Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Translocation of 14C-Glyphosate in Soybeans (Glycine max) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)

Absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. ] and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68’] were evaluated under various environmental conditions. The toxicity of unlabeled glyphosate applied similarly was determined in soybeans under similar conditions. In johnsongrass, absorption of 14C-glyphosate nearly doubled and translocation increased as air temperature increased from 24 to 35 C. Translocation in johnsongrass and soybeans was often greater at a relative humidity (RH) of 100% than at 45% and at a soil moisture level of 20% (field capacity) than at 12% (near the wilting point). In soybeans, absorption of 14C-glyphosate increased about 100%, translocation increased between 100 and 1200%, and glyphosate toxicity increased more than 200% as temperature decreased from 35 to 24 C. At 35 C, translocation in soybeans was often greater at 20% than 12% soil moisture. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate in soybeans was greater when the herbicide was applied to mature rather than immature leaves and stems, but the age of the treated tissue had less effect on 14C translocation. The addition of surfactant plus KH2PO4 to the treatment solution increased glyphosate absorption and translocation in soybeans, but addition of surfactant alone reduced translocation and addition of KH2PO4 alone increased translocation. Injury to six soybean cultivars from application of unlabeled glyphosate at 0.4 kg/ha ranged from 37% to 95% while total absorption of 14C-glyphosate into treated leaves of the same six cultivars ranged from 23% to 74% of the amount applied.
Understanding the Theory of Consumption in the Context of a Developing Economy

This paper synthesizes the theory of consumption using some Nigerian contexts. The argument on what determines consumption is yet an unfinished task. We tested the general consumption function using Nigerian data covering 1981-2012. Based on the diagnostics, we employed a vector autoregression-in-first difference approach. The result shows that previous incomes (up to two lags) may not be significant in influencing consumption in Nigeria but previous consumption levels (up to two lags) attained may do. In addition, consumers in Nigeria may reduce their consumption in the current year based on their knowledge of previous year consumption but may raise the current consumption level due to their experience of last two years consumption. This corroborates suggestions that macro-econometricians must analyze consumption beyond the general consumption function. The pattern of historical data also suggests that consumption may be difficult to predict in Nigeria. Therefore, government of Nigeria may succeed in influencing its aggregate demand which consumption is the major component if its income and tax policies are permanent, rather than being temporary.
Freedom of Establishment Versus Retail Planning: The European Case

Abstract Studies on retail planning in European Union (EU) Member States tend to be nationally oriented and, at best, compare national retail planning systems. They also appear to be based on an implicit assumption that retail planning should not be designed to fit the Single European Market (SEM). This paper analyses a series of judgments by the European Court of Justice and activities undertaken by the European Commission and concludes that this assumption is misguided and incorrect. The bottom line is that retail planning can interfere with freedom of establishment—one of the fundamental EU freedoms laid down in the Treaty of Rome—by limiting the realization of new shopping outlets and by redirecting retail to preselected locations. Such restrictions may be allowable if the Member State in question is able to demonstrate that they are non-discriminatory, appropriate and proportional on the basis of the interpretations of these fundamental principles in European Law. There is a European Retail Action Plan which aims to organize national retail planning systems in such a way that they are compatible with the principles of the SEM.
Headquarters−Subsidiary Interdependencies and the Design of Performance Evaluation and Reward Systems in Multinational Enterprises

This study investigates the impact of headquarters–subsidiary interdependencies on performance evaluation and reward systems in multinational enterprises. Headquarters–subsidiary interdependencies refer to the extent to which headquarters and subsidiaries depend on each other to accomplish their tasks. When headquarters–subsidiary interdependencies are present, it becomes more difficult to reward the performance of subsidiary managers because these interdependencies induce noise on subsidiary-level accounting performance measures, while at the same time high levels of goal alignment between headquarters and subsidiary managers are required. Based on survey data from 82 foreign subsidiaries operating in Belgium with headquarters in 14 different countries, our partial least squares path modelling results show that as headquarters–subsidiary interdependencies increase, headquarters use more participative performance evaluation and consider more the effects of uncontrollable factors on subsidiaries' performance when rewarding subsidiary managers. More importantly, while prior research suggests that interdependencies induce noise on unit-level accounting performance measures, our results indicate that participative performance evaluation may mitigate the noise so that headquarters still rely on subsidiary formula-based compensation using accounting measures to reward subsidiary managers.
Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Kelurahan Air Tawar Barat Padang

