Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of the nutritional and elemental composition of macroalgae from the western Antarctic Peninsula

K.J. Peters, C.D. Amsler, M.O. Amsler, J.B. McClintock, R.B. Dunbar and B.J. Baker. 2005. A comparative analysis of the nutritional and elemental composition of macroalgae from the western Antarctic Peninsula. Phycologia 44: 453–463. The nutritional compositions of 40 antarctic macroalgal species from the western Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed during two periods, one early in the growing season and one late in the growing season. Protein levels were greater than those reported in macroalgae from temperate and tropical latitudes. These high protein levels are presumed to be related to the nutrient-rich waters in which the macroalgae reside. There was a significant interaction between time of season and species as well as taxonomic grouping for the species collected both seasons. A total of 36 species were further analyzed for total percent N and C and their C : N ratios. Total nitrogen [% dry weight (dw)] levels were found to be above critical nitrogen levels (1.5%dw) reportedly needed for maximum growth in all but two of the species examined. The C : N ratios were found to be low with respect to those published from other latitudes and similar to those reported in the waters off the western Antarctic Peninsula. Nineteen species had C : N ratios below 10 : 1, which is half of the 20 : 1 C : N ratio reported as a mean for benthic marine plants from temperate and tropical latitudes. Analysis of nutritional composition and elemental content yielded no correlations between protein levels and nitrogen contents when all macroalgae were combined. Our results support the general hypothesis that nitrogen is not a limiting factor for protein production of antarctic macroalgae.
Relationships between Common Biological Reference Points Used as Thresholds and Targets of Fisheries Management Strategies

Relationships between various biological reference points (BRPs) used to define thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies were examined for a range of combinations of life history characteristics. Rank orderings of the selected BRPs were strongly influenced by the degree of density dependence in the underlying spawning–recruitment (S–R) relationship. The validity of F0.1, Fmax, F20% (the fishing mortality at which spawning per recruit is 20% of the maximum), and other reference fishing mortality rates as approximations to Fmsy or as thresholds of overfishing is highly dependent on life history characteristics, particular the degree of density dependence in the S–R relationship. It is recommended that F40% be adopted as a target fishing mortality rate when the S–R relationship is unknown and that threshold levels of biomass be related to the estimated or assumed degree of density dependence in the S–R relationship. Two new methods of calculating threshold biomass levels are suggested as alt.
Thirty years later: the global growth of ITQs and their influence on stock status in marine fisheries

Individual transferable quota (ITQ) programmes have been incorporated into many marine fisheries management strategies for 30 years, but their implementation and utility remains controversial. This study provides an overview of the global status of ITQ programmes, the reasons they have been adopted and the changes in stock biomass after their implementation. Eighteen countries currently use ITQs to manage several hundred stocks of at least 249 species. ITQs were adopted in these countries for many reasons: overcapitalization, economic gains, safety concerns for fishers and political change. The implementation of ITQs does not translate into consistent changes in stock biomass. Improvements in 12 of 20 stocks after ITQs were introduced suggest that ITQs can be an effective component of fisheries management strategies, but eight of the stocks continued to decline after ITQs were introduced. This suggests that alternative or complementary measures are needed to sustain those fisheries, such as combining ITQs with more effective total allowable catches, better enforcement and monitoring, and implementing aspects of ecosystem-based fisheries management.
Biological Control ofBotrytis cinereain Apple by Yeasts from Various Habitats and Their Putative Mechanisms of Antagonism

