Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Stock Market Listing Impact Investment in Japan?

We provide the first large sample comparison of investment by Japanese listed and unlisted public firms. We show that listed firms invest more and have greater sensitivity to investment opportunities than comparable unlisted companies. Our findings suggest that the role of listing in alleviating financial constraints is more important than potential underinvestment due to myopic behavior. However, the positive relationship between listing and investment is primarily driven by standalone firms. Further analysis confirms that as the number of subsidiaries in a business group increases the positive impact of listing on investment declines. Additionally, when a firm faces financial constraints listing more positively impacts investment. We also document a positive association between stock liquidity and investment for listed firms. Taken together, our results suggest that stock markets play an important role in easing financial constraints and preventing managerial shirking both of which increase investment. Finally, we show that higher levels of owner-ship by financial institutions, board members, and foreign investors increases corporate investment.
False Hopes and Blind Beliefs: How Political Connections Affect China's Corporate Bond Market

Abstract This paper explores whether and how political connections affect the market for corporate bonds issued by privately owned enterprises (POEs) in China. We test two competing theories – the zero-default myth and the borrower channel theory – that offer alternative explanations for the effect of political connections on the likelihood of bond issuance, the costs of refinancing, the market reaction to a bond issue announcement, and the performance of the firm after the bond has been issued. Using a sample of Chinese POEs from 2007 to 2016, we show that – in line with the zero-default myth theory – politically connected POEs are more likely to issue corporate bonds as a debt financing instrument than their non-connected counterparts. They also achieve lower coupon rates (i.e., lower refinancing costs), despite exhibiting lower overall performance after bond issuance. We find that investors react positively to corporate bond-issuing announcements if the issuing firm is politically connected. At the same time, our research indicates that politically connected bond-issuing POEs in China have weaker corporate governance and a surprisingly higher default probability than non-connected issuers.
Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis Pathogens in Small Dairy Farms in Republic of North Macedonia

Abstract Subclinical mastitis is an asymptomatic udder infection distributed worldwide with enormous losses in the dairy industry. The study’s objective was to determine the presence of this pathological condition in small dairy farms in the R. of N. Macedonia and to identify the most common associated bacteria. Milk samples were obtained from 96 dairy cows (378 udder quarters) in seven dairy farms, in 3 consecutive samplings 24–72 hours apart. The samples were cultured on routine bacteriological growth media and incubated for 24–48 hours. The isolates were identified by AximaiD Plus MALDITOF MS Platform. Subclinical mastitis was found in 49 animals (51%) and 104 infected quarters (27%). The most frequent isolated bacteria on cow level were Streptococcus uberis (19.4%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.4%) and Staphylococcu ssimulans (7.4%). On quarter level, the most isolated pathogen was Streptococcus uberis (35.6%) followed by Staphylococcu shaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus (10.3% and 9.2% respectively). Subclinical mastitis was found to be highly present in the selected small dairy farms. The most prevalent bacteria identified in the dairy farms (Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase–negative staphylococci) indicate that poor management and udder health practices, inadequate milking procedures and lack of mastitis control strategies greatly contribute to occurrence and persistence of subclinical mastitis.
CONTENT OF TEXTBOOK ENTITLED “PATHWAY TO ENGLISH” FOR THE TWELFTH GRADE OF HIGH SCHOOL

A Textbook has a big role to make the process of learning and teaching running well. The good textbook will influence on the students’ ability toward the lesson in the classroom. Before getting an explanation from the teachers, the students will learn the material first in their homes. It will let them comprehend the material before being explained by their teachers. It will make the learners easily understanding the lesson which is explained by the teachers in the classroom. By doing so, it will not be complicated for the students in mastering each lesson. The purpose of this research is to know whether the textbook integrates all learning skills and to find out whether the textbook gives assessment or self-reflection to the students about each chapter. In order to do this research, the checklist and documentation method is used to investigate the content of the textbook. The result will be shown by using the table and explained clearly to avoid misunderstanding against the readers. Briefly, a good textbook used by teachers and students in the classroom plays a crucial role in the process of learning and teaching.
Low-Cost Consumer-Based Trackers to Measure Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Among Adults in Free-Living Conditions: Validation Study

