Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Competition on Cooperation: Evidence from a Series of Bargaining Game Experiments

Rationality has long been one of the key principles of economics because it seeks to explain patterns of behavior and preferences in economic interactions. The belief that economic agents interact to maximize individual gain as a means of making themselves better off helps to explain the motivations underlying exchange as a fundamental concept of economics. Specific to game theory, theories of rationality predict that individuals are so-called “rational” agents who behave in such a way as to maximize individual gain in social dilemmas even at the expense of others. However, both laboratory experiments and everyday behavior challenge these existing theories by demonstrating that humans do in fact cooperate in competitive social situations at a cost to themselves. These findings call into question the theoretical framework of rationality foundational to game theory and suggest the presence of external factors that may influence our willingness to cooperate in competitive environments. The goal of this research is to analyze the impact of three of these potential factors— intensity of competition, game duration, and group size—on cooperation through a series of bargaining game experiments. Analysis of earnings and claims across several iterations of a Traveler’s Dilemma bargaining game allowed for conclusions to be drawn about the relationship between these factors and cooperation. Our results show this relationship to be significant in the cases of game duration and group size, but insignificant for intensity of competition. Of notable importance is the clear impact of increasing group size in our experiments as a model of the Tragedy of the Commons theory of shared resources. Our results offer strong support for the Tragedy of the Commons in that they reflect a significant decrease in earnings and claims as group size increased. These results are consistent with the predictions of the Tragedy of the Commons in suggesting that cooperation for the sustenance of a common resource becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the more agents are simultaneously responsible for it.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND NESTING OF PUNA, ANDEAN, AND CHILEAN FLAMINGOS

Abstract Of the world's five flamingo species, the rarest and least known are the Puna Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and the Andean Flamingo (P. andinus). These two species coexist with the more common Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) throughout much of their range. We conducted four simultaneous surveys from 1997 to 2001 (two in summer and two in winter) to estimate the distribution and abundance of all three species in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, at a regional scale. Of 224 wetlands surveyed, 179 had flamingos; 63% of these were in the high Andes (above 4000 m), 25% were in the puna (3000 to 4000 m), and the remainder were in lowlands (below 3000 m). Maximum counts were 64 000 Puna Flamingos (summer 1998), 34 000 Andean Flamingos (summer 1997), and 83 000 Chilean Flamingos (winter 1998). In summer, Puna Flamingos congregated at wetlands in the high Andes, with 50% of the population in just three lakes: Colorada, Grande, and Vilama. Andean Flamingos were more uniformly distributed across a broader elevational range (2500 m), and Chilean Flamingos showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern. In winter, all species moved to lower latitudes within the high Andes and to lower altitudes on the central plains of Argentina. The most important nesting wetlands were Colorada, in Bolivia, for the Puna Flamingo, Surire and Atacama, in Chile, for the Andean Flamingo, and Surire for the Chilean Flamingo. We recommend continued monitoring through simultaneous summer surveys, and a conservation strategy that considers the large spatial and temporal scales at which these species operate, including their seasonal migrations.
Twice-Exceptional Learners: Who Needs to Know What?

Twice-exceptionality is gaining increasing recognition in the gifted education literature but little is understood about the knowledge and awareness of this concept within the educational and psychological community, or about professionals’ experience working with this population of learners. Three-hundred and seventeen individuals completed an online Twice-Exceptional Needs Assessment, which consisted of 14 questions assessing issues pertaining to twice-exceptionality knowledge and experience, as well as knowledge of policies relevant to both gifted and special education. Results indicated that educators were more familiar with standards within their specific area of expertise (e.g., gifted or special education) and that fewer professionals were familiar with the use of Response to Intervention with twice-exceptional children. Gifted education professionals had significantly more knowledge and experience with twice-exceptionality than did professionals in other domains. We conclude with implications for educators and recommendations for expanding professional understanding of twice-exceptionality outside the field of gifted education to meet twice-exceptional students’ multifaceted needs.
SMALLHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION IN CONTRACT FARMING: ASSESSING MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AND EMBEDDED CONSTRAINTS FROM TRADITIONAL STAPLE FOODS PRODUCERS IN NORTHERN GHANA

