Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural abundance radiocarbon studies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the marine environment

Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC), an active reservoir in the global carbon cycle, has an average age of 6000 years and is comprised of biochemicals which may or may not cycle on different time scales. The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between radiocarbon (14C) signature and chemical composition of various fractions within DOC. Specifically, this thesis was designed to provide an analytical framework to explicitly explore the relationship between DOC molecular weight, chemical composition, and reactivity. Chapter 2 describes spatial and temporal total organic carbon (TOC) concentration gradients in 2005 from the California Cooperative Fisheries Oceanic Cooperative (CalCOFI) region, which is the main study area for this thesis. Chapter 3 describes a novel solid phase extraction (SPE) method and reports the chemical and isotopic characteristics of fractionated DOC components based on their solubility. These fractions are compared to DOC isolated by the widely applied UF techniques and the results indicate that chemical composition and 14C content were related. Using compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of sugars and lipids, Chapter 4 shows that both SPE DOC and UDOC contain specific compounds with similar chemical and isotopic characteristics and residence times. In Chapter 5, CSIA was applied to SPE samples collected from the Delaware River and Estuary and the terrestrially influenced Eel River Margin to examine whether riverine DOC inputs contribute specific compounds or common components to the coastal ocean. Finally, the final chapter discusses the implications and significance of these results for marine DOC cycling.
Gene Co-Expression Analysis Reveals the Transcriptome Changes and Hub Genes of Fructan Metabolism in Garlic under Drought Stress

Drought has become a serious environmental factor that affects the growth and yield of plants. Fructan, as an important storage compound in garlic, plays an important role in drought tolerance. Genomic changes in plants under drought stress clarify the molecular mechanism of plants’ responses to stress. Therefore, we used RNA-seq to determine the transcriptomic changes in garlic under drought stress and identified the key module related to fructan metabolism by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the garlic transcriptome under drought stress over a time course (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 d). Drought significantly induces changes in gene expression. The number of specifically expressed genes were 1430 (3 d), 399 (6 d), 313 (9 d), 351 (12 d), and 1882 (15 d), and only 114 genes responded at each time point. The number of upregulated DEGs was higher than the number of downregulated DEGs. Gene ontology and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that garlic was more likely to cause changes in carbohydrate metabolism pathways under drought stress. Fructan content measurements showed that drought stress significantly induced fructan accumulation in garlic. To determine whether there were modules involved in the transcriptional regulation of fructan content in garlic, we further analyzed the genes related to fructan metabolism using WGCNA. They were enriched in two modules, with F-box protein and GADPH as hub genes, which are involved in garlic fructan metabolism in response to drought stress. These results provide important insights for the future research and cultivation of drought-tolerant garlic varieties.
Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2

An improved method for surface treatment of metallic materials is described herein. The improvement exists in that a surface treatment agent and a metallic material to be treated are placed in a treating device, heating of the metallic material to be treated up to a specific upper limit temperature higher than a transformation point of the metallic material and cooling of the metallic material down to a specific lower limit temperature lower than the transformation point are alternately and repeatedly carried out, an appropriate stress is applied to the material when it takes the lower limit temperature, and after an appropriate number of temperature cycles the applied stress is released when the material takes the lower limit temperature.
Extreme short‐term stable isotope variability revealed by continuous rainwater analysis

The continuous real‐time analysis, at 30‐s intervals, of precipitation at an Australian tropical location revealed extreme and rapidly changing δ18O and δD values related to variations in moisture source areas, transport paths and precipitation histories. The range of δ18O (−19.6‰ to +2.6‰) and δD (−140‰ to +13‰) values from 5948 measurements of nine rain events over 15 days during an 8‐month period at a single location was comparable with the range measured in 1532 monthly samples from all seven Australian Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations from 1962 to 2002. Extreme variations in δ18O (−8.7‰ to −19.6‰) and δD (−54‰ to −140‰) were recorded within a single 4‐h period.
Path Loss Prediction Over the Lunar Surface Utilizing a Modified Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model

