Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“A Barbaric, bloody act”. The anti‐circumcision polemics of the Enlightenment and its internalization by nineteenth‐century German Jews

English abstract: “Nothing will come of it; As long as the Jews remain Jews and will be circumcised, they will never become more useful than harmful in civil society,” Kant said. The German Enlightenment demanded the Jews to aban‐ don their religious identity expressions, most notably the circumcision. As a result of non‐Jewish discussions about rituals, the core role of circumcision was challenged for the first time in Jewish history by supporters of the Jewish Enlightenment movement. Jewish laymen condemned the “scary, unenlight‐ ened” traditional rabbis. Their anti‐circumcision campaign also found support among some Reform rabbis. Indeed, many Jews gave up the circumcision–but the existing resentment towards them did not disappear. The following arti‐ cle provides a case study in the genealogy of “secular” attitudes towards the body. The paper traces this genealogy from Early Christian positions on cir‐ cumcision through historic Protestantism towards discussions about the Jew‐ ish ritual in the Age of Enlightenment. The article wishes to highlight the con‐ tinued relevance of the matter and show how both having a “German body” and being part of the “German nation” were seen as incompatible with being circumcised–and are up to debate until the present day.
Oral administration of probiotic strain, Lactobacillus acidophilus LBKV-3 enhances the phagocytic function of Tribal Children

800x600 The basic consideration in selecting the probiotic strain of L. acidophilus -LBKV 3 in this investigation was the fact that the organism is isolated from human vaginal surface swab and it was found extensively studied for probiotic characteristic. It was used by several workers for monocultures for various probiotic attributes including hypocholesterolaemic activity, implantation ability, therapeutic effects on GI and related ailments. Orally ingested probiotic bacteria are able to modulate the immune system. However, differences exist in the immunomodulatory effects of different probiotic strains. Moreover, different regulatory effects, which depend on the health status of the consumer, have been identified. This work describes a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human clinical trial to investigate the immune effects on tribal children of a fermented product containing probiotic strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus, which was compared with another traditional fermented product, Dahi and Buffalo milk. To study the immunomodulatory effects, implantation abilities of the culture in the GI tract of tribal children, forty-five tribal children of 6-7; 7-8 and 8-9 years were randomly selected and distributed in three groups, each comprising of 15 children in each of the age group. Regular dietary history of the children involved during the feeding trial was obtained. The parents of all children were informed about the importance and the objectives to be ascertained during the study. A formal signed consent was obtained from their parents. The test group of the children was receiving 100g product volunteers/day of freshly prepared Probiotic Acidophilus Milk P.A.M. containing 10 7 cfu/g of culture. The control group was receiving 100 g freshly prepared Dahi containing 10 7 cfu/g of the LAB while blank group of the volunteers was receiving thermal processed (85 0 C/30 min) buffalo milk containing 5% fat and 10 % S.N. F. @ 100 ml/day/volunteer. This feeding trial was continued for 12 weeks. As a result the volunteers assigned to the probiotic group a clear improvement in their intestinal track. The study revealed that probiotics may exert a positive effect on health of tribal childrens. Normal 0 false false false EN-IN X-NONE X-NONE
A warm-core eddy linking shelf, Leeuwin Current and oceanic waters demonstrated by near-shelf distribution patterns of Synechococcus spp. and Prochlorococcus spp. in the eastern Indian Ocean

