Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coping with Hazards: A Comparison of Farmers’ Responses to Drought and Flood in the Manawatu, New Zealand

Research on natural disasters has generally focused on specific hazard agents, often related to the disciplinary basis of those researchers concerned. Equally, social impacts have frequently been related to the composition and structure of the specific population involved. There have been few attempts to synthesise findings and few comparative studies. This paper explores the social impact of flood and drought on an agricultural region in New Zealand. It highlights the differential impact of floods and drought on farms as both businesses and family homes. The paper uses a range of published and unpublished sources as well as the findings drawn from interviews with 23 farm households that experienced prolonged drought in the summer of 2008. Eleven households had been interviewed previously as part of a larger study of 44 households that experienced severe flooding in February 2004. The remaining 12 households provide a comparison group that while having experienced the drought was not directly impacted by the earlier flood. Six officials, including community leaders and others involved in drought and flood relief were also interviewed. The interviews were conducted in the period June-October, 2008. The results confirm the importance of the characteristics of the hazard in explaining its impact but also highlight the need to better understand the contextual factors involve when interpreting its social impact.
Applying Gauss-Newton and Exact Newton method to Full Waveform Inversion

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) applications classically rely on efficient first-order optimization schemes, as the steepest descent or the nonlinear conjugate gradient optimization. However, second-order information provided by the Hessian matrix is proven to give a useful help in the scaling of the FWI problem and in the speed-up of the optimization. In this study, we propose an efficient matrix-free Hessian-vector formalism, that should allow to tackle Gauss-Newton (GN) and Exact-Newton (EN) optimization for large and realistic FWI targets. Our method relies on general second order adjoint formulas, based on a Lagrangian formalism. These formulas yield the possibility of computing Hessian-vector products at the cost of 2 forward simulations per shot. In this context, the computational cost (per shot) of one GN or one EN nonlinear iteration amounts to the resolution of 2 forward simulations for the computation of the gradient plus 2 forward simulations per inner linear conjugate gradient iteration. A numerical test is provided, emphasizing the possible improvement of the resolution when accounting for the exact Hessian in the inversion algorithm.
Benefits and Costs of Political Connection, Evidence in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the comparison of the quality of financial statements and company attributes (company value, profitability, size, company growth, and leverage) in politically connected and non-politically connected firms. The research sample as many as 871 large companies in Indonesia. By using the independent t-test different test analysis, the results of the study show that the quality of financial statements in politically connected firms is lower than that of politically unconnected firms. However, firm value, profitability, size, company growth, and leverage in politically connected firms are greater than politically unconnected firms. The implications of this study indicate that political connections can provide benefits as well as costs for large companies in Indonesia. Regulators must encourage companies to disclose better information about the company's financial statements. For investors, this result is expected to be an input for determining investment preferences in companies. Future studies are expected to be able to test more comprehensively and compare them with other countries. Keywords: Political Connection, Quality of Financial Statements, Corporate Attributes
Identifying Acute Lumbar Spondylolysis in Young Athletes with Low Back Pain

