Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Consistent Document-level Entity Linking: Joint Models for Entity Linking and Coreference Resolution

We consider the task of document-level entity linking (EL), where it is important to make consistent decisions for entity mentions over the full document jointly. We aim to leverage explicit “connections” among mentions within the document itself: we propose to join EL and coreference resolution (coref) in a single structured prediction task over directed trees and use a globally normalized model to solve it. This contrasts with related works where two separate models are trained for each of the tasks and additional logic is required to merge the outputs. Experimental results on two datasets show a boost of up to +5% F1-score on both coref and EL tasks, compared to their standalone counterparts. For a subset of hard cases, with individual mentions lacking the correct EL in their candidate entity list, we obtain a +50% increase in accuracy.
Operator Product States on Tensor Powers of $C^\ast$-Algebras

The program of matrix product states on tensor powers $\mathcal A^{\otimes \mathbb Z}$ of $C^\ast$-algebras, initiated in Comm. Math. Phys. {\bf 144}, 443-490 (1992), is re-assessed in a context where $\mathcal A$ is a generic nuclear $C^\ast$-algebra. For any shift invariant state $\omega$, we demonstrate the existence of an order kernel ideal $\mathcal K_\omega$, whose quotient action reduces and factorizes the initial data $(\mathcal A^{\otimes \mathbb Z}, \omega)$ to the tuple $(\mathcal A,\mathcal B_\omega = \mathcal A^{\otimes \mathbb N^\times}/\mathcal K_\omega, \mathbb E_\omega : \mathcal A \otimes \mathcal B_\omega \to \mathcal B_\omega, \bar \omega : \mathcal B_\omega \to \mathbb C)$, where $\mathcal B_\omega$ is an operator system and $\mathbb E_\omega$ and $\bar \omega$ are unital and completely positive maps. Reciprocally, given a (input) tuple $(\mathcal A,\mathcal S,\mathbb E,\phi)$ that shares similar attributes, we supply an algorithm that produces a shift-invariant state on $\mathcal A^{\otimes \mathbb Z}$. We give sufficient conditions in which the so constructed states are ergodic and they reduce back to their input data. As examples, we formulate the input data that produces AKLT-type states, this time in the context of infinite site algebras, such as the group algebra of discrete amenable groups.
Observable signatures of enhanced axion emission from protoneutron stars

Tobias Fischer, ∗ Pierluca Carenza, 3, † Bryce Fore, 5, ‡ Maurizio Giannotti, § Alessandro Mirizzi, 3, ¶ and Sanjay Reddy 5, ∗∗ Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroc law, 50-204 Wroc law, Poland. Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “Michelangelo Merlin”, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy. Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Physical Sciences, Barry University, 11300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA. (Received ? 2021; Accepted ? 2021; Published ? 2021)
Spectral signature and behavioral consequence of spontaneous shifts of pupil-linked arousal in human

Arousal levels perpetually rise and fall spontaneously. How markers of arousal—pupil size and frequency content of brain activity—relate to each other and influence behavior in humans is poorly understood. We simultaneously monitored magnetoencephalography and pupil in healthy volunteers at rest and during a visual perceptual decision-making task. Spontaneously varying pupil size correlates with power of brain activity in most frequency bands across large-scale resting state cortical networks. Pupil size recorded at prestimulus baseline correlates with subsequent shifts in detection bias (c) and sensitivity (d’). When dissociated from pupil-linked state, prestimulus spectral power of resting state networks still predicts perceptual behavior. Fast spontaneous pupil constriction and dilation correlate with large-scale brain activity as well but not perceptual behavior. Our results illuminate the relation between central and peripheral arousal markers and their respective roles in human perceptual decision-making.
Scoping the Need for a Tailored mHealth App to Improve Health and Well-being Behavioral Transformation in the Police: Exploring the Views of UK Police Workers via Web-Based Surveys and Client Meetings

