Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implicit Generation and Generalization with Energy Based Models

Energy based models (EBMs) are appealing due to their generality and simplicity in likelihood modeling, but have been traditionally difficult to train. We present techniques to scale EBM training through a MCMC framework to modern architectures. We show that MCMC sampling on EBMs generate significantly better samples than other likelihood models (with significantly lower generation cost and parameters), so much so that they are competitive with GANs. We show that EBMs are good likelihood models, able to both reliably restore test CIFAR-10 images and interconvert between classes of CIFAR-10 images. Finally show that EBMs generalize well. On CIFAR10, we achieve better out of distribution generalization than other state of the art generative models (such as assigning high likelihood to CIFAR-10 images than SVHN images). For time series modeling, EBMs generalize much better for long term time series prediction than corresponding feed-forward networks. Compositionaly, we find EBMs generalize to effectively generate samples when jointly conditioned on independent conditional EBMs for different latents.
Job insecurity, fear of litigation, and mental health among expatriate nurses

Abstract The objective was to assess whether job insecurity and fear of litigation were correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress among expatriate nurses in Saudi Arabia. The participants included 977 expatriate nurses working in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia who completed an online survey that assessed depression, anxiety, and stress (using DASS-21) as well as demography, lifestyle, and job characteristics. Mean age was 32 years and 60% of nurses were from India/Pakistan. Twenty-four percent of nurses reported job insecurity, and 18% reported a fear of litigation. Severe depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher among nurses who always felt insecure about their job (compared to never) and among those who always feared litigation (compared to never). We concluded that job insecurity and fear of litigation were significant correlates of severe depression, anxiety, and stress among expatriate nurses.
CDK13 cooperates with CDK12 to control global RNA polymerase II processivity

CDK12 and CDK13 regulate POLII elongation rate and processivity and influence the selection of transcription termination sites. The RNA polymerase II (POLII)–driven transcription cycle is tightly regulated at distinct checkpoints by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their cognate cyclins. The molecular events underpinning transcriptional elongation, processivity, and the CDK-cyclin pair(s) involved remain poorly understood. Using CRISPR-Cas9 homology-directed repair, we generated analog-sensitive kinase variants of CDK12 and CDK13 to probe their individual and shared biological and molecular roles. Single inhibition of CDK12 or CDK13 induced transcriptional responses associated with cellular growth signaling pathways and/or DNA damage, with minimal effects on cell viability. In contrast, dual kinase inhibition potently induced cell death, which was associated with extensive genome-wide transcriptional changes including widespread use of alternative 3′ polyadenylation sites. At the molecular level, dual kinase inhibition resulted in the loss of POLII CTD phosphorylation and greatly reduced POLII elongation rates and processivity. These data define substantial redundancy between CDK12 and CDK13 and identify both as fundamental regulators of global POLII processivity and transcription elongation.
Is There a Proper Way to Teach Design Thinking? Empirical Evidence from Design Thinking in Education

Since about a decade ago, design thinking has become a prominent topic in the scientific and business world. In order to keep up with global competition, design thinking has proven to be a valuable concept for assisting companies to innovate their products, services and processes. Therefore, business schools worldwide have introduced design thinking courses with the aim of preparing the future workforce. Scholars debate about the appropriate approach to teach design, with this paper trying to identify how a design thinking course should be arranged to teach non-designers the processes, methods and mindset of design thinking. It deals with the question of which form of knowledge conversion is more effective for bringing non-design students closer to the design thinking mindset. To answer this, it reviews current studies on design thinking in education. In particular, the research refers to Simon’s and Schon’s concepts of science of design and reflection-in-action, along with Nonaka and Takeushi’s SECI model. The research involves an experiment with two similar one-week design thinking courses, each having different teaching approaches. The courses are then compared through analysis of reflection reports by students, semi-structured interviews with them and a survey. This research shows that applying design thinking knowledge to real-life projects should be a core element in design thinking curricula, as it plays a crucial role in successfully imparting design thinking. Further, co-teaching and co-learning modes, where designers and non-designers work together and socialization takes place, is more appropriate for imparting design thinking than instructional teaching and learning modes, where design thinking coaches instruct non-designers to internalize design thinking.
Cortisol stress reactivity in women, diurnal variations, and hormonal contraceptives: studies from the Family Health Patterns Project

