Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On saltus-functions and interval-surfaces.

As regards terminology and notation we shall follow the Theory of the Integral by Saks as a rule (see the list of references at the end). The mentioned treatise will be quoted very frequently in the sequel and we shall henceforward refer to it simply as Saks for short. The space that will be basic for all our considerations is a fixed Euclidean space Rm of dimension m•†1. When we specialize our space (to be, say, the straight line R1), we shall say so explicitly. Thus the various sets that will be considered in the sequel are subsets of Rm, unless another meaning is obvious from the context. We shall always understand by intervals, by themselves, closed nondegenerate intervals in Rm. It may be remarked that, contrary to the use in Saks, we thus do not regard the void set as an interval. Further more, the letters ƒÂ and ƒÃ will invariably stand for finite positive numbers. We shall be chiefly concerned with additive interval-functions of bounded variation, defined for the intervals in Rm, and with additive set-functions, de fined for the bounded Borel sets in Rm. In what follows we shall refer to them for brevity of wording simply as additive interval functions and additive set functions, even when we use such expressions as an arbitrary additive interval function, and so on. The present paper is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter we aim at obtaining a complete extension to Rm of the theory of saltus-functions developed in the one-dimensional case in Chapter III of Saks. The reasonings that are valid for Rl are no more valid for higher dimensions. We are thus obliged to define the saltus-functions in a different manner than in Saks, and we shall deduce their fundamental properties by way of diverse arguments of auxiliary character. As a typical result of this chapter we may mention that of • ̃40 to the effect that if F is an additive interval-function and W is its ab solute variation, then W(F*;X)=W*(X) for every bounded Borel set X which is disjoint with the hyperplanes of discontinuity of F. This constitutes a natural extension to m dimensions of the theorem given in Saks on p. 99. A few words of caution are necessary for our use, throughout the paper, of the notation F* appearing above. The function F* is defined on p. 64 of the Saks treatise for all sets of the space Rm. It is mostly convenient for our purpose, however, to consider this set-function only for the bounded Borel sets in Rm. To prevent ambiguity, we therefore agree to make the convention that the symbol F* should mean, in our sense, the restriction of F* in the Saks sense to the class of all bounded Borel sets and that, when there is need, a special notation F* should be used to denote F* in the Saks sense. Thus F* is defined for all the sets in Rm, and is an outer Caratheodory measure if F is
Dairy Sheep Grazing Management and Pasture Botanical Composition Affect Milk Macro and Micro Components: A Methodological Approach to Assess the Main Managerial Factors at Farm Level

Simple Summary Studies on the management factors that affect milk components at the farm level are important for understanding how to transfer the results from experimental study. Plant phenological stages and partially fresh herbage intakes affect the lactose and milk fatty acid profile. The botanical composition of the grassland partially affects the milk’s phenol content. A few small relationships between plant phenols and milk colour could be of interest to explain the changes in milk colour parameters. Abstract The fatty acid profile, vitamins A and E, cholesterol, antioxidant power colour and the phenols profile of Sarda sheep milk from 11 commercial sheep flocks managed under permanent grassland were investigated. In each farm, the structural and managerial data and milk samples were collected during four periods (sampling dates, SD): January, March, May, and July. Data from the milk composition (fat, protein, casein, lactose, and somatic cell count), 68 fatty acids, 7 phenols, 1 total gallocatechin equivalent, ferric reducing antioxidant power, vitamins A and E, cholesterol, degree of antioxidant protection, and the colour (b *, a * and L *) were analyzed by multivariate factorial analysis using a principal component analysis approach. A proc mixed model for repeated measurement to point out the studied factors affecting significant macro and micro milk composition was also used. Only the first five components were detailed in this paper, with approximately 70% of the explained variance detected. PC1 presented the highest positive loadings for milk lactose, de novo FA synthesis and the BH intermediate, whereas OBCFA had negative loadings values. The PC2, LCFA, UFA, MUFA, vitamins E, and DAP showed positive loadings values, while SFA had a negative value. The PC3 showed a high positive loading for total phenols and non-flavonoids. PC4 presented a high positive loading for the milk macro-composition and negative values for n-3 FAs. The PC5 is characterized by high positive loadings for the a * and L * colour parameters whereas negative loadings were detected for the milk flavonoids content. These preliminary results could help to establish future threshold values for the biomarkers in milk sourced from grazing dairy sheep in natural, permanent pasture-based diets.
The Impact of Cultural Embeddedness on the Implementation of an Artificial Intelligence Program at Triage: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Triage requires rapid determination of acuity and resources. Current modalities allow for individual judgment, with varied application of algorithmic rules. Although artificial intelligence can improve triage accuracy, gaps remain in understanding implementation facilitators and barriers, especially those related to the cultural understandings by nurses of emergency department presentations. The purpose of this study was to explore the cultural and technological elements of the implementation of an artificial intelligence clinical decision support aid (i.e., KATE) in an emergency nursing triage process in an urban community hospital on the West Coast of the United States. Method: An exploratory qualitative study using semi-structured small group and individual interviews and constant comparison analysis strategies. The sample comprised 13 emergency department triage nurses at one site. Campinha-Bacote’s theory of cultural competence framed the study. Results: Responses yielded the overall theme of We know these people and we know these things. Supporting categories included the problem of aire; just another checkbox; gut trumps data; higher acuity with no resources; and technology as a safety net. Participants reported reliance on clinical experience and cultural knowledge to assign acuity. Discussion: The implementation of an artificial intelligence program was initially received skeptically due to the acontextual nature of AI, but grew to be perceived as a safety net for triage decision making among emergency nurses.
Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3−δ films

