Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The French version of the HSCL-25 has now been validated for use in primary care

Background The Hopkins Symptom Checklist in 25 items (HSCL-25) helps to assess anxiety and depression in Primary Care. Anxiety and depression show considerable overlap in primary care. This self-administrated questionnaire is valid, reliable and ergonomic in the original US version. We have translated it into French. The aim of this study was to estimate the test characteristics of the HSCL-25, in its French version (F-HSCL-25), by comparing it to the Present State Examination-9 French version (F-PSE-9) and by determining its internal validity and dimensions. Method Outpatients from three French General Practice settings (rural, semi-rural and urban) were recruited: approximately 20,000 outpatients among 17 GPs. Two groups were formed: F-HSCL-25 ≥1.75 and F-HSCL-25 <1.75. A validated cut-off score of > 1.75 was considered to indicate a clinically relevant level of symptoms of depression and anxiety. In order to obtain two balanced groups, a different method of randomization was chosen for each group. The F-PSE-9 was randomly administered to 1 in 2 patients in the F-HSCL-25 ≥1.75 group, and to 1 in 16 in the (much larger) F-HSCL-25 <1.75 group. The diagnostic performance was assessed and the test results obtained from both groups were compared with their F-PSE-9 results. Results Of the 1126 patients who completed the F-HCL-25, 886 joined the F-HSCL-25 <1.75 group and 240 the F-HSCL-25 ≥1.75 group. The overall prevalence of depression, using the F-HSCL-25, was 21% in these medical practices. The diagnostic performance of the F-HSCL-25 versus the F-PSE-9, the external criteria were as follows: Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 69.8%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 87%; Sensitivity 59.1%, and Specificity 91.4%. The Principal Component Analysis showed that F-HSCL-25 is a one-dimensional tool (anxiety and depression dimensions combined) with a Cronbach Alpha of 0.93. Conclusion The F-HSCL-25 is an appropriate diagnostic tool for anxiety and depression in primary care in France due to its high specificity and high NPV. The HSCL-25 scale has a high eigenvalue. This pilot study will be extended throughout Europe; however, preliminary evidence suggests that the HSCL-25 is a reliable and suitable diagnostic tool for primary care.
Stress and burnout syndrome and their associations with coping and job satisfaction in critical care nurses: a literature review.

BACKGROUND Burnout is usually defined as a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors, characterrized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of social accomplishment. Coping mechanisms and job satisfaction are associated with the incidence of burnout symptoms in a work context. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The aim of this paper was to make a systematic analysis of the literature related to nurses' stress and the incidence of burnout syndrome in intensive care nurses, and also to determine the research into associations between coping mechanisms and job satisfaction on one side, and burnout on the other side. Appropriate databases (Scopus, PubMed) were searched with the aim of finding relevant studies and articles published in the last 15 years. The keywords were burnout, coping mechanisms, job satisfaction, nurses, and intensive care. Two independent reviewers carried out a selection of the studies. RESULTS The literature review found 786 studies about burnout and its association with different variables. Twenty-nine original research papers were discovered in this review process. Open questions still remain concerning burnout and the associations between the considered variables. We also found that studies using a qualitative approach, which could provide better insight into the investigation of burnout, was insufficient in this area. CONCLUSION Burnout syndrome is serious problem for healthcare systems and affects almost all profiles of healthcare workers. Although burnout is an evidence-based public health problem, there is still no systematic approach to prevention. Prevention activities to reduce stress and the incidence of burnout should be provided for nurses, especially those in very demanding posts.
Approaches to Computational Strain Design in the Multiomics Era

Modern omics analyses are able to effectively characterize the genetic, regulatory, and metabolic phenotypes of engineered microbes, yet designing genetic interventions to achieve a desired phenotype remains challenging. With recent developments in genetic engineering techniques, timelines associated with building and testing strain designs have been greatly reduced, allowing for the first time an efficient closed loop iteration between experiment and analysis. However, the scale and complexity associated with multi-omics datasets complicates manual biological reasoning about the mechanisms driving phenotypic changes. Computational techniques therefore form a critical part of the Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycle in metabolic engineering. Traditional statistical approaches can reduce the dimensionality of these datasets and identify common motifs among high-performing strains. While successful in many studies, these methods do not take full advantage of known connections between genes, proteins, and metabolic networks. There is therefore a growing interest in model-aided design, in which modeling frameworks from systems biology are used to integrate experimental data and generate effective and non-intuitive design predictions. In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress and challenges in this field. In particular, we compare methods augmenting flux balance analysis with additional constraints from fluxomic, genomic, and metabolomic datasets and methods employing kinetic representations of individual metabolic reactions, and machine learning. We conclude with a discussion of potential future directions for improving strain design predictions in the omics era and remaining experimental and computational hurdles.
Unchanged mortality in patients with acute cholangitis despite an increase in malignant etiologies – a 25-year epidemiological study

