Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRRespass: Exploiting the Many Sides of Target Row Refresh

After a plethora of high-profile RowHammer attacks, CPU and DRAM vendors scrambled to deliver what was meant to be the definitive hardware solution against the RowHammer problem: Target Row Refresh (TRR). A common belief among practitioners is that, for the latest generation of DDR4 systems that are protected by TRR, RowHammer is no longer an issue in practice. However, in reality, very little is known about TRR. How does TRR exactly prevent RowHammer? Which parts of a system are responsible for operating the TRR mechanism? Does TRR completely solve the RowHammer problem or does it have weaknesses? In this paper, we demystify the inner workings of TRR and debunk its security guarantees. We show that what is advertised as a single mitigation mechanism is actually a series of different solutions coalesced under the umbrella term Target Row Refresh. We inspect and disclose, via a deep analysis, different existing TRR solutions and demonstrate that modern implementations operate entirely inside DRAM chips. Despite the difficulties of analyzing in-DRAM mitigations, we describe novel techniques for gaining insights into the operation of these mitigation mechanisms. These insights allow us to build TRRespass, a scalable black-box RowHammer fuzzer that we evaluate on 42 recent DDR4 modules. TRRespass shows that even the latest generation DDR4 chips with in-DRAM TRR, immune to all known RowHammer attacks, are often still vulnerable to new TRR-aware variants of RowHammer that we develop. In particular, TRRespass finds that, on present-day DDR4 modules, RowHammer is still possible when many aggressor rows are used (as many as 19 in some cases), with a method we generally refer to as Many-sided RowHammer. Overall, our analysis shows that 13 out of the 42 modules from all three major DRAM vendors (i.e., Samsung, Micron, and Hynix) are vulnerable to our TRR-aware RowHammer access patterns, and thus one can still mount existing state-of-the-art system-level RowHammer attacks. In addition to DDR4, we also experiment with LPDDR4(X)1 chips and show that they are susceptible to RowHammer bit flips too. Our results provide concrete evidence that the pursuit of better RowHammer mitigations must continue.
A Poisson Autoregressive Model to Understand COVID-19 Contagion Dynamics

We present a statistical model which can be employed to understand the contagion dynamics of the COVID-19, which can heavily impact health, economics and finance. The model is a Poisson autoregression of the daily new observed cases, and can reveal whether contagion has a trend, and where is each country on that trend. Model results are exemplified from some observed series.
Increased Uric Acid and Life Style Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Thais

Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has been continually increasing in developing countries especially in Thailand. Although insulin resistance and central obesity are initially considered as significant risk factors, the other causal factors leading to the development of MS continue to challenge the investigators. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of MS in Pathum Thani province, Thailand and to investigate the relationship between MS and risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed with 202 Thai volunteers. Anthropometric-biochemical variables and blood pressures in each subject were measured. Results Almost one-third (32.7%) of the participants were diagnosed with MS based on the harmonized criteria, and one of the most significant risk factors is the elevated blood pressure. Weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides and uric acid were significantly higher in subjects with MS subjects. However, HDL-C levels were significantly lower in subjects with MS, compared to subjects without MS (p<0.001). The results of regression model after adjustment for age and gender showed that the increased serum uric acid level (OR=1.31, 95%CI: =1.04–1.66), cigarette smoking (OR=3.72, 95%CI: =1.51–9.15) and physical activity (OR=0.36, 95%CI: =0.19–0.67) were significantly related to MS. Conclusions These findings suggest that the decrease of uric acid level, the promotion of physical activity and smoking cessation may decrease the risk of developing MS among Thais.
Life Cycle Assessment for Bioethanol production from Cassava in Colombia 15042011 v2

Colombia has recently started the production of Bio diesel from palm oil and Bioethanol from sugarcane. The bioethanol in Colomb ia replaces 8% of the national consumption of fuel for transport and it r epresents nearly 263.340 gallons per day. A life-cycle energy and environmental asse s ment was conducted for bioethanol production from cassava in Colombia. The scope covered all stages in the life cycle of bioethanol. In the Life Cycle Ass e ment the Impact Assessment methods used IPCC2007 GWP100a for global warming. I all stages of the life cycle there are important impacts for the use the b io thanol in a car. At other stages, the ethanol production is important for the environmental impact of the product. The carbon footprint of the bioethanol fro m Cassava is 65gCO2e/MJ. The energy conversion efficiency of fuel ethanol is 1.34.
Teaching the next generation of scientists: science education in the primary grades

