Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On one-way functions from NP-complete problems

We present the first natural NP-complete problem whose average-case hardness w.r. t. the uniform distribution over instances is equivalent to the existence of one-way functions (OWFs). The problem, which originated in the 1960s, is the Conditional Time-Bounded Kolmogorov Complexity Problem: let Kt(x | z) be the length of the shortest "program" that, given the "auxiliary input" z, outputs the string x within time t(|x|), and let McKtP[ζ] be the set of strings (x, z, k) where |z| = ζ(|x|), |k| = log |x| and Kt(x | z) < k, where, for our purposes, a "program" is defined as a RAM machine. Our main result shows that for every polynomial t(n) ≥ n2, there exists some polynomial ζ such that McKtP[ζ] is NP-complete. We additionally extend the result of Liu-Pass (FOCS'20) to show that for every polynomial t(n) ≥ 1.1n, and every polynomial ζ(·), mild average-case hardness of McKtP[ζ] is equivalent to the existence of OWFs. Taken together, these results provide the following crisp characterization of what is required to base OWFs on NP ⊈ BPP: There exists concrete polynomials t, ζ such that "Basing OWFs on NP ⊈ BPP" is equivalent to providing a "worst-case to (mild) average-case reduction for McKtP[ζ]". In other words, the "holy-grail" of Cryptography (i.e., basing OWFs on NP ⊈ BPP) is equivalent to a basic question in algorithmic information theory. As an independent contribution, we show that our NP-completeness result can be used to shed new light on the feasibility of the polynomial-time bounded symmetry of information assertion (Kolmogorov'68).
The relationship between corporate governance and financial performance: evidence from Jordanian Family and Non-family firms

The main objective of this article is to attempt to fill a research gap in the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance of family and nonfamily firms’ by using a sample of non-financial firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange for a period 2009 to 2015. Although, the concerns of corporate governance and firm’s ownership structure have recently attracted serious attention from scholars, policymakers, and academic institutions, a large number of empirical works found no clear link between corporate performance and corporate governance. In addition, the research into how the corporate governance has an influence on family firms, especially in emerging countries is still unclear. In particular, Jordan as an emerging market has not been the focus of previous studies, particularly with regard to corporate governance in family firms.
THE EFFECT OF SERVICE ENVIRONMENT ON CONSUMER LOYALTY WITH CONSUMER SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE

The aims of this research were to determine the effect of the environment on consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty, to determine the effect of customer satisfaction on loyalty, and to determine the role of consumer satisfaction in mediating the influence of the service environment on consumer loyalty. This research was conducted on restaurants consumers in Purwokerto. The sample size was 150 respondents. Data analysis techniques were carried out by path analysis in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS software version 22. Mediation analysis between research variables was carried out by sobel t test with the help of online Sobel calc. The service environment was measured by environmental indicators, interior and exterior design and social dimensions of each with two questionnaire items. Variable customer satisfaction was measured by indicators of overall satisfaction with the company that the company always meets consumer expectations, interesting experiences and never forgets the company. Loyalty was measured by indicators namely always using their products / services, willing to make repeat purchases and recommend to other consumers. Consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty each were determined by one item questionnaire per indicator. The results of data analysis with AMOS SEM showed that the service environment had a positive effect on customer satisfaction, the service environment influenced consumer loyalty. Consumer satisfaction had a positive effect on consumer loyalty and customer satisfaction mediated the influence of the service environment on consumer loyalty. So the existence of customer satisfaction was an important variable to realize loyal consumers. Future research can be done by adding moderation variables. The moderation variable that can be added in research at restaurants is meal time, which is lunch and dinner. Other moderation variables that can be added are demographic variables. Future research can also add moderation variables in the form of traditional or modern restaurants.
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Formation in Fresh or Paraffin-Embedded Tissues of Three Chronic Strains

