Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Criterion for Thermal Stratification in a Wind-Mixed System

Abstract The onset of thermal stratification in an isohaline, wind-mixed water body is shown, by a simple model and observations, to be determined by the parameter u*3/hB′, where u* is the friction velocity of the air just above the water surface, h the water depth and B′ a buoyancy flux. Defined as B′= gα(ρ Cp)−1 × [Q0 – 2Q1(ch)−1], where g is gravitational acceleration, α the coefficient of thermal expansion, ρ the density of water, Cp, the specific heat of water at constant pressure, Q0 the not surface heat input, Q1 the solar radiation that penetrates the water column and c the extinction coefficient for Q1, in the water, this buoyancy flux is the net buoyancy input to the water, less an amount due to solar radiation penetrating the water column. The transition from the well-mixed to stratified regime occurs when u*3/hB′ falls below a value of approximately 6700. This is supported by observations from a lagoon 3 m deep where the complete formation and breakdown cycle of thermal stratification occurs o.
Monitoring East African vegetation using AVHRR data

Abstract NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite data are applied to regional vegetation monitoring in East Africa. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for a one-year period from May 1983 are used to examine the phenology of a range of vegetation types. The integrated NDVI data for the same period are compared with an ecoclimatic zone map of the region and show marked similarities. Particular emphasis is placed on quantifying the phenology of the Acacia Commiphora bushlands. Considerable variation was found in the phenology of the bushlands as determined by the satellite NDVI, and is explained through the high spatial variability in the distribution of rainfall and the resulting green-up of the vegetation. The relationship between rainfall and NDVI is further examined for selected meteorological stations existing within the bushland. A preliminary estimate is made of the length of growing season using an NDVI thresholding technique
Chemistry and Biology of Rocaglamides (= Flavaglines) and Related Derivatives from Aglaia Species (Meliaceae)

Throughout the ages, humans have relied on Nature for fulfilling their basic needs for foodstuffs, shelter, clothing, means of transportation, fertilizers, flavors and fragrances, and, last but not least, medicines. Natural products have played, for thousands of years, an important role throughout the world in treating and preventing human diseases. Natural product medicines have come from various source materials including terrestrial plants, terrestrial microorganisms, marine organisms, and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates (1). The importance of natural products in modern medicine can be assessed using three criteria: (a) the rate of introducing new chemical entities of wide structural diversity, which may serve as templates for semisynthetic and total synthetic modification, (b) the number of diseases treated or prevented by these substances, and (c) their frequency of use in the
CMAR_A_270099 1383..1393

1Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China; 2Grade 2018 Clinical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Grade 2017 Nursing, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Forensic Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
Economic modeling of effects of climate change on the forest sector and mitigation options: a compendium of briefing papers

This report is a compilation of six briefing papers based on literature reviews and syntheses, prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service policy analysts and decisionmakers about specific questions pertaining to climate change. The main topics addressed here are economic effects on the forest sector at the national and global scales, costs of forest carbon sequestration as part of mitigation strategies, and mitigation aspects for nonindustrial private and public forest ownerships in the U.S. forest sector. Salient findings from the literature are summarized in the synthesis of the literature, along with identified research needs.
Compression of FeSi, Fe3C, Fe0.95O, and FeS under the core pressures and implication for light element in the Earth's core

[1] The light alloying element in the Earth's core has not been identified yet. Here we determined the pressure-volume equations of state of FeSi, Fe3C, and Fe0.95O in the core pressure range by a combination of diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques. Both B2-type FeSi and Fe3C cementite were preserved to 180 and 187 GPa, respectively. The rhombohedrally-distorted B1 phase of Fe0.95O was measured up to 186 GPa, and the distorted B8-type Fe0.95O was observed between 170 and 226 GPa. Combined with our previous data on FeS VI and B2-type VII phases to 270 GPa, we discuss the light element in the outer core by comparing the densities and compressibilities of these iron compounds with seismologically-estimated density profile in the core. Substitution of light element, particularly carbon and oxygen, in iron not only reduces the density but also enhances the compressibility remarkably. The core profile is therefore not reconciled with Fe-C and Fe-O compounds, while the densities and compressibilities of Fe-Si and Fe-S alloys match the observations. Carbon and oxygen may not be a predominant light element in the Earth's outer core, leaving silicon and sulfur as strong candidates.
Sustained, Full-Water-Column Observations of Internal Waves and Mixing near Mendocino Escarpment

