Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limitations of the equivalent CO2 approximation in climate change simulations

The equivalent CO 2 ' approximation often used to simulate the climatic effects of a suite of trace greenhouse gases is investigated using a recent version of the NCAR Community Climate Model. We performed present-day and preindustrial equilibrium climate simulations. The climate sensitivity is lower by ∼20% in the equivalent CO 2 case compared to the control case in which the individual trace gases were treated explicitly. This is reflected in similar percentage differences in global- and annual-mean surface temperature, precipitation, precipitable water, and sea ice. The temperature changes are also different regionally in the tropical and subtropical troposphere and in the stratosphere. This difference in climate sensitivity originates from differences in the spatial pattern of radiative forcing. The equivalent CO 2 forcing pattern differs from the control case forcing pattern for several reasons, but the dependence on temperature of the Planck emission spectrum appears to be fundamentally most important. The primary absorption bands of CH 4 and N 2 O are found at wavelengths more sensitive to the temperature-related shift of the wavelength of maximum emission than the absorption bands of CO 2 . This leads to stronger spatial variations in absorption by trace gases than by CO 2 . We conclude that because of differences in the pattern of radiative forcing, the equilibrium response of global climate to increases in trace gases is larger than the response to an equivalent increase in CO 2 , and the patterns of response are also different.
Host Identity Matters in the Amphibian-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis System: Fine-Scale Patterns of Variation in Responses to a Multi-Host Pathogen

Species composition within ecological assemblages can drive disease dynamics including pathogen invasion, spread, and persistence. In multi-host pathogen systems, interspecific variation in responses to infection creates important context dependency when predicting the outcome of disease. Here, we examine the responses of three sympatric host species to a single fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Using an experimental approach, we show that amphibian species from three different genera display significant differences in patterns of pathgen-induced mortality as well as the magnitude and temporal dynamics of infection load. We exposed amphibians to one of four inoculation dose treatments at both larval and post- metamorphic stages and quantified infection load on day 8 and day 15 post-inoculation. Of the three species examined, only one (the Pacific treefrog; Pseudacris regilla) displayed “dose-dependent” responses; survival was reduced and infection load was elevated as inoculation dose was increased. We observed a reduction in survival but no differences in infection load across pathogen treatments in Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae). Western toads (Anaxyrus boreas) displayed differences in infection load but no differences in survival across pathogen treatments. Within species, responses to the pathogen varied with life history stage, and the most heavily infected species at the larval stage was different from the most heavily infected species at the post-metamorphic stage. Temporal changes in infection load were species and life history stage-specific. We show that variation in susceptibility to this multi-host pathogen is complex when viewed at a fine-scale and may be mediated through intrinsic host traits.
Basin‐wide photosynthetic production rates in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean determined from dissolved oxygen isotope ratio measurements

We used the oxygen isotope anomaly (17Δ) to determine gross photosynthetic O2 production (GOP) on Pacific Ocean transits of a cargo ship between United States and Australia and New Zealand in August 2004 and February, August, and November 2005. The 17Δ approach yielded robust regional GOP averages of 98 ± 8, 200 ± 11, 115 ± 7, and 182 ± 32 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for the northern subtropics, tropics, southern subtropics, and South Coral and Tasman Sea, respectively. When converted to 14C primary production (PP) rate equivalents, the 17Δ‐based rates compare favorably with prior field data and indicate that satellite algorithms (i.e., vertically generalized productivity model (VGPM) and carbon‐based model (CBM)) underestimate in situ rates by a factor of 1.3–3, with greatest underestimation in the tropics. We determined empirical relationships between chlorophyll, nitrate, and GOP that explain 81% of variance in observed GOP rates. Integrating over the Pacific basin from 30°N to 30°S (excluding coastal areas) yields a gross production of 37.3 Gt C yr−1 and a 14C PP equivalent of 20.3 Gt C yr−1, 1.3–1.8 × higher than the 11.4 and 15.9 Gt C yr−1 estimated by the VGPM and CBM, respectively.
Distribution of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in diabetic foot ulcers and risk factors for drug resistance: a retrospective analysis

