Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Game-Theoretic Strategies for Cyber-Physical Infrastructures Under Component Disruptions

Networked infrastructures of recursively defined systems composed of discrete cyber and physical components are considered. The components of basic systems at the finest levels can be disrupted by cyber or physical means, and can be reinforced to survive at certain costs. A problem of ensuring the infrastructure performance is formulated as a game between a provider and an attacker, who probabilistically choose components to reinforce and attack, respectively. The disruptions of this infrastructure are characterized using the aggregate failure correlation function that specifies the conditional failure probability of the infrastructure given the failure of an individual system at that level. The survival probabilities of basic systems satisfy simple product-form, first-order differential equations expressed in terms of the multiplier functions. The utility functions of the provider and attacker are composed of the reward and cost terms, both expressed in terms of the component reinforcement and attack probabilities. The Nash equilibrium of this game is characterized, along with the sensitivity functions of the survival probabilities of basic systems that highlight their dependence individually on the cost-benefit terms, the correlation functions, and the multiplier functions. These results are illustrated using simplified models of a distributed cloud servers infrastructure, a 5G data network infrastructure, a high performance computing federation, and a smart energy grid infrastructure.
Magnetic Reconnection in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail

The Geotail mission has added significantly to our understanding of magnetic reconnection in the near-Earth plasma sheet for substorm onset. Tailward fast convection flows in association with onsets are found to occur mostly beyond 22 R E in the magnetotail, whereas earthward fast convection flows in association with onsets are found to occur only inside 30 R E These convection flows are seen mainly in the premidnight plasma sheet. The observations locate the site of typical observation of magnetic reconnection for substorm onsets in the premidnight plasma sheet between X GSM = -22 R E and X GSM = -30 R E . Furthermore, the flows are found to precede the ground onset time in a number of cases near this site, which implies that magnetic reconnection is the cause of the substorm. In the vicinity of the magnetic reconnection site, ion and electron distribution functions show characteristics that depend on distance from the neutral sheet. Ions convect away from the X-type neutral line near the neutral sheet, whereas ions form field-aligned outflows off the neutral sheet. Heating and acceleration processes are observed for ions being convected toward the neutral sheet. High-energy (10-keV) electrons appear in this region. Off the neutral sheet, the highest-energy component of electrons escapes from the X-type neutral line region. Farther off the neutral sheet, high-energy (10-keV) electrons form outward stream, while medium-energy (3-keV) electrons form stream toward the X-type neutral line region. Thus, the micro structure and distribution functions within the magnetic reconnection site has been emerging with Geotail observations.
Inverse Sturm-Liouville problem with discontinuity conditions

This paper deals with the boundary value problem involving the differential equation begin{equation*} ell y:=-y''+qy=lambda y, end{equation*} subject to the standard boundary conditions along with the following discontinuity conditions at a point $ain (0,pi)$ begin{equation*} y(a+0)=a_1 y(a-0),quad y'(a+0)=a_1^{-1}y'(a-0)+a_2 y(a-0), end{equation*} where $q(x), a_1 , a_2$ are real, $qin L^{2}(0,pi)$ and $lambda$ is a parameter independent of $x$. We develop the Hochestadt's result based on the transformation operator for inverse Sturm-Liouville problem when there are discontinuous conditions. Furthermore, we establish a formula for $q(x) - tilde{q}(x)$ in the finite interval where $q(x)$ and $tilde{q}(x)$ are analogous functions.
Polarimeter Blind Deconvolution Using Image Diversity

Abstract : This research presents an algorithm that improves the ability to view objects using an electro-optical imaging system with at least one polarization sensitive channel in addition to the primary channel. An innovative algorithm for detection and estimation of the defocus aberration present in an image is also developed. Using a known defocus aberration, an iterative polarimeter deconvolution algorithm is developed using a generalized expectation-maximization (GEM) model. The polarimeter deconvolution algorithm is extended to an iterative polarimeter multiframe blind deconvolution (PMFBD) algorithm with an unknown aberration. Using both simulated and laboratory images, the results of the new PMFBD algorithm clearly outperforms an RL-based MFBD algorithm. The convergence rate is significantly faster with better fidelity of reproduction of the targets. Clearly, leveraging polarization data in electro-optical imaging systems has the potential to significantly improve the ability to resolve objects and, thus, improve Space Situation Awareness.
Distribution of dense bone island in the jaw based on the classification of radiopaque areas and their location on panoramic radiographs

