Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations over the ARM SGP

Abstract This study aims to combine the cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations with the Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) observations to provide long-term comprehensive and physically consistent data that facilitate quantifying the effects of subgrid cloud–radiation interactions and ultimately to develop physically based parameterization of these interactions in general circulation models. The CRM is applied here to simulate the midlatitude cloud systems observed at the ARM southern Great Plains (SGP) site during the 1997 intensive observation period. As in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), the CRM-simulated ensemble mean quantities such as cloud liquid water, cloud fraction, precipitation, and radiative fluxes are generally in line with the surface measurements, satellite, and radar retrievals. The CRM differences from the ARM estimates, when averaged over the entire period, are less than 5 W m−2 in both .
Scattering from metallic surfaces having a finite number of rectangular grooves

A modal theory is presented for solving the problem of electromagnetic scattering from a surface consisting of a finite number of one-dimensional rectangular grooves in a metallic plane. The incident plane wave can be polarized with either its electric or its magnetic field along the grooves. The formalism is applicable to perfectly conducting materials and to real metals with high (but finite) conductivity. Particular attention is paid to the changes appearing in the scattering pattern when the conductivity of the structure is changed from an infinite value (perfect conductor) to a finite value (highly conducting metal). The excitation of surface waves when the incident wave is p polarized is illustrated in some numerical examples that demonstrate the differences between the spectral amplitudes corresponding to s and p polarizations.
Maternal obesity, interpregnancy weight changes and congenital heart defects in the offspring

Objective: To evaluate the association between maternal obesity and congenital heart defects (CHDs) in the offspring when including live births, stillbirths and terminated pregnancies and to investigate if interpregnancy weight change between the first and second pregnancy influences risk of fetal CHDs. Methods: A nationwide cohort study of all singleton pregnancies in Denmark from 2008 to 2018. All data on maternal and offspring characteristics were retrieved from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database including prenatal diagnoses. CHDs and severe CHDs were defined according to European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies' definitions. Children or fetuses with chromosomal aberrations were excluded. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated using log-linear Poisson models. Results: Of the 547 178 pregnancies included in the cohort, 5 498 had CHDs (1.00%). Risk of CHDs became gradually higher with higher maternal body mass index (BMI); for BMI 30-34.9, adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.36, for BMI 35-39.9, aRR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.09-1.46 and for BMI [≥] 40, aRR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.50-2.15. Data was adjusted for maternal age, smoking status and birth year. The same pattern was seen for the subgroup of severe CHDs. Among the atrioventricular septal defects (n = 245), a particularly strong association with maternal BMI [≥] 40 was seen, aRR = 4.19, 95% CI 2.13-7.42. Interpregnancy BMI change was positively, albeit not significanty, associated with risk of CHDs in the second pregnancy when adjusting for maternal age and BMI, with an aRR = 1.27, 95% CI 0.96-1.64 among persons with a BMI increase of [≥] 4 kg/m2 was found. Conclusion: When including both pre-and post-natally diagnosed CHDs, this study showed a dose-response association between maternal BMI and risk of CHDs in the offspring. However, only a non-significant trend was seen between interpregnancy BMI changes and risk of CHDs.
Hybrid theory of electron-hydrogen elastic scattering

We report on a study of electron-hydrogen scattering, using a combination of a modified method of polarized orbitals and the optical potential formalism which does not require projection operators. The calculation is restricted to S waves in the elastic region, where the correlation functions are of Hylleraas type. It is found that the phase shifts are not significantly affected by the modification of the target function by a method similar to the method of polarized orbitals and they are close to the phase shifts calculated earlier by Bhatia and Temkin [Phys. Rev. A 64, 032709 (2001)]. This indicates that the correlation function is general enough to include the target distortions (polarization) in the presence of the incident electron, except for the scattering lengths for which the inclusion of polarization is essential for precision results. Results for the phase shifts, obtained in the present hybrid formalism, are rigorous lower bounds to the exact phase shifts.
All solid-state continuous-wave frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser

We report all solid-state, continuous-wave, high-power, deep ultraviolet generation. An intracavity frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser pumped by fiber-coupled diodes is used to generate the high-power green output. The significance of nonlinear coupling and spatial hole burning of the two-mode oscillations in the laser is discussed. When the incident 532 mn power on an external resonant doubler was 2.9 W, we generated 1.5 W of continuous-wave 266-nm radiation using a Czochralski-grown /spl beta/-BaB/sub 2/O/sub 4/. To achieve stable external resonance, a novel voice coil motor actuator is employed with servo bandwidth as large as 50 kHz. >
Mitigating remanent magnetization effects in magnetic data using the normalized source strength

