Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interplay of plutonism and regional deformation in an obliquely convergent arc, southern Coast Belt, British Columbia

The Coast Plutonic Complex is an extensive zone of continental growth that formed along the Mesozoic convergent margin of northwestern North America. The orogeny creating this belt involved terrane accretion and assembly, massive upward transfer and emplacement of sial in the form of batholiths constituting a magmatic arc, and transformation of broad tracts of sedimentary and volcanic rocks into crystalline continental crust, all operating in more or less the same space and time. The mechanisms and interplay of these orogenic processes are well displayed in the Harrison Lake area of the southern Coast Belt, British Columbia. Great structural relief across the area exhibits a present‐day architecture defined by thin, thrust‐stacked terrane sheets and early concordant pluton sheets folded on a macroscopic scale, all truncated by oblique dextral‐reverse faults and overlain by later floored plutons. Construction of this complex began with terrane assembly on orogen‐normal thrusts during a lull in plutonism in the Early Cretaceous. Low‐grade metamorphism during this event indicates only modest crustal thickening. Subsequent plutons intruded into the assembled terranes appear to be composites of sheets. Early pluton sheets are now steeply dipping due to folding but were likely intruded as horizontal bodies. Large ovoid post folding plutons are mostly subhorizontal floored bodies, at least in part sheeted. These plutons are underlain by Barrovian mineralogic aureoles that indicate downward vertical displacement of 10 km or more during plutonism, suggesting pluton emplacement by vertical inflation. Magmatic fabrics in these bodies, and the discordant relation of plutons to regional structures, preclude emplacement in active fault zones. Penetrative strain aureoles flanking plutons are mostly limited to zones a few hundred meters wide, and regional tectonic structures are widely preserved. Tectonic deformation of the arc is characterized by contraction and strike‐slip, not orogen‐normal extension. Plutons played a greater role than terrane accretion in causing crustal thickening and high‐grade metamorphism.
Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models

AbstractThe frequencies of atmospheric blocking in both winter and summer and the changes in them from the twentieth to the twenty-first centuries as simulated in 12 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are analyzed. The representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) high emission scenario runs are used to represent the twenty-first century. The analysis is based on the wave-breaking methodology of Pelly and Hoskins. It differs from the Tibaldi and Molteni index in viewing equatorward cutoff lows and poleward blocking highs in equal manner as indicating a disruption to the westerlies. One-dimensional and two-dimensional diagnostics are applied to identify blocking of the midlatitude storm track and also at higher latitudes. Winter blocking frequency is found to be generally underestimated. The models give a decrease in the European blocking maximum in the twenty-first century, consistent with the results in other studies. There is a mean twenty-first-century winter p.
Stable Carbon Isotope Evidence of Biodegradation Zonation in a Shallow Jet-Fuel Contaminated Aquifer

{delta}{sup 13}C values in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) ranged from -28 to +11.9% in a sandy, noncarbonate shallow aquifer contaminated with jet-fuel petroleum hydrocarbons. This range was observed over a 4-year study in shallow and deep monitoring wells and comprised {delta}{sup 13}C values representative of the aerobic and anaerobic microbial biodegradation of {sup 13}C-depleted jet fuel ({delta}{sup 13}C nearly equals -27%). The {delta}{sup 13}C DIC values were found to be influenced by the extent of rainwater infiltration of dissolved oxygen or sulfate or, conversely, by the absence of recharge, lack of dissolved oxygen or sulfate input to the aquifer, and the ensuing methanogenic conditions. After some recharge events delivered dissolved oxygen or sulfate to the shallow part of the aquifer, low to medium DIC {delta}{sup 13}C values were measured, and reflected biodegradation of {sup 13}C-depleted jet fuel under aerobic ({delta}{sup 13}C DIC nearly equals -26%) or sulfate-reducing ({delta}{sup 13}C DIC nearly equals -18%) conditions; the deeper part of the aquifer isolated from recharge was methanogenic and had higher {delta}{sup 13} DIC values. Conversely, when rainfall was absent and dissolved oxygen and sulfate concentrations were low in the aquifer, higher DIC {delta}{sup 13}C values were measured in both shallow and deepmore » contaminated groundwater ({delta}{sup 13}C DIC up to +11.9%) where H{sub 2} concentrations indicated that the predominant terminal electron-accepting process was methanogenesis. 29 refs., 8 figs., 6 tabs. « less
Hydroclimatic controls on dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics and implications for trace metal transport in Hwangryong River Watershed, Korea, during a summer monsoon period

