Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a global meta-summary

Background The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains largely unknown. This study aimed to summarize the relationship between ALS and its genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Method A search of relevant literature from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database from inception to December 2022 was performed. Random-effects or fixed-effects models were performed by Stata MP 15.0 to pool multivariate or adjusted ratios (OR). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022301549. Results 230 eligible studies were included, of which 67 involved 22 non-genetic factors, and 163 involved genetic factors. Four aspects of non-genetic factors, including lifestyle, environmental and occupational exposures, pre-existing diseases/comorbidity and medical exposures, and others, were analyzed. Exposure to heavy metals (OR = 1.79), pesticides (OR = 1.46), solvents (OR = 1.37), previous head trauma (OR = 1.37), military service (OR = 1.29), stroke (OR = 1.26), magnetic field (OR = 1.22) and hypertension (OR = 1.04) are significant risk factors, but use of antidiabetics (OR = 0.52), high BMI (OR = 0.60 for obese and overweight vs. normal and underweight), living in urban (OR = 0.70), diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.83), and kidney disease (OR = 0.84) decrease the risk for ALS. In addition, eight common ALS-related genes were evaluated, the mutation frequencies of these genes were ranked from highest to lowest as SOD1 (2.2%), C9orf72 (2.1%), ATXN2 (1.7%), FUS (1.7%), TARDBP (0.8%), VCP (0.6%), UBQLN2(0.6%) and SQSTM1 (0.6%) in all the ALS patients. Conclusions Our findings suggested that effective intervention for risk exposure and timely modification of lifestyle might prevent the occurrence of ALS. Genetic mutations are important risk factors for ALS and it is essential to detect genetic mutations correctly and scientifically. Systematic review registration https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/PROSPERO/display_record. php? RecordID=301549, identifier: CRD42022301549.
Identification of cuproptosis-related biomarkers in dilated cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic prediction of herbal medicines

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the significant causes of heart failure, and the mechanisms of metabolic ventricular remodelling due to disturbances in energy metabolism are still poorly understood in cardiac pathology. Understanding the biological mechanisms of cuproptosis in DCM is critical for drug development. Methods: The DCM datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, their relationships with cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and immune signatures were analyzed. LASSO, RF, and SVM-RFE machine learning algorithms were used to identify signature genes and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model was used to assess diagnostic efficacy. Molecular clusters of CRGs were identified, and immune Infiltration analysis was performed. The WGCNA algorithm was used to identify specific genes in different clusters. In addition, AUCell was used to analyse the cuproptosis scores of different cell types in the scRNA-seq dataset. Finally, herbal medicines were predicted from an online database, and molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to support the confirmation of the potential of the selected compounds. Results: We identified dysregulated cuproptosis genes and activated immune responses between DCM and healthy controls. Two signature genes (FDX1, SLC31A1) were identified and performed well in an external validation dataset (AUC = 0.846). Two molecular clusters associated with cuproptosis were further defined in DCM, and immune infiltration analysis showed B-cell naive, Eosinophils, NK cells activated and T-cell CD4 memory resting is significant immune heterogeneity in the two clusters. AUCell analysis showed that cardiomyocytes had a high cuproposis score. In addition, 19 and 3 herbal species were predicted based on FDX1 and SLC31A1. Based on the molecular docking model, the natural compounds Rutin with FDX1 (-9.3 kcal/mol) and Polydatin with SLC31A1 (-5.5 kcal/mol) has high stability and molecular dynamics simulation studies further validated this structural stability. Conclusion: Our study systematically illustrates the complex relationship between cuproptosis and the pathological features of DCM and identifies two signature genes (FDX1 and SLC31A1) and two natural compounds (Rutin and Polydatin). This may enhance our diagnosis of the disease and facilitate the development of clinical treatment strategies for DCM.
Cortical hierarchy disorganization in major depressive disorder and its association with suicidality

Objectives To explore the suicide risk-specific disruption of cortical hierarchy in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with diverse suicide risks. Methods Ninety-two MDD patients with diverse suicide risks and 38 matched controls underwent resting-state functional MRI. Connectome gradient analysis and stepwise functional connectivity (SFC) analysis were used to characterize the suicide risk-specific alterations of cortical hierarchy in MDD patients. Results Relative to controls, patients with suicide attempts (SA) had a prominent compression from the sensorimotor system; patients with suicide ideations (SI) had a prominent compression from the higher-level systems; non-suicide patients had a compression from both the sensorimotor system and higher-level systems, although it was less prominent relative to SA and SI patients. SFC analysis further validated this depolarization phenomenon. Conclusion This study revealed MDD patients had suicide risk-specific disruptions of cortical hierarchy, which advance our understanding of the neuromechanisms of suicidality in MDD patients.
The immunosuppressive effects and mechanisms of loureirin B on collagen-induced arthritis in rats

