Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of Sweet Pepper under Protective Structure in Gazipur of Bangladesh

Evaluation of sweet pepper cultivation under different protective structures was made in two consecutive seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at the experimental field of Horticulture Research Center of BARI, Gazipur. One popular commercial capsicum variety California Wonder was included in the study with four protective structures (low height poly tunnel, polytunnel with side open, poly tunnel with side closed and poly house) including control (open field). Protective structures had remarkable and significant influence on plant growth and yield of sweet pepper. The plants grown under protective structures had higher plant height compared to that of plants grown in open field. The highest individual fruit weight (65.2g) was recorded form the plants grown under poly house condition while it was the lowest from open field grown plant (3.34 g). More than five fruits were harvested when the plants were grown under poly tunnel (side closed) or poly house. The maximum fruit yield per plant (334.0g) was recorded from poly house, which was 160.4% higher than that of plants grown under open field condition. The second highest yield was recorded from the plants of poly tunnel (212.5) indicating bright scope for sweet pepper cultivation under protective structures. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ije.v1i1. 8523 International Journal of Environment Vol.1(1) 2013: 1-8
Contribution of the Roman rat lines/strains to personality neuroscience: neurobehavioral modeling of internalizing/externalizing psychopathologies

Abstract The Roman high-avoidance (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rat lines/strains were established in Rome through bidirectional selection of Wistar rats for rapid (RHA) or extremely poor (RLA) acquisition of a two-way active avoidance task. Relative to RHAs, RLA rats exhibit enhanced threat sensitivity, anxiety, fear and vulnerability to stress, a passive coping style and increased sensitivity to frustration. Thus, RLA rats’ phenotypic profile falls well within the “internalizing” behavior spectrum. Compared with RLAs and other rat strains/stocks, RHAs present increased impulsivity and reward sensitivity, deficits in social behavior and attentional/cognitive processes, novelty-induced hyper-locomotion and vulnerability to psychostimulant sensitization and drug addiction. Thus, RHA rats’ phenotypes are consistent with a “disinhibiting externalizing” profile. Many neurobiological/molecular traits differentiate both rat lines/strains. For example, relative to RLA rats, RHAs exhibit decreased function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala, increased functional tone of the mesolimbic dopamine system, a deficit of central metabotropic glutamate-2 (mGlu2) receptors, increased density of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the PFC, impairment of GABAergic transmission in the PFC, alterations of several synaptic markers and increased density of pyramidal immature dendrític spines in the PFC. These characteristics suggest an immature brain of RHA rats and are reminiscent of schizophrenia features like hypofrontality and disruption of the excitation/inhibition cortical balance. We review evidence supporting RLA rats as a valid model of anxiety/fear, stress and frustration vulnerability, whereas RHA rats represent a promising translational model of neurodevelopmental alterations related to impulsivity, schizophrenia-relevant features and comorbidity with drug addiction vulnerability.
Testing for a role of postzygotic incompatibilities in rapidly speciated Lake Victoria cichlids

Intrinsic postzygotic hybrid incompatibilities are usually due to negative epistatic interactions between alleles from different parental genomes. While such incompatibilities are thought to be uncommon in speciation with gene flow, they may be important if such speciation results from a hybrid population. Here we aimed to test this idea in the endemic cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria. Hundreds of species have evolved within the lake in <15k years from a hybrid progenitor. While the importance of prezygotic barriers to gene flow is well established in this system, the possible relevance of postzygotic genetic incompatibilities is unknown. We inferred the presence of negative epistatic interactions from systematic patterns of genotype ratio distortions in experimental crosses and wild samples. We then compared the positions of putative incompatibility loci to regions of high genetic differentiation between sympatric sister species as well as between members of clades that may have arisen at the start of this radiation, and further determined if the loci showed fixed differences between the closest living relatives of the lineages ancestral to the hybrid progenitor. Overall, we find little evidence for a major role of intrinsic postzygotic incompatibilities in the Lake Victoria radiation. However, we find putative incompatibility loci significantly more often coinciding with islands of genetic differentiation between species that separated early in the radiation than between the youngest sister species, consistent with the hypothesis that such variants segregated in the hybrid swarm and were sorted between species in the early speciation events.
CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 contribute to root branching through production of the auxin precursor indole-3-acetonitrile

