Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trade Diversion in the 'Left-Outs' in the Eastward Enlargement of the European Union

I analyze three scenarios including no Eastward enlargement of the EU and the accession of Central European countries including and excluding Slovakia. The formulation of these scenarios is derived from the evidence on former relations between EU and EFTA as estimated by gravity models for total trade and major SITC one-digit commodity groups. A significant part of Slovakia's extraordinary trade relations with the Czech Republic will diminish if the country does not participate in the first wave of Eastward enlargement of the EU. These export losses can be compensated by export gains to Hungary and Poland.
Detection and estimation of gas hydrates using rock physics and seismic inversion: Examples from the northern deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Natural gas hydrates, composed primarily of water and methane, are solid, crystalline, ice-like substances found in permafrost areas and deepwater basins around the world. As the search for oil and gas extends into ever-deeper waters, particularly within the northern Gulf of Mexico, gas hydrates are becoming more of a focus in terms of both safety and as a potential energy resource.
Expansion of the rare trochid Calliovarica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) into eastern Zealandian waters during the late Paleocene–early Eocene thermal event

STILWELL, J.D. , 2014. Expansion of the rare trochid Calliovarica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) into eastern Zealandian waters during the late Paleocene–early Eocene thermal event. Alcheringa 38. ISSN 0311–5518. The late Paleocene–early Eocene greenhouse interval saw equator–pole sea-surface temperature gradients weaken and tropical and subtropical molluscs reach far southern waters, including eastern Zealandia, during this major thermal maximum. One of the rarest gastropods from this interval, the early Eocene chilodontine trochid gastropod Calliovarica H. Vokes, was previously recorded only from two species in California to Washington State, western North America. Described herein is a new occurrence, C. rangiaotea n. sp. , from the Red Bluff Tuff of Chatham and Pitt islands, southwest Pacific, where it is rare, and recorded from volcanogenic sediments associated with Surtseyan-style volcanism. All three recorded species are characterized by a browsing/grazing, epifaunal lifestyle on volcanic, hard substrates. Jeffrey D. Stilwell [Jeffrey.Stilwell@sci.monash. edu.au], School of Geosciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia, and Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia. Received 9.8. 2013, revised 14.10. 2013, accepted 25.10. 2013.
EFFECT OF POWDERY MILDEW INFECTION ON THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OF BLACKGRAM

Changes in the total nitrogen and amino acid content of the infected leaves along. with the protein content of the gains in the pods were studied. There was an overall in- crease in the total nitrogen and free amino acid contents of the infected leaves while the protein content of the infected grains in the pods decreased with increased in intensity of infection.
Gendered applications of the carbon footprint: the use of carbon management tools to highlight the effect of gender on sustainable lifestyles

Discussion on the phenomenon of climate change has bombarded our society within recent times. Scientists are consistently doing research, which indicates that many decades of development has resulted in a rapid increase of greenhouse gases existing in the Earth’s atmosphere. This has exacerbated the natural Global warming effect and climatic variability provides evidence that the Earth’s climatic cycle is in fact being altered. In an attempt to reduce the percentage of greenhouse gases emitted, the concept of Carbon Management and the Carbon Footprint has been established. These tools are being introduced to promote more sustainable resource consumption patterns but in order to successfully initiate and sustain any new pattern of behaviour within a society, gender differences should be considered. The first and second waves of feminist theories have resulted in “gender” being given consideration in public policies and programmes in developed countries. Developing countries are slowly following. Even though gender equality is still a controversial issue, there is great need for gender to be included in all decision‐making processes to ensure that sustainable development is achieved. For this study, a gender analysis was conducted on carbon footprint data to identify whether there is a difference in the response to sustainable lifestyles. The strengths and weaknesses within each sub‐group were analysed. Emphasis was placed on how the socially‐accepted behaviours of each gender affected their energy usage, consumption and waste management practices. The detailed findings can be used to develop public awareness campaigns and programmes specially designed to fit the needs of each gender, thereby promoting equal development opportunities and ensuring that national sustainable development objectives are achieved in a shorter period.
Construction and validation of calendar-year time scale for annually laminated sediments – an example from Lake Szurpiły (NE Poland)

