Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online

Why do people share false and misleading news content on social media, and what can be done about it? In a first survey experiment (N=1,015), we demonstrate a disconnect between accuracy judgments and sharing intentions: Even though true headlines are rated as much more accurate than false headlines, headline veracity has little impact on sharing. Although this may seem to indicate that people share inaccurate content because, for example, they care more about furthering their political agenda than they care about truth, we propose an alternative attentional account: Most people do not want to spread misinformation, but the social media context focuses their attention on factors other than truth and accuracy. Indeed, when directly asked, most participants say it is important to only share news that is accurate. Accordingly, across four survey experiments (total N=3,485) and a digital field experiment on Twitter in which we messaged users who had previously shared news from websites known for publishing misleading content (N=5,379), we find that subtly inducing people to think about accuracy increases the quality of the news they subsequently share. These results, together with additional computational analyses, challenge the narrative that people no longer care about accuracy. Instead, the findings support our inattention-based account wherein people fail to implement their preference for accuracy due to attentional constraints – particularly on social media. Furthermore, our research provides evidence for scalable anti-misinformation interventions that are easily implementable by social media platforms.
Preparation of crosslinked β-cyclodextrin polymer beads and their application as a sorbent for removal of phenol from wastewater

BACKGROUND: Phenols are commonly encountered in aqueous effluents from various manufacturing processes such as oil refineries, coke plants, and phenolic resin plants, and are toxic substances that should be removed from the aquatic environment. This paper reports on the preparation of beaded crosslinked β-CyD polymers, and the removal of phenol by the β-CyD adsorbent from raw industrial wastewater discarded from phenolic resin processing. RESULTS: Crosslinked β-CyD prepolymer was synthesized by treatment of β-CyD with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) at a molar ratio of 1:8. The suspension of the resulting powdery prepolymer in aqueous sodium alginate was added dropwise into an aqueous calcium chloride solution to precipitate the spherical β-CyD prepolymer gels. The spherical prepolymer gel was lyophilized and re-crosslinked with HDI to provide the β-CyD polymer beads. The physical properties of the beads were as follows: average diameter: 3.4 mm; average compressive strength: 2.17 MPa; porosity: 47.0%; specific surface area: 3.48 m2 g−1. The removal of phenol from raw industrial phenolic wastewater with the β-CyD polymer beads was carried out in either a shaker or an upflow column at 25 °C. After seven episodes of accumulated adsorption, the initial phenol concentration of 89000 ppm decreased to as low as 350 ppm in the shaker and 490 ppm in the upflow column. CONCLUSION: Adsorbent [β-CyD/HDI(1/8)]/HDI polymer beads having a good regular shape and high mechanical stability were newly prepared by a stepwise crosslinking method. The results of sorption experiments show that the beads exhibit high sorption capacities for phenolics in raw industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Structures and Stabilities for Halides and Oxides of Transactinide Elements Rf, Db, and Sg Calculated by Relativistic Effective Core Potential Methods

The ground states of the halides and oxides containing transactinide elements Rf (element 104), Db (element 105), and Sg (element 106) were calculated at the HF, MP2, QCISD, CCSD, and CCSD(T) levels of theory using one- and two-component relativistic effective core potentials. Spin−orbit effects are rather small for geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, charge distributions, overlap populations, and dipole moments, but considerable for atomization energies. Electron correlations are necessary for any accurate determination of the molecular properties, in particular for the evaluation of atomization energies. The bond lengths of Sg compounds are consistently longer than those of the corresponding W compounds by 0.04−0.06 A. The atomization energies for Sg compounds are slightly smaller than those for the corresponding W compounds due to spin−orbit and correlation effects. The differences tend to increase with the number of oxygen atoms in the compounds. Metal charges and dipole moments are larger f.
Effects of Surfactants in an Electroless Nickel-Plating Bath on the Properties of Ni−P Alloy Deposits

Effects of added surfactants in the acidic hypophosphite plating baths on the properties of the resulting electroless nickel−phosphorus (Ni−P) deposits on the brass substrates were studied. The surface appearance and microstructures were examined under a reflective optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an in situ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with which the phosphorus contents were measured. The deposition rate and the corrosion rate of the Ni−P deposits were estimated respectively from the weight gains and losses after a period of time. It is found that the addition of suitable amounts of surfactants can increase the deposition rate up to 25% and reduce the formation of the pores on the surface of Ni−P alloys, as well as enhance the corrosion resistance of the deposits. The corrosion rate of the Ni−P alloys in 10 wt % HCl was determined. The corresponding corrosion rate fits well as an empirical power function having an order of near 1/3 in the amount of dissolved Ni−.
Cross Sections for Collisions of Electrons and Photons with Oxygen Molecules