Abstract The relative strength and spatiotemporal structure of near-inertial waves (NIW) and internal tides (IT) are examined in the context of recent moored observations made 19 km south of Mendocino Escarpment, an abrupt ridge/step feature in the eastern Pacific. In addition to strong internal tide generation, steps and ridges give rise to the possibility of “shadowing,” wherein near-inertial energy is prevented from reaching depths beneath a characteristic intersecting the ridge top. A combination of two moored profilers and a long-range acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) yielded velocity and shear measurements from 100 to 3640 m (60 m above bottom) and isopycnal depth, strain, and overturn-inferred turbulence dissipation rate from 1000 to 3640 m. Sampling intervals (20 min in the upper 1000 m and 1.5 h below that) were fast enough to minimize aliasing of higher-frequency internal-wave motions. The 67-day-long record is easily sufficient to isolate NIW and IT via bandpass filtering and to capture.
Geographic pattern of phytoplankton community and their drivers in lakes of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River �oodplain, ChinaGeographic pattern of phytoplankton community and their drivers in lakes of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River �oodplain, China

Disentangling the relative contributions of deterministic and stochastic processes were critical to compressive understanding of underlying mechanism governing geographic pattern and assembly of phytoplankton community, while it was seldom performed in connected lakes under human pressure. Here, we investigated phytoplankton community pattern in relation to environmental and spatial factors over 81 lakes located in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR) �oodplain, where many lakes suffered eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms. A majority of MLYR lakes had higher phytoplankton abundance surpassing 10 7 cells/L, and were dominated by common bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera, including Pseudanabaena, Microcystis, Merismopedia, Dolichospermum, Limnothrix, and Raphidiopsis. Phytoplankton community exhibited a striking geographical pattern both for taxonomic and functional compositions, while functional groups were less sensitive and disimmilarity in communities displayed no signi�cant increases with increasing geographical distance. Further, species richness explained much higher percentage of community variations than species turnover, indicating a reduced effect of environmental �ltering of phytoplankton species with tolerance to similar environments in connected MLYR lakes. Both deterministic and stochastic processes governed assembly and biogeographic of phytoplankton community. Variation partition analysis showed spatial factors exhibited greater in�uence on phytoplankton community compared to environmental variables. The stronger in�uence of spatial factors was further demonstrated by Mantel test and neutral community model. These �ndings indicate deterministic and stochastic processes exhibited similar biogeographic patterns for phytoplankton community in MLYR lakes, but stochastic process was overwhelmingly dominated. Moreover, a large proportion of unexplained variation implies complex interactions exist to shape assembly mechanism of phytoplankton community in MLYR lakes.
of Experimental Psychology: General Community Standards of Deception: Deception Is Perceived to Be Ethical When It Prevents Unnecessary Harm

We frequently claim that lying is wrong, despite modeling that it is often right. The present research sheds light on this tension by unearthing systematic cases in which people believe lying is ethical in everyday communication and by proposing and testing a theory to explain these cases. Using both inductive and experimental approaches, the present research ﬁ nds that deception is perceived to be ethical and individuals want to be deceived when deception is perceived to prevent unnecessary harm . This research identi ﬁ es eight community standards of deception: rules of deception that most people abide by and recognize once articulated, but have never previously been codi ﬁ ed. These standards clarify systematic circumstances in which deception is perceived to prevent unnecessary harm, and therefore, circum- stances in which deception is perceived to be ethical. This work also documents how perceptions of unnecessary harm in ﬂ uence the use and judgment of deception in everyday life, above and beyond other moral concerns. These ﬁ ndings provide insight into when and why people value honesty and paves the way for future research on when and why people embrace deception. target when deciding its ethicality, it seems unlikely that such reasoning plays a central role in explaining speci ﬁ c acts of deception.
and related differences in orthostatic cerebral oxygenation: Findings from 2764 older adults in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

