Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows

A meta-analysis was conducted to statistically determine the effects of lipid supplementation on methane (CH4) production, milk production, and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. For this purpose, a data base was built using seven scientific publications (25 diets) available in the literature and reporting the effects of lipid supplementation on CH4 production, milk production, and milk composition. Lipid supplementation decreased (P 0.05). Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) CH4 production by 9%, either expressed as MJ d-1 or as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), or metabolizable energy intake (MEI). This reduction was mainly a consequence of a decreased DMI. Key words: Meta-analysis, lipid supplementation, methane, dairy cows, lactating
Reflections on the origin of the amniote egg in the light of reproductive strategies and shell structure

On the basis of evolutionary pattern of reproductive strategies (r‐ and K‐selected animals) and the ultrastructure of modern amniote eggshells, a new model of the origin of the amniote egg is presented. In contrast to the well‐known idea of Romer (1957) that the egg came first while adult reptiles in the Carboniferous remained in water, it is suggested that the early evolution of the amniote egg (including the gradual formation of membranes) happened within the aquatic realm. Increasing enlargement of eggs and yolk is interpreted as an adaptation of reproduction strategies to lakes with poor nutrient contents. The first accumulation of Ca‐ions in the outer membrane, paralleled by many modern noncalcified lepidosaurian eggs, was a process of detoxification, according to new ideas in biomineralization. The function of the shell, to protect the embryo against microbial activity and to prevent water loss, which is necessary for the preamniote egg to become a fully terrestrial egg, was the terminal step in thi.
Identification of Pollen Characteristics as Apis cerana Feed Sources in Honeycomb, in Serang Purbalingga

Serang Purbalingga village is a fertile area and has the potential for the development of Apis cerana honeybee business. Honeybee products are known to have high economic value. The development of honeybee business will be better if supported by the avaibility of pollen from flowering plants as feed sources. Pollen that use to be A. cerana feed sources are taken from plants flower around the beehive and matched with pollen inside honeycomb. The purpose of this research is to determine the diversity and character of pollen from plants found around beehive and inside A. cerana honeycomb. This research conducted by descriptive survey method where the data obtained from field used as material for analysis and describing the characteristics of pollen found. Variable in this research is pollen characters with parameters are pollen units, size, shape, apertures and ornamentation. Based on results, there are 23 species of plants included in 17 families found around the beehive with varying of pollen shape, namely spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, sub-prolate, and prolate. The smallest to largest pollen sizes are minutae, mediae, and magnae. Types of pollen ornamentations are rugulate, reticulate, echinate, psilate, scabrate, to baculate. Pollen apertures are varies monosulcate, monoporate, tricolporate, tricolpate, tetracolpate, hexacolpate to syncolpate. Pollen characters inside honeycomb are identical to 12 pollen of plant species found around the beehive where the pollen shape are spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, sub-prolate and prolate. There are several types of ornamentation, namely reticulate, rugulate, echinate, psilate and sacbratte. Apertures are varies from monosulcate, monoporate, tricolporate, tricolpate to syncolpate. Key words : Apis cerana, characters,diversity, pollen, Purbalingga
Long Memory Impact of Ocean Mesoscale Temperature Anomalies on Tropical Cyclone Size

Mesoscale ocean temperature anomalies modify a tropical cyclone (TC). Through a modeling study we show that, while the maximum wind speed is rapidly restored after the TC passes a warm‐ or cold‐ (eddy size) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly, the storm size changes are more significant and persistent. The radius of gale force winds and integrated kinetic energy (IKE) can change by more than 10% per degree and this endures several days after crossing an SST anomaly. These properties have a long memory of the impact from the ocean fluxes and depend on the integrated history of SST exposure. They are found to be directly proportional to the storm total precipitation. Accurate continuous forecast of the SST along the track may therefore be of central importance to improving predictions of size and IKE, while instantaneous local SST near the TC core is more important for the forecast of maximum wind speed.
Foraging Ecology in Mehely's Horseshoe Bats: Influence of Habitat Structure and Water Availability

