Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glacier mass balance: the first 50 years of international monitoring

The paper reviews measurements of glacier mass balance in the period 1946-95. There are data for 246 glaciers but most records are quite short. The available mass-balance data are biased to Western Europe, North America and the former USSR with too few measurements from other parts of the world. The data are also biased towards wetter conditions with too few data from the dry-cold glaciers that are typical of many regions. There is no sign of any recent global trend towards increased glacier melting, and the data mainly reflect variations within and between regions. The ‘direct method’ of measuring glacier mass balance is with stakes and snowpits but it is a very laborious way of measuring long-term glacier changes. Stake/snowpit measurements should be more integrated in future with geodetic and remote sensing methods, especially laser profiling, and with modelling.
Stable oxygen isotopes of crocodilian tooth enamel allow tracking Plio-Pleistocene evolution of freshwater environments and climate in the Shungura Formation (Turkana Depression, Ethiopia)

Abstract. This study adopts a new approach describing palaeohydrology and palaeoclimates based on the interpretation of stable oxygen isotopes (δ18Op) recorded in fossil crocodilian teeth. They represent an archive of prime interest for tracking freshwater palaeoenvironmental change, applicable to many palaeontological localities in the world: crocodilian teeth are abundant in continental basins and have been widely distributed since their diversification during the Mesozoic; the enamel phosphate is resistant to diagenesis and retains its original isotopic composition over geological timescales; and their δ18Op mainly relies on that of the crocodilian's home waterbody (δ18Ow), which in turn reflects waterbody types, regional climate, and evaporation conditions. This study presents the first application of this theoretical interpretative model to the Shungura Formation (Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia), a key witness of the important environmental change in eastern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene that impacted the evolution of regional faunas, including humans. In this complex and variable environmental context, the δ18Op of coexisting crocodilians allows for the fingerprinting of the diversity of aquatic environments they had access to at a local scale. This study sheds light on two important results: the δ18Op of crocodilian teeth (1) indicates stable aquatic environments in the northern Turkana Depression from 2.97 to ca. 2.57 Ma but a decline in local waterbodies diversity after 2.32 Ma, suggesting increasing aridity, and (2) shows, like previous geochemical studies on palaeosols and bivalves in the area, a significant increase in δ18Ow from 2.97 to ca. 1.14 Ma, likely due to the shifting air stream convergence zones between the West African and Indian Summer Monsoons and/or reduced rainfall over the Ethiopian Highlands.
Late Cretaceous‐Oligocene magmatic record in southern Mexico: The case for a temporal slab window along the evolving Caribbean‐North America‐Farallon triple boundary

Continental magmatism in southern Mexico is expected to record the eastward displacement of the Farallon‐North America‐Caribbean triple junction. However, a trench‐transversal belt of magmatism in the central western Guerrero State does not fit into a regular pattern of arc migration and reorientation following the formation of the WSW trending Acapulco trench in the Cenozoic. We revised the magmatic pattern of southern Mexico using an updated database and new laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe, Ar‐Ar ages, and geochemical and geologic data for the coastal part of the anomalous Guerrero belt. Our data reveal a persistent magmatic activity between ~75 and 35 Ma, with a changing character at the Paleocene‐Eocene boundary (circa 56 Ma). Late Cretaceous‐Paleocene granitoids have an adakitic signature imprinted by stable garnet in the source and show no plagioclase fractionation, indicative of wet and oxidized magmas. Eocene rocks consist of an almost bimodal suite of plutonic bodies covered by a succession of mafic lavas. Granitic plutons show plagioclase fractionation and flat middle rare earth element‐heavy rare earth element; gabbros have a tholeiitic character, indicative of dryer and more reduced magmas. They appear later and were emplaced at shallow depth in an extensional sedimentary basin. We interpret the magmatic record of the Guerrero belt as the response to two concurrent processes: (1) a temporal window in the Farallon slab induced by the concurrent subduction along the two noncollinear trench segments of southern Mexico (WNW trending) and of the Chortís block (NNW trending) and (2) a scissor‐like transtensional rifting associated to counterclockwise rotation and eastward motion of the Chortís block.
Thinning of the Arctic sea‐ice cover

Comparison of sea‐ice draft data acquired on submarine cruises between 1993 and 1997 with similar data acquired between 1958 and 1976 indicates that the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season has decreased by about 1.3 m in most of the deep water portion of the Arctic Ocean, from 3.1 m in 1958–1976 to 1.8 m in the 1990s. The decrease is greater in the central and eastern Arctic than in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Preliminary evidence is that the ice cover has continued to become thinner in some regions during the 1990s.
Uncertainty and Predictability in Geophysics: Chaos and Multifractal Insights

