Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crustal Influences in the Petrogenesis of the Naivasha Basalt—Comendite Complex: Combined Trace Element and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Constraints

The bimodal Naivasha complex (central Kenya) comprises 2 suites of transitional basalts and 7 chemostratigraphic groups of comendites. The early basalt series (EBS) predates the Group 1 comendites with the later series (LBS) erupted between Groups 5 and 6. Basalts from both suites are notable for their relatively radiogenic 207Pb/204Pb isotope ratios which are higher than in the majority of ocean island basalt (OIB, Zindler & Hart, 1986), and 87Sr/86Sr ratios more radiogenic than basalts from northern Kenya. Both basalt suites exhibit systematic trace element and isotopic variations which appear related to greater assimilation of Proterozoic amphibolite facies crust by the chemically more evolved rock types. Their mantle source regions show evidence of residual plagioclase and have a 'Dupal'-like OIB trace element and Pb-Sr-Nd isotope signature (Hart, 1984). A contribution from the sub-continental lithosphere is proposed in basalt genesis.The seven comendite groups have distinct trace element and isotope systematics. Hydration of comendite glass causes significant changes in Sr and Pb isotope ratios. In terms of their Sr-Nd isotope relationships the unaltered comendites could be derived from the basalts by an assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) process dominated by the fractional crystallization of feldspars. However, the Pb systematics clearly demonstrate that the basalts and comendites are not part of a cogenetic suite. Chemical variations within individual comendite groups are predominantly the result of fractional crystallization of the observed phenocryst assemblages (i.e. alkali feldspar dominated) and minor crustal interaction. The majority of the chemical and isotopic differences between Groups 1-7 cannot be explained by fractional crystallization and appear to represent crustal melts derived from close to the interface between Pan African basement and the overlying Miocene-Holocene volcanoclastic rocks, at approximately 6 km depth (KRISP working group, 1987). Halogens play a fundamental role in the petrogenesis of the comendites (Cl+F<1·7 per cent) permitting small degree melts of low viscosity to be extracted from the crust and causing the breakdown of minor phases e.g, zircon. These factors explain the extreme enrichment of certain incompatible trace elements (Zr<2500, Nb<700) in the comendites and coupled with the retention of zircon in the source of the halogen poor comendites (Group 1<0·6 per cent Cl+F) result in notable fractionation among the HFSE (Zr/Nb 1·5-5·5). Halogens may be concentrated in the source region from the surrounding crust by the presently active hydrothermal system. Each of the chemostratigraphic comendite groups is chemically distinct, implying that partial melting of the heterogeneous crust is on a limited scale and that no extensive magma chambers exist beneath Naivasha.
Salt tectonics on passive margins: examples from Santos, Campos and Kwanza basins

Abstract Salt flows downslope, irrespective of overburden. In salt basins on passive margins, the salt will tilt and flow towards the ocean immediately after continental rifting has ended due to thermal subsidence. Using real examples, as well as physical and numerical models, tilting is shown to be relatively rapid, enhanced by isostatic rebound updip and loading downdip where salt pools and inflates behind an outer high. In the Santos, Campos and Kwanza basins, this outer high is represented by an embryonic mid-Atlantic ridge, amplified in height by the differential weight of the inflating salt. Widespread extension and translation of overburden, utilizing both seaward- and landward-dipping normal faults, characterizes the early evolution of the inboard region. Inflation and contraction occur outboard, the effects of which tend to expand in a landward direction over time. Rapid accumulation of salt implies wholesale dewatering of pre-salt sediments, the water possibly permeating the salt once it has reached a burial depth of c. 3 km. The process of thermal subsidence, salt drainage and isostatic amplification is an efficient mechanism for moving sediment on passive margins tens of kilometres seaward during a relatively short period and helps explain why great thicknesses of salt can accumulate there in the first place.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies : an unbiased and efficient tool to classify renal vasculitis ?

in their requirements for T cell receptor versus costimulatory signals. J Immunol 1996;157:3280–9. 9. Shedlock DJ, Shen H. Requirement for CD4 T cell help in generating functional CD8 T cell memory. Science 2003;300: 337–9. 10. Nolz JC, Starbeck-Miller GR, Harty JT. Naive, effector and memory CD8 T-cell trafficking: parallels and distinctions. Immunotherapy 2011;3:1223–33. 11. Sugihara T, Okiyama N, Suzuki M, Kohyama K, Matsumoto Y, Miyasaka N, et al. Definitive engagement of cytotoxic CD8 T cells in C protein–induced myositis, a murine model of polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3088–92.
LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 10 : 9 September 2010 ISSN 1930-2940

