Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the climate of Macaronesia, 1865–2012

New monthly, long‐running, continuous surface air temperature records for four island chains throughout the Macaronesian biogeographical zone in the North Atlantic Ocean are presented. The records run from 1865 for the Azores and Madeira, 1885 for the Canary Islands and 1895 for Cape Verde. Recent (1981–2010) warming across these islands is significant in summer (JJA) for the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Madeira, ranging from 0.40 to 0.46 °C per decade. Annually, the temperature trends across this period range from 0.30 to 0.38 °C per decade across all four island chains (significant for all but the Canary Islands), which exceed the station‐based, average global temperature rise by up to 0.10 °C per decade. Precipitation records from multiple islands across Macaronesia are also presented in addition to sea‐level pressure records from the Azores and Cape Verde. Cape Verde wet season (ASO) precipitation is found to have significantly increased at two of our three sites from 1981 to 2010. The Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira precipitation trends display no significant changes, although the three Azores stations display a recent positive tendency. The extended Azores pressure record allows us to construct an entirely station‐based Azores‐Iceland North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI) from 1865 to 2012 and extend the daily station‐based index back to 1944, further than the longest previous daily NAOI by 6 years. In addition, we use the sea‐level pressure difference between the Azores and Cape Verde to create a novel method of characterizing trade wind strength across Macaronesia, the Trade Wind index (TWI), which points towards a recent, statistically significant increase (since 1973) throughout the region. Links between the winter and summer NAOI, TWI and Macaronesian temperature and precipitation are explored, as are the differences in warming trends between Macaronesia and analogous subtropical island chains, most of which are found to be warming at slower rates than the Macaronesia stations. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Biological network topology features predict gene dependencies in cancer cell lines

In this paper we explore computational approaches that enable us to identify genes that have become essential in individual cancer cell lines. Using recently published experimental cancer cell line gene essentiality data, human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network data and individual cell-line genomic alteration data we have built a range of machine learning classification models to predict cell line specific acquired essential genes. Genetic alterations found in each individual cell line were modelled by removing protein nodes to reflect loss of function mutations and changing the weights of edges in each PPI to reflect gain of function mutations and gene expression changes. We found that PPI networks can be used to successfully classify human cell line specific acquired essential genes within individual cell lines and between cell lines, even across tissue types with AUC ROC scores of between 0.75 and 0.85. Our novel perturbed PPI network models further improved prediction power compared to the base PPI model and are shown to be more sensitive to genes on which the cell becomes dependent as a result of other changes. These improvements offer opportunities for personalised therapy with each individual’s cancer cell dependencies presenting a potential tailored drug target. The overriding motivation for predicting cancer cell line specific acquired essential genes is to provide a low-cost approach to identifying personalised cancer drug targets without the cost of exhaustive loss of function screening.
Pulping the South: Industrial Tree Plantations and the World Paper Economy

* Part 1: Plantations, Pulp and Paper * 1. Introduction * 2. Introducing Pulp and Paper * 3. Emergence of a Global System * 4. Social and Environmental Effects * 5. Actors behind the scenes * 6. Managing Resistance * Part 2 Tree Plantations in the South * 7. Brazil: The Eucalyptus Pulp Giant * 8. Chile: A Model Imposed by a Dictatorship * 9. Uruguay: 'Forests' in the Grasslands * 10. South Africa: A Fibre Exporter with Few Forests * 11. Indonesia: Deforestation, Plantations and Repression * 12. Thailand: From 'Reforestation' to Contract Farming * 13. Conclusion: Looking to the Future
Harvest of Hope: Family Farming/Farming Families

