Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Descriptive account of long-term health and behavior of two satellite-tagged captive harbor seals Phoca vitulina

The use of satellite tags to monitor pinnipeds in their natural habitats has become a common practice. However, near-continuous long-term observations of the behavior of tagged ani- mals, the process of tag detachment, and regular close examination of the tagging site to detect any development of tag-induced lesions have not been reported. The present study investigated these issues. Dummy satellite tags were glued to two captive male Pacific harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardsi using mesh or no mesh attachment. Tag attachment and animal health and behavior were monitored during the 8 mo attachment period. No tag-associated changes in animal health or behav- ior were noted until the tags started to loosen a few days before detachment. We found no differences in the strength or length of attachment associated with mesh or no mesh attachment. There was a small area of superficial skin irritation associated with the mesh attachment due to cracked epoxy rubbing against the seal. Although this was a small pilot study, we concluded that the satellite tag attachment and detachment processes were without significant adverse effect, that the tagged seals' behavior was not significantly altered, and that it is likely that these findings will hold true for other small phocid seals.
Stomata as an infection court for Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. medicaginis in chickpea and a histological study of infection.

Stomata located beneath the cotyledons of 7-day-old chickpea seedlings were the preferential infection court for zoos pores of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis. Zoospores also accumulated preferentially in the root-hair zone. Penetration usually was intercellular between anticlinal epidermal cell walls, but intracellular penetration did occur via infection pegs produced from swollen germ-tube tips. Although no differences in prepenetration or penetration events were found between a field resistant (CPl56564} and a susceptible cuhivar (ICC6334} of chickpea, hyphal growth rate of the fungus was greater through wounded roots of the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant cultivar. There was no significant difference between hyphal growth rates through wounded epicotyl tissue of the resistant and susceptible cultivars. Stomata located at or below the soil line could act as an infection court for zoospores present in surface water, and cultivars that express resistance in the root tissue would appear susceptible if the resistance was not also expressed in the hypocotyl and the lower epicotyl. A soil-line infection court also could be involved in spreading the disease via zoospores present in surface water in the field.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens susceptibility and plant regeneration of 10 soybean genotypes in maturity groups 00 to II

(.)The relative frequency of tumor formation, an indicator of susceptibility, was greatest for strains C58 and A208 on all soybean genotypes tested. The soybean genotypes Peking and PI 180529 were the most susceptible. (.) The genotypes producing the highest frequency of mature plants during 30 weeks after culture initiation were Experimental Line HHP, Evans', PI 445799, Hodgson 78', Corsoy 79' and PI 180529. These may be useful genotypes for whole plant transformation studies
Evaluation of growth, yield, and fruit size of chokecherry, pincherry, highbush cranberry, and black currant cultivars in Saskatchewan

St-Pierre, R. G. , Zatylny, A. M. and Tulloch, H. P. 2005. Evaluation of growth, yield, and fruit size of chokecherry, pincherry, highbush cranberry, and black currant cultivars in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85: 659‐664. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the growth, yield and fruit size of cultivars of chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.), pincherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.), highbush cranberry (Viburnum trilobum Marsh.), and black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). Cultivars were evaluated in replicated trials at two sites (Saskatoon and Outlook) in Saskatchewan over 2‐5 yr. Espenant, Garrington, Lee Red, and Boughen Yellow were among the highest yielding of the chokecherry cultivars (mean yield = 7.2 kg plant ‐1 at Saskatoon); of these, Lee Red had the largest fruit. The pincherry cultivar Lee #4 (mean yield = 3.1 kg plant ‐1 ) yielded at least twice as much as Mary Liss or Jumping Pound. Highbush cranberry cultivars Alaska, Espenant, Garry Pink, Manitou, and Wentworth averaged yields of 2.0 kg plant ‐1 at Saskatoon. Of these, Manitou had the largest fruit. Two black currant trials were established; the cultivars included in the second trial were not available at the time of establishment of the first trial. Black currant yields ranged from 0.2 kg plant ‐1 for Willoughby to 1.0 kg plant ‐1 for Consort in the first trial, and from 0.2 kg plant ‐1 for the selection 4-24-29 to 2.0 kg plant ‐1 for McGinnis Black in the second trial. Black currant cultivars with the largest fruit size included Wellington, Topsy, and three numbered selections from the University of Saskatchewan (mean = 225 fruit/cup) in the first trial, and Ben Sarek, McGinnis Black, and Ben Alder (mean = 156 fruit/cup) in the second trial. Data from the current study provide a basis on which to evaluate the performance of currently available cultivars, and any new cultivars or future selections that may be developed.
Application Placement and Relative Humidity Affects Smooth Crabgrass and Tall Fescue Response to Mesotrione

