Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships between inherited crustal structures and seismicity in the western Alps inferred from 3D structural modeling

We developed a 3-D structural model of a key area in the southwestern Alps, at the boundary between the external and internal zones. Six geological bodies are analyzed: internal and external basements, Brianconnais and Piemontais zones (internal sedimentary cover nappes), exotic flyschs, and external sedimentary cover. 3D volumes of each geological body are modeled using the structural map of the area projected on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and 5 cross-sections. The global model is interpolated from the map, DEM, and cross sections, using the potential field method, and represented by a Voronoi diagram. The final 3D-model is used as a structural frame to plot the earthquakes of the GeoFrance3D database, allowing to precisely and quantitatively investigate the relationships between crustal structures and current seismic activity of the belt. The boundary between external and internal zones corresponds to the so-called Crustal Penninic Thrust (CPT), which is a former Oligocene major thrust. Our model establishes that this former thrust represents the western limit of the seismic activity along the Brianconnais seismic arc, currently undergoing extensional tectonics.
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claimed therefore that there is a functional rationale which guides the output structures of Predicate Raising. This paper shows that the arguments put forward to motivate this analysis do not stand up and consequently, the role of the principle of semantic transparency in constraining the application of rules and output structures in this language and also the general appropriateness of the functional or ecological approach to the observed phenomenon, is not justifiable. It also goes on to contrast the functional or ecological approach with a formal approach within the framework of the theory of Government and Binding (Chomsky 1981) and concludes that, if anything, the alternation of the short and long form of verbs provides support for formal explanations of linguistic data over functional or ecological explanations. The paper is organized as follows: section 1 presents a pretheoretical discussion of the relevant data, section 2 reviews and argues against Seuren's analysis, section 3 presents an alternative formal analysis within Government and Binding and section 4 further probes the nature of the alternation in the light of this alternative analysis.
Storm track activity over the North Pacific associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation under ENSO conditions during boreal winter

The present study investigates modulation by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) of storm track activity (STA) over the North Pacific (NP) during boreal winter for El Niño and La Niña periods. STA defined by vertically averaged synoptic eddy kinetic energy (EKE) greatly intensifies over the western North Pacific (WNP) and central eastern North Pacific during La Niña and El Niño years, respectively, when the MJO convection is located over the central Indian Ocean (IO)‐Maritime Continent. When the MJO moves into the western central Pacific, the STA in La Niña years is suppressed (enhanced) at higher (lower) latitudes than in El Niño years. Diagnoses of EKE and eddy available potential energy budgets indicate that the difference in STA over the WNP for the MJO phases between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years is mainly contributed by baroclinic energy conversion and potential energy conversion between background and eddy (BCPE). We reveal that BCPE is mainly attributed to intraseasonal baroclinicity and eddy heat flux (EHF) anomalies and their interactions with strong winter mean baroclinic fields in the WNP. Through the EHF, synoptic eddies act to counterbalance an intraseasonal temperature that is primarily caused by the anomalous horizontal advection of mean temperature by MJO‐related flow. The intraseasonal circulation and associated temperature and EHF anomalies dominate in northwest (southeast) portion of the NP during La Niña (El Niño), leading to BCPE difference. Changes in the spatial pattern and strength of the NP circulation and STA are caused by dominance of strong MJO amplification over the IO (central Pacific) during La Niña (El Niño).
Artemisia monospermaachene germination in sand: effects of sand depth, sand/water content, cyanobacterial sand crust and temperature

Abstract The mucilaginous achenes ofArtemisia monosperma, a dominant perennial shrub in sandy deserts, germinate in light but poorly in dark. The deeper the achenes in sand, the lower and slower their germination. No seedlings emerged from deeper than 4 cm, but seedlings emerged after removal of the upper 3 cm or when exposed to light from below. In natural conditions seedlings emerge from a depth of 0·1 to 1·8 cm. The higher the sand/water content, the earlier the germination. The date of achene maturation also affects germination. Germination is inhibited on cyanobacterial sand crust and at 0·5 cm to 1 cm below this crust, even if aerated.
Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene in Diverse Anoxic Environments

