Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Coagulation Equation and Validity of the Statistical Coagulation Equation

In the study of the origin of the solar system, many works on the coagulation process (i.e., the growth of dust grains and of planetesimals) have been made by using the coagulation equation which governs the time variation of the size distribution of “particles” due to collisional coalescence. As is conjectured by many authors, however, the coagulation equation itself may have a serious defect in some cases and, hence, cannot describe precisely the coagulation process; the essence of the defect lies on a fact that the coagulation equation inevitably creates particles with infinite mass. The purpose of the present study is to examine the conditions under which the coagulation equation can be regarded to be valid. First, on the basis of the stochastic viewpoint, we derived a fundamental equation (called `the stochastic coagulation equation') which describes exactly the coagulation process in a finite particle system. Then, investigating the properties of the stochastic coagulation equation, we found that it reduces to the ordinary coagulation equation if the correlation between the numbers of particles with masses i and j (i.e., (ninj) - (ni) (nj)) is negligibly small compared with (ni) (nj) (ni being the number of particles with mass i and brackets mean the ensemble average) and if the total particle number is sufficiently large. Furthermore, we solved the stochastic coagulation equation for the three special cases where the coalescence rate Aij is given by 1, i + j, and i × j and obtained its analytic solutions. Using the solutions of the latter two cases, we found that the ordinary coagulation equation, at least, can approximately describe the number of particles of which mass is much smaller than the geometrical mean of the smallest mass and the total mass of the particle system.
Analytical and Experimental Studies of Multiple‐Unit Impact Dampers

The exact solution for the symmetric two impacts/particle/cycle motion of an n‐unit impact damper attached to a sinusoidally excited primary system is derived analytically, and its asymptotically stable regions are determined. Simulated motion on a digital computer and experimental studies with a mechanical model are presented, and they show good agreement with theoretical results. It is found that properly designed multiple‐unit impact dampers are more efficient than equivalent single‐unit impact dampers in regard to vibration reduction and noise level of operating units.
Vitamin B 12 effects on chlorinated 1 methanes-degrading microcosms: dual 2 isotope and metabolically active microbial 3 populations assessment 4

19 Field-derived anoxic microcosms were used to characterize chloroform (CF) and carbon 20 tetrachloride (CT) natural attenuation to compare it with biostimulation scenarios in which 21 vitamin B 12 was added (B 12 /pollutant ratio of 0.01 and 0.1) by means of by-products, carbon and 22 chlorine compound-specific stable-isotope analysis, and the active microbial community through 23 16S rRNA MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Autoclaved slurry controls discarded abiotic 24 degradation processes. B 12 catalysed CF and CT biodegradation without the accumulation of 25 dichloromethane, carbon disulphide, or CF. The carbon isotopic fractionation value of CF ( Ɛ C CF ) 26 with B 12 was -14±4‰, and the value for chlorine ( Ɛ Cl CF ) was -2.4±0.4‰. The carbon isotopic 27 fractionation values of CT ( Ɛ C CT ) were -16±6 with B 12 , and -13±2‰ without B 12 ; and the chlorine 28 isotopic fractionation values of CT ( Ɛ Cl CT ) were -6±3 and -4±2‰, respectively. Acidovorax , 29 Ancylobacter , and Pseudomonas were the most metabolically active genera, whereas 30 Dehalobacter and Desulfitobacterium were below 0.1% of relative abundance. The dual C-Cl 31 element isotope slope (Λ= ∆ δ 13 C/ ∆ δ 37 Cl) for CF biodegradation (only detected with B 12 , 7±1) was 32 similar to that reported for CF reduction by Fe(0) (8±2). Several reductive pathways might be 33 competing in the tested CT scenarios, as evidenced by the lack of CF accumulation when B 12 was 34 added, which might be linked to a major activity of Pseudomonas stutzeri ; by different chlorine 35 apparent kinetic isotope effect values and Λ which was statistically different with and without B 12 36 (5±1 vs 6.1±0.5), respectively. Thus, positive B 12 effects such as CT and CF degradation catalyst 37 were quantified for the first time in isotopic terms, and confirmed with the major activity of 38 species potentially capable of their degradation. Moreover, the indirect benefits of B 12 on the 39 degradation of chlorinated ethenes were proved, creating a basis for remediation strategies in 40 multi-contaminant polluted sites.
Bullying and Harassment in the British Rail Sector: an intersectional analysis

