Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview

Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
Trends in moments of climatic indices

We propose a new technique to analyze trends in moments of the statistical distribution of climatic indices. A standard approach (linear regression, polynomial fit, or least squares fit to a specific function) is first used to evaluate the trend in the expected value of an observed climatic index. The innovation here is that after the trend in the expected value is subtracted from the observed time series, we calculate the time series of the squares, cubes, fourth powers, and any other combination of the residuals (anomalies). Then we apply the same standard trend analysis technique to the time series of these new variables. This technique can be used to determine whether the observed climate is getting more or less variable. The observed 1901–2000 New York City sea level variations, U.S. annual average precipitation, U.S. annual averages of the Modified Palmer Drought Severity Index, All‐India Monsoon Rainfall Index, and Southern Oscillation Index are used to illustrate the technique. There are no significant trends in variability of any of these climatic indices for the past 100 years.
Exploring a new method for the retrieval of urban thermophysical properties using thermal infrared remote sensing and deterministic modeling

[1] Increasingly, mesoscale meteorological and climate models are used to predict urban weather and climate. Yet, large uncertainties remain regarding values of some urban surface properties. In particular, information concerning urban values for thermal roughness length and thermal admittance is scarce. In this paper, we present a method to estimate values for thermal admittance in combination with an optimal scheme for thermal roughness length, based on METEOSAT-8/SEVIRI thermal infrared imagery in conjunction with a deterministic atmospheric model containing a simple urbanized land surface scheme. Given the spatial resolution of the SEVIRI sensor, the resulting parameter values are applicable at scales of the order of 5 km. As a study case we focused on the city of Paris, for the day of 29 June 2006. Land surface temperature was calculated from SEVIRI thermal radiances using a new split-window algorithm specifically designed to handle urban conditions, as described in Appendix A, including a correction for anisotropy effects. Land surface temperature was also calculated in an ensemble of simulations carried out with the ARPS mesoscale atmospheric model, combining different thermal roughness length parameterizations with a range of thermal admittance values. Particular care was taken to spatially match the simulated land surface temperature with the SEVIRI field of view, using the so-called point spread function of the latter. Using Bayesian inference, the best agreement between simulated and observed land surface temperature was obtained for the Zilitinkevich (1970) and Brutsaert (1975) thermal roughness length parameterizations, the latter with the coefficients obtained by Kanda et al. (2007). The retrieved thermal admittance values associated with either thermal roughness parameterization were, respectively, 1843 � 108 J m � 2 s � 1/2 K � 1 and 1926 � 115 J m � 2 s � 1/2 K � 1 .
Journal Pre-proof assist visual categorization in the human brain

d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France Abstract Visual categorization is the brain ability to rapidly and automatically respond to a certain category of inputs. Whether category-selective neural responses are purely visual or can be influenced by other sensory modalities remains unclear. Here, we test whether odors modulate visual categorization, expecting that odors facilitate the cortex, with the largest response for human faces and the lowest for facelike objects. Critically, body odor boosts the response to the ambiguous facelike objects (i.e., either perceived as nonface objects or faces) over the right hemisphere, especially for participants reporting their presence post-stimulation. By contrast, odors do not significantly modulate other category-selective responses, nor the general visual response recorded at 12 Hz, revealing a specific influence on the categorization of congruent ambiguous stimuli. Overall, these findings support the view that the brain actively uses cues from the different senses to readily categorize visual inputs, and that olfaction, which has long been considered as poorly functional in humans, is well placed to disambiguate visual information.
An Agreement of Antigen Tests on Oral Pharyngeal Swabs or Less Invasive Testing With Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Adults: Protocol for a Prospective Nationwide Observational Study

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented level of worldwide testing for epidemiologic and diagnostic purposes, and due to the extreme need for tests, the gold-standard Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing capacity has been unable to meet the overall worldwide testing demand. Consequently, although the current literature has shown the sensitivity of rapid antigen tests (RATs) to be inferior to RT-PCR, RATs have been implemented on a large scale without solid data on performance. Objective: This study will compare analytical and clinical sensitivities and specificities of 50 lateral flow– or laboratory-based RATs and 3 strand invasion–based amplification (SIBA)-RT-PCR tests from 30 manufacturers to RT-PCR testing of samples obtained from the deep oropharynx. In addition, the study will compare sensitivities and specificities of the included RATs as well as RT-PCR on clinical samples obtained from the deep oropharynx, the anterior nasal cavity, saliva, the deep nasopharynx, and expired air to RT-PCR on deep oropharyngeal samples. Methods: Conclusions: The study will compare the sensitivities of a large number of RATs for SARS-CoV-2 to with those of RT-PCR and will address whether lateral flow–based RATs differ significantly from laboratory-based RATs. The anatomical test locations for both RATs and RT-PCR will also be compared.
Digging deeper into the intronic sequences of the SPINK1 gene

