Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health?

Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a “no-one-size-fits-all” answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.
Long-term RDX sorption and fate in soil

Soils at former munitions production facilities are often contaminated with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Contamination can be excessive and soils often contain precipitated or solid-phase RDX, resulting in soil solution concentrations at or near saturation. Sorption and long-term fate must be understood to predict RDX availability and develop remediation strategies. We characterized RDX sorption and availability in Sharpsburg (a fine, montmorillontic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) surface soil by equilibrating the soil with 32 mg RDX L -1 (spiked with 14 C-labeled RDX) for 168 d; similar experiments were performed with contaminated and uncontaminated subsurface soils. Surface soils exhibited rapid RDX sorption with 34% of the 14 C sorbed within 30 min. This sorbed fraction increased to only 37% at 168 d. During the 168-d equilibration, readily available RDX (sorbed RDX extractable with 3 mM CaCl 2 ) decreased from 75 to 52%, while potentially available RDX (acetonitrile-extractable) increased from 24 to 32%. Carbon-14 in the 0.5 M NaOH-extractable organic matter fraction increased from 0.8 (T = 30 min) to 3.8% (T = 168 d). Little 14C was removed after eight extractions with 10% KOH in ethanol. Eight percent of the 14 C-label was unextractable (bound) residue at 168 d; no 14 C-bound residue formed in surface soil when solid-phase RDX was present in the equilibrating solution. Our experiments indicated limited RDX sorption and transformation in the Sharpsburg surface and subsurface soils. Most of the sorbed 14 C was potentially available for transport, indicating the importance of remediating RDX-contaminated soil to protect groundwater quality.
Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics: Theory and Experiments (Baer, Tomas; Hase, William L.)

The subject of unimolecular reactions is a complex and wide ranging one-so much so that it is difficult to envisage a text that covers all aspects of the field yet still fits in a backpack or briefcase. Baer and Hase have limited their subject matter to theory and experiments relating to state- or energy-selected unimolecular dissociation reactions and have created a remarkably wide-ranging and balanced account of the central issues, state of the art experiments, and theoretical methods in this area.
Evidence for α-lactone intermediates in addition of aqueous bromine to disodium dimethyl-maleate and -fumarate

Crystallographic analysis of the bromo-β-lactones obtained by addition of bromine to aqueous solutions of disodium 2,3-dimethylmaleate and 2,3-dimethylfumarate reveals stereochemistries opposite to those originally assigned and suggests that the first-formed intermediate in each case is an α-lactone.
Radiative lifetimes and two‐body collisional deactivation rate constants in argon for Kr(4p55p) and Kr(4p55p′) states

The radiative lifetimes and collisional deactivation rate constants, in argon, of eight Kr(4p5[2P1/2]5p and [2P3/2]5p) levels have been measured by a time‐resolved laser‐induced fluorescence technique in a flowing afterglow apparatus. The measured radiative lifetimes are compared with other experimental values and with theoretical calculations. Radiative branching ratios of these excited states also were measured in order to assign the absolute transition probabilities of the Kr(5p,5p′–5s, 5s′) transition array from the radiative lifetimes. In addition to the total deactivation rate constants, product states from two‐body collisions between Kr(5p and 5p′) atoms and ground state argon atoms were identified from the laser‐induced emission spectra, and product formation rate constants were assigned. Two‐body intermultiplet transfer from Kr(4p5[2P1/2]5p) to the Kr(4p5[2P3/2]4d) levels occurs with ease. Intermultiplet transfer from the lowest level in the (4p55p) configuration to the Kr(4p55s and 5s′) manifold.
Quantitative Analysis of Monomer Composition in Ethylene-Propylene Block Copolymers by FT-IR Spectroscopy

The quantitative analysis of ethylene (or propylene) in the commercially important ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers has been the subject of considerable research. Although NMR is the most useful method, it does present certain problems such as solubility and cost. IR is therefore still preferred from the industrial point of view. In IR, most of the work has been done on high-ethylene-content EP copolymers, with the use of conventional grating spectrophotometers. The two IR regions usually employed are at 1460–1380 and 1160–720 cm−1, and these have been studied for blends of homopolymers ranging from 0–100 wt % polyethylene (PE) and for random copolymers containing 42–66.7 wt % PE. The analyses are based on measurements of the ratios of absorbances at 1380–1460 and 1160–720 cm−1, as well as the ratios of peak areas for the two IR regions. Difficulties arise when one is attempting to accurately measure absorbance or peak area ratios at the two extremes of the concentration ranges.
Anion-Anion Mediated Coupling in Layered Perovskite La2Ti2O7 for Visible Light Photocatalysis