Abstract Much research has been conducted on mesotrione activity on crops and weeds, but information is lacking in regards to the relative contribution of soil and foliar absorption of mesotrione. Three experiments conducted at Virginia Tech's Glade Road Research Facility in Blacksburg, VA, evaluated the effects of 50 and 90% relative humidity (RH) on the activity of mesotrione applied to foliage, soil, and soil plus foliage. Tall fescue injury ranged from 0 to 21% and was significant in 6 of 20 comparisons. Three of these injury events were caused by soil plus foliar applications, which were always more injurious than foliar only applications, which were more injurious than soil-only applications. Both application placement and RH significantly influenced smooth crabgrass responses to mesotrione. Smooth crabgrass phytotoxicity was lowest when mesotrione was applied only to foliage and highest when mesotrione was applied to soil and foliage. Increasing RH from 50 to 90% caused a 4- to 18-fold increase in plant phytotoxicity when mesotrione was applied only to foliage. By dissecting the plant canopy, it was noted at 14 d after treatment, when averaged over RH, that white leaves comprise 16% of leaves when only foliage was treated and 55 and 62% when applied to soil plus foliage and soil only, respectively. Furthermore, white tissue was found predominately in the two youngest leaves when mesotrione was applied to soil or both soil and foliage, but in older leaves when applied only to foliage. Data indicate mesotrione entering plants through soil travels quickly to growing points and has an equal or greater effect on plant phytotoxicity than foliar-absorbed mesotrione. In addition, foliar-absorbed mesotrione appears to increase in plants significantly with increasing RH, but does not move rapidly to growing points. Nomenclature: Mesotrione; smooth crabgrass, Digitaria ischaemum Schreb. ex Muhl. DIGIS; tall fescue, Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub FESAR, also Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire
Igfbp‐3 mediates TGFβ1 proliferative response in colon cancer cells

Many human tumor cells are resistant to growth inhibition by TGFβ1. Resistance may be caused by mutations in TGFβ receptors or in other components of the TGFβ signal transduction systems, or by knockout of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, which in fibroblasts converts cellular response to TGFβ1 from growth inhibition to growth stimulation. Our earlier studies showed such a switch in response to TGFβ1 occurred in 45% of colon cancers but without deletion of Rb. We now show that insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) mediates the TGFβ1‐induced proliferation of 3 metastatic or highly aggressive colon carcinoma cell lines. TGFβ1 increases IGFBP‐3 abundance while phosphorothiolated antisense oligonucleotides to IGFBP‐3 block the growth‐promoting effect of TGFβ1 in each of 3 lines.IGFBP‐3 induces carcinoma cell growth in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner in vitro. IGFBP‐3 may confer a selective growth advantage on tumor cells in vivo because levels of mature IGFBP‐3 were elevated at least 2‐fold in 7 of 10 resected colon cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue. Int. J. Cancer 87:373–378, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altitudinal Pattern of Plant Species Diversity in Shennongjia Mountains, Central China

