Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
12 - 14 YAŞ KATEGORİLERİNDEKİ BAYAN TENİS OYUNCULARININ FİZİKSEL VE FİZYOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

Bu calisma 12 ve 14 yas kategorisindeki toplam 32 bayan teniscinin bazi fiziksel ve fizyolojik ozellik ve farkliliklarini belirlemek icin yapilmistir. Bu amacla bayan teniscilerin oncelikle, vucut kitle indeksi (VKI) ve vucut yag orani (VYO) hesaplandi. Daha sonra ise sporculara; “dikey sicrama”, esneklik, “el-kavrama kuvveti”, “sirt ve bacak kuvveti” testleri ile Wingate anaerobik guc testi ve Astrand testleri uygulandi. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi icin, tum parametrelerin aritmetik ortalama, minimum-maksimum ve standart sapma degerleri saptandi. Gruplar arasi farkliliklarin belirlenmesinde Mann-Whitney U testi kullanildi. Analizler sonucunda; 12 ve 14 yas kategorisindeki oyuncularin degerleri sirasiyla; VKI, 19,3±1,9 - 21,0±1,2 kg/m2, VYO (%), 13,8±1,6 - 15,2±1,4, dikey sicrama, 44,7±5,0 - 41,7±5,3 cm, sag el kavrama, 20,2±4,1 - 25,0±4,2 kg, sol el kavrama, 16,7±3,7 - 22,5±3,4 kg, sirt kuvveti, 84±4,5 - 86,6±4,9, bacak kuvveti, 73±9,0 -75,5±9,1 kg, MaxVO2, 42,9±8,3 - 42,7±6,1 ml/kg/dk, zirve guc, 8,82±1.35 - 9,80±1,40 W/kg, ortalama guc, 4,71±0,62 - 6,77±0,74 W/kg olarak saptandi. Sonuc olarak VKI (p<,05) ve VYO (p<,05) parametreleri ile sag el kavrama kuvveti (p<,01), sol el kavrama kuvveti (p<,001), zirve guc (p<,05) ve ortalama guc (p<,001) degerlerinde 14 yas kategorisi lehinde anlamli farkliliklar bulundu. Dikey sicrama ve maxVO2 parametrelerinde istatistiksel bir anlamliliga rastlanmamasina karsin 12 yas kategorisinin matematiksel olarak daha iyi degerler elde ettigi belirlendi. Ayrica her iki yas grubuna mensup teniscilerin VYO ve VKI degerleri literaturle paralellik gosterirken, maxVO2 degerlerinin ortalama araligin alt sinirinda oldugu anlasildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tenis, fiziksel profil, maxVO2, Wingate
Storm time signatures of the ionospheric zonal ion drift at middle latitudes

[1] Using a quantitative identification of convection and particle boundaries at high latitudes, the relative extent of auroral convection and auroral precipitation is examined during superstorm events. During superstorms the convection reversal boundary normally located near 75° magnetic latitude moves to magnetic latitudes near 60°. The edge of the diffuse auroral precipitation that normally terminates near 60° magnetic latitude moves to magnetic latitudes near 40°. This limited study shows that during the main phase of the superstorm ion drifts driven by the magnetosphere penetrate to latitudes as low as the dip equator on the dusk side but extend only a few degrees equatorward of the auroral zone on the dawn side. Evidence for ion drifts driven by a disturbance dynamo may be found during the storm recovery phase when the interplanetary magnetic field is less strongly southward or turns northward, but the previously established flows below the auro? al region remain.
Relationship between northwestern Tasmania and East Gondwanaland in the Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician: Paleomagnetic evidence

The 71 samples from 11 sites in the lower Upper Cambrian turbiditic red siltstone and mudstone of northwestern Tasmania have revealed a high‐temperature component which passes a fold test, indicating an age older than Late Devonian. The mean direction of D = 58.3°, I=11.1°, α95 = 10.4°, k = 20.2, is interpreted as of primary or early diagenetic origin, and gives a paleomagnetic pole position at (19.4°S, 28.9°E) with DP = 5.3°, DM = 10.5°. This pole position falls on the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician part of the East Gondwanaland apparent polar wander path, indicating that if northwestern Tasmania were separated from East Gondwanaland during the Neoproterozoic breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, it had been accreted to East Gondwanaland by at least the Early Ordovician. Two over‐print poles, one at (50.4°S, 177.4°E) with DP = 6.5°, DM = 6.9°, and the other at (62.0°S, 102.6°E) with DP = 9.9°, DM = 11.3°, suggest that there could have been more than one overprinting event in the region during the breakup between Australia and Antarctica in the late Mesozoic and early Tertiary.
Seasonal variation in phenolics in several savanna tree species in Botswana

