Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ceratocystis fimbriata on kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) in Brazil

ABSTRACT Ceratocystis fimbriata causes wilt and death of plants in several important crops and native vegetation in Brazil. Ceratocystis wilt was recently found to be causing substantial mortality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis) in the Farroupilha region of Rio Grande do Sul. The aim of this study was to describe the symptomatology of the new disease and characterise isolates of C. fimbriata obtained from kiwifruit plants. Affected plants showed substantial discoloration of the woody xylem and wilt-type symptoms of the foliage, with eventual death of the whole plant. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA of 39 isolates from kiwifruit identified five haplotypes, which were placed in the Latin American clade of C. fimbriata. The ITS haplotypes were morphologically similar to isolates of C. fimbriata from other hosts in Brazil. Eight isolates of four ITS haplotypes varied somewhat in aggressiveness to three kiwifruit cultivars (Monty, Hayward and Elmwood), but all isolates were pathogenic and all three cultivars were susceptible.
Larval development and metamorphosis of Gyptis rosea (Hesionidae, Polychaeta)

Although hesionids succeed in the inner Oslofjord, their recruitment variability is not understood because the reproduction biology and the larval development are not known. G. rosea is an important component of the bottom fauna, and the morphology of a complete series of developmental stages from plankton and benthos is illustrated and described, supplemented by larvae reared in the laboratory. The development is planktotrophic. Because of taxonomic problems the adult stage is also briefly illustrated and described to define the diagnostic characteristics of the larvae and juveniles. The metamorphosis and the development of tentacular cirri and parapodia are presented in detail. The larval development of G. rosea is compared with those of other hesionids and pertinent literature is discussed. Finally, the characters that separate G. rosea larvae and juveniles from other corresponding stages of known hesionds, e.g. pigment colour and serrated notosetae, are presented.
On the delayed implantation in the lactating pregnant rat

ラットの子宮に局所的に卵巣ホルモンを作用させる新らしい方法を発見した。 これは子宮広靱帯に附着している脂肪組織内にホルモン油溶液を注入するもので,比較的自然に,子宮には全く傷害を与えずに局所的にホルモン作用ン作用を及ぼし得るものである。 この方法を用いてprogesteroneの着床惹起作用を哺乳期中の妊娠ラットで吟味したところ,20μg以上で殆んで全例局所的な着床を起し得た。 この作用の及ぼされる範囲は,progesterone投与部位に接した血管分枝の分布域内に限られ,用量を100μgまで上げても変らなかつた。 以上の結果から泌乳中には卵の着床を起すに足る量の黄体ホルモンが子宮に供給されていないと考えられる。
Frequencies of Salmonella enterica in growing pigs in Paraguay

The objective of this study was to (1) estímate frequencies of Salmonella entérica in growing pigs and (2) investígate farmers’ perception and practices towards pig farming in Central Department, Paraguay. Twelve out of 19 districts in the department were selected and 33 farms with growers in the selected districts were recruited. Questionnaire interviews for each study farm, in combination with faecal sampie collections (n = 30 per farm), which were microbiologically examined and visual inspection of pig production facilities were performed between March and November 2009. A questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information of a farm such as the number of pigs owned and some selected farming management practices. Faecal samples were used for Salmonella isolation, using buffered peptone water to have salmonellae pre-enriched, followed by xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar and brilliant green sulfapyridine agar. Suspect colonies were biochemically tested by triple sugar iron agar in combination with lysine iron agar to confirm the identity. The true frequency probability and associated 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI) were computed via the Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Cario technique. Overall, 18% (95% BCI: 8-31%) of the tested 1000 faecal samples were classified as positive for Salmonella entérica. All the study farms had at least one positive sampie for Salmonella entérica (frequency range: 3-60%). Apparent prevalence at farm-level was therefore 100% (one-sided 97.5% confidence limit: 89%). Twenty-eight different serovars for Salmonella entérica were found. Based on increase the number of study districts, farms as well as animáis in combination with improvement of sampling methods, possible spatial differences and risk factors/indicators should be clarified by further investigations.
Helminth Parasites of the Pelophylax esculentus Complex (Anura: Ranidae) in Hortobagy National Park (Hungary)

