Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Salinity and Foliar Application of Jasmonic Acid on Mineral Balance of Carrot Plants Tolerant and Sensitive to Salt Stress

The aim of the study is to determine the effects of soil salinity stress and foliar application of jasmonic acid (JA) on the mineral balance in plants of salt-sensitive doubled haploid carrot line (DH1) and salt-tolerant local DLBA variety (DLBA). Concentrations of 28 elements were determined in roots and leaves and in the soil. The DcNHX4 gene (cation:proton exchange antiporter) expression was assessed. The salinity stress reduced the mass of roots and leaves more in DH1 than in DLBA. DLBA plants accumulated larger amounts of Na and Cl in the roots and had an increased transport of these elements to the leaves. The salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive carrot varieties differed in their ability to uptake and accumulate some elements, such as K, Mg, Zn, S, Cd, P and B, and this response was organ-specific. A selective uptake of K in the presence of high Na concentration was evident in the tolerant variety, and a high Na content in its leaves correlated with the expression of DcNHX4 gene, which was expressed in DLBA leaves only. JA application did not affect the growth of DLBA or DH1 plants. In the sensitive DH1 variety grown under salinity stress, JA induced changes in the mineral balance by limiting the uptake of the sum of all elements, especially Na and Cl, and by limiting Zn and Cd accumulation.
Effects Of Regional Scalp Block With Ropivacaine 0.5% Preincision As A Preemptive Analgesia After Craniotomy Surgery

Studies reported that more than 55% of patients complained of moderate to severe pain up to 48 hours post craniotomy. Fentanyl is the drug of choice to manage acute pain with disadvantages. Regional scalp block (RSB) technique using local anesthesia may be an alternative for post craniotomy pain management. Objective: to analyze the effects of RSB using ropivacaine 0.5% before incision compared to general anesthesia alone on the pain scale and opioid requirements 24-hour post craniotomy. This is a single-blind randomized experimental study. 14 Subjects were divided into two intervention groups. Patients were 18–64 years, GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) 15, physical status ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) 1–3, undergoing craniotomy. In this study, the mean of fentanyl dose in RSB group was smaller than the group without RSB, which was statistically significant (p=0.017). Pain was also significantly reduced in RSB group at 30 minutes (p=0.009), 1 hour (p=0.003), 2 hours (p=0.003), 4 hours (p=0.001), 8 hours (p=0.050), and 12 hours (p=0.003) post-surgery. There was no difference in pain scale between the two groups at 24 hours post-surgery (p=0.393). RSB using ropivacaine 0.5% preincision is more effective in reducing pain scale up to 12 hours and also reduced the requirement of fentanyl within 24-hours post craniotomy compared to general anesthesia alone.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS

Quantitative precipitin assays were carried out with eleven anti-I and five anti-i cold agglutinin sera. Their reaction patterns with precursor substances and with certain antigens related to the A, B, H, Lea, and Leb substances revealed at least six types of I and four types of i specificity. All of the I and i determinants appear to be represented in varying amounts on that fraction of the ovarian cyst precursor substance OG which was precipitated by 20% ethanol (OG 20% 2X). Only some of these determinants can be detected in the first periodate oxidation stages of A, B, and H substances, in cow substances, and in hydatid cyst fluid.
Not All Claims are Created Equal: Choosing the Right Statistical Approach to Assess Hypotheses

Empirical research in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has adopted a narrow set of principles for assessing hypotheses, relying mainly on p-value computation, which suffers from several known issues. While alternative proposals have been well-debated and adopted in other fields, they remain rarely discussed or used within the NLP community. We address this gap by contrasting various hypothesis assessment techniques, especially those not commonly used in the field (such as evaluations based on Bayesian inference). Since these statistical techniques differ in the hypotheses they can support, we argue that practitioners should first decide their target hypothesis before choosing an assessment method. This is crucial because common fallacies, misconceptions, and misinterpretation surrounding hypothesis assessment methods often stem from a discrepancy between what one would like to claim versus what the method used actually assesses. Our survey reveals that these issues are omnipresent in the NLP research community. As a step forward, we provide best practices and guidelines tailored to NLP research, as well as an easy-to-use package for Bayesian assessment of hypotheses, complementing existing tools.
Carbon dynamics in lakes of the boreal forest under a changing climate

