Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen as an important detoxification factor to cadmium stress in poplar plants

To verify the important role of nitrogen in detoxifying plants from heavy metals in Populus, the influence of nitrogen and cadmium on growth, chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis, and the expression of the Glutamine synthetase gene (GS2) were studied in poplar plants. Experiments were carried out in potted plants treated with (NH4)2CO3, Cd(NO3)2, CdCl2 and CdCl2 plus (NH4)2CO3. After treatment, plant height, biomass, chlorophyll content, the precursors content and GS2 were investigated. Results showed that the plants treated with cadmium showed toxicity symptoms, decrease in growth and Chl content. Cd inhibited Chl synthesis seriously by blocking the site located on the steps between UrogenIII and Coprogen III. However, the plants treated with cadmium and nitrogen grew well without any toxicity symptoms. Nitrogen supplement can alleviate Cd inhibition on chlorophyll synthesis by unblocking the pathway. The results indicated that nitrogen can effectively alleviate cadmium toxicity to poplar plants.
Financial fraud, scandals, and regulation: A conceptual framework and literature review

Abstract This perspectives article surveys publications in business history and constructs a conceptual framework for researching fraud and other dubious financial practices, their determinants and their consequences. The prevalence and nature of the practices studied are mainly determined by individual traits, firm governance and control, the economic environment, and regulation. Contemporaries make sense of dubious practices by constructing narratives, possibly framing them as scandals, which are likely to lead to attempts at regulatory change. It is primarily the socio-economic impact of dubious practices that determines whether regulation becomes fundamentally stricter. Existing agendas for reform strongly influence the substance of regulatory responses.
Three new parasitic nematode worms

The nematodes described in this paper are from three sources. The first one, a species of Metabronema, is from a fish host and was collected by Mrs. M. Q. Bowman, of the Amory-Smithsonian expedition, from the region of the Matamek River, Province of Quebec, Canada. The specimens of Passalurus were collected by R. G. Meader, of Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. Those designated as Metathelazia were collected by Dr. M. C. Hall and Dr. Eloise B. Cram, of the zoological division, from viscera forwarded to the Bureau of Animal Industry by F. W. Koehler, of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
The Andean tarantulas Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, Paraphysa Simon, 1892 and Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): phylogenetic analysis, genera redefinition and new species descriptions

Based on a phylogenetic analysis we revised the Chilean tarantula genera Euathlus and Paraphysa. As results of our analyses, within a wider context of South American lineages, Paraphysa is synonymous of Euathlus, and Phrixotrichus is resurrected. Euathlus and Phrixotrichus are sister genera, supported by their shared palpal organ morphology, especially at the ventral position of the distal prolateral inferior keel, also by spermathecal receptacles with a lateral chamber, and tarsal claws without teeth. Both genera are redefined based on cladistic results, and some of their constituent species are transferred. We describe four new species, and for the first time present the spermathecae of Euathlus parvulus comb. nov. All species described for both genera are diagnosed and keyed. Euathlus now includes: Euathlus antai Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus atacama Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus condorito Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus manicata (Simon 1892) comb. nov., Euathlus parvulus (Pocock, 1903) comb. nov. and Euathlus truculentus L. Koch, 1875. Phrixotrichus now comprises: Phrixotrichus jara Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Phrixotrichus scrofa (Molina, 1788) comb. nov. and Phrixotrichus vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) comb. nov. Furthermore, Paraphysa riparia Schmidt and Bolle, 2008 is synonymized with Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell, 1894), Paraphysa pulcherrimaklaasi Schmidt, 1991 is transferred to Maraca Pérez-Miles, 2006 and Paraphysa peruviana Schmidt, 2007 is considered a nomen dubium. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:62B49343-DCF0-4AFE-8154-19F9D50E9AA0
Modelling the trajectories of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

