Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Satellite-Derived Forcings on Numerical Ocean Model Simulations and Study of Sea Surface Salinity Variations in the Indian Ocean

This study focuses on two major aspects: the impact of satellite forcings (winds and precipitation) on the simulations of a multilayer Indian Ocean (IO) model (IOM) and the analysis of the processes responsible for salinity variations in the Indian Ocean during dipole years (1994 and 1997). It is observed that the European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer wind-driven solutions describe the interannual variabilities of sea surface temperature (SST) more realistically than the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) wind-driven solutions. The equatorial westward current jet [hereafter referred to as reverse Wyrtki jet (RWJ)] originating near the Sumatra coast in response to anomalous easterlies during fall of 1994 and 1997 is quite strong in the scatterometer-forced solutions. This RWJ is found to be weak in the NCEP solution. Two more experiments differing by their precipitation forcings [climatological and interannually varying Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall] are carried out. Model-simulated variables like SST, sea surface salinity (SSS), and mixed layer depth (MLD) have been compared with in situ observations to verify the performance of the model. The model suggests a dipolelike structure in surface salinity during late 1994 and 1997, with low salinity in the central equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) and high salinity near the Sumatra coast. The low-salinity tongue is caused by the transport of fresh surface waters via RWJ, which is further strengthened by a southward branch (which is absent in normal years) coming from the Bay of Bengal. A major inference of the study is that the low-salinity tongue is caused mainly by advection, not by a direct effect of precipitation. On the contrary, the high salinity near the Sumatra coast is due to the strong upwelling caused by anomalous easterlies. Another inference made out of this study is that there is apparently a definite signature of the evolution of the dipole event in the MLD approximately 2 months prior to the peak occurring in SSS in the south EIO.
Limits on large-crater production and obliteration on Callisto

By comparing results of Monte Carlo simulations of the crater population on Callisto with the observed surface, we demonstrate that the relative dearth of large craters on Ganymede and Callisto, compared with the terrestrial planets, can not be totally ascribed either to craters relaxing or to craters piercing a thin icy crust. Consequently, the population of objects responsible for the heavy bombardment of the jovian system differed markedly from that responsible for the late heavy bombardment of the terrestrial planets.
Title : High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting

A. Summary of the key results This paper represents a truly novel approach to restoring communication with a brain-computer interface. Previous approaches have used point-and-click cursor control to enable communication with an onscreen keyboard and have demonstrated very good performance that enables functional performance. Here, the authors instead try to decode handwriting movements in order to predict individual letters as the brain-computer interface (BCI) users imagines writing words and sentences. Impressively, online BCI performance was more than twice as fast as previously demonstrated and approaches smartphone typing speeds. Further, the authors demonstrate that the temporal variability associated with handwriting trajectories is a major contributor to the high level of performance that was shown, which has implications for BCIs in general as it may be advantageous to try to decode complex and dexterous movements.
Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire

Results are presented from experiments carried out in conjunction with the U. S. Geological Survey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. The study focuses on our ability to obtain orientation and transmissivity estimates of naturally occurring fractures. The collected data set includes a four-offset hydrophone vertical seismic profile, full waveform acoustic logs at 5, 15, and 34 kHz, borehole televiewer, temperature, resistivity, and self-potential logs, and borehole-to-borehole pump test data. Borehole televiewer and other geophysical logs indicate that permeable fractures intersect the Mirror Lake boreholes at numerous depths, but less than half of these fractures appear to have significant permeability beyond the annulus of drilling disturbance on the basis of acoustic waveform log analysis. The vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data indicate a single major permeable fracture near a depth of 44 m, corresponding to one of the most permeable fractures identified in the acoustic waveform log analysis. VSP data also indicate a somewhat less permeable fracture at 220 m and possible fractures at depths of 103 and 135 m; all correspond to major permeable fractures in the acoustic waveform data set. Pump test data confirm the presence of a hydraulic connection between the Mirror Lake boreholes through a shallow dipping zone of permeability at 44 m in depth. Effective fracture apertures calculated from modeled transmissivities correspond to those estimated for the largest fractures indicated on acoustic waveform logs but are over an order of magnitude larger than effective apertures calculated from tube waves in the VSP data set. This discrepancy is attributed to the effect of fracture stiffness. A new model is presented to account for the mechanical strength of asperities in resisting fracture closure during the passage of seismic waves during the generation of VSPs.
Fingering in Unsaturated Zone Flow: A Qualitative Review with Laboratory Experiments on Heterogeneous Systems