We have studied the growth dynamics and electronic properties of SrTiO3−δ homoepitaxial films by pulsed laser deposition. We find that the two dominant factors determining the growth mode are the kinetics of surface crystallization and of oxidation. When matched, persistent two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth can be obtained for hundreds of unit cells. By tuning these kinetic factors, oxygen vacancies can be frozen in the film, allowing controlled, systematic doping across a metal-insulator transition. Metallic films can be grown, exhibiting Hall mobilities as high as 25000cm2∕Vs.
Developing and analyzing an explicit unconditionally stable finite element scheme for an equivalent B´erenger’s PML model *

The original B´erenger’s perfectly matched layer (PML) was quite effective in simulating wave propagation problem in unbounded domains. But its stability is very challenging to prove. Later, some equivalent PML models were developed by B´ecache and Joly [4] and their stabilities were established. Hence studying and developing efficicent numerical methods for solving those equivalent PML models are needed and interesting. Here we propose a novel explicit unconditionally stable finite element scheme to solve an equivalent B´erenger’s PML model. Both the stability and convergence analysis are proved for the proposed scheme. Numerical results justifying the theoretical analysis are presented. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of this PML in simulating wave propagation in the free space. To our best knowledge, this is the first explicit unconditionally stable finite element scheme developed for this PML model.
The envelope Hamiltonian for electron interaction with ultrashort pulses

For ultrashort VUV pulses with a pulse length comparable to the orbital time of the bound electrons they couple to, we propose a simplified envelope Hamiltonian. It is based on the Kramers–Henneberger representation in connection with a Floquet expansion of the strong-field dynamics but keeps the time dependence of the pulse envelope explicit. Thereby, the envelope Hamiltonian captures the essence of the physics—light-induced shifts of bound states, single-photon absorption, and non-adiabatic electronic transitions. It delivers quantitatively accurate ionization dynamics and allows for a physical insight into the processes occurring. Its minimal requirements for construction in terms of laser parameters make it ideally suited for a large class of atomic and molecular problems.
MAGNETIC INHIBITION OF CONVECTION AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF LOW-MASS STARS. I. STARS WITH A RADIATIVE CORE

Magnetic fields are hypothesized to inflate the radii of low-mass stars—defined as less massive than 0.8 M☉—in detached eclipsing binaries (DEBs). We investigate this hypothesis using the recently introduced magnetic Dartmouth stellar evolution code. In particular, we focus on stars thought to have a radiative core and convective outer envelope by studying in detail three individual DEBs: UV Psc, YY Gem, and CU Cnc. Our results suggest that the stabilization of thermal convection by a magnetic field is a plausible explanation for the observed model-radius discrepancies. However, surface magnetic field strengths required by the models are significantly stronger than those estimated from observed coronal X-ray emission. Agreement between model predicted surface magnetic field strengths and those inferred from X-ray observations can be found by assuming that the magnetic field sources its energy from convection. This approach makes the transport of heat by convection less efficient and is akin to reduced convective mixing length methods used in other studies. Predictions for the metallicity and magnetic field strengths of the aforementioned systems are reported. We also develop an expression relating a reduction in the convective mixing length to a magnetic field strength in units of the equipartition value. Our results are compared with those from previous investigations to incorporate magnetic fields to explain the low-mass DEB radius inflation. Finally, we explore how the effects of magnetic fields might affect mass determinations using asteroseismic data and the implication of magnetic fields on exoplanet studies.
Diverticular Disease—An Updated Management Review