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common disease mainly affecting joints of the hands and wrists. The discovery of autoantibodies in the serum of patients revealed that RA belonged to the autoimmune diseases and laid a theoretical basis for its immunosuppressive therapy. The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases mainly involves abnormal activation and proliferation of effector memory T cells, which is closely related to the elevated expression of Kv1.3, a voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel on the effector memory T cell membrane. Drugs blocking the Kv1.3 channel showed a strong protective effect in RA model animals, suggesting that Kv1.3 is a target for the discovery of specific RA immunosuppressive drugs. Methods In the present study, we synthesized LrB and studied the effects of LrB on collagen- induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. The clinical score, paw volume and joint morphology of CIA model rats were compared. The percentage of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in rat peripheral blood mononuclear and spleen were analyzed with flow cytometry. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 in the serum of CIA rats were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IL-1b and IL-6 expression in joints and the Kv1.3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were quantified by qPCR. To further study the mechanisms of immunosuppressive effects of LrB, western blot and immunofluorescence were utilized to study the expression of Kv1.3 and Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 (NFAT1) in two cell models - Jurkat T cell line and extracted PBMCs. Results LrB effectively reduced the clinical score and relieved joint swelling. LrB could also decrease the percentage of CD4+ T cells, while increase the percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear and spleen of rats with CIA. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 in the serum of CIA rats were significantly reduced by LrB. The results of qPCR showed that Kv1.3 mRNA in the PBMCs of CIA rats was significantly higher than that of the control and significantly decreased in the LrB treatment groups. In addition, we confirmed in cell models that LrB significantly decreased Kv1.3 protein on the cell membrane and inhibited the activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 (NFAT1) with immune stimulus. Conclusion In summary, this study revealed that LrB could block NFAT1 activation and reduce Kv1.3 expression in activated T cells, thus inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes and the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby effectively weakening the autoimmune responses in CIA rats. The effects of immunosuppression due to LrB revealed its potential medicinal value in the treatment of RA.
Shocked Molecular Gas Associated with the Supernova Remnant W28

We report on mapping observations of the CO J = 3-2 and CO J = 1-0 lines toward supernova remnant (SNR) W28, which is supposed to be an EGRET 7-ray source. A broad CO line emission (maximum linewidth reaches 70 km s -1 ), which suggests an interaction between the molecular cloud and W28 SNR, was detected. Moreover, the distribution of the unshocked and shocked gas is clearly resolved. The distribution of the shocked gas is similar to that of the radio-continuum emission, and tends to be stronger along the radio-continuum ridge. The unshocked gas is displaced by 0.4-1.0 pc outward with respect to the shocked gas. The spatial relationship between shocked and unshocked gas has been clarified for the first time for the SNR-cloud interaction. All of the known OH maser spots are located along the filament of the shocked gas. These facts convincingly indicate that W28 SNR interacts with the molecular cloud.
An Empirically Derived Measure of Melodic Similarity

Music software applications often require similarity-finding measures. In this study, we describe an empirically derived measure for determining similarity between two melodies with multiple-note changes. The derivation of our final model involved three stages. In Stage 1, eight standard melodies were systematically varied with respect to pitch distance, pitch direction, tonal stability, metric salience and melodic contour. Comparison melodies with a one-note change were presented in transposed and nontransposed conditions. For the nontransposed condition, predictors of explained variance in similarity ratings were pitch distance, pitch direction and melodic contour. For the transposed condition, predictors were tonal stability and melodic contour. In Stage 2, we added the effects of primacy and recency. In Stage 3, comparison melodies with two-note changes were introduced, which allowed us to derive a more generalizable model capable of accommodating multiple-note changes. In a follow-up experiment, we show that our empirically derived measure of melodic similarity yielded superior performance to the Mongeau and Sankoff similarity measure. An empirically derived measure, such as the one described here, has the potential to extend the domain of similarity-finding methods in music information retrieval, on the basis of psychological predictors.
Determination of the charge density distribution of crystals by energy filtered CBED

Determination of the charge density distribution of crystals by energy filtered CBED. Recently, a new method was developed for the determination of structure factors from energy filtered diffraction patterns. This technique has been applied to Si. Low-index structure factors have been determined up to the (444) reflection. The results are compared to results available in the literature. Different techniques have been applied to obtain the structure factors, such as the intersecting Kikuchi-line technique, the Critical Voltage method, an inversion method, and the X-ray Pendellosung technique. A deformation charge density distribution can be determined from the experimentally obtained structure factors which shows the covalent bonds in Si. From the accurate determination of the (222) structure factor follows that an accurate determination of charge density distributions of intermetallic compounds is possible if Debye-Waller factors are known. The Debyc-Waller factors can be determined from high-index reflections utilising the same method.
Observational Evidence for Alternate Modes of Track-Altering Binary Tropical Cyclone Scenarios

