Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic Neurons and Brain Reward Pathways

opyright a 2016 American Society for Inve ttp://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ajpath. 2015.09. 023 Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area regulate extrapyramidal movement and important cognitive functions, including motivation, reward associations, and habit learning. Dysfunctions in DA neuron circuitry have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including addiction and schizophrenia, whereas selective degeneration of DA neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta is a key neuropathological feature in Parkinson disease. Efforts to understand these disorders have focused on dissecting the underlying causes, as well as developing therapeutic strategies to replenish dopamine deficiency. In particular, the promise of cell replacement therapies for clinical intervention has led to extensive research in the identification of mechanisms involved in DA neuron development. It is hoped that a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will lead to therapeutic strategies that improve the efficiency of DA neuron production, engraftment, and function. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on how Wnt/b-catenin and sonic hedgehogeSmoothened signaling mechanisms control the specification and expansion of DA progenitors and the differentiation of DA neurons. We also discuss how mechanisms involving transforming growth factor-b and transcriptional cofactor homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 regulate the survival and maturation of DA neurons in early postnatal life. These results not only reveal fundamental mechanisms regulating DA neuron development, but also provide important insights to their potential contributions to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. (Am J Pathol 2016, 186: 478e488; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.023)
Rapid and precise genome engineering in a naturally short-lived vertebrate

The African turquoise killifish is a powerful vertebrate system to study complex phenotypes at scale, including aging and age-related disease. Here we develop a rapid and precise CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in approach in the killifish. We show its efficient application to precisely insert fluorescent reporters of different sizes at various genomic loci, to drive cell-type- and tissue-specific expression. This knock-in method should allow the establishment of humanized disease models and the development of cell-type-specific molecular probes for studying complex vertebrate biology.
how do comparable model systems fare during is a good by a., into how used fares compared to Multi-model intercomparisons of air quality simulations for the KORUS-AQ campaign. Elementa:

The manuscript is well written and presents the main findings in a concise and understandable fashion. Conclusions are sound presented in a balanced manner, mostly considering the state of the science in the field at this time. My main points are (1) the need to also focus on the remainder of the lifecycle of organic matter in the atmosphere, (2) to make better use of the wealth of data generated during KORUS-AQ to evaluate the model, and (3) a broader evaluation of the model performance. I would recommend major revisions. ”
Scaling Gifted Children’s Dominant Characteristics Using Pair-Wise Comparison Method

Introduction: In this study, it is aimed to conduct a scaling study to determine the dominant characteristics of gifted children who attend Science and Art Centers (SAC). In this scaling study, the opinions of the parents of the children identified with gifted were taken. Method: The dominant characteristics of gifted children were collected under eight statements by the researchers. Data were collected from 204 parents who voluntarily participated in the descriptive research. Findings: At the end of the scaling process with the Vth case and the IIIrd case full data matrix, it was seen that the parents ranked the dominant characteristics in gifted children as strong curiosity, keen powers of observation ability, vivid imagination, high degree of creativity, rapid learning ability, good problem solving/reasoning ability, extensive vocabulary, and perfectionism, respectively. Discussion: At the end of the research, it has been determined that the stimulus sequences obtained by the Vth case and the IIIrd case equations are completely consistent with each other. When the scale values are examined, it is seen that the intervals of the scale values obtained from the IIIrd case equation are wider than the Vth case equation. The scale values obtained from the IIIrd case equation are higher than the scale values obtained from the Vth case equation.
Addressing Token Uniformity in Transformers via Singular Value Transformation

Token uniformity is commonly observed in transformer-based models, in which different tokens share a large proportion of similar information after going through stacked multiple self-attention layers in a transformer. In this paper, we propose to use the distribution of singular values of outputs of each transformer layer to characterise the phenomenon of token uniformity and empirically illustrate that a less skewed singular value distribution can alleviate the `token uniformity' problem. Base on our observations, we define several desirable properties of singular value distributions and propose a novel transformation function for updating the singular values. We show that apart from alleviating token uniformity, the transformation function should preserve the local neighbourhood structure in the original embedding space. Our proposed singular value transformation function is applied to a range of transformer-based language models such as BERT, ALBERT, RoBERTa and DistilBERT, and improved performance is observed in semantic textual similarity evaluation and a range of GLUE tasks. Our source code is available at https://github.com/hanqi-qi/tokenUni.git.
W HICH L ANGUAGE E VOLVES B ETWEEN H ETEROGE - NEOUS A GENTS ? - C OMMUNICATING M OVEMENT I N - STRUCTIONS W ITH W IDELY D IFFERENT T IME S COPES

This paper studies the evolving communication between two agents, a listener and speaker, in a plan execution task in which the speaker needs to communicate the plan to the acting agent, while operating on different time scales. We analyse the topographic similarity of the resulting language learned by the proposed imagination-based learning process. As the speaker agent perceives the movement space strictly in absolute coordinates and the actor can only choose relative actions in the movement space, we can show that the structure of their emergent communication is not predestined. Both relative and absolute encodings of desired movements can develop by chance in this setting, but we can alter the chance by using a population of learners. We conclude that our imagination-based learning strategy successfully breaks the strict hierarchy between planner and executioner
Benznidazole Clearance of Trypanosoma cruzi Human Infection does not Correlate with Parasite Drug Susceptibility: A 10-Year Prospective Study

The nitroheterocyclic compound benznidazole (BZ) is one of the two drugs used to treat Chagas disease, one of the most important parasitic infections in Latin America. Nevertheless, therapeutic failures of BZ were reported, which were mostly attributed to different susceptibilities of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to this drug. To investigate this possibility, we standardized an in vitro test to quantify the drug activity. For twelve T. cruzi strains, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) varied from 7 to 127 µM. In parasites sub-cultured during four months the IC 50 value showed minimal fluctuations. The test was then applied to isolates retrieved from seven chronic patients submitted to BZ therapy. The IC 50 of the pre-treatment isolates from three patients considered cured by several criteria varied from 19 to 35 µM. Similarly, pre-treatment isolates from four non-cured patients presented IC 50s of 15.6 to 51 µM. We also analyzed BZ activity in parasites obtained after chemotherapy. The isolates from one patient maintained the IC 50 value, whereas in two patients a 2-fold decrease and in one patient a 3-fold increase in BZ susceptibility was observed. Possible selection of parasite sub-populations during or after treatment was investigated based on the profile of nine microsatellite loci . Our results show for the first time that the susceptibility to BZ of the infecting T. cruzi population is not predictive of cure and support the notion that in addition to the direct role in parasite clearance, the effect of BZ on the host immune response determines chemotherapy efficacy.
dark side of human values: How values are related to bright and dark personality

: In the present research, we replicate and extend previous findings on the relations between human values and bright\dark traits of personality, using the functional theory of human values (Gouveia, 2013). Specifically, we assessed which dark traits are associated with human values, and whether the dark traits explained variance in values beyond the bright traits (Big Five). While prior research has investigated the relations between the three sets of constructs mainly in Western countries, we tested whether the findings hold in Brazil ( N = 819). Although values are defined as positive constructs, several value subfunctions were positively correlated with the dark traits (e.g., excitement values with narcissism), while other relations were negative. Controlling for participants' age and gender, hierarchical regressions further revealed that dark traits explain variance in values beyond bright traits, although overall bright traits were more strongly associated with values than dark traits. Together, our findings replicate previous research. Implications for our understanding of the Dark Triad and cross-cultural research are discussed.
Cloning and Characterization of Human Adenosine 5 * -triphosphate-binding Cassette, Sub-family A, Transporter 2 ( ABCA2 ) 1

We have isolated the full-length cDNA for human ATP-binding cas- sette, sub-family A, member 2 transporter ( ABCA2 ). The ORF of this cDNA encodes a protein consisting of 2436 amino acids with apparent molecular weight of M r 270,000. Accordingly, ABCA2 is the largest known mammalian ABC transporter described thus far. Analysis of mRNA expression levels indicated that ABCA2 is highest in human brain and has a broad expression pattern in a panel of tumor cell lines. Using specific antibodies to ABCA2 and various organelle marker proteins, ABCA2 was found to colocalize with the lysosomal/endosomal marker LAMP1, form-ing discrete, punctate intracellular vesicles. In ABCA2-transfected cells, the transporter also colocalized with a fluorescently labeled steroid ana-logue, estramustine. The sequestration of the steroid into the lysosomal/ endosomal compartment indicates a potential substrate specificity for ABCA2. Furthermore, the presence of a lipocalin signature motif in the ABCA2 sequence suggests a possible broad role for this protein in the transport of steroids, lipids, and related molecules.
Reconstruction of Holocene Paleoenvironmentand Evidence of Sea-level Changesin the Bengal Lowland

This paper provides a detailed description of sedimentary facies including pollen and diatom analyses, and C ages obtained from a hand-excavated outcrop in the central part of the Bengal Lowland. Based on this examination, seven sedimentary facies were recognized in relation to relative sea-level (RSL) changes since the mid Holocene. With the help of a standard reference datum, the required Mean Sea Level (MSL) has been calculated at the surface of the outcrop. The top of the outcrop was about 1.9 m above MSL and the base is 4.1 m below the MSL. The lowermost bioturbated sand flat facies, 3.75 m below the present MSL, contains mangrove pollen and represents an intertidal coastal-plain and estuarine-channel deposits that were dominated by tidal current. A C age of 7570⊖ 7430 cal BP was obtained for this unit. The evidence supports a transgressive mode in the Bay of Bengal during the middle-Holocene epoch. A subsequent regression interval was found in a salt marsh facies before 6670⊖6410 cal BP. The salt marsh facies has a sharp contact with an underlying (lower) mud flat facies, shaped by downcutting of the upper bed, indicating a regression. In response to this regression, the environment changed gradually from a mud flat to a salt marsh. The salt-marsh deposits contain abundant mangrove pollens and marineand brackish-water diatoms, providing support for inflow of shallow-marine water into a supratidal, brackish-water mangal environment. The bioturbated mud flat facies indicates that the succession was dominated by tidal current, and the relative sea-level started to rise again after a small rebound. Hence, the transgressive conditions prevailed during the deposition of this mud flat facies in an intertidal coastal-plain environment. The underlying bluish-black medium-bedded peat layer contains grass pollen. This indicates that after the mid-Holocene the environment around the site changed gradually from mangrove to fresh-water swamp vegetation, in response to regression of the bay between 4080⊖4030 cal BP. The above evidence suggests that the central part of the Bengal Lowland represented as an intertidal to supratidal coastal-plain estuarine environment that experienced with mid-Holocene relative sea-level changes between 7570⊖7430 and 4080⊖4030 cal BP.
The Effect of Dietary Fat on the Rapid Development of Mammary Tumors Induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in SENCAR Mice1

We recently reported (J. Leyton et al., Cancer Res., 51: 907-915, 1991) an inverse correlation between skin tumor number and level of dietary linoleic acid (LA) in SENCAR mice following an initiation-promotion protocol. These results differed from the reported (C. Ip et al., Cancer Res., 45: 1997-2001, 1985) positive correlation between dietary LA and tumor incidence for the rat mammary gland. The goal of the study reported here was to determine whether this dissimilarity was due to organ site or species differences. Female SENCAR mice were fed 1 of 3 157ofat diets containing LA at levels of 0.8, 4.5, and 8.4% before, during, and after intragastric administration of 6 mg (1 mg/week) 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. A positive correlation between level of die tary LA and mammary tumor incidence was observed such that for the first 15 weeks, the incidence was greatest in the 8.4% LA diet group, followed by the 4.5% and then the 0.8% LA groups. Distinct dietary effects on latency were also noted in that 15, 12, and 8 weeks after cessation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were required for a 40% carcinoma incidence in the 0.8, 4.5, and 8.4% LA diet groups, respec tively. A histopatholgical analysis of all tumors revealed that the predom inant type was the adenosquamous carcinoma, which comprised 46.6, 54.1, and 77.7% of all mammary tumors for diets containing 0.8,4.5, and 8.4% LA, respectively. The second most common tumor was the adenocarcinoma type B, which was found with a frequency of 33% in the 0.8% and 4.5% LA diet groups and 22% in the 8.4% LA diet group. These results indicate that SENCAR mice have a short latency period for 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor development and that rat and mouse mammary tumor development is modified by dietary LA in a similar manner, although in the SENCAR mouse dietary LA did not have a saturating effect. In addition, high dietary LA was found to be associated specifically with an increased incidence of adenosquamous carcinomas but not of other types of mammary tumors. adenosquamous carcinoma is used for tumors described by Dunn (16) as adenoacanthomas. Briefly, ado nocarcinoma type A tumors are defined as being composed largely of small cuboidal epithelial cavities or acini. These tumors contain only insignificant areas of squamous epithelium. Adenocarcinoma type B tumors are diverse but are clearly of glandular origin with no predom inant acini or squamous cell component. Adenosquamous carcinomas have some of the glandular characteristics and structure of the adenocarcinomas but differ by the considerable area of the tumor occupied by squamous epithelium. Statistics. Analysis of variance was performed on all sets of data, and where a treatment effect was observed, the Fisher protected least significant difference was used to determine significance between groups. Statistical evaluation of the cumulative probability of an animal having a mammary adenocarcinoma the computer program Breslow and Mantel-Cox
Content in Primary Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes

Effect of long-chain fatty acids on peroxisomal ƒÀoxidation in rat hepatocytes was examined. Out of four long-chain fatty acids, linoleic acid (C 18:2) increased the fl-oxidation activity 1.7-2.7 fold without cell toxicity. Total fatty acid content in linoleic acid-treated hepatocytes was increased more than twofold. Addition of nafenopin to the culture medium, instead of linoleic acid, produced a reciprocal relation between the ƒÀ-oxidation activity and the fatty acid content with a coefficient r=0.906. Cycloheximide inhibited the increase in peroxisomal ƒÀ-oxidation activity by linoleic acid to 50% of that in cultures without cycloheximide. Results of these experiments suggest that the increase in fatty acid content in hepatocytes may have a significant role in the induction of peroxisomal ƒÀ-oxidation and that the enzyme proteins in the peroxisomal ƒÀ-oxidation system induced by linoleic acid were the result of de novo synthesis.
CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARIUM, AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM AND BACILLUS MEGATERIUM

The present study aimed to identify of Rhizobium leguminosarium from Broad bean nodules, Azotobacter chrococcum and Bacillus megaterium from the soil in Sulaimani city/Iraq. Cultural characteristics showed that the colonies of bacteria were circular, smooth convex, and white color in Rhizobium leguminosarium and Bacillus megaterium, while creamy colored for Azotobacter chrococcum. The isolated bacteria were motile, rod, and gram-negative in Rhizobium leguminosarium and Azotobacter chrococcum, and gram-positive in Bacillus megaterium. Biochemical tests found that Rhizobium leguminosarium was positive for Catalase and negative for Indole Production, Methyl Red, Vogas Proskauer, Citrate Utilization and Gelatinase, Azotobacter chrococcum was positive for Catalase and Citrate Utilization, while Bacillus megaterium was positive for Catalase, Citrate Utilization and Gelatinase. Rhizobium leguminosarium utilized Starch Glucose, Mannitol, Galactose, Raffinose, Trehalose, Mannose and Xylose, but Azotobacter chrococcum did not utilize Galactose and xylose, while Bacillus megaterium did not utilize Trehalose . The molecular method based on the detection of plasmid DNA, nodD2 and nodD3 in Rhizobium leguminosarium, chromosomal DNA, nifH2 and nifH3 in Azotobacter chrococcum, genomic DNA and two random primers in Bacillus megaterium on gel electrophoresis have been successfully applied. We conclude that cultural, morphological and biochemical tests used for identification of these isolates was equivalent to the molecular-based method.
Insider Trading Networks in Brazil , Redes de Insider Trading no Brasil

The presence of insider trading in a financial market is detrimental to its functioning. Traders with public information are always at a disadvantage when negotiating with agents in possession of inside information. Thus insider trading should increase risk and should lower participation in financial markets. In this study we investigate a channel through which inside information may be transferred to market participants: social connections based on common education. We hand-collect a novel data set of the educational background of members of the board of directors of Brazilian firms and portfolio managers of stock funds. Board members hold inside information on their firms that is valuable to fund managers. We propose that these agents may engage in active social interactions if they 1) attended the same educational institution, 2) within an overlapping time window, and 3) obtained the same degree. We study if such connections influence fund managers’ portfolio decisions. We find that fund managers tend to place larger bets in companies with which they possess this sort of educational connection. We also find that these connections are economically valuable: managers tend to conduct large purchases of connected stocks prior to large increases in their return, and also tend to sell them prior to downfalls. Finally, we study if market participants view increases in a company’s connectivity as an increase in its risk. We find that increases in connectivity are followed by increases in expected returns. We also determine that the return of holding a portfolio long in highly connected stocks and short on stocks with few connections cannot be explained by the traditional risk factors. These two results indicate that the market does indeed see connectivity as a form of risk. This is, to our knowledge, the first study of its kind for Brazil. Key-words: Finance, Insider Trading, Inside Information.
A Study of the Elementary School Teachers' Perception in STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) Education

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigation the elementary school teachers’ perception in STEAM(Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) Education. For this study, 93 elementary school teachers who have taught mathematics/science in gifted class were selected and a fifteen items questionnaire designed to elicit teachers’ perception of steam education was to administered to them. The major findings are as follows: First, the ratio of teachers who understood a steam education exactly is very low. But teachers have positive thoughts about the need of steam education. Second, teachers thought that steam education has a good effect on elementary education. Third, teachers thought that steam education will be an alternative teaching and learning method. Fourth, teachers have negative thoughts to participate in class work related on steam education. To improve ne-gative attitudes on steam education, incentives for teachers seems to be required. In order to spread steam educa-tion among the elementary school teachers successfully, the expansion of school facilities, administrators and staff in mind, improving financial support, strengthening education through the development of content and teaching strategies were analyzed as a challenge Key words : steam education, science, technology, engineering, arts, mathematics
A determination criterion for predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface

In a bearing chamber, oil droplets shed from the bearing impinge on the outer chamber housing with different angles. The outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and the outer chamber housing determines the flow characteristic of wall oil film which has an important meaning to realize the rigorous lubrication design in the bearing chamber. However, the study of predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface is relatively rare. In this paper, an experimental setup about oil droplet–solid surface oblique collision and a numeric calculation model using Volume of Fluid (VOF) method have been built. And a lot of experimental work and numerical calculations have been done in a wide range of conditions. Based on that, a determination criterion is ultimately established for predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface. With the experimental data from literatures and this paper, the determination criterion is verified. The research work in this paper is not only a foundation work for better understanding the conditions of lubrication in bearing chamber but also an important reference for the study of droplet–solid surface collision.