Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy: Frontmatter

Preface Acknowledgements Units Part I. Fusion Power: 1. Fusion and world energy 2. The fusion reaction 3. Fusion power generation 4. Power balance in a fusion reactor 5. Design of a simple magnetic fusion reactor Part II. The Plasma Physics of Fusion Energy: 6. Overview of magnetic fusion 7. Definition of fusion plasma 8. Single particle motion in a plasma - guiding center theory 9. Single particle motion - Coulomb collisions 10. A self consistent two-fluid model 11. MHD - macroscopic equilibrium 12. MHD - macroscopic stability 13. Magnetic fusion concepts 14. Transport 15. Heating and current drive 16. The future of fusion research Appendix A. Analytical derivation of Appendix B. Radiation from an accelerating charge Appendix C. Derivation of Boozer coordinates Appendix D. Poynting's theorem Index.
Optimización del fraccionamiento del nitrógeno en el cultivo de papa en el Valle de Toluca

La forma mas conveniente de fraccionar el fertilizante nitrogenado varia de acuerdo al tipo de suelo, manejo del cultivo y a las condiciones climaticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la mejor forma de fraccionar el nitrogeno en el cultivo de papa en el Valle de Toluca, bajo condiciones de temporal. En 2006 se establecio un experimento en el que se probaron tres dosis de nitrogeno (100, 200 y 300 kg N ha-1) fraccionadas en 1, 2 y 4 partes que se aplicaron a la siembra, 18, 34 y 47 dias despues de la emergencia de las plantas (DDE). Ademas se incluyo un tratamiento sin nitrogeno. Durante el ciclo vegetativo del cultivo se hicieron cuatro determinaciones de la concentracion de nitrato en el extracto celular de los peciolos foliares (ECP) a los 25, 40, 54 y 68 DDE, para ello se uso un medidor CARDY. Los maximos rendimientos de 42.4 y 42.1 t ha-1 se obtuvieron con 200 kg N ha-1 cuando el nitrogeno se fracciono en una o dos partes respectivamente. La concentracion de nitrato en el ECP a los 25 DDE asociada con los maximos rendimientos fue de 1 818 y 1 812 mg L-1 de N-NO3 respectivamente. Los analisis de nitratos en el ECP indicaron que al fraccionar en cuatro partes el nitrogeno, se propiciaron deficiencias de este elemento durante las primeras etapas de desarrollo de las plantas que y las aplicaciones tardias ocasionaron alteraciones fisiologicas en detrimento de la produccion de tuberculos.
DESARROLLO DE FRUTO Y SEMILLA DE CINCO VARIEDADES DE TOMATE DE CÁSCARA EN SINALOA

El tomate de cáscara se explota en Sinaloa, México, desde hace 20 años y su importancia se incrementó en la última década. Existe muy poca información sistematizada del manejo y potencial productivo de diferentes variedades. Se estudió el desarrollo de fruto y semilla, y la calidad de esta, en cinco variedades (Querétaro, Rendidora, Mahone, Orizaba, Carriceño) sembradas en dos fechas (FS1: 6 de septiembre y FS2: 16 de octubre de 2008). Las variedades Querétaro y Mahone tuvieron en promedio un fruto más largo (37 y 34 cm), ancho (43 y 40 cm) y pesado (38 y 34 g) respectivamente, esto llevó a la variedad Querétaro un rendimiento de fruto (RendF) más alto (53 t ha-1). El mejor desarrollo de cultivo se observó en FS1, debido que en FS2 se presentó un fuerte ataque de cenicilla (Podosphaera xanhtii), obteniéndose un RendF 7.5 veces menor. La cinética de crecimiento del peso de fruto fue sigmoidal y mostró que el máximo se alcanzó a los 35 días después de la floración (DF) (38 g). Existieron diferencias en la cinética del crecimiento del peso de mil semillas entre ambas FS, mientras que en FS1 el crecimiento fue lineal, significa que el máximo no se alcanzó a 56 DF (último muestreo), en FS2 el crecimiento llegó a un máximo a los 42 DF (1.26 g). Igualmente la germinación y vigor de la semilla (primer conteo en la prueba de germinación) alcanzaron el máximo a los 56 DF (82% y 71%, respectivamente).
Bound for the Kinetic Energy of Fermions Which Proves the Stability of Matter

