Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiments on focusing unidirectional water waves

Results of four groups of experiments involving transient, mechanically generated water waves in a narrow wave tank are described. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the limitations of the validity of linear theory predictions of the spatiotemporal structure of the surface elevation in focal regions. For unidirectional surface gravity waves, focusing occurs as a result of long waves overtaking short waves. Surprisingly, in our measurements, nonlinear effects are stronger in deep water than in intermediate depth water and are stronger in nonfocusing wave trains than in focusing wave trains. These trends can be explained by the observation that the dominant source of nonlinear interaction in our measurements was the Benjamin-Feir instability, which acts only over a limited duration in focusing wave trains, only in wave trains whose bandwidth is narrow, and only in deep water. Under conditions in which the Benjamin-Feir instability does not act (as is expected to be the case in the ocean), predictions that take into account amplitude-dependent dispersion but otherwise neglect nonlinear effects are in good agreement with measurements for wave trains with (ka)max slightly in excess of 0.30.
Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy in chronic insomnia: A review of clinical guidelines and case reports

Introduction Chronic insomnia affects 5% to 10% of the US population, increasing the demand for treatment options and the corresponding research to prove their validity.1 This review compares recommendations from 3 clinical guidelines and summarizes hypnotic medications, including their newly reported side effects not mentioned in the guidelines. In addition, we aim to provide an overview of what pharmacotherapies are available for prescribers and patients. Methods A literature search was conducted for articles published prior to January 10, 2022, and case reports and clinical studies were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Results Definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the safety and efficacy of medications reviewed; however, trends are apparent. All 3 guidelines included in this review remarked most treatment recommendations as weak except for cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, which is effective but not readily available. Furthermore, based on the 15 case reports and 13 clinical studies presented in this review, many of the medications used for treatment of insomnia present safety concerns. Discussion Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists are commonly used hypnotic agents with the “Z-drugs” having robust data establishing their efficacy for the short-term treatment of chronic insomnia. However, significant adverse effects related to the central nervous system (CNS), including developing tolerance, addiction, CNS depression, and amnesia, remain barriers to their long-term use. In comparison, newer agents present more favorable side-effect profiles although with less established efficacy. Additionally, off-label agents, including antidepressants, antihistamines, and natural supplements, are discussed due to their prominent use.
Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.
A seasonal study of mesospheric temperatures and emission intensities at Adelaide and Alice Springs

[1] Aerospace imagers operating at Alice Springs (23°42′S, 133°53′E) and Adelaide (34°55′S, 138°36′E) have collected more than 4-year of OH and O2 atmospheric emission data. Images taken over the course of each moonless night at 5-min intervals were used to determine OH Meinel (6, 2) and O2 Atmospheric (0, 1) band emission intensities and temperatures, as well as atmospheric gravity wave parameters. The NCAR general circulation model TIME-GCM was run for years 2002–2005 for comparison with these data. The data presented here show the interannual variability of OH and O2A emissions at two sites, Alice Springs and Adelaide, over a 4-a period. It was found that the TIME-GCM successfully reproduces many observed features of the data, including equinoctial maxima associated with the diurnal tide, a 6-h phase shift between OH temperature and intensity maxima, and springtime OH intensity enhancements at Alice Springs. However, the model tends to underestimate the depth of the summertime temperature minimum at both sites, possibly due to inadequate specification of the seasonal variation of gravity waves in the model. The model does, however, successfully describe many of the mesospheric changes observed during the 2002 stratospheric warming event.
Ridging and strength in modeling the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice

A theory describing evolution of the ice thickness distribution (the probability density of ice thickness) was proposed by Thomdike et al. (1975) and has been used in several sea ice models. The advantage of this theory over the widely used two-level formulation is that it treats ridging explicitly as a redistribution of ice thickness, and ice strength as a function of energy losses incurred by ridge formation. However, the parameterization of these processes remains rather speculative and largely untested, and so our purpose here is to explore these parameterizations using a numerical model based on this theory. The model uses a 160-km resolution grid of the Arctic and 7 years of observed atmospheric forcing data (1979-1985). Monthly oceanic heat flux and current fields are obtained from a 40-km resolution coupled ice-ocean model run separately with the same forcing. By requiring the computed monthly mean ice drift to have the same magnitude as observed buoy drift, we estimate the primary strength parameter : the ratio of total to potential energy change during ridging. This ratio depends on the value of other parameters ; however, the standard case has a ratio of 17 which is within the range estimated by Hopkins (1994) in simulations of individual ridging events. The effects of ridge redistribution and shear ridging parameters are illustrated by a series of sensitivity studies and comparisons between observed and modeled ice thickness distributions and ridge statistics. In addition, these comparisons highlight the following shortcomings of the thickness distribution theory as it is presently implemented : first, the process of first-year to multiyear ridge consolidation is ignored ; and second, the observed preferential melt of thick ridged ice is not reproduced.
Statistical evaluation of remotely sensed data for water quality monitoring