The purpose of this study was to compare molecular detection of T. gondii cyst formation in fresh or paraffin-embedded tissues of three chronic strains. Molecular detection was carried out using a nested PCR that detects the B1 gene of T. gondii. Parasite DNA was extracted from fresh tissue and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFEP) tissues and from CD1 strain mice (Swiss) infected with three chronic strains. Ten (10) mice (5 female and 5 male) were orally infected with serial dilutions of brain tissue cysts from previously infected mice. The chronic strains of T. gondii came from a domestic cat (Felis catus, TFC-1; A), from Leopardus wiedii (TLW-1; B) and from white mice fed with Bos taurus beef (TBT-1; D). The FFEP tissues of 10 mice that survived after oral infection with different dilutions of tissue cysts, were used respectively. The presence of tachyzoites (Tq) or tissue cysts (Q) was estimated per mm3 of tissue analyzed. Three 10 um sections of the FFEP tissues were used for DNA extraction with two manual protocols (salt and ammonium acetate) and with a commercial one, using silica columns. DNA was detected with the nested PCR that amplified the T. gondii B1 gene, after its standardization. In this work, it was found that standardized nested PCR could amplify at least 0.1 fg/μL of DNA. Only with the commercial methodology was it possible to detect the parasite DNA, after applying a nested PCR for the T. gondii B1 gene, although the quality of the DNA after extraction was similar with the three extraction protocols. In unfixed tissues, the highest molecular detection of the parasite occurred in the brain and skeletal muscle of mice infected with chronic strains A and B. The molecular detection in FFEP tissues follows, like the kinetic tests, a maximum detection curve that depends on the inoculum. A higher molecular detection was observed in the tissues at lower doses of the inoculum, which was related to a higher reading of cysts per mm3 of tissue and with a lower virulence, previously studied. It is concluded that the molecular detection of the T. gondii B1 gene, with nested PCR of FFEP tissues, was 10 times more sensitive than the histological detection of cysts by microscopy. In addition, the molecular and histological detection of cysts of a chronic strain of T. gondii were inversely proportional to the virulence of the previously characterized strain.
What drives crowdfunding success?

This thesis assesses the impact of possible campaign success drivers using a semantical approach. Mainly, reciprocity and altruism are discussed as drivers of donation intention. Crowdfunding campaigns initiated in the US are collected from the online crowdfunding platform GoFundMe. The results of this thesis suggest that utilizing altruistic cues and positive polarity in campaign descriptions lead to higher donation amounts. Also, electronic Word-of-Mouth is found to have a positive impact on donation amount. Finally, reciprocal cues are found to be significantly and positively influencing campaign success. This indicates that utilizing reciprocal cues in campaign descriptions can help campaign initiators to ‘make the campaign happen’. Date final version: December 22, 2019
The Development of Social Influence and Aesthetic on Purchase Intention

Due to the development of internet nowadays, people utilize it with games and it results in the development of gaming industries that leads to strong existence of virtual economy. However, the development of the gaming industry in Indonesia was indeed a little late compared to other countries. This study generates a new perspective that describes purchase intention on virtual goods in Massively Multiplayer Online Social Games (MMOSG), Audition, in Indonesia. This research is done through a survey by using questionnaire which acquired 200 Audition players as respondents. The data processing used is structural equation modeling. Results of the study show factors that significantly influence purchase intention on virtual goods are social influence and aesthetic in which purchase intention affects actual purchase behavior, while price utility and satisfaction do not influence purchase intention.
Too true to be bad : when sets of studies with significant and nonsignificant findings are probably true

Psychology journals rarely publish nonsignificant results. At the same time, it is often very unlikely (or “too good to be true”) that a set of studies yields exclusively significant results. Here, we use likelihood ratios to explain when sets of studies that contain a mix of significant and nonsignificant results are likely to be true or “too true to be bad. ” As we show, mixed results are not only likely to be observed in lines of research but also, when observed, often provide evidence for the alternative hypothesis, given reasonable levels of statistical power and an adequately controlled low Type 1 error rate. Researchers should feel comfortable submitting such lines of research with an internal meta-analysis for publication. A better understanding of probabilities, accompanied by more realistic expectations of what real sets of studies look like, might be an important step in mitigating publication bias in the scientific literature.
Factors Influencing Pre-service Teachers' Satisfaction and Intention to Use the Internet: A Structural Equation Modeling

In the age of digital era where the Internet is playing an important and dominant role, the concern of the higher education to ensure that the Internet within the reach of the students is very important. However, little research has been reported to indicate the success of the concern in Indonesia. Therefore, This study was conducted to assess factors influencing Indonesian PSTs’ satisfaction (ST) and intention to use (IU) the Internet for learning through technology acceptance model (TAM). Data was gathered from a total of 596 pre-service teachers (PSTs) from five universities in Indonesia. The measurement and assessment of the model were developed through a partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results informed that Indonesian PSTs’ ST was strongly influenced by perceived ease of use (PEU) and IU. Besides, PSTs’ IU was predicted by Attitude (AT), PU and PEU.
Structural Complexity in Visuo-spatial Working Memory

