Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indexing Consistency and Quality.

A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of “fuzzy sets. ” It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the more important terms than if they agree on less important terms. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed. Experimental data on indexing consistency is presented for certain categories of indexers; and consistency, quality, and exhaustivity values are compared and analyzed. The analysis of indexing exhaustivity leads to the conclusion that the increase of information as a result of group indexing is a process analogous to Bradford's law of information scattering, Lotka's law of scientific productivity, and Zipf's law of vocabulary distribution.
Stable manifolds for an orbitally unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equation

(2) −4φ+ αφ = φ. By this we mean that φ > 0 and that φ ∈ C2(R3). It is a classical fact (see Coffman [10]) that such solutions exist and are unique for the cubic nonlinearity. Moreover, they are radial and smooth. Similar facts are known for more general nonlinearities; see e.g., Strauss [45] and Berestycki and Lions [5] for existence and Kwon [30] for uniqueness in greater generality. Clearly, ψ = eitα 2 φ solves (1). We seek an H1-solution ψ of the form ψ = W +R where
Measurements of mean flow and turbulence characteristics in high-Reynolds number counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flow

Particle image velocimetry was used for measuring the velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in the latitudinal plane of counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flow at high Reynolds numbers (Re). The ratio of outer to inner cylinder angular velocity, μ, varied between −10.79 and −0.68, and Rei based on the inner cylinder velocity ranged between 2635 and 40 446, substantially extending previously available data. The results were used for examining scaling trends, especially the effects of Re and μ on the mean flow and turbulence statistics. We showed that using a kind of “inner wall” scaling, μ was the primary parameter controlling the normalized profiles of mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, TKE production and dissipation rates. Re effects on the scaled profiles were much smaller. Increasing μ flattened the mean azimuthal velocity profiles in the center of the annulus, increased the radial velocity gradients near the walls, and moved the radial point at which the velocity changed sign towards the outer cylind.
TiO2 and HfO2 in electrolyte-oxide-silicon configuration for applications in bioelectronics

We study the electrical properties of thin TiO2 films made by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on p-doped silicon in an electrolyte-oxide-silicon (EOS) configuration. The electrolyte contact of the TiO2∕Si heterostructure allows measurements of the differential capacitance for a wide range of bias voltages as they cannot be performed in a metal-oxide-silicon structure because of extensive leakage currents. In the accumulation region of p-silicon, we find a saturation of capacitance that decreases with oxide thickness, indicating an insulator with a dielectric constant of 34. In the inversion region of p-silicon, the capacitance increases in two steps far beyond the saturation capacitance. We assign this effect to the presence of electrons in TiO2 which is controlled by the bias voltage and by immobile positive charges at the TiO2∕Si interface: When the Fermi energy in p-silicon is raised to the level of the low lying conduction band of TiO2, electrons accumulate in two layers near the TiO2∕Si interface and a.
Effect of Sudden Change of Wall Temperature in Rarefied Gas

The response of a rarefied gas to abrupt change of temperature of bounding wall is discussed using the Bhatnager, Gross and Krook model of Boltzmann equation. The temperature change of the wall is assumed to be small and the governing equations as well as the boundary conditions are linearized. The density and temperature distributions in the gas are obtained for both short and long times. For short times the solution represents a perturbation to the linearized free molecular flow. At long times it involves essential differences from the corresponding solution based on the Navier-Stokes equation in a layer adjacent to the boundary with thickness of the order of mean free path. Numerical value of temperature jump distance is also obtained.
Eccentric Drain Port to Prevent Vortexing During Draining from Cylindrical Tanks