Abstract This study introduces the use of a modified Longley-Rice irregular terrain model and digital elevation data representa-tive of an analogue lunar site for the prediction of RF path loss over the lunar surface. The results are validated by theoretical models and past Apollo studies. The model is used to approximate the path loss deviation from theoretical attenua-tion over a reflecting sphere. Analysis of the simulation results provides statistics on the fade depths for frequencies of interest, and correspondingly a method for determining the maximum range of communications for various coverage confidence intervals. Communication system engineers and mission planners are provided a link margin and path loss policy for communication frequencies of interest. 1. Introduction In 2004, the Bush administration unveiled the United State’s Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) (ref. 1). This included the very ambitious goal of creating and sustaining a human presence on the Moon and Mars. NASA’s plan for achieving the VSE was first introduced in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) released in November of 2005 (ref. 2). Since this time, NASA has embarked upon a number of agency-wide, inter-center studies to further develop and refine the exploration architecture as presented in the ESAS final report. One area gaining particular interests is that of radio signal propagation over the lunar surface. Mission concepts, as introduced in the ESAS final report, describe both lunar sortie missions and outpost deployments. Further operational concepts for these missions have made general assumptions about the range of communications for lunar surface-to-surface radio frequency (RF) links based on assumed vehicle structures, rovers, astronaut heights, and potential communications towers. This study provides a mechanism for determining range limitations for surface-to-surface RF links. Not only are the geometrical features of possible lunar destinations considered, but also the lunar surface composition so that the effects of diffraction are better estimated. Realistic path loss analyses were sought that could be performed in a relatively short amount of time with low computational complexity. The objectives of the study are: (1) Develop a model or utilize an existing model for path loss that considers site-specific terrain and surface composition. (2) Identify a path loss mechanism for use in link budget planning. (3) Develop link (or fade) margin policies for the fre-quency bands and RF links of interest to NASA for lunar surface operations and exploration.
Atmospheric Δ14C reduction in simulations of Atlantic overturning circulation shutdown

A rapid reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) can significantly disrupt the global heat transport and likely triggered abrupt climate change during the last glacial cycle. A slowdown in AMOC has long been assumed to inhibit the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the deep ocean and thus cause radiocarbon (14C), which is produced in the atmosphere, to accumulate in the atmosphere. Indeed previous model studies have demonstrated that a reduction in AMOC leads to higher atmospheric 14C abundance (Δ14C). However, this seems inconsistent with the observed rise in atmospheric pCO2 during Heinrich 1 and the Younger Dryas stadial events and the emerging view that this CO2 rise resulted from the deep ocean venting “old” carbon. Using an Earth system model, we offer an alternative scenario that AMOC slowdown and an accompanying dynamical response in the south (i.e., the bipolar seesaw) can in fact lead to a decline in atmospheric Δ14C. This decline is realized in the model when the bipolar seesaw and thus the flux of old carbon from the Southern Ocean are sufficiently large so as to overcome the accumulation of 14C in the atmosphere as AMOC is reduced. The bipolar seesaw we describe invokes an oceanic teleconnection, whereby a freshwater perturbation in the North Atlantic drives a southern Δ14C response, but this does not necessarily preclude an atmospheric teleconnection.
Late Frasnian Mass Extinction: Conodont Event Stratigraphy, Global Changes, and Possible Causes

Several abrupt changes in conodont biofacies are documented to occur synchronously at six primary control sections across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in Euramerica. These changes occurred within a time-span of only about 100,000 years near the end of the latest Frasnian linguiformis Zone, which is formally named to replace the Uppermost gigas Zone. The conodont-biofacies changes are interpreted to reflect a eustatic rise followed by an abrupt eustatic fall immediately preceding the late Frasnian mass extinction. Two new conodont species are named and described. Ancyrognathus ubiquitus n.sp. is recorded only just below and above the level of late Frasnian extinction and hence is a global marker for that event. Palmatolepispraetriangularis n.sp. is the long-sought Frasnian ancestor of the formerly cryptogenic species, Pa. triangularis, indicator of the earliest Famennian Lower triangularis Zone. The actual extinction event occurred entirely within the Frasnian and is interpreted to have been of brief duration-from as long as 20,000 years to as short as several days. The eustatic rise-and-fall couplet associated with the late Frasnian mass extinction is similar to eustatic couplets associated with the demise of most Frasnian (F2h) reefs worldwide about 1 m.y. earlier and with a latest Famennian mass extinction about 9.5 m.y. later. All these events may be directly or indirectly attributable to extraterrestrial triggering mechanisms. An impact of a small bolide or a near miss of a larger bolide may have caused the earlier demise of Frasnian reefs. An impact of possibly the same larger bolide in the Southern Hemisphere would explain the late Frasnian mass extinction. Global regression during the Famennian probably resulted from Southern-Hemisphere glaciation triggered by the latest Frasnian impact. Glaciation probably was the indirect cause of the latest Famennian mass extinction.
Accumulation of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments: Results from the Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program (Dsdp/Odp)

