Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses by red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) to fecal scents of predatory and non-predatory neotropical mammals

Adult and subadult red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were tested for responses to the odors of predatory and non-predatory neotropical mammals. Methylene chloride extracts of the feces of the jaguar (Panthera onca), margay (Fel/s wiedi), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), tapir (Tapirus terrestris), paca (Cuniculus paca), and agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa) were presented to tamarins on wooden dowels in their enclosures. Untreated dowels and dowels treated with methylene chloride served as controls. Chemicals from predators elicited more sniffing and avoidance than did those of the non-predators or controls. The tamarins gave alarm calls to margay scent, a response not observed with the other extracts. The responses to predator chemicals were exhibited by captive-born individuals, suggesting that experience with a predator is not necessary for tamarins to distinguish between the fecal scents of predatory and non-predatory species. TAMARINS AND MARMOSETS (PRIMATES: CALLITRICHIDAE) are preyed upon by neotropical birds, snakes, and mammals (e.g., Moynihan 1976, Terborgh 1983, Goldizen 1986, Emmons 1987). These primates display a number of behavior patterns thought to have antipredator functions. For example, at least three different alarm calls, given in response to stuffed owls, unfamiliar humans, and objects moved overhead, have been identified in captive saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) (Moody & Menzel 1976). Similarly, the cotton-top tamarin (S. oedipus) emits different alarm calls to aerial and terrestrial predators (Neyman 1977). The Panamanian tamarin (S. oedipusgeoffroyi) becomes quiet and vigilant prior to retirement each evening (Dawson 1979), a response that may, in part, reduce vulnerability to nocturnal and crepuscular predators. The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) may sleep in tree holes to avoid predators (Coimbra-Filho 1977). Responses to predators by captive red-bellied tamarins (S. labiatus) include alarm calls, mobbing, and visual watchfulness (Coates & Poole 1983; Caine 1984, 1986, 1987). This arboreal species lives in the forests of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia and eats primarily fruit, insects, and some vegetable matter (Hershkovitz 1977). Red-bellied tamarins, like all tamarins, live in groups consisting of two or more breeding adults (300-575 g) and one or more generations of offspring. Monogamy probably is not obligatory (cf. Garber et al. 1984), but cooperation among group members in infant care, territory maintenance, and predator defense suggests long-term relationships and kin selected behavior. We report here responses by red-bellied tamarins to chemicals from South American mammals. Our tests indicate that S. labiatus distinguishes between the odors of some predatory and non-predatory mammals, and the data suggest that this callitrichid exhibits chemically elicited defenses to such odors. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of reactions to predator chemicals by a nonhuman primate.
Patterns of Nitrogen Mineralization in the Forest Floor of Stands of Pinus Radiata on Different Soils

Measurements of the amount of organic matter accumulated in the forest floor of plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don in South Australia have shown that there is a considerable variation in stands of the same productivity (Florence & Lamb 1975). The amounts accumulated at various sites ranged from 12 to 28 t ha-' (Table 1). The greatest accumulations were measured at sites with deep sand podzol soils and lesser accumulations were found at sites with humus podzols, or where the common sand podzols were influenced by terra rossa soils. The amount of variation in what otherwise appear to be similar stands is surprising. The material in the forest floor is entirely derived from the needles, twigs, bark, etc. of P. radiata. All the stands were of the same productivity (Site Quality II) and were at an age (30-40 years) when forest floor accumulation is probably approaching a steady state condition (Florence & Lamb 1975). The stands sampled are all within 50 km of each other and, because the topography in the district is generally flat, there are probably only small microclimatic differences between sites. Analysis of the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the forest floor showed that considerable amounts of these nutrients could be temporarily immobilized in these accumulations (Lamb 1972). The forest floor on the common sand podzol soils, for example, was found to contain c. 680 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, representing c. 55% of the total nitrogen in the aboveground organic matter. The magnitude of these nutrient accumulations is particularly interesting in view of reports of reduced productivity in the second rotation of these forests (Keeves 1966). Replanted stands have been found to be significantly less productive than the first rotation crop. This productivity decline has been observed in sites of high, medium and low fertility. However, most of the plantations are established on deep sand podzols having relatively small nitrogen contents (Stephens et al. 1941) and it is possible that the continued high productivity of these forest ecosystems is closely related to the rate at which the large litter nitrogen accumulations are mineralized and recycled. The present study was carried out to investigate the pattern of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floors from plantations at contrasting sites. Net mineralization was measured in two ways: firstly in a glasshouse pot study by measuring the growth and nitrogen uptake of P. radiata seedlings entirely dependent for nutrition on the nutrients released from forest floor samples, and secondly by standard incubation techniques.
The Consociation between Investment, Exchange Rate, Interest Rate and Economic Development in Nigeria (ARDL Approach)

