Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of layers fed diets containing different oils

A trial was carried out at the Animal Science Department of the Federal University of Vicosa to evaluate the performance of heavy and light layers. During four periods of twenty-eight days, 432 layers in the second production cycle, being 216 Hy Line W36 (light birds) and 216 Hy Line Brown (heavy birds), were used. A completely randomized experimental design with a 1+(4x2x2) factorial arrangement (one control treatment, four oil sources, two inclusion levels, and two genetic lines) with four replicates of six birds per experimental unit, was applied. The treatments consisted of diets containing 16.5% crude protein, formulated to supply the nutritional requirements, and the inclusion of each oil source at 2 or 4%. Soybean, canola, linseed and fish oils were used. The control diet did not contain any oil. The studied parameters were: feed intake (g/hen/day), egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g/hen/day), feed conversion ratio (kg feed /dozen of eggs and per kg eggs). Oil levels and sources did not influence egg mass, feed conversion ratio (per kg eggs and dozen eggs), or egg production. During the first three periods, independently of oil source or genetics, eggs from layers fed 4% oil were the heaviest, except for those of light birds fed soybean oil during the third period, which egg weight was similar for the 2 and 4% levels. Light layers presented lower feed intake and better feed conversion ratio (per kg eggs and dozen eggs) as compared to heavy layers, and there was no influence of the evaluated oil sources on feed intake.
Heritability and Genetic Relationships for Drought‐Related Traits in Peanut

Water-use efficiency is often genetically correlated with specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf C isotopic composition (d13C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on SLA, d13C, harvest index (HI), and yield and to estimate heritability and the genetic relationships. Fifteen genotypes were tested at two locations with different drought intensities for 2 yr. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis based on yield data divided eight environments (locations × treatments × years) into four clusters, which reflected a gradient in drought stress, indicating yield trait is a good indication of drought stress. The genotype Exp8-12 was identified as a best drought tolerant germplasm across environments. Heritability estimates for HI (0.68 to 0.89) and d13C (0.75 to 0.89) were higher than those for SLA (0.31 to 0.88) and yield (0.12 to 0.65). A positive but small genetic correlation coefficient (rg) (0.26) was found between HI and yield, and low to moderate rg (0.14 to 0.55) were observed between HI and SLA. A relative high negative genetic correlation rg (-0.81 to -0.57) was found between d13C and yield. In theory, the high heritability and no G×E interaction for d13C make it possible a surrogate that can be used to assess drought tolerance in peanut breeding.
Factors influencing the lactic acid-producing properties of streptococci used in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese: II. Observations relating susceptibility with insusceptibility

1. Continuous growth of lactic acid streptococci in autoclaved milk allows strains, originally insusceptible, to become susceptible to inhibition by raw milk. 2. Variants of the original organisms, the growth of which is inhibited in raw milk but not in autoclaved milk, appear to predominate in strains maintained in autoclaved milk. 3. The time required to allow these changes to occur in autoclaved milk varies with the strains used.
The carrying angle of the human arm as a secondary sex character

Considerable interest in the surface anatomy of the human body has been stimulated in recent years by investigations on human constitution. Among the numerous criteria used in determining body type has been the carrying angle of the arm. When the forearm is completely extended and supinated, as in carrying an object, it is not in line with the arm, but is deflected laterally. This lateral deflection has been referred to variously as the carrying or cubital angle. The lateral deflection of the forearm has been considered as a seconda ry sex character, since it is generally believed to be greater in the female tliaii in the male. A survey of the literature reveals four papers which have contributed data bearing on this problem: Potter (1895), Mall ('05), Nagel ('07), and Fick ('11). None of these series exceeded thirty individuals except the cases reported by Potter, who unfortunately published only the averages he obtained. Therefore, the present authors believe that it is of value to present the following data procured from a group of more adequate size.
Assemblage Structure of Eastern Pacific Groundfishes on the U.S. Continental Slope in Relation to Physical and Environmental Variables

