Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing Motor-Evoked Potential Characteristics of NEedle versus suRFACE Recording Electrodes during Spinal Cord Monitoring—The NERFACE Study Part I

Muscle-recorded transcranial electrical stimulation motor-evoked potentials (mTc-MEPs) are used to assess the spinal cord integrity. They are commonly recorded with subcutaneous needle or surface electrodes, but the different characteristics of mTc-MEP signals recorded with the two types of electrodes have not been formally compared yet. In this study, mTc-MEPs were simultaneously recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles using surface and subcutaneous needle electrodes in 242 consecutive patients. Elicitability, motor thresholds, amplitude, area under the curve (AUC), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the variability between mTc-MEP amplitudes were compared. Whereas amplitude and AUC were significantly higher in subcutaneous needle recordings (p < 0.01), motor thresholds and elicitability were similar for surface and subcutaneous needle recordings. Moreover, the SNRs were >2 in more than 99.5% of the surface and subcutaneous needle recordings, and the variability between consecutive amplitudes was not significantly different between the two recording electrode types (p = 0.34). Surface electrodes appear to be a good alternative to needle electrodes for spinal cord monitoring. They are non-invasive, can record signals at similar threshold intensities, have adequately high SNRs, and record signals with equivalent variability. Whether surface electrodes are non-inferior to subcutaneous needle electrodes in detecting motor warnings is investigated in part II of the NERFACE study.
Speaking rate, VOT, and quantity: The search for higher‐order invariants for two Icelandic speech cues

The temporal structure of speech is highly variable. Speaking rate, stress among other factors influence the duration of speech sounds. A number of speech cues are by their nature temporal. This holds, e.g., for voice onset time as well as for duration as a cue to phonemic quantity. The highly ‘‘elastic’’ nature of speech would seem to pose a problem for the listener: How does he or she achieve an invariant percept in the face of this great temporal variability? Data for two Icelandic speech cues under different speaking rates are reported. Results show that manipulations of rate have the effect of slightly blurring the distinction between unaspirated and aspirated stops. In spite of great changes in the absolute durations of long and short vowels and consonants the two categories of syllables, V:C and VC:, are in fact kept totally distinct. In perceptual experiments it is shown that the ratio of vowel to consonant duration is the primary cue to quantity and remains invariant at different rates. Perceptual experiments show a small effect of rate on the boundaries for VOT. The two temporal speech cues of VOT and quantity are thus shown to behave quite differently under transformations of rate.
Balanced Confidence Regions Based on Tukey’s Depth and the Bootstrap

We propose and study the bootstrap confidence regions for multivariate parameters based on Tukey’s depth. The bootstrap is based on the normalized or Studentized statistic formed from an independent and identically distributed random sample obtained from some unknown distribution in Rq. The bootstrap points are deleted on the basis of Tukey’s depth until the desired confidence level is reached. The proposed confidence regions are shown to be second order balanced in the context discussed by Beran. We also study the asymptotic consistency of Tukey’s depth‐based bootstrap confidence regions. The applicability of the method proposed is demonstrated in a simulation study.
PENGARUH NON PERFOMING LOAN, PRICE EARNING RATIO DAN PRICE TO BOOK VALUE TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM

Stock prices are defined with the market price . The market price is based in stock prices in today marketplace. Increase in the price of a stock has had a positive impact for the company because it can enhance the value of shares, god will negatively impact on company capital. The study aimed to identify the Non Performing Loan, Price Earning Ratio , and Price To Book Value on the price of shares in banking concerns listed at the indonesian stock exchange 2017-2019 years . Population in research the banking sector this is a company listed on the indonesia stock in 2017-2019 were 44 company. Sample dating techniques in research this is non sampling probabilitas use of purposive smpling. Sample use were 16 company, set the criteria upon. The of research is show that in partial Non Loan Perfoming can have negative effects and significantly to stock price, Price Earning Ratio influential and significantly to stock price. Price To Book Value and it has some positive effects on stock prices. In its simulatan , Non Perfoming Loan, Price Earning Ratio and Price To Book value influences on the banking concerns listed at the indonesian stock exchange .
General-well-ordered sets

It is of course well known that within the framework of any reasonable set theory whose axioms include that of choice, we can characterize well-orderings in two different ways: (1) a total order for which every nonempty subset has a minimal element; (2) a total order in which there are no infinite descending chains. Now the theory of well-ordered sets and their ordinals that is expounded in various texts takes as its definition characterization (1) above; in this paper we commence an investigation into the corresponding theory that takes characterization (2) as its starting point. Naturally if we are to obtain any differences at all, we must exclude the axiom of choice from our set theory. Thus we state right at the outset that we are working in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without choice.
Integrated optical, wavelength selective, acoustically tunable 2/spl times/2 switches (add-drop multiplexers) in LiNbO/sub 3/

