Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alteracions epigenètiques en càncer colorectal: canvis globals i identificació de noves dianes

Tot i que la hipometilacio global i regional del DNA va ser la primera alteracio epigenetica detectada en tumors, les dificultats en el seu estudi, aixi com la manca de metodologies especifiques que en permetin un analisi detallat, han fet que desconeguem en gran mesura els efectes que aquest fenomen te per a la cel·lula tumoral. En aquesta tesi ens varem proposar realitzar estudis globals i especifics que permetessin establir possibles associacions entre la hipometilacio i la inestabilitat genetica en tumors primaris humans. En primer lloc es va dur a terme la caracteritzacio dels patrons de metilacio globals en una serie de tumors colorectals. Aquest analisi ens va permetre observar una correlacio positiva entre el grau de desmetilacio dels tumors primaris i el nombre d'alteracions cromosomiques que aquests acumulen. Per a continuar aprofundint en l'estudi de la hipometilacio en tumors, i donada la manca de metodologies especifiques per a realitzar aquesta mena d'estudis, ens varem proposar desenvolupar una nova metodologia d'analisi de la metilacio, centrada en l'analisi dels elements repetitius dispersos Alu, els quals contenen una fraccio important de la metilacio del DNA en humans. Aixi es com va sorgir la nova metodologia Amplification of UnMethylated Alu (AUMA), recollida en el segon treball. L'aplicacio d'AUMA a una serie de tumors colorectals ens ha permes identificar elements repetitius Alu desmetilats al llarg de tot el genoma i tambe ens ha permes identificar elements Alu amb alteracions de la metilacio en tumors. Un analisi bioinformatic paral·lel ens ha permes complementar els resultats obtinguts experimentalment. En aquest treball hem desenvolupat tambe una nova metodologia de quantificacio d'elements Alu desmetilats, la qual hem anomenat Quantification of UnMethylated Alu (QUMA) i de la qual no hi ha cap precedent en la literatura. De l'estudi d'una de les alteracions de la metilacio detectades en patrons AUMA n'ha sorgit el tercer treball d'aquesta tesi. En aquest cas hem fixat la nostra atencio en un element repetitiu MIR desmetilat en teixit normal, el qual s'hipermetila en tumors amb una elevada frequencia. L'estudi de l'estat de metilacio de les illes CpG dels gens adjacents a aquest element MIR ens ha conduit a la identificacio de 8 noves illes CpG hipermetilades en tumors i linies cel·lulars de cancer colorectal. L'analisi de les modificacions d'histones associades al silenciament d'aquests gens ens ha permes identificar patrons de cromatina molt semblants als descoberts recentment en cel·lules mare embrionaries, connectant aixi la biologia de les cel·lules mare amb el desenvolupament del cancer.
Freezing Tolerance in Plants Requires Lipid Remodeling at the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Freezing Tolerance Explained Freezing temperatures exact a toll on plant cells through various mechanisms, including disruption of water balances as ice crystals form. Cellular and organelle lipid bilayers are also put under stress. Moellering et al. (p. 226, published online 26 August; see the Perspective by Browse) analyzed the function of a protein in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana that, when disrupted, leaves plants more susceptible to damage by freezing. The protein, SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2), shifts and swaps lipid headgroups, altering the chemistry of the chloroplast lipid bilayer membranes to stabilize them during freezing. An enzyme that remodels galactolipids protects chloroplasts against freeze damage in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants show complex adaptations to freezing that prevent cell damage caused by cellular dehydration. Lipid remodeling of cell membranes during dehydration is one critical mechanism countering loss of membrane integrity and cell death. SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2), a gene essential for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis, encodes a galactolipid remodeling enzyme of the outer chloroplast envelope membrane. SFR2 processively transfers galactosyl residues from the abundant monogalactolipid to different galactolipid acceptors, forming oligogalactolipids and diacylglycerol, which is further converted to triacylglycerol. The combined activity of SFR2 and triacylglycerol-biosynthetic enzymes leads to the removal of monogalactolipids from the envelope membrane, changing the ratio of bilayer- to non-bilayer–forming membrane lipids. This SFR2-based mechanism compensates for changes in organelle volume and stabilizes membranes during freezing.
Aspen : Ecology and Management in the Western United States

Information about the biology, ecology, and management of quaking aspen on the mountains and plateaus of the interior western United States, and to a lesser extent, Canada, is summarized and discussed. The biology of aspen as a tree species, community relationships in the aspen ecosystem, environments, and factors affecting aspen forests are reviewed. The resources available within and from the aspen forest type, and their past and potential uses are examined. Silvicultural methods and other approaches to managing aspen for various resources and uses are presented.
FARMERS' DECISION PROCESSES AND ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE

In a transect survey of crop residue levels in 1995 and 1996, two Minnesota counties had very different percentages of cropland with desired residue cover even though the soil types were similar. To gain a better understanding of the reasons behind this difference, the farmers in these two counties were surveyed about their use or lack of use of conservation tillage practices. A statistical logit analysis of survey responses showed farmers are more apt to adopt conservation tillage if they are larger; are more concerned about erosion on their land; have made a recent major investment in the farm; use other producers for tillage information; have the management skill for conservation tillage; and believe conservation tillage will fit with their production goals and the physical setting of their farm. Two counterintuitive findings are the negative effects of the ease of finding information and the degree of control of the adoption decision. The costs and labor requirements of conservation tillage were important but not as statistically significant as those factors just listed. Some variables, that are often listed as potentially important factors, were not found to be important in this survey. These included the long-term viability of the farm; the age, education, and experience of the farmer; the debt level of the farm; whether a family member wanted to continue farming; the proportion of land rented; the use of other sources for tillage information; the complexity of conservation tillage practices; the producer's planning horizon; the risk of negative returns; the availability of support for conservation tillage systems; and the quality of conservation tillage information.
Responses of the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension to global warming in a high‐resolution climate model

Using a high‐resolution atmosphere–ocean coupled climate model, responses of the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension (KE) to global warming are investigated. In a climate change experiment with atmospheric CO2 concentration ideally increased by 1% year−1, the current velocity of the Kuroshio and KE increases, while the latitude of the Kuroshio separation to the east of Japan does not change significantly. The increase of the current velocity is up to 0.3 m s−1 at 150°E. This acceleration of the Kuroshio and KE is due to changes in wind stress over the North Pacific and consequent spin‐up of the Kuroshio recirculation gyre. The acceleration of the currents may affect sea level along the southern coast of Japan and northward heat transport under global warming.
Anthropology in the Margins of the State

The very form and reach of the modern state are changing radically under the pressure of globalization. Featuring nine of the leading scholars in the field, this innovative exploration of these transformations develops an ethnographic methodology and theoretical apparatus to assess perceptions of power in three regions where state reform and violence have been particularly dramatic: Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. Rather than a geographic border, the term "margin" describes areas far from the centers of state sovereignty in which states are unable to ensure implementation of their programs and policies. Understanding how people perceive and experience the agency of the state; who is of, and not of, the state; and how practices at the margins shape the state itself are central themes. Drawing on fieldwork in Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Peru, Guatemala, India, Chad, Colombia, and South Africa, the contributors examine official documentary practices and their forms and falsifications; the problems that highly mobile mercenaries, currency, goods, arms, and diamonds pose to the state; emerging non-state regulatory authorities; and the role language plays as cultures struggle to articulate their situation. These case studies provide wide-ranging analyses of the relationship between states and peoples on the edges of state power's effective reign.
An investigation of the characteristics of the convection reversal boundary under southward interplanetary magnetic field

The characteristics of the Convection Reversal Boundary (CRB) as determined from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations of convection are examined and modeled. Convection patterns were calculated for all intervals within the 11 year period 2000–2010 when the interplanetary magnetic field met a restrictive set of criteria. When there were sufficient observations, the CRB was determined and binned as a function of latitude and magnetic local time. There were over 90,000 determinations of the CRB included in the study. Distributions of CRB locations were formed for each hour of magnetic local time. The distributions varied in average latitude and in variance, with the lowest latitude and broadest widths occurring near midnight. The distributions were skewed toward high latitudes on the dayside and toward low latitudes on the night side. The CRB was modeled as a linear sum of terms dependent on the interplanetary magnetic field, the solar wind, and the SymH indices. Finally, the dynamic behavior of the boundary is discussed and modeled in an attempt to reproduce the observed distributions.
Transmission electron microscope study of compact Type A calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions from CV3 chondrites: Clues to their origin

