Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Similar Carcass Surface Microbiota Observed Following Primary Processing of Different Pig Batches

Bacterial contamination during meat processing is a concern for both food safety and for the shelf life of pork meat products. The gut microbiota of meat-producing animals is one of the most important sources of surface contamination of processed carcasses. This microbiota is recognized to vary between pigs from different farms and could thus be reflected on the bacterial contamination of carcasses at time of processing. In this study, the microbiota of 26 carcasses of pigs originating from different farms (i.e., batches) were compared to determine if an association could be observed between carcass surface microbiota (top and bottom) and the origin of slaughtered animals. The microbiota of the top and bottom carcass surface areas was analyzed by culturing classical indicator microorganisms (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and lactic bacteria), by the detection of Salmonella, and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Culture results showed higher Enterobacteria, E. coli, and lactic bacteria counts for the bottom areas of the carcasses (neck/chest/shoulder) when compared to the top areas. Salmonella was not detected in any samples. Globally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a similar composition and diversity between the top and bottom carcass areas. Despite the presence of some genera associated with fecal contamination such as Terrisporobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Turicibacter, Clostridium sensustricto1, and Streptococcus on the carcass surface, sequencing analysis suggested that there was no difference between the different batches of samples from the top and bottom areas of the carcasses. The primary processing therefore appears to cause a uniformization of the carcass global surface microbiota, with some specific bacteria being different depending on the carcass area sampled.
The Neural Basis of Moral Judgement for Self and for Others: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials

Developmental and neuroscience works have demonstrated that the moral judgment is influenced by theory of mind (ToM), which refers to the ability to represent the mental states of different agents. However, the neural and cognitive time course of interactions between moral judgment and ToM remains unclear. The present event-related potential (ERP) study investigated the underlying neural substrate of the interaction between moral judgment and ToM by contrasting the ERPs elicited by moral judgments for self and for others in moral dilemmas. In classic moral dilemmas, the agents must choose between the utilitarian choice (taking the action to kill or harm an innocent person but saving more people) and the non-utilitarian choice (taking no action to kill or harm the innocent person but letting some people die). The ERPs were recorded from participants who made moral judgments for self and for others when the agent made utilitarian or non-utilitarian choices during the dilemma. The results revealed that the moral judgment for others elicited a larger frontal late positive component (LPC, 500–900 ms) than that for self when the agents made utilitarian choices, while no difference was observed on early components of N1, P2, and N2. Moreover, individual differences in mentalizing ability were negatively correlated with the LPC amplitudes. These findings suggested that ToM modulated the late controlled process but not the early automatic process during moral judgments.
Implications of Receiver Plane Uncertainty for the Static Stress Triggering Hypothesis

Static stress transfer from major earthquakes is commonly invoked as the primary mechanism for triggering aftershocks, but evaluating this mechanism depends on aftershock rupture plane orientations and hypocenter locations, which are often subject to significant observational uncertainty. We evaluate static stress change for an unusually large data set comprising hundreds to thousands of aftershocks following the 1997 Umbria‐Marche, 2009 L’Aquila (Italy), and 2019 Ridgecrest (California) earthquake sequences. We compare failure stress resolved on aftershock focal mechanism planes and planes that are optimally oriented (OOPs) in the regional and earthquake perturbed stress field. Like previous studies, we find that failure stress resolved on OOPs overpredicts the percentage (>70%) of triggered aftershocks relative to that predicted from observed aftershock rupture planes (∼50%–65%) from focal mechanisms solutions, independent of how nodal plane ambiguity is resolved. Further, observed aftershock nodal planes appear statistically different from OOPs. Observed rupture planes, at least for larger magnitude events (M > 3), appear to align more closely with pre‐existing tectonic structures. The inferred observational uncertainty associated with nodal plane ambiguity, plane orientation, and, to second order, hypocentral location yields a broad range of aftershocks potentially triggered by static stress changes, ranging from slightly better than random chance to nearly any aftershock promoted, particularly those further than 5 km from the causative fault. Dynamic stresses, afterslip, pore fluids, and other sources of unresolved small‐scale heterogeneity in the post‐mainshock stress field may also contribute appreciably to aftershock occurrence closer to the mainshock.
What is Mechanical Engineering

The Department of Mechanical Engineering (https:// www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/mechanical/graduate) prepares graduates for careers in industry, research, and academia. Students specialize in Design/Manufacturing/Tribology, Dynamics, Control, Robotics, Neural Engineering, Simulation Driven Engineering, Solid Mechanics, Fluid Dynamics, Nanotechnology/MEMS, Bioengineering and Biomechanics, Energy and Sustainability, Engineering Design and Innovation, Product Development, Engineering Management and other disciplines.
Cloud Morphology Evolution in Arctic Cold‐Air Outbreak: Two Cases During COMBLE Period

