Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an event-related fMRI study.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a safe, noninvasive method for studying task-related cortical neuronal activity. Because the cerebral cortex is strongly implicated in the control of human swallowing, we sought to identify its functional neuroanatomy using fMRI. In 10 healthy volunteers, a swallow event-related paradigm was performed by injecting 5 ml water bolus into the oral cavity every 30 s. Whole brain functional magnetic susceptibility[Formula: see text]-weighted spiral imaging data were simultaneously acquired over 600 s on a 1.5-T magnetic resonance scanner, utilizing the blood oxygenation level-dependent technique, and correlation maps were generated using both >99% percentile rank and spatial extent thresholding. We observed areas of increased signal change consistently in caudal sensorimotor cortex, anterior insula, premotor cortex, frontal operculum, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, anterolateral and posterior parietal cortex, and precuneus and superiomedial temporal cortex. Less consistent activations were also seen in posterior cingulate cortex and putamen and caudate nuclei. Activations were bilateral, but almost every region, particularly the premotor, insular, and frontal opercular cortices, displayed lateralization to one or the other hemisphere. Swallow-related cortical activity is multidimensional, recruiting brain areas implicated in processing motor, sensory, and attention/affective aspects of the task.
Characteristics of gaseous pollutants at Gucheng, a rural site southwest of Beijing

[1] During the Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006, ambient O3, NOx, SO2, and CO are observed for the first time at Gucheng site southwest of Beijing. This paper characterizes these pollutants, analyzes their sources, and studies their pollution levels. From July 2006 to September 2007 the average concentrations of NOx, CO, SO2, O3, and Ox(= O3 + NO2) are 29.0 ± 19.4 ppb, 1.52 ± 0.73 ppm, 17.1 ± 12.8 ppb, 28.5 ± 13.8 ppb, and 47.1 ± 8.5 ppb, respectively. The levels of these gases varied greatly from season to season, with the levels of NOx, CO, and SO2 being higher and the level of O3 being lower in winter and the levels of NOx, CO, and SO2 being lower and the level of O3 being higher in summer. Levels of O3 and SO2 often exceed Grades I or II of the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards. According to estimation of source contributions, biomass burning seems to be one of the major sources for the air pollutants, particularly CO and NOx. The ground measurements of NO2 and O3 at Gucheng correlate well with the satellite measurements of tropospheric columns NO2 and O3, respectively, which suggests that the site has good regional representativeness. Therefore the site is well situated for monitoring regional background concentrations of air pollutants in the North China Plain and an ideal upwind site for studying air quality in Beijing. In August, over 80% of trajectories of more polluted air masses moved northward from Gucheng and passed over Beijing.
Fuel age, weather and burn probability in Portugal

The relative influence of the factors acting on burn probability, namely fuel and weather, is not well understood, especially in Europe. We use a digital fire atlas (1975–2008) and apply survival analysis to individual fires (1998–2008) to describe how burn probability changes with fuel age in Portugal. The typical fire return interval and median fire-free interval vary regionally from 23 to 52 and 18 to 47 years. Increase of the hazard of burning with time is generally near-linear, denoting moderate fuel-age dependency, as in some other shrub-dominated Mediterranean environments. Analysis of complete fire intervals resulted in shorter fire return interval and higher fuel-age dependency of burn probability than findings that included censored observations. Increasingly severe weather conditions either expressed through fire size or by extreme fire danger concurrently decreased fuel-age dependency and selected older fuels. The results are discussed from the viewpoints of fire suppression and fuel treatments.
Hemispheric comparison of cirrus cloud evolution using in situ measurements in HIAPER Pole‐to‐Pole Observations

Cirrus clouds' radiative forcing is highly sensitive to their microphysical properties and evolution. However, there are very limited data sets with both microscale resolution and global coverage to provide a hemispheric comparison of cirrus cloud microphysical properties and their evolution. Here we use in situ aircraft observations on the ~200 m scale from 87°N to 67°S over North America and the central Pacific Ocean to analyze the hemispheric differences in the evolution of cirrus clouds' horizontal segments—ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs) and ice crystal regions (ICRs). In contrast to previous in situ observations, we show that the clear‐sky ice supersaturation frequency, resulting microphysical parameters (ice crystal size and concentration), and relative timescale of the life cycle of ISSRs and ICRs are similar between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. More studies on hemispheric ice nuclei distributions and dynamical conditions are needed to help explain these observations.
Banco de semillas de un bosque quemado de Nothofagus pumilio: efecto de la aplicación de compost de biosólidos

Seed bank of a burned Nothofagus pumilio forest: effect of biosolids compost application: Post fire Nothofagus pumilio forests of NW Patagonia are characterized by a low regeneration. The restoration of native vegetation mainly depends on the type and history of disturbance, the size and composition of the seed bank, the sprouting capacity of species and the environmental conditions, which allow species expression. Management practices aiming to recover soil organic matter concentration may increase nutrient availability, water storage capacity, size and composition of seed banks and seedling survival. Therefore, they might be an important tool to be used in the recovery of these ecosystems. The objective of this work was to study the seed bank in different microsites of a burned Nothofagus pumilio forest and the effect of biosolids compost application on its size and composition. The valuation of compost is mainly Recibido: 1 de junio de 2005; Fin de arbitraje: 13 de marzo de 2006; Revision recibida: 4 de abril de 2006; Segunda revision recibida: 1 de junio de 2006; Aceptado: 10 de junio de 2006 Grupo de Ecologia Forestal EEA INTA Bariloche, Argentina. Casilla de Correo 277. svarela@bariloche.inta. gov.ar referred to its capacity to improve the quality and quantity of soil organic matter (amendment value) and nutrient content (fertilizer value) of degraded soils. The study was carried out in a forest that burned in 1996, located at Challhuaco valley in the Reserve of Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. This valley represents a typical transitional zone between forest and ecotone and it is characterized by a high impact of human activities. Sampling was performed in two seasons (end of winter and start of summer 2002) at three microsites (litter and soils with and without litter accumulation). The seedling emergence technique was used to determine the size and composition of seed banks. Exotic and herbaceous species with a transient seed bank strategy prevailed. This strategy increased the susceptibility to adverse climatic conditions and did not contribute to system stability. Litter constituted an important reservoir of the persistent seed bank but did not promote high species diversity. Biosolids compost application added viable seeds, favored seedling abundance (end of winter) and enhanced species richness (end of winter and start of summer), mainly due to exotic species. It had different effect on several species and produced low benefit in native vegetation recovery. Apparently, the seed bank strategy did not constitute an effective tool in vegetation recovery. These results confirm the need to apply restoration strategies that promote the re-vegetation in burned N. pumilio forests. [
Development of pan coefficients for estimating evapotranspiration from riparian woody vegetation

The long‐term ‘Millennium Drought’ has put significant pressure on water resources across Australia. In southeastern Australia and in particular the Murray‐Darling Basin, removal of exotic, high‐water‐use Salix trees may provide a means to return water to the environment. This paper describes a simple model to estimate evapotranspiration of two introduced Salix species under non‐water‐limited conditions across seven biogeoclimatic zones in Australia. In this study, Salix evapotranspiration was calculated using the Penman–Monteith model. Field measurements of leaf area index and stomatal conductance for Salix babylonica and Salix fragilis were used to parameterize the models. Each model was validated using extensive field estimates of evapotranspiration from a semi‐arid (S. babylonica, r2 = 0.88) and cool temperate (S. fragilis, r2 = 0.99) region. Modelled mean annual evapotranspiration showed strong agreement with field measurements, being within 32 and 2 mm year−1 for S. babylonica and S. fragilis, respectively. Monthly pan coefficients (the ratio of mean evapotranspiration to mean pan evaporation) were developed from 30 years of meteorological data, for 30 key reference sites across Australia for both species using the validated Penman–Monteith models. Open‐water evaporation was estimated from field measurements and was used to develop a simple linear regression model for open‐water evaporation across the 30 reference sites. Differences between modelled evapotranspiration and open‐water evaporation at each site provide an indication of the amount of water that might be returned to the environment from removal of in‐stream Salix species. The monthly pan coefficient method reported has application across riparian environments worldwide where measured evapotranspiration is available for model validation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of multimodel ensemble predictions for seasonal climate anomalies

