Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compositional symmetries in complete genomes

The availability of an increasing number of full genome sequences and high-performance computing provides the basis for analyzing global properties of the genomic text. Methods designed to study linguistic properties of nucleotide sequences have been extensively developed. However, the rules of genome construction remain to be discovered. Chargaff experimentally determined A = T and G = C equimolar frequencies when analyzing both DNA strands together (Lin and Chargaff, 1966). More surprisingly, these equalities are still observed within each strand (Chargaff, 1979; Sueoka, 1999). Are there also intrastrand compositional symmetries in dinucleotides and in higher order oligonucleotides? This paper analyzes the compositional correlations in the complete genomes and
The role of outflow geometry in the formation of the recirculating bulge region in coastal buoyant outflows

Density-driven coastal currents are a common feature in the world's coastal oceans. These currents may separate from the coastline due to variations in geometry. Past studies have shown that this separation may produce two distinctly different flow states: a continuation of the coastal current, or a recirculating gyre downshelf of, and attached to, the separation point. Laboratory experiments of coastal buoyant outflows (rotationally dominated, buoyancy driven) were undertaken to examine the role of bay geometry on the evolution of the outflow. Experiments were conducted on a rotating turntable in relatively deep water (such that the buoyant layer depth was much less than the total ocean depth). The geometry of the bay-exit was varied, both in exit angle (θ) and in radius of curvature (r c ). The width of the bay was varied such that the bay exit Kelvin number (a ratio between the width of the bay exit and the internal Rossby deformation radius) was order 1 for all experiments. A recirculating bulge (a large, anticyclonic gyre joining the coastal current to the buoyant source) was occasionally observed to form. Results are compared to the Bormans and Garrett (1989) hypothesis: this hypothesis is found to explain a portion of the results only. Geometrical arguments are presented that build upon the Bormans and Garrett hypothesis that parameterizes the magnitude of the flow separation between the buoyant fluid and the exit. A separation ratio, Γ, is defined as a ratio between the inertial turning radius of the flow and the maximum offshore distance between the separated flow and the coast. A recirculating bulge was observed to form for flows with values of Γ > 0.5. The separation ratio, r, is shown to be equivalent to the impact angle, Φ, of the buoyant fluid re-encountering the wall. The impact angle governs the upshelf and downshelf volume flux of the impacting fluid: recirculating bulge formation is found to occur when at least 50% of the source volume flux returns to the source region. This is equivalent to an impact angle greater than or equal to 60-degrees.
Toward a General Direct Product Testing Theorem

The direct product encoding of a string a∈ { 0,1}n on an underlying domain V⊆ (k[n]) is a function DPV(a) that gets as input a set S∈ V and outputs a restricted to S. In the direct product testing problem, we are given a function F:V→ { 0,1}k, and our goal is to test whether F is close to a direct product encoding—that is, whether there exists some a∈ { 0,1}n such that on most sets S, we have F(S)=DPV(a)(S). A natural test is as follows: select a pair (S,S′)∈ V according to some underlying distribution over V× V, query F on this pair, and check for consistency on their intersection. Note that the preceding distribution may be viewed as a weighted graph over the vertex set V and is referred to as a test graph. The testability of direct products was studied over various domains and test graphs: Dinur and Steurer (CCC’14) analyzed it when V equals the k-th slice of the Boolean hypercube and the test graph is a member of the Johnson graph family. Dinur and Kaufman (FOCS’17) analyzed it for the case where V is the set of faces of a Ramanujan complex, where in this case ∣V∣=Ok(n). In this article, we study the testability of direct products in a general setting, addressing the question: what properties of the domain and the test graph allow one to prove a direct product testing theorem? Towards this goal, we introduce the notion of coordinate expansion of a test graph. Roughly speaking, a test graph is a coordinate expander if it has global and local expansion, and has certain nice intersection properties on sampling. We show that whenever the test graph has coordinate expansion, it admits a direct product testing theorem. Additionally, for every k and n, we provide a direct product domain V⊆ (kn) of size n, called the sliding window domain, for which we prove direct product testability.
Tracing the history of highland human management in the eastern Pre-Pyrenees: an interdisciplinary palaeoenvironmental study at the Pradell fen, Spain

