Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some porate pollen from the upper Tertiary of New Zealand

Abstract Two new genera—Sparsipollis and Harrisipollenites—are erected to accommodate spinulose, annulate, porate pollen, and finely reticulate, monoporate, pollen tetrads, respectively. Three new species are described—Sparsipollis papillatus, Harrisipollenites annulatus, and Parsonsidites multi-porus. Pseudowinterapollis couperi Krutzsch 1970 is described for the first time. Aglaoreidia qualumis Partridge and Liliacidites sphericus Couper are transferred to the genus Sparganiaceae-pollenites Thiergart ex Potonie 1960, restricting Aglaoreidia to species with flattened distal or proximal sides and distinctive graduated reticulation. Triporopollenites bellus Partridge, an Australian Miocene-Pliocene species, is recorded from New Zealand, and Parsonsidites psilatus Couper is redescribed. P. psilatus and P. multiporus have a botanical affinity with the family Balanophoraceae, not Apocynaceae (Parsonsia).
Melissopalynological analysis of royal jelly from Greece

Abstract Microscopic analysis of 82 royal jelly samples obtained from several locations in Greece was carried out in order to study the pollen spectrum of Greek royal jelly. The analysis recorded over 60 taxa. The abundance of each pollen type varied among the areas and the samples. The most frequent pollen types found in the samples were Brassicaceae, Olea europaea, Eucalyptus, Trifolium, Rubus, Carduus-type, Hypericum, Daucus-type and Cistus. The majority of the pollen types found in the royal jelly samples were also found at the pollen flora around the apiaries.
A survey of Zanclea, Halocoryne and Zanclella (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Zancleidae) with description of new species

Abstract The genera Zanclea, Halocoryne and Zanclella are surveyed, with description of all known species, including eight new ones of Zanclea (Z. bomala, Z, divergens, Z. fanella, Z. giancarloi, Z. medusopolypata, Z. retraduis, Z. gilii, Z. hirohitoi), two new species of Halocoryne (H. frasca, H. pirainoid), and two new ones of Zanclella (Z. diabolica, Z. glomboides). For most species, the description covers the whole life cycle. The hydroids of this group can be symbiotic with either bryozoans, bivalves, or corals and only few species are not substrate‐specialist. Symbiotic relationships led to polymorphism and colony integration with the hosts. The morphologies of hydroid and medusa stages are often not consistent, so that species with very derived hydroids have non‐derived medusae (e.g., Halocoryne pirainoid), or species with very derived medusae have non‐derived hydroids (e.g., Zanclella diabolica). The architecture of the newly released medusae of Zanclella is exceptional due to a sharp compression of the exumbrella and of the presence of just two radial canals. A phylogenetic scenario is suggested, in spite of the inconsistencies in the rates of change in the two main stages of the cycle.
Visual mechanisms of hunting behaviour in Trite planiceps, a jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)

Abstract Jumping spiders rely on visual stimuli when catching their prey. Each of the hunting actions employed is mediated by one or more of the three pairs of eyes responsible for this behaviour. No function has yet been demonstrated for the tiny fourth pair of eyes. Two distinct post-detection hunting strategies are used; one enables spiders to catch their prey on the run, and the other controls the capture of stationary prey. Exclusive components of each of these strategies are (i) chasing, which is a function of the anterior-lateral eyes, and (ii) stalking, which is a function of the anterior-median eyes; collaborative visual mechanisms result in a smooth transition from one mode of behaviour to another. In addition, both strategies employ common behavioural elements that exploit specialised properties of the four anterior eyes; successful prey capture is a measure of their physiological and behavioural synchronisation. ‘Short jumps’ towards targets moving at an angular velocity of more than 15°/s are.
Accumulation and translocation of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in a Lycopersicon esculentum breeding line containing the L. chilense TYLCV tolerance gene Ty-1.

The major tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) tolerance gene, Ty-1, of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon chilense was mapped to chromosome 6 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and introgressed into the domesticated tomato L. esculentum. Two nearly isogenic breeding lines were obtained. In infected fields, plants from line 32, which contained the Ty-1 allele, remained symptomless (tolerant line); plants from line 30, which did not contain the Ty-1 allele, were all symptomatic (susceptible line). The effect of the Ty-1 gene on TYLCV DNA accumulation and translocation was investigated by hybridizing plant DNA extracts with a viral DNA probe
Destruction of indigenous heath vegetaion in Victorian sea-bird colonies

