Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decoupled Self-supervised Learning for Graphs

This paper studies the problem of conducting self-supervised learning for node representation learning on graphs. Most existing self-supervised learning methods assume the graph is homophilous, where linked nodes often belong to the same class or have similar features. However, such assumptions of homophily do not always hold in real-world graphs. We address this problem by developing a decoupled self-supervised learning (DSSL) framework for graph neural networks. DSSL imitates a generative process of nodes and links from latent variable modeling of the semantic structure, which decouples different underlying semantics between different neighborhoods into the self-supervised learning process. Our DSSL framework is agnostic to the encoders and does not need prefabricated augmentations, thus is ﬂexible to different graphs. To effectively optimize the framework, we derive the evidence lower bound of the self-supervised objective and develop a scalable training algorithm with variational inference. We provide a theoretical analysis to justify that DSSL enjoys the better downstream performance. Extensive experiments on various types of graph benchmarks demonstrate that our proposed framework can achieve better performance compared with competitive baselines.
On the Validity of Radiocarbon Dates from Snail Shells

The use of snail shells for dating Pleistocene events by the $$C^{14}$$ method has been questioned. If snails in some manner incorporate into their shells the $$C^{14}$$-free carbonate of the limestone in their environment, $$C^{14}$$ dates derived from these "diluted" shells would appear too old. The uptake of inorganic carbon in snail shell matter was measured by feeding $$C^{14}$$-labeled $$CaCO_{3}$$ to aquatic and terrestrial snails. The activity of the new shell growth indicates that 10-12 per cent uptake is possible, yielding an uncertainty in the $$C^{14}$$ date of approximately one thousand years.
Core description and characteristics of fault zones from Hole-A of the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project

1 Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi, Japan 2 Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 3 Department of Natural Environmental Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan 4 Department of Earth Sciences and Institute of Geophysics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC 5 Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC * Corresponding author address: Dr. En-Chao Yeh, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; E-mail: enchaoyeh@ntu.edu. tw doi: 10.3319/TAO.2007. 18.2. 327(TCDP) Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project was conducted in drill site Dakeng, Taichung City of central western Taiwan during 2004 2005 principally to investigate the rupture mechanism in the northern segment of the Chi-Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999, and also to examine regional stratigraphy and tectonics. Core examination (500 1800 m) of Hole-A gave profound results aiding in illustrating the lithologic column, deformation structure, and architectural pattern of fault zones along the borehole. Lithology column of Hole-A was identified downward as the Cholan Formation (500 1027 m), Chinshui Shale (1027 1268 m), Kueichulin Formation (1268 1712 m), and back to the Cholan Formation (1712 2003 m) again. A dramatic change is observed regarding sedimentation age and deformation structure around 1712 m. Along the core, most bedding dips 30° toward N105°. Around 1785 m, bedding dip jumps up to 70° until the bottom of borehole. Five structure groups of different orientations (dip direction/dip) are observed throughout the core. Based on the orientation Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 18, No. 2, June 2007 328 and sense of shear, they are categorized as thrust (105/30), left-lateral fault (015/30 80), right-lateral fault (195/30 80), normal fault (105/5 10), and backthrust (285/40 50). Ten fault zones have been recognized between 500 and 2003 m. We interpret the fault zone located at around 1111 m as being the most likely candidate for rupture deformation during Chi-Chi earthquake. The fault zone seated around 1712 m is recognized as the Sanyi fault zone which is 600 m beneath the Chelungpu fault zone. Ten fault zones including thrust faults, strike-slip faults and backthrust are classified as the Chelungpu Fault System (<1250 m) and the Sanyi Fault System (>1500 m). According to the deformation textures within fault zones, the fault zones can be categorized as three types of deformation: distinct fracture deformation, clayey-gouge deformation, and soft-rock deformation. Fracture deformation is dominant within the Chelungpu Fault System and abother two architectures prevail in the Sanyi Fault System. The fracture deformation pattern is asymmetric, which depended the shear sense of fault zone. From the core examination of TCDP Hole-A, the lithology plays an important role in controlling the location and deformation of fault zones. (
Atmospheric driving forces for the Agulhas Current in the subtropics

The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the South Indian Ocean and is thought to play an important role in the global overturning circulation. In this study, we investigate the contribution from the wind stress field over each ocean basin of the southern hemisphere to the variability of Agulhas Current transport. We ran a series of experiments using the Modular Ocean Model 2. The model grid extends from 20°S to 70°S and has a horizontal resolution of ° with 25 levels in the vertical. The first experiment was forced with monthly means of the wind stress field from the project ERA 40 from ECMWF. In three other sensitivity experiments, the model was forced with the climatological mean over the whole domain plus the monthly wind stress anomalies (Jan/1979–Dec/2001) over one of the three ocean basins to whit: the South Atlantic, the South Indian and the South Pacific. The results show that inter‐annual variations in the Agulhas Current transport are due largely to the wind field over the South Indian Ocean, whereas annual variations are driven by the wind field over both the South Atlantic and South Indian oceans. The annual signal from the South Atlantic is shown to move equatorward along the southeastern coast of Africa through coastally trapped waves.
Filter Banks

