Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF YERSINIA RUCKERI BY PCR IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUSMYKISS- WALBAUM) HATCHERY FARMS IN THE WEST OF TURKEY

ABSTRACT The presence of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout hatchery farms was investigated by PCR Assay. Twenty-five rainbow trout, suspected of Enteric Redmouth Disease, were examined in this study. Yersinia ruckeri strains were identified from 8 out of 25 samples (32%). Ten of 25 (40%) rainbow trout samples showed positive reactions for Yersinia ruckeri in the PCR. All PCR positive samples have shown specific amplification bands of the 575-bp fragment for Yersinia ruckeri. Key Words: Yersinia ruckeri, Rainbow trout, PCR, diagnosis. TURKIYE'NIN BATISINDAKI GOKKUŞAĞI ALABALIK YETIŞTIRME CIFTLIKLERINDE YERSINIA RUCKERI'NIN PZR KULLANILARAK TANIMLANMASI OZET Bu arastirmada, Gokkusagi Alabaligi ciftliklerindeki Yersinia ruckeri varligi Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) metodu ile incelendi. Bu calismada Kizil Agiz Hastaligi §supheli 25 adet Gokkusagi Alabaligi materyal olarak kullanildi. 25 ornegin 8 (%32)'inden Yersinia ruckeri identifiye edildi. 25 ornegin 10'unda PZR'da Yersinia ruckeri yonunden pozitiflik saptandi. PZR pozitif urunlerin hepsinde, Yersinia ruckeri icin spesifik 575 bp uzunlugunda bantlar elde edildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yersinia ruckeri, Gokkusagi Alabaligi, PZR, tani.
Activity budgets of waterfowl (Anatidae) on a waste-stabilisation pond

Abstract This study investigated the activity budgets of eight species of waterfowl on a waste-stabilisation pond known to support a large waterfowl community. Most species examined were found to use the area extensively for feeding. Pink-eared Duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus), Australasian Shoveler (Anas rhynchotis), Grey Teal (A. gibberifrons) and Chestnut Teal (A. castanea) fed most intensively at sunrise and sunset, and rested during the middle of the day. Hardhead (Aythya australis), a diving species, Australian Shelduck (Tadorna tadornoides) and Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)—large birds that were presumably able to reach the benthos from the water's surface—fed at relatively consistent levels throughout the day. Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) steadily increased the amount of time spent feeding from dawn to dusk. The diurnal activity budgets of these Australian species were similar to those observed for other species occupying similar ecological niches elsewhere. Imminent changes to sewage treatment operations may reduce the ability of this waste-stabilisation pond to support waterfowl populations. The monitoring of activity budgets after any such changes are implemented should be an effective means of detecting any effects, negative or positive.
In vitro and field comparison of six new fungicides with iprodione and vinclozolin for control of leaf drop of lettuce caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

At a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml radial growth of the pathogen was significantly reduced by bitertanol, chlozolinate, diniconazole, iprodione, terbutrazole, vinclozolin, and CGA-449. At the ED 50 concentration of tested compounds, sclerotia production was reduced in the presence of diniconazole or SC-0858 and was increased in the presence of chlozolinate or iprodione
Stimulation of in vitro growth of plant tissues by dl-mevalonic acid

The effects of mevalonic acid on nine different tissue cultures of plant cells were studied. Mevalonic acid did not substitute for auxin or cytokinin requirement by the tissues but does markedly increase the rate of growth of some of the tissues when incorporated into the normal media of those tissues. A tobacco tissue growing on mevalonic acid in the presence of auxin but the absence of cytokinin may be selected. Standard media may be improved by addition of mevalonic acid, especially media of slow-growing tissues.
Foraging in bumblebees: Rule of departure from an inflorescence

