Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective reinforcement of conflict processing in the Stroop task

Motivation signals have been shown to influence the engagement of cognitive control processes. However, most studies focus on the invigorating effect of reward prospect, rather than the reinforcing effect of reward feedback. The present study aimed to test whether people strategically adapt conflict processing when confronted with condition-specific congruency-reward contingencies in a manual Stroop task. Results show that the size of the Stroop effect can be affected by selectively rewarding responses following incongruent versus congruent trials. However, our findings also suggest important boundary conditions. Our first two experiments only show a modulation of the Stroop effect in the first half of the experimental blocks, possibly due to our adaptive threshold procedure demotivating adaptive behavior over time. The third experiment showed an overall modulation of the Stroop effect, but did not find evidence for a similar modulation on test items, leaving open whether this effect generalizes to the congruency conditions, or is stimulus-specific. More generally, our results are consistent with computational models of cognitive control and support contemporary learning perspectives on cognitive control. The findings also offer new guidelines and directions for future investigations on the selective reinforcement of cognitive control processes.
Determination of flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba extract from different pharmaceutical factories by HPLC

Objective: To establish methods for determination of flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE), and to compare their content from 6 different pharmaceutical factories. Methods: The content of flavonol glycosides was determined by using HPLC-UV method, the mixture of 52% methanol and 48% phosphoric acid solution of 0.4% concentration(W/V) as mobile phase, the detection wavelength was 360 nm. The content of terpene lactones was detected by using HPLC-ELSD method, a mixture of methanol and water as mobile phase with a gradient elution program within 20 min, 0-5min, 40%-35%(A); 5-12 min, 35%(A); 12-14.5min, 35%-40%(A); 14.5-20 min, 40%(A). The temperature of drift tube was 65℃. Results: The methods for determination of flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones in GBE were established, and separation between the components was 1.5, precision, stability, repeatability, average recovery all meet the requirement. The content of flavonol glycosides is 3.87%, 25.39%, 25.35%, 27.50%, 26.09%, 26.99%; the content of terpene lactones is 6.39%, 4.62%, 6.02%, 5.06%, 5.32%, 5.49%. Conclusion: The content of GBE in different pharmaceutical factories has large differences. The content of GBE in No.1 and No.2 pharmaceutical factories could not reach standards of CP, and only No.6 could reach the standards of USP.
The Use of CytoSorb Therapy in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Review of the Rationale and Current Clinical Experiences

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the biggest global health crisis of our lifetime. There is accumulating evidence that a substantial number of critically ill COVID-19 patients exhibit a dysregulated host response manifesting as cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome, which in turn contributes to the high observed rates of mortality. Just as in other hyperinflammatory conditions, extracorporeal cytokine removal may have potential beneficial effects in this subgroup of COVID-19 patients. The CytoSorb blood purification device is the most extensively investigated cytokine removal platform with considerable evidence suggesting that early intervention can provide rapid hemodynamic stabilization and improvement in vital organ functions. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiological background of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and to summarize the currently available evidence on the effects of hemoadsorption in these patients.
Clinical Outcomes With Definitive Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia With Retained Daptomycin and Ceftaroline Combination Therapy vs De-escalation to Monotherapy With Vancomycin, Daptomycin, or Ceftaroline

Abstract Background Lower mortality has been observed with combination therapy compared to monotherapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia; however, there is a lack of evidence for continued combination therapy over de-escalation to monotherapy following bacteremia clearance. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective study evaluating patients with MRSA bacteremia hospitalized from November 1, 2011, through July 31, 2019. Patients who received three to ten days of combination therapy followed by de-escalation to monotherapy were directly compared to patients retained on combination therapy. The primary composite outcome included inpatient infection-related mortality, 60-day readmission, and 60-day bacteremia recurrence. Results A total of 286 patients with MRSA bacteremia were identified, with 146 patients omitted based on exclusion criteria. The study population included 66 in the combination therapy group and 74 in the monotherapy group. Study population was 51% female (n = 71) and 78% white (n = 109) with median age of 46 years (IQR 34.5–61). No significant difference was observed in the primary composite outcome (21% combination therapy group vs 24% monotherapy group; P =.66), with retained observations after controlling for confounders. Within this outcome, there was no significant difference in 60-day readmission (20% combination therapy group vs 18% monotherapy group; P =.75), bacteremia recurrence (3% combination therapy group vs 7% monotherapy group; P =.45), or inpatient infection-related mortality (2% combination therapy group vs 5% monotherapy group; P = 1.00). Conclusions No difference was found in the composite outcome of 60-day bacteremia recurrence, readmission, or inpatient infection-related mortality for patients with MRSA bacteremia retained on combination therapy versus those de-escalated to monotherapy.
Attitudes towards gender roles and prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetrated against pregnant and postnatal women: Differences between women immigrants from conflict-affected countries and women born in Australia

