Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A calibration equation for oxygen optodes based on physical properties of the sensing foil

We present a new physically based calibration equation for Aanderaa Inc. oxygen sensing optodes. We use the two site fluorescence quenching model of Demas et al. (1995) to describe the nonlinear Stern‐Volmer response of the optode foil to oxygen partial pressure. Seven (minimally six) coefficients quantify foil response to oxygen and temperature; another quantifies response to hydrostatic pressure. These eight coefficients are related, theoretically, to basic physical properties of the foil. The equation provides a framework to study causes of variability and drift in optodes and to develop better quality control and handling procedures. We tested the equation using factory calibrations of 24 optode foils. When accurate multi‐point calibration data are unavailable, two additional coefficients empirically correct the usually large differences observed between factory foil calibrations and post‐factory laboratory/field calibrations; we cannot eliminate this major cause of uncertainty in optode calibrations. Excluding two potentially anomalous foils, the calibration equation fits 13 similarly calibrated foils, totaling 455 calibration points over 3 − 40°C to −0.57 ± 1.48 mbar. Analysis of the resulting best fit coefficients reveals an underlying variability in optodes associated with variability in site 2 and site 1 Stern‐Volmer coefficients of 32% and 20%, respectively. The fraction of unquenched fluorophores responding with the more accessible site 1 quenching characteristics varies by only 3%. The equation fits multi‐point data for two optodes within manufacturer's specifications, the greater of ± 2.5 µmol. kg−1 and ± 1.5%. Detailed measurements of calibration changes over time will be required to understand the causes of optode drift.
The Regiospecific Mono Tosylation of Cyclodextrins

α- and β-Cyclodextrins were tosylated with tosyl chloride in an alkaline solution. The products were confirmed to be monotosylated compounds, and the tosyl group was introduced at the C-3 position of one glucose unit of the cyclodextrin molecule. The 1:1 complex formation of cyclodextrin with tosyl chloride was observed spectrometrically.
Double-Layer Epitaxial Growth of Si and B13P2 on Si Substrates and Some Electrical Properties of Si Layers

The Si(epi)-B13P2(epi)-Si(sub) structures are obtained by thermal reaction in a B2H6-PH3-H2 system and thermal decomposition in a SiH4-H2 system. Although the B13P2 layer exhibits four twinned crystals, the Si layer is a single crystal. The orientation relationship is Si(100)<011> //B13P2(101̄1)[12̄10]//Si(100)<011>. Without any additional doping an n-type Si layer is obtained at deposition temperatures between 930°C and 1000°C; a p-type layer is obtained above 1000°C. The best n-type Si layer has an electron concentration of 3.6×1015 cm-3 with an electron mobility of 480 cm2/V-sec at room temperature. The hole concentration in the p-type Si layer has almost the same value as the solid solubility of boron in Si.
Electroanalytical Detection of the Pesticide Paraquat by Batch Injection Analysis

Abstract The Batch‐Injection Analysis (BIA) technique has been applied to the electroanalytical detection of the herbicide paraquat by square wave voltammetry (SWV) during sample injection. The results obtained showed that the herbicide can be detected at µg l−1 levels with small injection volumes (<100 µl). The time of each measurement was less than two seconds. The BIA method presents many advantages such as being extremely fast, with high reproducibility, good sensitivity and simple without pre‐addition of or changing the supporting electrolyte.
The Biodegradation of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Indigenous Bacillus cereus Strain RJ1 Isolated From Soil

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is an oxygenated organic compound extensively substituted for lead in gasoline worldwide. MTBE can affect human and environment. In this research, biodegradation capability of MTBE by identified indigenous Bacillus cereus strain RJ1 was studied. Obtained results showed that biological removal of MTBE with 200 mg/L samples in 28°C is 27.5% while in 37°C within 120 days reaches to 34%. In addition, biodegradation of Bacillus cereus RJ1 in 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L is 28% and 23.9% in 28°C, respectively. Therefore, this bacterium could clean up MTBE from the environment.
Corrosion behavior of Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys in Ringer's solution

Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy has been widely used in restorative surgery due to its high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, some studies showed that V and Al release in the organism might induce cytotoxic effects and neurological disorders, which led to the development of V‐free alloys and both V‐ and Al‐free alloys containing Nb, Zr, Ta, or Mo. Among these alloys, Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr alloy is promising due to its better biomechanical compatibility than Ti‐6Al‐4V. In this work, the corrosion behavior of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐4V, and Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys (x = 5, 13, and 20) was evaluated in Ringer's solution (pH 7.5) at 37 °C through open‐circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Spontaneous passivity was observed for all materials in this medium. Low corrosion current densities (in the order of 10−7 A/cm2) and high impedance values (in the order of 105 Ωcm2 at low frequencies) indicated their high corrosion resistance. EIS results showed that the passivating films were constituted of an outer porous layer (very low resistance) and an inner compact layer (high resistance), the latter providing the corrosion resistance of the materials. There was evidence that the Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys were more corrosion resistant than both Ti and Ti‐6Al‐4V in Ringer's solution.
Effects of salinity on growth, shoot water relations and root hydraulic conductivity in tomato plants

Growth, shoot water relations and root hydraulic conductivity were studied in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. INCA9) subjected to different salt concentrations in the root medium. Two experiments were carried out at Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), Cuba, during May and June 1995. In the first experiment, plants were grown for 13 days in a nutrient solution with 0 or 100 mM NaCl. In the second experiment, the hydraulic conductivity was measured on roots submerged in nine different concentrations of NaCl up to 200 mM. The effect of temperature treatments between 0 and 50 °C on root hydraulic conductivity was also examined. Shoot growth, leaf water potential, leaf stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and root hydraulic conductivity values decreased more rapidly in the treated plants than in control plants. A strong correlation was found between the root hydraulic conductivity and leaf water parameters, indicating that water flow through the roots was the main factor controlling shoot water relations.
Fractionation of Asphaltene by Complex Formation with p-Nitrophenol. A Method for Structural Studies and Stability of Asphaltene Colloids

Cumene solutions of asphaltenes (8 g/L) were treated with p-nitrophenol (PNP) and a precipitated solid was collected after 3 days. For the asphaltene samples examined, between 48 and 70% of the sample could be precipitated by this treatment. PNP, known to form charge-transfer complexes with aromatic compounds, probably forms this type of compounds with asphaltenes, leading to precipitation. The sample precipitated was dissolved in chloroform, and the PNP was removed by extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Although the initial asphaltene sample has the usual high solubility in toluene (higher than 50 g/L, room temperature), the precipitated asphaltene sample obtained in this way (A1), has a very low solubility in toluene (≈90 mg/L, room temperature). These results show that asphaltenes are a mixture of compounds with vast differences in solubility and suggest that their solutions in aromatic solvents are constituted by a colloidal phase, formed by the low-soluble fraction A1 dispersed by a soluble asp.
Cost Model for Low-Pressure Membrane Filtration

A model for capital and operating costs of low-pressure membrane filtration is presented. The model is used to explore the impact of variables describing system operation and membrane characteristics on treatment costs as well as to compare the cost of treating raw waters of different qualities using nanofiltration (NF), and ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF). The cost of UF or MF to remove particles from raw waters of moderate to high turbidity and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is calculated to be approximately twice that required to treat low-turbidity streams or ground waters. At small design capacities (2,000 m³/hr), UF and MF are calculated to be competitive or less expensive processes for liquid-solid separation in potable water treatment when compared with conventional filtration. MF and UF costs calculated for small facilities (≈\N20 m³/hr) treating low-turbidity waters are comparable. For larger design capacities, UF may be less costly than MF. Treatment applications requiring significant removal of DOC and/or divalent ions may warrant the higher costs calculated for NF.
Study on the Carcass Yield Grade Traits and Prediction of Retail Product Weight in Hanwoo Beef

