Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical studies on the gas/solid/gas transformation cycle in extraterrestrial environments

The ubiquity of molecular material in the universe, from hydrogen to complex organic matter, is the result of intermixed physicochemical processes that have occurred throughout history. In particular, the gas/solid/gas phase transformation cycle plays a key role in chemical evolution of organic matter from the interstellar medium to planetary systems. This paper focuses on two examples that are representative of the diversity of environments where such transformations occur in the Solar System: (1) the photolytic evolution from gaseous to solid material in methane containing planetary atmospheres and (2) the degradation of high molecular weight compounds into gas phase molecules in comets. We are currently developing two programs which couple experimental and theoretical studies. The aim of this research is to provide data necessary to build models in order to better understand (1) the photochemical evolution of Titan's atmosphere, through a laboratory program to determine quantitative spectroscopic data on long carbon chain molecules (polyynes) obtained in the SCOOP program (French acronym for Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds Oriented for Planetology), and (2) the extended sources in comets, through a laboratory program of quantitative studies of photochemical and thermal degradation processes on relevant polymers (e.g., Polyoxymethylene) by the SEMAPhOrE Cometaire program (French acronym for Experimental Simulation and Modeling Applied to Organic Chemistry in Cometary Environment).
Pre-Holocene joint fillings at Forsmark, Uppland, Sweden

Abstract Subhorizontal joints filled with sediments were found at Forsmark in north-eastern Uppland, Sweden. The sediments are glacial in character and show varves, graded and current bedding, and clay laminae. The occurrence, structure and pollen frequency of the sediments imply a deposition during a Pre-Holocene age, possibly during Early or Middle Weichsel.
Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer: 4. Investigation of adsorption and sampling bias

The declining mass balance trend observed for bromide and three fluorobenzoate tracers during a natural gradient experiment at a site near Columbus, Mississippi, prompted investigations related to the reactivity of the tracers and the representativeness of the tracer samples obtained from multilevel samplers. A laboratory soil column study indicated that adsorption of bromide during the field experiment was of the order of 20% and that up to 10% of the three fluorobenzoates was adsorbed. The presence of iron oxides and kaolinite in the alluvial aquifer combined with the low groundwater pH of 4.8 produced geochemical conditions conducive to adsorption of the anionic tracers. Multilevel samplers (MLS) used in the field experiment were evaluated by comparing bromide concentrations from the MLS with water samples extracted from adjacent soil cores. Vertically averaged bromide concentrations for the MLS were 21% lower than those for the cores. A matrix diffusion process in conjunction with a natural tendency for preferential sampling from permeable regions in the heterogeneous alluvial sediments is proposed as an explanation for the apparent bias in the MLS sample concentrations. This process is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the tracer mass balance observed during the natural gradient experiment. 14 refs., 11more » figs., 8 tabs. « less
Summer temperature trends in a Mediterranean area (Valencia region)

Within the area of climate change, summer temperatures are of special interest because of the economic, social and environmental consequences that can derive from their hypothetical increase. A number of recent studies have shown a worldwide trend towards increasing summer temperatures. In this work, we analyse summer temperatures (July and August) in the Valencia region of Spain from 1958 to the present, with the aim of characterising their evolution and detecting any trend towards a higher frequency of warmer days. First results indicate that in our study area there is indeed a higher frequency of days with tropical characteristics and persistent heat; in contrast, we found no tendency to exceed the records of absolute maximum temperatures. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Changes in soil phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere of semi-arid pasture grasses

The comparative ability of several species of grass common to the semi-arid mulga shrublands of south-western Queensland, namely Cenchrus ciliaris cv. U.S.A. , Aristida armata, Digitaria ammophilla and Thyridolepis mitchelliana, to deplete various fractions of soil inorganic/organic phosphorus was assessed using a rhizosphere thin section methodology. All species significantly depleted inorganic phosphorus extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 1.0 M HCl. The grasses were able to deplete 39, 32, and 29%, respectively, of the inorganic component of each of these extracts. In contrast, the organic phosphorus fraction of all three extracts either remained unchanged or increased in the presence of the grasses compared with unplanted control sections. Depletion of sparingly soluble soil phosphorus coincided with rises in rhizosphere pH. This result contrasts with previous studies that attributed plant depletions of phosphorus pools that are sparingly soluble to an acid hydrolysis process mediated by the root. The liming of the soil had only a minor effect on the distribution of added phosphate between the various soil inorganic phosphorus fractions but resulted in a depletion in the organic fraction of the 0.5 M NaHCO3 and 1.0 M HCl extracts. There was no difference between the grasses in ability to extract the various soil phosphorus pools. These results confirm earlier studies using radioactively labelled compounds of mineral phosphate that these grasses have the ability to utilize sparingly soluble pools of soil phosphorus that are not traditionally considered to be 'plant available'.
Bränder, skadegörelse, grannskap och socialt kapital

