Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Different Advanced Approaches to Simulation of Dynamic In Vitro Digestion of Polyphenols from Different Food Matrices—A Systematic Review

Phenolic compounds have become interesting bioactive antioxidant compounds with implications for obesity, cancer and inflammatory gastrointestinal pathologies. As the influence of digestion and gut microbiota on antioxidant behavior is yet to be completely elucidated, and due to limitations associated to in vivo studies, dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models have been promoted. A systematic review was conducted of different databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) following PRISMA guidelines to assess different dynamic digestion models and assay protocols used for phenolic compound research regarding bioaccesibility and interaction with colonic microbiota. Of 284 records identified, those including dynamic multicompartmental digestion models for the study of phenolic compound bioaccesibility, bioactivity and the effects of microbiota were included, with 57 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Different conditions and experimental configurations as well as administered doses, sample treatments and microbiological assays of dynamic digestion studies on polyphenols were recorded and compared to establish their relevance for the dynamic in vitro digestion of phenolic compounds. While similarities were observed in certain experimental areas, a high variability was found in others, such as administered doses. A description of considerations on the study of the digestion of phenolic compounds is proposed to enhance comparability in research.
Interactions of Tollmien-Schlichting Waves and Stationary Transient Disturbances

By AKİF MURAT GÜRÜN Numerical simulations have shown that stationary, spanwise periodic transient disturbances are capable of suppressing the growth of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves in boundary layers. A natural implication is that the deliberate introduction of transient disturbances may delay TS-dominated transition. This experimental study investigates the interactions of these two types of disturbances and the breakdown of TS waves with and without transient disturbances. TS waves are created using a combination of acoustic forcing and a two-dimensional roughness strip while transient disturbances are created using a spanwise array of cylindrical roughness elements. It is found that in the presence of stationary transient disturbances, wall-normal velocity profiles of the unsteady TS-like waves are modulated and their growth rate is reduced. The modulated wall-normal velocity profiles have a characteristic M-shaped appearance and this shape appears to be mainly due to the component of the unsteady disturbances that varies on the spanwise wavelength of the stationary disturbances and higher spanwise harmonics of this wavelength. An important finding with respect to transition control applications is that the receptivity of the TS waves is reduced when the spanwise roughness array is present.
Contribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecules to the Interstellar Extinction Curve

Absorption cross sections of terrestrial mixtures of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been measured in the visible to far-UV range. The spectral signatures that we have obtained are compatible with those of the extinction curve. These results support the PAH model which attributes the unidentified IR emission bands to these molecules. Interstellar PAHs can give an important contribution to the 2175 A bump, and do absorb in the far-UV rise. We derive that they contain about 18% of the cosmic carbon
FLOW OF A HYDROGEN PLASMA THROUGH A TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD

A study has been conducted of the phenomena occurring when a hydrogen plasma is caused to flow through a transverse magnetic field. Plasma polarization effects were studied as well as the deceleration processes which occurred when large currents were extracted from the plasma. Standing ``wedge‐shaped'' shock waves were observed when sufficient current was extracted to permit the deceleration phenomena to be manifested. The effective plasma resistance between electrodes was determined, and a correlation made with plasma conductivity measurements, including boundary layer effects. Finally, a determination was made of the power and energy extracted from the plasma.
The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2

In support of climate monitoring and assessments, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Climatic Data Center has developed an improved version of the U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperature dataset (HCN version 2). In this paper, the HCN version 2 temperature data are described in detail, with a focus on the quality-assured data sources and the systematic bias adjustments. The bias adjustments are discussed in the context of their effect on U.S. temperature trends from the period 1895–2007 and in terms of the differences between version 2 and its widely used predecessor (now referred to as HCN version 1). Evidence suggests that the collective effect of changes in observation practice at U.S. HCN stations is systematic and of the same order of magnitude as the background climate signal. For this reason, bias adjustments are essential to reducing the uncertainty in U.S. climate trends. The largest biases in the HCN are shown to be associated with changes to the time.
Influence of self-directed learning on learning outcomes in MOOCs: A meta-analysis