Analyses were conducted to estimate carcass component of yield grade factors by sex and live weight class and to develop the prediction equation of retail product weight by sex in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo). Data from 42,113 Hanwoo carcasses were used to estimate the traits of yield grade factor and an additional 1,066 carcasses were used to develop the prediction equation of retail meat weight. The average of fasting weight of cow, bull and steer were 529 kg, 596 kg, and 634 kg respectively. Carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BFT), loineye area (REA), Index score of wholesale meat and yield grade were significantly (p<0.01) affected by sex and live weight. The lean meat percentage, fat percentage and bone percentage based on the weight of cold carcasses were significantly different (p<0.05) between sex groups. The equation of predicting the retail meat product from this study could be expressed as a multiple regression Y = -4.18 + 0.63 × CW (kg) − 0.17 × BFT (cm) + 0.16 × REA (cm), R = 0.93. Among the independent factors, the BFT was the highest contributor to the prediction equation. Using the equation from this study should allow for rapid, precise and cost-effective assessment of the retail product in Hanwoo beef carcasses.
Various Types of Hydrogen Bonds, Their Temperature Dependence and Water−Polymer Interaction in Hydrated Poly(Acrylic Acid) as Revealed by 1H Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Various types of hydrogen bonds, their temperature dependence and water−polymer interaction in hydrated poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were systematically investigated using 1H CRAMPS solid-state NMR techniques in the temperature range from 25 to 110 °C. The 1H CRAMPS NMR methods are based on a recently developed continuous phase modulation technique for 1H−1H homonuclear dipolar decoupling. The 1H CRAMPS experiments revealed four types of protons in hydrated PAA which are assigned to protons from the mutually hydrogen-bonded COOH groups (1), from the free COOH groups (2), from the COOH groups bounded with water or from water bounded with COOH groups which are undergoing fast chemical exchange mutually (3), and from main chain groups (4), respectively. Furthermore, we proposed double-quantum filtered and dipolar filtered 1H CRAMPS experiments to further assign the protons according to their dipolar coupling strength. In addition, high-resolution spin echo 1H CRAMPS experiments were further employed to accuratel.
Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Functionalized Cyclooctene Block Copolymers via ROMP

A novel block copolymer consisted of MACIT and HCO segments was synthesized via ROMP in the ionic liquid [bmim][PF 6 ] with good control over the polymerization process. The molecular weight of the block copolymer was estimated by 1 H NMR, and the molar composition ratio of repeating units in the MACIT block to those in the HCO block was 100:120 (120:120 in feed). The micellar characterization was carried out by DLS, AFM, and TEM. The hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles, measured by DLS, was 129±0.09 nm with a narrow distribution (PDI = 0.034). The TEM image showed spherical micelles.
Preparation of Triethylammonium Tetra-Arylborates (TEATABs): Coupling Partners for the Suzuki Reaction

Abstract Six triethylammonium tetra-arylborates (TEATABs) were synthesized via a convenient reproducible procedure and characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C, 11B NMR and electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry). The compounds could be stored at ambient temperature and were useful as reactants in the Suzuki reaction in aqueous conditions when using commercially available catalysts.
Analysis of Arsenic Uptake by Plant Species Selected for Growth in Northwest Ohio by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination is widespread in the industrial areas of northwest Ohio. Plant species that both take up As and are appropriate for the climate and growth conditions of the region are needed for phytoremediation to be successfully employed. Actively growing plants from 22 species of native genera were exposed to As in hydroponics systems (either 0, 10, or 50 mg As L−1; 1 week) and commercially available potting mix (either 0, 10, 25, 100, or 250 mg As L−1; 2 weeks), depending on their growth conditions. Aboveground plant tissues were harvested and digested, and concentrations of As were determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The highest tissue concentrations of As (mg As kg−1 dw) were recorded in seven plant species: Rudbeckia hirta (661), Helenium autumnale (363 in tissues formed after exposure to As), Lupinus perennis (333), Echinacea purpurea (298), Coreopsis lanceolata (258), Lepidium virginicum (214), and Linum lewisii (214). These seven species are ecologically diverse, which suggests that phytoremediation of As using diverse assemblages of plants may be an option for a variety of environments.
Synthesis of Todorokite at Atmospheric Pressure

