Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Health Care Personnel in Norwegian ICUs during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Prospective, Observational Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced demanding work situations in intensive care units (ICU). The objective of our study was to survey psychological reactions, the disturbance of social life, work effort, and support in ICU nurses, physicians, and leaders. Methods: From May to July 2020, this cross-sectional study included 484 ICU professionals from 27 hospitals throughout Norway. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were measured on the PCL-5. Results: The study population were highly educated and experienced professionals, well prepared for working with COVID-ICU patients. However, 53% felt socially isolated and 67% reported a fear of infecting others. Probable cases of anxiety and depression were found in 12.5% of the registered nurses, 11.6% of the physicians, and 4.1% of the leaders. Younger age and <5 years previous work experiences were predictors for high HSCL-10 scores. Reported symptom-defined PTSD for nurses 7.1%; the leaders, 4.1%; and 2.3% of physicians. Conclusions: ICU health care professionals experienced talking with colleagues as the most helpful source of support. The COVID-ICU leaders reported a significantly higher mean score than physicians and nurses in terms of pushing themselves toward producing high work effort.
Source of anomalous gold concentrations in termite nests, Moolart Well, Western Australia: implications for exploration

The Moolart Well gold deposit lies in the Duketon Greenstone Belt in the Western Australian Goldfields in an area that has seen nearly 150 years of Au exploration with limited success due to the transported cover masking deposits. Here, the site displays no anomaly indicative of underlying mineralization within surface soils. Termites have the ability to burrow to the subsoil and contribute to the development of soil profiles through bioturbation. This study discusses the use of mounds formed by the termite Tumulitermes tumuli from a site where shallow ferruginised palaeochannel sediments with secondary Au enrichment overlays deeper primary mineralization. A series of samples from termite nests and surrounding soil were sampled along a transect from background areas to over mineralization. Various fractions of these samples were analysed with ICP-MS/AES. Tumulitermes tumuli is able to bring sub-surface mineralized material to the surface from 1 to 4 m depth. Termite mounds over mineralization and soil immediately adjacent to the mounds display an Au anomaly in both <250 and >250 µm fractions. Very high concentrations (>5000 ppb) were found in >2000 µm fractions in nests over mineralization as a result of vertical transport of anomalous pisolitic gravels by termites. These results suggest termite-driven local soil heterogeneity and termite mounds being a consistent geochemical and mineralogical sample medium for the discovery of ore deposits beneath weathered cover and shallow sediments.
Palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography of Adria

Abstract An ‘African’ Mesozoic apparent polar wander path (APWP) based on rotated North American data is compared with palaeomagnetic data from Adria and surrounding regions. The form of the APWPs from the Southern Alps, Umbria-Marche (Italy) and the Transdanubian Central Range (Hungary) is similar to that of the ‘African’ APWP. The Umbria-Marche and Transdanubian APWPs are rotated relative to the African APWP, and the rotation is best explained by local anticlockwise tectonic rotations of 20° and 30° for the NW Umbria-Marche and Transdanubian regions, respectively. Permian to Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles from the Southern Alps are not distinguishable from the African APWP. The more recently derived Cretaceous poles from Istria, Cretaceous poles from Iblei (Sicily), Gargano and Apulia are all consistent, within the confidence limits of the data, with the African APWP. Rifting in the Ionian Sea/Eastern Mediterranean either predated the mainly Jurassic-Cretaceous palaeomagnetic dataset or did not produce recognizable rotation of Adria relative to Africa. The Northern Calcareous Alps are often considered to have been contiguous with the Southern Alps during the Mesozoic, however, the NCA (Liassic) poles are closer to coeval poles for Europe, and are rotated in excess of 80° clockwise relative to the African APWP. The Northern Calcareous Alps were probably detached from the Southern Alps during Late Triassic and Jurassic time, and did not undergo the ‘African’ rotation which affected Adria.
Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models I: First-Order Results

Abstract The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) working group designed a 5‐year experiment to forecast the number, spatial distribution, and magnitude distribution of subsequent target earthquakes, defined to be those with magnitude ≥4.95 ( M 4.95+) in a well‐defined California testing region. Included in the experiment specification were the description of the data source, the methods for data processing, and the proposed evaluation metrics. The RELM experiment began on 1 January 2006 and involved 17 time‐invariant forecasts constructed by seismicity modelers; by the end of the experiment on 1 January 2011, 31 target earthquakes had occurred. We analyze the experiment outcome by applying the proposed consistency tests based on likelihood measures and additional comparison tests based on a measure of information gain. We find that the smoothed seismicity forecast by Helmstetter et al. , 2007 based on M 2+ earthquakes since 1981, is the best forecast, regardless of whether aftershocks are included in the analysis. The RELM experiment has helped to clarify ideas about testing that can be applied to more wide‐ranging earthquake forecasting experiments conducted by the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). Online Material: Figures and tables showing the RELM testing region and collection region definitions, numerical results associated with the RELM experiment, and the uncorrected forecast by Ebel et al. (2007).
Stable Isotope Transport and Contact Metamorphic Fluid Flow