Unstable unsaturated zone flow (fingering) is a potentially important process in recharge, pollution, and surface water/ground water body interactions. Extending previous workers' studies on homogeneous systems, sand tank experiments have been carried out on heterogeneous systems. The experiments on initially dry silica sands suggest that (1) stratification will tend to enhance rather than dissipate fingering; (2) in discontinuously layered systems, funneling influences the location of fingers; (3) in multilayered systems, lateral flow on top of fine‐grained layers promotes greater flux (and more fingers) in the down‐dip direction; (4) in systems where a top fine‐grained layer has a variable thickness, finger frequency and, hence, amount of flow will be greatest where the fine‐grained layer is thinnest; (5) surface depressions in an upper fine‐grained layer will concentrate flow, with fingers forming below such areas; and (6) in systems where an upper fine‐grained layer has macropores, the latter will concentrate water flow and fingers will form directly below these zones. The experiments also confirmed that fingers can persist in the same locations from one recharge event to another, and that in initially moist sands, fingers are widened. It is clear that a complex interplay between fingering and funneling processes can occur and that finger behavior is sensitive to heterogeneity.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting A systematic literature review Marx,

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of cytotoxic treatment. It continues to affect a significant proportion of patients despite the widespread use of anti-emetic medication. In traditional medicine, ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used to prevent and treat nausea in many cultures for thousands of years. However, its use has not been confirmed in the chemotherapy context. To determine the potential use of ginger as a prophylactic or treatment of CINV, a systematic literature review was conducted. Reviewed studies comprised randomised controlled trials or cross-over trials that investigated the anti-CINV effect of ginger as the sole independent variable in chemotherapy patients. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were assessed on methodological quality and their limitations were identified. Studies were mixed in their support of ginger as an anti-CINV treatment in patients receiving chemotherapy, with three demonstrating a positive effect, two in favour but with caveats and two showing no effect on measures of CINV. Future studies are required to address the limitations identified before clinical use can be recommended.
Magnetic enhancement and palaeoclimate: study of a loess/palaeosol couplet across the Loess Plateau of China

SUMMARY The origin of the Milankovitch palaeoclimatic signal so dramatically recorded in the Chinese loess remains uncertain. At least five hypotheses have been put forward to explain the well-documented enhancement of magnetic susceptibility in palaeosols which formed when conditions were warmer and wetter. We report here a magnetic study of a prominent loess-soil couplet (L4-S3) at three widely separated sites where present-day mean annual rainfall and temperature range from ∼350mm to ∼700mm and from ∼6°C to ∼13°C. the properties determined are laboratory remanences (isothermal, IRM; anhysteretic, ARM; viscous, VRM, including viscous decay), room-temperature susceptibility, and thermomagnetic behaviour. At fields beyond 100 mT, the IRM spectra are all essentially identical, both in shape and in absolute magnitude, suggesting a uniform magnetic component widespread across the Plateau. Subtracting the signal of this component isolates a second component, the amount of which varies by an order of magnitude between sites. the magnetic properties of this latter material are remarkably similar to those reported for bacterial magnetite in geological sediments and modern soils. Viscous decay of VRM takes place in two distinct stages, one of which falls to zero in < 10min. We attribute magnetic enhancement-which is the source of the palaeoclimatic signal to in situ pedogenetic formation of magnetite, which we characterize in our interpretation as two separate forms of bacterial magnetofossils. the most magnetic sample requires a mass fraction of about half of one per cent of this biogenic material.
O-Hf isotope constraints on the origin of zircon in high-pressure melange blocks and associated matrix rocks from Tinos and Syros, Greece

