Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PERSISTENT INFECTIONS OF TISSUE CULTURES

In previous reports of this series, it was shown that persistent infection of MCN cultures with certain myxoviruses rendered the cells insusceptible to superinfection by several cytopathogenic viruses. It was thought that production of an interferon might be the cause of this resistance and efforts to confirm this suggestion have been presented. Addition of ultraviolet-inactivated myxoviruses (mumps, Newcastle disease, influenza A, and Sendai) to MCN cultures for periods of 2 to 3 hours, followed by washing and refeeding of the cells, led to the subsequent release into the media of a substance which induced in fresh MCN cells a transitory resistance to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus, and prevented incomplete reproductive cycles of influenza A and Sendai viruses. Media containing this substance were free of detectable hemagglutinating activity and viral complement-fixing antigens. The substance was not neutralized by specific antiviral sera; it was not sedimentable by high speed centrifugation; it was not adsorbed onto red cells; but it was inactivated by trypsin. Thus, its properties matched those of the interferon described by Isaacs and his associates. A comparison of the extent of resistance induced in MCN cells by decreasing doses of ultraviolet-inactivated myxoviruses (interference test) and the protection afforded by the media removed from the cultures prior to challenge and transferred to fresh MCN tubes (interferon test) revealed that wherever interference became detectable in the cells, the media of the corresponding cultures contained some interferon. Interferon was obtained by inactivated myxoviruses also from primary cell cultures by the same techniques, but not from HeLa cells. Interferons derived from one type of culture may protect others equally well or show a certain degree of host specificity in that resistance in homologous cells may be somewhat more pronounced than in heterologous cultures. No resistance could be induced in HeLa cells by the interferon preparations employed. Interferon was detected also in MCN cultures, persistently infected with mumps virus. Its concentration was apparently too small in carrier cultures maintained as routine to be measurable. However, when the cells were grown in heavy sheets in roller bottles, and especially when the volume of medium was reduced for several days prior to harvest, interferon became readily detectable. These results strengthen the suggestion that interferon may play a decisive role in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infections in the system under study. Its nature, source, mode of action, and exact role in persistent infection remains to be elucidated.
A Case of Hematogenous Spread of E. coli causing Clinical Chorioamnionitis

This case report details a case of chorioamnionitis via hematogenous spread of bacteria following a perforation of the small bowel. Chorioamnionitis is typically thought of as an ascending infection so this case serves as a reminder that intraamniotic infection can arise from multiple sources including bacteremia. The signs and symptoms may be the same as a typical intraamniotic infection, however, may require different treatment due to the different route and pathogens associated with hematogenous spread.
Intraspecific comparisons of Laetiporus sulphureus isolates from broadleaf and coniferous trees in Europe

Laetiporus sulphureus causes heart-rot in deciduous trees and conifers. European isolates were examined using nuclear DNA markers as well as somatic and sexual compatibility. Pairing tests for somatic compatibility with isolates from 20 different host individuals revealed that each tree is normally colonized by a different genet. The hyphae are multinucleate, basidiospores are binucleate, and conidia contain 2–6 nuclei. Basidiospore germination was erratic, and no clear mating pattern was observed. In one case all single spore isolates from the same basidioma were compatible with each other. Single spore isolates from coniferous and from broadleaf trees were incompatible. The nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS regions from six isolates of different origin revealed nucleotide distances of up to 14.6%. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in a single clade for all isolates. Within this clade, a subclade including only the isolates from gymnosperm hosts was present, indicating that these isolates were derived from ancestral lines from broadleaf hosts. While there is evidence that more than one species or ecotype is represented within the current definition of L. sulphureus , circumscription of additional taxa, and separations within this taxon, remain unclear.
Components from the Essential Oils from Two Origanum Species as Larvicides Against Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Abstract The larvicidal potential of the essential oils from Origanum onites L. and O. minutiflorum (O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis) (Labiatae) and their commercially available components (carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol) was investigated against the brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), an important pest of agricultural and forest crops in southwestern Turkey. This pest is also a public health concern due to the urticating hairs of its larvae. The chemical composition of these essential oils was also determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Carvacrol was the major component of both O. onites and O. minutifulorum essential oil, at 29.6% and 56.1%, respectively. The oils and components were bioassayed against 4th instars of E. chrysorrhoea at concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 0.50%. All materials tested showed larvicidal activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Topical applications of the essential oils from O. onites and O. minutiflorum applied at 80 µl of solution per larva were highly toxic, with LC50 values of 522 and 1076 ppm, respectively. Of the four commercial components tested, thymol and carvacrol were the most active (LC50 = 367 and 424 ppm, respectively). The other two components, γ-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol, were also toxic with LC50 values of 1172 and 2126 ppm, respectively. Our overall results suggest that the essential oils from O. onites and O. minutiflorum and their components may be potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of brown-tail moth larvae.
concolor) in North America (Lynx rufus) and Mountain Lions (Puma Evolution of Puma Lentivirus in Bobcats

