Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BNT162b2 Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Asymptomatic Infection With SARS-CoV-2 Virus: A Nationwide Historical Cohort Study

Abstract Background There is strong evidence regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in preventing symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is a relative paucity of data regarding its effectiveness in the prevention of asymptomatic infection. Methods In this real-world observational study, we identified a subpopulation of individuals in a large health maintenance organization who were repeatedly tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We included these individuals in the study cohort and compared those who were vaccinated with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to unvaccinated individuals. A positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result was used as the outcome. The follow-up period was from January 1, 2021, until February 11, 2021. Results A total of 6286 individuals were included in the cohort. Seven days after the second vaccine dose, a rate of 6 positive PCR tests per 10 000 person-days was recorded, compared with a rate of 53 positive tests per 10 000 person-days for the unvaccinated group. The estimated vaccine effectiveness against infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus after 2 vaccine doses was 89% (95% CI, 82%–94%). The estimated effectiveness 2 weeks after the first vaccine dose was 61% (95% CI, 49%–71%). Conclusions In this study, vaccination with BNT162b2 reduced infection rates among individuals who underwent screening by frequent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing. Using a cohort of frequently tested individuals reduced the indication bias for the PCR testing, which enabled estimation of infection rates.
Influence of Gender Determinants on Informal Care and Health Service Utilization in Spain: Ten Years after the Approval of the Equality Law

The existence of gender inequalities in health, in the use of health services, and in the development of informal care has been demonstrated throughout scientific literature. In Spain, a law was passed in 2007 to promote effective equality between men and women. Despite this, different studies have shown that the previous gender inequalities are still present in Spanish society. For all these reasons, the objective of this paper is to study the differences by sex in informal care and in the use of emergency care, and to identify the existence of gender inequalities in Spain 10 years after the adoption of the aforementioned equality law. In this case, we development a cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey of the Spanish population aged 16 and over. To analyze the influence of gender determinants on informal care and emergency care utilization, logistic regressions were performed, model 1 was adjusted for age, and model 2 was further adjusted too by the variables of the Andersen care demand model. The results showed that informal care and the use of the emergency care continues to be higher in women than in men. Informal care in women was related to a higher level of education. In emergency care, the older the age, the lower the probability of utilization, and living in a rural municipality was related to a higher probability of utilization for both sexes. Finally, we concluded that there is still a need for studies that analyze gender inequalities in different contexts, such as the informal care and the use of health services. This is especially relevant in Spain, where economic changes have led to a change in roles, mainly for women, and new management strategies are needed to achieve equity in care and effective equality between men and women.
Analysis of elastic scattering data below, atop and above the delta resonance using inverse scattering theory

the potential by extracting potential points from available O 16    phase shifts at 114, 163, 240 and 340 MeV using inverse scattering theory within the framework of Klein-Gordon equation. Luckily, and as expected, the obtained analytical potential form has also been used successfully in accounting for the experimental angular distributions at another nearby four energies, namely 170, 220, 230, and 270 MeV. At energies considered herein, the calculated reaction cross sections are in good agreement with
Role of Immunohistochemistry Versus he Stain in Helicobacter pylori Detection in Gastric Lesions

Helicobacter pylori are a spiral campylobacter like bacteria which infects the stomach causing chronic active gastritis. This can result in peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In 1989, studies involving 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and others revealed that the bacterium does not come under the genus Campylobacter. Hence the bacterium was classified under a unique genus named Helicobacter. This term is taken from the Greek language with helix meaning "spiral" or "coil" and pylori meaninggatekeeper (pylorus of stomach). This bacterium is said to penetrate the pylori or mucoid lining of the stomach. When infected during the early stages of life, people develop intense inflammation that may be followed by atrophic gastritis which serves as a risk factor for gastric ulcer, gastric cancer or both. Being infected during later stages of life changes the gastric system leading to duodenal ulcer. The present study analyzes the role of Immunohistochemistry versus Hematoxylin and Eosin and special stains in detecting Helicobacter pylori in gastric lesions.
Age revision of Carboniferous rocks in the northern part of the Intra-Sudetic Basin (SW Poland) based on miospore data