We first prove that Σ |e (V)|, the sum of the negative energies of a single particle in a potential V, is bounded above by (4/15 π )∫|V|5/2. This in turn, implies a lower bound for the kinetic energy of N fermions of the form 3/5 (3π/4)2/3 ∫ρ 5/3, where ρ (x) is the one-particle density. From this, using the no-binding theorem of Thomas-Fermi theory, we present a short proof of the stability of matter with a reasonable constant for the bound.
Lectures on Lie groups and Lie algebras

In this excellent introduction to the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, three of the leading figures in this area have written up their lectures from an LMS/SERC sponsored short course in 1993. Together these lectures provide an elementary account of the theory that is unsurpassed. In the first part Roger Carter concentrates on Lie algebras and root systems. In the second Graeme Segal discusses Lie groups. And in the final part, Ian Macdonald gives an introduction to special linear groups. Anybody requiring an introduction to the theory of Lie groups and their applications should look no further than this book.
Aceptabilidad de lechuga de hoja fresca troceada, tratada con ácido ascórbico mediante hidroenfriamiento

Se evaluo el efecto del acido ascorbico aplicado mediante dos metodos de hidroenfriamiento sobre la aceptabilidad general, sabor y apariencia de lechuga verde de hoja troceada, asi como la relacion entre el sabor y la apariencia de la lechuga de hoja procesada sobre la aceptabilidad general de este producto. La lechuga de hoja fue hidroenfriada con una solucion de acido ascorbico al 1% mediante inmersion y aspersion, o con agua por inmersion. Se uso como control a lechuga no hidroenfriada. Las soluciones para tratamientos fueron aplicadas a 5 oC por 2 min, y la lechuga fue luego empacada en bolsas de polietileno impermeables a la humedad, almacenada a 5 oC por 14 dias, y evaluada en los dias 1, 7 y 14 de almacenamiento. La aceptabilidad general de la lechuga de hoja procesada (troceada y empacada) estuvo altamente correlacionada con su sabor (R2= 0.85), pero no con su apariencia (R2= 0.39). Todos los tratamientos mantuvieron sus valores de aceptabilidad general y sabor durante el almacenamiento de 14 dias (p>0.05). Sin embargo, la lechuga hidroenfriada mediante aspersion con acido ascorbico y la no hidroenfriada (control) fueron los unicos tratamientos que mantuvieron su apariencia durante el estudio. Es requerida mas experimentacion con la aplicacion de acido ascorbico mediante hidroenfriamiento para garantizar su utilidad para la conservacion de la calidad sensorial de la lechuga de hoja procesada durante su almacenamiento.
A fast planar partition algorithm, II

Randomized, optimal algorithms to find a partition of the plane induced by a set of algebraic segments of a bounded degree, and a set of linear chains of a bounded degree, are given. This paper also provides a new technique for clipping, called virtual clipping , whose overhead per window W depends logarithmically on the number if intersections between the borders of W and the input segments. In contrast, the overhead of the conventional clipping technique depends linearly on this number of intersections. As an application of virtual clipping, a new simple and efficient algorithm for plannar point location is given.
Auditing and Debugging Deep Learning Models via Decision Boundaries: Individual-level and Group-level Analysis

