Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Reinforcement Learning on a Budget: 3D Control and Reasoning Without a Supercomputer

An important goal of research in Deep Reinforcement Learning in mobile robotics is to train agents capable of solving complex tasks, which require a high level of scene understanding and reasoning from an egocentric perspective. When trained from simulations, optimal environments should satisfy a currently unobtainable combination of high-fidelity photographic observations, massive amounts of different environment configurations and fast simulation speeds. In this paper we argue that research on training agents capable of complex reasoning can be simplified by decoupling from the requirement of high fidelity photographic observations. We present a suite of tasks requiring complex reasoning and exploration in continuous, partially observable 3D environments. The objective is to provide challenging scenarios and a robust baseline agent architecture that can be trained on mid-range consumer hardware in under 24h. Our scenarios combine two key advantages: (i) they are based on a simple but highly efficient 3D environment (ViZDoom) which allows high speed simulation (12000fps); (ii) the scenarios provide the user with a range of difficulty settings, in order to identify the limitations of current state of the art algorithms and network architectures. We aim to increase accessibility to the field of Deep-RL by providing baselines for challenging scenarios where new ideas can be iterated on quickly. We argue that the community should be able to address challenging problems in reasoning of mobile agents without the need for a large compute infrastructure. Code for the generation of scenarios and training of baselines is available online at the following repository11https://github.com/edbeeching/3d_control_deep_rl.
Accounting Treatment of Research and Development Expenditure: A Critical Literature Review

Intangible investments have been found to contribute largely to value enhancement in firms and economies that spend colossus resources on them. Despite being an important component of valuation, such investments are largely ignored or given subjective treatment by the existing accounting standards and consequently, not included on firm valuation. The American standard (FASB-S2) establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for research and development (RD secondly, allocation of equity and debt resources to the firm; thirdly, growth of intangible assets; and lastly, firm value in capital markets. Previously studies conducted under here have cut across the accounting treatment of R&D expenditure, and generally, internally generated intangibles using the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and the U.S.’ Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs). Majority of the studies analyzed agree that sufficient disclosure of R&D investment as well as other internally generated intangibles can supplement and improve the financial information provided by the firm. This in turn will improve the outlook of the financial statements which can improve their use and reliability to investors as well as give reliable inputs to financial analysts, thus improving the applied valuation models in computing dependable valuation figures for the firm. This, by and large, should avoid the negative consequences that may result from inadequate accounting treatment of R&D expenditures.
Effect of gluten-free diet on levels of soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in adult patients with celiac disease

Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In CD, activation of the immune response causes damage of the intestinal mucosa, and a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available therapy. Intestinal damage can lead to an increase in the circulation of components of bacteria from the intestinal lumen, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) participate in the recognition of LPS, and their levels are altered in different pathologies. In the present study, the circulating levels of sCD14 and LBP from untreated CD patients were evaluated and compared to CD patients on a GFD and controls. Material and methods In total seventy-two adult patients with CD, twenty-three untreated CD patients and forty-nine on a GFD were included. In addition, fifty-five healthy individuals were included as controls. Additionally, the effect of LPS on sCD14 production by both normal and inflamed intestinal tissue culture was explored. Results Serum levels of sCD14 were found to be significantly increased in untreated CD patients compared to patients on a GFD and controls. In addition, we found that LPS induced the production of sCD14 by biopsies of intestinal tissue from untreated CD patients. Conclusions The data from this study show that circulating levels of sCD14 are increased in the untreated CD patients compared to patients on a GFD. Our data show that LPS induces the production of sCD14 by the intestinal tissue from untreated CD patients.
A Multifiltering Study of Turbulence in a Large Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters

We present results from a large set of N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) hydrodynamical cluster simulations aimed at studying the statistical properties of turbulence in the intracluster medium (ICM). The numerical hydrodynamical scheme employs an SPH formulation in which gradient errors are strongly reduced by using an integral approach. We consider both adiabatic and radiative simulations. We construct cluster subsamples according to the cluster dynamical status or gas physical modeling, from which we extract small-scale turbulent velocities obtained by applying different multiscale filtering methods to cluster velocities. The velocity power spectra of nonradiative relaxed clusters are mostly solenoidal and exhibit a peak at wavenumbers set by injection scales ≃r200/10; at higher wavenumbers, the spectra are steeper than Kolmogorov. Cooling runs are distinguished by much shallower spectra, a feature which we interpret as the injection of turbulence at small scales due to the interaction of compact cool gas cores with the ICM. Turbulence in galaxy clusters is then characterized by multiple injection scales, with the small-scale driving source acting in addition to the large-scale injection mechanisms. Cooling runs of relaxed clusters exhibit enstrophy profiles with a power-law behavior over more than two decades in radius and a turbulent-to-thermal energy ratio ≲1%. In accordance with Hitomi observations, in the core of a highly relaxed cluster, we find a low level of gas motions. In addition, the estimated cluster radial profile of the sloshing oscillation period is in very good agreement with recent Fornax measurements, with the associated Froude number satisfying Fr ≲ 0.1 within r/r200 ≲ 0.1. Our findings suggest that in cluster cores, ICM turbulence approaches a stratified anisotropic regime, with weak stirring motions dominated by gravity buoyancy forces and strongly suppressed along the radial direction. We conclude that turbulent heating cannot be considered the main heating source in cluster cores.
S ep 2 01 6 Linear and anomalous front propagation in system with non Gaussian diffusion : the importance of tails