This paper describes a model for simulating the trajectories of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the ocean. Surface current and temperature representations were used as boundary conditions for simulation of migration trajectories. Representations of surface currents were derived from a general circulation model forced by realistic winds and then tested through comparisons with observed trajectories of drifting buoys. Observed climatology data were used to represent sea surface temperature patterns. The model was used to simulate the trajectories of 15 individual salmon that were tagged in their home rivers and subsequently recaptured at sea. In contrast to a random swimming direction model, trajectories simulated using both rheotaxis and thermotaxis as direction-finding mechanisms passed close to the recapture locations of the salmon. The timings and positions of the trajectories simulated using rheotaxis corresponded more closely with the observed data than those simulated using thermotaxis. This work indicates that either rheotaxis or thermotaxis, or a combination of the two, are possible direction-finding mechanisms for migrating Atlantic salmon.
Fungitoxic Activity of Extracts from Azadirachta indica and Xylopia aethiopica on Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Cowpea

ABSTRACT Hot water and oil extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Xylopia aethiopica significantly reduced spore germination and growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in vitro. Tests with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) indicated the extracts applied before or after infection of the plants with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum were also effective in reducing the size of pathogen induced lesions. The fungitoxicity of the extracts from Azadirachta indica and Xylopia aethiopica was greater than that of bonomyl.
Stable coexistence of an invasive plant and biocontrol agent: a parameterized coupled plant-herbivore model

1. Coupled plant-herbivore models, allowing feedback from plant to herbivore populations and vice versa, enable us to predict the impact of biocontrol agents on their target weed populations; however, they are rarely used in biocontrol studies. We describe the population biology of the invasive plant Echium plantagineum and the weevil Mogulones larvatus, a biocontrol agent, in Australia. In order to understand the dynamics of this plant-herbivore system, a series of coupled models of increasing complexity was developed. 2. A simple model was extended to include a seed bank, density-dependent plant fecundity, competition between weevil larvae and plant tolerance of herbivory, where below a threshold plants could compensate for larval feeding. Parameters and functional forms were estimated from experimental and field data. 3. The plant model, in the absence of the weevil, exhibited stable dynamics and provided a good quantitative description of field densities before the weevil was introduced. 4. In the coupled plant-herbivore model, density dependence in both plant fecundity and weevil larval competition stabilized the dynamics. Without larval competition the model was unstable, and plant tolerance of herbivory exacerbated this instability. This was a result of a time delay in plant response to herbivore densities. 5. Synthesis and applications. The coupled plant-herbivore model allowed us to predict whether stable coexistence of target plant and biocontrol agents was achievable at an acceptable level. We found this to be the case for the Echium-Mogulones system and believe that similar models would be of use when assessing new agents in this and other invasive plant biocontrol systems. Density dependence in new biocontrol agents should be assessed in order to determine whether it is likely to result in the aims of classical biocontrol: low, stable and sustainable populations of plant and herbivore. Further work should be done to characterize the strength of density dependence according to the niche occupied by the biocontrol agent, for example the strength and functional form of density dependence in stem borers may be quite different to that of defoliators.
A Preliminary Report on Some Chromosome Alterations by X-Rays in Crepis

2. Dislocatiows: Rearrangement of chromosome material without any alteration in the total mass of the nucleus. Here should be classified various alterations known to occur spontaneously, such as attachment, duplication, translocation, fragmentation, etc. 3. Transformzations: Alteration of the morphological characters of the chromosomes invariably connected with a change of the total mass of the nucleus, although often affecting different chromosomes independently. Transformation is believed to have occurred in course of the evolution of the Crepis species, which in most cases markedly differ in the sizes and shapes of their individual chromosomes. 4. Novations: A presumed phenomenon of formation of the chromosomes de novo, which was called to account for some apparently otherwise inexplicable cases of appearance of nsew large "V-shaped" chromosome structures. As will be shown in the following, this last type should very probably be merged with dislocations.
Competition and succession in an aspen-white-pine forest

