Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Directional wavenumber characteristics of short sea waves

Abstract : Short waves on the ocean surface play an important role in surface electromagnetic (e.m.) scattering. Electromagnetic scattering theory is well developed, but the short wavelength portion of the surface wave field has only recently been experimentally explored, and a single, consistent model of the wave height spectrum has yet to be developed. A new instrument was developed to measure the height of waves with 2-30 cm wavelengths at an array of locations which can be post-processed to generate an estimate of the two-dimensional wave height spectrum.
The Lower Greensand above the Atherfield Clay of East Surrey

I. Introduction. Thedistrict to which this paper refers extends from Leith Hill in the west to Tilburstow Hill in the east, and the beds more partieularly discussed are those which have been described by the Geological Survey as the Hythe and S~mdgate Beds. I exclude the Atherfield Clay from consideration here because, although rarely exposed in the district, it is so distinct in itself and of such persistent occurrence at the base of the series, that there can be no reason for doubting its position as mapped. Many geologists have treated of this district in the past; amongst the chief are Mantell, Fitton, T. Webster, Murchison, Mr. C. J. A. Meÿer, and Mr. F. Drew with Mr. W. Topley. The Weald Memoir of the Geological Survey prepared by Mr. Topley, so far as this district is concerned, chiefly from the notes of the late Mr. Drew, sets forth what may be called the hitherto accepted view of the Lower Greensand succession. That view is, that the northern outcrop of the series (as here limited) in the Weald is divisible into three sets of beds, named respectively the: Hythe, Sandgate, and Folkestone Beds, which are mapped more or less continuously from the typical areas after which they are named. This view would no doubt have sufficed, but for the new light thrown on the question in 1885 by Dr. G. ,1. Hinde's paper ‘ On Beds of Sponge-remains in the Lower and Upper Greensand of the South of England ‘ It should
Longitudinal phase variations of Pc 4‐5 micropulsations

A set of 61 relatively uncontaminated Pc 4-5 micropulsations from the interval July 1 through October 10, 1974, were examined for longitudinal phase changes. The data were obtained from the east-west line of magnetometers operated by the University of Alberta over the summer and early fall of 1974. From our analysis a direct correlation between longitudinal phase shift and frequency is found which is of the form m = (1.4 ± 0.4) f + 0.26, where f is the frequency in millihertz and m is the azimuthal wave number derived from the measured phase shift. This relationship indicates a phase velocity which is independent of frequency and whose magnitude is Vϕ ≃ 14 km/s. The sign of the phase shift, and thus the direction of apparent phase velocity, changes abruptly 1–2 hours before local noon. The signals appear to propagate away from this prenoon region toward the terminators; that is, they move westward in the morning hours and eastward during the afternoon hours. Both the magnitude and the sign of this phase velocity are consistent with proposed generation mechanisms which invoke the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause boundary.
Extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Britain and Ireland: a review

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 is defined here as the period either of maximum global ice volume or in which major ice sheets reached their maximum extent. Both definitions lack clarity as there is no reason to suppose that maximum volumes or limits were reached simultaneously at either all ice sheets or around the margins of individual ice sheets. Here we review the traditional terrestrial limits of the BIIS (British‐Irish Ice Sheet), examine developments in understanding the offshore record, and attempt a redefinition of the extent and timing of the MIS 2 maximum. As a working chronological model the build‐up of the BIIS is assigned to after 35–32 ka, the maximum to the period 27–21 ka and a more limited readvance after 19 ka. As marginal oscillations, driven by ice sheet dynamics, appear to have characterised much of the advance, and especially the retreat of the BIIS, caution should be exercised in assigning climatic significance to the many identified ice limits or still‐stands. While much of the terrestrial limit in Britain remains relatively unaltered, significant revision is required offshore around Britain and Ireland, to portray an extensive ice advance to the shelf edge and a period when the BIIS was conjoined with the adjacent Fenno‐Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Although there appears to be a broad synchrony between the BIIS and other major ice sheets, local controls have produced some variation in the timing of advance to and retreat from maximum limits for particular ice streams or lobes, but much of the offshore limit remains very poorly age constrained. Consequently, a key objective in future research should be to improve and refine the chronological control for all portions of the maximum margin of the BIIS and its subsequent retreat stages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teacher Preparation Matters