Abstract An observational study of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TC) revealed many cases of two TCs whose tracks were altered by processes that were quite different from the mutual advection (Fujiwhara-type) processes. Thus, four conceptual models are proposed to describe these track alterations. A conceptual model called direct interaction is proposed that is a modification of one by Lander and Holland and has three modes: 1) a one-way influence in which the track of a smaller TC that is embedded in the circulation of a larger TC has a cyclonic orbiting motion, but no significant track alteration of the larger TC is apparent; 2) a similar case in which a mutual advection occurs with the tracks of both the smaller and larger TCs being altered; and 3) a subset of 2) in which the mutual advection includes an attraction component such that the two similarly sized TC circulations eventually merge into a larger circulation with a single center. During the 7-yr period (1989–95), the one-way influence.
Raman scattering studies of the lattice dynamics in layered MoS2

We report non-resonant and resonant Raman scattering studies of layered MoS2. Owing to its reduced dimensionality, few layered MoS2 is more sensitive to the difference between inter- and intra-layer coupling, which results in unusual frequency shifts of the Raman phonon modes. In addition, relative intensities between the two Raman active phonon modes E2g1 and A1g unexpectedly depend on the laser excitation energy, which might be associated with the electronic band structure, including spin-orbit coupling and phonon dispersions. Through resonant Raman scattering measurements, the indirect-to-direct band gap behavior and electron-phonon interaction information were obtained. Raman scattering spectroscopy is seen to be very effective for studying the layer-dependent characteristics of layered MoS2.
Linear Filtering of Sample Covariances for Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation. Part I: Optimality Criteria and Application to Variance Filtering and Covariance Localization

AbstractIn data assimilation (DA) schemes for numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems, the estimation of forecast error covariances is a key point to get some flow dependency. As shown in previous studies, ensemble data assimilation methods are the most accurate for this task. However, their huge computational cost raises a strong limitation to the ensemble size. Consequently, covariances estimated with small ensembles are affected by random sampling errors. The aim of this study is to develop a theory of covariance filtering in order to remove most of the sampling noise while keeping the signal of interest and then to use it in the DA scheme of a real NWP system. This first part of a two-part study presents the theoretical aspects of such criteria for optimal filtering based on the merging of the theories of optimal linear filtering and of sample centered moments estimation. Its strength relies on the use of sample estimated quantities and filter output only. These criteria pave the way for new algori.
Results of On-Top Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding in Thailand. Part II: Exploratory Analyses

Randomized, cold-cloud, rain-enhancement experiments were carried out during 1991‐98 in the Bhumibol catchment area in northwestern Thailand. Exploratory experimentation in 1991 and 1993 was followed by a demonstration experiment, limited to A-type experimental units, to determine the potential of on-top silver iodide seeding for the enhancement of area (1964 km2) rainfall. Analyses in a companion paper (Part I) established that the Thai cold-cloud demonstration experiment, evaluated according to its original design, failed to reach statistical significance in the time allotted to the experiment, although the probabilities that the seeding effects were positive on the treated cells and units are 72% and 79%, respectively. The results of exploratory examination of the entire demonstration experiment, including both A- and B-type experimental units, are presented herein. The exploratory studies involved both cell [392 seeded (S) and 335 nonseeded (NS)] and unit (35 S and 35 NS) analyses, a bivariate analysis of the joint effects on cells and units, and the analysis of pooled results from the exploratory experiment and the entire demonstration experiment. The results of these exploratory studies strengthen the case for seeding-induced changes in rainfall that were indicated in the evaluation of the a priori demonstration experiment. A multiple regression analysis to account for some of the natural rainfall variability suggests, however, that the apparent seeding effect has been overestimated by about a factor of 2 (i.e., 192% versus 148%). Temporal plots and analyses of unit rain-volume rates and cumulative rain volumes for seeding effects revealed stronger statistical support for convective masses within the unit not having seeded ancestry, as determined by radar, than for convective clusters with seeded ancestry. This result suggests that the effect of seeding, which begins with the directly treated cells, is propagated to nonseeded clouds within the unit. Enhanced downdrafts and/or ‘‘secondary seeding,’’ as discussed herein, are posited as possible propagation mechanisms. Partitioning of the data by a crude aircraft measure of coalescence intensity revealed that the rain volume from NS units increased as coalescence intensity increased, whereas the greatest mean S rainfall was observed in the moderate coalescence category. The apparent seeding effects were . 100% for units having clouds with weak to moderate coalescence and were nonexistent for units having clouds with strong coalescence. This was true also upon analysis of the cell sample. The implications of this and all results are discussed in the context of the conceptual model guiding the experimentation.
Airborne Doppler Radar Observations in Hurricane Debby.

