Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convergence and historical effects in harvester ant assemblages of Australia, North America, and South America

Abstract In this paper I examine the extent to which contemporary ecological patterns in 42 harvester ant assemblages of three continents can be explained as a result of present-day environments or from differences in the history of each ant biota. The contribution of each factor to the overall variability of six community characters was evaluated by the ANOVA procedure. The method revealed absence of convergence in three-continent and pairwise-continent analyses in almost every community attribute that was measured. Significant convergence was detected only in the foraging score for the North America-South America comparison. This implies that the foraging mode used by ants for searching seeds is more similar within similar environments in the two continents than between different environments in the same continent. Significant historical effects were much more prevalent than convergence both in three-continent and pairwise-continent comparisons. Abundance at baits, body size, and foraging distance were more variable within similar environments in different continents than between different environments in the same continent. The overall absence of convergence documented in this study suggests that constraints related to the evolutionary history of each species assemblage have inhibited convergent evolution in response to local selective pressures.
Grape Pomace as a Potential Food Fiber

Grape pomace, and insoluble and soluble dietary fiber (DF) fractions, obtained by enzymatic-gravimetric methods, were analyzed for neutral sugars, uranic acids, Klason lignin and amino acids. DF constituted 80% of dry matter, IDF was the major fraction. The main neutral sugar constituent of IDF was glucose. The major part was cellulose and the remainder, along with xylose, was a xyloglucan, which also contained fucose. Uranic acids accounted for 64% of SDF and a high amount of arabinose, galactose and mannose were also included in that fraction. Proteins were not well solubilized by the assay enzymes. During the isolation of DF fractions a considerable solubilization of polyphenols was observed. These compounds were associated with Klason lignin in the starting material. Composition of DF fractions enables grape pomace to be considered a useful fiber-rich food ingredient.
25. The Duration and Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Primates

Summary. Data regarding the menstrual cycle of various Primates are summarized in Table II. In animals which undergo a sexual-skin cycle the phase of swelling (folli-cular phase) is generally longer and more variable than the phase of quiescence (luteal phase). This finding is related to the well-established view that the luteal phase in the human menstrual cycle is generally less variable than the pre-ovulation phase. Various issues concerning the sexual skin, including the sexual coloration of some male monkeys, are considered.
Power-Efficient Single-Sideband Transmission With Clipped Iterative SSBI Cancellation

Distributed data-center networks rely on power and cost-efficient high-speed fiber optical connections over distances up to 80 km which can be densely wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) in the C-band. Recently, single-sideband (SSB) direct detection (DD) has been considered as an attractive transmission scheme for achieving data rates beyond 100 Gb/s per channel over 80 km. The advantages of SSB DD transmission include its simple transceiver architecture and its capability of electronic dispersion compensation. However, SSB transmissions require a carrier-to-signal power ratio (CSPR) of around 10 dB, even when signal-signal beat interference (SSBI) cancellations are applied. This high CSPR value reduces the power efficiency of the system and limits the total number of WDM channels and accordingly the total system capacity due to power limitation of optical amplifiers. In this article, we propose an iterative SSBI cancellation scheme, which can be effectively applied without digital upsampling at low CSPR values. Using this technique, we have experimentally demonstrated a 30 Gbaud 128 QAM SSB direct detection transmission over 80 km with a low CSPR of 5 dB, showing 4.6 dB performance improvement compared to the Kramers–Kronig scheme operated without digital upsampling.
Evaluation of internal loading and water level changes: implications for phosphorus, algal production, and nuisance blooms in Kabetogama Lake, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