: One hundred and sixty plots, approximately every 100 m above sea level (a.s.1.) along an altitudinal gradient from 470 to 3 080 m a.s. 1. at the southern and northern watershed of Mt. Shennongjia, China, were examined to determine the altitudinal pattern of plant species diversity. Mt. Shennongjia was found to have high plant species diversity, with 3 479 higher plants recorded. Partial correlation analysis and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) based on plant species diversity revealed that altitude was the main factor affecting the spatial pattern of plant species diversity on Mt. Shennongjia and that canopy coverage of the arbor layer also had a considerable effect on plant species diversity. The DCCA based on species data of importance value further revealed that altitude gradient was the primary factor shaping the spatial pattern of plant species. In addition, the rule of the “mid-altitude bulge” was supported on Mt. Shennongjia. Plant species diversity was closely related to vegetation type and the transition zone usually had a higher diversity. Higher plant species diversity appeared in the mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest zone (900–1500 m a.s.1.) and its transition down to evergreen broadleaved forest zone or up to deciduous broadleaved forest zone. The largest plant species diversity in whole communities on Mt. Shennongjia lay at approximately 1 200 m a.s. 1. Greatest tree diversity, shrub diversity, and grass diversity was found at approximately 1 500, 1 100, and 1 200 m a.s. 1. , respectively. The southern watershed showed higher plant species diversity than the northern watershed, with maximum plant species diversity at a higher altitude in the southern watershed than the northern watershed. These results indicate that Mt. Shennongjia shows characteristics of a transition region. The relationship between the altitudinal pattern of plant species diversity and the vegetation type in eastern China are also discussed and a hypothesis about the altitudinal pattern of plant species diversity in eastern China is proposed. (Managing editor: Ya-Qin HAN)
Biometrical analysis of an urban population of the Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Szczecin in Poland

Biometrical analysis of an urban population of the Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Szczecin in Poland In years 1996-2001, a biometrical investigation of an urban population of the Blackbird was conducted in two parks of Szczecin. Altogether, 388 birds were measured, including 191 females and 197 males. Adult females were bigger than young females (in all analysed parameters). Among males there were differences in wing, tail and total head lengths. In both sexes the strongest correlation occurred between wing and tail measurements and between bill and total head lengths. The body mass of females did not depend on their age and was not changing significantly in the course of year. However, in the case of males the young birds were lighter than the adults. Moreover, the males caught in winter were heavier than those caught in spring.
Interactions between invertebrate herbivores and plant competition.

The combined effects of different types of invertebrate herbivory and competition on plant performance were studied with a manipulative field experiment involving chemical exclusion and hand weeding, using four species of annual crucifer. Two of the species, Raphanus raphanistrum and Capsella bursa-pastoris were locally abundant at the study site, whereas the other species, Sinapis arvensis and Sisymbrium officinalis, were uncommon. Plant masses were log-normally distributed at harvest. There was a non-linear relationship between plant mass and siliqua production in all four species (.)
Pleistocene Palaeoecology of Central Norfolk: A Study of Environments through Time

Introduction 1. The Anglian and Hoxnian 2. The Wolstonian 3. The Ipswichian 4. The Devensian 5. The Flandrian 6. Evidence of periglacial conditions 7. Water levels, hydroseres, palynology 8. History of the river valleys 9. Beetley and the East Anglian Pleistocene.
Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae; Aphelinidae) of four principal pest aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on greenhouse vegetable crops in Japan

Aphidiine and aphelinid parasitoids of four principal pest aphids on greenhouse vegetable crops in Japan, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aulacorthum solani, were surveyed to find native parasitoids that would be useful as biological control agents. A total of 19 species (Aphidiinae: 13 species in 7 genera, Aphelinidae: 6 Aphelinus species) were confirmed as parasitoids of the four pest aphids from field collection and breeding experiments. Of these, six species (Lysiphlebus fabarum and 5 Aphelinus species) were new to Japan. In total, 145 tritrophic (parasitoid–host aphid–plant) relationships are reported. The principal aphidiine parasitoids were Lysiphlebus japonicus and Binodoxys communis on A. gossypii, Aphidius gifuensis and Diaeretiella rapae on M. persicae, and A. gifuensis on A. solani. There were no predominant species among the parasitoid spectrum of M. euphorbiae in Japan. Aphelinus gossypii, A. varipes, A. albipodus and A. asychis showed a high degree of suitability for Aphis gossypii, Aphis gossypii and M. persicae, M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, and all four principal pest aphids, respectively. A key to the parasitoid species associated with the four pest aphids in Japan is provided. The potential using the native parasitoids as biological control agents against the four pest aphids is discussed.
The chemistry of atmospheric deposition in Italy in the framework of the National Programme for Forest Ecosystems Control (CONECOFOR)

