Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forethrusting, backfolding, and lateral gravitational escape in the northern part of the Western Alps (Monte Rosa region)

A penetrative composite foliation and stretching lineation in the ophiolite of the Zermatt-Saas-Vanzone region developed under eclogite-facies conditions in mid-Cretaceous time. Eclogite-facies mineral parageneses in this foliation were progressively replaced by blueschist-facies and greenschist- to amphibolite-facies mineral assemblages during Late Cretaceous and mid-Tertiary time and were subsequently completely retrogressed. Kinematic indicators associated with the various stretching lineations of the different metamorphic facies reveal that shearing was initially approximately top-to-west (high-P phase) and changed during the greenschist/amphibolite-facies stage into a top-to-west/northwest orientation. Forethrusting was followed by low-angle normal shearing during the final retrograde phase. This sense of shear was upper block-to-southwest/west-southwest. Unambiguous structural relics of the high-pressure event were not recognized in the gneiss of the Monte Rosa nappe, but the close similarity of the metamorphic evolution of the Zermatt-Saas and Monte Rosa units (including the high-P event) makes a common tectonic history probable. In late Oligocene and Miocene time, the Zermatt-Saas-Vanzone region was affected by an initial phase of backfolding (Mischabel phase, predating top-southwest/west-southwest-directed, low-angle normal shearing) toward the south/southeast followed by a second backfolding event (Vanzone phase). The main geometrical and structural features suggest that the Mischabel phase resulted from vertical extrusion and horizontal intrusion of the ductile basement (Monte Rosa) into shallower units (Antrona and Zermatt-Seas ophiolites) and is in accord with a recently proposed kinematic model for the Central Alps. No clear-cut relations between the second phase of backfolding and the retrograde phase were observed; this suggests that both events took place largely simultaneously. Backfolding northeast of the Simplon line postdated retrograde normal shearing and is of late Miocene age. It is concluded that backfolding in the Zermatt-Saas-Vanzone region cannot be causally linked with backfolding northeast of the Simplon line.
Underplating and assimilation–fractional crystallization of Mesozoic intrusions in the Tongling area, Anhui Province, East China: evidence from xenoliths and host plutons

This paper presents new petrographic observations and geochemical and microprobe analyses for the Laomiaojishan, Xiaotongguanshan, and Tianebaodanshan intrusions in the Tongguanshan mineral district, East China. The plutons vary in composition from quartz monzonitic diorite to pyroxene monzonitic diorite, and contain gabbroic to dioritic xenoliths. The Xiaotongguanshan intrusion yields a SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 139.5±2.9 Ma, indicating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Lower Yangtze River Valley. Relative to host rocks, the gabbro and diorite xenoliths are low in SiO2 (52.03–54.61 wt‐%), Al2O3 (12.87–14.43 wt‐%), and total alkalis (Na2O+K2O; 5.26–6.30 wt‐%), but high in MgO (5.41–11.66 wt‐%); the host rocks have high SiO2 (59.97–64.44 wt‐%), Al2O3 (16.43–17.59 wt‐%), and total alkalis (6.67–8.25 wt‐%), but are low in MgO (1.52–2.50 wt‐%). Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) in the xenoliths (165.70–190.40 ppm) are similar to those in the host rocks (166.12–185.95 ppm), although the ratio of light REEs to heavy REEs in the xenoliths (3.39–4.27) is lower than that in the host plutons (4.86–5.94). All of the analysed rocks show similar REE patterns, although the xenoliths display marked positive Eu anomalies and the host rocks show slightly negative Eu anomalies. Values of epsilon Nd (t) ranges from −4.9 to −9.9 in the gabbro xenoliths and from −11.4 to −11.9 in the host intrusives. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are 0.7064–0.7073 in the xenoliths and 0.7072–0.7084 in the quartz monzonitic diorite host rocks. Crystallization temperatures of hornblende and plagioclase in the gabbro xenoliths, diorite xenoliths, and host rocks are 816, 773–790, and 664–725°C, respectively, based on an amphibole–plagioclase geothermometer. The pressures recorded by these phases indicate that they formed at depths of 26, 12–15, and 3–4 km, respectively, based on an aluminum‐in‐hornblende geobarometer. The petrological and geochemical features of the analysed intrusions and xenoliths are consistent with their derivation from basic to intermediate‐acidic magmas that possibly formed via a series of complex interactions between underplated, mantle‐derived basaltic magma and varying amounts of middle‐ to lower‐crustal material, followed by assimilation–fractional crystallization.
Continuous adaptive finite‐time stabilization with arbitrarily prescribed settling‐time

