Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURAL AND SOCIAL ENRICHMENT: EFFECTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF A TROPICAL HATCHERY FISH

Hatchery tanks offer conditions completely different from the natural environment, with a high degree of environmental homogeneity. As a result, for some species, farmed fish can be morphologically distinct from their wild counterparts and the populations can be morphologically less diverse. To minimize the effects of the homogeneity, the environmental enrichment of tanks can be proposed as a way of resembling natural conditions. In this study we evaluated two types of enrichment: structural, which was performed by adding submerged logs (tree trunks) and artificial aquatic plants to increase environmental complexity; and social, which was accomplished by the simultaneous farming of two species in one pond to increase the degree of ecological interactions. The aim was to test whether social and structural enrichment of hatchery tanks modifies the morphology and anatomical variability of curimba Prochilodus lineatus. The results showed that both types of enrichment led to morphological divergence, however social enrichment had a bigger effect, increasing morphological variability and diluting the effect of structural enrichment. Therefore, the simultaneous farming of two or more species can constitute a simple tool for hatchery fish management, to increase population morphological variability and potentially increase the chances for survival after release into the natural environment.
Effects of Tank-Mix Combinations of Non-Selective Foliar and Selective Soil-Applied Herbicides on Three Weed Species

Greenhouse experiments were established to investigate the effects of tank-mixing glyphosate, paraquat, or glufosinate with metribuzin plus chlorimuron, imazaquin, or metribuzin on entireleaf morningglory, sicklepod, and johnsongrass control. Antagonism was the most frequent interaction, and usually occurred when the lower rates of non-selective foliar-active herbicides were used in tank mixtures with selective soil-active herbicides. Antagonism occurred on all species when 180 g ai/ha paraquat was tank-mixed with 90 g ai/ha metribuzin plus 15 g ai/ha chlorimuron. When the rates of non-selective herbicide were increased, antagonism was usually overcome. Antagonism also occurred on entireleaf morningglory control when 210 g ai/ha glyphosate was tank-mixed with 90 g/ha metribuzin plus 15 g/ha chlorimuron or 36 g ai/ha imazaquin. When lower rates of paraquat or glufosinate were tank-mixed with 210 g/ha metribuzin, antagonism also occurred. Less antagonism was noted with glufosinate.
Effect of GA3 on Growth and Some Physiological Characterizes in Carrot Plant (Daucus Carota L.)

This experiment was carried out in the field of researches in Kalar Technical Institute / Field crop dept. The aim of the research is to study the effect of foliar sp rays of different concentrations of Gibberellic acid on growth and some physiological characterizes in Carrot plant (local white cultivar). The experiment treatments included three concentrations of Gibberellic acid (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and were carried out as applicable agricultural project (3×4). And the results were recorded as follows: In using the Gibberellic acid concentration at (50 ppm) led to increase significantly the studied characteristics particularly plant height cm, number of branch/ plant, number of flower/ plant, shoot fresh weight (gm), fresh weight of biological weight gm/plant, shoot dry weight (gm), dry weight of biological weight gm/plant, chlorophyll content (µg/cm2), when compared with the other concentrations levels and controlling plants. And GA 3 decreases significantly some of the studied characteristics as root fresh weight (gm), root dry weight (gm) and soluble carbohydrate which that compared with the controlling plants.
Effect of Selected Plant Parts Extracts on Liver Injuries Induced by CCl4 in vitro

