Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Israeli Ethno-Religious Differences in Motherhood Penalties on Employment and Earnings

Israeli society presents a unique context for studying motherhood’s impacts on employment and earnings: High fertility and marriage rates coincide with high rates of women’s education and employment. While past research finds low motherhood penalties in Israel, ethno-religious group differences in these penalties are unexplored. Ours is the first longitudinal study to examine simultaneously motherhood’s employment and wage penalties among Israeli ethno-religious groups. Using newly available panel data, we find that motherhood deters employment among Israeli-Palestinians more strongly than among Jews, and particularly among less-educated Israeli-Palestinians. Similarly, motherhood wage penalties and ethno-religious disparities are greatest among the least-educated women. For all groups, highly educated women incur smaller motherhood penalties in employment and earnings, and in some cases receive motherhood wage premiums. Public-sector employment, particularly for Muslims, is associated with higher postnatal employment, lower motherhood penalties, and motherhood premiums among the highly educated. The stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination and work–family policies in the public sector, along with its schoolteachers’ collective bargaining agreement that raises maternal earnings, may contribute to its more positive outcomes for Israeli-Palestinian mothers. Our findings suggest that increasing educational attainment and public-sector employment among Israeli-Palestinians may reduce ethno-religious inequality in motherhood’s impact on employment and earnings.
Analysis Of Mathematic Representation Ability In Online Learning

ABSTRACT The outbreak of the corona virus has had an impact on various sectors, especially the education sector. The application of online learning has been implemented in almost all schools in Indonesia. However, judging from the results of various studies and some experiences, the online learning process in Indonesia has previously been carried out well. Mathematical representation skills are needed so that students understand mathematical concepts well. This study aims to analyze the ability of mathematical representation in online learning. The method used is descriptive qualitative type. The instrument used is a mathematical representation ability test and interview guidelines. The data analysis technique used is the stages of data reduction, data display and making overall conclusions. Data analysis of test results was used to determine the level of students' mathematical representation abilities, while interviews were to strengthen test results and determine student learning constraints. Based on the results of the study, it was found that students' visual representations were more dominant than other types of representations. The students' mathematical visual representation ability is in the sufficient (moderate) category, while the students' symbolic representation ability is very poor and the students' verbal representation ability is in the poor category.
Reconsideration of the physical and empirical origins of Z–R relations in radar meteorology

The rainfall rate, R, and the radar reflectivity factor, Z, are represented by a sum over a finite number of raindrops. It is shown here and in past work that these variables should be linearly related. Yet observations show that correlations between R and Z are often more appropriately described by nonlinear power laws. In the absence of measurement effects, why should this be so?
InSb Mid-Infrared Photon Detector for Room-Temperature Operation

We developed a small InSb mid-infrared (2–7 µm wavelength range) photon detector that operates at room temperature. The photodiode was made from (hetero epitaxial) InSb layers that were grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. To suppress the effects of the diffusion current of the p–i–n photodiode, we used an AlInSb barrier layer that raises the resistance of the photodiode. We also optimized the device's doping concentration and the infrared incidence window structure. These optimization steps realized high photoelectric current output in a room-temperature environment. We also increased the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector by connecting multiple photodiodes in series. The size of this detector is 1.9×2.7×0.4 mm3 and the detectivity is 2.8×108 cm Hz1/2/W at 300 K. This is a practical IR detector that can be used in general signal amplification ICs.
Monolithic integration of spot-size converters with 1.3-/spl mu/m lasers and 1.55-/spl mu/m polarization insensitive semiconductor optical amplifiers

To reduce packaging costs, it is necessary to use passive alignment between the laser diodes and optical fiber. Such an alignment requires low-coupling loss and large positional alignment tolerances. This is achievable with integrated spot-size converters, which permit to match the near field of a laser to that of a flat-end single-mode fiber (SMF). In this paper, we first review briefly the different technological approaches to realize spot-size converters. Then, we focus on the double-core structure developed both for 1.3-/spl mu/m Fabry-Perot lasers and 1.55-/spl mu/m semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The spot-size expansion is simulated using a two-dimensional (2-D) beam propagation method analysis. Short spot-size converters (100 /spl mu/m) integrated with 1.3-/spl mu/m lasers and 1.55-/spl mu/m SOAs exhibit beam divergences as low as 12/spl deg//spl times/12/spl deg/ and 12/spl deg//spl times/15/spl deg/, respectively. The performances of devices with integrated spot-size converters are reported and discussed. A 2-in wafer process is used thanks to the versatility of the double-core structure and its compatibility with buried ridge stripe technology.
Serum Amyloid A as a Biomarker of Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by episodes of remission and exacerbation. Patients typically presented by bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and loss of weight. Various pro-inflammatory cytokines are currently known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Serum amyloid A belongs to the family of acute-phase reactants. Objectives: the study aims to assess the clinical usefulness of serum amyloid A in predicting the disease activity in ulcerative colitis patients in comparison to fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein. Patients and methods: A total of 90 patients with UC presented for colonoscopy were included. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded and patients were classified into inactive, mild, moderate and severe according to The Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index and Mayo endoscopic sub score. FC, CRP and SAA were measured, and their association with endoscopic scores was evaluated. Results: Serum amyloid A and fecal calprotectin were significantly lower in remission than activity. Serum amyloid A at cut off value >3. 97µg\ml could discriminate active from remittent patients, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were (84.44, 55.56, 65.5, 78.1 and74.2% respectively).
How the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped demographic variation in mental health among diverse engineering student populations

