Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
L'integrale de Cauchy Definit un Operateur Borne sur L 2 Pour Les Courbes Lipschitziennes

L'existence de la valeur principale (2) dans le cas general (M quelconque) et l'inegalite (3) dans le cas particulier oui M est suffisamment petit sont dues a A. Calder6n [3]. La methode de perturbation utilisee par A. Calderon ne permet pas d'obtenir (3) dans le cas general que nous allons traiter. Par ailleurs notre demonstration de (3) n'utilise plus la variable complexe ni la representation conforme. Designons par 4: R -C une fonction lipschitzienne, a valeurs complexes, telle que II4'"II < 1 et appelons Kn(x, y) le noyau singulier (4(x) 4(y))n/ (x y)"'. Alors on a le resultat precis suivant.
Differentially Expressed Cell Cycle Genes and STAT1/3-Driven Multiple Cancer Entanglement in Psoriasis, Coupled with Other Comorbidities

Psoriasis is a persistent T-cell-supported inflammatory cutaneous disorder, which is defined by a significant expansion of basal cells in the epidermis. Cell cycle and STAT genes that control cell cycle progression and viral infection have been revealed to be comorbid with the development of certain cancers and other disorders, due to their abnormal or scanty expression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression of certain cell cycle and STAT1/3 genes in psoriasis patients and to determine the types of comorbidities associated with these genes. To do so, we opted to adopt the in silico methodology, since it is a quick and easy way to discover any potential comorbidity risks that may exist in psoriasis patients. With the genes collected from early research groups, protein networks were created in this work using the NetworkAnalyst program. The crucial hub genes were identified by setting the degree parameter, and they were then used in gene ontology and pathway assessments. The transcription factors that control the hub genes were detected by exploring TRRUST, and DGIdb was probed for remedies that target transcription factors and hubs. Using the degree filter, the first protein subnetwork produced seven hub genes, including STAT3, CCNB1, STAT1, CCND1, CDC20, HSPA4, and MAD2L1. The hub genes were shown to be implicated in cell cycle pathways by the gene ontology and Reactome annotations. The former four hubs were found in signaling pathways, including prolactin, FoxO, JAK/STAT, and p53, according to the KEGG annotation. Furthermore, they enhanced several malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Viral infections, including measles, hepatitis C, Epstein–Barr virus, and HTLV-1 and viral carcinogenesis were among the other susceptible diseases. Diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease were conjointly annotated. In total, 129 medicines were discovered in DGIdb to be effective against the transcription factors BRCA1, RELA, TP53, and MYC, as opposed to 10 medications against the hubs, STAT3 and CCND1, in tandem with 8 common medicines. The study suggests that the annotated medications should be tested in suitable psoriatic cell lines and animal models to optimize the drugs used based on the kind, severity, and related comorbidities of psoriasis. Furthermore, a personalized medicine protocol must be designed for each psoriasis patient that displays different comorbidities.
Object‐based change detection using correlation image analysis and image segmentation

This study introduces change detection based on object/neighbourhood correlation image analysis and image segmentation techniques. The correlation image analysis is based on the fact that pairs of brightness values from the same geographic area (e.g. an object) between bi‐temporal image datasets tend to be highly correlated when little change occurres, and uncorrelated when change occurs. Five different change detection methods were investigated to determine how new contextual features could improve change classification results, and if an object‐based approach could improve change classification when compared with per‐pixel analysis. The five methods examined include (1) object‐based change classification incorporating object correlation images (OCIs), (2) object‐based change classification incorporating neighbourhood correlation images (NCIs), (3) object‐based change classification without contextual features, (4) per‐pixel change classification incorporating NCIs, and (5) traditional per‐pixel change classification using only bi‐temporal image data. Two different classification algorithms (i.e. a machine‐learning decision tree and nearest‐neighbour) were also investigated. Comparison between the OCI and the NCI variables was evaluated. Object‐based change classifications incorporating the OCIs or the NCIs produced more accurate change detection classes (Kappa approximated 90%) than other change detection results (Kappa ranged from 80 to 85%).
BVI photometry of star clusters in M33

