Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the ion‐density measurements by the Indian satellite SROSS‐C2

The ion and electron F region plasma measurements made by the ion and electron Retarding Potential Analyzers (RPAs) onboard the Indian satellite SROSS‐C2, have yielded excellent data set over the Indian region for more than half a solar cycle, after the SROSS‐C2 launch in May 1994. The absolute ion density, ion temperature, and ion composition parameters are derived from these in situ measurements and used by many workers. In this paper the absolute values of ion density derived from the ion RPA measurements are compared and evaluated with the measurements made by ground‐based ionosondes located in the Indian region and close to the SROSS‐C2 orbital path. It is shown that a slight adjustment in efficiency factor of the ion RPA sensor brings the in situ measurements much closer to those obtained from the ground‐based ionosonde measurements taking into account the model calculations. It may be mentioned that this is a correction to the ion density measurement by SROSS‐C2 by a fixed proportion (14–11.4%). The effect of change in efficiency factor on the ion current, which is used to deduce the ion number density, is demonstrated and discussed.
Current Status of Fasciolosis of Goat in Sylhet, Bangladesh: An Integrated Morphomolecular Study

Epidemiological information and proper identification of Fasciola species present in Bangladesh are important for control. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of liver fluke infection of goats in Sylhet, Bangladesh, and identifying those using integrated morphometric and molecular techniques. A total of 260 slaughtered goats (Capra hircus) were examined, and flukes were collected from infected liver using sterilized forceps. Fasciolosis prevalence in goats was 35.38% (92/260) across all age and sex categories. Female goats were found more infected (37.14%, 65/175) than male goats (31.76%, 27/85), while infection rate was found higher in young animals (37.91%, 69/182) compared to adults (29.48% 23/78). Infection rate was observed higher in rainy season (52.96%, 45/85), followed by winter (27.38%, 26/95) and summer (26.25%, 21/80). Collected flukes were examined by light microscopy after being stained with Semichon's acetocarmine, and sequences of mtDNA Cox1 genes were obtained. Ten adult flukes were measured, 38.72 ± 3.37 mm in length and 11.8 ± 1.9 mm in width. Based on morphometric features especially branching of the testis and body length/body width ratios (3.28 ± 0.42), the flukes were primarily identified as Fasciola gigantica. Amplicon sequences were compared by BLAST and the cox1 sequences showed 97.1-99.3% similarity with the reference sequences (F. gigantica and Fasciola sp.) from GenBank. In this study, we found a considerable prevalence of fascioliasis in goats, and F. gigantica was solely identified with variation. To control these parasites and prevent potential public health risks, appropriate control techniques must be developed.
Stepped Spillway Prototype Operation and Air Entrainment: Toward a Better Understanding of the Mechanisms Leading to Air Entrainment in Skimming Flows

: A spillway is a conveyance structure designed to pass flood waters. The construction of steps down the steep chute may contribute to some energy dissipation, in turn reducing the size of the downstream energy dissipator. A unique opportunity for field observations was provided at the Hinze Dam Stage 3 (Gold Coast, Australia) between 2013 and 2021. Detailed observations were conducted for six overflow discharges within 20 . 9 m 3 = s < Q < 334 m 3 = s with Q the volume discharge, corresponding to dimensionless discharges 0 . 44 < d c = h < 2 . 82 with d c the critical depth and h the step height and Reynolds numbers ranging from 0 . 68 × 10 7 to 10 . 8 × 10 7 . Some uniquely novel aspects of the research included a series of systematic observations of a full-scale prototype stepped spillway, operating with a relatively wide range of unit discharges 1 . 71 m 2 = s < q < 27 . 3 m 2 = s with q the unit discharge. The observations provided new information on the basic hydraulic flow patterns, inception of free-surface aeration, and surface velocity field. Overall, the current study detailed some unique insights into the mechanisms leading to air entrainment in skimming flows in high-velocity prototype stepped spillways. While surface velocity measurements were achieved, the limitations are discussed and future enhancements are proposed. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0002015. © 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Energy-Efficient Recurrent Neural Network With MRAM-Based Probabilistic Activation Functions

Herein, we develop a programmable energy-efficient hardware implementation for Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Resistive Random-Access Memory (ReRAM) synapses and ultra-low power, area-efficient spin-based activation functions. To attain high energy-efficiency while maintaining accuracy, a novel Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architecture is proposed to leverage data-level parallelism during the evaluation phase. We employ an MRAM-based Adjustable Probabilistic Activation Function (APAF) via a low-power tunable activation mechanism, providing adjustable levels of accuracy to mimic ideal sigmoid and tanh thresholding along with a matching algorithm to regulate the neuron properties. Our hardware/software cross-layer simulation shows that our proposed design achieves up to 74.5× energy-efficiency with ∼11× area reduction compared to its counterpart designs while keeping the accuracy comparable.
Trading Favours through the Revolving Door: Evidence from China’s Primary Land Market

