Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some models for rainfall based on stochastic point processes

Stochastic models are discussed for the variation of rainfall intensity at a fixed point in space. First, models are analysed in which storm events arise in a Poisson process, each such event being associated with a period of rainfall of random duration and constant but random intensity. Total rainfall intensity is formed by adding the contributions from all storm events. Then similar but more complex models are studied in which storms arise in a Poisson process, each storm giving rise to a cluster of rain cells and each cell being associated with a random period of rain. The main properties of these models are determined analytically. Analysis of some hourly rainfall data from Denver, Colorado shows the clustered models to be much the more satisfactory.
Intermediate water mass production controlled by southern hemisphere winds

It is demonstrated that the production of intermediate water in a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model is controlled by Southern Hemisphere winds. Results from four equilibrium experiments using simplified topography and surface forcing are presented. The first experiment was carried out with no wind forcing, subsequent experiments employed annual mean surface stresses, which were amplified using factors of 0.5, 1, and 2.0 south of 30°S. In all experiments, the salinity minimum characteristic for intermediate water is reproduced. Volume transports are directly proportional to the applied Southern Hemisphere surface stresses. These force an increased export of intermediate water and heat into the South Pacific Ocean northward across 30°S and through Drake Passage into the South Atlantic Ocean. It results in a warming of the South Pacific Ocean, which is at a maximum in the intermediate water density range.
Simulation of water mass formation processes in the Mediterranean Sea: Influence of the time frequency of the atmospheric forcing

Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the interannual variability of water mass formation processes in the Mediterranean Sea. The experiments are conducted with a general circulation model which includes a set of calibrated air-sea heat flux bulk formulae to account for the correct surface heat budget of the Mediterranean Basin. An analysis of the model response to different atmospheric forcing frequencies (monthly versus 12-hour) for the period 1980–1988 is conducted in the areas of different water mass formation processes: the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW), the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW) (only the Adriatic component), the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), and the Levantine Deep Water (LDW). All the experiments are able to simulate well the LIW and LDW; however, the 12-hour forced experiments (D experiments) tend to produce more LDW than LIW compared to the monthly forced experiments (M experiments). On the other hand, only the D experiments, with a salinity enhancement, are able in some years to model the WMDW deep convection. The WMDW and EMDW are formed approximately every 3 years depending on the model parameterizations; however, LIW is formed each year but with large-amplitude fluctuations in the volume of water formed. LDW has a formation rate similar to that of deep waters.
‘land moves and behaves’: indigenous discourse on sustainable land management in pichataro, patzcuaro basin, mexico

ABSTRACT An ethnoecological study was carried out in the Purhepecha community of San Francisco Pichataro, west central Mexico, with the purpose of investigating how land degradation, in terms of soil erosion and fertility depletion, was (and still is) handled by indigenous farmers so that traditional agriculture could remain sustainable over centuries. After briefly reviewing opposite views on the land degradation issue in the regional context of the Patzcuaro lake basin, the paper focuses on land management at local level. The indigenous concept of land is discussed as an integrated whole, including water cycle, climate, relief and soils. Indigenous people venerate land as the mother of all living beings, including humans. Therefore, people's health and survival require good land care and management. Local knowledge on land management is organized around four basic principles: land position, land behaviour, land resilience and land quality. Fanners recognize land as a dynamic subject, a concept reflected in the expression ‘land moves and behaves’. Soil erosion and fertility depletion are perceived as ‘normal’ processes the farmers control by means of integrated management practices. Farmers recognize several land classes, primarily controlled by landscape position, which require different land care. The example of San Francisco Pichataro demonstrates that traditional agriculture does not necessarily lead to land degradation. But the collective knowledge, or social theory, on land management is increasingly exposed to be fragmented as the community undergoes structural changes and loses its social cohesion under the pressure of externalities such as off‐farm activities, out‐migrations and governmental intervention, among others.
Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams Affected by Acidic Precipitation in the Central Appalachians

We collected quantitative macroinvertebrate samples monthly from September 1989 to October 1990 from four streams on the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia that were characterized by different bedbrock geology and streamwater pH. Mean pH was 4.3, 6.1, 6.0, and 7.5 in the four streams. We compared species and functional group composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in these streams to choose taxa that could be used as indicator species for differences in pH in bioassessment studies. The streams differed in species composition and abundance and several species were found that could be used as indicators for each of the levels of pH. Higher densities of Amphinemura sp. , Leuctra sp. , Euryophella funeralis, and Paracapnia angulata were characteristic of the stream with a pH of 4.3. Higher densities of Peltoperia arcuata and Wormaldia moestas were found in the streams with a pH of about 6.0. Gammarus minus, Baetis sp. , Ephemerella dorothea, and Sweltsa sp. were found at higher densities in the stream with a pH of 7.5
Modulation of the intraseasonal rainfall over tropical Brazil by the Madden–Julian oscillation