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Early diagnosis of acute lumbar spondylolysis is critical for bone union. The present study developed an algorithm to distinguish acute lumbar spondylolysis from nonspecific low back pain without magnetic resonance imaging. Statistical performance tests indicated the algorithm could be used in clinical practice, but further research is needed. Study Design. Case–control study. Objective. The aim of this study was to establish an algorithm to distinguish acute lumbar spondylolysis (LS) from nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) among patients in junior high school by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Summary of Background Data. Rapid identification of acute LS is important because delayed diagnosis may result in pseudarthrosis in the pars interarticularis. To diagnose acute LS, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography is necessary. However, not all adolescent patients with low back pain (LBP) can access these technologies. Therefore, a clinical algorithm that can detect acute LS is needed. Methods. The medical records of 223 junior high school-aged patients with diagnosed acute NSLBP or LS verified by MRI were reviewed. A total of 200 patients were examined for establishing the algorithm and 23 were employed for testing the performance of the algorithm. CART analysis was applied to establish the algorithm using the following data; age, sex, school grades, days after symptom onset, history of LBP, days of past LBP, height, passive straight leg raising test results, hours per week spent in sports activities, existence of spina bifida, lumbar lordosis angle, and lumbosacral joint angle. Sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm and the area under the ROC curve were calculated to assess algorithm performance. Results. The algorithm revealed that sex, days after symptom onset, days of past LBP, hours per week spent in sports activities, and existence of spina bifida were key predictors for identifying acute LS versus NSLBP. Algorithm sensitivity was 0.64, specificity was 0.92, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.79. Conclusion. The algorithm can be used in clinical practice to distinguish acute LS from NSLBP in junior high school athletes, although referral to MRI may be necessary for definitive diagnosis considering the algorithm's sensitivity. Level of Evidence: 4
VIRTUAL REALITY EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMPACT OF WAY-FINDING LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON EGRESS FROM SMOKE-FILLED RAILWAY TUNNEL

The thesis presented below presents an experimental study, performed at Lund University, Sweden, focused on the evacuation of a railway tunnel filled with smoke. The experiment is aimed at the evaluation of the efficiency of high-bright and dynamic lights located at the intersection between the tunnel walls and the sidewalk. The experiment is carried out in a Virtual Reality environment using a head mounted display. The behaviour of 60 test participants has been investigated given the presence or absence of this particular way-finding installation. The final goal of this study is to determine if the use of dynamic and flashing lights can reduce the total time needed to evacuate in an emergency situation.
Terahertz Modulator Using 4N , N-Dimethylamino-4 ′-N ′-Methyl-Stilbazolium Tosylate ( DAST ) / Si Hybrid Structure Volume 10 , Number 2 , April 2018

Terahertz high-data communication creates numerous demands for terahertz wave amplitude modulation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a high-speed terahertz wave modulator based on 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)/Si hybrid structure. An externally modulated 808-nm pumping laser is utilized to generate photoexcited free carriers at the DAST medium. With the increase of illumination laser intensity, the modulation depth continues to increase in the frequency range from 0.23 to 0.35 THz. A dynamic amplitude modulation at 0.25-THz carrier wave shows that the our modulator provides a modulation speed of 1.26 MHz with a depth of up to 53% at an external pump laser irradiance of 3.5 W/cm2. Our present DAST/Si hybrid structure provides a practicable route to achieve effective signal modulation for terahertz communication system.
Study of local anodic oxidation regimes in MoSe2

Scanning probe microscopy is widely known not only as a well-established research method but also as a set of techniques enabling precise surface modification. One such technique is local anodic oxidation (LAO). In this study, we investigate the LAO of MoSe2 transferred on an Au/Si substrate, focusing specifically on the dependence of the height and diameter of oxidized dots on the applied voltage and time of exposure at various humidities. Depending on the humidity, two different oxidation regimes were identified. The first, at a relative humidity (RH) of 60%–65%, leads to in-plane isotropic oxidation. For this regime, we analyze the dependence of the size of oxidized dots on the oxidation parameters and modify the classical equation of oxidation kinetics to account for the properties of MoSe2 and its oxide. In this regime, patterns with a maximum spatial resolution of 10 nm were formed on the MoSe2 surface. The second is the in-plane anisotropic oxidation regime that arises at a RH of 40%–50%. In this regime, oxidation leads to the formation of triangles oxidized inside the zigzag edges. Based on the mutual orientation of zigzag and armchair directions in successive oxidized layers, the stacking type and phase of MoSe2 flakes were determined. These results allow LAO to be considered not only as an ultra-high-resolution nanolithography method, but also as a method for investigating the crystal structure of materials with strong intrinsic anisotropy, such as transition metal dichalcogenides.
Physicochemical uptake and release of volatile organic compounds by soil in coated-wall flow tube experiments with ambient air