Anionic–anionic (N–N, P–P, N–P, and C–S) mediated coupling can be introduced in the layered perovskite La2Ti2O7 structure for visible light photocatalysis. The anionic–anionic codoped La2Ti2O7 systems lower the band gap much more than their respective monodoping systems. Moreover, the electronic band positions of the doped systems with respect to the water oxidation/reduction potentials show that codoped (N–N, N–P, and C–S) systems are more promising candidates for visible-light photocatalysis. The calculated defect formation energy shows that the codoped systems are more stable than their respective monodoped systems.
Random Copolymer Films with Molecular‐Scale Compositional Heterogeneities that Interfere with Protein Adsorption

Smooth surfaces with compositional heterogeneities at a molecular‐length scale are presented with the goal of disrupting surface–protein interactions. These surfaces are synthesized by utilizing photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) to deposit thin films of random copolymers consisting of highly hydrophilic and highly hydrophobic comonomers. Swellability, wettability, and surface roughness could be systematically controlled by tuning the copolymer composition. The surface composition was dynamic, and the surface reconstructed based on the hydration state of the film. Proteins adsorbed to the copolymer films less readily than to either of the respective homopolymers, indicating a synergistic effect resulting from the random copolymer presenting molecular‐scale compositional heterogeneity. These results provide direct evidence that protein adsorption can be disrupted by such surfaces and a simple analytical model suggests that the heterogeneities occur over areas encompassing 4–5 repeat units of the polymer. The synthetic method used to create these films can be used to coat arbitrary geometries, enabling practical utility in a number of applications.
Effects of size, capping agent, and concentration of CdSe and CdTe quantum dots doped into a nematic liquid crystal on the optical and electro-optic properties of the final colloidal liquid crystal mixture

To investigate size and capping agent-dependent alignment and electro-optic effects of quantum dots (QDs) in nematic LCs, mixtures of a nematic phenylpyrimidine LC (LC1) doped with hexadecylamine-capped CdSe and thioglycolic acid-capped CdTe QDs were prepared and investigated by polarized optical microscopy between plain, untreated glass slides and in ITO-coated glass cells with rubbed polyimide alignment layers as well as by electro-optic analysis. The five investigated CdSe QDs, varying in size from 2.5 to 5.2 nm, show fluorescence emission maxima ranging from 480 to 610 nm, and the four CdTe QDs, varying in size from 3.2 to 4.0 nm, emit light from 530 to 610 nm depending on their size. The CdSe QDs favoring homeotropic anchoring of the nematic LC induce vertical alignment at 1 and 2 wt% in LC1 between plain glass slides and only at 1 wt% in the planar cells, except for CdSe QD emitting at 590 nm (CdSe590), which induces vertical alignment independent of the substrate only at 1 wt%. Concentrations above 2 wt% of the CdSe QDs in LC1 show planar alignment mainly due to aggregation of the QDs in LC1 at these higher concentrations. On the contrary, the CdTe QDs favoring planar anchoring of the nematic LC induce homeotropic alignment of LC1 at concentrations above 2 wt% between plain glass slides. All QDs are effective in reducing the threshold voltage (Vth) and the splay elastic constant (K11). The most drastic reduction over the entire temperature range, however, was observed for the smallest CdSe480 QDs, which showed the least tendency of all investigated QDs to aggregate in LC1.
Analysis of Solute Distribution in Ice Formed in Progressive Freeze-concentration

Progressive freeze-concentration of 3 to 30% sucrose solutions were carried out using a small cylindrical apparatus. The solute concentration distribution in the ice phase was determined by cutting the ice formed into fractions and analyzing the solute concentration in the fractions. The solute concentration in the ice phase was found to increase as the concentration process progressed. From the solid phase analysis, the corresponding liquid phase concentration was estimated in the concentration process and an effective partition coefficient, K, was determined. K was also obtained from the concentration polarization theory. To this purpose, the limiting partition coefficient, K0, was obtained, then K was determined from the concentration polarization theory. K obtained by the two methods agreed well. K increased with an increase in solute concentration of sucrose, which corresponds to the higher incorporation rate of solute into the ice phase in progressive freeze-concentration.
Roles of Selenoprotein M (SELENOM) in Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling and Calcium Regulation.

