Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity of endophytic mycobiota in leaves and twigs of pubescent birch (Betula pubescens).

Barengo, N. , Sieber, T. N. & 0. Holdendeder (2000). Diversity of endophytic mycobiota in leaves and twigs of pubescent birch (Betula pubescens). Sydowia 52 (2): 305-320. The endophytic mycobiota of leaves and twigs of Betula pubescens were studied. Healthy-looking leaves and twigs were collected from five individual trees at each of five sites in Switzerland in spring 1998. Tissue pieces were excised from twig segments and leaves after surface-sterilisation and incubated on malt extract agar to isolate endophytic fungi. 94% of the 1-yr-old and all of the 4-yr-old twig segments as well as 25% of the leaves were colonised by endophytes. Fifteen species were present in leaves and 19 in twigs. The anamorph of Venturia ditricha was most frequently isolated from leaves and that of Ophiovalsa betulae from twigs. Trimmatostroma betulinum, the anamorph of Pseudovalsa Zanciformis, Fusicoccum betulae and Phomopsis sp. were also frequently isolated from twigs. 0. betulae, P. lancijormis and T. betulinum preferentially colonised 4-yr-old twig segments whereas Fusicoccum betulae and Phomopsis sp. occurred mainly in 1-yr-old segments. Species diversity was highest at sites in the upper montane zone (900-1,000 m a. s. 1.) and lowest in the sub-alpine zone (1,600 m). The frequency of colonisation by 0. betulae and T. betulinum was, however, highest in the sub-alpine zone. Fusicoccum betulae was common in sites with rather high soil humidity. Amongsite and among-tree variation of endophyte assemblages was high. Each tree hosted a unique endophyte assemblage. This could result from differences in inoculum availability and concentration, as well as from the unique genetic and environmental predisposition of each of the examined trees. The frequency of the endophyte species or the diversity indiceswas not influenced by any of the covariates studied. The only statistically significant correlation (p = 0.013, r = -0.952) existed between the frequency of twig segments colonised by 0. betulae and the mean tropospheric N02 concentration. The frequency of colonisation by 0. betulae decreased with increasing N02 concentration.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia in the hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans×Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila

Intensive culture of the hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans × Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) in Brazil is responsible for the occurrence of diseases and consequent economic losses. However, the causative agents are not well known. The objective of this study was to isolate and to characterize the pathogenic agent responsible for mortalities in cultured surubim and to demonstrate its virulence. Ten fish from a fish farm located in the Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil) were collected and 14 haemolytic bacteria characterized as Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from the kidneys (eight) and brain (six). As an experimental challenge, fish weighing 98.1±23.6 g were injected with 1 mL of saline solution and 2 × 102, 2 × 104, 2 × 106 and 2 × 108 CFU A. hydrophila mL−1. Fish infected with 2 × 108 CFU showed increased external and internal symptoms and mortality of 50±12.5% after 96 h. Increased A. hydrophila concentration was responsible for a decrease in haematocrit percentage and erythrocyte number, lymphocytes and eosinophils, as well as an increase in monocytes, neutrophils, serum agglutination titre and serum antimicrobial activity. It was concluded that A. hydrophila was responsible for characteristic symptoms of bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia as well as important haematological and immunological alterations, which led to surubim mortality.
Minerals, Total Nitrogen and Free Amino Acid Contents in Shank Bone Stock according to Boiling Time

This study was examined the contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total nitrogen (total N) and free amino acid in shank bone stock as results of boiling for eight, twelve, sixteen and twenty hours. The results were as follows. 1) Contents of calium, sodium and potassium were increased according to boiling time, Content of calcium was more than two times after boiling for twenty hours as compared with eight hours. The contents of potassium and sodium were increased slightly but that of magnesium was constant in the course of boiling. The content of phosphorus was showed maximum value after toiling for eight hours and was decreased after boiling for twelve hours. 2) The content of total N was increased according to boiling time and showed moximum value after boiling for twenty hours. Total N was extracted more than two times after boiling for twenty hours as compared with eight hours. The content of free amino acid was little at various boiling time. The contents of glycine, glutamic acid and serine were increased according to boiling time. Glycine was the most abundant free amino acid and was followed in order of glutamic acid. alanine and serine.
Feeding sites frequentation by the pink whipray Himantura fai in Moorea (French Polynesia) as determined by acoustic telemetry

