Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
'Home Sweet Home' versus International Tax Planning: Where Do Multinational Firms Hold Their U.S. Trademarks?

This study analyzes whether tax incentives play a role in the geographical allocation of U.S. trademark rights within large multinational enterprises. Considering the S&P 500 firms, we find a strong home country concentration of U.S. trademark ownership. Still, the probability to offshore legal ownership of U.S. trademarks increases with the value of the respective trademark and with the international footprint of the firm. Considering the choice in which country to hold the trademark, host country taxes turn out to have a statistically significant influence. In an additional analysis, we show that our main results also carry over to European multinationals.
A DNA metasystematic approach to forest restoration in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica

A DNA METASYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO FOREST RESTORATION IN THE NORTHERN ZONE OF COSTA RICA Kathleen Megan McGee Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Dr. Mehrdad Hajibabaei Tropical secondary forest developments have exhibited multiple successional trajectories resulting in different outcomes of forest restoration. However, the mechanisms involved in this are still not well known, particularly so for the soil bacterial and fungal communities that develop under these altered land-use conditions. Soil bacteria and fungi are recognized as important components of soil ecosystems, often driving changes and patterns in global biogeochemical cycling, yet there is still much to be explored of these soil biotic communities in tropical secondary forests. As such, the role various soil abiotic properties that may drive soil bacterial and fungal community composition across landscapes and across local-scales, warrants investigation. This thesis addresses some of the mechanisms of how and which soil abiotic factors may have a strong role in determining the soil bacterial and fungal community composition across secondary forest succession in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) of Costa Rica. In chapter one, I show that the differences in land-use and differences in soil nutrient factors has mostly affected the soil microbial community composition. Moreover, I show that the soil microbial biomass C and soil fungal community composition were driven by soil NO3. This chapter highlights the role that soil inorganic N may be playing for secondary forest regeneration. In chapter two, I demonstrate that two target tree species studied (Pentaclethra macroloba and Dipteryx panamensis) had unique soil-microbiomes and certain soil abiotic properties. This chapter also shows the soil microbial biomass C, and the soil microbial community composition were driven by soil NH4. The third chapter shows that as the P. macroloba tree grows and develops, its soil microbiome will also change, within a primary forest and within a 23-year-old secondary forest. This chapter also demonstrates that the soil bacterial microbiomes of P. macroloba trees can become similar even in when developed in contrasting past land-use histories, yet, it may take more time for the soil fungal community composition to become more similar under these conditions. Collectively, this dissertation research deepens our mechanistic understanding of some of the unexplained stochasticity across secondary succession in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge of Costa Rica.
Adsorption of Buthidazole, VEL 3510, Tebuthiuron, and Fluridone by Organic Matter, Montmorillonite Clay, Exchange Resins, and a Sandy Loam Soil

Adsorption isotherms were obtained for buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}, VEL 3510 {1-β,β-dimethoxy-1-methyl-3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]urea}, tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4 (1H)-pyridinone} on soil organic matter (H- and Ca-saturated), Ca-montmorillonite, and Cape Fear sandy loam soil. Prometryn [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] was included as a reference. The order of adsorption on all adsorbents was fluridone ≥ prometryn > > tebuthiuron ≥ VEL 3510 > buthidazole. Fluridone adsorption on the various adsorbents was: H-organic matter > Ca-montmorillonite > Ca-organic matter > > Cape Fear sandy loam. Tebuthiuron, VEL 3510, and buthidazole adsorption on the various adsorbents was in the order: H-organic matter > Ca-organic matter = Ca-montmorillonite > Cape Fear sandy loam. Adsorption of all herbicides increased with decreasing pH, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism was molecular under neutral pH conditions and ionic under acidic conditions. All of the herbicides were adsorbed in high amounts as protonated species on IR-120-H cation exchange resin and in low amounts as molecular species on IR-400-Cl anion exchange resin. Buthidazole and VEL 3510 were adsorbed in high amounts as anionic species by the IR-400-Cl exchange resin at high pH levels.
Factors affecting shoot regeneration from leaf and hypocotyl explants of Platanus acerifolia Willd.

