Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using vignette methodology to study comfort with consensual and nonconsensual depictions of pornography content

ABSTRACT Spanking, whipping, and choking are examples of aggressive behaviours that can be performed in consensual sexual encounters. However, within the pornography research literature, such behaviours are often perceived as being nonconsensual, categorised as ‘violent’, and argued to predict sexual aggression. Viewing nonconsensual pornography may be associated with negative attitudes towards consent; however, viewing consensual pornography that features typically violent behaviour may not. In this study, we sought to more clearly distinguish between consensual and nonconsensual pornography depictions by using vignettes to examine individuals’ consent attitudes in relation to these pornographic vignettes. We also sought to assess the hypothesis that more frequent pornography engagement will be associated with greater comfort with the nonconsensual vignettes. A series of pornography vignettes were developed by the researchers and categorised by a group of sexual consent experts as ‘consensual’ or ‘nonconsensual’ vignettes during a three-round Delphi study. The finalised vignettes were administered to a convenience sample of Irish university students (n = 1121). More frequent pornography engagement was associated with greater comfort with the consensual and nonconsensual vignettes. Greater comfort with the nonconsensual pornography vignettes was negatively associated with attitudes towards establishing consent and the endorsement of sexual consent norms.
Lake Sturgeon Abundance and Harvest in Black Lake, Michigan, 1975–1999

Abstract The population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Black Lake, Michigan, has supported a popular winter spear fishery since 1948, but status of the population had not been assessed since the mid-1970s. We sampled the population during May–Jul 1997 with 20.3- and 25.4-cm-stretch-measure gill nets with the objective of estimating population size using the Schnabel method. We also examined harvest data from voluntary registration of speared fish spanning the years 1975–1999 to evaluate the impact that harvest may have had on the population. During 24 sample periods, we tagged and measured 192 lake sturgeon between 75 and 193 cm total length and removed the marginal pectoral fin ray from a subsample of those fish to estimate age. We also recaptured 14 lake sturgeon during the 24 sample periods. Captured fish ranged in age from 9 to 64 years. The estimated size of the 90 cm and larger lake sturgeon population was 1,241 fish. Based on the length frequency of the catch, there were 549 harvestable-s.
An Evidence-Based Logic for the Use of Positive Reinforcement: Responses to Typical Criticisms

In this article, we provide both a critical analysis of and logical response to a set of the most typical school-based objections to the effective use of positive reinforcement. For example, one objection is that positive reinforcement amounts to bribery. Practitioners are provided with clear and concise arguments refuting each objection and data-informed rationales supporting the school-based use of positive reinforcement.
Parameter estimation in surface exchange models using nonlinear inversion: how many parameters can we estimate and which measurements are most useful?

Models of mass and energy exchanges between the biosphere and the atmosphere generally contain a nonlinear dependence between fluxes and model parameters, and thus estimation of these parameters from measurements in a heterogeneous landscape depends on the scale of the observations. The scale‐dependence of a typical surface‐exchange model (the CSIRO Biospheric Model, CBM) is examined using the diurnal variation of hourly fluxes of CO2, latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat. The fluxes were measured using micrometeorological techniques over six sites in a grazing/pasture system in SE Australia during a period of three weeks in 1995. Nonlinear parameter inversion was used to determine model parameters.
Change-point detection in Phase I for autocorrelated Poisson profiles with random or unbalanced designs

The quality of some products or processes can be characterised by the functional relationship referred to as a profile. Profile monitoring aims to check the stability of this relationship over time. In some applications, the response variable of interest in profiles follows a Poisson distribution and the observations within each profile are autocorrelated. Besides, the design points and/or the number of measurements are not the same for different profiles. However, most existing studies on monitoring Poisson profiles have not incorporated the correlation, and the design points within a profile are fixed. It has been shown in many studies that ignoring correlations may lead to poor performance or even misleading results in profile monitoring. Therefore, this article proposes a Phase I scheme to detect and estimate the change-point of autocorrelated Poisson profiles with random or unbalanced design points. The proposed method uses the generalised estimating equation (GEE) approach to model the within-profile correlation and then integrates the change-point algorithm with the modified score test to detect the change-point. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the detection effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy of the proposed scheme. Finally, an application to warranty claims is presented to illustrate the implementation of the proposed method.
Says who? How the match between the social identity of organizations and their audiences increases perceptions of organizational authenticity

