Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of aerial environment, nitrogen supply, and ontogenetical changes on the chemical composition and digestibility of Panicum maximum Jacq. var. trichoglume Eyles

The effect of aerial environment and nitrogensupply on the chemical composition and in vitvo digestibility of a tropical grass was studied by comparing plants of Panicum maximum var. tvichoglume grown in pots either outdoors or in an humidified glasshouse. Plants from the two environments were similar in their percentage content of protein and cell wall materials. Young tissue from the outdoor plants was more digestible than material from the glasshouse, but the digestibility of this material was nevertheless very high in all plants. Thus, it appears that the unusually high nitrogen percentages and digestibilities which have been recorded for tropical grasses in laboratory studies by comparison with field-grown material may not be directly associated with differences in the aerial environment. This point remains to be conclusively tested under precisely controlled conditions. Increase in nitrogen supply from low to moderate levels increased digestibility by 3-5 percentage units, and had a small positive effect on the percentage of total soluble carbohydrates. Very high nitrogen supply lowered the soluble carbohydrate content of the plant tops. There was an inverse relation between tissue nitrogen concentration and the content of cell wall material. The amount of cell wall material increased progressively from the earlier- to the later-formed leaves on a tiller. When compared at a similar age, later-formed leaves tended to be less digestible. This influence of leaf position on nutritive quality is very interesting and warrants further investigation.
Níveis de fósforo disponível em dietas para codornas japonesas de 45 a 57 semanas de idade

An experiment was conducted aiming to verify the effect of different levels of available phosphorus (AP) in the diet on performance, egg quality, bone tissue and percentages of P, Ca and Mg in excreta produced by quails during the final third of the production cycle. A total of 300 Japanese quails, with 313 days of age, was assigned to 30 experimental units of ten birds. A completely randomized design was used, with five levels of AP (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55%), with six replicates per treatments. The experimental diets were isoproteic (20.0% CP), isocaloric (2.900 kcal ME/kg), isocalcium (3.0% Ca) and isoaminoacidic. The increasing levels of AP in the diet linearly increased the concentration of Ca and Mg in the tibia; however, it linearly reduced the height of eggs analyzed. There was quadratic effect for specific gravity, weight and shell percentage, shell percentage of Ca and P in the tibia, achieving maximum points with the use of 0.43, 0.41, 0.42, 0.27 and 0.42% AP, respectively. Quadratic effects were also observed for excretion of Ca, P and ash, yielding maximum values with the use of 0.34, 0.30 and 0.43% AP in the diet. For other parameters, there was no effect of dietary phosphorus. Diet containing 0.15% AP satisfactorily meets the performance and maintenance of the physical integrity of the egg, in addition to reducing P excretion, without any loss caused by problems with egg shell nor occurrence of cage fatigue by weakening of the bone system, although there is reduction in the mineralization of the shell and bone tissue of Japanese quail in the final third of the production cycle (45 to 57 weeks of age).
Infertility and neonatal mortality in the sow III. Neonatal mortality and foetal development

