Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo : good governance a prerequisite of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) peacebuilding

Since the 1950s, theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) have developed alongside the increasing power of globalised business. International stakeholders, from the United Nations to everyday consumers, have identifi ed business ethics as a way to mitigate the destructive commercial practices that exacerbate confl ict in the developing world. Ethical business initiatives have peacebuilding potential; however, the discussion should cede that poor governance constrains this private sector ability. Information communication technology (ICT) companies have perpetuated confl ict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and its surrounding areas by purchasing minerals that fi nance armed groups. Ultimately, predominant lobbies who claim that CSR policies and ethical boycotts will cut rebel funding and therefore bring an end to the turmoil in the Great Lakes region of Africa are overlooking the confl ict’s complex roots. The success of CSR peacebuilding in the DRC is predicated on good governance and cross-sector collaboration. African Journal on Conflict Resolution , Volume 13, Number 1, 2013
Structural dynamics of a sea-star (Marthasterias glacialis) population

The dynamics and feeding biology of a population of Marthasterias glacialis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) was examined over a two-year period from 2000–2002 at Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve, Co. Cork, Ireland. A multivariate approach was used and both multiple factors and multiple interactions between factors were found to influence population structure. These included time of year, site, individual sea-star size, depth, and predator density. Individuals belonging to the smallest size-classes (0–50 mm and 51–100 mm) were most abundant amongst boulders in shallow water (0–1 m), while larger individuals were primarily found in water below 1 m in depth on finer grade substratum and shell debris. Dietary composition was also found to differ with depth; sea-stars in the immediate subtidal had an opportunistic diet, and fed on a variety of taxa, whilst those M. glacialis from 1–6 m were more selective and restrictive, feeding chiefly on bivalve prey. We propose that spatial partitioning of different size-classes and a generalist feeding strategy may account for the success of M. glacialis at Lough Hyne.
Combining ability in the F1 and F2 generations of a diallel cross in six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The F1 and F2 progenies of a ten-parent diallel cross (excluding reciprocals) were analysed for the combining ability of quantitative traits in six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). significant differences were indicated between the parents, F1s and F2s for all the characters studied. The gca and sca components of variance were significant for all the traits. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the genetic control of the characters; however, non-additive gene effects were observed to be predominant. Among the parents RD 2035, RD 2052, RD 2503 and BL 2 were the best general combiners for grain yield and average to high combiners for other important traits.The parents RD 2552 and RD 387 were the best general combiners for dwarfness. The best specific crosses for grain yield were RD 2503 × RD 2585,RD 2035 × RD 2052, RD 2035 × BL 2, RD 2052 × BL 2, RD 2508 × RD 2552, RD 2552 × RD 2585 and Rd 2052 × RD 2552 in both the F1 and F2 generations. These crosses were higher yielders and in m.
Competency Based Job Analysis

The study was conducted in March 2010 at Bank of Khyber Main Head office, Peshawar with an object to assess competency based job performance. A stratified random sample of 60 employees from a total of 200 employees was taken for this study. Out of which 9 respondents were from top level, 36 from middle level and 15 respondents were from lower level of management. Competency of the respondents was judged in term of knowledge, skill and attitude using Likert scale. Further, a chi-square test was used to assess the association between competency (knowledge, skill, and attitude), job analysis and performance. The estimated results showed that performance and job satisfaction were strongly associated. Similarly knowledge (shared and priorities) and skill (training and willingness) were strongly associated with job performance. However, attitude (tolerated and productive) of the respondent were insignificantly associated with job performance. Finally, it is recommended that organization may focus on knowledge, skill and particularly on attitude by arranging training to improve performance level of the respondents.
Short communication. Influence of storage temperature on the viability of sweet cherry pollen

The conditions to store sweet cherry pollen of six cultivars (‘Brooks’, ‘Cristobalina’, ‘Marvin’, ‘New Star’, ‘Ruby’ and ‘Somerset’) for a long period of time were studied. Pollen samples were stored at 4°C or ‐20°C and were taken at 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, 270, 365 or 540 days of storage for all cultivars (with the exception of ‘Somerset’ at 30 days). ‘Cristobalina’ showed the highest pollen germination (over 60%). For the rest of cultivars, maximum pollen germination ranged from 36% to 44%. Pollen viability was completely lost for most cultivars after only 60 days of storage at 4°C. However, percentages of germinated pollen in all cultivars were not different from the control after one year of storage at ‐20°C, with the exception of ‘New Star’ and ‘Marvin’ that showed a reduction in pollen germination. Storage for periods longer than one year at ‐20°C produced a decrease in pollen viability with the exception of ‘Cristobalina’ and ‘Somerset’ pollen that maintained similar viability at all times. Results indicate that pollen viability could be maintained at reasonably high percentages after storage at ‐20°C during one year for all cultivars studied. Additional key words: in vitro pollen germination, low temperature storage, Prunus avium L.
Kırgızların Türkiye Türkçesi Öğrenirken Ad Durum Biçimbirimleriyle İlgili Yaptıkları Hatalar ve Çözüm Önerileri