Factors controlling organic carbon accumulation. - Reconstruction of depositional environments from sediment data. - Methods. - Accumulation of organic carbon in Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea sediments (ODP-Leg 105). - Accumulation of organic carbon in the upwelling area off Northwest Africa (ODP-Leg 108). - Accumulation of organic carbon in (anoxic) marginal seas: I. The Mediterranean sea (DSDP-Leg 42 and ODP-Leg 107). - Accumulation of organic carbon in (anoxic) marginal seas: II. The sea of Japan (ODP-Leg 128).
The effect of complex black carbon microphysics on the determination of the optical properties of brown carbon

Assessment of the impacts of brown carbon (BrC) requires accurate determination of its physical properties, but a model must be invoked to derive these from instrument data. Ambient measurements were made in London at a site influenced by traffic and solid fuel (principally wood) burning, apportioned by single particle soot photometer data and optical properties measured using multiwavelength photoacoustic spectroscopy. Two models were applied: a commonly used Mie model treating the particles as single‐coated spheres and a Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans approximation treating them as aggregates of smaller‐coated monomers. The derived solid fuel BrC parameters at 405 nm were found to be highly sensitive to the model treatment, with a mass absorption cross section ranging from 0.47 to 1.81 m2/g and imaginary refractive index from 0.013 to 0.062. This demonstrates that a detailed knowledge of particle morphology must be obtained and invoked to accurately parameterize BrC properties based on aerosol phase measurements.
Drowning of a carbonate platform as a precursor stage of the Early Toarcian global anoxic event (Southern Provence sub‐Basin, South‐east France)

The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event is well‐known as coinciding with a carbonate crisis, coupled with organic matter accumulation and perturbation of the carbon cycle expressed by carbon‐isotope excursions. In this palaeoenvironmental setting, the present research attempts to better constrain the palaeoenvironmental conditions leading to the drowning of a carbonate platform during Late Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian times. This study is based on the integrated sedimentological, diagenetic and geochemical (stable isotopes and Rock‐Eval pyrolysis) analysis of several stratigraphic successions located in the Southern Provence sub‐Basin (South‐east France). Eodiagenetic ferroan calcite cements below two hardground surfaces at the Pliensbachian–Toarcian transition record episodic eutrophication events. Such events were precursor stages of a global palaeoenvironmental perturbation (i.e. a global carbon cycle perturbation) that led to the demise of the carbonate platform and occurred prior to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Subsequently, the acme of the palaeoenvironmental deterioration that coincided with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event is recorded by a pronounced negative carbon‐isotope excursion (−3‰) followed by a positive one (2·87‰), organic matter preservation and inferred high temperature of surface sea water (ca 25°C) as given by oxygen‐isotope values from chondrichthyan tooth enamel. Sedimentological comparisons, as well as chemostratigraphic and biostratigraphical correlations between the Early Toarcian sedimentary series of the Southern Provence and Eastern Dauphinois sub‐basins, indicate that tectonic tilting occurred earlier in the Southern Provence sub‐Basin; this resulted in the preservation of organic‐rich deposits in the first sub‐basin and depositional hiatus in the second sub‐basin. Thus, local conditions, such as contrasting structural setting, could markedly modify the sedimentary signature of a global climatic event.
Validation of MOPITT Version 5 thermal‐infrared, near‐infrared, and multispectral carbon monoxide profile retrievals for 2000–2011

Validation results are reported for the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) “Version 5” (V5) product for tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and are compared to results for the “Version 4” product. The V5 retrieval algorithm introduces (1) a method for reducing retrieval bias drift associated with long‐term instrumental degradation, (2) a more exact representation of the effects of random errors in the radiances and, for the first time, (3) the use of MOPITT's near‐infrared (NIR) radiances to complement the thermal‐infrared (TIR) radiances. Exploiting TIR and NIR radiances together facilitates retrievals of CO in the lowermost troposphere. V5 retrieval products based (1) solely on TIR measurements, (2) solely on NIR measurements and (3) on both TIR and NIR measurements are separately validated and analyzed. Actual retrieved CO profiles and total columns are compared with equivalent retrievals based on in situ measurements from (1) routine NOAA aircraft sampling mainly over North America and (2) the “HIAPER Pole to Pole Observations” (HIPPO) field campaign. Particular attention is focused on the long‐term stability and geographical uniformity of the retrieval errors. Results for the retrieved total column clearly indicate reduced temporal bias drift in the V5 products compared to the V4 product, and do not exhibit a positive bias in the Southern Hemisphere, which is evident in the V4 product.
Performance evaluation of the U.S. National Lightning Detection