Abstract Self-directed learning (SDL) is a critical success factor for massive open online course (MOOC) learners. This meta-analysis study examined the influence of SDL on learning outcomes in MOOCs by extracting the effect sizes of 60 samples from 14 studies published between January 2010 and April 2022. The results showed that the overall effects of SDL on learning outcomes in MOOCs have a medium effect size, which supports many previous studies that have reported positive effects of SDL on academic achievement in MOOCs. There was also a significant difference in the effect size of SDL on learning outcomes among adult learners, undergraduates, and middle and high school students. The influence of self-management on learning outcomes was significantly smaller than on motivation and self-monitoring. However, there were no significant differences in affective, cognitive, and behavioral learning domains in terms of the influence of SDL on learning outcomes.
Linear Statistical Models: An Applied Approach

1. Introduction to Regression Analysis 2. Populations, Samples and Probability Distributions 3. Basic Statistical Inference 4. The Simple Linear Regression Model 5. Inference in Linear Regression 6. The Assumptions Behind Regression Analysis 7. Matrix Algebra 8. Multiple Regression I 9. Multiple Regression II 10. Some Problems and Remedies 11. Model Building 12. Dummy Variables and Advanced Statistical Inferences 13. Remedies for Violations of the Regression Assumptions 14. One-Factor Analysis 15. Two Factor Analysis I 16. Two Factor Analysis II 17. The Randomized Block and Latin Square Designs Appendices / Index
Effects of Physical Activity on Inhibitory Function in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of physical activity (PA) on inhibitory function in children with ADHD. Experimental studies on the effect of PA on the inhibitory function of children with ADHD were retrieved. The data were obtained from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (MEDLINE, APA Psyclnfo, ERIC), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. The search period was from the date of inception of the respective databases to 4 May 2022, and Reviewer Manager software (version 5.3) was used for analysis. Eleven articles and 713 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results revealed that PA can significantly improve the inhibitory function of children with ADHD (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.45–1.10, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the effectiveness of PA as an intervention in improving the inhibitory function of children with ADHD was moderated by the frequency, intensity, duration, type, and length of intervention. Based on the findings, PA can effectively improve interference suppression inhibitory function in children with ADHD. Longitudinal open-skill exercise for 60 min or more, two times/week has the best effect on improving inhibitory function in children with ADHD.
InGaN multiquantum well structure with a reduced internal electric field and carrier decay process by tunneling

An InGaN/InGaN multiquantum well (MQW) structure with a reduced internal electric field is grown, and compared with a conventional InGaN/GaN MQW structure. Time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) are measured as a function of an external bias voltage. The flatband condition, in which the external bias voltage completely compensates the internal electric field, is found by a measurement of PL peak energy as a function of bias voltage. From the measurement of the integrated PL intensity and the PL lifetime, we observe that tunneling has an important role in the carrier decay process of the biased MQW structure. Using the flatband condition, the internal electric field is calculated to be 1.75 and 2.15 MV/cm for InGaN/InGaN and InGaN/GaN structures, respectively.
Algebras and algebraic curves associated with PDEs and Bäcklund transformations

Using the language of jet spaces, for any analytic PDE E we define, in a coordinatefree way, a family of associative algebras A(E). In the considered examples, which include the KdV, Krichever-Novikov, nonlinear Schr¨odinger, Landau-Lifshitz equations, the algebras A(E) are commutative and are isomorphic to the function field of an algebraic curve of genus 1 or 0. This provides an invariant meaning for algebraic curves related to some PDEs. Also, the algebras A(E) help to prove that some pairs of PDEs from the above list are not connected by B¨acklund transformations. To define A(E), we use fundamental Lie algebras F(E) of E introduced in [15]. Elements of A(E) are intertwining operators for the adjoint representations of Lie subalgebras of certain quotients of F(E).
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A HORIZONTALLY CURVED BEAM SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL MOVING LOADS

