Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network effects in service usage

While there is ample evidence that social and communication networks play a key role during the spread of new ideas, products, or services, network effects are expected to have diminished influence in the stationary state, when all users are aware of the innovation, and its usage pattern is determined mainly by its utility to the user. Here we study four mobile phone-based services available to over six million subscribers, allowing us to simultaneously monitor the communication network between individuals and the time-resolved service usage patterns. We find that usage highly correlates with the structure of the communication network, and demonstrate the coexistence on the same social network of two distinct usage classes, network effects being responsible for the quantifiable differences between them. To test the predictive power of our theory, we demonstrate that traditional marketing techniques are ineffective in permanently boosting service adoption, and propose a hub-based incentive mechanism that has the potential to enhance usage for one of the two service classes.
Intranasal Administration of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Rescues Depressive-Like Phenotypes in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice

more neurotrophic (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival, and of Methods: We administered BDNF into chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression mice and assessed the effects of intranasal delivery of BDNF in depression by the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, novelty suppressed feeding test, and open-field test. Results: We find that the intranasal administration of BDNF reversed the depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice as measured Further analyses suggested that BDNF treatment reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β) expressions in the hippocampus of CUMS mice. In addition, our results showed that BDNF markedly reduced oxidative stress in the hippocampus and blood of CUMS mice. Moreover, our data suggested that BDNF treatment increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus of CUMS mice. Discussion: Taken together, our results for the first time demonstrated that intranasal delivery of BDNF protein exhibited anti-depressant-like effects in mice, and therefore may represent a new therapeutic strategy for major depressive disorder.
The Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Severe Femoral Neck Fractures: Prediction Model Development Study

Background: Femoral neck fracture (FNF) accounts for approximately 3.58% of all fractures in the entire body, exhibiting an increasing trend each year. According to a survey, in 1990, the total number of hip fractures in men and women worldwide was approximately 338,000 and 917,000, respectively. In China, FNFs account for 48.22% of hip fractures. Currently, many studies have been conducted on postdischarge mortality and mortality risk in patients with FNF. However, there have been no definitive studies on in-hospital mortality or its influencing factors in patients with severe FNF admitted to the intensive care unit. Objective: In this paper, 3 machine learning methods were used to construct a nosocomial death prediction model for patients admitted to intensive care units to assist clinicians in early clinical decision-making. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using information of a patient with FNF from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III. After balancing the data set using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique algorithm, patients were randomly separated into a 70% training set and a 30% testing set for the development and validation, respectively, of the prediction model. Random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and backpropagation neural network prediction models were constructed with nosocomial death as the outcome. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity. The predictive value of the models was verified in comparison to the traditional logistic model. Results: A total of 366 patients with FNFs were selected, including 48 cases (13.1%) of in-hospital death. Data from 636 patients were obtained by balancing the data set with the in-hospital death group to survival group as 1:1. The 3 machine learning models exhibited high predictive accuracy, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and backpropagation neural network were 0.98, 0.97, and 0.95, respectively, all with higher predictive performance than the traditional logistic regression model. Ranking the importance of the feature variables, the top 10 feature variables that were meaningful for predicting the risk of in-hospital death of patients were the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, lactate, creatinine, gender, vitamin D, calcium, creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, white blood cell, and age. Conclusions: Death risk assessment models constructed using machine learning have positive significance for predicting the in-hospital mortality of patients with severe disease and provide a valid basis for reducing in-hospital mortality and improving patient prognosis.
SPUTTERING OF TITAN’S ATMOSPHERE BY SATURN'S MAGNETOSPHERIC IONS

The nitrogen rich atmosphere of Titan is a significant source of the neutrals in Saturn's magnetosphere. As Titan does not posses an intrinsic magnetic field, energetic Kronian magnetospheric ions and electrons may be able to penetrate Titan's atmospheric exobase. The emissions produced by the incident electrons (Michael and Johnson 2003) and the effect of energetic ions (Luna et al. 2003) have been considered. Here we consider the effect of the corotating plasma and the pickup ions. These incident ions can lead directly or indirectly to the production of fast neutrals that collide with other atmospheric neutrals producing dissociation and the ejection of both atomic and molecular nitrogen. One-dimensional models for the sputtering of Titan’s atmosphere by the undeflected corotating plasma flow have been reported by Lammer and Bauer (1993) and Shematovich et al. (2001). From Brecht et al. (2000) we have estimated the flux and energy spectra of deflected and slowed co-rotating ions and the pick-up ions and used these in 1-D and 3-D Monte Carlo models. The lower energy pick-up ions are shown to be more efficient in ejecting material from Titan’s atmosphere than either N at corotation energies or the deflected and slowed N. The net loss rate may be as large as or larger than the loss rate due to photodissociation (Shematovich et al. 2003), contrary to earlier results.
A sufficient condition for the continuity of permanental processes with applications to local times of Markov processes and loop soups

