Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the performance of ChatGPT in writing autopsy clinicopathological correlations

ChatGPT is a chatbot launched by OpenAI in November 2022 that has generated excitement due to its utility in several technical fields including medicine. The application has gained media attention due to concerns of academic plagiarism, including its use by students for writing projects. In scientific writing, a preprint in bioarxiv reports human reviewers failing to identify a portion of ChatGPT generated abstracts. Several articles published in early 2023 list ChatGPT as a coauthor, generating debate. In medicine, Gilson et al found ChatGPT crossed the 60% threshold for the NBME Free Step-1 dataset. Patel and Lam wrote a commentary examining the value of ChatGPT in writing discharge summaries. A literature review in PubMed yielded articles further examining the utility of ChatGPT in scientific writing, however none looking at its use in pathology report writing was found. To examine this, we investigated the capabilities of ChatGPT in writing autopsy clinicopathologic reports. The February 13 version of ChatGPT was used to generate autopsy clinicopathologic correlations using prompts with the same patient demographic, same medical history of hypertension and coronary disease, and varying autopsy findings. These findings include cardiac infarct, saddle emboli, basilar artery thrombus, liver cyst, and leukoplakia. A prompt with no significant autopsy findings was also included. The prompts note a lack of imaging, labs, and toxicology. The generated responses were examined and compared. ChatGPT generated multi-sentence responses incorporating patient information, history, and major autopsy findings per prompt, ranging in length from 8 to 14 sentences. Each output varied in style, with some responses including sections for gross and microscopic findings, while others only consisting of clinicopathologic correlation. Each response was generated between 42 seconds to 1 minute. The application generated plausible correlations between the medical histories and autopsy findings. ChatGPT correlated the findings to the patient’s supplied history in prompts with a cardiovascular autopsy finding. For the liver cyst, ChatGPT linked cyst formation to portal hypertension. For leukoplakia, ChatGPT suggested the presence of an upper GI cancer with cardiovascular history also likely contributing to death. For the prompt without significant findings, ChatGPT noted that the autopsy was inconclusive. ChatGPT debuted with an increasing amount of media attention due to its capability of producing natural language responses and surprising knowledge within multiple technical fields. ChatGPT is currently being used in academic writing at multiple levels within multiple fields. In medicine, ChatGPT has done well in multiple USMLE question banks. This study found that ChatGPT generated coherent clinicopathologic correlations commensurate to the amount of information supplied in the initial prompt. While useful as an initial framework, human review is still necessary to refine the response to make a more coherent report and to review made-up findings and dubious correlations.
Analysis of Geely's Acquisition of Volvo

Cross-border M&A is one of the ways for enterprises to enhance their international competitiveness as soon as possible. Enterprises may gain technology and other excellent resources through cross-border M&A. In 2008, the financial crisis triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States caused the consumer market to shrink, and a large number of car companies suffered serious losses and faced a huge risk of bankruptcy, so some well-run companies acquired those companies that were on the verge of bankruptcy. This study examines Geely's acquisition of Volvo during the financial crisis and analyzes the impact of the acquisition. According to the analysis, this acquisition has enabled Geely to obtain many advanced technologies and patents, increase market share, and show a growth trend in revenue. However, the large amount of debt in the acquisition process also makes Geely face huge financial risks in the later stage, as well as problems such as corporate culture integration, and overall, this acquisition provides a good foundation for Geely's subsequent development. These results demonstrate the unique features of Geely's acquisition of Volvo under the financial crisis, summarize the impact of the later period, and make recommendations for Chinese enterprises to carry out cross-border mergers and acquisitions.
Multi-Class Wound Classification via High and Low-Frequency Guidance Network

Wound image classification is a crucial preprocessing step to many intelligent medical systems, e.g., online diagnosis and smart medical. Recently, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been widely applied to the classification of wound images and obtained promising performance to some extent. Unfortunately, it is still challenging to classify multiple wound types due to the complexity and variety of wound images. Existing CNNs usually extract high- and low-frequency features at the same convolutional layer, which inevitably causes information loss and further affects the accuracy of classification. To this end, we propose a novel High and Low-frequency Guidance Network (HLG-Net) for multi-class wound classification. To be specific, HLG-Net contains two branches: High-Frequency Network (HF-Net) and Low-Frequency Network (LF-Net). We employ pre-trained models ResNet and Res2Net as the feature backbone of the HF-Net, which makes the network capture the high-frequency details and texture information of wound images. To extract much low-frequency information, we utilize a Multi-Stream Dilation Convolution Residual Block (MSDCRB) as the backbone of the LF-Net. Moreover, a fusion module is proposed to fully explore informative features at the end of these two separate feature extraction branches, and obtain the final classification result. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HLG-Net can achieve maximum accuracy of 98.00%, 92.11%, and 82.61% in two-class, three-class, and four-class wound image classifications, respectively, which outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods.
TRANSIENT MAGMATIC CONVECTION PROLONGED BY SOLIDIFICATION

