Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical link between the structure of molecular clouds and their density distribution

We introduce the concept of a class of equivalence of molecular clouds represented by an abstract spherically symmetric, isotropic object. This object is described by use of abstract scales in respect to a given mass density distribution. Mass and average density are ascribed to each scale and thus are linked to the density distribution: a power-law type and an arbitrary continuous one. In the latter case, we derive a differential relationship between the mean density at a given scale and the structure parameter which defines the mass-density relationship. The two-dimensional (2D) projection of the cloud along the line of sight is also investigated. Scaling relations of mass and mean density are derived in the considered cases of power-law and arbitrary continuous distributions. We obtain relations between scaling exponents in the 2D and 3D cases. The proposed classes of equivalence are representative for the general structure of real clouds with various types of column-density distributions: power law, lognormal or combination of both.
The chemical and electronic surface and interface structure of CuGaSe2 thin-film solar cell absorbers

The chemical and electronic surface and interface structure of CuGaSe2 thin films was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy. With bulk [Ga]/[Cu] ratios increasing from 0.94 to 1.39 a transition of the Cu:Ga:Se surface composition from 1:1:2 to 1:3:5 and a downward shift of the valence band maximum with respect to the Fermi energy were observed. The comparison with the conduction band minimum (CBM) of CdS reveals that at the CdS/CuGaSe2 interface the recombination barrier height simultaneously increases and a “clifflike” offset is formed to the CBM of CuGaSe2.
A note on the Jarzynski equality

The Jarzynski equality relates the free energy difference between two equilibrium states of a system to the average of the work over all irreversible phase space trajectories for going from one state to the other. We claim that the derivation of this equality is flawed, introducing an ad hoc and unjustified weighting factor which handles improperly the heat exchange with a heat bath. Therefore the experiment of Liphardt et al cannot be viewed as a confirmation of this equality, although the numerical deviations between the two are small. However, the Jarzynski equality may well be a useful approximation, e.g. in measurements on single molecules in solution.
A Search for Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Young σ Orionis Cluster

We present a CCD-based photometric survey covering 870 arcmin2 in a young stellar cluster around the young multiple star σ Orionis. Our survey-limiting R, I, and Z magnitudes are 23.2, 21.8, and 21.0, respectively, the completeness being about 2.2 mag brighter. From our color-magnitude diagrams, we have selected 49 faint objects (I = 15-21 mag), which smoothly extrapolate the photometric sequence defined by more massive known members. Adopting the currently accepted age interval of 2-10 Myr for the Orion 1b association, in which σ Orionis is located, and considering recent evolutionary models, our objects may span a mass range from 0.1 down to 0.02 M☉, well within the substellar regime. Follow-up low-resolution optical spectroscopy (635-920 nm) for eight of our candidates in the magnitude range I = 16-19.5 shows that they have spectral types M6-M8.5, consistent with what is expected for true members. Compared with their Pleiades counterparts of similar types, Hα emission is generally stronger, while Na I and K I absorption lines appear weaker, as expected for lower surface gravities and younger ages. In addition, TiO and in particular VO bands appear to be clearly enhanced in our candidate with the latest spectral type, S Ori 45 (M8.5, I = 19.5), compared to objects of similar types in older clusters and the field. We have estimated the mass of this candidate at only 0.020-0.040 M☉; hence, it is one of the least massive brown dwarfs yet discovered. We examine the potential role of deuterium as a tracer of both substellar nature and age in very young clusters. The luminosity and mass at which the burning/preservation of deuterium takes place is a sensitive function of age and can therefore provide a determination of the age of a cluster. The σ Orionis cluster is an excellent site for determining this transition zone empirically; the most massive brown dwarfs identified are expected to have burned their deuterium content, while the lowest mass ones should have preserved it.
Simple and Accurate Exchange Energy for Density Functional Theory

