Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Observed Daily Precipitation over Global Land Areas since 1950

Estimates of observed long-term changes in daily precipitation globally have been limited due to availability of high-quality observations. In this study, a new gridded dataset of daily precipitation, called Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network (REGEN) V1–2019, was used to perform an assessment of the climatic changes in precipitation at each global land location (except Antarctica). This study investigates changes in the number of wet days (≥1 mm) and the entire distribution of daily wet- and all-day records, in addition to trends in annual and seasonal totals from daily records, between 1950 and 2016. The main finding of this study is that precipitation has intensified across a majority of land areas globally throughout the wet-day distribution. This means that when it rains, light, moderate, or heavy wet-day precipitation has become more intense across most of the globe. Widespread increases in the frequency of wet days are observed across Asia and the United States, and widespread increases in the precipitation intensity are observed across Europe and Australia. Based on a comparison of spatial pattern of changes in frequency, intensity, and the distribution of daily totals, we propose that changes in light and moderate precipitation are characterized by changes in precipitation frequency, whereas changes in extreme precipitation are primarily characterized by intensity changes. Based on the uncertainty estimates from REGEN, this study highlights all results in the context of grids with high-quality observations.
Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of BPBD Officers with Optimization of Flood Disaster Management in Makassar City

The research was conducted at the Regional Disaster Management Agency in Makassar City. This type of research is quantitative with analytical survey research methods. The population in this study were all officers of the Regional Disaster Management Agency. The sample of this research is the officers of the Regional Disaster Management Agency in Makassar City, as many as 40 people consisting of 30 office staff and 10 field officers. The results of the research by office staff and field officers showed that knowledge (p value 0.032 <α 0.05), attitude (p value 0.036 <α 0.05), and practice (p value 0.013 <α 0.05). This means that there is a significant relationship between the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Regional Disaster Management Agency officials on optimizing flood disaster management in Makassar City. Knowledge, attitudes and good practices can make all Regional Disaster Management Agency officers more optimal in emergency response to floods
Computation of Nonlinear Thermoelectric Effects with Adaptive Methods

An implementation for a fully automatic adaptive finite element method (AFEM) for computation of nonlinear thermoelectric problems in three dimensions is presented. Adaptivity of the nonlinear solvers is based on the well-established hp-adaptivity where the mesh refinement and the polynomial order of elements are methodically controlled to reduce the discretization errors of the coupled field variables temperature and electric potential. A single mesh is used for both fields and the nonlinear coupling of temperature and electric potential is accounted in the computation of a posteriori error estimate where the residuals are computed element-wise. Mesh refinements are implemented for tetrahedral mesh such that conformity of elements with neighboring elements is preserved. Multiple nonlinear solution steps are assessed including variations of the fixed-point method with Anderson acceleration algorithms. The Barzilai-Borwein algorithm to optimize the nonlinear solution steps are also assessed. Promising results have been observed where all the nonlinear methods show the same accuracy with the tendency of approaching convergence with more elements refining. Anderson acceleration is the most efficient among the nonlinear solvers studied where its total computing time is less than half of the more conventional fixed-point iteration.
Hand hygiene adherence among Iranian nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Nursing and Midwifery College, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Sanandaj, Iran Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Clinical Care Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Time‐Warped Foveated Rendering for Virtual Reality Headsets

Rendering in real time for virtual reality headsets with high user immersion is challenging due to strict framerate constraints as well as due to a low tolerance for artefacts. Eye tracking‐based foveated rendering presents an opportunity to strongly increase performance without loss of perceived visual quality. To this end, we propose a novel foveated rendering method for virtual reality headsets with integrated eye tracking hardware. Our method comprises recycling pixels in the periphery by spatio‐temporally reprojecting them from previous frames. Artefacts and disocclusions caused by this reprojection are detected and re‐evaluated according to a confidence value that is determined by a newly introduced formalized perception‐based metric, referred to as confidence function. The foveal region, as well as areas with low confidence values, are redrawn efficiently, as the confidence value allows for the delicate regulation of hierarchical geometry and pixel culling. Hence, the average primitive processing and shading costs are lowered dramatically. Evaluated against regular rendering as well as established foveated rendering methods, our approach shows increased performance in both cases. Furthermore, our method is not restricted to static scenes and provides an acceleration structure for post‐processing passes.
Pathosystem, Epiphytology and Genomic Characterization of Groundnut Rosette Disease Pathogens