Twenty-eight yeasts isolated from habitats other than apple were screened for their potential to protect wounds of Golden Delicious apples during storage from gray mold caused byBotrytis cinerea.All isolates reduced (P < 0.05) decay severity and 23 reduced decay incidence after 7 days at 22–24°C when applied at 5 × 106CFU per wound 1–2 h earlier than 8 × 103conidia ofB. cinerea(P < 0.05). When selected isolates were tested at 5 × 105CFU per wound on apples stored for 30 days at 4°C,Cryptococcus humicolaNRRL Y1266,Filobasidium floriformeNRRL Y7454, andRhodosporidium toruloidesNRRL Y1091, previously unreported gray mold antagonists, reduced both incidence and decay severity as well as chlorothalonil andSporobolomyces roseusFS-43-238, a reported biocontrol agent. Experiments at 22–24°C indicated that, with the exception ofR. toruloides,protection generally required yeast inoculation into wounds before conidia. Nine yeasts protected wounds at 5 × 106CFU per wound, whereas only three of nine were effective at 5 × 102CFU per wound, a density calculated to be too low to preemptively carpet the wound, even though selected yeasts increased at least one log unit in the first 24 h following inoculation into wounds.In vitroutilization of14C-labeled sucrose by the yeasts was greater than that by the conidia after 12–48 h incubation, supporting nutrient competition as a mechanism of antagonism. Cell-free, dilute sucrose solutions that were preincubated with effective biocontrol yeasts for 24 h significantly inhibited conidium germination; however, a solution preincubated with a sucrose-utilizing but less effective yeast did not. Results suggest that nutrient competition may have played a significant role in biocontrol, but the contribution of preemptive physical exclusion and antifungal metabolites to a complex biocontrol process cannot be dismissed.
Using growth/mortality trade-offs to explore a crayfish species replacement in stream riffles and pools

A crayfish species replacement is underway in Ohio streams. We explore how growth, mortality, habitat use, and size influence the replacement of Orconectes sanborni by O. rusticus. In field cages we assessed growth of crayfish. Both species grew faster when confined to riffles and O. rusticus grew faster than O. sanborni in this fast-water habitat. In another experiment, we tethered crayfish in riffles, shallow pools ( 40 cm) to assess mortality. After 8 d, more crayfish were eaten in deep pools than in riffles or shallow pools. Given this finding, we predicted that crayfish should preferentially occupy high-growth low-mortality riffles. To test this hypothesis, we quantified crayfish habitat use in sympatric streams, with and without fish predators. Crayfish did not prefer riffles. Apparently, juvenile crayfish do not assess specific benefits and costs using only food and fish predators. Other costs associated with riffles (e.g. passive drift, terrestrial predators, summer desi.
ALOX12B promotes carcinogenesis in cervical cancer by regulating the PI3K/ERK1 signaling pathway

Cervical cancer is a malignant disease and a threat to women's health worldwide. Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy or chemotherapy is the main treatment strategy for cervical cancer; however, patients with cervical cancer, especially those with late-stage disease, may not benefit from these traditional therapies, which results in poor clinical outcome. ALOX12B is a gene encoding lipoxygenase, and a mutation in ALOX12B was detected in lung and breast cancer. Furthermore, ALOX12B is essential to the proliferation of epidermoid carcinoma cells; however, the role of ALOX12B in cervical cancer has not been studied thus far, to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, the expression levels of ALOX12B were reduced in cervical cancer cells by lentiviral transfection, and it was found that both cell proliferation and clone formation ability were significantly reduced, and the cell cycle was blocked at G1 phase. Tumor growth was also suppressed in vivo in a xenograft tumor model, but the migration of tumor cells was not affected by ALOX12B. Subsequently, using western blotting, it was demonstrated that knockdown of ALOX12B decreased the expression levels of PI3K, MEK1, ERK1, C-fos and cdc25. Meanwhile, overexpression of ALOX12B increased the expression levels of these five molecules. Conclusively, ALOX12B promoted cell proliferation in cervical cancer via regulation of the PI3K/ERK1 signaling pathway. The present study may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of ALOX12B in cervical cancer and inform new therapeutic strategies.
THE EFFECTS OF SOIL COMPACTION, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TYPE ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF SOYBEAN AND COMMON BEAN

In field tests we have observed year-to-year differences in the severity of the effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean; these differences appeared to be related to the amount of rainfall during the growing season. We decided to use better controlled conditions in the greenhouse, and extend the scope of the study to another legume crop and a different soil type, in order to investigate the hypothesis that copious water supply alleviates the adverse effects of soil compaction on nodulation and plant growth.The effects of two levels of soil compaction and of high and low water supply on the growth and nodulation of common bean and soybean were investigated in separate pot tests using a Fox sandy loam and a Brookston clay loam soil.Root growth of both species was severely restricted by dry compacted conditions. Plant growth as a whole was clearly reduced by both increased compaction and by reduced water supply, presumably mediated by the effects on root growth. The effect of reduce.
Nitrogen uptake and leaching loss of thirteen temperate grass species under high N loading

