Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some general theorems concerning the finite motion of a shallow rotating liquid lying on a paraboloid

The motion of a bounded shallow liquid, initially of arbitrary shape, in an arbitrary state of motion and lying on a paraboloid of revolution (including a level surface as a special case) can always be separated into three parts: the motion of the centre of gravity, which is entirely independent of the other motions and is governed by a pair of simple ordinary linear differential equations; an isotropic two-dimensional dilatation and rotation which are also governed by a simple linear differential equation; the motions that remain after removal of the velocity fields associated with the preceding motions; these will be called additional motions. The additional motions exert a ‘pressure’, determined by their total energy, which tends to increase the spread of the liquid. If the spread does increase then the additional motions lose energy which then appears as energy associated with the dilatation. The effect of the dilatation and rotation on the additional motions can be described by transformation into a co-ordinate system that rotates and dilates with the liquid. In these co-ordinates, with a properly adjusted time scale, the additional motions satisfy equations that are isomorphic with the original equations of motion; however, the liquid now appears to be lying on a parabola that is always concave upwards.
Geometry design and mathematical model of a new kind of gear transmission with circular arc tooth profiles based on curve contact analysis

A new meshing relationship for gear drive to characterize the conjugation geometry is studied in this paper based on conjugate curves. Conjugate curves are described as two smooth curves always keep continuous and tangent contact with each other in given contact direction under motion law. The general principle of curve meshing is developed for the given spatial or plane curve. The meshing equation along arbitrary direction of contact angle is derived. The properties of geometric and motion of the contact of conjugate curves are discussed. According to the equidistance-enveloping method, tubular meshing surfaces are proposed to build up circular arc tooth profiles, which inherit all properties of conjugate curves. The geometry design and mathematical model of the gears are established. Three types of contact pattern of tooth profiles are generated: convex-to-convex, convex-to-plane and convex-to-concave. A calculation example for convex-to-concave tooth profiles of gears is provided. Theoretical and numerical results demonstrate the feasibility and correctness of proposed conjugate curves theory and it lays the foundation for the design of high performance gear transmission.
A complete COI library of Samoan butterflies reveals layers of endemic diversity on oceanic islands

We investigated the entire butterfly fauna of the Samoan Archipelago (Pacific Ocean) by combining COI barcode sequences for specimens from these islands with those available in repositories at larger biogeographic scale. Haplotype networks and a generalized mixed Yule‐coalescent (GMYC) model were applied to identify evolutionary significant units (ESUs). The ESUs from Samoan islands were compared with ESUs of the same or sister taxa regionally and worldwide to explore the level of endemicity and of congruence between established taxonomy and COI barcodes. The level of ESUs endemicity was similar to that shown by species and subspecies. Australia was the most frequent origin for Samoan lineages, followed by Orient‐Asia. When comparing the agreement and mismatch between established taxonomy and ESUs between the Australia‐Oceania region and Europe and North America, the COI molecular marker revealed a similar performance in taxonomic identification. Despite this overall convergent pattern, the degree of mtDNA divergence and the analysis of functional traits suggested that the mechanisms producing patterns of genetic differentiation in temperate butterflies over ancient continental lands differ to those occurring across a vast ocean into geologically young islands. Mechanisms on Samoan islands include relatively recent and exceptional oceanic dispersal, possibly followed by repeated extinction events. In the Australia‐Oceania region we found a similar fraction of species showing introgression with the maintenance of phenotypic differences as it occurs on the mainland, but the phenomenon was limited to sectors of each species distribution area. Regular gene flow among the Samoan islands seems to prevent allopatric speciation within the archipelago.
The Unsteady Flow around an Oscillating Sphere in a Viscous Fluid

The velocity field around a solid sphere, performing harmonic oscillations in an unbounded viscous fluid otherwise at rest, is exactly determined to the second order for small values of the Reynolds number. The streamline pattern of the steady streaming and the resultant instantaneous streamlines of the complete flow are shown. The drag exerted on the surface of the sphere is also evaluated.
Nanomechanical Signatures in Glioma Cells Depend on CD44 Distribution in IDH1 Wild-Type but Not in IDH1R132H Mutant Early-Passage Cultures

