Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-station Studies on Spread-F and VHF Scintillations in the Indian Sector

A study carried out using ionospheric spread-F and VHF scintillation data of 1998 and 1999 I-STEP campaigns from a chain of five stations covering the equatorial and subtropical latitudes (geog. lat. 8° to 23°N) in the Indian sector indicates that the spread-F and scintillation activity can be classified into two broad categories (plasma bubble and BSS) depending on time duration of events and their onset at different latitudes. Recurrent short duration equatorial spread-F (ESF) and scintillation activity thought to be due to plasma depletions/bubbles are associated with a sharp F-region height rise at equatorial and subtropical latitudes. Such events are found to be more probable during equinox and winter solstice months, while the long duration events associated with the bottom side sinusoidal (BSS) irregularities are found to be less probable.
Relationship between frailty and depression among community-dwelling older adults: the mediating and moderating role of social support.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Frailty is associated with depression in older adults, and reduces their social support. However, the mechanism underlying such relationship remains unclear. We aim to examine whether social support acts as a mediator or moderator in the relationship between frailty and depression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1779 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and over. Frailty, social support and depressive symptoms were measured by the Physical Frailty Phenotype (PFP), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5), respectively. Data were also collected on age, gender, years of schooling, monthly income, cognitive function, number of chronic diseases, physical function, and pain. RESULTS Linear regression models showed that subjective support and support utilization, but not objective support, mediated and moderated the relationship between frailty and depressive symptoms. The Johnson-Neyman technique determined a threshold of 30 for subjective support, but not for support utilization, beyond which the detrimental effect of frailty on depressive symptoms was offset. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Social support underlies the association of frailty with depression, and its protective role varies by type. Interventions on depression should address improving perceptions and utilization of social support among frail older adults rather than simply providing them with objective support.
Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration Systems in Indica Rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) Cultivar Sangyod

This study was conducted to determine the optimum concentrations of 2, 4-D, L-proline and casein hydrolysate (CH) for efficient callus induction and plantlet regeneration from culturing mature embryos of Sangyod, an economically important indica rice variety in Thailand. The highest frequency of callus induction (73.08 ± 2.65 %) was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 750 mg/L CH and 200 mg/L L-proline. The combination of 1 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.5 mg/L NAA containing solidified MS medium gave the maximum mean fresh weight of callus (938.9 ± 44 mg), green spot formation (64.17 ± 7.08 %), shoot induction frequency (66.25 ± 6.80 %) and mean number of shoots/explant (6.12 ± 0.36 shoots). The greatest mean number of shoots/explant (14.93 ± 0.97 shoots) and root formation percentage (82.71 ± 3.03 %) was observed in liquified MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BA.
Antibacterial Effect of Plant Resin Collected from Tetrigona apicalis ( Smith , 1857 ) in Thung Salaeng Luang National

Tetrigona apicalis (Smith, 1857) is a common species of stingless bee found in lower northern Thailand. In previous studies, the propolis of stingless bees has been shown to have antibacterial properties, due to its chemically contained phenolic contents. The major component of propolis is resin. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of crude resin extracts by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. We also determined the total phenolic contents using the Folin-Ciocalteau method and, to detect individual polyphenolic contents, we used the high performance liquid chromatographic method. Two samples of resin were collected from Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, Phitsanulok. The first sample was from fresh plants, which stingless bees used for nest construction. The second sample was taken from entrances of the bee’s nest. All samples were macerated in 30 % ethanol and incubated at room temperature for 14 days. The supernatants were filtered and ethanol residues then removed as ethanolic resin extracts (eREs). The antibacterial activity of the extracted resins against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was examined. The disks containing 9 and 14 mg of eREs produced obvious inhibition zones against S. aureus, but did not show zones against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the eREs against the bacterial strains tested were variously between 6 and 48 mg/ml, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were from 12 to 48 mg/ml. The amount of the total phenolic compounds in the eREs from the fresh resin was 9,908 mg of pyrogallol equivalent (PGE) per kg of eREs, and from the nest entrances, 14,740 mg per kg. We also found that hydroquinin had the highest concentration in both extracts. In conclusion, the crude resin extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties against the S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa strains tested. They also contained phenolic compounds which were active antibacterial agents. We have identified new and novel knowledge which can be used as preliminary data, leading to further, more detailed, investigation of the mechanistic action of the resin against bacterial cells.
THE URBAN CO2 DOME OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA

Air temperatures, relative humidities, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at a height of 2 m at approximate 1.6-km intervals prior to sunrise and in the middle of the afternoon on five days in January along a number of different transects through the extended metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Spatially interpolated maps of the data indicate the presence of an “urban CO2 dome” that reaches concentrations as high as 555 ppmv in the city center and decreases to a value of approximately 370 ppmv on the outskirts of the city at this time of year. Pre-dawn CO2 values inside the dome are considerably higher than mid-afternoon values, suggesting that solar-induced convective mixing and the photosynthetic uptake of CO2 by urban vegetation may play significant roles in diurnally redistributing the anthropogenically produced CO2 that, together with that produced by plant respiration, accumulates near the ground during the night and early morning hours. Temperature and relative humidity .
Complexity, power and "associations that matter" : rethinking social organisation in the Early Bronze Age 2 mainland Greece

The aim of this thesis is to introduce a new approach to the analysis of social organisation of the southern Greek Mainland during the Early Helladic II period. Central to this approach is a view of social organisation less as a "problem" faced by society and more as an open-ended project that involves defining particular networks of relationships as "associations that matter". From this point of departure, this thesis undertakes a novel analysis of domestic and monumental architecture (and their related artefactual assemblages), placing emphasis on the definition of contexts of practice where particular models of groupness were promoted and reproduced. The analysis establishes the "domestic" and the "public" as historically specific statements of belonging, firmly grounded in the ways specific activities, commensal events involving the sharing of a collectively procured produce, were structured.
The mass balance of earthquakes and earthquake sequences

Large, compressional earthquakes cause surface uplift as well as widespread mass wasting. Knowledge of their trade‐off is fragmentary. Combining a seismologically consistent model of earthquake‐triggered landsliding and an analytical solution of coseismic surface displacement, we assess how the mass balance of single earthquakes and earthquake sequences depends on fault size and other geophysical parameters. We find that intermediate size earthquakes (Mw 6–7.3) may cause more erosion than uplift, controlled primarily by seismic source depth and landscape steepness, and less so by fault dip and rake. Such earthquakes can limit topographic growth, but our model indicates that both smaller and larger earthquakes (Mw < 6, Mw > 7.3) systematically cause mountain building. Earthquake sequences with a Gutenberg‐Richter distribution have a greater tendency to lead to predominant erosion, than repeating earthquakes of the same magnitude, unless a fault can produce earthquakes with Mw > 8 or more.
Waveform Relocation and Focal Mechanism Analysis of an Earthquake Swarm in Trichonis Lake, Western Greece

Abstract In early April 2007, a series of moderate earthquakes (M L 4.1–4.8) oc-curred in the area of Trichonis Lake in western Greece. The earthquake activity waswell recorded by the Hellenic Broadband Seismic Network ( HL ) operated by the Na-tional Observatory of Athens. Initial locations for 156 events of the swarm showed adiffuse image of seismicity. Subsequently, 101 events are precisely relocated, calcu-lating source-specific station terms and differential travel times from waveform crosscorrelation. Uncertainties in relocations are estimated with a bootstrap approach byrandomly weighting the original picks and the differential times. Additionally, wave-forms of seven out of the eight largest earthquakes of the swarm were inverted inorder to derive regional moment tensor solutions. The results showed a tight north-northwest–south-southeast cluster located on an offshore extension of a similarlyoriented fault trace mapped onshore. Moment tensor solutions indicate normal fault-ing with a substantial component of left-lateral strike-slip motion. It is possible thatthis identified fault forms part of a link that connects the Gulf of Corinth rift system tothe west-northwest–east-southeast fault zone south of Trichonis basin.Online Material: Event catalog and focal mechanism for the eight largest events.Introduction
FDI in the Restructuring of the Japanese Economy

This paper examines how inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) have influenced the restructuring of the Japanese economy and can be expected to continue to do so in the future. We find that outward investment has helped Japanese firms to sustain foreign market shares and contributed to the restructuring of the Japanese economy away from older industries. By shifting from exporting to affiliate production, there has been a geographical reallocation of the activities of Japanese firms, particularly those of multinational manufacturing firms. However, Japanese outward FDI is still not very large relative to the Japanese economy, despite the rapid growth since the mid-1980s, and there is still scope for significant increase when compared with the levels of most other OECD countries. Inward FDI will presumably have an even stronger impact on the restructuring of the Japanese economy. Although the stock of inward foreign direct investment is still very small, there are important changes under way. Deregulation has opened up much of the industrial and service sectors to foreign multinationals.
Influence of Intermittent Water Deliveries on the Hydrochemistry of Soil in the Lower Tarim River

