Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in idealized models forced by differential heating and winds

Historically, ocean models and solutions of different complexity have been developed to investigate the dynamics of basin-scale, deep, meridional overturning circulations (MOCs). In this study, we develop a three-dimensional theory for the descending branch of the MOC in solutions near the bottom of the hierarchy, forced only by a surface buoyancy flux and a zonal wind stress. Our theory is based on analytical solutions for a variable-density, layer ocean model (VLOM). The results are validated by comparing the VLOM solutions to numerical solutions to an ocean general circulation model (MITgcm). Key processes that determine the strength and structure of the model MOC are the following. The eastern-boundary upper-layer thickness is determined by a no-flow condition normal to the boundary, which implies a poleward deepening of the thermocline in response to the meridional surface density gradient. The baroclinic Rossby-wave speed in VLOM illustrates how the large-scale surface density gradient affects the propagation of Rossby waves, which adjust the interior-ocean layer thickness. In a narrow, northern region, the upper layer with a vertically uniform temperature is very thick, and Rossby waves are damped by mixing processes, which tend to restratify the water column. In solutions without winds, the Rossby-wave damping is the main mechanism to generate a northward convergence of upper-layer flow, and to establish the sinking branch of the MOC. In solutions with winds, water also detrains in the interior subpolar gyre, as it is cooled on its way north, and is finally reaches the deep-ocean temperature. We derive analytical expressions for MOC transports in VLOM that depend on the tropical thermocline depth, the meridional density gradient, the strength of the mixing and the wind forcing. These results recover and provide dynamical explanations for scaling laws that relate the strength of the MOC to the meridional pressure difference.
Serum Lipids, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 and Treatment Outcomes in Women with and without Cervical Lesions in South Western Uganda: A Cohort Study

Purpose: There is a documented association between cervical cancer and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we determined the association between lipids, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and treatment outcomes for cervical lesions at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in south western Uganda
Land Degradation and Adaptive Mechanism in Northeastern Wollega, Ethiopia

Land-use/land-cover changes in northeastern Wollega (Ethiopia) were investigated. This study provides a knowledge base that supports sound and informed decision-making on sustainable resource management in Ethiopia. The changes in land-use/land-cover observed in this region are linked to population growth, farming practice and tenure system. To quantify impacts, the study used a combination of land-use/landcover detection techniques based on time series image processing (from 1972 to 2015), assessment of population dynamics and Pearson’s correlation model. Results showed that since the 1970s, cropland and settlement areas expanded at the expense of land formerly occupied by forest, shrub and grassland. However, shrubland and cropland has increased and decreased, respectively, since 2005. Such changes were associated with a significant growth in the human and livestock population, poor farming system and tenure system. In order to sustain the necessary resource-base, appropriate population and land management policies need to be developed and implemented at national level but with local relevance. These policies may include population control, promotion of policies that support sustainable intensification of agriculture, and application of appropriate land management practices and diversification of the source of income for the rural communities.
A Systematic Review of Foreign Language Anxiety

Foreign language anxiety, also known as language learner apprehension or second language nervousness, has been extensively investigated in academia as it poses particular challenges to language learners. The paper provides a comprehensive review of foreign language anxiety, exploring its definitions, classifications, potential causes, and strategies to reduce such anxiety. Three classifications of anxiety are listed in section 2, while internal and external causes have been carefully examined in section 3 based on previous works. In the end, possible strategies for reducing this kind of anxiety are proposed in Section 4 based on previous analysis of the types and motivations. By analyzing various aspects of anxious emotion in language acquisition process, this review aims to shed light on the importance of addressing this phenomenon to enhance language acquisition and communication skills.
Analysis of Alveolar Crest Reduction Post Extraction with the Use of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF)

One of the treatments that can be done to treat dental and oral diseases is tooth extraction. However, this procedure can cause significant changes in the dimensions of the alveolar ridge that are unfavorable in subsequent oral rehabilitation. One of the most important things is the preservation of the remaining alveolar ridge after the tooth extraction procedure. The use of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) for the regeneration of soft and hard tissue in wound healing, in the form of immune concentrate and platelets obtained from a single fibrin membrane which contains all the blood constituents useful for healing and immunity. This research is an unblinded, randomized clinical trial with a sample size of 36 patients undergoing tooth extraction. To see the effect of ridge resorption analysis, namely the reduction of the alveolar crest with PRF application. Each research sample is analyzed at each evaluation time. There was a significant difference in alveolar crest reduction in the treatment and control groups which was found in the mesial region (post-extraction days 60 and 90) and distal region (post-extraction days 30, 60 and 90) with a significance value p<0.05. There was a significant difference in the periapical x-ray image in the reduction of the post-extraction alveolar crest in the PRF application group, with better results compared to the group without PRF.
ISLAMIC BANKS IN AFRICA: THE RISK OF SHARIA NON-COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL PERFROMANCE

