Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
F1-Optimal Thresholding in the Multi-Label Setting

This paper provides new insight into maximizing F1 scores in the context of binary classification and also in the context of multilabel classification. The harmonic mean of precision and recall, F1 score is widely used to measure the success of a binary classifier when one class is rare. Micro average, macro average, and per instance average F1 scores are used in multilabel classification. For any classifier that produces a real-valued output, we derive the relationship between the best achievable F1 score and the decision-making threshold that achieves this optimum. As a special case, if the classifier outputs are well-calibrated conditional probabilities, then the optimal threshold is half the optimal F1 score. As another special case, if the classifier is completely uninformative, then the optimal behavior is to classify all examples as positive. Since the actual prevalence of positive examples typically is low, this behavior can be considered undesirable. As a case study, we discuss the results, which can be surprising, of applying this procedure when predicting 26,853 labels for Medline documents.
“We Can ‘Break Bread’ Virtually:” Routinized and Ritualized Aspects of Family Food Provisioning in the United States During Lockdown

ABSTRACT Routines and rituals are ubiquitous across scholarship in family communication yet are overlapping and idiosyncratic concepts, making a clear distinction between them difficult. This paper builds clarification around the concepts by arguing for attending to what we call the routinized and ritualized aspects of family activities. We demonstrate this approach’s utility through a qualitative thematic discourse analysis of 697 Twitter posts discussing the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on family food practices in the United States. We identify three themes that convey the broad impacts of lockdown conditions on family food practices: bolstering, disruption, and reimagining. We then analyze each theme’s salience within daily meals and holiday meals – two food provisioning sites frequently considered routines and rituals, respectively. Theoretically, this paper forwards a conceptualization of routines and rituals that delineates the symbolic and instrumental elements embedded within each; empirically, it demonstrates the multifaced effects of the pandemic on family food life.
Predictors of Stress Level Toward COVID-19 Delta Variant Among Healthcare Workers

The occurrence of new variants has increased the number of COVID-19 patient cases again and impacted the mental health conditions of health workers on duty at the hospital. This study aims to analyze the relationship between risk factors such as age, gender, resilience, and self-efficacy with the level of stress experienced by health workers. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in December 2021 involving 113 health workers of Royal Prima Medan Hospital. The Spearman Rank test was used to analyze the relationship between the predictors and the stress level of health workers ( α = 0.05). The analysis showed that the majority of health workers experienced mild stress (67.30%). Rank Spearman test results showed that age (p=0.049; r=0.185), gender (p=0.016; r=0.227), resilience (p=0.000; r= -0.557), and self-efficacy (p=0.000; r=0.343) were significantly associated with the level of stress experienced by health workers. Management needs to pay attention to workload, a safe work environment, and provide training so that health workers can manage and minimize the risk of work stress while providing health services to COVID-19 patients.
Dendritic growth shapes in kinetic Monte Carlo models

For the most part, the study of dendritic crystal growth has focused on continuum models featuring surface energies that yield six pointed dendrites. In such models, the growth shape is a function of the surface energy anisotropy, and recent work has shown that considering a broader class of anisotropies yields a correspondingly richer set of growth morphologies. Motivated by this work, we generalize nanoscale models of dendritic growth based on kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, we examine the effects of extending the truncation radius for atomic interactions in a bond-counting model. This is done by calculating the model’s corresponding surface energy and equilibrium shape, as well as by running KMC simulations to obtain nanodendritic growth shapes. Additionally, we compare the effects of extending the interaction radius in bond-counting models to that of extending the number of terms retained in the cubic harmonic expansion of surface energy anisotropy in the context of continuum models.
Powder metallurgy processing of Nb-modified near β titanium alloys prepared with elemental powders

ABSTRACT Near β Ti alloys typically show high specific strength and provide a wide spectrum of mechanical properties with different heat treatments. In this work, a commercial near β Ti alloy Ti-5553 (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe) was prepared through powder metallurgy using the blended elemental powder approach. Additionally, alloy modifications with 6 wt. % Nb (Ti-6Nb-5Al-2.5V-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe) and 12 wt. % Nb (Ti-12Nb-5Al-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe) were investigated. Specimens were prepared by uniaxial cold compaction of blended powders at room temperature with sintering conducted at 1300°C for 2 h under Ar atmosphere. Microstructure investigation revealed reasonable homogenisation of alloying elements and colony sizes in the order of 80-100 μm with porosity below 10%. Moreover, the bending strength of as-sintered Ti-12Nb-5Al-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe was about 850 MPa and the micro-Vickers hardness was approximately 370 HV. The alloy modifications with Nb increased strength without loss in flexural strain.
Effect of alginate, citric acid, calcium chloride and cinnamon oil edible coating on shelf life of chicken fillets under refrigeration conditions