Stable isotopes are a powerful tool for deciphering the fluid histories of metamorphic terranes. The nature of fluid flow, fluid sources, and fluid fluxes can be delineated in well-constrained studies. Observed isotopic gradients in metamorphic rocks and minerals can thus shed light on many processes involved in mass-transport including diffusion, recrystallization, fluid infiltration, volatilization, metasomatism, and heat flow. Modeling of fluid flow and mineral exchange kinetics offers greatly enhanced understanding of metamorphic processes that can be tested and refined by application of new micro-analytical techniques. This review will concentrate on the principles of stable isotope fluid-rock interaction with an emphasis on fluid-rock interaction and fluid flow in contact metamorphism. Earlier reviews discuss some aspects of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal systems (Valley 1986; Kerrich 1987; Nabelek 1991; Young 1995; Ferry and Gerdes 1998; Bowman 1998). Isotopic studies are especially useful for defining the scale of fluid migration. The intensity of interaction between fluids and the minerals in rocks can be assessed. During metamorphism, the scale of isotopic exchange can vary from less than a micrometer to over 10 kilometers. Many fluid-driven processes are characterized by the degree to which fluid flow is concentrated into zones of high permeability. Thus, the definition of two end-member situations is useful. The flow of a pervasive fluid is distributed throughout the pores in a rock. Pervasive flow can be along grain boundaries or fine-scale crack networks and the effect is to homogenize the chemical potential of all components, including stable isotopes, at a macroscopic scale. In contrast, the flow of a channeled fluid is along vein systems, shear zones or other channelways such as rock contacts or more permeable lithologic units. Channeled flow leads to local chemical heterogeneity, allowing some rocks to remain unaffected while others are extensively infiltrated …
What does temporal variability in aeolian dust deposition contribute to sea‐surface iron and chlorophyll distributions?

Dust deposition is extremely variable over all timescales. Yet the impact of this variability on ocean biogeochemistry is currently not known, at least on the global scale. Here, we force a global model of ocean biogeochemistry over 1996 to 2001 with daily fields of dust deposition simulated by an atmospheric aerosol model. Our model results suggest that dust deposition explains a large part of the temporal variability of surface iron in the tropical regions and in part of the subarctic Pacific. However, while dust deposition is dominated by daily events, its impact on surface iron is maximal on interannual timescales. The largest fluctuations of surface iron produced by dust occur in oligotrophic regions where phytoplankton growth is not primarily controlled by iron availability. Consequently, the variability of surface chlorophyll induced by aerosol iron is predicted to be very small everywhere, especially relative to the impact of the ocean dynamics.
Seasonality of Litter Insects and Relationship with Rainfall in a Wet Evergreen Forest in South Western Ghats

Abstract The seasonality of litter insect abundance and its relationship with rainfall was analyzed in a wet evergreen forest on the windward side of south Western Ghats. Monthly litter samples were collected using Berlese funnels during 4 seasons of a year: southwest monsoon season June—August), northeast monsoon season (September—November), summer (March -May) and pre-summer season (December—February). Insect fauna as a whole showed no seasonal variation in abundance, however, some individual insect orders showed significant seasonal variation. Overall insect fauna and individual orders were distributed independently relative to rainfall. All insect orders with the exception of Psocoptera were present during all four seasons. Coleoptera (42%) was the dominant group in all seasons followed by Formicidae (12.3%), insect larvae (10.1%), Collembola (9.2%) and Thysanoptera (8.9%). Exceptionally high abundance of Ptiliidae contributed to the unprecedented abundance of litter Coleoptera. The aseasonality of litter insect fauna as a whole is attributed to year-round availability of rainfall and the absence of severe summer conditions.
Ancient Sea-Level Swings Confirmed

For 20 years, Exxon researchers have touted geologic benchmarks measured on the continental margins as evidence of changes in global sea level. But academic geologists have been skeptical, for much of the supporting data was proprietary. New data from ocean cores suggest that the Exxon geologists were right after all, but the mechanism behind the most ancient sea-level swings remains a mystery.
Magmatic processes and segmentation at a fast spreading mid‐ocean ridge: Detailed investigation of an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°37′N