The establishment of Islamic banks is solely based on Sharia standards, which, if not followed, will have dire consequences of Sharia non-compliance, making IBs comparable to conventional banks. Sharia non-compliance can damage investor trust and income. Although Sharia is the primary distinction between IBs and CBs, Sharia non-compliance must be scrutinized to avoid non -compliance issues. The risk of Sharia non-compliance and the performance of Islamic banks in Africa are investigated in this research, covering the years 2015 through 2019. The research studied 27 Islamic banking institutions from 11 African countries. The Sharia non-compliance risk was evaluated using the size and competence of the Sharia committee. In addition, GDP, bank age and size were used as control variables. Data were analyzed using simple regression with EViews. The result shows that Sharia Committee Size positively correlates with African Islamic bank performance. The research also shows that the expertise of the Sharia Committee in Sharia positively affects Islamic bank performance. Banks with larger Sharia committees perform better, the studies revealed. All banks have a large number of Sharia specialists in their committees, indicating that having them is vital for establishing and smoothly running an Islamic bank.
Effects of Novel Dental Composites on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms

With the phase-out of amalgam and the increase in minimally invasive dentistry, there is a growing need for high-strength composite materials that can kill residual bacteria and promote tooth remineralization. This study quantifies how antibacterial polylysine (PLS) and re-mineralizing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) affect Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the strength of dental composites. For antibacterial studies, the MCPM-PLS filler percentages were 0-0, 8-4, 12-6, and 16-8 wt% of the composite filler phase. Composite discs were immersed in 0.1% sucrose-supplemented broth containing Streptococcus mutans (UA159) and incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 48 h. Surface biomass was determined by crystal violet (CV) staining. Growth medium pH was measured at 24 and 48 h. Biofilm bacterial viability (CFU), exo-polysaccharide (water-soluble glucan (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG)), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified. This was by serial dilution plate counting, phenol-sulfuric acid microassay, and fluorometry, respectively. The biaxial flexural strengths were determined after water immersion for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year. The MCPM-PLS wt% were 8-4, 8-8, 16-4 and 16-8. The normalized biomass, WSG, and WIG showed a linear decline of 66%, 64%, and 55%, respectively, as the PLS level increased up to 8%. The surrounding media pH (4.6) was all similar. A decrease in bacterial numbers with the 12-6 formula and a significant reduction with 16-8 compared to the 0-0 formulation was observed. The eDNA concentrations in biofilms formed on 12-6 and 16-8 formulations were significantly less than the 0-0 control and 8-4 formulations. Doubling MCPM and PLS caused a 14 and 19% reduction in strength in 1 week, respectively. Average results were lower at 1 month and 1 year but affected less upon doubling MCPM and PLS levels. Moreover, a 4% PLS may help to reduce total biomass and glucan levels in biofilms on the above composites. Higher levels are required to reduce eDNA and provide bactericidal action, but these can decrease early strength.
Optical and thermal characterization of a group-III nitride semiconductor membrane by microphotoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman thermometry

We present the simultaneous optical and thermal analysis of a freestanding photonic semiconductor membrane made from wurtzite III-nitride material. By linking micro-photoluminescence ($\mu$PL) spectroscopy with Raman thermometry, we demonstrate how a robust value for the thermal conductivity $\kappa$ can be obtained using only optical, non-invasive means. For this, we consider the balance of different contributions to thermal transport given by, e.g., excitons, charge carriers, and heat carrying phonons. Further complication is given by the fact that this membrane is made from direct bandgap semiconductors, designed to emit light based on an In$_{x}$Ga$_{1-x}$N ($x=0.15$) quantum well embedded in GaN. To meet these challenges, we designed a novel experimental setup that enables the necessary optical and thermal characterizations in parallel. We perform micro-Raman thermometry, either based on a heating laser that acts as a probe laser (1-laser Raman thermometry), or based on two lasers, providing the heating and the temperature probe separately (2-laser Raman thermometry). For the latter technique, we obtain temperature maps over tens of micrometers with a spatial resolution less than $1\,\mu\text{m}$, yielding $\kappa\,=\,95^{+11}_{-7}\,\frac{\text{W}}{\text{m}\cdot \text{K}}$ for the $\textit{c}$-plane of our $\approx\,250\text{-nm}$-thick membrane at around room temperature, which compares well to our $\textit{ab initio}$ calculations applied to a simplified structure. Based on these calculations, we explain the particular relevance of the temperature probe volume, as quasi-ballistic transport of heat-carrying phonons occurs on length scales beyond the penetration depths of the heating laser and even its focus spot radius. The present work represents a significant step towards non-invasive, highly spatially resolved, and still quantitative thermometry performed on a photonic membrane.
Rates of erosion and landscape change along the Blue Ridge escarpment, southern Appalachian Mountains, estimated from in situ cosmogenic 10Be

