Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explainability and Knowledge Representation in Robotics: The Green Button Challenge

As robots get closer to human environments, a fundamental task for the community is to design system behaviors that foster trust. In this context, we have posed the "Green Button Challenge": every robot should have a green button that, when pressed, makes the robot explain what it is doing and why, in natural language. In this paper, we motivate why explainability is important in robotics, an why explicit knowledge representations are essential to achieving it. We highlight this with a concrete proof-of-concept implementation on our humanoid space assistant Rollin' Justin, which interprets its PDDL plans to explain what it is doing and why.
Support for Small Businesses Amid COVID-19

A sizeable proportion of enterprises, especially SMEs, in receipt of financial assistance from the government, will fail to repay. In this paper we asked whether, and to what extent, it may be beneficial to apply a screening mechanism to deter those mostly likely to fail to repay from seeking such financial assistance in the first place. The answer largely turns on the relative weights attached for the objectives of stabilisation as compared with allocative efficiency. For this purpose, we develop a two-sector infinite horizon model featuring oligopolistic small businesses and a screening contract in the presence of a pandemic shock with asymmetric information. The adversely affected sector with private information can apply for government loans to reopen businesses once the pandemic has passed. First, we show that a pro-allocation government sets a harsh default sanction to deter entrepreneurs with bad projects from reentering and improves aggregate productivity in the long run, but the economy suffers persistent unemployment in the near term. However, a pro-stabilisation government sets a lenient default sanction or provides full guarantees to reach full employment in the short term, but the economy will be shifted to a lower equilibrium in the long run. The optimal default sanction balances the trade-off between allocation and stabilisation. Then, we derive an analytic measure of "Stabilisation Proclivity" and characterise the parameter space and the macro-financial frictions that render the government either more pro-allocation or more pro-stabilisation. Finally, we solve for the optimal default sanction numerically and conducts comparative statics for various policy analyses.
CONTROLLABILITY ON SL(2,C) WITH RESTRICTED CONTROLS∗

In this paper we study controllability of affine invariant control systems on the group Sl(2,C) with restricted controls. We develop a method based on the action of Sl(2,C) on the sphere S ≈ C ∪ {∞} by Möbius functions. Some controllability results are proved. It is proved also that controllability with restricted controls is not a generic property, contrary to the case of unrestricted controls, as proved in the classic paper by Jurdjevic and Kupka [J. Differential Equations, 39 (1981), pp. 186–211].
WATER-DIESEL EMULSION: A REVIEW

Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organizations around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high‐tech products. One of the most challenging area to meet the legislations is the emissions of the diesel engines which are the products of the combustion of diesel fuel. More restrictions have been imposed by some governments to reduce these emissions to a level such that will not cause any harmful impacts for the environment after releasing them to the atmosphere. This paper examines the effects of combusting a mixture of diesel fuel, water, and surfactant which forms emulsion on the nitrogen oxides NOx, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur oxides SOx emissions and particulate matter (PM) from a compression ignition (CI) or diesel engine. Previous research has attributed the observed reduction of these emissions to a suppression of the flame temperature due to quenching effects from the water, thereby reducing thermal NOx formation and other pollutants. The focus of this review paper will be on experiments were previously conducted using a diesel engine with pure diesel fuel and compare it to the emulsion of water-diesel. Furthermore, results from the testing diesel fuel that mixed with varied ratios of water balanced with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion will be presented and discussed. Three different samples of waterdiesel emulsion were used with 10 % water and 90 % diesel, 20 % water and 80% diesel, and 30 % water and 70 % diesel (by volume) respectively to conduct the experiments in the lab . The purpose was to see the impact of adding the water from 10 % up to 30 % (by volume) to the diesel fuel making the emulsified fuel to investigate the impacts on the emissions and the performance of the engine. The data shows a significant NOx emission reduction when using the emulsion water diesel fuel in the range from 20% to 30 % water (by volume) in diesel. These results are correlated with a thermodynamic first law analysis to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature of the standard fuel and fuel-water emulsion cases. Results indicate that thermal NOx is indeed reduced by quenching and flame temperature suppression confirming reports in the literature. Recommendations are given for further studies, including improving the fuel—water emulsion and considerations for long-term testing.
Remarks on the Nagata Conjecture

The aim of this survey paper is to give an introduction to questions revolving around the Nagata Conjecture. This circle of problems is subject to intensive current investigations and it’s pretty difficult to give an up to date account on the state of matters, we merely restrict to presenting a sample of ideas which emerged recently and which, in our opinion, allow to look at the Nagata Conjecture from a new perspective. In particular statements in the spirit of Proposition 2.7 brought together the Nagata Conjecture and the Harbourne-Hirschowitz Conjecture (see problems A and D below). Whereas the latter Conjecture concerns mainly linear series on the projective plane, the Nagata Conjecture can be generalized to arbitrary surfaces (see 2.1). Again, via Seshadri constants, it motivates some expectations in the spirit of Harbourne-Hirschowitz for arbitrary surfaces.
Influence of Trichoderma viride on performance of chick pea in Wilt complex area

