Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Late Neolithic in the Lowlands of Southwestern Iran: Sounding at the Site of Remremeh, Mehran Plain

Over the last decade, Neolithic archaeology of highland central Zagros and the nearby lowlands of southwestern Iran has mainly concentrated on the initial stages of farming and sedentary life (cf. Mathews et al. 2013; Riehl et al. 2013; Darabi 2015; Darabi et al. 2019). Therefore, early Neolithic sites have been given attention while the nature of cultural development and transformation of later Neolithic societies has often been overlooked. Previous investigations had placed the emergence of pottery in the above noted regions, as the hallmark of the two periods, within roughly the mid6 millennium BCE (see Hole et al. 1969; Mortensen 1991, 2014). However, recent evidence showed that the earliest true ceramic vessels appeared around 7,000 BCE, synchronously with adjacent regions across the Near East (Darabi 2018). The time spanning from the early 7 to the early/ mid 6 millennium BCE merits its own attention as it saw some profound socio-economic developments that resulted from the manufacture of various ceramic styles, the appearance of domestic pig and cattle and an increase of inter-regional interactions. To date, the diachronical sequence of ceramic styles is not well-known in the region. Also, only a small amount of data on the mechanisms of domestication of pig and cattle is available. However, archaeological fi nds attest to an increasing level of inter-regional interactions of societies, especially between Mesopotamia and Iran. In this regard, late Neolithic sites should draw our attention. This paper thus briefl y presents a preliminary report of a sounding at the late Neolithic site of Remremeh, Mehran Plain.
Case Study

Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management rogerhcwang@hotmail.com As a medium for facilitating improvement in EFL learners’ writing, weblogs hold great potential. This study investigates blog-based electronic feedback (e-feedback) with respect to linguistic characteristics, accuracy levels, and revision rates, in the hope of discussing possible pedagogical recommendations for a blog-based English writing environment. The participants comprised thirty undergraduate students from a university in northern Taiwan. These students participated in a blog project, which required them to respond to essays written by others as well as posting their own work on weblogs. Data was mainly collected from those learners’ writing assignments and e-feedback. Peer comments were analyzed to sound out the linguistic characteristics and accuracy levels of e-feedback and subsequent revisions in writing. Results showed that EFL students commented on writing in a rather unbalanced manner, highlighting micro-level and weakening macro-level components. Also, the accuracy level of comments provided did not significantly predict student revision. Considering the results, it is recommended that students be provided with peer-editing training before the outset of peer editing on CMC modes, and be encouraged to collaborate with peers in a moderate or large group size for weblog-based peer-editing.
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Puerarin from Radix Puerariae using Response Surface Methodology

Statistical experimentical designs were applied to optimize microwave-assisted extraction of puerarin from Radix Puerariae. The most important factors affecting the extraction procedure were determined using a Plackett-Burman design. Results indicated that the concentration of ethanol, solvent-material ratio, extraction time, and microwave power were the main factors affecting the extraction yield. These factors were further optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal extraction parameters were ethanol concentration of 52.36%, microwave irradiation time of 60 s, microwave power of 184.8 W and solvent-material ratio of 25:1(mL/g). The average experimental puerarin yield under the optimum conditions was found to be 11.97 mg/g, which agreed with the predicted value of 11.8 mg/g. The proposed method shows high degree of reproducibility.
Tropical glacier reconstructions during the Last Glacial Maximum in Costa Rica