This study examined the conduct of primary grade science education in two school districts in Central California in order to identify opportunities for improvement, which, if generalized to systemic levels, may have the potential to positively impact student achievement and participation in STEM fields. The shortage of STEM-qualified workers has been of significant economic and strategic concern for decades, sparking scores of programs intended to address this persistent shortage. Teams of scientists and educators have developed effective science education curricula over the past six decades, but as education policy shifts and accountability models change, these programs, even when proven effective, fall out of favor and use. Data mining was used to gather information regarding current levels of science achievement among students in Grades 5 to 10. A mixed methods design was used to gather data regarding the science content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and self-efficacy for teaching science of teacher participants. Quantitative data appeared to show that the variables of content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge did not have a significant effect on the selfefficacy for teaching science of participants. Qualitative data appeared to demonstrate an affinity for teaching science among participants, but that classroom activities purported to be science education were more oriented toward
Application of the EtAs seismostatistical Model to Microseismicity From Geothermal Fields

The occurrence of induced seismicity in the form of felt earthquakes has been recognized as one of the critical environmental burdens associated with recent geothermal development. For this reason, research into enabling technologies for risk assessment of larger magnitude induced events has taken on an increased priority. In this study, we have applied a seismostatistical modeling method to microseismic data collected at two geothermal fields and have investigated its feasibility for risk assessment. Here we have applied the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model (Ogata, 1988), which has been widely used in the area of natural seismology, as a first step in this geothermal earthquake risk assessment study. The microseismicity observed at YanaizuNishiyama, one of the largest hydrothermal geothermal fields in Japan, has been successfully modeled with ETAS. Induced seismicity at the Basel EGS site in Switzerland was also modeled with ETAS, in this case using short moving time windows since modeling for the whole seismically active period was unsuccessful. Our study suggests that one of the parameters in the ETAS model, which has previously been interpreted to represent the occurrence rate of events triggered by external forcing (Hainzl and Ogata, 2005), can in both our cases be correlated with the treatment/stimulation injection rate into each reservoir. Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of seismostatistical modeling in assessing the risks of felt earthquakes associated with various human operations in geothermal reservoirs, although further investigation and modeling of behavior of induced seismicity is required.
Information Spillovers and the Margins of International Sourcing: Evidence from Sweden

In this paper I investigate the relevance and explore the nature of import spillovers on the firms’ decision to start importing, using an exceptionally detailed data set on Swedish firms’ imports, at the product-level and by source-country, spanning the period between 1997 and 2011. I study whether the presence of established importers located in the same area and/or operating in the same industry influences the import behavior of individual firms. The import side of trade has received relatively less attention in the literature and this tendency carries over to the study of spillovers that have mainly been researched from the exporters’ perspective. There are however reasons to believe that import spillovers are indeed a relevant phenomenon. This paper bridges the gap in the literature and further contributes to the understanding of import spillovers by laying out a theoretical framework that formalizes the main forces at play. I develop a model for firms’ import decisions featuring heterogeneous firms, product and country specific fixed costs of sourcing while additionally accommodating spillovers. To the the best of my knowledge, this is one of only a handful of papers to study the existence, the importance and the nature of spillovers for import activities, and the first to provide theoretical insights for this mechanism.
On Overborrowing: Trend Shocks and Capital Controls

Sudden stops are characterized by large output drops, current account reversals and real exchange rate depreciation followed by a slow recovery, a pattern that has proven to be hard to capture with standard open economy models. This paper studies the role of international, demand and supply factors in generating the proper dynamics in a small open economy with endogenous borrowing limits. We nd that permanent income changes are key in generating a sudden stop followed by a slow recovery. In this type of economy, optimal capital controls can be larger than 3% during times of crisis and exhibit strong pro-cyclicality.
GABAA Receptors are Selectively Expressed in NG2 Glia of the Cerebellar White Matter

The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of movement. Its cellular composition is dominated by GABAergic neuronal types, and glial cells are known to express functional receptors. GABAergic signaling regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the functional expression of GABA receptors in the cerebellar white matter (WM). Thus, the aim of this study was to test whether glial cells express functional GABA receptors during postnatal development (P7-P9) of cerebellar WM. Immunofluorescence studies showed that half of the astrocytes express GAD67, suggesting that GABA is synthetized by glial cells. Calcium imaging in cerebellar slices revealed that GABA and the GABAA agonist muscimol evoked calcium transients in sulforhodamine B (SRB) negative cells, whereas the GABAB agonist baclofen failed to evoke responses in cerebellar WM. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of GFAP+ cells showed dye coupling and a passive current-voltage relation typical of astrocytes. Surprisingly, these cells did not respond to muscimol. Two additional populations were identified as GFAP− cells. The first population showed dye coupling, slow decaying inward and outward currents with no voltage dependence and did not respond to GABAA agonists. The second population showed an outward-rectifying current-voltage relationship and responded to muscimol, but dye coupling was absent. These cells received synaptic input and were NG2+, but evoked calcium waves failed to modulate the frequency of sPSCs or signal directly to NG2 glia. We conclude that GABAA receptor-mediated signaling is selective for NG2 glia in the WM of the cerebellum.
ANXIETY AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN DENTAL OFFICE

