Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crown Rust Resistance Loci on Linkage Groups 4 and 13 in Cultivated Oat

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata, is the major fungal disease of oat. Resistance to crown rust is usually, but not always, controlled by single dominant genes in hexaploid oat (Avena spp.). Hexaploid oat lines A. byzantina cv. Kanota and A. sativa cv. Ogle were found to differ in their responses to the two crown rust isolates, PC54 and PC59. Seventy recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between these two lines were examined. Analysis of rust infection type data indicates that resistance to both of these isolates is due to multiple loci, with major effects exerted by two loci located on linkage groups 4 and 13 of the molecular map developed from this cross. Additionally, resistance to the two isolates could not be separated unequivocally and so resistance to both isolates is apparently influenced by each of the two loci identified. These results corroborate the growing evidence that the two homoeologous groups containing linkage groups 4 and 13 contain many disease resistance genes.
Endemic Birds of the Seychelles

1. The populations of the endemic avifauna of Seychelles have declined in numbers, some very seriously, during the last hundred years. Only those in danger of extinction are discussed here. 2. The magpie robin population is reduced to a score of birds; the population will soon be extinct unless drastic action is taken. 3. The population of the paradise flycatcher is reduced to about 30 birds; conservation must take the form of propaganda, especially since the population is in danger of being reduced still further by the economic development of La Digue.
Transport Studies Using Perturbative Experiments

By inducing a small electron temperature perturbation in a plasma in steady state one can in principle determine the conductive and convective components of the electron heat flux, and the associated thermal diffusivity and convection velocity. The same can be done for other plasma parameters, like density or ion temperature. Experiments show that the response of the temperature in most cases is determined by diffusion. It is in principle possible to determine elements of the matrix of transport coefficients. Interestingly, off-diagonal elements in the transport matrix appear to be important. In this paper experimental techniques, analysis techniques, basic formulas etc. are briefly reviewed. Experimental results are summarized. The fundamental question whether the fluxes are linear functions of the gradients or not is discussed. When inducing edge perturbations, often plasma responses are observed which cannot be explained by a local transport model. These so-called ‘non-local’ phenomena have drawn strong attention in the last couple of years, and we will review this class of experiments as well.
Effect of Ethanol Administration Together with High- or Low-Protein Diet on Lipid Composition of Intestinal Microvillus Membrane in Rats

Ethanol feeding daily for 40 days to rats enhanced cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids (PL), and glycolipids contents of intestinal brush borders. The observed increase in membrane PL was reflected in phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Feeding of an 8% protein (low protein; LP) diet to rats reduced the cholesterol content but augmented PL, triglyceride, and cerebroside contents of brush borders compared with the control values. Membranes from ethanol-fed, malnourished animals revealed a decrease in membrane PL and triglyceride contents compared with those values for LP-fed rats. Feeding of a 30% protein (high protein; HP) diet to rats significantly increased various lipid fractions (cholesterol, PL, cerebrosides, and gangliosides) of intestinal microvillus membrane (MVM) compared with those of the controls. Ethanol administration together with the HP diet reduced membrane cholesterol, PL, triglycerides and glycolipids contents compared with those values for HP-fed animals. Thus, the feeding of a HP diet prevented the lipid accumulation in the rat intestine induced by chronic ethanol feeding. These results suggest that lipid composition of intestinal MVM is modified by ethanol and dietary protein regimens. The sensitivity of MVM lipid composition to ethanol is influenced by the dietary protein content of the animals.
Winter soil frost conditions in boreal forests control growing season soil CO2 concentration and its atmospheric exchange

The impact of changes in winter soil frost regime on soil CO2 concentration and its atmospheric exchange in a boreal Norway spruce forest was investigated using a field‐scale soil frost manipulation experiment. The experiment comprised three treatments: deep soil frost, shallow soil frost and control plots (n= 3). Winter soil temperatures and soil frost distribution were significantly altered by the different treatments. The average soil CO2 concentrations during the growing season were significantly lower in plots with deep soil frost than in plots with shallow soil frost. The average CO2 soil–atmosphere exchange rate exhibited the same pattern, and differences in soil respiration rates among the treatments were statistically significant. Both the variation in soil CO2 concentration and the CO2 soil–atmosphere exchange rate could statistically be explained by the differences in the maximum soil frost depth during the previous winter. A response model for growing season soil respiration rates suggests that every 1 cm change in winter soil frost depth will change the emission rates by ca. 0.01 g CO2 m−2 day−1, corresponding to 0.2–0.5% of the estimated net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggests that the soil frost regime has a significant influence on the C balance of the system, because interannual variations in soil frost up to 60 cm have been recorded at the site. We conclude that winter climate conditions can be important in controlling C balances in northern terrestrial ecosystems, and also that indirect effects of the winter season must be taken into account, because these can affect the prevailing conditions during the growing season.
Patterns of plant beta‐diversity along elevational and latitudinal gradients in mountain forests of China

