Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consensus and polarization in competing complex contagion processes

The rate of adoption of new information depends on reinforcement from multiple sources in a way that often cannot be described by simple contagion processes. In such cases, contagion is said to be complex. Complex contagion happens in the diffusion of human behaviours, innovations and knowledge. Based on that evidence, we propose a model that considers multiple, potentially asymmetric and competing contagion processes and analyse its respective population-wide dynamics, bringing together ideas from complex contagion, opinion dynamics, evolutionary game theory and language competition by shifting the focus from individuals to the properties of the diffusing processes. We show that our model spans a dynamical space in which the population exhibits patterns of consensus, dominance, and, importantly, different types of polarization, a more diverse dynamical environment that contrasts with single simple contagion processes. We show how these patterns emerge and how different population structures modify them through a natural development of spatial correlations: structured interactions increase the range of the dominance regime by reducing that of dynamic polarization, tight modular structures can generate structural polarization, depending on the interplay between fundamental properties of the processes and the modularity of the interaction network.
The hysteresis effect of sediment transport systems

Factors of importance to the generation of complex sediment rating curves involving hysteresis effects are discussed. Temporary storage of sediments in channels, and interaction between fluvial processes and some other sediment producing process, may be recognized as two fundamentally different situations associated with the phenomenon. An examination of sediment transport in glacierized river basins shows that variable discharge in broad shallow channels may cause temporary storage of sediments within the channel system. Implications for the sediment budget in river systems are discussed.
Effects of atmospheric particles from Southern California on the optical properties of seawater

[1] The role of particles deposited from the atmosphere to the ocean is poorly understood in ocean optics. We examined the light absorption and scattering properties of atmospheric particulate matter, which was collected by dry deposition near the Pacific coastline in La Jolla, Southern California, and then suspended in particle-free seawater for subsequent laboratory measurements. Within these suspensions, we measured the spectral absorption and beam attenuation coefficients, particle size distribution, and particle mass concentration of atmospheric particles. We also determined the 4-week average aerosol deposition rates at the experimental site over a period of 9 months. The mass-specific particle absorption ap*(λ) and scattering bp*(λ) coefficients showed considerable variability among the samples because of the variations in particle size distribution and composition. For example, ap*(440) was on average 0.042 m2 g−1 but exhibited over fivefold range among the samples. At near-infrared wavelengths (750–800 nm), the magnitude of ap* was significant (>0.02 m2 g−1 for a number of samples) and is likely attributable to the presence of black carbon. The bp*(λ) values were virtually wavelength-independent because of the significant presence of relatively large particles (>10 μm) in our samples. The magnitude of bp*(λ) varied within a 3.5-fold range, with an average value of ∼0.27 m2 g−1. Our determinations of absorption and scattering by atmospheric particles coupled with radiative transfer simulations suggest that aerosol deposition may have sizable effect on ocean optical properties, including remote sensing reflectance under certain scenarios of deposition events, residence time of deposited particles within the water column, and particle properties.
Last millennium dispersal of air-fall tephra and ocean-rafted pumice towards the north Icelandic shelf and the Nordic seas

Abstract The paper focuses on dispersal of airborne tephra that may have reached the marine environment north of Iceland during the last millennium, particularly the shelf off north Iceland. Many of these tephra horizons may extend into the Nordic Seas and the Arctic. The tephrochronology of Iceland after the settlement in the late ninth century AD relates to volcanic events that have been dated with documentary records as well as ice cores. The relevant eruptions for long-distance transport of tephra have been explosive or partly explosive, and mostly deposited from volcanic plumes. However, other methods of transport into the area north of Iceland are also considered. These include rafting of pumice from offshore eruptions elsewhere around Iceland, leading to instantaneous flotation of tephra, and river-rafted pumice from inland areas of heavy tephra fall, as well as potential contributions from volcanogenic glacial bursts. Airborne tephra in 25–30 explosive and partly explosive eruptions had the potential to reach the north Icelandic shelf and beyond during the time slice considered here. Four instances of ocean-rafted pumice off the north coast are known. Tephra from 15 of these eruptions has been identified in marine cores from the north Icelandic shelf and eastern Norwegian sea.
Elastic constants of single‐crystal rutile under pressures to 7.5 kilobars

