Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of non‐canonical El Niño patterns on Atlantic hurricane activity

The impact of non‐canonical El Niño patterns, typically characterized by warmer than normal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central tropical Pacific, on Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) is explored by using composites of key Atlantic TC indices and tropospheric vertical wind shear over the Atlantic main development region (MDR). The highlight of our major findings is that, while the canonical El Niño pattern has a strong suppressing influence on Atlantic TC activity, non‐canonical El Niño patterns considered in this study, namely central Pacific warming, El Niño Modoki, positive phase Trans‐Niño, and positive phase Pacific meridional mode, all have insubstantial impact on Atlantic TC activity. This result becomes more conclusive when the impact of MDR SST is removed from the Atlantic TC indices and MDR wind shear by using the method of linear regression. Further analysis suggests that the tropical Pacific SST anomalies associated with the non‐canonical El Niño patterns are not strong enough to cause a substantial warming of the tropical troposphere in the Atlantic region, which is the key factor that increases the wind shear and atmospheric static stability over the MDR. During the recent decades, the non‐canonical El Niños have been more frequent while the canonical El Niño has been less frequent. If such a trend continues in the future, it is expected that the suppressing effect of El Niño on Atlantic TC activity will diminish and thus the MDR SST will play a more important role in controlling Atlantic TC activity in the coming decades.
Investigating Factors Affecting the Intention to Use Mobile Health from a Holistic Perspective: The Case of Small Cities in China

Aim/Purpose: This study aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework that incorporates personal characteristics, social context, and technological features as significant factors that influence the intention of small-city users in China to use mobile health. Background: Mobile health has become an integral part of China’s health management system innovation, the transformation of the health service model, and a necessary government measure for promoting health service parity. However, mobile health has not yet been widely adopted in small cities in China. Methodology: The study utilized a quantitative approach whereby web-based questionnaires were used to collect data from 319 potential users in China using China’s health management system. The data was analyzed using the PLS-SEM (the partial least squares-structural equation modeling) approach. Contribution: This study integrates the protection motivation theory (PMT), which compensates for the limitations of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology theory (UTAUT) and is a re-examination of PMT and UTAUT in a small city context in China. Findings: The findings indicate that attitude and perceived vulnerability in the personal characteristic factors, social influence and facilitating conditions in the social context factors, and performance expectancy in the technological feature factors influence users’ intention to use mobile health in small cities in China. Recommendations for Practitioners: This study provides feasible recommendations for mobile health service providers, medical institutions, and government agencies based on the empirical results. Recommendation for Researchers: As for health behavior, researchers should fully explain the intention of mobile health use in terms of holism and health behavior theory. Impact on Society: This study aims to increase users’ intention to use mobile health in small cities in China and to maximize the social value of mobile health. Future Research: Future research should concentrate on the actual usage behavior of users and simultaneously conduct a series of longitudinal studies, including studies on continued usage behavior, abandonment behavior, and abandoned-and-used behavior.
Risk Factors for Stunting in Toddlers in the Public Health Center Working Area Embo Jeneponto, South Sulawesi

Stunting is still a nutritional problem in Indonesia, including in South Sulawesi. The impact of stunting is very broad, starting from the individual, family, community, and country levels. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for stunting incidents in the Embo District Health Center Work Area, Jeneponto. The type of research used in this research is observational with a "Case-Control Study" (case-control) approach, namely the status of the research design carried out by identifying subjects in the form of cases, using primary data through interviews with questionnaires. The variables studied included maternal education, birth weight, birth length, and exclusive breastfeeding. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. The number of samples in this study was 136 samples which included 68 case groups and 68 control groups. The results of the study showed that the variables that were risk factors for stunting were maternal education (OR= 9.758), birth weight (OR= 5.590), body length (OR= 8.065), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 4.286). Therefore, efforts are needed to increase the knowledge of every prospective mother by providing education on nutritional requirements for pregnant women so that they can prevent low birth weight and short birth length as well as postpartum education for exclusive breastfeeding.
Infrared emission towards SN 1987A, 11 years after outburst: Properties of the circumstellar dust