ABSTRACT Mental health issues have long posed a challenge on university campuses. While no population is immune, research has shown that students from marginalised backgrounds can have higher rates of mental health issues and suffer worse outcomes as a result. These discrepancies have been attributed to everything from different cultural norms to the micro-aggressions and other barriers that students from marginalised populations face on university campuses. With the onset of COVID-19 in the United States, many residential universities switched to a remote learning model, fundamentally changing the relationship between students, campus, family support. This work uses survey data from students in the United States to explore how COVID-19 affected mental health issues among students from different backgrounds. While the pandemic drastically increased rates of depressive disorder among all respondents, discrepancies between mental health rates for women and Hispanic/Latinx compared to men and White respondents either decreased or disappeared. Additionally, respondents identifying as Asians were less likely to screen positive for several mental health conditions than White, Non-Hispanic respondents. These findings may point to important new insights about the ways in which engineering education undermines some groups’ mental health.
The Perceptions of Prospective Digital Transformation Adopters: An Extended Diffusion of Innovations Theory

This study investigated the effects of factors that influence users' perceptions to adopt digital transformation. Eight hypotheses were proposed and tested employing the Structural Equation Modeling. 248 government personnel, instructors, and students were recruited to answer the questionnaires through Google Form. The experimental results indicated that facilitating conditions, policy, social influence, and knowledge all had a positive and significant impact on digital transformation adoption. Meanwhile, policy was found to have a positive effect on social influence. In turn, social influence positively affected knowledge. In addition, awareness was verified to be a reliable predictor of knowledge. The notable exception was that the awareness factor was shown to have no effect on digital transformation adoption. Thus, traditional reaching to citizens via television, news, broadcast needed to re-examined. Overall, the model accounts for 52.5 percentage of the variation in the data. Four recommendations were proposed for practitioners, and limitations were roughly discussed. Future study is needed to re-examine the unexpected effect of awareness on digital transformation adoption.
Preparing Preservice Teachers to Teach Equitably: A Longitudinal, Collaborative Interrogation of Two Mathematics Teacher Educators’ Positionalities

ABSTRACT Just as elementary mathematics teaching is complex and lacks a single appropriate method, the same is true for mathematics teacher education. There is no consensus around the best approach to preparing prospective mathematics teachers to have a strong command of mathematical concepts, a robust understanding of pedagogical approaches, and a disposition towards children and mathematics that accounts for the historical, sociocultural, and political contexts. We designed a longitudinal, collaborative self-study to explore the experiences and perspectives of each author, their pedagogical design of mathematics teacher education, and the connections of these to prospective teachers’ readiness to teach mathematics equitably. As part of a structured reflective process, we engaged in collaborative interrogation of written accounts of our backgrounds, experiences, and instructional choices. We also analyzed, using documentation tables and code mapping, journal entries following teaching sessions and inventories of class assignments to scrutinize if learning outcomes were realized in earnest. Our findings highlight how our personal and professional experiences shape our perspectives on schooling and mathematics teaching and learning, and how we make sense of equity in these contexts. These perspectives are evident in our course design and instruction, although this interrogation has raised questions about the efficacy of our work vis-a-vis our larger goals of preparing critically conscious mathematics teachers. This self-study underscores the imperative for mathematics teacher educators to examine both the contents of their course work and field experiences, as well as understand the reasons why those instructional choices were made.
Beating the school discipline odds: conceptualizing and examining inclusive disciplinary schools in New York City

