Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient concentrations in Pinus sylvestris growing on an ombrotrophic pine bog, and the effects of PK and NPK fertilization

Nutrient concentrations in different tree compartments and the effects of PK(MgB) and NPK(MgB) fertilization were studied in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand growing on a low‐shrub pine bog in eastern Finland. The nutrient concentrations in all tree compartments were lower than those for plant material in general, although they did not differ very much from the values obtained from Scots pine in previous studies. The nutrient composition of the current needles were closest to those considered optimum for the development of higher plants. The highest macronutrient concentrations were found in the foliage. Zinc, Cu and B concentrations were also high in the living branches, stembark and small and fine roots. Iron concentrations were highest in the small and fine roots and dead branches. Stemwood had the lowest nutrient concentrations. The rapidly soluble ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride fertilizers increased the foliar and stemwood N and K concentrations within the three year study period. Ni.
EusDisParser: improving an under-resourced discourse parser with cross-lingual data

Development of discourse parsers to annotate the relational discourse structure of a text is crucial for many downstream tasks. However, most of the existing work focuses on English, assuming a quite large dataset. Discourse data have been annotated for Basque, but training a system on these data is challenging since the corpus is very small. In this paper, we create the first demonstrator based on RST for Basque, and we investigate the use of data in another language to improve the performance of a Basque discourse parser. More precisely, we build a monolingual system using the small set of data available and investigate the use of multilingual word embeddings to train a system for Basque using data annotated for another language. We found that our approach to building a system limited to the small set of data available for Basque allowed us to get an improvement over previous approaches making use of many data annotated in other languages. At best, we get 34.78 in F1 for the full discourse structure. More data annotation is necessary in order to improve the results obtained with these techniques. We also describe which relations match with the gold standard, in order to understand these results.
Effect of Probiotics on Growth Performance of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 45-day feeding experiment was conducted to measure the effects of enhancing the diet of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings with lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAD) and/or brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cervisiae (SCD). Fish with an average initial weight of 0.26g were fed one of four diets prepared for this study as follows: Diet 1 = basal diet (control); Diet 2 = basal diet + 0.5% LAD; Diet 3 = basal diet + 0.5% SCD; and Diet 4 = basal diet + 0.25% LAD + 0.25% SCD. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest growth rate was achieved in diet 3 followed by diet 4, diet 2, and diet 1. The highest gut microbial load and total heterotrophic count were also higher in diet 3 followed by diet 4, diet 2, and diet 1. Incorporation of 0.5% of brewer's yeast in the basal diet significantly (P < 0.05) improves growth performances and gut microbial load in koi carp.
Thermal-Aroma-Organic-Carbon-Fusion Therapy: An Open Air Conventional Method for Clearance of Nasal Air Passage, Trachea, Lungs and Immunity Boosting Against Influenza Virus

: Present research article explains a composite thermal-aroma-organic-carbon fusion therapy to instantly fight against flu virus/human corona virus. The key concept behind this therapy is to kill invisible virus/enemy by using highly active untraceable /unrecognizable carbon and drug molecules. However, for making a cumulative defense against flu virus different methods were used. High energy thermal waves (light spectrum/radiation) generated by mustard oil lamp will denature flu virus in high temperature air zone created above flame and its surroundings. Further, carbon nano-particle colloids hit virus RNA particle and due to Tyndall effect super collusion take place between them in hot air. Thus, thermal waves assist carbon colloids and volatile essential oil components infuse together with virus in air and neutralize its activity. In addition, inhalation of this warm air will clear passageways, trachea and lungs more efficiently. It will not only lower down adherence/ attachment of flu virus to nasal and bronchus epithelial lining but also reduce virus load. Further, organic carbon present in bhasma, admixture with honey and alum forms a thick sticky colloidal mass that over-layer upon gut mucosa after oral use. It could trap the virus and inhibit binding of virus spike protein with ACE-2 receptors found on human cells. In addition to it, regular use of herbal syrup prepared from natural constituents will stop formation of mucus precipitated coat and dissolve it by quick action. Proper use of this composite therapy will save patients from sneezing, running nose, dry cough, fluid filling and cytokine burst in lungs and prohibit virus infiltration in liver, kidney and other tissues. It will cut down morbidity and save patient from sepsis that occurs in vital organs. Regular use of organic syrup will generate primary humoral immune response in patient. It will provide longevity to patient beyond 14 days (up to 28 days) until long term immune defense is being made in the patient body and infection disappear completely. This therapy will cut down/ reduce requirement of ventilator but it will need development of technology. For its safe use human trials are to be done by some responsible agency by permission of government.
Effects of CPPU (N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐N'‐phenylurea) on fruit growth, maturity, and storage quality of kiwifruit

