Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Benthic Nutrient Recycling in Port Phillip Bay, Australia

Benthic chamber measurements of the reactants and products involved with biogenic matter remineralization (oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, TCO2and alkalinity) were used to define solute exchange rates between the sediment and overlying water column of Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Measurements at various sites throughout the bay, conducted during the summers of 1994 and 1995, indicate that the variability in flux values within a site is comparable to year-to-year variability (±50%). Four regions of the bay were distinguished by sediment properties and the northern region was identified as having 3–30 times greater nutrient regeneration rates than the other regions. Benthic recycling accounted for 63 and 72% of the annualized N and P input, respectively, to the entire bay as determined by summing benthic, dissolved riverine, atmospheric and dissolved effluent sources. However, bay-wide sedimentary denitrification accounted for a loss of 63% of the potentially recyclable N. This fraction is higher than many other coastal regions with comparable carbon loading. Denitrification efficiency is apparently not enhanced by benthic productivity nor by bio-irrigation. The rate of bio-irrigation is negatively correlated with denitrification efficiency. Bio-irrigation was studied using radon-222 and CsCl spike injection chamber measurements. Radon fluxes from sediments in Port Phillip Bay were enhanced over the diffusive flux by 3–16 times. The modelled rate of loss of Cs from chamber water was positively correlated with radon flux enhancement results. Both methods identify regions within Port Phillip Bay that have particularly high rates of non-diffusive pore-water overlying water solute exchange.
The latest Permian mass extinction in the Alborz Mountains (North Iran)

The Elikah River section in the Alborz Mountains (North Iran) is a fossiliferous, continuous, marine section spanning the Permian–Triassic (P–T) boundary interval. Sixty‐eight taxa of brachiopods, foraminifers and algae have been collected bed‐by‐bed from the topmost 36 m of the Nesen Formation and the basal 2 m of the Elikah Formation, across the P–T boundary that is located in the basal metre of the latter formation. Forty‐six of these taxa from 62 samples have been considered for statistical analyses to unravel the pattern of extinction. First, their range extensions have been determined, which should be added to the highest stratigraphic occurrence of each taxon to identify the extinction level within a certain confidence interval (95%). Then the pattern of the extinction has been analysed, plotting the stratigraphic abundance versus last occurrence below the extinction horizon. The resulting pattern is of a sudden extinction occurring 30 cm below the biostratigraphically defined base of the Triassic. The confidence interval (95%) for the mass extinction is 30 cm thick. As predicted by the ‘Signor–Lipps effect’, brachiopod last occurrences underestimate the time of extinction, as their abundance is below 15%. Therefore, also in North Iran located at equatorial palaeolatitudes along the southern shore of the Palaeotethys Ocean, the pattern of the latest Permian mass extinction is abrupt as observed in South China, in peri‐Gondwana and in the Southern Alps. One of the most plausible mechanisms of the latest Permian sudden mass extinction could have been the emissions of tholeiitic magmas (Siberian Traps), which could have caused greenhouse gases emission into the atmosphere and thus global warming and ozone depletion, triggering the crisis (Svensen et al. 2008 ). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The geology and remarkable thermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Norris Geyser Basin is adjacent to the north rim of the Yellowstone caldera at the common intersection of the caldera rim and the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, a zone of faults, volcanic vents, and thermal activity that strikes north from the caldera rim to Mammoth Hot Springs. The dominant quartz sand is hydrothermally cemented by chalcedony and is extremely hard, thereby justifying the term hydrothermal quartzite. The fundamental water type in Norris Basin is nearly neutral in pH and high in Cl and SiO/sub 2/. Another common type of water in Norris Basin is high in SO/sub 4/ and moderately high in Cl, with Cl/SO/sub 4/ ratios differing considerably. This study provides no new conclusive data on an old problem, the source or sources of rare dissolved constitutents. An important part of this paper consists of examples of numerous changes in behavior and chemical composition of most springs and geysers, to extents not known elsewhere in the park and perhaps in the world. Hydrothermal mineralogy in core samples from three research holes drilled entirely in Lava Creek Tuff to a maximum depth of -331.6 m permits an interpretation of the hydrothermal alteration history. A model for large, long-lived, volcanic-hydrothermal activity is alsomore » suggested, involving all of the crust and upper mantle and using much recent geophysical data bearing on crust-mantle interrelations. « less
Biodiversity Patterns and Continental Insularity in the Tropical High Andes