A non-empirical exchange functional based on an interpolation between two limits of electron density, slowly varying limit and asymptotic limit, is proposed. In the slowly varying limit, we follow the study by Kleinman from 1984 which considered the response of a free-electron gas to an external periodic potential, but further assume that the perturbing potential also induces Bragg diffraction of the Fermi electrons. The interpolation function is motivated by the exact exchange functional of a hydrogen atom. Combined with our recently proposed correlation functional, tests on 56 small molecules show that, for the first-row molecules, the exchange-correlation combo predicts the total energies four times more accurately than the presently available Quantum Monte Carlo results. For the second-row molecules, errors of the core electrons exchange energies can be corrected, leading to the most accurate first- and second-row molecular total energy predictions reported to date despite minimal computational efforts. The calculated bond energies, zero point energies, and dipole moments are also presented, which do not outperform other methods.
Intrinsic angular momentum and centre of mass in general relativity

There are several definitions in the literature of the notion of total angular momentum in general relativity. However, none of them can be said to capture the physical notion of intrinsic angular momentum of the sources in the presence of gravitational radiation. We present a definition of angular momentum for radiative spacetimes which does not suffer from any ambiguity of supertranslations. We have succeeded in providing an appropriate notion of intrinsic angular momentum and, at the same time, a definition of centre of mass frame at future null infinity. This notion is required in calculations involving radiation of angular momentum, as, for example, is expected in binary coalescence of black holes.
Quantum effects in the acoustic plasmons of atomically thin heterostructures

Recent advances in nanofabrication technology now enable unprecedented control over 2D heterostructures, in which single- or few-atom-thick materials with synergetic optoelectronic properties can be combined to develop next-generation nanophotonic devices. Precise control of light can be achieved at the interface between 2D metal and dielectric layers, where surface plasmon polaritons strongly confine electromagnetic energy. Here we reveal quantum and finite-size effects in hybrid systems consisting of graphene and few-atomic-layer noble metals, based on a quantum description that captures the electronic band structure of these materials. These phenomena are found to play an important role in the metal screening of the plasmonic fields, determining the extent to which they propagate in the graphene layer. In particular, we find that a monoatomic metal layer is capable of pushing graphene plasmons toward the intraband transition region, rendering them acoustic, while the addition of more metal layers only produces minor changes in the dispersion but strongly affects the lifetime. We further find that a quantum approach is required to correctly account for the sizable Landau damping associated with single-particle excitations in the metal. We anticipate that these results will aid in the design of future platforms for extreme light–matter interaction on the nanoscale.
New results on a stochastic duel game with each force consisting of heterogeneous units

Two forces engage in a duel, with each force initially consisting of several heterogeneous units. Each unit can be assigned to fire at any opposing unit, but the kill rate depends on the assignment. As the duel proceeds, each force—knowing which units are still alive in real time—decides dynamically how to assign its fire, in order to maximize the probability of wiping out the opposing force before getting wiped out. It has been shown in the literature that an optimal pure strategy exists for this two‐person zero‐sum game, but computing the optimal strategy remained cumbersome because of the game's huge payoff matrix. This article gives an iterative algorithm to compute the optimal strategy without having to enumerate the entire payoff matrix, and offers some insights into the special case, where one force has only one unit. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 56–65, 2014
The XYZs of Charmonium at BES

This contribution reviews some recent developments in charmonium spectroscopy, and discusses related theoretical predictions. The spectrum of states, strong decays of states above open charm threshold, electromagnetic transitions, and issues related to the recent discoveries of the “XYZ” states are discussed. Contributions that BES can make to our understanding of charmonium and related states are stressed in particular.
The Radiative Efficiency and Spectra of Slowly Accreting Black Holes from Two-temperature GRRMHD Simulations

We present axisymmetric numerical simulations of radiatively inefficient accretion flows onto black holes combining general relativity, magnetohydrodynamics, self-consistent electron thermodynamics, and frequency-dependent radiation transport. We investigate a range of accretion rates up to onto a black hole with spin . We report on averaged flow thermodynamics as a function of accretion rate. We present the spectra of outgoing radiation and find that it varies strongly with accretion rate, from synchrotron-dominated in the radio at low to inverse-Compton-dominated at our highest . In contrast to canonical analytic models, we find that by , the flow approaches radiative efficiency, with much of the radiation due to inverse-Compton scattering off Coulomb-heated electrons far from the black hole. These results have broad implications for modeling of accreting black holes across a large fraction of the accretion rates realized in observed systems.
Quantum Theory, Noncommutativity and Heuristics