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Emission and deposition on soil have been suggested as important sources and sinks of atmospheric trace gases. The exchange characteristics and heterogeneous chemistry of VOCs on soil, however, are not well understood. We used a newly designed differential coated-wall flow tube system to investigate the long-term variability of bidirectional air–soil exchange of 13 VOCs under ambient air conditions of an urban background site in Beijing. Sterilized soil was investigated to address physicochemical processes and heterogeneous/multiphase reactions independently from biological activity. Most VOCs revealed net deposition with average uptake coefficients (γ) in the range of 10−7–10−6 (referring to the geometric soil surface area), corresponding to deposition velocities (Vd) of 0.0013–0.01 cm s−1 and soil surface resistances (Rc) of 98–745 s cm−1, respectively. Formic acid, however, was emitted at a long-term average rate of ∼6×10-3 nmol m−2 s−1, suggesting that it was formed and released upon heterogeneous oxidation of other VOCs. The soil–atmosphere exchange of one individual VOC species can be affected by both its surface degradation/depletion caused by surface reactions and by competitive uptake or heterogeneous formation/accommodation of other VOC species. Overall, the results show that physicochemical processing and heterogeneous oxidation on soil and soil-derived dust can act as a sink or as a source of atmospheric VOCs, depending on molecular properties and environmental conditions.
Adoption of Fish Farming Techniques by Farmers in Akwa, Ibom State of Nigeria

The purpose of the study was to investigate the adoption of fish farming techniques by farmers in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. The population for the study consisted of all the 229 fish farmers in Akwa Ibom State. A multistage random sampling technique was adopted to select 118 fish farmers from the study area. The instrument, titled “Adoption of Fish Farming Technologies by Farmers Questionnaire (AFFTFQ)” was used to collect data for the study. Frequency, percentage and means were used to analyze the data obtained. Three hypotheses were tested. One, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation while two hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistics. The results of the study reveal that gender, marital status, age, level of education and income level which are components of fish farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics are significantly related to adoption of fish farming techniques. The study also reveals that there is a significant relationship between level of awareness and extent of adoption of fish farming technique by fish farmers in Akwa Ibom State. Moreover, the relationship between the sources of fish farming technique information and extent of adoption by farmers in Akwa Ibom State is significant. The study recommends among others that input like starting stocks should be subsidized so that the poor rural farmers will easily adopt the techniques by affording to buy the inputs.
Star formation at z=1.47 from HiZELS: an Hα+[O ii] double-blind study*

This paper presents the results from the first wide and deep dual narrow-band survey to select Hα and [Oii] line emitters at z= 1.47 ± 0.02, exploiting synergies between the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope and the Subaru telescope by using matched narrow-band filters in the H and z′ bands. The Hα survey at z= 1.47 reaches a 3σ flux limit of F Hα≈ 7 × 10 -17ergs -1cm -2 (corresponding to a limiting star formation rate (SFR) in Hα of≈7M ⊙yr -1) and detects ≈200 Hα emitters over 0.7deg 2, while the much deeper [Oii] survey reaches an effective flux of ≈7 × 10 -18ergs -1cm -2 (SFR in [Oii] of ∼1M ⊙yr -1), detecting ≈1400 z= 1.47 [Oii] emitters in a matched comoving volume of ∼2.5 × 10 5Mpc 3. The combined survey results in the identification of 190 simultaneous Hα and [Oii] emitters at z= 1.47. Hα and [Oii] luminosity functions are derived and both are shown to evolve significantly from z∼ 0 in a consistent way. The SFR density of the Universe at z= 1.47 is evaluated, with the Hα analysis yielding ρ SFR= 0.16 ± 0.05M ⊙yr -1Mpc -3 and the [Oii] analysis ρ SFR= 0.17 ± 0.04M ⊙yr -1Mpc -3. The measurements are combined with other studies, providing a self-consistent measurement of the star formation history of the Universe over the last ∼11Gyr. By using a large comparison sample at z∼ 0.1, derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), [Oii]/Hα line ratios are calibrated as probes of dust extinction. Hα emitters at z∼ 1.47 show on average A Hα≈ 1mag, the same as found by SDSS in the local Universe. It is shown that although dust extinction correlates with SFR, the relation evolves by about ∼0.5mag from z∼ 1.5 to ∼0, with local relations overpredicting the dust extinction corrections at high z by that amount. Stellar mass is found to be a much more fundamental extinction predictor, with the same relation between mass and dust extinction being valid at both z∼ 0 and ∼1.5, at least for low and moderate stellar masses. The evolution in the extinction-SFR relation is therefore interpreted as being due to the evolution in median specific SFRs over cosmic time. Dust extinction corrections as a function of optical colours are also derived and shown to be broadly valid at both z∼ 0 and ∼1.5, offering simpler mechanisms for estimating extinction in moderately star-forming systems over the last ∼9Gyr. © 2012 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2012 RAS.
THE OVERCONFIDENCE PERCEPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS IN CONCEPT OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS: EVIDENCE FROM IZMIR

