Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Neuroscience Original Research Article an Electrophysiological Signal That Precisely Tracks the Emergence of Error Awareness

Recent electrophysiological research has sought to elucidate the neural mechanisms necessary for the conscious awareness of action errors. Much of this work has focused on the error positivity (Pe), a neural signal that is specifically elicited by errors that have been consciously perceived. While awareness appears to be an essential prerequisite for eliciting the Pe, the precise functional role of this component has not been identified. Twenty-nine participants performed a novel variant of the Go/No-go Error Awareness Task (EAT) in which awareness of commission errors was indicated via a separate speeded manual response. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to isolate the Pe from other stimulus-and response-evoked signals. Single-trial analysis revealed that Pe peak latency was highly correlated with the latency at which awareness was indicated. Furthermore, the Pe was more closely related to the timing of awareness than it was to the initial erroneous response. This finding was confirmed in a separate study which derived IC weights from a control condition in which no indication of awareness was required, thus ruling out motor confounds. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the Pe could reliably predict whether an error would be consciously perceived up to 400 ms before the average awareness response. Finally, Pe latency and amplitude were found to be significantly correlated with overall error awareness levels between subjects. Our data show for the first time that the temporal dynamics of the Pe trace the emergence of error awareness. These findings have important implications for interpreting the results of clinical EEG studies of error processing.
Finding and fixing Java naming bugs with the Lancelot Eclipse plugin

The Lancelot plugin extends the integrated development environment Eclipse with support for finding and fixing 'naming bugs' in Java programs. A naming bug is a mismatch between the name and implementation of a method, in the sense that the pairing of name and implementation do not correspond to the implicit method naming conventions used by many well-known open source applications. Lancelot has not been presented before, but its theoretical foundations and evaluation have been published. The contribution of the present paper is to present a publicly available tool building on our theory, explain the design of the tool, including some necessary adaptations to the interactive use setting, and report on our experience with it. The source code of Lancelot is available under an open source license.
Acetylcholine Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Intracellular Calcium Dyshomeostasis Through Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors in Cardiomyocytes

Background/Aims: Oxidative stress induced intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload plays an important role in the pathophysiology of several heart diseases. Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to suppress reactive oxygen species generation during oxidative stress. However, there is little information regarding the effects of ACh on the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulation in the presence of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ACh applied before or after hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) treatment on the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulation in isolated cardiomyocytes. Methods: Single ventricular myocytes were isolated from the male Wistar rats for the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient study by a fluorimetric ratio technique. Results: H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> significantly decreased both of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient amplitude and decay rate. ACh applied before, but not after, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment attenuated the reduction of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient amplitude and decay rate. Both atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocker) and mecamylamine (a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blocker) significantly decreased the protective effects of acetylcholine on the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulation. Moreover, the combination of atropine and mecamylamine completely abolished the protective effects of acetylcholine on intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient amplitude and decay rate. Conclusion: ACh pretreatment attenuates H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> dyshomeostasis through both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
Optic Flow Statistics and Intrinsic Dimensionality

Different kinds of visual sub–structures (such as homogeneous, edge-like and junction-like patches) can be distinguished by the intrinsic dimensionality of the local signals. The concept of intrinsic dimensionality has been mostly exercised using discrete formulations. A recent work [KF03,FK03] introduced a continuous definition and showed that the inherent structure of the intrinsic dimensionality has essentially the form of a triangle. The current study work analyzes the distribution of signals according to the continuous interpretation of intrinsic dimensionality and the relation to orientation and optic flow features of image patches. Among other things, we give a quantitative interpretation of the distribution of signals according to their intrinsic dimensionality that reveals specific patterns associated to established sub-structures in computer vision. Furthermore, we link quantitative and qualitative properties of the distribution of optic-flow error estimates to these patterns.
SHP-1 Arrests Mouse Early Embryo Development through Downregulation of Nanog by Dephosphorylation of STAT3

