Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of L1 use in promoting oral production in L2 across different proficiency levels

The current study examines the impact of L1 use on EFL learners’ L2 speaking skills as well as their perceptions of L1 use in fostering oral production in L2. The study was conducted for 10 weeks with 60 low intermediate and the high intermediate students at a high school of science in Turkey. In each group, half of the students were designated as the experimental group and the other half as the control group. The experimental groups in each level group were exposed to a 10-week (40 hours of teaching) of L1 use in order to promote speaking skills in L2 while the control groups were taught through communicative language approach. In the study, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design was utilized. The analysis of a Paired-Sample t-test indicated that L1 use played a pivotal role in ameliorating students’ L2 speaking skills. Semi-structured interviews revealed that students favoured L1 use through which they could attenuate cognitive load and experience stress-free classroom environment in order to improve speaking skills in L2. Lastly, the students exposed to judicious and systematic L1 use outperformed the students exposed to only L2 at low intermediate and high intermediate level as regards boosting oral production in L2 and developing students’ positive perception of L2.
Supply-side Effects of Pandemic Mortality: Insights from an Overlapping-generations Model

Abstract We use an overlapping-generations model to explore the implications of mortality during pandemics for the economy’s productive capacity. Under current epidemiological projections for the progression of COVID-19, our model suggests that mortality will have, in itself, only small effects on output and factor prices because projected mortality is small in proportion to the population and skewed toward individuals who are retired from the labor force. That said, we show that if the spread of COVID-19 is not contained, or if the ongoing pandemic were to follow a mortality pattern similar to the 1918–1920 Great Influenza pandemic, then the effects on the productive capacity would be economically significant and persist for decades.
Comparative effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulfonate and maleic hydrazide in induction of chlorophyll mutations in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

The present investigation was taken up to study the effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulfonate and maleic hydrazide in induction of chlorophyll mutations in two blackgram varieties viz., LBG 752 and TBG 104. The seeds were treated with different doses/concentrations of gamma rays (200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 500 Gy and 600 Gy), EMS (Ethyl methane sulfonate) (0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%) and MH (Maleic Hydrazide) (0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03%). A wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutations viz., albina, xantha and chlorina was observed in M2 generation and chlorina was the most frequent chlorophyll mutant in all the mutagen treated populations of both the varieties. There was a dose dependent increase in the frequency of chlorophyll mutations. This study showed that the effectiveness and efficiency of chlorophyll mutations declined considerably with the increase in dose of the mutagens. MH treatments were more effective followed by EMS and gamma rays treatments in both the varieties. With respect to efficiency, the gamma rays were more efficient followed by EMS and MH treatments in both the varieties for inducing chlorophyll mutations on the basis of injury, lethality and sterility except based on lethality in TBG 104, where MH treatments showed highest value followed by gamma rays and EMS treatments.
MOVEMENTS AND HABITAT USE OF SUBADULT ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLES (MACROCLEMYS TEMMINCKII) IN LOUISIANA

-We conducted a telemetry study of subadult alligator snapping turtles (Macroclemys temminckiz) to investigate movement and habitat use. Available habitat consisted of baldcypress forest (Taxodium distichum) (69.1%) and open channel (30.9%). Twelve (three male, nine female) turtles from Bayou Desiard in northeast Louisiana were each equipped with an ATS external radio transmitter and returned to the capture location within 2 h. A total of 1327 location fixes were recorded from March 1992 toJune 1993. At each fix location the date, time, water temperature and depth, direction from last fix and capture site, and nearest shoreline, and habitat were recorded. Significant differences were noted between male and female mean fix distance (males = 352.2 m, females = 160.3 m), mean percentage of movement fixes (males = 62.7%, females = 42.7%) and mean home range length (males = 3495.1 m, females = 1423.2 m). The percentage of movement fixes and fix distance was highly correlated with water temperature but not with the size of the turtle. Turtles preferred the baldcypress forest to open channel. Males and females had significant differences in microhabitat use; 56.1% of male fixes were associated with structures (e.g., logs) compared to 79.7% for females. Turtles returned to specific microsites and there were no overland movements. Subadult and adult alligator snapping turtles in Bayou Desiard have similar movement patterns and habitat use.
Evaluation of HBs-Ag and anti-HBc levels in serum and saliva of patients with hepatitis B