Fully packaged, polarization independent, integrated acoustooptic 2/spl times/2 switches have been developed which can be also used as add/drop multiplexers. The devices have been fabricated in X-cut Y-propagating LiNbO/sub 3/ and can be operated at wavelengths around 1550 nm. They consist of passive polarization splitters and acoustooptic TE-TM converters with weighted coupling. A filter bandwidth of 2.0 nm and a tuning range of 130 nm have been obtained. The fiber-to-fiber insertion loss is <4.6 dB and a residual polarization dependence of 1.3 dB for bar-state and 0.1 dB for cross-state routing has been achieved.
Identification of stages of amelogenesis in the continuously growing mandiblular incisor of C57BL/6J male mice throughout life using molar teeth as landmarks

Continuously growing mouse incisors are widely used to study amelogenesis, since all stages of this process (i.e., secretory, transition and maturation) are present in a spatially determined sequence at any given time. To study biological changes associated with enamel formation, it is important to develop reliable methods for collecting ameloblasts, the cells that regulate enamel formation, from different stages of amelogenesis. Micro-dissection, the key method for collecting distinct ameloblast populations from mouse incisors, relies on positions of molar teeth as landmarks for identifying critical stages of amelogenesis. However, the positions of mandibular incisors and their spatial relationships with molars change with age. Our goal was to identify with high precision these relationships throughout skeletal growth and in older, skeletally mature animals. Mandibles from 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24-week-old, and 18-month-old C57BL/6J male mice, were collected and studied using micro-CT and histology to obtain incisal enamel mineralization profiles and to identify corresponding changes in ameloblast morphology during amelogenesis with respect to positions of molars. As reported here, we have found that throughout active skeletal growth (weeks 2–16) the apices of incisors and the onset of enamel mineralization move distally relative to molar teeth. The position of the transition stage also moves distally. To test the accuracy of the landmarks, we micro-dissected enamel epithelium from mandibular incisors of 12-week-old animals into five segments, including 1) secretory, 2) late secretory - transition - early maturation, 3) early maturation, 4) mid-maturation and 5) late maturation. Isolated segments were pooled and subjected to expression analyses of genes encoding key enamel matrix proteins (EMPs), Amelx, Enam, and Odam, using RT-qPCR. Amelx and Enam were strongly expressed during the secretory stage (segment 1), while their expression diminished during transition (segment 2) and ceased in maturation (segments 3, 4, and 5). In contrast, Odam’s expression was very low during secretion and increased dramatically throughout transition and maturation stages. These expression profiles are consistent with the consensus understanding of enamel matrix proteins expression. Overall, our results demonstrate the high accuracy of our landmarking method and emphasize the importance of selecting age-appropriate landmarks for studies of amelogenesis in mouse incisors.
The Influence of One-Way Interacting Lateral Boundary Conditions upon Predictability of Flow in Bounded Numerical Models

Abstract The influence of one-way interacting lateral bounday conditions upon the predictability of flows in boundeddomains is studied using the barotropic nondivergent model in global and local domains. Past studies haveattempted to reconcile the apparent contradiction between pessimistic forecast of predictability theory and thehigh predictability actually found in regional models. Those investigations have emphasized the rather differentspectra and forcing mechanisms that are not considered in the theoretical estimates. We demonstrate that thepredictability remains high in an unforced, inertially driven local flow characterized by a typical synoptic scalespectrum, and constrained only by lateral boundary specification. We also offer a possible reconciliation ofthese results with the classical theory. It is shown that one-way interacting boundary conditions enhance thepredictability of flow in a local region which, without the boundary constraints, has limited predictabifity. Thedegree of this boundary .
Capacitance Variations and Gate Voltage Hysteresis Effects on the Turn-ON Switching Transients Modeling of High-Voltage SiC MOSFETs