Dental anxiety and phobia result in avoidance of dental care. It is a frequently encountered problem in dental offices. Formulating acceptable evidence-based therapies for such patients is essential, or else they can be a considerable source of stress for the dentist. These patients need to be identified at the earliest opportunity and their concerns addressed. The initial interaction between the dentist and the patient can reveal the presence of anxiety, fear, and phobia. In such situations, subjective evaluation by interviews and self-reporting on fear and anxiety scales and objective assessment of blood pressure, pulse rate, pulse oximetry, finger temperature, and galvanic skin response can greatly enhance the diagnosis and enable categorization of these individuals as mildly, moderately, or highly anxious or dental phobics. Broadly, dental anxiety can be managed by psychotherapeutic interventions, pharmacological interventions, or a combination of both, depending on the level of dental anxiety, patient characteristics, and clinical situations.
V.F.7 Investigation of Micro- and Macro-Scale Transport Processes for Improved Fuel Cell Performance

Characterize saturated relationships in state-of-the-art • fuel cell materials. Obtain a comprehensive down-the-channel validation • dataset for a baseline and auto-competitive material set. Develop multidimensional component models to output • bulk and interfacial transport resistances. Demonstrate integrated transport resistances with a one • plus one-dimensional (1+1D) fuel cell model solved along a straight gas flow path. Identify critical parameters for low-cost material • development. Technical Barriers
INTERFACE BOND BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN CIRCULAR STEEL TUBE AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE

To ascertain the nature of the interface bond behaviour of lightweight aggregate concrete-filled steel tubes (LACFSTs), 27 specimens were tested by push-out loading and four of them were subjected to repeated push-out loading. Influence factors such as lightweight aggregate concrete strength, concrete vibration and curing method, steel surface conditions, slenderness ratio, and diameter-to-thickness ratio were considered. The bond slip process and strength were analysed and a formula was proposed to calculate the bond strength of the LACFSTs. The results show that the bond-slip curve can take one of two forms: one with an obvious peak, the other without, and each one manifests three different trends after reaching ultimate load. According to the test results, the bond strength is independent of the lightweight aggregate concrete strength. Higher diameter-to-thickness ratios cause a reduction in the bond strength. A good quality of concrete vibration and curing can improve the bond strength. The bond strength after the first of the repeated push-out tests is the largest. In the same push-out direction, the bond strength decreases as the push-out time increases, and the load-slip curves are similar among all samples tested. The comparisons between test results and calculations show that the proposed formula has a good accuracy.
Labor demand response to labor supply incentives: Evidence from a German Labor Market Reform

Tax benefits for low-earning workers are part of many welfare-to-work policies. Whereas existing studies have mainly focused on labor supply responses to such policies, discussion of equilibrium and labor demand effects are scant. The theory of tax incidence predicts that employers can appropriate at least part of the tax benefits targeted at workers. This paper analyzes the labor demand response by exploring firm-level outcomes around the Mini-Job Reform in Germany in 2003, which entailed a significant expansion of tax benefits for workers with low earnings. I characterize firm responses in terms of scale effects arising from lower labor costs and substitution effects from changes in relative prices of labor. Using a differences-in-differences estimation approach I document that establishments with a high intensity of low-earning workers prior to the reform expand relative to low intensity establishments. Interestingly, this expansion is not biased towards the type of workers targeted by the tax benefits. On the other hand, establishments initially less intensive in low-earnings workers seem to substitute employment towards low-earnings workers without expanding at the same pace. I also show that the empirical results are consistent with observed changes in the earnings distribution. Finally, I show that findings are consistent with a model of the labor market which features tax sharing between workers and firms and simultaneous shifts in supply and demand after changes in the tax wedge. JEL Classification: H20, H24, H32, E24, E64, I38, J23, J38
Low back pain and sciatica

