Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy evaluation of MODIS and AMSR-E snow cover products in the Heilongjiang drainage basin

Using meteorological site data in Heilongjiang drainage basin as the ‘truth valves’,we evaluated the snow identification accuracies of MODIS snow products and AMSR-E data from 2002～2007 and analyzed the influence of cloud and altitude on the snow identification accuracy.The results showed that MOD10A2,MOD10C2,and AMSR-E snow identification accuracies are 75.4%,88.7%,and 88.9%,respectively.The existence of cloud is the main factor affecting snow identification accuracy.MOD10C2 snow identification results are close to the true values of meteorological stations and AMSR-E tends to overestimate the snow cover area.Besides,the results indicate that snow cover areas derived from the soft classification of MOD10A2 and MOD10C2 are smaller less than that derived from the hard classification,and the results obtained from the soft classification are closer to the true values.
Comparative Analysis of the Metabolic Profiles of Strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Adults with Different Levels of Phosphine Resistance Based on Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The management of phosphine (PH3) resistance in stored grain pests is an essential component of implementing timely and effective pest control strategies. The prevailing standard method for PH3 resistance testing involves the exposure of adult insects to a specific concentration over a fixed period. Although it is widely adopted, this method necessitates an extensive period for assay preparation and diagnosis. To address this issue, this study employed Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare and analyze the metabolic profiles of PH3-sensitive (TC-S), PH3 weak-resistant (TC-W), and PH3 strong-resistant (TC-SR) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. A total of 36 metabolites were identified from 3 different PH3-resistant strains of T. castaneum; 29 metabolites were found to present significant differences (p < 0.05) across these groups, with hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds being particularly prevalent. Seven metabolites showed no significant variations among the strains, consisting of four hydrocarbon compounds, two iodo-hydrocarbon compounds, and one alcohol compound. Further multivariate statistical analysis revealed a total of three, two, and nine differentially regulated metabolites between the TC-S versus TC-W, TC-S versus TC-SR, and TC-W versus TC-SR groups, respectively. Primarily, these metabolites comprised hydrocarbons and iodo-hydrocarbons, with the majority being associated with insect cuticle metabolism. This study demonstrates that DI-SPME technology is an effective method for studying differentially expressed metabolites in T. castaneum with different levels of PH3 resistance. This approach may help to provide a better understanding of the development of insect PH3 resistance and act as a valuable reference for the establishment of rapid diagnostic techniques for insect PH3 resistance.
Microbial ecological characteristics of planted saline-alkali soil in coastal saline area by freezing saline water irrigation

An experiment was conducted to study microbial ecological characteristics of planted saline-alkali soil in coastal saline area.The numbers and dynamics of microorganism were analysis in cotton,Lycium barbarum L.and Tamarix chinensis field after freezing saline water irrigation.And soil salt content was measured respectively.Results showed that the number of microorganism were higher in the planted soil than in bared soil significantly.Bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi were increased by several times compared with bared soil.The proportion of soil microbe population was bacteriaactinomycetesfungi.The numbers of microorganism after freezing saline water irrigation increased than no-irrigation.And microbial quantity in cotton and Tamarix chinensis field increase obviously.The microorganisms in the planted soil increased firstly and than decreased with time throughout an entire growing season from April to October 2011,whereas the dynamic of the microorganisms in bared soil was not obvious.After freezing saline water irrigation,soil salt content decreased obviously.Thus,freezing saline water irrigation and salt resistance plant could improve soil micro ecological environment effectively,and the quality of saline soil was improved.
Reservoir geology of the Paleocene Forties Sandstone Member in the Fram discovery, UK Central North Sea

Abstract The Fram discovery, located in the UK Central North Sea, comprises the Paleocene-aged Forties Sandstone Member with an oil rim and primary gas-cap trapped within a four-way dip closure around a pierced salt diapir. The Forties Sandstone Member reservoir at Fram is characterized by very-fine- to fine-grained sandstones interbedded with shales with post-depositional small-scale slumping and sand injection, interpreted to be the product of high-density turbidity currents and debris flows. Deposition was in an overall distal and marginal, basin-floor lobe environment. The Forties reservoir interval is considered to comprise a series of offset-stacked, turbidite lobes characterized by a systematic variation from axial amalgamated sandstone facies to more distal, marginal and thinner-bedded heterolithic sandstone facies, producing an overall sheet-like reservoir architecture. The Forties reservoir at Fram is thinner and poorer when compared with more proximal parts of the Forties submarine fan system, and reservoir quality is strongly controlled by sedimentary facies. The architecture of the reservoir is expected to result in poorer vertical, but greater lateral, stratigraphic continuity when compared with more channelized Forties reservoirs such as the Nelson and Forties fields further to the north. A key step in understanding and characterizing the Fram reservoir was the appraisal drilling in 2009, which included coring, comprehensive wireline logging, formation pressure data acquisition and a drill stem production test. This paper provides an overview of the Fram reservoir geology and demonstrates how integration of data acquired in the 2009 29/3c-8,8z appraisal wells with 3D seismic datasets, existing E&A wells and analogues has helped to improve reservoir characterization and identify the major subsurface uncertainties needing to be addressed during the field-development planning.
Genetic Characterization of Intimin Gene (eae) in Clinical Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Pediatric Patients in Finland

