Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial activity in the haemocytes of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas

The presence of antibacterial activity in the haemocytes of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda), was investigated using a selection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from geographically diverse waters. Preliminary investigations into the relationship between this activity and the prophenoloxidase activating system (proPO) were also carried out. Antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms were found to reside exclusively in the granular haemocytes and eight of the twelve bacteria tested were susceptible to this effect. Additional studies, using Psychrobacter immobilis (= Moraxella sp.), revealed that the factor (or factors) responsible was 90% effective within 60 min and was also heat stable, independent of divalent cations, and non-lytic in character. Although antibacterial activity resides in the same cell population that carries the proPO system, there appears to be no relationship between antibacterial activity and phenoloxidase itself. Other components of the proPO system, however, may be involved.
Polyamines as Modulators of Plant Development

Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes are probably ubiquitous in plant cells. Their distribution, their changes in response to such stimuli as light, hormones, pollination, stress and senescence, and their effects when applied exogenously suggest a regulatory role in plants. Polyamine effects probably involve interaction with nucleic acids and membranes. (Accepted for publication 12 January 1983)
Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides (Nematoda: Rhabdiasoidea) in Australian marsupials.

Strongyloides thylacis, sp. nov, is described from the bandicoot Thylacis obesulus (Shaw). It exhibited a regular alternation of generations, similar to that which occurs in many species of the genus. Parastrongyloides trichosuri, sp. nov, is described from the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr). It also exhibited a regular alternation of generations. Parastrongyloides peramelis, sp, nov. is described from the bandicoots Thylacis obesulus and Perameles nasuta Geoffroy. It exhibited an alternation of generations, but homogonic development sometimes occurred as well.
Impact of certain corn cultivars on some ological parameters of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) tera: Aphididae)

The development, survival rate, reproduction and biological parameters of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), on five corn cultivars were evaluated at 25°C under laboratory conditions. The corn leaf aphid had a longer nymphal developmental time of 4.99, 4.98, 4.73, 4.46, and 5.60 day of Ada9516, K. Arifiye, PrimerG626, Pegaso and TTM815, respectively. The corn leaf aphid reared on K. Arifiye had the highest fecundity (69.65 offspring/aphid). The lower percentage survival rates were observed on TTM815 than that of the others. Net reproductive rate (Ro) was lowest (67.35 offspring/aphid/generation) on TTM815. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was lower on TTM815 than that of the other corn cultivars. TTM815 showed resistance to the pest.
Revision of the Genus Protostelium (Eumycetozoa) I: The Protostelium mycophaga Group and the P. irregularis Group

ABSTRACT The most commonly encountered protostelids are nominal members of the genus Protostelium Olive & Stoianovitch. These are Protostelium mycophaga Olive & Stoianovitch and P. irregularis Olive & Stoianovitch. Both species share the common features of long‐stalked fruiting bodies with single, uninucleate, deciduous spores and trophic states that consist solely of uninucleate amoebae, but they are quite different with respect to their detailed structure at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Based on this evidence, it seems unlikely that the species are congeneric, and it is proposed that P. irregularis be assigned to Soliformovum n. g. Examination of other species of Protostelium indicates that P. nocturnum Spiegel should be retained in the genus and that P. expulsum Olive & Stoianovitch should be reassigned to Soliformovum. The group most closely related to Protostelium, under this new concept, is the genus Planoprotostelium Olive & Stoianovitch, while Soliformovum is best treated as a genus of Eumycetozoa incertae sedis, though it does share some similarities with the group that includes the genera Ceratiomyxella Olive & Stoianovitch, Nematostelium Olive & Stoianovitch, and Schizoplasmodium Olive & Stoianovitch.
Interrelationships between breeding frequency, timing and outcome in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus: are King Penguins biennial breeders?

