Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First difference method: Maximizing station density for the calculation of long‐term global temperature change

The calculation of global land surface air temperature trends using the instrumental record has been based primarily upon two methods of maximizing the availability of station records. Hansen and Lebedeff[1987] developed a technique that is still used today, known as the reference station method; Jones et al. [1986a] popularized the climate anomaly method in their calculations of global temperature trends. In this paper we introduce yet another approach designed to maximize station records, referred to as the first difference method. To test the sensitivity of global temperature trend analysis to the method used, we calculate worldwide-averaged land surface mean temperature using each of these methods with an identical data base, the Global Historical Climatology Network. For further comparisons, a global climate model (GCM) transient model simulation is interpolated to the Global Historical Climatology Network station locations and the three techniques are then applied to data interpolated to the station locations from the model. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); [Nicholls et al., 1996] estimated a global land and ocean temperature change of 0.45°C ± 0.15°C since the 19th century. Their assessment of the uncertainty associated with this temperature trend did not specifically address the differences that the method of calculating a global temperature time series might produce. Our results indicate that the differences in 1880-1990 trends produced by these three different methods are only a few hundredths of a degree centigrade per 100 years on trends of approximately 0.5°C/100 years. This is quite small compared to the 0.15°C/100 years uncertainty associated with the IPCC global land and ocean assessment which included factors such as data homogeneity which are not addressed here. Indeed, our results indicate that the source of differences in trends is more likely to be the method used to calculate a linear trend from a global temperature time series than the method used to create the global temperature time series. The modeled results confirm this finding but highlight other important characteristics: the reference station method has uncharacteristically low interannual variance, more similar to time series from the entire globe (land and ocean) than the global land area from which the data were observed. This lower variance can impact the statistical significance associated with linear trends.
Effect of surface polarization on resistivity modeling

Spectral measurements of apparent resistivity show that serious errors may occur in scale modeling of resistivity with an electronic conductor immersed in an electrolyte unless the frequency of measurement is high enough to prevent the target‐electrolyte interface impedance from affecting the observations. At lower frequencies the observed apparent resistivity is complex, and its magnitude neither represents the correct value nor obeys the scaling laws. Experiments demonstrate that the minimum safe frequency of measurement for acceptable resistivity modeling depends not only on the target and electrolyte material, but also on the shape, size, and relative disposition of the target and the measuring array. In some cases an operating frequency of 200 Hz may be adequately high; in others, 5000 Hz may be too low. The same considerations apply to the determination of “dilution factor” of a target by measuring apparent resistivities with two slightly different resistivity contrasts. With a solid conductor targe.
A NATURAL WAY TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY OF RABBITS USING PROBIOTIC YEASTURE

Paulius Matusevičius, Raimonda Šliaudarytė, Zofia Antoszkiewicz , Anna Bednarska Department of Special Zootechny, Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Tilžės str. 18; LT–3022 Kaunas, Lithuania; Tel. +370 37 36 35 05; E-mail: paulmat@lva.lt 2 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5, Olsztyn; 10-719 Poland; Tel. 4889 523 33 79; E-mail: zocha@uwm.edu. pl
Geomagnetic investigations of some recent British sediments

In order to study the geomagnetic secular variation in Britain during the past 10000 years six metre and one metre long cores of post -Glacial sediment have been collected from three British lakes. Magnetic measurements were made on both the whole cores and on sub samples from them. The natural remanent magnetization is stable, and records well defined declination and inclination swings of 40 -50° and 15 -20 o peak -peak amplitudes respectively. There is also much between swing detail. Both the major swings and many finer details are readily correlated from core to core and lake to lake. Thirty radiocarbon age determinations, pollen analyses and correlations with observatory and archaeomagnetic records have been combined to derive a detailed time scale. This time scale has been transferred to all the ' cores by means of magnetic susceptibility and lithological correlations. Fourier analyses of declination and inclination, separately and combined as a complex pair, show that the variations are not simply periodic, nor is their spectrum constant with time. The geomagnetic vector has been looping in a clockwise sense for most of the past 10000 years. The records have been compared with other lacustrine and archaeomagnetic results from other countries, and various models for the non dipole field are discussed in the light of all these records. Attempts to retrieve palaeointensities from the sediments have shown that ARM may provide an effective normalization parameter in some, but by no means all cases. Determining the suitability of sediments for palaeointensity, studies is complicated. Field tests were carried out to investigate the magnetic minerals in the soils of the drainage basin of one lake; soil and lake sediment samples were further analysed in the laboratory. In addition to magnetite an impure form of maghaemite appears to play some part in carrying the NRM of this lake sediment. Continental shelf sediment cores have also been collected from the Firth of Clyde. These have been correlated with each other by their susceptibility logs, and dated by correlation of their secular variation records with the lake sediment record.
Assessment of Impervious Surface Estimation Techniques