Water-covered lands comprise approximately 30% of the total area of the world’s boreal forest biome. Most of these lands are peatlands (i.e., bogs and fens), which store over half of the total carbon in the biome. Because climate warming threatens to alter the carbon stocks of peatlands, much attention has been devoted to understanding the climatic and hydrologic conditions that affect peatland biogeochemistry. However, there are other aquatic systems that are widespread in the boreal forest that also process and store carbon, including lakes and ponds. Although non-peatland aquatic systems cover a much smaller portion of the boreal landscape, they still contain approximately 15% of the total carbon pool for the biome, much of it stored as either profundal or littoral sediments. Further, the carbon dynamics of boreal lakes are dynamically coupled to watershed processes. Excepting major disturbances to boreal catchments, such as forest fires and forest harvest, surface waters are the only locations of net .
Effects of some oxidants and antioxidants on senescence of isolated leaves of sunflower with special reference to glycolate content, glycolate oxidase, and catalase activities

Incubation of leaf discs of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. EC.68414) for 6 days in the dark caused a general decline in the contents of chlorophyll, protein, and glycolate in these tissues as well as in the activities of catalase and glycolate oxidase. Treatments with either glycolate or hydrogen peroxide decreased the contents of chlorophyll and protein and the activity of catalase but increased glycolate oxidase activity, hastening senescence. Treatments with ascorbate or 2-mercaptoethanol significantly arrested the decline in chlorophyll and protein levels, deferring senescence. Glycolate content was reduced in leaves treated with glycolate, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate, or 2-mercaptoethanol. But the extent of reduction in the latter case was less pronounced than that following treatments with glycolate or hydrogen peroxide. Only the highest concentrations of either ascorbate or 2-mercaptoethanol increased the activity of catalase, whereas glycolate oxidase activity was increased by these chemical.
Microwave Photonic Radars

As the only method for all-weather, all-time and long-distance target detection and recognition, radar has been intensively studied since it was invented, and is considered as an essential sensor for future intelligent society. In the past few decades, great efforts were devoted to improving radar's functionality, precision, and response time, of which the key is to generate, control and process a wideband signal with high speed. Thanks to the broad bandwidth, flat response, low loss transmission, multidimensional multiplexing, ultrafast analog signal processing and electromagnetic interference immunity provided by modern photonics, implementation of the radar in the optical domain can achieve better performance in terms of resolution, coverage, and speed which would be difficult (if not impossible) to implement using traditional, even state-of-the-art electronics. In this tutorial, we overview the distinct features of microwave photonics and some key microwave photonic technologies that are currently known to be attractive for radars. System architectures and their performance that may interest the radar society are emphasized. Emerging technologies in this area and possible future research directions are discussed.
Level of Trust in Dental Health Care Service in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Aim of this study was to determine the levels of trust in dental health care service in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia & the elements affecting trust. Methods: The patients were interviewed while they were completing the questionnaires, to evaluate the clarity of the contents and to answer any relevant questions. The confidentiality of the patient was respected and anonymity is guaranteed. Results: Trust increased with increasing age of the survived person, female’s total trust score was less compared to males and as the education level increased the level of trust score decreased. As the family income and social status increased the total trust increased. Trust score was higher in non-insured subjects compared to insured subjects and the people who are not suffering from long-term dental problems had higher trust level compared to ones with long-term dental problems. Conclusion: Extending and promoting the dental care in primary health institutions and appropriate referrals to advanced dental care centers will improve the trust of patients, improve utilization of resources & result in better dental care. The results of this study suggest that there is a need for further research to better understand and improve the trust of patients in dentists. Wider population-based study throughout the country may help to understand the effect of gender, age and education on patient's trust in the Saudi dental care system & can also assess the reliability of the results of this study.
On Expected Lifetimes of Small-Bodied and Large-Bodied Species of Birds on Islands

"A major problem in population biology is to understand what determines the expected lifetime of a population" (Pimm et al. 1988, p. 757). Theoretical models and a score of empirical studies agree that large populations tend to have a lower risk of extinction and, hence, longer expected lifetimes than small ones (reviewed by Diamond [1984a]). The consequences of several other factors for the risk of extinction are much more controversial. These include generation or individual lifetime (Diamond 1984a), intrinsic rate of population increase (Leigh 1981), ratio of birth to death rates (MacArthur and Wilson 1967; Richter-Dyn and Goel 1972), variability in population size (Leigh 1981; Goodman 1987; Schoener and Spiller 1992), and body size (Brown 1978; Diamond 1984a; Patterson 1984). Pimm et al. (1988) analyzed the risk of extinction in bird populations on 16 small islands off the coast of Britain. Their main new empirical finding was that the risk of extinction decreases more rapidly with increasing population size in small-bodied than in large-bodied species of birds. They also predicted this result on two grounds. First, when population size is very small, at the limit of only one individual, large-bodied species have a lower per-year extinction rate than small-bodied ones because of their greater longevity. Second, when population size is greater, "the large-bodied species is at a disadvantage because, following some severe reduction in numbers, its lower intrinsic rate of increase makes it take longer than the small-bodied species to climb from low levels to higher numbers" (Pimm et al. 1988, p. 761). One of us has recently analyzed the risk of extinction in shrew populations on small islands in lakes (Peltonen and Hanski 1991; Hanski 1992, 1993). In shrews, we found a pattern opposite to that reported by Pimm et al. (1988). Notwithstanding that data were available for only four species, extinction risk decreased rapidly with increasing population size in the largest-bodied species but much more gradually in the smaller-bodied species. This was expected because the smallerbodied species are more sensitive than the larger-bodied ones to environmental stochasticity, especially to temporal variation in food availability (Hanski 1992). We have thus two contradictory sets of empirical results and two different supporting arguments to demonstrate that the expected lifetime of a population increases more, or less, rapidly with population size in small-bodied than in large-
High density lipoprotein decreases β‐amyloid toxicity in cortical cell culture

