Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

SUMMARY The effects of two diets formulated to be either synchronous or asynchronous with respect to the hourly supply of energy and nitrogen on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis were studied in sheep. In Expt 1, the in situ degradation characteristics of nitrogen (N), organic matter (OM) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions were determined in winter wheat straw, winter barley, malt distillers dark grains rapeseed meal and fishmeal. The feeds exhibited a large range in degradability characteristics of the nitrogen and energy-yielding fractions. A computer program was developed based upon the raw material degradation characteristics obtained from the above studies. The program was used to formulate two diets with similar metabolizable energy (9·5 MJ/kg DM) and rumen degradable protein contents (96 g/kg DM) but to be either synchronous (diet A) or asynchronous (diet B) with respect to the hourly rate of release of N and energy. The program was used to predict the hourly release of N, OM and CHO and the molar production of volatile fatty acids (VFA). In Expt 2, the two diets were fed to four cannulated sheep at the rate of 1 kg/day in four equal portions, in two periods, using a change-over design. Rumen ammonia concentrations followed the predicted rate of N degradation. A maximum concentration of 10·5 and 7 mM for diets A and B respectively was achieved within the first hour of feeding which then fell to 7 and 3 mM respectively. Rumen VFA proportions were more stable for the synchronous diet (A) than the asynchronous diet (B) and were more stable than predicted for both diets. True ruminal degradation of OM and CHO was similar for both diets and close to that predicted, although fibre degradability in diet A was 30% lower than predicted due to a reduction in both cellulose and hemicellulose digested. Microbial protein production was estimated simultaneously with L-[4,5–3H]leucine and a technique based on cytosine. Estimates varied with marker but mean values indicated a 27% greater production of microbial N (g N/kg DM I) with the synchronous diet (A) and an average improvement in microbial protein efficiency (g N/kg OM truly degraded or CHO apparently degraded) of 13%, although neither difference was significant. There was evidence of a greater recycling of N in the animals and a significantly lower content of rumen degradable protein when the sheep were fed the asynchronous diet (B). The results are consistent with the view that synchronizing the rate of supply of N and energyyielding substrates to the rumen micro-organisms based upon ingredient in situ degradation data can improve microbial protein flow at the duodenum and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.
Comparison of Grape Chitinase Activities in Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon with Vitis rotundifolia cv. Fry

Fungal resistance in Euvitis is generally correlated with levels of pathogenesis-related proteins such as chitinase. Vitis rotundifolia is resistant to many pathogens that affect Vitis vinifera; therefore, grape chitinase activities were compared in V. rotundifolia cv. Fry and V. vinifera cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay chitinase activities were approximately 130-fold and 80-fold higher than Fry activities, respectively. Thus, the high pathogen resistance of Fry may be a result of factors other than chitinase. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fry berries had two chitinase isoforms, and at least one was not found in the V. vinifera berries. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay had four and five chitinase isoforms, respectively.
Linguistics

Our article is dedicated to the relation of a given name’s phonological structure and the gender of the referent. Phonology has been shown to play an important role with regard to gender marking on a name in some (Germanic) languages. For example, studies on English and on German have shown in detail that female and male names have significantly different phonological structures. However, little is known whether these phonological patterns are valid beyond (closely related) individual languages. This study, therefore, sets out to assess the relation of gender and the phonological structures of names across different languages/cultures. In order to do so, we analyzed a sample of popular given names from 13 countries. Our results indicate that there are both language/cultureoverarching similarities between names used for people of the same gender and language/culture-specific correlations. Finally, our results are interpreted against the backdrop of conventional and synesthetic sound symbolism.
Life-history plasticity in the butterfly Lycaena hippothoe: local adaptations and trade-offs

