Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slow electron holes in multicomponent plasmas

Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), often interpreted as electron phase space holes, are commonly observed in plasmas and are manifestations of strongly nonlinear processes. Often slow ESWs are observed, suggesting generation by the Buneman instability. The instability criteria, however, are generally not satisfied. We show how slow electron holes can be generated by a modified Buneman instability in a plasma that includes a slow electron beam on top of a warm thermal electron background. This lowers the required current for marginal instability and allows for generation of slow electron holes for a wide range of beam parameters that covers expected plasma distributions in space, for example, in magnetic reconnection regions. At higher beam speeds, the electron‐electron beam instability becomes dominant instead, producing faster electron holes. The range of phase speeds for this model is consistent with a statistical set of observations at the magnetopause made by Cluster.
Time optimal control of hybrid systems

We discuss optimal control for hybrid systems. First, we present a general formulation of an optimal control problem for hybrid systems. Such a formulation allows us to use straightaway the maximum principle of Pontryagin. We focus on time optimal control for hybrid systems defined by a finite family of controlled linear systems and show how switching time can be achieved. An illustrative example ends the paper.
Star counts in the globular cluster M71

Star counts were carried out on V CCD frames of the globular cluster M71. A systematic radial variation in the main-sequence luminosity function of the cluster is observed, clearly demonstrating that mass segregation is operative in the cluster. The mass segregation predicted by an isotropic multimass King model is shown to be in good agreement with the present observations. The observations are consistent with those expected from a cluster undergoing dynamical relaxation. 27 refs.
The prompt gamma‐ray emissions and X‐ray afterglows of gamma‐ray burst jets

The distribution of the duration of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and the relations of the jet opening angles (theta) to prompt gamma-ray emissions and X-ray afterglow emissions have been investigated within the framework of a relativistic beaming model for a sample including 10 GRBs. The redshifts, the temporal breaks of the optical afterglow light curves and the X-ray afterglows of these GRBs have been well measured. The results show that: (i) the distribution of the intrinsic burst durations extend over only approximately one order of magnitude, suggesting that these bursts tend to have a similar burst duration; (ii) the gamma-ray fluence in the comoving frame (S(gamma)) as a function of is roughly fitted by a broken power law with indices of -0.4 and -3.79 before and after a break at theta = 0.1 rad, respectively, while the X-ray fluxes decay with following a single power law with an index of -1.8; (iii) the relation between the ratio of F(x)/S(gamma) and theta follows a turnover power law with indices of -3.2 and 2.9 before and after the break at = 0.1, respectively; and (iv) the temporal indices of X-ray afterglows are significantly anticorrelated with with a Spearman rank linear correlation coefficient of r = -0.84 and a probability of chance occurrence of p = 0.004. These results are consistent with the expectations of the beaming model. They have been interpreted using both the areas of emission regions that instruments can observe and the number of baryons contained in the jets.
Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams

Review of Charged Particle Dynamics. Beam Optics and Focusing Systems Without Space Charge. Linear Beam Optics with Space Charge. Self-Consistent Theory of Beams. Emittance Variation. Beam Physics Research from 1993 to 2007. Appendices. List of Frequently Used Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
Observations of the Boundary Layer near Tornadoes and in Supercells Using a Mobile, Collocated, Pulsed Doppler Lidar and Radar

AbstractDuring the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2), in the spring of 2010, a mobile and pulsed Doppler lidar system [the Truck-Mounted Wind Observing Lidar Facility (TWOLF)] mounted on a truck along with a mobile, phased-array, X-band Doppler radar system [Mobile Weather Radar–2005 X-band, phased array (MWR-05XP)] was used to complement Doppler velocity coverage in clear air near the radar–lidar facility and to provide high-spatial-resolution vertical cross sections of the Doppler wind field in the clear-air boundary layer near and in supercells. It is thought that the magnitude and direction of vertical shear and possibly the orientation and spacing of rolls in the boundary layer have significant effects on both supercell and tornado behavior; MWR-05XP and TWOLF can provide data that can be used to measure vertical shear and detect rolls. However, there are very few detailed, time-dependent and spatially varying observations throughout the depth of the bou.
Inequalities for the Angular Derivative of an Analytic Function in the Unit Disk

