Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Emotional Feedback and Elaborated Feedback of a Pedagogical Agent on Multimedia Learning

This study aimed to explore the impact of emotional feedback and elaborated feedback provided by a pedagogical agent (PA) on learners' emotions, intrinsic motivation, agent perception, cognitive load, and transfer performance in multimedia learning. The experiment was conducted based on an actual undergraduate course. Undergraduate students (N = 117) were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions, where PA's feedback differed by emotional feedback (with vs. without) and elaborated feedback (elaborated feedback vs. knowledge of results). Results revealed that emotional feedback reduced learners' confusion, activated intrinsic motivation, and enhanced agent perception. In addition, elaborated feedback improved intrinsic motivation, agent perception, and transfer performance but reduced germane cognitive load. Surprisingly, there was no significant interaction between emotional feedback and elaborated feedback. These findings had implications for designing a PA with a feedback fulfilling learners' emotional and cognitive needs to maximize multimedia learning.
Belief in a Just World and Mental Toughness in Adolescent Athletes: The Mediating Mechanism of Meaning in Life

Mental toughness is an essential component of adolescent athletes' athletic careers and lives. Evidence supports the positive effect of belief in a just world on individual psychological development, but the relationship between belief in a just world and mental toughness of adolescents has not been tested. In order to determine the influencing factors of mental toughness and explore effective strategies for improving adolescent athletes' mental toughness, this study introduced just world and life meaning theories to explore the relationship between belief in a just world, meaning in life (search for meaning/presence of meaning), and mental toughness. Based on the data of 1,544 adolescent athletes from Yantai and Qingdao in Shandong Province, China, we tested a parallel mediation model that considered the search for meaning and presence of meaning as mediators. The results were predicted as follows: there is a significant positive correlation between belief in a just world and mental toughness, while the relationship between belief in a just world and mental toughness was partially mediated by the search for meaning and the presence of meaning in life. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the presence of meaning played a more influential role than the search for meaning. The results suggest that belief in a just world is connected to the mental toughness of adolescent athletes via the meaning in life. Therefore, maintaining and promoting the level of belief in a just world and enhancing the sense of meaning in life may be an effective strategy to develop the mental toughness of adolescent athletes. The findings of this study can help develop the mental toughness of adolescent athletes and help them maintain a high level of subjective and objective performance under the pressure of training and competition, providing practical guidance for coaches and administrators in the training of adolescent athletes.
Relative Choquet and Silov boundaries.

Let X be a compact Hausdorff space and C(X) the Banach space of all real-valued continuous functions on X under the sup norm || / || = sup | f(x) \ for all / in C(X). xzx Let H be a subset of C(X) which satisfies: 1. H is a linear subspace of C(X). 2. H separates the points of X, i. e. , if #1? x2 € X with x^ Φ #2, then there exists hin H such that h(xl) Φ h(xz). 3. H contains the constant functions. Then it is known (see e. g. [4]) there exists a smallest closed subset of JT, called the Silov boundary of X relative to H and denoted by 3HX, with the property that each h£H attains its maximum value on d H X . A point χ € X is said to be an ff-extremal point of X if the only positive linear functional u on C(X) (where C(X) has the usual order relation, i.e., / ^g means f(x) <Ξ g (x) for all χ in X) such that u (h) = h (x) for all h 6 H is the evaluation functional φχ where (px(f) = f(x) for all / € C(X). The set of jfiT-extremal points of X is called the Choquet boundary of X relative to H and will be denoted by V# X· H. Bauer has shown ([4], 2. l, p. 99) that the Ghoquet boundary of X relative to H is non-empty and the Silov boundary of X relative to H is equal to the closure of the Choquet boundary. Bauer has also introduced an abstract Dirichlet problem for the above setting. Let S be a closed subset of X with S > 3HX. If x € X then M% will denote the set of positive linear functionals u on C(S) such that u (h \ S) = h(x) for all h € H. Thus, x € V#X if and only if Mf = {9̂ }. Bauer has shown ([4], Satz 3, p. 101) that for every x£X and every S>dHX, ff is non-empty. The measures in MX are called the jff-harmonic measures belonging to x. Following Bauer, a function / in C(X) is said to be . //-harmonic if for every x € X and every u £ M* we have u(f) = /(#). The set of
Tropical Paciﬁc Decadal Variability Induced by Nonlinear Rectiﬁcation of El Ni ñ o–Southern Oscillation