The climate in Mediterranean ecosystems is characterised by aestival hot temperatures and water shortages which may affect the behaviour of bats living in these environments. We evaluated the influence of habitat type, habitat structure, and water availability on the foraging behaviour of the Mehely's horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus mehelyi) using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Twenty-five individuals were successively radio-tracked during May and June in two colonies (Marias and Aurora) of south-western Spain. Twelve females were tracked in Marias and 13 males in Aurora. Both localities differed in the availability of habitat types: in Marias savannah-like oak woodland dominated the landscape (81% of the study area), whereas in Aurora pasture were dominant (64% of the area). Rhinolophus mehelyi always foraged in woodland; preferentially in cluttered spaces, but also in less-cluttered/more-open ones, while open spaces were completely avoided. Bats foraged close to water bodies, preferentially at distances below 500 m, where they may readily have access to drinking water or may encounter higher insect abundances. The similarity between sexes on the preferences of habitat structure and distance to water suggest that the disparity in the habitat types used by males in Aurora and females in Marias may be due to local availability. Riparian forest is an important habitat for foraging and commuting, and should be scrupulously protected. Conservation strategies should also include the protection of woodland of diverse structure and linear landscape elements. We recommend the creation of water bodies in woodlands to enhance the suitability of foraging sites that might be underused.
Pollinator Fauna of Sesame Crop (Sesamum Indicum L.) in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt

Abstract A survey of insect pollinators associated with sesame, Sesamun indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Suez Canal during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012. All different insect pollinators which found on the experimental site were collected for identification. Sampling was done once a week and three times a day. Three methods were used to collect and identify insects from the sesame plants (a sweep net, pitfall traps, digital camera and eye observation). A total of 29 insect species were collected and properly identified during the survey. Insect pollinators which recorded on the plants were divided into four groups, 18 belonged to Hymenoptera, seven to Diptera, three to Lepidoptera and one to Coleoptera. Results revealed that honey-bee, Apis mellifera, was the most dominant species in the 2011 season and the second one in the 2012 season. Whereas small carpenter bees, Ceratina tarsata was the most dominant species in the 2012 season and the second one in the 2011 season. The percentage of Hymenoptera was higher in the two studied seasons by 90.94% and 89.59%, followed by Diptera by 3.93% and 5.38%, then Lepidoptera by 3.58% and 3.62, and in the last Coleoptera by 1.53% and 1.39%, respectively.
Neurotrophins: Mechanisms of Action

Within recent years, new cellular, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to an ex plosion of biochemical information about cell growth and regulation. Growth factor recep tor signal transduction and proto-oncogene product function are among the fields that have experienced the most impressive and exciting gains. One important area in which these have merged is in the elucidation of the mechanisms of signal transduction of a class of receptors bearing intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The basis of the current "De cade of the Brain" has been the expectation that these powerful techniques and discov eries in cell biology would fuel equally exciting discoveries in the function of the brain and the nervous system in general. The neurotrophins are a class of neurotrophic factors that powerfully shape both the developing and the adult brain. The mechanisms of neuro trophin action via their trk receptors, briefly reviewed in this Update, is one area where the groundwork is likely being established for the futures of neurology and psychiatry. The Neuroscientist 1:3-6, 1995
Stochastic development in biologically structured population models

