Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors structuring macroinvertebrate communities in a headwater stream and its springs in the Upper Austrian Limestone Alps

The Almbach, a headwater stream in the Upper Austrian foothills of the Alps bordered by mountain pastures was studied to gain insight into the benthic macroinvertebrate community and its habitat. Two springs, one of them fenced in to prevent livestock access, and two more sites of the headwater section were investigated. A discriminant analysis (DA) based on hydrochemistry and phytobenthos revealed three functions with 86% of all samples correctly classified to the four sites. The first function clearly separated the two springs with phosphorus and oxygen as the most important discriminating factors. Spring sites and headwater sites were split up by the second function mainly due to nitrate concentration, but no differences could be detected for the two stream sites. With the exception of the fenced spring, indicator taxa could be assigned to all sites by means of an Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Polyvalent taxa groups such as Gastropoda and Ostracoda were indicators for the unfenced spring site. This is in accordance to observed low abundances of sensitive plecopteran taxa and suggests a negative impact of livestock trampling on the invertebrate community. Redundancy Analysis explained 99% of the macroinvertebrate‐environment relation. The first axis separated springs from stream sites and was correlated with nitrate, pH, water temperature and phytobenthos eveness. Phosphorus was responsible for splitting the unfenced spring and the downstream station from the fenced spring and the upstream location along the second axis. Ephemeropteran taxa like Habrophlebia sp. were related to elevated pH, increased water temperature and low nitrate concentrations. In accordance to the ISA, nitrate played an important role for tolerant Gastropoda and Ostracoda at the unfenced spring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change in Argentina: trends, projections, impacts and adaptation

In most of Argentina, the warming since 1901 was a little lower than the global average, although with strong trends in temperature extremes and in heat waves during the most recent decades. There was a remarkable increase in precipitation over most of subtropical Argentina, especially since 1960. This has favored agriculture yields and the extension of crop lands into semiarid regions, but this increase also came with more frequent heavy rainfalls and consequent flooding of rural and urban areas. Since the early 1970s, the main rivers of the Plata Basin have increased their mean flows, but this was attributable not only to increased precipitation, but also to land use changes. In contrast, over the Andes Mountains, reduced rainfall and increased temperature has led to glaciers receding and reduced river flows. Climate projections for the first half of this century maintain observed trends and raise additional concerns that in most cases can be dealt with timely adaptation policies. However, by the end of this century, under an extreme emissions scenario, the projected warming reaches 3.5°C in the north of the country with respect to present‐day conditions. There is insufficient knowledge to assume that this warming would not create severe damages to the people and the economy of Argentina. Because of the damages and casualties that heat waves and extreme precipitation events are already producing, the first and most urgent adaptation required is to reinforce early warning systems and contingency planning to cope with climatic extremes and their consequences on health. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:151–169. doi: 10.1002/wcc.316
Internal Structure and Environmental Significance of a Perennial Snowbank, Melville Island, N.W.T.

A perennial snowbank located in the continuous permafrost zone was cored to obtain details of its internal structure and history. In spring the snowbank is up to 10 m thick and composed of deep snow accumulated during the previous winter, overlying ice developed by basal ice accretion over many years. The perennial ice exhibits a layered structure with alternating clear and milky bands and contains randomly oriented, variably shaped bubbles. Horizons of aeolian and mudflow deposits occur at irregular intervals and correspond to periods of aggradation and thaw truncation of the snowbank. Tritium concentrations in a core from the deepest portion of the snowbank indicate that the basal 2 m of ice pre-dates 1957. Other layers of ice likely represent precipitation that fell between 1958 and 1962, between 1968 and 1976, and after 1983. Ice developed during the 1963 atmospheric tritium peak is no longer present. Energy balance measurements indicate that potential climatic warming is unlikely to eliminate the perennial portion of the snowbank unless accompanied by substantially less snow drifting at the site. Key words: snowbank ice, tritium, climate change
Predicting nearshore environmental impacts from onshore anthropogenic perturbations of ground water in the Southeastern coastal plain, USA

Transgression and regression of sea level over the millennia have produced the karst characteristics of the regiona1 Floridan aquifer system in the southeastern (SE) Coastal Plain. These characteristics also have been documented on the drowned karst platform of nearshore areas of the SE Coastal Plain, with particular influence on growth of coral reefs in south Florida (Faught and Donoghue, 1997; Shinn, 1988). Unsustainable withdrawals from this karst aquifer system have resulted in extensive, but inquantified environment damage onshore (e.g. subsidence including sinkholes from dissolution/collapse of the aquifer matrix and loss of organic soils; reduced water levels and flows in lakes and streams; destruction of wetland and upland natural resources due to hydroperiod disruptions and subsequent catastrophic fire), as summarized by Bacchus (2000).
Distribution of Crust and Early History, Gulf of Mexico Basin