Noncommutative field theories are a class of theories beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. Their importance may be summarized in two facts. Firstly as field theories on noncommutative spacetimes they come with natural regularization parameters. Secondly they are related in a natural way to theories of quantum gravity which typically give rise to noncommutative spacetimes. Therefore noncommutative field theories can shed light on the problem of quantizing gravity. An attractive aspect of noncommutative field theories is that they can be formulated so as to preserve spacetime symmetries and to avoid the introduction of irrelevant degrees freedom and so they provide models of consistent fundamental theories. In these notes we review the formulation of symmetry aspects of noncommutative field theories on the simplest type of noncommutative spacetime, the Moyal plane. We discuss violations of Lorentz, P, CP, PT and CPT symmetries as well as causality. Some experimentally detectable signatures of these violations involving Planck scale physics of the early universe and linear response finite temperature field theory are also presented.
MOND in galaxy groups: A superior sample

Intermediate-richness galaxy groups are an important test ground for MOND. First, they constitute a distinct type of galactic systems, with their own evolution histories and underlying physical processes; secondly, they probe little-chartered regions of parameter space, as they have baryonic masses similar to massive galaxies, and similar velocity dispersions, but much larger sizes -- similar to cluster cores (or even to clusters), but much lower dispersions. Importantly in the context of MOND, they have the lowest internal accelerations reachable inside galactic systems. I analyze a sample of 56 medium-richness groups having a large number ($\ge 15$) of members with measured velocities. The groups obey the deep-MOND, baryonic-mass-velocity-dispersion relation, $M_MGa_0=(81/4)\sigma^4$, with individual, MOND $M_M/L_K$ ratios of order $1$ solar unit, with $(M_M/L_K)_{median}=0.7$ s.u. compared with the much larger Newtonian $M_d/L_K$ -- several tens s.u. , and $(M_d/L_K)_{median}=37$ s.u. The same MOND relation describes dwarf spheroidals -- 2-3 orders smaller in size, and 7-8 orders lower in mass. The groups conformation to the MOND relation is equivalent to their lying on the deep-MOND branch of the `acceleration-discrepancy relation', $g\approx (g_N a_0)^{1/2}$, for $g$ as low as a few percents of $a_0$ ($g_N$ is the baryonic, Newtonian, gravitational acceleration, and $g$ the actual one). This argues against a breakdown of MOND at extremely low accelerations. This conformation also argues against the hypothesis that the remaining MOND conundrum in cluster cores bespeaks a breakdown of MOND on large-distance scales; our groups are as large as cluster cores, but do not show obvious disagreement with MOND. I also discuss the possible presence of the idiosyncratic, MOND external-field effect.
Coexistence of, and Competition between, Superconductivity and Charge-Stripe Order in La 1.6-x Nd 0.4 Sr x CuO 4

Previously we have presented evidence for stripe order of holes and spins in La{sub 1.6-x}Nd{sub 0.4}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} with x=0.12. Here we show, via neutron diffraction measurements of magnetic scattering, that similar order occurs in crystals with x=0.15 and 0.20. Zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements show that all three compositions are also superconducting, with the superconducting transition temperature increasing as the low-temperature staggered magnetization decreases.These results directly demonstrate an intimate connection between stripe correlations and superconductivity. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Innovation Waves, Investor Sentiment, and Mergers (cid:3)