The current mixed-methods study investigated retention rates of teachers who participated in a year-long residency preparation program on a single campus with a population reflecting 94% low-socioeconomic and 88% minority students. Participants had 9 to 17 years of experience in the profession. Quantitative data showed a statistical difference when comparing state data with the year-long internship retention rates over the initial five years. Findings from surveys and interviews with high-achieving interns showed that a year-long residency best prepares teachers to be day-one ready and supports longevity in the career.
Clay mineralogy effects on sodium fluoride pH of non-allophanic tropical soils

Soil pH measured in 1 M NaF (pHNaF) can be a useful tool for soil classification and to provide better advice on the chemical management of agricultural soils in the tropics. In this study, we verified the effects of clay mineralogy on pHNaF values of non-allophanic soils of S˜ ao Paulo State, Brazil. Fourteen subsurface soil samples were characterised for chemical properties, clay content, clay mineralogy, and for pHNaF values, which were measured in the whole soil and in both natural and deferrified (dithionite-treated) clay fractions. Regression and correlation analyses showed that both ammonium-oxalate-extractable Al (Alo) and gibbsite contents have positive relationships with both clay and soil pHNaF values. On the other hand, kaolinite is inversely related to the pHNaF measured in the clay and has nonsignificant effect on soil pHNaF. X-ray diffraction patterns of dithionite-treated clays did not show disruption of kaolinite or gibbsite after the treatment with 1 M NaF, suggesting that the displacement of surface OH groups by F − seems to be the main mechanism associated with the pH increase verified in the NaF solution after its contact with the deferrified clay fraction. The smaller influence of hematite on pHNaF seems to be due to its correlation to Alo. Goethite and ammonium-oxalate-extractable Fe (Feo) exert no effect on pHNaF. Finally, the relationships observed in the present study strongly suggest that pHNaF values <10.3 measured in non-allophanic kaolinitic soils with low levels of non-humified organic matter are essentially due to their smaller Alo and gibbsite contents, which agrees with the direct correlation verified between pHNaF and soil weathering degree. Additional keywords: gibbsite, kaolinite, pHNaF, ammonium-oxalate-extractable Al, weathered soils.
Pontryagin Maximum Principle for Incommensurate Fractional-Orders Optimal Control Problems

We introduce a new optimal control problem where the controlled dynamical system depends on multi-order (incommensurate) fractional differential equations. The cost functional to be maximized is of Bolza type and depends on incommensurate Caputo fractional-orders derivatives. We establish continuity and differentiability of the state solutions with respect to perturbed trajectories. Then, we state and prove a Pontryagin maximum principle for incommensurate Caputo fractional optimal control problems. Finally, we give an example, illustrating the applicability of our Pontryagin maximum principle.
Surge and Wave Modeling for the Louisiana 2012 Coastal Master Plan

ABSTRACT Cobell, Z. ; Zhao, H. ; Roberts, H.J.; Clark, F.R. , and Zou, S. , 2013. Surge and wave modeling for the Louisiana 2012 Coastal Master Plan. The goal of the study was to evaluate various coastal restoration and protection projects and the associated benefits for reductions in storm surge and wave height. Efforts in numerical modeling have been made to create a database of storm surge and wave responses to a set of hypothetical storms under current and various future conditions. The ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) and the Unstructured Simulating WAves Nearshore (UnSWAN) models were selected for this study. A coarser version of the state-of-the-art, southern Louisiana, unstructured mesh was developed to reduce computational overhead while maintaining critical hydraulic features. Model outputs were reviewed and analyzed from coastwide and onshore-transect points of view. The potential benefits of restoration and protection projects proposed in the Master Plan were examined by comparing Future without Action outputs to the Master Plan outputs. Hurricane protection projects, such as levees, provide remarkable protection at their leesides but increase and redistribute surge water at their front sides. Narrow, restored landscapes, such as barrier islands or ridges, may provide wave attenuation to some extent but, in many cases, provide minimal benefits in surge level reduction. Larger-scale restoration projects, such as sediment diversions, can result in land accretion and enhance vegetation coverage, thus resulting in notable benefits associated with damping waves and storm surge and ultimately reducing risk for inland communities.
Cementation and bond degradation of rubber-sand mixtures

