Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water, race, and disease

Why, at the peak of the Jim Crow era early in the twentieth century, did life expectancy for African Americans rise dramatically? And why, when public officials were denying African Americans access to many other public services, did public water and sewer service for African Americans improve and expand? Using the qualitative and quantitative tools of demography, economics, geography, history, law, and medicine, Werner Troesken shows that the answers to these questions are closely connected. Arguing that in this case, racism led public officials not to deny services but to improve them -- the only way to "protect" white neighborhoods against waste from black neighborhoods was to install water and sewer systems in both -- Troesken shows that when cities and towns had working water and sewer systems, typhoid and other waterborne diseases were virtually eradicated. This contributed to the great improvements in life expectancy (both in absolute terms and relative to whites) among urban blacks between 1900 and 1940. Citing recent demographic and medical research findings that early exposure to typhoid increases the probability of heart problems later in life, Troesken argues that building water and sewer systems not only reduced waterborne disease rates, it also improved overall health and reduced mortality from other diseases. Troesken draws on many independent sources of evidence, including data from the Negro Mortality Project, econometric analysis of waterborne disease rates in blacks and whites, analysis of case law on discrimination in the provision of municipal services, and maps showing the location of black and white households. He argues that all evidence points to one conclusion: that there was much less discrimination in the provision of public water and sewer systems than would seem likely in the era of Jim Crow.
Theoretical far-field radiation from a low-frequency horizontal acoustic point force in a vertical borehole

A subsurface point body force can be realized using a body force on the axis of a small‐radius borehole drilled perpendicular to the force. This observation, originally made by Kitsunezaki (1980), is having a significant impact in shear‐wave logging, and may potentially affect downhole seismic sources. Applying the principle of reciprocity to this finding, a horizontal vibration sensor on the axis of a vertical hole will be unaffected by the existence of the hole at low frequencies. Numerical methods determine both the frequency below which, and the offset beyond which, borehole‐related effects are negligible. If the shear wavelength is greater than ten times the diameter of the hole and if the measurement is made at least one shear wavelength from the point force, then the borehole effects will be minimal.
Entrepreneurial Orientation Studies on Food And Beverage MSMEs To Examine The Effects of Social Media Marketing and Digital Content Marketing Activity on Business Performance

: The Indonesian government is encouraging the MSME sector to go digital following recent technological advancements to optimize its potential and productivity. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of social media marketing (SMM) and digital content marketing activities (DCMAs) on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and business performance (BP) of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the food and beverage industry. Entrepreneurs in the food and beverage industries who are located in the JABODETABEK area have used social media and prepared digital content as a marketing tool to make up the study's demographic. This study used a quantitative method with 272 MSME respondents who had responded to statements in the online questionnaire, which were collected over two months. SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), a data analysis technique, was employed with Lisrel 12. The findings demonstrated that Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance are stronger directly influenced by digital marketing content activities than the influence of social media marketing. In addition, Entrepreneurial Orientation also affects Business Performance. This research found that MSMEs in the food and beverage industry may focus on developing DCMAs and building an entrepreneurial mindset in recognizing the desires of modern customers in shifting marketing to be more digital-based to improve its business performance
Morphologic, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Drivers Cause Multi‐Temporal Saltwater Intrusion on a Remote, Sand Island

Small‐island populations disproportionately rely on fresh groundwater resources, which are increasingly threatened by salinization from changing ocean and climate conditions. This study investigates island groundwater dynamics and salinization over multiple timescales in response to marine, atmospheric, and morphologic drivers. New geophysical and hydrological data sets were collected on a remote sand island in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean between 2020 and 2022 and compared to historical baseline data from the 1970s. Data reveal saltwater intrusion due to multi‐decadal erosion, seasonal climate patterns, tidal forcing, and episodic flooding from Atlantic hurricanes. Long‐term dune erosion has caused the freshwater lens to thin and become asymmetrical; however, a lagged groundwater response causes the freshwater lens to be in disequilibrium with present island morphology. The maximum vertical lens thickness is seasonally constant, but the lateral transition zone along the coast thickens and moves seaward in spring when the water table is high from precipitation and frequent beach flooding. Groundwater level and electrical conductivity along low‐lying beaches significantly increase following Atlantic hurricanes due to seawater flooding, and reach a maximum of 1.93 m above sea level and 38 mS/cm, respectively. While groundwater levels recover quickly, conductivity (salinity) remains elevated due to the short intervals between winter flood events that outpace freshening from meteoric recharge. Results emphasize the importance of multi‐temporal groundwater dynamics and feedbacks between coastal flooding, erosion, and salinization. Field‐based studies considering multiple drivers and timescales of saltwater intrusion are critical for understanding and managing coastal freshwater resources in an age of rapid environmental change.
GPS measurements of near‐field deformation along the southern Dead Sea Fault System