Anlagda brander och skadegorelse ar kostsamma problem for samhallet, men relativt lite svensk forskning finns om var problemen ar storst och varfor de ar det. I denna rapport studeras de fyra bostadsomradena Holma, Kroksback, Bellevuegarden och Sodertorp i sodra Malmo for att utoka forstaelsen for vilka skillnader det finns mellan och inom dessa omraden samt vad det beror pa. Studiens huvudsakliga fragestallningar ar varfor det finns skillnader mellan narliggande bostadsomraden avseende social och fysisk oordning i form av skadegorelse och brander samt om och hur socialt kapital kan forklara och minska forekomsten av oordning. For att besvara fragestallningarna har en bred uppsattning av metoder anvants inkluderande en boendeenkat, systematisk social observation av oordning och intervjuer med representanter for olika typer av lokala foreningar samt forvaltare och kommunala tjansteman. Studien utgar framfor allt fran grannskap som geografisk analysenhet, i studien exemplifierat av tolv homogena lagenhetsomraden med cirka 500-1000 invanare, eget namn samt parkering och tillfartsvag. Studiens resultat pekar mot att socialt kapital, och sarskilt delmangden kollektiv formaga, har viss betydelse for forekomsten av anlagda brander och skadegorelse, dar grannskap med hogt socialt kapital har laga nivaer av brander och skadegorelse. Det sociala kapitalet verkar dock inte primart pa grannskapsniva, utan pa gards- och trappuppgangsniva dar den faktiska interaktionen mellan individer finns. Den lokala effekten av socialt kapital som identifierats ar av vikt for att forsta hur det kan anvandas som instrument for att minska skadegorelse och brander. Ett viktigt exempel ar de gardar i sodra Holma dar sjalvforvaltning tillampas, vilket innebar att de boende sjalva skoter om mycket av fastighetsforvaltningen tillsammans. Data pekar mot att det ar anledningen till att dessa gardar uppvisar ett hogre socialt kapital/kollektiv formaga och en lagre mangd brander och skadegorelse. Potentiella vagar for att starka det sociala kapitalet som identifierats ar att skapa motesplatser eller annu hellre organisationer med en smaskaligt lokal pragel. I de grannskap som har gott om moteslokaler, hobbyrum och liknande finns mer utbredda sociala natverk och hogre socialt kapital. Generellt samvarierar lagt socialt kapital med hog fattigdom saval teoretiskt som empiriskt i de studerade omradena. Den kanske viktigaste faktorn ar 7 dock forekomsten av eldsjalar samt for att uppna langsiktighet det stod som dessa eldsjalar kan fa av fastighetsforvaltare, myndigheter och organisationer sa att engagemanget institutionaliseras. Fyra potentiella satt att starka det lokala sociala kapitalet som identifierats och som ar enkla och konkreta ar utokad permanent narvaro av forvaltarrepresentanter, var socialtjansten hjalper bostadslosa att hitta lagenhet, att polisen erkanner och arbetar efter den grannsamverkanspotential som boendesociala organisationer kan ha samt att minska segregation och segmentering mellan olika befolkningsgrupper.
Surface Stone Movement and Scree Formation

The accumulation of rockfall talus slopes has been studied for conditions in which stones are added relatively slowly, so that dynamic interactions between them may be ignored, and stone movements modeled "one-at-a-time. " Laboratory scale models (1 m long) are compared with the results of mathematical and computer simulation. Mathematical analysis assumes that stone movement down the talus is equivalent to a "sliding-only" movement, and laboratory results support this assumption. Grain-size grading is explained in terms of the relative roughness of different material sizes to stones moving down the talus. Profile concavity is ascribed to the run-out of some material, corresponding to the tail of the frequency distribution for travel distances. Growth of the talus profile is modeled as a kinematic wave. The lower concavity obtained on both stochastic and scale models relative to deterministic models is thought to result from local accumulations of stones in the upslope parts of the talus which then produce small mass-movements at a constant slope.
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Successful training must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short term performance decrement, without severe psychological, or lasting other negative symptoms. This Functional Overreaching (FOR) will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, Non-Functional Overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and the Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be ‘prolonged maladaptation’ not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the aetiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, etc. together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this paper we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meets all criteria to make its use generally accepted. We propose a “check list” that might help the physicians and sport scientists to decide on the diagnosis of OTS and to exclude other possible causes of underperformance.
The effects of interplanetary magnetic field orientation on dayside high‐latitude ionospheric convection

