Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Staling Control in Philippine Yeast Bread (Pandesal) Using Hydrocolloids and Emulsifiers

The short 3-day shelf-life of Philippine yeast bread (Pandesal) was extended by controlling staling and mold growth with antimicrobials, hydrocolloids, and emulsifiers, singly or in combination. Addition of combined antimicrobials 0.30% (flour basis, fb) calcium propionate and 0.10% (fb) potassium sorbate in a reference basal Pandesal recipe controlled mold growth up to 5 d, but did not delay earlier onset of staling (4 d). Reformulations of the basal recipe with combined antimicrobials using the hydrocolloids pectin and xanthan gum (0.25% and 0.50% fb levels each) were able to control bread firming up to 5-6 d in addition to mold growth control. Incorporation of hydrocolloids produced denser breads marked by increased weight, specific volume, and moisture content. Treatment of 0.50% (fb) pectin of bread formulation with antimicrobials yielded the best results in terms of overall acceptability and longest shelf-life, and was used in the subsequent reformulation with emulsifiers. Addition of monoacylglycerol (MAG) and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) (0.25% and 0.50% fb levels each) further delayed firming up to 7 d with mold growth generally limiting the shelf-life of Pandesal. Incorporation of emulsifiers also improved bread volume and produced softer crumbs with 0.25% MAG yielding the best results. The compounded additives of 0.30% (fb) calcium propionate, 0.10% (fb) potassium sorbate, 0.50% (fb) pectin, and 0.25% (fb) MAG were found best to extend Pandesal use-by date to a total of 7 d.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Teucrium polium essential oil against urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

The alarming resistance of many bacterial pathogens to most available antibiotics has increased interest in natural plant products as alternative antibacterial agents. In this research, the antibacterial activity of Teucrium polium essential oil was determined against urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aerial parts of T. polium were collected at full flowering stage in Tehran, Iran. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC–MS) Antibacterial activity was measured against fifteen clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae by disc diffusion. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were also determined using broth microdilution. Twenty constituents were detected in T. polium essential oil of which the major components were β-caryophyllene (29%), farnesene (13%), β-pinene (11%) followed by germacrene D (6.5%) and α-pinene (5.5%). All K. pneumoniae clinical test isolates were susceptible to the essential oil by disc diffusion with inhibition zones within the range of 14–28.5 mm. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration values were 0.62–1.25 mg/ml and confirmed the disc test results. T. polium essential oil may have a potential for use against multidrug resistant organisms such as clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae.
Expectations of Fundamentals and Stock Market Puzzles

We revisit several leading puzzles about the aggregate stock market by incorporating into a standard dividend discount model survey expectations of earnings of S&P 500 firms. Using survey expectations, while keeping discount rates constant, explains a significant part of “excess” stock price volatility, price-earnings ratio variation, and return predictability. The evidence is consistent with a mechanism in which good news about fundamentals leads to excessively optimistic forecasts of earnings, especially at long horizons, which inflate stock prices and lead to subsequent low returns. Relaxing rational expectations of fundamentals in a standard asset pricing model accounts for stock market anomalies in a parsimonious way.
Multipartnered Fertility and Perceived Support among Mothers

Recent research has documented the high prevalence of having children with more than one partner, termed “multipartnered fertility. ” Because childbearing is an important mechanism for building kin networks, we theorize that multipartnered fertility will influence the availability of social support for mothers. Analyzing three waves of data from the Fragile Families study (N = 12,132), we find that multipartnered fertility is negatively associated with the availability of instrumental support, particularly financial support. Our longitudinal evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship in which multipartnered fertility reduces the availability of support, and the availability of support inhibits multipartnered fertility. We conclude that smaller and denser kin networks seem to be superior to broader but weaker kin ties in terms of perceived instrumental support.
Emerging crescentic patterns in modelled double sandbar systems under normally incident waves

