Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incremental yield of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in congregates. Case of Muhanga prison/South Province/Rwanda.

Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem worldwide and particularly in prison populations. Most of countries are still using conventional tests for TB diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incremental yield of Xpert MTB/RIF assay compared to sputum microscopy for TB diagnosis in congregates case of Muhanga prison, Rwanda. Methods: We conducted an analytical, prospective and longitudinal study of TB case detection among 5868 prisoners and 78 staff members of Muhanga prison from 9 th December, 2013 to 16 th January, 2014. Sputum samples from TB suspects (abnormal CXR, normal CXR with cough) were analysed by Xpert MTB/RIF and Auramine staining microscopy. Results: Among 706 inmates and 5 staff members who were considered TB suspects, a total of 53 TB cases were detected: 20 cases were found on sputum microscopy and 50 on Xpert MTB/RIF tests. Three sputum samples positive on microscopy were not tested by Xpert MTB/RIF due to poor quality. All sputum samples positive for TB on microscopy controlled by Xpert MTB/RIF were found positive. The incremental yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared to sputum microscopy was 66%. The prevalence rate of pulmonary TB at Muhanga Prison was 7507/100 000, approximately 65.9 times higher compared to the general population (114/100 000). 14.9% of inmates presented with more than one TB cardinal symptoms. Lung infiltrates were predominantly found on CXR (48.6%). One case (1.9%) of RIF resistance was detected by Xpert MTB/RIF. All TB cases detected were male prisoners who were incarcerated for more than 24 months. 17.7% of these prisoners were underweight. Malnutrition (BMI<18.5kg/m 2 ) was associated with TB disease (p=0.007). Among TB suspects, 7.2% were HIV positive. Even if 94.1% of them have already started ARVs, 20.8% had CD4 count less than 200 cells/μl. Conclusion: The study results showed a high prevalence of TB in Muhanga prison. Xpert/ MTB/RIF clearly provided an important incremental yield.
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN PENGELOLAAN AGROEKOSISTEM TANAMAN TERHADAP STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS SERANGGA PADA PERTANAMAN KEDELAI DI NGALE, KABUPATEN NGAWI, JAWA TIMUR

Effect of different agroecosystem management on community structure of insects in soybean crop in Ngale, Ngawi District, East Java. Insect community structures in agroecosystem may always change. Agroecosystem management techniques affect insect community structure. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and composition of insects on soybean plants under different pest management systems and varieties. The experiment design was split plot with varieties (Anjasmoro and Wilis) as the main plots and pest management systems (Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Non-Chemical Management (P-NK), Chemical Management (P-K), and Control) as the sub plots. There were ten insect sampling sessions for each plot. Samplings were done in June until September 2013 using pitfall traps, sticky traps, sweep net, and yellow pan traps. Statistically the results of experiment showed that varieties and pest management had no significant differences to the insects diversity. Herbivore and beneficial insect in soybean crop had differences composition between varieties Anjasmoro and Wilis. In both soybean Anjasmoro and Wilis varieties, herbivore populations tend to be higher in the control plots compared to the IPM plots. Abundance of decomposers, parasitoids, and predators tend to be higher in the control and P-NK plots which were without the use of synthetic insecticides compared to the IPM and P-K plots which were given the treatment of synthetic pesticides. This indicates that the use of pesticides causes decrease in the beneficial insect populations such as pollinator, parasitoids, and predators.
Biochemical alteration of cellular components of ash gourd due to infection of three different viruses.