Background: SPINK1 (serine protease inhibitor, kazal-type, 1), which encodes human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, is one of the most extensively studied genes underlying chronic pancreatitis. Recently, based upon data from qualitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses of transfected HEK293T cells, we concluded that 24 studied SPINK1 intronic variants were not of pathological significance, the sole exceptions being two canonical splice site variants (i.e., c.87+1G>A and c.194+2T>C). Herein, we employed the splicing prediction tools included within the Alamut software suite to prioritize the ‘non pathological’ SPINK1 intronic variants for further quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results: Although our results demonstrated the utility of in silico prediction in classifying and prioritizing intronic variants, we made two observations worth noting. First, we established that most of the prediction tools employed ignored the general rule that GC is a weaker donor splice site than the canonical GT site. This finding is potentially important because for a given disease gene, a GC variant donor splice site may be associated with a milder clinical manifestation. Second, the non-pathological c.194+13T>G variant was consistently predicted by different programs to generate a new and viable donor splice site, the prediction scores being comparable to those for the physiological c.194+2T donor splice site and even higher than those for the physiological c.87+1G donor splice site. We do however provide convincing in vitro evidence that the predicted donor splice site was not entirely spurious. Conclusions: Our findings, taken together, serve to emphasize the importance of functional analysis in helping to establish or refute the pathogenicity of specific intronic variants.
Settlement of Compacted Clay in a Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Device

The results of 36 cyclic strain-controlled direct simple shear tests on a low-plasticity compacted clay are presented and analyzed. The tests were conducted in a Marshall Silver-type device, which utilizes the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) type of short cylinder specimen confined in a wire-reinforced rubber membrane. Three degrees of compaction achieved by the modified compaction test are encompassed: (1) below the optimum moisture content, (2) at the optimum, and (3) above the optimum. All specimens were sheared under the same vertical consolidation stress. In each test the cyclic shear strain amplitude, γc, was controlled, i.e., the cyclic tests were strain controlled. The range of γc was between 0.008 and 4.6%. The test results show a very consistent behavior of the clay at all three moisture contents. At small cyclic shear strains below γc ≅ 0.1%, the stress-strain behavior is slightly nonlinear, i.e., close to linearly elastic, and the vertical settlement is negligible. In some tests such nondestructive behavior was recorded up to γc ≅ 0.2%, showing that for the clay tested, the volumetric threshold shear strain, γtv, ranges between 0.1 and 0.2%. At γc larger than γtv the cyclic stress-strain behavior becomes nonlinear and a continuous settlement with the number of cycles, N, occurs. The results do not show a clear relation between the rate of settlement with N and the degree of the compaction and moisture content. For different moisture contents, similar settlements were obtained for given γc and N. The study also shows how to arrange the specimen setup and measuring system to eliminate the effect of the simple shear apparatus compliance. In such an arrangement very small shear strains can be applied and successfully measured.
Analysis of Trends and Patterns of Droughts Using Satellite Data and Climate Model Simulations

