Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical consequences of the initial diffusional growth of cloud droplets: a clean marine case

A simple microphysical cloud parcel model and a simple representation of the background marine aerosol are used to predict the concentrations and compositions of droplets of various sizes near cloud base. The aerosol consists of an externally-mixed ammonium bisulfate accumulation mode and a sea-salt coarse particle mode. The difference in diffusional growth rates between the small and large droplets as well as the differences in composition between the two aerosol modes result in substantial differences in solute concentration and composition with size of droplets in the parcel. The chemistry of individual droplets is not, in general, representative of the “bulk” (volume-weighted mean) cloud water sample. These differences, calculated to occur early in the parcel's lifetime, should have important consequences for chemical reactions such as aqueous phase sulfate production. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989. tb00124.x
The Complexity of the Pr to Pfr Phototransformation Kinetics Is an Intrinsic Property of Native Phytochrome *

Several possible origins of the complex phytochrome red to far‐red light‐absorbing phytochrome (Pr Pfr) phototransformation kinetics in the nanosecond‐to‐second time range have been examined. Heterogeneity based on protein sequence is ruled out as an origin of the multi‐component kinetics because recombinant 124 kDa oat phytochrome A apoprotein reconstituted with phytochro‐mobilin and the native protein are very similar in this regard throughout this time range. The Pr forms of native 124 kDa oat phytochrome A and of a homogeneous recombinant 65 kDa chromoprotein fragment exhibit thermochromic properties interpreted as arising in each case from the presence of two Pr species in thermal equilibrium. They exhibit identical photochemical properties. The complex kinetics therefore cannot result from Pr heterogeneity either. Thus, the presence of two Pr forms in equilibrium (Pr,675 and Pr,655) and the complex multiex‐ponential PrPfr phototransformation kinetics observed in all time ranges are intrinsic properties of the homogeneous holoprotein of oat phytochrome A.
Characteristics in Crossflow Filtration Using Different Yeast Suspensions

Abstract Characteristics of crossflow filtration of cell types were compared. Although the cell sizes were similar for the six yeast cells, the specific resistance of the cake measured in dead-end filtration and permeation flux were different. The flux decreased with increasing specific resistance. However, the dependencies of the steady-state flux on the shear stress were similar for all the yeast cells. The steady-state permeation flux of the yeast cell suspensions was correlated with the shear stress to the 0.6–0.9th power and with the cell concentration to the –0.3rd power regardless of the transmembrane pressure. The permeation flux in the unsteady state was well simulated by the correlation for the lift velocity of the cells obtained from the steady-state flux.
Atomic vibrations in vitreous silica

Frequency spectra and normal modes of vibration have been computed for vitreous silica. They have been calculated from atomic arrangements in physical models based on the random network theory. The positions of bands in the computed spectra agree well with observed features in the experimental infra-red and Raman spectra of the glass. Detailed analysis of the normal modes indicates that the bands at 1050, 750 and 400 cm–1 are associated with bond-stretching, bending and rocking motions, respectively, of the oxygen atoms. Atomic vibrations in the glass are, on the whole, less extended in space than the plane wave-like modes which prevail in perfect crystals. The spatial localization tends to be greatest at high frequencies and near band edges. If non-bridging oxygen atoms are present in the structure, the frequenncy spectrum exhibits an additional band of very intense localization, associated with bond-stretching vibrations of the non-bridging atoms.
REMOVAL OF DIVALENT NICKEL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ADSORPTION ONTO MODIFIED HOLLY SAWDUST: EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS

The removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions on modified holly sawdust was studied at varying contact times, pH, initial divalent nickel concentrations and adsorbent dose. Results showed the removal efficiency by increasing of pH increased and decreased with initial nickel divalent concentration. By increasing pH from 2 to 12 (equilibrium time= 240 min, adsorbent dose= 0.6g/100 mL, divalent nickel concentrations= 60 mg/L), the removal efficiency increased from 17.47 % to 81.76 %. Also removal efficiency was decreased from 98 % to 19.3 % by increasing of initial divalent nickel concentrations from 20 mg/l to 100 mg/L. Also the results showed the removal efficiency was increased by increasing of adsorbent dose and contact time. By increasing of adsorbent dose from 0.2 g/100CC to 1 g/100CC, the removal efficiency increased from 32.78% to 99.98%. The removal efficiency increased from 34.7% to 83.67% by increasing of contact time from 5 min to 240 min. Experimental equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, respectively. The results show that the equilibrium data follow Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data follow pseudo-second-order model. The obtained maximum adsorption capacity was 22.47 mg/g at a pH 7. The results show that the modified holly sawdust can be used for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing nickel as a low cost adsorbent. Key word: Divalent nickel; Sawdust; Kinetic models; Isotherm models; Adsorption
A Case Study of Important Aluminosilicate Neutralization

At a molybdenum-related site with more than 2 km of underground workings and 60,000 tonnes of waste rock, acid-base accounts say the drainage waters should be acidic. However, several decades of monitoring showed no ARD. We looked more closely at aqueous neutralization and solid-phase Neutralization Potential (NP), particularly the aluminosilicate-based (“silicate”) NP, based on: (1) the mathematical conversion of silicate minerals to NP, (2) the dissolution-precipitation of minerals to explain the observed water chemistry at the portal and in humidity cells and to estimate silicate neutralization, and (3) the dissolution (neutralization) rates of silicate minerals based on specified pH values.
An Analysis of Energy, Exergy, and Sustainable Development of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Using Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons being natural fluid have drawn much attention of the scientists and researchers for the application as a sustainable material for the vapor compression refrigeration system. This paper presents a comparison of the energetic and exergetic performances of a domestic refrigerator using pure butane and isobutane as refrigerants. The thermodynamic performances such as exergy destruction or losses, exergy efficiency, and coefficient of performances (COP) were investigated. These parameters were measured at varied operating conditions. Exergy and energy efficiencies of isobutane were found to be 50% and 175% higher than that of R-134a. The analysis shows that the performances of butane and isobutane as refrigerants are comparable with HFC134a. It has also been found that at higher evaporating temperatures, the exergy losses are minimal. The maximum exergy loss occurred in the compressor and the value was 69% of the whole losses in the system. Highest sustainability index was found for butane compared to that of R134a and R600a, respectively.
Separation of fermentation products by membrane techniques. I. Separation of lactic acid/lactates by diffusion dialysis

Abstract The results of the separation of lactic acid from sodium lactate by diffusion dialysis are presented in this paper. Neosepta AFN-7 and Selemion DSV membranes were used for the separation. The dialytic separation factor for lactic acid/sodium lactate was found to be ∼20 for Neosepta AFN-7 and ∼30 for Selemion DSV membranes. The fluxes inherent in the separation were up to ∼1 mol/m2·h for the acid and only up to ∼0.07 mol/m2·h for the salt. The effects that enable the separation, i.e., the differences in solubility and diffusivity of the acid and the salt, were estimated (single solute experiments). The partition coefficients for lactic acid were found close to or above unity whereas those for sodium lactate were much lower. On the contrary, the apparent diffusion coefficients of both solutes were comparable, being of the order of 10−11 m2/s. It results that the separation of the weak acid and salt is based on differences in solubilities rather than in diffusivities, i.e., the phenomenon is differe.
Tuning Al2O3 Surface with SnO2 to Prepare Improved Supports for Pd for CO Oxidation