Abstract. Double sandbar systems often characterize the surf zone of wave-dominated beaches and display a variety of poorly explained spatial configurations. Here, we explore the morphodynamic stability of double-barred beaches using a model based on linear stability analysis. Surf zone hydrodynamics are described by coupling depth and wave-averaged conservation of mass and momentum with the wave energy and phase equations, including roller dynamics. A simplified sediment transport formulation relates flow to seabed changes. Under normal wave incidence, an alongshore uniform coast with a cross-shore profile characterized by the presence of two sandbars can be unstable, thereby resulting in the development of crescentic and/or rip channel patterns. Our study demonstrates that sandbar coupling can be either in phase (highs and lows of both sandbars are at the same alongshore position) or out of phase (highs and lows of one sandbar correspond to lows and highs of the other sandbar). In line with observations, results of simulations show a large variability in the possible emerging bottom patterns. Our analysis indicates that modes of which the amplitude of the inner sandbar perturbation is larger than that of the outer sandbar are dominant for large height–depth differences between the two sandbar crests and small offshore wave heights. Patterns related to the outer sandbar dominate for small values of the difference in sandbar depth. For intermediate differences between the two sandbar depths, patterns on both longshore bars appear to be fully coupled (similar growth rates and strongly correlated pattern shapes). For relatively large waves and large depth over the outer sandbar, patterns can also develop close to the shoreline and/or inner surf zone together with patterns in the inner or outer sandbar.
First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing crown and root rot of strawberry in Spain

a Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EUITA, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla; b Laboratorio de Produccion y Sanidad Vegetal de Huelva. Ctra. Punta Umbria-Cartaya km 12, Cartaya 21459, Huelva; and c Instituto Andaluz de Investigacion y Formacion Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Produccion Ecologica (IFAPA-CICE). Centro de Churriana. Cortijo de la cruz s/n, Churriana, 29140, Malaga, Spain
THE POLLINATION OF PEDICULARIS PALUSTRIS BY NECTAR THIEVES (SHORT‐TONGUED BUMBLEBEES)

SUMMARY Operation of the pollination mechanisms of Pedicularis palustris L. by nectar and pollen foraging bumblebees (Bombus Latr.) was studied. It was found that pollination could be achieved in two ways: by normal collectors, viz. long-tongued bumblebees; by nectar thieves, viz. short-tongued bumblebees. Normal collectors (Bombus muscorum L., B. pascuorum floralis Gmel. and B. hortorum L.) introduced their head and tongue into the 12 mm corolla tube to secure nectar, while stigma and style swept the forager's head and thorax. Nectar thieves (Bombus jonellus Kirby, B. terrestris L. and B. lucorum L.) obtained nectar through holes in the corolla tube made by the latter two species. Pollen collecting thieves pushed against the upper lip while hovering in the air. Thus pollen was released and dusted on venter and legs. This foraging behaviour was attended by a hissing sound, presumably caused by wing vibrations. Both ways of pollination resulted in large-scale seed-setting, thus contradicting the common interpretation that nectar thieves do not effect pollination and seed production.
Extended Report on a Preliminary Investigation of Ground-Level Ambient Methane Levels in Manhattan, New York City, New York

DCS requested that GSI extend the work effort described in our initial Report on a Preliminary Investigation of Ground-Level Ambient Methane Levels in Manhattan, New York City, New York (16 December 2012) to assess the practicality of developing an estimate of methane emissions in Manhattan. Specifically the effort was to focus on providing an estimate of methane emissions that could be used in evaluating the role of natural gas leakage in Manhattan with respect to fossil fuel dependence, climate impacts and other environmental and economic concerns.
COMBINED DNA AND PROTEIN CYTOFLUOROMETRY OF GYNECOLOGICAL SMEARS

Both DNA and protein levels of cells on the cytological specimens obtained from 12 normal individuals, 3 cases of cervical dysplasia, 2 cases of carcinoma in situ, 11 cases of cervical cancer and 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma were measured by combined DNA and protein cytofluorometry.In cervical dysplasia, the percentage of cells in which DNA values exceeded normal diploid-tetraploid region was high in accordance with the intensity of epithelial atypia. The DNA and protein distribution patterns of severe dysplasia were mostly similar to those of carcinoma in situ. In all the cases of uterine cancer measured, both DNA and protein levels of representative cells were abnormally elevated, exhibiting hyperploidy and aneuploidy in their DNA and protein content. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between DNA and protein values in a linear regression analysis. The parallelism between DNA and protein values was more evident in invasive cervical cancer than in carcinoma in situ. Therefore, it is suggested that an abnormal elevation of both DNA and protein levels in neoplastic cells may be related to tumor invasiveness.The present study suggests that combined DNA and protein cytofluorometry enables us to identify uterine neoplastic cells quantitatively and facilitates discriminate ion of intraepithelial neoplasia from invasive cancer with respect to their DNA and protein levels.
Inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on venom acetylcholinesterase

