Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemistry Impacts in Gasoline HCCI

The use of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion in internal combustion engines is of interest because it has the potential to produce low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions while providing diesel-like efficiency. In HCCI combustion, a premixed charge of fuel and air auto-ignites at multiple points in the cylinder near top dead center (TDC), resulting in rapid combustion with very little flame propagation. In order to prevent excessive knocking during HCCI combustion, it must take place in a dilute environment, resulting from either operating fuel lean or providing high levels of either internal or external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Operating the engine in a dilute environment can substantially reduce the pumping losses, thus providing the main efficiency advantage compared to spark-ignition (SI) engines. Low NOx and PM emissions have been reported by virtually all researchers for operation under HCCI conditions. The precise emissions can vary depending on how well mixed the intake charge is, the fuel used, and the phasing of the HCCI combustion event; but it is common for there to be no measurable PM emissions and NOx emissions <10 ppm. Much of the early HCCI work was done on 2-stroke engines, and inmore » these studies the CO and hydrocarbon emissions were reported to decrease [1]. However, in modern 4-stroke engines, the CO and hydrocarbon emissions from HCCI usually represent a marked increase compared with conventional SI combustion. This literature review does not report on HCCI emissions because the trends mentioned above are well established in the literature. The main focus of this literature review is the auto-ignition performance of gasoline-type fuels. It follows that this discussion relies heavily on the extensive information available about gasoline auto-ignition from studying knock in SI engines. Section 2 discusses hydrocarbon auto-ignition, the octane number scale, the chemistry behind it, its shortcomings, and its relevance to HCCI. Section 3 discusses the effects of fuel volatility on fuel and air mixing and the consequences it has on HCCI. The effects of alcohol fuels on HCCI performance, and specifically the effects that they have on the operable speed/load range, are reviewed in Section 4. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5. « less
Thermally and Mechanically Enhanced Epoxy Resin-Silica Hybrid Materials Containing Primary Amine-Modified Silica Nanoparticles

In this article, a series of hybrid materials consisted of epoxy resin matrix and well-dispersed amino-modified silica (denoted by AMS) nanoparticles were successfully prepared. First of all, the AMS nanoparticles were synthesized by performing the conventional acid-catalyzed sol–gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), which acts as acceded sol–gel precursor in the presence of 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTES), a silane coupling agent molecules. The as-prepared AMS nanoparticles were then characterized by FTIR, 13C-NMR, and 29Si-NMR spectroscopy. Subsequently, a series of hybrid materials were prepared by performing in situ thermal ring-opening polymerization reactions of epoxy resin in the presence of as-prepared AMS nanoparticles and raw silica (RS) particles (i.e., pristine silica). AMS nanoparticles were found to show better dispersion capability in the polymer matrices than that of RS particles based on the morphological observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study. The better dispersion capability of AMS nanoparticles in hybrid materials was found to lead enhanced thermal, mechanical properties, reduced moisture absorption, and gas permeability based on the measurements of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and gas permeability analysis (GPA), respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Water relations of wheat cultivars grown with cadmium

Abstract Stomatal resistance and cadmium concentration of two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. ‘Ponca’ and ‘Kan‐king') were measured to determine if wheat cultivars with a higher stomatal resistance accumulated less cadmium than those with a lower stomatal resistance. Water, osmotic, and turgor potentials also were determined during the three‐week experiment. Plants grew in one of three solutions: (1) distilled water; (2) half the normal strength of Hoagland's nutrient solution; and (3) five times the normal strength of Hoagland's nutrient solution (5X). Half the solutions had 1 μg/ml Cd, added as CdSO4, and the other half had no added cadmium. At the end of the experiment, dry weight and cadmium concentration of roots and shoots were analyzed. A high stomatal resistance was associated with a low cadmium content. This indicated that cadmium moved through the plants in the transpiration stream. Cadmium apparently increased the permeability of membranes to ions and water because os.
Volume and surface rf power absorption in a helicon plasma source

We consider the excitation and absorption of waves in a plasma cavity with parameters typical for helicon sources. rf power is shown to be transferred into the plasma via two channels. The first is realized by weakly damping helicon waves which are excited directly by the azimuthal parts of the antenna and penetrate into the bulk plasma. Electrostatic waves arising at a plasma edge owing to the linear mode conversion form the second channel. Strongly damped electrostatic waves can reach a plasma core at low magnetic fields only, while at high fields they deposit energy at the periphery of the plasma column. A principal fraction of the rf power is transferred into the plasma via the electrostatic channel, and so the power input turns out to be volume at low magnetic fields and surface at high fields. An enhanced volume input is possible at high fields in special anti-resonance regimes when the excitation of the electrostatic wave is suppressed. The effective collision frequency is introduced to describe effective damping of helicon waves arising due to their conversion into electrostatic waves. The results obtained permit explanation of both measured field profiles and the high absorption efficiency in helicon sources.
Phosphorus application and Rhizobia inoculation on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