Analysis of short‐term deformation along the southern part of Dead Sea Fault (DSF) provides a systematic view of kinematics this part of the continental transform. The southern DSF consists of two principal segments: the Wadi Araba and Jordan Valley faults. In addition to other regional continuous GPS data, this study uses new data from 25 survey sites and 4 continuous GPS stations in Jordan for improved near‐field observations. Resulting velocities are reported with 1‐σ uncertainties ranging from 0.4–1.0 mm/yr. Application of elastic dislocation models yields estimates of slip rates for Wadi Araba and Jordan Valley faults are 4.9 ± 0.4 mm/yr and 4.7 ± 0.4 mm/yr, respectively. Modeling also suggests different depths of effective fault locking with 15 ± 5 km and 8 ± 5 km for the Wadi Araba and Jordan Valley faults, respectively. These slip rates are generally consistent with the upper end of the range of slip rates estimated from late Quaternary geology. Spatial variations in effective fault locking generally correspond with a heterogeneous mantle lithosphere. A similar observation can be observed along the southern San Andreas Fault, and this may reflect the influence of heterogeneity in the uppermost mantle on crustal faulting processes.
Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the peterborough drumlin field, ontario, canada

Abstract Drumlins are enigmatic subglacial landforms that have been interpreted to form by a number of processes, including incremental accumulation of till, erosion of previously deposited sediment, catastrophic meltwater floods, and sediment deformation. However, relatively little is known about the controls on drumlin formation, such as spatially variable glacial processes or substrate characteristics, and how these controls may be identified from variations in drumlin morphology within a single drumlin field. This paper explores a computational method that allows identification of drumlins and extraction of their morphological characteristics from existing topographic digital data for a portion of the eterborough drumlin field in ntario, anada. Spatial and non‐spatial analysis of the form and distribution of drumlins across the study area identifies drumlin characteristics such as size, elongation ratio, symmetry and long axis orientation and shows that drumlins are not randomly distributed across the region and their form characteristics have distinct regional trends. Kernel density analysis is used to identify the regional trends in drumlin characteristics. Factors that appear to influence the form and distribution of drumlins in the study area include sediment thickness, length of time beneath the ice, ice velocity and direction of ice movement. The distribution of particularly well developed asymmetric and elongate drumlins coincides with the location of a broad bedrock low and is interpreted to identify the former location of a fast‐flowing ice stream.
A homogenization approach to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of a stone column reinforced foundation

Abstract This paper relates to the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing resting upon a purely cohesive soil reinforced by a group of vertical columns made of a purely frictional material ("stone column" reinforcement technique). The analysis is carried out by means of the yield design homogenization approach, following a two-step procedure: a lower bound approximation of the reinforced soil macroscopic strength criterion is first obtained, followed by its incorporation into the yield design static approach applied to the homogenized problem resulting in lower bound estimates for the reinforced foundation load bearing capacity. Compared to direct lower bound solution the homogenization approach provides a better estimation of bearing capacity.
The Presence of a Physician Role Model and the Career Preference of Medical Students Are Associated With Rural Self-efficacy

Rural career preference is known to be affected by rural self-efficacy. This study aims to explore whether the presence of a physician role model and having a medical department of interest influence rural self-efficacy among medical students. The study sample comprised 813 students (464 male and 349 female). We assessed rural self-efficacy using a validated scale that comprised 15 questions. The effect of the presence of a physician role model and the choice of medical department on rural self-efficacy score was examined. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that the presence of a physician role model was significantly associated with the rural self-efficacy score (β = 0.236, p < 0.001), as were gender (β = −0.096, p = 0.004), admission while living in hometown (β = 0.077, p = 0.041), receiving a scholarship for regional duty (β = 0.079, p = 0.025), admission based on school recommendation (β = 0.077, p = 0.031), and subjective difficulty with living in a rural area (β = −0.201, p < 0.001). Moreover, a higher rural self-efficacy score was significantly associated with students who listed general medicine/family medicine (β = 0.204, p < 0.001), pediatrics (β = 0.098, p = 0.004), or obstetrics and gynecology (β = 0.108, p = 0.002) as their department of choice, while anesthesiology (β = −0.075, p = 0.023) was significantly associated with a lower rural self-efficacy score. These relationships were consistent for both males and females. The presence of a physician role model and the choice of medical department are important factors for higher rural self-efficacy scores.
Antecedents of employee intrapreneurship in the public sector: a proactive motivation approach

