Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition and Relational Contracts: Evidence from Rwanda's Coffee Mills

Business transactions often occur in the absence of enforceable contracts. To sustain trade in such cases, parties rely on relational contracts (RC). Introducing competition might change exit options, thus undermining the ability to sustain RC. To examine the impact of competition in procurement of inputs, we exploit the prevalence of RC between processing mills and farmers in Rwanda's coffee sector. We implement a census of all mills and farmers to capture the features of the RC binding them. We then develop a RC model to capture the incentive problems between mills and farmers. The model is used to predict how competition affects RC, the mill's performance, and farmer outcomes. Since the location of mills is endogenous, an engineering model is estimated for the optimal placement of mills to instrument for competition in each locality. We find that competition between mills undermines RC by increasing the mill's processing costs, lowering the mill's capacity utilization and reducing the quality of coffee cherries received by the mill. Competition constraints the farmer's credit and input choices and reduces farmer's wellbeing. The findings highlight that in weak contracting settings, the value RC generates can be hampered by competition. The evidence provides a rationale for policies commonly observed historically across developing countries, such as zoning regulations and monopsony licensing, and emphasizes the importance of promoting contractual enforcement in agricultural value chains in order to reap the benefits of competition.
Distribution of 137 (134)Cs in Lake Sediments from Mondsee (Austria) before and after the Chernobyl Accident

Profile studies on lake sediments from Mondsee (Austria) show Cs-activities deposited during several days in May 1986 after the Chernobyl reactor accident, which are about 5 — 10 times higher than those caused by the atomic weapon tests during all the years since 1952. Remarkable differences occur between these both contamination events considering the areal distribution of the Cs deposition at the lake bottom. Gammaspectroscopic measurements of the new Cs content in the upper sediment layers — now marked additionally with Cs — reveal different penetration depths down to 5 cm independent of the sedimentation rate at the same site.
Inter-annual climatic variability modulates biotic interactions on early Nothofagus pumilio community development

ABSTRACT Background: Despite extensive efforts to understand how biotic interactions and community dynamics respond to changes in environmental conditions many knowledge gaps remain. Assessing biotic interactions involving little studied organisms, such as the biological soil crust (BSC), can widen our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Aims: (1) to quantify the effects of two pioneer communities, one of shrubs and the other of BSC, on the survival and early growth of Nothofagus pumilio tree seedlings on land exposed after glacier retreat, and (2) evaluate how these biotic effects changed according to variations in environmental conditions. Methods: We conducted seedling transplants, at four glacier forelands in the Patagonian Andes across a precipitation gradient in three microsite types: bare soil, soil-covered BSC, low-stature vegetation cover by the creeping dwarf-shrub Empetrum rubrum (ER). Results: N. pumilio seedling survival was related to inter-annual climatic variations, with higher survival in cool-wet years. These effects depended on microsite conditions, with a tendency towards highest survival in BSC. Conversely, microsite type was the dominant factor affecting seedling leaf area, with a trend towards bigger leaves in bare soil. Conclusions: At regional scales, inter-annual climatic variability modulates N. pumilio colonisation. However, microenvironmental differences imposed by cover type introduce important variations. Accounting for interactions between climate and pre-existing communities is essential for predicting climate change impacts on plant community development.
Results of a Feasibility Study of a Prognostic System for Electro-Hydraulic Flight Control Actuators

Electro-Hydraulic Servo-Actuators (EHSA) are currently the most used actuation technology for primary flight control systems of civil and military aircrafts. Although some alternatives have emerged in the last decade, such as electromechanical or electro-hydrostatic solutions, electrohydraulic systems are still considered the most effective technology in flight-critical application of new commercial aircrafts. Moreover, the vast majority of aircraft currently in service are equipped with this technology. Considering the number of actuators typically employed in a primary flight control system and the expected service life of a commercial aircraft, the development of an effective PHM system could provide significant benefits to fleet operators and aircraft maintenance. This paper presents the results of a feasibility study of such a system for electro-hydraulic actuators used in fly-by-wire primary flight control systems, considering the actuator of a wide body commercial aircraft as use case. Aim of the research is the implementation of a PHM system without the addition of dedicated sensors, solution which would allow for the application of the proposed prognostic solution on both new and existing platforms. This paper describes the methodology and the results of the feasibility study through simulation and experimental activities, which shows how the novel PHM technologies proposed for a PHM system for the EHSAs of primary flight control actuators can allow the migration from scheduled to condition-based maintenance.
Person‐centred experiential therapy: Perceptions of trainers and developers

