Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Functions of Stimuli Correlated with Transitions between Rich and Lean Schedules of Reinforcement

Behavioral Functions of Stimuli Correlated with Transitions between Rich and Lean Schedules of Reinforcement Cory Whirtley Disruptions in operant behavior in the form of extended pausing reliably occur when there is a discriminable transition from a relatively rich schedule of reinforcement to a relatively lean schedule (i.e., a rich-lean transition). The present experiments assessed the reinforcing and aversive functions of the stimuli correlated with the transitions between rich and lean schedules using observing and escape procedures. In both experiments, pigeons’ key pecks were reinforced with food on a compound schedule with two FR components. Completing the FR in the rich component produced a large reinforcer; completing the FR in the lean component produced a small reinforcer. The components alternated semi-randomly to produce four types of transitions: lean-lean, lean-rich, rich-lean, and rich-rich. In the observing experiment (Experiment 1), pigeons responded on a mixed schedule, in which the food key color was not correlated with the transitions. Pecks on a second key, the observing key, converted the mixed schedule to a multiple schedule by changing the food key color to a color correlated with the current transition. Across conditions, the consequences of the observing responses were manipulated by limiting the stimuli that could be produced. The stimuli correlated with the lean-rich and rich-rich transitions maintained observing, indicating that these stimuli were reinforcing. In contrast, the stimuli correlated with lean-lean and rich-lean transitions neither maintained nor punished observing, indicating that these stimuli were neither reinforcing nor aversive. In the escape experiment (Experiment 2), pigeons responded on a multiple schedule. Pecks on a second key, the escape key, darkened the food key, suspended the FR schedule, and changed the stimuli in the chamber. Across conditions, the magnitude of the stimulus changes that occurred following responses on the escape key was manipulated. The magnitude of the stimulus changes had no systematic effect for most of the pigeons; however, escape was more likely to occur during the rich-lean and leanlean transitions than during the lean-rich and rich-rich transitions, indicating that the lean stimuli were aversive. Overall, results from the present experiments indicate that stimuli correlated with lean schedules of reinforcement can acquire aversive functions, but the detection of these functions may depend on the experimental procedure.
On the present and future role of Lp-PLA2 in atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular risk prediction and management

Circulating concentration and activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) have been proven as biomarkers of increased risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Lp-PLA2 might be part of the atherosclerotic process and may contribute to plaque destabilisation through inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic lesions. However, all attempts to translate the inhibition of phospholipase into clinically beneficial ASCVD risk reduction, including in randomised studies, by either non-specific inhibition of sPLA2 (by varespladib) or specific Lp-PLA2 inhibition by darapladib, unexpectedly failed. This gives us a strong imperative to continue research aimed at a better understanding of how Lp-PLA2 and sPLA2 regulate vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque development. From the clinical viewpoint there is a need to establish and validate the existing and emerging novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies to fight against ASCVD development, by using potentially better animal models and differently designed clinical trials in humans.
Production and speed of decomposition of species of soil coverage in direct sowing system

To keep the system of direct seeding balanced, soil cover plants that develop rapidly and whose vegetal residues persist for an extended period are recommended. In this study, we evaluated the productivity of fresh and dry mass of soil cover plants and the remaining dry mass of plant residues. The study was conducted on a dystrophic Red Latosol [Oxisol] (Rhodic Ferralsol) with a sandy clay loam texture. A randomized block design was conducted with time split-plots with four replications. In the plots, the species of cover plants were allocated, and, in the subplots, the evaluation periods (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days after desiccation). The evaluated species were pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin tiphoydes) cv. ADR 300; brachiaria grass ruziziensis (Urochloa ruziziensis), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); sunnhemp (Crotalarea juncea); finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L)); jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). The dry mass productivity of cover crops and the rate of decomposition of plant residues were evaluated. Forage sorghum presented the highest dry matter yield of plant residues and, along with sunnhemp, presented the highest values of remaining dry mass of the vegetal residues after decomposition. Finger millet was not an adequate alternative for the direct seeding system in the study region.
Sulfated RaxX, which represents an unclassified group of ribosomally synthesized post-translationally modified peptides, binds a host immune receptor