Abstract Women have smaller cortisol responses to psychological stress than men do, and women taking hormonal contraceptives (HC+) have smaller responses than HC− women. Cortisol secretion undergoes substantial diurnal variation, with elevated levels in the morning and lower levels in the afternoon, and these variations are accompanied by differences in response to acute stress. However, the impact of HC use on these diurnal relationships has not been examined. We tested saliva cortisol values in 744 healthy young adults, 351 men and 393 women, 254 HC− and 139 HC+, who were assigned to morning (9:00 am) or afternoon (1:00 pm) test sessions that were held both on a rest day and on a stress day that included public speaking and mental arithmetic challenges. Saliva cortisol responses to stress were largest in men and progressively smaller in HC− and in HC+ women (F = 23.26, p < .0001). In the morning test sessions, HC+ women had significantly elevated rest day cortisol levels (t = 5.99, p ≪ .0001, Cohen’s d = 0.95) along with a complete absence of response on the stress day. In the afternoon sessions, both HC+ and HC− women had normal rest-day cortisol levels and normal responses to the stressors. Heart rates at rest and during stress did not vary by time of day or HC status. Cortisol stress responses in HC+ women are absent in the morning and normal in size by early afternoon. Studies of stress reactivity should account for time of day in evaluating cortisol responses in women using hormonal contraceptives.
A comparative study of the effect of induction of labour with vaginal misoprostol versus prostaglandin E2 gel on the incidence of pathological cardiotocography tracing

The goal of induction of labour is to achieve vaginal delivery by stimulating uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labour. Generally, induction of labour is a therapeutic option when the benefits of expeditious delivery outweigh the risks of continuing the pregnancy. The common indications include membrane rupture without labor, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, oligohydramnios, post term pregnancy, and various maternal medical conditions such as chronic hypertension and diabetes. Oxytocin has been used for decades to induce or augment labour. Other effective methods include prostaglandins, such as misoprostol and dinoprostone, and mechanical methods that encompass stripping of membranes, artificial rupture of membranes, transcervical balloons, and hygroscopic cervical dilators. Labour itself is a stress factor for the fetus within the ABSTRACT
Functional Connectivity Changes After Initial Treatment With Fingolimod in Multiple Sclerosis

On the basis of recent functional MRI studies, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been interpreted as a multisystem disconnection syndrome. Compared to normal subjects, MS patients show alterations in functional connectivity (FC). However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still debated. The aim of the study is to investigate resting state (RS) FC changes after initial treatment with fingolimod, a proven anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agent for MS. We studied 32 right-handed relapsing-remitting MS patients (median Expanded Disability Status Scale: 2.0, mean disease duration: 8.8 years) who underwent both functional and conventional MRI with a 3 Tesla magnet. All assessments were performed 3 weeks before starting fingolimod, then, at therapy-initiation stage and at month 6. Each imaging session included scans at baseline (run1) and after (run2) a 25-min, within-session, motor-practice task, consisting of a paced right-thumb flexion. FC was assessed using a seed on the left primary motor cortex to obtain parametric maps at run1 and task-induced FC change (run2-run1). Comparison between 3-week before- and fingolimod start sessions accounted for a test-retest effect. The main outcome was the changes in both baseline and task-induced changes in FC, between initiation and 6 months. MRI contrast enhancement was detected in 14 patients at initiation and only in 3 at month 6. There was a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in cognitive function, as measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, at month 6 compared to initiation. After accounting for test-retest effect, baseline FC significantly decreased at month 6, with respect to initiation (p < 0.05, family-wise error corrected) in bilateral occipito-parietal areas and cerebellum. A task-induced change in FC at month 6 showed a significant increment in all examined sessions, involving not only areas of the sensorimotor network, but also posterior cortical areas (cuneus and precuneus) and areas of the prefrontal and temporal cortices (p < 0.05, family-wise error corrected). Cognitive improvement at month 6 was significantly (p < 0.05) related to baseline FC reduction in posterior cortical areas. This study shows significant changes in functional connectivity, both at baseline and after the execution of a simple motor task following 6 months of fingolimod therapy.
A WKB formula for echoes

We present a unified approach for the study of idealized gravitational compact objects like wormholes (WHs) and horizonless stars, here simulated by the presence of boundary conditions at a deeply inner wall. At the classical level, namely neglecting quantum effects, the presence of the wall leads to characteristic echoes following the usual ringdown phase, such that it can discriminate black holes from other horizonless, and probably exotic, compact objects. With regard to this issue, an analytical though approximated expression for the complex frequencies of the quasinormal echoes is found and discussed. At the quantum level, we show that static WHs do not radiate.
Investigating the Imagination of Possible and ‘Like-to-Avoid’ Selves among Higher Education Students from Different Socioeconomic Backgrounds at a Selective English University

