Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional tracer model study of atmospheric CO2: Response to seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere

A three-dimensional tracer transport model is used to investigate the annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentration produced by seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. The tracer model uses winds generated by a global general circulation model to advect and convect CO2; no explicit diffusion coefficients are employed. A biospheric exchange function constructed from a map of net primary productivity, and Azevedo's (1982) seasonality of CO2 uptake and release closely simulates the annual cycles at coastal stations. The results show that zonal homogeneity in surface CO2 concentrations can never be achieved at mid-latitudes where the time scale for zonal mixing is longer than the time scale for biospheric exchange. Analysis of the zonal mean balance in the lower troposphere reveals that atmospheric transport processes may alter the CO2 response to local biospheric exchanges by 50% or more. Hence year-to-year variation of the annual CO2 cycle may result from the natural variability of the atmospheric circulation as well as from changes in the sources and sinks.
Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: the maritime history and archaeology of Malta

Trade, Piracy, and Naval Warfare in the Central Mediterranean: The Maritime History and Archaeology of Malta. (May 2004) Ayse Devrim Atauz, B.S., Middle East Technical University; M.A., Bilkent University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kevin Crisman Located approximately in the middle of the central Mediterranean channel, the Maltese Archipelago was touched by the historical events that effected the political, economic and cultural environment of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The islands were close to the major maritime routes throughout history and they were often on the border between clashing military, political, religious, and cultural entities. For these reasons, the islands were presumed to have been strategically and economically important, and, thus, frequented by ships. An underwater archaeological survey around the archipelago revealed the scarcity of submerged cultural remains, especially pertaining to shipping and navigation. Preliminary findings elucidate a story that contrasts with the picture presented by modern history and historiography. In this sense, a comparison of the underwater archaeological data with the information gathered through a detailed study of Maltese maritime history clearly shows that the islands were attributed an exaggerated importance in historical texts, due to political and religious trends that are rooted in the period during which the islands were under the control of the Order of Saint John. An objective investigation of the historical and archaeological material provides a more balanced picture, and places the islands in a Mediterranean-wide historical
A discussion of Monian Supergroup stratigraphy in northwest Wales

New borehole data and trench exposures in northern Anglesey show the Gwna Group melange resting directly upon disrupted sedimentary rocks of the New Harbour Group. Field evidence from Anglesey and the Llŷn peninsula shows that units previously given formal lithostratigraphic status in the higer part of the Monian Sopergroup occur as clasts within the Gwna Group melange. me wbdivision of the Monian Supergroup is therefore simplified to comprise only three groups: the South Stack (lowest), New Har- bour, and Gwna Groups (highest). The disruption of the upper part of the New Harbour Group is interpreted to have been efferied during emplacement of the Gwna Group melange.
Global warming, sea-level rise, and coastal marsh survival

Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. These wetlands at the land-ocean margin provide many direct benefits to humans, including habitat for commercially important fisheries and wildlife; storm protection; improved water quality through sediment, nutrient, and pollution removal; recreation; and aesthetic values. These valuable ecosystems will be highly vulnerable to the effects of the rapid rise in sea level predicted to occur during the next century as a result of global warming.
Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale

Executive summary Nature of the problem • Environmental problems related to nitrogen concern all economic sectors and impact all media: atmosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere and anthroposphere. • Therefore, the integration of fluxes allows an overall coverage of problems related to reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the environment, which is not accessible from sectoral approaches or by focusing on specific media. Approaches • This chapter presents a set of high resolution maps showing key elements of the N flux budget across Europe, including N2 and Nr fluxes. • Comparative nitrogen budgets are also presented for a range of European countries, highlighting the most efficient strategies for mitigating Nr problems at a national scale. A new European Nitrogen Budget (EU-27) is presented on the basis of state-of-the-art Europe-wide models and databases focusing on different segments of Europe’s society. Key findings • From c. 18 Tg Nr yr −1 input to agriculture in the EU-27, only about 7 Tg Nr yr− 1 find their way to the consumer or are further processed by industry. • Some 3.7 Tg Nr yr−1 is released by the burning of fossil fuels in the EU-27, whereby the contribution of the industry and energy sectors is equal to that of the transport sector. More than 8 Tg Nr yr−1 are disposed of to the hydrosphere, while the EU-27 is a net exporter of reactive nitrogen through atmospheric transport of c. 2.3 Tg Nr yr−1. • The largest single sink for Nr appears to be denitrifi cation to N2 in European coastal shelf regions (potentially as large as the input of mineral fertilizer, about 11 Tg N yr–1 for the EU-27); however, this sink is also the most uncertain, because of the uncertainty of Nr import from the open ocean. Major uncertainties • National nitrogen budgets are diffi cult to compile using a large range of data sources and are currently available only for a limited number of countries. • Modelling approaches have been used to fill in the data gaps in some of these budgets, but it became obvious during this study that further research is needed in order to collect necessary data and make national nitrogen budgets inter-comparable across Europe. • In some countries, due to inconsistent or contradictory information coming from different data sources, closure of the nitrogen budget was not possible. Recommendations • The large variety of problems associated with the excess of Nr in the European environment,including adverse impacts, requires an integrated nitrogen management approach that would allow for creation and closure of N budgets within European environments. • Development of nitrogen budgets nationwide, their assessment and management could become an effective tool to prioritize measures and prevent unwanted side effects.
Potential evapotranspiration and its attribution over the past 50 years in the arid region of Northwest China

Evaporation paradox and its attribution have become a hot research topic in hydrology in recent years. This study estimates the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) using modified Penman–Monteith method and analyzes the corresponding trend attribution based on the long‐term meteorological data collected at 81 ground‐based meteorological stations in Northwestern arid region of China during the period 1958–2010. The analysis results show: (1) The ET0 has exhibited an obvious decreasing trend until the early 1990s; however, the downward trend has been reversed to an upward trend after then. (2) Decrease in diurnal temperature range (DTR) and wind speed (WS) may lead to the decrease of ET0 during 1956–1993. The change of dominant factors in the ET0 trend has differences after the early 1990s; observed increase in WS is the primary factor contributing to the reversion of ET0. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccine in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Aging Women Is Associated with Immune Activation and Inflammation

Background Aging and HIV infection are independently associated with excessive immune activation and impaired immune responses to vaccines, but their relationships have not been examined. Methods For selecting an aging population we enrolled 28 post-menopausal women including 12 healthy volunteers and 16 HIV-infected women on antiretroviral treatment with <100 HIV RNA copies/ml. Antibody titers to trivalent influenza vaccination given during the 2011-2012 season were determined before and 4 weeks after vaccination. Results Seroprotective influenza antibody titers (≥1:40) were observed in 31% HIV+ and 58% HIV-uninfected women pre-vaccination. Following vaccination, magnitude of antibody responses and frequency of seroprotection were lower in HIV+ (75%) than in HIV– (91%) women. Plasma IL-21, the signature cytokine of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), and CD4 T cell IL-21R were upregulated with seroconversion (≥4 fold increase in antibody titer). Post-vaccine antibody responses were inversely correlated with pre-vaccination plasma TNFα levels and with activated CD4 T cells, including activated peripheral (p)Tfh. Plasma TNFα levels were correlated with activated pTfh cells (r=0.48, p=0.02), and inversely with the post-vaccination levels of plasma IL-21 (r=-0.53, p=0.02). In vitro TNFα blockade improved the ability of CD4 T cells to produce IL-21 and of B cells to secrete immunoglobulins, and addition of exogenous IL-21 to cell cultures enhanced B cell function. Higher frequencies of activated and exhausted CD8 T and B cells were noted in HIV+ women, but these markers did not show a correlation with antibody responses. Conclusions In aging HIV-infected and uninfected women, activated CD4 and pTfh cells may compromise influenza vaccine-induced antibody response, for which a mechanism of TNFα-mediated impairment of pTfh-induced IL-21 secretion is postulated. Interventions aimed at reducing chronic inflammation and immune activation in aging, HIV-infected patients may improve their response to vaccines.
Streaming potential properties of westerly granite with applications