Biodiversity patterns and their underlying mechanisms have long been focal topics of study for ecologists and biogeographers. However, compared with spatial variation in species richness (a- and g-diversity), b-diversity, or the dissimilarity of species composition between two or more sites has until recently received limited attention. In this study, we explored the large-scale patterns of altitudinal turnover (b-diversity) of plants in montane forests of China, based on systematic inventories of 1153 plots from 46 mountains distributed over ~ 30 degrees of latitude (21.9–51.7°N) and ~ 4100 m of altitude (160–4250 m). The b-diversity of trees and shrubs declined significantly with increasing latitude. Along the altitudinal gradient, b-diversity of both trees and shrubs showed non-significant trends in most mountains. Differences in climate explained ~ 30.0% of the variation in tree b-diversity (27.7, 36.5, and 26.2% for the Jaccard’s, bj, Sorenson’s, bs, and Simpson’s dissimilarity, bsim, respectively), with mean annual temperature being most important, and  10.0% of that in shrub b-diversity (10.0, 8.2, and 7.0% for bj, bs, and bsim, respectively), with annual actual evapotranspiration and annual precipitation as the main predictors. However, climatic controls of b-diversity varied dramatically in different biogeograpical regions. The b-diversity of trees exhibited stronger, whereas that of shrubs showed weaker, climatic patterns in temperate and arid than subtropical regions. These results suggest that mechanisms causing patterns of b-diversity may differ between latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, and among biogeographical regions; as a result, caution should be exercised in drawing close parallels between patterns and causes of b-diversity along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients and among regions.
The effect of a destination branding strategy for rural tourism on the perceived value of the conservation of the indigenous resources of the rural tourism destination: the case of Spain

The identification of mechanisms that encourage the tourism sector to contribute to sustainable conservation is of great interest. The present work proposes the use of destination branding based on contribution to the conservation of the indigenous resources of the rural tourist destination, and studies the effect this has on perceived value for the tourist visiting the destination. A scale of destination brand identity is validated, along with a scale for destination brand positioning and another for perceived value, as viewed by the tourist, of contribution to sustainable conservation. The perceived value scale offers an overall perspective which includes: functional-affective factors; benefits–sacrifices; the pre-visit stage; and the stay in the rural tourism location. These findings make a new contribution to both literature and to the professional sector.
Death of root-nodule bacteria on drying

A study has been made of the survival of Rhizobium trifolii, suspended in simple media and applied to glass beads and seeds of subterranean clover, and held in atmospheres of controlled relative humidity (R.H.) within the range 0–100%, at 26° and at atmospheric pressure. Under drying conditions, two distinct phases could be recognized: a period of approximately 24 hr in which the main loss of water occurred and in which there was rapid death, and a storage period in which the death rate was reduced. Cells of Rh. trifolii lost viability rapidly when suspended in glass-distilled water and spread on glass beads, under both drying (0 and 20% R.H.) and non-drying (100% R.H.) conditions. Suspension in 9% maltose, though without effect on rate of water loss, reduced the death rate considerably during drying and storage at low R.H. , and permitted multiplication at 100% R.H. As a protectant during drying and storage, maltose was markedly superior to yeast extract, sorbitol, and five other sugars, including its s-isomer, cellobiose. These materials were, however, superior to water alone, in contrast to sodium chloride and Ringer's solution (equiosmolar with maltose), which gave no protection. Low maltose concentrations (0.9 and 3.6%) were inferior to higher concentrations (9, 18, and 27%). Seeds of subterranean clover and a seed extract tested on beads increased the early death rate. This acceleration of death was not affected by maltose and was most marked at 100% R.H. and during the first few hours of drying (0% R.H.), when water was still abundant. Gum arabic gave some protection against this toxic action, as well as being slightly more protective than maltose on glass beads. The death rate during drying of cells in water appeared to be inversely related to the concentration of inoculum. Maltose removed any such dependence on inoculum size. Under conditions where survival during storage was measurable (maltose and glass beads), 60% R.H. was inferior to 0 and 20%.
Defying interpretation: Dwelling on and delving into metonymy

To defy interpretation, delay sense-making and accommodate a process view, I propose metonymy as an alternative/complement to metaphor in organization studies. By way of three examples I attempt to show how the unpacking of metonymies, i.e. metonymic reading, can delay metaphorical interpretation to allow for the inclusion of alternative views of concrete experience. Thus, although metonymy ultimately yields to metaphor, it seems worthwhile to dwell on and delve into.
Infection of resistant and susceptible cultivars of wheat by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.