Abstract Alpine areas of the tropical Andes constitute the largest of all tropical alpine regions worldwide. They experience a particularly harsh climate, and they are fragmented into tropical alpine islands at various spatial scales. These factors generate unique patterns of continental insularity, whose impacts on biodiversity remain to be examined precisely. By reviewing existing literature and by presenting unpublished data on beta-diversity and endemism for a wide array of taxonomic groups, we aimed at providing a clear, overall picture of the isolation-biodiversity relationship in the tropical alpine environments of the Andes. Our analyses showed that (1) taxa with better dispersal capacities and wider distributions (e.g., grasses and birds) were less restricted to alpine areas at local scale; (2) similarity among communities decreased with spatial distance between isolated alpine areas; and (3) endemism reached a peak in small alpine areas strongly isolated from main alpine islands. These results pinpoint continental insularity as a powerful driver of biodiversity in the tropical High Andes. A combination of human activities and warming is expected to increase the effects of continental insularity in the next decades, especially by amplifying the resistance of the lowland matrix that surrounds tropical alpine islands.
Archean to Recent aeolian sand systems and their sedimentary record: Current understanding and future prospects

The sedimentary record of aeolian sand systems extends from the Archean to the Quaternary, yet current understanding of aeolian sedimentary processes and product remains limited. Most preserved aeolian successions represent inland sand‐sea or dunefield (erg) deposits, whereas coastal systems are primarily known from the Cenozoic. The complexity of aeolian sedimentary processes and facies variability are under‐represented and excessively simplified in current facies models, which are not sufficiently refined to reliably account for the complexity inherent in bedform morphology and migratory behaviour, and therefore cannot be used to consistently account for and predict the nature of the preserved sedimentary record in terms of formative processes. Archean and Neoproterozoic aeolian successions remain poorly constrained. Palaeozoic ergs developed and accumulated in relation to the palaeogeographical location of land masses and desert belts. During the Triassic, widespread desert conditions prevailed across much of Europe. During the Jurassic, extensive ergs developed in North America and gave rise to anomalously thick aeolian successions. Cretaceous aeolian successions are widespread in South America, Africa, Asia, and locally in Europe (Spain) and the USA. Several Eocene to Pliocene successions represent the direct precursors to the present‐day systems. Quaternary systems include major sand seas (ergs) in low‐lattitude and mid‐latitude arid regions, Pleistocene carbonate and Holocene–Modern siliciclastic coastal systems. The sedimentary record of most modern aeolian systems remains largely unknown. The majority of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of aeolian systems envisage transverse dunes, whereas successions representing linear and star dunes remain under‐recognized. Research questions that remain to be answered include: (i) what factors control the preservation potential of different types of aeolian bedforms and what are the characteristics of the deposits of different bedform types that can be used for effective reconstruction of original bedform morphology; (ii) what specific set of controlling conditions allow for sustained bedform climb versus episodic sequence accumulation and preservation; (iii) can sophisticated four‐dimensional models be developed for complex patterns of spatial and temporal transition between different mechanisms of accumulation and preservation; and (iv) is it reasonable to assume that the deposits of preserved aeolian successions necessarily represent an unbiased record of the conditions that prevailed during episodes of Earth history when large‐scale aeolian systems were active, or has the evidence to support the existence of other major desert basins been lost for many periods throughout Earth history?
Variability of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca between and within the planktonic foraminifers Globigerina bulloides and Globorotalia truncatulinoides

The variability in Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca within individual tests and chambers of tests, and samples consisting of differing numbers of individuals, was determined for Globigerina bulloides and Globorotalia truncatulinoides in a North Atlantic core top sample (52.918°N 16.917°W′). The variability in Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca within individual tests and chambers was determined by electron microprobe, and samples consisting of variable sample size were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP‐OES). Large compositional heterogeneity was found within individual chambers, and within the test as a whole, of the two species and the presence of regions with up to ∼10 mmol/mol Mg/Ca, especially in G. bulloides. Mean Mg/Ca decreases in successive chambers of G. bulloides (especially the 300–355 μm fraction) and is accompanied by decreasing variance but is not statistical significant. Sr/Ca is much more homogeneously distributed, with a normal distribution, and shows no differences from chamber to chamber. The variability of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca decreases with increasing sample size, from single to five to twenty tests per sample, approximately as for a normal distribution, with greater variability for G. bulloides than for G. truncatulinoides, equivalent to uncertainties in temperature (n = 20) of 1.1°C and 0.7°C for the two species within the whole of the sediment mixed layer.
Land-use evolution and degradation in Lesvos (Greece): a historical approach.