This paper reports on laboratory measurements of the streaming potential properties of common minerals and in particular of Westerly granite. Data are presented for these solids in contact with simple electrolytic solutions and in one case for temperature variation in the range 5°–70°C. For 1:1 electrolytes the ratio of the streaming potential coupling coefficient to fluid resistivity was approximately −4 mV/(atm Ωm) and for 2:1 electrolytes −2 mV/(atm Ωm). The effect of temperature was small (0.05 mV/°C temperature increase) and indicates that the zeta potential was independent of temperature. Preliminary experimental results using mixed electrolytic solutions (NaCl + CaCl2) and two-phase fluid flow are also described. Two-phase flow can enhance streaming potentials by as much as a factor of 3 or 4. The laboratory data are used to interpret streaming potentials in geological problems, such as earthquake prediction, geothermal prospecting using the self-potential method, and surface conductivity contribution to the electrical resistivity of rocks.
Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation

During Cretaceous and Tertiary time a series of oceanic terranes were accreted onto the Pacific continental margin of Colombia. The island of Gorgona is thought to represent part of the most recent, early Eocene, terrane-forming event. Gorgona is remarkable for the occurrence of komatiites of middle Cretaceous age, having MgO contents up to 24%. The geochemistry of spatially and temporally associated tholeiites suggests that Gorgona is an obducted fragment of the oceanic Caribbean Plateau, postulated by Duncan and Hargraves (1984) to have formed at 100 to 75 Ma over the Galapagos hotspot. Further examples of high-MgO oceanic lavas that may represent fragments of the Caribbean Plateau occur in allochthonous terranes on the island of Curacao in the Netherlands Antilles and in the Romeral zone ophiolites in the southwestern Colombian Andes. These and other examples suggest that the formation of high-MgO liquids may be a feature of oceanic-plateau settings. The association of Phanerozoic komatiites with oceanic plateaus, coupled with thermal considerations, provides a plausible analogue for the origin of some komatiite-tholeiite sequences in Archean greenstone belts.
North Jetty Performance and Entrance Navigation Channel Maintenance, Grays Harbor, Washington. Volume 2. Appendices

Abstract : This report documents a study performed for the U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle to identify and evaluate feasible methods for reducing annual maintenance dredging in the outer Federal navigation channel at Grays Harbor, WA, by modification of the north jetty. Main interest was in potential reduction of southward sand bypassing the north jetty and preservation of the jetty should the neighboring beach erode. Considerable information and predictive capability were generated concerning the behavior of the Federal navigation channel and adjacent coastal and inlet shorelines. The study was conducted as a coordinated multi-disciplinary approach involving field measurement, physical modeling of the hydrodynamics and potential sediment pathways, geomorphic analysis and sediment budget formulation, and numerical modeling of waves, circulation and sediment transport, including modeling of shoreline change and bypassing. Numerous alternatives were considered and subjected to a screening process to identify feasible engineering and physically constructible alternatives within broad criteria. Six alternatives passed the screening and were evaluated. The alternatives concerned an innovative submerged spur that would be placed parallel to the shoreline along the north jetty, partial and full rehabilitation of the north jetty, and a combination of these alternatives with structures of different lengths. The sediment-control alternatives were evaluated relative to the existing condition. The study revealed many wide-area processes controlling sedimentation in and around Grays Harbor. The scale of change in southward- directed bypassing of sediment expected to occur after construction of any of the evaluated alternatives was found to be small compared to the scale of transport at the Grays Harbor entrance from sources originating outside the entrance or by being reworked and redistributed within the entrance.
Shorelines in the Sahara: geomorphological evidence for an enhanced monsoon from palaeolake Megachad

