Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The income-assets relationship for farms operating under selected models in Poland

The aim of this paper is to outline the relationship between income and assets when taking into account selected models of farms' functioning. The following farm models are examined: traditional, industrial, sustainable, and organic. Panel models were used that were based on the results of individual unpublished data for farms in Poland that undertook agricultural accounting according to the Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) principles from 2004 to 2019. It was found that industrial farms had the clearest income-assets relationship, while traditional farms had the least clear relationship. The value of land, as a component of assets, was found to weaken the income-assets relationship. In consequence, the value of assets increased faster than income. Thus, the farmers are becoming wealthier in terms of the value of their assets, but this is not reflected in their income.
Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of GHG emissions from different configurations of on-site wastewater treatment system using discrete and continuous gas flux measurement

Abstract. Global emissions linked to wastewater treatment are estimated to account for up to 1.5 % of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. However, few studies have measured GHG emissions from domestic on-site treatment systems (DWWTSs) directly. In this study, two DWWTSs were monitored for 446 days and > 42,000 gas flux measurements were conducted using both discrete spot measurements and continuous flux chamber deployments. The observed GHG fluxes from biological activity in the soil and water phase were found to be highly spatially and temporally variable and correlated to environmental factors, water usage patterns and system design. In total, the results show that a septic tank discharging effluent into a well-designed soil treatment unit is estimated to emit a net 9.99 kg-CO2eq cap−1 yr−1, with approximately 63 %, 27 % and 10 % of the total CO2-equivalent net emissions in the form of CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively. Emissions from the septic tank surface contributed over 50 % of total emissions and tended to be strongly underestimated by one-off discrete measurements, especially when episodic ebullitive events are to be considered. Fluxes from the soil treatment unit (STU) stemmed from both the soil surface and the vent system, but were also found to be periodically negative, i.e. net uptakes. Soil fluxes were mostly influenced by temperature but peaked regularly under conditions of rapidly changing soil water content. Vent fluxes were mostly governed by effluent quality and a low number of high emission events was responsible for the majority of total observed vent emissions. Owing to the strong overall spatial and temporal heterogeneity of observed fluxes from DWWTSs across all modules, future studies should focus on continuous deployments of a number of flux chambers over discrete measurements to accurately assess GHG emissions from on-site systems. This study also provided insights into managing GHG emissions from DWWTSs by different system configuration design, as well as indicating that the current IPCC emission factors for CH4 and N2O are significantly overestimating emissions for on-site wastewater treatment systems.
Exploring how green roof features attract birds in the city of Madison and conducting a hypothetical intensive green roof design

With the development of urban systems, living in urban areas has become a global trend. The growing population, and the accompanying need for increased development, which brings with its problems such as flooding, decreased green space, fragmented habitats, the urban heat island effect, and air pollution. To help mitigate these problems and improve the urban environment, green technology is used to create roof gardens. These gardens benefit people by bringing them close to nature, and many can also provide habitat for birds. The purpose of this two-part study is to design bird-friendly green roofs for two proposed high-rise buildings which are part of a new downtown redevelopment project in the city of Madison, WI. The first part of the project includes a precedent study, in which I summarize available literature concerning green roof designs created to attract birds, and conduct a survey of the birds found on a the green roof garden located at Union South on the UW-Wisconsin Campus. To conduct the survey, I used a combination of checklists, maps and measuring tools to observe the number, species, and activities of the birds at each of the site’s behavior settings. I observed 8 different bird species, the most numerous of which were house sparrows. The results show that 1) a of combination design elements including a water feature, plant species providing food and shelter for birds, and structures such as handrails and fences, 2) adjacent areas that provide habitat, and 3) adjacent areas that provide leftover human food –such as an adjacent picnic area-- positively impact the birds on site; whereas people who move around close to the birds on site or bring dogs, keep the birds away.
Applying Association Rules Mining to Investigate Pedestrian Fatal and Injury Crash Patterns Under Different Lighting Conditions