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the extracellular deposition and accumulation of a 39–43 amino peptide, known as the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein, within the brain. It has been postulated that Aβ may in some way contribute directly to AD pathogenesis. The 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major AD risk factor. Since both apoE and Aβ are components of lipoproteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, we asked whether lipoproteins and apoE isoforms would modify the toxicity of Aβ (1–42) in cortical cell cultures. We show that high density lipoprotein with or without apoE reduces Aβ toxicity and that apoE in the absence of lipoproteins does not affect Aβ toxicity. These results suggest that interactions between Aβ and lipoproteins in the brain could influence AD pathogenesis.
Rat α1‐Macroglobulin Enhances Nerve Growth Factor‐Promoted Neurite Outgrowth, TrkA Phosphorylation, and Gene Expression of Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells

Abstract: Monoamine‐activated human α2‐macroglobulin (α2M) has been previously demonstrated to inhibit TrkA‐, TrkB‐, and TrkC‐mediated signal transduction. Rat α1‐macroglobulin (α1M) and α2M are structural homologues of human α2M, but rat α1M is distinctly different from rat α2M in many ways and its role in the mammalian nervous system is unknown. In this report, monoamine‐activated rat α1M was demonstrated to enhance in a dose‐dependent manner nerve growth factor (NGF)‐promoted neurite outgrowth in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Monoamine‐activated α1M by itself, however, was neither neurotrophic nor mitogenic to PC12 cells. To investigate further its possible mode of action, the ability of monoamine‐activated α1M and normal α1M to bind and to activate the NGF receptor (TrkA) was investigated. Monoamine‐activated α1M formed a more stable complex with TrkA than normal α1M, but the binding of monoamine‐activated α1M to TrkA was adversely affected by prior stimulation of TrkA with NGF. In addition, monoamine‐activated α1M enhanced the NGF‐promoted TrkA phosphorylation and up‐regulated the expression of NGF‐inducible immediate‐early genes (c‐jun and NGFI‐A) and delayed‐response genes (SCG10 and transin) in PC12 cells; normal α1M, in contrast, produced little or no effect. This study demonstrates that α1M, the constitutive form of α‐macroglobulin in the rat, possesses the ability to promote NGF‐mediated differentiation in PC12 cells, possibly via its direct action on TrkA receptors and TrkA‐mediated signal transduction and gene expression.
Plant Regeneration Systems from Leaf Segment Culture through Embryogenic Callus Formation of Rosa hybrida and R. canina

Leaf segments of Rosa hybrida cv. Carl Red and R. canina were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) (MS) containing various kinds and concentrations of auxins. In Carl Red, pale yellow calli with embryogenic potential were predominantly induced on media containing a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at a wide range of concentration (0.25-5 mg/l), whereas low concentration (0.05 mg/l ) of thidiazuron (TDZ) inhibited embryogenic calli (EC) formation. Abnormal somatic embryos were produced from EC on MS without plant growth regulator (PGR) or with 100 ml /l coconut water (CW) and shoot formation was initiated from abnormal embryos on media with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or TDZ in Carl Red. The regenerated shoots of Carl Red were rooted on PGR-free MS medium and successfully transplanted on the soil. In R. canina. abnormal somatic embryos were initially induced at low frequencies on media containing high concentration of NAA (5 mg/l) or 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (10 mg/l ). EC with abnormal embryos was further induced after the explants were transferred onto PGR-free MS medium. Green friable calli were also initiated from EC on MS with CW and differentiated to nodular structure which further initiated leaf primordia on MS with 2 mg/l BA or 0.1 mg/l TDZ. Shoot regeneration was induced from leaf primordia and abnormal embryos on MS with 2 mg/l BA or 0.1 mg/l TDZ at 6 g/l gellan gum. Normal somatic embryos with germinability were also initiated secondarily from abnormal embryos on MS with 0.1 mg/l TDZ at 6 g/l gellan gum.
Effect of frost damage and pruning on current crop and return crop of Pinot Noir