Background: Top- up training in person- centred experiential therapy (PCET) was developed in 2011 and is offered, through four university centres, to counsellors working in Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services in England. Research into PCET training has now gained more importance, with the implementation of the IAPT Data Set Version 2.0 in September 2020, which requires IAPT services to report on the qualifications of care personnel. Previous research has ex-plored the experiences of PCET trainees, but there is a need to investigate similarities and differences in the views and experiences of other stakeholders in the PCET initiative. Method: Ten trainers and developers of the model were interviewed, including the full population of those personnel currently delivering the training. The framework method was used in the analysis of transcripts. Findings: Tensions were identified between the individualism of the person- centred approach and the standardisation expected by IAPT. Participants recognised that manualisation of the PCET model was controversial, but welcomed the
The star formation reference survey – IV. Stellar mass distribution of local star-forming galaxies

We constrain the mass distribution in nearby, star-forming galaxies with the Star Formation Reference Survey (SFRS), a galaxy sample constructed to be representative of all known combinations of star formation rate (SFR), dust temperature, and specific star formation rate (sSFR) that exist in the Local Universe. An innovative two-dimensional bulge/disk decomposition of the 2MASS/Ks-band images of the SFRS galaxies yields global luminosity and stellar mass functions, along with separate mass functions for their bulges and disks. These accurate mass functions cover the full range from dwarf galaxies to large spirals, and are representative of star-forming galaxies selected based on their infra-red luminosity, unbiased by AGN content and environment. We measure an integrated luminosity density j = 1.72 ± 0.93 × 109 L h−1 Mpc−3 and a total stellar mass density ρM = 4.61 ± 2.40 × 108 M h−1 Mpc−3. While the stellar mass of the average star-forming galaxy is equally distributed between its sub-components, disks globally dominate the mass density budget by a ratio 4:1 with respect to bulges. In particular, our functions suggest that recent star formation happened primarily in massive systems, where they have yielded a disk stellar mass density larger than that of bulges by more than 1 dex. Our results constitute a reference benchmark for models addressing the assembly of stellar mass on the bulges and disks of local (z = 0) star-forming galaxies.
Cognitive profile during remission phase of bipolar mania

Background – Normally, it is considered that as the severity of bipolar disorder decreased the patients improve their cognitive function. But recently, cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder is coming under increasing scrutiny because of some poor cognitive performance in bipolar patients despite the improvement in their severity of illness and mood. And some deficits have been shown to be more persistent. The time course of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder is not well studied. Purpose – The present study aims to investigate cognitive functioning of bipolar mania especially in remission phase of the illness so that an insight could be developed regarding prognosis and overall social and occupational management as well as therapeutic plan. Methods – Cognitive impairment was assessed on PGI-Battery for Brain Dysfunction to all 40 male and 40 female adult patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder with the manic episode during their remission phase and mostly recovered or in mild level of severity, and compared to normal controls. They were limited to less than five years of total illness duration including two to three episodes of mania or mania and depression with onset of illness after 18 years of age. Result – Findings suggested impairment in all domains of cognitive function included in the study. On memory scale 86.3%, on intelligence scale 63.8% and on scale assessing visuospatial/perceptuomotor abilities 50% patients performed poorer to normal control. They significantly performed poorer on all sub domains of memory scale, intelligence scale and visuospatial/perceptuomotor scale to normal control except difference between PQ & VQ of intelligence scale. Further, As higher score shows higher dysfunction on PGI-BBD, total score was positively correlated to total duration of present episode, but significant negative correlation was found between retention for similar pair and age of onset, BGT and total duration after 1st episode, and immediate recall, retention of dissimilar pair, recognition and duration of the present episode. Conclusion – Undoubtedly, many bipolar patients do not reach to optimum level of their cognitive abilities during remission phase or normal stage of the illness. It needs to take into consideration while formulation therapeutic or management plan for them.
Hygienic practice, microbial quality and physco-chemical properties of milk collected from farmers and market chains in Eastern Wollega zone of Sibu Sire districts, Ethiopia

AMMI analysis explained the highly significant effects of the environment, GxE interaction, and genotypes for wheat genotypes evaluated under restricted irriation timely sown multi-location trials in the Central zone of the country during 2018-19 and 2019-20. About 77.1%, 12.2% & 2.3% had been contributed by environments, interactions and genotypes of the total sum of squares due to treatments respectively in the first year.
Modeling the Multi-dimensional Facets of Perceived Risk in Purchasing Travel Online: A Generational Analysis