Abstrak Ada beberapa faktor risiko yang meningkatkan angka kejadian pneumonia di negara berkembang yaitu: kurangnya pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) eksklusif, gizi buruk, polusi udara dalam ruangan, Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) dan kurangnya imunisasi campak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kelurahan Air Tawar Barat, Kota Padang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control study, sampel terdiri dari 27 case dan 27 control . Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara terpimpin serta melihat data rekam medik dan dianalisis dengan uji chi-square . Hasil penelitian mendapatkan balita pada kelompok kasus yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif (81,5%), paparan asap rokok (74,1%), riwayat bayi berat lahir rendah (3,7%), tidak mendapatkan imunisasi campak (40,7%) dan gizi kurang (25,9%). Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi dengan kejadian pneumonia (p=0,022; OR=9,1; 95%CI=1,034-80,089), sedangkan pemberian ASI eksklusif, paparan asap rokok, riwayat bayi berat lahir rendah dan imunisasi campak tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna terhadap pneumonia. Kata kunc i: balita, faktor risiko, pneumonia Abstract Pneumonia in developing countries are associated to the risk factors such as: lack of exclusive breastfeeding, malnutrition, indoor air pollution, low birth weight and lack of measles vaccinations . The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated on the occurrence of pneumonia among the children under five years of age in Air Tawar Barat district, Padang City. This study used case control stud y to the 27 cases and 27 control . The data were collected by guided interview and the medical records, than was analyzed by chi-square . test. The results of this study obtanined in the group of cases based on the low exclusive breastfeed ing rates (81 . 5%), exposure to cigarette smoke ( 74.1 %), a history of low birth weight ( 3.7 %), did not get measles vaccinations (40 . 7%) and malnutrition (25 . 9%). The result of biva riate analysis show s the significant relation ship between nutritional status on the occurrence of pneumonia (p=0 . 022; OR=9 . 1; 95% CI=1 . 034 - 80 . 089). The exclusive breastfeeding, exposure to cigarette smoke, a history of low birth weight and measles vaccinations are not significantly related to the occurrence of pneumonia. Keyword s: children under five years of age , risk factors, pneumonia
Regulation of hepatic stellate cell phenotype and cytoglobin expression by extracellular matrix proteins

All chronic liver diseases can induce fibrosis and lead to liver cirrhosis. Within liver disease, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are accepted as the major effectors of fibrogenesis and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cytoglobin (CYGB), a hexacoordinated globin, is upregulated in liver disease, and expression has been reported to be specific to HSCs in the liver, though this is disputed. Data presented in Chapter 3 of this thesis confirm upregulation of Cygb in murine models of liver disease and diseased human liver tissue. Chapter 4 shows how ECM can effect HSC morphology, behaviour and phenotype with collagen I, an important component of the hepatic scar conferring an activated HSC phenotype, and laminin, a basal protein in a normal liver, inducing a more quiescent phenotype in HSC cell lines HSC-T6 and LX-2. Chapter 5 demonstrates the novel observation of collagen I-induced downregulation, and laminin-induced upregulation, of Cygb in HSC-T6s. Chapter 6 explores the role of cell signalling through membrane receptors and regulation of Cygb expression, identifying phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase as a mechanism of signal transduction through integrin activation. These findings suggest that Cygb expression is modulated by ‘outside-in signalling’ and this is important in the activation status of HSCs.
Role of intestinal epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of cytokines and glucocorticoids on CXCL8 and CXCL10 gene expression and NF-kB signalling in intestinal epithelial cell lines