Accepted 28 th June, 2016 Abstract The objective of this study is to highlight the potential effects of selected plant parts extracts [Sweet violet blossoms (SVB), marjoram leaves (ML), red onion skin (ROS) and orange peel (OP)] individually or to work together to improve the liver injuries induced by CCl4 in vitro. Fish liver homogenate and human lymphocytes cultures were used as in vitro biological model systems. The data indicated that CCl4 induced many adverse cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunctions, cell membrane integrity and decreasing in protease activity in fish liver homogenate and DNA damage in human lymphocytes cultures. Co-treatment of liver homogenate with CCl4 and the tested selected plant parts extracts as well as their mixture by concentration 0.75% exhibited many therapeutic effects through decreasing the rates of all those adverse effects. That decreasing rates in different toxic effects was depending on the type of the plant parts applied. The highest therapeutic effect was recorded for the mixture of the selected plant parts extracts (OP+SVB+ROS+ML by equal parts) followed by ROS, ML, OP and SVB, respectively. Such data indicated that there has been considerable interest in the role of complementary and alternative medicines for the prevention/treatment of liver injury induced in humans by many environmental toxins.
MICROENCAPSULATION OPTIMIZATION OF PROPOLIS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM TETRAGONULA SPP USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Objective: This research aimed to encapsulate the propolis through spray drying to overcome problematic handling properties of propolis and to optimize the microencapsulation by using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: The propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) was microencapsulated by spray drying with maltodextrin and gum arabic. RSM was applied for the optimization of microencapsulation efficiency, yield, moisture content, solubility in water, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of spray-dried propolis (SDP) microcapsules. Results: The highest process efficiency reached a microencapsulation yield of 75.35%. The highest solubility of SDP in water was 91.47%, with a moisture content of 0.96%. SDP exhibiting the highest TPC of 307.325 mg GAE/g, with a microencapsulation efficiency of 81.48%. Ferric reducing antioxidant power analysis showed its highest antioxidant activity with a low EC50 19.12 ug/ml with DPPH analysis, and a high reducing power capacity of 314.64 mg GAE/g. Conclusion: Microencapsulation optimization of propolis ethanolic extract from Tetragonula spp. using RSM indicated that SDP with 1:2 ratios of the microwall to core (propolis), inlet temperature at 115 °C, and flow rate 20% represented the optimum conditions. Microencapsulation has successes improved physical appearance and the solubility index and protected and enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of propolis in optimum condition by using spray drying.
Effect of Superliv on Feed Consumption, Feed Conversion Efficiency and Body Weight Gain in Commercial Broiler

This study was carried on the effect of superliv feeding on commercial broiler. Superliv is an herbal product and useful growth promoter for the broiler due to its lever tonic. The experiment was conducted at the poultry farm of C. S. A. Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Kanpur. The experiment was carried out on 60 days old broiler chicks were divided randomly into four groups of 15 chicks in each group. The birds of group G1 were served as control while group G2, G3 and G4 were received 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 per cent of Superliv, respectively. Feeding trials were conducted for 5 weeks. First three-week broiler was fed broiler starter and letter was fed broiler finisher ration. The weekly body weight (gms) per broiler chicks up to fifth week of age is weighed as 1036.66 +83.20, 1075.33+54.49, 1130.00 +67.11 and 11.43. 33 + 46.54, respectively, body weight gain (gms) during I, II, III, IV, and V week of age were 992.58, 1028.11, 1089.25 and 1106.05 respectively, Weekly feed consumption (gms) per broiler chicks up to Vth week of age were 2314.58, 2326.78, 2329.40 and 2365.92 respectively, feed conversion efficiency up to Vth week of age were 2.15, 2.12, 2.05 and 2.03 respectively, higher profit per broiler chicks was found Rs.11. 14, 12.49, 14.63 and 14.89 respectively, and benefit cost ratio was found 0.71, 0.72, 0.74 and 0.76 in group G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the superliv feed supplement at 0.3 per cent level or group G4 was beneficiary in broiler chick ration. It can help on the increase of growth rate, body weight gain, F.C. R. and benefit cost ratio.
Antibacterial Potentials of Vernonia amygdalina against Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella Specie Isolated from Nworie River, Imo State, Nigeria

