Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Interpretation of Place Phenomenology Based on Space Syntax Theory

Since earlier linking phenomenology to space syntax by the research of David Simon, studying place image based on phenomenology explanation is always the common focus between space syntax and phenomenology. With the common focus further studied, some issues such as descriptive pattern on place space, place configuration and place sense will be combined with space syntax theory. In this paper, based on the internal relations between space syntax and architectural phenomenology, the mechanism of place description, place configuration and place self-adaptive mechanisms were analyzed by space syntax, and a method also will be presented to interpret place phenomenon by using space syntax.
Geometrical characteristics of magnetospheric energetic ion time series: evidence for low dimensional chaos

Abstract. This paper is a companion to the first work (Pavlos et al., 2003), which contains significant results concerning the dynamical characteristics of the magnetospheric energetic ions’ time series. The low dimensional and nonlinear deterministic characteristics of the same time series were described in Pavlos et al. (2003). In this second work we present significant results concerning the Lyapunov spectrum, the mutual information and prediction models. The dynamical characteristics of the magnetospheric ions’ signals are compared with corresponding characteristics obtained for the stochastic Lorenz system when a coloured noise perturbation is present. In addition, the null hypothesis is tested for the dynamical characteristics of the magnetospheric ions’ signal by using nonlinear surrogate data. The results of the above comparisons provide significant evidence for the existence of low dimensional chaotic dynamics underlying the energetic ions’ time series. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles) – Radio sciences (nonlinear phenomena)
EL Rashidy, Rawia Ahmed Hassan and Grant-Muller, Susan A Composite Resilience Index for Road Transport Networks Original Citation

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Foveated Attention for Neural Nets

Efficient processing of high-res video streams is safety-critical for many robotics applications such as autonomous driving. To maintain real-time performance, many practical systems downsample the video stream. But this can hurt downstream tasks such as (small) object detection. Instead, we take inspiration from biological vision systems that allocate more foveal “pixels" to salient parts of the scene. We introduce FOVEA, an approach for intelligent downsampling that ensures salient image regions remain “magnified" in the downsampled output. Given a high-res image, FOVEA applies a differentiable resampling layer that outputs a small fixed-size image canvas, which is then processed with an object detector, whose output is then differentiably backward mapped onto the original image size. In order to maintain overall efficiency, FOVEA makes use of cheap and readily available saliency cues, including datasetspecific spatial priors or temporal priors computed from recent object predictions. On the autonomous driving datasets Argoverse-HD and BDD100K, our proposed method boosts the detection AP over standard Faster-RCNN, both with and without finetuning. Without any noticeable increase in compute, we improve accuracy on small objects by over 2x without degrading performance on large objects. Finally, FOVEA sets a new record for streaming AP (from 17.8 to 23.0 on a GTX 1080 Ti GPU), a metric designed to capture both accuracy and latency. However, FOVEA is designed specifically for 2D object detection. To generalize to arbitrary spatial tasks, in our followup work, we "learn to zoom" in on the input image, compute spatial features, and then "unzoom" to revert any deformations (LZU). To enable efficient and differentiable unzooming, we approximate the zooming warp with a piecewise bilinear mapping that is invertible. LZU can be applied to any task with spatial input and any model with spatial features, and we demonstrate this versatility by evaluating on a variety of tasks and datasets: object detection on Argoverse-HD and a synthetic video COCO, semantic segmentation on Cityscapes, and RGB-based 3D detection on NuScenes. Interestingly, we observe boosts in performance even when high-resolution sensor data is unavailable, implying that LZU can be used to "learn to upsample" as well.
Ethics in Engineering Education 4.0: The Educator’s perspective

— The advent of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) has had an all-pervasive influence on virtually every aspect of high-quality manufacturing and associated services. Consequently, it triggered increasing industry demand to drive technological transformation. By implication, this propelled transformation in the requirements of Higher Education (HE) during the process of training engineers, towards more blended or online modes of delivery. A common concern from commentators has been “What are the ethical implications of using technology when teaching engineering students”. The objective of this paper is to expand on a previously published literature study which theoretically examined the extent to which ethics has been considered during the process of training engineers in contemporary times. In this follow-up study, a survey research instrument (n= 68) which included eight likert scale questions and ten open-ended questions, was used to empirically explore three ethical dilemmas which emerged during the precursor study. The ethical dilemmas are (1) the unintended negative consequences of using technology; (2) discrimination as a result of the use of technology and (3) educator agency in the Engineering Education 4.0, at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa. Ethical clearance to do this research was secured through institutional channels. The findings of this study were consistent with findings of the precursor study and the recommendation of this study is that a series of workshops be held to develop ethics guidelines and establish ethical best practices to assist engineering educators to assure the quality of online engineering education, avoid discrimination, protect the privacy of both students and educators and reinforce the integrity of online engineering assessments
Disgusting but harmless moral violations are perceived as harmful due to the negative emotions they elicit

