Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primary Fragmentation Characteristics of Coal Particles during Rapid Pyrolysis

Experiments were carried out to investigate the rapid pyrolysis of Nei-meng (NM) lignite, Shen-fu (SF) bituminous coal, and Jin-cheng (JS) anthracite with the duration time of 0–500 ms and the temperature of 1173–1773 K using a high-frequency induction furnace. Interest was centered on the primary fragmental characteristics of particles, including the changes of mass loss, particle density, and size distribution, during the pyrolysis. A pair of fragmental parameters, i.e., dimensionless particle diameter δ and particle distribution Sf, was proposed to characterize the fragmentation during the different stages of pyrolysis. The result showed that the pyrolysis progress increases with time and temperature. The fragmentation extent is also positively related to the time and temperature. The progress of primary fragmentation is lignite ≈ bituminous coal > anthracite. However, the particle morphology changes little during the pyrolysis fragmentation. Evidence reveals that major fragmentations of NM and SF occu.
Climatic variation effects on canola (Brassica napus) genotypes.

Canola (Brassica napus) is an important quality edible oil crop. An increase in the production of canola can significantly reduce the import of edible oil. With climate change, production of canola is expected to suffer due to water availability issues. Keeping this fact in mind, this study was planned to evaluate the performance of various canola genotypes under diverse agro-ecological regions of Pakistan having different rainfall. The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Ten canola genotypes viz. Bulbul-98, Zafar-2000, Abaseen, Rainbow, Shiralee, Con-I, Dunkeld, 19-H, Westar and Con-II were grown at three experimental sites (Haripur, Rawalpindi, Layyah) for two years. The results indicated that the chlorophyll contents index, seasonal crop growth rate, seed yield, oil yield, protein contents and the water productivity was the highest at Haripur site and the lowest at Layyah site. However, the oil contents were the maximum at Layyah site during the second year. Among the canola genotypes, the genotype „Zafar2000‟ had the highest chlorophyll content index, seasonal crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, seed/oil yield and water productivity than other canola genotypes. However, during the second year, the highest chlorophyll content index, seasonal crop growth rate, seed/oil yield and water productivity were noted in genotype „19-H‟. This study indicated that the high rainfall areas (e.g. Haripur, Rawalpindi) must be exploited to grow the canola crop to lessen the import of oil from foreign markets. In low rainfall areas (e.g. Layyah), the canal and tube well irrigation facilities are available and the water shortage can be accomplished through irrigation with minimum reliance on rainfall.
Absorption, distribution and excretion of 1-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl) methyl]-4-(2, 3, 4 trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (KB-2796) after single oral administration in rats.

The absorption, distribution and excretion of KB-2796 were studied in male and female rats after single oral administration of [14C] KB-2796.1. Maximum blood concentration of radioactivity appeared at 1hr after administration to male rats at a dose of 2mg/kg and the secondary peak occurred at 12hr after dosing. Thereafter blood concentration decreased with the terminal half-life of 42.9hr. The blood concentrations were increased proportionally to the administered doses ranging from 2mg/kg to 20 mg/kg. The blood concentrations in female rats decreased more slowly than that in male rats with a terminal half-life of 79.4hr. 2. Male rats excreted 67.4% of the dose in bile and 6.4% of the dose in urine within 48 hr after dosing and 5.7% of the dose remained in the carcass. The absorption rate from the intestinal tract was assumed to be about 80%. The radioactivity was mainly excreted in feces via bile and partly underwent enterohepatic circulation. The biliary excretion in female rats was lower than that in male rats and the radioactivity was slowly eliminated from the body.3. Tissue concentrations of radioactivity were over 3 times higher than the plasma concentration except for the concentrations in the blood and eyeball at 6hr after administration to male rats. The high radioactivity was found in the lung, liver and fat, and disappeared slowly from tissues. Tissue concentrations in female rats were higher than those in male rats.4. The plasma protein binding in vitro was independent of the concentration (0.04-1μg/ml), and was about 60% in rats and 80% in human. In vivo study, 69.5-82.0% of radioactivity was bound to protein of male rat plasma collected 1hr to 24hr after administration.
Influence of Compost and Chemical Fertilizers on Tomato Yield and Quality

