Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unified Lepton-Hadron Symmetry and a Gauge Theory of the Basic Interactions

An attempt is made to unify the fundamental hadrons and leptons into a common irreducible representation $F$ of the same symmetry group $G$ and to generate a gauge theory of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. Based on certain constraints from the hadronic side, it is proposed that the group $G$ is SU(4\ensuremath{'}) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(4\ensuremath{''}), which contains a Han-Nambu-type SU(3\ensuremath{'}) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3\ensuremath{''}) group for the hadronic symmetry, and that the representation $F$ is (4,4*). There exist four possible choices for the lepton number $L$ and accordingly four possible assignments of the hadrons and leptons within the (4,4*). Two of these require nine Han-Nambu-type quarks, three "charmed" quarks, and the observed quartet of leptons. The other two also require the nine Han-Nambu quarks, plus heavy leptons in addition to observed leptons and only one or no "charmed" quark. One of the above four assignments is found to be suitable to generate a gauge theory of the weak, electromagnetic, and SU(3\ensuremath{''}) gluonlike strong interactions from a selection of the gauges permitted by the model. The resulting gauge symmetry is $\mathrm{SU}{({2}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})}_{L+R}$. The scheme of all three interactions is found to be free from Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomalies. The normal strong interactions arise effectively as a consequence of the strong gauges $\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})}_{L+R}$. Masses for the gauge bosons and fermions are generated suitably by a set of 14 complex Higgs fields. The neutral neutrino and $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0$ hadron currents have essentially the same strength in the present model as in other $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ theories. The mixing of strong- and weak-gauge bosons (a necessary feature of the model) leads to parity-violating nonleptonic amplitudes, which may be observable depending upon the strength of SU(3\ensuremath{''}) symmetry breaking. The familiar hadron symmetries such as SU(3\ensuremath{'}) and chiral $\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{({3}^{\ensuremath{'}})}_{R}$ are broken only by quark mass terms and by the electromagnetic and weak interactions, not by the strong interactions. The difficulties associated with generating gauge interactions in the remaining three assignments are discussed in Appendix A. Certain remarks are made on the question of proton and quark stability in these three schemes.
An Isolated Singularity of Mappings with Bounded Distortion

With a view toward the preparation of the apparatus for the investigation of quasiconformal mappings of manifolds, in this work we establish the following local variant of M.A.? Lavrent'ev's theorem concerning a global homeomorphism proved earlier by us:Theorem. Let be a locally homeomorphic mapping of the deleted sphere into . Let be the coefficient of quasiconformality of in the region . Then the following assertions are valid.1) When and , the mapping is homeomorphic in some deleted neighborhood of the point , and can be continued up to homeomorphism to the whole neighborhood of this point.2) In the sense of the admissible order of the growth of , the assertion 1) is correct.Bibliography: 3 items.
Nonaxisymmetric Turbine End Wall Design: Part I— Three-Dimensional Linear Design System

A linear design system, already in use for the forward and inverse design of three-dimensional turbine aerofoils, has been extended for the design of their end walls. This paper shows how this method has been applied to the design of a nonaxisymmetric end wall for a turbine rotor blade in linear cascade. The calculations show that nonaxisymmetric end wall profiling is a powerful tool for reducing secondary flows, in particular the secondary kinetic energy and exit angle deviations. Simple end wall profiling is shown to be at least as beneficial aerodynamically as the now standard techniques of differentially skewing aerofoil sections up the span, and (compound) leaning of the aerofoil. A design is presented that combines a number of end wall features aimed at reducing secondary loss and flow deviation. The experimental study of this geometry, aimed at validating the design method, is the subject of the second part of this paper. The effects of end wall perturbations on the flow field are calculated using a three-dimensional pressure correction based Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes CFD code. These calculations are normally performed overnight on a cluster of work stations. The design system then calculates the relationships between perturbations in the end wall andmore » resulting changes in the flow field. With these available, linear superposition theory is used to enable the designer to investigate quickly the effect on the flow field of many combinations of end wall shapes (a matter of minutes for each shape). « less
Coherent backscatter radar imaging in Brazil: large-scale waves in the bottomside F-region at the onset of equatorial spread F

