Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variable bucket representation of TOPMODEL and investigation of the effects of rainfall heterogeneity

In this paper we present a variable bucket capacity (VBC) representation of TOPMODEL (Beven and Kirkby, 1979), generalizing the Manabe ‘simple bucket’ scheme widely used in climate models. In doing this, we have been motivated by the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model presented by Wood et al. (1992). For catchments, or for parts of the land surface, whose hydrology fits the TOPMODEL assumptions, this lumped version offers an alternative representation that can be used as the building block for land surface hydrology models at large spatial scales. The model is first applied, with satisfactory results, to a small catchment near Canberra in Australia. Next, using the same model, the effects of random spatial variability of rainfall are studied, but in the context of land surface hydrological parameterizations for global climate models. Sub-grid rainfall variability, especially the partial coverage that characterizes rainfall events at such large scales, is found to cause significant biases in the estimation of land surface fluxes. Other manifestations of the effects of the spatial variability of rainfall are also investigated, also by means of model simulations, but with a view to gaining insights for developing simple parameterizations of land surface fluxes at large scales. This includes the investigation of the dynamics, i.e. spatial and temporal variability, of the soil moisture state variable during and after a rainfall event. In addition, empirical relationships linking the variable contributing area, subsurface runoff and evaporation, to a soil moisture state variable (e.g. soil moisture storage), are derived based on model simulations, and the effects of the sub-grid rainfall variability on these relationships are examined. Because of the strong non-linearity inherent in the process descriptions within the model, the above ‘constitutive’ relationships are strongly affected by rainfall heterogeneity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open system melting and temporal and spatial variation of peridotite and basalt at the Atlantis II Fracture Zone

In situ ion microprobe analysis of trace and rare earth elements in discrete diopsides in abyssal peridotites from nine transform dredge hauls from the Atlantis II Fracture Zone (All FZ) shows that these samples have a wide range of trace element contents close to the total range found for the entire Southwest Indian Ridge. Though the spread in analyses is large, the average composition of the peridotites is close to that reported for the All FZ by Johnson et al. (1990) and lies at the relatively undepleted end of the spectrum for SW Indian Ridge residual mantle peridotites. A sharp break in peridotite diopside composition and modal mineralogy occurs across the transform, suggesting that it acts as a boundary for different melting regimes and initial mantle compositions. The difference in peridotite compositions is mirrored in spatially associated basalts, which lie on separate parallel liquidus trends in the normative ternary pyroxene-olivine-plagioclase. Basalts from the east side of the transform have higher normative plagioclase contents, indicating that they may be products of lower degrees of mantle melting than basalts from the western side, consistent with greater depletion of peridotites from the western wall or a more depleted initial composition. Basalts from the eastern wall also have consistently lower Fe8.0 and higher Na8.0 than basalts from the western wall and lie parallel to the global along-ridge Fe8.0 − Na8.0 trend (Klein and Langmuir, 1987) and orthogonal to the local melting paths of Klein and Langmuir (1989). Our data provide strong evidence for segmentation of the melting regime, with major mantle discontinuities occurring at transform offsets at slow spreading ridges. Peridotites analyzed along the eastern wall of the fracture zone also show a systematic change in composition with latitude and, with the older peridotites from the median tectonic ridge, define a systematic change in the degree of melting of the mantle occurring beneath the paleoridge axis over the last 11 m.y. Emplacement of mantle showing the lowest degree of melting, or the least depleted parental mantle composition, corresponds roughly to the time of crystallization of Ocean Drilling Program site 735B gabbros. Melting is modeled as a non-steady state, discontinuous process with 0.1–0.5 vol % aggregated melt retained in the porous residue (open system melting). The range in degree of open system melting for the combined suite of All FZ peridotites is 8–20%. Such a large systematic variation would appear to require a dynamically significant change with time, either in the initial temperature and/or a large compositional difference of the mantle beneath the paleoridge axis. This in turn suggests that in the relative reference frame of the ridge axis, mantle flow was non-steady state. This could reflect episodic mantle diapirism beneath the ridge axis or, alternatively, that the ridge axis has moved over a zone of enhanced upflow in the underlying mantle that was fixed in the absolute hotspot mantle reference frame.
Portraying the Influence Factor of Urban Vibrancy at Street Level Using Multisource Urban Data

