Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dislocation creep of calcite

[1] When the power law equation, ∝ σnexp(−Q/RT), which relates strain rate (), stress (σ), gas constant (R), and temperature (T), is used to describe thermally activated dislocation creep of calcite rocks, the stress sensitivity (n) and temperature sensitivity or apparent activation energy (Q) differ greatly from rock to rock. To better constrain parameters of a mechanical equation of state, we performed triaxial deformation experiments on dense synthetic aggregates of polycrystalline calcite at temperatures of 873–1073 K and strain rates between 5 × 10−7 and 3 × 10−3 s−1 to strains <0.20. The strength of the marbles decreases with increasing temperature or decreasing strain rate. Combining microstructure analysis with mechanical data indicates that strength decreases with increasing grain size (d) following a Hall-Petch relation. A detailed analysis of the data revealed systematic dependence of n and Q on stress, grain size, and temperature. The variations in n and Q can be accommodated by using a Peierls law, = APσ2 exp(σ/σP)exp(−QP/RT). The resistance to glide, σP, is composed of an intrinsic Peierls stress and a grain size dependent back stress and is given by σP = (ΣP,0 + Kd−0.5)(Tm − T), where Tm denotes the melting temperature. The following parameters seem to apply to all calcite rocks: AP ≈ 10±0.5 MPa−2 s−1, QP ≈ 200 kJ/mol, ΣP,0 ≈ 7.8 MPa kK−1, and K ≈ 115 MPa kK−1 μm0.5. Under some laboratory conditions, dislocation creep may operate simultaneously with grain size sensitive diffusion creep, complicating the quantification of the individual flow laws. More accurate flow laws will need to include the evolution of microstructure in composite flow laws, perhaps requiring a statistical description of a microstructure variable yet to be specified exactly.
Landscaping on shifting ground: teacher education in a digitally transforming world

For almost three decades, the landscape of teacher education has been modestly shaped by the exploration of practices that made use of what were, at the time, current instances of computing and communication technologies (CCTs). More broadly and importantly however, the deployment of CCTs globally has, over the same time period (1980–2008), supported a reshaping of the planet's social, economic and political circumstances in which all forms of education operate. Despite the enormity of these shifts the focus in teacher education has remained largely at site, reflecting a similar focus in schools. In fact, the patterns of adaption and response in teacher education to each new instance of high‐tech product are now quite predictable. Thus, while teacher education's engagement with CCTs can be mapped as a kind of minor landscaping, a process which attends more to appearance than substance, it is landscaping effectively premised upon a stable geography, one that resembles that of thirty years ago. This paper explores the changed and changing geography of a world heavily shaped by the ongoing deployment and use of more and more powerful CCTs. The analysis suggests that if we continue to attend only to landscaping, teacher education will be at risk of being terraformed.
Fine sediment sources in Conservation Effects Assessment Project watersheds

Two naturally occurring radionuclides, Beryllium-7 (7Be) and Lead-210 (210Pbxs) were used as tracers to discriminate eroded surface soils from channel-derived sediments in the fine suspended sediment loads of eight Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) benchmark watersheds. Soil, bank, and suspended sediment samples, as well as rainfall samples, were collected in the watersheds from single storm events and analyzed for the radionuclide activities, which were then applied to a two end-member mixing model to determine the relative proportions from the two source areas. In larger watersheds where the transport length of the sediment was longer, the suspended sediment load contained lower proportions of eroded upland soils compared to smaller systems. The longer transport paths contained more depositional areas in which fine sediment could settle, and hence, less eroded surface soils reached the stream channel, resulting in higher proportions of sediment from the channels. This study showed that more than 50% of the fine sediment in six of the eight watersheds originated from channel sources that included stream banks, the riverine bed, and gullies. These results underscore the need to consider channel and gully processes when management practices are designed to reduce sediment yield in agricultural watersheds.
Changes in the elevation and extent of two glaciers along the Yanglonghe river, Qilian Shan, China

