Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Climate on Eastern U.S. Wine Production

IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON EASTERN U.S. WINE PRODUCTION Rosalyn MacCracken, Ph. D. George Mason University Dissertation Director: Paul Houser This research addresses the gap in characterizing the climate structure in the eastern United States for suitability of winegrape growth. Even though all of the lower 48 contiguous states grow winegrapes and produce wine, most of the climate structure analyses have focused on the premium wine regions along the west coast (i.e, California, Washington, Oregon and Idaho). There has not been a comprehensive study on the climate structure in the remaining eastern states. This dissertation analyzes the eastern United States as a whole, to characterize the overall climate structure patterns. For this characterization, a comparative study of the four commonly used climate indices (i.e., Average Growing Season Temperature, Growing Degree Days, Heliothermal Index and Biologically Effective Degree Days), was performed using the Jan 1971 – 2000 PRISM 800-meter resolution dataset of climate temperature normals. Spatial temperature averages were created for the study area of 44 states and 58 American Viticultural Areas across the eastern United States. This study builds on current methodologies used to characterize premium wine regions in the western United States, and around the world. Results of this study created a comprehensive spatial analysis of site suitability for winegrape growth using the four main climate indices for the eastern United States. Since there were many areas where these indices did not properly characterize a region as suitable for winegrape growth, a new index was developed, and used to assist in the characterization of the region. Lastly, the effects of climate change on the eastern US are analyzed using data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change. Results of this study will make it possible to conduct more uniform climate-viticulture structure analyses.
Redetermination of the rate coefficient for the reaction of O(1D) with N2

The rate coefficient for the reaction of O(1D) with N2 at 295 K has been measured in three laboratories to be 3.1 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, with an uncertainty of 10% at the 95% confidence level, and to be 2.1 × 10−11 exp {(115 ± 10) /T} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 as a function of temperature. (The quoted uncertainty in E/R will allow calculation of the uncertainty in the rate constant at various temperatures.) The implications of this finding are to decrease the calculated OH production rate via the reaction of O(1D) with H2O in the atmosphere by roughly 15% in the mid‐troposphere and above and to greatly reduce the uncertainties in the calculated HOx and NOx production rates in the atmosphere.
Preclinical Application of Conditional Reprogramming Culture System for Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

Management of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LHSCC) remains highly challenging due to highly variable therapeutic responses. By establishing an in vitro model for LHSCC based on conditional reprogramming (CR), a cell-culture technique, we aim to investigate its potential value on personalized cancer therapies. Herein, a panel of 28 human LHSCC CR cells were established from 50 tumor tissues using the CR method. They retained tumorigenic potential upon xenotransplantation and recapitulated molecular characteristics of LHSCC. Differential responses to anticancer drugs and radiotherapy were detected in vitro. CR cells could be transformed to xenograft and organoid, and they shared comparable drug responses. The clinical drug responses were consistent with in vitro drug responses. Collectively, the patient-derived CR cell model could promisingly be utilized in clinical decision-making and assisted in the selection of personalized therapies for LHSCC.
Levantamento Taxonômico das Macroalgas da Zona das Marés de Costões Rochosos Adjacentes ao Terminal Marítimo Almirante Maximiano Fonseca,Baía da Ilha Grande, RJ.

Taxonomic survey of the intertidal seaweeds of the rocky shores near the oil terminal Almirante Maximiano Fonseca, Ilha Grande Bay, RJ The oil terminal “Almirante Maximiano Fonseca” is a potential source of oil contamination to Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Knowledge of the marine communities around the oil terminal is essential for monitoring purposes. A taxonomic survey of the intertidal seaweed from two rocky shores near the oil terminal (Foca and Enseada) was made. Samplings were done on August and November 1999, February and April 2000. Sixty three species were identified: 13 Chlorophyta, 15 Phaeophyta and 35 Rhodophyta. The algal flora was similar to those described for other localities of the southern littoral of Rio de Janeiro State. Ulva lactuca, Bryopsis pennata, Colpomenia sinuosa, Jania capillacea, Amphiroa fragilissima, Gelidium pusillum, Hypnea spinella, Centroceras clavulatum, Ceramium diaphanum, Laurencia papillosa and Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum were the most frequent species, being considered characteristic of the local intertidal communities. We recommend that biological aspects of these species should be investigated, by “in situ” and bioassays approaches, in order to assess their potential as bioindicators of oil pollution. We also suggest the study of the structure of the intertidal communities on a broader spatial-temporal scale, as a means of identifying the effects of oil spills from the terminal routine operations on the local biota.
Global-Scale Energy and Freshwater Balance in Glacial Climate: A Comparison of Three PMIP2 LGM Simulations