Harmless but disgusting moral violations can be justified as harmful to others due to the negative emotions they elicit. The relationship between the emotions of anger and disgust and the harm associated to these emotions as a result of a moral violation was investigated. Results showed that a disgusting moral violation (taboo violation) described as harmless to others is more related to disgust that to anger. Such violation created a presumption of harm of three different types: to the community, nature, and the individual. Disgust was a mediator between the taboo violation and the presumption of harm to nature, whereas anger was a mediator between the taboo violation and the presumption of harm to the individual. In general, results also showed that in moral violations that are harmless to others, the emotions of anger and disgust allow people to presume harm to symbolic entities such as nature and the community as a result of such violations.
Force and torque computations with hybrid methods

Alternative methods are presented for computing the magnetic forces and torques associated with hybrid solutions of magnetostatic or eddy current problems. The challenge is to retrieve the forces not just accurately but also with as little extra work as possible. The authors analyze several methods and the errors inherent in them. The analysis shows that the equivalent currents method is the best approach for computing forces with hybrid solutions. Force values obtained with test problems by using the proposed methods, including the coupling of the computed forces to the equations of motion, are compared to analytical and measured results.
Generalized inverse restricted by the normal Drazin equation

In this work, we introduce a new kind of generalized inverse, called the -restricted weighted Drazin inverse of with respect to a positive semi-definite/definite matrix . The new approach proposed makes use of the normal Drazin equation of a nonconsistent matrix equation as the constraint set of the minimization. In addition, when is positive semi-definite, the minimal semi-norm solution is considered for all vectors belonging to . We also show that the solution of the problem can be represented as a particular outer inverse solution.
Simulation of Charge Collection in Diamond Detectors Irradiated with Deuteron-Triton Neutron Sources

Diamond‐based neutron spectrometers exhibit outstanding properties such as radiation hardness, low sensitivity to gamma rays, fast response and high‐energy resolution. They represent a very promising application of diamonds for plasma diagnostics in fusion devices. The measured pulse height spectrum is obtained from the collection of helium and beryllium ions produced by the reactions on 12C. An original code is developed to simulate the production and the transport of charged particles inside the diamond detector. The ion transport methodology is based on the well‐known TRIM code. The reactions of interest are triggered using the ENDF/B‐VII.0 nuclear data for the neutron interactions on carbon. The model is implemented in the TALLYX subroutine of the MCNP5 and MCNPX codes. Measurements with diamond detectors in a ∼14 MeV neutron field have been performed at the FNG (Rome, Italy) and IRMM (Geel, Belgium) facilities. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulations validates the proposed model.
Modeling the Air-Cooled Gas Turbine: Part 1—General Thermodynamics

This paper is Part I of a study concerned with developing a formal framework for modelling air-cooled gas turbine cycles and deals with basic thermodynamic issues. Such cycles involve gas mixtures with varying composition which must be modelled realistically. A possible approach is to define just two components, air and gas, the latter being the products of stoichiometric combustion of the fuel with air. If these components can be represented as ideal gases, the entropy increase due to compositional mixing, although a true exergy loss, can be ignored for the purpose of performance prediction. This provides considerable simplification. Consideration of three idealised simple cycles shows that the introduction of cooling with an associated thermal mixing loss does not necessarily result in a loss of cycle efficiency. This is no longer true when real gas properties and turbomachinery losses are included. The analysis clarifies the role of the cooling losses and shows the importance of assessing performance in the context of the complete cycle. There is a strong case for representing the cooling losses in terms of irreversible entropy production as this provides a formalised framework, clarifies the modelling difficulties and aids physical interpretation. Results are presented which show the effects on performance of varying cooling flowrates and cooling losses. A comparison between simple and reheat cycles highlights the role of the thermal mixing loss. Detailed modelling of the heat transfer and cooling losses is discussed in Part II of this paper Copyright © 2001 by ASME.
Progressive decoding method for fractal image compression

Fractal image compression is an efficient technique for compactly coding images, in which an image is encoded by a contractive transformation whose fixed point is close to the original image, and then is decoded by using an iteration procedure stemmed from the well known Banach fixed-point theorem. A new fixed-point iteration theorem with a control parameter is presented, which provides a novel iteration procedure that progressively approaches the fixed point of a contractive transformation and particularly reverts back to the conventional iteration procedure when the control parameter is set as one. Based on the new iteration procedure, a progressive decoding algorithm is proposed for fractal image compression, which does not need any specific fractal encoder and is useful for low bandwidth transmission. The experimental results demonstrate that the progressive fractal decoding is capable of controlling the decoding iteration procedure by varying the control parameter values and displaying progressively how the original image is obtained from a black image or another image at each step of the increasing iterations.
On dualizable objects in monoidal bicategories, framed surfaces and the Cobordism Hypothesis

