Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proximate composition of five commonly used horticultural products in northern Nigeria.

There are some basic characteristics of fruits that make them appealing to most people. All fruits are healthy when eaten in moderation. They are great sources of dietary fiber and most fruits are low in calories and fat. Those that have a high fat content, such as avocados, are actually good sources of healthy fats. Fruits are great snacks and they can also be used as combination of sugars: Fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Fructose is the principal sugar of many fruits and is considered to be the sweetest. Sucrose is the main sugar in several other fruits such as orange, melons and peaches. Water makes up 80% to 95% of fruits. The water content in fruits keep their caloric content low and also provides fruit juice. Almost all fruits can be eaten raw juiced for a beverage, used in frozen desserts, preserved, or dried. Fresh whole fruits are considered to be the most nutrition (Ogunlade et al., 2011). ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 7 (2015) pp. 924-928 http://www.ijcmas. com
Electrochemical degradation of rhodamine B dye in textile and paper industries effluent

In the present paper, electrochemical behaviour of rhodamine B has been studied voltammetrically using platinum and steel foil as working electrodes. The controlled potential electrolysis is carried out at electrolysis potential of -1.20 V. The complete decolourisation results within 1 to 2 h of electrolysis.
Application of zeolite-encapsulated Cu(II) [H4]salen derived from [H2]salen in oxidative delignification of pulp

Since the disclosure that salen complexes were potent low-temperature oxidation catalysts with exceptional selectivity, considerable efforts by our group have focussed on their development towards the efficient catalytic delignification of pulp, principally with environmentally benign oxygenic chemicals. These efforts have resulted in additional developments including the heterogenisation of catalytic systems as well as the hydrogenation for application in catalytic delignification of pulp. Herein, heterogeneous complexes of two ligands: [H2]salen and [H4]salen with copper as a transition metal were synthesized and encapsulated in zeolite cages by the impregnation (IM) and ship-in-a-bottle (SB) method. The resulting complexes were employed as catalysts for oxidative delignification of pulp, using peracetic acid (CH3COOOH) as an oxidant. The observed trends in catalytic activity showed that the encapsulation and hydrogenation of complexes played a key role in the selective delignification of pulp. By encapsulating and hydrogenating the complexes, their spatial separation increased which strongly enhanced the activity of complexes. The encapsulation and hydrogenation of complexes resulted in a significant increase in delignification and properties of pulp. The delignification was dependent on the nature of the complexes. The reasons were investigated by spectroscopic techniques.
Productivity and water use efficiency of spring soybean (Glycine max) as affected by levels of irrigation and sources of sulphur.

Field experiment was conducted at the alluvial zone of West Bengal, India during 2000 & 2001 to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and sources of sulphur on the productivity of soybean. Results revealed that seed yield (1.88 t/ha), Oil content (21.31%) were maximum when the crop was irrigated at 0.45 atmospheric tension and sulphur was applied @ 40kg S/ha in the form of gypsum. But the gypsum is more costly than single super phosphate. For that reason the net return (Rs. 11,894/ha) and return per rupee investment (1.93) were showed maximum value for the application of single super phosphate along with irrigation at 0.45 atmospheric tension. Scheduling of irrigation at 0.30 atmospheric tension increased the consumptive use of water but decreased the water use efficiency.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a FLOX Combustor Firing Low Calorific Value Gases

A prototype flameless oxidation (FLOX) gas turbine combustor has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The combustor was operated with various Low Calorific Value gases. At the outlet main component and emission measurements (CO and NO) have been performed. The influence of several parameters (i.e., fuel composition, outlet temperature, and nozzle diameter) on the emissions have been investigated. Ultralow emissions (single digit) have been achieved. Moreover, axial temperature profiles in the combustion chamber have been measured with a suction pyrometer. The combustor has been simulated with a commercial CFD code (FLUENT 6.3) to gain insight in the combustion characteristics. Using the Eddy Dissipation Concept model for turbulence-chemistry interaction in combination with the Reynolds Stress model for turbulence and two different chemistry mechanisms, the measured temperature profiles have been reasonably well reproduced. In postprocessing mode different NO formation paths have been studied.
Use of the μPIV technique for an indirect determination of the microchannel cross-section passage geometry