The main concern of the present study was to probe the probable differences between Iranian bilingual/monolingual learners of English regarding their syntactic knowledge. It was an attempt to investigate whether bilingual and monolingual learners of English differ significantly in learning embedded question, preposition stranding and pied piping knowledge. To carry out this study, a total of 399 male and female subjects at seven pre-university centers in Arak were randomly selected from among two groups of Turkish-Persian bilinguals and Persian monolinguals. A general English proficiency test, a questionnaire, and a syntactic structure test were administered to both groups. Statistical analyses including ANOVA, t-test, post-hoc Scheffe test, and descriptive statistics revealed the following outcomes: 1. Monolingual and bilingual learners did not differ in acquiring syntactic structure. 2. No significant difference was observed between gender of monolinguals and bilinguals‟ performances in acquiring syntactic structure. 3. Learners whose parents are in low educational level had significantly lower scores in syntactic structure compared to learners whose parents are in high educational level.
Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey

Preface. Units and Numerical Values. A brief Survey of the Atmosphere. Atmospheric Thermodynamics. Extratropical Synoptic-Scale Disturbances. Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Microphysical Processes. Clouds and Storms. Radiative Transfer. The Global Energy Balance. Atmospheric Dynamics. The General Circulation. Index.
Focal mechanisms of earthquake multiplets in the western part of the Corinth Rift (Greece): influence of the velocity model and constraints on the geometry of the active faults

SUMMARY The composite fault plane solutions for 24 large multiplets recorded in the western part of the Corinth Rift between 2000 and 2007 are computed by jointly inverting P polarities and Sv / P , Sh / P , Sv / Sh amplitude ratios of the direct waves. The fault plane solutions are determined using 1-D and 3-D velocity models. Solutions computed with the 3-D velocity model are preferred to the ones computed with the 1-D model because overall, 3-D solutions have a better score function. They correspond essentially to E–NE/W–SW and W–NW/E–SE striking normal faults, which is consistent with the N–S extensional/vertical shortening tectonic regime of the area. For 15 multiplets, one of the nodal planes is similar to the plane delineated by the earthquakes. It is then possible to determine which nodal plane is the fault plane. The analysis of the fault plane solutions highlights a clear decrease of their dip with depth and towards the north. Several multiplets with steeply dipping fault planes (50 ◦ –60 ◦ ) located at depths of 7–8 km are clearly located at the base of onshore and offshore faults that crop out close to the south border of the Corinth Gulf, indicating that these faults are steep down to 7–8 km depth. To the north, multiplets underline a low angle north-dipping structure (20 ◦ –30 ◦ ) on which steep north-dipping faults could take root.
Journal of Reproduction and Development

Advanced reproductive technologies are being applied for the propagation of squirrel monkeys, to ensure their preservation as a genetic resource and the effective use of their gametes in the future. In the present study, oocytes and spermatozoa were collected from live squirrel monkeys, following which piezo intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed using these gametes. Follicular development was induced by administering equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) containing inhibin antiserum to an immature squirrel monkey female. The unilateral ovary was excised after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), to induce ovulation, following which the larger developed follicular oocytes were collected. Follicular oocytes were prepared for ICSI using sperm from the epididymal tail of a unilateral testis extracted from a mature male. The embryos were continuously incubated in CMRL 1066 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. Embryo culture was performed with cumulus cells. Two experiments of ICSI carried out with three females resulted in 14 mature oocytes from the 49 cumulus-oocyte complexes collected and five embryos, three of which developed into blastocysts. These blastocysts were vitrified, thawed, and transferred to recipient monkeys, but no pregnancies resulted. In conclusion, the present study is the first to successfully produce ICSI-derived blastocysts from MII oocytes obtained by means of hormone administration (a combination of eCG+inhibin antiserum and hCG) and in vitro maturation in immature squirrel monkeys.
Journal of Reproduction and Development

Oogenesis depends on close interactions between oocytes and granulosa cells. Abnormal signaling between these cell types can result in infertility. However, attempts to manipulate oocyte-granulosa cell interactions have had limited success, likely due to the blood-follicle barrier (BFB), which prevents the penetration of exogenous materials into ovarian follicles. Here, we used adenoviruses (AVs) to manipulate the oocyte-granulosa cell interactions. AVs penetrated the BFB and transduced granulosa cells through ovarian microinjection. Although AVs caused transient inflammation, they did not impair fertility in wild-type mice. Introduction of Kitl-expressing AVs into congenitally infertile KitlSl-t/KitlSl-t mutant mouse ovaries, which contained only primordial follicles because of a lack of Kitl expression, restored fertility through natural mating. The offspring showed no evidence of AV integration and exhibited normal genomic imprinting patterns for imprinted genes. These results demonstrate the usefulness of AVs for manipulating oogenesis and suggest the possibility of gene therapies for human female infertility.
Journal of Reproduction and Development