[1] In this paper the potential advantages and relative performances of different techniques for constructing multimodel ensemble seasonal predictions are examined. Two commonly used methods of constructing multimodel ensemble predictions are analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the schemes themselves. In the first technique--simple multimodel ensemble (SME) predictions-equal weights are assigned to the ensemble mean predictions of each of the atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM). In the second approach-optimal multimodel ensemble (OME) predictions the weights are obtained using a multiple linear regression. A theoretical analysis of these techniques is complemented by the analyses based on seasonal climate simulations for 45 January-February-March seasons over the 1950-1994 period. A comparison of seasonal simulation skill scores between SME and OME indicates that for the bias corrected data, i.e., when the seasonal anomalies of each of the AGCMs are computed with respect to its own mean state, the performance of seasonal predictions based on the simpler SME approach is comparable to that of the more complex OME approach. A major reason for this result is that the data record of historical predictions may not be long enough for a stable estimate of weights at individual geographical locations to be obtained. This problem can be reduced by extending the multiple linear regression approach to include the spatial domain. However, even with this algorithm change, the performance of OME in seasonal predictions does not improve over that using the SME approach. Results, therefore, indicate that the use of more sophisticated techniques for constructing multimodel ensembles may not be any more advantageous than the use of simpler approaches. Results also show that on average the skill scores for the predictions based on multimodel ensemble prediction techniques are only marginally better than those of the best AGCM. However, an advantage of multimodel ensemble prediction techniques may be that they retain the best performance of each AGCM on a regional basis in the merged forecasts.
Supra-subduction zone ophiolites: The search for modern analogues

The development of ideas on modern analogues for ophiolite complexes can be divided into three parts. In the first (1963 to 1972), ophiolites were mainly viewed as on-land analogues of the crust and upper mantle formed at mid-ocean ridges. The second (from 1972 to 1984) is a period of paradigm shift to the view that the majority of ophiolites forms above subduction zones, and can be grouped as the class known as supra-subduction zone ophiolites. The third (from 1984 onward) is a period that has led to a much better understanding of what these supra-subduction zone settings represent. The realization that many ophiolites were linked to subduction resulted from a combination of advances in geochemical discrimination methods, exploration through dredging and drilling of arc-basin systems of the Western Pacific and South Atlantic, and further field studies in ophiolite terranes. The transition in ideas from a mid-ocean ridge to a subduction origin was prolonged and much-debated, primarily because many of the best-developed ophiolites had the geochemical characteristics of subduction environments, yet none of the geological characteristics (arc volcanics and overlying volcanogenic sediments) thought to characterize those environments. This in turn led to a need for a non-generic term, supra-subduction zone, to describe this ophiolite type. Since the supra-subduction zone concept became established, precise analogues continued to be debated. Subduction initiation and ridge-trench intersections are probably the most important settings, with back-arc rifting and spreading and oblique subduction also significant.
Climate change adaptation in practice: people's responses to tidal flooding in Semarang, Indonesia

In many places in the world the effects of common floods are increased by climate change. In the area around the Indonesian city of Semarang, the number and effects of tidal flooding are becoming more and more severe. We found that the inhabitants used different strategies against the impact of flooding. In both the existing and the predicted flood prone areas, most people appear not to intend to leave the area, even when the floods become everyday routine. People are connected to their dwellings in a way that abandoning is not a realistic scenario. This study provides relevant information about the way people in the affected areas perceive flood risks and adaptation opportunities. Governmental policy‐makers and urban planners could base their strategies and actions on this information.
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE Evidence-Based Interventional Pain Medicine according to Clinical Diagnoses 26. Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis

Martine Puylaert, MD, FIPP*; Leonardo Kapural, MD, PhD, FIPP; Jan Van Zundert, MD, PhD, FIPP*; Dirk Peek, MD; Arno Lataster, MSc; Nagy Mekhail, MD, PhD, FIPP**; Maarten van Kleef, MD, PhD, FIPP; Yolande C. A. Keulemans, MD, PhD *Department of Anesthesiology and Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A. ; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St. Jans Gasthuis, Weert; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; **Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. ; Department of Gastro-Enterology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Further Information of the Associated Li Deposits in the No.6 Coal Seam at Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, Northern China

Total 138 coal samples and 14 parting samples were taken from the No. 6 Seam of the Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia. These samples were analysed by optical microscopy, sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope in conjunction with an energy–dispersive X–ray spectrometer (SEM–EDX) analysis. The results indicate that the Li contents have reached the industrial grade of the coal associated Li deposit, and the total Li reserves have reached 2406600 tons, that is, 5157000 tons Li2O in the No. 6 seam in the Jungar Coalfield. The sequential chemical extraction procedure results suggest that the Li concentration is mainly related to inorganic matter. The minerals in the coals consist of kaolinite, boehmite, chlorite–group mineral, quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite and amorphous clay material. Some Li could be absorbed by clay minerals in the Li–bearing coal seam. The chlorite phase could be most likely the host for a part of Li. The Yinshan Oldland should be the most possible source of Li of the coal.
Deflation versus maintained inflation of gastric band in pregnancy: a national cohort study Short Title: Gastric band management in pregnancy Authors: Amanda Jefferys BMBS. Subspecialist Trainee in Reproductive Medicine, Dept. of Women’s Health, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, 