Objective To investigate the distribution, drug resistance and risk factors of multi-drug resistant bacterias (MDROs) in patients with Type 2 diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Method The clinical data, foot secretions, pathogenic microorganisms and drug sensitivity tests of 147 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to our department from January 2018 to December 2021 were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had been infected with MDROs or not. Seventy-one cases were infected with MDROs as the case group, and the remaining 76 cases were the control group. Chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the results of MDROs infection and DFU, and logistic multivariate regression was used to evaluate the risk factors of MDROs infection. Results A total of 71 strains were isolated from the MDROs-positive group, with the top three being Staphylococcus aureus (46.48%), Escherichia coli (22.53%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.31%), respectively. Logistic multifactorial regression analysis showed that history of previous antimicrobial exposure, neuroischemic wound, Wagner grade 3–5, and combined osteomyelitis were associated with Type 2 diabetic foot infection MDROs (P < 0.05). Conclusion Previous history of antimicrobial exposure, neuroischemic wounds, Wagner grade 3–5, and combined osteomyelitis are independent risk factors for MDROs, which can identify the risk factors for MDROs at an early stage and help to identify people at high risk of MDROs infection and take relevant comprehensive treatment in time to slow down the development of the disease.
Eplerenone ethanol solvate

Eplerenone [systematic name: 7α-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-oxo-9α,11-epoxy-17α-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone], an aldosterone receptor antagonist, crystallizes from ethanol as a monosolvate, C24H30O6·C2H6O. The eplerenone molecule has two five-membered rings, three six-membered rings and one three-membered ring. Both five-membered rings display envelope conformations, while the three six-membered rings assume envelope (cyclohexene), half-chair (cyclohexane sharing one edge with epoxy) and chair (other cyclohexane) conformations. The solvent molecule is disordered equally over two sites. It is linked to the eplerenone molecule by hydrogen bonds.
Causes, adverse effects and control of soil compaction

The causes, adverse effects and control of soil compaction, with special reference to Southern African conditions, are reviewed. The main causes for soil compaction are the well-rounded and -sorted fine sand fraction of the aeolian sandy soils combined with compression by soil tillage equipment. Layers with high penetration resistance decrease rooting depth and density which lead to a reduction in plant nutrient uptake, water uptake and water-use efficiency. A system of deep tillage combined with controlled wheel traffic to predetermined lanes is recommended as a measure of control. S. Air. J. Plant Soil 1985, 2:109–114
A field assessment of high‐resolution aquifer characterization based on hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography

In this study the potential of an inversion approach based on hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography was assessed. Both hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography are based on the transformation of the transient groundwater flow equation into the eikonal equation using an asymptotic approach. The eikonal equation allows the calculation of pressure propagation and attenuation along trajectories, which is computationally efficient. The attenuation and travel time‐based inversion approaches are naturally complementary: hydraulic travel times are determined by the hydraulic diffusivity, a combination of hydraulic conductivity and specific storage, whereas the attenuation is determined solely by specific storage. The potential of our hydraulic tomographical approach was investigated at a well‐characterized sand and gravel aquifer located in the Leine River valley near Göttingen, Germany. The database for the hydraulic inversion consists of 392 cross‐well slug interference tests performed between five wells, in which the positions of the sources (injection ports) and the receivers (observation ports), isolated with double packer systems, were varied between tests. The results have shown that the combination of hydraulic travel time and hydraulic attenuation tomography allows the reconstruction of the diffusivity and storage distribution in two and three dimensions with a resolution and accuracy superior to that possible with type curve analysis.
Religious trends and social integration: Muslim minorities in the Netherlands

In this dissertation, I set out to describe religiosity and religious trends among the Dutch Muslim population, and to assess the influence of the social integration of Muslims in co-ethnic minority and majority social networks. Muslim immigrants in the Netherlands migrated from countries in which the vast majority of the population is Muslim (such as Turkey and Morocco), to a relatively secular context, in which Islam is truly a religion of immigrants. The second generation is currently growing up, and is caught between the religious world of their parents and the broader secular environment. In addition to being relatively secular, attitudes towards Muslims in the Netherlands have become quite negative in recent periods. Against this background, I asked what were the trends in religiosity of immigrants and their offspring and how these relate to their social integration. Contrary to expectations from a secularisation perspective, I did not find strong evidence of religious decline over time or generations. Rather, my analyses show relatively stable religious alignment of Turkish- and Moroccan-Dutch populations at a very high level over time. Being Muslim remains an important part of the social identities of many of the Turkish- and Moroccan-Dutch across both generations. Moreover, religious identification has clear behavioural implications so that most self-identified Muslims engage in some form of religious practice. Finally, religiosity is also consequential in terms of attitudes towards crucial life choices (such as partner choice) and towards religion in the public domain (such as the role of religion in politics). In line with the key role of embeddedness within the minority group in explaining high degrees of religious continuity, religion is successfully transmitted within immigrant families and further reinforced by co-ethnic friends, and to a lesser extent by the presence of co-ethnic neighbours. At the same time, I found that the more Dutch majority friends Muslims have, and the more they identify as Dutch, the less religious they are. The role of the majority however, is smaller than that of the minority in predicting religiosity, particularly religious practice. The fact that social integration in the majority group does not manifest itself in lower levels of religiosity among the second generation as compared to the first may be related to relatively high levels of ethnic segregation along with negative experiences of discrimination, which tend to reinforce religiosity. Previous expectations and findings in the Netherlands of religious decline across generations and over time are challenged by my research on most recent data. I even find some support for increased practice among the second generation in recent years, off-setting a downward trend among the first generation
Flamingo and duck-like bird tracks from the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary: evidence and implications

