Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Process measurement and phylogenetic analysis of the sulfate reducing bacterial communities of two contrasting benthic sites in the upper estuary of the Great Ouse, Norfolk, UK

Seasonal measurements of sedimentary sulfate reduction at a freshwater site (site 1) and a brackish/marine site (site 4) in the upper estuary of the Great Ouse, Norfolk, UK revealed very similar integrated annual rates of sulfate reduction: 5.3 and 3.7 mol sulfate m−2 year−1, respectively, but two distinctly different seasonal cycles. At site 4 sulfate reduction followed a seasonal pattern with summer maxima and winter minima, suggesting temperature dependence, but in contrast at site 1 there was no distinct seasonal cycle. Use of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to investigate the active sulfate reducing bacterial (SRB) populations suggested that populations of SRB remained relatively constant at site 4 throughout the year. However, at site 1 distinct peaks in signal from a Desulfovibrio spp. -targeted probe were measured which corresponded with peaks in sulfate reduction activity. In addition, sedimentary profiles suggested that both sulfate reduction activity and active SRB populations peaked at 0–5 cm into the sediment at site 1 but deeper into the sediment at 9–10 cm at site 4. The results indicate that SRB population dynamics are more complex than process measurements would suggest.
Variability in subcutaneous fat composition of Iberian pigs reared in free-range conditions in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula

Abstract: A total of 80 free-range Iberian pigs reared with acorns and grass in eight different free-range systems (n = 10) in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were used to determine the relationship between fatty acid, tocopherol, and neophytadiene subcutaneous fat composition. The pigs were fed extensively for 79.1 ± 9.5 d from 110.9 ± 11.9 kg live weight at the beginning of the final fattening phase to 175.0 ± 15.9 kg slaughtered weight. Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia acorns were characterised by a high content of C18:1n-9 (58.3 and 63.1%, respectively) and γ-tocopherol [43.7 and 43.0 mg kg−1 dry matter (DM), respectively], while grass exhibited a high content of C18:3n-3 (42.5%), α-tocopherol (366.5 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (136.2 relative area units). The C18:1n-9 (54.4%–57.7%) and γ-tocopherol (2.7–4.1 mg kg−1 DM) contents in subcutaneous fat from Iberian pigs differed (p < 0.001) between the free-range systems studied. Pasture intake had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on subcutaneous fat content of C18:3n-3 (0.5%–0.8%), α-tocopherol (7.8–13.1 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (2.6–6.3 relative area units). However, the results demonstrated no correlations between accumulated levels of these compounds throughout the free-range period. In conclusion, the absence of correlations corroborated the heterogeneity of extensive rearing systems, with variations between years and geographical areas where the Iberian pigs were reared.
Effects of oxygen and nitrate on nutrient release from profundal sediments of a large, oligo-mesotrophic reservoir, Lake Mathews, California

Abstract Lake Mathews is a large, oligo-mesotrophic reservoir located in Southern California. The reservoir has elevated levels of nitrate and periodically experiences hypolimnetic anoxia. Experimental sediment-water chamber incubations and reservoir water quality monitoring were conducted to evaluate how oxygen and nitrate in overlaying water affect nutrient release from profundal sediments and internal nutrient loading. In experimental incubations, under nitrate-free anoxic conditions, sediment nutrient release rates were 3.4 ± 0.8 mg-P/m2 ·d for phosphate and 2.8 ± 1.2 mg-N/m2 ·d for ammonia (average ± standard deviation; n = 6). Oxygen repressed phosphate release and greatly diminished ammonia release from sediments in experimental incubations while nitrate only repressed phosphate release. Similar nutrient release dynamics were observed in the reservoir. Nutrient release rates estimated from seasonal nutrient profiles collected from the reservoir were 3.4 mg-P/m2 ·d for phosphate and 2.5 mg-N/m2 ·d for ammonia. Ammonia accumulation in the hypolimnion commenced with the onset of anoxic conditions, but phosphate accumulation did not start until nitrate disappeared from bottom waters approximately 6 weeks later. The time lag decreased total internal phosphorus loading by approximately 25% relative to hypothetical nitrate-free conditions. Laboratory and field data show that both oxygen and nitrate repress sediment phosphate release, likely via the maintenance of an oxidized surficial sediment layer that retains phosphate in iron-oxide complexes. However, only oxygen and not nitrate was effective in decreasing sediment ammonia release, likely by enhancing biological nitrification and assimilation in surficial sediments under oxic conditions. A number of in-lake management strategies have been developed to inhibit internal nutrient loading including calcium nitrate addition, aluminum sulfate addition, and oxygenation. In our view, the deliberate addition of nitrate to lakes and reservoirs poses several risks that must be carefully considered when evaluating strategies to control sediment phosphorus release.
Foreign Ownership and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of an Emerging Market

