Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of different phosphatic fertilizers on growth attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L

Among all the elements required by a plant, phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrients for crop production and emphasis is being given on the sufficient use of P fertilizer for sustainable crop production. A pot experiment was conducted in green house at the Department of Soil Science and SWC, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during Rabi season, 2007. Phosphorus was applied at the rate of 40 and 80 kg P ha in the form of SSP, TSP, NP and DAP. A basal doze of 100 kg N and 60 kg K ha was applied as urea and murate of potash (MOP) respectively. All the growth parameters of wheat were significantly improved by addition of P application. It was concluded from the study that phosphorus application at the rate of 80kg P ha as single super phosphate (SSP) showed better results as compared to triple super phosphate (TSP), nitrophos (NP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) on phosphorus deficient soil of Balkasr area of Tehsil Chakwal. [Muhammad Bilal Khan, Muhammad Iqbal Lone, Rehmat Ullah, Shuaib Kaleem and Muhammad Ahmed. Effect of different phosphatic fertilizers on growth attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of American Science 2010;6(12):1256-1262]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience. org.
Optimization of Extracellular Alkaline Protease Production From Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Soil Samples

Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous in nature present in all forms of life from viruses to animals. Among them microbial proteases secure most significant position due to their vast industrial applications. In this study 148 bacterial strains were isolated from 50 different soil samples of slaughter house, fish market and sewage wastes of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Out of which fifty six strains competent of secreting extracellular alkaline protease. In preliminary screening the isolate SSB1 showed highest ability to hydrolyzed casein and skimmed milk which was done on skim milk agar media. The isolates showed positive for casein, gelatin, oxidase, starch, and catalase test and negative for gram staining, indole, methyl red, voges proskauer, urea, hemolysis and triple sugar iron (TSI) test and found to be motile. The culture conditions were optimized for utmost enzyme production. Many physical parameters were deliberated to optimize the maximum yield of alkaline protease. The optimum conditions for the maximum protease production were when cultivated for 36 h at 37°C in a medium containing 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract, 1M NaCl, and 1mM Zn2+ at pH 9.0. Strain SSB1 with the maximum yield alkaline protease was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis. The study revealed that the bacterial strain of P. aeruginosa is a potent source of extracellular alkaline protease and optimization of culture conditions for the maximum yield and their applications in different industries.
Cost Analysis of Eye Surgeries and Comparison with Approved Governmental Tariffs

Background: Costandcostanalysisisamanagerialtoolthatcanplaceneededdataatmanagers’ disposalandhelptheminmaking informed decisions in investing services and infrastructures. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of eye surgeries and compare them with tariﬀs approved by the Iranian ministry of health. Methods: The present retrospective-descriptive study was carried out at Nikookari ophthalmic hospital, from April 2013 to April 2014, in Tabriz, Iran. Surgical operations of cataract, strabismus and glaucoma were considered on the grounds that they were globalandthemostfrequent. Therequireddatawascollectedthroughconductinginterviewswithexpertsandrelevantunits,direct observation of activities, analysis of documents in the ﬁnancial department, and hospital information system (HIS) and ﬁnancial software system of the hospital. The cost of surgical operations was estimated by activity based costing (ABC). Results: According to the ﬁndings, the amount and the share of the total costs of the activities identiﬁed in the main centers were asfollowing: humanresources$2818722,depreciationof medicalequipment$277233,consumablemedicalsandsupplies$218,484, building depreciation $138004, depreciation of non-medical equipment $43640, consumable non-medicals and supplies $26804, utility costs $4724, and costs of indirect units $864 455. Ultimately, the costs of diﬀerent surgeries were estimated to be as follows: strabismus surgery $464, glaucoma $505 and cataract surgery $400, which respectively had $235, $298 and $75 diﬀerence with the approved governmental tariﬀs. Conclusions: This price gap can negatively aﬀect the performance and quality of services provided by hospitals in the long term. Since the costs of personnel, indirect costs and depreciation of medical equipment account for 90% of the total costs of surgery, hospital managers should pay more attention to these issues in order to improve eﬃciency and reduce costs.
Novel and Conventional Causes of Trigeminal neuralgia

