Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the hydrostatic mass bias in MUSIC clusters: application to the NIKA2 mock sample

Clusters of galaxies are useful tools to constrain cosmological parameters, only if their masses can be correctly inferred from observations. In particular, X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect observations can be used to derive masses within the framework of the hydrostatic equilibrium. Therefore, it is crucial to have a good control of the possible mass biases that can be introduced when this hypothesis is not valid. In this work, we analyzed a set of 260 synthetic clusters from the MUSIC simulation project, at redshifts $0 \leq z \leq 0.82$. We estimate the hydrostatic mass of the MUSIC clusters from X-ray only (temperature and density) and from X-ray and SZ (density and pressure). Then, we compare them with the true 3D dynamical mass. The biases are of the order of 20%. We find that using the temperature instead of the pressure leads to a smaller bias, although the two values are compatible within 1$\sigma$. Non-thermal contributions to the total pressure support, arising from bulk motion and turbulence of the gas, are also computed and show that they are sufficient to account for this bias. We also present a study of the correlation between the mass bias and the dynamical state of the clusters. A clear correlation is shown between the relaxation state of the clusters and the bias factor. We applied the same analysis on a subsample of 32 objects, already selected for supporting the NIKA2 SZ Large Program.
First data on myiasis caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Calabria, southern Italy 1

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the main species responsible for traumatic myiasis in humans and warm-blooded vertebrates in the Mediterranean Basin, Central Europe and Central Asia. Despite recent reports, data on obligatory wound myiasis in domestic and farmed animals in Italy are still scarce. The case of wohlfahrtiosis presented here is the first reported from Calabria (southern Italy). Larvae of W. magnifica were found in an epidermoid cyst located in the abdominothoracic area of a domestic dog. A total of 98 third instar larvae were removed from inside the cyst and either preserved in ethanol or reared to the adult stage. In Italy, as well as in other areas endemic to wohlfahrtiosis, data about the seasonality, local distribution and patterns of infestation of W. magnifica are very useful to veterinarians and farmers to understand infestation mechanisms and improve control strategies.
Dilatonic states near holographic phase transitions

The spectrum of bound states of special strongly coupled confining field theories might include a parametrically light dilaton, associated with the formation of enhanced condensates that break (approximate) scale invariance spontaneously. It has been suggested in the literature that such a state may arise in connection with the theory being close to the unitarity bound in holographic models. We extend these ideas to cases where the background geometry is non-AdS, and the gravity description of the dual confining field theory has a top-down origin in supergravity. We exemplify this programme by studying the circle compactification of Romans six-dimensional half-maximal supergravity. We uncover a rich space of solutions, many of which were previously unknown in the literature. We compute the bosonic spectrum of excitations, and identify a tachyonic instability in a region of parameter space for a class of regular background solutions. A tachyon only exists along an energetically disfavoured (unphysical) branch of solutions of the gravity theory; we find evidence of a first-order phase transition that separates this region of parameter space from the physical one. Along the physical branch of regular solutions, one of the lightest scalar particles is approximately a dilaton, and it is associated with a condensate in the underlying theory. Yet, because of the location of the phase transition, its mass is not parametrically small, and it is, coincidentally, the next-to-lightest scalar bound state, rather than the lightest one.
Theoretical Analysis of Self-Training with Deep Networks on Unlabeled Data

Self-training algorithms, which train a model to fit pseudolabels predicted by another previously-learned model, have been very successful for learning with unlabeled data using neural networks. However, the current theoretical understanding of self-training only applies to linear models. This work provides a unified theoretical analysis of self-training with deep networks for semi-supervised learning, unsupervised domain adaptation, and unsupervised learning. At the core of our analysis is a simple but realistic "expansion" assumption, which states that a low-probability subset of the data must expand to a neighborhood with large probability relative to the subset. We also assume that neighborhoods of examples in different classes have minimal overlap. We prove that under these assumptions, the minimizers of population objectives based on self-training and input-consistency regularization will achieve high accuracy with respect to ground-truth labels. By using off-the-shelf generalization bounds, we immediately convert this result to sample complexity guarantees for neural nets that are polynomial in the margin and Lipschitzness. Our results help explain the empirical successes of recently proposed self-training algorithms which use input consistency regularization.
Shallow-to-Deep Training for Neural Machine Translation

