Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hopkins' ‘host selection principle’, another nail in its coffin

Abstract. Adult female parasitoids (Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stef.) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) reared on the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) changed their responses to odours of two wheat cultivars (‘Maris Huntsman’ and ‘Rapier’) when the parasitized aphids had been moved from the former to the latter cultivar at various times after parasitization. If the aphids were moved after less than 6 days, the female parasitoids emerging from mummies by then formed on ‘Rapier’ responded positively to that cultivar, whereas parasitoids emerging from mummies transferred as still living aphids after 8 days on ‘Maris Huntsman’, responded positively to that cultivar rather than to ‘Rapier’ on which they had emerged. This appeared to be evidence for Hopkins' ‘host selection principle’, which states that chemical experience acquired by the larva of an endopterygote insect can be transferred through the pupal stage to the adult. However, discrimination in favour of either cultivar disappeared when the parasitoids were reared in aphids on both cultivars, and the emerging females were tested following excision of the pupae from the aphid mummies. The previous discrimination shown by adult parasitoids emerging from aphid mummies must therefore be determined by the chemicals contacted by a parasitoid on the skin of the mummy or while biting its way out of the dead aphid.
On the Connection between Differential Privacy and Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning

Adversarial examples in machine learning has been a topic of intense research interest, with attacks and defenses being developed in a tight back-and-forth. Most past defenses are best-effort, heuristic approaches that have all been shown to be vulnerable to sophisticated attacks. More recently, rigorous defenses that provide formal guarantees have emerged, but are hard to scale or generalize. A rigorous and general foundation for designing defenses is required to get us off this arms race trajectory. We propose leveraging differential privacy (DP) as a formal building block for robustness against adversarial examples. We observe that the semantic of DP is closely aligned with the formal definition of robustness to adversarial examples. We propose PixelDP, a strategy for learning robust deep neural networks based on formal DP guarantees. PixelDP networks give theoretical guarantees for a subset of their predictions regarding the robustness against adversarial perturbations of bounded size. Our evaluation with MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100 shows that PixelDP networks achieve accuracy under attack on par with the best-performing defense to date, but additionally certify robustness against meaningful-size 1-norm and 2-norm attacks for 40-60% of their predictions. Our experience points to DP as a rigorous, broadly applicable, and mechanism-rich foundation for robust machine learning.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus in Amakusa, western Kyushu, Japan

A year-round resident population of bottlenose dolphins is known in the coastal waters of Amakusa-Shimoshima Island, western Kyushu (130 ∞ 07 ¢ E, 32 ∞ 33 ¢ N). 1 There are two types of bottlenose dolphins, the aduncus and the truncatus types, in the Indo-Pacific regions. 2–4 In Japanese waters, bottlenose dolphins with ventral spotting and small body size, which are characteristics of the aduncus type, 2–4 are reported from the Amami Islands (129 ∞ 22 ¢ E, 28 ∞ 18 ¢ N), 5,6 Kagoshima Bay (130 ∞ 37 ¢ E, 31 ∞ 30 ¢ N; Kishiro T. pers. comm., 2000), Mikura Island (139 ∞ 36 ¢ E, 33 ∞ 52 ¢ N) 7 and the Bonin Islands (142 ∞ 11 ¢ E, 26 ∞ 05 ¢ N). 8 Recent taxonomic re-examinations of bottlenose dolphins have indicated that the two types are separate species, Tursiops aduncus and T. truncatus . 9–13 The objective of the present paper is to identify the species of bottlenose dolphins off Amakusa. During our population studies of bottlenose dolphins in the coastal waters of Amakusa-Shimoshima Island, which were initiated in 1994, we were able to obtain samples and data from two carcasses. Both of the specimens were male; MIE001, taken incidentally by a gill net on 26 July 1995; and MIE003, stranded on a beach on 3 May 1998. The age of the two specimens was determined by reading the number of layers on decalcified and hematoxylin-stained tooth sections after Kasuya and Matsui. 14 We took a total of 34 cranial and postcranial measurements following Perrin. 15
Phenotypic and nuclear DNA variation in Tunisian cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

