Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents

ABSTRACT Background: Children and adolescents are affected in various ways by the lockdown measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in this age-group. Objective: The objective was to investigate and compare the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in three age groups (1–6 years, 7–10 years, 11–19 years) and to examine the associations with psychological factors. Methods: An anonymous online survey was conducted from 9 April to 11 May 2020 during the acute phase of major lockdown measures. In this cross-sectional study, children and adolescents aged between 1 and 19 years were recruited as a population-based sample. They were eligible if they were residents in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland, were parents/caregivers of a child aged between 1 and 10 years or adolescents ≥11 years, had sufficient German language skills and provided informed consent. Results: Among 5823 participants, between 2.2% and 9.9% reported emotional and behavioural problems above the clinical cut-off and between 15.3% and 43.0% reported an increase in these problems during the pandemic. Significant age-related effects were found regarding the type and frequency of problems (χ2 (4)≥50.2, P ≤ 0.001). While preschoolers (1–6 years) had the largest increase in oppositional-defiant behaviours, adolescents reported the largest increase in emotional problems. Adolescents experienced a significantly larger decrease in emotional and behavioural problems than both preschoolers and school-children. Sociodemographic variables, exposure to and appraisal of COVID-19, psychotherapy before COVID-19 and parental mental health significantly predicted change in problem-scores (F ≥ 3.69, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of children and adolescents experience age-related mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. These problems should be monitored, and support should be offered to risk-groups to improve communication, emotion regulation and appraisal style. HIGHLIGHTS Between 15.3% and 43.0% of the 1 to 19 years old children and adolescents reported an increase of problems during COVID-19. Between 2.0% and 9.9% reported emotional and behavioural problems above the clinical cut-off. Effects were associated with age, gender, exposure to and appraisal of COVID-19, attending psychotherapy before COVID-19 and parental mental health.
SOEPpapers 445: Everything Under Control?

Perceived control is an important variable for various demands involved in successful aging. However, perceived control is not set in stone, but rather changes throughout the life course. The aim of this study was to identify cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal mean-level changes as well as rank-order changes in perceived control with respect to sex and education. Furthermore, changes in income and health were analyzed to explain trajectories of perceived control. In a large and representative sample of Germans across all of adulthood, 9,484 individuals gave information about their perceived control twice over a period of 6 years. Using LOESS curves and latent structural equation modeling, four main findings were revealed: (a) Perceived control increased until ages 30 to 40, then decreased until about age 60, and increased slightly afterwards; (b) The rank order of individuals in perceived control was relatively unstable, especially in young adulthood, and reached a plateau at about age 40; (c) Men perceived that they had more control than women did, but there were no sex differences in the development of perceived control; (d) Individuals with more education perceived that they had more control than those with less education, and there were slight differences in the development of perceived control dependent on education. Taken together, these findings offer important insights into the development of perceived control across the life span.
CAMA Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis Intuitive and Reliable Estimates of the Output Gap from a Beveridge-Nelson Filter CAMA Working Paper 3 / 2017 January 2017

The Beveridge-Nelson (BN) trend-cycle decomposition based on autoregressive forecasting models of U.S. quarterly real GDP growth produces estimates of the output gap that are strongly at odds with widely-held beliefs about the amplitude, persistence, and even sign of transitory movements in economic activity. These antithetical attributes are related to the autoregressive coefficient estimates implying a very high signal-tonoise ratio in terms of the variance of trend shocks as a fraction of the overall quarterly forecast error variance. When we impose a lower signal-to-noise ratio, the resulting BN decomposition, which we label the “BN filter”, produces a more intuitive estimate of the output gap that is large in amplitude, highly persistent, and typically increases in expansions and decreases in recessions. Real-time estimates from the BN filter are also reliable in the sense that they are subject to smaller revisions and predict future output growth and inflation better than estimates from other methods of trend-cycle decomposition that also impose a low signal-to-noise ratio, including deterministic detrending, the Hodrick-Prescott filter, and the bandpass filter. | T H E A U S T R A L I A N N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y
guarantees in regime-switching and stochastic volatility