Benzene has often been observed to be resistant to microbial degradation under anoxic conditions. A number of recent studies, however, have demonstrated that anaerobic benzene utilization can occur. This study extends the previous reports of anaerobic benzene degradation to sediments that varied with respect to contamination input, predominant redox condition, and salinity. In spite of differences in methodology, microbial degradation of benzene was noted in slurries constructed with sediments from various geographical locations and range from aquifer sands to fine-grained estuarine muds, under methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and iron-reducing conditions. In aquifer sediments under methanogenic conditions, benzene loss was concomitant with methane production, and microbial utilization of [14C]benzene yielded 14CO2 and 14CH4. In slurries with estuarine and aquifer sediments under sulfate-reducing conditions, the loss of sulfate in amounts consistent with the stoichiometric degradation of benzene or the con.
Démarrage de la saison des pluies au Sahel : variabilité aux échelles hydrologique et agronomique, analysée à partir des données EPSAT-Niger

Le demarrage de la saison des pluies au Sahel, qui est d’une importance critique pour la culture du mil, est etudie a partir d’un reseau dense de 30 pluviographes installes depuis 12 ans, couvrant une zone de 16 000 km 2 dans la region de Niamey (Niger, 13,5° N). Trois criteres sont utilises pour definir le demarrage de la saison des pluies, l’un est spatial (« climatique »), les deux autres sont ponctuels (« hydrologique » et « agronomique »). Le demarrage climatique est lie a l’observation du premier systeme convectif de mesoechelle organise. Le critere hydrologique prend en compte la premiere pluie generant du ruissellement. Le critere agronomique s’assure que le demarrage n’est pas suivi d’episodes secs de plus de 7 jours. Le demarrage dit « agronomique » est le plus tardif et coincide avec la date du « saut » de mousson, ayant lieu la troisieme decade de juin. La saison des pluies « hydrologique » peut debuter plusieurs semaines avant cette date ; neanmoins 90 % du cumul annuel tombe au cours de la saison agronomique, c’est-a-dire entre la troisieme decade de juin incluse et fin septembre. Le demarrage « climatique » se situe entre les deux. Ces dates moyennes cachent une grande variabilite spatiale. Sur la zone etudiee, le demarrage agronomique ou hydrologique peut varier de plus de 3 semaines pour une annee donnee selon la station consideree. Sur les 12 ans d’observation, les dates moyennes de demarrage sont aussi tres variables, alors que les dates de fin sont plus resserrees. On montre egalement qu’il n’y a pas de correlation significative entre le cumul saisonnier et la longueur de la saison des pluies. L’interet de ces resultats pour les cultures de mil est discute en conclusion.
Stratospheric aerosol mass and latitudinal distribution of the El Chichon eruption cloud for October 1982

A coordinated aircraft flight mission to determine the spatial distribution and aerosol characteristics of the El Chichon-produced stratospheric material is described. The mission covered 46°N to 46°S in October-November 1982. Rendezvous with balloon-, aircraft-, and satellite-borne measurements were accomplished. This paper presents the aircraft lidar data from the flight mission. From these data, the global stratospheric mass of the material produced by the El Chichon eruptions of late March/early April 1982 is estimated to be 12 megatonnes (1.2×1013 gm). The bulk of this material nearly 7 months after the eruptions resided between latitudes of from 5-7°S to 35-37°N, and was concentrated above 21 km in a layer peaked at 24-25 km. In this latitude region, peak scattering ratios at λ = 0.6943 µm were approximately 24. Peak values over the latitudes 30-45°S were 2 to 3 with the layer spread smoothly from 15 to 25 km. Peak scattering ratio values over latitudes 40-45°N were between 7 and 13 with the layer residing mainly between 20 and 25 km.
A New Occurrence of a Macrocrystalline Form of Saponite