Abstract— A transmission electron microscope (TEM) study of three coarse‐grained Type A Ca, Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs) from Allende, Acfer 082 and Acfer 086 (all CV3 chondrites) was performed in order to decipher their origin and effects of possible metamorphism. The constituent minerals of the CAIs are found to exhibit very similar microstructural characteristics in each of the inclusions studied. In general, the minerals show a well‐developed equilibrium texture with typical 120° triple junctions. Melilites are clearly considerably strained and characterized by high dislocation densities up to 3 × 1011 cm−2. The dislocations have Burgers vectors of [001], [110] or [011] and often form subgrain boundaries subparallel {100}. Melilite in the Allende CAI additionally contains thin amorphous lamellae mostly oriented parallel to {001}. Fassaite (Al‐Ti‐diopside) is almost featureless even on the TEM scale. Only a few subplanar dislocation walls composed of dislocations with Burgers vectors [001] and 1/2 [110] were detected. Although enclosed within the highly strained melilites, the euhedral spinels contain only low dislocation densities (<2 × 104 cm−2). In the Allende CAI, spinels were found twinned on {111}. Perovskite is also characterized by a low number of linear lattice defects. All grains possess orthorhombic symmetry and are commonly twinned according to a 90° rotation around [101]. Many crystals exhibit typical domain structures as well as curved twin walls where two orthogonal sets intersect. In addition to the mineral phases described above, tiny inclusions of the simple oxides CaO and TiO2 were found within melilite (CaO), spinel (CaO, TiO2) and perovskite (CaO, TiO2). Based on these observations, it is assumed that at the beginning of the formation of the CAIs a condensed solid precursor was present. Euhedral spinels poikilitically enclosed within melilites suggest that this solid aggregate was then molten. If the pure oxides represent relict condensates, their presence proves that this melting was incomplete. While still plastic, the CAIs were shocked by microimpacts causing the high dislocation densities in melilite as well as diaplectic melilite glass and twinned spinels in the Allende CAI. In Acfer 082 and 086, the deformation took place at elevated temperatures, preventing the solid phase transition and mechanical twinning. The absence of linear lattice defects in spinel, fassaite and perovskite most probably reflects inhomogeneous pressure distribution in the polycrystalline CAI as well as the different strengths of the minerals. According to cooling‐rate experiments on perovskite by Keller and Buseck (1994), the dominating (101) twins in the CAI perovskites point to cooling rates ≤50 °C/min. Finally, after crystallization of the CAI was complete, mild thermal metamorphism caused the formation of subgrain boundaries, 120° triple junctions and chemical homogenization of the melilites.
Data Quality Control of an Observational Tool to Analyze Football Semiotricity

En un reciente estudio se ha sacado a la luz el “codigo secreto” del futbol mediante el uso del metodo observacional. Sin embargo, en esta investigacion no se aclaran ciertos aspectos metodologicos, como el protocolo de observacion, ni se expone el procedimiento empleado para el control de la calidad del dato. Dado que estas carencias comprometen la &abilidad de los resultados, se decidio realizar el analisis de la &abilidad de la herramienta observacional empleada en dicho estudio siguiendo los principios basicos de este metodo. Tras un estudio minucioso de esta herramienta se diseno un instrumento de observacion mixto con un sistema de formato de campo donde cada criterio es un sistema de categorias, exhaustivo y mutuamente excluyente. Tras el entrenamiento de los observadores, se tomaron datos con los que se estimaron los coeficientes de acuerdo y asociacion (frecuencias y porcentajes de acuerdo, coeficientes de correlacion, indices de Kappa de Cohen) inter e intraobservadores, realizando posteriormente un analisis de generalizabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos son satisfactorios y nos permiten afirmar que la herramienta es fiable para analizar la semiotricidad del futbol.
The cheater's high: the unexpected affective benefits of unethical behavior.

Many theories of moral behavior assume that unethical behavior triggers negative affect. In this article, we challenge this assumption and demonstrate that unethical behavior can trigger positive affect, which we term a "cheater's high. " Across 6 studies, we find that even though individuals predict they will feel guilty and have increased levels of negative affect after engaging in unethical behavior (Studies 1a and 1b), individuals who cheat on different problem-solving tasks consistently experience more positive affect than those who do not (Studies 2-5). We find that this heightened positive affect does not depend on self-selection (Studies 3 and 4), and it is not due to the accrual of undeserved financial rewards (Study 4). Cheating is associated with feelings of self-satisfaction, and the boost in positive affect from cheating persists even when prospects for self-deception about unethical behavior are reduced (Study 5). Our results have important implications for models of ethical decision making, moral behavior, and self-regulatory theory.
Valores de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos para camundongos das linhagens C57BL/6, Swiss Webster e BALB/c

The use of animals in scientific research has contributed significantly to the development of science, promoting various advances in understanding the metabolic machinery and the discovery of treatments and preventive measures applied to human and veterinary medicine. The development and use of alternative methods is encouraged; however, in some situations, the use of animals in accordance with ethical policies is still required. Established hematological and clinical chemistry reference values in laboratory animals are essential to evaluate functional changes; however, there are few data in the literature on these values, being fundamentally a comparative basis. The aim of this investigation was the establishment of hematological and clinical chemistry reference values in common strains/stocks of mice used in animal experimentation. Blood profile (hemogram, reticulocytes and myelogram) and clinical chemistry serum determination of total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium and phosphorus were evaluated using C57BL/6, BALB/c and Swiss Webster mice, male, 2-3 months old. The results standardize reference intervals in animals reared in Laboratory Animal Facility, reflecting the expected condition in rodents subjected to scientific research.
Pacific–North American Teleconnection Controls on Precipitation Isotopes (δ18O) across the Contiguous United States and Adjacent Regions: A GCM-Based Analysis