Src-homology protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is implicated in the regulation of growth, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and proliferation of hematopoietic cells and other cell types. Here, we found that SHP-1 is involved in regulation of early embryonic development. Embryos overexpressing SHP-1 were mainly arrested at the 8-cell stage, and Nanog mRNA expression was first observed in the morulae that showed down-regulation of SHP-1. These results suggested an antagonistic relationship between SHP-1 and Nanog during early embryonic development. Next, the specific mechanism was examined in mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. We confirmed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was a substrate for SHP-1 by co-immunoprecipitation. Using overexpression and knockdown strategies, we found that SHP-1 participated in regulation of Nanog expression. Furthermore, site mutation of STAT3 was performed to confirm that SHP-1 was responsible for rapid STAT3 dephosphorylation and a decrease of Nanog expression in F9 cells. These findings suggest that SHP-1 plays a crucial role during early embryonic development. Thus, SHP-1 may function as a key regulator for Nanog that specifically demarcates the nascent epiblast, coincident with the domain of X chromosome reprogramming.
Treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in California.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The impact of endovascular therapy on treatment outcomes of unruptured cerebral aneurysms has not been studied in a defined geographic area. METHODS All primary diagnoses of unruptured aneurysms were retrieved from a statewide database of hospital discharges in California from January 1990 through December 1998. Admissions for initial treatment and all follow-up care were combined to reflect the entire course of therapy. An adverse outcome was defined as an in-hospital death or discharge to nursing home or rehabilitation hospital at any point during the treatment course. Multivariable analyses were performed with generalized estimating equations with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, source of admission, year of treatment, hospital volume, and clustering of observations at institutions. RESULTS A total of 2069 patients were treated for unruptured aneurysms. Adverse outcomes were more frequent in the 1699 patients treated with surgery (25%) than in those treated with endovascular therapy (10%; P:<0.001). The difference persisted after multivariable adjustment (surgery versus endovascular therapy: odds ratio for adverse outcomes, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.5 to 4.0; P:<0.001). Adverse outcomes declined from 1991 to 1998 in patients treated with endovascular therapy (P:<0.005) but not for surgery. In-hospital deaths occurred in 3.5% of surgical cases and 0.5% of endovascular cases (P:=0.003), and the difference remained significant after adjustment (odds ratio, 6.3; 95% CI, 3.5 to 11.4; P:<0.001). Total length of stay and hospital charges were greater in surgical cases (both P:<0.001). Results were similar in a confirmatory analysis focusing on treatment differences between institutions. Institutional treatment volume was also associated with outcome but did not account for the differences between surgery and endovascular therapy. CONCLUSIONS In California, endovascular therapy of unruptured aneurysms is associated with less risk of adverse outcomes and in-hospital death, lower hospital charges, and shorter hospital stays compared with surgery. Differences between therapies became more distinct through the years. Uncontrolled differences in prognosis of patients receiving endovascular therapy and surgery cannot be ruled out in this study of discharge abstracts.
Human cortical theta reactivity to high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Electroencephalography (EEG) can directly monitor the temporal progression of cortical changes induced by repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and facilitate the understanding of cortical and subcortical influences in the genesis of oscillations. In this combined rTMS/EEG study, we aimed to investigate changes in oscillatory activity after high‐frequency (∼11 Hz) rTMS relative to the number of applied pulses. Twenty intermittent trains of 20 or 60 rTMS pulses were delivered over the human primary motor cortex at rest and tuned to individual mu frequency. The regional and interregional oscillatory neural activity after stimulation were evaluated using event‐related power (ERPow) and event‐related coherence (ERCoh) transformations. The most prominent changes for ERPow were observed in the theta band (4–7 Hz), as an increase in ERPow up to 20 s following 60 rTMS pulses, whereas ERPow increases were smaller in mu (10–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz). ERCoh revealed that rTMS 60 modulated the connectivity in the theta band for up to 20 s. The topography of mu and theta changes were not identical; mu was more focal and theta was more global. Our data suggested the presence of independent cortical theta and mu generators with different reactivity to rTMS but could not rule out possible thalamocortical contributions in generating theta and mu over the motor network. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2224–2237, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of neural network-based prediction intervals using particle swarm optimization

Prediction intervals (PIs) are excellent tools for quantification of uncertainties associated with point forecasts and predictions. This paper adopts and develops the lower upper bound estimation (LUBE) method for construction of PIs using neural network (NN) models. This method is fast and simple and does not require calculation of heavy matrices, as required by traditional methods. Besides, it makes no assumption about the data distribution. A new width-based index is proposed to quantitatively check how much PIs are informative. Using this measure and the coverage probability of PIs, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to train NN models in the LUBE method. The optimization problem is then transformed into a training problem through definition of a PI-based cost function. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the mutation operator is used to minimize the cost function. Experiments with synthetic and real-world case studies indicate that the proposed PSO-based LUBE method can construct higher quality PIs in a simpler and faster manner.
Classification of Electrocardiogram Anomalies