Cette etude evalue la frequentation de sites de nourrissage par la raie pastenague Himantura fai dans le lagon de Moorea (Polynesie francaise) d'avril 2005 a mars 2006. Six hydrophones multidirectionnels (VEMCO VR 2) ont ete installes entre 1,5 et 3 m de profondeur dans le lagon de Moorea dans lequel ont ete crees deux sites de nourrissages des raies respectivement en 1995 et en 1999, dans un but touristique. La zone d'etude (1,9 km 2 ) fait partie d'une reserve marine creee en octobre 2004 par le gouvernement polynesien. Des marques acoustiques codees (VEMCO V8-SC/V13-1H) ont ete implantees chirurgicalement sur 14 individus (6 mâles et 8 femelles; largeur corporelle: 73-114 cm) et des donnees de presence/absence ont ete collectees pendant une periode allant jusqu'a 340 jours. Un individu n'a jamais ete detecte apres son marquage. Sur les 13 autres raies, 7 (4 mâles, 3 femelles) presentent une detection maximale sur le site de nourrissage appele "Sand Bank" ; 4 autres (1 mâle, 3 femelles) sur le second site appele "Motu"; 2 individus (1 mâle, 1 femelle) ont ete detectes a moins de 10% de leur temps de detection sur les sites de nourrissage. Chacun des deux recepteurs places sur un site de nourrissage a detecte 12 individus differents durant la periode de suivi et a enregistre la presence diurne des raies a plus 89% contre 27 a 60% pour les autres recepteurs. Seule une raie a ete detectee le meme jour par les 6 hydrophones. Nous avons observe differents modes de frequentation sur les deux sites de nourrissage. Un mode bimodal de frequentation quotidienne correspondant aux periodes de nourrissage a ete mis en evidence mais aucune correlation avec le nombre de touristes ou le nombre de nourrissage. Les raies montrent une anticipation de presence sur les sites (1 a 2 heures avant le debut de l'activite de nourrissage) mais sont conditionnees et viennent sur le site qu'il y ait ou non activite de nourrissage ce jour la. Bien que notre etude montre que 11 raies sur 13 semblent fideles aux sites de nourrissage, l'impact de ces derniers sur le comportement, la reproduction et la sante des raies sur le long terme reste a explorer.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KERNEL OIL FROM AMYGDALUS SCOPARIA GROWING WILD IN IRAN

Amygdalus scoparia kernel (ASK) oil showed significantly higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (7.50) and calculated oxidizability value (3.23) than those of olive oil (4.61, 2.75). Significant differences existed between physicochemical indices of the ASK and olive oils. Peroxide value (meq/kg), acid value, iodine value, saponification number, refractive index, dynamic viscosity (cP) and density (g/cm 3 ) of the ASK and olive oils were 0.38 and 0.83, 0.53 and 0.33, 97.32 and 84.12, 98.60 and 177.79, 1.4639 and 1.465, 113.16 and 104.48, and 0.9229 and 0.9091, respectively. Unsaponifiable matter contents, which were mainly composed of sterols, for the ASK and olive oils were 5.32 and 1.60%, respectively. Total tocopherols and phenolics contents of the ASK oil (744.98 and 37.18 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those of olive oil (365.59 and 15.65 mg/kg). Wax contents were statistically in the same range of 4.08–5.18%. Oxidative stability data indicated that the ASK oil is more resistant to the formation of primary, secondary and tertiary products of lipid oxidation.
SERUM ADROPIN LEVEL AND KIDNEY FUNCTIONS IN TYPE-II DIABETIC RAT MODEL WITH AND WITHOUT PIOGLITAZONE TREATMENT