Although high mountain areas have traditionally been viewed as predominantly grazing areas, with low population and a high degree of land-use stasis, recent research suggest that land-use complexity and change over time has been underestimated. This interdisciplinary palaeoenvironmental analysis has been carried out on the Pradell calcareous fen, located in the eastern Pre-Pyrenees (Spain) at 1975 m a.s. l. , and it comprises different environmental indicators: pollen, stomata, non-pollen palynomorphs, macrocharcoal particles, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology and geochemistry. The results of this high temporal resolution study are integrated with archaeological data, and together provide strong evidence for the complexity of the high-mountain land-use system over the last 1500 years. Archaeological fieldwork has shown the rise of highland mining activities during the Roman period. Later, frequent fires resulted from the farming and settlement that followed the Christian conquest. Geochemical analysis of sediment cores records late-Mediaeval metal production, while the expansion of feudal cropping and the advent of several Mediaeval crises are clearly recorded in both the pollen and the historical data. Finally, the rise of a mixed economy system based on transhumance, farming, metallurgy and woodland exploitation was established during Modern and Contemporary times. The high correlation between the palaeoenvironmental, archaeological and historical data at the Pradell fen stresses the value of calcareous fens for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of historical landscapes. Results obtained also depict high mountain landscapes as the result of the long-term interaction of many human practices, including mining and smelting, grazing, cropping and tree exploitation for the production of wood, charcoal and resin.
Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 level on the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of cereals.

Abstract Effect of elevated CO2 level (EC) was studied on the tolerance of cereals to elevated temperature and drought and on the resistance of wheat to fungal diseases. In general, elevated growth temperature did not affect final grain size, thus having less harmful effects than heat stress or drought during grain-filling. The plants subjected to low water supply levels or elevated temperature had higher biomass and grain yield at EC than at the ambient level. Susceptible wheat varieties were, however, usually more prone to diseases when grown at EC, while resistant varieties remained resistant even at EC.
ZeroFlow: Fast Zero Label Scene Flow via Distillation

Scene ﬂow estimation is the task of describing the 3D motion ﬁeld between tem-porally successive point clouds. State-of-the-art methods use strong priors and test-time optimization techniques, but require on the order of tens of seconds for large-scale point clouds, making them unusable as computer vision primitives for real-time applications such as open world object detection. Feed forward methods are considerably faster, running on the order of tens to hundreds of milliseconds for large-scale point clouds, but require expensive human supervision. To address both limitations, we propose Scene Flow via Distillation , a simple distillation framework that uses a label-free optimization method to produce pseudo-labels to supervise a feed forward model. Our instantiation of this framework, ZeroFlow , produces scene ﬂow estimates in real-time on large-scale point clouds at quality competitive with state-of-the-art methods while using zero human labels. Notably, at test-time ZeroFlow is over 1000 × faster than label-free state-of-the-art optimization-based methods on large-scale point clouds and over 1000 × cheaper to train on unlabeled data compared to the cost of human annotation of that data. To facilitate research reuse, we release our code, trained model weights, and high quality pseudo-labels for the Argoverse 2 and Waymo Open datasets.
Preserving In-Context Learning ability in Large Language Model Fine-tuning

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) are strong in-context learners that are able to perform few-shot learning without changing model parameters. However, as we show, ﬁne-tuning an LLM on any speciﬁc task generally destroys its in-context ability. We discover an important cause of this loss, format specialization, where the model overﬁts to the format of the ﬁne-tuned task and is unable to output anything beyond this format. We further show that format specialization happens at the beginning of ﬁne-tuning. To solve this problem, we propose Prompt Tuning with MOdel Tuning (ProMoT), a simple yet effective two-stage ﬁne-tuning framework that preserves in-context abilities of the pretrained model. ProMoT ﬁrst trains a soft prompt for the ﬁne-tuning target task, and then ﬁne-tunes the model itself with this soft prompt attached. ProMoT ofﬂoads task-speciﬁc formats into the soft prompt that can be removed when doing other in-context tasks. We ﬁne-tune mT5 XXL with ProMoT on natural language inference (NLI) and English-French translation and evaluate the in-context abilities of the resulting models on 8 different NLP tasks. ProMoT achieves similar performance on the ﬁne-tuned tasks compared with vanilla ﬁne-tuning, but with much less reduction of in-context learning performances across the board. More importantly, ProMoT shows remarkable generalization ability on tasks that have different formats, e.g
Maker Math: Exploring Mathematics through Digitally Fabricated Tools with K–12 In-Service Teachers

This paper reports on nine elementary, middle, and high school in-service teachers who participated in a series of workshops aimed at exploring the wonder, joy, and beauty of mathematics through the creation and application of digitally fabricated tools (i.e., laser-cut and 3D printed). Using the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework to investigate technological, pedagogical, contextual, and content knowledge, researchers applied qualitative methods to uncover the affordances and constraints of teaching and learning math concepts with digitally fabricated tools and examined how the workshops supported broadening participation in mathematics by focusing on the connections between mathematical inquiry, nature, and the arts. Affordances include opportunities for hands-on learning, visual support at the secondary level, and real-world connections that go beyond the state standards. Barriers include purchasing a laser-cutter, ventilation and noise issues, time constraints, misalignment with school and district priorities, and a lack of administrative support. All participants indicated that they were interested in additional workshops focused on designing their own digitally fabricated mathematics tools that better align with their grade level(s) and standards.
Intrinsic and scattering attenuation from observed seismic codas in the Almeria Basin (southeastern Iberian Peninsula)

