Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Exposure to Benzene among Children in Schools, Preschools and Daycare Centres

Benzene, has been measured in indoor environments for many decades and has been identified to cause variety of health effects. As children spend most of their time indoors such as daycare centre, preschool and school, they are more likely to be exposed to indoor air pollutants. This paper was aimed to evaluate 15 years (2003–2018) of investigations of exposure to benzene among children within indoor environments from worldwide studies. Among 24 papers evaluated, the most frequently studied environment was in primary school (54%) and the highest concentration of benzene was found in preschool at 148.0 μg/m3 in China. Benzene levels were found higher in indoors than outdoors for most of the studies. Active sampling techniques were used in 42% of studies that enable the determination of acute health effects on children during shortperiod of exposure time. Based on the papers evaluated in this study, most of the children are exposed to the inadequate environment during their time spent in indoor environments, which is not in compliance with the established standard of exposure to benzene and may lead to the increase of potential health risk. Besides, differences in sampling techniques and durations make it hard to compare the outcomes of the studies with health-effects guidelines. The evaluation from this study indicated a diversity of sampling approaches and techniques, pointing to the importance of establishment of standard method for collecting and reporting data, for both exposure and health effects.
Antimicrobial resistance: A Commonwealth perspective

Infections, such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, account forover 30 per cent of under-five child deaths in the world (Walker etal., 2013). When under-nutrition, a known predictor of mortality,affects over half of under-five children, the contribution ofantimicrobial resistance (AMR) to infection-related clinical outcomesbecomes difficult to tease apart (Black et al., 2013). The impact ofAMR is highest in poorer countries, where the infectious diseaseburden is large (due to poor hygiene, polluted water supplies,malnutrition and sub-optimal vaccination) and inappropriateantibiotic use is unchecked. Even in the highest-income countries,in the face of a dry new-antibiotic pipeline and rising resistanceamong nosocomial pathogens, continued efforts to contain AMRare essential. A global co-ordinated effort is now imperative andnetworks such as the Commonwealth of Nations, through whichsovereign states can associate, and share resources and effortstowards common goals, can be useful conduits. This article dealswith AMR trends reported among common childhood pathogens,case examples of successful containment strategies, and gaps inrecommendations and ground realities in Commonwealthcountries.
EFFICACY OF MIND SOUND RESONANCE TECHNIQUE IN COMMON NECK PAIN

Studies have shown that conventional treatment methods with drugs, physiotherapy and exercises for common neck pain (CNP) may be inadequate. Yoga techniques have been found to be effective complimentary therapies in chronic low back pain and also for stres s reduction in other diseases. The aim of the study was to examine the complimentary role of a yogic relaxation called mind sound resonance technique (MSRT) in non - surgical management of CNP. In this randomized controlled study, 60 patients with CNP were a ssigned to two groups (yoga, n = 30) and (control, n = 30). The yoga group received yogic MSRT for 20 minutes in supine position after the conventional physiotherapy program for 30 minu tes using pre recorded audio CD and the control group had non - guided su pine rest for 20 minutes (after physiotherapy), for 10 days. MSRT provides deep relaxation for both mind and body by introspective experience of the sound resonance in the whole body while repeating the sy llables A, U, M and Om and a long chant (Mahamrityu njaya mantra) several times in a meaningful sequence. Both the groups had pre and post assessments using visual pain analog scale and goniometric measurement of cervical s pinal flexibility. Mann - Whitney U test showed significant difference between groups i n pain ( P < 0.01) and neck movements ( P < 0.01)) with higher reduction in yoga ( P < 0.01) than the control group. Wilcoxon’s test showed a significa nt improvement in both the groups in both variables ( P < 0.01). Yogic relaxation through mind sound resonanc e technique adds si gnificant results to conventional physiotherapy for CNP by reducing pain and providing improved flexibility.
Evaluation of Pain as A Fifth Vital Sign: Nurses' Opinions and Beliefs

Objective: After the American Pain Society recognized pain as a fifth vital sign, many countries adopted similar pain screening approaches. The routine evaluation of pain has recently come to the agenda in Turkey, along with the important role played by nurses in pain evaluation, and hence, this study focuses on the opinions of nurses on the evaluation of pain as a fifth vital sign, their pain beliefs, and how their pain beliefs influence their opinions. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a City Hospital with the involvement of 223 nurses. A questionnaire and a Pain Beliefs Questionnaire were used for the collection of data, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Mann–Whitney U-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: Of the respondent nurses, 31.8% of the nurses were working in medical inpatient clinics, and 56.5% stated that pain should not be evaluated as a fifth vital sign, giving the following reasons: if patients are in pain, they already report it (40.5%), and overwork and the lack of sufficient nurses (34.9%). There was no difference in the pain beliefs scores of the nurses who stated that pain should not be evaluated as a fifth vital sign (56.5%) and the scores of those who stated the opposite (43.5%) (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Most of the nurses do not think that pain should be evaluated as a fifth vital sign. Furthermore, the pain beliefs of nurses do not influence their opinions regarding the assessment of pain as a fifth vital sign.
5 fluorouracil induced cardiotoxicity in a young patient with colon cancer an unusual finding

