Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey

Context. The Hubble Frontier Fields offer an exceptionally deep window into the high-redshift universe, covering a substantially larger area than the Hubble Ultra-Deep field at low magnification and probing 1–2 mag deeper in exceptional high-magnification regions. This unique parameter space, coupled with the exceptional multi-wavelength ancillary data, can facilitate for useful insights into distant galaxy populations. Aims. We aim to leverage Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) band 6 (≈263 GHz) mosaics in the central portions of five Frontier Fields to characterize the infrared (IR) properties of 1582 ultraviolet (UV)-selected Lyman-Break Galaxies (LBGs) at redshifts of z ∼ 2–8. We investigated individual and stacked fluxes and IR excess (IRX) values of the LBG sample as functions of stellar mass (M⋆), redshift, UV luminosity and slope β, and lensing magnification. Methods. LBG samples were derived from color-selection and photometric redshift estimation with Hubble Space Telescope photometry. Spectral energy distributions -templates were fit to obtain luminosities, stellar masses, and star formation rates for the LBG candidates. We obtained individual IR flux and IRX estimates, as well as stacked averages, using both ALMA images and u–v visibilities. Results. Two (2) LBG candidates were individually detected above a significance of 4.1-σ, while stacked samples of the remaining LBG candidates yielded no significant detections. We investigated our detections and upper limits in the context of the IRX–M⋆ and IRX–β relations, probing at least one dex lower in stellar mass than past studies have done. Our upper limits exclude substantial portions of parameter space and they are sufficiently deep in a handful of cases to create mild tension with the typically assumed attenuation and consensus relations. We observe a clear and smooth trend between M⋆ and β, which extends to low masses and blue (low) β values, consistent with expectations from previous works.
Self-Tracking and Gamification: Analyzing the Interplay of Motivations, Usage and Motivation Fulfillment

The usage of wearable self-tracking devices has emerged as a big trend in lifestyle and personal optimization concerning health, fitness, and well-being. In this context, gamification elements have the potential to contribute to achieving desired user behavior. However, it is not fully understood to which extent the users perceive their self-tracking motivations as being fulfilled through the usage of a wearable self-tracking device, and how gamification affects the interplay of self-tracking motivations, wearable self-tracking device usage, and motivation fulfillment. To address this research gap, we develop a conceptual model and validate it with survey research and structural equation modeling. We find that self-tracking helps users to unexpectedly fulfill motivations without previously striving for them and that significant differences exist between the gamification users and non-users with respect to their motivations by self-entertainment and self-design.
Diffusion of heat from a line source in isotropic turbulence

An experimental and analytical study has been made of some features of the turbulent heat diffusion behind a line heated wire stretched perpendicular to a flowing isotropic turbulence. The mean temperature distributions have been measured with systematic variations in wind speed, size of turbulence-producing grid, and downstream location of heat source. The nature of the temperature fluctuation field has been studied. A comparison of Lagrangian and Eulerian analyses for diffusion in a nondecaying turbulence yields an expression for turbulent-heat-transfer coefficient in terms of turbulence velocity and a Lagrangian "scale. " the ratio of Eulerian to Lagrangian microscale has been determined theoretically by generalization of a result of Heisenberg and with arbitrary constants taken from independent sources, shows rough agreement with experimental results. A convenient form has been deduced for the criterion of interchangeability of instantaneous space and time derivatives in a flowing turbulence.
Turbulent transport regimes and the scrape-off layer heat flux width

Understanding the responsible mechanisms and resulting scaling of the scrape-off layer (SOL) heat flux width is important for predicting viable operating regimes in future tokamaks and for seeking possible mitigation schemes. In this paper, we present a qualitative and conceptual framework for understanding various regimes of edge/SOL turbulence and the role of turbulent transport as the mechanism for establishing the SOL heat flux width. Relevant considerations include the type and spectral characteristics of underlying instabilities, the location of the gradient drive relative to the SOL, the nonlinear saturation mechanism, and the parallel heat transport regime. We find a heat flux width scaling with major radius R that is generally positive, consistent with the previous findings [Connor et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 169 (1999)]. The possible relationship of turbulence mechanisms to the neoclassical orbit width or heuristic drift mechanism in core energy confinement regimes known as low (L) mode and high (H.
Supermarket market-channel participation and technology decisions of horticultural producers in Brazil