Abstract Effects of the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐N'‐phenylurea; common name forchlorfenuron) on kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cv. Hayward fruit growth, maturity, and storage quality were examined. CPPU was applied to fruitlets 21 days after flowering, either as a 5 mg/ litre dip or as a 5 mg/litre spray. Dipping increased mean fresh weight of fruit at harvest by 43% and spraying by 33%. Most of the increase in fruit size was because of an increase in the volume of “small” isodiametric parenchyma cells in the outer pericarp. The volume of “large” ovoid parenchyma cells in the outer pericarp was not affected by CPPU treatment. CPPU application increased the rate of accumulation of soluble solids in fruit prior to harvest but did not increase the proportion of total dry matter. CPPU also caused increased growth of the outer pericarp at the stylar end of the fruit, resulting in small protuberances. Morphological attributes of fruit including the ratio of length to diameter, and flatn.
Biochemical activities of Micrococcaceae and their effects on the aromatic profiles and odours of a dry sausage model

Micrococcaceae are used as starter cultures in fermented meat, it is therefore important to determine their biochemical activities and especially their aroma producing potential. With this aim, 19 strains of Micrococcaceae were studied in a dry-sausage model. Odours of the samples were assessed by a trained panel. Volatile compounds were analysed by dynamic headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Strains belonging to the speciesStaphylococcus warneriorStaphyloccocus saprophyticusthat were both lipolytic and unable to reduce nitrate, developed putrid, nauseous or bread odours. These samples were characterized by high desorption of aldehydes (heptanal, hexanal, octanal), 3-hydroxy butan-2-one and 2, 3-butanedione. The highest dry-cured odour was developed with the inoculation of strains ofStaphylococcus carnosusandStaphylococcus xylosuswhich had low lipolytic and proteolytic activities and did not produce acetoin but effectively reduced nitrate. Their inoculation in the sausage model was associated with the greatest desorbtion of 3-methyl butanal, methylketones and ethyl esters and the lowest desorption of alkanes and 3-hydroxy butan-2-one and 2, 3-butanedione.
Prototypes and Recognition of Self in Depictions of Christ

We present a study on prototype effects. We designed an experiment investigating the effect of adapting a prototypical image towards more human, male or female, prototypes, and additionally investigating the effect of self-recognition in a manipulated image. Results show that decisions are affected by prototypicality, but we find less evidence that self-recognition further enhances perceptions of attractiveness. This study has implications for the psychological perception of faces, and may contribute to the study of Christian imagery.
Maximal Spaces for Approximation Rates in 𝓁1-regularization

We study Tikhonov regularization for possibly nonlinear inverse problems with weighted $\ell^1$-penalization. The forward operator, mapping from a sequence space to an arbitrary Banach space, typically an $L^2$-space, is assumed to satisfies a two-sided Lipschitz condition with respect to a weighted $\ell^2$-norm and the norm of the image space. We show that in this setting approximation rates of arbitrarily high Holder-type order in the regularization parameter can be achieved, and we characterize maximal subspaces of sequences on which these rates are attained. On these subspaces the method also converges with optimal rates in terms of the noise level with the discrepancy principle as parameter choice rule. Our analysis includes the case that the penalty term is not finite at the exact solution ('oversmoothing'). As a standard example we discuss wavelet regularization in Besov spaces $B^r_{1,1}$.
The effect of the malignant hyperthermia genotype as determined by a restriction endonuclease assay on carcass characteristics of commercial crossbred pigs