Teaching Turkish as foreign language is a new and rapidly developing area. Everyone agrees that teaching Turkish to cognate Turks and teaching Turkish to the foreigners of Turkish is different from each other in various aspects. Despite this acceptance, preparing special books for cognate Turk is not still enough . In other words, the realty, which we should prepare different course books and materials for cognate Turks, is not taken seriously into consideration, unfortunately. While teaching Turkish as foreign language, each grammatical unit must be examined separately and the common error should be corrected via intensive exercises. In this study, we have detected the errors of noun case morphemes Kirghiz students who are learning Turkish make. Then, we tried to find out the causes of these errors and we seek solutions to eliminate them. In this way we aimed to help the teachers who are teaching Turkish language in Kyrgyzstan. The errors thatabout the students make are limited as “the errors in theme of noun case morphemes” and they were analyzed in this study. This study whowed us that the errors of noun case morphemes that Kirghiz students make who are learning Turkish make, because Russian is the second official language in their country and causes these errors. The mistakes that arising from Russian or their main language must be corrected by their teachers and they also must find the frequency of their errors. This will help them to eliminate these errors.
Preliminary study of the potential for phosphorus loss with the development of organic soils

Organic Soils (organic matter concentration > 30%) cover 200,000 ha in New Zealand, of which around 67,000 ha have been converted for intensive land use (viz. dairy). However, Organic Soils have a number of properties that can exacerbate P losses including: high porosity and hydraulic conductivities and poor P retention, otherwise known as anion storage capacity (ASC). Studies have indicated that the physio-chemical properties of Organic Soils change quickly after initial development. However, the rate at which properties change and their influence on P loss is not well established. We hypothesized that Organic Soils have a potential to lose more P than other soil orders in the same region, and that the rate of P loss changes with time since development due to changes in soil properties. Ninety three paddocks were sampled containing approximately equal numbers of soils from the Organic, Gley and Podzol Soil orders in a coastal Southland catchment. Water extractable P (WEP), as an indicator for potential P loss in surface runoff, increased in soils with low ASC and/or high Olsen P concentration. Many of these soils were Organic Soils that had only recently been put into production. In contrast to Gleys and Podzols, the WEP concentration in Organic Soils quickly decreased with time since development to reach a near steady state after approximately 25 years. A mass balance confirmed that Organic Soils had lost more P than other soil orders, but also suggested that this decreased with time. The results of this study indicate that P losses from Organic Soils are potentially large but decrease with time since development and that using strategies to mitigate P loss is especially important within the first 25 years of development.
Snake Bite: A review of Current Literature

Snake bite is a significant public health problem in rural areas of many parts of the world 1 . Venomous snakes are found worldwide, except for a few islands and the frozen environments. Snake bite most commonly affects those living in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of Africa, Asia, the Americas and Oceania. The morbidity and mortality resulting from bites are significant. Huge variation in management, coupled with many patients’ traditional cultural beliefs and lack of resources contribute to a huge disease burden from snake bites2. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently recognised snake bite as a neglected tropical disease and this has led to a global snake bite initiative to improve clinical outcome following snake bites3. The aim of this paper is to review current literature on the incidence, pathophysiology and management of snake bite. The aim is to help clinicians to a better understanding of the management of bites, especially when in situations with minimal resources and lack of anti-venom, which is where most snake bites occur. This review discusses a safe approach to clinical management in a field with limited evidence. A treatment guide to use of anti-venom is included to facilitate rapid decision making in stressful clinical situations. Surgeons in rural hospitals in low and middle income countries are often involved in the management of snake bite patients due to the nature of tissue damage caused by venom or wrong primary management, or because surgeons might be amongst the more senior staff available to help manage critically ill patients in such district hospitals. Most surgeons are outside their comfort zone, however, when they have to manage a snake bite patient, and this paper attempts to provide a structured approach to management.
Rutilariaceae redefined: a review of fossil bipolar diatom genera with centrally positioned linking structures, with implications for the origin of pennate diatoms

We present four genera of bipolar centric diatoms with linking structures located on the valve face: Rutilaria (including two new species from the Cretaceous), Spinivinculum, Pseudorutilaria and Kisseleviella, which are commonly classified in the family Rutilariaceae. Functional comparison of their linking structures and modes of chain formation shows considerable diversity and does not support a close phylogenetic relationship among them. In order to reflect the probable phylogeny of this group, the Rutilariaceae is retained as a monotypic family, while Kisseleviella is transferred to the Cymatosiraceae. Rymariopsis gen. nov. is proposed as a possible link between the Hemiaulaceae and the Rutilariaceae. Based on the comparison of the stratigraphic ranges of these taxa with other diatoms, we explore the possibility of a close phylogenetic relationship between bipolar centric diatoms with centrally located linking structures and pennate diatoms, as suggested by recent molecular phylogenies. As a consequence, the Rutilariaceae is suggested as a possible sister taxon of the pennate diatoms.
The Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Lichen Respiration