Deep encoders have been proven to be effective in improving neural machine translation (NMT) systems, but training an extremely deep encoder is time consuming. Moreover, why deep models help NMT is an open question. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of a well-tuned deep Transformer system. We find that stacking layers is helpful in improving the representation ability of NMT models and adjacent layers perform similarly. This inspires us to develop a shallow-to-deep training method that learns deep models by stacking shallow models. In this way, we successfully train a Transformer system with a 54-layer encoder. Experimental results on WMT'16 English-German and WMT'14 English-French translation tasks show that it is $1.4$ $\times$ faster than training from scratch, and achieves a BLEU score of $30.33$ and $43.29$ on two tasks. The code is publicly available at this https URL.
Effects of Crotalid Venom on North American Snakes

A LTHOUGH the question of the susceptibility of snakes to their own venom, or to venom of other species, has been of interest for some time, relatively little experimental work has been undertaken in this field. Most reports in the literature cite examples in which one snake was seen to bite another. In some of these the bitten animal died, in others no effects were observed. It was not possible to estimate the amount of venom injected with such a bite. Gloyd (1933), Wooster (1933), and Conant (1934), have published such reports. On several occasions in the laboratory, the authors have seen poisonous snakes bite non-venomous species, with similarly varying results. The results of injection of measured amounts of the venoms of North American crotalids into 31 snakes, representing 20 species, from several regions of the United States, are here reported. Weir Mitchell (1861), and Nichol, Douglas and Peck (1933) have obtained evidence that several North American crotalids are not immune to their own venoms if sufficiently large quantities are injected. Noguchi (1904), found that the green snake (Opheodrys vernalis) showed almost no symptoms when given an injection of 5 mg. of Crotalus venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Synthesising clinically realistic Chest X-rays using Generative Adversarial Networks

Chest x-rays are one of the most commonly performed medical investigations globally and are vital to identifying a number of conditions. These images are however protected under patient confidentiality and as such require the removal of identifying information as well as ethical clearance to be released. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a branch of deep learning which are capable of producing synthetic samples of a desired distribution. Image generation is one such application with recent advances enabling the production of high-resolution images, a feature vital to the utility of x-rays given the scale of various pathologies. We apply the Progressive Growing GAN (PGGAN) to the task of chest x-ray generation with the goal of being able to produce images without any ethical concerns that may be used for medical education or in other machine learning work. We evaluate the properties of the generated x-rays with a practicing radiologist and demonstrate that high-quality, realistic images can be produced with global features consistent with pathologies seen in the NIH dataset. Improvements in the reproduction of small-scale details remains for future work. We train a classification model on the NIH images and evaluate the distribution of disease labels across the generated samples. We find that the model is capable of reproducing all the abnormalities in a similar proportion to the source image distribution as labelled by the classifier. We additionally demonstrate that the latent space can be optimised to produce images of a particular class despite unconditional training, with the model producing related features and complications for the class of interest. We also validate the application of the Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) to x-ray images and determine that the PGGAN reproduces x-ray images with an FID of 8.02, which is similar to other high resolution tasks.
Eculizumab, SARS-CoV-2 and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Abstract Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) treatment consists of eculizumab. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes severe pneumonia and endothelial injury that leads to a prothrombotic state that may be complicated by macrovascular and microvascular thrombosis. Complement activation is thought to contribute to endothelial injury and there are at least seven ongoing clinical trials testing six different anti-complement strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including eculizumab. We herein report on a kidney transplant patient with aHUS on chronic eculizumab therapy that developed severe COVID-19 despite eculizumab administration early in the course of the disease. Although eculizumab was unable to prevent the development of severe endothelial cell injury, as assessed by increasing D-dimer levels from 292 to 10 586 ng/mL, the patient eventually recovered following dexamethasone and convalescent plasma administration.
COVID-19 and the Cross-Section of Equity Returns: Impact and Transmission

Abstract Using the first reported case of COVID-19 in a given U.S. county as the event day, we find that firms headquartered in an affected county experience, on average, a 27-bps lower return in the 10-day post-event window. This negative effect nearly doubles in magnitude for firms in counties with a higher infection rate (-50 bps). We test a number of transmission channels. Firms belonging to labor-intensive industries and those located in counties with a large mobility decline have worse stock performance. Firms sensitive to COVID-19-induced uncertainty also exhibit more negative returns. Finally, more negative stock returns are associated with downward revisions in earnings forecasts.
Introduction, Second Edition