Conidial germination, appressorial formation. penetration of epidermal walls, formation of intracellular vesicles and growth of intracellular hyphae in epidermal cells occurred within 12 h of inoculation. Hyphae then grew slowly between mesophyll cells for the next 12 h. Some papillae formed beneath appressoria and most infected epidermal cells retained stain by 24 h after inoculation, indicating major changes in cellular physiology. Slight differences between cultivars in some of these events were not related to resistance. On the second day. intercellular hyphae emerged more extensively from the infection sites into the mesophyll of the susceptible cultivar Banks, and formed significantly larger mycelia than in the resistant cultivar BH1146 by 3-5 days from inoculation. Rapid intercellular growth then continued in the susceptible cultivar but not in the resistant cultivar. Necrotic lesions expanded faster in the susceptible cultivar from day 3. By day 10. most lesions in this cultivar were large and light brown with a conspicuous chlorotic margin but those in the resistant cultivar were small and dark brown with inconspicuous chlorosis.
Some characteristics of narwhal, Monodon monoceros, diving behaviour in Baffin Bay

Dive data were collected from nine narwhals, Monodon monoceros, instrumented with satellite-linked dive recorders in northwest Greenland in August–September 1993 and 1994. Data were collected for periods ranging from a few weeks to 9 months. The narwhals made daily dives to depths of more than 500 m and frequently dived to 1000 m or more. However, most of the time spent below the surface was in the water column at depths of between 8 and 52 m. For two males that were tracked from September through November the maximum dive depth increased steadily through time. There were no consistent differences in the duration of dives or the number of dives to depths > 8 m during four 6-h periods that were monitored. There were significant differences in dive rates (number of dives per hour) between the large males, the small male, and the females. More than half of the dives lasted less than 5 min and few lasted more than 20 min. These relatively short dive times suggest that narwhals do not exceed their aerobic dive.
Amorphous alumina in the extended atmosphere of alpha Orionis

In this paper we study the extended atmosphere of the late-type supergiant alpha Orionis. Infrared spectroscopy of red supergiants reveals strong molecular bands, some of which do not originate in the photosphere but in a cooler layer of molecular material above it. Lately, these layers have been spatially resolved by near and mid-IR interferometry. In this paper, we try to reconcile the IR interferometric and ISO-SWS spectroscopic results on alpha Orionis with a thorough modelling of the photosphere, molecular layer(s) and dust shell. From the ISO and near-IR interferometric observations, we find that alpha Orionis has only a very low density water layer close above the photosphere. However, mid-IR interferometric observations and a narrow-slit N-band spectrum suggest much larger extra-photospheric opacity close to the photosphere at those wavelengths, even when taking into account the detached dust shell. We argue that this cannot be due to the water layer, and that another source of mid-IR opacity must be present. We show that this opacity source is probably neither molecular nor chromospheric. Rather, we present amorphous alumina (Al2O3) as the best candidate and discuss this hypothesis in the framework of dust-condensation scenarios.
Population Control in Arctic Ground Squirrels

Unlike most tundra rodents, the arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus, maintains a relatively constant population. The squirrels exist in two types of groupings: (1) breeding colonies, which cannot expand because their members are territorial, the females reacting to the availability of burrow sites (an environmental constant), and (2) refugee populations, which cannot expand because they cannot breed and, living in habitat only periodically suitable for squirrels, are killed off twice each year. The breeding populations have two distinct types of territories: breeding territories from May to August and prehibernation territories from August to November. During each episode, surplus animals are driven from the colonies and enter the refugee populations, where they are subjected to heavy predation by foxes and bears. See full-text article at JSTOR
Comparative demography of a laboratory and a wild strain of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis

Host‐specific development and survival rates were measured and population parameters computed for both a wild and a laboratory strain of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in Hawaii. Gross fecundities of the wild and laboratory strains were 241 and 1551 eggs per female, respectively. Egg to eclosion developmental rates were 27 days for the wild strain and 24 days for the laboratory strain. The preovipositional period of the wild strain was 19 days compared to 9 days in the laboratory strain.
Interspecific hybridization between Brassica carinata and Brassica rapa