Although it is now generally accepted that sulphur dioxide is the most widespread component of air pollution which affects lichens, little work has been done on the precise mode of action of sulphur dioxide on these plants. Several investigators support the view that sulphur dioxide damages lichens by interfering with photosynthesis (Rao & Le Blanc, 1966; Pearson & Skye, 1965; Hill, 1971; Richardson & Puckett, in press). In the latter two papers there was shown to be, for a small number of species, good correlation between photosynthetic sensitivity to sulphur dioxide measured in the laboratory and sensitivity assessed under field conditions. These results suggest that the phycobiont may be the sensitive partner in the lichen association. However, there is also some evidence, including particularly that detailed in a recent paper (Baddeley, Ferry & Finegan, 1971), which indicates that, at low sulphur dioxide concentrations in an aqueous medium, respiration is inhibited. Because the mycobiont comprises the bulk of the lichen thallus the response here would seem to be predominantly that of the fungal partner. In the present paper additional respiratory data are presented for a number of species taken from two different clearly defined habitats.
Application of Phyto-Remediation (Sunflower and Vetiver Grass) on Crude Oil Spilled Soil Cultivated to Jute Mallow ( Corchorus Olitorius L.)

This study assessed the potential phytoremedial use of Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) and Vetiveria nigritana (Vetiver Grass) on bioremediation of crude oil affected soils as an option that rendered harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. It relatively low-cost, low techniques with high public acceptance and can often be carried out on site. The experiment consisted of three treatments; non-remediated soil (A), sunflower (B) and vetiver (C) remediated soils. The treatments in three replicates were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) layout. Soil physical conditions were significantly best under vetiver treated soils. Nevertheless, heavy metals concentration after the experiment was in the order of treatments A>B>C. Application of sunflower significantly (p<0.05) reduced the total hydrocarbon content in the soils by 25.59%, while vetiver grass had removal efficiency greater than 41%. Whereas the results of HUB/THBC ratio is in excess of 1% which tends to indicate recent crude oil input into the environment, the differences among the treatments were not significant. The percentage increment in leaf dry weight from 8 to 16 WAP was significantly lower (11%) in pots grown without treatment than those treated; soils treated with sunflower, the percent increment in biomass dry weight from 8 to 16 WAP was 84% and 139% for those treated with vetiver grass for the same period. However, the degree of toxicity on the tested plant was attributed to the direct contact of the toxic volatiles and water soluble hydrocarbons in spilled soil that might have penetrated the tissues of the tender plant.
Can we model the probability of presence of species without absence data

In ecological studies, it is useful to estimate the probability that a species occurs at given locations. The probability of presence can be modeled by traditional statistical methods, if both presence and absence data are available. However, the challenge is that most species records contain only presence data, without reliable absence data. Previous presence-only methods can estimate a relative index of habitat suitability, but cannot estimate the actual probability of presence. In this study, we develop a presence and background learning algorithm (PBL) that is successful in modeling the conditional probability of presence of a simulated species. The model is trained by two completely separate sets: observed presence and background data. Assuming that the probability of presence is one for ‘prototypical presence’ locations where the habitats are maximally suitable for a species, we can estimate a constant that can calibrate the trained model into the actual probability of presence. Experimental results show that the PBL method performs similarly to a presence-absence method, and significantly better than the widely used maximum entropy method. The new algorithm enables us to model the probability that a species occurs conditional on environmental covariates without absence data. Hence, it has potential to improve modeling of the geographical distributions of species.
Dominant limb asymmetry associated with prospective injury occurrence

The purpose of the study was to identify associations between dominant lower limb asymmetry in unanticipated agility performance and prospective injury occurrence. Female netball players (N=24) performed unanticipated 180° turn agility sprints on both the dominant and non-dominant legs interspersed with an additional straight running (no turn) task (5 trials per task), which were cued randomly using a visual monitor in the gait laboratory. A symmetry index was calculated for turn performance time over 2m for each netballer. Netball players were contacted regularly throughout the following six-month period for verification of any lower extremity injury experienced during their netball season. Pearson correlation coefficients with 90% confidence intervals were used to identify any associations between dominant limb asymmetry of greater than 10% for unanticipated agility performance and injury occurrence. Lower limb injury occurred in 37.5% (n=9/24) of the netball players. All injuries (100%) occurred in the netballer's dominant leg. A dominant limb asymmetry of greater than 10% in performance was identified for 57% (4/7) of the injured netball players and 14% (1/7) of the non-injured netball players. A moderate association of r=0.45 (90% CI: -0.01 to 0.75) was identified between dominant limb asymmetry of greater than 10% and injury occurrence.
A transplant experiment to identify the factors controlling bacterial abundance, activity, production, and community composition in a eutrophic canyon‐shaped reservoir