This study seek to amplify the chemistry between foreign direct investment, exchange rate, interest rate and economic development in Nigeria between the periods 1986 to 2015 using Auto Regressive Distributive Lag model. From the statistical report, we discovered that foreign direct investment and interest rate exhibit a direct relationship to economic development in Nigeria. Study further suggest that the low rate of interest promote investment paradox and thus stimulate economic development in Nigeria while the report from the exchange rate shows that if exchange rate is appreciating, economic development is been stimulated. This therefore suggest that an appreciating exchange rate is capable of attracting foreign investors and thus promote economic development as the case may be. The interrelationship between exchange rate, foreign investment and economic development is expected to be direct accordingly such that rise in exchange rate attract foreign investment and thus promote economic development in Nigeria. The policy implication is that if Exchange Rate appreciates, then Naira will be cheap relative to other currencies, this can attract Foreign Direct Investment inflow into the Nigerian economy through the window of reduce Naira value and cheap investment in Nigeria. Based on this findings, study recommends that authorities in charge of managing the Nigerian economy should as a matter of urgency revamp the lending habit by introducing low interest rate as this will make it cheaper to borrow and this encourages spending and investment lending to higher aggregate demand which will further stimulate economic development.
Anthurium growth responses to phosphate fertilisation and inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Summary We evaluated the effects of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and phosphate fertilisation on the growth of commercial anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André, ‘Eidibel’) plantlets in a greenhouse experiment. We subjected the plantlets to the following treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial design: three AMF inoculation treatments [i.e., non-inoculated (NM) plantlets, or plantlets inoculated with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith (GI) or G. etunicatum Becker & Gerd. (GE)] and four rates of P fertiliser (5, 10, 15, or 30 mg l–1). Inoculation with G. intraradices or G. etunicatum promoted plantlet growth at all rates of P application, except 30 mg l–1, with average dry weights (DWs) of 0.68 ± 0.19 g in NM, 1.08 ± 0.44 g in GI-inoculated, and 1.32 ± 0.51 g in GE-inoculated plantlets. Inoculation with either AMF also increased shoot DWs, leaf areas, and shoot P concentrations. Increasing the rate of P application decreased the efficiency of symbiosis (ES; measured as the relative increase in DW) in GI-inoculated plantlets (ranging from 63.9% to 27.8%, with an average of 51.6%), but both the lowest and the highest rates of P application resulted in relatively high ES values (61.0% and 61.4%, respectively; ranging from 43.8% to 61.4% with an average of 55.6%) in GE-inoculated plantlets. Our results demonstrate that inoculation with either AMF significantly increased shoot P concentrations in A. andraeanum plantlets, which may reduce the need for the application of P fertiliser during greenhouse production.
Brood Size and Food Provisioning in Masked and Blue‐Footed Boobies (Sula Spp.)

Food limitation has been thought to explain the evolution of single-chick broods in pelagic seabirds. We compared the meal sizes, feeding rates, and time budgets of Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra), typical pelagic seabirds, which raise one chick per breeding attempt, with those of sympatric Blue-footed Boobies (S. nebouxii), which often raise two or more chicks to fledging. Breeding adult Masked Boobies forage farther from land than do Blue-footed Boobies. If longer transit times caused Masked Boobies to deliver less food per day than did Blue-footed Boobies, and thus limited brood size, we expected Blue-footed Boobies, but not Masked Boobies, to be able to provision a two-chick brood. Analysis of chick meal size and adult foraging effort (time spent foraging) indicated that Blue-footed Booby parents could typically feed two, but not three, chicks; brood size thus matches feeding capacity in this species. Masked Boobies, however, appear to have sufficient excess foraging capacity to raise an additional chick, yet do not. The different brood sizes of these species are frequently cited to support the idea that foraging biology determines brood size in seabirds. In contrast, we conclude that Masked and Blue-footed Boobies have similar capacities to provision two-chick broods; some other factor limits Masked Boobies, but not Blue-footed Boobies, to fledging single chicks. Obligate siblicide clearly limits brood size at the proximate level in Masked, but not Blue-footed Boobies. A role for sibling competition also seems likely at the ultimate level, either through an interaction with delivery frequency or by driving genetic parent-offspring conflict over brood size.
Habitat selection and impact of red ( Cervus elaphus L.) and roe ( Capreolus capreolus L.) deer in a Sitka spruce plantation