Let $ be a function, analytic in the unit disk, D, that maps the unit disk into itself ((z) ^ 2). In this paper, we present some inequalities for the angular derivative of cj). The more important of these concern the derivative of $ at its fixed points in the closed unit disk. Since (f) and 0' need not be continuous in D we need to clarify the terms "fixed point" and "derivative of ^ at a fixed point".
A COMBINED P1 AND MONTE CARLO MODEL FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL RADIATIVE TRANSFER PROBLEMS IN SCATTERING MEDIA

A combined two-step computational method incorporating (1) transport approximation of the scattering phase function, (2) P1 approximation and the finite element method for computing the radiation source function at the first step, and (3) the Monte Carlo method for computing radiative intensity at the second step is developed. The accuracy of the combined method is examined for model problems involving two multidimensional configurations of an anisotropically scattering medium. A detailed analysis is performed for a medium with scattering phase function described by a family of the Henyey-Greenstein functions. The accuracy of the two-step method is assessed by comparing the angular distribution of the radiative flux leaving the medium to that obtained by a reference-complete Monte Carlo method. This study confirms the main results of previous articles on the errors of the two-step solution method. The combined method leads to a significant reduction in computational time as compared to the reference method by at least 1 order of magnitude. Finally, possible applications of the combined method are briefly discussed.
Cutting Force in Stone Machining by Diamond Disk

Stone machining by diamond disk is a widespread process to manufacture standard products, such as tiles, slabs, and kerbs. Cutting force and energy may be used to monitor stone machining. Empirical models are required to guide the selection of cutting conditions. In this paper, the effects of cutting conditions on cutting force and cutting energy are related to the shape of the idealized chip thickness. The empirical models developed in this paper can be used to predict the variation of the cutting energy. Therefore these models can be used to guide the selection of cutting conditions. The chip generation and removal process has been quantified with the intention of assisting both the toolmaker and the stonemason in optimising the tool composition and cutting process parameters, respectively.
Optical remote measurement of ultrasound

During the last decade, significant advances in the field of remote detection of ultrasound have taken place. Optical systems with increasing sensitivity for monitoring ultrasound on samples with optically rough surfaces have been developed, so that some designs are now moving from the research laboratory into industrial environments. In this review, a range of optical techniques is presented. These techniques are analysed regarding their use for the measurement of ultrasonic waves. They include the use of optical self-mixing, phase modulators and photorefraction-based interferometers. For the case of established instruments such as two-beam interferometers and Fabry-Perot interferometers, various newly developed configurations with associated ultrasonic transfer functions are described. Many interferometers have broadband frequency responses that extend up to several hundred megahertz. Some systems offer in-plane ultrasonic measurement, whilst most offer out-of-plane measurements. Emphasis is placed on their potential for industrial applications, taking into account the likely sample-surface roughness and environmental vibration.
Stability and Shape of Isolated and Pairs of Water Drops in an Electric Field

A numerical method of calculating the correct stable equilibrium shape of a conducting drop subject to electrical forces is described. Its application to the problem of the stability of an isolated water drop of undistorted radius R and surface tension T situated in an electric field E indicates that a drop is unstable if E(R/T)12 exceeds a value of 1.603 and its maximum stable deformation expressed as a/b, the ratio of the major to minor axes is 1.83. The numerical method is also applied to a study of the stability of drop pairs. The results show that the critical value of E(R/T)12 depends upon the initial separation X of the drops. For X = 0, E(R/T)12 is zero and its value increases as X increases, tending to a value of 1.603. Finally, the relevance of these results to the behavior of drops in the atmosphere is discussed.
Optimal Permutation Tests for the Analysis of Group Randomized Trials