Diverticular disease is highly prevalent in the Western world, placing an increased burden on healthcare systems. This review clarifies the consensus in the literature on the disease’s classification, etiology, and management. Diverticular disease, caused by sac-like protrusions of colonic mucosa through the muscular colonic wall, has a varied disease course. Multiple theories contribute to our understanding of the etiology of the disease, with pathogenesis affected by age, diet, environmental conditions, lifestyle, the microbiome, genetics, and motility. The subtypes of diverticular disease in this review include symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis, and uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis. We discuss emerging treatments and outline management options, such as supportive care, conservative management with or without antibiotics, and surgical intervention.
Abundances and possible diffusion of elements in M 67 stars

Context. The rich open cluster M 67 is known to have a chemical composition close to solar and an age of about 3.5–4.8 Gyr. It offers an important opportunity to check and develop our understanding of the physics and the evolution of solar-type stars. Aims. We present a spectroscopic study at high resolution, R ≈ 50 000, of 14 stars located on the main sequence, at the turn-off point, and on the early subgiant branch in the cluster in order to investigate its detailed chemical composition, for comparison with the Sun and solar twins in the solar neighbourhood, and to explore selective atomic diffusion of chemical elements as predicted by stellar-structure theory. Methods. We have obtained VLT/FLAMES-UVES spectra and analysed these strictly differentially in order to explore chemicalabundance similarities and differences between the M 67 stars and the Sun and among the M 67 stars themselves. Results. Individual abundances of 19 different chemical elements are obtained for the stars. They are found to agree very well with solar abundances, with abundance ratios closer to solar than those of most solar twins in the solar neighbourhood. An exception is Li, which shows considerable scatter among the cluster stars. There is a tendency for the cluster-star abundances to be more depleted than the abundances in the field stars in correlation with the condensation temperature of the elements, a tendency also found earlier for the Sun. Moreover, the heavy-element abundances are found to be reduced in the hotter stars and dwarfs by typically ≤0.05 dex, as compared to the abundances of the subgiants. Conclusions. The results support the hypothesis that the gas of the proto-cluster was depleted by formation and cleansing of dust before the stars formed. They also add support to the proposal that the Sun was formed in a dense stellar environment. Moreover, the observed minor reductions of heavy elements, relative to our standard star M 67-1194 and the subgiants, in the atmospheres of dwarfs and turn-off point stars seem to suggest that diffusion processes are at work in these stars, although the evidence is not compelling. Based on theoretical models, the diffusion-corrected initial metallicity of M 67 is estimated to be [Fe/H] =+ 0.06.
A Comparative Study of Ten Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars in Relation to the Content of Sugars, Organic Acids, and Polyphenol Compounds

Traditional pear cultivars are increasingly in demand by consumers because of their excellent taste, the possibility of use in sustainable food production systems, convenience as raw materials for obtaining products of high nutritional quality, and perceived health benefits. In this study, individual sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols in the fruits of nine traditional and one commercial pear cultivar during two growing seasons were determined by HPLC. A significant influence of cultivars, growing years, and their interaction on the content of analyzed primary and secondary metabolites was determined. The commercial pear cultivar ‘Président Drouard’ and traditional cultivars ‘Dolokrahan’, ‘Budaljača’, and ‘Krakača’ had a lower content of all analyzed sugars. Overall, traditional pear cultivars had higher total polyphenols in the peel and pulp than ‘Président Drouard’, with the exception ‘Takiša’ and ‘Ahmetova’. High polyphenol content detected in ‘Budaljača’, ‘Dolokrahan’, and ‘Krakača’ shows the utilization value of traditional pear germplasm. The obtained data can serve as practical supporting data for the use of traditional pears in the neutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Cultivation Conditions of Spinach and Rocket Influence Epiphytic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes

Leafy vegetables are associated with Listeriosis outbreaks due to contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. To date, contradictory findings were reported on spinach, rocket, and kale, where some studies reported growth of L. monocytogenes, while others did not. Thus, the current study investigated the reason for conflicting findings by producing leafy vegetables, where cultivation factors were known for growth potential studies. Of all polytunnel produce, kale Nero di Toscana demonstrated the highest growth potential (2.56 log cfu g−1), followed by spinach F1 Cello (1.84 log cfu g−1), rocket Buzz (1.41 log cfu g−1), spinach F1 Trumpet (1.37 log cfu g−1), and finally rocket Esmee (1.23 log cfu g−1). Thus, plant species and variety influenced L. monocytogenes growth potentials. Moreover, significantly lower growth potentials of 0.3 log cfu g−1 were identified when rocket Buzz was cultivated in open fields (1.11 log cfu g−1) instead of a polytunnel. The opposite effect was observed for spinach F1 Trumpet, where growth potentials increased significantly by 0.84 log cfu g−1 when cultivated in open fields (2.21 log cfu g−1). Furthermore, a significant seasonality effect between batches was found (p < 0.05). This study revealed that spinach and rocket cultivation conditions are at least co-factors in the reporting of differing growth potentials of L. monocytogenes across literature and should be considered when conducting future growth potential studies.
MASS AND ENVIRONMENT AS DRIVERS OF GALAXY EVOLUTION. II. THE QUENCHING OF SATELLITE GALAXIES AS THE ORIGIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