The study began in 1978 at Glenbranter Forest, Argyll. Use of habitat by red and roe deer was measured from the accumulation of pellet groups and from observations. Approximately 2000 trees less than 9 years old and 6000 older ones were monitored for damage and response. Habitats in areas dominated by heather in or close to the forest were the most occupied by both species and pole-stage crops the least. However, most dung was found on the extensive areas of recently planted ground. Roe deer were relatively more abundant than red deer in stands of 9 to 15 year-old trees. In summer, red deer ate mainly grasses and roe mainly forbs. In winter, these preferences remained, but Calluna became more important to both. Browsing on leaders was heaviest in winter and May–June. Approximately 50% of leaders on trees less than 6 years old were browsed annually. Most trees regained leaders within 12 months, many becoming multi-stemmed. Of the trees. 1% were bark-stripped per annum. In older stands the smaller trees were most damaged, in younger stands the larger trees.
Leaf nitrogen content as a predictor of photosynthetic capacity in ambient and global change conditions

Leaf assimilation capacity in Lolium perenne, grown in elevated CO2 level (700 ,umol mol-1) and/or in- creased air temperature (ambient + 4? C) could be predicted from leaf N content expressed on an area basis, although the linear relationships between maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) or maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and leaf N depended on treatment. The model, based on Farquhar, Von Caemmerer & Berry (1980) showed negative long-term effects of increased air temperature on Vcmax and Jmax, while long- term exposure to increased CO2 level affected only Vcmax. Acclimation responses to these global changes therefore could not be explained by changes in N-content alone, but also in terms of changes in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. Stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated CO2 was not affec- ted by reduction of leaf N in leaves developed in ambient air temperature, while part of the CO2 benefit was lost in leaves developed in increased air temperature. This suggests that N-deficient ecosystems maintain the potential to respond to elevated CO2 concentration, unless other processes than the primary carbon metabolism become limiting at low N supply. Similar to nitrogen content, changes in photon flux density did not change the CO2 benefit either, unless a transition occurred from one limiting process to another (electron transport to carboxylation or vice versa). Hypotheses on interaction be- tween CO2 level, nitrogen status of the leaf and light intensity are formulated to support these findings.
Total Mercury Residues in Livers and Eggs of Oldsquaws

Total mercury was determined in 99 oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) livers and 11 composite clutches collected on Lake Michigan and in northwest Hudson Bay. Residue levels were similar in different sex and age-classes collected during the same time period on Lake Michigan. Mercury levels were higher in oldsquaws collected in Hudson Bay than in those taken on Lake Michigan. Residues in the hen and clutch were positively correlated. Mercury in duckling livers was negatively correlated with the weight of the liver. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 40(4):704-709 Studies on mercury residues in waterfowl generally have indicated fish-eating ducks contain higher mercury residues than invertebrate feeders, whereas vegetarian ducks usually showed relatively low mercury levels unless they had been feeding on mercury-treated grain (Vermeer and Armstrong 1972, Vermeer et al. 1973). Our work on the oldsquaw (Ellarson 1956, Peterson and Ellarson, unpublished data) indicated, for several reasons, this species would be suitable for monitoring mercury residues and other environmental toxicants. First, oldsquaws arrive on Lake Michigan in late November or early December and remain there until they migrate north in April and May. Therefore, any detectable changes in contaminant body burdens presumably would have come from within the lake's ecosystems. Second, the sexes are readily distinguishable and ageclasses can be determined. Third, while on Lake Michigan, oldsquaws eat essentially one invertebrate, Pontoporeia affinis, a deepwater bottom-dwelling amphipod (Peterson and Ellarson, unpublished data). The authors thank E. Ellefson and other commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan for saving birds caught in their gill nets. Appreciation is extended to R. G. Williamson, Arctic Research and Training Center at Rankin Inlet, NWT, for allowing us to use the Center's facilities during our arctic survey. Acknowledgment is made to the Toxic Chemicals Section of the Canadian Wildlife Service and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources for financial support in the determinations. This study was financed in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, through an institutional grant to the University of Wisconsin.
Genetic structure of the polychaete Nereis grubei in the context of current patterns and life history

Pelagic larval duration and other life history features have been shown to affect the gene flow of marine species. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) were used to study the genetic structure of 13 putative populations of a polychaete species (Nereididae: Nereis grubei) in the Southern California Bight over a short geographic distance (300 km maximum). This species has a short 5 d larval duration and dies following mating (semelparous). Isolation by distance was not identified, with genetic distance high even among populations separated by short distances. Assignment tests using STRUCTURE indicated few recent immigrants within samples. Self-recruitment appears to be the norm for N. grubei populations within the Southern California Bight, consistent with a semelparous reproductive strategy.
Assessing the ecological status using physico-chemical, bacteriological parameters and biotic indices of the Oued Martil River basin in northwestern Morocco