An experiment was conducted in the major and minor cropping seasons of 2012 and 2013 under field conditions at Bolgatanga Polytechnic, to study the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and Rhizobia inoculation on growth and yield of soybean using randomized complete block design and three replications. The treatments studied were: Soybean + phosphorus fertilizer + Rhizobia inoculation (+P/+I), Soybean + phosphorus fertilizer only (+P/-I), Soybean inoculated with Rhizobia (-P/+I) and the control-Soybean only (-P/-I). Results indicated that Phosphorus fertilizer application is required for shoot growth, pod and seed yield. Nodulation and root growth were significantly increased by Phosphorus + Rhizobia inoculation (+P/+I) but P fertilizer only did not enhance root growth. Dry matter accumulation was highest between onset of flowering and Podding. Grain yield was again highest for Rhizobia inoculation plus Phosphorus fertilizer (+P/+I) and Phosphorus fertilizer only (+P/-I) recording 7.61 t/ha and 7.30 t/ha respectively whiles Rhizobia inoculation only (-P/+I) and the control (-P/-I) produced the lowest grain yield (4.41 t/ha) and (3.80 t/ha) respectively. Original Research Article Arrr Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(6): 674-685, 2014 675
LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘NOVA’, ‘ROBINSON’ AND ‘FREMONT’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

Rootstock selection has a critical importance for mineral nutrition of budded cultivars. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of Mustafa Kemal University, Dörtyol, Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sour orange, Troyer and Carrizo citrange rootstocks on the leaf nutrient contents of ‘Nova’, ‘Robinson’, and ‘Fremont’ mandarin cultivars in the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Carrizo citrange was examined for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn); Troyer citrange for iron (Fe); and sour orange for calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were superior on the others. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and Mg levels of mandarin leaf budded on sour orange were under or just above the deficiency threshold. Potassium, Mn, and Zn content of ‘Robinson’; P, Ca and Fe content of ‘Fremont’; and Cu content of ‘Nova’ were statistically higher. Therefore, it can be concluded that Carrizo rootstock may be suggested for the region and regions with similar ecological conditions.
ASSESSMENT OF FUNGICIDAL AND FUNGISTATIC PROPERTIES OF SOME

Extracts from four Nigerian mosses; Barbula lambarenensis J. Hedwig, Octoblepharum albidum Hedw. , Thuidium gratum (P. Beauv.) A. Jaeger, and Calymperes afzelli Swartz, Jahrv. Gewachsk were prepared using ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and distilled water with the aid of soxhlet extractor and their antifungal effects tested on Penicillum chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Agar diffusion method was used for P. chrysogenum while potato nutrient broth was used to grow Rhizopus stolonifer. All the four plant extracts tested had fungistatic effects against the test organisms but none was fungicidal to them. Moreover, ethanolic extracts generally recorded higher retardation of fungal growth than those of petroleum ether, acetone and distilled water.
Characterization of Al2O3 Thin Films Fabricated at Low Temperature via Atomic Layer Deposition on PEN Substrates

Good quality Al2O3 thin films are deposited on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates through atomic layer deposition (ALD) at temperatures as low as 35 °C. Trimethylaluminum [TMA, Al(CH3)3] and water are used as precursors in the present study. Growth rates of 1.14 A per cycle are observed at 35 °C, while the average arithmetic roughness (Ra) of the film is 0.86 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the high purity of the grown films with no carbon contamination. Good insulating properties are observed for the films and optical transmittance of more than 90% is recorded in the visible region.
DRYING OF LEEK SLICES USING HEATED AIR

ABSTRACT The drying characteristics of both blanched and unblanched leek slices were investigated for a temperature range of 60–80C and a constant air velocity of 2.5 m/s. They were investigated as a function of drying parameters, air temperature, slice thickness and pretreatment by hot water at 70C. The temperature of the drying air and slice thickness were observed to be significant factors affecting drying. The experimental data was fitted to four thin-layer drying models available in the literature. Goodness of fit by these models was based on comparing the coefficient of determination (R2), reduced chi-square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and predicted variable. The Midilli et al. model was the most adequate in describing thin-layer drying tests. Both drying air temperature and slice thickness had pronounced influences on the values of effective moisture diffusivity (Deff). The values of Deff varied from 2.487 to 5.556 × 10−10 m2/s for blanched samples, and from 1.909 to 4.140 × 10−10 m2/s over the temperature range investigated. The values of activation energy were found to be 35.73, 18.09 and 30.16, 17.54 kJ/mol for blanched and unblanched leek samples with 1- and 2-cm thickness, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study determines the blanching and slice thickness on the drying characteristics of leek slices. The parameters, namely drying time and rehydration ratio, are considered for the optimal product. In order to achieve these results, the drying of leek slices could be carried out in a convective dryer. The dried leek slices could be used in preparation of food and meat products.
Influence of Cloud Computing in Business: Are They Robust?