Numerous studies indicate that the frequency of extreme events such as droughts have increased particularly in the 20th century. Droughts are considered among the most costly natural disasters due to their impacts on crop yield, infrastructure, industry, and tourism. This thesis investigates historical global trends and patterns of droughts and drying areas. A satellite-based (model independent) climate data record is used along with historical information from the latest CMIP5 multi-model simulations. For the CMIP5 simulations the objective include a comparison with validated ground observations. The focus is on meteorological droughts, defined as a lack of precipitation, and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to analyze fractions of area under drought (SPI $\leq$ -1) and area experiencing extreme droughts (SPI $\leq$ -2) at a quasi-global scale, for the length of the records available. From the 32-year long record, based on merged satellite product from GPCP and PERSIANN data, and from the CMIP5 simulations between 1901 -2005, the results show similar pattern for the Southern Hemisphere (SH) where variability is larger than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). When investigating trends of land area in drought, only the SH show a significant trend using Mann-Kendall's test on the merged satellite based product. However, over oceans drought areas indicate an increase, for both hemispheres and the globe as a total. When studying the CMIP5 simulations and comparing them to ground observations 73\% of the models recapture the trends in the observations, for the global land area, as well as for the NH and the SH, separately. Both datasets indicate larger variability of area in drought for the SH than for the NH, for extreme as well as more moderate droughts. From the analysis of spatial patterns of wetting and drying trends maps were created from the pixel-based satellite data and several regions, such as the southwestern United States, Texas, parts of the Amazon, the Horn of Africa, and northern India exhibit a drying trend. The results from the CMIP5 models were generally consistent with observations at a global (semi-global) scale, but most models were not in agreement with observations with respect to regional drying and wetting trends. However, CMIP5 simulations of regional trends are collectively in better agreement with observations over high latitudes, as well as northeastern India and the western United States.
The Incidence and Distribution of Viral Diseases in Barley Fields in Korea

The symptom expressions such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley have been considered to be a damage by cold or water. However, it had revealed that the symptom expressions were caused by viruses throughout three year nationwide surveys. Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was detected in 2001-2003 and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MA V (BYDV -MA V) from field samples collected on March in 2003. The results of investigation showed that the incidence of BaYMV was more than 70％ and that of BaMMV and SBWMV was 15.7-37.4％ and 0.7-10.1 ％ in three year surveys, respectively. The incidence of BYDV-MAV was approximately 1 ％ in 2003 only. The distribution of BaYMV was relatively uniform throughout barley fields in Korea, but the incidence of the virus in Gyunggi Province was as low as 19％ compared to 65-85％ in the rest of regions. On the other hand, 70％ of BaMMV was found to be in the west south regions of Korea, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Taken together, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominant casual agents in overwintering barley by either single or mixed infections. Previous survey data for BaYMV from 1994 to 1996 indicated that the incidence of the virus was approximately 40％ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gyungnam Provinces. Thus, comparing with the results from the recent nationwide survey, the incidence of BaYMV had been rapidly increasing in overwintering barley fields in the southern part of Korea.
F -Region Storms and Thermospheric Dynamics

This paper reviews the composition change theory of ionospheric F2-layer storms. Recent theoretical modelling confirms that changes of the thermospheric atomic/molecular concentration ratio, resulting from energy inputs at high latitudes, are the probable cause of “negative storm effects” (electron density depletions) at mid-latitudes, and may account for “positive storm effects” (electron density increases) in the winter hemisphere. Some outstanding problems are briefly summarized.
Crested Wheatgrass Establishment in Livestock Dung Deposited on Degraded Rangeland Vegetation Types in the Intermountain West, USA

Cattle and sheep were examined as seed disseminators for revegetating degraded rangelands in the Intermountain region of the western United States. “Hycrest” crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch, ex Link) Schult, x A. cristatum (L.) Gaert. ] seed was fed to Holstein steers and Suffolk ewes. Dung was collected from each animal type and deposited on plots of high and low densities of an annual [cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.)] and perennial [squirreltail (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey)] grass species. The experiment evaluated the suppression of resident vegetation by dung, and the establishment of crested wheatgrass in dung. Sheep dung did not suppress resident vegetation nor did it provide crested wheat‐grass with a favorable microsite for germination and establishment. Cattle dung provided favorable conditions for germination of crested wheatgrass, but seedlings were unable to compete with either high or low densities of cheatgrass. Even though aboveground growth of cheatgrass was suppressed by.
Formation and exhumation of ultra‐high‐pressure rocks during continental collision: Role of detachment in the subduction channel

UHP rocks commonly form and exhume during the transition from oceanic subduction to continental collision. Their exhumation in subduction channels depends on the balance between down‐channel shear traction and up‐channel buoyancy. Thermal‐mechanical upper‐mantle‐scale numerical models are used to investigate how variations in material properties of the subducting continental margin affect this balance. Changes in shear traction leading to crustal decoupling/detachment are investigated by varying the onset of strain weakening, thermal parameters, and convergence velocity. Variations in buoyancy force are investigated by modifying subducted material density and volume. The model results are interpreted in terms of the exhumation number E, which expresses the role of the pressure gradient, channel thickness, effective viscosity, and subduction velocity. Peak metamorphic conditions, exhumation velocity, and timing of exhumation are temporally and spatially variable and are sensitive to the evolution of E. The models reproduce natural PTt constraints and indicate that neither slab breakoff nor surface erosion is required for UHP exhumation.
Isotopic disequilibrium between carbon assimilated and respired in a rice paddy as influenced by methanogenesis from CO2

