Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Spectral Theory of Nonlinear Barotropic Motion above Irregular Topography

Abstract If a field of randomly distributed barotropic eddies interacts with underlying topographic features in a rotating reference frame, the flow is observed to develop, after a time the order of an eddy turnaround time τeddy = L/U a component of steady flow which is locked to the topography in the sense of anti-cyclonic circulation around bills. Thereafter, spectral energy transfer is inhibited and the forms both of the energy spectrum of the motion and of the spectrum of vorlicity-topography correlation are dependent on the topographic variance spectrum. If the topographic variation is weak, in that τtopo ≫ τeddy where τtopo = π/fδ is a topographic wave period with f twice the uniform rotation rate and δ a characteristic height of topography relative to the depth of fluid, the flow dynamics approaches that of two-dimensional turbulence. If topographic variation is strong. in that τtopo ≪ τeddy, energy readily scatters into smaller scales. decreasing τeddy until a balance is obtained between topograph.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Soil Vapor Extraction

In recent years soil vapor extraction (SVE) has been used extensively to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the vadose zone. In order to investigate processes limiting the removal of VOCs during the later stages of SVE operations, multicomponent soil-venting experiments were performed at different water contents in a sand tank (80 × 66 × 5 cm) in the absence of a liquid organic phase. Four chlorinated VOCs were used as the model compounds. A homogeneous packing of quartz sand was used as the model soil. Gas phase concentrations were measured at several locations with different water saturations during each experiment. The compounds did not adsorb onto the sand. Volatilization was the key process for VOC removal. Gas concentrations decreased more slowly at locations with high water saturation and for compounds having a small Henry's law constant. Gas concentrations observed for experiments conducted at low water content were found to be a function of dimensionless time. Tailing in gas concentration distributions at large dimensionless times was attributed solely to diffusion in interparticle water and suggested that local nonequilibrium conditions prevailed. This hypothesis was supported by numerical simulations based on the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) and a first-order kinetics approach. For the experiments conducted at low water saturations the LEA was valid only for small dimensionless times. Tailing in the gas concentration distributions could then be described quite well by means of a first-order kinetic approach using calibrated mass transfer coefficients.
Pleistocene relief production in Laramide mountain ranges, western United States

Gently sloped summits and ridges (collectively referred to as summit flats) are abundant in many Laramide ranges in the western United States. The erosion rate of summit flats is ~10 m/m.y. , on the basis of the concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides. Because erosion rates in valleys between summit flats are an order of magnitude faster, relief within these ranges is currently increasing by about 100 m/m.y. If summit-flat erosion is slower than rock uplift driven by the isostatic response to valley erosion, then this relief production could result in increased summit elevations. The mean depth of material eroded from a smooth surface fit to existing summit flats varies from 280 to 340 m in four Laramide ranges, based on geographic information system (GIS) analyses of digital elevation models. This erosion would result in a maximum of 250‐300 m of rock uplift, assuming Airy isostasy. However, because the Laramide ranges examined here are narrow relative to the flexural wavelength of the lithosphere, erosionally driven rock uplift is limited to ~ 50‐100 m. Over the past several million years, summit erosion would approximately offset this rock uplift. Therefore, we conclude that summit elevations have remained essentially constant even though several hundred meters of relief has been produced. On the basis of valley and summit erosion rates and the average depth of erosion, we estimate that relief production in Laramide ranges began at ca. 3 Ma. We hypothesize that this relief production was climatically driven and was associated with the onset or enhancement of alpine glaciation in these ranges.
Spiral eddies in the Aegean Sea derived by satellite radar data

Ocean mesoscale spiral eddies is a phenomenon that came apparent in the last 50 years but until today there are many questions yet to be answered about their formation, distribution and correlation to the dynamical processes on the sea surface. Main objective of the present paper is to provide an extensive analysis on the occurrence and statistics of smallmesoscale eddies over the Aegean Sea using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The study area is characterized from unique hydro-dynamical and topographical conditions that give another aspect on the phenomenon. Present study based on 169 medium resolution (WSM) ENVISAT ASAR images acquired in 2011. As a result of the analysis 192 eddies formations were detected. The majority of those eddies were visualized due to the presence of surfactant films (black eddies) on sea surface and majority of them were cyclonically rotating. The diameter of the observed formations of eddies was within 1 to 16 km. The detected eddies were classified by categories depending on their shape and their generation mechanism. Seasonal and spatial distribution is presented, in order to understand their variability compared with the upper surface circulation. The value of the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation was used for the discrimination of wind driven or geostrophic balanced spiral eddies. Though most of the observed formations seem to be wind driven, an important correlation with the upper circulation of the Aegean Sea is shown.
Minor intrusions in the Pentland Hills

