Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ON THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF MOLECULAR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE

We study the effects of radiative transfer on the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the widely studied 13CO 2–1 transition. We find that the integrated intensity maps generally follow a log-normal distribution, with the cases that have τ ≈ 1 best matching the PDF of the column density. We fit a two-dimensional variance-sonic Mach number relationship to our logarithmic PDFs of the form and find that, for parameter b = 1/3, parameter A depends on the radiative transfer environment. We also explore the variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the linear PDFs finding that higher moments reflect both higher sonic Mach number and lower optical depth. Finally, we apply the Tsallis incremental PDF function and find that the fit parameters depend on both Mach numbers, but also are sensitive to the radiative transfer parameter space, with the τ ≈ 1 case best fitting the incremental PDF of the true column density. We conclude that, for PDFs of low optical depth cases, part of the gas is always subthermally excited so that the spread of the line intensities exceeds the spread of the underlying column densities and hence the PDFs do not reflect the true column density. Similarly, PDFs of optically thick cases are dominated by the velocity dispersion and therefore do not represent the true column density PDF. Thus, in the case of molecules like carbon monoxide, the dynamic range of intensities, structures observed, and, consequently, the observable PDFs are less determined by turbulence and more often determined by radiative transfer effects.
Sieve bootstrap for time series

We study a bootstrap method which is based on the method of sieves. A linear process is approximated by a sequence of autoregressive processes of order p = p(n), where p(n) -* 00, p(n) = o(n) as the sample size n -+ oo. For given data, we then estimate such an AR(p(n)) model and generate a bootstrap sample by resampling from the residuals. This sieve bootstrap enjoys a nice nonparametric property, being model-free within a class of linear processes. We show its consistency for a class of nonlinear estimators and compare the procedure with the blockwise bootstrap, which has been proposed by Kiinsch in 1989. In particular, the sieve bootstrap variance of the mean is shown to have a better rate of convergence if the dependence between separated values of the underlying process decreases sufficiently fast with growing separation. Finally, a simulation study helps to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the sieve compared to the blockwise bootstrap.
Identification and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Apple Orchards against the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Simple Summary The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a key pest in apple production. Controlling C. pomonella infestations with insecticides can be challenging, as it requires excessive insecticide use during the growing season. A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and their endosymbionts (ESs) in apple production orchards of Kayseri Province, one of the main apple production areas of Türkiye, was conducted to develop an alternative control strategy to chemicals. Both EPNs and ESs have been studied for their potential control of C. pomonella larvae. The results demonstrate that EPNs and their ESs can reduce larval infestations of C. pomonella. Abstract The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of C. pomonella with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for C. pomonella. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) and their endosymbionts (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of C. pomonella. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of C. pomonella under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae species were identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii and Xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of C. pomonella were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of C. pomonella.
Cancer Risk According to Alcohol Consumption Trajectories: A Population-based Cohort Study of 2.8 Million Korean Men

Background Alcohol drinking behaviors change temporally and can lead to changes in related cancer risks; previous studies have been unable to identify the association between the two using a single-measurement approach. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of drinking trajectories with the cancer risk in Korean men. Methods A trajectory analysis using group-based trajectory modeling was performed on 2,839,332 men using data on alcohol drinking levels collected thrice during the Korean National Health Insurance Service’s general health screening program conducted between 2002 and 2007. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to evaluate the associations between drinking trajectories and cancer incidence, after adjustments for age, income, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, family history of cancer, and comorbidities. Results During 10.5 years of follow-up, 189,617 cancer cases were recorded. Six trajectories were determined: non-drinking, light, moderate, decreasing-heavy, increasing-heavy, and steady-heavy. Light-to-heavy alcohol consumption increased the risk for all cancers combined in a dose-dependent manner (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.05 for light drinking, aHR 1.06; 95% CI 1.05–1.08 for moderate drinking, aHR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.16–1.22 for decreasing-heavy drinking, aHR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.20–1.26 for increasing-heavy drinking, and aHR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.29–1.38 for steady-heavy drinking [P-trend <0.001]). Light-to-heavy alcohol consumption was linked to lip, oral cavity, pharyngeal, esophageal, colorectal, laryngeal, stomach, and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer risks, while heavy alcohol consumption was associated with hepatic, pancreatic, and lung cancer risks. An inverse association was observed for thyroid cancer. The cancer risks were lower for decreasing-heavy drinkers, compared to steady-heavy drinkers. Conclusion No safe drinking limits were identified for cancer risks; reduction in heavy intake had protective effects.
Do family-controlled and financially healthy firms manage their reported earnings? Evidence from Indonesia