Magma chambers cool from all sides, with expected vigorous convection. Strong changes in viscosity with crystallization, however, lock up within an inwardly propagating crust a great deal of buoyancy otherwise available to drive convection. With sufficiently small degrees of superheat, the Rayleigh number (Re) is small and convection is transient and never becomes fully developed. In order to understand this transient stage of convection, we have performed some fluid dynamic experintents on the solidification of a paraffin layer. Except in the growing crust and its thin forward boundary layer, the interior remains isothermal and the temperature decreases uniformly until it is locked at the convective liquidus. The crystals are fine and hair-like dendrites and no major differentiation of the fluid composition is observed. The time-scale of the convective stage is predictable and is very short relative to the time of complete solidification. We also report measurements over time of crust thickness, convective velocity, and heat transfer. When the interior temperature reaches the convective liquidus, convection wanes, although the calculated Re, based on an arbitr_ary small temperature contrast of 0.2oC, is still large (-107). A small (+0.2oC) uncertainty in AT (i.e., 0<_.AT<0.2oC) produces a large uncertainty in Ra (i.e., 0<Ra<107). This uncertainty in Nature may preclude an accurate determination of Ra in a magma chamber residing at a temperature very close to the convective liquidus. htroduction In 1905 L. V. Pirsson described in some detail how crystallization-induced convection at the margins of a magma chamber could greatly facilitate crystal settling, fractionation, and differentiation. Ordinarily slowly settling crystals could be swiftly carried downward by descending convective currents to be deposited as the current approaches and spreads across the chamber floor. Later, F. F. Grout (1918) again clearly enunciated the process with the additional concept of a strongly variable magmatic viscosity due to large changes in crystallinity at the margins. This form of convection and crystal transfer has many times since been invoked to explain magmatic differentiation (e.g., Wager and Deer, 1939; Brandeis and Jaupart, 1986; Marsh, 1989). These considerations and results often suggest that most any body of basaltic magma will reveal the effects of this process through a systematic variation in composition downward through a sheetlike body. The overall process involving actual crystallization and convection in aqueous solutions has been experimentally modelled by Kerr et el. (1989). They observe strong differentiation and suggest that this might explain the large compositional change observed in sills such as the Palisades sill (Shirley, 1987). However, there are also numerous thick sills and lava flows that show no or very little effect of internal differentiation (e.g., Stott
The Effect of Sildenafil on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Mice

This study was done to find the potential renal protective effects of sildenafil and its underlying mechanisms in mice with adenine-induced CKD. For the experiment, 40 male mice were split into four groups. The control group (A) received the same food without medication until the research ends, while the other three collections (B, C, and D) were given adenine (0.25% w/w in feed daily for 8 weeks), groups (C and D) were given sildenafil (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg) respectively orally every day for 30 days, and then blood samples were taken to assess the function of the kidneys (Urea, total protein, and creatinine), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in addition to kidney histopathology, as well as body and kidney weight. Administration of adenine caused weight loss, increased TAC, SOD, and CAT, and increased plasma concentrations of urea, total protein, and creatinine. Damage-related renal histopathological indicators (fibrosis and inflammation) were considerably elevated by adenine. Most of the aforementioned metrics improved with sildenafil, indicating that it might be utilized as an adjuvant treatment for CKD in people through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
Inflammation and Immunity Gene Expression Patterns and Machine Learning Approaches in Association with Response to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors-Based Treatments in Clear-Cell Renal Carcinoma