: Multimedia communications require efficient and real-time implementations of multirate digital signal processing systems. The backbone structures of multirate systems are digital multirate filter banks. Therefore, efficient multimedia communications rely, in the first place, on real-time implementations of multirate filter banks. In this paper, we describe a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of the analysis and synthesis filter banks which are the fundamental components of multirate systems. The implementation utilizes the parallel form of the distributed arithmetic technique which enables maximum exploitation of the parallelism inherent in the multirate filtering operation. Performance results demonstrate the effectiveness of the implementation and suggest that the FPGA platform is indeed attractive for implementing multirate filter banks.
Crop Emergence and Near-Surface Soil Temperature for SDI, LEPA, and Spray Irrigation

Soybean emergence, grain yield, seasonal water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were compared for four irrigation methods and five irrigation rates during the 2005 season. The irrigation methods were mid-elevation spray applicators (MESA), low-elevation spray applicators (LESA), low energy spray applicators (LEPA), and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Irrigation rates were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the full crop water requirement. Soybean emergence was less with SDI compared with MESA, LESA, and LEPA for all irrigation rates. Grain yield, WUE, and IWUE were greater for SDI at the 25% and 50% irrigation rates, but MESA resulted in greater grain yield, WUE, and IWUE at the 100% irrigation rate. Near-surface soil temperatures were also measured for each irrigation method but at the 50% and 100% irrigation rates only. Soil temperatures were compared in terms of cumulative soil heat units (CSHU). Early season CSHU were significantly greater for SDI at both the 50% and 100% irrigation rates. At the 50% rate, CSHU for MESA and LESA became greater than SDI by V4 to V6 stage, possibly because SDI plants had greater vigor and increased soil shading. At the 100% rate, CSHU for SDI was greater than MESA or LESA throughout the season. LEPA resulted in the least CSHU at the 50% rate, but had the greatest CSHU at the 100% rate. However, the LEPA results may have been affected by run on and run off of irrigation water due to furrow dike erosion.
An analysis of the quiet time day‐to‐day variability in the formation of postsunset equatorial plasma bubbles in the Southeast Asian region

Presented is an analysis of the occurrence of postsunset Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) detected using a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver at Vanimo. The three year data set shows that the EPB occurrence maximizes (minimizes) during the equinoxes (solstices), in good agreement with previous findings. The Vanimo ionosonde station is used with the GPS receiver in an analysis of the day‐to‐day EPB occurrence variability during the 2000 equinox period. A superposed epoch analysis (SEA) reveals that the altitude, and the change in altitude, of the F layer height is ∼1 standard deviation (1σ) larger on the days for which EPBs were detected, compared to non‐EPB days. These results are then compared to results from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), which show strong similarities with the observations. The TIEGCM is used to calculate the flux‐tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability linear growth rate. A SEA reveals that the modeled R‐T growth rate is 1σ higher on average for EPB days compared to non‐EPB days, and that the upward plasma drift is the most dominant contributor. It is further demonstrated that the TIEGCM's success in describing the observed daily EPB variability during the scintillation season resides in the variations caused by geomagnetic activity (as parameterized by Kp) rather than solar EUV flux (as parameterized by F10.7). Geomagnetic activity varies the modeled high‐latitude plasma convection and the associated Joule heating that affects the low‐latitude F region dynamo, and consequently the equatorial upward plasma drift.
An Expression for Bed-Load Transportation

A formula for the calculation of bed-load transportation per unit time and per unit width of the flow is suggested. This formula is valid for steady and uniform turbulent flow and for bed material consisting of grains of equal size and shape. It is assumed that the laminar sublayer of the turbulent flow is smaller than the size of the grains, and that the bed material is cohesionless. The existence of a critical tractive force is accepted. The value of this force, depending on the thickness of the laminar sublayer, must be determined from the Shields curve. The influence of ripple formation is not considered. The theoretically derived formula indicates an appreciable agreement with the experiment for the range of grain-sizes 0.3 mm to 28.6 mm.
Identification of frequent La Niña events during the early 1800s in the east equatorial Pacific