The composite sediment profile (12.39 m) from Lake Szurpiły (NE Poland) represents an annually laminated organic-carbonaceous gyttja occasionally interrupted by turbidites and massive sand layers. This study focuses on the 7.58-m long and almost continuously varved top section of the profile, which produced a 8410-year long varve chronology with a cumulative counting error of ± 1.24%. The age-depth model was established by multiple microscopic varve counts and improved by the application of independent radiometric dating methods (210Pb, 137Cs). Ten additional AMS 14C dates are consistent with varve counts. In some sections, missing varves were identified as a result of erosional processes related to turbidite deposition. Varve thickness ranges from less than 0.1 to 13.7 mm (mean: 0.83 mm; std: 0.75 mm) with highest variability during the last 1500 years. The accuracy of the varve chronology depends mostly on the regularity of the varve thickness and the distinctness of varve boundaries, and was not influenced by the varve thickness itself. Even though manual and semiautomated varve counting show similar results of the total amount of varves, with the difference of only 0.56%, the comparison between those two methods in intervals of 200 years indicates potential problems, especially for sections with complex lamination and turbidites. We found that semiautomatic varve counting overestimated the varve boundaries in sections with erosive turbidites. Our results confirm the importance of validation of varve chronologies by independent dating methods and caution in relying on automated methods.
Association between gut microbiota and endometriosis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background Recent studies have shown that an imbalance in gut microbiota (GM) may not always be associated with endometriosis (EMS). To investigate this further, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Methods MR analysis was performed on genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of GM and EMS. Specifically, the MiBioGen microbiota GWAS (N = 18,340) was used as exposure. The FinnGen study GWAS (8,288 EMS cases and 68,969 controls) was used as outcome. We primarily used the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method to analyze the correlation and conducted a sensitivity analysis to verify its reliability. Results (1) MR analysis: The results of the IVW method confirmed that a total of 8 GM taxa were related to the risk of EMS. Class-Melainabacteria (p = 0.036), family-Ruminococcaceae (p = 0.037), and genus-Eubacteriumruminantium (p = 0.015) had a protective effect on EMS, whereas order-Bacillales (p = 0.046), family-Prevotellaceae (p = 0.027), genus-Anaerotruncus (p = 0.025), genus-Olsenella (p = 0.036) and genus-RuminococcaceaeUCG002 (p = 0.035) could increase the risk of EMS. (2) Sensitivity analysis: Cochrane’s Q test (p > 0.05), MR-Egger intercept method (p > 0.05), and leave-one-out method confirmed the robustness of MR results. Conclusion This study performed a MR analysis on two large national databases and identified the association between 8 GM taxa and EMS. These taxa could potentially be utilized for indirectly diagnosing EMS and could lead to novel perspectives in research regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of EMS.
On the Structure and Dynamics of the Oceanic Bottom Boundary Layer

Abstract The Mellor and Yamada (1974) Level II turbulence closure scheme is used to study the oceanic bottom boundary layer (BBL). The model is tested against observations of the BBL obtained on the western Florida Shelf reported in Weatherly and Van Leer (1977) and in turn conclusions about the BBL made in that paper are tested against the model. The agreement between the model and the observations is good. The predicted and observed BBL thickness is ∼10 m which is appreciably less than 0.4 u*/f ≈ 30 m, where u* is the friction velocity and f the Coriolis parameter. The reason for the discrepancy is attributed to the BBL being formed in water which initially was stably stratified and characterized by a Brunt Vasaila frequency N0. It is suggested that the oceanic BBL thickness should be identified with the height at which the turbulence generated in the BBL goes to zero and on dimensional grounds it is proposed that this thickness is A u*/f(1 + N02/f2)½, where A is a constant. The Level II model indicates.
The “Trojan horse” strategy: Seed fungal endophyte symbiosis helps to explain the invasion success of the grass, Poa annua, in Maritime Antarctica

Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) is presently the sole invasive vascular plant species to have successfully established in Maritime Antarctica, where it poses a significant conservation threat to native plant species. However, the reasons for its success in the region have yet to be established. Here, we determined whether the invasiveness of P. annua, and its competitiveness with the native Antarctic hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica, is influenced by symbioses formed with seed fungal endophytes, and whether plants derived from seeds from four global regions differ in their performance.
Hydraulic Jump and Undular Bore Formation on a Shelf Break

Abstract The evolution of the semidiurnal internal tide as it propagates across the Australian North West Shelf is discussed analytically. As the tide is of long wavelength and small amplitude, this evolution is described by a perturbed extended Korteweg-de Vries equation. It is found that the flow is dominated by nonlinearity, and hence is hydraulic, except in the neighborhood of any shocks predicted by hydraulic theory. Hydraulic theory predicts the formation of two shocks in each period of the tide. The inclusion of dispersion in boundary layers around the shocks results in one of these shocks breaking up into an undular bore. Good agreement is found with observations by Holloway of the semidiurnal internal tide on the Australian North West Shelf.
Lessons Learned from a Single Institution’s Eight Years of Experience with Early Cleft Lip Repair

Background and Objectives: The traditional approach in managing wide cleft lip deformities involves presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) therapy followed by surgical cleft lip repair between three and six months of age. This institution has implemented an early cleft lip repair (ECLR) protocol where infants undergo primary cleft lip repair between two and five weeks of age without NAM. This study aims to present this institution’s ECLR repair protocol over the past eight years from 188 consecutive patients with unilateral or bilateral CL/P deformity. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review was conducted at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles evaluating patients who underwent ECLR before three months of age and were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II from 2015–2022. Anthropometric analysis was performed, and pre- and postoperative photographs were evaluated to assess nasal and lip symmetry. Results: The average age at cleft lip repair after correcting for gestational age was 1.0 ± 0.5 months. Mean operative and anesthetic times were 120.3 ± 33.0 min and 189.4 ± 35.4, respectively. Only 2.1% (4/188) of patients had postoperative complications. Lip revision rates were 11.4% (20/175) and 15.4% (2/13) for unilateral and bilateral repairs, respectively, most of which were minor in severity (16/22, 72.7%). Postoperative anthropometric measurements demonstrated significant improvements in nasal and lip symmetry (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates the safety and efficacy of ECLR in correcting all unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformities of patients who were ASA classes I or II. At this institution, ECLR has minimized the need for NAM, which is now reserved for patients with bilateral cleft lip, late presentation, or comorbidities that preclude them from early repair. ECLR serves as a valuable option for patients with a wide range of cleft severity while reducing the burden of care.
Springtime coupled modes of regional wind in the Iberian Peninsula and large‐scale variability patterns

This paper investigates the relationships between the Global Circulation Model (GCM)‐simulated 1000 hPa geopotential heights (taken from the ERA40 reanalysis) over the North Atlantic and the regional wind over the Iberian Peninsula for springtime (March to May). The main goal is to recognize the atmospheric circulation patterns linked to wind anomaly configurations. The method used for the downscaling is singular value decomposition (SVD). After applying a Monte Carlo approach to assess the statistical significance of the obtained modes, the SVD analysis highlighted that the covariability is dominated by three main large‐scale features of the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic: (1) a first mode that relates local wind to the Scandinavian pattern (SCAN), by which a blocking pattern is linked to below‐normal winds, (2) a second covariability mode associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern that correlates with wind over Iberia. An enhanced spring NAO pattern is related to positive (negative) wind correlations over the northern (southern) Iberia and (3) a third SVD mode that relates wind to the East Atlantic (EA) pattern promoting a dissimilar behaviour in the Iberian wind with positive (negative) wind correlations in the western (eastern) part of Iberia. To conclude, composite maps were built up to give an average circulation associated with coherent wind variability over Iberia. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Subdivision of Late Pleistocene Moraines in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Based on Rock-Weathering Features, Soils, and Radiocarbon Dates

