Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precipitation fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large scale climatological parameters.

Precipitation records from 78 stations distributed across Nepal were analysed and all-Nepal (1948–1994) and subregional records (1959–1994) were developed. The all-Nepal and regional precipitation series showed significant variability on annual and decadal time scales. Distinct long-term trends were not found in these precipitation records. The all-Nepal record agrees well with the precipitation records from northern India, while it does not compare well with the all-India precipitation record. The all-Nepal monsoon record is highly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) series. The exceptionally dry year of 1992 recorded in Nepal coincides with the elongated El Nino of 1992–1993 and the Mount Pinatubo eruption. A remarkable cooling in the region covering the Tibetan Plateau also occurred in 1992, suggesting that Pinatubo aerosol played a major role in the drought of that particular year in Nepal. In other years, the correlation between the precipitation record from Nepal and the temperature of the Tibetan Plateau is not significant, while a stronger correlation with temperature over the Indian Ocean and southern India exists. This provides further support for the strong relationship between the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation fluctuation in Nepal. The correlation is stronger between all-Nepal monsoon precipitation and SOI averaged over seasons following the monsoon compared with seasons preceding the monsoon. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Unemployment in Non-Metropolitan Australia: integrating geography, social and individual contexts

Abstract Despite a significant period of strong economic and jobs growth nationally, there is well-established evidence in Australia that the proceeds of this growth have not been shared equally, either between places or between individuals. Empirically, it is well known that particular socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of unemployment and it has become equally well established that there are particular geographic patterns of labour market disadvantage that suggest that local geographic context is also important. What is not well understood are the ways in which phenomena at the geographic level are associated with individual-level characteristics and other social contexts in ways that negatively impact on a range of social outcomes, including unemployment. The present paper specifically addresses this issue by using a multi-scalar approach and using survey data from the Housing, Income and Labour Force Dynamics Australia (HILDA) survey and aggregate level census data to model unemployment risk. The paper argues that to better understand unemployment and to add to sound policy development, approaches that incorporate a variety of contexts, including the impact of local geographies, are important.
Constraints on magnitudes of extension on Venus from slope measurements

Slopes related to normal fault scarps on Venus appear in Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images as tonal bands of i reased or decreased radar backscatter relative to adjacent regions. Calculations, through measurements on Magellan stereo SAR, of 170 of these surfaces in plains regions show that their mean topographic slope is 36.4° ± 1.2°, regardless of height. Because there is little to no erosion on Venus, we infer from this mean slope that most faults have collapsed to talus slopes, approximately at an angle of repose, and thus the effective cohesive strength of the crust near most fault surfaces is low, probably because of secondary faulting and jointing. In areas well imaged by Magellan stereo SAR we show that simple, balanced cross sections through individual grabens on Venus can be made, assuming a Coulomb shear angle for fault orientation, thus constraining slip on causitive faults and extension across the grabens. In rifted areas imaged by one Magellan SAR viewing geometry, constraints on extension across rift zones can be made by measuring the tonal bands representing slopes related to individual normal faults and using the mean topographic slope calculated for similar slopes imaged in stereo SAR. With this technique we show that crustal extension due to faulting and folding for the most recent deformation in the Beta rift zone is <20 km. These modest strains, across one of the best developed rift zones on Venus, put severe limits on tectonic models of Venus that invoke significant lateral displacements of the Venusian crust.
Stokes magnetic anomaly system

Abstract The Stokes Magnetic Anomaly System is a zone of positive magnetic anomalies which extends for about 2400 km through the New Zealand region. The zone consists of a narrow (<10 km wide), Eastern Belt of linear magnetic anomalies associated with the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, and a broader (10–100 km) Western Belt of numerous, discrete magnetic anomalies associated with the Rotoroa Igneous Complex. Over the New Zealand land mass, the Eastern Belt extends f10m Ahipara to Inchdutha and, apart from a 460 km dextral displacement by the Alpine Fault, it is offset only by a 6 km sinistral displacement near Auckland. The Western Belt lies 20–50 km west of the Eastern Belt, but cannot be traced north of Manaia. Wide variations in the direction and intensity of magnetisation in the source rocks preclude quantitative analysis of the System, but the continuity and shape of the System make it a valuable reference line and provide important constraints on reconstructions of the New Zealand region. The present .
Terrane history of the Canadian Cordillera: estimating amounts of latitudinal displacement and rotation of Wrangellia and Stikinia

