Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural and Experimental Boudinage and Pinch-and-Swell Structures

Examples of boudinage and pinch-and-swell structures are described and the mechanisms of formation discussed. One-dimensional plastic compression and compensating one- or two-dimensional expansion of layered cakes of putty, plasticene, and cheese result in structures strikingly similar to the natural boudinage and pinch-and-swell structure. Studies of boudinage and related structures give information about relative plasticity and relative strength of rocks. The commonness of boudinage structures in gneiss-crystalline schist regions shows that one-dimensional compression and compensating elongation in other dimensions is a very common mode of deforming crystalline rocks. The tension which this kind of plastic flowage creates in competent rock layers not only produces boudinage, or pinch-and-swell structure, but is also important in localizing the growth of minerals during metasomatism. Mathematical analysis of the boudinage evolution shows that field measurements combined with data for tensile strength of rocks and their viscosity are sufficient to estimate pressure gradients and rate of flowage connected with the formation of boudins.
Pangenome of water caltrop reveals structural variations and asymmetric subgenome divergence after allopolyploidization

Abstract Water caltrop (Trapa spp., Lythraceae) is a traditional but currently underutilized non-cereal crop. Here, we generated chromosome-level genome assemblies for the two diploid progenitors of allotetraploid Trapa. natans (4x, AABB), i.e., diploid T. natans (2x, AA) and Trapa incisa (2x, BB). In conjunction with four published (sub)genomes of Trapa, we used gene-based and graph-based pangenomic approaches and a pangenomic transposable element (TE) library to develop Trapa genomic resources. The pangenome displayed substantial gene-content variation with dispensable and private gene clusters occupying a large proportion (51.95%) of the total cluster sets in the six (sub)genomes. Genotyping of presence-absence variation (PAVs) identified 40 453 PAVs associated with 2570 genes specific to A- or B-lineages, of which 1428 were differentially expressed, and were enriched in organ development process, organic substance metabolic process and response to stimulus. Comparative genome analyses showed that the allotetraploid T. natans underwent asymmetric subgenome divergence, with the B-subgenome being more dominant than the A-subgenome. Multiple factors, including PAVs, asymmetrical amplification of TEs, homeologous exchanges (HEs), and homeolog expression divergence, together affected genome evolution after polyploidization. Overall, this study sheds lights on the genome architecture and evolution of Trapa, and facilitates its functional genomic studies and breeding program.
The Dynamics of Forest Clearance and Socio-Economic Development in West Kalimantan

This study tries to examine the relationship between income of local household and deforestation in forest area in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study conducted is based on village level data. There are two types of data used in this study: spatial data and village level data and household survey in-formation. Spatial data is used to find the changes of forest cover in Province West Kalimantan from period1998 – 2004. Forest cover and forest cover change data are derived from Interpretation of Satellite Image Landsat 7 ETM+ 2002/2003 for forest cover in 2002 and 2003 which has been overlaid with Administrative Map by using ArcView, software of GIS. Data for income per capita and household characteristics are obtained from Susenas (National Socio-Economic Survey) in 2004. Village infrastructure condition is obtained from Village Potential Survey (Podes) in 2003. Using those combinations of data, allow this study to implement spatial econ-ometric approach to examine the impact of forest clearance on the household income. The result shows that between period 1998 and 2004, forest clearance has non linear U-shaped relationship with income per capita of household. This result suggests that when deforestation starts to increase, income will be decreasing, but when deforestation rate reaches the minimum point, income will start to increase as the deforestation increase. It also indicates that people in our ob-servation still dependent on forest activities. Furthermore, we also investigate the relationship between income per capita, deforestation, and forest cover. We use threshold of 1% deforestation rate and 1% level of forest cover. The findings show that the there is a positively weak relationship between deforestation (forest clearance) and income.
Regeneration in Quercus Pyrenaica Ecosystems After Surface Fires

Early post-fire structural dynamics in three Quercus pyrenaica communities after intense fires was studied. In the first year there is a marked domination of perennial species (herbaceous or woody); afterwards, herbaceous species tend to decrease in importance and ligneous species increase. Changes in species diversity were analysed as an indicator of recovery and stability in the communities. An increase was observed in the second year, and then diversity was maintained or reduced slightly in the third and fourth years. Spatial heterogeneity tends to diminish with time.
Durability Performance of One-Part Geopolymer Versus Two-Part Geopolymer and Portland Cement Mortar