Based on the data of the groundwater buried depths,the chemical properties,salinity in soil profile and the basic information on each delivery of water collected from the year 2000 to 2006,the variational characteristics of groundwater chemistry and related factors were studied. The results confirmed the three stages of the variations in groundwater chemistry influenced by the intermittent water deliveries. The factors which had close relationships with the variations in groundwater chemistry included the distances of monitoring wells from water channel,the depths of groundwater,water flux in watercourse and the salinities in soils. The relationships between chemical variations and groundwater depths indicated that the water quality was the best with the groundwater ranging from 5 to 6 m. In addition,the constructive species in the study area can survive well with the depth of groundwater varying from 5 to 6 m,so the rational depth of groundwater in the lower Tarim River should be 5-6 m.
PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM A PLACER DEPOSIT IN BURWASH CREEK, KLUANE AREA, YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA

Five placer grains of Pt–Fe alloy, ca. 0.5 to 2 mm, roundish in shape, and hitherto unconfirmed from this locality, were recovered from a placer deposit in Burwash Creek, Kluane area, Yukon. Our results of multiple electron-microprobe analyses (EMP) display the presence of elevated levels of Pd (0.49–5.84, mean 2.38 wt.%), Rh (1.05–1.94, mean 1.50 wt.%), Ir ( 45.7–47.5 Mg 37.5–48.0 Fe 4.9–16.8 , mg # = 100Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+ ) in the range 69.0–90.7], plagioclase (Ab 57.5–60 An 35.1–39.9 Or 2.6–4.8 ), and sodic–calcic amphiboles (0.6 and 1.1 Na apfu ), some of which are rich in Cl (0.72 and 1.17 wt.%, or 0.17 and 0.36 Cl apfu , respectively). The analyzed inclusions of PGM are members of the bowieite Rh 2 S 3 – kashinite Ir 2 S 3 solid-solution series, miassite (Rh,Pt,Pd) 17 S 15 , cooperite PtS, isoferroplatinum Pt 3 Fe (or Fe-rich platinum), vasilite (Pd,Cu,Pt) 16 S 7 , keithconnite Pd 20 Te 7 , an unusual Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu alloy ( i.e. , Pd-rich platinum: Pt 47.7–52.8 Pd 29.3–37.9 Ni 6.3–8.0 Cu 6.1–7.5 ), and a sulfotelluride of Pd, Pd 11 Te 2 S 2 (? ), which may represent a new isomertieite-type compound. The trace-element composition of the silicate melt inclusions determined using laser-ablation ICP–MS shows a notable enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements. We infer that the reported association of PGM and the trace-element composition of silicate melt inclusions observed at Burwash Creek probably correspond to an Alaskan–Uralian-type mineralization; considered less likely is a relation with a Triassic ultramafic–mafic complex (sill-like) of so-called Kluane-type, also developed in the placer area.
Executive compensation, board independence and bank efficiency in China: the effects of the financial crisis

This paper investigates how executive compensation affects bank efficiency in China. Using commercial bank data from 2004 and 2011, this study captures the period of major change in terms of bank compensation in the country and the effects of the financial crisis. It is found that higher compensation to executives reduces bank efficiency and this negative impact becomes more severe during the financial crisis. In contrast, a higher number of unpaid non-executive directors in the boardroom improves bank efficiency. However, this positive influence becomes weaker when banks face financial crisis. By further focusing on the board composition in the listed banks using propensity score matching, we find a difference between the treatment effects of non-executive directors of listed and those of non-listed banks. This result reveals that nonlisted banks would have benefited from listing by having monitoring and advisory services of non-executive directors. Such a benefit, nevertheless, might have been converted into private benefits of control once non-listed banks had become listed.
Has Economic Growth in Mozambique Been Pro-Poor?

Using the 1996--7 and 2002--3 nationally representative household surveys, we examine the extent to which growth in Mozambique has been pro-poor. Although all segments of the income distribution experienced a rapid increase in consumption between the sample periods, the rate of growth in consumption was slightly higher for richer households. This has led to a moderate increase in inequality at the national level, as demonstrated by the rise in the Gini coefficient from 0.40 to 0.42. However, this slight increase in inequality at the national level is not statistically significant, and its impact on poverty reduction efforts is small: the poverty headcount would have been 53.0% in 2002--3 if all sections of society had enjoyed the mean growth rate in consumption, compared with the 54.1% at which it actually stood. Interestingly, static decompositions of the generalised entropy class of inequality measures indicate that inequality in real consumption between provinces and regions has diminished over time, in contrast to popular claims. Maputo City continues to have the highest rates of inequality in the country and witnessed a significant increase in inequality between 1996--7 and 2002--3 (the Gini coefficient rose from 0.44 to 0.52). Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Digging in, Spreading out and Growing up: Introducing CLTS in Africa

