Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic

We examine the larger mammals from late Middle Palaeolithic Kebara Cave (Israel), and offer eight principal conclusions concerning Neanderthal hunting activities at the site. (1) Regardless of prey size, most procurement was by hunting, not scavenging. The major prey were gazelle and fallow deer, but also aurochs, red deer, and boar. (2) Hunting was seasonal, with most hunts in winter and/or spring. (3) Hunters took male and female deer in similar numbers, but a preponderance of female gazelle. These sex ratios probably reflect local availability and encounter rates. (4) More juvenile deer than juvenile gazelle were taken. The frequency of juveniles has not been severely impacted by taphonomic processes. Because of their small size and limited body fat, juveniles were probably low-ranked resources by comparison to their adult counterparts and may often have been excluded from the hunters' optimal diet. If so, fluctuations in the numbers of juveniles do not track changes in hunting season, but instead indi.
Terminology of cross-stratified sedimentary layers and climbing-ripple structures

ABSTRACT Cross-stratified sedimentary layers have been referred to as cross-stratified beds or strata by some geologists. The term "bed," when applied to cross-stratified layers produced by climbing bedforms, is in conflict with the term "pseudobed," which has also been applied to such layers. It is proposed that this conflict be resolved by excluding any necessary isochronism from the terms for sedimentary layers and for their bounding surfaces. The sedimentological definition of "bed" is thus made essentially the same as its rock-stratigraphic definition, and a cross-stratified layer produced by the climbing of a bedform can then be properly called a cross-stratified bed or stratum. A new name, "translatent stratum," is proposed for a stratum that is generated by the dominantly translational movement of a depositional surface and whose bounding surfaces are generated wholly or in major part by the dominantly translational movement of linear features on or bounding the depositional surface. The most useful characteristic for recognizing a translatent stratum is that the former depositional surfaces within the stratum meet both bounding surfaces of the stratum. Translatent strata may be classified as laterally translatent and climbing translatent, depending on whether the direction of translation is parallel to or at an angle to the generalized depositional surface; a climbing translatent stratum is what has previously been called a pseudobed. Climbing-ripple structure is composed potentially of climbing translatent strata and of wavy laminae or crosslaminae whose bounding surfaces are former rippled depositional surfaces. The wavy laminae are here called "rippleform laminae. " Rippleform laminae are not detectable in some climbing-ripple structures, especially those formed by wind ripples. The characters of climbing translatent strata and of rippleform laminae vary with the angle of ripple climb and change abruptly at the critical angle of climb, which is defined here as the angle at which the vector of ripple climb is parallel to the steepest part of the ripple stoss slope.
Defining the role of epidural steroid injections in the treatment of radicular pain from degenerative cervical disk disease.

growth was significantly slowed by MBZ treatment, whereas in untreated controls, tumors extended into the ventricles, resembling the human disease. Overall survival was prolonged by 150% in the SHH allograft model and by 100% in the SHH vismodegib-resistant allograft model. In the group 3 xenograft model, median survival was increased by a striking 129% from 21 to 48 days (P , 1 · 1024; Figure). Tumors from MBZ-treated mice lacked the phenotype of hypervascularity and widespread hemorrhage seen at terminal stages in untreated mice. Microvascular density was greatly reduced within treated compared with untreated tumors. Notably, MBZ treatment did not alter the microvascular density within regions with no tumor involvement. Immunohistochemistry of MBZ-treated tumors revealed a marked absence of autophosphorylated VEGFR2 despite the presence of VEGF ligand, suggesting MBZ inhibition of VEGFR2 kinase activity. This inhibition was seen in the autophosphorylation assay with MBZ-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the cell-free VEGFR2 kinase assay. MBZ prolonged survival in the SHH molecular subtype, a vismodegib-resistant SHH model, and a xenograft model of the group 3 subtype bearing the worst prognosis. This study shows encouraging antiangiogenic effects of MBZ that are limited to the tumor neovasculature and likely mediated through the inhibition of VEGFR2 kinase activity. These data add to the recognition of MBZ as an anticancer agent, including as an antiglioma therapy currently in clinical trials. Achieving adequate intracranial concentrations of other microtubule inhibitory chemotherapy agents such vincristine without neurocognitive sequelae remains challenging. The low-toxicity profile of MBZ, particularly in children, its additional role as an antiangiogenic agent, and the survival outcomes seen in this study further compel the initiation of clinical investigations into the use of this drug for medulloblastoma.
Revision of the Hydroid Plumalina Hall, 1858 in the Silurian and Devonian of New York

