Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction between energetic particles and axisymmetric modes in magnetically confined fusion plasmas

The most promising path towards controlled thermonuclear fusion as a new source of energy makes use of devices, called tokamaks, for the confinement of high temperature hydrogen plasma by means of intense magnetic fields in toroidal configurations. The deuterium-tritium reactions in fusion reactors generate α particles with 3.5 MeV energy. These particles are supposed to transfer their energy to the plasma in order to self-sustain the conditions required for thermonuclear burn. Therefore, in order to realize such a fusion burning plasma, α particles in the MeV range must also be magnetically confined. However, under these circumstances, instabilities related to resonant interactions between the periodic motions of energetic particles and normal mode fluctuations of the thermal plasma may be excited. Of particular interest in this thesis are toroidally axisymmetric normal modes of the thermal plasma that arise spontaneously in a confinement configuration where the plasma cross-section is non-circular. Indeed, so-called magnetic divertor configurations and plasma shaping are common features in modern-day tokamak experiments. The elongation of the plasma cross section is linked to axisymmetric movements of the toroidal plasma column, associated with socalled vertical displacement events (VDE). These are related to normal modes, which conserve toroidal symmetry, i.e. with toroidal wave number n = 0, resulting in a rigid shift of the plasma column. This kind of vertical instability can lead to a termination of the plasma discharge on a characteristic Alfven time scale τA = R0/vA (with R0 the toroidal major radius and vA the propagation velocity of Alfven waves), which is typically of the order of microseconds, with consequent large electromagnetic stresses on the confinement device. Hence, external feedback currents are used in tokamak experiments to avoid the occurrence of VDEs, which result in characteristic stable plasma oscillations with a frequency close to the characteristic Alfven frequency 2π/τA. On the other hand, orbits of energetic particles are periodic and exhibit a characteristic frequency called transit frequency ωt ∼ (v/R0)(r/R0) (with v the energetic particle speed and r the minor toroidal plasma radius). When the energy of energetic ions is of the order of 1 MeV, ωt can become comparable with the oscillation frequency of n=0 axisymmetric vertical displacements, giving rise to a resonant interaction. This resonance leads to a collisionless transfer of energy between the plasma wave and the particles. Depending on the fast particles distribution function, this can result into either damping of the wave and consequent particle acceleration, or growth of the wave amplitude together with particle decel-
THE AFFECTIVE NATURE OF CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS AND THEIR CONSTITUTIVE IMPACT ON CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE

The research investigates the nature of customer expectations and their role on customer experience evaluation. Empirical data were collected through a survey based questionnaire (N = 362) among customers of 12 hotel service providers. The research model was tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the AMOS program. Results show that the customer expectations are anticipative mental processes of affective nature, with a constitutive impact on customer experience. Customer expectations serve also as a referential point, in relation to which the customer experience is evaluated conscious and unconscious throughout its continuum. Sources of expectations are inputs to these anticipative processes. Anticipated processes are dynamic and are permanently updated. The paper provides an explanatory framework fully appropriate to the contradictory way in which the role of customer expectations has been conceptualized so far in marketing literature. Research shows that in order to insure a positive evaluation of the customer experience, the service providers must recognize the centrality of the customer's affect and its impact in both the anticipative model of the reality (the expected experience) and the experience itself.
Indications and linked complications of Caesarean Delivery in Durame General Hospital: A Three Year Retrospective Study in Southern Ethiopia

Cesarean section (CS), is the most frequent abdominal surgery performed every year among adults, occurring currently in about 20 million deliveries worldwide [1]. Numerous women undergo this operation and the condition that exposes them to the procedure is rapidly growing in a continuous way in both developed and developing countries [2]. The procedure has started as a routine procedure following the growth of hospitals and increased urbanization though the concerns of women about the operation have been rising globally regardless of medical condition, age, race, or gestational age [3]. International concerns over such increases has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to suggest that CS rates should not exceed 15 % [4], as evidences from different sources indicate raising the rate of CS above cut-off point would not reduce both maternal & child mortality and mortality [4,5].
A key to understanding why a text is difficult to process Lexical uniqueness of academic English texts

