Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase equilibria for mixtures containing very many components. development and application of continuous thermodynamics for chemical process design

For some multicomponent mixtures, where detailed chemical analysis is not feasible, the compositio of the mixture may be described by a continuous distribution function of some convenient macroscopic property suc as normal boiling point or molecular weight. To attain a quantitative description of phase equilibria for such mixtures, this work has developed thermodynamic procedures for continuous systems; that procedure is called continuous thermodynamics. To illustrate, continuous thermodynamics is used to calculate dew points for natural-gas mixtures, solvent loss in a high-pressure absorber, and liquid-liquid phase equilibria in a polymer fractionation process. Continuous thermodynamics provides a rational method for calculating phase equilibria for those mixtures where complete chemical analysis is not available but where composition can be given by some statistical description. While continuous thermodynamics is only the logical limit of the well-known pseudo-component method, it is more efficient than that method because it is less arbitrary and it often requires less computer time.
The Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine Contents of Volcanic Rocks in Japan

The halogen contents of 49 Japanese volcanic rocks are; F: 50–1700 (average 410), Cl: 17–1220 (av. 270), Br: 0.09–8.10 (av. 0.85), I: 0.011–0.32 (av. 0.088) μg/g. The fluorine and chlorine were determined by usual photometric methods, and the bromine and iodine, by photometric methods based on their catalytic action, after decomposition and separation procedures suitable for each case. The bromine and iodine contents are appreciably lower than the values generally accepted for igneous rocks. The bromine content agrees with Sugiura’s value. The frequency distribution of each halogen content shows an approximate lognormality. The chlorine and bromine contents are strongly correlated, and the Br/Cl atomic ratio is in a narrow range (0.66–3.7)×10−3 (av. 1.5×10−3). No other correlation is observed among the halogen contents at all. Each halogen content has no marked relation to the type of rock. A regional difference is seen in the F/Cl and I/Br ratios. Three ultrabasic rocks have very low fluorine (≤20) and c.
Direct Coupling of Oxazolines and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Modular Approach to a New Class of C−N Donor Ligands for Homogeneous Catalysis

Reaction of 1-mesityl imidazole with 2-bromo-4,4-dimethyloxazoline gave the 2-(4,4-dimethyl)oxazolinyl imidazolium salt 1, which was converted to the silver N-heterocyclic carbene complex [AgI(carbene)Br] 2 by stirring 1 with Ag2O in dichloromethane at room temperature. The crystal structure analysis confirmed the monomeric nature of complex 2, the coordination around the metal being quasi-linear with a C(1)−Ag−Br bond angle of 169.4(1)° and a Ag−C(1) bond length of 2.093(4) A. The silver complex 2 was reacted with [PdCl2(COD)] to yield the corresponding mono-carbene-palladium complex 3, for which an X-ray diffraction study established a distorted square planar configuration with the imidazolyl and the oxazolinyl ring lying in the molecular plane. The palladium complex 3 was found to be an active catalyst for the Heck and Suzuki C−C coupling reactions. The coupling of activated or deactivated bromoarenes proceeded rapidly even with a low catalyst loading (0.02 mol %), while the reaction with activated chl.
Effect of an Ionic Air Cleaner on Indoor/Outdoor Particle Ratios in a Residential Environment

We tested a leading commercially available ionic air cleaner in a typical residential apartment to study the effect of the device on indoor/outdoor airborne particle number and mass concentration ratios. In addition, we also determined the indoor ozone and ion concentration levels. When measured during normal daily activity, the average indoor/outdoor mass concentration ratio was reduced from 1.03 to 0.73 and the number concentration ratios underwent reductions for most of the particle size fractions. However, due to a substantial inter-and intra-measurement variation in particle ratios, the observed average reductions were not statistically significant. When measurements were performed in a still room, the indoor/outdoor particle mass concentration ratio decreased from 0.9–1.4 to 0.3–0.4 in eight hours when the air cleaner was operating. Ambient ozone concentrations measured in the middle of the apartment were between 13–19 ppb during normal daily activity and the ozone levels increased to 77 ppb when measured in front of the ionic cleaner during still conditions. We also found that that there was a limited vertical diffusion of ions. The highest ion concentrations were measured at a 0.5 m height from the floor and decreased substantially with increasing measurement height. This finding may have implications for effective particle removal from a person's breathing zone. Overall, we found that the tested brand of commercially available ionic air cleaners may have the capability to remove some airborne particulate matter in actual residential settings, but its cleaning effect is reduced under normal daily activity.
Microwave and microwave-alkali effect on barley straw for total sugar yield