The influences of compost and chemical fertilizers on tomato yield and quality were studied with pot experiment.With reasonable fertilization,all the treatments,including sole application of compost and chemical fertilizers,and incorporated application of compost and chemical fertilizers,could enhance tomato growth and yield significantly,and improve fruit quality to different degrees.The major improvement of fruit quality is demonstrated by decrease of nitrate salt content,improvement of fruit flavor,and stable Vc content.
Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Associated Factors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Confirmed Cases in the San Pedro Sula Metropolitan Area, Honduras

Abstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Few reports exist in Latin America, a current epicenter of transmission. Here, we aim to describe the epidemiology and outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Honduras. Methods Baseline clinical and epidemiological information of SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction–confirmed cases detected between 17 March–4 May in the San Pedro Sula Metropolitan area was collected; for hospitalized cases, clinical data were abstracted. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the factors associated with hospitalization. Results We identified 877 COVID-19 cases, of which 25% (n = 220) were hospitalized. The 19–44-year age group (57.8%) and males (61.3%) were predominant in overall COVID-19 cases. Of the cases, 34% (n = 299) had at least 1 preexisting medical condition. Individuals aged 45–69 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.85–5.76) or ≥70 years (aOR = 9.12; 95% CI, 5.24–15.86), of male sex (aOR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21–2.44), and those with a preexisting condition (aOR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.43–3.14) had higher odds of hospitalization. Of inpatients, 50% were hospitalized more than 7 days. The median length of hospitalization was 13 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8–29) among individuals aged 19–44 years, and 17 days (IQR, 11–24.6) among those aged 45–69. Of the fatal cases, 42% occurred among adults under 60 years old. Conclusions Our findings show that a high proportion of COVID-19 cases in Honduras occurred among younger adults, who also constituted a significant proportion of severe and fatal cases. Preexisting conditions were associated with severe outcomes independently from age and were highly prevalent in Honduran COVID-19 cases.
Influence of chain stiffness on thermal and mechanical properties of polymer thin films

The effect of main chain stiffness and side chain flexibility on the elastic modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of thin polymer films is investigated using nontraditional polymers formed from 5-(2-phenylethylnorbornene). Depending on the polymerization route chosen, the resulting polymer backbone is comprised of either bicyclic (norbornyl) units, which leads to a relatively rigid polymer with a high bulk Tg, or monocyclic (cyclopentyl) units, which leads to a more flexible structure with a lower bulk Tg. The modulus and Tg of the rigid bicyclic polymer are thickness independent down to <10 nm, whereas the modulus of the more flexible monocyclic polymer decreases with decreasing thickness. By hydrogenation of the pendant phenyl ring to the cyclohexyl counterpart, we illustrate that minor changes in the relative flexibility of the side chain do not impact the observed thin film behavior. To further support our hypothesis that main chain stiffness (persistence length) plays a central role in confi.
PENGARUH MEKANISME GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN DENGAN MANAJEMEN RISIKO SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

The purpose of this research are to analysis what are risk management strengthen relationshipbetween independent commissioner and audit committee to financial performance. Dependenvariable is financial performance, independen variables are independent commissioner and auditcommittee, while the moderation variable is risk management. The samples are 96 period ofNasional Private Banking Company are listed in Indonesia stock exchange in the period 2012-2016. Analysis technique used Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with software SPSS 20.The result of the study indicates that risk management not moderated variable wich strengthenrelationship between independent commissioner to financial performance while risk managementis moderated variable wich strengthen relationship between audit commitee to financialperformance.
Benchmark quality processing of radio occultation data with integrated uncertainty propagation / Mag. Jakob Schwarz, B.A.