Most previously dated zircons in high-pressure melange blocks and associated matrix rocks from Tinos and Syros (Cyclades), Greece, yielded ion microprobe (SHRIMP II) U-Pb ages of ca. 80 Ma. In many cases it remains unclear whether the zircons are igneous or metamorphic/hydrothermal in origin. Oxygen and hafnium isotope ratios in the dated zircons have been determined to further constrain their mode of formation. Spot analysis of zircons from metagabbro, eclogite, glaucophanite, jadeitite and chlorite schists by ion microprobe (CAMECA IMS-1280) yields a large range in δ 18 O, varying from 2.0 ‰ to 7.6 ‰ VSMOW. The average δ 18 O values for most zircons in 11 samples however fall within a relatively small compositional range between 4.7 ‰ and 5.5 ‰, which is consistent with an igneous origin. These values suggest a relationship to magmas typical for modern oceanic crust or to precursors that had been in equilibrium with primitive magma compositions or the mantle (5.3 ± 0.6 ‰, 2 SD). The δ 18 O (mantle-like) and initial epsilon hafnium values [ɛ Hf ( t ) = +10 to +24] suggest that the 80 Ma old zircons are igneous in origin and crystallised from magmas that were derived from depleted mantle. Scanning Electron Microscope cathodoluminescence imaging indicates that lower-δ 18 O zircons (grains or domains; down to 2.0 ‰), mostly from one exceptional eclogite sample (average 4.3 ± 0.8 ‰, 2 SD, n = 23), either represent cauliflower-like internal structures or weakly zoned (or porous) features in outer rims. Previous age dating of zircon domains with cauliflower-like internal structures indicated apparent ages that are considerably younger ( ca. 54 Ma and ca. 57 Ma) than the Cretaceous age determined for the majority of the zircon population. Taken together, these observations suggest that the low-δ 18 O zircons (and three high-δ 18 O zircons, > 6.0 ‰) are genetically linked to a well-documented Eocene high-pressure metamorphic event ( ca . 53–40 Ma), but post-magmatic seafloor hydrothermal alteration cannot be completely ruled out.
Ocean Response to a Hurricane. Part I: Observations

Abstract The response of the ocean to hurricanes was investigated using aircraft-deployable expendable current profilers (AXCP). The goals were to observe and separate the surface wave and surface mixed layer (SML) velocities under the storms and to map the across-track and along-track velocity and temperature response in the mixed layer and thermocline. Custom instrumentation was prepared, including slower failing AXCPs, and the AXCP equipment was installed on NOAA WP-3D aircraft. Research flights were made into two 1984 hurricanes: Norbert, in the eastern Pacific off Baja California (19°N, 109°W), and Josephine, off the east coast of the United States (29°N, 72°W). Thirty-one probes were deployed in each hurricane, and about half the AXCPs provided temperature and velocity profiles. Most velocity profiles exhibited strong surface wave contributions, slablike velocities in the SML, strong shears beneath the SML, and only weak flows in the upper thermocline. Separation of the surface gravity wave velociti.
Cellulosome gene cluster analysis for gauging the diversity of the ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus£avefaciens

