Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Textural equilibria of iron sulfide liquids in partly molten silicate aggregates and their relevance to core formation scenarios

The influence of the coexistence of silicate and iron sulfide melts on the wetting of mantle olivine by iron sulfide melt is investigated. The dihedral angle between iron alloy and olivine is unaffected by the presence of silicate melt at 1.5 GPa and 1370–1410°C and is much greater than the maximum allowable dihedral angle for melt connectivity at low melt fractions. In experimental charges where silicate and sulfide melt occupy the same melt pocket, the sulfide melt adheres to olivine grain faces rather than forming discrete droplets. The relative interfacial energy between iron sulfide and basaltic silicate melt is lower than that of iron sulfide with olivine, but the contrast is not sufficient for basaltic silicate melt to wet FeS-olivine grain boundaries. This result implies that very large silicate melt fractions are necessary to mobilize iron sulfide melts in partially molten silicate phase assemblages. Therefore segregation of Fe-rich metallic melts by porous flow at low melt fraction is not a likely process for metal separation. The experiments also investigated the influence of the presence of a thermal gradient on sulfide melt migration. Although the sulfide melt can not migrate through the olivine network by porous flow, evidence in the experiments indicates mobility of sulfide through the interconnected silicate melt network. The sulfide melt pools in contact with silicate melt at the hot, top part of the experimental charges grow over time at the expense of the silicate melt pools in the cooler part of the charge. This points to a diffusive transport mechanism for local sulfide redistribution. We review literature data on metal-olivine wetting angles and find that the metal composition has a dominant influence on the wetting behavior of a metallic liquid on an olivine matrix. Iron-rich metallic liquid compositions are characterized by large dihedral angles (>90°). The metal-olivine dihedral angle decreases with increasing amounts of dissolved light element (S, C, O). For light element contents in excess of ∼59 at %, the dihedral angle approaches 60°, and the wetting behavior of a metallic liquid is similar to that of a silicate liquid.
Evaluation of temperature trends over India / Evaluation de tendances de température en Inde

Abstract Abstract The impact of climate change is projected to have different effects within and between countries. Information about such change is required at global, regional and basin scales for a variety of purposes. An investigation was carried out to identify trends in temperature time series of 125 stations distributed over the whole of India. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was applied to detect monotonic trends in annual average and seasonal temperatures. Three variables related to temperature, viz. mean, mean maximum and mean minimum, were considered for analysis on both an annual and a seasonal basis. Each year was divided into four principal seasons, viz. winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. The percentages of significant trends obtained for each parameter in the different seasons are presented. Temperature anomalies are plotted, and it is observed that annual mean temperature, mean maximum temperature and mean minimum temperature have increased at the rate of 0.42, 0.92 and 0.09°C (100 year)-1, respectively. On a regional basis, stations of southern and western India show a rising trend of 1.06 and 0.36°C (100 year)-1, respectively, while stations of the north Indian plains show a falling trend of –0.38°C (100 year)-1. The seasonal mean temperature has increased by 0.94°C (100 year)-1 for the post-monsoon season and by 1.1°C (100 year)-1 for the winter season.
Improvement of Student Learning Outcomes through the Development of a Flat-based Building Material Teaching Module Based on RME Approach in Class VII MTs Integrated Langsa City

This study aims to describe: 1) The validity, practicality and effectiveness of teaching materials on flat shapes based on the developed Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. 2) Improving student learning outcomes on flat material. This research is a development research using the ADDIE model which is carried out in class VII Integrated MTS Langsa City. The research results obtained are: 1) The teaching materials developed have been categorized as Valid, Practical and Effective. 2) Based on the normalized gain index, it is found that there is an increase in student learning outcomes after using the developed teaching materials. Based on classical student completeness, the percentage of student completeness in the tests carried out was that students completed 29.3% of students completed the pre-test and 86% of students completed the post-test. Thus, the development of teaching materials for flat shape materials based on the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach developed can improve student learning outcomes for class VII MTS Integrated Langsa City
Solar wind magnetic field control of magnetospheric response delay and expansion phase onset timing

Variability in the response of the magnetosphere under different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions is investigated by utilizing a high-resolution, three-dimensional, global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. Changes in the MHD model response time delay are found by performing a parameter search based on the strength of the IMF Bz component, which is held constant for 4 hours prior to and following southward turnings. The parameter search reveals that variations in the growth phase duration and, thus in the timing of expansion phase onset, follow a simple pattern governed by the relative strengths of IMF Bz before and after the southward turnings. If the IMF northward and southward values are equal in magnitude, the expansion phase onset occurs ∼60 min after dayside merging begins. However, if the north IMF setting is smaller (larger) than the subsequent southward field intensity, the expansion phase onset can occur after a much shorter (longer) time delay. The range of onset delay times found from the simulation is ∼60±30 min. The MHD results are tested by means of an empirical analysis, which is based on the assumption that the solar wind response of the magnetosphere, as represented by the AL index, is bimodal, owing to the different solar wind response timescales of the convection current system and the substorm current wedge. The empirical analysis utilizes short duration time intervals including solar wind input time series and corresponding AL index data. The empirical results agree favorably with the results found via MHD simulation.
Classification and Environmental Significance of Algal Stromatolites