Effects of different genotypes,PGRs,illumination conditions and position of explants on adventitious shoot regeneration from hypocotyl and/or leaf of Platanus acerifolia were investigated.The results indicated that the ratio of 6-BA to IBA in the medium influenced shoot regeneration of hypocotyl segments and 6-BA:IBA20:1 gave a better effect;Shoot regeneration from leaf explants was significantly different among four different genotypes investigated,with the highest regeneration rate obtained for leaf explants of genotype PH2,and TDZ was less effective than 6-BA to induce shoot regeneration from PH2 leaves.Maintaining the cultures in darkness for the first month promoted shoot regeneration of hypocotyl explants to some extent,but leaves incubated in darkness regenerated less shoots evidently;Light intensity of 50-100 lx was favorable to shoot regeneration.Significant differences of regeneration capability existed among different sections of hypocotyl and position of leaves,and the hypocotyl section adjacent to the cotyledons and the uppermost two leaves of the shoots showed better regeneration capability than the lower sections and leaves.Furthermore,shoot regeneration of the intact leaves wounded by three cuts was more efficient than that of severed leaf segments,indicating that the ECIWO/holographic phenomenon existed during in vitro culture of hypocotyls and leaves of P.acerifolia.
Differentiation of neural stem cells in fragile X syndrome

16 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 18 1. Definition of stem cells 18 1.1. Adult stem cells in their niches 18 2. NSCs and their niches 18 2.1. Self-renewal/proliferation of NSCs 20 2.2. Survival of NSCs 22 2.3. Epigenetic control of NSC fate 23 2.4. Regulation of NSC differentiation 25 2.4. 1. Neuronal differentiation 25 2.4. 2. Astroglial differentiation 27 2.4. 3. Oligodendroglial differentiation 28 3. Neocortex development 30 3.1. Corticogenesis 31
What Limits Our Capacity to Process Nested Long-Range Dependencies in Sentence Comprehension?

Sentence comprehension requires inferring, from a sequence of words, the structure of syntactic relationships that bind these words into a semantic representation. Our limited ability to build some specific syntactic structures, such as nested center-embedded clauses (e.g., “The dog that the cat that the mouse bit chased ran away”), suggests a striking capacity limitation of sentence processing, and thus offers a window to understand how the human brain processes sentences. Here, we review the main hypotheses proposed in psycholinguistics to explain such capacity limitation. We then introduce an alternative approach, derived from our recent work on artificial neural networks optimized for language modeling, and predict that capacity limitation derives from the emergence of sparse and feature-specific syntactic units. Unlike psycholinguistic theories, our neural network-based framework provides precise capacity-limit predictions without making any a priori assumptions about the form of the grammar or parser. Finally, we discuss how our framework may clarify the mechanistic underpinning of language processing and its limitations in the human brain.
The freezer defrosting: global warming and litter decomposition rates in cold biomes

1 Decomposition of plant litter, a key component of the global carbon budget, is hierarchically controlled by the triad: climate > litter quality > soil organisms. Given the sensitivity of decomposition to temperature, especially in cold biomes, it has been hypothesized that global warming will lead to increased litter decomposition rates, both through direct temperature effects and through indirect effects on litter quality and soil organisms. 2 A meta‐analysis of experimental warming studies in cold biomes (34 site‐species combinations) showed that warming resulted in slightly increased decomposition rates. However, this response was strongly dependent on the method used: open top chambers reduced decomposition rates, whereas heating lamps stimulated decomposition rates. The low responsiveness was mainly due to moisture‐limited decomposition rates in the warming treatments, especially at mesic and xeric sites. This control of litter decomposition by both temperature and moisture was corroborated by natural gradient studies. 3 Interspecific differences in litter quality and decomposability are substantially larger than warming‐induced phenotypic responses. Thus, the changes in the species composition and structure of plant communities that have been observed in medium‐term warming studies in cold biomes will have a considerably greater impact on ecosystem litter decomposition than phenotypic responses. 4 Soil fauna communities in cold biomes are responsive to climate warming. Moreover, temperature‐driven migration of the, hitherto absent, large comminuters to high‐latitude sites may significantly increase decomposition rates. However, we do not know how far‐reaching the consequences of changes in the species composition and structure of the soil community are for litter decomposition, as there is a lack of data on functional species redundancy and the species’ dispersal ability. 5 Global warming will lead to increased litter decomposition rates only if there is sufficient soil moisture. Hence, climate scenario and experimental studies should focus more on both factors and their interaction. As interspecific differences in potential decomposability and litter chemistry are substantially larger than phenotypic responses to warming, the focus of future research should be on the former. In addition, more light should be shed on the below‐ground ‘darkness’ to evaluate the ecological significance of warming‐induced soil fauna community changes for litter decomposition processes in cold biomes.
Testing multiple assembly rule models in avian communities on islands of an inundated lake, Zhejiang Province, China

Aim A fundamental question in community ecology is whether general assembly rules determine the structure of natural communities. Although many types of assembly rules have been described, including Diamond’s assembly rules, constant body‐size ratios, favoured states, and nestedness, few studies have tested multiple assembly rule models simultaneously. Therefore, little is known about the relative importance of potential underlying factors such as interspecific competition, inter‐guild competition, selective extinction and habitat nestedness in structuring community composition. Here, we test the above four assembly rule models and examine the causal basis for the observed patterns using bird data collected on islands of an inundated lake.
SYSTEMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIABILITY OF MEADOW LIZARD, Darevskia praticola (REPTILIA: SAURIA) IN THE CAUCASUS