ABSTRACT: The Document, Assess, Monitoring, Act (DAMA) protocol details an approach to integrating information about parasites into large-scale studies of biodiversity, climate change, and emerging diseases. This study represents an effort to put the DAMA protocol into practice. We collected 101 individuals of protected ranid frogs belonging to the Pelophylax esculentus complex during 2012 and 2013 in the Hortobagy National Park (HNP) in eastern Hungary in an area where an inventory of amphibian helminths had been conducted 40 yr previously. Collecting sites included flowing water, a fish pond system, and a wetland marsh system. We found the following helminth species: Digeneans: Diplodiscus subclavatus, Haematoloechus variegatus, Opisthioglyphe ranae, Pleurogenes claviger, Pleurogenoides medians; Nematodes: Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Rhabdias esculentarum; and Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus ranae. Rhabdais esculentarum is a new species for the Hungarian fauna and P. ridibundus represents a new host reco.
Neighbors and Coworkers: The Importance of Residential Labor Market Networks

We specify and implement a test for the presence and importance of labor market networks based on residential proximity, in determining the establishments at which people work. Using matched employer-employee data at the establishment level, we measure the importance of these network effects for groups broken out by race, ethnicity, and measures of skill. The evidence indicates that these types of labor market networks do exist and play an important role in determining the establishments where workers work; that they are more important for minorities and the less skilled, especially among Hispanics; and that they appear to be race based.
Dieback of riparian alder caused by the Phytophthora alni complex: projected consequences for stream ecosystems

Alder trees (Alnus spp.) are key nitrogen-fixing riparian species in the northern hemisphere. Inputs of nitrogen-rich leaf litter from alder into stream food webs can contribute significantly to nitrogen dynamics at local and landscape scales. Alder trees also provide habitats for terrestrial and aquatic organisms, and help stabilize river banks. Recently, substantial declines in alder stands have occurred along streams in Europe, with damages observed in some parts of North America also. A major driver has been the invasive oomycete pathogen Phytophthora alni species complex, which can spread rapidly along stream networks. This review synthesises information on the pathogen, processes of spread and infection, and its impacts on alder. We further address the potential ecosystem-level and management consequences of the decline of alder, and highlight research needs. The alder dieback caused by P. alni is associated with reductions in shade and quality and quantity of leaf litter. A decline in the structural integrity of branches and roots further threatens bank stability. Stream banks dominated by other tree species or no trees at all will result in ecosystem-level changes both above and below the waterline. The P. alni taxonomic complex includes different species with varying phenotypes. An improved understanding of their environmental tolerances, virulence and evolution, along with the processes regulating the spread and impacts of the pathogen, would assist in identification of the riparian and stream systems most vulnerable not only to invasion but also to the heaviest disease outbreaks and ecosystem-level impacts. Within the P. alni complex, the highly pathogenic hybrid species P. x alni is favoured by mild winters and warm, but not excessively hot summer temperatures suggesting possible changes in distribution and level of impact under future global climate change.
Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Four Selected Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in swine are one of the major challenges in pig production in Nigeria. It causes substantial reproductive losses, poor reproductive performance and production in swine industry. Internal parasites are known to deteriorate the wellbeing of pigs by robbing the essential nutrients that are required for optimum reproduction and productivity. It also injured some vital organs which play key role in metabolic activities and assimilation process. The consequences are anorexia, poor growth rate, anaemia, emaciation, infertility and condemnation of affected organs after slaughter. The study was designed to collect two hundred feacal samples from 4 local government area (Laminga, Tammah, Nasarawa and Kusa) of Nasarawa state between (March to July 2015). Fifty samples were randomly collected from each local government areas within the study period. The samples collected were evaluated microscopically for different prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites GIT in pigs. Five species of gastrointestinal parasites were identified with prevalence of 13.5 % for Ascaris suum and strongyloides while Fasciola, trichuris suis cyst and Oesophagustomum oocyst had a prevalence of 7.5 % and 2.5 % respectively. A prevalence of 61.5 % was observed as overall species prevalence in the 200 fecal samples analysed. Therefore, there is a need for combined efforts to control parasites infections for optimum production of pigs and prevention of zoonotic helminthiasis.
Brown Tree Snake Response to Visual and Olfactory Cues