The pattern of pedestrian crashes varies greatly depending on lighting circumstances, emphasizing the need to examine pedestrian crashes in various lighting conditions. Using Louisiana pedestrian fatal and injury crash data (2010–2019), this study applied Association Rules Mining (ARM) to identify the hidden pattern of crash risk factors according to three different lighting conditions (daylight, dark-with-streetlight, and dark-no-streetlight). Based on the generated rules, the results show that daylight pedestrian crashes are associated with children (<15 years), senior pedestrians (>64 years), older drivers (>64 years), and other driving behaviors such as “failure to yield,”“inattentive/distracted,”“illness/fatigue/asleep. ” Additionally, young drivers (15–24 years) are involved in severe pedestrian crashes in daylight conditions. This study also found pedestrian alcohol/drug involvement as the most frequent item in the dark-with-streetlight condition. This crash type is particularly associated with pedestrian action (crossing intersection/midblock), driver age (55–64 years), speed limit (30–35 mph), and specific area type (business with mixed residential area). Fatal pedestrian crashes are found to be associated with roadways with high speed limits (>50 mph) during the dark without streetlight condition. Some other risk factors linked with “high speed limit” related crashes are pedestrians walking with/against the traffic, presence of pedestrian dark clothing, and pedestrian alcohol/drug involvement. The research findings are expected to provide an improved understanding of the underlying relationships between pedestrian crash risk factors and specific lighting conditions. Highway safety experts can utilize these findings to conduct a decision-making process for selecting effective countermeasures to reduce pedestrian crashes strategically.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Experiences on the Development of Educational Science Board Games

The expectation is that pre-service teachers that are specializing in the teaching of primary school natural science, ought to make use of teaching approaches that will allow them to engage learners in a joyful yet meaningful science learning experience. One such teaching approach to be considered is regarded as board game-based teaching. This paper investigated how natural science pre-service teachers experienced the development of educational science board games. This study draws on a conceptual understanding of game-based education, which allows for the integration of topics within board game mechanics, board game aesthetics and board game thinking. This qualitative case study considered a focus-group discussion and photo-voice methodology as data collection techniques to capture the pre-service teachers’ experiences on the development of educational science board games. Findings from the study revealed how their engagement in the development of educational science board games had an impact on their personal skill development, their professional teacher development, their development of pedagogical content knowledge, as well as their development of applicable assessment methodology that relates to the teaching of the subject natural science. On the other hand, issues surrounding the learning objectives, the complex design processes, and the lack of relevant materials available to develop the educational science board games were viewed in a less positive light. Findings from the study suggest that science teacher education programmes should be intentional in shaping pre-service teachers’ skills to develop educational board games that would complement the quality of their science teaching
Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Prospects in Symptomatic Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the main source of intractable lower back pain, and symptomatic IVD degeneration could be due to different degeneration mechanisms. In this article, we describe the molecular basis of symptomatic IVD degenerative disc diseases (DDDs), emphasizing the role of degeneration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation during this process. In symptomatic DDD, pro-inflammatory mediators modulate catabolic reactions, resulting in changes in ECM homeostasis and, finally, neural/vascular ingrowth-related chronic intractable discogenic pain. In ECM homeostasis, anabolic protein-regulating genes show reduced expression and changes in ECM production, while matrix metalloproteinase gene expression increases and results in aggressive ECM degradation. The resultant loss of normal IVD viscoelasticity and a concomitant change in ECM composition are key mechanisms in DDDs. During inflammation, a macrophage-related cascade is represented by the secretion of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induce inflammation. Aberrant angiogenesis is considered a key initiative pathologic step in symptomatic DDD. In reflection of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the hypoxic conditions of IVDs. Furthermore, IVD cells undergoing degeneration potentially enhance neovascularization by secreting large amounts of angiogenic cytokines, which penetrate the IVD from the outer annulus fibrosus, extending deep into the outer part of the nucleus pulposus. Based on current knowledge, a multi-disciplinary approach is needed in all aspects of spinal research, starting from basic research to clinical applications, as this will provide information regarding treatments for DDDs and discogenic pain.
Healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture: a scoping review

