Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Homological stability for Temperley-Lieb algebras

This paper studies the homology and cohomology of the Temperley-Lieb algebra TL_n(a), interpreted as appropriate Tor and Ext groups. Our main result applies under the common assumption that a=v+v^{-1} for some unit v in the ground ring, and states that the homology and cohomology vanish up to and including degree (n-2). To achieve this we simultaneously prove homological stability and compute the stable homology. We show that our vanishing range is sharp when n is even. Our methods are inspired by the tools and techniques of homological stability for families of groups. We construct and exploit a chain complex of 'planar injective words' that is analogous to the complex of injective words used to prove stability for the symmetric groups. However, in this algebraic setting we encounter a novel difficulty: TL_n(a) is not flat over TL_m(a) for m<n, so that Shapiro's lemma is unavailable. We resolve this difficulty by constructing what we call 'inductive resolutions' of the relevant modules. We believe that these results, together with the second author's work on Iwahori-Hecke algebras, are the first time the techniques of homological stability have been applied to algebras that are not group algebras.
Aluminium accumulation in Rubiaceae: An additional character for the delimitation of the subfamily Rubioideae?

The chrome azurol-S test, which is a chemical spot-test for Al accumulation in wood, was applied to 443 wood samples of members of the Rubiaceae. A positive reaction was found in 103 specimens. Comparison of the results with earlier analyses of leaves of Rubiaceae shows that Al accumulation occurs more frequently in leaves than in wood. The strongest Al accumulators occur in the neotropical genera Psychotria subg. Heteropsychotria, Coussarea, Faramea, and Rudgea. The distribution of Al accumulators is discussed in view of recent tribal and subfamilial classification of the Rubiaceae. The major conclusion is that Al accumulation is almost limited to the subfamily Rubioideae. Within the Rubioideae, however, not all tribes show the character, especially the predominantly herbaceous Anthospermeae, Paederieae, Rubieae, and Spermacoceae. Al accumulation in the Urophylleae, Pauridiantheae, Craterispermeae, and Knoxieae supports earlier associations of these tribes with the Rubioideae.
Remotely monitored telerehabilitation for cardiac patients: A review of the current situation

Cardiac rehabilitation through center-based programs is an effective multicomponent intervention for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the benefits it brings, patients’ participation in rehabilitation programs remains low. In this work, the latest relevant literature regarding remotely monitored cardiac telerehabilitation (TR) was reviewed considering its efficiency and utilization. The main objective was to assess whether TR has the potential to be an appropriate alternative form of rehabilitation. A total of 105 publications on this topic were screened out of 747 full-text articles that were read and evaluated, of which 12 were considered suitable for inclusion in the final review. Feasibility, efficiency, and safety were assessed for each TR intervention. The results of our evaluation indicate that TR seems to be a usable, effective, and safe alternative rehabilitation for patients with heart disease. Most of the currently published articles have studied remotely monitored TR intervention offering a comprehensive approach, which indicates the significant development and steps forward in this field of study. Our research evidence supports the implementation of TR, which could positively influence barriers in participating in cardiac rehabilitation programs.
ProSelfLC: Progressive Self Label Correction for Training Robust Deep Neural Networks

To train robust deep neural networks (DNNs), we systematically study several target modification approaches, which include output regularisation, self and non-self label correction (LC). Two key issues are discovered: (1) Self LC is the most appealing as it exploits its own knowledge and requires no extra models. However, how to automatically decide the trust degree of a learner as training goes is not well answered in the literature? (2) Some methods penalise while the others reward low-entropy predictions, prompting us to ask which one is better? To resolve the first issue, taking two well-accepted propositions–deep neural networks learn meaningful patterns before fitting noise [3] and minimum entropy regularisation principle [10]–we propose a novel end-to-end method named ProSelfLC, which is designed according to learning time and entropy. Specifically, given a data point, we progressively increase trust in its predicted label distribution versus its annotated one if a model has been trained for enough time and the prediction is of low entropy (high confidence). For the second issue, according to ProSelfLC, we empirically prove that it is better to redefine a meaningful low-entropy status and optimise the learner toward it. This serves as a defence of entropy minimisation.We demonstrate the effectiveness of ProSelfLC through extensive experiments in both clean and noisy settings. The source code is available at https://github.com/XinshaoAmosWang/ProSelfLC-CVPR2021.
Alternative High-plasma Beta Regimes of Electron Heat-flux Instabilities in the Solar Wind