While the jargons used to describe this remarkable shift in computing may scare away people, cloud computing is not really as complicated as we are made to believe. For instance, you may be deploying a service that needs to interoperate with CRM or e-commerce application services, which necessitates the development of a custom technology stack in order to deploy into the cloud. The truth is, not all of these capabilities really exist in cloud computing at the moment, nor are all that really exists fully automated; a good number of these functions can be provided. While it is true cloud computing has its own challenges such as security, privacy, and regulatory challenges that businesses ought to sort first before fully migrating to the cloud, there are numerous benefits that cloud technologies do provide today that can be utilized in the deployment of many enterprise applications. While we are saying businesses should think through the challenges posed by cloud computing, vendors and other cloud providers also need to strengthen cloud capabilities to address these challenges. Also, cloud vendors should provide virtual private cloud functionality that will hopefully compensate for the current shortcomings as they work to address them in a more strategic and long-term way. In cloud computing, technology such as storage, CPU, networking equipment, is not the service, but rather the building blocks. Conclusion Cloud computing has proven to be the most promising technological breakthrough in recent years. Of course, this technology is not a new concept in the market, and with proper planning and deployment, it can increase operational efficiency.
Amino acid salt solutions for carbon dioxide capture

Reactive absorption is a common process in the chemical industry and is used, among others, in the treatment of CO2 containing industrial gas streams. The current work was a part of a project with the aim to assess new reactive solvents based on amino acid salts for CO2 removal from industrial gas streams. Initially, a group of promising amino acid salts (taurine, sarcosine, L-proline, -alanine, 6-aminohexanoic acid and DL-methionine) was screened for their CO2 absorption kinetics, pKa values, CO2 effective capacity, precipitation window and identity of the precipitates. Based on the results of this study, the (alkaline salt) of imino acid L-proline was chosen for further investigation. For this solvent, important characteristics like physico-chemical properties, CO2 absorption kinetics, thermodynamic equilibria and energy consumption for a solvent regeneration (reboiler duty) were determined. The potential of L-proline and other (precipitating) amino acid salts solutions for CO2 capture and utilization is still not fully explored and deserves further consideration.
Liming effects of beef cattle feedlot manure or compost

Abstract Soil pH can be increased by manure or compost application because feed rations usually contain calcium carbonate. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)‐based manure and compost application management strategies on soil pH level. Composted and uncomposted beef cattle (Bos taunts) feedlot manure was applied to supply N or P needs of corn (Zea mays L.) for either a one‐ or two‐year period. Phosphorus‐based manure or compost treatments also received additional fertilizer N (ammonium nitrate) to provide for a total of 151‐kg available N ha‐1 yr‐1. Fertilized and unfertilized checks also were included. Manure and composted manure contained about 9 g CaCO3kg‐1 resulting in application rates of up to 1730 kg CaCO3 ha‐1 in 4 years. The surface soil (0–150 mm) pH was significantly decreased with ammonium nitrate application compared to soil in the unfertilized check or to soil receiving manure or compost. Soil pH was significantly increased with t.
PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF CAPTOPRIL FOR NOVEL ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

The aim of the present work to study the preformulation parameters for novel oral drug delivery system. The need for gastroretentive dosage forms (GRDFs) has led to extensive efforts in both academia and industry towards the development of such drug delivery systems. Gastric emptying of dosage forms is an extremely variable process and ability to prolong and control the emptying time is a valuable asset for dosage forms, which reside in the stomach for a longer period of time than conventional dosage forms. Several difficulties are faced in designing controlled release systems for better absorption and enhanced bioavailability. One of such difficulties is the inability to confine the dosage form in the desired area of the gastrointestinal tract. Drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is a complex procedure and is subject to many variables.so to design a specific dosage form or any formulations the primary step is preformulation study, all parameters were observed and it was found that the Physical appearance and melting point of drug were concordant with that mentioned in USP, 29 2007. Respectively which shows the purity of the sample? IR spectrum of the drug sample was obtained by FT/IR (Jasco – 470 plus). Its characteristic absorption bands showed in proved its identity of drug. Solubility of captopril was determined in various aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. The drug was found to be soluble in, distill water, ethanol, 0.01N HCL and PBS (ph 7.4). The partition coefficient value (Log Po/w) of captopril was found to be 0.95 in n-octanol: aqueous solution indicating the lipophilic nature of drug. An absorption maximum of the drug was determined by UV spectrophotometric method using UV/Visible spectrophotometer (jasco V530 simatzu). The λmax for drug in 0.01N HCL in 203 nm respectively. The standard curves of drug were prepared in 0.01N HCL in the concentration range of 10 to 50µg/ml. A straight line with r 2 =0.9991 was found indicating that the drug follows Beer’s law within the specified concentration range. All the observation and results showed that the captopril. Could serve as suitable candidate for novel oral delivery that may improve the bioavailability.
Experience with PV‐diesel hybrid village power systems in Southern Morocco