Three coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (I-GM: about 21000 yr before present), conducted under the protocol of the second phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP2), have been analyzed from a viewpoint of large-scale energy and freshwater balance. Atmospheric latent heat (LH) transport decreases at most latitudes due to reduced water vapour content in the lower troposphere. and dry static energy (DSE) transport in northern midlatitudes increases and changes the intensity contrast between the Pacific and Atlantic regions due to enhanced stationary waves over the North American ice Sheets. In low latitudes. even with an intensified Hadley circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), reduced DSE transport by the mean zonal circulation as well as a reduced equatorward LH transport is observed. The oceanic heat transport at NH midlatitudes increases owing to intensified subpolar gyres, and the Atlantic heat transport at low latitudes increases in all models whether or not meridional overturning circulation (MOC) intensifies. As a result, total poleward energy transport at the LGM increases in NH mid- and low latitudes in all models. Oceanic freshwater transport decreases. compensating for the response of the atmospheric water vapor transport. These responses in the atmosphere and ocean make the northern North Atlantic Ocean cold and relatively fresh. and the Southern Ocean relatively warm and saline. This is a common and robust feature in all odels. The resultant ocean densities and ocean MOC response. however. show model dependency.
The Annual Wind-driven Rossby Wave in the Subthermocline Equatorial Pacific

Abstract The annual cycle of temperature in the subthermocline equatorial Pacific is studied using a new compilation of historical hydrographic profiles. The observations have several characteristics suggestive of a vertically propagating, first meridional mode (l=1) long-wavelength Rossby wave: phase lines that slope downward from east to west indicative of upward and westward phase propagation amplitude maxima parallel to phase lines, and nearly symmetric off-equatorial maxima of annual amplitude. Estimates of zonal wavenumber, vertical wavenumber, and the location of maxima of isotherm displacements are consistent with those of the l = 1 Rossby wave. A solution to a linear continuously stratified model, driven by a version of the observed annual wind field, confirms this interpretation. The solution is dominated by a vertically propagating, l = 1 Rossby wave. The wave is generated primarily by the westward-propagating component of the equatorial zonal wind field; it carries energy along WKB ray paths i.
Varied Expressions of the Hemispheric Circulation Observed in Association with Contrasting Polarities of Prescribed Patterns of Variability

Abstract The low-frequency (>5 day period) variability observed within four different subsets of the climatology (H1, L1, H2, and L2) as defined by the high and low index polarities of the two leading principal components (PCs) of the sea level pressure field is compared, with emphasis on distinctive flow configurations and teleconnection patterns. The analysis is based on wintertime 500-hPa height, sea level pressure, and 1000–500-hPa thickness fields derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses for the period of record, 1958–99. “Spaghetti diagrams” display specified contours for ensembles of individual 10-day mean charts extracted from the four different subsets of the climatology. In L1, 10-day mean maps (weak zonal flow at latitudes ∼55°N) exhibit larger undulations in the barotropic component of the flow than those in H1, implying larger particle displacements and deeper penetration of Arctic air masses, particularly into Europe and the eastern United States. Maps in H2 and L2, separated in accordance with.
Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk and milk-derived bioactive peptides (CPP, IPP and VPP) on calcium and bone metabolism

Fermentation of milk with lactic acid bacteria causes degradation of milk proteins into small peptides, some of which are biologically active and are therefore called bioactive peptides. These bioactive peptides can also be formed in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion. In the present study, the effects of the L. helveticus fermented milk and its two bioactive peptides, isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP) and valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP), were studied on bone metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and ovariectomised (OVX) rat models, and on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. In addition, the effects of the L. helveticus and caseinphosphopeptides (CPP) on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women were studied. The L. helveticus supported bone mineral density in growing SHR and prevented trabecular bone loss by 16% in OVX after the 12-14-week interventions. The L. helveticus fermented milk whey increased bone formation of osteoblasts compared to normal sour milk whey, suggesting that there are active components formed during L. helveticus fermentation. The pure IPP and VPP peptides in water increased bone formation in vitro 4-6-fold, but did not have any effect on bone metabolism in vivo. In postmenopausal women, the L. helveticus fermented milk increased serum calcium concentration and decreased PTH concentration compared to normal sour milk, suggesting enhanced calcium absorption after the ingestion of L. helveticus fermented milk. Caseinphosphopeptides given in milk did not show any difference on the acute changes in calcium metabolism compared to normal milk in postmenopausal women. According to these results, L. helveticus fermented milk supports bone mineral density. This effect may be mediated through the bioactive peptides formed during fermentation or through increased bioavailability of protein. The bioactive peptides increase bone formation in vitro, but not in vivo. It is possible that the IPP and VPP peptides are not bioavailable when given in water. Another explanation is that L. helveticus fermented milk affects bone through enhanced calcium absorption after ingestion of L. helveticus fermented milk, which causes changes in calcium-
The marine atmospheric boundary layer jet in the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment

The vertical and horizontal structure of the atmospheric boundary layer near the northern California coast was investigated during spring upwelling conditions as part of the 1981 Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment. Two daytime aircraft flights were devised to measure mean and turbulent quantities for 25-km tracks along and across the continental shelf from 30- to 1200-m altitude. The Pacific high offshore and an inland thermal low characterized the synoptic situations, and equatorward winds resulted, which produced intense ocean upwelling. The wind profile was found to be jet shaped: maximum wind speeds were 25 m s−1 and 16 m s−1 at 400 and 100 m, respectively, in the two flights. Above and below the heights of the jet speed maxima, the wind speed decreased rapidly. Sharp density inversions existed at the levels of the peak wind speeds; in one flight the inversion also sloped down toward the coast. Turbulence was effectively confined below the inversions. Strong, zonal temperature gradients above the inversion between the hot land and cool marine air caused a thermal wind for which the wind speed decreased with height. Below the inversion, turbulent stress divergence was large and effective in transferring the horizontal momentum of the wind to the sea, slowing the wind. There was also a small thermal wind below the inversion but opposite to the one above owing to the well-mixed air temperature following the sea surface temperature, which was cold at the coast and relatively warmer offshore owing to the upwelling. These effects explain the jet-shaped wind profile. The mean momentum equations show that an acceleration toward the coast can balance the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and turbulent stress divergence forces, and there were some observations to support this. Complete balance was not obtained for the turbulent kinetic energy budget; inferred dissipation rates were too large.
Comparative Aspects of Cyberbullying in Italy, England, and Spain

The last 10 years have seen the increasing use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) among adolescents. Bullying too has been examined in relation to the growth in the use of ICT by adolescents and young people, opening up a line of research investigating “cyberbullying” behavior. In the study of cyberbullying among preadolescents and adolescents it is important to consider the relationship between young people and ICT, highlighting the amount of use of different digital media and the preference and choices made by young people in their free time (relating to Internet, mobile phones, television, etc.).
Clear-sky vertical profiles of trace gases as influenced by upstream convective activity

We describe an experiment that shows the importance of convection in long-range transport of air pollutants and in enhancing upper tropospheric ozone production. A research flight was conducted during clear-sky summertime conditions over north-central Oklahoma and central Kansas to measure vertical profiles of CO, O3, reactive nitrogen compounds, and a variety of meteorological variables. Correlation analyses were conducted on the profiles of pairs of the trace gases to infer sources of these gases. Areas of ozone predominantly produced photochemically in the troposphere and smaller areas with ozone of primarily stratospheric origin were identified. Meteorological analyses indicated that increased CO and NOy concentrations found at high altitude were carried by convective clouds from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere. High levels of ozone precursors were still discernable a great distance (600 km) downwind. Net O3 production was computed for the lower and upper troposphere, while net destruction was computed for the midtroposphere, where NO levels were very low.
A simple model of upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea

A simple linear baroclinic numerical model of an equatorial beta-plane ocean is integrated for the Atlantic Ocean. The seasonal increase of westward trade winds in the western Atlantic generates a trapped equatorial disturbance which propagates westward at internal gravity wave speeds and produces strong upwelling along the coast of the Gulf, of Guinea. A windstress perturbation of 0.025 Newtons m−2 produces over 20 m of upwelling for over 90 days in the Gulf of Guinea.
On the estimation of spring melt in the North Water polynya using RADARSAT‐1

Abstract This paper evaluates the utility of time series RADARSAT‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to detect melt onset (MO) and pond onset (PO) in the North Water (NOW) Polynya. SAR detected MO was associated with the approach of the daily average near‐surface air temperature (Tair) toward freezing, the beginning of a daily average surplus in the net all‐wave radiation flux (Q*), and a sharp decrease in the integrated shortwave albedo (α) at the surface. Relationships between microwave scattering and air, snow surface and ice surface temperature, up until MO, proved sensitive to the diurnal acquisition times of RADARSAT‐1. Time series results demonstrate that, despite its ‘uncalibrated’ status, RADARSAT‐1 ScanSAR data unambiguously identifies MO and PO over landfast First‐Year Ice (FYI) within the NOW Polynya. Spatially, results suggest a significantly earlier spring melt on the Greenland coast compared to the Ellesmere coast (10 to 15 days for regions between 77°N and 79°N and up to 45 days for regions between 76°N and 77°N). The regional near‐surface air temperature pattern was consistent with the spatial pattern of a SAR detected date of MO and PO.
Introduction to Research Topic – Brain Connectivity Analysis: Investigating Brain Disorders. Part 2: Original Research Articles

