Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulated Internal Storage Buildup, Release, and Runoff from Greenland Ice Sheet at Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland

Abstract This study focused on simulated glacier surface conditions (simulated Surface Melt and liquid Precipitation available for supra-, en-, sub-, and proglacial flow processes [after vertical percolation and potential storage within the snowpack] [henceforth SMP]), internal water storage and release, and runoff from the Kangerlussuaq drainage area of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), West Greenland, for the period 2006/2007 to 2007/2008. GrIS winter accumulation and summer ablation processes, including SMP, was simulated on both daily and hourly time steps. Using hourly meteorological driving data produced more realistic meteorological conditions instead of daily-averaged data, in relation to snow and melt threshold surface processes, and produced 9–17% higher annual cumulative SMP. The difference between simulated SMP and observed catchment runoff showed a decreasing lag time through the summer, and a drainage system storage buildup through approximately June and early July of up to 0.29 × 109 m3, and a storage release through approximately late July and August of up to 0.25 × 109 m3. The simulated total Kangerlussuaq SMP for 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, indicated a reduction of 30%. This reduction in SMP occurred simultaneously with the reduction in the overall pattern of satellite-derived GrIS surface melt from 2007 to 2008.
Does IT Impact Firm Innovativeness: An Empirical Examination of Complementary and Direct Effects

In this study we investigate the relationship between IT investment and firm innovation outcome. We theorize about the relationships between IT and the innovation processes and identify complementary and direct effects of IT on firm innovation outcomes. We test our theory using data compiled from secondary sources. Using Negative Binomial regression models we find that the interaction between IT investment and R&D expenditure significantly impacts firm innovation measured using patent counts and that IT investments do not have a direct effect on innovation outcomes. We interpret and discuss our results in the paper.
Managing Volunteer Activity in Free Software Projects

During the last few years, thousands of volunteers have created a large body of free software. Even though this accomplishment shows that the free software development model works, there are some drawbacks associated with this model. Due to the volunteer nature of most free software projects, it is impossible to fully rely on participants. Volunteers may become busy and neglect their duties. This may lead to a steady decrease of quality as work is not being carried out. The problem of inactive volunteers is intensified by the fact that most free software projects are distributed, which makes it hard to quickly identify volunteers who neglect their duties. This paper shows Debian's approach to inactive volunteers. Insights presented here can be applied to other free software projects in order to implement effective quality assurance strategies.
Hydraulic habitat composition and diversity in rural and urban stream reaches of the North Carolina Piedmont (USA)

The differences between urban and rural streams regarding hydrological process, channel morphodynamics and ecosystem functioning have been highlighted by a number of studies in recent decades. The need to understand lotic ecosystem functioning in these environments at scales relevant to individual organisms has led to research focusing on hydraulic composition and structure over small areas of channel bed. In this study we map and analyze the hydraulic biotope composition of two urban and two rural stream reaches in the North Carolina (USA) Piedmont to determine if urban flow regimes and attendant channel modification processes might translate into important differences in hydraulic environment, and if so, what those differences are. Hydraulic biotope assemblages were found to vary only moderately in diversity per unit stream length between sites, but were distinctly different in composition. One important control on the differences between rural and urban streams was found to be the localized incision of urban channels into bedrock and saprolite. Resistant rock outcrop in the beds of urban streams creates rapid and riffle biotopes and long stretches of upstream pool habitat by impoundment. Urban reaches were found to be more homogeneous than rural reaches in hydraulic composition and were dominated by pools. Rural reaches, characterized by copious sandy alluvium in the bed, were dominated by runs or glides. Quantitative differentiation of biotopes based on four hydraulic indices generally yields coherent associations, although these may vary in content. Comparisons between hydraulic and biotic diversities suggest relationships favoring biotic functional group aggregation over species richness‐based indices of diversity. Because the majority of published hydraulic diversity analyses are based on coarse‐bed streams, further study of hydraulic diversity in streams with finer substrate is likely to be beneficial. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster Synchronization for Coupled Linear Systems with Nonidentical Dynamics

For coupled systems with nonidentical dynamics, the cluster synchronization problem requires that states of systems characterized by the same parameters synchronize together. This problem is of both theoretical and applicative importance and is more complicated than clustering for homogeneous systems. This paper considers generic linear dynamical systems whose system parameters are distinct in different clusters. To handle the system heterogeneity, we design for each agent a dynamic control law which utilizes intermediate control variables. Both leaderless and leader-based coupling strategies are investigated. Building on the proposed control models, this paper derives algebraic necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee cluster synchronization. However, these conditions intricately relate the parameters of the interaction graph with the agents' system parameters. This paper further shows that these algebraic conditions are satisfied if the interaction graph topology admits a directed spanning tree for each cluster and the coupling strength among agents of the same cluster is sufficiently large. Results presented in this paper include those coming from several existing studies for homogeneous systems as special cases.
Airborne measurements of aqueous and gaseous hydrogen peroxide during spring and summer in Ontario, Canada

