Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic and Post-Dynamic Recrystallization of Haynes 282 below the Secondary Carbide Solvus

Thermomechanical processes, such as forging, are important steps during manufacturing of superalloy components. The microstructural development during processing, which controls the final component properties, is complex and depends on e.g., applied strain, strain rate and temperature. In this study, we investigate the effect of process parameters on the dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization during hot compression of Ni-base superalloy Haynes 282. Specifically, we address the effect of deformation below the grain boundary carbide solvus temperature. During deformation, discontinuous and continuous dynamic recrystallization was observed at the grain boundaries, and particle-stimulated nucleation occurred at primary carbides. Strain rate was determined to be the governing factor controlling the recrystallization fraction for strain rates up to 0.5 s−1 above which adiabatic heating became the dominating factor. Careful examination of the temperature development during deformation showed that the response of the closed-loop temperature control system to adiabatic heating can have important effects on the interpretation of the observed behavior. During a 90 s post-deformation hold, grain growth and an increasing fraction of twin boundaries significantly changed the deformation-induced microstructure and texture. The microstructure developed during post-dynamic recrystallization was mainly controlled by the temperature and only weakly coupled to the prior deformation step.
New insights into the biogeochemical cycling of copper in the subarctic Pacific: Distributions, size fractionation, and organic complexation

The chemical speciation of Cu is dominated by complexation with organic ligands. However, the size fractionation of dissolved Cu and its organic ligands are not well understood. In this study, we revealed new insights into the biogeochemical cycling of Cu in the subarctic Pacific based on both chemical speciation and size fractionation analyses. Our data show that the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific contain a pool of colloidal Cu that was not observed in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Both soluble and colloidal Cu in the surface waters were strongly bound to organic ligands. In the intermediate waters, strong soluble Cu‐binding organic ligands were present, which could be related to the Cu uptake mechanism of methanotrophs under low oxygen environments. In deep waters, dissolved Cu concentrations increased but soluble Cu concentrations remained mostly constant, indicating that there are sources of colloidal non‐labile Cu in the benthic layer. Dissolved Cu exhibited a positive linear relationship with silicate in the upper 1500 m while soluble Cu displayed a linear relationship with silicate throughout the water column. The results of this study show that dissolved Cu is bound by organic ligands of various sizes and binding strengths throughout the water column of the subarctic Pacific, and that the characteristics of these ligands change with depth.
Design Principles for Compact, Backdrivable Actuation in Partial-Assist Powered Knee Orthoses

This article presents the design and validation of a backdrivable powered knee orthosis for partial assistance of lower-limb musculature, which aims to facilitate daily activities in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders. The actuator design is guided by design principles that prioritize backdrivability, output torque, and compactness. First, we show that increasing the motor diameter while reducing the gear ratio for a fixed output torque ultimately reduces the reflected inertia (and thus backdrive torque). We also identify a tradeoff with actuator torque density that can be addressed by improving the motor’s thermal environment, motivating our design of a custom brushless dc motor with encapsulated windings. Finally, by designing a 7:1 planetary gearset directly into the stator, the actuator has a high package factor that reduces size and weight. Benchtop tests verify that the custom actuator can produce at least 23.9-N<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\,\cdot\,$</tex-math></inline-formula>m peak torque and 12.78-N<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\,\cdot\,$</tex-math></inline-formula>m continuous torque, yet has less than 2.68-N<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\,\cdot\,$</tex-math></inline-formula>m backdrive torque during walking conditions. Able-bodied human subject experiments (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N=3$</tex-math></inline-formula>) demonstrate reduced quadricep activation with bilateral orthosis assistance during lifting-lowering, sit-to-stand, and stair climbing. The minimal transmission also produces negligible acoustic noise.
Traits and entrepreneurial intention: testing the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention phenomenon have been a subject-matter across the world of academia and many researches have been undertaken to unfold the mystery of entrepreneurial intention. While hypothesising the theoretical framework, in this study, the authors have endeavoured to instrument entrepreneurial traits and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with the application of mediation mechanism. The cross-sectional study design was adopted to collect the data from 663 students (368 male and 295 female) of three different universities in India using the convenience sampling technique. Convergent and discriminant validity of the data, along with its model fitness, were ensured and tested using CFA while for testing the hypotheses, SEM technique was employed. Results revealed that traits and underlying factors of TPB have a direct and positive relationship with the entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, entrepreneurial traits were found significantly affecting entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy directly while having a significant indirect relationship with the entrepreneurial intention through the mediation of entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy. This study significantly contributes to the existing literature in the domain of entrepreneurial intention by cognising the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude between traits and entrepreneurial intention.
The psychological and economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latina mothers in primarily low-income essential worker families.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic will have widespread health, economic, and psychological consequences. Reports indicate the Latino community is particularly vulnerable to the economic and health risks of this pandemic as a consequence of systemic oppression. Latina mothers, in particular, are navigating the pandemic from their racialized, gendered, and classed positions while caring for children and families. These factors are likely to have a significant psychological toll. Method The sample consisted of 70 Latina mothers. The majority of the families (72%) contained at least one employed adult, of which 91.7% were essential workers. Factors associated with stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms during the initial March 20 - June 1, 2020 California "shelter in place" mandate were assessed via phone survey using validated measures and Likert-scale items created for the study. Receipt of the federal stimulus check on stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms was also assessed. Results Due to the pandemic, 52.7% of the mothers reported being forced to engage in economic cutbacks. Mothers' experiences of stress during the outbreak stem from worries about themselves contracting the virus and making economic cutbacks. Economic cutbacks were also associated with greater reports of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Receiving the stimulus payment did not reduce economic cutbacks, contract worries, stress, or depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Findings highlight the pandemic's immediate economic toll on Latino families. Further, these economic implications seem to be having downstream effects on mothers' psychological well-being, that were not alleviated by the stimulus payment.
Data-Driven Wildfire Risk Prediction in Northern California