Detailed models are presented for the late epoch mid infrared (MIR) emission from collisionally heated grains in the shocked circumstellar gas around SN 1987A. Thermal dust emission from a region of moderate density interior to the thick inner ring seen with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is found to be a natural explanation for the MIR spectral energy distribution measured by ISOCAM. The MIR-spectrum can be reproduced by a mixture of silicate-iron or silicate-graphite grains or by a composition of pure graphite grains. A composition of pure iron grains on the other hand can be excluded and a pure silicate composition does not seem to be very likely. The dust-to-gas ratio in the interaction zone is ∼0.01%, an order of magnitude lower than estimates for dust abundances in the winds of red supergiant (RSG) stars in the LMC. This low dust abundance can be accounted for by a combination of evaporation through the UV-flash from the supernova outburst and subsequent sputtering in the shocked gas. For this explanation to hold, dust in the pre-supernova circumstellar medium (CSM) would have to have been predominantly composed of grains other than graphite, with a maximum size smaller than ∼0.1 µm.
Event‐triggered stabilization of linear systems under quantization and denial‐of‐service attacks

This article investigates the stabilization of linear systems under event‐triggered sampling, where the feedback signals are transmitted through a band‐limited network suffering from denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. We aim to reduce the average bit rate for stabilization while preserving the system's resilience against DoS. First, we consider the simpler case without transmission delay and present an event‐triggered control strategy to stabilize the concerned system by transmitting a finite number of bits. The average bit rate in a long time is zero in that case. Then we consider the joint effects of transmission delay and DoS attacks, and develop a variable bit rate quantization strategy and a periodic event‐triggering strategy. The proposed strategies can reduce the average bit rate compared with time‐triggered sampling methods. A numerical example is taken to verify the effectiveness of the proposed quantization and event‐triggering strategies.
Phytoplankton dynamics associated with a geostrophic front: Ecological and biogeochemical implications

Using phytoplankton pigments as biomarkers, we investigated the relationship between the physical forcing and the resulting biological, ecological and biogeochemical properties of the geostrophic front of the Eastern Alboran Sea. (1) Typical frontal sites present biomass levels averaging 60 mg chl a mm2 (up to 100 mg mm2), whereas the adjacent zones (typical Atlantic and Mediterranean) are characterized by an average integrated chlorophyll biomass of 20 mg chl a rnm2. (2) The phytoplankton biomass at front is diatom-dominated and differs markedly from the adjacent zones (typical Atlantic and Mediterranean), flagellate-and cyanobacteria-dominated. Therefore, high biomasses at the front do not result from purely physical accumulation but rather from local production. (3) The chlorophyll and diatom biomasses increase from the left to the right side of the Atlantic jet, which supports the hypothesis of a cross-frontal secondary circulation allowing a diatom bloom development. (4) Using assumptions on the carbon/chlorophyll ratio and growth rates for the different phytoplankton taxa, we evaluated the specific productions: diatoms account for 67% of the production at front and only about 10% at adjacent zones. (5) High concentrations of phaeopigments are only found at frontal stations, which points out the pecularities of the food web at the frontal site, compared to adjacent areas. (6) The observations made during this study give a precise picture of that frontal system: autotrophic new production and exportation are enhanced. The implication of this fro&l system on the carbon budget at a regional scale may be important.
Morphometry of glacial cirques in the Cantabrian Range (Northwest Spain)

Two study areas were selected in the Cantabrian Range, in northern Spain, in order to analyse the morphometric characteristics of Pleistocene glacial cirques in a relatively mar- ginal glacial environment. The Western Massif of Picos de Europa (WMPE) (highest altitude at 2,596 m) is characterised by Alpine-like relief and a geological landscape mainly dominated by calcareous outcrops. The sierras of Southwest Asturias (SSWA) (highest altitude at 2,002 m) is a typical Palaeozoic landscape of Appalachian-like relief and is dominated by old erosion surfaces. A statistical analysis found few relationships between environmental factors (altitude, aspect and lithology) and cirque morphometry in the WMPE. Glacial cirque development in this area is therefore likely to be more influenced by structural processes (such as differential erosion and fractures) and karstic erosion. In contrast, a clear increase in cirque size is observed with increasing altitude in the SSWA. In both study areas, cirques are predominantly distrib- uted in areas with N and NE aspects, but particularly so in the SSWA which is of lower alti- tude than the WMPE. In the SSWA but not the WMPE, the horizontal dimensions of the cirques tend to increase more rapidly than the vertical dimensions, supporting the allometric model of glacial cirque development in this area.
Mechanisms for Support: A Realist Evaluation of Peer Parental Advocacy in England