The transport sector has been identified as a site where violence takes place both on transport users and on transport workers (Essenberg, 2003; Burrell, 2007). Violence takes many forms, from large scale terrorist attacks to micro-aggressions on crowded public transport where the mass collection of people, often in a rush and under stressful conditions, brings out the worst in human nature. The rail sector, because it often exemplifies many of these characteristics, is a particular site of concern (Van Barneveld and Jowett, 2005).
Ultrahigh dielectric constant of thin films obtained by electrostatic force microscopy and artificial neural networks

A detailed analysis of the electrostatic interaction between an electrostatic force microscope tip and a thin film is presented. By using artificial neural networks, an equivalent semiinfinite sample has been described as an excellent approximation to characterize the whole thin film sample. A useful analytical expression has been also developed. In the case of very small thin film thicknesses (around 1 nm), the electric response of the material differs even for very high dielectric constants. This effect can be very important for thin materials where the finite size effect can be described by an ultrahigh thin film dielectric constant.
Travelling wave behaviour for a Porous-Fisher equation

We study the propagation properties of the reaction-diffusion equation of Fisher type with p<1<m. Taking into account that solutions of the Cauchy problem are nonunique if m+p⩾2, we prove that the minimal solutions in this case tend to propagate with certain minimal speed c∗(m, p). More precisely, if we translate any solution with a velocity ∣c∣<c∗, we get the limit in time value one, and if the initial value u(·, 0) vanishes, say, for x⩾0, the minimal solution translated with velocity c>c∗ tends to zero. Also, an interface appears for the minimal solutions, whose asymptotic velocity is c∗. This behaviour depends upon the existence of special solutions of travelling wave form. Travelling waves have been widely studied for diffusion equations related with the above. We characterize here the minimal velocity c∗ for which travelling waves exist, as an analytic function of the parameters m and p, for every m+p⩾2, by viewing it as an anomalous exponent. Some local properties of the minimal solutions and their interfaces in the case m+p⩾2 are also proved.
Measures of full dimension on affine-invariant sets

Abstract We determine the Hausdorff and Minkowski dimensions of some self-affine Sierpinski sponges, extending results of McMullen and Bedford. This result is used to show that every compact set invariant under an expanding toral endomorphism which is a direct sum of conformal endomorphisms supports an invariant measure of full dimension.
A 3D Nonlinear Anisotropic Spherical Inflation Model for Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm Elastodynamics

Cerebral aneurysms occur in weakened areas of artery walls resulting in a ballooning out of the wall filled with blood. A major catalyst for mathematical modeling of intracranial saccular aneurysms has been the axisymmetric membrane derivations in Shah and Humphrey (1999, Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 593—599) and David and Humphrey (2003, Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 1143—1150). We expand on the foundational membrane dynamics to develop a blood-aneurysm-cerebrospinal fluid model from the fully three-dimensional nonlinear elastic equations of motion with system coupling at both inner and outer fluid— aneurysm boundaries consistent with Navier-Stokes. We derive the 3D elastodynamics and determine subsequent governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the three general material symmetries possible under the classic initial assumption of axisymmetry. We employ biologically motivated strain-energy functions to numerically solve the equations and observe resulting aneurysm cyclic stretches, thickness changes, effects of material and geometric parameters, and through-the-thickness stresses due to biological forcing for each type of material symmetry and constitutive model.
Correcting for Test Score Measurement Error in ANCOVA Models for Estimating Treatment Effects