Numerous high elevation tropical mountains around the world show evidence of past glacial activity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Cerro Chirripó in Costa Rica exhibits paleoglacial landforms such as glacial cirques, moraine deposits and polished and striated bedrock surfaces. We used aerial imagery (1:25000) and contour lines to develop a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the LGM. We determined paleo-equilibrium line altitudes (paleo-ELAs) using AreaAltitude Balance Ratio (AABR) during the LGM for Cerro Chirripó in Costa Rica. Additionally, a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was performed to statistically analyze the paleoglacier volumes and ice thickness combined with ten land surface parameters (LSP). Our results identified thirty-one paleoglaciers covering an area of 28.26 km2 during the global LGM, with a maximum ice thickness of 178 meters in Cerro Chirripó, a total volume of 13863 × 105 m3 and a mean paleo-ELA of 3490 meters. In addition, Area and Slope were the LSP with the highest statistical correlation to explain the paleoglacier volumes, while Area and Diurnal Anisotropic Heating were best for the paleoglacier ice thickness. As one of the first studies in the tropical high mountain environments, this work expands the geographic scope of glacier volume and thickness reconstructions during the maximum expansion of the LGM.
Belonging: a review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research

ABSTRACT Objective: A sense of belonging – the subjective feeling of deep connection with social groups, physical places, and individual and collective experiences – is a fundamental human need that predicts numerous mental, physical, social, economic, and behavioural outcomes. However, varying perspectives on how belonging should be conceptualised, assessed, and cultivated has hampered much-needed progress on this timely and important topic. To address these critical issues, we conducted a narrative review that summarizes existing perspectives on belonging, describes a new integrative framework for understanding and studying belonging, and identifies several key avenues for future research and practice. Method: We searched relevant databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov, for articles describing belonging, instruments for assessing belonging, and interventions for increasing belonging. Results: By identifying the core components of belonging, we introduce a new integrative framework for understanding, assessing, and cultivating belonging that focuses on four interrelated components: competencies, opportunities, motivations, and perceptions. Conclusion: This integrative framework enhances our understanding of the basic nature and features of belonging, provides a foundation for future interdisciplinary research on belonging and belongingness, and highlights how a robust sense of belonging may be cultivated to improve human health and resilience for individuals and communities worldwide. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Belonging is a fundamental human need that all people are driven to satisfy. However, there is disagreement in the literature regarding how a person should go about increasing their sense of belonging. There is also little consensus regarding how belonging should be conceptualized and measured. What this topic adds: The review article draws together disparate perspectives on belonging and harnesses the strengths of this multitude of perspectives to help advance the field. The paper provides a framework that can help inform researchers, practitioners, and individuals seeking to increase a sense of belonging in themselves and in the organizations and groups in which they work and live. We posit that competencies, opportunities, motivations, and perceptions are central elements in strategies that can be used to increase our individual and collective sense of belonging for the betterment of society.
Comparative Studies on Dissolution and Bioavailability of Tamoxifen Citrate Loaded Binary and Ternary Solid Dispersions.

Aims: This study focused on comparing binary and ternary solid dispersions (SD's) of water-insoluble Tamoxifen citrate (TMC) regarding drug dissolution and oral bioavailability. Basically, the enhanced dissolution of this drug by water-soluble polymer has not yet been reported in literature. Study Design: In vitro and In-vivo characterization of Tamoxifen citrate loaded binary and ternary solid dispersion systems. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt between June 2012 and June 2013. Methodology: Amorphous SD's of TMC with two hydrophilic polymers, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and Methyl cellulose (MC), were prepared by melting method. Binary SD's of TMC with PEG of different weight ratios were prepared. MC was used as third component to prepare ternary SD's. Physicochemical properties of SD's were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and In-vitro drug release in comparison with physical mixtures and the drug alone. Oral bioavailability of the optimized SD formula was compared with that of free TMC in rats. Results: Infrared spectroscopic studies suggested no interaction between TMC and Original Research Article British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(2): 215-229, 2014 216 polymers rather than H-bond formation. A remarkably improved dissolution of drug from the ternary solid dispersion systems when compared to the binary solid dispersion systems was detected. On the basis of % dissolution efficiency (% DE), the SD composed of PEG: TMC: MC in a ratio 4:1:2 w/w/w was selected as the optimized SD. The in-vivo studies showed extremely significant higher values of Cmax (P<.05), AUC0-24 (P<.05) and significantly (P<.05) lower values of Tmax exhibited by SD compared with free TMC. Conclusion: Highly enhanced TMC dissolution and bioavailability exhibited by PEG: TMC: MC ternary solid dispersion in a weight ratio 4:1:2 were promising to improve the therapeutic potential of TMC.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY AGROCLIMATE IN QANTRA, EGYPT

Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops in Egypt. It is noted in the recent period that the productivity of wheat in some areas of Egypt has been affected significantly by climate change so it must be overcome them by changing the planting dates and use wheat varieties suitable for each region. This experiment was carried out in El-Qantara Sharq area, Ismailia governorate, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2014/2015and 2015/2016, at a private farm to study the effect of three applied irrigation water levels (IR100,85,70%), four planting date (PD) (15th October, 1th November, 15th November, 30th November) and three wheat varieties (V) (Sakha 94, Gemmiza 7 and Misr 2) on yield production, crop quality parameters, actual evapotranspiration (ETa), water use efficacy (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for wheat bread (Triticum aestivum L.). The experimental design was a split-split plot design with three replicates. The results showed that, the studied quality parameters and yield production for wheat gave the highest values under IR=100%, PD= 15th Nov. and Misr 2 variety treatment for both seasons. While, ETa gave the lowest values 167.67and 161.43 mm for both seasons respectively, under IR= 70%, PD= 15th Oct. and Misr 2 variety treatment. Moreover, the maximum values of wheat WUE and IWUE were 3.08 and 1.56 kg/m3; 3.27 and 1.59 kg/m3for both seasons respectively, under IR=70% , PD= 1th Nov. and Misr 2 variety treatment. This study concluded that the cultivation of wheat variety Misr 2 early on 1th Nov. under IR= 70% could be saved about 37% of added irrigation water versus yield reduction of wheat about 8 and 10% for both seasons respectively, compared to the control treatment (PD= 100% and 15th Nov).
THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER COPPER ON AMMONIFICATION, NITRIFICATION AND PROTEOLYTIC POPULATION IN SOME ORGANIC SOILS

As a part of attempts at examining the suitability of using moderate amounts of Cu for mitigating the undesirably fast decomposition and subsidence of some organic soils, this investigation revealed that both total and DTPA-TEA-extractable Cu contents of 14 samples of cultivated organic soils correlated negatively with the total microbial population counted on soil extract-acitidione-gelatin agar plates and positively with the percentage of that population capable of extracellular proteolysis. On the other hand, the concentrations of both total and extractable Cu did not correlate with either the total number of proteolytic organisms counted, or the capacities of the soils for ammonification and nitrification. The results are, therefore, in accord with the belief that Cu curtails the decomposition of organic soils primarily through inactivation of accumulated soil enzymes, but not through direct toxic effects on the general soil microbial population.
Right-to-left shunt in normal man determined by the use of tritium and krypton 85

An aqueous solution of tritium and krypton 85 together with Evans blue dye was injected intravenously in twelve normal subjects during quiet breathing, during apnea, and during voluntary hyperventilation. Arterial blood was sampled within the first 30 sec after the injection to measure the recovery of the two gases. Blood-gas partition coefficients of the two gases at 37 C were determined experimentally and the ratio between them was found to be 3.8 in normal blood. Knowing this ratio it is possible to calculate the fraction of the arterial recovery due to a right-to-left shunt, and that due to alveolar back pressure. The shunt calculated from findings during quiet breathing is 0.26% of the cardiac output. Recoveries during apnea lead to a calculated shunt of identical size, whereas the shunt calculated from the experiments during hyperventilation amounts to only 0.11% of the cardiac output. Submitted on March 8, 1962
Concentration pulses and fronts in electric fields

Etude experimentale dans un systeme quasi monodimensionnel des effets des gradients des champs electriques imposes sur les vagues de concentration des 2 types (de front et d'impulsion). On observe des accelerations et des decelerations des vagues, l'arret et l'annihilation des vagues, la decomposition sous impulsions et la formation des structures dissipatives stationnaires
Decomposition and Transformation of Aroma Compounds and Anthocyanins during Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Juice Processin