The Canadian Cordillera is largely a mosaic of terranes that are allochthonous relative to the autochthonous North American craton. Palaeobiogeographic data on pectinoid bivalves from various cratonal areas and from two western Canadian terranes, Wrangellia and Stikinia, are used to estimate the amounts of latitudinal displacement and rotation of these terranes that took place during and after Early Jurassic times. Distributional patterns of various species of the distinctive, very common bivalve Weyla, and a comparison of the positions of biogeographic boundaries between high-palaeolatitude, mixed and low-palaeolatitude faunas on the terranes and on the craton indicate that Wrangellia was displaced northward relative to the craton by at least several hundred and possibly more than 1000 km since Sinemurian and Pliensbachian times. For Stikinia such estimates are even higher and exceed 1000 km. Biogeographic patterns also suggest that Wrangellia experienced at best minor rotation since Sinemurian times, while rotation from a more or less east–west alignment to its present northwest–southeast position seems possible for Stikinia prior to the Pliensbachian. Palaeomagnetic interpretations, suggesting that during Sinemurian and Pliensbachian times Wrangellia and Stikinia were in much the same latitudinal position relative to the craton as they are now, are in sharp contrast to the results from faunal data. The presence of warm oceanic surface currents, oceanographic effects of elongated barriers, climatic change and differential latitudinal displacements due to rotation appear to be insufficient explanations for the discrepancy between the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and faunal evidence.
Cloud Inhomogeneity from MODIS

Two full months (July 2003 and January 2004) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Atmosphere Level-3 data from the Terra and Aqua satellites are analyzed in order to characterize the horizontal variability of vertically integrated cloud optical thickness (“cloud inhomogeneity”) at global scales. The monthly climatology of cloud inhomogeneity is expressed in terms of standard parameters, initially calculated for each day of the month at spatial scales of 1° × 1° and subsequently averaged at monthly, zonal, and global scales. Geographical, diurnal, and seasonal changes of inhomogeneity parameters are examined separately for liquid and ice phases and separately over land and ocean. It is found that cloud inhomogeneity is overall weaker in summer than in winter. For liquid clouds, it is also consistently weaker for local morning than local afternoon and over land than ocean. Cloud inhomogeneity is comparable for liquid and ice clouds on a global scale, but with stronger spatial and temporal variations for the ice phase, and exhibits an average tendency to be weaker for near-overcast or overcast grid points of both phases. Depending on cloud phase, hemisphere, surface type, season, and time of day, hemispheric means of the inhomogeneity parameter ν (roughly the square of the ratio of optical thickness mean to standard deviation) have a wide range of ∼1.7 to 4, while for the inhomogeneity parameter χ (the ratio of the logarithmic to linear mean) the range is from ∼0.65 to 0.8. The results demonstrate that the MODIS Level-3 dataset is suitable for studying various aspects of cloud inhomogeneity and may prove invaluable for validating future cloud schemes in large-scale models capable of predicting subgrid variability.
The sensitivity of climate response to the wintertime Niño3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies of 1855–2002

The sensitivity of winter atmosphere to ENSO forcing is analysed from an ensemble of integrations forced with observed monthly sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) for the period 1854–2002 with particular interest on the North Atlantic European (NAE) region. A categorisation into warm and cold events, according to the strength of Niño3. 4 index, is performed providing main features of simulated atmospheric response to ENSO forcing. A symmetry in a spatial pattern of the atmospheric response to warm and cold phase is found, but with stronger amplitude for warm events. An additional experiment with SST forcing restricted to the tropical Pacific confirmed that atmospheric variability over the Northern Hemisphere is considerably affected by ENSO, even over the distant NAE region.
Groundwater and surface water flow to the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, California: 36Cl and Cl− evidence

Our current understanding of water fluxes and flow paths within the mountain block is limited, and improved understanding is necessary to assess hydrology more accurately above the mountain front. Source waters and the processes controlling their mixing were characterized in the Merced River basin within Yosemite National Park, California, using 36Cl and Cl−, supported by 222Rn, δ18O, δD, and streamflow data. Streams, snow, groundwater, and springs were sampled seasonally from July 2004 to October 2007. Three source water end‐members were identified: (i) near surface runoff of recent meltwater containing bomb‐pulse 36Cl (36ClBP), (ii) shallow, evapotranspired groundwater, and (iii) groundwater containing Cl− derived through extended rock interaction. Both groundwater end‐members mix in Yosemite Valley and then later discharge to the Merced River. Near surface runoff dominates all stream hydrographs during snowmelt, whereas the two groundwater end‐members become significantly more important during base flow. Tributaries consist of mixtures of the shallow evapotranspired groundwater and near surface runoff, whereas the Merced River is composed of the mixture of all source water end‐members. Snow is not an obvious end‐member, and elevated 36ClBP in the near surface runoff suggests that 36ClBP was retained efficiently, and is being slowly released as meltwater interacts with the soil. The use of 36Cl as a natural tracer is important in revealing the processes controlling streamflow generation in large montane catchments and the results will be helpful in configuring and calibrating hydrologic models.
Numerical modelling of climate effects on slope stability