Aims Cerebral hypoperfusion is implicated in the pathogenesis of associations between orthostatic hypotension and adverse outcome such as falls, cognitive impairment, depression, and mortality. Although the blood pressure response to orthostasis has been well studied there is a lack of information on orthostatic cerebrovascular responses in older populations. We measured cerebral hemodynamics, utilizing near infrared spectroscopy, coupled with peripheral blood pressure during an active stand in a large population of well-phenotyped older adults (N=2,764). Multi-level mixed effect models were utilized to investigate associations with age and sex, as well as confounders including anti-hypertensive medications. Normative cerebral oxygenation responses were also modelled utilizing generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Older age groups experienced larger initial drops in oxygenation and a slower recovery, and responses also differed by sex. The drop after standing ranged from -1.85% (CI: -2.02 to -1.68) in the males aged 54-59 years vs -1.15% (CI: -1.31 to -1.00%) in females aged 54-59 years, to -2.67% (CI: -3.01 to -2.33) in males aged >=80 years vs -1.97% (CI: -2.32 to -1.62) females aged >=80 years. Reduced oxygenation levels were also evident in those taking anti-hypertensive medications.
Gas Sensors for Monitoring Air Pollution

The air pollution caused by exhaust gases from automobiles has become a critical issue. In some regions, fossil fuel combustion is a problem as well. The principal gases that cause air pollution from automobiles are nitrogen oxides, NOx (NO and NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Because NOx gases with sulfur oxides (SOx) emitted from coal fired plants cause acid rain and global warming and produce ozone (O3) that leads to serious metropolitan smog from photochemical reaction, they must be detected and reduced [1-5]. In addition, as greater amounts of oil organic compounds are currently being produced by applied construction materials and households, the number of people who develop various symptoms after moving into a new apartment (e.g., tickle, vertigo, headache, skin trouble) is increasing [6,7]. The principal gases that cause this phenomenon (called “sick-building syndrome”) are formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [8]. Especially, formaldehyde is the most dangerous among indoor pollutants as it could harm all kinds of organisms. Considering these, the allowed concentration of formaldehyde in the Netherlands and Germany is only 0.1 ppm [9,10]. Therefore, gas sensors with excellent reactivity and stability are needed. The first decade of the 21st century has been labeled by some as the “Sensor Decade. ” A sensor is a device that converts a physical phenomenon into an electrical signal. As such, sensors represent part of the interface between the physical world and the world of electrical devices, such as computers. In recent years, sensors have received people’s attention as one of the important devices in electronic systems and enormous capability for information processing has been developed within the electronics industry. Of all sensors, gas sensors and light sensors have been most actively studied [11-13]. The final goal of gas sensor development is to establish the array technology of multifunctional gas sensors that can monitor air pollution with low cost, and is to fabricate the electronic nose using this technology. Gas sensors are defined as a device that can substitute for human olfaction, and there are many researches being conducted to monitor air pollution by using these gas sensors. Gas sensors can be classified into semiconductor-type, solid electrolyte-type, electrochemicaltype and catalytic combustion-type. Among these, the semiconductor-type gas sensor, the most well-known, is operated by changing its conductivity when it is exposed to gas. The semiconductor-type gas sensor has the advantages of rapid reactivity, efficiency, and gas selectivity when suitable additives are applied to it [14,15]. Sensors made of inorganic materials are the most commonly used, especially ceramics. One reason is that many sensors are used in very severe conditions such as high temperature, reactive or corrosive atmosphere and high humidity, and ceramics are most reliable materials in these conditions. Another reason may be that the microstructure of ceramics can be controlled by process
Predictive power of 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure and its components for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in 11 848 participants recruited from 13 populations

Background: The role of pulse pressure (PP) ‘widening’ at older and younger age as a cardiovascular risk factor is still controversial. Mean PP, as determined from repeated blood pressure (BP) readings, can be expressed as a sum of two components: ‘elastic PP’ (elPP) and ‘stiffening PP’ (stPP) associated, respectively, with stiffness at the diastole and its relative change during the systole. We investigated the association of 24-h ambulatory PP, elPP, and stPP (‘PP variables’) with mortality and composite cardiovascular events in different age classes. Method: Longitudinal population-based cohort study of adults with baseline observations that included 24-h ambulatory BP. Age classes were age 40 or less, 40–50, 50–60, 60–70, and over 70 years. Co-primary endpoints were total mortality and composite cardiovascular events. The relative risk expressed by hazard ratio per 1SD increase for each of the PP variables was calculated from multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models. Results: The 11 848 participants from 13 cohorts (age 53 ± 16 years, 50% men) were followed for up for 13.7 ± 6.7 years. A total of 2946 participants died (18.1 per 1000 person-years) and 2093 experienced a fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event (12.9 per 1000 person-years). Mean PP, elPP, and stPP were, respectively, 49.7, 43.5, and 6.2 mmHg, and elPP and stPP were uncorrelated (r = −0.07). At age 50–60 years, all PP variables displayed association with risk for almost all outcomes. From age over 60 years to age over 70 years, hazard ratios of of PP and elPP were similar and decreased gradually but differently for pulse rate lower than or higher than 70 bpm, whereas stPP lacked predictive power in most cases. For age 40 years or less, elPP showed protective power for coronary events, whereas stPP and PP predicted stroke events. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratio variations were similar over the entire age range. Conclusion: This study provides a new basis for associating PP components with outcome and arterial properties in different age groups and at different pulse rates for both old and young age. The similarity between adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios supports the clinical usefulness of PP components but further studies are needed to assess the prognostic significance of the PP components, especially at the young age.
Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos

[1] While conventional interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a very effective technique for measuring crustal deformation, almost any interferogram includes large areas where the signals decorrelate and no measurement is possible. Persistent scatterer (PS) InSAR overcomes the decorrelation problem by identifying resolution elements whose echo is dominated by a single scatterer in a series of interferograms. Existing PS methods have been very successful in analysis of urban areas, where stable angular structures produce efficient reflectors that dominate background scattering. However, man-made structures are absent from most of the Earth's surface. Furthermore, existing methods identify PS pixels based on the similarity of their phase history to an assumed model for how deformation varies with time, whereas characterizing the temporal pattern of deformation is commonly one of the aims of any deformation study. We describe here a method for PS analysis, StaMPS, that uses spatial correlation of interferogram phase to find pixels with low-phase variance in all terrains, with or without buildings. Prior knowledge of temporal variations in the deformation rate is not required for their identification. We apply StaMPS to Volcan Alcedo, where conventional InSAR fails because of dense vegetation on the upper volcano flanks that causes most pixels to decorrelate with time. We detect two sources of deformation. The first we model as a contracting pipe-like body, which we interpret to be a crystallizing magma chamber. The second is downward and lateral motion on the inner slopes of the caldera, which we interpret as landsliding.
Petrogenetic Processes Associated with Intermediate and Silicic Magmatism in the Oslo Rift, South-East Norway

Abstract The Permian magmatic province of the Oslo rift, south-east Norway, includes large volumes of felsic and silicic rocks. Based on their geochemical character, these rocks may be divided into two main groups. The Larvik larvikites (monzonites) are highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g. 10–32 ppm Th. 8–15 ppm Ta), and have an initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70391 ± 5. The syenites and granites have moderate to high concentrations of LILE (e.g. 7–88 ppm Th, 4–25 ppm Ta), and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 0.705 and 0.707. The Larvik larvikites and extrusive equivalents (rhomb porphyry lavas) have similar initial Sr isotope ratios to uncontaminated basalts and gabbros in the rift, and are believed to have a mantle origin. The higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the silicic than in the felsic rocks reflect a crustal component representing the intermediate or low crust. After intrusion into the upper crust, the major and traceelement concentrations of the silicic magmas were modified through fractional crystallization dominated by removal of alkali feldspar, and transport of elements with a fluid phase. The silicic magmas appear not to have interacted significantly with the side rock at this stage.
High-resolution simulations of convective cold pools over the northwestern Sahara

[1] Cooling by evaporation of convective precipitation in the deep and dry subcloud layer over desert regions can generate intense downdrafts and long-lived and extensive atmospheric density currents. The strong gusts at their leading edges can cause so-called haboob dust storms. Despite their importance for the dust cycle, the ability of state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models to realistically simulate the associated convective cold pools has been investigated very little to date. During the first field campaign of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment in southern Morocco in May/June 2006, several density currents were observed. They were triggered by deep moist convection over the Atlas Mountains during the afternoon and propagated into the foothills in the course of the evening. Here we present numerical simulations of three of these density currents using the nonhydrostatic Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling model with 2.8-km horizontal grid spacing, which allows an explicit treatment of deep convection. The model is capable of simulating the timely initiation of convective cells over the Atlas Mountains and the subsequent formation of long-lived, extensive cold pools with a realistic three-dimensional structure. Deviations from available surface and satellite observations are closely related to model deficiencies in simulating precipitating convection over the Algerian Sahara. Sensitivity studies with modified microphysics reveal a large influence of raindrop size distributions on evaporation and surface rainfall but a rather moderate influence on the cold pool evolution. Decreasing the length scale for turbulent vertical mixing in the boundary layer leads to more widespread but weaker precipitation, more evaporation, and a faster and more extended cold pool.