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) recently burst into biomedicine, providing morphological and functional characteristics of cancer cells and their microenvironment responsible for tumor invasion and progression, although the novelty of this assay needs to coordinate the malignant profiles of patients’ specimens to diagnostically valuable criteria. Applying high-resolution semi-contact AFM mapping on an extended number of cells, we analyzed the nanomechanical properties of glioma early-passage cell cultures with a different IDH1 R132H mutation status. Each cell culture was additionally clustered on CD44+/− cells to find possible nanomechanical signatures that differentiate cell phenotypes varying in proliferative activity and the characteristic surface marker. IDH1 R132H mutant cells compared to IDH1 wild-type ones (IDH1wt) characterized by two-fold increased stiffness and 1.5-fold elasticity modulus. CD44+/IDH1wt cells were two-fold more rigid and much stiffer than CD44-/IDH1wt ones. In contrast to IDH1 wild-type cells, CD44+/IDH1 R132H and CD44-/IDH1 R132H did not exhibit nanomechanical signatures providing statistically valuable differentiation of these subpopulations. The median stiffness depends on glioma cell types and decreases according to the following manner: IDH1 R132H mt (4.7 mN/m), CD44+/IDH1wt (3.7 mN/m), CD44-/IDH1wt (2.5 mN/m). This indicates that the quantitative nanomechanical mapping would be a promising assay for the quick cell population analysis suitable for detailed diagnostics and personalized treatment of glioma forms.
Matrix analysis for layered quasi-phase-matched media considering multiple reflection and pump wave depletion

A new matrix method for the distributed nondepleted pump wave approximation and its extension to include pump wave depletion are proposed for the analysis of optical wave interactions through layered nonlinear media, which takes internal multiple reflections into account and, hence, can lead to a precise analysis for both forward and backward nonlinear interactions. Using this method, several calculation results are presented for difference frequency generation and second-harmonic generation in periodically layered quasi-phase-matched media composed of Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As and Al/sub 0.38/Ga/sub 0.62/As. In addition, the multiple reflection effect in quasi-phase-matched media is discussed.
EM algorithm resolution modeling by image-space convolution for PET reconstruction

A method for modeling and recovering resolution in the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm via two image-space convolutions per iteration is presented. The approach is of particular significance to EM algorithm implementations which otherwise only use basic system models, such as those which calculate the system matrix elements on the fly rather than using pre-calculated values. The first convolution is applied to a copy of the image estimate prior to forward projecting this copy. The second is performed on the backprojected correction image prior to its use to multiplicatively update the original (not convolved) image estimate. The inclusion of resolution-modeling convolution at these two stages corresponds to extending the system transfer matrix, and the EM algorithm gradually recovers the modeled resolution with each update. The approach does not constitute regularization in any way, but rather the improved system modeling results in both enhanced resolution and lower noise, and there is often no need for regularization - other than to limit the number of iterations. Tests have been performed with simulated list-mode data and also with measured phantom and patient projection data from a GE Advance PET scanner, for both [/sup 18/F]-FDG and [/sup 124/I]-NaI. The method demonstrates improved image quality in all cases when compared to the conventional FBP and EM methods presently used for clinical data (which do not include resolution modeling). The benefits of this approach for I-124 (which has a low positron yield and a large positron range, usually resulting in noisier and poorer resolution images) are particularly noticeable.
An Integrated Turbulence Scheme for Boundary Layers with Shallow Cumulus Applied to Pollutant Transport

Abstract A scheme is described that provides an integrated description of turbulent transport in free convective boundary layers with shallow cumulus. The scheme uses a mass-flux formulation, as is commonly found in cumulus schemes, and a 1.5-order closure, involving turbulent kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity. Both components are active in both the subcloud and cloud layers. The scheme is called “mass flux–diffusion. ” In the subcloud layer, the mass-flux component provides nonlocal transport. The scheme combines elements from schemes that are conceptually similar but differ in detail. An entraining plume model is used to find the mass flux. The mass flux is continuous through the cloud base. The lateral fractional entrainment rate is constant with height, while the detrainment-rate profile reduces the mass flux smoothly to zero at the cloud top. The eddy diffusivity comes from a turbulent kinetic energy–length scale formulation. The scheme has been implemented in a simple one-dimensional (single column.
Trends and disparities in sleep quality and duration in older adults in China from 2008 to 2018: A national observational study

Background Poor sleep status as a common concern is a risk factor for many health problems among older people. China with an aging society lacks relevant nationwide data on the sleep status among older people. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate trends and disparities in sleep quality and duration among older adults, and exploring influencing factors of poor sleep in China between 2008 and 2018. Method We used the four-waves data of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2008 to 2018. Sleep quality and average sleep hours per day was investigated by using questionnaires in the CLHLS. We categorized sleep duration as three groups including ≤5 h (short duration), 5–9 h (normal duration), or ≥9 h (long duration) per day. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine trends and risk factors of poor sleep quality, short sleep duration, and long sleep duration. Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality significantly increased from 34.87% in 2008 to 47.67% in 2018 (p < 0.05). Short sleep duration significantly increased from 5.29 to 8.37%, whereas long sleep duration decreased from 28.77 to 19.27%. Multivariate analysis showed that female sex, poor economic status, a greater number of chronic diseases, underweight, poor self-reported quality of life, and poor self-reported health were associated with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings revealed that older adults had increased prevalence of poor sleep quality and short sleep duration from 2008 to 2018. More attention should be paid to the increased sleep problems among older adults and early interventions should be made to improve sleep quality and guarantee enough sleep time.
Civic engagement in anti-Asian violence activism: a comparative view between Asians and non-Asian ethnic groups in the United States

