Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Do Randomized Studies of Housing Mobility Demonstrate?

During the past 20 years, social scientists using observational studies have generated a large and inconclusive literature on neighborhood effects. Recent workers have argued that estimates of neighborhood effects based on randomized studies of housing mobility, such as the “Moving to Opportunity” (MTO) demonstration, are more credible. These estimates are based on the implicit assumption of no interference between units; that is, a subject's value on the response depends only on the treatment to which that subject is assigned, not on the treatment assignments of other subjects. For the MTO studies, this assumption is not reasonable. Although little work has been done on the definition and estimation of treatment effects when interference is present, interference is common in studies of neighborhood effects and in many other social settings (e.g., schools and networks), and when data from such studies are analyzed under the “no-interference assumption,” very misleading inferences can result. Furthermore, the consequences of interference (e.g., spillovers) should often be of great substantive interest, even though little attention has been paid to this. Using the MTO demonstration as a concrete context, this article develops a frame-work for causal inference when interference is present and defines a number of causal estimands of interest. The properties of the usual estimators of treatment effects, which are unbiased and/or consistent in randomized studies without interference, are also characterized. When interference is present, the difference between a treatment group mean and a control group mean (unadjusted or adjusted for covariates) estimates not an average treatment effect, but rather the difference between two effects defined on two distinct subpopulations. This result is of great importance, for a researcher who fails to recognize this could easily infer that a treatment is beneficial when in fact it is universally harmful.
An interactive exploration system that visually supports learning of country features

We have improved our previously reported 'Concentric Ring View' search interface for multi-faceted metadata so that the display of the retrieved results is more meaningful. We constructed a country data exploration system as a teaching tool for geography education at the elementary- and middle-school levels. This system enables students to search for information flexibly and intuitively by combining attributes using simple operations. We defined seven attributes (five from textbooks and two related to national flags) and created a world map that helps the student place the retrieved results in context. To evaluate the system and identify ways to enhance it as a teaching resource, we had three students use it and interviewed a senior teacher. All the students were able to easily and enjoyably use the system with its simple ring operation. They were able to learn about countries during their exploring process naturally by identifying the common properties in retrieved results and analyzing the relationships between attribute values and information gleaned from the world map. This system not only provides visual clues to students, it can help teachers make their lessons more flexible.
Minimum cost traffic shaping: a user's perspective on connection admission control

We propose a minimum cost method for traffic shaping in the context of QoS-based networks. Given the user's desired QoS and the network's resource availability, our procedure determines the least-cost parameters for a traffic shaper which still guarantees access to the network whilst satisfying the QoS constraints. We illustrate our scheme using on-off sources and formulate the QoS constraints by effective bandwidths.
The Marginal Enumeration Bayesian Cramér–Rao Bound for Jump Markov Systems

A marginal version of the enumeration Bayesian Cramér-Rao Bound (EBCRB) for jump Markov systems is proposed. It is shown that the proposed bound is at least as tight as EBCRB and the improvement stems from better handling of the nonlinearities. The new bound is illustrated to yield tighter results than BCRB and EBCRB on a benchmark example.
Bragg grating based integrated photonic Hilbert transformers

Photonic Hilbert transformers based on planar Bragg grating are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Planar Bragg gratings with apodization profiles and phase shifts are utilized to implement a general Hilbert transform, fractional order Hilbert transforms and terahertz bandwidth Hilbert transforms, and devices are fabricated by using a phase-modulated direct UV grating writing technique in a silica-on-silicon platform. The design, fabrication, integration and characterization of the proposed grating structures are discussed and presented.
Development of Wearable-Agri-Robot ∼mechanism for agricultural work∼

Recently, It has become a rapidly aging society. Coupled with a decrease in the number of farmers, this has becomes a serious problem in agriculture. Agricultural work includes a great deal of heavy work and special work postures, imposing a large physical strain on farmers. Therefore, we developed the Wearable Agri-Robot, which was designed as an exoskeletal mechanism to assist in the wearer's work. This study evaluates the degree of freedom realized by forcusing on the range of motion of the joints. Using this method, we evaluated the articular structure of the Wearable Agri-Robot. We investigated the possibility of using it to assist in agricultural work by analyzing the motion required for thie type of work. In this work, we narrowed down the intended operations to the harvesting of Japanese radishes, and validated the effect of the Wearable Agri-Robot on the wearer using myoelectric potential measurement. As a result, it was ascertained that wearing the Wearable Agri-Robot could alleviate the burden on wearer by assisting with agricultural work.
Defending Against TCP SYN Flooding Attacks Under Different Types of IP Spoofing

