Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiyear patterns of fungal biomass dynamics and productivity within naturally decaying smooth cordgrass shoots

Ascomycetous fungi are predominant secondary microbial producers of the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) shoot decay system. A 3‐yr examination of concentrations of living fungal mass (as ergosterol content) in naturally decaying cordgrass, and of instantaneous rates of cordgrass‐fungal production (as rates of incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into ergosterol at a standard temperature of 20°C), was conducted in three salt‐marsh watersheds of Sapelo Island. Though the years of study were climatologically different (e.g., rainfall ranging over a factor ~2), ergosterol content of decaying leaves was not different from year to year, with a grand mean of 371 µg ergosterol g−1 organic mass of decaying system, and there was little difference among yearly average fungal productivities (range = 155–217 µg fungal organic mass g−1 system organic mass h−1 for autumn‐spring data). Significant differences in ergosterol content of decaying leaves were found among marsh watersheds, probably due to differences in nitrogen (but not phosphorus) availability, but these were not large (maximum 1.3‐fold for multiseasonal data), and differences were not found among marsh subsites (short to tall shoot) nor, for the most part, among types or parts of decaying leaves. Season of sampling, however, had a large effect upon fungal biomass and fungal productivity: average ergosterol contents were significantly higher in winter and spring (e.g., 416–554 µg g−1 organic mass of decaying blades) than in summer or autumn (<310 µg g−1). Among the potential reasons for this unexpected pattern of seasonality might be (1) greater access of mycophagous invertebrates and/or bacterial competitors due to higher tides and lower elevation of leaves in late summer and fall, and (2) leaching of leaf digestate during periods of high rainfall and high spring tides. Significant correlations were found between ergosterol content of decaying leaves and mean tidal height for the 3 months before sampling (r = −0.77) and for fungal productivities and 3‐month rainfall (r = −0.62). Grazing of decaying leaves by salt‐marsh periwinkles over the range of snail densities of the study sites (0–85 m−2) gave no clear evidence of depression of fungal biomass or repression of fungal activity, contrary to previous findings for higher snail densities. The calculated seasonal change in living fungal percentage of decaying leaves was from ~6 (summer‐autumn) to 9% (winter‐spring), and in 6‐month fungal production, the change was from 101 to 434 g organic fungal mass m−2 marsh surface.
The Predictive Value of Serum Cytokines for Distinguishing Celiac Disease from Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and Healthy Subjects

Background: It has been established that the level of some inflammatory cytokines increases in CD and NCGS in comparison with healthy subjects. Therefore, the primary interest in our research was proposing an accurate tool to diagnose patients with CD and NCGS from healthy individuals in an Iranian population. Methods: The serum samples were examined in 171 participants, including 110 CD patients, 46 healthy individuals, and 15 NCGS. The commercial ELISA kits were used to detect the level of the following cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IFN-γ. The ROC curve analysis was applied to determine the optimal thresholds for high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of cytokines, as the indicators of CD, NCGS, and healthy control groups. Results: In NCGS group, the values of AUC for IL-1, IL-8, and IFN-γ were 71%, 78%, and 70%, respectively. To differentiate the CD and NCGS groups from the control group, IL-15 had the highest sensitivity (82.70%), specificity (56.50%), positive predictive value (81.98%), and negative predictive value (57.78%), followed by IL-8 with the highest sensitivity of 74.50%, specificity of 73.30%, and positive and negative predictive values of 95.35% and 30.21%, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate that IL-15 and IL-8 could be proposed as potential markers in their optimal cut-off points for distinguishing CD from the NCGS and the healthy control. Based on our findings, the evaluation of cytokine levels can be recommended as a useful tool for the diagnosis of CD and NCGS in a clinical practice.
Multidimensional Tuning in Motor Cortical Neurons during Active Behavior