1 Changes in relative abundance, dominance, diversity, size inequality, and growth of trees was documented in a c. 60-year-old second-growth aspen-white-pine forest in northern Michigan, USA over a 10-year period. Abundance and dominance decreased for aspen but increased for white pine. Size inequalities, measured as coefficient of variation (CV) of diameter, of aspen decreased over the 10 years, while that of white pine increased. The decrease in CV for aspen appears to have been caused by mortality among small aspen stems. 2 Few white pines grew close to aspens and their growth was unexpectedly greater than that of pines further away from aspens, suggesting a net facilitation of white pine growth. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown, although strong intraspecific competition was found among pines in areas where aspen ramets were less dense. This may have outweighed the competitive effect of aspen on pine growth, resulting in the net indirect facilitation. 3 The asymmetry of intraspecific competitive effects on growth was substantially less at the local scale than that reported in other studies, which we attribute to greater relative importance of below-ground competition in this site of excessively drained, nutrient-poor sandy soil. For aspen, the amount of asymmetry which resulted in the best-fit model tended to decrease with increasing distance, suggesting that competition with immediate neighbours is likely to be more asymmetric than competition with more distant neighbours in closed-canopy plant communities such as forests. It is hypothesized that in closed-canopy vegetation, the contested resource may primarily be light at short distances, changing to entirely soil resources at greater distances. 4 This study suggests that both population and, in turn, community dynamics may be governed by physiological senescence of connections within individual clones of the dominant aspens. As a result, the successional species turnover can be considered as a function of clone dynamics, which is an alternative to the more common, smallerscale, gap dynamics that drive tree-by-tree replacement in many mature and primary forests.
The measurement of pancreatic secretions in the pig with the pouch technique

Zusammenfassung Messung der Pankreassekretion beim Schwein mit der “Pouch-Technik” Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, die Verwendung der “Pouch-Technik” zur Bestimmung der Protein- und Enzymsekretion im Pankreassaft von Schweinen zu uberprufen. Bei dieser Technik wird uber eine Umleitungskanule der Pankreassaft aus einem isolierten Abschnitt (pouch) des Duodenums, in den der Pankreasgang einmundet, nach extrakorporaler Umleitung wieder in das Duodenum zuruckgefuhrt, wobei die Implantation der entsprechenden Duodenalkanule im Abstand von maximal 3 cm von der Einmundung des Pankreasganges in das Duodenum erfolgt. Diese Technik, die als Alternative zur direkten Kathetisierung des Pankreasganges verstanden wird, bietet die Moglichkeit zur kontinuierlichen Sammlung von Pankreassekret in Langzeitstudien. Drei Schweine mit einem mittleren Anfangsgewicht von 30 kg wurden entsprechend der “Pouch-Technik” mit Pankreasumleitungskanulen versehen. Die Tiere erhielten drei unterschiedlich zusammengesetzte Rationen mit (1) 15% Rohprotein und 2% Atherextrakt (Kontrolle), (2) 15% Rohprotein und 10% Atherextrakt (Variante “Fettreich”) und (3) 0% Rohprotein und 2% Atherextrakt (Variante “Proteinfrei”). 900 g der entsprechenden Diat wurden zweimal taglich, um 0800 und 2000 h, verabreicht. Die Futterung der Kontrollration sowie der Variante “Fettreich” fuhrte zu einem deutlichen post-prandialen Anstieg der Protein-, Trypsin-, Chymotrypsin- und Amylasesekretion. Bei Verabreichung der Variante “Fettreich” ergab sich fur die Lipasesekretion ein Maximum 4 bis 8 h post-prandial. Keine Unterschiede (p > 0.05) konnten bei einem Vergleich der Volumen-, Protein- und Enzymsekretion zwischen den Messungen am Tage (0800-2000 h) und in der Nacht (2000-0800 h) festgestellt werden. Im Vergleich zur Kontrollration fuhrte die Fettzulage in der Variante “Fettreich” zu einem signifikanten (p < 0.05) Anstieg der Lipasesekretion um ca. 600%, wahrend die Gesamtsekretion an Trypsin, Chymotrypsin und Amylase nicht wesentlich beeinflust wurde. Gegenuber der Variante “Proteinarm” konnte bei Verabreichung der Kontrollration mit 15% Rohprotein eine signifikante (p < 0.05) Zunahme der Gesamtsekretion an Trypsin, Chymotrypsin bzw. Amylase um jeweils ca. 100% ermittelt werden. Damit werden entsprechende Untersuchungen bestatigt, in denen die Gewinnung des Pankreassekretes uber permanente Pankreaskatheter erfolgt.
A Level

