Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses of the East Asian winter monsoon to global warming in CMIP5 models

This paper studies how the anthropogenic‐induced global warming affects the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) by using 26 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models. The simulated present‐day EAWM is evaluated and future projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are presented in terms of the climatology and interannual variability. All 26 models can well reproduce the spatial pattern of EAWM climatology and 16 out of the 26 models can reasonably capture major features of interannual variability. The projection made by 26‐model ensemble mean indicate that winter surface air temperature averaged over 20°–60°N, 100°–140°E will increase by 3 °C in RCP4.5 and 5.5 °C in RCP8.5 towards the end of the 21st century. The corresponding regional mean precipitation will increase by 12.3% in RCP4.5 and 21.8% in RCP8.5. The strong warming over high‐latitude North Pacific due to melting sea ice in the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea leads to significant intensification and a northward shift of the Aleutian Low, resulting in prominent increase in the low‐level northerly along the coastal regions of northeastern Asia. At 500 hPa the characteristic East Asian Trough is projected to weaken slightly and tilt more eastward with latitude. The selected 16‐model ensemble mean projects future enhanced interannual variability of surface air temperature and sea‐level pressure over mid‐latitude North Pacific and high‐latitude East Asia (EA) and reduced variability over eastern China, suggesting that the EAWM will be more variable in the high‐latitude EA and mid‐latitude North Pacific but less variable in East China. Accordingly, the year‐to‐year precipitation variability will be significantly enhanced over high‐latitude EA. Majority of the 26 models project that the leading mode of EAWM interannual variation (the ‘northern mode’) will become more dominant in the warmer climate.
Conceptual Modelling to Assess Hydrological Impacts and Evaluate Environmental Flow Scenarios in Montane River Systems Regulated for Hydropower

To improve understanding of natural and managed flow regimes in data‐sparse regulated river systems in montane areas, the commonly used Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) conceptual run‐off model was adapted to incorporate water regulation components. The extended model was then applied to the heavily regulated river Lyon (391 km2) in Scotland to reconstruct the natural flow regime and to assess the impacts of regulation at increasing spatial scales. Multi‐criteria model evaluation demonstrated that the model performed well in capturing the dominant catchment processes and regulation effects, especially at the timescales at which operation rules apply. The main change as a result of regulation in the river Lyon is a decrease in inter‐annual and intra‐annual variability of all elements of the flow regime, in terms of magnitude, frequency, and duration. Although these impacts are most pronounced directly downstream of the impoundments, the regulation effects propagate throughout the river system. The modelling approach is flexible and widely applicable and only limited amounts of data are required. Moreover, results are easily communicated to stakeholders. It has the potential to contribute to the development of flow regimes that may be more beneficial to the ecological status of rivers. In the case of the river Lyon, it is likely that this involves a more variable release regime. The approach developed here provides a tool for assessing impacts on flow regimes and informing environmental flows in other data‐sparse regions with heavily regulated montane river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory and Atmospheric Vortext Instabilities

Mesoscale atmospheric vortices such as dust devils, tornadoes and fire whirls may be modelled in the laboratory if the similarity requirement of equal advance angles of the upward swirling flow is preserved. Theoretical analysis shows that linear vortices are stable even for large pertubations near their base. However, they become unstable to small downstream perturbations which change the relative advance angle to about 68 . Laboratory experiments which have preserved similarity to large ambient vortices have demonstrated destructive instability. They suggest that flow pertubations introduced by appropriate cloud seeding could destroy tornadoes.
Relative dominance of hydrologic versus biogeochemical factors on solute export across impact gradients

Many processes lead to variability of catchment concentration‐discharge relationships, but exports of geogenic (weathering derived) solutes and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus species) from agricultural basins display relatively constant concentrations despite large variations in streamflow. These “chemostatic” responses are hypothesized to arise when a large mass store, the parent material for geogenics or chemically recalcitrant legacies of fertilization in agricultural catchments, buffers concentration variability. This hypothesis implies that (1) chemostatic behavior should be a general response to elevated external inputs to a catchment and (2) chemostatic behavior should be predictable from theory. Data‐ and model‐based analyses were used to explore these hypotheses. We evaluated concentration variability relative to discharge (expressed as the ratio of the coefficients of variation of concentration and flow, or CVC/CVQ) across a gradient of increasing exported load, as a proxy for an external impact gradient. The CVC/CVQ of multiple solutes declined with increasing exported load. Exceptions included the geogenic solutes, which showed chemostatic responses for all sites, phosphorus, and some nitrogen species. Nitrate showed a suggestive pattern in CVC/CVQ with export, but further data are needed to confirm its generality. A simple model of runoff generation and solute export suggested that the decline in CVC/CVQ arises if the internal mass store is distributed homogeneously in space and there is sufficient time for mass transfer to reach steady state between runoff events. Export from catchments may become more predictable in impacted watersheds, simplifying water quality prediction but inducing strong hysteresis in recovery and making restoration efforts challenging.
Rain Microphysical Budget in the Tropical Deep Convective Regime: A 2-D Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study

