Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facilitating trade and improving supply chain security through transit trade mobility: An empirical investigation from developing country

Abstract This study tries to investigate supply chain security through transit trade mobility (TTM) at a domestic and global level, highlighting the importance of using technological development (i.e. e-tracking systems) for enhancing monitoring and controlling levels. The qualitative data using descriptive study was adopted by reviewing the secondary data in nature such as statistical reports and existing studies. Furthermore, semi-interviews were conducted with managers; truck drivers as well as traders involved in the transit trade. Data were collected from 176 participants from Jordan a developing country. The outcomes of the study exhibit that the trading cost significantly decline for Jordan and other countries through the adaptation of e-tracking systems in their customs and trading activities. Consequently, the use of the e-tracking system for transit good trading reduces the need for its escorting by the customs union, where bulky and high-duty good remains an exception. Improved use of e-transit traffic has been observed, whereas the meantime for the overall TTM has been mitigated to more than eighty percent, which is followed by reduced smuggling rates by almost about eighty percent. An electronic TTM tracking system is preferable to be adopted for trading at transnational, regional, and international levels in other countries.
Streamflow predictability in the Saskatchewan/Nelson River basin given macroscale estimates of the initial soil moisture status

Abstract Soil moisture estimates obtained over large spatial areas will become increasingly available through current and upcoming satellite missions and from numerous land surface parameterization schemes run at global- and continental-scale resolutions. The goal of this research was to evaluate the potential for using macroscale estimates of soil moisture for enhancing streamflow forecasts. Towards this research objective, monthly streamflow estimates were obtained from over 50 gauge locations within the Nelson basin, Canada, for the period 1979–1999. For each streamflow record, multiple linear regression models were used to remove components of the streamflow signal related to previous streamflow, climate teleconnections (e.g. ENSO and AO) and snow water equivalence. Correlations were then assessed between the macroscale soil moisture estimates and the residuals of the multiple linear regression analysis over lead times of one, two and three months. At the one- and two-month lead time, statistically significant relationships between soil moisture and the residuals of streamflow are observed over a large proportion of the gauging locations. The number of catchments with statistically significant relationships decreases significantly after two months and particularly in the months of April—June. This study demonstrates that available macroscale estimates of soil moisture have the potential to enhance streamflow prediction, although further study is suggested to improve upon the soil moisture estimates and their application in a forecast system.
Exploring Perturbations in Peripheral B Cell Memory Subpopulations Early after Kidney Transplantation Using Unsupervised Machine Learning

Background: B cells have a significant role in transplantation. We examined the distribution of memory subpopulations (MBCs) and naïve B cell (NBCs) phenotypes in patients soon after kidney transplantation. Unsupervised machine learning cluster analysis is used to determine the association between the cellular phenotypes and renal function. Methods: MBC subpopulations and NBCs from 47 stable renal transplant recipients were characterized by flow cytometry just before (T0) and 6 months after (T6) transplantation. T0 and T6 measurements were compared, and clusters of patients with similar cellular phenotypic profiles at T6 were identified. Two clusters, clusters 1 and 2, were formed, and the glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) for these clusters. Results: A significant increase in NBC frequency was observed between T0 and T6, with no statistically significant differences in the MBC subpopulations. Cluster 1 was characterized by a predominance of the NBC phenotype with a lower frequency of MBCs, whereas cluster 2 was characterized by a high frequency of MBCs and a lower frequency of NBCs. With regard to eGFR, cluster 1 showed a higher value compared to cluster 2. Conclusions: Transplanted kidney patients can be stratified into clusters based on the combination of heterogeneity of MBC phenotype, NBCs and eGFR using unsupervised machine learning.
The impact of a declining water table on observed carbon fluxes at a northern temperate wetland

The impact of a declining water table on observed carbon fluxes at a northern temperate wetland B. N. Sulman, A. R. Desai, B. D. Cook, N. Saliendra, and D. S. Mackay Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, WI, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, WI, USA Department of Geography, State University of New York – Buffalo, NY, USA Received: 10 December 2008 – Accepted: 9 February 2009 – Published: 27 February 2009 Correspondence to: B. N. Sulman (bnsulman@wisc.edu) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
Erosivity of intact clay: Influence of the natural structure

Erodibility drill hole tests have been conducted on three Eastern Canadian clays on intact structured specimens, on specimens destructured by consolidation, and on remolded and reconsolidated specimens. The intact structured clay is highly resistant to erosion; links between particles can resist high tractive stresses. The resistance to erosion is drastically decreased however when the clay is destructured by consolidation or remolding. The decrease varies from one clay to the other; after consolidation the resistance to erosion is very low for the St. Hyacinthe clay but still high for the St. Leon clay. The clays are even more erodible after remolding and reconsolidation, but important differences are still observed between the clays tested. The pore water salinity appears as a significant factor in the understanding of the different behaviour observed after destructuration of the clay by consolidation or remolding. Key words: erosivity, rate of erosion, critical tractive stress, structured clay, destruc.
The state of interactions among tectonics, erosion, and climate: A polemic

