Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of efficacy of regimens containing zidovudine, stavudine and tinofovir

Objective: Aim of the study , was to compare the efficacy of regimens containing zidovudine, stavudine and tinofovir by comparing CD4 counts of patients at the end of 2 years . We also aim to evaluate their efficacy, by comparing basal CD4 count and CD4 count at 2 years in patients on these three regimens. Methodology: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 128 HIV patients, receiving various antiretroviral regimens in a teaching hospital in coastal Karnataka. Data of patients who were diagnosed to be HIV positive, receiving HAART and were attending the hospital for regular follow up once in six months was collected in data extraction form. Regimens containing zidovudine, stavudine and tinofovir were evaluated by comparing 2 year CD4s of patients. Effectiveness of each regimen was evaluated by comparing basal CD4 count with CD4 count at the end of 2 years. Results: We did not find any significant difference in basal CD4 counts in 3 regimens. CD4 count at the end of 2 years differed significantly (P<0.05) between the groups. Stavudine receiving patients had significantly higher (P<0.05) CD4 count as compared to AZT treated patients. Patients treated with TDF had highly significant (P<0.0001) elevation in CD4 count compared to that of AZT. However d4T and TDF didn’t have significant difference in CD4 counts at the end of 2 years. Patients in each group had extremely significant elevation in CD4 counts (p=0.0000) as compared to basal levels. Conclusion: We can conclude that TDF containing regimen is more effective than that containing AZT or d4T,based on the CD4 count at the end of 2 years and the extent of elevation of CD4 count.
A high-precision low-dispersive nearly analytic difference method with its application in frequency-domain seismic waveform inversion

ABSTRACT To improve the efficiency of seismic waveform inversion, we construct a novel high-order (6th-order) frequency-domain nearly analytic discrete method for forward modelling in inversion processes. Compared with some existing numerical schemes, this method is more powerful in suppressing numerical dispersion and enhancing the accuracy of computational results based on coarse discrete grids. We describe the discretisation of the frequency-domain wave equation, investigate the efficiency of wave-field simulation and perform numerical dispersion analysis. The inversion efficiency can also be improved when the inexact rotated block triangular preconditioned Krylov iteration solvers are incorporated into the corresponding linear system. Moreover, the inversion behaviour of frequency-domain NAD methods is also systematically discussed as one of its important applications. We take three representative media models as examples and the reliable inversion results are obtained reflecting the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Characterization of moisture states and transport in MUF resin-impregnated poplar wood using low field nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract In this study, the spin–spin relaxation time (T2) distributions of free water and bound water, as well as the moisture content (MC) profiles of MUF resin-impregnated poplar wood (Populous tomentosa) sample (RI) were investigated by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, with the aim of providing insights into how MUF resin impregnation affects the moisture states and moisture transport in modified poplar wood during drying. The T2 curves demonstrated that the resin treatment did not increase the number of peaks in the T2 distributions, but affected the T2 value as compared to the control. Above the fiber saturation point (FSP), the T22 (corresponds to the free water in wood rays and wood fibers) of the RI sample exhibited an increase compared to the control, while the T23 (corresponds to the free water in the vessels) was almost unchanged. Below the FSP, a shorter T21 (corresponding to the bound water) of the RI sample was observed compared to the control. The drying curves and MC profiles indicated a significant difference in the moisture transport in the RI sample as compared to the control. The gradually cured resin system in the wood surface layer during drying provided a barrier for the transfer of water in the center layer toward to the surface, causing the resin curing reactions in the surface and core layers to be out of sync. Therefore, a more significant MC gradient was observed for the resin-impregnated sample.
The Impact of the Declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation on Religious Education: Perceptions of Stakeholders

The impact of the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation on Religious Education (R.E.) can be looked at in terms of content, strategies and learners. In terms of content, some sections of society may consider R.E. as a means to overtly promote Christian beliefs, practices and ideologies. However, in Zambia schools comprise learners who are religiously heterogeneous. Furthermore, the 1996 National Educational Policy espouses liberal democratic values such as autonomy, liberty and fairness. The objectives of the study were to: establish the views of stakeholders on the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation and Religious Education; examine the impact which the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation had on R.E. While most stakeholders argued that R.E. should become more inclusive, others asserted that due to the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation, RE should be exclusive to Christianity. This trend, defeats the educational aim of R.E. which is, the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. The dominance of a single religion in R.E. risks limiting awareness of religious diversity and deprives learners a genuine space for dialogue with other religions. It was in this regard that the study investigated the perceptions of senior secondary school R.E. teachers, learners and religious leaders on the impact of the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation on R.E. The study employed the qualitative approach with interview and focus group discussion as methods of eliciting date from the respondents
Best Practices for Enhancing Teaching Presence in Online Courses