Cloud feedbacks play an important role in Arctic warming. Cloud morphology, for example, cloud size and spatial distributions, is among key factors that directly impact their radiative effects. In this work, we use two cases observed during the Cold‐air Outbreak (CAO) in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE) to study the evolution of cloud size distributions as an air mass is advected from the Arctic over a comparatively warm ocean and cloud mesoscale organization changes from rolls to cells. Cloud objects are identified from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance images through an object segmentation procedure and roll breakup is identified by homogeneities in cloud water path (CWP). Roll breakup is found to be accompanied by a local minimum in wind shear and local maxima in cloud size and marine cold air outbreak index. The mean cloud horizontal aspect ratio has weak fetch dependency and is around 2 in roll, transition, and cell regimes. Regardless of distance from the ice edge, smaller clouds (<10 km2) dominate the population number but not cloud cover. Cloud size distributions show bimodality in transition and cell regimes. For clouds with comparable sizes, mean nearest neighbor distances normalized by equivalent cloud radius converge to a single value for all regimes and for all but the smallest clouds, suggesting that clouds of comparable sizes in CAOs are separated by distance proportional to their sizes. The presented statistical results pave the way to evaluating model simulated cloud organizations during CAO events.
Spruce Beetle Outbreak Increases Streamflow From Snow‐Dominated Basins in Southwest Colorado, USA

Bark beetles have impacted over 58 million acres of coniferous forest in the Western US since 2000. Most beetle impacted forests are in snow dominated, water limited headwater basins, which generate a disproportionate fraction of water supplies. Previous studies show mixed impacts of bark beetle outbreaks on streamflow with the potential to cause increased or decreased flows, but these studies either predate long‐term snowpack data, are model‐based, or examine only mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Ours is the first study to use an empirical, climate‐normalized paired catchment approach to quantify streamflow response to spruce beetle kill. Using 27 years of climate and streamflow observations from southwest Colorado, we show that in three of the six beetle impacted study basins, annual climate‐normalized streamflow increased by 22%–37% for at least three to 6 years after the beetle outbreak. Impacted basins exhibited no decreased flows and flows in unimpacted control basins remained unchanged. Among impacted basins, no single basin characteristic clearly explained variation of streamflow response. Higher runoff ratios during snowmelt contribute anywhere from 9% to 64% of streamflow increases, implying the importance of both snow and growing season processes in driving streamflow increases. These findings show variable, sometimes substantial streamflow increases in critical water supply basins following beetle kill in subalpine spruce forests, and contrast with evidence of unchanged or decreased streamflow following beetle kill in lower elevation pine forests in colder northern Colorado basins, highlighting the importance of climate and forest composition in refining hydrologic predictions following mountain forest disturbances.
The Relation of Environmental Conditions With Charge Structure in Central Argentina Thunderstorms

In this study we explored the environmental conditions hypothesized to induce a dominant charge structure in thunderstorms in the province of Cordoba, Argentina, during the RELAMPAGO‐CACTI (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations‐Clouds, Aerosols, Complex Terrain Interactions) field campaigns. Hypothesized environmental conditions are thought to be related to small warm cloud residence time and warm rain growth suppression, which lead to high cloud liquid water contents in the mixed‐phase zone, contributing to positive charging of graupel and anomalous charge structure storms. Data from radiosondes, a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ground‐based instrument and reanalysis were used to characterize the proximity inflow air of storms with anomalous and normal charge structures. Consistent with the initial hypothesis, anomalous storms had small warm cloud depth caused by dry low‐level humidity and low 0°C height. Anomalous storms were associated with lower CCN concentrations than normal storms, an opposite result to the initial expectation. High CAPE is not an important condition for the development of anomalous storms in Argentina, as no clear pattern could be found among the different parameters calculated for updraft proxy that would be consistent with the initial hypothesis.
P ATCH G ENERATION WITH L ANGUAGE M ODELS : F EASIBILITY AND S CALING B EHAVIOR

Large language models have shown a propensity for generating correct, multi-line programs from natural language prompts. Given past findings highlighting that bugs and patches can be distinguished by predictability according to simple language models, it is natural to ask if modern, large neural options lend themselves especially well to program repair without any calibration. We study this in the context of one-line bugs, by providing a series of models of varying scales (from 160M to 12B parameters) with the context preceding a buggy line in 72 Java and Python programs, and then analyze the rank at which the correct patch (and original buggy line) is generated, if at all. Our results highlight a noticeable correlation of model size with test-passing accuracy and patch ranking quality, and the propensity for especially the largest models to generate candidate patches that closely resemble (if not exactly match), the original developer patch.
Some physical properties of white lupin