Background: Hepatitis B is a common infectious disease with serious complications. Health care workers (HCWs) are among the susceptible groups for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Hepatitis B Virus is usually diagnosed through serological tests, which are invasive and expensive. Having in mind that saliva can be seen in many cases as an indicator of serological changes, in this study we aimed to assess the specificity and sensitivity of salivary HBs-Ag and anti-HBc, as the 2 diagnostic markers of HBV infection, compared to serological results of these markers. Methods: Samples were obtained from 39 individuals diagnosed with hepatitis B and 20 healthy individuals. In this study serum HBs-Ag and anti-HBc of all the patients were evaluated by their physicians in the previous week. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and sent to laboratory for evaluating salivary HBs-Ag and anti-HBc. Specificity and sensitivity were evaluated through data analysis by SPSS software. Results: Serum was considered as a reference test and saliva as an index test. Sensitivity and specificity for oral fluid assay were measured: Sensitivity and specificity of salivary HBs-Ag were 86% and 95%, respectively, and they were 71% and 95%, respectively, for anti-HBc. Conclusion: Our results suggest that salivary tests of HBs-Ag and anti-HBc marker could have the potential to replace serological tests for these markers.
Production of epiphytic bacteria and bacterioplankton in three shallow lakes

Secondary production of epiphytic bacteria and bacterioplankton was measured from May to September in three temperate, shallow and eutrophie Danish lakes. The biomass of bacteria attached to the submerged angiosperms Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus averaged 4.3 and 3.0 μg C cm 2 and the production measured by thymidine incorporation averaged 0.28 and 0.40 μg C cm -2 h -1 . In Lake Dystrup. Ceratophyllum demersum covers about 95% of the lake area and the epiphytic bacterial production (thymidine method) per lake surface area from mid-July to early September was twice the production of the bacterioplankton. With the lencine method the epiphytic bacterial production was seven-fold higher than the bacterioplankton production. A 20% area cover by Potamogeton pectinatus in Lake Stigsholm resulted in an epiphytic bacterial production equal to the bacterioplankton. The biafilms on macrophyte surfaces are hotspots with a bacterial per volume production 1000 times the bacterioplankton. Furthermore, the growth rates of the attached bacteria were from two to four times faster than in the bacterioplankton communities. A comparison of the twin lakes Dystrup and Ramten, respectively with and without submerged vegetation, showed bacterioplankton production of equal magnitude despite four-fold higher phytoplankton and bacterioplankton biomasses in Ramten. Higher bacterial growth rates in Dystrup almost compensated for the lower biomass, The total area production of the attached and free living bacteria in Dystrup was three to five times the total area production in Ramten. It is suggested that the higher bacterioplankton growth rates in vegetated areas may be explained both by an enhanced grazing pressure and by more favorable growth conditions due to exudation of DOC from the macrophytes.
Young People’s Views of Organ Donation and Transplantation as Seen by High-School and University Students in Sweden

Introduction: Organ donation and transplantation of organs are one of the most effective ways to save lives and improve the quality of life for people with end-stage organ failure. Despite its increasing availability from the technological standpoint, the gap between the number of people waiting for transplantation and the number of donors is widening every year all over the world. Aim: To explore and elucidate high school and university students’ attitudes, knowledge and willingness regarding organ donation and transplantation. Methods: Data were collected from March 2018 to September 2019through three focus group interviews using open-ended questions, following an interview guide and qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman and about twenty-five adult students. Results: The analysis of the interviews resulted in three main categories: “Knowledge of organ donation”, “Being informed about organ donation” and “Willingness to be a donor”, including a number of subcategories. Interest in organ donation of all the students was at an extremely low level and they were critical and emphasized that their school offered very little or no education about organ donation. The extremely low level of knowledge was also found about a donor card, who can donate their organs and who can receive organs from other people. Conclusion: In order to overcome young people’s low level of knowledge about organ donation, structured and well-considered educational programs, which provide knowledge, information and education about prejudice relating to organ donation and transplantation should be prepared for all. More programs about organ donation must be available in different media and on the Internet.
The effection of arsenic trioxide in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line proliferation and c - Myc gene expression

Objective To observe the effects of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cell growth,proliferation,cell cycle arrest,apoptosis and other aspects,and to explore its mechanism.Methods Choose different concentrations of As2O3 treatment of man lung cancer A549 cell lines.Investigate the inhibition rate of cell growth and proliferation with MTT colorimetric assay.Using flow cytometry to determine the cell cycle and apoptosis index.Using immunohistochemistry method to analysis the influence of different concentrations of As2O3 on the c-Myc gene expression.Results As2O3 inhibited the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in a time and concentration dependent manner and induced cell apoptosis.Different concentrations As2O3 treatment group could regulate the cell cycle,cause G2 / M phase arrest and S phase arrest,and negatively regulatethe c-Myc gene expression.Conclusion Arsenic trioxide has a significant inhibited effect on the growth and proliferation of in vitro growing human lung cancer A549.The inhibition in vitro is related to arrest of cell cycle phases,suppression of c-Myc gene expression and apoptosis.
11: Measuring the Flow Through the Kerama Gap

The principal flows in and out of the East China Sea (ECS) are through channels penetrating the Ryukyu Ridge (Figure 1). Since ~20 Sv of Kuroshio mean flow enters and exits through two of these channels, they are especially well known: the East Taiwan Channel (sill depth 775 m) at the ridge’s southwestern end, and the Tokara Strait (sill depth 690 m) near its northeastern end [Choi et al., 2002]. But the deepest channel connecting the ECS to the surrounding ocean is near the ridge mid-point; it is the Kerama Gap, about 50 km wide with sill depth 1050 m [Choi et al., 2002]—see Figure 1.
NEW APPROACH FOR MODELING RIVER BED SCOUR

The discharge increase in rivers during floods induces short term bed erosion, this erosion is an important constrain in river structures design. Different methodologies are used to estimate the maximum scour associated to a flood. The simplest ones are based on empirical relations. On the other hand more complex computations include complete sediment transport simulations. The numerical models used in river morphodynamics usually implement the Saint Venant-Exner equations system, different techniques exists for the coupling between sediments and hydrodynamics, but most of the models consider the passive tracer approach. This means that the sediment is considered as a non inertial tracer, neglecting the momentum transported by sediment and assuming that the transported solids velocity is the water velocity. Under these conditions, the sediment wave travels at the water wave velocity, as its known, the water wave velocity includes convective velocity and gravity wave celerity. The real sediment acceleration is carried out by the momentum transfer between fluid and solids through the drag forces, and the water velocity represents an asymptotic limit for the sediment. Biphasic models are extensively used to model hyper concentrated flows such as Fraccarollo, Capart 2002, Cao et al. 2004, Zech and Spinewine 2002 models , they consider the sediment velocity as an independent variable and corresponding momentum transfer mechanisms are defined. In this work a new mixed approach is used, the momentum transfer is neglected from the water point of view but considered in the sediment velocity. Finally, the sediment wave travels with its own velocity creating a delay between water discharge peak and sediment discharge peak. This nonequilibrium sediment transport results in erosion in rising part of the hydrograph and deposition in the diminishing part, as is usual in fluvial processes.
Gunshot injuries in Owerri, a 10 years (2001-2010) postmortem study

