Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Certain Insecticides against Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) and Their Relative Toxicity against Predatory Coccinellid Beetle

The efficacy of certain new insecticides viz., imidacloprid, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin each at three different concentrations along with dimethoate and deltametnrin (as standard check) against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on rapeseed (variety TS-38) and their relative toxicity against adult coccinellid beetle, Coccinella septempunctata was studied. All the insecticidal treatments were found to be significantly superior over control (untreated). Among the insecticides, the lowest incidence and the highest population reduction of the aphid population was obtained with imidacloprid at 30 g a.i./ha followed by imidacloprid 20 g a.i./ha and imidacloprid 10 g a.i./ha after one d, seven d and fifteen d of spraying. The highest mean yield was obtained from the experimental trial treated with imidacloprid 30 g a.i./ha (7.32 q/ha) followed by imidacloprid 20 g a.i./ha (7.05 q/ha) and the lowest was obtained at untreated plots (5.12 q/ha). The highest benefit-cost ratio was registered with imidacloprid 20 g a.i./ha (4.49:1) followed by imidacloprid 30 g a.i./ha (4.21:1) which successfully reduced the aphid population. The LC50 values of imidacloprid, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, dimethoate and deltametnrin against C. septempunctata were found to be 1.44, 0.47, 1.20, 0.77 and 0.74% after 24 h, respectively. The order of toxicity on the basis of LC50 values was bifenthrin > deltamethrin > dimethoate > lambda-cyhalothrin > imidacloprid. Taking deltamethrin as unity, the order of relative toxicity were bifenthrin (1.57) > dimethoate (0.97) > lambda-cyhalothrin (0.61) > imdacloprid (0.51) after 24 h. Based on the aphid population reduction, yield and benefit-cost ratio imidacloprid 20 g a.i./ha can be considered sufficient to control the L. erysimi population infesting rapeseed. Considering the LC50 values and relative toxicity against C. septempunctata, imidacloprid had an added advantage over other tested chemicals.
The Australian elapid genus Cacophis: Morphology and phylogeny of rainforest crowned snakes

The genus Cacophis, comprising four species endemic to eastern Australia, is uniquely derived among terrestrial Australasian elapid snakes in the temporal scale pattern, presence of a relatively high and narrow dorsal crest (‘choanal process’) on the palatine bone, and presence of keeled supra-anal scales in adult males. Recent analyses based on morphology and genetics do not completely resolve relationships among Australasian elapids, but support relationships of Cacophis with the (Furina, Glyphodon) and (Aspidomorphus, Demansia) clades, which are adopted here as outgroups for intrageneric analysis. Within Cacophis, morphoclines in size, head scalation, tooth numbers and colour patterns indicate that C. squamulosus is the sister-group to the remaining three species; among the latter, there is conflicting evidence for both ( harriettae, krefftii) and (churchilli, krefftii) clades, but the latter alternative has greater support. Revised diagnoses are given for the genus and included clades, and a simple phylogeographic model proposed.
Interactional Counseling

Despite the pervasive influence of interactiontal ideas in fields of counseling and psychotherapy, the integration of those ideas into a cohlerent framework of theory, practice, and research has been lacking. The goals of this article are to provide an integrative review of interactional concepts within counseling and to show that the interactional view is a unique and valuable per-spective for counseling psychology. The article is organized into four major sections. The first section provides an introduction to the interactional assiniptioils, concepts, and principles that underlie an interactional view of counseling. The second section presents an interactional view of psychological problems and client symptoms. The third section presents an interactional view of the counseling process, including the targets of change within counseling, change mechanisms, and specific change strategies. The fourth section reviews current interactional research in counseling and introduces several emerging research methods for the study of interactional concepts and processes.
Optimizing grape quality through soil management practices

This paper reviews how soil properties influence grapevine performance, and how grape quality can be optimized through effective soil management practices. Two soil properties that play a major role in the quality of fruit produced by grapevines are nitrogen and water availability. Soils that confer high nitrogen and water accessibility can promote excessive vigor, resulting in shaded canopies and poor fruit quality. Vineyard soil management techniques can be adopted to reduce soil water and nitrogen levels where these would be considered too high for production of quality grapes. These practices include regulated deficit irrigation, partial root drying, root pruning, carbon-organic matter additions and cover crop competition. The most appropriate option requires careful assessment and is site specific. Although these techniques offer great potential for improving grapevine performance, more research is needed into how nutrient uptake is affected, and on how these practices can be tailored to accommodate site differences.
Population viability analysis and conservation of Chinese Grouse Bonasa sewerzowi in Lianhuashan Nature Reserve, north-west China