Most aspects of the bumblebees' rule of departure from an inflorescence of Aconitum columbianum are qualitatively what would be expected if the bumblebees maximize their net rate of energy gain. Flower revisitation increases with increases in the number of flowers already probed on an inflorescence and with decreases in the number of flowers available. Nectar volume per flower tends to decrease with increasing relative flower height and there is a positive correlation between nectar volumes of flowers from the same inflorescence. Consequently the bumblebees should be increasingly likely to leave an inflorescence with increases in either the number of flowers already probed or the relative height of the last flower and with decreases in either the number of flowers available or the nectar volume obtained at the last flower. The bumblebees showed all these trends.
POSTNATAL CHANGES IN THE LOCALIZATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL NAD (P) H-DEPENDENT H2O2-GENERATING ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE RAT

A glutaraldehyde-insensitive, NAD(P)H-dependent H2O2-generating enzyme activity in the rat small intestine and its regional differences in the small intestine of the adult rat have been described previously by us (5, 6). In the present investigation the postnatal changes of this enzyme activity in the small intestine were studied using 1-day to 6-months old male Kyo-Wistar rats. It was found in this study that the NAD(P)H-dependent H2O2-generating enzyme activity showed a marked postnatal change. The enzyme activity was significantly higher in the apical membrane of absorptive cells of both duodenojejunum and ileum in newborn rats, however the activity in the apical membrane of the ileum was decreased from the 7th postnatal day on, reaching eventually to an extremely weak activity in the adult. The activity in the apical membrane of the duodeno jejunum remained the same throughout the course of growth. These findings are discussed in connection with the postnatal changes in absorptive function.
Occurrence of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in Leopoldo's inlet (Ressaco do Leopoldo), upper Paraná River, Porto Rico, Paraná, Brazil

Studies on the occurrence, temporal distribution and nychthemeral variation of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) were undertaken in Leopoldo's Inlet, upper Parana River, Porto Rico, Parana, Brazil. Seventeen thousand and sixty specimens (11,786 larvae and 5,274 juveniles) were captured with a conicalcylindrical plankton net of mesh 0.5mm in monthly samples between February 1991 and February 1992. Results show that the greatest densities of larvae (301.83 larvae/10m3) and juveniles (168.8/10m3) of this species were caught in December 1991. Largest captures were made during the night. With regard to abiotic factors water temperature ranged from 20o to 30oC, pH ranged from 5.66 to 7.37 and electric conductivity ranged from 51.83 to 65. 33µS/cm. Relationship between the density of larvae and juveniles and abiotic factors was calculated by the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) which revealed the influence of some limnological variables especially on the distribution of larvae.
Tomicus armandii Li & Zhang (Curculionidae, Scolytinae), a new pine shoot borer from China.

We describe a new species of forest bark beetle, Tomicus armandii Li & Zhang, collected from Pinus armandii in Yunnan, China. We used the D2 fragment of 28S rDNA to improve the taxonomy of Tomicus. The new species can easily be distinguished from the other Tomicus species using the following two morphological characters: punctures of interstria 2 on declivity appearing evenly biseriate or triseriate; erect interstrial setae on the declivity short, about 0.5× as long as distance between striae. The genetic distances of 28S rDNA measured between T. armandii and other species of Tomicus are similar to the distances between other Tomicus species, and these are much higher than intraspecific distances. The phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA agrees with the groupings obtained from morphological identification. DNA analysis has commonly been used in Tomicus taxonomy and is helpful for resolving taxon identification problems.
Lenticel and Water Root Development of Swamp Tupelo Under Various Flooding Conditions

Seedlings of swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora [Walt.] Sarg.) were grown in nonflooded soil or soil that was intermittently flooded, continuously flooded, or surface-saturated with moving or stagnant water. Lenticels on nonflooded seedlings were round, only slightly hypertrophied, and had few closing layers. Degree of hypertrophy and number of closing layers per lenticel increased with surface saturation and intermittent flooding, but closing layers were absent under continuous flooding. Flooded lenticels remained nearly round despite variations in hypertrophy. In all treatments, intercellular spaces were abundant in the complementary tissue and phellogen because of the spherical shape of these cells. Although the continuity of intercellular spaces was interrupted because the closing layers anastomosed, breaks within the closing layers prevented these spaces from being completely blocked. Water roots developed primarily under continuous flooding in moving water, some apparently originating beneath the phellogen of a lenticel and others within the phellogen or its derivatives.
Assessing locomotion deficiency in broiler chicken