By matching data on land transactions in China’s primary land market with detailed curriculum-vitae of board directors in publicly listed firms, we identify a pattern of ‘revolving door’ exchanges between local officials and firms. The officials discounted the price of land which they sold to the said firms, and were subsequently rewarded with board appointments upon retirement. Specifically, these ‘client-officials’ are three times as likely to be recruited by the ‘patron-firms’ as board directors and enjoy a salary that is 23% higher and 81% more company shares by comparison with directors who did not help firms to secure cheap land deals. All of these, however, are conditional on patron-firms being able to receive a price discount, which averaged 19.4% when they purchased them in normal times. However, when client-officials were constrained from providing a price discount during a surprise audit, the likelihood of client-officials recruited as board directors was halved, with the price discount and extra compensation received by the patrons and clients respectively vanishing altogether. By providing evidence of the reciprocal benefits received by both parties, we demonstrate that the revolving door is used as a ‘payment’ rather than a ‘connection’ device in the Chinese context.
The Effect of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Cartilage Repair in Rabbits

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown chondroprotective effects in cartilage repair. However, side effects caused by MSC treatment limit their application in clinic. As a cell-free therapy, MSC-derived exosomes (EXOs) have attracted much more attention in recent years. In the present study, we prepared EXOs from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and examined their therapeutic potentials in cartilage repair. Our results showed that the prepared extracellular vesicles exhibit classical features of EXOs, such as cup-like shape, around 100 nm diameter, positive protein markers (CD81, TSG101, and Flotillin 1), and ability of internalization. In primary chondrocytes, the treatment of hBMSC-EXOs markedly increases cell viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, wound healing assay showed that hBMSC-EXOs accelerate cell migration in primary chondrocytes. JC-1 staining revealed that the mitochondrial membrane potential was enhanced by hBMSC-EXOs, indicating cell apoptosis was decreased in the presence of hBMSC-EXOs. In rabbits with articular cartilage defects, local administration with hBMSC-EXOs facilitates cartilage regeneration as evidenced by gross view and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Saf-O/Fast Green staining. In addition, the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score was increased by the application of hBMSC-EXOs. Overall, our data indicate that the treatment with hBMSC-EXOs is a suitable cell-free therapy for treating cartilage defects, and these benefits are likely due to improved cell proliferation and migration in chondrocytes.
Establishing a Graduate Certificate in Health Informatics: Need Assessment and Competency-Based Framework

Background: Health Informatics is an indispensable science in light of the massive reform healthcare has undertaken recently. Objective: Health Informatics is an indispensable science in light of the massive reform healthcare has undertaken recently. Methods: This descriptive multiphase study used a questionnaire to assess the need and applied a competency-based postgraduate curriculum to collect the required competencies as well as their proficiency levels. Results: Eighty percent of the respondents agreed that the current training should be advanced. 73.7% of the respondents agreed that this certificate would improve the level of knowledge, and it would impact on the delivery of healthcare positively (78.9%). For the required competencies, 10 competencies scored 1.75 and above, 22 scored between 1.5 and 1.75 and 22 scored below 1.50. The expert panel came to an agreement that the competencies with 1.5 and above should be included. Discussion: The findings emphasize the need to establish PG diploma in comply with previous studies that unveiled the need to provide education and training in Health Informatics. Only the required competencies were included as the program is one-year long. The selected competencies were validated and presented by the panel. Conclusion: A PG diploma in Health Informatics is a key element in the evolution of healthcare services, therefore, a competency-based framework was provided and validated by experts.
Modelling Soil Water, Salt and Heat Dynamics under Partially Mulched Conditions with Drip Irrigation, Using HYDRUS-2D

Drip irrigation under mulch is a widely used technique in the arid region of northwest China. The partially mulched soil and the bare strips between mulched areas may complicate the migration of water, salt, and heat in soils, and cause lateral salt accumulation on bare soil surfaces. For investigating hydrothermal dynamics and salt distribution patterns under such circumstances, tank experiments with drip irrigation under plastic film on partially mulched soil were conducted under two intensities of drip irrigation (i.e., low (W1) and high (W2)) with the same total irrigation amount. The spatial distributions of soil water, temperature, and electrical conductivity were monitored accordingly. The two-dimensional (2D) model of soil water, salt, and heat transport under drip irrigation and partially mulched soil conditions was established using HYDRUS-2D, and kinetic adsorption during salt migration was considered. The results of the experiments showed that the uneven distribution of the hydrothermal state led to the accumulation of salt on the un-mulched soil surface. Water migrated from where the dripper was located, and heat accumulated mainly in the mulched soil. HYDRUS-2D matched reasonably well with the observed data, with an R2 higher than 0.54. Under the partially mulched conditions, lower intensity of drip irrigation (W1) show higher desalination efficiency in root zones, with less even lateral salt distribution. Scenario simulations further demonstrated that a larger total irrigation amount would result in a larger desalination zone, and drip irrigations with appropriate incremental intensity could improve salt leaching in the root zone with increased lateral migration of water.
Hydrologic Sensitivities and ENSO Variability Across Hydrological Regimes in Central Chile (28°–41°S)