Life-history theory predicts some cost to be associated with short development time, the most frequently assumed being small adult size. Alternatively, insects may increase developmental rates and grow fast to a larger size. Seasonal environments should select for phenotypic plasticity in growth and development, based on the need to complete development up to the diapausing stage before the onset of unfavourable season. Nevertheless, there must be some limit beyond which a compensation for a shorter development cannot be achieved. By comparing three geographically isolated populations of Lycaena hippothoe in common environments we show that in the Hungarian population development time seems to be traded off against size at maturity. This population is the only bivoltine one within this principally monovoltine species. Thus, realization of an additional generation per year, achieved through largely reduced development times, appears to carry the cost of substantially lower adult weights compared with other populations. In contrast, differences in development time in two monovoltine populations were not accompanied by a trade-off between development time and size. These results suggest that clear trade-offs are restricted to stressful situations, when compensation by an increase in growth rates is no longer feasible. We suggest the particularly short development time in the Hungarian population (facilitating a second generation), as well as the shorter development in an alpine (short vegetation period) compared with a western German population, to be adaptations to local climatic conditions. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 75, 173–185.
Individual variability in reproductive success of Triaenophorus crassus Forel (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), with comments on use of the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient

Maturity, mass, and lifetime fecundity were detemined in individual Triaenophorus crassus from spawning pike (Esox lucius) from Falcon Lake, Manitoba. Only 33% of worms contained eggs, and only 73% of these could release their eggs (up to 4 400 000 per worm). Inequalities in mass and fecundity were quantified using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients calculated for worms pooled across hosts, and separately for worms in each host. Inequalities in mass were correlated with, but always lower than, corresponding inequalities in fecundity, although inequalities in fecundity and mass were more similar at high infection intensities. Consequently, inequalities in worm mass did not provide an accurate estimate of inequalities in reproductive success but could be used as an indirect index for comparative purposes. These inequalities can potentially modify parasite transmission. Ten percent of worms accounted for 85% of all parasite fecundity and, as a result of a contagious distribution of worms among pike and a la.
Pedigree-based analysis of genetic variability in the registered Normande cattle breed in Colombia

Genetic variability and structure of the population were studied in 7949 registered Normande cattle in Colombia. The pedigree was deep with 18 traced generations, but there were some incomplete genealogical information for the cattle born in the more distant past. The average number of complete and equivalent complete generations was 2.42 and 5.21, respectively. The average pedigree completeness index for five generations was 0.62, which increased over time, and a significant difference between sexes was found (males: 0.82 ± 0.11; females: 0.62 ± 0.38). The average generation interval was 7.57 years. The number of founders, effective founders, ancestors, and founder genomes were 575, 115, 47, and 22.22, respectively, which suggests that an unequal use of founders and a random loss of alleles from founders occurred over time. The level of inbreeding was 0.019 and increased to 0.023, when the inbreeding coefficient was calculated by assigning inbreeding of contemporaries to founders. These levels of inbreeding lead to an effective population size of 138.5 and 117.9 and to a 0.36% and 0.42% rate of inbreeding, respectively. Out of 267 herds with more than five registered breeding animals, only one nucleus herd was present, whereas 117 and 119 were classified as multiplier and commercial herds, respectively. About 92% of calves were sired by French bulls; but the use of Colombian bulls for breeding is increasing. The Colombian Normande breed is at an acceptable level of genetic variability, although some losses of founder alleles have occurred. As the level of inbreeding has been increasing, inbreeding and mating strategies should be monitored in order to maintain the genetic diversity of the breed.
Brand Coolness