Locomotion deficiencies in broiler production cause poor welfare and lead to change in drinking and feeding behavior with consequent loss in weight gain. This research aimed to assess locomotion deficiencies in broiler chicken by analyzing the vertical peak force on both feet during walk. A chamber was built with an inlet ramp, a horizontal walkway in the middle and an outlet ramp. In the walkway a thin mat with piezoelectric crystal sensors was placed to record the step vertical peak force of the feet while walking on the force platform. The measurement system consisted of a mat with electronic sensors and software that allowed real time recording of the forces and the processing and analysis of data. Footage was taken from two digital video cameras and used for gait scoring. Forty male broilers were chosen at random, grown under similar rearing conditions and farms, with age varying from 49 to 28 days (ten birds of same age) to be used in the trial. Measurement consisted of inducing the bird to walk on the force platform which automatically registered the peak vertical force of the steps. Results showed that the gait score increased with the weight and age of the birds. Peak force asymmetry was found for each foot, independent of age or gait score. Although not identified visually in the broilers, the peak vertical force values differed in both right and left feet leading to slow and uneven walking. Walking deficiency was more severe in older birds.
Net Returns from Selection under Various Component Testing Plans and Milk Pricing Schemes

Abstract Expected economic returns of nine component testing plans under three milk pricing schemes were studied. Net return of a testing plan was value of genetic gain, through index selection, minus additional testing and feed costs over 25 yr. Feed cost was dependent on fat and protein content of milk. Annual net returns (annuities) were $43 to $65 per cow of which 3 to 6% was contributed by component testing. This was 6 to 12% when prices for protein or solids-not-fat were equal to price of fat. Under the price scheme with milk volume and fat, fat testing and fat with protein testing were economically acceptable. Fat testing was advised. Under the price scheme with milk, fat, and solids-not-fat, fat testing resulted in highest net return. Also fat with protein or fat with solids-not-fat testing provided a positive return. Fat with solids-not-fat testing became the most profitable plan with solids-not-fat:fat price ratio above . 7 or with cost of solids-not-fat testing reduced by 50%. Under the price scheme with milk, fat, and protein, fat testing had highest return. Protein testing became acceptable with protein to fat price ratio above one. Component testing was not advised for nonofficial Dairy Herd Improvement. Changing feed prices, discount rate, and selection intensity did not alter choice of testing plans.
Divorce Rates in Birds: Predictions from an Optimization Model

We present a theoretical investigation of the dependence of divorce rate on longevity, variation in quality between mates, and the costs of divorce or mate retention. We model the decision of a female on whether to divorce her mate after breeding. This decision is based on his quality. We show that it is optimal for the female to divorce if the reproductive success in breeding with the mate next year is less than the average annual future success if she divorces. Under this strategy the female's mean annual divorce rate declines with age, while her mean annual reproduction success rises We investigated the annual divorce rate, averaged over the lifetime of the female. Costs caused this divorce rate to increase with variance of male quality. When divorce resulted in a loss in reproductive success in the following year, this divorce cost reduced divorce in short-lived species far more than in long-lived species. The reverse was true for mortality costs. A mate retention cost of overwinter mate death increased divorce in short-lived species dramatically, while long-lived species were little affected Female choosiness increased with longevity, but this did not necessarily increase divorce rates averaged over the female's life. The selection pressure against the suboptimal strategies of obligate divorce and obligate mate retention increased strongly with longevity.
Intersexual Dietary Divergence and the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism in Snakes

Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism can be confidently inferred only when the sexes differ in morphology or relative size of the feeding apparatus, in a direction inconsistent with that expected from sexual selection. Snakes are well suited for such an analysis because head sizes in this group are important for feeding but not for reproductive behavior. My data reveal significant sexual dimorphism in head size (relative to snout-vent length) in 47% of 114 species examined from seven families. Head size relative to body size is strongly correlated between males and females in comparisons among populations within species, among species within genera, and among genera within families. Hence, correlation between the sexes may powerfully constrain evolutionary shifts in dimorphism. Nonetheless, phylogenetic analysis identifies many independent origins and losses of the dimorphism. Geographic variation in relative head size and sexual dimorphism in head size are evident within wide-ranging species. Dietary divergence between the sexes occurs in a taxonomically and ecologically diverse group of snakes. The ecological advantages of head-size dimorphism probably do not involve competitive displacement between the sexes. I infer that the sexes originally diverged in body sizes or ecology because of differences in reproductive biology, with the subsequent evolution of sexual dimorphism in feeding structures through independent adaptations to foraging in each sex.
The Contractile Properties of a Crab Respiratory Muscle

1. Contraction of scaphognathite muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas is strongly dependent on stimulus number and frequency. Single, supramaximal stimuli evoke little or no tension. When stimulated with shocks in either short bursts (10 stimuli in 0.5s or less) or long bursts (5 s of stimulation), the isometric tension from the muscle increases with increasing stimulus frequency to a maximum at about 150 Hz at 15°C, beyond which tension declines with further increase in stimulus frequency. 2. There can be facilitation of both contraction and relaxation between short bursts of stimuli. Facilitation of contraction is seen as increasing tension on successive bursts of a series, even when the interburst interval is long enough for relaxation to be completed during the interval. Interburst facilitation lasts at least 10 s. Facilitation of relaxation is seen as progressively faster relaxation from burst to burst of a series, and relaxation to lower tension levels when the interburst interval is so short that relaxation is incomplete in the interburst interval. 3. Maximum isometric tension occurs at muscle lengths slightly longer than the longest muscle length reached in vivo . Tension declines rapidly with changes in muscle length away from the optimum length. The maximum isometric tension was about 12 N cm −2 . 4. The maximum shortening velocity of a tetanically activated muscle was determined as 1.9 lengthss −1 (Ls −1 ) by extrapolation of force-velocity curves to zero force and 3.3 Ls −1 by slack test measurements. 5. The scaphognathite muscle would be classified as a slow or tonic muscle on the basis of its requirements for multiple stimulation to reach full activation, and as a moderately fast muscle on the basis of its force-velocity properties.
Oxidative damage of protein induced by the Amadori compound-copper ion system

Etude de la formation de formes actives de l'oxygene (radical superoxyde notamment) a partir d'une solution glucide-aminoacide utilisee comme modele de brunissement non enzymatique, en presence d'ions Cu 2+ . Action de ces composes sur les proteines (BSA). Recherche du principal produit induisant l'oxydation
Ultrastructure of the body wall of three species of Grania (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae)

De Wit P., Erseus C. and Gustavsson L.M. 2011. Ultrastructure of the body wall of three species of Grania (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92: 1–11. The body wall of three species of Grania, including the cuticle, epidermis and the musculature, are studied using TEM. The cuticle is similar to previously studied enchytraeids, with an orthogonal grid pattern of collagen fibers. This pattern is also seen in Crassiclitellata, which has been suggested as the sister taxon of Enchytraeidae. Variation of epicuticular and fiber zone patterns seen in Naididae (formerly Tubificidae and Naididae) seem to be lacking in Enchytraeidae. The fiber thickness, however, varies between Grania species and may be a phylogenetically informative character. The epidermis consists of supporting cells, secretory cells and sensory cells. Basal cells, typical for Crassiclitellata, were not observed. The clitellum of Grania seems to consist of two types of gland cells, which develop from regular epidermal tissue. It is possible that more cell types exist in different regions of the clitellum, however. The body wall musculature is arranged somewhat differently from that of closely related taxa; this refers to the reduction of circular and outer, triangular longitudinal muscle fibers, while the inner, ribbon-shaped longitudinal muscle fibers are well-developed. A search was conducted for the cause of the peculiar green coloration of Grania galbina De Wit and Erseus 2007, and it was concluded that neither cyanobacteria nor epidermal pigment granules were present in the fixed material.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Study of Thyroid Lesions – A 2 year prospective study in a Tertiary centre.