The aim of this study was to assess the morphological diversity of the five most important and widely consumed Tunisian date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars and the possible relationship between phenotypic variation and genome size and ploidy, since polyploidy can occur in this species. Five Tunisian palm date cultivars were evaluated, based on morphological traits and nuclear DNA content. The analysis of variance revealed statistically highly-significant differences among cultivars (Alig, Bsser, Deglet Nour, Kinticha and Hamra) for average palm length (LP) (m), perianth diameter (PD) (mm), pulp thickness (ThP) (cm), 30 fresh fruit weight (30 FrW) (g), 30 fresh seed weight (30 SW) (g), 30 SW/30 FrW ratio (%), fresh seed length (SL) (cm), fresh seed width (SWi) (cm) and water content (WaC) (%). The relationship among these characters was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), resulting in the separation of these cultivars into three groups. The first group included Alig and Deglet Nour, characterized by high values for perianth diameter, pulp thickness, 30 fresh fruit weight and water content. The cultivar Hamra (H) formed a separate group, characterized by high values for seed width, 30 seed weight, 30 seed weight /30fruit weight ratio and seed length. This study shows that certain Tunisian cultivars, apart from Deglet Nour (Alig and Hamra), are particularly recommended for future selection and breeding programs. The morphological variation was not due to differences in ploidy, since the tested cultivars had 2C nuclear DNA contents of 1.729 to 1.80 pg and were all diploids (2n = 2x = 36). The data suggested that the Tunisian cultivars have limited geographical distribution and that P. dactylifera is an ancestral species. Key words: Date palm, fruit, genome size, morphological traits, seed.
Watch and Learn? Using EDpuzzle to Enhance the Use of Online Videos

As the use of videos for learning increases, the need to better use the viewing experience also increases. EDpuzzle is a video-sharing program that offers instructors a way to enhance the use of online videos for learning. It allows instructors to ensure that students have viewed the lesson in its entirety and determine whether they understood its content. The author has used EDpuzzle in undergraduate general business and entrepreneurship classes for homework assignments and has received positive feedback from students about it. Discussions with students have indicated that the use of EDpuzzle helped them focus more on the important aspects of the videos and that they were more confident of their learning after taking embedded quizzes. The qualities EDpuzzle offers are discussed here with particular emphasis on understanding how the application can be used to enhance the use of online videos along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Moral Leadership

Reviewed by Richard J. Caster, principal at Westland High School, Galloway, Ohio. Less leadership is more leadership. That’s a major theme in Sergiovanni’s Moral Leadership. He maintains that &dquo;the more we are able to integrate substitute models (for leadership) into the schoot, the more likely it is that teachers and others will become self-managed. &dquo; Sharing the leadership role is a radical concept with regard to the principal as educational leader. The book does not refute the principal’s role as educational leader; instead, it challenges a number of assumptions of what leadership should look like. The concept of &dquo;substitute leadership&dquo; is illustrated via examples of the strategy at work in the school and presents an excellent rationale for and demonstration of site-based management. Shared leadership makes SBM a leadership style and tool. Moral Leadership puts effective schools, site-based management, quality management, and effective leadership together. The result is an excellent book that offers much to the seasoned administrator and should be on the list of required reading for introductory administration classes. Sergiovanni takes some wellresearched concepts and puts them together in a workable mode. He takes a fresh approach to a much written-about topic by tying loose ends together. The book is available from JosseyBass Publishers, 350 Sansome St., San Francisco, Calif. 94104.
Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) Avoid Crossing Unpaved and Paved Roads

Abstract Fragmentation of natural landscapes by linear anthropogenic features, such as roads, has several negative consequences, including decreasing connectivity between habitats, inhibiting animal movements, and isolating populations. Roads limit animal movements through behavioral avoidance and mortality during crossing attempts. We investigated the impact of a road network on the movement patterns of Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in Québec, Canada. We tested the hypothesis that roads act as a barrier to movements. We monitored 52 Blanding's Turtles (22 females, 24 males, and 6 juveniles) via radiotelemetry during their active season from May to August 2010. Road avoidance was quantified for each individual by comparing the number of inferred road crossings with the number of expected road crossings predicted by 1,000 movement path randomizations. Overall, Blanding's Turtles significantly avoided crossing roads. Roads were a significant barrier to movement for 3–6 of the 52 turtles, and an individual's tendency to cross roads was not influenced by its sex or by the road surface (unpaved or paved). Preserving demographic and genetic connectivity of animal populations separated by roads is a major conservation challenge for species at risk such as the Blanding‘s Turtle.
Investigation of Communication and Radar System Optimization: New Computational and Theoretical Methods