The 30 MHz coherent backscatter radar located at the equatorial observatory in S ˜ ao Lu´ is, Brazil (2.59 S, 44.21 W, 2.35 dip lat) has been upgraded to perform co- herent backscatter radar imaging. The wide field-of-view of this radar makes it well suited for radar imaging studies of ionospheric irregularities. Radar imaging observations were made in support to the spread F Experiment (SpreadFEx) campaign. This paper describes the system and imaging technique and presents results from a bottom-type layer that preceded fully-developed radar plumes on 25 October 2005. The radar imaging technique was able to resolve decakilo- metric structures within the bottom-type layer. These struc- tures indicate the presence of large-scale waves ( 35 km) in the bottomside F-region with phases that are alternately sta- ble and unstable to wind-driven gradient drift instabilities. The observations suggest that these waves can also cause the initial perturbation necessary to initiate the Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor instability leading to spread F. The electro- dynamic conditions and the scale length of the bottom-type layer structures suggest that the waves were generated by the collisional shear instability. These results indicate that mon- itoring bottom-type layers may provide helpful diagnostics for spreadF forecasting.
Further determination of interband lags between variations in B, V, R, and I bands in active galactic nuclei

Abstract New estimates of the interband lags between variations in the B band and variations in the V, R, and I bands for three active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are present. In contrast to the previous study by Sergeev et al. (2005), the effect of the contribution of the broad lines to the bands is taken into account.
Searching for T dwarfs in IC 2391 using methane imaging

We have performed a 970 arcmin 2 (1.75 pc 2 ) survey of the young cluster IC 2391 using the High Acuity Wide ﬁeld K -band Imager on the Very Large Telescope. Observations were made in both the CH 4 and H ﬁlters, targeting the methane absorption found in T dwarfs. From our survey of the cluster, ﬁve candidate T dwarfs were found. This is substantially smaller than the number that would be found by an equivalent near-infrared broad-band imaging survey, and allowed rapid spectroscopy of all ﬁve candidates. Follow-up spectroscopy was carried out using the Folded-port Infrared Echellette on Magellan. These spectra conﬁrm that none of these objects are T dwarfs. This negative result emphasizes the critical importance of follow-up spectroscopy for any photometrically selected candidates, even those from methane imaging. Simulations of the photometric data set, combined with data for known IC 2391 members, imply that the power-law mass function in IC 2391 between 0.003 and 0.13 M (cid:2) has a slope of α < 1.7.
Effects of Cloud Seeding in West Texas

Abstract The effect of randomized seeding with droppable silver iodide (AgI) flares in West Texas during the Southwest Cooperative Program is addressed. Attention is focused on individual convective cells and on the small mesoscale convective clusters that contain the cells. Analysis of three-dimensional, volume-scan, C-band radar data using sophisticated tracking software indicates that AgI seeding increased the areas, durations and rain volumes of the cells. The radar-estimated rainfall volume at bases of the AgI-treated cells was more than double the rain volume from the cells that received simulated treatment. This result is significant at the 3% significance level using rerandomization procedures. The apparent effect of seeding and its significance increases slightly when control cells are incorporated into the analysis. The effect of treatment on maximum cell height, as measured by radar, generally averaged less than 5%. In moving from the cell scale to the larger sca;es, it was found that cell merg.
Entrainment of single particles in a turbulent open-channel flow: a numerical study

ABSTRACT This paper investigates erosion events in a turbulent open channel flow laden with monodisperse spherical particles. The data were generated in a previous study using direct numerical simulations with a phase-resolving immersed boundary method. The particles have a mobility below their nominal threshold of incipient motion and settle onto the rough bed that consists of a hexagonally packed layer of spheres with the same size. Conditioned averaging is employed to extract the characteristic features of an erosion event, defining a suitable criterion for detection and accounting for possible asymmetry of flow structures. The highly resolved dataset provides detailed insight into the key-mechanisms of erosion. The results show that a particle collision, together with a subsequent sweep event on time scales of several bulk units, is responsible for the erosion.
Virial theorem and generalization of the Fermi-liquid theory for the homogeneous degenerate electron system