Marketers strive to create cool brands, but the literature does not offer a blueprint for what “brand coolness” means or what features characterize cool brands. This research uses a mixed-methods approach to conceptualize brand coolness and identify a set of characteristics typically associated with cool brands. Focus groups, depth interviews, and an essay study indicate that cool brands are perceived to be extraordinary, aesthetically appealing, energetic, high status, rebellious, original, authentic, subcultural, iconic, and popular. In nine quantitative studies (surveys and experiments), the authors develop scale items to reliably measure the component characteristics of brand coolness; show that brand coolness influences important outcome variables, including consumers’ attitudes toward, satisfaction with, intentions to talk about, and willingness to pay for the brand; and demonstrate how cool brands change over time. At first, most brands become cool to a small niche, at which point they are perceived to be more subcultural, rebellious, authentic, and original. Over time, some cool brands become adopted by the masses, at which point they are perceived to be more popular and iconic.
Spawning Chronology, Nest Site Selection and Nest Success of Smallmouth Bass During Benign Streamflow Conditions

ABSTRACT We documented the nesting chronology, nest site selection and nest success of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in an upstream (4th order) and downstream (5th order) reach of Baron Fork Creek, Oklahoma. Males started nesting in mid-Apr. when water temperatures increased to 16.9 C upstream, and in late-Apr. when temperatures increased to 16.2 C downstream. Streamflows were low (77% upstream to 82% downstream of mean Apr. streamflow, and 12 and 18% of mean Jun. streamflow; 47 and 55 y of record), and decreased throughout the spawning period. Larger males nested first upstream, as has been observed in other populations, but not downstream. Upstream, progeny in 62 of 153 nests developed to swim-up stage. Downstream, progeny in 31 of 73 nests developed to swim-up. Nesting densities upstream (147/km) and downstream (100/km) were both higher than any densities previously reported. Males selected nest sites with intermediate water depths, low water velocity and near cover, behavior that is typical of smallmouth bass. Documented nest failures resulted from human disturbance, angling, and longear sunfish predation. Logistic exposure models showed that water velocity at the nest was negatively related and length of the guarding male was positively related to nest success upstream. Male length and number of degree days were both positively related to nest success downstream. Our results, and those of other studies, suggest that biological factors account for most nest failures during benign (stable, low flow) streamflow conditions, whereas nest failures attributed to substrate mobility or nest abandonment dominate when harsh streamflow conditions (spring floods) coincide with the spawning season.
Practices and constraints in Bambara Groundnut’s production, marketing and consumption in the Brong Ahafo and Upper East Regions of Ghana

A study was undertaken to understand the practices and major constraints in bambara groundnut production, marketing and consumption in the Brong Ahafo (Transition) and Upper East (Guinea Savannah) Regions of Ghana. A total of 200 bambara producers, 33 marketers and 68 consumers were randomly chosen and interviewed from the Brong Ahafo and the Upper East Regions of Ghana. Three bambara groundnut growing districts in the Transition agro-ecology; Nkoranza, Wenchi East and Wenchi West and four districts in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecology; Bawku West, Kasena Nankana, Talensi Nabdam and Builsa were studied between August 2006 and January, 2007. Three separate questionnaires were developed to target producers, marketers and consumers in this study. The study confirmed more females (63%) produced bambara than males (37%). More farmers produced bambara solely for cash in the Transition (73%) whereas in the Guinea Savannah most farmers produced for cash and subsistence (78%). Most farmers (65%) depend on farmer saved seeds for planting. Sellers and consumers preferred white or cream seeds with large sizes. The major problem with bambara is the long cooking time of mature seeds.
Longitudinal data assessment of global stability index in kale leaves

Kale plants are usually sold “in natura” in street markets and malls. Kale leaves can have their appearance compromised by dehydration and discoloration due to increased post-harvest time exposure. We aimed to analyze the Global Stability Index (GSI) in kale accessions by means of repeated measurement analysis and curve grouping as a complementary form of superior sample identification with regard to post-harvest preservation. Thirty kale accessions were evaluated using a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. Two commercial leaves per plant were collected, and kept on workbenches in the shade at a temperature of 18 ± 1 °C. Subsequently, the degrees of discoloration and dehydration, total chlorophyll content, and accumulated fresh mass loss were evaluated over a 15-day period. From these data, the GSI was calculated for each day of evaluation. In addition, using mixed models, thirteen co-variance structures were tested. For graphical analysis, thirteen linear and non-linear models were assessed followed by curve grouping using multivariate analysis. The GSI was efficient for differentiating accessions, which became an important tool in post-harvest studies. GSI values were not equally correlated, therefore the use of mixed models became an important approach. The unstructured matrix was the best fit to model the dependence of error. The Melow I model was the best fit for studying the GSI. The accessions UFVJM-10, UFLA-1, COM-1, UFVJM-32, COM-3, UFVJM-8, UFVJM-36 and UFVJM-24, belonging to 3 and 5 clusters, are recommended for crop cultivation and as parental material in breeding programs.
Multi-scale modelling of E. coli metabolism