Palynostratigraphic studies of the Carboniferous strata of the Szczawno and Walbrzych formations, outcropping in the vicinity of Walbrzych in the northern part of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, are reported. Rocks of the Szczawno Formation in a section near Konradow had earlier been assigned to the Upper Visean, while rocks of the Walbrzych Formation in the Bialy Kamien section were included to the Lower Namurian [the Stenozonotriletes triangulus – Rotaspora knoxi (TK) Miospore Zone]. This study describes abundant palynological material with many taxonomically diverse miospore assemblages from these rocks, allowing precise palynostratigraphic conclusions. These showed that the rocks of the Szczawno Formation studied should be referred to the lower part of the Serpukhovian [ Verrucosisporites morulatus (Vm) Subzone], correlated with the lowest Namurian, while rocks of the Walbrzych Formation from Bialy Kamien belong to the Lower Bashkirian [ Lycospora subtriquetra–Cirratriradites rarus (SR) Subzone], correlated with the Upper Namurian A. These results indicate that the rocks from both sections studied are younger than they were earlier believed. This revises the age of the Szczawno and Walbrzych formations in the northern part of the Intra-Sudetic Basin which belong to four miospore zones, from Vm to SR, corresponding to the Serpukhovian and lowermost Bashkirian (Namurian A corresponding to the Pendleian to Alportian of British chronostratigraphy).
Extreme temperature indices in Eurasia in a CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble: Evaluation and projection

It is important to project the changes in extreme temperature in Eurasia, where more than two‐thirds of the world's population reside. Employing Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations and extreme temperature indices defined by the expert team on climate change detection and Indices, we firstly evaluate the performance of the CMIP6 models, and then project the spatial patterns of changes in extreme temperature in different periods under shared social‐economic Pathway scenarios and at different global warming levels. The results show that the performance of the CMIP6 models in simulating the indices of the coldest day (TXn), the coldest night (TNn), summer days (SU), tropical nights (TR) and frost days (FD) are good. Therefore, these five indices were selected for projection. Overall, TXn, TNn, SU and TR show an increasing trend and FD a decreasing trend, consistent with global warming in the future. The responses to global warming tend to be strongest in high latitudes for TXn and TNn, in high latitudes and high‐altitude areas for FD, and in some low‐latitude areas for SU and TR. At the local scale over Eurasia, where the change is larger than the regional median level, the changes in extreme temperature indices at 1.5°C of global warming above pre‐industrial levels are projected to be reduced by 30–55% and 55–85%, respectively, compared with the situation at 2.0°C and 3.0 warming. If global warming could be controlled to within 2.0°C, the changes in extreme temperature indices over Eurasia would be reduced by up to 60% compared with the situation at 3.0°C warming. Therefore, if global warming can be controlled to within a low warming target, the risk of extreme temperature change will be greatly reduced in these regions.
Patterns of Chemical Pesticide Use and Determinants of Self-Reported Symptoms on Farmers Health: A Case Study in Kano State for Kura Local Government Area of Nigeria

Article history Received: 1 December 2020 Accepted: 8 January 2021 Published Online: 30 March 2021 Background: Today modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of pesticides and an astonishing 150 million tons of fertilizers and 6 million tons of pesticides are yearly and routinely applied to fields and crops with the purpose of increasing agricultural production. As many of these pesticides have only become a problem because of the direct actions to humans. Hence, instilling confidence and enriching farmers begins with recognizing the need for pesticide use modification, whether through existing or new technologies, such as efficiency, cost reduction or effective decision-making. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assesses the frequency of farmer’s self-reported symptoms in Kano State, Nigeria. Methods: A comprehensive questionnaire was established that focuses on sociodemographic characteristics, education and experience on the adverse health effects associated with the use of the pesticide, description of job practices and a list of used pesticides on the farms in the study area. Of the 400 copies of the administered questionnaires, 392 copies were retrieved and found useable, which represents 98% of the administered questionnaires. Results: Results showed that 46.2% had been using the pesticide for 1-5 years, 48.1% had used it for 10-15, regularity of these symptoms reveals that the majority of the respondents experienced these symptoms on a regular basis (56.1% for headache, 53.8% for stomach cramps, 56.5% for muscles weakness, 56.8% for vomiting, 58.3% for dizziness, 40.7% for shortness of breath, 45.5% for blurred vision and 66.7% for eye irritation. Conclusions: It is important to focus on the use of pesticides in farming practice as it speaks to the emphasis it places on farmers regarding their income, health and wellbeing as danger lurks around the corners for Kura farmers in Kano State, which are already facing challenges from all manners of long-term health risk exposure. This of course should worry the state and federal government. Government must increasingly play the critical role of intercessor for farmers, as this is very much in line with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) which emphasize on no poverty (goal 1), zero hunger (goal 2), ensure good health and well-being (goal 3) towards strengthening agriculture and fastrack rural development. There is therefore need to intervene by sustaining efforts to reduce food contamination through educating the farmers.
Effect of Maternal Betaine Supplementation on Growth, Plane of Nutrition, Blood Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Status of Progeny Pigs