A region within songbird cortex, AId (dorsal intermediate arcopallium), is functionally analogous to motor cortex in mammals and has been implicated in vocal learning during development. AId thus serves as a powerful model for investigating motor cortical contributions to developmental skill learning. We made extracellular recordings in AId of freely behaving juvenile zebra finches and evaluated neural activity during diverse motor behaviors throughout entire recording sessions, including song production as well as hopping, pecking, preening, fluff-ups, beak interactions with cage objects, scratching, and stretching. A large population of single neurons showed significant modulation of activity during singing relative to quiescence. In addition, AId neurons demonstrated heterogeneous response patterns that were evoked during multiple movements, with single neurons often demonstrating excitation during one movement type and suppression during another. Lesions of AId do not disrupt vocal motor output or impair generic movements, suggesting that the responses observed during active behavior do not reflect direct motor drive. Consistent with this idea, we found that some AId neurons showed differential activity during pecking movements depending on the context in which pecks occurred, suggesting that AId circuitry encodes diverse inputs beyond generic motor parameters. Moreover, we found evidence of neurons that did not respond during discrete movements but were nonetheless modulated during active behavioral states compared to quiescence. Taken together, our results support the idea that AId neurons are involved in sensorimotor integration of external sensory inputs and/or internal feedback cues to help modulate goal-directed behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motor cortex across taxa receives highly integrated, multi-modal information and has been implicated in both execution and acquisition of complex motor skills, yet studies of motor cortex typically employ restricted behavioral paradigms that target select movement parameters, preventing wider assessment of the diverse sensorimotor factors that can affect motor cortical activity. Recording in AId of freely behaving juvenile songbirds that are actively engaged in sensorimotor learning offers unique advantages for elucidating the functional role of motor cortical neurons. The results demonstrate that a diverse array of factors modulate motor cortical activity and lay important groundwork for future investigations of how multi-modal information is integrated in motor cortical regions to contribute to learning and execution of complex motor skills.
Transcriptome profiling reveals signaling conditions dictating human spermatogonia fate in vitro

Significance The ability to culture human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro is critical to develop SSC therapeutic approaches to treat male infertility. To achieve this goal, it is important to define molecular pathways in human SSCs. Toward this end, we developed an approach to purify human primitive undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPG) highly enriched in SSCs. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of these primitive uSPG versus differentiating SPG identified differentially expressed genes encoding key components in several signaling pathways. Leveraging this information, coupled with single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis, we studied the effects of modulating signaling pathways on human SPG fate in vitro. Inhibition of AKT signaling favored primitive uSPG fate, which can be applied to culture SSCs for therapeutic applications. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for the generation of sperm and have potential therapeutic value for treating male infertility, which afflicts >100 million men world-wide. While much has been learned about rodent SSCs, human SSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we molecularly characterize human SSCs and define conditions favoring their culture. To achieve this, we first identified a cell-surface protein, PLPPR3, that allowed purification of human primitive undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPG) highly enriched for SSCs. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of these enriched SSCs with differentiating SPG (KIT+ cells) revealed the full complement of genes that shift expression during this developmental transition, including genes encoding key components in the TGF-β, GDNF, AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. We examined the effect of manipulating these signaling pathways on cultured human SPG using both conventional approaches and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. This revealed that GDNF and BMP8B broadly support human SPG culture, while activin A selectively supports more advanced human SPG. One condition—AKT pathway inhibition—had the unique ability to selectively support the culture of primitive human uSPG. This raises the possibility that supplementation with an AKT inhibitor could be used to culture human SSCs in vitro for therapeutic applications.
Physiological factors which influence the performance potential of athletes: analysis of sports medicine performance testing in Nordic combined

ABSTRACT Background The sports medicine performance diagnostics include investigative procedures that supply information on the performance capacity and stamina of an athlete. This creates a foundation for a personalised training plan and enables optimised control of the training process. Methodology The study population consisted of 24 male Nordic combined athletes from the national German squad. They were monitored using sports medicine over a period of five winter seasons. The test speeds on the treadmill in m/s are determined at lactate values of 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l in the peripheral blood values to calculate the lactate curve. Results The higher the test performance expressed as a percentage, the more likely it was that a top position could be achieved. The individual anaerobic threshold and the maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly with an increase in test performance expressed as a percentage. The older the athlete, the better they performed in the overall world cup. When age increased, the test speed [m/s] at lactate values of 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l also increased, along with the test performance expressed as a percentage, the maximal oxygen uptake and the individual anaerobic threshold. A higher BMI proved advantageous in terms of placement in the individual competitions. Conclusion In this study the test speed at a lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l can be recommended as a robuster, more independent from mathematical models and physiologically more valid parameter for performance diagnostics in professional athletes.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement and percutaneous coronary intervention versus surgical aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the early and midterm outcomes of patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) against patients who had transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Withdrawal of Essential Amino Acids Increases Autophagy by a Pathway Involving Ca 2 /Calmodulin-dependent Kinase

/cal-modulin-dependentkinasekinase- (CaMKK- ). Furthermore,we show that autophagy induced by amino acid starvationrequires AMPK, as this induction is attenuated in its absence.Subsequently, AMPK activates UNC-51-like kinase (ULK1), amammalianautophagy-initiatingkinase,throughphosphoryla-tionatSer-555inaprocessthatrequiresCaMKK- which has GTPase-activating protein activity toward its sub-. Finally,themammaliantargetofrapamycincomplexC1(mTORC1),aneg-ativeregulatorofautophagydownstreamofAMPK,isinhibitedby amino acid starvation in a Ca
Infant and Toddler Child-Care Quality and Stability in Relation to Proximal and Distal Academic and Social Outcomes.

