Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the Dust and Gas Outflows from OH 26.5+0.6: The Superwind

We have observed the extreme OH/IR star, OH 26.5+0.6, in the infrared dust continuum and in the sub-millimeter rotational lines of CO. Mid-infrared images reveal the compact nature of the circumstellar shell ({lt}0{center_dot}{double_prime}5). A deep 9.7 {mu}m absorption feature and an absorption at 18 {mu}m show that the dust mass-loss rate is very high. However, the low antenna temperatures of CO {ital J}=1{minus}0 and 2{minus}1 lines suggest that the outer part of the circumstellar shell is much more tenuous. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we have observed the {ital J}=3{minus}2 and 4{minus}3 CO rotational transitions. We have developed a model for the circumstellar shell for OH 26.5+0.6 which is consistent with the infrared and submillimeter observations. The dust and gas data are well fitted by a two-shell model, consisting of a dense shell surrounded by a more tenuous shell. The former we identify with the superwind ({dot {ital M}}=5.5{times}10{sup {minus}4}{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}} yr{sup {minus}1}), and the latter we identify with mass loss on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) ({dot {ital M}}=10{sup {minus}6}{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}} yr{sup {minus}1}). The transition between the two mass-loss phases is shown to be rather abrupt ({Delta}{ital t}{lt}150 yr). Depending on the mass of the progenitor,more » this superwind phase may be the last thermal pulse (for {ital M}{sub {asterisk}}{lt}1.5{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}}), or the first of a series of the superwind phases (for up to 8{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}}), punctuated by a period of low mass-loss rates, before the star evolves off the AGB. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Astronomical Society. }« less
Formation and Evolution of Soot in Ethylene Inverse Diffusion Flames in Ozone Atmosphere

Ozone is a prospective additive for enhancing and controlling combustion under lean or very lean conditions, and reduces NOx and particulate matter emissions simultaneously. Typically, in studying the effects of ozone on combustion pollutants, the focus is on the final yield of pollutants, while its detailed effects on the soot formation process remain unknown. Here, the formation and evolution profiles of soot containing morphology and nanostructures in ethylene inverse diffusion flames with different ozone concentration additions were experimentally studied. The surface chemistry and oxidation reactivity of soot particles were also compared. The soot samples were collected by a combination of the thermophoretic sampling method and deposition sampling method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were applied to obtain the soot characteristics. The results showed that soot particles experienced inception, surface growth, and agglomeration in the ethylene inverse diffusion flame within a flame axial direction. The soot formation and agglomeration were slightly advanced since the ozone decomposition contributed to promoting the production of free radicals and active substances in the ozone added flames. The diameter of primary particles in the flame with ozone addition was larger. With the increase of ozone concentration, the content of soot surface oxygen increased and the ratio of sp2/sp3 decreased. Furthermore, the addition of ozone increased the volatile content of soot particles and improved soot oxidation reactivity.
Association of maternal late-gestation lipid mobilization and their offspring's disease risk during the pre-weaned period and performance through first lactation: A cohort study in a dairy herd

Introduction Excessive maternal lipid mobilization in late gestation may impact the immune function of the newborn. However, the long-term effects remain unknown. The objective was to explore associations between excessive maternal lipid mobilization in the last 2 weeks of gestation with offspring health and performance. Methods A retrospective study was performed including 1,511 calves (heifer = 692, bull = 819) born between 2015 and 2020 in one MI farm. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was measured from cows 7 to 14 d before calving. Calves were categorized in 2 groups based NEFA concentration: physiological lipid mobilization (PLM = 1,373; NEFA <0.3 mM) and excessive lipid mobilization (ELM = 138; NEFA ≥0.3 mM). Calf records were obtained from the herd's management software. Outcomes of interest were the hazard of pre-weaned digestive and respiratory disease, pre-weaned ADG, age at first breeding and calving, first lactation 305 d mature equivalent milk yield (305ME), and survival until first calving. Statistical models included dam NEFA category adjusted by year and season of birth, parity of the dam, and sex of the calf. Cox proportional analysis was used to determine the hazard of a pre-weaned health event, first breeding, and first calving. Linear regression was used to evaluate ADG and 305ME. The survival until first calving was analyzed with logistic regression. Results and discussion No difference was detected in the hazard of diarrhea (HRPLM vs. ELM = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.82–1.38) and respiratory disease (HRPLM vs. ELM = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.79–2.10) by NEFA category in the pre-weaned period. Also, no difference was detected for the LSM (±SE) of pre-weaned ADG (PLM = 0.77±1.55, ELM = 0.72±2.76 kg/d). In heifers, the hazard for first breeding favored the PLM group (HRPLM vs. ELM = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.18–2.12), with a reduced median age at first breeding (PLM = 400 d, 95% CI = 397–402; ELM = 412 d, 95% CI = 404–421). However, NEFA category was not associated with the hazard of first calving (HRPLM vs. ELM = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.69–1.27), first lactation 305ME (PLM = 16,665±165 kg; ELM = 16,256±532), the odds of presenting at least 1 health event in the first lactation (ORPLM vs. ELM = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.41–1.49), or the odds of leaving the herd before first calving (ORPLM vs. ELM = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.56–2.02). Overall, dam ELM affected the hazard of first breeding but no other indicators of health or long-term performance. However, associations between maternal lipid mobilization and calf outcomes cannot be excluded, as the NEFA cut-off used has not been established as a predictor of offspring health and performance.
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of ERBB2-Low Breast Cancer Among Patients in the National Cancer Database