Chinese Grouse Bonasa sewerzowi is threatened by human activity, especially during the breeding season, in the Lianhuashan Mountains, Gansu Province, north-western China. We conducted a series of simulations on the viability of this population using the computer program VORTEX. The simulations suggested that the population had an extinction probability of 17% in 100 years using data gathered from current field work. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the predicted population trend was most sensitive to chick mortality, offspring per female per year, and adult male mortality. The first two parameters are correlated with human activity such as nest loss due to egg collecting by local people. When we set initial population size to the same size as carrying capacity, 2,500 individuals would constitute a minimum viable population (MVP). This would require a forest area of about 3,780 ha, which is smaller than the size of the Lianhuashan reserve, but the current population does not constitute an MVP due to the small initial population size. Furthermore, we found that if chick mortality declined by 5% or the number of offspring produced per female increased by 5% (i.e. reducing nest loss) under the current situation, local reserve size and current population would constitute an MVP. Therefore, the most practical and simple conservation management tool would be to increase the breeding success of Chinese Grouse, especially by limiting human activity during the incubation period.
Body Size, Growth, and Reproduction in a Population of Western Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) in the Ozark Mountains of Northwest Arkansas

Abstract Life histories of a species often vary geographically, and comparative studies of populations in different habitats are useful for understanding how environmental variation influences life history. Such studies are currently lacking for most snake species despite their growing importance as model organisms for life history studies. We present life history data for a population of Western Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) inhabiting a “riffle–pool” creek system (Rocky Grove) located in the Ozark Mountains in northwest Arkansas and compare our results with those available for other populations. One hundred forty-two individual snakes were captured 283 times from August 1996 through September 2003. Mean snout–vent length (SVL) of adult Rocky Grove A. piscivorus (males 60.8 ± 2.68 cm, n = 47, females 54.9 ± 1.74 cm, n = 47) was among the smallest reported for any population of A. piscivorus. Rocky Grove A. piscivorus also exhibited a low degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) compared to other localities, and mean female SVL was 90.3% that of males. Growth rates were the slowest reported for any temperate zone pitviper (males 0.151 ± 0.053 cm/month, n = 46, females 0.178 ± 0.06 cm/month, n = 66). Limited data also indicate low reproductive output for this population in terms of frequency of reproduction and litter size. Female reproduction averaged less than biennial as evidenced by consistently low proportion of pregnant to non-pregnant females (18.4%) and reproductive histories of individual female snakes. Litter size averaged 4.1 ± 0.63 (n = 10). Mating at Rocky Grove occurs in late summer but may also occur in spring. Agkistrodon piscivorus at this study site may be limited in energy acquisition rates relative to the conspecifics in other parts of the range.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND NITROGEN RATE ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FORAGE CORN

SUMMARY To study the effects of planting date and nitrogen rate on yield and quality of forage corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC704), an experiment was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, in 2011. Layout of the experiment was a factorial design with three randomized complete blocks. Factors were N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha -1 ) and planting dates (14 June and 25 June). Result showed that fresh and dry forage yields were significantly increased by 137% and 115%, respectively, as N rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha -1 . Fresh and dry forage yields were significantly higher in planting date of 25 June compared with planting date of 14 June. Regardless of planting date, total aboveground N and P uptake responded linearly to nitrogen rates. Averaged across planting dates, total aboveground N and P uptake were significantly increased by 4.4 and 6.1 times when N fertilization increased from 0 to 200 kg ha -1 . A delay in planting date from 14 June to 25 June increased significantly aboveground N and P uptake as averaged across N rates. Based on the results of this experiment, application of 200 kg N ha -1 and planting date of 25 June are recommended for forage corn production in
Aspects of the Life History of the Texas Map Turtle (Graptemys versa)

Abstract The Texas map turtle (Graptemys versa) is endemic to the Colorado River drainage in southcentral Texas. A study of its life history was undertaken using data collected in 1998–2000 from a population in the South Llano River, southernmost tributary of the Colorado drainage, and data from museum specimens that had been collected from the South Llano River in 1949. Compared to congeners, G. versa is a small-bodied species. Its small body size is, predictably, linked to relatively small clutch size, small egg size, rapid growth toward asymptotic size and early maturation. As many as four clutches may be laid during an active season, although the effects of follicular atresia on clutch frequency are not known. Both clutch size and egg width were positively correlated with female body size, with the former relationship having a log-log slope significantly less than the expected value of 3, probably due to the latter relationship. Analyses were consistent with the hypothesis of anatomical constraint on egg size, with at least smaller females laying eggs that are of less than optimal size. No differences were found in body size or clutch size between 1949 and 1998–2000 despite a large-scale change in diet associated with invasion of the river by Asian clams (Corbicula sp.). However, body size is substantially reduced in the South Llano River compared to other sections of the Colorado drainage, a finding mimicked by at least one other turtle species in the drainage, Pseudemys texana.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS UPON ENZYMES ASSISTED JUICE EXTRACTION FROM PLUM