Deep learning models have been criticized for their lack of easy interpretation, which undermines confidence in their use for important applications. Nevertheless, they are consistently utilized in many applications, consequential to humans' lives, mostly because of their better performance. Therefore, there is a great need for computational methods that can explain, audit, and debug such models. Here, we use flip points to accomplish these goals for deep learning models with continuous output scores (e.g., computed by softmax), used in social applications. A flip point is any point that lies on the boundary between two output classes: e.g. for a model with a binary yes/no output, a flip point is any input that generates equal scores for "yes" and "no". The flip point closest to a given input is of particular importance because it reveals the least changes in the input that would change a model's classification, and we show that it is the solution to a well-posed optimization problem. Flip points also enable us to systematically study the decision boundaries of a deep learning classifier. The resulting insight into the decision boundaries of a deep model can clearly explain the model's output on the individual-level, via an explanation report that is understandable by non-experts. We also develop a procedure to understand and audit model behavior towards groups of people. Flip points can also be used to alter the decision boundaries in order to improve undesirable behaviors. We demonstrate our methods by investigating several models trained on standard datasets used in social applications of machine learning. We also identify the features that are most responsible for particular classifications and misclassifications.
FFusionCGAN: An end-to-end fusion method for few-focus images using conditional GAN in cytopathological digital slides

Multi-focus image fusion technologies compress different focus depth images into an image in which most objects are in focus. However, although existing image fusion techniques, including traditional algorithms and deep learning-based algorithms, can generate high-quality fused images, they need multiple images with different focus depths in the same field of view. This criterion may not be met in some cases where time efficiency is required or the hardware is insufficient. The problem is especially prominent in large-size whole slide images. This paper focused on the multi-focus image fusion of cytopathological digital slide images, and proposed a novel method for generating fused images from single-focus or few-focus images based on conditional generative adversarial network (GAN). Through the adversarial learning of the generator and discriminator, the method is capable of generating fused images with clear textures and large depth of field. Combined with the characteristics of cytopathological images, this paper designs a new generator architecture combining U-Net and DenseBlock, which can effectively improve the network's receptive field and comprehensively encode image features. Meanwhile, this paper develops a semantic segmentation network that identifies the blurred regions in cytopathological images. By integrating the network into the generative model, the quality of the generated fused images is effectively improved. Our method can generate fused images from only single-focus or few-focus images, thereby avoiding the problem of collecting multiple images of different focus depths with increased time and hardware costs. Furthermore, our model is designed to learn the direct mapping of input source images to fused images without the need to manually design complex activity level measurements and fusion rules as in traditional methods.
Exploratory study of the coupled-channel scattering in finite volume and the Zc(3900) resonance

In this note we first introduce the theoretical formalism of the unitarization of the two-body scattering both in the infinite and finite volumes. Then we apply this formalism to the study of the $Z_c(3900)$ resonance in the $J/\psi\,\pi$ and $D\bar{D}^{*}$ coupled-channel scattering. The recent lattice finite-volume spectra are confronted with our predictions.
SAINT: Spatially Aware Interpolation NeTwork for Medical Slice Synthesis

Deep learning-based single image super-resolution (SISR) methods face various challenges when applied to 3D medical volumetric data (i.e., CT and MR images) due to the high memory cost and anisotropic resolution, which adversely affect their performance. Furthermore, mainstream SISR methods are designed to work over specific upsampling factors, which makes them ineffective in clinical practice. In this paper, we introduce a Spatially Aware Interpolation NeTwork (SAINT) for medical slice synthesis to alleviate the memory constraint that volumetric data poses. Compared to other super-resolution methods, SAINT utilizes voxel spacing information to provide desirable levels of details, and allows for the upsampling factor to be determined on the fly. Our evaluations based on 853 CT scans from four datasets that contain liver, colon, hepatic vessels, and kidneys show that SAINT consistently outperforms other SISR methods in terms of medical slice synthesis quality, while using only a single model to deal with different upsampling factors
Astrophysical Constraints on Strong Modified Gravity

We offer a discussion on the strong field regime predictions of two families of theories that deviate from General Relativity in different aspects: $f(R)$-gravity and Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity (STVG). We discuss astrophysical effects in models based upon both matter and vacuum solutions of such theories. In particular, we analize neutron star structure and the constraints on the parameters of the theories introduced by the latest observations. We also review black hole solutions and several astrophysical consequences of them, including accretion disks and jets. Finally, we report on the implications of the detection of various gravitational wave events for these theories.
Efficacy of Contained Tissue Extraction for Minimizing Tissue Dissemination During Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Myomectomy [66]