Impervious surfaces have been identified as a reliable indicator of the impacts of development on water resources. Research has found that imperviousness has a direct effect on local surface water as well as indirect effects on downstream receiving waters. Some of the affected characteristics of a given watershed due to the increase of impervious surfaces include hydrological impacts (the amount of runoff, peak discharge rates, and baseflow are altered), physical impacts (stream morphology and temperature are changed), water quality impacts (nutrient and pollutant loads increase), and biological impacts (stream biodiversity decreases). While attention has been focused on quantifying these relationships, little work has been done to assess the efficacy of various methods for estimating and mapping impervious surfaces. This paper assesses the results from six techniques for estimating the percent of impervious surface compared to photogrammetrically derived calibration and validation data from high spatial .
SMALL-x BEHAVIOR OF PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS. A STUDY OF HIGHER-TWIST EFFECTS

INTRODUCTION 607 THE CONTRIBUTION OF TWIST-TWO OPERATORS 614 THE CONTRIBUTION OF TWIST-TWO OPERATORS TO THE DERIVATIVE ∂F2/∂ ln Q 618 THE CONTRIBUTION OF TWIST-TWO OPERATORS TO THE SLOPES OF F2 AND OF PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS 621 ESTIMATIONS OF THE HIGHER-TWIST CONTRIBUTIONS FOR F2 624 THE HIGHER-TWIST CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE DERIVATIVE ∂F2/∂ ln Q 631 PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS IN THE RENORMALON MODEL APPROACH 633 THE HIGHER-TWIST CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SLOPES OF F2 AND OF PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS 635 PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE RENORMALON MODEL AT Q0 638 RESULTS OF THE FITS 640 CONCLUSIONS 662 APPENDIX A 664 APPENDIX B 665 REFERENCES 673
Petrophysical Properties of Fresh to Mildly Altered Hyaloclasitie Tuffs

In Iceland a significant part of reservoir rocks of cold and thermal systems are basaltic hyaloclastite tuffs. Hyaloclastites are dominantly formed in sub-glacial eruptions. They are fragmental and glassy rocks as they are formed during a rapid magma quenching in the glacial melt water. Hyaloclastites are highly permeable due to their clastic and very porous structure and should therefore be an important source rock for both thermal and fluid systems. It is known that the capacity and longevity of a reservoir is greatly controlled by the petrophysical properties of the host rocks. The purpose of the paper is to describe the progress results of a petrophysical study of hyaloclastites. About 80 samples of hyaloclastites were collected in the Neovolcanic zone and upper Quaternary rocks of S and SW Iceland and then analyzed with respect to chemical and mineral composition and structure (thin- and polished sections, XRay and microprobe analysis) and petrophysical properties among which are density, effective and total porosity, hygroscopy, gas permeability, sonic velocity, axial strength and magnetic characteristic. The petrophysical analysis done to date shows extremely variable characteristics: density (1,2-2,34 g/cm 3 ), hygroscopy (0,4-13%), porosity (14-57%), permeability (10 -3 -6,4*10 3 mD), axial strength (1,8-111 MPa), Vp (0,9-4,05 km/sec), magnetic susceptibility (0,3-39 10 -3 SI). Statistical calculation of data including cluster analysis was done and correlation between petrophysical parameters was estimated. The wide dispersion of properties appears to be highly dependent on the alteration of the hyaloclastites. Basaltic glass is a highly sensitive material and reacts relatively rapidly in cold and hot groundwater environments resulting in chemical and mineral alteration, progressive consolidation and significant changes of petrophysical characteristics. The mineralogical studies allow a classification of alteration stages to be defined from fresh or slightly palagonized to altered hyaloclastites with zeolites and clay minerals developed in intrafragmental space and partially in glass. Mineral alteration is correlated with consequent petrophysical changes. The paper considers also the compaction and consolidation of hyaloclastites during regional burial process. A progressive increase in density, sonic velocity and strength and a decrease in permeability occur during gradual burial and increasing age although some exceptions are found.
FARMER PERCEPTION OF SOILS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Scientists concerned with resource management in developing nations have been surprisingly reluctant to seek opinions of traditional farmers despite growing recognition of their skills (Barlett, 1980; Altieri, 1983; Conant et al., 1983). Farmer classifications of climate, soil and vegetation can be very informative (Wilken, 1989). The purpose of this paper is to examine farmer perception of soils in Las Cuevas, a mountainous region in the Central Cordillera of the Dominican Republic. A discussion of awareness of soil erosion and local soil taxonomy is followed by a comparison of opinions held by farmers and scientists on the importance of selected climaticedaphic criteria for agriculture. Davidson (1976) and Fisher et al. (1986) have compared farmer and scientist evaluati ns of site suitability in the United Kingdom. No attempt has been made, however, to compare farmer and scientist opinions on the significance of specific environmental features in agricultural productivity. This paper provides uch a comparison for soil depth and stoniness in the Dominican Republic.
Patient engagement in decision making and associated factors among outpatients with selected non-communicable chronic diseases in public hospitals of West Shoa, Ethiopia