Exploring the factors influencing urban vibrancy can help policy development and advance urban planning and sustainable development. Previous studies have typically focused on the effects of physical environmental factors (e.g., built environment, urban landscape) on urban vibrancy, ignoring the role of non-physical environmental factors (e.g., urban psychological perceptions). In addition, these studies remain focused on relatively coarse spatial units and lack the exploration of finer-grained spatial structures. In this study, a novel framework is proposed to analyze urban vibrancy and its influencing factors at a more fine-grained street level. Firstly, two types of urban sensing data, POIs and Weibo check-ins, are integrated to portray the spatial distribution patterns of urban vibrancy on the streets. Secondly, a full convolutional network (FCN-8s) is used to segment the streetscape images of Beijing and use them as a basis to extract potential visual–spatial features and urban psychological perceptual features that influence urban vibrancy. Thirdly, we reveal the deeper causes of the impact of psychological perception on urban vibrancy. Finally, an improved ridge regression model is proposed to model the relationship between features and vibrancy, reducing the covariance between features while avoiding the reduction of important features. Satisfactory regression model performances were attained with adjusted R2 values of 0.706, 0.743, and 0.807 at each characteristic level. The results of the study show that: Urban vibrancy is highly dependent on the proposed visual–spatial and urban psychological perception characteristics at the street level. In particular, positive urban psychological perceptions (safety, lively, wealthy) are positively correlated with urban vibrancy, while negative street perceptions (boring) are negatively correlated with urban vibrancy. Unlike previous research scales, our study shows that urban vibrancy portrayal based on the street scale has a greater potential to demonstrate fine-grained vibrancy distribution compared to the neighborhood scale. These findings may provide important insights for people-oriented urban development and planning.
Gaussian Model of Electrooculogram Signals

Modeling of biomedical signals is crucial and vital for compression, transmission, understanding, feature extraction, and prediction. Researchers devoted their efforts on modeling cardiac related biosignals such as electrocardiography (ECG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and arterial blood pressure(APP) without concerning other types of non-cardiac related biosignals such as electrooculogram (EOG). This paper focus on the modeling of EOG signal using a novel method that exploits a linear combination of seven gaussian basis functions. The proposed method succeeded on modeling of fifteen different eye movements directions combined from right, left, and center with average root mean squared (RMS) error of I%.
Photonic dating of prehistoric irrigation canals at Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. *

A number of archeological features, including in‐filled irrigation canals of uncertain prehistoric age, occur within the Holocene floodplain of the Salt River at Phoenix, Arizona. In the first attempt to date irrigation‐canal sediments using luminescence methods, we obtained age estimates of 1640 ± 190 yr B.P. (1σ) (multi‐aliquot or MA) and 1621 ± 95 yr B.P. (post‐IR single‐aliquot‐regenerative‐dose or SAR) for a single sample from the base of the oldest canal‐infilling deposits (all IR‐PSL ages reported in this article are in calendar years before A.D. 2001). For the remaining canal samples, weighted mean luminescence ages of 819 ± 45 yr (MA) and 826 ± 32 yr (post‐IR SAR) were obtained. Thus from photonic dating we can resolve the first and last phases of canal use at this Phoenix site: initiation at ca. 1600 years ago and final use at ca. 800 years ago. These results demonstrate the power of SAR luminescence sediment dating to enhance our understanding of prehistoric irrigation‐canal development and usage here and elsewhere in the world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Study on Moyna Basin Water-Logged Areas (India) Using Remote Sensing and GIS Methods and Their Contemporary Economic Significance