Data have been compiled on the cross sections for collisions of electrons and photons with oxygen molecules (O2). For electron collisions, the processes included are: total scattering, elastic scattering, momentum transfer, excitations of rotational, vibrational, and electronic states, dissociation, ionization, and attachment. Ionization and dissociation processes are considered for photon impact. Cross‐section data selected are presented graphically. Spectroscopic and other properties of the oxygen molecule are summarized for understanding of the collision processes. The literature was surveyed through August 1987, but some more recent data are included when available to the authors.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Oil from Chia (Salvia hispânica L.) Seeds: Optimization Extraction and Fatty Acid Profile

The objective of the present study was to evaluate ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain oil from chia seeds (Salvia hispânica L.). A Box–Behnken design was applied to investigate and optimize the process variables (temperature, solvent to seed ratio and time) for oil yield. The solvent to seed ratio and temperature had the greatest influence on oil yield, followed by the extraction time (P < 0.05). An extraction temperature of 50C, a solvent to seed ratio of 12 mL/g and 40 min of extraction were identified as the optimal conditions, with 27.24% oil yield. The application of ultrasound resulted in higher oil yield when compared with the process without ultrasound (P < 0.05). The fatty acid composition extracted by UAE was similar to that of oil extracted using other extraction methods. Linolenic acid (∼66%) and linoleic acid (∼20%) were the main fatty acid constituents of chia seed oil. The quantity of unsaturated fatty acids was higher than saturated fatty acids. Practical Application The chia seed oil is considered one of the greatest sources of linoleic and linolenic acid and the extraction demonstrated high efficiency by UAE. Chia oil obtained by UAE using ethyl acetate with solvent may be used as a food, accepted in the food industry, because the solvent is considered a food-grade solvent. The effect of different parameters such as temperature, the solvent to seed ratio and extraction time in the UAE provided high yields in the extraction, and the chemical analyses indicated polyunsaturated fatty acids, are the major oil components (82% of the total oil composition).
The isotropic intermolecular potential for H2 and D2 in the solid and gas phases

A semiempirical pair potential for molecular hydrogen and deuterium has been derived by fitting to solid state data. The potential is bounded to conform asymptotically to short‐ and long‐range theoretical results. In the solid, many‐body effects are accounted for by including a spherical form of the nonnegligible Axilrod–Muto–Teller three‐body forces. The potential can be used to successfully describe isotropic properties in the solid and gas phases.
Expansion and contraction of an air‐water mixture in vertical flow

An experimental two-phase flow study was made on an air-water system at atmospheric pressure to obtain information on the effect of expansion and contraction of flow area on the relative velocity of the two phases. The data show that the relative velocity and hence the mean void fraction of the air-water mixture changed following either an expansion or contraction; however the magnitude of the change was not great and could be predicted by a semitheoretical equation. The air-water data are also compared with data taken from a steam-water system at 150 to 600 lb. /sq. in. In addition, a photographic study was made of the transition zone, and phase distributions were obtained by the use of a radiation attenuation traversing technique.
Thinking continuously: a microreactor for the production and scale-up of biodegradable, self-assembled nanoparticles

Scale-up of nanoparticle batch productions continues to be a major challenge in the pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Continuously operating microreactors have great potential to circumvent the scale-up difficulties. In this work a passive microreactor was used for the first time for the electrostatic self-assembly of biodegradable, mucoadhesive thiomer–protamine nanoparticles for drug delivery. The influence of three different parameters (the overall flow rate, the educt mass ratio and the molecular weight of the thiomer) on the particle characteristics was tested for the microreactor production and compared to the results of a successful 1 ml-batch reaction. As the flow rate increased (2, 5, 9, 16 ml min−1), the particle sizes and the polydispersity indexes decreased. In addition, the protamine : 5 kDa thiomer binding ratio and hence the zeta potential, as a measure of the suspension's stability, increased to >+40 mV due to better mixing during the microreactor production at a flow rate of 16 ml min−1. Producing nanoparticles from different mass ratios of 5 kDa thiomer : protamine (1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5) in the microreactor at this flow rate resulted in smaller particles with more distinct zeta potentials than those prepared by the 1 ml-batch reaction. Using a higher molecular weight thiomer (30 kDa) for the microreactor production at a flow rate of 16 ml min−1 led to slightly increased mean particle sizes (125.0 nm) compared to those produced by the 1 ml-batch reaction (102.9 nm). However, there was still a decrease in the width of the particle size distributions. In addition to the experimental work, a numerical model based on the population balance equation was developed. The results presented in this paper are in agreement with the experimental findings, especially with regard to the trends of decreased particle size and polydispersity with the increasing flow rate. The model results confirm that mixing effects to a great extent determine the particle size distribution of the resulting nanoparticles and show that spatial inhomogeneity of the mixing process must be taken into account. The unprecedented use of a passive microreactor for the production of biodegradable thiomer–protamine nanoparticles by electrostatic self-assembly was a success. Due to the reactor's continuous way of operation, not only were the scale-up problems of batch reactions overcome, but particle characteristics were also improved because of a better mixing effect.
EFFECTS OF SILICATE MATERIALS ON GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD OF RICE PLANTS GROWN IN CLAY LOAM AND SANDY LOAM SOILS