Key Points Question Do the demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and prognosis differ between breast cancers with no erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2; formerly HER2 or HER2/neu) expression (ERBB2 negative) and those with low-level ERBB2 expression (ERBB2 low)? Findings In this cohort study of 1 136 016 patients from the National Cancer Database in the US, the proportions of ERBB2-low breast cancer were slightly lower among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients compared with non-Hispanic White patients. ERBB2-low status was associated with slightly improved overall survival (≤2% difference at 5 years) compared with ERBB2-negative cancer. Meaning The findings of this study suggest that treatment response and long-term outcomes may be similar in ERBB2-low and ERBB2-negative cancers and do not support the classification of ERBB2-low breast cancer as a unique disease entity.
Hydrodynamics of shock waves with reflected particles. I. Rankine-Hugoniot relations and stationary solutions

In this work we investigate how reflected particles modify the Rankine-Hugoniot (RH) relations in a simple hydrodynamical framework. It is assumed that the ions are specularly reflected by the cross-shock potential. For simplicity, an exactly perpendicular shock is assumed, thus other reflection mechanisms, such as magnetic mirroring, can be neglected. Momentum and energy terms are introduced to model reflected particles at the shock and the RH conditions are examined using a geometrical entropy condition to distinguish the physically relevant states. Although such shocks have some common features with combustion shocks within a narrow range of reflection parameters, for a wide range of reflection parameters, particularly for highly oblique shocks, Chapman-Jouguet solutions do not exist. It is conjectured that these shocks comprise a distinct class. Decelerated solutions of the RH conditions are shown to exist only under specific conditions for shocks with reflected particles. Velocity flows both parallel and oblique to the perpendicular shock (with respect to an upstream magnetic field) are considered and found to be strongly sheared.
The Diurnal Cycle of Convection and Atmospheric Tides in an Aquaplanet GCM

The diurnal cycle of tropical convection and its relationship to the atmospheric tides is investigated using an aquaplanet GCM. The diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics of precipitation are both found to contribute significantly to the total diurnal variability of precipitation in the model, which is broadly consistent with observations of the diurnal cycle of convection over the open ocean. The semidiurnal tide is found to be the dominant forcing for the semidiurnal harmonic of precipitation. In contrast the diurnal tide plays only a small role in forcing the diurnal harmonic of precipitation, which is dominated by the variations in shortwave and longwave heating. In both the diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics, the feedback onto the convection by the humidity tendencies due to the convection is found to be important in determining the phase of the harmonics. Further experiments show that the diurnal cycle of precipitation is sensitive to the choice of closure in the convection scheme. While the surface pressure signal of the simulated atmospheric tides in the model agree well with both theory and observations in their magnitude and phase, sensitivity experiments suggest that the role of the stratospheric ozone in forcing the semidiurnal tide is much reduced compared to theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the influence of the cloud radiative effects seems small. It is suggested that the radiative heating profile in the troposphere, associated primarily with the water vapor distribution, is more important than previously thought for driving the semidiurnal tide. However, this result may be sensitive to the vertical resolution and extent of the model.
Nitrogen removal performance and bacterial community analysis of a multistage step-feeding tidal flow constructed wetland

A multistage mesocosm vertical flow constructed wetland system was designed to treat synthetic domestic wastewater with a high nitrogen (N) load. The study aim was to determine the impact of design and operational variables on N removal efficiency in such systems. A tidal flow operational strategy enhanced aeration and was coupled with a step-feeding approach to promote N removal. Over the 420-day running period N removal rates were between 70 and 77 gN/m3/d, for a step-feeding ratio range of 60:40 to 80:20. The system was able to remove 91–95% of chemical oxygen demand, 74–91% of ammonium and 66–81% of total-N. Tidal flow and step-feeding strategies significantly impacted nitrogen removal with the best performance at a step-feeding ratio of 80:20 providing a carbon to nitrogen (COD/N) ratio of 4–5. The bacterial diversity increased at each stage throughout the system with dominating phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria. Dominant bacteria at the genus level were Thiothrix, Planctomyces, Azonexus, Pseudoxanthomonas, Hydrogenophaga, Gemmobacter and other genera suggesting that N removal was accomplished via diverse metabolic pathways, including autotrophic nitrification, heterotrophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, and possibly anammox. This study shows benefits of step-feeding strategies in tidal flow constructed wetlands as a cost-effective solution for minimizing external carbon input to achieve effective N removal.
Cooperative Advertising in a Supply Chain with Horizontal Competition

