Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pullout Behavior of Granular Pile-Anchors in Expansive Clay Beds In Situ

Granular pile anchors (GPA) are one of the recent innovative foundation techniques devised for mitigating the problems posed by swelling clay beds. In a granular pile anchor, the footing is anchored to an anchor plate at the bottom of the granular pile. This makes the granular pile tension resistant and enables it to absorb the tensile force caused on the foundation by the swelling clay. An understanding of the amount of uplift resistance offered by the GPA is important in the design of granular pile-anchor foundations in field situations causing tensile forces on foundations, such as in expansive clay beds. This paper presents the results of a field-scale test program conducted to study the pullout response of GPAs embedded in expansive clay beds. Pullout load tests were conducted on GPAs of varying lengths and diameters. It was found from the field pullout load tests that granular pile anchors of larger surface area resulted in higher pullout capacity. Of the various single granular pile anchors with l∕.
Toxic Alexandrium blooms in the western Gulf of Maine: The plume advection hypothesis revisited

The plume advection hypothesis links blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine (GOM) to a buoyant plume derived from river outflows. This hypothesis was examined with cruise and moored‐instrument observations in 1993 when levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins were high, and in 1994 when toxicity was low. A coupled physical‐biological model simulated hydrography and A. fundyense distributions. Initial A. fundyense populations were restricted to low‐salinity nearshore waters near Casco Bay, but also occurred in higher salinity waters along the plume boundary. This suggests two sources of cells–those from shallow‐water cyst populations and those transported to shore from offshore blooms in the eastern segment of the Maine coastal current (EMCC). Observations confirm the role of the plume in A. fundyense transport and growth. Downwelling‐favorable winds in 1993 transported the plume and its cells rapidly alongshore, enhancing toxicity and propagating PSP to the south. In 1994, sustained upwelling moved the plume offshore, resulting in low toxicity in intertidal shellfish. A. fundyense blooms were likely nutrient limited, leading to low growth rates and moderate cell abundances. These observations and mechanisms were reproduced by coupled physical‐biological model simulations. The plume advection hypothesis provides a viable explanation for outbreaks of PSP in the western GOM, but should be refined to include two sources for cells that populate the plume and two major pathways for transport: one within the low‐salinity plume and another where A. fundyense cells originating in the EMCC are transported along the outer boundary of the plume front with the western segment of the Maine coastal current.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Maturing Out: Between-and Within-Persons Changes in Social-Network Drinking, Drinking Identity, and Hazardous Drinking Following College Graduation

Many college students reduce hazardous drinking (HD) following graduation without treatment. Identifying cognitive mechanisms facilitating this “natural” reduction in HD during this transition is crucial. We evaluated drinking identity as a potential mechanism and tested whether within-persons changes in one’s social network’s drinking were linked to within-persons changes in drinking identity and subsequent within-persons changes in HD. A sample of 422 undergraduates reporting HD was followed from 6 months before graduation until 2 years after graduation. Their drinking, drinking identity, and social networks were assessed online. Within-persons changes in drinking identity did not mediate the relationship between within-persons changes in social-network drinking and personal HD, although significant positive between-persons associations among all constructs were found. Instead, there was some evidence that within-persons changes in drinking identity followed changes in HD, which suggests that drinking identity may function as a marker versus mechanism of “natural” HD reduction during transition out of college.
Secular gravity variation at Svalbard (Norway) from ground observations and GRACE satellite data

The Svalbard archipelago, Norway, is affected by both the present-day ice melting (PDIM) and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) subsequent to the Last Pleistocene deglaciation. The induced deformation of the Earth is observed by using different techniques. At the Geodetic Observatory in Ny-Alesund, precise positioning measurements have been collected since 1991, a superconducting gravimeter (SG) has been installed in 1999, and six campaigns of absolute gravity (AG) measurements were performed between 1998 and 2007. Moreover, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides the time variation of the Earth gravity field since 2002. The goal of this paper is to estimate the present rate of ice melting by combining geodetic observations of the gravity variation and uplift rate with geophysical modelling of both the GIA and Earth's response to the PDIM. We estimate the secular gravity variation by superimposing the SG series with the six AG measurements. We collect published estimates of the vertical velocity based on GPS and VLBI data. We analyse the GRACE solutions provided by three groups (CSR, GFZ, GRGS). The crux of the problem lies in the separation of the contributions from the GIA and PDIM to the Earth's deformation. To account for the GIA, we compute the response of viscoelastic Earth models having different radial structures of mantle viscosity to the deglaciation histories included in the models ICE-3G or ICE-5G. To account for the effect of PDIM, we compute the deformation of an elastic Earth model for six models of ice-melting extension and rates. Errors in the gravity variation and vertical velocity are estimated by taking into account the measurement uncertainties and the variability of the GRACE solutions and GIA and PDIM models. The ground observations agree with models that involve a current ice loss of 25 km3 water equivalent yr−1 over Svalbard, whereas the space observations give a value in the interval [5, 18] km3 water equivalent yr−1. A better modelling of the PDIM, which would include the precise topography of the glaciers and altitude-dependency of ice melting, is necessary to decrease the discrepancy between the two estimates.
Constraints on inner core anisotropy from PKP(DF) travel times

