Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined spatial and temporal studies of ionization growth in nitrogen

Combined spatial and temporal measurements of ionization growth in nitrogen have enabled the secondary ionization effect due to N2(A3 Sigma u+) metastable molecule impact on the cathode to be separated from the overall ionization growth data. The residual data have been analysed by standard methods to give accurate values of the primary ionization coefficient alpha /N within the range E/N=140-3400 Td (1 Td identical to 10-17 V cm-2). This range has been extended down to 85 Td by application of an indirect procedure based on improved knowledge gained from the secondary ionization measurements in nitrogen and their dependences on E/N. The measurements have been able to separate the secondary ionization coefficient into a fast (photon and positive ion) component and a slow (metastable molecule) component.
Integration of Nondestructive Techniques with Destructive Analyses to Study Postharvest Water Stress of Winegrapes

Red Cesanese grapes were harvested at 21 Brix. Berries were destemmed manually and placed in perforated plastic trays inside a small ventilated tunnel at 10°C with 1.5 m/sec of air flow, 10°C with 2.5 m/sec of air flow, and 20°C with 1.5 m/sec of airflow as a control. Relative humidity was 45%. The experiment was stopped at 20% berry weight loss, after 26, 22, and 16 days for 10°C at 1.5 m/sec, 10°C at 2.5 m/sec, and 20°C at 1.5 m/sec, respectively. Sugar content rose to 24–25 Brix. Carbon dioxide production from chilled berries under a higher air flow rate was constantly higher (~30%) than at a lower ventilation, and similar to that of the 20°C sample. Berries lost firmness (higher deformation), increased hue angle, and decreased chroma, regardless of treatment. Berries kept at a higher flow rate had magnetic resonance images similar to those of the berries kept at 20°C, with diffuse dark areas in the mesocarp. Analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase in the direction of the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde revealed significantly higher activity at 20°C than at 10°C at 20% of weight loss, and ethanol was lower. The fluorescence (Fα) pattern confirmed a different stress rate depending on temperature and flow rate. Near-infrared–acousto-optic tunable filter (NIR–AOTF) analysis revealed a different absorbance level at a specific wavelength range depending on the treatment and the rate of weight loss. A significant decrease in polyphenols occurred in 10°C samples. Flavonols and stilbenes increased significantly at 20°C, confirming a supposed higher rate of water stress at 20°C.
EFFECT OF ADDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OPTIFEED®, VêO® PREMIUM AND OLEOBIOTEC® TO THE DIETS AS APPETITE STIMULANTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF MALE BROILER UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITIONS

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding various levels of Optifeed®, VêO® premium and Oleobiotec® to the diets as appetitestimulant on the production and physiological performance of broiler males under heat stress conditions. The experiment was done for 42 days for the period from 30 of August 2018 to 11 of October 2018at the Poultry Research Station of the Livestock Research Department / Agricultural Research Department / Ministry of Agriculture (Baghdad Abu Ghraib). In this study, 270 -one day broiler male (Ross 308) were reared with mean body weight of 37 g/chick, distributed randomly on 18 pens with dimensions of 2 x 3 m(length x width). The experimental treatments involved six treatments with three replicates for each treatment (per replicate 15 chicks). The treatments were included T1: basal diet as a control with no additions, T2: basal diet + 500 g/ton of Optifeed®, T3:basal diet + 250 g/ton of VêO® premium , T4: basal diet + 250 g/ton of Oleobiotec®, T5: basal diet + 250 g of Optifeed® + 125 g of VêO®premium + 125 g of oleobiotec® /ton of feed, T6: basal diet + 500 gOptifeed® + 250 g VêO® premium + 250 g Oleobiotec® g/ton of feed. The obtained results showed that the supplemented treatments significantly (p  0.05) increased the performance characteristics during the period from 22 to 42 dayswhich consist of weight gain, relative growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio compared with the control treatment that achieved the lowest rate of production performance. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the experimental parameters and the control treatment in the blood cells and biochemistry parameters of the blood plasma ofbroiler male meat during the measured periods.
Theoretical prediction on heats of formation for polyisocyanocubanes : - Looking for typical high energetic density material (HEDM) ()

