Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPTICAL/ULTRAVIOLET VARIABILITY OF NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 AND BROAD-LINE SEYFERT 1 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

The ensemble optical/ultraviolet (UV) variability of narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1)-type active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is investigated, based on a sample selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 region with multi-epoch photometric scanning data. As a comparison, a control sample of broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLS1)-type AGNs is also incorporated. To quantify properly the intrinsic variation amplitudes and their uncertainties, a novel method of parametric maximum likelihood is introduced that has, as we argued, certain virtues over previously used methods. The majority of NLS1-type AGNs exhibit significant variability on timescales from about 10 days to a few years with, however, smaller amplitudes on average compared to BLS1-type AGNs. About 20 NLS1-type AGNs that show relatively large variations are presented and may deserve future monitoring observations, for instance, reverberation mapping. The averaged structure functions of variability, constructed using the same maximum likelihood method, show remarkable similarity in shape for the two types of AGNs on timescales longer than about 10 days, which can be approximated by a power law or an exponential function. This, along with other similar properties, such as the wavelength-dependent variability, is indicative of a common dominant mechanism responsible for the long-term optical/UV variability of both NLS1- and BLS1-type AGNs. Toward the short timescales, however, there is tentative evidence that the structure function of NLS1-type AGNs continues to decline, whereas that of BLS1-type AGNs flattens with some residual variability on timescales of days. If this can be confirmed, it may suggest that an alternative mechanism, such as X-ray reprocessing, starts to dominate in BLS1-type AGNs, but not in NLS1-type AGNs, on such timescales.
A nonhomogeneous boundary value problem for the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation in a quarter plane

We study the initial boundary value problem for the one‐dimensional Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation posed in a half line R+ with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. Through the analysis of the boundary integral operator, and applying the known results of the Cauchy problem of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation posed on the whole line R , the initial boundary value problem of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation is shown to be globally well‐posed in Sobolev space Hs(R+) for any s>−2. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE ASYMMETRY OF SUNSPOT CYCLES AND WALDMEIER RELATIONS AS A RESULT OF NONLINEAR SURFACE-SHEAR SHAPED DYNAMO

The paper presents a study of a solar dynamo model operating in the bulk of the convection zone with the toroidal magnetic field flux concentrated in the subsurface rotational shear layer. We explore how this type of dynamo may depend on spatial variations of turbulent parameters and on the differential rotation near the surface. The mean-field dynamo model takes into account the evolution of magnetic helicity and describes its nonlinear feedback on the generation of large-scale magnetic field by the α-effect. We compare the magnetic cycle characteristics predicted by the model, including the cycle asymmetry (associated with the growth and decay times) and the duration–amplitude relation (Waldmeier's effects), with the observed sunspot cycle properties. We show that the model qualitatively reproduces the basic properties of the solar cycles.
Toy models for galaxy formation versus simulations

We describe simple useful toy models for key processes of galaxy formation in its most active phase, at z > 1, and test the approximate expressions against the typical behaviour in a suite of high-resolution hydro-cosmological simulations of massive galaxies at z = 4-1. We address in particular the evolution of (a) the total mass inflow rate from the cosmic web into galactic haloes based on the EPS approximation, (b) the penetration of baryonic streams into the inner galaxy, (c) the disc size, (d) the implied steady-state gas content and star-formation rate (SFR) in the galaxy subject to mass conservation and a universal star-formation law, (e) the inflow rate within the disc to a central bulge and black hole as derived using energy conservation and self-regulated Q ~ 1 violent disc instability (VDI), and (f) the implied steady state in the disc and bulge. The toy models provide useful approximations for the behaviour of the simulated galaxies. We find that (a) the inflow rate is proportional to mass and to (1+z)^5/2, (b) the penetration to the inner halo is ~50% at z = 4-2, (c) the disc radius is ~5% of the virial radius, (d) the galaxies reach a steady state with the SFR following the accretion rate into the galaxy, (e) there is an intense gas inflow through the disc, comparable to the SFR, following the predictions of VDI, and (f) the galaxies approach a steady state with the bulge mass comparable to the disc mass, where the draining of gas by SFR, outflows and disc inflows is replenished by fresh accretion. Given the agreement with simulations, these toy models are useful for understanding the complex phenomena in simple terms and for back-of-the-envelope predictions.
Anisotropic models for globular clusters, Galactic bulges, and dark halos