We have evaluated the location accuracy of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) via comparison of individual NLDN stroke locations with their corresponding stroke terminations as determined from multiple-site video recordings of local cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The video records used in this analysis were acquired in the vicinity of Albany, New York, during the summers of 1994 and 1995, seasons corresponding to the initial and final phases of the upgrade of the NLDN to the improved accuracy from combined technology (IMPACT) configuration. For 1994 a total of 751 strokes were located in common between the video and NLDN data sets, yielding median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 2.21 km and 3.74 km, respectively. Constraint of the 1994 data to the best video locations (those with a semimajor axis value of the 50% error ellipse less than 500 m) yielded a subset of 53 strokes with median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 2.61 km and 4.74 km, respectively. For 1995 a total of 219 strokes were located in common, yielding median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 442 m and 865 m, respectively. Constraint of the 1995 data to that year's best video locations (those with a semimajor axis value of the 50% error ellipse less than 200 m) yielded a subset of 79 common strokes with median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 435 m and 625 m, respectively. The IMPACT upgrade of the NLDN apparently has resulted in about a fivefold increase in location accuracy. A special subset of 11 strokes occurred in 1995; these were located by the NLDN and observed to terminate on local structures of accurately known location. For these 11 strokes, the median and mean values of the NLDN location error are 518 m and 484 m, respectively, a result quite consistent with the overall NLDN-video location comparison and the claimed 500-m median location accuracy for the upgraded network. Indeed, we argue that removal of an apparent residual bias in the NLDN locations ultimately could yield a median location accuracy in this region approaching 250 m. Finally, we find that the NLDN location error is a function of the estimated stroke peak current, with the weakest peak currents having the poorest locations for both years. For the 1995 data, strokes with peak currents of intermediate magnitude (20–30 kA) were the most accurately located.
Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture development

This technical paper provides a comprehensive overview of feed and fertilizer use for sustainable aquaculture development in developing countries. It comprises a series of review papers, including eight country reviews from Asia, six country reviews from Africa, one case study report from Asia, three regional reviews (Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa), a global synthesis as well as the final report of the FAO Expert Workshop on Use of Feed and Fertilizer for Sustainable Aquaculture Development, held in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2006. The country reviews provide an overview of the current status of aquaculture, a synthesis of the availability, accessibility and use of feed and fertilizer resources in relation to the diversity of farming systems and practices and an analysis of the nutritional, economic and social constraints of using these inputs. The regional reviews provide a synthesis of the country reviews by considering production trends and feed and fertilizer use from a wider geographic perspective and also analyse the projected expansion of the aquaculture sector in relation to the future availability of input commodities. The global synthesis provides a general overview and summarizes the future challenges facing the sector with respect to the use of feeds and fertilizers.
The weather and climate of southern Africa

Climatology and the modern science composition and structure of the atmosphere pressure, temperature and density relationships the adiabatic process moisture and precipitation the tephigram atmospheric heat transfer horizontal motion and winds vertical motion and cumulus convection large-scale weather-producing processes and systems the general circulation of the southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation and weather over southern Africa ocean-atmosphere interactions boundary-layer phenomena the transport of aerosols and trace gases climatic change and variability the prediction of future conditions.
Effects of forest floor coverage on overland flow and soil erosion on hillslopes in Japanese cypress plantation forests

We examined the effects of forest floor coverage on overland flow generation and soil erosion in mature Japanese cypress plantations with different coverage conditions: sparse understory and litter (uncovered plots), dense fern understory and litter (covered plots), and experimental removal of vegetative floor coverage on the covered plots (removal plots). We measured soil hydraulic properties and monitored overland flow and soil erosion in three replicated plots (approximately 1 × 2 m each) representing uncovered, covered, and removal conditions. Because of the strong water repellency of the surface soil, a substantial amount of overland flow occurred, even in covered plots. Nevertheless, the annual overland flow in covered plots was 37% of that in uncovered plots. Annual soil erosion in uncovered plots was 3.7 times greater than that in covered plots. Although overland flow in removal plots was similar to that in uncovered plots, soil erosion in the former was significantly greater than in the latter. These results suggest that differences in soil erodibility between the plots were essential determining factors of erosion and were no less important than floor coverage. We quantified the effects of floor coverage and soil erodibility independently and examined the relationship between coverage and erosion by applying an erosion model. In covered plots, floor coverage prevented 95% of soil detachment by raindrops, which was the dominant mechanism in reducing soil erosion, as compared with it inhibiting overland flow and resisting sediment transport. The soil erodibility of plots with ground cover was 4.5 times higher than that of uncovered plots. This implies that simply comparing plots with different coverage conditions is not sufficient for examining the effects of vegetation coverage on soil erosion.