Under the CONECOFOR programme, allied to the UE and UN-ECE programme on forests (ICP Forests), the chemistry of open field, throughfall and stemflow deposition was measured in 15 permanent plots over a two year period. Characteristics of the plots, sampling methods, treatment and analyses are in strict agreement with those adopted in the European programme. The plots are representative of different geographical conditions, from the Mediterranean area of the southern plots to the Alpine environment. Results show the highest amount of ion deposition related to anthropogenic emissions in the northern (PIE1, VEN1, FRI2) and central (EMI1, TOS1) stations, while most of the central and southern sites show a net flux of alkalinity. The acidity is however buffered by dust and dry deposition present on the canopy, so that the throughfall deposition is always alkaline. Nitrogen, both as ammonium and nitrate, is an important component of precipitation and critical loads are exceeded in most of the areas. This situation is confirmed by analyses of nitrate in runoff, performed in four plots, which show a release from the watershed in all seasons, indicating an overload of nitrogen compared to its possible uptake by vegetation and soil. N saturation is high in the northern and central plots of PIE1 and EMI2, moderate in the central and alpine plots of LAZ1 and FRI2.
Esteya , a new nematophagous genus from Taiwan, attacking the pinewood nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus )

Esteya vermicola gen. et sp. nov. isolated from infected pinewood nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the production of two types of conidiophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia. The first type of conidiophore is subhyaline to greyish green, flask-shaped, apex tapering at the apex into a thin neck, sometimes crooked; the conidiogenous cells are integrated, phialidic, rarely percurrent; the conidia are hyaline, one-celled, lunate, concave, containing an endospore-like apparatus, adhesive. The second type of conidiophore is subhyaline to greyish green, cylindrical, subulate, septate, the base somewhat swollen; conidiogenous cells integrated, phialidic; conidia hyaline, one-celled, bacilloid, often forming an aggregate droplet at the apex, non-adhesive. Esteya vermicola exhibits high infectivity towards the pinewood nematode, and the potential for its development as a biocontrol agent against the pinewood nematode is briefly discussed.
Embryonic and Postembryonic Development in Bythotrephes cederstroemii

Laboratory observations were made of embryonic development time for parthenogenic Bythotrephes cederstroemii under differing temperatures spanning the range when Bythotrephes may be present in the plankton of Lake Michigan. Postembryonic development was documented for parthenogenically produced and sexually produced offspring. The complete life cycle of Bythotrephes was observed to have two distinct morphological series. Development time from birth to primaparity, consisting of three instars, was 14.0 ± 1.63 d at 12.7 °C for pathenogenically produced offspring. Development time at 12.7 °C for gametogenically produced offspring was 13.7 ± 1.57 d with four instars. Because parthenogenic eggs released into the brood sac of Bythotrephes do not become obvious until the embryo development is well advanced, a useful model for birth rate calculations in field work was developed based on observable morphological traits of the embryos within the brood sac. A curvilinear logarithmic model of development time (D, hou.
Further Comparisons of Alfalfa Hay and Alfalfa Silage for Growing Dairy Heifers