D URING draining of liquid from a circular tank through an axisymmetrically placed circular orifice (drain port), a vortex with an air core forms as the free surface level reaches a critical height Hc. The vortex extends to the bottom port, reducing the effective cross-sectional area of the drain outlet and, consequently, the flow rate [1–4]. The presence of initial rotation can augment the vortex formation, and the flow rate can be further affected [1]. This phenomenon has practical relevance in the fuel feed system in space vehicles and rockets. Because of environmental disturbances, rotational motion can be generated in the liquid-propellant tank, which can in turn affect the rate of outflow to the engines. Attempts have been made to suppress vortexing using different methods. Baffles were used by Abramson et al. [1] to suppress sloshing, which also prevented vortexing. Ramamurthi and Tharakan [4] used a stepped drain port to arrest vortex formation. Even with initial rotation present in the liquid column, Gowda [5] showed that vortexing can be avoided by using tanks of square and rectangular cross sections. Gowda et al. [6] used a dish-type suppressor to prevent vortexing. Gowda and Udhayakumar [7] showed vane-type suppressor to be effective in preventing the vortex formation. In the present study, it is shown that evenwith initial rotation given to the liquid column, vortexing can be prevented by using eccentric drain holes. The study is carried out with different values of eccentricity parameter e=R.
Termination mechanism of inversion domains by stacking faults in GaN

GaN film was grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) with intermittent indium exposure during film growth, and the microstructures were investigated by atomic-resolution high-voltage electron microscopy (ARHVEM). Epitaxial wurzite GaN (0001) film grew on a sapphire (0001) substrate. Although many inversion domains (ID’s) were generated at the film/substrate interface, stacking faults on the basal plane of GaN, which was formed at the position of indium exposure, were found to play an important role in terminating the growth of ID’s. ARHVEM observation revealed that stacking faults I2 with two stacking violations were introduced in the ID while stacking faults I1 with one stacking violation were introduced in the matrix. The difference in the number of stacking violations was related to the change in the ID boundary (IDB) structure and to the reduction of the IDB area. The termination mechanism is considered to be important to the realization of the high-quality GaN film by MBE.
A Reinvestigation of the Possible Metallicity Spread in NGC 3201

We have conducted a reanalysis of the metallicity of six red giants within NGC 3201 on the basis of a new homogeneous set of spectra with resolution ∼30,000. Iron line strengths and the MOOG software suite were used to derive metallicities based on spectroscopically and photometrically estimated values of Teff and log g. We cannot confirm the presence of a significant spread in metallicity within the cluster greater than about 0.3 dex nor any significant correlation between metallicity and temperature, as first suggested by Gonzalez & Wallerstein. We call attention to the possibility that differences in boundary temperature for stars of the same Teff may lead to apparent differences in metallicity.
VLTI-AMBER observations of Eta Carinae with the FINITO fringe tracker and spectral resolution 12000

We present interferometric near-infrared observations of the Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) η Car using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) and the AMBER instrument of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). A high spatial resolution of 5 mas (~11.5 AU) and a high spectral resolution R = λ/Δλ=1500 and 12000 were obtained. Some of the data was recorded using the fringe tracker FINITO. The observations were obtained in the wavelength range around both the He I 2.059 μm and the Brγ 2.166 μm emission lines. The AMBER interferograms allow the investigation of the wavelength dependence of η Car's visibility, wavelength-differential phase, and closure phase. If we fit Hillier et al. model visibilities to the observations, we obtain 50% encircled-energy diameters of 4.2, 6.5 and 9.6 mas in the 2.17 μm continuum, the He I, and the Brγ emission lines, respectively. In the continuum, an elongation along a position angle of 120° ± 15° was derived from the visibilities. The VLTI observations support theoretical models of anisotropic winds from fast-rotating, luminous hot stars with enhanced high-velocity mass loss near the pole.
Generalized correlation for bubble motion

The motion of a single gas bubble rising steadily in an uncontaminated Newtonian viscous fluid of infinite extent is reviewed. Using experimental data gathered from the literature over the past century, a data bunk is set up for bubble velocities as a function of their diameters. These data provided a very broad range of liquid properties and bubble hydrodynamic regimes as density (722–1,380 kg/m3), viscosity (2.2×10−4−18 Pa·s), surface tension (15.9–91.0 mN/m), Reynolds number (1.9×10−7−1.1 × 104), and Morton number (1.0×10−11−1.0×107). From a dimensional analysis, a single equation is proposed to predict bubble velocities. The simplicity and good precision over the whole range of parameters facilitate its use in design calculations of chemical engineering.
Mixed fractional Brownian motion

