Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Small Density Differences at River Confluences

Remarkable 3D flow structures occur at river confluences with small density differences due to differences in sediment concentration or temperature. We explain these by comparing numerical simulations for an idealized confluence with aerial photographs of several river confluences where color differences express the pattern of density differences at the surface. We analyzed numerical simulations of the Rio Negro–Solimões confluence near Manaus, Brazil, in more detail. The numerical model of the idealized confluence showed that the dense water flowed under the light water and the light water over the dense water in a spiraling motion, distorting the interface between the two waters. The horizontal part of this interface moves upwards in downstream direction. Constraining of the spiraling motion in a narrow river downstream of the confluence can cause local up- and downwelling near the banks. A mixing layer can develop when the flow velocities of the two tributaries differ, but strong spiraling motion due to the density differences can suppress this development. The aerial photographs and all numerical simulations showed similar density patterns at the water surface. Even small density differences can have a significant impact and hence need to be considered when analyzing and modeling 3D flow at confluences.
Simultaneous resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization and electron avalanche ionization in gas mixtures

Resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and electron avalanche ionization (EAI) are measured simultaneously in Ar:Xe mixtures at different partial pressures of mixture components. A simple theory for combined REMPI+EAI in gas mixture is developed. It is shown that the REMPI electrons seed the avalanche process, and thus the avalanche process amplifies the REMPI signal. Possible applications are discussed.
Diagnostic Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Bronchial Brush Cytology in Lung Lesions

Background: In 1960’s, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, was first used to give a better yield to diagnose pulmonary diseases. Bronchial brushing cytology (BBC) and Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) are two important adjuncts done along with bronchoscopic biopsy. Bronchial brushings yield better diagnostic material than simple exfoliative cytology. Therefore, both techniques are of much diagnostic value and is widely accepted as it is safe, economical and evaluation requires much less time. Methods: All the bronchial brush and bronchoalveolar lavage smears obtained from January 2018 to December 2018 were assessed. Correlation was done with histopathology wherever was available. Result: BBC showed a sensitivity and specificity of 59.28% and 100%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 47.62%. BAL showed a sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 100%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 100% and 43.18%. The diagnostic accuracy of BBC and BAL were 70.27% and 64.86%. Conclusion: Universally bronchial washings and bronchial brushings should be considered important adjunct to bronchoscopic biopsies to diagnose pulmonary lesions as both are safe, economical and can will give better diagnostic yield if incorporated together.
Reviewing from a Distance – Uncovering the Negativity Bias of Psychological Distance in Online Word-of-Mouth

How does reviewing a consumption experience from a psychological distance affect one’s online rating? Prior literature has found a positivity bias in the reviewing behaviors of consumers when they evaluate an experience from a spatial and/or temporal distance, e.g., a restaurant visit in another city. However, these results do not account for the unique context of online reviews, which involves publicly associating oneself with a (potentially negative) experience in front of others. Analyzing a dataset from a large online review platform, which enables us to observe reviewers as locals or as travelers, we find that the previously documented positivity bias is not present for consumption experiences that are characterized by a negative sentiment. Instead, we find that online ratings for negative experiences by travelers (i.e., reviewed from a psychological distance) are systematically lower than ratings for similar experiences by locals. Our analysis suggests that these results can be attributed to psychological distance enabling travelers to distance themselves from these experiences and thus allowing them to publicly associate themselves with lower ratings. These results improve our theoretical understanding of online reviewing behavior and help online review platforms in their efforts to de-bias their ratings.
APPLICATION OF TWO INTERESTING STATISTICAL TOOLS, USED IN DIFFERENTIATION OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF Cornudiscoides KULKARNI, 1969 (PLATYHELMINTHES: MONOGENOIDEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE)

