Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic factors and clinical presentation of women attending Cancer Detection Centre, Kolkata for breast examination

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women. Aim: The aim of the study was to report the sociodemographic factors, habits, personal history, gynecological and obstetric history, the clinical presentation of Indian women, and analyze those factors with the diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods: This study is based on retrospective data collection from case files of women who attended the Cancer Detection Centre during January1995-September 2016. Results: Data analysis for 1196 women showed 31.5% aged between 26 and 35 years; 90.7% were Hindus; 61.3% school-educated; 77.0% housewives/unemployed; 80.6% married and 98.2% were non-vegetarian. Physical activity, medical history and gynecologic history of menarche, menstrual type, menopause, marital age, and breast feeding history had a strong correlation with clinical diagnosis (p<0.05). About 8.4% of the total population was diagnosed with breast cancer using smear cytology, FNAC, mammography, and USG. Conclusions: Age, lack of proper education, marital status, food habit, physical activity, age of menarche, menstrual type, menopause, marital age, and breastfeeding history were highlighted as significant risk factors of breast cancer in Indian women. Smears from nipple discharges, FNAC, mammography, and USG are effective methods for breast cancer detection in low-cost setting where routine organized screening programs are not available. Relevance for patients: The study will identify important risk factors among women in the Eastern region of India. Thus, background information of patients can be used to emphasize the importance of organizing breast cancer screening while making public health policies and implementing breast cancer control programs.
Circular coloring and fractional coloring in planar graphs

We study the following Steinberg‐type problem on circular coloring: for an odd integer k≥3 , what is the smallest number f(k) such that every planar graph of girth k without cycles of length from k+1 to f(k) admits a homomorphism to the odd cycle Ck (or equivalently, is circular (k,k−12) ‐colorable). Known results and counterexamples on Steinberg's Conjecture indicate that f(3)∈{6,7} . In this paper, we show that f(k) exists if and only if k is an odd prime. Moreover, we prove that for any prime p≥5 , p2−52p+32≤f(p)≤2p2+2p−5.We conjecture that f(p)≤p2−2p , and observe that the truth of this conjecture implies Jaeger's conjecture that every planar graph of girth 2p−2 has a homomorphism to Cp for any prime p≥5 . Supporting this conjecture, we prove a related fractional coloring result that every planar graph of girth k without cycles of length from k+1 to ⌊22k3⌋ is fractional (k:k−12) ‐colorable for any odd integer k≥5 .
BNAS: Efficient Neural Architecture Search Using Broad Scalable Architecture

Efficient neural architecture search (ENAS) achieves novel efficiency for learning architecture with high-performance via parameter sharing and reinforcement learning (RL). In the phase of architecture search, ENAS employs deep scalable architecture as search space whose training process consumes most of the search cost. Moreover, time-consuming model training is proportional to the depth of deep scalable architecture. Through experiments using ENAS on CIFAR-10, we find that layer reduction of scalable architecture is an effective way to accelerate the search process of ENAS but suffers from a prohibitive performance drop in the phase of architecture estimation. In this article, we propose a broad neural architecture search (BNAS) where we elaborately design broad scalable architecture dubbed broad convolutional neural network (BCNN) to solve the above issue. On the one hand, the proposed broad scalable architecture has fast training speed due to its shallow topology. Moreover, we also adopt RL and parameter sharing used in ENAS as the optimization strategy of BNAS. Hence, the proposed approach can achieve higher search efficiency. On the other hand, the broad scalable architecture extracts multi-scale features and enhancement representations, and feeds them into global average pooling (GAP) layer to yield more reasonable and comprehensive representations. Therefore, the performance of broad scalable architecture can be promised. In particular, we also develop two variants for BNAS that modify the topology of BCNN. In order to verify the effectiveness of BNAS, several experiments are performed and experimental results show that 1) BNAS delivers 0.19 days which is $2.37\times $ less expensive than ENAS who ranks the best in RL-based NAS approaches; 2) compared with small-size (0.5 million parameters) and medium-size (1.1 million parameters) models, the architecture learned by BNAS obtains state-of-the-art performance (3.58% and 3.24% test error) on CIFAR-10; and 3) the learned architecture achieves 25.3% top-1 error on ImageNet just using 3.9 million parameters.
SURVIVAL, HABITAT USE, AND MOVEMENTS OF FLEDGLING WHITE-THROATED ROBINS (TURDUS ASSIMILIS) IN A COSTA RICAN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Abstract We used radiotelemetry to study behavior of White-throated Robins (Turdus assimilis) during the postfledging dependent period. The study was conducted in a mixed agricultural and forested landscape in southern Costa Rica from March through August of 2001 and 2002. A transmitter was attached to one fledgling per brood (n = 53). Each bird was located daily prior to dispersal. We compared survivorship, habitat use, and movements of fledglings from (1) nests in coffee plantations and (2) nests in cattle pastures. The probability of surviving the first three weeks out of the nest was 0.67 ± 0.07 (SE) for fledglings from nests in all habitats, 0.58 ± 0.10 for fledglings from nests in coffee, and 0.74 ± 0.26 for fledglings from nests in pasture. Fledglings from nests in pasture left their nesting habitat at younger ages than did those from nests in coffee, and most birds from both habitats moved into forest when they left their nesting habitat. Pasture was rarely used during the postfledging period, whereas coffee plantations were used extensively. Fledglings that remained in agricultural habitats (coffee or pasture) were less likely to survive until dispersal than were those that moved into forested areas. Average daily distances from the nest gradually increased until fledglings dispersed away from the natal area, always into forest, and were not different for birds from pasture or coffee. White-throated Robins can nest successfully in agricultural habitats, but use of forest positively influenced survivorship of young during the postfledging dependent period.
Capturing northern biodiversity: diversity of arctic, subarctic and north boreal beetles and spiders are affected by trap type and habitat