G radio occultation (RO) observations have the potential to provide climate data records of benchmark quality, due to the unique properties of the RO technique. RO records are highly accurate, long-term stable, globally available and provide Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) for the thermodynamic state of the free atmosphere. These ECVs, pressure, temperature and tropospheric water vapor profiles, can be derived from the raw RO observations through an atmospheric profiles retrieval chain. To realize the climate benchmark potential, these RO retrievals need to be very accurate and the remaining uncertainties quantified and traced throughout the retrieval chain from raw observations to the ECVs. The new Reference Occultation Processing System (rOPS) at the Wegener Center aims to deliver such an accurate chain with integrated uncertainty propagation. This thesis contributed to the development and implementation of algorithms in the rOPS to propagate uncertainty, first, from RO excess phase profiles to atmospheric bending angle profiles, then further through refractivity to dry-air profiles, and finally, using also background profiles, to moist-air thermodynamic profiles (the ECVs). In the context of this thesis, propagation of estimated systematic and random uncertainties, vertical error correlations and resolution estimates, and also observation-to-background weighting ratio profiles was implemented into the rOPS retrieval chain. Results from the implemented covariance propagation were validated using Monte Carlo ensemble methods. The algorithm performance was demonstrated by test-day ensembles of simulated and real RO event data from the satellite missions CHAMP, COSMIC, and MetOp, which show that the new uncertainty estimation chain performs robustly and delivers reliable results. This thesis thus contributes to establishing the benchmark capability of the rOPS for the benefit of climate change monitoring and other applications.
Monoclinic Form of the Rhabdophane Compounds: REEPO4·0.667H2O

Hydrated rhabdophane with a general formula REEPO4·nH2O (REE: La → Dy) has been always considered to crystallize in the hexagonal system. A recent re-examination of this system by the use of synchrotron powder data of the SmPO4·0.667 H2O compound led to a structure crystallizing in the monoclinic C2 space group with a = 28.0903(1) A, b = 6.9466(1) A, c = 12.0304(1) A, β = 115.23(1)°, and V = 2123.4 (1) A3 with 24 formula units per unit cell. The structure consists of infinite channels oriented along the [101] direction and formed by the connection of Sm-polyhedra and P-tetrahedra by sharing O-edges. The water molecules filling the space have been localized for the first time. The monoclinic form of the hydrated rhabdophane was confirmed by studying the series with REE: La → Dy. Moreover, the dehydration of SmPO4·0.667H2O led to the stabilization of an anhydrous form SmPO4 in the C2 space group with a = 12.14426 (1) A, b = 7.01776(1) A, c = 6.34755(1) A, β = 90.02 (1)°, V = 540.97(1) A3, and Z = 6.
SURVEY OF NANOFILTRATION PROCESS EFFICIENCY IN PB, CD, CR+6 AND CU IONS REMOVAL FROM SULFATE-CONTAINING WATERS

Heavy metals have been identified as major pollutants and also as one of the most serious environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NF membrane to remove the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr from waters containing sulfate. The membrane used in this study was of the NF, spiral-wounded model with a MWCO equal to 27Da, a cross-flowed stream, and a nominal capacity of 0.8 L/min. The effects of the parameters initial metal concentration (within the range of 5 to 50 mg/L for Pb, Cd, and Cu and 0.1 to 0.4mg/L for Cr at four different concentrations), pH (4-9), flow rate (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L), and sulfate anion concentration (four concentrations ranging from 200 to 800 mg/L) on heavy metal removal efficiency of the membrane were investigated. Measurements were performed using atomic absorption and spectrophotometry. The maximum removal rates of Pb, Cd, Cu and Cr for synthetic samples under optimal experimental conditions were 91, 97, 98, and 95%, and those for real samples were 72, 53, 87, and 99%, respectively. It was observed that the membrane efficiency for removing the three metals of Pb, Cd, and Cu decreased with increasing pH and initial metal concentration while it increased in the case of Cr. Increasing flow to 0.6 L/min led to a slight increase in membrane removal efficiency for all the four metals. Based on the results obtained, NF membranes are capable of removing a high percentage of heavy metals and a significant increase is observed in their heavy metal removal efficiency in the presence of sulfate ions and with increasing flow up to a certain level.
Effect of 1-MCP on Plum (Prunus domestica) Ripening and Quality during Shelf-Life at Room Temperature