While the register of English language tertiary textbooks has been investigated substantially, moderately little is explored about the register analytical features of secondary textbooks. The purpose of the present pedagogically-driven study is to analyse the register of biology textbooks for secondary students from the point of view of English as a second language (ESL) teaching by describing the lexical uniqueness of the register of the biology corpus (BIOCOR) 10th-grade students need to process during their studies at a bilingual secondary school. The BIOCOR (consisting of 7,021 words) was compared to a reference corpus (REFCOR) of general English texts at a CEFR B2 level (comprising 7,098 words) by exploring its high-value positive and negative keyness lexical items. The results of the investigation disclose that the lack of specialised uniqueness is prevalent in the BIOCOR with regard to academic English and specific biology terminology. The lexical plainness of the biology textbook can be regarded as one of the linguistic features revealing the non-academic but popularizing nature of the secondary textbook register.
Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory 1 Models for Ice-Jam Prediction

In cold regions, ice-jam events result in severe flooding due to a rapid rise in water levels upstream of the 10 jam. These floods threaten human safety and damage properties and infrastructures as the floods resulting from ice-11 jams are sudden. Hence, the ice-jam prediction tools can give an early warning to increase response time and minimize 12 the possible corresponding damages. However, the ice-jam prediction has always been a challenging problem as there 13 is no analytical method available for this purpose. Nonetheless, ice jams form when some hydro-meteorological 14 conditions happen, a few hours to a few days before the event. The ice-jam prediction problem can be considered as 15 a binary multivariate time-series classification. Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied for time-16 series classification in many fields such as finance, engineering, weather forecasting, and medicine. In this research, 17 we successfully applied CNN, LSTM, and combined CN-LSTM networks for ice-jam prediction for all the rivers in 18 Quebec. The results show that the CN-LSTM model yields the best results in the validation and generalization with 19 F1 scores of 0.82 and 0.91, respectively. This demonstrates that CNN and LSTM models are complementary, and a 20 combination of them further improves classification.
Why Making Promotion after a Burnout is Like Boiling the Ocean

Recent studies have explored hiring discrimination as an obstacle to former burnout patients. Many workers, however, return to the same employer, where they face an even more severe aftermath of burnout syndrome: promotion discrimination. To our knowledge, we are the first to directly address this issue in research. More specifically, we conducted a vignette experiment with 406 genuine managers, testing the potential of the main burnout stigma theoretically described in the literature as potential mediators of promotion discrimination. Estimates reveal that compared to employees without an employment interruption, former burnout patients have no less than a 34.4% lower probability of receiving a promotion. Moreover, these employees are perceived as having low (1) leadership, (2) learning capacity, (3) motivation, (4) autonomy and (5) stress tolerance, as well as being (6) less capable of taking on an exemplary role, (7) having worse current and (8) future health, (9) collaborating with them is regarded more negatively, and (10) managers perceive them as having fewer options to leave the organisation if denied a promotion. Four of these perceptions, namely lower leadership capacities, stress tolerance, abilities to take on an exemplary role and chances of finding another job explain almost half the burnout effect on promotion probabilities.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria ! Radiologic Management of Uterine Leiomyomas Expert Panel on Interventional Radiology :

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age. When symptomatic, these patients can present with bleeding and/or bulk-related symptoms. Treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas include medical management, minimally invasive treatment such as uterine artery embolization, and surgical options, such as myomectomy. It is important to understand the role of these treatment options in various clinical scenarios so that appropriate consultation is performed. Furthermore, patients should be presented with the outcomes and complications of each of these treatment options. A summary of the data and clinical trials of the treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas is outlined in this article. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
Electrochemical Detection of Global DNA Methylation Using Biologically Assembled Polymer Beads