Geophysical and petrological boundaries on mid‐ocean ridges provide ideal locations to study the relationships between magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes. Alvin‐based observational data and geochemical data for basalts and hydrothermal fluids are used to investigate these relationships at an axial discontinuity on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) crest between ∼9°36′N and 9°38′N. This ridge‐crest discontinuity is morphologically expressed by the overlap of an eastern and western axial summit collapse trough (ASCT) that delimits the primary volcanic and hydrothermal loci along the ridge crest in this area. The ASCTs overlap by ∼3 km and are offset in a right‐lateral sense by 0.45 km. Near‐bottom imaging of this area in 1989 and 1991 shows changes in volcanic morphology and increases in hydrothermal and biological activity consistent with the occurrence of a magmatic event during that time interval. When combined with the inferred age and structure of the seafloor, basalt geochemistry, and hydrothermal fluid chemistry, these temporal changes suggest active southward propagation of the eastern ASCT and show that the western ASCT was unaffected by the recent magmatic event. Numerous extinct hydrothermal vents and older‐looking lava flow surfaces suggest waning of magmatic activity in the western ASCT.Young‐looking lava flows within or proximal to the eastern ASCT have anomalously high Mg numbers relative to the regional trend and are chemically similar to lava erupted in 1991 along the 9°46′–52′N EPR region. We propose that the young‐looking lava flows in the eastern ASCT are related to the 1991 eruption. Data show that the 9°37′N axial discontinuity marks a magmatic and hydrothermal boundary along the EPR ridge‐crest, and we argue that it be classified as a third‐order discontinuity. This result is consistent with geophysical evidence suggesting fundamental differences in the crust and upper mantle north and south of the 9°37′N discontinuity.
Simulations of Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal

Bangladesh is situated at the northern tip of the funneling Bay of Bengal. The long continental shelf, shallow bathymetry, and complex coastal geometry with many kinks and islands with the overall funneling shape of the Bay of Bengal are well-known features of the highest storm surge of the longest duration. IIT Kharagpur Model (2002) for storm surge is used for numerical simulation of storm surges near Orissa, West Bengal, and Bangladesh coasts. High resolution (Δx = 3.7 km, Δy = 3.5 km, Δt = 60 sec) IIT Model (Domain: 18–23° N, 83.5–94.5° E) has been used for the simulation. Three or six hourly positional data of several severe storms that hit Orissa, West Bengal, and Bangladesh coasts have been used for making gradual changes in the storm surge scenario. A Generic Mapping Tool (GMT) has been employed with a view to imaging surges. Visualization is made with MS PowerPoint. 3D view of the peak surges during landfall has also been made by incorporating geo-referenced peak surge data into WinSurfer. The results obtained from the model are in good agreement with the reported data.
Assessment of standard research sand for laboratory testing

tandard soils are used worldwide as reference materials with which new model or single element experiments may be performed, assessed and calibrated. The testing databases associated with these are valuable resources that are particularly important when developing new procedures. However, the finite extent and variability of all natural deposits creates the possibility that standard soils may vary, or become unavailable, over time. The Ham River Sand (HRS), from the Thames Valley in the UK has been researched continuously and comprehensively in a series of studies since the 1940s, leading to a large database that includes recent advanced hollow cylinder, stress path triaxial and dynamic testing. Fresh samples are now unavailable and the paper describes a study of alternative sampling sources within the Thames Valley. Microscopic visual inspections, index measurements, direct shear, high pressure oedometer, bender element and stress path triaxial test data are presented in the paper, focusing on the natural variability and the ranges seen in material test response. A replacement for the original HRS is identified, so allowing those developing new tests the possibility of conducting experiments on material that is compatible with the existing HRS database. Reference is also made to advances in bender element testing achieved as part of the study.
Quaternary sedimentation on the Woronora Plateau and its implications for climatic change

SUMMARY Shallow upland valleys at 300–500 m above sea level on the Woronora Plateau near Wollongong, NSW, have been Infilled by sandy sediment during the Quaternary. Within these valleys hygrophilous shrubs and sedges occupy permanently wet, fine‐grained organic sediments and more open sedgeland occupies sandier, better‐aerated but still organic‐rich sediments. Sediments lying directly above sandstone bedrock have radiocarbon ages ranging up to 17,000 years BP, but appear very similar to sediments presently accumulating. Indeed, at one site sediments ranging in age from about 6,000 to 11,700 years BP were identical in organic contents and grainsize characteristics to contemporary deposits. Limited evidence derived from plant fossils and pollen in the sediments indicated no major vegetation change during the past 11,700 years. Hence there is no evidence to suggest that the environment of the Woronora Plateau has changed substantially in late Pleistocene to Holocene times. Furthermore, the considerable rang.
Estimating the climate impact of linear contrails using the UK Met Office climate model