Over the years, rampant wildfires have plagued the state of California, creating economic and environmental loss. In 2018, wildfires cost nearly 800 million dollars in economic loss and claimed more than 100 lives in California. Over 1.6 million acres of land has burned and caused large sums of environmental damage. Although, recently, researchers have introduced machine learning models and algorithms in predicting the wildfire risks, these results focused on special perspectives and were restricted to a limited number of data parameters. In this paper, we have proposed two data-driven machine learning approaches based on random forest models to predict the wildfire risk at areas near Monticello and Winters, California. This study demonstrated how the models were developed and applied with comprehensive data parameters such as powerlines, terrain, and vegetation in different perspectives that improved the spatial and temporal accuracy in predicting the risk of wildfire including fire ignition. The combined model uses the spatial and the temporal parameters as a single combined dataset to train and predict the fire risk, whereas the ensemble model was fed separate parameters that were later stacked to work as a single model. Our experiment shows that the combined model produced better results compared to the ensemble of random forest models on separate spatial data in terms of accuracy. The models were validated with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, learning curves, and evaluation metrics such as: accuracy, confusion matrices, and classification report. The study results showed and achieved cutting-edge accuracy of 92% in predicting the wildfire risks, including ignition by utilizing the regional spatial and temporal data along with standard data parameters in Northern California.
Closing Achievement Gaps: Examining the Roles of School Background and Process

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of school background and school process in closing achievement gaps between White and non-White students in science. To answer the research questions, a series of two-level hierarchical linear models (HLM) was performed on the fourth-grade U.S. portion of the 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data. Results indicate that (a) the science achievement gap between White and non-White students is 0.21 standard deviation, holding student and school background constant; (b) the science achievement gap varies across schools; (c) none of the school background variables are associated with the achievement gap in a school; and (d) school emphasis on student academic learning is not only associated with higher school-level science achievement, but also with a narrower science achievement gap between White and non-White students. However, teacher collaboration is not associated with school-level science achievement but is associated with a larger achievement gap. Implications, limitations, and recommendations for further research are discussed.
An H/V geostatistical approach for building pseudo-3D Vs models to account for spatial variability in ground response analyses Part II: Application to 1D analyses at two downhole array sites

