Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A high‐efficient imprecise discrete cosine transform block based on a novel full adder and Wallace multiplier for bioimages compression

Sophisticated systems take advantage of approximate circuits for energy management. A gate‐level structure is introduced to make a novel imprecise full adder (FA) cell by the gate diffusion input (GDI) strategy. The carbon nanotube field‐effect transistor (CNTFET) technology lowers the FA power, and the swing issue is resolved by the dynamic threshold (DT) technique. The FA specifications are 10 transistors, two internal nodes, 0.191‐μm2 area, three errors, and an error rate (ER) of 37.5%. Some inputs are directly passed to the final stage of the FA to reduce the delay and dynamic power. The FA is used in three 4:2 compressors with 12, 16, and 20 transistors, respectively. The compressors are based on the modified stacking concept to attain low power, small area, and high speed. The compressors are used up in the partial product reduction tree (PPRT) of a new 8‐bit inexact multiplier. Regarding the multiplier, the power–delay product (PDP) is decreased by 25.21%, and the normalized mean error distance (NMED) shows high accuracy. An imprecise discrete cosine transform (DCT) is implemented by the multiplier for image compression, and compared with the literature, the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) are amended by 8.26% and 7.29%, respectively.
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemia during the First Lockdown Period on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Single Centre Evaluation

Data on the impact of COVID-19 on diagnosis, management and outcomes of women with GDM are few. Our aim was to evaluate the possible impact of lockdown on GDM diagnosis and follow-up. We retrospectively analyzed the GDM diagnostic modalities, the clinical-metabolic characteristics and the maternal and fetal outcomes in 48 GDM women followed during the lockdown (March-May 2020) and to compare the results with the 61 GDM women followed in the same period in 2019. We found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of diagnosis, clinical-metabolic characteristics and maternal and fetal outcomes. Therefore, we found that lockdown did not affect negatively maternal and fetal outcomes of GDM patients followed in this period.
Detection of complex organic molecules in a prestellar core: a new challenge for astrochemical models

Context. Complex organic molecules (COMs) have long been detected in the interstellar medium, especially in hot cores and in the hot corinos of low-mass protostars. Their formation routes however remain uncertain. Both warm gas-phase reactions and warm grain-surface reactions have been invoked to account for their presence in low-mass protostars. In this latter scheme, COMs result from radical-radical reactions on the grains as radicals become mobile when the nascent protostar warms up its surroundings and the resulting molecules are subsequently desorbed into the gas phase at higher temperatures. Aims. Prestellar cores are the direct precursors of low-mass protostars and offer a unique opportunity to study the formation of COMs before the warm-up phase. Their very low temperatures (≤10 K) and the absence of any heating source or outflow exclude any efficient warm gas phase or warm dust chemistry, so that the presence of COMs in prestellar cores would have to originate from non-thermal chemical processes. Methods. We used the IRAM 30 m telescope to look for four O-bearing COMs (acetaldehyde CH3CHO, dimethyl ether CH3OCH3, methyl formate CH3OCHO, and ketene CH2CO) in the prestellar core L1689B. Results. We report the unambiguous detection of all four molecules in the cold gas phase of L1689B. These detections support the role played by non-thermal (possibly photolytic) processes in COM formation and desorption, though the presence of dimethyl ether is so far unexplained by current grain formation scenarios. The data show univocally that COM synthesis has already started at the prestellar stage and suggests at least part of the COMs detected in hot corinos have a prestellar origin.
Evaluation of Current Antiemetic Therapy Response in Patients Undergoing MEC or HEC Regimens in Portugal

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) negatively impact cancer patients’ quality of life and treatment outcomes. This study evaluated the achievement of complete response to CINV prophylaxis during the first five days after chemotherapy in adult outpatient cancer clinics with solid malignant tumours receiving Moderate or Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) in Portugal. During the study, patients completed three evaluations, and nausea severity and CINV impact on patients’ daily life was assessed. A complete response (no emetic episodes, no use of rescue antiemetic medication, and no more than mild nausea) was observed in 72% of the cycles (N = 161) throughout the five days after chemotherapy. Amongst the patient population, 25% classified their CINV episodes as severe. Though more than half of the patients achieved a complete response, suggesting that a therapeutic effort is being made to minimise this side effect, the overall scenario is barely optimistic. Significantly, new CINV-control measures in MEC/HEC patients should be adopted, specifically avoiding the single use of dexamethasone and 5-HT3 and raising awareness of using NK1-RAs. Thus, it is critical to improve CINV prophylactic treatment and implement practical international antiemetic guidelines in Portuguese clinical practice, envisaging the improvement of supportive care for cancer patients.
Phylogenetic assessment of endangered and look‐alike Pigtoe species in a freshwater mussel diversity hotspot