Abstract Hydrologic manipulations have the potential to exacerbate or remediate eutrophication in productive reservoirs. Dam operations at Kabetogama Lake, Minnesota, were modified in 2000 to restore a more natural water regime and improve water quality. The US Geological Survey and National Park Service evaluated nutrient, algae, and nuisance bloom data in relation to changes in Kabetogama Lake water levels. Comparison of the results of this study to previous studies indicates that chlorophyll a concentrations have decreased, whereas total phosphorus (TP) concentrations have not changed significantly since 2000. Water and sediment quality data were collected at Voyageurs National Park during 2008–2009 to assess internal phosphorus loading and determine whether loading is a factor affecting TP concentrations and algal productivity. Kabetogama Lake often was mixed vertically, except for occasional stratification measured in certain areas, including Lost Bay in the northeastern part of Kabetogama Lake. Stratification, higher bottom water and sediment nutrient concentrations than in other parts of the lake, and phosphorus release rates estimated from sediment core incubations indicated that Lost Bay is one of several areas that may be contributing to internal loading. Internal loading of TP is a concern because increased TP may cause excessive algal growth including potentially toxic cyanobacteria.
Modern pollen spectra from lakes in arctic western Canada

Fifty-four samples of modern sediment from Banks Island and the Melville–Horton region of the Northwest Territories illustrate the major features of pollen deposition from the high to low arctic. Modern pollen deposition in the high arctic of Banks Island is characterized by up to 14% windblown tree pollen. Indicator taxa of the high and mid arctic include Oxyria (<5–23%), Saxifragaceae, Saxifraga oppositifolia, and Cruciferae (all up to 8%) and Dryas (up to 3%). Arboreal pollen increases to 60% in low-arctic and subarctic samples. Pollen concentration decreases from between 3 500 and 20 000 in the low arctic to less than 5 000 grains/cm3 in the high and mid arctic. Pollen spectra from the Late Glacial of northwestern Canada differ from those of the modern high and mid arctic not only by the absence of trees and shrubs but also in the relative proportions of Artemisia and of such indicator taxa as Oxyria and Saxifragaceae.
Hold-Up Time Compensation Circuit of Half-Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for High Light-Load Efficiency

This article proposes a half-bridge LLC resonant converter applying a simple circuit with a variable magnetizing inductance scheme for hold-up time requirement. By changing the magnetizing inductance of the main transformer, the proposed converter can satisfy the hold-up time requirement without sacrificing efficiency, featuring small conduction, and turn-off switching losses of the primary switches in the nominal status. In addition, the proposed converter can relieve the burden of the additional components by positioning them on the signal path, and the proposed circuit is self-powered by adding only one additional winding instead of the isolated power supply. Therefore, those of the size and cost of the proposed circuit can be reduced compared to the previous studies. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified with a 350 W prototype converter (56 V/6.25 A), and the improved circuit for the transient mode was also presented. The experimental results validated the theoretical analysis and showed the effectiveness of the proposed converter for high-efficiency applications, especially in light-load conditions.
Stopover Behaviour and Dominance: A Case Study of the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

In migrants that occupy and defend territories during migration, social status can determine access to preferred resources and alter stopover behaviour. The potential variation in stopover behaviour between dominant and subordinate individuals of the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, a territorial migrant bird species, was examined at an offshore stopover area on the island of Helgoland during the spring of 2009. Overall, territories were occupied and defended by dominant birds (identified as those that won ≥50% of the conspecific aggressive encounters). Dominant birds also initiated most conspecific aggression. Unable to settle and defend a territory, subordinates tended to be vagrant and stopped over for shorter periods of time. This is likely due to the fact that subordinates were continuously displaced by dominants, and therefore had less access to food. Subordinates also tended to forage at lower rates. Northern Wheatears were primarily found in zones with a higher number of shelters, supporting the idea that avoidance of predation plays a role in site selection.
Design of an Artificial Dummy for Human Metal Model ESD

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) generators do not match each other, nor do the currents and fields from the discharge of a human via a piece of metal match those from ESD generators. A more realistic characterization of the field performance of a device under test (DUT) can be achieved using human subjects. To avoid using actual humans, while still achieving similar results, a full-size dummy has been designed. Its performance is verified by comparing it to currents and fields from human ESD and ESD generators.
The hyperhydricity ofin vitroregenerants of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is linked with an abnormal DNA content