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD), and the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Treatment with thiazolidinediones, particularly pioglitazone, may ameliorate kidney deterioration. Moreover, several peptide hormones participate in maintaining metabolic homeostasis including the recently discovered adropin. Data regarding adropin-circulating levels in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still conflicting. Objective: This study was designed to determine pioglitazone effect on some metabolic and kidney function parameters in type II diabetic rat model, and to investigate the relationship between serum adropin and such parameters. Materials and methods: Thirty healthy adult male albino rats were used for this study. The rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups. Group-1; control group, group-2; type II diabetic group, and group-3; pioglitazone- treated diabetic group. Rats were examined for body weight, body mass index (BMI), adropin, glucose & insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids profile, inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)], serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, angiotensin II, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), urine flow rate, protein, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal malondialdhyde (MDA) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Histopathological examinations for kidney tissues were also done. Results: The present study revealed that diabetic rats showed significantly lower serum adropin levels than controls. Diabetes also significantly increased serum glucose with insulin resistance, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c), serum IL-6, TNF-α, PAI-1, serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, angiotensin II , MABP, urine flow rate, protein and renal MDA [with significant negative correlation versus serum adropin] but significantly decreased serum insulin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), urine creatinine, GFR and renal SOD & GSH‑Px activities [with significant positive correlation versus serum adropin] together with deterioration of kidney histoarchitecture. Moreover, pioglitazon treatment resulted in a significant recovery in the above mentioned parameters in the treated diabetic group. Conclusion: Serum adropin concentration was negatively associated with the observed renal deterioration and may have a potential protective role, in addition to pioglitazone ameliorating effects, in diabetic nephropathy.
Basin-scale variation in the spatial pattern of fall movement of juvenile Coho Salmon in the West Fork Smith River, Oregon

AbstractFor several species of salmonids, Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus spp. , inhabiting Pacific coastal temperate streams, juvenile fish have been recorded moving between main-stem and tributary habitats during the transition from the summer dry season to the winter wet season. Movement connecting summer and winter habitats may be particularly important for Coho Salmon O. kisutch because availability of overwintering habitat can limit freshwater survival for this species. Here, we describe basin-scale variability in movement between main-stem and tributary habitat for juvenile Coho Salmon tagged in the summer with PIT tags and detected in the fall at four stationary detection sites at tributary–main-stem confluences of the West Fork Smith River, Oregon. We used odds ratios to evaluate spatial patterns in tributary–main-stem movement across tributary junctions at upper-river, midriver, and lower-river locations. Three types of movement were assessed: (1) emigration out of tributaries into the main stem, (2).
An analysis of human cytomegalovirus gene usage A

HCMV encodes a plethora of immune-modulating functions, many of which have yet to be assigned to specific genes. In prospect of performing high-throughput screens to identify and characterise such functions, a library of recombinant adenoviruses (RAds) each encoding a V5 epitope-tagged HCMV protein was generated. Protein expression was validated and characterised for the vast majority of RAds by western blot and immunofluorescence. HCMV has been reported to both upregulate cell surface expression of Fas, and render cells resistant to Fas-mediated killing. This thesis demonstrated that Fas levels are markedly reduced at the surface of HCMV-infected cells as an early function that persists through the late phase. Screening a panel of HCMV deletion mutants eliminated 83 genes as not required for Fas downregulation, while screening the RAd library did not identify any single HCMV gene as being sufficient for this function. Deep sequencing of the HCMV transcriptome recently led to the identification of UL150A as a novel protein-coding gene. To test this prediction, UL150A was tagged within the strain Merlin genome. UL150A was shown to encode multiple protein products, and be expressed with early and late kinetics. In a screen of the RAd library, gpUL4 was observed to be secreted from cells. To investigate this function in the context of HCMV infection, an epitope-tag was inserted at the 3’-end of the UL4 gene in the strain Merlin genome. Tagged gpUL4 was secreted from cells infected with strain Merlin. Secreted gpUL4 was more heavily glycosylated, and produced in greater abundance than its intracellular counterpart late in infection. Active secretion would be consistent with gpUL4 acting as a virokine, cytokine or cytokine/chemokine-binding protein. gpUL4 purified from supernatants of Merlin- or RAd-UL4-infected cells inhibited NK cell degranulation. Furthermore, gpUL4 did not copurify with virus particles, indicating it is unlikely to be a virion component.
Deficiências de macronutrientes no estado nutricional da aveiapreta cultivar comum