The elastic constants of single-crystal rutile measured to 7.5 kb at 25°C and to 100°C at 1 bar, by the ultrasonic interferometry technique, are found to vary linearly with pressure and temperature within experimental error. The pressure and temperature derivatives of the elastic constants are:Cij dCij/dP dCij/dT, kb/degC11 6.47 −0.51C33 8.34 −0.90C44 1.10 −0.22C66 6.43 −0.78C12 9.10 −0.58C13 5.02 −0.33The value of (dKs/dP), where Ks is the isotropic adiabatic bulk modulus derived from the Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) approximation, is 6.76; this value is higher than the values reported for other oxides of geophysical importance, such as MgO, Al2O3, and CaO but is close to the value for SiO2 (α quartz). The value of (dμH/dp), where μH is the isotropic shear modulus derived from the VRH approximation, is low (0.78); its geophysical implication is discussed. The values for (dKs/dT) and (dμH/dT) are −0.41 and −0.27 kb/deg, respectively. Significantly large differences between (dμv/dP) and (dμR/dP) and between (dμv/dT) and (Dμv/dT) are found in rutile because of its elastic anisotropy. The pressure and temperature dependence of the isotropic velocities are: (dνp/dP) = 7.64 × 10−3 km/sec/kb; (dνs/dP) = 5.20 × 10−4 km/sec/kb; (dνp/dT = −8.9 × 10−4 km/sec/deg; and (dνs/dT) = −3.9 × 104 km/sec/deg. The values obtained for the critical thermal gradients (∂T/∂Z)νs and (∂T/∂Z)ν s are, respectively, 4.64 and 1.74°C/km; the significance of the low (∂T/∂Z)ν s value is that no unreasonably high temperature gradient would be necessary to effect a decrease in shear velocity with depth. The reported shock-wave and X-ray data for rutile are discussed in the light of the ultrasonic equation of state.
Chromatin-level Regulation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters B R I E F C O M M U N I C at I O N S

Loss-of-function Aspergillus nidulans CclA, a Bre2 ortholog involved in histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, activated the expression of cryptic secondary metabolite clusters in A. nidulans. One new cluster generated monodictyphenone, emodin and emodin derivatives, whereas a second encoded two anti-osteoporosis polyketides, F9775A and F9775B. Modification of the chromatin landscape in fungal secondary metabolite clusters allows for a simple technological means to express silent fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters. Aspergilli are ubiquitous filamentous fungi whose members include human and plant pathogens and industrial fungi with tremendous medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance. Although demonstrating synteny along large tracks of their sequenced genomes, members of this genus vary remarkably in their secondary metabolome, possibly reflecting a chemical arsenal important in niche securement 1,2. The sheer numbers of unique secondary metabolite (SM) genes highlight the genus as a potentially rich source of bioactive metabolites for medicinal and pharmaceutical use. Gene wealth, however, has not translated well into compound production, in part due to an inability to find conditions promoting expression of SM gene clusters. Some progress has been achieved in activating SM gene cluster expression using the model organism Aspergillus nidulans. Genome sequence analysis of A. nidulans reveals dozens of putative SM gene clusters including the well-studied penicillin G (1) and sterigmato-cystin (2) clusters 3. Yet, the regulation mechanism of the expression of most SM gene clusters and their concomitant products remains veiled. Two approaches for activating otherwise silent clusters have been recently described. One strategy, using the knowledge that many SM gene clusters contain a pathway-specific transcription factor, involved fusing an inducible promoter to a cluster transcription factor leading to the production of hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide metabolites, the cytotoxic aspyridones A (3) and B (4) 4. A second approach, based on genomic mining of microarrays generated from mutants of the global regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA 5–7 , led to the identification of the anti-tumor compound terrequinone A (5) 8. Efforts to uncover the regulatory role of LaeA revealed that some subtelomeric SM gene clusters were located in heterochromatic regions of the genome where suppression was relieved by deletion of a key histone deacetylase 9. The importance of histone modifications in SM gene clusters was also reflected in the initiation and spread of histone H4 acetylation concurrent with transcriptional activation of the subtelomeric A. parasiticus aflatoxin B1 (6) gene cluster 10. A consideration of the accruing evidence linking chromatin modifications with SM gene …
Assimilation of SCIAMACHY total column CO observations: Global and regional analysis of data impact