Abstract We analyzed data from the National Marine Fisheries Service continental slope trawl surveys (1999–2002) to examine patterns in eastern Pacific groundfish assemblage structure in relation to longitude, latitude, depth, temperature, and interannual variation. The slope surveys spanned approximately 32–48°N and 200–1,200-m depths. We focused on the 26 most abundant species, which made up more than 95% of the catch in terms of biomass. Assemblage structure was strongly correlated with depth and latitude. For the most part, changes in assemblage structure appeared to be fairly continuous, although there were more-abrupt changes at approximately 500–600 m and in the vicinity of Point Conception and Cape Mendocino, California, and Cape Blanco, Oregon. There was also an interaction between depth and latitude; more northerly sites had deeper scores on the canonical axes than did more southerly sites of comparable depth. Shallower sites also showed more variation in assemblage structure with latitude than .
Demographic analysis of human resources in Nigerian Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

The study analysed a directory of human resources in Nigerian Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Results showed that the South West zone contributed 39.4% distantly followed by South-South with 17.6%, Central zone with 17. 2%, South East 13.5% , North East 7% and North West 5.4%. The active working age group falls within 31 - 50 years forming 79%. The profession is male dominated with 81.7% and female forming 18.3%. About 70.6% of the Scientists have M.Sc. and Ph.D. Employment in the profession is government dependent forming 94%. Key words : Demography, Human Resources, Fisheries, Aquatic Sciences Journal of Aquatic Sciences Vol.17(1) 2002: 63-65
Female wolverine (Gulo gulo) reproduction: reproductive costs and winter food availability

An individual has only a given amount of resources, and therefore an increase in one demographic trait results in a trade-off that necessitates a decrease in a different demographic trait. In general, the main factor determining an individual mammal's reproductive investment is food supply. This study addresses how female wolverine (Gulo gulo (L., 1758)) reproduction is limited. I tested two complementary hypotheses: (1) current reproduction is affected by the costs of reproduction in the preceding year and (2) current reproduction is affected by food availability in the current winter. I addressed the first hypothesis by comparing reproductive rates of females in relation to their reproductive effort in the preceding year. I experimentally tested the second hypothesis by comparing reproductive rates of food-supplemented females versus non-supplemented females. Reproduction incurred costs on female wolverines that affected future reproduction, and reproductive costs appeared to be related to the duration .
Reply: Hepatitis C virus genotype 2/3 patients who can receive an abbreviated course of peginterferon/ribavirin: The important role of initial ribavirin doses

We read with great interest the article by Petta et al. The compound 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) was reported as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (by a decreased expression of profibrotic markers, and an increased expression of antifibrotic markers) despite the fact that its real pathological pathway is still not clear. Incubation of the multipotent mesenchymal cell with 25(OH)D3 also resulted in antiproliferative and antiapoptotic processes. Therefore, the lower levels of 25(OH)D3 in liver with greater fibrosis is understandable. Lower cholesterol and lower 25(OH)D3 levels, along with greater steatosis, were found to be risk factors affecting sustained virological response (SVR) as seen in recent studies. The stage of fibrosis was found to be a risk factor for SVR not only in hepatitis C virus (HCV) alone, but also in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and HCV, in contrast to the results of the current article. Moreover, age, sex, and body mass index were also described as predictors for SVR in patients infected with HCV, in contrast to the current study. These challenging results could be related in the methodologic differences between the present study and recent studies, or mistakes could have happened during the sampling and/or analyzing periods. For example, SVR was reached in the half the male patients, whereas it was reached in just one-third of the females, results which are also different from the recent data. The patients in the study may also be infected with an unknown subgroup of HCV, which could explain these patients’ characteristics.
Administration of a PPARα agonist increases serum apolipoprotein A-V levels and the apolipoprotein A-V/apolipoprotein C-III ratio Published, JLR Papers in Press, May 16, 2005. DOI 10.1194/jlr.C500010-JLR200

Apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) first gained attention as a regulator of triglycerides through transgenic mouse studies. Furthermore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonists such as fenofibrate increase apoA-V mRNA expression. Our group recently developed the first assay to quantitate serum apoA-V levels. Therefore, we sought to determine whether administration of a PPARα agonist would increase circulating apoA-V. Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed for 14 days with 0.3 mg/kg/day LY570977 l-lysine, a potent and selective PPARα agonist. Blood samples were drawn throughout the treatment period and after a 2 week washout. Administration of the PPARα agonist caused a 50% decrease in triglycerides that reversed at washout. Serum apoA-V concentrations increased 2-fold, correlated inversely with triglycerides, and were reversible at washout. The apoA-V/apoC-III ratio increased >2-fold, with this increase also reversible at washout. These data demonstrate for the first time that a PPARα agonist increases circulating apoA-V protein levels and the apoA-V/apoC-III ratio.
Nutrient composition of selected fresh and processed fish species from lake Malawi: a nutritional possibility for people living with HIV/AIDS

Nutrition is important for both healthy and sick people. Unfortunately for sick people, especially those living with HIV/AIDS, the emphasis has mostly been on drugs at the expense of nutritional aspects. People living with HIV/AIDS and related diseases need a lot of protein and energy-rich foods together with vitamins and minerals. Fish are particularly rich in these nutrients. In Malawi, fish are harvested in large numbers and to avoid deterioration, some are smoked, sun dried or partially boiled and then sun dried. Since the nutrient contents of the fresh and processed fish may differ, a study was carried out on four different fresh and processed fish species (Copadichromis inornatus, Rhamphochromis ferox, Engraulicypris sardella and Oreochromis lidole) in order to determine which species was the more nutritive. The results showed that E. sardella and C. inornatus species, fresh or processed, had relatively higher (P < 0.001) protein content (58.22 ± 0.6% and 57.78 ± 0.7% respectively), fat (25.2 ± 1.2 and 22.08 ± 0.4% respectively), energy (24086.7 ± 151.7 J/g and 22204.9 ± 84.7 J/g respectively) than either R. ferox or O. lidole. Although the R. ferox species had lower protein, fat and energy than E. sardella or C. inornatus, this species had higher available lysine content. Calcium and magnesium contents of E. sardella and C. inornatus were however, slightly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the other two species. There were variations between and within the species for all parameters analysed. The results obtained in this work suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi can best build their muscle and get more energy and minerals from the E. sardella and C. inornatus fish species. It would therefore be recommended that appropriate technologies for improving the availability and productivity of such fish should be developed and tested for people living with HIV/AIDS or affected households. However, it is suggested that a larger group of the commonly available fish species should be analysed so as to offer a wider choice to consumers.
Complementarity effects drive positive diversity effects on biomass production in experimental benthic diatom biofilms

1. Positive effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning have often been demonstrated in ‘macrobial’ communities. This relation and the responsible mechanisms are far less clear for microbial communities. Most experimental studies on microorganisms have used randomly assembled communities that do not resemble natural communities. It is therefore difficult to predict the consequences of realistic, non‐random diversity loss.
Survival and cause-specific mortality of adult raccoons in central Mississippi