Abstract The progressive development of unusual rock-weathering features and soils and minimum-limiting radiocarbon dates provide a basis for subdividing four groups of late Pleistocene moraines on the west side of the Cordillera Blanca, northern Peru (9°20′1°000′S, 77°10′-77°30′W). Boulders on the youngest late Pleistocene moraines have 10 to 14-cm-tall weathering posts; soils on these moraines yield mean profile development index (PDI) values of 0.05 ± 0.04 (±1σ). These moraines date between ca. 13,500 and 9700 ± 500 yr B.P., older than previously postulated. The next older moraines have boulders with weathering-post heights between 20 and 25 cm and soils with PDI values of 0.08 ± 0.07, and were deposited prior to 13,280 ± 190 yr B.P., probably during the last glacial maximum (marine isotope stage 2). Moraines from an older glaciation have boulders with weathering posts between 39 and 50 cm high, soils that yield PDI values of 0.21 ± 0.07, and are older than 19,700 ± 340 yr B.P. Boulders on moraines from a still older glaciation have lost ca. 50% of their above-ground volume, and have weathering posts between 62 and 70 cm high. PDI values for soils on these moraines are 0.32 ± 0.06. Linear and logarithmic models of weathering-post and soil development with time are used to estimate minimum and maximum ages for the two oldest moraine groups. Linear models suggest that the second oldest moraines are between ca. 20,500 and 46,500 yr B.P., and that the oldest moraines are between ca. 29,000 and 72,000 yr B.P. In contrast, logarithmic models suggest ages of greater than ca. 75,500 yr B.P. and greater than ca. 500,000 yr B.P., respectively.
In Situ Characterization of Soil Clay Content with Visible Near‐Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

Visible and near-infrared (VNIR, 400-2500 nm) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a rapid, proximal-sensing method that has proven useful in quantifying constituents of dried and ground soil samples. Very little is known, however, about how DRS performs in a field setting on soils scanned in situ. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the feasibility ofVNIR-DRS for in situ quantification of clay content of soil from a variety of parent materials. Seventy-two soil cores were obtained from six fields in Erath and Comanche counties, Texas. Each soil core was scanned with a visible near-infrared spectrometer, with a spectral range of 350 to 2500 nm, at four different combinations of moisture content and pretreatment: field-moist in situ, air-dried in situ, field-moist smeared in situ, and air-dried ground. The VNIR spectra were used to predict total and fine clay content of the soil using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The PLS model was validated with 30% of the original soil cores that were randomly selected and not used in the calibration model. The validation clay predictions had a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 61 and 41 g kg -1 dry soil for the field-moist and air-dried in situ cores, respectively. The RMSD of the air-dry ground samples was between the two in situ RMSDs and comparable to values in the literature. Smearing the samples increased the field-moist in situ RMSD to 74 g kg -1 . Whole-field holdout validation results showed that soils from all parent materials need to be represented in the calibration samples for maximum predictability. In summary, DRS is an acceptable technique for rapidly measuring soil clay content in situ for various water contents and parent materials.
Excessive Pregestational Weight and Maternal Obstetric Complications: The Role of Adipokines

There is a high frequency of overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age. Women who start pregnancy with overweight or obesity have an increased risk of developing maternal obstetric complications such as gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, postpartum hemorrhage, and requiring C-section to resolve the pregnancy with a higher risk of C-section surgical site infection. Excessive weight in pregnancy is characterized by dysregulation of adipokines, the functions of which partly explain the predisposition of pregnant women with overweight or obesity to these maternal obstetric complications. This review compiles, organizes, and analyzes the most recent studies on adipokines in pregnant women with excess weight and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms favoring the development of maternal pregnancy complications.
MESOSCALE STUDY OF A LAKE EFFECT SNOW STORM