The rice immune receptor XA21 is activated by the sulfated microbial peptide RaxX (required for activation of XA21-mediated immunity X) produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Mutational studies and targeted proteomics revealed that RaxX is processed and secreted by the protease/transporter RaxB, whose function can be partially fulfilled by a noncognate peptidase-containing transporter B (PctB). RaxX is cleaved at a Gly-Gly motif, yielding a mature peptide that retains the necessary elements for RaxX function as an immunogen and host peptide hormone mimic. These results indicate that RaxX is a founding member of a previously unclassified and understudied group of tyrosine sulfated RiPPs (ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptides). We further demonstrate that sulfated RaxX directly binds XA21 with high affinity. This work reveals a complete, previously uncharacterized biological process: bacterial RiPP biosynthesis, secretion, binding to a eukaryotic receptor and triggering of a robust host immune response.
Enfranchisement, Political Participation and Political Competition: Evidence from Colonial India

We examine how political participation and political competition are shaped by two class-based extensions of the franchise in 20th-century India. Creating a new dataset of district level political outcomes between 1921 and 1957, we find that the partial franchise extension of 1935 resulted in significantly lower incumbency advantage, while the institution of universal adult suffrage in 1950 resulted in increased candidacy. Both these franchise extensions resulted in decreased voter turnout rates, suggesting that newly enfranchised voters are less engaged in the political process.
Differences in COVID-19 Risk Between Occupational Groups and Employment Sectors in Germany.

In employees in the health service and welfare work/nursing care sectors who are exposed to a significantly higher risk of infection compared to the general population as a result of their work activity, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be recognized as an occupational disease (OD) (1). However, the question arises as to whether increased risks of infection also exist in occupational groups other than those listed in the OD number 3101 information sheet (Box).
Carbon Modeling of Agroforestry Systems at Farmers’ Field in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky. edu/igc/23/2-6-2/7 The XXIII International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India
Evidence that poor HAART adherence has a great impact on HIV/AIDS treatment failure more than severity of illness and opportunity of infection in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The pooled burden of HIV treatment failure and its associated factors in Ethiopian context is required to provide evidence towards renewed ambitious future goal. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Ethiopian Universities’ (University of Gondar and Addis Ababa University) online repository library were used to get the research articles. I-squared statistics was used to see heterogeneity. Publication bias was checked by Egger’s regression test. A meta-analysis using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model was employed to estimate the overall prevalence of treatment failure. Subgroup analyses based on the geographical location of the study, age of study population, type of treatment failure, and study design were conducted to see variation in outcomes. The sensitivity analysis was also employed to see whether an outlier result found in the included studies. Results Overall HIV treatment failure found to be 15.9% (95% CI: 11.6%-20.1%). HIV treatment failure was 10.2% (6.9%-13.6%) using immunological definition, 5.6% (95% CI: 2.9%-8.3%) using virological definition, and 6.3% (4.6%-8.0%) using clinical definition. Poor HAART adherence (AOR= 8.5; 95% CI: 4.1-12.8), severity of illness (as measured by WHO clinical stage III/IV (AOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.6), and presence of opportunistic infections (AOR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.4) were significantly associated with HIV treatment failure. Conclusions HIV treatment failure in Ethiopia found to be high and differed by adherence level, severity of illness, and presence of opportunistic infection. HIV intervention programs, such as behavioral intervention is required to sustain HIV treatment adherence and improve treatment success as a result. Protocol Registration It has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42018100254).
Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression in 807,553 individuals identifies 102 independent variants with replication in a further 1,507,153 individuals

Major depression is a debilitating psychiatric illness that is typically associated with low mood, anhedonia and a range of comorbidities. Depression has a heritable component that has remained difficult to elucidate with current sample sizes due to the polygenic nature of the disorder. To maximise sample size, we meta-analysed data on 807,553 individuals (246,363 cases and 561,190 controls) from the three largest genome-wide association studies of depression. We identified 102 independent variants, 269 genes, and 15 gene-sets associated with depression, including both genes and gene-pathways associated with synaptic structure and neurotransmission. Further evidence of the importance of prefrontal brain regions in depression was provided by an enrichment analysis. In an independent replication sample of 1,507,153 individuals (474,574 cases and 1,032,579 controls), 87 of the 102 associated variants were significant following multiple testing correction. Based on the putative genes associated with depression this work also highlights several potential drug repositioning opportunities. These findings advance our understanding of the complex genetic architecture of depression and provide several future avenues for understanding aetiology and developing new treatment approaches.
Effect of Subclinical and Overt Form of Rat Maternal Hypothyroidism on Offspring Endochondral Bone Formation