Objectives: This study is aimed to find out the distribution of DBI in the jaw based on the classification of radiopaque areas and their location using panoramic radiographs at RSKGMP Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive observational study with total sampling method. The study used secondary data from panoramic radiographs at the RSKGMP Airlangga University Surabaya during 2018–2021, which had a DBI appearance, and analyzed them based on the classification of radiopaque areas and locations. The results of the analysis are then presented in the form of tables and pie charts. Results: Classification of DBI based on radiopaque areas was found in type 5 separate (47.81%), type 4 apical (29.82%), type 3 apical and interradicular (17.54%), type 1 interradicular (3.07%), and the least in type 2 interradicular and separate (1.75%). The most common locations of the lesions were in the premolar region (42.54%), the molar region (27.63%), the canine region (12.28%), the canine-premolar region (8.33%), the premolar-molar region (6.58%), and the least common location in the incisor and incisor-canine regions (1,32%). Conclusion: Classification of DBI based on the most common radiopaque area was found to be type 5 separate, with the most lesion locations in the premolar region. While the least classification was found in type 2 interradicular and separate, the incisive and incisive-canine regions had the fewest lesion locations.
Effective reassurance policing after collective trauma events: Perceptions of Australian police

ABSTRACT Crimes on the scale of a collective trauma event (CTE) can generate fear, grief, and a sense of injustice that impact beyond those directly affected. Increasingly, reassurance policing is mobilised to restore a sense of community safety and security. Yet little is evidenced as to what constitutes effective reassurance policing, and its barriers and enablers. This study examined police perceptions of good reassurance practice within Victoria Police, Australia. Two focus groups were conducted (senior command (n = 17) and frontline operational staff groups, (n = 9)) and data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Five components of good reassurance practice were identified – (1) understanding the purpose of reassurance; (2) assessing the unique context of each CTE; (3) implementing the key strategies of reassurance; (4) using the core skills of reassurance; and (5) having reassurance guidelines. Based on these findings, key skill and strategy areas are proposed for inclusion in an organisational reassurance framework. Alongside these policy and practice proposals, we recommend that larger scale, multisite, and mixed-method studies of reassurance practices are needed to enable opportunities to triangulate perspectives of diverse police and community groups.
Topological Heart Rate Variability Dynamics Analysis toward Sleep Apnea Detection with Persistent Shannon Entropy

Sleep is a necessary process to maintain the normal physiological function of the human body and an important guarantee to improve people’s quality of life. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder seriously affecting human healthcare, which is also considered to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This work investigates sleep state monitoring and OSA recognition from the heart rate variability dynamics. By investigating the topological properties of the state point clouds in the reconstructed phase space, the nonlinear dynamics pattern is well distinguished when the sleeping state changes. We proposed a Shannon entropy analysis and feature learning framework developed with the topological summaries, which shows good classification ability in the OSA detection experiments. The proposed approach is a promising solution for the clinical use of sleep state monitoring in real-time computing occasions.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with Latent Force Models

This paper shows how model predictive control of a nonlinear system with a time-dependent autocorrelated disturbance can be realized in a computationally efficient way. To this end, the disturbance is modeled as a Gaussian process that can be reformulated as a linear state space model driven by white Gaussian noise. This disturbance model is combined with a first-principles physical system model resulting in a latent force model. In this way, the current states and the disturbance can be estimated using the unscented Kalman filter. Moreover, the disturbance model can be used to predict future values of the disturbance, which is necessary for predictive control. In order to further reduce the computational effort of the algorithm, a separate predictor for the linear disturbance subsystem is outlined. The predicted disturbance and the estimated states are used to formulate the optimization problem of a model predictive controller. The proposed approach is evaluated numerically using the example of a two-dimensional overhead crane. It is shown that the algorithm is real-time capable with computation times in the sub-millisecond range.
SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND ITS ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

This study assessed the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and its associated complications in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on published literature extracted from PubMed/Medline, Google scholar, and Cochrane library. A random effect model meta-analysis was used to find the odd ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity was assessed with IÃ‚Â². Eggers test and funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. A total of 62 studies were included involving 36500 patients. The patients who suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus were seen at increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism (OR= 1.88, 95% CI= 1.33-2.66). Furthermore, SCH was also associated with increased complications in type 2 diabetic patients with an estimated (OR= 3.31, 95% CI= 1.56-7.02) for Diabetic nephropathy (DN). Although, complications like Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were not seen at an increased risk in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients as their estimate odd ratio with 95% CI came out to be (OR= 1.11, 95% CI= 0.62-2.00) for Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and (OR= 1.68, 95% CI= 0.95-2.97) for Cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The study shows that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and some of its associated complications, like Diabetic nephropathy (DN), is more prevalent in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients.
The formation of the black hole in the X-ray binary system V404 Cyg

