Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language, literacy, and cognitive development : the development and consequences of symbolic communication

Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. E.K. Scholnick, Language, Literacy, and Thought: Forming a Partnership. Part II: Verbal and Gestural Communication and Cognitive Development. K. Nelson, L.K. Shaw, Developing a Socially Shared Symbolic System. N. Budwig, A Developmental-Functionalist Approach to Mental State Talk. D. Gentner, J. Loewenstein, Relational Language and Relational Thought. S. Goldin-Meadow, From Thought to Hand: Structured and Unstructured Communication Outside of Conventional Language. Part III: Notational Systems and Cognitive Development. D.R. Olson, What Writing Does to the Mind. R. Lehrer, L. Schauble, Symbolic Communication in Mathematics and Science: Co-Constituting Inscription and Thought. C. Dauite, Social Relational Knowing in Writing Development. Part IV: Conclusion. E. Amsel, J.P. Byrnes, Symbolic Communication and Cognitive Development: Conclusions and Prospects.
A systematic comparison of chloroplast genome assembly tools

Background Chloroplasts are intracellular organelles that enable plants to conduct photosynthesis. They arose through the symbiotic integration of a prokaryotic cell into an eukaryotic host cell and still contain their own genomes with distinct genomic information. Plastid genomes accommodate essential genes and are regularly utilized in biotechnology or phylogenetics. Different assemblers that are able to assess the plastid genome have been developed. These assemblers often use data of whole genome sequencing experiments, which usually contain reads from the complete chloroplast genome. Results The performance of different assembly tools has never been systematically compared. Here, we present a benchmark of seven chloroplast assembly tools, capable of succeeding in more than 60% of known real data sets. Our results show significant differences between the tested assemblers in terms of generating whole chloroplast genome sequences and computational requirements. The examination of 105 data sets from species with unknown plastid genomes leads to the assembly of 20 novel chloroplast genomes. Conclusions We create docker images for each tested tool that are freely available for the scientific community and ensure reproducibility of the analyses. These containers allow the analysis and screening of data sets for chloroplast genomes using standard computational infrastructure. Thus, large scale screening for chloroplasts within genomic sequencing data is feasible.
Nutritive Fortification of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis with Eicosapentaenoic Acid-producing Bacteria

Out of 200 bacterial strains which produced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the strain SCRC-6370 was selected both in terms of EPA productivity and the growth of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under the provision of the bacteria and baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Either vitamins or activated carbon put into the medium improved the growth and EPA content remarkably. When fed on the bacteria the EPA content of the rotifer turned higher than that of the rotifer fed on ω-yeast, which was 2.7 ng/indiv, and 7.5% of total fatty acids. These values were however, less than those of the specimen provided with Nannochloropsis oculata, which were 4.3 ng/indiv. and 16%, respectively.
Recurrent neural networks can explain flexible trading of speed and accuracy in biological vision

Deep feedforward neural network models of vision dominate in both computational neuroscience and engineering. The primate visual system, by contrast, contains abundant recurrent connections. Recurrent signal flow enables recycling of limited computational resources over time, and so might boost the performance of a physically finite brain or model. Here we show: (1) Recurrent convolutional neural network models outperform feedforward convolutional models matched in their number of parameters in large-scale visual recognition tasks on natural images. (2) Setting a confidence threshold, at which recurrent computations terminate and a decision is made, enables flexible trading of speed for accuracy. At a given confidence threshold, the model expends more time and energy on images that are harder to recognise, without requiring additional parameters for deeper computations. (3) The recurrent model’s reaction time for an image predicts the human reaction time for the same image better than several parameter-matched and state-of-the-art feedforward models. (4) Across confidence thresholds, the recurrent model emulates the behaviour of feedforward control models in that it achieves the same accuracy at approximately the same computational cost (mean number of floating-point operations). However, the recurrent model can be run longer (higher confidence threshold) and then outperforms parameter-matched feedforward comparison models. These results suggest that recurrent connectivity, a hallmark of biological visual systems, may be essential for understanding the accuracy, flexibility, and dynamics of human visual recognition. Author summary Deep neural networks provide the best current models of biological vision and achieve the highest performance in computer vision. Inspired by the primate brain, these models transform the image signals through a sequence of stages, leading to recognition. Unlike brains in which outputs of a given computation are fed back into the same computation, these models do not process signals recurrently. The ability to recycle limited neural resources by processing information recurrently could explain the accuracy and flexibility of biological visual systems, which computer vision systems cannot yet match. Here we report that recurrent processing can improve recognition performance compared to similarly complex feedforward networks. Recurrent processing also enabled models to behave more flexibly and trade off speed for accuracy. Like humans, the recurrent network models can compute longer when an object is hard to recognise, which boosts their accuracy. The model’s recognition times predicted human recognition times for the same images. The performance and flexibility of recurrent neural network models illustrates that modeling biological vision can help us improve computer vision.
Fitness effects of competition within and between species change across species’ ranges, and reveal limited local adaptation in rainforest Drosophila

