Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hard-disc system, an experimental model

Abstract An experimental model of a hard-disc system (the two-dimensional analogue of a hard-sphere system) is described. The melting transition is studied qualitatively by a photographic technique. The half-width of the singlet distribution function is measured and compared with results obtained by the method of molecular dynamics. Images of the pair distribution function are presented.
Habits of ice grown in supercooled water and aqueous solutions

Abstract At small supercoolings the direction of growth of ice in pure water and aqueous solutions is parallel to the basal plane. As the supercooling is increased the growth direction of the dendrites become inclined at an angle to the basal plane, the angle increasing with supercooling. The most general habit of growth now has the form of two symmetrically situated hollow hexagonal pyramids joined at their apices. At still larger supercoolings further growth ensues from the initial dendrites comprising the pyramidal segments and complex three-dimensional structures are produced which are nevertheless single crystals. It is noted that the pyramidal growth habit occurs also in ice crystals formed from the vapour phase at high supersaturations and in Tyndall figures produced in the melting of ice. The non-rational growth of the dendrites is explained in terms of deposition predominantly on basal surfaces on one side of the dendrite tip and on prism faces on the other, the direction of growth being determin.
Cotton growth and boron distribution in the plant as affected by a temporary deficiency of boron

Abstract The knowledge of nutrient mobility is an important tool to define the best fertilizer management and diagnosis techniques. Patterns of boron (B) mobility in plants have been reviewed, but there is very little information on B distribution and mobility in cotton. An experiment was conducted to study plant growth and B distribution in cotton when the nutrient was applied in the nutrient solution or to the leaves, and when a temporary deficiency was imposed. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, Latifolia, cv. IAC 22) was grown in nutrient solutions where B was omitted or not for 15 days. Boron was applied to young or mature cotton leaves in some of the minus B treatments. Root growth decreased when the plants were transferred to B solutions, but there was a full recovery when B was replaced in the nutrient medium. Boron deficiency, even when temporary, reduced cotton shoot dry matter yields, plant height and flower and fruit set, and these could not be prevented by foliar application of B. Because of decreased dry matter production, leaves of deficient cotton plants actually showed higher B concentrations than non deficient leaves. This would be misleading when a mature leaf is sampled for diagnosis. If there is any B mobility in cotton phloem, it is very low.
SUPPRESSION OF CLASSICAL FLUTTER OSCILLATIONS IN BLADED WHEEL USING INNER DAMPING EFFECT

Inner material damping effect for reduction of self-excited vibrations due to aeroelastic instability is studied on a numerical reduced model of a rotating turbine wheel with 66 blades. The aerodynamic nozzle excitation of the rotating wheel arises from the spatially periodical flow of steam through the stator blade cascade. This excitation causes travelling deformation waves in the wheel. The analysis of forced vibration of the wheel under selfexcitation is oriented on the narrow frequency range and therefore the bladed wheel is modelled by a modal synthesis method. The self-excited aero-elastic forces are described by Van der Pol model acting herein independently to the 1th axial flexural mode of each blade of the wheel. Numerical simulations showed a very fast entry of amplitudes increase due to selfexcitation. The initial forced vibration mode by nozzle excitation was decisive for the vibration pattern of self-excitation. Its suppression depended on the ratio between the intensity factor of self-excitation and the size of proportional damping describing the inner damping. 401 EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics M. Papadrakakis, M. Fragiadakis, C. Papadimitriou (eds.) Athens, Greece, 23–26 November 2020 Available online at www.easdprocedia. org EASD Procedia EURODYN (2020) 401-411 ISSN:2311-9020 © 2020 The Authors. Published by EASD Procedia. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of EURODYN 2020. doi: 10.47964/1120.9031. 20212 L.Pesek, P.Snabl and Ch.S. Prasad
Role of dissolved oxygen on the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for synthetic and natural organic matter

