Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma levels of thyroxine, prolactin, and cortisol in migrating and resident wild arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus

The study was performed on 14-49 cm wild arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus. Plasma thyroxine concentration was twice as high in upstream and downstream migrants (3.8 and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively) as in non-migrants (1.7 ng/mL), supporting the prevailing view that thyroid hormones are stimulatory to both upstream and downstream migration in wild anadromous salmonids. The stimulation of downstream migration by thyroid hormones is suggested to depend on the low feeding state of wild smolts. Plasma prolactin concentration was lower in downstream migrants (10.3 ng/mL) than in non-migrants sampled during the period of downstream migration (16.2 ng/mL), suggesting a possible role for this hormone in repressing seaward migration. Plasma cortisol level was twice as high in upstream migrants (464 ng/mL) as in downstream migrants (244 ng/mL) trapped in a standardized manner. Higher interrenal capacity or responsiveness in upstream migrants may increase their ability to mobilize energy stores. In upstream-migrating fema.
Induced Tetraploidy in Crotalaria juncea Linn

Tetraploidy was induced in Crotalaria juncea by treating seedlings with 0.5% of aqueous colchicine. The tetraploids are characterised by possessing larger, rougher leaves, longer inflorescence axis, more output of flowers, high pollen sterility and very poor seed setting. Meiosis in C1 and C2 plants is irregular. The clumping of chromosomes, various tyeps of chromosomal associations, presence of univalents, unequal distribution and precocious movement of chromosomes, laggards and bridges at anaphase I and II and formation of triads and pentads of microspores have been frequently observed in the PMCs. The decrease in pollen fertility has been attributed to meiotic abnormalities. There is no correlation between pollen fertility and seed setting.
The Impact of Disclosure Quality on Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: Evidence from Companies in Indonesia

This paper investigates the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management with disclosure quality as a moderating variable in the scenario of highly concentrated ownership and less protected investors. The data obtain from listed Indonesian manufacturing companies using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) method complete the analysis of the interaction effects. The results reveal a significant effect of disclosure quality on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings management. This study shows that disclosure quality and good corporate governance can reduce earnings management manipulation. The results are expected to contribute significantly to the existing knowledge on the concentrated ownership among companies on corporate governance, disclosure quality, and earnings management. Also, the findings will assist policy makers and regulators to facilitate directions for manufacturing sector and their operations in the future.
Selection for cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume in young Populusdeltoides clones

Seventy-five eastern Cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.) clones, selected from tests representing the top one-third of clones tested throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley, were analyzed for alpha cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume after three growing seasons. All traits were found to differ significantly among clones. Mean clonal alpha cellulose content ranged from 48.2 to 55.8% of oven-dry, extractive-free wood with an average of 51.1%. Specific gravity averaged 0.33, with clones ranging from 0.27 to 0.39. Specific gravity was highly inherited, while alpha cellulose content was found to be moderately heritable. Negative genetic correlations between volume and both wood properties indicate that using a selection index to simultaneously improve all three traits is currently not possible. Two other selection methods were discussed. These selections showed substantial gain differentials in volume, but either a small loss or improvement in specific gravity and alpha cellulose content. Th.
The Long‐Term Effects of Legalizing Divorce on Children

We estimate the effect of divorce legalization on the long&#8208;term well&#8208;being of children, by exploiting the different timing of divorce legalization across Europe. We compare the adult outcomes of cohorts raised when divorce was banned with those of cohorts raised after divorce was legalized in the same country. We also have &#8216;control&#8217; countries where all cohorts were exposed (or not exposed) to legal divorce as children. We find that women who grew up under legal divorce have lower earnings and income and worse health as adults compared with women who grew up under illegal divorce. These negative effects are not found for men.
Market Reaction to the Adoption of IFRS in Europe

This study examines European stock market reactions to 16 events associated with the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Europe. European IFRS adoption represented a major milestone towards financial reporting convergence yet spurred controversy reaching the highest levels of government. We find an incrementally positive reaction for firms with lower quality pre-adoption information, which is more pronounced in banks, and with higher pre-adoption information asymmetry, consistent with investors expecting net information quality benefits from IFRS adoption. We find an incrementally negative reaction for firms domiciled in code law countries, consistent with investors’ concerns over enforcement of IFRS in those countries. Finally, we find a positive reaction to IFRS adoption events for firms with high quality pre-adoption information, consistent with investors expecting net convergence benefits from IFRS adoption.
The Impact of Balanced Skills, Working Time Allocation and Peer Effects on the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Scientists

