Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abundant sulphate in the Neoproterozoic ocean: implications of constant δ34S of barite in the Aberfeldy SEDEX deposits, Scottish Dalradian

Abstract The timing and extent of ocean oxygenation is controversial. Proterozoic sulphur isotope datasets often show marked fluctuations over small stratigraphic intervals, suggesting that oceanic sulphate concentrations were much lower than modern values. A large accumulation of Neoproterozoic sulphate (>8 million tonnes preserved), as stratiform barite rock, is located in the Grampian Highlands near Aberfeldy. Diagenetic/metamorphic alteration has caused pronounced δ34S variations near bed margins. This aside, barite throughout the deposits shows a narrow range in δ34S, mean 36±1.5‰. We infer that this is representative of contemporaneous seawater sulphate, and that δ34Sseawater was constant during deposition of a stratigraphical thickness >250 m of mostly fine-grained clastic sediments. Uniformity of δ34Sseawater during barite precipitation, even in thick (>10 m) beds and with the co-occurrence of abundant sulphides incorporating bacteriogenically reduced sulphur, implies no limit to availability of seawater sulphate during hydrothermal exhalative events. Our data, combined with previous δ34S research on Dalradian metasediments, suggest a stability, abundance and constancy of ocean sulphate in the Neoproterozoic. This contrasts with isotopic data using trace sulphate in limestones. It appears that, around the time of the Marinoan glaciation (c. 635 Ma), the ocean, although stratified at least locally, comprised a substantial reservoir of sulphate-bearing oxygenated seawater.
Sedimentology and depositional architecture of tufas deposited in stepped fluvial systems of changing slope: Lessons from the Quaternary Añamaza valley (Iberian Range, Spain)

The Pleistocene and Holocene tufas of the Añamaza valley (stepped build‐ups, up to 70 m thick, along the valley) consist of several depositional stages separated by erosional surfaces. Eight associations of tufa and related carbonate facies, plus minor polygenic detrital facies, represent the processes that occurred in different fluvial and related environments. The bedrock lithology and structure controlled the location of the knickpoints along the valley and allowed separation of two stepped stretches with distinct conceptual facies models. The moderate‐slope model includes extensive standing‐water areas dammed by barrage‐cascades. In the lakes, bioclastic silts, sands and limestones along with phytoclastic and marly, at places peaty, sediments formed. Abundant stem phytoherms account for extensive palustrine areas. The high‐slope model consists of smaller dammed areas between close‐up cascades and barrage‐cascades, which were composed primarily of moss phytoherms and phytoclastic tufas. An outstanding feature is the extensive steep reach with phytoclastic and polygenic detrital sediments, and stepped cascades consisting of stromatolitic and moss phytoherms. There, the steep slope limited the preservation of stem phytoherms and favoured erosion. The geometry and thickness of the sedimentary fill (wedge‐shaped units composed of cascade and barrage‐cascade deposits downstream, and dammed and gentle‐sloped channel deposits upstream) are therefore different for each model. Multi‐storey wedges are a distinctive feature of the high‐slope model. The initial knickpoint geometry and the tufa aggradation/progradation ratio on such steep surfaces (for example, related to changes in discharge) controlled the growth style of the cascades or barrage‐cascades and, hence, the extent, thickness and vertical evolution of the upstream deposits. The sedimentological attributes and stable‐isotope composition of the carbonate facies suggest a higher and more variable precipitation/evaporation ratio during the Pleistocene than during the Holocene, consistent with an overall decrease in the river discharge. This evolution was coupled with warm conditions, which prevailed during the stages of tufa formation. These results may help to assess architectural patterns in interpreting other basins, and underscore the significance of tufas as records of past hydrology and climate.
Mineral and elemental distribution in soils formed on the River Niger floodplain, eastern Nigeria

Studies of mineral distribution in soils provide vital information for understanding the genesis of the soil. We studied the soils formed on the floodplain of the River Niger to determine the occurrence, distribution, and weathering transformations of minerals in a soil chronosequence in eastern Nigeria. Five soil profiles representing 5 depositional stages were studied. The soils have aquic moisture regimes and an isohyperthermic temperature regime by Soil Taxonomy. Gleysation due to poor drainage is very dominant. The soils are low in pH, organic matter, and exchangeable cations. Plinthisation and ferralitisation resulting in high values of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 were observed in the coarse sand, while in the fine sand fractions, quartz and feldspar grains have accumulated with mica being next in abundance. The occurrence of expansible minerals and kaolinite in the clay fractions is as a result of transformation of mica and feldspars giving rise to these minerals. We postulate that the origin and abundance of K2O and MgO in the clay fractions were from the breakdown of the structural units of the expansible minerals, micas and feldspars. Illite undergoes a transformation process to expansible minerals, while kaolinitisation is the major process in the clay fractions. Principal component analysis shows that 23 mineral variables which relate with kaolinite and other silicate clays can be reduced to 5 principal components.
The Impact of Siblings During Talent Development: A Longitudinal Examination in Sport