We investigate front propagation in systems with diffusive and sub-diffusive behavior. The scaling behavior of moments of the diffusive problem, both in the standard and in the anomalous cases, is not enough to determine the features of the reactive front. In fact, the shape of the bulk of the probability distribution of the transport process, which determines the diffusive properties, is important just for pre-asymptotic behavior of front propagation, while the precise shape of the tails of the probability distribution determines asymptotic behavior of front propagation.
Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc

Context. The ubiquity of short-period super-Earths remains a mystery in planet formation, as these planets are expected to become gas giants via runaway gas accretion within the lifetime of a protoplanetary disc. The cores of super-Earths should form in the late stage of disc evolution to avoid runaway gas accretion. Aims. The three-dimensional structure of the gas flow around a planet is thought to influence the accretion of both gas and solid materials. In particular, the outflow in the midplane region may prevent the accretion of solid materials and delay the formation of the super-Earth cores. However, it is not yet understood how the nature of the flow field and outflow speed change as a function of the planetary mass. In this study, we investigate the dependence of gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc on the planetary mass. Methods. Assuming an isothermal, inviscid gas disc, we perform three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations on the spherical polar grid, which has a planet located at its centre. Results. We find that gas enters the Bondi or Hill sphere at high latitudes and exits through the midplane region of the disc regardless of the assumed dimensionless planetary mass m = RBondi∕H, where RBondi and H are the Bondi radius of the planet and disc scale height, respectively. The altitude from where gas predominantly enters the envelope varies with planetary mass. The outflow speed can be expressed as |uout| = √3/2mcs (RBondi ≤ RHill) or |uout| = √3/2(m/3)1/3cs (RBondi ≥ RHill), where cs is the isothermal sound speed and RHill is the Hill radius. The outflow around a planet may reduce the accretion of dust and pebbles onto the planet when m ≳ √St, where S t is the Stokes number. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the flow around proto-cores of super-Earths may delay their growth and consequently help them to avoid runaway gas accretion within the lifetime of the gas disc.
Role of stellar physics in regulating the critical steps for life

Abstract We use the critical step model to study the major transitions in evolution on Earth. We find that a total of five steps represents the most plausible estimate, in agreement with previous studies, and use the fossil record to identify the potential candidates. We apply the model to Earth-analogs around stars of different masses by incorporating the constraints on habitability set by stellar physics including the habitable zone lifetime, availability of ultraviolet radiation for prebiotic chemistry, and atmospheric escape. The critical step model suggests that the habitability of Earth-analogs around M-dwarfs is significantly suppressed. The total number of stars with planets containing detectable biosignatures of microbial life is expected to be highest for K-dwarfs. In contrast, we find that the corresponding value for intelligent life (technosignatures) should be highest for solar-mass stars. Thus, our work may assist in the identification of suitable targets in the search for biosignatures and technosignatures.
Molecular Emission from a Galaxy Associated with a z ∼ 2.2 Damped Lyα Absorber

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, we have detected CO(3−2) line and far-infrared continuum emission from a galaxy associated with a high-metallicity ([M/H] = −0.27) damped Lyα absorber (DLA) at zDLA = 2.19289. The galaxy is located 3. ″5 away from the quasar sightline, corresponding to a large impact parameter of 30 kpc at the DLA redshift. We use archival Very Large Telescope-SINFONI data to detect Hα emission from the associated galaxy, and find that the object is dusty, with a dust-corrected star formation rate of M⊙ yr−1. The galaxy’s molecular mass is large, Mmol = (1.4 ± 0.2) × 1011 × (αCO/4.3) × (0.57/r31) M⊙, supporting the hypothesis that high-metallicity DLAs arise predominantly near massive galaxies. The excellent agreement in redshift between the CO(3–2) line emission and low-ion metal absorption (∼40 km s−1) disfavors scenarios whereby the gas probed by the DLA shows bulk motion around the galaxy. We use Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope H i 21 cm absorption spectroscopy to find that the H i along the DLA sightline must be warm, with a stringent lower limit on the spin temperature of Ts > 1895 × (f/0.93) K. The detection of C i absorption in the DLA, however, also indicates the presence of cold neutral gas. To reconcile these results requires that the cold components in the DLA contribute little to the H i column density, yet contain roughly 50% of the metals of the absorber, underlining the complex multi-phase nature of the gas surrounding high-z galaxies.
HIPSTERS VERSUS POSERS: FANNISH SPLIT IN THE INDIE MUSIC WORLD