Summary The grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus ) is a wild relative of the protein pea which may be a useful genetic resource for the acquisition of interesting stress resistance traits. However, grass pea is cross incompatible with pea, leaving protoplast fusion as the only alternative to produce interspecific hybrids of grass pea and pea. In addition, as all grass pea seeds contain a toxic aminoacid, low-toxin containing genotypes will have to be produced by gene transfer. In this context, it is therefore essential that regenerated plants are fertile, true-to-type and not chimaeric in nature when they have been obtained in absence of any selection treatment. In the present study, shoot buds were regenerated from hypocotyls of three grass pea genotypes, and flow cytometry permitted us to characterise them in terms of nuclear DNA content. Plant regeneration competence was genotype-dependent and strongly also was correlated with a normal DNA content. The auxin/cytokinin balance of regeneration media affected the DNA level of regenerants. In turn, an abnormal DNA content was systematically associated with severe hyperhydricity symptoms, which hampered the regeneration of rooted, fertile plants.
Metapopulation dynamics of a flightless alpine insect Hemideina maori in a naturally fragmented habitat

Abstract 1. Despite widespread acceptance of metapopulation theory, the effects that inter‐patch dispersal and variability in patch size have on metapopulation dynamics in insects are two issues that require further study. In addition, previous studies of metapopulations have tended to focus on organisms with high dispersal capabilities such as some species of butterfly and bird.
The use of the wetting front detector as an irrigation‐scheduling tool for pepper production in the Upper East Region of Ghana: Evidence from field experiment and farmers' perceptions

We compare the effect of the wetting front detector on yield and water productivity with farmers' practices (FP) and irrigation requirements based on crop water requirement calculation (IRCWR). A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the wetting front detector, FP and IRCWR combined with six fertilizer rates. We also interviewed 50 farmers to understand their perception about the use and associated concerns with the wetting front detector. Analysis of variance and partial budget economic analysis were performed. The results show that the wetting front detector saved 16% of irrigation water compared to FP, which in turn led to 16% labour saving to irrigate pepper as compared to FP. Yield and water productivity of pepper were not significantly affected by the irrigation regimes. Regardless of irrigation regimes, yield of pepper was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatment in both years. Although the highest fresh fruit yield of pepper (8.6 t ha−1) was recorded from Fortifer granules, the highest marginal rate of return was obtained from application of inorganic fertilizer including 173 N, 36 P,18 K ha¯¹. The majority of farmers perceived the wetting front detector as low risk and compatible to use. The result also suggests that farmers are interested in buying and adopting the tool for future use. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring Detergency Functions as Affected by Various Detergents and Procedures against Milk Films by Application of a Mechanical Washing Apparatus

Summary Detergency studies were made on various types of washing products. These were made by washing raw milk films from glass surfaces by a devised mechanical apparatus and measuring result in terms of light transmission by use of a Cenco-Sheard spectrophotelometer. An appreciable difference was observed in detergency as affected by detergent material and variations in washing procedure that was measured by light transmission readings. Highest detergency values were secured with solutions prepared of near-neutral wetting agent and metaphosphate mixtures. Next in order of detergency were slightly alkaline wetting agent detergent, alkaline salts containing wetting agent, alkaline salts containing metaphosphate and acid detergent solution which gave lowest and entirely inadequate detergency. Prerinsing effects demonstrated depressive detergency action with both hard and soft water with all detergents except acid. Better detergency was secured with soft water than with hard water. Highly improved detergency was attained when prerinsing with water containing metaphosphate in slight excess of that required for sequestration of water hardness. After rinsing effects demonstrated improved detergency with alkaline detergents when hard and soft water were used at 150° F. Depressed detergency occurred with acid, wetting agent and wetting agent plus metaphosphate detergents. However, soft water for final rinse gave better results than hard water. When wetting agent-metaphosphate detergent was used and the final rinse contained 0.10 and 0.15 per cent metaphosphate in water containing 300 to 320 p.p.m. hardness, high light-transmission readings were maintained throughout repeated washing trials. Highest and practically complete detergency as measured by light transmission occurred when 0.10 and 0.15 per cent wetting agent-metaphosphate detergents were usd in the final rinse.
Leaf Extension in Zea mays III. FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LEAF EXTENSION IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE AND LEAF WATER POTENTIAL