ABSTRACTWe have developed an approach for the interpretation of magnetic field data that can be used when measured anomalies are affected by significant remanent magnetization components. The method deals with remanent effects by using the normalized source strength (NSS), a quantity calculated from the eigenvectors of the magnetic gradient tensor. The NSS is minimally affected by the direction of remanent magnetization present and compares well with other transformations of the magnetic field that are used for the same purpose. It therefore offers a way of inverting magnetic data containing the effects of remanent magnetizations, particularly when these are unknown and are possibly varying within a given data set. We use a standard 3D inversion algorithm to invert NSS data from an area where varying remanence directions are apparent, resulting in a more reliable image of the subsurface magnetization distribution than possible using the observed magnetic field data directly.
The Optimal Selection for Restricted Linear Models with Average Estimator

The essential task of risk investment is to select an optimal tracking portfolio among various portfolios. Statistically, this process can be achieved by choosing an optimal restricted linear model. This paper develops a statistical procedure to do this, based on selecting appropriate weights for averaging approximately restricted models. The method of weighted average least squares is adopted to estimate the approximately restricted models under dependent error setting. The optimal weights are selected by minimizing a k-class generalized information criterion (k-GIC), which is an estimate of the average squared error from the model average fit. This model selection procedure is shown to be asymptotically optimal in the sense of obtaining the lowest possible average squared error. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate that the suggested method has comparable efficiency to some alternative model selection techniques.
107.01 A simple integral representation of the Fibonacci numbers

Notes 107.01 A simple integral representation of the Fibonacci numbers The sequence where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones corresponds to the famous Fibonacci sequence. As is well known, if is a non-negative integer, the Fibonacci number is defined by the recurrence relation for with and . Known properties for the Fibonacci numbers are vast, and if anyone is in any doubt about this one need look no further than the two volumes devoted to these numbers by Koshy [1, 2]. {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, . }
Digit Maps

The happy function S of each positive integer x is defined to be the sum of the squares of the decimal digits of x. For example, S(2) = 4 and S(123) = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14. It is well known that for any , there exists such that , where S(n) is the n-fold composition of S. In addition, if and for some , then x is called a happy number.
Spin-correlation functions in the paramagnetic phase of a Heisenberg ferromagnet

A method previously presented for the approximate calculation of the time-dependent spin correlations at high temperatures is generalized to apply throughout the paramagnetic phase. It yields static spin correlations in agreement with the predictions of the spherical model. An ad hoc modification of the approximations is suggested which leads to better agreement of the static correlations with the Pade-approximant determination of the susceptibility in the critical regime. The scheme has been used to calculate the inelastic neutron scattering line shapes and widths throughout the paramagnetic phase for the particular case of a simple cubic ferromagnet with nearest neighbour interactions. In the critical regime it reproduces the dynamic scaling laws and allows the calculation of some of the associated universal functions. The minimum line width is found to occur at a temperature above the critical temperature and the shapes and widths of the lines are found to vary rapidly near the critical point.
Saturated Rayleigh–Taylor instability of an oscillating Couette film flow

The nonlinear stability of a two-fluid system consisting of a viscous film bounded above by a heavier and thicker layer, between two horizontal plates, with one of the plates oscillating horizontally about a fixed position, is investigated. An evolution equation governing the thickness of the viscous film is derived. Numerical simulations of this equation on extended spatial intervals demonstrate nonlinear small-amplitude saturation of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in certain parametric regimes. In the low-frequency time-asymptotic regimes, the averaged properties of the extensive spatio-temporal chaos are not steady, but rather oscillate in time. A quasi-equilibrium theory is proposed in which the low-frequency results are interpreted by building upon the notions developed earlier for the simpler case of a non-oscillatory film governed by the classical, constant-coefficient Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. In contrast, the higher-frequency solutions exhibit piecewise linear profiles that have never been encountered in simulations of non-oscillatory films. The amplitude as a function of frequency has a single minimum point which is of order one. Also, preliminary results of numerical simulations of film evolution are given for the large-amplitude parametric regimes. At some parameter values, rupture is observed, similar to the case with no base flow; in other regimes the basic flows succeeds in preventing rupture. The complete characterization of the factors responsible for the particular asymptotic fate of the film, rupture or no rupture, remains an open question.
On asymptotic approximation of inverse moments for a class of nonnegative random variables