There is strong evidence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in the South Pacific and related impacts on the precipitation regime in Chile; nonetheless, many aspects of the hydrological propagation and temperature responses to ENSO remain unclear in this region. We examine fluctuations across 59 near‐natural catchments in central Chile (28°–41°S) under contrasting ENSO phases during the period 1981–2019. Our results show statistically significant ENSO‐related hydroclimatic anomalies in almost all watersheds analyzed, which confirms the major influence of ENSO within this domain. By comparing El Niño phases against La Niña, we observe generally wetter conditions, warmer winters, cooler late springs, lower (higher) runoff ratios in snowmelt‐driven (rainfall‐driven) basins, and longer storm durations while storm frequencies (i.e., number of events of consecutive days with precipitation) are preserved. Additionally, low (high) elevation catchments are related to positive (negative) streamflow sensitivities to winter temperature, which increase in magnitude with the evaporative index; besides, catchments with sharp warm‐and‐dry conditions yield largely negative sensitivities to late spring temperature. Further, positive streamflow anomalies in rainfall‐driven catchments are explained by temperature and precipitation ENSO‐related amplitudes (El Niño minus La Niña) that separately favor streamflow; however, in mixed regimes and snowmelt‐driven basins these results are spatially scattered. Hence, this study supports that meteorological, hydrological, and physiographic attributes modulate the translation of climate variability into river hydrology. The results presented here unravel the joint effects of precipitation and seasonal temperature fluctuations through different hydrological regimes, across a region that encloses populated cities and water‐intensive activities.
A Very Deep Spectrum of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC 891

A deep long-slit spectrum of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 has been obtained. The slit crosses the plane at a galactocentric radius of 5 kpc and covers DIG on both the east and west sides of the galaxy. The primary motivation was to attempt to detect the recombination line He I λ5876, the strength of which relative to Hα provides a direct constraint on the hardness of the ionizing spectrum. In the DIG of the Milky Way, this line ratio has turned out to be surprisingly low (Reynolds & Tufte; Heiles et al.), implying an ionizing spectrum much softer than had been inferred from the more readily observable forbidden lines, such as [N II] λ6583 and [S II] λ6717. The He I line has been detected in NGC 891 to a height of about 1.5 kpc from the plane—well into the diffuse gas layer. In the DIG, He I/Hα ≈ 0.034, implying that helium is about 70% ionized and that the ionizing spectrum is significantly harder than in the Reynolds layer. The spectrum also allows very detailed mapping of the [N II] λ6583/Hα ratio as a function of height off the plane. This ratio reaches peak values of about 1.4 at heights of z = 2 kpc on the east side of the plane and z = 4 kpc on the west side. Beyond this height on the east side, the ratio clearly declines again, falling to about 1.0 at z = 4 kpc. Previous modeling indicates that such high values of [N II] λ6583/Hα require an ionizing spectrum significantly harder than that indicated by the He I/Hα ratio. Hence, despite the higher values of He I/Hα, the same dilemma exists as in the Reynolds layer case. These results suggest that we do not understand the heating and ionization of the diffuse gas well enough. A determination of the gas temperature would help, but the nondetection of the line [N II] λ5755 allows only upper limits to be set: 13,000 K on the east side and 10,000 K on the west side. Both the [N II] and Hα lines are detected beyond z = 5 kpc; thus, the DIG layer extends much further than indicated by previous narrowband images. A model of the electron density distribution consisting of two components with scale heights of about 1 kpc and 5-6 kpc provides a good fit to the Hα emission profile. The very extended component was also seen in the image of Rand, Kulkarni, & Hester, but the inferred scale height is now larger. Apart from the known effects of dust absorption on the velocity centroids at low z, there is a smooth gradient in velocity centroids with increasing z above the dust lane in the sense that they become closer to the systemic velocity, changing by about 30 km s-1 from z = 1 kpc to z = 4.5 kpc. We postulate that the effect is due in part to a decreasing rotation speed and an outward radial migration of gas with z. An illustrative model suggests that the rotation speed at z = 4.5 kpc may be about 20 km s-1 slower than in the disk, although other effects could change this estimate. Such a change in rotation velocity is expected in galactic fountain models, but some simple experiments with stellar orbits show that the flow in a fountain may be more complicated than previously thought.
Experimental Basis for Special Relativity in the Photon Sector