SnO2/Al2O3 supports with different SnO2 loadings were prepared by using a deposition–precipitation method and characterized by using N2 and CO adsorption–desorption, XRD, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. SnO2 dispersed finely on the Al2O3 surface with a capacity of 0.172 mmol 100 m−2, which equals 6.4 % SnO2 loading. Below this loading, no crystalline SnO2 can be detected owing to the formation of the sub‐monolayer‐ or monolayer‐dispersed SnO2 phase. Crystalline SnO2 can be observed only if the SnO2 loading reaches 9 %. With use of these SnO2/Al2O3 supports, all prepared Pd/SnO2/Al2O3 catalysts demonstrate increased activity compared to Pd/SnO2 and Pd/Al2O3 owing to the presence of more active oxygen species on SnO2/Al2O3 supports as well as their higher surface areas, which improve Pd dispersion. This result indicates that with SnO2/Al2O3 supports, less amount of Pd can be used to obtain catalysts with competitive performance.
Probing Single-Molecule T4 Lysozyme Conformational Dynamics by Intramolecular Fluorescence Energy Transfer

We demonstrate the use of single-molecule spectroscopy to study enzyme conformational motions of T4 lysozyme under hydrolysis reaction of the polysaccharide walls of E. coli B cells. By attaching a donor−acceptor pair of dye molecules site-specifically to noninterfering sites on the enzyme, the hinge-bending motions of the enzyme are measured by monitoring the donor−acceptor emission intensity as a function of time. The overall enzymatic reaction rate constants are found to vary widely from molecule to molecule. The dominant contribution to this static inhomogeneity is attributed to enzyme searching for reactive sites on the substrate. We have also applied molecular dynamics simulation and a random-walk model to analyze the enzyme−substrate complex formation dynamics, revealing multiple intermediate conformational states in the chemical reaction process. This approach provides information about the microscopic conformational change drifting velocity, diffusion coefficient, friction coefficient, energy con.
In-vitro pharmacological study and preliminary phytochemical profile of Viola canescens Wall. Ex Roxb

The crude ethanolic extract of Viola canescens whole plant was evaluated for their analgesic, gastrointestinal motility and preliminary phytochemical profile. The analgesic effect was assessed in mice, using acetic acid induced writhing test at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; the effect on GIT motility was tested in mice using activated charcoal as marker, as due to its black color the distance traveled in intestine was easy to observe. The preliminary phytochemicals constitutes were identified using various qualitative tests. The plant showed dose dependent analgesic effect in compression with standard drug (diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg); the extracts significantly (p<0.05) inhibited writhing at 100 and 200 mg/kg, while the analgesic effect was none significant at the dose of 50 mg/kg. The percentage analgesic effect of diclofenac sodium was 72.92, while the extract showed 16.92, 47.18 and 65.64% analgesia at the dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The analgesic effect of the standard drug was higher than the extract. The ethanolic extract of the plant increased the intestinal motility at dose dependant manner and produced a significant effect at 100 and 200 mg/kg. The percent GIT motility of the extract (200 mg/kg) and standard drug was similar. Various phytochemicals were identified such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavoniod, alkaloids etc in ethanolic extract of the plant.
Variable Light Soaking Effect of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Solar Cells with Conduction Band Offset Control of Window/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Layers

The impact of the conduction band offset (CBO) between window/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) layers on the light soaking (LS) effect in CIGS solar cells has been studied with continuous CBO control using a (Zn,Mg)O (ZMO) window layer. Two types of CIGS solar cells with different window/buffer/absorber layers configurations were fabricated, i.e., ZMO/CIGS (without buffer layer) and ZMO/CdS/CIGS structures. The CBO values between ZMO and CIGS layers were controlled to -0.15~0.25 eV. Plus and minus signs of CBO indicate the conduction band minimums of ZMO above and below that of CIGS, respectively. Current-voltage ( J-V ) characteristics of the solar cells with different LS durations revealed that a positive CBO value higher than 0.16 eV induces J-V curve distortion, i.e., LS effect, and all the J-V characteristics stabilized in 30 min. The degrees of the LS effect were dominated by the CBO value between ZMO and CIGS layers in the both structure regardless of the existence of CdS buffer layers. These results indicate that the LS effect is dominated by the highest barrier for photo-generated electrons in the conduction band diagram, i.e., the CBO between ZMO and CIGS layers, and quantitatively the LS effect emerges the CBO value higher than 0.16 eV.
Measurements of Interaction-Driven States in Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene

In materials systems with flat energy bands and limited disorder, interactions among electrons dominate and can dramatically alter physical behavior. Two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) offer excellent platforms to study these effects because the kinetic energy of the electrons is effectively quenched by a perpendicular magnetic field. The recent discovery of graphene, a two-dimensional form of carbon, has opened the door for further exploration into many-body phenomena. Graphene, unlike conventional 2DEGs, has fourfold degenerate electronic states due to its spin and valley degrees of freedom. This thesis describes several experiments that show how these underlying symmetries combine with electron-electron interactions to produce novel and tunable correlated electronic phases of matter. We perform transport measurements of bilayer graphene flakes that are suspended above the substrate to minimize disorder. The data reveal full lifting of the degeneracy of the lowest Landau level (LL) due to electron-electron interactions as well as insulating behavior at the charge neutrality point. Using a scanning single-electron transistor (SET) to measure the local electronic compressibility, we quantitatively explore these broken-symmetry quantum Hall states as a function of magnetic field. Surprisingly, the measurements also reveal a correlated phase at zero electric and magnetic field. When applied to suspended monolayer graphene, the high SET sensitivity and low disorder afforded by local measurements combine to reveal a multitude of fractional quantum
The reactions of the Criegee intermediate CH3 CHOO in the gas-phase ozonolysis of 2-butene isomers

Ozonolysis of cis- and trans-2-butene isomers were carried out in a 570 l spherical glass vessel in 730 torr synthetic air at 295 ± 3 K. The initial concentrations were 5 to 10 ppmv for the isomers and 2 to 5 ppmv for ozone. Quantitative yields were determined by FTIR spectroscopy for CH3CHO, HCHO, CH4, CH3OH, CO, and CO2. By means of computational subtraction of the spectral contribution of the identified products from the product spectra, residual spectra have been obtained. Formation of 2-butene ozonide, propene ozonide, and l-hydroperoxyethyl formate CH3CH(OOH)(SINGLE BOND)O(SINGLE BOND)CH(O) have been identified in the residual spectra. These products have been shown to be formed in the reactions of the Criegee intermediate CH3CHOO with CH3CHO, HCHO, and HCOOH, respectively. Mechanistic implications and atmospheric relevance of these observations are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 29: 461–468, 1997.
Fruit size and picking scar size in some blueberry commercial cultivars and hybrid plants grown in SW Spain

Summary Within a blueberry research program in SW Spain, five rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and nine southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) commercial cultivars along with 38 hybrid plants, produced by crossing highbush and rabbiteye cultivars, were used. The differences in the fruit size and the picking scar size among the plants, and the annual differences within each plant were studied. No significant differences were found in the fruit length, width, weight and the picking scar size between the rabbiteye and the southern highbush cultivars, and neither between the cultivars and the hybrid progeny. However, significant differences were found among the cultivars and among the hybrid plants. The picking scar size correlates better with fruit width and weight than with fruit length, although correlation values are not high. Thus, outliers were observed, some of them interesting to be selected for having large fruits and narrow scars. The ratio between the picking scar and fruit width shows significant differences among subsequent years in many hybrid plants.
Oxidative cross coupling of p-hydroxycinnamic alcohols with dimeric arylglycerol β-aryl ether lignin model compounds. The effect of oxidation potentials

Oxidation of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols together with dimeric lignin model compounds containing arylglycerol β-aryl ether structures was found, under certain conditions, to yield cross coupling products with β-aryl ether and 5,5′-biphenyl bonds. Cross coupling appeared to be restricted to phenols of similar oxidation potential. The implications of the “limits to randomness” for the understanding of the lignification process in vascular plants are discussed.
Synthesis of Additives from Montmorillonite to Modify High Density Polyethylene Final Properties