In May 2006 (Austral autumn) the distribution and abundance of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. and Prochlorococcus spp. were examined to assess the connectivity of a forming warm-core mesoscale eddy with the Leeuwin Current and shelf waters off south-west Western Australia. Distributions of the cyanobacteria resulted in two broad categories of samples, those dominated by Prochlorococcus spp. from subtropical and Leeuwin Current waters and those with mixed populations from shelf and eddy waters. Water temperature (21.45°C), salinity (35.46) and nitrate (0.33 μM) contributed to these groupings. Synechococcus spp. reached an integrated abundance of 3.3 × 108 cells cm–2 in warm shelf waters, with 60% of cells in G2 phase in the mid-afternoon (~16:00 hours). Cooler, nitrate-poor oceanic waters were almost exclusively inhabited by Prochlorococcus spp. , with the highest abundance of 4.2 × 108 cells cm–2 in cool deep waters off the Capes in the south with 40% of cells in G2 phase in the evening (~19:00 hours). The eddy perimeter represented a clear boundary for both species, but showed connectivity between the shelf and eddy centre as both locations had a mixed community, dominated by Synechococcus spp. Eddies of the Leeuwin Current advect shelf waters, and their assemblages and productivity offshore.
COMPOSITION IN POLYPHENOLS AND STABILITY OF THE AQUEOUS GRAPE SEED EXTRACT FROM THE ROMANIAN VARIETY “MERLOT RECAS”

The aim of this study was to characterize flavan-3-ol and oligomeric proanthocyanidin composition of the aqueous grape seed extract (GSE) from the Romanian wine grape cultivar “Merlot Recas. ” For the isolation and identification of these antioxidant compounds, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry was used. Grape seeds from the Romanian cultivar “Merlot Recas” appear a promising source of polyphenolic compounds. The aqueous extract is rich in catechin, epicatechin and procyanidins (dimers and trimers) known to be chemopreventive nutraceuticals. The evolution of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in GSE was investigated, showing that the watery extract is very unstable, its phenolic composition not being preserved during 6 months at 4C. This work is a contribution to the know-how over fingerprinting and valorization of cheap sources for added value products as grape pomace and grape seeds out of it. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The most abundant phenolics isolated from grape seeds, collected from the grape pomace, are catechins (catechin and epicatechin) and their polymers, the procyanidins. The obtained data can serve as a helpful tool in the analysis of dietary supplements made from grape seeds and commercialized as grape seed extract, especially those in liquid forms. Composition and stability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins, in aqueous extracts, has an important role in performing biochemical tests in vitro on cell culture. Our results can be used also for dealing with the waste disposal during the process of wine making, the waste serving as a natural source of the chemopreventive flavan-3-ols and procyanidins.
Open Shed and Portable Pens versus Conventional Housing for Young Dairy Calves

Summary One hundred and twenty-two female calves raised from three days of age to 16 wk. , either in conventional barns, in open sheds, or in portable pens showed no advantage of one type of housing over another in growth of the calves. Exercise in a dry lot from 8 to 16 wk. was of no apparent value as compared to confinement in individual pens. Terramycin-fed calves exhibited significantly greater body weight gains (P
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY ON APOPTOSIS OF CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA HEMOCYTES AND PERKINSUS MARINUS

Abstract Oyster culture, which is a large part of the North American aquaculture industry, is greatly hindered by the parasite Perkinsus marinus. The different oyster defense mechanisms and how the parasite seems to evade them are not fully understood, and the role of apoptosis as an oyster defense mechanism remains unclear. Apoptosis of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocyte subpopulations (granulocytes and hyalinocytes) was quantified at the single cell level using flow cytometric Annexin-V and TUNEL assays. The influences of habitat salinity (540 mOsm [18.9‰] and 910 mOsm [31.9‰] for oysters and 488 mOsm [17.1‰] and 810 mOsm [28.4‰] for P. marinus) and temperature (14.5°C and 25°C for oysters, 14.4°C and 22.5°C for P. marinus) on apoptosis frequencies were evaluated experimentally on the host hemocytes and the parasite. Apoptosis frequency was higher in granulocytes than hyalinocytes, regardless of temperature or salinity. Salinity affected apoptosis of granulocytes and hyalinocytes, with more apoptosis at 910 mOsm than at 540 mOsm (at 14.5°C and 25°C). Parasite apoptosis frequency was significantly higher on culture at the low salinity (488 mOsm) at both low and high temperatures (14.5°C and 22.5°C). Temperature did not significantly affect either hemocyte or parasite apoptosis frequencies. Investigation of apoptosis as an oyster defense mechanism and how temperature and salinity affect C. virginica and P. marinus apoptosis may lead to a better understanding of host/parasite interactions and the mechanisms leading to disease susceptibility or resistance. Such information could lead to better management strategies that may result in reduced disease morbidity and mortality for oyster producers.
Distant hybridization in genus Vigna–A review