ABSTRACT This paper examines the differences in consumers’ risk perception when intending to purchase travel online across Millennials and Baby Boomers. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling. The results show that perceived financial risk, perceived risk privacy, and psychological risk are significant for both Millennials and Baby Boomers. Overall risk was found to have a stronger negative impact on consumers’ intention to purchase travel online. Results from this study will be helpful to travel businesses to determine which cohorts are averse to different types of risk and reduce consumers’ risk perception and increase online purchase intention.
Efficacy and predictors of survival in patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 5 cm undergoing transarterial chemoembolization

For patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) larger than 5 cm not suitable for surgical resection, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an alternative treatment. However, the response rate and survival predictors after TACE remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment response and survival in this population. Consecutive 161 treatment‐naïve patients with solitary HCC larger than 5 cm undergoing TACE as the initial treatment were retrospective enrolled. Radiologic response after first TACE was evaluated by modified RECIST criteria. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD) were observed in 8.7%, 24.8%, 32.9%, and 36% of patients, respectively. The median OS in patients with CR, PR, SD, and PD were 71.4, 44.8, 17.7, and 14.3 months, respectively. By multivariate analysis, tumor size greater than 10 cm (odds ratio = 0.403, P = .023) was the only factor associated with radiologic response. By multivariate analysis, ALBI grade 2 or 3 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.169, P = .001), tumor size greater than 7 cm (HR = 1.833, P = .010), and achieving complete or partial response (HR = 0.505, P = .003) were independent predictors of OS. An ALBI‐Response‐Size (ARS) score was developed to classify patients into low, intermediate and high risk of mortality (median OS of 68.6, 27.1, and 12.5 months, respectively, P < .001). In conclusion, ALBI grade, tumor size, and radiologic response are important predictors of survival in patients with solitary HCC larger than 5 cm undergoing TACE. A prognostic model can be applied to discriminate patient's survival after TACE.
Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome Should Be Dialyzed? PRO.

Decompensated cirrhosis is an ominous medical condition that often places health care providers at a quandary of managing very complex clinical scenarios. The complexity of those scenarios further escalates when AKI superimposes over decompensated cirrhosis, signifying the collision of two life-threatening disorders. Arguably, the difficulty of managing the coexistence of decompensated cirrhosis and AKI reaches its peak when the medical decision-making conundrum around the provision of dialysis is faced, particularly when the etiology of AKI is presumed to be hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1). HRS-1 is a unique form of AKI in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension mainly characterized by a profound reduction in kidney perfusion (1,2). The cornerstone of treatment of HRS-1 is vasoconstrictor therapy. However, vasoconstrictor therapy may only lead to improvement in kidney function in up to about 30%–40% of patients (3). Thus, patients with HRS-1 often rapidly deteriorate and reach a point when dialysis becomes medically necessary. Then, the traditional view has been that HRS-1 is associated with a uniquely high mortality rate (4⇓⇓–7). In the absence of liver transplantation, its in-hospital mortality rate was reported to be around 90%, not affected by dialysis, and has a median survival of 2 weeks (5,6). As a result, because of its presumed inability to extend survival, dialysis in such settings has been historically deemed futile. The assertion that the mortality rate associated with HRS-1 is greater than that of other causes of AKI in cirrhosis originated from a report on 463 patients with cirrhosis and kidney failure (4). The reported 90-day survival rate of 201 patients diagnosed with HRS-1 was 23%, compared with 71% for those with a parenchymal cause of AKI. HRS-1 was linked to an odds ratio of 6.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 21.6) for 3-month …
Regional informal institutions, local governance and gendered entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impacts of regional informal institutions and local governance arrangements on the revenue growth of both male- and female-run firms in Vietnam. Utilizing institutional theory and the literature on feminism, we argue that male- and female-run firms are responsive to different sets of institutions. Analysing more than 1.1 million observations in 11 years (2006–16), we find that female-run firms benefit from collective action norms and non-finance-related governance forces, while male-run firms perform better under pro-entrepreneurship norms and finance-related governance forces.
Socio-Demographic Factors and Media Exposure as Correlates of Adolescents’ Death Anxiety in Aroro Community Grammar School, Akinyele Local Government, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Death anxiety is a societal phenomenon that has been with us from ages past, while it could be rational for the aged to experience increased death anxiety, intensive fear about death among adolescents is worrisome but has been traced to heightened insecurity, pandemic and other disasters experienced in the society. Many studies on death anxiety had been done outside Nigeria considering age, gender, religious and media factors which need to be replicated in Nigeria. This study therefore investigated Socio-demographic factors (Age, family, religious) and media as correlates of death anxiety among adolescents in Aroro Community Grammar School, Ibadan. Terror management theory was a guide to this study. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 participants comprising 52(43.3%)males and 68(56.7) females. Structured questionnaire of three sections containing demographic variables (age, family type and religious affiliation), media factor scale (r = 0.81) and Death Anxiety scale (r = 0.87) were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentage, mean, standard deviation, multiple regression at 0.05 of significant level were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that frequency of Adolescents’ media utilization and death anxiety were high. Age, family, religious and media factors jointly contributed to death anxiety (Adjusted R = 0.189; F4, 95 = 6.786) and accounted for 22.2% contribution. Age (β = .146, P, >.05, Religious affiliation (β = .150, P. > .05 and Family type (β = -.102, P. > .05) did not contribute to death anxiety while media factor (β = .411, P.< 05) only contributed to death anxiety of adolescents. It is recommended that counsellors should help to develop interventions that will help to reduce adolescents’ high death anxiety and media experts should present issues in a way that will not horrify adolescents.
M2R-Net: deep network for arbitrary oriented vehicle detection in MiniSAR images