INTRODUCTION: Tissue dissemination during uncontained laparoscopic electromechanical morcellation has raised safety concerns. This study sought to assess whether contained tissue extraction using electromechanical morcellators entirely within a bag is a safe, practical technique for preventing tissue spillage. METHODS: Patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic hysterectomy or myomectomy at four hospitals were included. After surgical dissection, specimens to be extracted were placed into a containment bag with blue dye. The bag was insufflated intracorporeally, and electromechanical morcellation and extraction of tissue was performed. The containment system's integrity was evaluated visually for leakage of dye or tears in the bag. RESULTS: A total of 76 participants were included in the analysis (42 hysterectomy, 34 myomectomy). The average age was 43.16 years (±8.53), with an average body mass index (calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m)]2) of 26.47 (±5.93). Thirty-three patients had a history of abdominal surgery. All cases employed a laparoscopic or robotic multiport technique. Morcellation took an average time of 30.2 minutes (±22.4). In one case, there was a tear before morcellation but no bag tears occurred during morcellation process. Spillage of dye or tissue was noted in seven cases, although containment bags were intact in each of these instances. There was one intraoperative complication with an estimated blood loss of 3600 mL and conversion to open radical hysterectomy. The median estimated blood loss was 50 mL (range 0–3600). The most common pathology finding was benign leiomyomas. CONCLUSION: Contained tissue extraction using electromechanical morcellation and intracorporeally insufflated bags may provide a safe alternative to uncontained morcellation by decreasing the spread of tissue in the peritoneal cavity while allowing for the traditional benefits of laparoscopy.
On the mixing length eddies and logarithmic mean velocity profile in wall turbulence

Since the introduction of the logarithmic law of the wall more than 80 years ago, the equation for the mean velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers has been widely applied to model near-surface processes and parameterize surface drag. Yet the hypothetical turbulent eddies proposed in the original logarithmic law derivation and mixing length theory of Prandtl have never been conclusively linked to physical features in the flow. Here, we present evidence that suggests these eddies correspond to regions of coherent streamwise momentum known as uniform momentum zones (UMZs). The arrangement of UMZs results in a step-like shape for the instantaneous velocity profile, and the smooth mean profile results from the average UMZ properties, which are shown to scale with the friction velocity and wall-normal distance in the logarithmic region. These findings are confirmed across a wide range of Reynolds number and surface roughness conditions from the laboratory scale to the atmospheric surface layer.
Gamma-ray bursts: A brief survey of the diversity

Abstract The separation of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) into short/hard and long/soft subclasses, respectively, is well supported both theoretically and observationally. The long ones are coupled to supernovae type Ib/Ic - the short ones are connected to the merging of two neutron stars, where one or even both neutron stars can be substituted by black holes. These short GRBs - as merging binaries - can also serve as the sources of gravitation waves, and are observable as the recently detected macronovae. Since 1998 there are several statistical studies suggesting the existence of more than two subgroups. There can be a subgroup having an intermediate durations; there can be a subgroup with ultra-long durations; the long/soft subgroup itself can be divided into two subclasses with respect to the luminosity of GRBs. The authors with other collaborators provided several statistical studies in this topic. This field of the GRB-diversity is briefly surveyed in this contribution.
A Simple Unified Spectroscopic Indicator of Stellar Luminosity: The Extended Flux-weighted Gravity–Luminosity Relationship