Variation in organismal development is ubiquitous in nature but omitted from most age- and stage-structured population models. I give a general approach for formulating and analyzing its role in density-independent population models using the framework of integral projection models. The approach allows flexible assumptions, including correlated development times among multiple life stages. I give a new Monte Carlo numerical integration approach to calculate long-term growth rate, its sensitivities, stable age–stage distributions and reproductive value. This method requires only simulations of individual life schedules, rather than iteration of full population dynamics, and has practical and theoretical appeal because it ties easily implemented simulations to numerical solution of demographic equations. I show that stochastic development is demographically important using two examples. For a desert cactus, many stochastic development models, with independent or correlated stage durations, can generate the .
Produtividade e composição físico-química de bagas de cultivares de uva em distintos porta-enxertos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influencia de nove porta-enxertos na producao e composicao quimica das bagas de uvas de mesa e de processamento durante o periodo de 2006 a 2008 em Caldas, MG. As cultivares Niagara Rosada e Folha de Figo foram enxertadas sobre 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313', 'IAC 766', '420 A', '1103 Paulsen', 'Traviu', '196-17', 'Gravesac' e 'RR 101-14' e submetidas ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso com dez tratamentos (nove porta-enxertos e o pe-franco) e quatro repeticoes. Ambas cultivares apresentaram maior producao sobre 'IAC 572', porem com prejuizo para a qualidade das bagas que apresentaram menor relacao solidos soluveis/acidez, menor teor de antocianinas e de compostos fenolicos e maior acidez. A absorcao de potassio foi mais dependente do porta-enxerto em 'Niagara Rosada'; a maior absorcao foi com os porta-enxertos 'IAC 766' e 'Traviu'. Videiras enxertadas sobre '196-17' apresentaram o menor teor de potassio nas bagas. 'Niagara Rosada' apresentou producao de 9 kg por planta e elevada relacao solidos soluveis/acidez sobre 'RR 101-14', '420 A' e 'Gravesac'. Entretanto, 'Gravesac' proporcionou maior concentracao de antocianinas. 'Folha de Figo' enxertada em '196-17' apresentou elevado teor de solidos soluveis, antocianinas e fenolicos nas cascas e menor teor de acidez e fenolicos nas sementes, alem de producao de 5 kg por planta, estatisticamente semelhante aos porta-enxertos mais produtivos.
Climatic forcing and primary productivity in a subalpine lake: Interannual variability as a natural experiment

We analyzed a 42‐yr record of primary productivity in small, subalpine Castle Lake to determine how climatic variability might influence lake primary productivity. A Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) polarity reversal in 1977 significantly affected winter air and summer water temperatures in Castle Lake. The timing of lake ice‐out was explained by spring air temperature and winter total precipitation (r2 = 0.72) and significantly affected water temperature (r2 = 0.74). Primary productivity was negatively correlated with ice‐out date and positively correlated with primary productivity during the previous year (r2 = 0.47). Alternatively, primary productivity was positively correlated with water temperature and primary productivity during the previous year (r2 = 0.49). Ammonium availability immediately after ice‐out was significantly related to primary productivity from the previous and the current year, suggesting that nutrient availability is an important mechanism for the serial correlation. Daphnia and cyanobacteria biomass also increased during warmer years. Our results suggest that variability in air temperature and precipitation from global warming, PDO, and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence primary productivity and plankton communities in North American dimictic lakes.
Effects of temperature, salt, and osmotic potential on early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum). II, Early seedling growth

Kernels of spring wheat (cv. Katepwa) were germinated in Petri dishes at six osmotic potentials (−0.3 to −1.8 MPa) and three temperatures (10, 18, and 30 °C) in single-salt solutions of a variety of chloride and sulfate salts, or in polyethylene glycol. Shoot length and maximum root length were measured at 7 days, and membrane damage of roots was assayed by measuring leakage of UV-absorbing compounds. Low temperature and osmotic potential decreased root and shoot length. High (30 °C) temperature enhanced growth in distilled water controls and in polyethylene glycol, but reduced growth if salt stress below -0.6 MPa was present. All salts greatly enhanced osmotically induced membrane leakage. Changes in membrane leakage with temperature may be partially responsible for observed salt–temperature interactions on growth.
Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of prune (Prunus domestica) antioxidants by response surface methodology