The usefulness of silicate materials in rice cultivation has been reported by a number of authors. However, very little has been done to study recycling of silicon (Si)-rich plant residues, such as the use of rice chaffs as soil amendments. Pot experiments were conducted in a green-house at Gifu University in 1997. In this investigation, powdered rice chaff (Cp) and normal rice chaff (Ch) were mixed in a fertile clay loam soil and an infertile sandy loam soil, with or without a biodecomposer (Wara soil). Calcium silicate was also applied to the soils for comparison. For both types of soils, six treatments were replicated four times giving 48 pots (24 × 2) in total with a randomized complete block design. Rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hatsushimo) were grown in pots filled with the soils as treated above, and the growth and Si and nitrogen (N) contents in the plants and grain yield were determined. Application of rice chaffs had little effect on plant height, but slightly increased the number of tillers per pot. The total N content of the plants was decreased in the clay loam soil but not in the sandy loam soil, but the Si content in the plants, grown in both soils, was increased. The effect of Cp and Ch on the Si content of plants was significantly enhanced by the addition of the biodecomposer. Both organic and inorganic silicate materials increased the number of grains and the dry weights of grains. The application of Cp together with the biodecomposer was the most effective. Cp could be used instead of inorganic Si fertilizer, providing a sustainable Si recycle system in rice cultivation.
Corrosion of Mild Steel in Cultures of Ferric Iron Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Crude Oil

Abstract A protective ferric covering was formed on mild steel coupons by reaction with the oxidative inhibitor, nitrite. In cultures of a ferric iron reducing bacterium, there was a loss of passivity of coupons and polarization studies revealed intense depolarization of the anode, while in the absence of the bacterium, the metal remained passive. The anodic depolarization was accompanied by conversion of ferric to ferrous compounds and was marked by the change in color of the medium from dark brown to a greenish hue. Electron micrographs revealed that in the absence of the organism, a dense, crystalline surface deposit covered the metal, but was extensively removed in the presence of the bacterium. The bacterium caused anodic depolarization of mild steel by removing or preventing the formation of a protective ferric covering.
Determination of Platinum Group Elements in Sulfide-Containing Minerals by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with Synthetic Calibration Standards

This paper develops sulfide calibration standards for quantitative determination of platinum group elements in natural sulfide-containing minerals by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). A series of sulfide calibration standards containing different concentrations of platinum group elements were prepared using a home-made high temperature furnace. Homogeneity of element distribution expressed as the RSD of signal intensity were less than 10%. The effective concentrations of platinum group elements in synthetic calibration standards were obtained both by pneumatic nebulization ICP-MS and by LA-ICP-MS. Relative percentage differences of these results obtained by two methods were mainly less than 11%. The synthetic calibration standards were then employed as calibrators for quantitative determination of platinum group elements in two natural chalcopyrite samples. The valid results demonstrated that our synthetic standards could be considered for quantitative microanalysis of platinum group elements in natural sulfide-containing minerals.
Measurement of the water droplet size in water-in-oil emulsions using low field nuclear magnetic resonance for gas hydrate slurry applications

Turbulent flow in oil and gas pipelines often results in the formation of a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Small water droplets in the pipeline provide a large total surface area for hydrate formation at the water/gas saturated oil interface, which can lead to full conversion of water to gas hydrate. As a result, this may prevent the formation of large hydrate aggregates that can cause hydrate particle settling and eventually plugging. It is thus of particular interest to determine the water droplet size of an emulsion. Since water droplet size of the emulsion provides information about the hydrate particle size in the slurry, it is crucial to determine the water droplet size in a W/O emulsion. In this work, the water droplet size of model W/O emulsion systems was measured using two techniques, diffusion-transverse relaxation (T2) experiments using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and optical microscopy image analysis techniques. The T2 distribution of the emulsion was also measured. The water vol.
Different convergence rates of new EU member states: Panel data analysis of the causes

This paper, using panel data analysis, tries to identify factors regarding the different convergence rates of CESEE EU member countries’ real income between 2002 and 2018. Stylized convergence facts are identified and the drivers of economic growth based on production function, i.e. the accumulation of labour and capital and total factor productivity (TFP) growth have been analysed. Moreover, paper takes into account other variables that have been recognized as growth determining factors – trade openness, FDI, labour market and integration level, as well as TFP determining factors – institutional quality, innovation and human capital. Based on the research results trade openness and gross capital formation have been identified as key factors regarding real income growth of analysed countries. Also, it has been confirmed that growth of CESEE countries is strongly affected by the growth of Eurozone. Finally, the authors’ conclusion is that several CESEE countries are facing institutional convergence challenges.
On energy conservation policies and implementation practices