We report measurements of near monthly Δ14C and δ18O during selected decades from an east equatorial Pacific coral that grew during the past four centuries. We find that El Niño events occurred regularly during the late 1700s. During the early 1800s, El Niño events occurred less often, and La Niña conditions prevailed, which were accompanied by unprecedented, low cool season Δ14C values and high cool season δ18O values. These results indicate that shallow overturning water (e.g., Central Mode Water) from the North Pacific was likely an important source of water to the Galapagos area during the early 1800s.
Modeling the Impacts of Future Climate Change on Irrigation over China: Sensitivity to Adjusted Projections

AbstractBecause of the limitations of coarse-resolution general circulation models (GCMs), delta change (DC) methods are generally used to derive scenarios of future climate as inputs into impact models. In this paper, the impact of future climate change on irrigation was investigated over China using the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4), which was calibrated against observed irrigation water demand (IWD) at the provincial level. The results show large differences in projected changes of IWD variability, extremes, timing, and regional responses between the DC and bias-corrected (BC) methods. For example, 95th-percentile IWD increased by 62% in the BC method compared to only a 28% increase in the DC method. In addition, a shift of seasonal IWD peaks (averaged over the country) to one month later in the year was projected when using the BC method, whereas no evident changes were predicted when using the DC method. Furthermore, low-percentile runoff has larger impacts in the BC method compared with pro.
Incomplete contracts and the problem of social harm

We construct a model in which a first mover decides on its location before it knows the identity of the second mover; joint location results in a negative externality. Contracts are inherently incomplete since the first mover’s initial decision cannot be specified. We analyze several kinds of rights, including damages, injunctions, and rights to exclude (arising from covenants or land ownership). There are cases in which allocating any of these basic rights to the first mover—i.e., first-party rights—is dominated by second-party rights, and cases in which the reverse is true. A Coasian result (efficiency regardless of the rights allocation) only holds under a limited set of conditions. As corollaries of a theorem ranking the basic rights regimes, a number of results emerge contradicting conventional wisdom, including the relative inefficiency of concentrated land ownership and the relevance of the generator’s identity. We conclude with a mechanism and a new rights regime that each yield the first best in all cases. JEL codes: K11, D23, C78, H23 Pitchford: Centre for Economic Policy Research, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University; email: ropitch@coombs.anu. edu.au. Snyder: Department of Economics, George Washington University; email: csnyder@gwu.edu. We are grateful for helpful discussions with John Asker; Dhammika Dharmapala; Simon Grant; Oliver Hart; Ilya Segal; Anthony Yezer; Martin Zelder; seminar participants at Berkeley, Chicago, Harvard, Georgetown, and George Washington; and conference participants at the Australian Industry Economics, E.A.I.R. E. , Econometric Society, S.I. T.E. , and Southern Economic Association meetings. Theresa Alafita and Tony Salvage provided excellent research assistance. We retain responsibility for errors.
Random MAX SAT, random MAX CUT, and their phase transitions

With random inputs, certain decision problems undergo a “phase transition. ” We prove similar behavior in an optimization context. Given a conjunctive normal form (CNF) formula F on n variables and with m k-variable clauses, denote by max F the maximum number of clauses satisfiable by a single assignment of the variables. (Thus the decision problem k-SAT is to determine if max F is equal to m.) With the formula F chosen at random, the expectation of max F is trivially bounded by (3/4)m l E max F l m. We prove that for random formulas with m = ⌊cn⌋ clauses: for constants c < 1, E max F is ⌊cn⌋ - Θ(1/n); for large c, it approaches ** equation here ** and in the “window” c = 1 + Θ(n-1/3), it is cn - Θ(1). Our full results are more detailed, but this already shows that the optimization problem MAX 2-SAT undergoes a phase transition just as the 2-SAT decision problem does, and at the same critical value c = 1. Most of our results are established without reference to the analogous propositions for decision 2-SAT, and can be used to reproduce them. We consider “online” versions of MAX 2-SAT, and show that for one version the obvious greedy algorithm is optimal; all other natural questions remain open. We can extend only our simplest MAX 2-SAT results to MAX k-SAT, but we conjecture a “MAX k-SAT limiting function conjecture” analogous to the folklore “satisfiability threshold conjecture,” but open even for k = 2. Neither conjecture immediately implies the other, but it is natural to further conjecture a connection between them. We also prove analogous results for random MAX CUT. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2004
A posteriori error estimation for time-periodic eddy current problems

This work presents the multiharmonic analysis and derivation of functional type a posteriori estimates of a distributed eddy current optimal control problem and its state equation in a time-periodic setting. The existence and uniqueness of a weak space-time variational formulation for the optimality system and the forward problem are proved by deriving inf-sup and sup-sup conditions. Using the inf-sup and sup-sup conditions, we derive guaranteed, sharp, and fully computable bounds of the approximation error for the optimal control problem and the forward problem in the functional type a posteriori estimation framework. We present here the ﬁrst computational results on the derived estimates.
The Annual Regime of Shallow Ground‐Water Levels in Poland