The sclerophyllous heath and scrub which occupies undisturbed granite coasts is essentially a vegetation of infertile, acid soils deficient in available phosphorus and nitrogen and sometimes in potassium and certain microelements. In sea-bird colonies soil reaction and fertility are altered by the deposition of guano, which is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, and the indigenous heath and scrub are destroyed. Mechanical disturbance and chemical changes hinder the accumulation of surface peat. Toxicity of guano in summer leads to a specialized flora and limits the total number of species. Comparison of floristic data from sea-bird islands and nearby control areas with no nesting sea-birds illustrates the widely divergent nature of the flora in the two habitats. Heath species are almost non-existent in the rookeries, and sclerophylls, switch plants, and woody plants much rarer than in the control areas. Conversely, succulents, annuals, biennials, and aliens are considerably more abundant in the rookeries. Man is the primary introducer of alien plants; but gulls are also important in this respect, and all colonial sea-birds make the habitat more suitable for invasion by ruderals in the autumn when mechanical disturbance ceases and guano becomes diluted to beneficial concentrations. Where man has access to the rookeries large areas may become dominated by introduced weeds which are seldom able to establish themselves on unmodified heath soils. The vegetation of sand dunes (to which few nutrients are being added and from which few have been leached) lies between that of the leached soils of heaths and the guano-rich soils of rookeries overlying granite in all the above characters, in spite of the markedly different physical nature of the substratum, and contains a higher proportion of creeping plants than either. Guano and sea salt have parallel effects on vegetation, and the presence of sea-birds leads to a broadening of the coastal belt of salt-resistant plants and elimination of the indigenous, more inland type of flora. Pteridium esculentum and Leptospermum laevigatum are important species in the transition zone between either saline or guano-rich habitats and the surrounding heath.
Marine fungi from Aldabra, the Galapagos, and other tropical islands

Saprobic higher marine fungi were collected in Aldabra (8 species, 1 variety), Galapagos (10 species), Hawaii (17 species), and Tobago (22 species). The material includes 26 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete, and 5 deuteromycetes. Lindra hawaiiensis (Maui) and Massarina thalassiae (Aldabra, Belize, Florida, Galapagos, India (Madras), Mexico (Baja California)) are new species. Distribution maps for the following species are presented: Cytospora rhizophorae, Didymosphaeria rhizophorae, Halosphaeria cucullata – Periconia prolifica, Lindra thalassiae, and Massarina thalassiae. Endemic marine fungi with saprobic modes of life have not been encountered.
Replacement of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets in Malarious Kebeles of Gida Ayana District, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

The main objective of the study was to determine the sustainability of owning and utilization of long lasting insecticide treated nets in malarious kebeles of Gida Ayana District. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to investigate the replacement and utilization of long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in four malarious kebeles of Gida Ayana District. The study was conducted in June, 2013 on randomly sampled 420 households. Data were collected using structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire and presences of LLINs in sleeping areas were checked. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 for windows software. Logistic regression analysis was used for determining LLINS ownership and socio-demographic characteristics. P values of less or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. Of the 420 households included in the study, 69.3% possessed one or more LLINs which are owned primary (for the first time) or replaced (substituting the old bed nets after three years of use). There was no significant association between socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and LLINs owing (P >0.05). Attrition rate of households in LLINs owing was 101(24 %). Of the 291 households which possessed one or more insecticides, 60.8% have replaced the LLINs after three years of use. 57.8% of respondents knew as LLINs need replacement after 3 years of use. 81.3 and 19.7 % of respondent prefer free supply and cost subsidize supply of LLINs for sustainable owing respectively. Of 114 households who have possessed LLINs primarily, 70.2 % have used the LLINs for more than 3 years. Utilization rate of LLINs available in the households the night prior to the study was 64.9 % and in 69.75 % of households LLINs were hanged in sleeping areas. Proportion of pregnant women and under five children slept under LLINs the night preceding the study was 43.1 and 48.4 % respectively. Old, worn out LLINs have been replaced after three years of use to sustain malaria control in the study area. Utilization of LLINs among malaria risk group was low. Every household in malarious kebeles should be included during substituting LLINs. Regular monitoring of household is required from health extension workers to scale-up and sustain utilization of LLINs in malaria control. Keywords : Long Lasting Insecticide; Treated Nets; Replacement; Utilization; Malaria control
Coastal Movements of Atlantic Menhaden as Inferred from Changes in Age and Length Distributions

Abstract Length frequency distributions of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, plotted by age, month, and latitude, support the hypothesis of an annual north-south movement. The majority of Atlantic menhaden, wintering in offshore waters south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, move northward in early spring. By about mid-June menhaden are distributed in coastal waters from Florida to Maine, their age and size increasing from south to north. A slow northward movement of fish north of False Cape, Virginia, continues throughout the summer. A southward movement, beginning in early September north of Cape Cod, Massachusetts and involving all fish north of False Cape by November, culminates in January when the majority of the population is again south of Cape Hatteras.
TRADE-OFFS IN PHENOLIC METABOLISM OF SILVER BIRCH: EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION, DEFOLIATION, AND GENOTYPE