Cooperative advertising programs are usually provided by manufacturers to stimulate retailers investing more in local advertising to increase the sales of their products or services. While previous literature on cooperative advertising mainly focuses on a “single-manufacturer single-retailer” framework, the decision-making framework with “multiple-manufacturer single-retailer” becomes more realistic because of the increasing power of retailers as well as the increased competition among the manufacturers. In view of this, in this paper we investigate the cooperative advertising program in a “two-manufacturer single-retailer” supply chain in three different scenarios; that is, (i) each channel member makes decisions independently; (ii) the retailer is vertically integrated with one manufacturer; (iii) two manufacturers are horizontally integrated. Utilizing differential game theory, the open-loop equilibrium-advertising strategies of each channel member are obtained and compared. Also, we investigate the effects of competitive intensity on the firm’s profit in three different scenarios by using the numerical analysis.
Love and Infidelity: Causes and Consequences

This is a narrative review addressing the topic of romantic infidelity, its causes and its consequences. Love is commonly a source of much pleasure and fulfillment. However, as this review points out, it can also cause stress, heartache and may even be traumatic in some circumstances. Infidelity, which is relatively common in Western culture, can damage a loving, romantic relationship to the point of its demise. However, by highlighting this phenomenon, its causes and its consequences, we hope to provide useful insight for both researchers and clinicians who may be assisting couples facing these issues. We begin by defining infidelity and illustrating the various ways in which one may become unfaithful to their partner. We explore the personal and relational factors that enhance an individual’s tendency to betray their partner, the various reactions related to a discovered affair and the challenges related to the nosological categorization of infidelity-based trauma, and conclude by reviewing the effects of COVID-19 on unfaithful behavior, as well as clinical implications related to infidelity-based treatment. Ultimately, we hope to provide a road map, for academicians and clinicians alike, of what some couples may experience in their relationships and how can they be helped.
Further approaches to computing fundamental characteristics of birth-death processes

General and unifying approaches are discussed for computing fundamental characteristics of both continuous-time and discrete-time birth-death processes. In particular, an exponential family framework is used to derive explicit expressions, in terms of continued fractions, for joint generating functions of first-passage times and a whole collection of associated random quantities, and a random sum representation is used to obtain formulae for means, variances and covariances of stopped reward functions defined on a birth-death process.
Advances in Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Pharmaceutical analysis refers to an area of analytical chemistry that deals with active compounds either by themselves (drug substance) or when formulated with excipients (drug product). In a less simplistic way, it can be defined as a complex science involving various disciplines, e.g., drug development, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, tissue distribution studies, and environmental contamination analyses. As such, the pharmaceutical analysis covers drug development to its impact on health and the environment. Moreover, due to the need for safe and effective medications, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most heavily regulated sectors of the global economy. For this reason, powerful analytical instrumentation and efficient methods are required. In the last decades, mass spectrometry has been increasingly used in pharmaceutical analysis both for research aims and routine quality controls. Among different instrumental setups, ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry with Fourier transform instruments, i.e., Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and Orbitrap, gives access to valuable molecular information for pharmaceutical analysis. In fact, thanks to their high resolving power, mass accuracy, and dynamic range, reliable molecular formula assignments or trace analysis in complex mixtures can be obtained. This review summarizes the principles of the two main types of Fourier transform mass spectrometers, and it highlights applications, developments, and future perspectives in pharmaceutical analysis.
Quasicrystals and Denjoy homeomorphisms

We assume that the atomic positions in a quasicrystal form a repetitive Delone set with a finite Bravais module. Therefore we investigate the dynamical system (Ω,τ,ℝd) arising from the orbit closure of such a set. Using the cut-and-project method we construct a Poincaré section for the dynamical system (Ω,τ,ℝd) such that the action of ℝd reduces to an action of ℤd. We obtain d commuting homeomorphisms φ1,. ,φd on a Cantor set X. In one dimension we relate (X,φ) to the support of the invariant measure of a homeomorphism on the circle (Denjoy homeomorphism). In this way we see that the K-groups with additional structure of the corresponding C*-algebra classify these point sets and equivalences between different repetitive Delone sets are established. The discussion includes point sets with an acceptance domain given by a countable union of intervals or with a fractal atomic surface.
Novel PRUNE2 Germline Mutations in Aggressive and Benign Parathyroid Neoplasms