Access to and participation in higher education (HE) remains unequal, with social background continuing to influence decisions and experiences. In this paper, we undertake a proof-of-concept design to apply the theory of ‘possible selves’, as adapted by Harrison and published in Social Sciences (2018), to university students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. In 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 first-year students, from different socioeconomic backgrounds, currently studying at a selective English university. We applied a deductive analysis based on Harrison’s adaptation of the ‘possible selves’ model originally put forward by Markus and Nurius in the 1980s. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds had a clear drive to ‘avoid’ future selves that would emerge without HE. Across all socioeconomic groups, we found a strong sense of agency, and a strong personal belief in success. Overall, our study shows that the model of possible selves is useful for understanding personalised and individualised student experiences, and the interrelation between social structure (socioeconomic condition) and agency. The model also offers a new way for practitioners to plan interventions for enhancing equity in HE access and participation.
Lasso guarantees for $\beta$-mixing heavy-tailed time series

Most existing theoretical results for the lasso require the samples to be iid. Recent work has provided guarantees for the lasso assuming that the time series is generated by a sparse Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) model with Gaussian innovations. Proofs of these results rely critically on the fact that the true data generating mechanism (DGM) is a finite-order Gaussian VAR. This assumption is quite brittle: linear transformations, including selecting a subset of variables, can lead to the violation of this assumption. In order to break free from such assumptions, we derive non-asymptotic inequalities for estimation error and prediction error of the lasso estimate of the best linear predictor without assuming any special parametric form of the DGM. Instead, we rely only on (strict) stationarity and geometrically decaying $\beta$-mixing coefficients to establish error bounds for the lasso for subweibull random vectors. The class of subweibull random variables that we introduce includes subgaussian and subexponential random variables but also includes random variables with tails heavier than an exponential. We also show that, for Gaussian processes, the $\beta$-mixing condition can be relaxed to summability of the $\alpha$-mixing coefficients. Our work provides an alternative proof of the consistency of the lasso for sparse Gaussian VAR models. But the applicability of our results extends to non-Gaussian and non-linear times series models as the examples we provide demonstrate.
The MASSIVE survey – XI. What drives the molecular gas properties of early-type galaxies

In this paper, we study the molecular gas content of a representative sample of 67 of the most massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the local universe, drawn uniformly from the MASSIVE survey. We present new Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope observations of 30 of these galaxies, allowing us to probe the molecular gas content of the entire sample to a fixed molecular-to-stellar mass fraction of 0.1 per cent. The total detection rate in this representative sample is 25$^{+5.9}_{-4.4}$ per cent, and by combining the MASSIVE and atlas3D molecular gas surveys, we find a joint detection rate of 22.4$^{+2.4}_{-2.1}$ per cent. This detection rate seems to be independent of galaxy mass, size, position on the Fundamental Plane, and local environment. We show here for the first time that true slow rotators can host molecular gas reservoirs, but the rate at which they do so is significantly lower than for fast rotators. Objects with a higher velocity dispersion at fixed mass (a higher kinematic bulge fraction) are less likely to have detectable molecular gas, and where gas does exist, have lower molecular gas fractions. In addition, satellite galaxies in dense environments have ≈0.6 dex lower molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratios than isolated objects. In order to interpret these results, we created a toy model, which we use to constrain the origin of the gas in these systems. We are able to derive an independent estimate of the gas-rich merger rate in the low-redshift universe. These gas-rich mergers appear to dominate the supply of gas to ETGs, but stellar mass loss, hot halo cooling, and transformation of spiral galaxies also play a secondary role.
Tomonaga-Luttinger Liquid in a Box: Electrons Confined within 
MoS2
 Mirror-Twin Boundaries

Two- or three-dimensional metals are usually well described by weakly interacting, fermionic quasiparticles. This concept breaks down in one dimension due to strong Coulomb interactions. There, low-energy electronic excitations are expected to be bosonic collective modes, which fractionalize into independent spin and charge density waves. Experimental research on one-dimensional metals is still hampered by their difficult realization, their limited accessibility to measurements, and by competing or obscuring effects such as Peierls distortions or zero bias anomalies. Here we overcome these difficulties by constructing a well-isolated, one-dimensional metal of finite length present in MoS$_2$ mirror twin boundaries. Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy we measure the single-particle density of the interacting electron system as a function of energy and position in the 1D box. Comparison to theoretical modeling provides unambiguous evidence that we are observing spin-charge separation in real space.
A Projection Hestenes–Stiefel Method with Spectral Parameter for Nonlinear Monotone Equations and Signal Processing

