Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Future of Global Poverty in a Multi-Speed World: New Estimates of Scale, Location and Cost

Various recent papers have sought to make projections about the scale and locations of global poverty in the next 20 to 30 years. Such forecasts have significant policy implications because they are used to inform debates on the scale and objectives of future aid. However, these papers have produced some very different projections for global poverty so that a complex and rather inconsistent picture has emerged. Estimating even current global poverty levels is problematic for a range of reasons arising largely from the limitations of available data and the various alternative modeling approaches used to compensate for them. Forecasts for future poverty become further complicated by the range of scenarios for future economic growth and changes in inequality. Largely as a result of these differences, not only do different analysts arrive at very different understandings of the extent and prospects for global poverty but it is also extremely difficult to make meaningful comparisons between different analyses. (? )
Early Jurassic schizosphaerellid crisis in Cantabria, Spain: Implications for calcification rates and phytoplankton evolution across the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event

[1] The Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (∼183 Myr ago) represents a global perturbation marked by increasing organic carbon burial and a general decrease in calcium carbonate production likely triggered by elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Here we present quantitative analyses of calcareous nannofossil diversity and abundance from the Castillo de Pedroso section in Cantabria, northern Spain. We compare these data with geochemical data (C and O isotopes) obtained from biogenic and bulk carbonate records in order to highlight the response of calcareous phytoplankton to major climatic and paleoceanographic changes. The Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary is characterized by an abrupt decrease in abundance of Schizosphaerella punctulata, the most important lithogenic contributor to (hemi) pelagic carbonates in the Early Jurassic. The early Toarcian nannofloral assemblages show an increase in abundance of Mitrolithus jansae and small-sized r-selected taxa and a progressive decrease in S. punctulata percentages. The deep dwellers M. jansae and S. punctulata experienced a major crisis slightly prior to the deposition of the Toarcian black shales that are characterized by high abundances of eutrophic taxa such as Lotharingius spp. and Biscutum spp. The return of S. punctulata associated with lower percentages of eutrophic taxa was observed just above the Toarcian black shales. The Toarcian episode reveals that high CO2 levels and increasing primary productivity probably triggered a shift in abundance from highly calcified nannoliths such as S. punctulata and M. jansae to small-sized r-selected coccoliths that overall record a biocalcification crisis at the onset and during the Toarcian episode.
Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and ground‐based image networks

High resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly produced from photographs acquired with consumer cameras, both from the ground and from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, although such DEMs may achieve centimetric detail, they can also display systematic broad‐scale error that restricts their wider use. Such errors which, in typical UAV data are expressed as a vertical ‘doming’ of the surface, result from a combination of near‐parallel imaging directions and inaccurate correction of radial lens distortion. Using simulations of multi‐image networks with near‐parallel viewing directions, we show that enabling camera self‐calibration as part of the bundle adjustment process inherently leads to erroneous radial distortion estimates and associated DEM error. This effect is relevant whether a traditional photogrammetric or newer structure‐from‐motion (SfM) approach is used, but errors are expected to be more pronounced in SfM‐based DEMs, for which use of control and check point measurements are typically more limited. Systematic DEM error can be significantly reduced by the additional capture and inclusion of oblique images in the image network; we provide practical flight plan solutions for fixed wing or rotor‐based UAVs that, in the absence of control points, can reduce DEM error by up to two orders of magnitude. The magnitude of doming error shows a linear relationship with radial distortion and we show how characterization of this relationship allows an improved distortion estimate and, hence, existing datasets to be optimally reprocessed. Although focussed on UAV surveying, our results are also relevant to ground‐based image capture. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
When Fields Revert to Forest: Development and Spontaneous Reforestation in Post-War Puerto Rico

