Factors That Effecting Sustainable Behavior ofIndigenous People toward Sustainable Forest inEast Kalimantan, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze several factors that affecting the sustainable behavior of indigenous people, i.e. local wisdom, learning, attitude and the intention to sustain the forest. The research objects are the indigenous people community who lives around the forest and living depends on it in East Kalimantan Indonesia, spread in three regencies, i.e. West Kutai, East Kutai and Berau regency. Local wisdom as internal community source of knowledge and learning as external community source of knowledge to sustain the forests were measure to know how it’s effecting to the sustainable behavior of indigenous people. The research result shows that the local wisdom and learning has positive significant effect to the indigenous people sustainable behavior. KEYWORDS -Attitude, Intention, Indigenous People, Learning, Local Wisdom, Sustainable Behavior -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 15-01-2018 Date of acceptance: 14-02-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Introduction Discussion about the issue of preservation of the environmental function generally and the forestfunction particularly is a traditional issue that is always relevant to this day. It is because this issue has beenappearing since long time ago, become an actual problem and even for the future will remain as a global issue. The positions of forest as the world lungs make its role so complex in maintaining the stability of climate on earth and atmosphere. As a service warehouse, Indonesia's forest resources have tremendous potential due to biodiversity, water filters, erosion and flood inhibitors, climate stabilizers and as a source of livelihood for surrounding communities. In Indonesia, forest resources have become the main capital for national economic development, positively impacting the increase of foreign exchange, employment and encouraging regional expansion and national economic growth. However, forest utilization to fulfill market demands particularly, has lead to deforestation and forest degradation which is then giving impact to the community living surround, especially to the indigenous people who lives really depends to the forest. Other than that, another impact receive by the deforestation and forest degradation are global climate changes. Forest has become community life support in east Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The Indigenous people communities have strong bound to the forest as source and land for living. The indigenous people life really depends to the forest such as food, living, medicines and daily live needs provider. Therefore, the livelihoods of communities around these forests will be more difficult, if there is a consequent impact of forest loss, such as decreasing access to quality water and food, extreme flooding or drought, and then the climate change. This condition places the local community as a very important partner in forest protection and management. The ways in which they treat, utilize and manage forests, will deliver significant impact on climate change. In addition, there were also have their own rules to protect and managing the forest and environment sustainably inherits hereditary. In order to maximizing indigenous people strategic role, many efforts was held to form their sustainable behavior to keep protecting and preserving the forest by the environmental NGO‘s or government partners as well as governments themselves. Among the efforts undertaken is to provide sustainable environmental learning such as education, training, briefing and workshop to raising and increasing their sense of responsibility to the forest sustainability along with the guidelines about how to manage and protect it. In addition to reach the better result goal, in-depth research regarding to factors that effecting sustainable behavior of indigenous people are needed. In previous studies, mentions that several factors have been observed as factors that influencing human sustainable behavior among others are learning, attitude and intention. Stegand Vlek (2008) state that environmental quality strongly depends on human behavior patterns.Human behavior is a complex mix of internal, psychological factors and external cues. Unfortunately, though a strong inclination and motivation to Factors That Effecting Sustainable Behavior of Indigenous People Toward Sustainable Forest in East www.ijhssi. org68 | Page behave sustainably is important, it is usually not enough by itself to empower sustainable behavior (Manning, 2009). Choices are influenced by moral, normative, emotional, social factors, as well as facilitating conditions and the force of habit, and the (so-called) rational deliberations and intentions (Jackson, 2005). Some of the factors that influence whether changed intentions lead to behavior change are likely to be influenced by education directed at attitudes and values. For instance, some barriers to action, such as social norms, will undoubtedly be reduced by education efforts (Arbuthnott, 2008). This research delivers several factors that effecting sustainable behavior of indigenous people in forest resources particularly based on phenomenon through theoretical approach. Local wisdom, learning, attitude to intention and sustainable behavior of indigenous people as the variables chosen to analyze in this research. II. Literature Review 2.1. Behavior One of popular behavioral theory was Bandura‘s Social Cognitive Theory (1986), based on the proposition that neither social processes nor cognitive processes are central to an understanding of human motivation, emotions, and actions. The theory proposes that people are driven not by inner forces, but by external factors. Human functioning can be explained by a triadic interaction of behavior, personal and environmental factors that was often known as reciprocal determinism. Environmental factors represent situational influences and environment in which behavior is preformed while personal factors include instincts, drives, traits, and other individual motivational forces. Another popular behavioral theory is the Ajzen‘s Theory of Planned Behavior (1991). The theory suggests that behavior is dependent on one‘s intention to perform the behavior. Intention is determined by an individual‘s attitude (beliefs and values about the outcome of the behavior) and subjective norms (beliefs about what other people think the person should do or general social pressure). Behavior is also determined by an individual‘s perceived behavioral control, defined as an individual‘s perceptions of their ability or feelings of self-efficacy to perform behavior. This relationship is typically dependent on the type of relationship and the nature of the situation. 2.2. Local Wisdom Local wisdom is the formulation of all forms of knowledge, belief, understanding or insight and customs or ethics that guide human behavior in life in the ecological community. According Keraf (2005) in Marfai (2013) local wisdom also involves knowledge, understanding and customs about human, nature and understanding how relationships between all the inhabitants of this ecological community must be built. Local wisdom is formed as a cultural superiority of local communities and geographical conditions in a broad sense. Local wisdom is a past cultural product that should be constantly used as guide of life. Although the value is local but it contained considered very universal. According to the theory of human ecology (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) there is a reciprocal relationship between the environment and the behavior.The environment can affect behavior or vice versa, behavior can also affect the environment. The emphasis of this theory is the setting in the environment. The environment is composed of interacting structures in which there are certain settings. This theory is the recognition of a set of behavior (behavioral setting) that is seen as a separate factor in a social interaction. The set of behaviors in question here is a set of group behavior (not individual behavior) that occurs as a result of certain milieu conditions (physical milieu). This set of behaviors emerged as a response to the existing environmental conditions (Ridwan, 2007). Ecological theory is a socio-cultural view of development consisting of five environmental systems ranging from direct input of interaction with social agents that develop well into a broad-based culture. The five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory are microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems 2.3. Learning To Learn means: 1) to gain knowledge, comprehension, or mastery of trouhh experience or study, 2) to fix in the mind or memory; memorize; 3) to acquire through experience; 4) to become in formed of to find out (Hilgrad and Bower, 1975). Learning is shown by change in behavior as result of experience (Cronbach, 1954). Learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in an individual‘s knowledge or behavior (Woolfolk, 1995). Learning is a relatively fixed behavioral change as the result of exercise or experience. Learning is a process that can cause behavioral changes caused by a reaction to a particular situation or a reaction to a particular situation or the existence of internal processes that occur within a person. Learning is change in performance as result of practice (Travers, 1972). 2.4. Attitude Historically, Herbert Spencer first used the term ̳attitude‘ in 1862, at that time attitude interpreted by him as a person's mental status. Attitude is a tendency or predisposition toevaluate an object or symbol of that object in a certain way. In effect attitude isused in a generic sense, as to what people perceive, feel and express Factors That Effecting Sustainable Behavior of Indigen