We performed a transplant experiment in eutrophic Sau reservoir to assess the factors that control bacterial abundance, activity, growth rate, and community composition. Samples from the lacustrine and the riverine ends of the reservoir were incubated in dialysis bags placed in situ and transplanted to the other side of the reservoir and also incubated after 1 µm filtration to measure predator effects. The bags were sampled at 12‐h intervals to estimate bacterial abundance, whole community activity, activity structure (by flow cytometry), and phylogenetic composition (by in situ hybridization with group‐specific phylogenetic probes). Bacterial production was always regulated by nutrient supply, but abundance and activity were differently regulated at both sites. The riverine bacteria were limited by predator activity, whereas the lacustrine were regulated by a combination of predation and nutrient supply. Therefore, even in the same environment, different modes of control can act simultaneously. Bacterial activity structure was also regulated in the same way. Abundance of high DNA bacteria and cells hybridizing with the universal EUB338 probe were well correlated. In the lacustrine sample, bacterial community structure did not change significantly, whereas in the riverine sample, Α‐ and Δ‐Proteobacteria reduced their growth when transplanted, whereas Β‐Proteobacteria were stimulated by the presence of predators. Members of the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium phylum grew only when incubated in situ in the absence of predators. This different behavior in the different bacterial groups resulted in strong changes in bacterial assemblage composition, evident already after 24 h. The experiment demonstrates that, together with the effect of predators, nutrient supply affects bacterial community properties and that a complex regulation involving both types of control can occur in a single heterogeneous planktonic system.
Influence of Dietary Fat on Carcass Fat Quality in Pigs. A Review

Abstract Danish experiments with growing pigs from the last 40 years are presented to enlighten some of the problems connected with carcass fat quality. In the experiments a variety of feeds have been used, supplying varying amounts of fat differing greatly in fatty acid composition. Generally, when de novo fatty acid synthesis, resulting in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, is predominant, the back fat will be very firm, while the deposition of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids will produce soft backfat. The relationship between the amount and composition of dietary fat and the content and profile of intramuscular fat seems complicated. Oats, rapeseed, sunflower seed, animal fat and vegetable oil should only be included in limited amounts in the diet to avoid high occurrence of unacceptable soft backfat and rancidity of the carcass. The iodine value (IV) of backfat is shown to be related to the iodine value product (IVP) of the dietary fat through the following equation: IV=47.1+0.14 × IVP/day.
Low-Complexity Beam Selection Algorithms for Millimeter Wave Beamspace MIMO Systems

We consider the downlink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, operating at millimeter-wave frequencies and equipped with a large number of antenna elements at the access point. Beamspace MIMO with beam selection offers an attractive solution for reducing the number of required radio frequency chains in such systems. We propose two beam selection algorithms. The first one is a heuristic greedy algorithm that enjoys low computational complexity with moderate performance. By modeling beam selection as maximum weight matching over a bipartite graph, we propose beam selection based on the Kuhn–Munkres algorithm and, importantly, introduce a new formal framework for beam selection.
Functional characterization of a bacteriophage-encoded inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus transcription

Transcription initiation—and, specifically, promoter recognition—is a key regulatory step in bacterial gene expression. Promoter recognition is mediated primarily by the σ subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP), which makes sequence-specific contacts with the -10 and -35 promoter elements in the context of the RNAP holoenzyme. At a subset of promoters with A+Trich upstream sequences (UP elements), the C-terminal domains of the RNAP α subunit (αCTDs) also contribute to promoter recognition by making sequence-specific contacts with the UP element. Many transcription regulators encoded by bacteria and bacteriophages exert their effects through direct interactions with α or σ. A recently described phage-encoded inhibitor of RNA synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus (Sau), phage G1 gp67, provides a novel example, binding to Sau σ in the context of the Sau RNAP holoenzyme and exerting promoter-specific effects by inhibiting αCTD function. Despite the high degree of conservation amongst primary σ factors, gp67 does not bind to E. coli (Eco) σ. We use genetic analyses to dissect the Sau σ4/gp67 interface and identify four amino acid differences between Sau σ and Eco σ that determine the specificity of gp67 binding. Using this knowledge, we construct an Eco σ variant capable of binding gp67 and show that gp67 associates with Eco RNAP holoenzyme reconstituted with the modified σ, thus enabling us to use E. coli-based tools to examine gp67 function. By testing the effect of gp67 on transcription in vitro from promoters bearing or lacking a well-characterized UP element, we