Background: Dietary supplementation of methyl donors like vitamins B9, B12, choline and betaine have been reported to reduce oxidative stress not only in sows but can also reduce oxidative stress in offspring through epigenetic modulation of DNA. However, cell proliferation and fetal development and oxidative stress associated with it is not uniform during the whole length of gestation. Hence this experiment was conducted to study the effects of maternal betaine supplementation on growth, plane of nutrition and antioxidant profile of progeny pigs.Methods: Eighteen crossbred (Landrace X Desi) sows were randomly distributed into three groups of six each in an experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD). The sows in control (T0) were fed standard ration to meet their requirements. Supplementary betaine at 3 g/kg DM were provided either during late pregnancy (d 76 onwards till parturition) only or throughout the length of gestation to the sows of groups T1 and T2, respectively. The samples of feed offered, residue and faeces were analyzed for proximate principles following the standard procedures. Blood samples from the progeny piglets were collected and antioxidant status of the piglets assessed by the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) by using standard kits.Result: The serum concentration of SOD was comparable (p greater than 0.05) among the groups, whereas serum concentration of catalase was higher (p less than 0.05) in piglets born to the dam exposed to supplementary beanie during gestation, the best response was observed whilst betaine was supplemented in the maternal diets during the whole length of gestation It was concluded that supplementation of betaine at 3g/kg in the diet of pregnant sows improved the antioxidant capacity of piglets borne to them.
Exploring climate change adaptation strategies in maize (Zea mays) postharvest management practices among smallholder farmers

Climate change has negative effects on postharvest management of cereals. However, much emphasis is placed on climate change adaptation (CCA) in crop production whilst not adequately addressing the CCA in postharvest management of maize. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among smallholder farmers. Key informant interviews, observations and structured interviews on 280 household heads were done. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse determinants of use of postharvest CCA practices whilst multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse determinants of use of postharvest storage facilities. Farmers used grain protectants (40.4%) and minimised the duration of the harvesting process (34.3%) as their major CCA practices in maize postharvest management. There was a significant difference in postharvest maize loss quantities (p ≤ 0.05) between users and non-users of CCA practices. The choice and use of climate-resilient postharvest strategies were significantly influenced by location, cultivated land, access to radio and membership to farmer club. Choice of a postharvest storage facility was significantly influenced by training and membership to farmers’ club. Smallholder farmers are using some conventional maize postharvest management practices like grain protectants to adapt to the effects of climate change. The use of maize postharvest CCA strategies significantly reduced postharvest losses.
Family Empowerment with SEDAP Method (Sharing, Education and Practice) in Improving the Quality of Life in Lung Tuberculosis Patients

Introduction: Family empowerment might be considered asan effort to strengthen the role and knowledge of familywith TB patients. Objective: Proving the effectiveness of family empowerment with SEDAP (Sharing, Education, and Practice) method to improve the quality of life in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods: Mixed methods research, qualitative research was done using FGD approach, while pre-post control group design was used for the quantitative research. Thirty-eighttrials of TB patients were divided into 2 groups: intervention group where family empowerment was introduced using the SEDAP method and control group. Qualitative data were collected using a recording device which would be transcripted, followed by keyword observation and analysis. Quantitative data were obtained using SGRQ questionnaires, both on knowledge and quality of life variables. Qualitative data were analyzed by interactive models, whereas quantitative data by independent samples t-tests and paired samples t-test. Results: Three main domains (knowledge, attitude, and behavior) were obtained from the FGD results, along with the keywords analyzed from each domain. Knowledge domain was associated with TB causes and routes of transmission, attitude was related to the negative stigma on TB patients, and lastly, behaviour was linked with patients’ forgetfulness in taking medication and the side effects occurred due to the medication. P-value <0.05 was obtained on the variables of knowledge and quality of life (symptoms, activities, and impacts). Conclusion: Intervention of SEDAP method (Sharing, Educating, and Practice) on family empowermentwas effective in improving the overall quality of life of TB patients. Keywords: SEDAP (sharing, education, and practice) method; tuberculosis; family empowerment
First insights into Northern Africa high-altitude background
aerosol chemical composition and source influences