We extend the phenomenological study of the evolving galaxy population of Peng et al. (2010) to the central/satellite dichotomy in Yang et al. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) groups. We find that satellite galaxies are responsible for all the environmental effects in our earlier work. The fraction of centrals that are red does not depend on their environment but only on their stellar masses, whereas that of the satellites depends on both. We define a relative satellite quenching efficiency εsat, which is the fraction of blue centrals that are quenched upon becoming the satellite of another galaxy. This is shown to be independent of stellar mass, but to depend strongly on local overdensity, δ, ranging between 0.2 and at least 0.8. The red fraction of satellites correlate much better with the local overdensity δ, a measure of location within the group, than with the richness of the group, i.e., dark matter halo mass. This, and the fact that satellite quenching depends on local density and not on either the stellar mass of the galaxy or the dark matter halo mass, gives clues as to the nature of the satellite-quenching process. We furthermore show that the action of mass quenching on satellite galaxies is also independent of the dark matter mass of the parent halo. We then apply the Peng et al. approach to predict the mass functions of central and satellite galaxies, split into passive and active galaxies, and show that these match very well the observed mass functions from SDSS, further strengthening the validity of this phenomenological approach. We highlight the fact that the observed M* is exactly the same for the star-forming centrals and satellites and the observed M* for the star-forming satellites is independent of halo mass above 1012 M☉, which emphasizes the universality of the mass-quenching process that we identified in Peng et al. Post-quenching merging modifies the mass function of the central galaxies but can increase the mass of typical centrals by only about 25%.
Isotope Geochemistry for Seafood Traceability and Authentication: The Northern Adriatic Manila Clams Case Study

In Italy, the production of manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum, Adams and Reeve, 1850) is mainly localized in northern Adriatic lagoons in the Po River delta, where shellfish farming provides important socio-economic revenue. However, in our globalized world, the seafood market is threated by fraudulent activities, in which agri-food products whose provenance is not certified are sold, posing a risk to consumer health. Multi-isotope ratio analysis is commonly used to trace the provenance of goods produced in different countries with different climatic and environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the reliability of this approach in terms of tracing the exact provenance of manila clams harvested in three Adriatic northern lagoons that are close to each other. We also verified the origin of samples bought at a local supermarket with a certificate of provenance. We carried out elemental analyses of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) and the respective isotopic ratios (13C/12C; 15N/14N; 34S/32S) on manila clam tissues, plus isotopic analyses of carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) on manila clam shells. Each isotopic parameter can be used to identify the marine and continental contributions of water and/or nutrient supplies occurring in the lagoons. Therefore, the combination of isotopic parameters in a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allowed for the identification of the lagoons in which the manila clams were produced.
Hardness of T-carbon: Density functional theory calculations

We reconsider and interpret the mechanical properties of the recently proposed allotrope of carbon, T-carbon [Sheng et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 155703 (2011)], using density functional theory in combination with different empirical hardness models. In contrast with the early estimation based on Gao et al.'s model, which attributes to T-carbon a high Vickers hardness of 61 GPa comparable to that of superhard cubic boron nitride (c-BN), we find that T-carbon is not a superhard material, since its Vickers hardness does not exceed 10 GPa. Besides providing clear evidence for the absence of superhardness in T-carbon, we discuss the physical reasons behind the failure of Gao et al.'s and Simunek and Vackar's (SV) models in predicting the hardness of T-carbon, residing in their improper treatment of the highly anisotropic distribution of quasi-sp(3)-like C-C hybrids. A possible remedy for the Gao et al. and SV models based on the concept of the superatom is suggested, which indeed yields a Vickers hardness of about 8 GPa.
Differential cross sections for the electron impact excitation of the b 3Sigmau+ continuum of molecular hydrogen

Measurements of the differential cross section for electron impact excitation of the b 3Sigmau+ continuum of molecular hydrogen are presented. The data were taken at incident electron energies of 9.2, 10.2, 12.2, 15.2, 17.2 and 20.2 eV, at scattering angles in the range of 20 degrees to 120 degrees . Integral cross sections are derived from these differential cross sections and the data are compared to available experimental and theoretical cross sections.