Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen-Isotope Fractionations in Systems Containing Dolomite

Oxygen-isotope fractionation was determined in the laboratory at various temperatures in the range 200°-800° C. in the following systems: dolomite-water, dolomite-calcite, dolomite-carbon dioxide, and calcite-carbon dioxide. Over the range 300°-510° C. the dolomite-water equilibrium fractionation can be represented by the empirical equation 1000 in $$a_{dolomite-water} = 3.20 \times 10^{6} T^{-2 } - 2.00$$ and the dolomite-calcite fractionation by the equation 1000 in $$a_{dolomite-water} = 0.50 \times 10^{6} T^{-2 }$$. In all the systems investigated, the exchange rates and stability of dolomite were less than for calcite. Consequently, a procedure was developed for determination of equilibrium fractionation factors from sets of experiments involving incomplete isotopic exchange. Oxygen exchange was found to occur between dry, solid carbonate phases in the range 500°-800° C, but at a rate much slower than cation exchange in the same system. The resulting isotopic fractionations were consistent with measurements in hydrothermal systems. Exchange between carbonates and carbon dioxide at low pressures was investigated from 200° to 400° C. and was found to be controlled by a surface layer whose isotopic composition and exchange properties differed from those of the bulk carbonate. Exchange rates were low, and equilibrium between the solid and gas was not attained.
Effect of various forms of zinc applied in concentrate mixtures for broiler chickens on its bioavailability as well as meat composition and quality

The variable content of zinc in feeds, particularly in the components of concentrate mixtures for poultry and the fact that zinc bonds with phytic acid inside the intestine environment to form sparingly soluble complexes justify the necessity to maintain proper balance of this element in mixtures [Underwood & Suttle, 1999]. The most commonly used forms of zinc in mineral and vitamin mixtures are inorganic salts, such as oxides, i.e. ZnO, sulphates – ZnSO4×H2O, ZnSO4×7H2O, chlorates– ZnCl2×H2O and carbonates– ZnCO3. Organic forms of zinc are also permitted to be used and these include amino-acid chelates, bioplexes, proteins as well as lactates and acetates. Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition, a scientific organ of reference of the European Union dealing with animal feeding, permits the maximum supplementation of zinc in animal feeds up to the level of 250 ppm, however, no more than 80 ppm is allowed to come from the organic bonds [Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of Zinc in Feedingstuffs, 2003]. The results of the study on application of organic bonds of zinc in poultry feeding are not clear-cut and some of them are even controversial. The results of the research carried out by Świątkiewicz & Koreleski [2001] and Johnson [1998] indicate a positive influence of these forms of bonds of zinc upon the bioavailability of zinc, productivity and the overall health condition of the animals. A better availability of zinc form the inorganic bonds, on the other hand, was the result of the research carried out by Fairweather-Tait [1992]. The variety of organic bonds of zinc available on the polish feed market justifies the need to determine the bioavailability of zinc from these forms for chickens.
Detection of Grain Weevils inside Single Wheat Kernels by a Very near Infrared Two-Wavelength Model

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the very near infrared region (700 nm to 1100 nm) has been investigated for the detection of grain weevil larvae and pupae inside single wheat kernels. Using a total of 80 samples, simple, two-wavelength classification models have been identified, based on either log 1/R (982 nm)–log 1/R (1014 nm) or log 1/R (972 nm)–log 1/R (1032 nm). Both models correctly classified over 96% of samples as uninfested or infested. Detection performance equalled that obtained using the full-spectrum approach of principal components analysis. In a separate experiment, repeatedly scanning samples over time demonstrated detection of younger larvae as well as later developmental stages. This experiment confirmed that the observed spectral differences arise from the actions of the developing insect, rather than from any feature specific to kernels selected by adult females for egg-laying. The origins of the spectral differences are almost certainly decreasing grain starch, for log 1/R (982 nm)–log 1/R (1014 nm), or increasing grain moisture, for log 1/R (972 nm)–log 1/R (1032 nm), with infestation. These results indicate that the future incorporation of the wavelength pair, 982 nm and 1014 nm, as camera lens filters in a very near infrared imaging system, could lead to an inexpensive, rapid and reliable machine-vision method for detecting internal insects in grain.
PERFORMANCE OF ORGANOPHILIC CLAY AS ADSORBENT IN THE OIL/WATER SEPARATION PROCESS

