Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of sexually transmitted infections among transvestites and transsexual women in prison in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the seropositivity rate of rapid tests for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B and C among transvestites and transgender women (transfeminine persons) inmates in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, analyzing the results based on sociodemographic, prison profile and access to health technologies to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: Cross-sectional census-type study carried out with transfeminine in eleven male prisons in Rio de Janeiro, between the months of April and June 2021. Results: The detection rates found were 34.4% for HIV, and 48.9% for syphilis, and 0.8% for type B and C hepatitis. Seropositivity for more than one infection was verified in 25.4% of participants, and HIV/syphilis was the most prevalent. An increase in the level of education (p=0.037) and having a steady partner in prison (p=0.041) were considered protective factors for STIs in this population. Difficulties were identified in accessing STI prevention technologies, such as male condoms, lubricating gel, rapid tests, and prophylactic antiretroviral therapies for HIV. Conclusion: HIV and syphilis seropositivity rates were high, but within the profile found in this population in other studies inside or outside prisons. The data found indicates the need to incorporate effective strategies for access to health technologies for the prevention of STIs. The scarcity of scientific publications containing epidemiological data on STIs in the transfeminine prison population limited deeper comparisons of the results obtained in this study.
Clinical decision support systems for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in hospitals: A systematic review

Objectives To synthesise the literature on clinical decision support (CDS) systems for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to (1) describe existing COPD CDS systems that have been designed, developed or are being used in practice, (2) describe the impact of COPD CDS systems on outcomes and (3) identify barriers and facilitators to implementation of COPD CDS systems. Methods Five databases were searched to identify relevant studies. All studies in English that described clinician-facing COPD CDS systems designed for, or implemented in, hospitals and hospital-in-the-home settings were included. A qualitative narrative synthesis was undertaken, guided by the RE-AIM framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance). Results Twelve studies reporting the use of CDS in hospital (n = 7) and hospital-in-the-home (n = 5) settings were included. Implementation efforts to reach target users were scantly reported, and low-to-medium adoption rates were observed. The reported effectiveness of the CDS systems was mixed. Only one study reported facilitators to the implementation of CDS systems, none reported on barriers to the implementation of CDS systems, and none reported any information on successful strategies to maintain implementation of CDS systems. Conclusion The use of CDS systems in the management of patients with COPD in hospital-related settings is an important emerging field of research. Evidence suggests that the field has largely focused on systems targeted at physicians, often with incomplete descriptions and limited evaluations. Many opportunities to optimise and evaluate the implementation and use of COPD CDS systems in hospital settings remain, including robust evaluation of their impact on patient, clinician and health service outcomes.
Harbor porpoise losing its edge: Genetic time series suggests a rapid population decline in Iberian waters over the last 30 years

Abstract Impact of climate change is expected to be especially noticeable at the edges of a species' distribution, where they meet suboptimal habitat conditions. In Mauritania and Iberia, two genetically differentiated populations of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) form an ecotype adapted to local upwelling conditions and distinct from other ecotypes further north on the NE Atlantic continental shelf and in the Black Sea. By analyzing the evolution of mitochondrial genetic variation in the Iberian population between two temporal cohorts (1990–2002 vs. 2012–2015), we report a substantial decrease in genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses including neighboring populations identified two porpoises in southern Iberia carrying a divergent haplotype closely related to those from the Mauritanian population, yet forming a distinct lineage. This suggests that Iberian porpoises may not be as isolated as previously thought, indicating possible dispersion from Mauritania or an unknown population in between, but none from the northern ecotype. Demo‐genetic scenario testing by approximate Bayesian computation showed that the rapid decline in the Iberian mitochondrial diversity was not simply due to the genetic drift of a small population, but models support instead a substantial decline in effective population size, possibly resulting from environmental stochasticity, prey depletion, or acute fishery bycatches. These results illustrate the value of genetics time series to inform demographic trends and emphasize the urgent need for conservation measures to ensure the viability of this small harbor porpoise population in Iberian waters.
The effect of pioneer carrion beetles on the emission of volatile organic compounds and carrion insect community assembly