A number of practical problems in science and engineering can be converted into a system of nonlinear equations and therefore, it is imperative to develop efficient methods for solving such equations. Due to their nice convergence properties and low storage requirements, conjugate gradient methods are considered among the most efficient for solving large-scale nonlinear equations. In this paper, a modified conjugate gradient method is proposed based on a projection technique and a suitable line search strategy. The proposed method is matrix-free and its sequence of search directions satisfies sufficient descent condition. Under the assumption that the underlying function is monotone and Lipschitzian continuous, the global convergence of the proposed method is established. The method is applied to solve some benchmark monotone nonlinear equations and also extended to solve ℓ 1 -norm regularized problems to reconstruct a sparse signal in compressive sensing. Numerical comparison with some existing methods shows that the proposed method is competitive, efficient and promising.
Dissecting the Pre-Columbian Genomic Ancestry of Native Americans along the Andes–Amazonia Divide

Abstract Extensive European and African admixture coupled with loss of Amerindian lineages makes the reconstruction of pre-Columbian history of Native Americans based on present-day genomes extremely challenging. Still open questions remain about the dispersals that occurred throughout the continent after the initial peopling from the Beringia, especially concerning the number and dynamics of diffusions into South America. Indeed, if environmental and historical factors contributed to shape distinct gene pools in the Andes and Amazonia, the origins of this East-West genetic structure and the extension of further interactions between populations residing along this divide are still not well understood. To this end, we generated new high-resolution genome-wide data for 229 individuals representative of one Central and ten South Amerindian ethnic groups from Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Low levels of European and African admixture in the sampled individuals allowed the application of fine-scale haplotype-based methods and demographic modeling approaches. These analyses revealed highly specific Native American genetic ancestries and great intragroup homogeneity, along with limited traces of gene flow mainly from the Andes into Peruvian Amazonians. Substantial amount of genetic drift differentially experienced by the considered populations underlined distinct patterns of recent inbreeding or prolonged isolation. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that all non-Andean South Americans are compatible with descending from a common lineage, while we found low support for common Mesoamerican ancestors of both Andeans and other South American groups. These findings suggest extensive back-migrations into Central America from non-Andean sources or conceal distinct peopling events into the Southern Continent.
1SWASP J034439.97+030425.5: a short-period eclipsing binary system with a close-in stellar companion

First multi-wavelength photometric light curves (LCs) of the short-period eclipsing binary (EB) J0344) are presented and analyzed by using the 2013 version of the Wilson-Devinney (W-D) code. To explain the asymmetric LCs of J0344, a cool star-spot on the less massive component was employed. The photometric solutions suggest that J0344 is a W-subtype shallow contact EB with a contact degree of f = 4 . 9% ± 3 . 0% and a mass ratio of q = 2 . 456 ± 0 . 013 . Moreover, an obvious third light was detected in our analysis. We calculated the average luminosity contribution of the third light to the total light, and that value reaches up to 49.78%. Based on the O − C method, the variations of the orbital period were studied for the ﬁrst time. Our O − C diagram reveals a secular decrease superimposed on a cyclic oscillation. The orbital period decreases at a rate of dP/dt = − 6 . 07 × 10 − 7 d yr − 1 , which can be explained by the mass transfer from the more massive component to the less massive one. Besides, its O − C diagram also shows a cyclic oscillation with an amplitude of 0.0030d and a period about 7.08 yr, which can be explained by the presence of a third body with a minimum mass of M 3min = 0 . 15 ± 0 . 02 M ⊙ . The third component may play an important role in the formation and evolution of J0344 by drawing angular momentum from the central system.
Learning through participation: A case study on the affordances of making YouTube tutorial videos

The Internet has offered many opportunities for interactions and participation. The current study positioned YouTube as a possible affinity space (Gee, 2003, 2004) for students to showcase their personal talents. The participants were recruited from a group of senior students in a Taiwanese university who volunteered to participate in this study. In their three-minute tutorial videos, students needed to teach the global audience something they were good at and then responded to the comments they might receive. Data were collected from students’ reflective essays and transcripts of their group interviews. The data analysis process revealed that this “learning-through-participation” (Merchant, 2009, p. 110) approach was found to provide students with authentic audiences and an engaged learning opportunity (Dabrowski, 2018) for personal expression and community building. Taking the role of a YouTuber was found to be conducive to the participants’ learning on technological, educational and social dimensions. Playing the role of content creators and responding to online comments also allowed students to develop a more cautious and responsible attitude towards online speech and etiquette. This paper ends with a few suggestions for continuing related research on helping students to become more capable and responsible citizens of the twenty first century. issn 1832-4215 Vol. 16, no.1 Pages 51–67 https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v16n1. 259