3 In response to environmental and genetic perturbations, micro-organisms may regulate 4 their metabolism both metabolically – via metabolite–enzyme interactions – and hier5 archically – via modulating enzyme capacities. In this report, we develop a combined 6 metabolic and genetic regulatory model of E. coli that may be used to test this multi7 scale response. 8 ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed at kieran.smallbone@manchester.ac. uk 1 PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi. org/10.7287/peerj.preprints. 914v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 20 Mar 2015, publ: 20 Mar 2015 P re P rin ts
Does Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) breed in northern Italy?

This paper reports the capture of seven adult Pipistrellus nathusii including a lactating female mist-netted in July 1997 in Varese province (northern Italy). This record represents the first identification of a breeding female Nathusius' pipistrelle in the south part of the Alps. Other data on the reproduction of this species in Europe are discussed in order to reconsider its distribution and breeding sites.
Preliminary phytochemical and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of the crude pericarp extract of Hyphaene thebaica (doumpalm)

The preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial evaluation of crude pericarp extract of Hyphaene thebaica (doumpalm) was ascertained. The crude pericarp powder of the plant was extracted for phytochemical screening by reflux method. The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenes and terpinoids in low and moderate concentration. The crude pericarp extract exhibited activity on some laboratory isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. The effects of this extract on both Gram positive and negative isolates indicated broad spectrum antibacterial activity. These organisms were sensitive to all the concentrations of the extract used except S. typhi which was resistant at 200 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus, S. pyogenes and S. typhi was 25 mg/ml while for E. coli and S. dysenteriae, it was 50 mg/ml. All the laboratory isolates had a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 50 mg/ml. With these findings, it was concluded that H. thebaica has some important phytochemicals that can be used as therapeutic agents in the inhibition of the multiplication of these pathogenic organisms.
Annual ring density for lodgepole pine as derived from models for earlywood density, latewood density and latewood proportion

Model-based prediction of annual ring density (RD) is necessary to manage forests for wood quality objectives. However, annual RD in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) exhibits a high degree of variability making it a challenge to model. We compared two methods of predicting annual RD including (1) a ring component approach and (2) a direct approach. The former approach uses model-based estimates of earlywood density (EWD), latewood density (LWD) and latewood proportion (LWP) to calculate annual RD. The latter approach uses a single model with annual RD as the dependent variable. The two approaches were tested using a dataset which included sites on the western and eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, within the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. The best models for EWD, LWD and LWP included ring number and ring width, while site-specific parameters indicated that sites on the western slopes differed from those on the eastern slopes. Component-based estimates of annual RD using only fixed effects explained 25 per cent of the variability, increasing to 63 per cent with random effects. The best model for a direct estimate of annual RD explained only 5 per cent of the variability using fixed effects, increasing to 55 per cent with random effects.
Inheritance of picloram and 2,4-D resistance in wild mustard (Brassica kaber)