Abstract The feather-shaped Plumalina Hall, 1858 is revised on the basis of new and reexamined specimens from New York. Previously described from Givetian through Famennian deposits, a single compression of P. tenera n. sp. from the Rochester Shale extends the range into the Wenlock, and provides new information regarding Plumalina's biology. We assess the utility of morphologic characters in diagnoses of taxa, and present the first quantitative analysis of fossil hydroids to distinguish P. brevis n. sp. (Frasnian) from other Devonian species. Plumalina has been compared to plants, graptolites, and octocorals. Some interpretations have proposed affinities among hydrozoans based on colony form and the presence of putative polyp bases. Our analysis shows that, like extant thecate hydrozoans, Plumalina had a delicate, chitinous hydrocaulus with weakly articulated hydrocladia. An assemblage of in situ specimens, steeply inclined relative to the bedding plane in an Ithaca Formation (Frasnian Stage) turbidite, indicates that Devonian species produced sessile, erect colonies attached to a hard substrate, comparable to extant hydroids that feed in currents. Morphometric comparisons between putative Plumalina polyp bases and polyp bases of modern analogues reveal similarities to hydroids in the superfamily Plumularioidea McCrady, 1859. Plumalina is the most abundant fossil hydroid so far reported, and is pertinent to interpretations of the hydrozoan record.
Indoor Air Quality in Selected Samples of Primary Schools in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

Studies have found out that indoor air quality affects human especially children and the elderly more compared to ambient atmospheric air. This study aims to investigate indoor air pollutants concentration in selected vernacular schools with different surrounding human activities in Kuala Terengganu, the administrative and commercial center of Terengganu state. Failure to identify and establish indoor air pollution status can increase the chance of long-term and short-term health problems for these young students and staff; reduction in productivity of teachers; and degrade the youngsters learning environment and comfort. Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters in three primary schools were conducted during the monsoon season of November 2008 for the purposes of assessing ventilation rates, levels of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and air quality differences between schools. In each classroom, carbon monoxide (CO), CO 2 , air velocity, relative humidity and temperature were performed during school hours, and a complete walkthrough survey was completed. Results show a statistically significant difference for the five IAQ parameters between the three schools at the 95.0% confidence level. We conclude our findings by confirming the important influence of surrounding human activities on indoor concentrations of pollutants in selected vernacular schools in Kuala Terengganu.
Least squares multiple tracer analysis of water mass composition

We present an inverse method that uses measurements of the concentration of several tracer variables to find the mixture of source water types that best describes (in a weighted least squares sense) the composition of the water sample. The solution includes two physically realistic constraints: first, that all sources together must sum to 100% and, second, that no source is present in negative amounts. These constraints improve the statistical stability of the solution. The method is particularly valuable in regions involving strong mixing among a relatively large number of source water types. In contrast to conventional TS analysis, more water types can be considered, the assumption of mixing along isopycnals is unnecessary, and sensitivity to errors in individual tracer measurements is reduced by averaging the influence of a larger number of tracers. We demonstrate the method using data from two oceanographic regions. Analysis of summer data from the continental margin off Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) confirms and quantifies the importance of deep upwelling of California Undercurrent water onto the continental shelf. It also identifies localized outer shelf filaments of low-salinity water originating from the Vancouver Island Coastal Current. Finally, we reanalyze the North African data of Tomczak and confirm his interpretation of diapycnal mixing at the frontal boundary between North Atlantic Central Water and South Atlantic Central Water masses.
Silurian reefs off Saaremaa and their extension towards Gotland, central Baltic Sea

Abstract The Silurian reefs off Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea were studied by means of high-resolution seismic reflection profiling. The abundance and diversity of the reefs increases off Saaremaa concomitantly with the deepening of the Baltic Silurian Basin towards Gotland. The peak of the reefs around Saaremaa occurred during the Middle Wenlock. The reef facies retreated further off Saaremaa during the Late Wenlock, became episodically restored around the island during the early Ludlow and finally ceased during the late Ludlow. A similar SW–NE–SW migration of reefs reflects an alternating transgressive–regressive pattern in the nearshore shallow shelf environment, where already minor sea-level fluctuations strongly influenced the conditions for reef growth. During the early Wenlock, a bathymetric break with a large barrier-reef-like structure divided the shallow shelf offshore Saaremaa facially into back-reef and southerly sloping fore-reef areas. The width of this SW-migrating barrier (c. 8 km) and the extent of reef bodies within it (c. 4 km) are the largest known in the Baltic region. During the Silurian, the reefs between Saaremaa and Gotland were flourishing to a much larger extent than is visible today. The primary Silurian reef pattern was increasingly destroyed towards Gotland by later erosion. This has resulted in a large area void of Wenlock reefs off northern Gotland. Off southern Gotland, the narrow conical low-energy deeper-water reefs prevail, as the wave-agitated shallow-water facies with larger and lenticular Wenlock and Ludlow reefs are largely eroded around the Gotland Deep.
Spin transition and equations of state of (Mg, Fe)O solid solutions