Muqit, A. Akanda, A.M. and Kader, K.A. 2007. Biochemical Alteration of Cellular Components of Ash Gourd Due to Infection of Three Different Viruses. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 2(5): 40-42 An experiment was conducted to determine the changes in ash gourd (Benincasa hispida) due to infection of Bottlegourd mosaic virus (BgMV), Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV2) and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Chlorophyll, β-carotene, organic carbon and DNA were found to be reduced in the infected leaves as compared to non infected ones. But total phosphorus and RNA contents were increased in the infected leaves. Ratio of chlorophyll a to b and RNA to DNA were higher in the virus infected leaves. Total nitrogen and protein was decreased due to BgMV and WMV2 infection while it was increased in case of PRSV.
BIOSYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SUBFAMILIES NOEMACHEILINAE AND SCHIZOTHORACINAE

Sampling of 255 stations belonging to 44 reaches randomly distributed along the freshwater systems of Pakistan enlisted 190 fish species and of these 12 are additions to previously known ichthyo-diversity of the area. The area has a high proportion of endemics that comprised 43 species, (22.75 % of the total fish fauna). The taxonomic anomalies, especially with regard to sub-families Schizothoracinae and Noemacheilinae have been resolved based on cluster analysis of the morphometric characters using computer based Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and scatterplotting using the software MINITAB 14. The dendrogram, developed through degree of similarity between the compositions of the fish fauna at different reaches, was used to identify six ichthyo-ecological zones for the country. These zones are different in having different ecological conditions and also have geographic rationale. The relationship between the distributions of fish fauna determined by using CANOCO 4.5 computer software suggested that temperature, altitude, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity and type of substratum are the main determinants of the species distribution of ichthyofauna of the area, while total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, and conductivity have a relatively minor direct control. Exotic trout species do not appear to have immediate threat to the indigenous fish fauna while Tilapia species need special monitoring before it becomes a serious problem for local species.
Morphology and distribution of ovipositor sensilla of female cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and evidence for gustatory function

The ovipositor of Spodoptera littoralis has many sensilla, which implies a distinct sensory function of this organ in the assessment of the egg laying substrates and placement of eggs. The ovipositor is composed of two papillae densely packed with sensilla. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there are four categories of sensilla chaetica (s. chaetica), characterized based on differences in distribution, length and morphology, distributed on each papilla: Type I with 69 ± 2.9 sensilla on each papilla (length: 29–163 μm) distributed at the base; Type II with 19 ± 1.8 sensilla (length: 287–446 μm) distributed medially; Type III with 120 ± 7.8 sensilla (length: 62–156 μm) distributed distally; and Type IV 8 ± 0.9 sensilla (length: 72–91 μm) scattered between Type III sensilla. The structure of s. chaetica Types I–III suggests a mechanosensory function, whereas electrophysiological analysis of s. chaetica Type IV showed responses from four gustatory neurons and one mechanosensory neuron. Of the chemoreceptive neurons, one responded to salt, one to the secondary compound caffeine, one to sugars, mainly sucrose and fructose, and lastly one potentially to water. Behavioral studies are needed to verify the role of these sensilla during choice of oviposition site.
The Development and Longevity of Haemagogus Mosquitoes under Laboratory Conditions.

The importance of the mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus in the epidemiology of sylvatic yellow fever led us to undertake laboratory experiments with the mechanism of virus transmission with the Villavicencio species. The results of the virus studies have been published in a series of papers by Bates and Roca (1945a, 1945b, 1946a, 1946b, 1946c), which include some notes on the vector mosquitoes. We became particularly interested in the effect of environmental temperature on the establishment and development of the virus in the mosquitoes, and it seemed that temperature conditions favorable for the virus were also favorable for the mosquitoes. The object of the present paper is to summarize these experiments from the entomological point of view.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization on leaf chemistry and beetle feeding are mediated by leaf development