On the basis of 32 long-term simulations with state-of-the-art coupled GCMs, we investigate the rela- tionshipbetweentropicalPaciﬁc decadalvariability(TPDV)and El Ni ñ o–SouthernOscillation(ENSO). The ﬁrst empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode for the 11-yr moving sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the coupled models is commonly characterized by El Ni ñ o–like decadal variability with Bjerknes air–sea interaction. However, the second EOF mode can be separated into two groups, such that 1) some models have a zonal dipole SST patternand 2) other models are characterized by a meridionaldipole pattern. We found that models with the zonal dipole pattern in the second mode tend to simulate strong ENSO amplitude and asymmetry in comparison with those of the other models. Also, the residual patterns, which are deﬁned as the summation of El Ni ñ o and La Ni ñ a SST composite anomalies, are very similar to the decadal dipole pattern, which suggests that ENSO residuals can cause the dipole decadal variability. It is found that decadal mod- ulation of ENSO variability in these models strongly depends on the phase of the dipole decadal variability. The decadal changes in ENSO residual correspond well with the decadal changes in the dipole pattern, and the nonlinear dynamic heating terms by ENSO anomalies are well matched with the decadal dipole pattern.
Refugee and Asylum Seeker Women’s Experiences with Healthcare and Social Environment in Malaysia

The internal conflict in Rakhine State, Myanmar over the last few decades has forced Rohingyas to flee to other countries, including Malaysia. However, the non-recognition of the status of refugees in Malaysia keeps Rohingyas as “people without documents” and without adequate protection, access to healthcare services, education, and employment. Women among these groups face different challenges and are at risk of numerous physical and mental health issues. Thus, this research attempted to understand the experiences of Rohingya women in Malaysia, particularly in accessing public hospitals. Focus group discussions and key-informant interview techniques were used to collect data. The transcripts were then analysed using the thematic analysis method. The research found that Rohingya women experience numerous challenges despite being on safer ground in Malaysia. Their experiences of marriage and domestic violence, access to public hospitals, financial barriers to healthcare services, and the services provided by medical social workers in the country to refugees and asylum seekers are presented. Non-recognition of the status of refugees in the country is one of the primary barriers to the allocation and provision of resources for refugees and asylum seekers. Due to structural barriers, medical social workers are unable to provide their services to this population. This article provides recommendations for social workers in Malaysia on how to overcome these challenges and work more effectively with refugees and asylum seekers.
Intraspecific variability in thermal tolerance: a case study with coastal cutthroat trout

Coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) are wide-ranging species, distributed throughout the river network. In this study, we evaluated how thermal performance varied in coastal cutthroat trout across four hydrologically distinct watersheds. Coastal cutthroat trout displayed considerable variability in physiological performance to varying temperature treatments. Understanding species physiological responses to current thermal regimes allows for a more nuanced approach to the management and conservation of native fish species into the future.
A Case-Control Study on the Changes in Natural Killer Cell Activity following Administration of Polyvalent Mechanical Bacterial Lysate in Korean Adults with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection

Polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate (PMBL) is used for the treatment and prevention of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Although PMBL is an immunostimulant, it remains unknown whether treatment with PMBL influences natural killer cell activity (NKA). Hence, this case-control study compared the changes in IFN-γ levels (surrogate index for NKA) following PMBL treatment or time passing between the PMBL-treated group and controls. The treatment group included adults who had a PMBL prescription for three months against recurrent respiratory tract infection from an outpatient clinic, while the control group had healthy adults visiting the health promotion center for periodic health check-ups. The control group (N = 506) showed no change in IFN-γ levels, while the treatment group (N = 301) showed a significant increase in mean from 462.8 to 749.3 pg/mL after PMBL treatment. In the subgroup with IFN-γ <500 pg/mL, IFN-γ levels significantly increased in both groups. However, the change in the treatment group (287 ± 822 pg/mL) was greater than that in the control group (58 ± 809 pg/mL), and the interaction between the visit and case/control was significant (p = 0.030) in a generalized estimating equation model. In conclusion, NKA increased in the subjects with recurrent respiratory tract infections with PMBL treatment.
The Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage Controls the Bioavailability of Pericellular Matrix-Bound Growth Factors to Drive Tissue Homeostasis and Repair

The extracellular matrix (ECM) has long been regarded as a packing material; supporting cells within the tissue and providing tensile strength and protection from mechanical stress. There is little surprise when one considers the dynamic nature of many of the individual proteins that contribute to the ECM, that we are beginning to appreciate a more nuanced role for the ECM in tissue homeostasis and disease. Articular cartilage is adapted to be able to perceive and respond to mechanical load. Indeed, physiological loads are essential to maintain cartilage thickness in a healthy joint and excessive mechanical stress is associated with the breakdown of the matrix that is seen in osteoarthritis (OA). Although the trigger by which increased mechanical stress drives catabolic pathways remains unknown, one mechanism by which cartilage responds to increased compressive load is by the release of growth factors that are sequestered in the pericellular matrix. These are heparan sulfate-bound growth factors that appear to be largely chondroprotective and displaced by an aggrecan-dependent sodium flux. Emerging evidence suggests that the released growth factors act in a coordinated fashion to drive cartilage repair. Thus, we are beginning to appreciate that the ECM is the key mechano-sensor and mechano-effector in cartilage, responsible for directing subsequent cellular events of relevance to joint health and disease.
Effects of Strength Training on Cross-Country Skiing Performance: A Systematic Review

Traditionally, cross-country skiing has been known for having a strong endurance component; however, strength demands have significantly increased in recent years. Given this importance, several studies have assessed the effects of strength training in cross-country skiing. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze the results of those studies. A detailed search of four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) was conducted until February 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Ten eligible studies were selected from the 212 records identified, all of them including young well-trained skiers and interventions of 6–12 weeks. Results showed that maximal strength training may improve some important variables: for instance, performance, double-poling economy and maximal strength. However, this type of training failed to change other indicators such as peak oxygen consumption. Concurrent training, which combines endurance and maximal strength training, seems to be effective to improve performance. The mechanisms responsible for the improved economy of double poling might be due to a lower percentage of maximal strength during double poling at a given workload, which could increase performance. Future studies should include longer interventions which analyze a more varied sample.
The Correlation between Organizational (School) Climate and Teacher Job Satisfaction—The Type of Educational Institution Moderating Role

The quality of work and task implementation in educational institutions to a large extent depends on the personnel of those institutions. This is particularly true in the case of teaching pupils with special educational needs. The climate of education and learning and job satisfaction depend on teachers themselves. The purpose of this study was to verify the extent to which the type of educational institution (a mainstream or special school) moderates the correlation between teachers’ subjective evaluation of the organizational climate, their job satisfaction, and work-related emotions. The study involved 214 teachers representing all levels of school education in Poland, i.e., primary, middle, and high schools attended by pupils with special educational needs. Half of the teachers worked in mainstream schools and the other half—in special schools. The study used: The Organizational Climate Questionnaire by Litwin and Stringer; The Satisfaction with Job Scale; and The Work Affect Scale. The results clearly suggest that the teachers’ perception of the organizational climate is a strong predictor of their job satisfaction and work-related emotions. A positive climate is associated with high satisfaction and good emotions (enthusiasm and comfort) while a negative climate co-occurs with low satisfaction and bad emotions (anxiety and depression). The organizational type of institution (mainstream or special school) does not significantly affect the above predictive attribute of the organizational climate.
MITF in Normal Melanocytes, Cutaneous and Uveal Melanoma: A Delicate Balance