Recent studies have begun to explore the potentially positive impact of siblings on sporting talent development. This study aimed to explore potential mechanisms through which siblings impact on this process. Bimonthly interviews were conducted with 4 families over a 1-year period (parents and siblings; N = 14) during the talent development process. Findings revealed several themes (regularity of interaction, emotional interpersonal skills, rivalry, resilience, and separation) aligning with previous studies, alongside two new themes: communication and skill development. The study's longitudinal nature exposed important differences of potential mechanisms across families, highlighting the complex nature of the sibling relationship.
An IS Research Relevancy Manifesto

Many practitioners believe academic IS research is not relevant. I argue that our research, and the underlying rewards system that drives it, needs to respond to these concerns. We need to be more relevant to meet the increasing needs of our students, the organizations that hire them, and the larger society. To analyze the issues, I develop three different scenarios of where the IS field could be 10 years from now. The following visions of the future identify the implications of different levels of adaptation to relevance-related environmental pressures. Scenario 1: Minimal Adaptation. The IS field is shrinking, largely due to competition from newly established schools of information technology. The traditional paper-based journals continue to dominate. Their slow publication cycles, in contrast to the rapid rate of change in the IT industries, mean that most technical topics and many current managerial issues are excluded from the research that generates the greatest institutional rewards. However a market analysis indicates that we can still do relevant research in categories such as: 1) issues contrary to commercial interests; 2) unsolved problems; 3) issues economically unattractive to commercial researchers; 4) issues where 1 With apologies to James Martin for the similarity to the title of one [Martin, 1984] of his many books.
Isotopic diffusion in cold snow and firn

Molecular mixing in cold snow and firn is ordinarily controlled by vapor diffusion. Diffusion through or along the ice matrix is slow, whereas diffusion from the air to within separate grains is comparatively rapid. Thus mixing occurs in the vapor phase, and exchange with the local ice involves all the water molecules. A quantification of these concepts is applied to the diffusion of oxygen-isotopic depth profiles in southern Greenland and at Dome C, Antarctica. It successfully describes the smoothing of measured profiles. The smoothing rate is strongly dependent on temperature and density of the firn.
Designing a System for Playful Coached Learning in the STEM Curriculum

We present the design outline of a context-aware interactive system for smart learning in the STEM curriculum (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). It is based on a gameful design approach and enables "playful coached learning" (PCL): a learning process enriched by gamification but also close to the learner's activities and emotional setting. After a brief introduction on related work, we describe the technological setup, the integration of projected visual feedback and the use of object and motion recognition to interpret the learner's actions. We explain how this combination enables rapid feedback and why this is particularly important for correct habit formation in practical skills training. In a second step, we discuss gamification methods and analyze which are best suited for the PCL system. Finally, emotion recognition, a major element of the final PCL design not yet implemented, is briefly outlined.
Recent global temperature “plateau” in the context of a new proxy reconstruction

Stable global temperatures of the last 10–15 years have been a topic of considerable discussion. A new proxy extension of the global temperature record enables better placement of this feature in a longer historical perspective. The fixed‐grid composite covers the interval 1801–1984, with an extension to 1782, and anchors the global temperature record in the last major cold interval of the Little Ice Age, when carbon dioxide concentration was at preanthropogenic levels. Except for greater and longer cooling (approximately twice the length of Pinatubo) associated with the Tambora eruption, the proxy agrees with the most widely cited previous assessment of global temperature over this interval, lending more confidence to a centennial extension of the global temperature record. The proxy correlation is as high as 0.83 for the interval 1907–1984 (df = 8, p = 0.001), with the 21st century 1.0°C ± 0.2°C warmer than the nonvolcanic base state. This remarkable linearity requires a clear theoretical understanding as to how an exceedingly complex system can, on the global average, behave in such a simple way. Removal of the linear radiatively forced component from the global temperature record yields an estimate of natural variability for the last 230 years and indicates no unusual natural variability during the recent 10–15 years. Based on the estimate of unforced variability over the last 170 years, there is about a 40% chance of continued “natural cooling” over the next few years, with about a 10% chance of cooling persisting into the next decade.
Corrigendum to "(Almost) everything you always wanted to know about deterministic control problems in stratified domains"

The aim of this short note is: \begin{document} $(i)$ \end{document} to report an error in [ 1 ]; \begin{document} $(ii)$ \end{document} to explain why the comparison result of [ 1 ] lacks an hypothesis in the definition of subsolutions if we allow them to be discontinuous; \begin{document} $(iii)$ \end{document} to describe a simple counter-example; \begin{document} $(iv)$ \end{document} to show a simple way to correct this mistake, considering the classical Ishii's definition of viscosity solutions; \begin{document} $(v)$ \end{document} finally, to prove that this modification actually fixes the the comparison and stability results of [ 1 ].
Water Mass Distribution and Circulation West of the Antarctic Peninsula And Including Bransfield Strait