Background; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is the gold standard among diagnostic tests for evaluation of thyroid lesions. It is important for preoperative and pretreatment diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions, thus decreasing the incidence of and preventing unwarranted surgeries. Objectives; This study aims to study and classify various cytomorphological lesions of the thyroid according to The Bethesda System for Reporting of Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and correlate these with histopathology wherever possible. Methods; Prospective study to find the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in evaluating thyroid lesions, from July 2012 to June 2014. Fine needle aspiration done on 150 patients with palpable thyroid lesions were analyzed and classified according to TBSRTC. Cytohistopathological correlation was done in 64 cases. Results; Out of total 150 cases studied, 118 (78.67%) were non neoplastic, 26 (17.3%) were neoplastic, 4 (2.67%) were suspicious for malignancy, 01 (0.67%) was indeterminate and 01 (0.67%) was inadequate. Cytohistopathologic correlation of 64 cases confirmed 37 cases as non neoplastic, 17 as benign neoplasms and 10 as malignant. Sensitivity, specificity and efficacy of the study for malignant lesions were 84.62%, 99.26 % and 97.99 % respectively. Conclusion; FNAC is a simple, safe, cost effective and widely accepted modality for evaluation of thyroid lesions especially in Third world countries like India. FNA helps to avoid unnecessary surgery in patients with benign lesions. The suspicious and indeterminate lesions are an area of uncertainty which can be resolved by histopathology. Key words: Fine Needle Aspiration; Cytology; Thyroid; Histopathology correlation
Incorporating historical museum specimens into molecular systematic and conservation genetics research

We successfully amplified mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellites from historical museum specimens of lizards and frogs dating from 1894 through to 1998. Ancient DNA techniques were used to extract whole genomic DNA from a number of different tissues, including liver, leg muscle and toe clips, followed by standard polymerase chain reaction techniques for amplification. We had a 78% success rate amplifying mtDNA from 14 museum specimens and a 57% success rate amplifying microsatellite markers for seven museum specimens. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating historical museum specimens into molecular systematic and conservation genetic studies.
Susceptibility to Cry proteins of a Spanish Ostrinia nubilalis glasshouse population repeatedly sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis formulations

Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major pest of corn in temperate climates, can feed on other crops due to its polyphagous behaviour. In particular, this species became a serious problem in some sweet pepper commercial glasshouses in south‐eastern Spain repeatedly sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products to control Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The susceptibility of an O. nubilalis colony established from individuals collected in these Bt‐sprayed glasshouses was compared with a reference laboratory colony. Differences in susceptibility between the two colonies to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa proteins were found. However, our results indicate that the O. nubilalis control failure in the glasshouse was not due to selection for resistance. Intraspecific variation probably accounts for differences between the glasshouse‐derived population and the laboratory strain. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence: the glasshouse‐derived population retained its susceptibility to a Bt standard product and to most of its individual components (both in the form of protoxins and in the form of activated toxins), and it did not respond to laboratory selection with high doses of Cry1Ab.
Growth of Largemouth Bass in Low-Salinity Environments

Abstract We evaluated age and growth data for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides inhabiting either a brackish marsh or a freshwater oxbow lake in south-central Louisiana. Marsh fish exhibited small size and reduced length at age. However, growth rates of older marsh fish equaled or exceeded those of freshwater largemouth bass. Relative weights of marsh fish indicated excellent condition during all seasons, whereas freshwater fish exhibited reduced condition in early spring and fall. Laboratory trials consisting of 120-d exposure of marsh and freshwater largemouth bass to four salinity levels (0, 4, 8, and 12‰) indicated a significant decrease in growth rate of freshwater largemouth bass with increasing salinity level up to 8‰. No such decrease was observed for marsh largemouth bass. All fish held at 12‰ stopped feeding within 1 week after the experiment began and died before the experiment ended. Sheared principal components analysis indicated differences in body shape between marsh and freshwater larg.