International research shows that although parents perceive the child protection system to be stigmatising and authoritarian, peer parental advocacy (PPA) programmes have a positive impact on improving complex relationships between parents and professionals. PPA programmes enable parents with lived experience of child protection processes to support other parents to navigate the system. As an emerging area of policy interest, research investigating the role of PPA in empowering parents to participate meaningfully in decision-making is crucial to developing collaborative approaches within child protection social work. This realist-informed study considered how a newly implemented PPA programme supported parents in two English Local Authorities. Our findings highlight the unique role peer advocates can play as a resource to influence decision-making, power relations and working relationships between professionals and parents. This article presents our final programme theory, which identifies four key mechanisms that support perceived effectiveness in PPA implementation: active engagement, effective communication, facilitating trust and adequate support for advocates. These findings highlight how PPA programmes in these Local Authorities were valued and begin to build a picture of how further advocacy programmes can be explored throughout the UK.
Reconnection sites of spatial cusp structures

[1] The interconnection of the interplanetary magnetic field with the geomagnetic field is thought to be the dominant process for mass, energy, and momentum transfer from the magnetosheath into the magnetosphere. Downward precipitating ions from the reconnection site are observed in the cusp by polar orbiting satellites and exhibit sudden changes in their ion-energy distributions, forming distinctive structures. These structures have been identified as temporal structures, most likely caused by variations of the reconnection rate at the magnetopause, as well as spatial structures caused by spatially separated flux tubes. Comparisons of spatial cusp structures observed by Cluster with simultaneously observed ionospheric convection pattern derived from SuperDARN radar observations showed that spatial cusp structures are linked with separated ionospheric convection cells. It has been suggested that these convection cells and their related spatial cusp structures are driven by multiple reconnection lines at the magnetopause. This study revisits a spatial cusp structure event and shows that the two dispersion events are indeed coming from separated reconnection lines located in different hemispheres.
Colorado Shale of Central and Northwestern Montana and Equivalent Rocks of Black Hills

The Colorado shale of central and northwestern Montana and the equivalent rocks on the north flank of the Black Hills are dominantly dark gray marine shales. It has been customary to treat the Colorado shale as a single formation, with one or two members. More detailed studies show that the Colorado shale is divisible into many lithologic units that can be correlated with the standard sequence in the Black Hills. The formations in the Black Hills that are equivalent to the Colorado shale are the Fall River sandstone, Skull Creek shale, Newcastle sandstone, Mowry shale, Belle Fourche shale, Greenhorn formation, Carlile shale, and Niobrara formation. Each formation and the equivalent part of the Colorado shale are briefly described, compared, and contrasted, and the importa t fossils are listed.
Non-indigenous marine species of Humboldt Bay, California

A number of both intentionally and inadvertently introduced species have been in Humboldt Bay for a long time, in some cases going back to the first settlement of the region by Europeans in the mid 1800's. During this survey, we collected and identified 95 species that are possibly non-indigenous marine species (NIS) in Humboldt Bay. There were representatives from most major groups of organisms, ranging from vascular plants to fish. We compared the occurrence of introduced species in Humboldt Bay to their occurrence mentioned in previous studies done along the Pacific coast of North America. The data on co-occurrence suggest that San Francisco Bay could be an important source area for introductions to Humboldt Bay, a finding consistent with ship and small boat traffic moving between these two locations. The number of species that appear to be found only in Humboldt Bay (27) suggests that there may be factors in the nature of shipping or other human influences that are unique to the bay. Show full item record
Evaluation of Surface and Radar-Estimated Precipitation Data Sources Over the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Plain

The Mississippi River floodplain in northwestern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas, often referred to as the Mississippi Delta, is extremely important for regional economic stability and growth due to the widespread agriculture in the area. Precipitation is often the limiting factor in crop production, and thus knowledge of precipitation variability is essential. The region is unique in currently having three sources of precipitation observations: (1) multi-sensor precipitation estimates from the National Weather Service (NWS) NEXRAD network; (2) surface observations from NWS recording stations; and (3) surface observations from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) recording stations. For meteorological and climatological precipitation research, quantitatively defining the biases associated with available precipitation data sources is critical in selecting which source to use for a given application. Results of this research indicate that the multi-sensor data are in best agreement with surface observations during the cool season (October-March) when stratiform precipitation dominates, whereas only moderate correlations exist during the warm season. Additionally, overall bias values among the data sources decrease after 2002, at which point the remotely sensed and surface-based estimates show improved agreement.
Beach orientation, bar morphology and the concentration of metalliferous placer deposits: a case study, Lake Turkana, N Kenya