Background The aim was to compare, for the first time in a large systematic study, women born in conflict-affected countries who immigrated to Australia with women born in Australia for attitudes towards gender roles and men’s use of IPV and the actual prevalence of IPV. The study also examined if any associations remained across the two timepoints of pregnancy and postpartum. Methods Women were interviewed during their first visit to one of three Australian public hospital antenatal clinics and re-interviewed at home six months after giving birth. A total of 1111 women completed both interviews, 583 were born in conflict-affected countries and 528 born in Australia. Associations between attitudes towards gender roles and men’s use of IPV, socio-demographic characteristics and reported actual experiences of IPV were examined using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results Attitudes toward inequitable gender roles including those that condone men’s use of IPV, and prevalence of IPV, were significantly higher (p<0.001) among women born in conflict-affected countries compared to Australia-born women. Women born in conflict-affected countries with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and men’s use of IPV had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.18 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 1.85–5.47) and an aOR of 1.83 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 1.11–3.01). Women born in Australia with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and IPV had an aOR of 7.12 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 2.12–23.92) and an aOR of 10.59 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 2.21–50.75). Conclusions Our results underscore the need for IPV prevention strategies sensitively targeted to communities from conflict-affected countries, and for awareness among clinicians of gender role attitudes that may condone men’s use of IPV, and the associated risk of IPV. The study supports the need for culturally informed national strategies to promote gender equality and to challenge practices and attitudes that condone men’s violence in spousal relationships.
Effect of spatial and temporal variability of gauged and radar rainfall data on hydrological modelingof urban basins

In urban areas, rainfall-runoff modeling provides large uncertainties due to the difficulty in representing the spatial distribution of rainfall events. In this context, the this work aims to evaluate the effect of temporal and spatial of rainfall data (weather radar and distributed rainfall gauges network) on runoff estimation in a urban basin. The Reginaldo basin, inserted in the urban area of the Maceió city, capital of state of Alagoas (Brazil), has a reasonable availability of rainfall datal covered with a high number and spatial distribution of rain gauges and weather radar, which was used as input of a hydrological model The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) has been used with 3 analysis rainfall scenarios: (i) considering uniform rainfall distribution based on measured average rainfall, (ii) considering distributed rainfall using catchment discretization, and (iii) considering distributed rainfall using radar cell discretization. In order to evaluate the model outcomes, we analyzed four hydrological output variables: (i) the peak flow; (ii) the peak time; (iii) the volume flowed and (iv) the volume losses. Based on this criterion, it was clear that, considering he analyzed scenarios, the effect of spatial distribution of rainfall data on hydrological response in small urban basins, with high impervious coverage, was not divergent for the analyzed scenarios and that the radar data showed significantly higher data resolution than rainfall gauges.
International Journal of Food Engineering Recent Methods and Techniques of External Grading Systems for Agricultural Crops Quality Inspection

In recent years, due to increasing necessity and the rise in agricultural production worldwide, an efficient, uncomplicated and precise classification mechanism of agricultural crops is indeed an important endeavor for high quality products. This paper reviews the recent techniques and features of external grading systems for the non-destructive operation and performance of automated quality verification systems for agricultural products. The grading systems utilize highly technical engineering designs and image processing techniques to convey information and grade the products. The most common methods and techniques involved in the grading system’s external inspection stages such as color, size, shape and texture are highlighted.
EFL Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Google Forms as a Digital Formative Assessment Tool in Saudi Secondary Schools

This study highlights students’ and teachers’ perceptions on using Google Forms as a formative assessment tool in EFL classrooms. The study implemented a mixed methods approach where a questionnaire was administered to students and interviews were carried out with English teachers in public secondary schools in two cities in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire received 354 responses (32 males and 322 females) while in the structured interviews, 24 female English teachers provided their opinions on the advantages and disadvantages of integrating Google Forms into their classrooms. The purpose of this study is to explore students’ perceptions of online formative assessment via Google Forms in terms of perceived usefulness, perceived risk of cheating, and perceived self-efficacy. It also aims to analyze the positives and challenges faced by EFL teachers while using Google Forms as an online formative assessment tool. The results showed that both students and teachers believe that using Google Forms positively impacts students’ learning despite the risk of cheating and demonstrated several limitations with using Google Forms for teachers and students. However, English language teachers are recommended to engage all students in online formative assessment to monitor their progress over the course and design interventions to reduce cheating in online assessment. The present study helps increase the awareness of the positives and negatives of English online assessment in Saudi Arabia.
Inheritance and Allelic Relationships of Alectra vogelii Benth. Resistance Genes in Cowpea Genotypes B301 and KVx414-22-2