The crossability between Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n=34) and Brassica rapa (AA, 2n=20), and the cytomorphology of their F1 hybrids were studied. Hybrids between these two species were only obtained when B. carinata was used as the female parent. The hybrid plants exhibited intermediate leaf and flower morphology, and were found to be free from white rust and Alternaria blight diseases. One of the four F1 plants was completely male sterile, while the remaining plants had 4.8, 8.6, and 10.9% stainable pollen, respectively. No seed was produced on hybrid plants under self pollination or in backcrosses; but seed was obtained from open pollination. The occurrence of the maximum of 11 bivalents as well as up to 44.8%) of cells with multivalent associations in the form of trivalents (0-2) and a quadrivalent (0-1) in the trigenomic triploid hybrid (ABC, 2n = 27) revealed intergenomic homoeology among the A, B and C genomes. Meiotic analysis of F1 hybrids indicated that traits of economic importance, such as disease resistance, could be transferred from B. carinata to B. rapa through interspecific crosses.
Benzotriazole is antiestrogenic in vitro but not in vivo

Benzotriazole (BT) is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids but also used in dishwasher detergents. It is highly persistent in the environment; therefore, BT is frequently found in runoff emanating from large airports as well as in the surrounding groundwater. In addition, BT has recently been found to be ubiquitous in Swiss wastewater treatment plant effluents and their receiving waters; however, very little chronic toxicity data is available on which to base a sound ecological risk assessment of this chemical. In vitro assays conducted using a recombinant yeast (anti‐) estrogen assay indicated that BT possessed clear antiestrogenic properties. This chemical was approximately 100‐fold less potent than Tamoxifen, which was used as a positive control. A subsequent in vivo study, however, involving analysis of vitellogenin induction and somatic indices in adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to BT at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L for two weeks showed no evidence of antiestrogenic activity by this compound. The possibility exists that higher concentrations of BT may yet induce the type of activity observed in vitro, although the concentrations used here already far exceed those reported in surface‐water samples. Furthermore, adverse effects may be observed in fish or other organisms exposed to BT for a longer period than employed here, although such studies are costly and unlikely to be included in standard risk assessment procedures. A rigorous investigation of the chronic toxicity of BT is imperative.
Hyperglycaemia but not hyperinsulinaemia prevents the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) stimulated by fat ingestion

The effect of insulin and glucose on fat-induced gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) (GLP-1 (7-36 amide)) was studied in five healthy subjects during continuous glucose infusion (Protocol 1) and during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic blood glucose clamp (Protocol 2). In Protocol 1, 50 g fat was orally ingested and glucose was infused at a rate of 0.7 g/kg/h for 2 h continuously from the time of fat ingestion. Either glucose infusion alone or fat ingestion alone was carried out in the same subjects as the control. The release of GIP and GLP-1 (7-36 amide) was suppressed in the hyperglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic state. In protocol 2, 50 g of fat was ingested and insulin was infused at a rate of 0.1 U/kg/h with an artificial pancreas system to obtain the normoglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic state. The Release of GIP was significantly suppressed in the normoglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic state as well as in the hyperglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic state. However, the release of GLP-.
How does flowering magnitude affect seed survival in Shorea pilosa (Dipterocarpaceae) at the predispersal stage in Malaysia

General flowering (GF), a supra-annual, irregular fluctuation in flowering and seeding at the community level, is a phenomenon unique to the tropical rainforests of South-East Asia. To test the animal pollination and predator satiation hypotheses, which are the main hypotheses that attempt to explain the ultimate cause of GF, we conducted a bagging experiment after the flowering of Shorea pilosa (Dipterocarpaceae). Seed survival at the predispersal stage was divided into two stages (1-30 days and > 30 days after flowering) and we compared the results between treatments and between GF and non-GF periods using a survival analysis. Survival during the GF period at both stages was significantly higher than during non-GF periods, suggesting that both hypotheses were supported and that synchronous flowering with GF benefits the reproductive success of S. pilosa.
Effects of salinity on standard metabolic rate and critical oxygen tension in the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

The extensively farmed giant freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, can survive salinities up to 26 g L−1, but the commercially important grow-out occurs exclusively in freshwater areas. Recent studies suggest the shrimp equally capable of growing in brackish as fresh water and a better understanding of how this species responds to changing salinity could significantly impact freshwater prawn farming in deltas and coastal areas. Here, the effect of salinity (0 and 15 g L−1) on standard metabolic rate (SMR) and critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) was measured in adult M. rosenbergii using intermittent closed respirometry. SMR was 79.8 ± 3.1 and 72.7 ± 2.9 μmol kg−1 min−1 in fresh and brackish water, respectively, with no significant difference between the two salinities (P = 0.122). During hypoxia M. rosenbergii maintained oxygen uptake down to a Pcrit of 26.3 ± 1.4 mmHg in fresh and 27.2 ± 2.0 mmHg in brackish water (P = 0.682), showing that salinity had no overall effect on oxygen conductance in the animals. These findings are in agreement with recent growth studies and provide further evidence that grow-out phase could be accomplished in brackish water areas. Thus, the predicted intrusions of brackish water in tropical deltas as a consequence of future global warming may not impact this important production.