Historical hydrographic data from Bransfield Strait and the region west of the Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed to provide descriptions of water mass distributions and circulation patterns. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which is characterized by temperatures above 1. 0øC, salinities of 34.6 to 34.73, and oxygen values below 4.5 ml 14, is the most prominent water mass in this region, is found between 200 and 700 m, and is present in all seasons throughout he region examined. Below 200 m this water mass floods the continental shelf west of the Antarctic Peninsula. CDW is also found in Bransfield Strait, but the distribution is limited to the northern side of the Strait near the South Shetland Islands. Mixing of CDW results in reduction of the oxygen content of the overlying waters by 25 to 45%, which suggests an average annual entrainment rate for the west Antarctic Peninsula of0.7 to 1.43 x 10 '6 m s 4. The freshwater input needed to balance the salinity input from CDW is on the order of 0.63 m y-i, which can be supplied by local precipitation and advection of ice into the region from the Bellingshausen Sea, which then melts. The annual heat flux associated with CDW is 12 W m '2, which is sufficient o melt this amount of ice. A second prominent water mass, Bransfield Strait Water (< 0øC, 34.45 to 34.6), is found throughout the central and southern portions of the Strait. The circulation pattern, constructed from historical data sources, for the region west of the Antarctic Peninsula shows that the large-scale geostrophic flow may be composed of one or more clockwise gyres. This mesoscale variability is likely the result of the rugged bottom topography and has implications for the transport and retention of physical and biological properties. Surface drifters indicate that the circulation in Bransfield Strait is clockwise and may be continuous with the circulation west of the Antarctic Peninsula bove 500 m. The circulation pattern inferred from historical temperature distributions suggests hat the westward flowing Polar Slope Current, which has been observed north of the South Shetland Islands, does not extend beyond Smith Island.
Recent climatic trends and linkages to river discharge in Central Vietnam

In this study, change in rainfall, temperature and river discharge are analysed over the last three decades in Central Vietnam. Trends and rainfall indices are evaluated using non‐parametric tests at different temporal levels. To overcome the sparse locally available network, the high resolution APHRODITE gridded dataset is used in addition to the existing rain gauges. Finally, existing linkages between discharge changes and trends in rainfall and temperature are explored.
Out‐of‐Sequence Thrusts

Out-of-sequence thrusts (OOST) are those thrusts which do not obey the foreland propagating or in-sequence deformation style. They include both isolated thrusts which develop hindward of the thrust front and sequences of break-back thrusts which propagate from the foreland to the hinterland. Two end-members of a series of OOST types are recognized: (1) older in-sequence thrusts which are reactivated along their entire length and (2) completely new thrusts which propagate through already deformed thrust sheets. Between the two end-members are thrusts composed partially of reactivated in-sequence thrust sequences and partially of new, entirely out-of-sequence segments. OOSTs can be initiated for a variety of reasons including: (1) keeping the orogenic wedge at critical taper, (2) break-back sequences from the suture zone in the overriding plate, (3) ramping to overcome a sticking point which inhibits in-sequence thrust propagation, and (4) during simultaneous displacement along two stacked thrusts culminations which bow up segment of the upper thrust may be chopped through to permit continued displacement on the upper thrust. Many different types of thrust behavior including gravity sliding, plucking, and derivation of isolated horses from ramps may mimic some of the characteristics of OOSTs. Consequently, it may be difficult to conclusively prove an OOST origin for a complex thrust geometry.
Isotopic composition of H2 from wood burning: Dependency on combustion efficiency, moisture content, and δD of local precipitation

[1] Differences in isotopic composition between the various sources of H2 are large, but only a few measurements have been carried out to constrain them. Two conflicting values have been published for H2 from biomass burning. Both rely on the assumption that the isotopic composition of H2 should scale with the isotopic composition of the precipitation at the location where the biomass grew. Here we test this hypothesis using 18 wood samples collected from various locations around the globe. The sample locations cover a range of δD content of H2 in precipitation, from below −120‰ in Siberia and Canada to −15‰ in Zimbabwe. The results confirm the predicted dependence of the H2 isotopic composition on the precipitation in the sampling region. The water content itself is found to at most slightly affect the results. Furthermore, δD of H2 depends strongly on combustion efficiency. Thus, the isotopic composition of H2 from biomass burning shows a strong variability around the globe and between different stages of a fire. It is suggested that, rather than a global bulk number, global models that attempt to reproduce the spatial and temporal distribution of δD in H2 should incorporate explicitly the variability of δD(H2) from biomass burning on δD in precipitation.
A variational approximation for analyzing the dynamics of panel data