5 6 In this paper, we develop a novel and efficient transform-based method to price equity7 linked annuities (ELAs), including equity-indexed annuities (EIAs) and cliquet-style pay8 off structures popular in the insurance market under a general class of stochastic volatility 9 models with jumps. We utilize frame duality and density projection combined with a 10 continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) weak approximation scheme and spectral filter11 ing. Contracts considered include EIAs with return guarantees of a cliquet style. Mod12 els considered include exponential Lévy processes, regime-switching Lévy processes, and 13 stochastic volatility models with a general jump size distribution including Heston, Scott’s, 14 Hull-White, Schöbel-Zhu, and the 3/2 models. We also consider some recently proposed 15 stochastic volatility models in the literature such as the α-Hypergeometric model, and 16 the 4/2 model. Our framework encompasses and extends the current literature on EIAs 17 with highly efficient and accurate valuation methods. Numerical experiments confirm our 18 findings. 19
The Harberger-Laursen-Metzler (HLM) effect, based on the static Keynesian consumption theory, suggests that an improvement in the TOT (an increase in the price of domestically produced goods relative to that of foreign goods) raises a country's real income

This paper provides new evidence relating to the debate of whether long-lived TOT shocks affect saving rates using a sample of 56 developing countries for the period 1980-2010. The core aspect of the empirical analysis is to utilize the terms-of-trade (TOT) shock-duration and trend-growth measures that have not been considered in the previous empirical literature.
Self-Rewards for Prior Shopping Restraint 1 Running Head: SELF-REWARDS FOR PRIOR SHOPPING RESTRAINT Indulgence as Self-Reward for Prior Shopping Restraint: A Justification-Based Mechanism

This research investigates the effects of refraining from a purchase temptation at one point in time on choices made at a subsequent opportunity to purchase or consume a tempting product. Four experiments involving scenarios and real decisions demonstrate that the salience of restraint at a prior impulse buying opportunity causes consumers to reward themselves subsequently by choosing indulgence over non-indulgence. We show that indulgence is likely to increase only when prior restraint is salient and hence can be used as a justification. As expected, an index of reasons for vs. against buying mediates the relationship between prior impulse purchase decision and indulgent choice. In further support of the mechanism, we find that prior indulgence can have the same effect as prior restraint, if the prior indulgence is made justifiable. Finally, we show that prior shopping restraint can increase indulgence without a corresponding increase in self-esteem. These findings extend our understanding of self-regulation and demonstrate that everyday consumer decisions such as responses to impulse buying opportunities can have consequential downstream effects.
AMERICAN RESEARCH THOUGHTS – Vol.1, issue 1, 2014

Sri Lanka adopted IFRS with effect from 1st January 2012.With IFRS gaining rapid acceptance across the globe with over a 100 countries adopting it, Sri Lanka too is now in line with the global trend in enabling a common language for financial reporting processes following the adoption of IFRS. The Adoption of IFRS is a major breakthrough for companies in Sri Lanka as they will have a common, high quality and internationally accepted set of accounting and financial reporting standards and is also seen as a way forward to bring in ‘more credibility’ to financial reporting in the country. However, there are challenges and barriers to Sri Lanka in the process of adopting IFRS. Hence, this research was aimed to analyze Challenges and Barriers of Adopting Fair Value Accounting for Real Estate Assets Valuation in Sri Lanka Public Listed Companies. To accomplish this purpose, three objectives were developed and to achieve the objectives eighteen (18) hypotheses were developed and tested. The first objective was to find out the major determinant factors of adopting FVA for Real Estate Valuation. That was basically achieved through a solid literature review related to the problem statement. Accordingly five firms based characteristics and three behavioral factors of managers for of adopting FVA for Real Estate Valuation were identified. Second objective was tested to identify the relationship between firms based characteristics and behavioral factors of managers for of adopting FVA for Real Estate Valuation. Accordingly fifteen hypotheses were developed on firms based characteristics in terms of Firm Size, Leverage, Profitability, Amount of Real Estate and Extent of Expertise for Fair Value Accounting. The results obtained for all fifteen hypotheses were significant. Thus, the proposed link between firms based characteristics and behavioral factors of managers for adopting FVA for Real Estate Valuation was fully supported. Third objective was to identify the relationship between behavioural factors of managers and adoptability of FVA for Real Estate Valuation in PLCs’ in Sri Lanka. As per that, Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control were considered as behavioural factors of managers as suggested in literature chapter. Three hypotheses were tested and all of them were significant to confirm the proposed link between behavioural factors of managers and adoptability of FVA for Real Estate Valuation in
Submission Cover

