Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of casein hydrolysate formed by trypsin or bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bb-12) culture on cholesterol and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition

The hypocholesterolemic effect of peptides present in crude casein hydrolysate using trypsinìr from BifidobacteriLtm animalis subsp. tactis (P,b-12) culture grown in casein tólution or in MRS broth were compared with the control (unhydrolysed crude casein). These samples have shown to reduce cholesterol level in vitro to varying degree between 24-87%. T^he unhydrolysed crude casein (control) has shown not to have a reducing effect on cholesterol level. The reduction level of cholesterol was found to be dependant on the degree of hydrolysis. Fractions obtained after size exclusion from crude casein hyãrolysate fôrmeã by trypsin after 48h hydrolysis have shown to reduce cholesterol level to degree vary between2.TYoto 50o/o. Bb-12 or trypsin crude casein hydrolysates were also found to possess angiotensinconverting "-y-" (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro to a varying degree between 29Yo and 3S%, respectively. Unhydrolysed crude casein showed no real effect on ACEinhibitory activity. Trypsin hydrolysate has slightly more effect on ACE activity than BblZ. ^. ãlutionrúip wãs also found between AcE-inhibitory activity and degree of hydrolysis. Fractions of crude casein hydrolysate after 48h hydrolysis with trypsin by size eicl.rsion have shown to have AcE-inhibitory activity varying between 37o/o and 50o/o. Several identified AcE-inhibitory peptides from active fractions were found to have Phe' Trp, Tyr, Arg, Lys or Pro at their ultimate C-terminal position, making them a possible candidate for ACE-inhibitory activity. Further analysis on the prof,rles of casein and whey protein fractions, obtained by fast protein liquiâ chromatography (FPLC), of skimmed milk and four different commercial -types of probiotic health drinks, and casein profile of added Bb-Iz culture were ilïestigated to study the possible effect of probiotics on milk proteins. Differences in protein-prof,rle were found b"t*""n the control and the four commercial probiotic health ã¡ntr âs well as with added Bb-12 culture. Whey proteins were more resistance to hydrolysis than caseins.
Signalling and transcriptional regulation of early developmental lineage decisions

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cell lines isolated from the embryo at a time just prior to implantation into the uterus. In the right cocktail of medium and cytokines, these cell lines can be maintained indefinitely in vitro in a self-renewing state. Initially it was assumed that these cells represented a homogeneous population however, more recently it has been shown that there are a great number of genes that are expressed heterogeneously. ES cell cultures are therefore a mix of different subpopulations, some of which have distinct functional properties including a bias or ‘lineage priming’ towards a particular cell fate. These populations are also dynamic in nature, converting from one state to another with fairly rapid kinetics. The main focus of this thesis was to gain a more in depth understanding of the mechanisms regulating heterogeneity and lineage priming in murine ES cells by asking which signalling pathways play a role in this phenomenon and how the switch between states is regulated at a transcriptional level. These questions were asked using an ES cell line containing a sensitive reporter for the endoderm marker Hex. This reporter, developed by a previous lab member, allowed the identification and separation of a population of ES cells primed towards a primitive endoderm fate. Primarily, I assessed the effect of a defined culture system (2i) on the Hex-expressing population. This culture system contains inhibitors that block FGF signalling and the Wnt pathway component GSK3. Culturing ES cells in 2i has been suggested to generate a more homogeneous culture. Here, I have shown that culturing ES cells or pre-implantation embryos in 2i did not eliminate heterogeneity but maintained them in an early state prior to lineage segregation. When ES cells were cultured in standard serum-containing medium, Hex was expressed in a mutually exclusive manner with the embryonic marker NANOG, while in 2i a subpopulation of cells coexpressed both Hex and NANOG. This population was functionally primed towards extraembryonic endoderm and trophoblast. Furthermore, these ES cells could efficiently contribute to 2-cell embryos in chimaera assays. LIF signalling promoted this population through the JAK/STAT pathway. I then asked how transcription was regulated during the switch between unprimed ES cells to those primed towards a primitive endoderm fate, as well as how regulation changes during further differentiation. To ask this, Hex positive (primed) and negative (unprimed) ES cell populations were sorted as well as a Hex positive differentiated sample. These samples were analysed by GRO-seq to determine the location, density and orientation of RNA-polymerase throughout the genome. Changes in gene expression between primed and unprimed states were regulated primarily through elongation whereas genes upregulated during differentiation were regulated at the point of de novo initiation.
Awareness and Accessibility of Existing Tertiary Eye Care Facility by Rural Dwellers of Aramoko Community.