An analysis has been undertaken of the land-use evolution in the island of Lesvos for the last 5000 years, based on historical and archaeological documents and recent soil and vegetation survey data. A series of maps were compiled using historical documents for the period from 3300 bc to 1886 bc and vegetation field survey data for the period from 1886–1996. A soil survey (scale 1:50 000) was conducted in 1996 in order to relate the land-use changes to the present physical environment. Cultivation of the land started around 3300 bc and intensified during the 18th century bc. During the Roman period forests were already significantly reduced to satisfy the increasing demands for agricultural products, timber and heating. In the Byzantine period (4th–15th century), vineyards and pastures expanded, mainly by clearing the forests. Olive plantations increased during the 13th century, motivated by the allocation of subsidies. During the first centuries of the Ottoman period, there was a further expansion of olive groves and pastures by reducing forests, while vineyards declined. Great changes occurred in the last century in the geographical distribution and the total area occupied by the various types of land use. Olive groves significantly expanded and were redistributed covering more fertile and productive land on hilly areas by clearing mainly pine forests. Oak forests increased on previous pasture areas. Today, pasture is the main type of land use in hilly areas. These previously forested areas have been cleared without any accompanying measures against soil erosion. This highly degraded land with shallow and severely eroded soils is not able to sustain any profitable agricultural use or natural forest. However, areas cultivated with olives remained sustainable for more than seven centuries without being significantly degraded. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensation of Tipping-Bucket Flow Meters

転倒升型流量計を検定し誤差補正を行った．検定に用いた転倒升型流量計は15. 7cc，75cc，100ccおよび200ccである．結果，各転倒升は流入フラックスの増大に伴い1転倒に要する水量が増大した．この各転倒升型流量計の誤差補正は2つのタイプに分けられることがわかった．75cc以上のタイプの全ての転倒升では，流入するフラックスと，1転倒に要する水量の関係は1次関数で精度よく表現できた．また流入フラックスがほぼ0の時の各転倒升の1転倒水量が分かれば，同じ補正係数を用いても3％程度の誤差しか生じないことがわかった．しかし，15. 7ccタイプの転倒升型雨量計では1次関数型と放物線型によって表現されるものが混在した．このため同じ補正係数では10％程度の誤差が生じ，正確な値を求めるには個々の検定が必要であることがわかった.
Soil moisture, field-scale toposequential position, and slope effects on yields in irrigated rice ( Oryza sativa L.) fields in Honduras

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in Honduras. The availability of inexpensive irrigation in the study area (Flores, La Villa de San Antonio, Comayagua) encourages rice farmers to neglect prescribed methods of soil and water conservation, such land leveling, puddling, and soil bunds. This study looked at the effect of failure to mitigate water loss on sloping fields. Soil moisture (Volumetric Water Content) was measured using a soil moisture probe after the termination of the first irrigation within the tillering/vegetative, panicle emergence/flowering, post-flowering/pre-maturation and maturation stages. Yield data were obtained by harvesting on 1 m2 plots in each soil moisture testing site. Data analyses looked at the relationship between yield and slope, soil moisture, farmers, and toposequential position along transects. Toposequential position influenced yields more than slope and soil moisture was not a significant predictor of yields. Irrigation politics, high water inputs, and land tenure were proposed as the major reasons for this result.
Influence of soot mixing state on aerosol light absorption and single scattering albedo during air mass aging at a polluted regional site in northeastern China

[1] An aerosol optical closure study was performed using the observed high time- and size-resolved soot mixing states determined by a Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (VTDMA) at a polluted regional site, Yufa, in the south of Beijing during the summer of 2006. Good agreement was found between the simulated and measured aerosol absorption (σap, R = 0.9) and scattering (σsp, R ≥ 0.95). The soot mixing state at Yufa can be generally determined by VTDMA, in terms of properly predicting the σap using a simple optical model combined with spherical homogeneous and core-shell coated Mie codes. The possible uncertainties in the modeled σap were discussed. Rapid soot aging was observed, which led to large variations in the fractional contributions to σap by externally mixed and coated soot. On average, about 37% of the σap (∼10–60%) arose by the coated soot. The coating enhancement in σap and σsp of the coated soot can reach up to a factor of 8–10 within several hours owing to the secondary processing during daytime. It was contributed not only by the increased thickness of coating shell, but also the transition of soot from externally mixed to coated one. Hence, assuming constant soot mixing state for the regional climate model is not realistic and may lead to uncertainties. In the highly polluted region in northeastern China, the aerosol single scattering albedo may increase very fast owing to the rapid secondary particle formation and condensation (up to 0.90–0.95). This increase took place although the concurrent coating processing enhanced the light absorption capability of soot.
Tumor budding in invasive breast carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters, hormone receptor status, and survival: an observational study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Tumor budding is currently thought to be associated with worse prognosis. This study aims to examine tumor budding in invasive ductal-type breast carcinoma and its relationship with other clinicopathological parameters and overall survival. METHODS: All the H&E slides of 198 patients were re-evaluated for the histological grade, angiolymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, lymph node status, extranodal extension, multicentricity, pT, presence of the tumor budding, tumor budding score (i.e., low, intermediate, or high). Overall survival was considered the period after surgery until death. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Tumor budding was identified in 98 (49.5%) patients. Tumor budding score was low in 41 (41.8%) of 98 cases, intermediate in 25 (25.5%), and high in 32 (32.7%). We determined a strong correlation between tumor budding and poor prognostic variables such as tumor size, pT stage, angiolymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, number of metastatic axillary lymph nodes, overall survival, and extranodal tumor extension in metastatic lymph nodes. This strong correlation was also present for the tumor budding score. CONCLUSION: Tumor budding may be a prognostic indicator for breast cancer.
Tectonic evolution of the Jurassic-Cretaceous Great Valley forearc, California: Implications for the Franciscan thrust-wedge hypothesis