We prove coherence theorems for dualizable objects in monoidal bicategories and for fully dualizable objects in symmetric monoidal bicategories, describing coherent dual pairs and coherent fully dual pairs. These are property-like structures one can attach to an object that are equivalent to the properties of dualizability and full dualizability. We extend diagrammatic calculus of surfaces of Christopher Schommer-Pries to the case of surfaces equipped with a framing. We present two equivalence relations on so obtained framed planar diagrams, one which can be used to model isotopy classes of framings on a fixed surface and one modelling diffeomorphism-isotopy classes of surfaces. We use the language of framed planar diagrams to derive a presentation of the framed bordism bicategory, completely classifying all two-dimensional framed topological field theories with arbitrary target. We then use it to show that the framed bordism bicategory is equivalent to the free symmetric monoidal bicategory on a coherent fully dual pair. In lieu of our coherence theorems, this gives a new proof of the Cobordism Hypothesis in dimension two.
Real-time simultaneous temperature and strain measurements at cryogenic temperatures in an optical fiber

A novel fiber optic sensor has been developed to be used in superconducting magnets for fusion reactors and other large cable-in-conduit superconductor (CICC) magnet applications. These large superconducting magnets need a diagnostic that can measure the temperature and strain throughout the magnet in real-time, which was not possible until now. Simultaneous temperature and strain measurements at cryogenic temperatures have been demonstrated, using spontaneous Brillouin scattering in an optical fiber. Using an extremely narrow (100 Hz) linewidth Brillouin laser with very low noise as a frequency shifted local oscillator, the frequency shift of spontaneous Brillouin scattered light was measured using heterodyne detection. A pulsed laser was used to probe the fiber using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) to determine spatial resolution. The spontaneous Brillouin frequency shift and linewidth as a function of temperature agree with previous literature on stimulated Brillouin scattering data from room temperature down to 4 K. For the first time, the spontaneous Brillouin frequency shift, linewidth, and intensity as a function of strain have been measured down to 4 K. Analyzing the frequency spectrum of the scattered light after an FFT gives the Brillouin frequency shift, linewidth, and intensity of the scattered light. 65,000 pulses, with 53 ns pulse widths, were averaged in under one second, providing a 5 meter spatial resolution along a fiber that was about 100 m long. Measuring these three parameters allow the simultaneous determination of temperature and strain in real-time throughout a fiber with a spatial resolution on the order of several meters.
Determination of the Pt spin diffusion length by spin-pumping and spin Hall effect

The spin diffusion length of Pt at room temperature and at 8 K is experimentally determined via spin pumping and spin Hall effect in permalloy/Pt bilayers. Voltages generated during excitation of ferromagnetic resonance from the inverse spin Hall effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance effect were investigated with a broadband approach. Varying the Pt layer thickness gives rise to an evolution of the voltage line shape due to the superposition of the above two effects. By studying the ratio of the two voltage components with the Pt layer thickness, the spin diffusion length of Pt can be directly extracted. We obtain a spin diffusion length of ∼1.2 nm at room temperature and ∼1.6 nm at 8 K.
A Hubble Space Telescope lensing survey of X-ray luminous galaxy clusters – IV. Mass, structure and thermodynamics of cluster cores at z = 0.2

We present a comprehensive space-based study of ten X-ray luminous galaxy clusters (L_X>=8e44erg/s[0.1-2.4keV]) at z=0.2. Hubble Space Telescope observations reveal numerous gravitationally-lensed arcs for which we present four new spectroscopic redshifts, bringing the total to thirteen confirmed arcs in this cluster sample. We combine the multiple-image systems with the weakly-sheared background galaxies to model the total mass distribution in the cluster cores (R<=500kpc). These models are complemented by high-resolution X-ray data from Chandra and used to develop quantitative criteria to classify the clusters as relaxed or unrelaxed. Formally, (30+/-20)% of the clusters form a homogeneous sub-sample of relaxed clusters; the remaining (70+/-20)% are unrelaxed and are a much more diverse population. Most of the clusters therefore appear to be experiencing a cluster-cluster merger, or relaxing after such an event. We also study the normalization and scatter of scaling relations between cluster mass, luminosity and temperature. The scatter in these relations is dominated by the unrelaxed clusters and is typically sigma~0.4. Most notably, we detect 2-3 times more scatter in the mass-temperature relation than theoretical simulations and models predict. The observed scatter is also asymmetric - the unrelaxed systems are systematically 40% hotter than the relaxed clusters at 2.5 sigma significance. This structural segregation should be a major concern for experiments designed to constrain cosmological parameters using galaxy clusters. Overall our results are consistent with a scenario of cluster-cluster merger induced boosts to cluster X-ray luminosities and temperatures. [Abridged]
Bubble tree of branched conformal immersions and applications to the Willmore functional