We show that the sum of a Brownian motion and a non-trivial multiple of an independent fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H E (0, 1] is not a semimartingale if H E (0, 1) U (, 3], that it is equivalent to a multiple of Brownian motion if H = 1 and equivalent to Brownian motion if H E (, 1]. As an application we discuss the price of a European call option on an asset driven by a linear combination of a Brownian motion and an independent fractional Brownian motion.
AVALANCHE INJECTION CURRENTS AND CHARGING PHENOMENA IN THERMAL SiO2

Injection of carriers into thermally grown SiO2 from an avalanche plasma in silicon is a new way of achieving high current densities in SiO2. Electron injection from p‐type silicon and hole injection from n‐type silicon by hot carrier emission have been observed. Average electron current densities as high as 10−2 A/cm2 have been observed to flow through 1000 A of SiO2. The oxide becomes negatively charged as a result of electron injection and positively charged as a result of hole injection. These charging effects appear to be related to the presence of water in the oxide.
Positron annihilation gamma rays from novae

The potential for observing annihilation gamma rays from novae is investigated. These gamma rays, a unique signature of the thermonuclear runaway models of novae, would result from the annihilation of positrons emitted by beta(+)-unstable nuclei produced near the peak of the runaway and carried by rapid convection to the surface of the nova envelope. Simple models, which are extensions of detailed published models, of the expansion of the nova atmospheres are evolved. These models serve as input into investigations of the fate of nearby Galactic fast novae could yield detectable fluxes of electron-positron annihilation gamma rays produced by the decay of N-13 and F-18. Although nuclear gamma-ray lines are produced by other nuclei, it is unlikely that the fluxes at typical nova distances would be detectable to present and near-future instruments. 21 references.
Clustering bias in the Nearby Galaxies Catalog and in cold dark matter models

The cold dark matter theory predicts that the clustering of galaxies should be an increasing function of the circular velocity of the dark halos in which they were formed. It is shown that an effect of this kind is present in the Nearby Galaxies Catalog at about the level predicted. Galaxies with large circular velocities do indeed lie preferentially in high-density regions. This effect is closely related to the well-known dependence of galaxy clustering on morphological type. The theory predicts that galaxies with circular velocities in excess of 300 km/sec should almost never be found in low-density regions. 20 references.
Quasar discs – III. Line and continuum correlations

A very large sample of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) is analyzed and several of the observed line and continuum correlations discussed. It is shown that the luminosity of the Ly α and C IV λ1549 lines do not increase as fast as the continuum luminosity, and that the slope of the Baldwin relationship is a function of the luminosity range of the sample under study. Thin AGN accretion discs can provide one explanation for those correlations, as it is shown by computing the continuum emitted by such systems and combining it with photoionization model calculations for the BLR. The agreement between the observed and the theoretical line correlations is very good, especially for Ly α
Maximisation and minimisation on classes of rearrangements

Synopsis Maximisation and minimisation of the Dirichlet integral of a function vanishing on the boundary of a bounded domain are studied, subject to the constraint that the Laplacean be a rearrangement of a given function. When the Laplacean is two-signed, non-existence of minimisers is proved, and some information on the limits of minimising sequences obtained; this contrasts with the known existence of minimisers in the one-signed case. When the domain is a ball and the Laplacean is one-signed, maximisers and minimisers are shown to be radial and monotone. Existence of maximisers is proved subject additionally to a finite number of linear constraints, with particular reference to ideal fluid flows of prescribed angular momentum in a disc.
Minority carrier lifetime in type-2 InAs–GaSb strained-layer superlattices and bulk HgCdTe materials