Lateral root placement, outgrowth and density are influenced by environmental changes, including salinity stress. CYP79B2 and B3 are two cytochrome P450 enzymes previously identified as required for root architecture remodeling in salt. They produce iAOx, a metabolite that can be converted into indole glucosinolates (IGs), camalexin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a type of auxin. We report here that lateral root appearance, induced by an auxin maximum in the bending zone after gravistimulation, is delayed in the absence of CYP79B2/B3. This delay traces back to a decrease in early lateral root growth after emergence, taking place before lateral roots are macroscopically visible. We measured gene transcripts and abundance of metabolites in the iAOx pathway in root segments that are forming lateral roots. Genes involved in tryptophane and IG biosynthesis were upregulated in cyp79b2/b3 mutants, suggesting a transcriptional feedback-loop. Salt stress was found to increase the expression of genes involved in IAN biosynthesis, a precursor of both IAA and camalexin, in the root during lateral root formation. Moreover, salt increases the concentration of IAN in tissue forming lateral roots in a CYP79B2/B3 dependent manner, but these changes in IAN did not coincide with altered IAA levels. Both the reduction in lateral root density under salt and the delayed lateral root appearance in cyp79b2/b3 knock-out mutants can be complemented by exogenous application of IAN. Our results reveal a role for the iAOx pathway in regulating the timing of lateral root appearance, allowing the modulation of lateral root density under salt stress.
Leaf δ13C reveals post-photosynthetic fractionation during ontogeny in a C4 grass

The 13C isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf dry matter is a useful tool for physiological and ecological studies. However, how post-photosynthetic fractionation associated with respiration and carbon export influences δ13C remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C of mature leaves of Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial C4 grass, in controlled experiments with different levels of vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen supply. With the increase of leaf age classes, the 12C/13C fractionation of leaf organic matter relative to the δ13C of atmosphere CO2 (ΔDM) increased while that of cellulose (Δcel) was almost constant. The divergence between ΔDM and Δcel increased with leaf age classes with a maximum value of 1.6‰, indicating the accumulation post-photosynthetic fractionation. Applying a new mass balance model that accounts for respiration and export of photosynthates, we found an apparent 12C/13C fractionation associated with carbon export of –0.5 to –1.0‰. Different ΔDM among leaves, pseudostems, daughter tillers and roots indicate that post-photosynthetic fractionation happens at the whole-plant level. Compared with ΔDM of old leaves, ΔDM of young leaves and Δcel are more reliable proxies for predicting physiological parameters due to the smaller sensitivity to post-photosynthetic fractionation and the similar sensitivity in responses to environmental changes. BRIEF SUMMARY STATEMENT Δ13C of bulk organic matter increases with leaf age classes while Δ13C of cellulose remain constant, lending support to the use of Δ13C of cellulose as a more reliable proxy for predicting physiological parameters due to the smaller sensitivity to post-photosynthetic fractionation.
Dickite in shallow oil reservoirs from Recôncavo Basin, Brazil: diagenetic implications for basin evolution