Although the review articles discussed in part 1 (Introduction to research topic – Brain connectivity analysis: investigating brain disorders. Part 1: the review articles) give a nice overview of the scope of brain connectivity analysis as applied to brain disorders, the original research papers included in this collection enable the reader to see how one actually goes about employing such analyses on real data sets. In these articles we see the specific steps that are necessary to perform each particular connectivity analysis. We believe that these articles will be especially useful as guides for other researchers attempting brain connectivity analyses.
Connectivity Analysis is Essential to Understand Neurological Disorders

Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are major causes of morbidity worldwide. A systems level analysis including functional and structural neuroimaging is particularly useful when the pathology leads to disorders of higher order cognitive functions in human patients. However, an analysis that is restricted to regional effects is impoverished and insensitive, compared to the analysis of distributed brain networks. We discuss the issues to consider when choosing an appropriate connectivity method, and compare the results from several different methods that are relevant to fMRI and PET data. These include psychophysiological interactions in general linear models, structural equation modeling, dynamic causal modeling, and independent components analysis. The advantages of connectivity analysis are illustrated with a range of structural and neurodegenerative brain disorders. We illustrate the sensitivity of these methods to the presence or severity of disease and/or treatment, even where analyses of voxel-wise activations are insensitive. However, functional and structural connectivity methods should be seen as complementary to, not a substitute for, other imaging and behavioral approaches. The functional relevance of changes in connectivity, to motor or cognitive performance, are considered alongside the complex relationship between structural and functional changes and neuropathology. Finally some of the problems associated with connectivity analysis are discussed. We suggest that the analysis of brain connectivity is an essential complement to the analysis of regionally specific dysfunction, in order to understand neurological and neuropsychiatric disease, and to evaluate the mechanisms of effective therapies.
Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .2. Effects of temperature and added straw

Gas emissions of applied 15N were measured beneath a soil cover daily following saturation of Vertisol and Alfisol soils repacked in pots to the original field bulk density and held at three temperatures (5, 15 or 30°C) with or without addition of wheat straw. Collective gas emissions over 57, 43 and 15 days at 5, 15 and 30 degrees C respectively were compared with the 15N loss determined by mass balance. Loss measured by gas emissions (15N2 and 15N2O) ranged from 36% to 152% of the denitrification loss as determined by 15N mass balance. In the absence of added straw, measurement by gas emissions was consistently less than loss by 15N balance. Where straw was added, 15N loss by gas emissions was overestimated, probably because of a smaller headspace (0.3 L) than considered desirable (1-1.5 L) for emission measurements. Potential denitrification rates, in the presence of added straw, were similar for the Vertisol and Alfisol. Decreasing temperature slowed potential rates of denitrification from similar to 2.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 30 °C to 0.8 kg ha-1 day-1 at 15 °C and 0.4-0.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 5 °C. Decreasing temperature prolonged the period of waterlogging following a saturating event. Thus, collective loss of 15N was considerable even at the lower rates of denitrification at 5 °C (52-76% over 57 days) or 15 °C (87-92% over 43 days). Straw addition (10.5 t ha-1) to the Vertisol, which contained no visible plant residues from previous crops, more than doubled the losses of applied 15N. In the absence of straw, rates of denitrification and immobilization were similar in magnitude, 0.97, 0.26 and 0.16 kg ha-1 day-1 for 30, 15 and 5 °C respectively. Very rapid loss of appliedha-1 day-1N in the presence of added straw led to decreases in immobilization of applied ha-1 day-1N, highlighting the potential effects of the much higher maximum rates for denitrification than for immobilization. The N2O emissions generally represented the smaller fraction (<25%) of denitrification emissions, becoming smaller as temperature was increased. As a proportion of emissions due to denitrification, N2O emissions were very low (<0.5% Vertisol, <3% Alfisol) in the presence of added straw.
Indigenous knowledge on the diversity, phenology, abundance and distribution of fodder trees and shrubs in the northeastern agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia

The research was undertaken in northeastern Ethiopia with the objective of identifying potential indigenous fodder trees and shrubs (IFTSs) species, their feed value, abundance and distribution and characterizing their current utilization scenarios from the local people's perspective. Participatory Rapid Appraisal tools were employed and it was possible to identify 51 IFTSs from 23 different families. The foliage availability, abundance, distribution and niches of the IFTSs were found to vary across the different locations indicating the relative importance of each species in different places. Moreover foliage availability of the IFTSs varies in the different months of a year. Besides, 15 most important species were identified based on the number of respondents and from these, using pair wise ranking method, farmers could identify the top ten species which are more preferred by goats. In view of the diversified families of the IFTSs species and their wide distribution, they could enhance the productivity of the livestock sector, if indeed supported by further scientific investigations.