Spherical systems with polytropic equations of state are of great interest in astrophysics. They are widely used to describe neutron stars, red giants, white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, main sequence stars, galactic halos, and globular clusters of diverse sizes. In this paper we construct analytically a family of self-gravitating spherical models in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity. These models present interesting cusps in their density profiles which are appropriate for the modeling of galaxies and dark matter halos. The systems described here are anisotropic in the sense that their equiprobability surfaces in velocity space are nonspherical, leading to an overabundance of radial or circular orbits, depending on the parameters of the model under consideration. Among the family of models, we find the post-Newtonian generalization of the Plummer and Hernquist models. A close inspection of their equation of state reveals that these solutions interpolate smoothly between a polytropic sphere in the asymptotic region and an inner core that resembles an isothermal sphere. Finally, we study the thermodynamics of these models and argue for their stability.
A Note on Abelian Categories of Cofinite Modules

Abstract Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring and I be an ideal of R. In this article, we answer affirmatively a question raised by the present author. Also, as a consequence, it is shown that the category of all I-cofinite R-modules is an Abelian subcategory of the category of all R-modules, whenever These assertions also answer affirmatively a question raised by R. Hartshorne, in some special cases.
Review of high energy diffraction in real and virtual photon–proton scattering at HERA

The electron–proton collider HERA at DESY opened the door for the study of diffraction in real and virtual photon–proton scattering at centre-of-mass energies W up to 250 GeV and for large negative mass squared −Q2 of the virtual photon up to Q2 = 1600 GeV2. At W = 220 GeV and Q2 = 4 GeV2, diffraction accounts for about 15% of the total virtual photon–proton cross section, decreasing to ≈5% at Q2 = 200 GeV2. An overview of the results obtained by the experiments H1 and ZEUS on the production of neutral vector mesons and on inclusive diffraction up to the year 2008 is presented.
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand

IZA DP No. 15690 NOVEMBER 2022 Microentrepreneurs’ Gender Difference in Labor Demand This paper empirically examines firm owners’ gender difference in labor demand. We estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of female ownership on employment of the firm using the 2007 Survey of Business Owners (SBO) Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS), provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Because female microentrepreneurs potentially demand more labor so as to allocate time for household production, we hypothesize a condition under which female microentrepreneurs employ more, and that is, if they are free from financial constraints. We show first that the estimation of the ATE for female ownership can have a downward selection bias that may yield negative ATE estimates, and this downward selection bias comes from male owners being less financially constrained than female owners. We then perform the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimation using two sets of instrumental variables (IVs), which are indicator variables for i) inheritance; and ii) loans from bank or family/friend. The estimation results present that the female owner effect on labor demand as local average treatment effect (LATE) is identified and consistently estimated by using the IVs. From the main model estimation, we find a positive and statistically significant female owner effect that female owners hire more employees than male owners by about 25.8%. JEL Classification: G31, J16, J22, J23, L26, M13
SGAS 143845.1+145407: A BIG, COOL STARBURST AT REDSHIFT 0.816

We present the discovery and detailed multi-wavelength study of a strongly lensed luminous infrared galaxy at z = 0.816. Unlike most known lensed galaxies discovered at optical or near-infrared wavelengths, this lensed source is red, (r − Ks)AB = 3.9, which the data presented here demonstrate is due to ongoing dusty star formation. The overall lensing magnification (a factor of 17) facilitates observations from the blue optical through to 500 μm, fully capturing both the stellar photospheric emission and the re-processed thermal dust emission. We also present optical and near-IR spectroscopy. These extensive data show that this lensed galaxy is in many ways typical of IR-detected sources at z ∼ 1, with both a total luminosity and size in accordance with other (albeit much less detailed) measurements for samples of galaxies observed in deep fields with the Spitzer telescope. Its far-infrared spectral energy distribution is well fit by local templates that are an order of magnitude less luminous than the lensed galaxy; local templates of comparable luminosity are too hot to fit. Its size (D ∼ 7 kpc) is much larger than local luminous infrared galaxies, but in line with sizes observed for such galaxies at z ∼ 1. The star formation appears uniform across this spatial scale. In this source, the luminosity of which is typical of sources that dominate the cosmic infrared background, we find that star formation is spatially extended and well organized, quite unlike the compact merger-driven starbursts that are typical for sources of this luminosity at z ∼ 0.
LIPSCHITZ, HOLDER CLASS, AND SMOOTH FUNCTIONS

We present some improvements of known theorems and examples concerning intersections of continuous or Lipschitz functions with smooth functions or intersections of smooth functions or Holder class functions with smoother functions. We are particularly concerned with our ability to force the projection of the intersection to be uncountable within a given set M which is either large in measure or in category (or both).
Are Satisfied Customers Willing to Pay More for Extra Services?: Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk on 5G Technology Acceptance

5G service refers to the mobile services build on the 5th generation telecommunication technology. It enhances end users’ experiences of the mobile internet surfing significantly. The high bandwidth of 5G technologies offers vendors opportunities to provide more value-added services to their customers and therefore improve the revenue. However, the competition in this market is intensive. In order to survive and finally get some payback, the vendors need to analysis the acceptance of 5G services from their consumers’ perspective. In this paper, we use the extended TAM model to investigate the 5G service acceptance in China. We conducted a survey to testify our model and got the results to support our argument. Our study has both theoretical contribution to the people who would like to do research in this area and practical contribution to managers who would like to provide 5G services to their customers.
Predicting Online Learning Adoption: The Role of Compatibility, Self-Efficacy, Knowledge Sharing, and Knowledge Acquisition