Cardiotoxicity is a common side effect associated with some chemotherapeutic agents especially anthracyclines such as doxorubicin. It can however be associated with some antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouacil and methotrexate though in lesser degree. Our presentation is a case of 33-year-old female patient with colon cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. She developed bradycardia (pulse rate 39bpm) while on 5-fluorouracil infusion necessitating discontinuation of the infusion. Subse quent 5-FU therapy was carried out with bolus intravenous injection in three dived daily doses and this was well tolerated. In cases of bradycardia following continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil, bolus intravenous injection in divided doses might be tolerated
Blood pressure and obesity in young adolescents in Tehran

Background: The objective of this study was to provide estimates of the prevalence of obesity among Iranian school children and to determine the association between obesity and blood pressure. Methods: During one school year (2003-2004), all children (n=2766) of the 5th stage of primary school studying in area 9 of Tehran school areas (divided by the Ministry of Education for management purposes) were screened for weight, height, and blood pressure. Findings: Of 2766 pupils, 1159 (41.9) were male and 1607 (58.1%) female. Mean weight of girls (37.1±8.3 kg) was significantly higher than that of boys (35.8±8.3 kg) (p<0.001). Girls were also significantly taller (144.1±7.6 cm) than boys (142.8±6.9 cm) (p<0.001). A significant difference was observed among mean systolic blood pressure in obese children (110.3±14.9 mmHg), overweight children (105.6±11.7 mmHg) and non-obese children (98.2±13.1 mmHg) (p<0.001). Multiple comparisons on Scheffer posthoc test showed that the differences between these three groups were all significant (p=0.001). Conclusions: In both sexes (especially females), inactivity and high-fat school snacks in school-aged children contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity. To reduce the prevalence of adult obesity and its related diseases, like hypertension, in the future, conducting research in the prevention and/or treatment of childhood obesity is necessary.
Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Milk in Tabriz, Iran

Antibiotics have been isolated and purified for use to control disease-producing bacteria. Drug residues in milk have a potential hazard for the consumer. One hundred cow raw milk samples were collected from Tabriz suburb and Sarab milk collection centers from March 2010 to November 2010 by systematic random sampling methods. All samples were examined by Copan milk test (CHR. Hansen, Denmark). Of all samples 5(5%) were positive for antibiotic residues in cow raw milk in the northwest region of Iran. This study showed that the effective monitoring program must be run in the northwest region of Iran for control of antibiotic residues prescence in milk.
Identification of readmission risk factors by analyzing the hospital-related state transitions of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients

The hospital length-of-stay (LOS), and the time between a discharge and the next admission, are important measures of healthcare utilization, and are generally positively skewed. We model the state transitions of CHF patients, using data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), by fitting a Coxian phase-type distribution to their LOS data, and extract the associated states in the latent Markov process. Selecting an appropriate number of phases helps to account for some heterogeneity among different LOS groups within the hospital, and provides a way to interpret each added covariate. By analyzing the strength of the connections among patient social, clinical, and historical characteristics within each group, the associated readmission risk may be estimated. For example, we found that groups with a greater LOS tended to have a greater proportion of patients from nursing home care. Nursing home care patients, who belong to the greater LOS group, tended to have a decreased readmission risk. Thus, by increasing the LOS of CHF patients whose characteristics lead to their inclusion into a nursing home group, or who enter the hospital from a nursing home, we might be able to reduce their risk of readmission.
Patient understanding of coordinated medical treatment success within the Minnesota medical home model: An exploratory qualitative inquiry

