Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retention and use of personal health records: A population‐based study

A parent‐held record has been issued to all children born in New South Wales (NSW), Australia since 1988. Five years after its introduction, an evaluation was undertaken to determine its retention rate over time, rate of documentation of immunization status and other important child health information, and its perceived usefulness to parents. The cross‐sectional study comprised an interviewer administered questionnaire to 622 households derived from a stratified random sample of 25 local government areas, representative of 73% of all households containing children under 5 years of age in NSW. A concurrent postal survey assessed the attitudes and use of the Personal Health Record (PHR) among a stratified random sample of 911 health care providers.
Estimates of phytoplankton class‐specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations

An approach that combines a recently developed procedure for improved estimation of surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chlsurf) from ocean color and a phytoplankton class‐specific bio‐optical model was used to examine primary production in the Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, this approach was applied to the 10 year time series of satellite Chlsurfdata from the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor. We estimated the primary production associated with three major phytoplankton classes (micro, nano, and picophytoplankton), which also yielded new estimates of the total primary production (Ptot). These estimates of Ptot (e.g., 68 g C m−2 yr−1for the entire Mediterranean basin) are lower by a factor of ∼2 and show a different seasonal cycle when compared with results from conventional approaches based on standard ocean color chlorophyll algorithm and a non‐class‐specific primary production model. Nanophytoplankton are found to be dominant contributors to Ptot (43–50%) throughout the year and entire basin. Micro and picophytoplankton exhibit variable contributions to Ptot depending on the season and ecological regime. In the most oligotrophic regime, these contributions are relatively stable all year long with picophytoplankton (∼32%) playing a larger role than microphytoplankton (∼22%). In the blooming regime, picophytoplankton dominate over microphytoplankton most of the year, except during the spring bloom when microphytoplankton (27–38%) are considerably more important than picophytoplankton (20–27%).
Simulating streamflow and dissolved organic matter export from a forested watershed

Stream water concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibit large temporal variations during precipitation on forested, headwater catchments. We present a modeling framework appropriate for describing streamflow and event‐driven export of DOM from small, forested watersheds. Our model links parametrically simple formulations for rainfall‐runoff generation and soil water carbon dynamics. The rainfall‐runoff formulation is developed by modifying the catchment model of Kirchner (2009) to account for hysteresis in the relationship between stream discharge and catchment water storage. Time series computations of catchment water storage are used by the soil carbon model to approximate the effects of leaching, adsorption, and mineralization on soil water DOM concentrations and the export of DOM from the terrestrial reservoir to the stream. Our findings show that this model is capable of reproducing hourly variations of stream discharge (ranging from 0.01 to 0.38 mm h−1) and stream water DOM concentrations (ranging from 1.8 to 14 mg C L−1) measured in a forested headwater stream in north central Massachusetts. Our analysis highlights the strong linkage between soil carbon dynamics and hydrological processes that govern catchment water storage and flow paths connecting the terrestrial system to the stream.
A dual weighted trust-region adaptive POD 4D-Var applied to a Finite-Volume shallow-water Equations Model on the sphere†

In this paper we study solutions of an inverse problem for a global shallow water model controlling its initial conditions speci ed from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) datasets, in presence of full or incomplete observations being assimilated in a time interval(window of assimilation) with or without background error covariance terms. As an extension of the work in Chen et al., 2009, we attempt to obtain a reduced-order model of above inverse problem, based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), referred to as POD 4-D Var for a nite volume global shallow water equations model based on the Lin-Rood ux-form semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit time integration scheme. Di erent approaches of POD implementation of the reduced inverse problem are compared, including a dual-weighted method for snapshot selection coupled with a trust-region POD adaptivity approach. Numerical results with various observational densities and background error covariance operator are also presented. The POD 4-D Var model results combined with the trust region adaptivity exhibit similarity in terms of various error metrics to the full 4-D Var results, but are obtained using a signi cantly lesser number of minimization iterations and require lesser CPU time. Based on our previous and current work, we conclude that POD 4-D Var certainly warrants further studies,with promising potential of its extension to operational 3-D numerical weather prediction models. Copyright c © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees

Bumble bees represent one of the most important groups of pollinators. In addition to their ecological and economic relevance , they are also a highly charismatic group which can help to increase the interest of people in realizing, enjoying and conserving natural systems. However, like most animals, bum-ble bees are sensitive to climate. In this atlas, maps depicting potential risks of climate change for bumble bees are shown together with informative summary statistics, ecological background information and a picture of each European species. Thanks to the EU FP7 project STEP, the authors gathered over one million bumblebee records from all over Europe. Based on these data, they modelled the current climatic niche for almost all European species (56 species) and projected future climatically suitable conditions using three climate change scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100. While under a moderate change scenario only 3 species are projected to be at the verge of extinction by 2100, 14 species are at high risk under an intermediate change scenario. Under a most severe change scenario as many as 25 species are projected to lose almost all of their climatically suitable area, while a total of 53 species (77% of the 69 European species) would lose the main part of their suitable area. Climatic risks for bumblebees can be extremely high, depending on the future development of human society, and the corresponding effects on the climate. Strong mitigation strategies are needed to preserve this important species group and to ensure the sustainable provision of pollination services, to which they considerably contribute. On the front cover: Bombus hyperboreus, an Arctic bumblebee species that is threatened by global warming
Notch Pathway Inhibition Significantly Reduces Rhabdomyosarcoma Invasiveness and Mobility In Vitro

Purpose: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in children and can be divided into two main subtypes: embryonal and alveolar RMS. Patients with metastatic disease continue to have very poor prognosis although aggressive therapies and recurrences are common in advanced localized disease. The oncogenic potential of the Notch pathway has been established in some cancers of the adult and in some pediatric malignancies. Experimental Design: A real-time PCR assay was used to ascertain the expression of several Notch pathway components in a wide panel of RMS and cell lines. Four γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were tested for pathway inhibition and the degree of inhibition was assessed by analysis of Hes1 and Hey1 expression. The putative effects of Notch pathway inhibition were evaluated by wound-healing, matrigel/transwell invasion, cell-cycle, and apoptosis assays. Results: The Notch pathway was widely expressed and activated in RMS and underwent substantial inhibition when treated with GSIs or transfected with a dominant negative form of MAML1. RMS cells showed a significant decrease in its mobility and invasiveness when the Notch pathway was properly inhibited; conversely, its inhibition had no noticeable effect on cell cycle or apoptosis. Conclusion: Pharmacological or genetic blockage of the pathway significantly reduced invasiveness of RMS cell lines, thereby suggesting a possible role of the Notch pathway in the regulation of the metastatic process in RMS. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 505–13. ©2010 AACR.
Distinguishing Similar Volcanic Source Areas From an Integrated Provenance Analysis: Implications for Foreland Andean Basins

Abstract The Mata Amarilla Formation marks the onset of the foreland stage of the Austral basin, which is composed of mostly nonmarine and littoral siliciclastic sediments, thus providing an opportunity to study the detrital record of the Late Cretaceous southern foreland Andes. Our dataset provides, for the first time, a comprehensive picture of the Late Cretaceous evolution of the Austral foreland basin, constituting a possible analogue to other foreland basins at the foot of the Andes. Sandstones from the Mata Amarilla Formation testify to variable contributions from Jurassic bimodal volcanic rocks of the Deseado Massif and the Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt, in the context of an eastward-advancing orogen. Sandstone petrography shows an overall feldspathic litharenite composition, whereas sandstones coming from the northeast (Deseado Massif) have higher Lv and lower Qp proportions than samples coming from the west (Patagonian fold-and-thrust belt). In the central part of the study area, sandstones are characterized by higher proportions of Qt associated with a greater distance and time of transport relating to its position in the Austral foreland basin. In spite of the increased maturity of sandstone in the central area, X-ray analyses permit recognition of the compositional signature of Mata Amarilla Formation, in which four clay-mineral assemblages were identified: S (rich in smectite), S-K (rich in smectite and kaolinite), Pg (rich in palygorskite), and I/S (rich in illite–smectite mixed layers). S-assemblage evidences well-crystallized smectite, characteristic of volcaniclastic origin. Most smectite was formed during early diagenesis through alteration of labile tuffaceous material derived from the Southern Andes. The stratigraphic variations in clay-mineral assemblages reveal a strong environmental control on their distribution. The transformation of smectite into illite and kaolinite is considered as product of pedogenesis, whereas the presence of palygorskite indicates a coastal environment with paleosol development under poorly drained conditions.
BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS

v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF FIGURES . ix CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Organization . 2 1.2 Contributions of This Thesis . 3 CHAPTER 2—PROXIMITY COMMUNICATION . 4 2.1 Advantages . 5 2.1.1 I/O Density . 6 2.1.2 Removal of Off-Chip Wires. 7 2.1. 3 Removal of ESD Structures . 8 2.1. 4 Removal of the On-Die Termination . 8 2.1. 5 Ease of Testability. 9 2.2 Challenges . 10 2.2.1 Electronic Sensors for Measuring Misalignment . 10 2.2.2 Electronic Re-Alignment . 14
Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America

