Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Secure Authentication Scheme for Remote Diagnosis and Maintenance in Internet of Vehicles

Due to the low latency and high speed of 5G networks, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) under the 5G network has been rapidly developed and has broad application prospects. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) committee has taken remote diagnosis as one of the development cores of IoV. However, how to ensure the security of remote diagnosis and maintenance services is also a key point to ensure vehicle safety, which is directly related to the safety of vehicle passengers. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient authentication scheme based on extended chebyshev chaotic maps for remote diagnosis and maintenance in IoVs. In the proposed scheme, to provide strong security, anyone, such as the vehicle owner or the employee of the Vehicle Service Centre (VSC), must enter the valid biometrics and password in order to enjoy or provide remote diagnosis and maintenance services, and the vehicle and the VSC should authenticate each other to ensure that they are legitimate. The security analysis and performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can provide robust security with ideal efficiency.
A Clustering Algorithm for Varied Density Clusters based on Similarity of Local Density of Objects

Cluster analysis aims to discover the hidden relationship between objects in the dataset so that similar objects are placed in the same cluster and non-similar ones are placed in different clusters. This research proposes a clustering algorithm for datasets that contain diverse clusters in density; the cluster is a connected graph where the similarity between any two adjacent neighbors is greater than or equal to a threshold. The similarity is based on the local density of objects, where the local density of an object is the sum of the distances between it and its k-nearest neighbors. The strategy starts from any object to collect its similar objects from its neighbors and continues collecting similar objects for the collected neighbors until there is no similar object can be added to the current cluster. The suggested strategy is tried on to two synthetic datasets and many reference datasets used in this field, which are available on http://cs.joensuu. fi/sipu/datasets/. All of them have two dimensions to easily visualize the result. The results uncover the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in determining groups with varied forms, sizes, and densities from the given datasets.
Inter- and intraspecific variation within the morphologically similar arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus coronatum

This collaborative investigation was aimed at using morphological and molecular characters to study inter- and intraspecific variation within isolates of Glomus mosseae and Glomus coronatum from different parts of the world. A secondary aim was to assess whether any divergence found was genetically based and/or correlated with the biogeographic origin of isolates. Morphological evaluations of various possible taxonomic characters including spore colour, size, sporocarp architecture and hyphal attachment morphology, showed that only spore colour could discriminate the two groups. Isozyme analysis of malate dehydrogenase and esterase loci clearly confirmed this grouping of the two species complexes. SDS profiles and cluster analysis showed the same separation on a selection of isolates from the two groups. A comparison of a representative isolate from the G. coronatum group (BEG 49) with other arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using G. mosseae-specific primers also provided evidence for separation of the two species complexes. The data and methodology employed provide a blueprint for future multimodal and multidisciplinary approaches to the unravelling of taxonomic problems within this ancient group of symbiotic fungi.
Design and Performance Analysis of Reconfigurable Antenna in WBAN Applications

The paper proposes the design of a reconfigurable antenna and its implementation for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)applications Reconfigurable antennas reconfigure to reverberate multiple frequencies to provide support to a variety of functions. Such antennas provide remarkable benefits, such as liability and compact design. Properties such as polarization, radiation pattern, and frequency are altered in such antennas as per changing ecological conditions or fluctuating system requirements in a restricted manner and hence is best suited for usage in WBAN applications. A reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna operating at two frequencies is designed in this paper. The concept of switching the lumping element i.e pin diode between ON and OFF state, to save the energy and reduce power consumption is introduced in antenna. The proposed antenna incorporates advantages like the multifunctional operation of the microstrip patch antenna and symmetry of radiation pattern on reconfiguring it at the two frequencies in ONN and OFF state. The performance of the antenna is assessed based on S11 and the gain of the antenna for ISM and UWB in ON and OFF state. The desired resonant frequency in ON state is 2.45GHz (ISM band) achieved with a return loss of -20dB and for OFF state is at 4.8GHz, which lies in the safe Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) range and is achieved with a return loss of 14dB. The gain obtained in ON state is 5.203dB and in OFF state is 3.679dB.
Diameter Scaling of Vertical Ge Gate- All-Around Nanowire pMOSFETs