This article adds to the international business and corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature by investigating the impact of foreign ownership on the CSR expenditures of firms in a host country, within an emerging market context. Previous studies have examined the relationship between ownership structure and CSR engagement, primarily for the case of developed nations. This article explores the linkages between the CSR spending of foreign-owned firms in relation to their domestic counterparts for the Indian context. India provides a unique case because of the landmark legislation undertaken in 2014 that mandated CSR spending for firms based in India. This study examines the motivations that guide the CSR strategies of foreign firms in host nations and attempts to explain the usage of CSR spending as a tool to overcome Liability of Foreignness and achieve legitimacy using the neo-institutional theory. Within this unique setting, a sample of 3591 firm years in India for 2014–2018 is used to examine whether foreign-owned firms indulge in a higher CSR expenditure relative to domestic firms, using a random-effects model. Further, it is also examined whether business group-affiliated foreign firms spend differently on CSR than standalone foreign enterprises in the host nation. The results show that foreign ownership is associated with a higher CSR spending than domestic firms by an average of ₹1.35 million in the host country. Furthermore, among foreign firms, a business group affiliation leads to a higher CSR spending by an average of ₹1.55 million as compared to stand-alone foreign firms.
ASSAY OF OLD‐WORLD SCREW‐WORM FLY, CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA, LABELLED WITH 32P

Techniques for 32P labelling of larvae and adults of the screw‐worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, are described. Egg masses of labelled flies were readily identified. At the doses used for field releases, oviposition activity, fecundity, fertility and longevity of female flies were not adversely affected. Radioactive egg masses were recovered from sentinel animals following field release of labelled flies.
Salt stress regulates enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative defense system in the edible part of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is widely utilized all over the world due to its enriched healthy nutritional composition. However, its growth and quality is adversely affected due to saline stress. To assess salt-induced regulation in different enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in the edible part of two cultivars (T-29 and DC-4) of carrot, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. The cultivars were grown for 90 days under varying (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) saline regimes. High accumulation of glycinebetaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents was found in the roots of both carrot lines under varying saline regimes. However, total soluble proteins and activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) declined in the edible part of both carrot cultivars. Alpha-tocopherol (α-Toco) contents remained almost unaffected at all saline regimes except at 150 mM NaCl, where tocopherol content increased markedly. Of both carrot cultivars, cv. DC-4 accumulated relatively higher amount of GB, soluble protein and α-Toco contents than cv. T-29. The cv. T-29 had considerably higher amounts of AsA and MDA and activities of POD, SOD, and CAT than those in cv. DC-4 both under saline and nonsaline conditions. Overall, GB, AsA, and MDA contents increased while enzymatic antioxidant activities decreased in both carrot cultivars under different saline regimes which indicated that the enzymatic antioxidant metabolism was negatively influenced in the edible part of carrot due to salinity stress. So it can be suggested that the carrot is salt sensitive and its nutritional value in terms of antioxidants declines under salt stress.
Economic activity of women and young women in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the umbrella of traditional views of women’s role in society

Abstract Female labour force participation (FLFP) stands among main gender equality issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Although making up about half of the total working-age population, less than one third of women is active. High female economic inactivity is argued to relate to the pertaining traditional views on gender roles in the society. This article investigates whether such views impact the activity of women. Furthermore, the article investigates whether perceptions of the existence of gender stereotypes on the labour market influences women’s economic activity. Finally, the article investigates whether differences of such an impact exist between young and adult women and how they are being manifested. The research model is based on a log-log regression analysis performed on a sample of 1,213 interviewed women through the 2017 wave of the National Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions (NSCP-BiH). Our findings indicate that traditional views on women’s role in society act as an important moderator of woman’s economic activity, and hence, shape the overall labour environment and economic development in BiH. Although perceiving that the BiH labour market is biased towards men, women in BiH are not discouraged by such a stance when their labour market participation is considered.
Legacies of the Cold War in East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction

ABSTRACT This article introduces the pieces collected in this special issue on the legacies of the Cold War in East and Southeast Asia. Linking to the Journal of Contemporary Asia’s 50th Anniversary volume, it examines the origins and conflicts associated with the Cold War in Asia. In this special issue, the authors collectively examine the enduring legacies for the region of US engagements that established a set of politically authoritarian regimes trumpeting anti-communism while promoting American-style capitalism. While the path-dependence of this historical moment has not by itself bequeathed Asia’s current crop of authoritarian governments, the authors argue that the current situation cannot be fully understood without reference to Cold War legacies. This introductory article contextualises the pieces in the special issue by providing a broad overview of the variety of Cold War political and economic legacies for the region. It concludes by noting the importance of the kinds of detailed, critical, theoretically informed and empirically rich research that Journal of Contemporary Asia has encouraged since its inception.
Methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus estimated by the oxidation of radioactive methionine

Growth and amino acid oxidation studies were conducted to estimate methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by using the purified diets containing 500 g kg(-1) crude protein from casein, gelatine and crystalline amino acids (CAA). Diets with six graded levels of methionine (5.3, 8.3, 11.3, 14.3, 17.3 and 20.3 g kg(-1) diet) were fed to triplicate groups of the juvenile (initial weight 2.8 +/- 0.05 g) twice a day for 40 days. To prevent leaching losses, CAA were precoated using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and further diets were bound by CMC and kappa-carrageenan. Based on broken-line analysis of percentage weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, the methionine requirements of Japanese flounder in the presence of 0.6 g kg(-1) of cystine were 14.9 and 14.4 g kg(-1) dry diet, respectively. After the growth study was finished, a direct estimate of methionine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary methionine level on 14C-methionine oxidation by determining radioactive carbon dioxide, protein and nonprotein fractions of the whole body. The dose-response curve between expired radioactive CO2 and dietary methionine levels showed that the optimum methionine level for the flounder was estimated to be within the range of 14.3-17.3 g kg(-1) of diet in high agreement with values obtained from the growth study.
Heterocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from the Isole Pelagie (Sicily, Italy): Hatching phenology of resting eggs

Abstract The hatching phenology of Heterocypris resting eggs was investigated in laboratory controlled conditions. Microcosms were set up using dry sediments from three freshwater temporary ponds (Cavallo Bianco, Aria Rossa and Vallone della Forbice) of the island of Lampedusa (Sicily) and kept at different temperatures and photoperiods. Hatching time was modulated by different environmental factors. Initial anoxia, induced by the decomposition of the sediment's organic matter, delayed hatching in the microcosm set up with sediments from Vallone della Forbice which has a high organic matter content. Temperature and photoperiod in isolation did not seem to affect hatching significantly, while their interaction did. The coexistence of two female morphotypes with different reproductive modes could not be explained by a differential response to temperature and photoperiod. Coexistence was probably due to disturbance events, such as drying up of ephemeral pools. Some resting eggs (in different percentages in different microcosms) hatched only after a second hydration (after microcosms dried up). Hatching phenology is discussed in relation to genetic differences in egg responsiveness to hatching stimuli and to a bet‐hedging strategy in a year‐to‐year highly variable environment such as the ephemeral ponds of Lampedusa.
Centrifugal and Symmetric Instability during Ekman Adjustment of the Bottom Boundary Layer

Flow along isobaths of a sloping lower boundary generates an across-isobath Ekman transport in the bottom boundary layer. When this Ekman transport is down the slope it causes convective mixing—much like a downfront wind in the surface boundary layer—destroying stratification and potential vorticity. In this manuscript we show how this can lead to the development of a forced centrifugal or symmetric instability regime, where the potential vorticity flux generated by friction along the boundary is balanced by submesoscale instabilities that return the boundary layer potential vorticity to zero. This balance provides a strong constraint on the boundary layer evolution, which we use to develop a theory that explains the evolution of the boundary layer thickness, the rate at which the instabilities extract energy from the geostrophic flow field, and the magnitude and vertical structure of the dissipation. Finally, we show using theory and a high-resolution numerical model how the presence of centrifugal or symmetric instabilities alters the time-dependent Ekman adjustment of the boundary layer, delaying Ekman buoyancy arrest and enhancing the total energy removed from the balanced flow field. Submesoscale instabilities of the bottom boundary layer may therefore play an important, largely overlooked, role in the energetics of flow over topography in the ocean.
Potential Changes in the Thermal Habitat of Great Lakes Fish after Global Climate Warming