Mountain lions (Puma concolor) throughout North and South America are infected with puma lentivirus clade B (PLVB). A second, highly divergent lentiviral clade, PLVA, infects mountain lions in southern California and Florida. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in these two geographic regions are also infected with PLVA, and to date, this is the only strain of lentivirus identified in bobcats. We sequenced full-length PLV genomes in order to characterize the molecular evolution of PLV in bobcats and mountain lions. Low sequence homology (88% average pairwise identity) and frequent recombination (1 recombination breakpoint per 3 isolates analyzed) were observed in both clades. Viral proteins have markedly different patterns of evolution; sequence homology and negative selection were highest in Gag and Pol and lowest in Vif and Env. A total of 1.7% of sites across the PLV genome evolve under positive selection, indicating that host-imposed selection pressure is an important force shaping PLV evolution. PLVA strains are highly spatially structured, reflecting the population dynamics of their primary host, the bobcat. In contrast, the phylogeography of PLVB reflects the highly mobile mountain lion, with diverse PLVB isolates cocirculating in some areas and genetically related viruses being present in populations separated by thousands of kilometers. We conclude that PLVA and PLVB are two different viral species with distinct feline hosts and evolutionary histories.
Enzyme activities, dietary fibre components and rheological properties of wholemeal flours from rye cultivars grown in Finland

Total and soluble dietary fibre, total and soluble pentosan and β-glucan contents, activities of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and endo-β-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and viscous properties of aqueous suspensions of wholemeal flours during heating were determined in nine winter rye cultivars (Secale cereale L) grown in Finland in 1998–2001. There was marked annual and varietal differences in grain quality. In the rainy summer 1998 the yield was low, grains were small and dietary fibre content of the grains was high. Xylanase activity of the grains was high, which corresponded to the high content of soluble pentosans. In the dry summer of 1999, the pentosan content of the grains was low and β-glucan content high. The effect of weather conditions and cultivar were also apparent in the differences in falling numbers, amylogram and swelling curve results. The two hybrid rye cultivars Esprit and Picasso had consistently highest falling numbers and amylogram peak viscosities. The activities of α-amylase and xylanase had a moderate positive correlation with total pentosan content and the content of soluble pentosan. Xylanase activity had better correlation with the viscous properties of flour–water suspensions than α-amylase. Surprisingly, α-amylase activity had only a moderate negative correlation with falling number. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
DETERMINATION OF HARVESTING TIME EFFECT ON QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF OLIVE (OLEA EUROPEA L.) OIL IN ROODBAR REGION

This investigation was carried out to assess the impact of harvesting time on olive oil quality and quantity from three olive varieties cultivated in Roudbar regions. For this reason fruits of selected cultivars, Roghani, Zard and Lechino, were harvested with ten-day intervals from 23 September till 11 November. Then quantity and quality of oil were analyzed. The results showed that oil content (in dry and fresh matter), free fatty acids, UV absorption at 232 nm (K 232 ), linoleic acid and estearic acid increased and peroxide value, UV absorption at 270 nm (K 270 ), oleic acid and polyphenols decreased during ripening. The amount of palmitic acid did not change significantly during harvesting period. The optimum harvesting time for these cultivars was from 20 October to 1 November.
Nanoencapsulation of Nisin and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Niosomes and Their Antibacterial Activity

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE BN-BD MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or EDTA was used complementarily with nisin to give a synergistic antibacterial effect against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Nisin and EDTA were encapsulated in nonionic surfactant vesicles or niosomes. Sorbitan monooleate and polyethylene glycol were precursors in preparation of niosomes. Size reduction of niosomes was conducted via extrusion through polycarbonate membrane with pore size of 200 nm. Diameters of prepared blank niosomes and nisin-EDTA-encapsulated niosomes were approximately 130 nm and 270 nm, respectively. Bilayer structure of niosomes was observed from negative staining-transmission electron microscopic images. Long-termed investigation of antimicrobial activity of nisin-EDTA-encapsulated niosomes and free nisin/EDTA were conducted against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Bacterial counts denoted a slow release of nisin-EDTA-encapsulated niosomes overtime whilst free nisin/EDTA gave a sudden bactericidal activity. Due to that free nisin/EDTA was immediately exploited at the beginning, bacterial counts then tended towards higher during the latter time of antimicrobial activity test. Keywords: antibacterial; EDTA; Escherichia coli ; niosomes; nisin; Staphylococcus aureus . © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2. 9407 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 457-465 (2012)
First Authentic Report of the Turtle Barnacle Cylindrolepas darwiniana Since its Description in 1916