This article discusses the new specification for English Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level Examinations and what is new about it. It considers the way the examination has been developed in the past, the purposes of the examination, its relation to the National Curriculum, to GCSE and university courses and its usefulness as an assessment tool.
Decomposition of corn and soybean residues under field conditions and their role as inoculum source

Necrotrophic parasites of above-ground plant parts survive saprophytically, between growing seasons in host crop residues. In an experiment conducted under field conditions, the time required in months for corn and soybean residues to be completely decomposed was quantified. Residues were laid on the soil surface to simulate no-till farming. Crop debris of the two plant species collected on the harvesting day cut into pieces of 5.0cm-long and a 200g mass was added to nylon mesh bags. At monthly intervals, bags were taken to the laboratory for weighing. Corn residues were decomposed within 37.0 months and those of soybean, within 34.5 months. Hw main necrotrophic fungi diagnosed in the corn residues were Colletotrichum gramicola, Diplodia spp. and Gibberella zeae, and those in soybeans residues were Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum spp, Glomerella sp. and Phomopsis spp. Thus, those periods shoulb be observed in crop rotation aimed at to eliminating contaminated residues and, consequently, the inoculum from the cultivated area.
Botryosphaeria viticola sp. nov. on grapevines: a new species with a Dothiorella anamorph

Botryosphaeria viticola sp. nov., isolated from pruned canes of Vitis vinifera in NE Spain, is described and illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and EF1-α sequences and morphological characters of both anamorph and teleomorph confirmed this taxon to be included within the group of Botryosphaeria species with Dothiorella anamorphs. It is related most closely to B. sarmentorum and B. iberica from which it differs in morphological characters of the teleomorph and DNA sequences.
Estabelecimento e crescimento in vitro de plantas de grápia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro establishment and growth of apuleia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr. ) seedlings under different culture conditions. Apuleia seeds were treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 20min and disinfected by the immersion in 70% of ethanol for 30s and sodium hypochlorite with 0, 2.5 and 5.0% of active chlorine for 5, 10 and 15min. The percentage of disinfection and germination were evaluated at 30 days. Aseptic seedlings were transferred to WPM, MS and ½ MS culture medium and evaluated for shoot and root (cm) growth and number of nodal segments and leaves at 15 days. Apuleia seeds were also sown in WPM medium supplemented with 4, 5 or 6g L-1 of agar combined with 10, 20 or 30g L-1 of sucrose. The cultures were kept under two luminescence conditions: light throughout the establishment period and dark during the first seven days. The percentage of germination, shoot and root (cm) growth and number of nodal segments and leaves were evaluated at 15 days. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid and ethanol treatments were enough for the in vitro production of apuleia aseptic seedlings. The aseptic seedlings can grow in both WPM and MS medium, supplemented with 10g L-1 of sucrose and 4g L-1 of agar.
Evaluation of advanced industry breeding schemes for Australian beef cattle. I. Method of evaluation and analysis for an example population structure

