal Range with a Case Study from Scandinavia

The geographical margin of the Neanderthal range requires constant (re)assessment in order to distinguish between hominin adaptive constraints and research and preservation biases. Using Scandinavia as an overarching case-study area, this paper addresses this need in two parts. The first part presents a widely applicable multi-perspective approach to the study of the marginal range of Neanderthals. This four-step analytical strategy offers a methodological scaffold with multi-regional application potential. The second part presents the results of the empirical aspect of the approach, in this case, by reviewing the purported Pleistocene archaeological record of Denmark focusing on two main challenges, 1) the geological context and 2) the technological integrity of the finds. The conclusion of this review is that there are currently no secure finds or sites from Denmark that indicate a pre-Upper Paleolithic Pleistocene age or a Neanderthal affiliation. The final recommendation of the paper is that the multi-perspective approach should be applied along the margins of the currently acknowledged Neanderthal range in order to improve the baseline from which we build our assumptions.
Global Banks' Dollar Funding: A Source of Financial Vulnerability

Leading up to the global financial crisis, US dollar activity by global banks headquartered outside the United States played a crucial role in transmitting shocks originating in funding markets. Although post-crisis regulation has improved banking systems’ resilience, US dollar funding remains a global vulnerability, as evidenced by strains that reemerged in March 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. We show that shocks to US dollar funding costs lead to financial stress in the home economies of these global non-US banks, and to spillovers to borrowers, especially emerging economies. US dollar funding vulnerability amplifies these negative effects, while some policy-related factors act as mitigators, such as swap line arrangements between central banks and international reserve holdings. Thus, these vulnerabilities should be monitored and, to the extent possible, controlled.
Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Gas Insulated Transmission Line Insulated with CO2

This paper uses practical experimentation to analyse the effect of replacing SF6 with pure CO2 in conventional gas insulated transmission line sections by studying partial discharge measurements taken with applied voltages up to 242 kV (rms). The results can also help in understanding the properties of new alternative gas mixtures which can be utilised with a ratio of up to and over 95% CO2. The experiments undertaken involved filling a gas insulated line demonstrator with 3 bars of CO2 and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle-contaminated enclosure conditions. The results demonstrate that CO2 can be used to insulate gas equipment without breakdown at high voltage, however, a higher gas-filling pressure may be needed to reduce the partial discharge found in the tests presented in this paper. Another aspect of the work showed that partial discharge (PD) measurements from internal ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors compared with a direct measurement from a capacitive divider both clearly showed the effect of contaminating particles in CO2. However, the PD divider measurements also showed considerable external PD on the outside of the gas compartment, leading to the conclusion that UHF sensors are still regarded as having the highest sensitivity and noise immunity for gas insulated switchgear (GIS) or gas insulated transmission line (GIL) systems including when the equipment is insulated with CO2.
LONGITUDINAL PRESTRAIN IN MALE ABDOMINAL AORTA FROM PULSE WAVE VELOCITY VIEWPOINT

Arteries in situ are subjected to the pretension developed upon the growth period. The magnitude of the pretension was shown to be age-dependent. Detailed statistics are, however, rare. This study was designed to expand our knowledge of the prestrain sustained by arteries during the lifespan. Age-related distribution of the longitudinal prestrain in the male abdominal aorta obtained within 93 regular autopsies is shown (age = 41.6±15.8 years; prestretch =1.174±0.099). Data indicate that the prestrain decreases nonlinearly during the aging. Bilinear regression function revealed the breakpoint in the prestrain–age dependency at age about 40. The comparison of this result with studies which document the nonlinearity in the pulse wave velocity–age dependency indicates that steep increase of the velocity is preceded by the loss of the pretension. It suggests that the pretension could play a compensation role within artery stiffening.
Autonomous Programming for General Purposes: Theory and Experiments

Since the birth of AI, symbols have been well accepted as an abstract representation for intelligent systems, even when neural networks are employed. This theoretical work shows the following new methods: (1) Symbols are probably not used by biological brains because their behaviors are not limited by symbols. (2) Autonomous Programming For General Purposes (APFGP) is necessary for scaling-up AI to animal level intelligence. "Autonomous " means inside the skull (or network). (3) A Developmental Network (DN) performs APFGP by learning a super Turing machine, called Grounded, Emergent, Natural, Incremental, Skull-closed, Attentive, Motivated, and Abstractive (GENISAMA) Turing machine. (4) A DN is free of any central controller (e.g., Master Map, convolution, or error back-propagation). (5) The GENISAMA DN does APFGP without using symbols. Experiments are reported for vision guided navigation, auditory recognition, and natural language learning. This is the first conference paper on APFGP.