Two facts complicate the comparison of interventions in group randomized trials (GRT's), a family of clinical trials in which each member of a particular group receives the same treatment assignment. First, individual outcomes within each group are often correlated. Second, the number of groups in a GRT is often not sufficient to make asymptotic approximations possible. Therefore, the tests used with methods, such as generalized estimating equations (GEE) and penalized quasi likelihood (PQL), originally developed for longitudinal studies, may not be valid. As an alternative, a class of permutation tests is derived to maximize the power of testing for an intervention effect in a GRT while maintaining a nominal test size. The test uses a statistic that is a weighted sum of residuals, with the weights based on the group sizes and the variability of each individual outcome. Through simulation, we demonstrate the importance of weights to a permutation test's power and compare the power of permutation tests, GEE, and PQL. Last, we apply our methods to an actual GRT to study smoking cessation, discuss the findings based on permutation tests, and compare those findings with traditional methods.
Cyclic minimizers, majorization techniques, and the expectation-maximization algorithm: a refresher

Many parameter estimation problems in signal processing can be reduced to the task of minimizing a function of the unknown parameters. This task is difficult owing to the existence of possibly local minima and the sharpness of the global minimum. In this article we review three approaches that can be used to minimize functions of the type encountered in parameter estimation problems. The first two approaches, the cyclic minimization and the majorization technique, are quite general, whereas the third one, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, is tied to the use of the maximum likelihood (ML) method for parameter estimation. The article provides a quick refresher of the aforementioned approaches for a wide readership.
Comparison of surface roughness of polished silicon wafers measured by light scattering topography, soft‐x‐ray scattering, and atomic‐force microscopy

The surface roughness of silicon wafers after different stages of chemomechanical polishing was investigated by light scattering topography, soft‐x‐ray scattering, and atomic‐force microscopy. Quantitative values of the rms roughness, the lateral correlation length, and the roughness exponent are extracted. The results suggest deviations from the ‘‘ideal’’ polishing process at large length scales.
The constructional motivation of indefinite generics in Modern Greek

This paper argues for the discoursal motivation of constructions and the constructional motivation of a Modern Greek indefinite article, by focusing on generics and some other nominal constructions in Modern Greek containing the indefinite determiner enas/mia/ena (“a/an”, masc./fem./ neut. respectively). Moreover, it illustrates the cross-linguistic relevance of Construction Grammar. A family of indefinite nominal constructions is identified, including the Indefinite Generic Construction, the Indefinite Proper Noun Construction, the Indefinite Predicate Nominal Construction, and the Proverbial Indefinite Construction, which is further shown to be primed by specific pragmatic and discoursal features. On the basis of the proposed analysis, and consistently with established views on semantic change (Traugott 1989), I suggest that the expressivity and the discoursal characterization associated with this family of indefinite constructions in Modern Greek motivate the partial de-semanticization of the indefinite determiner, its synchronic variability (after Hoffmann & Trousdale 2011) and, ultimately, its function as an article in the language.
The Almost Sure Asymptotic Stability and Boundedness of Stochastic Functional Differential Equations with Polynomial Growth Condition

Stability and boundedness are two of the most important topics in the study of stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs). This paper mainly discusses the almost sure asymptotic stability and the boundedness of nonlinear SFDEs satisfying the local Lipschitz condition but not the linear growth condition. Here we assume that the coefficients of SFDEs are polynomial or dominated by polynomial functions. We give sufficient criteria on the almost sure asymptotic stability and the boundedness for this kind of nonlinear SFDEs. Some nontrivial examples are provided to illustrate our results.
One small step for (a) man: Function word reduction and acoustic ambiguity