Abstract A pulse-Doppler radar on board a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) WP-3D research aircraft has been used to map the wind field in the vicinity of the developing eye wall of Hurricane Debby, which occurred in 1982. The Doppler-derived winds in the eye wall region compare favorably with winds measured aboard the aircraft. The Doppler radar allowed the wind field to be documented in much more detail than has been possible in previous hurricane studies. The maximum winds were found radially, just inward of the band of maximum radar reflectivity, and were concentrated in two mesoscale maxima. A mesoscale trough associated with the developing eye wall sloped upwind and radially outward through the 1–5 km layer. The trough was best defined at 2–3 km, where it contained a closed mesocyclonic circulation.
The Spatial and Temporal Behavior of the Mixed Layer in Israel

Abstract A detailed study to determine the spatial and temporal behavior of the coastal and inland mixed layer in Israel was undertaken. Over 300 upper air measurements (minisonde and airplane) from the central and southern parts of Israel were compiled and analyzed utilizing a statistical methodology developed for this purpose. The degree to which the upper air measurements taken at the permanent site at Beit Dagan represent five satellite sites in the central and southern part of the country was established. It was found that in cases of unstable atmospheric conditions accompanied by strong winds, the spatial correlation was higher than in cases of weak surface pressure gradients and stable atmospheric conditions. Significant differences in the mixing depth values were found for all synoptic categories at the permanent site, whereas the satellite sites exhibited significant differences only for the two most frequent summer synoptic conditions. The inland variance of the thickness of the mixed layer over.
Technology-Enhanced Behavioral Parent Training: The Relationship Between Technology Use and Efficiency of Service Delivery

Behavior disorders (BDs) are common and, without treatment, can have long-term impacts on child and family health. Behavioral Parent Training (BPT) is the standard of care intervention for early-onset BDs; however, structural socioeconomic barriers hinder treatment outcomes for low-income families. While digital technologies have been proposed as a mechanism to improve engagement in BPT, research exploring the relationship between technology use and outcomes is lacking. Thus, this study with 34 low-income families examined the impact of parents’ use of adjunctive mobile app components on treatment efficiency in one technology-enhanced (TE-) BPT program, Helping the Noncompliant Child (HNC). While parent use of the TE-HNC app and its impact on the efficiency of service delivery varied across specific components, increased app use significantly reduced the number of weeks required for families to achieve skill mastery. Implications for the design and development of behavior intervention technologies in general, as well as for BPT in particular, are discussed.
Navigating Teacher’s Display and Referential Questions to Enhance Learners’ Speaking Accuracy: A Case of Explicit and Implicit Corrective Feedback

Corrective feedback with its potential role in oral interaction, and teacher’s questions with the capacity to engage the learners in conversational activities led to the investigation of their roles in speaking accuracy of EFL learners. Teacher’s display and referential questions were employed along with explicit (explicit correction, metalinguistic clue, elicitation) and implicit (conversational recast, repetition, clarification request) corrective feedback to create opportunities for the learners to participate in interaction, to modify their errors, and to produce accurate output. Therefore,112 learners who attended 10 intact classes of 15 session terms in one control and four experimental groups were homogenized through administering a PET. In all groups, accuracy was focused while learners were engaged in conversational activities. In the first and second experimental groups teacher’s display questions were implemented followed by the provision of explicit and implicit feedback types. However, the third and fourth experimental groups were asked to answer teacher’s referential questions who received explicit and implicit corrective feedback respectively. To measure the learners’ speaking accuracy, both pre and posttests of speaking were recorded and transcribed to estimate the percentage of error free clause. An analysis of covariance indicated that in learners’ speaking accuracy; both teacher’s display and referential questions with either explicit or implicit feedback types were significantly effective; there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of teacher’s display and referential questions with explicit corrective feedback; and teacher’s referential questions were significantly more effective than display questions with implicit feedback types. The substantial enhancement of EFL learners’ speaking accuracy bears testimony that in interactional view, communicative behavior resulting from the questioning and corrective feedback paves the way for a higher level of accurate output.
U NCORR ECTED PROOF Noisy Directional Learning and the Logit Equilibrium

We specify a dynamic model in which agents adjust their decisions toward higher payoffs, subject to normal error. This process generates a probability distribution of players’ decisions that evolves over time according to the Fokker–Planck equation. The dynamic process is stable for all potential games, a class of payoff structures that includes several widely studied games. In equilibrium, the distributions that determine expected payoffs correspond to the distributions that arise from the logit function applied to those expected payoffs. This ‘‘logit equilibrium’’ forms a stochastic generalization of the Nash equilibrium and provides a possible explanation of anomalous laboratory data.