PKP(DF) travel times reported by the International Seismological Centre (ISC) are analyzed to study the depth dependence of inner core anisotropy. Plots of PKP(DF) travel time residuals versus range for different subsets of the data clearly show large anomalies at ranges beyond about 149° for those paths with inner core ray angles within 30° of the rotation axis. On average, the times are about 3 to 5 s earlier for these paths than for rays at other angles, consistent with recent waveform measurements of anomalous PKP(DF) times by Creager (1992) and Song and Helmberger (1993), and indicative of inner core anisotropy in which the P velocity is about 3% faster for N-S paths than E-W paths. The size of these apparent anomalies in the ISC data are much larger than those inferred from several previous analyses of ISC PKP(DF) data which indicated 0.5 to 2 s anomalies at these ranges. The earlier studies applied binning and averaging schemes to the data using windows that were overly tight, thus excluding some of the most anomalous data points and biasing the results toward smaller anomalies. To avoid this problem, I apply a method for computing summary ray residuals that finds the maxima in smoothed histograms of the residuals and does not rely on a fixed interval to window the data points. Standard errors on each summary ray residual are estimated using a bootstrap technique that randomly resamples the data. Plots of the summary ray residuals for several range intervals reveal a small number of independent paths nearly parallel to the rotation axis for which the arrivals are 3 to 5 s early. Although the data are sparse for paths within 30° of the rotation axis, anisotropy does not appear to diminish with depth within the inner core and may cause a much larger anomaly near 180° than the 2-s value obtained in several prior studies of ISC data. The uniform anisotropy models of Creager (1992) and Song and Helmberger (1993) fit the bulk of the data reasonably well. However, the observed residuals at ranges between 132° and 140° are smaller than those predicted by most anisotropy models, suggesting that the anisotropy may diminish within the outermost 50 km of the inner core.
Corporate Acquisitions , Diversification , and the Firm ’ s Lifecycle

Agency theories predict that firms acquire and diversify through acquisitions as they grow older and exhaust their internal growth opportunities, and that they do so for the benefit of managers rather than shareholders. In contrast, we find that acquiring firms are firms with better growth opportunities and performance irrespective of their lifecycle stage. While younger firms acquire more than mature firms, the acquisition rate follows a u-shape through firms’ lifecycle and this u-shape is stronger after accounting for economic conditions. Mature firms do not diversify more than young firms. Using average stock-price reactions, there is no evidence that diversifying acquisitions destroy wealth, whether the acquirer is young or mature, but non-diversifying acquisitions of public firms are associated with wealth losses for shareholders when paid for with equity for both young and mature firms. No other type of acquisitions is associated with wealth destruction for young or mature firms. * Respectively, visiting assistant professor, Ohio State University, and Reese Chair of Banking and Monetary Economics, Ohio State University, NBER, and ECGI. We thank participants at seminars at Purdue University, City University of New York, and the Ohio State University, and Harry DeAngelo, Cam Harvey, Jim Hsieh, John Matsusaka, Max Maksimovic, Gordon Phillips, Jay Ritter, Mike Weisbach, and two anonymous referees for useful comments. We are grateful to Bryan Baugh, Andrei Gonçalves, Yeejin Jang, and Robert Prilmeier for research assistance. E-mail addresses: stulz@cob.osu. edu (R.M. Stulz), arikan_1@fisher.osu. edu (A.M. Arikan).
Parametrization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land surface scheme

Abstract A hydraulic parametrization is developed for peatland environments in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). Three ‐wetland soil classes account for the typical variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the uppermost 0.5 m of organic soils. Review of the literature reveals that saturated hydraulic conductivity varies from a median of 1.0 × 10−7m/s in deeply humified sapric peat to 2.8 × 10−4 m/s in relatively undecomposed fibric peat. Average pore volume fraction ranges from 0.83 to 0.93. Parameters have been designed for the soil moisture characteristic curves for fibric, hemic and sapric peat using the Campbell (1974) equation employed in CLASS, and the van Genuchten (1980) formulation. There is little difference in modelled soil moisture between the two formulations within the range of conditions normally found in peatlands. Validation of modelled water table depth and peat temperature is performed for a fen in northern Québec and a bog in north‐central Minnesota. The new parametrization results in a more realistic simulation of these variables in peatlands than the previous version of CLASS, in which unrealistic mineral soil “equivalents “ were used for wetland soil climate modelling.
Adsorption and capillary condensation in porous media: Liquid retention and interfacial configurations in angular pores