Online education has become increasingly popular in graduate nursing education. Establishing a strong sense of teaching presence in online courses requires planning and effort on the part of the instructor. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based online asynchronous educational module to enhance nurse educators’ teaching presence behaviors in online courses. Teaching presence survey tools were developed and pilot tested to evaluate instructors’ selfreported teaching presence behaviors over time, as well as their intent and actual follow-through in performing teaching presence behaviors. Despite statistically significant higher levels of participants’ intent to perform teaching presence behaviors following the educational module, there was no significant change in the frequency of teaching presence behaviors reported by participants 8 weeks after completion of the module. Overall, the self-reported scores for each of the teaching presence behaviors on the surveys was high, offering little perceived room for improvement in this group of experienced instructors.
Multiparticle correlation studies in pPb collisions at sNN =8.16 TeV

The second- and third-order azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics of charged particles produced in pPb collisions, at sNN=8.16TeV, are studied over a wide range of event multiplicities. Multiparticle correlations are used to isolate global properties stemming from the collision overlap geometry. The second-order “elliptic” harmonic moment is obtained with high precision through four-, six-, and eight-particle correlations and, for the first time, the third-order “triangular” harmonic moment is studied using four-particle correlations. A sample of peripheral PbPb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV that covers a similar range of event multiplicities as the pPb results is also analyzed. Model calculations of initial-state fluctuations in pPb and PbPb collisions can be directly compared to the high-precision experimental results. This work provides new insight into the fluctuation-driven origin of the v3 coefficients in pPb and PbPb collisions, and into the dominating overall collision geometry in PbPb collisions at the earliest stages of heavy ion interactions.
Synthesis of nickel hydroxide in the presence of acetate ion as a «soft» ligand for application in chemical power sources

Nickel hydroxide is widely used as the active material in chemical power sources. The formation mechanism of nickel hydroxide includes two fast phases of the formation of an initial amorphous particle and slow aging (crystallization) stage. Characteristics of nickel hydroxide can be improved by slowing down the first stage through the reaction of nickel cation with «soft» ligand and formation of a weak complex. It is proposed to use acetate ion as a «soft» ligand, which forms a complex with Ni 2+ without the outer sphere. The influence of acetate ion on the crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical properties of nickel hydroxide chemically precipitated at high supersaturation using nickel sulfate in the presence and absence of sodium acetate is studied. The crystal structure of the samples is studied by means of X-ray diffraction analysis and sample morphology – by means of scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical properties – cyclic voltammetry. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the samples prepared in the presence and absence of sodium acetate is carried out. The results of XRD analysis revealed that synthesis in the presence of acetate ion leads to the formation of a bi-phase system that contains low crystallinity β-Ni(OH)2 and α-Ni(OH) 2 . This also leads to a higher content of smaller particles with a larger surface area. The comparative analysis of electrochemical characteristics revealed the formation of a more active sample s in the presence of acetate ions, which predominantly behaves like the α-form. The sample activity increased during cycling. Synthesis in the presence of acetate ion results in the increase of specific discharge peak current (equivalent to electrochemical activity) by 1.93 times, in comparison to the sample synthesized under the same condition but in the absence of acetate ions
Barriers to Full Immunization Coverage of Under Five Years Children in Benadir Region, Somalia

Immunization is an important public health intervention aimed at reducing child mortality and morbidity in line with the fourth goal of the Millennium Development Goals. It is an important means for controlling six vaccine-preventable diseases, namely, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Polio, and Measles. World Health Organization recommends that all children should receive full immunization by the age of two years to boost their immunity. Although immunization coverage has improved significantly over the past four decades, about one-fifth of the world‟s children still fail to receive full doses of the standard antigens, majority of who are natives of the African region. In Somalia, empirical studies on immunization coverage do not provide detailed information about immunization coverage and key determinants at the community level and within specific groups such as pastoralists. The main objective of this study was to determine barriers to full immunization coverage among under-five years children within Benadir region. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design, with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Primary data will was sourced from under-five children, service providers in selected health facilities, public health officers and community health workers. A mixture of probability and non-probability sampling procedures were applied to select participants in each category. Fisher‟s formula for sample size determination from large populations will be used to select a representative sample of the under five years children. The study applied a survey questionnaire with both closed and openended questions, as well as Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview guides. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were applied to process, analyze, and
Longitudinal interplay between peer likeability and youth’s adaptation and psychological well-being: A study of immigrant and nonimmigrant adolescents in the school context