TCP-based flooding attacks are a common form of Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks which abuse network resources and can bring about serious threats to the Internet. Incorporating IP spoofing makes it even more di.cult to defend against such attacks. Among di.erent IP spoofing techniques, which include random spoofing, subnet spoofing and fixed spoofing, subnet spoofing is the most di.cult type to fight against. In this paper, we propose a simple and e.cient method to detect and defend against TCP SYN flooding attacks under di.erent IP spoofing types, including subnet spoofing. The method makes use of a storage-e.cient data structure and a change-point detection method to distinguish complete three-way TCP handshakes from incomplete ones. Simulation experiments consistently show that our method is both efficient and e.ective in defending against TCP-based flooding attacks under di.erent IP spoofing types.
In the mood to get over yourself: mood affects theory-of-mind use.

Understanding others' behavior often involves attributing mental states to them by using one's "theory of mind. " We argue that using theory of mind to recognize differences between one's own perspective and another's perspective is a deliberate process of inference that may be influenced by incidental mood. Because sadness is associated with more systematic and deliberate processing whereas happiness is associated with more heuristic processing, we predicted that theory-of-mind use would be facilitated by sadness compared with happiness. Two experiments supported this prediction, demonstrating that participants were more likely to utilize knowledge about others to make inferences about their mental states when they were induced to feel sad than when they were induced to feel happy. These results provide both theoretical insight into the psychological mechanisms that govern theory of mind as well as practical insight into a common source of variability in its use.
Visualizing Temporal Uncertainty in 3D Virtual Reconstructions

Uncertainty in various forms is prevalent throughout Archaeology. With archaeological site data in particular, the dating regularly has significant uncertainty. In this paper we present an application that enables integrating and visualizing the temporal uncertainty for multiple 3D archaeological data sets with different dating. We introduce a temporal time window for dealing with the uncertainty and review various visual cues appropriate for revealing the uncertainty within the time window. The interactive animation of the time window allows a unique exploration of the temporal uncertainty.
Near point light source location estimation from shadow edge correspondence

The problem of near point light source location estimation is considered. The approach described here is based on a relationship between the cast shadow edge, the shadow-casting surface, and the light source. Given an optical-depth image pair available from an RGB-D camera, a method for near point light source location estimation is described. The method can be applied to a shadow-casting object with arbitrary and unknown geometry. Exhaustive multidimensional search is avoided by the proposed iterative one-dimensional search algorithm. Experimental results with real images are included.
Not All IT Innovations Are Equal: Evidence from Medical Device Patents

We develop a patent analysis approach to discover types of IT innovations and examine their technological and economic impacts. Our empirical investigation is based on 73,120 patents in the medical devices industry filed between 1996 and 2005. Rather than relying on pre-established classifications of IT innovations, we apply textual analysis to patent abstracts and map the extracted IT innovations into three types—generalpurpose IT, IT-embedded products, and IT-embedded processes. We analyze the technological impact (measured by 10-year forward citations) and economic impact (measured by patent maintenance fee payments) of IT innovations. We find that although all three types of IT innovations generate technological impact, generalpurpose IT innovations are more likely to generate economic value. These impacts of types of IT innovation are above and beyond the impacts of novelty and conventionality of the innovation and the disclosure strategy of information related to the innovation.
Megamodel-based Management of Dynamic Tool Integration in Complex Software Systems

The development of complex software systems is more and more based on the composition and integration of autonomous component systems. This can be done either statically (proactive approach) at development-time or dynamically through a reactive approach in which a new composite system can possibly be created on-demand and/or at run-time from existing systems. With the aim of constructing and managing such complex and reactive software systems, we propose a megamodelbased environment supporting dynamic tool integration. Such an environment must therefore be consistent at any time (i.e. before, during and after an integration) and should also have to exhibit some self-* properties (such self management, selfhealing and self-configuration). In order to meet these challenges we propose the use of Hoare’s Axiomatic Semantics and some inference rules to maintain the integrity of the megamodel and its components. For that we have defined a formal-safe execution as well as an execution semantic for each operation likely to modify the megamodel contents.
Pluggable Systems as Architectural Pattern: An Ecosystemability Perspective

In this paper we review the use of plug-in architectures as a technological platform for software ecosystems. Our observation is that the software community has viewed and used plug-ins as powerful extension mechanisms offering a wide range of quality properties. Looking beyond such low-level technical interpretation, we argue that pluggable systems should be perceived and treated as a higher level architectural pattern. In order to back our perspective we present the pattern following widely adopted documentation scheme, we show example usage of the pattern in the Eclipse ecosystem, and we discuss different implementation options of the pattern when building new technical solutions for ecosystems.
Elucidation of the solution structure of cardiotoxin analogue V from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra)—Identification of structural features important for the lethal action of snake venom cardiotoxins

