Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-development of transient-carrier temperature, density, and gain spectrum in ultrashort optical pulse excited InGaAs multiquantum-well laser structure

We present a novel transient gain-spectra measurement method based on the traditional variable pump-stripe technique. Using the pump-stripe technique with ultra-short optical pulse excitation, time-resolved amplified spontaneous emission spectroscopy of an InGaAs-InGaAsP multiquantum-well (MQW) laser structure was measured, and time-development of the transient optical net gain spectra was obtained accordingly. By fitting the measured gain spectra with a model for band-to-band transitions including momentum conservation and an energy- and density-dependent lifetime broadening, dynamics of band filling, carrier density, carrier temperature and bandgap renormalization have been obtained. This opens the possibility to study simultaneously the influence of transient-carrier density and, in particular, transient-carrier temperature on the transient optical gain. Strong gain compression in the whole gain-spectra region due to transient high carrier temperature after ultra-short pulse injection is clearly demonstrated for the first time.
Structure of subfilter-scale fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer with application to large-eddy simulation modelling

In the atmospheric surface layer, the wavelength of the peak in the vertical velocity spectrum $\Lambda_w$ decreases with increasing stable stratification and proximity to the surface and this dependence constrains our ability to perform high-Reynolds-number large-eddy simulation (LES). Near the ground, the LES filter cutoff $\Delta_f$ is comparable to or larger than $\Lambda_w$ and as a result the subfilter-scale (SFS) fluxes in LES are always significant and their contribution to the total flux grows with increasing stability. We use the three-dimensional turbulence data collected during the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program to construct SFS fluxes and variances that are modelled in LES codes. Detailed analysis of the measured SFS motions shows that the ratio $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ contains the essential information about stratification, vertical distance above the surface, and filter size, and this ratio allows us to connect measurements of SFS variables with LES applications. We find that the SFS fluxes and variances collapse reasonably well for atmospheric conditions and filter widths in the range $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f = [0.2,15]$. The SFS variances are anisotropic and the SFS energy is non-inertial, exhibiting a strong dependence on the stratification, large-scale shear, and proximity to the surface. SFS flux decomposition into modified-Leonard, cross-, and Reynolds terms illustrates that these terms are of comparable magnitude and scale content at large $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$. As $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f \rightarrow 0$, the SFS flux approaches the-ensemble-average flux and is dominated by the Reynolds term. Backscatter of energy from the SFS motions to the resolved fields is small in the bulk of the surface layer, less than 20% for $\Lambda_w/\Delta_{f} < 2$. A priori testing of typical SFS models using the HATS dataset shows that the turbulent kinetic energy and Smagorinsky model coefficients $C_k$ and $C_s$ depend on $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ and are smaller than theoretical estimates based on the assumption of a sharp spectral cutoff filter in the inertial range. $C_k$ and $C_s$ approach zero for small $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$. Much higher correlations between measured and modelled SFS fluxes are obtained with a mixed SFS model that explicitly includes the modified-Leonard term. The eddy-viscosity model coefficients still retain a significant dependence on $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ with the mixed model. A dissipation model of the form $\epsilon = C_\epsilon E_s^{3/2}/\Delta_f$ is not universal across the range of $\Lambda_w/\Delta_f$ typical of atmospheric LES applications. The inclusion of a shear-stability-dependent length scale (Canuto & Cheng 1997) captures a large fraction of the variation in the eddy-viscosity and dissipation model coefficients.
Preloaded DMEK With Endothelium Outward: A Multicenter Clinical Study Using DMEK Rapid Device

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Purpose: The objective of this study is to validate Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) Rapid device for preloading DMEK grafts with endothelium outward. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective clinical study, DMEK tissues (n = 27) were peeled and preloaded (8.25 mm) in a DMEK Rapid device. The device was loaded in a container prefilled with the storage solution and shipped from a single center in Italy to 4 different centers located in Italy and the United Kingdom. Preloaded tissues were delivered by injecting the graft in the anterior chamber. Patients were monitored at days 1 and 15 and at months 1, 3, and 6, as well as at the last follow-up (9–12 months) postoperatively. Main outcome measures included rebubbling rate and graft failure, corrected distance visual acuity, endothelial cell loss (ECL), and central corneal thickness at all time points. A one-way analysis of variance test comparing day 1 with all later time points was followed with significance at P < 0.05. Results: The average recorded surgical time was 6 to 25 minutes with no immediate surgical complications. Rebubbling was observed in 7 of 26 cases with one graft failure within 15 days postoperatively. The mean corrected distance visual acuity at day 1 was 0.64 ± 0.49 logMAR, which improved to 0.18 ± 0.43 logMAR at the last follow-up. Endothelial cell density values showed a significant decrease at the last follow-up (1827 ± 565 cells/mm2) (P < 0.001) compared with the preoperative value (2503 ± 128 cells/mm2), with an average endothelial cell loss of 27%. Central corneal thickness significantly dropped from 694 ± 157 μm at day 1 to 502 ± 42 μm at the last follow-up (P < 0.001). Conclusions: DMEK Rapid device is quick, easy, and efficient for preloading and shipping DMEK grafts internationally in endothelium-outward orientation.
A framework for analyzing development of argumentation through classroom discussions