Uncertainty and error growth are crosscutting geophysical issues. Since the "chaos revolution" the dominant paradigm has been the "butterfly effect": the dependence on initial conditions is so sensitive that errors grow exponentially fast with characteristic times. This was the outcome of studying superficially simple caricatures of more involved systems. We critically analyze the physical relevance of these models and the mathematical generality of this effect. We emphasize that the atmosphere, oceans, rain etc., are spatially extended turbulent systems, with wide ranges of spatial scales. Turbulent phenomenology already shows that errors grow only slowly across these scales; they follow power laws, there are no characteristic times. An important recent realization is that in spite of strong anisotropies the dynamically significant range of scales is much larger than previously thought and that the role of intermittency is drastic and yields much more frequent extremes. The focus is now on time-space geophysical scaling behavior: their multifractality. It is found quite generally - not only for turbulent fields- that an infinite hierarchy of exponents is required to characterize the predictability decay from average to extreme events. Nevertheless, these laws are meaningful over the whole time range from short to long term; we give their explicit expression. This multifractal predictability suggests the advantages of stochastic rather than deterministic sub-grid parametrizations, and makes stochastic forecasting very attractive.
Large‐scale diagnostics of extratropical cyclogenesis in eastern Australia

Extratropical cyclones that develop near the east coast of Australia often have severe consequences such as flash flooding and damaging winds and seas, as well as beneficial consequences such as being responsible for heavy rainfall events that contribute significantly to total rainfall and runoff. There is subjective evidence that the development of most major events, commonly known as East Coast Lows (ECLs), is associated with the movement of a high amplitude upper‐tropospheric trough system over eastern Australia. To test this hypothesis, this study examines a number of large‐scale diagnostic quantities in the upper‐troposphere associated with extratropical cyclogenesis. Climatologies of these diagnostic quantities, based on reanalyses, are examined and compared with a database of observed ECL events. Results are examined in relation to seasonal and geographic variations. A diagnostic quantity based on geostrophic vorticity is shown to provide a good indication of the likely occurrence of east‐coast cyclogenesis. The potential application of these diagnostics to global climate model simulations of past and future climates is also discussed.
Stochastic Properties of Mobility Models in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The stochastic model assumed to govern the mobility of nodes in a mobile ad hoc network has been shown to significantly affect the network's coverage, maximum throughput, and achievable throughput-delay trade-offs. In this paper, we compare several mobility models, including the random walk, random waypoint, and Manhattan models on the basis of the number of states visited in a fixed time, the time to visit every state in a region, and the effect of the number of wandering nodes on the time to first enter a set of states. These metrics for a mobility model are useful for assessing the achievable event detection rates in surveillance applications where wireless-sensor-equipped vehicles are used to detect events of interest in a city. We also consider mobility models based on Correlated Random Walks, which can account for time dependency, geographical restrictions, and nonzero drift. We demonstrate that these models are analytically tractable by using a matrix-analytic approach to derive new, closed-form results in both the time and transform-domains for the probability that a node is at any location at any time for both semi-infinite and finite 1D lattices. We also derive first entrance time distributions for these walks. We find that a correlated random walk 1) covers more ground in a given amount of time and takes a smaller amount of time to cover an area completely than a random walk with the same average transition rate, 2) has a smaller first entrance time to small sets of states than the random waypoint and random walk models, and 3) leads to a uniform distribution of nodes (except at the boundaries) in steady state.
Hydrologic Performance of Bioretention Storm-Water Control Measures

The transportation and urban infrastructure relies heavily on impervious surfaces. Unmitigated rainfall runoff from impervious surfaces can lead to a myriad of environmental problems in downgradient areas. To address this issue, novel stormwater control measures (SCMs) are being emphasized and implemented widely to mitigate some of the impacts of impervious surface. Bioretention is a soil/media-based SCM that is often used for this purpose, but current design practices are highly empirical. This study compiles work from three research sites in three states to provide some fundamental underpinnings to bioretention design. Although all sites demonstrate different levels of performance, water volumetric performance trends are common to all. These trends are based on the available storage in the bioretention cell, termed herein as the Bioretention Abstraction Volume (BAV). The BAV is directly related to available media porosity and storage in the surface bowl. A finite capacity to completely store all runoff from smaller events is defined by the BAV. Normalization for this storage provides prediction for volumetric performance. Recommendations for bioretention design are provided.
A Deterministic Database Replication Protocol Where Multicast Writesets Never Got Aborted