The effect of 1-MCP on the postharvest quality during shelf-life at room temperature of two European plum (Prunus domestica) cultivars 'Hanita' and 'Elena' harvested at different ripening stages was evaluated. 'Hanita' behaved as a climacteric fruit, since 1-MCP treatments inhibited respiration rates and ethylene formation during early ripening pre-climacteric stages, and prevented the decrease in fruit firmness during shelf-life at room temperature. In contrast, 'Elena' behaved as a 'suppressed' climacteric fruit, in which there were no obvious ethylene or respiration rate peaks measured during shelf-life.
3D numerical modeling of the carrier transport and radiative efficiency for InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes with V-shaped pits

In this paper, influence of a V-pit embedded inside the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) LED was studied. A fully three-dimensional stress-strain solver and Poisson-drift-diffusion solver are employed to study the current path, where the quantum efficiency and turn-on voltage will be discussed. Our results show that the hole current is not only from top into lateral quantum wells (QWs) but flowing through shallow sidewall QWs and then injecting into the deeper lateral QWs in V-pit structures, where the V-pit geometry provides more percolation length for holes to make the distribution uniform along lateral MQWs. The IQE behavior with different V-pit sizes, threading dislocation densities, and current densities were analyzed. Substantially, the variation of the quantum efficiency for different V-pit sizes is due to the trap-assisted nonradiative recombination, effective QW ratio, and ability of hole injections.
The Effect of N and B Doping on Graphene and the Adsorption and Migration Behavior of Pt Atoms

We utilize periodic density functional theory to study singly and triply N- and B-substituted graphene. We examine their doping mechanisms and effects on Pt atom adsorption and migration on graphene. We find a seemingly contradictory behavior between dopant type (n- vs p-type) and charge accumulation on the dopant atoms: the N atoms in both n-type singly N-doped graphene (NG) and p-type triply N-doped graphene (3NG) gain electron density while the B atoms in both singly (BG) and triply (3BG) B-doped graphene are p-type and lose electron density. This behavior arises from unequal charge sharing within C–B and C–N sp2 σ bonds and the requirement that the pz orbitals of N and B are singly occupied in order to maintain graphene’s aromaticity. NG’s N atom stabilizes Pt atom adsorption up to −0.39 eV (Eads = −1.86 eV) and by −0.13 eV even at distances 12.3 A away from the N dopant. The Pt atom hopping energy barrier is lowered in graphene rings containing an NG N atom relative to undoped graphene, but the migra.
Myopia and Randomness in Choice

Subjects in laboratory experiments are more risk-averse when they make their decisions myopically (e.g., one versus several at a time). While this finding is typically explained using loss-averse preferences, it is also consistent with the predictions of random choice (e.g., risk neutrality with random errors). Because loss aversion and random choice make similar predictions, their effects are difficult to disentangle. This paper presents an experiment for which random choice predicts a crossover pattern of more risk taking with long evaluation periods if and only if a risk-neutral decision maker prefers the risky option, while loss aversion does not. The crossover pattern is observed in the data, which implies that loss aversion cannot explain the effect of evaluation periods on risk-taking in the experiment.
A temporal parcellation of the sensory-evoked responses during the rubber hand illusion reveals manipulation- and illusion-specific correlates