A 3 × 3 tunnel-structured manganese oxide, todorokite, or MnO6 octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-1), was synthesized at atmospheric pressure by a refluxing process from birnessite, the layer-structured precursor. The todorokite synthesized by the refluxing process (named as OMS-1-R) consisted of fibers with various lengths and platy trilling patterns, made of fiber crystals twinned with each other at 120°, from which the fibers matted and extended. Intergrowth of different widths of tunnels commonly occurred in a disorderly manner, with a triple octahedral chain width being the most predominant. Such morphological and intergrowth characteristics were similar to those of natural todorokites and a hydrothermally synthesized todorokite. When refluxing time was increased, the crystallinity of OMS-1-R was promoted and small scale twinning in morphology became a relatively large and coarse twinning. However, there was no other crystalline phase produced. The OMS-1-R24, synthesized after 24 h of refluxing, with a .
Assessment of Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China

An assessment of metal contamination in surface sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, one of the rapidly developing coastal economic zones in China, is provided. Sediments were collected from 10 stations and a total of 15 heavy metals were analyzed. Concentrations of metals show significant variability and range from 210 to 620 ppm for Ti, 2.7 to 23 ppm for Ni, 4.2 to 28 ppm for Cu, 5.2 to 18 ppm for Pb, 12 to 58 ppm for Zn, 0.03 to 0.11 ppm for Cd, 5 to 51 ppm for Cr, 1.5 to 9.9 ppm for Co, 5.3 to 19 ppm for As, 12 to 32 ppm for Se, and 19 to 97 ppm for Sr. Based on concentration relationships and enrichment factor (EF) analyses, the results indicate that sediment grain size and organic matter played important roles in controlling the distribution of the heavy metals in surface sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay. The study shows that the sediment of the Jiaozhou Bay has been contaminated by heavy metals to various degrees, with prominent arsenic contributing the most to the contamination. The analysis suggests that the major sources of metal contamination in the Jiaozhou Bay are land-based anthropogenic ones, such as discharge of industrial waste water and municipal sewage and run-off. Notably, the elevated heavy metal concentrations of the Jiaozhou Bay sediments could have a significant impact on the bay's ecosystem. With the rapid economic development and urbanization around the Jiaozhou Bay, coastal management and pollution control should focus on these contaminant sources, as well as provide ongoing monitoring studies of heavy metal contamination within the bay.
Freeze‐substitution of scleractinian coral for confocal scanning laser microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis

Freeze‐substitution in combination with confocal scanning laser microscopy provides a unique means by which the microstructure of undecalcified, and chemically untreated, polyps of scleractinian corals can be examined free of preparation artefacts. Mucocytes and intercellular spaces are particularly well preserved and the relationships of cell layers to each other and to the skeleton are undisturbed. Freeze‐substitution also permits X‐ray microanalysis of bulk samples and thin sections, a procedure which has hitherto been impossible to carry out on corals except on fixed tissue samples. Analyses indicated a high retention of Na+ and Cl− in spaces thought to be filled with fluid similar in composition to sea water. This increases confidence in freeze‐substitution as a means of retaining diffusible ions. Zooxanthellae contained metal/Ca ratios within the range of those previously reported for extracted zooxanthellae. It is shown that the mucocytes contain very high concentrations of S, K, Ca and Sr which are specifically localized in mucous granules. The concentrations differ between, and are characteristic of, different epithelial cell layers. Remarkably good correspondence was obtained between the two entirely different X‐ray analytical methods. This is the first time such a comparision between methods has been made. It is suggested that the uptake of transepithelially transported Ca2+ and Sr2+ by mucocytes may be a means of regulating the deposition of these ions in the skeleton.
Direct Selection for Catalysis from Combinatorial Antibody Libraries Using a Boronic Acid Probe: Primary Amide Bond Hydrolysis