The mineral (Plate 1) occurs as a vein-filling in recently exposed tholeiite near Winnweiler, Pfalz, West Germany. It consists of lustrous brown to dark olive-green, friable, columnar masses (1000-500 mm ~) of densely packed, parallel, rod-like, anhedral particles (1-11 mm long • 0"01 mm 2 section). From scanning electronoptical examination the well-exposed edges of the aggregate exhibit many sharp, linear oriented rims. The base of the columnar aggregates is in a plane parallel to that of the surface of the vein and parallel to the mutual (001) crystal plane. The aggregates consist essentially of saponite; a few very thin random interleaves of calcite and some small grains of quartz and feldspar were observed. Single saponite particles (0-1-2 ram long) isolated by ultrasonic dispersion are partially transparent and vary slightly in eolour. From X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and eleetronoptical evidence these particles are free from impurities. Preliminary singlecrystal studies showed the material to be unsuitable for crystal structure analysis; although the particles look like single crystals (showing optical continuity), only preferred orientation patterns could, in fact, be obtained. Ultimate chemical analyses showed the material to be iron-rich and the following mean structural chemical formula was derived by calculation on a basis of a total of 44 gram-equivalents of cationic constituents :
Investigation of dust transport on the lunar surface in a laboratory plasma with an electron beam

[1] There is much evidence indicating dust levitation and transport on or near the lunar surface. Dust mobilization is likely to be caused by electrostatic forces on charged lunar dust particles. We describe a series of experiments in which a small dust patch is placed on an electrically floating graphite surface in plasma. The effects of an electron beam on electric fields above/across the dust surface are studied for understanding the mechanism leading to dust transport. When the electron beam current is comparable to the Bohm ion current and the beam energy is sufficiently large, there is a large potential difference between the dust surface and the graphite surface, which creates a horizontal electric field that leads to dust mobilization. The vertical electric field in the sheath above the dust surface also increases at about an order of magnitude, significantly increasing the dust release rate. Differing secondary electron yields of the graphite surface and the dust patch play an important role in the enhancement of the electric fields. Imaging of JSC-Mars-1 dust placed on the graphite surface shows spreading of the dust and deposition on the top of an adjacent insulating block, indicating both horizontal and vertical dust transport.
EISCAT observations of topside ionospheric ion outflows during auroral activity: Revisited

New EISCAT observations of large field-aligned bulk ion outflows from the topside ionosphere during auroral activity are presented. The ions (mainly O+) start their outflows from a variable altitude and may reach field-aligned outward velocities of up to 1500 m s−1 in the altitude region 900–1500 km. The observed ion fluxes are about a factor of 10 larger than previously observed reaching 2×1014 m−2 s−1, and in some cases is nonconstant with altitude. Two different types of ion outflows have been identified. The first type is related to periods of strong perpendicular electric fields, enhanced and anisotropic ion temperatures, and low electron densities below 300 km, indicating small amounts of auroral precipitation. The second type is related to auroral arcs and enhanced electron temperatures. The exact mechanism causing the ion outflows is still not yet understood, but additional mechanisms other than thermal expansion are required to explain the observations presented here.
Lunar atmospheric tidal effects in the plasma drifts observed by the Low-Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network

[1] Data from the Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network are used to examine ionospheric electrodynamics during quiet, low solar conditions from September to November 2009. The ground‐based magnetometers and the Jicamarca Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar ionosonde in the Peruvian Sector are used to identify the neutral winds and plasma drifts that control the large‐scale plasma structure of the ionosphere. It is observed that the solar‐ and lunar‐driven semidiurnal tides have a significant influence on the background electrodynamics during this period of extreme solar minimum. The lunar tidal influence of the ionosphere electrodynamics is a large component of the variation of the vertical drift during the geophysically quiet study period. A significant portion, though not all, of the variation through the lunar month can be attributed to the lunar semidiurnal tide.
Timing of formation and geological setting of low-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits in the continental margin of NE China