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections cause outbreaks of severe disease in children ranging from bloody diarrhea to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The adherent factor intimin, encoded by eae, can facilitate the colonization process of strains and is frequently associated with severe disease. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the prevalence and polymorphisms of eae in clinical STEC strains from pediatric patients under 17 years old with and without HUS, and to assess the pathogenic risk of different eae subtypes. We studied 240 STEC strains isolated from pediatric patients in Finland with whole genome sequencing. The gene eae was present in 209 (87.1%) strains, among which 49 (23.4%) were from patients with HUS, and 160 (76.6%) were from patients without HUS. O157:H7 (126, 60.3%) was the most predominant serotype among eae-positive STEC strains. Twenty-three different eae genotypes were identified, which were categorized into five eae subtypes, i.e., γ1, β3, ε1, θ and ζ3. The subtype eae-γ1 was significantly overrepresented in strains from patients aged 5–17 years, while β3 and ε1 were more commonly found in strains from patients under 5 years. All O157:H7 strains carried eae-γ1; among non-O157 strains, strains of each serotype harbored one eae subtype. No association was observed between the presence of eae/its subtypes and HUS. However, the combination of eae-γ1+stx2a was significantly associated with HUS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high occurrence and genetic variety of eae in clinical STEC from pediatric patients under 17 years old in Finland, and that eae is not essential for STEC-associated HUS. However, the combination of certain eae subtypes with stx subtypes, i.e., eae-γ1+stx2a, may be used as risk predictors for the development of severe disease in children.
The Pivotal Role of Noncoding RNAs in Flowering Time Regulation

Noncoding RNAs constitute a substantial portion of the transcriptome and play pivotal roles in plant growth and development. Among these processes, flowering stands out as a crucial trait, ensuring reproductive success and seed set, and is meticulously controlled by genetic and environmental factors. With remarkable advancements in the identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs in plants, it has become evident that noncoding RNAs are intricately linked to the regulation of flowering time. In this article, we present an overview of the classification of plant noncoding RNAs and delve into their functions in the regulation of flowering time. Furthermore, we review their molecular mechanisms and their involvement in flowering pathways. Our comprehensive review enhances the understanding of how noncoding RNAs contribute to the regulation of flowering time and sheds light on their potential implications in crop breeding.
Edible Insects: Perceptions of Marketing, Economic, and Social Aspects among Citizens of Different Countries

Because edible insects (EI) have been, in recent years, recommended as a nutritious animal protein food with enormous environmental advantages over other sources of animal protein for human consumption, studies aimed at investigating the consumer perspective have become more prominent. Hence, this study intended to examine the perceptions of participants from different countries about the commercialization and economic and social impacts of edible insects. The study was made using a questionnaire survey, and data were collected in Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. The final number of received answers was 7222 participants. For the treatment of the results, different statistical techniques were used: factor analysis, internal reliability by Cronbach’s alpha, cluster analysis, ANOVA to test differences between groups, and Chi-square tests. The results obtained confirmed the validity of the scale, constituted by 12 out of the 14 items initially considered, distributed by 4 factors: the first related to the economic impact of EIs, the second related to the motivation for consumption of EIs, the third related to the places of purchase of EIs, and the fourth corresponding to a question presented to the participants as a false statement. A cluster analysis allowed identifying three clusters, with significant differences between them according to all the sociodemographic variables tested. Also, it was found that the participants expressed an exceptionally high level of agreement with aspects such as the difficulty in finding EIs on sale, knowledge acting as a strong motivator for EI consumption, and the role of personalities and influencers in increasing the will to consume EIs. Finally, practically all sociodemographic variables were found to be significantly associated with perceptions (country, sex, education, living environment, and income), but not age. In conclusion, the perceptions about EI commercialization were investigated and revealed differences among samples originating from different countries. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were found to be strongly associated with their perceptions.
Family caregiver’s willingness to care from the perspective of altruism