Database replication protocols based on a certification app ro ch are usually the best ones for achieving good performance when an eager update everywhere techni que is being considered. The weak voting approach achieves a slightly longer transaction completio n time, but with a lower abortion rate. So, both techniques can be considered as the best ones for eager repli cation when performance is a must, and both of them need atomic broadcast. We propose a new database repl ication strategy that shares many characteristics with such previous strategies. It is also based on totally ordering the application of writesets, using only an unordered reliable broadcast, instead of an at omic broadcast. Additionally, the writesets of transactions that are aborted in the final validation phase n eed ot be broadcast in our strategy. Thus, this new approach always reduces the communication traffic and al so achieves a good transaction response time (even shorter than those previous strategies in some sy st m configurations).
Recent Debris-Flow Processes and Resultant Form and Facies of the Dolomite Alluvial Fan, Owens Valley, California

ABSTRACT A multiphase debris flow triggered by an afternoon thunderstorm was deposited 22 August 1984 on the Dolomite alluvial fan of Owens Valley, California. Two tracts 10-300 cm thick accumulated during this event, together covering 68,000 m2 (26% of the fan) with ~ 50,000 m3 of sediment. Both tracts consist of numerous paired boulder-rich levees 100-300 cm high on the proximal fan, and multiple attached lobes 20-100 cm thick on the distal fan. Each levee-lobe pathway was built by an individual surge, with flow-path switching caused by clogging of the frontal bouldery snout of the ensuing surge. The levees consist of clast-supported to matrix-supported, muddy, pebbly, cobbly, boulder gravel displaying a well-developed, radially aligned a-axis clast fabric. The lobes mostly consist of matrix-supported, muddy, pebbly cobble gravel. The clast-supported lobe margins are enriched in cobbles displaying a strongly preferred slope-parallel a-axis fabric along the sides that changes to a slope-perpendicular fabric at the snout. The distal ends of most of the clast-rich lobes are overlain and offlapped by clast-poor debris-flow lobes of granular mud 10-30 cm thick. The central zones of the levees and most lobes were surficially washed by recessional-stage water flows that moved winnowed granules, sand, and mud off the fan. The radial change from levees in the proximal fan to lobes distally is morphologically expressed as two intersecting slope segments, the upper one sloping 9-12° and the lower one 3-5°. This direct relationship between the constituent forms and slope values also is characteristic of pre-1984 deposits, suggesting that the 1984 event is typical of the primary processes constructing the Dolomite fan. The pronounced radial change from levees to lobes, and its manifestation as a slope inflection, was caused by the selective loss on the upper fan of most of the boulders from the passing debris-flow surges. Boulders were sorted from the surges because of their greater buoyancy, which caused them to be preferentially concentrated in the part of the flow that subsequently was sheared off as levees. This selective boulder removal depleted the flow of the clasts that provided lateral support, facilitating flow expansion and the onset of lobe development. Thus, the resultant facies assemblage is a function of the specific sediment grain-size suite available in the catchment colluvium, and the transport characteristics of this mix when transformed into a debris flow by the rapid addition of heavy rainfall during infrequent thunderstorms.
Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring the transport of suspended solids in streams

Investigating the transport of suspended solids by water sampling usually leads to an underestimation of loads and an unrealistically high sampling frequency is required to properly characterize temporal trends. An alternative method is to use in situ optical turbidimeters to estimate the suspended solids concentration; however, the relationship between turbidity and suspended solids concentration is potentially confounded by variations in particle size, particle composition and water colour. Field measurements, and laboratory measurements using the type of natural material suspended in streamwater, were made to quantify the influences of these factors on nephelometric turbidity (Hach 2100A) and attenuance turbidity (Partech 7000 3RP MKII). The attenuance turbidity was approximately 2.5 times higher than nephelometric turbidity. The turbidity instruments were most sensitive to dispersions with a median diameter of 1.2-1. 4γm. Particle size variation can cause the turbidity to vary by a factor of four for the same concentration of suspended solids. However, the numerous close correlations between turbidity and suspended solids concentration reported previously suggests that either the particle size variations are not usually great, or that particle size variations are often associated with variations in suspended solids concentration. For the same concentration and particle size, organic particles gave attenuance turbidity values two to three times higher than mineral particles. However, shortterm temporal variations from purely organic to purely mineral particle loads are rare in nature, so variations in the percentage of organic matter in the paniculate load will not confound turbidity to this extent. Coloured dissolved organic matter is unlikely to alter the turbidity reading by more than 10%. An adequate relationship between turbidity measured in the field and suspended solids concentration should be expected in most situations. Some variance can be tolerated because a continuous estimate of suspended solids concentration overcomes the problem of infrequent sampling, which is the greatest source of error in the estimation of stream sediment loads.
A hedonically complex odor mixture produces an attentional capture effect in the brain