Field trial was conducted in order to evaluate promising isolates of Trichoderma viride as biocontrol agent for wilt complex fungi (Fusarium, Sclerotium & Rhizoctonia). Four selected local isolates of Trichoderma viride were compared with three national checks. Lanthyrus local Rhizobium isolate L-4 was also included in the study as bio-control agent for wilt fungi (Fusarium). Keeping in view of observations related to plant height, plant population, nodulation, wilt incidence and biomass accumulation, performance of T. viride local isolate 2 was found superior followed by T. viride national check isolate for increasing chick pea -Rhizobium symbiosis. At farmer's field, about 83 % higher grain yield of chick pea was recorded by the dual inoculation of T. viride local isolate 2 with Rhizobium over single inoculation of Rhizobium in the wilt complex affected area. While, maximum straw to grain ratio was recorded in uninoculated unfertilized control plot.
Effect of Wendan Decoction on Receptor of Glutamic Acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate in Rats with Schizophrenia

Objective:To explore the effect of Wendan Decoction(WDD) on the receptor of glutamic acid(Glu) and N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) in rats with schizophrenia.Method: Thirty SD rats were divided randomly into 3 groups with 10 in each group: normal group(A),model group(B) and WDD group(C). WDD group was administered intragatrically with 20 g.kg-1WDD;the other groups were administered the same volume of normal saline(20 mL.kg-1). The 3 groups were treated for 21 days.Except the normal group,the other groups were given MK801 with sinistro-intraperitoneal injection to set the schizophrenia model after 1 hour of intragastrical administration in the last 3 days.The dosage was 0.1 mL per 20 g.By the changes in immunohistochemistry and neuropathological morphology,we observed the influence of WDD on expression of receptor Glu in hippocampus,receptor subunit NR1 and NR2B of NMDA and protective effects on pathological injuries in hippocampus of the model rats.Result: The morphological observation showed that there were significant differences in expression of Glu,subunit NR1 and NR2B of NMDA receptor in all groups and there also were significant differences in cell structure and cell denaturalization of CA1 area in hippocampus.Conclusion: WDD can improve disorder of cell rearrangement,relieve the process of nuclei dissolution,postpone the denaturalization of hippocampus cell.It indicates WDD has certain protective effects on pathological injury in hippocampus of the model rats.
Ambiguity Resolution of English Relative Clauses by Persian Learners of English

Investigating the lack of ultimate native-like attainment in L2 acquisition is among the concerns of psycholinguistic research. Processing differences have been argued to be among the underlying factors influencing the lack of native-like attainment. This study is an attempt to investigate how Persian learners of English resolve ambiguity in processing sentences containing two noun phrases and a relative clause that can be attached either high to NP1or low to NP2. To this end, 30 advanced Persian learners of English participated in two experiments, both on-line and off-line tasks. The results showed that L2 learners exhibit different attachment preferences compared to the native speakers of English. Moreover, the L2 learners do not exhibit L1-based preferences in L2 English in the on-line task, which indicates they are not directly influenced by attachment preferences from their L1. But transfer had an effect in the off-line task as the L2 learners may resort to some metacognitive knowledge. The results of the current study suggest that L2 learners integrate information relevant for parsing differently from native speakers, with the L2 learners relying more on lexical-semantic cues than native speakers and less on phrase-structure rules.
Biomass and carbon stocks in different forest types of Western Himalaya

The variability of biomass and carbon stocks in forest ecosystem is influenced mainly by altitude, slope aspect, species composition, and structure, as well as management history. The study was conducted to understand the whole array of variation among five different elevation classes ranging from 400–3000 m asl as well among North and South aspects at the same elevation in Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya). A total of 30 plots (3 replicates in each forest type) were studied, where each plot represents 10 quadrats of 10 × 10 m size were laid to calculate forest biomass and carbon stocks. The values for Biomass density were in the range of 123.89±26.33 to 537.77±56.34 Mg ha–1 whereas, Carbon density were in the range of 58.23±14.33 and 252.75±24.98 Mg ha–1. The conifer forest types showed an increased amount of carbon density than broad-leaf forest types, but overall broad-leaf species contributed to more carbon stocks in the studied region due to absence of conifer species in lower elevation class. Protection of conifer species, especially Cedrus deodara that were found to contribute maximally to total carbon stocks could be very helpful in carbon sequestration. Also, old-growth individuals for both conifer and broad-leaf should be protected as they have high carbon accumulation potential, therefore, recommended for management in such sites. The outcomes of the current study could be useful in understanding the distribution of carbon stocks in sub-tropical and temperate forest types having similar species composition.
NATURAL DENSITY OF RELATIVE COPRIME POLYNOMIALS IN FqŒx