Abstract We use topographic maps, historical data, multispectral satellite data and real-time kinematic GPS data to analyze glacier area, length and ice-elevation changes of two glaciers in the central Qilian Shan, China, between 1956 and 2007. We find that the fronts of Yanglonghe glacier No. 1 (5Y432A1) and Yanglonghe glacier No. 5 (5Y432A5) have retreated by 266.5 ± 37.1 m (5.2 ± 0.73 m a−1) and 181.4 ± 37.1 m (3.6 ± 0.73 m a−1) respectively, and that this retreat accelerated after 1999. During the study period, the glacier areas decreased by ∼4.1% and 15.9% respectively. In addition, spatially non-uniform thinning, which averaged 20.2 ± 11 m (0.4 ± 0.22 m a−1) and 16.9 ± 11 m (0.33 ± 0.22 m a−1) in the ablation areas of 5Y432A1 and 5Y432A5 respectively, is observed using digital elevation models constructed using data from 1956, 1977 and 2007. The ice-volume depletion from 5Y432A1 (2.91 × 107 m3) was 2.7 times greater than from the smaller 5Y432A5 (1.08 × 107 m3). Based on records from nearby Tuole weather station, increasing annual temperatures are principally responsible for the observed glacier thinning and retreat.
Spatial and temporal variability of groundwater quality of an Algerian aquifer: the case of Soummam Wadi

ABSTRACT Five-year monitoring of physicochemical parameters was performed with two campaigns in low and high water periods of the Lower Soummam catchment. Data from 18 wells were processed by multivariate statistical tools in order to identify the principal factors influencing groundwater chemistry. Two matrices of 14 and 8 physicochemical parameters with 18 groundwater samples collected in wells were obtained. The correlation matrix showed strong associations between nine variables: K+, Ca2+, Na+, SO42−, Cl−, Mg2+, NO2−, Zn2+ and Sr2+. Principal component analysis and factor analysis showed that the cumulated variance of high and low water periods was of 83.19% and 78.55%, respectively. The variables assigned to the mineralization effect or to pollution indicators were presented by the factor analysis. The bivariate plots confirmed a mineralization model, ascribed to dissolution of geological materials, and to high levels of saline contamination attributed to leakages from sanitary systems. They also showed an increase “upstream to downstream” of the mineralization, visualization of temporal variations, and a dilution process identification of the natural mineralization during the recharge of the aquifer. EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR X. Chen
Annual maximum and peaks‐over‐threshold analyses of daily rainfall accumulations for Austria

[1] Daily rainfall data from 31 rain gauges in Austria with a record of at least 50 years are used to perform annual maximum and peaks-over-threshold analyses to address question concerning: (1) temporal nonstationarities in extreme rainfall; (2) dependence of extreme rainfall on elevation; (3) changes in the frequency, duration, and accumulation of extreme rainfall; and (4) relation between the occurrence of extreme rainfall and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Nonparametric tests are used to check for the presence of abrupt and slowly varying changes in annual maximum daily rainfall. The Pettitt test is used to detect change-points in the mean and variance of the quantity of interest, while Mann-Kendall and Spearman tests are used to detect monotonically increasing or decreasing patterns. Annual maximum daily rainfall from these 31 Austrian rain gauges provides limited evidence of the violation of the stationarity assumption, and we cannot make conclusive statements about the presence of a possible climate change signal. The parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution are used to examine the dependence of extreme rainfall on elevation. The results of this study do not suggest a strong relation between elevation and the GEV parameters. Changes over time in the frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme rainfall days, defined as days exceeding the 95th, 99th, and 99.5th percentiles, are tested using monotonic trend tests and change-point tests. There is little evidence of changes in these quantities. By modeling the frequency of extreme rainfall days in terms of the NAO with a Poisson regression model, we found that NAO is a more significant predictor of the occurrence of extreme rainfall days in western Austria.
The evolution of chondrules