1. An analysis of pre-weaning mortality in inbred Large White pigs showed that the over-all mortality in ten generations of sows was 47·3%. During the first four generations mortality fluctuated between 30 and 45%; from the 5th to the 9th it fluctuated between 50 and 68% and in the 10th rose to 88%. 2. 70·2% of all deaths occurred in the first 3 days post-parturition and the average birth weight of pigs which died within 3 days was only 1003·5 g. compared with 1258·5 g. for those which survived. 83·0% of pigs weighing less than 900 g. at birth died within 3 days, whereas only 18·5% of pigs weighing more than 1400 g. died within the same period. 3. There were marked seasonal variations in mortality, this being highest during the winter months. Mortality was highest in litters of under 5 and over 15, but between 5 and 15 there was no increase in mortality with litter size. There was no difference in mortality between males and females. 4. Foetal growth was studied in 80 outbred sows of various breeds. Foetal weight was affected not only by age but also by litter size. The withinlitter variation in foetal weight increased with litter size but no increase in between-litter variation with litter size could be demonstrated statistically. Male foetuses were slightly heavier than females at all stages of pregnancy investigated. 5. The growth of the inbred Large White foetus was also studied at an early and late stage of inbreeding, and the reduced birth weight in the latter was shown to be reflected in slower growth of the foetus from mid-pregnancy onwards. 6. The anatomical composition of inbred Large White foetuses at a late stage of inbreeding has been compared with that of similar foetuses at an earlier stage and also with normal outbred Essex foetuses, at 51, 74, 97 and 108 days of pregnancy. The chemical composition of inbred Large White foetuses of a later stage of inbreeding was compared with that of outbred Essex foetuses at 51, 74, 97 and 108 days. The differences in anatomical composition between the smallest and largest foetuses within litters are comparable with those found postnatally in pigs fed on a high or low plane of nutrition, but this was not reflected in a very definite way in the chemical composition. X-ray photographs showed that ossification was more advanced in the largest foetus within a litter than in the smallest but the appearance of the ossification centres was not delayed in the latter. 7. Attempts to make reciprocal ovum transfers between inbred Large White and outbred Essex sows met with little success, probably due to the low fertility of the Large Whites, the prolonged exposure of the ovum during transference and the necessity of effecting the transfer of the ova at the 2-cell stage. The latter was conditioned by the rate of passage of the ova through the tube and the fact that they enter the uterus in the 4-cell stage.
The leucine metabolite 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyrate (HMB) modifies protein turnover in muscles of laboratory rats and domestic chickens in vitro

Summary This study was conducted to assess the in vitro effects of leucine and 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein synthesis and degradation in isolated rat and chick muscles. Isolated muscles ‐ extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (S) in rats and EDL and tibialis anterior (TA) in chicks ‐ were taken out intact and incubated in Krebs‐Henseleit buffer with [ 14 C]phenylalanine. Protein synthesis was then determined by measuring [ 14 C]phenylalanine incorporation into protein and protein breakdown was estimated by net release of tyrosine from muscle proteins. In all muscles investigated leucine stimulated protein synthesis (average 20%; p 0.05 versus control) but only slightly reduced proteolysis (average 8%, NS). In contrast, HMB had no significant effect on protein synthesis but consistently decreased protein degradation in the range from 29% (p 0.01 versus control) in rat extensor digitorus longus to 5% (NS) in rat soleus muscles. HMB appeared to suppress protein degradation more in white muscle fibres than in red muscle fibres (at least in the rat). These data support observations in humans indicating that HMB decreases muscle proteolysis. It is suggested that metabolism of leucine to HMB could be responsible for the reported suppressive effects of leucine on protein breakdown.
First contribution to the bionomics of the pollen wasp Ceramius palaestinensis (Giordani Soika, 1957) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae) in Turkey

Data about the bionomics of the pollen wasp Ceramius palaestinensis (Giordani Soika, 1957) are presented for the first time. Ceramius palaestinensis is characterized by the following ethological elements: (i) the nest is excavated in non‐friable soil; (ii) the burrow is surmounted by a turret from earth extracted from within the burrow; (iii) the nest is possibly perennial; (iv) the nest has a relatively short, vertical to sub‐vertical main shaft with an expansion at the bottom; (v) the main shaft is not terminated by a cell; (vi) secondary shafts are absent; (vii) the cells are sub‐horizontal, all at different depths; (viii) brood cells are constructed mud‐cells built within an excavated cell, formed from earth excavated within the burrow; (ix) imagines visit only flowers of Trifolium (Fabaceae) and brood cells are provisioned exclusively with pollen from this plant genus; Trifolium species varying considerably in inflorescence morphology lead to different positions of foraging wasps on the inflorescences during flower visits; Trifolium resupinatum or T. clusii inflorescences with resupinate flowers function as a disc‐shaped pseudanthium with the vexilla of the flowers arranged on the outer periphery serving as petal‐like exhibition organs; and (x) males patrol and perch at water collection sites, at flowers and within nesting aggregations; copulations or copulatory attempts are observed there.
How Does Combined Assurance Affect the Reliability of Integrated Reports and Investors’ Judgments?