-The investigations in the field of geopolymer binders indicated that this new material has a great potential to be an alternative to cement to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, it was found that the traditional geopolymer has multiple defects, including the presence of viscous corrosive solutions. Researchers were interested in solving this problem and the traditional type was developed into one-part geopolymer and the need for solutions became in its composition and it became possible for this material to be an alternative to cement. But until now there are unexplained issues about one part geopolymers. In this instance, this study aims towards the investigated the fresh and hardened properties of one-part geopolymer mortar versus two-part geopolymer mortar and PC. The fresh and hardened properties that include workability, compressive strength, sulfate resistance, acid resistance and heat resistance were studied for samples cured at 30 OC and compared to PC samples cured by immersing in water. Moreover scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was investigated to support the test results. The results showed that, workability of one-part geopolymer mortar was enhanced by adding fly ash (FA). Moreover, the results revealed that higher compressive strength was achieved by adding ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and one-part geopolymer mortar exhibited superior resistance to sulfate, acid and heat by compared to PC. According to a SEM test one-part geopolymer mixes including GGBS were found to be more homogenous and dense than those containing FA.
Utilisation of municipal solid waste as an amendment for reclamation of coal mine spoil dump

Mine spoil dumps generated due to mining activities pose drastic physico-chemical and biological constraints for sustainable vegetation. Thus an eco-friendly and cost-effective Microbe Assisted Phytoremediation (MAP) is adopted for reclamation of coalmine spoil dumps. The results indicate that MAP is also an excellent tool for fast restoration and productivity of wastelands, 95? 99% plants survival rate, provides CO2 sinks, generating fuel, fibre, food, fodder, medicines, etc. Thus, the MAP aids the mining industries in converting the negative impacts of the degraded ecosystem into a source of revenue in a short span and opens a new avenue to implement the technology in different types of wastelands.
Modeling soil temperature and snow dynamics in northern forests

A simulation model of soil moisture and heat flux, FroST (frozen soil temperatures) was developed and applied to field data for the BOREAS northern and southern study areas (NSA, SSA). FroST is a modification of another soil physics model (“Residue”) [Bidlake et al., 1982] to which simple representations of snow dynamics and transpiration, canopy, and litter properties were added. Simulations were run for the old jack pine and black spruce sites at the SSA and NSA. Predicted results showed good fit to measured data for snow depth and soil temperature at various depths at the old jack pine sites for which measured data were available for 1994. The presence of ice through the soil profile was also predicted, indicating a longer and deeper frozen period in the NSA and the development of permafrost at the NSA black spruce site. The model was sensitive to initial conditions of soil moisture and temperature and soil profile characteristics. With the availability of these data, estimates of temperature and moisture flux in soils over time can be predicted. Because the model relies on soil characterization data and yet represents fundamental physical processes, it can be readily extended to new conditions or a wider range of sites.
Environmental change in northern Belize since the latest Pleistocene

Cores from the New River Lagoon in Belize have been analysed using a range of palaeolimnological proxies to reconstruct change since the latest Pleistocene. The combination of diatom and stable isotope analyses (supported by mineralogical and major element data) indicate that the New River Lagoon has been a freshwater system throughout the period of record. For most of this time the lagoon has been hydrologically open, but there are indications that it may have become closed in the latest Pleistocene or very early Holocene. This may have been associated with a drier climate and lower sea level. Mid‐Holocene records are consistent with those from elsewhere in the region, indicating a stable and moist climate. The late Holocene was marked by greater variability, but there is no clear evidence of any drying in the late Classic coincident with the Maya ‘collapse’ ca. AD 900. Our results indicate that the continuity of occupation at the Maya site of Lamanai on the shores of the New River Lagoon is consistent with continued access to freshwater during periods of regional climatic variability. The importance of conditions at individual sites when considering both system response and human vulnerability to climate change is emphasised. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with Crosswell Electromagnetics (EM) for Waterflood Management in Oman

Beginning in 2003 Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) began testing the crosswell electromagnetic method for waterflood monitoring in Oman. The tomographic method, which determines interwell resistivity from inductive EM signals, is well suited for tracking injected water volumes, especially when this fluid is a low resistivity, high salinity brine.
The Role of Clay in Limiting Frictional Healing in Fault Gouges

Frictional healing is fundamental to the seismic cycle and plays a role in the energy balance, dynamics, and recurrence interval of earthquakes and slow slip events. Although the healing behavior of quartz has been studied extensively, the role of clay content is less understood. We tested synthetic mixtures of quartz and smectite (10%–100% smectite) in a double‐direct shear configuration to measure frictional healing. We show that the magnitude and rate of healing decreases systematically with higher clay content (from 0.008/decade at 10% smectite to 0.002/decade at 100% smectite). Healing scales with both the magnitude of stress relaxation during holds and layer‐normal compaction of the gouge. We suggest this reflects the alignment of clay minerals, leading to saturation of the real area of contact that limits restrengthening during holds. The low healing rates of clay‐rich faults—together with rate‐neutral to rate‐strengthening friction—should promote frequent, small failures or stable sliding.
Mediating Role of Viral Anxiety and Insomnia in Relationship Between Work-Related Stress and Depression Among Cold Chain Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic

Background Here we investigated whether cold chain workers’ insomnia, work-related stress, and viral anxiety contributed to their depression. Furthermore, we investigated the role of viral anxiety in mediating the association between work-related stress and depressive symptoms. Methods All 200 invited cold chain workers voluntarily responded to an online survey. All were working at a market in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China, and responsible for testing nucleic acids in imported cold chain foods and disinfecting outer packaging at government request. We collected their demographic variables and rated their symptoms using the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6), Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS). Results Cold chain workers’ depression was significantly correlated with higher SAVE-6 (r = 0.450, P < 0.01), ISI (r = 0.603, P < 0.01), MBI-GS (r = 0.481, P < 0.01), and PSS (r = 0.390, P < 0.01) scores. SAVE-6 score was significantly correlated with ISI (r = 0.462, P < 0.01), MBI-GS (r = 0.305, P < 0.01), and PSS (r = 0.268, P < 0.01) scores. Linear regression revealed that their depression was predicted by SAVE-6 (β = 0.183, P = 0.003), ISI (β = 0.409, P < 0.001), and MBI-GS (β = 0.236, P = 0.002, adjusted R2 = 0.440, F = 40.04, P < 0.001) scores. Mediation analysis showed that their burnout directly influenced their depression, while viral anxiety or insomnia severity mediated the influence of burnout on depression. Conclusion The study showed that burnout was a direct cause of depression and that viral anxiety and insomnia severity mediated the relationship between burnout and depression.
Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer

Metasedimentary rocks generally contain carbonaceous material (CM) deriving from the evolution of organic matter originally present in the host sedimentary rock. During metamorphic processes, this organic matter is progressively transformed into graphite s.s. and the degree of organisation of CM is known as a reliable indicator of metamorphic grade. In this study, the degree of organisation of CM was systematically characterised by Raman microspectroscopy across several Mesozoic and Cenozoic reference metamorphic belts. This degree of organisation, including within‐sample heterogeneity, was quantified by the relative area of the defect band (R2 ratio). The results from the Schistes Lustrés (Western Alps) and Sanbagawa (Japan) cross‐sections show that (1) even through simple visual inspection, changes in the CM Raman spectrum appear sensitive to variations of metamorphic grade, (2) there is an excellent agreement between the R2 values calculated for the two sections when considering samples with an equivalent metamorphic grade, and (3) the evolution of the R2 ratio with metamorphic grade is controlled by temperature (T). Along the Tinos cross‐section (Greece), which is characterised by a strong gradient of greenschist facies overprint on eclogite facies rocks, the R2 ratio is nearly constant. Consequently, the degree of organisation of CM is not affected by the retrogression and records peak metamorphic conditions. More generally, analysis of 54 samples representative of high‐temperature, low‐pressure to high‐pressure, low‐temperature metamorphic gradients shows that there is a linear correlation between the R2 ratio and the peak temperature [T(°C) = −445 R2 + 641], whatever the metamorphic gradient and, probably, the organic precursor. The Raman spectrum of CM can therefore be used as a geothermometer of the maximum temperature conditions reached during regional metamorphism. Temperature can be estimated to ± 50 °C in the range 330–650 °C. A few technical indications are given for optimal application.
Return to Play and Long-Term Participation Following ACL Reconstruction in Elite Handball Players

Purpose: The consequences of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury and subsequent reconstruction in handball players are understudied. The aim of the present study is to present the effects of ACL reconstruction exclusively on handball players regarding return to play. Methods: Fourteen knees with an ACL tear in twelve patients were included in the study. Nine injuries ( ) occurred during games
Outcomes and Complications of Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion as a Surgical Option in Elderly Patients (Over 70 Years Old) with Degenerative Spinal Disease

Objective: As Korea has become a super-aging society, the number of elderly patients with degenerative spinal disease has steadily increased. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) by comparing the results and complications between OLIF and open spinal fusion in elderly patients with degenerative spinal disease
Downsag calderas, ring faults, caldera sizes, and incremental caldera growth