This study considered the quality and stability of infant and toddler nonparental child care from 6 to 36 months in relation to language, social, and academic skills measured proximally at 36 months and distally at kindergarten. Quality was measured separately as caregiver-child verbal interactions and caregiver sensitivity, and stability was measured as having fewer sequential child-care caregivers. This longitudinal examination involved a subsample (N = 1,055) from the Family Life Project, a representative sample of families living in rural counties in the United States. Structural equation modeling revealed that children who experienced more positive caregiver-child verbal interactions had higher 36-month language skills, which indirectly led to higher kindergarten academic and social skills. Children who experienced more caregiver stability had higher kindergarten social skills.
Effect of early feed restriction on growth in broiler chickens, turkeys and rabbits Vliv rané restrikce na růst brojlerových kuřat, krůt a králíků

e effect of quantitative feed restriction was studied in broiler chickens, turkeys and rabbits. Day- old male and female broiler chickens were split into 3 groups. e chickens of control group (group 1) were fed ad libitum, in group 2 they were restricted from 7 to 14 days of age (8 g per day/chick), and group 3 was restricted from 7 to 11 days of age (6 g per day/chick). Sexed poults were divided into 3 groups: group 1 was fed ad libitum, group 2 was restricted from 8 to 21 days of age (20 g per day/poult), and group 3 was restricted from 8 to 17 days of age (15 g per day/poult). Broiler rabbits were also split into 3 groups: group 1 was fed ad libitum, group 2 was restricted from 35 to 42 days of age (50 g per day/rabbit) and group 3 was restricted from 42 to 49 days of age (65 g per day/rabbit). Following the restriction period the animals were fed ad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in broiler chickens (cockerels and pullets). At the end of the experiment full-fed cockerels weighed 2 079 g, and restricted ones 2 090 g and 2 150 g, respectively. Restricted pullets were insignificantly ( P > 0.05) heavier (1 920 g and 1 911 g) than those fed ad libitum (1 852 g). In tom-turkeys compensatory growth occurred in the second half of the growth period and restricted tom-turkeys had higher live weight (9 461 g and 9 089 g) than unrestricted ones (9 032 g). Broiler rabbits compensated growth for the whole realimentation period. Restricted female turkeys had lower live weight (3 704 g and 3 742 g) than control turkeys fed ad libitum (3 907 g).
EVALUATION OF BUTACHLOR FOR CONTROL OF SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES ALONG WITH ITS IMPACT ON BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF FRESHWATER SYSTEM

In this investigation, the efficacy of the herbicide butachlor, (N-butoxymethyl-2 chloro-2 1 , 6 1 diethyl acetanilide) was tested against few common submerged macrophytes namely Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.) Royale), Najas (Najas minor All.), Nechamandra (Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb.) Thwaites) and Ottelia (Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. ) of freshwater fish ponds. Almost complete decay of Hydrilla, Nechamandra and Ottelia was achieved at 7.5 L of active ingredient/ha/m butachlor within 15 days while the herbicide showed no negative effect on Najas. However at the same concentration of butachlor, total mortality of zooplankton and water fern Azolla (Azolla caroliniana Lamarck) occurred within seven days. In case of few freshwater fish species like Rohu (Labeo rohita), Channa (Channa punctatus), Anabas (Anabas testitudineus) and Heteropneustes (Heteropneustes fossilis), total mortality occurred upto 90 days after application of the same dose of butachlor but fish survived beyond 120 days of herbicide application indicating degradation of the herbicides.
Aerosols enhance cloud lifetime and brightness along the stratus-to-cumulus transition