This paper examines whether family-controlled and financially healthy firms practice earnings management. The data collection focuses on non-financial firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the fiscal year 2017–2019. Family and financially healthy firms are key predictor variables for predicting earnings management behavior. Jones’s (1991) modified cross-sectional model measures discretionary accruals (the earnings management indicator). This study reveals a negative relationship between family entities and earnings management practices, suggesting that family-controlled firms are more likely to report a higher quality of earnings. This study also documents that family entities with financial difficulties have more incentive to practice earnings management. Additionally, the study indicates that the involvement of a family member in executive positions leads to lower financial reporting quality. Finally, this study reports a nonlinearity association between family share ownership and the magnitude of earnings management. The study’s findings may assist policymakers in considering the costs and benefits associated with various levels of ownership concentration, especially in the hands of family members.
Negation introduced with the unary connective

In the first part of this paper (Méndez and Robles 2008) a minimal and an intuitionistic negation is introduced in a wide spectrum of relevance logics extending Routley and Meyer's basic positive logic B+. It is proved that although all these logics have the characteristic paradoxes of consistency, they lack the K rule (and so, the K axiom). Negation is introduced with a propositional falsity constant. The aim of this paper is to build up logics definitionally equivalent to those in the aforementioned paper, negation being now introduced with the unary connective. Relational ternary semantics are provided for the new logics and soundness and completeness results are proved.
Migration and partisan identification as British Unionists or Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland

The notion that mobility weakens collective norms and increases tolerance has a long pedigree in sociology. In this article, we examine the association of migration with partisan identification as British Unionists or Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland, a region where the overlap of opposing religious and national identities is reflected in the residential segregation of its population. In representative samples of the population, we find that Irish Nationalist identification among Catholics and British Unionist identification among Protestants was lower among people not born in Northern Ireland and return migrants from beyond the British Isles. Having lived in the Republic was associated with more Nationalist identification among Catholics but less Unionist identification among Protestants and others. Moreover, having lapsed from the family religion is associated with decreased partisan identification. While international migration has in many countries led to increased tensions, conflict and the ascendance of exclusionary national populist movements, our results thus suggest that mobility beyond the British Isles has contributed to less nation–state conflict in Northern Ireland.
Development of mathematics mobile learning application: Examining learning outcomes and cognitive skills through math questions

Mobile technologies have started to be preferred as a new learning technology in teaching and learning. Considering the need for adequate and rapid feedback in solving mathematical problems that students have difficulty with reflects the need for a different educational practice and technology. In this study, based on design-based research (DBR) model, a mobile application was developed, which enables the extension of the traditional classroom to a virtual space, where students can practice mathematical problem solving and easily access solutions. The purpose of this study was to determine which mathematics questions that students have difficulty in solving are mainly distributed over which subjects and learning outcomes, and to reveal the cognitive levels of the questions sent. The findings revealed that 'numbers and algebra' was the learning domain, and ‘derivate’ was the subject, which students had the most difficulty with. Moreover, the questions were found to be mostly at the cognitive levels of understanding and applying in Bloom’s Taxonomy. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the mathematics mobile application can be used as an alternative tool examining the learning outcomes and cognitive levels of students.
Noise Indicators Relating to Non-Auditory Health Effects in Children—A Systematic Literature Review