The compicated history of the intraspecific taxonomy of meadow lizard, Darevskia praticola sensu lato is considered and the species’ geographical variability in Caucasian Isthmus is analyzed. It was confirmed the species status of Darevskia praticola sensu stricto and Darevskia pontica . Lectotype of Darevskia pontica was assigned and described; the known paralectotypes of D. pontica are noted. Description of the new subspecies Darevskia praticola hyrcanica ssp. nov. is given from the Talysh foothills and Elbrus range (Azerbaijan, Iran). The possible patters of speciation and distribution of closely related species Darevskia praticola sensu stricto and Darevskia pontica within the Caucasus and the Balkans are discussed. within the Caucasus and the Balkans are discussed
Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and Quantum Transport in Multi-Terminal Conductors

We study the transport properties of multi-terminal Hermitian structures within the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism in a tight-binding approximation. We show that non-Hermitian Hamiltonians naturally appear in the description of coherent tunneling and are indispensable for the derivation of a general compact expression for the lead-to-lead transmission coefficients of an arbitrary multi-terminal system. This expression can be easily analyzed, and a robust set of conditions for finding zero and unity transmissions (even in the presence of extra electrodes) can be formulated. Using the proposed formalism, a detailed comparison between three- and two-terminal systems is performed, and it is shown, in particular, that transmission at bound states in the continuum does not change with the third electrode insertion. The main conclusions are illustratively exemplified by some three-terminal toy models. For instance, the influence of the tunneling coupling to the gate electrode is discussed for a model of quantum interference transistor. The results of this paper will be of high interest, in particular, within the field of quantum design of molecular electronic devices.
A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

The phytogeographical regions and sub-regions of Australia are revised in light of new data from a recent analysis by Gonzalez-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). The new revision includes two new regions, Northern regio nova and Northern Desert regio nova, and five new sub-regions, Nullarbor sub-regio nova, Central Desert sub-regio nova, Great Sandy Desert Interzone sub-regio nova , Central Queensland sub-regio nova and, Southwestern sub-regio nova . This new revised version of the phytogeographical regions and sub-regions of Australia’s land plants provides an updated classification based on historical nomenclature. The analysis by Gonzalez-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014) is a biogeographically centered classification that generated the first exclusively taxonomic regionalisation of Australia’s land plants, used here to update the ABA phytogeographical regions.
ÉTUDE DE QUELQUES FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LES DIFFICULTÉS DE VÊLAGE EN CROISEMENT INDUSTRIEL

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. ÉTUDE DE QUELQUES FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LES DIFFICULTÉS DE VÊLAGE EN CROISEMENT INDUSTRIEL M. Belic, F. Menissier
Effect of Late Winter 1998 Furadan4F Alfalfa Stubble Treatment on Alfalfa Growth and Alfalfa Weevil, Aphid, and Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Populations

Furadan 4F was applied to alfalfa regrowth stubble following the first harvest of 1998 to examine treatment effects of alfalfa weevils, aphids, resultant plant growth, and threecornered alfalfa hoppers. Furadan 4F reduced larval numbers throughout the period that larvae were present (25 days after treatment). Little effect was noted for adult weevil numbers in field. Aphid numbers were also reduced by the treatment, and alfalfa stems in Furadan 4F plots were significantly taller at 21 days post treatment. Little, if any, effect from the Furadan 4F treatment was noted for adult threecornered alfalfa hopper populations during the five months following application.
Animal models in toxicology.

Introduction, S.C. Gad The Mouse Toxicology, S.C. Gad Pathology, C.H. Frith, D.G. Goodman, and B.G. Boysen Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Rat Toxicology, M.D. Johnson Pathology, S.C. Gad Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Hamster Toxicology, S.C. Gad Pathology, F.G. Hess Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Guinea Pig Toxicology, S.C. Gad Pathology, J.C. Peckham Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Rabbit Toxicology, C.M. Salamon and K.M. MacKenzie Pathology, J.C. Peckham Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Ferret Toxicology, D.E. McLain Pathology, S. Chandra Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Dog Toxicology, G.C. Haggerty Pathology, J.C. Peckham and R.W. Thomassen Metabolism, S.C. Gad Primates Toxicology, M.D. Walker, J.K. Nelson, and J.C. Bernal Pathology, G.B. Baskin Metabolism, S.C. Gad The Minipig Toxicology, S.C. Gad Pathology, Z. Dincer and O. Svendsen Metabolism, M.T. Skaanild Alternative, S.C. Gad Clinical Pathology of Laboratory Animals, R.L. Hall Model Selection and Scaling, S.C. Gad Susceptibility Factors, S.C. Gad Laws and Regulations Governing Animal Care and Use in Research, S.C. Gad Appendix: Commercial Sources of Laboratory Animals, S.C. Gad Index
Germination and Dry-Matter Accumulation in Dimorphic Achenes of Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)