This paper examines the link between financial and economic development at the regional level in the Philippines and focuses on the role played by rural banks in regional economic activity. We apply cointegration panel data analysis on regional banking and economic data for the period 1993 to 2005. We ranked the sixteen regions in three different groups depending on their average economic development. The wealthiest the region is the more important financial depth is. Our results do not support a strong evident relationship between regional financial and economic development in the Philippines. However, our findings highlight a positive effect of the presence of rural banks on economic development which is stronger for the intermediate developed regions than for the less developed regions, suggesting the existence of a threshold effect. JEL Classification: G21, O16 1 This paper was prepared for the ASIA-LINK human resource development project: Euro-Philippines Network on Banking and Finance, Safety and Soundness of the Financial System, coordinated by the University of Limoges (www.upd.edu.ph/~cba/asialink). ASIA-LINK is a programme of the European Commission that seeks to promote regional and multilateral networking among higher education institutions in Europe and developing economies in Asia. We would like to gratefully acknowledge the very useful help of P. Rous on panel data econometrics. We would like also to thank F. Moshirian, P. Wachtel and L. White for their helpful comments on preliminary versions of this paper. All remaining errors are ours.
Impact of the utility and cost on price in a two si ded market Abstract: This paper analyses the impacts of the structure of utility and platform’s cost on price

This paper analyses the impacts of the structure of utility and platform’s cost on price i.e. price structure and price level. The nature of the analysis is such that it can be applied to a wide variety of services with a two sided market characteristics such as credit cards, night clubs etc. However this paper focuses on internet service where users and content providers transact through the internet. By modelling the utility and cost in two parts; fixed and variable we show that even when the fixed part of the cost is significant, an operator can still extract higher profit by providing subsidized access to the user. The intuition behind it is that an internet user benefits from subscription and additionally brings benefit to the content provider by being present on the platform. We show that it is economically efficient to provide subsidized access to a user if the benefits together are greater than the fixed cost of provisioning the access to that user.
Local Economic Effects of a Government-Owned Depository Institution: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Japan

Beginning in 2000, Japan’s postal saving system experienced a rapid outflow of funds as a large number of 10-year Postal Saving Certificates were maturing. This paper exploits this episode as a natural experiment in order to investigate the effects of a government-owned depository institution on local economic performance. The results show that the prefectures in which local funds were more heavily invested in the postal saving system in the early 1990s tended to experience a larger shift of funds away from the postal saving system and that these prefectures performed better in terms of output and small business creation in the early 2000s.
In a seminal publication investigating the success of fiscal consolidations,

These days, however, very few governments manage to balance, let alone consolidate their budgets. US budgets are exploding due to the war on terrorism, and several European economies (such as Portugal, Germany, and France) have surpassed the budget deficit ceiling set by the Treaty on European Union. We therefore think the time is ripe to broaden the analysis to include other fiscal policy regimes, namely fiscal expansions, excessive deficits and budgets close to balance; some of which will, of course, be more detrimental than others for the sustainability of public finances. We keep our analysis focused on the impact different fiscal policies have on the dynamics of public debt. Whilst the impact on debt dynamics may not, as such, be the primary target fiscal policymakers seek to achieve, we do think it is an important question, for two reasons. First, a high debt burden after a fiscal expansion will constrain policy in the future. Second, within a monetary union such as the euro area a high level of public debt will be a drag on financial markets in the entire union. It may drive up interest rates, thus pushing up the cost of servicing public debt, and it may discourage private investment, thus producing a welfare cost for all members of the monetary union.
Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

The photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a major component of fine particulate matter. Improvements to air quality require insight into the many reactive intermediates that lead to SOA formation, of which only a small fraction have been measured at the molecular level. This thesis describes the chemistry of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from several atmospherically relevant hydrocarbon precursors. Photooxidation experiments of methoxyphenol and phenolic compounds and C12 alkanes were conducted in the Caltech Environmental Chamber. These experiments include the first photooxidation studies of these precursors run under sufficiently low NOx levels, such that RO2 + HO2 chemistry dominates, an important chemical regime in the atmosphere. Using online Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometery (CIMS), key gas-phase intermediates that lead to SOA formation in these systems were identified. With complementary particle-phase analyses, chemical mechanisms elucidating the SOA formation from these compounds are proposed. Three methoxyphenol species (phenol, guaiacol, and syringol) were studied to model potential photooxidation schemes of biomass burning intermediates. SOA yields (ratio of mass of SOA formed to mass of primary organic reacted) exceeding 25% are observed. Aerosol growth is rapid and linear with the organic conversion, consistent with the formation of essentially non-volatile products. Gas and aerosol-phase oxidation products from the guaiacol system show that the chemical mechanism consists of highly oxidized aromatic species in the particle phase. Syringol SOA yields are lower than that of phenol and guaiacol, likely due to unique chemistry dependent on methoxy group position. The photooxidation of several C12 alkanes of varying structure n-dodecane, 2-methylundecane, cyclododecane, and hexylcyclohexane) were run under extended OH exposure to investigate the effect of molecular structure on SOA yields and photochemical aging. Peroxyhemiacetal formation from the reactions of several multifunctional hydroperoxides and aldehyde intermediates was found to be central to organic growth in all systems, and SOA yields increased with cyclic character of the starting hydrocarbon. All of these studies provide direction for future experiments and modeling in order to lessen outstanding discrepancies between predicted and measured SOA.
Naive Analytics Equilibrium