Minority carrier lifetime, τ, in type-2 strained-layer superlattices (SLSs) and in long-wave Hg0.78Cd0. 22Te (MCT) was measured by optical modulation response technique. It was shown that at 77 K radiative recombination can contribute to the measured τ values. The Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) lifetimes were attained as 100 ns, 31 ns, and more than 1 μs for midwave infrared superlattices, long-wave infrared (LWIR) superlattices, and MCT correspondingly. The nature of the difference between the SRH lifetimes in LWIR superlattice and MCT is discussed.
The Effect of Outflow on Advection-dominated Accretion

From previous works (such as that by Xu & Chen), we find that Vθ ≠ 0 is a necessary condition for outflow production in advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF). We construct a two-dimensional axisymmetrical model of ADAF with outflow, which is similar to an extension of ADIOS from Blandford & Begelman. This model offers detailed understanding about the effects of outflow on accretion structure.
Global warming and changes of continentality since 1948

, to levelsunprecedented during the last 500000years (Petit et al., 1999, Siegenthaler et al.,2005). Numerical model studies agree thatan increase of greenhouse gas concen-trations at the current rate is likely to lead toa global increase in temperatures of 2 to4degC by the end of the twenty-firstcentury (e.g. Cubasch et al., 2001, Roeckneret al., 2006). The impact of such a warmingon regional climate is far from fully under-stood and is a matter of current research.Locally, climate could become drier, wetter,more prone to extreme weather events andeven colder, if one considers a possibleshutdown of the meridional overturningcirculation in the North Atlantic (Vellingaand Wood, 2002). Since the 1960s, theincrease in global temperature has beenaround 0.6 to 0.7degC (Brohan et al., 2006). This increase is illustrated with the re-analysis data from the National Centers forEnvironmental Prediction and the NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR, Kalnay et al., 1996) in Figure 1. Thelargest increase of 1 to 2degC has occurredin the high latitudes of the Northern andSouthern Hemispheres. Much smallerchanges characterize the middle latitudes ofboth hemispheres and the tropics. Theincrease of the global mean temperaturesince the 1960s seems to exceed theinterannual variability seen in numericalsimulations of an undisturbed climate (IPCC,2007). The spatial pattern of this warming,with the largest changes occurring at highlatitudes, is also in agreement with climateprediction models (e.g. Roeckner et al.,2006). One important feature shaping theclimate as we know it today is seasonality.For very continental areas, such as easternSiberia, the difference between the summerand winter extreme temperatures can be asmuch as 100degC; even for monthly meanvalues the difference can be 50 to 60degCbetween the warmest and the coldestmonth. Much smaller differences of 5degCor less are characteristic of the Tropics andrelatively modest differences of around10degC are typical for maritime climates,such as the one enjoyed by the British Isles.In a warmer climate the seasonal amplitudein temperature could be affected in dif-ferent ways. As indicated in Figure 2 thewarming could be evenly distributed overthe year or it could be more pronouncedduring certain seasons and higher meantemperatures can be the consequence of awarming found mainly in winter or summer,respectively.The aim of this study is to use NCEP/NCARreanalysis 2m temperature data for the1948–2006 period to investigate how theseasonal range of monthly temperatureaverages has changed since the mid-twen-tieth century. A comparison with reanalysisdata from ERA-40 (Gibson et al., 1997) ismade to ensure that the results do notreflect features that are specific to theNCEP/NCAR dataset.
Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part II: Implementation and Performance in GEOS II GCM

Abstract A prognostic cloud scheme named the Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa–Schubert Scheme (McRAS) and the Simple Biosphere Model have been implemented in a version of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) II GCM at a 4° latitude × 5° longitude × 20 sigma-layer resolution. The McRAS GCM was integrated for 50 months. The integration was initialized with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis of observations for 1 January 1987 and was forced with the observed sea surface temperatures and sea-ice distribution; on land, the permanent ice and vegetation properties (biomes and soils) were climatological, while the soil moisture and snow cover were prognostic. The simulation shows that the McRAS GCM yields realistic structures of in-cloud water and ice, and cloud-radiative forcing (CRF) even though the cloudiness has some discernible systematic errors. The simulated intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) has a realistic time mean structure and seasonal cycle. The sim.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF SOLAR ELECTRON EVENTS OVER ONE SOLAR CYCLE