ABSTRACT Racial inequality in school discipline is a salient challenge in the United States. Using New York City as a case, this study examines inclusive disciplinary schools (IDS) or schools that have “beat the school discipline odds”. IDS, median disciplinary schools (MDS), and high disciplinary schools (HDS) have vastly different exclusionary discipline rates for Black and Latinx students (both suspensions and office discipline referrals). The schooling environments of IDS differ from those of HDS and MDS. IDS have greater teacher and school leader diversity, more experienced teachers and school administrators, and a more positive school climate than HDS. Poverty and unemployment rates, crime rates, education levels, and the proportion of Black and foreign-born residents vary significantly across the neighborhoods of IDS, MDS, and HDS. These results remain largely consistent across limiting IDS to predominantly Black schools, predominantly Latinx schools, or predominantly low-income schools. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Speech in Noise Ability Post COVID-19

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate hearing in noise ability for post COVID-19 patients using the Complete Intelligibility Spatiality Quality (CISQ) questionnaire and Arabic Version of Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Patients and Methods: Thirty subjects diagnosed by PCR as covid-19 virus positive were included in this study. Their ages ranged from 20 to 53 years. All participates were subjected to full audiological history, basic audiological evaluation including, complete intelligibility spatiality quality questionnaire (Arabic CISQ) and Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Results: HINT results, revealed a strong statistically significant difference when compared to normal in all Noise conditions. As regards Complete Intelligibility Spatiality Quality questionnaire (Arabic CISQ), the results were highly statistically significant in averseness, background noise intelligibility and spatiality subscales. Conclusion: Post covid-19 infection, many subjects have a difficulty in speech discrimination in noise and also have difficulty in hearing specific loud sound. Further research in central auditory processing abilities post COVID-19 is recommended.
Strongly turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in mercury: comparison with results at moderate Prandtl number

An experimental study of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in the strongly turbulent regime is presented. We report results obtained at low Prandtl number (in mercury, Pr = 0.025), covering a range of Rayleigh numbers 5 × 106 < Ra < 5 × 109, and compare them with results at Pr∼1. The convective chamber consists of a cylindrical cell of aspect ratio 1. Heat flux measurements indicate a regime with Nusselt number increasing as Ra0.26, close to the 2/7 power observed at Pr∼1, but with a smaller prefactor, which contradicts recent theoretical predictions. A transition to a new turbulent regime is suggested for Ra ≃ 2 × 109, with significant increase of the Nusselt number. The formation of a large convective cell in the bulk is revealed by its thermal signature on the bottom and top plates. One frequency of the temperature oscillation is related to the velocity of this convective cell. We then obtain the typical temperature and velocity in the bulk versus the Rayleigh number, and compare them with similar results known for Pr∼1. We review two recent theoretical models, namely the mixing zone model of Castaing et al. (1989), and a model of the turbulent boundary layer by Shraiman & Siggia (1990). We discuss how these models fail at low Prandtl number, and propose modifications for this case. Specific scaling laws for fluids at low Prandtl number are then obtained, providing an interpretation of our experimental results in mercury, as well as extrapolations for other liquid metals.
Comparison of the Pull-Out Resistance of Grossly Decayed Primary Anterior Teeth Restored With Two Different Intracanal Posts: An In Vitro Study

Background Severely damaged primary anterior teeth that require pulp therapy present a high risk of failure due to the loss of tooth substance, resulting from pre-existing decay and endodontic therapy. The ideal post material should have physical and mechanical properties similar to those of dentin. Another concern in restoring endodontically treated primary teeth is the need to find a material that can resorb similar to the natural tooth structure as a part of the exfoliation process, allowing normal eruption of permanent successors. Accordingly, there is no such material other than dentin itself. The introduction of biological dentin posts offers an excellent alternative for restoring such teeth. This study aimed to assess the effect of using dentin posts on the pull-out resistance of endodontically treated primary anterior teeth in comparison to glass fiber posts. Methodology A sample of 30 primary anterior teeth was collected from the outpatient clinic of the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University. A total of 15 freshly extracted permanent teeth with single roots were also collected from the outpatient clinic of the Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University. The roots of the permanent teeth were used to prepare 30 dentin posts using a CAD-CAM machine. After receiving proper endodontic treatment, the primary teeth were divided into two groups (15 teeth in each group). The first group was restored with dentin posts, and the second was restored with glass fiber posts, with the posts measuring 3 mm in length for both groups. Pull-out resistance testing was performed using a Testometric machine. Results The arithmetic mean of the forces applied in the glass fiber posts group was 153.2 ± 39.12 N, while the arithmetic mean of the forces applied in the dentin posts group was 156.7 ± 39.78 N. The data were analyzed at a 95% confidence interval using the independent Student’s t-test. There were no statistically significant differences in pull-out resistance between the two groups. Conclusions Dentin posts showed a little increase in pull-out resistance than glass fiber posts. Therefore, the use of dentin posts as intracanal retention in primary anterior teeth is a successful alternative for composite posts.
Some local limit results in fluctuation theory