Interpretation of seismic reflection data and restoration of depositional geometries of Cretaceous forearc basin strata in the northwest Great Valley of California provide important controls on structural reconstructions of the western margin of the Sacramento Valley and northern Coast Ranges. Monoclinal eastward dips of Great Valley Group strata and fault systems striking northwest-southeast, which are features proposed as evidence for a west-dipping blind Great Valley–Franciscan sole thrust and related backthrusts, instead are expressions of bedding geometry that resulted from folding of the Paskenta and related synsedimentary normal faults, depositional onlap, and a major structural-stratigraphic discontinuity. The discontinuity separates east-dipping Aptian and younger Great Valley Group strata from beds of lower Great Valley Group and Coast Range ophiolite that were deformed and erosionally or structurally truncated by mid-Cretaceous time. Dip divergence imaged between the supracrop and subcrop of the discontinuity is not unique to the ancient Great Valley forearc, but is also observed in modern forearc basins. Advocates of the Franciscan thrust-wedge model have also proposed that west-dipping, shingled patterns of seismic events imaged beneath the Sacramento Valley are imbricate thrust slices of the Great Valley Group. This hypothesis, however, is incompatible with borehole, potential-field, and seismic-refraction data that characterize the Sacramento Valley basement as ophiolitic. Seaward-dipping reflections in the ophiolitic basement of the Sacramento Valley are analogous to layering developed in the oceanic crust of volcanic rifted margins or generated along midocean ridges. Thus, late-stage tectonic mechanisms are not required to interpret a forearc that owes much of its present-day bedding architecture to processes coeval with deposition. Thickening of the Great Valley Group stratigraphic section (Valanginian–Turonian) in the hanging walls of the Paskenta, Elder Creek, and Cold Fork fault zones, combined with attenuation or complete omission of preextensional units (including the Coast Range ophiolite) and geometric evidence based on seismic reconstructions, suggest that these faults are Jurassic–Cretaceous normal faults that developed in a submarine setting. Down-structure views of the Great Valley outcrop belt simplify otherwise complex map relations and portray the Paskenta and related faults as half-graben bounding faults that accommodated significant northwestward tectonic transport of hanging-wall rocks. It is significant that these faults sole into the Coast Range fault, an enigmatic forearc structure that juxtaposes rocks of the Franciscan Complex (blueschists) with rocks of the Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley Group that have sustained only zeolite-grade metamorphism. Discovery of Jurassic–Cretaceous crustal-scale extension in the Great Valley forearc suggests that a significant part of Coast Range fault-related attenuation developed early in the history of the subduction complex.
Glass casts of rock fracture surfaces: A new tool for studying flow and transport

A method was developed for fabricating transparent glass casts of fractured rock pairs. These glass casts provide reproduction of surface topography and roughness of natural fractures, optical clarity, and representative wettabilities of mineral surfaces. The glass casts are an improved tool for studying flow and transport in fractures compared to previous approaches. The surface of a clean glass fracture has a contact angle near zero, and more importantly, the surface wettability can be intentionally altered with chemical treatment. Glass casts of rock fracture surfaces may be used for visually and quantitatively studying various physical, chemical, and microbial processes occurring in rock fractures, especially when multiple fluid phases are involved.
87Sr/86Sr composition of evaporitic carbonates and sulphates from Miocene sediment cores in the Mediterranean Sea (D.S.D.P., Leg 13)

The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of evaporitic carbonates and sulphates from Miocene sediment cored in the Mediterranean Sea show a depletion of 87Sr when compared to the isotopic composition of the Miocene contemporaneous marine strontium: 0.70803 versus 0.70936. The arrival into the evaporitic environment of strontium brought by continental waters can explain this difference. The variation of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios is, nevertheless, noticeable only when the influence of the continental waters is already well marked. This is proved when one compares the results obtained with strontium, to the results of isotopic analysis made on oxygen, carbon, sulphur and hydrogen taken from the same samples.