A novel method is used to represent multivariate data as cartoon faces (Chernoff faces) for evaluation of inter-specific and intra-specific variations. Linear Discriminant Analysis has also been performed for classifying them. Five hundred specimens, belonging to nine species of the genus Cornudiscoides viz. C. geminus C. agarwali, C. tukarami, C. bleekerai, C. mystusi, C. sclerovaginalis, C. longicirrus, C. aori, Cornudiscoides n. sp. and one species of the genus Bifurcohaptor (B. indicus) were chosen and their morphometric data are subjected to statistical analysis. Ten sets of obtained Chernoff faces expressing differently in all the species, proving them distinct at a specific level. Being a different genus, B. indicus shows a significant difference.
Tie versus clipping typed of cystic duct and artery ligation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) cystic duct and cystic artery (CDCA) are usually secured by using Titanium clips. Because of some complications may occur in application of clips; like dislodgement and migration of the clips, so other different techniques have been used, like intra or extracorporeal ligation, using of absorbable clips, harmonic scalpel or LigaSure. Intracorporeal ligation takes more time than applying a clip, and it needs well training. In the other hand clipping have a challenge in cases with wide cystic duct. The objective of the study is to compare the efficacy and safety of suture ligation versus clipping, in securing CDCA in LC, and also time difference of operations in both methods. Methods: A Prospective study included 94 females, and 32 males underwent LC; in 51 patients CDCA were secured by intracorporeal ligation separately, and in 75 patients CDCA were secured by Titanium clips. Postoperatively the patients followed up in the outpatient clinic at the end of the first and second postoperative weeks for any complication. Results: There were no significant differences in the operation times between the two groups (pvalue: 0.08), and also no significant difference found between the operation times and the different presentations, history of upper abdominal surgery, present of umbilical hernias, and different BMI. There was no peroperative bile duct injury and no postoperative bile leak, intraperitoneal collection, or jaundice, in both groups. Conclusion: Suture ligation for CDCA is safe and effective. Learning intracorporeal knotting is important and plays an important role even in addition to the use of the clipping, and should be the recommended training in basic laparoscopic surgery.
Study of Various Vesiculobullous Lesions Using Tzanck Smear

Background: The vesiculobullous reaction pattern is characterized by the presence of vesiclesor bullae within the epidermis or at the dermoepidermal junction. Despite some having characteristic presentations, it’s difficult to make a definitediagnosis clinically. Hence, cytological evaluation is required for reliable and early diagnosis.Objectives of the study are to determine the incidence of various vesiculobullous lesions and evaluate cytology as a tool for early diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions. Methods: For Tzanck smears fresh vesicle or bulla was selected and incised with scalpel, reflectingthe roof of bulla. Base of the blister scraped gently and material spread on a glassslide. These smears were stained with MGG (air dried), Pap and H&E stains (fixed). Skin punch biopsies from the bullae were subjected to routine fixation, processing,sectioning and staining. Results: A total of 62 Tzanck smears were done for vesiculobullous lesions of skin of which 29had histopathological correlation. Herpes constitutedthe most common vesiculobullous disorder (42%) followed by bullous pemphigoid (27.4%)and pemphigus vulgaris (19.3%). Most patients were in the age group 6170 years. TheM:F ratio of 1:1.38 showing female preponderance. Tzanck smears showed acantholyticcells in pemphigus group, eosinophils in bullous pemphigoid and multinucleate giantcells in viral blisters. Histopathology showed intraepidermal acantholysis inpemphigus vulgaris, subcorneal blister in pemphigus foliaceus and subepidermal inbullous pemphigoid. Conclusion: Cytohistopathological correlation showed an overall sensitivity of 79%. Tzanck smearshowed 96% sensitivity for viral infections. Tzanck smear is a quick, non-invasivemethod for the early diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorders.
Geomagnetic Pulsations Driving Geomagnetically Induced Currents

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are driven by the geoelectric field induced by fluctuations of Earth's magnetic field. Drivers of intense GICs are often associated with large impulsive events such as coronal mass ejections. To a lesser extent fluctuations from regular oscillations of the geomagnetic field, or geomagnetic pulsations, have also been identified as possible drivers of GICs. In this work we show that these low‐frequency pulsations are directly observed in measured GIC data from power networks. Due to the low‐pass nature of GICs, Pc5 and lower‐frequency pulsations drive significant GICs for an extended duration even at midlatitudes. Longer‐period Ps6‐type disturbances apparently not typical of midlatitudes are seen with GIC amplitudes comparable to the peak GIC at storm sudden commencement. The quasi‐ac (alternating current) nature of the sustained pulsation driving affects the power system response and cannot be properly modeled using only direct current (dc) models. A further consideration is that the often used dB/dt GIC proxy is biased to the sampling rate of the geomagnetic field measurements used. The dB/dt metric does not adequately characterize GIC activity at frequencies in the low ultralow‐frequency (ULF) range, and a frequency‐weighted proxy akin to geoelectric field should be used instead.
SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY, EXPECTATIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS INEQUALITY IN BRAZIL

Abstract After the end of the political and economic cycle that gave rise to the phenomenon that became known as the Brazilian new middle class, in this article we argue that this reading was not limited to verifying the increase in income and consume power of thousands of families, but also framed it within a broader narrative that has hindered the sociological investigation of the phenomenon. Thus, our first objective is to develop, with the support of empirical data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-IBGE), an alternative interpretation of the changes observed in Brazilian society in recent years. Our second objective is to reflect, with the help of data from the Survey on the Middle Class (CESOP-UNICAMP-2008), and also from qualitative research previously prepared by the authors, on the possible impacts of these changes on the expectations of individuals and, thus, on their perceptions and attitudes towards the enormous inequalities still present in the country.
Earthquake Rupture Through a Step‐Over Fault System: An Exploratory Numerical Study of the Leech River Fault, Southern Vancouver Island

