Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geologic map of the Valles Caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico

The Valles caldera, located in the heart of the Jemez Mountains in north-central New Mexico, is the world's premier example of a resurgent caldera, a giant circular volcano with an uplifted central floor and a near-perfect ring of roughly 15 postcaldera lava dome and flow eruptions.This new Valles caldera map and cross sections represent the cumulative research efforts of countless geologists over the past 40 years, and several state and federal agencies. GM-79 compiles detailed geologic mapping completed in the past eight years from parts of the nine 7.5-min USGS topographic quadrangles that encompass the caldera. More than 150 map units are described in detail. Also incorporated are new geochronologic data and recent refinements to nomenclature.
Comparison of Several Extraction Methods for the Isolation of Benzoic Acid Derivatives from Melissa officinalis

Abstract Several extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymer, matrix solid phase dispersion, and supercritical fluid extraction were evaluated for the isolation and purification of phenolic compounds, e.g., benzoic acids from natural samples of Melissa officinalis. The extracts of benzoic acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in reversed phase modus (C18 column) and under gradient elution (acetonitrile/0.074 mol/L formic acid). The results showed that the recovery rates of gallic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid from biological materials by MSPD was equivalent with and, in fact, higher than that of conventional extraction methods.
Porous Semiconductors: Advanced Material for Gas Sensor Applications

The present review article is devoted to the analysis of the problems related to the design of gas sensors based on porous semiconductors (PS). The peculiarities of the semiconductor porosification by anodic etching and the principles of gas sensor design based on porous semiconductors, including gas sensor construction and main operating characteristics, are considered in the article. It is shown that the influence of the surrounding atmosphere on such parameters of porous semiconductors as refractive index, the intensity of photoluminescence, electroconductivity, dielectric constant, and surface potential might be used for gas sensor design. Based on the conducted analysis it is concluded that porous semiconductors have a great potential for the above-mentioned applications. However, the realization of those opportunities is restrained by such factors as bad reproducibility, increased temporal drift of characteristics, low selectivity, and an unsatisfactory level of understanding of the operating mechanism of sensors fabricated on the basis of porous semiconductors.
Hydrogenolysis of cellulose combining mineral acids and hydrogenation catalysts

A catalytic system capable of reaching high performance in the hydrogenolysis of cellulose at low reaction temperature and short reaction times has been developed. Therefore, supported noble metal catalysts based on Pt, Pd and Ru have been combined with dilute mineral acids. A broad variable set in terms of type of noble metal, type of acid, acid concentration and reaction time could be evaluated based on chemical interpretation and supported by a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. The variables significantly influenced conversion of cellulose, product range and selectivity towards sugar alcohol formation. Thus, at 160 °C, above 60% yield in sugars and sugar alcohols with 84% selectivity at a cellulose conversion of 72% could be reached. Besides, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and methanol were formed as additional valuable by-products leading to an overall carbon utilization above 89%. Furthermore, the concept was successfully transferred to real feedstocks in the form of spruce reaching close to 60% conversion in only one hour reaction time.
Effect of Soil and Absence/Presence of an Abandoned Feedlot on Determining the Area Sourcing Nitrate to a Contaminated Domestic Well

Abandoned feedlots have been found to enhance nitrate (NO3−) production and subsequent contamination of nearby groundwater. Site remediation depends on a thorough understanding of existing manure deposits, knowledge often lacking when dealing with abandoned feedlots. The main objective of this work was to describe the variability in soil NO3− and organic matter concentrations with depth in an abandoned feedlot, to guide future remediation. The feedlot area was believed to be the source of NO3− contaminating a nearby domestic well. Organic matter and bioavailable Ca, Mg, K, and Zn were statistically higher in the surface 0 to 0.3 m of farmstead soils, as compared with surrounding farm field soils. The area around an old silo that was high in soil organic matter was not always well related to soil NO3− concentrations. Although greater organic matter between 0 and 0.3 m was generally associated with greater NO3− at deeper depths, it seemed that NO3− was being attenuated by landscape-induced denitrification in some areas of the farmstead. There were significantly lower NO3− concentrations with greater depth (0.3-1.2 m) in Loring (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf), as opposed to Memphis (Typic Hapludalf), farmstead profiles. This suggested that denitrification, due to perched water above the fragipan, was occurring in those parts of the farmstead landscape dominated by Loring soil. A detailed characterization of the site would be necessary to guide expensive remediation work because not all the area affected by the presence of an abandoned feedlot possesses high subsurface NO3− concentrations.
Hydroxyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Properties, and Solubility of SO2