Cementation influences the mechanical behavior of soils. The effects of cementation and bond degradation are investigated for lightly cemented rigid sand and soft rubber particle mixtures subjected to vertical loading under the K0 condition. Cemented and uncemented specimens were prepared with various sand volume fractions. The propagation velocity of small strain body waves was measured by piezo materials, incorporated within an oedometer. Cemented specimens exhibited a bilinear behavior in the semi-log plot (vertical strain versus log of vertical stress). Vertical strains of a cemented specimen normalized by an uncemented specimen show that the stress–strain behavior is controlled by several different mechanisms and forces: capillary force, cementation bonds, and interparticle contact stresses after bond degradation. The elastic wave velocities dramatically increase due to cementation hardening under fixed vertical stress, and are constant after curing even though vertical stress increases. Additional l.
Visualizing the Sightseeing Potential of Urban Recreational Spaces: A Study of Weighted Scores on the Density Estimation of Points of Visual Interest

Understanding the type of spaces and scenery that people prefer is important when designing and managing tourist destinations. A technique based on participants’ own photography has been used to analyze visitors’ scenic perceptions during their on-site experiences. We created a density map of visitors’ photo-taking locations and thus evaluated the space potential, based on their visual preferences. This study attempts to reduce certain biases by modeling the maps using the kernel density estimation (KDE) method. Two types of weighted scores are used in the density computation and five indicators are set as the components of the weighted scores: the scores of likeability which indicates the emotional distance with each photograph, the scores based on the object types of photos, the reciprocal number of photographs created by each participant, the distance between the photo-taking locations and the participants’ starting points, and the reciprocal of the photo-taking time. The weighted scores enabled more accurate density maps of the photo-taking locations, better indicating the potential of locations when compared to the result with non-weighted scores. The results will contribute to park management and to policies relating to the conservation, maintenance, and promotion of visual resources.
Prediction of fisheries physical habitat values based on hydraulic geometry and frequency distributions of depth and velocity

Abstract We propose a technique that allows the estimation of available physical fish habitat in small sized stream reaches (mean annual flow less than 3.5 m3/s) without the need to acquire and analyze extensive site‐specific data commonly used in many instream flow studies. The technique utilizes a modified form of previously published equations that estimate velocity and depth frequency distributions based on reach average velocity and depth which in turn can be calculated using widely known at‐a‐station hydraulic geometry equations. Velocity and depth frequency distributions are then combined with fish preferences for velocity and depth to produce habitat versus discharge relationships for a desired range of flows. When the resulting physical habitat versus discharge relationships for target fish species and life stages are compared to weighted usable area relationships (habitat versus discharge relationships derived using hydraulic and habitat models) developed from site‐specific studies, the prediction error was shown to be less than 15%.
Achievement Motivation and Mediating Effect of Preventive Discipline on Task Performance