Measurements of H 2 O 2 , both in the gas phase and in cloudwater samples, were made over central Ontario during the summer 1988 and spring 1990 intensive measuring periods of the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study from a Twin Otter aircraft. Cloudwater concentrations range from less than 1.5 μM to greater than 100 μM; corresponding gaseous concentrations range from less than 0.1 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) to approximately 2.5 ppbv. Gas phase H 2 O 2 data are corrected for instrument response and the interphase partitioning of H 2 O 2 is examined. Ratios of the measured to predicted partitioning based on Henry's law equilibrium range from approximately 0.2 to 1. When the data correction is applied, most samples do not differ from equilibrium by more than 20%. Lower ratios are associated with samples from supercooled clouds or samples taken when interstitial SO 2 is high. The measured aqueous fraction for the supercooled samples is approximately 20% of that expected by Henry's law equilibrium. The ratios are independent of liquid water content but show some dependence on pH
SE(3)-equivariant Graph Neural Networks for Learning Glassy Liquids Representations

Within the glassy liquids community, the use of Machine Learning (ML) to model particles’ static structure in order to predict their future dynamics is currently a hot topic. The actual state of the art consists in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) [BKGB + 20] which, beside having a great expressive power, are heavy models with numerous parameters and lack interpretability. Inspired by recent advances [TSK + 18], we build a GNN that learns a robust representation of the glass’ static structure by constraining it to preserve the roto-translation (SE(3)) equivariance. We show that this constraint not only signiﬁcantly improves the predictive power but also allows to reduce the number of parameters while improving the interpretability. Furthermore, we relate our learned equivariant features to well-known invariant expert features, which are easily expressible with a single layer of our network.
Paleosalinity and δ18O: A critical assessment

In paleoceanography, a traditional application of oxygen isotope ratios in fossil carbonate from deep-sea cores concerns the reconstruction of paleotemperatures. Recently, isotopic data have been increasingly employed in the reconstruction of paleosalinities as well. This application involves a number of basic assumptions, a critical review of which is presented here. As the calculation of paleosalinity from δ18O residuals assumes constant and linear surface water salinity (S): δ18O relationships, we investigate this basic assumption for areas with important and variable freshwater budget and/or sea-ice influences. We show that it is particularly unwarranted to assume such temporally invariant linearity in temperate and subpolar seas because of the effects of freezing and melting. More critically, we argue that the determinant of many regions' S:δ18O is advection, not the local water balance, so that the basic δ18O of seawater in many regions of the world ocean would likely have changed in a manner somewhat different from that expected from the ice volume record. Although the differences may not be significant for the gross reconstruction of such features as past sea level, we believe they do potentially bias paleosalinity reconstructions, mostly toward high salinities. To fully exploit the potential of oxygen isotope records as quantitative paleosalinity indicators, both the spatial and temporal variabilities need to be constrained. Hence we recommend that (1) for any time slice of specific interest to paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological studies, a coupled ocean-atmosphere-isotope model, or at least an ocean-isotope model driven by a paleoclimate-isotope model, should be used to define the distribution of the base, mixing end-member, δ18O of sea water; (2) much further regional-scale research is needed on flux rates and isotopic compositions of the various terms in the freshwater budget, as well as on the variability in the various advective terms. The latter variability may be assessed from reconstructions of past seaice distributions and of volume fluxes/isotopic compositions of outflow from marginal seas and through sea straits/passages.
Bounded Model Checking of Software Using Interval Methods via Contractors

Bounded model checking (BMC) is a vital technique to find property violations in programs. BMC can quickly find an execution path starting from an initial state to the bad state that refutes a given property. However, BMC techniques struggle to falsify programs that contain loops. BMC needs to unfold the program loops up to the bound k, which sometimes leads to a considerable state-space to be explored. Here, we develop an innovative software verification approach that exploits interval methods via contractors to prune the state-space exploration of programs that contain loops. In particular, this is the first work that exploits interval methods via contractors to analyze the loop variables search-space and identify where the property is guaranteed to hold and prune the domain where it holds. Experimental results show a performance boost in terms of space and time as contractors removed 99% of the search-space in some examples and made them substantially faster to verify with BMC.
Modeling of Urban Flooding in Bangkok