ABSTRACT: Processing of black currant juice includes crushing, heating, enzyme treatment, pressing, pasteurization, clarification, and filtration. Changes in concentration of impact aroma compounds and anthocyanins during black currant juice processing in pilot plant scale were examined. Impact compounds were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry and quantified by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Anthocyanins were analyzed by the pH-differential method. Identified aroma compounds comprised volatiles like esters, terpenes, terpenoids, and ketones. The reduction of aroma compounds and anthocyanins during the process was approximately 50 to 100% and 25%, respectively. The pressing step definitely had a negative effect on the concentration of aroma compounds and anthocyanins, and the heating treatments were mainly negative as well.
Effects of heat treatments and subsequent storage on the mineral balance of ewes' milk

The effects of heat treatment of ewes' milk at 65–85°C for 10–30 min and subsequent storage at 20°C for 90 min on the changes in ionic calcium and the distribution of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus between the diffusible and micellar phases were studied. As milk was heated there was a decrease in ionic calcium of ∼36 mg/l, but there was a rapid 86–90% recovery during the first 30 min after heating. Although the rate of reversal on subsequent storage decreased with the intensity of the heat treatment, there were no significant differences between samples after 90 min storage. Similar results were obtained for cows' milk subjected to the same treatments. Diffusible calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in heated samples were lower than in raw milk. Recoveries of initial values decreased with the severity of the heat treatment and were 80–95% for calcium, 85–97% for magnesium and 87–98% for phosphorus. Heat treatment under milder conditions (85°C for 20 s) was associated with almost complete recoveries. Recoveries of the minerals studied were slightly lower in ewes' than in cows' milk.
Adsorption and geometry: the boundary layer approximation

The unitary approach to capillary condensation and adsorption uses the ’’boundary layer approximation’’ that the adsorptive potential depends only on the normal distance of the liquid–vapor interface from the solid. This paper develops a critique of this approximation through calculations for various relevant configurations of the solid. The distance dependence of the intermolecular potential, h (ρ), may be inferred from the variation of adsorptive potential F with ν, the film thickness on a single infinite plate, since h (ρ) =π1/2(d/dν)(dF/dν2) ‖ν=ρ. Exact solutions of the adsorptive field are found for h an inverse power law, with special attention to the powers −6 and −4. The configurations investigated are (a) parallel plates, (b) tubes, (c) cylinders, (d) spherical cavities, (e) spheres, (f) wedge‐shaped pores, and (g) edges. The results are apparently all new, except for a special case of (a). For numerical examples of capillary condensation and adsorption, it is found that the unitary approach, usi.
Enabling Sodium Batteries Using Lithium‐Substituted Sodium Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes

O N Ambient temperature sodium batteries have the potential to meet growing worldwide demand for electrical energy storage, due in part to sodium’s widespread availability and low cost. In moving towards this scenario however, new advanced energy materials are required to enable the technology. In this study, a class of layered oxide materials has been discovered, synthesized, and evaluated as cathodes in rechargeable sodium batteries. Specifi cally, a series of layered Na x Li y Ni 0.25 Mn 0.75 O δ oxides within the range 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.2; 0 < y ≤ 0.5 were found to reversibly intercalate sodium at high rates, with negligible structural change. For example, Na 1.0 Li 0.2 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.75 O δ possesses well-ordered layers with hexagonal close-packed oxygen stacking. The transition metal layer contains Li, Ni(II) and Mn(IV) in octahedral coordination. The adjacent layer contains only Na in trigonal prismatic coordination, thus negating the cation disorder commonly observed in lithium-only containing materials. The well ordered metal sites remain intact during cycling and less than 1% crystallographic volume change in the structure is observed during cycling. The average voltage of the sodium cell is 3.4 V exhibiting a stable capacity over 50 cycles with about 95 – 100 mAhg − 1 . The electroactivity and structural stability of Na 1.0 Li 0.2 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.75 O δ as a new sodium cathode material should hasten the development of ambient temperature sodium batteries for energy storage applications. Non-aqueous electrolyte ambient temperature sodium batteries have many of the basic qualities associated with lithium batteries. Intercalation reactions, material structural and chemical stability, electronic/ionic conductivity, and the electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry all play a pivotal role in battery operation. While the voltage of Na/Na + is only ∼ 300 mV less positive than Li/Li + , sodium’s molecular weight of ∼ 23 gmol − 1 is much higher than that of Li ( ∼ 7 gmol − 1 ) which lowers the energy density of the material. To overcome this defi ciency, high-performance cathode and anode materials
Diffusion-Controlled Reactions