Introduction 2 2 5 6 6 8 Previous classification of Acer . Cladistic analysis of Acer . Relationships of Accraceae to other taxa . The "Acer" arcliCUI1I complex . Relationships in Aceraceae . ••. 10 Relationships in Acer . •. •. II Prototypical Acer . 18 Results . 19 Extinct Sections . Summary and proposed classification of Acer . • 21 25 Evolution of Acer in the Tert iary of western North Amer ica. 27 Comparison of clad ist ic ana lysis to apparem ages of sections. 27 Diversification of Acer through the Tertiary . 30 Evolutionary patterns. 33 Relation to climate . Adaptive strategies Distribution of Acer in the Tert iary of western North America Co-occurrences of different organs . 34 35 . 37 37 List of localities and occurrences of Acer. 38 Stratigraphic . Abundance . Biogeographic Conclusions . •. FUlure work . Systematics . 42
How do children learn to follow gaze , share joint attention , imitate their teachers , and use tools during social interactions ?

How does an infant learn through visual experience to imitate actions of adult teachers, despite the fact that the infant and adult view one another and the world from different perspectives? To accomplish this, an infant needs to learn how to share joint attention with adult teachers and to follow their gaze towards valued goal objects. The infant also needs to be capable of view-invariant object learning and recognition whereby it can carry out goal-directed behaviors, such as the use of tools, using different object views than the ones that its teachers use. Such capabilities are often attributed to " mirror neurons ". This attribution does not, however, explain the brain processes whereby these competences arise. This article describes the CRIB (Circular Reactions for Imitative Behavior) neural model of how the brain achieves these goals through inter-personal circular reactions. Inter-personal circular reactions generalize the intra-personal circular reactions of Piaget, which clarify how infants learn from their own babbled arm movements and reactive eye movements how to carry out volitional reaches, with or without tools, towards valued goal objects. The article proposes how intra-personal circular reactions create a foundation for inter-personal circular reactions when infants and other learners interact with external teachers in space. Both types of circular reactions involve learned coordinate transformations between body-centered arm movement commands and retinotopic visual feedback, and coordination of processes within and between the What and Where cortical processing streams. Specific breakdowns of model processes generate formal symptoms similar to clinical symptoms of autism. 1. Introduction After the first few years of life, children can effortlessly follow the gaze of their adult teachers, share attention with teachers to common goal objects during social interactions, and imitate teachers' actions. Shared attention, also known as joint attention, refers to the manner in which two or more individuals simultaneously attend to a goal object. Shared attention is largely contingent on the ability to follow another person's gaze. Together with appropriate emotional responses to familiar individuals and their actions, these cognitive capacities may contribute to the development of theory of mind—the ability to infer the mental states of others (Baron-Cohen, 1995). A large volume of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging research on gaze following, shared attention, and theory of mind—capacities which are core competences of social cognition—has emerged in recent years (e. The burgeoning nature of this field underscores the need for a unifying theoretical framework to understand and predict …
Tidal Inlet Evolution in the Mississippi River Delta Plain

A sequence of tidal inlet morphologies ranging from wave- to tide-dominated occurs along the shoreline of the Mississippi River Delta Plain. There is no appreciable variation in the mean tidal range (0.35 m) or mean significant wave height (0.5 m) in this reach of coastal Louisiana. The arrangement of sand bodies in the individual inlets is associated with the tidal prism exchanged between the respective bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and sediment supply. This study presents the argument that temporal changes in tidal prism and sediment supply results in a sequential change of inlet morphology. This inlet evolution is noted during the abandonment phase of individual delta lobes of the Mississippi River. During the first stage of abandonment, represented by headlands flanked by barrier spits, high rates of subsidence cause bays to expand. As bay area increases, tidal prism increases causing wave dominated inlets to evolve tide-dominated morphologies. At the beginning of the second stage of delta lobe abandonment (barrier island arc systems) the sediment supply becomes limited. The spits confining tide-dominated inlets fragment causing the inlet throat to widen; tidal current strength decreases and waves begin to fill the main ebb channel with sands derived from the ebb tidal delta.
Breast cancer genetic counseling after diagnosis but before treatment: A pilot study on treatment consequences and psychological impact

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The role of phonotactic frequency in sentence repetition by children with specific language impairment.