This chapter presents a detailed study of patterns of verbal interaction in a classroom context. In doing so it extends an important previously developed construct for analysis of productive talk for learning originating within the collaborative learning and intelligent tutoring communities, namely that of transactivity. Specifically, our focus is on argumentation and consensus building processes, which are key processes employed through language by communities in order to define themselves, maintain themselves, and evolve. We motivate the use of this construct for analysis of classroom discussions, describe our analysis framework with examples, and discuss current directions related to automatic analysis of classroom discussions using our transactivity based framework.
Evaluation of articular changes using a rat mono‐iodoacetate‐induced shoulder arthritis model by histology and radiology

The rat mono‐iodoacetate (MIA) arthritis model has been used in studies on the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Few studies have explored its utility in shoulder arthritis research, and none have evaluated the effects of time and different MIA doses on arthritis progression. Therefore, we developed a rat MIA shoulder arthritis model to evaluate articular changes through radiological and histological analyses. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 108) were equally divided into groups that were intra‐articularly injected with 0.5 mg of MIA (in 50 µL of purified water), 2.0 mg of MIA (in 50 µL of purified water), or purified water (50 µL; sham group). Throughout the study period, 18 rats (six per group) were evaluated by computed tomography and assessed using the Larsen's classification system; 90 rats were further evaluated histologically using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International scoring system. Computed tomography revealed that the groups injected with MIA developed arthritis and osteophytes 14 days after injection, which progressed temporally. The Larsen's grades worsened over time; at all time points, the scores were higher in the group injected with 2.0 mg of MIA than in the group injected with 0.5 mg of MIA. Furthermore, concurrent with the worsening Larsen's grades, the Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores also significantly increased over time; at all time points, they were higher in the group injected with 2.0 mg of MIA than in the group injected with 0.5 mg of MIA. Our rat MIA shoulder arthritis model revealed radiologically and histologically confirmed temporal and MIA dose‐dependent arthritic changes.
The Effects of Givenness and Heaviness on VP-internal Scrambling and VP-external Scrambling in Japanese

The purpose of this article is to study the interactions between givenness, heaviness, and scrambling in the Japanese language. It is found that, first, the effects of givenness are stronger in VP-external scrambling than in VP-internal scrambling. This can be explained by the left periphery. Since the sentence initial position is relevant to information structure, VP-external scrambling is strongly influenced by discourse context. In contrast, VP-internal scrambling is unrelated to discourse context because there are no discourse-related projections within the VP. Second, it is shown that heaviness has the same effects both on VP-external scrambling and VP-internal scrambling. Third, there is no interaction between givenness and heaviness: both concepts independently affected word order choices.
The Brief Emotion Dysregulation Scale: Development, Preliminary Validation, and Recommendations for Use

Emotion dysregulation is a multi-faceted, transdiagnostic construct, and its assessment is crucial for characterizing its role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychiatric problems. We developed the Brief Emotion Dysregulation Scale (BEDS) to capture four components of emotion dysregulation: sensitivity, lability, reactivity, and consequences. We examined factor structure and construct validity in four independent samples of college students (N = 1,485). We elected to treat consequences as a separate index of problems associated with emotion dysregulation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses did not support the reactivity subscale and instead supported a well-fitting two-factor solution for sensitivity and lability. Multi-group analyses demonstrated strong factorial invariance by gender. The resulting 12-item BEDS includes sensitivity and lability subscales and a separate consequences scale to indicate associated problems. Convergent correlations suggested good construct validity. This provides preliminary support for the BEDS as a brief transdiagnostic screening tool for emotion dysregulation and associated consequences.
Experimental study on the combined effects of patch density and elongation on wake structure behind a rectangular porous patch

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study on how both variable solid volume fractions and aspect ratios (length/width) of a centre-channel rectangular porous patch under aligned configuration of rigid and emergent stems impact the flow behaviour and wake structure. This study forms an essential extension to the existing fundamentals and knowledge on this topic. Through rigorous experimental tests by velocity measurement and dye visualization, the aspect ratio, rarely addressed before, is confirmed to play a critical role. Vortex street, unable to be triggered under a low solid volume fraction, however, can be generated by elongating the patch (increasing the aspect ratio). The key reason is that patch elongation promotes the generation of the wake vortex street by producing a relatively high transverse velocity gradient in the wake region. Meanwhile, Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex streets are triggered along the two patch lateral edges, re-increasing the in-patch velocity and imposing contributions to the wake vortex streets generation. By scaling the characteristic velocity (at the wake vortex initiation position and patch trailing edge) and solid volume fraction with the patch aspect ratio, three non-dimensional threshold maps can be established to express the combined effects of the solid volume fraction and aspect ratio on the initiation of the wake vortex street. They could be alternatively used for theoretical analysis and implementation on wake formation and structure subject to parameter availability.
Long-term outcomes of pancreatoscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy for the treatment of obstructive pancreatic duct stones