“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. ” Neil Armstrong insisted for years that his famous quote upon landing on the moon was misheard, and that he had said “one small step for a man. ” This controversy has continued, as examinations of the sound files of his transmission have yielded mixed opinions about whether he produced a. The disagreement stems partly from the fact that function words like a can be acoustically fleeting in casual speech, consist of just a few pitch periods, and be spectrally indistinguishable from the preceding context. As a result, they can be perceptually fragile, and easily disappear if the rate of surrounding speech varies [Dilley and Pitt, Psychological Science (2010)]. Here, we examine naturally produced, reduced tokens of for (spoken as “fer”), which were or were not followed by the word a from the Buckeye Speech Corpus, which consists of speakers from Mr. Armstrong’s home state of Ohio. Comparison of the acoustic properties of the two sets of tokens will provide an indication of how similar they can be. Inclusion of Mr. Armstrong’s production will assist in evaluating the likelihood of the function word being spoken. [Work supported by NSF Grant No. BCS-0847653. ]
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE LATENT ROOTS OF COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION MATRICES

In a recent note Bartlett (1954) has summarized various approximate x2 tests (see also other papers referred to therein). Our object in this paper is to extend certain of these, listed as III a, b, c, which may be regarded as tests involving the latent roots of sample covariance and correlation matrices. We shall be interested in those cases where the effects of the k largest latent roots have been removed and where a hypothesis of equality of the remaining roots is made. Such hypotheses are made in principal components and factor analyses.
Main physics results of the ARGO-YBJ experiment

The ARGO-YBJ experiment has been in stable data taking for more than 5 years at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray Observatory (Tibet, P. R. China, 4300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm2). With a duty-cycle greater than 86%, the detector collected about 5 × 1011 events in a wide energy range, from few hundred GeV up to about 10 PeV. High altitude location and detector features make ARGO-YBJ capable of investigating a wide range of important issues in Cosmic Ray and Astroparticle Physics by imaging the front of atmospheric showers with unprecedented resolution and detail. In this paper, the main physics results in gamma-ray astronomy and in cosmic ray physics are summarized.
The Submillimeter-Wave Spectrum of the CS+ Radical Ion

The submillimeter-wave spectrum of the CS+ radical cation in its ground electronic state (X2Σ+) has been observed for the first time, in a flowing positive column discharge in a CS2-Ar mixture partially cooled with a limited flow of liquid nitrogen. Nine rotational transition frequencies were recorded between 414 and 622 GHz, leading to the determination of accurate molecular constants B0 = 25908.8560(41) MHz, D0 = 41.344(18) kHz, and γ0 = 597.629(41) MHz, which we use to predict transition frequencies up to the terahertz region in order to stimulate new attempts at astronomical detection.
Arithmetic of alternating forms and quaternion hermitian forms

Hecke’s Dirichlet series obtained from modular forms can be regarded as zeta-functions attached to the general linear group $GL(2, Q)$ over the rational number field $Q$ . In general, we may expect to obtain zeta-functions of this kind for a fairly wide class of algebraic groups defined over $Q$ . In order to realize this, it is necessary to develop, in the first place, the theory of elementary divisors for any algebraic group $G$ in question. This is actually done in the case where $G$ is the multiplicative group of a semi-simple algebra. Further, the case of the orthogonal group is investigated in detail by M. Eichler [3]. In both cases, there are fundamental theorems, due to Eichler $[4, 5]$ and M. Kneser [6], which may be called the approximation theorem in the group
Direct characterization of the electrocaloric effects in thin films supported on substrates

We report a direct characterization of the electrocaloric (EC) effect in thin films clamped on substrates using micro-thermometers integrated onto the substrates. The measured temporal temperature profiles are analyzed using a 3D heat diffusion model to extract the adiabatic temperature changes. Thin-film thermometers with very different temperature coefficients of resistance are used to verify that experimental errors due to electric or electromagnetic coupling are negligible. Our approach captured asymmetry between the electrocaloric heating and cooling due to hysteresis and yielded adiabatic temperature changes that are consistent with the existing data on free-standing ter- and co-polymer films of similar compositions.
Some effects of large blade deflections on aeroelastic stability

