Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guioa cav. (Sapindaceae): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and historical biogeography

A monograph of the genus Guioa Cav. (Sapindaceae) is presented. 64 species are recognized; one species, Guioa subfalcata, is regarded as a dubious species. A general key and several regional keys provide access to the species. One species, Guioa glauca, is subdivided into two varieties. The infrageneric classification contains three levels: subgenera, sections, and subsections. The classification is based on a phylogenetic analysis of the genus. The leaf anatomy was studied besides the macromorphology. This resulted in 67 characters for a cladistic analysis. The outcome of the initial analysis was rejected for several reasons (chapter 11.6). An alteration of the method resulted in an acceptable cladogram: the genus was subdivided, based on several characters, into 5 groups, 4 of which were subordinate to each other. Each subgroup was analysed separately and contained a representative species for a higher group and an outgroup which was obtained from a lower group. The cladograms of the 5 subgroups were pieced together to form the accepted cladogram. The computer programs HENNIG86 and PAUP provided the best method for a cladistic analysis (Wagner algorithm combined with some kind of ‘branch and bound’-option). A historical biogeographic analysis was performed with two aims: a) to find the historical relationships between the different distribution areas and b) to test the generic cladogram by comparing it with cladograms of independent groups of plants and animals. Like with the genus, the areas were subdivided into several groups, which were analysed separately under assumption 0 via a parsimony method instead of a consensus method. The complete generalized areagram was later on pieced together. The partial generalized areagrams did not falsify the accepted cladogram of Guioa. In two areas, the Pacific and West Malesia, Guioa mainly showed a pattern of dispersal and not of vicariance. The computer program CAFCA (group- and component-compatibility) presented the best method for a historical biogeograpic analysis. A comparison between the presumed results of the classical, evolutionary school and the phylogenetic school showed that the results of the phylogenetic school had a higher information content in the sense of natural relations and that only they could be used for a historical biogeographic analysis. The ecological part contains data on the habitat of some Guioa species, a compilation of mainly literature data on floral biology of Sapindaceae in general and on fruit biology, data on seed germination and seedling morphology. In order to unravel the species complex ( Guioa rigidiuscula group) on New Guinea only an artificial technique could be used to separate the 14 species. These appear to be natural due to correlating characters and coherent, non-disjunct distributions. It is discussed that species complexes are mainly found in especially geologically dynamic areas and that the mode of speciation is then best explained by the model of punctuated equilibria.
TRACKING THREE ILARVIRUSES IN STONE FRUIT TREES THROUGHOUT THE YEAR BY ELISA AND TISSUE-PRINTING HYBRIDIZATION

The presence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) was monitored throughout 2005 in stone fruit trees by ELISA and tissue printing hybridization. The highest detection rate for all three viruses was obtained in winter with both techniques. Detection was reliable also in spring and early summer, except for Ap- MV. However, neither technique was able to identify successfully all infected samples in one season. Overall, ELISA was more successful for PNRSV and PDV detection and tissue-printing hybridization for ApMV.
European flyway permeability and abmigration in Teal Anas crecca, an analysis based on ringing recoveries

Abmigration, the switch between flyways, is thought to be frequent in dabbling ducks, and supposedly results from high female philopatry combined with winter pairing: a male pairing in winter with a female from another flyway may follow her to her breeding area and thus abmigrate. On this basis, the frequency of abmigration should be much higher amongst males than amongst females, should increase with time since ringing, and be higher if environmental conditions force birds from different flyways into the same geographical area in winter (in this case the Iberian peninsula in the case of cold spells). Analysing more than 9000 recoveries of Teal ringed in the Camargue, southern France, showed that even with the most conservative flyway definition, 15% of Camargue (Mediterranean flyway) individuals (both males and females) were subsequently recovered in the North-west European flyway. Moving a flyway boundary closer to the Camargue (i.e. to the south-east) increased this percentage to c. 32%. None of the predicted patterns were supported by the data: there was no systematic sex difference in abmigration rate; abmigration showed no consistent increase with time from ringing, and was not significantly more frequent after cold spells. These results suggest that there is permeability between these two flyways for all classes of individuals, which might better be considered as a continuum. This should be taken into account in the development of management and conservation policies for Teal in Europe.
Irrigation water productivity of winter-growing annuals is higher than perennial forages in northern Victoria.