Although black oat is amply cultivated in Brazil as a forage crop or straw groundcover, there are few studies on the plant nutrient requirements. The present study aimed to assess the effect the deficiency of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S could have on the growth, production of dry material and on levels and accumulation of plant nutrients in lopsided oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) of the Common cultivar. Visual symptoms of nutritional disorders were also assessed. A completely random design was used, with seven treatments that corresponded to the complete Hoagland & Arnon solution (macro and micronutrients), and the same solution with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in three repetitions. The absence of N, P, K, and Mg were the treatments that most limited the growth and dry material production in the lopsided oat plants. The nutrient levels in the aerial part of the plants resulting from the complete treatment and those from the incomplete solutions were respectively: N = 39.2 and 10.9; P = 8.0 and 1.0; K = 73.8 and 17.6; Ca = 9.5 and 1.7; Mg = 2.7 and 0.7; S = 3.0 and 2.1 g.kg-1. The induced deficiency of each nutrient diminished the absorption of each of these by the plants thus resulting in morphological alterations characteristic of the deficiency symptoms of each element. Additional keywords: Avena strigosa Schreber; visual diagnosis; nutrition; deficiency symptoms; nutritional solution.
Greening of Agriculture

Abstract Consolidation of farms, agricultural input supply companies, and commodity businesses over the past several decades have led to a concentration of ownership and control. There is growing concern by society about the environmental impacts of agriculture and the food system, and companies are eager to exploit this concern by advertising products that are environmentally friendly. When there is a greening of a company to reduce pollution or improve efficiency of non-renewable resource use, this is a legitimate way to justify advertising green products. When a company attempts to present a responsible public image, bu tdoes not change production practices we could call this a greenwashing or use of disinformation to mislead consumers. It is difficult to distinguish between the two. This chapter explores two questions: is there a relationship between scale of farming and business and green activities, and does adoption of a multiple bottom line influence greening of agriculture and food systems? After examination of the effects of farm size, we conclude that consolidation may lead to less timely field practices, separation of day-to-day management and ownership, and reduced accountability to the local community. Yet there is conflicting evidence of whether smaller farms or businesses are greener than large ones. We are convinced that a farm and a business that measure success in terms of environmental soundness and social responsibility as well as economic returns will be greener than ones that only use economics as the single bottom line. This is consistent with our discussions with farmers through Extension meetings and other contacts as well as observations we make while visiting farms in the U.S. Midwest region. Everyone agrees on the need for a greener future, but there are differences among decision makers in agriculture and food systems about how to achieve this goal.
Case 3637 Papilio phoebus De Prunner, 1798: proposed conservation in its accustomed usage by suppression of Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, papilionidae)

Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Articles 78.1 and 81.2. 1 of the Code, is to conserve a name that has been used mistakenly for a long time for a very well-known Holarctic butterfly species, by suppressing Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793 and thereby freeing for use Papilio phoebus de Prunner, 1798, a junior primary homonym that actually refers to the taxonomic species in question. This course, effectively resulting only in a change in authorship, would make additional name changes unnecessary and thus promote nomenclatural stability.
New factors in nucleotide excision repair : a study in saccharomyces cerevisiae