A common strategy for estimating treatment effects in observational studies using individual student-level data is analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or hierarchical variants of it, in which outcomes (often standardized test scores) are regressed on pretreatment test scores, other student characteristics, and treatment group indicators. Measurement error in the prior test scores, which typically is both large and heteroscedastic, is regularly overlooked in empirical analyses and may erode the ability of regression models to adjust for student factors and may result in biased treatment effect estimates. We develop extensions of method-of-moments, Simulation-Extrapolation, and latent regression approaches to correcting for measurement error using the conditional standard errors of measure of test scores, and demonstrate their effectiveness relative to simpler alternatives using both simulation and a case study of teacher value-added effect estimation using longitudinal data from a large suburban school district.
Laser-induced fluorescence as a tool to verify the reproducibility of iodine-based laser standards: a study of 96 iodine cells

We have validated the laser-induced fluorescence technique to measure the quality of iodine cells whose transitions are used as a reference in laser standards for the realization of the definition of the metre. In this technique, the change in induced fluorescence is measured for different values of iodine pressure in the cell: for an iodine cell contaminated with foreign gases the fluorescence is more sensitive to iodine pressure changes than for a pure one due to collisional quenching of the excited states. We have measured the fluorescence parameter Ko for a total of 96 iodine cells, and for each cell we correlated Ko with the measured absolute frequency when the cell is inserted into laser standards at wavelengths 515 nm, 532 nm and 633 nm. We observed that the distribution of the quality of the produced iodine cells has a large dispersion and we believe that this also significantly affects the frequency distribution of the iodine-based laser standards that are used to realize the definition of the metre.
Effect of Sputtering Deposition Process on Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Multilayers

The energy distribution of energetic particles produced in magnetron sputtering plasma was measured by varying the sputtering gas species and pressure, and Co/Pt, Gd/Fe, and Co/Cu multilayers were fabricated using the same sputtering cathodes as the diagnosed one in order to discuss the relationship between the plasma parameters and the magnetic properties of the multilayers. When a heavy mass target such as W or Pt was used in Ar gas sputtering, the energy of the recoiled Ar atoms from the target was found to reach up to 150 eV. The energy and flux of the recoiled atoms were reduced by using Kr or Xe gas in place of Ar gas, whereas they are rather independent of the sputtering pressure in the range of 0.3–0.5 Pa. Low-pressure sputtering was effective for increasing the energy of sputtered atoms, which was at most 10 eV. Layered structures of the magnetic multilayers were significantly influenced by the sputtering conditions. The atomic intermixing at the interface, i.e., degradation of the interface sharpness, was controlled mainly by using a heavy sputtering gas, while the surface or interface flatness mainly depended on the sputtering pressure. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Co/Pt and Gd/Fe multilayers was enhanced by suppressing atomic intermixing rather than by improving the interface flatness, and the use of a heavy inert gas such as Kr or Xe was found to be effective to enhance the anisotropy. When Kr or Xe gas was used, the monatomic layered structure of the Co (1 ML)/Pt (1 ML) (ML: monatomic layer) multilayer was found to survive, and positive perpendicular anisotropy was observed. In contrast, the magnetoresistance ratio of Co (1.5 nm)/Cu (t nm) multilayers (t∼0.9 nm) increased to around 50% when they were sputtered in an inert gas at low pressure, while the use of Xe gas degraded their magnetoresistance ratio. In the Co/Cu multilayers, the interface flatness rather than the sharpness was critical for enhancing the magnetoresistance ratio.
Far-Ultraviolet Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Spectra of the White Dwarf REJ 1032+532. II. Stellar Spectrum