Let Xi, ι = 1, 2, 3,… be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables and write S0 = 0, Sn = ∑ni=1Xi, n ≧ 1. Nn is the number of positive terms in the sequence S0, S1, S2,…, Snn ≧ 0.
Seasonal predictability in winter over eastern Asia using the JMA global model

To study seasonal predictability over the eastern Asia region, we carried out seasonal simulation experiments with a T63L30 Atmospheric General Circulation Model developed at the Japan Meteorological Agency. Integrations over 120 days for four cases of 5‐member ensembles were carried out with the use of the observed sea surface temperature (SST).
Finite commutative rings with higher genus unit graphs

Let R be a ring with identity. The unit graph of R, denoted by G(R), is a simple graph with vertex set R, and where two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if x + y is a unit in R. The genus of a simple graph G is the smallest nonnegative integer g such that G can be embedded into an orientable surface Sg. In this paper, we determine all isomorphism classes of finite commutative rings whose unit graphs have genus at most three.
Clinical spectrum, risk factors and electrophysiologic aspect of radial nerve injury

Background and objective: Radial nerve is injured due to a variety of reasons. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical spectrum, risk factors and electrophysiologic aspect of radial nerve injury presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Methods: This descriptive prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at department of Neurology, Mayo hospital Lahore from July 2022 to December 2022 and comprised patients with isolated radial nerve injury on the basis of history and clinical examination regardless of their gender, above 15 years of age. NCS/EMG was done on a Japanese machine Nihon Kohden by an expert as per recommended protocol for electrodiagnostic evaluation of a suspected radial nerve injury and interpreted by consultant neurologist. Results: Of 75 patients, 52(69.3%) were males and 23(30.7%) were females. The most common etiology turned out to be misplaced intramuscular injection in 45(60%) of the patients. The site of lesion in most cases was in the spiral groove in 36 (40%) of the patient. Most of the patients i.e. 71(94.7%) had a wrist drop. Evidence of reinnervation was present in 30(40%) of patients. Conclusion: Most cases of radial nerve injury presented with a wrist drop in which the commonest etiology was misplaced intramuscular injection. The site of lesion in most cases turned out to at the level of spiral groove, and the nature of lesion was primarily axonal loss followed by secondary demyelination.
The power of sister crops: intercropping courgette and common bean changes floral morphology and increases diversity of flower visitors

ABSTRACT Acknowledging species interactions is essential for managing diversity in complex agricultural systems. To understand the neighbouring plant effect on flower number and size, we performed a greenhouse experiment with paired pots in three treatments: focal plant (common bean/courgette) with conspecific neighbour, heterospecific neighbour or empty pot. Common beans without neighbours produced more flowers than when accompanied. Common bean with conspecific neighbours produced more flowers than with heterospecific neighbours, with larger standard petals. Courgettes with heterospecific neighbours had flowers with deeper corollas than with conspecific neighbours. To understand effects on visitation and production, we performed a field experiment comparing courgette monoculture, common bean monoculture and three intercroppings, varying the crop ratio. Species composition of floral visitors differed significantly between monoculture and intercropping. The six plots (6/21) with highest diversity were intercropping. Intercropping courgette and common bean can change floral morphology and alter plant–pollinator interactions in the agroecosystem, enhancing pollinator diversity. Key policy insights this article provides an empirical basis for the adoption of multispecies consortia in agroecosystems as an instrument to foster local pollinator biodiversity; it provides empirical evidence that neighbouring plant species identity can have an effect on flowers’ morphological traits, which may be an important consideration when planning and managing agroecosystems; it reinforces that diversified crop systems, with known ecological advantages, can be grown without production loss; it supports that scientific development towards more sustainable food systems should include traditional knowledge systems. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Employability Development during Internships: A Three-Wave Study on a Sample of Psychology Graduates in Italy

This study adopts a resource perspective to investigate the development of graduates’ resource-based employability across a 1-year internship. We examined factors referring to agency (job crafting in the form of crafting challenges and crafting resources) and context (organizational social socialization tactics) as mechanisms contributing to employability development during initial work experiences (internships). Data were collected in Italy from 316 master graduates in psychology at three time points. Longitudinal structural equation modeling results showed that baseline employability was positively associated with job crafting. However, job crafting was only significantly associated with employability at the end of the internship among those reporting high crafting resources and medium-to-high organizational social socialization tactics. Hence, beyond a focus on proactivity only, organizational support and opportunities to form social networks are essential to sustain interns’ employability development.