The neurophysiological processes reflecting body illusions such as the rubber hand remain debated. In particular, previous studies investigating neural responses evoked by the illusion-inducing stimuli provide diverging reports as to when these responses reflect the illusory state. To resolve these controversies in previous work we applied multivariate (cross-) classification to EEG responses obtained during the rubber hand illusion and multiple control conditions in human participants. These controls were designed to test for markers of the illusory state that generalize across the spatial arrangements of limbs or the specific nature of the control condition (rubber hand or participant’s real hand) - hence which are independent of the precise experimental conditions used as contrast for the illusion. This revealed a parcellation of evoked responses into a temporal sequence of events that each differentiate the illusion and control conditions along distinct dimensions. Importantly, around 130-150 ms following stimulus onset the neurophysiological signals reliably differentiated the illusory-state from all non-illusion epochs. This neurophysiological signature was not correlated with changes in skin conductance accompanying the illusion, suggesting that neurophysiological and bodily signals reflect distinct illusion-related processes.
Genetic basis of growth, phenology and susceptibility to biotic stressors in maritime pine

Forest ecosystems are increasingly challenged by extreme events, e.g. drought, storms, pest and pathogenic fungi outbreaks, causing severe ecological and economical losses. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits in tree species is of key importance to preserve forest ecosystems, as genetic variation in a trait (i.e. heritability) determines its potential for human-mediated or evolutionary change. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), a conifer widely distributed in southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa, grows under contrasted environmental conditions promoting local adaptation. Genetic variation at adaptive phenotypes, including height, growth phenology and susceptibility to two fungal pathogens (Diplodia sapinea and Armillaria ostoyae) and an insect pest (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), were assessed in a range-wide clonal common garden of maritime pine. Broad-sense heritability was significant for height (0.219), growth phenology (0.165-0.310) and pathogen susceptibility (necrosis length caused by D. sapinea, 0.152; and by A. ostoyae, 0.021) measured after inoculation under controlled conditions, but not for pine processionary moth incidence in the common garden. The correlations of trait variation among populations revealed contrasting trends for pathogen susceptibility to D. sapinea and A. ostoyae with respect to height. Taller trees showed longer necrosis length caused by D. sapinea while shorter trees were more affected by A. ostoyae. Moreover, maritime pine populations from areas with high summer temperatures and frequent droughts were less susceptible to D. sapinea but more susceptible to A. ostoyae. Finally, an association study using 4,227 genome-wide SNPs revealed several loci significantly associated to each trait (range of 3-26), including a possibly disease-induced translation initiation factor, eIF-5. This study provides important insights to develop genetic conservation and breeding strategies integrating species responses to biotic stressors.
Reactivation of Single-Episode Pain Patterns in the Hippocampus and Decision Making

Aversive and rewarding experiences can exert a strong influence on subsequent behavior. While decisions are often supported by the value of single past episodes, most research has focused on the role of well-learned value associations. Recent studies have begun to investigate the influence of reward-associated episodes, but it is unclear whether these results generalize to negative experiences, such as pain. To investigate whether and how the value of previous aversive experiences modulates behavior and brain activity, in our experiments female and male human participants experienced episodes of high or low pain in conjunction with incidental, trial-unique neutral pictures. In an incentive-compatible surprise test phase, we found that participants avoided pain-paired objects. In a separate fMRI experiment, at test, participants exhibited significant pain value memory. Neurally, when participants were re-exposed to pain-paired objects, we found no evidence for reactivation of pain-related patterns in pain-responsive regions, such as the anterior insula. Critically, however, we found significant reactivation of pain-related patterns of activity in the hippocampus, such that activity significantly discriminated high versus low pain episodes. Further, stronger reactivation in the anterior hippocampus was related to improved pain value memory performance. Our results demonstrate that single incidental aversive experiences can build memories that affect decision-making and that this influence may be supported by the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aversive and rewarding experiences can exert a strong influence on our subsequent behavior. While decisions are often supported by single past negative or positive episodes, most research has focused on the role of well-learned value associations. In experiments using aversive heat pain in conjunction with incidental objects, we found that participants' choices were biased by the level of pain associated with the objects. Further, when participants saw the objects again, pain-related neural patterns in the hippocampus were re-expressed, and this was related to pain value memory performance. These results suggest a mechanism by which even single negative experiences can guide our later decisions.