The HadGEM2 global climate model is employed to investigate some of the linear contrail effects on climate. Our study parameterizes linear contrails as a thin layer of aerosol. We find that at 100 times the air traffic of year 2000, linear contrails would change the equilibrium global‐mean temperature by +0.13 K, corresponding to a climate sensitivity of 0.3 K/(Wm−2) and a climate efficacy of 31% (significantly smaller than the only previously published estimate of 59%). Our model suggests that contrails cause a slight warming of the surface and, as noted by most global warming modelling studies, land areas are affected more than the oceans. Also, unlike the contrail coverage and radiative forcing, the contrail temperature change response is not geographically correlated with air traffic patterns. In terms of the contrail impact on precipitation, the main feature is the northern shift of the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone. Finally, our model strongly indicates that the contrail impact on both the diurnal temperature range and regional climate is significantly smaller than some earlier studies suggested.
Co-circulation of two sublineages of HPAI H5N1 virus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with unique molecular signatures suggesting separate introductions into the commercial poultry and falconry sectors

Since early 2007, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced several highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in the falconry and poultry sectors. The public health threat associated with peculiar husbandry systems, requiring close contact between humans and birds of prey, highlights the need of an improved understanding of the epidemiology and of the viral characteristics of H5N1 viruses circulating in the region. Here we report molecular and phylogenetic analyses of H5N1 viruses isolated in the KSA in 2007 in distinct compartments of avian husbandry. From the results of our investigation it appears that two separate introductions into the different sectors occurred. The identification of specific amino acid mutations, which are described as genetic signatures of human influenza A viruses or known to confer resistance to antiviral drugs, raises concerns for the possible human health implications of the KSA H5N1 viruses.
Characteristics of patients with minor ischaemic strokes and negative MRI: a cross-sectional study

Background Diffusion-weighted (DWI) MRI is recommended in UK guidelines to evaluate minor strokes, yet can produce negative results. Objective The authors determined the rate of negative MRI (including DWI) and associated features in patients presenting to hospital with minor strokes. Methods The authors performed a prospective observational cross-sectional study in a teaching hospital of patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischaemic lacunar or minor cortical stroke. The authors performed MRI (DWI, T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2* and T1) as soon as possible after presentation. The authors used multivariate analysis to determine predictors of negative DWI and MRI (all sequences). Gold standard for clinical diagnosis of stroke was the opinion of an expert panel. Results The authors recruited 246 patients, mean age 68.1 years (SD 11.6 years), 162 were males (66%), and the median NIHSS was 2 (range 0 to 8). The median time from stroke onset to MR scan was 12 days (IQR 4–27 days). Eighty-one patients (33%) did not show any ischaemia on DWI. Sixty patients (24%) did not show the recent infarct on MRI (DWI/T2/FLAIR). With multivariate analysis, less severe stroke, younger age, female gender and increased time from stroke onset to scan were associated with negative DWI. With multivariate analysis, younger age and female gender were associated with negative MRI (DWI or T2 or FLAIR) scans. Conclusions There is a high rate of negative MRI and DWI among patients with minor stroke (a third) which has important management and research implications. A negative MRI or DWI does not exclude the diagnosis of stroke.
Meter-scale Nd isotopic heterogeneity in pyroxenite-bearing Ligurian peridotites encompasses global-scale upper mantle variability

Pyroxenites embedded in peridotite are often invoked as a major cause of short-length scale isotopic heterogeneities in the upper mantle, but there has been little direct evidence. We report spatially controlled chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of pyroxenites and their host peridotites from an ophiolitic mantle sequence in the Northern Apennines, Italy, with depleted mantle compositions, representing a surface exposure of veined upper mantle, a potential source for mid-oceanic-ridge basalts (MORB). Interaction between pyroxenites and adjacent mantle rocks results in centimeter-scale chemical modifi cations in the host perido- tites, systematically lowering their Sm/Nd ratios. Over time, this interaction causes the host peridotite at >0.1 m scale to acquire an isotopic heterogeneity larger than the range defi ned by the peridotite and pyroxenite end-members. Moreover, the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd variation of a single outcrop covers most of the global Nd isotopic variability documented in abyssal peridotites. Such pyroxenite-peridotite veined mantle domains may represent the enriched component rarely found in abyssal peridotites, but often invoked to account for the low end of 143 Nd/ 144 Nd