Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manejo de herbicidas na cultura da soja Roundup Ready

This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different herbicide management systems in weed control and the development and yield of different Roundup Ready® soybean cultivars. A randomized block experimental design with four replicates was used under a 5x5 factorial scheme, using five herbicide application systems: [(1) glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) + 2.4-D (241.8 g ha-1) at 14 days before sowing (DAS), paraquat + diuron (400 + 200 g ha-1) at the sowing day, and glyphosate (960 g ha-1) at 35 days after crop emergence (DAE); (2) glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) + 2.4-D (241.8 g ha-1) at 14 DAS, paraquat + diuron (400 + 200 g ha-1) at the sowing day, and glyphosate (480 g ha-1) 17 at DAE; (3) glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) + 2.4-D (241.8 g ha-1) at 14 DAS, and glyphosate (960 g ha-1) at 35 DAE; (4) glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) + 2.4-D (241.8 g ha-1) at 14 DAS and glyphosate (480 g ha-1) at 17 days after plant emergence; and (5) control - glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1) + 2.4-D (241.8 g ha-1) at 14 DAS, without herbicide application at post-emergence] combined with five RR® soybean varieties (M-SOY 8585, P98R91, Valiosa, CD 219 and TMG 108),comprising 25 treatments. All herbicide application systems controlled the weed species Chamaesyce hirta, Alternanthera tenella, Euphorbia heterophylla, Spermacoce latifolia and Tridax procumbens. This control was superior to that without herbicide application at post-emergence, being thus efficient in controlling those species. "System 3" showed a lower control level of the species Spermacoce latifolia, Tridax procumbens and Chamaesyce hirta, the last one only in the plots sowed with the cultivar CD 219. Herbicide management systems affected the height of the soybean plants, with the lowest values being found for TMG108 cv. under "system 3" application. Although soybean grain yield did not differ among the herbicide application systems, all were superior to that of the control. TMG 108 cv. showed the highest grain yield in all the herbicide application systems even in the control plots; however, it did not differ from P98R91 cv. under the herbicide application "systems 1, 3 and 4 " and in the control, neither from M-SOY 8585 cv. under "system 3. "
Feeding Relationships Among Bison, Pronghorn, and Prairie Dogs: An Experimental Analysis

Bison (Bison bison), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) form a grazing association on the northern United States mixed-grass prairie. Marked similarities in diet and spatial use between bison and prairie dogs on dog town edges and between pronghorn and prairie dogs on town centers create a high potential for interspecific interactions. Observational data were deemed insufficient to detect and properly characterize such interactions, and an experimental analysis was undertaken for this purpose. Two sets of exclosures, built on centers and edges of active and poisoned prairie dog towns, and on uncolonized prairie sites, were used to evaluate foraging relationships among bison, pronghorn, and prairie dogs feeding within and adjacent to enclosures and in control areas. Bison foraging groups were largest, nearest neighbor distances least, and foraging efficiency (bite: step ratios) highest among bison foraging in town edge control areas of the active towns, suggesting that these were the best areas for bison foraging. Prairie dogs showed smaller nearest neighbor distances and higher bite: step ratios when foraging in these areas than when foraging within adjacent exclosures, suggesting that bison foraging on town edges improved prairie dog foraging there. These results indicate a mutually positive relationship between bison and prairie dogs on town edges. Nearest neighbor distances and bite: step ratios of prairie dogs on town centers (within and adjacent to exclosures) suggested that pronghorn foraging did not appreciably affect prairie dog foraging. However, compar- isons of pronghorn foraging between active and poisoned town centers showed nearest neighbor distances always smaller and bite: step ratios often higher on the poisoned town centers, suggesting that the presence of prairie dogs on town centers may have slightly degraded pronghorn foraging there. This indicates a complex relationship on town centers between pronghorn and prairie dogs, which was neutral for prairie dogs but slightly negative for pronghorn under the conditions of the study. Results of vegetation analyses within exclosures and in control areas showed significant enhancement of shoot nitrogen in plants growing on areas subject to heavy grazing pressure, such as active dog towns and control areas on dog towns, and may partially explain improvements in prairie dog and bison foraging there.
A Taxonomy of Management Controls in Management Control Systems Research