This paper examined the relationships between growersâ€™ choice of market channel (emphasizing the supermarket market-chan-nel versus others), technology use, and grower characteristics such as human capital and farm size. Three key i¬ ndings emerged. First, both tomato and lettuce growers selling to the supermarket market-channel had more human capital than those not participating. Second, while farm size was important in whether lettuce growers sell to supermar-kets, it was not important for tomato growers. Third, technology use was signii¬ cantly more capital-intensive among lettuce growers selling to the supermarket channels, however, that was generally not the case for to-mato growers. These results are important to agribusiness researchers and policymakers interested in technology design and research and ex-tension to enable producers to adapt to the needs of changing agrifood markets, with new requirements of attributes of products and transac-tions, which in turn have implications for technology adoption and hu-man capital investment among growers. This is particularly pressing in places like Brazil where the market for horticultural products is chang-ing quickly, conditioned by the rapid rise of supermarkets.
Component analysis of errors in satellite-based precipitation estimates

[1] Satellite-based precipitation estimates have great potential for a wide range of critical applications, but their error characteristics need to be examined and understood. In this study, six (6) high-resolution, satellite-based precipitation data sets are evaluated over the contiguous United States against a gauge-based product. An error decomposition scheme is devised to separate the errors into three independent components, hit bias, missed precipitation, and false precipitation, to better track the error sources associated with the satellite retrieval processes. Our analysis reveals the following. (1) The three components for each product are all substantial, with large spatial and temporal variations. (2) The amplitude of individual components sometimes is larger than that of the total errors. In such cases, the smaller total errors are resulting from the three components canceling one another. (3) All the products detected strong precipitation (>40 mm/d) well, but with various biases. They tend to overestimate in summer and underestimate in winter, by as much as 50% in either season, and they all miss a significant amount of light precipitation (<10 mm/d), up to 40%. (4) Hit bias and missed precipitation are the two leading error sources. In summer, positive hit bias, up to 50%, dominates the total errors for most products. (5) In winter, missed precipitation over mountainous regions and the northeast, presumably snowfall, poses a common challenge to all the data sets. On the basis of the findings, we recommend that future efforts focus on reducing hit bias, adding snowfall retrievals, and improving methods for combining gauge and satellite data. Strategies for future studies to establish better links between the errors in the end products and the upstream data sources are also proposed.
Black carbon and other light‐absorbing particles in snow of central North America

Vertical profiles of light‐absorbing particles in seasonal snow were sampled from 67 North American sites. Over 500 snow samples and 55 soil samples from these sites were optically analyzed for spectrally resolved visible light absorption. The optical measurements were used to estimate black carbon (BC) mixing ratios in snow ( CBCest ), contributions to absorption by BC and non‐BC particles, and the absorption Ångström exponent of particles in snow and local soil. Sites in Canada tended to have the lowest BC mixing ratios (typically ~5–35 ng g−1), with somewhat higher CBCest in the Pacific Northwest (typically ~5–40 ng g−1) and Intramountain Northwest (typically 10–50 ng g−1). The Northern U.S. Plains sites were the dirtiest, with CBCest typically ~15–70 ng g−1 and multiple sample layers with >100 ng g−1 BC in snow. Snow water samples were also chemically analyzed for standard anions, selected carbohydrates, and various elements. The chemical and optical data were input to a Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of the sources of particulate light absorption. These were soil, biomass/biofuel burning, and fossil fuel pollution. Comparable analyses have been conducted for the Arctic and North China, providing a broad, internally consistent data set. As in North China, soil is a significant contributor to snow particulate light absorption in the Great Plains. We also examine the concentrations and sources of snow particulate light absorption across a latitudinal transect from the northern U.S. Great Plains to Arctic Canada by combining the current data with our earlier Arctic survey.
The pragmatics of invitation making and acceptance in Jordanian society

The present study explores the nature of invitation making and acceptance in Jordanian society from a pragmatic point of view. It attempts to systemize the various strategies used for the purpose of inviting in Jordanian society; and to highlight the socio-pragmatic constraints governing their use. Three major aspects of inviting were examined: inviting, accepting an invitation and declining it. The sample is composed of 120 informants. The data was studied and analyzed following Austin (1962), Searle (1967, 1976) concepts on speech act theory, and Brown and Levinson’s (1978, 1987) notion of politeness and face threatening acts. The study has shown that the process is patterned, functional and rule-governed. Furthermore, it shows that social distance in relation to sex and age of the individual speaker is important factor in determining the type of strategies used for inviting, accepting an invitation or refusing it. It has also been argued that Jordanian Arabic has a special patterning of inviting that can be understood and appreciated only by people sharing the same socio-cultural background. The results of the study have implications for intercultural communication, and applied linguistics as well as for a possible theory of foreign/second language teaching Introduction This paper examines invitation making and acceptance in Jordanian society from a pragmatic point of view. Invitations are a common occurrence in everyday life, particularly in the maintenance of good relationships. They usually aim to address the invitee's positive face. An attempt will be made in this study to demonstrate that upon inviting Jordanian people engage in a "facework". Specifically, they take into account the vulnerability of "face", and therefore take certain procedures to maintain it. As a polite and constructive type of behavior, an invitation can be seen as a social act. Speech act theory as developed by Searle’s (1969) following Austin’s (1962) model is based on the assumption that language is a form of behavior, and it is conditioned by a set of rules (1969:22). The idea that language is behavior is the basic element that helps us understand how language functions in a social context. Previous
OPTIMIZATION OF CARROT ENRICHED PROBIOTIC SHRIKHAND