The heats of formation (HOF) for all the 21 polyisocyanocubanes are calculated systematically with density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP and semiempirical MO(MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3) methods. First, the accurate HOFs for the 8 title compounds are obtained by means of designed isodesmic reactions at DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* level, and the cubane cage skeleton has not been broken (i.e. choosing cubane as a reference compound) to produce more accurate and reliable results. It is found that there are good linear relationships between the HOFs calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G* and four semiempirical MO methods, respectively, and all of the linear correlation coefficients are more than 0.9971. The HOFs obtained from PM3 calculation are the best among the four semiempirical MO methods. Then, the accurate HOFs at B3LYP/6-31G* level of other 13 polyisocyanocubanes are obtained by systematically correcting their PM3-calculated HOFs. Polyisocyanocubanes have very high HOFs, and the HOFs increase linearly with the increasing of the number of isocyano groups in a molecule. The results show that polyisocyanocubanes are the new generation explosives with highly potential and exploitable value.
Changes in crystalline morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties with hydrolytic degradation of immiscible biodegradable PPDX/PCL blends

Immiscible blends of high molecular weight commercial poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDX) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared by melt mixing in a wide composition range. The materials were exposed to a hydrolysis medium (phosphate buffer kept at a constant pH of 7.2) at 37°C during 36 weeks. The change in weight of the samples as well as their thermal properties, morphology, spherulitic crystallization kinetics, and tensile properties were studied as a function of degradation time. As PCL does not experience weight loss during the entire degradation period explored here, weight loss was indicative of PPDX degradation only. The combined results of calorimetry, spherulitic texture, and spherulite growth kinetics allowed us to establish that the PPDX component in the blends experiences a much faster degradation rate than in neat PPDX. Such increase in degradation rate could be due to the larger surface area of PPDX component when it is dispersed in immiscible PCL. Nevertheless, the presence of PCL in the blends can extend the physical integrity of the samples in the degradation medium as well as their mechanical properties for longer periods of time as compared with neat PPDX. Therefore, the blends may be good candidates for replacing neat PPDX in specific applications requiring longer life time of the material. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
13·9%‐efficient CdTe polycrystalline thin‐film solar cells with an infrared transmission of ∼50%

To fabricate a high‐efficiency polycrystalline thin‐film tandem cell, the most critical work is to make a high‐efficiency top cell ( > 15%) with high bandgap (Eg = 1·5–1·8 eV) and high transmission (T > 70%) in the near‐infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The CdTe cell is one of the candidates for the top cell, because CdTe state‐of‐the‐art single‐junction devices with efficiencies of more than 16% are available, although its bandgap (1·48 eV) is slightly lower for a top cell in a current‐matched dual‐junction device. In this paper, we focus on the development of a: (1) thin, low‐bandgap CuxTe transparent back‐contact; and (2) modified CdTe device structure, including three novel materials: cadmium stannate transparent conducting oxide (TCO), ZnSnOx buffer layer, and nanocrystalline CdS:O window layer developed at NREL, as well as the high‐quality CdTe film, to improve transmission in the NIR region while maintaining high device efficiency. We have achieved an NREL‐confirmed 13·9%‐efficient CdTe transparent solar cell with an infrared transmission of ∼50% and a CdTe/CIS polycrystalline mechanically stacked thin‐film tandem cell with an NREL‐confirmed efficiency of 15·3%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online fiber-optic spectrophotometry