The dependence of physical properties of white lupin on moisture content was determined. The average length, width and thickness of grains ranged from 9.85 to 10.52, 9.15 to 9.63 and 4.94 to 5.51 mm as the moisture content increased from 8.3 to 19.2% d.b. , respectively. Over the same range, the volume of a grain increased from 0.35 to 0.43 cm 3 , 1000 grain mass from 0.351 to 0.452 kg, porosity from 0.115 to 0.304 and projected area from 1.11 to 1.53cm 2 . The bulk density decreased from 868 to 768 kg/m 3 but kernel density increased from 980 to 1103 kg/m 3 . Both the static and dynamic coefficients of friction against galvanized steel and rubber increased with increasing moisture content.
ScienceDirect International Conference on Teaching and Learning English as an Additional Language , GlobELT 2016 , 14-17 April 2016 , Antalya , Turkey Teaching English for Academic Purposes via the Flipped Learning Approach

Teaching English for Academic Purposes via the Flipped Classroom has evolved into an undeniable popular pedagogy, driven by the momentum of many teachers across the world who have embraced the idea. These passionate educators are making a meaningful difference in how students learn, and enhancing learning outcomes in the process. This evolution has also been made possible because of the unprecedented capabilities of modern digital technology, the Internet, the World Wide Web and E-learning Moodle. Upon this framework, an ever-expanding array of powerful software has been made available. Moreover, in the current decade, mobile technologies like tablets and smartphones have fundamentally altered the ease and convenience with which students and teachers can access digital content. This paper investigates the efficiency of the application of the Flipped Classroom pedagogy in an English for Academic Purposes class by analyzing the findings of the presented literature review regarding the Flipped Classroom pedagogy, examining the benefits of this strategy, demonstrating the author’s qualitative reflections based on personal pedagogical experience which will suggest ways to implement the FC pedagogy in an EAP module and finally the paper will examine the challenges that may be faced and ways to overcome them. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016.
BIM Awareness and Acceptance by Architecture Students in Asia

Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is another key concept of BIM, are becoming globally-recognized standards. Although BIM education in schools is important in order to advance the adoption of BIM in the industry, such education has yet to be achieved. This study examines the degree of awareness and acceptance of BIM and BIM education among architecture students in Asia. A survey was conducted to measure recognition, interest, and experience with BIM and IFC among students participating in a design workshop in Busan, Korea. The students were moderately aware of BIM itself, yet had no familiarity with IFC. The more they know about BIM, the more likely they are to have an interest in it. Korean students are more aware of BIM than students from other Asian countries, and ′Upper class′ (3rd year and higher) students are more aware than ′Lower class′ (1st and 2nd year) students. This difference in awareness may be due to the strong government led initiative in Korea. Although for effective adoption of BIM and IFC, they should be introduced earlier to raise an awareness and interest in them.
Relationship between the stocks of carbon in non-cultivated trees and soils in a West-African forest-savanna transition zone

Carbon is a key element for the functioning and productivity of tropical soils. While the impact of organic inputs on carbon 15 storage in these soils is known, little is known about the contribution of non-cultivated trees. In this study, we measured carbon content in non-cultivated trees (VC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) in different land uses in a West African forest – savanna transition zone. We used the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework for data collection and allometric equations to estimate the stocks of VC on a 10 km * 10 km landscape. Soil samples were taken in 160 sites at 0 – 20 cm, 20 – 50 cm, 50 – 80 cm and 80 – 110 cm depth in different land uses. We 20 developed Partial Least Square regression models to predict SOC, TN and clay concentrations from mid-infrared soil spectra. We then considered soil bulk density to calculate the stocks of SOC and TN for each sampling depth and conducted a path analysis to identify the factors controlling these parameters. Our results showed that at landscape level, tree density and diversity explained most of VC stocks variability. SOC stock variability was mainly explained by clay content. The main drivers of TN stocks were clay and SOC stock. The VC and SOC stocks were not correlated with each other when considering 25 all data. However, we found significant linear positive relationships between VC and SOC stocks for the land uses annual croplands, perennial croplands, grasslands and bushlands without soil depth restrictions until 110 cm. We concluded that in the forest-savanna transition zone, soil properties and topography determine land use, which in turn affects the stocks of SOC and TN and to some extent the VC stocks. Bushlands conservation and perennial trees cropping systems could be recommended for improved SOC storage. Our results suggest that perennial crops cultivation and bushlands preservation in the forest – savanna transition zone of northeast Tiéningboué should be recommended for soil organic carbon preservation soil clay content. Thus, controlling the causes of erosion could help reduce clay losses and therefore maintain or increase SOC stock at the site of measurement. This study suggests that VC stock positively increase SOC stock, and this effect is more pronounced in deep soils with high clay content. Our results indicate that soil properties and morphology determined land use and perennial crops cultivation and bushlands preservation in the forest – savanna transition zone of northeast Côte d´Ivoire can contribute to increase SOC and TN stocks.
bax , but not bcl-2 , inﬂuences the prognosis of human pancreatic cancer