Abstract The Green River in Kentucky in the eastern United States is a freshwater mussel biodiversity hotspot, with 71 known species. Among them, the endangered Pleurobema plenum coexists with other morphologically similar species in the genera Fusconaia and Pleurobema, known colloquially as “pigtoes. ” Identification of species in these genera is challenging even for mussel experts familiar with them. In our study, the correct identification of these species by experts ranged from 57% to 83%. We delineated taxonomic boundaries among seven species and tested for cryptic biodiversity among these look‐alike mussels utilizing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation. Phylogenetic analysis of combined (1215 bp) mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) genes showed five well‐diverged groups that included F. flava, F. subrotunda, P. cordatum, and P. plenum as distinct clades, with P. sintoxia and P. rubrum grouped into a single clade. While our mitochondrial DNA analyses did not distinguish P. sintoxia and P. rubrum as phylogenetically distinct species, the typical shell forms of these two nominal taxa are very distinct. Further phylogenetic analysis using nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacer region subunit I (ITS1) DNA sequences also showed that P. sintoxia and P. rubrum were not distinct lineages. No cryptic species were detected in the Fusconaia and Pleurobema samples analyzed from the Green River. The highest haplotype diversity (h), average number of nucleotide differences (k), and nucleotide diversity (π) were observed for F. subrotunda at both the COI (h = 0.896, k = 3.805, π = 0.00808) and ND1 (h = 0.984, k = 6.595, π = 0.00886) markers, with similarly high genetic diversity in the other taxa. Our results give managers confidence that cryptic taxa do not occur within or among these morphologically similar species in the Green River, and populations appear genetically diverse, indicative of large and healthy populations.
The COBE Mission: Its Design and Performance Two Years after Launch

COBE, NASA's first space mission devoted primarily to cosmology, carries three scientific instruments to make precise measurements of the spectrum and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation on angular scales greater than 7° and to conduct a search for a diffuse cosmic infrared background radiation with 0°. 7 angular resolution. The mission goal is to make these measurements to the limit imposed by the local astrophysical foregrounds. The COBE instruments cover the wavelength range from 1.2 μm to 1 cm. The instruments are calibrated periodically in orbit using internal calibrators and celestial standards
The role of negative energy waves in some instabilities of parallel flows

Parallel flows with step function velocity and density profiles can support waves which have negative energy, in the sense that exciting them lowers the total energy of the system. A number of instabilities can occur because of the coexistence of positive and negative energy waves, or because of the damping of negative energy waves; some particular examples are discussed to show how appreciation of this role of negative energy waves allows one to predict the existence of instability before doing any detailed analysis, and to gain insight into the instability mechanism.
Three Experiments Concerned with Pitch Perception

Three experiments indicate that the place of the excitation along the basilar membrane determines pitch perception. (1) Without changing the periodicity of a tone, its pitch can be raised or lowered by masking. (2) The changes in the size of a sound image produced by masking can be explained in terms of the place theory of hearing. (3) Pitch sensations seem to be connected in an orderly way to place of excitation along the basilar membrane, since it is possible to observe the time differences required by the traveling waves to reach the different places along the membrane.
Continuous Functions: Students’ Viewpoints

Summaries English The concept of a mathematical function is applied widely in science to describe phenomena in which time, frequency, distance, temperature, and other continuous variables depend on one another. Two tasks were designed to test students’ conceptualization of such relations. Each task involved one independent and one dependent variable in a real‐world context (bacterial growth, spacecraft design). Information about the function was provided in the form of a table of paired values that exhibited a clear non‐linearity. The almost 400 subjects, ranging in age from 11 to 18 years, were required to make interpolations between the given values and to explain their procedure. A brief demonstration of graphical curvilinear interpolation was given between the presentation of the two tasks. Student responses were classified into four categories according to the method of interpolation: curvilinear, combined curvi‐ and rectilinear, rectilinear, and intuitive (estimates, guesses, unsystematic or erroneo.
Measurements of electron densities in solids: a real-space view of electronic structure and bonding in inorganic crystals

This review summarizes the recent progress in experimental determination of electron densities in inorganic crystals and its contribution to our understanding of bonding and density functional approximations. The experimental techniques for electron density mapping are presented, including the accurate measurement of experimental structure factors by electron diffraction and multipole electron density modelling. Interpretation of electron density maps by combining first-principles calculations and spectroscopic measurements will be illustrated through the example of bonding in copper and cuprite. The significance of experimental electron density is demonstrated by selected examples of materials representative of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding and testing of theory.
LogEncoder: Log-Based Contrastive Representation Learning for Anomaly Detection