Parameters affecting the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) for o-cresol, phenol, o-chlorophenol, 3-ethylphenol, trichloroethylene, and natural organic matter are investigated in this study. Experimental results prove that the presence of molecular oxygen significantly increases the adsorptive capacity of GAC for five of these six compounds. The oxic GAC adsorptive capacity for o-cresol, for example, can be up to 2.6-fold the capacity that is attainable under anoxic conditions
High-precision helium isotope measurements in air

Helium has two natural isotopes which have contrasted, and variable sources and sinks in the atmosphere (3He/4Heair = 1.382 ± 0.005 × 10−6). Variations in the atmospheric helium isotopic composition may exist below typical measurement precision thresholds (0.2 to 0.5%, 2σ). In order to investigate this possibility, it is necessary to be able to consistently measure helium isotopes in air with high precision (below 0.2% 2σ). We have created an air purification and measurement system that improves the helium isotope measurement precision. By purifying a large quantity of air at the start of a measurement cycle we can make rapid standard-bracketed measurements. Controlling the amount of helium in each measured aliquot minimizes pressure effects. With this method we improve the standard errors by 2× over measuring the same amount of gas in a single step. Individual measurements have standard errors of 0.2 to 0.3% (2σ), with three repeat samples needed to reach 0.1% or better errors. The long-term reproducibility of our calibration sample is 0.033% (2σ).
The aromatic character and resonance stabilization energies of substituted cyclopentadienyl and indenyl cations

Calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) have been used to assess the aromaticity of 5-X substituted indenyl (4) and cyclopentadienyl (5) cations with X = O, NH2, OCH3, CH3, F, H, CN, and N2+. Two criteria were used, the aromatic stabilization energy (ASE), as determined by isodesmic reactions, and bond alternation, as determined from the Julg index (A) on the basis of carboncarbon bond lengths. Substituent effects on the singlet state of the cyclopentadienyl cations resulted in significant decreases in antiaromatic character for electron-donating groups as indicated by larger A values (A = 0.25 for X = H and +0.26 for X = NH2). These decreases paralleled increases in the C-2C-3 bond length and good linear correlations were obtained between A vs. the C-2C-3 bond length and A vs. the ASE. These effects were rationalized by the stabilization by the electron-donating groups of the positive charge at C-5 generated as a consequence of a JahnTeller distortion leading to a lowest energy singlet state with a HOMO of a.
Crystal Structures of Nylon 5,6. A Model with Two Hydrogen Bond Directions for Nylons Derived from Odd Diamines

Two crystalline structures for nylon 5,6 have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. A γ form or an α-like phase can be obtained as a function of the method used to prepare the sample. Structural modeling and energy calculations have been carried out for the second form. Results point to a structure with two hydrogen bond directions as recently postulated for even−odd nylons and odd polyoxamides. It appears therefore that in even−odd and odd−even nylons an α-like structure may be frequently observed, but with two hydrogen bond directions. Our results strongly favor for nylon 5,6 a model in which the methylenes are in an all-trans conformation, while the torsional angles for the CH2−NH and CH2−CO bonds of one residue respectively are φ = +152° and ψ = ±137°. Temperature-induced structural changes have also been studied for nylon 5,6 fibers. Pseudohexagonal packing is obtained near 220 °C in a process which takes place without changes in the hydrogen b.
A new blue whale song-type described for the Arabian Sea and Western Indian Ocean

Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus in the Indian Ocean (IO) are currently thought to represent 2 or 3 subspecies (B. m. intermedia, B. m. brevicauda, B. m. indica), and believed to be structured into 4 populations, each with a diagnostic song-type. Here we describe a previously unreported song-type that implies the probable existence of a population that has been undetected or conflated with another population. The novel song-type was recorded off Oman in the northern IO/Arabian Sea, off the western Chagos Archipelago in the equatorial central IO, and off Madagascar in the southwestern IO. As this is the only blue whale song that has been identified in the western Arabian Sea, we label it the ‘Northwest Indian Ocean’ song-type to distinguish it from other regional song-types. Spatiotemporal variation suggested a distribution west of 70°E, with potential affinity for the northern IO/Arabian Sea, and only minor presence in the southwestern IO. Timing of presence off Oman suggested that intensive illegal Soviet whaling that took 1294 blue whales in the 1960s likely targeted this population, as opposed to the more widely distributed ‘Sri Lanka’ acoustic population as previously assumed. Based upon geographic distribution and potential aseasonal reproduction found in the Soviet catch data, we suggest that if there is a northern IO subspecies (B. m. indica), it is likely this population. Moreover, the potentially restricted range, intensive historic whaling, and the fact that the song-type has been previously undetected, suggests a small population that is in critical need of status assessment and conservation action.
Water masses constrain the distribution of deep-sea sponges in the North Atlantic Ocean and Nordic Seas

Water masses are bodies of water with distinctive physical and biogeochemical properties. They impart vertical structure to the deep ocean, participate in circulation, and can be traced over great distances, potentially influencing the distributions of deep-sea fauna. The classic potential temperature−salinity (θ−s) diagram was used to investigate deep-sea sponge (demosponge genus Geodia) association with water masses over the North Atlantic Ocean and Nordic Seas. A novel analysis was conducted, based on sampling the curvature of climatological mean θ−s curves at sponge locations. Sponges were particularly associated with turning points in the θ−s curves, indicative of intermediate and deep water masses. Arctic geodiid species (G. hentscheli and G. parva) were associated with Arctic intermediate and deep waters in the Nordic Seas, and with dense overflows into the northern North Atlantic. Boreal species (G. atlantica, G. barretti, G. macandrewii, and G. phlegraei) were associated with upper and intermediate water masses in the Northeast Atlantic and with upper, Atlantic-derived waters in the Nordic Seas. Taken together with distributional patterns, a link with thermohaline currents was also inferred. We conclude that water masses and major current pathways structure the distribution of a key deep-sea benthic faunal group on an ocean basin scale. This is most likely because of a combination of the physical constraints they place on the dispersal of early life-history stages, ecophysiological adaptation (evolved tolerances) to specific water masses, and the benefits to filter-feeders of certain phenomena linked to water column structure (e.g. nepheloid layers, internal waves/ tides, density-driven currents).
Studies on the Effect of Li2SO4 on the Structure of Lithium Borate Glasses

Thermal and spectroscopic investigations have been carried out on a number of glasses with a wide range of compositions in the pseudoternary glass system, Li2SO4−Li2O−B2O3, to understand the role of sulfate ions in modifying the borate glass structure. Both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic results indicate that four-coordinate boron atoms are retained in the glass structure to a greater extent in sulfate-containing glasses than in pure lithium borate glasses. There seems to be some evidence for the existence of sulfoborate-type units in Raman spectra in the region of 800−960 cm-1. These conclusions are supported by the observed behavior of glass transition temperatures and molar volumes. The possibility of formation of sulfoborate-type units is discussed from bonding and thermodynamic points of view.
Optical Measurements on Ferromagnetic Tb(OH)3

The principal parameters characterizing the low‐temperature magnetic and thermal properties of Tb(OH)3 have been inferred from measurements of optical fluorescence and absorption spectra of single crystals. Zeeman effect measurements in fields up to 36 kOe have determined g‐values for various single ion levels; in particular g∥=17.7±0.2 for the ground state. This compares well with the value obtained from magnetization measurements and with the value predicted by a crystal field analysis based on a fit of the observed zero field energy levels. The onset of magnetic order near the Curie point (3.7°K) produces shifts and splittings of the observed spectra. At 1.3°K in zero external magnetic field, the ground state is split by 6.4±0.2 cm−1, which together with the observed g‐value implies an effective internal field of 7.8±0.2 kOe parallel to the c axis. This value is close to other estimates based on bulk measurements and shows that the interaction is predominantly, but not exclusively due to magnetic dipol.
CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFUSIONNAL TRANSFERS OF BOUND WATER AND WATER VAPOR IN BEECH AND SPRUCE