Fifteen years (1987–2001) of rain gauge‐based data are used to describe the intraseasonal rainfall variability over tropical Brazil and its associated dynamical structure. Wavelet analysis performed on rainfall time series showed significant peaks centered roughly in periods of 30–70 days, particularly in the eastern southeastern Amazon and northern northeast Brazil. A significant enhancement of precipitation with maximum anomalies in a northeastward oriented band over tropical Brazil is evidenced from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 30–70‐day filtered rainfall anomalies during rainy season (January to May). Lagged/lead composites revealed that, on a global scale, the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the main atmospheric‐mechanism modulator of the pluviometric variations on intraseasonal timescale in the eastern Amazon and northeast Brazil. A coherent northward expansion of rainfall across tropical Brazil is evident during the passage of MJO over South America. Regionally, the establishment of a quasi‐stationary deep convection band triggered by the simultaneous manifestation of south Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) explains the intensified rainfall over these regions. Such regional mechanisms are dynamically embedded within the eastward‐propagating MJO‐related large‐scale convective envelope along tropical South America/the Atlantic Ocean. These features occur in association with a significant intraseasonal evolution of the lower‐level wind and sea‐surface temperature (SST) patterns, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean, including a coherent dynamical connection with atmospheric circulation, deep convective activity over South America and rainfall over tropical Brazil. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
The Brigalow Catchment Study: II. Clearing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping or pasture increases runoff

The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS) was established to determine the impact on hydrology when brigalow land is cleared for cropping and grazing. The paired catchment study was commenced in 1965 using catchments of approximately 15 ha, with natural vegetation dominated by brigalow scrub (Acacia harpophylla). Three contiguous catchments were selected near Theodore in central Queensland to represent the extensive brigalow bioregion of central and southern Queensland and northern New South Wales (~40 Mha). The hydrology of the 3 catchments was characterised during a 17-year calibration period (1965–81). The catchments were considered hydrologically similar, with sufficient data available for an empirical comparison between catchments. In 1982, two of the catchments were cleared, with one developed for cropping and the other sown to improved pasture. The third catchment was used as an uncleared control. Hydrologic characteristics were then compared for the following 21 years. In their virgin state, the catchments behaved similarly, with average annual runoff being 5% of annual rainfall. Once cleared, total runoff from the cropping catchment increased to 11% of annual rainfall and total runoff from the pasture catchment increased to 9% of annual rainfall; however, timing of the individual runoff events varied between land uses. In order to confirm that changes in hydrology were a function of land use and not just seasonal variability or sampling error, several analytic techniques were used: a simple comparison of runoff totals, comparison of events, comparison of probability of exceedance for daily runoff, and comparison of predicted and observed runoff using a water balance modelling approach.
A Publication of the Association of Management AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH TECHNOLOGY MEDIATED SERVICE ENCOUNTERS IN THE CONTEXT OF ONLINE SHOPPING

With the advancement of technology, many aspects of the face-to-face interpersonal dynamics in service encounters between sellers and customers have been replaced with technology-based Web interfaces. This paper develops and tests a model of customer satisfaction with technology mediated service encounters utilizing the suggestions of Meuter et al. [43] and the factors proposed by Jarvenpaa and Todd [27]. The model overarches variables that can influence customer satisfaction in technology mediated service encounters. An empirical analysis identified the relative importance of different factors in online service encounters for customer satisfaction. In the order of importance, these factors were: delivery performance, time saved, website functional properties, internet familiarity, and price saved. Some other factors that were not found to be significant included: website aesthetic properties, risk, customer support, and product variety.
EXTENDING THE GABLE ET AL. ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS SUCCESS MEASUREMENT MODEL: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Measuring the success of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems for adopting organizations is an emerging area of research. Our study complements the growing body of knowledge in this area as we attempt to extend the dimensions of success in the measurement model proposed by Gable and colleagues [20, 57, 60]. Overall, this study employed a three-phase approach to enhance its validity; however, in this paper we will focus on the findings from the major phase. In the study’s main phase, we used postal surveys in Finland and Estonia (two small Northern European countries with businesses adopting ERP systems) to obtain empirical data from 62 subjects in 44 private firms in diverse industries. Our data analysis, using criterion validity and structural equation modeling approaches, suggests that the dimensions of Workgroup Impact and Vendor/Consultant which were added to the model proposed by Gable and colleagues are relevant, and capable of offering useful insights regarding ERP systems success evaluations. The implications of the study’s results are discussed.
Alteration of clay minerals in a sedimentary caprock and its use in geothermal prospecting: an example from Mt. Amiata