Leaf expansion is known to be affected by N fertilization. Arthropod herbivore performance is known to be affected by changes in leaf chemistry that occur as leaves expand. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is known to affect arthropod herbivore performance, and the effects are assumed to be directly associated with changes in leaf chemistry. However, there is little known about the link between leaf expansion, leaf chemistry and herbivore responses to N fertilization. We examined how the developmental stage of 'young' Populus deltoides sapling leaves influenced the effects of N fertilization on leaf chemistry and the feeding performance of two folivorous beetles, Chrysomela scripta and Plagiodera versicolora. One-year-old saplings were grown at low, moderate, and high steady-state rates of N-addition in a glasshouse. Three leaf positions near the stem apex were used in feeding assays. Leaves were categorized into three leaf developmental stages based on continuous measurements of leaf expansion as follows: rapid expansion, completion of expansion, and cessation of expansion. Total leaf N, total soluble protein-N, total phenolic glycosides, and salicin concentrations were measured. Sapling growth rates and leaf development were both changed by rates of N-addition. Leaf N concentration was affected by rates of N-addition, but not changes in leaf development. Leaf protein-N concentration was not affected by either rates of N-addition or changes in leaf development. Total leaf phenolic glycoside and salicin concentration were only affected by changes in leaf development. C. scripta feeding was affected by both rates of N-addition and changes in leaf development. P. versicolora feeding was only affected by changes in leaf development. These data indicated that: (1) N fertilization affected leaf development, (2) changes in leaf chemistry caused by N fertilization were not directly or consistently associated with herbivore feeding behavior, and (3) changes in leaf development caused by N fertilization primarily accounted for herbivore feeding behavior.
Community Organization in Fishes as Indicated by Morphological Features

This study uses morphological data relating to many aspects of the niche to study community organization in assemblages of stream fishes from three separate drainages. Mean values for all morphological features were compared statistically for coexisting species pairs, and those features which had significantly different means were assumed to indicate ecological differentiation that exists between the species under consideration. Average niche overlap as defined by the percentage of morphological features not differing significantly between species pairs was constant for these assemblages regardless of a nearly twofold difference in number of species present. Similarly, the average Euclidean distance between the centers of morphologically defined niches for all sympatric common species was approximately the same for all three assemblages. Moreover, the distribution of Euclidean distances between species was the same in all three drainages and different than a distribution that would result from a random division of resources. Together, these results indicate that consistent patterns do exist in the organization of these stream communities, and that the species currently living together are not a random assortment of species and do not randomly divide their resources. The presence of higher numbers of species in a community seems not to be accompanied by increased packing of the niches, but rather by an occupation of more total niche space by the community as a whole.
THE TADPOLE OF PHYSALAEMUS SANTAFECINUS, WITH COMMENTS ON BUCCOPHARYNGEAL MORPHOLOGY

, AND P. DOUGHTY. 1996. Interactive effects of offspring size and timing of reproduction on offspring reproduction: experimental, maternal, and quantitative genetic aspects. Evolution 50:13141327. TRIVERS, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871-1971, pp. 136-179. Aldine, Chicago. VAN WYK, J. H. , AND P. LE F N. MOUTON. 1996. The reproductive cycles of the oviparous lizards Platysaurus capensis and P minor: evidence supporting a viviparity-oviparity reversal in the Cordylidae. Amphibia-Reptilia 17:115-129. VERRELL, P. A. 1985. Male mate choice for large, fecund females in the red-spotted newt, Notopthalmus viridescens: How is size assessed? Herpetologica 41:382-386. 1986. Male discrimination of larger, more fecund females in the smooth newt, Triturus vulgaris. J. Herpetol. 20:416422. VITr, L. J. 1986. Reproductive tactics of sympatric gekkonid lizards with a comment on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of invariant clutch size. Copeia 1986:773-786. WHITING, M. J., AND J. M. GREEFF. 1997. Facultative frugivory in the Cape flat lizard, Platysaurus capensis (Sauria: Cordylidae). Copeia 1997:811-818.
Influence of potassium on aphid incidence and yield of vegetable African nightshades (Solanum L. section Solanum).