Heat transport in the solar wind is dominated by suprathermal electron populations, i.e., a tenuous halo and a field-aligned beam/strahl, with high energies and antisunward drifts along the magnetic field. Their evolution may offer plausible explanations for the rapid decrease of the heat flux with the solar wind expansion, and self-generated instabilities, or so-called “heat flux instabilities” (HFIs), are typically invoked to explain this evolution. This Letter provides a unified description of the full spectrum of HFIs, as prescribed by the linear kinetic theory for high beta conditions (βe ≫ 0.1) and different relative drifts (U) of the suprathermals. HFIs of different natures are examined, i.e., electromagnetic, electrostatic or hybrid, propagating parallel or obliquely to the magnetic field, etc., as well as their regimes of interplay (co-existence) or dominance. These alternative regimes of HFIs complement each other and may be characteristic of different relative drifts of suprathermal electrons and various conditions in the solar wind, e.g., in the slow or fast winds, streaming interaction regions, and interplanetary shocks. Moreover, these results strongly suggest that heat flux regulation may not involve just one but several HFIs, concomitantly or successively in time. Conditions for a single, well-defined instability with major effects on the suprathermal electrons and, implicitly, the heat flux, seem to be very limited. Whistler HFIs are more likely to occur but only for minor drifts (as also reported by recent observations), which may explain a modest implication in their regulation, shown already in quasilinear studies and numerical simulations.
Population cycles can maintain foraging polymorphism

The maintenance of genetic variability in morphological traits that affect fitness is poorly understood. We present a simple Mendelian model of genetic traits affecting foraging efficiency in grazing ungulates, based on a trade–off between rates of energy extraction at low versus high levels of plant abundance. The model suggests that variation in foraging efficiency could be maintained via lottery competition arising as a direct consequence of dynamically unstable interactions between consumers and their food resources. Lottery competition is a plausible mechanism for explaining wide variability in foraging efficiency, such as that documented in unstable Soay sheep populations on the St Kilda archipelago.
Probing the conformal invariance around the nonsingular static spherical black holes with waves

Conformal invariance can ameliorate or eliminate the singularities residing in the black holes, and may still exist in the strong gravity regimes close to these black holes. In this paper, we try to probe this conformal invariance by looking into the wave absorption and scattering by the nonsingular static spherical black holes. The partial and total absorption cross section, as well as the differential scattering cross section, are presented for black holes with different choices of conformal parameters. Although the photon trajectories are unchanged from the Schwarzschild case since the spacetimes are conformally related, the wave optics are affected by the conformal parameters. As a result, the absorption of waves generally increases with the conformal parameters, while the shadow of the black holes remains the same as the Schwarzschild case. Moreover, the peaks in the oscillatory pattern of scattering shift towards smaller observing angles as the conformal parameters grows, while the widths of the glory peaks do not show sensitive dependence. The unique signature of the wave absorption and scattering by the nonsingular static spherical black holes in conformal gravity thus can serve to distinguish themselves from the Schwarzschild in the low frequency regime, and from other spherical black holes of alternative gravities in the high frequency limit and glory peaks.
NuSTAR view of Swift/BAT AGN: The R−Γ correlation