The intensification of grazed pasture systems in New Zealand has resulted in increased nitrate (NO3 −) leaching and associated significant reductions in water quality, resulting from high N loading in the cow urine patch. A glasshouse soil column experiment was conducted at Lincoln University examining the N uptake capacities and leaching losses of sixteen commercial and ‘weed’ pasture grasses, comprising thirteen species. Three dairy cow urine N treatments (N loading rates) were applied in May 2010: 0 (N0), 300 (N300) and 700 (N700) kg N ha−1. Grass was harvested at 21-d intervals, leachates collected to quantify N leaching losses and root mass measured. Shoot yield, root mass, N uptake and N leaching loss varied significantly between species (P < 0·001) and were strongly driven by N loading rate. The highest yielding species at N700 were Lolium multiflorum ‘Feast 2’ and ‘Tama’ (782 and 743 g DM m−2), while Festuca arundinacea ‘Flecha’ and Lolium perenne ‘Alto' were lowest yielding (375 and 419 g DM m−2). Plant N uptake and root mass followed a similar trend, and only moderate increases in total plant N uptake were observed for most species when urine N application rate was increased from N300 to N700. N leaching loss was highest at N700 for F. arundinacea ‘Flecha’ (378 kg N ha−1) and lowest for L. multiflorum ‘Feast 2’ and ‘Tama’ (134 and 130 kg N ha−1). Strong negative linear relationships were observed between N leaching loss, plant N uptake and root mass. The results indicate that species such as L. multiflorum may play a critical role in reducing pasture N leaching losses, while traditionally sown L. perenne, and also F. arundinacea, may be less suitable.
Competitive hierarchy, but no competitive exclusions in experiments with rich fen bryophytes

Abstract Competitive exclusion among species with high niche overlap has been questioned by plant ecologists over the last decades. In this study, we used a greenhouse experiment to test the role of competition for community dynamics and composition among bryophytes in boreal rich (calcareous) fens. We evaluate the rate and direction of competition between three of the most common bryophytes in these wetlands, Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium cossonii and Scorpidium scorpioides. A pair-wise experimental setup with equal amounts of initial plant material of the species was used and the experiment continued for two years. To assess the competitive outcome we measured the area expansion of one species into the part of the experimental containers covered by its competitor, and the height growth of each species. Differences were observed between tested species for total spatial expansion into the area of its competitor. C. stellatum and S. cossonii showed similar total spatial expansion, while S. scorpioides showed very low spatial expansion. The spatial expansion also depended on the identity of the other species in the combination. All three pair-wise interactions were strongly asymmetric, and in qualitative terms a competitive hierarchy could be established. However, this did not lead to competitive exclusions, even though the experimental containers were small and the two years of continuous growth in the greenhouse would correspond to several years of growth under field conditions. The results suggest that in the natural habitat, where interactions are further weakened by microtopographic niche separation and interrupted by fine-scale disturbances, competitive exclusions are probably rare, if they occur at all.
Long-Term Trends in Hospitalization and Outcomes in Adult Patients with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Beijing, China, from 2008 to 2017

Background and Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the temporal trends in hospitalization and mortality from acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and the associated financial costs over a 10-year period in Beijing, China. Methods Hospital admission records from 2008 to 2017 for all patients aged ≥20 years with a primary discharge diagnosis of AECOPD were retrieved from the Beijing Public Health Information Center Database. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends and calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) for AECOPD hospitalization and mortality. Results A total of 337,802 AECOPD cases were recorded from 2008 to 2017. An inverse U-shaped trend in the AECOPD hospitalization rate was observed, showing an increase from 150.2 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2008 to 218.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014 (APC: 5.5%, 95% CI: 2.9–8.2), before declining to 161.13 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017 (APC: −9.7%, 95% CI: −16.0 to-2.9). In-hospital mortality from AECOPD decreased significantly from 3.91% to 2.21% (AAPC: −11.4%, 95% CI: −15.5 to−7.0). A decline in the median length of hospital stay from 13.0 days in 2008 to 12.0 days in 2017 (Ptrend < 0.001) was accompanied by a decrease in the use of mechanical ventilation from 2012 to 2017 (Ptrend < 0.001). However, the total hospitalization cost per case increased from 15953.5 yuan (USD $2281.4) to 19874.5 yuan ($2842.1) during the same period. Conclusion AECOPD remains a heavy burden on the health care system in Beijing. Strategies to better manage COPD and reduce hospitalizations from AECOPD are needed.
Responses to supplements by weaned lambs when grazing mature pasture or eating hay cut from the same pasture