Abstract Public servants’ intrapreneurship (entrepreneurial actions performed by employees from within an organization) is gaining importance as a micro-foundation of public sector innovation and improved service delivery. This study addresses this topic from a proactive motivation perspective and using weekly diary surveys filled out by 757 public servants from 37 departments of the Dutch national public administration for five consecutive weeks (n = 2279 datapoints). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that antecedents of intrapreneurship could be grouped into three categories of proactive motivation: (1) reason-to (prosocial impact, job accountability), (2) can-do (job autonomy, self-efficacy, optimism), and (3) energized-to (work engagement). Multilevel structural equation modeling showed that public servants reported more intrapreneurial behavior when they had more reason-to and were energized-to be proactive. Can-do motivation moderated (strengthened) these relationships. Necessary conditions analyses showed that each predictor was essential, emphasizing the importance of careful alignment of human resource practices aimed at evoking different types of proactive motivation.
Assessment of physical and chemical properties of sub-tropical soil to predict long term effluent treatment potential

On-site wastewater treatment systems aim to assimilate domestic effluent into the environment. Unfortunately failure of such systems is common and inadequate effluent treatment can have serious environmental implications. A research project was undertaken to determine the role of physical and chemical soil properties in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent disposal areas. Monitoring changes in these properties permit improved prediction of the treatment potential of a soil. The changes within soil properties of the disposal area due to effluent application were found to be directly related to the subsurface drainage characteristics including permeability, clay content and clay type. The major controlling soil physical and chemical attributes were found to be moderate drainage, significant soil cation exchange capacity and dominance of exchangeable Ca or exchangeable Mg over exchangeable Na, low exchangeable Na, clay type and a minimum depth of 0.4m of potential unsaturated soil before encountering a restrictive horizon. The study confirmed that both the physical properties and chemistry of the soil can be valuable predictive tools for evaluating the long term operation of sewage effluent disposal systems.
ZmMPK6-1 positively regulates maize resistance to E. turcicum through enhancing ZmERF061 activity

ABSTRACT Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is one of the most important foliar disease in maize, which leads to serious yield losses. It is necessary to identify resistance genes in order to control NCLB. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in plant defense reactions. Ethylene-response factor (ERF) is involved in plant disease resistance in maize through phosphorylation by MAPK signaling pathway. Here, we found that ZmMPK6-1 positively regulates maize resistance against E. turcicum through enhancing the expression of defense-related genes and enzyme activities. Moreover, ZmMPK6-1 can interact with ZmERF061 which enhanced the transcriptional activation activity of ZmERF061. Taken together, our findings indicated that ZmMPK6-1 would act through improving ZmERF061 transcriptional activation activity to induce defensin gene expression in regulating the maize resistance against E. turcicum. These results revealed the molecular mechanism of ZmMPK6-1-ZmERF061 signaling pathway in response to E. turcicum, which is useful to maize E. turcicum resistance breeding. Key policy highlights ZmMPK6-1 positively regulates maize resistance against E. turcicum. ZmMPK6-1 mutant lines decreased the expression of defense-related genes and enzyme activities. ZmMPK6-1 can interact with ZmERF061 which enhanced the transcriptional activation activity of ZmERF061.
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS AND WORKABILITY OF THE LATERITIC SOIL-IRON ORE TAILINGS IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

The mining waste deposit such as iron ore tailings (IOT) in Nigeria is a menace to the environment by constituting a nuisance to the mining industry, and its effect on lateritic soil as a compaction and plasticity reduction material for road pavement is considered in this study. The used natural lateritic soil was classified as A-7-6(11) or CL by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) respectively. Up to 16% of the soil’s dry weight was modified with iron ore tailings (IOT). Studying the effects of IOT on the altered soil focused on its cation exchange capacity, plasticity, compaction properties and California bearing ratio (CBR). British Standard Light (BSL) energy was used for the compaction process. However, the results of regression analysis showed that the optimum moisture content had a substantial impact on the soil CBR values. The results of the tests show that as the IOT content increased, plasticity and compaction characteristic values increased. Although an optimal 10% IOT treatment of lateritic soil significantly improved its strength properties, the plasticity characteristics recorded exceeded the requirement specified by the Nigerian General Specifications for direct use as a subbase or base material. Thus, reusing 10% iron ore tailings as filling materials required additional percentages of other pozzolanic materials to lessen the environmental problems associated with their deposition.
Land Suitability Assessment for Afforestation with Elaeagnus Angustifolia L. in Degraded Agricultural Areas of the Lower Amudarya River Basin

