Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Destruction of the North China Craton: a perspective based on receiver function analysis

The North China Craton (NCC), which is composed of the eastern NCC and the western NCC sutured by the Palaeoproterozoic Trans‐North China Orogen, is one of the oldest continental nuclei in the world and the largest cratonic block in China. The eastern NCC is widely known for its significant lithospheric thinning and destruction during the Late Mesozoic. Models on the destruction of the eastern NCC can be principally grouped into two: (1) thermal/mechanical and/or chemical erosion, and (2) lower crustal and (or) lithospheric delamination. The erosion model suggests that the NCC lithospheric thinning resulted from chemical and/or mechanical interactions of lithospheric mantle with melts or hydrous fluids derived from the asthenosphere, whereas the delamination model proposes lithospheric destruction through foundering of eclogitic lower crust together with lithospheric mantle into the underlying convecting mantle. However, those models lack seismic evidence to explain the destruction process. Here, we analyse the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuity by employing the H–k stacking technique of receiver function as well as the depth domain receiver function. Our results indicate deep mantle upwelling and lower crustal delamination beneath the eastern NCC, and suggest that either or both of these processes contributed to the unique lithospheric thinning and destruction of the eastern NCC. © 2013 The Authors. Geological Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity for watershed cumulative effects assessment and management in the South Saskatchewan Watershed, Canada

Canada’s watersheds are under increasing pressure from the cumulative effects of human development. There is a recognized need to assess and manage cumulative effects to Canada’s watersheds, but there has been limited assessment of the current capacity for cumulative effects assessment and management. This paper assesses the current capacity to implement and sustain watershed-based cumulative effects assessment and management in the South Saskatchewan Watershed. Eight core requisites and 40 capacity indicators for watershed cumulative effects assessment and management are assessed based on a survey of 73 watershed stakeholders. Results indicate that many of the perceived threats to the health of the South Saskatchewan Watershed are not subject to regulatory environmental assessment. Participants identified leadership and multi-stakeholder collaboration as the most important requisites for watershed cumulative effects assessment and management, but under-valued the importance of vertical and horizontal linkages to ensure that watershed plans and monitoring programs provide sufficient guidance to land uses and project development decisions. Participants believed current capacity to be lacking, or limited, across most assessment indicators, with data management and coordination and resources to ensure the long-term sustainability of watershed cumulative effects assessment and management as the most significant capacity constraints. Advancing watershed cumulative effects assessment and management in the South Saskatchewan Watershed requires a lead agency or consortium of agencies with a clear mandate for cumulative effects assessment, the legislated or regulatory means to ensure that watershed efforts influence land and water use and allocation decisions, the coordination of data and provision of specific guidance to monitoring programs, and long-term financial investment.
Energy and exergy analysis of refrigeration systems

Refrigeration systems have the priority in design for residential and industrial applications. The chapter includes five major refrigeration systems: vapor-compression refrigeration; ammonia-water absorption refrigeration; gas refrigeration where standard air is the most popular refrigerant; multi-pressure refrigeration including multistage, cascade, and multipurpose refrigeration system; and heat pump systems. Energy and exergy analysis has been presented for most of the systems. The energetic and the exergetic COP for each system are presented. Renewable energy sources are also discussed including geothermal, solar, and wind energy, a with combination with refrigeration systems in different industrial and residential applications. The overall efficiency of the renewable systems is achieved to be more than 50% providing promising solutions for energy use and having a low environmental impact.
Transit and Trade Barriers in Eastern South Asia: A Review of the Transit Regime and Performance of Strategic Border-Crossings

The analysis of this paper shows that a regional transit arrangement would perhaps enhance the regional trade, controlling for other variables. At the same time, implementation of e-governance at border is found to be significant determinant of trade flows thus indicating e-filling of Custom formalities has been helping the trade to grow in eastern South Asia.
Groundwater–surface water interactions in a lowland watershed: source contribution to stream flow