The concept of complexity distinguishes a quantitative and a structural component. The former sets an upper bound on complexity, whereas the latter reduces complexity. This experiment further explored the limitations on visuo-spatial short-term storage in terms of structural complexity. Memory for movement sequences was assessed using a 5 x 5 array of wooden blocks. However, only a sub-set of 16 blocks was considered relevant. These were positioned so as to constitute a regular 4 x 4 matrix, a split-up matrix or a random configuration, thus eliciting various degrees of structure. Recall scores were higher for the matrix condition than for the other two conditions, which did not differ from each other. In fact, performance in these conditions was no better than in a control condition in which all 25 blocks were taken into account. Moreover, subjects were not aware of the experimental manipulation, implicating a process of implicit learning in the matrix condition. These results confirm that structural complexity is a prominent feature of short-term visuo-spatial retention. They further contribute to a body of converging evidence for the hypothesis of a visuo-spatial temporary storage mechanism, whose capacity is limited by complexity.
Rating Scale Data and its Utility: Additional Evidence to be Explored in the Medical Education Continuum

The purposes of this study are to assess the utility of self-appraisals and ratings of program directors (PDs) and to introduce new ways to use self-assessed and rating scale data. The data for this study was collected from graduates of our school who were enrolled in different residency programs around the country. The interns and PDs completed a similar set of questions. The correlation between the ratings of the two group was . 21. The Cronbach’s alpha of interns and PD surveys were . 89 and . 97, respectively. The interns consistently rated themselves lower compared to ratings the PDs assigned them. The two groups agreed on the areas of strengths and weaknesses based on their mean ratings and rank-ordering of competencies. This study proposes that lowest mean ratings of measures that appear at the bottom in the rank-ordering be considered as areas that deserve special attention. The results of this study brought validity evidence to the utility of self-appraisals and PD’s ratings of interns.
Combined automated screening for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy in primary care settings

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are among the leading causes of blindness in the United States and other developed countries. Early detection is the key to prevention and effective treatment. We have built an artificial intelligence-based screening system which utilizes a cloud-based platform for combined large scale screening through primary care settings for early diagnosis of these diseases. Methods: iHealthScreen Inc., an independent medical software company, has developed automated AMD and DR screening systems utilizing a telemedicine platform based on deep machine learning techniques. For both diseases, we prospectively imaged both eyes of 340 unselected non-dilated subjects over 50 years of age. For DR specifically, 152 diabetic patients at New York Eye and Ear faculty retina practices, ophthalmic and primary care clinics in New York city with color fundus cameras. Following the initial review of the images, 308 images with other confounding conditions like high myopia and vascular occlusion, and poor quality were excluded, leaving 676 eligible images for AMD and DR evaluation. Three ophthalmologists evaluated each of the images, and after adjudication, the patients were determined referrable or non-referable for AMD DR. Concerning AMD, 172 were labeled referable (intermediate or late), and 504 were non-referable (no or early). Concurrently, regarding DR, 33 were referable (moderate or worse), and 643 were non-referable (none or mild). All images were uploaded to iHealthScreen’s telemedicine platform and analyzed by the automated systems for both diseases. The system performances are tested on per eye basis with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa scores with respect to the professional graders. Results: In identifying referable DR, the system achieved a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 96.3%, and a kappa score of 0.70 on this prospective dataset. For AMD, the sensitivity was 86.6%, the specificity of 92.1%, and a kappa score of 0.76. Conclusions: The AMD and DR screening tools achieved excellent performance operating together to identify two retinal diseases prospectively in mixed datasets, demonstrating the feasibility of such tools in the early diagnosis of eye diseases. These early screening tools will help create an even more comprehensive system capable of being trained on other retinal pathologies, a goal within reach for public health deployment.
Postoperative Infection and Its Management Strategies - Review

Post-operative infection still remains as a challenging one which occurs during the postoperative course. This can cause mild to severe complications and can even lead to death. Due to which this leads to serious consequences like expanded expenses in hospitals because of increased hospital stay and treatment. The area is marked to have pain, tenderness, edema and even discharges like pus is seen. The commonly involved organisms include the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas species and E.coli. The risk of acquiring the infection differs from one person to another. The paces of these infections differ from hospital to hospital and the site of contamination might be limited to a stitch line or might extend into the operative sight. The postoperative infections are combated by providing antibiotic prophylaxis before, during and after the surgery. The main challenge associated is the antibiotic resistance by the bacterial species, so it becomes difficult to evaluate the sound techniques for treating these infections. So this can be prevented by following pre-operative, intraoperative, post-operative surgical techniques. Proper strategies must be used to prevent and control these infections. The aim of this review is to analyze the postoperative infections and their management strategies.
THE EFFECTS OF METAPHOR APTNESS AND DISEASE FAMILIARITY ON MOTIVATION TO RESIST PERSUASIVE VACCINATION COMMUNICATION