Hollon, Jeffrey R. Ph.D., Interdisciplinary Applied Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, 2018. Investigation of Communication and Radar System Optimization: New Computational and Theoretical Methods. Binary sequences and arrays, their higher dimensional counterparts, play a critical role in today’s technologically advanced world. This thesis explores such sequences and their optimality under various conditions along with their applicability to problems in engineering such as communication and radar systems. A new asymptotically orthogonal type of matrix is defined with computational examples given along with infinite theoretical families. A high energy ternary sequence is developed and shown to have real world promise by simulation of its radar ambiguity function and frame synchronization. Proposed within is an extended and more complete definition for Doppler tolerance by which sequences may be compared for use in radar. A method for turning existing families of binary optimal sequences in to ternary optimal sequences is given along with three example families by Sidelnikov-Lempel-Cohn-Eastman, Ding-Helleseth-Martinsen, and Paley. Various families of Legendre pairs are examined and special type, called a Yamada-Pott pair, is defined and explored giving interesting insight into various families of sequences. Finally, the optimality of binary sequences is discussed with searches for sequences with minimal sumof-square autocorrelation gives rise to an order 39 matrix with large determinant, related to the D-Optimal design problem, and an affirmation of an optimal length 41 sequence.
Identification of good combiners in early maturing × high yielding cultivars of Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Line × tester analysis involving seven early maturing lines and four high yielding testers, made to produce 28 F1s hybrids. The F1 data revealed that both additive and non-additive gene were important in controlling yield contribution in Indica rice. Variances were significant for GCA and SCA effects for all the characters indicating the significance of both additive and non-additive genes. There was high proportion of non-additive genes for the expression of different traits. Cultivars Anjali, MTU-7029 and BPT-5204 were identified as best general combiners for yield and yield traits among the parents. The most promising specific combiners for grain yield and its contributing traits were Govind × HUR 105, NDR 97 × HUR 4-3, Anjali × HUR 4-3, NDR 97 × MTU 7029, Vandana × BPT 5204, Shanthi × HUR 105, Anjali × MTU 7029 and Shanthi × BPT 5204.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF MONTANE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

Abstract Carabid taxa inhabiting the montane forests of México and Central America are analyzed using cladistic biogeographic methods. Taxa exhibiting the Nearctic, Meso-American Montane, and Paleo-American distributional patterns are included in the analysis. Widespread taxa are assumed to indicate that the areas of endemism they inhabit are closely related, and the general pattern of area relationships is determined using parsimony analysis. Of the nine areas of endemism recognized in the analysis, the Sierra Madre Oriental is considered the most distinct. The northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Arizona Mountains, and Sonoran Desert comprise one monophyletic set of areas, as do the more southerly areas of the Sierra Transvolcanica, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapan–Guatemalan highlands, and Talamancan Cordillera. The southern Sierra Madre Occidental area of endemism is equivocally related to both areas to the north and areas to the south. Biogeographic information derived from widespread species is as congruent with the general area cladogram as information derived from groups with precinctive species, indicating that the same biogeographic barriers often limit distributions of both widespread species and more inclusive clades comprising precinctive species. Taxa exhibiting the Meso-American Montane Pattern are more congruent with the general area cladogram than those representing the Nearctic Pattern, even though they exhibit less fidelity to highland habitats. Résumé Les taxa carabiques que habitent les forêts montagnes de Mexique et l’Amérique Centrale sont analysant par les méthodes de biogéographie cladistique. Les taxa que exhibent les patrons Néarctique, Méso-Américain Montagne, et Paléo-Américain sont comprisant en l’analyse. Les espèces répandu sont supposant à indiqué monophylie de les aires d’endémisme occupant. Le cladogram de les aires général est dérivant par l’analyse parcimonie. De les neuf aires d’endémisme reconnaître en l’analyse, le Sierra Madré Oriental est considérant le plus distinct. La nord Sierra Madré Occidental, les montagnes d’Arizona, et le Désert de Sonora comprisent un groupe monophyletique d’aires, comme sont l’aires du sud; la Sierra Transvolcanica, Sierra Madré del Sur, les montagnes de Chiapas et Guatemala, et le Cordillera de Talamanca. La sud Sierra Madré Occidental est relatant équivocement à laires du nord et du sud. Le renseignement biogéographique dérivé de les espèces répandu est aussi congru avec le cladogram général des aires que le renseignement dérivé de les groupes avec les espèces limité. Cet indique que les même barrières biogéographiques souvent limitent tout les deux répartitions de les espèces répandu et plus inclusif clades contenant les espèces limité. Les taxa que exhibent le patron Méso-Américain Montagne sont plus de congru avec le cladogram général des aires que ces que représentent le patron Néarctique, quand même ces exhibent moins fidélité à les habitats montagneux.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE MARINE CENTRIC DIATOM GENUS PARALIA. II. PARALIA CRENULATA, P. FAUSTA AND THE NEW SPECIES, P. HENDEYI