Abstract Background and aims: Acute cholangitis (AC) is a rare but serious condition, with an incidence of 7.0 per 10,000 people and mortality rates up to 10%. The aim of this study was to describe changes in obstruction etiology, comorbidities, clinical factors, and mortality among AC patients during a 25-year period. Methods: Using a database of 11,563 consecutive ERCP-procedures performed from 1990–2015 at Odense University Hospital, we identified all AC cases during that period. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected from the database and the Danish Patient Registry. Association with 30-day mortality was investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustment for confounding factors. Results: In total, 775 consecutive and individual cases of AC were included. Among cases, 42% (n = 326) were of malignant etiology, with an increasing incidence over time (regression coefficient [95% CI]: 0.03 [0.01–0.04] per year; p = .01). Mean Charlson Comorbidity Index was 1.4, with an increase over time (regression coefficient [95% CI]: 0.04 [0.03–0.05] per year; p < .01). Malignant obstruction etiology was associated with 30-day mortality (OR [95% CI]: 1.11 [1.04–1.18]; p < .01). Overall 30-day mortality was 12% (n = 91). After adjustment for confounding factors, no significant changes in 30-day mortality were observed over time (OR [95% CI]: 1 [1–1.00]; p = .91 per year). Conclusion: Significant increases in the incidence of malignant obstruction etiology and severity of comorbidities among AC patients were observed during the study period. Despite those findings, 30-day mortality remained unchanged, potentially reflecting a general improvement in the management of AC.
The Quality of Sputum Specimens as a Predictor of Isolated Bacteria From Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Tertiary Referral Hospital, Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia

Sputum quality is crucial in finding infectious bacteria that will be used to guide definitive antibiotic therapy. Errors in reporting isolated bacteria will affect the rate of patients' morbidity, mortality, and increase patient care costs. This study aims to find out the relationship between sputum quality and isolated bacteria at a Tertiary Referral Hospital, Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia. The study was conducted for 6 months in the Sanglah Hospital Clinical Microbiology laboratory. There were 726 sputum specimens examined and categorized based on Murray Washington criteria. After Gram examination, all specimens were inoculated on aerobic culture media. We classified 41.4% of poor-quality sputum specimens, and non-pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 70.2% of that specimen dominated by Streptococcus mitis (42.53%). Whereas, isolated pathogens were obtained from 54.4% of good-quality sputum specimens dominated by Klebsiella pneumonia (30.86%). Statistical analyses showed that there is a relationship between isolated bacteria and the sputum quality (OR = 3.844; p < 0.001). Good-quality sputum is 3.8 times more likely to isolate pathogenic bacteria than poor-quality sputum. In the Pearson Chi-Square test, the likelihood of isolating pathogenic bacteria from good-quality specimens was significant too (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that poor-quality sputum specimens are still found. Therefore, the capacity of good sputum collection must be improved. Supervision of the application of standard sputum culture operational procedures must be more rigorously carried out.
Feature Reduction Based on Segmented Principal Component Analysis for Hyperspectral Images Classification

Subspace detection is an essential step which is used as a preprocessing for the task of hyperspectral image classification, and ground surface identification. An informative subspace can be obtained through feature extraction/feature selection or using both. This paper proposed an efficient subspace detection technique using a both segmented principal component analysis (SPCA) and normalized mutual information (NMI) measure. At first, the original dataset is partitioned into several groups using NMI measure and then perform the principal component transform (PCT) on each group. Finally, the NMI is utilized to select the most informative images to obtain a resultant subspace and this method is named as (SPCA-nMI). The proposed method is tested on two real hyperspectral images, the experimental results shows the superiority of the proposed approach and obtain 95.47% classification accuracy on dataset 1 and (99.026%) on dataset 2 which is best among the methods studied.
Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water observed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, 1978–2018