The venom of krait (Bungarus sindanus), an Elapidae snake, contains high level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The effect of arachidonic acid on krait (Bungarus sindanus) venom AChE (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was studied using kinetic methods. This study evaluated for the first time whether arachidonic acid acts as potential AChE inhibitor of krait venom. Kinetic studies, using Line-Weaver Burk and Dixon plots, indicated that the inhibition produced by arachidonic acid was non-competitive, i.e., both km and V max fell with increase in the concentration of arachidonic acid. The concentration of arachidonic acid required to inhibit 50% of enzymatic activity was found to be 1.9 µM while the inhibitory constant (Ki ) was 1.4 µM. The present results suggest that essential fatty acid (arachidonic acid) may also be used as an inhibitor of snake venom AChE.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CENTRIOLES OF THE SEA URCHIN SPERMATOZOON

The spermatozoon of Lytechinus variegatus has two parallel centrioles. The basal body of the flagellum consists of the proximal centriole (a short cylinder of nine tubule‐triplets) and its distal extension of nine tubule‐doublets. The distal centriole lies near the distal end of the basal body, between the nucleus and the mitochondrion. The observations suggest that both the proximal and the distal centrioles are polarized structures, their tubule‐triplets pitched in the same direction and their distal ends associated with the flagellar axoneme and with the mitochondrion, respectively. The distal centriole in different spermatozoa occupies different positions around the basal body‐flagellum complex.
ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ALPINIA GALANGA ( ZINGIBERACEAE ) BASED ON MOLECULAR DATA

Alpinia galanga is an important species cultivated as a culinary spice and is the type species of the genus. It is hence a member of sect. Alpinia subsect. Alpinia (with non-tubular bracteoles). However, molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that A. galanga is closely related to A. nigra in sect. Allughas (with tubular bracteoles). This clade, which includes A. conchigera , is strongly supported with a bootstrap value (BS) of 100% and a decay index (DI) of >+6. These results are based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18S–25S nuclear ribosomal DNA. The region (405–423bp) was sequenced from 17 accessions representing 16 taxa of Zingiberaceae , including 15 species of Alpinia and one outgroup. The sequence divergence ranged from 0.5 to 15.6% among the ingroup and from 10.1 to 13.3% between the ingroup and the outgroup. The results also strongly support the sister relationship of A. rafflesiana and A. javanica in section Allughas (BS=100%, DI=>+6), thus the whole section is paraphyletic. Section Alpinia subsect. Catimbium is monophyletic (BS=100%, DI=+5). On the other hand, sect. Alpinia subsect. Alpinia is paraphyletic (BS=100%, DI=>+6) with respect to sect. Alpinia subsect. Catimbium . The results from a phylogenetic analysis of a subset of the taxa using the spacer between trn L (UAA) 3′ exon and trn F (GAA) of chloroplast DNA confirmed the position of A. galanga in sect. Allughas . It appears that A. galanga has evolved within sect. Allughas and the absence of tubular bracteoles is a convergence with sect. Alpinia , possibly as a result of evolution under domestication.
The Chondrichthyan Fauna from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of the Iberian Range (Spain)

ABSTRACT Here we present for the first time a detailed taxonomic study of a diverse chondrichthyan fauna from the Middle Triassic of the Iberian Range (Spain). The assemblage consists of isolated remains of seven species of five non-neoselachian shark genera (Palaeobates, Hybodus, Pseudodalatias, Prolatodon, gen. nov., and Lissodus), including a new species of hybodontiform shark, Hybodus bugarensis, sp. nov. In addition, a new homalodontid genus, Prolatodon, sp. nov., is erected for the taxa ‘Polyacrodus’ bucheri and ‘Polyacrodus’ contrarius. The chondrichthyans of the Iberian Range represent a heterogeneous group from a paleogeographic point of view made up of common components of Middle Triassic shark faunas of northern Europe (Hybodus plicatilis and Palaeobates angustisimus) together with species only known previously from North America and China (Prolatodon bucheri, comb. nov., and Prolatodon contrarius, comb. nov.), as well as several ‘endemic’ taxa (Pseudodalatias henarejensis, Hybodus bugarensis, sp. nov., and Lissodus aff. L. lepagei). This fauna demonstrated adaptation for a wide diversity of feeding strategies, implying that non-neoselachian sharks dominated among the predator community of Middle Triassic coastal ecosystems of Iberia. The co-occurrence with bivalves, ammonoids, and conodonts allows us to date the chondrichthyan assemblage as ‘Longobardian’ (upper Ladinian).
SEMIQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) OF BIOGENIC AMINES IN DRIED, SALTED AND CANNED FISH PRODUCTS