In this article, we present a discrete and real-time capable dynamic behavioral model of the turn-<sc>on</sc> switching transition of high-voltage and high-current silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (<sc>mosfet</sc>) half-bridge power modules. The dynamic switching model utilizes the Shichman and Hodges equations using voltage-dependent nonlinear device capacitances and module electrical parameters to obtain an accurate dynamic model of the device switching transients. The key device states that gate–source voltage, drain current, and drain–source voltage are modeled. This article investigates the impact of correct device capacitance modeling with low <sc>off</sc>-state gate–source voltage values, impacting the device capacitances and causes gate-voltage hysteresis effects. It has been shown that the presented discrete-time dynamic switching model accurately describes the turn-<sc>on</sc> transient and the results highlight the importance of correct capacitance and threshold voltage characterization data. The modeling results are compared with experimental measurements conducted in a 3.3 kV/750 A SiC <sc>mosfet</sc> power module. The model exhibits an average accuracy of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\sim}} 4\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for turn-<sc>on</sc> energy and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sim} 1.3\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for the turn-<sc>on</sc> time compared with measurements. These models are valuable for rapid and cost effective design and validation of advanced gate-driver circuits and for determining key design and operating parameters, such as dead time, switching frequency, and switching losses.
The Genetic and Immunologic Landscape Underlying the Risk of Malignant Progression in Laryngeal Dysplasia

Simple Summary Our study investigates the alterations of the dysplastic micro-environment and immune system that contribute to the progression from laryngeal dysplasia to invasive cancer. As known, laryngeal dysplasia could represent the initial premalignant lesions for the development of laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Thus, the possibility to differentiate between progressing (PDy) and non-progressing dysplasia (NPDy) is essential for intensive surveillance programs and cancer prevention. Abstract (1) Background: The development of laryngeal cancer is a multistep process involving structural alterations of the epithelial mucosa, from dysplasia (LDy) to invasive carcinoma. In this study, we define new biomarkers, prognostic for malignant transformation, in patients affected by LDy. (2) Methods: We used targeted next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis to define the mutational and immunological landscape of 15 laryngeal dysplasia progressing to invasive cancer (progressing dysplasia), as well as 31 cases of laryngeal dysplasia that did not progress to carcinoma (non-progressing dysplasia). Two pathologists independently analyzed the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in LDy pre-embedded paraffin-fixed specimens. The RNA-based next-generation sequencing panel OIRRA was used to evaluate the expression of 395 genes related to immune system activation. (3) Results: High TILs are significantly correlated with a higher risk of malignant transformation. The non-brisk pattern was significantly associated with an 86% reduced risk of malignant progression (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03–0.5, p = 0.008). TILs showed a highly positive correlation with CCR6, CD83, HLA-DPB1, MX1 and SNAI1, and they were inversely correlated with CD48, CIITA, CXCR4, FCER1G, IL1B, LST1 and TLR8. (4) Conclusions: TILs have a great potential to identify high-risk progression dysplasia and thus to define surveillance protocols and prevention programs.
Sensitivity Studies of the Role of Aerosols in Warm-Phase Orographic Precipitation in Different Dynamical Flow Regimes

Abstract Aerosols serve as a source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence the microphysical properties of clouds. In the case of orographic clouds, it is suspected that aerosol–cloud interactions reduce the amount of precipitation on the upslope side of the mountain and enhance the precipitation on the downslope side when the number of aerosols is increased. The net effect may lead to a shift of the precipitation distribution toward the leeward side of mountain ranges, which affects the hydrological cycle on the local scale. In this study aerosol–cloud interactions in warm-phase clouds and the possible impact on the orographic precipitation distribution are investigated. Herein, simulations of moist orographic flow over topography are conducted and the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on the orographic precipitation formation is analyzed. The degree of aerosol pollution is prescribed by different aerosol spectra that are representative for central Switzerland. The simulations are performed w.
Evaluation of the GECCO2 ocean synthesis: transports of volume, heat and freshwater in the Atlantic

We present results from a new synthesis (GECCO2) which covers the years 1948 to 2011 employing a similar configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model as the previous 50‐year (1952 to 2001) GECCO synthesis. In GECCO2, the resolution was increased; it now includes the Arctic Ocean and a dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice model. The synthesis uses the adjoint method to bring the model into consistency with available hydrographic and satellite data as well as prior estimates of surface fluxes. In comparison to GECCO, GECCO2 provides a better agreement with the assimilated data, however the estimated flux adjustments remain similar to GECCO. Global heat content changes are in agreement with recent observational estimates and the estimate of the global heat flux is close to a radiative forcing estimate. Both show a clear effect of the radiative forcing from volcanic eruptions and a weak relation to ENSO events. In contrast to GECCO, the importance of the Denmark Strait overflow for the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is replaced in GECCO2 by water mass transformation in the subpolar gyre, which is shown to be part of the thermohaline circulation if the overturning is defined as a function of density. Heat and freshwater transport estimates in the Atlantic are more consistent with previous estimates than the unconstrained run. Decomposing heat and freshwater transports into overturning and gyre components by averaging on density coordinates demonstrates that in these coordinates the contribution from the gyre circulation largely disappears for heat transport and is reduced for the freshwater transport.
Classification of Tomato Fruit Using Yolov5 and Convolutional Neural Network Models