Abstract Mechanisms of carrion insect succession have been interpreted separately from interspecific interactions between early and later colonists or from changes in volatile organic compounds perceived by insects resulting from the progression of decomposition. To link these perspectives, we examined through laboratory and field experiments whether the modification of volatile organic compounds by early colonists could be a mechanism of succession. In the laboratory experiment, we used Necrophila japonica (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) as an early colonist and examined its effects on the emissions of important volatile attractants for carrion insects, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) from carcasses. We collected DMDS and DMTS, using the static headspace method, under the following conditions: (i) rat carcass, (ii) rat carcass with artificial damage to the abdomen, (iii) rat carcass fed on by 10 Ne. japonica individuals, and (iv) 10 Ne. japonica individuals, and analyzed the collected gases using a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer. After 12 and 30 h, carcasses fed on by Ne. japonica emitted higher concentrations of DMDS and DMTS than in other conditions. In the field experiment, we examined the effects of DMDS and DMTS on the attraction of carrion insects using traps baited with a mixture of DMDS and DMTS, hexane (odors unrelated to carcasses), or an empty microtube. Traps baited with DMDS and DMTS attracted more necrophagous species and individuals than traps not baited with this combination. These results showed that accelerated emissions of DMDS and DMTS from carcasses caused by early colonists may contribute to community assembly during carrion insect succession.
Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Regions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

Abstract Background Incidence data of respiratory syncytial virus–associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) are sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We estimated RSV-LRTI incidence rates (IRs) in infants in LMICs using World Health Organization case definitions. Methods This prospective cohort study, conducted in 10 LMICs from May 2019 to October 2021 (largely overlapping with the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic), followed infants born to women with low-risk pregnancies for 1 year from birth using active and passive surveillance to detect potential LRTIs, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasal swabs to detect RSV. Results Among 2094 infants, 32 (1.5%) experienced an RSV-LRTI (8 during their first 6 months of life, 24 thereafter). Seventeen (0.8%) infants had severe RSV-LRTI and 168 (8.0%) had all-cause LRTI. IRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of first RSV-LRTI episode were 1.0 (.3–2.3), 0.8 (.3–1.5), and 1.6 (1.1–2.2) per 100 person-years for infants aged 0–2, 0–5, and 0–11 months, respectively. IRs (95% CIs) of the first all-cause LRTI episode were 10.7 (8.1–14.0), 11.7 (9.6–14.0), and 8.7 (7.5–10.2) per 100 person-years, respectively. IRs varied by country (RSV-LRTI: 0.0–8.3, all-cause LRTI: 0.0–49.6 per 100 person-years for 0- to 11-month-olds). Conclusions RSV-LRTI IRs in infants in this study were relatively low, likely due to reduced viral circulation caused by COVID-19–related nonpharmaceutical interventions. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03614676.
Normalization of Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in Chilean older people

ABSTRACT Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) is a cognitive screening that evaluates older people with low educational levels. In Chile, there are no normative data to assess this population. Objective: To obtain normative data on RUDAS in older Chilean people with up to 12 years of schooling, and to determine whether age and schooling years influence a person’s performance on RUDAS and on the items that constitute it. Methods: A group of cognitively healthy people 60 years old or over, with up to 12 schooling years was evaluated (n=135). Multiple regression models were applied to obtain normative data on RUDAS, according to age and schooling years, and to measure the effects of schooling on different items. Results: Regression analysis showed that none of the items had schooling as a significant predictor, except for the visuoconstruction item. The variables age and schooling explained 12.6% (R^2=0.126) of the RUDAS total score variance. The item visuoconstruction was the most associated with the educational level (OR=1,147). Conclusion: This study showed that RUDAS is a recommended instrument for evaluating older people with low educational levels. However, more studies are needed to prove the validity of the RUDAS on Chilean older people.
Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Sepsis-Causing Bacteria at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Health Care Facility in Ghana

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical emergency that requires sound evaluation supported by accurate laboratory analysis and timely clinical intervention for its management. This study, therefore, was conducted to identify bacteria causing neonatal sepsis and their susceptibility to the commonly prescribed antibiotic at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary health care facility in the Northern Region of Ghana. Methods: Neonatal biodata were collected from patient folders, after which identification, isolation, and susceptibility of isolated bacteria to prescribed anti-bacterial (Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method) were carried out on single venipuncture blood samples aseptically drawn from 275 neonates clinically diagnosed with sepsis. Results: 275 neonates took part in the study, of which 218 (79.3%) presented with early-onset sepsis (EOS) and 57 (20.7%) with late-onset sepsis (LOS). The laboratory results confirmed a septicemia prevalence of 70.3% among neonates clinically diagnosed with sepsis. Preterm delivery (P = .01), hypothermia (P = .001), and delivery at the tertiary healthcare facility were significantly associated with EOS (P < .000), while low birth weight (P = .012), duration of hospital stay (P = .001), and delivery at the tertiary healthcare facility (P < .000) were found to be significantly associated with LOS. Gram-positive cocci constituted 54.9% (107), with Gram-negative constituting 45.1% (88) of all the bacteria isolates. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 70.1% (75) and Klebsiella species 39.8% (35) were the dominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates, respectively. 57.8% and 55.8% of CoNS isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, respectively. 93.5% of CoNS and all the isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species were susceptible to amikacin. Conclusions: Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) and Klebsiella species were the predominant Gram-positive and negative sepsis-causing agents at the NICU, respectively. Amikacin exhibited the highest sensitivity to Gram-positive and negative causative agents, making it a strong candidate for consideration in the facility’s empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis.
Sleep Duration and Long-Term Mortality After Stroke: A Nationwide Analysis

