Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A.C.—arc-column and current-zero properties

Highly reproducible electrical-conductance measurements are reported for a.c. cylindrical-wall-stabilised air and argon columns for currents (r.m.s. value) of 4–85 A and in the frequency range 25–1500 Hz. The tube diameters were 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm. The general features of the results are as expected for thermal arc columns. However, one experimental feature, e.g. the instant of conductance minimum being independent of the rate of current approaching zero for a fixed tube diameter, is not predicted by analysis previously available. A constant-pressure and local-thermal equilibrium theory is presented, and numerical solutions, taking into consideration the full nonlinearities of transport coefficients, have been obtained for arcs burning in air. Good agreement is obtained between the computed data and the experimental results. It is found that the self-generated radial convection plays an important role in the energy transfer around current zero in an air arc column.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW SIMULATION IN AN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELL

The high magnetic field created by the high currents of the aluminum electrolysis cells within the cells and in the pot-room is a menace to the stability of the cells. Significant electrodynamic body forces are acting on the electrolyte and molten aluminum layers, promoting magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forced convection flows. The MHD process can influence significantly the performance of the cell and its knowledge is important in any optimization scenario. This study is concerned with the mathematical modeling and the numerical simulation of the MHD flow in the aluminum and electrolyte layers.
Quantitative Study on the Correlation between Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Ni-YSZ Composite Anode Performance and Reduction Temperature Based on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction

The effects of reduction temperature on the initial performances and short-time durability of nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia composite solid oxide fuel cell anodes were investigated. The anode microstructures before and after 100 hours operation were quantitatively analyzed by three-dimensional reconstruction based on focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy technique. The anode reduced at 500◦C showed the worst initial performance and stability in operation which was attributed to the smallest specific nickel-yttria-stabilized-zirconia interface area and the very porous nickel formed in low temperature reduction. The anode reduced at 800◦C showed the smallest polarization resistance which was attributed to the largest active three phase boundary density. The anode reduced at 1000◦C showed the most stable performance with polarization resistance enhanced in operation, which was attributed to the largest specific nickel-yttria-stabilized-zirconia interface area and the dense nickel phase formed in high temperature reduction. It is found that the performance of anode is determined not only by the active three phase boundary density but also the interface bonding between nickel and yttria-stabilized-zirconia in composite anode. Nickel-yttria-stabilized-zirconia interfacial bonding can be enhanced with the increase of reduction temperature, which is able to inhibit the nickel sintering and improve the anode performance stability in long-time operation. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0721506jes] All rights reserved.
Solubility of uranium(IV) hydrous oxide in high pH solution under reducing condition

Summary The solubility of uranium(IV) hydrous oxide was measured at 25 °C in NaClO4 solution containing Na2S2O4 as a reducing agent in the pH range from 12 to 14. The experiment was carried out from oversaturation at I = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mol/dm3 (M). The solubility data were analyzed to obtain the hydrolysis constants (βm) of U(OH)m(4-m). By taking the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) for ionic strength corrections and by using the solubility product log Ksp° = −53.93 ± 0.20, the hydrolysis constants at I = 0, log β5°<48.10 and log β6° = 48.95 ± 1.01, were determined together with the ion interaction coefficients of U(OH)5− and U(OH)62−.
The chlorophyll fluctuation spectrum in the sea1,2

The spatial heterogeneity of phytoplankton abundance in the sea is controlled both by the turbulent motions of the water and by the rate of reproduction of the organisms themselves. An expression is derived for the shape of the chlorophyll fluctuation spectrum as a function of wavenumber based on an approach first used in the study of reacting mixtures in a turbulent fluid. Unlike an earlier version, this spectrum has a maximum value at a wavenumber k, = ( 6mw1/*/5 ) 3/2, where r is the rate of growth of the phytoplankton and E is the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. For wavenumbers k > km the spectrum is proportional to k+‘, not unlike that for a passive scalar such as temperature. The significance of the existence of the spectral peak is that it implies a preferred size for phytoplankton patches in the sea. For typical oceanic conditions, k,,” - 5-10 km.
High‐Performance Air‐Stable n‐Type Organic Transistors Based on Core‐Chlorinated Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Diimides