Summary Weaned cross-bred lambs either grazed mature pasture or were confined to yards where they were offered material cut from ungrazed areas of the same pasture. A 1:2 mixture (on an air-dry basis) of sunflower meal and oat grain was offered for 81 days at 0, 200, 400 or 600 g/head or ad libitum. Individual estimates of intake of pasture and supplement by grazing sheep at four levels of supplementation were made on four adjacent plots. Weight gain increased from –30 to 178 g/day in the grazing animals as supplement intake increased up to 1030 g D.M. /day and from –25 to 142 g/day in the yarded animals as supplement intake increased to 1076 g D.M. /day. Growth of greasy wool increased from 4·5 to 11·7 g/day for grazing animals and from 4·5 to 10·2 g/day for those kept in yards. At levels of supplement intake below 400 g D.M. /day, the intake of grazed pasture increased by up to 58% compared with unsupplemented animals. However, when the intake of supplement was increased to about 650 g D.M. /day, pasture intake fell, with an estimated substitution rate of 1·1 g D.M. pasture per g D.M. supplement. At all levels of supplementation, the intake of hay by the yarded lambs was less than half the intake of herbage in the field. However, at levels of supplement intake between 300 and 500 g D.M. /day, the substitution rate was similar to that measured in the grazing animals, suggesting that this is an attribute of roughage quality, rather than differential eating behaviour between grazing and yarded animals. The wastage, w (g D.M./day), of supplement was linearly related to the amount offered, s (g D.M./day), by the equation w = 0·263s − 38·8; R2 = 0·89 Variability in supplement intake between individual grazing lambs was not affected by the level of supplementation but the coefficient of variation of supplement intake was considerably greater than that of the intake of unsupplemented pasture. Variability in the intake of pasture increased with the level of supplementation but variability in the total intake of food was similar at each level of supplement, indicating some degree of individual compensation in the intake of the two components.
Macrophyte Vegetation of Artificial water Reservoirs in the Krupinská Planina Mts., Including the First Record of Potametum Acutifolii from Slovakia

Macrophyte Vegetation of Artificial water Reservoirs in the Krupinská Planina Mts. , Including the First Record of Potametum Acutifolii from Slovakia Research of macrophyte vegetation of the artificial water reservoirs was carried out during the vegetation season of 2008 in the Krupinská planina Mts. (southern part of central Slovakia). Twenty-one reservoirs were studied and twenty plant communities from the Lemnetea, Potametea and Phragmito-Magnocaricetea classes were found. Potametum acutifolii is a new aquatic community for the territory of Slovakia that was found in the reservoir near Hrušov village in intermediately deep, slightly alkaline water with a relatively low content of soluble mineral matters, a high water transparency and a silt-clay sediment on the bottom. Moisture was the main environmental gradient of the studied vegetation explained by Ellenberg's indicator values. Species richness was significantly negatively correlated with water depth. The correlation between the area of reservoirs and the number of detected plant communities was weak and non-significant. Changes of macrophyte vegetation were studied on the case of three reservoirs. Detected changes were caused mainly by human activities or water level fluctuations within the studied period. Raziskave makrofitske vegetacije umetnih vodnih smo izvedli v vegetacijski sezoni leta 2008 v hribovju Krupinská planina (južni del osrednje Slovaške). Raziskali smo enaindvajset vodnih teles in našli dvaindvajset rastlinskih združb iz razredov Lemnetea, Potametea in Phragmito-Magnocaricetea. Asociacija Potametum acutifolii je nova vodna rastlinska združba, najdena na ozemlju Slovaške. Našli smo jo v vodnem telesu blizu vasi Hrušov v srednjegloboki, rahlo alkalni vodi z razmeroma nizko vsebnostjo raztopljenih mineralnih snovi, z visoko vodno prepustnostjo in muljasto-glineno usedlino na dnu. Glavni okoljski gradient obravnavane vegetacije, kot kažejo Ellenbergove indikacijske vrednosti, je vlažnost. Število vrste je v negativni odvisnosti z globino vode. Korelacija med površino vodnega telesa in številom najdenih rastlinskih združb je bila nizka in ni bila značilna. Spremembe makrofitske vegetacije smo proučevali v treh vodnih zbiralnikih. Opažene spremembe so posledica predvsem človeških dejavnosti ali nihanja vodnega nivoja v obravnavanem obdobju.
Notes about Acentrella (Liebebiella) vera (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) (= Pseudocloeon difficilum Müller-Liebenau, 1982 syn. n. = Platybaetis arunachalae Selvakumar, Sundar, and Sivaramakrishnan, 2012 syn. n.) (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