The purpose of an Abstract is to provide readers with a concise and accurate overview of the study in a maximum of 350 words. The Abstract states the purpose, research questions, methodology, description of participants (or subjects), as well as how the participants were or will be involved in the study. While the Abstract appears prior to Chapter One, it is written after you have completed all of the chapters so that an accurate summary is possible. Assistance for writing an Abstract can be found in the APA Publication Manual (APA, 2010b), pages 25 to 27. Note that the word count for the Abstract referred to in the APA Manual is for journal articles, not theses or dissertations. Another source for assistance in writing the Abstract is at http://www.writing. utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/abstract. The remainder of Part II includes specifics about the structure and substance of each of the five chapters. Introduction CHAPTER
Does Partisanship Shape Investor Beliefs? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract We use party-identifying language—like “liberal media” and “MAGA”—to identify Republican users on the investor social platform StockTwits. Using a difference-in-difference design, we find that partisan Republicans remain relatively unfazed in their beliefs about equities during the COVID-19 pandemic, while other users become considerably more pessimistic. In cross-sectional tests, we find Republicans become relatively more optimistic about stocks that suffered the most during the COVID-19 crisis, but more pessimistic about Chinese stocks. Finally, stocks with the greatest partisan disagreement on StockTwits have significantly more trading in the broader market, explaining 28% of the increase in stock turnover during the pandemic.
Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Cinnamomum cassia in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats

To study the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. The aqueous extract of cinnamon 60mg/kg was studied alone and in combination with conventional oral antidiabetic drugs like Glibenclamide 5mg/kg and Metformin 0.5gm/kg in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Treatment with drugs were started on the 6th day (i.e.day 0) of alloxan treatment. All the drugs were given orally as a single dose in the morning for 15days. The fasting blood glucose levels were determined on day 0, 10, and 15 by using Glucometer. Blood sample for glucose estimation was collected from rat tail vein. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni Multiple Comparisons Test. Administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamon alone, Glibenclamide alone and Metformin alone led to a decrease in blood glucose levels which was statistically significant (P<0.01) when compared to control group. But a combination of Glibenclamide and Cinnamon led to a decrease in blood glucose levels which was statistically significant (P<0.05) when compared to Glibenclamide alone . A combination of Metformin and Cinnamomum cassia does not significantly (P>0.05) decrease the blood glucose level when compared to Metformin alone. This study shows that Cinnamon extract produced a significant hypoglycemic effect and the combination of Cinnamon with glibenclamide when given for 15days caused more significant reduction in blood glucose level than either drug is given alone. Increased activity in combination may be due to potentiation or synergism.
Travel restrictions and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic—impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland

Based on notification data the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland was assessed. While the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis almost doubled as compared to 2016-2019, a reduction in all other infectious diseases was recorded. The lowest reduction rates (<25%) were noted for legionellosis, hepatitis A, chlamydia infection and gonorrhoea.
Do Stay at Home Orders and Cloth Face Coverings Control COVID-19 in New York City? Results From a SIER Model Based on Real-world Data

Abstract Background Public health interventions have been implemented to contain the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in New York City. However, the assessment of those interventions—for example, social distancing and cloth face coverings—based on real-world data from published studies is lacking. Methods The Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) compartmental model was used to evaluate the effect of social distancing and cloth face coverings on the daily culminative laboratory confirmed cases in New York City (NYC) and COVID-19 transmissibility. The latter was measured by Rt reproduction numbers in 3 phases that were based on 2 interventions implemented during this timeline. Results Transmissibility decreased from phase 1 to phase 3. The initial R0 was 4.60 in phase 1 without any intervention. After social distancing, the Rt value was reduced by 68%, while after the mask recommendation, it was further reduced by ~60%. Conclusions Interventions resulted in significant reduction of confirmed case numbers relative to predicted values based on the SEIR model without intervention. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of social distancing and cloth face coverings in slowing down the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in NYC.
Distribution of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and possible aerosol transmission in Wuhan hospitals, China

SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was found in 21% of the aerosol (n = 38) and 39% of the mask (n = 23) samples collected from Wuhan hospitals early in 2020 Viable virus was isolated from one surgical mask, but not from any of the viral RNA positive aerosol samples
Care Coordination in Palliative Home Care: Who Plays the Key Role?

