Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Volkhov–Kunda transition and the base of the Holen Limestone at Kinnekulle, Västergötland, Sweden

The transition between the Volkhov and Kunda Baltoscandian stages (Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician) is associated with a notable sea-level fall. This study documents the lithologic and sedimentologic expression of this event in the “orthoceratite limestone” at the Hällekis quarry, Kinnekulle, Sweden. The uppermost Volkhov strata are characterized by abundant limonitic hardgrounds and relatively coarse carbonate textures, including intraclasts and ferruginous coated grains. The top of a conspicuous wacke-packstone interval is identified as the local Volkhov–Kunda and Lanna Limestone–Holen Limestone boundary. The boundary is overlain by marly limestone, in which limonitic hardgrounds become uncommon and a temporary fining of carbonate textures occurs. An overall trend of increasing (mainly skeletal) grain concentration and diversity is seen throughout the studied succession. Based on the collective observations, a sea-level curve for the upper Volkhov and lower Kunda is presented.
Influence of climate, water content and leaching on seasonal variations in potential water repellence

Seasonal variation in potential water repellence has not been widely reported in the literature, and little is known of the processes that cause changes in potential water repellence. In this study, the severity and stability of potential water repellence varied seasonally from being weakly hydrophobic in July 2009 (water drop penetration time, 0.19 min; water entry potential, 0.0 cm) to severely hydrophobic (water drop penetration time, 54 min; water entry potential, 14.3 cm) in May 2009. Seasonal variation in the stability of potential water repellence was significantly correlated with cumulative rainfall, air temperature and soil water deficit, which indicated that the accumulation of water‐repellent compounds, presumably polar waxes, resulted from microbial or plant inputs to the soil. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that saturating and mixing the soil resulted in a two to three order of magnitude reduction in the stability of potential water repellence, even after oven drying at 40 °C and 60 °C. Repeated leaching resulted in sequential reduction in both the stability and severity of water repellence. The significant correlation between soil water repellence and dissolved organic carbon content of the leachate, together with pedological evidence of organic staining of ped faces in the clay subsoil indicate that seasonal rainfall leached soluble water‐repellent compounds from the topsoil. The reestablishment of water repellence after saturation and leaching required the input of new water‐repellent compounds. These findings suggest that the use of surfactants before sowing may assist to leach water‐repellent compounds from the topsoil, allowing improved infiltration and reduced runoff through the remainder of the cropping season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Response of Equatorial Oceans to a Relaxation of the Trade Winds

Abstract The trade winds over the central Pacific are observed to weaken several months after the appearance of anomalously warm surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The following results obtained with a numerical model indicate how this relaxation of the winds affect the later stages of El Nino. A weakening of the westward trade winds causes a zonal redistribution of heat in the equatorial oceans and a warming of the eastern part of the basin. The warming depends on the zonal extent of the region over which the winds relax, and on the length of time T for. which the winds relax. As T increases the warming in the east increases until it asymtotes to a maximum value when T exceeds the adjustment time of the basin (which is ∼400 days in the case of the Pacific Ocean). Maximum heating is associated with a permanent weakening of the winds, unless the winds reverse direction and become eastward. Even weak eastward winds for a short period can cause disproportionately large temperature increa.
Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer

Scalar source footprint predictions inside and above the unstable surface layer are performed using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. LES footprint results were evaluated against a tracer field experiment at one level and against other models beyond the 10 m measurement level in the surface layer. This paper further reports on an extension of the range over which current footprint models can be used by presenting LES calculations of flux mapping to the downwind region from the source location beyond the surface layer. Our LES flux mapping results show a gradual decoupling with increasing distance from the surface. Our results also indicate that the footprints, cumulative fluxes, and concentration distributions calculated using LES in unstable conditions are in general agreement with field observations and with those of other models. The present work shows promise for the use of LES as a tool to model more complex footprint cases such as those over heterogeneous surfaces.
Shift in the summer rainfall over the Yangtze River valley in the late 1970s

The summer rainfall over the middle‐lower valley of the Yangtze River and over the whole eastern China experienced a notable regime shift in about 1979. This change is consistent with a simultaneous jump‐like change in the 500 hPa geopotential height (Φ500) over the northern Pacific. The rainfall over the Yangtze River valley is closely related to the Φ500 averaged over the area 20°–25°N, 125°–140°E, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66 for the period 1958–1999. Since 1980, the subtropical northwestern Pacific high (SNPH) has enlarged, intensified, and extended southwestward. The changes in the SNPH are strongly associated with the variations of the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the eastern tropical Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean. The anomalies of these SSTs, responsible primarily for the shift of the summer rainfall over the Yangtze River through the changes in SNPH, precede the Φ500 signals with different leading times.
Water column sediment fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Atmospheric and sea ice forcing