This study is to establish the demographic parameters, typical entry and exit wound sites, immediate causes of death and annual incidence of gunshot injuries in Owerri. The records of gunshot victims in the case notes, Post-mortem registers, departmental and medical records databases of FMC Owerri were used as the sources of data for this study from January 2001 to December 2010. One hundred and one cases of gunshot injuries (GSI) that resulted in death met the inclusion criteria of this study. Ninety-six per cent of the victims were males; mean age was 52.2±21.3 years and age range of 19-71 years. The most affected age groups were those in the 21-30 years age groups followed by 31-40 years. The most frequent site of entry wound was thorax (36.7%), followed by head and neck region (22.8%), abdomen (19.8%) and lower limbs (13.9%). A total of 56.4% (57cases) had established sites of exit wounds while in 33.7% (34 cases) the exit wounds were not defined. The incidence of GSI was highest in 2003 (17.82%), followed by 2008 (14.85%) and 2007 (13.46%). The immediate causes of death were a haemorrhagic shock in 84 cases (83.2%), head injuries with skull fractures 10cases (9.9%) and septicaemia in 7 cases (6.9%). Effective legislation and gun control policy would prevent the unnecessary death of our young men through violence, gangsterism and substance abuse.
Analysis of E-Commerce Product Graphs

Consumer behavior in retail stores gives rise to product graphs based on copurchasingor co-viewing behavior. These product graphs can be analyzed usingthe known methods of graph analysis. In this paper, we analyze the product graphat Target Corporation based on the Erd˝os-Renyi random graph model. In particular,we compute clustering coefficients of actual and random graphs, and we find thatthe clustering coefficients of actual graphs are much higher than random graphs.We conduct the analysis on the entire set of products and also on a per categorybasis and find interesting results. We also compute the degree distribution andwe find that the degree distribution is a power law as expected from real worldnetworks, contrasting with the ER random graph.
Transcription of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Key Virulence Genes During Growth in Liquid Medium and Rocket (Eruca Sativa) at 4 and 10oC

The aim of the present study was to comparatively assess the transcription of key virulence genes, during growth of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolate in liquid medium and rocket (Eruca sativa) at different temperatures and time. For that purpose, rocket leaves and BHI broth were inoculated with 7.5 log CFU/g or CFU/mL, respectively, and incubated at 4 and 10C. Sampling took place upon inoculation and after 0.5, 6 and 24 h of incubation; the RNA was stabilized and the transcription of stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA and etpD was assessed by RT-qPCR. Downregulation of stx1 and ehxA during growth on rocket surface at 4C, upregulation of stx2 and eae during growth on rocket surface at both 4 and 10C and the upregulation of etpD and ehxA during growth on rocket surface at 4 and 10C, respectively, were observed. In addition, increase of incubation temperature, i.e. from 4 to 10C resulted in upregulation of stx1 and downregulation of stx2 and eae. These results suggest that through differential regulation of genes encoding for virulence factors, the virulence potential of E. coli O157:H7 may be altered when it resides on the surface of rocket, at least for short time and at temperature relevant to its storage. However, further research is still necessary in order to improve our understanding of the physiology of this foodborne pathogen and the responses during exposure to food-related stresses.
Differential seedling responses to litter after Hurricane Hugo in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico

We studied the dynamics of the seedling community in the Luquillo Experimental Forest during one year following Hurricane Hugo, to look at the effect of three litter treatments (continuous litter removal, unaltered litter quantity [controll and continuous litter addition), on seedling emergence, growth, density, and mortality. Total seedling densities (for both newly emerged and established seedlings) were highest in the litter removal treatment, suggesting that litter is a major constraint to recruitment of seedlings. However, species differed in their responses to the three treatments: species characteristic of early succession (Chionanthus domingensis and Cecropia schreberiana ex. C. peltata) were densest in the litter removal treatment, while densities of species characteristic of late succession either did not increase (Sloanea berteriana) or declined (Dacryodes excelsa) in the litter removal treatment. Height growth was lowest and mortality generally highest for seedlings in the litter removal treatment. Variability in species responses to litter after the hurricane may lead to changes in the species composition of the forest.
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins and neurodevelopmental disorders