Rapid environmental changes in arctic, subarctic and boreal biomes are fuelling the need for effective biodiversity monitoring programs in these regions. Terrestrial arthropods are ideal focal taxa for monitoring, but quantitative comparisons of the efficacy and outcomes of different sampling protocols are limited. Here, the influence of trap type (yellow pan trap or traditional pitfall) and habitat (wet or mesic) on the abundance and diversity of ground‐dwelling arthropods is determined for samples collected in the three northernmost ecoclimatic zones of Canada, using over 32 000 specimens of beetles and spiders. Trap and habitat both influence the abundance, richness, and assemblage composition of arthropods collected, but these effects differ between ecoclimatic zones and depend on taxonomic resolution. Sampling in different habitats yields greater diversity than sampling with different traps in the high arctic, while the inverse is true in the north boreal zone, and neither factor appears to have a significant effect on the diversity of arthropods collected in the subarctic. In all zones, the addition of recessed yellow pan traps to a traditional pitfall trap‐based sampling regime results in the capture of many additional unique species, suggesting that colour is an attractant for at least some ground‐dwelling taxa. These findings have significant implications for large‐scale terrestrial diversity monitoring programs being established or implemented in northern systems. It is recommended that sampling regimes be designed to maximize the diversity of arthropods collected, by including a minimum of two distinct habitats and by using yellow pitfall traps.
Oblique Tearing Mode Instability: Guide Field and Hall Effect

The tearing mode instability is one important mechanism that may explain the triggering of fast magnetic reconnection in astrophysical plasmas, such as the solar corona and the Earth's magnetosphere. In this paper, the linear stability analysis of the tearing mode is carried out for a current sheet in the presence of a guide field, including the Hall effect. We show that the presence of a strong guide field does not modify the most unstable mode in the 2D wavevector space orthogonal to the current gradient direction, which remains the fastest-growing parallel mode. With the Hall effect, the inclusion of a guide field turns the nondispersive propagation along the guide field direction to a dispersive one. The oblique modes have a wavelike structure along the normal direction of the current sheet and a strong guide field suppresses this structure while making the eigenfunctions asymmetric.
Oxygen transport in varanid lizards during exercise

I measured maximal oxygen consumption (Vo 2max) and standard metabolic rate in ten species of goannas to test whether, as a group, goannas have higher metabolic rates than other lizards. I found significant variation within this group of goannas, and no difference between goannas and other lizards in either measures of metabolic rate. Metabolism within the goannas was also examined with respect to foraging mode and habitat preference. Interspecific comparison of goanna metabolism adds support to the aerobic capacity hypothesis for the evolution of endothermy, and factorial scopes in lizards (≥10) are at least the equivalent of mammalian values. Ventilation rate was measured concurrently with oxygen consumption in the experiments outlined above. During exercise, the increase in oxygen consumption rate was matched by a similar increase in ventilation rate, such that the ratio between ventilation and metabolism remained constant. This is significant given previous reports of hypoventilation (due to a mechanical constraint) and hyperventilation (in response to either an impairment to gas exchange or increased shunting). There is some evidence supporting the use of gular pumping in these goannas, and strong evidence for mouth breathing during exercise, which prohibits the sampling of nasal expiration only. The present study is the first to measure pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco ) during exercise in a reptile. I found that DLco doubled on average due to exercise, however, from five species (four varanids, one agamid) four different responses to exercise were apparent. These differences are most likely related to different behavioural responses to "resting" states, as well as differences in lung anatomy. I examined the haematological and rheological response to exercise in a range of lizard species. Differences in aerobic ability of these species were not related to either haematology or rheology, with the exception of mean erythrocyte volume. The applications and methods of optimal haematocrit theory are considered.
The influence of fish abundance on the otter ( Lutra lutra ) populations in Iberian Mediterranean habitats