The image of the family farm as storehouse of the traditional values that built this nation -- self-reliance, resourcefulness, civic pride, family strength, concern for neighbors and community, honesty, and friendliness -- persists, as many recent surveys show. But the reality of this rich tradition is rapidly changing, eroding the security once represented by these nostalgic images of rural America.Although the United States is still by far the world's leading overall producer of agricultural products, the number of American families making their livelihood through farming is much diminished, and if our demographers are correct, the number of family-operated farms is destined to fall still further in the coming decades as consolidation, cycles of boom and bust, and corporate invasions redefine who will farm the land. "Harvest of Hope" is a story of farm family life through the words of those who live it. The saga of the generations who have lived and worked on Basin Spring farm in western Kentucky is the thread that binds together the stories of eighty other farm families. They talk about their family businesses, their way of life, and the forces reshaping their lives.The challenges of making a living in farming either strengthen families or break them. Technology, government programs, and community changes that are supposed to be the hope for their future often come with unexpected drawbacks. The stories in this book -- tales of growing up in farming, working in a multifamily business, juggling jobs on and off the farm, and struggling to maintain financial security and comfortable working relationships -- reveal what American farming families know about hope and survival in a changing world.The authors offer a multifaceted view of the present situation, as well as suggestions for ways of enhancing the positive elements that have enriched and inspired Americans in the past. It is an analysis that highlights the myths and realities of a business and way of life that has a powerful hold on the American imagination. The reader comes away from this work with a clear idea of the tribulations farming families endure and the delicate balance between the spiritual and other rewards of farm life.
Cloud-to-ground lightning in Austria : a 10-year study using data from a lightning location system

In this paper we present lightning statistics for more than three million cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes located during the 10-year operation period 1992-2001 of the \ Austrian lightning location system (LLS) called ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection and Information System). Like a majority of other LLS operated worldwide, ALDIS underwent configuration changes and continuous performance improvement. Since these changes can alter the lightning statistics, we also relate the variation of the individual lightning parameters during the period of operation to changes in ALDIS configuration and performance. This analysis should be useful to other network operators and data users. Flash densities in Austria are normally between 0.5 and 4 flashes km -2 yr -1 depending on terrain. Flashes are classified as negative, positive, or bipolar. Seventeen percent of the flashes were classified as positive, and 2.3% of the total number of flashes were bipolar. Fifty percent of the positive multiple-stroke flashes were bipolar flashes with positive first stroke; this influences the positive flash multiplicity and interstroke interval statistics. Compared to many other networks, the ALDIS network reports much lower median negative peak currents. For 2001, the median first-stroke peak current for negative flashes was 10 kA. Estimated multiplicity of negative flashes for the 10-year period is affected by the algorithm that groups strokes into flashes, as well as the improved DE of the network as a result of the integration of ALDIS into the European LLS (EUCLID). This performance improvement also resulted in a higher number of single-stroke flashes. Interstroke interval and median first-stroke peak current show a clear correlation with multiplicity for negative flashes, irrespective of detection efficiency. Negative flashes with higher multiplicity show smaller average interstroke intervals and larger first stroke median peak currents. No correlation between interstroke interval and stroke order was found. On average, regions with higher flash density show slightly higher flash multiplicity.
Dose Ratios between High Dose Oral Morphine or Equivalents and Oral Methadone

Publication Information Chatham, Megan S. ; Dodds Ashley, Elizabeth S. ; Svengsouk, Jefferson S. ; and Juba, Katherine (2013). "Dose Ratios between High Dose Oral Morphine or Equivalents and Oral Methadone. " Journal of Palliative Medicine 16.8, 947-950. Please note that the Publication Information provides general citation information and may not be appropriate for your discipline. To receive help in creating a citation based on your discipline, please visit http://libguides.sjfc. edu/citations.
Mutual Graph Learning for Camouﬂaged Object Detection

This supplementary material provides details and additional results which were not presented in the main paper due to space limitations. Specifically, we first provide detailed network architecture for our R-MGL and elaborate the differences between S-MGL and R-MGL. Then, we conduct additional ablations for better studying the effectiveness of our approach. Finally, we provide the detailed performance analysis on existing datasets with more qualitative and quantitative results.
Myocardial Reparative Properties of Cardiac Mesenchymal Cells Isolated€on€the€Basis of Adherence