This paper reviews a method of accurately predicting changes in pore water pressure within a slope as a response to a given climate. Observations are made on the importance of correctly determining the hydraulic parameters and correctly assessing local climate conditions. The mechanical response of the slope to pore water pressure changes is modelled and it is shown how closely deformation magnitude and rate relates to climate. A diagnostic railway embankment is subjected to a simulated future climate scenario in which rain events are of higher intensity but are less persistent and average temperatures increase significantly. These climate changes are shown to reduce infiltration and increase evaporation, resulting in negative pore water pressures persisting throughout the winter months and providing improved stability.
Evaluating the Soil Vulnerability Index and Conductivity Claypan Index for Claypan Soils in Missouri

Abstract. Targeting indices can be used by producers, land managers, or owners to improve effectiveness and efficiency of management practices. Two Indices intended to identify areas most prone to erosion were studied and compared in this study, including one index intended to be used nationally and one developed specifically for soils that have a restrictive layer. Indices were tested with two different slope sources so that 4 maps of classified areas were ultimately made. Factors affecting the critical areas identified by each index such as the variability of input parameters were assessed, and classified areas according to each index were compared to determine if they agreed or disagreed. The variables of slope and depth to claypan had the most variability and were found to be influential in determining how areas were classified in each index. When classifications between indices were compared there was a high amount of agreement, but indices had a significant amount of disagreement for the highest risk, â€œcriticalâ€ areas. The index developed specifically for soils with a restrictive layer consistently identified more areas as being critical. Knowledge of the watershed confirmed that some of these areas have conservation needs for sustainable row crop production.
Extension of Hantush and Boulton Solutions

Equations leading to the Theis, Hantush-Jacob, and Boulton solutions are reviewed to show that the Hantush-Jacob solution contains the Theis solution and that the Boulton solution contains both the Theis and Hantush-Jacob solutions. Scaling methods are used to delineate regions of overlap between these solutions, and a new solution is obtained for free-surface drawdowns in the top layer for the Boulton solution. Ideas underlying the Boulton equations are used to suggest that the Boulton solution also models flow to a well in a layered system, provided that top and bottom boundaries are a free surface and aquiclude, respectively, and that certain restrictions are placed on the transmissivity and elastic storage of the different layers. These restrictions require that the largest transmissivity for any unpumped layer not exceed 5% of the pumped layer transmissivity and that the specific yield of the top unconfined layer be much greater than the elastic storage coefficient for any of the other layers. Numeri.
FeO emission in the mesosphere: Detectability, diurnal behavior, and modeling

[1] There continue to be surprises in the identification of the terrestrial nightglow components. Comparison of the nightglow as measured in astronomical sky spectra and Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS)/Odin orbiter data with that on FeO emission in meteor trains and laboratory experiments demonstrates that this emission is an important part of the nightglow, appearing as a quasi-continuum between 540 and 680 nm, with maximum intensity at 595 nm. In order to study the FeO emission, account must be taken of other nearby emissions, including the 589 nm sodium emission lines, and the underlying 8−2 OH Meinel band. The temporal behavior of the three emissions is normally closely related, but strong excursions can occur, which could provide valuable information on atmospheric processes. The temporal behavior of the FeO and OH emissions was compared to model results from the one-dimensional and time-resolved model FeMOD, which describes the iron chemistry in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere. Further observations and comparisons with satellite and lidar data as well as models will make it possible to improve our understanding of mesospheric chemistry, meteor ablation, and the role of iron in the atmosphere.
Comparison of spectral and time domain calibration methods for precipitation‐discharge processes

Hydrological model parameter estimation is an important aspect in hydrologic modelling. Usually, parameters are estimated through an objective function minimization, quantifying the mismatch between the model results and the observations. The objective function choice has a large impact on the sensitivity analysis and calibration outcomes. In this study, it is assessed whether spectral objective functions can compete with an objective function in the time domain for optimization of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three empirical spectral objective functions were applied, based on matching (i) Fourier amplitude spectra, (ii) periodograms and (iii) Fourier series of simulated and observed discharge time series. It is shown that most sensitive parameters and their optimal values are distinct for different objective functions. The best results were found through calibration with an objective function based on the square difference between the simulated and observed discharge Fourier series coefficients. The potential strengths and weaknesses of using a spectral objective function as compared to utilising a time domain objective function are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Nature and Origin of Debris Layers within Glacier De Tsidjiore Nouve, Valais, Switzerland