Two new Late Cretaceous ichnospecies are named on the basis of tracks of birds with webbed feet discovered in the Uhangri Formation, Hwangsan Basin of South Korea. The first, Uhangrichnus chuni ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., is based on a large sample of small tracks, whereas the second, Hwangsanipes choughi ichnogen. et. ichnosp. nov., is based on a single trackway of a larger bird from the same stratigraphie level. The tracks form part of a high density track assemblage in lacustrine shoreface sediments and are the oldest traces of web‐footed birds so far reported. A third, Early Tertiary ichnospecies, Presbyorniformipes feduccii ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., is named on the basis of trackways and feeding trails of a bird with webbed feet from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of eastern Utah. This previously unnamed track type has already been attributed to the Eocene shorebird Presbyornis and cited as an example of trace‐fossil evidence for feeding behavior in a lakeshore setting. Although this attrib.
Estimating field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity by a simplified Beerkan infiltration experiment

Field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, is highly variable. Therefore, interpreting and simulating hydrological processes, such as rainfall excess generation, need a large number of Kfs data even at the plot scale. Simple and reasonably rapid experiments should be carried out in the field. In this investigation, a simple infiltration experiment with a ring inserted shortly into the soil and the estimation of the so‐called α* parameter allowed to obtain an approximate measurement of Kfs. The theoretical approach was tested with reference to 149 sampling points established on Burundian soils. The estimated Kfs with the value of first approximation of α* for most agricultural field soils (α* = 0.012 mm−1) differed by a practically negligible maximum factor of two from the saturated conductivity obtained by the complete Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters (BEST) procedure for soil hydraulic characterization. The measured infiltration curve contained the necessary information to obtain a site‐specific prediction of α*. The empirically derived α* relationship gave similar results for Kfs (mean = 0.085 mm s−1; coefficient of variation (CV) = 71%) to those obtained with BEST (mean = 0.086 mm s−1; CV = 67%), and it was also successfully tested with reference to a few Sicilian sampling points, since it yielded a mean and a CV of Kfs (0.0094 mm s−1 and 102%, respectively) close to the values obtained with BEST (mean = 0.0092 mm s−1; CV = 113%). The developed method appears attractive due to the extreme simplicity of the experiment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the True Incidence of Glenohumeral Instability Among Players in the National Football League: An Epidemiological Study of Non–Missed Time Shoulder Instability Injuries

Background: Shoulder instability encompasses a spectrum of glenohumeral pathology ranging from subluxation to dislocation. While dislocation frequently leads to removal from play, athletes are often able to play through subluxation. Previous research on glenohumeral instability among athletes has largely focused on missed-time injuries, which has likely disproportionately excluded subluxation injuries and underestimated the overall incidence of shoulder instability. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of shoulder instability injuries resulting in no missed time beyond the date of injury (non–missed time injuries) among athletes in the National Football League (NFL). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The NFL's electronic medical record was retrospectively reviewed to identify non–missed time shoulder instability injuries during the 2015 through 2019 seasons. For each injury, player age, player position, shoulder laterality, instability type, instability direction, injury timing, injury setting, and injury mechanism were recorded. For injuries that occurred during games, incidence rates were calculated based on time during the season as well as player position. The influence of player position on instability direction was also investigated. Results: Of the 546 shoulder instability injuries documented during the study period, 162 were non–missed time injuries. The majority of non–missed time injuries were subluxations (97.4%), occurred during games (70.7%), and resulted from a contact mechanism (91.2%). The overall incidence rate of game-related instability was 1.6 injuries per 100,000 player-plays and was highest during the postseason (3.5 per 100,000 player-plays). The greatest proportion of non–missed time injuries occurred in defensive secondary players (28.4%) and offensive linemen (19.8%), while kickers/punters and defensive secondary players had the highest game incidence rates (5.5 and 2.1 per 100,000 player-plays, respectively). In terms of direction, 54.3% of instability events were posterior, 31.9% anterior, 8.5% multidirectional, and 5.3% inferior. Instability events were most often anterior among linebackers and wide receivers (50% and 100%, respectively), while posterior instability was most common in defensive linemen (66.7%), defensive secondary players (58.6%), quarterbacks (100.0%), running backs (55.6%), and tight ends (75.0%). Conclusion: The majority of non–missed time shoulder instability injuries (97.4%) were subluxations, which were likely excluded from or underreported in previous shoulder instability studies due to the inherent difficulty of detecting and diagnosing shoulder subluxation.
A marmoset brain cell census reveals regional specialization of cellular identities