CCD images of candidate star clusters in M33 were obtained for 13 fields in the B, V, and I bandpasses. The integrated visual colors and magnitudes are used to study the clusters, and evidence for extended giant branches and possibly carbon stars in several of the intermediate-aged clusters is presented. The colors, magnitudes, and positions are used to analyze stellar population of M33 and confirm the existence of massive star clusters with a 0.1-10-Gyr age range. That is, the cluster system of M33 shares some similarities to that of the Magellanic Clouds in that relatively massive clusters are found at all ages. In addition, more than 20 true (i.e., old, massive) globulars are identified. A substantial population of intermediate-color clusters are found, and it is argued that the cluster-formation rate for clusters less than 10 Gyr old may be more continuous in M33 than in the Magellanic Clouds. The chemical evolution of M33 as traced by the clusters suggests that an abundance gradient existed at all ages, in that the outer regions of the disk (i.e., R greater than 10 arcmin or 2 kpc) follow a slow enhancement history similar to the SMC, while the inner regions were enriched moremore » dramatically. 59 references. « less
Evaluation of Surface Temperature and Emissivity Derived from ASTER Data: A Case Study Using Ground-Based Measurements at a Volcanic Site

Abstract The land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity (LSE) derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data were evaluated in a low spectral contrast volcanic site at an altitude of 2000 m on the island of Tenerife, Spain. The test site is almost flat, thermally homogeneous, and without vegetation cover or variation in its surface composition. ASTER data correspond to six scenes, under both day- and nighttime conditions during 2008. This case study analyzes the impacts of the sources of inaccuracies using the temperature–emissivity separation (TES) algorithm. Uncertainties associated with inaccurate atmospheric correction were minimized by means of local soundings and the climate advantages of the area. Concurrent ground-based radiometric measurements were performed for LST, and laboratory and field measurements for LSE, to obtain reference values. The TES evaluation showed a good level of agreement in the emissivity derived for ASTER bands 13 and 14 [root-mea.
What Is a Population?

Biologists have recently found it useful to give a prominent place in their theories to the concept of a plant or animal population. Genetics, ecology, paleontology, and especially the theory of evolution have been able to make notable advances as a result of employing the concept in their interpretations and inferences. The concept has not, however, first been rigorously defined and then put to work. That is rarely the way fruitful scientific notions develop. On the contrary, in most discussions the term "population" has a large degree of vagueness about it. This is due in part to the fact that the term has been taken over from ordinary language and employed in a number of novel contexts. But some of the vagueness also seems to be an unavoidable consequence of the immensely intricate phenomena to which the term refers. In any case, the role played by the concept of a population in evolutionary theory makes even a brief inquiry into its meaning worthwhile. The present paper is concerned with such an inquiry. What I wish to do is, first, to review the major ways in which the concept has been used by biologists in connection with recent formulations of the theory of evolution; and secondly, to comment on a few misleading issues which may arise if care is not taken to observe certain logical and linguistic distinctions. Populations and Individuals. In current usage a population is held to be an assemblage of individual organisms together with certain relations which they have to each other. Unless some organisms having these relations to each other are involved, it is not appropriate to speak of a population at all. The term is accordingly not applicable to every collection of plants or animals. We may say, then, that the ultimate units of a population are individuals. This fact allows it to be treated quantitatively. Biologists can determine such statistical features of a population as its birth-rate, death-rate, etc., and can consider it as representable by an over-all census figure. Whether there is any warrant for regarding a population as a kind of "supraorganism", as has sometimes been done,' is a question we may reserve for a later stage of the discussion. Must the individual organisms which form the base of a population be actually living? The authors of Principles of Animal Ecology state that "aliveness" is one of the concepts needed in order to give a formal definition of a population.2 That this is doubtful may be seen by distinguishing the following three cases. (i) A population may be, and usually is, regarded as enduring in time, so that while it continues some of its constituent individuals die and others are born. Hence in speaking of the population we include both the actually living members and also their deceased ancestors. (ii) We can by abstraction limit our consideration
Feasibility Study on the Use of a Portable NIR Spectrometer and Multivariate Data Analysis to Discriminate and Quantify Adulteration in Fertilizer