To explore environmentally benign solvents for absorbing SO2, a series of hydroxyl ammonium ionic liquids (ILs) was synthesized and characterized, and the solubilities of SO2 in these synthesized ILs were determined. It was found that the solubilities of SO2 in these ILs at ambient pressure are quite high, for example, the solubility of SO2 in tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium lactate is 0.4957 mole fraction and decreases sharply as temperature increase. The absorption and desorption are practically reversible in the synthesized ILs. Comparing with the conventional absorbents such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium oxide (CaO), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the synthesized ILs show two advantages: one is that the ILs can be recycled and repeatedly used, another is that the absorbed SO2 can be reversibly released and recovered as a sulfur resource.
An Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Spin Adducts of OH and HO2 Radicals with Nitrones in the Ultraviolet Photolysis of Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions

The photolysis of H2O2 in aqueous solution has been used to study and characterize electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra of the •OH and •HO2 radical spin adducts with the spin traps 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) and phenyl-t-butyl nitrone (PBN). At high concentrations of spin trap and low concentrations of H2O2 an e.s. r. spectrum is obtained which we assign to the •OH radical adduct (for DMPO, aN = 15.3 G, aβH = 15.3 G, and g = 2.0060; for PBN, aN = 15.3 G, aβH = 2.75 G, and g = 2.0057). At low concentrations of spin trap and high concentrations of H2O2• a second spin adduct spectrum is obtained which we assign to the spin adduct of the HO2 radical (for DMPO, aN = 14.3 G, aβH = 11.7 G, aγH = 1.25 G, g = 2.0061; for PBN, aN = 14.8 G, aβH = 2.75 G, and g = 2.0057).
Effect of a Perturbation on the Chemical Equilibrium: Comparison with Le Châtelier's Principle

This article develops a general thermodynamic treatment to predict the direction of shift in a chemical equilibrium when it is subjected to a stress. This treatment gives an inequality that relates the change in the perturbed variable and the change that the equilibrium shift produces in the conjugated variable. To illustrate the generality of this approach, it has been applied to predict the direction of shift caused by changes of pressure, volume, and amount of substance. In this last case, the well-known unexpected shift in the ammonia synthesis equilibrium upon addition of nitrogen is easily explained. From the above referred inequality and the stability criteria of thermodynamics some conclusions have been obtained about the direction of shift in terms of extensive and extensive variables. This article is suitable for physical chemistry courses.
Edelgasmessungen an Eisenmeteoriten

The spallogenic isotopes of helium, neon, and argon have been measured in 36 iron meteorites using a statically operated double focusing mass spectrometer. The following relations were found between the concentration ratios of the cosmic ray produced isotopes 3He, 4He, 21Ne, and 38Ar: 3He/4He = (36.0 ± 0.9) 21Ne/4He+ (0.148 ± 0.015), 38Ar/21Ne= (9.4±0.8) x 10-34He/21Ne+ (2.06±0.04). From the 38 Ar/21Ne ratio a parameter n was calculated for each sample which according to GEISS, OESCHGER und SCHWARZ is a number measuring the effective irradiation hardness. Relations between n, 3He/4He, 3He/21Ne, and 4He/21Ne have been studied. A slight variation of the 36Ar/38Ar has been found which is correlated to the effective irradiation hardness. The spallation yield of 36Ar relative to the total isobaric yield does not depend on the effective irradiation hardness.
Environmental Impacts of Metal Ore Mining and Processing: A Review