PURPOSE Recent work suggests that specific language impairment (SLI) results from a primary deficit in phonological processing. This deficit is most striking in nonword repetition tasks, where semantic and syntactic demands are eliminated. Children with SLI repeat nonwords less accurately than do their unimpaired peers, which may reflect difficulty extracting phonological regularities from their lexicons. However, recent evidence suggests that having children with SLI respond to meaningless syllables such as nonwords underestimates their language abilities. Therefore, phonological processing was measured by having children repeat meaningful sentences containing target words differing in phonotactic pattern frequency (PPF). METHOD Eighteen children with SLI (mean age=9;0 [years;months]) and 18 age-matched controls repeated acoustically degraded sentences containing CVC target words differing in PPF, occurring in either subject position or sentence-final position. RESULTS Accuracy results revealed significant main effects due to group, PPF, and sentence position (sentence final>subject). Further, the nonsignificant Group×PPF interaction suggests that both groups of children were similarly affected by PPF. CONCLUSION Children with SLI repeated CVC target words less accurately overall but showed similar sensitivity to PPF as typical controls, suggesting that PPF affects repetition of real words embedded in sentential contexts by both children with SLI and typically developing peers.
Internally generated decadal cold events in the northern North Atlantic and their possible implications for the demise of the Norse settlements in Greenland

We attribute and describe the governing mechanisms of decadal cold excursions in the subpolar North Atlantic of similar amplitude and duration to cold events reconstructed from climate‐proxies during the last millennium detected in an ensemble of three transient and one unperturbed climate simulation. The cold events are attributed to internal regional climate variability, with varying external forcing increasing their magnitude and frequency. The underlying general mechanism consists of a feedback loop initiated by a weakening of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, which induces persistent colder and fresher surface conditions in the Labrador Sea and, eventually, a deep convection shutdown. We thus exclude a hemispheric climate reorganization or a weak ocean overturning circulation as necessary trigger for such events. An associated northeastward atmospheric cold advection over the Labrador Sea deteriorates local living conditions on south Greenland, essential for the sustainability of the Norse settlements.
A review of sanitation and hygiene in Tanzania

Tanzania is not on track to meet its Millennium Development Goal of 62 % improved sanitation coverage by 2015. This failure is due to population growth characterised by rapid urbanisation which the Government of Tanzania is unable to service due to limited capacity, resources and lack of coordination of the other implementing stakeholders. Inadequate sanitation and hygiene results in morbidity and mortality for Tanzanian's due to endemic infections resulting in diarrhoea and other illnesses. This review summarises all the available literature to provide the current status of sanitation and hygiene and an overview of projects and programs in Tanzania. Finally, gaps have been identified in the current knowledge and recommendations made on how to improve sanitation and hygiene in Tanzania. This review identified the current stakeholders in sanitation and hygiene in Tanzania to include; office of the Prime Minister, three government ministries, local government areas, 12 donor and multilateral agencies, 5 private donors, 13 international non-government organizations (NGO), 18 local NGO, 2 faith based organizations, 2 networks as well as numerous actors from community based organisations and the commercial sector. The health burden due to poor sanitation and hygiene is significant. Diarrhoea in the preceding two weeks is reported on average in 15 % of children under five years of age and results in 9 % of all mortality for this age group. Cholera and Typhoid is endemic in some areas of Tanzania and outbreaks are common. Then there is the ever present problems of water related parasitic infections such as malaria and schistosomiasis. Prevalence of these infections in Tanzania has been scientifically linked to poor sanitation and hygiene; in particular a access to latrines, poor hand washing behaviour, and inadequate drainage. Across Tanzania it is estimated that 93 % of the population has access to a latrine. However, when assessing access to improved sanitation that figures drops to 24 %, depending on the definition of improved sanitation used. There are differences between urban and rural areas with urban areas particularly in Dar es Salaam reporting lack of access to affordable sanitation due to costs of construction, high water table and de-sluding expenses. In urban areas lack of solid waste collection and poor drainage combined with extensive use of pit latrines make for very poor hygiene conditions. Hygiene behaviour in Tanzania varies, although hand washing is widely practiced except not always with soap nor at critical times such as before …