Background Police officers often work long, unsocial hours in a highly pressurized environment and may experience difficulties in managing their health and well-being. Their jobs can be highly stressful and feature unusual working hours and multiple shift patterns. When considering the policing environment of 2021, many roles that were previously the domain of warranted officers are now being carried out by nonwarranted police staff equivalents. These police staff roles are relatively new to policing but put staff under some of the same stresses as police officers. A UK police force requested help to investigate technologies that could be used to improve health and well-being and research how these technologies could be used to measure and track health behavior change. Objective Historical research studies need to be appraised in light of this new policing environment, and new research also needs to include this shift in dynamics when considering aspects of policing, including their health and well-being. This study explores police officer and staff attitudes toward and their use of existing health-related technology, highlights existing practices, and gathers views about how technology could be used more effectively. Methods A web-based survey was completed by police officers and staff (N=213) during the initial period of the UK lockdown in 2020. The survey was designed to find the solutions that participants used outside of those supplied by their employer, identify issues or problems, and find what they would like a hypothetical app to focus on. Additional requirements data were captured through client meetings, including discussions concerning previously attempted solutions and those currently in place. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify the key themes. Results Attitudes toward and uses of existing health-related technology were captured, and existing practices were highlighted. Participants identified a need for an app to consider that a user was on shift—an important point, as many issues and problems with elements of their health and well-being involved shift work. Data also highlighted that a multifunctional tool would be more beneficial to participants than focusing on just 1 element. The key features and four domains were identified for app coverage. The prioritized order of importance of the four domains was activity, food and diet, sleep, and fluid intake. Conclusions For police officers and staff, research data suggest that there is a previously unidentified requirement for a mobile app that could provide an easily accessible platform for them to use, regardless of the current location; one that could provide guidelines on diet, lifestyle habits, and health behavior to help the user make informed decisions to assist in personalized behavior change. Notably, one which is multifunctional and which also aligns effectively with the irregular shift patterns of its users.
Promoting Health via mHealth Applications Using a French Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale: Adaptation and Validation Study

Background In the recent decades, the number of apps promoting health behaviors and health-related strategies and interventions has increased alongside the number of smartphone users. Nevertheless, the validity process for measuring and reporting app quality remains unsatisfactory for health professionals and end users and represents a public health concern. The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) is a tool validated and widely used in the scientific literature to evaluate and compare mHealth app functionalities. However, MARS is not adapted to the French culture nor to the language. Objective This study aims to translate, adapt, and validate the equivalent French version of MARS (ie, MARS-F). Methods The original MARS was first translated to French by two independent bilingual scientists, and their common version was blind back-translated twice by two native English speakers, culminating in a final well-established MARS-F. Its comprehensibility was then evaluated by 6 individuals (3 researchers and 3 nonacademics), and the final MARS-F version was created. Two bilingual raters independently completed the evaluation of 63 apps using MARS and MARS-F. Interrater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. In addition, internal consistency and validity of both scales were assessed. Mokken scale analysis was used to investigate the scalability of both MARS and MARS-F. Results MARS-F had a good alignment with the original MARS, with properties comparable between the two scales. The correlation coefficients (r) between the corresponding dimensions of MARS and MARS-F ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The internal consistencies of the MARS-F dimensions engagement (ω=0.79), functionality (ω=0.79), esthetics (ω=0.78), and information quality (ω=0.61) were acceptable and that for the overall MARS score (ω=0.86) was good. Mokken scale analysis revealed a strong scalability for MARS (Loevinger H=0.37) and a good scalability for MARS-F (H=0.35). Conclusions MARS-F is a valid tool, and it would serve as a crucial aid for researchers, health care professionals, public health authorities, and interested third parties, to assess the quality of mHealth apps in French-speaking countries.
Long‐term stability of the cortical volumetric profile and the functional human connectome throughout childhood and adolescence

There is compelling evidence showing that between‐subject variability in several functional and structural brain features is sufficient for unique identification in adults. However, individuation of brain functional connectomes depends on the stabilization of neurodevelopmental processes during childhood and adolescence. Here, we aimed to (1) evaluate the intra‐subject functional connectome stability over time for the whole brain and for large scale functional networks and (2) determine the long‐term identification accuracy or ‘fingerprinting’ for the cortical volumetric profile and the functional connectome. For these purposes, we analysed a longitudinal cohort of 239 children and adolescents scanned in two sessions with an interval of approximately 3 years (age range 6–15 years at baseline and 9–18 years at follow‐up). Corroborating previous results using short between‐scan intervals in children and adolescents, we observed a moderate identification accuracy (38%) for the whole functional profile. In contrast, identification accuracy using cortical volumetric profile was 95%. Among the large‐scale networks, the default‐mode (26.8%), the frontoparietal (23.4%) and the dorsal‐attention (27.6%) networks were the most discriminative. Our results provide further evidence for a protracted development of specific individual structural and functional connectivity profiles.
Surfactant surface chemistry and heparin-based anticoagulant drug design studied by molecular dynamics simulation

ii Lay summary . iv Preface . v Table of contents . vii List of tables. x List of figures . xii List of symbols . xix List of abbreviations . xxii Acknowledgements . xxiv Dedication . xxvi Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Chapter 2: Brief description of molecular dynamics simulations . 8 2.1 Considerations for MD simulations . 9 2.2 Thermodynamics properties . 13 2.3 Performing MD simulations . 15 2.4 Well-tempered metadynamics . 16 2.5 Parallel tempering metadynamics . 19 2.6 Reweighting . 20 2.7 Theoretical background of sum frequency generation spectroscopy . 23
Camelina sativa phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase-catalyzed interconversion does not discriminate between substrates.

Phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferases (PDCT) regulate the fatty acid composition of seed oil (triacylglycerol, TAG) by interconversion of diacylglycerols (DAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). PtdCho is the substrate for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, as well as for a number of unusual fatty acids. By the action of PDCT, these fatty acids can be transferred into the DAG pool to be utilized in TAG biosynthesis by the action of acyl-CoA:DAG and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Despite its importance in regulating seed oil composition, biochemical characterization of PDCT enzymes has been lacking. We characterized Camelina sativa PDCT in microsomal preparations of a yeast strain expressing Camelina PDCT and lacking the capacity of producing TAG. Camelina PDCT was specific for PtdCho and the sn-1,2 enantiomer of DAG and could not utilize ceramide. The interconversion reaches equilibrium within 15 min of incubation, indicating that only distinct pools of DAG and PtdCho were available for exchange. However, the pool sizes of DAG and PtdCho involved in the exchange were not fixed but increased with the amount of exogenous DAG or PtdCho added. Camelina PDCT showed about the same selectivity for di-oleoyl, di-linoleoyl, and di-linolenoyl species in both PtdCho and DAG substrates, suggesting that no unidirectional transfer of particular unsaturated substrates occurred. Camelina PDCT had a good activity with erucoyl-DAG as a substrate despite low erucic acid levels in PtdCho in plant species accumulating a high amount of this fatty acid in the seed oil.
Medical Boards and CEOs: Evidence from COVID-19 in China

About 37% of Chinese listed firms have medical expertise, as measured by the existence of senior executives with a medical degree or medical-industry experience. Using the COVID-19 outbreak in China as a natural experiment, we find that stock returns of firms with medical expertise, excluding those within the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry, are significantly higher than firms without. This effect is four times the effect that financial variables such as leverage, short-term debt, and cash have on the stock price. The positive impact is more pronounced if a CEO or Chairman has medical expertise and if the firm is not state-owned. To shed light on the underlying mechanisms, we also show that senior executives with medical backgrounds enable their firms to react strategically, particularly in their attitude toward infection prevention policy and financing decisions. Overall, through disentangling macro shocks, this study underlines the importance of diversified executive human capital on firm performance.
Multistart Algorithm for Identifying All Optima of Nonconvex Stochastic Functions

We propose a multistart algorithm to identify all local minima of a constrained, nonconvex stochastic optimization problem. The algorithm uniformly samples points in the domain and then starts a local stochastic optimization run from any point that is the"probabilistically best"point in its neighborhood. Under certain conditions, our algorithm is shown to asymptotically identify all local optima with high probability; this holds even though our algorithm is shown to almost surely start only finitely many local stochastic optimization runs. We demonstrate the performance of an implementation of our algorithm on nonconvex stochastic optimization problems, including identifying optimal variational parameters for the quantum approximate optimization algorithm.
Computational analysis revealing that K634 and T681 mutations modulate the 3D-structure of PDGFR-β and lead to sunitinib resistance

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) is expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) of tumor-associated blood vessels and regulates primarily early hematopoiesis. Human PDGFR-β is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of glioblastoma. However, a major challenge of glioblastoma therapy is to overcome drug resistance, mostly initiated by missense mutations in the protein kinase catalytic domain. The present work aimed to carry out in silico structural studies on wild-type (WT) and some major mutant-type (MT) PDGFR-β complexes to elucidate the probable mechanism of its resistance related to the anti-angiogenic and anticancer drug sunitinib. In the absence of a crystal structure, the 3D structures of WT and MT PDGFR-β kinase were predicted using homology modeling followed by docking analysis with sunitinib. Molecular dynamics simulations of WT and MT PDGFR-β complexes with sunitinib were performed to understand the differential structural alterations in the PDGFR-β kinase structure, as well as its stability. Our results showed that the overall effect of mutations in the residues K634A, T681M, T681F, T681I, and T681A led to the destabilized 3D structures of PDGFR-β and altered their binding affinities with sunitinib. In particular, the mutation at the gatekeeper residue threonine 681 (T681M), present in the ATP binding pocket, majorly affected the protein stability, thus conferring resistance to the drug sunitinib. Our present findings utilizing in silico approaches show that the differential binding of sunitinib with WT and MT proteins leads to resistance being developed in sunitinib chemotherapy.
Practice, Knowledge, and Attitude of Health Care Providers regarding Cancer Pain Management: A National Survey