Amanda Jefferys BMBS. Subspecialist Trainee in Reproductive Medicine, Dept. of Women’s Health, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK Erik Lenguerrand PhD. Medical Statistician, The University of Bristol, Learning and Resource Centre, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK Katie Cornthwaite MBBS. Academic Clinical Fellow in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dept. of Women’s Health, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
Estrogen receptor- (cid:1) and - (cid:2) are expressed throughout postnatal development in the rat and rabbit growth plate

Estrogen regulates skeletal growth and promotes epiphyseal fusion. To explore the mechanisms underlying these e ﬀ ects we investigated the expression of estrogen receptor- (cid:1) (ER (cid:1) ) and - (cid:2) (ER (cid:2) ) in rat and rabbit growth plates during postnatal development, using immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity for ER (cid:1) and ER (cid:2) was observed in resting zone and proliferative zone chondrocytes at all ages studied for both rat (7, 14, 28 and 70 days of age) and rabbit (1, 7, 28 and 120 days of age). In the rat distal humerus and the rabbit proximal tibia, expression of both receptors in the hypertrophic zone was minimal at early ages, increasing only at the last time point prior to epiphyseal fusion. Expression was rarely seen in the hypertrophic zone of the rat proximal tibia, a growth plate that does not fuse until late in life. Therefore, we conclude that ER (cid:1) and ER (cid:2) are both expressed in the mammalian growth plate. The temporal and anatomical pattern suggests that ER expression in the hypertrophic zone in particular may play a role in epiphyseal fusion.
Forest recreation use patterns user behaviour and recreational value in Malaysia.

The study is concerned with an examination of outdoor recreation at three forest recreation areas situated within and at the periphery of a large and major population region in Peninsular Malaysia. It was undertaken primarily to investigate the features that describe the use of these areas and to estimate the use-demand and quantification of consumers' surplus. Initially, a brief description of forest recreation in Peninsular Malaysia is presented. This is followed by a review of techniques for estimating consumers' surplus, after which it was concluded that an application of the travel cost method was appropriate for this study. An on-site questionnaire survey was used to gather a reasonable amount of user information. The questionnaire surveys carried out were found to be valuable; the information gathered facilitated the description and analysis of the areas' consumption, travel and use patterns and the behaviour of the users. Thus the surveys also provided information which was appropriate for the application of the travel cost technique. Subsequently, a detailed description of user behaviour is presented. Difficulties of the travel cost approach, were identified and addressed through the use of appropriate sample and extra-sample data. Particular attention was paid to the problems of multi-purpose trips, travel time bias and the influence of alternative sites on participation. Problems with functional forms and the weighting of points for the trip demand model were also given considerable attention. It is believed that the model selected in this study is an improvement on previously known models. The resulting estimates of consumers' surplus for the three areas are reasonably acceptable and conform to a priori expectations. Finally, the main conclusions of the thesis are highlighted and some aspects that have a bearing on planning and management issues are discussed along with brief recommendations for further and future research efforts.
Relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation indices to analyze and monitor Mediterranean ecosystems

The analysis of LAI is of great importance to evaluate the structural characteristics of a plant community. Vegetation types remote sensed analysis is a useful tool for the investigation of structural and functional characteristics of ecosystems. The integration of data acquired at these two different spatial scales contributes to the management of the land use and in particular of protected areas for the conservation of biodiversity. Field measuraments (LAI) and remote sensed data (Landsat 5 TM) were performed in the Circeo National Park and in the Presidential Estate of Castelporziano (located along the coast of Lazio, Italy, and characterised by Mediterranean climate). In this study the relationships between LAI and vegetation indices (NDVI, PVI, SAVI, GVI) were analysed; the NDVI showed the best correlation with the LAI. Using NDVT/LAI low power we estimated the LAI for the entire study areas on a multitemporal basis and plotted different LAI maps. The results obtained permitted to define a useful approach to analyse the canopy conditions of Mediterranean ecosystems on a multitemporal scale and also to highlight the effects of biotic and abiotic causes on vegetative growth as phytophagous attac and climatic stress due to local annual variability and to potential climatic change.