Not all calderas conform to the currently favored model, in which a cylindrical block subsides as in cauldrons of deeply eroded volcanoes. Some calderas are downsagged structures, a fact deduced mainly from the backtilting of ignimbrite sheets assumed originally to have possessed an outwardly directed slope. Few calderas have postcaldera vent rings; postcaldera vents more commonly lie on a transverse line, occupy a central position, or are scattered, indicating that any possible caldera ring faults were not sufficiently significant lines of weakness to guide uprising magmas. About as many volcanoes have vent rings outside the caldera as inside, and vent rings are known also where caldera faults are lacking. These and other lines of evidence suggest that vent rings on intermediate or silicic volcanoes are more likely to be situated on cone sheet-type fractures, caused by upwardly directed magmatic pressure and related to updoming, than on ring faults related to caldera subsidence. The prevailing view of caldera formation is a catastrophic one, but some calderas grow incrementally in response to a succession of moderatesized eruptions. On some volcanoes having a small caldera, the present caldera may be merely the youngest of a succession generated by relatively small-magnitude events. Attention is drawn to the fact that cauldrons and ring-dike complexes are a feature of intracontinental cratonic volcanoes. It is significant that the anomalously large Tertiary calderas of the Basin and Range Province, which conform more closely to the currently favored caldera model than do the calderas in epicontinental settings, also cut Precambrian crust.
Investigating reservoir sediment and watershed erosion using a geographical information system

Most economic developments may have been at the expense of soil conservation. Soil erosion results in impacts on reservoir sediment, crop yield, and water quality. This study introduces the procedure of using a geographical information system for investigating reservoir sediments and soil erosion of the corresponding watershed. First, the bathymetric surface of a reservoir is surveyed using two real‐time kinematic global position systems and a sonar‐based depth gauge. Using the on‐board computer, receivers, and sonar, bathymetric readings are recorded three times a second to establish actual coordinates and depth measurements. Data are then converted using a digital terrain model to obtain the current image bathymetric surface. The image of original bathymetric surfaces when constructed can be obtained by digitizing the existing map. The subtraction of these two images is used to estimate the amount of sediment deposits. Next, parameters of rainfall‐runoff erosivity factor, soil erodibility factor, slope length factor, slope steepness factor, cover‐management factor, and support practice factor are evaluated for each grid of the corresponding watershed. The average annual soil loss from each grid is estimated by the revised universal soil loss equation to obtain the total amount of the soil loss for the watershed. Using the example of Charles Mill Lake, Ohio, USA, the estimated average amount of sediment deposits in the lake was about 2·44 × 104 m3 year−1. On the other hand, the estimated soil erosion from the corresponding watershed was about 4·22 × 108 kg year−1 or 1·56 × 105 m3 year−1. Hence, it can be concluded that about 15·6% of the soils eroded from the watershed have been deposited in the lake. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The age of the Hinneryd granite ‐ its significance for interpreting the terranes of the southern Baltic Shield

Abstract The adamellitic (monzogranitic) Hinneryd granite occurs in the southern region of the Eastern Segment, which is part of the Southwest Swedish Gneiss Complex. The granite is strongly foliated and pervasively metamorphosed. Near‐concordant zircon fractions (less than c. 15% discordant) define a U‐Pb upper‐intercept age of 1548+10 Ma interpreted as the intrusion age. END(1548) is +0–5 and the depleted‐mantle Sm‐Nd model age is 1.84 Ga. Sm‐Nd isotope equilibrium is not established among the mineral phases. Two mineral isochrons are obtained by using different mineral‐whole‐rock combinations; these isochrons correspond to Sveconorwegian ages, 1065137 and 896±54 Ma (2a). The best‐fit line (1065 Ma) is obtained from phases that define the upper amphibolite‐facies assemblage and the foliation. The metamorphic mineral assemblage suggests temperatures of c. 650°C and pressures of c. 1 GPa. No contemporaneous granite is known from the northern region of the Eastern Segment. This supports earlier suggestions.
Development of Film-Forming Gel Formulations Containing Royal Jelly and Honey Aromatic Water for Cosmetic Applications

This study aimed to develop a film-forming gel containing honey aromatic water (HW) and royal jelly (RJ) for cosmetic applications as a facial peel-off mask. HW, which is industrial waste from the water-reduction process of honey, was sterilized by autoclaving and filtration through a 0.22 µm membrane. The film-forming gels were developed using various types of film-forming polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA 117), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The gel formulations were characterized in terms of their external appearance, viscosity, pH, and drying time, whereas the films generated were characterized by a texture analyzer, microscopic investigation, Fourier transform infrared, and an X-ray diffractometer. The findings highlighted that HW has short storage shelf life due to microbial contamination. Sterilizations were required before further product development. The film-forming gel was created by using the combination of PVA 117, CMC, and HEC. HW and RJ were successfully incorporated into the film-forming gel. However, HW resulted in a decrease in the gel viscosity and mechanical properties of its film. Interestingly, the drying time was dramatically decreased, which would be more desirable for its use as a peel-off mask. Furthermore, incorporation of royal jelly enhanced the viscosity of the gels as well as improved the mechanical properties of the film. No effect on the chemical and crystal structure of the films was detected after the incorporation. Therefore, the film-forming gels containing HW and RJ, possessing aesthetic attributes that extended to both the gels themselves and the resultant films, were suitable for use as a peel-off mask.