Abstract Fluvial and aeolian sandstones of the Sergi Formation are the most important reservoirs of the Recôncavo Basin, Brazil. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of dickite, a clay mineral indicative of deep burial conditions (T >100ºC), in the shallow Buracica (630−870 m) and Água Grande (1300−1530 m) oilfields. Vermicular dickite replaces K-feldspar and plagioclase grains, and fills intra- and inter-granular pores. Its vermicular habit is a product of pseudomorphic kaolinite transformation during burial. The presence of dickite is in accordance with the intensity of compaction, post-compactional quartz cementation and δ18 O values of calcite cements (T up to 109ºC). These petrological features of deep burial, as well as apatite fission-track analyses, indicate that uplift and erosion of at least 1 km, and probably >1500 m, affected the central part of the Recôncavo Basin and possibly the entire region. This uplift has not been detected previously by conventional structural and stratigraphic models.
Postcranial remains of Notosuchus terrestris Woodward (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes) from the upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina

Abstract. Postcranial remains of Notosuchus terrestris are described here in detail for the first time.Comparison of these remains with other crocodyliform taxa revealed that Notosuchus bears numerous postcranial characters previously unknown for this group (e.g., axial prezygapophyses arising from the anterior half of the neural arch pedicels, disconnected from the neural spine; well developed suprapostzygapophyseal laminae on cervicodorsal vertebrae; poorly expanded end of ventromedial process of the coracoid; presence of a posterior process on proximal end of radiale; presence of three sacral vertebrae, being the second and third vertebrae completely fused to each other; dorsal surface of ilium flat, rugose, and lateromedially wide, lacking an iliac blade and forming a markedly extensive acetabular roof). The postcranial morphology of Notosuchus also sheds light on some paleobiological aspects of this Cretaceous crocodyliform. These include the presence of an erect hindlimb posture for this basal mesoeucrocodylian, suggesting that the sprawling locomotion appeared late during the evolution of Crocodylomorpha. Furthermore, comparisons with other forms suggest that postcranial morphology of Crocodyliformes is not as conservative as previously thought, providing a source of phylogenetic information usually overlooked in previous approaches to crocodyliform systematics. Resumen. RESTOS POSTCRANEANOS DE NOTOSUCHUS TERRESTRIS WOODWARD (ARCHOSAURIA: CROCODYLIFORMES) DEL CRETACICO SUPERIOR DE PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA. Se describen aqui en detalle por primera vez restos postcraneanos de Notosuchus terrestris. Las comparaciones de estos restos con otros crocodyliformes revelan que Notosuchus posee numerosos caracteres postcraneanos hasta ahora desconocidos para este grupo (e.g., prezygapofisis del axis originadas en la mitad anterior de los pedicelos de los arcos neurales, desconectadas de la espina neural; laminas suprapostzygapopfiseales en vertebras cervicodorsales; extremo del proceso ventromedial del coracoides pobremente desarrollado; presencia de un proceso posterior en el extremo proximal del radial; presencia de tres vertebras sacras, presentando una fusion completa de la segunda y tercer vertebra; superficie dorsal del ilium plana, rugosa, y lateromedialmente ancha, estando ausente la lamina iliaca y formando un techo acetabular notablemente extenso). La morfologia postcraneana de Notosuchus provee tambien informacion sobre algunos aspectos paleobiologicos de este crocodyliforme cretacico. En estos se incluye la presencia de una postura erecta en su miembro posterior, sugiriendo que la condicion semierecta aparecio tardiamente en la historia evolutiva de los Crocodylomorpha. Las comparaciones con otras formas sugieren tambien que la morfologia postcraneana de Crocodyliformes no es tan conservativa como habia sido sugerido previamente, proveyendo una fuente de informacion filogenetica comunmente ignorada en trabajos previos de la sistematica de Crocodyliformes.
Why calcite can be stronger than quartz