We measured time series of the vertical particle flux at three locations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, between January 1990 and February 1992 as part of an interdisciplinary project focusing on the accumulation and recycling of organic C and biogenic Si on a polar shelf. We estimate area-wide annual average fluxes through the deep water column of 5 g organic C m−2 yr−l and 30 g biogenic Si m−2 yr−1, values similar to the highest annual average fluxes to the subsurface reported for other areas of the Antarctic continental shelf. Total particle and biogenic Si fluxes are highest during January and February in the southwestern Ross Sea, beneath a seasonally recurrent bloom of the diatom Fragilariopsis curta. Organic C fluxes are highest in the central Ross Sea, consistent with a surface water algal assemblage dominated by the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis. While organic C flux decreases with depth at all three sites, the result of remineralization within the water column, biogenic opal fluxes are higher in near-bottom traps than at 230 m at the two western Ross Sea sites. Some biogenic opal must be supplied to these deep traps via horizontal advection and possibly resuspension. Fecal pellets and large aggregates contributed between 4 and 70% of the vertical flux and settled at rates of 60 to >400 m d−1. Maximum particle fluxes occur 2 to 10 weeks after surface waters become ice free. We discuss three hypotheses to explain lags between production and settling: (1) advection from surface waters with different ice cover characteristics, (2) lags in the development of a grazing Zooplankton community, and (3) early season windinduced inhibition of primary production. Interannual variability in surface wind stress is empirically linked to variability in biogenic fluxes. Windiness and relative phasing of the annual cycles of ice cover and air temperature may be responsible for the development of different algal communities in the central versus western Ross Sea.
Africanizing Anthropology: Fieldwork, Networks, and the Making of Cultural Knowledge in Central Africa

Africanizing Anthropology tells the story of the anthropological fieldwork centered at the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) during the mid-twentieth century. Focusing on collaborative processes rather than on the activity of individual researchers, Lyn Schumaker gives the assistants and informants of anthropologists a central role in the making of anthropological knowledge. Schumaker shows how local conditions and local ideas about culture and history, as well as previous experience of outsiders’ interest, shape local people’s responses to anthropological fieldwork and help them, in turn, to influence the construction of knowledge about their societies and lives. Bringing to the fore a wide range of actors—missionaries, administrators, settlers, the families of anthropologists—Schumaker emphasizes the daily practices of researchers, demonstrating how these are as centrally implicated in the making of anthropological knowlege as the discipline’s methods. Selecting a prominent group of anthropologists—The Manchester School—she reveals how they achieved the advances in theory and method that made them famous in the 1950s and 1960s. This book makes important contributions to anthropology, African history, and the history of science.
Flow characterization of an attraction channel as entrance to fishways

The flow field inside and downstream of an open channel placed near the surface of a free flow (such as the tail water of a turbine) is characterized in detail. The channel cross‐section is U‐shaped and in the downstream end is placed a ramp on the bottom which accelerates the flow passing through the channel. This flow is intended to catch the attention of fish and improve their entrance to fishways, which has also been successfully demonstrated in field tests.
Ethyl gallate concurrent administration protects against acetaminophen‐induced acute liver injury in mice: An in vivo and in silico approach

Acetaminophen (APAP) in high doses causes acute liver injury and acute liver failure. Ethyl gallate (EG) is a natural polyphenol, possessing antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐microbial properties. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the protective role of EG against APAP‐induced acute liver injury in mice. Acute liver injury was induced by a single dose of APAP (400 mg/kg., i.p.). In separate groups, EG (10 mg/kg), EG (20 mg/kg), and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC; 1200 mg/kg., i.p.) were administered concurrently with APAP. The mice were sacrificed after 24 h of treatment. Liver marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity, antioxidant markers, inflammatory markers, and histopathological studies were done. APAP administration caused a significant elevation of marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. APAP administration also decreased enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants. Acute APAP intoxication induced nuclear factor κ B, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1, p65, and p52 and downregulated IκB gene expressions. Our histopathological studies have confirmed the presence of centrilobular necrosis, 24 h after APAP intoxication. All the above abnormalities were significantly inhibited in groups of mice that were concurrently administered with APAP + EG and APAP + NAC. Our in silico analysis further confirms that hydroxyl groups of EG interact with the above inflammatory proteins at the 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid region. These effects of EG against APAP‐induced acute liver injury could be attributed to its antioxidative, free radical scavenging, and anti‐inflammatory potentials. Therefore, this study suggests that EG can be an efficient therapeutic approach to protect the liver from APAP intoxication.
Semiparametric normal transformation joint model of multivariate longitudinal and bivariate time‐to‐event data