We develop a theory of innovation waves, investor sentiment, and merger activity based on uncertainty aversion. Investors must typically decide whether or not to fund an innovative project with very limited knowledge of the odds of success, a situation that is best described as (cid:147)Knightian uncertainty. (cid:148)We show that uncertainty-averse investors are more optimistic on an innovation if they can also make contemporaneous investments in other innovative ventures. This means that uncertainty aversion makes investment in innovative projects strategic complements, which results in innovation waves. Innovation waves occur in our economy when there is a critical mass of innovative companies and are characterized by strong investor sentiment, high equity valuation in the technology sector, and (cid:147)hot(cid:148)IPO and M&A markets. We also argue that M&A promotes innovative activity and leads to greater innovation rates and (cid:133)rm valuations.
Nanopore sequencing enables multigenic family reconstruction despite highly frequent 1 PCR-induced recombination 2

12 This study developed a new bioinformatics pipeline to acquire all the different copies of 13 multi-copy gene families based on Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing of PCR 14 products. We used this pipeline to acquire the sequences of highly similar copies of the cidA 15 and cidB genes present in the genomes of Wolbachia pipientis (wPip) bacteria infecting the 16 cells of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The approach is based on read mapping, SNP calling and 17 haplotyping, using our already wide existing reference database for the cid genes obtained 18 by cloning and Sanger sequencing. We addressed problems commonly faced when using 19 mapping approaches for multi-copy gene families with highly similar variants (or 20 haplotypes). In addition, we confirmed that PCR amplification causes frequent chimeras 21 which have to be carefully considered when working on families of recombinant genes. We 22 tested the robustness of the pipeline through a combination of analyses of simulated reads 23 and of gene sequence acquisitions through cloning and Sanger sequencing. For genes of 24 which the haplotype cannot be reconstructed from short reads sequencing, this pipeline 25 confers a high throughput acquisition, gives reliable results as well as insights of the relative 26 copy numbers of the different variants.
Geometric Mean Neutrino Mass Relation

Present experimental data from neutrino oscillations have provided much information about the neutrino mixing angles. Since neutrino oscillations only determine the mass squared differences , the absolute values for neutrino masses mi, can not be determined using data just from oscillations. In this work we study implications on neutrino masses from a geometric mean mass relation which enables one to determined the absolute masses of the neutrinos. We find that the central values of the three neutrino masses and their 2σ errors to be m1 = (1.58 ± 0.18)meV, m2 = (9.04 ± 0.42)meV, and m3 = (51.8 ± 3.5)meV. Implications for cosmological observation, beta decay and neutrinoless double beta decays are discussed.
The Active Galactic Nuclei Contribution to the Mid-Infrared Emission of Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We determine the contribution of AGN to the mid-IR emission of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) at z > 0.6 by measuring the mid-IR dust continuum slope of 20,039 mid-IR sources. The 24 μm sources are selected from a Spitzer MIPS survey of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey Boötes field and have corresponding 8 μm data from the IRAC Shallow Survey. There is a clear bimodal distribution in the 24 to 8 μm flux ratio. The X-ray-detected sources fall within the peak corresponding to a flat spectrum in νfν, implying that it is populated by AGN-dominated LIRGs, whereas the peak corresponding to a higher 24 to 8 μm flux ratio is likely due to LIRGs whose IR emission is powered by starbursts. The 24 μm emission is increasingly dominated by AGN at higher 24 μm flux densities (f24): the AGN fraction of the z > 0.6 sources increases from 9% at f24 ≈ 0.35 mJy to 74% ± 20% at f24 ≈ 3 mJy, in good agreement with model predictions. Deep 24 μm, small-area surveys, like GOODS, will be strongly dominated by starburst galaxies. AGN are responsible for ~3%-7% of the total 24 μm background.
Very Late Relapse Post Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A European Observational Multicentre Study