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use the most popular deep learning algorithm to complete the vehicle detection in the urban area of MiniSAR image, and provide reliable means for ground monitoring. Design/methodology/approach An accurate detector called the rotation region-based convolution neural networks (CNN) with multilayer fusion and multidimensional attention (M2R-Net) is proposed in this paper. Specifically, M2R-Net adopts the multilayer feature fusion strategy to extract feature maps with more extensive information. Next, the authors implement the multidimensional attention network to highlight target areas. Furthermore, a novel balanced sampling strategy for hard and easy positive-negative samples and a global balanced loss function are applied to deal with spatial imbalance and objective imbalance. Finally, rotation anchors are used to predict and calibrate the minimum circumscribed rectangle of vehicles. Findings By analyzing many groups of experiments, the validity and universality of the proposed model are verified. More importantly, comparisons with SSD, LRTDet, RFCN, DFPN, CMF-RCNN, R3Det, SCRDet demonstrate that M2R-Net has state-of-the-art detection performance. Research limitations/implications The progress in the field of MiniSAR application has been slow due to strong speckle noise, phase error, complex environments and a low signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, four kinds of imbalances, i.e. spatial imbalance, scale imbalance, class imbalance and objective imbalance, in object detection based on the CNN greatly inhibit the optimization of detection performance. Originality/value This research can not only enrich the means of daily traffic monitoring but also be used for enemy intelligence reconnaissance in wartime.
Tidal restoration of a managed wetland in California favors non‐native fishes

Tidal wetland restoration is commonly used to recover ecosystem functions and services that were lost when wetlands were diked for reclamation or management. Less research has been conducted on the response of invertebrate and fish assemblages to tidal restoration than on plants and physical attributes. Blacklock Marsh, a wetland in Suisun Marsh, USA, was once managed for waterfowl hunting and cattle grazing until its dike was breached, restoring full tidal action. We sampled water quality, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fishes in Blacklock Marsh, and compared these metrics to adjacent naturalistic waterways and to a managed wetland focused on waterfowl. Our goal was to compare food production and community assemblage on a restoring marsh to other types of nearby waterways. Blacklock Marsh had less chlorophyll‐a and dissolved organic carbon than nearby dead‐end sloughs and the managed wetland, less zooplankton biomass than the managed wetland, and lower fish diversity—with a fish assemblage dominated by non‐native species—compared to all other waterways. The most abundant fish species in the restoring site, Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens), is a non‐native fish and known predator of Delta smelt larvae (Hypomesus transpacificus), for which the restoration was targeted. Our research suggests that restoring tidal action to managed wetlands alone may worsen rather than improve conditions for at‐risk and native fishes.
The Effect of Product Quality, Service Quality and Price on Customer Satisfaction at Loki Store

The retail industry is still popular in Indonesia. Overall, retail sales growth has decreased. However, the clothing industry has increased. The growth in the clothing sub-group retail industry provides opportunities for companies. One of them is the Loki store. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of product quality, service quality and price on customer satisfaction at the Loki store. This research used a quantitative approach consisting of primary data and secondary data. Purposive sampling was used. The sample was 150 respondents. Multiple linear regression analysis was used. The results showed that product quality, service quality, and price had a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction at the Loki store. Keywords: product quality, service quality, price, satisfaction, Loki store