Abstract The primary goal of this research was to determine the inheritance of cross-resistance to several groups of auxinic herbicides through classical genetic approaches using auxinic herbicide–resistant (R) and –susceptible (S) wild mustard biotypes obtained from western Canada. F1 progeny were raised from crosses between homozygous auxinic herbicide–R and –S wild mustard parental lines. The F1 and F2 populations were assessed for picloram (pyridine group) and 2,4-D (phenoxyalkanoic group) resistance or susceptibility. Analyses of the F1 as well as the F2 progeny indicate that a single dominant gene confers the resistance to picloram and 2,4-D similar to an earlier report of dicamba-based (benzoic acid group) resistance in this wild mustard biotype. Furthermore, analyses of backcross progeny in this species indicate that resistance to all three auxinic herbicides, i.e., picloram, dicamba, and 2,4-D, is determined by closely linked genetic loci. With this information on inheritance of resistance to several auxinic herbicide families, the R biotype of wild mustard offers an excellent system to isolate and characterize the auxinic herbicide–resistance gene. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; picloram; wild mustard, Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. Wheeler SINAR.
Growth, survivability, and reproductive effects of pulse-dosed endosulfan on jordanella floridae (florida flagfish) over one complete life-cycle

ii Acknowledgements iii Index to Figures vii Index to Tables viii List of Abbreviations x 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims 2 2.0 Literature Review 3 2.1 Toxicity Testing 3 2.2 The Use of Pulse-exposure and Full life-cycle Studies 4 2.3 Fish Physiology 5 2.3.1 Basic Uptake and Elimination Physiology 5 2.3.2 Basic Reproductive Physiology 6 2.4 Jordanella floridae (Florida Flagfish) 7 2.4. 1 Classification, Habitat, and Characteristics 7 2.4. 2 Success / Validity as Test Species 8 2.4. 3 Behavioural Characterization & Breeding Patterns 9 2.4. 4 Examples of Use & Sensitivity 11 2.5 Endosulfan 11 2.5. 1 Organochlorine Insecticides 11 2.5. 2 General Use Use in Ontario 13 2.5. 3 Endosulfan Fate in Environment 14 2.5. 3.1 Water 14 2.5. 3.2 Soil 15 2.5. 3.3 Air 15 2.5. 4 Metabolites / Degradation Pathway 15 2.5. 5 Endosulfan Mode of Action 16 2.5. 6 Endocrine Disruption 17 2.6 Toxicity of Endosulfan to Fish 20 2.6. 1 Acute Toxicity 20
Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) of San Lorenzo National Park, Panama, with Descriptions of Two New Species

ABSTRACT Armored scale insects include invasive economic pests that have been widely studied in human-altered habitats but have received less attention in natural habitats. Although armored scale insects are nearly ubiquitous associates of woody plants, they generally go uncollected in general surveys because they are not susceptible to mass collecting techniques, such as fogging, beating, or trapping. San Lorenzo National Park in Panama was the subject of a recent high-profile effort to quantify the arthropod diversity in a tropical forest (Basset et al. 2012). Here, we contribute to understanding the biodiversity of this classic site by reporting the armored scale insect species we found there in August 2010. We found that, unlike other rainforest canopy taxa, the armored scale insect fauna is dominated by highly polyphagous cosmopolitan pests. However, we also found new species, and we describe two of them here: Furcaspis douglorum Okusu & Normark n. sp. and Hemiberlesia andradae Okusu & Normark n. sp. We provide amendments to the relevant keys, including a new key to New World species of Hemiberlesia Cockerell that lack perivulvar pores. In this context, we treat Abgrallaspis Balachowsky as asubjective synonym of Hemiberlesia, and we transfer its species to Hemiberlesia, except for the following assignments to other genera Affirmaspis flavida (De Lotto), n. comb. , Aspidiotus furcillae Brain, rev. comb. , Clavaspis perseae (Davidson), n. comb. , Diaspidiotus fraxini (McKenzie), n. comb. , and Davidsonaspis aguacatae (Evans, Watson, and Miller), n. comb. Davidsonaspis Normark, n. gen. We regard Abgrallaspis azadirachti Ojha and A narainus Dutta & Singh as synonyms of Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), new synonymy.