Rapid convergence that can be prescribed by a user is appealing for many applications with high requirements. This stimulates finite‐time stabilization with arbitrarily prescribed settling‐time and so‐called prescribed‐time stabilization. But their continuous realizations had to restrict uncertainties and/or to bear truncated run of controllers. This paper, for nonlinear systems with large uncertainties, realizes not only the convergence within the prescribed time, but also the non‐truncated run. First, by lending finite‐time stabilization to prescribed‐time stabilization and integrating dynamic compensation, an adaptive controller with time‐varying components is devised such that the system state reaches the origin at a finite time less than the prescribed time, while exhibiting local asymptotic stability (of the origin). Then by monitoring the finite time online, the time‐varying components of the adaptive controller are frozen as their values at the finite time. The asymptotic stability guarantees the frozen adaptive controller can make the system state remain at the origin for all future time. But the above finite time could not be detected in practice, due to ubiquitous disturbances. We thus modified the detection to ensure that the system state enters a vicinity of the origin before the prescribed time and stays there afterwards under some conditions on uncertainties and disturbances. Two simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
The macroeconomic stability of United Kingdom after Brexit

Motivation: The United Kingdom has been triggered Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on 29th March 2017 and formally has been begun Britain’s exit from EU. The Withdrawal Agreement entered into force on 1 February 2020. The very announcement of Brexit aroused many concerns and uncertainty. The Withdrawal has taken place in an orderly manner, the UK and the EU remain in close partnership with new agreements. Such a significant institutional change also may affect economy and indirectly macroeconomic stability.Aim: This research aims to identify and assess the changes in macroeconomic stability in United Kingdom, from the year before the Brexit referendum to the first year outside the EU, i.e. in 2015–2021.Results: The method used in the study is a comparative analysis that employs a macroeconomic stabilization pentagon model (MSP). The macroeconomic stabilization pentagon is based on the GDP growth rate, the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, the budget balance and the current account balance. Time range of research is 2015–2021. The MSP indicators for United Kingdom and EU-27 are compared. In the period 2015–2018, i.e. during the uncertainty as to the results of the Withdrawal Agreement negotiation, the MSP index fluctuates slightly, which we interpret as very small changes in macroeconomic stability. The UK’s macroeconomic stability has fallen dramatically in 2020, the first year out of the EU. It is worth emphasizing that the UK’s macroeconomic stability was lower than EU-27one throughout the period studied.
Implications of Subduction Rehydration for Earth's Deep Water Cycle

The "standard model" for the genesis of the oceans is that they are exhalations from Earth's deep interior continually rinsed through surface rocks by the global hydrologic cycle. No general consensus exists, however, on the water distribution within the deeper mantle of the Earth. Recently Dixon et a/. [2002] estimated water concentrations for some of the major mantle components and concluded that the most primitive (FOZO) are significantly wetter than the recycling associated EM or HIMU mantle components and the even drier depleted mantle source that melts to form MORB. These findings are in striking agreement with the results of numerical modeling of the global water cycle that are presented here. We find that the Dixon et a/. [2002] results are consistent with a global water cycle model in which the oceans have formed by efficient outgassing of the mantle. Present-day depleted mantle will contain a small volume fraction of more primitive wet mantle in addition to drier recycling related enriched components. This scenario is consistent with the observation that hotspots with a FOZO-component in their source will make wetter basalts than hotspots whose mantle sources contain a larger fraction of EM and HIMU components.
Inverse estimation of parameters in a nitrogen model using field data

An important step in numerical modeling is the determination of model parameters. Because of practical limitations, as well as time and financial constraints, inverse algorithms have in recent years presented an attractive alternative to direct methods of parameter estimation. In this study we linked the inverse algorithm of SUFI with the simulation program LEACHM to study N turnover of an agricultural field. Addressing the inherent modeling uncertainties, we introduce the concept of conditioned parameter distributions as being a more appropriate alternative to best-fit parameters. Conditioned parameter distributions are quantified within uncertainty domains, and the task of an inverse model then is to reduce or condition this domain through minimization of an appropriate objective function. Propagating the uncertainty in the conditioned parameter distributions will result in simulations where most of the measurements are respected or fall within the 95% confidence interval of the Bayesian distribution (95PCIBD). In this study we used measured pressure heads and NO 3 concentrations to estimate 12 hydraulic parameters and up to 14 N turnover-related parameters. Most of the measurements in three soil layers fell within the 95PCIBD. Exceptions were some observed pressure heads corresponding to intense rainfall events and periods of soil freezing, as well as some high NO 3 concentrations in the subsoil between 40- and 70-cm depth. We attributed the discrepancies to processes that were not addressed by the simulation model such as freezing and short-circuiting due to macropore flow.
Association of Interleukin-6 Genetic Polymorphisms (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) With Risk of Essential Hypertension in the Chinese Population

Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in essential hypertension (EH) and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests two hotspot single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-6 gene (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) might be associated with the susceptibility of EH. However, no consensus has yet been established. Thus, we aimed to investigate the potential association between IL-6 gene polymorphisms and the risk of EH based on a case-control study in a Chinese population. Materials and methods A total of 479 subjects (272 healthy controls and 207 EH patients) were randomly enrolled in our study. After extracting the genomic DNA, two SNPs of the IL-6 gene (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) were genotyped to analyze the potential association between these genetic variants and EH risk. Multiple genetic models were performed to investigate the strength of association by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The potential effect of SNPs on gene expression was evaluated using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis. Results The genotyping findings of IL-6 rs1800795, -174C > G polymorphism showed three study participants with CG genotype and 204 with GG genotype in the EH patients. The IL-6 -174C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with EH risk (P = 0.046) and conferred a reduced risk of EH development (OR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.97-1.00). Conversely, no substantial association between IL-6 rs1800796, -572G > C polymorphism and the risk of EH was found in all genetic models (P > 0.05). Moreover, the eQTL analysis indicated that the -174C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with gene expression of IL-6 (P = 0.006), and the G allele corresponded to a reduced IL-6 gene expression (Beta = -0.397). Compared with -174C > G, the -572G > C polymorphism was not found to be significantly associated with IL-6 gene expression (Beta = -0.120, P = 0.560). Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that the rs1800795, -174C > G polymorphism can affect the expression levels of IL-6, and the risk of EH occurrence. However, the rs1800796, -572G > C polymorphism does not regulate the IL-6 gene expression levels and the susceptibility of EH.
Cyclic loading response of loose air-pluviated Fraser River sand for validation of numerical models simulating centrifuge tests

Cyclic loading response of loose Fraser River sand was investigated, as input to numerical simulation of centrifuge physical models, using constant-volume direct simple shear tests conducted with and without initial static shear stress condition. Although the observed trends in mechanical response were similar, air-pluviated specimens were more susceptible to liquefaction under cyclic loading than their water-pluviated counterparts. Densification due to increasing confining stress (stress densification) significantly increased the cyclic resistance of loose air-pluviated sand, with strong implications for the interpretation of observations from centrifuge testing. The stress densification effect, however, was not prominent in the case of water-pluviated specimens. The differences arising from the two specimen reconstitution methods can be attributed to the differences in particle structure and highlight the importance of fabric effects in the assessment of the mechanical response of sands. The initial sta.
Forrajeo de Didelphis pernigra (Mammalia: Didelphidae) en un área suburbana de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia

Introduction: In Colombia, there is widespread transformation of natural ecosystems, especially in the Andean region. However, the impacts of those transformations have been poorly studied. Optimal patch theory was used to evaluate the foraging behavior and movement patterns in the white-eared opossum ( Didelphis pernigra ) in the Sabana de Bogota, a plateau at about 2,600 m in the Colombian Andes. The study site was dominated by an exotic grass (Cenchrus clandestinum), and little is known about possible impacts of this exotic species on native fauna.Thus, we analyzed whether this grass the foraging behavior and movements of D. pernigra . To test this, we used the giving up density (GUD) technique, which uses the amount of food left in a feeding patch to assess the forager’s habitat perception. We also tested whether this exotic grassland acted as a barrier to movements to and from an area of native and exotic trees. Finally, we measured the influence of moon illumination, air temperature, and precipitation on the oppossum’s foraging behavior. Methodology: We established two approximately parallel transects in a suburban area (Fig. 1). Foraging stations were located 30 to 40 meters apart on each transect. Each station consisted of a feeder made of a cylindrical plastic container with 150ml of sugar water in a 1:3 proportion. Each container also contained 60 glass spheres to generate diminishing returns on the harvest rate. The oppossums were habituated to the feeders for 15 days, and then GUDs were measured for 30 days. Feeders were filled before sunset and checked the following morning. Results: Oppossums foraged at least 240 m into the grasslands from the trees along the river. Air temperature and precipitation did not influence their foraging behavior (Fig. 2). There was, however, temporal variation in foraging activity, and at least some of this was due to a negative effect of lunar illumination (Fig. 3). Discussion and Conclusions: Our results indicate that the white-eared opossum is a tolerant species able to exploit human-created habitats. This finding is in agreement with reports on other species of Didelphis that they are tolerant of moderate human interventions. We surmise that this species’ ability to exploit the open ecosystems of the paramo has made it possible for it to effectively use the grasslands on the study site. The only abiotic factor that was found to be influential was moon illumination. Darker nights gave lower GUD’s indicating that the foragers perceived decreased predation risk. Finally, we argue that efforts should be made to prevent the local extinction of this opossum in disturbed areas of Bogota since it could aid in the conservation of ecological functions in those areas. Key words: Andes, giving-up density (GUD), habitat selection, optimal patch use, urban ecology.
Asymmetry of solar activity in cycle 23