The prime objective of this paper is to identify and map the water-logged areas within Moyna basin, India, and to explore their contemporary economic significances. The Landsat 5 TM, ASTER data, and topographical sheets have been taken into consideration with field observations. Maps on relief, slope, canal density, embankments, a supervised classification of the study area and then NDVI, NDWI, and modified NDWI or NDMI have been prepared here. At Moyna, the piezometric surface ranges from five to ten metres below the ground level. The percentage of clay particles is high throughout the surface soil. The total rainfall is nearly 1400 mm and most of it happened during the monsoon period. Two well-marked depressions are observed there within the basin and the nearly central one is wide and is clearly identified from the relief map also. Problem of drainage congestion there accelerates the onset of water-logged situation. In general, water-logged areas are not suitable for humans. People once were worried about the water-logged environment due to underwater scenario of low-lying agricultural fields for a certain period, but today local people are taking this environmental condition as an opportunity for fishing activity and thus they are becoming economically benefitted as well.
Cognitive Biases in New Technology Appropriation: An experiment on the impact of judgmental and presentational priming

This paper extends individual-based theories of adaptive structuration by exploring the role of cognitive biases in shaping the individual sensemaking of a new technology (i.e., an online product configurator). We question whether cognitive biases intervene in the sensemaking process to influence the ensuing appropriation of the technology. We experimentally trigger cognitive biases by priming participants (N=645) with positive/negative judgments about the technology and with textual/visual instructions about its features. As outcome variables, we measure subjective and objective faithfulness of appropriation (FOA), and satisfaction with the technology. Results indicate that negative judgment lowers users’ satisfaction, but at the same time increases their objective FOA. Compared to textual priming, visual priming leads to higher satisfaction, and triggers an illusion of having appropriated the technology faithfully – although without influencing objective FOA. We conclude by showing implications for IS scholars and practitioners.
IL-15 priming alters IFN-γ regulation in murine NK cells

Natural killer (NK) effector functions can be triggered by inflammatory cytokines and engagement of activating receptors. NK cell production of IFN-γ, an important immunoregulatory cytokine, exhibits activation-specific IFN-γ regulation. Resting murine NK cells exhibit activation-specific metabolic requirements for IFN-γ production, which are reversed for activating receptor-mediated stimulation following IL-15 priming. While both cytokine and activating receptor stimulation leads to similar IFN-γ protein production, only cytokine stimulation upregulates Ifng transcript, suggesting that protein production is translationally regulated after receptor stimulation. Based on these differences in IFN-γ regulation, we hypothesized that ex vivo IL-15 priming of murine NK cells allows a switch to IFN-γ transcription upon activating receptor engagement. Transcriptional analysis of primed NK cells compared to naïve cells or cells cultured with low-dose IL-15 demonstrated that primed cells strongly upregulated Ifng transcript following activating receptor stimulation. This was not due to chromatin accessibility changes in the Ifng locus or changes in ITAM signaling, but was associated with a distinct transcriptional signature induced by ITAM stimulation of primed compared to naïve NK cells. Transcriptional analyses identified a common signature of c-Myc (Myc) targets associated with Ifng transcription. While Myc marked NK cells capable of Ifng transcription, Myc itself was not required for Ifng transcription using a genetic model of Myc deletion. This work highlights altered regulatory networks in IL-15 primed cells, resulting in distinct gene expression patterns and IFN-γ regulation in response to activating receptor stimulation.
Connecting organic carbon in stream water and soils in a peatland catchment