Synergism among the groundnut rosette disease (GRD) pathogens of Groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV, Luteovirus) and Groundnut rosette virus (GRV, Umbravirus) associated with a satellite-ribonucleic acid (sat-RNA), have declined groundnut (Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L.) production in Kenya. The polyphagous groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch; Homoptera: Aphididae) efficiently transmits GRD in sub-Saharan Africa. Inadequate information available on the pathosystem, epiphytology and genomic characterization of GRAV, GRV and sat-RNA pathogens in Kenya, have hampered control and management technologies due to their intimate complex etiology, the bottleneck which this study unravels. A survey of GRD was conducted in western Kenya among the four counties of Bungoma, Busia, Kisumu and Kisii during the short rains season of 2019. A total of 10 symptomatic leaf samples were selected from the collected samples and preserved until use. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic leaf samples using GeneJET Plant RNA Purification Mini Kit according to the manufacturers’ protocol. RT-PCR detection of GRD pathogens was done using specific primers of GRAV, GRV and sat-RNA. DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing platform. Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons were performed using MEGA X software. The sequence quality were checked based on the peak of the electrophoregram and trimmed using CLC main work bench v20. The sequences were assembled with final consensus exported as FASTA file format and BLAST searched against NCBI database using BLASTn. The BLAST hit with nucleotide identity of at least 97% identity were considered, downloaded, uploaded to MEGA X and multiple alignment done with Gap Opening Penalty of 15 and Gap Extension Penalty of 5.5. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with best DNA/Protein model based on automatic Neighbor Joining Tree and Maximum Likelihood method of nucleotides substitution by Kimura 2 Parameter with Invariant Plus Gamma. The two GRAV isolates from Kenya (Ken_G10 and Ken_G2) clustered together in group II while the rest clustered in group I. The Kenyan novel GRAV isolates are more similar to each other than with any other sequences implying common ancestry than with the other African isolates. The Kenyan sat-RNA isolates formed two distinct groups with sub-groups within the clusters. Isolates Ken_G11 and Ken_G6 clustered together in group II while Ken_G10 and Ken_G7 clustered together in group I. Ken_G6 clustered with other Kenyan sat-RNA isolates implying a possible identity by descent (IBD), suggesting a possible impact of a genetic bottleneck whose cause should be investigated further to infer any conclusions.
Paramagnetic spin resonance in hydrogen-charged stainless austenitic steel

Hydrogen-charged stainless austenitic steel Cr18Mn20 alloyed with 0.88 mass% of nitrogen is studied using a magnetic spin resonance method. The steel is paramagnetic before as well as after hydrogen charging, which allows one to observe electron spin resonance (ESR). It is shown that hydrogen causes a significant increase of the signal from conduction electrons in the ESR spectrum (CESR), i.e., it increases the concentration of free electrons in the alloy. Hydrogen charging results also in a stronger exchange interaction between free and localized electrons. The kinetics of desorption of hydrogen from the sample is studied and the value of the enthalpy of hydrogen migration in the crystal lattice is evaluated from the studies of the decay of the CESR signal.
The Leadership Role and Influence of Team Captaincy in Professional Rugby Union

The aim of the study and research question was to understand the leadership role, interpersonal style and impact of the team captain in a professional rugby union context and evaluate the implications of the findings for the practice (and development) of team captaincy. Loughead et al. (2006) indicated that the majority of sport leadership research has focused on the coach but that athlete leadership within a team was an important source of influence. Much of the literature in the team captaincy field was based on the experiences of varsity populations and there was scope, as Loughead et al. (2006) proposed, for future research to examine athlete leadership at other levels of competition including professional sport. The study was framed by an interpretivist paradigm and a qualitative methodology. The research was based on a single, instrumental case study, the Southern Warriors (pseudonym), a professional rugby union team classified as competitive elite (Swann et al., 2015) who played in a top tier league. Data collection techniques included semi structured and informal conversational interviews, overt participant observation (over the course of a season) and archival research. Data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The study found that the professional rugby context was distinguished by three dimensions - commercial (gladiatorial) spectacle, demanding (and dynamic) endeavour and collective camaraderie; that the team captain performed three key roles - environment influencer, game shaper and stakeholder ambassador; that the influencing style of the team captain was based on three key dimensions - personal qualities, process skills and agile practice and finally, that the team captain impacted three areas - team purpose, team performance and team satisfaction. The study provided original contributions to the body of knowledge through “real world” professional sport insights (a complex and pluralist ecosystem of competing and sometimes contradictory organisational dynamics); by further developing the current taxonomy of leadership roles and revising the current definition of athlete leadership. The study also provided insights into leadership currency and proposed a framework of key in game leadership evaluation indicators. Practical implications of the research findings for the effective practice of team captaincy included terms of reference for the supervisory leadership group, a team captain job description, a team captain person specification, a team captain (i) self-appraisal process and (ii) 360 appraisal process. Recommended future avenues of inquiry included evaluation of the social leadership role off the field, the evaluation of leadership role and style during a game and evaluation of the selection process and development activities for team captains.
An on-farm rotational grazing trial: restricting access time to pasture did not affect the productivity of a dairy sheep flock in spring