Core‐chlorinated naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) with fluoroalkyl chains are synthesized and employed for n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). Structural analyses of the single crystals and thin films are performed and their charge‐transport behavior is investigated in terms of structure–property relationships. NDIs with two chlorine substituents are shown to exhibit a herringbone structure with a very close π‐plane distance (3.3–3.4 Å), a large π‐stack overlap (slipping angle ca. 62°), and high crystal densities (2.046–2.091 g cm−3). These features result in excellent field‐effect mobilities of up to 1.43 cm2 V−1 s−1 with minimal hysteresis and high on–off ratios (ca. 107) in air. This is similar to the highest n‐channel mobilities in air reported so far. Despite the repulsive interactions of bulky Cl substituents, tetrachlorinated NDIs adopt a slip‐stacked face‐to‐face packing with an interplanar distance of around 3.4 Å, resulting in a high mobility (up to 0.44 cm2 V−1 s−1). The air‐stability of dichlorinated NDIs is superior to that of tetrachlorinated NDIs, despite of their higher LUMO levels. This is closely related to the denser packing of the fluorocarbon chains of dichlorinated NDIs, which serves as a kinetic barrier to the diffusion of ambient oxidants. Interestingly, these NDIs show an optimal performance either on bare SiO2 or on octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS)‐treated SiO2, depending on the carbon number of the fluoroalkyl chains. Their synthetic simplicity and processing versatility combined with their high performance make these semiconductors highly promising for practical applications in flexible electronics.
Extending the diffuse layer model of surface acidity constant behaviour: II. Estimation of intrinsic acidity and electrolyte ion site binding constants

Abstract The two-pK metal oxide surface acidity constant model relies on generic mass action expressions of the form: Ka(3−x) = [>SOHx−2x−1]aH+EXP(–ΔGexcess/RT)/[>SOHxx−1] where x equals 1 or 2. While all current two-pK surface complexation models require numerical estimates of “intrinsic” acidity constants (i.e., Kavalues when ΔGexcess equals zero), there exists a large range in metal oxide intrinsic acidity constant values reported in the literature. This paper describes improved procedures for obtaining intrinsic acidity constants from quality published metal oxide titrimetic datasets. Because of the observed ionic strength sensitivity of acidity constant estimates at zero charge densities, these constants were interpreted within the context of a new procedure for estimating historical electrolyte ion site binding reactions of the form: >SOH+2 + An−⇔>SOH2An and >SO− + Cat+⇔>SOCat. Correcting zero charge density effective acidity constants with electrolyte ion site binding constants reduced the observed ionic strength variations in intrinsic acidity constant estimates by approximately 50%. The estimated constants obtained in the study are given below. Table A1SystemDatasetpKa1,intrinsic1pKa2,intrinsicKAn_KCat+Goethite, NaClLumsdon & Evans (1994)5.92±0.1511. 68±0.0222. 43.66rundum, NaNO3Hayes and Leckie (1991)6.21±0.0411. 62±0.109. 698.18Hematite, KNO3Fokkink (1987)5.77±0.1411. 53±0.204. 061.72Rutile, KNO3Fokkink (1987)2.88±0.098. 22±0.1412. 010.3Anatase, NaClSprycha (1984)3.61±0.048. 71±0.1910. 229. 5γ-Al2O3, NaClHuang & Stumm (1973)5.86±0.1611. 15±0.0921. 515.11 The “±” notation designates 1/2 of the range of observed values.
Dielectric Relaxation of Isoamyl Bromide

The complex dielectric constant of isoamyl bromide has been measured at 1, 3, and 9 kMc between —75° and 25°C. Complex plane plots indicate an asymmetric, skewed‐arc distribution of relaxation times, with the shape of the distribution function not being appreciably temperature dependent. A defect diffusion model is proposed to explain the dielectric behavior of this system. This model implies that the relaxation of a molecule is more probable immediately after one of its neighbors has relaxed than at an arbitrary time. A distribution of relaxation times is derived which, under the appropriate conditions, closely resembles that of the empirical skewed‐arc function.
Body Temperature and Capacity for Work