Let Fq Œx be the polynomial ring over the finite field Fq containing q elements. We compute the probability that n polynomials in Fq Œx are k-wise relatively coprime, using the concept of natural density. As a special case, we get the probability that n polynomials in Fq Œx are pairwise coprime. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11B05; 11T06; 11C08; 60B15.
Chapter 16 Scaling procedures and construct validation of context questionnaire data

The PISA 2018 Context Questionnaires are based on the questionnaire framework (OECD, 2017), described in chapter 3 of this report. Many questionnaire items were designed to be combined in some way in order to measure latent constructs that cannot be observed directly (e.g. a student’s achievement motivation or economic, social and cultural background). To these items, transformations or scaling procedures were applied to construct meaningful indices.
Global and regional radiative forcing from 20 % reductions in 2 BC , OC and SO 4-an HTAP 2 multi-model study 3 4

24 In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP) exercise, a range of global atmospheric 25 general circulation and chemical transport models performed coordinated perturbation experiments 26 with 20 % reductions in emissions of anthropogenic aerosols, or aerosol precursors, in a number of 27 source regions. Here, we compare the resulting changes in the atmospheric load and vertically 28 resolved profiles of black carbon (BC), organic aerosols (OA) and sulfate (SO4) from 10 models that 29 include treatment of aerosols. We use a set of temporally, horizontally and vertically resolved profiles 30 of aerosol forcing efficiency (AFE) to estimate the impact of emission changes in six major source 31 regions on global radiative forcing (RF) pertaining to the direct aerosol effect. Results show that 32 mitigations in South and East Asia have substantial impacts on the radiative budget in all investigated 33 receptor regions, especially for BC. In Russia and the Middle East, more than 80 % of the forcing for 34 BC and OA is due to extra-regional emission reductions. Similarly, for North America, BC emissions 35 control in East Asia is found to be more important than domestic mitigations, which is consistent with 36 previous findings. Comparing fully resolved RF calculations to RF estimates based on vertically 37 averaged AFE profiles allows us to quantify the importance of vertical resolution to RF estimates. We 38 find that locally in the source regions, a 20 % emission reduction strengthens the radiative forcing 39 associated with SO4 by 25 % when including the vertical dimension, as the AFE for SO4 is strongest 40 near the surface. Conversely, the local RF from BC weakens by 37 % since BC AFE is low close to 41 the ground. The influence of inter-continental transport on BC forcing, however, is enhanced by one 42 1 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , doi:10.5194/acp-2016-443, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Published: 10 June 2016 c © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.
Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High?

We investigate the causes of the high first day returns of Chinese firms making an initial public offering (IPO) of A-shares from 1991 to 2003 on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Our results show an average underpricing of 175.21 percent. We argue that the IPO underpricing is an interaction of ex-market underpricing and on-market overpricing. The high first day returns of China’s IPOs are most likely generated from on-market overpricing. Government intervention, market speculation, special ownership structure, strategy of proceeds maximization and risk concerns are the main drivers of the high first day returns. However, the high first day returns have decreased significantly in recent years. We explained this change by testing the risk composition hypothesis, the realignment of incentives hypothesis and the changing issuer objective hypothesis, which shows that the reduction in risk, senior managerial shares and seasoned offerings mitigate the first day returns.
Exploration of Long-term CD4 Profile in HIV Patients Under HAART at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital and Tepi General Hospital, South Western Ethiopia

Currently, because of the wide availability and free service of HAART, HIV/AIDS related morbidity and mortality has decreased significantly. However, patients accessing antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa frequently have very advanced immunodeficiency and various reserches suggest that such patients may have diminished capacity for CD4 cell count recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the CD4 lymphocyte count of HIV-infected Patients. Subjects from the multicenter HAART Program cohort (from Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital and Tepi General Hospital), aged 18 years or older and had an ART treatment start date in between February 1, 2017 to January 31, 2019 were enrolled in the present study and followed for a maximum of 3 years. Liner mixed model with nested random effect were used to model the longitudianl CD4 count over time. The data reveal robust CD4 responses to ART that are continual over several years. Being under HAART for long period and having baseline CD4 count greater than 150 were positively associated with CD4 increment over time while starting ART at late stage (Stage 3 or 4) and being male are negatively assocted with CD4 increment over time. These study show strong and repetitive CD4 response to ART among patients remaining on therapy. Earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART could significantly progress patient outcomes in the study area.
Expression of ALDH1 protein and its relationship with cell apoptosis and caspase-3 in breast carcinoma