Abstract This research work deals with chlorite-vermiculite mixed-layer stability under hydrothermal and metamorphic conditions. We used as a case study a clayey flysch unit cropping out in an active geothermal area near to a Recent volcano (Mt. Amiata) in central Italy. The geothermal gradient is higher than the world average and temperatures over 100ºC can occur at less than 1 km depth. The mineralogical data, obtained from X-Ray Power Diffraction (XRPD) analysis of clay samples from the same geologic unit, show that the primary anchimetamorphic mineral assemblage (illite, chlorite, illite-smectite mixed layers) is accompanied by secondary phases, such as chloritevermiculite mixed-layers and calcite. Reactive flow modelling was used to outline a realistic waterrock (W/R) interaction process able to generate the new minerals. In the numerical simulation, the pristine shale was made to react with a local thermal spring, at an estimated but realistic carbonate reservoir temperature. The simulation predicts that, at a temperature of 120ºC, clinochlore dissolves and vermiculite crystallizes, a good proxy of the chlorite-vermiculite crystallization process. Under low water/rock conditions the proportions of the clay minerals (illite, chlorite, smectite and vermiculite) are comparable with the analytical results. The simulation also shows that temperatures higher than 120ºC enhance the vermiculite formation. We conclude that the chlorite-vermiculite mixed-layers formed in the recent past due to the upflow of thermal water which permeated the flysch unit. This result indicates that the alteration of the clayey cap-rocks of geothermal reservoirs is enhanced by the interaction with geothermal fluids, and can be used as a prospecting tool.
Planck early results. XVI. The Planck view of nearby galaxies

The all-sky coverage of thePlanck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC) provides an unsurpassed survey of galaxies at submillimetre (submm) wavelengths, representing a major improvement in the numbers of galaxies detected, as well as the range of far-IR/submm wavelengths over which they have been observed. We here present the first results on the properties of nearby galaxies using these data. We match the ERCSC catalogue to IRAS-detected galaxies in the Imperial IRAS Faint Source Redshift Catalogue (IIFSCz), so that we can measure the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these objects from 60 to 850 μm. This produces a list of 1717 galaxies with reliable associations between Planck and IRAS, from which we select a subset of 468 for SED studies, namely those with strong detections in the three highest frequency Planck bands and no evidence of cirrus contamination. The SEDs are fitted using parametric dust models to determine the range of dust temperatures and emissivities. We find evidence for colder dust than has previously been found in external galaxies, with T < 20 K. Such cold temperatures are found using both the standard single temperature dust model with variable emissivity β, or a two dust temperature model with β fixed at 2. We also compare our results to studies of distant submm galaxies (SMGs) which have been claimed to contain cooler dust than their local counterparts. We find that including our sample of 468 galaxies significantly reduces the distinction between the two populations. Fits to SEDs of selected objects using more sophisticated templates derived from radiative transfer models confirm the presence of the colder dust found through parametric fitting. We thus conclude that cold (T < 20 K) dust is a significant and largely unexplored component of many nearby galaxies.
On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract In this study, an updated and extended climatology of cyclonic tracks affecting the eastern Mediterranean region is presented, in order to better understand the Mediterranean climate and its changes. This climatology includes intermonthly variations, classification of tracks according to their origin domain, dynamic and kinematic characteristics, and trend analysis. The dataset used is the 1962–2001, 2.5° × 2.5°, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The identification and tracking of the cyclones was performed with the aid of the Melbourne University algorithm. It was verified that considerable intermonthly variations of track density occur in the eastern Mediterranean, consistent with previous studies for the entire Mediterranean, while further interesting new features have been revealed. The classification of the tracks according to their origin domain reveals that the vast majority originate within the examined area itself, mainly in the Cyprus.
The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men

What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of compression garments on recovery from unaccustomed damaging exercise and subsequent protective adaptations? What is the main finding and its importance? Compression did not influence recovery, but was associated with blunted protective adaptations for isokinetic performance, which were completely absent at high velocities. Based on these findings, the use of compression garments for recovery would not be recommended following unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the maintenance of high‐velocity performance following exercise‐induced muscle damage is desirable.
An Objective Method for Measuring Surface Ice Accretion