The impact of mining and smelting of metal ores on environmental quality is described. Mines produce large amounts of waste because the ore is only a small fraction of the total volume of the mined material. In the metal industry, production of Cu, Pb, and Zn causes the greatest degradation of the environment. Copper mining produces extensive mine wastes and tailings and Cu smelting emits approximately 0.11 Mg of S per Mg of Cu produced in the USA. Zinc and Pb smelters release large quantities of Cd and Pb into the environment. Metal smelting and refining produce gaseous (CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , etc.) and particulate matter emissions, sewage waters, and solid wastes. Soil contamination with trace metals is considered a serious problem related to smelting; however, mining and smelting are not main sources of global metal input into soils. Other sources like discarded manufactured products, coal ash, agriculture, and transportation take a lead. Smelters are the main sources of atmospheric emissions of As, Cu, Cd, Sb, and Zn on a global scale and they contribute substantially to the overall emissions of Cr, Pb, Se, and Ni. A quantitative evaluation of the environmental health effects of mining and smelting is difficult because of the complexity of factors involved and lack of consistent methodology. Nevertheless, the case studies described indicate that negative health effects could arise from Pb mining and smelting. Risk assessment revealed that food chain contamination by Cd from soils contaminated by smelting is very unlikely under the western diet.
Determination of the layer structure of embedded strained InGaAs multiple quantum wells by high resolution x‐ray diffraction

High resolution x‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) has been used to determine the layer compositions and thicknesses of compressively strained InGaAs multiple‐quantum‐well (MQW) structures embedded in thick cladding layers that are nominally lattice matched to InP. The entire layer structure was accurately determined from the results of HRXRD measurements for a simple strained MQW structure in which barriers and claddings are of the same composition. The estimated margins of error are less than 1% for the quantum‐well indium composition and ±2.5 A for well and barrier thicknesses. The layer structure of the active region in a complete InGaAlAs graded‐index separate confinement strained MQW laser diode has also been determined by HRXRD.
Vertical and latitudinal variations in amino acid fluxes and compositions of settling particles along 175°E in the North Pacific Ocean

Settling particles collected by sediment traps deployed for about one year (1993–94) at four sites along 175°E longitude in the central North Pacific have been analyzed for amino acids (AA) and amino sugars (or hexosamines, HA). These compounds account for about 12.5–27.9% of particulate organic carbon flux to the deep ocean. Biogeochemical indicator parameters varied in the range comparable with similar studies conducted in other oceanic sites. Correlations between non-protein AA (β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid) and flux parameters indicate repackaging of settling particulate organic matter (POM) around intermediate water depth (below 1500 m) at all trap sites. Mean values of indicator parameters in the shallow trap differ significantly (Student’s t-test; p < 0.03) from those in deep traps at the same site. Latitudinal trends in POM flux and its labile composition suggest that relatively fresh POM is being deposited at a higher rate in the subarctic area of the Pacific. However, this trend is not so clear in deep traps, probably due to the influence of bioactive transport and deposition of laterally advected particles in these traps. Total and particulate organic carbon fluxes normalized to primary productivity estimates show a sharp rise in efficiency of the biological pump towards the subarctic area, which is responsible for enhanced fluxes of particles with a high labile content to the deep ocean in this part of the Pacific.
Ceramides and Cerebrosides from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.

Two new ceramides, (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1,3,4-trihydroxypentadec-8-en-2-yl]heptacosanamide (1) and (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-{(3S,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-[(4E)-undec-4-en-1-yl]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl}heptacosanamide (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong, along with one known ceramide, (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-8-en-2-yl]tetracosanamide (3), and two known cerebrosides, (2R)-N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxydodeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxydocosanamide (4) and (2R)-N-[(2S,3S,4R,8E)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydroxyoctadec-8-en-2-yl]-2-hydroxyhexadecanamide (5). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, as well as HR-ESI-MS experiments.
Applying a gas mixture containing c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ as an insulation medium