The range of olivine compositions forming anomalous inclusions in chondrules suggests fractional condensation, as does the sequence of minerals in fine matrix particles. Chondrule bulk compositions vary in a random way as the precursors (condensates) were assembled heterogeneously. Chondrule heating and cooling were moderately rapid, and at high oxygen fugacities, suggesting processing in a localized particle-rich clump in the nebula. Rims deposited on chondrules show that condensation continued after chondrule formation. The hot particle-rich clump slows radiative cooling of chondrules, allows condensation, provides high oxygen fugacity as a result of evaporation and generates the collisions needed to fragment chondrules. The simultaneous evaporation/condensation and melting/crystallization are explained by pressure gradients in the clump. In the thickest parts of the clump, high vapor pressure allows melting, but at the outside evaporation and condensation would proceed. The observation that round chondrules are more magnesian and fragments are more ferroan is similarly consistent with formation in outer low-pressure reduced regions and the thick clump center, respectively. Turbulent migrations of condensates in and out of such clumps would explain the random nature of precursor compositions, while evaporation and gas dissipation would explain changes in oxygen fugacity which chondrules record plus their shape-redox relationship.
Eclogites from the south Tianshan, NW China: petrological characteristic and calculated mineral equilibria in the Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system

Eclogites from the south Tianshan, NW China are grouped into two types: glaucophane and hornblende eclogites, composed, respectively, of garnet + omphacite + glaucophane + paragonite + epidote + quartz and garnet + omphacite + hornblende (sensu lato) + paragonite + epidote + quartz, plus accessory rutile and ilmenite. These eclogites are diverse both in mineral composition and texture not only between the two types but also among the different selected samples within the glaucophane eclogite. Using thermocalc 3.1 and recent models of activity–composition relation for minerals, a P–T projection and a series of P–T pseudosections for specific samples of eclogite have been calculated in the system Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCFMASH) with quartz and water taken to be in excess. On the basis of these phase diagrams, the phase relations and P–T conditions are well delineated. The three selected samples of glaucophane eclogite AK05, AK11 and AK17 are estimated to have peak P–T conditions, respectively, of 540–550 °C at c. 16 kbar, c. 560 °C at 15–17 kbar and c. 580 °C at 15–19 kbar, and two samples of hornblende eclogite AK10 and AK30 of 610–630 °C and 17–18 kbar. Together with H2O‐content contours in the related P–T pseudosections and textural relations, both types of eclogite are inferred to show clockwise P–T paths, with the hornblende eclogite being transformed from the glaucophane eclogite assemblage dominantly through increasing temperature.
Specialization for cell-free or cell-to-cell spread of BAC-cloned HCMV strains is determined by factors beyond the UL128-131 and RL13 loci