In October 2002, under the auspices of Spanish Cooperation, a pilot electrification project put into operation two centralised PV‐diesel hybrid systems in two different Moroccan villages. These systems currently provide a full‐time energy service and supply electricity to more than a hundred of families, six community buildings, street lighting and one running water system. The appearance of the electricity service is very similar to an urban one: one phase AC supply (230 V/50 Hz) distributed up to each dwelling using a low‐voltage mini‐grid, which has been designed to be fully compatible with a future arrival of the utility grid. The management of this electricity service is based on a ‘fee‐for‐service’ scheme agreed between a local NGO, partner of the project, and electricity associations created in each village, which are in charge of, among other tasks, recording the daily energy production of systems and the monthly energy consumption of each house. This register of data allows a systematic evaluation of both the system performance and the energy consumption of users. Now, after 4 years of operation, this paper presents the experience of this pilot electrification project and draws lessons that can be useful for designing, managing and sizing this type of small village PV‐hybrid system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 2-ARYL SUBSTITUTED BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Objective: A series of 2-aryl substituted benzothiazole was designed and synthesized with various substituted benzoic acid. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and thionyl chloride also used to get carbothiaote. The present study was carried to assess the pharmacological potential towards antioxidant activity of 2-aryl substituted benzothiazole derivatives. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging assay methods. Results: Compounds showed significant radical scavenging potential due to the presence of electron donating substituent. Conclusion: These indicate that benzothiazole derivatives showed the defence mechanism to prevent formation of excess free radicals. Keywords : Synthesis, Anti-oxidant activity and 2-aryl substituted benzothiazole derivatives.
Electroactive macromonomers based on pyrrole and thiophene: a versatile route to conducting block and graft polymers

The synthesis of block and graft copolymers containing insulating and conducting polypyrrole or polythiophene segments via a two-step procedure is described. Synthetic pathways to prepare pyrrole and thiophene functional macromonomers involving conventional and controlled/living polymerizations such as anionic and cationic ring opening, atom transfer radical polymerization are discussed. The use of these macromonomers in subsequent electrochemical and chemical polymerizations, leading to the formation of copolymers, is presented.
Effects of molecular weight cutoff, f/k ratio (a hydrodynamic condition), and hydrophobic interactions on natural organic matter rejection and fouling in membranes

All the possible mechanisms and factors affecting flux decline, natural organic matter (NOM) rejection, and NOM transport were studied in this paper. Electrostatic exclusion (charge repulsion) was determined to be an influential factor in minimizing flux decline and membrane fouling, and in maximizing NOM rejection; the effective MWCO (membrane molecular weight cutoff) concept was used to support the notion of electrostatic interactions and to describe an apparent MWCO by a charged membrane. This allowed for a negatively-charged tight ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to be comparatively compared to a nanofiltration (NF) membrane in terms of NOM rejection. The f/k ratio, relating relative back-diffusional transport to convective transport, was identified as a major influential factor in terms of flux decline and NOM rejection. The effect of hydrophobicity on flux decline was not significant when the same f/k ratio was used for different NOM-membrane pairs. The convectional and diffusional transportation of NOM was also evaluated for NF and UF
Reducing ammonia loss from urea and improving soil exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate in non waterlogged soils through mixing zeolite and sago (Metroxylon sagu) waste water

Ammonia loss from urea significantly reduces urea-N use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mixing urea with zeolite and sago (Metroxylon sagu) waste water on ammonia volatilization, soil exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate compared with urea alone. The mixtures significantly reduced ammonia loss by 22 to 41% compared with urea alone (straight urea, 46% N). All the mixtures of zeolite and sago waste water with urea significantly increased soil exchangeable ammonium by (39 to 49 ppm) and available nitrate by (0.23 to 2.06 ppm). The mixtures also temporarily reduced soil pH. The temporary reduction of soil pH may have retarded urea hydrolysis. It could be possible to improve the efficiency of urea-N applied to high value crops by addition of zeolite and sago waste water. Key words: Urea, ammonia loss, sago waste water, exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate.