Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New approaches in understanding layered intrusions: field-based and analytical evidence from the Bushveld and Monchegorsk complexes

The formation of layered intrusions remains one of the most important, yet unresolved issues in the study of mafic-ultramafic systems, although they are of major economic significance, hosting more than 80 % of the world's platinum-group element (PGE) resource. In many layered intrusions, PGE mineralisation is associated with stratigraphic intervals that are characterised by pronounced igneous layering. Thus, the origin of layering and the emplacement mechanism of individual layers are closely related to the formation of PGE deposits. In this study, field-based and analytical evidence from the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and the Monchegorsk Complex in Russia is used to gain a better understanding of the small- and large-scale processes associated with the emplacement of layered intrusions. Detailed examination of drill core and field exposures suggest that sill-like intrusions of crystal mushes play an important role in the formation of layered intrusions, especially in the lower ultramafic portions of large complexes. In contrast, the in situ Sr isotope analysis of plagioclase from the upper portion of the Bushveld Complex indicates that the more mafic portions may also crystallise in situ from crystal-poor magmas, which can also undergo mixing. Moreover, mineralogical and microtextural work based on high-resolution elemental mapping highlights the importance of melt migration at different stages of cumulate solidification as a consequence of displacement by convecting interstitial liquids and compaction. Further, broadly stratiform PGE mineralisation in the Monchegorsk Complex cannot always be explained by a classic PGE reef model, in which the mineralised horizon marks the transition from sulfide-undersaturated to sulfide-saturated conditions. It is more likely that preformed sulfides were entrained in crystal mushes and emplaced into a semi-consolidated cumulate pile at different levels of the layered intrusion. Ultimately, thermal modelling shows that a multi-stage emplacement history of a complex should be regarded as highly prospective with respect to PGE-Ni-Cu mineralisation.
A Spectral-Based Framework for Hypothesis Testing in Populations of Networks

In this paper, we propose a new spectral-based approach to hypothesis testing for populations of networks. The primary goal is to develop a test to determine whether two given samples of networks come from the same random model or distribution. Our test statistic is based on the trace of the third order for a centered and scaled adjacency matrix, which we prove converges to the standard normal distribution as the number of nodes tends to infinity. The asymptotic power guarantee of the test is also provided. The proper interplay between the number of networks and the number of nodes for each network is explored in characterizing the theoretical properties of the proposed testing statistics. Our tests are applicable to both binary and weighted networks, operate under a very general framework where the networks are allowed to be large and sparse, and can be extended to multiple-sample testing. We provide an extensive simulation study to demonstrate the superior performance of our test over existing methods and apply our test to three real datasets.
Processing XML Streams with Deterministic Automata and Stream Indexes

Several applications of XML stream processing have emerged recently: contentbased XML routing [Snoeren et al. 2001], selective dissemination of information (SDI) [Altinel and Franklin 2000; Chan et al. 2002; Diao et al. 2003], continuous queries [Chen et al. 2000], and processing of scientific data stored in large XML files [Higgins et al. 1992; Thierry-Mieg and Durbin 1992; Borne ]. They commonly need to process a large collection of XPath expressions (say 10,000 to 1,000,000), on a continuous stream of XML data, at a high sustained throughput. For illustration, consider XML Routing [Snoeren et al. 2001]. Here a network of XML routers forwards a continuous stream of XML packets from data producers to consumers. A router forwards each XML packet it receives to a subset of its output links (other routers or clients). Forwarding decisions are made by evaluating a large number of XPath filters, corresponding to clients’ subscription queries, on the stream of XML packets. Data processing is minimal: there is no need for the router to have an internal representation of the packet, or to buffer the packet after it has forwarded it. Performance, however, is critical, and [Snoeren et al. 2001] reports very poor performance with publicly available XPath processing tools. Our goal is to develop techniques for evaluating a large collection of XPath expressions on a stream of XML packets. First we describe a technique that guarantees a sustained throughput, which is largely independent of the number of XPath expressions. In contrast, in all other techniques proposed for processing XPath expressions the throughput decreases as the number of XPath expressions increases. [Altinel and Franklin 2000; Chan et al. 2002; Diao et al. 2003]. Second, we describe a lightweight binary data structure, called Stream IndeX (SIX), which can be added to the XML packets for further speedups. The first and main contribution is to show that a Deterministic Finite Automaton
MIT Sloan School of Management

With the rapid diffusion of the Internet worldwide, there has been considerable interest in the e-potentials of developing countries giving rise to a 1 st generation of e-Readiness studies . Moreover, e-Readiness means different things to different people, in different contexts, and for different purposes. Despite strong merits, this first generation of e-Readiness studies assumed a fixed, one-size-fits-all set of requirements, regardless of the characteristics of individual countries, the investment context, or the demands of specific applications. This feature obscures critical information for investors or policy analysts seeking to reduce uncertainties and/or make more educated decisions. But there is very little known about e-Readiness for e-Banking. In particular, based on lessons learnt to date and their implications for emerging realities of the 21 st century, we designed and executed a research project with theoretical as well as practical dimensions to answer the question of e-Readiness for What , focusing specifically on e-Banking, based on the very assumption that one size can seldom, if ever, fit all . We propose and develop a conceptual framework for the ‘next generation’ e-readiness – focusing on different e-Business applications in different economic contexts with potentially different pathways – as well as a data model – to explore e-Readiness for e-Banking in ten countries.
An assessment of the impact of climate change on the efficiency and feasibility of four run-of-the-river hydropower schemes in UK catchments

Globally, climate change is projected to affect the hydrological cycle. Nevertheless, the projected changes vary per region. Global Climate Models (GCMs) are the main tool used to project the changes in the future climate. Nevertheless, their spatial scale is large compared to the scale required for the assessment of local impacts. Therefore, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) have been developed to project climate change in specific regions. Often, the simulation biases of the RCMs are large and require bias correction before being used in the assessment of climate change impacts. From the water users, run-of-the-river (ROR) hydropower is expected to be altered by the future changes in water availability as it relies on the available flow for the generation of energy. This research assesses the impacts of climate change on four ROR hydropower schemes within the UK using the climate projections from the state-of-the-art Euro-CORDEX RCMs driven by RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. The study evaluates the simulation skill of the RCMs by comparing their outputs with present observations of temperature, precipitation and river flow (generated using the RCM outputs to drive a HEC-HMS hydrological model). Furthermore, two quantile mapping bias correction approaches are employed to evaluate possible differences in their outputs. One approach corrects the RCM biases whereas the other corrects the GCM and RCM biases. The results project an increase in future hydropower generation for two of the sites, little change for another and an uncertain projection for the last one. Furthermore, results show that the selection of the bias correction approaches is an important source of uncertainty as it can lead to opposite direction of change when considering the multi-model ensemble mean. The study highlights the importance of developing site-specific analyses, as the large-scale projections cannot be generalized, and provides a methodology to develop such analyses.
Relations Between vz and Bx Components in Solar Wind and their Effect on Substorm Onset

We analyze two substorm onset lists, produced by different methods, and show that the (Bx·vz) product of the solar wind (SW) velocity and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) components for two thirds of all substorm onsets has the same sign as IMF Bz. The explanation we suggest is the efficient displacement of the magnetospheric plasma sheet due to IMF Bx and SW flow vz, which both force the plasma sheet moving in one direction if the sign of (Bx·vz) correlates with the sign Bz. The displacement of the current sheet, in its turn, increases the asymmetry of the magnetotail and can alter the threshold of substorm instabilities. We study the SW and IMF data for the 15‐year period (which comprises two substorm lists periods and the whole solar cycle) and reveal the similar asymmetry in the SW, so that the sign of (Bx·vz) coincides with the sign of IMF Bz during about two thirds of all the time. This disproportion can be explained if we admit that about 66% of IMF Bz component is transported to the Earth's orbit by the Alfvén waves with antisunward velocities.
Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience

Within the striatum lies a complex, predominantly GABAergic, microcircuit (Bolam et al., 2006). Medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) are the only output neurons and comprise up to 95% of the neuron population in the rat, with GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons forming most of the remaining population. Dopamine has multiple different effects on these neuron types, and by multiple receptors: indeed, the precise effects of activating dopamine receptors on the MSN have been much debated (Surmeier et al., 2007). Understanding the contribution of all these elements to striatal function ideally requires large-scale models (Djurfeldt et al., 2008) that replicate the neuron types, numbers, and connectiv-ity at one-to-one scale. Building at such scales requires individual neuron models simple enough to be computationally tractable, but suffi ciently complex to capture the characteristic behaviour of a neuron species. MSN models have explored one or more of the key properties supported by its range of ion channels. Three properties have received most attention. First,
Twenty-one years of heave monitoring in London Clay at Horseferry Road Basement

An 11 m-deep basement structure in London SW1 was left vacant from 1968 to 1989. The basement heaved significantly during this period due to the lack of a superstructure, providing a unique opportunity to study the development of long-term heave in London Clay. May (1975) presented the monitoring results from 1968-73 and excerpts of site data collected after 1973 have also been circulating informally in the industry since the 1990s. However, the full set of monitoring data remains hitherto unpublished. This paper was initially drafted in the early 1990s when three of the authors (Nicholson, Chapman, and Solera) were working together with Arup. The paper somehow never got published as people and circumstances changed. More recently, the first author (Chan) started postgraduate research on heave and pressure beneath slabs in excavations in over-consolidated clays, using the heave monitoring data from the draft paper to complement centrifuge test results. For this reason, it was decided that the draft paper should be revised and published for the benefit of the wider industry. This paper provides a comprehensive case history of the site, publishing further heave data to June 1989, giving a total of 21 years of heave monitoring. Further site investigation data and calculations are included for comparison. The data show that the presence of a basement did not significantly reduce the shear strength of the clay beneath it. The coefficient of consolidation of the clay was 38 – 52 m²/year and long-term heave was still ongoing 21 years after the end of excavation.
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AND GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF FORAMINIFERA AND ASSOCIATED MEIOFAUNA IN TEMPERATE SALT MARSHES OF EASTERN CANADA

xv List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used . xvi Acknowledgements.xvii Chapter 1: Introduction.1 1.1 General Introduction . 1 1.2 Study Location and Evolution of Thesis.8 1.3 Chapter Outlines and Objectives.11 1.3. 1 Chapter 2: Development of a Salt Marsh Mesocosm to Study Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Benthic Foraminifera.11 1.3. 2 Chapter 3: Taxonomic Resolution and Tidal Gradients in Food Webs for Two Temperate Salt Marshes: How Much Detail is Enough? 13 1.3. 3 Chapter 4: Use of δ 13 C and δ 15 N Stable Isotopes Within and Between Two Temperate Salt Marshes in Atlantic Canada to Examine Patterns of Food Web Structure and Function.14 1.3. 4 Chapter 5: Mesocosm and Microcosm Experiments on the Feeding of Temperate Salt Marsh Foraminifera.16 1.3. 5 Chapter 6: Conclusions.17 1.4 Overview . 17 Chapter 2: Development of a Salt Marsh Mesocosm to Study SpatioTemporal Dynamics of Benthic Foraminifera . 19 2.0 Abstract . 19 2.
Smith ScholarWorks Smith ScholarWorks

Modelers encounter different kinds of uncertainty in their designs and models of software systems. One such type concerns uncertainty about how to build a model. This is called design-time uncertainty, and existing research has studied how modelers can work in its presence. However, the process by which they come to elicit and express their uncertainties remains unclear. In this paper, we take steps towards addressing this gap by introducing D RUIDE (Design and Requirements Uncertainty Integrated Development Environment), a language and workﬂow for articulating design time uncertainty. We present and illustrate our proposal on a software design example. Additionally, we conduct a real life case study of domain analysis related to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and evaluate D RUIDE with it. Our evaluation shows that D RUIDE is sufﬁciently expressive to articulate design time uncertainty.
Revisiting sixteenth-century oval maps with a cartographic strain analysis

ABSTRACT A recent research on Matteo Ricci’s 1602 Chinese World Map raised, among other issues, the question of the oval graticule used before as the projection reference of the map representation. Here, we go back to the origin of the oval graticules, which almost dominated the imaging of the sixteenth-century cartography from the Contarini-Rosselli’s map in the earliest of the century to the Ortelius and Ricci maps in its latest and the beginning of seventeenth century, inspiring again many map projection makers in the twentieth century. In this paper, the revisiting and overview of the oval graticule settings of some representative sixteenth-century maps of this category are followed by studying the relevant metrical and deformational properties, carried out on a family set of these ovals (the ‘Agnese set’ of ovals), involving tools from the cartographic strain analysis. The results give some further insights on this important category of maps, typical of a period in cartography marked by the transition from the Ptolemaean standards to the post- and meta-Ptolemaean era of map representations.
Environmental analysis of modern speleothems from Sterkfontein caves and its implications for reconstructing palaeoenvironments