The Blue Ridge escarpment, located within the southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, forms a distinct, steep boundary between the lower‐elevation Piedmont and higher‐elevation Blue Ridge physiographic provinces. To understand better the rate at which this landform and the adjacent landscape are changing, we measured cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be) in quartz separated from sediment samples (n = 50) collected in 32 streams and from three exposed bedrock outcrops along four transects normal to the escarpment, allowing us to calculate erosion rates integrated over 104–105 years. These basin‐averaged erosion rates (5.4–49 m Myr−1) are consistent with those measured elsewhere in the southern Appalachain Mountains and show a positive relationship between erosion rate and average basin slope. Erosion rates show no relationship with basin size or relative position of the Brevard fault zone, a fundamental structural element of the region. The cosmogenic isotopic data, when considered along with the distribution of average basin slopes in each physiographic province, suggest that the escarpment is eroding on average more rapidly than the Blue Ridge uplands, which are eroding more rapidly than the Piedmont lowlands. This difference in erosion rates by geomorphic setting suggests that the elevation difference between the uplands and lowlands adjacent to the escarpment is being reduced but at extremely slow rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three Structural Layers and Its Evolution of Cenozoic Basins in Deep Water Area of Northern Margin, South China Sea

Continental margins, which locate in the continental crusts and oceanic crusts, record the processes of the continental breakup and the ocean opening. It is important for the research on the geodynamics. The Cenozoic basins in deep water of northern margin of South China Sea located on the continental margin. The Cenozoic basin can be divided into three structural layers. They are rift layer, post-rift depression layer and post-rift subsidence of ocean basin layer. Rift basin layer performed as a series of graben and half graben. The character of post-rift depression layer is thick in the middle and thin on both side which looks like a disk. The thickness of subsidence of ocean basin layer changed greatly, it thick on the continental slope and thin on the ocean basin which showed the character as a "flexing basin". The basin in deep water of northern margin South China Sea has experienced three evolution stages and showed the different geodynamic mechanisms. Influenced by the upwelling of the mantle, the basin mainly performed as horizontal extensional and formed the extensional structural styles in rift stage. In post rift stage, the basin subsided widely. In the third stage, the basin bended towards the South China Sea which controlled by the subsidence of ocean basin. The structural framework of continental shelf continental slope ocean basin is formed in the stage of ocean basin subsided. The activity difference of mantle material which under the basin of northern margin and the ocean basin is the main influence factors of the geodynamics.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils in Wetlands of Caizi Lake Different in Restoration History in Anqing,Anhui Province

Returning farmland to lake(RFL) is an important strategy in China for the restoration of wetland ecology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Soil physical and chemical properties are important indices for evaluation of the restoration of wetland ecology.Plots of wetland different in restoration history(2,5,8,10 and 20 a) in the Caizi Lake were selected for comparison with their adjoining rapeseed fields and natural wetland in soil physical and chemical properties,i.e.soil bulk density,clay content,water content,pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,hydrolysable nitrogen,total phosphorus and available phosphorus,to expose law of the variation of ecological features of the soils after RFL.Results show that the variation of soil physical and chemical properties differed in trend between plots different in restoration history.Soil organic matter content increased with the age of restoration;soil total nitrogen and alkalyzable nitrogen increased significantly 5 years after restoration,and gradually leveled off in the later years;soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus decreased first and then increased;soil clay content increased gradually;soil bulk density rose first and then declined;soil water content went up steadily;and soil pH lowered gradually and slowly.The 2-year wetland soil was still similar to the adjoining rapeseed land soil in soil ecological feature.The second year seemed to be the turning point,after which the soil began to evolve towards natural wetland soil in ecological feature.During the 20 years soil physical and chemical properties changed more significantly in the surface layer than in the subsurface layer.Regression analysis shows that recovery of clay content,bulk density,water content,organic matter,total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the restored wetland to the respective level in the natural wetland may take 19,23,31,26,27 and 22 years in the surface layer,and 20,31,51,40,30 and 23 years in the subsurface layer.
Vegetative growth of Amaranthus hybridus and Amaranthus tricolor under different watering regimes in different seasons in southern Mozambique

Drought-tolerant crops with high nutritional value such as amaranth leafy vegetables have the potential to improve the diet of rural communities in dry semi-arid areas of southern Mozambique. A study was conducted aiming to assess the vegetative growth and leaf nutritional content of Amaranthus hybridus and A. tricolor when subjected to different watering regimes (80%, 50% and 20% of total available water) during the rainy and dry seasons, and ascertain the relationship between temperature and day length affecting the leaf yield of the two species. Six field trials were conducted in a randomised complete block design with 2 × 3 factorial layout with six replications in Maputo. Vegetative growth was sensitive to soil water at 50% and 20% of available water. However, the leaf and side-shoot number, leaf area and yield were less sensitive to short-interval water deficits during the rainy season. Leaf calcium and crude protein contents were higher at low water levels. Leaf yield was significantly affected by temperature and day length, where total leaf yield increased during the rainy season, and decreased during the dry season. Both species have the potential for sustainable leaf production during rainy and dry seasons.
Response to Intervention in Reading

The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature on the use of Response to Intervention (RTI) in reading to critically analyze the methodologies, instruments, and findings within the context of the surrounding literature. RTI remains a key process in special education research and practice. Hence, studies range from intervention effectiveness, implementation fidelity, and methods for determining responsiveness to intervention. There are numerous RTI related research studies indicating that tiered or scripted intervention programs may help students identified as at-risk make academic progress on pre-and posttest measures. However, many of these same studies also indicate that students identified as at-risk do not receive the instructional support necessary to close opportunity gaps in reading. To address this concern, we conducted a systematic review of the RTI reading literature. The results indicate that a wide variety of screening and progress monitoring tools were utilized in reading research, which may account for the vast variation in efficacy across studies. Moreover, researchers cite validity, reliability, and replicability as main concerns in determining true responsiveness to an intervention when such a plethora of resources are available. We conclude that consensus is needed in the literature to determine the best screening and progress monitoring instruments to identify true responsiveness and distinguish the best methods for designing, studying, and replicating intervention programs that sustain academic performance by at-risk learners through an RTI based tiered intervention model.
Evaluation of Phenological and Pomological Characteristics of Plum Varieties (Prunus spp. L.) in Mustang, Nepal

Plum is a temperate stone fruit widely adapted and is by far the most diverse of all the 'Prunus' species. However, fruit and flower phenology and pomological characteristics differ among varieties. Phenological and pomological characteristics of six plum varieties ('Soldam,' 'Mirabelle,' 'Quetsche,' 'Methley,' 'Santa Rosa,' and 'Local') during September 2021-August 2022 in the fruit orchard of Temperate Horticulture Development Center, Mustang, Nepal, were studied. The phenological study revealed the Local as early and Quetsche as late among the tested varieties. However, the average flowering duration was lowest in Methley (10.6 days) and highest in Soldam (15.2 days). Linear dimensions of the fruits were maximum in Soldam and minimum in Mirabelle. The fruit shape of all the varieties was round except for Quetsche, which was elliptic. The stone share was highest in Mirabelle (7.82%) and lowest in Soldam (1.86%). The ripening index was highest for Mirabelle (29.11) and lowest for Methley (7.20). The organoleptic evaluation revealed that Soldam was the most preferred while Quetsche was the least. In conclusion, our study showcased a significant diversity in plum varieties, with implications for orchard management and variety selection to cater to various preferences and needs in the local market and beyond.
Use of Learning Facilities on Students' Islamic Religious Education Learning Achievement in High School

Purpose of the study: Learning facilities are all the lessons students need in the learning process so that the learning process can run well, but in this research it only focuses on textbook learning facilities. This research aims to determine the learning achievement of Islamic Religious Education students in high school using textbooks. Methodology: The type of research used is field research with a qualitative approach, while the research design is qualitative descriptive research. The type of research and data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used include observation, interviews and documentation to obtain reported values. Main Findings: The results of this research show that the use of Islamic Religious Education learning process textbooks is very effective and the Islamic Religious Education learning achievement of class XI students in high school is in the very good category. Novelty/Originality of this study: The integration of technology such as the use of learning software, educational applications, and interactive hardware in teaching Islamic Religious Education can provide a more interesting and effective learning experience for students. Leverage online resources such as instructional videos, interactive materials, and distance learning platforms to increase accessibility and variety in instruction.