ABSTRACT Purpose: Web 2.0 technologies have enhanced relational dynamics in fan communities. Indie music fans significantly identify themselves with the genre and participate in these communities within a music industry reinvention scenario. Based on the Foucauldian perspective, by sharing knowledge about media products, fans manifest truths capable of expressing subjectivities - parrhesia, a way of mutually affecting different truths. Thus, the aim of the present study is to analyze how parrhesia is operated in interactions among indie music fans. Originality/value: The present research expands an important theoretical-investigative path in the consumer culture theory (CCT) field by adopting Michel Foucault’s later theoretical cycle, which addresses the construction of subjectivities. Design/methodology/approach: Netnography of interactions among indie music fans was carried out in one of the largest online discussion forums on the topic. Findings: Heated discussions observed in the investigated community often create a split that shows a dispute focused on defining what being an indie music fan means. Based on disruptive parrhesia anchored in moral backgrounds associated with erudition and collectivism versus hedonism and individuality, self-declared true fans and those who seek fun establish alter-subjectivities as hipsters and posers.
CAN-NER: Convolutional Attention Network for Chinese Named Entity Recognition

Named entity recognition (NER) in Chinese is essential but difficult because of the lack of natural delimiters. Therefore, Chinese Word Segmentation (CWS) is usually considered as the first step for Chinese NER. However, models based on word-level embeddings and lexicon features often suffer from segmentation errors and out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. In this paper, we investigate a Convolutional Attention Network called CAN for Chinese NER, which consists of a character-based convolutional neural network (CNN) with local-attention layer and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) with global self-attention layer to capture the information from adjacent characters and sentence contexts. Also, compared to other models, not depending on any external resources like lexicons and employing small size of char embeddings make our model more practical. Extensive experimental results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods without word embedding and external lexicon resources on different domain datasets including Weibo, MSRA and Chinese Resume NER dataset.
Stringent limits on the magnetic field strength in the disc of TW Hya

Despite their importance in the star formation process, measurements of magnetic field strength in proto-planetary discs remain rare. While linear polarisation of dust and molecular lines can give insight into the magnetic field structure, only observations of the circular polarisation produced by Zeeman splitting provide a direct measurement of magnetic field strenghts. One of the most promising probes of magnetic field strengths is the paramagnetic radical CN. Here we present the first Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the Zeeman splitting of CN in the disc of TW Hya. The observations indicate an excellent polarisation performance of ALMA, but fail to detect significant polarisation. An analysis of eight individual CN hyperfine components as well as a stacking analysis of the strongest (non-blended) hyperfine components yields the most stringent limits obtained so far on the magnetic field strength in a proto-planetary disc. We find that the vertical component of the magnetic field |Bz| < 0.8 mG (1σ limit). We also provide a 1σ toroidal field strength limit of <30 mG. These limits rule out some of the earlier accretion disc models, but remain consistent with the most recent detailed models with efficient advection. We detect marginal linear polarisation from the dust continuum, but the almost purely toroidal geometry of the polarisation vectors implies that his is due to radiatively aligned grains.
Lattice Homomorphisms Between Weak Orders

We classify surjective lattice homomorphisms $W\to W'$ between the weak orders on finite Coxeter groups. Equivalently, we classify lattice congruences $\Theta$ on $W$ such that the quotient $W/\Theta$ is isomorphic to $W'$. Surprisingly, surjective homomorphisms exist quite generally: They exist if and only if the diagram of $W'$ is obtained from the diagram of $W$ by deleting vertices, deleting edges, and/or decreasing edge labels. A surjective homomorphism $W\to W'$ is determined by its restrictions to rank-two standard parabolic subgroups of $W$. Despite seeming natural in the setting of Coxeter groups, this determination in rank two is nontrivial. Indeed, from the combinatorial lattice theory point of view, all of these classification results should appear unlikely a priori. As an application of the classification of surjective homomorphisms between weak orders, we also obtain a classification of surjective homomorphisms between Cambrian lattices and a general construction of refinement relations between Cambrian fans.
The role of complementary and alternative methods in the treatment of pain in patients with cancer – current evidence and clinical practice: a narrative review