127 patients reporting first time for care at medical outdoor of Index medical college Indore and diagnosed as type 2diabetes were studied for existing micro vascular and macro vascular complications. History of first knowledge of their diabetes to the patients was elicited to define disease duration. Patients were categorized by disease duration and with clinical and laboratory examination micro vascular complications retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy were evaluated. Macro vascular complications as hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease were also clinically assessed. The findings revealed presence of at least one micro vascular complication in every patient. Hypertension was marked association. The implications of findings to our understanding of type 2 diabetes in the zone, and right approach to management is discussed including literature review and research.
Dynamics of the copepod Eurytemora affinis hirundoides in the Gironde estuary: origin and fate of its production

In the Gironde estuary, Eurytemora affinis hirundoides is by far the most abundant planktonic species. Its production was estimated during a one year study from samples taken at 10 days intervals. Production was calculated by dividing population biomass by turnover times based on laboratory data. We found an annual production of 1.4 g C m-3 By comparison, the mean primary production in the channels of the Gironde estuary was no more than 6.3 g C m-3 yr-1. Assuming a growth efficiency of 9-18 %, 7.8 to 15.6 gC m-3 yr-l are consumed by the copepods. This means that the primary production could only sustain 40-80 % of the copepod populations, and that detritic pathways must play a prominent role. The distribution pattern of E. a. hirundoides showed a clear relation with the suspended particulate matter. Several evidences suggest that the copepods feed on detritus. However, an excess of suspended matter (> 1 g l-1) may restrict the downward distribution of E. a. hirundoides as the consequence of a physical conglomeration in the turbidity maximum zone. The copepod populations are retained within the estuary in the same way as the sediment and could be trapped for more than one generation. Since the turbidity maximum is expelled during short periods of time (35 days per year in all), most of the copepod production may remain within the estuary where it is recycled, partly by predation. It is concluded that this amount of organic matter does not serve to fertilize the continental shelf, at least in the form of particulate matter.
Estabilidade físico-química e mineral do suco de uva obtido por extração a vapor

Um consideravel percentual de uvas da cultivar Benitaka apresenta-se fora dos padroes de comercializacao in natura . Considerando-se que o consumo de produtos derivados de frutas vem crescendo consideravelmente devido ao seu valor nutricional, a producao de sucos e produtos derivados de uva deve ser estimulada. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o suco de uva elaborado a partir da cultivar Benitaka, por extracao a vapor, bem como estudar sua estabilidade fisico-quimica e mineral durante 210 dias de armazenamento. As analises fisicas e fisico-quimicas realizadas foram: cor, pH, atividade de agua, solidos soluveis, acidez titulavel, acucares redutores e acucares totais. Os valores para atividade de agua, pH, residuo seco, acucar redutor e total apresentaram diferenca significativa durante o armazenamento (p ≤ 0,05). Os elementos minerais apresentaram-se, em sua maioria, estaveis durante o armazenamento.
Studies on reciprocal differences and gene actions through diallel analysis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Sesame is the most traditional and important oil yielding crop grown in India. A careful choice of parents in breeding programmes is important particularly if the aim is to improve quantitative characters like yield and its components. The concept of a combining ability analysis gives precise estimates of the nature and magnitude of gene actions involved in the inheritance of quantitative characters, which facilitate the identification of parents with good general combining ability effects and crosses with good specific combining ability effects. It is also useful for selecting the most suitable breeding method. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the nature of gene action and maternal effects present in the inheritance of the quantitative characters.
Tree Growing Objectives of Smallholder Farmers in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines

This study aimed to capture the underlying motives of smallholders for planting trees in their farms. Specifi cally, it aimed to identify the farm and household characteristics that might explain the underlying tree growing objectives of smallholder farmers, and draw policy implications for enhancing tree growing among farmers. The study was conducted in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines. It made use of 192 farmer-respondents who practiced tree based farming systems with corn being the dominant crop. Empirical evidence from the principal component analysis indicated that smallholders’ farm forestry is an investment with multi-objectives, primarily focusing on monetary and other economic objectives. The fi rst component represents “employment, economic security and asset motive” of tree growing was related to labor income and selfemployment, increase income from timber sales, asset motives, security in old age, speculative motive, etc. The second component interpreted to represent “recreation and aesthetic objective” was characterized by non-timber use of tree growing such as outdoor recreation, solitude and meditation, aesthetic value, and improved healthy residential environment. The variables relating to the objectives of restoring farm fertility and productivity, erosion control measure, nature protection, and making the environment cooler represented the third component, as “environmental protection and restoration objective. ” Tree planting for monetary and economic objectives was signifi cantly and positively infl uenced by farm distance from barangay center and inversely related to gender and education of household heads, household size, total annual cash income, and average farm distance from the nearest road. Similar variables were associated with recreation and aesthetic objectives of tree planting except on civil status. Environmental and restoration motive was negatively associated with farming experience of households. However, it was uniquely related to the age of household heads and knowledge level regarding tree-based systems. This fi nding has signifi cant implications on agricultural technology adoption in general, and tree farming in particular. Key words: principal component analysis, smallholder farmers, tree growing, grasslands, Philippines
Serological study of leptospirosis among dairy cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina

A total of 75,206 blood serum samples from dairy cattle and quarantined heifers was collected between 2001 and 2007 and analyzed for bovine leptospirosis by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Serovar Hardjo was used for testing of all sera, with the addition of 2 or 3 randomly chosen other serovars (Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Bataviae, Canicola, and/or Saxcoebing). From the total number of sera tested, 1197 (1.59%) were serologically positive, with a decreasing tendency over the years of research. The most prevalent serovar was Pomona (1.32%), followed by Hardjo (0.52%) and Grippotyphosa (0.37%). The differences among the studied regions in terms of the distribution of serovars and seroprevalence values may be attributed to different farm management approaches and climatic conditions. It is believed that the decrease in seroprevalence toward the last years of investigation may be due to the application of permanent control strategies against leptospirosis and antibiotic therapy for all seropositive animals with an antibody titer equal to or higher than 1:100.
Potential versus actual seed performance ― can vigour testing provide an answer ?

(.) It is argued that the whole direction of international vigour testing research needs to be reevaluated with a greater emphasis placed on the need to understand the variables and assumptions involved in each test. It appears increasingly unlikely that any one test, whether germinative, physiological or biochemical, will be appropriate for even a single species under all conditions. Thus there is a need to consider more carefully development work on promising tests within a local context
Meat quality of entire and castrated male Boer goats raised under Australian conditions and slaughtered at different weights: physical characteristics, shear force values and eating quality profiles