The three different urban flooding models were applied in Sukhumvit urbanized area in Bangkok. The first model can exchange the surcharged water and surface storage by using virtual reservoir applied with the pipe network model. The second model is the two layers model which is the combination of pipe network and street net work model. The last model is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) linked with pipe network model. The result of simulation of all models compared with the flood field data showed that the last model provided the best computed result. To examine the extension of application of model A and B capability, it was found that the first model was still can be applied for the light rainfall case. The two-layered model can be applied for the moderate rain and suitable for real time control due to its reasonable performance time.
Unified Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Cellular Systems with Channel-Aware Schedulers

Spectral efficiency is a key characteristic of cellular communications systems, as it quantifies how well the scarce spectrum resource is utilized. It is influenced by the scheduling algorithm as well as the signal and interference statistics, which, in turn, depend on the propagation characteristics. In this paper we derive analytical expressions for the short-term and long-term channel-averaged spectral efficiencies of the round robin, greedy Max-SINR, and proportional fair schedulers, which are popular and cover a wide range of system performance and fairness trade-offs. A unified spectral efficiency analysis is developed to highlight the differences among these schedulers. The analysis is different from previous work in the literature in the following aspects: (i) it does not assume the co-channel interferers to be identically distributed, as is typical in realistic cellular layouts, (ii) it avoids the loose spectral efficiency bounds used in the literature, which only considered the worst case and best case locations of identical co-channel interferers, (iii) it explicitly includes the effect of multi-tier interferers in the cellular layout and uses a more accurate model for handling the total co-channel interference, and (iv) it captures the impact of using small modulation constellation sizes, which are typical of cellular standards. The analytical results are verified using extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
What Goes beyond Multi-modal Fusion in One-stage Referring Expression Comprehension: An Empirical Study

—Most of the existing work in one-stage referring expression comprehension (REC) mainly focuses on multi-modal fusion and reasoning, while the inﬂuence of other factors in this task lacks in-depth exploration. To ﬁll this gap, we conduct an empirical study in this paper. Concretely, we ﬁrst build a very simple REC network called SimREC, and ablate 42 candidate designs/settings, which covers the entire process of one-stage REC from network design to model training. Afterwards, we conduct over 100 experimental trials on three benchmark datasets of REC. The extensive experimental results not only show the key factors that affect REC performance in addition to multi-modal fusion, e.g., multi-scale features and data augmentation, but also yield some ﬁndings that run counter to conventional understanding. For example, as a vision and language (V&L) task, REC does is less impacted by language prior. In addition, with a proper combination of these ﬁndings, we can improve the performance of SimREC by a large margin, e.g., +27.12% on RefCOCO+, which outperforms all existing REC methods. But the most encouraging ﬁnding is that with much less training overhead and parameters, SimREC can still achieve better performance than a set of large-scale pre-trained models, e.g., UNITER and VILLA, portraying the special role of REC in existing V&L research 1 .
Near-Threshold RISC-V Core With DSP Extensions for Scalable IoT Endpoint Devices

Endpoint devices for Internet-of-Things not only need to work under extremely tight power envelope of a few milliwatts, but also need to be flexible in their computing capabilities, from a few kOPS to GOPS. Near-threshold (NT) operation can achieve higher energy efficiency, and the performance scalability can be gained through parallelism. In this paper, we describe the design of an open-source RISC-V processor core specifically designed for NT operation in tightly coupled multicore clusters. We introduce instruction extensions and microarchitectural optimizations to increase the computational density and to minimize the pressure toward the shared-memory hierarchy. For typical data-intensive sensor processing workloads, the proposed core is, on average, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.5\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> faster and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more energy efficient, thanks to a smart L0 buffer to reduce cache access contentions and support for compressed instructions. Single Instruction Multiple Data extensions, such as dot products, and a built-in L0 storage further reduce the shared-memory accesses by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> reducing contentions by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. With four NT-optimized cores, the cluster is operational from 0.6 to 1.2 V, achieving a peak efficiency of 67 MOPS/mW in a low-cost 65-nm bulk CMOS technology. In a low-power 28-nm FD-SOI process, a peak efficiency of 193 MOPS/mW (40 MHz and 1 mW) can be achieved.
A lacustrine shoreface succession in the Albert Formation, Moncton Basin, New Brunswick