Frequent heavy rainfalls during the East Asian summer monsoon drastically increase water flow and chemical loadings to surface waters. A solid understanding of hydroclimatic controls on watershed biogeochemical processes is crucial for water quality control during the monsoon period. We investigated spatio‐temporal variations in the concentrations and spectroscopic properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the concentrations of trace metals in Hwangryong River, Korea, during a summer period from the relatively dry month of June through the following months with heavy rainfall. DOM and its spectroscopic properties differed spatially along the river, and also depended on storm and flow characteristics around each sampling time. At a headwater stream draining a forested watershed, the concentrations (measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), aromaticity (measured as specific UV absorbance at 254 nm), and fulvic acid‐ and protein‐like fluorescence of DOM were higher in stormflow than in baseflow waters. DOC concentrations and fluorescence intensities increased along the downstream rural and urban sites, in which DOC and fluorescence were not higher in stormflow waters, except for the ‘first flush’ at the urban site. The response of DOM in reservoir waters to monsoon rainfalls differed from that of stream and river waters, as illustrated by storm‐induced increases in DOM aromaticity and fulvic‐like fluorescence, and no significant changes in protein‐like fluorescence. The results suggest that surface water DOM and its spectroscopic properties differentially respond to changes in hydroclimatic conditions, depending on watershed characteristics and the influence of anthropogenic organic matter loadings. DOC concentrations and intensities of spectroscopic parameters were positively correlated with some of the measured trace metals (As, Co, and Fe). Further research will be needed to obtain a better understanding of climate effects on the interaction between DOM and trace metals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paraglacial response of steep, sediment‐mantled slopes to post‐‘Little Ice Age’ glacier recession in the central Swiss Alps

This research assesses the morphological consequences of recent (post‐‘Little Ice Age’) paraglacial reworking of valley‐side sediment mantles in the European Alps. It aims to identify the extent and conditioning factors of slope adjustment at sites in the Swiss Alps, model the temporal pattern, and assess the rates of sediment reworking involved. Gully systems have cut into steep, high‐level lateral moraines, and debris cones have accumulated downslope. Debris flow is the dominant agent of sediment transfer. Factors controlling the extent of this activity include moraine slope gradient, relief and moisture availability. Gullies appear to have reached their maximum dimensions within ca. 50 yr of deglaciation, after which gully relief is reduced by removal of inter‐gully slopes and gully infilling (within 80–140 yr). On the most recently deglaciated terrain, minimum erosion rates average ca. 95 mm yr−1 since gully initiation, greatly exceeding ‘normal’ erosion rates in other environments. Mean annual accumulation of a single debris cone since ice retreat was calculated to be ca. 30 mm yr−1. Implications of these findings are applied to patterns of paraglacial sediment‐mantled slope adjustment, conceptualising paraglacial landscape response in terms of a sediment release exhaustion model, and paraglacial landform succession. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of urban heat island effect in Beijing combining ASTER and TM data

This paper focuses on the monitoring of the urban heat island (UHI) effect with temporal and spatial variation, combining Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Our study area is located in the central urban area of Beijing, which mainly refers to the areas within the fifth ring road. For detecting UHI changes over the years 2002–2006, three ASTER images in the summers of 2003, 2004 and 2006 and two TM datasets in the summers of 2002 and 2005 were collected. For monitoring UHI changes with the seasons, three ASTER images and one TM image in 2004 in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively, were employed. To calculate the urban heat island intensity, the land surface temperatures were retrieved iteratively for ASTER data and using a generalized single-channel method for the TM image. Four separated regions located in four directions outside the fifth ring road were selected as representing rural comparative regions. Their averaged land surface temperature was regarded as the rural comparative temperature. The UHI intensity was computed by the difference between the pixel urban land surface temperature in the urban area and the comparative temperature in the rural area. Detection of the UHI effect over 2002 to 2006 indicated that most of the areas with high UHI effect were the industrial land use regions and the areas having a high density of buildings, roads, transportations and residents; and the areas without UHI effect were located around the regions with large areas of grassland, trees and water bodies. Our results also showed that the UHI effect was not proportional to urbanization over time. Statistical UHI data during 20 July to 20 September in 2003–2008 also support this point. The monitoring of the UHI effect over seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) showed that the urban area of Beijing city had a high UHI effect except in winter, when the urban area of Beijing was in an urban heat sink; the UHI effect increased in spring, summer and autumn.
Trends in the southern oscillation phenomenon and Australian rainfall and changes in their relationship

An attempt has been made to investigate decadal‐scale trends in Australian rainfall and in the southern oscillation index (SOI) and their influence on the relationship between them. Monthly rainfall data from high‐quality stations in Australia (from 1900 to 1995), India, Sri Lanka and Tahiti are used. The relationship between the SOI and Australian rainfall is positive, but shows decadal‐scale variations during the past century. Although there were extended and severe El Niño events in the early 1990s and in 1997, Australia did not experience the expected severe rainfall deficiencies characteristic of previous events. However, severe drought conditions over eastern Australia were associated with a moderate El Niño event during 2002–03.
Reactive solute transport in streams: A surface complexation approach for trace metal sorption