Electrocardiography time series are a popular non-invasive tool used to classify healthy cardiac activity and various anomalies such as Myocardial Infarction, Cardiomyopathy, Bundle branch block, myocardial hypertrophy and Arrhythmia. While most ECGs are still read manually, machine learning techniques are quickly being applied for diagnosis due to the advantages of being quick, cheap, and automatic as well as the for the ability to examine features not obvious to the human eye. In this paper, a binary classification algorithm is implemented, and it reports a classification accuracy of 97.2%. The heart beats are analyzed, and a prediction is made to mark the beat as normal/ abnormal. Four major classes of features are morphological, global trend prediction, regularity, and beat energy. The classifier is based on Support Vector Machine algorithm, and learning is optimized by feature selection (Random Forest), dimensionality reduction (PCA), and Kernel optimization.
Novel iterative p-cycle configure model in WDM intelligent optical network

In this paper, a p-cycle generation algorithm is proposed that can protect service of static traffic model in WDM network. As the basic p-cycle sets calculated by algorithm such as the straddle link algorithm (SLA) always contain a straddle link in it. That is why the protection efficiency is higher than bidirectional line switch ring (BLSR). Any idle resource can be used for traffic restoration. But if the resource is not configured carefully then not all the resource of idle state can be utilized efficiently. Some extensions of algorithms are brought into effect to improve the protection capability. Based on these extensions, a novel iterative expanding p-cycle is introduced. A platform is constructed in OPNET modeler to verify the performance of this algorithm. Simulation results show that after several expansions for the basic p-cycle sets, the efficiency is improved. The pre-configured resource is deployed before any requests come. Comparison between different network topologies is studied. Finally, the results are analyzed and some directivity is given for further research.
Censors' Delay in Blocking Circumvention Proxies

Censors of the Internet must continually discover and block new circumvention proxy servers. We seek to understand this process; specifically, the length of the delay between when a proxy first becomes discoverable and when it is actually blocked. We measure this delay in the case of obfuscated Tor bridges, by testing their reachability before and after their introduction into Tor Browser. We test from sites in the U.S., China, and Iran, over a period of five months. China's national firewall blocked new bridges after a varying delay of between 2 and 36 days. Blocking occurred only after end-user software releases, despite bridges being potentially discoverable earlier through other channels. While the firewall eventually discovered the bridges of Tor Browser, those that appeared only in Orbot, a version of Tor for mobile devices, remained unblocked. Our findings highlight the fact that censors can behave in ways that defy intuition, presenting difficulties for threat modeling but also opportunities for evasion.
Simulation Study of Cluster Based Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks

Recent years have witnessed increasing research efforts of incorporating mobility into wireless sensor networks in order to improve energy efficiency and network coverage. In particular, after introducing mobile sinks, at the cost of increased message delivery delay, the performance of network lifetime can be significantly enhanced by limiting the hop count between the communicating sensor-sink pair. In this paper, we propose a cluster based data dissemination (CBDD) scheme, which does not require any localization algorithm. The basic idea of CBDD is to divide the communication between mobile sinks and source sensors into inter-cluster and intra-cluster communication phases, and limit the disruption of the data dissemination path within a cluster. Through extensive simulations, we compare the performance of CBDD against AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector) and TTDD (two-tier data dissemination), which are two popular routing protocols for mobile wireless sensor networks. Simulation results have indicated that CBDD is a good option for data dissemination in wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks.
Micro-Policies : A Framework for Verified , Tag-Based Security Monitors