Leaf extension rates of young maize plants were measured in the field. Large diurnal fluctua tions of air temperature from about 5-35 °C caused extension rates to vary from 0-4 mm h_1 3-6 mm Ir1. When the temperature of the shoot apical meristem was kept at 30-34 °C, extension rates remained constant, despite diurnal fluctuations of air temperature. Leaf water potentials ( 35 °C, whereas minimum night tem peratures were sometimes less than 5 °C. Since optimum air temperature for the growth of the variety of maize used in these experiments has been shown to be about 31 °C (Blacklow, 1972), it was important to determine rates of leaf extension in response to diurnal fluctuations of temperature. Also, as one of the wider aims of the research programme was to provide input to a model to predict the growth of maize, it was necessary to determine which organs were most sensitive to temperature, particularly in the early vegetative stage. 1 Present address: Department of Botany, University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB9 2UD. This content downloaded from 207.46. 13.184 on Fri, 29 Jul 2016 05:46:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 1086 Watts—Leaf Extension in Zea mays Studies in controlled environments have indicated that leaf extension in maize stops at relatively high values of i/> (Boyer, 1970; Acevedo, Hsiao, and Henderson, 1971). In contrast, field studies have shown that leaf extension of maize may continue at much lower values of f (Cary and Wright, 1971). In order to investigate these apparent differences in response, measurements of if were made in both the field and in controlled-environment cabinets, and related to leaf extension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field measurements Maize seeds (United 108) were sown sequentially throughout the growing season so that plants at the 4th to 7th leaf stage (i.e. with their shoot apical meristems just above the soil surface), were available for measurements over the period June to August. On selected days, leaf extension was measured continuously with an auxanometer as described by Kleinendorst and Brouwer (1970). As the leaf elongated the output was recorded on a Hewlett Packard chart recorder and hourly rates of leaf elongation were calculated. Temperature measurements were made with copper-constantan thermocouples connected to a Leeds and Northrup 12-point Speedomax recorder. Air temperature was measured by a shielded thermocouple at 30 cm height. For some measurements of leaf extension the tempera ture of the shoot apical meristem was controlled by clamping a split copper block around the base of the plant when the meristem was just above the soil surface (Pig. 1). A thermoelectric module (Cambion Model 3952-01), operating on the Peltier principle, was attached to the side of the copper block and the whole unit was enclosed in a block of expanded polystyrene for Supporting rod S N. pu]]ey fixed to shaft i 7 lof potentiometer Tripod 50 g weight Q Fine wire / -Tip of youngest emerged leaf To temperature-control unit \
Measuring reproductive condition in the Greenshell™ mussel Perna canaliculus

Abstract The annual reproductive cycle of Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) was investigated for 1 year by collecting monthly gonad samples from an intertidal population. Gonads of 50 animals were dissected and photographically recorded on video before being fixed for histological sectioning. The histological gonad sections were examined both qualitatively, using a classification and scoring system (S) and quantitatively, using image analysis technology. The quantitative measures used were the proportion of: (1) sections comprising follicles (FC); (2) sections comprising gametes (GC); and (3) the proportion of follicles comprising gametes (G/F). Significant consecutive monthly changes in the qualitative and quantitative measures indicated major spawning events. Gametogenesis occurred during winter with a spawning in August‐September. Gonad condition remained low during the spring and early summer until a development period between January and March. A second major spawning event occurred between March and April. There was a high degree of synchrony in reproductive status observed between the sexes. When comparing the four measurement methods using the f statistic as an index of power the GC measure was found to be the most reliable. A gonad visual grading system was developed for rapid assessment of gonad reproductive status and tested. Visual grades of pre‐recorded gonad samples were compared to the histological measures. Increasing visual grade correlated strongly with increases in all of the histological measurements. The visual grading was a good predictor of the spawning activity of female P. canaliculus.
Morphological Studies of Laurencia gemmifera and Laurencia poiteaui (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Nichupté Lagoon System, Quintana Roo, Mexico