Objectives The willingness of family members to take care of older relatives directly affects the quality of life of disabled older adults, so it is necessary to understand the status quo of willingness to care and its influencing factors. This has been extensively studied in other countries, but, it is rarely studied in China. Based on the theory of altruism, employing a unique sample from Shanghai, China in 2017 and 2022, we attempt to reveal the influencing factors of the care willingness of family caregivers during the transition period. Methods To measure caregiver burden and functional disability of the care recipient, we employ the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Barthel Index, respectively. Then we utilized the ordinary least squares (OLS) methodology and estimated four regression models. Models 1, 2, and 3 examined the impact of the variables of the caregiver burden, responsibility and love, and the quality of the caregiver-caregiver recipient relationship, respectively, on family caregivers’ willingness to care. Model 4 was the full model. To testify whether the caregiver burden is likely to act as a mediator, path analysis was used, and the path was adjusted and verified. Results According to the survey, in Shanghai, only half of the caregivers had a very high care willingness to care for disabled older relatives, while nearly one-tenth of the caregivers had a low willingness. It was the caregiver burden rather than the functional disability of older adults that harms family caregivers’ willingness to care. Responsibility and caring out of love were positively related to care willingness. Relationship quality was the most important influencing factor, explaining 10.2% of the variance in care willingness. Path analysis demonstrated that responsibility, caring out of love, and relationship quality directly and through the mediation of caregiver burden indirectly affected care willingness. Conclusion Our results revealed that reciprocal altruism presented by the quality of the caregiver-care recipient relationship had a significantly positive impact on family caregivers’ willingness to care. In addition, the caregiver burden was found not only directly affected care willingness, but also acted as a mediator. To promote the perfection of laws and policies, comprehensive samples of different types of cities should be included and the measurement of key variables could be further improved in future studies.
Vegetation classification method with biochemical composition estimated from remote sensing data

In this article, a vegetation classification hypothesis based on plant biochemical composition is presented. The basic idea of this hypothesis is that the vegetation species/crops have their own biochemical composition characteristics, which are separable from each other for those co-existing species at a specific region. Therefore, vegetation species can be classified based on the biochemical composition characteristics, which can be retrieved from hyperspectral remote-sensing data. In order to test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted in north-western China. Field data on the biochemical compositions and spectral responses of different plants and an Earth-observing 1 (EO-1) Hyperion image were simultaneously collected. After analysing the relationship between biochemical composition and spectral data collected from Hyperion, the vegetation biochemical compositions were estimated using sample biochemical data and bands of Hyperion data. The vegetation classification was completed using the biochemical content classifier (BCC) and maximum-likelihood classifier (MLC) with all Hyperion bands (MLC_A) and selected bands (MLC_S), which were used for estimating considered biochemical contents (cellulose and carotenoid). The overall classification accuracy of the BCC (95.2%) was as good as MLC_S (95.2%) and better than MLC_A (91.1%), as was the kappa value (BCC 92.849%, MLC_S 92.845%, MLC_A 86.637%), suggesting that the BCC was a feasible classification method. The biochemical-based classification method has higher vegetation classification accuracy and execution speed, reduces data dimension and redundancy and needs only a few spectral bands to retrieve biochemical contents instead of using all of the spectral bands. It is an effective method to classify vegetation based on plant biochemical composition characteristics.
Simulations of texture development in calcite: Comparison of polycrystal plasticity theories

Deformation modelling based on polycrystal plasticity theory has been applied to several rocks. Recently it has been demonstrated that rate sensitivity and heterogeneous deformation can have a significant influence on the activation of slip systems and corresponding texture development. In this study previous predictions for pure shear deformation of calcite with the rigid-plastic fully constrained Taylor theory are compared with those from a visco-plastic Taylor theory, a relaxed Taylor theory and a visco-plastic self-consistent theory. In the case of calcite, texture simulations for all models are similar and conclusions based on earlier data remain valid. There are some quantitative differences and these will be discussed. A new procedure for dealing with mechanical twinning is proposed; it requires the volume fraction of twin reoriented grains to match the twinning fraction given by the twinning shears.
Effect of seed size and plant population density on yield and yield components of local faba bean (Vicia faba L. Major)

Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of four seed size (large, medium, small, and very small) and five plant populations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 plants m) on local faba bean yield and yield components. A split plot design with three replications was used, in which plant populations were assigned to main plots and seed size to sub plots. Small seeds significantly increased seed yield during the first growing season (248 mm), whereas seed size did not have any effect in the second growing season (292 mm). Plants originating from very small and small seeds were faster in emergence, earlier in flowering, in podding, in maturity, and gave the highest harvest index values, which positively influenced seed yield. However, large seeds were more sensitive to the adverse seasonal conditions such as drought and low temperature. Highest seed yield was obtained at 12.5 plant m in the second growing seasons, but in the first growing season the greatest seed yield was obtained at 25 plants m, and further increase in the plant population density did not resulted in more increases in seed yield. Results indicated that the highest yield was obtained from planting small seeds at a density of 25 plants m. Small seeds produce substantially good yield over a range of seasonal conditions because it can apparently flower earlier, set pods efficiently, complete its reproductive growth quickly, and fill seeds efficiently.
Public Health Goal for BENZENE In Drinking Water

The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency announces the availability of the final technical support document for the Public Health Goal (PHG) for benzene in drinking water. The first draft of the document was posted on the OEHHA Web site (www.oehha.ca.gov) on October 8, 1999, and the second draft has been posted on the OEHHA Web site (www.oehha.ca.gov) since February 11, 2000. In addition, a one-day public workshop was held on November 5, 1999, at the auditorium in the Elihu Harris Building, 1515 Clay Street, Oakland, California to discuss the scientific basis and recommendations in the draft document. OEHHA follows the requirements set forth in Health and Safety Code Sections 57003(a) and 116365 for the workshop and public input. Oral and written comments received from the public at the workshop and during the two public review and scientific comment periods, as well as from reviewers at the University of California system and state and federal agencies were considered during revisions of the documents. After the public input and the workshop, OEHHA has incorporated responses to major comments received and is providing the final documents.
Extinction-Debt Trajectories and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Destruction

Extinction-debt theory holds that following habitat destruction, some extant species in remnants of habitat are doomed to eventual extinction. The extinction debt will affect the interpretation of ongoing impacts and extinctions, because little is understood about the changes in species abundance through time in remnants following surrounding habitat destruction. In some models, thresholds in mean time to extinction are sensitive to the spatial configuration of the remnants, but changes in abundance through time could also be affected. A simulation that includes hierarchical competition, reproduction, dispersal, and mortality was run on two-phase landscapes varying in spatial pattern and extent of habitat destruction. In this article, the courses of temporal change in species abundance, or trajectories, are examined. Thresholds are not evident among different amounts of extant habitat or across a range of spatial patterns. Instead, trends exist in the amount of impact per unit reduction in habitat. Better competitors are more sensitive to the initial stage of destruction and to destruction leaving a more dispersed pattern of habitat; better colonizers have the opposite trends. Assessment of cumulative impacts will vary with species in the initial and penultimate stages of habitat destruction.
A clinical prediction model based on interpretable machine learning algorithms for prolonged hospital stay in acute ischemic stroke patients: a real-world study

Objective Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) brings an increasingly heavier economic burden nowadays. Prolonged length of stay (LOS) is a vital factor in healthcare expenditures. The aim of this study was to predict prolonged LOS in AIS patients based on an interpretable machine learning algorithm. Methods We enrolled AIS patients in our hospital from August 2017 to July 2019, and divided them into the “prolonged LOS” group and the “no prolonged LOS” group. Prolonged LOS was defined as hospitalization for more than 7 days. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the data. We compared the predictive capacity of extended LOS in eight different machine learning algorithms. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were used to interpret the outcome, and the most optimal model was assessed by discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Results Prolonged LOS developed in 149 (22.0%) of the 677 eligible patients. In eight machine learning algorithms, prolonged LOS was best predicted by the Gaussian naive Bayes (GNB) model, which had a striking area under the curve (AUC) of 0.878 ± 0.007 in the training set and 0.857 ± 0.039 in the validation set. The variables sorted by the gap values showed that the strongest predictors were pneumonia, dysphagia, thrombectomy, and stroke severity. High net benefits were observed at 0%–76% threshold probabilities, while good agreement was found between the observed and predicted probabilities. Conclusions The model using the GNB algorithm proved excellent for predicting prolonged LOS in AIS patients. This simple model of prolonged hospitalization could help adjust policies and better utilize resources.