The dairy industry in Victoria, Australia, uses more than half the state’s irrigation water, mainly for growing pasture. Information on the comparative water use of forage systems would be useful for dairy farmers aiming to optimise their forage production under conditions of limited water availability. However, there are few data comparing water use under similar management and weather conditions. This paper reports on an experiment which measured and compared the production, water use, and water productivity (forage removed per unit water input) of a range of 6 border-check irrigated forage systems (3 perennial, 2 annual, and a double-cropped) and 1 spray irrigated, annual forage system, used by the dairy industry in northern Victoria. Forage removal was highest from the perennial pastures, lucerne, double-cropped and Persian clover systems in both 2005 and 2006. Irrigation water inputs in 2005 were comparable with average values reported in the literature and were closely related to the length of the growing season, with around 800–850 mm used for the perennial pastures and 340–440 mm used for the border-check irrigated annual pastures. Irrigation water inputs in 2006 were substantially higher than in 2005, reflecting the drought conditions that prevailed throughout most of Victoria, with 1100–1200 mm used for the perennial species and 450–700 mm used by the border-check irrigated annual pastures. These irrigation water requirements highlight considerable year-to-year variation as low-rainfall years are usually high-evaporation years. Irrigation water productivity (WP) was greater for the annual than for the perennial systems. In 2005, irrigation WP was 30–37 kg DM/ha.mm for the annual pastures compared with 21–27 kg DM/ha.mm for the perennial and double-cropped systems. In the drier year of 2006, irrigation WP was higher for the short-season annuals than for the other forage systems. When rainfall, runoff, and changes in soil water content were included in the calculation of total WP, there were no consistent differences in the total WP of the annual and perennial systems in either year. These findings show that under conditions of limited irrigation water availability, farmers will be able to grow more forage using winter-growing annual systems than perennial systems. However, other factors such as nutritive characteristics, cost of production, and cost of transferring feed also need to be considered when deciding which forages to grow.
Weibull models for single-tree increment of Norway spruce, Scots pine, birch and other broadleaves in Norway

Abstract Distance-independent, non-linear models of 5-year diameter increment for Norway spruce, Scots pine, birch and other broadleaved trees were developed, evaluated and compared on data from the Norwegian National Forest Inventory. The models were based on a Weibull curve dependent on diameter and a modifier function dependent on site parameters. A non-linear mixed model approach was used to fit the models. Model fit was assessed by the Pseudo-R 2 on total level and on plot level reflecting a random plot effect. The values were 0.31, 0.20, 0.13 and 0.10 for Norway spruce, Scots pine, birch and other broadleaves, respectively. The bias estimates from an independent validation were 0.1, 0.0, 0.1 and 0.3 mm for Norway spruce, Scots pine, birch and other broadleaves, respectively. The results from the independent validation were compared with results from identical tests of three other sets of models. The comparison indicated good model performance of the current models. The models were also compared by evaluating their behaviour when the tree size component was extrapolated beyond the range of the model development data. The results indicated that an additive model of diameter increment and the current non-linear Weibull and modifier model of diameter increment performed best.
Behaviour of the painted treeshrew (Tupaia picta) in conservation set-asides of the planted forest zone of Sarawak, Malaysia

Painted treeshrew (Tupaia picta) movement and behaviorwas recorded by spool-and-line tracking, radio telemetry and cameratrapping in small patches of remnant hill dipterocarp forest embeddedwithin a fast growing industrial timber plantation in the Planted ForestZone, Sarawak, Malaysia. Home range size was found to be larger thanthose of four Tupaiids in secondary forests in Sabah, while dimension,and average daily movement distances were found to be similar. Animalsthat were released into small forest remnants outside of their homeranges to simulate a dispersal event were found to cover long distanceswithin relatively short timeframes, and were found to be able to occupyboth secondary forest and acacia plantation. Painted treeshrews usedmultiple nest sites that were located predominantly within cavities inhollow logs, root tangles or subterranean burrows. Nest constructionwas similar to that of other treeshrew species, consisting of a ballof teased wood fibres surrounded by layers of overlapping leaves.
The role of tolerant genotypes and plant nutrients in the management of iron toxicity in lowland rice

SUMMARY Iron toxicity is a nutrient disorder associated with high concentrations of iron in soil solutions. Deficiencies of other nutrients, such as P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn, have been implicated in its occurrence in rice plants. Field experiments were carried out in 1992 and 1993 in Ivory Coast to evaluate the iron toxicity tolerance of promising rice cultivars available in West Africa, and to provide additional information for selecting breeding materials. Two sites, differing in their potential to cause iron toxicity, were used. Glasshouse and field studies were also conducted to test the role of other nutrients in the occurrence of iron toxicity. The results showed that genetic tolerance to iron toxicity can significantly improve rice production in iron-toxic soils, with some cultivars producing yields in excess of 5 t/ha. The application of N, P, K and Zn in the field decreased the uptake of iron in rice tops, and this can be a significant factor in the iron-toxicity tolerance of the cultivars.
Energy recovery from lipid extracted, transesterified and glycerol codigested microalgae biomass