The field relations are described of a deuterically altered suite of Lower Old Red Sandstone sills and dykes intruded into the Silurian and Lower O.R. S. sediments of the Pentland Hills. The least altered of these intrusions are sills exposed at Fairliehope Farm and in the River North Esk. They are sparingly porphyritic rocks carrying completely chloritised olivine and less abundant chloritised phenocrysts of other mafic minerals. In the groundmass partly albitised andesine crystals give the rock a criss-cross texture; some unaltered augite remains, locally with sub-ophitic relationships. Interstitial chlorite is common, accompanied by a little quartz and albite-oligoclase. The effects of chloritisation, albitisation and carbonation are traced through the more altered sills and dykes. Comparison is made with related intrusions in Ayrshire. Two chemical analyses are recorded. In the light of the evidence now available it is concluded that the rocks described are likely to have been olivine-bearing andesine-dolerites originally, the dykes having been somewhat poorer in olivine than the sills.
Boninitic volcanism in the Oman ophiolite: Implications for thermal condition during transition from spreading ridge to arc

The discovery of boninite, a typical high-MgO andesite, in the Oman ophiolite is reported. The boninites in the Oman ophiolite occur as lavas and dikes of the Alley volcanic sequence that overlie or crosscut the spreading-ridge-derived lavas (Geotimes volcanic sequence) and sheeted dikes. The phenocryst mineral assemblage and the major and trace element compositions observed for these boninites resemble those of the Izu-Mariana forearc boninites, indicating that the Alley boninites represent primitive melt generated by partial melting of hydrous peridotite. The occurrence of boninite provides strong thermal and chemical constraints on the formation of the Oman ophiolite that require hot, hydrous shallow mantle (>1250 °C at <30 km depth) to have underlain the proto-Oman ophiolite at the time of boninite generation. The initiation of subduction of the young, hot oceanic lithosphere (and obduction of the future Oman ophiolite) near the spreading ridge and the resultant melting of the highly depleted, shallow-mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluid represent the most favorable mechanism for the genesis of the Alley boninites.
Pore structure and durability of Portuguese limestones: a case study

Abstract Exposed stone surfaces containing complex systems of pores, fractures and grain boundaries provide the surfaces where chemical, physical and biological deterioration processes take place. The pore space represents the preferred area for physical, chemical and biological weathering processes. It plays a significant role in the behaviour of porous materials. A full understanding of pore-channel network morphology, size and connectivity is important in stone decay assessment and conservation works. A contribution to the understanding of the role played by the pore system in controlling fluid-related properties and resistance to salt crystallization of limestones is presented. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury injection porosimetry (MIP) were used to characterize the pore structure of two Portuguese dimension stones (‘Semi-rijo’ and ‘Moca-Creme’) widely used for pavements and the cladding of buildings. Fluid migration physical tests (open and free porosity, capillary imbibition, and Hirschwald coefficient) were also performed, according to European (EN 1925:1999; EN 1936:1999) and French (N FB 10-504:1973) Standards. The resistance to salt crystallization was determined using European Standard EN 12370:1999. An integrated analysis facilitated comparison between durability results with stone pore network characteristics, fluid transport properties and petrographical features, suggesting the influence of available porosity and bedding.
Annual cycle of aerosol direct radiative effect over southeast Italy and sensitivity studies

[1] Aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) calculations are presented to illustrate the annual cycle of the aerosol impact on the radiative energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system over southeast Italy. Meteorological parameters from radiosondes, aerosol vertical profiles by lidar, aerosol optical and microphysical properties by ground-based Sun/sky photometry and satellite (MODIS) derived data of solar surface albedo, all referring to the 2003–2004 years, constitute the necessary input to radiative transfer simulations. The monthly evolution of both the solar and infrared aerosol direct radiative effect is examined at the top of the atmosphere (ToA), within the atmosphere and at the Earth's surface. Aside from cloud-free conditions (clear-sky), all-sky conditions are also addressed by adopting ISCCP monthly products. Model results reveal a strong seasonality of the solar aerosol DRE for southeast Italy, which is mainly driven by the available sunlight, but it is also modulated by variations in aerosol properties. Under cloud-free conditions, winter aerosol DREs are within −(6 ± 2) W/m2 at the ToA and −(7 ± 2) W/m2 at the surface, while summer aerosol DREs are within −(9 ± 1) W/m2 at the ToA and −(15 ± 3) W/m2 at the surface. The larger difference in summer indicates that the heating of the aerosol layer (atmospheric forcing) is much stronger in summer and actually largest in early fall. Under all-sky conditions the solar aerosol direct radiative effect decreases to −(4 ± 1) W/m2 and −(3 ± 1) W/m2 in winter and to −(12 ± 3) W/m2 and −(7 ± 1) W/m2 in summer, at surface and ToA, respectively. Model results also reveal that solar aerosol DREs dominates infrared aerosol DREs. The performed sensitivity studies demonstrate the relatively weak impact of meteorological parameters and aerosol vertical profiles and the strong impact of solar surface albedo values. Finally, it is shown that the simulated all-sky aerosol DRE at the surface is consistent with radiometer measurements.
Linking Action Research to Response to Intervention (RtI): The Strategy Implementation Project