In present study chicken, fillets were coated with sodium alginate, calcium chloride, citric acid and cinnamon oil coating solution by three methods viz., spraying, brushing and dipping and shelf-life of coated meat were observed. Efficiency of coating material and suitability among three methods of application were determined through shelf-life studies of coated meat under refrigeration conditions. Based on the results of physico-chemical, sensory and microbial characteristics, spraying method had lower Tyrosine Value, Thiobarbituric Acid number, Standard Plate count, Drip loss and higher sensory scores compared to other methods of application. Extract Release Volume and Water Holding Capacity decreased significantly with storage period in all the samples. However, spraying had comparatively higher water holding capacity and lower Warner Blatzer Shear Force Value than control and other methods of application. Hunter color values did not differ significantly with storage and between treatments. Chicken breast sprayed with coating solution extended the shelf life of chicken breast upto 5 days compared to 3 days for control.
A Finite Element Analysis on the Effect of Scanning Pattern and Energy on Residual Stress and Deformation in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of EH36 Steel

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal additive manufacturing (AM) technique that has a high throughput and has seen a potential interest for replacing currently available subtractive manufacturing techniques. Contrary to other metal AM machines, WAAM rigs can be built using existing welding plants and using welding wire as feedstock, thus, making it a cheap and viable manufacturing technique for a number of industries, such as the maritime industry. However, the effects of AM parameters, such as the scanning pattern and energy, on the residual stress and deformation, are still not completely understood. In this work, a finite element (FE) study has been conducted to understand the influence of different scanning patterns (alternate, in-out, raster and zigzag) and energies on residual stress and warpage. Analyses show that the in-out scanning pattern leads to the highest residual stress, while the zigzag pattern results in the lowest residual stress for all scanning energies considered in this study. Findings in the present study also show that the scanning pattern affects the residual stress and deformation more than does the scanning energy.
Multiplicity existence for sublinear fractional Laplacian problems

The purpose of this paper is mainly to investigate the existence of weak solutions of fractional Laplacian equations with sublinear growth and oscillatory behavior. By using variational methods and abstract critical point theory, we want to establish the existence of multiplicity positive, multiplicity negative, and in particular, of multiplicity sign changing solutions. The multiplicity results depend on the real parameter . The key point is the choice of the framework to study the existence of weak solutions. In the suitable framework, by verifying that the conditions in abstract critical point theory are satisfied, we are able to fulfill our strategy.
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy Through Asset Price and Exchange Rate Channel in Indonesia

Many studies have been related to monetary policy transmission toward economic growth targets. However, research on monetary policy transmission by including bond yields as a channel has never been done in Indonesia. Therefore, this study will analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission through bond yields compared to monetary policy transmission through asset price and exchange rate channels. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), the Indonesian Economic and Financial Statistics (SEKI) of Bank Indonesia, and the website investing.com. The analysis technique used in this study is Vector Autoregression (VARs). Based on research results, a relatively effective monetary policy transmission channel is the stock asset price channel. It is because the variables in the channel of stock asset prices only take one month to respond permanently to monetary policy, but the contribution between variables is still low. In the bond yield and exchange rate channel, the response shown is only temporary, and the contribution between variables is still weak, so the two channels are ineffective in transmitting monetary policy with the target of economic growth in Indonesia.
Novel approach for efficient operation and reduced harmful emissions on a dual-fuel research engine propelled with hydrogen-enriched natural gas and diesel

ABSTRACT The stricter emission norms have created a need to study recent combustion technology in internal combustion engines. Dual-fuel (DF) combustion technology is one of the key techniques to achieve future emission goals. Natural gas is one of the easily available low-reactive fuels worldwide that can be used in the DF combustion strategy. The main problem with using NG in the DF strategy is its lean-burning ability to produce emissions like HC and CO. The combustion losses associated due to crevice losses in the piston geometry are also the reasons for getting degraded engine performance. In the present study, the lean flammability of NG was improved by enriching it with hydrogen. The combustion losses were reduced using modified disc piston geometry with lower crevice volume. The results showed that the thermal efficiency obtained using HENG/diesel DF strategy with disc piston (DF disc) was only less than 0.3%, 0.4%, and 1% for low, mid, and high load conditions compared to conventional compression ignition mode using bowl piston (CI bowl). The change in piston geometry from bowl to disc type using the DF strategy improved the thermal efficiency by about 3.8%, 3.3%, and 2.7% for three load conditions. The NOx and smoke opacity reduction by about 6% to 19% and 40% to 60% in DF disc mode was achieved compared to CI bowl mode.
A conceptual framework of the sexual objectification of women in music videos

