Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Different Visualizations Cause Different Strategies When Dealing With Bayesian Situations

People often struggle with Bayesian reasoning. However, previous research showed that people’s performance (and rationality) can be supported by the way the statistical information is represented. First, research showed that using natural frequencies instead of probabilities as the format of statistical information significantly increases people’s performance in Bayesian situations. Second, research also revealed that people’s performance increases through using visualization. We have built our paper on existing research in this field. Our main aim was to analyze people’s strategies in Bayesian situations that are erroneous even though statistical information is represented as natural frequencies and visualizations. In particular, we compared two pairs of visualization with similar numerical information (tree diagram vs. unit square, and double-tree diagram vs. 2 × 2-table) concerning their impact on people’s erroneous strategies in Bayesian situations. For this aim, we conducted an experiment with 540 university students. The students were randomly assigned to four conditions defined by the four different visualizations of statistical information. The students were asked to indicate a fraction in response to four Bayesian situations. We documented the numerator and denominator of the students’ responses representing a basic set and a subset in a Bayesian situation. Our results showed that people’s erroneous strategies are highly dependent on visualization. A central finding was that the visualization’s characteristic of making the nested-sets structure of a Bayesian situation transparent has a facilitating effect on people’s Bayesian reasoning. For example, compared to the unit square, a tree diagram does not explicitly visualize the set-subset relations that are relevant in a Bayesian situation. Accordingly, compared to a unit square, a tree diagram partly hinders people in finding the correct denominator in a Bayesian situation, and, in particular, triggers selecting a wrong numerator. By analyzing people’s erroneous strategies in Bayesian situations, we contribute to investigating approaches to facilitate Bayesian reasoning and to further develop the teaching of Bayesian reasoning.
Density-Dependent Foraging Behaviors on Sympatric Winter Ranges in a Partially Migratory Elk Population

Many large herbivore populations are partially migratory, in which the population is comprised of both non-migratory (resident) and migratory individuals. Density-dependence contributes to regulating the dynamics of partially migratory populations by altering habitat selection, vital rates, or rates of behavioral switching between migratory tactics. Studies of mechanisms leading to these shifts have focused mainly on their behavior on summer range, overlooking the potential for density-dependent effects during winter that may influence decisions to migrate. We hypothesized that competition for food and safety from wolf predation risk on winter ranges would differentially affect habitat selection, movements, and grouping behavior of migrant and resident female North American elk (Cervus canadensis) on their sympatric winter range. We used GPS locations from 92 adult female elk in 155 elk-winters at Ya Ha Tinda, Alberta, Canada, over a 14-year period when the elk population declined by ∼70% to test our hypotheses. Elk showed consistently strong selection for areas of high forage biomass that corresponded to longer residence times and shorter return times to areas of high forage biomass. The strength of the selection diminished at high elk population size as did the extent to which elk traded off forage for safety from wolf predation risk. Elk increased movement rates and extended return times only to the riskiest areas. Median group size and mean sociality among elk increased at low population size, with resident elk groups being larger and more cohesive than migrant groups. Similar density-dependent responses by migrant and resident female elk on sympatric winter range indicate resident elk do not alter foraging behaviors to compensate for exposure to low nutritional resources in summer, implicating seasonal differences in nutrition are not mediated by winter densities in this system. We discuss the implications of competition on winter ranges for the maintenance of partial migration in ungulates in montane systems.
Effect of wrapping material and dry storage on postharvest quality of rose cv. First Red cut flowers

Cut flowers of rose cv. First Red were pulsed and wrapped in three wrapping materials viz., newspaper, cellophane paper and kraft paper and then stored at 2° C for five durations i.e., 0, 3, 6, 9 or 12 day. The studies reveal that apart from wrapping the flowers in cellophane paper and kept under zero day storage (unwrapped and unstorecd/fresh), the flowers wrapped in cellophane paper and stored for 3 day resulted in increased vase life, volume of solution consumed, flower diameter, retained maximum proteins and reducing sugars and also improved appearance as well as showed minimum weight loss.
Cerebral Modifications and Visual Pathway Reorganization in Maculopathy: A Systematic Review