Castrated and entire Boer bucks (no.=60) in groups of between three and five animals were slaughtered at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 kg live weight (5- and 15-kg animals were not castrated). Ultimate pH, muscle colour (subjective and objective measurement), subcutaneous fat colour, total pigment concentration, shear force values and eating quality were investigated. The ultimate pH of longissimus muscle increased from 5.7 to 6.2 (P<0.05) as animals were slaughtered at heavier weights. Slaughter weight had an influence on chromameter muscle colour (L*, a*, b* values) and subjective muscle colour scores recorded using a nine-point colour scale (P<0.05) for both entire and castrated bucks. Muscle redness (a* values) and subjective muscle colour scores increased gradually in older animals while muscle lightness and yellowness (L* and b* values) decreased. Subcutaneous fat colour became more yellow at heavier slaughter weights (P<0.05). Shear force values were affected (P<0.05) by slaughter weight but not by castration of bucks. All eating quality scores were influenced by slaughter weight but not by castration, and flavour, as predicted by eating quality scores, was the most important attribute that contributed to overall acceptability of the goat meat.
Glial-neuronal interactions in experimental brain disorders

When [1-13C]glucose and [1,2- 13C]acetate are given simultaneously, information of astrocytic and neuronal metabolism can be obtained in the same animal. This is because acetate is exclusively taken up by astrocytes, while the major part of acetyl-CoA derived from glucose is metabolized in neurons. In the present thesis glial-neuronal interactions in experimental models of epilepsy, hydrocephalus and schizophrenia were examined by 13C NMR spectroscopy and other techniques.Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindling mainly altered metabolism of astrocytes in 2 months old and of glutamatergic neurons in 8 months old senescence accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8), a genetic model of aging. In the presence of PTZ, phenobarbital decreased labeling of most metabolites from both [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate in young SAMP8, although in older animals only GABAergic neurons were affected. Phenobarbital normalized glutamate labeling from [1-13C]glucose in old PTZ animals. Aging of SAMP8 lead to decreased mitochondrial activity in glutamatergic neurons, as shown by decreased glutamate labeling from [1-13C]glucose in old control animals compared to young controls. Additionally, old SAMP8 mice had disturbed astrocytic metabolism indicated by lowered glutamine synthesis from [1,2-13C]acetate. In the early development of rat kaolin-hydrocephalus astrocyte metabolism was impaired only. First later, at the chronic stage, neuronal metabolism became affected as well. A decrease in [4,5-13C]glutamate and unchanged [4,5-13C]glutamine indicated impaired transport of astrocytic glutamine to glutamatergic neurons four weeks after hydrocephalus induction. While a single dose of the NMDA antagonist MK801 mainly disturbed metabolism in the rat temporal lobe (TE), repeated administration lead mostly to metabolic impairment in the cingulate, retrosplenial and frontal cortex (CRFC). Evidence was found for decreased neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles and impaired conversion of glutamine to glutamate in neurons. Moreover, MK801 lead to compartmentation of glutamine metabolism, where glutamine labeled from neuronal glutamate was handled differently than glutamine from astrocytic glutamate. Repeated MK801 administration provoked predominantly altered neuronal metabolism, while metabolism of astrocytes seemed relatively unaffected. This might add to the disturbances of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop caused by NDMA receptor blockade and hence to the sensory gating deficits provoking cortical sensory overstimulation and psychosis.In contrast to the hydrocephalus experiment, the studies of epilepsy in SAMP8 and of NMDA receptor hypofunction did not show primary astrocytic impairment. Thus, astrocytic function differs from disorder to disorder. Although there is no general pattern of glial-neuronal interactions, the socalled glutamate-glutamine cycle is frequently disturbed.
Intermolt duration and postembryonic growth of two sympatric species of Hyalella (Amphipoda: Dogielinotidae) in laboratory conditions