The rise in population growth worldwide requires efficient management of agricultural lands through the correct determination of authentic fertilizers. In this current study, a rapid on-site detection technique was developed by using portable NIR spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 740–1070 nm together with optimum multivariate algorithms to identify fertilizer integrity (unexpired, expired, and adulterated) as well as quantify the levels (10–50%) of adulteration. NIR models were built based on support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) for identification, while different types of partial least square regression (PLS, iPLS, Si-PLS, and GaPLS) were used for quantification purposes. The models were evaluated according to identification rate (Rt), coefficient of correlation in prediction (Rpre2), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). For the identification of the integrity of the fertilizer, among the mathematical pretreatments used, the first derivative (FD) together with SVM gave above 99.20% identification rate in both calibration and prediction sets. For the quantification of the adulterants, Si-PLS was found to be superior and showed an excellent predictive potential of Rpre2 = 0.95–0.98 and RMSEP = 0.069–0.11 for the two fertilizer types used. The overall results indicated that a handheld NIR spectrometer together with appropriate algorithms could be employed for fast and on-site determination of fertilizer integrity.
The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation

The increase in light reflection, which is associated with a therapeutic coagulation of the retina, was examined as a measure for the degree of the tissue damage. Retinal coagulations were generated in chinchilla rabbits using an argon laser and a slitlamp microscope with a contact lens. A helium-cadmium laser was directed coaxially to the argon laser into the eye, and helium-cadmium wavelength light reflected from the coagulated area was measured with a microphotometer attached to the slitlamp microscope [3]. The reflection change was correlated to the lesion size and also with the theoretical extent of retinal damage which was calculated using a model for the light-induced thermal denaturing of proteins [1]. The transient increase in the average reflection from the coagulated area had approximately the same time course as the volume of the damaged tissue. By analysis of the increase in reflection and the expansion of tissue damage it was possible to predict the development of the lesion from the beginning phase of the reaction [12]. The results indicate that measurements of the transient increase in the average reflection might provide information for the feedback control of laser treatment in patients [14].
Soil Initialization Strategy for Use in Limited-Area Weather Prediction Systems

AbstractThree diverse methods of initializing soil moisture and temperature in limited-area numerical weather prediction models are compared and assessed through the use of nonstandard surface observations to identify the approach that best combines ease of implementation, improvement in forecast skill, and realistic estimations of soil parameters. The first method initializes the limited-area model soil prognostic variables by a simple interpolation from a parent global model that is used to provide the lateral boundary conditions for the forecasts, thus ensuring that the limited-area model’s soil field cannot evolve far from the host model. The second method uses the soil properties generated by a previous limited-area model forecast, allowing the soil moisture to evolve over time to a new equilibrium consistent with the regional model’s hydrological cycle. The third method implements a new local soil moisture variational analysis system that uses screen-level temperature to adjust the soil water conten.
ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE ON LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIA: A SIMULATION STUDY

In this paper we study the finite sample properties of some asymptotically equivalent estimators of cointegrating relationships and related test statistics: the Fully Modified Least Squares estimator proposed by Phillips and Hansen (1990), the Dynamic OLS estimator of Saikkonen (1991) and Stock and Watson (1993), the maximum likelihood estimator (reduced rank regression estimator) of Johansen (1988). On the basis of previous Monte Carlo results on this topic, the main objective of our simulation experiments is to study the sensitivity of the finite sample distribution of estimators and test statistics to three features of the DGP of the observable variables, namely, the degree of serial correlation of the cointegrating relationship, the condition of weak exogeneity and the signal-to-noise ratio. To this end, we consider 100 different DGPs and four increasing sample sizes. Besides the usual descriptive statistics, further information about the empirical distributions of interest by means of graphical and statistical methods are provided. In particular, we study size distortion of test statistics using P-value discrepancy plots and estimate the maximal moment exponent of the empirical distribution of estimators.
The envelope of the generalized numerical range

We generalize a well known result on the classical numerical ranges of tridiagonal Toeplitz matrices to the c-numerical ranges of matrices associated to some tree graphs. We also characterize idempotent matrices whose c-numerical range is an elliptical disk by considering the envelope of a family of supporting lines of the c-numerical range.
The surface structure and linib-darkening profile of Betelgeuse