King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chick growth is interrupted by a winter fast which extends the length of the breeding cycle (laying to chick independence) to 14–16 months, so that continuous annual successful breeding appears to be impossible. The 3–month laying period imposes further constraints with respect to timing of breeding attempts in relation to the onset of fasting. By the frequent resighting of individually marked birds at Marion Island, we examined the frequency of breeding and the relationships between timing, outcome and frequency in the same and in consecutive years. A total of 3101 adult King Penguins were banded between 1984 and 1991, yielding continuous breeding histories spanning a maximum of 5 years. Most penguins attempted to breed in consecutive years, although the likelihood of taking a year off increased with the number of consecutive attempts. In any one season, about 19% of potentially breeding adults did not breed. Early breeders were more likely to succeed than late breeders and comprised 84% of breeding attempts of known timing. Successful birds in one season usually bred late in the following season, whereas failed attempts were usually followed by an early attempt. Non-breeding was more likely to occur after a successful outcome than a failed one, and after a year off 93% of birds bred early. It is incorrect to refer to the King Penguin as a biennial breeder.
PHYLOGENYAND HISTORICAL ECOLOGY OF THE DESMARESTIACEAE (PHAEOPHYCEAE) SUPPORT A SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ORIGIN 1

Phylogenetic relationships in the Desmarestiales (Phaeophyceae) were inferred among the monotypic Arthrocladia (Arthrocladiaceae) and 27 isolates from Desmarestiaceae, representing 17 taxa of Desmarestia and the monotypic Antarctic genera Himantothallus and Phaeurus. Phaeurus and Arthrocladia were used as outgroups. Parsimony analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) sequences, in which gaps were both included and excluded, yielded well‐resolved trees with a consistent general branching pattern. A parallel analysis of nine morphological and life‐history characters and three ecological characters yielded a similar tree but provided little resolution in the terminal clades. The position of the monotypic Arthrocladia villosa within the Desmarestiales is consistent with monophyly for the order, but its position as the most primitive desmarestialean is not resolvable from the molecular data set. The basal position of Phaeurus, the Antarctic Desmarestia species, and Himantothallus is consistent with the hypothesis of a Southern Hemisphere origin for the family Desmarestiaceae. The more recent Northern Hemisphere “aculeata” clade evolved from an Antarctic ancestor. A “D. aculeata‐like” species was ancestral to a lineage characterized by annual sporophytes with high sulfuric acid content, which radiated into many species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Mapping of morphological and ecological characters onto the molecular tree confirm the informativeness of sulfuric acid‐containing vacuoles and unilocular sporangial types. There is good congruence between phylogenetic tree topology and temperature impints in relation to biogeographic distribution, supporting the theory that temperature tolerance is a conservative trait.
Factors affecting individual variation in nest- defense intensity in colonially breeding Black- tailed Gulls (Larus crassirostris)

The physiological state of parent birds combined with the value of their clutch may affect the intensity of their nest defense. In colonially breeding birds, nest-defense intensity may also be affected by the behavior of neighbors. We in- vestigated individual variation in the nest-defense intensity among colonial Black-tailed Gulls (Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818) over 2 years. Only 30%-40% of males attacked a decoy of an egg predator (Large-billed Crow (Corvus macrorhyn- chos Wagler, 1827)), and the other males and females rarely attacked. Males attacking the decoy had higher levels of plasma testosterone than males that did not attack. Each male's, but not female's, nest-defense intensity was consistent throughout the incubation period and also across years. The intensity was not related to egg-laying date, clutch size, or age of offspring. The intensity was likely to be higher when individuals had one or more neighbors, representing higher nest-defense intensity in the year where gulls had larger number of adjacent neighboring nests (5.23 nests), but this trend was not observed in the year where they had smaller number of the neighboring nests (3.73 nests). Thus, in addition to testosterone levels, behavior of neighbors also influences the nest-defense intensity. Resume : Chez les oiseaux, l'etat physiologique des parents combine a la valeur de leur portee peut affecter l'intensite de leur defense du nid. Chez les oiseaux qui se reproduisent en colonie, l'intensite de la defense du nid peut aussi etre affectee par le comportement des voisins. Nous avons etudie la variation individuelle de l'intensite de la defense du nid chez des goelands a queue noire (Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818) en colonie, sur deux ans. Seulement 30 % - 40 % des mâles atta- quent un leurre representant un predateur des œufs (corbeau a gros bec (Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827)) et les autres mâles et femelles attaquent rarement. Les mâles qui attaquent le leurre possedent une plus forte concentration de testosterone dans le plasma que les mâles qui n'attaquent pas. L'intensite de defense de chaque mâle, mais non celle des femelles, se maintient durant la periode d'incubation et d'une annee a l'autre. L'intensite n'est pas reliee a la date de ponte des œufs, ni a la taille de la couvee, ni a l'âge des rejetons. L'intensite risque aussi d'etre plus elevee lorsque les individus ont un ou plusieurs voisins; il y a donc eu une intensite plus importante de defense des nids durant l'annee pendant laquelle les goe- lands avaient un plus grand nombre de nids voisins adjacents (5,23 nids), mais la tendance n'a pas ete observee l'annee du- rant laquelle ils avaient un plus petit nombre de nids voisins (3,73 nids). Ainsi, en plus des niveaux de testosterone, le comportement des voisins affecte aussi l'intensite de la defense du nid. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Molecular Characterization of Two Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins from Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