The main objective of this study was to conduct an investigation on the performance of organophilic clay as adsorbent in the oil/water separation process. The originality of this work is its focus on Brazilian clay. The gray organophilic clay was prepared from gray clay and quaternary ammonium salts. The samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal and Thermogravimetric Analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy, Cation Exchange Capacity, Adsorption Capacity and the Foster Swelling test. The results indicated that the quaternary ammonium salts were intercalated between the layers of clay. A 22 factorial design was conducted with three central points in finite bath tests to determine the rate and capacity of oil removal by the organophilic clays. Values as high as 99.3 % of removal efficiency and 32.5 mg/g of removal capacity were reached in the assays, thus indicating that the use of organophilic clay has great potential in the oil/water separation process.
Exploiting Propolis as an Antimicrobial Edible Coating to Control Post‐harvest Anthracnose of Bell Pepper

The application of ethanolic extracted propolis (EEP) as a food coating for bell pepper was evaluated by assessing its ability to inhibit mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsici and maintain the post‐harvest quality of bell pepper. Propolis was extracted with ethanol, and its efficacy in the inhibition of mycelial growth of C. capsici, the causal agent of anthracnose in bell pepper, was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Mycelial growth inhibition was positively related to the EEP concentration with inhibition values reported for 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% EEP dilutions as 66.1%, 84.3% and 89%, respectively. Meanwhile, for in vivo studies, 1%, 5% and 10% EEP dilutions were used, which were all found to completely inhibit anthracnose development in artificially inoculated bell peppers stored at 10°C and 90% relative humidity for 28 days. The application of EEP as a coating significantly reduced the incidence of disease and contributed towards moisture retention of the fruit. These factors play a major role in the maintenance of quality of fruits and extended shelf life. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: Nterorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences

Interfirm strategic alliances appear to have become more important as a part of (international) business. In this contribution an attempt is made to clarify our understanding of the motives that lead firms to cooperate in their innovative efforts. Going beyond general theoretical statements and case studies, attention is paid to both sectoral differences in the motivation for partnerships as well as to contrasts in interorganizational features of technology cooperation. Based on a large sample of alliances the analysis reveals some major differences regarding the research orientation of contractual arrangements and organizationally complex alliances.
Convective Drying of Wastewater Sludge: Introduction of Shrinkage Effect in Mathematical Modeling

Drying of two kinds of wastewater sludge was studied. The first part was an experimental work done in a discontinuous cross-flow convective dryer using 1 kg of wet material extruded in 12-mm-diameter cylinders. The results show the influence of drying air temperature for both sludges. The second part consisted of developing a drying model in order to identify the internal diffusion coefficient and the convective mass transfer coefficient from the experimental data. A comparison between fitted drying curves, well represented by Newton's model, and the analytical solutions of the equation of diffusion, applied to a finite cylinder, was made. Variations in the physical parameters, such as the mass, density, and volume of the dried product, were calculated. This allowed us to confirm that shrinkage, which is an important parameter during wastewater sludge drying, must be taken into account. The results showed that both the internal diffusion coefficient and convective mass transfer coefficient were affected by the air temperature and the origin of the sludge. The values of the diffusion coefficient changed from 42.35 × 10−9 m2 · s−1 at 160°C to 32.49 × 10−9 m2 · s−1 at 122°C for sludge A and from 33.40 × 10−9 m2 · s−1 at 140°C to 28.45 × 10−9 m2 · s−1 at 120°C for sludge B. The convective mass transfer coefficient changed from 4.52 × 10−7 m · s−1 at 158°C to 3.33 × 10−7 m · s−1 at 122°C for sludge A and from 3.44 × 10−7 m · s−1 at 140°C to 2.84 × 10−7 m2 · s−1 at 120°C for sludge B. The temperature dependency of the two coefficients was expressed using an Arrhenius-type equation and related parameters were deduced. Finally, the study showed that neglecting shrinkage phenomena resulted in an overestimation that can attain and exceed 30% for the two coefficients.
The effects of the finite spatial resolution of thermoplastic recording materials on the holographic image