The yield and quality of vegetable African nightshades are limited by poor soil fertility and damage by aphids (Aphis fabae solanella Theobald). A 4 x 4 factorial greenhouse experiment (RCBD) was carried out at Ikolomani in Western Kenya to establish the influence of potassium on incidence of aphids and yield of vegetable African nightshades (Solanum L. section Solanum). There were two factors; potassium and genotype represented by four species namely: Solanum villosum subsp. Villosum, Solanum villosum Miller subsp. Miniatum, Solanum scabrum Miller, Solanum sarrachoides sendtner. Each species received 0, 13.2, 26.4 and 39.6 mg K kg-1 of soil resulting in sixteen treatment combinations in three replicates. Soils had low exchangeable potassium (0.2 Cmol kg-1). Aphid incidence was significantly influenced (P≤0.001) by main effects of potassium and genotype. The mean aphid score (0-3) increased significantly (P≤0.05) on plants treated with 13.2 mg K kg-1 (1.35) and 26.4 mg K kg-1 (1.48) compared to control (1.0) while 39.6 mg K kg-1 (1.04) was same as the control. Solanum scabrum Miller had the highest (P≤0.05) aphid incidence (1.83) followed by Solanum villosum subsp. Villosum (1.48) while Solanum sarrachoides sendtner had the lowest (0.13). Genotype significantly interacted (P≤0.001) with potassium in affecting the leaf dry weight plant-1. Solanum scabrum Miller had significantly higher (P≤0.05) values at 13.2 mg K kg-1 (19.32 g) and 26.4 mg K kg-1 (34.1 g) than the other species (9.8 to 12.9 g). Potassium did not affect aphid incidence directly (y=0.91+0.25x, r2=0.019) but it improved plant’s tolerance to these pests.
Associations between Fusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period

During the last ten years, Norwegian cereal grain industry has experienced large challenges due to Fusarium spp. and Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of small-grained cereals. To prevent severely contaminated grain lots from entering the grain supply chain, it is important to establish surveys for the most prevalent Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. The objective of our study was to quantify and calculate the associations between Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins prevalent in oats and spring wheat. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, 178 grain samples of spring wheat and 289 samples of oats were collected from farmers’ fields in South East Norway. The grains were analysed for 18 different Fusarium-mycotoxins by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. Generally, the median mycotoxin levels were higher than reported in Norwegian studies covering previous years. The DNA content of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum were determined by quantitative PCR.
In Vitro Regeneration of Castor (Ricinus Communis L.) Using Cotyledon Explants

An efficient plant regeneration protocol using cotyledon explants was established for castor (Ricinus communis L.), an important oilseed crop. Mature seed-derived cotyledon explants produced adventitious shoots when placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ). The rate of shoot regeneration was maximal (≈25 shoots per explant) when explants were cultured on shoot induction medium supplemented with 5 μM TDZ and preincubated in the dark for the first 7 days before transferring to the day/night cycle (16/8 h). Only the proximal ends of cotyledon explants produced adventitious shoots, although green calli were observed in cotyledon veins. After 4 weeks in culture, explants with well-developed shoot buds were transferred to MS medium without plant growth regulators for the shoot elongation and development. At ≈4 months after culture initiation, shoots (2 cm in length) were transferred to root induction medium (MS medium supplemented with 5 μM indole-3-butyric acid) where they developed roots in 4 to 6 weeks. Plantlets were transferred to soil and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. Histological analysis showed the adventitious induction of the shoots originated from the cortical and epidermal cell layers of the cotyledon explants.
CARCASS AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF RABBITS RAISED ON RIPE GMELINA FRUIT PULP BASED DIETS