The production of methane (CH4) via the anaerobic digestion of microalgae biomass residues from the biodiesel production process has the potential to meet some of the energy requirements of the primary biomass to fuel conversion process. This paper investigates the practical CH4 yields achievable from the anaerobic conversion of the microalgae residues (as well as codigestion with glycerol) after biodiesel production using both the conventional and in situ transesterification methods. Results demonstrate that the type of lipid extraction solvent utilized in the conventional transesterification process could inhibit subsequent CH4 production. On the basis of actual CH4 production, a recoverable energy of 8.7–10.5 MJ kg−1 of dry microalgae biomass residue was obtained using the lipid extracted and transesterified microalgae samples. On codigesting the microalgae residues with glycerol, a 4–7% increase in CH4 production was observed.
Skeletochronological Age Determination and Comparative Demographic Analysis of Two Populations of the Gold-spotted Pond Frog (Rana chosenica)

To obtain demographic information on threatened gold-spotted pond frog (Rana chosenica Okada, 1931) populations, we determined the ages of 45 male and 13 female frogs (20 males and 9 females from Cheongwon and 25 males and 4 females from Tae-an) and compared the age structures and growth patterns of the two populations in 2006. The snout-vent length (SVL) and body weight of female frogs were greater than those of male frogs in both populations. Male frogs` ages ranged 2 to 7 years old and females` ages ranged 3 to 6 years old. In both populations, 4 years old male frogs were the most abundant age-sex class. The age structures of the two populations were significantly different and the growth coefficients of male frogs from the Cheongwon population were greater than those from the Tae-an population. The mean age of males from the Tae-an population was higher than that from the Cheongwon population. However, the SVL and body weights of male frogs were not different between two populations and there was no difference between the two populations in the mean male SVL at any age. The results could increase our understanding of the life-history of this threatened frog and may be useful in conservation planning.
Populations status, syntaxonomy and synecology of Scopolia carniolica Jacq. in the Western Alps (Piedmont, Italy)

Abstract Scopolia carniolica is an orophilous forb widspread from the Eastern Italian border to the Caucasian regions, with some few disjointed populations in the Western Alps (Piedmont, NW Italy) at about 420 km from the nearest Eastern populations. The species is reported in Piedmont as a critically endangered species (CR). On the basis of the discovery of new populations, the synecological and syntaxonomical characteristics in the Western Alps have been studied. The Scopolia carniolica distribution area in the Western Alps is now estimated to be of almost 800 ha and total extant population size to be around 8.000–9.000 ramets. The species occurs mainly on highly shaded habitats, located on scree and boulder fields. In the Western Alps the vegetation could be ranked in a Corylus avellana community, referred to the central European Tilio platyphylli- Acerion pseudoplatani. Forest management planning should be encouraged with a conservational purpose, avoiding the alteration of the Corylus avellana canopy cover in the actual and potential area.
Shipping noise affecting immune responses of european spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas)

Marine crustaceans are influenced by numerous environmental factors. Environmental stress from pollutants seems to affect their metabolism, growth, moulting, survival, and immune defence. Recently, it has become clear that there is an impact of the global increase in sea noise levels due to shipping traffic on crustacean welfare. Considering the ecological and commercial importance of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)) in most parts of the Mediterranean coastal area, in the present study we investigated whether shipping noise pollution contribute to changing the immune parameters of stress in the European spiny lobster. The animals were exposed to a mix of noises produced by different typologies of the boat played back in a tank, and the values of cellular and humeral parameters were evaluated. Total haemocyte count (THC), haemolymphatic protein concentration, phenoloxidase (PO) activity in cell-free haemolymph, and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression in haemocyte lysate.
Relationship between in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of bovine subclinical mastitis isolates and treatment outcome in lactating dairy cows

Summary The objective of the present study was to determine whether there was an association between the in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test results of subclinical mastitis pathogens and bacteriological cure following intramammary treatment using a combination of nafcillin, penicillin, and streptomycin (NPS). Eighty-six intramammary pathogens from 43 cows were examined in this study. Most intramammary infections were due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliforms, and environmental streptococci. The antibiotic sensitivity to NPS was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Bacteriological cure rates for sensitive, intermediate, and resistant isolates in the standard treatment group (3 intramammary infusions of NPS once daily) were 84.4, 88.9, and 100%, respectively. These figures in the extended treatment group (6 intramammary infusions of NPS once daily) were 100% for the 3 categories. Bacteriological cure was not associated with the sensitivity test result. Based on this study, Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test results were not useful as predictors of the bacteriological outcome of subclinical mastitis treated with intramammary NPS.
Responses of leaf-litter ant communities to tropical forest wildfires vary with season