ABSTRACT This study examined adults’ motivation, mobilization through social media, and intention of engagement (online and offline) in anti-Asian violence activism in the United States. Using self-determination theory, two studies were conducted to test the model and the moderation effect of political ideology and interest on engagement. Study 1 (N = 250) found that regardless of political ideology, the motivation of non-Asian ethnic groups predicted mobilization and online/offline engagement in anti-Asian violence activism. Study 2 (N = 297) found the same result that the motivation-mobilization-engagement model was significant without the influence of political interest. The results imply that anti-Asian violence appears to be a bipartisan issue for the public’s motivation, mobilization, and engagement. The results present that anti-Asian violence is not only Asians’ issue but also everyone’s concern. A more open and affirmative approach to the prevention of anti-Asian violence for the public is suggested.
Detection of Excess Hard X-Ray Emission from the Optical Jet Galaxy NGC 1097

Using the ASCA observatory, X-ray observations were made of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097, which exhibits four optical jets. Hard X-ray emission from a point-like source at the nucleus was detected at a 2-10 keV luminosity of 1 x 10 41 erg s _1 for an assumed distance of 24 Mpc. The 2-10 keV spectrum was well fitted with a power-law of photon index ~ 1.8. Although no X-ray variability was detected during a ~ 40 ks pointing, the observed X-ray to optical luminosity ratio of NGC 1097 is too high for the X-ray emission to be explained by an assembly of discrete X-ray sources. Prom our results and optical activity, the existence of a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN) is strongly suggested. In the soft X-ray band (0.5-2 keV) a thin thermal emission with a temperature kT ~ 0.6 keV was also detected, which is understood to be emission from hot gas associated with starburst activity.
Gastric emptying performance of stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy versus conventional gastrojejunostomy for treating gastric outlet obstruction: A retrospective clinical and numerical simulation study

Purpose: This study evaluated the gastric emptying performance of stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy (SPGJ) versus conventional gastrojejunostomy (CGJ) for treating gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). Methods: First, 73 patients who underwent SPGJ (n = 48) or CGJ (n = 25) were involved. Surgical outcomes, postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function, delayed gastric emptying, and nutritional status of both groups were compared. Second, a three-dimensional stomach model was constructed based on the gastric filling CT images from a GOO patient with a standard stature. The present study evaluated SPGJ numerically by comparing it with CGJ in terms of local flow parameters such as flow velocity, pressure, particle retention time, and particle retention velocity. Results: Clinical data found that SPGJ had significant advantages over CGJ in terms of time to pass gas (3 versus 4 days, p < 0.001), time to oral intake (3 versus 4 days, p = 0.001), postoperative hospitalization (7 versus 9 days, p < 0.001), the incidence of delay gastric emptying (DGE) (2.1% versus 36%, p < 0.001), DGE grading (p < 0.001), and complications (p < 0.001) for GOO patients. Moreover, numerical simulation revealed that the SPGJ model would induce contents in stomach discharge to the anastomosis at a higher speed, and only 5% of that flowed to the pylorus. SPGJ model also had a low-pressure drop as the flow from the lower esophagus to the jejunum, reducing the resistance to food discharge. Besides, the average retention time of particles in the CGJ model is 1.5 times longer than that in the SPGJ models, and the average instantaneous velocity in CGJ and SPGJ models are 22 mm/s and 29 mm/s, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with CGJ, patients after SPGJ had better gastric emptying performance and better postoperative clinical efficacy. Therefore, we think that SPGJ may be a better option for treating GOO.
Gaussian derivative model of spatial vision

A new mathematical description of visual receptive fields in the striate cortex is proposed. The hypothesis is advanced that receptive field line­weighting profiles along the axis of maximum response are describable as Gaussian derivative functions. Such functions are a close approximation to the optimum functions theoretically possible for the detection and precise localization of visual stimuli in the presence of noise. The shapes of the spatial frequency sensitivity tuning curves of fifty-five monkey cortical cells were well characterized by a single Gaussian directional derivative, most often the first through fourth derivative, with corresponding half-amplitude bandwidths in the range of 2.6-1.2 octaves. The receptive field shapes of cat and monkey cells in the spatial domain, as measured, with bar stimuli, were also well described by a single Gaussian derivative term. Gaussian derivatives generally described, better than Gabor functions, (1) the locations of the zero crossings of receptive field profiles in the spatial domain; (2) the shape of cell’s spatial frequency tuning curve, at the low and high frequency extremes; and (3) the symmetry properties of fields in the spatial domain as a function of their independently measured bandwidths. A new neural model for the formation of receptive fields described how simple differences of offset Gaussians (DOOGs) with identical standard deviations, such as are found in the monkey X-cell pathway, can easily give rise to Gaussian derivativelike functions of any order.
Bayesian Melding Estimation of a Stochastic SEIR Model

One of the main problems in estimating stochastic SEIR models is that the data are not completely observed. In this case, the estimation is usually done by least squares or by MCMC. The Bayesian melding method is proposed to estimate SEIR models and to evaluate the likelihood in the presence of incomplete data. The method is illustrated by estimating a model for HIV/TB interaction in the population of a prison.
Long-term outcomes of pouch surveillance and risk of neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis

Abstract Background Long-term pouch surveillance outcomes for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are unknown. We aimed to quantify surveillance outcomes and to determine which of selected possible predictive factors are associated with pouch dysplasia. Methods Retrospective analysis of collected data on 249 patients was performed, analyzing potential risk factors for the development of adenomas or advanced lesions ( ≥ 10 mm/high grade dysplasia (HGD)/cancer) in the pouch body and cuff using Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan–Meier analyses included landmark time-point analyses at 10 years after surgery to predict the future risk of advanced lesions. Results Of 249 patients, 76 % developed at least one pouch body adenoma, with 16 % developing an advanced pouch body lesion; 18 % developed an advanced cuff lesion. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a 10-year lag before most advanced lesions developed; cumulative incidence of 2.8 % and 6.4 % at 10 years in the pouch body and cuff, respectively. Landmark analysis suggested the presence of adenomas prior to the 10-year point was associated with subsequent development of advanced lesions in the pouch body (hazard ratio [HR] 4.8, 95 %CI 1.6–14.1; P = 0.004) and cuff (HR 6.8, 95 %CI 2.5–18.3; P < 0.001). There were two HGD and four cancer cases in the cuff and one pouch body cancer; all cases of cancer/HGD that had prior surveillance were preceded by ≥ 10-mm adenomas. Conclusions Pouch adenoma progression is slow and most advanced lesions occur after 10 years. HGD and cancer were rare events. Pouch phenotype in the first decade is associated with the future risk of developing advanced lesions and may guide personalized surveillance beyond 10 years.
Mt. Etna tropospheric ash retrieval and sensitivity analysis using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer measurements

A retrieval of tropospheric volcanic ash from Mt Etna has been carried out, using measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The NASA-MODIS satellite instrument acquires images in the 0.4 to 14 μm spectral range with a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir. The eruption which occurred on 24 November 2006 is considered as a test case in this work. In order to derive the ash plume optical thickness, the particle effective radius and the total mass, the Brightness Temperature Difference procedure has been applied to MODIS channels 31 (centered at 11 μm) and 32 (centered at 12 μm). Channel 5 (centered at 1.24 μm) has been used to refine the cloud discrimination, exploiting the distinct reflectivity of meteorological and volcanic clouds in the near infrared spectral range. The detection of volcanic ash pixels has been significantly improved by applying an atmospheric water vapor correction to MODIS data. This procedure doubles the number of pixels identified as containing volcanic ash compared to the original method. The retrieved mean ash optical thickness at 0.55 μm, mean particle effective radius and the total ash mass in the plume are 0.4, 3.5 μm and 3620 tons, respectively. A detailed sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate errors in the retrieval caused by the uncertainty in various parameters: surface temperature and emissivity, plume geometry (altitude and thickness), ash type and atmospheric water vapor. Results show that the largest contributions to retrieval errors are from uncertainty in surface parameters, aerosol type and atmospheric water vapor. The total tropospheric volcanic ash retrieval errors are estimated to be 30%, 30% and 40% for mean AOT, mean effective radius and total mass retrieval, respectively.
Association between smoking cessation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using NAFLD liver fat score

Background Smoking is well known to be associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of liver diseases such as advanced fibrosis. However, the impact of smoking on developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains controversial, and clinical data on this is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between smoking history and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019-2020 were used for the analysis. NAFLD was diagnosed according to an NAFLD liver fat score of >-0.640. Smoking status was classified as into nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between smoking history and NAFLD in the South Korean population. Results In total, 9,603 participants were enrolled in this study. The odds ratio (OR) for having NAFLD in ex-smokers and current smokers in males was 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90–1.41) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.08–1.76) compared to that in nonsmokers, respectively. The OR increased in magnitude with smoking status. Ex-smokers who ceased smoking for <10 years (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00–1.77) were more likely to have a strong correlation with NAFLD. Furthermore, NAFLD had a dose-dependent positive effect on pack-years, which was 10 to 20 (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04–1.86) and over 20 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.14–2.00). Conclusion This study found that smoking may contribute to NAFLD. Our study suggests cessation of smoking may help management of NAFLD.