This paper concerns the effect of steady state deflection of a wind turbine blade on its aeroelastic stability. Modern wind turbines have long slender blades where the deflection can be considerable. Today, most aeroelastic stability tools do not take finite blade deflection into account when computing the stability of the turbine. In this study an aeroelastic model of a turbine blade, which include blade deflections, is developed and used for analyzing the effect of steady state blade deflections on the aeroelastic stability. It is found that the flutter speed for the RWT 63 m blade decrease when the steady state blade deflection is included in the analysis.
Plasma shaping effects on the geodesic acoustic mode in the large orbit drift width limit

Plasma shaping effects on the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) are revisited analytically in the large orbit drift width limit. Comparing with results from the small orbit drift width expansion method [Z. Gao et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 074502 (2008)] the behavior of the real frequency is almost the same but the effect on the damping rate is different due to the change of dominant resonant mechanism, from low order harmonic transit resonance to high order harmonic resonance, or equivalently, to the magnetic drift resonance. As a result, although the GAM frequency decreases with an increasing elongation κ by dependence of [2/(κ2+1)]1/2, the damping is weakened mildly in the large orbit drift width limit, which is quite different from the result in the low small orbit drift limit, where the damping is enhanced exponentially with the decrease in frequency. Also, in the large orbit drift width limit, the dependence of the GAM damping rate on inverse aspect ratio e is analytically obtained for the first time. As e i.
The Neutron Halo of Extremely Neutron-Rich Nuclei

Empirical evidence suggests that neutron pairing plays an important role for the stability of nuclei near the neutron drip line. It is shown that the low binding of these nuclei will lead to a neutronization of the nuclear surface and possibly to large cross-sections for Coulomb dissociation, which then offers a new way to study clusters and their binding energies.
Two‐dimensional reductions of the self‐dual Yang–Mills equations in self‐dual spaces

Many completely integrable equations have been shown to be reductions of the Yang–Mills equations in a flat space. In this paper two‐dimensional symmetry reductions of the self‐dual Yang–Mills equations, together with the corresponding linear equations, in an arbitrary self‐dual space are classified. The reduced equations are given in different forms. Some new equations are found, in particular one which generalizes the sine‐Gordon equation and the Liouville equation.
Thin film gauges for fluctuating velocity measurements in blood

The frequency response has been determined for two probe designs used for cardiovascular measurements: one conical, the other cylindrical. The frequency range was 1-1000 Hz using an oscillatory velocity component superimposed on a mean flow; the test fluid was water. The amplitude response to the fluctuating component was found to depend on the Strouhal number (a normalized frequency) and was almost independent of the amplitude of oscillation. At small Strouhal numbers the behaviour is quasi-steady; at higher values the sensitivity progressively diminishes, but for the cylindrical probe there is an intermediate region of increased sensitivity. The oscillatory component had no effect upon the conical probe sensitivity to the mean velocity, whereas the cylindrical probe showed an increasing apparent mean velocity for some conditions. Fluctuating velocity values were inferred from steady flow calibration data and, therefore, a detailed comparison was made between such calibrations in blood and water.
Photoacoustic manipulation of particles and cells

The aim of this study is to evaluate the capability of the photoacoustic (PA) effect for manipulation of nonbiological particles or living cells. The principal operation of such “PA tweezers” are based on laser generation pressure gradients in a medium surrounding the particles, that create forces acting on the particles. Depending on the spatial geometry of these forces, particles can be moved in desired directions (asymmetrical forces) or trapped (symmetrical forces). Evaluation of these forces was performed for the laser beam with the conventional circular geometry and a ring geometry. If the laser-induced forces push the particles or cells away from the laser beam, the ring geometry is more preferable for their trapping. The capabilities of such PA tweezers are discussed.