Summary Three different types of trials were performed in which body weight gain, dry matter (D. M.) intake, and their ratio were compared when growing dairy heifers were fed hay or silage. Alfalfa hay and wilted silage simultaneously harvested from the same fields were fed in a continuous (14 mo.) and a reversal trial (7 mo. each) to dairy heifers from 5 to 19 mo. of age. Growth rates, D.M. intake, and efficiency of gain were lower for the heifers fed silage. After 19 mo. of age, all heifers were fed a normal ration of hay, corn silage, and grain, and the growth rate was increased for most heifers. Body weight at 2 yr. of age for heifers that had been fed hay during the 14-mo. experimental period was much greater than that of heifers that had been fed silage during this period. Body weight at 2 yr. for heifers fed silage for either of the 7-mo. periods was somewhat less than that of hay-fed heifers. These data indicate that silage may provide the major source of feed for dairy heifers for as long as 7 mo. , either before or after a year of age, provided more adequate rations are supplied following these intervals without seriously reducing their size at calving time. Alfalfa harvested simultaneously from the same field as hay, wilted silage (43–46% dry matter), or as direct-cut silage during two different crop years was fed for 2 to 3 mo. to growing dairy heifers when 7 to 19 mo. of age. For each crop year there was little difference in rates of gain or dry matter intake or in efficiency of gain for heifers fed hay or wilted silage (43–46% dry matter). Heifers fed direct-cut silage had lower rates of gain, intake, and efficiency. However, in one crop year the difference between hay and direct-cut silage was small and not significant. It is suggested that the dry matter content of the forage when ensiled, and differences in the resulting fermentation, are major factors in determining the acceptability of silages by heifers and their resulting performance. Dry matter from hay produced larger gains than an equal amount of dry matter from wilted or D.C. silage when heifers were pair-fed the two forages. This suggests that there may be a difference in the nutritive value of hay and silage dry matter, as well as differences in their acceptability by dairy heifers.
Utilização de carneiros de raças de corte para obtenção de cordeiros precoces para abate em plantéis produtores de lã

RESUMO - Sessenta e nove cordeiros filhos de ovelhas das racas Ideal ou Corriedale cobertas com machos das racas Suffolk, Ile de France, ou da mesma raca materna, foram usados para avaliar o seu desempenho e as caracteristicas de carcaca. Os animais permaneceram em pastagem ate o desmame (60 dias), foram confinados por 90 dias e alimentados com racao a base de silagem de milho e concentrado. Foi usado delineamento completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial. O uso de machos de corte sobre femeas lanigeras nao causou efeito sobre o peso ao nascer e ao desmame das crias, porem aumentou o peso e a compacidade das carcacas, sem alterar as proporcoes de traseiro e costilhar. A espessura de gordura subcutânea nao foi influenciada pelo genotipo, apresentando-se maior para femeas. A area de olho de lombo nao apresentou diferenca entre genotipos. As medidas de carcaca mostraram diferenca entre genotipos, sendo as do cruzamento com Suffolk mais compridas, seguidas pelos mesticos de Ile de France.
Effects of nutrient availability on biomass allocation as well as constitutive and rapid induced herbivore resistance in poplar

Many studies have examined effects of nutrient availability on constitutive herbivore resistance of plants, but few have addressed effects on expression of rapid induced resistance (RIR). We quantified effects of two levels of nutrient availability on growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, and constitutive secondary metabolism of black poplar (>i>Populus nigra). We also examined effects of nutrient availability on expression of constitutive resistance of poplar to gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma), as well as RIR to both folivores in response to localized herbivory by gypsy moth. The high nutrient treatment had no effect on photosynthetic rate of poplar, but dramatically increased relative growth rate, total biomass, and total leaf area, while foliar phenolic concentrations and root:shoot ratio decreased. Plant growth was negatively correlated with foliar phenolic concentrations, which is consistent with predictions of the Growth/Differentiation Balance Hypothesis when increased nutrient availability increases growth without affecting photosynthesis. These responses of root:shoot ratio and constitutive secondary metabolism to nutrient availability are consistent with those proposed by models of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in resource allocation patterns. Nutrient availability affected constitutive resistance of poplar to first and fifth instar gypsy moth larvae, which grew much faster on high fertility plants. However, nutrient availability had no effect on constitutive resistance to whitemarked tussock moth. Localized herbivory elicited systemic RIR in poplar within 72 hours. However, the magnitude of RIR was dependent on nutrient availability, with differing effects on the two insect species. Expression of RIR to gypsy moth was most dramatic in the high fertility treatment. In contrast, RIR to whitemarked tussock moth was expressed only in the low fertility treatment. The idiosyncratic nature of effects of nutrient availability on constitutive and induced resistance challenges the value of using insect bioassays as surrogate measures of secondary metabolism for testing allocation models of plant defense, as well as the value of generaiized plant defense models for predicting effects of environmental variation on resistance to specific herbivores. These results also suggest that the effects of nutrient availability on the expression of RIR may represent a largely over-looked source of variation in plant/herbivore interactions.