We provide a sufficient condition for the continuity of real valued permanental processes. When applied to the subclass of permanental processes which consists of squares of Gaussian processes, we obtain the sufficient condition for continuity which is also known to be necessary. Using an isomorphism theorem of Eisenbaum and Kaspi which relates Markov local times and permanental processes, we obtain a general sufficient condition for the joint continuity of local times.
Greywater Systems, Greywater Quality Parameters, and Impacts on Soil Characteristics in Santa Clara County, California

GREYWATER SYSTEMS, GREYWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS, AND IMPACTS ON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by Sara Khosrowshahi Asl Many communities worldwide are facing water shortages and droughts, stressing the critical need for water conservation. Following the longest recent drought cycle in California (2011–2017), local water companies are prioritizing the development of unconventional water sources, such as laundry-to-landscape greywater, which is a low-tech method to reuse water. This study describes the characteristics and performance of installed greywater systems in San José, California, including the systems’ conformance with California plumbing codes and landscape plants irrigated by the systems. Over three-quarters of the greywater systems conformed to the California Plumbing Code, and nearly 60% of the landscapes were drought-tolerant. Samples of both greywater and soil from 31 households showed that water quality, besides iron and calcium, was mostly in the acceptable range for wastewater-reuse irrigation, and values of many of the parameters were lower than previously reported. Code-compliant systems performed better than non-code-compliant systems for fecal coliform and nitrate, as well as for calcium, magnesium, potassium, organic matter, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and boron, but even systems that did not adhere to the codes did function for water conservation. There was accumulation of salt and nutrients for older systems in soil. The results of this study strengthen the reuse of these systems as an attractive solution in conserving water.
Essentials of Cognitive Grammar

Part I MEANING AND SYMBOLIZATION 1. Orientation 2. Conceptual Semantics 3. Construal Part II A SYMBOLIC ACCOUNT OF GRAMMAR 4. Grammatical Classes 5. Major Subclasses 6. Constructions: General Characterization 7. Constructions: Descriptive Factors 8. Rules and Restrictions
Pharmacologic Therapies for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current and Future Treatments

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and 70% of cases are non-muscle invasive at the time of diagnosis. Effective treatment is crucial to prevent progression, which occurs in about 30% of patients. The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and chemotherapy. However, ongoing shortages and high rates of BCG unresponsiveness creates a major need for novel therapies. In this narrative review, we discuss the evolving landscape of therapeutic options for NMIBC. Pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody, was the first systemic therapy to be FDA-approved for BCG-unresponsive, high-risk disease. Promising new agents under investigation include various other checkpoint inhibitors and adenovirus-based therapies including CG0070 and nadofaragene firadenovec (rAd-IFNa/Syn3). Finally, new mechanisms of drug delivery are under investigation, including delivery with the GemRIS (TAR-200) device and delivery of intravesical chemotherapy at higher temperatures. With the promise of novel therapies on the horizon, we can expect the role of urologists in the management of NMIBC to evolve and expand.
Infodemics and health misinformation: a systematic review of reviews