[1] Carbon monoxide (CO) total column observations from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) on board Envisat-1 are assimilated into the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office constituent assimilation system for the period 1 April to 20 December 2004. The impact of the assimilation on CO distribution is evaluated using independent surface flask observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/ESRL global cooperative air sampling network and Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) in situ CO profiles. Assimilation of SCIAMACHY data improves agreement of CO assimilation with both of these data sets on both global and regional scales compared to the free-running model. Regional comparisons with MOZAIC profiles made in western Europe, the northeastern United States, and the Arabian Peninsula show improvements at all three locations in the free troposphere and into the boundary layer over Arabia and the northeastern United States. Comparisons with NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory data improve at about two thirds of the surface observation sites. The systematic model errors related to the uncertainty of CO surface sources and the chemistry of CO losses are investigated through experiments with increased surface CO emissions over the Arabian Peninsula and/or globally reduced hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Both model changes decrease mean CO errors at all altitudes in comparison to MOZAIC data over Dubai and Abu Dhabi. In contrast, errors in the assimilated CO are reduced by the increased emissions for pressures ≥800 hPa and by the reduced OH for pressures ≤600 hPa. Our analysis suggests that CO emissions over Dubai in 2004 are more than double those in the 1998 emissions inventory.
Field and biostratigraphic evidence for an unconformity at the base of the Eycott Volcanic Group in the English Lake District

Abstract The Eycott Volcanic Group of the Lake District Lower Palaeozoic inlier consists of basaltic and andesite and and andesite sheets and associated, mainly coarse, volcaniclastic rocks. The volcanic rocks have been regarded previously as interdigitated with, and equivalent in age to, mudrocks of the upper part of the Skiddaw Group (Tremadoc–Llanvirn). Microfloral evidence has been quoted in support of this interpretation, but has not been substantiated by re-assessment of the critical data. Furthermore, a recent examination of the base of the Eycott Volcanic Group has shown that it rests with angular unconformity on the Skiddaw Group. Skiddaw Group rocks beneath the unconformity range in age from possible late Cambrian to early Llanvirn. The lowest part of the Eycott Volcanic Group, the Over Water Formation, consists of siltstones and tuffaceous sandstones yielding a diverse microflora, and is intercalated with two andesite sheets interpreted herein as sills. Since the currently accepted Llanvirn age for the Eycott Volcanic Group cannot be confirmed, the volcanism may have been penecontemporaneous with the Llandeilo–Caradoc Borrowdale Volcanic Group episode. There are implications for a pre-volcanic tectonic deformation episode.
, cue to immunocompetence in human mate choice Adiposity , compared with masculinity , serves as a more valid

Supplementary data tml http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2012/11/23/rspb.2012. 2495.DC1. h "Data Supplement" References http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/280/1751/20122495.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 34 articles, 7 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (893 articles) behaviour  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
Overexpression of AtAHL20 causes delayed �owering in Arabidopsis via repression of FT expression