[1] Temporal variability in the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem respiration (δR) has been closely related to environmental variables that influence photosynthetic isotope discrimination (Δ). We show that belowground methanogenesis has a strong impact on δR and leads to a partial decoupling between δR and Δ. The δR, observed in a Japanese rice paddy, varied from −26.3‰ to −22.8‰ over the growing season in 2003 and was consistently more positive (by 2‰−5‰) than leaf bulk δ13C (δP). Interestingly, δR increased by 1.1‰–3.1‰ upon drainage, consistent with increased methane and nighttime CO2 fluxes. As the season progressed, δ13C of soil CO2 (δS) was gradually enriched in 13C, from −23.2‰ to −16.6‰, reflecting a large isotopic fractionation associated with CO2-dependent methanogenesis. Correlation analyses between δR and driving factors showed that ecosystem factors related to methanogenesis had shorter lags and better correlation with δR than environmental variables that influence photosynthesis. Given the distinct isotopic differences between δR and its above- and belowground components (δP and δS, respectively), we partitioned ecosystem respiration into plant and soil respiration assuming negligible fractionation in respiration and CO2 transport. The estimated proportion of soil respiration varied from 20% to 50% of the ecosystem respiration depending on vegetation stage, temperature, and flooding/drainage conditions. We found a good agreement between net primary production obtained by field sampling and that estimated from the inferred soil respiration and measured CO2 fluxes. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to constrain the probable range of isotopic fractionations in respiration and CO2 transport.
Early Insights into the Interactions of Different (cid:1) -Lactam Antibiotics and (cid:1) -Lactamase Inhibitors against Soluble Forms of Acinetobacter baumannii PBP1a and Acinetobacter sp. PBP3

Acinetobacter baumannii is an increasingly problematic pathogen in United States hospitals. Antibiotics that can treat A . baumannii are becoming more limited. Little is known about the contributions of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), the target of (cid:1) -lactam antibiotics, to (cid:1) -lactam–sulbactam susceptibility and (cid:1) -lactam resistance in A. baumannii. Decreased expression of PBPs as well as loss of binding of (cid:1) -lactams to PBPs was previously shown to promote (cid:1) -lactam resistance in A . baumannii . Using an in vitro assay with a reporter (cid:1) -lactam, Bocillin, we determined that the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) for PBP1a from A. baumannii and PBP3 from Acinetobacter sp. ranged from 1 to 5 (cid:2) M for
Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in an age-sequence of white pine forests in Southern

We determined concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation, throughfall, forest floor and mineral soil leachates from June 2004 to May 2006 across an age-sequence (2-, 15-, 30-, and 65-year-old) of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forests in southern Ontario, Canada. Mean DOC concentration in precipitation, throughfall, leachates of forest floor, Ah-horizon, and of mineral soil at 1 m depth ranged from - 2 to 7, 9 to 18, 32 to 88, 20 to 66, and 2 to 3 mg DOC L-1, respectively, for all four stands from April (after snowmelt) through December. DOC concentration in forest floor leachates was highest in early summer and positively correlated to stand age, aboveground biomass and forest floor carbon pools. DOC fluxes via precipita tion, throughfall, and leaching through forest floor and Ah-horizon between were in the range of 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 0.5 to 3.5, and 0.1 to 2 g DOCm2,
The contribution of people's participation : evidence from 121 rural water supply projects

The study is based on systematic quantitative and qualitative analysis of 121 rural water supply funded by many different water supply agencies in countries throughout the developing world. The analysis consistently shows that beneficiary participation was more significant than any other factor in achieving functional water systems and in building local capacity. The results of this study have profound implications for the way the World Bank supports its partners in planning and implementing development programs. Among the lessons learned from the study are these : obtaining local participation in decision making about development is sound business practice, and special measures are needed to ensure that the marginalized are reached in the participatory process. Even is participation is assured in planning, agencies must listen and learn as project are implemented. These principles are clear, and their implications reach well beyond rural water supply projects. The challenge is to act on these principles and to place people at the center of development.