Background — bcl-2 and bax belong to the bcl-2 -related gene family, which marks a new class of genes that inﬂuence apoptosis. The bcl-2 oncogene acts as a broad antiapoptotic factor and extends both normal and tumour cell survival. In contrast, the bax gene is a promoter of apoptosis. Aims —To analyse the expression of bcl-2 and bax in pancreatic cancer and corre-late the results with clinical parameters. Riboprobes of bcl-2 and bax were used for northern blot analysis and in situ hybridisation.
Holocene wildfire and vegetation dynamics in Central Yakutia, Siberia, reconstructed from lake-sediment proxies

Wildfires play an essential role in the ecology of boreal forests. In eastern Siberia, fire activity has been increasing in recent years, challenging the livelihoods of local communities. Intensifying fire regimes also increase disturbance pressure on the boreal forests, which currently protect the permafrost beneath from accelerated degradation. However, long-term relationships between changes in fire regime and forest structure remain largely unknown. We assess past fire-vegetation feedbacks using sedimentary proxy records from Lake Satagay, Central Yakutia, Siberia, covering the past c. 10,800 years. Results from macroscopic and microscopic charcoal analyses indicate high amounts of burnt biomass during the Early Holocene, and that the present-day, low-severity surface fire regime has been in place since c. 4,500 years before present. A pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of vegetation cover and a terrestrial plant record based on sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding suggest a pronounced shift in forest structure toward the Late Holocene. Whereas the Early Holocene was characterized by postglacial open larch-birch woodlands, forest structure changed toward the modern, mixed larch-dominated closed-canopy forest during the Mid-Holocene. We propose a potential relationship between open woodlands and high amounts of burnt biomass, as well as a mediating effect of dense larch forest on the climate-driven intensification of fire regimes. Considering the anticipated increase in forest disturbances (droughts, insect invasions, and wildfires), higher tree mortality may force the modern state of the forest to shift toward an open woodland state comparable to the Early Holocene. Such a shift in forest structure may result in a positive feedback on currently intensifying wildfires. These new long-term data improve our understanding of millennial-scale fire regime changes and their relationships to changes of vegetation in Central Yakutia, where the local population is already being confronted with intensifying wildfire seasons.
Spontaneous alternation and stereotypical behaviour in deer mice: response to escitalopram and levetiracetam

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is varyingly associated with cognitive impairment, that is, deficits in spatial working memory, although it seems unlikely that this is generalised across all domains of functioning. Further, it is unclear whether symptoms will respond to potentially novel, non-serotonergic drugs that have shown promise as so-called cognitive enhancers. Here, we studied low (Norm-N; n = 31) and compulsive-like high (Comp-H; n = 34) stereotypical deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) to establish (1) whether there is a relationship between stereotypical intensity and working memory ability as measured by spontaneous T-maze arm alternation and (2) if and how stereotypy and its association with changes in working memory, would respond to the known anti-compulsive agent, escitalopram, and the proposed cognitive enhancer, levetiracetam. After assessing the stereotypical and alternation behaviour of all animals at baseline, they were divided into three socially housed drug exposure groups, that is, water control (n = 11 per phenotype), escitalopram 50 mg/kg/d (n = 11 per phenotype) and levetiracetam 75 mg/kg/d (Norm-N: n = 9; Comp-H: n = 12). Drugs were administered for 28 days before stereotypy and alternation assessment were repeated. The present data indicate a weak negative relationship between stereotypical intensity and spontaneous alternation. While levetiracetam increased the time spent engaging in normal rodent activity by Comp-H, but not Norm-N animals, neither of the interventions affected the expression of Comp-H behaviour or the alternation behaviour of deer mice. In conclusion, this work points to some degree of cognitive involvement in Comp-H expression, which should be explored to further our understanding of compulsive-like stereotypy.
The experiment of drying process of the fibrous material

Clanek popisuje experiment odpařovani vody, z bavlněne textilie, působenim prouděnim tepleho vzduchu (proces suseni). Teplota vzduchu je měřena termoclankem. Bavlněna tkanina vložena do potrubi představuje porezni vrstvu, ktera obsahuje dane množstvi vody. Při prouděni vzduchu skrz tkaninu vznika tlakový spad, který byl změřen. Vypařovanim vody z textilie se měni vlastnosti vlhkeho vzduchu (teplota, relativni vlhkost), ktere byly take měřeny. Cilem experimentu je ziskat podklady pro nastaveni okrajových podminek, porezni oblasti a model vypařovani v programu Ansys Fluent 13.