We study interactions with uncertainty about demand sensitivity. In our solution concept (1) firms choose seemingly-optimal strategies given the level of sophistication of their data analytics, and (2) the levels of sophistication form best responses to one another. Under the ensuing equilibrium firms underestimate price elasticities and overestimate advertising effectiveness, as observed empirically. The misestimates cause firms to set prices too high and to over-advertise. In games with strategic complements (substitutes), profits Pareto dominate (are dominated by) those of the Nash equilibrium. Applying the model to team production games explains the prevalence of overconfidence among entrepreneurs and salespeople.
Manufacture and Quality Evaluation of Beverage with prepared with Roasted Seoritae

This study was performed to develop and evaluate beverage prepared with optimally roasted seoritae to maximize the isoflavone content and antioxidant activities of the beverage. Isoflavone content was maximized at the roasting temperature of 110°C for 20 min. Both DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity along with total polyphenol content were highest when seoritae was roasted at 110°C for 20 min. Western blotting was used to determine the level of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1(NFATc1) involved in controlling osteoclast differentiation. The results showed that NFATc1 had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect when the RoS110 (roasted seoritae at 110°C for 20 min) samples were processed at varying concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg/mL). Tea samples were prepared from optimally roasted seoritae by varying brewing times (5~90 min) at 65°C, and tea brewed for 60 min had the highest preference with 65°C as the preferred temperature for drinking.
Learning With Label Proportions by Incorporating Unmarked Data

Learning with label proportions (LLP) deals with the problem that the training data are provided as bags, where the label proportions of training bags rather than the labels of individual training instances are accessible. Existing LLP studies assume that the label proportions of all training bags are accessible. However, in many applications, it is time-consuming to mark all training bags with label proportions, which leads to the problem of learning with both marked and unmarked bags, namely, semisupervised LLP (SLLP). In this work, we propose semisupervised proportional support vector machine (SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM), which extends the proportional SVM (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM) model to its semisupervised version. To the best of our knowledge, SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM is the first attempt to cope with the SLLP problem. Two realizations, alter-SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM and conv-SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM, which are based on alternating optimization and convex relaxation, respectively, are developed to solve the proposed SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM model. Moreover, we design a cutting plane (CP) method to optimize conv-SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM with a guaranteed convergence rate and present a fast accelerated proximal gradient method to solve the multiple kernel learning subproblem in conv-SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM efficiently. Empirical experiments not only justify the superiority of SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM over its supervised counterpart in classification accuracy but also demonstrate the high competitive computational efficiency of the CP optimization of conv-SS-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\propto $ </tex-math></inline-formula>SVM.
Historical change in an elite profession-Class origins and grades among law graduates over 200 years.

This article explores the relationship between social class and educational achievement measured by grades among Norwegian law graduates over a span of 200 years. We argue that class inequalities may arise due to mechanisms favouring 'insiders', meaning students whose families have legal backgrounds. Alternatively, a broader category of students with origins in educated or elite families could also enjoy special advantages. Our results indicate that there were insignificant class inequalities in grades before the beginning of the 20th century, when they first appeared, and that class inequalities increased to some extent subsequently. Graduates with origins from families with legal backgrounds or origins in the cultural upper class tend to be awarded the highest grades and those with farming or working-class origins tend to be awarded the lowest grades. Inequalities according to class origin can be explained only to a limited extent by performance at secondary school. Unlike class origin, however, the impact of grades at secondary school appears to be highly stable over time. We ask whether mechanisms favouring legal 'insiders' may have become less important over time, whereas the impact of cultural capital may have increased.