Research on management control systems has recognized that multiple management controls operate together in business practices. Also, some frameworks that combine various management controls together have been developed to capture business practices. However, research dealing with a combination of management controls, which explicitly explains each management control and how they are combined, is lacking. In this paper, a review of several recent-year-developed works that deal with constructing management control systems frameworks will be presented to highlight these shortcomings, specifically: (1) unclear explanations about the concept of management controls and management control systems, (2) ambiguous relationships between management controls, and (3) not considering management controls comprehensively in a framework. Also, considering that various definitions for management controls and management control systems exist, a single definition will be proposed as a premise of this paper. A list of 40 management controls will be made, followed by a taxonomy of management controls, based on methods used to capture business practices in the existing research. Management controls will be classified into six variables: environment, technology, organizational structure, use of management control systems, culture, and MAS. Relationships between management controls, relationships between variables and management controls, and treatment of some special management controls, will be discussed. Finally, how this paper overcomes the shortcomings of existing work and how it refines existing control frameworks and theory will be noted.
Climate relationships with tree-ring width and δ13C of three Callitris species from semiarid woodlands in south-western Australia

Proxy measures of climate based on tree rings can allow reconstruction of climate back past the limit of instrumental records, thereby improving understanding of natural climate variability. We assessed the dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring widths and δ13C of three broadly co-occurring species of Callitris in south-western Western Australia. Ring width chronologies of C. columellaris F.Muell. , C. canescens (Parl.) S.T. Blake and C. preissii Miq. met standard measures of dendrochronological acceptability. For all three species, the Expressed Population Signal (EPS) was >0.93 and mean correlations between series in each chronology was >0.79. In contrast, δ13C chronologies were of poorer statistical quality (EPS ranged 0.59 to 0.88, mean correlations ranged 0.33 to 0.65) with both less year-to-year and lower-frequency information (lower mean sensitivity and standard deviation values). The dominant climatic signal in the ring width chronologies was related to rainfall and was strongest over the March–September season (correlations ranged 0.27 to 0.70, all P < 0.05). Consistent with the poorer quality of the δ13C chronologies compared with those from ring widths, tree-ring δ13C was also less strongly correlated with rainfall and rarely significant (P = 0.05). The weaker δ13C correlations may be due to a strong water conservation strategy by Callitris. Our analysis of the whole ring rather than latewood and low sampling effort may also have dampened the δ13C response. However, combining the ring width and δ13C chronologies using Principal Components Analysis did not enhance the extraction of a climatic signal. While the variance explained by the first principal component (PC) was high for all three species (76 to 87%), correlations between the first PC and rainfall were not stronger than for ring widths alone. Tree-ring δ13C, in conjunction with δ18O in particular, may nevertheless provide insight into physiological responses of Callitris to climate variation. However, dendroclimatic studies using Callitris to develop past rainfall records should focus on developing chronologies from ring widths. Further effort to find sites with old trees (250 years or more) should be undertaken and are likely to provide much needed information on past rainfall in Australia.
The Investor-Base Hypothesis of Stock Return Volatility: Empirical Evidence

A conjecture in the literature holds that a large and diversified investor base leads to lower volatility by improving the quality of the price signal. In this paper this hypothesis is examined using unique Swedish ownership data. The data does not support the conjecture. Instead, volatility increases in the number of investors and in the size of the firm’s micro-float (the fraction of shares held by investors with stakes below 0.1%). In separate regressions we show that trading volume increases in the size of the investor base, suggesting a trading channel explanation. We also show that proxies for the portfolio concentration of the largest owners are important. We conclude that ownership structure has major implications for stock return volatility.
Practical Factors Controlling in vitro Multiplication and Rooting in Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum, an Endangered Woody Species

The plant Empetrum nigrum, valued in the traditional system of medicine, is well known for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. In the present work, the effect of removal of shoot apical meristem (SAM) on shoot proliferation was studied. It was observed that removal of SAM promoted shoot proliferation whereas intact tip resulted in higher survival percentage. Further, the effect of different concentrations of BA on above was also studied. During root formation the effect of light quality after treatment with IBA was investigated. For rooting, continuous red light without IBA resulted in maximum rooting percentage. The above factors when taken into consideration during micropropagation of this endangered plant can result in healthier plantlets. The results show that the species could be successfully conserved by in vitro propagation system.
Monetary Valuation of Insurance Against Flood Risk Under Climate Change

Climate change is projected to increase the risk of natural disasters, such as floods and storms, in certain regions. This is likely to raise the demand for natural disaster insurance. We present a stated preference survey using choice modeling with mixed logit estimation methods in order to examine the effects of climate change and the availability of government compensation on the demand for flood insurance by Dutch homeowners. Currently, no private insurance against flood damage is offered in the Netherlands. The results indicate that there are opportunities for the development of a flood insurance market.
Genetic Changes in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Following Their Introduction Into the Great Lakes