Online learning is becoming ubiquitous worldwide because of its accessibility anytime and from anywhere. However, it cannot be successfully implemented without understanding constructs that may affect its adoption. Unlike previous literature, this research extends the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology with three well-known theories, namely compatibility, online self-efficacy, and knowledge sharing and acquisition to examine online learning adoption. A total of 264 higher education students took part in this research. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling was used to evaluate the proposed theoretical model. The findings suggested that performance expectancy and compatibility were significant predictors of behavioral intention, whereas behavioral intention, facilitating conditions, and compatibility had a significant and direct effect on online learning’s actual use. The results also showed that knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, and online self-efficacy were determinates of performance expectancy. Finally, online self-efficacy was a predictor of effort expectancy. The proposed model achieved a high fit and explained 47.7%, 75.1%, 76.1%, and 71.8% of the variance of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, behavioral intention, and online learning actual use, respectively. This study has many theoretical and practical implications that have been discussed for further research.
Magnetic Fields in Stars: Origin and Impact

Abstract Various types of magnetic fields occur in stars: small scale fields, large scale fields, and internal toroidal fields. While the latter may be ubiquitous in stars due to differential rotation, small scale fields (spots) may be associated with envelop convection in all low and high mass stars. The stable large scale fields found in only about 10% of intermediate mass and massive stars may be understood as a consequence of dynamical binary interaction, e.g., the merging of two stars in a binary. We relate these ideas to magnetic fields in white dwarfs and neutron stars, and to their role in core-collapse and thermonuclear supernova explosions.
Economic policy uncertainty and corporate digital transformation: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Digital transformation refers to the process of utilizing digital technology to develop new or enhance current business processes, organizational culture, and customer experiences to satisfy changing business and market requirements. Taking all non-financial Chinese A-share firms from 2010 to 2018 as the research sample, we investigate the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on corporate digital transformation. Evidence shows that EPU has a significantly positive impact on corporate digital transformation. This result still holds after a series of robustness tests, such as employing alternative measures of key variables, controlling for various fixed effects, including possibly omitted variables and adopting estimation of instrumental variables in the 2SLS approach. In addition, market competition provides the primary channel through which EPU influences corporate digital transformation. Finally, the above EPU effect is more pronounced in firms with small size, non-SOEs, and firms with weak corporate governance. Overall, our results provide a novel explanation for the behaviour of corporate digital transformation in the emerging capital markets.
The XMM–Newton view of supergiant fast X-ray transients: the case of IGR J16418−4532

We report on a 40 ks long, uninterrupted X-ray observation of the candidate supergiant fast X-ray transient (SFXT) IGR J16418−4532 performed with XMM–Newton on 2011 February 23. This high-mass X-ray binary lies in the direction of the Norma arm, at an estimated distance of 13 kpc. During the observation, the source showed strong variability exceeding two orders of magnitudes, never observed before from this source. Its X-ray flux varied in the range from ∼0.1 to 15 counts s−1, with several bright flares of different durations (from a few hundred to a few thousand seconds) and sometimes with a quasi-periodic behaviour. This finding supports the previous suggestion that IGR J16418−4532 is a member of the SFXT class. In our new observation we measured a pulse period of 1212 ± 6 s, thus confirming that this binary contains a slowly rotating neutron star. During the periods of low luminosity the source spectrum is softer and more absorbed than during the flares. A soft excess is present below 2 keV in the cumulative flare spectrum, possibly due to ionized wind material at a distance similar to the neutron star accretion radius. The kind of X-ray variability displayed by IGR J16418−4532, its dynamic range and time-scale, together with the sporadic presence of quasi-periodic flaring, are all suggestive of a transitional accretion regime between pure wind accretion and full Roche lobe overflow. We discuss here for the first time this hypothesis to explain the behaviour of IGR J16418−4532 and, possibly, of other SFXTs with short orbital periods.
Opinion Leaders and Health Information: A Systematic Literature Review in Indonesia