Using new and archival radio data, we have measured the proper motion of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cyg to be 9.2 ± 0.3 mas yr −1 . Combined with the systemic radial velocity from the literature, we derive the full three-dimensional heliocentric space velocity of the system, which we use to calculate a peculiar velocity in the range 47–102 km s −1 , with a best-fitting value of 64 km s −1 . We consider possible explanations for the observed peculiar velocity and find that the black hole cannot have formed via direct collapse. A natal supernova is required, in which either significant mass (∼11 M� ) was lost, giving rise to a symmetric Blaauw kick of up to ∼65 km s −1 , or, more probably, asymmetries in the supernova led to an additional kick out of the orbital plane of the binary system. In the case of a purely symmetric kick, the black hole must have been formed with a mass ∼ 9M � , since when it has accreted .
Structural study of the transition zone between the Benue and Lake Chad Basins (Central Africa) using gravity data

Abstract This work is a contribution to the structural knowledge of the transition zone between the Benue and Lake Chad basins in Central Africa. To achieve this aim, gravity data analysis techniques such as polynomial separation, upward continuation, horizontal gradient and 3D gravity inversion method have been applied to the gravity data of this zone. The separate and upward-continue maps show significant anomalies. The new structural map of the study area presents 24 lineaments of N-S, NNW-SSE and SE-NW directions. The depth configuration map obtained reveals that the maximum depth of the basement in the study area is approximately 2.2 km. The results of this study show that despite the barriers that separate the two sedimentary basins there is a possibility of having a communication channel between the two basins to the West of the study area. This channel could pass between the localities of Garoua, Belel, Figuil and Bourrha.
Feature Selection by Multiobjective Optimization: Application to Spam Detection System by Neural Networks and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

Networks are strained by spam, which also overloads email servers and blocks mailboxes with unwanted messages and files. Setting the protective level for spam filtering might become even more crucial for email users when malicious steps are taken since they must deal with an increase in the number of valid communications being marked as spam. By finding patterns in email communications, spam detection systems (SDS) have been developed to keep track of spammers and filter email activity. SDS has also enhanced the tool for detecting spam by reducing the rate of false positives and increasing the accuracy of detection. The difficulty with spam classifiers is the abundance of features. The importance of feature selection (FS) comes from its role in directing the feature selection algorithm’s search for ways to improve the SDS’s classification performance and accuracy. As a means of enhancing the performance of the SDS, we use a wrapper technique in this study that is based on the multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm (MOGOA) for feature extraction and the recently revised EGOA algorithm for multilayer perceptron (MLP) training. The suggested system’s performance was verified using the SpamBase, SpamAssassin, and UK-2011 datasets. Our research showed that our novel approach outperformed a variety of established practices in the literature by as much as 97.5%, 98.3%, and 96.4% respectively.
An extra 1-cm margin during endoscopic submucosal dissection can control subsquamous tumor extension of esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma

Background and study aims: Subsquamous tumor extension can occur in cases with esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas, which makes accurate identification of the proximal tumor margin difficult and leads to incomplete tumor resection during endoscopic submucosal dissection. We prospectively elucidated the efficacy of including an extra 1-cm safety margin during dissection for achieving negative lateral margins. Patients and Methods: Patients with suspected esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas participated in this single-center prospective feasibility study. Oral-side markings were placed 1 cm away from the endoscopic sign or 1 cm away from the squamous-columnar junction. The primary outcome was the complete resection rate. The secondary outcomes were the treatment outcomes and the incidence, length, and diagnostic rate of subsquamous tumor extension. Results: Twelve patients were assessed. The complete resection rate was 91.7% (11/12). All lesions were contained within the 1-cm safety margin. The incidence, median length, and diagnostic rate of subsquamous tumor extension was 75%, 5.7 mm (range: 1–24.8 mm), and 66.7%, respectively. Conclusions: An extra 1-cm safety margin is safe and helpful for achieving complete negative lateral margins during endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. This margin is recommended to avoid residual cancers.
Vibration and infrared thermography based multiple fault diagnosis of bearing using deep learning

ABSTRACT The occurrence of multiple faults is a practical problem in the bearings of rotating machines, and early diagnosis of such issues in an intelligent manner is vital in the era of industry 4.0. The present work investigated various combinations of bearing faults, including dual and multiple fault conditions. Two prevalent fault diagnosis methods were employed: vibration monitoring using time-frequency scalograms extracted through Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and a non-invasive Infrared Thermography (IRT). A 2-D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used to classify various combinations of fault conditions through automated feature extraction. The proposed methodology was validated at two constant speed conditions of 19 Hz and 29 Hz and continuously accelerated and decelerated speed conditions in the range of 19 Hz - 29 Hz. Adequate accuracy was achieved in both dual and multiple fault conditions in the case of vibration-based fault diagnosis, with a range of 99.39 % to 99.97 %. Meanwhile, in the case of proposed IRT-based fault diagnosis, 100 % classification accuracy was achieved for dual and multiple faults in all conditions. These results signify the robustness and reliability of the proposed methodology for dual and multiple fault diagnosis in bearings at constant and varying speed conditions.
Plasma physics of magnetic island coalescence during magnetic reconnection

