Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of an estuarine hydrodynamic model using smooth elements

A finite element model which uses triangular, isoparametric elements with quadratic basis functions for the two velocity components and linear basis functions for water surface elevation is used in the computation of shallow water wave motions. Specifically addressed are two common uncertainties in this class of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models: the treatment of the boundary conditions at open boundaries and the treatment of lateral boundary conditions. The accuracy of the models is tested with a set of numerical experiments in rectangular and curvilinear channels with constant and variable depth. The results indicate that errors in velocity at the open boundary can be significant when boundary conditions for water surface elevation are specified. Methods are suggested for minimizing these errors. The results also show that continuity is better maintained within the spatial domain of interest when ‘smooth’ curve-sided elements are used at shoreline boundaries than when piecewise linear boundaries are used. Finally, a method for network development is described which is based upon a continuity criterion to gauge accuracy. A finite element network for San Francisco Bay, California, is used as an example.
Conditional estimation of solute travel time in heterogeneous formations: Impact of transmissivity measurements

Solute transport through heterogeneous formations is modeled by the travel time approach, i.e., the time τ it takes a solute particle to travel from the source to a control plane. Due to uncertainty τ is a random variable characterized by its cumulative probability density function G(τ). This function is used by regulatory agencies in pollution site assessment. The main aim of the present study is to examine the impact of data, namely measured transmissivities, upon G(τ) and reduction of uncertainty. This is achieved for two-dimensional steady flow of average uniform head gradient by using a Lagrangian approach developed in the past (Dagan, 1982, 1984, 1989; Rubin, 1990, 1991). The impact of data is seen in conditioning on measured values and in estimation of parameters characterizing flow and formation properties. The approach is illustrated by a simulation based on synthetic data. The results show how uncertainty is reduced by increasing the density of measurements for a control plane sufficiently far from the source.
Optimizing City-Wide Wi-Fi Networks in TV White Spaces

White-Fi refers to WiFi deployed in the TV white spaces. Unlike its ISM band counterparts, White-Fi must obey requirements that protect TV reception. As a result, optimization of citywide White-Fi networks faces the challenges of heterogeneous channel availability and link quality, over location. The former is because, at any location, channels in use by TV networks are not available for use by White-Fi. The latter is because the link quality achievable at a White-Fi receiver is determined by not only its link gain to its transmitter but also by its link gains to TV transmitters and its transmitter's link gains to TV receivers. In this work, we model the medium access control (MAC) throughput of a White-Fi network. We propose heuristic algorithms to optimize the throughput, given the described heterogeneity. The algorithms assign power, access probability, and channels to nodes in the network, under the constraint that reception at TV receivers is not compromised. We evaluate the efficacy of our approach over example city-wide White-Fi networks deployed over Denver and Columbus (respectively, low and high channel availability) in the USA, and compare with assignments cognizant of heterogeneity to a lesser degree, for example, akin to FCC regulations.
Measuring the Temporal Autocorrelation Function of Backscattered X-Band Signals From the Ocean With TanDEM-X

The rapid temporal decorrelation of backscattered microwave signals from the ocean is one of the key effects that need to be taken into account in the optimization of air- or spaceborne along-track interferometric SAR (InSAR) system parameters for current and wave measurements. Existing knowledge of the signal autocorrelation function is based on Doppler bandwidths from scatterometer experiments, coherences of fixed-baseline InSAR data, and numerical simulations. We demonstrate how the continuously varying along-track distance between the two TanDEM-X satellites can be exploited for a high-resolution sampling of the magnitude of the actual autocorrelation function at a series of short time lags.
Performance of four ryegrass cultivars under cutting

Abstract A series of cutting experiments at 4 sites in New Zealand, to compare production of ‘Grasslands’ ryegrass cultivars Ariki, Manawa, and Nui, and the selection G 4708, is described. Over the wide range of climatic conditions, annual herbage production from Nui (up to 16 500 kg DM/ha) was superior at all sites and was on average 13% higher than the next highest producer, G 4708. Spring, summer, and autumn yields of Nui were generally higher than for the other cultivars, but winter yields were generally lower than those of G 4708 and Manawa.
Mesoproterozoic lamprophyres in the Labrieville Massif, Quebec: clues to the origin of alkalic anorthosites?