The rain microphysical budget associated with precipitation in the tropical deep convective regime is investigated through the analysis of grid-scale data from a 1.5-km-mesh two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation forced by large-scale forcing from tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment. The rain grids are partitioned into several types based on the rain microphysical budget, and relationships between rainfall types and vertical profiles of vertical momentum, water vapor, and cloud hydrometeors are examined. Over 67% of the total rainfall is associated with the net rain source, in which the collection of cloud water by rain is greater than the melting of precipitation ice to rain in the presence of upward motions throughout the troposphere. Over 26% of the total rainfall is related to downward motions in the lower troposphere, leading to the melting of precipitation ice as a major term in the production of precipitation. About 15% of the total rainfall corresponds to dynamic hydrometeor advection only.
Assessment of the hydraulic slope flow approach using a mesoscale model

The simplified hydraulic two-layer model for a katabatic flow is analysed using the outputs from a high-resolution mesoscale simulation. A stably stratified night is simulated for the Duero basin, a complex terrain area located in the northern Spanish plateau, with large vertical and horizontal spatial resolution. Well-defined katabatic flows on the basin slopes are generated by the simulation, that are relatively stationary and quasi-bidimensional for some areas in the central part of the night.The bulk quantities used in the two-layer approach as well as the different terms in the equations are computed from the three-dimensional information provided by the mesoscale simulation. This method allows to inspect how well the simplified approach represents the katabatic flow generated by the mesoscale model. The study shows that the hydraulic model allows for a comprehensive analysis of the basic mechanisms of the slope flows but is not able to close the budget equations, since the residuals are large.
Satellite-observed variability and trend in sea-ice extent, surface temperature, albedo and clouds in the Arctic

Abstract Recent observations of a decreasing ice extent and a possible thinning of the ice cover in the Arctic make it imperative that detailed studies of the current Arctic environment are made, especially since the region is known to be highly sensitive to a potential change in climate. A continuous dataset of microwave, thermal infrared and visible satellite data has been analyzed for the first time to concurrently study in spatial detail the variability of the sea-ice cover, surface temperature, albedo and cloud statistics in the region from 1987 to 1998. Large warming anomalies during the last four years (i.e. 1995−98) are indeed apparent and spatially more extensive than previous years. The largest surface temperature anomaly occurred in 1998, but this was confined mainly to the western Arctic and the North American continent, while cooling occurred in other areas. The albedo anomalies show good coherence with the sea-ice concentration anomalies except in the central region, where periodic changes in albedo are observed, indicative of interannual changes in duration and areal extent of melt ponding and snow-free ice cover. The cloud-cover anomalies are more difficult to interpret, but are shown to be well correlated with the expected warming effects of clouds on the sea-ice surface. The results from trend analyses of the data are consistent with a general warming trend and an ice-cover retreat that appear to be even larger during the last dozen years than those previously reported.
Seasonal to multiyear variability of glacier surface velocity, terminus position, and sea ice/ice mélange in northwest Greenland

Glacier ice discharge, which depends on ice velocity and terminus fluctuations, is a primary component of Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss. Some research suggests that ice mélange influences terminus calving, in turn affecting glacier velocity. The details and broad spatiotemporal consistency of these relationships, however, is undetermined. Focusing on 16 northwestern Greenland glaciers during 2009 through summer 2014, we examined seasonal surface velocity changes, glacier terminus position, and sea ice and ice mélange conditions. For a longer‐term analysis, we also produced extended records of four glaciers from 1999 to 2014. There is a strong correspondence between seasonal near‐terminus sea ice/mélange conditions and terminus change, with rigid ice mélange conditions associated with advance and open water associated with retreat. Extended sea ice‐free periods and reduced rigid mélange are also linked with anomalously large terminus retreat. In all but one case, sustained multiyear retreat of greater than 1 km during both the 15 year and 6 year records was accompanied by interannual velocity increases. Seasonal velocity patterns, however, correspond more strongly with runoff changes than terminus behavior. Projections of continued warming and longer sea ice‐free periods around Greenland indicate that notable retreat over wide areas may continue. This sustained retreat likely will contribute to multiyear speedup. Longer melt seasons and earlier breakup of mélange may also alter the timing of seasonal ice flow variability.
A vehicle classification system based on microwave radar measurement of height profiles