To date, little is known about the effects of the composition of skills on academic entrepreneurship. Therefore, in this paper, following Lazear’s (2005) jack-of-all-trades approach, we study how his or her composition of skills affects a scientist’s intention of becoming an entrepreneur. Extending Lazear, we examine how the effect of balanced entrepreneurial skills is moderated by a balanced working time allocations and peer effects. Using unique data collected from 480 life sciences researchers, we provide the first evidence that scientists with more balanced skills are more likely to have higher entrepreneurial intentions, particularly when they are in contact with entrepreneurial peers. Furthermore, we find even higher entrepreneurial intentions when balanced skill sets are combined with balanced working time allocations. Thus, to encourage the entrepreneurial intentions of life scientists, one has to ensure that they are exposed to diverse work experiences, have balanced working time allocations across different activities and work with entrepreneurial peers; i.e., collaborating with colleagues or academic scientists who have started new ventures in the past is important.
Decline of the Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius luteus) in two Mountain Ranges in New Mexico

Abstract The New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius luteus) is endemic to riparian habitats in the American Southwest. We evaluated current status and habitat of this species in the Jemez and Sacramento mountains, New Mexico. We compiled historical capture localities and conducted field surveys at historical and potential new localities during 2005 and 2006. We did not find the species or its habitat at 73% of historical localities surveyed in the Jemez Mountains and 94% of historical localities surveyed in the Sacramento Mountains. It persisted in two drainages (five localities) in the Jemez Mountains and two small, isolated localities in the Sacramento Mountains. Zapus h. luteus was associated with tall, dense, herbaceous riparian vegetation, especially areas dominated by sedges. The lower bound to the 95% confidence interval for vertical cover at localities where Z. h. luteus was captured was 63 cm. Decline in distribution was due to loss of this habitat, primarily as a result of livestock grazing. However, drought, development, recreation, forest fire, and loss of the American beaver (Castor canadensis) also contributed. We recommend that conservation of Z. h. luteus will require establishment of refugial areas of suitable habitat through protection from livestock grazing.
The Financial Assets of Non-Financial Firms

This paper provides new evidence on how the largest nonfinancial firms actively manage the composition of their financial assets. We construct a novel hand-collected panel dataset to document their financial portfolio dynamics. Over the past decade, bond portfolios have grown to be at least as large as cash-like instruments. In particular, we show a meteoric rise of corporate bond holdings, which have outgrown sovereign bond holdings to reach 25% of total corporate financial assets by 2017. Moreover, we conduct two event studies to shed light on the drivers of this growth. We first observe a drastic reversal after the 2017 tax reform, when firms liquidated bond portfolios to fund large share repurchases, whereas cash-like instruments remained stable. Second, the liquidity crisis of early 2020 triggered a spike in cash-like instruments, but not in riskier assets such as corporate bonds. Our evidence suggests large firms often actively manage their financial portfolios in a way that reflects tax incentives and reach for yield as opposed to financial constraints.
Assortative pairing with respect to parasite load in the beetle Timarcha maritima (Chrysomelidae)

Because of their effects on host reproductive behaviour, parasites are theoretically expected to create sometimes assortative mating among hosts, with heavily parasitized individuals pairing together and lightly parasitized ones pairing among themselves. We investigated the influence of protozoan gut parasites on the pairing pattern of the chrysomelid beetle Timarcha maritima. In the field, fecundity was negatively correlated with the parasite load of females, unpaired males were significantly more heavily infected than paired ones and, among pairs, males and females were matched for parasite load. Mate choice experiments in the laboratory showed that males have some ability to avoid heavily infected partners when given the choice between two females. Male competitiveness, measured as their mobility, was also negatively correlated with parasite load. These results indicate that parasite‐related assortative pairing in this beetle could result from parasitized females being less fecund and parasitized males less competitive.
Horizontal Mergers in the Presence of Network Externalities

Evaluating network effects and two-sidedness is critical for merger control in the digital economy. To examine the impact of network effects on the welfare properties of mergers, this study analyzes a model of multiproduct-firm oligopoly with firm-level direct and indirect network externalities using an aggregative-games approach. The analysis shows that network externalities increase both the consumer benefits of mergers through network expansion and the cost of accompanying market power. The former justifies mergers involving small firms, but the latter makes mergers between dominant firms more likely to hurt consumers. In two-sided markets, the effect of mergers on consumer surplus depends on merging parties' pre-merger price structures. In particular, when a consumer group is subsidized through two-sided pricing by merging parties, such consumers are likely to benefit from mergers. These results provide theoretical guidance on merger policy toward platforms.
Structural Change and Economic Growth: Advances and Limitations of Kaldorian Growth Models