The margin of NE China, a part of the West Pacific metallogenic belt, contains innumerable low-sulphidation mineral deposits. Gold deposits in this region can be classified into three distinct types based on geology and ore mineral paragenesis: (1) low-sulphidation epithermal silver–gold deposits, (2) low-sulphidation tellurium–gold deposits, and (3) low-sulphidation epithermal tellurium–gold deposits. Ores formed during the late Early Cretaceous and the early Late Cretaceous reflect three distinct metallogenic periods: the Fuxin Stage at 115.98 ± 0.89 Ma, the Quantou Stage at 107.2 ± 0.6 Ma or <103 Ma, and the Qingshankou or Yaojiajie Stage at < 97 Ma and 88.2 ± 1.4 Ma. The Fuxin Stage is dominated by trachyandesitic magmatism, with magmas emplaced at hypabyssal depths. In comparison, the Quantou Stage is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline, calc-alkaline, and sodic andesitic, dacitic, and rhyolitic magmatism of three different suites. The first of these is a high-K calc-alkaline andesitic magmatic suite that was accompanied by the emplacement of a calc-alkaline sodic dacite during the formation of the Ciweigou and Wufeng ore deposits. The second suite is dominated by calc-alkaline sodic rhyolite and high-K calc-alkaline sodic dacite magmatism associated with the formation of the Sipingshan ore deposit. The third suite is typified by high-K calc-alkaline andesitic magmatism associated with the emplacement of calc-alkaline hypabyssal granitoid complexes accompanying the formation of the Dong'an and Tuanjiegou ore deposits. The Qingshankou or Yaojia Stage is characterized by calc-alkaline sodic dacite magmatism associated with the formation of the Wuxing ore deposit. Metallogenesis during the Fuxin Stage characterized by trachytic magmatism is closely related to the formation of a deep-seated fault within a magmatic arc or the back-arc region of an immature continental margin and is associated with the Early Cretaceous subduction of the Pacific plate beneath Eurasia. Ore deposits that formed during the Fuxin Stage were generally related to magmato-hydrothermal fluids associated with mantle-derived magmas. In contrast, metallogenesis during the Quantou and Qingshankou or Yaojiajie stages was closely related to the formation of a mature high-K calc-alkaline magmatic arc within a continental margin setting again associated with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. This metallogenic event was a product of magmato-hydrothermal systems derived from crust–mantle interaction and mixing of magmas derived from partial melting of different sections of the continental crust.
Regional models expect drier, stormier western United States

As American southwestern states struggle against ongoing drought and the northwest braces for a projected shift from a snow- to a rain-dominated hydrological system, climate researchers strive to provide precipitation projections that are fine-grained enough to be of value to municipal water managers. Estimates derived from large general circulation models show that in a warming world, water availability in the western United States will be increasingly dictated by extreme events. However, such large models tend to lack necessary detail for the small-scale interactions and topographic influences that dominate daily changes in local precipitation. To convert the broad predictions of global models into practical predictions, Dominguez et al. use an ensemble of regional models, set to fit within the projections of general circulation models, to estimate future winter average and extreme precipitation for the western United States.
Delimitacja Miejskich Obszarów Funkcjonalnych stolic województw = Delimitation of the Functional Urban Areas around Poland's voivodship capital cities

Zarys treści. Autor prezentuje założenia, metodykę i wyniki delimitacji Miejskich Obszarów Funkcjonalnych (MOF) stolic województw, wykonanej w 2012 r. w Instytucie Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN na potrzeby realizacji zapisów Koncepcji Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2030. Delimitacja ma charakter aplikacyjny. Przyjęto 7 wskaźników, dotyczących powiązań funkcjonalnych, cech społeczno-ekonomicznych i morfologicznych: (1) wyjeżdżający do pracy najemnej do rdzenia MOF (wskaźnik użyty w delimitacjach po raz pierwszy dla danych po 1990 r.); (2) migracje (zameldowania) z rdzenia MOF; (3) udział pracujących w zawodach pozarolniczych; (4) natężenie podmiotów gospodarczych ogółem (w stosunku do liczby ludności); (5) udział podmiotów gospodarczych należących do usług wyższego rzędu w liczbie podmiotów ogółem; (6) gęstość zaludnienia (bez lasów i wód); (7) mieszkania oddane do użytku w stosunku do liczby ludności. Efektem jest delimitacja obejmująca 299 gmin, w tym 33 rdzeniowe i 266 położonych w strefach zewnętrznych. Słowa kluczowe: zasięg oddziaływania miast, dzienny system miejski, funkcjonalne obszary miejskie, strefa podmiejska, suburbanizacja, delimitacja, stolice województw, Polska.
Three‐dimensional preservation of a non‐biomineralized arthropod in concretions in Silurian volcaniclastic rocks from Herefordshire, England