Lignocellulose is the most remarkable plant material resource for obtaining energy; however, its utility is restrained by its recalcitrant structure. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a convenient pretreatment method to increase the sugar yield. Microwave pretreatment method assists to break down hard lignin structure for improved degradation of cellulose and releasing of sugar. The objectives of this study are to investigate microwave and microwave-alkali pretreatment efficiency of barley straw before enzymatic hydrolysis. In both pretreatment methods, remarkable findings were obtained as sugar concentration. The maximum reducing total sugar concentration of 354.1 mg/L was achieved after ten minutes of pretreatment time in 30 mL of 3% NaOH solution (w/v) at microwave power of 200 W. The evaluations of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were carried out within pretreatment of barley straw as well. The results suggest that microwave and microwave-alkali pretreatment can increase total sugar concentration.
Influence of Molecular Structure on Liquid Crystalline Properties and Phase Transitions in These Structures, Part II

Abstract Thirteen p-n-alkoxybenzylidene-p-aminobenzoic acids were prepared and their mesomorphic transition temperatures were determined. They exhibit mesophases of greater relative thermal stability than the p-n-alkoxybenzoic and p-n-alkoxycinnamic acids but 4′-n-alkoxydiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids exhibit greater thermal stability than the acids studied here though p-n-alkoxybenzylidene-p-aminobenzoic acids are longer by -CH+N- group in the monomer; this may be attributed to the stereochemistry of -CH+N- link causing the molecule to be broader than the 4′-n-alkoxydiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids. Comparatively higher thermal stability of mesophases of these acids is emphasized by the mesomorphic behaviour of methyl p-n-alkoxybenzylidene-p-aminobenzoates which are purely smectic and the absence of anisotropic melt in the analogous p-n-alkoxybenzoates.
Effect of additional separation and grinding on the chemical and physical properties of selected corn dry-milled streams

ABSTRACT Three streams of corn dry-milled products (corn grits, corn cones, and corn flour) from three different commercial corn dry-millers were further separated by particle size according to the major portion of each stream. They were separated into corn grits (1.190 and 0.841 mm), corn cones (0.595, 0.420, and 0.297 mm), and corn flour (0.297 and 0.210 mm). Besides separation, corn grits were also ground and then separated into ground corn grits (0.297 and 0.210 mm). The original streams, streams with additional separation, and streams with additional grinding were analyzed for protein content, ash content, crude fat content, and color properties. Duncan's significant difference tests (P < 0.01) showed that additional separation and grinding of the commercial corn grits, corn cones, and corn flour affected protein, crude fat content, and color parameter (L, a, and b) distribution of the products. The tristimulus parameters (L, a, and b) were good indicators of the protein content of the corn dry-mille.
Bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)propane as a bulky Ligand: X‐ray Crystal Structure Determination of its Adduct with Zinc(II) Chloride

The steric misfit between a geminal bis(pyrazol-1-yl)propane ligand and tetrahedral coordination leads to distortion of the latter in the title compound: NZnN is 89.5(1)°, ClZnCl 116.78(5)°. Comparison of the ZnN (2.058(3), 2.046(3) A) and ZnCl (2.209(1), 2.229(1) A) distances with those of related compounds evidences the steric bulkiness of the title ligand. 2,2′-Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)propan - ein voluminoser Ligand: Kristallstrukturanalyse des Adduktes mit Zinkchlorid Durch den zweibindigen Liganden Bis-(pyrazol-1-yl)propan erfolgt eine sterische Behinderung zur Bildung der tetraedrischen Koordination um das Zink in der Titelverbindung, wodurch eine Verzerrung dieser Koordination erfolgt. Die Winkel NZnN und ClZnCl betragen deshalb: 89,5(1)° bzw. 116,78(5)°. Ein Vergleich der Abstande ZnN (2,058(3); 2,046(3) A) und ZnCl (2,209(1); 2,229(1) A) mit denen verwandter Verbindungen zeigt den sterischen Einflus des Titelliganden.
Experimental investigation of surface deformations at the nematic-isotropic interface : a new method to measure the Nehring-Saupe elastic constant K13

Stuctural deformations of a nematic-isotropic interface induced by magnetic field have been predicted some years ago by de Gennes. In this paper we extend the de Gennes' theory in order to account for the finite anchoring energy of the director at the interface, for the anisotropy of the elastic constants K 11 and K 33 and for the effect of the elastic constant K 13 introduced by Nehring and Saupe. We obtain a simple analytical expression which relates maximum tilt angle of the interface to the surface director polar angle, to the elastic constants, to the surface tension and to the magnetic field. Therefore a measurement of this tilt furnishes a direct method to measure the K 13 constant which cannot be measured by standard techniques. The predictions of the theory have been verified experimentally at the nematic-isotropic interface of the liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-n-heptylbiphenyl (7CB). Both the geometry and the magnetic field-dependence of the surface deformations are found to agree satisfactorily with the theoretical predictions. An upper limit to the elastic constant K 13 is obtained from the experiment Generalisation de la theorie de de Gennes en prenant en consideration l'anisotropie des constantes elastiques, l'energie d'ancrage finie et l'effet de la constante elastique K 13 de Nehring et Saupe. Expression analytique simple reliant l'angle maximum d'inclinaison de l'interface a l'angle polaire du directeur en surface, aux constantes elastiques, a la tension de surface et au champ magnetique
Kinetics of diffusion‐controlled reactions: Transient effects in fluorescence quenching

A test of the continuum model for diffusion controlled reactions as applied to fluorescence quenching is presented and discussed. By proper selection of systems, it was possible to observe nonexponential decay which followed the decay law exp(−at − 2b√t) as predicted by the continuum model. Analysis of these decay curves gave the encounter radius and pair diffusion coefficient. Reasonable values were obtained for both. Steady−state fluorescence quenching measurements were also made and compared with fluorescence decay studies. Evidence was found for ground−state complex formation. When this was taken into account, good agreement between the continuum model and the experimental results was obtained.
Agronomic biofortification of zinc in different rice genotypes

Zinc deficiency in soils and plants is a global micronutrient deficiency problem reported in many countries. Zinc deficiency can be corrected by enriching the food grains through fertilizer application to the plant in both soil and foliar method. A field experiment on agronomic biofortification with zinc in rice was carried out during thaladi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications consisted of two zinc levels (-Zn and +Zn, 100 kg ZnSO4. 7 H2O ha-1 plus foliar spray @0.5%) in main plot and 18 rice genotypes in subplot. Soil and foliar application of zinc significantly increased the grain and straw yield and also the zinc concentration in processed rice grains. Based on the zinc concentration in processed rice the genotype Co43, Improved white ponni, ADT 38 and TRY 1 showed higher response for zinc application.
Disponibilidade de metais pesados para milho cultivado em Latossolo sucessivamente tratado com lodos de esgoto