This paper studies the possibility of applying a gas mixture containing c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ in the gas insulation of power equipment. Environmental aspects such as global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, recycling loss and toxicity are discussed. Insulation characteristics of gas mixtures such as c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8//N/sub 2/, c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8//air, and c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8//CO/sub 2/ are examined experimentally under a quasi-homogeneous or an inhomogeneous electric field condition. Most of the characteristics are compared with those of SF/sub 6//N/sub 2/, which is now widely studied as the most plausible alternative to pure SF/sub 6/ for gas insulation. The experimental results, together with the discussion, suggest that gas mixtures containing c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ are possible substitutes for SF/sub 6/ and SF/sub 6//N/sub 2/.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Cells and Tissues: Shining Light onto a Novel Subject

T his focal point article aims to introduce the readers to a new spectroscopic endeavor, infrared spectroscopy of entire cells and tissues, and to present an overview of the results from, and the potential of, this research. The ® eld has seen quite a bit of activity, as judged by the number of papers published and patents ® led. But unfortunately, the level of activity in a ® eld is no measure of the quality of the work published: the earlier reports of ``detecting cancer’ ’ by comparing infrared spectra of healthy and diseased samples were sometimes based on rather naive interpretations of the observations and bypassed all ground
Comparison of Different Modeling Strategies for Simulation of Carbon Dioxide Absorption in a Coaxial Impinging Streams Absorber

This study presents mathematical modeling of non-isothermal gas absorption in a coaxial two impinging streams absorber (TISA). The governing equations on the performance of these ideal systems for three different models including the plug flow model, the tanks-in-series model, and Markov-Chain analysis are used to model the real system behavior. In order to approach a realistic model, the size distribution of the liquid droplets also is implemented in the models. The comparison between the results of the models with corresponding reported experimental data shows the desirable accuracy of the suggested models. Also, the effects of some operational variables on the average absorption rate and final removal efficiency of TISA are investigated. Results show that for similar operating conditions the removal efficiency of impinging streams absorber is higher than the conventional systems.
Adsorption of NO on the TiO2(110) Surface: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

The chemisorption properties of NO on the oxidized TiO2(110) surface have been investigated using both experimental and theoretical methods. The results of temperature-programmed desorption measurements indicate that for NO exposures less than 1.1 × 1014 molecules/cm2 NO adsorbs weakly and desorbs at ∼127 K. The thermal desorption kinetics are almost independent of the coverage of adsorbed NO molecules. The experimental activation energy for NO desorption from the nondefective TiO2(110) surface is 8.4 kcal/mol in the limit of zero coverage. Above a critical NO surface exposure of 5.5 × 1014 molecules/cm2, partial conversion of NO to N2O is observed yielding N2O desorption processes at ∼169 and ∼250 K. The weak interaction between the NO molecule and the TiO2(110) surface has been also revealed from first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and the pseudopotential method in which NO molecules are adsorbed at the in-plane Ti cation sites. These calculations employ slab geometry and pe.
Volatile constituents of Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae)

The volatile constituents of Artemisia annua L. plants, grown in the field in The Netherlands from seeds of Chinese and Vietnamese origin, were investigated using GC and GC–MS (EI, NICI) analysis. The plants grown from Chinese seeds contained 4.0% (v/w) essential oil on a dry weight (DW) basis, those from Vietnamese seeds, 1.4% (v/w). More than forty compounds were identified. The principal component of the Chinese oil was artemisia ketone (63.9%); other major constituents included artemisia alcohol (7.5%), myrcene (5.1%), α-guaiene (4.7%) and camphor (3.3%). In the Vietnamese oil the main components were camphor (21.8%) and germacrene-D (18.3%); other important constituents were β-caryophyllene (5.6%), trans-β-farnesene (3.8%) and 1,8-cineole (3.1%). In the Vietnamese variety the terpenoid biosynthesis proceeded further towards sesquiterpenes, whereas in the Chinese predominantly monoterpenes were formed. This was also reflected in the artemisinin contents, found in dichloromethane extracts of the herbaceous plant material: 0.17% (DW) in Chinese and 1.00% (DW) in Vietnamese plants. We suggest that the differences in the essential oil composition may be ascribed to the existence of different A. annua chemotypes. In a dichloromethane extract of the roots several non-volatile sesquiterpenes were found. The main constituent was a new compound, which was identified tentatively as arteannuic alcohol.
Essential Oils of Thymus cariensis and Thymus haussknechtii, Two Endemic Species in Turkey