Larvae described from southern India under the name Platybaetis arunachalae, are re-evaluated taxonomically. Platybaetis arunachalae Selvakumar, Sundar, and Sivaramakrishnan, 2012 and Acentrella (Liebebiella) difficila (Müller-Liebenau, 1982), originally described from Sri Lanka, are synonymized with Acentrella (Liebebiella) vera (Müller-Liebenau, 1982), originally described from Malaysia. Taxonomic characters for the species identification are discussed, and a table of diagnostic characters for the subgenus Liebebiella is provided. Eggs of A. (L.) vera and A. (L.) bispinosa Kluge and Novikova, 2011 are figured for the first time; male genitalia of A. (L.) orientale (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) are figured for the first time. Acentrella (L.) vera is distributed over a wide area, including the south of Hindustan, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, and Lombok.
Enrichment of salmon oil with n-3 PUFA by lipolysis, filtration and enzymatic re-esterification

Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon oil extracted without solvent from by-products was carried out under mild conditions, using a stereospecific sn-1, sn-3 lipase Novozyme®. A modification of the lipid class composition was obtained by controlling the degree of hydrolysis (40%, 24 h). The mixture of acylglycerols and free fatty acids was submitted to a filtration step to retain in the retentate most of the saturated fatty acids, with melting peaks ranging from -31.9 °C to +14.7 °C obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. This step allowed a significant increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 39.2 mol-% in the crude oil to 43.3% in the permeate. The remaining free fatty acids in the permeate (20.2 wt-%) was re-esterified with an immobilized 1, 3-specific lipase IM60. Acylglycerols synthesis reached 90% in optimized conditions. After 48 h of reaction, the distribution of monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols was 22.1, 28.7, 43.4 (w/w), respectively. The re-esterification step did not modify the PUFA content obtained after membrane filtration.
Intercellular location of glycoprotein in soybean nodules: effect of altered rhizosphere oxygen concentration

Abstract. A glycoprotein which occludes intercellular spaces in the inner cortex of legume nodules may be involved in controlling oxygen diffusion into rhizobial-infected cells. Here we investigated this possibility by localizing the glycoprotein using monoclonal antibodies and immunogold labelling in nodulated roots of soybean cv. Clarke inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain RCR3442 exposed to atmospheres with either 10, 21 (control) or 40% oxygen for 28d. Infected cells showed evidence of premature senescence when grown in above or below ambient pO2 particularly at 10% oxygen, although cortical cells appeared to be little altered by oxygen treatment. In the inner cortical cells, more glycoprotein was seen to be occluding intercellular spaces of those nodules subjected to 40% oxygen and less in those nodules exposed to 10% oxygen, when compared to controls. This observation, made at the light microscope level (using silver enhancement) was confirmed under the TEM using immunogold labelling. Therefore, it is suggested that intercellular space glycoprotein is one of the structural components of the diffusion resistance in the cortex of legume nodules.