In the Mediterranean area, semi-extensive mixed farming systems characterise the inland landscape and guarantee the maintenance of several agroecosystem services. Rationed and rotational grazing have been proposed as efficient agroecological practices for sustainable intensification. Previous studies have highlighted that, during spring, restricted access time to pasture of below four hours per day decreases herbage intake and milk production of rotationally stoked ewes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of restricted access time on daily herbage intake and milk productivity of Sarda ewes under rotational grazing management in a real farm located in southern Tuscany. The entire flock of 145 lactating ewes was allotted two homogenous groups and rotationally stoked on a grass-legume mixed pasture and fed about 1.7 kg of DM ewe–1 d–1 of supplementation. Each group was then assigned to the following treatments: two hours per day of access time to pasture, from 10:00 to 12:00 CET, and four hours per day of access time to pasture, from 10:00 to 14:00 CET. Data on herbage yield and quality, dry matter intake and milk yield were collected from April 5 to May 10, 2018. The rotational grazing schedule was conducted allowing for abundant herbage and exploiting high-nutritive biomass of the upper horizon sward. The results of our on-farm experiment showed that restricting daily access time to pasture down two hours did not reduce the potential daily herbage intake and the milk performance of dairy ewes rotationally stocked on a mixed pasture in spring. Our study also highlighted the capacity of ewes to self-regulate the herbage intake in order to meet their energy requirements, when neutral detergent fibre is not a limiting factor. Our outcomes should encourage researchers and farmers to co-design further on-farm experiments. Highlights - The challenge lies in comparing data of dairy sheep productivity collected at real farm condition with previous data measured in Mediterranean research stations. - In this study, no difference in milk production was found between ewes allowed to graze two hours and four hours per day in spring. - The ewes’ herbage intake rate correlates positively with pasture quality and a mixed pasture with a high share of legumes led to a high intake rate. - We believe that the outcomes in this manuscript can contribute to increase knowledge about the sustainable management of small ruminant dairy farms in the contest of rural areas.
Elemental Composition and Chemical Evolution of Geologic Materials in Gale Crater, Mars: APXS Results From Bradbury Landing to the Vera Rubin Ridge

The Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) on the rover Curiosity has analyzed the composition of geologic materials along a >20‐km traverse in Gale crater on Mars. The APXS dataset after 6.5 Earth years (2,301 sols) includes 712 analyses of soil, sand, float, bedrock, and drilled/scooped fines. We present the APXS results over this duration and provide stratigraphic context for each target. We identify the best APXS measurement of each of the 22 drilled and scooped samples that were delivered to the instruments Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin; X‐ray diffractometer) and Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM; mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph) during this period. The APXS results demonstrate that the basaltic and alkali‐rich units in the Bradbury group (sols 0–750) show minimal alteration indicating an arid climate. In contrast, the Murray formation of the Mount Sharp group (sols ∼750–2,301) has compositions indicating pervasive alteration. Diagenetic features are common and show fluid interaction with the sediment after (and possibly during) lithification. A sandstone unit, the Stimson formation, overlies part of the Murray formation. This has a composition similar to the basaltic sand and soil, suggesting a shared source. Cross‐cutting, fracture‐associated haloes are evidence of late‐stage fluid alteration after lithification of the sediment. The APXS dataset, evaluated in concert with the full science payload of Curiosity, indicates that Gale crater was habitable, and that liquid water was stable for extended periods.
Impact of Online Resources on Pre-service Teachers' Academic Performance in Social Studies Concepts

Previous studies have established that pre-service teachers’ performance in Social studies is dwindling. Prior researches have focused largely on strategies to improve students’ performance in Social studies, with less attention to examining the relationship that the use of online resources have with students’ performance in the subject. This study assessed the impact of online resources on pre-service teachers’ academic performance in Social studies concepts. The study adopted descriptive research using correlational design, and purposive sampling technique. A total of 398 Students responded to the questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation while the hypothesis was subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Findings of this study reported no significant relationship in students’ use of online resources and their performance in Social Studies. This paper, therefore, concludes that, students’ use of online resources has no significant relationship with their academic performance in the concepts selected in social studies. It was recommended that, adequate use of online resources by the students should be encouraged at all levels of education, to improve students’ academic performance.
The Determinant Factors of E-Commerce Usage Behavior During Flash Sale Program