Background and Objectives-Sleep duration is a key marker of ideal cardiovascular health in the American Heart Association's new Life's Essential 8 construct, but studies on its relation to stroke are scarce. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the association between sleep duration and mortality among self-reported stroke survivors in a nationally representative U.S. sample. Methods-Cross-sectional data (2005-2014) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys database in patients aged [≥]18 (n=30,295) with a self-reported history of stroke (n=1,045) were linked to the 2015 National Death Index to determine the association between nightly sleep duration and mortality. Relationships between sleep duration (short: <7 hours, normal: 7-8 hours, long: >8 hours) and demographic characteristics were assessed. Relationships between sleep duration and mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular causes) were evaluated adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, with multivariable Cox regressions. Results-Among stroke survivors, prevalence of short sleep duration increased with younger age while prevalence of long sleep duration increased with older age (p<0.001). There were no significant sex differences in sleep duration. Prevalence of short sleep duration was higher among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black individuals compared to White individuals (p<0.0001). Stroke survivors with long sleep duration (vs. normal) were more likely to be older, less educated, and overweight, and those with short sleep duration (vs. normal) were more likely to be younger, non-White, and obese (age p<0.001, race/ethnicity p<0.001, education p=0.02, BMI p=0.001). Long sleep duration was associated with higher all-cause mortality in the unadjusted model (HR 1.92, 1.48-2.51, p<0.0001). After adjusting for demographic variables, this effect was attenuated (HR 1.35, 1.04-1.75, p=0.027). Once comorbidities were added to the model, the association was no longer significant. There were no significant associations between short sleep duration and all-cause mortality, and no significant associations between sleep duration and cardiovascular mortality. Sensitivity analyses further verified the reliability of these conclusions. Conclusion-There is no independent association between sleep duration and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality after stroke.
Regional changes in cellular and molecular pathology in children with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy: Correlation with regional and global cardiac performance

Background: Paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) carries a poor prognosis. We previously identified regional heterogeneity and patterns of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction that correlated with outcomes. In this project, we aimed to describe associations of regional myocardial performance with fibrosis and molecular signalling. Methods: We prospectively studied children undergoing heart transplantation for DCM. Pre-transplant clinical and echocardiographic features were correlated with regional histological and molecular findings from explanted hearts. Ten LV and one right ventricular (RV) regions were assessed for fibrosis, myocyte area, and protein expression related to hypertrophy and fibrosis signalling (p38, ERK, phospho-JNK, phospho-GSK3? , SMA, cadherin, ILK), contractile function (myosin heavy chain), and calcium handling (SERCA2a, phospho-CamKII, phospholamban [PLN], and phospho-PLN). Results: Eight children were included [median age 2.0years (0.3? 15.1years)], of whom six required mechanical circulatory support. There was no difference in fibrosis burden or myocyte area between LV segments, and between ventricles. LV dimensions, ejection fraction and diastolic parameters were not related to fibrosis, myocyte area or molecular signalling. Tricuspid annular systolic plane excursion was related to myocyte volume (r=0.89, p<0.01). There was an inverse relationship between fibrosis and segmental longitudinal strain for LV basal and mid-posterior segments (basal posterior, r=0.96, p<0.01; mid-posterior, r=0.74, p=0.05). Global longitudinal strain was related to expression of ILK (r=0.78, p=0.02) and SERCA2a (r=0.71, p=0.04). Conclusion: In paediatric end-stage DCM, regional cardiac function is associated with interstitial fibrosis and expression of calcium-cycling and contractile proteins. Phenotypic and molecular expression is variable. The RV shows similar injury and protein expression to the LV despite better myocardial function. These findings suggest that even with severely reduced LV function, paediatric DCM is a highly heterogeneous disease involving both ventricles.
ChatGPT for automating lung cancer staging: feasibility study on open radiology report dataset