Since Dahlen and Suppe (1988) showed that erosion can affect the tectonics of the region undergoing that erosion, geodynamicists, tectonic geologists, and geomorphologists have joined in an effort to unravel the interrelationships among not only erosion and tectonics but also climate, which affects erosion and is affected by tectonics. The fruits of this effort grow continually, as shown in part by the attraction that this subject has for students and young scientists. Yet, it seems to me that progress has been limited by a misconception that has stimulated this polemic. Much effort seems to be expended in trying to understand what “controls” erosion, tectonics, or climate, or what “drives” erosion, “rock uplift,” climate, and so forth. Although these questions are not meaningless in all cases, enough are. My thesis is that erosion, climate, and tectonics interact with one another in a state that is usually and in most regions approximated as quasi-equilibrium. “Usually,” because even if we ignore major storms, which are short-lived on any geologic time scale, climate changes continually with orbital pacing, and tectonic processes also change, though more slowly. “Most regions,” because there always is a place where the unexpected occurs. “Quasi-equilibrium,” because in a system as nonlinear as either climate or erosion, if not tectonics too, equilibrium cannot be sustained for long, and geologic time is long on the time scales of changing climate and erosion, if not tectonics. An equation of state describes equilibrium. A good example is the perfect gas law:
Reducing monitoring gaps at the aquifer–river interface by modelling groundwater–surface water exchange flow patterns

This study investigates spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of aquifer–river exchange flow at a reach of the River Leith, UK. Observations of sub‐channel vertical hydraulic gradients at the field site indicate the dominance of groundwater up‐welling into the river and the absence of groundwater recharge from surface water. However, observed hydraulic heads do not provide information on potential surface water infiltration into the top 0–15 cm of the streambed as these depths are not covered by the existing experimental infrastructure. In order to evaluate whether surface water infiltration is likely to occur outside the ‘window of detection’, i.e. the shallow streambed, a numerical groundwater model is used to simulate hydrological exchanges between the aquifer and the river. Transient simulations of the successfully validated model (Nash and Sutcliff efficiency of 0·91) suggest that surface water infiltration is marginal and that the possibility of significant volumes of surface water infiltrating into non‐monitored shallow streambed sediments can be excluded for the simulation period. Furthermore, the simulation results show that with increasing head differences between river and aquifer towards the end of the simulation period, the impact of streambed topography and hydraulic conductivity on spatial patterns of exchange flow rates decreases. A set of peak flow scenarios with altered groundwater‐surface water head gradients is simulated in order to quantify the potential for surface water infiltration during characteristic winter flow conditions following the observation period. The results indicate that, particularly at the beginning of peak flow conditions, head gradients are likely to cause substantial increase in surface water infiltration into the streambed. The study highlights the potential for the improvement of process understanding of hyporheic exchange flow patterns at the stream reach scale by simulating aquifer‐river exchange fluxes with a standard numerical groundwater model and a simple but robust model structure and parameterization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing Damage Assessment with a Spatial Video: An Example of a Building and Street-Scale Analysis of Tornado-Related Mortality in Joplin, Missouri, 2011

To reduce the potential loss of life during future significant tornadoes, it is important to understand building and street-scale patterns of damage and mortality from past events. To achieve this, methods of posttornado data collection and damage classification should be rethought. This article addresses these needs through the use of a spatial video and a new Tornado Injury Scale, which has evolved from the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Building damage for Joplin, Missouri, collected three weeks after the May 2011 tornado, is analyzed using a filtering approach more commonly employed in epidemiological studies. Tornado-related fatalities are linked to damage rate maps constructed at two relatively fine scales. Mortality patterns are also investigated with regard to social vulnerability, especially the disproportionate burden faced by the elderly. Results reveal fine-scale damage patterns even within the main tornado path, often with variations occurring along the same street segment. In Joplin the number of elderly fatalities was significantly higher than for other cohorts. This finding is consistent within neighborhoods and not just as a result of single-site losses, as has been found in other disasters. Spatial video footage is also reinvestigated after the analysis for damage trends by building type and physical setting, with a summary of these observations provided in the discussion. This article is a contribution to understanding the fine spatial scale variation of built environment fragility within a tornado path.
Determination of Static Reservoir Temperature From Transient Data Following Mud Circulation