Competition within and between species can have large effects on fitness and may therefore drive local adaptation. However, these effects are rarely tested systematically, or considered when predicting species’ responses to environmental change. We used a field transplant experiment to test the effects of intra and interspecific competition on fitness across the ecological niches of two rainforest Drosophila species that replace each other along an elevation gradient. For the species with the broader elevational range, we also tested for adaptation to the local abiotic and biotic environment. In both species, intraspecific competition reduced productivity more than interspecific competition at the centre of its elevational range, while interspecific competition had a stronger effect at the range edge, where the competing species is more abundant. Local adaptation was detected in the centre of the range of the more widespread species, but only in the presence of intraspecific competition. This study is the first to demonstrate that fitness effects of inter-specific competition increase at ecological margins, while intra-specific competition has more pervasive effects at range centres. This is a key assumption of “tangled bank” models of community evolution and has important implications for predicting the resilience of ecological networks to global change.
Multimodal management of craniopharyngiomas: neuroendoscopy, microsurgery, and radiosurgery

Object. The goal of this study was to examine the role of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) and adjuvant neuroendoscopic procedures by assessing the outcome in 10 patients with craniopharyngiomas who were treated between 1998 and 2001. Methods. In 10 consecutive patients (six males and four females, mean age 12 years [range 7–32 years]), there were nine mixed and one solid craniopharyngioma. In the last three cases, neuroendoscopic procedures were conducted. Two cases required insertion of an Ommaya reservoir. In another case partial removal of the cyst wall was performed using an endoscope to create a communication with the cerebrospinal pathways and thereby preclude the need for shunt insertion. Conclusions. Multimodal management of craniopharyngiomas seems to provide a better rate of survival and greater long-term disease control. It is suggested that GKS combined with adjuvant neuroendoscopy should be used as an alternative in treating recurrent or residual craniopharyngiomas if additional microsurgical .
NUMERICAL MODELING OF JET FUEL SPRAY AND EVAPORATION IN ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBER

The atomization of jet fuel inside annular combustor is numerically modeled. The unsteady incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved. The effect of turbulence is incorporated by using Realizable two equation k-Ɛ turbulence model. The evaporation is modeled by solving unsteady species transport equations over the continuum. The unsteady tracking of fuel droplets is modeled by using Discrete Phase Model (DPM) of a commercial software. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method. The spray velocity along and across the combustion chamber are presented and discussed. The unsteady spray structure and particles Histograms are presented and compared to the published literature, found acceptable
Thidiazuron induces high-frequency shoot regeneration in intact seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens culinaris)

Axenic seedling cultures of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) were established by culturing mature seeds on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ). Of various cytokinins or compounds with cytokinin-like activity (Kinetin, TDZ, Zeatin) tested for inducing shoot formation in pea seeds cultures, TDZ was found to be most effective. Pea seedlings exhibited a unique pattern of shoot formation which was accomplished in two distinct phases. Multiple shoots developed within a week, from the nodal and basal regions of the primary epicotyl in a medium that contained 5-50 μM TDZ. When these seedlings were exposed for a prolonged time period (3-4 weeks), to the same medium, numerous shoot buds emerged de novo from the base and/or from the upper part of multiple shoots. These shoots had no apparent vascular connection with parent tissues. The inductive capability of TDZ was then tested in several other genotypes of Pisum sativum and two other large-seeded grain legumes, Cicer arietinum, and Lens culinaris. In Cicer arietinum, and Lens culinaris, multiple shoots developed after 1 week of seed culture on media that contained 1-50 μM TDZ. However, de novo differentiation of shoot buds occurred in cultures exposed to TDZ for 4-6 weeks, only from nodal and subjacent areas. Secondary shoot formation occurred frequently in all of the species tested. Developing shoots were able to form roots and eventually whole plants on a modified MS medium containing 2.5 μM NAA. No genotypic difference for morphogenesis was observed.
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFILL WALL EFFECT ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF RC FRAMES