Abstract Objective To compare and summarize the literature regarding infodemics and health misinformation, and to identify challenges and opportunities for addressing the issues of infodemics. Methods We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Scopus and Epistemonikos on 6 May 2022 for systematic reviews analysing infodemics, misinformation, disinformation and fake news related to health. We grouped studies based on similarity and retrieved evidence on challenges and opportunities. We used the AMSTAR 2 approach to assess the reviews’ methodological quality. To evaluate the quality of the evidence, we used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. Findings Our search identified 31 systematic reviews, of which 17 were published. The proportion of health-related misinformation on social media ranged from 0.2% to 28.8%. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram are critical in disseminating the rapid and far-reaching information. The most negative consequences of health misinformation are the increase of misleading or incorrect interpretations of available evidence, impact on mental health, misallocation of health resources and an increase in vaccination hesitancy. The increase of unreliable health information delays care provision and increases the occurrence of hateful and divisive rhetoric. Social media could also be a useful tool to combat misinformation during crises. Included reviews highlight the poor quality of published studies during health crises. Conclusion Available evidence suggests that infodemics during health emergencies have an adverse effect on society. Multisectoral actions to counteract infodemics and health misinformation are needed, including developing legal policies, creating and promoting awareness campaigns, improving health-related content in mass media and increasing people’s digital and health literacy.
Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Causing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Korea Between 2017 and 2019 After Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a serious pathogen causing various infections in humans. We evaluated the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)13 in Korea and investigated the epidemiological characteristics of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Methods S. pneumoniae isolates causing IPD were collected from 16 hospitals in Korea between 2017 and 2019. Serotyping was performed using modified sequential multiplex PCR and the Quellung reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on MDR isolates for epidemiological investigations. Results Among the 411 S. pneumoniae isolates analyzed, the most prevalent serotype was 3 (12.2%), followed by 10A (9.5%), 34 (7.3%), 19A (6.8%), 23A (6.3%), 22F (6.1%), 35B (5.8%), 11A (5.1%), and others (40.9%). The coverage rates of PCV7, PCV10, PCV13, and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV)23 were 7.8%, 7.8%, 28.7%, and 59.4%, respectively. Resistance rates to penicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, and levofloxacin were 13.1%, 9.2%, 80.3%, and 4.1%, respectively. MDR isolates accounted for 23.4% of all isolates. Serotypes 23A, 11A, 19A, and 15B accounted for the highest proportions of total isolates at 18.8%, 16.7%, 14.6%, and 8.3%, respectively. Sequence type (ST)166 (43.8%) and ST320 (12.5%) were common among MDR isolates. Conclusions Non-PCV13 serotypes are increasing among invasive S. pneumoniae strains causing IPD. Differences in antimicrobial resistance were found according to the specific serotype. Continuous monitoring of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance is necessary for the appropriate management of S. pneumoniae infections.
Reevaluation of lock solutions for Central venous catheters in hemodialysis: a narrative review

Abstract Background A significant proportion of incident and prevalent hemodialysis patients have central venous catheters for vascular access. No consensus is available on the prevention of catheter dysfunction or catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis by means of catheter lock solutions. Method We reviewed the effects of single and combined anticoagulants with antibacterial catheter lock solutions or other antimicrobials for the prevention of thrombosis or infections in hemodialysis patients. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals for trials of the same type of catheter locking solution were pooled. Sources of information We included original research articles in English from PubMed, EMBASE, SpringerLink, Elsevier and Ovid using the search terms ‘hemodialysis,’ ‘central venous catheter,’ ‘locking solution,’ ‘UFH,’ ‘low molecular weight heparin,’ ‘EDTA,’ ‘citrate,’ ‘rt-PA,’ ‘urokinase,’ ‘gentamicin,’ ‘vancomycin’, ‘taurolidine,’ ‘sodium bicarbonate,’ ‘hypertonic saline’ and ‘ethanol’ and ‘catheter’. Findings Low-dose heparin lock solution (< 5000 U/ml) can efficiently achieve anticoagulation and will not increase the risk of bleeding. Low-concentration citrate (< 5%) combined with rt-PA can effectively prevent catheter infection and dysfunction. Catheter-related infections may be minimized by choosing the appropriate antibiotic and dose. Limitations There is a lack of follow-up validation data for LMWH, EDTA, taurolidine, sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, and other lock solutions. Implications Since catheterization is common in hemodialysis units, studies on long-term treatment and preventative strategies for catheter dysfunction and catheter-related infection are warranted.
Exploring metapopulation‐scale suppression alternatives for a global invader in a river network experiencing climate change