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), an exotic on Guam, is primarily an arboreal colubrid thought responsible for the decline and extinction of many species. Brown tree snakes on Guam currently are trapped, with live mice as lures, to minimize the likelihood of the snakes being transported elsewhere. It is desirable to end the use of live mice in traps, but the successful development of inanimate lures requires initial knowledge about snake foraging behavior. I tested whether visual or chemical cues most stimulate appetitive behavior in brown tree snakes, and I examined the effectiveness of artificial lures for capturing snakes. Using trials in both a laboratory and field setting, I determined that both visual and olfactory cues were important for trapping brown tree snakes. The effectiveness of live mice as a lure greatly diminished with the loss of either sensory cue, apparently because of synergy between combined cues. Development of simple artificial lures based on the cues provided by live mice is likely to be difficult. Lures based on cues associated with live mice may require complex odor and visual stimuli; however, odors from other sources may lure snakes without a visual stimulus.
The Reproductive Ability of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus dorsalis HENDEL and the Response of Adults to Methyl Eugenol

ミカンコミバエの成虫について,その強力な誘引剤として知られるメチルオイゲノールへの反応,およびそれに関連した産卵能力について調査した。 人工飼料を与え,飼育箱を用いた25°C定温下の調査において,最初の交尾は日齢10日目以降,産卵は12日目以降から認められた。 日齢14日目以降の卵のふ化率は85%以上に達した。 また,同条件下で,過半数の雄がメチルオイゲノールに誘引反応を起こすのは日齢9日目以降であることが推定された。 羽化後15日目まで十分交尾させた雌は,雄を除去しても,その後約4か月にわたって有効な産卵を行なうことがわかった。 雄が受精能力を持つためには雌と同様の栄養摂取が必要であり,誘引剤への反応と,受精能力の獲得時期についてのわずかなずれは,相対的に野外においても適用されると推定した。 羽化直後の個体群を,誘殺トラップを常設した飼育箱または屋外網室に放飼し,誘殺および自然死亡個体数を経時的に追跡した。 その結果,すべての供試虫が死亡するまでに少数の産卵が認められた。 さらに,それらの卵の一部は,幼虫のふ化によって受精卵であることが確かめられた。 このことは,誘殺または自然死亡に至る前に,有効な交尾を完了した雄が存在したことを意味する。 このような雄の存在は,今後,誘引剤利用による本種の防除に当たって,メチルオイゲノールへ反応しにくい個体群を選択して行くおそれのあることを指摘した。 上記の誘殺試験において,多数の雌が誘殺されるという,野外とは異なる現象が見出された。 原因については不明であったが,雌の誘引性の発現には,共存する雄との性比が関与している可能性は少ないことがわかった。
Gillnet selectivity for juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus)

Gillnet mesh selectivity parameters were estimated for juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) by using length data from an experimental fishery-independent gillnet survey in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Length data for 1720 blacktip sharks were collected over 17 years (1994–2010) with seven mesh sizes ranging from 7.6 to 20.3 cm. Four selectivity models, a normal model assuming fixed spread, a normal model assuming that spread is proportional to mesh size, a lognormal model, and a gamma model were fitted to the data by using the SELECT (share each length’s catch total) method. Each model was run twice under separate assumptions of 1) equal fishing intensity; and 2) fishing intensity proportional to mesh size. The normal, fixed-spread selectivity curve where fishing intensity is assumed to be proportional to mesh size provided the best fit to the data according to model deviance estimates and was chosen as the best model. Results indicate that juvenile blacktip sharks are susceptible as bycatch in some commercial gillnet fisheries.
Laboratory Screening and Cross-Resistance Analysis of Alternative Insecticides for Highly-Toxic Pesticides for Controlling Brown Planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