Abstract An off-the-shelf ice detection system used primarily on aircraft was tested in a climatic chamber, and then in the field to evaluate its ability to estimate the amount of ice simultaneously accreting on various-sized cylinders. The climatic chamber test data indicate that the system output is highly correlated with the mass and thickness of the ice measured on cylinders. A method, developed for utilizing the system for objectively estimating ice accretion amounts on cylinders, based on the chamber test results, is presented. Subsequent field tests indicate the system would be excellent for objectively estimating icing amounts on a cylinder for in-cloud icing on mountaintops. A slight modification is necessary to best use the instrument to estimate icing amounts from freezing rain or drizzle. Relationships of ice accretion characteristics on cylinders 3, 13, 25 and 50 mm in diameter for differing synoptic conditions are also discussed.
Sensitivity of Twenty-First-Century Global-Mean Steric Sea Level Rise to Ocean Model Formulation

AbstractTwo comprehensive Earth system models (ESMs), identical apart from their oceanic components, are used to estimate the uncertainty in projections of twenty-first-century sea level rise due to representational choices in ocean physical formulation. Most prominent among the formulation differences is that one (ESM2M) uses a traditional z-coordinate ocean model, while the other (ESM2G) uses an isopycnal-coordinate ocean. As evidence of model fidelity, differences in twentieth-century global-mean steric sea level rise are not statistically significant between either model and observed trends. However, differences between the two models’ twenty-first-century projections are systematic and both statistically and climatically significant. By 2100, ESM2M exhibits 18% higher global steric sea level rise than ESM2G for all four radiative forcing scenarios (28–49 mm higher), despite having similar changes between the models in the near-surface ocean for several scenarios. These differences arise primarily fro.
Shape analysis of moldavites and their impact origin

Summary 1666 moldavites from 19 localities in Bohemia and 617 moldavites from 10 localities in Moravia were measured to yield parameters L (length), B (breadth), and T (thickness). A digital computer was programmed to calculate values T/L, (L-B)/(L-T), and according to Sneed and Folk (1958) and values q = B/L, p = T/B, and F = p/q according to Zingg (1935). Averages of large numbers of values characterize Bohemian and Moravian localities. Moldavites from most localities in Bohemia are often drop-like, flat or elongate with average values of between 0·53 and 0·66 and F between 0·68 and 0·91. Moldavites from Moravia are frequently massive to spheroidal with average in the range 0·60 to 0·75 and F between 0·87 and 1·08. Among the localities in Bohemia, four have moldavites with morphological features of Moravian moldavites. The data obtained permit an interpretation that localities of moldavites with low average sphericity contain less heated material. Less heated and thus more viscous glass could have flown along shorter trajectories (Bohemia). More heated glass was ejected to geographically more distant places (Moravia) or travelled along relatively long steeper trajectories (several localities in Bohemia).
Radiative transfer modelling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies

Abstract Development of a first-order radiative transfer model for predicting backscatter from tree canopies has been underway at the University of Michigan Radiation Laboratory for some time. This model is known as the Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model. The first-generation model, MIMICS I, was developed for canopies with continuous (closed) crown layers and its validity has been verified in several modelling analyses. This article presents the second-generation MIMICS model (MIMICS II) which accounts for canopies with discontinuous (open) crown layer geometries. MIMICS II models open crown layers by treating the location, size and shape of the individual tree crowns as random variables. The backscattering coefficients for the canopy are then determined by introducing statistics derived from these parameters into the radiative transfer solution. Application of the radiative transfer equations to the discontinuous canopy geometry is presented. The application of random variables defining.
Extreme precipitation trends associated with tropical cyclones in the core of the North American monsoon

We estimate trends of extreme daily precipitation (P95 > 95th percentile) events in the core of the North American monsoon region in Northwest Mexico during JJAS of 1961–1998. The intensity and seasonal contribution of P95 show significant upward linear trends in the mountain sites, which appear to be related to an increased contribution from heavy precipitation derived from tropical cyclones (TCs). Frequency of P95, total monsoon precipitation, and P95 in coastal stations did not change significantly. TC‐derived P95 events are associated with SST anomalies similar to weak La Niña conditions in the eastern Equatorial Pacific, SSTs > 28.5°C in the Caribbean Sea, and strong land‐sea thermal contrast over Northwest Mexico and the U.S. Southwest two weeks prior to their onset.
RIVM's automated lidar systems for climate research

At the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), an automated elastic backscatter lidar at 1064 nm monitors aerosol and low clouds on a routine basis. The lidar data are presently used for several climate-related research issues: (i) the attenuation of solar UV-B irradiance by mixed layer aerosol is assessed by combining the results of a radiative transfer model, measured irradiances from the UV monitoring station of RIVM, and mixed layer heights obtained by lidar. (ii) The lidar forms part of the KNMI Cloud Detection System, which monitors cloud parameters in an area of 120 X 120 km2 in a central part of the Netherlands. (iii) Aerosol vertical profile information has been used in a case study at ECN to quanitfy the total radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosol. At present, a second lidar system, especially designed for cloud detection, is being built in the framework of a new national climate research program in the Netherlands.