In this work the possible use of the μPIV technique for the experimental determination of the microchannel cross-section geometry has been investigated by means of a blind test in which a series of experimental measurements obtained using glass microchannels having a declared rectangular cross-section with a depth of 100 μm and width of 300 μm and a square microchannel with a 300 μm side have been compared with the direct SEM visualisation of the real cross section of the microchannels. For the (oPIV measurements water is used as working fluid. The laminar fully developed 2D velocity profile has been reconstructed by moving the focal plane of the microscope objective from the bottom to the top of the microchannel. The results shown in this paper demonstrate that the real cross section geometry of the microchannel can be predicted by minimizing the difference between the theoretical and the experimental 2D velocity profiles. When the right passage geometry is determined, the average difference between the theoretical and the experimental velocity is within 4-6%.
Winter wheat agronomic traits and nitrate leaching under variable nitrogen fertilization

In the long-term field trial on an arable dystric Stagnosols, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) in lysimeter water were compared under treatments of 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen (N) during the growth years 1996/97, 1999/00, 2002/03 and 2005/06. Year properties significantly influenced N availability resulting in different responses of grain yield and NUE under variable treatments. Grain yield showed strong significant correlation with the rainfall accumulated from March to May (r = 0.77). In the case of a dry year 2003, winter wheat yield and NUE were adversely influenced by unfavourable climatic conditions. The optimal response of yield and NUE to increasing mineral N rates was found at the amount of 150–200 kg N/ha. Very strong significant correlation between the total amount of leached NO3–-N and NUE was found for periods 1999/00 and 2005/06 where, in terms of increasing N levels, lower NUE conditioned higher NO3–-N leaching (r = 0.91 and r = 0.94, respectively). According to the shallow depth of groundwater and installation of drainage systems, there is still a risk of freshwater contamination by nitrates if the N rates higher than 200 kg/ha were applied.
An in-depth study of the biotransformation of nitriles into amidesand/or acids using Rhodococcus rhodochrousAJ2701

A variety of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic nitriles have been readily hydrolysed into the corresponding amides and/or acids under very mild conditions using Rhodococcus sp. AJ270. The nitrile hydratase involved in this novel nitrile-hydrolysing microorganism efficiently hydrates most nitriles tested, irrespective of the electronic and steric effects of the substituents, to form the amides. Conversion of amides into acids catalysed by the associated amidase is rapid and efficient in most cases. Substrates bearing an adjacent substituent (which may be an ortho substituent on an aromatic nitrile, an adjacent heteroatom in a heterocyclic ring or a geminal substituent in an α,β-unsaturated nitrile) undergo slow hydrolysis of the amides allowing efficient amide isolation. The scope, limitations and reaction mechanism of this enzymatic process have been systematically studied. A molecular size of >7 A diameter and the presence of functions capable of metal complexation near to the nitrile inhibit hydrolysis.
Electrochemically Induced N‐Alkylation of Pyrroles

Electrochemically generated tetraethylammonium peroxydicarbonate (TEAPC) and tetraethylammonium carbonate (TEAC) react under very mild conditions with pyrroles affording, after addition of a suitable alkylating agent, the corresponding N-alkylated pyrroles in high yields. C-Alkylated pyrroles have not been isolated in any case reported.
Through Control of Wetting and Drying Conditions of Monolithic Supports Toward a Uniform Catalyst Distribution