SUMMARY The anelastic attenuation in the Almeria Basin (southeastern Iberian Peninsula) is investigated by using seismic data collected during the summer of 1991. A multiple-lapse time-window analysis is applied to high-frequency seismograms corresponding to 20 shallow seismic events with low magnitudes (m 12.5) and distances less than 71 km, recorded at six short-period seismographic stations. We have constructed corrected geometrical spreading and normalized energy-distance curves for the region over the frequency bands 1-2,2-4,4-8,8-14 and 14-20 Hz. A theoretical model for body-wave energy propagation in a randomly heterogeneous medium has been employed to interpret the observations. Two parameters describe the medium in this model: the scattering attenuation coefficient qs = kQ3 ' and the intrinsic attenuation coefficient yI = kQ, ', where k is the wavenumber and Qr1 and Q, are the intrinsic and scattering attenuation respectively. This model assumes that scattering is isotropic, including all orders of multiple scattering, and predicting the spatial and temporal energy distribution of seismic energy. A least-squares fitting procedure has been used to find the best estimates of the model parameters. The analysis of the spectral amplitude decay of coda waves has provided coda Q,' values at the same frequency bands. The results obtained show that Q, ', Q2 ' and Q, ' decrease with increasing frequency; for frequencies lower than 3 Hz scattering attenuation is stronger than intrinsic absorption and coda Q,' takes values between intrinsic and total attenuation, being very close to Qy'. Q;' is more frequency-dependent than Q, ; for frequencies greater than 3 Hz intrinsic absorption is the dominant attenuation effect and Q, and Q3 have significant frequency dependence. In order to correlate the results obtained with the major geological and tectonic features of the region, a geotectonic framework for the area is provided and the predominant frequency decay in coda waves is analysed in order to obtain the coda Q frequency dependence following a power law Qc = Qo( f/fo)", where fo is a reference frequency. In this way we have obtained regionalized values of coda Q at 1 Hz (Qo). Finally, a first-order approach has allowed us to obtain intrinsic and scattering quality factors from the obtained QO and v values, leading us to obtain tentative distributions of Q,, Qs and QO at 1 Hz for the area. The derived intrinsic and scattering quality-factor distributions are in good agreement with the tectonic history and the main geological features of the region. Large scattering and intrinsic attenuation (Qs N 80, QI - 100) are found in the sedimentary Neogene and Quaternary basin, while scattering is the dominant effect in the old Palaeozoic rocks of the mountains (Qs - 200, QI - 1000). Intrinsic Q shows a higher sensitivity to the geological characteristics than scattering Q.
A case of transport and deposition of Saharan dust over the Italian Peninsula and southern Europe

A severe case of Saharan dust transport and deposition with rain over Italy and southern Europe has been investigated by combining all available data including meteorological information, analyses of air sampling filters and sampled dust with rain, and satellite information on cloud cover. This typical straight transport case is characterized by a trough oriented south-north, a cold front on the mobilization area, and a warm advection from the south. Meteorological analysis included relative topography, maps of pseudo-potential temperatures, and barotopographies of ϑp = 45°C. The conditions of dust mobilization have been investigated and strong updrafts and thermals, with and without concomitant convective clouds, proved to be responsible for it. The size distribution of particles in rainfall residue has shown two modes, with diameters around 0.2 and 1 μm. X ray diffractometric analysis and SEM pictures have shown that the two modes are also different in composition, the smaller particles being composed of clay platelets and the larger of quartz grains. The mass concentration of the dust layer has been evaluated in 154 μg/m3. Wet removal through in-cloud scavenging processes was the effective mechanism of deposition of the dust, as muddy rain has been observed at the ground long before the dust was observed in air sampling filters at mountain stations.
Setup and validation of a new multi-angle and multi-spectrum kernel-driven model