Invasive species can dramatically alter ecosystems, but eradication is difficult, and suppression is expensive once they are established. Uncertainties in the potential for expansion and impacts by an invader can lead to delayed and inadequate suppression, allowing for establishment. Metapopulation viability models can aid in planning strategies to improve responses to invaders and lessen invasive species’ impacts, which may be particularly important under climate change. We used a spatially explicit metapopulation viability model to explore suppression strategies for ecologically damaging invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta), established in the Colorado River and a tributary in Grand Canyon National Park. Our goals were to estimate the effectiveness of strategies targeting different life stages and subpopulations within a metapopulation; quantify the effectiveness of a rapid response to a new invasion relative to delaying action until establishment; and estimate whether future hydrology and temperature regimes related to climate change and reservoir management affect metapopulation viability and alter the optimal management response. Our models included scenarios targeting different life stages with spatially varying intensities of electrofishing, redd destruction, incentivized angler harvest, piscicides, and a weir. Quasi‐extinction (QE) was obtainable only with metapopulation‐wide suppression targeting multiple life stages. Brown trout population growth rates were most sensitive to changes in age 0 and large adult mortality. The duration of suppression needed to reach QE for a large established subpopulation was 12 years compared with 4 with a rapid response to a new invasion. Isolated subpopulations were vulnerable to suppression; however, connected tributary subpopulations enhanced metapopulation persistence by serving as climate refuges. Water shortages driving changes in reservoir storage and subsequent warming would cause brown trout declines, but metapopulation QE was achieved only through refocusing and increasing suppression. Our modeling approach improves understanding of invasive brown trout metapopulation dynamics, which could lead to more focused and effective invasive species suppression strategies and, ultimately, maintenance of populations of endemic fishes.
Routine clinical chemistry and haematological test reference intervals for healthy adults in the Bhutanese population

Laboratory medicine plays a critical role in the modern healthcare system, and it is reported to influence 60–70% of clinical decision makings. The quantitative laboratory test results are interpreted by comparing to the Reference Intervals (RIs) and therefore the use of appropriate RIs is critical. Clinical laboratories in Bhutan have been randomly using RIs from textbooks and manufacturer’s package inserts without even verifying their applicability and therefore lessening their contribution to clinical decision makings. To improve the healthcare service delivery in Bhutan, this study aims to establish routine clinical chemistry and haematological test RIs for healthy adults in the Bhutanese population. Out of 1150 (male, n = 570; female, n = 580) healthy Bhutanese adults listed for the study through a simple random sampling technique, 1002 (male, n = 405; female, n = 597) individuals were assessed and 815 (male, n = 372; female, n = 443) individuals were enrolled in the study. An adequate volume of venous blood was drawn from these participants with the use of standard phlebotomy technique for clinical chemistry and haematological analysis. The laboratory data were analysed with the use of statistical methods recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. After excluding the test results indicating underlying pathology and statistically detected outliers, a maximum of 775 (male, n = 346; female, n = 429) and 784 (male, n = 351; female, n = 433) individuals test values were eligible for clinical chemistry and haematology RIs establishment respectively. Statistically, there were no significant differences between age groups of same-sex for both test categories; however, significant differences between sex were observed for various test parameters in both test categories. Our RIs are generally comparable to other published literature. The established RIs are applicable to all the adult Bhutanese population; however, clinical laboratories should validate the transference of these RIs before using them for clinical purposes.
Design and testing of a health economic Markov model for treatment of anorexia nervosa

ABSTRACT Objectives Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder and knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of potential interventions is limited. The aim of this paper is to introduce the Trimbos Institute health economic cost-effectiveness model for Anorexia Nervosa (AnoMod-TI), a flexible modeling tool for assessing the long-term cost-effectiveness of interventions for AN in late adolescent and adult patients, which could support clinical decision making. Methods AnoMod-TI is a state-transition cohort simulation (Markov) model developed from a Dutch societal perspective, which consists of four health states – namely full remission (FR), partial remission (PR), AN and death. Results are expressed as total healthcare costs, QALYs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results For the purpose of demonstrating AnoMod-TI and how it could be used to estimate cost-effectiveness over a 20-year time horizon, it was applied to a hypothetical treatment scenario. Results illustrate how a relatively costly intervention with only modest effects can still be cost-effective in the long term. Conclusions AnoMod-TI can be used to examine long-term cost-effectiveness of various interventions aimed at either treating AN or preventing relapse from a state of partial or full remission. AnoMod-TI is freely available upon request to the authors.