SUMMARY Total phenolics (50% methanol) in leaves, flowers, pods and seeds of 10 tree species, Acacia burkei, A. erubescens, A. fleckii, A. karroo, A. mellifera, A. nilotica, A. robusta, A. tortilis, Dichrostachys cinerea and Terminalia sericea were investigated over one year. In all species the concentration of phenolic substances was high in young leaves, in immature fruits and seeds and low in mature leaves and pods. The decrease in phenolic concentration during the year occurred in waves, which may be related to climatic factors. Monomeric phenolics made up a high percentage of water-soluble phenolics, which was significantly correlated with total phenolics. There was a general tendency for a positive correlation between high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and high concentrations of phenolics. Results are discussed in relation to herbivory and the hypothesis of a carbon-nutrient balance.
A Nonparametric Postprocessor for Bias Correction of Hydrometeorological and Hydrologic Ensemble Forecasts

Abstract This paper describes a technique for quantifying and removing biases from ensemble forecasts of hydrometeorological and hydrologic variables. The technique makes no a priori assumptions about the distributional form of the variables, which is often unknown or difficult to model parametrically. The aim is to estimate the conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) of the observed variable given a (possibly biased) real-time ensemble forecast. This ccdf represents the “true” probability distribution of the forecast variable, subject to sampling uncertainties. In the absence of a known distributional form, the ccdf should be estimated nonparametrically. It is noted that the probability of exceeding a threshold of the observed variable, such as flood stage, is equivalent to the expectation of an indicator variable defined for that threshold. The ccdf is then modeled through a linear combination of the indicator variables of the forecast ensemble members. The technique is based on Bayesian opt.
Evidence for static stress interaction among earthquakes in the south–central Apennines (Italy)

We have computed static stress changes caused by several earthquakes that occurred in the Apenninic chain (Italy). Static stress associated with fault slip has been computed using the Okada (1992) formulation. Static Coulomb stress changes associated with the three subevents forming the 1980 Irpinia MS = 6.9 main shock indicate that each subevent was consecutively triggered by stress changes produced by the previous ones. Furthermore, aftershocks of this complex faulting event are well correlated with zones of Coulomb stress increase. The interplay of regional stress and local stress changes due to the main shock produces an aftershock distribution wider than expected and a large variation in focal mechanism. The variation in focal mechanisms is consistent with a low level of background regional stress (less than 2 MPa). Moreover, static stress changes due to the Irpinia earthquake appear to have triggered a moderate-magnitude (ML ≈ 5) seismic sequence in an adjacent tectonic area (close to the town of Potenza), with a delay of some years. The analysis of a further two seismic sequences in the central Apennines, which occurred in 1979 close to the town of Norcia (ML = 5.9) and in 1984 in the Abruzzo National Park (ML = 5.5), also show a clear correlation between aftershocks and the positive Coulomb stress changes generated by the main shocks. Aftershocks of the 1979 Norcia earthquake cluster at two lateral edges of the main fault, as expected for a moderate-magnitude main shock in which the local stress change is considerably lower than the regional stress field. The static stress changes due to the 1984 main shock in Abruzzo are likely to have triggered a further main shock four days later (ML = 5.1) at the northern edge of the main fault, where the Coulomb stress change is maximum. This evidence indicates a strong correlation between the earthquakes in the Apenninic chain, through static stress changes, at several time- and space-scales. Modelling of such effects is useful both for improving our knowledge of the earthquake dynamics, and for a better evaluation of seismic hazard.
A case study of urbanization impact on summer precipitation in the Greater Beijing Metropolitan Area: Urban heat island versus aerosol effects

Convection‐resolving ensemble simulations using the WRF‐Chem model coupled with a single‐layer Urban Canopy Model are conducted to investigate the individual and combined impacts of land use and anthropogenic pollutant emissions from urbanization on a heavy rainfall event in the Greater Beijing Metropolitan Area (GBMA) in China. The simulation with the urbanization effect included generally captures the spatial pattern and temporal variation of the rainfall event. An improvement of precipitation is found in the experiment including aerosol effect on both clouds and radiation. The expanded urban land cover and increased aerosols have an opposite effect on precipitation processes, with the latter playing a more dominant role, leading to suppressed convection and rainfall over the upstream (northwest) area, and enhanced convection and more precipitation in the downstream (southeast) region of the GBMA. In addition, the influence of aerosol indirect effect is found to overwhelm that of direct effect on precipitation in this rainfall event. Increased aerosols lead to more cloud droplets with smaller size, which favor evaporative cooling and reduce updrafts and suppress convection over the upstream (northwest) region in the early stage of the rainfall event. As the rainfall system propagates southeastward, more latent heat is released due to the freezing of larger number of smaller cloud drops that are lofted above the freezing level, which is responsible for the increased updraft strength and convective invigoration over the downstream (southeast) area.
The Nature of Organic Matter in the Danube River Particles and North-western Black Sea Sediments