We consider a new system for classification of vehicles. The proposed system uses the vehicle shape as measured by a microwave radar sensor as the main feature for classification. The sensor is mounted above the road surface (perpendicular to the ground plane), so that vehicles pass vertically below the sensor. The surface of a typical vehicle can be approximated as a finite number of planes, most of which (such as roof, bonnet and body) are nearly parallel to the ground plane. When a narrow radar beam from the sensor illuminates the vehicle from above, all the relevant scatterers on the vehicle surface are at approximately the same distance to the antenna and they can be lumped together as one dominant scatterer. Using signal correlation techniques, a high-resolution measurement of the sensor-vehicle distance is repeatedly performed during vehicle passage through the vertical radar beam. This time series of distance estimates forms the vehicle radar image a, which is used to create the vehicle feature vector to be used as input to the vehicle classification algorithm.
Structure of turbulent flow in a meander bend of a lowland river

The effects of channel curvature on turbulent flow in meander bends have been the main focus of extensive experimental and theoretical research hitherto. This paper is motivated by growing evidence that riffle‐pool morphology in bends can also have strong implications for the flow structure. Flow in a bend of a lowland river with a shallow riffle and a deep pool is examined in this study by using the results of field measurements. In the study, reach flow is quasi‐uniform in the riffle. In the pool, two layers compose the vertical structure of flow with a quasi‐uniform flow near the riverbed. The upper layer is affected by lateral advection of fluid with low momentum from the inner bank that results in reduced tangential velocities, submergence of velocity maximum, and almost zero shear stress. Bed shear stress is estimated from the local profiles of turbulent shear stress and is shown to comply with values computed with the modified length scale. The maximum bed shear stress is situated in the riffle while theoretical considerations based on the effect of curvature suggest the pool as the most probable location of the maximum. This fact supports the hypothesis that the effects of riffle‐pool morphology are dominant for the study reach. The study contributes to the clarification of up‐scaling results from laboratory experiments to natural rivers by providing a detailed analysis of turbulence profiles. It shows that parameters of turbulence profiles, scaled with the proper velocity and length scales, are similar to those reported by previous experimental studies for open‐channel flow.
Crustal structure of the outer Vøring Plateau, offshore Norway, from ocean bottom seismic and gravity data

Four ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) profiles acquired across the continent-ocean transition zone of the outer Voring Plateau have been modeled by inversion and forward modeling of the OBS vertical component traces (P waves). The thickness of the sedimentary layers deposited since the early Eocene continental breakup varies from up to 2.2 km above the basaltic inner flows (IF) to a minimum of 0.2 km about 20 km seaward of the Voring Escarpment (VE), with a velocity of 1.6–2.55 km/s. The thickness of the uppermost layer of basalt varies from 0.5 to 4.5 km, and its velocity ranges from 3.4 to 5 km/s. The modeling of the two dip profiles suggests that strongly intruded preopening sedimentary rocks extend ∼40 km seaward of the VE. Farther seaward, another layer of extrusives/intrusives is found beneath the uppermost layer of basalt. The lateral variations in velocity in the main crustal layer along the dip profiles indicate that the continent/ocean transition extends over a 30–50 km wide zone in between (strike) profile 3 (oceanic; 6.6–7.35 km/s) and (strike) profile 4 (continental; 6.1–7.0 km/s). An up to 7 km thick lower crustal high-velocity body (7.1–7.4 km/s) is interpreted in terms of intrusions in the lower crust beneath and landward of the continent/ocean transition. The total thickness of the normal oceanic crust is estimated to be 7–9 km, the anomalously thick oceanic crust reaches a maximum thickness of about 25 km, and the crustal thickness is estimated to be 17–22 km beneath the IF. Gravity modeling of the profiles confirmed all main aspects of the velocity models and provided constraints on the crustal structures toward the ends of the profiles where the ray coverage was low.
Reciprocal organization of the cerebral hemispheres

The cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and neurophysiologically asymmetrical. The evolutionary basis for these differences remains uncertain. There are, however, highly consistent differences between the hemispheres, evident in reptiles, birds, and mammals, as well as in humans, in the nature of the attention each applies to the environment. This permits the simultaneous application of precisely focused, but narrow, attention, needed for grasping food or prey, with broad, open, and uncommitted attention, needed to watch out for predators and to interpret the intentions of conspecifics. These different modes of attention can account for a very wide range of repeated observations relating to hemisphere specialization, and suggest that hemisphere differences lie not in discrete functional domains as such, but distinct modes of functioning within any one domain. These modes of attention are mutually incompatible, and their application depends on inhibitory transmission in the corpus callosum. There is also an asymmetry of interaction between the hemispheres at the phenomenological level.
AngioMatrix, a signature of the tumor angiogenic switch-specific matrisome, correlates with poor prognosis for glioma and colorectal cancer patients