The raccoon (Procyon lotor) provides recreational, aesthetic, and economic benefits throughout its range. Knowledge of survival and cause-specific mortality is necessary to understand dynamics of raccoon populations and enable effective management. Additionally, sportsmen in many Southeastern states have expressed interest in a summer raccoon hunting season; however, information on effects of summer hunting on raccoon survival and cause-specific mortality are unavailable. Consequently, we radiotracked 176 adult raccoons in central Mississippi during 1991-97. Annual survival differed (P = 0.031) between males (0.63 ± 0.09; x ± SE) and females (0.50 ± 0.10). Annual survival varied among years for males (P < 0.01), but not for females (P = 0.117). Cause of death was known for 55% of raccoon mortalities; legal harvest accounted for most (58%) known deaths. Annual survival did not differ (P = 0.356) between raccoons in the summer hunting (0.60 ± 0.06) and control (0.69 ± 0.06) areas. However, patterns of mortality varied between the summer hunting and control areas (P < 0.001), and seasonally (P = 0.003). Our data suggest implementing a summer raccoon ting season with conservative bag limits will not reduce raccoon populations by reducing annual survival.
Asian Gypsy Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in North America: Evidence from Molecular Data

Gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. , were accidentally introduced into the United States from Europe more than a century ago and have become a major forest pest in eastern North America. Recently, concern has arisen over possible establishment of gypsy moths of Asian origin in western North America. Because Asian moths have distinctive ecological and behavioral characteristics, it is essential to monitor their presence. Identification of pheromone-trapped males based on morphology is not straightforward, but comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and sequences reveal diagnostic differences between Asian and North American haplotypes. An mtDNA survey of moths trapped in the Pacific Northwest in 1990 and 1991 documents the presence of moths of Asian origin at several sites in North America. These results provided the basis for undertaking efforts in 1992 to eradicate gypsy moth populations of Asian origin in both the United States and Canada.
Patch Size and Tree Species Influence the Number and Duration of Bird Visits in Forest Restoration Plots in Southern Costa Rica

Efforts to restore tropical forest in abandoned pasture are likely to be more successful when bird visitation is promoted because birds disperse seeds and eat herbivorous arthropods that damage leaves. Thus, it is critical to understand bird behavior in relation to different restoration strategies. We measured the likelihood of visitation, number of visits, and duration of visits for all birds and for Cherrie’s Tanager (Ramphocelus costaricensis), a common seed disperser, in five sizes of forest restoration patches planted with four tree species in southern Costa Rica. We predicted that the largest patches, and the tree species with the greatest canopy cover, would be visited most frequently and have the longest visits because we assumed that these patch types had the greatest food resources and the lowest predation risk. We found that birds were more likely to visit large patches and the tree species with the highest canopy cover (Inga edulis). Birds visited Inga trees more often and stayed in Inga and Erythrina poeppigiana trees for longer periods of time than in other tree species. We found similar results for Cherrie’s Tanagers. Thus, we identified two factors, tree species and patch size, which may be manipulated in restoration projects to increase bird visitation.
Marcadores RAPD e caracteres morfoagronômicos na determinação da diversidade genética entre acessos de pimentas e pimentões

The genetic diversity within collections and banks of germplasm can be estimated by different methods and their choice is dependent of the available resources and the desired precision from the researcher. In the present work, RAPD markers and morph-agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic divergence among 52 Capsicum spp. accessions. Fifty-seven binary variables from morph-agronomic characterization and 84 polymorphic markers from RAPD analysis were both separately and jointly evaluated and three dendrograms were generated. Two major groups were formed in all analyses. The clusters from the joint analysis were similar to the ones from molecular analysis. One group was formed with only C. baccatum accessions and the other one with C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. annuum accessions. These results were in agreement with the gene pool complexes proposal. The association of these methods allowed a better distinction among the accessions, a cluster formation at species level and a conclusion that there is no duplicates in the collection, showing how important is the use of different methods to characterize a germplasm bank.
Relationship and genetic diversity of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) subspecies