ABSTRACT Studies of an extensive regional grid of multifold seismic data and refraction data in the deep central Gulf of Mexico combined with studies from surrounding regions provide a generalized picture of the geologic framework and tectonic setting of the basin. Various criteria, including seismic reflection data, seismic refraction data, depth-to-basement, gravity, magnetics, distribution of Jurassic salt and sediments, and total tectonic subsidence analysis, provide a basis for characterizing and mapping the distribution of oceanic crust, thin transitional crust, and thick transitional crust or continental crust. This distribution of crust provides constraints for a reconstruction of the Gulf area, which involves closing up, first, oceanic crust and then transitional crust. This reconstruction provides room to accommodate any overlap of South America with Yucatan and supports a counter-clockwise rotation of Yucatan out of the northern Gulf. It is compatible with other published reconstructions that treat Yucatan as a separate block independent of South America, particularly ones that rotate Yucatan out of the Gulf in a counter-clockwise manner. This reconstruction also is compatible with a general model for the early evolution of the Gulf basin that includes 1) a Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic rift stage and formation of transitional crust, culminating with the widespread deposition of evaporites, 2) a brief Late Jurassic period of oceanic crust formation in the deep central Gulf, 3) a Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous period of cooling and subsidence of the crust and buildup of extensive carbonate platforms surrounding a deep basin, and 4) formation of a widespread middle Cretaceous unconformity (MCU).
Characteristics of tropopause‐penetrating convection determined by TRMM and COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements

Distribution and influence of convection in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere have been investigated case by case or on regional to global scale. However, previous studies were limited by using proxies for convection or the bias of the tropopause data. Here the tropopause‐penetrating convection is investigated based on the sole use of observational products from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar data and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC). The result shows that the frequency of precipitation‐top heights above the monthly mean tropopause in the tropics is reduced logarithmically if the cold‐point tropopause is adopted instead of the lapse‐rate tropopause. Using the collocated COSMIC and precipitation radar observations, the tropopause‐penetrating convection, i.e., the convection with the precipitation‐top height above the lapse‐rate tropopause, can be found over the summer monsoon regions and some continental regions. The averaged relative precipitation‐top heights of tropopause‐penetrating convective clusters are about 0.2–0.5 km without significant land‐ocean difference, while equivalent radii of clusters are 2.7–3.5 km over land and 0.2–0.5 km larger than those over ocean. These areal and vertical extents are smaller than those reported by previous studies. Furthermore, the collocated temperature profiles show that the tropopause‐penetrating convection generates warming in the upper troposphere and cooling near the lapse‐rate tropopause and in the lower stratosphere. Moreover, the tropopause‐penetrating convection leads to a rapid (within 20 min) lift of the lapse‐rate tropopause by the adiabatic lofting within the convection (within a 10 km radius).
Fast DOA Estimation Algorithms via Positive Incremental Modified Cholesky Decomposition for Augmented Coprime Array Sensors

This paper proposes a fast direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method based on positive incremental modified Cholesky decomposition atomic norm minimization (PI-CANM) for augmented coprime array sensors. The approach incorporates coprime sampling on the augmented array to generate a non-uniform, discontinuous virtual array. It then utilizes interpolation to convert this into a uniform, continuous virtual array. Based on this, the problem of DOA estimation is equivalently formulated as a gridless optimization problem, which is solved via atomic norm minimization to reconstruct a Hermitian Toeplitz covariance matrix. Furthermore, by positive incremental modified Cholesky decomposition, the covariance matrix is transformed from positive semi-definite to positive definite, which simplifies the constraint of optimization problem and reduces the complexity of the solution. Finally, the Multiple Signal Classification method is utilized to carry out statistical signal processing on the reconstructed covariance matrix, yielding initial DOA angle estimates. Experimental outcomes highlight that the PI-CANM algorithm surpasses other algorithms in estimation accuracy, demonstrating stability in difficult circumstances such as low signal-to-noise ratios and limited snapshots. Additionally, it boasts an impressive computational speed. This method enhances both the accuracy and computational efficiency of DOA estimation, showing potential for broad applicability.
A Study of Ocular Manifestations in Children with Developmental Delay