Wide crosses in Vigna viz., mungbean x black gram,mung bean x V. radiata var. sublobata, black gram x V. mungo var. silvestris, mung bean x rice bean, and moth bean x V. trilobata, are described in detail in this review, while other wide crosse. are dealt in briefabout their utility in crop improvement.
Microbial communities in the winter cover and the water column of an alpine lake: system connectivity and uncoupling

Active microbial communities formed by autotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates and bacteria, inhabit slush layers of the ice and snow cover of high mountain lakes. Our study of the ice and snow cover of Gossenkollesee (Tyrolean Alps) during 2 complete winter periods, with special emphasis on the relationship between slush layers and the water column, confirms the hypothesis that the drastic changes in the physical and chemical structure of the cover determine biomass and composition of microbial assemblages. The temporal pattern previously described in the Pyrenees applies to the Alps, and we could distinguish 3 periods of winter cover: formation, growth and ablation. During the formation period (November to December), the ice sheet forms and slush layers start to develop. In the growth period (January to May), slush layer assemblages are mainly influenced by organisms deriving from lake plankton, predominantly flagellated chrysophytes, which peaked at different times and depths. During the ablation period (May to June/July), however, the cover assemblages are shaped by organisms and processes in the catchment. Microbial communities are characterized by the appearance of new species, such as Gymnodinium sp. , red volvocales and large ciliates. The mutual influence between lake water and winter cover assemblages affects only the upper 1 to 2 m of the water column, while changes in the microbial composition of deeper water layers are slow and poorly related to slush layer assemblages. The appearance of '2 systems in 1 lake' is restricted to ca. 6 mo yr -1 and the reciprocal influence seems to be even more limited by space and time. During the ablation phase, i.e. when the influence of the catchment is much stronger than that of lake plankton, the slush microbial communities in the Alps and the Pyrenees are more similar to each other than during the growth phase of the cover. Over the whole winter period, the ice and snow cover appeared to be more dynamic, vertically variable and sporadically richer in biomass than the water column.
Classification of coefficients of variation in experiments with commercial layers

This study aimed at determining a specific classification of coefficients of variation in experiments with commercial layers. Coefficients of variation were collected from papers published in Brazilian journals between 2000 and 2009 for performance, internal egg quality, and eggshell quality parameters. The coefficients of variation of each parameter were classified as low, intermediate, high, and very high according to the ratio between the median and the pseudo-sigma. It was concluded that the parameters used in experiments with commercial layers have a specific classification of coefficients of variation, and that this must be considered to evaluate experimental accuracy.
SKULL MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF A NEW DIMINUTIVE BALAENID FROM THE LOWER PLIOCENE OF BELGIUM

Abstract: A new small balaenid is described and compared to all fossil and living balaenid taxa. The specimen represents a new genus and species and is named Balaenella brachyrhynus. It was discovered in the Lower Pliocene of Kallo (north‐west Antwerp, Belgium) and adds new information on the diversity and evolution of Balaenidae. Based on both comparative morphology and phylogenetic analysis, Balaenella brachyrhynus is morphologically closer to the genus Balaena, including the living Greenland Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus), and two Pliocene species (B. montalionis and B. ricei) from central Italy and the eastern USA. Balaenella brachyrhynus has very short nasals, a short rostrum relative to the total skull length and a horizontal supraoccipital. A cladistic treatment of 81 morphological character states scored for 10 balaenids and nine non‐balaenid cetaceans revealed that the other small balaenids generally included in the genus Balaenula (including Balaenula astensis, B. balaenopsis and a Pliocene Balaenula sp. from Japan) are closer to the living genus Eubalaena (the Right whale). As the new skull is so different from the nominal Balaenula species, and as it is more closely related to Balaena than to Eubalaena, it is concluded that a small body size was a common condition in different Balaenidae clades.
Influence of cutting regime and fertilizer application on the botanical composition, yield and nutritive value of herbage of wet grasslands in Central Europe