Joint models for longitudinal and survival data (JMLSs) are widely used to investigate the relationship between longitudinal and survival data in clinical trials in recent years. But, the existing studies mainly focus on independent survival data. In many clinical trials, survival data may be bivariately correlated. To this end, this paper proposes a novel JMLS accommodating multivariate longitudinal and bivariate correlated time‐to‐event data. Nonparametric marginal survival hazard functions are transformed to bivariate normal random variables. Bayesian penalized splines are employed to approximate unknown baseline hazard functions. Incorporating the Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm into the Gibbs sampler, we develop a Bayesian adaptive Lasso method to simultaneously estimate parameters and baseline hazard functions, and select important predictors in the considered JMLS. Simulation studies and an example taken from the International Breast Cancer Study Group are used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.
Infant and young child feeding indicators are positively associated with length and family care indicators in the children of the Women First trial participants

Abstract This research describes the proportion of children in four low‐ and middle‐income countries with adequate dietary practices at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age and how these practices changed over time using the World Health Organisation and UNICEF's infant young child feeding (IYCF) indicators. The associations between the IYCF indicators and anthropometric z‐scores from 6 to 24 months, and between the IYCF indicators and the family care indicators (FCIs) at 24 months are described. This was a longitudinal study of offspring from participants in the Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial conducted in Sud‐Ubangi, Democratic Republic of Congo; Chimaltenango, Guatemala; Belagavi, North Karnataka, India; and Thatta, Sindh Province, Pakistan. The frequency of the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum adequate diet (MAD) increased between 6 and 24 months, but even at 24 months MAD remained below 50% at all sites. MDD (β = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.04−0.22) and MMF (β = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.03−0.17) were positively associated with length‐for‐age z‐score at 24 months. All IYCF indicators were positively associated with mean total FCI score: MDD (proportion ratio [PR] = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02−1.07), MMF (PR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01−1.04), MAD (PR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.02−1.08). Although there are multiple barriers to young children having an adequate diet, our results support a positive association between familial interactions and improved IYCF feeding practices.
Chronotype is associated with addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake among undergraduate students

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food consumption among undergraduate students. Specific and validated scales were used in order to evaluate chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior and mindful eating (N = 605). Dietary intake was determined by food frequency questionnaire and percentage energy from ultra-processed food was calculated. Self-reported weights and heights were obtained from the participants. Mean scores of scales, social jetlag, energy intake, ultra-processed food intake and BMI were compared by chronotypes. Associations between chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating, ultra-processed food consumption and BMI were determined by Pearson’s test. The relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake were assessed by linear regression models and adjusted for sex, BMI, energy intake, season, smoking and alcohol consumption. Evening-type participants had higher scores of social jetlag (2.01 ± 0.09), appetitive drive (26.02 ± 0.63), low dietary control (20.50 ± 0.41), addiction-like eating behavior (46.52 ± 0.85), lower scores of recognition (21.91 ± 0.43) and higher percentage energy from ultra-processed food (32.24 ± 1.26%). Chronotype score showed negative associations with addiction like eating behavior (β=-0.247, p < 0.001) and ultra-processed food consumption (β=-0.247, p < 0.001), and a positive association with recognition (β = 0.124, p < 0.001). Results suggest that chronotype is inversely associated with addiction-like eating behavior and ultra-processed food consumption, and positively associated with mindful eating among undergraduate students.
Long‐term effects of average calcineurin inhibitor trough levels (over time) on renal function in a prospectively followed cohort of 150 kidney transplant recipients