Abstract In October 2006, much of the wine-growing area in Tasmania was affected by a series of some of the worst frost events in more than 30 years. Widespread damage left vineyards with blackened shoots and the prospect of a considerably smaller crop, with later maturing bunches from secondary buds contributing to poorer quality wine. In a commercial, spur-pruned Pinot Noir planting, treatments intended to encourage and manipulate secondary bud-burst are imposed and effects on yield recorded. Treatments are imposed 10 days after the frost and include: (i) an untreated control (control) with all damaged tissue left in place; (ii) frost-damaged tissue removed (light pruning); (iii) frost-damaged tissue removed and original spur trimmed back to one bud (medium pruning); and (iv) original (damaged) shoot removed back to compound bud on the spur (heavy pruning). Pruning treatment responses for season 2006–07 show that heavy pruning reduces the current crop with no useful gain in uniformity of ripening. The medium and heavy pruning treatments also reduce pruning weights at the end of the season and all post-frost pruning treatments result in a smaller inflorescence primordia size in dormant buds dissected at the beginning of commercial pruning. In the 2007–08 vintage, the untreated control and the medium pruning treatment have significantly lower bunch numbers than the other treatments. There is also a significant effect of terrain elevation on total yield and the number of bunches in the frost year, with increasing damage lower in the inversion. This gradation in damage does not have carry-over effects into the second season. The results indicate that none of the pruning treatments tested have clear benefits for current or subsequent season production, and that a prescriptive approach to pruning should be avoided when the level of frost damage is inconsistent across vines.
PERFORMANCE, CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND FAT COMPOSITION OF BOARS, GILTS, AND BARROWS FED TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN

Forty-eight pigs, 16 each of boars, barrows, and gilts, were allotted at an average age of 41 days to two treatment groups based on dietary protein level, either 18% protein throughout or 16% protein in the growing period (start to 50 kg) and 13% protein in the finishing period (50–90 kg). Feed intake during the growing period was influenced by sex with boars eating less (P < 0.05) than barrows. No significant differences in feed intake were observed for the overall experiment but the trend established in the growing period still existed. In the overall experiment sex did not influence rate of gain, which averaged 0.72 kg/day. Higher dietary protein level improved (P < 0.01) gain in comparison with the lower levels. A significant interaction existed between sex and protein, boars responding more to high protein than barrows, and gilts being intermediate. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by sex and protein level, boars being superior to barrows or gilts and pigs fed the higher protein diet (3.16 k.
The possible status of wood quality in oak breeding programs (Quercus petraea Liebl and Quercus robur L)

mdash; The first part of the paper presents experimental results illustrating the very high level of phenotypic variability of the anatomical and physical characteristics of the wood (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) (density, shrinkage, color, etc) and technological properties, namely suitability for slicing. Then some studies are reviewed, which show that a large part of the phenotypic variability in the wood of oak is likely to be under genetic control (individual level). In the second part of the paper, 3 kinds of studies which are still needed for optimum selection of wood quality are proposed: 1) defining realistic selection criteria for wood quality; 2) confirming genetic control of wood quality criteria; and 3) defining conditions for performing optimum selection for wood quality. This last point is treated in the context of possible developments in oak silviculture and regeneration.
The Silent Killer: Consequences of Climate Change and How to Survive Past the Year 2050

There is strong scientific consensus that the climate is drastically changing due to increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and that these changes are largely due to human behavior. Scientific estimates posit that by 2050, we will begin to experience some of the most damaging consequences of climate change, which will only worsen as the world becomes more populated and resources become scarcer. Considerable progress has been made to explore technological solutions, yet useful insights from a psychological perspective are still lacking. Understanding whether and how individuals and groups cope with environmental dilemmas is the first step to combatting climate change. The key challenge is how can we reduce a tendency to inaction and to understand the psychological obstacles for behavioral change that reduce climate change. We provide a social dilemma analysis of climate change, emphasizing three important ingredients: people need to recognize their own impact on the climate, there is conflict between self-interest and collective interests, and there is a temporal dilemma involving a conflict between short-term and longer-term interest. Acknowledging these features, we provide a comprehensive overview of psychological mechanisms that support inaction, and close by discussing potential solutions. In particular, we offer recommendations at the level of individuals, communities, and governments.