Three‐dimensional preservation of a non‐biomineralized arthropod occurs in carbonate concretions in a volcaniclastic deposit from the Wenlock Series of Herefordshire, England. Specimens are preserved in calcite that co‐precipitated with framboids and polyhedra of pyrite. The texture of the calcite indicates that it is a void infill. It forms a cast of the external surface of the arthropod, having precipitated after decay of even the most recalcitrant biological tissues. Incorporation of the fossils into concretions ensured their long term preservation but was not, at least in most examples, responsible for preventing potential collapse and occlusion of voids in the interval between the decay of tissues and the precipitation of calcite. The precipitation and/or accumulation of clay minerals adjacent to specimens during decay was important in this process, as were possibly the geotechnical properties of the ash itself. Limited dolomitization of the calcite around the edges of the fossils and in the matrix of the concretion occurred at a later stage.
Euler deconvolution of vertical profiles of potential field data

Euler deconvolution has become a standard tool in rapid, semi-automated interpretation of potential fields. Its success derives from its flexibility, providing the source position and a parameter describing the shape of the source (structural index, SI) for all the possible one point sources (point, horizontal or vertical line, dike, contact). The Euler algorithms are particularly prone to regional (even constant) fields and noise (e.g.: FitzGerald et al., 2004). The presence of regional fields was the main reason for the strategy proposed in the first formulation of the method, that considered a moving window approach in which the regional field was approximated as a constant. This constant background (B) and the structural index are coupled in the Euler interpretation formula, and it was noted that the simultaneous estimation of SI, B and z0 was not stable. For this reason Thompson (1982) suggested to input the value of the structural index to obtain the position (x0, z0) of the point-source and B. Anyway this approach suffers of a certain degree of subjectivity because the choice of SI influences directly the depth estimate. Thus different approaches were devised to deal with the problem of the background fields allowing to obtain the SI as an unknown (e.g.: Stavrev, 1997; Hsu, 2002; Nabighian and Hansen, 2001). Meanwhile, other methods recovering the same parameters (position and SI) were proposed (e.g.: Smith et al., 1998; Salem and Ravat, 2003). Among them, the Continuous Wavelet Transform method (e.g.: Hornby et al., 1999; Sailhac and Gibert, 2003) that uses the information coming from the field upward continued to a set of different altitudes. This method has reduced sensitivity to noise with respect to the Euler deconvolution, because in the upward continued field the highwavenumbers are naturally attenuated. This method, however, tries to recover the information about the source using simultaneously data at as much altitudes as possible, both with the geometrical method (to recover z0) and the linear regression approach (to recover z0 and SI). In this paper we present a formulation of the Euler deconvolution method that uses a vertical profile of data above an anomaly source. It can be applied to almost all the Euler algorithms to tackle the problem of the regional field and, using upward continued fields, it efficiently deals with the problem of noise. Method
Rayleigh lidar observations of mesospheric inversion layers at Poker Flat, Alaska (65 °N, 147°W)

Rayleigh lidar measurements of the stratosphere and mesosphere have been made on an ongoing basis over a three‐year period at Poker Flat, Alaska (65°N, 147°W). These observations have yielded 27 nightly measurements of the middle atmosphere temperature profile (∼ 40–80 km). These nighttime measurements are distributed between August and April. Mesospheric inversion layers have been observed on five occasions. The average altitude of the inversion layer peak is 60 km, with average amplitude of 18 K. The temperature gradients on the topside of the inversion layers approach the adiabatic lapse rate. The inversion layers do not exhibit the apparent downward phase velocities that are commonly observed at lower latitudes. Furthermore, the inversion layers appear significantly less frequently than at lower latitudes. The observations are discussed in terms of current models and observations at other sites.