A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate which objective noise indicators related to various noise sources (i.e., aircraft, road-traffic, and ambient noise) are the best predictors of non-auditory health-effects in children. These relationships are discussed via a conceptual framework, taking into account main parameters such as the type of noise source, the exposure locations and their environments, the type of noise indicators, the children’s mediating factors, and the type of non-auditory health effects. In terms of the procedure, four literature databases were screened and data was extracted on study design, types of noise sources, assessment method, health-based outcomes and confounders, as well as their associations. The quality of the studies was also assessed. The inclusion criteria focused on both indoor and outdoor environments in educational buildings and dwellings, considering that children spend most of their time there. From the 3337 uniquely collected articles, 36 articles were included in this review based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the included literature, it was seen that noise exposure, assessed by energetic indicators, has significant associations with non-auditory health effects: psychophysiological, cognitive development, mental health and sleep effects. Percentile and event-based indicators provided significant associations to cognitive performance tasks and well-being dimension aspects.
Phonon Contribution to the Far-Infrared Absorptivity of Superconducting and Normal Lead

Low temperature measurements of the absorptivity of superconducting and normal Pb in the phonon frequency region 15-200 cm-l show an onset of absorption when the photon energy is large enough to excite appreciable numbers of acoustic phonons. The onset begins around the transverse phonon frequency n ~ 35 cm-1 in the normal metal ' -1 and around n + 2/1 ~ 55 em in the superconductor. Most features of the data can be explained by a Golden Rule calculation of the phonon generation process proposed by Holstein.
Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with double barrier and single or synthetic antiferromagnetic storage layer

The magnetic properties of double tunnel junctions with perpendicular anisotropy were investigated. Two synthetic antiferromagnetic references are used, while the middle storage magnetic layer can be either a single ferromagnetic or a synthetic antiferromagnetic FeCoB-based layer, with a critical thickness as large as 3.0 nm. Among the different achievable magnetic configurations in zero field, those with either antiparallel references, and single ferromagnetic storage layer, or parallel references, and synthetic antiferromagnetic storage layer, are of particular interest since they allow increasing the efficiency of spin transfer torque writing and the thermal stability of the stored information as compared to single tunnel junctions. The latter configuration can be preferred when stray fields would favour a parallel orientation of the reference layers. In this case, the synthetic antiferromagnetic storage layer is also less sensitive to residual stray fields.
An infrared study of the Ophiuchus dark cloud

A near-infrared survey has been conducted of nearly 18 square degrees of the Ophiuchus dark cloud complex. Additional observations have been made of selected objects found in this survey and of the brighter objects found by Grasdalen et al. and by Vrba et al. in this region in order to identify and study the young stars associated with the cloud. These observations show that very recent star formation has been largely restricted to a small region at the center of the dark cloud complex, no more than a few parsecs in extent. Most of the young stars do not appear to be main-sequence stars. At least three of these objects appear to be surrounded by infrared reflection nebulae. Many of the objects studied are background K and M giants which can be used to determine the near-infrared extinction due to the cloud.
Rheology of high-solids biomass slurries for biorefinery applications

Biomass slurries, such as dilute-acid pretreated corn stover (PCS), will be a common process stream in biorefineries designed to convert agricultural residues into biofuels such as ethanol. In this work, the advantages and disadvantages of several rheological techniques are evaluated for PCS suspensions. Three flow regimes were evaluated: (i) shear flow using a vane, (ii) torsional flow between parallel plates, and (iii) biaxial extensional flow between plates. The vane provided the simplest methodology and the most reproducible results. Four experiments were conducted using the vane: (i) transient flow, (ii) stress ramps, (iii) creep, and (iv) oscillatory shear. PCS slurries with fractions of insoluble solids (FIS) ranging from 5% to 17% by weight exhibited soft-solid characteristics, including an apparent yield stress. Yield stresses were highly dependent on stover concentration, scaling with FIS to the sixth power, and ranged from 0.2–5000 Pa between 5% and 17% FIS. PCS suspensions were strongly shear .
Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges

Abstract. Wind farm control has been a topic of research for more than two decades. It has been identified as a core component of grand challenges in wind energy science to support accelerated wind energy deployment and to transition to a clean and sustainable energy system for the 21st century. The prospect of collective control of wind turbines in an array, to increase energy extraction, reduce structural loads, improve the balance of systems, reduce operation and maintenance costs, etc. has inspired many researchers over the years to propose innovative ideas and solutions. However, practical demonstration and commercialization of some of the more advanced concepts has been limited by a wide range of challenges, which include the complex physics of turbulent flows in wind farms and the atmosphere, uncertainties related to predicting structural load and failure statistics, and the highly multi-disciplinary nature of the overall design optimization problem, among others. In the current work, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and outstanding challenges, thus identifying the key research areas that could further enable commercial uptake and success of wind farm control solutions. To this end, we have structured the discussion on challenges and opportunities into four main areas: (1) insight in control flow physics, (2) algorithms and AI, (3) validation and industry implementation, and (4) integrating control with system design (co-design).
Beta-Stacy processes and a generalization of the Polya urn scheme

beta-Stacy process is dened. It is shown to be neutral to the right and a generalization of the Dirichlet process. The posterior distribution is also a beta-Stacy process given independent and identically distributed (iid) observations, possibly with right censoring, from F. A generalization of the P olya-urn scheme is introduced which characterizes the discrete betaStacy process. 1. Introduction. Let F be the space of cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) oni0;1e. This paper considers placing a probability distribution on F by dening a stochastic process F onei0;1e; Ae, where A is the Borel eld of subsets, such that Fe0e D 0 a.s. , F is a.s. nondecreasing, a.s. right continuous and lim t! 1 Fete D 1 a.s. Thus, with probability 1, the sample paths of F are cdf’s. Previous work includes the Dirichlet process [Ferguson (1973, 1974)], neutral to the right processes [Doksum (1974)], the extended gamma process [Dykstra and Laud (1981)], the beta process [Hjort (1990)] and P olya trees [Lavine (1992, 1994), Mauldin, Sudderth and Williams (1992)]. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to introduce a new stochastic process which generalizes the Dirichlet process, in that more exible prior beliefs are able to be represented, and, unlike the Dirichlet process, is conjugate to right censored observations, and (2) to introduce a generalization of the P olyaurn scheme in order to characterize the discrete time version of the process. The property of conjugacy to right censored observations is also a feature of the beta process; however, with the beta process the statistician is required to consider hazard rates and cumulative hazards when constructing the prior. The beta-Stacy process only requires considerations on the distribution of the observations. The process is shown to be neutral to the right. The present paper is restricted to considering the estimation of an unknown cdf oni0;1e, although it is trivially extended to includee1 ;1e. Finally, for ease of notation, F is written to mean either the cdf or the corresponding probability measure. The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 the process is dened and its connections with other processes given. We also provide an
Foreign aid and intergenerational mobility in Africa

While there is extensive literature examining the growth and development effects of foreign aid, very little attention has been paid to its potential impact on social mobility. Thus, this paper provides the first empirical evidence on the effect of foreign aid on intergenerational educational mobility in Africa. Drawing on a sample of 28 countries over the period 1970-2010 and using the popular and well-known probit estimator, we find strong evidence that foreign aid raises the likelihood of experiencing upward educational mobility in the region, while the probability of downward educational mobility tends to be lower in countries that receive a high level of foreign aid. These effects mainly operate through the increased financing for education, the improved education system, and policy, as well as improved education conditions. More interestingly, focusing on the sectoral decomposition of total aid received – i.e., education sector versus the rest of the economy–, the study highlights that foreign aid to the education sector tends to increase the likelihood of upward educational mobility, contrary to aid allocated to the rest of the economy. Our finding suggests that foreign aid has contributed to improving social mobility in African countries.
Cost Matrix of Molecular Pathology in Glioma—Towards AI-Driven Rational Molecular Testing and Precision Care for the Future

Gliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors. Gliomas carry a poor prognosis because of the tumor’s resistance to radiation and chemotherapy leading to nearly universal recurrence. Recent advances in large-scale genomic research have allowed for the development of more targeted therapies to treat glioma. While precision medicine can target specific molecular features in glioma, targeted therapies are often not feasible due to the lack of actionable markers and the high cost of molecular testing. This review summarizes the clinically relevant molecular features in glioma and the current cost of care for glioma patients, focusing on the molecular markers and meaningful clinical features that are linked to clinical outcomes and have a realistic possibility of being measured, which is a promising direction for precision medicine using artificial intelligence approaches.