The recent growth in value chain agriculture which seeks to insert smallholders into commercial agriculture particularly in developing countries has sparked controversy over its economic and welfare impacts on participating smallholders. This has given rise to a body of literature that analyse various aspects of the phenomenon. However, the question of why smallholders choose to participate in such chains especially through contract farming schemes has not been thoroughly explored. In few cases are smallholders themselves asked explicitly why they choose to produce on contract for agribusiness firms, as many studies take it axiomatic that smallholders produce on contract solely because of the income benefits they expect to derive. This study explores the motivational factors behind smallholders’ decision to produce traditional staple foods on contract for local agribusiness firms in Tampola, a typical farming community in the northeastern part of Ghana. The goal is to ascertain and highlight smallholder constraints that are embedded in such motivational factors to enhance agricultural policy intervention. Using in-depth interviews, I find among others, that a cluster of factors reflecting the volatility of the mainstream agriculture markets featured prominently as sources of motivation for smallholders to produce on contract. The link between these motivational factors and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are also briefly discussed. The paper concludes that the emerging donor-facilitated value chains for food staples involving large number of smallholders need to be thoroughly explored to unravel the best ways of developing smallholder agriculture.
Anatomy and phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical callichthyid catfishes (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes)

Based mainly on morphological characters, the phylogenetic relationships among genera and some species groups of the neotropical family Callichthyidae were examined. A study of the osteology of a generalized callichthyid,Callichthys callichthys(Linnaeus), with detailed comparisons among representatives of the remaining genera in the family, is presented and used as a basis for the phylogenetic analysis. A single most parsimonious tree supported the monophyly of the family Callichthyidae based on 28 derived features and the division of the family in the subfamilies Corydoradinae and Callichthyinae. In the subfamily Corydoradinae, the genusAspidorasis the sister-group of the clade formed byCorydorasplusBrochis. Five derived features support the monophyly of this clade and four support the monophyly ofBrochis. No characters, however, were found to support the genusCorydoras. In the subfamily Callichthyinae,DianemaandHoplosternumare sister-taxa.Megalechisrepresents the sister-group ofDianemaplusHoplosternumandLepthoplosternumrepresents the sister-group toMegalechisplusDianemaplusHoplosternum. Finally,Callichthysis considered the least derived member of the subfamily, and is hypothesized as the sister-group of the remaining species. A key to all callichthyid genera is provided.
IFRS Adoption, Corporate Governance and Timeliness of Financial Reports among Nigerian Listed Firms

This study explores the nexus between corporate governance and the timeliness of financial reports upon the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Timeliness of financial reports is a prominent attribute of quality of accounting information and has been identified as important for an efficient capital market operation.IFRS possesses inherent benefits such as issuance of high-quality financial reports, global capital market integration among others while corporate governance provides support for corporate entities to attain their objectives with proper control and effective management of the welfare of its shareholders and stakeholders. The study employed a quantitative research design, specifically with the use of the ex-post-facto survey. Secondary data employed for the study were sourced from the audited published annual financial reports of the sampled listed firms for the period 2012 to 2017. The population comprised all listed firms at the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) which stood at 176 As of July 2019. A sample size of 70 was however obtained across all sectors of the NSE leading to a pre-IFRS period of 2006 2011 and postIFRS period of 2012 2017.This study established that adoption of IFRS had demonstrated a reduction in audit report lag of firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) which implies that IFRS-based financial reports are more timely than those issued under the Nigerian GAAP. The study recommends that the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria as well as the NSE regulatory body, should make an effort at ensuring more timeliness of financial reports issued by listed firms in Nigeria. Furthermore, there may be need to increase the members of the Board since its interaction with IFRS suggests a positive relationship with the audit report lag.
Incorporating Source Features, Acoustic-phonetic Information and Suitable Pattern Recognition Approach for Limited Test Data Speaker Veriﬁcation

This work concentrates on extending the scope of text-independent speaker veriﬁcation (SV) systems for practical application oriented services at par with the existing other bio-metric measures. In this direction, sufﬁcient train with limited test data ( ≤ 10 s) based framework is considered for having user comfortness along with efﬁcient decision delivery. Different excitation source features, acoustic-phonetic information and suitable pattern recognition approaches are investigated to obtain improved performance in such a scenario. Finally, the stated directions are ﬁt to a common architecture to be bene-ﬁted from each of them. The ﬁnal combined SV framework shows the potential for ﬁeld deployable systems providing an improved performance. Additionally, some of the issues that come across the development of practical SV systems are also explored with possible suggestions to deal with them.
The Biology and the Immature Stages of the Mosquito, Megarhinus Septentrionalis Dyar & Knab,