We show that for a wide range of stellar masses, from 0.3 to 20 M⊙, and for evolutionary phases from the main sequence to the beginning of the red giant stage, the stellar flux-weighted gravity, gF ≡ g/ , is tightly correlated with absolute bolometric magnitude . Such a correlation is predicted by stellar evolution theory. We confirm this relation observationally, using a sample of 445 stars with precise stellar parameters. It holds over 17 stellar magnitudes from = 9.0 to −8.0 mag with a scatter of 0.17 mag above = −3.0 and 0.29 mag below this value. We then test the relation with 2.2 million stars with 6.5 mag ≥ ≥ 0.5 mag, where “mass-produced” but robust , and from LAMOST DR5 and Gaia DR2 are available. We find that the same relation holds with a scatter of ∼0.2 mag for single stars offering a simple spectroscopic distance estimate good to ∼10%.
Robust Self-Supervised Learning of Deterministic Errors in Single-Plane (Monoplanar) and Dual-Plane (Biplanar) X-Ray Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopic imaging that captures X-ray images at video framerates is advantageous for guiding catheter insertions by vascular surgeons and interventional radiologists. Visualizing the dynamical movements non-invasively allows complex surgical procedures to be performed with less trauma to the patient. To improve surgical precision, endovascular procedures can benefit from more accurate fluoroscopy data via calibration. This paper presents a robust self-calibration algorithm suitable for single-plane and dual-plane fluoroscopy. A three-dimensional (3D) target field was imaged by the fluoroscope in a strong geometric network configuration. The unknown 3D positions of targets and the fluoroscope pose were estimated simultaneously by maximizing the likelihood of the Student-t probability distribution function. A smoothed k-nearest-neighbour (kNN) regression is then used to model the deterministic component of the image reprojection error of the robust bundle adjustment. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation step and the kNN regression step are then repeated iteratively until convergence. Four different error modeling schemes were compared while varying the quantity of training images. It was found that using a smoothed kNN regression can automatically model the systematic errors in fluoroscopy with similar accuracy as a human expert using a small training dataset. When all training images were used, the 3D mapping error was reduced from 0.61—0.83 mm to 0.04 mm post-calibration (94.2—95.7% improvement), and the 2D reprojection error was reduced from 1.17—1.31 to 0.20—0.21 pixels (83.2—83.8% improvement). When using biplanar fluoroscopy, the 3D measurement accuracy of the system improved from 0.60 mm to 0.32 mm (47.2% improvement).
The Schur functor of universal enveloping pre-Lie algebra

Motivated by the classification problem of left invariant locally flat affine structures on Lie groups, Segal proved in 1994 a version of the Poincare--Birkhoff--Witt for universal enveloping pre-Lie algebras of Lie algebras; these algebras were studied in more detail by Bolgar in 1996. Recent work of the first author and Tamaroff implies that a stronger version of such theorem holds, meaning that the PBW isomorphisms have a strong functoriality property. By contrast with the classical PBW theorem, neither of the abovementioned results leads to a description of the Schur functor one has to use to compute the underlying space of the universal enveloping algebra. In this paper, we compute the corresponding Schur functor in terms of combinatorics of rooted trees.
Dirac fermions and possible weak antilocalization in LaCuSb2

Layered heavy-metal square-lattice compounds have recently emerged as potential Dirac fermion materials due to bonding within those sublattices. We report quantum transport and spectroscopic data on the layered Sb square-lattice material LaCuSb2. Linearly dispersing band crossings, necessary to generate Dirac fermions, are experimentally observed in the electronic band structure observed using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, along with a quasi-two-dimensional Fermi surface. Weak antilocalization that arises from two-dimensional transport is observed in the magnetoresistance, as well as regions of linear dependence, both of which are indicative of topologically nontrivial effects. Measurements of the Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations show low effective mass electrons on the order of 0.065me, further confirming the presence of Dirac fermions in this material.Layered heavy-metal square-lattice compounds have recently emerged as potential Dirac fermion materials due to bonding within those sublattices. We report quantum transport and spectroscopic data on the layered Sb square-lattice material LaCuSb2. Linearly dispersing band crossings, necessary to generate Dirac fermions, are experimentally observed in the electronic band structure observed using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, along with a quasi-two-dimensional Fermi surface. Weak antilocalization that arises from two-dimensional transport is observed in the magnetoresistance, as well as regions of linear dependence, both of which are indicative of topologically nontrivial effects. Measurements of the Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations show low effective mass electrons on the order of 0.065me, further confirming the presence of Dirac fermions in this material.