Abstract An analysis of museum specimens reveals that reports of the chelonophilic barnacle Cylindrolepas darwiniana are misidentifications of the similar turtle barnacle Platylepas decorata. As a result, contemporary collections from loggerhead and hawksbill sea turtles represent the first report of this turtle barnacle since its description nearly a century ago. Novel morphological characters that clearly distinguish C. darwiniana from other turtle barnacles have been ascertained from the recent specimens and are reported.
An overview of the influence of hydrodynamics on the spatial and temporal patterns of calanoid copepod communities around Taiwan

Taiwan waters are oceanographically complex, being characterized by different water masses in the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the Paciﬁc Ocean and the Taiwan Strait, which form contiguous but distinct ecosystems. These ecosystems interact one with another through complex and strong water circulations. The present work investigates the relatively few studied interactions between the local copepod communities and the heterogeneous hydrodynamical regimes. Gathering data from 53 cruises carried out since June 1998 to October 2004 all around Taiwan, this study leads to the mapping of eleven local calanoid assemblages taking into account the physical properties of the environment in which they appeared and the characteristics of their indicator species. Three of these identiﬁed assemblages were located in the tropical waters, southwest of Taiwan. First, the assemblage of the 2001 South China Sea sampling cruises revealed a tropical community dominated by Acrocalanus gracilis and Undinula vulgaris. In the other cluster, tropical calanoid species such as Labidocera detruncata, Centropages calaninus and A. monachus were found. The eight other assemblages were associated with the seasonal dynamics of the water masses north of Taiwan. Although the seasonal characteristics in the north can be subtle, the demarcation between these assemblages was clear. The early spring community is dominated by Calanus sinicus and followed by Temora turbinata since the beginning of summer. September marks a transition period to a new community characterized by the indicator species A. gibber. When the north-easterly monsoon prevails in winter, it is the turn of the community of northern common species such as Paracalanus parvus and Euchaeta concinna to prevail. In the mean time, C. sinicus starts its intrusion from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea towards the northwest of Taiwan. Thus, according to our results, identiﬁed assemblages appear to be good indicators of different, distinctive, water masses.
Influence of frugivore activity on the species abundance of seedlings and saplings in a lowland tropical forest in Colombia

Abstract: Although seed dispersal plays a critical role for plant regeneration, the long-term benefits of frugivores for recruitment success have been poorly explored. We evaluated the relative importance of tree species abundance and of frugivore-related factors for successful plant recruitment on 18 tree species in a lowland Colombian rain forest. We combined census data from four 1-ha plots of trees (>10 cm dbh), saplings (1–5 cm dbh) and seedlings (<1.7 m) with a dataset describing tree–frugivore interactions. Seedling abundance was higher for large-seeded species dispersed by the spider monkey, while sapling abundance was higher for large-seeded species dispersed by birds. The identity of the dispersal agent and its interaction with seed size explained 20–30% of the total variance in seedling and sapling abundance across scales. Seed size consistently influenced the species abundance of seedlings and saplings across scales, but in opposite ways. These developmental changes suggest that what is beneficial to seedlings is not necessarily beneficial to saplings. Species identity explained 10–50% of the total variance in seedling and sapling abundance among and within 1-ha plots. Overall, our findings suggest that recruitment success is context-dependent as the relative importance of the different variables addressed may shift along spatial and temporal scales.
Body size, reproduction and feeding ecology of Pleurodema diplolister (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperidae) from Caatinga, Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil

We present data about body size, sexual dimorphism, reproductive traits and diet ecology of Pleurodoma diplolister. This species is sexually dimorphic with females larger than males, corroborating others Leiuperidae species. The number of eggs varied from 62 to 1241 and we found a positive relationship between SVL of females and number of mature ovarian eggs but there is no relationship between SVL and volume of eggs. The diet of P. diplolister was composed by 11 categories of which Formicidae, Coleoptera and Orthopterans were the most important items and showed generalist and oportunistic predator habits. Data presented here should be considered in the development of future conservation strategies of anurans from Caatinga biome and other semiarid/arid environments.
Phylogenetic and serological analyses reveal genetic diversity of Agrobacterium vitis strains in Japan