We discuss the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph UV echelle spectrum of the hot DA white dwarf REJ 1032+532. The interstellar data from this spectrum are presented by Holberg and coworkers. In this paper we discuss a number of strong photospheric features due to C, N, and Si that are present in the REJ 1032+532 spectrum. While the inferred heavy element content of REJ 1032+532 roughly matches the predictions of radiative levitation for carbon and silicon, the observed nitrogen abundance greatly exceeds predictions by a factor of 50. The observed shapes of the N V lines provide the first evidence, at UV wavelengths, of heavy element stratification in a hot DA white dwarf. Homogeneous models are unable to reproduce the shape of the REJ 1032+532 N V lines, nor can they account for the relatively low degree of EUV opacity in the star. We present a simple stratified nitrogen model that resolves these problems. The high degree of stratification in REJ 1032+532 is the signature of ongoing mass loss in this star. The radial velocity of REJ 1032+532 obtained with Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph differs by 44 km s-1 from that obtained from the Balmer H I lines with the Multiple Mirror Telescope. This suggests that REJ 1032+532 is likely a member of a binary system containing either a late M star or another white dwarf.
FORECASTING VOLATILITY IN THE PRESENCE OF MODEL INSTABILITY

Recent advances in financial econometrics have allowed for the construction of efficient ex post measures of daily volatility. This paper investigates the importance of instability in models of realised volatility and their corresponding forecasts. Testing for model instability is conducted with a subsampling method. We show that removing structurally unstable data of a short duration has a negligible impact on the accuracy of conditional mean forecasts of volatility. In contrast, it does provide a substantial improvement in a model's forecast density of volatility. In addition, the forecasting performance improves, often dramatically, when we evaluate models on structurally stable data.
Model Theory with Applications to Algebra and Analysis: Fusion of structures of finite Morley rank

Let T1 and T2 be two countable complete theories in disjoint languages, of finite Morley rank, the same Morley degree, with definable Morley rank and degree. Let N be a common multiple of the ranks of T1 and T2. We show that T1 [ T2 has a nice complete expansion of Morley rank N.
Context and the Economic Vote: A Multilevel Analysis

Voters use observed economic performance to infer the competence of incumbent politicians. These economic perceptions enter the voter's utility calculations modified by a weight that is minimized when the variance in exogenous shocks to the economy is very large relative to the variance in economic outcomes associated with the competence of politicians. Cross-national variations in the political and economic context systematically increase or undermine the voter's ability to ascertain the competency of incumbents. We test one hypothesis: As policy-making responsibility is shared more equally among parties, economic evaluations will be more important in the vote decision. We employ two multilevel modeling procedures for estimating the contextual variations in micro-level economic voting effects: a conventional pooled approach and a two-stage procedure. We compare the multivariate results of a pooled method with our two-stage estimation procedure and conclude that they are similar. Our empirical efforts use data from 163 national surveys from 18 countries over a 22-year period.
General numerical methods for simulating second-order nonlinear interactions in birefringent media

Two computational methods are common for simulating the evolution of three beams propagating in a birefringent medium and interacting through a second-order nonlinearity: the split-step method and solution of the coupled equations for the amplitudes of the spatial frequency components of the beams (Fourier-space method). I (i) compare the accuracy and computational cost of both methods, (ii) investigate the effect of using a first-order expansion for the refractive index as a function of propagation direction, and (iii) generalize both methods to handle arbitrary propagation directions in biaxial crystals. It turns out that the Fourier-space method with a Runge–Kutta solver gives best accuracy, but a symmetrized split-step method may be faster when low accuracy is sufficient. The first-order expansion for the refractive index gives a very small error for well-collimated beams, but the approximation is not important for computational efficiency. Modeling of parametric amplification outside the principal planes of a biaxial crystal is demonstrated, and to the author's knowledge this process has not been modeled in such detail before.
Observations of the Hubble Deep Field with the Infrared Space Observatory - IV. Association of sources with Hubble Deep Field galaxies