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) previously thought to require salt water for completion of their life cycle, have been firmly established in the Great Lakes following an accidental introduction into Lake Superior. We compare allelic frequencies at 27 protein-coding loci from collections of pink salmon from the Great Lakes with those from the anadromous population (Lakelse River, British Columbia) from which they were derived. Although the allelic frequencies in the Great Lakes collections are consistent with a single introduction, the frequencies observed in these collections differ substantially from those of the Lakelse River population. Alleles of G3p-1 and Ck-1, rarely observed (frequency < 0.005) in British Columbia population, are present in Great Lakes pink salmon at frequencies between 0.06 and 0.27. Smaller changes were observed at 11 other loci; 14 loci were monomorphic in all collections. Loss of variability in the Great Lakes was reflected by a decrease in average number of alleles per lo.
The Folk Theorem for Repeated Games With Time-Dependent Discounting

This paper defines a general framework to study infinitely repeated games with time-dependent discounting, in which we distinguish and discuss both time-consistent and time-inconsistent preferences. To study the long-term properties of repeated games, we introduce an asymptotic condition to characterize the fact that players become more and more patient, that is, the discount factors at all stages uniformly converge to $1$. Two types of folk theorem's are proven under perfect observations of past actions and without the public randomization assumption: the asymptotic one, i.e. the equilibrium payoff set converges to the individual rational set as players become patient, and the uniform one, i.e. any payoff in the individual rational set is sustained by a single strategy profile which is an approximate subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in all games with sufficiently patient discount factors. As corollaries, our results of time-inconsistency imply the corresponding folk theorem's with the quasi-hyperbolic discounting.
Analysing the Determinants of Total Risk in Basel III Transition Era: Evidence from Indian Public and Private Sector Banks

Banking sector in India has implemented Basel norms since 1998. To comply with Basel norms, Banks in India had to undergo a series of reforms and changes such as technological advancements, balance sheet restructuring, credit quality enhancements and capital raising strategies. From Basel I to Basel III, requirement of maintaining Capital Adequacy Ratio has changed which brought significant changes in portfolio management of Banks in India. With the introduction of Basel III norms, Banks had to revisit and challenge their own old business strategies fundamentally for raising quality capital as prescribed by Basel III norms and maintain profitability at the same time. In this paper, we will focus on impact of Basel III norms on Indian Banks and determine dependent and independent factors of total risk in Basel III transition era. This study aims at investigating the internal and external factors affecting bank’s total risk. We applied panel data regression and relevant econometric tests such as unit root test, multicollinearity test, panel data analysis and test of heteroscedasticity and serial correlation for 35 Indian public and private sector banks from 2011 to 2016. We concluded that among internal factors, capital and profitability are statistically significant, whereas size, deposits to total asset ratio, loans to total asset ratio, operating expenses to total asset ratio, interest expense to total asset ratio, and liquid asset to total asset ratio do not show any significant relationship with bank’s total risk in India. In addition, total risk does not show any association with macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth rate and inflation rate in our sample. Based on the findings, we proposed solvency model for Indian Banks.
Banco de sementes como indicador de restauração de uma área degradada por mineração de caulim em Brás Pires, MG

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o banco de sementes sob vegetacao secundaria em uma area degradada por mineracao de caulim em Bras Pires, MG. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de solo de 0,5 x 0,5 m ate a profundidade de 5,0 cm. As amostras foram mantidas em viveiro por quatro meses, sendo metade em sombreamento de 11,5% (luz) e metade em sombreamento de 60% (sombra). A germinacao das sementes foi comparada nas duas condicoes de sombra (11,5% e 60%), utilizando-se o teste t para amostras independentes. Foram amostradas 36 especies pertencentes a 17 familias botânicas. As familias com maior riqueza especifica foram Asteraceae, com nove especies, Rubiaceae com cinco e Poaceae com quatro. A maioria das especies (66,7%) e dos individuos (82,2%) amostrados no banco foi de herbacea. As especies com maior numero de individuos germinados do banco foram as herbaceas Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster, Cenchrus sp. e Eragrostis sp. e a arbustiva Leandra niangaeformis Cogn. Entre as arboreas, destacaram-se em numero de individuos Luehea grandiflora Mart. e Trema micranta (L.) Blume. A maior densidade de ervas daninhas oriundas de areas antropizadas do entorno indicou baixa resiliencia da vegetacao presente na area degradada em caso de ocorrer alguma perturbacao severa.
Allais for the poor: Relations to ability, information processing, and risk attitudes