Context. The reflection hump is a prominent feature in the hard X-ray spectrum of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Its exact shape and its correlation to other quantities provide valuable information about the inner and outer regions of an AGN. Aims. Our main goal is to study the reflection hump in a large sample of nearby AGN. We aim to investigate the evolution of reflection with absorption and its correlation with the spectral index. Methods. We analysed archived NuSTAR observations of the 70-month BAT catalogue AGN. By performing a detailed spectral analysis, we were able to constrain the spectral parameters and to investigate the reflection emission in a large sample of individual sources. Results. The reflection strength was found to be strongly correlated with the power-law slope in unabsorbed sources, pointing towards disc reflection for these sources. Different possible explanations were tested and the most likely one is that the corona is moving either towards or away from the disc with a moderately relativistic velocity. An R − Γ correlation was not detected for absorbed sources. In addition, these AGN feature harder spectra, suggesting intrinsic differences between the two classes or a slab geometry for the X-ray source.
Relation of plant species to substrate, landscape position, and aspect in north central Massachusetts

Vegetation–site relationships in the region about the Harvard Forest in north central Massachusetts were explored by means of contingency table and cluster analyses of presence–absence data. Most of the arboreal species, the shrubs, and the ferns were strongly associated with segments of a microclimate – soil moisture gradient determined by landscape position and substrate. Cluster analysis of the species suggested the existence of a fertility gradient, with the more nutrient demanding white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum L.) and basswood (Tiliaamericana L.) on one end of the gradient and pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.), scrub oak (Quercusilicifolia Wangenh.), and aspen (Populus sp.) on the more impoverished sites. An analysis of the feasibility of determining vegetation–site relationships in an area with a long history of human disturbances concludes the report.
Differentiable Forward and Backward Fixed-Point Iteration Layers

Recently, several studies have proposed methods to utilize some classes of optimization problems in designing deep neural networks to encode constraints that conventional layers cannot capture. However, these methods are still in their infancy and require special treatments, such as the analysis of the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition, to derive the backpropagation formula. In this paper, we propose a new formulation called the fixed-point iteration (FPI) layer, which facilitates the use of more complicated operations in deep networks. The backward FPI layer, which is motivated by the recurrent backpropagation (RBP) algorithm, is also proposed. However, in contrast to RBP, the backward FPI layer yields the gradient using a small network module without explicitly calculating the Jacobian. In actual applications, both forward and backward FPI layers can be treated as nodes in the computational graphs. All the components of our method are implemented at a high level of abstraction, which allows efficient higher-order differentiations on the nodes. In addition, we present two practical methods, the neural net FPI (FPI_NN) layer and the gradient descent FPI (FPI_GD) layer, whereby the FPI update operations are a small neural network module and a single gradient descent step based on a learnable cost function, respectively. FPI_NN is intuitive and simple, while FPI_GD can be used to efficient train energy function networks that have been studied recently. While RBP and related studies have not been applied to practical examples, our experiments show that the FPI layer can be successfully applied to real-world problems such as image denoising, optical flow, and multi-label classification.
Acidophilucin A, a new heat‐labile bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus LAPT 1060

Lactobacillus acidophilus LAPT 1060, isolated from infant faeces, produced an antimicrobial agent active against six strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and six strains of Lactobacillus helveticus. The agent was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and heat (10 min at 60°C) and is a bacteriocin and designated acidophilucin A.
Biological structure in a shallow cove (Kertinge Nor, Denmark) - Control by benthic nutrient fluxes and suspension-feeding ascidians and jellyfish

Abstract In 1991 Kertinge Nor was characterized by a high benthic autotrophic biomass dominated by the filamentous macroalga Chaetomorpha linum which reduced the flux of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediment to the water column. A dense population of filter-feeding ascidians Ciona intestinalis (up to 270 individuals m-2) had a significant controlling impact on the phytoplankton biomass. Also, small jellyfish Aurelia aurita were present in extremely high densities (up to 300 individuals m-3) controlling the zooplankton population. During a long period of calm and warm weather in the summer of 1992 the filamentous algal mat rose from the sediment surface. High amounts of nutrients were then released to the water column causing a phytoplankton bloom (up to 120 µg chlorophyll a l-1), but the zooplankton biomass remained low due to intense predation by theA. Aurita population. It is concluded that Kertinge Nor is an unstable eutrophic ecosystem in which interactions between suspension-feeding org.
Spectroscopic study of MATLAS-2019 with MUSE: An ultra-diffuse galaxy with an excess of old globular clusters