Recent studies show that the availability of prey influences the ecology of otters by regulating breeding, carrying capacity and mortality. Mediterranean habitats experience extreme seasonal variation in water flow – a stress period can occur in summer when water flows and levels are low with long periods of drought, while torrential floods usually occur in autumn and spring. Reservoirs can affect this situation by further influencing water flow regimes and acting as a barrier. Our data show the close relationship between the amount of food (fish) available to otters and their use of a stretch of water and the otter density there. The adjustment of the number of individuals (and carrying capacity) in an area can be seen from their mortality, a decrease in their reproductive success, or migration. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that otters are food-limited. Torrential rains, summer droughts and dams for water management have repercussions for otter populations in as much as they affect their prey-species. Barbels Barbus spp. and, secondarily, nases Chondrostoma spp. are shown to be important to otter ecology and breeding in Mediterranean Iberian rivers. The conservation and management of the otter in these habitats must not ignore the management of food sources. In order not to affect otter populations, the effect of the reservoirs and their dams also must be considered. The release and cessation of floodwater from reservoirs must be progressive and mimic more closely the flow regime of natural rivers.
Idiopathic endomyocardial fibrosis in a Western European: a case report

Abstract Background Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, mainly found in tropical/subtropical country. Endomyocardial fibrosis causes severe congestive symptoms and may lead to end-stage heart failure. Case summary A French Caucasian 44-year-old man without noticeable medical history and who had never travelled outside of France was hospitalized for a first episode of acute heart failure revealing an atypical appearance of the left ventricle. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) identified EMF, but investigations did not identify any aetiology (no eosinophilia). Despite optimal management of chronic heart failure, functional class declined rapidly resulting in several hospitalizations for heart failure. The patient finally underwent an elective heart transplantation with good results at 6-month follow-up. Discussion Endomyocardial fibrosis exact physiopathology remains unclear, although association with eosinophilia has been reported. Diagnosis is challenging and is based on multi-modal imagery with a central role of CMR. There is no consensus on optimal management, medical therapy having poor outcomes and rate of peri-operative complications being high. Heart transplantation should be considered for eligible patients.
Genes Regulated by HPV 16 E6 and High Expression of NFX1-123 in Cervical Cancers

Purpose High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPV) cause cervical cancer, and in these cancers, HPV type 16 is the most common HR type. The HR viral oncogenes E6 and E7 partner with cellular proteins to drive cancer and modulate immune pathways; previously, we demonstrated in keratinocytes that HPV 16 E6 and high expression of the endogenous host protein partner NFX1-123 led to the increased expression of multiple genes, including Notch1, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), and retinoic acid early transcript 1G (RAET1G). The present study was conducted to determine if NFX1-123 was highly expressed in cervical cancer and if genes increased by NFX1-123 and 16E6 in keratinocytes were also increased in cervical cancers. Materials and Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and The Human Protein Atlas database were used to compare relative mRNA and protein gene expression, respectively, in the normal cervix and cervical cancers. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal cervix and HPV 16 positive cervical cancer samples were analyzed for relative protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. Protein expression of a subset of regulated genes was quantified by Western blot of HPV positive and negative cell lines. Results Immunohistochemical staining of HPV 16 positive cervical dysplasias and cancers revealed high NFX1-123, Ki67, and Notch1 expression. NFX1 and NFX1L1 mRNA levels were increased in cervical cancers compared to normal cervix in the TCGA database. Fourteen genes previously identified as upregulated in keratinocytes with 16E6 and overexpressed NFX1-123 also had high mRNA expression and selected genes had high protein expression in cervical cancers and cell lines. Conclusion In cervical cancer, NFX1-123 is highly expressed, and 16E6 and NFX1-123 together alter the expression of a wide set of genes. The involvement of these genes in cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, and metastasis provides further insight into potential ways that HR HPVs promote cancer initiation and maintenance.
THE EFFECTS OF WINTER DRAWDOWN ON MACROPHYTES IN CANDLEWOOD LAKE, CONNECTICUT

ABSTRACT Between 1980 and 1983 dense beds of the macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. became well established throughout Candlewood Lake, Conn. , at the expense of a once diverse native flora. During 1983–84 and 1984–85 winter drawdowns of 2 and 2.7 m, respectively, were attempted to control the densities and further spread of the M. spicatum. After the initial drawdown, weed biomass was reduced by more than 90 percent in shallow sites; however, little change in densities occurred in deeper areas. The deeper drawdown resulted in a further reduction in M. spicatum densities, although it remained the dominant plant at depths greater than 2.5 m. Najas minor allioni became the dominant macrophyte in shallow areas, presumably developing from seeds.
Ultrasound-Based Attenuation Imaging for the Non-Invasive Quantification of Liver Fat - A Pilot Study on Feasibility and Inter-Observer Variability