There is some confusion in the literature regarding the date and place of publication of the original description of Megarhinus septenirionalis , and the relationship of this name to M. herricki Theobald, the latter now being accepted as a synonym of M. septentrionalis . In most publications dealing with the taxonomy of this species, authors have referred to an article by Dyar and Knab, 1907, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 15: 12, as the place of the original description. In this paper, however, the authors do not describe the species, but indicate that the original description was made in a previous article: Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 48: 249, 1906. The original description is indeed published in this article. Although the date of volume 48 of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections in 1907, the paper in question was actually published in September, 1906. The name Megarhinus herricki was given to this same species by Theobald in 1906 (The Entomologist 29: 241), but this publication appeared in November, and this gives a slight priority to the name M. septentrionalis D. & K. Although Dyar in his monograph “The Mosquitoes of the Americas” (1928) refers to the article in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society as the place of the original description of the species, future workers should cite the Smithsonian publication to avoid further confusion.
Age of acquisition effects in language development

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Patellar tendon mechanical properties adaptation to a resistance training protocol measured by elastography

O tendao patelar e um dos mais relevantes do corpo humano por sua importância fundamental na marcha e ortostatismo. Suas propriedades mecânicas estao intimamente relacionadas a funcao do quadriceps, sua sobrecarga habitual e aos programas de treinamento ao qual e submetido. Este trabalho avalia a adaptacao do modulo de cisalhamento do tendao patelar a um programa de treinamento resistido de oito semanas atraves do uso da elastografia supersonic shear wave imaging (SSI), em 15 homens jovens e saudaveis. Alem disso, foram mensuradas as variacoes do modulo de cisalhamento e espessura do vasto lateral, as adaptacoes morfologicas do tendao patelar e o aumento do torque extensor do joelho utilizando o ultrassom modo B e dinamometria. Os resultados observados atestam a eficiencia do treinamento aplicado em promover aumento de forca e hipertrofia no musculo alvo, porem nao revelaram adaptacoes estatisticamente significantes no modulo de cisalhamento ou espessura do tendao patelar. Foi observada um aumento pronunciado e estatisticamente significante no modulo de cisalhamento do vasto lateral. Esse estudo pode servir de base para ulteriores investigacoes sobre protocolos de intervencao que visam adaptar o mecanismo extensor do joelho para prevencao de lesoes, reabilitacao ou condicionamento.
Perspectives of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on Islamic Banking Practices: A Study on the Assessment of Investment Financing and Business Savings*

This study investigates the factors affecting the preferences of SMEs in terms of investing their funds and savings in Islamic banking, which has a tendency to grow rapidly in Turkey. From the point of conservative capital has entered the market and being actively evaluated, this study aims to offer information needed about SMEs for the Islamic banking industry. A questionnaire was applied to 482 SMEs operating in Çorum/Turkey province. According to the findings of the analysis, the most important factor affecting the intention to use Islamic banking for SMEs is the perception of service quality. Recognition, transparency and reliability are other factors that influence the intention to use Islamic banking. Religious sensitivities, contrary to the common opinion, have no influence on the intention to use Islamic banking. * This study is supported by Scientific Research Project of Hitit University.
The Genus Hymenasplenium (Aspleniaceae) in Cuba, Including New Combinations for the Neotropical Species

Abstract Morphological, cytological and taxonomical analyses of Asplenium delitescens and A. laetum in Cuba resulted in the recognition of both species belonging to the genus Hymenasplenium Hayata. The combinations of the Neotropical species to this genus are presented. Some remarks on gametophyte morphology of H. delitescens are included.
Pathological Spectrum of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors-A 1.5-year Experience at Kidwai Cancer Institute

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have an incidence of 10–15 per million per year worldwide. Majority of GISTs are located in the stomach (55.6%) followed by small bowel (31.8%). Some GISTs may be found outside the GIT, and they are referred to as extra-GISTs (EGISTs). The frequency of EGISTs is <1%. Cases of EGISTs have been reported in the retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum. GISTs are immunohistochemically positive for KIT (CD117), phenotypically paralleling Cajal cell differentiation and most examples contain KIT or PDGFRA activating mutations. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 cases of spindle cell neoplasm, suspected of GIST and 15 cases of other mesenchymal tumors of the GIT were studied. IHC panel of markers included KIT, DOG1, CD34, SMA, S-100, Desmin, CK, and a proliferation marker Ki67 performed on tumor blocks (Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue). KIT-negative cases were subjected to nextgeneration sequencing. Results: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor was the most common mesenchymal tumor of GIT with stomach being the most common site of involvement and the mean tumor size was 10.7 cms. Metastatic disease was present in 16.2% of cases while recurrences of GISTs were seen in 13.5% of cases. Combination of KIT and DOG1 highly improved the sensitivity of identifying cases of GIST. Of 3 cases which were KIT-negative by IHC, 2 cases showed mutational analysis consistent with GIST, and the other case was negative for both KIT and PDGFRA. Additional IHC for this case showed WT1 and D240 positivity and was diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma.
Comparing Formal Tools for System Design: a Judgment Study