This study aims to determine the influence of achievement motivation and the mediating role of preventive discipline on task performance. The research method employed a quantitative approach with path analysis using the Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The respondents consisted of 31 employees working in a government department in Bandung. The calculation results reveal the mediating role of preventive discipline on task performance, indicating that employees with high achievement motivation, driven by preventive discipline, can enhance task performance. To improve task performance, organizations must establish and reinforce preventive measures in the workplace while actively promoting and supporting employee achievement motivation. This condition can be achieved through goal-setting, implementing recognition programs, and providing opportunities for personal and professional growth. By establishing preventive measures, organizations can create a conducive environment that encourages employees to adhere to guidelines and procedures, preventing potential issues that may hinder task performance. Additionally, actively fostering employees' achievement motivation through goal-setting initiatives and recognition programs can enhance their drive to excel in their tasks. Providing opportunities for personal and professional growth further supports employees' continuous improvement and development. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of preventive discipline as a mediating factor in the relationship between achievement motivation and task performance. Organizations can enhance task performance by establishing preventive measures, promoting achievement motivation, and supporting employees' personal and professional growth.
An effective approach for plant leaf diseases classification based on a novel DeepPlantNet deep learning model

Introduction Recently, plant disease detection and diagnosis procedures have become a primary agricultural concern. Early detection of plant diseases enables farmers to take preventative action, stopping the disease's transmission to other plant sections. Plant diseases are a severe hazard to food safety, but because the essential infrastructure is missing in various places around the globe, quick disease diagnosis is still difficult. The plant may experience a variety of attacks, from minor damage to total devastation, depending on how severe the infections are. Thus, early detection of plant diseases is necessary to optimize output to prevent such destruction. The physical examination of plant diseases produced low accuracy, required a lot of time, and could not accurately anticipate the plant disease. Creating an automated method capable of accurately classifying to deal with these issues is vital. Method This research proposes an efficient, novel, and lightweight DeepPlantNet deep learning (DL)-based architecture for predicting and categorizing plant leaf diseases. The proposed DeepPlantNet model comprises 28 learned layers, i.e., 25 convolutional layers (ConV) and three fully connected (FC) layers. The framework employed Leaky RelU (LReLU), batch normalization (BN), fire modules, and a mix of 3×3 and 1×1 filters, making it a novel plant disease classification framework. The Proposed DeepPlantNet model can categorize plant disease images into many classifications. Results The proposed approach categorizes the plant diseases into the following ten groups: Apple_Black_rot (ABR), Cherry_(including_sour)_Powdery_mildew (CPM), Grape_Leaf_blight_(Isariopsis_Leaf_Spot) (GLB), Peach_Bacterial_spot (PBS), Pepper_bell_Bacterial_spot (PBBS), Potato_Early_blight (PEB), Squash_Powdery_mildew (SPM), Strawberry_Leaf_scorch (SLS), bacterial tomato spot (TBS), and maize common rust (MCR). The proposed framework achieved an average accuracy of 98.49 and 99.85in the case of eight-class and three-class classification schemes, respectively. Discussion The experimental findings demonstrated the DeepPlantNet model's superiority to the alternatives. The proposed technique can reduce financial and agricultural output losses by quickly and effectively assisting professionals and farmers in identifying plant leaf diseases.
Assessing the Precision of GPR Velocity and Vertical Two-way Travel Time Estimates

Accurate estimates of ground penetrating radar (GPR) traveltimes and velocities are essential to a number of civil engineering, agricultural and watershed management activities. This paper reports on a study to assess confidence limits on radar parameters using a sequence of high quality common midpoint (CMP) soundings collected on eight different days over the course of a year at a single location for a range of soil moisture conditions. On each day, a “repeat” CMP was acquired leading to a total of 16 independent CMP soundings. Two prominent reflections, present in all 16 independent CMP soundings, were analyzed to provide NMO velocities and vertical two-way traveltimes along with their associated 95% confidence limits estimated using Student’s t-test, accounting for both the appropriate number of observations and estimated parameters. Interval properties were then determined using the Dix relation. The radar velocity of the 1st interval has the largest variation observed, from 0.074(±0.002)m∕nsto0.146(.
Context of relict Wisconsinan glacial ice at Angus Lake, SW Banks Island, western Canadian Arctic and stratigraphic implications