During the Plio-Pleistocene, the Earth experienced a period of gradual cooling, leading to a decrease in atmospheric temperature and increased seasonality. This resulted in the aridification of large parts of Africa, and this is believed to have encouraged human evolution and innovation. Palaeoenvironmental analyses using sediment deposits as palaeoclimate proxies in the Cradle of Humankind have been used to understand the timing and intensity of this aridification by determining how changes in environmental conditions and seasonal cycles affected the South African landscape. These changes are recorded within the carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of speleothems, which have precipitated within the Sterkfontein Caves system. The aim of this study is to understand the degree to which modern speleothems represent the modern climate and environment, and thereby deduce the reliability of speleothem deposits in the Sterkfontein Caves system as palaeoclimate proxies. Samples of modern speleothems were collected from different chambers of the Sterkfontein Caves, along with the collection of modern drip water samples bi-weekly over a period of 14 months. Oxygen and carbon stable light isotope analyses of these modern speleothem and drip water samples were used to obtain modern temperature, precipitation and vegetation data. These data were then compared to modern climatic and environmental records for atmospheric temperatures and precipitation from weather stations around the Sterkfontein Caves area. The δ13C trends produced from the modern speleothem samples reflected the current vegetation distribution in terms of C4 and C3 vegetation very well, while the temperatures calculated from the δ18O values of the modern speleothem and drip water samples displayed variations related to kinetic fractionation effects, rendering these data less useful in reflecting the current atmospheric temperatures. The δ18O values of the drip water samples, along with the measured drip rate reflected current precipitation seasonality, taking into account groundwater residence time and recharge rate. The conditions within the cave conducive to formation of the speleothems was well reflected by the pH and electro-conductivity values produced from the drip water samples. These values also provided further insight into the exterior climatic conditions. Overall, the carbon and oxygen stable light isotope data revealed patterns present in the modern speleothem and drip water samples, which could be further related to changes in local climate during the precipitation of these modern speleothems from drip water sources. This, to a certain degree, provides evidence of the reliability of speleothems in the Sterkfontein Caves system as suitable palaeoclimate proxies with regards to vegetation and precipitation
An architecture for integrating UMTS and 802.11 WLAN networks

Cellular networks, e.g. UMTS provide voice and data services to mobile users. In hot spots where users need high speed data services operators can deploy low-cost high-speed WLANs, e.g. 802.11, to cover hot-spots. This paper proposes a possible architecture of integrating UMTS and 802.11 WLAN. The architecture allows a mobile node to maintain data (PS) connection through WLAN and voice (CS) connection through UMTS in parallel. This is especially attractive because WLAN is currently used primarily for high-speed best-effort data service only.
Basal Hippopotamines from the Upper Miocene of Chorora, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The Hippopotamidae have been a major component of the African wetland fauna for the last 7 million years, following the ‘Hippopotamine Event,’ i.e., the sudden emergence in the fossil record of the subfamily Hippopotaminae, including both extant species. The general dearth of African fossiliferous deposits dated between 9.5 Ma and 7.5 Ma concealed until now the evolution that led to the Hippopotamine Event and the subsequent success of these large semiaquatic herbivores. Part of this evolution is unveiled by the hippopotamid dental remains found at Chorora, a late Miocene site of the southern Afar Depression in Ethiopia spanning most of the fossil-depleted time interval. Although fragmentary, these remains represent a new, mid-sized hippopotamid species dated to ca. 8 Ma, as well as a somewhat younger, larger form. A cladistic analysis of a large array of cetartiodactyls indicates that the Chorora taxa were basal to the latest Miocene hippopotamines. The new species displays a mosaic of dental characters that support the attribution of the new species to a new genus within Hippopotaminae. The new fossils also clarify the course of early hippopotamine dental evolution. The Chorora hippopotamids suggest that transition to a marked abundance of hippopotamines with their unique dental pattern in African ecosystems occurred within a relatively short time interval, most probably between 8Ma and 7.5 Ma.
Dynamic multicast routing in advance resource reservation environment

Since network resources are usually limited, the ability to carry out resource reservation in advance, as well as efficient dynamic multicasting when destination nodes can join and leave the group during the communication period, are essential in all distributed multi-party applications. Total or partial re-routing of a multicast tree for dynamic multicast groups can optimize the tree cost to some extent but they are complex. Furthermore, optimal multicast routing has been proved to be an NP-complete problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient dynamic multicast routing algorithm, which optimizes the total cost of the Steiner tree over the whole session period in an advance resource reservation environment, where information about the resource reservation (i.e. leaving times of participants at the time of joining) are available. The efficiency of our algorithm compared to other existing algorithms is shown by various simulation results.
New Technologies in Remittance Sending: Opportunities for mobile remittances in Africa

Mobile remittances have a high development potential as they hold the promise of providing quick, easy and cheap money transfers. In Africa, mobile phone usage has increased sharply and mobile banking providers are extending their services, therefore offering opportunities for mobile remittances. The rise of mobile banking in Africa, however, differs substantially across countries, mainly due to a lack of financial infrastructure. Consequently, the opportunities that mobile banking offers for mobile remittances vary geographically. The services provided do not always meet the needs of remittance senders and the African remittance market is generally under-acknowledged as an important market by providers. Restrictive financial regulations play a key role as well. Mobile remittances have the potential to become an important and revolutionary tool for remittance sending in Africa. Effective policies should therefore address the limitations in the regulatory and financial infrastructure for mobile banking to become the foundation for mobile remittances.