Apesar do potencial para o uso agricola de lodos de esgoto, seus conteudos de metais pesados podem se tornar um fator limitante a esse uso. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes e doses de lodo de esgoto, oriundos das Estacoes de Tratamento de Esgoto de Barueri (LB), que trata esgoto domestico e industrial, e de Franca (LF), que trata esgoto predominantemente domestico, ambas localizadas no Estado de Sao Paulo, sobre os teores de metais pesados em solo e sobre a fitodisponibilidade desses elementos quimicos para o milho. O experimento foi realizado entre os anos de 1999 e 2001, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariuna (SP), em tres cultivos sucessivos de milho, e estudados os seguintes tratamentos, para os dois lodos: testemunha absoluta; adubacao mineral (NPK) recomendada para a cultura do milho; dose dos lodos de esgoto para fornecer uma, duas, quatro e oito vezes a dose de N do tratamento NPK. Foram determinados os teores totais (solo, folha e grao de milho) e disponiveis (solo) de Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn. O uso de doses crescentes do LB aumentou os teores disponiveis dos metais avaliados em solo, quando se utilizou a solucao de DTPA. Os incrementos nos teores totais de metais pesados foram maiores nas parcelas adubadas com o LB. As solucoes de Mehlich-1 e DTPA mostraram-se eficientes em predizer a fitodisponibilidade de Zn para o milho, quando as folhas e graos foram analisados.
Insights into the cybotactic nematic phase of bent-core molecules

We present X-ray diffraction evidence for clusters exhibiting a skewed cybotactic supramolecular structure in the nematic phase of the butyloxy-phenyl diester, ODBP-Ph-OC4, a bent core mesogenic diester of the nonlinear diol 2,5-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODBP). The temperature dependence of the off-meridional four-spot pattern shows that the tilt angle in the cybotactic clusters changes with temperature. The correlation lengths exhibit no evidence of critical behavior but there is no underlying smectic C phase in ODBP-Ph-OC4. The tilted cybotactic clusters persist throughout the 85 °C wide nematic phase, and even remain evident in the supercooled nematic. This inherently biaxial supramolecular structure—clusters of stratified and tilted mesogens—embedded in an otherwise translationally disordered nematic host medium may account for the NMR biaxiality observed in nematic phases of ODBP mesogens.
A Simple One-Pot Self-Assembly Route to Nanoporous and Monodispersed Fe3O4 Particles with Oriented Attachment Structure and Magnetic Property

Nanoporous and monodispersed Fe3O4 aggregated spheres with high surface area and oriented attachment structure have been successfully prepared by a polyol reduction process. The structure and morphology of the Fe3O4 particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption−desorption technique. The spherical aggregates are formed by the assembling among the Fe3O4 primary nanoparticles (5 nm), and the average size of the spherical particles is around 100 nm. The nanopores are less than 3 nm in the aggregated spheres. Besides, the magnetic properties of these nanoporous particles are also investigated and the magnetization saturation value is about 42.8 emu/g.
Carbon stocks of soil and vegetation on Danubian floodplains

Riparian forests are assumed to play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, little data are available on C stocks of floodplains in comparison to other terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we quantified the C stocks of aboveground biomass and soils of riparian vegetation types at 76 sampling sites in the Donau-Auen National Park in Austria. Based on our results and a remotely sensed vegetation map, we estimated total C stocks. Carbon stocks in soils (up to 354 t ha ―1 within 1 m below surface) were huge compared to other terrestrial ecosystems. As expected, soils of different vegetation types showed different texture with a higher percentage of sandy soils at the softwood sites, while loamy soils prevailed at hardwood sites. Total C stocks of vegetation types were significantly different, but reflect differences in woody plant biomass rather than in soil C stocks. Mature hardwood and cottonwood forests proved to have significantly higher total C stocks (474 and 403 t ha ―1 , respectively) than young reforestations (217 t ha ―1 ) and meadows (212 t ha ―1 ). The C pools of softwood forests (356 t ha ―1 ) ranged between those of hardwood/cottonwood forests and of reforestations/meadows. Our study proves the relevance of floodplains as possible C sinks, which should be increasingly taken into account for river management. Furthermore, we conclude that plant-species distribution does not indicate the conditions of sedimentation and soil C sequestration over the time span of interest for the development of soil C stocks.
Where do they go? An Examination of Dropouts from the University of Georgia