The present study examined the direction of effects between peer likeability and youth’s school adjustment and psychological well-being, and the moderation of these effects by students’ immigrant status. One thousand one hundred and eighteen students (63% immigrants) nested in 57 Greek middle-school classrooms took part in the study (Wave 1; age M = 12.6 years). Data were collected from multiple sources and informants. The results reveal complex, in some cases bidirectional effects over time between peer likeability and different indices of school adjustment and psychological well-being. Being liked by Greek, but not by immigrant, classmates influenced students’ well-being over time. In contrast, being liked by either immigrant or Greek classmates predicted changes in students’ school adjustment. The results highlight the importance of supporting positive peer relations among youth in order to promote other adaptation outcomes. In the case of immigrant youth, they suggest that interventions need to promote positive intergroup contact between them and their nonimmigrant classmates in order to support their well-being.
Effect of rooting media and IBA treatments on shoot and leaf production of terminal cuttings in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Taiwan Pink.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect different concentrations of Indole-3-butyric acid i.e., 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm in solution form and 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm and 6000 ppm in powdered form planted in different rooting media i.e., coco peat, vermiculite and saw dust on terminal cuttings on guava cv. Taiwan Pink. Among the three different rooting media, coco peat showed the best response and among the six different Indole-3-butyric acid concentrations, 3000 ppm gave the highest values in all the intervals of parameters viz., number of shoots per cutting, number of leaves per cutting, leaf area per cutting and total leaf chlorophyll content.
Pediatric cataract blindness management and outcomes in North East India-hospital based study

Purpose: To study the visual outcomes and cause of poor visual prognosis in pediatric cataract patients in North East India. Methods: Retrospective analyses of 283 eyes of patients with cataract below age of 18 years with minimum follow up of 6 months were included. Pre-operative and post-operative visual outcomes of patients undergoing cataract surgery at tertiary eye care hospital were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using Chi Square test. Results: There was a male preponderance with 194 males (68.5%) and 89 females (31.4%). The most common type of cataract encountered was developmental (28.9%). According to morphology, 48.08% eyes had lamellar/zonular cataract. Vision following surgery was greater than 6/60 in 144 eyes (50.8%). Vision could not be assessed in 15% cases pre-operatively compared to 7.7% post-operatively. IOL was implanted in 77.3% cases. The most common associated ocular condition was nystagmus in 57 cases (20.1%). The most important factor associated with poor visual outcome was amblyopia (38.2%). Conclusion: Pediatric cataract continues to be a challenge and a major cause of reduced vision in developing countries. Awareness, early intervention go a long way in preventing the development of amblyopia and improving the morbidity of children with cataract.
New Data Sources in Social Science Research: Things to Know Before Working With Reddit Data

Social media are becoming more popular as a source of data for social science researchers. These data are plentiful and offer the potential to answer new research questions at smaller geographies and for rarer subpopulations. When deciding whether to use data from social media, it is useful to learn as much as possible about the data and its source. Social media data have properties quite different from those with which many social scientists are used to working, so the assumptions often used to plan and manage a project may no longer hold. For example, social media data are so large that they may not be able to be processed on a single machine; they are in file formats with which many researchers are unfamiliar, and they require a level of data transformation and processing that has rarely been required when using more traditional data sources (e.g., survey data). Unfortunately, this type of information is often not obvious ahead of time as much of this knowledge is gained through word-of-mouth and experience. In this article, we attempt to document several challenges and opportunities encountered when working with Reddit, the self-proclaimed “front page of the Internet” and popular social media site. Specifically, we provide descriptive information about the Reddit site and its users, tips for using organic data from Reddit for social science research, some ideas for conducting a survey on Reddit, and lessons learned in merging survey responses with Reddit posts. While this article is specific to Reddit, researchers may also view it as a list of the type of information one may seek to acquire prior to conducting a project that uses any type of social media data.
Nurse Practitioner Student Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Skin Cancer Assessments