Research shows that people systematically prefer “authentic” organizations above organizations that are not deemed authentic. Yet, people who desire authenticity may also be unable to detect what is authentic. We propose that endorsement by audiences that match the organization’s identity may provide a useful cue for authenticity. Using an experimental approach, we test for audience effects in the context of online reviews about a restaurant’s authenticity and find that reviewers whose ethnic identity match the restaurant’s cuisine are more influential on third-party perceptions of authenticity and subsequent liking of the restaurant. These experiments demonstrate that the effect works through a stereotype-based inferred expertise mechanism, but do not provide support to the “mere presence” and “ingroup-homophily” mechanisms. We discuss the scope conditions of our theory and explore how our general theory of audience-organization identity match applies to organizations besides restaurants, to audience characteristic besides ethnicity, and to organizational characteristics beside authenticity.
Robust Adaptive Output Feedback Control for a Class of Underactuated Aerial Vehicles with Input and Output Constraints

This paper addresses the problem of nonlinear robust adaptive output feedback controller for a class of underactuated aerial vehicles with input and output constraints. To solve the problem, the modular design strategy is proposed for the control design. By using the neural networks (NNs) to approximate system uncertainties and observers to reconstruct system states, robust adaptive output feedback controllers are developed. By using a combination of saturation functions and barrier functions, input and output constraints are simultaneously dealt with. The design methodology shows that a cascaded system of an input-to-state stable (ISS) subsystem driven by an ultimate bounded (UB) subsystem enjoys ultimate boundedness property. In addition, the tracking error converges to adjustable neighbourhoods of the origin.
An ultrastructural study of Myxobolus exlguus Thelohan, 1895 (Myxosporea) from grey mullet, Crenimugil labrosus (Risso)

An ultrastructural study of Myxobolus exiguus Thelohan, 1895 using interlamellar and subdermal plasmodia from thick-lipped grey mullet, Crenimugil labrosus, revealed differences in the structure of the plasmodia and host tissue reaction. Both plasmodia showed structural evidence of pinocytotic activity, but the surface area of subdermal plasmodia was considerably increased by digitiform extensions of the ectoplasm. A filamentous glycocalyx was a feature of the surface membrane of plasmodia, being more distinct on the interlamellar form. Sporo-genesis involved two morphologically distinct types of generative cells, producing a disporous pansporoblast. Mature spores were oval, measuring 9-0 μm×7.5 μm. Sporogenesis and capsulogenesis were essentially similar to other myxosporea. In the juvenile fish examined the host tissue reaction was slight, involving hyperplasia of epithelial cells associated with interlamellar plasmodia and some collagen deposition and localized melanization associated with subdermal plasmodia.
Measles outbreak in Gurayat, Saudi Arabia

An outbreak of measles had occurred in Gurayat, Saudi Arabia, from July 2018 to April 2019, all suspected cases of measles during measles outbreak was 477 confirmed cases by IgM serology for measles was 286 (60%) negative cases 191(40%), confirmed cases in 2018 was 86 (30.1%), 39 patients were males and 47 patients were females and 200 patients in 2019 was 116 patients were males and 84 patients were females, peak of measles outbreak was in February 2019 their ages ranged from 1 month to 13 years, children aged 2-5 years accounted for the highest number of cases, most of cases presented with fever, cough and rash, 95.5% of patients non vaccinated. Among all measles cases 286, only 12 patients (4.2%) were admitted at pediatric intensive care unit were complicated with sever measles related pneumonia and pneumothorax, among those patients six patients treated with pulse therapy of methylprednisolone 30 mg /kg/d for 3 days two of them had Pneumonia with pneumothorax and the others had pneumonia and two of them was connected to mechanical ventilation, after treated with pulse therapy of methylprednisolone their conditions were improved, on the other hand the other six patients didn’t treated with pulse therapy of methylprednisolone only one of them improved and the other five patientswere died. patients were successfully treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone as its administration during early severe ARDS is associated with significant improvement in pulmonary and non-pulmonary organ dysfunction.
Mental Health First Aid Training: A Study of Community Members’ Pre and Post-training Responses to a 17-Item Questionnaire

Background: Mental Health First Aid, an important component of metal health educational programs, targets naive community members, public, allied mental health personnel, and mental health experts with specific reference as to how these trained aiders should help people in crisis or with mental health conditions in the community. Objective: This study aimed to describe pre-to-post-test assessment of those who were trained in MHFA program. Setting: National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Trained mental health professionals organized MHFA courses (n=35) for training self-selected, nonrandomized community members (n=862) who were assessed pre-to-post training by using an adapted 17-item questionnaire for measuring the impact of MHFA course on their mental health knowledge, perception, attitude and practice. Results: The participants’ responses to questionnaire were varied at pre-and post-test evaluation and 65% of them showed mild to significant positive changes in their responses, and the rest were not affected positively after this course, possibly attributed to multiple factors related to naïve community trainees, advanced questionnaire, short timeline and dissimilar instructors. Conclusion: Although all participants well received the MHFA courses, 65% of participants’ pre-to-post-test responses improved positively. The preliminary results of this study are not generalizable to the whole community, need to be cautiously interpreted and this research is calling for more studies especially randomized controlled trials in future.
Exploring COVID-19 Literacy Level among Biology Teacher Candidates