Background Despite the importance of patient engagement in health care decision-making in the care of patients with chronic diseases, there is limited information about it and the factors affecting it in Ethiopia and in the Public Hospitals of West Shoa in particular. Thus, this study was designed to assess the engagement of patients with selected chronic non-communicable diseases in health care decision-making and associated factors in public hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods We used an institution -based cross-sectional study design. We used systematic sampling for the selection of study participants from June 7–July 26, 2020. Standardized, pretested, and structured Patient Activation Measure was used to measure patient engagement in healthcare decision-making. We did descriptive analysis to determine the magnitude of patient engagement in health care decision-making. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with patients’ engagement in the health care decision-making process. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was calculated to measure the strength of association. We declared statistical significance at p<0.05. we presented the results in tables and graphs. Results 406 patients with chronic diseases took part in the study, yielding a response rate of 96.2%. Less than a fifth [19.5% (95% CI: 15.5, 23.6)] of participants in the study area had a high engagement in their health care decision-making. Educational level (college or above) [AOR = 5.2, 95% CI (1.76–15.46)], duration of diagnosis >5 years [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.03–3.2)], health literacy [AOR = 1.15, 95% CI (1.06–1.24)], autonomy preference in decision making [AOR = 1.35, 95% CI (1.03–1.96)] were factors significantly associated with participants’ engagement in health care decision making among patients with chronic diseases. Conclusion A high number of respondents had a low engagement in their health care decision-making. Preference for autonomy in decision making, educational level, health literacy, duration of diagnosis with the disease were factors associated with patient engagement in health care decision making among patients with chronic diseases in the study area. Thus, patients should be empowered to be involved in decision making to increase their engagement in the care.
Effects of sham acupuncture for chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Acupuncture has been widely used for chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome (MPS). Due to the strong influence of sham acupuncture (SA) in clinical trials, the treatment of MPS by acupuncture remains controversial. Different types of SA procedures might produce different responses. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effect of SA on MPS. Methods: We searched 8 literature databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on acupuncture for chronic MPS with SA as a control from database inception to November 29, 2022. SA included superficial acupuncture on non-acupoints (SANAs), non-penetration on acupoints (NPAs), and non-penetration on non-acupoints (NPNAs). Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias and conducted the research selection, data extraction, and quality assessment of the included RCTs. We conducted data analysis using the RevMan 5.3 and STATA 14 software packages, and traditional meta-analysis was adopted for direct comparison. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was executed using frequency models in which we combined all available direct and indirect evidence from RCTs. The pain-related indicators were set as primary outcomes, and GRADEpro online was implemented for the assessment of evidence quality. Results: Forty-two RCTs were included in this study, encompassing a total of 6876 patients and incorporating 3 types of SA procedures. In our traditional meta-analysis, true acupuncture (TA) was more effective than SANAs, NPAs, and NPANAs concerning MPS. In the NMA, TA was the most effective modality, followed by SANAs, NPAs and NPANAs, and then the blank control (BC). In this NMA and according to the therapeutic effects in the pain indicators, the rankings of SA were as follows: SANA (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA], 65.3%), NPA (SUCRA, 46.2%), and NPANA (SUCRA, 34.2%). The quality of the evidence for outcomes ranged from “low” to “moderate. ” Conclusions: Compared with SA, TA was effective in treating MPS. The effects produced by different SA procedures were different, and the order of effects from greatest to least was as follows: SANA, NPA, and NPANA.
Actinobacillus ureae may be a critical pathogen in patients with predispositions: A case report and review of the literature