RESULTS Morphological and phenotypic analysis revealed that murine RA and SA CMCs are indistinguishable; nevertheless, transcriptome analysis showed that they possess fundamentally different gene expression profiles related to factors that regulate post-MI LV remodeling and repair. A similar population of SA CMCs was isolated from porcine endomyocardial biopsy samples. In mice given CMCs 2 days after MI, LV ejection fraction 28 days later was significantly increased in the SA CMC group (31.2 1.0% vs. 24.7 2.2% in vehicle-treated mice; p < 0.05) but not in the RA CMC group (24.1 1.2%). Histological analysis showed reduced collagen deposition in the noninfarcted region in mice given SA CMCs (7.6 1.5% vs. 14.5 2.8% in vehicle-treated mice; p < 0.05) but not RA CMCs (11.7 1.7%), which was associated with reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells (14.1 1.6% vs. 21.3 1.5% of total cells in vehicle and 19.3 1.8% in RA CMCs; p < 0.05). Engraftment of SA CMCs was negligible, which implies a paracrine mechanism of action.
ROCK WEATHERING CHARACTERISTICS AS RELATIVE-AGE INDICATORS FOR GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL LANDFORMS ON MARION ISLAND

ABSTRACT Rock weathering characteristics as relative-age indicators are tested on rock surfaces of generally known chronological sequence on Marion Island in the sub-Antarctic. Relict Late Pleistocene glacial bedrock surfaces and glacial deposit rock surfaces provide both Schmidt hammer rebound values and weathering rind thickness indicative of the longest exposure to weathering. While the weathering characteristics could not establish any chronosequence in the relict glacial rock surfaces the techniques can resolve relative ages in the primarily Holocene post-glacial rock surfaces. An assessment of clast angularity as a relative-age indicator proved less effective but confirmed the general trend portrayed by the other two techniques.
Architecture and facies differentiation within a Middle Miocene carbonate platform, Ermenek, Mut Basin, southern Turkey

Abstract In south-central Turkey, a carbonate platform system of early middle Miocene age is exposed in three-dimensional outcrops displaying a rich variety of carbonate facies associated with exceptionally well-preserved depositional geometries. This paper presents a detailed reconstruction of the geometries and facies organization across the prograding margin of one intra-platform carbonate bank that grew during the Langhian on the Ermenek Platform. The total thickness of the margin is approximately 250 m, and it has prograded over a distance of 1.2 km. The geometrical pattern shows an alternation between sigmoid, sigmoid-oblique, and oblique accretionary units at different scales. Based on the facies distribution and the geometrical framework two large-scale depositional sequences and eight medium-scale depositional sequences were defined. The general evolution from a low-angle shelf geometry to a prograding flat-topped platform was associated with an evolution from oligophotic-dominated carbonate producers, such as large benthic foraminifera, molluscs, echinoderms, red algae and bryozoans at the base, to mesophotic and euphotic carbonate producer organisms, such as corals, red algae and porcellaneous small benthic foraminifera at the top. The eight medium cycles were defined primarily using the depositional geometries, since facies changes were observed only locally within these cycles. Several mechanisms influenced the stratigraphic architecture of this margin: (1) eustatic sea-level controlled the overall transgressive-regressive Langhian sequence, and two superposed large-scale sequences. Medium cycles were probably also influenced by higher frequency sea-level fluctuations; (b) climate change probably influenced the overall evolution of the faunal assemblage; and (c) antecedent topography determined the overall architecture of a shelf bordering a deeper basin.
The timing and provenance record of the Late Permian Klondike orogeny in northwestern Canada and arc‐continent collision along western North America