The 29-member Arabidopsis AHL gene family is classi�ed into three main classes based on nucleotide and protein sequence evolutionary differences. These differences include the presence or absence of introns, type and/or number of conserved AT-hook and PPC domains. AHL gene family members are divided into two phylogenetic clades, Clade-A and Clade-B. A majority of the 29 members remain functionally uncharacterized. Furthermore, the biological signi�cance of the DNA and peptide sequence diversity, observed in the conserved motifs and domains found in the different AHL types, is a subject area that remains largely unexplored. work therefore, this study on AtAHL20. Transgenic plants overexpressing AtAHL20 �owered later than the wild type in long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Transcript abundance analysis of the key �owering time regulator, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), showed that its expression was repressed in 35S:AtAHL20 plants. In addition, FT’s redundant homologue, TSF, and other downstream �owering pathway genes, AGL8 and SPL3, were also repressed in 35S:AtAHL20 plants. We demonstrated that the second arginine residue in the conserved R-G-R core motif in the AT-hook domain was important for the manifestation of AtAHL20’s overexpression phenotypes. Targeted yeast-two hybrid assay results showed that AtAHL20 interacted with itself, its closest family member AtAHL19 as well as other Clade-A AHLs, AtAHL22 and AtAHL29, which have previously been shown to regulate �owering time. Overall, we demonstrated that AtAHL20 is photoperiod-independent repressor of FT expression and other downstream �owering pathway genes. Melting curves of to eliminate nonspeci ﬁ ampli ﬁ cation. Data are normalized to MDAR4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression (internal control), and fold changes are displayed relative to control plant lines. Error bars represent standard deviations of technical replicates (n = 3). Three biological replicates were used from each plant line.
Observations of volcanic tremor at Mount St. Helens Volcano

Digital recordings of ground motion during tremor episodes accompanying eruptions at Mount St. Helens Volcano in the state of Washington on August 7 and October 16–18, 1980, are studied. The spectra of the vertical component waveforms contain at least two dominant peaks at 1.0 and 1.3 Hz for all events recorded during both eruptions that were studied. Spectra of horizontal ground motion show peaks at 0.9 and 1.1 Hz. The relative amplitude of the two peaks changes between tremor episodes and during single tremor episodes and shows no consistent relation to amplitude of ground motion. Spectra of long-period earthquakes are very similar to those of tremor events, suggesting that tremor is composed of many long-period earthquakes that occur over a period of time. The unique waveform of tremor events observed at Mount St. Helens must be due to a source effect, since the relative amplitude of the two dominant peaks changes during tremor episodes. The path effect on tremor waveforms is small since there are no peaks in the spectra of waveforms recorded during tectonic earthquakes occurring in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens. The consistency of the location of the spectral peaks for the wide range of tremor amplitudes means that there must be a physical length at the source that is constant, independent of the amplitude of motion at the source. Variations in amplitude of motion generated during tremor events must be due to variations in the force driving the tremor. Amplitudes of ground motion varies between 0.11 and 4.7 μm. Seismic moment rates during the two eruptions are calculated using the model of Aki et al. (1977) and found to vary between 6×1018 and 1×1020 dynes cm s−1, which are larger than values found by Aki et al. (1977), who studied amplitudes of shallow tremor events recorded during the October 1963 eruption of Kilauea volcano in Hawaii. Study of tremor amplitudes recorded at Corvallis, Oregon, leads to the conclusion that tremor accompanying the cataclysmic May 18, 1980, eruption was at least one order of magnitude larger in amplitude than tremor during August and October.
The southland current