In recent years, cloud computing centers have grown rapidly in size. Analyzing system logs is an important way for the quality of service monitoring. However, systems produce massive amounts of logs, and it is impractical to analyze them manually. Automatic and accurate log analysis to detect abnormal events in systems has become extremely important. However, due to the nature of the log analysis problem, such as discrete property, class imbalance, and quality of log, log-based anomaly detection remains a difficult problem. To address these challenges, we propose LogEncoder, a framework of log sequence encoding for semi-supervised anomaly detection. LogEncoder utilizes a pre-trained model to obtain a semantic vector for each log event. To separate normal and abnormal log event sequences and preserve their contextual information, we integrate one-class and contrastive learning objectives training into the representation model. Finally, we propose two methods, one for offline and one for online, to detect system anomalies. Compared to six state-of-the-art baselines on three benchmark datasets, LogEncoder outperforms five unsupervised and semi-supervised methods, and the performance is comparable to the supervised method LogRobust.
Surface pressure fluctuations in a separating turbulent boundary layer

Measurements of surface pressure-fluctuation spectra and wave speeds are reported for a well-documented separating turbulent boundary layer. Two sensitive instrumentation microphones were used in a new technique to measure pressure fluctuations through pinhole apertures in the flow surface. Because a portion of the acoustic pressure fluctuations is the same across the nominally two-dimensional turbulent flow, it is possible to decompose the two microphone signals and obtain the turbulent flow contributions to the surface pressure spectra. In addition, data from several earlier attached-flow surface-pressure-fluctuation studies are re-examined and compared with the present measurements. The r.m.s. of the surface pressure fluctuation p′ increases monotonically through the adverse-pressure-gradient attached-flow region and the detached-flow zone. Apparently p′ is proportional to the ratio α of streamwise lengthscale to lengthscales in other directions. For non-equilibrium separating turbulent boundary layers, α is as much as 2.5, causing p′ to be higher than equilibrium layers with lower values of α. The maximum turbulent shearing stress τM appears to be the proper stress on which to scale p′; p′/τM from available data shows much less variation than when p′ is scaled on the wall shear stress. In the present measurements p′/τM increases to the detachment location and decreases downstream. This decrease is apparently due to the rapid movement of the pressure-fluctuation-producing motions away from the wall after the beginning of intermittent backflow. A correlation of the detached-flow data is given that is derived from velocity- and lengthscales of the separated flow. Spectra Φ (ω) for ωδ*/U∞ > 0.001 are presented and correlate well when normalized on the maximum shearing stress τM. At lower frequencies, for the attached flow Φ (ω) ∼ ω−0.7 while Φ(ω) ∼ (ω)−3 at higher frequencies in the strong adverse-pressuregradient region. After the beginning of intermittent backflow, Φ(ω) varies with ω at low frequencies and ω−3 at high frequencies; farther downstream the lower-frequency range varies with ω1. 4. The celerity of the surface pressure fluctuations for the attached flow increases with frequency to a maximum; at higher frequencies it decreases and agrees with the semi-logarithmic overlap equation of Panton & Linebarger. After the beginning of the separation process, the wave speed decreases because of the oscillation of the instantaneous wave speed direction. The streamwise coherence decreases drastically after the beginning of flow reversal.
Which significance test performs the best in climate simulations?

Climate change simulated with climate models needs a significance testing to establish the robustness of simulated climate change relative to model internal variability. Student's t-test has been the most popular significance testing technique despite more sophisticated techniques developed to address autocorrelation. We apply Student's t-test and four advanced techniques in establishing the significance of the average over 20 continuous-year simulations, and validate the performance of each technique using much longer (375–1000 yr) model simulations. We find that all the techniques tend to perform better in precipitation than in surface air temperature. A sizable performance gain using some of the advanced techniques is realised in the model Ts output portion with strong positive lag-1 yr autocorrelation (> + 0.6), but this gain disappears in precipitation. Furthermore, strong positive lag-1 yr autocorrelation is found to be very uncommon in climate model outputs. Thus, there is no reason to replace Student's t-test by the advanced techniques in most cases.
The Effectiveness of Prenatal Care Programs on Reducing Preterm Birth in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Preterm Birth (PTB) is one of the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Prenatal care is an effective way to improve pregnancy outcomes but there is limited evidence of effective interventions to improve perinatal outcomes in disadvantaged pregnant women. This review was conducted with the aim to assess the effectiveness of prenatal care programs in reducing PTB in socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Materials and Methods: We searched the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from January 1, 1990 to August 31, 2021. The inclusion criteria included clinical trials and cohort studies focusing on prenatal care in deprived women with the primary outcome of PTB (< 37 weeks). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q test and I2 statistics. The pooled odds ratio was calculated using random-effects models. Results: In total, 14 articles covering 22,526 women were included in the meta-analysis. Interventions/exposures included group prenatal care, home visits, psychosomatic programs, integrated intervention on socio-behavioral risk factors, and behavioral intervention through education, social support, joint management, and multidisciplinary care. The pooled results showed that all types of interventions/exposure were associated with a reduction in the risk of PTB [OR = 0.86; 95% confidence interval: (0.64, 1.16); I2 = 79.42%]. Conclusions: Alternative models of prenatal care reduce PTB in socioeconomically disadvantaged women compared with standard care. The limited number of studies may affect the power of this study.
DCNet: Large-Scale Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation With Discriminative and Efficient Feature Aggregation