ABSTRACT Sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) play an especially important role in insect pheromone communication. However, the SNMPs for the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a notorious rice pest, remain uncharacterized. Here we report the cloning and characterization of two novel SNMPs from the C. suppressalis, CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2. The CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 cDNAs contained open reading frames (ORFs) of 1,572 and 1,569 bp, encoding proteins of 523 and 522 amino acid residues, respectively. The amino acid identity between the two deduced CsupSNMPs was low (30% identity), but they shared a high degree of similarity to previously characterized SNMP1s or SNMP2s from other moth species, which is consistent with phylogenetic analysis in which CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 are clustered into two distinct groups based on their amino acid sequences. The expression patterns of CsupSNMPs in various adult tissues and in different developmental stages were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that both CsupSNMP1 and CsupSNMP2 were abundantly expressed in the male and female antennae, reaching their maximum in the adult stage, suggesting the two genes are involved in the process of olfaction. Low levels of CsupSNMP2 also were expressed in nonolfactory tissues such as legs and wings, implying possible gustatory roles of the protein in the moth.
Management strategies for cyanobacterial blooms in an impounded lowland river

The incidence of blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in the major rivers of the Murray–Darling Basin has been strongly related to river discharge, because they are more prevalent during times of low flows. This study into the causes of cyanobacterial blooms in Maude Weir pool on the Murrumbidgee River demonstrates that for Anabaena blooms to form, the water column needs to be persistently stratified, a condition that occurs only during times of low discharge. Based on the relationship between discharge, stratification, and bloom formation, four strategies that might be implemented to minimize the occurrence or impacts of cyanobacterial blooms in weir pools are suggested. These strategies include setting a minimum discharge, pulsing the discharge, changing the discharge height, and altering the depth of water withdrawal. These strategies are evaluated in turn using results from the field study and from the predictions of a numerical model of the weir pool system. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of silicone polymers in soil

Silicone polymers (polydimethylsiloxanes, or PDMS) are used in numerous personal care and household products, eventually enter wastewater treatment plants, and are later applied to the land as a component of sludge. The fate of silicones in soil is largely unknown, but this study shows that in a moist (0.2 MPa = 12% moisture) Londo sandy clay loam, 200 centi-stoke (cs)14C-labeled PDMS degraded slowly over six months to yield about 3% of applied 14C as low-molecular-weight, water-soluble products. When the soil was allowed to dry in one week from 12 to 3% moisture, the degradation rate was much more rapid, and after several days at 3 % moisture about half of the applied 14C was water desorbable. HPLC-GPC of tetrahydrofuran (THF) soil extracts showed that PDMS had been degraded to low-molecular-weight molecules of the general formula HO-[Si(CH3)2O]n-H. The range of moistures in this experiment was measured in a field of Londo sandy clay loam during the summer of 1992, indicating that PDMS should be unstable in the soil environment. Further work on the identification and biological degradation of these small products is ongoing.
PLIOCAENICUS SECZKINAE SP. NOV., FROM LAKE EL'GYGYTGYN IN CHUKOTKA (NE RUSSIA)