Mesoproterozoic lamprophyre dikes occur at four localities within the ∼1010 Ma Labrieville anorthosite in the Grenville Province of southern Quebec. All dikes are thin (<20 cm wide), oriented ∼N57 W, and steeply dipping. Three are biotite lamprophyres, but the fourth is dominated by amphibole. Laser total-fusion 40Ar/39Ar analyses on amphibole or biotite yield minimum ages for the dikes of 945.5 ± 8 Ma, 907.0 ± 5.9 Ma, 892.0 ± 6.2 Ma, and 889.2 ± 9.8 Ma. A crystallization age of ∼1 Ga for all dikes is consistent with these data and Rb–Sr isotopic systematics. All lamprophyres contain high levels of Cr (284–393 ppm), Ni (101–180 ppm), Ba (1380–5580 ppm), Sr (2359–3109 ppm), and rare-earth elements (REE; LaN = 191–288), with average LaN/LuN = 26 and no Eu-anomalies. At 1 Ga, all lamprophyres have a similar initial Sr isotopic ratio of ∼0.7034, similar to Bulk Earth. In contrast, e Nd values vary considerably from –4 to –10.2, indicating sources with variable long-term light-REE enrichment. Negative correlations between 143Nd/144Nd and La/Nb and K suggest involvement of at least two source components, probably asthenosphere and metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere. The lamprophyres are only slightly younger than ∼1010 Ma Labrieville massif, which is also alkalic and enriched in Sr and Ba relative to most other anorthosites. The lamprophyres provide unequivocal evidence for a Sr- and Ba-rich component in the lithospheric mantle that may have contributed to the parental magmas of Labrieville and other andesine anorthosites in this part of Quebec.
Daily gridded meteorological variables in Brazil (1980–2013)

Basic meteorological data are essential for evaluating impacts of spatiotemporal variability in climate forcing on hydrology and agroecosystems. The objective of this work was to develop high‐resolution grids (0.25∘ × 0.25∘) of daily precipitation, evapotranspiration, and the five climate variables generally required to estimate evapostranspiration for Brazil. These five variables are maximum and minimum temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed. We tested six different interpolation schemes to create the grids for these variables. The data were obtained from 3625 rain gauge and 735 weather stations for period of 1980–2013. We used a cross‐validation approach that compares point observed data to point interpolated estimates to select the best interpolation scheme for each climate variable. We also present the performance of the best interpolation for each climate variable at daily timescales and for river basins. The inverse distance weighting and angular distance weighting methods produced the best results. Performance of all methods was poorer prior to 1995 because of fewer stations and available data. The performance of the interpolation varies for different seasons for almost all variables. Forecasting capability was tested for precipitation only and performed adequately for the system state (wet or dry). Variations in the interpolation schemes across river basins are primarily attributed to differences in gauge or station network density. This freely available gridded meteorological data set significantly advances the availability of climate data in Brazil.
Asymptotic Convergence Rate and Statistical Inference for Stochastic Sequential Quadratic Programming

We apply a stochastic sequential quadratic programming (StoSQP) algorithm to solve constrained nonlinear optimization problems, where the objective is stochastic and the constraints are in equality and deterministic. We study a fully stochastic setup, where only a single sample is available in each iteration for estimating the gradient and Hessian of the objective. We allow StoSQP to select a random stepsize ᾱt adaptively, such that βt ≤ ᾱt ≤ βt +χt, where βt, χt = o(βt) are prespecified deterministic sequences. We also allow StoSQP to solve Newton system inexactly via randomized iterative solvers, e.g., with the sketch-and-project method; and we do not require the approximation error of inexact Newton direction to vanish (thus, the per-iteration computational cost does not blow up). For this general StoSQP framework, we establish the asymptotic convergence rate for its last iterate, with the worst-case iteration complexity as a byproduct; and we perform statistical inference. In particular, under mild assumptions and with proper decaying sequences βt, χt, we show that: (i) the StoSQP scheme can take at most O(1/ ) iterations to achieve -stationarity; (ii) asymptotically and almost surely, ‖(xt−x,λt−λ)‖ = O( √ βt log(1/βt))+O(χt/βt), where (xt,λt) is the primaldual StoSQP iterate; (iii) the sequence 1/ √ βt · (xt−x,λt−λ) converges to a mean zero Gaussian distribution with a nontrivial covariance matrix. Furthermore, we establish the Berry-Esseen bound for (xt,λt) to measure quantitatively the convergence of its distribution function. We also provide a practical estimator for the covariance matrix, from which the confidence intervals (or regions) of (x,λ) can be constructed using the iterates {(xt,λt)}t. All our theorems are validated using nonlinear problems in CUTEst test set.
Insights into the evolution of the uppermost continental mantle from xenolith localities on and near the Colorado Plateau and regional comparisons