The aim of the present study is to understand the structural features responsible for the lethal activity of snake venom cardiotoxins. Comparison of the lethal potency of the five cardiotoxin isoforms isolated from the venom of Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) reveals that the lethal potency of CTX I and CTX V are about twice of that exhibited by CTX II, CTX III, and CTX IV. In the present study, the solution structure of CTX V has been determined at high resolution using multidimensional proton NMR spectroscopy and dynamical simulated annealing techniques. Comparison of the high resolution solution structures of CTX V with that of CTX IV reveals that the secondary structural elements in both the toxin isoforms consist of a triple and double‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet domains. Critical examination of the threedimensional structure of CTX V shows that the residues at the tip of Loop III form a distinct “finger‐shaped” projection comprising of nonpolar residues. The occurrence of the nonpolar “finger‐shaped” projection leads to the formation of a prominent cleft between the residues located at the tip of Loops II and III. Interestingly, the occurrence of a backbone hydrogen bonding (Val27CO to Leu48NH) in CTX IV is found to distort the “finger‐shaped” projection and consequently diminish the cleft formation at the tip of Loops II and III. Comparison of the solution structures and lethal potencies of other cardiotoxin isoforms isolated from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom shows that a strong correlation exists between the lethal potency and occurrence of the nonpolar “finger‐shaped” projection at the tip of Loop III. Critical analysis of the structures of the various CTX isoforms from the Taiwan cobra suggest that the degree of exposure of the cationic charge (to the solvent) contributed by the invariant lysine residue at position 44 on the convex side of the CTX molecules could be another crucial factor governing their lethal potency.
Tools for inventing organizations: toward a handbook of organizational processes

The paper describes a new project intended to provide a firmer theoretical and empirical foundation for such tasks as enterprise modeling, enterprise integration, and process re-engineering. The project includes: (1) collecting examples of how different organizations perform similar processes, and (2) representing these examples in an on-line 'process handbook' which includes the relative advantages of the alternatives. The handbook is intended to help: (a) redesign existing organizational processes, (b) invent new organizational processes that take advantage of information technology, and perhaps (c) automatically generate software to support organizational processes. A key element of the work is a novel approach to representing processes at various levels of abstraction. This approach uses ideas from computer science about inheritance and from coordination theory about managing dependencies. Its primary advantage is that it allows users to explicity represent the similarities (and differences) among related processes and to easily find or generate sensible alternatives for how a given process could be performed. <<ETX>>
TRESOR-HUNT: attacking CPU-bound encryption

Hard disk encryption is known to be vulnerable to a number of attacks that aim to directly extract cryptographic key material from system memory. Several approaches to preventing this class of attacks have been proposed, including Tresor [18] and LoopAmnesia [25]. The common goal of these systems is to confine the encryption key and encryption process itself to the CPU, such that sensitive key material is never released into system memory where it could be accessed by a DMA attack. In this work, we demonstrate that these systems are nevertheless vulnerable to such DMA attacks. Our attack, which we call Tresor-Hunt, relies on the insight that DMA-capable adversaries are not restricted to simply reading physical memory, but can write arbitrary values to memory as well. Tresor-Hunt leverages this insight to inject a ring 0 attack payload that extracts disk encryption keys from the CPU into the target system's memory, from which it can be retrieved using a normal DMA transfer. Our implementation of this attack demonstrates that it can be constructed in a reliable and OS-independent manner that is applicable to any CPU-bound encryption technique, IA32-based system, and DMA-capable peripheral bus. Furthermore, it does not crash the target system or otherwise significantly compromise its integrity. Our evaluation supports the OS-independent nature of the attack, as well as its feasibility in real-world scenarios. Finally, we discuss several countermeasures that might be adopted to mitigate this attack and render CPU-bound encryption systems viable.
The dynamics of message passing on dense graphs, with applications to compressed sensing

‘Approximate message passing’ algorithms proved to be extremely effective in reconstructing sparse signals from a small number of incoherent linear measurements. Extensive numerical experiments further showed that their dynamics is accurately tracked by a simple one-dimensional iteration termed state evolution. In this paper we provide the first rigorous foundation to state evolution. We prove that indeed it holds asymptotically in the large system limit for sensing matrices with iid gaussian entries. While our focus is on message passing algorithms for compressed sensing, the analysis extends beyond this setting, to a general class of algorithms on dense graphs. In this context, state evolution plays the role that density evolution has for sparse graphs.
Experimental measurement on movement of spiral-type capsule endoscope