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is the most excruciating pain known to humanity and considered one of the most painful afflictions known in medical practice. There are two main types: typical or “classic” form and atypical form of trigeminal neuralgia. The aim of this study: The aim is identification if there are new etiology for trigeminal neuralgia. This will help to reach more accurate diagnosis and may contribute to more effective treatment. Subject and methods: All patients were submitted to detailed history, clinical examination and neuroimaging as CT and / or, MRI + MRA brain. Laboratory investigations, carotid and vertebrobasilar duplex, ECG, Echocardiography, Nerve conduction study and different modalities of Evoked Potential were done for patients according to etiology and when indicated. Results: This study was carried out on 73 patients with trigeminal neuralgia. It affects females more than males. In the vast majority of cases (91.8%) pain is limited to one side of the face, however right side (53.4%) more affected than left side (38.4%). Occasionally it affects both sides of the face in 8.2 % of cases at different times in an individual, or even more rarely at the same time (called bilateral TN). Pain involve three divisions of the face in 86.3 % of cases, lower part of the face in 9.6 % of cases and upper part of the face in 4.1 % of cases. 95.2 % of patients have typical or “classic” form of trigeminal neuralgia TN1. TN2 is present in 7 % of cases. Regarding etiological factors for symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in this study; trigeminal hypoesthesia is present in 14 % of cases, hearing affection is present in 7 % of cases, pyramidal signs are present in 12.6 % of cases and long sensory tract affection is present in 7 % of cases. Normal MRI & MRA Brain is present in 39.2 %. Normal MRI with attenuated one or both vertebral arteries in MRA Brain is present in 12.6 % of cases. Also, this study found that stroke etiology present in 43.8 % of cases and rare in people under the age of 40 (7 %) of cases but migraine is not rare (12.6 %) of cases. 4.2 % of cases has space occupying lesions aged 3148 years. 4.2 % of cases has polyneuropathy aged 23-32 years. Also, one case (1.4 %) has multiple sclerosis. Pain after oral surgery o physiotherapy for Bell`s palsy is present in (2.8 %) for each. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia were risk factors for strokes. Conclusion: Detailed history, clinical examination, and neuroimaging as MRI ± MRA brain are essential to know etiology, diagnosis with subsequent effective treatment for patient with trigeminal neuralgia. Attenuated one or both vertebral arteries, stroke, migraine, space occupying lesions, polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, oral surgery or Bell`s palsy and it`s physiotherapy are etiological factors for symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. [Mahmoud Abdel-Moety Monzer and Abdel-Salam El Ashry. Novel and Conventional Causes of Trigeminal neuralgia] J Am Sci 2017;13(1):149-158]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience. org. 21. doi:10.7537/marsjas130117.21.
ASSOCIATION OF XRCC1 GENE POLYMORPHISM AND THE RISK OF LUNG CANCER IN NORTH-INDIAN SUBCONTINENT KASHMIR VALLEY: A POPULATION BASED CASE –CONTROL STUDY

Background: The x-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is mainly involved in base excision repair (BER) of DNA repair pathways. Polymorphism of DNA repair gene XRCC1 has been identified and it is possible that this polymorphism may affect DNA repair capacity and thus modulate cancer susceptibility. We investigated the relationship between the codon 194 polymorphism in XRCC1 gene and lung cancer risk in male smokers. Method: A population based case-control study of 130 lung cancer patients and 130 healthy control subjects (Individually matched on age and gender) in a Kashmiri population was conducted in Tertiary care super specialty Hospital of Kashmir valley Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science (SKIMS). XRCC1 (codon 194) genotype was identified using Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Result: We observed a significantly higher risk of lung cancer among cases who were carriers of the variant genotype Trp/Trp (homozygous mutant) [O.R = 2.43, 95%CI = 1.32 4.47, P = 0.006] as compared with homozygous wild genotype Arg/Arg. Our result suggested that the risk for the disease increases significantly as the number of Trp allele increased [OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.47 – 3.64, P = 0.0003]. Conclusion: Our study revealed that cases, especially smokers with homozygous variant genotype Trp/Trp tend to be more fragile and susceptible to lung cancer [OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.27 – 6.41, P = 0.01], as compared to non-smokers [OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.73 – 5.43, P = 0.26] and hence may help in identifying individuals at risk in Kashmiri population.
Morphological Diversity of Avocados (Perseaamericana Mill.) in Central Aceh, Indonesia

Central Aceh is known as a center of avocado production in Indonesia. The information about the morphology of avocados in Central Aceh is still very few due to the lack of researches on avocados in Central Aceh. This study aimed to evaluate the morphology of avocado in Central Aceh, Indonesia. The study was conducted using the description method using an avocado descriptor from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI, 1995) and data were analyzed using the NTSYSpc. The results revealed that the diversity of avocados in Central Aceh Regency was formed with diversity values ranging from 45-81%, at the level of similarity coefficient 46% of the two main groups: first group consisting of 11 accessions and second group consisting of 4 accessions. In general, the avocado morphology of Central Aceh has similarities in the outer appearance of fruits, stalks, flesh, skin, and seeds. Index terms : fruit shape, pedicel, skin color, seed, gloss
ISOLATION, PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF L-ASPARAGINASE FROM SERRATIA MARCESCENS