1 It is widely held that clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are highly cell-associated, 2 and mutations affecting the UL128-131 and RL13 loci that arise in culture lead to the appearance of a cell3 free spread phenotype. The BAC-clone Merlin (ME), expresses abundant UL128-131, is RL13-impaired and 4 produces low infectivity virions in fibroblasts, whereas TB40/e (TB) and TR are low in UL128-131, RL135 intact and produce virions of much higher infectivity. Despite these differences, quantification of spread by 6 flow cytometry revealed remarkably similar spread efficiencies in fibroblasts. In epithelial cells, ME spread 7 more efficiently, consistent with robust UL128-131 expression. Strikingly, ME spread far better than TB or 8 TR in the presence of neutralizing antibodies on both cell types, indicating that ME is not simply deficient at 9 cell-free spread, but is particularly efficient at cell-to-cell spread, whereas TB and TR cell-to-cell spread is 10 poor. Sonically disrupted ME-infected cells contained scant infectivity, suggesting that the efficient cell-to11 cell spread mechanism of ME depends on features of the intact cells such as junctions or intracellular 12 trafficking processes. Even when UL128-131 was transcriptional repressed, cell-to-cell spread of ME was 13 still more efficient than TB or TR. Moreover, RL13 expression comparably reduced both cell-free and cell-to14 cell spread of all three strains, suggesting that it acts at a stage of assembly and/or egress common to both 15 routes of spread. Thus, HCMV strains can be highly specialized for either for cell-free or cell-to-cell spread 16 and these phenotypes are determined by factors beyond the UL128-131 or RL13 loci. 17 IMPORTANCE 18 Both cell-free and cell-to-cell spread are likely important for the natural biology of HCMV. In culture, strains 19 clearly differ in their capacity for cell-free spread as a result of differences in the quantity and infectivity of 20 extracellular released progeny. However, it has been unclear whether “cell-associated” phenotypes are 21 simply the result of poor cell-free spread, or are indicative of particularly efficient cell-to-cell spread 22 mechanisms. By measuring the kinetics of spread at early time points, we were able to show that HCMV 23 strains can be highly specialized to either cell-free or cell-to-cell mechanisms, and this was not strictly linked 24 the efficiency of cell-free spread. Our results provide a conceptual approach to evaluating intervention 25 strategies for their ability to limit cell-free or cell-to-cell spread as independent processes. 26
A Comparison of Climate Feedback Strength between CO2 Doubling and LGM Experiments

Abstract Studies of the climate in the past potentially provide a constraint on the uncertainty of climate sensitivity, but previous studies warn against a simple scaling to the future. Climate sensitivity is determined by a number of feedback processes, and they may vary according to climate states and forcings. In this study, the similarities and differences in feedbacks for CO2 doubling, a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and LGM greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing experiments are investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model. After computing the radiative forcing, the individual feedback strengths of water vapor, lapse-rate, albedo, and cloud feedbacks are evaluated explicitly. For this particular model, the difference in the climate sensitivity between the experiments is attributed to the shortwave cloud feedback, in which there is a tendency for it to become weaker or even negative in cooling experiments. No significant difference is found in the water vapor feedback .
Secondary Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic on Patients and the Cellular Therapy Healthcare Ecosystem Transplantation and Cellular Therapy

The Coronavirus pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has signi ﬁ cantly impacted global health and healthcare delivery systems. To characterize the sec- ondary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies used in the delivery of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) care, we performed a comprehensive literature search encompassing changes in spe- ci ﬁ c donor collection, processing practices, patient outcomes, and patient-related concerns speci ﬁ c to HSCT and HSCT-related healthcare delivery. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the secondary impacts the COVID-19 pandemic on the ﬁ elds of HSCT and cellular therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has had numerous secondary impacts on patients undergoing HSCT and the healthcare delivery systems involved in providing com- plex care to HSCT recipients. Institutions must identify these in ﬂ uences on outcomes and adjust accordingly to maintain and improve outcomes for the transplantation and cellular therapy community.
Within-field wheat yield prediction from IKONOS data: a new matrix approach

This study demonstrates a unique matrix approach to determine within-field variability in wheat yields using fine spatial resolution 4 m IKONOS data. The matrix approach involves solving a system of simultaneous equations based on IKONOS data and post-harvest yields available at entire field scale. This approach was compared with a regression-based modelling approach involving field-sensor measured yields and the corresponding IKONOS measured indices and wavebands. The IKONOS data explained 74–78% variability in wheat yield. This is a significant result since the finer spatial resolution leads to capturing greater spatial variability and detail in landscape relative to coarser spatial resolution data. A pixel-by-pixel mapping of wheat yield variability highlights the fine spatial detail provided by IKONOS data for precision farming applications.
Comparison of surface fluxes and conductances at two contrasting sites within the FIFE area