The linear kernel-driven model combines the advantage of empirical models and physical models. With the simple form which is convenience for inversion, it is widely used in bidirectional reflectance and land surface albedo research. At present, the kernels are expressed as function of incident and viewing geometry, not related to wavelength. With the support of spectrum database, we make use of the a priori knowledge of the soil and leaf spectrum to derive the new kernel function by rewriting the LiSparse kernel and the RossThick. After adding wavelength into kernels as driven variable, the weights of kernel or we call it kernel coefficients are independent from wavelength. The weight of kernels or describes the relationship between the pixel and sub pixel and can be used to built forward model to caculate short wave albedo. We retrieved kernel weights with the measured BRDF of winter wheat canopy. Results show that the weights of the kernels are solely related with the canopy structure, and the inversion results with multi-band data are much more stable than that with single band data when numbers of angular samples are limited.
Development of learning media for cadres for health promotion of maternal mothers in health centers ratu agung bengkulu city in 2017

The implementasi of healy program s in Indonesia is one of the six basic healt programs in in the Puskesmas. Based on some research results indicate that the activities have not been active and enthusiastic. from pregnant women to take classes for pregnant women is still low. Based on the explanation above, the researcher intends to create a new media to guide pregnant women assistance that can be used by cadres who can provide information to pregnant women to improve the quality of health of pregnant women, so it is expected to reduce maternal and infant mortality. This study uses the pre-research method, so the researcher divides this research into three stages: stage I captures information from health workers and the community about the desired media by discussing the focus group method. Stage II makes the press desired by the community in the form of a card called the Sri sriati score card abbreviated as KS3 and stage III tests the media in the community with the post-test only design. The results of the study formed a scorecard for pregnant women consisting of five variable which can be used by cadres to inform pregnant women about their pregnancy.
Variance Risk Premia in Energy Commodities

This article investigates variance risk premia in energy commodities, particularly crude oil and natural gas, using a robust model-independent approach. Over a period of 11 years, we find that the average variance risk premia are significantly negative for both energy commodities. However, it is difficult to explain the level and variation in energy variance risk premia with systematic or commodity-specific factors. The return profile of a natural gas variance swap resembles that of a call option, while the return profile of a crude oil variance swap, if anything, resembles the return profile of a put option. The annualized Sharpe ratios from shorting energy variance are sizable; although not nearly as high as the annualized Sharpe ratio of shorting S&P 500 Index variance, they are comparable to those of shorting interest rate volatility or variance on individual stocks.
Ability, Parental Valuation of Education and the High School Dropout Decision

We use a large, rich Canadian micro-level dataset to examine the channels through which family socio-economic status and unobservable characteristics affect children’s decisions to drop out of high school. First, we document the strength of observable socio-economic factors: our data suggest that teenage boys with two parents who are themselves high school dropouts have a 16% chance of dropping out, compared to a dropout rate of less than 1% for boys whose parents both have a university degree. We examine the channels through which this socio-economic gradient arises using an extended version of the factor model set out in Carneiro, Hansen, and Heckman (2003). Specifically, we consider the impact of cognitive and non-cognitive ability and the value that parents place on education. Our results support three main conclusions. First, cognitive ability at age 15 has a substantial impact on dropping out. Second, parental valuation of education has an impact of approximately the same size as cognitive ability effects for medium and low ability teenagers. A low ability teenager has a probability of dropping out of approximately . 03 if his parents place a high value on education but . 36 if their education valuation is low. Third, parental education has no direct effect on dropping out once we control for ability and parental valuation of education. Our results point to the importance of whatever determines ability at age 15 (including, potentially, early childhood interventions) and of parental valuation of education during the teenage years. We also make a small methodological contribution by extending the standard factor based estimator to allow a non-linear relationship between the factors and a covariate of interest. We show that allowing for non-linearities has a substantial impact on estimated effects. ∗Correspondence: Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, 997-1873 East Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada. The statistical analysis in this paper was produced from Statistics Canada microdata. The interpretation and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent those of Statistics Canada. We thank Paul Beaudry and participants at the CLSRN and IRP workshops at the University of Toronto and University of Wisconsin, respectively, for their comments.
Subaqueous melt rates at calving termini: a laboratory approach

Abstract Numerous field and theoretical studies have pointed to an important role for subaqueous and waterline melting in the dynamics of calving glaciers. These processes remain unquantified because of the dangerous nature of the environment, a data gap which hampers both theoretical and numerical modelling studies. Here we report laboratory experiments designed to quantify waterline and subaqueous ice-melt rates in saline and fresh water. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 1–10°C, a range typical of ice-contact environments, and at salinities of 0,17.5 and 35 ppt. Results indicate that melt rates are slightly faster under fresh-water conditions, and that different thermohaline combinations can produce contrasting ice-front geometries. Thermo-notches develop quickly at higher temperatures ( >4°C), and form most rapidly and to a greater extent in saline water. Contrasts in melt rates and ice-front geometry are controlled by temperature-driven density contrasts and circulation patterns. Rates of up to 0.8 md–1 suggest that mass loss by subaqueous melting is a significant process at calving termini.