The annual regime of shallow ground-water levels across Poland is analyzed according to the dominance of continental and oceanic air masses. Mean monthly ground-water levels are transformed into relative values and, in order to show the spatial patterns of the annual regime throughout Poland, the contours of such values are derived for each month of the year. The shallow ground-water regime in Poland can be correlated with the degree of the climatic continentality. The main difference between the mildly oceanic northwestern part of Poland and the continental eastern part is the pattern of the winter regime which responds differentially to snowmelt. In the northwestern part of Poland, ground-water levels during late fall and winter are higher than those in the continental eastern part of the country. From April to September, there is no distinct difference between the ground-water levels in those two parts of Poland.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Rainfall over Eastern Northeast Brazil

Abstract Using the data for the period 1914–83, rainy and dry season of eastern Northeast (ENF) Brazil are determined. The principal rainy season is April through July (60% of the annual rainfall), and the principal dry season is September through December (10% of the annual rainfall). The fall and winter rains over ENE Brazil are associated with southeasterly winds blowing perpendicular to the coast. The subtropical high in the South Atlantic modulates the strength and direction of winds along the coast that have a determining influence on the interannual variations of rainfall over ENE Brazil. The possible link between the rainfall over ENE Brazil and SST anomalies in the Atlantic is examined. The SST anomalies of the season January, February, March, April (JFMA) in the southeast Atlantic are positively correlated with the rainfall anomalies of ENE Brazil. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern frequently becomes established by January/February over southeast Atlantic suggesting the predictiv.
Quantifying Solute Transport at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory

We collected and analyzed Br− breakthrough curve (BTC) data to identify the parameters controlling transport from a series of soil cores and a field‐scale tracer test at the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SH‐CZO) in central Pennsylvania. The soil cores were retrieved from a continuous hole that extended through the soil profile to quantify also how solute transport behavior changes with depth and weathering. Additionally, we performed a field‐scale doublet tracer test to determine transport behavior in the weathered shale bedrock. Hydraulic conductivity and porosity were as low as 10−15 m s−1 and 0.035, respectively, in the shale bedrock and upward of 10−5 m s−1 and 0.45, respectively, in the shallow soils. Bromide BTCs demonstrated significant tailing in soil cores and field tracer experiments, which does not fit classical advection–dispersion processes. To quantify the behavior, numerical simulation of solute transport was performed with both a mobile–immobile (MIM) model and a continuous‐time random walk (CTRW) approach. One‐dimensional MIM modeling results yielded low mass transfer rates (<1 d−1) coupled with large immobile domains (immobile/mobile porosity ratio of 1.5–2). The MIM modeling results also suggested that immobile porosity was a combination of soil texture, fractures, and porosity development on shale fragments. One‐dimensional CTRW results yielded a parameter set indicative of a transport regime that is consistently non‐Fickian within the soil profile and bedrock. These modeling results confirm the important role of preferential flow paths, fractures, and mass transfer between more‐ and less‐mobile fluid domains and advance the need to incorporate a continuum of mass transfer rates to more accurately quantify transport behavior within the SH‐CZO.
STAMP: Lightweight TEE-Assisted MPC for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning

In this paper, we propose S TAMP , an end-to-end 3-party MPC protocol for efﬁcient privacy-preserving machine learning inference assisted by a lightweight TEE (LTEE), which will be far easier to secure and deploy than today’s large TEEs. S TAMP provides three main advantages over the state-of-the-art; (i) S TAMP achieves signiﬁcant performance improvements compared to state-of-the-art MPC protocols, with only a small LTEE that is comparable to a discrete security chip such as the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) or on-chip security subsystems in SoCs similar to the Apple enclave processor. In a semi-honest setting with WAN/GPU, S TAMP is 4 × -63 × faster than Falcon (PoPETs’21) and Ar-iaNN (PoPETs’22) and 3.8 × -12 × more communication ef-ﬁcient. We achieve even higher performance improvements in a malicious setting. (ii) S TAMP guarantees security with abort against malicious adversaries under honest majority assumption. (iii) S TAMP is not limited by the size of secure memory in a TEE and can support high-capacity modern neural networks like ResNet18 and Transformer.
Nonlinear Dynamics and European GNP Data

The aim of this paper is to assess whether the data-generation process of the GDP can be interpreted by means of a nonlinear model instead of a linear one. We model the first differences of logarithmic real GDP data with constant parameters for those European countries (France, Germany, Italy, U.K., Denmark, Sweden, and Norway) which have long-term time series. Since the linear autoregressive model is rejected, an alternative nonlinear model has been specified: it turns out that the annual European GDPs can adequately be described by means of a nonlinear model with constant parameters.