The changes in dry matter (DM) yield, botanical composition and nutritive value of herbage to ruminants of two wet grasslands, Arrhenatherum elatius grassland (Experiment 1) and a Molinia caerulea fen meadow (Experiment 2), in which a range of cutting and fertilizer treatments were imposed in 1999, were assessed after 4–7 years of treatment imposition. Both experiments had a split-plot design with four replicates. In Experiment 1 the three main-plot cutting treatments were two cuts with a delayed first cut, three cuts and four cuts during the growing season of each year. In Experiment 2 the cutting treatments were two cuts with a traditional harvest time, two cuts with a delayed first cut and three cuts. The four sub-plot fertilizer treatments were an unfertilized control, application of a phosphorus and potassium (PK) fertilizer, application of a nitrogen (N) and PK fertilizer to the first cut only (N1PK) and application of PK plus N applied to each of two, three or four cuts (NcPK). Application of fertilizer influenced yield and botanical composition of herbage more than the cutting treatments while the opposite occurred for nutritive value of the herbage. Application of fertilizer increased the proportion of tall grasses in Experiment 1 and forbs in Experiment 2. The proportion of Equisetum palustre, present only in Experiment 1, was reduced from 0·33 to less than 0·01 by increased cutting frequency together with the NPK fertilizer treatments. In Experiment 1 diversity of vascular plants was negatively affected only by the four-cuts treatment while on both wet grasslands other cutting and fertilizer application treatments had no effect. Changes in DM yield of herbage caused by the cutting and fertilizer application treatments were similar for both vegetation types with DM yield increased significantly by fertilizer application but only slightly or not reduced by increasing the cutting frequency. Nutritive value of herbage was positively correlated with cutting frequency and was most influenced at the first cut.
Role of Fc&ggr; Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody-mediated platelet destruction. Platelets with associated IgG are targeted for destruction by phagocytic cells bearing Fc receptors in the reticuloendothelial system. While there are a variety of therapeutics available for this incompletely understood disease, one of the treatments of choice is infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). This review will discuss the pathophysiology of ITP with an emphasis on the role of Fc&ggr; receptors in both the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease by IVIG. Other prominent theories of the mechanisms of action of IVIG, including the role of anti-idiotype antibodies, will also be addressed.
USe of morphometric parameters for the determination of sex of Adelie penguins.

The sex of Addie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, may be determined by cloacal examination during the early part of the breeding season. Later in the season it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the sex of penguins by this method as the structures used for identification regress. Discriminant analysis of morphometric characters has been suggested as an alternative. This technique was examined for breeding birds of known sex near Mawson Station, Antarctica. The sex of 89% of breeding birds could be correctly determined by comparing the discriminant score D = 0.582 Bl + 1.118 Bd + 0.219Fw, where Bl is bill length, Bd is bill depth and Fw is flipper width, with a mean discriminant score (MDS) of 55.39. In all, the sexes of 87% were correctly determined by means of length and depth only (D=0.601Bl+ 1.154Bd, MDS=44.96). The sex of juvenile birds could not be determined. Determination of sex by discriminant analysis is shown to give acceptable estimates of morphometric characters divided by sex where only the mean and variance of these variables but not the sexual identity of individual birds is required. Where absolute accuracy in sex determination is required, 80% of the birds in our samples would have to be discarded to be 90% confident of the sex of the remainder.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Growth of Hexaploid Triticale at Early Seedling Stage