A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was tested using dried, salted and canned fish products for the identification and semiquantification of biogenic amines: histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine, and tyramine. The solvent system was acetone: NH 4 OH (95:5) on a precoated silica gel plate, and the developing reagent was 0.2% ninhydrin with 2% acetic acid in methanol. The TLC results were compared with liquid chromatography (LC). For LC levels between 6-9 mg %, TLC gave close to 5 mg %, and for samples with biogenic amines of 10-60 mg%, LC and TLC results are more similar to each other. In case of upper values (> 60 mg%) other methods have to be used or sample dilution is suggested. The proposed TLC was suitable to estimate: cadaverine (5-40 mg %), and tyramine (10-20 mg %) in dried salted, and cadaverine (10-20 mg%), tryptamine (5-10 mg %), and histamine (10-60 mg %) in canned fish. With this TLC methodology is possible to screen samples with these amines levels, for routine quality control in laboratories. L'objectif de cette etude est d'ameliorer et de tester une methodologie de chromatographie en couche mince pour determiner semi-quantitativement les amines biogenes dans des produits a base de poissons seches, sales et en conserve. Les resultats sont compares avec ceux de la chromatographie liquide, plus sensible et specifique. Les resultats montrent que cette technique en couche mince est adaptee pour estimer les teneurs en cadaverine et tyramine dans le poisson seche et en cadaverine, tryptamine et histamine dans les poissons en conserve.
Application of pollen phenolics in understanding plant affinity and phylogeny — a preliminary report

Abstract Phenolic compounds present in the pollen grains of Areca catechu, Phoenix sylvestris (Fam. Arecaceae), Treme orientalis (Fam. Urticaceae) and Shorea robusta (Fam. Dipterocarpaceae) showed wide diversity in their chromatograms with respect to both colour and hRf values. This diversity has also been observed in pollen morphology. Potentialities of the utilization of phenolic compounds present in the pollen grains may be demonstrated in understanding phylogenetic relationship and plant affinity.
Immunodefense System of Crustacea

甲殻類の生体防御機構に関する既往の研究を、細胞性因子、液性因子ならびに感染防御対策対策に分けて解説した。 細胞性因子については、血球による食活性、包囲化、ノジュール形成ならびに定着性細胞による食活性について述べた。 とくに、リンパ様器官の機能については異物処理器官とする最近の知見を示した。 液性因子については、フェノール酸化酵素前駆体（proPO）活性化系、レクチンおよび殺菌素について概説した。 最後に、感染防御対策については、アメリカロブスターの gaffkemia やクルマエビのビブリオ病に対するワクチンならびに経口投与による免疫賦活剤の有効性について紹介した。
Physical, Chemical and Morphologic Dimensions of Human Hepatitis A Virus Strain CR326

Summary CR326 human hepatitis A virus purified by isopycnic banding from infected marmoset sera was shown to consist of 27 nm spherical particles on electron microscopic examination. The particles were identified as hepatitis A virus by tests for infectivity and by specific neutralization of infectivity with convalescent human hepatitis A serum. Also, identical 27 nm viruses in liver extracts gave specific reactions with hepatitis A antisera when tested by immune electron microscopy. The buoyant density of the virus in CsCl was 1.34 and it was heat (60°), ether and acid stable but was destroyed by heat (100°), formalin (1:4000) and ultraviolet irradiation. Electron microscopic studies of sections of infected marmoset liver showed intracytoplasmic virus particles, usually in vesicles. Presumptive findings for RNA, together with the intracytoplasmic location of the virus, indicated the virus to be of RNA-type. The attributes of the virus indicate it is closely related to the entero-virus family and not to hepatitis B virus. The authors are grateful to F. Banker, P. Giesa, L. Hoover, W. Fisher, M. Johnston, C. Dennis and R. Roehm for excellent technical assistance. Drs. A. Tytell and A. Klink gave important technical advice.
Loss of Expression of Type IV Collagen (cid:1) 5 and (cid:1) 6 Chains in Colorectal Cancer Associated with the Hypermethylation of Their Promoter Region