Surface flux measurements from two contrasting sites within the FIFE study area are analyzed. The seasonal variation of midday latent heat fluxes and surface conductances at the two sites was found to be very similar even though the ratio of their average total leaf area indices was greater than two to one. Concurrent measurements made at another six flat sites within the FIFE area confirmed the independence of latent heat flux with respect to leaf area index. The surface conductance stress function related to specific humidity deficit was the same for the two sites, whereas the solar radiation stress function showed a difference of 30% at a solar radiation input of 300 W m−2 and the soil moisture stress function showed a difference of 16% when half the extractable soil moisture had been taken up. However, when the stress functions were combined to determine the surface conductance, these differences virtually canceled out.
Sulfur mineralisation in a coarse-textured soil after different sulfate fertilisation histories, and yield responses of wheat and lupin

The effect of annual applications of gypsum at rates of 0, 5, 15, and 30 kg S/ha on grain yields of lupin, wheat, and canola were studied between 1992 and 1995, and the residual value of these sulfate (SO42–) inputs was examined in 1996 and 1997. The top 0.1 m of soil was collected in 1994, 1996, and 1997 to determine KCl-40 extractable S. Extensive soil sampling was undertaken in 1996 and 1997 to determine quantities of SO42– in soil layers to 0.5 m, and to measure rates of net SO42– mineralisation. Application of gypsum resulted in significantly higher grain yields in 2 out of 3 wheat crops, and in canola, but SO42– fertiliser use did not increase lupin yield. Wheat yields were also significantly higher in treatments with a prior history of gypsum use but lupin grain yields were not enhanced by previous gypsum applications. The quantities of SO42– in the top 0.2 m of soil decreased sharply in the first year after SO42– fertilisers were withheld with further declines in SO42– to low levels across all treatments in the second year gypsum was not applied. A buildup of SO42– was evident in soil between 0.3 and 0.5 m. However, S budgets for the top 0.5 m suggested that little SO42– leached below 0.5 m in the years studied. Previous sulfur fertilisation did not significantly affect the total growing season net SO42– mineralisation, which was 2.2–8.0 kg S/ha. Mineralisation of organic S over a summer fallow period (0–5.8 kg S/ha) and the total S net mineralised over 17 months (7–17 kg S/ha) was significantly affected by previous S fertiliser history. Net SO42– mineralisation was not correlated with the labile organic S fraction extracted using the KCl-40 soil test.
A preliminary phylogeny for rudist bivalves: sifting clades from grades

Abstract The taxonomic history of the late Jurassic-Cretaceous rudist bivalves (Superfamily Hippuritoidea) is reviewed and a new phylogeny based on cladistic analysis of 32 skeletal characters is proposed. Informative characters include: relative thickness and structures of the outer (calcitic) shell layer; valve asymmetry and attachment to the substrate by either the left or right valve; form of the ligament; and, in the aragonitic inner shell, the dentition and shelly supports (myophores) for the adductor muscles, as well as accessory cavities and blind-ending (pallial) canals. The myocardinal complex (teeth and myophores) is especially important for discriminating clades previously lumped in paraphyletic or even polyphyletic taxa (e.g. Caprinidae, sensu lato, in the bivalve Treatise (Moore, R. C. (ed.) 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N. Mollusca 6, Bivalvia, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas). As outgroup, a megalodontid bivalve was used, as this shares three derived traits (massive dentition, modified parivincular ligament and posterior myophores) in common with rudists. The clade of all rudists is united by possession of an outer shell layer of fibrillar prismatic calcite (albeit greatly reduced in a few taxa). Two subclades are distinguished according to the attachment of the shell — either by the left valve (all ‘diceratids’, except Diceras and Valletia, plus the monophyletic requieniids), or by the right valve (Diceras, Valletia and all other rudists). Monophyly of some previously established families is substantiated. These include Caprinidae, sensu stricto (Skelton, P. W. 1978. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 284, 305–318), Radiolitidae (with Agriopleura as sister taxon) and Hippuritidae (with Tepeyacia emerging as a possible sister taxon), while others are resolved into distinct clades. There is some evidence for the Polyconitidae Mac Gillavry (1937), though with negligible bootstrap support.