Abstract As integrated reports evolve to meet the needs of stakeholders, it is increasingly important to establish reliable information. We examine the effect of a new technique to enhance the reporting reliability, referred to as ‘combined assurance’ (through which the audit committee coordinates the assurance roles of management, internal assurance and external assurance providers and concludes on the effectiveness of risk management, internal controls and reporting quality), on restoring investors’ willingness to invest when there are significant reporting reliability risks. We conduct a series of experiments with different operationalizations of reporting reliability risks. We find that the communication of combined assurance can restore investors’ perceived reliability of reported information and willingness to invest when there is bad news (Experiment 1); when there is a non-financial key audit matter (KAM) indicating estimation uncertainty in the non-financial information (Experiment 2); and when there is a financial KAM indicating risks of manipulated financial reporting (Experiment 3). Our study has implications for practitioners, standard setters, and regulators who are exploring possible mechanisms to enhance the reliability of financial and non-financial information in the integrated reports.
The Age And Growth of Callista Chione

Callista chione (L.). is a fairly large, handsome bivalve of the family Veneridae. It is found around the coasts of Devon, Cornwall and Wales, though its distribution extends southwards to the Mediterranean. It is usually uncommon but has been found to occur at the eastern end of Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth at a density of about 1 per m2. Several specimens were taken in 1975 while testing a water lift system for the use of aqualung divers. Most of the shells were observed to bear a noticeable growth check in the form of a ridge several millimetres from the shell margin (Fig. 1). This ridge was not found in the older specimens in the laboratory's museum collection. To try to find out the cause of this growth check a tagging experiment was undertaken in 1976, although it was not possible to measure and mark out large numbers; recaptures in the following two years have been sufficient to provide some evidence for the average growth increment of different sizes of shell.
LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE CARBON TO CHLOROPHYLL a RATIO IN MICROALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON

Summary The carbon:chlorophyll a ratio (C:chl a or θ) is a sensitive indicator of physiological state in microalgae. The dependence of θ on photon flux density (PFD or I) and temperature in exponentially growing nutrient-sufficient microalgae can be described by an empirical equation with four coefficients. C:chl a increases linearly with increased light level at constant temperature and decreases exponentially with increased temperature at constant light level. Both the slope (ɛ) and intercept (θ0) of linear regressions of θ on photon flux density increase at low temperature. The intercept, θ0, increases from 6 to 40 g of carbon per gram of chlorophyll a (g C g chl a−1) between 30 and 0 °C and ɛ increases by over an order of magnitude from 004 to 1·9 g C g chl a−l m2 s μol photon−1 over the same temperature range. Low-temperature chlorosis can be interpreted as an adaptive response in the allocation of cell resources between temperature-independent biophysical reactions involved in light-harvesting and temperature-dependent biochemical reactions. This response also reduces the potential for photoinhibitory damage at high light levels which can be exacerbated by low temperatures. The range of values for θ in nature has not been adequately determined because of difficulty in separating phytoplankton from detritus, bacteria and microzooplankton. Based on the laboratory observations summarized in this paper, it would appear that use of a single value of θ for phytoplankton is inappropriate for ecological studies. For example, at a PFD of 50 μmol m−2 s−1, θ increases from 10 to 130 g C g chl a−1 between 30 and 0 °C under nutrient-sufficient conditions. These conclusions are based on observations for eight diatoms, two green algae, one euglenoid and two cyanobacteria for which the appropriate data are available. In contrast to these groups, the dinofiagellates contain substantially less chlorophyll a The available data indicate that θ is about three times larger in dinoflagellates than in other algae under comparable PFDs at 20 °C. There are insufficient data available, however, to evaluate the light and temperature dependence of θ in dinoflagellates.
Exploring Ultimate Hypotheses to Predict Diel Vertical Migrations in Coregonid Fish