Alectra vogelii Benth. is the second most important parasitic weed in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ] production in Burkina Faso. Several resistant varieties to this weed have been identified in the country among which are B301 and KVx414-22-2. The inheritance and allelic relationships of the resistance genes in the two varieties have not been studied with A. vogelii strains in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance and allelic relationship of the resistance genes in B301 and KVx414-22-2. To determine the inheritance of the genes for resistance, the resistant varieties (B301 and KVx414-22-2) were each crossed to a susceptible variety IT82D-849 to generate F1 and F2 populations. For the allelic relationship study the two resistant genotypes were crossed among themselves to generate F1 and F2 offspring. The parents and their F1 and F2 progenies were screened in artificially infested pots with Alectra seed in a screen house at Kamboinsé Research Station in Burkina Faso. Resistance/susceptibility of genotypes was assessed by recording the number of emerged Alectra shoots. The data were subjected to the Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test for one, two and three genes segregation ratios. The results revealed that two independent dominant genes confer resistance in the variety B301 and a single dominant gene confers resistance in variety KVx414-22-2. The single dominant gene in KVx414-22-2 is non-allelic to the two genes in B301. The two resistance genes in variety B301 have already been named Rav1 and Rav2 whilst Rav3 is the name of the resistance gene in variety IT81D-994. Therefore, we propose the symbol Rav4 as the name for the resistance gene in variety KVx414-22-2.
Increased Autotaxin Levels in Severe COVID-19, Correlating with IL-6 Levels, Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers, and Impaired Functions of Dendritic Cells

Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalysing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signalling phospholipid. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have previously established a pathologic role for ATX and LPA signalling in pulmonary injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Here, increased ENPP2 mRNA levels were detected in immune cells from nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients, and increased ATX serum levels were found in severe COVID-19 patients. ATX serum levels correlated with the corresponding increased serum levels of IL-6 and endothelial damage biomarkers, suggesting an interplay of the ATX/LPA axis with hyperinflammation and the associated vascular dysfunction in COVID-19. Accordingly, dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of mechanically ventilated patients reduced ATX levels, as shown in two independent cohorts, indicating that the therapeutic benefits of Dex include the suppression of ATX. Moreover, large scale analysis of multiple single cell RNAseq datasets revealed the expression landscape of ENPP2 in COVID-19 and further suggested a role for ATX in the homeostasis of dendritic cells, that exhibit both numerical and functional deficits in COVID-19. Therefore, ATX has likely a multifunctional role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, worth of suggesting that its pharmacological targeting might represent an additional therapeutic option.
Oral Candidiasis in Leukemia Patients

Oral candidiasis are mycoses resulting from the overgrowth of yeasts of the Candida genus, represents a serious problem for patients with leukemia. The mortality rate of this infection has increased due to fungal septicemia, associated with a primary buccal infection. Objective: The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis in leukemia patients, identify the Candida spp. in buccal lesions, differentiate the factors that influence their development. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted over a four-months period from November 7, 2016 to March 2, 2017, including patients diagnosed with leukemia. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data from patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. The lesion sample was taken and studied by direct exam and culture on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol and Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Actidionne. The identification of the isolated yeast was done by the filamentation test, carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation. Results: 56 patients were included in this study. Most of the cases (48,21%) were positive to oral candidiasis Their average age was 33,86 years, they were mainly made up of men (64.28%). Candida, albicans was the most frequent species found (55,55%), followed by Candida. glabrata (22.22%), Candida tropicalis (14.81%) and Candida krusei (7,40%). The main contributing factor found was parenteral nutrition (55,55%), corticosteroid therapy (55,55%), antibiotherapy (37,03%), neutropenia (25,92%) and diabetes (11,11%). Conclusion: The results suggest that oral candidiasis is a frequent complication in the leukemia patients. C. albicans was the main etiological agent, however, there is an important participation of other Candida species.
Insufficient classification of anaemia in general practice: a Danish register-based observational study