In the hygroscopic range of wood and without any thermal gradient, transfer of water vapor and bound water is carried out by diffusion. In this study, we experimentally determined the diffusivity values for vapor and bound water in the three orthotropic directions of wood for two species (beech and spruce). We then evaluated in steady-state the fluxes for the two forms of water and showed the influence of wood morphologies and transfer direction on these fluxes.
Selective hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose over solid acid catalysts

The mildly hydrothermal method using solid acid catalysts for the glucose production from cellulose can be one of the key technologies for a future sustainable society using cellulose biomass. This article is the first to indicate solid acid catalysis for the hydrolysis of cellulose with β-1,4-glycosidic bonds into glucose selectively higher than 90 C-%. Among the solid acid catalysts we tested, such as the H-form zeolite catalysts and the sulfated and sulfonated catalysts, a sulfonated activated-carbon catalyst showed a remarkably high yield of glucose, which was due to the high hydrothermal stability and the excellent catalytic property attributed to the strong acid sites of SO3H functional groups and the hydrophobic planes.
Experimental Statistical Method Predicting AC Losses on Random Windings and PWM Effect Evaluation

Nowadays, one of the challenges in transport electrification is the reduction of the components’ size and weight in order to improve the power density. This is often achieved by designing electrical machines with higher rotational speeds and excitation frequencies. In addition, the converter needs to control the machine over a wide speed range given by the mission profile. Therefore, copper losses can significantly increase due to the combination of high frequency excitation and the harmonics introduced by the converter. The winding arrangement design plays a key role in the minimization of the copper losses, thus towards a higher efficiency and/or an improved power density. Different winding topologies can be adopted for high speed electrical machines and amongst them random windings are still one of the most widespread types. This paper presents an in depth study on AC losses in random windings for high frequency motor applications. An analytical method is compared against 2-D Finite Element (FE) simulation results. These are then compared to experimental measurements taken on a custom motorette. Importantly, in order to take into account the random positions of each strand within the machine slots, an Experimental Statistic Method (ESM) is proposed. The ESM allows to define the probability distribution which is useful to evaluate the winding copper losses at the design stage. The contribution of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) effect is also considered and experimentally evaluated.
Electron transport, attachment and ionization in c-C4F8 and iso-C4F8

Simultaneous measurements of electron D/μ (diffusion coefficient/mobility) values, attachment and ionization coefficients are reported over the range 100<E/p<210 in perfluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8) and the range 140<E/p<270 in perfluorobutene-2 (iso-C4F8). Electron drift velocities have also been measured in these two isomers over the same range. The D/μ values in iso-C4F8 are substantially lower than those in c-C4F8 and indicate that the difference in the molecular structures of these two isomers is of profound importance in this context. In general, the D/μ values are significantly lower than those in the perfluoroalkanes CnF2n+2 (n=1-4) or in SF6 at comparable E/p values. Comparison of the attachment coefficients at any given D/μ in the range D/μ=16-32 V suggests that the (total) attachment cross section in c-C4F8 is smaller than that in iso-C4F8. The drift velocities in iso-C4F8 are consistently higher (by about 75%) than those in c-C4F8.
Utilization of surfactants for consolidation of wooden work of art

Abstract The effect of consolidation is proportional to the content of polymer in wood, i.e., to the ability of wood to absorb a polymer solution. One of the ways of increasing the absorption of the polymer solution is its modification by a surfactant. This article evaluates in detail the impact of non-ionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants on penetration of the ethylmethacrylate and methacrylate copolymer solution (Paraloid B72 in toluene) into lime wood by capillary rise. The impact of surfactants is evaluated on the basis of the solution surface tension, the contact angle of a sessile drop, and absorption of the solution by wood. Anionic and non-ionic surfactants based on polyoxyethylene had a positive impact on penetration of Paraloid B72 solution due to their ability to form inverse micelles in toluene. Fluorinated surfactants, polydimethylsiloxane-based surfactants, and cationic surfactants worsen its penetration.
The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent Molecular Clouds. XIII. The Basic Hydrocarbon Chemistry