Selenoprotein M (SELENOM) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that is highly expressed in hypothalamic regions involved in leptin signaling and energy metabolism. Moreover, Selenom-/mice exhibit adult-onset obesity, elevated serum leptin levels, and diminished leptin sensitivity in hypothalamus, indicating leptin resistance. However, whether SELENOM directly influences hypothalamic leptin signaling is yet unclear. One predominant underlying cause of leptin resistance is ER stress. Herein, we performed a series of studies using in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the specific influence of SELENOM on hypothalamic leptin signaling, ER stress, and Ca2+ signaling. The evidence gathered in this study revealed that SELENOM promotes leptin signaling by inhibiting ER stress and regulating Ca2+ influx in the hypothalamus.
Adiabatic kinetic studies of the cytidine/acetic anhydride reaction by utilizing temperature versus time data

It is possible to predict the kinetics of a reaction by using temperature versus time data under adiabatic conditions. This method was used for the cytidinelacetic anhydride batch reaction using a Mettler RC1 reaction calorimeter. The authenticity of the experimental adiabatic system was verified by determining the kinetic parameters of a known reaction (hydrolsis of acetic anhydride) and comparing them to literature values. The cytidinelacetic anhydride reaction (unknown system) was subjected to the same adiabatic analysis, and the average experimental activation energy, heat of reaction, and ln k 0 values were 13.3±0,2 kcal/g-mol, -10.5±0,1 kcal/g-mol, and 15.68±0.34 L/(g-mol-s), respectively
Response to “particles and analysis”

Silicone polymers are widely used as implants for tissue and blood contacting applications. Well known examples are components of artificial heart valves, electronic pacemakers, orthopedic joints, ear vents, contraceptive devices, burn dressings, hydrocephalus shunts, kidney dialysis tubing, and others. A variety of particles are known to be bound electrostatically to the surfaces of these objects. They are so tenaciously attached that they cannot be removed by normal washing procedures. For applications involving significant abrasive forces such as orthopedic devices and blood pumps, additional fragments or particles can be produced. The extent to which ceramics, metals, polymers, and textiles produce particles is often design dependent. Particles have been found in the lymph nodes and some vital organs. To minimize this occurrence, selection of materials should be undertaken carefully. However, complete elimination of particles associated with medical devices is a goal that is difficult to achieve, especially in cases where the material choices are few. Articles appearing in Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (MRM) (1-3) and elsewhere (4) report on analysis of tissue in the vicinity of silicone implants and conclude that they are associated with silicon dioxide and other molecules containing elemental silicon. The exact composition was not determined by these articles but merely suggested. They infer that silicon dioxide can be separated from its bound elastomeric matrix through some degradation mechanism that is undetermined. There is no current data to suggest that this occurs. Ratner et al. (5) examined silicone elastomer implants using ESCA and SIMS and did not find silicon dioxide in the outermost regions even after abrasion of the surfaces. Further analytical studies are needed to characterize the nature of implant-associated particles if we are to determine any possible effect they may represent. Caution should be exercised before assumptions based on small numbers of tests are reported (6). Careful reporting from all aspects cannot be over emphasized. In this regard, we are concerned because our 1983 article on ubiquitous particles (7) has been erroneously cited (1-4). We did not observe nor did we state that filler (silicon dioxide) migrated from silicone polymer implants. The questions that were raised by us are as relevant today as they were then and are fundamental to assuring patient well-being. What are the safe limits of size and quantity of particles and what are the biological risks? We now add, what is the source and composition of the particles involved and to what extent do they undergo change in vivo, if any?
Simultaneous Determination of Retinoic Acid, Retinol, and Retinyl Palmitate in Ram Plasma by Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of retinoic acid, retinol, and retinyl palmitate in ram plasma. Samples of 0.2 mL are extracted with 2‐propanol‐dichloromethane, the extracts are centrifuged, the supernatants are collected, evaporated, reconstituted in mobile phase, and analyzed on a C8 column using two consecutive isocratic elutions with methanol tetrahydrofuran‐acetate buffer. Detection is performed at 350 and 325 nm using wavelength change during the run. The method exhibits analytical characteristics well within acceptable limits. Overall recoveries were 73.7% for retinoic acid, 90.2% for retinol, and 87.7% for retinyl palmitate. Precision values, expressed as % relative standard deviation, were in the range of 1.16–6.18%, while limits of detection were in the range of 0.3–10.0 ng/mL for all analytes.
Visible‐Light Photoresponsivity of a 4‐(Dimethylamino)azobenzene Unit Incorporated into Single‐Stranded DNA: Demonstration of a Large Spectral Change Accompanying Isomerization in DMSO and Detection of Rapid (Z)‐to‐(E) Isomerization in Aqueous Solution