The northern Canadian Cordillera exhibits coeval accreted arc, subduction zone, ocean basin, and continental margin assemblages that make the region an exceptional place to understand tectonic processes involved in arc‐continent collision. In this study, we use U‐Pb zircon and monazite geochronology to define the timing and provenance record of Late Permian collisional orogeny related to the accretion of the Yukon‐Tanana terrane onto the ancestral North American continental margin of northwestern Canada. New U‐Pb crystallization ages of Permian intrusive rocks in the Klondike District of western Yukon bracket the timing of collision‐related ductile deformation and greenschist‐ to amphibolite‐facies metamorphism on the Yukon‐Tanana terrane between 260 and 252.5 Ma. This tectonothermal event is herein named the Klondike orogeny. Detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology of Triassic strata provides the sedimentary record of arc‐continent collision and crustal reworking along the Cordilleran margin. Arc‐derived detrital zircons in Early to Middle Triassic (251–235 Ma) strata overlying the ancestral North American continental margin in Yukon suggest that a foreland‐style basin developed adjacent to the Klondike orogen. Regionally extensive Late Triassic (235–200 Ma) strata containing primarily North American detrital zircons form an overlap assemblage that covered the accreted terranes and western North America. The timing of the Klondike orogeny is roughly synchronous with other contractional events along the ∼5000 km strike length of the Cordillera, including the Late Permian‐Early Triassic Sonoman orogeny in Nevada. Global plate reorganization linked to assembly of Pangaea may have been the tectonic engine for late Paleozoic‐early Mesozoic development of the North American Cordillera.
Distribution of ice particles in wintertime thunderclouds detected by a C band dual polarization radar : a case study

Distributions of radar echo intensities (ZH) and differential reflectivity factors (ZDR) for ice particles in Japan's wintertime thunderclouds are investigated using C band dual polarization radar observations conducted on January 12, 1990, as a case study. At the moment of lightning strokes, the percentage of low-ZDR data points is increased around the cloud center, while that of high-ZDR data points is increased near the cloud edge. These radar echoes indicate the backscattering properties from graupel particles and ice crystals, both of which play a critical role in thunderstorm electrification. The ice crystal echoes are primarily enhanced 5–15 min before the lightning stroke. At the moment of lightning stroke; however, they are slightly decreased, and the graupel echoes gradually increase the intensity. These characteristics are well described by the convective motion of the dominant ice particles in this observational case. In addition, graupel echoes of more than 40 dBZ are found for these thunderclouds on January 12, whereas the clouds which produced no lightning, but indicated the evidence of comparable electrification, did not show more than 40 dBZ on January 18, 1990. The lightning locations are seen along the edge of the cloud center with ZH ∼ 30 dBZ, where graupel and ice crystal echoes distribute at short range. Their distributions are then estimated by counting both low- and high-ZDR data points on the constant altitude plan position indicator display, combined with their large and small echo intensities, respectively. Using polarimetric information (ZDR, ZH), the product numbers of graupel and ice crystal echoes in each 5 × 5 km area are found to be fairly well correlated with the lightning location. These results are thus obtained for the one case of the present thunderstorm event, but they may give some insights on evolution of thunderclouds and lightning discharges.
Processes, spatio‐temporal factors and measurements of current erosion in the French Southern Alps: a review

Present erosion in mountainous areas of Western Europe causes land management problems, particularly for areas located downstream of erosion zones. Except for transalpine roads and ski resorts, economic activities no longer require as much space as they did in the past. Therefore, natural reforestation has provided signiﬁcant protection for alpine hillslopes during the 20th century. However, extreme ﬂoods continue to cause severe damage in intra‐alpine valleys, as well as in piedmont and surrounding plains, making the study of present water erosion phenomena very important.
Willingness to pay for ovulation induction treatment in case of WhO ii anovulation: a study using the contingent valuation method