In 349 crossbred pigs a restriction endonuclease assay used to detect the malignant hyperthermia genotype determined the presence of 84.5% NN pigs, 14.9% Nn pigs and 0.6% nn pigs. A subsample of 149 pigs demonstrated that Nn pigs had a 1% advantage in carcass yield over NN pigs and that meat color was not affected by genotype. Key words: Pigs, carcass, meat, halothane, restriction endonuclease
A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds

Abstract A new specimen of Bohaiornis guoi from the Jiufotang Formation, comprising a nearly complete skeleton, sheds light on enantiornithine morphological variation and ecological specialization. The new specimen was collected from near Lamadong Village in Liaoning Province, which is the same area where the sub-adult holotype specimen was reported. It provides new information on the cranial and pectoral girdle anatomy of the species, e.g., broad nasal, strikingly robust acromion, medially curved acrocoracoid process. In contrast to the holotype, the newly referred specimen has small rounded stones in the thoracic region that in other extinct taxa has been interpreted as direct evidence of diet. Direct evidence of diet is so far unknown in other Enantiornithes. Specifically the lack of “stomach stones” or gastroliths in enantiornithines despite their excellent fossil record has been proposed to be related to their insectivorous diet as well as to their arboreal ecology. We hypothesize that cranial morphology as well as the number and shape of the preserved stones in Bohaiornis may be most consistent with a raptorial ecology previously unknown for Enantiornithes and considered rare for Avialae. While rostrum shape has a strong relationship to feeding ecology in living birds, in basal avialan birds most diversity is in dental morphology, number, and distribution of the teeth.
The fauna of the muddy sediments of Lough Neagh, with particular reference to eutrophication

SUMMARY. The main groups of animals found in the muddy sediments of Lough Neagh were Chironomidae (Diptera) and Oligochaeta (mainly Tubificidae). At 8 m depth, the average biomass of the main species in these groups was: Chironomus anthracinus, 2.64gm−2; Procladius, 342.8 mgm−2; tubificids (Tubifex, Potamothrix, Aulodrilus, Limnodrilus), 418.7mgm−2. At 25m depth C. anthracinus and Procladius were less abundant, C. plumosus was present and among the tubificids Limnodrilus had a higher density (up to 50000m−2) often an order of magnitude greater than at 8m. Kinnego Bay, a semi-enclosed, polluted area of the lough, had fewer chironomids than the open lough, with chiefly C. plumosus and Procladius. Limnodrilus was more abundant than at 8m. Dero obtusa (Naididae) was also present, sometimes in large numbers (31000m−2). The response of this fauna to eutrophication in L. Neagh appears to be a diminution in the number of species present, with C. plumosus gradually replacing C. anthracinus as the dominant Chironomus, and tubificids, particularly Limnodrilus, becoming more abundant, A further stage, shown in Kinnego Bay, has Procladius as the most numerous' chironomid. Average total biomass at the three sites was 3.9gm−2 at 8m, 13.2gm−2 at 25 m in the main lake, 2.8gm−2 in Kinnego Bay. At 8m depth, C. anthracinus contributed 76% of the total biomass, at 25m Limnodrilus contributed 74% and C. anthracinus 15%, and in Kinnego Bay, Limnodrilus contributed 40%, C. plumosus 28% and Procladius 20%.
Eastern Gamagrass Silage Fermentation Characteristics and Quality under Different Nitrogen Rates