The simplicity of construction and economic reasons have made the infilled frame one of the most preferred structural form for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings around the world. For these reasons, the usage of infill walls with reinforced concrete frames increased rapidly over the past decades. On the other hand, although the reinforced concrete frame-infill systems are commonly used throughout the world, the infill is rarely included in the numerical analysis of the structures. For this reason the main goal of this study is to investigate, obtain and compare the dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of RC frames with and without infill wall by using classic vibration test results within elastic limit. In addition, the contribution of infill wall to the RC frame behavior for the small strain level is also the target of this paper. For this purpose, full scaled, one bay and one storey RC frames with and without infill wall are constructed and tested. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition technique is used in order to attain the experimental dynamic characteristics of the frames. The results from tests showed that the forced vibration test measurements are sufficient and satisfying to identify the dynamic properties of the RC frames for both with and without infill walls. Furthermore, addition of infill wall to the bare frame does not have an important effect on the dynamic characteristics of the system for small strain level. On the other hand, it is shown that the application of plaster to the infill wall changes the dynamic behavior of the system significantly even for such a so small forces used in this study.
EDUCATIONAL CARTOGRAPHY: MAPPING A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Although school atlases represent a major sector in cartographic publishing, we know little about how these materials are developed. This is partly because the number of people directly involved in research and development worldwide is relatively small, partly because commercial competition has generally stifled debate and partly because theoretical perspectives on map design for young people remain underdeveloped. Although the content, appearance and sequencing of school atlas maps are influenced by theories of young peoples understanding as well as of how the maps will be used in classrooms, these theories are rarely made explicit. School atlases have been described as a category of establishment mapping and resistant, therefore, to innovation. If this is true, how does it happen and how can it be prevented? Where does power lie in the development process and on what basis are choices made? These are key questions because the materials themselves play a significant role in shaping childrens world view.
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Molar–Incisor Hypomineralization in 8–16-year-old Children in Industrial Town of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and etiology of molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in 8- to 16-year-old children from town (Baddi) of Himachal Pradesh. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2000 children from various schools of Baddi. Molar–incisor hypomineralization was diagnosed on the basis of EAPD 2003 criteria revised in 2009. Results Prevalence of MIH found was to be 2.9%. Demarcated opacities were predominant among all the defects. Postnatal illnesses were highly associated with MIH. The prevalence of dental caries reported in MIH patients was 82.7%. Conclusion Postnatal illnesses are significantly associated with MIH. Molar–incisor hypomineralization predisposes the tooth to dental caries. How to cite this article Thakur H, Kaur A, Singh R, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Molar–Incisor Hypomineralization in 8–16-year-old Children in Industrial Town of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(3):230–234.
CDK4/6 inhibition promotes immune infiltration in ovarian cancer and synergizes with PD-1 blockade in a B cell-dependent manner

Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunotherapy in the past decade. However, the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) against ovarian cancer are still limited. Recently, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6i) has been reported to enhance antitumor immunity in preclinical models. The combined use of CDK4/6i and ICB may be beneficial, but the effects of CDK4/6is on the tumor immune microenvironment and whether they can synergize with ICB in treating ovarian cancer remain unknown. Methods: In this study, we first assessed the antitumor efficacy of abemaciclib, an FDA-approved CDK4/6i, in a syngeneic murine ovarian cancer model. Then, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the number, proportion, and activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cytokine and chemokine production was detected both in vivo and in vitro by PCR array analysis and cytokine antibody arrays. The treatment efficacy of combined abemaciclib and anti-PD-1 therapy was evaluated in vivo, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cell activities were analyzed using flow cytometry. Lastly, the requirement for both CD8+ T cells and B cells in combination treatment was evaluated in vivo, and potential cellular mechanisms were further analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We observed that abemaciclib monotherapy could enhance immune infiltration, especially CD8+ T cell and B cell infiltration, in the ID8 murine ovarian cancer model. Immunophenotyping analysis showed that abemaciclib induced a proinflammatory immune response in the tumor microenvironment. PCR array analysis suggested the presence of a Th1-polarized cytokine profile in abemaciclib-treated ID8 tumors. In vitro studies showed that abemaciclib-treated ID8 cells secreted more CXCL10 and CXCL13, thus recruiting more lymphocytes than control groups. Combination treatment achieved better tumor control than monotherapy, and the activities of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were further enhanced when compared with monotherapy. The synergistic antitumor effects of combined abemaciclib and anti-PD-1 therapy depended on both CD8+ T cells and B cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that combined treatment with CDK4/6i and anti-PD-1 antibody could improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy and hold great promise for the treatment of poorly immune-infiltrated ovarian cancer.
Macroprudential policies in CESEE – an intensity-adjusted approach