Feminist theory has extensively explored the sexualization of women’s images across time. Women are sexually objectified in music videos, TV series, ads, cinema, video games, and other types of audiovisual content. Scholarship has acknowledged, for instance, that women’s visual objectification in news, publicity, and cinema can lead to discrimination and gender-based violence. Audiovisual content is especially impactful, while digital content has a broader and more immediate reach than other types of content. On the one hand, the consumption of music videos and other digital content among minors is rising. On the other hand, music videos influence the normalization of gender violence and gender stereotypes in girls and boys. Despite its importance, until now, there is no conceptual framework of the sexualization of women in music videos. What elements compose the sexual objectification of women in music videos? What dimensions does it encompass? Can they be operationalized to serve as a basis for further analysis? Based on a literature review and analysis by three gender experts of five of the most popular music videos on YouTube in 2020, this article offers a new framework that can serve as a reference. This topic is especially relevant in the age of platforms because, once these videos are online in the public domain, they become the basis for biased algorithmic decision-making.
HIDDEN MOLECULES IN PLANETARY NEBULAE: NEW DETECTIONS OF HCN AND HCO+ FROM A MULTI-OBJECT SURVEY

Searches for HCN and HCO+ have been conducted toward 17 planetary nebulae (PNs) in the age range 800 to 13,000 years using the facilities of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). For both molecules, observations of the J = 1 → 0 ? > transition near 88–89 GHz were carried out with the ARO 12 m, including measurements with the new ALMA prototype antenna, while the J = 3 → 2 ? > lines near 265–267 GHz were sought with the ARO Sub-Millimeter Telescope (SMT). HCN and HCO+ were newly detected in 13 of the 17 target sources in at least one transition. Nine PNs were common to both molecules: Hb5, K3-17, K3-58, M1-7, M4-14, M3-28, M3-55, NGC 2440, and K4-47, while HCO+ was also identified in K3-83 and M2-9, and HCN in K3-45 and NGC 6772. From radiative transfer modeling, column densities for HCN and HCO+ in these sources were determined to be N tot ( HCN ) ? > ∼ 0.2–27 × 1013 cm−2 and N tot ( HCO + ) ? > ∼ 0.3–8.7 × 1013 cm−2. Gas densities, assumed to be in clumped regions, were established to be n(H2) ∼ 0.1–5.2 × 106 cm−3. Fractional abundances, relative to H2, for both molecules were found to be f(HCN) ∼ 0.1–9.1 × 10−7 and f(HCO+) ∼ 0.04–7.4 × 10−7. The abundances of both species were found to remain relatively constant with nebular age over a 10,000 year time span, in contrast to predictions of chemical models. The HCN/HCO+ ratio varied from 17 to <0.2, and roughly correlates with the C/O ratio. Polyatomic molecules appear to be common constituents of PNs.
A spectro-interferometric view of ℓ Carinae's modulated pulsations

Abstract Classical Cepheids are radially pulsating stars that enable important tests of stellar evolution and play a crucial role in the calibration of the local Hubble constant. ℓ Carinae is a particularly well-known distance calibrator, being the closest long-period (P ~ 35.5 d) Cepheid and subtending the largest angular diameter. We have carried out an unprecedented observing program to investigate whether recently discovered cycle-to-cycle changes (modulations) of ℓ Carinae's radial velocity (RV) variability are mirrored by its variability in angular size. To this end, we have secured a fully contemporaneous dataset of high-precision RVs and high-precision angular diameters. Here we provide a concise summary of our project and report preliminary results. We confirm the modulated nature of the RV variability and find tentative evidence of cycle-to-cycle differences in ℓ Car's maximal angular diameter. Our analysis is exploring the limits of state-of-the-art instrumentation and reveals additional complexity in the pulsations of Cepheids. If confirmed, our result suggests a previously unknown pulsation cycle dependence of projection factors required for determining Cepheid distances via the Baade-Wesselink technique.
Helicobacter pylori Diagnostic Tests Used in Europe: Results of over 34,000 Patients from the European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management

Background and aims: Several methods are available to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Our objective was to evaluate the tests used for both the initial diagnosis and the confirmation of eradication after treatment in Europe. Methods: The European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection is an international, multicentre, prospective, non-interventional registry aiming to evaluate the management of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients in Europe. Countries with at least 100 cases registered from June 2013 to April 2021, and with a validated diagnostic method were analysed. Data were quality reviewed. Results: A total of 34,920 adult patients from 20 countries were included (mean age 51 years; 61% women). To establish the initial diagnosis, invasive tests were performed in 19,801 (71%) patients, non-invasive in 11,369 (41%), and both in 3437 (12%). The most frequent were histology (n = 11,885; 43%), a rapid urease test (n = 10,636; 38%) and an urea breath test (n = 7577; 27%). According to the age, invasive tests were indicated in 11,179 (77%) ≥50 years, and in 8603 (65%) <50 years. Depending on the country, the use of invasive tests ranged from 29–99% in <50 years to 60–99% in ≥50. Most of the tests used to confirm eradication were non-invasive (n = 32,540; 93%), with the urea breath test being the most frequent (n = 32,540; 78%). In 2983 (9%) post-treatment tests, histology (n = 1887; 5%) or a rapid urease test (n = 1223; 4%) were performed. Conclusion: A great heterogeneity was observed for the initial diagnosis and confirmation of the eradication. The reasons for the apparent lack of adherence to the clinical guidelines should be further explored.
Shock ripples observed by the MMS spacecraft: ion reflection and dispersive properties