Rationale: Actinobacillus ureae (A. ureae) is an unusual commensal of human respiratory flora, rarely causing human infection. The predisposing factors, identification, clinical features, and antibiotic therapy of A. ureae are seldomly reported. Herein, we present a case of 64-year-old man affected by A. ureae pneumonia after intracranial surgery. Patient concerns and diagnoses: A 64-year-old male was admitted with vomiting, drowsiness, and a severe disturbance of consciousness and was later diagnosed with cerebral hemorrhage by computed tomography images. After a craniocerebral surgery, the patient suffered from intractable pneumonia, experiencing treatment failure with multiple anti-bacterial agents. Sputum culture yield pure colonies of A. ureae, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Interventions: Minocycline (100 mg p.o. per 12 hours) with a course of 15 days was administrated for this patient. Outcomes: The respiratory symptoms, presenting as intermittent coughing with purulent and yellowish sputum, were gone. A 3-month follow-up examination showed a complete resolution of radiological findings. Lessons: Clinically, the actual incidence of A. ureae pneumonia may be higher than that we generally recognized, and clinicians should consider A. ureae as a possible etiologic agent in patients with predispositions. Currently, A. ureae may be susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, and third-generation cephalosporins. Other antibacterial agents, such as tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and aminoglycosides also respond well and can be a choice in the treatment of A. ureae infections.
Postoperative clinical outcomes with and without short-term intravenous tranexamic acid after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A prospective cohort study

The use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery is believed to be beneficial for reducing intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume (PDV), and length of hospital stay (LOS). However, whether continued administration of intravenous TXA within 24 hours after surgery is more beneficial to patients has not yet been studied. This study prospectively analyzed the perioperative outcomes of patients who received and did not receive intravenous TXA within 24 hours after PLIF (≥2 segments) surgery from January 2018 to December 2021. A total of 78 and 69 patients were included in the TXA (receive intravenous TXA intraoperatively and within 24 hours postoperatively) and non-TXA (only receive intravenous TXA intraoperatively) groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the intraoperative blood loss and operative time between the 2 groups. The postoperative drainage volume, postoperative drainage time, and length of hospital stay in the TXA group were significantly lower than those in the non-TXA group. The rates and volumes of postoperative blood and albumin transfusions were significantly lower in the TXA group than those in the non-TXA group. No significant differences were observed in the perioperative complication rates between the 2 groups. No increase in thrombosis-related complications was observed with postoperative TXA administration. Short-term TXA use after PLIF (≥2 segments) surgery is safe. In addition to intraoperative use of TXA, additionally administration of intravenous TXA within 24 hours postoperatively can improve the perioperative clinical outcomes of patients without increasing the risk of thrombotic events.
Synthetic lethal combination of CHK1 and WEE1 inhibition for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

WEE1 and CHEK1 (CHK1) kinases are critical regulators of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage response pathways. The WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 and the CHK1 inhibitor SRA737 are in clinical trials for various cancers, but have not been examined in prostate cancer, particularly castration-resistant (CRPC) and neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NEPC). Our data demonstrated elevated WEE1 and CHK1 expressions in CRPC/NEPC cell lines and patient samples. AZD1775 resulted in rapid and potent cell killing with comparable IC50s across different prostate cancer cell lines, while SRA737 displayed time-dependent progressive cell killing with 10- to 20-fold differences in IC50s. Notably, their combination synergistically reduced the viability of all CRPC cell lines and tumor spheroids in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, in a transgenic mouse model of NEPC, both agents alone or in combination suppressed tumor growth, improved overall survival, and reduced the incidence of distant metastases, with SRA737 exhibiting remarkable single agent anticancer activity. Mechanistically, SRA737 synergized with AZD1775 by blocking AZD1775-induced feedback activation of CHK1 in prostate cancer cells, resulting in increased mitotic entry and accumulation of DNA damage. In summary, this preclinical study shows that CHK1 inhibitor SRA737 alone and its combination with AZD1775 offer potential effective treatments for CRPC and NEPC.
Relationship between exercise capacity and fatigue, dyspnea, and lung function in non‐hospitalized patients with long COVID

Long COVID is a global health problem that impairs patients' functional status. More than 200 reported symptoms have been identified where fatigue, dyspnea, and exercise impairment are most common. This study aimed to describe exercise capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, and lung function in previously non‐hospitalized patients with long COVID, and examine the relationship between exercise capacity and fatigue, dyspnea, and lung function. Sixty‐five patients, 54 women (83%), mean age of 39 standard deviation (12) years, were included and completed spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise test, stair climbing test (SCT), 30 second sit‐to‐stand test (30STST), and questionnaires regarding fatigue and dyspnea. Fatigue was reported by 95% of the participants, whereas 65% reported severe fatigue, and 66% reported dyspnea. Mean exercise capacity measured with peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak % pred.) was ≥85% in 65% of the participants. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s. and forced vital capacity were 96.6 (10.7)% and 100.8 (10.9)%, respectively, while reduced diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was found in eight participants (13%). Reduced V̇O2peak kg−1 and increased time on SCT were significantly associated with increased dyspnea and reduced DLCO but not with fatigue, while 30STST was associated with increased fatigue and dyspnea in previously non‐hospitalized patients with long COVID.