Abstract. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is known as a long-term sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant), but the sink is hardly quantified because of the scarcity of observations, specifically at an interannual scale. We present in this paper an original dataset combining 40 years of carbonate system observations in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (Enderby Basin) to evaluate and interpret the interannual variability of Cant in the AABW. This investigation is based on regular observations collected at the same location (63∘ E–56.5∘ S) in the framework of the French observatory OISO from 1998 to 2018 extended by GEOSECS and INDIGO observations (1978, 1985 and 1987). At this location the main sources of AABW sampled is the low-salinity Cape Darnley Bottom Water (CDBW) and the Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW). Our calculations reveal that Cant concentrations increased significantly in the AABW, from an average concentration of 7 µmol kg−1 calculated for the period 1978–1987 to an average concentration of 13 µmol kg−1 for the period 2010–2018. This is comparable to previous estimates in other Southern Ocean (SO) basins, with the exception of bottom water close to formation sites where Cant concentrations are about twice as large. Our analysis shows that total carbon (CT) and Cant increasing rates in the AABW are about the same over the period 1978–2018, and we conclude that the long-term change in CT is mainly due to the uptake of Cant in the different formation regions. This is, however, modulated by significant interannual to multi-annual variability associated with variations in hydrographic (potential temperature, Θ; salinity, S) and biogeochemical (CT; total alkalinity, AT; dissolved oxygen, O2) properties. A surprising result is the apparent stability of Cant concentrations in recent years despite the increase in CT and the gradual acceleration of atmospheric CO2. The interannual variability at play in AABW needs to be carefully considered in the extrapolated estimation of Cant sequestration based on sparse observations over several years.
Effect of Fertilizer on The Growth and Yield of Jhum Crop under the Slush-mulch Condition for Sustainable Crop Production in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Chts) of Bangladesh

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilizer on the growth and yield of jhum crop under the Slush-mulch condition for sustainable crop production in Chittagong hill tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh. The experiments were conducted during March 2015 to February 2016 at Bandarban in Chittagong under the AEZ 29 (Northern and Eastern Hills Tract). The experiment was designed on Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experiment had three treatments as T1 Control T2 Application of 100% chemical fertilizers on STB (N37 P15 K14 S8 kg ha-1) and T3 Application of 125% chemical fertilizers on STB along with mulch (about 50 kg natural weed per 20 m2 plot) and no mulch conditions. Fertilization under slush-mulch condition had a positive role on the yield of Jhum rice and that of other Jhum crops. Under sole application of fertilizer, the highest grain yield of rice (4.27 t ha-1) was obtained from the application of 125%of RDF on STB, the lowest value (2.65 t ha-1) being noted in control. On the other hand, mulching favored the yield of rice grain, the highest grain yield (4.44 t ha-1) being obtained from the combination of mulching along with the application of fertilizers @ 125%RDF on STB, the lowest grain yield (1.89 t ha-1) was recorded from the absolute control. The yield of jhum other crops also significantly influenced in mulch condition. The negative balance of soil nutrient was increased with the rates of fertilizer application under both mulch and no-mulch conditions.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevalence Among Adults Who Have Never Smoked, by Industry and Occupation — United States, 2013–2017

Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a debilitating respiratory condition with high mortality and morbidity (1,2). However, an estimated 24% of adults with COPD have never smoked (3,4). Among these persons, 26%–53% of COPD can be attributed to workplace exposures, including dust, fumes, gases, vapors, and secondhand smoke exposure (4–6). To assess industry-specific and occupation-specific COPD prevalence among adults aged ≥18 years who have never smoked and who were employed any time during the past 12 months, CDC analyzed 2013–2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data. Among an estimated 106 million workers who had never smoked, 2.2% (2.4 million) have COPD. Highest prevalences were among workers aged ≥65 years (4.6%), women (3.0%), and those reporting fair/poor health (6.7%). Among industries and occupations, the highest COPD prevalences were among workers in the information industry (3.3%) and office and administrative support occupations (3.3%). Among women, the highest prevalences were among those employed in the information industry (5.1%) and in the transportation and material moving occupation (4.5%), and among men, among those employed in the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting industry (2.3%) and the administrative and support, waste management, and remediation services industry (2.3%). High COPD prevalences in certain industries and occupations among persons who have never smoked underscore the importance of continued surveillance, early identification of COPD, and reduction or elimination of COPD-associated risk factors, such as the reduction of workplace exposures to dust, vapors, fumes, chemicals, and exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants.
Structural but Not Functional Alterations in Cones in the Absence of the Retinal Disease Protein Retinitis Pigmentosa 2 (RP2) in a Cone-Only Retina