This article presents an optimized wetting and drying procedure for the preparation of monolithic catalysts. The catalyst precursor consumption was minimized by applying a tailored incipient wetness impregnation technique. The homogeneous distribution of the active phase within the monolithic catalysts was achieved by drying of the impregnated monoliths under a forced flow in a specially designed dryer. The dryer operated at ambient conditions with high recycle flow of drying gas. The direction of recycle flow was periodically alternated by a pneumatically driven valve assembly. The effect of the proposed impregnation method is demonstrated with an analysis of the Ni distribution in the impregnated Al2O3 monolith supports.
Evaluation of strawberry and black currant berries intended for freezing and the methods of their preparation

The objective of this study was to select strawberry and black currant cultivars suitable for freezing and to evaluate the influence of the preparation methods of foodstuffs designed for freezing on quality. The berries of strawberry cultivars Pegasus, Dang® , Saulen® , Elkat, Polka, Honeoye, Kent, Senga Sengana and black currant cultivars Joniniai, Almiai, Vakariai, Minaj Shmyriov, Ojebyn, Titania, Ben Alder, Ben More and Ben Tirran were investigated. The berries of strawberry cultivars Pegasus, Kent and Honeoye not cut and cut in cubes of 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm were of the best marketable appearance. The berries of all the investigated cultivars of 5 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm in size were of poorer appearance. The amount of ascorbic acid varied most distinctly in the foodstuffs. In comparison to not cut berries, the amount of ascorbic acid in the berries of 5 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm in size decreases by 15.3-28.4%, and in the chopped berries of 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm in size 89-90% of it remains. The greatest amount of ascorbic acid was in the whole and cut berries of 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm in size of cultivars Pegasus, Honeoye and Saulen® . Significant variations of anthocyanins were observed in chopped berries. In comparison to fresh berries, dependently on the properties of cultivars, the concentration of anthocyanins in the chopped black currant berries decreased from 9.4% ('Titania') up to 25% ('Ben More'). In comparison to fresh berries, the losses of pigments in the berries rubbed through the sieve reach 14.46%. The amount of anthocyanins insignificantly (2.0-3.5%) decreased in the foodstuffs from the berries of cultivars Ben Alder, Vakariai, Ben More, Joniniai and Titania, and insignificant increase of the anthocyanin concentration (1.3-3%) was observed in the foodstuffs from the berries of cultivars Almiai, Ojebyn and Minaj Shmyriov.
Synthesis and characterisation of polyurethanes derived from waste black liquor lignin

Waste black liquor lignin, obtained from bagasse from the small-scale paper industry, can be utilized for the synthesis of polyurethanes (PUs). Several polyurethane samples were prepared from laboratory black liquor (LBL) by reacting varying amounts of lignin ranging from 5 to 70% (w/v) in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (having molecular weights of 200, 600, 1000, 1500 and 4000) with tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI). The effects of lignin concentration and molecular weight of PEG on mechanical and thermal properties of PUs obtained were investigated. The polyurethanes synthesised were characterized for different properties such as shear strength, adhesion and thermal stability. The shear strength of PU joints with aluminum was found to decrease with increase in both lignin concentration and molecular weight of PEG. Maximum shear strength, i.e. 3.6 N/mm2, was shown by 50% (w/v) lignin in PEG of molecular weight 200.
Insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium sesquioxide: does the Mott criterion work in this case?

It is shown that the Mott criterion expressed by the simple relation a B(n c)1/3 ≈ 0.25 turns out to be quite successful in describing metal–insulator phase transitions not only in heavily doped semiconductors, but also in transition metal oxides such as VO2 and V2O3. It is found in this article that, in the case of a high-temperature transition ‘paramagnetic insulator – paramagnetic metal’ in vanadium sesquioxide, a B(n c)1/3 = 0.254. Difficulties connected with the analogous description of a low-temperature transition (‘paramagnetic metal – antiferromagnetic insulator’) in V2O3 are discussed.
Regeneration of Trace Metals During Phytoplankton Decay: An Experimental Study