Article history: Received 8 September 2010 Revised 13 November 2010 Accepted 6 December 2010 Available online 17 December 2010 A counter-intuitive property of many pleasant and attractive stimuli is that they are hedonically complex, containing both pleasant and unpleasant components. A striking example is the floral scent of natural jasmine, which may contain more than 6% of indole, a pure chemical which is usually rated as unpleasant. Using fMRI we investigate the hypothesis that the interaction between the pleasant and unpleasant components in the hedonically complex natural jasmine produces an attentional capture effect in the brain. First, to localize brain areas involved in selective attention to odor, we compared neural activity in response to jasmine without indole when participants explicitly and selectively attended to either its pleasantness or intensity, with neural activity when no selective attention was required. We then show that the superior frontal gyrus has increased activity both when selective attention is being paid to jasmine without indole, and also when no selective attention is required but an unpleasant component is added to it to produce a hedonically complex mixture. The attentional capture effect in the superior frontal gyrus by the mixture was related to the hedonic complexity of the mixture across subjects; could not be explained by salience, intensity, or pleasantness; and was specific to the superior frontal gyrus in that it was not found in other prefrontal areas activated by selective attention. The investigation supports the new hypothesis that the affective potency of stimuli with mixed pleasant and unpleasant components is related at least in part to the recruitment of mechanisms in the brain involved in attentional capture and enhancement.
The image of athletes with physical disabilities on Instagram through Neurocommunication

Introduction: People with disabilities have historically suffered from the stereotype of not reaching the prevailing standard of physical beauty. The rise of the movement known as body positivity on social media has allowed disabled athletes to portray themselves based on an observable disability. Methodology: The aim of this research is to determine the cognitive perception of 120 youthful Spanish and Portuguese university students regarding the image displayed by athletes with physical disabilities on Instagram. To this end, two neurocommunication techniques have been used: eye tracking, and galvanic skin response (GSR). Results: Overall, athletes attracted more attention to traits that explicitly show their disability than non-athletes with disabilities, as the latter portrayed themselves on Instagram from the perspective of beauty and fashion. Data related to emotional arousal corroborated the data related to attention. Discussion: It seems that specific aspects of an athlete’s disability continue to attract attention from the stereotypical viewpoint of an athlete’s body. The results regarding the focus on beauty and fashion may help to reduce the stigma of social identity perceived by the non-disabled public. Conclusions: These findings seem to indicate that self-portrayal on social networks based on beauty and fashion attracts more audience attention than others, due to the fact that such people present themselves as attractive rather than as people with disabilities, even when they specifically display their disabled trait, which is true in all of the cases.
A glance at non-standard model and logics of uncertainty and vagueness

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. A glance at non-standard model and logics of uncertainty and vagueness Didier Dubois, Henri Prade
Experiments in the NH3‐H2O system in the [0, 1 GPa] pressure range ‐ implications for the deep liquid layer of large icy satellites

We have experimentally studied the peritectic's melting temperature of a 25 wt% ammonia water solution in the [0, 1 GPa] pressure range by using a high pressure ‐ low temperature membrane sapphire anvil cell with nitrogen cooled cryostat. Our experimental results are in agreement with those presented by Hogenboom et al. [1997] in the [0, 0.4 GPa] pressure domain where the peritectic's melting temperature follows a plateau at 180 K. The present experimental work fills the lack of data between 0.4 and 0.7 GPa. It also suggests that the peritectic's melting temperature is much higher than that between 0 and 0.4 GPa and does not vary very much with pressure at least up to 1 GPa. This implies the existence of two new high pressure phases in the ammonia‐water system. The behaviour of the peritectic's melting curve above 0.5 GPa might play an important role in the evolution of a deep liquid layer in the interiors of the largest icy satellites including Titan, Ganymede and Callisto. We show that the cooling of the deep liquid layer may have involved the crystallization of an ammonia bearing phase at higher temperature than previously expected. If the initial fraction of ammonia relative to ices is greater than 11 weight per cent, taking the partial ammonia depletion into account may lead to a final liquid layer thinner than previously inferred.
Calibration of the Meteosat-5 sensor visible channel

Following a previous work to calibrate the visible (VIS) channel of the Meteosat radiometers between 1983 and 1994 (Moulin et al. 1996), this letter presents a calibration of the Meteosat-5 channel during its whole operation period between February 1994 and February 1997 using the same method. Results generally confirm the previous estimate based on the limited 1994 data set. The drift of the VIS channel calibration, although larger than previously estimated, remained relatively low (1.1% per year) however.