Summary Optimal conditions for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenols (TP), epicatechin gallate and antioxidant activity from prune (Prunus domestica), rejected in transformation process of plum to prune, were determined by response surface methodology. The central composite design was used to study the effects of three independent variables: microwave power, irradiation time and solvent polarity on the TP, epicatechin gallate and antioxidant activity. Epicatechin gallate was identified as a major phenolic compound in prune extract by RP-HPLC. Microwave power and irradiation time significantly affected all responses (P < 0.01). The highest TP (598.89 mg GAE/100 g prune) was obtained using water as an extraction solvent at 500 W, during 115 s. However, the optimal conditions for epicatechin gallate extraction were ethanol 80%, 435 W and 120 s. MAE is more efficient than conventional extraction method to obtain TP from prune. The experimental values were reasonably close to the predicted values confirming the validity of the predicted models.
Antinutrient Factors of Vegetable Cowpea (Sesquipedalis) Seeds During Thermal Processing

2 Abstract: The effect of boiling, roasting and autoclaving on the levels of some antinutrient factors present in the seeds of vegetable cowpea (sesquipedalis) were studied. The reduction of trypsin inhibitor was found to be highest (100%) with autoclaving at 60 min. Boiling was more effective in reducing phytic acid (68.34%) and haemagglutinin (75.98%) respectively at 60 min than the other processing treatments at the same time. The hydrogen cyanide was markedly reduced up to 81.25% at 15 min by autoclaving method while boiling at 60min resulted in (81.25%) reduction. Tannin content was reduced by boiling and roasting up to 75.00% at 60 min and 75.00% at 120 min respectively. Boiling and autoclaving at 60 min significantly reduced stachyose (60.52% - 84.21%) and raffinose (67.97 - 83.66%).
The life-cycle of Echinoparyphium hydromyos sp.nov. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from the Australian water-rat

Echinoparyphium hydromyos sp.nov. with forty-five collar spines is described from the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffr. The cercaria occurs naturally in Plananisus isingi (Cotton & Godfrey), and all stages in the life-history have been demonstrated experimentally. Encystation occurs in the kidneys of tadpoles. The adult is most closely related to Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Linstow). It differs from this in its greater number of eggs and in its life-history. E. recurvatum occurs predominantly in birds, and is rarely found naturally in mammals. E. hydromyos has been found only in a mammal. Cercaria echinoparyphii hydromyos is compared with C. clelandae Johnston and Angel; it differs from the latter in the ‘compound’ nature of the excretory granules. The adult of C. clelandae has not been demonstrated in spite of a number of experiments to determine it. Type material has been deposited in the South Australian Museum. I wish to acknowledge the help given by my colleague, Patricia M. Thomas, in field work and in other ways, and by Mr Ian Smith, of this department, in the experimental work on life-history studies.
Colloids, Bubbles, and Aggregates: A Perspective on Their Role in Suspension Feeding

Suspension feeders capture a wide range of materials from water currents, and the type of food subsequently ingested varies with the catching device and with the animal's ability to be selective. Black fly larvae are examples of non-selective suspension feeders that ingest particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM and DOM). The DOM includes colloids originally produced as mucopolysaccharide (exopolymer) exudates from cells. Colloidal exopolymer particles (CEPs, those <1 μm in size) may be free in the water column, attached to each other or to surfaces of bubbles, or bound with other particles to form aggregates. CEPs, and their adsorbed coatings, may be important in the nutrition of animals that capture and ingest them. In this "Perspective" I consider some of the roles of CEPs in the biology of suspension feeders and in the biology of aquatic systems as a whole.
VisuaLint: Sketchy In Situ Annotations of Chart Construction Errors