The research objective is to analyze the determinant factors of the purchase intention during a flash sale program. This research is conducted from October 2018 to January 2019. The researchers use a quantitative approach. The sampling technique is snowball sampling. The survey data are collected from 210 respondents who shop online in Indonesia using questionnaires. The data are examined using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS ver. 25. The effect of perceived usefulness, information quality, and web quality on purchase intention, mediated by attitude. The flash sale program has a moderating impact on purchase intention. The effect of perceived ease of use and trust in the purchase intention mediated by attitude is not significant. The r squared value of attitude on e-commerce is 0.527, and purchase intention is 0.369. These research results are important for e-commerce management to understand the essential factors of purchase intention during a flash sale program.
Potential irritants and allergens in shampoos-type preparations

The shampoos have the role to cleansing impurities from skin and hair surface at relatively low temperatures and for a short time. The shampoos need to have a beneficial effect on the scalp and hair, also prevent them from being damaged by external and internal factors. The shampoos use surface activea agents (SAAs) with an HLB value of 13-15 (according to Griffin scale), as a primary, which provide good washing, foaming, and removal of impurities with friction. They reduce the surface tension between impurities and water; peptize, emulsify or solubilize and remove them with the foam, rinsing with water. The secondary surfactants in shampoos are poorly foamed, wash well and have a lower irritant potential (Rulebook of cosmetic products, 2019). The most commonly used as a primary surfactants are sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laurylethersulfate (SLES), which heavily degrease the skin and hair; and are combined with amphoteric surfactants betaine or sulfobetaine, as a secondary surfactants, which act as foam stabilizers, solubilizers and/or thickeners. Prolonged and repeated application of these agents changes the natural pH of the skin from slightly acidic (pH=4.56) to neutral and alkaline values, which corresponds to reproduction of the pathogenic microorganism. Also, the corneal layer disrupts the ratio of proteins and structural lipids that provide a stable skin barrier function. The hydrolipidic film recovers very quickly, but long-term damage to the skin's barrier function occurs after repeated skin exposure to these SAAs and its cumulative. These disorders in the structure and function of the skin are manifested in the form of different skin conditions (dry skin, cumulative irritation, irritant and allergic dermatitis) (Pedersen et al., 2004).
Equations of state for tetra-dimensional hard-sphere fluids

An equation of state, a kind of generalised Padé approximants, first proposed for the hard-sphere fluid in cases of two, three, four and five dimensions is extended for the tetra-dimensional case with new simulation data available. The corresponding equations of state show good to excellent agreement with the above-mentioned data.
The impact of social network-based nursing care training on oncology nurses’ occupational stress and self-efficacy: Non-randomized clinical trial

Available online at: http://npt.tums. ac.ir Background & Aim: Inadequate clinical knowledge is one of the leading causes of stress and low occupational self-efficacy among nurses. Nursing training can enhance self-efficacy and reduce stress. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of social network-based nursing care training, using mobile phones, occupational stress, and self-efficacy among oncology nurses. Methods & Materials: This non-randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 78 nurses working in oncology wards of two selected educational hospitals in Tehran in 2018. The nurses entered the study through available sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups of control and intervention. Nursing care training in chemotherapy was provided to the nurses in the intervention group through a mobile phone social network for four weeks. On the other hand, the nurses in the control group were provided with the routine training pamphlets and brochures in the oncology ward. The nurses’ stress level was examined using an expanded nursing stress scale and their occupational stress was measured using a job self-efficacy questionnaire once before the intervention and then one month after the intervention. The data analysis was then performed according to independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square using SPSS software version 16. Results: The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, gender, work experience, and education. There was no significant difference in terms of occupational stress and self-efficacy between the two groups before the intervention (P<0.05). The changes in the occupational stress score were statistically significant (P<0.05) among the nurses in the intervention group. Moreover, the changes in the occupational self-efficacy score were statistically significant among nurses in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Educational intervention through social networking can lead to a reduction of occupational stress and an increase in self-efficacy among oncology nurses. Reducing stress and increasing nurses’ occupational self-efficacy will improve their performance at the bedside. This is an easy, inexpensive, and effective training method that can be used by health managers and educators to enhance employee’s performance.