Abstract Maternal hypothyroidism in its overt form affects skeletal development of the offspring, but these data are not available for the subclinical form which is becoming very frequent among pregnant women. We hypothesized that the subclinical form of hypothyroidism in rat dams, infl uences the process of offspring endochondral ossifi cation affecting proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts in pups. Seven-day-old male pups (n=18) derived from control dams and dams treated with a low dose (1.5 mg/L) or high dose (150 mg/L) of propylthiouracil in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation were used. Histomorphometric analysis of pups’ tibia proximal growth plate, expression of mRNA, immunohistochemical and histochemical visualization of extracellular matrix components was performed. The length of the tibia was reduced in hypothyroid pups. Secretion of type 2 and 10 collagens in the subclinical and overt form were lower while the amount of glycosaminoglycans was higher when compared with controls. Down-regulated tartrate resistant acid phosphatase mRNA indicated altered osteoclasts function while lower expression of dentin matrix acid protein-1 mRNA and reduced synthesis of type 1 collagen accentuated a compromised bone formation in the overt form of hypothyroidism. The subclinical form of maternal hypothyroidism had a negative effect on the differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and calcifi ed cartilage removal in 7-day-old pups. In addition, overt hypothyroidism had a negative effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of osteoid. Both forms of hypothyroidism resulted in a decrease of tibia length due to changes in growth plate formation.
ANALISIS PENETAPAN PENGADILAN NEGERI SURAKARTA NO. 46/PDT.P/2016/PN.SKT TERKAIT PERKAWINAN BEDA AGAMA DITINJAU BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 1 TAHUN 1974

In the lives of individuals in this world who have distinctive genders (people), normally have an alluring fascination between each other to have the option to live respectively. The opportunity to pick an actual existence accomplice in Indonesia doesn't have any significant bearing completely in such a case that a marriage is finished by an accomplice of various religions will cause a ton of discussion among the individuals of Indonesia. Truth be told, numerous couples need to live respectively yet are blocked by their religion. In settling on interfaith marriage applications, there are the individuals who enable union with proceed; yet some are against. Assurance of various judges causes legitimate vulnerability, this causes uneasiness for the Civil Registry office in giving marriage testaments. With the endorsement of interfaith relationships by the judges additionally lead to deviations from what has been set up by law. things that ought to be considered by made a decision in choosing interfaith relationships are good and juridical perspectives. A marriage did absolutely causes legitimate outcomes. On the off chance that relationships are led by an accomplice of various religions will cause issues, this issue is identified with the relationship of a couple, youngster status, legacy, religion embraced by kids.
A Study on the Automatic Parallelization Method and Tool Development

Recently, computer hardware is evolving toward increasing the number of computing cores, not increasing the clock speed. In order to use the performance of parallelized hardware to the maximum, the running program must also be parallelized. However, software developers are accustomed to sequential programs, and in most cases, write programs that operate sequentially. They also have a lot of difficulty designing and developing software in parallel. We propose a method to automatically convert a sequential C/C++ program into a parallelized program, and develop a parallelization tool that supports it. It supports open multi-processing (OpenMP) and parallel patterns library (PPL) as a parallel framework. Perfect automatic parallelization is difficult due to dynamic features such as pointer operation and polymorphism in C/C++ language. This study focuses on verifying the conditions of parallelization rather than focusing on fully automatic parallelization, and providing advice to developers in detail if parallelization is not possible.
Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit-Based Central Controller for Normal and Contingent Operation of a High-Capacity HVDC Macrogrid for the Continental US

This paper presents a Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based controller to support the coordination and operation of a high-capacity high-voltage direct current (HVDC) macrogrid transmission for the continental US. The proposed controller allows for optimal scheduling of each segment of the multi-terminal HVDC network under normal and contingent conditions, while considering minimum levels of frequency response requirements. The performance of the proposed controller is tested on a 100,222-bus representation of the US Eastern and Western interconnections. Results show that a centralized PMU-based controller improves the frequency nadir of the HVDC macrogrid under contingency conditions by 25.9%. Furthermore, the primary frequency response (PFR) of the HVDC macrogrid is increased by 33.4%. The performance of each interconnection under the largest credible contingency conditions is also discussed.
Evaluating the effect of tuf and secA gene sequence length for discrimination of phytoplasmas

Abstract Phytoplasmas are a major liming factor to the growth and production of many plant species worldwide. Most studies have used the conserved 16S rRNA gene for phytoplasma identification and classification. The efficiency of the tuf and secA genes length in the characterization of phytoplasmas was evaluated by designing universal primers to amplify the long and short tuf (740 bp and 414 bp) and secA (1232 bp and 536 bp) genes from the phytoplasma 16SrII-A and -D sub-groups, which are closely related phytoplasma strains. The neighbour joining (NJ) and the maximum likelihood (ML) methods were used to test the accuracy and stability of the phylogenetic trees. The NJ and ML phylogenetic trees from the long and short DNA sequences of the 16S rDNA, tuf, and secA genes produced two major clades (WB and AS). The NJ and ML phylogenetic trees showed high similarity in their differentiation between and within the 16S phytoplasma groups. This study indicates that the long DNA sequences of tuf and secA genes produced phylogenetic trees with higher resolution and separated very closely related phytoplasma groups. The accurate characterization of phytoplasmas is important for epidemiological studies and in disease management.
Studies on genetic divergence for fruit yield in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] genotypes under coastal eco-system