Conventional models of liquid distribution, flow, and solute transport in partially saturated porous media are limited by the representation of media pore space as a bundle of cylindrical capillaries (BCC). Moreover, the capillary model ignores the dominant contribution of adsorptive surface forces and liquid films at low potentials. We propose two new complementary elements for improving our understanding of liquid configuration in porous media: (1) an approach for considering the individual contributions of adsorptive and capillary forces to the matric potential and (2) a more realistic model for pore space geometry. Modern interface science formalism is applied to determine the thickness of adsorbed liquid films as a function of thermodynamic conditions and specific surface area of the medium. The augmented Young‐Laplace (AYL) equation provided the necessary framework for combining adsorptive and capillary processes. A new pore space geometry composed of an angular pore cross section (for capillary processes) connected to slit‐shaped spaces with internal surface area (for adsorption processes) offers a more realistic representation of natural porous media with explicit consideration of surface area (absent in the standard BCC model). Liquid‐vapor configuration, saturation, and liquid‐vapor interfacial area were calculated for different potentials and pore (unit cell) dimensions. Pore dimensions may be easily related to measurable soil properties such as specific surface area and porosity. Rigorous calculations based on the AYL equation were simplified and led to the development of algebraic expressions relating saturation and interfacial area of liquid in the proposed pore space geometry to chemical potential. These simple expressions are amenable to upscaling procedures similar to those presently used with the BCC model.
P-wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of the 1999 İzmit, Turkey, Earthquake and Aftershocks

We determined hypocenters and focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks, and three-dimensional P -wave velocity structure in and around the focal area of the 1999 Izmit earthquake ( M w 7.4). Aftershocks form a 170-km-long narrow zone trending in an east-west direction along the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). They are not homogeneously distributed in the whole aftershock area, but consist of several clusters. There are three significant clusters in the aftershock activity: (1) near the hypocenter of the mainshock, (2) near 29.2° E in the Marmara Sea, and (3) east of 30.4° E. Focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks have various types. But they are similar to each other within each cluster. The P -wave velocity structure obtained has a distinct low-velocity area to the west of the mainshock hypocenter. The mainshock rupture area estimated by Yagi and Kikuchi (2000) lies outside this low-velocity area. There exists a high-velocity anomaly to the east of 30.4° E. This high-velocity area lies below the aftershock cluster distributed to the east of 30.4° E. This high-velocity anomaly extends to the shallower depth of the southern branch (Iznik-Mekece fault) of NAFZ. The Anatolian earthquake sequence that had migrated westward for the past 60 yr did not propagate into this southern branch. This suggests the possibility that the Anatolian earthquake sequence progressed to the west exploiting an area that might break more easily.
Technology, Talent and Tolerance - The Geography of the Creative Class in Sweden

The report is a statistical analysis of how the creative class approach and specifically how technology, talent, tolerance and the creative class are linked to regional growth in Sweden. When examining the location of the creative class, technology, talent and tolerance, Uppsala, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo-Lund appear as the most competitive Swedish regions. By use of multivariate regression models, the relationships between people climate and the creative class, secondly between the creative class and business climate and, lastly, between business climate and regional growth are examined. Unfortunately, occupation data, and thus data on the creative class, is not available in Sweden further back than 2002. To compensate for that, educational data of talents are used as a proxy for the creative class. This method is acceptable because talents and creative class correlate with 0,935 in 2002. The results for the statistical analysis lead us to believe that over time the creative class has a positive impact on regional development, but that the business climate part of Florida’s theoretical model does not prove very important in a Swedish context. The most obvious explanation for this lack of statistical cohesion is very likely that the proxies used within this analysis are imprecise or far more complex than suggested by Florida. The paper concludes that the importance which Florida’s theoretical approach assigns to business climate might be exaggerated. The knowledge economy might be far less dependent on traditional business climate parameters. As competitiveness increasingly depends on a labour force as carriers of knowledge, business climate might have lost its importance in contemporary regional development. Further, based on the statistical models, it is stated that the 3T model which argues that growth is an outcome of co-presence of technology, talent and tolerance does not reflect the case in Sweden. Rather growth is linked to tolerance and talent. Thus in Sweden, the three T’s are narrowed down to two – based on the variables used in this analysis. (Less)
Velocity Model Determination for Accurate Location of Mining- induced Seismic Events