Analytic solutions are derived for a horizontal curved beam subjected to vertical and horizontal moving loads. The horizontal moving loads may be regarded as the centrifugal forces generated by vehicles moving along a curved path, which were rarely studied by previous researchers. Both a single moving load and a series of equidistant moving loads are considered. By superposition of the waves generated by consecutively moving loads on the curved beam, the conditions for the resonance and cancellation phenomena to occur are established. Compared with the numerical approaches, the present approach has the advantage that it provides clear physical insights into the various vehicle-induced phenomena on curved beams, while allowing us to identify the key parameters involved.
Electromechanical properties of MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures on flexible polyimide and stainless steel substrates under flexing

We investigate the electromechanical properties of radio frequency (rf)-sputtered MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures on flexible polyimide (PI) and stainless steel 304 (StSt304) substrates. By subjecting ZnO to ultra-short (30–40 s) atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment and prolonged (>3 h) thermal annealing at 300 °C, highly conductive interfaces are induced in rf-sputtered MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures on flexible PI and StSt304 substrates. The electrical properties of on-StSt MgZnO/ZnO annealed at 400 °C for 30 min are evaluated under the inward and outward bending conditions. Furthermore, the electrical properties of on-PI MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures annealed at 300 °C for 3 h are examined under the bending and stretching conditions. Compared with ZnO, MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures show better electrical stability under mechanical flexing; deviations in the electrical properties of MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures occur under larger strain levels. Piezoelectric polarization is induced under flexing, resulting in an increase or decrease in the resistance of MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures.
Effect of Acupuncture in the Management of Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: The aim of this review is to evaluate the effect of acupuncture on competition-induced anxiety in elite athletes to provide an assessment of the overall efficacy of the use of acupuncture in the management of competitive anxiety. Method: A systematic literature search was performed by two reviewers (SB and TE) on electronic databases from their inception to 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane grading system in the RevMan 5.4 software by SB and TE. Acupuncture intervention was assessed using the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA). A total of 36 studies were retrieved and, following further assessment, 5 studies consisting of 219 participants were included in this review. Results: Somatic anxiety was statistically lower in the acupuncture group compared with the control and sham groups with a large effect size (1.92, p = 0.05, 2.47, p = 0.01 respectively). The acupuncture group presented with a lower level of cognitive anxiety compared with the control and sham groups with a large effect size (2.99, p = 0.003, 3.26, p = 0.001 respectively). The overall difference between each group was insignificant in the management of self-confidence. Conclusion: Acupuncture has a good effect in the management of competitive somatic and cognitive anxiety; however, more studies are required with a large sample size to determine the effect of acupuncture in the management of competitive self-confidence.
Derivation of a PDF model for turbulent flows based on principles from statistical physics

Classical ideas from statistical physics are used to derive a PDF model for turbulent flows. The model is built by adopting a Lagrangian point of view and by considering separately the statistical effects of the viscous and of the pressure gradient forces which act on a fluid particle. Closures are developed alternatively in terms of the pdf itself and of the trajectories of the stochastic process. The viscous force is shown to manifest itself as an anti-diffusion in phase space while modeling of the fluctuating part of the pressure gradient force is based on linear laws for non-equilibrium thermodynamics along Onsager’s regression-to-equilibrium hypothesis. The final expression is identical to a Langevin equation proposed by Pope which is thus seen to be obtained from underlying principles.
The temperature structure, mass, and energy flow in the corona and inner solar wind

Remote-sensing and in situ data are used to constrain a radiative energy balance model in order to study the radial variations of coronal temperatures, densities, and outflow speeds in several types of coronal holes and in an unstructured quiet region of the corona. A one-fluid solar wind model is used which takes into account the effects of radiative and inward conductive losses in the low corona and the chromospheric-coronal transition region. The results show that the total nonradiative energy input in magnetically open coronal regions is 5 + or - 10 to the 5th ergs/sq cm, and that most of the energy heating the coronal plasma is dissipated within 2 solar radii of the solar surface. 106 references.
Sand bars in tidal channels. Part 1. Free bars