Degradation of irrigated croplands in arid regions is of great environmental concern worldwide. Based on a series of field trials, afforestation with well‐adapted tree species was evaluated as a viable option for the cropland rehabilitation in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River basin in Uzbekistan. Our aim was to extend available site‐specific information for the entire regional landscape and provide spatially explicit guidance in support of afforestation land rehabilitation efforts. To this end, a geographic information system—based multicriteria decision‐making approach has been developed for assessing the suitability of degraded irrigated cropland for introducing plantations of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. This approach utilized expert knowledge, fuzzy logic, and a weighted linear combination to produce an afforestation land suitability map. Overall, 75 287 ha of degraded croplands (18% of the irrigated cropland area) was identified as suitable for introduction of E. angustifolia. We also conclude that irrigation water supply and groundwater table depth are the critical factors determining the suitability of degraded irrigated land. These findings improve an understanding of the spatial variability of areas suitable for the initiation of agroforests and support better informed decisions on cropland rehabilitation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical relevance of OSM in inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a variety of inflammatory responses such as wound healing, liver regeneration, and bone remodeling. As a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, OSM binds the shared receptor gp130, recruits either OSMRβ or LIFRβ, and activates a variety of signaling pathways including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Since its discovery in 1986, OSM has been identified as a significant contributor to a multitude of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lung and skin disease, cardiovascular disease, and most recently, COVID-19. Additionally, OSM has also been extensively studied in the context of several cancer types including breast, cervical, ovarian, testicular, colon and gastrointestinal, brain,lung, skin, as well as other cancers. While OSM has been recognized as a significant contributor for each of these diseases, and studies have shown OSM inhibition is effective at treating or reducing symptoms, very few therapeutics have succeeded into clinical trials, and none have yet been approved by the FDA for treatment. In this review, we outline the role OSM plays in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, and outline the previous and current strategies for developing an inhibitor for OSM signaling.
Income over feed cost of the Indonesian-Bali pure breed cattle fed the formulation supplement of agricultural by-product in the urea red palm sugar block

Introduction and aim: The specific nutrients needed for tissue synthesis in ruminant animal’s growth required balanced nutrients arising from ruminant animal fermentative and intestinal digestion. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate feed supplement utilization of agricultural waste ingredients providing specific valuable nutrients in balancing the absorbed products of digestion to meet animal's requirements increasing animal economical production. Methods: Data of dried matter consumption, average daily gain feed conversion, feed cost and animal live weight price of yearling calves in Bali pure breed cattle were used to assess the economical animal production focusing on income over feed cost of different the levels of agricultural waste ingredients formulated in the urea red palm sugar block (URPS-Block). This formulated URPS-Block was fed to the Indonesian-Bali pure breed cattle with basal diets of king grass (Pennisetum purpureum). The unused waste of expired red palm sugar was used to change molasses function due to its unavailability and high prices in some areas. The yearling calves generated by Bali pure breed bull mated naturally with Bali pure breed cows were used in this study. Data were analyzed by a covariance model in the Double Latin Square design. Results: The economical productivity focusing on the income over feed cost (IOFC) of both male and female yearling calves by treatment comparisons of different levels of URPS-Block feed supplement showed that the treatment of URPS-Block supplement with 300 g/animal/day (R2) produced the highest income over feed cost (IOFC) of IDR 18,975. - and 21,100. - in female and male yearling calves, respectively. This IOFC of male yearling calves indicated the comparative outstanding of 6.95 percent more efficient for economical production over female yearling calves in Bali-pure breed cattle Conclusion: This study gives preliminary information on the treatment of the URPS-Block feed supplement of 300 g/animal/day (R2) producing the highest income over feed cost (IOFC). The results may help animal producers in planning strategies for beef farm to keep animals with the economical productivity using URPS-Block supplement from agricultural by-product for beef cattle farm sustainability. Implications: The treatment of the URPS-Block feed supplement of 300 g/animal/day (R2) could be used as the first rank choice of the highest feed supplement, followed by the treatment of the URPS-Block feed supplement of 150 g/animal/day (R1) and 450 g/animal/day (R3) to be the alternative choices for the economical animal production compared with treatment without URPS-Block (R0) in male and female calves of Bali-pure breed cattle.