This paper complements evidence on the Allais paradox from advanced countries and educated people by a novel investigation in a poor rural area. The share of Allais-type behavior is indeed high and related to indicators of “lacking ability,” such as poor education, unemployment, and little financial sophistication. Based on prospective reference theory, we extend these characteristics by biased processing of probabilistic information. Finally, we reveal that Allais-type behavior is linked to risk-related characteristics, such as risk tolerance and optimism. This indicates a potential problem as exactly the more dynamic among the poor tend to make inconsistent decisions under uncertainty.
Oviposition by Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae) in relation to age, time of day and host plant

The age at which females begin to lay, the daily pattern of oviposition, the influence of host‐plant material on egg‐laying as well as the host preference of Mamestra brassicae L. (Lep., Noctuidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions. The females began to oviposit during the third, fourth and fifth scotophase after emergence. A great variability in daily female fecundity was observed. The highest level of oviposition occurred during the fifth day. Females oviposited during the whole scotophase, but maximal oviposition occurred during the second hour. The females without host‐plant material laid fewer eggs than females with host‐plant material (cabbage leaves Brassica oleracea var. capitata). In two‐choice tests, the females preferred to oviposit on cabbage rather than chrysanthemum, but there was no difference in the mean number of eggs laid on cabbage and tomato. There were significantly greater mean numbers of total eggs deposited on tomato than on chrysanthemum.
Coccidian parasites of British wild birds

A study of coccidian parasites in British wild birds was undertaken and faecal samples of 5568 birds, representing 141 bird species from 40 families, were examined. Oocysts were found in 18.68% of the samples. Species of the genera Isospora (16.90% infection), Eimeria (1.24% infection), Caryospora (0.48% infection) and Tyzzeria (in three samples) were identified. The overall prevalence of infection did not appear to be influenced by the sex and age of the host. The results are discussed in the light of the general knowledge of coccidian infections.
Collateral Runs

This paper models an unexplored source of liquidity risk large broker-dealers face: a withdrawal of collateral providers. By setting different contracting terms on repurchase agreements with cash borrowers and lenders, dealers can source funds for their own activities. Cash borrowers internalize the risk of losing their collateral in case their dealer defaults, prompting them to withdraw it. This incentive creates strategic complementarities among collateral providers, reducing a dealer’s liquidity position and compromising their solvency. Collateral runs are triggered by a contraction in dealers’ assets making them markedly different than traditional wholesale funding runs. Mitigating these risks involves different policy recommendations.
Models of Affiliative Relationships Among Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)

Understanding the relative importance of various hypothesized organizing principles of affiliative relationships among female macaques has been problematic at least partly because researchers have lacked adequate statistical techniques for teasing apart the roles of maternal kinship and rank distance, and because criteria for kinship have varied across studies. We examined the extent to which maternal kinship and rank distance are independently associated with levels of affiliative interaction among free-ranging adult females rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. We used a multiple regression extension of the Mantel test to evaluate three models, each using different criteria for kinship. In all three models, kinship emerged as a strong correlate of affiliative interaction. However, the degree to which rank distance correlated with affiliative interaction varied across models. Hence, the choice of criteria for kinship affected the apparent importance of rank distance in multi-generational groups. A model using graded rather than discrete criteria of kinship (i.e. degrees of relatedness instead of kin vs non-kin) but differentiating only close kin relationships (r 0.125) rather than all kin relationships (r 0.0005) accounted for the largest proportion of the total variance. These results support suggestions that adult female relationships are organized around several levels of kinship through maternal lines, and not simply by crude distinctions of kin vs non-kin. However, when kin are separated from common ancestors by more than a few links, females appear to behave towards related individuals much as they do toward non-kin.
The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae

After a primary zoospore of Plasmodiophora brassicae attaches to a cabbage root hair wall, the flagella coil, and the axonemes are soon retracted. During the next 2 h a dense-staining bullet-like Stachel is formed within a tubular cavity in the cyst, the Rohr. Possibly because of pressure created within an expanding cyst vacuole, the Rohr is quickly evaginated to form a bulbous adhesorium. The Stachel punctures the host wall and then, in a period of about 1 s, the parasite is injected into the root hair. The total time required for adhesorium formation and host penetration is about 1 min. Secondary zoospores were found to be capable of carrying out a similar penetration process. After penetration a callose-rich papilla is soon formed between the host wall and plasma membrane at the penetration site. Young amoebae in root hairs have no lipid bodies and are surrounded by seven-layered envelopes. Unidentified spherical inclusion bodies were seen sporadically in primary zoospores and cysts, and in uninucleate.