The US health care system is often described as a complex, fragmented system where patients experience less access, coordinated, and comprehensive care that is ultimately more costly (Rosenberg, 2009). The problem addressed in this study was to understand coordinated medical treatment in the medical home model from the patient perspective. This study provides the opportunity to increase the understanding of the factors affecting coordinated medical treatment success. The study was guided by Gharajedaghi’s (2011) systems theory understanding of a whole system; where one recognizes the relationships between the components of the system in relation to the entirety of the system. The research question asked, “How do patients understand coordinated medical treatment success in the Minnesota medical home model? ” The study incorporated an exploratory qualitative inquiry approach which gained access to the perspectives of 15 patients. Inductive analysis identified themes and patterns across the data. Overall, the findings were similar to the literature reviewed for this study. Results strongly indicated patients confused with the term Health Care Home and perceive a lack of coordination and collaboration with different parts of the health care system. The findings add to the current literature concerning which features patients understand and correlate with treatment success. The results reinforce the expressed need to explore transformative change in health care in how the system must communicate, collaborate, and coordinate patient care leveraging many parts of the system to deliver high quality care. Furthermore, it strengthens the argument for medical homes to be a centralized model of care synonymous with providing quality care.
Alcohol, gender, aggression and violence: findings from the Birmingham Untreated Heavy Drinkers Project

This paper examines the relationship between heavy drinking and aggression using quantitative and qualitative data from a Department of Health funded interview study of untreated heavy drinkers living in the largely urban English West Midlands region (n = 403). Interviews consisted of a combination of forced choice questions and semi‐structured discussion. Quantitative data showed high levels of verbal aggression, serious arguments and fights. Significant associations were found between alcohol‐related aggression, lower age, number of very heavy drinking days and lower socio‐economic status. Thematic analysis of qualitative data showed that participants considered alcohol to be heavily implicated in aggressive behaviour, but differences exist between quantitative and qualitative findings in terms of the importance of gender. Participants associated aggression with masculinity and youth, but violence involving women and domestic violence were rarely discussed.
Clozapine Therapy for Long-Term Prophylaxis in Bipolar Patients; Prescription Rates and Efficacy Bipolar Hastalarin Uzun Vadeli Proflaksisinde Klozapin Tedavisi; Reçetelenme Oranlari ve Etkinliği

Aim: It is reported that clozapine maintenance treatment could be effective in treatment-resistant bipolar patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prescription rates of clozapine, features of patients on clozapine prophylaxis and efficacy of clozapine prophylaxis in patients with bipolar disorder. Mate rial and Method: 280 patients with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, type I were included in the study. The patients’ medical records and life-charts were reviewed retrospectively and patients who took clozapine for maintenance treatment for at least one year were identified. Results: Twelve of 280 patients (4.8 %) took clozapine for prophylaxis for at least one period during lifetime. Among them 7 patients have only received clozapine, while 5 patients have used combination of clozapine and valproic acid. All of these twelve patients had resistance to at least two different maintenance treat ments before clozapine prophylaxis. However, positive results were observed in all of the patients with clozapine prophylaxis. Discussion: These findings suggest that clozapine is regarded as an effective prophylactic choice for treatment of resistant patients with bipolar disorder. Consequently, this study demonstrates effectiveness and safety of clozapine use even in severe patients refractory to various strategies of prophylaxis. Retrospective nature of our study constitutes a limitation. However, when considering limited number of studies on this subject, it may still have a significant contribution. But more comprehensive prospective controlled studies are still needed.
Prognostic value of six-minute walk distance at a South American pulmonary hypertension referral center

Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) assessment is recommended for pulmonary arterial hypertension multidimensional risk stratification. However, current 6MWD cut-off values were mainly derived from North American and European pulmonary arterial hypertension registries. Therefore, it is unknown if such cut-off values broadly apply to other geographical populations. In this study, we aimed to identify 6MWD cut-off values for Brazilian pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and to contrast our findings to current international Pulmonary Hypertension guidelines recommendations. One-hundred four consecutive pulmonary arterial hypertension patients were allocated in groups according to their 6MWD, considering 50 m as a clinically relevant 6MWD difference. Next, patients were categorized into different 6MWD ranges based on similar survival rates in each group: < 250 m, 250–400 m, and >400 m. The study outcome was all-cause mortality and transplantation according to the 6MWD range. Survival was truncated at five years. Median follow-up period was 4.35 years (0.48–5.00). Survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were 96%, 89%, 81%, and 73%, respectively. Cox analyses adjusted for age, sex, and pulmonary arterial hypertension etiology showed that 6MWD < 250 m and >400 m were associated with higher and lower risk of all-cause mortality and transplantation. According to Harrell's c-statistic, the prognostic discrimination of the 6MWD cut-off value identified by the current study was 0.70 while international Pulmonary Hypertension guidelines 6MWD cut-offs value was 0.61. In conclusion, our findings suggest that 6MWD geographical variations should be considered when assessing risk stratification in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
A comparison of factors associated with occiput posterior positioning and outcomes for women delivering infants in persistent occiput posterior versus occiput anterior position