The Leech River fault (LRF) zone located on southern Vancouver Island is a major regional seismic source. We investigate potential interactions between earthquake ruptures on the LRF and the neighboring Southern Whidbey Island fault (SWIF), which can be interpreted as a step‐over fault system. Using a linear slip‐weakening frictional law, we perform 3‐D finite‐element simulations to study rupture jumping scenarios from the LRF (source fault) to the SWIF (receiver fault), focusing on the influences of the offset distance, fault initial stress level, and fault burial depth. We find a smaller offset distance, a higher initial stress level on either fault, or a shallower fault burial depth will promote rupture jumping. Jumping scenarios can be interpreted as the response of the receiver fault to stress perturbations radiated from the source fault rupture. We demonstrate that the final rupture jumping scenario depends on various parameters, which can be collectively quantified by two keystone variables, the time‐averaged over‐stressed zone (where shear stress exceeds static frictional strength on the receiver fault) size Re‾ and the receiver fault initial stress level. Specifically, a smaller offset distance, a higher initial shear stress level, or a shallower burial depth will lead to a larger Re‾ . The seismic moment on the receiver fault increases with increasing Re‾ . When Re‾ reaches the threshold dependent on the receiver fault initial stress level, the rupture becomes breakaway.
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics study of nanoscale thermal contact resistance

Interfaces play an important role in microscale and nanoscale heat transfer processes with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations often used to study these interfacial phenomena. In this study, two models were used to simulate thermal conduction across micro contact points and the thermal contact resistance using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with consideration of the near field radiation. When the ratio of the length of the micro contact to the length of the conduction region is less than 0.125, the influence of the near field radiation should be considered; but when the ratio is larger than 0.2, it can be neglected. When the computational domain sizes are 8.50 × 10.62 × 8.50 nm and 10.62 × 10.62 × 10.62 nm, the MD results show that the thermal contact resistance exponentially increases with decreasing area of the micro contact point and increases with increasing micro contact layer thickness. The MD thermal contact resistances in nanoscale are much larger than that of the classical thermal analysis since the material thermal conductivity reduction is ignored in the classical model. The results also show that material defects increase the thermal resistance.
Detoxification of essential oil components (citral and menthol) by Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer

The antifungal activity of two essential oil components (citral and menthol) towards Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer was studied in shake culture. The activity was high with lower inoculum density (measured in terms of number of spores ml−1), and it decreased as the inoculum density increased. Citral at 200 μg ml−1 and menthol at 400 μg mh−1 were lethal to the spores of A. niger and R. stolonifer, respectively, after a 48-h treatment. At lower concentrations both the compounds were only fungistatic: the growth of the fungi resumed after an initial delay or upon transfer to fresh medium. Periodic estimations of the essential oil components by gas-liquid chromatography showed a continuous decrease in their concentrations in the culture medium, indicating their removal tending to detoxification. The difference in the activity of the two compounds was related to the capacity of the fungi to detoxify the compounds.
Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Embedded in the Shell Layer of Core−Shell Poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) Micospheres and Their Application in Catalysis

The noble metal nanoparticles of Pd, Au, and Ag embedded in the shell layer of core−shell poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) micospheres were synthesized, and the catalytic activity of the shell-embedded Pd nanoparticles was investigated. To increase the accessible active site and therefore increase the catalytic activity of noble metal nanoparticles, the in situ synthesized noble metal nanoparticles are selectively immobilized in the outer shell layer of the core−shell poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) microspheres, which are synthesized by one-stage soap-free emulsion polymerization in water and contain a core of polystyrene and a coordinative shell of poly(4-vinylpyridine). It is found the Pd nanoparticles embedded in the shell layer of the core−shell micospheres are an efficient and easily reusable catalyst for Suzuki reactions performed in water.
Synthesis and characterization of Tali Bamboo Particle Reinforced Polyester Composites