Stromatolites are laminated structures that have been previously termed fossil algae. It is now recognized that such structures may be formed by a number of different processes and organisms. Recognizable algal stromatolites are more validly treated as organosedimentary structures than fossil organisms. This paper proposes a new classification of algal stromatolite structures based upon their geometric forms and relates these forms to their sites of growth relative to sea-level environments. The classification uses the arrangement of the basic geometric units (hemispheroids and spheroids) from which common stromatolites and oncolites are built. Three main arrangements of these geometric structures occur in Recent algal stromatolites and oncolites; (1) laterally linked hemispheroids (LLH), (2) discrete, vertically stacked hemispheroids (SH), and (3) discrete spheroids-either as randomly stacked hemispheroids or concentrically arranged spheroids (SS). The abbreviations are used to designate the various structures conveniently. Since certain restricted environments are associated with modern stromatolites, ancient environments may be interpreted by recognition of fossil stromatolite forms. For example, protected intertidal mud flats, where wave action is slight, may be inferred by the presence of type-LLH stromatolites (Collenia). Exposed, intertidal mud flats, where scouring action of waves and other interacting factors prevent growth of algal mats between stromatolites, are inferred by the presence of type-SH structures (Cryptozoon). Low intertidal areas that are exposed to waves and agitated shallow water below low-water mark are inferred by the presence of type-SS structures (oncolites). In addition, the arrangement of laminae in these structures reflects frequency of movement, frequent motion resulting in concentrically arranged spheroids and occasional motion in randomly stacked hemispheroids.
Determining the Degree of Fiscal Dominance and its Implication on the Conduct of Monetary Policy in Nigeria

This study determines the degree of fiscal dominance and its implication on the conduct of monetary policy in Nigeria. It adopts the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) estimation techniques and covers the periods of 1980 to 2020. The regression result shows an estimated coefficient of 0.77, which indicate a high degree of fiscal dominance in the country. In the same vein, the estimated coefficient was compared with the average value of the consumer price index and interest rate in the economy, and it was discovered that high degree of fiscal dominance corresponds with high consumer price index and interest rate in the economy. Flowing from the findings, it is concluded that there is high degree of fiscal dominance in Nigeria, and this has implication on the conduct of monetary policies in thecountry. The degree of fiscal dominance in the country is likely one of the factors responsible for high prices in the country. It was recommended that The Nigerian government should focus on widening the domestic revenue mobilization base of the country. This would include expanding the tax base, setting up appropriate mechanism to generate more revenue from fines, fees and licenses, providing a conducive environment for remittances inflow into the country. The Central bank should limit their finances of government expenditure to 10 percent of previous year’s revenue as suggested by the World Bank. They should limit their borrowings to capital project, such that such project can boast aggregate supply and normalize average prices in the economy.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Interstitial Lung Disease: Updates in Disease, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics

Pulmonary hypertension is a debilitating condition that frequently develops in the setting of interstitial lung disease, likely related to chronic alveolar hypoxemia and pulmonary vascular remodeling. This disease process is likely to be identified more frequently by providers given recent advancements in definitions and diagnostic modalities, and provides practitioners with emerging opportunities to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Despite years of data suggesting against the efficacy of pulmonary vasodilator therapy in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to interstitial lung disease, new data have emerged identifying promising advancements in therapeutics. The authors present to you a comprehensive review of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease, reviewing our current understanding of pathophysiology, updates in diagnostic approaches, and highlights of recent clinical trials which provide an effective approach for medical management.
Is There a Time-Transgressive Holocene Optimum in the East Asian Monsoon Area?

We have carried out a multiproxy analysis of high-resolution eutrophic peat/mud, sand dune, and loess/paleosol sequences covering the Holocene period in both southern and northern China, in order to test the hypothesis of a time-transgressive Holocene optimum in the East Asian monsoon area (An et al. 2000). Samples were radiocarbon dated to establish the chronology. Our results indicate that the Holocene optimum occurred between ∼10,000–5000 cal yr ago in both southern and northern China, consistent with a global pattern rather than simply a local expression. Our data also support the conclusion that the evolution of Holocene climate in China is consistent with changes in Northern Hemisphere solar radiation.
Effects of increased N availability on biodiversity ofMediterranean-type ecosystems: a case study in aNatura 2000 site in Portugal.