Perennial grass silages are needed as alternatives to corn (Zea mays L.) silage on erosive cropland. Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. ] may offer an alternative to corn for silage production, but it's fermentation characteristics and quality under different rates of N have not been evaluated. A 5-yr-old stand of «PMK-24' eastern gamagrass was treated in 1991 and 1992 with ammonium nitrate at 0, 100, and 200 Ib N/acre and harvested for silage. Corn was grown adjacent to the eastern gamagrass stand in 1992 for comparison. First harvest eastern gamagrass forage was ensiled at the seed development stage in 1991 and inflorescence emergence stage in 1992, and regrowth forage at the vegetative stage both years. Eastern gamagrass silage pH was not influenced by stage of maturity or N rates, and averaged 0.4 to 0.8 pH units greater than corn silage
Functional response of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus negevi Swirski and Amitai to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The functional response of the predator Typhlodromus negevi Swirski and Amitai fed on nymphal stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch was determined. A logistic regression of the proportion of prey consumed as a function of initial prey density to identify functional response types was conducted. Therefore, non-linear least-squares regression and the random predator equation to estimate attack rates and handling times were followed. Overall, all stages of T. negevi exhibited a type II functional response to T. urticae. Whereas, the attack rate (a) and handling time (Th) of protonymph, deutonymph, and female of T. negevi recorded as 0.0329 and 2.0313, 0.0934 and 1.7918, and 0.1068 and 1.0796 when offered nymphal stages of T. urticae, respectively.
Divergent Selection for Geotactic Response and Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Houseflies

Experimental populations of houseflies subjected to 95% selective pressure for geotactic preference under conditions of 50% potential gene flow and of allopatry evolved reproductive isolation after only 16 generations. No significant difference was found between sympatric and allopatric populations. Our study does not support the hypothesis that incipient reproductive isolation occurs more rapidly under conditions of sympatry than allopatry.
Community structure in grazed and ungrazed grassland sites in the Flooding Pampa, Argentina.

-We compared the community structure and composition of two contiguous grasslands, one that had been continuously grazed and one that had remained ungrazed since 1972. Basal cover was measured at both sites in 1976 and 1985. The structure of the grazed area was affected by grazing during these 9 years, which was indicated by the reduction of the cover of grasses and the increase of the cover of forbs and exotic species. In the ungrazed site more than 95% of the basal cover was due to monocots, and the species that dominated this site were seldom found in the grazed site. Large tussocks replaced smaller ones in the absence of cattle. The grazed community was more diverse than the ungrazed one at a small scale (5 m), but less diverse at a larger scale (20 m). Cool season species were always dominant in the grazed site, but in the ungrazed site warm season species dominated some patches and cool season species, others. We concluded that in the absence of grazing, different competitive equilibria may be attained in different patches, probably due to subtle environmental differences. In the grazed area, the effects of cattle upon the community may override environmental heterogeneity and prevent the achievement of competitive equilibrium.
Predatory demand and impact of striped bass, bluefish, and weakfish in the Chesapeake Bay: applications of bioenergetics models

We applied bioenergetics models for dominant Chesapeake Bay piscivores, striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), along with site-specific data on diets, growth, and energy density, to examine trophic linkages and the relationship of predatory demand to prey supply. Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) accounted for 65–99% of the annual biomass of piscivore diets (excluding age-0 striped bass that ate mostly invertebrates). The diets of young piscivores were dominated by anchovy, but menhaden and spot became increasingly important to older fish. Young (age < 2) striped bass ate mostly benthic prey. Older striped bass fed increasingly on pelagic sources, primarily menhaden, but bluefish and weakfish increased benthic resource use from 10% at age 0 to 50% by age 2. Comparison of consumption (supply) to demand (potential consumption) measured the suitability of Chesapeake Bay for preda.
Genetic control of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)

Genetic control of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) was studied using segregating populations from the bean variety crosses Jalo x ESAL 686 and ESAL 550 x ESAL 686. F2 plants, together with the parents, were inoculated and evaluated using a scale of values from one (plant without symptoms) to nine (completely infected plant). F2 plants were harvested individually, and F2:3 families were obtained. These families were evaluated in an 11 x 11 and 12 x 12 simple lattice statistical design for the Jalo x ESAL 686 and ESAL 550 x ESAL 686 crosses, respectively, using the same value scale as the F2 generation. The segregation observed in F2 plants and F2:3 families indicated that two genes are involved in genetic control, due to a double recessive epistasis. The high linear regression coefficient (b) between F2 plants and their F2:3 family, 0.66 for ESAL 550 x ESAL 686 cross, and 0.71 for Jalo x ESAL 686 cross, showed that the trait is highly heritable.
Photorespiration is More Effective than the Mehler Reaction in Protecting the Photosynthetic Apparatus against Photoinhibition