Using sunspot groups and sunspot areas from May 1996 to February 2007, we find that solar activity for cycle 23 is dominant in the southern hemisphere, and our results enhance the inferred but uncertain conclusions obtained before. They are as follows: (1) each four cycles, the slope of the fitting straight lines of north-south asymmetry values changes its sign, and (2) the asymmetry signs of solar activity at both the low (>0 degrees - = 25 degrees - = 10 degrees - <25 degrees). When the former two are the same as the latter, solar activity is asymmetrically distributed in the hemispheres but symmetrically distributed when the former two differ from the latter. Moreover, asymmetry values of solar activity for the whole disk are always located between the first two and the latter and seem to be the averages of the first two and the latter, suggesting that the asymmetry of solar activity may be a function of latitude. In the forthcoming cycle 24, asymmetry of solar activity is inferred as being similar to cycle 12, and solar activity should remain dominant in the southern hemisphere.
The Recovery of Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) from Spent Catalyst Utilized in a Sulfuric Acid Production Plant in Jordan

Vanadium is a significant metal, and its derivatives are widely employed in industry. One of the essential vanadium compounds is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), which is mostly recovered from titanomagnetite, uranium–vanadium deposits, phosphate rocks, and spent catalysts. A smart method for the characterization and recovery of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was investigated and implemented as a small-scale benchtop model. Several nondestructive analytical techniques, such as particle size analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to determine the physical and chemical properties, such as the particle size and composition, of the samples before and after the recovery process of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). After sample preparation, several acid and alkali leaching techniques were investigated. A noncorrosive, environmentally friendly extraction method based on the use of less harmful acids was applied in batch and column experiments for the extraction of V2O5 as vanadium ions from a spent vanadium catalyst. In batching experiments, different acids and bases were examined as leaching solution agents; oxalic acid showed the best percent recovery for vanadium ions compared with the other acids used. The effects of the contact time, acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring rate, and temperature were studied to optimize the leaching conditions. Oxalic acid with a 6% (w/w) to a 1/10 solid-to-liquid ratio at 300 rpm and 50 °C was the optimal condition for extraction (67.43% recovery). On the other hand, the column experiment with a 150 cm long and 5 cm i.d. and 144 h contact time using the same leaching reagent, 6% oxalic acid, showed a 94.42% recovery. The results of the present work indicate the possibility of the recovery of vanadium pentoxide from the spent vanadium catalyst used in the sulfuric acid industry in Jordan.
Early Carboniferous intra-oceanic arc and back-arc basin system in the West Junggar, NW China

A series of Lower Carboniferous volcanic rocks occur in the Hatu, Darbut, and Baogutu areas of Xinjiang Province. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon U–Pb isotopic data indicate that two samples of these rocks coevally erupted at 324.0 ± 2.8 Ma and 324.9 ± 3.4 Ma. Three detailed profile measurements show that the volcanics include the Hatu basalt, the Baogutu andesite and dacite, and the Darbut andesite. Whole-rock compositions suggest that the Hatu volcanics are tholeiites and have a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like signature with a small negative Nb anomaly, suggesting formation in a back-arc basin. Their isotopic compositions (ϵNd(t) = +2.2 to +4.0, (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.70414 to 0.70517) suggest a mixing origin from depleted to enriched mantle sources. In contrast, the Baogutu and Darbut rocks are andesite and dacite possessing a transitional tholeiite to calc–alkaline character and have E-MORB-like and OIB signatures, with a marked negative Nb anomaly and Th/Yb-enrichment, indicating that they were generated in a subduction zone setting. Isotopically, they display consistently depleted Sr–Nd isotopic compositions [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.70377–0.70469, ϵNd(t) = 1.0–5.2], suggesting that they were derived from a depleted mantle, and that fluid and sediments were involved in their petrogenesis. These features suggest that an early Carboniferous intra-oceanic arc and back-arc basin system generated the studied volcanic units in the West Junggar.
High Transmission All-Optical Combinational Logic Circuits Based on a Nanoring Multi-Structure at 1.31 µm

The main purpose of this study is to design combinational logic gates based on a novel configuration of insulator–metal–insulator (IMI) nanoring plasmonic waveguides. Plasmonic logic gates are half adder, full adder, half subtractor, full subtractor, and one-bit comparator and are realized in one structure. The performance of the logic circuits is based on constructive and destructive interferences between the input and control signals. The transmission threshold value is assumed to be 0.35 at the resonance wavelength of 1.310 μm. The transmission spectrum, contrast loss (CL), insertion loss (IL), modulation depth (MD), and contrast ratio (CR) are calculated in order to evaluate the structure’s performance. The maximum transmission of the proposed structure is 232% for full a adder logic gate, and MD exceeds 90% in all plasmonic combinational logic circuits. The suggested design plays a key role in the photonic circuits and nanocircuits for all-optical systems and optical communication systems. The combinational logic gates are analyzed and simulated using the finite element method (FEM).