Suspended matter and sediments from the Danube River and the adjacent north-western Black Sea were analysed for organic carbon, nitrogen and biogenic carbonate and silica, as well as for different fractions of organic matter such as amino acids and carbohydrates. In addition, the nitrogen isotopic composition of surficial sediments of the NW Black Sea was examined. Particulate organic carbon (POC) contents decrease with total suspended solid (TSS) concentration due to dilution by mineral matter derived from upstream and riverbed erosion. The contribution of labile constituents such as amino acids and carbohydrates to POC remains uniform across the measured TSS contents. This suggests that any possible decrease in labile POC (LPOC) from dilution with refractory organic matter is masked by inputs of fresh organic matter from tributaries downstream. Comparison of TSS, POC and LPOC leaving the Iron Gate I barrier at the head of the Danube delta shows that the bulk of material currently entering the Black Sea is derived from inputs from tributaries and riverbed erosion, downstream of the Iron Gate I. The nature and distribution of organic matter in the surface sediments of the Black Sea are influenced by mixing between Danube-derived material and freshly produced organic matter on the shelf and in the open sea, on the one hand, and by oxic degradation during transport from the shelf to the abyssal Black sea, on the other. Preliminary data on the stable isotopic composition of nitrogen in surface sediments of the Black Sea further suggest that organic matter production on the shelf and the adjacent north-western Black Sea is fuelled by different nitrogen sources.
Depression in the United States household population, 2005-2006.

KEY FINDINGS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006. In any 2-week period, 5.4% of Americans 12 years of age and older experienced depression. Rates were higher in 40-59 year olds, women, and non-Hispanic black persons than in other demographic groups. Rates of depression were higher among poor persons than among those with higher incomes. Approximately 80% of per sons with depression reported some level of functional impairment because of their depression, and 27% reported serious difficulties in work and home life. Only 29% of all persons with depression reported contacting a mental health professional in the past year, and among the subset with severe depression, only 39% reported contact. Depression is a common and debilitating illness. It is treatable, but the majority of persons with depression do not receive even minimally adequate treatment. Depression is characterized by changes in mood, self-attitude, cognitive functioning, sleep, appetite, and energy level. The World Health Organization found that major depression was the leading cause of disability worldwide. Depression causes suffering, decreases quality of life, and causes impairment in social and occupational functioning. It is associated with increased health care costs as well as with higher rates of many chronic medical conditions. Studies have shown that a high number of depressive symptoms are associated with poor health and impaired functioning, whether or not the criteria for a diagnosis of major depression are met.
Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America

The Great Plains landscape is less topographically complex than most other regions within North America, but diverse aquatic ecosystems, such as playas, pothole lakes, ox-bow lakes, springs, groundwater aquifers, intermittent and ephemeral streams, as well as large rivers and wetlands, are highly dynamic and responsive to extreme climatic fluctuations. We review the evidence for climatic change that demonstrates the historical importance of extremes in north-south differences in summer temperatures and east-west differences in aridity across four large subregions. These physical driving forces alter density stratification, deoxygenation, decomposition and salinity. Biotic community composition and associated ecosystem processes of productivity and nutrient cycling respond rapidly to these climatically driven dynamics. Ecosystem processes also respond to cultural effects such as dams and diversions of water for irrigation, waste dilution and urban demands for drinking water and industrial uses. Distinguishing climatic from cultural effects in future models of aquatic ecosystem functioning will require more refinement in both climatic and economic forecasting. There is a need, for example, to predict how long-term climatic forecasts (based on both ENSO and global warming simulations) relate to the permanence and productivity of shallow water ecosystems. Aquatic ecologists, hydrologists, climatologists and geographers have much to discuss regarding the synthesis of available data and the design of future interdisciplinary research.
Control of folding by gravity and matrix thickness: Implications for large-scale folding