A search of the literature reveals that none of the five new optical effects predicted by the special theory of relativity have ever been observed to occur in nature. In particular, the speed of light (c) has never been measured directly with a moving detector to validate the invariance of c to motion of the observer, a necessary condition for the Lorentz invariance of c. The invariance of c can now only be inferred from indirect experimental evidence. It is also not widely recognized that essentially all of the experimental support for special relativity in the photon sector consists of null results. The experimental basis for special relativity in the photon sector is summarized, and concerns about the completeness, integrity and interpretation of the present body of experimental evidence are discussed.
Chrysin inhibits the cell viability, induces apoptosis and modulates expression of genes related to epigenetic events in bladder cancer cells

Abstract This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the chrysin (natural flavonoid compound) on bladder tumour cell lines with different status of TP53 (RT4, 5637 and T24). The cells were treated with different concentrations of chrysin (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µM) to analyze the cell viability, nuclear division index, mutagenicity, apoptosis rates and expression of genes related to epigenetic events (DNMT1, HAT1 and HDAC1). Results showed that the treatment with chrysin reduced the cell viability and caused apoptosis, regardless TP53. Moreover, in the TP53-mutated cell lines, chrysin modulated the expression of the DNMT1, HAT1 and HDAC1 epigenetic genes, which might be a plus to the death observed in the cells with p53 mutation. Graphical Abstract
Burnout in the sonographic environment: The identification and exploration of the causes of sonographer burnout and strategies for prevention and control

Ultrasound is a diagnostic tool with many advantages, however, concerns over operator wellbeing have arisen in the last 20 years. Many sonographers experience burnout, which has the potential to cause financial loss for radiology clinics, and for sonographers, suboptimal examinations, high turnover and a reduced ability to communicate with patients. The aim of this narrative review was to explore, identify and categorise the causes of burnout in the sonography profession, and to identify burnout prevention and control strategies. A literature search was conducted through Central Queensland University library, accessing the following electronic databases; Wiley Online Library, Gale Academic, Ovid, Sagepub, CINAHL, Elsevier Science Direct, PubMed and ProQuest. Eight articles were reviewed. This study identified two key themes contributing to sonographer burnout: delivering adverse news and increased workload. Twelve causes of burnout were identified, with exposure to adverse news and time constraints the most commonly identified causes. In addition, other causes identified included managerial pressures to perform more scans/tasks within a short‐time frame, followed by the constant exposure to adverse news and the burden of delivering it to patients. Recommendations include considering reducing the required number of scans per week by increasing appointment times, counselling and skills training for adverse news delivery and use of technical assistants to perform soft tasks. Current literature relating to sonographer burnout appears isolated to the obstetrics domain with further study required on sonographer burnout in other fields of sonography, including burnout because of lack of career progression.
Lectures on Random Evolution

Random evolution denotes a class of stochastic processes which evolve according to a rule which varies in time according to jumps. This is in contrast to diffusion processes, which assume that the rule changes continuously with time. Random evolutions provide a very flexible language, having the advantage that they permit direct numerical simulation-which is not possible for a diffusion process. Furthermore, they allow connections with hyperbolic partial differential equations and the kinetic theory of gases, which is impossible within the domain of diffusion proceses. They also posses great geometric invariance, allowing formulation on an arbitrary Riemannian manifold. In the field of stochastic stability, random evolutions furnish some easily computable models in which to study the Lyapunov exponent and rotation numbers of oscillators under the influence of noise. This monograph presents the various aspects of random evolution in an accessible and interesting format which will appeal to a large scientific audience.
Place meanings of Dutch raised bog landscapes: an interdisciplinary long-term perspective (5000 BCE–present)

Abstract Few natural landscapes have been so negatively stereotyped as raised bogs. These stereotypes as well as knowledge gaps on bog perceptions have hampered the development of nuanced and realistic views on humans’ historical relations to bogs. We studied variation in eight bog place meanings (attachment, beauty, biodiversity, functionality, risk, admiration, historicity, and mystery) from prehistory to present by integrating qualitative archaeological and historical with quantitative survey evidence on Dutch bog areas. Virtually all place meanings were found in late modern and present-day material. In older periods, functionality, risk, and mystery were dominant. Daytime/night-time differences could explain the co-existence of apparently opposite place meanings. Physical bog landscape characteristics were important place meaning determinants, and similar meaning patterns across different bog areas underlined this. The long co-existence of mystery (and risk) alongside functional meanings may explain the persistent popularity of negative bog stereotypes.