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that two sympatric species of freshwater gammaridean, Hyalella pleoacuta and H. castroi, might show differences at the intermolt duration and postembryonic growth in laboratory conditions. Ovigerous females were collected with a net in April 2005 and April 2006, in a trout culture pond in the Vale das Trutas, municipality of Sao Jose dos Ausentes, southern Brazil. These specimens were cultured in the laboratory (19° C and 12-hour light-dark photoperiod), and examined for signs of release of juveniles at the same time each day. The culture water was changed twice a weak. Juveniles that emerged from the brood pouch were separated and classified as stage I; the subsequent stages were identified by each successive molt. All the amphipods were observed twice a day until their death. There was no significant difference between the mean total intermolt period of males (9.68 days) and females (9.03 days) of H. pleoacuta. However, in H. castroi, the males showed a longer mean total intermolt period (12.18 days) than did females (10.68 days). Sexual dimorphism was observed at stage V in both species (H. pleoacuta – males: 25.6 ± 0.65 days and females: 24.7 ± 0.40 days; H. castroi – males: 28.4 ± 1.29 days and females: 27.1 ± 0.56 days). Sexual maturity (stage VIII) was attained after 52.3 ± 1.1 days in males and 51.5 ± 1.1 days in females of H. pleoacuta. In H. castroi the males and females attained sexual maturity after 56.7 ± 2.5 and 53.2 ± 1.3 days, respectively. Males and females attained a maximum cephalothorax length of 0.85 and 0.79 mm, respectively in H. pleoacuta, and 0.89 and 0.86 mm, respectively in H. castroi. The mean longevity of males and females was 124.8 ± 10.32 and 121.8 ± 9.31 days, respectively in H. pleoacuta, and 164.0 and 139.5 days, respectively in H. castroi.
The efficacy of Anabat ultrasonic detectors and harp traps for surveying microchiropterans in south-eastern Australia

Insectivorous bats were surveyed using harp traps and ultrasonic bat detectors at 284 sites in three regions of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Ten species were recorded in the Box-Ironbark region, 16 species in North-east Victoria, and 14 species in Gippsland. Detectors yielded more species records per site in the Box-Ironbark region (where forests are dry, open and fragmented), whereas harp traps were more successful in the North-east and Gippsland (where forests are generally denser and taller). Results suggest that detectors are likely to be most effective where there are fewer potential species to be considered in call identification, and that harp traps are likely to be most effective in areas of relatively dense vegetation with discrete flyways. Overall the two techniques were complementary, as they were subject to different biases in the suite of species most likely to be recorded. A library of over 250 ultrasonic reference calls was compiled as the basis for the identification of unknown calls. There was a high level of variation in the search-phase calls produced by each species, and between 15 and 40 reference calls were considered necessary to gain an adequate representation of this variation within the study area. This high level of intra-specific variability, combined with a considerable inter-specific overlap in call characteristics, resulted in a conservative approach to call identification. The development of an identification key was useful in alleviating problems of subjectivity and lack of repeatability associated with qualitative methods of call identification. Investigation of optimal sampling periods revealed that between three and five hours of recording after sunset was required to obtain records of approximately 70% of the species identified from a complete night of detector data. Suggestions are provided for the design of future surveys using harp traps and detectors.
An Unusual CD56brightCD16low NK Cell Subset Dominates the Early Posttransplant Period following HLA-Matched Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation1

The expansion of the cytokine-producing CD56bright NK cell subset is a main feature of lymphocyte reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We investigated phenotypes and functions of CD56bright and CD56dim NK subsets from 43 HLA-matched non-T cell-depleted HSCT donor-recipient pairs. The early expansion of CD56bright NK cells gradually declined in the posttransplant period but still persisted for at least 1 year and was characterized by the emergence of an unusual CD56brightCD16low subset with an intermediate maturation profile. The activating receptors NKG2D and NKp46, but also the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, were overexpressed compared with donor CD56bright populations. Recipient CD56bright NK cells produced higher amounts of IFN-γ than did their respective donors and were competent for degranulation. Intracellular perforin content was increased in CD56bright NK cells as well as in T cells compared with donors. IL-15, the levels of which were increased in the posttranplant period, is a major candidate to mediate these changes. IL-15 serum levels and intracellular T cell perforin were significantly higher in recipients with acute graft-vs-host disease. Altogether, CD56bright NK cells postallogeneic HSCT exhibit peculiar phenotypic and functional properties. Functional interactions between this subset and T cells may be important in shaping the immune response after HSCT.