ii Preface . iv Table of Contents . v List of Tables . x List of Abbreviations . xi Glossary . xii Acknowledgements . xv Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.1.1 Comparison of OP Labour and Normal Labour . 2 1.1.2 The Mechanism of POP Positioning . 3 1.2 Problem Statement . 4 1.3 Significance . 5 1.4 Statement of Purpose . 6 1.5 Null Hypotheses . 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 9 2.1 A Biophysiological Theory to Guide Rotation of Fetal Malposition . 9 2.1.1 Physical Theory and Hands and Knees Positioning . 10 2.1.2 Other Factors Influencing Rotation . 11 2.2 Determining Fetal Position . 12 2.2.1 Methods Used to Assess Position . 12 vi 2.3 Factors Associated with POP Position . 15 2.3.1 Ethnicity . 15 2.3.2 Artificial Rupture of Membranes. 16 2.3.3 Parity . 16 2.3.4 Epidural Anesthesia . 17 2.3.5 Birth Weight . 19 2.3.6 Body Mass Index . 19 2.3.7 Induction of Labour . 20 2.3.8 Maternal Age . 20 2.3.9 Placental Insertion Site . 21 2.4 Effects of Fetal Position on Birth Outcomes . 21 2.4.1 Instrument Use . 21 2.4.2 Perineal Trauma and Episiotomies . 22 2.4.3 Prolonged Labour . 23 2.4.4 Postpartum Hemorrhage . 23 2.4.5 Apgar Scores . 24 2.5 Maternal Positioning in Labour . 24 Chapter 3: Methods . 27 3.1 Retrospective, Health Record Review Methodology . 27 3.1.1 Study Limitations . 28 3.2 Null Hypotheses . 30 3.3 Operational Definitions . 31 3.3.1 Fetal Position at Delivery . 31 vii 3.3.2 Hands and Knees Position . 32 3.3.3 Labour Induction . 32 3.3.4 Epidural Anesthesia . 32 3.3.5 Birth Weight . 32 3.3.6 Body Mass Index . 33 3.3.7 Rupture of Membranes . 33 3.3.8 Ethnicity . 33 3.3.9 Parity . 34 3.3.10 Maternal Age . 34 3.3.11 Perineal Lacerations . 34 3.3.12 Episiotomy . 34 3.3.13 Instrumental Delivery . 34 3.3.14 Length of Labour . 35 3.3.15 Apgar Score . 35 3.3.16 Postpartum Hemorrhage . 35 3.4 Ethical Considerations . 35 3.5 Sample and Data Collection Procedure . 36 3.6 Power Analysis . 38 3.7 Measures . 39 3.8 Analysis . 40 3.9 Conclusion . 41 Chapter 4: Results . 42 4.1 Sample Characteristics . 42 viii 4.2 Hands and Knees Positioning . 44 4.3 Induction of Labour . 45 4.4 Epidural Analgesia . 45 4.5 Body Mass Index . 46 4.6 Birth Weight . 46 4.7 Instrumental Delivery . 47 4.8 Postpartum Hemorrhage . 48 4.9 Severe Perineal Laceration . 48 4.
Contraceptive methods use and choice in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh: multinomial logit analysis of NFHS data.

The author explores the various factors which affect choice and the current use of contraceptive methods in the different socioeconomic and cultural settings of Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. Kerala and Uttar Pradesh have been described as the demographically most advanced and most backward states of India respectively. Even after controlling all the important predictors of contraceptive use behavior contraceptive use rates are significantly lower among the Muslims compared to the Hindus and the other religious groups. Almost no Muslims use terminal methods or sterilization. The extent of son preference is much higher in Uttar Pradesh compared to that in Kerala. Higher female education and employment improving womens status introducing social security systems and insurance schemes and curbing cultural and religious practices which enhance sons status should help to reduce parents desire for at least two sons thus advancing the process of fertility transition. Female education beyond the middle level has a significant positive impact upon the level of contraceptive use. Attention should be given to reducing levels of infant mortality as well as to the region-specific main determinants of alternate methods of contraception.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy With Elosulfase Alfa Decreases Storage of Glycosaminoglycan in White Blood Cells of Patients With Morquio A Syndrome

Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficient N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity, leading to cellular storage of undegraded keratan sulfate. Recently enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was approved for MPS IVA, but some of ERT effects are still unknown. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of elosulfase alfa upon glycosaminoglycan (GAG) storage in peripheral blood white blood cells of patients with MPS IVA treated for 6 months, comparing samples from patients who received weekly infusions of enzyme (ERT-W) versus infusions every other week (ERT-EOW) versus placebo. A significant reduction in GAG storage was observed in both ERT-treated groups, with weekly ERT showing slightly better performance than ERT-EOW.