Background and Objective: The study was conducted to determine the occurrence and types of ophthalmologic abnormalities in children with developmental delay. Methods: children with developmental delay between age group of 6 months to 16 years visiting Himalayan hospital were studied for presence and types of ocular manifestations over a period of 1year. Results: Among 54 children, ocular manifestation was noted in 48 (88.89%) children. Among various ocular manifestations refractive error was commonest seen in 29 out of 54(53.70%) cases of which hypermetropia was most common. Second most common manifestations was esotropia 11 out of 54 (20.37%) followed by exotropia 7 out of (12.96%). In 12 out of 54 (22.22%) subjects temporal disc pallor was present. Conclusion: In developmentally delayed children, visual handicap plays an important role in overall morbidity. early assessment and correction of visual problems will provide such children greater chances of achieving their true potential and will prevent unnecessary visual impairment
Efficacy of organic extracts of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) leaf and Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) seed against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under laboratory conditions

The maize weevil is a pest of stored maize controlled with synthetic insecticides. The widespread use of these insecticides, however, is harmful to the environment and human health. In this study, solvent extracts (SEs) and powder treatments (PTs) of Nicotiana tabacum leaves and Jatropha curcas seeds were tested for their efficacy against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. For extraction, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane were used. Extract concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100% were evaluated at dosages of 4, 8, and 12 ml. PT of botanicals was evaluated at dosages of 4, 8, and 12 g. Mortality was calculated at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatment. At the end of the experiment, the percentage of grain damage, weight loss, and germination percentage was calculated. Dichloromethane SEs of N. tabacum leaves and J. curcas seeds at 50, 75, and 100% levels of extract concentrations (LEC) in all doses caused 100% mortality. The J. curcas seed PTs at 12 g and its SEs of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane in 100% LEC at 12 ml experienced the least grain weight loss of 1.36, 0.79 and 0.64%, respectively. The results suggest that these plant-based products are very promising, generally available, cost-effective, non-toxic to non-target organisms, and simple to produce. Thus, dichloromethane SEs of N. tabacum leaves and J. curcas seeds at 50% LEC and above in all doses can be recommended for the management of S.
Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of pyrolizable hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon

Kerogen, the major organic component of sedimentary rocks, is commonly analyzed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Plotting the data on a graph of S[2] vs. total organic carbon (TOC) and determining the regression equation is the best method for determining the true average hydrogen index and measuring the adsorption of hydrocarbon by the rock matrix. Such a plot also indicates the type of kerogen present and avoids the problem of increasing hydrogen index with total organic carbon content. With the S[2] vs. TOC diagram, the organic component of different suites of samples may be compared and their petroleum-generation potentials established. As an example, the diagrams are used to evaluate the sedimentary environments and petroleum potential of the Paleogene evaporitic sediments of the Mulhouse basin, Alsace, France.
Long-term sea level variability from multi-satellite altimetry in the European Seas

The stability of the altimeter instruments and the accuracy of the corrections are very important for longterm sea level change determination from multi-mission altimetry. Dual-crossovers differences of ERS-2 and Topex in the interval 1995-2001 in the European seas show a time-dependence of the relative bias with a negative linear-term of a few mm/yr. The ionospheric correction, that has to be computed from a model for ERS-2, is responsible in the Mediterranean Sea for part of the linear-term, which is reduced from –10 to –4 mm/yr when the GIM correction is used instead of the Bent correction. Similar values are obtained in the other European Seas. The application of other corrections does not modify significantly the linear term of the dual-crossover differences. Comparison with tide gauge stations show that the linear-term of the tide gauge sea level measurements agrees better with Topex than with ERS-2 data.
Moisture and landmine detection

A landmine detection technique is proposed, based on differences in moisture content of the mine and the surrounding soil. Microwave radiation is used to heat the soil containing the mine. The moist soil is warmed far more than the mine. This produces temperature differences at the surface which can be detected by infra-red scanning. Laboratory tests show that buried nonmetallic objects can be located with this technique.
Black Plastic Mulch and Drip Irrigation Affect Growth and Performance of Bell Pepper

ABSTRACT Bell peppers were grown in the field on bare soil and in black plastic mulch with and without drip irrigation. Black plastic mulch alone and black plastic mulch plus drip irrigation increased pepper yields by 18 MT and 16 MT per hectare (571% and 631%), respectively, over yields on bare soil. The study was conducted at Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, DeKalb County, Alabama on a fine sandy loam soil.
From cultural development to culture for development : the music industries in Burkina Faso and Ghana