Abstract. Field measurements were conducted to determine aerosol chemical composition in a newly established remote high-altitude site in North Africa to investigate the variations in aerosol composition useful in assessing global and regional changes in atmospheric composition. Particulate matter (PM10) filter samples (200) were collected at the Atlas Mohammed V atmospheric observatory (AM5) located in the Middle-Atlas Mountains in Morocco using a high-volume (HV) collector in a 12 h sampling interval from August to December 2017. The chemical composition of the samples was analyzed for trace metals, ions, elemental carbon, organic carbon, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) content. The results indicate that high-altitudes aerosol composition is influenced by both regional as well as trans-regional transport of emissions. However, local sources play an important role, especially during low wind speed periods, as observed for November and December. Despite the proximity of the site to the Sahara Desert, its influence on the atmospheric composition at this high-altitude site was mainly seasonal and accounted for only 14 % of the sampling duration. Background conditions at this remote site are characterized by low wind speeds (Av. 2.5 m/s) and mass concentrations in the range of 9.8 and 20 µg/m3. The chemical composition is found to be dominated by inorganic elements, mainly suspended dust (47 %) and ionic species (16 %), followed by organic matter (15 %), water content (12 %), and indeterminate mass (9 %). Biogenic organics contributed up to 7 % of the organic matter with high contributions from compounds such as Nonacosane, Heptacosane, and 2-Pentadecanone. The AM5 site is dominated by four main air mass inflow, which often leads to different aerosol chemical compositions. Mineral dust influenced was seasonal and ranged between 20 and 70 % of the PM mass with peaks observed during the summer and was accompanied by high concentrations of SO42− of up to 1.3 µg/m3. During winter, PM10 concentrations are low (
Reliability and discriminant validity of the Slovak version of the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) in a student sample

ABSTRACT Background The Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) is a widely used measure for psychosis risk assessment. The primary aim of this study is to examine the reliability and discriminant validity of the Slovak version of the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) in a sample of university students. Methods A sample of 1276 (75% female) university students completed a cross-sectional online survey consisting of a large battery of scales measuring psychopathology, social functioning, and well-being. The mean age was M = 22.59 and SD = 3.94. Results On a bivariate level, the prodromal symptoms severity measured by the PQ-16 was associated with depression, anxiety, lower well-being, and more severe problems in social functioning. The PQ-16 explained a significant variability of social functioning above and beyond the effect of depression and anxiety. Results revealed sufficient internal reliability (α = 0.774 and ω = 0.761) of the scale. Discussion The Slovak version of the PQ-16 has sound reliability and shows an adequate pattern of association with depression, anxiety, and social functioning. These promising findings need to be replicated on an independent sample of help-seeking individuals or a high-risk population.
Carbon Emissions From the Edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet Reveal Subglacial Processes of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Turnover

Direct gaseous emissions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the subglacial environment under Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) were only recently discovered and it is yet to be determined how important it is for the panarctic carbon budget. We measured in situ net gaseous emissions of subglacial CH4 and CO2, dissolved concentrations and isotopic composition of gases (13C and 2H) at the onset, near maximum, and at the end of the melt season in 2018 and 2019. We found a tight relation between gaseous and dissolved CH4 and CO2, respectively, indicating that degassing from the subglacial meltwater is the main source of these gases in the subglacial air. The diurnal variability of in situ mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 in subglacial air was related to meltwater runoff showing that the net emission magnitude is directly related to glacial hydrology. We observed that maximum in situ mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 appeared at the onset of the melt season and decreased over the melt season. The isotopic signature of CH4 in the subglacial air indicated that it likely originated from microbial methanogenesis which remained constant during the season. Isotopic signatures of subglacial CO2 indicate mixed sources from microbial oxidation of CH4, remineralization of sedimentary organic carbon, and possibly influenced by removal of CO2 by weathering. Our study indicate large emissions of both CO2 and CH4, but continuous studies over entire melt seasons are needed to determine the origin and emission magnitudes and their relation to the glacial dynamics.
PRECLINICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS IN DETERMINATION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES: PRESENT SCENARIO

Meningitis, a serious communicable inflammatory disease continues to be a worldwide threat especially in sub-Saharan Africa affecting millions of people with high death rates every year. Strains from six serogroups of the principal causative organism Neisseria meningitidis are found to be responsible for the majority of infections. Incidences of antibiotic resistance and efforts to provide mass protection have necessitated the development of meningococcal vaccines since the latter half of the 20th century. Aiming to ostracize meningitis by 2030, the World Health Organization focuses on vaccination as an important strategy to reach the goal. Due to limited efficacy and stability issues of earlier polysaccharide and protein conjugate vaccines respectively, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines were developed. Gene manipulations have also led to the development of more efficacious tailor-made OMV vaccines due to over-expression of antigenic outer membrane proteins along with lesser pyrogenicity. Available data from preclinical studies in animal models and clinical trials, on meningococcal vaccine candidates report the strength of immune response measured by serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assay. Post-immunization adverse reactions have been also monitored as a part of safety assessment. The novelty of the present review lies in summarizing the outcomes of the preclinical animal studies and clinical trials conducted on various types of meningococcal vaccines till date and thereby highlighting the paucities in the existing information which can facilitate understanding the present scenario, challenges, and future scope in the field of meningococcal vaccine development.