Objective: To measure the willingness to pay (WTP) of women aged 18–45 years to receive drug treatment for ovulation induction (ie, the social value of normal cycles of ovulation for a woman of childbearing age) in order to feed the debate about the funding of fertility cares. Setting: An anonymous questionnaire was used over the general population of Quebec. Participants: A total of 136 subjects were recruited in three medical clinics, and 191 subjects through an online questionnaire. Method: The questionnaire consisted of three parts: introduction to the problematic, socioeconomic data collection to determine factors influencing the formation of WTP, and a WTP question using the simple bid price dichotomous choice elicitation technique. The econometric estimation method is based on the “random utility theory. ” Each subject responding to our questionnaire could express her uncertainty about the answer to our WTP question by choosing the answer “I do not know. ” Outcome measure: The WTP in Canadian dollars of women aged 18–45 years to receive drug treatment for ovulation induction. Results: Results are positive and indicate an average WTP exceeding 4,800 CAD, which is much more than the drug treatment cost. There is no evidence of sample frame bias or avidity bias across the two survey modes that cannot be controlled in econometric estimates. Conclusion: Medical treatment for ovulation induction is highly socially desirable in Quebec.
Interfraction Displacement of Primary Tumor and Involved Lymph Nodes Relative to Anatomical Landmarks in Image– guided Radiotherapy of Locally Advanced Lung Cancer

Purpose— Image-guided radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced lung cancer relies on bony landmarks and carina or - if visible - the primary tumor (PT) for daily patient alignment, neglecting potential variations in the relative position of PT and involved lymph nodes (LN). This study analyzes PT and LN position changes relative to each other and relative to anatomical landmarks during conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. Methods and Materials— In 12 patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer PT, LN, carina and one thoracic vertebra were manually contoured on weekly 4D fan beam CTs. Systematic and random interfraction displacements of all contoured structures were identified in the three cardinal directions, resulting setup margins were calculated. Time trends and the effect of volume changes on displacements were analyzed. Results— Three-dimensional displacement vectors and systematic/random interfraction displacements were smaller for carina than vertebra both for PT and LN. For PT, mean 3D displacement vectors with carina-based alignment were 7 mm/SD 4 mm versus 9 mm/SD 5 mm with bony anatomy ( p <0.0001). For LN, smaller displacements were found with carina- (5 mm/SD 3 mm, p <0.0001) and vertebra-based (6 mm/SD 3 mm, p =0.002) alignment compared to using PT for setup (8 mm/SD 5 mm). Primary tumor and LN displacements relative to bone and carina were independent ( p >0.05). Displacements between PT and bone ( p =0.04), and between PT and LN ( p =0.01) were significantly correlated with PT volume regression. Displacements between LN and carina were correlated with LN volume change ( p =0.03). Conclusions— Carina-based setup results in a more reproducible PT and LN alignment than bony anatomy setup. Considering the independence of PT and LN displacement and the impact of volume regression on displacements over time, repeated CT imaging even with primary tumorbased alignment is recommended in locally advanced disease. In patients with non-small lung displacements of primary tumor (PT), involved lymph nodes (LN), carina and one thoracic vertebra were investigated on weekly 4D fan beam CTs. Carina-based setup resulted in a more reproducible alignment of PT and LN than bony anatomy setup. Displacements were significantly correlated with PT and LN volume regression.
Discrepancy of interdecadal changes in the Asian region among the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, objective analyses, and observations

Abstract This study compares decadal means and interdecadal changes of surface and sea level pressures, tropospheric heights, and winds in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis with objective analyses and observations. It is found that over Asia the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis pressures and heights are systematically lower than objective analyses and observations before the late 1970s. The magnitude of the differences changes from one decade to another and shows obvious seasonal dependence. The nonuniform spatial distribution of pressure and height differences is consistent with the discrepancy in lower-level meridional winds along the east Asian coast. The seasonal dependence of pressure differences affects the strength of the seasonal cycle over Asia. More importantly, large changes in the discrepancies from one decade to another lead to inconsistent interdecadal changes between the reanalysis and objective analyses or observations in .