An assessment of the water quality of the Oued Martil River basin (in northern Morocco) which is under natural and anthropogenic pressures was carried out over an annual cycle (spring, summer, autumn 2017 and winter 2018) at 20 sampling stations within the watershed. This assessment was conducted using biotic indices including the IBMWP (Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party index), the QBR (Index of Riparian Quality) and the IHF (Fluvial Habitat Index). Physicochemical and bacteriological quality was also assessed based on twelve parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended matter, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, faecal coliforms, and faecal streptococci) of the surface waters of Oued Martil River basin. The scores of the biotic indices as well as the measurements of the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters classified the waters of the upstream reaches of the Oued Martil River as good quality while those of the downstream reaches were classified as poor quality.
Acoustical Location of Calling Frogs by Philander Opossums

This isolated example of vivipary in a member of the Rubiaceae is unusual and not previously recorded. The degree of vivipary shown by this plant is that of the lowest order of specialization in development where the seedlings do not bore through the fruit wall. The other extreme cases where they do are seen in Bragaiera, Ceriops, and Rhizophora. Avicennia is the intermediate case where the seedings are disseminated with or without being invested by the fruit wall (Goebel 1905).
Corporate Diversification , Investment Efficiency and Business Cycles ∗

This study examines differences between the investment behaviors of stand-alone firms and conglomerates over business cycle. I find that diversification facilitates more effective use of internal capital during recessions. The utilization of internal capital by conglomerates increases with the ability to smooth capital variability. Stand-alone firms are more likely to save cash out of internal capital. Moreover, I find that conglomerates have increased Q-sensitivity of investment and the diversification discount decreases during recessions, suggesting enhanced efficiency of internal capital markets. This provides evidence against the argument that inefficient resource allocation is due to firm characteristics and measurement errors. This study extends the literature on bright side of internal capital markets and how business cycle affect investment decisions of conglomerates differently from stand-alone firms. ∗Job market paper of PhD candidate in University of Melbourne
Diversity of bird feeding guilds in relation to habitat heterogeneity and land-use cover in a human-modified landscape in southern Mexico

Abstract: Habitat heterogeneity is an important ecological determinant of species richness. We evaluated the diversity within bird feeding guilds as related to habitat heterogeneity and land-use cover in a human-modified tropical landscape. To quantify this process, fine-scale bird census and habitat heterogeneity data were collected for a bird community in a 22.5-km2 fragmented landscape in southern Mexico. Land-use cover data derived from field surveys were used to calculate habitat heterogeneity index values and the extent of each land-use cover type in 239 grid cells of 300 × 300 m. Bird diversity values were obtained based on 1195 point-counts in these cells. Product-moment correlations and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between bird-guild diversity values and habitat heterogeneity. A total of 109 resident bird species grouped in six feeding guilds were recorded: insectivores (42%), frugivores (21%), granivores (17%), nectarivores (9%), omnivores (8%) and carnivores (3%). Diversity values for the entire bird community were significantly positively related to habitat heterogeneity, but feeding guilds showed contrasting responses to habitat heterogeneity and the amount of land-use cover: insectivores and frugivores were more diverse and abundant in secondary forests than in any other land-cover. Our findings illustrate the importance of small landscape fragments as potential key refuges for the most diverse and specialized feeding guilds, such as granivores and insectivores.
Standard methods for wax moth research

Summary Greater (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Galleria mellonella) and Lesser (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Achroia grisella) wax moths are ubiquitous pests of honey bee colonies globally. The economic importance of wax moths has led to a number of investigations on wax moth life history, biology, behaviour, ecology, molecular biology, physiology, and control. Despite the importance of wax moths to the apicultural industry, they are investigated considerably more as a model organism for studies in insect physiology, genomics, proteomics, etc. Those studying wax moths from an apicultural perspective typically use only a small number of the total available research methods outlined in the literature. Herein, we describe methods associated with wax moth research that we feel are important from an apicultural research perspective. Ultimately, we hope that this paper will revitalize research on wax moths, since they remain both an important honey bee colony pest and an interesting colony symbiont.
Analysis of Hybridization between Two Subspecies of the Desert Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris

Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis and C. t. marmoratus are lizards highly similar in ecological requirements and are widely distributed respectively in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. Where their ranges come together in southwestern New Mexico, these subspecies hybridize in a restricted zone about one mile wide. The hybrids are viable and phenotypic evidence of back-crossing suggests they are fertile. Narrowness of the hybrid zone may reflect selective disadvantage of hybrid gene-combinations when compared with parental types. The length of time gracilis and marmoratus have been in contact and hybridizing is not known, though their ranges could not have come together until post-Wisconsin climatic change permitted establishment of a desert corridor across the Continental Divide. Casual observations suggest that narrow zones of subspecific hybridization such as are reported may prove to be common or even typical phenomena in the genus Cnemidophorus.