The first exact method for the evaluation of the effects of the finite, band-limited spatial resolution of the thermoplastic-photoconductor recording materials on the reconstructed holographic image is presented in this paper. This new method is based on substitution of the amplitude modulation transfer function (i.e. the square root of the MTF) of the recording material into the double Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral describing the complex amplitude of the reconstructed image. The contrast of the reconstructed image as a function of various recording parameters such as the centre and width of the amplitude modulation transfer function of the recording material, the object position and the reference beam angle have been computed. Numerical calculations have been carried out for thin holograms of microline objects in two recording geometries, one with a tilted object plane
Different forms of Soil Zinc - their Relationship with Selected Soil Properties and Contribution towards Plant Availability and Uptake in Maize Growing Soils of Erode District, Tamil Nadu

Information on soil zinc (Zn) distribution is essential for understanding its chemical reactions and bioavailability. A study was conducted on the distribution of different forms of soil Zn and response of maize to native soil Zn content at four locations (L1, L2, L3 and L4) having very low, low, medium and high soil available Zn status. The results revealed that various chemical pools of Zn under incubation condition treated with graded levels of Zn fertilizer application (0, 1.25, 2.50, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 Zn as ZnSO4 kg ha-1) showed significant variation in almost all the locations and similar trends were noticed for all the soil studied, where the highest amount of added Zn (10 kg Zn ha-1) always produced greater Zn release than the lower doses. Among the fractions, the higher release of water soluble plus exchangeable zinc (WSEX-Zn), organically bound zinc (OM- Zn) and crystalline bound zinc (CFeOX-Zn) were observed at 15 days after incubation(DAI) and gradually declined at the end of the experiment upto 30DAI whereas other forms such as manganese oxide bound zinc (MNOX- Zn), amorphous sesquioxide bound zinc (AFeOX- Zn), residual zinc (RES- Zn) and TOTAL- Zn showed a prolonged release upto 30 DAI. Also from the study it is evident that the content of different fractions varied between the soils of all locations, the order of preponderance of different zinc fractions viz. WS and EX < OM < AFe-OX < CFe-OX) < MN-OX < RES and it remained same for all the locations. More than 95 % of the total Zn content occurred in the relatively inactive and mineral-bound residual form (RES), whereas only a small fraction occurred in WS and EX, OM, AFe-OX, and CFe-OX fractions. The pot culture experiment conducted with similar set of treatments with maize crop responded well to Zn fertilizer application and the location with very low Zn status with 7.50 kg Zn ha-1 showed higher value for the dry matter production (76.4 g plant- 1) and Zn - uptake (3.34 mg plant-1). Correlation data indicated that those fractions are in a state of dynamic equilibrium among different fractions and were influenced by pH, EC, CEC, organic carbon, DTPA- Zn and also revealed that almost all the fractions contributed to the plant availability. In all the cases it is noted that the release of various forms of Zn and response of maize crop to Zn fertilizer application always higher for the soil having very low Zn followed by low, medium and high Zn status.
Characteristics of sorption properties of selected wheat cellulose preparations

Ab s t r a c t . Sorption capacities of three wheat cellulose preparations were examined. The run of sorption isotherms was determined using the static-desiccator method; BET equation was calculated and the dimensions and volume of capillaries of the examined material were determined from the run of adsorption isotherms in the area of capillary condensation. In the area of monolayer as well as in that of capillary condensation, the preparation of wheat cellulose WF200 was characterised by the highest sorption capacity and specific surface of sorption. In spite of significant differences in the degree of micronisation, the preparations of cellulose: WF 400 and WF 600 were characterised by similar values of sorption capacity in both areas, as well as of specific surface of sorption and volume of capillaries. The studies showed that the technological process, determining the degree of micronisation, had an influence on sorption properties of cellulose preparations and, thereby, on the possibilities of their application. Ke ywo rd s : cellulose preparation, sorption properties, micronisation
Anomalously large equilibrium clusters of colloids