Abstract We estimated potential changes in the size of thermal habitat of representative cold-, cool-, and warmwater fish for southern Lake Michigan and the central basin of Lake Erie before and after simulated global climate warming. Observed midlake thermal structures were modeled (BASE) and then manipulated with three general circulation climate models (OSU, GISS, GFDL) that projected warmer climates when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were doubled. Under BASE conditions, on an annual basis, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush had the largest thermal habitat in southern Lake Michigan, coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and yellow perch Perca flavescens had smaller thermal habitats, and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides had none. Even for lake trout, the suitable thermal habitat was only 5–20% of the upper 200 m through the year. With rare exceptions, thermal habitat increased for species in all thermal guilds for all climate-warming scenarios. No thermal habitat was estimated for coldwater fis.
Microscopic Analysis of Herbivore Diets - a Problem and a Solution

Three microscopic techniques are commonly used to score the relative abundance of types of plant epidermis in the diet of herbivores: 1 frequency of occurrence; 2 the number; and 3 the area covered by different fragment types. A survey of the literature indicates that the relative area of fragments, determined by point quadrat analysis, is the most precise means of diet analysis. However, none of these techniques can identify every plant fragment. I describe an experiment that shows that the proportion of the unidentifiable component varies between four plant species, indicating that diet descriptions based only on identifiable tissue are unreliable. By knowing the proportion of identifiable tissue for each species, a conversion equation may be calculated that significantly improves point frequencies when compared with known dry weights. The techniques of point quadrat analysis and converted point frequencies may provide accurate estimates of relative abundance of other plant species in samples of herbivore diets.
Effect of timing of injection with pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin on fixed-time artificial insemination of seasonally anoestrous ewes

SUMMARY Effect of timing of pregnant mares's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) injection combined with a progestagen-impregnated vaginal sponge on fixed-time artificial insemination with fresh, undiluted semen during the nonbreeding season was investigated. PMSG injection 2 days before sponge removal (group A) caused significantly earlier oestrus than injection at the time of sponge removal (group B). Lambing percentages in a total of 320 ewes after fixed-time insemination at 36 h (64·1%) and 48 h (47·2%) in group A, and 48 h (59·5%) and 60 h (39·5%) in group B were not significantly different from those resulting from ‘at oestrus’ insemination (500% and 511% in groups A and B, respectively). The present results indicate that the optimum time for fixed insemination may depend upon the time of PMSG injection associated with progestagen treatment.
A Lagrangian particle-tracking approach to modelling larval drift in rivers

Abstract The migration of larval fish from spawning to rearing habitat in rivers is not well understood. This paper describes a methodology to predict larval drift using a Lagrangian particle-tracking (LPT) model with passive and active behavioural components loosely coupled to a quasi-three-dimensional hydraulic model. In the absence of measured larval drift, a heuristic approach is presented for the larval drift of two species of interest, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and burbot (Lota lota), in the Kootenai River, Idaho. Previous studies found that many fish species prefer certain vertical zones within the water column; sturgeon tend to be found near the bottom and burbot close to the water surface. Limiting the vertical movement of larvae is incorporated into the active component of the LPT model. The results illustrate a pattern of drift where secondary flow in meander bends and other zones of flow curvature redistributes particles toward the outside of the bend for surface drifters and toward the inside of the bend for bottom drifters. This pattern periodically reinforces the intersection of drifting larvae with channel margins in meander bends. In the absence of measured larval drift data, the model provides a tool for hypothesis testing and a guide to both field and laboratory experiments to further define the role of active behaviour in drifting larvae.
A comparative study of the antennal sensilla in corbiculate bees

Summary Sensilla are the basic structures that allow the perception of environmental cues that play a role as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and hygroreceptors associated with their morphology. Because bees have different degrees of sociability, they are a good model for the study of sensilla types and distribution linked with behaviour. This work identifies the types of sensilla in the antennae of bees with different degrees of sociability. The antennae of 18 species of bee were analysed with a scanning electron microscope. Trichoid and placoid sensilla are present in all antennomers of the species studied. The honey bee Apis mellifera and bumble bee Bombus pauloensis workers have higher diversity and sensillum distribution in comparison with males. In stingless bees, species of Meliponaare representative of a homogeneous group for sensilla types and distribution. The types and distribution of sensilla in the antennae of bees seems to be associated with the degree of sociability.