The primary objective of this study was to determine relationships between water quality parameters (WQPs) and digital data from the Landsat satellite to estimate and map the WQP in the Porsuk Dam reservoir. Suspended sediments (SS), chlorophyll a (chl-a), NO3-N and transmitted light intensity depth (TLID) were the parameters for water quality determination used in this study. Collection of these data, obtained from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) was synchronized with the Landsat satellite overpass of the September 1987. The relationships between the brightness values (BV) of the TM data and WQP were determined. Using the TM data, we developed multiple regression equations to estimate the WQPs, and the validation of these equations was checked by using ANOVA. The effects of SS, NO3-N and chl-a on TLID were tested not only for ground data, but also for TM datasets. Regression equations were developed for two different datasets and the homogeneity of those equations was tested. Finally, these regression equations evaluated from digital TM data and ground data were applied to map TLID values.
Global postseismic rebound of a viscoelastic Earth: Theory for finite faults and application to the 1964 Alaska earthquake

A spherically symmetric Earth model with viscoelastic rheology is used to study the postseismic rebound associated with finite lithospheric dislocations. We perform a systematic study of surface deformations due to sources characterized by two- and three-dimensional faults, modeled by a linear and planar distribution of point sources. Our approach is based on the normal mode technique for a layered Earth with linear viscoelastic rheology and allows for a self-consistent description of the time evolution of postseismic displacements due to strike- and dip-slip faults. As a case study, we compare the predicted horizontal displacements due to the 1964 Alaska earthquake with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) baselines changes observed in this region in the period 1984–1989. Although subduction and postglacial isostatic adjustment are expected to contribute significantly to present-day velocities, our results show that the postseismic rebound due to the 1964 Alaska earthquake plays a relevant role in the changes of several VLBI baselines. The last section is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of other North American baselines. As suggested by recent investigations based on forward approaches, isostatic readjustment of the Earth's crust in response to the melting of the last Pleistocene ice sheets is a major contributor to baseline variations in this area. Our results indicate that a correct interpretation of VLBI baseline changes in North America should account also for the effects of postseismic deformation.
A modified solution to assess the required strength of exposed backfill in mine stopes

Backfilling contributes to the improvement of ground stability and reduction of ore dilution in underground mines. A critical issue for backfilled stope design is the required strength for the fill material. A practical solution to address this question was proposed by Mitchell and co-workers for stopes with an exposed face and a high aspect ratio (height H over width B). However, this solution is not directly applicable to stopes with a relatively low aspect ratio (H/B). Its applica- tion is also restricted by additional limitations on the strength along the fill-rock interfaces and the load applied on top of the backfill. In this note, the model proposed by Mitchell and co-workers is modified to provide an estimate of the required strength of backfill for various geometries, material properties, and surface loads. The modified Mitchell (MM) solution is validated against experimental results. Sample calculations with the MM solution are also presented and discussed.
New parameterization of sulfuric acid‐ammonia‐water ternary nucleation rates at tropospheric conditions

[1] Recently, the classical theory of sulfuric acid-ammonia-water (H2SO4-NH3-H2O) nucleation was reinvestigated by including the effect of stable ammonium bisulfate formation into calculations. The predicted nucleation rates lowered by many orders of magnitude, bringing them close to agreement with the available experiments on H2SO4-NH3-H2O nucleation. However, because of complex thermodynamics involved, the theoretical calculations of nucleation rates are computationally demanding, and sometimes the theory breaks down at specific concentrations and temperatures. Here we present parameterized equations of ternary H2SO4-NH3-H2O nucleation rates, critical cluster sizes, and critical cluster compositions. Our parameterizations reduce the computing time of these values by a factor of 10 5 compared with the calculations with the full thermodynamic model. Also, our parameterizations provide reliable estimates for ternary nucleation rates in cases when the full theory fails in isolated points of the parameter space. The parameterized nucleation rates are accurate to one order of magnitude in nucleation rate. Because of their computational efficiency, our parameterizations are particularly suitable for large-scale models of atmosphere. They are valid for temperatures above 235 K, sulfuric acid concentrations 5 � 10 4 –10 9 cm � 3 , ammonia mixing ratios 0.1–1000 ppt, relative humidities 5%–95%, and nucleation rates over 10 � 5 cm � 3 s � 1 . At these conditions, no significant nucleation occurs above 295 K.
The Role of Risk Communication in Shaping Health-Protective Behavior Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand

The study aimed to investigate the influence of social media, cultural, and demographic factors on individuals’ perceptions of risk and their responses to risk communication. This study targeted the population living in Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, for the collection of data because Bangkok recorded the highest cumulative COVID-19 cases in the country during the pandemic. The questionnaire method included 625 respondents and was administered from August 2022 to October 2022. The questionnaire’s validation process involved conducting quantitative analysis, specifically utilizing confirmatory factor analysis within the IBM SPSS statistics 25 software. The analysis showed that demographic factors such as gender, occupation, education, and income significantly influenced risk interpretation. In terms of gender, males demonstrated a higher inclination towards evaluating data and information compared to females. Employed individuals also displayed a greater tendency for data evaluation than those who were not employed. Furthermore, individuals with lower education levels and income were more inclined towards studying risk-related information. Age and marital status did not exhibit a significant impact on risk interpretation. It was observed that interaction with social media can influence risk interpretation, potentially reducing individuals’ ability to interpret descriptive data. Furthermore, political beliefs were found to negatively impact risk interpretation due to the potential biases and preconceived notions that can shape how individuals perceive and evaluate information. Social, political, and cultural factors collectively played a role in shaping individuals’ perceptions and behaviors related to risk and health. Therefore, reevaluating these factors through quantitative research can offer valuable insights for formulating more effective recommendations to enhance risk communication policies and prepare strategies for future public health emergencies.
Understanding Leaching Behaviour of Landfill Leachate in Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria through Dumpsite Monitoring

Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in unauthorized places has become an increasing problem for most cities in Nigeria, especially Benin-City, Edo state. Benin-City one of the largest city in Nigerian is experiencing the problem of solid waste management despite the best attempt of waste avoidance, reduction, reuse and recovery. Use of dumpsites is still the ultimate disposal method of domestic and industrial wastes in Benin-City. Three dumpsites in Benin-City and environs were selected randomly to evaluate their leachates characteristics. Leachate samples were collected from the dumpsites at three months interval and were assessed for their quality through physico-chemical and elemental examination using standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Physicochemical analysis result showed pH range of 6.76±0.08 –7.49±0.02, EC (55212.0±2028.43 – 64344.33±1131.22 µS/cm), Temperature (26.03±0.25 – 26.60±0.35
Impact of river capture on hydrography and water resources: case study of Ula and Katra catchments, south Lithuania

Based on cartographic material from three time periods during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the impact of river capture, which started in the middle of the nineteenth century, on transformations of the watershed and hydrographic network of two Lithuanian rivers, Ula and Katra, is analysed. It has been determined that river capture conditioned marked transformations of water supply and distribution. As a result of the capture, the area of Ula catchment has increased by 62% and its mean discharge by 63%, whereas the area of Katra catchment decreased by 23% and its mean discharge by 27%. The total area of the five largest lakes in the recent Ula catchment has been reduced by 95%. The transformations of water resources in the Ula catchment since the first half of the nineteenth century are the following: Ula runoff volume has increased almost by 100 million m3/yr whereas the water volume of lakes has been reduced by almost 30 million m3.
I.—Notes on the Genus Phaneropleuron (Huxley), with a Description of a New Species from the Carboniferous Formation

The genus Phaneropleuron was instituted by Professor Huxley, in 1869, for the reception of that singular fish P. Andersoni, from the Upper Devonian Yellow Sandstone of Dura Den, in Fifeshire, which species was also subsequently described by him in the tenth Decade of the Geological Survey, published in 1861. In the present communication 1 have to add a second species, from the Lower Carboniferous strata (Burdiehouse Limestone) of Edinburghshire, by which our knowledge of the genus is thus certainly carried a stage further unwards in the geological series.
Pelvic Floor Muscle Function and Its Relationship with Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence

ObjectivesPost-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) is a common condition, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) assessment of voluntary pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function may be associated with PPI. This study investigates the relationship between PPI and pre- and postoperative displacement of anatomical landmarks related to PFM function.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 40 patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) by a high-volume single surgeon. All patients underwent PFM training pre- and postoperatively. TPUS was used to obtain sagittal images of pelvic structures during maximal voluntary PFM contractions: (1) preoperatively, (2) 3 weeks postoperatively, and (3) 6 weeks postoperatively. TPUS images were analyzed to calculate displacement of anatomical landmarks associated with activation of striated urethral sphincter (SUS), bulbocavernosus muscle (BC), and puborectalis muscle (PR). Continence was assessed at 3 and 6 weeks postoperatively, defined as use of ≤ 1 pad/day. The relationship of continence to the displacement of SUS, BC, and PR was analyzed.ResultsSUS, BC, and PR displacement decreased significantly 3 weeks postoperatively (P = 0.042, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, respectively). Continent men exhibited significantly greater SUS displacement (median, 5.13 mm) than incontinent men (median, 3.90 mm) 3 weeks postoperatively (P = 0.029). Between 3 and 6 weeks following RARP, there was significant increase in SUS, BC, and PR displacement (P = 0.003, P = 0.030, P < 0.001, respectively). ConclusionsA significant decrease in PFM function occurs following RARP, with a subsequent recovery of postoperative PFM function between 3 and 6 weeks post-procedure in men who undergo PFM training. SUS activation was significantly greater in continent patients compared to incontinent patients at 3 weeks following RARP.
An observational and numerical investigation of the climatological heat and salt balances at OWS Papa

Abstract The climatological heat and salt budgets at OWS Papa are examined over the years 1960 to 1981. The average surface fluxes of heat and freshwater are estimated to be 25±15 W m−2 and 4.4±4.3 mg m−2 s−1, respectively. Year to year changes in these fluxes are found to be uncorrelated with changes in ocean heat and salt content above 200-m depth. Different hypotheses of how the surface fluxes are balanced are tested using a one-dimensional model of vertical mixing with prescribed horizontal and vertical heat and salt transport. The surface freshwater flux must be at least 3 mg m−2 s−1, on average, in order to balance model-computed vertical diffusion. Additional surface input is balanced by the vertical advection of salt from below. Other processes are required to balance the heat budget. Assuming that the surface flux estimates are in error and correcting them to give zero net fluxes of both heat and freshwater leads to a systematic erosion of the main pycnocline and deepening of winter mixed layers,.
Composition and provenance of the Snowcap assemblage, basement to the Yukon-Tanana terrane, northern Cordillera: Implications for Cordilleran crustal growth

The Yukon-Tanana terrane of the northern Cordillera comprises a basement of metamorphosed continental margin sedimentary rocks of pre–Late Devonian age (Snowcap assemblage) and overlying subduction-generated Late Devonian to Permian arc and backarc facies igneous rocks. While preliminary analytical data have suggested that the Yukon-Tanana terrane originally formed as part of the western peri-Laurentian margin, its position outboard of an upper Paleozoic oceanic terrane (Slide Mountain) and the lack of information from its basement, the Snowcap assemblage, continue to raise questions about its original paleogeographic location along the margin. We describe here the geological relationships, geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, and the detrital zircon signature of the Snowcap assemblage. Geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic data for most siliciclastic rocks suggest derivation from evolved, upper crustal material, with Paleoproterozoic Nd-Hf depleted mantle model ages and detrital zircon data with major peaks in age ca. 1870 Ma and ca. 2720 Ma, and secondary peaks ca. 2080 Ma and ca. 2380 Ma. Minor juvenile contributions to some metaclastic rocks are more likely related to coeval, rift-related mafic alkalic magmatism than to younger arc magmatism in the terrane, as previously suggested. The detrital zircon signature of the Snowcap assemblage confirms a northwestern Laurentian cratonic source, similar to that of the adjacent Cordilleran miogeocline, and provides a local source in the Yukon-Tanana terrane for evolved signatures and Paleoproterozoic-Archean zircons (both detrital grains and xenocrystic cores) in younger mid- to late Paleozoic rocks of the terrane, at times when the Laurentian craton was probably not available as a direct source. Mafic alkalic rocks of the Snowcap assemblage were the products of low degree partial melting of incompatible element–enriched lithospheric mantle sources, most likely related to one of several Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic rifting events recorded along the western margin of Laurentia. Marble and calc-silicate rocks have trace element compositions similar to modern seawater and juvenile Nd-Hf isotopic signatures similar to the mafic rocks, implying coeval carbonate sedimentation and magmatism. The overall character and composition of the Yukon-Tanana terrane suggest that crustal recycling processes dominated its evolution. Its accretion to the western margin of North America in early Mesozoic time contributed only a limited amount of juvenile crustal material to the Cordillera.