In this article, vertical Ge gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire pMOSFETs fabricated with a top–down approach are demonstrated. Thanks to optimized dry etching and digital etching, high-performance Ge GAA nanowire pFETs show low subthreshold swing (SS) of 66 mV/dec, small DIBL, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$> 10^{{6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The impact of nanowire diameter scaling from 65 to 20 nm on the key electrical figures of merit (FOMs) of vertical nanowire devices is investigated. The devices with 65-nm diameters show the highest <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and peak transconductance <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${G}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> due to reduced total resistance <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\text {tot}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, while the smallest diameter devices yield the largest <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratios and the smallest DIBL due to strong gate electrostatics. The source/–drain asymmetry inherently exists in the vertical nanowire architectures. By swapping the source and drain, electrical FOMs keep the similar trend in diameter scaling. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {tot}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${G}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> asymmetry can be attributed to top–bottom contact resistance difference resulting from the doping deactivation effect in small nanowires.
Accumulation of secondary carotenoids in flagellates of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyta) is accompanied by an increase in per unit chlorophyll productivity of photosynthesis

Flagellates of Haematococcus pluvialis accumulate secondary carotenoids (mainly astaxanthin and its esters) under nitrogen deficiency in combination with exposure to stronger light. Our cultivation scheme allows the characterization of metabolic activities during the accumulation process without interference by formation of the resting state (aplanospores). The highest rate of secondary carotenoid biosynthesis (0.046 h−1) was observed almost simultaneously with the highest rates of cell division (0.027 h−1) and of chlorophyll biosynthesis (0.015 h−1) after 1.5 days of exposure to nitrogen limitation and higher irradiance. Photosynthetic activity was studied by oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements; changes in protein components of the photosynthetic apparatus were quantified by gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. Accumulation of secondary carotenoids was accompanied by an increase in photosynthetic productivity expressed on a unit chlorophyll basis. Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus occurring mainly during the first 2 days of exposure to nitrogen limitation and stronger light can be interpreted as acclimation to the increased cultivation irradiance. Photoprotective action of secondary carotenoids as a ‘sunshade’ was demonstrated in red flagellates exhibiting a lower blue-light-induced decrease in photosystem II efficiency as compared with red actinic light.
Control of Nitrogen Mineralization a Sagebrush Steppe Landscape

Factors controlling N turnover in sagebrush ecosystems are separable into two groups. The first group consists of properties that exhibit strong spatial patterning at a landscape scale but are temporally static at time scales of years or tens of years. These static properties include plant species assemblages, total soil nutrient pools, and soil texture. A second group includes properties that vary across the landscape over shorter time scales, i.e., annually, seasonally, and diurnally. These dynamic properties include soil moisture, temperature, and amount of available nutrients. This paper evaluates the landscape vari- ability of properties in both of these groups, and examines the extent to which these factors control N turnover. Static ecosystem properties were entered into a principal components analysis resulting in four axes of landscape variability. A statistical analysis of the relationship of net N mineralization with the principal components and with soil temperature and moisture suggested that soil microclimate and organic matter quality both control in situ N turnover. Soil microclimate limited N mineralization to a short season in early spring and summer; only during this time did soil organic matter exert control. In landscape positions where soil organic matter pools were low, improved soil microclimate conditions did not increase N mineralization rates. A similar approach may be useful in evaluating control over eco- system processes in other systems that are characterized by strong seasonal and spatial variability.
LC-DNN: Local Connection Based Deep Neural Network for Indoor Localization With CSI

With the increasing demand of location-based services, channel state information (CSI) has attracted great interest because of the fine-grained information it provides. In this paper, we propose an original network structure, which exploits both the local information and global information in CSI amplitude for fingerprint localization. First, we validate the correlation between adjacent subcarriers and introduce the position-dependent local feature (PDL-feature). Next, local connection based deep neural network (LC-DNN) is designed to improve positioning performance by extracting and exploiting the correlation between adjacent subcarriers for indoor localization. LC-DNN consists of locally-connected layer and fully-connected layer. In the locally-connected layer, the variation of CSI amplitude in local frequency range is extracted and spliced for rich information. The frequency range and the times of extraction are determined by receptive field length and step size respectively. In the fully-connected layer, not only global features of CSI amplitude are further extracted, but also the function between features and position coordinates is obtained. Experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of LC-DNN and investigate the influence of hyper parameters on localization. Moreover, the positioning performance of LC-DNN is compared with four methods based on deep neural networks (DNNs). Results show that LC-DNN performs well in positioning accuracy and stability, with the mean error of 0.78m.
Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada

From a climate change perspective, much of the recent international focus on forests has been on their role in taking up carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere. The question of climate change impacts on forest productivity is also emerging as a critical issue, especially in drought-prone regions such as the western Canadian interior. Because of the complexity of interacting factors, there is uncertainty even in predicting the direction of change in the productivity of Canada’s forests as a whole over the next century. In the most climatically vulnerable regions, however, successful adaptation may require more innovative approaches to forest management, coupled with an enhanced capacity for early detection of large-scale changes in forest productivity, dieback and regeneration.
Herbage intake and grazing behaviour in ewes of four breeds at different physiological states

The digestible organic matter intakes (DOMI) of dry, pregnant, and lactating Border Leicester x Merino, Merino, Corriedale and Dorset Horn ewes of similar age were estimated when they were grazing Phalaris tuberosa –Trifolium subterraneum pastures at four levels of pasture availability. Both total DOMI and DOMI per unit liveweight differed significantly between breeds, reproductive states and pasture levels. No interactions were detected. In absolute terms the intake of 140 Corriedales = 121 Merinos = 116 Border Leicester x Merinos = 100 Dorset Horns. In terms of intake per unit liveweight Corriedales and Border Leicester x Merinos ate less than Merinos and Dorset Horns. DOMI was greater in pregnant or lactating than in dry ewes; it also increased at higher levels of available pasture. Different intakes were achieved by variation in grazing times and/or rates of intake. The ewes of all breeds responded in the same way.
Joint optimization of UAV Trajectory and User Scheduling Based on NOMA Technology

Abstract—Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in the past few decades due to their high maneuverability. This paper studies a downlink UAV air-ground wireless network based on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology, where a UAV is deployed as an aerial base station to provide periodic service for a group of users. With the purpose of maximizing the minimum sum rate of system in the limited time, an iterative algorithm for jointly optimizing user scheduling and UAV trajectory is proposed. In order to find the optimal users to communicate with, we present a method of user partitioning based on k-Means clustering algorithm and a strategy for selecting subset to schedule on the basis of NOMA technology. The maximum sum rate of edge users in the NOMA-based UAV communication system is also considered. The simulation results are provided to show the optimal UAV trajectories with different objective functions, and to indicate that the NOMA-based UAV system provides the benefits of achieving a better air-ground communication compared to OMA scheme and other benchmark schemes.
SINR Coverage Analysis of Dense HetNets Over Fox’s H-Fading Channels

This paper embodies the Fox’s $\mathcal{H}$-transform theory into a unifying modeling and analysis of HetNets. The proposed framework has the potential, due to the Fox’s $\mathcal{H}$-functions versatility, of significantly simplifying the cumbersome analysis and representation of cellular coverage, while subsuming those previously derived for all known simple and composite fading models. The paper reveals important insights into the practice of densification in conjunction with signal-to-noise plus interference (SINR) thresholds and path-loss models.
Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies

Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate ‘‘bystander effects. ’’ When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists’ fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., to when N 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future.
Life cycle assessment of native plants and marginal lands for bioenergy agriculture in Kentucky as a model for south‐eastern USA