X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 2 (XLRP2) patients and Rp2null mice exhibit severe cone photoreceptor degeneration. However, due to the paucity of cones in mammalian model systems, it is not clear how cones respond to the loss of RP2. Here we have used the Nrl-/- mice, which develop a rodless and short wavelength (S) opsin-containing cone-only retina, to generate Rp2null::Nrl-/- double knock out (Rp2-DKO) mice. We found that the ciliary axoneme and the outer segments (OSs) of the cones were significantly longer with disorganized membrane infoldings as compared to the Nrl-/- mice. Additionally, we found misregulation in the expression of the genes related to ophthalmic disease, cell trafficking, and stress-response in the Rp2-DKO mice prior to the onset of cone degeneration. Surprisingly, the loss of RP2 did not affect progressive photoreceptor dysfunction of the Nrl-/- mice and the trafficking of S opsin. Our data suggest that RP2 is a negative regulator of cone OS length but does not affect S-opsin trafficking and S-cone function. Our studies also provide a cone-only platform to design cone-targeted therapeutic strategies for X-linked RP2.
Time-Kill Assay of N-(2-Bromoethyl)-7-Chloroquinilin-4-Amine (ACP 4A) with Fungistatic Activity against Aspergillus fumigatus

Six pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylate and quinoline derivatives (ACP 1A, ACP 1B, ACP 1C, ACP 1D, ACP 2A and ACP 4A) synthesized and screened for antimicrobial activity against two selected Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), three Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), two yeast strains (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and two filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus) using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of the compounds were determined using broth microdilution and streak plate method, respectively. Time-kill assay (TKA) analysis of N-(2-bromoethyl)-7-chloroquinilin-4-amine (ACP 4A) was subsequently conducted throughout the 24 h incubation period against A. fumigatus. Only ACP 4A was chosen for the evaluation of TKA analysis because the broth dilution assay confirmed that it is the most potent compound with antifungal activity. E. coli was the only one found to be susceptible to the ACP 4A compound at 20 and 30 mg mL-1 with an inhibition zone value of 15.00 ± 0.00 and 19.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively. MIC values of ACP 4A compound against S. aureus and C. albicans were 800 μg mL-1. A. niger and A. fumigatus exhibited the highest susceptibility towards ACP 4A with the same MIC value (200 μg mL-1). ACP 4A showed fungicidal effect against C. glabrata with the same MIC and MFC values at 800 μg mL-1. From TKA analysis, ACP 4A at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC did not show fungicidal activity against A. fumigatus. In conclusion, ACP 4A has the potential to be developed as a fungistatic (non-fungicidal) antifungal agent, which is an advantage compared to other known fungicidal compounds, particularly in patients with a healthy immune system.
Cognitive Factors Affecting AIDS Preventive Behaviors in Iranian Women with Addicted Spouses

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is one of the most substantial socioeconomic health issues in many countries all around the world. Objectives: This study aimed to address the factors affecting AIDS preventive behaviors in women who had addicted husbands using the health belief model (HBM) in Sarbishe and Birjand cities, Iran, in 2019. Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 224 women who had addicted husbands. A convenience sampling method was used, and all women whose husbands were under the support of the public and private addiction treatment centers were entered into the study. Data collection tools included a questionnaire of demographic items, HBM constructs, knowledge, and AIDS preventive behaviors. The collected data were analyzed using a correlation test and a regression model. The p value was considered less than 0.05 to be significant. Results: The respondents' mean age was 37.77 ± 8.97 years. Most women (93.8%) were housekeepers, and 54% of them had self-employed husbands. Most women (61.6%) and their husbands (58.9%) had an education level of under-diploma. Based on the regression model, the most important predictors of AIDS preventive behaviors included perceived self-efficacy (B = 0.231), education level (B = 0.196), and income (B = -0.154). Conclusions: Research findings confirm the association between perceived self-efficacy, education level, income, and adopting AIDS preventive behaviors. The obtained results can be used to develop theory-based interventions to shape AIDS preventive behaviors in high-risk groups.
Demographics Differences on Media Social as Representation Awareness Volunteer Among Youth in Malaysia

In this era of modernization, the media has played a role in the development of the country. This study aims to study the representation of social media as a tool for youth volunteerism in Malaysia. Youth mostly use social media and the extent to which social media can contribute and benefit to society. This study's objectives were to identify differences in the level of volunteer awareness by demographics: gender, education, occupation, race, and state among youth in Malaysia. Social media representation is separated into several aspects: religious activity, community and social service, culture, arts, and sports and education. This study involved 98 samples of youths aged 20 to 35, and quantitative research methods used through questionnaire distribution. Then, data collected were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software. Researchers use frequency and descriptive analysis to examine social media representation and the level of volunteer awareness. The findings indicate a significant relationship between social media representation in religious activities, community and social services, culture, arts, sports, and education. The results show that the representation of social media through aspects of community and social service as well as culture, arts, and sports have an impact and influence on volunteer awareness. Social media representation has indeed played a role in the social awareness of volunteerism among youth.