During the past 50 years forests have recolonized extensive areas of Puerto Rico. Between 1950 and 1990 forest cover increased from 9% to 37% of the island's land area. In proportional terms more land has reverted to forest in Puerto Rico than anywhere else on earth during the second half of the twentieth century. This paper explores the geography of this process by matching changes in land cover with the characteristics of the land and communities in Puerto Rico. The reversion of agricultural lands to forest occurred most frequently in humid, upland, coffee-growing regions characterized by heavy out-migration and populations of smallholders who earned some of their income from off-farm sources. These findings suggest that changes in non-farm labor markets, as well as changes in the political economy of agriculture, have important impacts on the prospects for converting agricultural lands into forests.
Production and fate of dissolved organic matter in ecosystems with low human impact

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an essential parameter of quality and aquatic ecosystem functioning. The production of DOM in soils and its fate as it moves through the catchment were studied during experiments conducted at different scales, from the soil microcosm to the catchment, using natural abundance tracing of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). At the catchment scale, we highlighted the role of wetlands in the formation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). During discharge events we nevertheless observed the mobilisation of several sources of DOC to feed rivers. During laboratory experiments, we demonstrated that forest type influences the fate of water extractable organic carbon content in soil. The substitution of native forests by Douglas plantations reduces carbon inputs into the soil and mineralisation rates of soil organic carbon, which also depend on temperature. However, the water extractable organic carbon content of forest soils, which is influenced by the forest type, depends neither on carbon mineralisation rate nor temperature. We have therefore concluded that in the surface horizons of forest soils, the DOC mainly originates, not from the decomposition of soil organic matter but rather, from the vegetation via litter leachate.
Ages and Sources of Ore‐Related Porphyries at Yongping Cu–Mo Deposit in Jiangxi Province, Southeast China

Whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes analyses were performed on ore‐related dacite porphyry and quartz porphyry at the Yongping Cu–Mo deposit in Southeast China. The geochemical results show that these porphyry stocks have similar REE patterns, and primitive mantle‐normalized spectra show LILE‐enrichment (Ba, Rb, K) and HFSE (Th, Nb, Ta, Ti) depletion. The zircon SHRIMP U–Pb geochronologic results show that the ore‐related porphyries were emplaced at 162–156 Ma. Hydrothermal muscovite of the quartz porphyry yields a plateau age of 162.1 ± 1.4 Ma (2σ). Two hydrothermal biotite samples of the dacite porphyry show plateau ages of 164 ± 1.3 and 163.8 ± 1.3 Ma. Two molybdenite samples from quartz+molybdenite veins contained in the quartz porphyry yield Re–Os ages of 156.7 ± 2.8 Ma and 155.7 ± 3.6 Ma. The ages of molybdenite coeval to zircon and biotite and muscovite ages of the porphyries within the errors suggest that the Mo mineralization was genetically related to the magmatic emplacement. The whole rocks Nd–Sr isotopic data obtained from both the dacite and quartz porphyries suggest partial melting of the Meso‐Proterozoic crust in contribution to the magma process. The zircon Hf isotopic data also indicate the crustal component is the dominated during the magma generation.
PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN POLA JARAK TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN WIJEN (Sesamum indicum L.)

Wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) merupakan komoditas yang memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi dan multi guna, yaitu pendukung aneka industri dan menghasilkan minyak yang berkadar lemak jenuh rendah. Produktivitas wijen di Indonesia masih sangat rendah. Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas wijen dapat diusahakan dengan pemilihan pupuk organik cair dan pengaturan pola jarak tanam yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pupuk organik cair dan pola jarak tanam manakah yang memberikan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman wijen yang maksimal. Penelitian berupa percobaan lapangan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan metode Split Plot Design (4 x 3), sehingga diperoleh 12 kombinasi perlakuan dan masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Main Plot adalah pupuk organik cair (P), yang terdiri atas empat aras yaitu tanpa pupuk organik cair (P0), pupuk organik cair Bio Nutrimax dengan konsentrasi 0,3% (P1), pupuk organik cair Fertisim dengan konsentrasi 0,3% (P2), dan pupuk organik cair Super Bionik dengan konsentrasi 0,3% (P 3). Sub Plot adalah pola jarak tanam (J), yang terdiri atas tiga aras yaitu pola bujur sangkar dengan jarak tanam 40 cm x 40 cm (J1), pola jajaran genjang dengan jarak tanam 40 cm x 40 cm (J2), dan pola persegi panjang dengan jarak tanam 80 cm x 20 cm (J3). Hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada jenjang nyata 5%, apabila terdapat pengaruh nyata diuji lanjut dengan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan pupuk organik cair dan pola jarak tanam pada parameter tinggi tanaman umur 20, 40 dan 60 hst. Perlakuan pupuk organik cair menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol terdapat pada parameter bobot biji pertanaman, bobot 1000 biji, hasil biji per petak sampel dan hasil biji per hektar. Perlakuan pupuk organik cair Super Bionik (P3) merupakan perlakuan yang terbaik dalam mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman umur 20, 40 dan 60 hst dibandingkan dengan pupuk organik cair Bio Nutrimax (P1), Fertisim (P2) dan Kontrol (P0). Perlakuan pola jarak tanam Persegi Panjang 80 cm x 20 cm (J3) merupakan perlakuan yang terbaik dalam mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman umur 20, 40 dan 60 hst dibandingkan dengan Bujur Sangkar 40 cm x 40 cm (J1) dan Jajaran Genjang 40 cm x 40 cm (J2). Kata kunci : Wijen, pupuk organik cair, pola jarak tanam
Desoxinivalenol (DON) em trigo e farinha de trigo comercializados na cidade de São Paulo

Vinte e oito amostras de farinha de trigo e 14 amostras de trigo em grão foram adquiridos na cidade de São Paulo e analisados para determinação de desoxinivalenol (DON). As amostras foram extraidas com acetonitrila-água (84+16) seguidas de limpeza dos extratos com colunas MycoSep. A separação e a quantificação foram pela técnica da Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD) e a toxina visualizada com solução de AlCl 3 . A eficiência das colunas MycoSep 225 e 227 foi avaliada com amostras de farinha de trigo e trigo em grão, contaminadas com DON em dois níveis, 80,0 e 100,0 ¼g/kg. As recuperações médias das colunas 225 e 227 foram, respectivamente, 72% e 107% para farinha de trigo e 90% e 125% para trigo em grão. Os desvios padrão relativos foram 11% e 18% para farinha de trigo e 8% e 20% para trigo em grão, respectivamente. DON foi detectado em 19 (45%) das 42 amostras analisadas em níveis que variaram de 82-1500μg/kg.Algumas amostras (8) foram confirmadas por CLAE-UV.
Initial electrification to the first lightning flash in New Mexico thunderstorms

The initial electrification of three New Mexico thunderstorms is examined using in situ and remote measurements. The earliest deflection of electric field (E) measured at the surface was 5–8.6 min before the first flash and coincident with the development of substantial radar reflectivity (40 dBZ) above −5°C. Rapid growth of surface E (>5 V/m/s) started 2.4–3.1 min before the first flash, when 40 dBZ reflectivities reached above the −15°C level. In two cases with clear surface E records, radar reflectivity indicators (40 dBZ echo through −10°C and echo top through −15°C) would yield longer warning times before the first flash than the E record. The first flash in each storm initiated at altitudes between 7.4 and 8.8 km; hence, the temperatures where the largest (negative) E for normal intracloud lightning initiation had developed during the initial electrification were −10°C to −20°C. Negative and positive charge regions associated with the first flash in each cell were centered at −8°C to −16°C (6.9–8.0 km) and −20°C to −24°C (9.0–9.2 km), respectively. In two cases, balloon data indicate the only substantial charge regions present before the first flash were those involved in the flash. Another case shows an initial period of opposite polarity E deflection at the surface coincident with substantial low‐level positive charge within the cloud, although this charge was not involved in the first 8 min (first 17 flashes) of lightning activity. The findings support the notion that the initial electrification resulted from charging via the noninductive ice‐ice collisional mechanism.
Did the Indo‐Asian summer monsoon decrease during the Holocene following insolation?

