Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Obstetric Fistula in Ilorin, Nigeria

In this perspective, Andrew Browning of the Fistula Hospital in Addis Ababa discusses a study on obstetric fistula in Ilorin, Nigeria. The study was originally published in the West African Journal of Medicine [1]. With the journal's permission, we have made a PDF of the full-text article freely available on our website (see Text S1).
Simulations of water vapor in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere

A three-dimensional Chemical Tracer Model is used to simulate the distribution of water vapor in the upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS). The simulations include only the large scale advection of water vapor and the restriction that the air be at or below saturation at all times. This simulation is used to help distinguish among those processes that control water vapor in the UT/LS. The exchange of water vapor across the tropopause is analyzed in detail. The simulation qualitatively reproduces the water vapor distribution given by satellite and radiosonde observations on both sides of the tropopause, confirming the importance of the global temperature distribution and advection in controlling the water vapor distribution. Quantitative differences with observations of water vapor are ascribed to input temperature biases. Water vapor enters the stratosphere at all longitudes in the tropics. Details of subgrid-scale dynamic and convective processes are not necessary to explain the entry of water vapor into the stratosphere, but these are found to be important for controlling the water vapor distribution in the upper troposphere.
Analysis of the formation and failure of Ram Creek landslide dam, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract During the May 1968 Inangahua earthquake, a 2.8 × 106 m3 landslide dam was formed in highly weathered granitic material in the headwaters of Ram Creek on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. The landslide dam impounded a lake immediately upstream of the dam for c. 13 yr without breaching. The dam crest was breached on 29 April 1981 during an intense rainstorm, resulting in complete and catastrophic failure of the Ram Creek landslide dam. A dambreak flood caused substantial damage downstream. The longevity of the dam was probably due to its resistance to internal erosion, the small size of catchment, and the lack of high intensity/long duration rainfall in the catchment area. Three internationally derived geomorphic indices (Impoundment Index, Blockage Index, and Dimensionless Blockage Index) used to predict the stability (post‐formation dam development) of landslide dams were applied to the Ram Creek landslide dam; all three indices correctly predicted the short term (< 12 yr) development of the dam but failed to predict the catastrophic failure some 13 yr after formation. It is impossible to predict when a sufficiently intense event will cause overtopping failure of a landslide dam. It is conceivable that the Ram Creek dam could have remained intact for many more decades if the 1981 storm had been a little less intense, or centred a few kilometres farther away. Hence, the stability of this landslide dam was essentially a statistical concept, because the event against which it is stable is stochastic in nature.
A Transport Model for Sheetflow Based on Two-Phase Flow

This paper describes a model of the net sediment transport rate under linear and arbitrary nonlinear oscillatory flows in the sheetflow regime. The model is based on a two-phase flow description. The turbulent diffusivity was formulated to take into account phase-lag effects for different wave conditions and sediment properties. An introduction of a modifier to the turbulent diffusivity produced asymmetry in the concentration profiles, which qualitatively agrees with temporal and spatial distributions of the concentration profiles measured during laboratory visualization experiments. The model can predict transport rates in the sheetflow regime for combined waves and co-directional currents and for waves alone. The model is validated for a wide range of sediment median particle diameters, wave periods, and maximum flow velocities. Comparisons with experimental data on transport rates under linear and nonlinear waves, including velocity and acceleration asymmetric oscillations, were made and showed good agreement. Other comparisons encompassing combined waves and currents were conducted, also with good agreement.
Classification of daily rainfall patterns in a Mediterranean area with extreme intensity levels: the Valencia region

The objective of this paper is to identify the spatial distribution patterns of heavy rainfall in the Valencia region, Spain. Rainfall in this area reaches one of the highest intensity levels in the Mediterranean, with daily precipitation values above 800 mm. Although high intensities characterize the region's precipitation, there is a zone situated in the south of the Gulf of Valencia that registers exceptionally high daily precipitation intensities.
The Influence of ENSO in the Flows of the Upper Paraná River of South America over the Past 100 Years

Abstract The Upper Parana River is the main tributary of the La Plata River basin, the second largest in South America, contributing with an annual mean flow of 12 000 m3 s−1 to more than one-half of the total water flowing in the La Plata River system. The Parana River has a relevant importance in the region for transportation and hydroelectricity generation. This paper studies the influence of ENSO on the monthly flows measured at Posadas (27°23′S, 55°53′W) during the period of 1901–97. The original data are converted into standardized monthly anomalies, and the annual cycle is removed. Two data subsets are generated: a first group includes the years of warm ENSO events, or El Nino, and the second group includes the years of cold ENSO events, or La Nina. The elements of the subsets are composites of 24 consecutive months starting in January of the year when the ENSO event begins and ending in December of the following year. The results show that the averaged flows observed during El Nino events are alwa.
The stable isotopic records of fossils from the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK: palaeoenvironmental implications

Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcareous nekton (aragonite Kosmoceras and calcite belemnites) and benthos (aragonite nuculacean bivalves and calcite Gryphaea) from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation vary considerably at any one horizon but show no obvious trend with time. This suggests that the temperature and isotopic composition of ambient seawater may have varied considerably over short time intervals but did not change systematically during deposition of the unit. Thus, short-term fluctuations were superimposed on longer-term 'stability' in this shallow-shelf environment. The overlap in carbon isotopic compositions between calcareous nekton and benthos suggest a well-mixed water column. Oxygen isotopic palaeotemperatures suggest thermal stratification, provided that Kosmoceras (16–28 °C) inhabited near-surface waters and belemnites (12–19°C, indistinguishable from the range for benthic bivalves) were nektobenthic. Oxygen isotopic compositions of phosphate from both shallow- and possible deeper-dwelling vertebrates (reptiles, bony fish and sharks) yield the same range of palaeotemperatures (20–29 °C), suggesting that all vertebrate taxa may have lived predominantly in warm, shallow waters.
Joint presentation reduces the effect of emotion on evaluation of public actions

In four experiments conducted on the world wide web, subjects evaluated the priority of policies presented separately or presented jointly in pairs, and/or reported their emotional responses to the problem that each policy addressed. Strength of emotional responses was more strongly related to priority when policies were presented separately than when they were presented jointly. We found evidence for one mechanism that could produce these results: joint presentation increases the evaluability of the policies, thus increasing the influence of cognitive evaluations of importance on priority judgements, and reducing the relative influence of emotional responses. We also found evidence that importance can affect emotional responses. We found no evidence for other mechanisms in which the emotions evoked by one item spread to the other item in joint presentation. The role of evaluability points to the applied value of evaluating policies in the context of alternatives.
Mechanisms Controlling Precipitation in the Northern Portion of the North American Monsoon

AbstractKey mechanisms important for the simulation and better understanding of the precipitation of the North American monsoon (NAM) were analyzed in this paper. Three experiments with the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) regional climate model, the Hadley Centre Regional Model version 3P (HadRM3P), driven by different boundary conditions were carried out. After a detailed analysis of the moisture and low-level winds derived from the models, the authors conclude that the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) moisture and the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) play an important role in the northern portion of the NAM. Moreover, the realistic simulation of these features is necessary for a better simulation of precipitation in the NAM. Previous works suggest that the influence of moisture from the GoM in Arizona–New Mexico (AZNM) takes place primarily via the middle- and upper-tropospheric flow (above 700 mb). However, it is shown here that if the GoM does not supply enough moisture and the GPLLJ at.
The generation of runoff from subarctic snowpacks

A physically based model of the movement of water through snowpacks was used to calculate hydrographs generated by diurnal waves of snowmelt on the tundra and in the boreal forest of subarctic Labrador. The model was tested against measured hydrographs from hillside plots that sampled a range of aspect, gradient and length, vegetative cover, and snow depth and density. The model yielded good results, particularly in the prediction of peak runoff rates, though there was a slight overestimate of the lag time. A comparison of predictions with field measurements indicated that given the ranges over which each of the controls is likely to vary, the two most critical factors controlling the hydrograph are the snow depth and the melt rate, which must be predicted precisely for short time intervals. Permeability of the snowpack is another important control, but it can be estimated closely from published values.
Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index, concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang, China

This paper studied the spatial and temporal variability of the statistical structures of precipitation across Xinjiang, China, by analysing the time series of daily precipitation from 50 weather stations during the period from 1961 to 2008. Three indices precipitation concentration index (CI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP) were used to detect precipitation concentrations and the associated spatial patterns. The results show that higher precipitation CI values were mainly observed in Southern Xinjiang, whereas lower precipitation CI values were mostly detected in Northern Xinjiang. The precipitation CI values are noticeably larger in places where both annual total precipitation and number of rainy days are lower. The Mann–Kendall trend test demonstrates that the most parts of Xinjiang are characterized by no significant trends of precipitation CI at the 0.05 significance level. The periodicity characteristic of precipitation CI time series in Xinjiang could be detected by wavelet power spectrum analysis, and significant periods of that in most of Xinjiang were concentrated on 2–5 years band. The results of PCP reveal that rainfall in Xinjiang mostly occurs in summer, and the rainy season arrives earlier in Eastern Xinjiang than Western Xinjiang, whereas the results of PCD indicate that the rainfall in Northern Xinjiang was more dispersed within a year than that in Southern Xinjiang. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia

New specimens of caenagnathid theropods are described from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta, the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota, and the Bissekty Formation (Turonian) of Uzbekistan. With the exception of the Hell Creek specimen, and a vertebra from Alberta, all are from the symphysial regions of the lower jaws. Caenagnathids are rare and poorly known animals, and the described fossils preserve heretofore unknown features, including vascular grooves and foramina in the symphysial region, and the pattern of overlapping sutures between jaw elements. Most of the new specimens are different from the holotype of Caenagnathus collinsi Sternberg and may represent the second described species, Caenagnathus sternbergi. The two jaws from the Bissekty Formation are the first oviraptorosaurian jaws described from Uzbekistan and represent a new genus and species anatomically closer to Caenagnathus than to central Asian forms like Oviraptor, Conchoraptor and Ingenia. There.
Sun, sea, sociability, and sightseeing: Mediterranean summer holidaymaking revisited

Popular summer holidaymaking in the mainstream and much-visited destination of Mallorca is segmented and versatile in terms of tourist motivations. This study demonstrates unanimous touristic interest in pleasant weather conditions and a majority emphasis on sociability, relaxation, and beach life, along with cultural sightseeing and landscape experience motivations. Moreover, the findings indicate quite stable motivations in this holidaymaking context. There are very few motivational differences between Mallorca visitors using package tours or charter flights and their fellow tourists going by scheduled flights. The questionnaire-based survey results thus challenge conventional wisdom about Mediterranean seaside package tours as undifferentiated “sun and sand mass tourism” for “ordinary people” lacking individuality. Although air travel and package tours may still be standardized, the tourists themselves do not become homogenous simply by the mere utilization of such products.
Reduction of wind stress due to swell at high wind conditions

[1] Wind stress over the ocean depends on the sea surface roughness which is determined by the sea state. On one hand, underdeveloped wind seas, rougher than their fully developed counterpart, increase the drag. On the other hand, the presence of swell can modify wind stress by modifying the wind sea roughness. This latter mechanism is believed to have a great impact at high winds whenever underdeveloped local waves coexist with swell. Detailed measurements of wind stress and wavefield in fetch-limited growth conditions were made in an area subjected to strong and persistent winds. Through the analysis of wavefield observations, it is found that the presence of swell dampens the short wind waves. The observed attenuation is greater for younger wind seas and decreases as the wind waves become older. Results obtained from modeling the interaction of wind waves and the air flow above point out that the attenuation of short wind waves causes a reduction of the wave-supported stress, which in turn decreases the total wind stress.
Fracturing process of granite inferred from measurements of spatial and temporal variations in velocity during triaxial deformations

Fracturing in fine-grained homogeneous granite during triaxial deformation was investigated by measuring the spatial and temporal variations of elastic wave velocities. Velocities along 20 ray paths were measured with 12 piezoelectric transducers attached to a sample under confining pressures up to 400 MPa. Systematic velocity differences observed among the 20 paths apparently indicate the formation of a dilatant region near the surface of a sample. The damaged region formed near the surface due to asymmetric development of dilatancy seemed to play an important role in controlling ultimate failure. No evidence of the formation of a crack concentration zone adjacent to the ultimate fracture plane could be found before failure, insofar as could be estimated from the velocity variations of elastic waves propagating along its plane. However, a highly concentrated region of cracks in which the fracture nucleated was generated in the damaged region at stresses of more than 97–99% of the ultimate strength in all the specimens based on tomographic images computed using an algebraic reconstruction technique. The elastic waves were strongly affected by the damaged region even under the high confining pressures at which cracks are considered to close.
Nitrous Oxide Emission from No‐Till Irrigated Corn

Field experiments were conducted to determine optimal time during the day for N 2 O flux determination and to evaluate the effects of wheel traffic and soil parameters on N 2 O fluxes following urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) injection and summer UAN fertigations. The experiments were located on silty clay loam soils under no-till irrigated continuous corn of eastern Nebraska. Three approaches were used. First, near-continuous N 2 O flux measurements were made in non-wheel-tracked (NWT) interrows in four 24-h periods during the growing season of 2002. Second, point measurements of N 2 O flux were made in the wheel-tracked (WT) and NWT interrows at five dates during the growing season of 2002. Third, point measurements of N 2 O fluxes and soils (nitrate, ammonium, moisture, and temperature) were made in the NWT interrows from 2001 to 2004. The differences between point vs. continuous flux measurements (<8 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ) and between the WT vs. the NWT (<3.7 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ) were not significant. The means of N 2 O daily flux within 60 d after injection (period of high soil N) in the first, second, and third year were 26.8, 21.2, and 28.0 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 , respectively. The means during low soil N were 9.24, 4.05, and 7.50 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 , respectively. Summer fertigations did not increase N 2 O flux. Under the conditions of this study, optimal point measurement for N 2 O daily flux can be made any time during the day at the NWT interrows. Among the soil parameters, soil nitrate dynamics in the injection zone correlates best with N 2 O fluxes.
SETTLEMENT OF SANDS UNDER MULTIDIRECTIONAL SHAKING