• Although Mediterranean-type ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, very little is known about the effects of increased N availability in these systems; • This paper describes an integrated field study on the effects of increased N availability in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem in a Natura 2000 site in Portugal; • The ecosystem was highly N responsive: visible changes were seen within one year; N additions created new and distinct seasonal patterns of soil N availability; plant and soil bacterial diversity together with plant cover were increased; • The effects of increased N availability appeared to depend on N form - plant evenness; N dose - plant species richness; and on both N form and dose - species cover and soil bacterial richness.
Insights into nitrogen cycling in the western Gulf of California from the nitrogen isotopic composition of diatom‐bound organic matter

The nitrogen isotopic composition of organic matter contained within diatom frustules of different sediment size fractions from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, suggests that multiple nutrient cycling processes can be examined from a single sediment sample. The diatom‐bound δ15N values from the greater and less than 63 μm size fractions were analyzed from six intervals of core MD02–2517, each representing ∼30–40 years. The diatom‐bound δ15N values are compared to bulk sedimentary δ15N values, weight percent biogenic opal, and weight percent organic carbon. Bulk sedimentary δ15N values range from 10‰ to 12.5‰ and diatom‐bound δ15N values of the <63 μm size fraction from 7‰ to 13‰. In contrast, diatom‐bound δ15N values for the >63 μm fraction range from 1‰ to 7‰. The best explanation for the low diatom δ15N values in the >63 μm fraction is that the large diatoms grew at the base of the euphotic zone in excess nitrate and under low light conditions. Large diatom δ15N values correlate significantly with bulk sedimentary δ15N values (r = 0.68, 0.82), indicating that large diatoms, such as Thalassiothrix longissima, are an important component of export production fueled by a nonupwelling source of nitrogen. The >63 μm diatoms are estimated to contribute between 3% and 15% of the total nitrogen in the sediments based upon an assumed Si‐to‐N ratio of 1.2.
Closure study on optical and microphysical properties of a mixed urban and Arctic haze air mass observed with Raman lidar and Sun photometer

[1] We present a comprehensive optical and microphysical characterization of an intense haze event observed over Leipzig (51.3°N, 12.4°E), Germany, in April 2002. This event was characterized by unusually high optical depths. The haze consisted of a mixture of urban and Arctic haze aerosols which were advected from the Arctic regions across eastern Europe and Scandinavia. For the first time a closure study on such an event could be carried out on the basis of combined observations with Raman lidar and Sun photometer. This study also served as a performance test of the inversion algorithms that are used for retrieving microphysical particle properties from the optical data sets. A comparison of parameters derived in this study to respective quantities determined in the Arctic regions showed that Arctic-haze-like material dominated the optical and microphysical particle properties, although a significant amount of this haze must have consisted of urban aerosols. The urban aerosols from eastern Europe had properties rather similar to those characteristic for the well-aged particles of Arctic haze. The major part of the haze was confined to heights below 3 km. Optical depth was 0.4-0.5 at 532 nm on 8 April 2002. The particle backscatter-to-extinction (lidar) ratio varied between 35 and 75 sr at 355 and 532 nm. The Angstrom exponent of particle extinction in the wavelength range from 355 to 532 nm was 1.8-2.8. The inversion of the lidar optical data resulted in particle effective radii around 0.19 ± 0.04 μm, volume concentrations of 16-33 μm 3 cm -3 , surface area concentrations of 270-510 μm 2 cm -3 , and a single-scattering albedo around 0.97 ± 0.06 at 532 nm. Particle size distributions showed a rather pronounced monomodal structure in the accumulation mode, which is characteristic for well-aged particles. The particle properties derived from the two instruments agreed well for intensive parameters, i.e., Angstrom exponents, lidar ratio, effective radius, and single-scattering albedo. Extensive parameters, i.e., total particle surface area and particle volume concentration, showed similar values.
Tsunami Scour Around a Square Structure

Tsunami-induced local scour around a land-based square structure on a sand foundation was investigated with laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The laboratory experiments revealed that a scour hole at the seaward corner of the structure could be reproduced and the maximum scour depth was affected by the relative tsunami wave height and embedded depth of the structure. It was also found with the numerical simulations that a scour hole around the seaward corner of the structure could be evaluated with not only flow velocities but also effective stresses because restricting force between sand particles decreased with the effective stresses.
Caterpillar‐like ice motion in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet

Current understanding of ice dynamics predicts that increasing availability and variability of meltwater will have an impact on basal motion and therefore on the evolution and future behavior of the Greenland ice sheet. We present measurements of ice deformation, subglacial water pressure, and surface velocity that show periodic and episodic variations on several time scales (seasonal, multiday, and diurnal). These variations, observed with GPS and sensors at different depths throughout the ice column, are not synchronous but show delayed responses of ice deformation with increasing depth and basal water pressure in antiphase with surface velocity. With the help of a Full‐Stokes ice flow model, these observations are explained as ice motion in a caterpillar‐like fashion. Caused by patches of different basal slipperiness, horizontal stress transfer through the stiff central part of the ice body leads to spatially varying surface velocities and ice deformation patterns. Variation of this basal slipperiness induces characteristic patterns of ice deformation variability that explain the observed behavior. Ice flow in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet is therefore controlled by activation of basal patches by varying slipperiness in the course of a melt season, leading to caterpillar‐like ice motion superposed on the classical shear deformation.
Multi-proxy Palaeo-environmental and Topographic Landscape Reconstruction in East London

Abstract Small and large scale projects have provided high resolution, site specific palaeoenvironmental evidence that needs integrating and placing into a wider environmental context for floodplain development and changing Early Holocene climate in the Thames valley. This has been attempted with a number of regional models for the Lower Thames Valley. However, these broad models need more site specific landscape studies in order to refine the regional resolution of the models and to accommodate more useful high resolution perspectives of changing landscape, which would have been apparent to past people. Despite this, the assumption that once we have one sequence we know the whole story for an area still persists. Here, lithologically similar sequences, between the Isle of Dogs and Canning Town, are used to show different environments and pressures on landscape change. If viewed independently an apparently similar sequence occurs at all three sites but when placed within the past topographic template it becomes clear that each site occupies a different landscape position with respect to the contemporary river. It is suggested that this is the way forward for the construction of a human-scale picture of the evolving prehistoric floodplain and to better understand the human activity that took place within it.
RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptome Analysis of Nitric Oxide Scavenging Response in Neurospora crassa

While the biological role of naturally occurring nitric oxide (NO) in filamentous fungi has been uncovered, the underlying molecular regulatory networks remain unclear. In this study, we conducted an analysis of transcriptome profiles to investigate the initial stages of understanding these NO regulatory networks in Neurospora crassa, a well-established model filamentous fungus. Utilizing RNA sequencing, differential gene expression screening, and various functional analyses, our findings revealed that the removal of intracellular NO resulted in the differential transcription of 424 genes. Notably, the majority of these differentially expressed genes were functionally linked to processes associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, our analysis highlighted the prevalence of four specific protein domains (zinc finger C2H2, PLCYc, PLCXc, and SH3) in the encoded proteins of these differentially expressed genes. Through protein–protein interaction network analysis, we identified eight hub genes with substantial interaction connectivity, with mss-4 and gel-3 emerging as possibly major responsive genes during NO scavenging, particularly influencing vegetative growth. Additionally, our study unveiled that NO scavenging led to the inhibition of gene transcription related to a protein complex associated with ribosome biogenesis. Overall, our investigation suggests that endogenously produced NO in N. crassa likely governs the transcription of genes responsible for protein complexes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, as well as ribosomal biogenesis, ultimately impacting the growth and development of hyphae.
Sensitivity and inversion of marine electromagnetic data in a vertically anisotropic stratified earth

The controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) and magnetotelluric method (MT) are two techniques that can be jointly used to explore the resistivity structure of the earth. Such methods have, in recent years, been applied in marine environments to the exploration and appraisal of hydrocarbons. In many situations the electric properties of the earth are anisotropic, with differences between resistivity in the vertical direction typically much higher than those in the horizontal direction. In cases such as this, the two modes of the time‐harmonic electromagnetic field are altered in different ways, implying that the sensitivity to the earth resistivity may vary significantly from one particular resistivity component (scalar, horizontal or vertical) to another, depending on the measurement configuration (range, azimuth, frequency or water depth). In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of the electromagnetic field to a vertically anisotropic earth for a typical set of configurations, compare inversion results of synthetic data characterizing a vertically anisotropic earth obtained using the isotropic and anisotropic assumptions and show that correctly accounting for anisotropy can prevent artefacts in inversion results.
Unique atmospheric wave: precursor to the 26 January 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake

A unique atmospheric wave was recorded by a monostatic sound detection and ranging (sodar) system operating at Vapi, India (20.37° N, 72.90° E), on 25 January 2001 prior to the Bhuj, India, earthquake that jolted India on 26 January 2001. This precursory wave was the largest amplitude (480 m) and lowest frequency wave (70.02 μHz) ever recorded at 25 sodar operational sites in India/Maitri, Antarctica, in the past 30 years. It appears to be an Acoustic Gravity Wave (AGW) propagating in the lower atmosphere, and this precursory signature may support the hypothesis of AGW generation prior to a major earthquake.