With the help of 21 putative isoenzyme loci, the genetic diversity and variations of Viscum album ssp. album L. from 42 species, subspecies, varieties and hybrids of broadleaf trees, Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann, from 4 populations of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Viscum album ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit, from 8 populations of European silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) were analyzed. On the dendrogram, the three investigated subspecies form three clusters, each clearly separated from the other, so we suggest a revision of the systematic nomenclature proposed to take into consideration a return to an earlier system of dividing the European mistletoe into three species: Viscum album L. , Viscum abietis Beck, and Viscum laxum Boiss. et Reut. From among the 21 tested loci only one locus, SOD-A, was monomorphic. The average number of actual alleles (Na) and effective alleles (Ne) was 2.23 and 1.61 respectively. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.199 in V. album ssp. abietis to 0.345 in the V.a. ssp. album populations. Average FST = 0.277 indicates that about 28% of genetic differentiation is due to an interpopulation diversity of Viscum album populations. There is a small gene flux between Viscum album populations with only one immigrant successfully entering a population per two generations (Nm = 0,653).
Stomatal conductance as a screen for osmotic stress tolerance in durum wheat growing in saline soil

The change in stomatal conductance measured soon after durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum Desf.) was exposed to salinity was verified as an indicator of osmotic stress tolerance. It was a reliable and useful screening technique for identifying genotypic variation. The minimum NaCl treatment needed to obtain a significant stomatal response was 50 mM, but 150 mM was needed to obtain significant differences between genotypes. The response to the NaCl was osmotic rather than Na+-specific. Stomatal conductance responded similarly to iso-osmotic concentrations of KCl and NaCl, both in the speed and extent of closure, and in the difference between genotypes. The new reduced rate of stomatal conductance in response to addition of 50 mM NaCl or KCl occurred within 45 min, and was independent of the concentration of Na+ in leaves. The difference between genotypes was long-lasting, translating into differences in shoot biomass and tiller number after a month. These results indicate that the relative size of the change in stomatal conductance when the salinity is introduced could be a means of screening for osmotic stress tolerance in wheat and other cereals.
Alternate bearing, predator satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur L.

1 We investigated the relationship between seed production and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur in order to determine whether oak recruitment was seed-limited, herbivore-limited or microsite-limited. Over a 15-year period, Q. robur showed a pattern of alternate bearing, with significant (but not complete) synchrony between individual trees at several sites in south-east England. 2 Seedling recruitment was assessed in three ways: by annual destructive sampling, by monitoring permanent quadrats, and by ageing destructive samples of saplings using basal ring counts. 3 Seedling recruitment was closely correlated with the size of the acorn crop in some habitats but not others. In Sunningdale, where a competition-free seed bed was available every year and where seed predators were relatively scarce, oak seedlings appeared almost every year, and three peak densities of seedling recruitment followed three peaks of acorn production during the period 1985-92. In Silwood Park, where rabbits were abundant, there was little seedling recruitment except within rabbit exclosures and then only in years of peak acorn production. In Windsor Great Park, rabbit densities were lower and seedling recruitment was higher than at Silwood Park, but the association between seedling recruitment and acorn production could not be established with confidence because of imprecision in ageing the saplings. 4 Rates of acorn loss to invertebrate seed predators were broadly consistent with the hypothesis of predator satiation; low acorn crops suffered a higher percentage mortality than large acorn crops. The two principal acorn-feeding insects (the alien cynipid gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis and the native weevil Curculio glandium) killed between 30% and 90% of the acorn crop in given years and between 0% and 100% of the acorn crop on individual trees. Vertebrate herbivores (principally rabbits and wood mice) destroyed most of the sound acorns in low years, removing experimentally placed acorns within 24 h. 5 The effectiveness of alternate bearing as a defence against short-lived, specialist insect herbivores and long-lived, generalist vertebrate herbivores is discussed. The evidence presently available does not allow us to discriminate between the competing hypotheses that alternate bearing is an evolved, antipredator strategy on the part of the oaks, or a constraint imposed by limited resource availability within the trees. 6 We conclude that the relationship between seed production and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur is variable from site to site: oak recruitment is seed-limited in open sites where vertebrate herbivores are scarce, microsite-limited beneath a dense forest canopy, but herbivore-limited in other sites, especially those where rabbits are abundant.