Activation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) may occur either by luminal antigens stimulation or by inflammatory signals deriving from immune cells in the close vicinity. Production of chemokines by the intestinal epithelium contributes to mucosal infiltration of inflammatory cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Little is known about the intestinal epithelial expression and secretion of CXCL10 (IP-10) involved in recruiting T-cells and monocytes. Especially, the role of IL-1β, one of the most abundant cytokines in IBD mucosa, has not been established yet. We therefore aimed to evaluate the expression and regulation of CXCL8/Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CXCL10/Interferon gamma regulated protein 10 kda (IP-10), two of the most abundant chemokines in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in epithelial cell lines stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN γ and TNF-α). NF-κB is known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of IBD. This makes NF-κB a potential phamocological target to treat IBD. So we aimed at studying the effects of two inhibitors of NF-κB on IL-1β induced CXCL8 and CXCL10 gene expression in IECs. Glucocorticoids are known to be effective in regulating the cytokine mediated chemokine gene expression in immune cells. These kinds of study were lacking in relation to IECs. So we also aimed at evaluating the role of glucocorticoids in cytokine mediated CXCL8 and CXCL10 gene expression in IECs. Our data demonstrate that IL-1β is a strong and early inducer of CXCL8 gene expression and protein secretion in colonic epithelial cells. CXCL10 gene expression can be differentially regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and underline that the interplay between epithelial cells and immune cells is important in intestinal inflammation. Depending on the cellular context and utilizing the NF-κB pathway, IL-1β alone and/or in synergism with IFNγ, may play a major role in the induction of CXCL10 gene in IECs, suggesting IL-1β to be a promising target in treating IBD (e.g. in case of failing anti-TNF alpha strategies). Usage of pharmacological inhibitors to NF-κB should be given attention, as we show that the non specific inhibitor of NF-κB, PDTC, inhibits IL-1β induced NF-κB activity and enhances IL-1β induced CXCL8 gene expression in a cell specific manner, a phenomenon which might be explained by the activation of alternative proinflammatory pathways. Glucocorticoids, which are known to be anti-inflammatory in function, were ineffective in inhibiting cytokine mediated CXCL8 and CXCL10 gene expression in IECs, a phenomenon which might contribute to the known steroid unresponsiveness that occur in many patients with IBD.
Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications (vol 145, pg 367, 2000)

New Phytol. (2000), 146, 569 Errata New Phytologist 145 (2000), 1–3 In the January 2000 issue of New Phytologist, we published the forum article entitled ‘ Cadmium for all meals – plants with an unusual appetite ’ by U. Kra $ mer. Since its publication, it has been brought to our attention that an error was introduced during typesetting. In the text several instances of concentrations are erroneously presented as mg − : these should be kg mg − . New Phytologist 145 (2000), 367–421 In the March 2000 issue of New Phytologist, we published the Tansley review entitled ‘ Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications ’ by J. Arditti and A. K. A. Ghani. Since its publication, it has been brought to our attention that an error was introduced during typesetting. On p. 391, Eqn 5, the horizontal line above the right side of the equation should form a square root sign. We apologize to the authors and to our readers for these mistakes.
AC 263,222 and Imazethapyr Rates and Mixtures for Weed Management in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Field experiments conducted at three locations in Georgia during 1991 and 1992 evaluated AC 263,222 and imazethapyr rates alone at 18, 36, 54, or 72 g ai/ha and in mixture for a total of 36, 54, or 72 g/ha of herbicide applied early-POST for weed control, peanut injury, and yield. An application of AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled (> 90%) Ipomoea morningglories, sicklepod, smallflower morningglory, and yellow nutsedge in all experiments and coffee senna and Florida beggarweed at Chula in 1991. Bristly starbur was controlled at least 90% with AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha at Tifton in 1991, but less than 62% at Chula in 1991. Imazethapyr applied at 72 g/ha controlled coffee senna, Ipomoea morningglories, and smallflower morningglory at least 85%, but did not control Florida beggarweed or sicklepod and provided inconsistent bristly starbur and yellow nutsedge control. Bristly starbur and yellow nutsedge control was increased with several AC 263,222 plus imazethapyr mixtures. High peanut yields comparable to the standard were indicative of the AC 263,222 rate applied whether alone or in mixture with imazethapyr.
Allee effects driven by predation