The aim of this study is to determine the level of overconfidence perceptions in terms of socio-demographic factors of individual stock investors living in Izmir, Turkey. The survey has been conducted to 622 individual stock investors. There are five indepedent variables as age, gender, marital status, education and field of profession in the socio-demographic part of the survey. The results of the study show that “the overconfidence level perception of individual stock investors” differs according to age, marital status and education, however the differences are centered upon low confidence level. The overconfidence level perception of individual stock investors is not significantly different according to the gender. Keywords: Socio demographic factors, Individual Stock Investor, Confidence Perception Level Jel Codes: G02 OZ Arastirmanin temel amaci Izmir’de yasayan ve hisse senedi piyasalarinda yatirim yapan bireysel hisse senedi yatirimcilarinin sosyo-demografik faktorler baglaminda asiri guven duzeyi algilarinin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda hazirlanan anket formu 622 bireysel yatirimciya uygulanmistir. Anketin sosyo-demografik bolumunde yas, cinsiyet, medeni durum, egitim durumu ve meslek turu seklinde bes bagimsiz degisken yer almistir. Arastirma sonucunda “Bireysel hisse senedi yatiriminda asiri guven duzeyi algisinin” yas, medeni durum, egitim durumu ve meslek turune gore farklilik gosterdigi ancak farkliliklarin guven duzeyi dusuklugunde yogunlastigi belirlenmistir. Cinsiyet degiskenine gore ise “Bireysel hisse senedi yatirimcilarinin asiri guven duzeyi algisi” farklilik gostermemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyo-Demografik Faktorler, Bireysel Hisse Senedi Yatimcisi, Guven Duzeyi Algisi Jel Kodlari: G02
Does Globalization Cause Inequality in Developed Countries in the Long Run? Empirical Evidence from 25 OECD Economies

The debate that rapid globalization over the past decades is a leading cause of increased income inequality within developed economies has been far from conclusive, including Dorn et al. (2018). We depart from existing studies by extending an earlier empirical framework by Gaston and Rajaguru (2009), for a sample of 25 OECD member countries across different geographical regions for the period 1970-2016. We aim to ascertain the long-run relationship between globalization, income inequality, and other key interactive variables in this relationship, such as economic growth, terms of trade, unionization, and minimum wages, following the existing empirical literature. Contrary to the prevailing political narrative, we find that only four countries in our sample suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between globalization and income inequality. Further, our results appear mixed and are not indicative of any uniform trend indicating improved terms of trade, higher minimum wages, or unionization to be equity-enhancing across OECD members. Thus, for policymakers, an emphasis on policies that promote higher educational attainment and upskilling of the workforce is far more critical to reversing the trend of increased inequality in the long run.
Punishment, Inequality and Emotions