Mature achenes from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L. ♯3 SENJA) capitula borne on lower branches had greater average dry weights and higher percentage germination than those closer to the apex, but these higher averages were obtained because more achenes in these samples were filled. Physiological maturity was attained in ray achenes 21 days past flowering (DPF), 24 DPF in peripheral disk achenes, and 27 DPF in central disk achenes. Maximum germination occurred at 18 DPF in ray and peripheral disk achenes and at 21 DPF in central disk achenes. Neither achene type was shown to have innate dormancy. Disk and ray achenes germinated most rapidly at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C.
Matrix Metalloproteinases: Roles and Regulation in Ocular Surface Regeneration

of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Dr. M.E. Fini. No. of pages in text. (96) Epithelial wound healing is a common occurrence in many organisms. In spite of a long history of study in this field, we do not have a complete understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of wound healing, which is a key element to appreciate in order to modulate this process for better clinical outcomes. Optimal outcomes are especially critical in the cornea as a failure to regenerate can result in blindness and a huge decline in quality of life. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent proteases that have been shown to be both regulators and effectors of the corneal wound healing process. Strict regulation of MMP-9, the most extensively studied member of the MMP family, has been shown to be critical for efficient wound regeneration. While we now know that MMP-9 is important, and we even have evidence defining some of the roles it plays in the corneal wound healing process, the mechanism by which MMP-9 is regulated is still under debate. Possible extracellular regulatory mechanisms range from cell-cell interactions to cell-matrix interactions to secreted factors. However, the detailed mechanism of events that takes place on the extracellular surface and the downstream signals that mediate MMP-9 are unknown. Therefore, one of the objectives of the presented work is to define the external mechanisms which mediate MMP-9 expression in resurfacing epithelial cells and to link these external signals to internal signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, while MMP-9 acts to slow the resurfacing phase of wound healing, other MMPs seem to cause opposing effects. The second objective of the presented work is to provide the first global spatial and temporal MMP expression profile for an in vivo epithelial wound healing scenario and to define possible macroscopic roles of these heretofore unknown MMPs. Finally, this thesis will look at the expression of many MMP family members in a penetrating model which is an increasingly more common wound scenario due to the increase in corrective surgery. The final objective is to examine human post-LASIK corneas and correlate MMP expression with age, post-operative time, or histopathological abnormalities. The knowledge obtained from all aspects of these studies will contribute to the current understanding and knowledge about the roles and regulatory mechanisms of MMPs in the corneal wound healing process.
Fishery-impacted bottlenose dolphins of north-western Australia: Bycatch patterns, genetic status and abundance

The incidental capture of cetaceans in fisheries threatens several species with extinction and represents a global conservation challenge. In order to assess the impacts of bycatch on dolphins in a north-western Australian trawl fishery, I (i) examined bycatch reported in skippers’ logbooks and independent observer data; (ii) applied genetic methods to estimate dolphin population structure and connectivity; and (iii) conducted an aerial survey to estimate dolphin abundance across the fishery, simultaneously undertaking boat-based photo-identification to infer fidelity to the fishery. From 2003-2009, between 180 and 366 dolphins were caught across all management areas, depths and seasons. Independent observers reported more than double the dolphin bycatch reported in skippers’ logbooks. Significant predictors of dolphin bycatch were fishing vessel, time-of-day and whether nets included Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs). Genetic evidence showed one panmictic population of trawler-associated common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), but isolation from all adjacent, coastal populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). Abundance was estimated at 2,000-3,000 T. truncatus across 25,880 km2. While the lack of correction factors for availability bias mean this is likely an underestimate, it is lower than previously thought. Trawler-associated individuals were photographically and genetically matched over periods of days to years. Recent skippers’ logbook data suggest dolphin bycatch rates have increased since the BRDs were introduced. These results indicate that (i) only a considerable reduction in trawling effort is likely to reduce dolphin bycatch; (ii) the impacted population does not recruit from the adjacent coastal populations; and (iii) the number of dolphins interacting with trawlers is fewer than expected. The chronic bycatch of this protected species may affect the dolphin population’s conservation status. As a consequence, the classification of acceptable limits of bycatch requires revision in light of these first estimates of the abundance and fidelity of bottlenose dolphins interacting with the Pilbara Trawl Fishery.