This paper showcases how one teacher preparation program embedded action research within the Response to Intervention (RtI) model. This integration helped preservice teachers gain a deeper knowledge of RtI key concepts and pedagogical decision making for meeting diverse students’ needs. Examples from a course assignment are provided to demonstrate how an action research framework helped cultivate the professional knowledge and skills needed to understand and successfully implement the RtI decision-making process. A brief discussion and implications for teacher preparation programs are also shared.
Effect of sill in the hydraulic jump in a triangular channel/ Effet du seuil sur le ressaut hydraulique dans un canal triangulaire

Hydraulic jumps are experimentally examined in a horizontal symmetrical triangular channel of 90° central angle. This study investigates the main features of both the minimum-B jump and the sill-controlled jump under various inflow conditions. The development of jumps was ensured using either a thin-crested or a broad-crested sill. Based on a large experimental program, the data were fitted to empirical relations to detect the effect of the inflow Froude number on the relative sill height, the sequent depths ratio and the non-dimensional toe position of the sill. The relations obtained are recommended for designing irrigation ditches.
Indian Ocean response to anomalous conditions in 2006

The equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) exhibited anomalous conditions characteristic of an Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) during 2006. The eastern EIO had cold sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA), lower sea level, shallow thermocline and higher chlorophyll than normal. The anomalies in the east, restricted to the south of the equator, were highest off Sumatra. The western pole of the IOD was marked by warm SSTA and deeper thermocline with maxima on either side of the equator. An ocean general circulation model of the Indian Ocean forced by QuikSCAT winds reproduces the IOD of 2006 remarkably well. The switch over to cooling in the east and warming in the west happened during May and July respectively. In the east, air‐sea heat flux initiated cold SSTA in the model which were sustained later by oceanic processes. In the west, surface heat fluxes and horizontal advection caused warm SSTA and contribution by the latter decreased after August.
The diet, and pellet residue taphonomy, of Barn Owls Tyto alba on a Greek island reveals an exceptional diversity of avian prey

Abstract Barn Owl Tyto alba pellets and loose bones on a cave floor from Amorgos (Cyclades, Greece) were examined and the birds found to have caught at least 39 species of bird, mostly identified from humeri, plus shrews Crocidura suaveolens, a few lizards and dung beetles, in addition to their principal diet of rodents (rats Rattus rattus, mice Apodemus spp. & Mus musculus). Amongst the birds, migrants appeared most vulnerable to owl predation, with some notable exceptions, while resident species were under-represented. The range of bird species found appears to be the largest recorded for any Barn Owl study of a single site. Considerable differences were found in species proportions of taxa in fresh pellets and in loose bones, probably due to differential rates of degradation. Photographs of all humeri are included to aid identification in other studies.
The role of topography in controlling throughflow generation

Previous studies of the downslope movement of soil moisture have been largely confined to two-dimensional slope profiles—the influence of contour curvature (three-dimensional) on moisture movement has received little attention. An automatic tensiometer system has been used to monitor soil moisture status continuously in a single hollow and adjacent spurs. Maximum saturated hillslope flow is shown to coincide with the stream discharge ‘throughflow peak’. Relative to the hollow, little saturation is evident at the base of the spurs. This subcatchment model is applied to a major portion of the catchment, showing the general importance of topography in the control of stream discharge.
Two types of thermobaric deep convection possible in the Greenland Sea

[1] A numerical experiment has been executed with a fine-resolution (grid size of 1 m), two-dimensional model to investigate detailed features of open ocean deep convection related to the nonlinearity of the equation of state for seawater and to interpret recent summer observations in the Greenland Sea, suggesting two types of winter convection. When cold, fresh waters (Arctic origin) occupy the surface mixed layer, convective overturning of the water column occurs abruptly. Thermobaric convective plumes branch into small-scale (∼O(10 ∼ 100 m)) eddies and engulf ambient deep water on the way down. They induce significant fluctuations in profiles of water properties but do not homogenize the overturned layer completely. As a result, stable stratification remains at depths where temperature, salinity, and potential density decrease. When warm, saline waters (Atlantic origin) exist in the surface mixed layer, it deepens by surface cooling, entraining the underlying water vigorously. Water properties are nearly homogenized in the deepening mixed layer and have opposite features to the first case. These results support a deduction that two different profiles of water properties observed in the Greenland Sea are signatures of two types of deep convection.
Contemporaneous Dolomitization of Middle Pleistocene Reefs by Meteoric Water, North Jamaica: ABSTRACT