Abstract An analysis is given of 77 temperature‐salinity‐depth stations occupied between 17 September and 11 October 1967 off the east coast of New Zealand in the region bounded by latitudes 39° 30'S and 44° 00'S, and by longitude 178° E and the east coast of New Zealand. Near latitude 44° S the Southland Current flows northwards on the continental shelf and slope on the western side of the Mernoo Gap in the Chatham Rise. This flow is continuous along the east coast of the South Island as far north as latitude 42° 30’ S, where the current branches: one branch meanders eastwards to combine with the East Cape Current; a second branch diverges north‐eastwards immediately north of latitude 42° 30’ S, sweeping across the southern end of Cook Strait, and continues northwards along the east coast of the North Island; and a third branch flows northwards along the coast and enters the southwestern side of Cook Strait. In its passage northwards, the water in the eastern margin of the Southland Current continually m.
Patient-reported outcomes 1 to 5 years after ACL reconstruction: effect of combined injury, and associations with MRI-defined osteoarthritis features

Objective— Persistent symptoms and poor quality of life (QoL) are common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We aimed to determine the influence of a combined ACL injury (i.e., concomitant meniscectomy and/or arthroscopic chondral defect at the time of ACLR and/or secondary injury/surgery to ACLR knee) and MRI-defined cartilage defects, bone marrow lesions (BMLs) and meniscal lesions on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) 1- to 5-years post-ACLR. Methods— 80 participants (50 men) aged 32±14 years completed the Knee injury and OA Outcome Score (KOOS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire, and 3T MRI assessment at 1- and 5-years post-ACLR. Median PRO scores were compared between isolated and combined ACL injuries, and with published normative values. Multivariate regression evaluated the association between compartment-specific MRI cartilage, BMLs and meniscal lesions, and PROs at 1- and 5-years. Results: Individuals with a combined injury had significantly worse KOOS-Sport, and IKDC scores at 1-year, and worse KOOS-Pain, KOOS-Symptoms, KOOS-QoL, and IKDC scores at 5-years, compared to those with an isolated injury. Whilst no feature on MRI was associated with PROs cross-sectionally at 1-year, patellofemoral cartilage
Land‐use change and urbanization of Adana, Turkey

This study analyses land‐use/land‐cover (LULC) changes in Adana city, Turkey, using satellite data of 1984 and 2000. Study of the expansion of the city over adjacent agricultural fields and semi‐natural areas was the major focus. The satellite images were classified using supervised classification prior to comparison of LULC on two different dates. The change map was produced by pixel‐to‐pixel comparison of the classified images. Urban and built‐up area increased by a factor of 2ċ07 during the 16 years; about 30 per cent on agricultural land and 70 per cent on previously semi‐natural land. Permanent immigration and urban development strategies were the main driving forces. Some policy perspectives are also given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic deletions in the cellobiohydrolase (CBH) Cel7A from the fungus Trichoderma reesei reveal flexible loops critical for CBH activity

Glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) cellulases are some of the most efficient degraders of cellulose, making them particularly relevant for industries seeking to produce renewable fuels from lignocellulosic biomass. The secretome of the cellulolytic model fungus Trichoderma reesei contains two GH7s, termed TrCel7A and TrCel7B. Despite having high structural and sequence similarities, the two enzymes are functionally quite different. TrCel7A is an exolytic, processive cellobiohydrolase (CBH), with high activity on crystalline cellulose, whereas TrCel7B is an endoglucanase (EG) with a preference for more amorphous cellulose. At the structural level, these functional differences are usually ascribed to the flexible loops that cover the substrate-binding areas. TrCel7A has an extensive tunnel created by eight peripheral loops, and the absence of four of these loops in TrCel7B makes its catalytic domain a more open cleft. To investigate the structure–function relationships of these loops, here we produced and kinetically characterized several variants in which four loops unique to TrCel7A were individually deleted to resemble the arrangement in the TrCel7B structure. Analysis of a range of kinetic parameters consistently indicated that the B2 loop, covering the substrate-binding subsites −3 and −4 in TrCel7A, was a key determinant for the difference in CBH- or EG-like behavior between TrCel7A and TrCel7B. Conversely, the B3 and B4 loops, located closer to the catalytic site in TrCel7A, were less important for these activities. We surmise that these results could be useful both in further mechanistic investigations and for guiding engineering efforts of this industrially important enzyme family.