Pliocaenicus seczkinae Stachura-Suchoples, Genkal & Khursevich, sp. nov. was described from the phytoplankton samples and surface bottom deposits of Lake El'gygytgyn located in central Chukotka, NE Russia. The species is distinguished from the nominate variety of P. costatus mainly by the different structure of the valve face fultoportulae, which open externally with distinct short tubes and are flanked by two satellite pores. The tubes are located in small depressions within the radial rows of areolae. These observations have important implications for the entire genus, as up until now all known Pliocaenicus species had external fultoportulae openings lacking tubuli. Pliocaenicus seczkinae is the second known species of the genus Pliocaenicus to be found in modern populations.
Host plant use by apple maggot, western cherry fruit fly, and other Rhagoletis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in central Washington state

Abstract Host plant use by apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), 1867, western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, 1932, and other Rhagoletis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in five cities or towns and several habitats of different commercial importance within south central Washington state was determined in 2004 to 2006. Rhagoletis pomonella larvae infested 0 to 1.6% of non-commercial apple trees, Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. , and 0 to 22.5% of wild black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindl. (Rosaceae), the first data showing R. pomonella has established within this part of the state. Rhagoletis indifferens infested 81.8 to 100% of non-commercial sweet and sour cherry trees (Prunus avium (L.) L. and Prunus cerasus L. ) (0% in one area) and 21.7 to 94.7% of wild bitter cherry trees, Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. (Rosaceae). Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, 1894, Rhagoletis basiola (Osten Sacken), 1877, Rhagoletis tabellaria (Fitch), 1855, Rhagoletis berberis Curran, 1932, and Rhagoletis completa Cresson, 1929 infested 0 or 15.4 to 100% of their normal host plants. In south central Washington, the host breadth of R. pomonella is narrow perhaps because of the hot and dry conditions, low fly densities, and low host abundance outside of orchards. Here, R. pomonella likely can be managed to meet the strict quarantine requirements of apple export. Rhagoletis indifferens management can be confined to sweet and sour cherry trees. Responses of various Rhagoletis species to plant cues and survival of flies in dry climates need to be determined to understand patterns of host use and population densities in Washington.
Effect of castration age on carcass traits and meat quality of Simmental bulls

Riassunto Effetto dell’età di castrazione su caratteristiche della carcassa e qualità della carne di tori Pezzati Rossi. Il posticipo dell’età di castrazione sembra limitare la riduzione delle performance produttive, mantenendo gli effetti positivi sulla qualità della carne. In proposito, su 24 tori di razza Pezzata Rossa, lo studio ha valutato l’effetto della castrazione a 10 o 12 mesi (Anticipata vs. Tardiva; periodo di ingrasso: 191 vs. 151 giorni) sulle caratteristiche qualitative della carcassa e del Longissimus thoracis. Sulla carne sono state analizzate composizione chimica, colore, tenerezza e gusto, con tecniche strumentali e sensoriali. La castrazione anticipata comporta l’ottenimento di carne a più elevato tenore lipidico che migliora la tenerezza, aumenta la luminosità e riduce le perdite di cottura. Nel caso degli animali castrati tardivamente, la minor marezzatura sembra invece favorire la produzione di carne con un più elevato valore dell’indice del rosso e dal gusto più apprezzato alla valutazione sensoriale. In conclusione, in riferimento alle preferenze del consumatore medio italiano, i dati suggeriscono di posticipare la castrazione soprattutto per limitare una eccessiva deposizione lipidica intramuscolare.
The Effect of New PPP Estimates on Global Poverty

This paper provides an initial analysis of the impact on the World Bank's global poverty estimates of the revised 2011 and new 2017 PPPs published in May 2020. The revised 2011 PPPs slightly increase poverty in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, causing the extreme poverty headcount ratio for the world to rise by 0.3 percentage points to 10.3 percent in 2015 (equivalent to 20 million more poor people). The 2017 PPPs have the opposite effect: extreme poverty decreases in Sub-Saharan Africa, reducing the global poverty estimate slightly by 0.6pp to 9.4 percent in 2015 (equivalent to 46 million fewer poor people). The long-run trends in global and regional poverty remain unchanged.
Improving Students’ Problem-Solving Ability through Learning Tools Based on Problem Based Learning