A few studies from the western Arabian Sea indicate that the Indian summer (or southwest) monsoon (ISM), after attaining its maximum intensity at ca. 9 ka, declined during the Holocene, as did insolation. In contrast, earlier and later observations from both the eastern and the western Arabian Sea do not support this inference. Analysis of multiple proxies of productivity in a new sediment core from the western Arabian Sea fails to confirm the earlier, single‐proxy (e.g. abundance of Globigerina bulloides) based, inference of the Holocene weakening of ISM, following insolation. The reason for the observed decreasing trend in foraminiferal abundance – the basis for the earlier inference – could be the favouring of silicate rather than carbonate productivity by the increased ISM wind strength. Although ISM exhibits several multi‐millennial scale fluctuations, there is no evidence from several multi‐proxy data to conclude that it declined during the Holocene; this is consistent with the phase lag analysis of longer time series of monsoon proxies. Thus, on sub‐Milankovitch timescales, ISM did not follow insolation, highlighting the importance of internal feedbacks. A comparison with East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) records suggests that both ISM and EASM varied in unison, implying common forcing factors on such longer timescales. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary tidal analysis of ICESat laser altimetry: Southern Ross Ice Shelf

Satellite laser altimetry could soon play a key role in mapping poorly known ocean tides underneath Antarctic ice shelves. The amount of ICESat data now collected over the southernmost part of the Ross Ice Shelf is sufficient to warrant direct tidal analysis. Tides are estimated here from ten operational ICESat periods, totaling 363 days. A response analysis helps overcome unfavorable tidal sampling, especially an S2 correlation with the annual cycle. Comparisons of tidal estimates against independent station data show RMS constituent differences around 3 cm—still somewhat large, but an encouraging result for such a challenging region.
Dynamic Routing Model with Real-Time Roughness Updating for Flood Forecasting

A flood routing model with time-varying roughness updating was developed to simulate flows through natural channels based on the dynamic wave theory. Taking observed stages as the targets, a roughness updating technique was developed using the Gauss-Newton method to update the Manning n in each time step of the routing processes. The technique provides a reasonable roughness coefficient estimate and reliable initialization of stage profile for the forecast. The examinations including the initialization of stage profile, conservation of mass, iteration convergence, effectiveness evaluation, and convergence with different initial values were conducted to verify the predictive capability of the roughness updating technique. The forecasting results show that the stage recalculated by updating the Manning n in current time has a good agreement with the observed stage. The presented model can improve the forecast for a lead time up to 6 h in the Tanshui River of northern Taiwan.
Sequence Alignment as a Method for Human Activity Analysis in Space and Time

Abstract This article introduces the method of sequence alignment as a tool for analyzing the sequential aspects within the temporal and spatial dimensions of human activities. Sequence alignment was first developed during the 1980s and employed by biochemists to analyze DNA sequences. Toward the end of the 1990s it was adapted for use in the social sciences. However, unlike other social sciences practitioners, geographers have not, until now, exploited this method. In contrast to traditional quantitative methods, sequence alignment, as its name suggests, is directly concerned with the order (sequence) of events, and is therefore well suited for the pursuit of time-geographic research. To demonstrate the merits of sequence alignment for geographic research, a database composed of forty space-time sequences of visitors who had visited the Old City of Akko (Israel) was used. The sequences were obtained by means of GPS devices, which were distributed among the visitors tracked and which they operated for the duration of their visit to the city. The sequences thereby obtained were aligned using ClustalG, a sequence alignment computer program. The result of this analysis was the identification of three temporal-spatial time geographies of the visitors that were sampled in this study.
A 40 year objective climatology of surface cyclones in the Mediterranean region: spatial and temporal distribution