A method is presented for evaluating industry breeding schemes for Australian beef cattle. Multitrait selection is considered. The criteria of evaluation are the annual genetic gains in the breeding objective and its component traits, and the net present value of the return from investment in the scheme. The main methods employed by the PC computer program ZPLAN, developed to facilitate such evaluations, are described and are applied to an example population. A deterministic approach is taken to the prediction of annual genetic gain. Various selection groups are defined in the population, each with particular information sources for index selection, and allowing also for two-stage selection. Gene flow methods are applied to assess the discounted return from investment in one round of selection over a defined investment period. The associated fixed and variable costs are calculated, and used to derive the net present value, or profit, from the selection. An example population with a breeding unit of 10000 cows, supplying bulls to a total population of 200000 cows, is envisaged. Seventy percent of the cows in commercial herds are assumed to be mated by bulls derived from the breeding unit. Genetic and biological/technical parameters required by the program are presented. Criteria considered to be available for use in selection are weights at birth and at 200, 400 and 600 days of age. Results are given for individual selection groups and for the whole population. The annual genetic response in the breeding objective ($1.43) comprised $2.21 gain in growth traits (sale weight direct and maternal), $0.37 gain in reproduction traits (cow survival and weaning rates and bull fertility), $0.06 loss in carcass traits (dressing and saleable meat percentages and fat depth), a $1.00 increase in the cost of maintaining cows and a $0.09 loss for increased calving difficulty. The return, cost and profit per cow in the population from one round of genetic selection using the available growth measures was $8.14, $1.34 and $6.81, respectively.
LIPIDS IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES AND LONGISSIMUS MUSCLES OF FEEDLOT AND GRASS‐FED EWES1

Subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids from feedlot-and grass-fed ewes were studied to determine if diet would influence fatty acid composition of these older animals. Subcutaneous lipid of ewes from the feedlot-fed group contained more 4-methyl branched acids, less iso and anteiso branched acids, less stearic acid and more octadecenoic acid than grass-fed ewes. Only small amounts of medium chain acids (10–15 carbons) were noted in longissimus muscle lipids from both dietary groups and essentially all of them were in the triglycerides. Lipids in longissimus muscle of feedlot ewes contained more monounsaturated and less polyunsaturated acids and this was due to higher levels of triglycerides in longissimus lipid of feedlot-fed ewes. Approximately three times as much high melting stearic acid was present in subcutaneous lipid of both dietary groups of ewes as has been noted in subcutaneous lipid of lambs. Reduction of high melting stearic acid in mutton fat by a short grain feeding period should make mutton more acceptable.
Studies on the structural and developmental variation and distribution of stomata in the Rubiaceae

The structure and ontogeny of the stomata has been studied in 26 species of Rubiaceae, in relation to their organographic distribution. The stomata are mostly paracytic on the leaves, but vary on other parts, particularly on the floral disk, where they are exclusively anomocytic. The foliar stomata are mesogenous and paracytic, but may be either dolabrate or trilabrate in origin. The disk stomata are perigenous and are probably derived from the mesogenous paracytic ones by the loss of divisive potential of their meristemoid due to anthogenetic factors. They are regarded to be hydathodal in function. If the dendroid habit is regarded as primitive, in the family, trilabrate stomata were quite possibly derived from dolabrate ones, which are mostly associated with the dendroid habit. Evidence from stomatal ontogeny is shown to be taxonomically important in the Rubiaceae.
New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes

The Lecanoromycetes includes most of the lichen-forming fungal species (>13 500) and is therefore one of the most diverse class of all Fungi in terms of phenotypic complexity. We report phylogenetic relationships within the Lecanoromycetes resulting from Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses with complementary posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values based on three combined multilocus datasets using a supermatrix approach. Nine of 10 orders and 43 of 64 families currently recognized in Eriksson’s classification of the Lecanoromycetes (Outline of Ascomycota—2006 Myconet 12:1–82) were represented in this sampling. Our analyses strongly support the Acarosporomycetidae and Ostropomycetidae as monophyletic, whereas the delimitation of the largest subclass, the Lecanoromycetidae, remains uncertain. Independent of future delimitation of the Lecanoromycetidae, the Rhizocarpaceae and Umbilicariaceae should be elevated to the ordinal level. This study shows that recent classifications include several nonmonophyletic taxa at different ranks that need to be recircumscribed. Our phylogenies confirm that ascus morphology cannot be applied consistently to shape the classification of lichen-forming fungi. The increasing amount of missing data associated with the progressive addition of taxa resulted in some cases in the expected loss of support, but we also observed an improvement in statistical support for many internodes. We conclude that a phylogenetic synthesis for a chosen taxonomic group should include a comprehensive assessment of phylogenetic confidence based on multiple estimates using different methods and on a progressive taxon sampling with an increasing number of taxa, even if it involves an increasing amount of missing data.