Anti-vaccination movements have been a reason to create persuasive vaccination communication. While metaphors have been shown to have persuasive effects, it should also be considered if aspects such as low metaphor aptness could contribute to resistance of vaccination communication. Additionally, it was investigated whether this differs between familiar and unfamiliar diseases. A between-subjects experiment was conducted in which the participant read a text that described the flu or tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and contained either no metaphor, a low aptness metaphor, or a high aptness metaphor. Participants then filled out questions that measured motivation to resist persuasion (MRP). The study resulted in significantly higher MRP for TBE than the flu when the text contained no metaphor, and significantly higher MRP for the flu than TBE when the text contained a highly apt metaphor. The less apt metaphor showed no differences in MRP between the flu and TBE. The results were not in line with previous research, but plausible explanations may be found with the effects of processing fluency, risk perception, or communicator credibility.
PRESENCE OF ORAL LESION AS A FACTOR TOWARDS EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI- TOBACCO COUNSELLING AND QUIT RATES IN OUT PATIENTS OF PRIVATE DENTAL COLLEGE- A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral mucosal lesions including oral pre-cancer and cancer. The type and location of the lesion varies with the type of tobacco used, the way it is used, and the frequency and duration of use. Hence our study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of anti-tobacco counselling and the presence of oral lesions in patients and their willingness to quit the habit. A retrospective analysis was conducted among 398 participants, of which all were smokers, 320 patients diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions, 78 patients without any lesions. The study protocol included data collection with digital software entry. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and a chi-square test was employed, with a p value < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. The lesion was most common among the age of 31-40years (33.33%), followed by 41-50years (26.92%), 18-30years (20.5%), 51-60years (12.8%) and >60% (6.4%). The review was high among the patients with oral lesion (57.6%), anyways patient with lesion and did not turn up for review is 42.3%. The study population diagnosed with oral mucosal lesion and who had come for review visits had the highest willingness for quit rate (62.7%), than with patients only came for intervention visit (37.2%).
A Manifestation of Accounting Conservatism: A Case Study in Malaysia

In the wake of several high-profile corporate accounting scandals, there has been evidence that companies are more eager to hire Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) with an accounting background. This signals that CEOs with an accounting background are recognized and trusted by the corporate world to boost the quality of financial reporting of a company. If it is so, in the context of combating the earnings management, hiring CEOs with an accounting background (being a conservative accounting practitioner), could become one of the effective internal corporate governance mechanisms (CGM) to bring down the earnings management activities. This study attempts to provide insight into the level of conservatism of the CEO with an accounting background. Following Basu (1997) and Khan and Watt (2009), the firm-year measure of conservatism (C_Score) was obtained, which later was associated with the accounting education of the CEO to determine their relationship. As expected, CEOs with accounting background exhibit a higher level of moral reasoning than their non – accounting educated counterparts. The finding of this study is useful to persuade the policymaker to consider lifting the trend of hiring a CEO with an accounting background as one of the best practices that the companies can work out to lessen earnings management activities.
Private Equity and Pay Gaps Inside the Firm

Exploiting a 20-year sample of leveraged buyouts matched to French administrative data, we document that, relative to a control group of firms, target firms experience after the buyout a reduction in pay gaps together with an increase in profitability. The wage difference between men and women reduces by 6.5%, that between managers and non-managers by 3.3% and that between senior (above 50 years old) and younger workers by 18.1%, relative to their respective means. Composition effects drive these results. Post-buyout, target firms separate from expensive employees in the high-pay categories (men, managers, older employees) and replace them with cheaper employees. At the same time, men and young employees who stay at the firm experience small pay increases. Together, the results are consistent with the notion that, in seeking to improve target firms’ efficiency, private equity investors reduce wage inequalities inside target firms by cutting highly-paid employees’ rents and fostering their separation from the firm. *Please send correspondence to Lily Fang (lily.fang@insead.edu), Jim Goldman (jim.goldman@utoronto.ca), and Alexandra Roulet (alexandra.roulet@insead.edu). We would like to thank Cameron Harries for superb research assistance. Access to the data has been financed through INSEAD Patrick Cescau Unilever fund. The technology to access the data remotely is supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the Investissements d’avenir program (ANR-10-EQPX-17 – Centre d’accès sécurisé aux données, CASD). During the 2020–2021 academic year, Jim Goldman is visiting Imperial College London. †INSEAD ‡U Toronto §INSEAD and CEPR
Surgical smoke in dental practice: a potential biohazard

OPEN ACCESS This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact reprints@pulsus.com • Transmittable cells of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Hepatitis B (HBV) (5)