This study examines what happens to students after they dropout; do they persist in higher education and are they successful (graduate) at another institution. The sample for this study is 4 freshman IPEDS defined cohorts. Descriptive analyses show the majority (61.2%) of the dropouts continue to persist in higher education by enrolling in another institution. When a student does persist, they will most likely do so in the same state as their residency (82.6%). Just under half (46.7%) of the dropouts who continue to persist in higher education will graduate with a bachelor’s degree within 6 years of their initial enrollment at the original institution. Binary Logistic Regression analysis shows that gender, residency, academic probation, cumulative GPA, parent’s education, and admission selectivity of transfer institution impacts the odds of a student graduating with a bachelor’s degree from another institution (within 6 years of initial enrollment at original institution) after dropping out.
Some Structural, Physicochemical and Functional Studies of Banana Starches Isolated from two Varieties Growing in Guerrero, México

Two varieties of green fruit banana growing in Guerrero State Mexico, were used for starch isolation. Starch yields from the bananas varieties “macho” and “criollo” were 43.8% and 11.8%, respectively. Thermal transition temperatures assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were higher for “criollo” than for “macho” starch but the enthalpy changes in both starches were not different. Both starches showed A-type diffraction pattern, until now not reported for banana starches. Light microscopy revealed some structural characteristics of banana starches as shape and size and eccentric birefringence was observed under polarized light. The iodine-stained differed in their blue color intensity. The viscosity profiles of both samples evaluated with the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) were similar, and the gelatinization temperatures agree with those obtained by DSC. The pastes formed from banana starches in general were opaque and the storage temperature had a slight effect on clarity.
Controlling Particle Morphology during Growth of Bayerite in Aluminate Solutions

To study the influence of the orientations of the faces of metal oxyhydroxides on their surface reactivity, the synthesis of bayerite [β-Al(OH)3] particles with different morphologies was studied. The growth of bayerite was performed in aqueous solution at 70 °C by continuously injecting a sodium aluminate solution and stabilizing the pH at a constant value by monitoring the injection of a nitric acid solution. The effects of the following parameters were studied: pH, flow rate of aluminate solution, total duration of synthesis, and seeding. The solids were characterized by high-resolution SEM, XRD, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and surface area measurements. By choosing the growth parameters, we were able to control the morphology of particles with shapes ranging from agglomerates of rods or cones to ovoid crystallites. In certain cases, traces of gibbsite, norstandite, and pseudoboehmite were obtained in addition to bayerite, but their quantity can be minimized.
Distribution pattern of root‐supplied 59iron in iron‐sufficient and iron‐deficient bean plants

Abstract In order to study the iron (Fe) distribution pattern in bean plants with different Fe nutritional status, french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings were precultured in a complete nutrient solution with 8x10‐5 M FeEDTA for five days. Thereafter, plants were further supplied with 8x10‐5 M FeEDTA (Fe‐sufficient) or with only 2x10‐6 M FeEDTA (Fe‐deficient) for another eight days. At this stage, the Fe‐deficient plants had much lower chlorophyll contents and lower dry weight of the leaves but higher reducing capacity of the roots compared with the Fe‐sufficient plants. For studies on short‐term distribution of Fe, the Fe‐sufficient plants were supplied 8x10‐5 M 59FeEDTA (specific activity 9.9 GBq/mol) and the Fe‐deficient plants 1x106 M 59FeEDTA (specific activity 98.8 GBq/mol). The plants were harvested after 4 and 24 hours. Despite a much lower supply of 59FeEDTA/(factor 80), the Fe‐deficient plants took up significantly more 59Fe but translocated less to the shoots (14.6% after 24 h) compared w.
Photoconductivities of α and β Forms of Metal ‐Free Phthalocyanine

Some experimental results on the photoconductivities of α and β forms of metal ‐free phthalocyanine are presented and discussed. It is found that the photocurrent threshold energy is lower for the α sample than that for the β sample. The activation energies for dark conduction are about 1.9 ev for theβ sample and 1.4 ev for the α sample, while the activation energies for photoconduction are about 0.34 ev for the β and 0.42 ev for the α. All these differences are interpreted as due to the disordered structure of the α sample.