Background Wearable trackers for monitoring physical activity (PA) and total sleep time (TST) are increasingly popular. These devices are used not only by consumers to monitor their behavior but also by researchers to track the behavior of large samples and by health professionals to implement interventions aimed at health promotion and to remotely monitor patients. However, high costs and accuracy concerns may be barriers to widespread adoption. Objective This study aimed to investigate the concurrent validity of 6 low-cost activity trackers for measuring steps, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and TST: Geonaut On Coach, iWown i5 Plus, MyKronoz ZeFit4, Nokia GO, VeryFit 2.0, and Xiaomi MiBand 2. Methods A free-living protocol was used in which 20 adults engaged in their usual daily activities and sleep. For 3 days and 3 nights, they simultaneously wore a low-cost tracker and a high-cost tracker (Fitbit Charge HR) on the nondominant wrist. Participants wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the hip at daytime and a BodyMedia SenseWear device on the nondominant upper arm at nighttime. Validity was assessed by comparing each tracker with the ActiGraph GT3X+ and BodyMedia SenseWear using mean absolute percentage error scores, correlations, and Bland-Altman plots in IBM SPSS 24.0. Results Large variations were shown between trackers. Low-cost trackers showed moderate-to-strong correlations (Spearman r=0.53-0.91) and low-to-good agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.51-0.90) for measuring steps. Weak-to-moderate correlations (Spearman r=0.24-0.56) and low agreement (ICC=0.18-0.56) were shown for measuring MVPA. For measuring TST, the low-cost trackers showed weak-to-strong correlations (Spearman r=0.04-0.73) and low agreement (ICC=0.05-0.52). The Bland-Altman plot revealed a variation between overcounting and undercounting for measuring steps, MVPA, and TST, depending on the used low-cost tracker. None of the trackers, including Fitbit (a high-cost tracker), showed high validity to measure MVPA. Conclusions This study was the first to examine the concurrent validity of low-cost trackers. Validity was strongest for the measurement of steps; there was evidence of validity for measurement of sleep in some trackers, and validity for measurement of MVPA time was weak throughout all devices. Validity ranged between devices, with Xiaomi having the highest validity for measurement of steps and VeryFit performing relatively strong across both sleep and steps domains. Low-cost trackers hold promise for monitoring and measurement of movement and sleep behaviors, both for consumers and researchers.
Comparison of the Beneficial Effects of Adjuvant Chemotherapy among Young and Old Aged Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose: Breast cancer rates are expected to rise with an increasingly aging society. However, research on breast cancer among elderly women is scarce. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of elderly women with breast cancer and assess their clinical outcomes following adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Patients who underwent curative surgery for breast cancer between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014 were retrospectively reviewed (n=1,865). The clinicopathological features, comorbidities, and survival outcomes were compared among three age groups (<55, 55–64, and ≥65 years). Subgroup analyses were also performed according to adjuvant chemotherapy status (i.e., administered or forgone) and need. Results: The median age of the patients (n=1,865) was 51.7 years, and 231 (12.3%) patients were ≥65 years of age (defined as elderly). The median follow-up period was 56 months. The tumor characteristics were similar among the three age groups, except for tumor size and progesterone receptor status. The five-year overall survival rate was significantly poorer in elderly patients (87.5%) than in the younger groups (<55 years: 94.1%; 55–64 years: 93.2%) (p=0.002). Elderly patients received significantly less frequent adjuvant chemotherapy than the younger patients (p<0.001). Not all elderly patients in need of adjuvant chemotherapy were administered chemotherapy. Those administered adjuvant chemotherapy had significantly higher five-year overall survival rates than that of the non-administered patients (86.5% vs. 66.5%, p=0.014) and marginally longer breast cancer-specific survival (87.9% vs. 73.5%, p=0.07). Elderly patients who did not undergo chemotherapy had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus than those who did. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly breast cancer patients improved overall survival, and marginally extended breast cancer-specific survival. Therefore, standard adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in elderly patients who require it.
Acgme General Competencies

communicate effectively and demonstrate caring and respectful behaviors when interacting with patients and their families gather essential and accurate information about their patients make informed decisions about diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based on patient information and preferences, up-to-date scientific evidence, and clinical judgment develop and carry out patient management plans counsel and educate patients and their families use information technology to support patient care decisions and patient education perform competently all medical and invasive procedures considered essential for the area of practice provide health care services aimed at preventing health problems or maintaining health work with health care professionals, including those from other disciplines, to provide patientfocused care
Words don't come easy: Linguistic analysis of vocabulary in Magic Books

The present study focuses on the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) coursebooks Magic Book 1 and Magic Book 2 that have been designed and developed for third graders in the Greek state primary schools under the PEAP project. It aims to examine the lexical items selected for those coursebooks and set out the criteria that render them a useful tool for teaching EFL to young learners. More specifically, this paper aims to: (a) examine the frequency of the vocabulary included in the two books by using the frequency data of the British National Corpus (BNC), (b) compare the vocabulary of the books with the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP) issued by Cambridge University Press, and (c) examine the thematic areas covered in these books in order to investigate the extent of their continuity with the interests and needs of the target age group.
Effect of Foot Exercise on Lower Limb Strength and Balance Among Elderly: Basis for a Health Education Program