Simple Summary Genomic profiling of cancer-derived materials in circulation has become an alternative approach for tumour genotyping. The detection of tumour origin markers such as DNA methylation in bodily fluids enables cancer screening, early-stage diagnosis and evaluation of therapy response. The development of broad platform technologies that underpin many in vitro clinical diagnostic tests has brought about a paradigm shift in cancer management and diagnosis. This study developed a multifaceted technology platform based on bioengineered polymer nanobeads for efficient capture and electrochemical detection of DNA methylation in ovarian cancer patient samples. This could be a versatile diagnostic platform for detecting numerous disease biomarkers, thus allowing several disease diagnoses. Abstract DNA methylation is a cell-type-specific epigenetic marker that is essential for transcriptional regulation, silencing of repetitive DNA and genomic imprinting. It is also responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancers. Herein, we present a simple approach for quantifying global DNA methylation in ovarian cancer patient plasma samples based on a new class of biopolymer nanobeads. Our approach utilises the immune capture of target DNA and electrochemical quantification of global DNA methylation level within the targets in a three-step strategy that involves (i) initial preparation of target single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) from the plasma of the patients’ samples, (ii) direct adsorption of polymer nanobeads on the surface of a bare screen-printed gold electrode (SPE-Au) followed by the immobilisation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC)-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody, and (iii) immune capture of target ss-DNA onto the electrode-bound PHB/5mC-HRP antibody conjugates and their subsequent qualification using the hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase/hydroquinone (H2O2/HRP/HQ) redox cycling system. In the presence of methylated DNA, the enzymatically produced (in situ) metabolites, i.e., benzoquinone (BQ), binds irreversibly to cellular DNA resulting in the unstable formation of DNA adducts and induced oxidative DNA strand breakage. These events reduce the available BQ in the system to support the redox cycling process and sequel DNA saturation on the platform, subsequently causing high Coulombic repulsion between BQ and negatively charged nucleotide strands. Thus, the increase in methylation levels on the electrode surface is inversely proportional to the current response. The method could successfully detect as low as 5% methylation level. In addition, the assay showed good reproducibility (% RSD ≤ 5%) and specificity by analysing various levels of methylation in cell lines and plasma DNA samples from patients with ovarian cancer. We envision that our bioengineered polymer nanobeads with high surface modification versatility could be a useful alternative platform for the electrochemical detection of varying molecular biomarkers.
when Listening Music with Emotional C ontent Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow Complexity

68 SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 19 NUMBER 2 YEAR 2021 ISSN: 1690-4524 Despite the above studies, there is a lack of research on the effects of music on cerebral hemodynamics. This is fundamentally due to limitations on the analysis of CBF signals, that usually is limited to the inspection of mean amplitude or spectral density, which have not provided clear results on differentiating emotional states. However, nowadays there are powerful tools that allow signal analysis from a complexity perspective that have found successful applications with biological data. This study proposes that analyzing the hemodynamic response to different musical stimuli using a complexity estimator derived from MSE will properly differentiate between the emotional reactions they triggered.
Initial Beliefs Uncertainty

Abstract This paper evaluates how initial beliefs uncertainty can affect data weighting and the estimation of models with adaptive learning. One key finding is that misspecification of initial beliefs uncertainty, particularly with the common approach of artificially inflating initials uncertainty to accelerate convergence of estimates, generates time-varying profiles of weights given to past observations in what should otherwise follow a fixed profile of decaying weights. The effect of this misspecification, denoted as diffuse initials, is shown to distort the estimation and interpretation of learning in finite samples. Simulations of a forward-looking Phillips curve model indicate that (i) diffuse initials lead to downward biased estimates of expectations relevance in the determination of actual inflation, and (ii) these biases spill over to estimates of inflation responsiveness to output gaps. An empirical application with U.S. data shows the relevance of these effects for the determination of expectational stability over decadal subsamples of data. The use of diffuse initials is also found to lead to downward biased estimates of learning gains, both estimated from an aggregate representative model and estimated to match individual expectations from survey expectations data.
Understanding the Link between Intelligence and Lying

Standard economic theory suggests that the decision to lie requires careful weighting of the associated economic costs and benefits, raising the question of whether intelligence matters for misbehaviour. Using the die roll paradigm, we compare behaviour between individuals who score either low or high on a Raven test when lying only benefits the subject who lies (Selfish treatment) or a charitable cause (Charity treatment). We find that high Raven individuals are honest in the Selfish treatment; however, their aversion to lying vanishes in the Charity treatment. Our results have important implications for the rapidly growing lying literature, indicating that intelligence is a key characteristic of misbehaviour.
Narrative Asset Pricing: Interpretable Systematic Risk Factors from News Text

We estimate a narrative factor pricing model from news text of The Wall Street Journal. Our empirical method integrates topic modeling (LDA), latent factor analysis (IPCA), and variable selection (group lasso). Narrative factors achieve higher out-of-sample Sharpe ratios and smaller pricing errors than standard characteristic-based factor models and predict future investment opportunities in a manner consistent with the ICAPM. We derive an interpretation of the estimated risk factors from narratives in the underlying article text.
Social Ethics and Balinese Physical Distancing in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to analyze how effective government policies are in implementing physical distancing in Bali. The survey was conducted to collect data using an online questionnaire by 109 people of different backgrounds and ages. After analyzing the data, the overall conclusion concludes that the appeal for physical distancing did not significantly affect several activities that could predictably increase the transmission of COVID-19 in Bali. On the same page, the COVID-19 outbreak felt by respondents has damaged their jobs in Bali, which is dominated by the tourism sector. It appears that there are two contradictions between physical distancing calls that are viewed as interfering with respondents' work activities. On the other hand, it is predicted that the outbreak of COVID-19 will increase if physical distancing is not performed, which is worse. This study recommended containing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Cross–Border Travel: Theory and Empirics