Introduction Pain related to cancer, despite the numerous treatment options available, is still a challenge in contemporary pain medicine. The unsatisfactory treatment of cancer pain is one of the main reasons why patients seek complementary and alternative methods (CAM) and a more integrative/holistic approach to pain management. The popularity of CAM forces healthcare professionals to provide patients with current and evidence-based information on the effectiveness and safety of CAM. The aim of the paper is to present current evidence and limitations regarding CAM commonly used in the pain management of cancer patients. Material and methods The paper comprehensively reviews the current and most relevant literature considering the integrative approach to management of pain due to cancer disease and/or cancer treatment. Results The available data from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews supports the effectiveness of acupuncture, massage, physical exercises, music therapy, and mind-body therapies as adjunct therapies for alleviating pain in cancer patients, although the supporting evidence is weak or moderate. Conclusions Based on the available knowledge, physicians should be capable of advising the cancer patient as to which CAM methods can be used safely, which are contraindicated, and what therapeutic effects they may expect, especially when standard pain treatment fails or induces serious side effects. An integrative approach to cancer pain management may improve the quality of pain treatment, patients’ quality of life, and satisfaction with pain relief.
protostellar envelopes: a clue to the initial conditions of star formation

Since the initial conditions for star formation are difficult to ascertain from either observations or theories of molecular clouds, we investigate how the proto stellar envelopes that form around young stars depend on the initial conditions for gravitational collapse. For prolate clouds, the evolution depends primarily on whether the cloud's minor axis, Rmin, is smaller or larger than the Jeans radius, RJ, the minimum radius to be gravitationally bound. Clouds containing few Jeans masses (especially those that are centrally condensed) have Rmin < RJ and thus collapse preferentially along the major axis, forcing the cloud to become oblate. Alternatively, clouds containing many Jeans masses have Rmin > RJ and therefore collapse preferentially along their minor axis, thus increasing their axial ratio and becoming more prolate. When collapse occurs preferentially along the major axis, a large-scale (up to l()4 au) flattened disc-like structure results as the infalling matter shocks in the equatorial plane. This pseudo-disc forms solely due to the hydrodynamical processes and without either magnetic fields or rotation. Based on these results, we deduce that the presence of prolate envelopes around young stars implies that they were formed from initial conditions involving many Jeans masses and were thus far from virial equilibrium. Initial conditions of this sort require a dynamical formation mechanism.
Measuring Calibration in Deep Learning

Overconfidence and underconfidence in machine learning classifiers is measured by calibration: the degree to which the probabilities predicted for each class match the accuracy of the classifier on that prediction. How one measures calibration remains a challenge: expected calibration error, the most popular metric, has numerous flaws which we outline, and there is no clear empirical understanding of how its choices affect conclusions in practice, and what recommendations there are to counteract its flaws. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive empirical study of choices in calibration measures including measuring all probabilities rather than just the maximum prediction, thresholding probability values, class conditionality, number of bins, bins that are adaptive to the datapoint density, and the norm used to compare accuracies to confidences. To analyze the sensitivity of calibration measures, we study the impact of optimizing directly for each variant with recalibration techniques. Across MNIST, Fashion MNIST, CIFAR-10/100, and ImageNet, we find that conclusions on the rank ordering of recalibration methods is drastically impacted by the choice of calibration measure. We find that conditioning on the class leads to more effective calibration evaluations, and that using the L2 norm rather than the L1 norm improves both optimization for calibration metrics and the rank correlation measuring metric consistency. Adaptive binning schemes lead to more stablity of metric rank ordering when the number of bins vary, and is also recommended. We open source a library for the use of our calibration measures.
The submillimetre view of massive clusters at z ∼ 0.8–1.6

We analyse 850 μm continuum observations of eight massive X-ray detected galaxy clusters at z ∼ 0.8–1.6 taken with SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We find an average overdensity of 850 μm-selected sources of a factor of 4 ± 2 per cluster within the central 1 Mpc compared to the field. We investigate the multiwavelength properties of these sources and identify 34 infrared counterparts to 26 SCUBA-2 sources. Their colours suggest that the majority of these counterparts are probable cluster members. We use the multi-wavelength far-infrared photometry to measure the total luminosities and total cluster star-formation rates demonstrating that they are roughly three orders of magnitude higher than local clusters. We predict the H-band luminosities of the descendants of our cluster submillimetre galaxies and find that their stellar luminosity distribution is consistent with that of passive elliptical galaxies in z ∼ 0 clusters. Together, the faded descendants of the passive cluster population already in place at z ∼ 1 and the cluster submillimetre galaxies are able to account for the total luminosity function of early-type cluster galaxies at z ∼ 0. This suggests that the majority of the luminous passive population in z ∼ 0 clusters are likely to have formed at z ≫ 1 through an extreme, dust-obscured starburst event.