Chart construction errors, such as truncated axes or inexpressive visual encodings, can hinder reading a visualization, or worse, imply misleading facts about the underlying data. These errors can be caught by critical readings of visualizations, but readers must have a high level of data and design literacy and must be paying close attention. To address this issue, we introduce VisuaLint: a technique for surfacing chart construction errors in situ. Inspired by the ubiquitous red wavy underline that indicates spelling mistakes, visualization elements that contain errors (e.g., axes and legends) are sketchily rendered and accompanied by a concise annotation. VisuaLint is unobtrusive — it does not interfere with reading a visualization — and its direct display establishes a close mapping between erroneous elements and the expression of error. We demonstrate five examples of VisualLint and present the results of a crowdsourced evaluation (N = 62) of its efficacy. These results contribute an empirical baseline proficiency for recognizing chart construction errors, and indicate near‐universal difficulty in error identification. We find that people more reliably identify chart construction errors after being shown examples of VisuaLint, and prefer more verbose explanations for unfamiliar or less obvious flaws.
Investigating the relationship of positive family history pattern and the incidence and prognosis of idiopathic epilepsy in epilepsy patients

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorder. This study aimed to investigating the relationship of family history pattern and prognosis of idiopathic epilepsy. Methods: In this study, 377 patients with epilepsy referring to Imam clinic were investigated. Data were collected by means of a checklist that contained demographic data, age of first seizure attack, response rate to treatment, parental relationship, seizure history, family history and recurrence of seizure. And then the data were analyzed by SPSS Version 23. Results: Among the 337 patients, 199 (52.8 %) individuals were males and 178 (47.2%) individuals were females. The mean age of patients was 28.3±14 years. Approximately 50% of patients had a history of seizure and epilepsy in one of the close first relatives or relatives who had adequate knowledge of their disease. The mean incidence age of epilepsy was lower in patients with a positive family history of disease than those who did not have a family history of epilepsy (p<0.05). Among the 33 patients who did not respond well to treatment, there was a 75% family history of epilepsy (p<0.05). The average age of epilepsy was lower in those with family marriage, but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the patients diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy, the family history of epilepsy and seizure, especially in their first degree relatives is fairly high, that may indicate genetic causes in the etiology of the disease.
Sesbania in Africa (excluding Madagascar) and southern Arabia.

J. B. GILLETT Page Nomenclature . 91 Generic characters . 92 Generic limits . 92 Ecology . 94 Viability and dormancy of seeds . 94 Germination and seedlings . 94 Chromosome. numbers . 96 & 97 Interspecific hybridization . 97 Economics . 98 Difficulties . 98 Technique . 99 Acknowledgements . 99 Key to African species and infraspecific taxa . 99 Enumeration of species with notes and descriptions of new taxa . o05 Geographical distribution . 150, 154 References . 152 Index to generic and specific names . 158
Yolk lip1d modifications by fat supplemented diets of laying hens

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to modification the total lipid and cholesterol level, as well as fatty acid composition of egg yolks, by supplementing diets of laying hens with different fats. The trial was conducted in two six week experiments. Experiment I was conducted on 180 Isa Brown hens assigned to two age categories: 36 months - old (O), and 27 weeks of age - young (Y) hens. Both ago categories were divided into three groups: control groups fed a diet I with no supplemented fat (OC and YC) experimental groups fed a diet II supplemented with 3.2% of palm oil (OP and YP) and experimental groups fed a diet III supplemented with 2.5% of lard (OL and YL). In Experiment II 45 Lohman Brown hens of 56 weeks of age were randomly assigned into three groups of 15 birds each and were fed with three experimental diets supplemented with either 3% fish oil (group FO), 3% palm olein (group PO) or with 3% lard (group L). The results of our trial support the thesis of constant cholesterol content in egg yolk, that was accepted by the majority of researchers, although it was possible to affect the levels only in some conditions, as for example by the age of hens in Experiment I or by feeding Lohman Brown hens with 3% of supplemented lard in Experiment II. However, the experiment proved the possibility of altering egg yolk fatty acid composition, this being a trend in actual investigations of egg yolk cholesterogenic modification.