Salmonella specie were isolated from Nworie River and then tested against several antibiotics to include; Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Amoxycillin, Kanamycin, Oxacillin, Ofloxacin, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Aztreonam and Ceftazidime. Salmonella isolates obtained from the river were resistant to at least three different antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to Amoxycillin, Oxacillin and Iminipem showing a 100% resistant rate, while showing sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin, Aztreonam, Gentamycin, Ceftazidime, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, and Ofloxacin at sensitivity rates of 71.4%, 7.1%, 77.1%, 11.4%, 44.3%, 48.6% and 78.6% respectively. The antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species were further tested against the aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaf, stem and roots to assess their antibacterial potential at a concentration of 100mg/ml. Aqueous extracts of the leaf, stem and roots showed no activity against antibiotic resistant Salmonella isolate, while the ethanol and acetone extracts showed activity rates of 20% and 17% for roots, 14.3% and 12.9% for stem, and, 15.7% and 11.4% for leaf. The results from this study further confirms the antibacterial potentials of Vernonia amygdalina against antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates.
Influence of abiotic factors on the major insect pests of pigeonpea

Investigations were carried out for two years on the impact of various abiotic factors on population build up of pigeonpea pests, viz., Empoasca kerri, Megaleurothrips usitatus, Mylabris pustulata, Helicoverpa armigera, Exelastis atomosa and Maruca testulalis. It was found that majority of insects showed positive correlation with maximum temperature (except jassids), minimum temperature (except thrips and plume moth) and morning relative humidity. A negative correlation was evident in case of all pests with evening relative humidity (except jassids), wind speed (except blister beetle) and sunshine hours (except thrips and blister beetle).
Calcium oxide levels in sugarcane silage, fresh sugarcane or corn silage for feedlot Nellore heifers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, total apparent digestibility and performance of beef cattle fed different roughages: sugarcane silage with 0.0, 0.75 and 1.5% levels of calcium oxide, fresh sugarcane or corn silage. The roughages were corrected with urea/ammonium sulfate to have 10,5% of crude protein. Thirty Nellore heifers with average body weight 273.6 kg ± 25.72 kg, and 18 months were distributed in a completely randomized design. The animals, five per treatment, were confined in five collective stalls with troughs covered with asbestos shingles. The animals fed diets with corn silage showed higher DM intake than those fed the diets containing sugarcane silages and fresh sugarcane. Higher intakes of nutrient, except crude protein, were obtained with the diet containing fresh sugarcane as compared with the sugarcane silages. The total apparent digestibility of the nutrients was higher for the diet containing corn silage. Inclusion of calcium oxide had a quadratic effect on DM digestibility, with maximum digestibility estimated at the calcium oxide level of 0.82%. Corn silage-based diets yield higher performance than those containing sugarcane. Animals that fed diets containing fresh sugarcane had better performance than the animals fed sugarcane silage-based diets. The energy intake and performance of heifers fed diets based on corn silage are better than those of heifers fed sugarcane. The use of sugarcane silage without additives results in lower energy intake and lower performance. The calcium oxide level that resulted in best energy intake is close to 0.82%.
GENETIC VARIABILITY IN CORN LANDRACES FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Corn (Zea mays subsp. mays) is one of the economically most important crop species in the world. It is the cultivated species that perhaps shows the greatest genetic variability and currently more than 250 landrace varieties have been reported. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic variability in corn landrace varieties from Southern Brazil using phenotypic and mo- lecular analysis. Eleven phenotypic traits were analyzed, of which eight showed significant differences, indicating distinction among the landrace varieties. Microsatellite (SSR) and AFLP markers were used in the molecular analysis. Both the phenotypic and molecular analyses in- dicated high genetic variability and also allowed the sepa- ration of the germplasm into groups of genetic similarity. The average similarity in the molecular markers analyses was 0.74. The results suggested that the varieties analyzed could be useful in corn genetic breeding programs.
THE BREAK -THROUGH IN THE REDUCTION OF JUVENILE PHASE IN APPLE USING TRANSGENIC APPROACHES