The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects of foot exercise (senam kakidiabetes) on lower limb strength and balance among the elderly. A quasi-experimentalinterrupted time-series design with control group was utilized. Participants were chosenthrough purposive sampling technique. Consequently, 60 participants met the criteria set forthe study. Simple random sampling was used to divide the participants into experimental andcontrol groups with 30 participants in each group. The result shows that foot exercise waseffective in improving lower limb strength and balance of the elderly. Lower limb strengthand balance of the participants in the experimental group gradually improved in every week ofintervention compared to those in the control group. Further, the result shows that age, sex,and body weight did not affect the lower limb strength and balance of the elderly whounderwent foot exercise.
Value Co-creation as a Strategic Tool of Social Marketing: Analysis of a Social Service Branding Process in Developing Economy

Many social services exist to address the prevalent social issues being faced by their stakeholders, yet the processes which social services employ need to be crystallized. If the process of social services becomes specifiable, it may help social services become a social brand. In this regard, social marketing is inherently considered as a strategic tool which ensures the sustainability of business only not for profit based organizations but also for nonprofit organizations. Marketing scholars thus urge to refine the application of social marketing particularly with reference to the process in order for social problems to be addressed cogently. This study posits that the process which social marketing entails should be contextualized as value co-creation. An empirical research was conducted using grounded theory as a research approach to explore the phenomenon of value co-creation. Grounded theory has been employed with a view to provide theoretical underpinning to the concept of social branding. A social service was considered to be a research unit of analysis. Focus group discussions were conducted followed by comparative contrast analysis. The findings reveal that collective participation, mutual interaction, and reciprocal engagement of the stakeholders of social services are the baseline of social marketing. The thematic analysis of focus group discussion resulted in eight key factors to be considered as constituents of the social marketing process. Thus, these factors are considered as part of value co-creation and instrumental for social services’ branding.
Micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana plants

EnglishThe aim of the study was to develop optimum composition of plant growth regulators in media for the propagation and rooting of shoots of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in in vitro cultures. Single-node shoot fragments obtained from plants propagated on MS medium were placed onto media supplemented with: BAP, 2iP and KIN at concentrations: 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg∙dm-3, whereas at the rooting stage with addition of: IAA, IBA and NAA at concentrations 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg∙dm-3. The highest number of shoots and leaves was reported for plants propagated on MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg∙dm-3 BAP. The greatest number of the longest roots was developed by stevia on the MS medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm-3 IAA. portuguesO objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver uma composicao otima de reguladores de crescimento em meios para a propagacao e enraizamento de brotos de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) em culturas in vitro. Fragmentos de parte aerea obtidos de plantas propagadas em meio MS foram colocados em meio suplementado com: BAP, 2iP e KIN nas concentracoes: 0.5, 1, 2 e 5 mg∙dm-3, enquanto no estadio de enraizamento com adicao de: IAA, IBA e ANA nas concentracoes 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg∙dm-3.O maior numero de brotacoes e folhas foi encontrado para plantas propagadas em meio MS enriquecido com 0.5 mg∙dm-3 de BAP. O maior numero de raizes mais longas foi desenvolvido por estevia no meio MS enriquecido com 1 mg∙dm-3 de IAA.
Opportunity domains: Invisible boundaries of entrepreneurial opportunities

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the current paper is to provide a review of the researches on the most important typologies of entrepreneurial opportunities and to suggest an individual-based typology of entrepreneurial opportunities. Design/methodology/approach: The literature review method is used in the current paper to review the most important typologies of entrepreneurial opportunities and their contributions. Findings: Considering the three essential concepts of perceivability, exploitability, and desirability of entrepreneurial opportunities, this paper suggests an individual-based definition of the concept of entrepreneurial opportunity. In addition to the implications of the suggested framework for future studies and regarding its potential applications, the policies to move people from one domain of opportunity to another and also recommendations for entrepreneurs and investors are presented. Originality/value: This paper introduces the concept of opportunity domain, and suggests a three-level (domain) typology based on the role of individual(s) in identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities.
Risk factors for oral candidiasis in Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients

Aim: The goals of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of oral candidiasis (OC) in a sample of Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients, and 2) to investigate the risk factors for HIVassociated OC in this sample. Methods: This case-control study included 112 HIV-infected patients treated between 2002 and 2004 at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Data were collected from medical records and clinical examinations. Diagnosis of OC was performed in accordance with the International Classification System and cytological features. Seventeen clinical and laboratorial variables were registered. Univariate analyses were performed on all variables. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to develop a model and identify the set of variables that may predict risk factors in HIV-infected adult patients with OC. Results: Prevalence of OC was 31.3%. OC was associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) [p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 10.2 (95%CI: 4.0-26.0)], previous use of fluconazole [p<0.001; OR=27.4 (95%CI: 8.1-92.0)] and viral load [p=0.042; OR=2.3 (95%CI: 1.0-5.3)]. Conclusions: These results are important for the development of strategies to eliminate these risk factors and significantly reduce OC in HIV-infected patients.
Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in the Urban Area of Zamora, Mexico

This work assessed the groundwater hydrogeochemistry and the drinking water quality of 10 wells supplying the urban area of Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in May 2018 (dry season) and November 2018 (wet season) to describe the chemistry of the water and its interaction with the rock. Physical and chemical constituents (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, color, turbidity, solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands), major components (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42−, PO43−, HCO3−, CO32−, Cl−, N-NO3−, and N-NH3), as well as trace elements (As, Fe, Mn, Ba, Al, Sb, Co, V, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Tl, Pb) were analyzed. Results showed groundwater with a slight tendency to alkalinity. The hydrogeochemical facies observed are Ca2+-HCO3− in all sites. Hydrochemical diagrams indicate immature, cold, non-saline, and uncontaminated water with short residence time. Water–rock interaction predominates. The water in the study area is appropriate for drinking use according to Mexican and international regulations with an excellent quality in 7 wells and good in the other 3.
Diabetic neuropathy: Summary of treatment options

Received: March 12, 2017; Accepted: March 22, 2017; Published: March 27, 2017 Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and is associated with significant morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of neuropathy is estimated to be about 8% in newly diagnosed patients and greater than 50% in patients with longstanding disease [1]. Different classification systems for diabetic neuropathy exist and clinically it can be broadly divided into sensorimotor neuropathy (associated with pain, paraesthesia and sensory loss), cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (which may contribute to myocardial infarction, malignant arrhythmia and sudden death), gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy (associated with gastroparesis) and genitourinary autonomic neuropathy (linked with sexual dysfunction and neurogenic bladder) [2]. This is a broad subject and the focus of this brief commentary will be the treatment options for this common diabetic complication.
Practical Applications of Perceptual Research

A lot of the work into perceptual and observer performance issues in radiologic imaging (and medical imaging in general) began as a result of a series of studies [1, 2] done after WWII. These studies were designed to determine which of four roentgenographic and photofluorographic techniques was better for mass screening of chest images for tuberculosis. What seemed to be a rather easy and practical question to answer in a fairly straightforward investigation turned out to yield results that created more questions than answers. Inter-observer and intraobserver variabilities were so high that it could not be determined which imaging method yielded better diagnostic accuracy. Prior to this study, it was generally presumed that radiologists did not differ that much from each other in their diagnoses, and that if the same image was shown to the same radiologist at two points in time the diagnosis would not differ substantially. These studies suggested otherwise - radiologists were not as consistent as previously thought. One followup study [3] even tried to get radiologists to simply describe characteristics of radiographic shadows. Again there was wide inter-observer variation and moderately high intra-observer variation even on the seemingly straightforward description of lesion characteristics. This suggested that differences/errors in performance might lie in perceptual and cognitive factors rather than in technical factors such as bad technique or poor processing. Even today studies are being conducted that look at reader variability and ways to reduce it [4].
Comprehensive trait attributions show that face impressions are organized in four dimensions

How do people form impressions of others based on faces? Existing psychological theories argue that people attribute traits to others from faces along two or three dimensions. While these theories have now been incorporated into numerous empirical and theoretical studies, they were derived from a small set of trait attributions, which limits their generalizability and leaves the true nature of the psychological dimensions unclear. The present study applied deep neural networks to representatively sample an inclusive list of traits and faces, generating a comprehensive set of 100 traits and 100 faces that we administered in two large-scale preregistered studies. These comprehensive trait attributions (Study 1, 750,000 ratings) revealed a novel four-dimensional space: warmth, competence, female-stereotype, and youth-stereotype, challenging existing theories. Study 2 collecting dense individual-level data in seven different countries (2,100,000 trials) reproduced this four-dimensional space across cultures and in individual participants. These findings, together with test-retest reliability of all trait attributions and direct comparisons with existing theories, provide a new, most comprehensive characterization of trait attributions from faces.