The aim of this work was to optimize type and concentrations of commercial enzymes for the treatment of the plum to improve the juice yield with colour enhancement. Pectinase enzyme at a concentration 10 units/mL was found to give juice yield upto 86.33 %. However, juice quality with respect to TSS reading and phenol content could be enhanced by treating the fruit mash with enzymes cellulase. Maximum TSS (13.07oB) was observed on treating fruit juice pulp with cellulase at 4 units/ml concentration whereas cellulase @ 6 units/mL gave superior result in terms of phenol content (481.45 mg/100mL). Enhanced extraction of ascorbic acid (541.54 mg/100mL), anthocyanin (6.08 mg/kg) and % DPPH radical scavenging activity (89.85%) was found on treating fruit mash with enzyme hemicellulase (@ 3 units/mL, 6 units/mL and 9 units/mL) respectively. Treating fruit mash with Hemicellulase @ 9 units/mL is the best for obtaining maximum antioxidant compounds and % DPPH radical scavenging activity whereas cellulase @ 6 units/mL is found to produce juice with maximum value for best colour (37.35 L*, 5.61 b *, 40.68 dE and 20.73 H) properties.
EXOGENOUS MELATONIN INHIBITS IMMUNE FUNCTION IN SHAW'S JIRD (MERIONES SHAWI)

The pineal hormone melatonin is reported to be a fundamental immunomodulator in a variety of species. Nevertheless, evidence supporting the immunoregulatory role of melatonin is conflicting, and information concerning its role in desert animals is scarce. The present study addressed the effects of exogenous melatonin administration on immune function in a wild-caught desert rodent species (Shaw’s jird; Meriones shawi). The serum levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ and IL-4) and immunoglobulins (IgA and IgE) were measured by ELISA assay; the frequency of CD8+ cells (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) or IgM+ (immunoglobulin M) cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry; the percentage of splenic lymphocyte populations in the white pulp was assessed by quantitative image analysis. In addition, the levels of TNFα and IL-4 mRNAs in the thymus and spleen were assessed by Semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Daily administration of melatonin (50 µg/ml of drinking water for 8 weeks) decreased both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in Meriones shawi. It significantly decreased the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) and the production of Th2 cytokines (IL4). It also lowered the serum levels of IL1β and IL6 which are secreted by activated macrophages, and decreased the serum levels of IgA and Ig E. Similarly, the cellularity of splenic white pulp and red pulp, and the frequency of CD8+ and IgM+ cells were markedly decreased. Melatonin also down-regulated the level of gene expression of TNFα and IL-4 in thymus. Male jirds did not differ from female jirds in any of these parameters. Altogether, these results demonstrate for the first time that exogenous melatonin has immunosuppressive
Quantification of Leishmania major parasites in dendritic cells deficient for IL-4Rα signalling in BALB/c mice

Susceptibility and resistance in cutaneous Leishmania major infection, is characterised by induction of distinct subsets of immunological response. BALB/c mice display susceptibility to L. major infection, developing T helper 2 (Th2) cell dominated responses with production of cytokines Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. In contrast, resistant C57BL/6 mice catalyse Th1 dominated immune responses with increased IL-12 and Interferon-gamma (IFNγ). Th1 responses are associated with classical macrophage activation and parasite killing via inducible nitrous oxide synthase(iNOs). Paradoxically IL-4 administration during dendritic (DC) priming has been demonstrated to induce IL-12 production by these DC’s and instruct a Th1 dominant response. To elucidate the role of endogenous IL-4 levels on DC mediated T cell education, BALB/c mice deficient for the IL-4 receptor α chain (a receptor shared between IL-4 and IL-13) specifically on DCs were generated by gene rearrangement. These CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice show hypersusceptibility to L. major infection with increased footpad swelling, peripheral parasite load and reduced iNOS in both macrophages and DCs. Confocal microscopy shows these DCs to be major etiological factors in disease dissemination due to their migratory capacity and reduced parasite killing functions in the absence of early IL-4Rα mediated response.
Chilling injury in germinating seeds: basic mechanisms and agricultural implications

Abstract Germinating seeds of many species, especially those of tropical or subtropical origin, suffer chilling injury when exposed to low but non-freezing temperatures, resulting in poor seedling establishment and reduction in yield. The severity of injury depends upon several factors such as (i) the species or the cultivars involved, (ii) the initial water content of the seed, (iii) the temperature to which seed is exposed, (iv) the duration of chilling exposure and (v) the period during the course of germination when the chilling exposure takes place. The period of imbibition by seeds is the period of sensitivity to the stresses but especially to chilling temperatures. Imbibitional chilling injury is defined as sensitivity to a combination of low seed-water content and imbibition at cold temperature. The mechanism of chilling injury in seeds is different from chilling injury of hydrated tissues and is discussed in relation to the involvement of membranes, respiration, rate of hydration and the concept of discreet moisture levels. Furthermore, the mechanistic and applied aspects of pre-sowing seed treatments for improved germination performance under chilling stress are discussed with an emphasis on hydration-dehydration, osmotic priming and growth regulator treatments.
Comparative Study of the Lateral‐line System of the Three‐spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the Nine‐spined Stickleback (Pungitius pungitius)