[1] We investigated the spatial and temporal connectivity between concentrations of organic carbon in stream water and the soil carbon pool in a small (1.3 km2) upland catchment in NE Scotland by comparing downstream changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with spatial changes in the soil carbon pool. Stream water DOC concentrations increased downstream to reach a maximum in the center of the catchment and then decreased in the lower part of the catchment, a pattern that was linked to spatial changes in the soil carbon pool. Subcatchment analysis of the soil carbon pool and DOC export showed that the strong relationship between percent of peat coverage and stream water DOC in the upper part of the catchment did not hold farther downstream, where freely draining mineral soils become spatially more important. Temporal variations in stream water and soil water DOC concentrations in the central part of the catchment were studied using samples collected from two depths (0.20–0.45 m and 0.65–0.95 m) in the two most important soil types there (histosols and fluvisols). Stream water DOC concentrations were only related to soil water DOC in shallow peat. DOC concentration in shallow peat and stream water were both positively correlated with temperature. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 55% of the variation in stream water DOC concentrations could be explained by a model including stream temperature, discharge, and soil solution DOC concentrations in the shallow histosols. We conclude that the linkage between stream water DOC concentrations and the soil C pool in the upper 1.5 km of the stream reach are likely to be driven by temperature-related DOC production in near-surface histosols. Farther downstream, this relationship between organic carbon in the soil and stream becomes weaker as other processes (e.g., lower inputs from minerals soils and allochthonous within-stream processing of DOC) become more important.
Linking enlarged choroid plexus with plasma analyte and structural phenotypes in clinical high risk for psychosis: A multisite neuroimaging study

Background Choroid plexus (ChP) enlargement exists in first-episode and chronic psychosis, but whether enlargement occurs before psychosis onset is unknown. This study investigated whether ChP volume is enlarged in individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and whether these changes are related to clinical, neuroanatomical, and plasma analytes. Methods Clinical and neuroimaging data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2 (NAPLS2) was used for analysis. 509 participants (169 controls, 340 CHR) were recruited. Conversion status was determined after 2-years of follow-up, with 36 psychosis converters. The lateral ventricle ChP was manually segmented from baseline scans. A subsample of 31 controls and 53 CHR had plasma analyte and neuroimaging data. Results Compared to controls, CHR (d=0.23, p=0.017) and non-converters (d=0.22, p=0.03) demonstrated higher ChP volumes, but not in converters. In CHR, greater ChP volume correlated with lower cortical (r=-0.22, p<0.001), subcortical gray matter (r=-0.21, p<0.001), and total white matter volume (r=-0.28,p<0.001), as well as larger lateral ventricle volume (r=0.63,p<0.001). Greater ChP volume correlated with makers functionally associated with the lateral ventricle ChP in CHR [CCL1 (r=-0.30, p=0.035), ICAM1 (r=0.33, p=0.02)], converters [IL1β (r=0.66, p=0.004)], and non-converters [BMP6 (r=-0.96, p<0.001), CALB1 (r=-0.98, p<0.001), ICAM1 (r=0.80, p=0.003), SELE (r=0.59, p=0.026), SHBG (r=0.99, p<0.001), TNFRSF10C (r=0.78, p=0.001)]. Conclusions CHR and non-converters demonstrated significantly larger ChP volumes compared to controls. Enlarged ChP was associated with neuroanatomical alterations and analyte markers functionally associated with the ChP. These findings suggest that the ChP may be a key explanatory biomarker in CHR for psychosis.
Hydrological Dynamics and Human Impact on Ecosystems of Lake Tana, Northwestern Ethiopia

Lake Tana, biggest lake in Ethiopia, is very important water resource for community living and depending on the lake’s resources. However, the recent development activities at the catchment areas have negatively affected the water of the lake, and the climate of the region. This study delineated how land cover modification, climate change, population increase and development activities within the catchment have influenced the hydrological dynamics of Lake Tana. The land cover modification of southern part of catchment of Lake Tana in the years 1973, 1986, 1995 and 2008 were examined using land sat images. For the last 30 years, temperature, rainfall and lake level data were evaluated to identify change in climate and lake level. The annual means of temperature, rainfall, and lake level with their decadal variation and trends were analyzed with the support of linear regression model to assess trend change. Population change for the last 25 years and development activities were also assessed. The results have revealed that within the last 35 years more than 6.2% of lake’s area was converted to other land covers. Parallel to this period within the catchment there was declining of rainfall and lake level and rise in temperature. There was also increase of population and intensification of use of lake’s water in recent times. Thus, it is implied that change in Lake Tana water was caused by human factors and climate changes. Key Words: Lake Tana; Hydrological Dynamics; Climate Change; Population Increase; Land Modification; Development Activities
Explorations of Mariana Arc volcanoes reveal new hydrothermal systems