Abstract The Albert Formation (Horton Group) of the Moncton Basin, New Brunswick, is host to the only onshore petroleum system in the Maritime Provinces from which oil and natural gas are commercially produced. Production from the McCully gas field is from tight reservoir sandstone in the upper part of the Albert Formation. An outcrop analogue is herein identified on the basis of a comparison of subsurface and surface gamma ray logs. The analogue is exposed in four roadcuts 15 km to the west of the field, between Sussex and Norton. The succession in the roadcuts is about 60 m thick and can be divided into three, roughly 20 m thick units: a lower interbedded grey mudstone and sandstone interval, a medial organic rich grey mudstone interval, and an upper interbedded grey sandstone and mudstone interval. The lower interval is interpreted as having been deposited in a lacustrine offshore transition and lower shoreface setting. The overlying medial interval is interpreted as offshore, with the upper interval assigned to a lacustrine shoreface and shoreline (with some fluvial, possibly deltaic influence). The lower and upper interbedded sandstone intervals are viewed as progradational sediment packages deposited during times of stable lake level whereas the intervening mudstone-dominated medial interval represents a period of renewed lake deepening. On a larger scale, the entire succession is considered part of the final progradation of an axial fluvio-deltaic system into the Albert lake.
Slow Recoveries: A Structural Interpretation

An analysis of the performance of GDP, employment and other labor market variables following the troughs in postwar U.S. business cycles points to much slower recoveries in the three most recent episodes, but does not reveal any significant change over time in the relation between GDP and employment. This leads us to characterize the last three episodes as slow recoveries, as opposed to jobless recoveries. We use the estimated New Keynesian model in Gali-Smets-Wouters (2011) to provide a structural interpretation for the slower recoveries since the early nineties.
An ethical review of information systems development - The Australian Computer Society's code of ethics and SSADM

The rapid advance of computer‐based technology has led to social policy vacuums. Most information systems development tools concentrate upon technical issues, and offer few if any guidelines that address the moral issues inherent in new application possibilities. It is argued that extension of such tools to include ethical and moral, human and environmental issues is possible. A good starting point is provided by mapping relevant clauses of professional codes of ethics upon each stage of the development methodology. We use as examples the Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics and the structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM).
Oxidized nitrogen and ozone production efficiencies in the springtime free troposphere over the Alps

The Free Tropospheric Experiment (FREETEX'98) was conducted at the Jungfraujoch Observatory in the Swiss Alps (3580 m above sea level) during the well-documented spring maximum in ozone. In spring the Jungfraujoch frequently lies in the free troposphere but can also be influenced by air from the planetary boundary layer. Measurements of NOx, NOy, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), HCHO, O3, CO, nonmethane hydrocarbons, peroxy radicals, j(O1D), j(NO2), and a variety of other tropospheric constituents crucial to ozone photochemical cycles were made over a 1-month period. Two independent measurements of NOx, NOy, and PAN showed good agreement. Average free tropospheric daytime NO levels were about 50 pptv, sufficient to sustain photochemical ozone formation. Although high mixing ratios were encountered, PAN decomposition did not contribute to NOx production during FREETEX'98. Ozone production efficiencies (EN) derived from observed ? O3/(NOz) ratios in free tropospheric air were 20-30 molecules of O3 produced per NOx molecule oxidized and agreed well with a photochemical model. A much lower ozone production efficiency of 4 was determined in a photochemically aged air mass arriving from southern Europe, in line with other measurements and calculations in regimes containing high levels of oxidized nitrogen. Model simulations indicated that by sequestering NOx and HO2, low-temperature formation of peroxynitric acid (PNA) decreased ozone production by 20% and instantaneous ozone production efficiencies by 40%, whereas PAN formation had little effect. The model reproduced well the observed sharp transformation from ozone production to ozone destruction (defined as ? O3/? (NOz) = 0) at 20-25 pptv NO. The observed and calculated strong dependence of EN on NOx concentration in the low-NOx regime highlights the difficulty in assigning a single O3 production efficiency value to remote regions, where most of the CO and CH4 in the atmosphere are oxidized.
Investigating the Existence of "Secret Language" in Language Models

In this paper, we study the problem of secret language in NLP, where current language models (LMs) seem to have a hidden vocabulary that allows them to interpret absurd inputs as meaningful concepts. We investigate two research questions: “Does the secret language phenomenon exist in different language models? ” and “Does secret language depend on specific context? ” To answer these questions, we introduce a novel method named SecretFind-ing , a gradient-based approach that can automatically discover secret languages in LMs. We conduct experiments on five representative models (Electra, ALBERT, Roberta, Distill-BERT, and CLIP) finetuned on four NLP benchmarks (SST-2, MRPC, SNLI, and SQuAD) and a language-grounding benchmark (MSCOCO). Our experimental results show that even when we replace the most important words with others that are semantically dissimilar to the original words in a sentence, LMs do not consider the new sentence semantically dissimilar to the original, as the output does not change with a high probability. This phenomenon holds true across the five models and five tasks and gives a positive answer to the first research question. As for the second research question, we find that the secret language discovered by SecretFinding is quite general and could even be transferred to other models in the black-box settings, such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT. Finally, we discuss the causes of secret language, how to eliminate it, potential connection to mem-orization, and ethical implications. Examples of secret language found by SecretFinding are available on HuggingFace.