Attenuation imaging is a novel, ultrasound-based technique to objectively detect and quantify liver steatosis. In this study, we evaluated the performance and inter-observer variability of attenuation imaging and compared it to a known quantification method of liver fat, the hepatorenal index (HRI). Two observers measured attenuation coefficients (AC) in an attenuation phantom, 20 healthy volunteers and 27 patients scheduled for biopsy for suspected diffuse liver disease. Results were compared with the HRI and histological findings. Both observers were blinded to the results of the biopsy and the measurements of the other observer. Our results showed that patients with moderate (S2, 33-66%) and severe fatty infiltration of the liver (S3, >66%) showed significantly higher ACs in comparison to patients with a liver fat fraction of less than 33% (S0/1). There was no significant difference in AC-values of patients with fatty infiltration of less than 5% (S0) and 5-32% (S1). In the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)-analysis, the area under the curve (AUC)-values for the detection of moderate and severe steatosis were excellent at 0.98. Cut-off values were 0.64 dB/cm/MHz for the detection of S2- and 0.68 dB/cm/MHz for the detection of S3-steatosis. The inter-observer agreement of attenuation imaging was very good with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.92 in patient and 0.96 in phantom measurements. The ICC decreased with depth in the phantom measurements. In summary, attenuation imaging showed very good inter-observer agreement and is a promising tool for the detection and quantification of moderate and severe hepatic steatosis.
Resource Use by Two Sympatric Black Basses in Impounded and Riverine Sections of the New River, Virginia

Abstract Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and spotted bass M. punctulatus are sympatric in riverine and impounded sections of the New River, Virginia. Resource use (habitat and food) by the two species was investigated to determine patterns and extent of resource partitioning and how those patterns might differ between lotic and lentic environments. Growth and body condition were also measured to assess performance of populations of the two species in the study areas. Diet analyses showed that similar prey were consumed by the two species. Habitat use differed along a lotic–lentic gradient; spotted bass were predominant in the impoundment, and smallmouth bass were more abundant in the river. Spatial segregation also occurred within river and impoundment habitats. In the impoundment, smallmouth bass were concentrated in areas with steep dropoffs and rocky substrates, and in the river, they used shoreline areas more than midriver areas. Spotted bass were widely distributed in the impoundment but were mo.
Potential role of rhizobacteria isolated from Northwestern China for enhancing wheat and oat yield

SUMMARY The present investigation was designed to assess the range of growth-promoting activities of various rhizosphere bacteria on wheat and oat growing in Lanzhou, China. Detection of the N-fixing bacteria by the acetylene reduction assay-based most probable number (ARA-based MPN) method indicated the presence of significant numbers of N-fixing rhizobacteria, i.e. 5·8×106 bacteria/g dry weight of root in association with Chinese wheat variety V4. A total of 24 rhizobacteria was isolated from wheat and oat grown in Lanzhou, China. These bacterial isolates were studied for growth characteristics, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. All the isolates were motile and gram negative. Acetylene reduction activity was detected in all isolates ranging from 124·6 to 651·6 nmol C2H2 reduced/h/vial while almost all isolates produced IAA ranging from 0·2 to 5·1 μg/ml. Only two isolates, ChW1 and ChW6, formed clear zones on Pikovskaia's medium, showing the ability to solubilize phosphates. ChW1 and ChW6 were used to develop fluorescent antibodies to check the cross reactivity of the isolates. Inoculation of these bacterial isolates resulted in higher plant biomass, root area and total N content on Chinese wheat variety Ningchun 2 and Pakistani oat variety Swan under controlled conditions. Among the wheat isolates, ChW5 was the best in promoting wheat growth by increasing its root length, root area, shoot dry weight and total N content. Among oat isolates, ChO3, ChO5 and ChO6 showed significant effects on different growth parameters of their host plants. Using the 15N isotope dilution method, the highest N fixation contribution (0·73 of total plant N) was observed in the wheat plants inoculated with isolate ChW5. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of seven selected isolates showed that the variation within the isolates from different host crops grown in the same soil was quite large and helpful not only in defining the bacterial strains associated with different host crops but also in defining the distances of isolates from standard strains of rhizobacteria used. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the selected bacterial isolates did promote the growth of wheat and oat in ways that could be harnessed to practical benefit for the farmer and consistent with sustainable agricultural practices in China.
Interaction effect of va-mycorrhizae and Azotobacter inoculation on peach seedlings

Peach seedlings inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Azotobacter chroococcum showed that plant height, dry weight of shoot and root increased with inoculation of Azotobacter and G. fasciculatum alone as well as in combination with N and P. The dual inoculation had more synergistic effect on plant growth as compared to control. Similarly, the inoculation had a synergistic effect on the uptake of macro-nutrients which increased significantly. The interaction between biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers were significant.