Massive ice incorporating till beds and scattered erratic clasts exposed in a bimodal thaw slide displayed an association with the surrounding fluvioglacial and flow‐till facies indicative of a consanguineous relationship. The massive ice cores a low ridge interpreted as a recessional moraine feature paralleling the Last Glacial Maximum advance limit. Both ice and sand wedges penetrate the massive ice and their tops are truncated by a thaw unconformity overlain by a diamicton. In a permafrost environment, relict glacial ice can persist for many millennia, and the timing of the thaw is largely determined by the vagaries of erosional processes. The age of related kettle landforms can display considerable diachronism.
Characterization of Infiltration Capacity of Permeable Pavements with Porous Asphalt Surface Using Cantabrian Fixed Infiltrometer

AbstractPorous asphalt is used in Permeable Pavement Systems, but it is sensitive to surface clogging, which leads to a loss in its infiltration capacity. Test methods based on the use of permeable pavement models, which are manufactured in a laboratory and assessed under different clogging conditions, such as slope, rain, and runoff, have been widely applied to the study of permeable pavements with concrete blocks but not to the study of porous bituminous mixtures. The Cantabrian Fixed (CF) Infiltrometer has been used for the study of porous asphalt with void percentages between 20 and 33%. Three clogging scenarios were studied: 1) newly placed surface, 2) surface with an average maintenance level, and 3) clogged surface. Each clogging scenario was tested with five different slopes: 0, 2, 5, 8, and 10% and three repetitions. The direct rainfall simulation was produced by five lines of bubblers over the 0.25 - m2 piece, and the runoff was simulated by one perforated pipe over a plastic ramp at the beginni.
Precipitation Shifts over Western North America as a Result of Declining Arctic Sea Ice Cover: The Coupled System Response

Abstract Changes in Arctic sea ice cover have the potential to impact midlatitude climate. A previous sensitivity study utilizing the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR) atmospheric general circulation model [AGCM; Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3)] to explore climate sensitivity to declining Arctic sea ice cover suggested that, as Arctic sea ice cover is reduced, precipitation patterns over western North America will shift toward dryer conditions in southwestern North America and wetter conditions in northwestern North America. Here, three complementary lines of research validate and explore the robustness of this possible climate change impact: 1) repetition of the previous sensitivity study (specified constant Arctic sea ice cover and atmospheric CO2) with an updated version of the NCAR AGCM [third Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3)], 2) investigation of the climate response to dynamically reduced Arctic sea ice cover (driven by a quadrupling of atmospheric CO2) in the coupled NCAR.
Apatite-group minerals from nepheline syenite, Pilansberg alkaline complex, South Africa

Abstract The nepheline syenites of the Pilansberg alkaline complex (South Africa) have undergone extensive subsolidus equilibration and alteration with a deuteric Cl- and Na-rich fluid phase. Complex assemblages of secondary minerals result from the replacement of primary aluminosilicates, rinkite, eudialyte and fluorapatite. The composition of apatite group minerals formed during these alteration processes reflects the Sr- and rare earth element (REE) content, Na/Cl ratio and pH of the deuteric fluids. Apatite-group minerals are observed to have formed in the following sequence: orthomagmatic fluorapatite; strontian britholite-(Ce); strontian fluorapatite; Sr-apatite; REE-rich Sr-apatite; Sr-Na-REE-rich minerals approaching the stoichiometry of belovite-(Ce) and deloneite-(Ce); britholite-(Ce). Increasing alkalinity of the deuteric fluids is reflected by increasing amounts of Sr replacing Ca in apatite and culminates in the formation of Sr apatite containing 62.1 wt. % SrO (~4.17 a.p.f.u. Sr). Pilansberg apatite-group minerals form a near-complete solid solution between fluorapatite and a fluorine analogue of Sr apatite with limited solution towards belovite-(Ce), Si-rich belovite-(Ce) and strontian britholite-(Ce).