Summary: This work brings about the modification of sodium montmorillonite clay (MNa) by the cationic exchange with hexadecyltrimethylammonium to turn it into organophilic clay (MC16). Subsequently, MC16 was treated with silanes. Three silanes with functional groups of different chemical nature were used. The objective was to determine if the clay could affect high density polyethylene (HDPE) final behavior after being modified with each silane. The following silanes were used: Cl2Si(CH3)2, Cl2Si(CH3)(C6H5) and Cl2Si(C6H5)2. Finally, in situ hydrolysis was carried out to generate the respective siloxanes. These materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and GPC analyses. Each one of these additives was mixed using melt compounding processing in a Haake torque rheometer Rheocord 9000 equipped with a mix chamber and roller rotors at 100 rpm and 190 °C. All hybrids were characterized by XRD, SEM and thermogravimetric analyses. Barrier properties to cyclohexane were also determined by pervaporation experiments. Results from all studies showed that the addition of approximately 3 wt% of clay has changed the macroscopic properties of the above-mentioned composites, as compared with pure HDPE. This can be explained considering the different polymer/filler interactions which take place in each system.
Reducing soil application of nitrogenous fertilizer as influenced by liquid fertilization on yield and yield traits of kataribhog rice

An experiment was set up at the research farm of Crop Physiology and Ecology Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Banglaadesh during the period of August 2013 to January 2014 to find out the efficacy of liquid fertilization (Magic Growth) on the performance of Kataribhog rice and to calculate how much urea can be saved without the reduction of grain yield. The experiment was accommodated with the split plot design with two levels of liquid fertilization viz., no liquid fertilization (Lo), Liquid fertilization with Magic Growth applied at 30, 45 and 60 DAT (L1), and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer viz., no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 50% recommended nitrogen fertilizer (N50), 75% recommended nitrogen fertilizer (N75) and 100% recommended fertilizer (N100 ). The liquid fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer doses were assigned to the main plot and sub-plot, respectively. Liquid fertilization (L1) treatment provided greater grain yield compared to no liquid fertilization treatment (L0) in all nitrogen levels. Furthermore, with the increment of nitrogen level the grain yield was increased up to N100 compared to no liquid fertilization treatment (L0), but in the application of liquid fertilization treatment (L1), grain yield was increased up to N75 and thereafter decreased in N100dose application. Moreover, Liquid fertilization with Magic Growth along with 75% of the recommended nitrogen fertilizer increased 10.5% grain yield with a saving of 25% of the recommended nitrogen fertilizer compared to recommended practice.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Some Medicinal Plants in Urticaceae Family

Fifteen different extracts from the leaves of Urtica dioica, Pilea microphylla and Elatostema umbellatum were examined for phenolics content and free radical scavenging capacity, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidants. The highest DPPH radical scavenging percentages were showed by the butanol and ethyl acetate extracts Urtica dioica that are 62.537 ± 5.069% and 62.177 ± 2.987% at concentration 1000 µg/ml, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.24 ± 0.15 to 100.30 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate extract of Urtica dioica exhibited the lowest EC50 value (100.10 µg/ml). The result indicated that the antioxidant activity was not correlated with the phenolics content suggested that non-phenolic compounds might play major free radicals scavenging activity in studied plant materials.
Defensive Sesquiterpenoids from Leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum

The invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng has caused great economic loss in China, and is gravely threatening the native biodiversity and ecosystem. The plant has been phytochemically investigated for the defensive chemical substances in its leaves. Three active sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified, which include a new sesquiterpenoid (1), and two known sesquiterpenoids (2, 3). Their structures were established by spectroscopic studies such as 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS analyses. Meanwhile, the antifeedant activities of these compounds against two generalist plant-feeding insects, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua, were carried out. Compound 1 showed significant antifeedant activity against S. exigua with EC50=7.46 mu g/cm2, while compounds 2 and 3 were more active against H. armigera (EC50=2.57 and 3.04 mu g/cm2 respectively). These findings suggest a defensive role of sesquiterpenoids in E. adenophorum against herbivores.