We investigate the basic mechanism whereby bars form in tidal channels or estuaries. The channel is assumed to be long enough to allow neglect of the effects of end conditions on the process of bar formation. In this respect, the object of the present analysis differs from that of Schuttelaars & de Swart (1999) who considered bars of length scaling with the finite length of the tidal channel. The channel bottom is assumed to be cohesionless and consisting of uniform sediments. Bars are shown to arise from a mechanism of instability of the erodible bed subject to the propagation of a tidal wave. Sediment is assumed to be transported both as bedload and as suspended load. A fully three-dimensional model is employed both for the hydrodynamics and for sediment transport. At the leading order of approximation considered, the effects of channel convergence, local inertia and Coriolis forces on bar instability are shown to be negligible. Unlike fluvial free bars, in the absence of mean currents tidal free bars are found to be non-migrating features (in the mean). Instability arises for large enough values of the mean width to depth ratio of the channel, for given mean values of the Shields parameter and of the relative channel roughness. The role of suspended load is such as to stabilize bars in the large-wavenumber range and destabilize them for small wavenumbers. Hence, for large values of the mean Shields stress, it turns out that the first critical mode (the alternate bar mode) is characterized by a very small value of the critical width to depth ratio. Furthermore, the order-m mode being characterized by a critical value of the width to depth ratio equal to m times the critical value for the first mode, it follows that for large values of the mean Shields stress several unstable modes are simultaneously excited for relatively low values of the aspect ratio. This suggests that the actual bar pattern observed in nature may arise from an interesting nonlinear competition among different unstable modes.
Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control predisposes risky alcohol use developmental trajectory from ages 18 to 24

Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT‐C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high‐risk group may profit from targeted interventions.
A Bayesian approach to spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography

A Bayesian approach to the optical reconstruction problem associated with spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography is presented. The approach is derived for commonly used spectral tissue models of optical absorption and scattering: the absorption is described as a weighted sum of absorption spectra of known chromophores (spatially dependent chromophore concentrations), while the scattering is described using Mie scattering theory, with the proportionality constant and spectral power law parameter both spatially-dependent. It is validated using two-dimensional test problems composed of three biologically relevant chromophores: fat, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Using this approach it is possible to estimate the Grüneisen parameter, the absolute chromophore concentrations, and the Mie scattering parameters associated with spectral photoacoustic tomography problems. In addition, the direct estimation of the spectral parameters is compared to estimates obtained by fitting the spectral parameters to estimates of absorption, scattering and Grüneisen parameter at the investigated wavelengths. It is shown with numerical examples that the direct estimation results in better accuracy of the estimated parameters.
An Inquiry-Based Learning Approach to the Introduction of the Improper Rotation-Reflection Operation,Sn

Symmetry properties of molecules are generally introduced in second-year or third-year-level inorganic or physical chemistry courses. Students generally adapt readily to understanding and applying the operations of rotation (Cn), reflection (σ), and inversion (i). However, the two-step operation of improper rotation–reflection (Sn) often provides a greater challenge for students. Sn operations can be difficult to identify and visualize, and the reason their inclusion in the different types of symmetry operations is not always clear or explained. In this contribution, an inquiry-based learning exercise is used to introduce students to the Sn operation: The results of all symmetry operations are first listed by simple permutations of atoms, and then students search for operations to bring about these permutations.
Discourses about School-based Mathematics Teacher Education in Finland and Sweden

In this cross-case study we focus on school-based teacher education in Sweden and Finland. Through the use of focus-group interviews with mathematics teacher educators in Finland and Sweden, the study shows that there are substantial differences in how school-based teacher education is introduced and portrayed in the discourse about teacher education and prospective teachers' learning. The school-based teacher education among the Finnish groups is made relevant in relation to several aspects of prospective teachers' learning. In the Swedish groups, school-based teacher education is portrayed as an organizational problem and few aspects of prospective teachers' learning are brought into the discourse. The results cannot be generalized to the two countries but show interesting conceptualizations of school-based education potentially useful for teacher educators and scholars.
A new large-amplitude variable white dwarf

A new large-amplitude ZZ Ceti star has been discovered in the Edinburgh-Cape Blue Object Survey. The light curve is non-sinusoidal, with a peak-to-peak variation ranging from 0.06 to 0.24 mag in white light. Six nights of observation show a multiple-period structure, with periods of between 800 and 1000 s. The principal frequency at f= 1.101 mHz is present on most nights observed with variable amplitude, probably caused by the presence of multiple close frequencies