Sung [On inverse moments for a class of nonnegative random variables. J Inequal Appl. 2010;2010:1–13. Article ID 823767, doi:10.1155/2010/823767] obtained the asymptotic approximation of inverse moments for a class of nonnegative random variables with finite second moments and satisfying a Rosenthal-type inequality. In the paper, we further study the asymptotic approximation of inverse moments for a class of nonnegative random variables with finite first moments, which generalizes and improves the corresponding ones of Wu et al. [Asymptotic approximation of inverse moments of nonnegative random variables. Statist Probab Lett. 2009;79:1366–1371], Wang et al. [Exponential inequalities and inverse moment for NOD sequence. Statist Probab Lett. 2010;80:452–461; On complete convergence for weighted sums of ϕ mixing random variables. J Inequal Appl. 2010;2010:1–13, Article ID 372390, doi:10.1155/2010/372390], Sung (2010) and Hu et al. [A note on the inverse moment for the nonnegative random variables. Commun Statist Theory Methods. 2012. Article ID 673677, doi:10.1080/03610926.2012. 673677].
The Key to Learning

Many generations have passed since man first started to record the happenings of his times as in the hieroglyphics found in Egypt. These codes were once known by many and then through the passing of time the key became lost. It wasn't until the soldiers of Napoleon accidentally found the Rosetta Stone that modern man could unlock the code. The only way it was unlocked was through another known code. An identical loss occurred in Mathematics when the way in which the Mayans of the Yucatan Peninsula unlocked higher mathematics was lost. Thomas Aquinas searched for the key in his Summa Theologica and remains today one of the greatest theologians of all times. Einstein found the key to unlock the measurement of matter and his theory remains as a model for understanding how matter can be classified. (His formula has changed because of the proton which moves faster than the speed of light, but the theory remains intact.) Searching for any of these keys has been from the known to the unknown. Unlocking a system is not the result of a single unit but rather many units being put together until someone or something puts the units in line. (Wright brothers, Henry Ford, Goodyear, Von Braun etc.). Being around at the right time has caused many accidental discoveries. Perhaps the theory expounded in the present paper, and discovered by accident, is the key to learning. The only proof that this is the key is if it works in all areas of learning. If not, then this is not the key.
Turbulence structure of a boundary layer beneath a turbulent free stream

Measurements have been made in the turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate in the presence of grid-generated free-stream, turbulence with a wide range of lengthscales. The data include conditionally sampled averages in which free-stream fluid was distinguished from boundary-layer fluid by heating the latter. Free-stream turbulence increases the standard deviation of the hot–cold interface as a proportion of the boundary-layer thickness, whilst the average position is mainly dependent upon the lengthscale. The shear correlation coefficient of the boundary-layer fluid decreases, and it is shown that the change in structure is directly related to the fluctuating-strain rate. Transport velocities representing the diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress have opposite signs in the boundary-layer fluid to those in the free-stream fluid, and it is shown that they are also related to the fluctuating-strain rate. Complete balances of turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress have been evaluated, dissipation and pressure–strain redistribution having been deduced by difference. The dissipation length scale $L\tau = (-\overline{uv})^{\frac{3}{2}}/\epsilon $ is little affected by free-stream turbulence, whereas the corresponding parameter based on turbulent energy instead of shear stress is strongly affected.
Variable importance in regression models

Regression analysis is one of the most‐used statistical methods. Often part of the research question is the identification of the most important regressors or an importance ranking of the regressors. Most regression models are not specifically suited for answering the variable importance question, so that many different proposals have been made. This article reviews in detail the various variable importance metrics for the linear model, particularly emphasizing variance decomposition metrics. All linear model metrics are illustrated by an example analysis. For nonlinear parametric models, several principles from linear models have been adapted, and machine‐learning methods have their own set of variable importance methods. These are also briefly covered. Although there are many variable importance metrics, there is still no convincing theoretical basis for them, and they all have a heuristic touch. Nevertheless, some metrics are considered useful for a crude assessment in the absence of a good subject matter theory. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:137–152. doi: 10.1002/wics.1346
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Promote Self-Determination for Students With Extensive Support Needs

Intervening to enhance self-determination has been linked to enhanced in-school outcomes (e.g., academic and transition goal attainment and access to general education) and post-school outcomes (e.g., competitive employment, community participation) for students with and without disabilities in inclusive schools. However, research is needed to examine the extent to which students with extensive support needs (ESN) are included in this body of research. This systematic review aims to identify empirical research articles that examined the outcomes of interventions designed to promote abilities and skills associated with self-determination for students with ESN. Results suggest that research on self-determination for students with ESN in school contexts is limited across grade levels, particularly in inclusive settings. Consequently, there is a need for ongoing research to consider effective self-determination assessments to inform the design and implementation of interventions that promote self-determination for students with ESN in inclusive settings. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Piston-driven flow of highly concentrated suspensions