To improve the timeliness of chemical information and reduce the potential for personnel radiation exposure, the Savannah River Laboratory has developed online absorption spectrophotometers. Absorption spectrophotometers are rugged, precise instruments which, however, are susceptible to interference from other optically absorbing species and to changes in analyte absorbance due to different matrixes. Also, it is difficult and expensive to interface absorption spectrophotometers to SRP's radioactive processes. The fiber-optic spectrophotometer described solves these problems by combining three technologies: fiber optics, diode array spectrophotometers, and multivariate data analysis. A multiplexed fiber-optic light transmission system connects as many as ten process sample locations to a single remote spectrophotometer up to 100 meters distant. In addition to the sample locations, the spectrophotometer is also connected to reference and standard optical cells for online data validation and error checking. For each sample location, the spectrophotometer rapidly collects a series of absorption spectra from 300 to 820 nm. Spectra are tested for sample quality and integrity before analyte concentrations and residual spectra are computed from a multivariate model of the absorption characteristics of the chemical system. Residual spectra are tested to determine if any unknown interference or matrix effect may invalidate concentration results.
Preparation and Characterisation of Bimetallic Cobalt and Molybdenum Carbides

A series of mixed metal oxides CoxMo1−xOy have been prepared by calcination of a mechanical mixture of Co(NO3)2 and molybdenum oxide. They were carburised by temperature-programmed reactions using a C2H6/H2 gas mixture. The carburisation process was monitored with GC-MS. The catalytic performance of the resulting mixed metal carbide catalysts was evaluated for hydrodenitrogenation using pyridine as the model reactant. The oxide precursors and the catalysts have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectrum, infrared spectrum, 13C solid state NMR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data show that addition of cobalt to molybdenum oxide leads to both CoMoO4 and a new complex oxide phase. During the carburisation reaction, some oxides decompose and the initial cobalt oxide is first reduced to the metallic state, and this then catalyses the hydrogenolysis of ethane into methane, which further carburises molybdenum oxide. The presence of the cobalt oxide lowers the temperature required for the carburisation of pure molybdenum oxide. The Co0.2Mo0. 8Cx system is a homogeneous bimetallic carbide phase, but the Co0.4Mo0. 6Cx and Co0.5Mo0.5Cx systems contain impurity phases of Co metal, Co3C, and Mo2C. NMR spectra reveal that the face-centred cubic (fcc) carbide (MoC1−x) is the main phase present in the bimetallic carbide. The shape of the carbide particles become more regular as the Co content increases. Catalytic stability under hydrodenitrogenation conditions increases from Co0.2Mo0. 8Cx to Co0.4Mo0. 6Cx. However, when the Co content is increased to 0.5, the lifetime of the catalyst for pyridine HDN is greatly decreased and the surface symmetry of the carbide changes during the reaction.
Complex formation of calcium with humic acid and polyacrylic acid

Summary In order to understand the migration behavior of radionuclides in the underground, it is also important to estimate the effect of the competing cations originally present in the groundwater. In this connection, the complexation of Ca(II) with Aldrich humic acid has been examined. For the study at trace concentrations (∼10−10 M) of Ca(II), the solvent extraction of 45Ca with TTA and TOPO in cyclohexane has been used. At macro concentrations (10−4 M) of Ca(II), the measurement of the free Ca2+ ion concentration with a calcium selective electrode has been conducted. To estimate the polyelectrolyte effect of humic acid separately from its heterogeneous composition effect, polyacrylic acid ([-CH2CH(COOH)-]n) has been selected as a representative of the homogeneous polymeric weak acids and its complexation with Ca(II) has also been examined. The values of logβα have been obtained at pH 5∼7 in 0.1, 0.4 and 1.0 M NaCl, where βα is the apparent formation constants defined by βα=[ML]/([M][R]). In this definition, [ML] and [M] are the concentrations of bound and free Ca2+ respectively, [R] is the concentration of dissociated proton exchanging sites. logβα of humate decreases from 2.19∼2.92 (depending on pH and ionic strength 1.0 < I < 0.4) at pCa= 10 to 1.98∼2.44 at pCa = 4, while the variation of pCa has no appreciable influence on the logβα of polyacrylate (1.36∼3.24 for I=0.1∼1.0). For both humate and polyacrylate, logβα decreases linearly with log[Na+], where [Na+] is the bulk concentration of sodium ion. Their dependences of logβα on ionic strength are stronger than those of logβ of monomeric carboxylates such as oxalate and EDTA, indicating the large electrostatic effect of crowded negative charges on the macromolecules of humic or polyacrylic acid.
Efficacy of Different Cooling Methods for Capture-Induced Hyperthermia in Antelope