Our preliminary research conducted on students grade VII of junior high school showed that the students’ mathematical problem-solving ability was still low. We suspected that learning tools used so far have not been able to facilitate students to develop mathematical problem-solving abilities. The low ability to solve mathematical problems of students can be overcome by developing learning tools based on Problem Based Learning. The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of the development of learning tools based on Problem Based Learning to improve the mathematical problem-solving ability of students in grade VII. This type of research is development research where the subjects were students grade VII of junior high school. We used the Plomp model which consists of three stages; investigation, development or prototype, and the assessment. The instruments used to find out the practicality of the learning tools developed were interview guidelines, student questionnaire responses, teacher questionnaire responses, and observation sheets for the implementation of lesson plans. The results showed that our newly developed learning tools have been practical for use in the learning process.
Value Is a (Quantum) State

Abstract This work describes the fundamental features of value that have roots in modern physics. Contrary to the traditional view, we believe that value does not have a proper existence, neither as a physical substance nor as a subjective utility in rewards. Value is rather a probabilistic ‘state’, existing by the ‘superposition’ of its expectation and information states. Expectation drives towards the disclosure of information in value state, at which moment it collapses into consciousness. Although empirical experiments are missing, value and quantum states are essentially governed by the same common mechanisms.
Changes in oil content, lipid class and fatty acid composition of the microalga Chaetoceros calcitrans over different phases of batch culture

Abstract The diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans is a microalgal species used as food for larva in aquaculture for many species worldwide. Chaetoceros calcitrans is an important source of omega 3 long chain (C ≥ 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA), chiefly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). This article reports lipid content, lipid class composition and fatty acid profiles of each lipid class during the growth cycle of batch cultures of C. calcitrans. Total lipid content and the concentration of neutral lipid were highest in the late stationary growth phase (day 12). However, the amount of EPA was highest during the logarithmic growth phase (1.24 pg/cell on day 4). EPA was initially concentrated in the glycolipid fraction, but this fraction decreased during logarithmic growth, coinciding with the increase in neutral lipid. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) (0.91 pg/cell) was reported as a major fatty acid (>10 mg/100 g) in all lipid classes on day 1. DHA was depleted quickly from the neutral lipid and glycolipid classes, but at a slower rate from the polar lipid fraction. This work confirms that C. calcitrans is a good source of lipid, in particular EPA, for larval and adult filter feeders in aquaculture.
Environmental and Genetic Effects on Birth Weight and Survival Rate in Holstein Calves

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of certain factors on birth weight and survival rate, utilizing the records of 8399 Holstein calves maintained at the Ceylanp›nar State Farm in southeastern Anatolia. The data were collected from the calf barn sheets, including birth weight, pedigree details, and calf fate. The survival rate was scored as 1 (alive) or 0 (died) in accordance with the records. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of year, season, parity, and calf sex on birth weight were significant (P < 0.01). Only calf sex had a significant (P < 0.01) influence on survival rate. The least squares means of birth weight for all calves averaged 38.79 ± 0.171 kg. The survival rates were 0.95 ± 0.004, 0.94 ± 0.004, and 0.92 ± 0.005 at 3, 6, and 12 months of life, respectively. Heritabilities were 0.115 ± 0.0023 for birth weight and 0.020 ± 0.009, 0.011 ± 0.008, and 0.011 ± 0.008 for 3-month, 6- month, and 12-month survival rates. Genetic correlations between birth weight and every rate of survival were estimated as -0.113, -0.012, and 0.106. The corresponding phenotypic correlations were 0.022, 0.014, and -0.013. It was concluded that the birth weight and survival rates of Holstein calves reared at Ceylanp›nar State Farm were acceptable. However, further improvements can be accomplished by more effective feeding and management based on the low heritabilities.