This report describes a joint hybridoma and combinatorial antibody library approach to elicit catalysts for primary amide bond hydrolysis. By immunization with a trigonal boronic acid hapten 3a and construction of a Fab (antigen-binding fragment) library, a diastereoselective catalyst for hydrolysis of the tripeptide primary amide substrate 1a was selected. In contrast, no antibody catalyst was isolated by standard hybridoma methods of monoclonal antibody production following immunizations with hapten 3a. The active Fab, BL25, obeys Michaelis−Menten kinetic behavior (kcat/kuncat ca. 4 × 104, Km = 150 μM) and is competitively inhibited by a boronic acid hapten analog 3b (Ki = 9 μM). Kinetic and binding studies both point to Fab selection of a hydrated tetrahedral anionic form of the boronic acid hapten 3a which serves to mimic the putative transition state 4 for catalysis of water addition to the primary amide bond. Fab-BL25 exhibits exquisite substrate selectivity, as a methyl ester analog of 1a is not ac.
Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin B1 with Immunochemical Optrodes

Abstract We have produced working fiber-optic-based biosensors that have detected aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foods which were previously assayed with standard methods. In this study, we compare fiber-optic biosensor detection levels with those of a conventional ELISA. These detections require little specialized training of technicians, and as little as one hour to perform. AFB1 concentrations were measured by several fiber-optic approaches based on fluorescence. We detected AFB1 by its native fluorescence, and alternatively, in the competition mode with either FITC-labelled antibody or enzyme-labelled antibody. Extractions of AFB1 from food sources (peanut and corn meal) were made and successfully tested using fiber-optics. Detection of 0.05 ng/mL AFB1 was found with both of these sources using the native fluorescent format.
Mechanism of Formation of Silver N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Using Silver Oxide: A Theoretical Study

The reasons for the efficiency of the silver oxide route in the synthesis of Ag(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes have been investigated by means of DFT calculations. A general reaction system that incorporates two N,N-dimethyl imidazolium cations, two iodides as the counterions, Ag2O, and dichloromethane solvent was considered. Exploration of several pathways for the formation of the two silver−NHC cations gives a clear picture for the reaction mechanism. The favored route involves a barrierless and very exergonic deprotonation of the first imidazolium followed by a low barrier and also exergonic metalation, affording the first silver−NHC. The second imidazolium assists these two steps stabilizing intermediates and the transition state by the formation of a strong Cimidazolium−H···OAg hydrogen bond. The formed [R2NHC]−AgI then diffuses in the solution, while silver hydroxide deprotonates the second imidazolium salt in a slightly endergonic process. After metalation, the second silver−NHC is obtained. T.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation and Detoxifying in Plants

Environmental stresses present major challenges in our quest to achieve sustainable food production. The reactions of plants to environmental stresses are complex and involve many kinds of physiological and biochemical responses. Stress causes multifarious adverse effects in plants. Production of a family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common phenomenon. When plants are subjected to environmental stress, the balance between the production of ROS and the quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in an oxidative damage. Plants with high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity are reported to have greater resistance to this oxidative damage. The activities of component enzymes or the antioxidant levels are usually only double in response to many stress situations. This rather moderate response might be understood if we consider that the system is geared to self-destruction when it comes under threat. Understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive environmental signals and transmit the signals to cellular machinery to activate adaptive responses is of fundamental importance to biology. The present review is focusing on ROS generation and plant defenses to them.
Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of a Novel 3D Zinc Organophosphonate

A novel zinc organophosphonate was synthesized under solvothermal conditions by using [piperazine-1,4-diyldi (methylene)] bis (phosphonic acid) as a organic ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1 (No. 2). Compound 1 formulated as Zn (O3PCH2NHC4H8NHCH2PO3)·H2O. Compound 1 featured a 3D open-framework. Notably, the structure of compound 1 featured one-dimensional channel in the [00 direction. Water molecules were located in these channels. Further characterizations of compound 1 have been performed, including X-ray powder diffraction, IR, ICP and CHN analyses.