The creative economy discourse now informs both cultural and development policies around the world. Virtually every country now uses the concept in politics, policy, advocacy, and practice. My aim is to show what this uptake means in conceptual and empirical terms. Through an ethnography of the music industries in Burkina Faso and Ghana I explore the changing meaning and position of ‘culture’ in cultural and development policies in both countries. How does the creative economy discourse help the pursuit human development, if at all? What does this discourse mean precisely? And, most importantly, what should it mean to develop cultural industries? Overall, my dissertation frames this issue broadly and narrowly. The narrow focus is on the situation in Ouagadougou and Accra, capital cities of respectively Burkina Faso and Ghana. The particularities of these countries serve as examples to simultaneously build and illustrate the argument. Yet, the scope extends well beyond this: the aim at large is to ask questions that can be asked beyond these countries. Even though they may yield different answers around the world, I hope they will help to critically understand and use the hegemonic creative economy discourse. The originality of my dissertation work is threefold. First, I link cultural policy studies with critical development studies. I do this by connecting cultural industries to the human development approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum by exploring the link with ‘capabilities. ’ Second, I provide empirical insight in the particularities of the music industries in Burkina Faso and Ghana, as both countries are nearly ab-sent from the literature. Third, I provide a theoretical framework to rethink the way cultural and creative industries can be inscribed in cultural policies and development plans by including the cultural and historical palimpsest of existing practices that both enables and limits change.
Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications

We summarize evidence for Quaternary and active faulting collected in the field during three Sino-French expeditions to southeastern Tibet (1980–1982). Detailed mapping of Quaternary and active faults as well as microtectonic measurements indicate that normal faulting has been the dominant tectonic regime north of the Himalayas in the last 2 ± 0.5 m.y. The maximum horizontal principal stress in south Tibet appears to be only the intermediate principal stress σ2, σ1 being vertical. South of the “chord” joining the eastern and western syntaxes of the Himalayan arc, extensional strains are principally localized within seven regularly spaced rift zones, three of which have been studied in some detail. The extension direction is determined to be N96° E ± 7° mainly from statistical averaging of strikes of newly formed normal faults. Throw rates on normal faults are evaluated for different time spans (2 ± 0.5 m.y., 60 ± 40 kyr, and 10 ± 2 kyr B.P.), using structural and topographic reliefs, as well as synglacial and postglacial vertical offsets. The rate of Quaternary extension is about 1% m.y. −1 along an 1100-km-long ESE traverse across south Tibet. This corresponds to a “spreading” rate of 1 ± 0.6 cm/yr. This rate and the divergent horizontal projections of slip vectors of earthquakes along the Himalayan front constrain the rate at which rigid India underthrusts southern Tibet to be 2 ± 1 cm/yr. Although most of the normal faults appear to be independent of, and nearly orthogonal to, the ≃E-W Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonic fabric, the Yadong-Gulu rift appears to be guided for over 130 km by the older, oblique (≃NE-SW) Nyainqentanglha range and fault zones along it. This reactivated zone is the most prominent left-lateral strike-slip fault system in SE Tibet. Excepting this zone, and the vicinity of the SE extremity of the Karakorum fault, Quaternary strike-slip faulting is rare in south Tibet, i.e., south of the chord between the syntaxes of the Himalayan arc. North of the chord, the tectonic style is different. There minor conjugate strike-slip faulting is widespread and appears to control Quaternary normal faulting, which is more diffuse and subdued than in south Tibet. Along the chord, the presence of a major zone of active right-lateral, en echelon strike-slip faults (Karakorum-Jiali fault zone) probably reflects the greater facility of eastward extrusion in north central Tibet, in response to the northward push of India. The eastern Himalayan syntaxis may be an obstacle to such extrusion movements south of the chord.
Defending Against Saddle Point Attack in Byzantine-Robust Distributed Learning Supplementary Material

Outlier-robust estimation is a classical topic in statistics [8]. The coordinate-wise median aggregation subroutine that we consider is related to the median-of-means estimator [17, 9], which has been applied to various robust inference problems [15, 14, 16]. A recent line of work develops efficient robust estimation algorithms in high-dimensional settings [2, 5, 11, 3, 18, 12, 1, 10, 13]. In the centralized setting, the recent work [7] proposes a scheme, similar to the iterative filtering procedure, that iteratively removes outliers for gradient-based optimization.
Overfitting and Cross-Covariance without Dropout

One major challenge in training Deep Neural Networks is preventing overfitting. Many techniques such as data augmentation and novel regularizers such as Dropout have been proposed to prevent overfitting without requiring a massive amount of training data. In this work, we propose a new regularizer called DeCov which leads to significantly reduced overfitting (as indicated by the difference between train and val performance), and better generalization. Our regularizer encourages diverse or non-redundant representations in Deep Neural Networks by minimizing the cross-covariance of hidden activations. This simple intuition has been explored in a number of past works but surprisingly has never been applied as a regularizer in supervised learning. Experiments across a range of datasets and network architectures show that this loss always reduces overfitting while almost always maintaining or increasing generalization performance and often improving performance over Dropout.