The integrity of DNA is constantly threatened by large number of exogenous and endogenous agents of both chemical and physical nature. Living cells therefore posses several DNA repair mechanisms, that can detect and repair damaged DNA. One such mechanism is Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER). NER detects damaged DNA and subsequently removes a ~30nt oligonucleotide containing the damage. Repair is completed by synthesizing new DNA using the undamaged strand as a template. This thesis is focussed on the damage recognition step of NER, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. The Rad4 protein functions as a damage-sensor for NER. Here, experiments are described which show that two previously unidentified proteins, now named Rad33 and Rad34, are also involved in damage recognition. Rad34 is a Rad4 homologue specifically involved in NER in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region. Rad33 is a small protein that binds to Rad4 and to Rad34 and is essential for proper functioning of these proteins in NER. Further studies reveal that Rad33 is involved in regulating post-translational modifications of Rad4 and that Rad33 shows functional resemblance to the human Centrin2 protein, which functions in complex with the human Rad4 homologue XPC.
Efficacy of an extract from garlic, Allium sativum , against infection with the furunculosis bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida , in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% of a garlic extract, challenged with a modified 50% lethal dose of Aeromonas salmonicida and monitored for 28 d. There were significant increases in survival of trout fed 0.5 and 1.0% garlic extract as compared to the control and 2.0% garlic extract groups. A target animal safety study was performed at varying increments using the target dose of 0.5% garlic extract at 0× (0% garlic extract), 1× (0.5% garlic extract), 3× (1.5% garlic extract), and 5× (2.5% garlic extract) for 3× (6 wk) the duration of the original study. There was a significant increase in the level of circulating lymphocytes and a significant decrease in the level of circulating monocytes. The latter correlated to an increased level of pigment-containing macrophage centers within the renal tissue as garlic extract dosing increased, denoting a potential deleterious inflammatory effect as macrophage infiltration became severe at the highest dose. These studies suggest that feeding low-dose (0.5% or 1.0%) garlic extract improves survivability in rainbow trout when challenged with A. salmonicida and appears safe; however, higher levels do not appear to be effective and may cause deleterious effects on health.
Development of the mammalian retinofugal pathways

The retinofugal pathways in the rat and the ferret have been studied in order to understand how the decussation pattern at the chiasm and the retinotopic maps in the targets are developed. By using Dil as a anterograde marker, it was found that fibres from one eye are arranged in a quadrant-specific order in the developing rat optic stalk. This order decays as the fibres approach the brain and is eventually lost at the chiasm. Thereafter, the fibres are arranged in another order which may predict the dorsoventral axis of their target termination. There is no obvious difference in the arrangement of fibres when the albino and normally pigmented optic pathways are compared, indicating that the misrouting of fibres at the chiasm of albino rats is not due to a change in gross fibre topography in the stalk. By using Dil as a retrograde marker, it was found that the earliest uncrossed axons come exclusively from the central retina of rats, the axons from the temporal crescent arise later during prenatal development. The uncrossed fibres are found intermingling in the stalk with the crossed fibres at all ages studied, indicating that a non-chiasmatic cue must be involved in setting up the decussation pattern. It was also shown that only the temporal crescent but not the central ipsilateral component is abnormal in the albino rat during early stages of development, suggesting that the albino gene may act specifically on the cells in the retina. By removing one eye prenatally in rats and ferrets, either pigmented or albino, the uncrossed pathway of the remaining eye is reduced at birth. This indicates that the axons require an interaction with fibres from the other eye to select an uncrossed path at the chiasm. The decussation line of the pigmented enucleates is not altered, indicating that the early enucleation does not produce an albino-like uncrossed pathway. Further, it has been shown in ferrets that the temporal crescent can be abolished after an early monocular enucleation, indicating that the binocular fibre interaction at the chiasm is crucial for the development of the temporal crescent.