The Sahara Desert is the most extensive desert on Earth but during the Holocene it was home to some of the largest freshwater lakes on Earth; of these, palaeolake Megachad was the biggest. Landsat TM images and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital topographic data reveal numerous shorelines around palaeolake Megachad. At its peak sometime before 7000 years ago the lake was over 173 m deep with an area of at least 400 000 km2, bigger than the Caspian Sea, the biggest lake on Earth today. The morphology of the shorelines indicates two dominant winds, one northeasterly that is consistent with the present-day winds in the region. The other originated from the southwest. We attribute it to an enhanced monsoon caused by a precessionally driven increase in Northern Hemisphere insolation. Subsequent desiccation of the palaeolake is recorded by numerous regressive shorelines in the Sahara Desert.
Melt generation in the Earth's mantle at Convergent Plate Margins

The five geologic studies presented in this thesis document how the recycling of tectonic plates at subduction zones has a profound effect on the melting behavior of the Earth's mantle. Two experimental studies (Chapters 1 and 2) of the melting behavior of mantle peridotite demonstrate that the forefathers of arc magmas are formed at extremely low temperatures in the mantle wedge at convergent plate margins in the presence of excess H²O or following the breakdown of the hydrous mineral chlorite. A new petrologic model that simulates anhydrous melting of variably metasomatized upper mantle is developed to investigate the petrogenesis of primitive basaltic lavas erupted in continental back-arc and ocean island settings (Chapter 3). This model suggests that <10.5 Ma anhydrous basaltic lavas erupted east of the Cascades arc were formed by mantle upwelling near the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary caused by plate subduction, not by a mantle plume (Chapter 4). A geodynamic and petrologic study (Chapter 5) of asthenospheric flow at the margins of thick continental lithosphere reveals small degree melts of the mantle may be responsible for the large negative gradient in seismic wave speed observed at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary below eastern North America. These studies together advance our knowledge of how the recycling of tectonics plates on Earth affects melt generation in the Earth's mantle and subsequently the unique differentiation of our planet.
Graphite–3R in a fault fracture zone associated with black jadeitite from Kanayamadani, Itoigawa, central Japan

Graphite-3R was found at an outcrop in Kanayamadani, central Japan that had green-black jadeitite, altered jadeitite, and fracture zones in serpentine melange. The graphite from the three zones was characterized using polarizing microscopy, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, HRTEM, and stable carbon-isotope mass spectrometry. Graphite in the black jadeitite zone is possibly crystallized simultaneously with prehnite in the stability field of prehnite ( P <0.6 GPa and at T = 150-420 degrees C). The delta C-13 of graphite in the black jadeitite zone ranged from -8.570% to -7.870%, suggesting that it does not have an organic origin. The graphite of the black jadeitite zone was possibly formed in CO2-CH4 rich fluid. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and HRTEM observations suggested that the altered jadeitite zone had both low and high crystalline graphite. The altered jadeitite zone was located at the outer region of the green-black jadeitite zone and penetrated by many prehnite veins during a later stage. Amorphous carbon and graphite-3R found from the fracture zone may have formed as a result of graphite-2H crushing during fault movement between green-black and altered jadeitite zones. Changes in the crystal structure and detailed mineralogy of graphite can effectively be used to study tectonics and are key to understanding tectonic movement in geological processes.
Methane photooxidation in the atmosphere: Contrast between two methods of analysis