The lower coastal plain of the Southeast USA is undergoing rapid urbanisation as a result of population growth. Land use change has been shown to affect watershed hydrology by altering stream flow and, ultimately, impairing water quality and ecologic health. However, because few long‐term studies have focused on groundwater–surface water interactions in lowland watersheds, it is difficult to establish what the effect of development might be in the coastal plain region. The objective of this study was to use an innovative improvement to end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) to identify time sequences of hydrologic processes affecting storm flow. Hydrologic and major ion chemical data from groundwater, soil water, precipitation and stream sites were collected over a 2‐year period at a watershed located in USDA Forest Service's Santee Experimental Forest near Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Stream flow was ephemeral and highly dependent on evapotranspiration rates and rainfall amount and intensity. Hydrograph separation for a series of storm events using EMMA allowed us to identify precipitation, riparian groundwater and streambed groundwater as main sources to stream flow, although source contribution varied as a function of antecedent soil moisture condition. Precipitation, as runoff, dominated stream flow during all storm events while riparian and streambed groundwater contributions varied and were mainly dependent on antecedent soil moisture condition. Sensitivity analyses examined the influence of 10% and 50% increases in analyte concentration on EMMA calculations and found that contribution estimates were very sensitive to changes in chemistry. This study has implications on the type of methodology used in traditional forms of EMMA research, particularly in the recognition and use of median end‐member water chemistry in hydrograph separation techniques. Potential effects of urban development on important hydrologic processes (groundwater recharge, interflow, runoff, etc.) that influence stream flow in these lowland watersheds were qualitatively examined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crustal types and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Alborán sea, western Mediterranean

Multichannel seismic reflection images across the transition between the east Alborán and the Algero‐Balearic basins show how crustal thickness decreases from about 5 s two‐way traveltime (TWTT, ∼15 km thick) in the west (east Alborán basin) to ∼2 s TWTT typical of oceanic crust (∼6 km thick) in the east (Algero‐Balearic basin). We have differentiated three different crustal domains in this transition, mainly on the basis of crustal thickness and seismic signature. Boundaries between the three crustal domains are transitional and lack evidence for major faults. Tilted blocks related to extension are very scarce and all sampled basement outcrops are volcanic, suggesting a strong relationship between magmatism and crustal structure. Stratigraphic correlation of lithoseismic units with sedimentary units of southeastern Betic basins indicates that sediments onlap igneous basement approximately at 12 Ma in the eastern area and at 8 Ma in the western area. Linking seismic crustal structure with magmatic geochemical evidence suggests that the three differentiated crustal domains may represent, from west to east, thin continental crust modified by arc magmatism, magmatic‐arc crust, and oceanic crust. Middle to late Miocene arc and oceanic crust formation in the east Alborán and Algero‐Balearic basins, respectively, occurred during westward migration of the Gibraltar accretionary wedge and shortening in the Betic‐Rif foreland basins. Arc magmatism and associated backarc oceanic crust formation were related to early to middle Miocene subduction and rollback of the Flysch Trough oceanic basement. Subduction of this narrow slab beneath the Alborán basin was coeval with collision of the Alborán domain with the Iberian and African passive margins and subsequent subcontinental‐lithosphere edge delamination along the Betic‐Rif margins.
Quirópteros del Parque Natural Regional El Vínculo y su zona de amortiguación (Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia)

This dataset contains the records of the bat fauna associated with the understory area at the Dry Forest of the Regional National Park (RNP) El VA­nculo and its buffer zone. The records were obtained between January and May 2013 in three sectors from the area bounded by 3Â°50â9,6ââN -3Â°50â13,2ââN and 76Â°30â54ââW y 76Â°17â52,8ââW; specifically in the dry forest and restoration area in the RNP El VA­nculo, in a relictual forest fragment of the Hacienda La CampiA±a and in an riparian forest strip associated with the Sonsito riverbed. Ten mist nets were used during the 33 nights of sampling, they were open from 18:00 to 24:00 pm. The dataset includes 624 records of 20 species of bats that were captured in the study zone. Each record has associated information on sex, age and reproductive status of the specimens at time of capture. This dataset contains the most detailed record of the bat fauna associated with one of the largest dry forest fragment that persists in the Valle del Cauca.
An Investigation of Indian Secondary Level Students' Alternative Conceptions of Water Pollution

The prevalence of the ideas of secondary students (class X) about causes, consequences and remedies of water pollution was determined using a closed form of questionnaire. Many of the Indian students in the present study were unaware of the devastating effect of deforestation, chemical fertilizers employed in agricultural fields, offshore mining, smoke, volcanic eruptions, weathering of soil and rocks on pollution of water and its impact on humans viz . blindness, DNA damage, deformities of bones etc. Prevalent alternative conceptions and misconceptions were: sewage, pesticides, soil erosions do not pollute water; water pollution causes acid rain; radioactive waste dumped in oceans and greenhouse effect could minimize water pollution and BOD of sewage water is very less than that of pure drinking water. It exposes the lacuna in Indian educational system and suggests a strong drive to displace misconceptions at the early stage of learning itself, before they become embedded in an alternative conceptual frame work.
Style and age of late Oligocene-early Miocene deformation in the southern Stillwater Range