Background: Clearly identified professionals who are appointed for care coordination are invaluable for ensuring efficient coordination of health care services. However, challenges to identifying roles in palliative care are well documented in literature. Notably, in order to meet high demands on palliative home care settings, many care practitioners perform tasks that surpass the responsibilities and regulations of their role, including care coordination. Without clearly defined roles, standards of care cannot be guaranteed. Yet, little is understood about who plays the key role in palliative home care. Aim: The present study aims to address the gap in the research by identifying who plays a key role in coordination in palliative home care. Methods: Interviews with general practitioners (GPs), nurses and relatives of palliative patients were carried out in Swiss cantons (Vaud, Ticino, Luzern and Basel) to identify key coordinators of care. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis and presented using grounded theory. Results: Findings indicated that there was considerable ambiguity of the key coordinator role. 1) Causal conditions of this phenomenon were; informality of professional roles and lack of communication between team members, 2) Consequences of this included; conflicting understandings of key coordinator role and family members feeling overburdened, 3) Strategies adopted by interviewees included; adapting or taking control of care coordination. These findings are highly indicative of areas for improvement for care coordination in palliative home care settings. Specifically, they underline a profound need for clear communication between palliative care service providers regarding which professionals assume a key coordative role, or who are delegated a coordinative role at any given time. Crucially, since the findings reveal that relatives are intimately involved in care coordination, the findings point to a lack of adequate financial and psycho-social support for relatives of palliative patients who are burdened with coordination tasks, without the appropriate recompense.
High dose of phytase on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus and apparent total tract digestibility of calcium in canola meals from Brassica napus black and Brassica juncea yellow fed to growing pigs

Abstract: A total of 42 barrows weighing 19.8 ± 1.22 kg were fed seven diets to give six replicates per treatment. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement with factors being (1) two canola meals (CM) types and (2) three phytase levels (0, 500, and 2500 FTU kg-1). The basal endogenous phosphorus (P) losses and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) was calculated using the P-free method. There was no effect of CM types on feed intake and fecal P output, but an interaction effect was observed for P intake (CM × phytase; P < 0.05). Supplementation of phytase (2500 FTU kg-1) reduced (P < 0.001) fecal P output (g d-1), and the output was reduced by 58% in Brassica napus black (BNB) and 64% in Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) diets. Supplementation of phytase improved (P < 0.001) both apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and STTD of P in both BNB and BJY, regardless of dose. The basal endogenous P loss (EPL) was determined to be 111.28 ± 35.09 mg kg-1 of dry matter intake (DMI). There was no further improvement in STTD of P when phytase was increased from 500 to 2500 FTU kg-1 in both CM types. The ATTD of calcium (Ca) was increased (P < 0.001) in BNB and BJY when phytase was supplemented at 500 and 2500 FTU kg-1. The results, therefore, indicate that supplementation of phytase at 500 FTU kg-1 improved both ATTD and STTD of P in two CM types, but a super dose of 2500 FTU kg-1 had no additional benefit. Similarly, ATTD of Ca was increased when phytase was supplemented at 500 FTU kg-1 without further improvement at 2500 FTU kg-1.
Initial Population Density its Effect on the Pathogenic Potential and Population Growth of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Initial Population Density its Effect on the Pathogenic Potential and Population Growth of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) A glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the potential of Rotylenchulus reniformis population of Delhi on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivar Pusa komal. In the present study, different inoculums levels viz., 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 with immature females and equal number of males were inoculated in the rhizosphere of ten day old cowpea plants. Significant reduction in growth parameters were recorded at 1,000 and 10,000 females/ plants.
Observing web damage response variability in Zygiella x-notata

Abstract. The foraging success of orb-web spiders depends primarily on the structure and maintenance of their webs. The purpose of this study was to examine how the presence and degree of web damage affected web-building responses in Zygiella x-notata. Part 1 of the study investigated the severity of damage with: a control, a partial web damage group, and a complete web damage group. Part 2 investigated frequency of damage over a 5-day period with: a control group, an infrequent web damage group, and a frequent web damage group. Four spiders were allocated randomly to each experimental group, and four trials for each were conducted. Results suggested that spiders were unlikely to relocate, regardless of the type of web damage that occurred. Web sizes exhibited a decreasing trend for all experimental groups after web damage, except for controls and partial damage groups, with the largest decreases seen in frequent and complete damage groups. Anchor thread count increased after partial and complete damage; however, it decreased after damage in both repetitive web damage groups. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that web-building spiders will likely rebuild instead of relocate in areas where damage occurs to their webs. When the damage is partial and non-repetitive, they expend more energy repairing and reinforcing their webs. However, when faced with repetitive and complete damage, their behavior is an adaptation to reduce the amount of energy expended in web repair.