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Data on the mid-term efficacy of catheter ablation of AF in HCM patients are sparse. Methods: Observational multicentre study in 137 HCM patients (mean age 55.0±13.4, 29.1% female; 225 ablation procedures). We investigated: (i) the efficacy of catheter ablation for AF beyond the initial 12 months; (ii) the available risk scores, stratification schemes and genotype as potential predictors of arrhythmia relapse, and (iii) the impact of cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency in procedural outcomes. Results: Recurrences after the initial 12-month period post ablation were frequent, and 24 months after the index procedure, nearly all patients with persistent AF had relapsed, and only 40% of those with paroxysmal AF remained free from arrhythmia recurrence. The APPLE score demonstrated some, albeit low, discriminative capacity for AF relapse post-ablation (c-statistic 0.60, 95%CI 0.49-0.71; p=0.004), while the risk stratification schemes for sudden death did not. On multivariate analysis, LA diameter and LV apical aneurysm were independent predictors of recurrence. Despite the small size of the genotyped sample, arrhythmia-free survival was lower in genotype-negative and in those with either MYH7 or MYBPC3 mutations (log-rank p=0.10). Outcome for cryoballoon and radiofrequency ablation was comparable. Conclusion: Very late AF relapse post ablation appears to be common in the HCM patients, especially in those with persistent AF. LA size, LV apical aneurism, genotype and the APPLE score might contribute to identify subjects at higher risk of arrhythmia recurrence. Cryoballoon technique in the HCM population appears comparable to radiofrequency ablation. left atrial scarring: comparison between pulmonary vein antrum isolation pulmonary vein isolation combined scar
TGF (cid:1) 1 effects on functional activity of porcine thyroid cells cultured in suspension

Thyrotropin (TSH) and transforming growth factor (cid:1) 1 (TGF (cid:1) 1 ) have major roles in the regulation of folliculogenesis and di ﬀ erentiation in thyroid cells. Isolated porcine thyroid cells cultured in the presence of TSH on a plastic surface recover a follicular architecture and exhibit normal functional properties. The addition of TGF (cid:1) 1 to the culture medium induces important morphological changes and extracellular matrix remodelling. Similarly, thyroid cells lose their ability to organify iodine and their responsiveness to adenylate cyclase. The aim of this study was to analyse the inﬂuence of TGF (cid:1) 1 on the functional activity of thyrocytes in suspension culture, independent of follicle disruption. In this system, we demonstrate that TGF (cid:1) 1 inhibits expression of thyroperoxidase, NADPH oxidase activity, iodine uptake and, consequently, iodine organiﬁcation. Moreover, TGF (cid:1) 1 decreases basal and TSH-stimulated cAMP production and TSH receptor expression. Taken together, these data converge to demonstrate an essential role of TGF (cid:1) 1 in the regulation of the thyroid cell function.
Diffuse X-Ray Emission in the Cygnus OB2 Association

We present a large-scale study of diffuse X-ray emission in the nearby massive stellar association Cygnus OB2 as part of the Chandra Cygnus OB2 Legacy Program. We used 40 Chandra X-ray ACIS-I observations covering ∼1.0 deg2. After removing 7924 point sources detected in our survey and applying adaptive smoothing to the background-corrected X-ray emission, the adaptive smoothing reveals large-scale diffuse X-ray emission. Diffuse emission was detected in the subbands soft (0.5−1.2 keV) and medium (1.2−2.5 keV) and marginally in the hard (2.5−7.0 keV) band. From X-ray spectral analysis of stacked spectra we compute a total (0.5–7.0 keV) diffuse X-ray luminosity of LXdiff≈ 4.2 × 1034 erg s−1, characterized by plasma temperature components at kT ≈ 0.11, 0.40, and 1.18 keV, respectively. The H i absorption column density corresponding to these temperatures has a distribution consistent with N H = (0.43, 0.80, 1.39) × 1022 cm−2. The extended medium-band energy emission likely arises from O-type stellar winds thermalized by wind−wind collisions in the most populated regions of the association, while the soft-band emission probably arises from less energetic termination shocks against the surrounding interstellar medium. Supersoft and soft diffuse emission appears more widely dispersed and intense than the medium-band emission. The diffuse X-ray emission is generally spatially coincident with low-extinction regions that we attribute to the ubiquitous influence of powerful stellar winds from massive stars and their interaction with the local interstellar medium. Diffuse X-ray emission is volume filling, rather than edge brightened, oppositely to other star-forming regions. We reveal the first observational evidence of X-ray halos around some evolved massive stars.