ABSTRACT The essential oils of Thymus cariensis Hub. -Mor. et Jalas and Thymus haussknechtii Velen were examined by GC and GC/MS. The major components in T. cariensis oil were borneol (13.42%), 1, 8-cineole (12.65%) and α-pinene (12.15%), while in T. haussknechtii oil they were linalool (19.91%) and borneol (10.35%). Both oils were almost devoid of phenols.
Coberturas vegetais, manejo do solo, doses de nitrogênio e seus efeitos na nutrição mineral e nos atributos agronômicos do milho

Research has investigated the best nitrogen rate for maize under the most diverse types of soil management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cover crops, soil management and topdressed N rates on the dry matter production, nutritional status, plant lodging, plant height and first-ear insertion of maize. Field experiments were carried out in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in the growing seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, on a clayey Rhodic Haplustox (20o 20' S and 51o 24' W, at 340 m asl). Thirty-six treatments were established with four replications, in a randomized blocks design, to test combinations of cover crops (millet, Crotalaria juncea and millet + Crotalaria juncea), soil management (tillage with chisel plow + lightweight disking, heavy disking + lightweight disking, and no-tillage system) and N rates (0, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 - urea as source). The maize hybrid DKB 350 YG® was used and topdressing N applied at stage V5 (fifth expanded leaf). Previously grown sunn hemp and millet + sunn hemp resulted in a higher shoot dry matter, P leaf content and total N, P and K uptake. In the no-tillage system, the initial and final population and shoot dry were highest, and first-ear insertion and plant height lower. The application of 120 kg ha-1 topdressed N increased the P leaf content, N and P in the entire plant, shoot dry matter, total N, P and K uptake, plant height, and the first-ear insertion of maize.
Viscoelastic Recovery Behavior Following Atomic Force Microscope Nanoindentation of Semicrystalline Poly(ethylene)

The residual imprint left behind by the AFM nanoindentation of polymers has been seldom studied in the past. In this work, the evolution of indentations at room temperature performed on a semicrystalline poly(ethylene) in a broad range of experimental conditions is presented. The study shows that the recovery after 24 h is substantial, although not complete. Moreover, the dynamics of the recovery process is not seen to depend on the magnitude of the applied load for the nanoindentation, but instead on the rate of the indentation used. This points out that viscoelastic processes are minimized when performing fast nanoindentations, while at low loading rates there seems to be a residual viscoelastic energy stored in the system. Although, the recovery process involves complex displacements and bending of crystalline lamellae, which is difficult to model theoretically, the present work attempts to quantify the magnitudes as well as the directions of such displacements for indentations involving from two to se.
Formation and Dissociation of Hydrate Plugs in a Water in Oil Emulsion

In this paper, we present experimental results of the formation and dissociation of methane hydrate plugs in a semi-batch reactor. The plugs are done from water in heptane emulsion (water content from 30 %). The experimental results shows that the formation rate and dissociation rate are controlled by the heat transfer at the wall of the reactor. An unexpected behaviour is observed as the temperature decreases under the 0°C temperature during dissociation and seems to form ice which slows down the dissociation rate.
Molecularly imprinted polymer beads prepared by pickering emulsion polymerization for steroid recognition

Pickering emulsion polymerization was used to synthesize molecularly imprinted polymer beads for the selective recognition of 17-beta-estradiol under aqueous conditions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the imprinted polymer beads had a small diameter with a narrow size distribution (18.9 +/- 2.3 mu m). The reduction in particle size achieved in this study was attributed to the altered polarity of the stabilizing nanoparticles used in the Pickering emulsion. The imprinted polymer beads could be used directly in water and showed a high binding affinity for the template molecule, 17-beta-estradiol, and its structural analogs. These water-compatible polymer beads could be used as affinity adsorbents for the extraction and analysis of low-abundance steroid compounds in aqueous samples. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Less)