We have performed a series of experiments to investigate the compositional effect on the compression behavior of (Mg, Fe)O solid solutions at high pressure. The in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction data revealed abnormal volume contractions at about 40, 60, and 80 GPa for (Mg0.80, Fe0.20)O, (Mg0.61, Fe0.39)O, and (Mg0.42, Fe0.58)O, respectively. The volume contractions are associated with the reported electronic transition of high‐spin to low‐spin in Fe2+, and caused by the reduction of Fe2+ ionic radius across the transition. A least‐squares fit of the compression data to the Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state yielded bulk modulus K0 (GPa) = 160 − 10XFeO for the high‐spin (Mg,Fe)O and K0 = 170(3) GPa for the low‐spin (Mg,Fe)O. The equations of state of (Mg,Fe)O established in this study are directly applicable to the Earth's lower mantle in composition and pressure ranges and provide essential data for modeling the density profile of the lower mantle.
Effects of river sediments on coral recruitment, algal abundance benthic community structure on Kenyan coral reefs

The effects of sediment concentration and season on coral recruitment algal abundance and benthic community structure were studied in Kenyan coral reef lagoons to determine their potential influence on coral recovery. Nutrient levels and recruit numbers were higher during the southeast monsoon (SEM) than during the northeast monsoon (NEM) season and in sediment-exposed compared to non-sediment exposed reefs. Mean algal biomass also exhibited the same seasonal trend (except at one site), but was higher in the non-sediment exposed reef compared to the other reefs. Corals in the sediment exposed reef exhibited morphological differences relative to the other reefs: fewer corymbose and plate-like but more branching, massive and solitary forms and increased colony and corallite sizes. However, sediments did not suppress coral recruitment rates. These morphological changes coupled with the interaction between biological and physico-chemical characteristics have important ecological and geological implications: by potentially modifying calcium carbonate production and ameliorating the adverse effects of climate induced stress events, this may minimize coral mortality and enhance reef recovery. Key words: Algal biomass, coral recruitment, hydrodynamics, coral morphology, seasonality, sediments.
Land water storage variability over West Africa estimated by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and land surface models

Land water storage plays a fundamental role in the West African water cycle and has an important impact on climate and on the natural resources of this region. However, measurements of land water storage are scarce at regional and global scales and especially in poorly instrumented endorheic regions, such as most of the Sahel, where little useful information can be derived from river flow measurements and basin water budgets. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides an accurate measurement of the terrestrial gravity field variations from which land water storage variations can be derived. However, their retrieval is not straightforward, and different methods are employed, which results in different water storage GRACE products. On the other hand, water storage can be estimated by land surface modeling forced with observed or satellite‐based boundary conditions, but such estimates can be highly model dependent. In this study, land water storage by six GRACE products and soil moisture estimations by nine land surface models (run within the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Land Surface Intercomparison Project (ALMIP)) are evaluated over West Africa, with a particular focus on the Sahelian area. The water storage spatial distribution, including zonal transects, its seasonal cycle, and its and interannual variability, are analyzed for the years 2003–2007. Despite the nonnegligible differences among the various GRACE products and among the different models, a generally good agreement between satellite and model estimates is found over the West Africa study region. In particular, GRACE data are shown to reproduce well the water storage interannual variability over the Sahel for the 5 year study period. The comparison between satellite estimates and ALMIP results leads to the identification of processes needing improvement in the land surface models. In particular, our results point out the importance of correctly simulating slow water reservoirs as well as evapotranspiration during the dry season for accurate soil moisture modeling over West Africa.
Late intensification chemotherapy has not improved the results of intensive chemotherapy in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of a prospective multicenter randomized trial (PETHEMA ALL-89)

Background and Objective. Intensive induction and post-remission therapies have improved the prognosis in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, different from children, the impact of late intensification therapy in the overall results of treatment has not been consistently evaluated. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of a multicenter prospective protocol, PETHEMA ALL89, in which, after intensive induction and consolidation therapy, randomization to receive delayed intensification treatment was performed. Design and Methods. One hundred and eight adults (age ≥ 15 years) diagnosed with ALL (ALL L3 excluded) in 22 Spanish hospitals from 1989 to 1994 were treated with a five-drug induction therapy, followed by four cycles of early post-remission treatment during four months, and maintenance therapy for two years. Patients in remission at the end of the first year were randomized to receive one six-week cycle of late intensification therapy. Uni- and multivariate analyses of early response to treatment, complete remission (CR), leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were performed.
The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics

Preface 1. Origins of New World populations 2. Population size and the effects of European contact 3. Demography of Amerindian populations 4. Genetic variation in contemporary populations of the Americas 5. Population structure of Native Americans 6. Morphological variation 7. The survivors References Index.
Transport and retention of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in sandy soils.