Details of the morphology of three fossil species of the marine diatom genus Paralia are presented. Those of P. thybergii Stabell are added in order to distinguish it from P. crenulata (Grun.) Gleser which is illustrated from well-preserved material. Melosira fausta A Schmidt is newly combined with Paralia and illustrated for the first time with SEM; P. hendeyi Sims & Crawford is descibed as new. All are compared with each other, with the fossil species P. siberica (A. Schmidt) Crawford & Sims and with the only extant member of the genus, P. sulcata (Ehrenb.) Cleve.
Acidic allomones in marine organisms

The phenomenon of acid secretion has arisen independently many times, for feeding, for penetrating calcareous material to make a shelter or to pursue prey, or for defence. This last category contains examples from many groups of marine organisms, in which acidic allomones may serve to deter fouling by epibionts or predation by teleost fish. Histochemical and histophysical methods have increased the precision with which acidic allomones can be identified within acid vacuoles, cells, glands, sacs or capsules. Acidic allomones are produced in pleurobranch molluscs by unicellular epidermal glands, by multicellular subepidermal sacs, or by an arborescent internal acid gland, connected to the buccal mass by a thick medio-dorsal duct. Some species have all three types. In the case of the epidermis, discharge is probably triggered directly by the trauma of attack by a predator (effectively, holocrine discharge), but the other types of gland are discharged by contraction of a strong muscle sheath, without tissue damage. Cypraeid molluscs have extensive, mobile mantle lobes which can ensheath the massive shell temporarily. The epidermal acid glands are orientated within the mantle so as to discharge away from the shell. The lamellariid and philinid molluscs have internal shells, well protected from chemical attack, and the multicellular, subepidermal acid glands are situated over all the surfaces of the body. In the tunicates investigated, both blood and tunic were neutral in Ciona intestinalis, but they were both acid (pH 1) in Ascidiella aspersa. In Ascidiella scabra and Ascidia mentula the blood was neutral, and the tunic alone was acid. The acid tunics contained abundant blind lacunae. It is unlikely that these acid-filled lacunae correspond to the blind-ending arterial ampullae described by other workers. Discharge is probably brought about directly through the trauma of attack. The perennial species of the alga Desmarestia, D. aculeata, exhibited a pH near to neutrality. Two annual species, D. dresnayi and D. ligulata, contained acid of pH 1–2, and showed strong precipitation of BaSO4 after BaCl2 treatment. Sections confirmed that the acid is normally held within the swollen parenchymatous cells which pack the sporophyte frond. The cuticle is comparatively thin in the acidic species. In conclusion, it is argued that acid secretion may be the allelochemical analogue of warning or aposematic coloration.
Characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