Abstract During the 1964–65 snow season, the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York (ASRC, SUNY), and the SUNY College at Oswego maintained a mesoscale network of surface pressure, temperature, and wind-recording stations around the eastern end of Lake Ontario to observe the conditions attendant upon lake effect storms on a scale commensurate with storm size. The Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory combined the SUNY data with conventional weather and radar data for the February 3 and 4, 1965 storm period to produce a combination of streamline, isotach, isobaric, and isallobaric analyses from which a number of interesting features became evident. One important, storm characteristic is a narrow confluent-convergent wind shift zone (0.1 to 1.5 n.mi. wide) beneath the snow band. In the storm studied, the wind shift zone was evident beneath the full length of the overland portion of the storm, even when the west-to-east snow band migrated south of the lake. During a period in which two .
Vertical Variations in Thermospheric O/N2 and the Relationship Between O and N2 Perturbations During a Geomagnetic Storm

The ratio of O to N2 number densities (O/N2) at different altitudes is an important parameter in describing thermospheric neutral composition changes and their effects on the ionosphere during geomagnetic storms. However, storm‐induced vertical variations in O/N2 and its dependence on the O and N2 perturbations are still not fully understood. Here, the Thermosphere/Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model simulations were used to investigate the responses of thermospheric composition at different pressure levels to the super geomagnetic storm occurred on November 20 and 21 in 2003. Our analysis shows that the behaviors of O/N2 perturbations on different pressure levels are similar above ∼180 km altitude. In the middle and low thermosphere of below ∼300 km, the storm‐time O/N2 decrease is mainly caused by a large reduction of O number density. However, N2 enhancement plays a vital role in O/N2 decreases in the upper thermosphere. The O/N2 enhancement is mainly attributed to the N2 decreases at all pressure levels. The changes of O and N2 number densities at a constant pressure level can be explained by the perturbations of their mass mixing ratio (mmr) and total mass density (ρ). The regions of the O/N2 decrease are characterized by the O mmr decrease and N2 mmr enhancement, whereas the regions of the O/N2 increase are characterized by the O mmr increase and N2 mmr decrease. The ρ value that shows the decrease globally at most pressure levels during the storm either enhance or reduce the O and N2 perturbations.
Transition from Arc Volcanism to Stable-Shelf and Subsequent Convergent-Margin Sedimentation in Northern New Mexico from 1.76 Ga

The Precambrian of northern New Mexico is part of an extensive 1,800 to 1,500 m.y. -old terrane extending from Colorado through northern New Mexico into central Arizona. Three lithostratigraphic sequences are present in New Mexico. The oldest consists of 1,760 to 1,720 m.y. -old metamorphosed bimodal volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks to which no basement has been recognized. This juvenile crust developed as a magmatic arc complex and represents an early period of crustal instability. Between 1,740 and 1,700 m.y. , the volcanogenic sequence was intruded by voluminous, coeval granodiorites and tonalites which progressively stabilized the early crust. Unconformably overlying the volcano-plutonic terrane is a thick sequence of metamorphosed quartz arenites and subordinate argillites, the Ortega Group, which accumulated on a sTable continental shelf. The inner shelf was dominated by tidal processes with subordinate reworking by storm and fair-weather waves. Storm processes were responsible for sand deposition on the outer shelf. The Ortega shelf sloped gently to the southeast and experienced an overall transgression which culminated in drowning of the outer shelf with onlap of black basinal muds from the south. STable-shelf sedimentation resulted from prolonged thermal subsidence following cratonization of the juvenile volcanogenic crust by intrusion of granitoid plutons. The third lithostratigraphic sequence, the Marquenas Quartzite, consists of polymictic metaconglomerates and texturally-immature metasandstones deposited in a braided-alluvial environment. These terrigenous sediments were supplied from a general southerly direction, and pebble compositions indicate derivation from the underlying volcanogenic and shelf sequences. The Marquenas Quartzite signifies cannibalization of the underlying magmatic arc and shelf succession in response to deformation of the craton margin to the south. This margin defined the southern limit of the proto-North American craton, which extended from central Arizona to southern Wisconsin at ca. 1,700 m.y. ago and was destroyed between 1,660 and 1,630 m.y. ago.