More favorable clinical outcomes with medium‐term follow‐up have been reported among kidney transplant recipients receiving maintenance therapy consisting of “reduced‐tacrolimus (TAC) dosing,” mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and low‐dose corticosteroids. However, it is not clear whether long‐term maintenance therapy with reduced‐calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) dosing still leads to reduced renal function. A prospectively followed cohort of 150 kidney transplant recipients randomized to receive TAC/sirolimus (SRL) versus TAC/MMF versus cyclosporine microemulsion (CSA)/SRL, plus low‐dose maintenance corticosteroids, now has 20 years of post‐transplant follow‐up. Average CNI trough levels over time among patients who were still alive with functioning grafts at 60, 120, and 180 months post‐transplant were determined and ranked from smallest‐to‐largest for both TAC and CSA. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine whether these ranked average trough levels were associated with the patient's estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at those times, particularly after controlling for other significant multivariable predictors. Experiencing biopsy‐proven acute rejection (BPAR) and older donor age were the two most significant multivariable predictors of poorer eGFR at 60, 120, and 180 months post‐transplant (p < 000001 and 0.000003 for older donor age at 60 and 120 months; p = 0.00008 and <0.000001 for previous BPAR at 60 and 120 months). Assignment to CSA also implied a significantly poorer eGFR (but with less magnitudes of effect) in multivariable analysis at 60 and 120 months (p = 0.01 and 0.002). Higher ranked average CNI trough levels had no association with eGFR at any timepoint in either univariable or multivariable analysis (p > 0.70). Long‐term maintenance therapy with reduced‐CNI dosing does not appear to cause reduced renal function.
Retrieval of 91 and 150 GHz Earth surface emissivities

Surface emissivities at 91 and 150 GHz are retrieved using a microwave radiative transfer model and the atmospheric profiles and brightness temperatures (TBs) for the cloud-free cases from a global data set of collocated SSM/T-2 and radiosonde measurements. The retrieved emissivity values for various Earth surface types are consistent with those from other studies. The retrieval scheme displays limited sensitivity to uncertainty in the input data and the retrieved values are found to have good reproducibility for a given region. The possible use of special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) TB measurements for estimation of 91- and 150-GHz emissivities is explored using a subset of the retrieved emissivity cases which was augmented with SSM/I data. It is demonstrated that SSM/I TBs are potentially useful for making accurate estimates of surface emissivities at 91 and 150 GHz. This should lead to improved SSM/T-2 lower tropospheric water vapor profile retrievals.
The Importance of Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase Acid-Like 3b (SMPDL-3b) Levels in Kidney Biopsy Specimens of Children With Nephrotic Syndrome

Abstract Objective It remains unclear whether the low amount of SMPDL-3b required for rituximab binding is the cause of treatment resistance in patients with treatment-resistant nephrotic syndrome with advanced podocyte injury. Given the limited number of studies on the relationship between rituximab and SMPDL-3b, this study was conducted to assess whether SMPDL-3b levels in pretreatment renal biopsy specimens can be used to predict the clinical effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs, especially rituximab, in children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods Kidney biopsy specimens from 44 patients diagnosed with idiopatic nephrotic syndrome were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining with an anti-SMPDL-3b antibody and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SMPDL-3b mRNA expression. Results We showed that SMPDL-3b mRNA expression and anti-SMPDL-3b antibody staining did not differ significantly between the patient groups with different responses to immunosuppressive therapies. Conclusion Our results suggest that SMPDL-3b may actually be an indicator of disease progression rather than a marker for predicting response to a particular immunosuppressive agent.
Retrieving aerosol microphysical properties by Lidar‐Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) for different aerosol types

LIRIC (Lidar‐Radiometer Inversion Code) is applied to combined lidar and Sun photometer data from Granada station corresponding to different case studies. The main aim of this analysis is to evaluate the stability of LIRIC output volume concentration profiles for different aerosol types, loadings, and vertical distributions of the atmospheric aerosols. For this purpose, in a first part, three case studies corresponding to different atmospheric situations are analyzed to study the influence of the user‐defined input parameters in LIRIC when varied in a reasonable range. Results evidence the capabilities of LIRIC to retrieve vertical profiles of microphysical properties during daytime by the combination of the lidar and the Sun photometer systems in an automatic and self‐consistent way. However, spurious values may be obtained in the lidar incomplete overlap region depending on the structure of the aerosol layers. In a second part, the use of a second Sun photometer located in Cerro Poyos, in the same atmospheric column as Granada but at higher altitude, allowed us to obtain LIRIC retrievals from two different altitudes with independent Sun photometer measurements in order to check the self‐consistency and robustness of the method. Retrievals at both levels are compared, providing a very good agreement (differences below 5 µm3/cm3) in those cases with the same aerosol type in the whole atmospheric column. However, some assumptions such as the height independency of parameters (sphericity, size distribution, or refractive index, among others) need to be carefully reviewed for those cases with the presence of aerosol layers corresponding to different types of atmospheric aerosols.