Wireless capsule endoscope achieved great success, however, the maneuvering of wireless capsule endoscope is challenging at present. A magnetic driving instrument, including two bar magnets, a stepper motor, a motor driver, a motor controller, and a power supplier, was developed to generate rotational magnetic fields. Permanent magnet ring, magnetized as S and N poles radially and mounted spiral structure on the surface, acted as a capsule. The maximum torque passing to the capsule, rotational synchronization of capsule and motor, and the translational speed of capsule, were measured in ex vivo porcine large intestine. The experimental results illustrate that the rotational movement of the spiral-type capsule in the intestine is feasible and the cost of the magnetic driving equipment is low. As a result, the solution is promising in the future controllability.
GLIMPSE: A Tool to Search Through Entire File Systems

GLIMPSE, which stands for GLobal IMPlicit SEarch, provides indexing and query schemes for file systems. The novelty of glimpse is that it uses a very small index - in most cases 2-4% of the size of the text - and still allows very flexible full-text retrieval including Boolean queries, approximate matching (i.e., allowing misspelling), and even searching for regular expressions. In a sense, glimpse extends agrep to entire file systems, while preserving most of its functionality and simplicity. Query times are typically slower than with inverted indexes, but they are still fast enough for many applications. For example, it took 5 seconds of CPU time to find all 19 occurrences of Usenix AND Winter in a file system containing 69MB of text spanning 4300 files. Glimpse is particularly designed for personal information, such as one's own file system. The main characteristic of personal information is that it is non-uniform and includes many types of documents. An information retrieval system for personal information should support many types of queries, flexible interaction, low overhead, and customization, All these are important features of glimpse.
Orion: a power-performance simulator for interconnection networks

We present Orion, a power-performance interconnection network simulator that is capable of providing detailed power characteristics, in addition to performance characteristics, to enable rapid power-performance tradeoffs at the architectural-level. This capability is provided within a general framework that builds a simulator starting from a microarchitectural specification of the interconnection network. A key component of this construction is the architectural-level parameterized power models that we have derived as part of this effort. Using component power models and a synthesized efficient power (and performance) simulator a microarchitect can rapidly explore the design space. As case studies, we demonstrate the use of Orion in determining optimal system parameters, in examining the effect of diverse traffic conditions, as well as evaluating new network microarchitectures. In each of the above, the ability to simultaneously monitor power and performance is key in determining suitable microarchitectures.
The integral membrane protein from a virulent isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: molecular characterization, sequence and expression in Escherichia coli

Subgenomic mRNA from a virulent isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was used to produce cDNA clones. Part of a new clone and a previously reported clone were sequenced and used to construct the viral gene for integral membrane protein. A single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 262 amino acids, relative molecular mass (Mr) 29459, was identified. The positive identification of the polypeptide as the integral membrane protein was demonstrated by the production in E. coli of a chimaeric protein comprising most of the ORF encoding the Mr 29459 polypeptide and β‐galactosidase. The chimaeric protein reacted with a specific monoclonal antibody to viral integral membrane protein and antibodies raised against the chimaeric protein immune precipitated the viral protein. Comparison with the sequence of an avirulent isolate indicates amino acid residues that may be important in pathogenicity.
Immunolocalization of UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase indicates involvement of pre-Golgi intermediates in protein quality control

The UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (GT) is a protein folding sensor and glycosyltransferase that constitutes an important component of the protein quality control machinery. With the use of quantitative immunogold electron microscopy, we established the subcellular distribution of GT in rat liver and pancreas and Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland as well as cell lines and correlated it with that of glucosidase II, calreticulin, and pre-Golgi intermediate markers. Labeling for GT, as well as for glucosidase II and calreticulin, was found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including nuclear envelope and pre-Golgi intermediates located between ER and Golgi apparatus, and in the cell periphery. In the rough ER, labeling for GT was inhomogeneous, with variously sized labeled and unlabeled cisternal regions alternating, indicative of a meshwork of quality control checkpoints. Notably, labeling intensity for GT was highest in pre-Golgi intermediates, corresponding to twice that of rough ER, whereas the Golgi apparatus exhibited no specific labeling. These results suggest that protein quality control is not restricted to the ER and that the pre-Golgi intermediates, by virtue of the presence of GT, glucosidase II, and calreticulin, are involved in this fundamental cellular process.