Background Macular degeneration (MD) is one of the most frequent causes of visual deficit, resulting in alterations affecting not only the retina but also the entire visual pathway up to the brain areas. This would seem related not just to signal deprivation but also to a compensatory neuronal reorganization, having significant implications in terms of potential rehabilitation of the patient and therapeutic perspectives. Objective This paper aimed to outline, by analyzing the existing literature, the current understanding of brain structural and functional changes detected with neuroimaging techniques in subjects affected by juvenile and age-related maculopathy. Methods Articles using various typologies of central nervous system (CNS) imaging in at least six patients affected by juvenile or age-related maculopathy were considered. A total of 142 were initially screened. Non-pertinent articles and duplicates were rejected. Finally, 19 articles, including 649 patients, were identified. Results In these sources, both structural and functional modifications were found in MD subjects’ CNS. Changes in visual cortex gray matter volume were observed in both age-related MD (AMD) and juvenile MD (JMD); in particular, an involvement of not only its posterior part but also the anterior one suggests further causes besides an input-deprivation mechanism only. White matter degeneration was also found, more severe in JMD than in AMD. Moreover, functional analysis revealed differences in cortical activation patterns between MD and controls, suggesting neuronal circuit reorganization. Interestingly, attention and oculomotor training allowed better visual performances and correlated to a stronger cortical activation, even of the area normally receiving inputs from lesioned macula. Conclusion In MD, structural and functional changes in cerebral circuits and visual pathway can happen, involving both cerebral volume and activation patterns. These modifications, possibly due to neuronal plasticity (already observed and described for several brain areas), can allow patients to compensate for macular damage and gives therapeutic perspectives which could be achievable through an association between oculomotor training and biochemical stimulation of neuronal plasticity.
Bacillus subtilis Nucleoid-Associated Protein YlxR Is Involved in Bimodal Expression of the Fructoselysine Utilization Operon (frlBONMD-yurJ) Promoter

Bacteria must survive harsh environmental fluctuations at times and have evolved several strategies. “Collective” behaviors have been identified due to recent progress in single-cell analysis. Since most bacteria exist as single cells, bacterial populations are often considered clonal. However, accumulated evidence suggests this is not the case. Gene expression and protein expression are often not homogeneous, resulting in phenotypic heterogeneity. In extreme cases, this leads to bistability, the existence of two stable states. In many cases, expression of key master regulators is bimodal via positive feedback loops causing bimodal expression of the target genes. We observed bimodal expression of metabolic genes for alternative carbon sources. Expression profiles of the frlBONMD-yurJ operon driven by the frlB promoter (PfrlB), which encodes degradation enzymes and a transporter for amino sugars including fructoselysine, were investigated using transcriptional lacZ and gfp, and translational fluorescence reporter mCherry fusions. Disruption effects of genes encoding CodY, FrlR, RNaseY, and nucleoid-associated protein YlxR, four known regulatory factors for PfrlB, were examined for expression of each fusion construct. Expression of PfrlB-gfp and PfrlB-mCherry, which were located at amyE and its original locus, respectively, was bimodal; and disruption of ylxR resulted in the disappearance of the clear bimodal expression pattern in flow cytometric analyses. This suggested a role for YlxR on the bimodal expression of PfrlB. The data indicated that YlxR acted on the bimodal expression of PfrlB through both transcription and translation. YlxR regulates many genes, including those related to translation, supporting the above notion. Depletion of RNaseY abolished heterogenous expression of transcriptional PfrlB-gfp but not bimodal expression of translational PfrlB-mCherry, suggesting the role of RNaseY in regulation of the operon through mRNA stability control and regulatory mechanism for PfrlB-mCherry at the translational level. Based on these results, we discuss the meaning and possible cause of bimodal PfrlB expression.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Venom Extracts in Asiatic Honeybee (Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis florea) Tested against Selected Pathogens

Antimicrobial activity of crude venom extracts from different honeybee species was tested against selected pathogens. Toxicity of bee venom is known to man since ages, which varies from mild inflammations to death. Bee venom is synthesized in the venom glands of worker bees and queen and is stored in the venom sac. In the present study the toxic potentialities of honeybee venom pertaining to different honeybee species Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis florea was carried out in vitro on selected species of bacteria and fungi. The selected bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Xanthomonas subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium and fungi Candida albicans were collected from St. John Medical College, Bangalore. The antimicrobial activity of the Apis species bee venom (ABV) was studied by Disc Diffusion Assay technique. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using Broth dilution method at lowest dilution (0.5mg/ml). Bacterial growth was assessed by the measurement of inhibitory zone. The order of susceptibility of the pathogens against the ABV recorded was in the order of: Apis cerana＞Apis dorsata＞Apis florea. The results showed that, ABV has significant antimicrobial activity and also could be used as a potential alternative antibiotic against the species listed above.
Polyphenols and flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of diabetes type 2

The genetic basis of diabetes is associated with genes that predispose to obesity development. There are also variants of genes that change the metabolism and distribution of glucose in the body tissues. Others regulate the lipid profile or affect insulin resistance, directly or indirectly affecting the risk of developing diabetes. Polyphenols are a group of compounds that have a protective effect on pancreatic cells. Thanks to their antioxidant activity, they protect cells against apoptosis, improve glucose metabolism and reduce hyperglycemia. The aim of the review was to discuss the mechanisms of bioactive food compounds influence on the human genome and to demonstrate their relationship between diabetes prevention and treatment.
Atherogenesis in Psoriasis: Evaluation of the Serum Activities of Non-high-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Other Lipids Among Newly Diagnosed Psoriasis Patients

Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder which commonly affects people aged between 15-25 years with a 2-3 % prevalence rate throughout the world. Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with severe co-morbidities that include cardiovascular risk. Although changes in the atherogenic lipids among psoriasis patients is already documented, very little is known about their role in atherogenesis among the new onset cases of psoriasis. Hence, this study is undertaken to assess the activities of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and other lipids among newly diagnosed psoriasis patients. Methods The study included 25 new onset cases of psoriasis patients aged between 20-60 years (mean age 38.2 years) attending the Dermatology outpatient department (OPD) of the Chalmeda Anandrao Institute of Medical Sciences (CAIMS), Karimnagar, Telangana, India, a tertiary care teaching hospital. An equal number of healthy individuals were included as controls. Blood was collected from all the subjects included in the study and was analyzed for various lipid parameters that included total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and triglycerides. The non-HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were later calculated manually by using the standard formulae. The data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel and was analyzed for their statistical significance using the Student t-test. Results The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the lipid parameters between the cases and controls. Among the parameters measured, the pro-atherogenic lipids including the LDL-C and non-HDL-C activities among the cases (LDL-C 171.46±17.13, p=0.0002; non-HDL-C 213.27±20.17, p ≤ 0.0001) and controls (LDL-C 91.04±11.41, p=0.0002; Non-HDL-C 119.0± 12.28, p ≤ 0.0001) were found to be statistically significant. The ratios of non-HDL-C to HDL-C and total cholesterol to HDL-C both among the cases (7.10±0.1, 8.13±1.2) and control groups (3.05±0.30, 4.03±0.42) were also showing a statistically significant difference. Conclusion The results clearly demonstrate the significance of the evaluation of lipids among newly diagnosed cases of psoriasis patients. The activities of different lipoproteins including the non-HDL-C and LDL-C revealed an increase among the psoriasis patients. The ratios of non-HDL-C to HDL-C and TC to HDL-C also showed significant variability. Further, to establish their clinical utility in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to manage appropriately, a regular follow-up of such parameters both before and after initiation of treatment is required.
Legendrian Contact Homology in P X R

A rigorous foundation for the contact homology of Legendrian submanifolds in a contact manifold of the form $P\times \R$ where $P$ is an exact symplectic manifold is established. The class of such contact manifolds include 1-jet spaces of smooth manifolds. As an application, contact homology is used to provide (smooth) isotopy invariants of submanifolds of $\R^n$ and, more generally, invariants of self transverse immersions into $\R^n$ up to restricted regular homotopies. When $n=3$, this application is the first step in extending and providing a contact geometric underpinning for the new knot invariants of Ng
Performance of Hyperbolic Geometry Models on Top-N Recommendation Tasks

We introduce a simple autoencoder based on hyperbolic geometry for solving standard collaborative filtering problem. In contrast to many modern deep learning techniques, we build our solution using only a single hidden layer. Remarkably, even with such a minimalistic approach, we not only outperform the Euclidean counterpart but also achieve a competitive performance with respect to the current state-of-the-art. We additionally explore the effects of space curvature on the quality of hyperbolic models and propose an efficient data-driven method for estimating its optimal value.
Reflection on Kinetic Models to the Chlorine Disinfection for Drinking Water Production

Experiments for the characterization of inactivation were performed in a series of batch processes with the total coliform used as a general indicator organism based on the chlorine residuals as a disinfectant. The water samples were taken from the outlet of a settling basin in a conventional surface water treatment system that is provided with the raw water drawn from the mid-stream of the Han River. The inactivation of total coliform was experimentally analyzed for the dose of disinfectant, contact time, filtration and mixing intensity. The curves obtained from a series of batch processes were shaped with a general tailing-off and biphasic mode of inactivation, i.e. a sharp loss of bacterial viability within 15 min followed by an extended phase. In order to observe the effect of carry-over suspended solids on chlorine consumption and disinfection efficiency, the water samples were filtered, prior to inoculation with coliforms, with membranes of both 2.5 μ μ μ μm and 11.0 μ μ μ μm pore size, and with a sand filter of 1.0 mm in effective size and of 1.4 in uniformity coefficient. As far as the disinfection efficiency is concerned, there were no significant differences. The parameters estimated by the models of Chick-Watson, Hom and Selleck from our experimental data obtained within 120 min are: log(N/N 0 )=-0.16CT with n=1, log(N/N 0 )=-0.71C 0.87 T with n 1 for the Chick-Watson model, log (N/N 0 )=-1.87C 0.47 T 0.36 for the Hom model, log (N/N 0 )=-2.13log (1+CT/0.11) for the Selleck model. It is notable that among the models reviewed with regard to the experimental data obtained, the Selleck model appeared to most closely resemble the total coliform survival curve.
STUDIES ON SHOCK INDUCED BY HEMORRHAGE II. EFFECT OF THIAMIN ON DISTURBANCES OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