A model for trace metals that considers in‐stream transport, metal oxide precipitation‐dissolution, and pH‐dependent sorption is presented. Linkage between a surface complexation submodel and the stream transport equations provides a framework for modeling sorption onto static and/or dynamic surfaces. A static surface (e.g., an iron‐ oxide‐coated streambed) is defined as a surface with a temporally constant solid concentration. Limited contact between solutes in the water column and the static surface is considered using a pseudokinetic approach. A dynamic surface (e.g., freshly precipitated metal oxides) has a temporally variable solid concentration and is in equilibrium with the water column. Transport and deposition of solute mass sorbed to the dynamic surface is represented in the stream transport equations that include precipitate settling. The model is applied to a pH‐modification experiment in an acid mine drainage stream. Dissolved copper concentrations were depressed for a 3 hour period in response to the experimentally elevated pH. After passage of the pH front, copper was desorbed, and dissolved concentrations returned to ambient levels. Copper sorption is modeled by considering sorption to aged hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) on the streambed (static surface) and freshly precipitated HFO in the water column (dynamic surface). Comparison of parameter estimates with reported values suggests that naturally formed iron oxides may be more effective in removing trace metals than synthetic oxides used in laboratory studies. The model's ability to simulate pH, metal oxide precipitation‐dissolution, and pH‐dependent sorption provides a means of evaluating the complex interactions between trace metal chemistry and hydrologic transport at the field scale.
Retreat and reformation of X‐line during quasi‐continuous tailward‐of‐the‐cusp reconnection under northward IMF

We present observations on 19–20 November 2006 by the Cluster spacecraft that were skimming the high‐latitude dusk‐flank magnetopause, which are consistent with more than one reconnection X‐line present on the tailward side of the cusp under northward IMF. Evidence of quasi‐continuous reconnection over 16 hours exists in the form of Alfvénic acceleration of magnetosheath ions found almost always when either of the satellites traversed the boundary. The data indicate that a dominant X‐line was sunward of Cluster for most of the time, but ion velocity distributions consisting of two magnetosheath populations demonstrate that for part of the time, more than one X‐line existed. Further, the motion of reconnected field lines shows that some X‐line(s) retreated tailward. It is inferred that following the X‐line retreat, another X‐line reformed sunward of Cluster, leading to multiple X‐lines.
Is the continental Moho the crust-mantle boundary?

Studies of high-pressure xenoliths suggest that mafic rocks are dominant in the lower crust and abundant in the uppermost mantle, beneath most continental areas. Xenolith data allow construction of geotherms and stratigraphic profiles and provide lithological constraints and physical parameters for realistic interpretations of geophysical data. In continental regions of high heat flow, the Moho, as defined by seismic refraction data, may lie deeper than the crust/mantle boundary. The seismic differences recorded for cratonic vs. “hot” lower crust/upper mantle sections may be explained by temperature variations alone and do not require large lithological differences.
Observed Effects of Interparticle Friction and Particle Size on Shear Behavior of Granular Materials

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study on the shear behavior of granular materials, focusing on the effects of interparticle friction and particle size, which are of fundamental importance but are not yet well understood. The experimental program consisted of a large number of direct shear tests on glass beads of varying sizes and interparticle friction conditions, performed under a range of packing densities and normal stress levels. Test data were interpreted in terms of the stress–dilatancy relationship and shear strength parameters. The study indicates that under otherwise similar testing conditions, oil-lubricated glass beads tend to have substantially lower shear strength as compared with water-lubricated, water-flooded, and dry glass beads. It has also been found that at similar particle size uniformity, increasing mean particle size (d50) leads to more dilatant shear response and higher shear strength. A generalized stress–dilatancy relation is proposed, which introduces a variable dila.
Visual and Refractive Outcomes After Bilateral Implantation of a Biconvex Aspheric Toric Monofocal Intraocular with a Double C-Loop Haptic Design