Summary Detennining thè location of mining-induced seismic events is strongly dependent on having an acctirate velocity model. However, such a model is seldom available. This paper describes thè determination of a velocity model for seismic event location, using thè seismic events themselves as sources whose location is to be determined along witli tlie parameters of tlie velocity model (a simultaneous inversion of event locations and velocity struchire). Seismic monitoring of a mine in Colorado is used as an example, witli an array of geophones mstalled both on thè surface and in tuidergrotuid roadways. Velocity models of increasing complexity are considered, starting with a homogeneous velocity, movmg to a (slightly dipping) layered-earth model, and eventually hicludmg static time sliifts to accotuit for tlie effects of a weathered, near-surface, low- velocity layer on arrivai times at geophones motuited on tlie surface. This series of increasingly complex models obviously shows increasingly better fits to thè data, but also shows more plausible event locations, and with more realistic elevatimi spans. Examination of spadai patterns hi tlie residuals indicates tliat tliere are likely mining- induced changes in velocity tliat are not accotuited for hi tlie model.
Sterols and linear alkylbenzenes in marine sediments from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands

Selected sterols (coprostanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol), stanone (5ßcoprostanone) and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were measured in the surface sediments near Ferraz station sewage outfalls, in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. during the summer of 1997/98 using GC-FID and GC-MS. Total sterol concentrations varied between 0.21 and 10.4 μg g−1 dry sediment. Cholesterol was the major sterol at all sites, except at the sewage outfall, where coprostanol predominated. The concentration of coprostanol varied between 0.03 and 6.14 μg g−1 dry sediment, but the majority of the samples contained levels below 0.13 μg g−1 dry sediment. The parameters coprostanol+epicoprostanol in total sterols, coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratio versus % of cholesterol in total sterols and versus 5ß-coprostanone concentration were used to identify the sewage impacted locations in the study area. Only sites extending to 50m from the sewage outfall exhibited a sterol signal indicating sewage input. Total LABs varied from <0.60 to 11.8 ng.g−1 dry sediment with the maximum level at the sewage outfall. Faeces from different species of seals all contained large amounts of cholesterol and some 5ßcoprostanone. Relatively low levels of coprostanol and high levels of cholesterol observed in distant sites could be attributed to natural sources such as marine mammals.
Io's equatorial spots: Morphology of neutral UV emissions

The first observations of Io with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) showed that the brightest ultraviolet emissions come from localized regions near Io's equator, designated “equatorial spots. ” This paper presents a detailed study of the location, shape, and brightness of the equatorial spots in near-monochromatic images obtained using STIS in the first-order long-slit spectroscopy mode. This study provides evidence that the equatorial emissions are linked to the interaction between the Jovian magnetosphere and Io's atmosphere. The morphology of the equatorial spots reported here provides additional information on the nature of this complex electrodynamic interaction. We find the following principal results: the locations of the equatorial spots are correlated with the Jovian magnetic field orientation at Io, but with a relation that is not 1:1; the equatorial spots are centered 10°–30° longitude downstream from Io's sub-Jovian longitude; the brightness of the emissions in this data set is correlated with Io's distance from the plasma torus centrifugal equator; and the anti-Jovian equatorial spots are ∼20% brighter than the sub-Jovian equatorial spots.
Determinants of Competitive Negotiation Style in Agribusiness Trade of High Value Food Crop Products in Tanzania: Evidence from Middlemen in Arusha, Tanzania

This paper explored the role of competitive negotiation style in agribusiness food value addition in Tanzania with insights from Arusha, Tanzania. Cross sectional survey of 280 middlemen were involved in the commodity’s value chain in Arusha main markets. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine main factors contributing to competitive negotiation style but also on their disaggregated effect on agribusiness trade performance. The results showed that competitive negotiation style through self view point, self gain, self win and self outcome had a negative effect on agribusiness performance. In this study it was found that competitive negotiation style had negative significant impact on agribusiness trade performance. The model had high concern for self and low concern for others. The low concern for others had been founded to add negative performance and made it to be the highest negative impacted model. In this notion once one side of the negotiating part found to have less considered by other part the negotiation process tends to be hard with negative performance. It was concluded that competitive negotiation style was not effective model on high value crops but it can be done in a non-competing way (competing-un-competing). Competitive negotiation style can further be reflected on diplomatic arena as non-productive way of conflict and disputes management, in leadership and interpersonal relationship.