Background Single camera markerless motion capture has the potential to facilitate at home movement assessment due to the ease of setup, portability, and affordable cost of the technology. However, it is not clear what the current healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture are and what information is being collected that may be used to inform clinical decision making. This review aims to map the available literature to highlight potential use cases and identify the limitations of the technology for clinicians and researchers interested in the collection of movement data. Survey Methodology Studies were collected up to 14 January 2022 using Pubmed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus using a systematic search. Data recorded included the description of the markerless system, clinical outcome measures, and biomechanical data mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). Studies were grouped by patient population. Results A total of 50 studies were included for data collection. Use cases for single camera markerless motion capture technology were identified for Neurological Injury in Children and Adults; Hereditary/Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders; Frailty; and Orthopaedic or Musculoskeletal groups. Single camera markerless systems were found to perform well in studies involving single plane measurements, such as in the analysis of infant general movements or spatiotemporal parameters of gait, when evaluated against 3D marker-based systems and a variety of clinical outcome measures. However, they were less capable than marker-based systems in studies requiring the tracking of detailed 3D kinematics or fine movements such as finger tracking. Conclusions Single camera markerless motion capture offers great potential for extending the scope of movement analysis outside of laboratory settings in a practical way, but currently suffers from a lack of accuracy where detailed 3D kinematics are required for clinical decision making. Future work should therefore focus on improving tracking accuracy of movements that are out of plane relative to the camera orientation or affected by occlusion, such as supination and pronation of the forearm.
Cross‐sectional study on knowledge and attitude of telemedicine in medical students of Nepal

Telemedicine is the delivery of healthcare services from distance using information and communication technology. It helps in overcoming the geographical physical barrier, increasing access to the healthcare services. Telemedicine has been growing in Nepal, with several hospitals and medical organizations providing services since 2006. COVID‐19 pandemic ignited significant interests in it, which previously remained unnoticed, realizing its importance for the present and future. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude toward telemedicine among medical students in Nepal.
A Comparative Study of Transvaginal Sonography and Pelvic MRI in Patients with Endometrial Cancer

Background: The most prevalent type of gynecological cancer is endometrial cancer. Accurate surgical staging is the most important aspect in the management of endometrial cancer. Preoperative evaluation of myometrial invasion and appropriate management could be achieved by transvaginal sonography and pelvic MRI. Methods: A total of 53 patients with endometrial cancer, who were referred to a gynecology oncology department of an academic hospital in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from 2018 to 2020, were evaluated in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire on endometrial cancer. All the patients underwent preoperative transvaginal sonography and pelvic MRI to evaluate myometrial invasion. The involvement of myometrium thickness and histological findings were compared between two imaging modalities, and SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: Junctional irregularity was the most prevalent finding on transvaginal sonography. Based on transvaginal sonography, myometrial invasion of less than 50% was found in 73% of patients, while invasion of more than 50% was observed in 26.31%. In 57.44% of MRIs, there was less than 50% myometrial invasion, while in 42.55% of MRIs, there was more than 50% myometrial invasion. In both modalities, the most common finding was myometrial invasion of less than 50%. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of transvaginal sonography were 0.47, 0.27, and 0.75, respectively, whereas the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of MRI were 0.54, 0.45, and 0.61, respectively. Conclusion: MRI can be the modality of choice for evaluating myometrial invasion and optimizing endometrial cancer treatment planning, as well as reducing the complications of non-indicated lymphadenectomy.
VERSÃO DO PROGRAMA COMPUTACIONAL ASSISTAT PARA O SISTEMA OPERACIONAL WINDOWS

It was made a version (Assistat 6.2) of the software for the variance analysis, Assistat, to work in the Windows operating system, since the previous versions were conceived to work in the DOS operating system DOS (operation system in disk). That software makes analysis of the variance of experimental data, from the four more usual experiments, which are; entirely cazualized, blocks at random subdivided portions and factorial. It applies jointly the "F" test to verify the effects significance and Turkey’s test to compare the effect averages. In the experiments cases, subdivided portions and factorial, it also applies crossed Turkey’s test in interaction averages, when there is interaction significant effect. Assistat 6.2 also has David’s test to verify if the data has normal distribution (of Gauss’) and with the U test to compare two samples.
Climate consequences of hydrogen leakage