We have observed 10 hydrocarbon species at 3 mm wavelength in three translucent clouds and in TMC-1 and L183. The 10 species are C2H, c-C3H, l-C3H, c-C3H2, l-C3H2, CH3CCH, C4H, C4H2, C5H, and C6H, where c- and l- designate the cyclical and linear isomers. Abundances for these, as well as the previously observed species CH3C4H and C6H2, have been derived from statistical equilibrium analyses. These species are key members of the hydrocarbon network—the "backbone" of gas-phase interstellar chemistry, from which most species containing N, O, and C atoms stem directly. All of the observed hydrocarbon species except c-C3H and c-C3H2 are "chain"-type molecules or have a linear-chain isomer. The latter species are known to have stable cyclic isomers as well. We observe large c-/l-abundance ratios for C3H2, especially in the dark clouds, that can be explained under steady state conditions by existing knowledge of the chemistry. We also observe ortho/para ratios for c- and l-C3H2, and for C4H2, that exceed the high-temperature limit in nearly every case, often by large factors. O/P ratios as large as ∼5 can be explained by protonation via H. By contrast, E/A ratios are observed to be less than the high-T limit for all three C3v species (CH3C2H, CH3C4H, CH3CN), because H protonation is not possible. The New Standard Chemistry model (Lee et al.) has been modified to accommodate several cyclical and chain-type hydrocarbon species. In addition to the large c-/l- and O/P ratios, we find very good agreement between model predictions and observed total abundances for all 12 species under steady state conditions. Early-time chemistry is not required but cannot be ruled out. It easily produces the very large c-C3H2/l-C3H2 ratio observed in the dark clouds, consistent with the possibility that they are chemically young, while translucent clouds are in chemical and dynamical steady state. For a consistent set of C/O ratios, over 80% of all model abundances investigated are within a factor of 5 of the observed abundances. Low-metal abundances and C/O ratios of 0.7 or higher are required to explain all 12 species. Distinctions between translucent and dark clouds are at most nominal. The success of the New Standard Model in explaining hydrocarbons exceeds its success in explaining all other species studied to date. In particular, hydrocarbons are better explained than the equally complex nonhydrocarbon species studied in the twelfth paper in this series.
Leader-Following Output Consensus of Heterogeneous Uncertain Linear Multiagent Systems With Dynamic Event-Triggered Strategy

This article investigates the leader-following output consensus problem of heterogeneous linear multiagent systems, where the nonidentical followers are subject to norm bounded parameter uncertainties. Two novel distributed event-triggered consensus strategies based on state feedback and output feedback, respectively, are proposed to solve the leader-following output consensus problem. A dynamic event-triggering mechanism which involves internal state variables is proposed to determine the next triggering instant. It should be noted that the controllers can be designed without the knowledge of some global graph information, such as the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix associated with the corresponding communication graph and the number of agents. In addition, the interevent time can be prolonged and the Zeno behavior can be excluded with the proposed dynamic triggering mechanism. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
Mean Square Bipartite Consensus for Multiagent Systems With Antagonistic Information and Time-Varying Topologies

We consider the discrete-time distributed bipartite-consensus problem for multiagent systems subject to measurement noises and time-varying random networks, where the information exchange among the agents can be antagonistic and disturbed by both multiplicative and additive noises. The antagonistic information is characterized by a signed random graph. The main challenge is that the coexistence of multiplicative noise and antagonistic information does not allow the multiplicative noise term to be converted into an error equation. Based on the semi-decomposition method and Lyapunov-based technique, we derive sufficient conditions for stochastic approximation step size to assure the mean square bipartite consensus. Moreover, the convergence rate of the consensus error is explicitly formulated, which is tightly linked to the step size and the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix. Finally, we verify the main results via a numerical example.