The morphology of the lateral-line system of the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) and the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has been studied. In the nine-spined stickleback, a preopercular, infraorbital, supraorbital, postotic and peduncular canal can be identified on both sides of the body. Replacement lines are found as a continuation of the preopercular and infraorbital canal. In addition, lines of free neuromasts are found on the mandible and trunk. An accessory line is present above and below the peduncular canal. The presence of both canals and accessory lines on the peduncle suggests that the peduncle in this species has important sensory functions. No canals are found in the three-spined stickleback. Instead, replacement lines corresponding to the canals can be identified on the head. Accordingly, the lateral-line system of the three-spined and the nine-spined stickleback has a different structure. The lateral-line system of both species shows signs of specialization but the three-spined stickleback has a more specialized lateral-line system than the nine-spined stickleback.
Effect of cooking on yellow onion quercetin.

Flavonoids are bioactive secondary plant metabolites with a range of beneficial effects on human health. Consumption of a diet rich in these compounds might decrease the risk of circulatory and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Onions are a good source of quercetin derivatives with the major constituents quercetin-3,4'-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside, which are not deglucosylated during cooking. There is a gradient in flavonoid content from outer to inner scales in raw onion and the former remain the richest even after cooking. Over 50% of flavonoids and soluble plant material are readily transferred from onion into soup during cooking. Cooking may increase the total amount of flavonoids available by disrupting the plant tissue and rendering better accessible.
Correlation and path analysis in scented rice (Oryza satna L.)

Genotypic and phenotypic correlations and path coefficient analysis were studied among ten quantitative traits in 200 scented rice genotypes including one non-scented check Ratna. The grain yield/plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height, panicle number per plant, penicle length, total number of spikelets/panicle and total number of grain/panicle at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that panicle number per plant, total number of grains/panicle and 1000-grain weight.playedan important role in the improvement of grain yield in scented rice.
Overview: Why and How Does Reflection Matter in Workplace Learning?

The Problem While reflection is central to adult learning processes and theories, its meaning and definitions vary. Authors approach reflection from different perspectives and assumptions. The Solution This article is a conceptual map to guide the reader through key definitions and perspectives discussed in upcoming articles. We provide a compass for reflection, critical reflection, reflective practice, and how these terms apply to learning from experience, meaning-making, and action in the workplace. We also show how different perspectives or lenses can impact a human resource development (HRD) practitioner’s approach to reflection and present several studies looking at reflection and reflective practices. The Stakeholders This article should help HRD practitioners and others engaged in supporting workplace learning to gain clarity about how to conceptualize reflection and reflective practices and become familiar with the different ways reflection is understood by authors of upcoming articles.
Stimulation of regeneration by magnetic field in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) tissue cultures

The determination of the effects of magnetic field on tissue cultures will be helpfull for the magnetic field treatments. In this study which was begun with this purpose, the seeds belonging to J 357 soybean variety were used. The soybean seeds were germinated in sterile conditions and cultures were initiated from the shoot tips. The explants in petri dishes were exposed to 2.9-4.6 mT magnetic fields for 2.2, 6.6, and 19.8 seconds periods. Shoot and root formation rate, fresh weights and chlorophyll quantities of regenerated shoots from control and treated explants were determined. While the shoot formation was 61.91% in control group, this rate increased in all magnetic field experiments and this rate raised up to 86.96% and 74.36% respectively in the explants which were exposed to magnetic field at 2.2 and 6.6 seconds periods. Again, while the percentage of root formation in control was 14.29%, this rate raised up to 26.08% and 35.90% respectively in these which were exposed to magnetic field at the same periods. When the fresh weights were determined, the fresh weights of seedlings regenerated from treatment explants from 6.6 seconds significantly increased in accordance with control (P<0.05). Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll quantities of shoot leaf were increased at the treatment magnetic field for 2.2 seconds
Influence of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) In-hive Pollen Transfer on Cross-pollination and Fruit Set in Apple

The ability of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. , to transfer pollen within the hive through contact with nestmates was tested. In almost all cases, bees acquired pollen from nestmate contacts. Pollen viability was tested by pollinating self-incompatible apple blossoms with treated bees. The contribution of in-hive pollen transfer to cross-pollination and fruit set in apple is discussed.