Production of tumor inhibitory L-asparaginase by submerged fermentation from Serratia marcescens was studied to ascertain optimal nutritional condition for large scale production. The strains were isolated from waste water sample and screened for Lasparaginase production using phenol red indicator growth medium. The microbe producing the largest hydrolysis zone was selected. Through biochemical characterization and 16s rRNA sequencing the selected strain was confirmed to be Serratia marcescens. It was observed that S. marcescens showed maximum enzyme activity at 48 hours incubation time, pH 6.5 and with medium temperature of 35oC supplemented with 1% fructose and ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The enzyme produced was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and completely purified by column chromatography. The purified enzyme has the maximum enzyme specific activity of 410 IU/mg of protein with 10.3 fold increases in purification steps. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 34KD. On zymogram analysis, the activity band was observed as a clear colourless zone in gel of 5% sucrose against blue background. This study revealed that Serratia marcescens is a potential source for high yield and high substrate specific anti-leukemic L-asparaginase enzyme production.
Oxidative stress factors in Nigerians with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric erosive synovitis and sometimes with multisystem involvement. But the exact mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. More so, rheumatoid arthritis has no complete cure. Previous studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including RA. 4 ROS production is normally controlled by a number of the body antioxidant defence system. These comprised of the enzymatic antioxidant which includes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glautathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), while nonenzymatic antioxidant defence which includes retinol (vitamin A), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), α-tocopherol (vitamin E) reduced glutathione (GSH). Imbalance between the antioxidants and oxidants which may occur from the excessive production of the oxidants or insufficient antioxidant defence system may result to oxidative stress. ROS if not ABSTRACT
The Effects of Value Added Tax (V.A.T) on the Economic Growth of Nigeria.

The study sets out to investigate the effects of Value Added Tax (VAT) on economic growth (GDP) and total tax revenue in Nigeria. VAT was introduced in the country in 1994 and one wants to estimate its contributions to GDP and total Revenue. In pursuit of this, two hypotheses were proposed namely First: H 0 that VAT does not have significant effect on GDP. Secondly we have H 0 VAT does not have significant effect on Total Tax Revenue. Simple Linear Regression method was used to analyze time series data relating to VAT, GDP and Total Revenue for period 1994 – 2010 and computation done with the assistance of SPSS. The results of regression analysis show that VAT has significant effect on GDP and also on Total Tax Revenue. That means that both Null Hypotheses (H o ) are accepted. The government is encouraged to sensitize the people to enable it increase the tax rate so as to enlarge its annual revenue for economic development. Keywords: Value Added Tax, Gross Domestic Product, Total Revenue, Maxims of Taxation, Developing and Transitional Economies, Cascading treatment
STUDY THE ANATOMICAL AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KIDNEY IN ADULT WHITE RABBITS FEMALE ′′ NEW ZEALAND STRAIN ʺ

The present work was designed to investigate the anatomical and histological structure of kidney in adult rabbit females. The study was performed on twelve female adult white rabbits of the New Zealand strain , as a mammalian model and they were obtained from the local market in Babylon provinces. The anatomical results of kidney in rabbit females have revealed that the kidneys were large relatively, firm, reddish brown in color bean-shaped retro-peritoneal organ located in the posterior region of the upper abdomen and The right kidney was larger and heavier than left one. The histological results revealed that the rabbit kidney covered by thin layer of fine collagen and reticular fibers and there are three types of renal corpuscles depend on their location in the renal cortex: cortical , mid-cortical and juxtamedullary renal corpuscles. The present study revealed that the proximal convoluted tubules in rabbit is the longest lined by tall cuboidal epithelial tissue with brush border while the Helene loop consists of the thin and thick limb which are more evident in medulla and have relatively more ratio of short Henley loop and the distal convoluted tubules in rabbit kidney are short and not encountered as frequently in sections as proximal tubules. The collecting tubules continue from terminal part of distal tubule which are short segment that connects the distal tubule with collecting duct system lined by cuboidal epithelium and finally collecting duct divided into two parts : cortical and medullary collecting duct.
Assessment of vulvovaginal candidiasis during pregnancy in Enugu State, Nigeria