Using the general thermodynamic equalities and the virial theorem, it is shown that the ground state energy of the homogeneous electron liquid is uniquely defined by the one-particle electron distribution function over momenta and spin quantum numbers. On this basis, taking into account the results of quantum field theory for the one-particle Green’s function, we state that the ground state energy of the homogeneous electron liquid is a functional of the one-particle distribution function.
Identification of reference genes for expression studies in the liver and spleen of laying hens housed in cage and cage-free systems

Background: The liver and spleen play a pivotal role in metabolism and immune response. During stress, neuroendocrine response induces changes in gene expression, and its assessment demands the validation of the stability of the reference genes to perform relative gene expression experiments. Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the expression stability of four reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, RNA18S, and HMBS) in the liver and spleen tissues from laying hens housed in a conventional cage (CC) and cage-free (CF) egg production systems. Methods: Liver and spleen from Hy-Line Brown hens housed in CC and CF egg production systems were used. mRNA transcript levels were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the gene expression stability was evaluated using geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder algorithms. Results: The most stable gene from liver tissue was ACTB in CC, CF, and CC-CF groups (overall data). In the spleen, the most stable genes were GAPDH (CC), HMBS (CF), and ACTB (CC-CF). Conclusion: The ACTB gene was the most stable gene in the liver, and GAPDH and HMBS genes were stable in spleen tissues that could be used for the normalization in qPCR experiments performed in liver and spleen tissues of laying hens housed CC and CF production systems.
Disseminated Talaromyces marneffei Infection With STAT3-Hyper-IgE Syndrome: A Case Series and Literature Review

Abstract Background Little is known about the clinical characteristics of talaromycosis with hyper–immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES). Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study, which included 7 hospitals from 2016 to 2022. Five consecutive cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–negative patients with systemic Talaromyces marneffei infections due to STAT3-HIES were identified. A systematic literature review of original articles published in English identified an additional 7 cases. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected. Results Forty-two percent (5/12) of patients were young adults. The main symptoms of 10 patients were similar: fever (75%), cough (75%) and dyspnea (33%), but two patients mainly had gastrointestinal symptoms. Most patients had a history of infections since infancy. T marneffei was cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (50%) and 25% of patients were next-generation sequencing positive. Eight patients had significantly elevated serum immunoglobulin E, increased B cells and decreased natural killer cells. There were ten different STAT3 mutations, three of which were reported for the first time in this study. Chest computed tomography examinations showed multiple exudations with cavities in the lungs. Voriconazole combined with thymosin was effective. Despite given antifungal agents, most had poor outcomes and the case fatality rate was as high as 25%. Conclusions STAT3-HIES is most likely a susceptibility factor for T marneffei infections among HIV-negative patients, which has a high case fatality rate. Increased awareness among clinicians is necessary to help in early diagnosis.
Predicting poststroke dyskinesia with resting-state functional connectivity in the motor network

Abstract. Significance Motor function evaluation is essential for poststroke dyskinesia rehabilitation. Neuroimaging techniques combined with machine learning help decode a patient’s functional status. However, more research is needed to investigate how individual brain function information predicts the dyskinesia degree of stroke patients. Aim We investigated stroke patients’ motor network reorganization and proposed a machine learning-based method to predict the patients’ motor dysfunction. Approach Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure hemodynamic signals of the motor cortex in the resting state (RS) from 11 healthy subjects and 31 stroke patients, 15 with mild dyskinesia (Mild), and 16 with moderate-to-severe dyskinesia (MtS). The graph theory was used to analyze the motor network characteristics. Results The small-world properties of the motor network were significantly different between groups: (1) clustering coefficient, local efficiency, and transitivity: MtS > Mild > Healthy and (2) global efficiency: MtS < Mild < Healthy. These four properties linearly correlated with patients’ Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores. Using the small-world properties as features, we constructed support vector machine (SVM) models that classified the three groups of subjects with an accuracy of 85.7%. Conclusions Our results show that NIRS, RS functional connectivity, and SVM together constitute an effective method for assessing the poststroke dyskinesia degree at the individual level.
Direct Formation of Massive Black Holes via Dynamical Collapse in Metal-enriched Merging Galaxies at z ∼ 10: Fully Cosmological Simulations