The concentration of metalliferous particles in migrating swash bars is shown to depend upon processes controlled by the cross-sectional shape of the bar. A sand-spit provides two shorelines, each with a different pattern of wind-waves and each characterized consistently by bars of different shape. Where the wave period is low the bar is dune-like and its crest is set asymmetrically landward of the centre line. Where the wave period is high the bar is tabular, with a crest set just at the swash limit and on the lakeward side of the centre line. These differences in shape are important to the concentrating process. It is shown that swash-dominated dune-like forms produce concentrations of metalliferous grains that average only 13%. The tabular bar form, on the other hand, effects a significantly higher concentration of 21% through a hydrodynamic sorting process that is governed by limited swash overspill onto the landward slope. Concentrations of 90% are reached at specific positions. Confirmation of the concentrating process is obtained from detailed microstratigraphic interpretation of the contemporary bar, while the ancient bars of abandoned shorelines add supporting evidence. Clear-cut differences in placer concentration allow several diagnostic parameters to be identified for reconnaissance exploration. These include shore-line orientation, wave pattern, and bar cross-sectional morphology which can be combined with the reconstruction of abandoned shorelines using remote sensing imagery to provide a resource evaluation.
EVOLUÇÃO DAS BACIAS PROTEROZÓICAS E O TERMO-TECTONISMO BRASILIANO NA MARGEM SUL DO CRÁTON DO SÃO FRANCISCO

Detailed mapping associated with the application of sequence stratigraphy, structural and petrographic analyses, permitted a reconstruction of the Meso to Neoproterozoic geologica evolution south of the craton. A major unconformity separates two main rock units, a pre l.8 Ga basement and its cover. The basement is composed of high grade gneisses, greenstpne belts and intrusives of variable composition. Four depositional cycles were recognised in the cover successions. In stratigraphic order these are: the Tiradentes and Lenheiro cycles, predominantly quartzitic, the Carandai cycle with abundant pelites and carbonates, and the Andrelândia cycle with meta-sandstones and pelites. The analysis of these depositional cycles or sequences allowed the recognition of three depositional basins, the Sao Joao dei Rei basin, the Carandai basin and the Andrelândia basin. The first two are intracontinental basins, whereas the last represents a passive continental margin of the Sao Francisco paleo-continent, that, at the time, extended futher southeast with relation to the present limit of the craton. A continental collision around 600 Ma, here considered equivalent to the collision that resulted in the Brasilia belt further north, produced extensive thrusting with nappe formation and top to the east tectonic transport. The associated metamorphism (M B ) was of relatively high pressure type, as testified by the local occurrence of retro-eclogites. It reached the granulite facies in the stability field of kyanite. A second tectonic event, related to the Ribeira belt, at about 570 Ma, produced crustal shortening with tectonic transport to the NNW in the southern part of the region. The related metamorphism (M R ), characterised by sillimanite and cordierite, is of lower pressure type and produced a large number of anatectic granite bodies. Finally, important NE-SW transpressive dextral shear zones were generated in response to renewed E-W shortening.
Subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs

Abstract This study evaluates the subseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of each model’s twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed. The authors focus on the three major components of Asian summer monsoon: the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM), and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), together with the two dominant subseasonal modes: the eastward- and northward-propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSIO) and the westward-propagating 12–24-day mode. The results show that current state-of-the-art GCMs still have difficulties and display a wide range of skill in simulating the subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon. During boreal summer (May–October), most of the models produce reasonable seasonal-mean precipitation over the ISM region,.
The Effects of Student Coaching in College: An Evaluation of a Randomized Experiment in Student Mentoring

College completion and college success often lag behind college attendance. One theory as to why students do not succeed in college is that they lack key information about how to be successful or fail to act on the information that they have. We present evidence from a randomized experiment which tests the effectiveness of individualized student coaching. Over the course of two separate school years, InsideTrack, a student coaching service, provided coaching to students from public, private, and proprietary universities. Most of the participating students were non-traditional college students enrolled in degree programs. The participating universities and InsideTrack randomly assigned students to be coached. The coach contacted students regularly to develop a clear vision of their goals, to guide them in connecting their daily activities to their long term goals, and to support them in building skills, including time management, self advocacy, and study skills. Students who were randomly assigned to a coach were more likely to persist during the treatment period, and were more likely to be attending the university one year after the coaching had ended. Coaching also proved a more cost-effective method of achieving retention and completion gains when compared to previously studied interventions such as increased financial aid.