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common condition, and an estimated 75 % of all women experience an infection with CANDIDA yeast during their lifetime. The study involved 901 pregnant women presenting to a rural hospital for ante-natal care within a period of ten months. Those with abnormal vaginal discharge or pruritus were screened for VVC. Those with symptomatic diagnosis of VVC were recruited for the cohort study after appropriate counseling and obtaining informed consent. Culture of high vaginal swab (HVS) and urinalysis were performed. Treatment of significant cases involved the use of nystatin and clotrimazole vaginal inserts. A total of four treatment groups (n = 157) were employed. Groups 1 and 2 received differently daily normal doses of the agents for 7 days respectively. Groups 3 and 4 received twice daily dosing of both agents for 7 days. In each case, the symptomatic response and re-culture of the HVS were repeated after treatment. Pharmacoeconomics of the two drugs was evaluated for the ten months period of the study and the prevalence of the VVC finally deduced. The result showed that the pregnant women had non-complicated VVC. Treatment outcome was generally the same with both nystatin and clotrimazole which invariably showed the same efficacy. In the first two groups, 72 % of those treated with once daily dosing of nystatin had their symptoms resolved within one week and 75 % achieved symptom resolution with clotrimazole during the same period. Some 96 % and 97 % of repeat culture of HVS for those that received twice daily dosing of the nystatin and clotrimazole had negative cultures respectively. The pharmacoeconomics of both agents reveal a remarkable difference in that a week treatment (once daily dosing) of nystatin costs ninety-one naira (N91. 00) which is less than $1 and clotrimazole for the same duration costs one hundred and sixty-eight naira (N168.00) which is $1.5. Going by cost minimization since both agents have similar outcomes, nystatin will naturally be selected. In the face of scarce resources, the costs and outcome analyses are valuable in therapeutic decisions.
Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on the Relief of Dysmenorrheal Pain among Students of Applied Medical Science College At Hafer Al-Batin

Background: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is non pharmacological method used by a variety of health care professionals to reduce pain in a variety of conditions including dysmenorrhoea. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of tanscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the relief of dysmenorrheal pain among students in College of Applied Medical Science, Damam university at Hafer Al-Batin Governate in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA). Setting: This study was carried out at the College of Applied Medical Science at Hafer Al-Batin, on convenient sample of 40 students who were selected systematically from first, second and third year. Methods: Tools used for data collection were divided into three parts which are Structured Interview questionnaire, Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Follow up sheet Results: After demonstration of the procedure on the nursing students, there was significant improvement in the level of dysmenorreal pain. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the present study results, this tanscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can provide safe and effective non pharamacological method for pain relief of dysmenorrhea. [Suliman A AlYousef, Seham A. Abd El-Hay, Nabila S Mohamed and Randa M Abo Baker. Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on the Relief of Dysmenorrheal Pain among Students of Applied Medical Science College At Hafer Al-Batin. J Am Sci 2013;9(11):225-234]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience. org. 31
Bile duct ligation of C57BL/6 mice as a model of hepatic encephalopathy

Background Bile duct ligation (BDL) has been used for experimental research on hepatic encephalopathy (HE) caused by chronic liver disease. However, little research has been done on a BDL model in C57BL/6 mouse. Therefore, we evaluated the suitability of a BDL model in C57BL/6 mouse for the study of HE and determined which behavioral tests are appropriate for the identification of HE in this model. Methods Twelve to fourteen-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either sham group or BDL group. Histological changes in liver were confirmed by hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Liver function alterations were detected by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ammonia levels. To identify behavioral changes, open field, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests were performed. Results Inflammatory liver injury and fibrosis were observed 14 days after BDL. ALT and ammonia levels were significantly higher in BDL group than in sham group. There were no differences in general locomotor activity or anxiety between the groups. No difference was observed between these two groups in the novel object recognition test, but BDL group showed significant learning/memory impairment in the passive avoidance test compared to sham group. Conclusions Fourteen days of BDL in 12–14-week-old male C57BL/6 mice is a clinically relevant model for HE, as these mice have liver fibrosis with impaired liver function, hyperammonemia, and learning/memory impairment. Passive avoidance can be used as the major behavioral test in this model of HE.
Review on Non-thermal Technologies for the Preservation of Fruit Juices

: Liquid food industries use different preservation methods to extend the shelf life of products by reducing both enzymatic and microorganism activities. Emerging non-thermal pasteurization techniques are applied in order to avoid thermal processes maintaining the microbial safety and quality of liquid foods. Non-thermal preservation technologies used in the liquid food industry include high-pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric field (PEF), ultraviolet light (UV-C) and ultra-sonication (US). HPP is a method to target specific organisms by applying a pressure range of 100-1,000 MPa. PEF uses short pulses of a strong electric field applied to a flowing liquid food which affects the whole cell membrane of the organism. UV-C treatment at 253.7 nm has been proven to be appropriate for maintaining liquid quality and minimal deterioration of nutrients. US is applied to liquid foods in a lower frequency range of 20-100 kHz and a higher sound intensity of 10-1,000 W/cm 2 to the breakdown of cells. According to scientific literature, those methods have been applied to fruit juices like orange, apple, pear, coconut water, etc. Most of the non-thermal methods achieved the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirement of a 5-log reduction of microorganisms without deteriorating the sensory and nutritional attributes of fruit juices. Some of these methods have already been commercialized and others are still in a pilot scale. This study gives a comprehensive overview of published literature regarding the potential for using non-thermal pasteurization methods to extend the shelf life of different fruit juices with minimal deterioration of nutritional and sensory quality.