Middle Pleistocene reefs of northern Jamaica, and elsewhere in the Caribbean, are distinctly different from the late Pleistocene 120,000 year-old "Sangamon" reefs. They are more extensively developed, better lithified, and commonly dolomitized. In Jamaica, the contact between the two units, the "Sangamon" Falmouth Formation and the middle Pleistocene "Yarmouth"(? ) Hope Gate Formation, is erosional. This contact demonstrates that the diagenesis and dolomitization of the Hope Gate took place before Falmouth deposition. The Hope Gate dolomite replaces micrite and fills pores created by the dissolution of aragonite, demonstrating the near contemporaneity of aragonite solution and dolomite precipitation. The dolomites have low Sr (220 ppm) and Na (350 ppm) contents, precluding their precipitation from marine fluids. Dolomitization took place as meteoric waters first infiltered the seaward growing, submarine-cemented reefs. The composition of the fluid from which the dolomite precipitated was controlled by the composition of the influxing meteoric water, but more significantly by the composition of the primary reef carbonate. Continued meteoric flushing, after the available Mg was consumed by dolomitization, resulted in low Na, low Sr, and C12- and O16-enriched calcites. The vadose textures superimposed on the intense phreatic-meteoric diagenesis consists only of insignificant amounts of speleothems, despite more than 300,000 years of subareal exposure. End_of_Article - Last_Page 635------------
Moon‐based EUV imaging of the Earth's Plasmasphere: Model simulations

The EUV imager on board the Chang'E‐3 lunar lander will image the Earth's plasmasphere from a lunar perspective to focus on some of the open questions in plasmaspheric researches (i.e., global structures, erosion, and refilling of plasmasphere). In order to achieve the understanding of the plasmaspheric dynamics in relation to these EUV images in lunar perspective, the He+ 30.4 nm emission intensities and global structures of the plasmasphere viewed from the moon are investigated using a dynamic global core plasma model embedded with TS07 magnetic field model and W05 electric field model. Two typical storms observed by the IMAGE EUV imager are systematically simulated from the perspectives of the moon. It is found from the simulations that the maximum emission intensity of the plasmasphere is ~12.3 R which is greater than that detected from polar orbit, and the global shapes and temporal evolutions of large‐scale plasmaspheric structures (plasmapause, shoulder, and plume) also have different patterns in moon‐based simulated images. It is also shown that the plasmaspheric structures extracted from moon‐based EUV images are in agreement with those from IMAGE EUV images. Systematic simulations demonstrate that specific latitudinal distribution of the plasmaspheric structures can only be imaged at specific positions in lunar orbit. It is expected that this investigation provides us with an overall understanding on moon‐based EUV images and helps to identify the plasmaspheric structures and evolution patterns in future moon‐based EUV imaging.
What Makes Speakers Omit Pitch Accents ? An Experiment

Abstract The present paper reports on an experiment which was set up to examine whether we can make a speaker either accent or de-accent particular words by systematically varying the objective probability that a particular referent will be mentioned (and therewith the referent’s predictability for speaker and listener). In the experiment each of 24 speakers was asked to watch a visual display, showing a very simple configuration of letter symbols, and to describe orally each change in the current configuration to a listener. By manipulating the letter configurations shown on the display, the objective probability that the speaker would mention a particular letter could be controlled. Letters could either move around on the screen (moving letters) or remain fixed and serve as spatial reference points (fixed letters). Objective probabilities were 0.5 and 1 for both moving letters and fixed letters. The main findings were the following: (1) When a referent is fully predictable to speaker and listener there is a high proportion of ellipsis, particularly for the moving letter, which was always referred to from subject position. (2) The probability that a word referring to a letter will be accented appears not to be immediately controlled by the predictability of the referent. The controlling factor is rather the preceding linguistic context. More specifically, the probability of accenting, being close to 1 the first time a specific referent is mentioned, sharply decreases when the same referent is mentioned for the second time in a row, and decreases again when this same referent is mentioned three or more times in a row. However, as soon as the competing referent is mentioned once, in the same role (moving or fixed letter), the probability of accenting jumps up again. (3) The probability of accenting is systematically lower for the moving letters in subject position (average 0.32) than for the fixed letters in predicate position (average 0.52). In view of these findings, de-accenting, defined as conspicuously omitting an accent on a word that, for grammatical reasons, otherwise would have been accented, is interpreted as a device which can be used by a cooperative speaker for helping the listener to find the intended referent as easily and quickly as possible. It is supposed that speakers not using this device systematically give their listeners a harder time.