The significance of epigenomic regulation is now established in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Epigenomic regulatory processes include chromatin remodeling as a major regulator of gene expression in development. Chromatin remodeling is an enzymatic process carried out by large multi-unit protein complexes, of which the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins comprise one of four recognized major protein families, named the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family. There are nine CHD proteins (CHD1-9) encoded by nine correspondingly named CHD genes. Remarkably, five of the nine CHDs are already recognized to be causative of autosomal dominant syndromic NDD. In this review, we discuss the contribution of all CHDs to NDDs. And, we specifically focus on molecular studies involving CHD8 of which several have been recently published and scarcely reviewed. The widespread nature of downstream targeting for CHD8, as well as the finding of autosomal dominant disease for the majority of CHDs in general, implicates this family of chromatin remodelers as major players in NDD
Incorporation of flaxseed oil in producing functional ice milk and evaluate its health effect in rats

Ice cream is a very popular dairy product throughout the world. The target of the present study is to produce a functional ice milk product rich in unsaturated fatty acids content by using different concentrations of flaxseed oil. Therefore, three different mixes of ice milk were prepared by substituting 25, 50 and 75% of milk fat (3%) with flaxseed oil. Results of fatty acid profiles of resultant plain and functional ice milk showed that the highest concentration of saturated fatty acids was present in control sample, being 63.72%, while the lowest figure was detected in F3 treatment (75% flaxseed oil substitute of milk fat), actually 21.1%. In contrast, control sample possessed the lowest value of unsaturated fatty acids, being 34.96%, while the highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acids was found in treatment F3 (77.58%). Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid content increased from 1.87% in control sample versus to 11.97% for F3 treatment. Continuously, omega-6/omega-3 ratio decreased significantly from 2.49 of control sample to 0.27 for F3 treatment. This decreases in omega-6/omega-3 ratio increased by increasing flaxseed oil substitution % in the ice milk mixes. However, decreasing omega-6 intake and increasing omega-3 are essential to improve health, prevention and management of chronic disease. Moreover, rats fed on functional ice milk reduced the levels of atherogenic indexes 1, 2 and LDL/HDL as compared to those fed on control ice milk (CII). In conclusion, health promoting could be provoked when flaxseed oil incorporated in making ice milk for up to 75% substitution of milk fat.
The Comparative Ability of Anuran Larvae (Genera: Hyla, Bufo and Rana) to Ingest Suspended Blue-green Algae

feeders that do not reject blue-green algae at the time of ingestion. The filtering and ingestion rates of North Temperate tadpoles were measured with a Coulter counter system. Tadpoles of five species of anurans (Rana catesbeiana, R. sylvatica, Hyla crucifer, Bufo americanus and B. woodhousei fowleri) all ingested Anabaena sphaerica about the same maximum rates. Maximum ingestion rates were similar for tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana when fed unialgal cultures of blue-green algae of varying size and morphology. All these pond tadpoles apparently regulate food intake as a function of volume or biomass. Patterns of change in filtering and ingestion rates in response to changes in the concentration of A. sphaerica were measured for H. crucifer, B. w. fowleri and R. catesbeiana tadpoles. The patterns were consistent for all three species in that: 1) the ingestion rate was maximum and constant over a wide range of concentrations but declined continuously at lowered concentrations; 2) the filtering rate peaked at an intermediate "critical" concentration; 3) measuable filtering and ingestion ceased at a lower "threshold" concentration. This hyperbolic relationship between ingestion rate and concentration fit a modified Michaelis-Menten model (with a threshold), and parameter values were estimated for each species. The critical and the threshold concentrations for Rana and Bufo were nearly one order of magnitude lower than those for Hyla. The differences in feeding capability of the tadpoles can account for some, but not all, of their relative competitive ability and survivorship in the field.