A climatological analysis of the synoptic scale cyclones that occur in the Mediterranean region is carried out for an extended period of 40 years (1958–1997). The cyclones are identified with the aid of an objective method based on grid point values, available every 6 h. The study of the seasonal and diurnal variations of the frequency of cyclonic occurrences, with respect to the value of the central pressure, revealed that the major cyclonic centres appear to be different in frequency and location, reflecting the different triggering mechanisms. In the western Mediterranean region, the frequency of occurrence is higher in winter, more so for the intense cyclones, with no substantial diurnal difference in the Gulf of Genoa, and with a preference during the night in southern Italy. The Cyprus centre reveals diurnal variability in location, especially in the cold period, in accordance with the triggering mechanism, being associated principally with weak and moderate cyclones. In northwestern Africa, there appears to be two marked regions of high cyclonic frequency, not only in spring, but also in summer and autumn. The extremely high frequency of cyclonic occurrences in summer in the Mediterranean basin is attributed mainly to the generation of weak thermal lows. The number of rapidly deepening cyclones within 12 h and 24 h increases from the south to the north part of Mediterranean, being mostly favoured near the lee of Alps and the Gulf of Venice, occurring mainly after 06:00 co‐ordinated universal time (UTC). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A geochemical study of metalliferous sediment from the TAG Hydrothermal Mound, 26°08′N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

An Alvin push core collected near the base of the TAG hydrothermal mound, 26°08′N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, sampled a 7 cm-thick layer of Fe-rich red-brown mud (20–40% Fe) overlying a 4 cm-thick layer of carbonate ooze (5–70% CaCO3) which also contains up to 32%Fe. On the basis of chemical compositions, two separate layers can be identified within the red-brown mud. The core position, X ray diffractometry, Pb isotope analyses, and elemental abundances all indicate that these two layers were derived from mass wasting of oxidized, originally sulphidic material from the slopes of the TAG hydrothermal mound. High concentrations (11–19 ppm) of seawater-derived U occur in both Fe-rich layers. These enrichments may derive from uptake of U linked to the oxidation of sulphide phases. Metal concentrations in the rich layer are lower than in the upper part of the core but higher than in open ocean pelagic sediments. The 230Thxs/Fe, 231Paxs/Fe, and rare earth element/Fe distributions indicate that the hydrothermal input to the carbonate-rich layer is dominated by settling of suspended particulate material from the overlying hydrothermal plume. Such CaCO3-rich sediments may record an important component of the flux of hydrothermal material to sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley.
The residual method for determination of the turbulent exchange coefficient applied to automatic weather station data from Iceland, Switzerland and West Greenland

Abstract The surface energy balance of glaciers is studied to determine their sensitivity to climate variations. It is known that the turbulent heat fluxes are sensitive to increases in temperature. Automatic weather station data from ablation regions are used to measure melt rates, radiative fluxes and the meteorological data required to determine turbulent heat fluxes using bulk formulas. The turbulent exchange coefficient must be determined for closure of the energy budget. The available methods are the eddy correlation method, the profile method and the residual method, which is applied and tested here. In the residual method the coefficient is determined by fitting a calculated melt curve to an observed melt curve. The coefficients are estimated for three sites: for Vatnajökull, Iceland, C h = (1.3 ± 0.55) × 10–3 (1998) and C h = (2.5 ±1.1) × 10–3 (1999); for Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland, C h = (2.1 ±0.55) × 10–3 (1998); and for West Greenland, C h = (2.0 ±0.52) × 10–3 (1998-2000). It is found that the coefficient can be determined to within 26% uncertainty under the following conditions: all terms in the energy balance are measured, there is no differential melt on the glacier surface, the melt curves are fitted when the entire snow layer has melted, and the measurement period is several weeks.
The tropospheric biennial oscillation in the East Asian monsoon region and its influence on the precipitation in China and large‐scale atmospheric circulation in East Asia

The precipitation in China manifests a remarkable quasi‐biennial signal. For interannual variability, about 70% stations over China indicate the dominance of a quasi‐2‐year period. The maximum precipitation variability associated with the quasi‐biennial oscillation is located over the Yangtze River valley (YRV) and Huaihe River valley (HRV) as well as South China. This paper attempts to reveal the spatial–temporal evolution of the precipitation in China and related large‐scale atmospheric circulation associated with the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) in East Asia by using a season‐dependent empirical orthogonal function (S‐EOF) analysis approach.