We examined the chemical responses of 10 silver birch (Betula pendula) clones to fertilization and defoliation in a field experiment. In defoliation, every second leaf was removed from the saplings. Three days later, two undamaged short-shoot leaves were collected, air-dried, and analyzed for condensed tannins and 34 nontannin phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. The clones showed substantial variation in phenolic composition of the leaves and in chemical responses to fertilization and defoliation. A cluster analysis by UPGMA indicated that the phenolic profiles of birch leaves were affected more by genotype than fertilization or defoliation, and the clones could thus be distinguished from each other. In addition, on the basis of their overall phenolic composition, the clones were clustered loosely in three clone groups. The leaves of fertilized saplings contained lower levels of condensed tannins than controls, as predicted by carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, fertilization had no effect on the total amount of nontannin phenolics. The concentrations of (+)-catechin, 3,4′-dihydroxypropiophenone 3-glucoside (DHPPG), 3-cinnamoylquinic acids, and flavone aglycones were lower in fertilized saplings, whereas the opposite was true for 5-cinnamoylquinic acids and the total amount of flavonol glycosides. Although our results provide support for the CNB hypothesis, they also show that the accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is strongly coordinated. Different branches of the biosynthetic pathway of phenolic compounds may compete for substrates, and such internal metabolic trade-offs may explain the differential accumulation of the compounds. In fertilized saplings, the concentration of condensed tannins was also negatively correlated with the amount of triterpenoid resin droplets measured from the same saplings. We suggest that a linkage via malonyl-CoA between the biosynthetic routes to terpenoids and flavonoid derivatives, such as condensed tannins, may explain the different responses to fertilization reported for terpenoids and phenolics. Undamaged leaves of partially defoliated saplings contained more DHPPG and flavone aglycones and less cinnamic acid derivatives and (+)-catechin than did leaves of control saplings. The induction of DHPPG and flavonoid aglycones was significantly and negatively correlated with the concentration of myricetin glycosides in fertilized saplings, which may indicate a trade-off between induced and constitutive defense. Moreover, in fertilized saplings, the three clone groups formed by UPGMA clustering differed significantly in the magnitude of induction of DHPPG and flavone aglycones. Different birch genotypes may thus have different modes of chemical defense, and the magnitude of chemical response of a genotype may partly depend on resource availability. In general, our results show that new insights in the theory of chemical defense can be gained by accomplishing studies on plant–herbivore interaction with high chemical resolution.
OPTIMAL FORAGING BY PARASITOID WASPS

(1) Experiments have been described in which insect parasites were observed continuously searching in a patchy host habitat. (2) The results of these experiments have been used to examine in greater detail the predictions of the Cook & Hubbard (1977) model for the outcome of search by insect parasites and predators. (3) The observed final rates of encounter between parasites and healthy hosts, the final density of healthy hosts in each patch at the end of the interaction, the giving up times for each patch, the effect of exploitation on the time budget, and the effect of the range of patch types available to the parasites all show an encouraging measure of agreement with the predictions of the model. (4) The present view of parasite mutual interference, deviations from the expected relationships and the important role of sampling strategies have all been discussed in the light of the results obtained in this study.
Vallesian rodents from Sheikh Abdallah, Western Desert, Egypt

The aim of this contribution is to describe and interpret the fossil rodents from the Vallesian spelean breccias of the Sheikh Abdallah paleocave system, Western Desert, Egypt. Among the 1239 rodent teeth studied, there are three new genera and five new species. The fauna contains the earliest known murine in the world (four specimens), the earliest recorded hystricid in Africa and Europe (one specimen) and a primitive lophiomyine (15 specimens). The assemblage is dominated by Myocricetodon, of which there are four species comprising more than 1000 specimens, followed by a new genus of gerbilline (80 teeth), Africanomys (30 specimens), two genera of dendromurines (45 specimens), the squirrel Atlantoxerus (two specimens), glirids (five specimens), the gerbil Protatera (three specimens) and an indeterminate murid (two specimens). No lagomorphs were found in samples. New rodent taxa described are Faraframys heissigi, Ameuromys grandis, Steatomys bartheli, Saharamys misrensis and Africanomys bahariyaensis.
Bioenergetics of the Southern Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex Badius