Salt tolerance of ten cultivars of hexaploid triticale was assessed at the time of germination and at the early seedling stage in a laboratory experiment. Concentrations of the NaCl solutions employed in this experiment were 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 mM. In none of the cultivars used in this experiment was it possible to obtain fully developed seedlings at 250 and 350 mM NaCl concentrations. Shoot growth was more sensitive to salinity than germination and root growth. It is, therefore, suggested that shoot growth is one of the most important characters for screening tests of salt tolerance in hexaploid triticale at this early stage of growth. Variation in salt tolerance among the ten cultivars was observed, with Currency, Yoreme, Welsh, and Beaver showing a higher salt tolerance in relation to germination and most of the seedling characters tested. On the other hand, Bronco was relatively, sensitive to salinity in relation to both germination and seedlings characters. The varietal differences in salt tolerance were not ascribed to differences in the cytoplasm and chromosome constitution.
Consequences of a Gait Change During Locomotion in Toads (Bufo Woodhousii Fowleri)

Most animals cannot sustain speeds above that at which the rate of oxygen consumption reaches a maximum (V O O2 max ). Fowler9s toad ( Bufo woodhousii fowleri ), by contrast, has a maximum aerobic speed (MAS, the speed at V O O2 max ) of 0.27 km h −1 but can sustain speeds as high as 0.45 km h −1 without increasing the V O O2 max above the V O O2 max . The present study investigates the discrepancy between MAS and the maximum sustainable speed (MSS). Toads switched from walking to hopping as their speed increased. The cost of a hop (4.1×10 −4 O 2 g −1 hop −1 ) was greater than the cost of a walking stride (2.5 × 10 −4 ml O 2 g −1 stride −1 ) and was independent of speed for both hopping and walking. However, individual hops were much longer than walking strides, which more than offset the greater cost of a hop. The calculated cost to traverse a given distance was approximately 1.9 times as much for walking as for hopping. During natural locomotion animals used combined walking and hopping. Individual toads that favored walking had higher locomotor costs than those that favored hopping. The estimated cost of exclusive hopping was less than the cost of natural locomotion at all but the highest speeds. This discrepancy may reflect the fact that the natural gait is a combination of both the less economical walking gait and the more economical hopping gait. To achieve speeds above the MAS toads walked less and used the more economical hopping gait more, and thus did not increase energy cost above that of V O O2 max . The speed at which the estimated cost of exclusive hopping exceeded the cost of a natural gait and approached the V O O2 max was close to the MSS. Creatine phosphate and lactate concentrations in the muscles of the thigh and calf did not change from resting levels at sustainable speeds greater than the MAS. Note: To whom reprint requests should be addressed
Efecto de la dieta de cerdos ibéricos sobre la composición en ácidos grasos del tejido adiposo y muscular / Effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of adipose and muscular tissue in Iberian pigs

The fatty acid composition of total, apolar and polar lipid fractions from adipose and muscular tissues of Iberian pigs was determined. Animals were fed on diets of pasture and acorns (montanera), acorns and cereals (recebo) or cereals (cebo ). The principal fatty acids in the total and apolar lipid fractions from muscular tissue were C18.1 (39-51%), C16.0 (21-27%), C18.0 (11-21%), C18.2 (3-7%) and C18.3 (1.7-5.4%). Significant differences were observed only in some cases. In the total lipid fraction from the muscular tissue significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between all three batches for the C161 fatty acid and between the cebo batch and the others for both C181 and C18:0. In total lipids from the adipose tissue, significant differences were found for both C161 and C18:3 between all three batches, and for C16:1 and C18:1 differences were observed only between the montanera batch and the others. The differences between batches in the apolar and polar frac tions were smaller than those for total lipids. A 100% partition among the three different diets studied was not obtained when a stepwise discriminant analysis was applied.