Type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane (BM), is composed of six genetically distinct (cid:1) (IV) chains, (cid:1) 1(IV) to (cid:1) 6(IV). Their genes are paired on three different chromosomes in a head-to-head arrangement. The (cid:1) 5(IV) gene ( COL4A5 ) and the (cid:1) 6(IV) gene ( COL4A6 ) are on chromosome Xq22 and are regulated by a bidirectional promoter. Loss of the (cid:1) 5(IV)/ (cid:1) 6(IV) chains in epithelial BM occur in the early stage of cancer invasion. However, the regulatory mechanism of the specific loss of the (cid:1) 5(IV)/ (cid:1) 6(IV) chains during cancer cell invasion is still un-determined. In the present study, we examined the expression of the (cid:1) 5(IV)/ (cid:1) 6(IV) chains and the methylation profiles of the bidirectional promoter region of COL4A5/COL4A6 in colon cancer cell lines and colorectal
Natural regeneration of jack pine following harvesting and site preparation in the Clay Belt of northwestern Quebec

A 36-ha experiment was carried out to assess the possibility of naturally regenerating jack pine stands following harvesting on clay soils of northwestern Quebec. Although differences between treatments were not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a positive effect of one treatment combining on-site delimbing and scarification with the Silva Wadell™ cone scarifier on jack pine seedling density (up to 10 000/ha) and distribution (50% of 1 m2 plots with at least one seedling, corresponding to 94% with 4 m2 plots), two years after harvest. However, scarified microsites contained fewer seedlings than expected and undisturbed humus contained more seedlings than expected. This result, contrary to what is generally reported in the literature may be explained either by the fairly humid conditions, favourable to germination and seedling establishment, occurring on clay sites or by the scarifier spreading the cone-bearing slash outward. Seedling abundance and distribution improved substantially from.
Monoclonal anti-Lyt-2.2 antibody blocks lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of H-2-negative target cells

The hypothesis that blocking of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytolysis with anti-Lyt-2 antibodies acts at the level of inhibiting the interaction of the Lyt-2-bearing structure with H-2 class I molecules was tested. In agreement with the findings of others, purified anti-Lyt-2.2 inhibited both antigen-specific lysis and lectin- dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC). LDCC of H-2-positive and H-2- negative target cells was similarly inhibited by this antibody. As expected, this effect was specific for CTL expressing the Lyt-2.2 allele, in contrast to blocking with a rat monoclonal antibody to the murine LFA-1 antigen. The implications of this finding for the function of the Lyt-2 antigen in CTL-target cell interaction are discussed.
Interactions of the intestinal microflora with glucosinolates in rapeseed meal toxicity: First evidence of an intestinal lactobacillus possessing a myrosinase-like activity in vivo

Twenty-three intestinal lactobacillus strains of various origins(human, swine, chicken, rats) were tested. Only one(LEM 220) was found to possess ‘myrosinase-like’ potentialin vitro and was therefore chosen for further studies in vivo. This work was based on a comparison between rats monoassociated with LEM 220 and fed a diet containing 390 g kg−1of Darmor OO dehulled rapeseed meal(RM) or a soya bean meal based diet(SM), and germ-free rats fed the RM diet. The results showed that LEM 220 was responsible for a dramatic goitrogenicity in animals fed the RM diet. No other anatomical modification was seen. Bacterial status or diet did not influence thyroxin plasma levels. Feed intake was identical in all animal groups showing that the decreased alimentary consumption observed with conventional animals was not due to the unpalatability of the diet. The association LEM 220-RM diet had an increasing effect on histamine concentration in the wall of the upper part of the intestine whereas no major differences were seen in the caecum and the colon.