Paleomagnetic and geochronologic data combined with geologic mapping tightly restrict the timing and character of a late Oligocene to early Miocene episode of large magnitude extension in the southern Stillwater Range and adjacent regions of west central Nevada. The southern Stillwater Range was the site of an Oligocene to early Miocene volcanic center comprising (1) 28.3 to 24.3 Ma intracaldera ash flow luffs, lava flows, and subjacent plutons associated with three calderas, (2) 24.8 to 20.7 Ma postcaldera silicic dikes and domes, and (3) unconformably overlying 15.3 to 13. () Ma dacite to basalt lava flows, plugs, and dikes. The caldera-related luffs, lava flows, and plutons were tilted 60°-70° either west or east during the initial period of Cenozoic deformation that accommodated over 100% extension. Directions of remanent magnetization obtained from these extrusive and intrusive, caldera-related rocks are strongly deflected from an expected Miocene direction in senses appropriate for their tilt. A mean direction for these rocks after tilt correction, however, suggests that they were also affected by a moderate (33.4° ± 11.8°) component of counterclockwise vertical axis rotation. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the episode of large tilting occurred during emplacement of 24.8 to 20.7 Ma postcaldera dikes and domes. In detail, an apparent decrease in rotation with decreasing age of individual, isotopically dated bodies of the postcaldera group indicates that most tilting occurred between 24.4 and 24.2 Ma. The onset of tilting immediately following after the final caldera eruptions suggests that the magmatism and deformation were linked. Deformation was not driven by magma buoyancy, however, because tilting equally affected the caldera systems of different ages, including their plutonic roots. It is more likely that regional extension was focused in the southern Stillwater Range due to magmatic warming and reduction of tensile strength of the brittle crust. Faults that accommodated deformation in the southern Stillwater Range initially dipped steeply and cut deeply to expose more than 9 km of crustal section. The exposed crustal sections are probably rotated blocks above an unexposed basal detachment that lay near the early Miocene brittle-ductile transition.
Absorption of solar radiation by O2 - Implications for O3 and lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2

An accurate line-by-line model is used to evaluate effects of absorption in the Schumann-Runge bands of O{sub 2} on transmission of ultraviolet radiation. Allowing also for absorption in the Herzberg continuum, the model is shown to provide a reliable simulation of observed transmission in the spectral interval 192 to 200 nm. The model is used to evaluate rates for photolysis of N{sub 2}O, CFCl{sub 3}, and CF{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}, and to infer global loss rates (1.22 x 10{sup 10} kg N yr{sup {minus}1}, 7.21 x 10{sup 7} and 3.04 x 10{sup 7} kg Cl yr{sup {minus}1}, respectively) and instantaneous lifetimes (123, 44, and 116 years, respectively) appropriate for 1980. A parameterized version of the line-by-line model enabling rapid evaluation of transmission in the Schumann-Runge region is described. Photochemical calculations employing the parameterization and constrained by data from the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment are used to examine the budget of odd oxygen. Consistent with previous studies, it is shown that photochemical loss of odd oxygen exceeds production by photolysis of O{sub 2} for altitudes above 40 km. The imbalance between production and loss is shown to be consistent with a source of odd oxygen proportional to the product of mixingmore » ratio and photolysis rate of ozone, which suggests that processes involving vibrationally excited O{sub 2} may play an important role in production of odd oxygen. 104 refs., 25 figs., 2 tabs. « less
Impact of upscaling on solute transport: Traveltimes, scale dependence of dispersivity, and propagation of uncertainty