Shock ripples are ion-inertial-scale waves propagating within the front region of magnetized quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks. The ripples are thought to influence particle dynamics and acceleration at shocks. With the four magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, it is for the first time possible to fully resolve the small scale ripples in space. We use observations of one slow crossing of the Earth’s non-stationary bow shock by MMS. From multi-spacecraft measurements we show that the non-stationarity is due to ripples propagating along the shock surface. We find that the ripples are near linearly polarized waves propagating in the coplanarity plane with a phase speed equal to the local Alfvén speed and have a wavelength close to 5 times the upstream ion inertial length. The dispersive properties of the ripples resemble those of Alfvén ion cyclotron waves in linear theory. Taking advantage of the slow crossing by the four MMS spacecraft, we map the shock-reflected ions as a function of ripple phase and distance from the shock. We find that ions are preferentially reflected in regions of the wave with magnetic field stronger than the average overshoot field, while in the regions of lower magnetic field, ions penetrate the shock to the downstream region.
ANTHROPOMETRIC CORRELATES OF SONOGRAPHICALLY-DETERMINED NORMAL PORTAL VEIN DIAMETER: RESULTS FROM A STUDY CONDUCTED IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Nidhi Lal, Demonstrator, College of Medicine & Sagore Datta Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. E-Mail: nidhi25_lal@rediffmail.com Background: Dilatation of portal vein is predictive of portal hypertension and therefore requires accurate standards for normal measurements. Despite several studies to determine portal vein diameters, there exist considerable variations across communities. Moreover, body builds have been found to correlate with different diseases. Purpose of study: We conducted a study among 200 normal participants belonging to Rajasthan in order to obtain data on sonographically measured diameters of portal vein and determine the association between portal vein diameters and age, sex, anthropometric measurements like height, weight, chest circumference, circumference at the transpyloric plane, circumference at the umbilicus and circumference at the hip. Results: We found that the mean portal vein diameter assessed ultrasonographically was 10.2 mm (SD 1.47 mm), with diameter ranging from 8.0 mm to 14.5 mm. Although, there was no statistically significant difference in portal vein diameter among the various age groups, a statistically significant difference was found between males and females. Portal vein diameter showed a statistically significant, positive correlation, albeit poor with anthropometric measurements, viz. weight, chest circumference, circumference at transpyloric plane, circumference at umbilicus and circumference at hip. A strong positive correlation was found between portal vein diameter and height of the study subjects (r = 0.40). On linear regression analysis, this relationship was found to be statistically significant, with an increase in portal vein diameter of 0.06 mm for every increase of one unit (1 cm) in height. Conclusion: The upper limit of normality of portal vein diameter was found to be 14.5 mm. Width of portal veins determined by sonography is indirect indicator of portal pressure responsible for development of varices, and prompt further investigation.
Are Large Language Models Really Good Logical Reasoners? A Comprehensive Evaluation and Beyond

Logical reasoning consistently plays a fundamental and significant role in the domains of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a noteworthy innovation in natural language processing (NLP), exhibiting impressive achievements across various classic NLP tasks. However, the question of whether LLMs can effectively address the task of logical reasoning, which requires gradual cognitive inference similar to human intelligence, remains unanswered. To this end, we aim to bridge this gap and provide comprehensive evaluations in this paper. Firstly, to offer systematic evaluations, we select fifteen typical logical reasoning datasets and organize them into deductive, inductive, abductive and mixed-form reasoning settings. Considering the comprehensiveness of evaluations, we include three representative LLMs (i.e., text-davinci-003, ChatGPT and BARD) and evaluate them on all selected datasets under zero-shot, one-shot and three-shot settings. Secondly, different from previous evaluations relying only on simple metrics (e.g., accuracy), we propose fine-level evaluations from objective and subjective manners, covering both answers and explanations. Additionally, to uncover the logical flaws of LLMs, problematic cases will be attributed to five error types from two dimensions, i.e., evidence selection process and reasoning process. Thirdly, to avoid the influences of knowledge bias and purely focus on benchmarking the logical reasoning capability of LLMs, we propose a new dataset with neutral content. It contains 3,000 samples and covers deductive, inductive and abductive settings. Based on the in-depth evaluations, this paper finally forms a general evaluation scheme of logical reasoning capability from six dimensions. It reflects the pros and cons of LLMs and gives guiding directions for future works.