I develop a search-theoretic model to study how consumers' search behavior responds to exchange rate volatility. The model offers two main predictions. First, the number of cross-border travelers is increasing in exchange rate volatility. Second, the elasticity of cross-border travel with respect to exchange rate volatility is increasing in transportation cost. I use monthly Canadian traveler data from 2005 to 2012 to test the model's predictions. The estimate suggests that when exchange rate volatility increases by one standard deviation, the number of same-day travelers increases by 1.6 percent. When exchange rate volatility is measured by implied volatilities, the estimates increase to 2.1–2.5 percent. When the data is restricted to the subperiod before the 2008 financial crisis, the estimated coefficients of exchange rate volatility and implied volatilities increase to 4 percent and 7.3–10.7 percent, respectively. This paper concludes that cross-border shopping behavior responds to both ex ante and ex post exchange rate volatilities.
For Whom (and For When) is the Firm Governed? The Effect of Changes in Corporate Fiduciary Duties on Tax Strategies and Earnings Management

The proper object of the fiduciary duties of corporate directors and officers is frequently described as the central question in all corporate law. We use the adoption of constituency statutes, which shift the loci of corporate managers’ duties from shareholders to a wide range of stakeholders, as a quasi-natural experiment to determine the actual impact of fiduciary duties. We find that while the adoption of constituency statutes has no significant effect on measures of earnings management, it has a robust effect on firms’ effective tax rate, which increases in a range between 0.570% and 1.903%. These results are robust in terms of various measures of the firm’s effective tax rate. We provide explanations for why fiduciary duties apparently do not influence manager behaviors in relation to shareholders, but do affect their behaviors in relation to the taxing authority. We argue that a change to fiduciary duties doesn’t appear to alter the motivation of managers to maximize shareholder welfare outcomes, but rather it allows them to eschew short-term strategies that often impair long-term outcomes.
Subjective Life Expectancies, Time Preference Heterogeneity, and Wealth Inequality

This paper explores how heterogeneity in life expectancy, objective (statistical) as well as subjective, affects savings behavior between healthy and unhealthy people. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we show that people in poor health not only have shorter actual lifespan, but are also more pessimistic about their remaining time of life. Using a standard overlapping-generations model, we show that differences in life expectancy can explain one third of the differences in accumulated wealth with an important part driven by pessimism among unhealthy people.
Economic Uncertainty and Corruption: Evidence From Public and Private Firms

Abstract We study the influence of policy uncertainty on the moral behavior of firms. When facing uncertainty, managers perceive various socioeconomic obstacles as more severe and disruptive to their business. Using data from policy uncertainty spouts in 93 countries, we document that some firms engage in norm-deviant behavior by cheating on taxes and paying more bribes. While private firms prefer to cheat on taxes, public firms choose bribery as a favorite tool to “grease the wheels” during periods of uncertainty. Strong social capital (local trust and religiosity) breaks this link between uncertainty and corruption.
A New Formal Model Analysis of Deterrent to Brinkmanship and the Causes of Security Dilemma

How close does a nation come to the brink of war with an opponent during the process of crisis bargaining? The present study constructs a new formal model focused on a challenger's incentive to intensify military provocations against a defender that involves a trade-off between securing a more profitable bargaining outcome and increasing the risk of inadvertent war. This new model identifies the conditions under which the defender's threat of military coercion effectively deters the challenger from engaging in his payoff-maximizing level of military provocations (i.e., his preferred brinkmanship). In conclusion, a sufficiently strong provocation incentive on the part of the challenger makes the defender's implicit threat of coercion incredible, thus allowing the challenger to engage in his preferred brinkmanship. A presented numerical example further suggests that a security dilemma could arise because military buildup by the defender could weaken the deterrent effect on the challenger's military provocations.
Judges, Partisanship, and Corporate Prosecutions

We document that judges appointed by a Democrat president impose larger fines for corporate crimes involving environmental and labor regulations while Republicanappointed judges impose larger fines for crimes involving the hiring of illegal immigrants. These differences, which are robust to controlling for other judicial characteristics, do not simply reflect fixed ideological differences and are at least partly driven by political partisanship. In particular, the observed differences become amplified during months of greater political polarization and when judicial vacancies exist on a higher court. Our findings highlight how greater political polarization increases the uncertainty of judicial outcomes for US firms. JEL: G38, K14, K42