We present the results of the first fully cosmological hydrodynamical simulations studying the merger-driven model for massive black hole (BH) seed formation via direct collapse. Using the zoom-in technique as well as particle splitting, we achieve a final spatial resolution of 2 pc. We show that the major merger of two massive galaxies at redshift z ∼ 8 results in the formation of a nuclear supermassive disk (SMD) of only 4 pc in radius, owing to a prodigious gas inflow sustained at 100–1000 M ⊙ yr−1. The core of the merger remnant is metal-rich, well above solar abundance, and the SMD reaches a gaseous mass of 3 × 108 M ⊙ in less than a million years after the merger, despite a concurrent prominent nuclear starburst. Dynamical heating as gas falls into the deepest part of the potential well, and heating and stirring by supernova blastwaves, generate a turbulent multiphase interstellar medium, with a gas velocity dispersion exceeding 100 km s−1. As a result, only moderate fragmentation occurs in the inner 10–20 pc, despite the temperature falling below 1000 K. The SMD is Jeans-unstable as well as bar-unstable and will collapse further adiabatically, becoming warm and ionized. We show that the SMD, following inevitable contraction, will become general-relativistic-unstable and directly form a supermassive BH of mass in the range 106–108 M ⊙, essentially skipping the stage of BH seed formation. These results confirm that mergers between the most massive galaxies at z ∼ 8–10 can naturally explain the rapid emergence of bright high-redshift quasars.
Generalisation under gradient descent via deterministic PAC-Bayes

We establish disintegrated PAC-Bayesian generalisation bounds for models trained with gradient descent methods or continuous gradient flows. Contrary to standard practice in the PAC-Bayesian setting, our result applies to optimisation algorithms that are deterministic, without requiring any de-randomisation step. Our bounds are fully computable, depending on the density of the initial distribution and the Hessian of the training objective over the trajectory. We show that our framework can be applied to a variety of iterative optimisation algorithms, including stochastic gradient descent (SGD), momentum-based schemes, and damped Hamiltonian dynamics.
Convergence Rate of Learning a Strongly Variationally Stable Equilibrium

We derive the rate of convergence to the strongly variationally stable Nash equilibrium in a convex game, for a zeroth-order learning algorithm. Though we do not assume strong monotonicity of the game, our rates for the one-point feedback and for the two-point feedback match the best known rates for strongly monotone games under zeroth-order information.
Online Joint Assortment-Inventory Optimization under MNL Choices

We study an online joint assortment-inventory optimization problem, in which we assume that the choice behavior of each customer follows the Multinomial Logit (MNL) choice model, and the attraction parameters are unknown a priori. The retailer makes periodic assortment and inventory decisions to dynamically learn from the realized demands about the attraction parameters while maximizing the expected total profit over time. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that can effectively balance the exploration and exploitation in the online decision-making of assortment and inventory. Our algorithm builds on a new estimator for the MNL attraction parameters, a novel approach to incentivize exploration by adaptively tuning certain known and unknown parameters, and an optimization oracle to static single-cycle assortment-inventory planning problems with given parameters. We establish a regret upper bound for our algorithm and a lower bound for the online joint assortment-inventory optimization problem, suggesting that our algorithm achieves nearly optimal regret rate, provided that the static optimization oracle is exact. Then we incorporate more practical approximate static optimization oracles into our algorithm, and bound from above the impact of static optimization errors on the regret of our algorithm. At last, we perform numerical studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
The Spatial Clustering of ROSAT All-Sky Survey Active Galactic Nuclei. V. The Evolution of Broad-line AGN Clustering Properties in the Last 6 Gyr