A series of miscible-displacement experiments was conducted to examine the retention and transport behavior of oocysts in natural porous media. Three soils and a model sand were used that differed in physical and geochemical properties. Transport behavior was examined under various treatment conditions to help evaluate retention mechanisms. Significant retention of oocysts was observed for all media despite the fact that conditions were unfavorable for physicochemical interactions with respect to DLVO theory. The magnitude of retention was not influenced significantly by alterations in solution chemistry (reduction in ionic strength) or soil surface properties (removal of soil organic matter and metal oxides). On the basis of the observed results, it appears that retention by secondary energy minima or geochemical microdomains was minimal for these systems. The porous media used for the experiments exhibited large magnitudes of surface roughness, and it is suggested that this surface roughness contributed significantly to oocyst retention.
A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE HYSTERESIS OF A THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY SOIL SUCTION SENSOR

Field measurements of soil suction are required in a number of engineering situations, such as prediction of total heave, slope stability analysis, monitoring of moisture flux through a soil cover or liner structure, and automatic irrigation systems. This paper details an experimental research program set up to study the capillary hysteresis of the ceramic block for a newly developed thermal conductivity soil suction sensor. The testing program included 2 series of tests: 1 series of tests measured the capillary hysteresis of the ceramic blocks, while the other measured the hysteresis of the relationships between the suction sensor output and the applied suctions. Results show that there can be approximately 40% error from the correct suction value if the conventional calibration curve is used without consideration of the effects of capillary hysteresis. Based on the experimental testing program, a mathematical approach was proposed that is able to take into account the effects of capillary hysteresis when interpreting the measured soil suction data.
The Activity of Chemotherapy in In ﬂ ammatory Myo ﬁ broblastic Tumors: A Multicenter, European Retrospective Case Series Analysis

Implications for Practice: In ﬂ ammatory myo ﬁ broblastic tumor (IMT) is an ultrarare sarcoma with known sensitivity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors in ALK-fused cases, although ALK inhibitors are not licensed in the disease. The cur-rent knowledge on the activity of cytotoxic chemotherapy is limited. This multi-institutional retrospective study on pediatric and adult patients with IMT shows that cytotoxic chemotherapy, and in particular anthracycline-based and methotrexate plus/minus vinorelbine/vinblastine regimens, represents a treatment option and can be considered in IMT patients irrespectively from ALK status. This study provides a benchmark for future studies on new medical therapies.
Delft University of Technology Assessment of Viscous Energy Loss and the Association with Three-Dimensional Vortex Ring Formation in Left Ventricular Inflow In Vivo Evaluation Using Four-Dimensional Flow MRI

Citation (APA) Elbaz, M. S. M. , van der Geest, R. J., Calkoen, E. E. , de Roos, A. , Lelieveldt, B. P. F. , Roest, A. A. W. , & Westenberg, J. J. M. (2017). Assessment of Viscous Energy Loss and the Association with ThreeDimensional Vortex Ring Formation in Left Ventricular Inflow: In Vivo Evaluation Using Four-Dimensional Flow MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 77(2), 794-805. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26129
Mantle circulation and the lateral migration of subducted slabs

The irregular motions of plates and the irregular distribution of plate consumption and generation require that subduction zones and descending lithospheric slabs migrate laterally. Absolute plate motions indicate that slab migration is generally retrograde; that is, it is opposite to the direction of motion of the plates to which the slabs are attached, at rates of 10--25 mm yr/sup -1/. As a result, the downward motions of slabs are generally steeper than their dips, probably because of their negative buoyancy relative to the surrounding mantle. An important consequence of lateral slab migration is the displacement of material away from one side of the slab and inward flow of an equal volume toward the other side. This generates a mass flux in the mantle that is comparable in magnituide with the flux involved in the overturn of the oceanic lithosphere. The flow induced by slab migration is, therefore, an important part of the large-scale mantle circulation associated with plate motions. Two-dimensional numerical models with retrograde slab migration explicitly prescribed as a boundary condition show that migrating slabs, in contrast with nonmigrating ones, are at an angle to streamlines in the surrounding mantle.
Group Testing for Sars-Cov-2 to Enable Rapid Scale-Up of Testing and Real-Time Surveillance of Incidence

High-throughput molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 may be enabled by group testing in which pools of specimens are screened, and individual specimens tested only after a pool tests positive. Several labs have recently published examples of pooling strategies applied to SARS-CoV-2 specimens, but overall guidance on efficient pooling strategies is lacking. Therefore we developed a model of the efficiency and accuracy of specimen pooling algorithms based on available data on SAR-CoV-2 viral dynamics. For a fixed number of tests, we estimate that programs using group testing could screen 2 to 20 times as many specimens compared to individual testing; increase the total number of true positive infections identified; and improve the positive predictive value of results. We compare outcomes that may be expected in different testing situations and provide general recommendations for group testing implementation. A free, publicly-available web calculator is provided to help inform laboratory decisions on SARS-CoV-2 pooling algorithms.