ABSTRACT Early detection and treatment of skin cancer is directly related to patient outcomes. However, little is known about how prepared nurse practitioner students are to assess and manage skin lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess nurse practitioner student knowledge to determine how well they are being prepared to perform skin cancer assessments. This exploratory, descriptive study surveyed 20 nurse practitioner students about their knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in identifying different skin lesions. Most participants had average knowledge scores related to general skin cancer knowledge (6.4/13 correct) and photo lesion identification (9.65/20 correct). Most students felt they lacked enough dermatology training to prepare them for practice. Most students did not feel confident performing skin cancer assessments, had a hard time differentiating between benign and malignant lesions, and would rather refer patients to a specialist for diagnosis. Nurse practitioner curricula should consider allotting more time for dermatology topics, especially learning to recognize whether a lesion is benign or malignant.
Solid‐state synthesis of multicomponent equiatomic rare‐earth oxides

Phase formation in multicomponent rare-earth oxides is determined by a combination of composition, sintering atmosphere, and cooling rate. Polycrystalline ceramics comprising various combinations of Ce, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, and Y oxides in equiatomic proportions were synthesized using solid-state sintering. The effects of composition, sintering atmosphere, and cooling rate on phase formation were investigated. Single cubic or monoclinic structures were obtained with a slow cooling of 3.3°C/min, confirming that rare-earth oxides follow a different structure stabilization process than transition metal high-entropy oxides. In an oxidizing atmosphere, both Ce and Pr induce a cubic structure, while only Ce plays that role in an inert or reducing atmosphere. Samples without Ce or Pr develop a single monoclinic structure. The structures formed at initial synthesis may be converted to a different one, when the ceramics are annealed in an additional atmosphere. Phase evolution of a five-cation composition was also studied as a function of sintering temperature. The binary oxides used as raw materials completely dissolve into a single cubic structure at 1450°C in air.
A rapid appraisal of educational environment of an evolving medical school in northern India

Background: One needs to assess the learning environment to identify the lacunae so that appropriate and timely remedial measures can be undertaken and gaps can be bridged to enhance the students learning experience. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the students perception on learning environment in an evolving Indian Medical School. Materials and Methods: The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire was given to 282 students during November 2015 to January 2016. The questionnaires were handed out to the students in the classrooms by the authors themselves just after the completion of classes. The time allocated for the completion of the questionnaire was 45 min. Results: Overall DREEM score was 130.63/200. The mean score for students perceptions of learning (SPL) was 31.51/48 (standard deviation [SD] = 9.68); for students perceptions of teachers (SPT) 28.04/44 (SD = 8.12); for students academic self-perceptions 21.5/32 (SD = 6.81); for students perceptions of atmosphere 32.46/48 (SD = 9.96); and for students social self perceptions (SSSP) 17.12/28 (SD = 6.11). Mean DREEM values were highest among males and females of 2nd year. In the domain of SPL, students were of the view that teachers were teaching more of the facts and figures in the classrooms. In the domain of SPT, students were in the view that teachers ridicule them. In the domain of SSSP, students did not feel the existence of good support system for stressed students. Conclusion: Targeted interventions are needed in identified areas to bridge the gap and make the learning experience more soothing for our students. Mentoring may be introduced to interact the students and help them in creating the better support system for them.
Women Living with HIV/AIDS

The main aim of this review article is to outline the factors linked to vulnerability of women to HIV infection and to understand the challenges and possible management of HIV among women. The review is a theoretical endeavour to understand women’s experiences of living with HIV. This review primarily focuses on studies in the Indian set-up, but to further substantiate the arguments and describe the relevant concepts it also takes into account literature from other cultures. On the basis of studies included in this article, it can be surmised that women are more susceptible to HIV due to cultural barriers, health vulnerabilities and social structures. They show less awareness about the treatment facilities, prevention strategies and perceived risk of infection. Women have to face numerous challenges after the infection, such as lack of social support, a higher level of stigma and discrimination, decreased quality of life, mental health issues and adverse coping. To prevent the spread of HIV among women as well as men, it is necessary to plan strategies which deal with empowerment of women, education and awareness regarding the vulnerabilities and knowledge and challenges of HIV infection. There is also a need to address the management of HIV among the infected and even those at risk. This article describes the possible interventions based on existing literature. The review also attempts to suggest certain future directions for the research.