BECAUSE the sciatic nerve is the largest nerve and is fairly superficial painful lesions affecting it are easily recognized. Cotugno in Italy first described sciatica in 1746, and in his native country it still occasionally bears his name. An enormous amount of literature on the subject has accumulated. During this period the important contributions concerned clinical examination (Ramond, Charcot, Babinski, Sicard). In the past fifteen years many contribu-. tions establishing the etiology of both low back pain and sciatica have appeared. It is my object to present a general view of the whole subject. The experience of the past few years shows that these two subjects, low back pain and sciatica, must be considered together. Their frequent association in the same patient, even at different times, is often seen. Another important point is that two concomitant lesions may exist, such as a pelvic tumour and a static deformity. Moreover, a patient may have backache with a demonstrable cause, which may also be a cause of sciatica, but he may never have suffered from sciatic pain; an analogous condition is found in the brachial plexus in persons having a cervical rib. Only 5 to 10 per cent of the patients with this anomaly have neurological complaints, and then only when, for any of a variety of reasons, the shoulder droops and
Chinese urban mothers’ perception of smartphone (tablet) in their everyday lives’ communication and interaction with young children

A phenomenological study reveals Chinese mothers’ perception and interpretation of smartphone (tablet) in their everyday communications and interactions with their young children. In total, 23 in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data of the current study indicated that Chinese mothers’ perception of smartphone (tablet) in their everyday lives’ communication and interaction with young children is both grounded and reflective of their parenting philosophy and family communication style. Data of the current study indicated that today’s Chinese mothers have a mixed feeling toward the role of smartphone and tablet plays in their parenting practices. According to those participants, the smartphone and tablet both help and hurt their communications and interactions with their children. There are both direct and indirect benefits of using smartphone for parenting. Similarly, the smartphone (tablet) also hurts Chinese mothers’ communications and interactions with their children directly and indirectly.
Simple Estimators for ARCH Models1

Covariances between contemporaneous squared returns and lagged returns form the basis for closed-form instrumental variables estimators of ARCH processes. These simple estimators rely on asymmetry for identification (either in the model’s rescaled errors or the conditional variance function) and apply to threshold ARCH(1) and ARCH(p) with p <∞ processes. Stable distributional limits for these estimators are determined in cases where the returns are regularly varying with well-defined third moments. These limits are highly non-normal in empirically relevant cases with slow rates of convergence. Surprisingly, Monte Carlo studies of heavy-tailed ARCH(1) processes show the simple IV estimator to outperform standard QMLE in both small and (relatively) moderate sample sizes. This outperformance is the most pronounced when the returns are heavily skewed.
Social Entrepreneurship in Hospitality Industry. The Case of Operators at the Coastal Tourism Circuit in Kenya

The study was necessitated by paucity in empirical data on extent of adoption of social entrepreneurial practices by players in the hospitality industry particularly in developing countries such as Kenya. It aimed at ascertaining the players’ social enterprise strategies, the influence of factors on their strategies, the outcomes of the practices and attendant challenges. A total 80 out of 120 hospitality operators within Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi and Taita Taveta counties within the coastal tourist circuit, Kenya who are registered members of Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers and Caterers (KAHC) completed a questionnaire constructed by the researchers. Results showed that 56.3% of the respondents had a documented social enterprise strategy which highlighted their entrepreneurial function and social mission. The regression model used showed that background factors accounted for 24.3% of the total variance in adoption of social enterprise strategy F(4, 80) = 6.00, p<. 001;type of management, business location and length of operation being significant predictors with the influence of type of management being positive. Findings on outcomes showed greater involvement of the local community in provision of supplies and services to the hospitality facilities, employment of local community residents and eradication of child sex tourism. Additionally, members reported improved manpower development and observation of statutory requirements as regards payments and compensations for labour, supplies and other services. However, market volatility, restraints due to legal and logistical issues and limited capacity of the local communities to cooperate in provision of some required essential supplies and services among others were indicated to be limiting enhanced adoption of social entrepreneurial practices. The study not only forms a foundation for future studies in social entrepreneurship in hospitality industry in other regions within the country but also other developing ones as well. Keyword: Social entrepreneurship
The Impact of Demographic Variables on Students’ Scholastic Achievement in Technology-Based Learning

: This study investigates the potential impact of students’ demographic variables, namely gender, age, computer experience, and computer use on achievement in English among convenience-sampled 81 students within the School of Arts and Humanities, the Department of English Studies in Moulay Ismail University of Meknes. To this end, achievement tests are analyzed and interpreted quantitatively; whereas the follow-up interviews are treated qualitatively. The statistical tools used in order to help analyze and interpret data include descriptive and inferential statistics which make use of frequencies, percentage, Independent Samples t-Tests, and ANOVA tests. Following what has been hypothesized, the test results do not support the four research hypotheses claiming there is no statistically significant relationship between gender, age, and computer experience and computer frequency of use on students’ level of achievement.