Many different approaches have addressed the issue of why were some developing countries able to reduce the income gap with developed economies while others were not. However, few approaches take into account the process of structural change. This paper reviews the theoretical basis of the Kaldorian approach for the relationship between structural change and countries’ long-term economic growth, emphasising its recent developments and its limitations. According to Kaldor, structural change towards specific sectors continuously increases countries’ growth rates through a cumulative causation process. Although he had stressed it exhaustively, only recently Kaldorian models have explicitly incorporated this feature. Nevertheless, these models still face significant limitations to show how a cumulative causation process takes place in an open economy. The paper discusses the most relevant such limitations, and suggests options for future directions.
Standard Setting and Laboratory Accreditation

The Productivity Commission released its research report into 'Standard Setting and Laboratory Accreditation' in November 2006. The Commission was asked to define the appropriate role for the Australian Government in standard setting and laboratory accreditation, the efficiency and effectiveness of current services, and appropriate means of funding. The Commission found there is a need to improve arrangements for the development of Australian Standards and the accreditation of laboratories in Australia. The Commission calls for better justification processes before new standards are developed, an improved appeals and complaints mechanism and more balanced stakeholder representation on committees. The report examines the Government's relationship with the two main non-government bodies in these areas: Standards Australia and the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). Overall, both Standards Australia and NATA are effective and their recognition by the Australian Government should continue. However, areas for improvement have been identified and changes to government funding arrangements are needed to better reflect the balance of private and public interests in their activities.
A Riparian Habitat Hypothesis for Successful Reproduction of White Sturgeon

White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) has recruitment failure or severe interannual variability in much of its range. Exceptions are Columbia River below Bonneville Dam, Snake River below Hells Canyon Dam, lower Fraser River, and Sacramento River. Since rivers were impounded or flows regulated, once-continuous populations now isolated by natural barriers or dams often have not reproduced successfully, despite successful spawning events. Research has not adequately explained recruitment failures or why certain populations are successful. This paper proposes that submerged riparian habitat during seasonal high water is needed for early development. Where recruitment is successful, channels are complex and floodable riparian vegetation or rocky substrate is abundant. There, spawning occurs in turbulent zones upstream (1–5 km) of seasonally submerged riparian habitat, eggs can disperse into inundated habitat and adhere to newly wetted surfaces for incubation, yolk-sac larvae can move to riparian crevices for prefeeding development, feeding larvae have food-rich flooded habitat for early growth, and larvae can transition to juveniles as water recedes to permanent channels. Such habitat is lacking where recruitment is low and present only in high-flow years where recruitment is sporadic. These observations suggest that management should rehabilitate riparian zones and provide high river flows during spawning to stimulate natural recruitment.
SEED GERMINATION STUDIES IN MUSA. II. ALTERNATING TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT FOR THE GERMINATION OF MUSA BALBISIANA

Alternating temperatures were found to be required for the germination of seeds of Musa balbisiana. The temperature differentials optimal for germination in soil are dependent upon both the high and low temperatures, and range from 8-23 C. Germination is maximal when the seeds are held 6-12 hr at the high (27-35 C) and 12-18 hr at the low (12-18 C) temperatures. Some germination can be induced by short exposures to alternating temperatures followed by constant high temperatures, but continuous exposure to alternating temperatures is necessary for maximum germination. Excised embryos develop better at constant than at alternating temperatures, showing that the mechanisms affected by alternating temperatures reside elsewhere in the seed. Alternating temperatures are also required for germination of mechanically scarified seeds, although the temperature differentials are less than those necessary for intact seeds, indicating that the action of alternating temperatures is not on the permeability of the integuments.
Bitcoin Markets

This paper analyzes the price formation and market microstructure of the Bitcoin. Bitcoin returns, volatility, turnover, liquidity, price efficiency, and price cointegration are researched in detail. In addition, the Bitcoin ownership structure and its implications on these characteristics is determined. We find that in the last years the Bitcoin price experienced extreme returns at high volatility. The price is not informationally efficient. Market fragmentation and liquidity increased in the last years, and the largest Bitcoin exchanges are cointegrated in terms of prices. Of all Bitcoin transactions, only about 13 percent are exchange traded. Ownership, transaction frequency, and size are broadly dispersed across the more than 15 million Bitcoin users. While the network is large, it is dominated by a few big players that own and trade a high fraction of the market.
Myopic Management Theory and R&D Investment Decisions