The current method for estimating the static reservoir temperature from transient data gathered downhole after the cessation of mud circulation is a Horner-type approach. The reservoir temperature estimate so established generally turns out to be lower than the true temperature. This work shows that the temperature analog of the Horner method is limiting to large circulation-time situations and is not applicable to cases where the mud circulation time is generally short (less than 30 hours). This study provides a general solution of the thermal diffusivity equation obtained with an appropriate inner-boundary condition to solve the early-time, transient heat-transfer problem. An analytical solution was developed to handle problems requiring a variable-rate heat transfer on the superposition effects. A simple graphical technique is used to interpret data with the superposition function. Three approximate solutions, reflecting different time domains, are also presented. These solutions are reliable as long as they are applied within the specified time bounds. Synthetic examples are used to validate the proposed method, and field examples from both oil and geothermal wells demonstrate application of the method.
Home internet for remote Indigenous communities

Overview The Home Internet in Remote Indigenous Communities project was the first comprehensive study of internet adoption and use in Australia’s remote Aboriginal Communities. The research took place between 2010 and 2014, using a mixed methods approach, including a trial of home-based internet and ICT hardware in three outstations in the central Australia region, and case studies in two larger communities (one with a shared internet facility, the other with mobile coverage). The primary objectives of the project were to: Examine home internet in remote Indigenous communities in relation to household economics, ownership and digital literacy and compare with other regimes of access, including communal facilities and mobile devices. Generate knowledge on the challenges and opportunities involved in the Commonwealth Government meeting its national broadband policy goals in the remote Indigenous community context. The project aimed to inform the successful provision of internet infrastructure, maintenance and training in remote areas by providing detailed qualitative analysis of how households in the three communities experienced the internet. We are currently in the final stages of producing a research monograph and final report. The main findings of the project are summarised below.
Decreasing spatial variability in precipitation extremes in southwestern China and the local/large‐scale influencing factors

Climate extremes can cause devastating damage to human society and ecosystems. Recent studies have drawn many conclusions about trends in climate extremes, but few have focused on quantitative analysis of their spatial variability and underlying mechanisms. By using the techniques of overlapping moving windows, the Mann‐Kendall trend test, correlation, and stepwise regression, this study examined the spatial‐temporal variation of precipitation extremes and investigated the potential key factors influencing this variation in southwestern (SW) China, a globally important biodiversity hot spot and climate‐sensitive region. Results showed that the changing trends of precipitation extremes were not spatially uniform, but the spatial variability of these precipitation extremes decreased from 1959 to 2012. Further analysis found that atmospheric circulations rather than local factors (land cover, topographic conditions, etc.) were the main cause of such precipitation extremes. This study suggests that droughts or floods may become more homogenously widespread throughout SW China. Hence, region‐wide assessments and coordination are needed to help mitigate the economic and ecological impacts.
Primary omentum extraskeletal osteosarcoma in a dog: case report

Abstract A rescued male mixed-breed dog, approximately nine years old, was evaluated due to progressive weight loss and an enlarged abdomen. An ultrasound revealed a large, indeterminate mass with mineral-like margins visible on the radiographs. The animal underwent an exploratory laparotomy, and the mass was excised. Histopathological analysis revealed characteristics consistent with a primary omentum extraskeletal osteosarcoma. This rare neoplasm, originating from mesenchymal cell proliferation and bone matrix production, is highly malignant. It often results in death due to metastasis and local recurrence or necessitates euthanasia post-diagnosis in certain cases.
Geochemical Evolution of the Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Iron Ore System in the Koolyanobbing Greenstone Belt, Western Australia

The banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ore deposits in the lower greenstone succession of the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt, 50 km north of Southern Cross in Western Australia, are a ∼200 Mt high-grade Fe (>58%) pre-mining resource and represents one of the most important iron ore districts in the Yilgarn craton. Four hypogene alteration (ore-forming) stages and one supergene upgrading event took place: (1) During ore stage 1, LREE-depleted, transition metal-enriched, Mg-Fe (±Ca) carbonates replaced quartz in BIFs. The deposit-scale alteration was most likely induced by devolatilization of sea-floor-altered, Ca-Si-depleted mafic rocks in the vicinity of the BIF during early regional (syn-D 1), very low to low-grade metamorphism and was most strongly developed on reactivated BIF-basalt contacts. (2) Ore stage 2 involved the formation of patchy magnetite ore by a syn-D 2 to-D 4 dissolution of early carbonate. Enrichment of Fe 2O 3total in magnetite iron ore was by a factor of 2 to 2.4, and compatible trace elements in magnetite, such as Ga, V, and Al, were immobile. A subdeposit-scale ferroan talc-footprint proximal to magnetite iron ore in the largest deposit (K deposit) was associated with ore stage 2 and resulted from dissolution of magnesite due to reaction with silica in the BIF under greenschist facies conditions and potentially high fluid/rock ratio. (3) Magnetite growth, during ore stage 3, forming granular magnetite-martite ore is related to a subsequent hydrothermal event, occurring locally throughout the belt, especially in D 2b faults. (4) Ore stage 4 was associated with Fe-Ca-P-(L)REE-Y-enriched hydrothermal fluids, possibly from a magmatic source such as the postmetamorphic Lake Seabrook granite that crops out about 10 km west of the Koolyanobbing deposits and at the southern margin of the greenstone belt. These Ca-enriched fluids interacted with distal metamorphosed mafic rock and influenced the BIF-ore system in a small number of deposits. They were channelled through regional D 4 faults and caused specularitedolomite- quartz alteration, resulting in Fe grades of up to 68%. (5) Supergene upgrade (ore stage 5) by (further) gangue leaching in the weathering zone was most effective in carbonate-altered BIFs and magnetite ore. This process, together with supergene martitization and goethite replacement of magnetite, led to the formation of high-grade, locally (at K deposit) high P goethite-martite ore. At Koolyanobbing, the two geochemically distinct stages of Archean carbonate alteration clearly controlled the formation of hypogene magnetite-specularite- martite-rich ore and recent supergene modification, including the further upgrade of Fe ore. © 2012 by ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.
The stratigraphy and origin of the portaskaig boulder bed series (Dalradian)

The late Pre-Cambrian Portaskaig Boulder Bed Series shows a very uniform sequence for some 600 km along the Caledonian strike, from Connemara on the west coast of Ireland to Aberdeenshire in Scotland. The Series, which is divided into four groups of beds, comprises numerous individual boulder beds separated by stratified sediments. The lower boulder beds are carbonate-bearing and contain abundant intrabasinal fragments of dolomite and few extrabasinal crystalline rocks while the higher beds are psammitic and contain mainly extrabasinal crystalline rocks. Varve-like banding, involutions and sandstone polygons suggest periglacial conditions. It is concluded that the boulder beds represent subaqueous tills deposited on unconsolidated sediments. Contemporaneous deformation of some of these sediments is attributed to the movement of ice, although the possibility that sliding of the unconsolidated sediments occurred locally is considered.
Chi-square spectral fitting for concentration retrieval, automatic local calibration, quality control, and water type detection

In this study, the inverse bio-optical model HYDROPT was calibrated with regional specific inherent optical properties (SIOPs) and various local SIOPs to examine the effect of these calibrations on the retrievals. The study area, the Wadden Sea, is an estuary and tidal flat area with very high concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). HYDROPT could derive concentrations of Chl a, SPM, and CDOM with a reasonable degree of accuracy when in situ above-water reflectances were used as input (root mean squared error of 0.19–0.52 mg·m−3 for Chl a, 0.28–0.46 mg·m−3 for SPM, and 0.20–0.34 m−1 for aCDOM). However, quality control showed that 70% of the in situ input reflectance spectra were ambiguous; these spectra could be modelled with various sets of SIOPs. Therefore, automatic local calibration based on the spectral fit (χ2) value of the fitting procedure did not necessarily lead to the best results; this was expected to be an advantage of χ2 fitting. When MERIS data were used as input, the concentration maps showed distributions according to the expectations, although tidal flats and nearby land affected the results at the locations that matched with in situ stations. The water types (water with similar SIOPs) that could be detected based on MERIS data were new in this study.
Progress in TLE treatment from 2003 to 2023: scientific measurement and visual analysis based on CiteSpace

Objective Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy and can be treated surgically to control seizures. In this study, we analyzed the relevant research literature in the field of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) treatment to understand the background, hotspots, and trends in TLE treatment research. Methods We discussed the trend, frontier, and hotspot of scientific output in TLE treatment research in the world in the last 20 years by searching the core collection of the Web of Science database. Excel and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the basic data of the literature. Result We identified a total of 2,051 publications on TLE treatment from 75 countries between 2003 and 2023. We found that the publication rate was generally increasing. The United States was the most publishing country; among the research institutions on TLE treatment, the University of California system published the most relevant literature and collaborated the most with other institutions. The co-citation of literature, keyword co-occurrence, and its clustering analysis showed that the early studies focused on open surgical treatment, mainly by lobectomy. In recent years, the attention given to stereotactic, microsurgery, and other surgical techniques has gradually increased, and the burst analysis indicated that new research hotspots may appear in the future in the areas of improved surgical procedures and mechanism research.