We demonstrate significant visible-light photoresponsivity in a synthesized oligonucleotide containing a built-in pseudo-nucleotide possessing a 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (4-DMAzo) side chain. In dry DMSO as solvent, two clearly distinguishable spectra corresponding to the (E) and (Z) forms of the 4-DMAzo moiety tethered to the oligonucleotide were recorded with a conventional spectrophotometer before and after irradiation with 420 nm wavelength light, which induced (E)-to-(Z) isomerization. In addition, (Z)-to-(E) isomerization was accelerated by irradiation with either visible (λ = 550 nm) or UV (λ = 350 nm) light, demonstrating reversible photoresponsivity of the pseudo-oligonucleotide. In aqueous solutions the (Z)-to-(E) thermal isomerization of the photoresponsive pseudo-oligonucleotide was very rapid and was only detectable by laser flash photolysis. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC FAYALITE (α-Fe2SiO4

Magnetic measurements at 4.2K, 35K and 120K are reported for iron silicate (<-Fe2SiO4 in fields up to 15 Tesla. The two nonequivalent Fe2+ ions occupy two different octahedral sites in space group Pnma. Unpolarized neutron experiments gave different and reduced magnetic moments for the colinear antiferromagnetic region (23K < T < 65K). The difference is less pronounced in the canted structure below 23K. Polarized neutron experiments in the paramagnetic region with a field of 4.6 Tesla induced a magnetic moment of 0. 1µB per atom. Magnetic form factors were derived and the preliminary analysis of the data gave some indication of magnetization density between Fe2+ and oxygen atoms.
The Evaluation of the Quality of Cork Planks by Image Analysis

The quality evaluation of cork planks in relation to porosity may use image analysis techniques. Results are presented on the number, dimensions, form and orientation of the lenticular channels in tangential, transverse and radial sections of cork planks of different thickness and qualities. The porosity coefficient (% pore area in relation to total area) varied between 1.1%-18.9% and 2,1%-16.4%, respectively in tangential and transverse/radial sections and is determined mostly by the number of pores larger than 0.81 mm 2 and by their average area. The porosity may be used to define cork quality classes. Due to the heterogeneous porosity distribution in cork planks, an assessment of quality made on small cork samples will give a result with a large error. For an error below 15%, the observation in the tangential section should be made on a sample with a minimum area of 225 cm 2 (e.g. 15 cm x 15 cm) and in the transverse and radial sections on a sample with a minimum length of 15 cm.
The solubility of H2S and CO2 in aqueous monoethanolamine solutions

The solubility of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, respectively, in 2.5 and 5.0 N aqueous monoethanolamine solutions has been determined at temperatures of 40°C and 100°C. Partial pressures of CO2 ranged from 0.1 to 1000 psia, while partial pressures of H2S ranged from 0.3 to 650 psia. The results have been used, together with literature data, to calculate enthalpies of solution.
Combining Ability and Type of Gene Action Analysis of Yield and Yield Components for Some White Maize Inbred Lines

Combining ability analysis were conducted for grain yield, its components, plant and ear heights and days to 50% silking in a half diallel cross involving eight white maize inbred lines. The resulting 28 hybrids and two commercial hybrids (SC10 and SC128) were grown at Sakha, Gemmeiza and Mallawy Research Stations in 2014 growing season. Both general and specific combining ability and their interaction with locations were significantly for most traits. However, the additive gene effects was most responsible for controlling the inheritance of ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows/ear and number of kernels/row while the non additive gene effects was higher than additive gene effects for days to 50% silking, plant height and grain yield. Also, the non-additive gene effects was more interacted with locations than additive gene effects for most studied traits. The best general combiner inbred line was P3 for earliness, P8 for short plant and ear heights, P5 for ear length, number of kernels/row and grain yield, P7 for ear diameter and P1 for number of rows/ear. The best hybrid for specific combining ability was P4 x P7 for grain yield.