Evolutionary hypotheses for diel vertical migrations (DVM) of aquatic animals include foraging opportunity, predator avoidance, and bioenergetics efficiency. Here we test which hypothesis predicts DVM in the small planktivorous coregonids vendace, Coregonus albula, and Fontane cisco, Coregonus fontanae, in a deep oligotrophic lake. Densities and population depths of young-of-the-year and larger coregonids were determined by hydroacoustics during day and night over 10 consecutive months. Depth distributions of predator-like fishes and zooplankton resources were recorded as well. Furthermore, Secchi depth, water temperature, oxygen concentrations, and pH values were determined at each sampling month. A DVM of the coregonids was observed in all months. Population depths during the night were significantly correlated to water temperatures, oxygen concentrations, and pH values. In contrast, the vertical distributions of predators or resources were not correlated with the coregonid depth distribution. These res.
Sex-related differences in the diet of the mink Mustela vison

The diets of free-ranging male and female mink were sampled by analysing faeces collected from radio-tagged individuals. Significant sex differences were apparent in the predation upon three of the five principal prey groups. The larger males preyed much more heavily upon lagomorphs, the largest prey taken, while females preyed more upon fish and crustaceans than did males. These differences were consistent in each season except the autumn (September to November), when males preyed more heavily upon fish and crustacea than did females. Due to their large size, adult lagomorphs are felt to be relatively unavailable to female mink. Male mink are apparently large enough to specialize on lagomorphs, and male mink niche breadth was consistently lower than that of females. Dietary overlap approximated to 40% in all seasons except summer (68%), when female predation upon lagomorphs reached a peak. This reduction in intraspecific feeding competition was felt to be a valuable side-effect of body-size dimorphism.
Microfungi on the Pandanaceae: Stachybotrys, with three new species

Abstract Three new species Of Stachybotrys are described based on specimens found on decaying leaves of Freycinetia and Pandanus from Australia, New Zealand, and Hang Kong. Seven Other species are reported from the Pandanaceae, and compared with presently accepted species. A key and a synoptic table are provided to the 12 species of Stachybotrys now known from members of the Pandanaceae.
Scale Dependence and the Species-Area Relationship

The complex relationship between species richness and area can be simplified by decomposing spatial scale into its components: grain, extent, and number of samples. We designed a 256 x 256-m study grid in the Oosting Natural Area in the Duke Forest, Orange County, North Carolina, such that the effects of these components can be disentangled. We found that grain, extent, and the number of samples all influenced the species-area relationship, although the effects of grain were dominant. We also found that species richness patterns were neither self-similar nor hierarchical. The degree to which diversity occurs in "hot spots" increases as a function of both grain and extent, but diversity hot spots tend to persist across a wide range of grains.
Lakes and ponds as model systems to study parallel evolution

Population genetic theory predicts that effective population size and gene flow can strongly influence the levels and patterns of genetic variability, and thereby also the likelihood, pace and direction of evolutionary transformations. Given that levels and patterns of genetic variability in lakes and ponds often differ from those observed in continuous marine environments, it follows that the dynamics of adaptation and evolution in freshwater habitats are also likely to differ from those in marine habitats. Here, I explore and discuss some ideas relating to the likelihood of parallel phenotypic evolution through similar (parallel) vs . different (convergent) genetic changes with particular focus on freshwater isolates. I will review and discuss the available genetic data with particular focus on freshwater fish populations, and outline possible avenues for future work in which ponds and small lakes could serve as useful model systems to study genetic parallelism and convergence, as well as molecular adaptation in general. Conservation issues related to genetics of isolated pond and lake populations are also addressed.
The unsteady Kutta condition on an airfoil in a surging flow