Summary 1 In a population with Allee effects a positive relationship exists between fitness and population size or density. Allee effects may result in extinction thresholds and are therefore crucial in conservation and management. It has been shown theoretically that Allee effects can be driven by predation; however, there are few empirical data. Previous empirical work on Allee effects has emphasized that taxa with life-history characteristics such as co-operative breeding may be prone to such effects. Because predation is a general ecological mechanism, Allee effects may be more widespread than previously thought. 2 We used a series of simple heuristic models to develop a theoretical framework for understanding predation-driven Allee effects as a function of predator functional and aggregative responses. 3 Predators can create an Allee effect if they have a type I (linear) or type II (saturating) functional response without a type III (sigmoid) aggregative response, or vice versa. In addition, predation must be the main driver of prey dynamics, and prey must have little spatial or temporal refuge from predation. 4 We highlighted several, mainly unrecognized, examples of predation-driven Allee effects from the literature, the majority of which came from systems that had been perturbed by exploitation or introduced predators. 5 Synthesis and applications. Allee effects can arise from a general ecological process under a variety of different combinations of functional and aggregative responses. Allee effects may thus be present in a broad spectrum of different taxa with different types of life history, not only those taxa, such as broadcast spawners and co-operative breeders, on which empirical work has focused thus far. Conservation biologists and managers working with heavily exploited or threatened populations, or attempting reintroductions, should be aware of the possibility of a threshold population size or density below which extinction is likely. These thresholds can occur regardless of species life history, if predation is a major source of mortality and spatial and temporal predation refuges are limited.
The presence of six cryptic species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex in China as revealed by crossing experiments

Abstract Recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequences of Bemisia tabaci worldwide indicates that the whitefly comprises at least 24 morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct cryptic species. While evidence of reproductive isolation has been reported for some of the putative species, more extensive crossing experiments are required to clarify the systematics of this species complex. In this study, we established laboratory cultures for six putative species of B. tabaci collected in China. We conducted 22 inter‐species crosses among the six putative species. The data and those reported previously were collated, and the combined dataset covered all the 30 possible inter‐species crosses among the six putative species. Intra‐species controls always produced female and male progeny and the proportions of females in the first generation (F1) ranged from 56% to 70%. However, in inter‐species crosses female progeny were rarely produced, and the few F1 females produced in four of the 30 inter‐species crosses were either sterile or significantly weaker in viability. These results demonstrate a pattern of complete reproductive isolation among the six putative species and show that they are six cryptic species in the B. tabaci complex.
Some new recorded species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with sugarcane crop in Iran.

Ten species of AMF belonging to four genera includi ng Entrophospora colombiana, Glomus manihotis, G. eburneum, G. aggregatum, G. caledonium, G. coronatum, G. microcarpum, G. diaphanum, Paraglomus occultum and Pacispora scintilance were identified. Among them five species of Entrophospora colombiana, Glomus eburneum, G. manihotis, G. diaphanum, G. microcarpum and P. occultum are reported for the first time in Iran; Glomus aggregatum, G. caledonium , Glomus coronatum and P. scintilance are new recorded for sugarcane mycoflora of Iran.
Frequency of mastitis and variation in somatic cell counts throughout the lactation in cows managed organically or conventionally; Year 1

homeopathic (organic) treatment during the lactation divided by the total number in the group. Frequency of acute levels of SCC was defined as the number of monthly herd-test SCC with a value greater than 500,000 cells/ml of milk divided by total number of herd-test SCC records in each farm type. Lactation average of SCC for cows in the organic herd were slightly higher than those of cows in the conventional herd (84,886 vs. 71,091 somatic cells/ml of milk) but the differences were non-significant. Other studies (Vaarst, 2001) have reported similar results comparing organic and conventional herds in Denmark.
ANALYSIS OF FOODS