The outbreak of the pandemic covid-19 massively shocked the entire world, including Indonesia. Since its first findings of infected people, there has been a tremendous amount of information exposure related to health information and how to prevent the spread of this deadly virus. These exposures are overwhelming, and many hoaxes have also emerged. The people are in doubt about all this information and rely on opinion leaders to validate this information. Opinion leaders are individuals who take the lead in influencing other people's opinions. Opinion leaders are crucial in Lazardfled's 'two-step flows' theory in 1944, which emphasizes that mass media has no direct influence on the general public. Instead, ideas often flow from radio and print media to opinion leaders and of them to the less active part of the population. This article used a systematic review research method for analyzing research articles that have been published before. The article focuses on research results and their implications because it aims to map findings and draw conclusions regarding opinion leaders in Indonesia during the pandemic. The search was conducted on Google Scholar by limiting the search results to articles published in the 2020-2019 time frame, where 41 articles were analyzed. Results found from the research that articles underlined the significant roles and strategies of opinion leaders in this pandemic era. Various opinion leaders pointed out in most articles included religious leaders, community leaders, traditional leaders, social media influencers, and politicians. These opinion leaders are actively involved in preventing the spread of Covid- 19 as educators, motivators, influencers (persuasion), and role models. They generally convey two categories of messages: educational messages related to Covid-19 and non-educational ones such as motivational ones.
Compaction Prediction for Asphalt Mixtures Using Wireless Sensor and Machine Learning Algorithms

Compaction is a critical step in asphalt roadway construction to determine the pavement’s quality and service life. Current field compactions are mainly based on test strips and engineers’ experiences. Such empirical-based approaches sometimes cause compaction problems especially when new materials are implemented. Intelligent compaction (IC) technology was invented to improve compaction quality. The real-time collection and visualization of the pavement responses and temperature can greatly improve compaction uniformity. However, the material viscoelastic property and the complex pavement structure still hinder the establishment of the correlation between the Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV) and the compactability of asphalt pavement. This paper aims to establish compaction prediction models based on machine learning (ML) algorithms and sensing technology. Given the strong correlation between the mixture’s compactability and the particle compaction characteristics, a particle-size wireless sensor, SmartRock, was used to collect the particle kinematic behaviors during compaction. 11 asphalt mixtures were compacted with an embedded SmartRock sensor. Three ML models and three dataset scenarios were applied to predict the compaction condition, and a higher than 98% prediction accuracy was achieved. The results revealed that combining the ML approach and sensing data is appropriate and practical for predicting the compaction condition of the asphalt mixture. Future studies shall further evaluate the algorithm based on field compaction data so that intelligent sensing technology can be implemented to improve compaction quality.
Finite-Dimensional Lie Algebras and Their Representations for Unified Model Building

We give information about finite-dimensional Lie algebras and their representations for model building in 4 and 5 dimensions; e.g., conjugacy classes, types of representations, Weyl dimensional formulas, Dynkin indices, quadratic Casimir invariants, anomaly coefficients, projection matrices, and branching rules of Lie algebras and their subalgebras up to rank-15 and $D_{16}$. We show what kind of Lie algebras can be applied for grand unified theories in 4 and 5 dimensions.
High-frequency excess in the radio continuum spectrum of the type-1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 985

The Seyfert galaxy NGC 985 is known to show a high-frequency excess in its radio continuum spectrum in a milli-Jansky level on the basis of previous observations at 1.4--15 GHz; a steep spectrum at low frequencies (a spectral index of $\alpha=-1.10 \pm 0.03$) changes at ~10 GHz into an inverted spectrum at higher frequencies ($\alpha=+0.86 \pm 0.09$). We conduct new observations at 15--43 GHz using the Very Large Array and at 100 GHz using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. As a result, the high-frequency excess continuing at even higher radio frequencies up to 43 GHz has been confirmed. The non-detection at 100 GHz was not so strong constraint, and therefore the spectral behavior above 43 GHz remains unclear. The astrometric position of the high-frequency excess component coincides with the optical position of the Seyfert nucleus and the low-frequency radio position to an accuracy of 0.1 arcsec, corresponding to ~80 pc; the radio source size is constrained to be <0.02 arcsec, corresponding to <16 pc. We discuss the physical origin of the observed high-frequency excess component. Dust emission at the Rayleigh-Jeans regime, free--free emission from X-ray radiating high-temperature plasma, free--free emission from the ensemble of broad-line region clouds, or thermal synchrotron from hot accretion flow cannot be responsible for the observed radio flux. Compact jets under synchrotron self-absorption may be unlikely in terms of observed time scales. Alternatively, we cannot rule out the hypotheses of synchrotron jets free--free absorbed by a circumnuclear photo-ionized region, and self-absorbed nonthermal synchrotron from disk corona, as the origin of the high-frequency excess component.
Swift Observations of SAX J1808.4–3658: Monitoring the Return to Quiescence

The transient accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 has shown several outbursts to date but the transition from outburst to quiescence has never been investigated in detail. Thanks to the Swift observing flexibility, we monitored for the first time the decay to quiescence during the 2005 outburst. At variance with other transients, wide luminosity variations are observed. In addition, close to quiescence, SAX J1808.4–3658 seems to switch between two different states. We interpret them in terms of the accretion states accessible to a magnetized, fast-rotating neutron star.