We assess the overall intensity with which macroprudential policies were used in eleven Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries from 1997 until end-2018. To this end, we construct an intensity-adjusted macroprudential policy index, which also allows us to gauge the impact macroprudential measures had on credit growth and housing prices. Our new index reveals that some of the eleven CESEE countries had already intensively implemented macroprudential policy tools before the global financial crisis (GFC), while others became more active in this respect only in its aftermath. The considerable macroprudential tightening evident since 2010 mainly reflects the introduction of borrower-based measures, like loan-to-value (LTV) and debt service-to-income (DSTI) limits, and the implementation of capital buffers. In the empirical assessment, we find that macroprudential measures are associated with lower private sector credit growth, in particular for households. Moreover, borrower-based macroprudential measures tend to have a larger and more robust impact on credit growth than other macroprudential instruments that also include capital- and liquidity-based measures. These findings also hold for the impact of macroprudential measures on house price growth.
Exploring New Venture Idea Development with External Enablers and Design Process in Nascent Entrepreneurs

As the world is transforming towards the value-based economy, viable new venture idea is recognized as the antecedent of all entrepreneurial activities that drive economic growth. This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of new venture idea development by exploring the constructs of external enablers and the design process through the science of design theory. To explore the effect of external enablers and design processes on the generation of new venture ideas, two experiments were carried out in the format of a new venture idea challenge. The first experiment was conducted with 120 undergraduate students to test the effects of an external enabler and the design process on new venture idea generation. The second experiment was conducted with 15 graduate students to test the effects of different technological external enablers on new venture idea development. The findings suggest that external enablers mainly affect the quality of new venture ideas, and design processes mainly affect the number of new venture ideas. With the application of a design process, external enablers had a more positive effect on the quantity and quality of new venture ideas. This study extends the theoretical explanation of the entrepreneurial process by applying the science of design to examine the transformation of opportunities into new venture ideas. With this research design, researchers can test the effects of objective phenomena and subjective conjecture through the design process instruments to measure new venture ideas. This study can also be applied in entrepreneurial classroom activities, and to the idea generation process of novice entrepreneurs.
Donors vastly underestimate differences in charities’ effectiveness

Some charities are much more cost-effective than other charities, which means that they can save many more lives with the same amount of money. Yet most donations do not go to the most effective charities. Why is that? We hypothesized that part of the reason is that people underestimate how much more effective the most effective charities are compared with the average charity. Thus, they do not know how much more good they could do if they donated to the most effective charities. We studied this hypothesis using samples of the general population, students, experts, and effective altruists in five studies. We found that lay people estimated that among charities helping the global poor, the most effective charities are 1.5 times more effective than the average charity (Studies 1 and 2). Effective altruists, in contrast, estimated the difference to be factor 50 (Study 3) and experts estimated the factor to be 100 (Study 4). We found that participants donated more to the most effective charity, and less to an average charity, when informed about the large difference in cost-effectiveness (Study 5). In conclusion, misconceptions about the difference in effectiveness between charities is thus likely one reason, among many, why people donate ineffectively.
OXA-10 and OXA-2 ESBLs among multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from North West of Iran

Production of Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is a common mechanism of resistance in multidrug- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but the frequency of different ESBLs may vary significantly in different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OXA-2/OXA-10 type ESBLs and class 1 integron among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Tabriz, North West of Iran. A total of 110 P. aeruginosa isolates was entered in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. Production of ESBL was confirmed by combined disc method, and polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of OXA-2/OXA-10 beta-lactamases and class 1 integrons. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that the highest resistance rate was against aztreonam (82%) and cefepime (77.3%), whereas the highest susceptibility was to imipenem (71%), meropenem (66.4%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (37.3%). In combined disc test, 68 isolates (61.8%) were ESBL producers. PCR analysis showed that 47 (42.7%) isolates carried class 1 integron, among them 22 (32.3%) contained blaOXA-10 and 7 (10.3%) contained blaOXA-2 genes. In conclusion, high prevalence of OXA-10 and OXA-2 type ESBLs were detected in the study region and that imipenem and meropenem were the most active agents against P. aeruginosa isolates.