Abstract Background and study aims Pancreatoscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) has proven to be an effective first-line therapy in symptomatic chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients with obstructing pancreatic duct (PD) stones 1 . However, long-term outcomes of endoscopic EHL remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term treatment effects of EHL as first-line therapy and to compare with those obtained in a historical cohort of patients who underwent extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) as primary treatment. Patients and methods An observational retrospective single-center long-term follow-up study was performed including 19 consecutive patients who previously underwent endoscopic EHL compared to 18 patients who underwent ESWL followed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). The primary endpoint was long-term treatment success after EHL or ESWL defined as no recurrence of symptomatic intraductal stones confirmed on imaging. Secondary endpoints for the EHL-population included long-term clinical success (i. e., a similar or lower Izbicki Pain Score or reduction in opiate usage as compared to 6-month follow-up), quality of life (QoL), pancreatic function and hospital re-admission rate. Results In the EHL group, 37 % of the patients developed recurrent symptomatic PD stones versus 61 % in the ESWL group after a median follow-up of 35.0 and 76.5 months. Of the patients with recurrence, 71 % versus 100 % underwent a reintervention. Median time to recurrence was 12.0 versus 13.0 months. Clinical success sustained in 58 % of the EHL patients. QoL was not significantly different compared with 6-month follow-up and baseline. Conclusions Also at long-term follow-up, endoscopic EHL as first-line treatment is moderately effective for symptomatic CP patients with treatment success rates that seems at least equally effective as ESWL.
Treatment of Wrist Dorsal Synovial Cyst with Percutaneous Sclerotherapy Using Hypertonic Saline Solution

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da infiltração da solução salina hipertônica como agente esclerosante no cisto sinovial dorsal do punho. Método Pacientes de ambos os sexos, com 18 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico clínico e ultrassonográfico de cisto sinovial, e sem nenhum tratamento prévio foram selectionados. Série de casos em que 50 pacientes foram submetidos a aspiração do conteúdo do cisto e infiltração da solução salina hipertônica (2 ml solução de cloreto de sódio 20% e 1 ml de lidocaína 2%). Seguimento realizado por 24 semanas, durante as quais foram avaliados os parâmetros dor, força, arco de movimento, função (questionários quick disabilities of the arm, hand, and shoulder [quickDASH] e brief Michigan), recorrência e complicações. Resultado Foram avaliados 46 pacientes por 24 semanas, 18 (39,1%) cistos evoluíram para cura e 28 (60,9%) cistos apresentaram recorrência. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos quesitos força e arco de movimento. Não houve diferença clinicamente significante nos escores dos questionários. As complicações mais frequentes foram dor e edema. Conclusão A infiltração com solução salina hipertônica para tratamento do cisto sinovial dorsal do punho mostrou taxa de recorrência de 60,9%. Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hypertonic saline infiltration as a sclerosing agent in the dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist. Method Patients of both genders, aged 18 years or older, with clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of synovial cyst, and without any previous treatment were selected. Case series in which 50 patients underwent aspiration of the contents of the cyst and infiltration of the hypertonic saline solution (2 ml sodium chloride solution 20% and 1 ml of lidocaine 2%). The patients were followed up for 24 weeks, when the parameters pain, strength, range of motion, function (quickDASH and Brief Michigan question), recurrence, and complications were evaluated. Results A total of 46 patients were evaluated for 24 weeks, 18 (39.1%) cysts evolved to resolution, and 28 (60.9%) presented recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect force or in the range of motion. There was no clinically significant difference in the scores of the questionnaires. The most frequent complications were pain and edema. Conclusion Infiltration with hypertonic saline solution for the treatment of dorsal synovial cyst of the wrist showed a recurrence rate of 60.9%.
The IWH Forecasting Dashboard: From Forecasts to Evaluation and Comparison

Abstract The paper describes the “Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) Forecasting Dashboard (ForDas)”. This tool aims at providing, on a non-commercial basis, historical and actual macroeconomic forecast data for the Germany economy to researchers and interested audiences. The database renders it possible to directly compare forecast quality across selected institutions and over time. It is partly based on data collected in the DFG-funded project “Macroeconomic forecasts in great crisis”.
The link between chronic cocaine use, B cell perturbations, and blunted immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART

Abstract Background We recently reveal that anti-CD4 autoantibodies contribute to blunted CD4+ T cell reconstitution in HIV+ individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Cocaine use is common among HIV+ individuals and is associated with accelerated disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying cocaine-induced immune perturbations remain obscure. Methods We evaluated plasma levels of anti-CD4 IgG and markers of microbial translocation, as well as B-cell gene expression profiles and activation in HIV+ chronic cocaine users and non-users on suppressive ART, as well as uninfected controls. Plasma purified anti-CD4 IgGs were assessed for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). Results HIV+ cocaine users had increased plasma levels of anti-CD4 IgGs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) versus non-users. An inverse correlation was observed in cocaine users, but not non-drug users. Anti-CD4 IgGs from HIV+ cocaine users mediated CD4+ T cell death through ADCC in vitro. B cells from HIV+ cocaine users exhibited activation signaling pathways and activation (cycling and TLR4 expression) related to microbial translocation versus non-users. Conclusions This study improves our understanding of cocaine associated B cell perturbations and immune failure and the new appreciation for autoreactive B cells as novel therapeutic targets.
Imagined Conversations with God during Divine Struggles: Relationships with Global Views of God and Struggle-Specific Interactions

ABSTRACT In a sample of undergraduates who reported divine struggles (N= 290), we coded imagined conversations with God about the struggle for salient themes. We examined how these themes related to global views of God and struggle-specific responses to God. As hypothesized, participants with more positive global God concepts included more communal themes in their imagined expressions to God (e.g., gratitude) and responses from God (e.g., unconditional love), and they were also less likely to envision themselves complaining to God. More communal expressions and fewer complaint expressions, in turn, predicted more positive emotions, behaviors, and coping responses focused on God.
Trait anger and aggression among male violent offenders: The mediating effect of sadistic impulse and the moderating effect of emotion regulation

We investigated the mediating role of sadistic impulse and the moderating role of emotion regulation strategy in the relationship between trait anger and aggressive behaviour in violent offenders. A total of 492 male violent offenders (mean age = 34.06 years, SD = 6.67 years) completed the Trait Anger Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, and Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale. We tested a moderated mediation model by multiple linear regression analysis (Bootstrap n = 5 000). The results showed that sadistic impulse mediated the relationship between trait anger and aggressive behaviour in violent offenders. Higher level of sadistic impulse was associated with a higher likelihood of aggressive behaviour. Emotion regulation strategy moderated the relationship between trait anger and aggressive behaviour. Specifically, those with lower emotional regulation were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviour compared to those with higher emotional regulation. The mediated moderation model applied to both impulsive and premeditated aggression. In the low emotion regulation group, the mediating effects of trait anger on impulsive and premeditated aggression were significant. In the high emotion regulation group, the mediating effects of trait anger on impulsive and premeditated aggression were lower, but still significant. Our findings are consistent with the emotion regulation theory of aggression stating that people with sadism may assault others to improve their mood.
Analysis of Lossy Inhomogeneous Planar Layers Using the Method of Moments

A new method is introduced to analyze lossy Inhomogeneous Planar Layers (IPLs) for both TE and TM polarizations. In this method, the integral equations of the IPLs, converted from their differential equations, are solved using the method of moments (MOM). It is assumed that the primary parameters are known at all or only at some points along the thickness of IPLs. The validity of the method is verified using a comprehensive example.
ASCA measurements of the grain-scattered X-ray halos of eclipsing massive X-ray binaries: Vela X-1 and Centaurus X-3

We have measured the decaying dust-scattered X-ray halo of Cen X-3 during its binary eclipse with the ASCA solid-state imaging spectrometer (SIS). The surface brightness profile (SBP) of the image in the low-energy band (0.5-3 keV) lies substantially above the point-spread function (PSF) of the X-ray telescope, while the SBP in the high-energy band (5-10 keV) exhibits no significant deviation. By contrast, the SBPs of Vela X-1 during its eclipse are consistent with the PSF in both the low- and high-energy bands -- strong evidence that a dust halo is indeed present in Cen X-3. Accordingly, we modeled the SBP of Cen X-3 taken from six consecutive time segments under the principal assumptions that the dust is distributed uniformly along a segment of the line of sight, the grains have a power-law size distribution, and the low-energy source flux was the same function of orbital phase before as during our observation. The best-fit set of parameters included a grain density value of 1.3 g/cu cm, substanially less than the density of 'astronomical silicate. ' This result supports the idea that interstellar grains are 'fluffy' aggregates of smaller solid particles. We attribute the failure to detect a halo of Vela X-1 during its eclipse phase to extended strong circumsource absorption that probably occurred before the eclipse and allowed the halo to decay away before the observation began.