The capture of wild animals is a stressful event which may cause a capture-induced hyperthermia, resulting in morbidity or mortality. We investigated whether various cooling techniques were effective at lowering the body temperature of hyperthermic animals. To achieve this, we implanted miniature temperature-sensitive data loggers into the abdomens of 12 blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). Five animals were cooled by dousing with water of different temperatures (4°C, 17°C, 28°C) and fanning after dousing with 28°C water. Seven animals were cooled by ice-packs, a fine mist spray of 28°C water, intravenous (IV) infusion of one litre of 4°C saline solution or 28°C water-dousing. The body temperature after capture was significantly elevated to as high as 41 °C to 42°C. Water-dousing interventions significantly decreased minimum body temperature but there was no difference in the minimum body temperature reached or the magnitude of cooling between the different water temperatures or by the addition of fanning. The ice-packs also lowered body temperature, whereas mist spraying did not. The use of ice packs and dousing with water between 4°C and 28°C were the most effective techniques to reduce capture-induced hyperthermia in blesbok. Water-dousing, when done appropriately, is the most practical and effective method to cool an animal with capture-induced hyperthermia.
EFFECT OF TILLER REMOVAL ON ION CONTENT IN MAINSTEM AND SUBTILLERS OF SPRING WHEAT UNDER MODERATE SALINITY

The reduction in tiller number is a major reason for a decrease in grain yield of wheat. Thus, we hypothesize that the limiting growth of tillering of wheat plant under saline conditions may be due to a different distribution of ions among tillers, which may be tested by tiller removal. Two contrasting spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were subjected to five levels of detillering treatments under saline or non-saline conditions grown in a greenhouse. Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl−), and nitrate (NO3 −) concentrations in the top leaves of tillers were determined at plant maturity. Regardless of genotypes, the moderate salinity significantly increased the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the top leaves and the decreased NO3 − in the mainstem, subtillers and whole plant. Potassium and Ca2+ concentrations in leaves were not affected or slightly increased by salinity. Under moderate salinity, Na+ and/or Ca2+ concentrations in mainstem, subtillers and the whole plant were increased with a decrease in tiller removal for both genotypes, while there was almost no effect of tiller removal on Cl− and NO3 − concentration. The tiller removal increased the tolerance of wheat to tissue Na+ content, especially for the salt sensitive genotype. Thus, the salt-specific effects in wheat plant could be alleviated by fewer tillers per plant through the removal for the salt-sensitive genotype. However, our study did not show the competition for the mineral nutrients among tillers under saline conditions. Thus, we speculate that there is a competition for photoassimilates among the tillers under saline conditions, especially for the salt sensitive genotype, which needs to be investigated further.
RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA TO NITROGEN SOURCES UNDER SALINITY STRESS

A hypothesis that nitrogen (N) nutrition moderates the sensitivity of plants to salinity (S) was tested in a greenhouse experiment by exposing the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants to four salinity levels (control, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m−1) and three forms of N, i.e., nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and a control. The pot experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) using three replications. The interaction between S × N demonstrated that salinity had significantly reduced plant growth, root length, water use efficiency, branches plant−1, grain yield plant−1 by increasing the root: shoot ratio irrespective of N form as compared to the control. Reduction in general, due to the form of N, was less in plants fed with NH4NO3 as compared with sole sources of N or control. Combined application of N had less reduction of absolute growth rate, water use efficiency, grain yield plant−1 at higher salinity level. The difference amongst N forms on the braches plant−1 was negligible, while root: shoot ratio was less affected in plots treated with NH4 form of N. These results suggested that combined use of N forms can minimize the reduction in plant growth probably by better control over the excessive accumulation of sodium, calcium, potash, sulfate, and chloride, which normally occur with applications of N as solely NO3 or NH4.
Effect of Drying on Color, Proximate Composition and Drying Kinetics of Sliced Chestnuts