[1] We show that folding of a non-Newtonian layer resting on a homogeneous Newtonian matrix with finite thickness under influence of gravity can occur by three modes: (1) matrix-controlled folding, dependent on the effective viscosity contrast between layer and matrix, (2) gravity-controlled folding, dependent on the Argand number (the ratio of the stress caused by gravity to the stress caused by shortening), and (3) detachment folding, dependent on the ratio of matrix thickness to layer thickness. We construct a phase diagram that defines the transitions between each of the three folding modes. Our priority is transparency of the analytical derivations (e.g., thin-plate versus thick-plate approximations), which permits complete classification of the folding modes involving a minimum number of dimensionless parameters. Accuracy and sensitivity of the analytical results to model assumptions are investigated. In particular, depth dependence of matrix rheology is only important for folding over a narrow range of material parameters. In contrast, strong depth dependence of the viscosity of the folding layer limits applicability of ductile rheology and leads to a viscoelastic transition. Our theory is applied to estimate the effective thickness of the folded central Asian upper crust using the ratio of topographic wavelength to Moho depth. Phase diagrams based on geometrical parameters show that gravity does not significantly control folding in the Jura and the Zagros Mountains but does control folding in central Asia. Applicability conditions of viscous and thin sheet models for large-scale lithospheric deformation, derived in terms of the Argand number, have implications for the plate-like style of planetary tectonics.
The Role of Temperature Feedback in Stabilizing the Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract Ocean climate models traditionally compute the surface heat flux with a restoring boundary condition of the form Q = λ(T* − To). This implies an atmosphere of fixed temperature and breaks down when large-scale changes in the ocean circulation are considered, which have a feedback effect on atmospheric temperatures. To include this important feedback, a new thermal boundary condition of the form Q = γ(T* − To) − μ∇2(T* − To) is proposed. This is derived from an atmospheric energy balance model with diffusive lateral heat transport. The effects of this new parameterization are examined in experiments with the GFDL modular ocean model for two model basins. “Conveyor belt” circulation states are compared using traditional mixed boundary conditions and our new coupling. With the new coupling, a realistic temperature contrast is obtained between the North Atlantic and the Pacific, caused by free adjustment of surface temperature to the oceanic heat transport. The results show that a temperature feedbac.
Examination of the use of narrowband radiances for earth radiation budget studies

The relationship between narrowband and broadband thermal radiances is explored to detennine the accuracy of outgoing longwave radiation derived from narrowband data Infrared window (1 1. 5 jim) thta from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) are correlated with longwave (5. 0 -50. 0j. tm) data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). A simple quadratic fit between the narrowband and longwave fluxes results in a standard error of the estimate of 4. 5-5. 3 for data which are matched closely in time and space. Use of matched regional flux data with temporal differences up to a half hour yield standard errors of4. 6-5. 9. About one fourth of the magnitude of the error may be atiributed to limb-darkening and temporal differences in the matched fluxes. The relationship shows a significant dependence on the relative humidity of the atmosphere above the radiating surface. Although this dependency accounts for only about 2 of the standard error it reduces the monthly mean regional errors by more than 10. Data taken over land produced a slightly different relationship than data taken over water. The differences appear to be due to the higher altitudes of the land radiating surfaces. Cloud amount and height also influence the narrowband-broadband relationship. Inclusion of these parameters does not affect the standard errors but it reduces the monthly mean regional errors by another 10. Better humidity and temperature data and
Impacts of trypanosomiasis on African agriculture.

African animal trypanosomiasis constrains agricultural production in areas of Africa that hold the continent’s greatest potential for expanded agricultural production. Compared to animals kept in trypanosomiasis free areas, animals kept in areas of moderate risk of trypanosomiasis have lower calving rates, lower milk yields, higher rates of calf mortality, and require more frequent treatment with preventive and curative doses of trypanocidal drugs. At the herd level, trypanosomiasis reduces milk offtake, live animal offtake and the work efficiency of oxen used for cultivation. Herds of trypanosusceptible livestock can be devastated by sudden exposure to high levels of trypanosomiasis risk. Trypanosomiasis also affects where people live, the way they manage their livestock and the number of animals that they keep. In the tsetse-infested areas as a whole, trypanosomiasis reduces the offtake of meat and milk by at least 50%. And by generally constraining farmers from the overall benefits of livestock to farming -less efficient nutrient cycling, less access to animal traction, lower income from milk and meat sales, less access to liquid capital -trypanosomiasis reduces yields, area cultivated, and the efficiency of resource allocation. It is estimated that a 50% increase in the livestock population would increase the total value of agricultural production by 10%. The potential benefits of trypanosomiasis control thus appear to be highest in areas where there is good potential for integrating livestock into profitable and sustainable mixed crop-livestock farming systems. This conclusion has clear implications for the development and implementation of the Action Plan for the Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis.
Seasonal Variability of the South Equatorial Current Bifurcation in the Atlantic Ocean: A Numerical Study

Abstract In this study, a reduced-gravity, primitive equation OGCM is used to investigate the seasonal variability of the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) into the Brazil Current (BC) to the south and the North Brazil Undercurrent/Current (NBUC/NBC) system to the north. Annual mean meridional velocity averaged within a 2° longitude band off the South American coast shows that the SEC bifurcation occurs at about 10°–14°S near the surface, shifting poleward with increasing depth, reaching 27°S at 1000 m, in both observations and model. The bifurcation latitude reaches its southernmost position in July (∼17°S in the top 200 m) and its northernmost position in November (∼13°S in the top 200 m). The model results show that most of the seasonal variability of the bifurcation latitude in the upper thermocline is associated with changes in the local wind stress curl due to the annual north–south excursion of the marine ITCZ complex. As the SEC bifurcation latitude moves south (north) the NBUC tra.