A study was conducted for identifying the genetic divergence in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) genotypes. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated with the objective of selecting superior genotypes namely, Arka Anamika, Varsha Upahar, Thunder, Dhanya, Pusa-7, Basanthi, S-51, Thanvi-66, CO-2, Akshaya, N-U-Lakshmi, Namadhri, PHS, Villupuram Local, and Karur Local for fruit yield traits. The degree of divergence among 15 genotypes was computed using Mahalanobis’ D2 analysis to assess the genetic diversity. For this programme, morphological characters viz., days to first flowering, plant height, inter node distance, days to fruit maturity, number of immature seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit girth, number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, and fruit yield per plant were studied. Analysis of variance for 15 genotypes of bhendi revealed that all the genotypes were significantly differed among themselves for all the eleven traits studied. The results revealed that the mean performance for fruit yield per plant was maximum in the genotype namely Basanthi(465 g), followed by Dhanya(438 g), and S-51(433 g). The genotypes which recorded high mean performance for fruit yield per plant also exhibited significant per se performance for the traits namely inter node distance, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Effectiveness of passive restoration on density and diversity of regenerating tree species in mixed Dipterocarp forests of Nepal

In many developing countries, the only affordable approach to recover ecosystem structure and function is through passive restoration. We conducted a 3 year study of passive restoration in mixed Dipterocarp forests dominated by Shorea robusta to examine the effectiveness of exclusion (fencing and fire suppression) on diversity, density, and richness of regenerating tree seedlings and saplings. We analyzed excluded and disturbed paired sites. We observed exclusion was effective in increasing seedling richness and occurrence of S. robusta and Syzygium cumini. A significant improvement in sapling strata (diversity, density, and richness) from excluding the disturbances was observed. Mean sapling density estimated was about 500% higher in excluded compared to disturbed sites. Probability of occurrence of S. robusta and Dalbergia latifolia saplings increased due to exclusion. That said, presence of exotic species Chromolaena odorata was higher in excluded sites reflecting the need for assisted natural regeneration in forests. This study has demonstrated passive restoration as an effective approach for improving natural regeneration in mixed Dipterocarp forest ecosystems and possibly other similar forest types, and will serve as a reference document for future restoration interventions.
Immunological Stimulant Effect of Linseed Oil and Fennel Oil Supplemented Diet on Broilers

| This study was designed to assess the effect of Linseed oil and Fennel oil supplemented diet on the immunity of Cobb broiler chickens through one day age to 35 days. A total of 90 broiler chicks were allocated to 3 treatment groups with 3 replicates of ten birds each. The control group (G1) was fed a basal diet. The Linseed oil group (G2) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2 ml of linseed oil/Kg ration. The Fennel oil group (G3) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.3 ml of fennel oil/Kg ration. Feeding on diet supplemented with linseed oil and fennel oil significantly increased WBCs, Heterophils %, phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, total protein, globulins, IgM, IgG, A/G ratio, T3, and T4 of broiler chicks compared to control group. There was a non-significant difference in Ca, Ph, albumin, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels between all groups. The histological examination of the duodenum in linseed oil treated group (G2) and Fennel oil treated group (G3) compared to the control group showing normal intestinal villi with an increase in goblet cells count. In conclusion, the daily supplementation of Linseed oil and Fennel oil in the diet of broiler chicks for 35 days was enough to improve their immunity and subsequent biochemical parameters.
Properties of axonal and synaptic extracellular field potentials in the barn owl

Extracellular field potentials (EFPs) recorded in the brain are an important indicator of neural activity for neuroscientists. In many cases, their physiological basis is unknown or debated. The barn owl auditory brainstem provides an excellent opportunity to study these EFPs and their origins. The barn owl auditory brainstem is ideal because the field potentials are very large and very easily controlled by the auditory stimulus, and the underlying anatomy is well known. Here I present two examples of exploiting the unique properties of the EFP in the barn owl auditory brainstem. The first is concerned with axons, where I show that activity in axon bundles with characteristic termination zones generates strong dipole moments. The second example is concerned with synaptic currents, from which I was able to extract a signature of short-term plasticity. The methods and insights I developed are applicable to other organisms as well, and contribute to the general understanding of the roles different anatomical structures can play in the generation of EFPs.