The point cloud feature aggregation, which learns discriminative features from the disordered points, plays a key role for large-scale point cloud semantic segmentation. Most previous aggregation methods are based on sampling a representative point subset, i.e., by a carefully designed point density metric, facing expensive computation cost especially for large-scale point clouds. Even though speeding up the point sampling process is studied by several recent works, but the component points in the sampled subset are uncertain and may change randomly, thus leading to corrupted geometric structure and discarded edges for representing an object. Therefore, we propose the DCNet, which consists of a fast point random sampling based encoder-decoder structure and several fully connected layers for semantic segmentation. To overcome the key feature loss caused by random down-sampling, the DCNet develops two novel local feature aggregation schemes: Double attention and Consistent constraints, to learn features that are discriminative for the challenging scenarios as above. The former considers both topological and semantic similarity of neighboring points to generate attention features for discriminating classes with similar geometric structures. The latter develops class-consistent constraints between adjacent layers in the decoder stage, to guide each point to aggregate with high-level semantic features of points belonging to the same class from the previous layer, which is beneficial for distinguishing neighboring points of the same class on the boundary. We conduct experiments and compare the proposed DCNet with existing methods on two benchmarks S3DIS and Semantic3D. Experiments show that the mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU) of our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods by 2-3%, based on the same fast random sampling, and is also comparable to latest sampling-slower but accuracy-higher methods. That is, our method achieves the optimal speed-accuracy trade-off in the field of point cloud segmentation.
Current density and the cathode spot lifetime in a vacuum arc at threshold currents

The autograph method was used to investigate the arc spot motion over a virgin tungsten cathode under a magnetic field of H=0.1-0.7 T in the current range 2-50 A. The cathode spot (CS) has been found to start dividing at a current of a few amperes. The current density measured at the moment of CS death is (1.2+or-0.5)*1011 A m-2 for a cold cathode and (3+or-1)*1010 A m-2 for a hot one. The CS lifetime is 25-50 ns for a cold cathode and it increases to 150-200 ns for a heated one. Neither the current density nor the CS lifetime depends on current. Estimates have shown that the erosion rate decreases with current and increases with temperature. The backflow electron current from the CS plasma is invoked to account for the experimental evidence.
The distances of highly evolved planetary nebulae

The central stars of highly evolved planetary nebulae (PNe) are expected to have closely similar absolute visual magnitudes MV . This enables us to determine approximate distances to these sources where one knows their central star visual magnitudes, and levels of extinction. We find that such an analysis implies values of D which are similar to those determined by Phillips; Cahn, Kaler & Stanghellin; Acker, and Daub. However, our distances are very much smaller than those of Zhang; Bensby & Lundstrom, and van de Steene & Zijlstra. The reasons for these differences are discussed, and can be traced to errors in the assumed relation between brightness temperature and radius. Finally, we determine that the binary companions of such stars can be no brighter than MV ∼ 6 mag, implying a spectral type of K0 or later in the case of main-sequence stars. Ke yw ords: ISM: jets and outflows ‐ planetary nebulae: general.
Internal temperature distributions of droplets vaporizing in high-temperature convective flows

Transient internal temperature distributions of vaporizing droplets have been carefully measured, using fine thermocouples at 1 atm. and 1000 K. Droplet diameters are fixed at 2000 ± 50 μm with Reynolds numbers being 17, 60 or 100. Fuels tested are JP-10, n-decane and JP-10 thickened with polystyrene. The effects of Reynolds number and liquid viscosity on internal temperature distribution and heating mechanism have been examined. Experimental results indicate that liquid viscosity or circulation intensity strongly affects the temperature distribution and heating mechanism. In contrast, the temperature distributions associated with the three different Reynolds numbers have shown little difference for both low- and high-viscosity cases. For the low-viscosity JP-10 droplets at Reynolds numbers up to 100, where the vortex model of Sirignano and coworkers (Prakash & Sirignano 1978; Tong & Sirignano 1983) has been claimed to be applicable, the vortex model appears qualitatively correct but quantitatively inaccurate. Physical reasons for the deviation have been discussed. Solutions of the full Navier-Stokes equations appear to accord better with the experimental temperature distributions. Circulative heat transport decreases progressively as liquid viscosity increases. A semi-empirical effective conductivity model for high-viscosity cases yields a very good simulation of the experimental temperature distributions at all the Reynolds numbers when proper effective conductivity factors are chosen. A discussion on internal droplet dynamics and heating mechanisms in physical terms has been provided.