To screen alternative insecticides for highly-toxic pesticides,toxicities of more than twenty insecticides fallen in six groups to the 3rd instar nymphs of brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens populations collected from Nanning and Guilin Cities (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region),Changde City (Hunan Province) and Nanjing City (Jiangsu Province),China were investigated by the rice stem-dipping method in laboratory from 2005 to 2006. Results showed that buprofezin,fipronil,thiamethoxam,nitenpyram,chlopyrifos,isoprocarb,promecarb and carbosulfan could be adopted as potential alternative insecticides for the highly-toxic pesticides. After selection with imidacloprid for 23 generations,the population developed extremely-high level resistance to imidacloprid (1298.5-fold),with a LC50 value of 103.88 mg/L,being 6.5-fold of the value of the original reference strain before the selection (16.01 mg/L). The selected strain of N. lugens showed obvious cross-resistance to imidaclothiz,thiacloprid and acetamiprid,whereas not to dinotefuran,thiamethoxam and nitenpyram. Management strategy of insecticide resistance of the insect was also discussed.
The northern fur seal : biological relationships, ecological patterns and population management

Data collected from Pribilof far seals, Callorhinus ursinus, on land (1911-89) and at sea (1958-74) are analyzed to establish biological relationships and distinguish ecological patterns that are relevant to understanding and managing northern fur seal populations. The thesis follows the development of the fur seal from conception and birth through to sexual maturity and finally to a synthesis of the earlier material in terms of population regulation, management, and reasons for the decline of the Pribilof herd. Growth curves show that male fetuses grow faster and larger than female fetuses, and that fetal size is influenced by the age, size, and reproductive history of the mother. Juvenile and adult fur seals experience pronounced seasonal increases and decreases in body length and mass. Rapid gains in mass and growth occur during a brief 1-3 month period as the population migrates through the coastal waters of northern British Columbia and Alaska on its way to the Pribilof Islands. Body mass is gradually lost during the rest of the year while fasting on land and wintering along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The timing of migration and pupping is highly synchronized from year to year and may be related to the effect of climatic conditions on pup survival during the breeding season. Predictions from a thermal budget developed for pups and the results of a seasonal decomposition of weather patterns on the Pribilof Islands show that the synchronism of births in early July corresponds to the start of three months of conditions that are optimal for growth and survival of pups. Long term fluctuations are noted in
Beyond Fact-Checking

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were released in 2010 with an appendix that claimed to outline a research-based case for the standards. In this article, we examine the CCSS Appendix A as a case of research use in policy by analyzing the type of sources the document cites, the accuracy of its claim-citation relationships, and the frames its authors used in arguing for the standards. The 59 claims in Appendix A were supported by 112 citations to 97 unique sources. Reports and peer-reviewed articles were the most commonly cited sources, but about a third of claims made did not have a close relationship to the cited material. This analysis raises questions about the use of research evidence in influential policy documents, suggesting that critical consumers scrutinize the content of policy documents and their relationship to the research used to authorize their claims.
Experimental Investigation of Stability of Vegetable Oils Used as Dielectric Fluids for Electrical Discharge Machining

One main drawback of electrical discharge machining (EDM) is related to the dielectric fluid, since it impacts both the environment and operator health and safety. To resolve these issues, recent research has demonstrated the technical feasibility and qualitative performance of vegetable oils as substitutes for hydrocarbon-based dielectric and synthetic oils in EDM. However, due to the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, vegetable oils lose their stability, due to several factors such as heating or exposure to light or oxygen. The present study is a first attempt to analyze the extent to which the physic-chemical properties of vegetable oils change during EDM processing. Refractive index, dynamic viscosity and spectra analyses were conducted for sunflower and soybean oils. The results revealed that, under the applied processing conditions, no structural changes occurred. These findings are very promising from the perspective of EDM sustainability.
The Determinants of Board Structure at the Initial Public Offering*

This paper describes board size and composition and investigates the role of venture capital in a sample of 1,116 firms' initial public offerings. First, firms backed by venture capital have fewer insider and instrumental directors and more independent outsiders. Second, we consider board composition as the outcome of a bargain between the CEO and outside shareholders. Representation of independent outsiders on the board decreases with the power of the CEO—tenure and voting control—and increases with the power of outside investors—venture capital backing and venture firm reputation. Third, within the sample of firms financed by venture capital and also consistent with a bargaining model, the probability that a founder remains as CEO is decreasing in venture firm reputation. Finally, we examine the influence of venture capital backing and board structure on firm outcomes in the 10 years after the initial public offering.
Survival and philopatry of female dabbling ducks in southcentral Saskatchewan