This is the fifth paper in a series of investigations of the clustering properties of luminous, broad-emission-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) identified in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). In this work we measure the cross-correlation function (CCF) between RASS/SDSS Data Release 14 AGNs with the SDSS CMASS galaxy sample at 0.44 < z < 0.64. We apply halo occupation distribution (HOD) modeling to the CCF along with the autocorrelation function of the CMASS galaxies. We find that X-ray-selected and optically selected AGNs at 0.44 < z < 0.64 reside in statistically identical halos with a typical dark matter halo (DMH) mass of MDMHtyp,AGN∼1012.7h−1M⊙ . The acceptable HOD parameter space for these two broad-line AGN samples have only statistically marginal differences caused by small deviations of the CCFs in the one-halo-dominated regime on small scales. In contrast to optically selected AGNs, the X-ray AGN sample may contain a larger population of satellites at M DMH ∼ 1013 h −1 M ⊙. We compare our measurements in this work with our earlier studies at lower independent redshift ranges, spanning a lookback time of 6 Gyr. The comparison over this wider redshift range of 0.07 < z < 0.64 reveals (i) no significant difference between the typical DMH masses of X-ray-selected and optically selected AGNs, (ii) weak positive clustering dependencies of MDMHtyp,AGN with L X and M BH, (iii) no significant dependence of MDMHtyp,AGN on Eddington ratio, and (iv) the same DMH masses host more-massive accreting black holes at high redshift than at low redshifts.
Measuring the photo-ionization rate, neutral fraction and mean free path of HI ionizing photons at $4.9 \leq z \leq 6.0$ from a large sample of XShooter and ESI spectra

We measure the mean free path ($\lambda_{\rm mfp,HI}$), photo-ionization rate ($\langle \Gamma_{\rm HI} \rangle$) and neutral fraction ($\langle f_{\rm HI} \rangle$) of hydrogen in 12 redshift bins at $4.85<z<6.05$ from a large sample of moderate resolution XShooter and ESI QSO absorption spectra. The fluctuations in ionizing radiation field are modeled by post-processing simulations from the Sherwood suite using our new code"EXtended reionization based on the Code for Ionization and Temperature Evolution"(EX-CITE). EX-CITE uses efficient Octree summation for computing intergalactic medium attenuation and can generate large number of high resolution $\Gamma_{\rm HI}$ fluctuation models. Our simulation with EX-CITE shows remarkable agreement with simulations performed with the radiative transfer code Aton and can recover the simulated parameters within $1\sigma$ uncertainty. We measure the three parameters by forward-modeling the Ly$\alpha$ forest and comparing the effective optical depth ($\tau_{\rm eff, HI}$) distribution in simulations and observations. The final uncertainties in our measured parameters account for the uncertainties due to thermal parameters, modeling parameters, observational systematics and cosmic variance. Our best fit parameters show significant evolution with redshift such that $\lambda_{\rm mfp,HI}$ and $\langle f_{\rm HI} \rangle$ decreases and increases by a factor $\sim 6$ and $\sim 10^{4}$, respectively from $z \sim 5$ to $z \sim 6$. By comparing our $\lambda_{\rm mfp,HI}$, $\langle \Gamma_{\rm HI} \rangle$ and $\langle f_{\rm HI} \rangle$ evolution with that in state-of-the-art Aton radiative transfer simulations and the Thesan and CoDa-III simulations, we find that our best fit parameter evolution is consistent with a model in which reionization completes by $z \sim 5.2$.
On the axisymmetry of annular jet instabilities

We implement a linear stability analysis for the viscous annular jet surrounded by inviscid motionless gas subject to three-dimensional disturbances, and an analytical dispersion relation is presented. With this relation, we are able to obtain evidence that the axisymmetric mode is the most unstable mode of the system. The evidence for general cases is based on the numerical results obtained by solving the transcendental dispersion relation for a wide range of physical parameters. The results for two special cases, a very thin annular jet and an annular jet with disturbances of very short axial wavelength, are obtained from two rigorous analytical approaches.