Purpose To show the visual and refractive outcomes in cataract patients with corneal astigmatism when bilaterally implanted with a biconvex aspheric toric monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) with a double C-loop haptic-design. Methods Forty-seven cataract patients (94 eyes) with corneal astigmatism (≥0.75D) were implanted with the monofocal PODEYE toric IOL and assessed for 4–6 months post-surgery. Measurements included monocular and binocular uncorrected-distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected-distance visual acuity (CDVA), under both photopic and mesopic lighting conditions. Refraction, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity (with and without glare), and rotational stability were also recorded at the last postoperative visit. Results At 4–6 months, 78.2% and 98.9% of eyes were within ±0.50D and ±1.00D of the target refraction, respectively. The mean spherical equivalent and refractive cylinder values were 0.09±0.35D and −0.36±0.35D, respectively. 76.5% and 98.8% of eyes presented a postoperative refractive cylinder of ≤0.50D and ≤1.00D, respectively. 91.5% and 100% of patients had a binocular UDVA and CDVA of ≥20/25, respectively. The mean binocular UDVA and CDVA were 0.02±0.08 and −0.02±0.07 logMAR, respectively. Under mesopic conditions, 78.7% and 83.0% of patients presented a binocular UDVA and CDVA ≥20/32, respectively. The mean binocular UDVA and CDVA were 0.15±0.11 and 0.12±0.11 logMAR, respectively. The patients showed good contrast sensitivity under photopic and mesopic conditions. The mean absolute IOL rotation was 1.22±2.21 degrees with 97.87% of eyes having a rotation of <10 degrees. Conclusion This study shows good visual and refractive outcomes for the PODEYE toric IOL when implanted bilaterally in cataract patients with corneal astigmatism.
Crossing the qualitative- quantitative divide II

In this second of three reports on qualitative and quantitative methods we highlight novel methods with particular purchase on the problems of our time. We again focus on scholarship crossing multiple geographical divides, those of neo/paleo geography, qualitative/quantitative methods, and physical/human geography. We do so now by concentrating on three areas: the emerging digital humanities and the rise of big data, mobile methods, and rhythmanalysis. With this broad approach we seek also to encourage consilience, synergy, and a positive embrace of diversity in geographical scholarship.
The containment of urban England

This paper summarizes some main conclusions of the book The containment of urban England (2 vols, Allen and Unwin 1973) by the author and others. Volume I focuses on patterns of urban growth in England since the Second World War: urban areas (defined in terms ofthe American concept ofthe Metropolitan Area) have tended to decentralized population and, more tardily, employment; these processes seem to have taken place earlier in the larger areas. Physically, the urban areas have been contained; losses of rural land to urban land have been restricted in quantity and compact in form. The effect of containment has, however, varied from one part of the most heavily urbanized area of England (Megalopolis England) to another. Volume II focuses on the objectives, operations and impacts of the planning system, which has operated as one actor ? together with developers, industrialists and others? in a complex pattern of interaction. The main impacts ofthe planning system? physical containment, separation of residence from work, and rising land and property values? are in important respects perverse and certainly unintended by the planners; while paradoxically, the effects on the distribution of real income appear often to have been regressive.
Quantitative regime modelling of fluvial depositional sequences: application to Holocene stratigraphy of humid-glacial braid-plains (Icelandic sandurs)

Abstract This paper introduces a forward, 1–2 dimensional model that predicts fluvial depositional sequences in response to (a) variations in runoff and sediment supply regimes of the source catchment, as well as to (b) fluctuations in relative sea-level controlled by eustatic and isostatic changes. Variations in sedimentology and aggradational history are simulated from accommodation principles and unit power relations of flows of varying sediment concentration. The model is applied to the sandurs of Iceland, which have been subject to large-scale environmental changes over the past 10 ka, associated with deglaciation, isostatic uplift and fluctuations in runoff regimes. Flows include not only normal seasonal ablation runoff from glaciers, but also repeated glacier burst floods generated by sudden volcanic activity. Simulation of 100-year runoff events has allowed prediction of the stratigraphy, sedimentology and geomorphic history of the sandurs. The model has been successfully tested at the smaller Solheimasandur, and then applied to Skeidararsandur, the largest of the Icelandic outwash plains. In both deposits, the predicted stratigraphy and geomorphic history highlight the significance of extreme events for the development of the alluvial sequences. The results indicate that, since alluvial stratigraphy can be so highly dependent on fluctuations in runoff and sediment supply regimes, these factors should be essential components in development of quantitative models of alluvial sequences used for reservoir exploration.
Detection of Short Period Inter-bed Multiples And Enhancement of Surface Seiamic Resolution : A Case Study

It is difficult to detect and supress short period interbed multiples and to obtain high resolution seismic data. This study is an attempt to deal both these problems by using zero offset VSP data in Ramnad sub-basin of Cauvery basin, India. It is found that the use of windowed VSP corridor stacking has provided an effective means of identifying short period interbed multiples. A deconvolution operator designed from downgoing wave field of VSP data has suppressed the multiples in VSP as well as surface seismic data and intum improved the seismic resolution significantly. Finally, the implication of these results on reliable seismic interpretation has been discussed in detail.
Education policy reform and the return to schooling from instrumental variables

This paper exploits an unusual policy reform that had the effect of reducing the direct cost of schooling in Ireland in the late 1960’s. This gave rise to an increased level of schooling but with effects that vary substantially across family background. This interaction of educational reform and family background generates a set of instrumental variables that are used to estimate the return to schooling allowing for the endogeneity of schooling. Using a standard Mincer type model we find a large and well-determined rate of return of around 12% which are substantially higher than the OLS estimates of around 7%.