We propose a mechanism for mesophase separation in a system of aggregating colloids. Conditions are outlined under which colloids can form equilibrium clusters with very large sizes, i.e., aggregation numbers of a thousand or more. The driving force for clustering is a short range attractive interaction which will be treated within a capillarity approximation. The stabilizing mechanism is a small amount of charge per particle. Under the appropriate conditions these charges will interact with unscreened Coulomb potentials and, consequently, prevent large-scale phase separation.
Molecules, grains, and shocks: a comparison of CO, H I and IRAS data.

The IR and H I properties and CO content of a set of 26 isolated, roughly degree-sized interstellar clouds are compared. It is argued that G230.1-28.4, the cloud with the narrowest H I line, has recently been shocked by the same collision that a neighboring cloud, G228.0-28.6, is currently undergoing. The ratio S(100)/N(H I) is found to range up to much larger values than predicted theoretically, where N(H) represents the column density of H nuclei and S(100) is the 100 micron surface brightness. Clouds with the highest such values are observed to contain CO, and it is inferred that they contain H/sub 2/. The (H/sub 2//H I) ratio of a cloud increases as the measure of its internal velocity differences decreases. The dependence of S(60)/S(100) on V(LSR) implies that fast shocks preferentially destroy large grains or produce small grains, or both. 28 references.
Pilot-Scale Recovery of Phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum using Expanded Bed Adsorption Chromatography

In this paper, a process was developed on a pilot scale for the recovery of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum using EBA. The process was optimized on a small scale using a 15 mm ID column, then scaled up to 150 mm ID columns. In the developed process, the phycobiliproteins were extracted by osmotic shock and then separated by applying the centrifuged cell suspension to an EBA column. Following this, the PE-rich solution was eluted to final purity using packed bed chromatography. Optimal conditions to separate B-phycoerithrin using EBA on a small scale were: 0.88 mg B-PE/mL adsorbent sample load, H/H0 = 2 and a sample viscosity of 1.068 mP. The EBA process was then scaled up by increasing the ID column (15, 25, 40, 60, and 90 mm) and finally the process was developed on a pilot scale using a 150 mm ID column (a scale-up factor of 100). The yield from the EBA step ranged between 71–78%, whichever ID column was used. The overall purification process yield was 54%, purification steps were monitored using SDS-PAGE, whereas protein purity was confirmed using spectroscopy. Results show that EBA is a scalable technology that allows large quantities of B-PE to be obtained, thus reducing product loss and maintaining high protein recovery while reducing both processing cost and time.
Effects of Plant Residue and Salinity on Fractions of Cadmium and Lead in Three Soils

Bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals (HMs) in soils are determined by their partitioning between solution and solid-phase and their further redistribution among solid-phase components. A study was undertaken to determine the effects of organic matter (OM) and salinity on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) distribution among soil fractions. Three agricultural soils were treated with 20 mg Cd/kg as Cd (NO3)2·4H2O, 150 mg Pb/kg as Pb (NO3)2, 20 g/kg alfalfa powder, and 50 mmol/kg of NaCl, and then incubated at 60% water holding capacity (60% WHC) and constant temperature (25°C) for 12 weeks. Various fractions of Cd and Pb were extracted from the soils after 2 and 12 w of incubation using a sequential extraction technique. Results showed that in the early stage of incubation (2 w), added Pb were found mainly in the specifically sorbed (SS) and amorphous Fe oxides (AFeO) fractions and added Cd found in SS and Mn oxides (MnO) fractions. Addition of 2% OM decreased the exchangeable (EXC) Pb fraction almost in all soils, whereas it had a different effect on the EXC Cd fraction depending on soil pH. Addition of NaCl increased the EXC Cd fraction in two soils, but it did not alter Pb fractions. At the end of the incubation period, Pb decreased in the EXC and MnO fractions except in the neutral soil and Cd decreased mainly in the SS fraction.
Chemistry of the elements