Tali Bamboo is a potential natural fiber for reinforcement environment friendly composites. Synthesis and characterization of particle reinforced polyester composites aimed to reveal the mechanical properties as the main requirements in applications for structural composites. The parameters of the composite synthesis process varied the particle sizes of 50, 100, and 250 mesh, with each mesh varying the volume fractions of 10, 20, and 30 % bamboo particle, respectively. Characterization included tensile and flexural tests, as well as Scanning Electron Microscope observation. Characterization results showed that tensile strength in a range of 5.69 – 23.89 MPa, yield strength 2.97 - 19.70 MPa, elongation 1.07 - 11.01% and flexural strength 21.71 - 56.05 MPa. Based on the results, the Tali Bamboo - polyester composites met the requirements for structural composites according to SNI 03-2105-2006 . SEM analysis showed the presence of bonding interfaces of bamboo particle dispersed well into the matrix. this had an effect on increasing the tensile strength, yield strength and flexural strength of Tali Bamboo particle reinforced polyester composites.
Relative Contribution of Demographic Characteristics on Utilization of John Harris Library, University of Benin, Nigeria

This study investigated the relative contributions of demographic characteristics influencing utilization of John Harris Library, University of Benin (UNIBEN) by undergraduate students. A four point likert scale instrument with 35 questions was used to collect data. Seven questions were on demographics, ten questions on utilization of the library while 18 questions were on factors influencing utilization of the library. Respondents consist of 243 undergraduates at different levels of their studies. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage, mean, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, regression analysis (ANOVA). Results revealed that there is high and significant level of utilization of the library among the undergraduate students of the university. Demographic characteristics (academic discipline, level of study, gender and age) made collective significant contribution to the use of the library. Level of study made significant relative contribution towards utilization of the library. Efforts should be put in place by the managers of the library to sustain this result and improve on it.
SOLID PHASE FORMATION AND SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF NICKEL IN SOILS: 1. THEORETICAL1

Thermodynamic stability models of various nickel minerals and solution species are simulated to picture the possible solid phase formation and solution chemistry of Ni in soils. Carbonate, phosphate, sulfates, and halides of Ni are too soluble to precipitate in soils. Nickel oxides and hydroxides are stable in soils with pH greater than 9. The sulfides of Ni may control the concentration of Ni in soil solution if the soil environment reduces below pe+pH of 5. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) seems the most probable solid phase that can precipitate in soils. Nickel phosphate (Ni3PO4)2 is comparatively more soluble than nickel ferrite and will probably form only in soils where the availability of Fe is limited. Nickel silicate and nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) are also metastable with respect to nickel ferrite. Hydroxy-complex Ni(OH)+ and Ni2+ constitute a major portion of total Ni in soil solution above pH 8. In acid soils Ni2+, NiSO40, and NiHPO40 are significant and depend upon the levels of SO42- and PO43-. Bromo-, chloro-, iodo-, and nitrocomplexes of Ni are of minor importance in soils.
X-ray birefringence and forbidden reflections in sodium bromate

Reflections forbidden by a screw-axis rule are observed in sodium bromate with synchrotron radiation near the bromine K absorption edge, where X-ray birefringence occurs. The intensities vary with azimuthal angle according to theoretical predictions and indicate a larger magnitude for the birefringence than did earlier experiments. This technique is a method of selective diffraction in which atoms of a single element in a single chemical state contribute to the signal, and it can reveal their positions with precision.
Quality changes of farmed blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) subjected to slaughtering and storage under flow ice and ozonised flow ice

Summary Flow ice (FI) combined with ozone (OFI condition) was evaluated for slaughter and storage of farmed blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) when compared with FI alone (FI condition). When processed in either OFI or FI conditions, this species exhibited slow biochemical and microbiological spoilage mechanisms when compared with other commercial fish species. The presence of ozone slowed down microbial development (1.00–3.53 and 1.60–4.04 log CFU g−1 for fish mesophile counts from OFI and FI conditions, respectively) and trimethylamine formation, so that fish kept under OFI condition was still acceptable at the end of the experiment (day 16), while its counterpart fish treated with FI was rejectable. In contrast, a small pro-oxidant effect could be assessed by means of the ozone presence; however, oxidation values (peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index) reached at day 16 by individuals treated under OFI conditions (8.34 and 0.19, respectively) cannot be considered specially high.
Convective Invigoration Traced to Warm‐Rain Microphysics

Aerosols are postulated to alter moist convection by increasing cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Cloud‐resolving model simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium show that higher Nd leads to stronger convective mass flux, seemingly in line with a hypothesis that links the convective invigoration to delayed rain formation allowing more cloud liquid condensate to be frozen. Yet, the invigoration is also present in an alternative model configuration with warm‐rain microphysics only, suggesting that ice microphysics is not central to the phenomenon. The key dynamical mechanism lies in the different vertical distributions of the increases in water vapor condensation and in cloud liquid reevaporation, causing a dipole pattern favoring convection. This is further supported by a pair of mechanism‐denial experiments in which an imposed weakening of cloud liquid reevaporation tends to mute invigoration.