The bioenergetics of the southern harvester ant were studied on the Savannah River Project, Aiken, South Carolina. Excavation of hills revealed that density of ants ranged from 4,000 to 6,000 per hill. Labeling ants with p32 indicated that only 10% of the ants in a colony were active above ground during any 2-week period (the limit of recognition of the label) * thus, short-term marking recapture estimates based on above-ground individuals greatly underestimate the size of the colony. There were 27 hills per hectare on the study area. The consumption of oxygen of workers at various temperatures was determined in a simple respirometer, and the temperature at which the ants were living in the field was determined during a year's observation at mounds. The energy expense of heat production was calculated from the oxygen consumption and activity- temperature records. Total energy flow (heat production plus tissue growth) was highest in summer and lowest in winter. The annual range was from 14 to 48 kgcal/m2/yr. Tissue growth was estimated to amount to only 0.09 kgcal/m2/yr. Energy flow in this species was higher than that of 2 vertebrate granivores studied in the same field, the old-field mouse and the savannah sparrow.
RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN, FROM WEANING TO SLAUGHTER, OF STEERS GIVEN HAY, HAY SUPPLEMENTED WITH RUMTNAL UNDEGRADABLE PROTEIN, OR CONCENTRATE

Holstein steers were given milk from birth until they reached a weight of 100 kg. Beginning at 60 kg, they received gradually increasing amounts of one of three different diets and these became their sole diet after milk was withdrawn. The three diets were: (a) 85% grass hay and 15% concentrate (group 1); (b) the same diet with enough rumen undegradable protein (formaldehyde-treated canola meal) added to raise the crude protein content by 10 g kg−1 (group 2); and (c) 85% concentrate and 15% grass hay (group 3). The amounts of the three diets offered were designed to provide 0.95 MJ of digestible energy per day per unit of liveweight0.75. Steers were slaughtered at about 500 kg liveweight and the right sides of their carcasses were dissected into separable muscle, adipose tissue, and bone. This information was used to derive estimates of the daily gains of protein, fat, and energy in the empty bodies and the carcasses of the steers. Empty liveweight gain of group 3 steers exceeded that of group 1 steers by.
Lipolytic and oxidative changes of barley lipids during malting and mashing

Lipolytic and oxidative changes of barley lipids were studied during malting and mashing. The amount of lipid decreased by 23% during malting and changes in the composition of lipid classes were minor. On the other hand, during mashing the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) increased which indicated, that lipid hydrolysis had occurred. The same phenomenon was seen when malt flour was soaked in water at 23°C. The triglyceride (TG) and polar lipid (PL) contents were reduced and the proportion of FFA in total lipids was increased. Following similar soaking of barley flour, TG and PL were reduced but the accumulation of FFA and especially linoleic acid (LA) was slight. The results were consistent with the data on lipoxygenase activity (LOX) during malting. During steeping LOX decreased and was 15–20% of the activity of raw barley at the beginning of germination. The activity remained low during germination but rose sharply in the middle of kilning only to decrease again to a very low level at the end of kilning (5%). This in combination with the fact that the proportion of FFA remained high in the soaked malt samples suggests that the oxidation by LOX is negligible in the malt samples. However, the data suggest that mashing of barley, but not that of malt, includes the potential for the formation of highly polar lipid oxidation products.
Application of Island Biogeography Theory to Temporary Pools

Abstract One aspect of island biogeography theory contends that a direct correlation exists between the size of an island and the species richness of an island. We applied this aspect of island biogeography theory to temporary pools. Six temporary pools were randomly selected and placed into three size categories based on the volume of water contained in each. The contents were filtered through a 0.250 mm sieve and retained. Invertebrates were identified, and counted. We found that species richness and the total number of individuals increased with pool size. In addition, the larger pools supported more functional feeding groups than smaller pools. These results were probably a reflection of greater microhabitat availability in the larger pools.
The pattern of seed development and maturation in beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus)

The developmental patterns of seed, seed coat, and hardseededness were studied in naturally growing crop plants of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. ) at six reproductive growth stages (S1S6). Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds were used for comparison in some experiments. The accumulation of fresh and dry weight in pod shell and seed of beach pea and pod shell of grass pea followed an almost sigmoidal pattern. However, grass pea seed showed a linear pattern of weight accumulation. During maturation, moisture content of pod shells and seeds decreased because of dehydration. Beach pea seeds were able to germinate precociously at S4. Seeds collected between S1 and S3 failed to germinate because of immaturity, whereas the development of hard seed coats prevented germination in seeds gathered at S5 and S6. An imbibition test revealed that hardseededness completely prevented water absorption of S5 and S6 seeds even after 24 days of soaking. In grass pea, precocious seed germination was observed at S.