Fire is an important land-management tool in tropical forest landscapes. However, these fires sometimes escape into surrounding forests (Uhl & Buschbacker 1985), and are one of the most severe disturbances threatening tropical forest biodiversity (Barlow et al 2006). These forest fires have become more frequent over the last decades due to the combined effect of selective logging, fragmentation and abnormal droughts that increase the flammability of forests, and agriculture expansion that brings the ignition sources (Aragão & Shimabukuro 2010).
A REASSESSMENT OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE PHAEOPHYCEAE BASED ON RUBISCO LARGE SUBUNIT AND RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES

To better assess the current state of phaeophycean phylogeny, we compiled all currently available rbcL, 18S, and 26S rDNA sequences from the EMBL/GenBank database and added 21 new rbcL sequences of our own. We then developed three new alignments designed to maximize taxon sampling while minimizing information loss due to partial sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on separate and combined data sets (with and without taxa from the sister classes Tribophyceae and Phaeothamniophyceae as outgroups) using a variety of assumption sets, tree‐drawing algorithms (parsimony, neighbor joining, and likelihood), and resampling methods (bootstrap, decay, jackknife). Partition homogeneity testing (PHT) by codon position within rbcL showed that all positions could be used despite mild third position saturation. PHT by gene and domain within rDNA showed that the 26S D1 and D2 regions do not enhance phylogenetic signal even when combined with the 18S. The rbcL and rDNA (excluding the 26S D1 and D2) could be combined under PHT. The topology of the combined tree was the same as that of the rbcL tree alone, but bootstrap support was consistently higher in the combined analysis, applied to more branches, and enabled the establishment of sister group relationships among six orders. Although the taxon sampling for the combination tree was lower (n = 22) than for individual gene analyses (n = 58 for rbcL and n = 59 for rDNA), results show that the Laminariales (previously reported) and Sphacelariales (new) are both paraphyletic. Choristocarpus tenellus (Kützing) Zanardini is the most basal phaeophyte and the Dictyotales the most basal order. In contrast, the Laminariales sensu stricto (s.s.) and Ectocarpales sensu lato (s.l.) are the most derived. For phylogenetic studies in the Phaeophyceae, rbcL has more resolving power than rDNA, though the reason for this is unclear based on the fact that both genes are highly conserved.
KEPADATAN POPULASI PREDATOR, PESAING, DAN SIMBION KUTUDAUN PADA TANAMAN KACANG PANJANG PASCAAPLIKASI INSEKTISIDA

The population density of Aphis sp. , their predators, competitors, and symbionts in longbean field treated with insecticide. This study was aimed to determine the effect of profenofos insecticide application on 1) the population density of Aphis sp. , their predators (coccinellids and syrphids), competitor (Empoasca sp.) and symbionts (ants), and 2) the interactions between the aphid and the predator, the aphid and the symbiont, and the aphid and the competitor in the longbean field. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with three levels of profenofos treatments (P1= profenofos sprayed weekly, P2= profenofos sprayed biweekly, and K= unsprayed). Each treatment was replicated six times. Population density (insect number/longbean hill) was observed three times a week, totaling 16 observations during the growing season. The result showed that profenofos spray decreased the population density of Aphis sp. Profenofos treatment also suppressed coccinellid, syrphid, Empoasca sp. , and ant population. However, the insecticide did not affect the correlation either between Aphis sp. and ant, between Aphis sp. and Empoasca sp. , between ant and Empoasca sp. , between ant and coccinellids/syrphids, or between Empoasca sp. and coccinellids/syrphids. It was clear from this study that profenofos strengthened the interaction between Aphis sp. and coccinellids. Aphis sp. —syrphid interaction was weekened by biweekly spray of profenofos, but was replenished by weekly spray of the insecticide.
Volatile compounds of tufted hairgrass

The primary limitation of tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. ] as a turfgrass appears to be damage caused by bill-bug (Sphenophorus spp.) herbivory. In this study several sets of germplasm were used in volatile collection studies. Whole-plant volatile collections were made on: i) untreated plants, ii) plants that had been treated with jasmonic acid (JA), and iii) plants that had experienced mechanical damage. In untreated plants, intraspecific differences were found for the amount of hexenyl acetate that was released; this compound has been shown to be involved in important plant volatile-insect interactions. Application of JA resulted in a dramatic increase in the production of monoterpenes, which are known to attract predators of insect pests. (Z)- β-ocimene comprised nearly 9% of the total volatile profile after JA treatment, but was not detected in untreated plants. Mechanical damage of tufted hairgrass plants led to an increased release of characteristic green leaf volatiles such as 3-hexen-1-ol as well as hexenyl acetate. Mechanical damage changed the components of the volatile profile, but the results were quite different from JA treatment. It would be of interest to determine if the selection of tufted hairgrass germplasm that produces high and sustained levels of mono-terpenes, in response to JA, would attract sufficient insect predators to make this an effective breeding strategy for insect resistance.