Abstract Background Anaemia can be a pointer of underlying severe disease, including undiagnosed malignancy. Subsequent blood tests are essential to classify the anaemia into subtypes and to facilitate targeted diagnostic investigation to ensure timely diagnosis of underlying disease. Objective We aimed to describe and classify anaemia based on laboratory tests from patients with new-onset anaemia detected in general practice. An additional aim was to analyse associations between patient characteristics and unclassified anaemia (not classifiable according to an algorithm). Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting Danish general practice. Subjects A total of 62,731 patients (age: 40–90 years) with new-onset anaemia were identified in Danish laboratory information systems and nationwide registries, and data were obtained for 2014–2018. Main outcome measures We measured the proportion of patients classified into subtypes of anaemia based on blood tests requested by general practitioners within 31 days of the anaemia index date. Results Of the 62,731 patients with new-onset anaemia, we identified unclassified anaemia in 78.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 77.3–80.5) of men and 65.1% (CI: 63.4–66.9) of women. The likelihood of unclassified anaemia increased with age, increasing comorbidity and decreasing severity of anaemia. Conclusion The majority of patients with new-onset anaemia could not be classified through a simple algorithm due to missing blood tests, which highlights a potential missed opportunity for diagnosis. Standardised laboratory testing of patients with anaemia is warranted to ensure adequate follow-up and early detection of underlying severe disease. KEY POINTS Anaemia can be a sign of malignancy, and anaemia classification is an important step in the diagnosis of underlying disorders. The majority of patients with anaemia could not be classified according to a simple algorithm due to missing blood tests. Some patient characteristics were associated with a high risk of unclassified anaemia: high age, high comorbidity, and severe anaemia. Standardised laboratory testing in patients with anaemia is needed to inform targeted diagnostic investigation to ensure timely diagnosis.
Anesthesia Method, Tourniquet Use, and Persistent Postsurgical Pain after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

Background: Persistent postsurgical pain after total knee arthroplasty is a common problem and a major reason for patient dissatisfaction. This secondary analysis aimed to investigate the effects of anesthesia (spinal vs. general) and tourniquet use on persistent pain after total knee arthroplasty. Methods: In this secondary analysis of a previously presented parallel, single-center, randomized trial, 404 patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty were randomized to spinal versus general anesthesia and no-tourniquet versus tourniquet groups. Patients assessed pain using the Brief Pain Inventory–short form preoperatively and 3 and 12 months postoperatively. The prespecified main outcome was the change in “average pain” measured with numerical 0 to 10 rating scale 1 yr postoperatively. The threshold for clinical importance between groups was set to 1.0. Results: The change in average pain scores 1 yr postoperatively did not differ between the spinal and general anesthesia groups (–2.6 [SD 2.5] vs. –2.3 [SD 2.5], respectively; mean difference, –0.4; 95% CI, –0.9 to 0.1; P = 0.150). The no-tourniquet group reported a smaller decrease in the average pain scores than the tourniquet group (–2.1 [SD 2.7] vs. –2.8 [SD 2.3]; mean difference, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.1 to 1.1; P = 0.012). After 1 yr, the scores concerning the mean of four pain severity variables (numerical rating scale) decreased more in the spinal than in the general anesthesia group (–2.3 [SD 2.2] vs. –1.8 [SD 2.1]; mean difference, –0.5; 95% CI, –0.9 to –0.05; P = 0.029) and less in the no-tourniquet than in the tourniquet group (–1.7 [SD 2.3] vs. –2.3 [SD 2.0]; mean difference, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.0; P = 0.005). None of the differences in pain scores reached the threshold for clinical importance. Conclusions: The type of anesthesia (spinal vs. general) or tourniquet use has no clinically important effect on persistent postsurgical pain after total knee arthroplasty. In a secondary analysis of a study involving 404 patients, no clinically important differences in pain scores 1 yr after arthroplasty were found between the spinal and general anesthesia groups. In the same study, no clinically meaningful differences in 1-yr pain scores were found between the no-tourniquet and tourniquet use groups. Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
Effects of a Brief Mindful Hypnosis Intervention on Stress Reactivity: A Randomized Active Control Study

ABSTRACT A novel, audio-based brief mindful hypnosis (BMH) intervention for reducing stress-reactivity during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was investigated. Fifty-five college-aged participants with elevated stress were randomized to BMH or a cognitive training (CT) active-control condition. Participants received a BMH or CT session and downloaded the audio-recorded intervention for daily home practice. Approximately 1 week later, participants received their second BMH or CT session and then completed the TSST. Results indicated BMH produced significant and medium effects in reducing stress reactivity and weekly stress and increasing mindfulness, with large increases in immediate relaxation compared to the CT active control. BMH demonstrated excellent adherence and was rated highly regarding satisfaction, ease of practice, perceived benefit, and likelihood of future use. This study provides the first empirical support that BMH is superior to an active-control intervention for reducing stress reactivity while significantly increasing mindfulness and relaxation.
Three‐Dimensional (3D) Breath‐Hold Zoomed MR Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): Evaluation of Additive Value to Conventional 3D Navigator Triggering MRCP in Patients With Branch Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms

To resolve drawbacks of navigator triggering (NT) three‐dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), several approaches were proposed to obtain 3D MRCP within a single breath‐hold (BH). However, reduced field‐of‐view technique in the phase‐encoding direction combined with two‐dimensional spatially selective radiofrequency excitation pulses has not yet been applied to 3D BH MRCP.