Summary Open defecation is the norm in rural and urban Africa – only about a third of the population uses improved sanitation facilities – and this contributes in various ways to a heavy disease burden. Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS), an approach to sanitation which focuses on community-wide behaviour change to completely stop open defecation, began to go to scale in Africa in 2006. Since then, it has spread dramatically and in many countries very successfully, and is now used at some level in at least 26 African countries. This paper draws on the extensive involvement of Kamal Kar with the spread of CLTS in Africa to describe the early stages of the process, to elaborate on its developments and to outline insights into the circumstances and features which have facilitated its rapid spread. Taking a broadly comparative approach which draws on the somewhat earlier experience of the spread of CLTS in Asia, it identifies aspects of the institutionalisation process and circumstances, including key individuals, that have contributed to the success of the approach in Africa. It also discusses challenges, however, noting several issues which may limit its impact and hinder its dissemination. In particular, the paper discusses some of the many adaptations made to CLTS in response to a wide range of pressures, varying country circumstances and strategy choices. These adaptations, it is claimed, should be made with a clear picture of what may be lost and gained by adopting them. As CLTS progresses further, it will be important to continue to grapple with these issues, to acknowledge the lessons from adaptations that have had little success, and to retain a vision of the potential of CLTS to bring fundamental transformations in sanitation, health and rural lives.
A Novel Palaeoaltimetry Proxy Based on Spore and Pollen Wall Chemistry Journal Article

Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Click on the Q link to go to the location in the proof. Location in article Query / Remark: click on the Q link to go Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1 Please confirm that given names and surnames have been identified correctly and are presented in the desired order. Q2 The reference given here is cited in the text but is missing from the reference list – please make the list complete or remove the reference from the text: Fraser et al. (2012) and Bunting and Hjelle (2011). Q3 The country name has been inserted for the affiliations. Please check, and correct if necessary.
Content of Carrageenan, Chlorophyll a and Carotenoid of Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivated in Different Seawater Depth Laikang Village, District of Mangarabombang, Takalar Regency

The objective of the study is to analyze the content of carrageenan, chlorophyll a and carotenoid of seaweed K. alvarezii cultivated in different seawater depth. The research consists of 5 treatments of different sea level, which are 20 cm; 100 cm; 200 cm; 300 cm and 400 cm, each treatment consists of three re trials, then there will be 15 trial test. The method used is by randomly hanging seaweed in vertical order. Variance analysis is performed at the rate of 95%. The findings show significant difference of depths for cultivation towards carrageenan content and insignificant difference towards chlorophyll a and carotene content of seaweed. The highest carrageenan content is in the depth of 20 cm (56,31%) and the lowest is in the 400 cm (17,10%). Chlorophyll a and carotenoid content is relatively high in the depth of 100 cm (respectively 0,013 mg/g -1 and 0,299 mg/g -1 ) and the lowest is in the depth of 20 cm (respectively 0,006 mg/g -1 dan 0,163 mg/g -1 ).
Bread wheat production under drought stress conditions

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses , which adversely affects crop growth and yield. drought is the main environment factor limit ing wheat productivity Iran. An experiments was carried out in 2007-2008 on Mahidasht Agricultu ral Research Center in order to study the effects of drought stress on yield and some morphol ogical traits of wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. The experiments conducted to bas e on split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots in cluded drought stress treatments at 4 levels: I1- drought stress at the start of stem elongation st age trough the ripening stage with irrigating after 80% depletion of soil moisture ;I 2 -drought stress at the start of boot stage through the repining stage with irrigating after 80% depletion of soil misture;I 3- drought stress at the start of grain ‐ filling stage trough the ripening with irri gating after 80%depletion of soil moisture; and I4- full irrigation (irrigating during growth period after 40% depletion of soil moisture). And subplots included cultivars treatments at 3 levels: Chamran (C 1), Marvdasht(C 2), and Shahriar (C 3). A significant difference was observed between dr ought stress treatments so that the highest grain yield was obtained for control treatment (I 4)and the lowest for drought stress treatment (I 1). Compared to control treatment(I 4), treatments (I 1), (I 2), and (I 3) exhibited 81% , 53% , and 40% yield decreases ,respectively. Results showed t hat in comparison with other drought stress treatments, imposing drought stress at the start of stem elongation stage through the ripening stage (I1) had the most impact on reducing the yiel d of wheat cultivars. In different growth stages, different cultivars response to moisture st ress and irrigation discontinuance differently. In response to moisture stress during different gro wth stages, Shahriar cv (C 3) was damaged more severely than Chamran cv (C 1) was, the latter enjoyed more yield stability unde r such conditions.