The mammalian brain is composed of many brain structures, each with its own ontogenetic and developmental history. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to sample over 2.4 million brain cells across 18 locations in the common marmoset, a New World monkey primed for genetic engineering, and examined gene expression patterns of cell types within and across brain structures. The adult transcriptomic identity of most neuronal types is shaped more by developmental origin than by neurotransmitter signaling repertoire. Quantitative mapping of GABAergic types with single-molecule FISH (smFISH) reveals that interneurons in the striatum and neocortex follow distinct spatial principles, and that lateral prefrontal and other higher-order cortical association areas are distinguished by high proportions of VIP+ neurons. We use cell type–specific enhancers to drive AAV-GFP and reconstruct the morphologies of molecularly resolved interneuron types in neocortex and striatum. Our analyses highlight how lineage, local context, and functional class contribute to the transcriptional identity and biodistribution of primate brain cell types.
Assessing radiation dosimetry for microorganisms in naturally radioactive mineral springs using GATE and Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo simulations

Mineral springs in Massif Central, France can be characterized by higher levels of natural radioactivity in comparison to the background. The biota in these waters is constantly under radiation exposure mainly from the α-emitters of the natural decay chains, with 226Ra in sediments ranging from 21 Bq/g to 43 Bq/g and 222Rn activity concentrations in water up to 4600 Bq/L. This study couples for the first time micro- and nanodosimetric approaches to radioecology by combining GATE and Geant4-DNA to assess the dose rates and DNA damages to microorganisms living in these naturally radioactive ecosystems. It focuses on unicellular eukaryotic microalgae (diatoms) which display an exceptional abundance of teratological forms in the most radioactive mineral springs in Auvergne. Using spherical geometries for the microorganisms and based on γ-spectrometric analyses, we evaluate the impact of the external exposure to 1000 Bq/L 222Rn dissolved in the water and 30 Bq/g 226Ra in the sediments. Our results show that the external dose rates for diatoms are significant (9.7 μGy/h) and comparable to the threshold (10 μGy/h) for the protection of the ecosystems suggested by the literature. In a first attempt of simulating the radiation induced DNA damage on this species, the rate of DNA Double Strand Breaks per day is estimated to 1.11E-04. Our study confirms the significant mutational pressure from natural radioactivity to which microbial biodiversity has been exposed since Earth origin in hydrothermal springs.
Deformation bands and their significance in porous sandstone reservoirs

Geologists and engineers in the oil industry are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of small-scale (sub seismic) faults and fractures in many reservoirs, but modelling of such structures is currently hampered by our limited understanding of these structures. The many fault parameters that, directly or indirectly, should be input to advanced reservoir simulation models include the number, distribution, orientation, geometry, displacement, length, and petrophysical properties of small-scale faults and deformation bands. In porous sandstone reservoirs, which are the focus of the current contribution, deformation bands with displacements less than a few tens of centimetres are generally developed instead of slickenlined fault surfaces typical for less porous lithologies. Deformation bands may show reduction in permeability by up to three orders of magnitude (Antonellini & Aydin 1994). This parameter needs to be estimated for each field or reservoir level, as it will depend on degree of lithification during deformation (for example, increasing depth during faulting implies increased influence of cataclasis and therefore stronger reduction of permeability across the deformation bands). Although of less importance at the exploration stage (Harper & Lundin 1997), deformation bands that significantly reduce permeability may be very important with respect to production from sandstone reservoirs. Displacement, as an isolated parameter, is of less importance, as it generally is too small for deformation bands to cause sealing by juxtaposition of sand and shale layers. Field studies have shown that deformation bands generally can be modelled as straight structures that are particularly numerous around larger faults, but may also occur as scattered structures between seismically resolvable faults (e.g. Antonellini & Aydin 1995). Much work is left to explore the relation between the distribution of micro faults and larger structures. However, the question of distribution must always be addressed in each case, for example by use of attribute maps and core data (e.g. Hesthammer & Fossen 1997). In this work we will discuss the length vs. displacement of small-scale structures (deformation bands) in porous sandstones. It has been suggested that length and displacement can be scaled down from the size range covered by seismic data to the sub seismic domain (e.g. Yielding et al. 1992). The underlying assumption is that displacement and length are related through a power law and thus are fractal by nature. Down-scaling of fault length and displacement has already been applied as input to sandstone reservoir simulation models (e.g. Gauthier & Lake 1993). We here present new results from a population of deformation bands and discuss why properties of the seismically mappable part of a fault population cannot necessarily be extrapolated far into the sub seismic domain.