It is our opinion that over the past 20 years, some atmospheric scientists have used a scientifically incorrect method for finding the contribution of methane to changes in ozone. In any volume element of the atmosphere, the differential equation for ozone D is equal to gross production P minus gross loss L plus transport, which may be written D = P(methane) - L(methane) + P(not methane) - L(not methane) + transport. If both P(not methane) and L(not methane) are effectively zero, then the full differential equation is equal to the differential equation for the effect of methane, D(total) = P(methane) - L(methane) + transport. An approach was introduced around 1980 that has been widely used since then, with the valid assumption that in the lower troposphere the methane smog reactions are the only source of gross ozone production, P(methane). It concluded that the differential rate equation for total ozone change in such regions gives the net ozone change by the methane process (DE method). However, in the lowest troposphere, there are processes not caused by methane that destroy ozone at all altitudes (notably O'D + H 2 O = 20H), so that L (not methane) is not zero, and thus D = P(methane) - L (methane) - L (not methane) + transport, making the DE method conceptually wrong everywhere. The object of this paper is to solve for how methane changes ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere. Crutzen [1973] gave the first treatment of ozone formation in the global troposphere via methane photooxidation. He considered radical attack on methane to produce CH 3 followed by three reaction sequences that go from CH 3 to CO 2 , referred to here as the sequence (SEQ) method. The present study substantially extends Crutzen's sequence method: There are five significant branching points as methane is consumed and 34 sequences (different reaction paths) between CH 4 and CO, and more reactions lead to CO 2 . A detailed derivation is given here, branching ratios are evaluated, and the results are presented as two complicated, closed, algebraic equations, which are valid from the surface up to the middle stratosphere. The SEQ method contains only ozone changes caused by the presence of methane. This method is implemented with output from the 1997 version of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory two-dimensional model. Assuming we carried out the SEQ method correctly, we find the DE method to be a fairly good numerical approximation in some areas and a poor numerical approximation in other areas. Averaged over the troposphere, the net effect of the methane smog process is to destroy OH at a rate 32% as fast as it is formed by the nonmethane process, O 1 D + H 2 O = 20H. The integral over the global troposphere finds that the net rate of ozone production from methane by the DE is 2.2-fold slower than the SEQ method.
Measurement of Brine Jet Height and Dilution

A Strategic Petroleum Reserve is being created along the Gulf coast of southeast Texas and southern Louisiana. Storage caverns have been created in salt domes using a leaching process, and the resultant brine solution is pumped offshore through a submerged pipeline where it is discharged through a multiport diffuser. The storage caverns are subsequently filled with oil to form the reserve. The vertical extent (height) and the dilution of the brine at the Strategic Petroleum Reserve's Bryan Mound diffuser site located offshore of Freeport, TX, are measured by acoustic methods and a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor. The field data were analyzed using linear regression techniques, and new empirical equations were obtained to predict the vertical extent and dilution. The equation for the vertical extent of the brine jets predicts greater heights than those obtained from similar equations based upon laboratory studies. The dilution data of the dense jet results in an empirical equation that agrees w.
A PALAEOGENE RECORD OF EXTANT LOWER PHOTIC ZONE CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON

Abstract: In this paper, we document Palaeogene occurrences of the extant nannoplankton genera Gladiolithus, Algirosphaera and Solisphaera from claystones of the Kilwa Group microfossil lagerstätte, coastal Tanzania. In the modern ocean, these taxa are restricted to tropical and subtropical lower photic zone habitats (100–200 m). All three genera produce small and/or fragile coccoliths, which have not previously been found as fossils or are only found in late Quaternary sediments. Their presence in the Kilwa Group sediments demonstrates the exceptional quality of preservation and provides a minimum origination time for these ecologically specialized nannoplankton. Gladiolithus is present in the oldest Palaeogene Kilwa Group material studied (late Paleocene, c. 59 Ma), which pushes back the origination time for lower photic zone coccolithophores by over 40 million years. The co‐occurrence of several species of Gladiolithus alongside Algirosphaera and Solisphaera suggests that a relatively diverse lower photic zone assemblage was established by at least the Eocene. The abundant and consistent occurrence of specimens that are indistinguishable from the modern species Gladiolithus flabellatus has been observed in samples of late Paleocene (Nannofossil Zone NP6) to early Oligocene (Nannofossil Zone NP21) age and support an open ocean palaeoenvironmental interpretation for the Kilwa Group sediments. We describe three new species of Gladiolithus, G. brevis, G. ornatus and G. contus and one new combination, Algirosphaera fabaceus.