I. Isolated intact chloroplasts: Photosystem II, but not photosystem I, of the electron transport chain is rapidly photoinactivated even by very low intensities of red light when no large proton gradient can be formed and the electron transport chain becomes over-reduced in the absence of oxygen and other reducable substrates. Electron acceptors including oxygen provide protection against photoinactivation. Nevertheless, photosystem II is rapidly, and photosystem I more slowly, photoinactivated by high intensities of red light when oxygen is the only electron acceptor available. Increased damage is observed at increased oxygen concentrations although catalase is added to destroy H2O2 formed during oxygen reduction in the Mehler reaction. Photoinactivation can be decreased, but not prevented by ascorbate which reduces hydrogen peroxide inside the chloroplasts and increases coupled electron flow. II. Leaves: Simple measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence permit assessment of damage to photosystem II after exposure of leaves to high intensity illumination. In contrast to isolated chloroplasts, chloroplasts suffer more damage in situ at reduced than at elevated oxygen concentrations. The difference in the responses is due to photorespiration which is active in leaves, but not in isolated chloroplasts. After photosynthesis and photorespiration are inhibited by feeding glyceraldehyde to leaves, photoinactivation is markedly increased, although oxygen reduction in the Mehler reaction is not affected by glyceraldehyde. In the presence of reduced CO2 levels, photorespiratory reactions, but not the Mehler reaction, can prevent the overreduction of the electron transport chain. Over-reduction indicates ineffective control of photosystem II activity. Effective control is needed for protection of the electron transport chain against photoinactivation. It is suggested to be made possible by coupled cyclic electron flow around photosystem I which is facilitated by the redox poising resulting from the interplay between photorespiratory carbohydrate oxidation and the refixation of evolved CO2.
Effects of Soil Solarization on Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea

The effect of soil solarization on chickpea wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, was examined during the summer of 1985 and 1986. Preplant solarization for 45 days in 1985 significantly (P = 0.5) decreased the incidence of wilt in two subsequent chickpea crops. Additional solarization of sub-plots of the same soil during the summer of 1986 further reduced the disease and the pathogen. Yield and nodulation in the solarized plots were significantly (P = 0.05) higher than untreated plots. No pronounced differences in maximum temperature, percentage of diseased plants, plant height at maturity, and xylem discoloration indices were observed between solarized irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. However, the above parameters differed significantly (P = 0.05) between solarized irrigated and nonsolarized non-irrigated soil. Solarization significantly reduced both the population of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, and viability of conidia and chlamydospores. These reductions were proportional to soil temperatures achieved during solarization. Zusammenfassung Der Einflus einer Bodensolarisation auf die Fusarium-Welke bei Kichererbsen Im Sommer 1985 und 1986 wurde der Einflus einer Bodensolarisation auf die Kichererbsenwelke, verursacht durch Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, beobachtet. Eine Prapflanzensolarisation uber 45 Tage in 1985 verringert das Auftreten einer Welke in zwei nachfolgenden Kichererbsenbestanden deutlich (P = 0,5). Eine zusatzliche Solarisation von einigen Parzellen innerhalb dieser Flache wahrend des Sommers 1986 reduzierte die Krankheit und den Krankheitserreger weiter. Der Ertrag und die Knollchenbildung in solarisierten Parzellen waren deutlich (P = 0,05) groser als in unbehan-delten Parzellen. Signifikante Unterschiede der maximalen Temperatur, Prozentsatz erkrankte Pflanzen, Pflanzengrose bei der Reife, und Xylemverfarbung wurden zwischen solarisierten, bewasserten und nichtbewasserten Behandlungen nicht beobachtet. Jedoch unterschieden sich diese Parameter deutlich (P = 0,05) zwischen soiarisierten, bewasserten und nichtsolarisierten, nichtbewasserten Behandlungen. Eine Solarisation senkte sowohl die F. oxysporum f. sp. acm-Population als auch die Lebensfahigkeit von Konidien und Chlamydosporen deutlich. Diese Reduzierungen waren proportional zu den Bodentemperaturen, die wahrend der Solarisation erreicht wurden.