Purpose To evaluate the expression of ALDH1 protein in breast carcinoma and its relationship with cell apoptosis and caspase-3.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of ALDH1 and caspase-3 in 67 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma.The apoptosis was evaluated by the method of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL). Results(1)The positive rate of ALDH1 in the epithelial cells of breast carcinoma tissues was 68.7%. The expression of ALDH1 was reversely correlated with patient's age,and positively correlated with tumor size and TNM stages.The positive rate of caspase-3 in the epithelial cells of breast carcinoma tissues was 62.7%. The expression of caspase-3 was positively correlated with histological classification,ER status and TNM stages. (2)The AI in ALDH1-positive group(1.78±1.74)% were significantly lower than in ALDH1-negative group(3.45±2.77)%. The AI in caspase-3-positive group(2.74±2.49)% was significantly higher than in caspase-3-negative group(1.58±1.51)%. There was no relationship between ALDH1 and caspase-3.Conclusions The mechanism of ALDH1 involved in cell apoptosis has nothing to do with caspase-3.ALDH1 protein abnormal expression in breast carcinoma tissues may provide a potential treatment target for breast cancer.
Molecular characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens

ARTICLE INFO Avian colibacillosis is one of the most important diseases of chickens resulting in significant economic losses as well as high morbidity and mortality. In the current study, the prevalence of avian colibacillosis was studied in different farms of broiler chickens in Beni Suef, EL-Minia, ElFayoum, Assiut and Sohag Governorates. A total of 300 pooling samples were collected aseptically from heart blood as well as the affected organs including air sacs, pericardial sac, and liver of slaughtered diseased and freshly dead broiler chickens. Bacteriological examination of the collected samples showed that a total number of 80 E. coli isolates were recovered with an overall prevalence of 26.7. The highest prevalence was recorded in El-Fayoum (33.3%) followed by El-Minia (25%), Beni Suef and Assiut (22.5% for each) while the lowest prevalence was in Sohag (17.5%). The invitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli isolates showed high sensitivity to colistin sulphate only (70%). Meanwhile, high resistances were recorded against other antimicrobials including amoxicillin (97.5%), cefotaxime sodium and florfenicol (95% for each), apramycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (92.5% for each), streptomycin (90%), enrofloxacin (87.5%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol and doxycycline HCl (77.5% for each). All E. coli isolates were MDR (100%). PCR was applied on 10 MDR E. coli isolates to detect the 3 resistance-associated genes (qnrA, tetA and aac(6′)Ib-cr and 5 virulence-associated genes (iutA, hly, sta, lt and astA). The results showed that all the tested isolates (100%) harbored qnrA, tetA, iutA and astA genes meanwhile aac(6′)-Ib-cr, hly, sta and lt genes were not detected in any isolate. Article history:
Pneumococcal Meningitis Among Children in the Post-13-Valent Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine Era: Three Case Reports

Introduction Acute bacterial meningitis is a serious disease and a medical emergency with a high rate of mortality and risk of neurological sequels, especially among young children [1, 2]. Additionally, the disease can have negative impacts on cerebral blood perfusion, resulting in hypoxia and cell death. It requires an efficient therapy that may rapidly sterilize the central nervous system and limit the inflammatory response [3]. Furthermore, the mortality rate attributed to pneumococcal meningitis is significantly higher (30%) compared to meningococcal meningitis (7%) [1].
A study to analyze the pattern, causality, severity, predictability and preventability of adverse drug reactions among patients attending department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in women demand a special care due to altered physiology. Despite lingering safety questions, studies on vulnerable groups such as pregnancy, lactation, periand post-menopausal women are lacking. Hence, the assessment of ADRs is essential for early risk detection and its management. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the pattern, causality, severity, predictability and preventability of occurrence of ADRs in the Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) Department. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted from June 2012 to 2016 to analyze the ADRs reported spontaneously from the Department of OBG to ADR Monitoring Center, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. Causality of each ADR was assessed by the WHO-ADR scale, severity by Hartwig and Siegel scale and preventability by modified Schumock and Thornton scale. Results: A total of 100 ADRs were reported over 48 months; a maximum number of ADRs were observed in the age group of 21–40 years (81%) and majority of them during pregnancy (62%). The highest number of ADRs was associated with iron therapy (42%) followed by antimicrobials (31%). Gastrointestinal system (51%) was affected predominantly. Gastritis (25%) followed by allergic reactions (18%) was most commonly observed ADRs. The WHO-UMC criteria showed that 61% were “probable” and 57% were “mild” in nature. Preventability assessment showed that 56% were “probably preventable” ADRs. Furthermore, 72% of the ADRs were predictable in nature. 43% of the ADRs required additional medical treatment, while causative drug was withdrawn in 44% of cases. Conclusion: This study provides a database of ADRs in the OBG Department and most of the ADRs were predictable and probably preventable with no severe ADRs, which highlights the appropriate management of ADRs at our center.