Cooperation among people who are not related to each other is sustained by the availability of punishment devices which help enforce social norms (Fehr and Gachter, 2002). However, the rationale for costly punishment remains unclear. This paper reports the results of an experiment investigating inequality aversion and negative emotions as possible determinants of punishment. We compare two treatments of a public good game, one in which costly punishment reduces the immediate payoff inequality between the punisher and the target, and one in which it does not affect inequality. We show that while inequality-aversion prevents some subjects from punishing in the equal cost treatment, negative emotions are the primary motive for punishment. Results also indicate that the intensity of punishment increases with the level of inequality, and reduces earnings inequality over time.
Development of Software for Antenna Analysis and Design using FDTD

A new software package for antenna analysis and design using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is presented. The software, called FDTD Antenna Simulator, has an open-source license and has been entirely written in Java, which not only makes it compatible with the major operating systems, but also facilitates its future expansion. The effectiveness and flexibility of the developed software are illustrated by the analysis of different types of antennas, namely dipoles, monopoles and printed and horn antennas. The obtained results are compared with simulations and measurements published by other authors.
Extreme gaseous outflows in radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

We present four radio-loud NLS1 galaxies with extreme emission-line shifts, indicating radial outflow velocities of the ionized gas of up to 2450 km/s, above the escape velocity of the host galaxies. The forbidden lines show strong broadening, up to 2270 km/s. An ionization stratification (higher line shift at higher ionization potential) implies that we see a large-scale outflow rather than single, localized jet-cloud interactions. Similarly, the paucity of zero-velocity [OIII]$\lambda$5007 emitting gas implies the absence of a second narrow-line region (NLR) component at rest, and therefore a large part of the high-ionization NLR is affected by the outflow. Given the radio loudness of these NLS1 galaxies, the observations are consistent with a pole on view onto their central engines, so that the effects of polar outflows are maximized. In addition, a very efficient driving mechanism is required, to reach the high observed velocities. We explore implications from recent hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction between fast winds or jets with the large-scale NLR. Overall, the best agreement with observations (and especially the high outflow speeds of the [NeV] emitting gas) can be reached if the NLS1 galaxies are relatively young sources with lifetimes not much exceeding 1 Myr. These systems represent sites of strong feedback at NLR scales at work, well below redshift one.
Resilience in LGB Youths: A Systematic Review of Protection Mechanisms

Considerando las disparidades observadas en varios indicadores de ajuste entre jovenes gais, lesbianas y bisexuales y jovenes heterosexuales, ha sido enfatizada en la literatura la necesidad de identificar los mecanismos que promueven la resiliencia entre las minorias sexuales. Esta revision sistematica trato de responder la pregunta: ? cuales son los mecanismos de proteccion contra la homofobia entre los jovenes LGB? De las 147 referencias localizadas en la busqueda sistematica, 13 estudios fueron analizados. Los mecanismos de proteccion identificados fueron ordenados segun dos criterios: especificos a la orientacion sexual o generales, y considerando su nivel de expresion, personales, relacionales o contextuales. Los resultados demuestran que la mayoria de estos mecanismos son exclusivamente promotores del ajuste positivo en la presencia del riesgo. Los mecanismos de proteccion generales se revelan mas a menudo compensatorios de los riesgos que los especificos.
A method for measuring social influence of Microblog based on user operations

-Micro-blog is a social networking platform where to share short and real-time information by following mechanism. The study about social influence has attracted a number of researchers. In this paper, taking Sina Weibo as our research object, we analyze the distribution of three operations, and find the number of comment, transfer and like operation all follow power-law distribution. It is also found that the average number of three operations and the number of followers follow power-law distribution. In order to identify influential user on Sina Weibo, we define social influence of user with two aspects: user activity and user ability. User is active if user’s participation in social networking website is constantly and frequently in certain period of time. User ability is calculated by three operations, the weight of operation is assessed by AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). Then we propose a method named as WBRank to quantify social influence. Finally, we rank user by five kinds of assessments: three operations, the number of followers and WBRank value, and compare the correlation coefficient between every two rankings. The result demonstrates that social influence is not related with in-degree and our method of calculating WBRank value is reasonable and can find truthfully influential user.