Common procedures used to account for spatial variability of shear wave velocity (Vs) in one-dimensional (1D) ground response analyses (GRAs), such as stochastic randomization of Vs or increasing small-strain damping, have been shown to improve seismic site response predictions relative to 1D GRAs where no attempts are made to account for spatial variability. However, even after attempting to account for spatial variability using common procedures, 1D GRAs often still yield results that are different than ground motions recorded at many downhole array sites. When 1D predictions differ from observations, the site is typically considered to be too spatially variable to effectively use 1D GRAs. While there is no doubt that some sites are indeed too variable for 1D GRAs, it is also possible that simple 1D analyses could still be effectively used at many sites if spatial variability is accounted for through a more rational, site-specific approach. In this study, an H/V geostatistical approach for building pseudo-3D Vs models is implemented to account for spatial variability in 1D GRAs. The geostatistical approach is used to generate a uniform grid of Vs profiles that have been scaled to match fundamental site frequency estimates from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (H/V) noise measurements. In this article, 1D GRAs are performed for each grid point and the results are statistically combined to reflect the average site response and its variability. This 1D application is demonstrated at the Treasure Island and Delaney Park Downhole Array sites, where it is shown to produce superior fits to the small-strain recorded site response relative to existing approaches used to account for spatial variability in 1D GRAs. Using the proposed approach, we also investigate the lateral area that is likely influencing site response at each site and show that it could extend to significant distances (as much as 1 km) from the boreholes.
Development of higher order thinking skill assessment instruments in learning Indonesian history

This study aimed to: 1) Produce higher order thinking skill (HOTS) assessment instruments in learning Indonesian history; 2) Know the validity of HOTS assessment instruments in learning Indonesian history; 3) Find out the characteristics of HOTS questions in learning Indonesian history. This study employed the research and development method of the Borg and Gall model. The HOTS test item was conducted on 36 students in class XI of 2 Ngaglik State Senior High School. Data analysis includes tests of validity, reliability, level of difficulty, distinguishing features and deception index. The study found: 1) The HOTS assessment instrument of multiple-choice questions consisted of 25 items; 2) The results of the HOTS question validation by two Indonesian history learning assessment experts on the material, construction and language aspects were valid and appropriate. The results of the validation by three Indonesian history teachers also stated that the assessment instruments were valid and appropriate; 3) The characteristics of HOTS questions had fulfilled the validity criteria of 23 questions, reliability with a coefficient of 0.97 (very strong), the average difficulty level is 0.33 (moderate), the average differentiation test is 0.42 (good), and the average deception index is 0.56 (good).
Quantitative and spectroscopic investigations of the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate and cadmium(II) on to haematite

The interactions between phosphates, both inorganic and organic ones, and heavy metals on mineral surfaces affect their environmental fate and transport. In this research, we investigated the co‐sorption of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and cadmium (Cd(II)) on to haematite at various pHs in batch experiments, zeta (ζ) potential measurement and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. In the haematite–IHP binary system, IHP formed inner‐sphere complexes on haematite in which some phosphate groups of the IHP molecule bonded with the haematite surface, and other dissociated phosphate groups were ionized. In the haematite–IHP–Cd ternary system, the presence of aqueous Cd(II) increases IHP sorption and the ζ potential of haematite relative to that in the haematite–IHP binary system. The enhancement is more obvious at higher pHs, reversing the initial pH dependence of IHP sorption in the binary system. Similarly, the coexisting IHP promotes the retention of Cd(II) on haematite. The ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy indicates the formation of two structurally distinct ternary surface complexes (the Hm–IHP–Cd surface complex and the Hm–Cd–IHP–Cd surface complex). Our results suggest that simultaneous sorption not only increases the sorption density of IHP and Cd(II), but also changes the surface complex configuration of IHP and Cd(II) on haematite.
Ownership of local corporations and audit committee diligence: An empirical evidence from an emerging economy

This study examines whether local corporate ownership is associated with audit committee diligence among 431 listed manufactured firms in Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) for the period 2012-2019. Using the complementary hypothesis, this study expected that there is a positive relationship between local corporate ownership and audit committee diligence. The Pooled OLS regression shows that local corporate ownership is positively associated with audit committee diligence. The findings reported by this study have implications for regulators, companies’ managements, auditors, and creditors in a manner that they would gain a deeper understanding on how the local corporate ownership impacts the audit committee diligence.
Estrategia pedagógica para desarrollar actitudes favorables en la enseñanza de la estadística en estudiantes de la licenciatura en Ciencias Ambientales