The Atmosphere Explorer C data base of northern hemisphere ionospheric convection signatures at high latitudes is examined during times when the interplanetary magnetic field orientation is relatively stable. It is found that when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has its expected garden hose orientation, the center of a region where the ion flow rotates from sunward to antisunward is displaced from local noon toward dawn irrespective of the sign of By. Poleward of this rotation region, called the cleft, the ion convection is directed toward dawn or dusk depending on whether By is positive or negative, respectively. The observed flow geometry can be explained in terms of a magnetosphere solar wind interaction in which merging is favored in either the prenoon northern hemisphere or the prenoon southern hemisphere when the IMF has a normal sector structure that is toward or away, respectively.
Seismicity and average velocities beneath the Argentine Puna Plateau

A network of 60 seismographs was deployed across the Andes at ∼23.5°S. The array was centered in the backarc, atop the Puna high plateau in NW Argentina. P and S arrival times of 426 intermediate depth earthquakes were inverted for 1‐D velocity structure and hypocentral coordinates. Average velocities and υp/υs in the crust are low. Average mantle velocities are high but difficult to interpret because of the presence of a fast velocity slab at depth. Although the hypocenters sharply define a 35° dipping Benioff zone, seismicity in the slab is not continuous. The spatial clustering of earthquakes is thought to reflect inherited heterogeneties of the subducted oceanic lithosphere. Additionally, 57 crustal earthquakes were located. Seismicity concentrates in the fold and thrust belt of the foreland and Eastern Cordillera, and along and south of the El Toro‐Olacapato‐Calama Lineament (TOCL). Focal mechanisms of two earthquakes at this structure exhibit left lateral strike‐slip mechanisms similar to the suggested kinematics of the TOCL. We believe that the Puna north of the TOCL behaves like a rigid block with little internal deformation, whereas the area south of the TOCL is weaker and currently deforming.
Field evaluation of passive capillary samplers for estimating groundwater recharge

Passive capillary samplers (PCAPS), which sample water from the vadose zone via a hanging water column in a fiberglass wick, have shown potential to provide superior estimates of soil water flux compared to alternative methods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of PCAPS under natural rain‐fed conditions concerning (1) their operational characteristics and (2) their ability to estimate soil water flux. Forty‐two PCAPS were installed in 21 commercial agricultural fields in Lane County, Oregon. Monthly measurements of soil water flux and precipitation were recorded at each site for the 4‐year project duration. Of the 42 installed PCAPS, 12 samplers at six sites were inoperable or did not operate efficiently: 10 samplers were consistently below the water table, which overflowed the collection vessels rendering the samplers inoperable. Only two of the PCAPS exhibited technical failure resulting in unusually low collection efficiencies, thought to be due to a collapse of the collection vessel from oversuction during sample retrieval. On average, the 30 remaining PCAPS measured soil water flux 25% greater than that obtained from a water balance estimate. This discrepancy represents ∼8% of the total annual precipitation and irrigation each site received. PCAPS collection efficiency was found to be significantly correlated (R2 = 0.75) to the water balance yearly estimated recharge. The difference between PCAPS measured and water balance estimated percolation could be the result of inaccuracy in water balance evapotranspiration estimates and/or oversampling in the presence of high water tables. To estimate the mean yearly recharge at each site with a 30% bound on the mean at the 0.05 confidence level, eight PCAPS are required. This number corresponds closely to the results of Brandi‐Dohrn et al. [1996a] and is thought to be due to intrinsic variability of percolation.
LA AGROECOLOGIA EN LATINOAMERICA: TRES REVOLUCIONES, UNA MISMA TRANSFORMACION

Taking as departure point the triple dimension of agroecology -as science, as practice and as social or political movement- this paper make a review of this field of knowledge in Latin America (including the Caribbean islands). The paper describes and analyzes five poles of agroecological development in the region: Brazil, the Andean region, Central America, Mexico and Cuba, emphasizing the relations between scientific research, production of technologies and rural social movements. The review reveals a tri-dimensional innovative process (cognitive, technological and social and political), inextricably linked with the new progressive governments and the peasant and indigenous movements. The paper concludes that the region is living an interesting process where the new scientific and technological paradigms interact in a reciprocal way, with the political phenomena and the social movements.
Remote-controlled automatic backscatter lidar for PBL and troposphere measurements: description and first results