The MATLAS deep imaging survey has uncovered a plethora of dwarf galaxies in the low density environment it has mapped. A fraction of them are unusually extended and have low surface brightness. Among these so-called ultra-diffuse galaxies, a few seem to host an excess of globular clusters (GCs). With the integral field unit spectrograph MUSE we have observed one of these galaxies – MATLAS J15052031+0148447 (MATLAS-2019) – located toward the nearby group NGC 5846 and measured its systemic velocity, age, and metallicity, and that of its GC candidates. For the stellar body of MATLAS-2019 we derive a metallicity of −1.33−0.01+0.19 dex and an age of 11.2−0.8+1.8 Gyr. For some of the individual GCs and the stacked GC population, we derive consistent ages and metallicities. From the 11 confirmed GCs and using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach we derived a dynamical mass-to-light ratio of 4.2−3.4+8.6 M⊙/L⊙. This is at the lower end of the luminosity-mass scaling relation defined by the Local Group dwarf galaxies. Furthermore, we could not confirm or reject the possibility of a rotational component in the GC system. If present, this would further modify the inferred mass. Follow-up observations of the GC population and of the stellar body of the galaxy are needed to assess whether this galaxy lacks dark matter, as was suggested for the pair of dwarf galaxies in the field of NGC 1052, or if this is a misinterpretation arising from systematic uncertainties of the method commonly used for these systems and the large uncertainties of the individual GC velocities.
Diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile cod from the Skagerrak coast

We demonstrated a clear year-round diel vertical migration pattern (DVM) of small (26 to 45 cm) Skagerrak coastal cod Gadus morhua on a small geographic scale. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to make inferences about depth movements from a large data set of repeated depth measurements of cod fitted with acoustical tags. The general pattern in vertical behaviour was closely linked to sunrise and sunset, and the timing varied with the length of the day. The absolute magnitude of vertical movement was seasonally variable and probably influenced by temperature and food availability. Cod constantly selected deeper residence depths during the day than at night, and during winter than in summer. This study uses flexible models to make generalisations of the varying nature of the diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile coastal cod.
Eigen-GNN: A Graph Structure Preserving Plug-in for GNNs

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are emerging machine learning models on graphs. Although sufficiently deep GNNs are shown theoretically capable of fully preserving graph structures, most existing GNN models in practice are shallow and essentially feature-centric. We show empirically and analytically that the existing shallow GNNs cannot preserve graph structures well. To overcome this fundamental challenge, we propose Eigen-GNN, a simple yet effective and general plug-in module to boost GNNs ability in preserving graph structures. Specifically, we integrate the eigenspace of graph structures with GNNs by treating GNNs as a type of dimensionality reduction and expanding the initial dimensionality reduction bases. Without needing to increase depths, Eigen-GNN possesses more flexibilities in handling both feature-driven and structure-driven tasks since the initial bases contain both node features and graph structures. We present extensive experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Eigen-GNN for tasks including node classification, link prediction, and graph isomorphism tests.
Environmental contamination with Metarhizium anisopliae from fungal bands for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether conidia from non-woven fiber bands impregnated with Metarhizium anisopliae F 52 could be spread to other parts of the environment, and whether Anoplophora glabripennis could become infected with conidia dispersed from fungal bands. In the field, bands containing M. anisopliae were hung at 3 m height on 15 trees. Bark samples were taken 10, 20, and 30 cm above the bands and 10, 30, and 60 cm below the bands 2, 5, and 9 days after band placement to quantify conidial densities. There were more conidia in samples taken below bands compared with samples taken above bands. A significant positive correlation was found between rainfall and the occurrence of conidia on any of the bark samples. A laboratory study was conducted to determine whether conidia from M. anisopliae fungal bands could be spread to other parts of the environment by A. glabripennis adults and whether A. glabripennis could become infected by conidia dispersed from fungal bands. One or five adult A. glabripennis were used to contaminate artificial environments with conidia. All adults subsequently exposed to contaminated environments were killed by fungal infection. Beetles exposed to environments that had been contaminated by five beetles died in fewer days compared with environments contaminated by one beetle. Beetles in both density treatments died in fewer days than beetles exposed to environments without M. anisopliae conidia. Our results indicate that environmental contamination with conidia from fungal bands can occur, and that adult A. glabripennis can acquire infection from a contaminated environment.
A Survey on Split Manufacturing: Attacks, Defenses, and Challenges