Tests on samples of dry sand subjected to shaking in one, two, and three dimensions show that the settlements caused by multidirectional shaking may be significantly greater than the settlements caused by shaking in one direction only. The settlements caused by combined horizontal motions are about equal to the sum of the settlements caused by the components if they act separately. Vertical motion superimposed on horizontal motion causes an increase in settlements. By using a simple correction factor based on these findings it is shown that the settlement computed from the results of cyclic simple shear tests and a one-dimensional response analysis agrees well with the observed settlement of a clayey sand fill in the San Fernando earthquake.
Effects of along‐shore wind on DSW formation beneath coastal polynyas: Application to the Sea of Okhotsk

[1] It is known that salinity anomaly under a polynya reaches and remains an equilibrium value S* after termination of its initial increase associated with brine rejection at the surface. In this paper, we investigate effect of along-shore (downwelling-favorable) wind on the equilibrium salinity anomaly by idealized numerical calculations and scale-based estimates. Numerical calculations showed that high saline water beneath polynya is advected downstream by wind-driven circulations over the shelf besides baroclinically developed eddies, which consequently induces a decrease in S* beneath polynya. The downwelling-favorable wind generates an offshore overturning flow through lower layers, referred to as Ekman Compensation Flow (ECF), which causes a great offshore salinity flux, as well as an along-shore current. We also constructed an equation for estimation of S* from the viewpoint of salinity budget over the polynya region, in which lateral salinity fluxes caused by ECF, along-shore wind-driven current and baroclinic eddies, are scaled. The solution S* was also verified by a series of numerical calculations. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of along-shore wind on dense water generation beneath the Okhotsk coastal polynyas. We conducted simplified numerical experiments assuming the Okhotsk situation, in which Fs and offshore width b of polynya are predicted by a thermodynamic polynya model with ECMWF meteorological variables. The simulated salinity shows a good agreement with the direct measurements. The theoretical estimates for S* was also applied to two Okhotsk polynyas, northwestern polynya (NWP) and northern polynya (NP). In conclusion, we found that the along-shore wind causes greater salinity decrease in NP than in NWP, whose variations substantially depend on the Aleutian Low activity.
Instrumental temperature series in eastern and central China back to the nineteenth century

In this study, we bring together different source data sets and use quality control, interpolation, and homogeneity methods to construct a set of homogenized monthly mean surface air temperature (SAT) series for 18 stations in eastern and central China from the late nineteenth century. Missing values are statistically interpolated, and cross validation is used to assess the accuracy of the interpolation approaches. Results show that the errors of interpolation are small, and the interpolated values are statistically acceptable. Multiple homogeneity methods and all available metadata are used to assess the consistency of the time series and then to develop adjustments when necessary. Thirty‐three homogeneity breakpoints are detected in the 18 stations, and the time series is adjusted to the latest segment of the data series. The adjusted annual mean SAT generally shows a range of trends of 1.0° to 4.2°C/100 years in northeastern and southeastern China and a range of trends of −0.3° to 1.0°C/100 years in central China near 30°N. Compared to the adjusted time series, the unadjusted time series underestimates the warming trend during the past 100 years. The regional and annual mean SAT over eastern and central China agrees well with estimates from a much denser station network over this region of China since 1951 and shows a warming trend of 1.52°C/100 years during 1909–2010.
Enhancing the Accuracy of Position Information through Superposition of Location Server Data

The localization of a mobile device is of essential need in order to provide location based services to the users, e.g. in an emergency situation. Several mechanisms have been proposed so far to determine the positions, requiring rather expensive enhancements of existing access network equipment or mobile devices. In this paper, we present a new approach which uses relatively coarse, cell ID based location determination mechanisms. If the location information precision provided by a carrier is not sufficient for a service, it can be refined with data from other location servers. In contrast to other approaches for the enhancement of location information precision, our approach relies on existing location determination mechanisms inside the networks and requires only updates for the servers providing the information.