[1] In the Neves area (Eastern Alps), calcite forms asymmetric centimeter-scale single-crystal porphyroclasts in quartz mylonites developed during hydrous amphibolite facies metamorphism at ∼550°C. Under these conditions, coarse calcite was clearly stronger than the surrounding polycrystalline, dynamically recrystallized, quartz matrix. Experimental results indicate that coarse calcite is less strain rate sensitive than wet quartzite, consistent with an inversion in strength on extrapolation to natural strain rates. For this to occur, wet quartzite must be weak, flowing at differential stress of <10 MPa. The lack of high-temperature twins (showing bulging or recrystallization) in calcite clasts is consistent with such low stresses during shear zone development under near peak metamorphic conditions. The maximum effective viscosity ratio of coarse calcite to quartzite for these conditions is probably not large (<10). However, numerical modeling shows that ratios of around 2 are sufficient to maintain near rigid calcite clast behavior for power law rheology with stress exponents appropriate to quartz (n ∼ 3–4) and coarse calcite (n ≥ 6). The inversion in relative strength reflects the difference in influence of water on the crystal plastic flow of calcite and quartz: water has a dramatic effect for quartz but little or no effect for calcite. Quartz-rich rocks under hydrous amphibolite facies conditions in the middle to lower crust are therefore relatively weak (in fact, weaker than coarse calcite) and flow at much lower stresses than dry quartz-rich rocks at similar crustal levels.
Preventing Generation of Verbatim Memorization in Language Models Gives a False Sense of Privacy

Studying data memorization in neural language models helps us understand the risks (e.g., to privacy or copyright) associated with models regurgitating training data and aids in the development of countermeasures. Many prior works—and some recently deployed defenses—focus on “verbatim memorization”, defined as a model generation that exactly matches a substring from the training set. We argue that verbatim memorization definitions are too restrictive and fail to capture more subtle forms of memorization. Specifically, we design and implement an efficient defense that _perfectly_ prevents all verbatim memorization. And yet, we demonstrate that this “perfect” filter does not prevent the leakage of training data. Indeed, it is easily circumvented by plausible and minimally modified “style-transfer” prompts—and in some cases even the non-modified original prompts—to extract memorized information. We conclude by discussing potential alternative definitions and why defining memorization is a difficult yet crucial open question for neural language models.
Disruption of Epithelium Integrity by Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts through Prostaglandin Signaling

Inflammation-associated fibroblasts (IAFs) are associated with the progression and drug resistance of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but their direct impact on epithelial function and architecture is unknown. In this study, we developed an in vitro model whereby human colon fibroblasts are induced to become IAFs by specific cytokines and recapitulate key features of IAFs in vivo. When co-cultured with patient-derived colon organoids (colonoids), IAFs induced rapid colonoid swelling and barrier disruption due to swelling and rupture of individual epithelial cells. Epithelial cells co-cultured with IAFs also exhibit increased DNA damage, mitotic errors, and proliferation arrest. These IAF-induced epithelial defects are mediated through a paracrine pathway involving prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the PGE2 receptor EP4, leading to PKA-dependent activation of the CFTR chloride channel. Importantly, EP4-specific chemical inhibitors effectively prevented colonoid swelling and restored normal proliferation and genome stability of IAF-exposed epithelial cells. These findings reveal a mechanism by which IAFs could promote and perpetuate IBD and suggest a potential treatment to mitigate inflammation-associated epithelial injury. Teaser Inflammation-associated fibroblasts compromise colon epithelial barrier integrity and genome stability via PGE2-EP4 signaling.
Flow-MAE: Leveraging Masked AutoEncoder for Accurate, Efficient and Robust Malicious Traffic Classification