The Brookings Institute analysis rate both Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky (USA) as two of the nation's largest carbon emitters. This high carbon footprint is largely due to the fact that 95% of electricity is produced from coal. Kentucky has limited options for electric power production from low carbon sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric. Other states (TN, IN, OH, WV, and IL) in this region are similarly limited in renewable energy capacity. Bioenergy agriculture could account for a proportion of renewable energy needs, but to what extent is unclear. Herein, we found that abandoned agricultural land, not including land that is in fallow or crop rotation, aquatic ecosystems, nor plant‐life that had passed through secondary ecological succession totaled 1.9 Mha and abandoned mine‐land totaled 0.3 Mha, which combined accounted for 21% of Kentucky's land mass. A life cycle assessment was performed based on local yield and agronomic data for native grass bioenergy agriculture. These data showed that utilizing Kentucky's marginal land to grow native C4 grasses for cellulosic ethanol and bioelectricity may account for up to 13.3% and 17.2% of the states 2 trillion MJ energy consumption and reduce green house gas emissions by 68% relative to gasoline.
Optimization of Floorplan Strategies to Reduce Timing Violation on 28nm ASIC and Scopes of Improvement for Data Center ASICs

Electronics industry is moving towards rapid technology growth in which ASIC designing is the prime contributor. The data centers and various electronics systems are shrinking hence the need is to have the gadget as tiny as possible and also to have power as low as possible with high performance. With the advent of lower technology nodes, the entire electronics world is getting on a single chip making System on Chip (SoC). The miniaturization in channel length yielding smaller transistor and the high dense chip has increased challenges of engineers day by day. Also increasing demand for high-frequency design is a big challenge for the ASIC engineers. In this paper, the backend flow- PnR flow is analysed with various constraints and demonstrated with different physical design techniques to optimize the timing without compromising on the design features. Setup timing optimization is a very important and critical step of the backend design of SoCs. Many techniques are available to guide the designer to close the design timing. The conventional implementation of PnR flow has been started and applied different method to reduce the timing violations and show that the design is routable with minimal DRCs.
Conspecific Sperm and Pollen Precedence and Speciation

▪ Abstract The evolution of reproductive isolation is perhaps the most significant stage in the process of species formation, and the study of reproductive barriers currently dominates investigations of speciation. The discovery that conspecific sperm and pollen precedence play an important role in the reproductive isolation of some closely related animals and plants is one of the real surprises to emerge from this field in recent years. This review begins with a brief history of the study of reproductive isolation with the aim of understanding why conspecific sperm and pollen precedence were generally overlooked in early work on reproductive barriers. It then examines: case studies, the prevalence of conspecific sperm and pollen precedence, the isolating potential of this class of reproductive barriers, the mechanisms that account for the operation of these barriers, and potential explanations for the rapid divergence of populations in traits related to fertilization. Conspecific sperm and pollen precede.
Trajectory Design and Generalization for UAV Enabled Networks:A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

In this paper, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flies as a base station (BS) to provide wireless communication service. We propose two algorithms for designing the trajectory of the UAV and analyze the impact of different training approaches on transferring to new environments. When the UAV is used to track users that move along some specific paths, we propose a proximal policy optimization (PPO) -based algorithm to maximize the instantaneous sum rate (MSR-PPO). The UAV is modeled as a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent to learn how to move by interacting with the environment. When the UAV serves users along unknown paths for emergencies, we propose a random training proximal policy optimization (RT-PPO) algorithm which can transfer the pre-trained model to new tasks to achieve quick deployment. Unlike classical DRL algorithms that the agent is trained on the same task to learn its actions, RT-PPO randomizes the features of tasks to get the ability to transfer to new tasks. Numerical results reveal that MSR-PPO achieves a remarkable improvement and RT-PPO shows an effective generalization performance.
Channel Correlation Cancelation-Based Hybrid Beamforming for Massive Multiuser MIMO Systems

In millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems, hybrid beamforming is regarded as an effective way to increase the spectral efficiency of the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) is known at the transmitter, we focus on a downlink massive multi-user MIMO system which supports multi-stream per user. In the above scenario, we investigate the hybrid beamforming problem with strong correlation between users’ channels, where the existing schemes have performance loss. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes the channel correlation cancelation-based hybrid beamforming (CCCHB) algorithm which considers the correlation between channels and decomposes the optimization of overall spectrum efficiency of the users to a series of sub-rate optimization problems. And the block diagonalization (BD) technique is used in the equivalent channel to eliminate inter-user interference. Simulation results illustrate that the performance of the proposed scheme outperforms the existing algorithm, especially significant when there exists high correlation between users’ channels.