AbstractThe Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern has a strong influence on North America’s winter climate, but much less is known about how the PNA pattern controls precipitation isotopes (e.g., δ18O) across the United States. In this study, an isotopically equipped atmospheric general circulation model (isoGSM) is used to investigate how divergent phases of the PNA affect precipitation δ18O values across the United States. A simulation using observational climate and isotope data over the United States is evaluated first. The simulation explains 84% of the spatial variability of winter precipitation δ18O, with an overestimation in the northern Rocky Mountains and the Great Lakes. Temporally, the simulation explains 29%–81% of the interannual variability of winter precipitation δ18O, with typically a higher explained variance in the east than the west. The modeled winter precipitation δ18O exhibits a clear northwest–southeast (NW–SE) dipolelike pattern in response to shifts in the PNA patte.
Evaporation characteristics of wetlands: experience from a wet grassland and a reedbed using eddy correlation measurements

Measurements of evaporation were made from July to November 1999 using the eddy correlation method on two wetland types – wet grassland and reedbeds – in south west England. The evaporative water use of a reed bed exceeded that of the grassland wetland by 15% (or 50mm over the 5 months). The evaporation rates at both sites exceed of the Penman Potential Evaporation estimates calculated for this area. The difference between sites results from the higher roughness length of the reed bed and the lower effective surface resistance of the reed/open water assemblage. At the grassland site, a significant relationship between the surface resistance and water table level has been demonstrated. The water table at this site is managed to maintain the plant diversity and allow some agricultural access. This regime specifies a water table below the surface during the summer period, which results in higher surface resistances and lower evaporation. The results have important implications for local water resources management, especially where wetlands are maintained by pumping from rivers or groundwater.
Experimental constraints on coesite abundances in eclogite and implications for the X seismic discontinuity

We have experimentally tested the possibility that the coesite‐stishovite transition in eclogite bodies is responsible for the X discontinuity, a locally observed, low‐impedance jump in seismic wave velocities at 260–330 km depth. We determined phase relations and free SiO2 abundances in three natural‐analog eclogite compositions that simulate different subduction scenarios in terms of pressure‐temperature conditions and whether or not melt extraction occurred. Eclogitic compositions representing residues after either shallow or deep melting contain either no coesite or else too little (<4 wt %) to produce the observed impedance contrast for the X discontinuity. Only an unmodified mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) composition was found to contain just enough coesite (6–8 wt %) to be consistent with the expected impedance contrast when it transforms to stishovite. However, we assert that MORB cannot remain compositionally unmodified during subduction down to ~300 km. Fluid loss due to dehydration reactions during the transformation from basalt to eclogite lowers bulk SiO2 content. In addition, the MORB wet solidus intersects the coesite‐stishovite boundary at ~290 km, implying that at greater depths a melt phase should be present before stishovite stability is reached. Our data indicate that melt generation is an efficient means of lowering the free SiO2 content in the mineral assemblage. This study also confirms previous work indicating that exsolution of SiO2 from the Ca‐Eskola (Ca0.5AlSi2O6) component in clinopyroxene is not a feasible mechanism for producing significant stishovite upon reaching its stability field. We conclude that the coesite‐stishovite transition in eclogite bodies is not a viable petrological explanation for the X discontinuity.
The unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of the Bandelier Tuff

This report summarizes the physical and, unsaturated hydraulic properties of the Bandelier Tuff determined from laboratory measurements made on core samples collected at Los Alamos National Laboratory. We fit new van Genuchten-type moisture retention curves to this data, which was categorized according to member of the Bandelier Tuff and subunit of the Tshirege Member. Reasonable consistency was observed for hydraulic properties and retention curves within lithologic units, while distinct differences were observed for those properties between units. With the moisture retention data, we constructed vertical profiles of in situ matric suction and hydraulic head. These profiles give an indication of the likely direction of liquid water movement within the unsaturated zone and allow comparison of core-scale and field-scale estimates of water flow and solute transport parameters. Our core-derived transport velocities are much smaller than values estimated from tritium, Cl, and NO{sub 3} contamination found recently in boreholes. The contaminant tracer-derived transport velocities from Los Alamos Canyon are greater than corederived values found for the Otowi Member, and for Mortandad Canyon, greater than core-derived values for that borehole. The significant difference found for Mortandad Canyon suggests that fracture or other fast-path transport may be important there. The relatively small difference between observed and predicted velocities at Los Alamos Canyon may mean that vadose zone transport there occurs by unsaturated matrix flow.
Rich Man, Poor Men: Observations On Three Antebellum Burials from the Georgia Coast

397 Introduction Acknowledgments.398 Cunningham Mound D Burials. The Human Remains 401 The Cultural Associations. 6 The W. J. L. Harris Burial 412 The Human Remains. 4 The Cultural Associations 415 Conclusions.4 7 Appendix: Biography of Raymond Harris, Father of W. J. L. Harris . 418 Literature Cited 19