Four deep learning frameworks consisting of Yolov5m and Yolov5m combined with ResNet50, ResNet-101, and EfficientNet-B0, respectively, are proposed for classifying tomato fruit on the vine into three categories: ripe, immature, and damaged. For a training dataset consisting of 4500 images and a training process with 200 epochs, a batch size of 128, and an image size of 224 × 224 pixels, the prediction accuracy for ripe and immature tomatoes is found to be 100% when combining Yolo5m with ResNet-101. Meanwhile, the prediction accuracy for damaged tomatoes is 94% when using Yolo5m with the Efficient-B0 model. The ResNet-50, EfficientNet-B0, Yolov5m, and ResNet-101 networks have testing accuracies of 98%, 98%, 97%, and 97%, respectively. Thus, all four frameworks have the potential for tomato fruit classification in automated tomato fruit harvesting applications in agriculture.
Epidemiology of mastitis and interactions of environmental factors on udder health in the compost barn system

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the epidemiological indexes of mastitis, milk quality and udder hygiene in the Compost Barn system, as well as to search for associations between isolated pathogens from milk with compost characteristics. Three dairy herds participated in the study, and the samples were collected during different periods on each farm. Individual milk samples were collected in duplicate for SCC analysis and microbiological culture. Environmental pathogens caused most cases of clinical mastitis on farm 2, and contagious pathogens caused the most cases on farm 1. Bed moisture was not associated with the incidence of environmental pathogens. Most of the animals remained in good udder hygiene during the study. Poor udder hygiene contributed to the increased incidence of environmental pathogens in one of the farms. A higher number of animals with a hygiene score of ≥ 2 were observed during the warmer and rainfall periods. There was no association between hygiene scores and somatic cell counts. The results suggest that pathogens isolated from milk in animals confined in Compost Barn under tropical climate are like other confinement systems adopted elsewhere. The year period influenced the udder hygiene score, reinforcing the importance of bed management throughout the year.
Finite sample evidence of IV estimators under weak instruments

We present finite sample evidence on different IV estimators available for linear models under weak instruments; explore the application of the bootstrap as a bias reduction technique to attenuate their finite sample bias; and employ three empirical applications to illustrate and provide insights into the relative performance of the estimators in practice. Our evidence indicates that the random-effects quasi-maximum likelihood estimator outperforms alternative estimators in terms of median point estimates and coverage rates, followed by the bootstrap bias-corrected version of LIML and LIML. However, our results also confirm the difficulty of obtaining reliable point estimates in models with weak identification and moderate-size samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual-branch collaborative learning network for crop disease identification

Crop diseases seriously affect the quality, yield, and food security of crops. redBesides, traditional manual monitoring methods can no longer meet intelligent agriculture’s efficiency and accuracy requirements. Recently, deep learning methods have been rapidly developed in computer vision. To cope with these issues, we propose a dual-branch collaborative learning network for crop disease identification, called DBCLNet. Concretely, we propose a dual-branch collaborative module using convolutional kernels of different scales to extract global and local features of images, which can effectively utilize both global and local features. Meanwhile, we embed a channel attention mechanism in each branch module to refine the global and local features. Whereafter, we cascade multiple dual-branch collaborative modules to design a feature cascade module, which further learns features at more abstract levels via the multi-layer cascade design strategy. Extensive experiments on the Plant Village dataset demonstrated the best classification performance of our DBCLNet method compared to the state-of-the-art methods for the identification of 38 categories of crop diseases. Besides, the Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F-score of our DBCLNet for the identification of 38 categories of crop diseases are 99.89%, 99.97%, 99.67%, and 99.79%, respectively. 811
A Finite-Element Study of Newtonian and Power-Law Fluids in Conical Channel Flow

A numerical study of Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids in high-speed, laminar flow through a conical channel is presented. Using a variety of cone-angles and Reynolds numbers on the order of 100, converging flow is mapped according to several characteristics: the angle at which separation occurs at the cone outlet, the extent to which sink-flow is approximated, and the pressure drop through the cone. While the data provides a fundamental description of conical flow, it may be of particular usefulness to rheologists in establishing an inelastic baseline for a converging-flow rheometer.