Efficiency constraints in applying numerical models to real problems force the use of a coarse discretization of the domain compared with the detailed scale required for the most adequate description of the system. Upscaling encompasses the methods that transfer small‐scale information to the computational scale. The loss of small‐scale information by upscaling aquifer properties to construct a numerical model largely modifies the true heterogeneous structure of the aquifer compromising the final predictions of solute transport. We present extensive Monte Carlo solute transport simulations in heterogeneous porous media to investigate (1) the impact of upscaling on the evolution of solute plumes and (2) the propagation of uncertainty through upscaling. In doing this we analyze the benefits of using enhanced block dispersion tensors in the advection‐dispersion equation to compensate for the loss of information. It is shown that upscaling does not affect the median traveltimes of particles reaching a control location, but the tail of breakthrough curves is largely underestimated. It is also observed that normal upscaled transport models can largely underestimate the spreading of solute plumes even if block dispersivities are calculated as being representative of within‐block heterogeneity. Discrepancies are mainly attributed to the mass transfer interaction between grid blocks of the numerical model and the use of a simplistic representation of the block hydraulic conductivity tensor. Using the small‐perturbation stochastic approach, we found that mass transfer effects are still significant, even for block sizes of the numerical model greater than 30 correlation scales. Moreover, upscaling is shown to have a substantial impact on the uncertainty predicted by solute transport models, which is not compensated by the use of enhanced block dispersion tensors. For very heterogeneous media, simulation results showed the inability of the classical advection‐dispersion equation to simultaneously reproduce the tail of the breakthrough curve and its uncertainty in the upscaled model. In those cases, results indicated that either a mass transfer model allowing solute mass exchange between high‐ and low‐conductivity zones, encountered within a grid block of the numerical model, or the continuous time random walk model expressing the retardation of solute particles passing through low‐conductivity regions inside a grid block by means of a transition time distribution function might suppose a better upscaled transport model.
Thermal properties of rock salt and quartz monzonite to 573{sup 0}K and 50-MPa confining pressure

Measurements of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal linear expansion have been made on two rock types, a rock salt and a quartz monzonite, at temperatures from 300 to 573{sup 0}K and confining pressures from 10 to 50 MPa. The samples were taken from deep rock formations under consideration as possible sites for a nuclear waste repository - the rock salt from a domal salt formation at Avery Island, Louisiana, and the quartz monzonite from the Climax Stock, Nevada Test Site, Nevada. The testing temperature and pressures are meant to bracket conditions expected in the repository. In both rock types, the thermal properties show a strong dependence upon temperature and a weak or non-dependence upon confining pressure. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity both decrease with increasing temperature in approximately linear fashion for samples which have not been previously heated. At 50 MPa in both rocks this decrease closely matches the measured or expected intrinsic (crack-free) behavior of the material. Preliminary indications from the quartz monzonite suggest that conductivity and diffusivity at low pressure and temperature may decrease as a result of heat treatment above 400{sup 0}K.
Yamato 980459: Crystallization of Martian Magnesian Magma

Recently, several basaltic shergottites have been found that include magnesian olivines as a major minerals. These have been called olivinephyric shergottites. Yamato 980459, which is a new martian meteorite recovered from the Antarctica by the Japanese Antarctic expedition, is one of them. This meteorite is different from other olivine-phyric shergottites in several key features and will give us important clues to understand crystallization of martian meteorites and the evolution of Martian magma.
Climatic influence upon early to mid‐Holocene fire regimes within temperate woodlands: a multi‐proxy reconstruction from the New Forest, southern England

A combined pollen, charcoal and climatic record is presented from Cranes Moor, southern England, covering the period c. 10 500–5850 cal a BP. It is shown that the occurrence of burning is closely related to natural processes, including prevailing climatic conditions and vegetation composition. These burning events are often linked to an increase in the summer moisture deficit, implying that the timing of burning events is linked to periods of warmer/drier climate during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (c. 11 000–5000 cal a BP). These events play an important role in the vegetation composition and succession around the site. The nature of the burning recorded at the site shows strong similarities with other records from northern Europe. This study throws caution on suggestions that fire in the Holocene record from areas such as the British Isles is linked only to human activity, and enhances the possibility that natural fire incidence played an important role in natural woodland structure dynamics.
New geophysical methods of investigating the nature and distribution of mountain permafrost with special reference to radiometry techniques

A series of geophysical surveys were undertaken within the PACE geophysical work package. Various methods were applied including refraction seismics, DC resistivity, ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction, radiometry and bottom temperature of snow cover (BTS). The focus of the surveys was to determine the internal structures and distribution of mountain permafrost. This paper gives a preliminary overview of progress. The two‐dimensional DC resistivity tomography combines the geoelectrical sounding and mapping and makes it possible to model internal structures. This method was applied at all PACE drill sites. Electromagnetic induction methods showed good results, in particular the EM‐31 for determining the permafrost distribution and the PROTEM to assess the overall permafrost thickness. A major new development discussed here is the use of passive microwave (11.4 GHz) for airborne remote measurement of the bottom temperature of snow cover (BTS). Manual BTS measurements agreed very well with the BTS determined by radiometry. To reduce ambiguity, several geophysical methods should be deployed at the same locality. As a further step, such measurements could be interpreted using joint inversions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.