In a number of measurement scenarios it is necessary to operate a lidar in remote sites with a minimum personnel attendance on the spot. This requires a stability of operation, automatic functioning and remote control of the instrument status, and data downloading. Such backscatter/depolarisation lidar is realised by Observatory of Neuchatel and was operated for one year in Basel, Switzerland as part of Urban Boundary Layer study (BUBBLE project). The lidar is optimal for measurements at altitudes of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and troposphere. The operation was remotely controlled via internet from the premises of Observatory of Neuchatel. The lidar measurements covered a large number of the diurnal cycles of PBL development. We present a brief description of the lidar and its operation. We also present a preliminary results for PBL diurnal cycle measurements. These results include: determination of the aerosol mixed layer height using the altitude derivative of the lidar backscatter range-corrected signal and determination of the aerosol backscatter coefficient with a lidar signal inversion procedure.
Magnetic signature of European margin sediments: Provenance of ice‐rafted debris and the climatic response of the British ice sheet during Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3

[1] Mineral magnetic measurements are used to distinguish ice-rafted debris (IRD) sources and climate cycles spanning Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and MIS2 in core MD95–2006, from the Barra Fan, NE Atlantic. Distinct magnetic properties are displayed by IRD from the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) (high susceptibility (χ), low isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), low coercivity and the Verwey transition), the British ice sheet (BIS) (high χ, high IRM, medium coercivity and suppressed Verwey transition) and the ambient background sediment (low χ and low IRM). A magnetic unmixing model quantifies proportions of the IRD sources during Greenland Stadial (GS) 16 to GS3 (57.3 to 22.6 ka B.P.) spanning Heinrich Event (H) 5 to H2. The magnetic model suggests LIS IRD is only dominant within an interval during GS9, assigned to H4. Prior to H4 low proportions of BIS IRD suggest the BIS was not able to deliver significant amounts of IRD into the marine system. Following H4, proportions of BIS IRD during stadials increase, suggesting growth of the BIS during the latter stages of MIS3, with further expansion of the BIS during MIS2. LIS IRD within H2 is masked by BIS IRD input. Climatically driven anhysteretic remanent magnetizations reflect the short Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles between H5 and H4, while the proportions of hard magnetic minerals reflect the longer-term Bond cycles.
Transcatheter Alcohol-Mediated Perivascular Renal Denervation With€the€Peregrine System

Fro As Co pri Ab dis Ma OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the first clinical use of a new endovascular approach to renal denervation, using chemical neurolysis, via periadventitial infusion of dehydrated alcohol (ethanol) to perform “perivascular” renal artery sympathetic denervation. BACKGROUND Renal denervation remains a promising technology for the treatment of hypertension and other disorders. METHODS A novel 3-needle delivery device (Peregrine System Infusion Catheter, Ablative Solutions, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan) was introduced into the renal arteries of 18 subjects with refractory hypertension. Microdoses of alcohol were infused bilaterally via the 3 needles into to the adventitial space (0.30 ml/artery, 37 arteries). Renal artery angiography was performed at the time of the procedure and at 6 months (n1⁄4 16). The primary safety endpoints were complications associated with the catheter insertion and delivery of the neurolytic agent or any major vascular access complications. The secondary performance endpoint was a reduction in office-based systolic blood pressure at 6 months compared with baseline. RESULTS Procedural success was achieved in 100% of subjects (N 1⁄4 18) and arteries (N 1⁄4 37). There were no studyrelated adverse clinical events at follow-up. One death of a subject was recorded but determined by the investigator and an independent medical monitor to be non–study related. There were no angiographic observations of renal artery stenosis, aneurysms, or other renal artery abnormalities at 6 months (32 renal arteries). Sixteen of the 18 subjects had a 6-month follow-up. Themean office systolic blood pressure decreased from 175 17mmHg to 151 26mmHg ( 24mmHg). There was an average reduction of antihypertensive medications from 3.4 (baseline) to 2.0 per subject at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Chemical renal denervation using the infusion of very low doses of alcohol directly into the adventitial space appears to be feasible and safe. This approach may be a promising alternative approach to perform catheter-based renal denervation. These results need to be confirmed in larger scale clinical studies. (J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2016; 9:589–98) © 2016 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. m the Borgess Heart Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan; Ablative Solutions, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan; Sanatorio Italiano, unción, Paraguay; Stanford University, Stanford, California; MMC Medical, Laguna Beach, California; and Preclinical nsultation, San Francisco, California. Ablative Solutions, Inc. provided funding for this study. Drs. Fischell and Ghazarossian are ncipals in and cofounders of Ablative Solutions and hold equity in the company. Dr. Vega and L. Minarsch are consultants to lative Solutions, Inc. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to close. nuscript received August 11, 2015; revised manuscript received November 22, 2015, accepted November 23, 2015. ABBR EV I A T I ON S