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte development. Although it has been studied extensively in cutaneous melanoma, the role of MITF in uveal melanoma (UM) has not been explored in much detail. We review the literature about the role of MITF in normal melanocytes, in cutaneous melanoma, and in UM. In normal melanocytes, MITF regulates melanocyte development, melanin synthesis, and melanocyte survival. The expression profile and the behaviour of MITF-expressing cells suggest that MITF promotes local proliferation and inhibits invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Loss of MITF expression leads to increased invasion and inflammation and is more prevalent in malignant cells. Cutaneous melanoma cells switch between MITF-high and MITF-low states in different phases of tumour development. In UM, MITF loss is associated with loss of BAP1 protein expression, which is a marker of poor prognosis. These data indicate a dual role for MITF in benign and malignant melanocytic cells.
Sarcorucinine-D Inhibits Cholinesterases and Calcium Channels: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and In Vitro Mechanistic Investigations

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and calcium channel blockers are considered effective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. AChE plays an essential role in the nervous system by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In this study, the inhibition of the enzyme AChE by Sarcorucinine-D, a pregnane type steroidal alkaloid, was investigated with experimental enzyme kinetics and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. Kinetics studies showed that Sarcorucinine-D inhibits two cholinesterases—AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)—noncompetitively, with Ki values of 103.3 and 4.66 µM, respectively. In silico ligand-protein docking and MD simulation studies conducted on AChE predicted that Sarcorucinine-D interacted via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds with the residues of the active-site gorge of AChE. Sarcorucinine-D was able to relax contractility concentration-dependently in the intestinal smooth muscles of jejunum obtained from rabbits. Not only was the spontaneous spasmogenicity inhibited, but it also suppressed K+-mediated spasmogenicity, indicating an effect via the inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Sarcorucinine-D could be considered a potential lead molecule based on its properties as a noncompetitive AChE inhibitor and a Ca2+ channel blocker.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Pavia, Northern Italy

The COVID-19 pandemic had an unfavorable impact on overall mortality in Italy, with the strongest consequences in northern Italy. Scant data are available on cause-specific mortality. This study aims at investigating the impact of the pandemic on the overall and cause-specific mortality in one province in northern Italy, Pavia. We linked individual-level administrative data (i.e., death certification and population data) from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) in Pavia province between 2015 and 2020. We computed age-standardized mortality rates (Italian population 2011) by cause, sex, and calendar year, and computed the rate ratio and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals to compare rates in 2020 versus 2015–2019. The 2020 excess total mortality in Pavia was 24% in men and 25% in women, reaching rates of 1272.6/100,000 and 1304.4/100,000, respectively. Significant excesses were found for infectious and parasitic diseases, excluding COVID-19 (about +30% in both sexes); respiratory system diseases (44% in men; 30% in women); and dementia and Alzheimer’s disease among men (24%). Reductions were reported for neoplasms (−14% in men); cerebrovascular diseases (−25% in men); and ischemic diseases (−13% in women), but also for transport accidents in men. COVID-19 was the third cause of death in both sexes with rates of 274.9/100,000 men (859 total deaths) and 213.9/100,000 women (758 total deaths). Excess mortality in Pavia was higher than Italy but lower than Lombardy. Increases in mortality from causes related to infectious and respiratory diseases can likely be explained by underdiagnosed deaths from COVID-19.
Comparison between Suspected and Confirmed COVID-19 Respiratory Patients: What Is beyond the PCR Test