Panel data involving longitudinal measurements of the same set of participants taken over multiple time points is common in studies to understand childhood development and disease modeling. Deep hybrid models that marry the predictive power of neural networks with physical simulators such as differential equations, are starting to drive advances in such applications. The task of modeling not just the observations but the hidden dynamics that are captured by the measurements poses interesting statistical/computational questions. We propose a probabilistic model called ME-NODE to incorporate (fixed + random) mixed effects for analyzing such panel data. We show that our model can be derived using smooth approximations of SDEs provided by the Wong-Zakai theorem. We then derive Evidence Based Lower Bounds for ME-NODE, and develop (efficient) training algorithms using MC based sampling methods and numerical ODE solvers. We demonstrate ME-NODE's utility on tasks spanning the spectrum from simulations and toy data to real longitudinal 3D imaging data from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) study, and study its performance in terms of accuracy of reconstruction for interpolation, uncertainty estimates and personalized prediction.
Satisfying fundamental needs in everyday life with wearable computers : the case of belonging needs

Wearable computers can improve everyday life but have not been widely adopted yet. Taking roots in psychology with Maslow's research, I investigate the importance and influence of human needs in wearable computing. His hierarchy of needs stresses the role of physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs. My hypothesis is that wearable computing can benefit from Maslow's theories to simultaneously improve the quality of life of the general public, and foster the adoption of wearables. To lay the basis of a new direction, I propose the concept of cyberclothes, focusing on fundamental needs, and describe humanistic and technical requirements. The main features of cyberclothes are that they improve well-being, awareness and sociability; they have special features for use as social markers and tools, and possess some autonomy. To investigate the general public's perception of wearables satisfying fundamental needs, I gather data with informal interviews and self-completion questionnaires. The results validate my hypothesis for physiological and safety needs in France and Japan. Experiments with an enhanced jacket then clarify mixed results, validate the hypothesis for belonging needs, and provide insights in the proper design of wearables. The prototype is an enhanced jacket with two screens, and physiological sensors to evaluate emotions. It is controlled by a JAVA-based framework, exploited by a service that displays photos reflecting common interests of wearers and interlocutors. Personalization is possible thanks to data in HTML format and to annotations in XML based on an ontology. Satisfying fundamental needs in everyday life with wearable computers is possible in the limits of technology. The work presented here does not pretend to solve all human problems but aims at providing tools that significantly improve everyday life. To complete this work, the community should extend studies on fundamental needs, create and evaluate various cyberclothes, and consider implications beyond this field.
A general circulation model simulation of the Martian polar warming

This paper reports on a successful general circulation model simulation of a rapid warming phenomenon observed in the Martian winter polar atmosphere during global dust storm conditions. The model includes a self‐consistent simulation of the dust distribution which is forced with a prescribed surface source. The warming is shown to be largely a response to the development of a pole‐to‐pole solstitial Hadley circulation resulting from the greatly increased dust loading. A crucial aspect of the simulation is a sufficiently deep computational domain that allows for the full development of this circulation. These simulations indicate that the thermal tides play a contributing role by providing zonal momentum flux divergence at the winter pole and by the advection of aerosol.
ANALISIS MORFOMETRIK LEBAH MADU PEKERJA Apis cerana BUDIDAYA PADA DUA KETINGGIAN TEMPAT YANG BERBEDA

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan morfometrik lebah madu pekerja Apis cerana berdasarkan perbedaan tempat hidup pada dataran tinggi (500- 0,05). Berat badan dan panjang femur tungkai belakang tertinggi diperoleh pada lebah madu dataran tinggi (Kepahiang), sedangkan panjang probosis tertinggi diperoleh pada lebah madu alami di dataran rendah (Kota Bengkulu). Ada indikasi bahwa perbedaan ini terjadi dalam upaya proses adaptasi lebah terhadap lingkungan hidupnya. Dari temuan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketinggian tempat hidup berpengaruh terhadap morfometrik lebah madu pekerja Apis cerana. Kata Kunci : Apis cerana, morfometrik, ketinggian tempat
Improving Deep Learning with Generic Data Augmentation

Deep artificial neural networks require a large corpus of training data in order to effectively learn, where collection of such training data is often expensive and laborious.Data augmentationovercomes this issue by artificially inflating the training set with label preserving transformations. Recently there has been extensive use of generic data augmentation to improveConvolutional Neural Network(CNN) task performance. This study benchmarks various popular data augmentation schemes to allow researchers to make informed decisions as to which training methods are most appropriate for their data sets. Various geometric and photometric schemes are evaluated on a coarse-grained data set using a relatively simple CNN. Experimental results, run using 4-fold cross-validation and reported in terms of Top-1 and Top-5 accuracy, indicate that croppingin geometric augmentationsignificantly increases CNN task performance.