In the present work, dried sliced chestnuts (Judia and Longal varieties), product with an increased shelf life, low calorie and gluten-free contents, were prepared. The effect of air convective drying on the drying kinetics, color and proximate composition of sliced chestnuts was evaluated. Even though significant differences in nutritional composition were found between both varieties at the beginning, the drying behaviors were similar; however, Judia dried at a slightly faster rate than Longal. The use of Page, two-term, and modified Henderson and Pabis models fitted well the experimental data (adjusted R2 > 0.999). With drying, slight variations in color were observed for both varieties and only moisture content decreased significantly. The obtained product retained all chemical composition, and due to the low caloric value (367 kcal/100 g product), low fat and gluten-free contents of chestnut slices, this can be an interesting substitute to other high-calorie snacks available in the market. Practical Applications The chestnut fruit is increasingly popular among consumers. The fruit is usually sold fresh or frozen while smaller fruits are generally rejected by industries. So, it is very important to find alternatives to valorize these fruits. Moreover, consumers search for healthy and easy-to-consume food. Chestnut follow these requisites, being a nut with interesting properties due to its low fat content, high levels of starch (sugar of slow absorption) and significant amounts of fibers. Furthermore, it is a gluten-free nut, ideal for celiac patients. On the other hand, the majority of snacks in the market are rich in fat and are made from wheat flour. So, the development of snacks based on chestnut would be innovative. This study intends to provide information on the effect of drying on color, nutritional composition and drying kinetics of sliced chestnut in order to obtain a healthy and low-calorie content snack.
New Trends in Dentin Bonding: Treatment with chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, vitaminc C and green tea

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of dentin treated with chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, vitamin C and green tea. Material and Methods: The roots of 50 bovine teeth were removed and buccal coronal dentin was exposed. After acid-etching, the specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 10), according to the dentin treatment strategy: CO - untreated dentin; CHX - treated with 2 wt% chlorhexidine for 30 sec; HA - treated with 1 wt% hyaluronic acid for 30 sec; VC - treated with 10 wt% vitamin C for 30 sec; GT - treated a 1% green tea extract for 30 sec. Adper Single Bond was then applied to the treated according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The specimens were restored with a 4-mm thick layer of the resin composite, which was polymerized for 40 sec. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and sectioned into 1x1 mm 2 sticks containing the adhesive interface. Microtensile bond strength testing was performed with a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min. Results: The results were analyzed with one-factor ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. GT group presented the highest values bond strength (29.4±3.1)a, but no significant difference compared to the other experimental groups HA(26.7±3.1)ab, CHX(25.4±2.6)ab and VC(22.4±6.0)b. Bond strengths of experimental groups were not significantly different from the CO. Conclusion: Immediate bond strength was preserved after acid-etched dentin was treated. Keywords: Chlorhexidine. Hyaluronic acid. Vitamin C. Green tea. Bond strength.
Fault identification in crystalline silicon PV modules by complementary analysis of the light and dark current–voltage characteristics

This article proposes a fault identification method, based on the complementary analysis of the light and dark current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the photovoltaic (PV) module, to distinguish between four important degradation modes that lead to power loss in PV modules: (i) degradation of the electrical circuit of the PV module (cell interconnect breaks; corrosion of the junction box, module cables, and connectors); (ii) mechanical damage to the solar cells (cell microcracks and fractures); (iii) potential‐induced degradation (PID) sustained by the module; and (iv) optical losses affecting the module (soiling, shading, and discoloration). The premise of the proposed method is that different degradation modes affect the light and dark I–V characteristics of the PV module in different ways, leaving distinct signatures. This work focuses on identifying and correlating these specific signatures present in the light and dark I–V measurements to specific degradation modes; a number of new dark I–V diagnostic parameters are proposed to quantify these signatures. The experimental results show that these dark I–V diagnostic parameters, complemented by light I–V performance and series‐resistance measurements, can accurately detect and identify the four degradation modes discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.