Summary. It is a well established fact that the body temperature increases during muscular exercise, and that the increase is regulated (NIELSEN, 1938). It was the purpose of this paper to study the effect of the increased body temperature on the performance of maximum work, viz. a work performance of short duration (12 to 15 seconds) and a work performance lasting 4 to 5 minutes. The effect on a peak effort (a “push” or a “pull”) was also studied. The experiments showed: 1) A given amount of work could be performed better – i. e. in a shorter time – when the organism was warmed up by a preliminary work. Also a greater muscular tension could be developed when “warmed up” than when not. 2) A passive warming up – e. g. by means of radio diathermy or by hot baths – also increased the capacity for work. 3) Massage had no beneficial effect on the performance. 4) The harder the preliminary work was, the higher rose the temperature and the better was the performance (only demonstrated in the work of shorter duration (12 to 15 sec.)). 5) The increased ability to perform hard work is closely correlated to the temperature of the working muscles. 6) The maximum oxygen uptake is slightly higher when the organism is warmed up than when this is not the case, but the oxygen necessary for a certain amount of work is reduced. From these results it is concluded that a higher temperature in the muscles benefits the ability to perform work by accelerating the chemical processes in the muscles, probably also by decreasing the intramuscular viscous resistance. The accurately regulated higher rectal temperature in work (NIELSEN) allows the muscles to obtain a higher temperature during work than would otherwise be possible.
Marketing Partnerships: Impact of Monitoring Schemes and Cooperative Advertising Agreements

Marketing partnerships may involve either horizontal relationships (e.g., a co-marketing alliance between firms selling different products) or vertical relationships (e.g., between an upstream manufacturer and its downstream retailers). Either type of partnership often includes multiple members and the marketing efforts (e.g., level of advertising) of any member typically affect the profitability of the other members. When selecting their effort levels, however, the individual members of the partnership do not account for such externalities. Consequently, the overall effort on behalf of the partnership is not optimal. This dissertation investigates the value of contractual mechanisms such as monitoring schemes (for horizontal partnerships) and cooperative advertising programs (for vertical partnerships) that may provide better incentives to the partners to invest into the relationship. The first part of this dissertation focuses on horizontal marketing partnerships and examines the relative effectiveness of outcomeand action-based contracts in providing the alliance partners with the incentives to invest appropriately. A mathematical model is developed in which a focal firm (e.g., Sony) contracts with two partners (e.g., McDonald’s and Old Navy), when each of these partners is privately informed about the impact of the alliance on its demand. The analysis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of outcome(or output-) and action(or input-) based contracts in several settings including those with no demand externality, a positive externality and a negative externality. The analysis shows that when there is (a) no externality, (b) negative externality, or (c) a relatively weak positive externality, there is a strict preference for output-based contracts; that preference, however, is reversed with a sufficiently strong positive externality. The rationale for these findings, along with the implications and directions for further work are discussed. The second part of this dissertation focuses on a vertical marketing relationship where multiple retailers sell the products from a common manufacturer. Here, each retailer’s level of advertising affects the demand for the other retailers. This positive externality, however,
Determination of Critical Concentrations of Silica and/or Calcia for Abnormal Grain Growth in Alumina

Minimum amounts of SiO2 and CaO required for inducing abnormal grain growth in alumina were determined using ultrapure alumina (>99.999%) and sintering at 1900°C for 1 h in a contamination-free condition. The critical concentrations of silicon in cationic mole fractions in alumina were 300 ppm without calcium, 200 ppm with 10 ppm calcium, and 150 ppm with 20 ppm calcium. The critical concentration of calcium alone was 30 ppm. These concentrations seemed to match approximately the solubility limits reported in the literature, which suggested that the abnormal grain growth in commercially pure alumina was indeed related with the formation of a small amount of liquid phase during sintering.
Restaurant Viability: Operations Rating of Contributing Success Factors