Simple Summary Recently, PRUNE2 mutations were indicated in the pathogenesis of aggressive parathyroid neoplasms. Here, we report novel, rare PRUNE2 mutations located in exons 3, 8, 9, and 12 in patients with parathyroid tumors in the genetically homogenous Finnish population. We identified PRUNE2 mutations in patients with parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid tumors, and adenomas. While further research is needed, mutations of the PRUNE2 gene could play a role in the pathogenesis of parathyroid tumors. Abstract Parathyroid tumors are mostly sporadic but can also occur in familial forms, including different kinds of genetic syndromes with varying phenotypes and penetrance. Recently, somatic mutations of the tumor suppressor gene PRUNE2 were found to be frequent in parathyroid cancer (PC). The germline mutation status of PRUNE2 was investigated in a large cohort of patients with parathyroid tumors from the genetically homogenous Finnish population, 15 of which had PC, 16 atypical parathyroid tumors (APT), and 6 benign parathyroid adenomas (PA). Mutations in previously established hyperparathyroidism-related genes were screened with a targeted gene panel analysis. Nine PRUNE2 germline mutations with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of <0.05 were found in our cohort. Five of these were predicted to be potentially damaging and were identified in two patients with PC, two with APT, and three with PA. The mutational status was not associated with the tumor group nor related to the clinical picture or severity of the disease. Still, the frequent finding of rare germline mutations of PRUNE2 may point to the gene playing a role in the pathogenesis of parathyroid neoplasms.
The Effect of the Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide and Corticosterone on Tryptophan Metabolism, Using Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line (SH-SY5Y)

L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is an important amino acid in several physiological mechanisms, being metabolized into two important pathways: the kynurenine and the serotonin (5-HT) pathways. It is important in processes such as mood and stress response, the 5-HT pathway begins with the conversion of L-Trp to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), that is metabolized into 5-HT, converted to melatonin or to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Disturbances in this pathway are reported to be connected with oxidative stress and glucocorticoid-induced stress, are important to explore. Thus, our study aimed to understand the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress on the serotonergic pathway of L-Trp metabolism, and on SH-SY5Y cells, focusing on the study of L-Trp, 5-HTP, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA in combination with H2O2 or CORT. We evaluated the effect of these combinations on cellular viability, morphology, and on the extracellular levels of the metabolites. The data obtained highlighted the different ways that stress induction led to different extracellular medium concentration of the studied metabolites. These distinct chemical transformations did not lead to differences in cell morphology/viability. Additionally, serotonin may be the most sensitive metabolite to the exposure to the different stress inducers, being more promissory to study conditions associated with cellular stress.
Predictability of Heavy Precipitation in the Waikato River Basin of New Zealand

AbstractThis paper investigates the predictability of heavy precipitation in the economically important Waikato River basin of New Zealand. A 2-yr archive of Global Forecast System (GFS) model data to +180 h for the period August 2005–August 2007 forms the basis of the study. GFS model predictions of precipitation are compared to surface measurements from 22 stations in and around the river basin. Categorical hit rate and bias, threat score, false-alarm ratio, probability of detection, RMSE, skill score, and mean error are all plotted as a function of model lead time for the 2-yr period.The general synoptic structures of heavy precipitation events are often identified at long lead times. An example is shown for January 2006 when heavy rainfall is identified by GFS at +150 h, accurate location and timing is given at +48 h. Precipitation amounts are systematically underpredicted by GFS and the spatial distribution of rainfall is limited by model resolution. The value of GFS lies in its ability to provide ea.
Effect of iron on biological clogging in porous media: Implications for managed aquifer recharge

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly being adopted to improve water security internationally. However, clogging during MAR remains one of the greatest challenges for sustainable operations. This study examines the effects of iron on biological clogging processes using column experiments and suggests management options. The results indicated that the presence of iron limits the transport of bacteria through the column, and that concentrations <10 mg/L are correlated with increased bacterial growth. Conversely, the increased viscosity of biofilm subsequently limits the transport of iron through the column. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that large iron‐Pseudomonas sp. flocs formed which occupied the sand pore spaces. The effect of iron induced chemical clogging was most notable in the initial stage of the experiment while bio‐clogging dominated later. There are many recommended values of iron concentration in water recharge, most of them are advised from the point of pollution perspective. Based on these laboratory results, iron concentrations in recharge water for MAR should be <0.3 mg/L to mitigate clogging effects. Furthermore, using non‐corrodible materials for bore screen and pumps, and avoiding external oxidant inputs should be considered to prevent iron related chemical and biological clogging.