The specific researches focused on biology teacher candidates in nowadays outbreak/pandemic (COVID-19) condition are very scarce This study aimed to describe the profile of COVID-19 literacy level possessed by biology teacher candidate students in Indonesia The data in this survey research was collected between January and March, 2020 The selected location was Malang, one of education city and was announced as the red zone for COVID-19 spread The total sample were 290 students The data collection employed the questionnaire, contained of three parts i e information of respondent's identity, profile of information resource, attaining time profile of COVID-19 related information, and COVID-19 literacy level The students' literacy scores were analyzed using ANOVA to analyze the presence of student's years' effect on COVID-19 literacy of biology teacher candidate students As a result, students' years do not have a significant effect on their COVID-19 literacy Most students had heard of COVID-19 before the disease was reported to enter Indonesia, but only few students were categorized in high level The campus should respond immediately to these results, considering that students act as agents of information for those around them (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Source Analysis of Heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from a popular dumpsite, Lagos State, Nigeria

In this study, landfill leachates and plants from Olusosun landfill in Ojota area of Lagos State, Nigeria were investigated. Physicochemical parameters, concentrations of heavy metals (HMs – Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in leachates while HMs and PAHs were determined in plants. Perchloric and sulfuric acids mixtures were used for digesting both the leachates and plant samples prior to quantification by atomic absorption spectrometry. Cold extraction was used for extracting PAHs and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The range of results on HMs analysis were: leachates (mg/L) - Pb: 0.60 - 1.10, Cd: 0.04 - 0.05, Cr: 0.30 - 0.40, Ni: 0.13 - 0.19, Mn: 0.53 - 0.74 and Zn: 2.24 - 3.72; plants (mg/kg) – Pb: 1.0 – 6.0, Cd: 0.3 – 0.5, Cr: 0.0 – 4.0, Ni: 0.2 – 1.6, Mn: 10.1 – 41.2 and Zn: 0.0 – 13.2 respectively. For PAHs, the concentrations (mg/L) ranged from 0.10 - 0.24 and 0.09 - 0.31 mg/kg for leachates and plants respectively. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis identified the main sources of pollution on Olusosun landfill as anthropogenic. Proper management of the landfill is advised to prevent contamination of groundwater and surface waters.
Meta-Analysis of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Correlates of Atrial Fibrillation in Rheumatic Heart Disease

Objective: To estimate the incidence, prevalence, and correlates of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a global population with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Methods: Bibliographic databases were searched to identify all published studies providing data on AF in patients with RHD. Random-effects meta-analysis method was used to pool estimates. Results: Eighty-three studies were included, reporting data from 75,637 participants with RHD in 42 countries. The global prevalence of AF in RHD was 32.8% (range: 4.3%–79.9%). It was higher in severe valvular disease (30.8% vs 20.7%, p = 0.009), in severe mitral valve disease compared to severe aortic disease (30.4% vs 6.3%, p = 0.038). The global cumulative incidence of AF in patients with RHD was 4.8%, 11.4%, 13.2%, and 30.8% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years of follow-up, respectively. From comparison between patients with and without AF, AF was associated with increased age (mean difference [MD]: 9.5 years; 95% CI: 7.8–1.3), advanced heart failure (odds ratio [OR]: 4.4; 95% CI 2.1–9.3), tricuspid valve involvement (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.0–5.3), history of thromboembolism (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 3.4–11.4), highly sensitive C-reactive protein (MD: 5.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.2–9.8), systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (MD: 3.6 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.8–6.3), right atrium pressure (MD: 1.5 mmHg; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0), and left atrium diameter (MD: 8.1 mm; 95% CI: 5.5–10.7). Conclusions: About one-third of patients with RHD have AF, with an incidence which almost triples every five years after diagnosis. Factors associated with AF include age, advanced heart failure, thromboembolism, and few cardiac hemodynamics parameters.
Hatching Asynchrony in the House Sparrow: A Test of the Egg-Viability Hypothesis