Significance All cloud droplets on Earth form from tiny airborne particles known as aerosols. Additional aerosols from anthropogenic activity have produced more cloud droplets but at smaller sizes. The smaller, more numerous droplets in clouds do not collide as effectively, therefore resulting in less precipitation. Using a combination of time-lapse satellite imagery and air mass trajectory modeling, we show that aerosols can enhance cloud fraction and extend the lifetime of overcast cloud fields primarily under stable atmospheric conditions as typically found off the west coasts of subtropical stratocumulus-dominated regions. Longer-lived clouds have a stronger cooling influence on climate and therefore, need to be correctly parameterized in atmospheric models so that accurate projections of climate change can be achieved. Anthropogenic aerosols are hypothesized to enhance planetary albedo and offset some of the warming due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere. Aerosols can enhance the coverage, reflectance, and lifetime of warm low-level clouds. However, the relationship between cloud lifetime and aerosol concentration has been challenging to measure from polar orbiting satellites. We estimate two timescales relating to the formation and persistence of low-level clouds over 1○×1○ spatial domains using multiple years of geostationary satellite observations provided by the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Synoptic (SYN) product. Lagrangian trajectories spanning several days along the classic stratus-to-cumulus transition zone are stratified by aerosol optical depth and meteorology. Clouds forming in relatively polluted trajectories tend to have lighter precipitation rates, longer average lifetime, and higher cloud albedo and cloud fraction compared with unpolluted trajectories. While liquid water path differences are found to be negligible, we find direct evidence of increased planetary albedo primarily through increased drop concentration (Nd) and cloud fraction, with the caveat that the aerosol influence on cloud fraction is positive only for stable atmospheric conditions. While the increase in cloud fraction can be large typically in the beginning of trajectories, the Twomey effect accounts for the bulk (roughly 3/4) of the total aerosol indirect radiative forcing estimate.
Differential effects of temperature on fruit development and bean quality of contrasting genotypes of cacao (Theobroma cacao)

The effects of temperature and light integral on fruit growth and development of five cacao genotypes (Amelonado, AMAZ 15/15, SCA 6, SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) were studied in semi-controlled environment glasshouses in which the thermal regimes of cacao-growing regions of Brazil, Ghana and Malaysia were simulated. Fruit losses because of physiological wilt (cherelle wilt) were greater at higher temperatures and also differed significantly between genotypes, reflecting genetic differences in competition for assimilates between vegetative and reproductive components. Short-term measurements of fruit growth indicated faster growth rates at higher temperatures. In addition, a significant negative linear relationship between temperature and development time was observed. There was an effect of genotype on this relationship, such that time to fruit maturation at a given temperature was greatest for the clone UF 676 and least for AMAZ 15/15. Analysis of base temperatures, derived from these relationships indicated genetic variability in sensitivity of cacao fruit growth to temperature (base temperatures ranged from 7.5°C for Amelonado and AMAZ 15/15 to 12.9 for SPEC 54/1). Final fruit size was a positive function of bean number for all genotypes and a positive function of light integral for Amelonado in the Malaysia simulated environment (where the temperature was almost constant). In simulated environments where temperature was the main variable (Brazil and Ghana) increases in temperature resulted in a significant decrease in final pod size for one genotype (Amelonado) in Brazil and for two genotypes (SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) in Ghana. It was hypothesised that pod growth duration (mediated by temperature), assimilation and bean number are all determinants of final pod size but that under specific conditions one of these factors may override the others. There was variability between genotypes in the response of bean size and bean lipid content to temperature. Negative relationships between temperature and bean size were found for Amelonado and UF 676. Lipid concentration was a curvilinear function of temperature for Amelonado and UF 676, with optimal temperatures of 23°C and 24°C, respectively. The variability observed here of different cacao genotypes to temperature highlights the need and opportunities for appropriate matching of planting material with local environments.
Drug-induced Hyperbilirubinemia and the Clinical Influencing Factors

Hyperbilirubinemia may accompany harmful effects such as jaundice, brain dysfunction, and pharmacokinetic alterations of drugs. Clinical drugs are the important causes of hyperbilirubinemia, especially for patients with certain pathologic conditions or with genetic variations. This article reviews hyperbilirubinemic pathophysiology with respect to the effects of clinical drugs. In addition, this review introduces a new formula that may be utilized to estimate the annual occurrences of drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia in a hospital. Variations in the genes of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, organic anion-transporting polypeptides and multidrug resistance proteins are the predisposing factors for drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia; therefore, their genetic and ethnic polymorphisms are discussed.
Effect of feeding detoxified karanj seed cake on immunity and pathology in growing lambs

Summary This scientific report describes the effect of feeding detoxified karanj seed cake as protein replacement of soya bean meal on immunity and pathology in growing lambs. Twenty-four male lambs, 4-6 months of age were divided into four groups of six each and fed with different levels of detoxified karanj seed cake (dKC 0%, dKC 25%, dKC 50%, dKC 75%) for 140 days. Effect on humoral and cell mediated immunity was assessed by antibody titer against Peste des petites ruminants (PPR) vaccination and lymphocyte proliferation assay, respectively. Significant decrease in the humoral immunity in high dose fed group and no change in stimulation index of lymphocytes in all the groups were observed. On histopathology, dKC 75 showed severe changes in intestine, testis and mesenteric lymph node. Thus, the present process of detoxification of karanj seed cake is useful for feeding growing lambs up to 50% protein replacement levels, with little adverse effect on immunity and pathology.