It is apparent that the kinetic rate kD influences the effective rate of reaction and that in certain circumstances (kr � kr) it becomes the rate­ limiting step [keff = kD]. Accordingly, the rate coefficient kD' which describes the mass transport rate at which reactants encounter each other, is of central concern to solution kineticists. There is little doubt that the subject of diffusion-controlled reactions has broad application beyond this prototype example. Diffusion-controlled reactions play a prominent role in heterogeneous catalysis (after all, the perfeot catalyst leads to mass transport limitations), polymer chain growth kinetics, colloid or crystal growth, and biophysical chemistry.
The microencapsulation of protein using a novel ternary blend based on poly(a-caprolactone)

AbstractMicrospheres with an entrapped protein were prepared from poly(e-caprolac-tone) (PCL), and a novel ternary blend, comprising of high and low molecular weight PCL in combination with poloxamer 181, a triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide). The inclusion of low molecular weight PCL served to enhance phase mixing by a reduction in the molecular weight of the polymeric components. Encapsulation of the protein, bovine serum albumin, was possible using a water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Microspheres prepared from unblended PCL were irregular and porous in nature. The presence of surface imperfections and macroscopic pores was attributable to the high rate of crystallization of the PCL polymer from solution. The inclusion of poloxamer 181 into the matrix retarded the rate of crystallization of the PCL, thereby enhancing particulate sphericity and regularity. Manipulation of the process parameters of blended microspheres .
Quantification of individual phosphorus species in sediment: a sequential conversion and extraction method

Common sequential phosphorus (P) extraction methods are not specific to particular chemical species and have several limitations. This work presents the first chemical method for quantification of individual mineral and sorbed P species. It was developed by combining a conversion technique with a sequential extraction procedure. Mangrove sediments with different characteristics were incubated in pH‐adjusted 0.01 M CaCl2 with and without reference material additions of octacalcium phosphate (Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O; OCP), hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH), strengite (FePO4·2H2O) or variscite (AlPO4·2H2O). The changes in soluble phosphate concentration were measured in the supernatant solution, while pH‐induced variations in P composition were determined by subsequent sequential extraction of the sediments. Dissolved phosphate concentration was controlled by adsorption below pH 7.8. Above this pH, soluble phosphate concentration was governed by OCP, which was qualitatively determined by plotting the experimental values of pH + pH2PO4 and pH – 0.5 pCa on a solubility diagram including the isotherms of known crystalline phosphate compounds. In contrast to the often‐predicted slow dissolution rate of crystalline phosphates in soils or sediments, drastic changes in P composition by dissolution, precipitation and adsorption processes were detected after 7 days. These were mainly not observed indirectly by changes in dissolved phosphate through adsorption effects, but were determined quantitatively by subsequent sequential extraction, thus enabling the quantification of individual species. Evaluation of the method was performed by standard addition experiments. Besides P species quantification, the method provides the means for other applications, such as the determination of P mineral dissolution kinetics in soils and sediments, the prediction of P composition in changing environmental settings and the refinement of theoretical models of phosphate solubility in soil and sedimentary environments.