Origin of the elements, isotopes and atomic weights Chemical periodicity and the periodic table Hydrogen Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium Boron Aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium Carbon Silicon Germanium, tin and lead Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic, antimony and bismuth Oxygen Sulfur Selenium, tellurium and polonium The halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine The noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon Coordination and organometallic compounds Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium Titanium, zirconium and hafnium Vanadium, niobium and tantalum Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten Manganese, technetium and rhenium Iron, ruthenium and osmium Cobalt, rhodium and iridium Nickel, palladium, and platinum Copper, silver and gold Zinc, cadmium and mercury The lanthanide elements The actinideand transactinide elements (Z=90-112).
HPLC determination of atrazine and principal degradates in agricultural soils and associated surface and ground water

A method for the quantitative estimation of atrazine and its principal degradation products in agricultural soil and associated surface and ground water is described. Bonded-phase extraction through cyclohexyl cartridges is used to isolate two principal degradates of atrazine from both surface and ground water samples. Soil is first extracted with organic-free water followed by dilute hydrochloric acid under heated conditions in a microwave extraction system. Reversed-phase HPLC employing an acetonitrile-water gradient is used for separation of analytes on a stabilized C 18 analytical column. Analytes are detected by monitoring multiple wavelengths using a photodiode array detector. Identification is by retention time and molecular absorption spectra matching against reference standards (.)
Gasification of Pyrocatechol in Supercritical Water in the Presence of Potassium Hydroxide

The results presented are fundamental investigations with regard to developing a process for hydrogen production from high moisture biomass and wastewater. Pyrocatechol is used as a model compound for lignin in biomass and for aromatic compounds in wastewaters. The experiments of pyrocatechol gasification provides knowledge of the chemical reactions occurring during gasification and their dependence on reaction conditions. The experiments were carried out in two different reactor types, a batch and a tubular reactor, to achieve long reaction times at low temperatures as well as short reaction times at high temperatures. The pressure, temperature, concentration, and reaction time dependence of the gasification is presented and compared with calculated equilibrium data. The influence of potassium hydroxide addition to improve the hydrogen yield was studied and the effect of different catalysts is discussed.
Continuous ion-exchange resin catalysed esterification of eugenol for the optimized production of eugenyl acetate using a packed bed microreactor

A green scalable flow-synthesis process for the production of eugenyl acetate, an eugenol derivative with potential applications in food and medicinal chemistry, was developed. Through batch experiments, the anion-exchange resin Amberlyst A-21 was recognized as a suitable catalyst for the esterification of eugenol with acetic anhydride. Next, the process was switched from batch- to flow-mode by using a packed-bed microreactor integrated in an instrumental platform that permitted at the same time continuous control of the main process parameters (flow rate, feed mixture composition, temperature) and the on-line HPLC analysis of the reactor effluent. Thanks to this apparatus, a number of experiments with different reaction conditions have been easily performed to evaluate the effects of temperature and reagent molar ratios on eugenyl acetate production. The results have been used to carry out a central composite rotatable experimental design (CCRD) whose derived response surface model (RSM) suggested an optimal temperature and acetic anhydride to eugenol molar ratio of 95 °C and 3 : 1, respectively. The goodness of these theoretically deduced parameters has been experimentally confirmed obtaining, with a flow rate of 40 μL min−1, a 95% conversion. The Amberlyst A-21 packed-bed microreactor also demonstrated good long-term stability ensuring, under the above optimized conditions, a high and stable conversion (over 93%) for prolonged reaction times.
A new class of highly reactive acrylic monomers, 1. Light‐induced polymerization

Etude comparative de la reactivite des 4-acryloyloxymethyl-, 4-acryloyloxyethoxycarbonyloxymethyl- et 4-acryloyloxyethylcarbonyloxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one par rapport a d'autres mono-, di- et triacrylates dans la polymerisation photochimique en masse. Les resultats montrent la reactivite elevee de ces monomeres, qui donnent des polymeres durs mais flexibles apres un temps d'irradiation tres court