Ruminococcus ﬂavefaciens is a vital cellulosome-producing ﬁbrolytic rumen bacterium. The arrangement of the cellulosomal scaffoldin gene cluster ( scaC– scaA–scaB–cttA–scaE ) is conserved in two R. ﬂavefaciens strains (17 and FD-1). Sequence analysis revealed a high mosaic conservation of the intergenic regions in the two strains that contrasted sharply with the divergence of the structural sca gene sequences. Based on the conserved intergenic regions, we designed PCR primers in order to examine the sca gene cluster in additional R. ﬂavefaciens strains (C94, B34b, C1a and JM1). Using these conserved and/or degenerate primers, the scaC, scaA and scaB genes were ampliﬁed in all six strains, while the entire sca gene cluster and the proximal genes cttA and scaE were successfully ampliﬁed in four of the strains (17, FD-1, C94 and JM1). The sequencing of scaA and scaC genes in all the strains yielded additional insight into the variability of the structural genes with regard to the number and type of cohesin modules contained in a conserved molecular skeleton. Moreover, the scaC gene, being short and variable, appears to be a promising functional phylotyping target for metagenomic population studies of R. ﬂavefaciens in the rumen as a function of the individual host animal.
The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995-1999): overview of scientific results

Abstract The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995-1999) has displayed a wide range of volcanic phenomena: growth of an andesitic lava dome, generation of pyroclastic flows by lava dome collapse and by fountain collapse in explosive eruptions, Vulcanian and sub-Plinian explosivity with accompanying tephra fall, entrance of pyroclastic flows into the sea, sector collapse with formation of a debris avalanche and a high-velocity pyroclastic density current, and generation of lahars. New phenomena include: cyclic patterns of ground deformation linked with shallow seismicity and eruptive activity; pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges; and an unprecedented slow escalation of eruption intensity. Magma pulsations with timescales of hours to years have been recognized. Transitions from extrusive to explosive activity were triggered by major dome collapses. Relationships between magma ascent dynamics and geophysical signals have been elucidated. Ascending water-rich andesitic magma becomes Theologically stiffened by degassing and groundmass crystallization. Large magma overpressures are consequently developed in the upper conduit, causing shallow seismicity, radial patterns of ground deformation, and cyclic pulsations of eruptive activity. Lava dome growth involved heterogeneous deformation with formation of spines and lobes along shear zones. Collapse of the pressurized dome resulted in substantial pyroclastic surges forming above pyroclastic flows. Influx of hydrous mafic magma remobilized hot crystalline igneous rocks at depths of 5 to 6 km to form crystal-rich andesitic magma and triggered the eruption.
Daytime 150‐km echoes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia: First results

Results of the daytime 150‐km echoes from 10.36°S magnetic latitude observed using the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), which are first of its kind from magnetic southern hemisphere, are presented. The echoing region of 145–165 km shows forenoon descent and afternoon ascent with signal intensity modulation with time resembling a necklace and the Doppler spectra are narrow, which are quite similar to those reported earlier from other locations. Westward and upward/southward irregularity drifts are found to be consistent with daytime background electric fields, providing a tool to investigate low latitude daytime electrodynamics. Detectability of these echoes suggests the absence of strong latitudinal dependence in contrast to the earlier belief, suggesting a possibility of their detection at mid‐latitudes. Also the echoes show zonal anisotropy that is opposite to that observed over Pohnpei. The implications of these observations are discussed in the light of present understanding of 150‐km echoing phenomenon.
Identification of acutely sick people and facial cues of sickness

Detection and avoidance of sick individuals have been proposed as essential components in a behavioural defence against disease, limiting the risk of contamination. However, almost no knowledge exists on whether humans can detect sick individuals, and if so by what cues. Here, we demonstrate that untrained people can identify sick individuals above chance level by looking at facial photos taken 2 h after injection with a bacterial stimulus inducing an immune response (2.0 ng kg−1 lipopolysaccharide) or placebo, the global sensitivity index being d′ = 0.405. Signal detection analysis (receiver operating characteristic curve area) showed an area of 0.62 (95% confidence intervals 0.60–0.63). Acutely sick people were rated by naive observers as having paler lips and skin, a more swollen face, droopier corners of the mouth, more hanging eyelids, redder eyes, and less glossy and patchy skin, as well as appearing more tired. Our findings suggest that facial cues associated with the skin, mouth and eyes can aid in the detection of acutely sick and potentially contagious people.
A Simple Model of the Relationship Between Productivity, Saving and the Current Account