The piston-driven flow of highly concentrated suspensions (55% or 59% by volume solids) of dense spheres was investigated as a function of piston speed, liquid viscosity, particle material, and particle size. The drag of the suspension was found to be independent of piston speed for 0.5 and 1.4 mm glass or PMMA spheres in liquids with viscosities from 1 to 641 cP. For suspensions prepared from 55 000 cP liquids, the drag was piston speed dependent. In the speed-independent range, the drag decreased with increasing liquid viscosity and was significantly larger than that predicted by existing models for suspensions. In the speed-dependent range, the drag increased with viscosity. A macroscopic model based on lubricated frictional contacts between the particles and the wall was successfully applied to correlate the shear-rate independent data for suspensions prepared from liquids with viscosities from 1 to 641 cP. It was possible to estimate the drag of the suspensions prepared from 1.4 mm spheres by using t.
Optimal predictive sample size for case–control studies

Summary. The identification of factors that increase the chances of a certain disease is one of the classical and central issues in epidemiology. In this context, a typical measure of the association between a disease and risk factor is the odds ratio. We deal with design problems that arise for Bayesian inference on the odds ratio in the analysis of case–control studies. We consider sample size determination and allocation criteria for both interval estimation and hypothesis testing. These criteria are then employed to determine the sample size and proportions of units to be assigned to cases and controls for planning a study on the association between the incidence of a non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposition to pesticides by eliciting prior information from a previous study.
Detection of Cloud-Base Height Using Jenoptik CHM15K and Vaisala CL31 Ceilometers

Abstract Twelve case studies of multilayer cloud-base height (CBH) retrievals from two collocated ceilometers (Vaisala CL31 and Jenoptik CHM15K) have been analyzed. The studies were performed during the period from September to December 2008 at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station in Ireland. During the period of measurement, the two instruments provided vertical profiles of backscattered laser signal as well as the manufacturer’s operational cloud-base product. The cases selected covered a diverse range of cloud-cover conditions, ranging from single to multiple cloud layers and from cloud-base heights varying from only a few hundreds meters per day up to 3–5 km in a few hours. The results show significant offsets between the two manufacturer-derived CBHs along with a considerable degree of scatter. Using a newly developed temporal height-tracking (THT) algorithm applied to both ceilometers, significant improvement in the correlation between CBH derived from both instruments results in a correlation.
Chaotic streamlines inside drops immersed in steady Stokes flows

Motivated by the recent work of Bajer & Moffatt (1990), we investigate the kinematics of bounded steady Stokes flows. Specifically, we consider the streamlines inside a neutrally buoyant spherical drop immersed in a general linear flow. The Eulerian velocity field internal to the drop, known analytically, is a cubic function of position. For a wide range of parameters the internal streamlines, hence the fluid particle paths, may wander chaotically. Typical Poincaré sections show both ordered and chaotic regions. The extent and existence of chaotic wandering is related to (i) the orientation of the vorticity vector relative to the principal axes of strain of the undisturbed flow and (ii) the magnitude of the vorticity relative to the magnitude of the rate-of-strain tensor. In the limit of small vorticity, we use the method of averaging to predict the size of the dominant island region. This yields the critical orientation of the vorticity vector at which this dominant island disappears so that particle paths fill almost the entire Poincaré section. The problem studied here appears to be one of the simplest, physically realizable, bounded steady Stokes flows which produces chaotic streamlines.
Diffusion Approximation of State-Dependent G-Networks Under Heavy Traffic

This paper is concerned with the characterization of weak-sense limits of state-dependent G-networks under heavy traffic. It is shown that, for a certain class of networks (which includes a two-layer feedforward network and two queues in tandem), it is possible to approximate the number of customers in the queue by a reflected stochastic differential equation. The benefits of such an approach are that it describes the transient evolution of these queues and allows the introduction of controls, inter alia. We illustrate the application of the results with numerical experiments.
Impact of intraband relaxation on the performance of a quantum-dot laser

Measurements on 1.3-/spl mu/m quantum-dot lasers are presented that reveal a number of interesting effects. 1) At high bias, a second lasing line appears, corresponding to the excited state transition. 2) The linewidth enhancement factor increases dramatically above threshold. 3) The modulation performance is degraded when the second lasing line appears. A comprehensive numerical model is developed to explain this behavior. We attribute it to incomplete gain clamping above threshold. This is caused by a combination of the finite intraband relaxation time and the limited density of states.
InAs and InSb as Thermoelectric Materials

Measurements of the electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient (thermoelectric power) of InSb and InAs have been made at high temperatures. The thermoelectric figure of merit (S2σ/κ) averaged 0.42×10−3 °K−1 between 100 and 500°C for InSb and 0.44×10−3 °K−1 between 500 and 750°C for InAs. Hence n‐InAs and InSb in series may be used to generate electrical power with an efficiency of about 6% when used in conjunction with p‐type materials of similar characteristics. In neither InSb up to 500° nor InAs up to 800°C did the thermal conductivity show the large high‐temperature anomaly previously reported in InSb.