This study attempts to asses firms’ financial conditions to explain why they use myopic R&amp;D cuts. Contrary to prior literature, this study shows that the current financial indicators of firms are also significant determinants of R&amp;D myopic management along with stock market. Financial indicators such as Leverage, cash holding, earned-to-capital ratio, market-to-book ratio, sales growth, dividend, tangibility, age, and size of firms significantly influence the probability of being myopic firms and R&amp;D investment decisions. Further, we show that U-shaped and inverted U-shaped relationship of different determinants of R&amp;D investments provide a better description for mix results of prior literature.
Experiments on the physiology of southern and northern krill, Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica, with emphasis on moult and growth – a review

Physiological data are needed for life history studies on krill, and as parameters for input into energy budgets and models. In conjunction with moult and growth data, these may also prove useful for assessing the fishable biomass of krill. Here, the development of physiological concepts in experimental krill research is briefly evaluated, with emphasis on the gaps to be filled. Krill growth is very flexible, as well as strongly temperature and nutrition dependent. The polar Antarctic krill Euphausia superba grows as fast as the boreal species Meganyctiphanes norvegica, at least during the first 2.5 years, and the species are comparable in terms of physiological plasticity. Accordingly, as krill appear to adjust quickly to specific laboratory conditions, short-term experiments are essential if field conditions are to be reflected as closely as possible. Furthermore, direct comparisons between laboratory experiments and swarming studies in the field are advantageous. For these, M. norvegica is particularly well-suited, as swarms can be followed over longer times and more easily than in E. superba. For example, processes of moult and reproduction were found to be highly coordinated in swarms and populations of Northern krill. For this species a conceptual model of reproduction was developed based on a combination of short-term laboratory observations coupled with field data on moult and ovary stages. In further physiological experiments krill should be studied as groups when swarming. Using proxies, that is applying physiological and/or biochemical methods side by side, is a promising way to enhance the reliability of life history data.
Banking Deregulation, Local Credit Supply, and Small Business Growth

I show that the deregulation of bank branching in the United States lowered the sensitivity of small business growth to local credit supply. In urban markets, within-state deregulation of branching resulted in an 80% decrease in the effect of local deposit growth on the growth of establishments with 20-99 employees. Across-state deregulation had an effect of comparable size in county markets. I fi…nd effects of similar magnitude using employment growth and payroll growth as measures of business growth. Using the history of litigation over the scope of state bank regulation, I show these results continue to hold for states that deregulated branching for reasons that were unrelated to economic conditions. These fi…ndings suggest that bank deregulation played an important role in insuring small businesses against local shocks to credit supply.
Light and electron microscopic studies on the absorptive cells of the intestine, caeca and rectum of the adult rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Rich

The absorptive cells lining the mucosa of the intestine, caeca and rectum of farm-reared adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Most of the intestinal absorptive cells showed morphological characteristics of lipid absorption. The cytoplasm of a few cells was closely packed with mitochondria. The caecal absorptive cells resembled those of the intestine but contained more apical dense bodies and more complex lamellar structures which, in conjunction with the intercellular spaces, appeared to play more active roles in lipid absorption. The rectal lumen was divided into peripheral and central parts by the complex mucosal folds. The surface of the peripheral part was mostly lined by vacuolated cells except for small patches of non–vacuolated (generative) cells between the bases of the folds. The central lumen was lined mainly by a second type of non-vacuolated cell. The vacuolated cells showed structural indications of a function of absorption of protein macromolecules. There is morphological evidence to suggest that the pattern of absorption of lipids and proteins in the adult rainbow trout is similar to that demonstrated in stomachless teleosts and that both intraluminal and intracellular digestion of proteins co-exist in this teleost.
The 'Home Bias' of Corporate Subsidiary Locations

Analyzing hand-collected data on the corporate subsidiary locations of all publicly listed firms in China, we find that “hometown firms,” firms headquartered in the hometown of the key political leaders of the province, set up more subsidiaries in their home provinces. This effect is stronger for hometown firms that are non-state owned or without political connections, and more prominent in a political turnover year and the previous year. After a hometown firm sets up more subsidiaries in a key political leader’s home province, the firm will enjoy more preferential government policies such as those related to subsidies and taxes. We find evidence consistent with the positive externalities of these subsidiaries for other firms in the cities where they reside, i.e., local firms. The number of these subsidiaries is also positively associated with the local employment rate. Various causality tests and robustness checks confirm the validity of our results. Our results provide some of the first evidence on the importance of corporate subsidiary locations, showing political geography significantly influences corporate geography.