Simple Summary Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of renal cancer. Currently, treatment of metastatic ccRCC (mccRCC) is challenging despite the use of modern immunotherapy options. In order for the patient to receive the most effective treatment among the available pharmaceutical agents, there is a constant need for biomarkers that can predict therapeutic efficacy. The present study investigates changes in the mRNA expression of genes related to inflammation and immunity in patient blood. By using machine learning approaches, several changes in mRNA expression levels were observed in patients who had clinical benefit from the treatment compared to patients with progressive disease. Collectively, our results show that gene expression can be used to classify these samples with high accuracy and specificity. Abstract Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal cancer. Despite the rapid evolution of targeted therapies, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition (ICI) as well as combination therapies, the cure of metastatic ccRCC (mccRCC) is infrequent, while the optimal use of the various novel agents has not been fully clarified. With the different treatment options, there is an essential need to identify biomarkers to predict therapeutic efficacy and thus optimize therapeutic approaches. This study seeks to explore the diversity in mRNA expression profiles of inflammation and immunity-related circulating genes for the development of biomarkers that could predict the effectiveness of immunotherapy-based treatments using ICIs for individuals with mccRCC. Gene mRNA expression was tested by the RT2 profiler PCR Array on a human cancer inflammation and immunity crosstalk kit and analyzed for differential gene expression along with a machine learning approach for sample classification. A number of mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in mccRCC with a clinical benefit from treatment compared to those who progressed. Our results indicate that gene expression can classify these samples with high accuracy and specificity.
Reproductive Performance of Piptanthus nepalensis along an Elevation Gradient in Central Nepal

Assessing altitudinal variation in the reproductive outputs of a plant species provides important insights into the reproductive adaptation of plants towards stressful environmental conditions. However, such studies are yet meager, particularly with reference to Nepalese plants. In this study, we assessed the variation in the reproductive performance of Piptanthus nepalensis along the elevation gradient in central Nepal. We considered ovule production, seed production per fruit, seed set proportion, ovule/seed abortion proportion, and individual seed mass as the various proxies of reproductive performance of P. nepalensis and estimated those traits at six sites from 3225 m to 3610 m asl within Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Dolakha, Nepal. We tested if the various reproductive performance traits of P. nepalensis were correlated with elevation. We also tested if an individual seed mass of P. nepalensis was correlated with an intrinsic factor, seed number per fruit. The result revealed that most of the studied reproductive performance traits were not related to the elevation. Moreover, individual seed mass also did not show a correlation with seed number per fruit. The almost independent relationship of important reproductive outputs of P. nepalensis with elevation and seed number per fruit thus suggest that this plant species could endure wide ranges of abiotic and intrinsic stresses for achieving optimal reproductive performance and survivorship.
The Sverdrup Relation in the Indian Ocean, and the Effect of Pacific-Indian Ocean Throughflow on Indian Ocean Circulation and on the East Australian Current

Abstract The observed distribution of the depth-integrated steric height (mass transport function) in the Indian Ocean compares favorably with the distribution computed from the Sverdrup relation and annual average wind stresses, provided the integration starts from observed values of mass transport function near the eastern boundary. These eastern boundary values increase substantially from 9 to 115°S, presumably because the Pacific-Indian through flow is geostrophically balanced. This flow is estimated to have an order of magnitude of 10 × 106 m3 s−1—rather stronger than previous estimates. The flow may [as suggested by Cox (1975)] contribute to the observed anomalous weakness of the East Australian Current, though southwards flow along the South American coast may also contribute to its weakness. If the Pacific-Indian throughflow did not occur it is shown that the Sverdrup circulation pattern in the Indian ocean south of the equator would be similar to that in the other tropical oceans, in that the flo.
The recovery process for the eastern Bristlebird 'Dasyornis brachypterus' in Queensland

The recovery process for the Eastern Bristlebird in Queensland from 2001 to 2004 is summarised. Included are the results obtained by the recovery team responsible for the actions in the first recovery plan to be implemented for this species in Queensland and the extent of completion of those actions. The objective and actions in this first plan are due for review.
Interactions between sorption and biodegradation: Exploring bioavailability and pulsed nutrient injection efficiency

Understanding the dynamics of sorption and bioavailability is crucial to the success of transport models as bioavailability often limits the complete bioremediation of contaminated soils. This paper examines the interplay between sorption and bioavailability with pulsed injection of nutrients based on a mechanistic model of microbially mediated reactive transport. We used a dimensionless parametric approach based on nondimensional groups such as the Damköhler and Peclet numbers to assess the relative importance of processes and rates. We consider case studies involving the biodegradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) as well as a chemically induced degradation system to evaluate the effects of bioavailability. We first used these two cases to explore the effects of selectively activating the degradation terms in the aqueous and sorbed phases. The models for these two cases consistently predict that degradation is insensitive to retardation if degradation terms are not included for the sorbed phase. A specific mass removal rate was developed as an efficiency metric to explore the effects of pulsed nutrient injection on contaminant degradation and to estimate an optimal injection interval. The contaminant mass degraded per unit pumping was shown to be significantly higher for pulsed injection of substrates than with continuous injection. The presented results clearly indicate that considerations of bioavailability profoundly alter model predictions of degradation as well as parameter estimation results.
Acute Vascular Response to Hemodialysis as Measured by Serum Syndecan-1 and Endothelin-1 Levels as Well as Vascular Stiffness