Some 20,000 km of volcanic arcs, roughly one-third the length of the global mid-ocean ridge (MOR) system, rim the western Pacific Ocean. Compared to 25 years of hydrothermal investigations along MORs, exploration of similar activity on the estimated ∼600 submarine arc volcanoes is only beginning [Ishibashi and Urabe, 1995; De Ronde et al, 2003] . To help alleviate this under-sampling, the R/V T G Thompson in early 2003 (9 February to 5 March) conducted the first complete survey of hydrothermal activity along 1200 km of the Mariana intra-oceanic volcanic arc. This region includes both the Territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements

[1] Based on the first year of CALIPSO lidar measurements under cloud-free conditions, a height-resolved global distribution of dust aerosols is presented for the first time. Results indicate that spring is the most active dust season, during which ∼20% and ∼12% of areas between 0 and 60°N are influenced by dust at least 10% and 50% of the time, respectively. In summer within 3–6 km, ∼8.3% of area between 0 and 60°N is impacted by dust at least 50% of the time. Strong seasonal cycles of dust layer vertical extent are observed in major source regions, which are similar to the seasonal variation of the thermally driven boundary layer depth. The arid and semiarid areas in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula are the most persistent and prolific dust sources. African dust is transported across the Atlantic all yearlong with strong seasonal variation in the transport pathways mainly in the free troposphere in summer and at the low altitudes in winter. However, the trans-Atlantic dust is transported at the low altitudes is important for all seasons, especially transported further cross the ocean. The crossing Atlantic dusty zones are shifted southward from summer to winter, which is accompanied by a similar southward shift of dust-generating areas over North Africa. The Taklimakan and Gobi deserts are two major dust sources in East Asia with long-range transport mainly occurring in spring. The large horizontal and vertical coverage of dust aerosols indicate their importance in the climate system through both direct and indirect aerosol effects.
Fine-tuning giant neural networks on commodity hardware with automatic pipeline model parallelism

Fine-tuning is an increasingly common technique that leverages transfer learning to dramatically expedite the training of huge, high-quality models. Critically, ﬁne-tuning holds the potential to make giant state-of-the-art models pre-trained on high-end super-computing-grade systems readily available for users that lack access to such costly resources. Unfortunately, this potential is still difﬁcult to realize because the models often do not ﬁt in the memory of a single commodity GPU, making ﬁne-tuning a challenging problem. We present FTPipe, a system that explores a previously unexplored dimension of pipeline model parallelism, making multi-GPU execution of ﬁne-tuning tasks for giant neural networks readily accessible. A key novel concept, called Mixed-pipe, allows balancing the compute-and memory-load on the GPUs by partitioning the model into computational blocks of any granularity while relaxing model topology constraints. Our system goes beyond topology limitations of previous pipeline-parallel approaches, efﬁciently training a new family of models, including the current state-of-the-art. Our extensive experiments on giant NLP models (BERT-340M, GPT2-1.5B, and T5-3B) show that FTPipe achieves up to 3 × speedup and state-of-the-art accuracy when ﬁne-tuning giant transformers with billions of parameters. These models require from 12GB to 59GB of GPU memory, and FTPipe executes them on 8 commodity RTX2080-Ti GPUs, each with 11GB memory and standard PCIe. FTPipe will be publicly released on GitHub.