Objectives CT imaging is essential in the initial staging of lung cancer. However, free-text radiology reports do not always directly mention clinical TNM stages. We explored the capability of OpenAI's ChatGPT to automate lung cancer staging from radiology reports. Methods We used MedTxt-RR-JA, a public de-identified dataset of 135 radiology reports on lung cancer. Two board-certified radiologists assigned the clinical TNM stage for each radiology report by consensus. We used a part of the dataset to empirically determine the optimal prompt to guide ChatGPT. Using the remaining part of the dataset, we (i) compared the performance of two ChatGPT models (GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4), (ii) compared the performance when the TNM classification rule was or was not presented in the prompt, and (iii) performed subgroup analysis regarding the T category. Results The best accuracy scores were achieved by GPT-4 when it was presented with the TNM classification rule (52.2%, 78.9%, and 86.7% for the T, N, and M categories). Most ChatGPT's errors originated from challenges with numerical reasoning and insufficiency in anatomical or lexical knowledge. Conclusions ChatGPT has the potential to become a valuable tool for automating lung cancer staging. It is recommended to use GPT-4 and incorporate the TNM classification rule into the prompt. The future improvement of ChatGPT would involve supporting numerical reasoning and complementing knowledge. Clinical relevance statement ChatGPT's performance in automating cancer staging still has room for enhancement, but further improvement would be helpful for individual patient care and secondary information usage for research purposes.
Black-box Membership Inference Attacks against Fine-tuned Diffusion Models

With the rapid advancement of diffusion-based image-generative models, the quality of generated images has become increasingly photorealistic. Moreover, with the release of high-quality pre-trained image-generative models, a growing number of users are downloading these pre-trained models to fine-tune them with downstream datasets for various image-generation tasks. However, employing such powerful pre-trained models in downstream tasks presents significant privacy leakage risks. In this paper, we propose the first reconstruction-based membership inference attack framework, tailored for recent diffusion models, and in the more stringent black-box access setting. Considering four distinct attack scenarios and three types of attacks, this framework is capable of targeting any popular conditional generator model, achieving high precision, evidenced by an impressive AUC of $0.95$.
Evolutionary Games on Infinite Strategy Sets: Convergence to Nash Equilibria via Dissipativity

We consider evolutionary dynamics for population games in which players have a continuum of strategies at their disposal. Models in this setting amount to infinite-dimensional differential equations evolving on the manifold of probability measures. We generalize dissipativity theory for evolutionary games from finite to infinite strategy sets that are compact metric spaces, and derive sufficient conditions for the stability of Nash equilibria under the infinite-dimensional dynamics. The resulting analysis is applicable to a broad class of evolutionary games, and is modular in the sense that the pertinent conditions on the dynamics and the game's payoff structure can be verified independently. By specializing our theory to the class of monotone games, we recover as special cases existing stability results for the Brown-von Neumann-Nash and impartial pairwise comparison dynamics. We also extend our theory to models with dynamic payoffs, further broadening the applicability of our framework. We illustrate our theory using a variety of case studies, including a novel, continuous variant of the war of attrition game.
Spatial dimensions of intra-metropolitan disparities in commuting time and female labor force participation

We examine intra-metropolitan patterns of geographic disparities in female participation in the labor market and their associations with commuting time in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Our analysis based on the Global Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics reveals that the spatial patterns of labor force participation and regular employment rates differ markedly by marital status and the presence of children. Compared with unmarried women and married women without children, married women with children exhibit more significant spatial clustering of high and low values of labor force participation and regular employment rates, and these rates are negatively correlated with male commuting time. The non-spatial and spatial regression results show that for married women with children, longer commuting time is significantly associated with lower participation and regular employment rates, while for unmarried women and married women without children, the associations are mostly insignificant. These results are robust to different model specifications and spatial weights. Our findings suggest that policies alleviating commuting constraints help women with children in dual-earner couples more actively participate in the labor market.
Enhancing Robot Program Synthesis Through Environmental Context

Program synthesis aims to automatically generate an executable program that conforms to the given specification. Recent advancements have demonstrated that deep neural methodologies and large-scale pretrained language models are highly proficient in capturing program semantics. For robot programming, prior works have facilitated program synthesis by incorporating global environments. However, the assumption of acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the entire environment is often excessively challenging to achieve. In this work, we present a framework that learns to synthesize a program by rectifying potentially erroneous code segments, with the aid of partially observed environments. To tackle the issue of inadequate attention to partial observations, we propose to first learn an environment embedding space that can implicitly evaluate the impacts of each program token based on the precondition. Furthermore, by employing a graph structure, the model can aggregate both environmental and syntactic information flow and furnish smooth program rectification guidance. Extensive experimental evaluations and ablation studies on the partially observed VizDoom domain authenticate that our method offers superior generalization capability across various tasks and greater robustness when encountering noises.