The restaurant industry is the second largest employer in the United States, and restaurant demand is projected to increase in future years. In an age where more restaurants are coming into business rapidly and also going out of business steadily, there is a need to develop some operational strategies for running a restaurant successfully. This study, using quantitative survey methodology, reports responses to ratings of factors for success from current owners and operators of successful restaurants in southern New Mexico. The factors were categorized into the following domain and subdomains (a) external environment—general and specific, (b) internal environment—operational and personal, and (c) family life cycle. Means and frequencies were reported and results were grouped by means. Product served, customers, management of restaurant, as well as personal goals and philosophies had the highest overall mean response and corresponded to the most positive influence on restaurant viability. Labor market, retirement, and family issues had the lowest means corresponding to a neutral effect on restaurant success. A new hypothesized weighted model for variables leading to restaurant success is presented. This study can be repeated in other areas in the nation and can be redesigned to evaluate specific factors in detail. Another aspect that can be investigated is differences in opinion based on gender difference.
Oxidation of photochromic spirooxazines by coinage metal cations. Part I. Reaction with AgNO3 : formation and characterisation of silver particles

Thermal oxidation of the zwitterionic form of two photochromic spirooxazines: 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro(2H-indole-2,3′-[3H]naphth[2,1-b]-[1,4]oxazine) (1) and 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro(2H-indole-2,3′-[3H]phenanthr[9,10-b]-[1,4]oxazine) (2) has been studied in the presence of silver ions in anaerobic conditions. The products of the reaction have been identified and a mechanism for their formation is proposed. In alcohols (MeOH, EtOH), the major degradation product is the indolinooxazole salt together with either methoxy- or ethoxy-substituted spirooxazines at the C2′ carbon atom of the C2′N1′ bond. The four new spirooxazine derivatives display no photochromic properties although X-ray diffraction studies show that the bond lengths around the spiro carbon atom are similar to those observed for compounds revealing colouration. Photophysical properties of the indolinooxazole and of its hydroxylated derivative are also presented. High quantum yield and large Stokes shifts are observed. As a consequence of the reduction of silver ions to neutral atoms, silver colloids have been prepared after either thermal- or photo-oxidation of spirooxazine. They are stabilised by poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). The formation and growth of silver colloids have been studied by electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The growth of silver particles of different sizes and morphologies is presented and the role of a photochromic electron donor on the growth process is discussed. The average particle sizes ranged from a few to approximately one hundred nanometers. The classical plasmon absorption band at 420 nm and a broad red-shifted peak at 790 nm due to the large non-spherical particles are thus observed. Both particle size and plasmon absorption are dependent upon UV irradiation. Size enlargement upon irradiation of silver colloids brings about colour changes from yellow through green to light blue.
Catalytic Activity of Titanium Silicalites—a DFT Study

A theoretical study of the catalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide on titanium silicalites is presented. Calculations for several peroxide adsorption structures show that the interaction is weak. Formation of cyclic complexes between deprotonated peroxide and solvent molecules or with a silanol group is highly endothermic (more than 90 kJ/mol). The energy barrier of activation for ethene epoxidation with nondissociatively adsorbed peroxide is 83 kJ/mol with hydrogen peroxide over titanium silicalite. This energy is lower than the energy for peroxide deprotonation and implies that O–H bond cleavage during peroxide adsorption on titanium clusters is not necessary.
Doping of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by Brønsted acids

Using X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy, the influence of Bronsted acids, namely sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid on the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was investigated. Doping effects were monitored by changes in binding energy of the C 1s core level of the nanotubes. For all three acids, an acceptor type doping of the SWCNTs was observed by a shift of the C 1s core level towards lower binding energies. The inferred change of the Fermi-level position was 0.5 eV in the case of H2SO4, 0.2 eV in the case of HNO3, and 0.1 eV in the case of HCl. For HNO3 and HCl the doping was found to be unstable. The S 2p, N 1s, and Cl 2p core level spectra of the corresponding acid showed spectral features which can be attributed to the respective oxidation state of these anions in the acid, indicating that doping was induced by intercalation.
Measuring reactive metal in soil: a comparison of multi‐element isotopic dilution and chemical extraction