The interplay between the evolution of mantle and crust has been investigated by textural and electron probe analysis of Cr-diopside spinel peridotite xenoliths from six localities and by comparisons to a database of mineral compositions. The six localities are on a 300-km transect from the Colorado Plateau into the adjoining Rio Grande rift. Typical xenolith populations from the Colorado Plateau province have magnesian olivine (average Fo90.5) and Ti and Na-poor clinopyroxene. In contrast, typical xenolith populations from the Rio Grande rift and the Basin and Range are characterized by more Fe-rich olivine (average Fo89.6) and clinopyroxene with a range of Ti and Na (average 0.44 wt% TiO2). The contrast between the xenoliths from these adjacent provinces documents that the Colorado Plateau has a depleted mantle root that helps to stabilize it. At Mount Taylor, however, a locality high on a composite volcano within the eastern Colorado Plateau, most xenoliths are not depleted, and the Fe-rich olivine (Fo86–Fo88) in them may characterize mantle affected by silicate melt metasomatism at high melt/rock ratios. Low-Al orthopyroxene occurs at two of the six transect localities, and part of a large porphyroblast contains only 0.13 wt% Al2O3; because of the unusual compositions and textures, water-rock reactions are inferred to have been important in parts of the refractory continental mantle. Zonation of Ca and Al in orthopyroxene provides constraints on the temperature histories of the unusual pyroxenes. Equilibration temperatures for xenoliths from Lunar Crater, Nevada, average 1270°C, much higher than the average of 1012°C for others from the Basin and Range; Lunar Crater xenoliths may be samples of a plume or asthenosphere emplaced recently into the uppermost mantle.
Understanding and Characterizing Cryptocurrency Free Giveaway and Arbitrage Bot Scams In the Wild

This paper presents a large-scale analysis of two prevalent cryptocurrency scams disseminated through Twitter and YouTube. The first scam involves free giveaway schemes where scammers publish fake giveaway websites to deceive victims and steal funds. The second scam revolves around arbitrage bots and publishes videos to entice victims into executing malicious smart contracts. To collect and analyze these scams in the wild, we developed a fully automated scam detection system called CryptoScamHunter , which collects data from Twitter and YouTube and employs Nature-Language-Processing (NLP) models to automatically identify scams and extract the associated cryptocurrency address. By deploying CryptoScamHunter over 11 months spanning from June 2022 to May 2023, we detected 95,111 free giveaway scam lists on Twitter and 10,442 arbitrage bot scam videos on YouTube that were disseminated through thousands of social network accounts and have reached millions of users. Through analysis of the scam creator accounts, we discovered that the scammers combined different strategies to spread each scam, including compromising popular accounts and registering spam accounts. Our findings indicate that 28.7% to 43.9% of these spam accounts remain active as of this writing. Furthermore, from the identified scams, we extracted 327 URLs associated with giveaway scams, 808 malicious contracts in arbitrage bot scams, and 429 scam cryptocurrency addresses. By analyzing the transaction history of the extracted scam addresses, we estimated that over 9,717 victims fell prey to these scams, resulting in a loss of up to 3.8 million USD.
Generating Biomedical Question Answering Corpora From Q&A Forums

Question Answering (QA) is a natural language processing task that aims at obtaining relevant answers to user questions. While some progress has been made in this area, biomedical questions are still a challenge to most QA approaches, due to the complexity of the domain and limited availability of training sets. We present a method to automatically extract question-article pairs from Q&A web forums, which can be used for document retrieval, a crucial step of most QA systems. The proposed framework extracts from selected forums the questions and the respective answers that contain citations. This way, QA systems based on document retrieval can be developed and evaluated using the question-article pairs annotated by users of these forums. We generated the BiQA corpus by applying our framework to three forums, obtaining 7,453 questions and 14,239 question-article pairs. We evaluated how the number of articles associated with each question and the number of votes on each answer affects the performance of baseline document retrieval approaches. Also, we demonstrated that the articles given as answers are significantly similar to the questions and trained a state-of-the-art deep learning model that obtained similar performance to using a dataset manually annotated by experts. The proposed framework can be used to update the BiQA corpus from the same forums as new posts are made, and from other forums that support their answers with documents. The BiQA corpus and the framework used to generate it are available at https://github.com/lasigeBioTM/BiQA.
A GIS-based numerical model for simulating the kinematics of mud and debris flows over complex terrain

Abstract. This article presents MassMov2D, a two-dimensional model of mud and debris flow dynamics over complex topography, based on a numerical integration of the depth-averaged motion equations using a shallow water approximation. The core part of the model was implemented using the GIS scripting language PCRaster. This environment provides visualization of the results through map animations and time series, and a user-friendly interface. The constitutive equations and the numerical solution adopted in MassMov2D are presented in this article. The model was applied to two field case studies of mud flows on torrential alluvial fans, one in the Austrian Tyrol (Wartschenbach torrent) and the other in the French Alps (Faucon torrent). Existing data on the debris flow volume, input discharge and deposits were used to back-analyze those events and estimate the values of the leading parameters. The results were compared with modeling codes used by other authors for the same case studies. The results obtained with MassMov2D matched well with the observed debris flow deposits, and are in agreement with those obtained using alternative codes.
Analysis Of Rainfall Distribution In Owerri And Enugu, Nigeria Using Precipitation Concentration Index