We present the first resolved image of a star observed with a separated-element optical aperture synthesis telescope. Observations of the M2 lab supergiant Betelgeuse (a Orionis) were made at 830 nm with the Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope (COAST) during 1995 October. Unusually, the source intensity distribution was highly symmetric at the time of observation - we find no evidence for the brightness asymmetries observed in earlier studies. Our data indicate a strongly limb-darkened but otherwise uniform and circularly symmetric disc, with no compact features contributing any more than 4 per cent of the total flux from the source. The brightness profile is characterized by a very flat core and a Gaussian-like tail, and cannot be represented satisfactorily by a conventional low-order Taylor expansion. A two parameter Gauss-Hermite polynomial expansion provides a good description for the centre to-limb brightness distribution.
Principles of modular harmonic power flow methodology

The generalisation and refinement of a very efficient modular harmonic power flow (MHPF) methodology, initially available for simple components only, is presented. Its capabilities have been extended to three-phase systems that may include: nonlinear elements, such as generators; components with distributed and frequency-dependent parameters, as in the case of transmission lines; and switched components, exemplified by a thyristor controlled series capacitance (TCSC). The exact modelling of complex components is carried out individually in the time domain using Poincare acceleration for the fast and accurate calculation of the steady state. An incremental harmonic domain admittance matrix for the whole system is then used in an iterative process to obtain a system-wide solution. Numerical results for a small system serve to illustrate some details of the MHPF.
N-body simulations of slow tidal encounters and the formation of galactic halos

Slow hyperbolic encounters, between a 250-body spherical system (a halo) and a few-body perturber of comparable total mass, are studied by means of N-body simulations. The tidal effect on a system which initially has a decreasing M(R)/R profile (rhoproportionalR/sup -3/) is to produce, or extend, and inner region of constant M/R, to encompass 50 to 70% of the bound mass. In the process, gradual stripping of up to one-third of the stars from the regions outside the half-radius R/sub h/ takes place, and no relaxed extended envelope forms. The flat inner profile is retained under tandem encounters while the outer parts are continuously stripped. These tidal effects are important whenever the closest approach distance of the centers of mass is less than about 5R/sub h/, and whenever their relative velocities are not much larger than the internal dispersion velocities.
Comparisons of Instructional and Complete Versions of Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Simulations for Spark-Ignition Engines

Instructional and complete versions of thermodynamics engine cycle simulations for spark-ignition engines were compared. The instructional version of the cycle simulation used constant specific heats as compared to using variable properties and composition for the complete simulation. For the proper selection of constant properties, the global engine performance parameters obtained from the instructional version of the cycle simulation were in close agreement to the values obtained from using the complete version of the simulation. The specific values of items such as maximum pressure and temperature, however, were not exactly duplicated. Examples are given based on a commercial, spark-ignition engine. For the cases studied here, the brake power and thermal efficiency as obtained from the constant property version of the simulation (for a ratio of specific heats of 1.30 and a gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kg K) were in excellent agreement with the same parameters from the complete simulation for a range of operating conditions.
Speech enhancement using a soft-decision noise suppression filter

One way of enhancing speech in an additive acoustic noise environment is to perform a spectral decomposition of a frame of noisy speech and to attenuate a particular spectral line depending on how much the measured speech plus noise power exceeds an estimate of the background noise. Using a two-state model for the speech event (speech absent or speech present) and using the maximum likelihood estimator of the magnitude of the speech spectrum results in a new class of suppression curves which permits a tradeoff of noise suppression against speech distortion. The algorithm has been implemented in real time in the time domain, exploiting the structure of the channel vocoder. Extensive testing has shown that the noise can be made imperceptible by proper choice of the suppression factor.
Batch-Based Activity Recognition from Egocentric Photo-Streams

Activity recognition from long unstructured egocentric photo-streams has several applications in assistive technology such as health monitoring and frailty detection, just to name a few. However, one of its main technical challenges is to deal with the low frame rate of wearable photo-cameras, which causes abrupt appearance changes between consecutive frames. In consequence, important discriminatory low-level features from motion such as optical flow cannot be estimated. In this paper, we present a batch-driven approach for training a deep learning architecture that strongly rely on Long short-term units to tackle this problem. We propose two different implementations of the same approach that process a photo-stream sequence using batches of fixed size with the goal of capturing the temporal evolution of high-level features. The main difference between these implementations is that one explicitly models consecutive batches by overlapping them. Experimental results over a public dataset acquired by three users demonstrate the validity of the proposed architectures to exploit the temporal evolution of convolutional features over time without relying on event boundaries.