COVID-19 modified the healthcare system. Nasal-pharyngeal swab (NPS), with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase (PCR), is the gold standard for the diagnosis; however, there are difficulties related to the procedure that may postpone it. The study aims to evaluate whether other elements than the PCR-NPS are reliable and confirm the diagnosis of COVID-19. This is a cross-sectional study on data from the Lung Unit of Pavia (confirmed) and at the Emergency Unit of Palermo (suspected). COVID-19 was confirmed by positive NPS, suspected tested negative. We compared clinical, laboratory and radiological variables and performed Logistic regression to estimate which variables increased the risk of COVID-19. The derived ROC-AUCcurve, assessed the accuracy of the model to distinguish between COVID-19 suspected and confirmed. We selected 50 confirmed and 103 suspected cases. High Reactive C-Protein (OR: 1.02; CI95%: 0.11–1.02), suggestive CT-images (OR: 11.43; CI95%: 3.01–43.3), dyspnea (OR: 10.48; CI95%: 2.08–52.7) and respiratory failure (OR: 5.84; CI95%: 1.73–19.75) increased the risk of COVID-19, whereas pleural effusion decreased the risk (OR: 0.15; CI95%: 0.04–0.63). ROC confirmed the discriminative role of these variables between suspected and confirmed COVID-19 (AUC 0.91). Clinical, laboratory and imaging features predict the diagnosis of COVID-19, independently from the NPS result.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Imipramine, or Their Combination for Panic Disorder

Context Panic disorder (PD) may be treated with drugs, psychosocial intervention, orboth, but the relative and combined efficacies have not been evaluated in an unbiasedfashion.Objective ToevaluatewhetherdrugandpsychosocialtherapiesforPDareeachmoreeffective than placebo, whether one treatment is more effective than the other, andwhether combined therapy is more effective than either therapy alone.DesignandSetting Randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlledclinicaltrialcon-ducted in 4 anxiety research clinics from May 1991 to April 1998.Patients A total of 312 patients with PD were included in the analysis.Interventions Patientswererandomlyassignedtoreceiveimipramine,upto300mg/d,only(n=83);cognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)only(n=77);placeboonly(n=24);CBTplus imipramine (n=65); or CBT plus placebo (n=63). Patients were treated weekly for3 months (acute phase); responders were then seen monthly for 6 months (mainte-nance phase) and then followed up for 6 months after treatment discontinuation.Main Outcome Measures Treatment response based on the Panic Disorder Se-verityScale(PDSS)andtheClinicalGlobalImpressionScale(CGI)bytreatmentgroup.Results Both imipramine and CBT were significantly superior to placebo for the acutetreatmentphaseasassessedbythePDSS(responseratesfortheintent-to-treat[ITT]analy-sis, 45.8%, 48.7%, and 21.7%;
The LiMAx Test as Selection Criteria in Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery

Background: Liver failure is a crucial predictor for relevant morbidity and mortality after hepatic surgery. Hence, a good patient selection is mandatory. We use the LiMAx test for patient selection for major or minor liver resections in robotic and laparoscopic liver surgery and share our experience here. Patients and methods: We identified patients in the Magdeburg registry of minimally invasive liver surgery (MD-MILS) who underwent robotic or laparoscopic minor or major liver surgery and received a LiMAx test for preoperative evaluation of the liver function. This cohort was divided in two groups: patients with normal (LiMAx normal) and decreased (LiMAx decreased) liver function measured by the LiMAx test. Results: Forty patients were selected from the MD-MILS regarding the selection criteria (LiMAx normal, n = 22 and LiMAx decreased, n = 18). Significantly more major liver resections were performed in the LiMAx normal vs. the LiMAx decreased group (13 vs. 2; p = 0.003). Hence, the mean operation time was significantly longer in the LiMAx normal vs. the LiMAx decreased group (356.6 vs. 228.1 min; p = 0.003) and the intraoperative blood transfusion significantly higher in the LiMAx normal vs. the LiMAx decreased group (8 vs. 1; p = 0.027). There was no significant difference between the LiMAx groups regarding the length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, liver surgery related morbidity or mortality, and resection margin status. Conclusion: The LiMAx test is a helpful and reliable tool to precisely determine the liver function capacity. It aids in accurate patient selection for major or minor liver resections in minimally invasive liver surgery, which consequently serves to improve patients’ safety. In this way, liver resections can be performed safely, even in patients with reduced liver function, without negatively affecting morbidity, mortality and the resection margin status, which is an important predictive oncological factor.