We discuss the identification of sources detected by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) at 6.7 and 15 μm in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) region. We conservatively associate ISO sources with objects in existing optical and near-infrared HDF catalogues using the likelihood ratio method, confirming these results (and, in one case, clarifying them) with independent visual searches. We find 15 ISO sources to be reliably associated with bright [I814(AB) < 23] galaxies in the HDF, and one with an I814(AB) = 19.9 star, while a further 11 are associated with objects in the Hubble Flanking Fields (10 galaxies and one star). Amongst optically bright HDF galaxies, ISO tends to detect luminous, star-forming galaxies at fairly high redshift and with disturbed morphologies, in preference to nearby ellipticals.
Cultivating Culture: Preparing Future Teachers for Diversity Through Family Science Learning Events

Preservice teachers (PSTs) participated in Family Science Learning Events (FSLEs) at a university designated as a Hispanic Serving Institution. PSTs were required by the instructor to conceive and design culturally relevant science activities as well as implement these activities with K-8 students and their families during three separate FSLEs each semester. After school venues included elementary and middle schools located in ethnically diverse school districts. Data collected from these future teachers included qualitative PST reflections, lesson plans, project board/activity evaluation by peers, and a quantitative survey instrument (modified SEBEST) to assess PSTs perceptions of teaching diverse learners. Results suggest that using FSLEs as an integral component of teacher preparation can be a powerful facilitator of learning for all involved, increasing excitement for learning, confidence in using culturally relevant activities and valuable experience in working with family members, particularly Hispanics. In addition, using culturally relevant science activities deepened content knowledge and gave PSTs the opportunity to use culturally responsive activities with Hispanic students and their families, increasing feelings of self-efficacy in science teaching with diverse learners.
A note on super-replicating strategies

The standard Black-Scholes option pricing methodology fails in the presence of transaction costs because portfolios that exactly replicate the option pay-off no longer exist. Several alternative approaches have been proposed; our purpose is to examine one of them which is based on the idea of ‘super-replicating’ portfolios. It is argued that this approach does not lead to a viable theory of option pricing in continuous time.
A two-stage Kalman estimator for state estimation in the presence of random bias and for tracking maneuvering targets

The authors provide the optimal solution of a two-stage estimation problem in the presence of random bias. Under an algebraic constraint, the optimal estimate of the system state can be obtained as a linear combination of the output of the first stage (a bias-free filter) and the second stage (a bias filter). The results presented provide a basis for assessing the suboptimality of a two-stage estimator when used for a specific system. By treating the bias vector as a target acceleration, the two-state Kalman estimator can be used for tracking maneuvering targets. <<ETX>>
Physical conditions in Photo-Dissociation Regions around Planetary Nebulae

We present observations of the infrared fine-structure lines of [Si II] (34.8 mum), [O I] (63.2 and 145.5 mum) and [C II] (157.7 mum) obtained with the ISO SWS and LWS spectrographs of nine Planetary Nebulae (PNe). These lines originate in the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) associated with the nebulae and provide useful information on the evolution and excitation conditions of the ejected material in these regions. In order to interpret the observations, the measured line intensities have been compared with those predicted by photo-dissociation models. This comparison has been done taking into account the C/O content in the nebulae. The densities derived with this comparison show a large scatter for some nebulae, probably because the density is higher than the critical density. Therefore, they are no longer sensitive to this parameter implying that transitions from other species with higher critical density should be used. The possible contribution of shocks to the observed emission characteristics of these PNe is briefly discussed and it is shown that the radiation field is the main driving force responsible for the atomic lines in the PNe that have been studied. In addition, data on the pure rotational lines of H-2 in three nebulae (NGC7027, NGC6302 and Hb 5) are also presented. Assuming local thermal equilibrium the rotational temperature and densities have been derived. We have derived the mass of atomic gas in the PDR associated with these PNe and compared those to ionic masses derived from H and molecular masses derived from low J CO observations. This comparison shows that for these nebulae, the PDR is the main reservoir of gas surrounding these objects. A comparison of the results of these evolved PNe with very young PNe from the literature suggests that as the nebula ages the relative amount of ionic gas increases at the expense of the atomic and molecular mass.