Negative attitudes towards the learning of statistics by undergraduate students influence the performance in their learning. Studying these attitudes towards learning statistics is of great importance so as to understand the phenomenon. In this sense, the objective of the research was to analyze the attitudes towards learning and the elementary knowledge of the statistics of students of the Degree in Environmental Sciences, based on the results, a pertinent pedagogical strategy was selected and used, the same which guided the process of learning in the Statistics Learning Unit. The method used was of a mixed type, the quantitative Likert-type survey was applied and in the qualitative part an instrument of open questions was used, in addition, an intervention proposal was made, for the development of positive attitudes of the students towards the statistics. The analysis of the quantitative information was done with the statistical package SPSS 21.0. and Excel, developing only descriptive analysis, for open questions, it was based on the method of coding, classification. Intentionally and for convenience a non-probabilistic sampling was carried out to students of the Higher School of Environmental Sciences of the Autonomous University of Guerrero. The results show that the students who took the statistics course with the pedagogical strategy implemented learn more in class, promoting autonomous learning and recognized the strategy as the tool that can be articulated in the development of any learning unit. They also showed motivation for the development of positive attitudes towards learning statistics. On the other hand, they contribute to promote reflective thinking of attitudes towards statistics, having greater emphasis on the construction of knowledge that allows them to intervene and solve problems through this Project-Based Learning pedagogical strategy which was proposed. As a conclusion we can say, that the perception of the students working with this type of pedagogical strategy is really good, however; fatigue, laziness, etc in the classroom. ), are some factors that must be taken into account, this would allow to have a better execution of the proposed pedagogical strategy.
Palliation of malignant dysphagia: stent or radiotherapy?

Palliation of dysphagia forms the cornerstone in treating incurable esophageal cancer. The ultimate goal is to provide rapid and sustained relief of dysphagia. Optimal management is however a challenge as a single modality providing both rapid and sustained relief is not readily available. The two most commonly used modalities for palliative treatment of dysphagia include esophageal stent placement and radiotherapy. Treatment choice primarily depends on life-expectancy and dysphagia severity. Radiotherapy is preferred in those with a life-expectancy of more than three months as it is superior to stent placement with regard to effect duration. Regarding the former, short cycle external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is currently preferred over single-dose brachytherapy (BT) because of better clinical outcomes, lower toxicity and easier application. In contrast, if life-expectancy is less than three months, immediate relief of dysphagia is important and self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement is the preferred treatment. Although combining these two treatment modalities seems promising, evidence to support this is lacking. Placement of an irradiation stent has been suggested for patients with a reasonable life-expectancy, although placement requires a specifically-designed unit and experienced personnel. The research agenda should focus on further improving radiotherapy techniques, stent design, and effectiveness of combination therapy aiming to provide rapid and sustained dysphagia relief while maintaining quality of life.
Characteristics of Locally Occurring High PM2.5 Concentration Episodes in a Small City in South Korea

In this study, the ionic and carbonaceous compounds in PM2.5 were analysed in the small residential city of Chuncheon, Korea. To identify the local sources that substantially influence PM2.5 concentrations, the samples were divided into two groups: samples with PM2.5 concentrations higher than those in the upwind metropolitan area (Seoul) and samples with lower PM2.5 concentrations. During the sampling period (December 2016–August 2018), the average PM2.5 was 23.2 μg m−3, which exceeds the annual national ambient air quality standard (15 μg m−3). When the PM2.5 concentrations were higher in Chuncheon than in Seoul, the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations increased the most among all the PM2.5 components measured in this study. This is attributable to secondary formation and biomass burning, because secondary OC was enhanced and water soluble OC was strongly correlated with K+, EC, and OC. A principal component analysis identified four factors contributing to PM2.5: fossil-fuel combustion, secondary inorganic and organic reactions in biomass burning plumes, crustal dust, and secondary NH4+ formation.
Multilingualism and transnational communication strategies in Europe: from Hapsburg to the European Union

The chapter discusses multilingualism in the European context and transnational communication strategies in order to accommodate the challenges of multilingualism. In the introduction, concepts defining multilingualism, transnationalism and communication strategies will be discussed and clarified. The appearance of different communication strategies, including lingua francas, like English as a lingua franca, Regional Languages of Communication (ReLan), Lingua Receptiva (LaRa) and Code Switching (CS) will be discussed in the framework of three multilingual states in the European context, i.e. the historical Hapsburg Empire, Switzerland and the European Union. We will compare multilingualism and the transnational communication strategies in these cases and draw some conclusions on historical developments of multilingualism and transnational communication strategies in Europe as well.