606 Background: Between 3-5% of CRC patients have BRCA1/2 pathogenic mutations. This study aims to identify associations between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and clinical characteristics in CRC. Methods: A total of 6396 CRC tumor samples were tested with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on a 592-gene panel, pathogenic or presumed pathogenic variants were counted as mutations (mt). Microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were tested by NGS. Statistical correlations were investigated using ANOVA, Chi-square and t-test. Results: Among tumors sampled, 53% derived from male patients and median age was 60 years. BRCA1 mt were detected in 1.1% (n = 72) of tumors, while BRCA2 in 2.8% (n = 179). BRCA1 mt were more frequent in women (W;65%) than men (M;35%) (p = 0.0019) while no relationship with sex was seen for BRCA2 mt (42% F vs. 58% M). No significant associations with age were noticed. Majority of pathogenic mt in BRCA1 (52%; n = 34) and BRCA2 (62%; n = 103) occurred in MSI-High (MSI-H) cases. MSI-H pts had more frameshift mt in both BRCA1/2 than MSS pts. MSS cases had lower rates of BRCA1 and 2 pathogenic mt (44% and 37%, respectively). Right-sided tumors were significantly associated with BRCA1 (p = 0.0056) and BRCA2 (p < 0.0001) mt in MSI-H cases only. BRCA1/2 mt were associated with higher TMB in all CRCs, including MSI-H and MSS cases (p < 0.001). POLE mt (n = 31) were associated with higher BRCA1/2 mt rates (9.6%, 55% respectively). Among MSS cases with POLE wild-type status, BRCA1 (p = 0.0269) and BRCA2 (p = 0.0151) mt were associated with high TMB and combining both BRCA1/2 mutations led to an even higher TMB (3.6%; p = 0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study to show that BRCA1/2 mutations are more frequent in MSI-H, and independently associated with higher TMB, pathogenic POLE mutations, and right-sided tumors in MSI-H CRCs. Given their relationship with TMB, the presence of BRCA1/2 mutations may be potential predictive biomarkers for checkpoint or PARP inhibitors in CRC, a finding that should be prospectively evaluated.
Distribution of mast cells in the skin and mesentery of BALB/c and C57BL mice

classes. But the same fastidious requirements for their visualization removed them from considdration in most routine studies of normal a d abnormal tissues, resulting in a long de 4 ay in accumulation of information on their relationship to physiological and pathological states. Only a few histologists paid special attention to these cells during the early part of this century and they commonly found the mast cell to be an enilgma. Maximow was one of these. In tha first edition of his Textbook of Histology ('30), his bewilderment is admitted frarikly with the concluding statement : "Nothiing is known of the functional significance Of the mast cells. " During tha intervening 30 years, these cells have moved from the class of scientific curiositiqs, to be demonstrated to students and thien forgotten, to become objects of inten$ive and widespread research efforts. Associations of mast cells with the storage or elaboration of histamine, heparin, sero onin, hyaluronic acid and a variety of ce d ular enzymes have been reported. Thrqugh these compounds the mast cells haye been implicated in a great variety of p siological and pathological conditions. s ypersensitivity, blood clotting defects, hypertension, wound healing, psychic disturbances, collagen diseases and atherosclqrosis may be mentioned as a beginning. TDpographie associations implicate these same cells as possibly inadmirable 1 emonstrations for cytology volved in skin pigmentation, the response to radiation, and in carcinogenesis. Inasmuch as several extensive reviews on these topics have been published recently, it seems unnecessary to discuss the subjects here. The most comprehensive are the volumes by Riley ('59) and Kelsall and Crabb ('59). Other general reviews are by Padawer ('57) and by Fulton et al. ('57). Earlier literature has been reviewed extensively in relation to radiation by Pettersson ('54), to wound healing and mesenchymal tumors in monographs by Sylv6n ('41 and '45), to atherosclerosis by Watson ('58), and to chemical carcinogenesis by Cramer and Simpson ('44). As in the other chronic diseases with which mast cells are associated, the role of these elements in neoplasia is st i l l poorly understood. The increased number of mast cells around benign tumors and near but not within malignant epithelial tumors has been observed by many investigators including Higuchi ('30), Janes and McDonald ('48) and Lascano ('58). Massive local accumulations of mast cells have been described in association with the precancerous hyperplasia of mouse skin induced with a variety of chemical agents. Such accumulations were described early following the applications of tars to mouse skins and later with the pure hydrocarbon carcinogens (Cramer and Simpson, '44). Thus a local increase in the number of mast cells is a common feature antecedent to spontaneous human cancer and to the