Formal methods and tools have a long history of successful applications in the design of safety-critical railway products. However, most of the experiences focused on the application of a single method at once, and little work has been performed to compare the applicability of the different available frameworks to the railway context. As a result, companies willing to introduce formal methods in their development process have little guidance on the selection of tools that could fit their needs. To address this goal, this paper presents a comparison between 9 different formal tools, namely Atelier B, CADP, FDR4, NuSMV, ProB, Simulink, SPIN, UMC, and UPPAAL SMC. We performed a judgment study, involving 17 experts with experience in formal methods applied to railways. In the study, part of the experts were required to model a railway signaling problem (a moving-block train distancing system) with the different tools, and to provide feedback on their experience. The information produced was then synthesized, and the results were validated by the remaining experts. Based on the outcome of this process, we provide a synthesis that describes when to use a certain tool, and what are the problems that may be faced by modelers. Our experience shows that the different tools serve different purposes, and multiple formal methods are required to fully cover the needs of the railway system design process.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MARES’ UTERUS DURING FOAL HEAT AND FERTILITY RATE

In the study, 75 mares were examined during foal heat by rectal palpation and ultrasound scanning. Samples obtained from the uterus were investigated bacteriologically and cytologically. Bacteriological examinations were positive in 49 (65.3%) and haemolytic Streptococcus (25.3%) and Escherichia coli (24%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Fungi were found in 6 mares. Negative result of cytological examination was obtained from 25 (33.3%) mares. Pregnancy was diagnosed in 54.5% of mares with normal uterus while in groups with uterine disorders pregnancy was found in 18-23%. Our results showed that uterine disorders in foal heat decrease the fertility rate.
A model of carbon evasion and sedimentation in temperate lakes

Lakes process terrigenous carbon. The carbon load processed by lakes may partially offset estimates made for terrestrial net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The balance within lakes between carbon burial and evasion to the atmosphere determines whether lakes are net sinks or net sources of atmospheric carbon. Here we develop a model to study processing of both autochthonous and allochthonous carbon sources in lakes. We run the model over gradients of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations found in the Northern Highlands Lake District of Wisconsin. In our model, lakes processed between 5 and 28 g C m−2 (watershed) yr−1 derived from the watershed, which approximates one‐tenth of NEE for similar terrestrial systems without lakes. Most lakes were net heterotrophic and had carbon evasion in excess of carbon burial, making them net sources of carbon to the atmosphere. Only lakes low in DOC and moderate to high in TP were net autotrophic and net sinks of carbon from the atmosphere.
General lack of phylogeographic structure in two sympatric, forest obligate squirrels (Sciurus niger and S. carolinensis)

Abstract We examined intraspecific relationships in the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the eastern gray squirrel (S. carolinensis) using sequence variation in a portion of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b gene and part of the D-loop in the control region. These closely related species are codistributed temperate forest obligates that have similar generation time and population ecologies. For both species, we documented high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide variation, and several groups of divergent haplotypes. However, there is a general lack of spatial structure in maternal lineages within each species. For S. carolinensis, we observed a pattern of population genetic structure that suggests the presence of at least 2 distinct refugial populations that evolved in isolation during the Pleistocene (approximately 98.3–266.3 thousand years ago [kya]) and subsequently expanded to the species' current range following the last glacial maximum. For S. niger, the genetic structure was much less pronounced, with fewer strongly diverged haplotypes. This finding suggests that eastern fox squirrels persisted in either a single population in a glacial refugium or as several refugial populations that maintained gene flow throughout the Pleistocene. For both species, there is evidence that scattered populations were present in multiple, small refugia close to the Laurentide Ice Sheet, allowing rapid range expansion following glacial recession. Taken together, our results indicate that S. niger and S. carolinensis underwent multiple episodes of genetic divergence during isolation in glacial refugia, followed by range expansion and contact that resulted in admixture of divergent maternal lineages within each species during interglacials. Examination of our data further indicates that the most recent range expansion in both species occurred within the past 12–20 kya.