Background A lack of knowledge and inadequate practices of health care providers (HCPs) are the main obstacles to effective cancer pain management (CPM). The main objective of the study was to evaluate the CPM knowledge, CPM practice, and attitudes towards pharmacists' participation and advanced methods in CPM of physicians, nurses, and pharmacists in China. Methods An open online survey was adopted using social media software (WeChat) as the platform to conduct a nationwide survey of HCPs involved in CPM in public medical institutions at all levels in China from March to June 2019. Results A total of 1279 physicians, 2267 nurses, and 1466 pharmacists participated in the survey. Among the three types of professionals, nurses had the highest level of practical ability (61.63 ± 28.99) and best attitudes towards pharmacists' participation and advanced methods in CPM (72.05 ± 33.71) and physicians had the best mastery of CPM-related knowledge (69.60 ± 28.45), while pharmacists performed the worst in these three aspects (50.04 ± 26.69, 61.49 ± 28.95, and 62.07 ± 36.46, respectively). Only 19.69% of the hospitals had a pharmacist to tumor patient ratio ≥1 : 50. Hierarchical analysis showed that passing a good pain management (GPM) ward program and participating in advanced training had positive impacts on the scores of all three parts in the three professions (ptrend <0.05). Conclusions HCPs' levels of practice, knowledge, and attitudes towards pharmacists and advanced methods of CPM were average in China; however, pharmacists had the worst performance, which demonstrates a need for further improvement. Furthermore, GPM ward programs and advanced trainings are helpful for improving CPM levels.
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Associated Factors Among Adults at Gondar University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an age-related disorder characterized by the deposition of a distinct fibrillar extracellular material in various tissues and organs of the body. Glaucoma and cataract are the consistently reported clinical consequences of Pseudoexfoliation syndrome on the eye. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of pseudo-exfoliation syndrome and associated factors in Gondar university comprehensive specialized hospital tertiary eye care and training center. Methods and Materials Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2019 at Gondar university comprehensive specialized hospital tertiary eye care and training center among 295 patients. Consecutive 295 participants aged above 40 years were involved in the study. A structured questionnaire and ocular examination were used to collect the data. Data were entered into EPI-INFO 3.5. 1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Factors associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome were ascertained by chi-square and independent t-test. Statistical significance was considered when p-value <0.05. Results A total of 295 adults participated in the study with a response rate of 92.8%. The median (±IQR) age of study respondents was 64(±9) years and 67.8% were males. The proportion pseudoexfoliation syndrome was 34.6% [95% CI: 29.2–40.7%]. The mean IOP and mean age were significantly higher among patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Age, sex, high IOP, glaucoma, outdoor work, and rural residence were significantly associated with the proportion of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Conclusion The proportion of pseudoexfoliation syndrome among participants aged ≥40 years was high. Age, sex, high IOP, glaucoma, outdoor work, and rural residence were factors having a significant association with the proportion of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
Cultural and Personal Practices with Unusual Oral Findings: Three Case Reports and a Literature Review

Abstract Due to increased migration, dentists are encountering patients with varied cultural practices. The main aim of this study was to report three cases in which cultural/individual oral practices appeared to be suggestive of disease, leading to initial misdiagnoses. We describe the case findings of three individuals treated at the Oral Diagnosis Clinic at the College of Dentistry at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In two cases, the patients presented with a missing uvula and dark maxillary gingiva. The initial diagnoses in both cases were incorrect. Further questioning revealed that the individuals had gingival tattoos and uvulectomies performed for traditional reasons. The patient in the third case presented with a diffuse red and white bilateral lesion on the buccal mucosa. The initial diagnosis was possible speckled leukoplakia. Upon further questioning, a definitive diagnosis of a chemical burn from a coarse salt mouth rinse due to personal oral practices was made. A literature review of these cultural practices is included. Our case report findings and the literature review highlight the need to consider cultural practices that can affect oral health and cause unusual oral findings when recording medical histories. Increasing awareness regarding these practices may help dentists provide appropriate treatment plans and reduce misdiagnoses. Furthermore, by understanding cultural practices, dentists may educate their patients about the harmful effects of some of these traditions.