Carcass and economic indices of rabbits fed dietary ripe Gmelina fruit (RGFP) pulp were assessed. Sixty rabbits, aged six weeks (New Zealand White x Chinchilla cross) of mixed sexes (25 males and 35 females) were shared into five groups of 12 animals each and balanced on sex and initial weight and randomly allotted to the five experimental diets. Maize, the only energy source of diet I was replaced with 25, 50, 75 and 100% RGFP in diets II, III, IV and V, respectively in the 16 weeks trial. Carcass characteristics were determined pre-chill. Completely Randomized Design, one-way analysis of variance was used and significant (p<0.05) means were separated using least significant difference. The cost of feed ( N /kg), cost of feed consumed ( N /animal), cost of feed per weight gain ( N /kg weight gain), final weight, fasted weight, percentage weight loss, dressed weight and dressing percentage ranged from 55.07 – 28.21, 407.07 – 213.55 and 307.68 – 207.34, 1900 – 1605g, 1884.90 – 1589.78g, 15.23 – 15.09%, 1206.42 – 1017.46g and 64.01 – 63.97%, respectively. As a percentage of the dressed carcass, the shoulder, loin, rack, thigh, head, tail, belly fat, lung, kidney, liver and heart weights (g) ranged from 33.53 – 33.47, 8.97 – 8.74, 6.28 – 6.18, 35.29 – 35.16, 5.20 – 5.13, 3.29 – 3.19, 3.30 – 2.89, 0.32 – 0.30, 1.50 – 1.47, 2.80 – 2.77 and 0.18 – 0.15, respectively. Diet I had the highest cost of feed, cost of feed consumed, cost of feed per kilogramme weight gain, pre-slaughter weight and percentage belly fat, while diet V had the least values of the above parameters except percentage belly fat and dressed weight. Also, the values for these indices decreased as dietary RGFP increased. Though undesirable, the meat of control rabbits was the fattiest. Dietary inclusion of RGFP did not affect percentage weight loss, shoulder, loin, thigh, head, tail, lung, kidney, liver, heart and dressing percentage. For optimal returns on investment, RGFP may not replace above 75% of maize in rabbit diets.
WHITE-TAIL DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) INFLUENCE ON STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF TSUGA CANADENSIS FORESTS

(1) The effect of heavy and light deer browsing on the composition and structure of eastern hemlock forests was investigated in Wisconsin, United States. (2) Sugar maple rapidly replaced hemlock when both were heavily browsed but reproduction in hemlock soon recovered upon removal of browsing. (3) White-tailed deer have a substantial influence on the reproduction of hemlock, and on the potential of this species to replace itself in forests where hemlock is the dominant tree species.
Temperature Regulation in the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Under natural conditions, California Sea Lions are found as far south as Mexico, with a subspecies on the Galapagos Islands (Scheffer 1958). When they are on land, they may therefore encounter high air temperatures and high levels of solar radiation. It is uncertain whether they respond to these conditions by behavioral thermoregulation, as the field observations of Peterson and Bartholomew (1967) would suggest, or by physiological means. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to investigate the latter possibility-that these animals are physiologically equipped to deal with a hot environment, as some other species of pinnipeds appear to be (Bartholomew and Wilke 1956).
Prey assemblage isotopic variability as a tool for assessing diet and the spatial distribution of bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus foraging in the Canadian eastern Arctic

The eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC-WG) bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus population is slowly recovering from the intensive commercial whaling of the 18th and 20th cen- turies. However, climate change, through effects on ice conditions and prey availability, is one of several threats that might affect bowhead whale recovery. In this study, we exploited the variabil- ity observed in isotopic signatures of prey assemblages across the eastern Arctic to examine vari- ability in diet among bowhead whales (n = 202) and identify their potential foraging areas. We compared δ 13 C and δ 15 N isotope ratios of biopsied skin samples with those of potential zooplank- ton prey species collected across the Canadian eastern Arctic, and calculated the proportional contributions of various sources (zooplankton) to the diet of bowhead whales using a Bayesian sta- ble isotope mixing model. A cluster analysis indicated some variability in isotopic composition among groups of individuals, but not between males and females or age classes. The isotopic model discounted Davis Strait and Disko Bay as potential foraging areas for bowhead whales, at least in spring and summer. Lancaster Sound, Baffin Bay and the Gulf of Boothia were the 3 main areas likely used for summer feeding, where bowhead whales fed primarily on large Arctic calanoid copepods (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, Metridia longa, and Paraeuchaeta spp.), mysids and euphausiids. While some inter-individual variability in diet was observed, the strong dependence of this endemic Arctic species on Arctic zooplankton may make them vulnerable to the predicted latitudinal shift in prey species composition caused by ongoing warming.