In today’s integrated circuit (IC) ecosystem, owning a foundry is not economically viable, and therefore most IC design houses are now working under a fabless business model. In order to overcome security concerns associated with the outsorcing of IC fabrication, the Split Manufacturing technique was proposed. In Split Manufacturing, the Front End of Line (FEOL) layers (transistors and lower metal layers) are fabricated at an untrusted high-end foundry, while the Back End of Line (BEOL) layers (higher metal layers) are manufactured at a trusted low-end foundry. This approach hides the BEOL connections from the untrusted foundry, thus preventing overproduction and piracy threats. However, many works demonstrate that BEOL connections can be derived by exploiting layout characteristics that are introduced by heuristics employed in typical floorplanning, placement, and routing algorithms. Since straightforward Split Manufacturing may not afford a desirable security level, many authors propose defense techniques to be used along with Split Manufacturing. In our survey, we present a detailed overview of the technique, the many types of attacks towards Split Manufacturing, as well as possible defense techniques described in the literature. For the attacks, we present a concise discussion on the different threat models and assumptions, while for the defenses we classify the studies into three categories: proximity perturbation, wire lifting, and layout obfuscation. The main outcome of our survey is to highlight the discrepancy between many studies – some claim netlists can be reconstructed with near perfect precision, while others claim marginal success in retrieving BEOL connections. Finally, we also discuss future trends and challenges inherent to Split Manufacturing, including the fundamental difficulty of evaluating the efficiency of the technique.
Near- and Mid-infrared Observations in the Inner Tenth of a Parsec of the Galactic Center Detection of Proper Motion of a Filament Very Close to Sgr A*

We analyze the gas and dust emission in the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black hole Sgr A* at the Galactic center (GC) with the ESO Very Large Telescope (Paranal/Chile) instruments SINFONI and VISIR. The SINFONI H+K data cubes show several emission lines with related line map counterparts. From these lines, the Brγ emission is the most prominent one and appears to be shaped as a bar extending along the north–south direction. With VISIR, we find a dusty counterpart to this filamentary emission. In this work, we present evidence that this feature could most be likely connected to the minispiral and potentially influenced by the winds of the massive stars in the central cluster or an accretion wind from Sgr A*. To this end, we coadd the SINFONI data between 2005 and 2015. The spectroscopic analysis reveals a range of Doppler-shifted emission lines. We also detect substructures in the shape of clumps that can be investigated in the channel maps of the Brγ bar. In addition, we compare the detection of the near-infrared Brγ feature to PAH1 mid-infrared observations and published 226 GHz radio data. These clumps show a proper motion of about 320 km s−1 that are consistent with other infrared continuum–detected filaments in the GC. Deriving a mass of for the investigated Brγ feature shows an agreement with former derived masses for similar objects. Besides the north–south Brγ bar, we find a comparable additional east–west feature. Also, we identify several gas reservoirs that are located west of Sgr A* that may harbor dusty objects.