The problems of nephritis and nephrosis are in the capable hands of Dr. Izod Bennett; at the foot of page 143 it is the " non-protein " nitrogenous constituents of the blood which are normal, as the proteins are considerably diminished in all grave cases of nephrosis. Oversea contributors are Dr. Jonathan Meakins on oedema and Dr. de Crespigny on phosphaturia. A series of articles on skin diseases is included in the volume, which maintains fully the standard of its predecessors. Some beneficial results have been reported in mycosis fungoides with hyperthermy treatment other than induced malaria.
Evolution Since Darwin: The First 150 Years

PART I: EVOLUTION SINCE DARWIN Evolutionary Biology: 150 Years of Progress D.J.Futuyma Rethinking Darwin's Position in the History of Science P.J.Bowler Commentary 1: Where Are We? Historical Reflections on Evolutionary Biology in the Twentieth Century V.B. Smocovitis PART II: POPULATION, GENES, AND GENOMES The Concepts of 'Population' and 'Metapopulation' in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology R.L. Millstein Evolutionary Genetics: Progresses and Challenges J.G. Zhang Natural Selection and Coalescent Theory J.Wakeley On the Power of Comparative Genomics: Does Conservation Imply Function? B.Kolaczkowski & A.D.Kern Commentary 2: The Potential for Microorganisms and Experimental Studies in Evolutionary Biology D.E. Dykhuizen PART III: THE EVOLUTION OF FORM Limits on Rates of Adaptation: Why Is Darwin's Machine So Slow? M.Kirkpatrick Evolvability: The Missing Piece of the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis G.P.Wagner Embryos and Evolution: 150 Years of Reciprocal Illumination G.A. Wray PART IV: ADAPTATION AND SPECIATION Tradeoffs and Negative Correlations in Evolutionary Ecology A.Agrawal, J.K. Conner & S.Rasmann Elucidating Evolutionary Mechanisms in Plant--Insect Interactions: Key Residues as Key Innovations M.Berenbaum & M.A.Schuler Behavioral Ecology: The Natural History of Evolutionary Theory H.Kokko & M.D.Jennions Understanding the Origin of Species: Where Have We Been, Where Are We Going? R.G. Harrison Commentary 3: The Role of Ecology in Evolutionary Biology M.A.McPeek PART V: DIVERSITY AND THE TREE OF LIFE The Origin and Early Evolution of Life: Did It All Start in Darwin's Warm Little Pond? A.Lazcano Commentary 4: The Genomic Imprint of Endosymbiosis C.E. Lane Adaptive Radiation: The Interaction of Ecological Opportunity, Adaptation, and Speciation J.B. Losos & D.L. Mahler Phylogenetic Progress and Applications of the Tree of Life D.M. Hillis Paleontological Perspectives on Morphological Change P.J.Wagner The Geological History of Biodiversity M.Foote Commentary 5: Thinking about Diversity and Diversification: What If Biotic History Is Not Equilibrial? J.Cracraft PART VI: HUMAN EVOLUTION Hominid Paleobiology: How Has Darwin Done? T.D. White Darwin on the Role of Culture in Human Evolution P.J.Richerson & R.Boyd PART VII: APPLICATIONS OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Applying Evolutionary Biology: From Retrospective Analysis to Direct Manipulation F.Gould Commentary 6: A Clade's-Eye View of Global Climate Change C.C. Davis, E.J.Edwards & M.J.Donoghue PART VIII: PROSPECTS Evolutionary Biology: The Next 150 Years H.E. Hoekstra Commentary 7: Towards a More Richly Integrated Biology C.Marshall Commentary 8: Balance between Organismal and Molecular Training J.Rest