Morphological studies were carried out on Laurencia gemmifera and L. poiteaui from the Nichupte Lagoon System, Quintana Roo, Mexico. These species share morphological similarities and possess features intermediate between the subgenera Laurencia Lamouroux and Chondrophycus Tokida et Saito, including secondary pit-connections between adjacent cortical cells and a right-angle arrangement of the tetrasporangia. They are, however, easily differentiated by their respective habits and anatomical details. Vegetative and reproductive features of Laurencia gemmifera and L. poiteaui are reported here. Despite the fact that the two species share characteristics common to both subgenera Laurencia and Chondrophycus, they appear to be more closely related to subgenus Chondrophycus.
GLYPHOSATE PLUS DICAMBA SPRAY SOLUTION DEPOSITION, COVERAGE, AND EFFICACY AS INFLUENCED BY SPRAY NOZZLE DESIGN AND WEED DENSITY

OF THESIS GLYPHOSATE PLUS DICAMBA SPRAY SOLUTION DEPOSITION, COVERAGE, AND EFFICACY AS INFLUENCED BY SPRAY NOZZLE DESIGN AND WEED DENSITY Dicamba injury to sensitive soybean and other broadleaf crops due to drift is a major issue and label restrictions have been created to mitigate dicamba drift. One restriction is the mandated use of low drift nozzles to spray dicamba; these nozzles produce larger droplets and minimize the production of driftable fines. Experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicide coverage, deposition, and efficacy. Three spray nozzle designs and different weed densities were the main factors in the analysis. Dicamba plus glyphosate was applied to 5 to 10 cm tall weeds with a Turbo TeeJet (TT11005) nozzle and two drift reduction nozzles approved for dicamba applications: Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI11005) and Pentair Ultra Lo-Drift (ULD12005). Weed densities were categorized into different levels and established in a 0.25 m2 quadrant prior to post application. Deposition of spray solution on targeted weeds was not different despite coverage differences observed on Kromekote spray cards. The results from this research has shown that drift reduction nozzles do not reduce herbicide efficacy onto targeted weed species because spray solution deposition was equivalent across nozzle. High weed densities may reduce overall herbicide performance, and in some cases may interact with nozzle design.
A Nonlinear Controller Design for Power Conversion Units in Islanded Micro-grids using Interconnection and Damping Assignment Tracking Control

Conventional controllers for electronically interfaced distributed generators (EI-DGs) that utilize droop controllers along with voltage/current proportional-Integral (PI) controllers illustrate undesirable transient responses in facing large disturbances generated following the changes in the system operating point. This article presents a nonlinear tracking controller for multisource EI-DGs operating in islanded micro-grids (MGs). The proposed controller is designed based on interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based controller (IDA-PBC) in the synchronous reference frame (SRF). The controller accounts for the complete dynamics of power conversion units (PCU) components that include DC/DC boost converters coupled with DC/AC inverter units through the interlinking capacitor and are connected to the grid through LC filters. The proposed controller enables PCUs to smoothly suppress the voltage/current and active/reactive power transitions during system operating point changes while precisely track the reference commands generated by the droop controllers. A set of time-domain simulations using realistic modeling of components of PCUs are carried out on a multi-resource islanded MG to validate the results. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of PI controllers and existing nonlinear control strategies.