Survival and emigration are important processes affecting population dynamics, but these parameters are poorly known for most species of prairie waterfowl. We used mark-resighting analyses to estimate local survival and resighting probabilities of nasal-marked female dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) on the St. Denis National Wildlife Area in southcentral Saskatchewan during 1982-93. Annual resighting probabilities averaged 0.65 (SE = 0.05) for mallards (A. platyrhynchos), 0.75 (SE = 0.09) for gadwalls (A. strepera), 0.44 (SE = 0.09) for northern shovelers (A. clypeata), 0.61 (SE = 0.10) for American wigeons (A. americana), and 0.20 (SE = 0.07) for blue-winged teal (A. discors). We believe that lower resighting probabilities for teal and shovelers resulted from temporary emigration from the study area. Annual adult survival probabilities averaged 0.56 (SE = 0.06) for mallards, 0.57 (SE = 0.05) for gadwalls, 0.51 (SE = 0.06) for shovelers, 0.64 (SE = 0.10) for wigeons, and 0.49 (SE = 0.13) for teal. For gadwalls and wigeons, local survival was negatively correlated with wetland conditions in year i+1. Juvenile survival averaged 0.55 (SE = 0.07) for mallards, 0.00 (SE = 0.17) for gadwalls, 0.32 (SE = 0.09) for shovelers, 0.57 (SE = 0.14) for wigeons, and 0.29 (SE = 0.13) for teal. Lower survival by juveniles relative to adults could reflect lower true survival, greater permanent emigration, or both. Survival estimates from our study were generally comparable to previous estimates based on band recoveries, but they were substantially higher than apparent return rates, demonstrating the inappropriateness of return rates as survival surrogates. We suggest that mark-resighting analysis may have wide use for estimating female survival rates in other species of waterfowl.
The Effects of Principal Leadership on Effective School Management

The quality of education in Indonesia needs to improve. In order to achieve quality education the leadership of the school principal and the school management matters. This study was conducted to examine the influence of the principal and the school leadership on effective school management. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a sample of 113 people. The study used the Likert model, as the principal's leadership instrument and effective school management instrument. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and simple linear regression analysis. The research findings show that the principal's leadership influenced effective school management.
Unlocking plant resources to support food security and promote sustainable agriculture

Tiziana Ulian1 | Mauricio Diazgranados1 | Samuel Pironon2 | Stefano Padulosi3 | Udayangani Liu1 | Lee Davies2 | Melanie-Jayne R. Howes2,4 | James S. Borrell2 | Ian Ondo2 | Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar2 | Suzanne Sharrock5 | Philippa Ryan2 | Danny Hunter3 | Mark A. Lee2 | Charles Barstow6 | Łukasz Łuczaj7 | Andrea Pieroni8,9 | Rodrigo Cámara-Leret10 | Arshiya Noorani11 | Chikelu Mba11 | Rémi Nono Womdim11 | Hafiz Muminjanov11 | Alexandre Antonelli2,12 | Hugh W. Pritchard1 | Efisio Mattana1
Effects of different probiotic bacteria on growth, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and their mix additives on growth performance, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature. Feeding trial was carried out for 60 days. The first group was fed with commercial feed plus fish oil. The second and third groups were given commercial feed plus Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 107 CFU g-1 fish oil, respectively. The fourth group was also fed with commercial feed plus 50% of both probiotic bacteria. After 60 days, there were no differences among the survival rates and body proximate composition of experimental groups. Results also showed that all additives (L. plantarum, B. subtilis and their mix) to diets had no significant effect on growth parameters of rainbow trout, although the fish fed the diet with L. plantarum had statistically better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other groups (p<0.05). However, the additives could improve the immunity and alter hematological parameters of the rainbow trout. In conclusion, it might be suggested that L. plantarum can be used as a beneficial dietary probiotic in rainbow trout reared under sublethal water temperature.