The precipitation concentration index (PCI) of Owerri and Enugu for 1974 to 2011 was computed to characterise the rainfall distribution for both locations. The PCI was estimated on an annual and seasonal scale. The seasonal estimation was based on the categorisation of the seasons in eastern Nigeria into long wet season, short wet season, short dry season and dry season. The results of the PCI computed for Owerri showed that 87% of the years for which annual PCI was computed fell within the moderate concentration category range, while for Enugu 71% of the years fell within the moderate concentration category. For the long wet season for the study period, 74% and 66% of the years fell within the uniform precipitation concentration category at Owerri and Enugu, respectively, while 13% of the years at Owerri, and 16% of the years at Enugu fell within the moderate precipitation category. The varying degrees of precipitation concentration as indicated by the study implies that effective management of water resources and agriculture, and the control of erosion in the study locations might be more difficult to achieve under the prevailing climatic conditions. Key Words : Precipitation Concentration Index; Owerri, Enugu, Rainfall; Variability
Climate, Society, and Natural Hazards: Changing Hazard Exposure in Two Nunavut Communities

This article analyzes changing exposure of Inuit to environmental hazards in two Nunavut communities. One hundred and twelve interviews were conducted in Arctic Bay and Igloolik to identify the environmental hazards to which people are susceptible, to provide insights into how hazard exposure has changed over time, and to identify those factors that influence exposure to environmental risks. Analysis of secondary sources was used to add historical depth. The research indicates a complex pattern of changing hazard exposure over the past fifty years. New hazards have emerged, old ones have disappeared, and there have been changes to the magnitude and frequency of hazards that have always affected Inuit. Long-term trends affecting hazard exposure in the two communities include changes in the timing, location, and equipment used in harvesting, which must be situated in the context of changing community socio-cultural dynamics in the second half of the twentieth century. Changing exposure in recent years reflects the interaction of climate change with social, economic, political, and technological changes that have affected Inuit environment interactions.
Differentiating Surgeons’ Expertise solely by Eye Movement Features

Medical schools are increasingly seeking to use objective measures to assess surgical skills. This extends even to perceptual skills, which are particularly important in minimally invasive surgery. Eye tracking provides a promising approach to obtaining such objective metrics of visual perception. In this work, we report on results of a cadaveric study of visual perception during shoulder arthroscopy. We present a model for classifying surgeons into three levels of expertise using only eye movements. The model achieves a classification accuracy of 84.44% using only a small set of selected features. We also examine and characterize the changes in visual perception metrics between the different levels of expertise, forming a basis for development of a system for objective assessment.
Listado de los géneros de Syrphidae (Diptera: Syrphoidea)de Colombia

os dipteros de la familia Syrphidae, comunmente conocidos como «moscas de las flores», conforman un grupo altamente diverso con aproximadamente 6000 especies descritas a nivel mundial, agrupadas en las subfamilias Microdontinae, Syrphinae y Eristalinae. Son abundantes en casi todas las regiones a excepcion de las zonas aridas del Viejo Mundo y la region Antartica. El Neotropico cuenta con una alta riqueza de sirfidos con mas de 1600 especies y 60 generos registrados, sin embargo, se estima que esta cifra podria corresponder solo a la mitad del numero real de especies existentes (Thompson 1999). Para Colombia no existe un listado oficial de especies o generos y los registros existentes son escasos y dispersos.
KRDB Research Centre Technical Report : State-Boundedness in Data-Aware Dynamic Systems Babak

Verification of dynamic systems that manipulate data, stored in a database or ontology, has lately received increasing attention. A plethora of recent works has shown that verification of systems working over unboundedly many data is decidable even for very rich temporal properties, provided that the system is state-bounded. This condition requires the existence of an overall bound on the amount of data stored in each single state along the system evolution. In general, checking state-boundedness is undecidable. An open question is whether it is possible to isolate significant classes of dynamic systems for which state-boundedness is decidable. In this paper we provide a strong negative answer, by resorting to a novel connection with variants of Petri nets. In particular, we show undecidability for systems whose data component contains unary relations only, and whose action component queries and updates such relations in a very limited way. To contrast this result, we propose interesting relaxations of the sufficient conditions proposed in the concrete setting of Data-Centric Dynamic Systems, building on recent results on chase termination for tuple-generating dependencies.