1. A marked increase in blood keto acids occurs in dogs in which shock has been induced by hemorrhage. This increase is accompanied by hyperglycemia and hyperlactacidemia. 2. Administration of thiamin to these animals is followed by a delayed fall in the elevated blood keto acid values. 3. The increase in survival time and elevation of blood pressure following thiamin administration is much more marked in the locally anesthetized animal than in the animal anesthetized with ether. 4. Ether anesthesia alone may produce a moderate increase in blood keto acids, a hyperglycemia and increased blood lactic acid values. In these dogs also, elevated keto acid values usually fall after thiamin administration. 5. Animals locally anesthetized with procaine solution and not subjected to shock show no rise in keto acids, blood sugar or blood lactic acid.
Comparison of marginal adaptation of Class II cavities restored with bulk-fill and conventional composite resins using different universal bonding agent application strategies

Background: This in vitro study was conducted to compare the effect of universal bonding application strategy (i.e., self-etch and etch-and-rinse) on marginal adaptation of bulk-fill and conventional composite resins in Class II restorations. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study sixty sound premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were selected. The samples were allocated to four groups based on the universal bonding application strategy (self-etch and etch and rinse) and type of composite (bulk-fill and conventional). In each group, boxes were prepared with a depth of 4 mm on the mesial surfaces. Finally, the marginal adaptation of the samples was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the marginal adaptation data in the study. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Considering the type of universal bonding application strategy, there was a statistically significant difference in marginal adaptation. Etch-and-rinse strategy showed better marginal adaptation compared to self-etch strategy (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in marginal adaptation between the two composite resins (P = 0.829). Furthermore, the interaction between the two factors (type of universal bonding application strategy and type of composite resin) was not statistically significant (P = 0.629). Conclusion: Etch-and-rinse bonding application strategy in both the bulk-fill and conventional composite resins exhibited better marginal adaptation compared to self-etch bonding application strategy. However, the difference of marginal adaptation between the two types of composite resins (bulk and conventional) was not significant.
A Clinicohistopathological Analysis of Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytomas of the Finger

Background: Cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma (CFH) is a common, benign skin tumor predominantly occurring on the extremities or trunk. However, CFH on the finger is rare. Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the clinicohistopathological features of CFH of the finger. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 12 CFHs located on fingers in a tertiary hospital in Korea. All case slides were retrieved from saved files. Results: Ages of the CHF of the finger affected individuals ranged from 9 to 48 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. Picker's nodule or wart was the most common clinical diagnosis. In only 2 out of the 12 cases was the pre-biopsy diagnosis of CFH ventured. Fibrocollagenous type was the most common histological type. Majority of the cases were mitotically inactive, exhibiting only 0–1 mitoses per high-power field and there was no recurrence. Tumor cells were uniformly CD34 negative. Conclusion: Because CFH can resemble malignancies including dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, a lack of familiarity with the occurrence of CFH of the finger may lead to more aggressive treatment. Dermatologists should include CFH in their differential diagnosis of circumscribed nodules on the fingers to ensure proper management.
Renin–Angiotensin system and fibrinolytic pathway in COVID-19: One-way skepticism

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a recent pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The entry point of SARS-CoV-2 is via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is highly expressed in the alveolar pulmonary cells. Besides, different peptides and co-mediators such as bradykinin (BK), plasmin, and trans-membrane serine protease may modulate the affinity and binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2. Therefore, this study was planned to review the potential link between the pathogenesis, incidence, and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection regarding the modulation of ACE2 by these mediators. Electronic database searches of Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed was made using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words. Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors might be of value in the reduction of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, and acute pneumonia that are induced by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to noteworthy lung injury via downregulation of ACE2, which is attenuated by the administration of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). In SARS-CoV-2 infection, BK and its metabolites are augmented due to the downregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is also associated with hyperfibrinolysis as evident with high circulating fibrin degradation products, high plasmin, and presence of hemorrhagic spots in multiple organs. ACEIs improve fibrinolysis via inhibition of PAI-1, while ARBs have a neutral effect on both fibrinolysis and PAI-1. Therefore, these findings show ACEIs but not ARBs as a potential risk for the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection as both plasmin and BK facilitate the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and augment the development of ARDS in SARS-CoV-2 infection.