We develop a bubble tree construction and prove compactness results for $W^{2,2}$ branched conformal immersions of closed Riemann surfaces, with varying conformal structures whose limit may degenerate, in ${\Bbb R}^n$ with uniformly bounded areas and Willmore energies. The compactness property is applied to construct Willmore type surfaces in compact Riemannian manifolds. This includes (a) existence of a Willmore $2$-sphere in ${\Bbb S}^n$ with at least 2 nonremovable singular points (b) existence of minimizers of the Willmore functional with prescribed area in a compact manifold $N$ provided (i) the area is small when genus is $0$ and (ii) the area is close to that of the area minimizing surface of Schoen-Yau and Sacks-Uhlenbeck in the homotopy class of an incompressible map from a surface of positive genus to $N$ and $\pi_2(N)$ is trivial (c) existence of smooth minimizers of the Willmore functional if a Douglas type condition is satisfied.
Measurements of finite amplitude pulses radiated by plane circular pistons in water

Measurements are reported for finite amplitude acoustic pulses radiated by plane circular pistons in water. Pulses with center frequencies of several megahertz, peak sound pressures up to 1 MPa, durations ranging from approximately 2 to 20 cycles, and different amplitude and frequency modulations were investigated. Measurements of short pulses were made very near the source, where the center wave and edge wave can be separated. Pulse envelope distortion that accompanies shock formation in frequency‐modulated tone bursts is demonstrated. Acoustic saturation of pulsed sound beams is also investigated. All measurements are compared with theoretical predictions obtained from a computer code that solves the KZK equation in the time domain [Lee and Hamilton, Ultrasonics International 91 Conference Proceedings (Butterworth–Heinemann, Oxford, 1991), pp. 177–180]. Very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained both in the near field and the far field, on and off axis. Artifacts in measurements of wa.
Use of an Adjoint Model for Finding Triggers for Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis

Abstract The authors propose a new procedure. designated the adjoint-based genesis diagnostic (AGD) procedure, for studying triggering mechanism and the subsequent genesis of the synoptic phenomena of interest. This procedure makes use of a numerical model sensitivity to initial conditions and the nonlinear evolution of the initial perturbations that are designed using this sensitivity. The model sensitivity is evaluated using the associated adjoint model. This study uses the dry version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Adjoint Modeling System (MAMS) for the numerical experiments. The authors apply the AGD procedure to two cases of Alpine lee cyclogenesis that were observed during the Alpine Experiment special observation period. The results show that the sensitivity fields that are produced by the adjoint model and the associated initial perturbations are readily related to the probable triggering mechanisms for these cyclones. Additionally, the nonlinear evolution of these initi.
Radar and Profiler Analysis of Colliding Boundaries: A Case Study

Abstract The kinematics of a head-on collision between two gust fronts, followed by a secondary collision between a third gust front and a bore generated by the initial collision, are described using analyses of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and Mobile Integrated Profiling System (MIPS) data. Each gust front involved in the initial collision exhibited a nearly north–south orientation and an east–west movement. The eastward-moving boundary was 2°C colder and moved 7 m s−1 faster than the westward-moving boundary. Two-dimensional wind retrievals reveal contrasting flows within each gravity current. One exhibited a typical gravity current flow structure, while the other assumed the form of a gravity wave/current hybrid with multiple vortices atop the outflow. One of the after-collision boundaries exhibited multiple radar finelines resembling a solitary wave shortly after the collision. About 1 h after the initial collision, a vigorous gust front intersected the eastward-moving bore severa.
Some observations on instrumental variable methods of time-series analysis

It. is becoming increasingly clear that in the area of environmental systems analysis, where systems are often badly defined and models are subject to considerable uncertainty, recursive methods of time-series analysis can be particularly useful both in the initial and critical stages of system identification, as well as in the final stages of parameter estimation and model validation. Of the existing methods of time-series analysis, those based upon the method of instrumental variables are amongst the simplest and. at the same time, demonstrably most useful in practical applications. This paper discusses the instrumental variable (IV) and approximate maximum likelihood (AML) methods of recursive time-series analysis and shows how they can be unified to some extent within the context of maximum likelihood estimation. In this manner the virtues and limitations of the existing IV and AML techniques become more apparent and possible procedures for improving their statistical efficiency are exposed.