Energy conservation is now playing a key role in industrial development and is vital for sustainable development. Therefore, it should be implemented by all possible means, despite of its own limitations. This study highlights the current enviromental issues and potential solutions to these issues, identifies the main steps for implementing energy conservation programs and the main barriers to such implementations, and provides assessments for energy conservation potentials for countries, as well as various practical and environmental aspects of energy conservation. It is believed that this paper will be beneficial to energy policy makers particularly for energy conservation programmes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In-Plane Diffusivity of Moisture in Paper

ABSTRACT Any nonuniformity in local moisture content of paper which develops during drying because of locally nonuniform drying rates provides a driving force for in-plane diffusion of moisture, which in turn acts to reduce this moisture nonuniformity. As no data have appeared for the in-plane diffusivity of moisture during desorption from paper over the range of conditions existing during papermachine drying, an investigation was undertaken to obtain this information. Moisture diffusivity was determined to he a very strong function of the extent and state of water in the sheet, increasing exponentially with paper moisture content. The presence or absence of liquid water at the sheet boundary would effect moisture difiusivity when there is water in the pores but the direction of moisture transport in paper was found to be of overriding importance. In-plane moisture diffusivity is very much greater than that in the thickness direction, indicating that the non-isotropic nature of paper structure is a key fa.
Dynamic Sorptive Behavior of Tributyltin on Quartz Sand at Low Concentration Levels: Effect of pH, Flow Rate, and Monovalent Cations

The highly toxic organotin compounds which have been used as biocides in ship antifouling paints have been introduced into aquatic ecosystems. Among them, tributyltin (TBT) is the most important organotin compound which has been produced on the largest scale. Understanding its fate in the environment is therefore of primary importance to prevent its migration. TBT sorption from aqueous solutions was studied at much lower concentrations (10 nM to 2 μM) than those used in previous studies. Experiments were performed using column reactors filled with a quartz sand. The influence of physicochemical parameters on TBT partitioning, i.e. ionic strength, pH, and nature of electrolyte cation was investigated. Equilibrium times were short as TBT retention appeared to be independent of the mean pore velocity. TBT sorption was affected strongly by the pH and slightly by the ionic strength of the solution. Competitions with monovalent alkaline cations showed a small influence of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, with respect to Cs+ .
A test to evaluate the efficacy of commercial Fe‐chelates

Abstract A large number of Fe fertilizers are used to correct iron chlorosis, most of them based on Fe‐EDDHA or Fe‐EDDHMA chelates. Our objective was to establish a laboratory test to evaluate in a rapid and simple way the capacity of a Fe‐chelate to maintain Fe in solution. The proposed test consisted of a two‐step procedure. First, the Fe‐chelate in solution was shaken with NaOH (pH=11.5) and after filtration (0.45 μm pore) pH is restored to 7.5. Next, the solution was treated with an excess (=600x) of the chelating agent DTPA. Red chelates, which present absorbances at 480 nm, were used in the test. Experimental conditions were initially studied using the speciation model Geochem and experimentally established. Fe concentration measured by atomic absorption and visible spectroscopy after the test application allowed us to obtain several indexes which indicated the chelate stability and were related to the concentration of Fe in the solution where plant roots grew. The test is useful in determining the .
Ozone-Based Processes Applied to Municipal Secondary Effluents

This study analyzes the performances of 2 methods of oxidation based on ozone, namely ozonation and ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2), on two biotreated municipal wastewater effluents. The main parameters monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of the processes were Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Ozonation and O3/H2O2 treatment removed 44% and 48%, respectively, of the COD, after 90 min, of the secondary effluent of Calafell wastewater treatment plant (Spain). On the secondary effluent from the Grasse wastewater treatment plant (France), these same treatments (O3; O3/H2O2) achieved, respectively, a degradation of 52% and 100% of the COD after 60 min. The transferred ozone dose (TOD) during Calafell and Grasse effluents' ozonation were 122 mg·L−1 and 77 mg·L−1 after 90 min, respectively. A low removal of DOC was monitored during both O3 or O3/H2O2 treatments applied to Calafell wastewater, respectively 12% and 14%. Better DOC reductions were obtained on the water of Grasse treated with O3 or O3/H2O2, respectively, 48% and 60%. In addition, ammonia nitrogen was oxidized to nitrate nitrogen thus giving rise to an over ozone consumption. And finally, both processes proceeded with an increase of pH values. These results highlight the strong dependency of O3 or O3/H2O2 treatment effectiveness in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal and ozone consumption on wastewater composition (organic and inorganic substances).