Background: Chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients have a very high cardiovascular risk. Acute vascular changes during dialysis mediated by factors of the endothelium may have a crucial role in this. The aim of this article is to study the acute vascular changes during HD. Methods: In 29 consecutive chronic HD patients (age: 65.6 ± 10.4 years), their pre-, mid-, and post-HD plasma syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels were measured. Applanation tonometry was performed before HD. Results: Their SDC-1 levels increased during HD (p = 0.004). Males had higher ET-1 levels. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pre-HD pulse wave velocity (PWV): PWV ≥ 12 m/s and PWV < 12 m/s. The pre-HD and mid-HD SDC-1 levels were higher in the group with a PWV ≥ 12 m/s (10.174 ± 2.568 vs. 7.928 ± 1.794 ng/mL, p = 0.013, and 10.319 ± 3.482 vs. 8.248 ± 1.793 ng/mL, p = 0.044, respectively). The post-HD ET-1 levels were higher in the patient group with a PWV ≥ 12 m/s (10.88 ± 3.00 vs. 8.05 ± 3.48 pg/l, p = 0.027). Patients with a PWV ≥ 12 m/s had higher pre-HD peripheral and aortic systolic blood pressures (p < 0.05). The total cholesterol correlated with the SDC-1 decrease during HD (r = 0.539; p = 0.008). The pre-, mid-, and post-HD SDC-1 correlated with ultrafiltration (r = 0.432, p = 0.019; r = 0.377, p = 0.044; and r = 0.401, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusion: SDC-1 and ET-1 contribute to the vascular changes observed during HD, and they have correlations with some cardiovascular risk factors.
Myocardial and Vascular Involvement in Patients with Takayasu Arteritis: A Cardiovascular MRI Study

We aimed to explore the cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) of Takayasu arteritis (TA) and its cardiovascular complications. CMR was conducted on 37 TA patients and 28 healthy individuals. We evaluated the CMR findings and adverse cardiovascular complications at the time of the CMR (ACCCMR). After 8 to 26 months, the major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were evaluated. The TA included 25 women (67.6%), aged 36 ± 16 years old, and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was significantly lower in the TA group than in the control group (51 ± 9% vs. 58 ± 1.7%; p < 0.001). Aortic mural edema was present in 34 patients (92%) and aortic mural hyperenhancement in 36 (97%). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) was significantly lower in the TA group (median [interquartile range] = 13.70 [3.27] vs. 18.08 [1.35]; p < 0.001). ACCCMR was seen in 13 TA patients (35.1%), with the most common cardiac complication being myocarditis (16.2%). During a median follow-up of 18 months (8–26 months), nine patients developed MACCEs, of which the most common was cerebrovascular accident in five (13.5%). The LVGLS of the CMR had the strongest association with complications. Myocardial strain values, especially LVGLS, can reveal concurrent and future cardiovascular complications in TA patients.
Enhanced CO2 Degassing From the Tropical Indian Ocean During Cold Climatic Events of the Last Glacial Cycle

Atmospheric CO2 variability on the glacial–interglacial (G–IG) timescale reflects a balance between oceanic and terrestrial processes involving carbon uptake and release. The Southern Ocean CO2 uptake is considered as an important modulator for the G–IG atmospheric CO2 variability, while the role of tropical ocean ventilation remains enigmatic. We present critical evidence for CO2 ventilation from the tropical Indian Ocean through the reconstruction of the Arabian Sea‐surface pCO2 for the past ∼136 ka utilizing boron isotope (δ11B) record of planktic foraminifera, Globigerinoides ruber. Our site in the Arabian Sea presently acts as a significant source of CO2. The reconstructed ΔpCO2 (ΔpCO2 = pCO2 Seawater − pCO2 Atmosphere) record shows an enhanced CO2 degassing up to ∼50 ppm during the major cooling events, such as the Last Glacial Maximum, Younger Dryas, and Heinrich‐Stadials. Our investigation based on multiproxy records of sea‐surface temperature, salinity, and productivity suggests that the northward invasion and shoaling of southern source CO2‐rich water, coupled with stronger upwelling, resulted in CO2 degassing during these cold intervals. This finding is in align with the tropical Atlantic which also demonstrated an enhanced CO2 degassing during the cold intervals; however, most of the upwelled CO2 was consumed as the water moved away from the upwelling sites. Therefore, our finding, when considered alongside tropical Atlantic records, suggests that tropical oceans played a minor role in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels during the cold intervals of the last glacial cycle, supporting the prevailing hypothesis.