Fermented milk products are most popular in the world in view of their high nutritional and therapeutic value. Fermentation is also a means of preserving nutrients in milk and various fermentation products are developed. Shrikhand is also an indigenous fermented milk product originated from Maharastra. This research study contributes to optimization of carrot enriched shrikhand using wild strains of probiotic and non-probiotic cultures with shelf study at room and refrigeration temperature. The lactic bacterial isolates obtained from dahi samples, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis LC1; Streptococcus thermophilus ST1; Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides LEU1 and Lactobacillus fermentum LB4 showed in-vitro acid and bile resistance. The probiotic group included Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis LC1, Streptococcus thermophillus ST1, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides LEU1 and Lactobacillus fermentum LB4 while non-probiotic group comprised of L. lactis ssp. lactis LC3, L. lactis ssp. lactis bv. diacetylactis LC5, S. thermophillus ST2 and L. fermentum LB2. Probiotic shrikhand prepared using heat treated whole milk (control), whole milk with carrot juice (7.5:1) and whole milk with carrot pomace (9:1) showed 27.8%, 29.3%; 30.0% yield of chakka respectively. Carrot juice enriched probiotic shrikhand scored more with overall acceptability followed by carrot pomace enriched shrikhand and control.
Heat Transfer Modeling of Spent Nuclear Fuel Using Uncertainty Quantification and Polynomial Chaos Expansion

A novel method that incorporates uncertainty quantification (UQ) into numerical simulations of heat transfer for a 9 9 square array of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies in a boiling water reactor (BWR) is presented in this paper. The results predict the maximum mean temperature at the center of the 9 9 BWR fuel assembly to be 462 K using a range of fuel burn-up power. Current related modeling techniques used to predict the heat transfer and the maximum temperature inside SNF assemblies rely on commercial codes and address the uncertainty in the input parameters by running separate simulations for different input parameters. The utility of leveraging polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) to develop a surrogate model that permits the efficient evaluation of the distribution of temperature and heat transfer while accounting for all uncertain input parameters to the model is explored and validated for a complex case of heat transfer that could be substituted with other problems of intricacy. UQ computational methods generated results that are encompassing continuous ranges of variable parameters that also served to conduct sensitivity analysis on heat transfer simulations of SNF assemblies with respect to physically relevant parameters. A two-dimensional (2D) model is used to describe the physical processes within the fuel assembly, and a second-order PCE is used to characterize the dependence of center temperature on ten input parameters. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4037501]
The Nutritive Value of Sugar Beet Pulp-substituted Corn for Barki Lambs

The experiment examined the effect of partial or whole replacement of yellow corn in growing Barki lambs rations by dried sugar beet pulp (SBP) on digestibility, blood parameters and growth performance. Forty Barki lambs averaged (30 kg live body weight) and 6 months old were divided into 5 groups of 8 lambs each for 90 days trial. All tested rations were contained concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and clover hay. Corn grains was the main source of energy in the CFM (SBP0), while 25, 50, 75 and 100% of CFM corn were substituted by SBP in SBP0, SBP50, SBP75 and SBP100, respectively. Results showed that SPB75 and SBP100 recorded higher (P<0.05) nutrients digestibilities with exception of ether extract. Rations' nutritive values as total digestible nutrients (TDN; P=0.016), digestible energy (P=0.011), metaboloizable energy (P=0.001) and digestible crude protein (DCP; P=0.001) were higher for SBP50 and SBP75 compared to the other treatments. All measured blood parameters were within normal ranges with a significant (P<0.05) effects of experimental rations on blood plasma parameters. Data of rumen parameters of showed insignificant effects of sugar beet pulp on volatile fatty acids. But there were a linear negative effect on ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentrations with SBP rations compared with control ration. The average daily gain indicated that SBP75 and SBP100 tended to have similar values (P=0.638) like SBP0. Feed conversion as kg DM/ kg gain was insignificantly differed (P>0.05) among the experimental rations whereas TDN and DCP per kg gain was significantly (P<0.001) higher for the animals fed SBP0. It could be concluded that SBP may be used as a partial or whole replacement of yellow corn on the rations of growing Barki lambs.
The acquisition of the determiner phrase in bilingual and second language French*

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Leveraging the High Dimensionality of AVIRIS Data for improved Sub-Pixel Target i Unmixing and Rejection of False Positives : Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering

Much headway has been made by the direct application of the well-known signal processing technique of Matched Filtering to imaging spectrometry studies, especially applications involving detection and mapping of sub-pixel targets. The Matched Filter technique has long been used by electrical engineers for the detection of known signals in mixed backgrounds, especially in radio and radar applications. Its popularit y derives from the proof that it is the optimal linear detector in such situations, maximizing the suppression of the background while simultaneously maximizing the target-tobackground contrast. These dual properties make it appear to be the optimal detection method. However, in our case, the remote sensing mixed pixel case, it is most certainly not optimal. The underlying assumption of the “proof’ used in radio and radar applications is one of unbounded superposition, Adding target signature in this case boosts the signal and one “hears” or “sees” the linear sum of the background and the target, This addition is wholly unbounded, In the imaging spectrometry case we have an undeniable and physically-meaningful bound on the signal: every pixel is only 100°4 fill. As we add target material to a pixel it covers up some background, satisfying the unitsum constraint. It does not add “area” to the pixel, as an additive radio signal adds “power” to its mixture, This simple but l%ndamental difference can be exploited to give an algorithm that then appears to have “super-optimal” performance, and shows the risk in a blanket application to remote sensing of techniques developed under different physical models and assumptions. We use these difference to our advantage in a technique called Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF).
Pressure–Temperature Evolution of a Late Palaeozoic Paired Metamorphic Belt in North–Central Chile (34°–35°30′S)

In the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, two units, the Western and Eastern Series, constitute coeval parts of a Late Palaeozoic paired metamorphic belt dominated by siliciclastic metasediments. The Western Series also contains rocks from the upper oceanic crust and represents an accretionary prism. Omnipresent high-pressure conditions are reflected by Na–Ca-amphibole and phengite in greenschists. Peak PT conditions of 7 0–9 3 kbar, 380–420 C point to a metamorphic gradient of 11–16 C/km. Three unique occurrences of blueschist yield deviating conditions of 9 5–10 7 kbar, 350– 385 C and are interpreted as relics from the lowermost part of the basal accretion zone preserving the original gradient of 9–11 C/km along the subducting slab. Pervasive ductile deformation related to basal accretion occurred near peak PT conditions. Deformation and PT evolution of the metapsammopelitic rocks is similar to that of the metabasites. However, a rare garnet mica-schist yields peak PT conditions of 9 6–14 7 kbar, 390–440 C reflecting a retrograde stage after cooling from a high-temperature garnet-forming stage. It is considered to be an exhumed relic from the earliest siliciclastic rocks subducted below a still hot mantle wedge. A retrograde overprint of all rock types occurred at 300–380 C. Continuous reactions caused crystal growth and recrystallization with abundant free water mostly under strain-free conditions. They record a pressure release of 3–4 kbar without erasing peak metamorphic mineral compositions. The Eastern Series lacks metabasite intercalations and represents a less deformed retro-wedge area. In the study area it was entirely overprinted at a uniform depth at 3 0 5 kbar with temperatures progressively rising from 400 C to 720 C towards the coeval Late Palaeozoic magmatic arc batholith. The interrelated pattern of PT data permits a conceptual reconstruction of the fossil convergent margin suggesting a flat subduction angle of 25 with continuous basal accretion at a depth of 25–40 km and a short main intrusion pulse in the magmatic arc. The latter was accompanied by the formation of a thermal dome in the retro-wedge area, which remained stable relative to the vertically growing accretionary prism characterized by cyclic mass flow.
Refugium for surface life on Snowball Earth in a nearly‐enclosed sea? A first simple model for sea‐glacier invasion

The existence of photosynthetic eukaryotic algae during the so‐called Snowball Earth events presents a conundrum. If thick ice covered the oceans, where could such life persist? Here we explore the possibility that photosynthetic life persisted at the end of long narrow seas, analogous to the modern‐day Red Sea. In this first analytical model, we test the ability of the global sea glacier to penetrate a Red Sea analogue under climatic conditions appropriate during a Snowball Earth event. We find the Red Sea is long enough to provide a refugium only if certain ranges of climatic conditions are met. These ranges would likely expand if the restrictive effect of a narrow entrance strait is also considered.
A Hydrodynamical Kinetic Theory for Self-Propelled Ellipsoidal Suspensions

Using the tools of kinetic theory, we derive a hydrodynamic model for self-propelled particles of an arbitrary shape from first principles, in a sufficiently dilute suspension limit, moving in a 3-dimensional space inside a viscous solvent. The model is then restricted to particles with ellipsoidal geometry to quantify the interplay of the long-range excluded volume and the short range self-propulsion effects. The expression for the constitutive stresses, relating the kinetic theory with the momentum transport equations, are derived using a combination of the virtual work principle (for extra elastic stresses) and symmetry arguments (for active stresses).