This paper uses a simple dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to explore the qualitative impact of productivity shocks on current account positions via their impact on the saving behaviour of households. The analysis shows that the direction of the impact is ambiguous from a theoretical point of view. This impact depends in particular on consumer’s willingness to shift consumption over time relative to their willingness to shift consumption between different types of goods, on whether they believe the shock to be temporary or permanent, and on the sector in which the shock occurs. Un modele simple reliant la productivite, l'epargne et la balance courante Cet article explore l’effet qualitatif de chocs de productivite sur la balance courante, via leur impact sur le comportement d’epargne des menages, avec un modele d’equilibre general stochastique simple. Cette analyse montre que le sens de l’effet est theoriquement ambigu. Cet effet depend de la propension des consommateurs a modifier le niveau de leur consommation au cours du temps comparee a leur propension a modifier leur panier de biens, de la croyance par les agents que le choc est permanent ou temporaire, ou encore du secteur dans lequel le choc se produit.
Effects of dietary b-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus

A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary b-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers (1215 individuals with initial weight of 3.8 0.2 g) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control supplemented with three levels of b-glucan (0, 0.075, 0.15%w/w), crossedwith 0, 0.1% (w/w) or 0.2% (w/w)MOS. Immune indices including total coelomocytes count (TCC), phagocytosis, superoxide anion production, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total nitric oxide synthase activity (T-NOS) were measured at days 7, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29. At the end of the feeding trial, all the sea cucumbers left were weighted to monitor growth, and thenwere challenged by Vibrio splendidus. The results showed that dietary b-glucan, MOS and their combinations significantly increased TCC, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production and SOD activity of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Only 0.15% b-glucan and the combinations of b-glucan and MOS significantly increased the T-NOS activity (P < 0.05). A synergistic effect was found between dietary b-glucan and MOS. Moreover, combinations of b-glucan and MOS prolonged the high levels of immune indices compared with b-glucan or MOS supplementation alone. Except the 0.15% b-glucan group, all the other treatments showed significantly lower cumulative mortality compared with control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, combination of 0.15% b-glucan and 0.1% MOS had the best effects on enhancing disease resistance of sea cucumber. All treatments showed significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) compared with control (P < 0.05), and the combination of 0.15% b-glucan and 0.1% MOS was significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results confirm the potential of b-glucan and MOS as dietary immunostimulants and the synergistic effects of b-glucan and MOS on A. japonicus. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A comparative immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsins B and S in human breast cancer

Background: Cancer progression is a complex process consisting of a series of distinct steps. Cysteine proteases, such as cathepsins (Cts), are important molecules that play a central role in cancer progression and metastasis. Previous studies on human and mouse models of pancreatic cancer showed that both Cts B and Cts S are highly expressed in malignant tissues and the infiltrating macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Cts B and S in human breast cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of breast cancer were stained for Cts B, Cts S, and CD206 using immunohistochemistry. Results: Cytoplasmic staining of Cts B and S was observed in tumor cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Cts B was preferentially expressed in breast cancer tissues by the different cells types. The majority of tumor samples were Cts B-positive in tumor cells, endothelial cells and macrophages (91%, 87%, and 70%, respectively) in comparison to Cts S (39%, 48%, and 57%, respectively; P P P = 0.01) and of Cts S ( P = 0.03). However, neither Cts B nor Cts S expression in tumor cells correlated with other cell types ( P > 0.05). Only the expression of Cts B in vascular endothelial cells correlated significantly with the tumor grade ( P = 0.03). Conclusion: Results suggest that Cts B expression is more prominent than Cts S in breast cancer. Correlation studies imply different mechanisms regulating Cts B/S expression in tumor cells and other stromal components.