Angiogenesis represents a rate-limiting step during tumor progression. Targeting angiogenesis is already applied in cancer treatment, yet limits of anti-angiogenic therapies have emerged, notably because tumors adapt and recur after treatment. Therefore, there is a strong need to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor angiogenesis. Using the RIP1-Tag2 transgenic murine model, we identified 298 genes that are deregulated during the angiogenic switch, revealing an ingression/expansion of specific stromal cell types including endothelial cells and pericytes, but also macrophages and perivascular mesenchymal cells. Canonical TGF-β signaling is up-regulated during the angiogenic switch, especially in tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts. The matrisome, comprising extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated molecules, is significantly enriched, which allowed us to define the AngioMatrix signature as the 110 matrisomal genes induced during the RIP1-Tag2 angiogenic switch. Several AngioMatrix molecules were validated at expression level. Ablation of tenascin-C, one of the most highly induced ECM molecules during the switch, resulted in reduced angiogenesis confirming its important role. In human glioma and colorectal samples, the AngioMatrix signature correlates with the expression of endothelial cell markers, is increased with tumor progression and finally correlates with poor prognosis demonstrating its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
Surface Geology of Dammam Dome, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

The Dammam dome, located in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia, is an oval-shaped structure with a 9-mi-long major axis trending N30-40°W and covering an area of about 60 sq mi. Superimposed on the dome are several folds and slump blocks. Slumping is believed to be primarily the result of undercutting of softer sediments. No faults were noted at the surface, but faulting at depth is not precluded. Sediments ranging in age from early Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed at the surface of the dome. They consist of a thin sequence of Umm Er Radhuma Formation dolomites at the base, overlain by a full section of Rus Formation composed of dolomites; dolomitic limestones with quartz, calcite geodes, and marls; and toward the top of the formation, soft, white, chalky beds with minor calcarenitic limestone and gypsiferous shale. The Dammam Formation overlies the Rus and is widely exposed along the rimrock encircling the dome, with scattered exposures within the dome itself. The Dammam Formation consists of the Midra and Saila Shale Members at its base, followed by the Alveolina Limestone Member, and the Khobar Member marl and nummulitic limestone. Miocene Dam sediments unconformably ove lie the Eocene. They consist of an algal-coralline-molluscan reef complex at Jabal Umm Er Rus, the highest topographic point on the dome, and they grade into molluscan-rich calcarenites and calcirudites with subordinate stromatolites and argillaceous limestone on the western flank, as at Jabals Midra al-Janubi and Shamali. The uppermost Dam beds exposed at these two localities on the summit cliffs consist of microcrystalline dense limestone.
Simulating the thermochemical magmatic and tectonic evolution of Venus's mantle and lithosphere: Two-dimensional models

[1] Numerical convection models of the thermochemical evolution of Venus are compared to present-day topography and geoid and recent resurfacing history. The models include melting, magmatism, decaying heat-producing elements, core cooling, realistic temperature-dependent viscosity and either stagnant lid or episodic lithospheric overturn. In stagnant lid convection the dominant mode of heat loss is magmatic heat pipe, which requires massive magmatism and produces very thick crust, inconsistent with observations. Partitioning of heat-producing elements into the crust helps but does not help enough. Episodic lid overturn interspersed by periods of quiescence effectively loses Venus's heat while giving lower rates of volcanism and a thinner crust. Calculations predict 5–8 overturn events over Venus's history, each lasting ∼150 Myr, initiating in one place and then spreading globally. During quiescent periods convection keeps the lithosphere thin. Magmatism keeps the mantle temperature ∼constant over Venus's history. Crustal recycling occurs by entrainment in stagnant lid convection, and by lid overturn in episodic mode. Venus-like amplitudes of topography and geoid can be produced in either stagnant or episodic modes, with a viscosity profile that is Earth-like but shifted to higher values. The basalt density inversion below the olivine-perovskite transition causes compositional stratification around 730 km; breakdown of this layering increases episodicity but far less than episodic lid overturn. The classical stagnant lid mode with interior temperature ∼rheological temperature scale lower than TCMB is not reached because mantle temperature is controlled by magmatism while the core cools slowly from a superheated start. Core heat flow decreases with time, possibly shutting off the dynamo, particularly in episodic cases.