Although hormonal induction of parturition in cattle results in the successful delivery of healthy calves, the risk of retained fetal membrane is significantly increased. In a previous study, a combination of the long-acting glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, with a high dose of betamethasone partially normalized the placentomal gene expression during parturition; however, the incidence of retained fetal membrane remained high. This study further explored placentomal dysfunction and aimed to elucidate the mechanism of retained fetal membrane in parturition-induced cows. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that enhanced glucocorticoid exposure normalized the expression of a substantial fraction of genes in the cotyledons. In contrast, a significant reduction in the multiple signaling pathway activities, including interferon signaling, was found in the caruncles during induced parturition. Real-time PCR showed that the expression of interferon-tau in the caruncles, but not interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma, was significantly lower in induced parturition than spontaneous parturition. Interferon-stimulated gene expression was also significantly decreased in the caruncles during induced parturition. These results indicate that interferon signaling could be important for immunological control in placentomes during parturition. Additionally, this suggests that interferon-tau might be a pivotal ligand for interferon receptors in the caruncles. This study revealed that peripheral blood leukocytes in prepartum cows transcribed interferon-tau. Macrophage infiltration in the placentome is known to participate in the detachment of the fetal membrane from the caruncle. Thus, this study raised the possibility that immune cells migrating into the caruncles at parturition may act as a source of ligands that activate interferon signaling.
Multiple urban heat islands and surface energy balance during summer in Yangtze River Delta city cluster region simulated with WRF/NCAR

In this study,we have performed high resolution numerical simulations with a regional model with urban canopy module,that is,WRF v3.1. 1 developed at NCAR,to examine the climate effect of urbanization in Yangtze River Delta of China.Such an effect is explored by comparing two parallel experiments with and without cities in Yangtze River Delta,with insight into urban heat islands(UHIs),surface energy balance and their diurnal cycles.The results show that the urbanization not only can raise skin temperature and reduce diurnal temperature range(DTR)and near surface wind speed in urbanized areas,but can increase DTR in some suburban areas.The urban heat island near the coast will increase the daytime sea breeze and decrease the land breeze at nighttime.But large area heat island of city cluster can reduce the low-level pressure which will introduce a higher wind speed on the sea surface all day.Also,the urbanization significantly weakens the latent heat flux(evaporation)and increases the sensible heat flux and heat storage in urbanized areas so that the urban heat islands tend to grow during daytime and to reach peak before sunset,then maintain during night,but decay rapidly around sunrise.Larger incoming short-wave radiation,a smaller downward long-wave radiation and a weaker near surface wind speed are all worked together to reduce UHI during daytime but increase UHI during night,with its peak delayed from 17:00 to 20:00;and vice versa.
GENDERED PATTERNS OF MIGRATION TO GREECE

The salience of gender for understanding migration phenomena has come to the forefront over the last decade. Various dimensions of gender relations such as the division of labour between paid and unpaid work, the occupational division of labour, and power relations within the family are integral parts of the structural forces that lead to migration. New data on migration to Greece indicate precisely this importance of gender for understanding migration and the migrant experience. The highly skewed gender composition of various nationalities present in Greece as well as data on the location of the spouses and children of migrants demonstrate that migration patterns are gendered.
Herschel-ATLAS: Dust Temperature and Redshift Distribution of SPIRE and PACS Detected Sources Using Submillimetre Colours

We present colour-colour diagrams of detected sources in the Herschel-ATLAS science demonstration field from 100 to 500 mu m using both PACS and SPIRE. We fit isothermal modified black bodies to the spectral energy distribution (SED) to extract the dust temperature of sources with counterparts in Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) or SDSS surveys with either a spectroscopic or a photometric redshift. For a subsample of 330 sources detected in at least three FIR bands with a significance greater than 3 sigma, we find an average dust temperature of (28 +/- 8) K. For sources with no known redshift, we populate the colour-colour diagram with a large number of SEDs generated with a broad range of dust temperatures and emissivity parameters, and compare to colours of observed sources to establish the redshift distribution of this sample. For another subsample of 1686 sources with fluxes above 35 mJy at 350 mu m and detected at 250 and 500 mu m with a significance greater than 3s, we find an average redshift of 2.2 +/- 0.6.
Communications in Mathematical Physics Decay of Solutions of the Wave Equation in the Kerr Geometry

We consider the Cauchy problem for the massless scalar wave equation in the Kerr geometry for smooth initial data compactly supported outside the event horizon. We prove that the solutions decay in time in L∞loc . The proof is based on a representation of the solution as an infinite sum over the angular momentum modes, each of which is an integral of the energy variable ω on the real line. This integral representation involves solutions of the radial and angular ODEs which arise in the separation of variables.
Association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal status in north Indian adults