Today’s computer systems are distressingly insecure, but many of their vulnerabilities can be avoided if low-level code is constrained to obey sensible safety and security properties. Ideally, such properties might be enforced statically, but for obtaining pervasive guarantees all the way to the level of running machine code it is often more practical to detect and prevent violations dynamically using a reference monitor (Anderson, 1972; Erlingsson and Schneider, 2000; Schneider, 2000). Decades of work have produced a large body of knowledge about monitoring techniques that can reduce the vulnerability of computers and software to malicious subversion by providing sanity checks that current hardware lacks (e.g., “array accesses should always be in-bounds,” “this instruction should never be the target of a Jump,”). Many simply enforce language abstractions that current software and hardware omit, e.g., memory safety or control-flow integrity (CFI); these policies can be automatically applied to all code with no additional programmer burden. Others are policies a system architect might like to apply to security-critical components without auditing or rewriting every line of code in a larger system (e.g., “un-sanitized data from the network should not be treated as a pointer,” “private data should be encrypted before flowing to I/O devices,”). Still others offer primitives that system designers can use to protect critical data, track confidentiality and integrity, or isolate untrusted components. Reference monitors are sometimes implemented in software, but this can significantly degrade performance and/or cause designers to settle for rough approximations of the intended policy that are potentially vulnerable to attack (Davi et al., 2014; Göktaş et al., 2014). Hardware acceleration is thus an attractive alternative, especially in an era of cheap transistors. Many designs for hardware monitors have been proposed, with early designs focusing on enforcing single hard-wired security policies (Suh et al., 2004) and later ones evolving toward more programmable mechanisms that allow quicker adaptation to a shifting attack landscape. The motivating insight underlying our work1 is that a wide range of policies can be efficiently enforced using a generic mechanism that associates each piece of data in the system with a metadata tag describing its provenance or purpose (e.g., “this is an instruction,” “this came from the network,” “this is secret,” “this is sealed with key k”), propagates this metadata as instructions are executed, and checks that policy rules are obeyed throughout the computation. This fully programmable hardware/software architecture provides great flexibility for defining policies and removes limitations on the size of the metadata and the number of policies supported. We use the term micro-policies for instruction-level security-monitoring mechanisms based on fine-grained metadata. The
Balance measures for discriminating between functionally unstable and stable ankles.

PURPOSE To identify force plate measures that discriminate between ankles with functional instability and stable ankles and to determine the most accurate force plate measure for enabling this distinction. METHODS Twenty-two subjects (177 +/- 10 cm, 77 +/- 16 kg, 21 +/- 2 yr) without a history of ankle injury and 22 subjects (177 +/- 10 cm, 77 +/- 16 kg, 20 +/- 2 yr) with functional ankle instability (FAI) performed a single-leg static balance test and a single-leg jump-landing dynamic balance test. Static force plate measures analyzed in both anterior/posterior (A/P) and medial/lateral (M/L) directions included the following: ground reaction force (GRF) SD; center-of-pressure (COP) SD; mean, maximum, and total COP excursion; and mean and maximum COP velocity. COP area was also analyzed for static balance. A/P and M/L time to stabilization quantified dynamic balance. Greater values of force plate measures indicated impaired balance. A stepwise discriminant function analysis examined group differences, group classification, and accuracy of force plate measures for discriminating between ankle groups. RESULTS The FAI group had greater values than the stable ankle group for A/P GRF SD (P = 0.027), M/L GRF SD (P = 0.006), M/L COP SD (P = 0.046), A/P mean COP velocity (P = 0.015), M/L mean COP velocity (P = 0.016), A/P maximum COP velocity (P = 0.037), M/L mean COP excursion (P = 0.014), M/L total COP excursion (P = 0.016), A/P time to stabilization (P = 0.011), and M/L time to stabilization (P = 0.040). M/L GRF SD and A/P time to stabilization had the greatest accuracy scores of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. CONCLUSION Although 10 measures identified group differences, M/L GRF SD and A/P time to stabilization were the most accurate in discriminating between ankle groups. These results provide evidence for choosing these GRF measures for evaluating static and dynamic balance deficits associated with FAI.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Effectiveness of an Immersive 3D Video Game for Anxiety Prevention among Adolescents

Adolescent anxiety is debilitating, the most frequently diagnosed adolescent mental health problem, and leads to substantial long-term problems. A randomized controlled trial (n = 138) was conducted to test the effectiveness of a biofeedback video game (Dojo) for adolescents with elevated levels of anxiety. Adolescents (11–15 years old) were randomly assigned to play Dojo or a control game (Rayman 2: The Great Escape). Initial screening for anxiety was done on 1,347 adolescents in five high schools; only adolescents who scored above the “at-risk” cut-off on the Spence Children Anxiety Survey were eligible. Adolescents’ anxiety levels were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and at three month follow-up to examine the extent to which playing Dojo decreased adolescents’ anxiety. The present study revealed equal improvements in anxiety symptoms in both conditions at follow-up and no differences between Dojo and the closely matched control game condition. Latent growth curve models did reveal a steeper decrease of personalized anxiety symptoms (not of total anxiety symptoms) in the Dojo condition compared to the control condition. Moderation analyses did not show any differences in outcomes between boys and girls nor did age differentiate outcomes. The present results are of importance for prevention science, as this was the first full-scale randomized controlled trial testing indicated prevention effects of a video game aimed at reducing anxiety. Future research should carefully consider the choice of control condition and outcome measurements, address the potentially high impact of participants’ expectations, and take critical design issues into consideration, such as individual- versus group-based intervention and contamination issues.