Malicious traffic classification is crucial for Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). However, traditional Machine Learning approaches necessitate expert knowledge and a significant amount of well-labeled data. Although recent studies have employed pre-training models from the Natural Language Processing domain, such as ET-BERT, for traffic classification, their effectiveness is impeded by limited input length and fixed Byte Pair Encoding. To address these challenges, this paper presents Flow-MAE, a pre-training model that employs Masked AutoEncoders (MAE) from the Computer Vision domain to achieve accurate, efficient, and robust malicious network traffic classification. Flow-MAE overcomes these challenges by utilizing burst (a generic representation of network traffic) and patch embedding to accommodate extensive traffic length. Moreover, Flow-MAE introduces a self-supervised pre-training task, the Masked Patch Model, which captures unbiased representations from bursts with varying lengths and patterns. Experimental results from six datasets reveal that Flow-MAE achieves new state-of-the-art accuracy (>0.99), efficiency (>900 samples/s), and robustness across diverse network traffic types. In comparison to the state-of-the-art ET-BERT, Flow-MAE exhibits improvements in accuracy and speed by 0.41%-1.93% and 7.8x-10.3x, respectively, while necessitating only 0.2% FLOPs and 44% memory overhead. The efficacy of the core designs is validated through few-shot learning and ablation experiments. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/NLear/Flow-MAE.
THE ROLE OF INTERANNUAL RAINFALL VARIABILITY ON RUNOFF GENERATION IN A SMALL DRY SUB-HUMID WATERSHED WITH DISPERSE TREE COVER

Recent studies in small experimental catchments under Mediterranean-type climate revealed a complex hydrological catchment response, presenting saturation excess runoff generation and, to a minor degree, infiltration excess flow. Many of these catchments, however, belong to areas with sub-humid or humid Mediterranean climate. Catchment studies were carried out since 1991 in savannah-like grazed land (dehesas), which are widespread in south-western Spain, and also elsewhere in the Mediterranean. Albeit knowledge gained by previous studies, no thorough analysis has been carried out on the temporal variation of discharge production using the complete dataset. The objectives include i) an analysis of the temporal variation of discharge and rainfall at different temporal scales, ii) exploration of the role of antecedent soil moisture conditions in runoff production, iii) empirical modeling of rainfall- runoff relationships at the event scale and iv) definition of the importance of interannual rainfall variation on discharge production. The analysis were based on rainfall and runoff which were monitored at a time resolution of 5 minutes and periodically measured soil moisture from various depth in the valley bottom. Regression analysis as well as the comparison of hydrographs illustrate on the importance of antecedent rainfall conditions. Soil moisture in the valley bottom was crucial to understand the hydrological behaviour of the catchment. A soil moisture threshold of 0.37 m 3 m -3 was defined above which runoff coefficients increase sharply. This situation is reached with 170 mm of antecedent rain falling in a continuous way. The results indicate that saturation excess flow and preferential subsurface flow processes are responsible of most of the runoff generated. Hortonian type overland flow dominates under dry soil conditions and is produced by high intensity rainfall. Non-linear regression analysis with data grouped according to antecedent catchment conditions produced highly significant regression models, explaining event discharge with three variables: Maximum 60-minute rainfall intensity (I60), event rainfall minus I60 and mean antecedent daily rainfall. Variability of monthly runoff is best explained by interannual rainfall variation rather than by mean seasonal distribution. During droughts, which are a common feature in the
Response of soil enzyme activity to warming and nitrogen addition in a meadow steppe

Soil enzymes play vital roles in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil nutrient mineralisation. The activity of soil enzymes may be influenced by climate change. In the present study we measured soil enzyme activity, soil microclimate and soil nutrients to investigate the response of soil enzyme activity to N addition and experimental warming. Warming enhanced phosphatase activity (35.8%), but inhibited the cellulase activity (30%). N addition significantly enhanced the activities of urease (34.5%) and phosphatase (33.5%), but had no effect on cellulase activity. Significant interactive effects of warming and N addition on soil enzyme activity were observed. In addition, warming reduced soil C (7.2%) and available P (20.5%), whereas N addition increased soil total N (17.3%) and available N (19.8%) but reduced soil C (7.3%), total P (14.9%) and available P (23.5%). Cellulase and phosphatase activity was highly correlated with soil temperature and water content, whereas urease activity was determined primarily by soil N availability. The results show that climate change not only significantly affects soil enzyme activity, but also affects the mineralisation of soil nutrients. These findings suggest that global change may alter grassland ecosystem C, N and P cycling by influencing soil enzyme activity.