Twenty-eight strains of Agrobacterium vitis, including both tumorigenic and nonpathogenic phenotypes involving 26 isolated in Japan and strains NCPPB 3554T and NCPPB 2562 isolated in Australia and Greece, respectively, were characterized by means of a slide agglutination test (SAT) using antisera prepared against somatic antigens. Phylogenetic analyses were also carried out, using the results of repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction and the partial nucleotide sequences of pyrG, recA and rpoD. The A. vitis strains separated into four serogroups (A to D) based on the SAT reactivity. The phylogenetic analyses showed A. vitis strains separated into four tumorigenic groups (A to D) and one nonpathogenic group (E). Serogroups A to C corresponded exactly to genetic groups A to C, respectively, whereas serogroup D further divided into two distinct genetic groups, D and E. Genetic group E was isolated in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, and all strains of it have been found to coexist with tumorigenic strains belonging to the other groups within the same galled grapevine tissues. These results suggest that A. vitis strains are genetically heterogeneous and can be separated into several genetic groups. The differences between the nucleotide sequences of pyrG, recA and rpoD of the genetic groups will enable the development of a simple and convenient monitoring method, which will increase understanding of the dynamics of each genetic group of A. vitis in the natural environment.
VARIABLE GROWTH AND LONGEVITY OF YELLOW BULLHEAD (AMEIURUS NATALIS) IN SOUTH FLORIDA

– To determine age and growth of yellow bullheads (Ameiurus natalis), we collected fish from canals and marshes in southern Florida from April 2000 to January 2001, and from Oct 2003 to February 2005. Fish ranged from 97 to 312 mm in total length and from 13.4 to 538.1 g in wet mass. We aged 144 yellow bullheads using cross-sections of pectoral spines and a subsample of 55 fish were aged using sanded and polished cross-sections of lapillar otoliths. Pectoral-spine age estimates had relatively high precision between two experienced readers (average percent error [APE] = 6.1%, CV = 8.6%), with 65% of ages having perfect agreement and 92% agreeing within ±1 year. Lapillar-otolith age estimates provided inadequate precision with high APE (16.8%) and CV (23.7%), and low percent agreement (25% perfect agreement and 61% within ±1 year). Annuli in lapilli were not clearly demarcated and were not evident in all cross-sections of the otoliths; moreover, longitudinal sections of lapilli were unreadable. Precision estimates in comparing ages between pectoral spines and otoliths also indicated aging difficulties, with an APE of 20.6% and a CV of 29.1%. Determining ages by using crosssections of lapilli was therefore not reliable for yellow bullheads in southern Florida, and so we did not use otolith age estimates as input into the growth model. The pectoral-spine aging method was validated using oxytetracycline (OTC)-injected yellow bullheads, which were found to deposit one complete annulus (one translucent and one opaque zone) over a 12-month period. Yellow bullheads from south Florida ranged in age from 1-12 years based on aging using pectoral spines; and therefore had a maximum age that was double that previously reported for any other yellow bullhead population. Yellow bullheads grew relatively rapidly in their first 3 years, but after age 5 their growth slowed and approached an asymptote of ~214 mm total length. Yellow bullheads in south Florida grew relatively slowly and were smaller compared to yellow bullheads from other populations throughout the United States.
Evaluation of Mesotrione in Mississippi Delta Corn Production1

Field studies were conducted in Arkansas in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to evaluate mesotrione applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) for weed control in corn grown in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States. Mesotrione was applied PRE (140, 210, and 280 g/ ha) alone and POST (70, 105, and 140 g/ha), alone or in tank mixtures with atrazine (280 g/ha). Standard treatments for comparison were S-metolachlor/atrazine PRE and S-metolachlor plus atrazine PRE followed by atrazine POST. All PRE treatments controlled velvetleaf, pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and broadleaf signalgrass 95% 2 wk after emergence (WAE). Mesotrione controlled velvetleaf 89% or more 4 and 6 WAE. Control of morningglory species by mesotrione POST averaged 92% 6 WAE. Prickly sida was controlled at least 90% by all treatments 4 WAE. Mesotrione applied alone PRE and POST controlled broadleaf signalgrass 83 to 91% 4 WAE. All treatments controlled broadleaf signalgrass less than 90% 6 WAE, except treatments that contained S-metolachlor, which gave 94% or greater control. Corn yield ranged from 10.5 to 12.4 Mg/ha and did not differ among treatments. Mesotrione PRE and POST provided excellent control of broadleaf weeds, but S-metolachlor was needed for broadleaf signalgrass control. Nomenclature: Atrazine; mesotrione; S-metolachlor; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla Griseb. Nash #3 BRAPP; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula L. Jacq. # IPOHG; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus. # ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer YieldGuard 31B13’. Additional index words: HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, triketone herbicides. Abbreviations: fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; WAE, weeks after emergence; WAP, weeks after planting; WAT, weeks after treatment.
Healing of bone defect by application of free transplant of greater omentum

In this study the process of the bone healing was observed. As a model the femoral bone of New Zealand rabbit was used. An identical bone defect was created on the left and right femur of the each experimental animal. On the right side the defect was covered with the corresponding of muscle tissue, and with free transplant of the greater omentum on the left side. The healing of the defect was observed by X-ray and histological examination. The results of the investigations showed that the process of the callus formation and its mineralisation are much quicker and thicker on the defect that was covered with the free transplant of the greater omentum.