The isotopically exchangeable metal pool (E‐value) of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were simultaneously measured, using stable isotope dilution, in soils contaminated by Pb/Zn mining activities and varying in properties likely to affect metal reactivity, including pH, organic matter content, metal concentration and land use. E‐values were compared with single and sequential extraction schemes. Results showed a wide range of metal reactivity (approximately 1–100% of total) depending on the extent of contamination and on the prevailing soil conditions. Across the range of soils, the E‐values showed no consistent correspondence to any single chemical extraction procedure (EDTA, DTPA and HNO3) although there was reasonable agreement with the extractants 0.05 m EDTA and 0.43 m HNO3 in acidic organic soils. Extraction with 0.005 m DTPA substantially under‐estimated the isotopically exchangeable metal content. E‐values corresponded reasonably well with the exchangeable metal (fraction 1 (F1) of the sequential extraction procedure) in calcareous soils but relatively poorly and inconsistently with F1–F2, F1–F3 or F1–F4 in acidic‐neutral soils. Operational aspects associated with determination of multi‐element E‐values are discussed.
Sources and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils: Case Studies of Detroit and New Orleans

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in urban environments. Incomplete combustion of petroleum and coal are the primary sources of elevated concentrations of urban PAHs. The purposes of the study were: 1) to determine and compare the concentration of PAHs in soils taken from two major US cities, New Orleans and Detroit; and 2) to examine the main sources of PAHs in urban soils by diagnostic PAH ratios. A total of 107 New Orleans soil samples were taken from 6 census tracts (n = 13–19 per census tract) and compared with 106 Detroit soil samples from 6 census tracts. Sampling sites included house foundations, open spaces, and soil bordering residential and busy streets. The average total PAH (sum of 17 PAH concentrations) of Detroit soils was 7,843 μ g/kg, compared to 5,100 μ g/kg for New Orleans soils. Several diagnostic PAH concentration ratios were calculated for source determination for Detroit and New Orleans, respectively: phenanthrene/anthracene ratios (2.97 and 5.36), benz(a)anthracene/chrysene ratios (0.99 and 0.85), benzo(b)fluoranthene/benzo(k)fluoranthene ratios (1.51 and 1.53), and benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(e)pyrene ratios (0.98 and 0.92). The ratios indicate that PAH concentrations are attributable to pyrolytic sources, mainly vehicle exhaust. Travel and gasoline consumption data in Detroit and New Orleans support these findings.
In vitro studies of cytotoxic effect on sarcoma-180 cells of β-subunit from egg white ovomucin

When sarcoma-180 (SR-180) cells were incubated with α- or β-subunit prepared from insoluble ovomucin in the gel fraction of egg white, the cell proliferation rate was apparently reduced by the addition of β-subunit, while it was largely unaffected by α-subunit. Examinations by scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy indicated a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of β-subunit on SR-180 cells, whereas β-subunit did not injure mouse peritoneum macrophage used as normal cells. Ultrastructurally, SR-180 cells treated with β-subunit showed changes such as swelling and bleb formation of microvilli on cell membrane, irregular clumping of chromatin, irregular nuclear shape, and marked swelling of organelles in cytoplasm associated with cell degeneration in necrotic change. Furthermore, apoptotic analysis of the cultured SR-180 cells also demonstrated that β-subunit did not induce the apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
Synthesis of the novel benzothiazole compounds from 7-benzylidenebicyclo [3.2.0] hept-2-en-6-ones and 2-aminobenzenethiol

Synthesis of the 2-(2-styrylcyclopent-3-enyl)benzo-[ d ]thiazoles (6a-i) is reported for the first time. Reaction of 7-benzylidenebicyclo [3.2. 0] hept-2-en-6-ones (3a-i) and 2-aminobenzenethiol (4) in the presence of p-TsOH as a catalyst, in ethanol under reflux, resulted in the formation of novel 2-(2-styrylcyclopent-3enyl)benzo[ d ]thiazoles in high yields.