We survey the statistical properties of 1191 solar electron events observed by the WIND 3DP instrument from <1 keV to ≳300 keV for a solar cycle (1995 through 2005). After taking into account times of high background, the corrected occurrence frequency of solar electron events versus peak flux exhibits a power-law distribution over three orders of magnitude with exponents between −1.0 and −1.6 for different years, comparable to the frequency distribution of solar proton events, microflares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), but significantly flatter than that of soft X-ray (SXR) flares. At 40 keV (2.8 keV), the integrated occurrence rate above ∼0.29 (∼330) cm−2 s−1 sr−1 keV−1 near 1 AU is ∼1000 year−1 (∼600 year−1) at solar maximum and ∼35 year−1 (∼25 year−1) at solar minimum, about an order of magnitude larger than the observed occurrence rate. We find these events typically extend over ∼45° in longitude, implying the occurrence rate over the whole Sun is ∼104 year−1 near solar maximum. The observed solar electron events have a 98.75% association with type III radio bursts, suggesting all type III bursts may be associated with a solar electron event. They have a close (∼76%) association with the presence of low-energy (∼0.02–2 MeV nucleon−1), 3He-rich (3He/4He ⩾ 0.01) ion emissions measured by the ACE ULEIS instrument. For these electron events, only ∼35% are associated with a reported GOES SXR flare, but ∼60% appear to be associated with a CME, with ∼50% of these CMEs being narrow. These electrons are often detected down to below 1 keV, indicating a source high in the corona.
Dielectric post resonances in a rectangular waveguide

Dielectric post resonances are investigated using a combination of the finite and boundary element methods (CFBEM). A substructure method is adopted in the finite-element method (FEM), so the dimension of the matrix equation to be solved can be reduced. Some of the lossless dielectric post resonances in a rectangular waveguide can be physically realised by a lattice circuit, and it is found that there are two types of dielectric post resonances. Moreover, the variations of the post location are related to the variations of the branch reactances of the lattice circuit.
Standard Errors of Tucker Equating

Large sample standard errors are derived for the Tucker linear test score equating method under the common item nonequivalent populations design. Stan dard errors are derived without the normality assump tion that is commonly made in the derivation of stan dard errors of linear equating. The behavior of the standard errors is studied using a computer simulation and a real data example. In the simulation, the derived standard errors were reasonably accurate. In the real data example, the derived standard errors agreed closely with standard errors estimated using Efron's (1982) bootstrap.
Mixed finite element analysis of a thermally nonlinear coupled problem

In Loula and Zhou [Comput Appl Math 20 (2001), 321–339], a thermally coupled nonlinear elliptic system modeling a large class of engineering problems was considered, and some mathematical and numerical analyses (C0 Lagrangian finite elements combined with a fixed point algorithm) were given. To continue our work, we propose in this article a mixed method for the potential equation and present the corresponding analyses and numerical implementations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Fully kinetic description of the linear excitation and nonlinear saturation of fast-ion-driven geodesic acoustic mode instability

We show in this paper that geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) can be efficiently excited by a population of fast ions even when Landau damping on thermal ions is accounted for. We report in particular fully kinetic calculations of the GAM dispersion relation and its complete solution. Written under a variational form, the quasi-neutrality condition, together with the kinetic Vlasov equation, leads to the density of exchanged energy between particles and the mode. In particular, a linear threshold for the GAMs excitation is derived. Two examples of fast ion distribution have been discussed analytically. It turns out that particles with high perpendicular energy compared to the parallel resonance energy are most responsible for the excitation of the mode. Subsequent numerical simulations of circular plasmas using gysela code have been carried out. In particular, the linear kinetic threshold has been reproduced during the excitation phase, and a nonlinear saturation has been observed. Analysis in the phase space.