In contrast to herbaceous plants, fruit trees such as apple [Malus x domestica (Borkh.)] flower and set fruit only after an extended juvenile phase that lasts several years. In the course of studying juvenility in apple, we have cloned the MdTFL gene homologous to Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) gene, which suppresses floral meristem identity genes, LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1). The expression of MdTFL (Malus x domestica TFL1) mRNA was strong in sepals and mature leaves, and highest in early July, about two weeks before flower induction, in apical buds in apple. Transgenic apples expressing anthense MdTFL gene flowered at about eight to 15 months after grafting onto rootstocks. On the other hand, non-transformed control plants have not flowered in five years. The flower organs of the transgenic apples were normal and fertile. These results demonstrate that the suppression of the expression of MdTFL gene reduces the juvenile phase and can induce precocious flowers in apple.
Another Last Word on Crepidula Convexa With a Description of C. Ustulatulina N. Sp. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) From the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Florida

The taxonomy of Crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity. Molecular and developmental data show that Crepidula convexa sensu Hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species. Animals of the northern species are relatively larger, and have darker shells and direct development, while animals from the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Florida have smaller, pale spotted shells and produce pediveligers. C. convexa Say, 1822 is redescribed and a single neotype is designated for C. convexa and C. glauca Say, 1822 to represent the northern species and to formalize the synonymy of these two names. The southern species, which is distributed throughout the Gulf of Mexico, is described as a new species, C. ustulatulina.
Carveol and Related Monoterpenes Inhibit the Function of the Human α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.

Plants and phytochemicals have been used for centuries for therapeutic purposes. Essential oils from these plants are complex mixtures and may possess a large spectrum of biological activities many of them of clinical interest. Among the active constituents of essential oils, monoterpenes, demonstrated valuable antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, actions of monoterpenes on the function of ion channels have been investigated. In the present study, effects of different monoterpenes including carvacrol, carveol, d-carvone, eugenol, (+)-pulegone, thymol, thymoquinone, menthome and limonene, on the function of the cloned α7 subunit of human nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes were investigated by using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. All monoterpenes caused a variable extent of reversible inhibition of ACh (100 μM)-induced currents except vanillin and d-carvone. Carveol showed maximum potency of inhibition with an IC50 value of 8.3 μM. The effect of carveol was further investigated and found to be independent of the membrane potential. Carveol (10 μM) did not affect the activity of endogenous Ca 2+ -dependent Cl channels since the extent of inhibition by carveol was unaltered by the intracellularly injected Ca 2+ chelator BAPTA and perfusion with Ca 2+ -free bathing solution containing 2 mM Ba 2+ . The effect of carveol was associated with decreased potency of the ACh, and the inhibition was fully reversed by increasing ACh concentrations, suggesting that this drug acts in a competitive manner. In conclusion, these results demonstrate for the first time that monoterpenes inhibit directly the function of human α7-nACh receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. It appears that the extent of inhibition by monoterpenes differs significantly depending on their chemical structures.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING TOTAL (HYDROPHILIC AND LIPOPHILIC) RADICAL-SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN THE SAME SAMPLE OF FRESH PRODUCE

The work was aimed at developing a method for measuring hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities in the same sample of fresh fruits or vegetables. The assay was based on decolorization of 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS + .). The radical was generated in acidified ethanol medium in order to allow the performance of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. The radical generation conditions were optimized by choosing an appropriate acidifier, its concentration and incubation time. Hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions were isolated from fresh samples without preliminary drying by stepwise extraction with acetate buffer, acetone and hexane and repeated partition of water-soluble and water-insoluble portions. The method was applied to various fruits and vegetables. In avocado, the ratio between lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants varied from 1:1 to 1:3. In cherry tomatoes this ratio changed from 1:5 in green fruit to 1:1.5 in the red one. In strawberry, practically all antioxidant activity was represented by hydrophilic compounds. The total antioxidant activity in strawberries reached 14 μM TE (Trolox equivalents) per g, higher than in other objects tested.
Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Resistance to Selected ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides

Five biotypes of common cocklebur that were not controlled with acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides were tested in greenhouse and laboratory studies to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In vivo inhibition of ALS was also evaluated. Based on phytotoxicity, all five ALS-resistant biotypes of common cocklebur were > 390 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype to imazethapyr. However, only four of these biotypes were also resistant to another imidazolinone, imazaquin. Two biotypes were cross-resistant to the sulfonylurea, chlorimuron, and the triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide, NAF-75. One biotype demonstrated intermediate susceptibility to imazaquin, chlorimuron, and NAF-75. In all cases, the resistance exhibited at the whole plant level was associated with an insensitive ALS.
Phoma leaf spot of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) caused by Leptosphaeria biglobosa

A leaf spot disease on wasabi plants grown in commercial greenhouses in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia was characterized. Mycelial growth and pycnidial formation were observed within lesions when leaves were incubated under conditions of high humidity. Isolation from diseased tissues consistently yielded colonies of a Phoma species. Sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) region of eight isolates showed 100% nucleotide sequence identity with Phoma wasabiae and Leptosphaeria biglobosa subspecies ‘occiaustralensis’ and 99.2% identity with L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’. Pathogenicity studies on wasabi leaves showed that wounding greatly facilitated infection and enhanced lesion development for most isolates but was not required for all isolates. Chlorotic areas appeared around the inoculation sites within 4 days, followed by necrosis. Isolates displayed a range of virulence, from weakly to highly virulent, on wasabi leaves. Similar results were observed on leaves of canola cultivar Westar, i.e. wounding significantly increased lesion size and isolates displayed a range of virulence. An isolate of Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicae’ from canola was highly virulent on wasabi and canola leaves, causing lesions similar to those of L. biglobosa ‘occiaustralensis’ while an isolate of L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ from canola was weakly virulent on both hosts and required wounds to infect. These results demonstrate that isolates of L. biglobosa ‘occiaustralensis’ from wasabi are as virulent as L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ on wasabi and canola leaves but in some cases were comparable in virulence to L. maculans ‘brassicae’.
Effect of milk heating on taurine content and compositional characteristics of Apulian Cacioricotta goat's cheese

Cacioricotta goat's cheese is the most common dairy product from goat's milk in Apulia, Southern Italy. Its processing technology usually requires a starting step consisting in milk heating at temperatures of about 90-95°C. This product, both fresh and 15-day ripened, was found to contain taurine, a sulfonated amino acid that is not incorporated into polypeptide structures but has many biochemical functions in the organism. For assessing the effects of the heating treatment of milk on taurine content and compositional characteristics of Apulian Cacioricotta goat's cheese, two different curdlings were carried out: the first following the processing technology of this cheese, and the second with the same technological scheme except for the use of unheated milk. The obtained results showed a significantly higher content of both taurine and proteins in Cacioricotta goat's cheese than in the cheese obtained from unheated milk.
Effect of shade levels and IBA during the rooting of eight tree taxa

Abstract Softwood shoot cuttings of Acer griseum, A. rubrum ‘Bowhall’, A. rubrum ‘Franksred’ Red Sunset™, A. saccharum ‘Legacy’, Cornus kousa, Quercus alba, Q. ellipsoidalis, and Q. palustris were subjected to hormone treatments (IBA and control) and placed in a fog-humidified polyethylene tent rooting chamber under one of three levels of shade (83% or control, 91%, and 97% of ambient sun). Percentage rooting, the number of roots per cutting, and the number of days to root were significantly influenced by shade levels and hormone treatment, but responses were dependent on species or cultivar. For most taxa, percentage rooting was greatest at 91% or 97% shade. Only for A. griseum was the control shading treatment best for rooting. Generally, under the greater shade levels, the IBA treated cuttings rooted more often, had more roots, and rooted faster than cuttings without IBA. However, in some cases, the hormone treatment did not provide a clear advantage. Results of this study demonstrate that high shade l.