Abstract. Hydrogen is quickly gaining attention as a “clean” fuel that can support a transition to a decarbonized energy system. Given the urgency to decarbonize global energy systems, governments and industry are moving ahead with efforts to increase hydrogen technologies, infrastructure, and applications at an unprecedented pace, including billions in national incentives and direct investments. While zero- and low-carbon hydrogen hold great promise to help solve some of the world’s most pressing energy challenges, hydrogen is also a short-lived indirect greenhouse gas whose warming impact is not well-characterized. There are multiple areas of uncertainty. To date, hydrogen’s warming effects have been primarily characterized using the GWP-100 metric—which is misleading for short-lived gases, such as hydrogen, as it obscures impacts on shorter timescales. Furthermore, hydrogen is a small molecule known to easily leak into the atmosphere; however, the total amount of leakage in current hydrogen systems remains unknown, with the analytical capacity to accurately measure leakage in situ largely unavailable. Therefore, the net climate benefit of a future hydrogen economy is unknown over the near to medium term. This paper explores the climate implications of hydrogen leakage over all timescales by assessing the change in cumulative radiative forcing from replacing fossil fuel systems with hydrogen applications and estimating temperature responses to leakage using a plausible range of hydrogen leak rates and the latest estimate of hydrogen’s radiative efficiency. We also consider the climate impacts from methane leakage when the hydrogen is produced via natural gas with CCUS (‘blue’ hydrogen) as opposed to renewables and water (‘green’ hydrogen); both are considered “clean”. We find that the climate consequences of hydrogen applications relative to their fossil fuel counterparts strongly depend on time horizon and leakage rate, with vastly different climate outcomes in the near- vs. long-term and for best- vs. worst-case leak rates. For example, worst-case hydrogen leak rates could yield a near-doubling in radiative forcing relative to fossil fuel counterparts in the first five years following the technology switch, but an 80 % decrease in radiative forcing over the following 100 years after deployment. On the other hand, best-case hydrogen leak rates could yield an 80 % decrease in radiative forcing in the first five years. Simple estimates of temperature responses to a 10 % hydrogen leakage rate (a high but plausible level) suggest a theoretical maximum contribution of around a quarter of a degree (C) in 2050 if hydrogen replaces the entire fossil fuel energy system, and at least a tenth of a degree (C) in 2050 if hydrogen accounts for more than half of final energy demand. Thus, a greater understanding of hydrogen’s warming impacts at different possible leakage rates is critical to inform where and how to deploy hydrogen effectively in the emerging decarbonized global economy.
Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application

The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Did Not Increase the Risk of Retinal Vascular Occlusion: A Population-Based Cohort Study

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on retinal vascular occlusion (RVO) development in patients with prostate cancer, using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 1791, 1791, and 3582 patients were enrolled in the prostate cancer with ADT group, prostate cancer without ADT group, and the control group, respectively. The primary outcome was RVO occurrence, according to diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of ADT and other covariates for RVO incidence. After a follow-up interval of up to 18 years, the patients with prostate cancer who received ADT showed significantly lower RVO incidence than the control group (aHR: 0.191, 95% CI: 0.059–0.621, p = 0.0059), after adjusting for multiple confounders. Hypertension was related to higher RVO incidence (aHR: 2.130, 95% CI: 1.127–4.027, p = 0.0199). Our overall results showed that using ADT for prostate cancer did not lead to a greater risk of RVO development. In fact, the patients with prostate cancer who received ADT had lower RVO incidence than those who did not receive ADT.
Human‐mediated trophic mismatch between fire, plants and herbivores

Trophic mismatches are commonly reported across a wide array of taxa and can have important implications for species participating in the interaction. However, to date, examples of trophic mismatch have centrally focused on those induced by shifts in climate. Here we report on the potential for humans to induce trophic mismatch by shifting the phenology of fire. Globally, anthropogenic fire ignitions are phenologically mismatched to that of historic lightning ignitions but the effects of this phenological mismatch on trophic interactions are poorly understood. Using fire records from 1980 to 2016 from the southeastern USA, a hotspot of anthropogenic fire, we demonstrate that there is a temporal mismatch between anthropogenic and lightning lit fires in this region. The peak of anthropogenic ignitions (i.e. 45% during March and April) occurred 3 months earlier than the peak in lightning-ignited fires (i.e. 44% occurred during June and July), a pattern consistent with reports from several other regions and continents. We demonstrate with a field experiment conducted at a nutrient-poor site in the southeastern U.S., that anthropogenic fire phenology shifts nutrient pulses in resprouting plants so that they mismatch herbivore reproductive demands. Consequently, plant nutrient quality in four commonly consumed forages was below the threshold to meet lactation requirements. Neonates subsequently were more likely to starve when born far from areas burned during the peak month of lightning fire phenology. Our data indicate that human activities may be an additional causative agent of trophic mismatch.