A large‐scale two‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulation was employed to study the magnetic island coalescence/merging process during magnetic reconnection with guide field. The merged island after coalescence is characterized by strong core field and plasma density dip at the island center. We found that the core field enhancement is caused by the out‐of‐plane magnetic field pileup, as well as the field line twisting due to Hall effect. There is an in‐plane electric current loop, which is mainly carried by electrons, circumventing the enhanced core field region. Total force points away or tangentially to the surface of density dip within the merged island, which prevents electrons from higher‐density region entering the lower density region between two merging islands. This is contrary to the force in the secondary island, inside which the total force points toward the island center and constrains plasma there. The coalescence process involves a reconnection at the merging sheet between two islands. Electron frozen‐in condition is violated locally along the merging sheet. It is contributed by both the divergence of electron pressure tensor and electron inertial. Energy dissipation is concentrated on the merging line during coalescence, while a train of dynamo (j′ · E′ < 0) and dissipation (j′ · E′ > 0) regions are distributed along the merging sheet after coalescence. Electrons and ions within the density dip at the island center are accelerated antiparallel to the ambient magnetic field, i.e., along the out‐of‐plane direction. The resultant distribution can excite the Buneman instability and two‐streaming instability, which probably account for the electrostatic solitary waves observed by satellite.
Distributed Continuous-Time Optimization for Networked Lagrangian Systems with Time-Varying Cost Functions Under Fixed Graphs

In this paper, the distributed time-varying optimization problem is addressed for networked Lagrangian systems with parametric uncertainties. Usually, in the literature, to address some distributed control problems for nonlinear systems, a networked virtual system is constructed, and a tracking algorithm is designed such that the agents’ physical states tracks the virtual states. It is worth pointing out that such an idea requires the exchange of the virtual states and hence necessitates communication among the group. In addition, due to the complexities of the Lagrangian dynamics and the distributed time-varying optimization problem, there exist significant challenges. This paper proposes a distributed time-varying optimization algorithm achieving zero optimum-tracking error for the networked Lagrangian agents without the communication requirement. The main idea behind the proposed algorithm is to construct a dynamic system for each agent to generate a reference velocity using absolute and relative physical state measurements with no exchange of virtual states needed, and to design adaptive controllers for Lagrangian systems such that the physical states are able to track the reference velocities and hence the optimal trajectory. The algorithm introduces mutual feedback between reference systems and local controllers via physical states/measurements and is amenable to implementation via local onboard sensing in a communication unfriendly environment.
Extending the feeding period beyond 8.0 mm of subcutaneous
fat reduces feed efficiency without improving meat colour and
tenderness of non-implanted feedlot steers

The effect of extending the pen-feeding period of non-implanted feedlot steers beyond the 8.0 mm fat thickness (FT) endpoint on performance, carcass and meat traits was evaluated. Sixty-four medium-sized British steers (308 ± 26 kg) were grouped into four blocks by weight and housed in 16 pens. Pens within each block were assigned to one of four finishing periods: 64, 91, 119 and 147 days on feed (DOF). The first harvest (64 DOF) was defined as the projected days to attain 8.0 mm FT. From the 8.0–13.8 mm FT endpoints (64 and 147 DOF, respectively), daily shrunk body weight (SBW) feed conversion increased from 9.98 to 15.76 kg/kg ( P < 0.001), while daily carcass weight (CW) feed conversion increased from 15.34 to 18.27 kg/kg ( P < 0.001). Carcass transfer (CW gain to SBW gain ratio) increased from 0.67 to 0.86 kg/kg. FT and marbling score increased at increasing rates during the finishing period ( P < 0.001), whereas rib eye area increased at decreasing rates ( P < 0.001). Extending the feeding period tended to improve meat tenderness at three days of ageing ( P = 0.066), while there was no response at 14 days of ageing ( P > 0.10). Overall, the 8.0 mm FT endpoint for non-implanted steers corresponded to proper performance and adequate meat quality.
Survey Measures on Paternal Parenting: A Systematic Review

Abstract This systematic review examined extant measures on paternal parenting from infancy to adolescence. This examination was limited to measures with demonstrated reliability and validity. A total of 84 measures that have been validated among infants, children, and adolescents were reviewed. Findings highlighted several issues, including a lack of paternal-specific measures, (in)consistent factor structural patterns for maternal and paternal parenting, measurement (in)variance between developmental periods for paternal parenting, measurement (in)variance between parent- and child self-reports, as well as the cross-cultural applicability of measures. Recommendations for the use and development of measures are discussed.