At least eight hypotheses for the evolution of hatching asynchrony have been advanced in recent years, and no single hypothesis appears to be an adequate general explanation of the function of this widespread trait (see Amundsen and Stokland 1988; Slagsvold and Lifjeld 1989). Preeminent hypotheses are the brood-reduction hypothesis (Lack 1968) and the nest-failure hypothesis (Hussell 1972; Clark and Wilson 1981). Lack proposed that hatching asynchrony facilitates the death of the last-hatched sibling if the food is scarce, thus enabling some of the young to successfully fledge. The nest-failure hypothesis states that, by starting incubation early and hatching asynchronously, the amount of time the eggs and some young are vulnerable to predation is reduced. However, the debate about hatching asynchrony has not clarified whether it represents an evolved adaptation or is the consequence of factors that constrain synchrony (see, e.g., Mead and Morton 1985; Slagsvold 1986a). Recently Arnold et al. (1987) showed that the viability of unincubated eggs declines with time. In precocial waterfowl with stringent synchronous hatching requirements, the limitation of embryo resistance to remain unincubated imposed constraints on the maximum clutch size. This egg-viability hypothesis can be modified to address the significance of hatching asynchrony in altricial birds. I suggest that hatching is asynchronous because parents must start incubation before the clutch is complete to avoid the death of the embryos that can occur when eggs remain unattended during the egg-laying period. Hence, I present the first test of the egg-viability hypothesis in altricial birds. Using data from house sparrows (Passer domesticus), I first determine whether egg hatchability declines with exposure time when eggs are experimentally maintained without parental care. Second, I test two predictions of the egg-viability hypothesis: (1) incubation is started before egg mortality rates become high, causing hatching asynchrony to increase with clutch size, and (2) because the hatchability of the eggs maintained unincubated declines over the breeding season, greater hatching asynchrony should occur late in the season. These predictions are not critical tests of the egg-viability hypothesis, and I discuss some alternative explanations.
A modelling study of the 1976 climate regime shift in the North Pacific Ocean

Around 1976, the North Pacific Ocean underwent a climate regime shift, with significant biological consequences. To model the changes in the ocean, an ocean general circulation model was forced by the wind stress and sea surface temperature monthly climatology of the 1952-1975 period in one numerical experiment and the 1976-1988 period in another. Changes in the ocean model between the two experiments revealed how the ocean might have changed under the 1976 climate regime shift. In winter, the intensified post-1976 Aleutian Low spun up the subarctic gyre and the subtropical gyre, except in the Gulf of Alaska, where the circulation weakened. Upwelling was generally enhanced in the subarctic and downwelling enhanced in the subtropical region, with temperature changes down to 600 m. In the post-1976 period, the meridional heat transports were also enhanced: poleward in the low latitudes, equatorward in the midlatitudes, and poleward in the high latitudes.
Homogenization of Temperate Mixed Deciduous Forests in Białowieża Forest: Similar Communities Are Becoming More Similar

Many studies show the significant impact of direct and indirect human activity on the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, including forests. The increase in the number of invasive species, changes caused by climate change, or eutrophication of habitats resulting from air pollution can irrevocably affect biodiversity, species composition, or species interactions. Many of these effects cannot be seen in commercial forests due to the significant impact of direct human use of the forest and the high degree of transformation of forest ecosystems. In this work, we ask: how have forest communities changed over the past 70 years? What was the reason for these changes? To answer the above questions, we conducted research on repeated observations in the core area of the Białowieża National Park, which is characterized by one of the highest degrees of naturalness in Europe, where ecological processes have occurred without direct human intervention since the last glaciation. Studies have shown directional changes in species composition and biotic homogenization of three forest communities. Directional changes were found to be associated with both eutrophication of habitats as well as with changes in humidity and temperature. However, the observed changes in species composition were opposite to the hypotheses based on the observed global change. In contrast, changes in the species composition of the stand and the ability to shade and buffer the temperature and humidity under the canopy caused changes in the species composition of forest communities. In the mixed deciduous forest, homogenization occurred along with the simultaneous change of species composition of forest communities. This was caused by an increase in fertility caused by increased nitrogen deposition and changes in environmental conditions prevailing under the canopy of trees, which, however, were caused by changes in the species composition of the stand.
Mechanisms of invasions: can the recipient community influence invasion rates?

Abstract At least since Elton's work in the 1950s it has been argued that properties of recipient communities influence invasion rates. The widespread view, initiated by Elton and later supported by both empirical and modelling studies, is that species-rich communities are more resistant to invasion than species-poor communities in otherwise identical habitats. However, the dynamics of some empirical systems do not support this idea, but reveal instead a positive relationship between species richness and invasion, reflecting the particular attributes of component species and their interactions. These findings cannot be explained solely by Shea and Chesson's (2002) attempt to reconcile divergent observations of both positive and negative relationships between invasion rates and richness of the recipient community. Here, based on the behaviours of several models, we develop an alternative view that invasion success is related positively to variability in resource availability. This variability can arise in many ways, dependent in part on the life history features of component species, the nature of interactions among species, and the spatial arrangement of individuals on a landscape. Our overall conclusion is that the ability of a community to resist the establishment of new populations comes not from species richness, diversity or the average connectivity of the system per se, but from the ability of established species to utilise the maximum amount of resources in the long term and realise the smallest amount of variability in resource availability. We argue that seaweed communities adhere to this principle.