This work presents an experimental validation study of Isaacs’ incompressible unsteady-airfoil theory at Reynolds numbers above $10^{6}$, and explores the validity of the classical Kutta condition applied to surging flows. Harmonic variation of the free-stream velocity was produced by rotating choke vanes in an unsteady transonic wind tunnel, with time-resolved lift coefficients determined from surface pressure measurements on a NACA 0018 airfoil. Unsteady lift results demonstrate the same trends with reduced frequency and velocity amplitude ratio that are predicted by Isaacs’ theory. However, significant deviations of the lift magnitude and phase angle are observed. In order to understand the cause of these deviations, the background-oriented schlieren technique was used to visualize density gradients in the immediate vicinity of the airfoil trailing edge. The time-resolved background-oriented schlieren displacement field indicates oscillatory behaviour of the trailing-edge stagnation streakline, which violates the classical Kutta condition for this unsteady surging flow.
Localizing effect of Langmuir circulations on small-scale turbulence in shallow water

Wall-resolved and wall-modelled large-eddy simulations are performed to study the localizing effect of Langmuir cells (LCs) on small-scale background turbulence in shallow water. The total velocity fluctuations are decomposed into an LC content extracted by streamwise averaging and a background turbulence part. Based on the large-scale motions of LCs, the spanwise domain is divided into three regions dominated by the upwelling, spanwise and downwelling flows of LCs, respectively. The localized Reynolds stresses $\langle u_{i}^{T}u_{j}^{T}\rangle _{xt}$ in different spanwise regions are compared to show the localizing effects of the LCs on the background turbulence quantitatively, where $u_{1}^{T}$ (or $u^{T}$), $u_{2}^{T}$ (or $v^{T}$) and $u_{3}^{T}$ (or $w^{T}$) represent the streamwise, vertical and spanwise components of the background turbulence velocity, respectively, and $\langle \cdot \rangle _{xt}$ denotes time and streamwise averaging. It is shown that the magnitudes of the localized Reynolds stresses in different spanwise regions vary significantly. The transport equations of the localized Reynolds stresses are then analysed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the localizing effects. It is discovered that the difference in the energy production correlated to the shear of the LC content among different regions is the key factor that leads to the localization of background turbulence. In addition, the energy production correlated to the shear of the mean flow, the energy redistribution due to the pressure–strain correlation, and the interaction between the localized Reynolds stresses and the shear of the Stokes drift also play important roles. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of the transport equations, predictive models are proposed for the localizing effects, which assess the spatial dependence of the Boussinesq model for background turbulence in coastal Langmuir turbulence. These models show good scaling performance of $\langle u^{T}u^{T}\rangle _{xt}$ near the water bottom and of $\langle -u^{T}v^{T}\rangle _{xt}$, $\langle -u^{T}w^{T}\rangle _{xt}$ and $\langle -v^{T}w^{T}\rangle _{xt}$ in the central region of the water column under various flow conditions with different values of the Reynolds number, turbulent Langmuir number and wavenumber.
Consumption patterns, complexity and enrichment in aquatic food chains

The interactions between consumers and prey, and their impact on biomass distribution among trophic levels, are central issues in both empirical and theoretical ecology. In a long–term experiment, where all organisms, including the top predator, were allowed to respond to environmental conditions by reproduction, we tested predictions from ‘prey–dependent’and ‘ratio–dependent’models. Prey–dependent models made correct predictions only in the presence of strong interactors in simple food chains, but failed to predict patterns in more complex situations. Processes such as omnivory, consumer excretion, and unsuitable prey–size windows (invulnerable prey) increased the complexity and created patterns resembling ratio–dependent consumption. However, whereas the prey–dependent patterns were created by the mechanisms predicted by the model, ratio–dependent patterns were not, suggesting that they may be ‘right for the wrong reason’. We show here that despite the enormous complexity of ecosystems, it is possible to identify and disentangle mechanisms responsible for observed patterns in community structure, as well as in biomass development of organisms ranging in size from bacteria to fish.