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of periodontal diseases among individuals with type I and type II diabetes in north India and evaluate the association of this condition with behavioral and clinical variables. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a calculated sample of 300 individuals with diabetes. Periodontitis was defined as clinical attachment loss (CAL) >3 mm in two or more non-adjacent teeth or those that exhibited CAL >5 mm in 30.0% of teeth. All subjects were over 30 years of age and underwent a periodontal examination. Behavioral characteristics as well as medical history and dental history were obtained with a structured interview. Discrete (categorical) groups were compared by Chi-square (χ2) test. A two-tailed (α=2) P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism (version 5.0) was used for the analysis. Results: A total of 6.7% exhibited a healthy periodontium; 68.0% exhibited gingivitis; and 25.3% exhibited periodontitis. The univariate analysis revealed that periodontitis was statistically more prevalent among men (P=0.001); among participants with type II diabetes (P=0.009); those with more than five years of diabetes (P=0.065); those with tobacco smoking habits (P<0.001); and those who had not visited the dentist in the previous year (P<0.001). Conclusion: Multiple determinants are associated with the prevalence of periodontitis among patients with diabetes.
Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Pancreatic Cancer: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is extremely aggressive, with symptoms occurring only in the advanced stage. The relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and PC is complex. However, it is unclear whether long-standing diabetes causes cancer or whether cancer proceeds the development of impaired glucose metabolism. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Cochrane library were consulted to look for relevant literature. We narrowed down 20 articles after implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The database was searched using the keywords “Pancreatic Cancer” AND “Diabetes Mellitus. ” This narrative literature review aims to analyze the literature on the analysis of the metabolic association of T2DM, the risk of carcinogenesis of the pancreas and their association, and the current understanding of metabolic pathways involved in cellular growth and metabolism. About 80% of patients with pancreatic disease have a previous diagnosis of diabetes within five years. We explored the literature to find metabolic associations between PC and T2DM due to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, low-grade chronic inflammation, and insulin-like growth factor axis alteration.
Improvement of the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model by considering lateral flow in the unsaturated zone

Unsaturated flow is an important factor that affects groundwater motion. Among various drainage models, the nonlinear Hillslope‐storage Boussinesq (HSB) model has been commonly used to predict water flux along a slope. In this study, we improved this model by considering lateral flow in the unsaturated zone. Using modified van Genuchten functions, we analytically expressed the concept of equivalent propagation thickness in the vadose zone. This analytical expression was then incorporated into the HSB model to reflect two different stages of the drainage process and to simulate the hillslope drainage process more accurately. The model results indicated that lateral flow has significant effects in the unsaturated zone during the hillslope drainage process. Even in sandy aquifers, the amount of water contributed by the unsaturated zone is a key factor that enables a decrease in the water table during the middle and late stages of the process. A comparison between the measured and simulated results based on both convergent‐type and divergent‐type hillslope drainage processes revealed that the thickness of the saturated zone decreases as the unsaturated flow increases. This study emphasizes the necessity of considering unsaturated flow in the HSB model to improve the accuracy of predicting groundwater outflow rates and develop more accurate hydrographs. The concept of equivalent propagation thickness also provides a criterion for assessing the importance of unsaturated lateral flow for future drainage research.
Clinical characteristics of children with epilepsy managed at an urban hospital in Africa: a retrospective study

Pauline Samia, Dr Aga Khan University Arwen Barr University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Subira B Levi, Dr Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya Kirsten A Donald, Dr Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa Jo M Wilmshurst, Prof Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa Charles R. Newton, Prof KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
Professionalism: Informal Consultations about Skin Diseases

Introduction: “Informal consultation” refers to informal self-referral to clinicians for medical advice. This questionnaire-based study explores non-dermatology doctors’ experiences with informal consultations on skin diseases. Method: A 13-item questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2020, involving a convenience sample of doctors from a district general hospital. Doctors working in the dermatology department were excluded from the questionnaire. The numerical data derived from the questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics, and free text data were analysed using content analysis. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 29/33 (88%), consisting of 27 doctors-in-training and two medical consultants. Twenty-four of 29 (83%) respondents reported that they were asked to provide dermatological advice outside of healthcare settings. The main source of self-referrals was first-degree relatives, as reported by 23/29 (79%) respondents. Twenty-five of 29 (86%) did not document the advice provided. Conclusions: Non-dermatology doctors encounter informal consultations on skin diseases. These requests put a burden on the work–life balance of clinicians involved, and there are risks associated with mismanaging such requests. Doctors in training would benefit from support and guidance from their supervisors on how to navigate this professionalism issue safely.