v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 Chapter 1 Figures . 11 CHAPTER TWO: REGENERATION OF TRACE METALS DURING PHYTOPLANKTON DECAY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY . 13 Introduction . 14 Methods. 16 Incubation setup . 16 Natural assemblages, M1 . 16 Natural assemblages, M2–M3 . 17 Monocultures of P. dolorosa and K. brevis, P1 and K1 . 18 Sampling and Analyses . 19 Chlorophyll a . 19 Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON) . 20 Macronutrients . 21 Electron microscopy . 22 Dissolved trace metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) . 22 Results and discussion . 25 Grow-out: mixed assemblages (M1, M2, M3) . 25 Regeneration . 28 Electron microscopy . 28 ii Chlorophyll a, POC, PON, and macronutrients . 29 Dissolved trace metals . 33 Conclusions . 38 Chapter 2 Tables . 39 Chapter 2 Figures . 41 CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION . 47 REFERENCES . 51 APPENDIX A: SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FOR CHAPTER TWO . 63 APPENDIX B: DATA NOT USED FOR CHAPTER TWO . 78 Methods. 78 Leachable particulate trace metals . 78 Additional biological parameters . 79 Bacterial counts . 79 Bacterial diversity . 79 Results . 79 APPENDIX C: FAIR USE WORKSHEETS . 83
Inulinase bio-production using agroindustrial residues: screening of microorganisms and process parameters optimization.

BACKGROUND: The use of agroindustrial residues as substrate for inulinase bio-production is a good choice to reduce production costs, since enzyme activity will be improved and the downstream step of the process will be viable technically and economically. In addition, the screening of microorganisms that are able to overproduce inulinase using these substrates is fundamental to guarantee successful medium substitution. Based on these considerations, the objective of this present work was to select different strains of yeasts of the genus Kluyveromyces to produce the inulinase. RESULTS: Initially, 10 strains were tested in synthetic medium and six of these selected to perform tests in agroindustrial medium. Screening showed that the strains NCYC 587 and NRRL Y-7571 were able to produce the enzyme using agroindustrial residues as substrate. Optimization of inulinase activity as a function of pH, and concentrations of molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) and yeast extract (YE) was carried out for the two strains. The maximum inulinase activity under optimized conditions was about 750 U mL−1. CONCLUSION: These values are approximately seven times greater than the values obtained using synthetic medium, showing the technical viability of the use agroindustrial residues for the inulinase production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Timing of Shoot Thinning in Vitis vinifera: Impacts on Yield and Fruit Composition Variables

Many growers in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario are reluctant to use canopy division to address high vigor in their vineyards. An alternative approach of delayed shoot thinning was explored. Pinot noir and Cabernet franc vines in Ontario were subjected to six different shoot-thinning timings, based on the Eichhorn and Lorenz phenological stages 9 to 31, during the 2001 and 2002 seasons. An additional double-prune treatment (retaining four canes at dormant pruning and removing two at fruit set) was imposed on Cabernet franc. Minor differences between treatments were observed in 2001 and 2002 with respect to yield, periderm formation, and vine size. However, the study was carried out primarily to assess the impact of these treatments on berry, must, and wine composition and canopy microclimate. Early shoot-thinning treatments on Pinot noir resulted in increased titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids in berries and must. Early shoot-thinning treatments on Cabernet franc generally resulted in higher soluble solids and color intensity in berries, lower TA in musts, and higher color intensity, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins in wines. The double-prune treatment was characterized by higher soluble solids, hue/tint, color intensity, and total phenolics overall. Canopy assessment showed that treatments imposed after bloom produced lower leaf layer numbers and better leaf and cluster exposure than did the control and early shoot thinning, especially in Cabernet franc. Early shoot-thinning treatments induced higher leaf areas in both cultivars compared to later treatments. Double pruning resulted in lower leaf layer numbers and better leaf exposure and had no impact on mean leaf area or photosynthetic photon flux density. Despite reductions in canopy density, delayed shoot thinning appeared to lead to concomitant delays in fruit maturity in terms of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and phenolics.
Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling

The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predic- tions of future climate change for assumed emission scenar- ios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of at- mospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions
Efficient synthesis of polymeric g-C3N4 layered materials as novel efficient visible light driven photocatalysts

In order to develop efficient visible light driven photocatalysts for environmental applications, novel polymeric g-C3N4 layered materials with high surface areas are synthesized efficiently from an oxygen-containing precursor by directly treating urea in air between 450 and 600 °C, without the assistance of a template for the first time. The as-prepared g-C3N4 materials with strong visible light absorption have a band gap around 2.7 eV. The crystallinity and specific surface areas of g-C3N4 increases simultaneously when the heating temperatures increases. The g-C3N4 materials are demonstrated to exhibit much higher visible light photocatalytic activity than that of C-doped TiO2 and g-C3N4 prepared from dicyanamide for the degradation of aqueous RhB. The large surface areas, layered structure and band structure in all contributed to the efficient visible light photocatalytic activity. The efficient synthesis method for g-C3N4 combined with efficient photocatalytic activity is of significant interest for environmental pollutants degradation and solar energy conversion in large scale applications.
Heat Transfer in a Supercritical Fluid: Classification of Heat Transfer Regimes

Because of the dramatic variation of physical properties with a modest change of temperature, no existing engineering correlation or models can accurately predict heat transfer of supercritical fluids. This paper seeks to classify the conditions where the existing models are applicable and to better understand these local heat transfer mechanisms. The first objective is the focus of this paper. FLUENT was employed to compute the wall temperatures for various heat flux and mass flux conditions and to be compared with experimental data. Because the model was developed for a wide range of flow conditions, it was necessary to make certain assumptions. The simulations showed a good agreement with high mass flux conditions, where buoyancy effects could be neglected. The FLUENT model, however, had difficulty predicting the localized low heat transfer rates seen in the combined condition of high heat flux and low mass flux. A new generalized parameter, dependent on the heat and mass flux, was developed to classify under which conditions this FLUENT standard model was applicable. This global Froude number can be used as the parameter to predict under which conditions the buoyancy effect will be dominant and lower heat transfer rates will occur.
Thermal Degradation Behavior and Flame Retardancy of Polycarbonate Containing Poly[(phenylsilsesquioxane)-co-(dimethylsiloxane)] and Potassium Diphenyl Sulfonate

The synergistic effect of poly[(phenylsilsesquioxane)-co-(dimethylsiloxane)] (PPSQDS) and potassium diphenyl sulfonate (KSS) on the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of polycarbonate (PC) was studied. The flame retardancy of PC was improved by the combination of PPSQDS and KSS, and a V-0 rating for 1.6 mm thickness sample was successfully obtained. The thermal degradation of the flame retarded PC was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the degradation activation energy (E a) was calculated according to the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (F-W-O) methods. The E a value of PC was decreased by the combination of PPSQDS and KSS, indicating that the synergistic effect of PPSQDS and KSS facilitates the thermal degradation of PC and accelerates char formation.
Effect of Long-term Fertilizer Application on the Concentration and Solubility of Major and Trace Elements in a Cultivated Andisol

The concentrations and solubility of major and trace elements in soils collected from a field for long-term experiments maintained for more than 60 years and the neighboring area were investigated in order to reveal the influence of soil management on their behavior in soils. No obvious differences in the element concentrations in soils were observed except for P and U, whose concentrations were elevated in the surface soils of the experimented field because of the long-term application of phosphate fertilizers. Soil acidification associated with the successive applications of potentially acid fertilizers had changed the solubility of many elements as follows: the solubility of Li, Be, Al, Mn, Co, Zn, Y, Cd, Ba and rare earth elements increased, while the solubility of P, As, Se, Nb, Sb, Mo and V increased by liming. In the uncultivated soils, the concentrations of Fe, Zr, Nb, Hf and Th in the water extracts were relatively high, and a certain amount of these elements in the water extracts may occur in colloidal forms.