The development of medial moraines on the Glacier de Tsidjiore Nouve is related to numerous englacial debris layers of limited dimensions, which are exposed at the glacier surface below the Pigne d’Arolla ice fall. Previous research has suggested that such layers result either from high-level transport of debris, derived from rock weathering and/or glacial erosion in the accumulation zone, or from shearing up of subglacial debris owing to intense compressive stresses in the glacier. The morphology of the debris layers is investigated in the field, and samples are subjected to particle-size analysis. It is concluded that constituent debris is derived largely from exposed faces of rock between the upper and lower firn basins, but that a subglacial component is present. Entry of the debris into the glacier is possibly by way of crevasses on the lower firn basin.
ANALOGUE MODELLING: FROM A QUALITATIVE TO A QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE — A HISTORICAL OUTLINE

Analogue modelling is a simplification of Nature; using this method, structures formed due to the deformation of rocks, whose in situ properties may be poorly known, can be modelled and investigated. Our lack of knowledge about “real” rocks is one of the major limitations to any kind of modelling of deformation. However, unlike their counterparts in Nature, the initial (undeformed) stages of analogue models can be documented, and can easily be compared with their later, deformed stages. This comparison is essential to gain an understanding of the evolution of the resulting structures. Analogue modelling is a relatively simple and inexpensive technique which can be very valuable as long as its limitations are well understood.
Low-resolution differential drift scans of the Moon at 22 microns

Differential drift scans were made across the 3-day-old moon at a wavelength of 22 μ with a beamwidth of 2.4 arc min. Measured cold-limb brightness temperatures ranged from 102°K in the equatorial region to 84°K in the southern polar regions. Certain scans were processed to reveal the temperature distribution from the cold limb to the sunrise terminator. The portion of the lunar ‘cooling curve’ that was obtained by this method agrees well with the portion measured by previous investigators who made infrared scans from the sunset terminator into unilluminated regions.
Sea ice ridging over the Alaskan Continental Shelf

Sea ice ridging statistics obtained from a series of laser surface roughness profiles are examined. Each set of profiles consists of six 200-km long flight tracks oriented approximately perpendicular to the coastline of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The landward ends of the profiles were located at Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Lonely, Cross Island, and Barter Island. The flights were made in February, April, August, and December 1976, and one additional profile was obtained north of Cross Island during March 1978. It was found that although there was a systematic variation in mean ridge height with season, with the highest values occurring in late winter, there was no systematic spatial variation in h at a given time. The number of ridges/km (μ) also are high during the late winter with the highest values occurring in the Barter Island and Cross Island profiles. In most profiles, the ice 20–60 km from the coast is more highly deformed (higher μ values) than the ice either nearer the coast or farther seaward. The Wadhams model for the distribution of ridge heights gives better agreement with observed values in the higher ridge categories than does the Hibler model. Estimates of the spatial recurrence frequency of large pressure ridges are made by using the Wadhams model and also by using an extreme value approach. In the latter the distribution of the largest ridges per 20 km of laser track was found to be essentially normal. Wadhams' distribution consistently predicts slightly larger ridge sails than does the extreme value approach. The main factors currently limiting the accurate prediction of the temporal recurrence of large pressure ridges are limited knowledge of the drift of near-shore ice and data that would permit the assessment of year to year variability in μ.
Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope systematics of scheelites: Possible implications for the age and genesis of vein-hosted gold deposits

A positive correlation between present-day {sup 143}Nd/{sup 144}Nd and {sup 147}Sm/{sup 144}Nd ratios from scheelite samples from the Hollinger-McIntyre-Coniaurum gold deposit of Ontario, Canada, corresponds to an age of 2403 {plus minus} 47 Ma and may date the age of gold mineralization. Initial isotope ratios of scheelites suggest that the fluid responsible for the scheelite and gold mineralization was probably of mantle origin and that it subsequently interacted with continental crust.
Comparison of the mesospheric gravity waves observed with the MU Radar (35°N) and the Adelaide MF Radar (35°S)

Mesospheric gravity waves observed with the MU radar located near Kyoto (35°N, 136°E) and the Adelaide MF radar (35°S, 138°E) are compared for two campaigns in summer and winter. The frequency spectral densities of the horizontal wind motions were larger in summer than in winter at both locations, while the spectral density was almost identical if the summers or winters in both hemispheres are compared. The total variances, , of the waves with periods of 2 hours - 30 minutes observed in the 70–80 km height range were almost the same at the two sites. This suggests that eddy dissipation processes due to turbulence caused by breaking gravity waves are almost the same magnitude between the hemispheres, which is different from the previous suggestion of the much larger dissipation in the northern hemisphere, derived from the tidal observations at Adelaide and Kyoto. The propagation directions of the different frequency components was also investigated. They seem to be similar at both locations in summer, but the directions were rather widely spread in winter at both locations. The MU radar results showed more preferential zonal directions for the gravity wave propagation compared to the results from Adelaide. These results indicate a difference in the propagation directions between the hemispheres, or the difference at the two locations of Adelaide and Kyoto, which might be caused by differences in topography around the sites.