Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling spatio‐temporal flow characteristics in groyne fields

The spatio‐temporal distribution of residence times and water ages in groyne fields plays an important role for a number of biotic processes, particularly conditioning nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton growth. Experimental determination of these parameters involves time‐consuming field work and is often limited to the water surface depending on the methodology applied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used as efficient tool for direct modelling of residence times, limiting additional field work to collect data necessary for model calibration and validation. The objective of this study is to derive, test and apply a numerical particle‐tracing method to model these flow characteristics based on the output of a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model for turbulent river flow. This allows for an evaluation of residence times and water ages at an arbitrary elevation within the water column. Virtual particles are released in a control volume, and their paths and travel times to and from the main stream are traced using a random‐walk approach based on the spatial distribution of turbulent kinetic energy to account for turbulent fluctuations. The modelling approach was successfully validated for the water surface using field data measured in a groyne field of the Danube River in Austria. Particle‐tracing experiments were carried out for several discharges to study the evolution of residence times and water ages with varying runoff. It was found that discharges at which overtopping of the groynes begins lead to significantly higher residence times and water ages than runoff higher or lower than this characteristic value. These findings are expected to be transferable for groyne fields of similar geometry and crest height. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slip on ridge transform faults : insights from earthquakes and laboratory experiments

Abstract : The relatively simple tectonic environment of mid-ocean ridge transform fault (RTF) seismicity provides a unique opportunity for investigation of earthquake and faulting processes. We develop a scaling model that is complete in that all the seismic parameters are related to the RTF tectonic parameters. Laboratory work on the frictional stability of olivine aggregates shows that the depth extent of oceanic faulting is thermally controlled and limited by the 600C isotherm. Slip on RTFs is primarily aseismic, only 15% of the tectonic offset is accommodated by earthquakes. Despite extensive fault areas, few large earthquakes occur on RTFs, and few aftershocks follow the large events. Standard models of seismicity, in which all earthquakes result from the same seismic triggering process, do not describe RTF earthquakes. Instead, large earthquakes appear to be preceded by an extended fault preparation process marked by abundant foreshocks within 1 hour and 15 kin of the main-shocks. In our experiments normal force vibrations, such as seismic radiation from nearby earthquakes, can weaken and potentially destabilize steadily creeping faults. Integrating the rheology, geology, and seismicity of RTFs, we develop a synoptic model to better understand the spatial distribution of fault strength and stability and provide insight into slip accommodation on RTFs.
The migration of volatiles on the surfaces of Mercury and the Moon

Radar observations of Mercury have provided the startling discovery of the probable existence of substantial deposits of ices in permanently shaded polar regions [Butler et al., 1993; Harmon et al., 1994]. This has renewed the old argument about the existence of such deposits in the polar regions of the Moon. It is most likely necessary for volatiles to be able to migrate to the polar regions of these bodies in order to build up such deposits. This paper presents the results of the extension of a Monte Carlo simulation of the migration of molecules on the surface of Mercury by Butler et al. [1993]. The results of the simulations show that for typical conditions on Mercury, ∼5-15% of all H 2 O which is placed randomly on the surface migrates to stable (permanently shaded) polar regions. For the Moon the numbers are ∼ 20-50%. The numbers for the migration of CO 2 are ∼2% for Mercury and ∼13% for the Moon. These percentages are similar to those previously calculated and support the idea of ice deposits in the polar regions of both Mercury and the Moon.
Neanderthal energetics and spatial behaviour

Recent studies indicate high energetic requirements for Neanderthals. The high requirements have behavioural implications, for example, related to the use of the landscape. Using a simple central place foraging model I show that Neanderthal energetic requirements can explain the main characteristics of the Middle Palaeolithic archaeological record, from the lack of features at sites to the limits of the Neanderthal range.
Early Sarmatian paleoenvironments in the easternmost Pannonian Basin (Borod Depression, Romania) revealed by the micropaleontological data

Abstract The Sarmatian sedimentary record of the Borod Depression (eastern Pannonian Basin) consists of a marine sequence with continental influence. The investigated section, located near Vârciorog, was biostratigraphically and paleoenvironmentally analysed. The micro- and macrofossil assemblages include dasycladaceans, characeans, foraminifera, molluscs, polychaetes, ostracods, crabs, bryozoans, fish and vertebrate remains, which are characteristic for a shallow marine setting with local transitions to continental facies. The microfossil assemblages are characteristic for the Elphidium reginum Zone and Mohrensternia Zone of the early Sarmatian (Serravallian). The succession of populations correlates with the sedimentological trend, allowing the separation of several genetic units. The relative sea-level changes and the progradational trend from the top of the section suggest active tectonics in the hinterland (Apuseni Mountains). The shallow seas surrounding the emerging islands (Apuseni Mountains) provided the connections between the Pannonian and Transylvanian basins during the early Sarmatian
PENELOPE-2006: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport

The computer code system PENELOPE (version 2008) performs Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport in arbitrary materials for a wide energy range, from a few hundred eV to about 1 GeV. Photon transport is simulated by means of the standard, detailed simulation scheme. Electron and positron histories are generated on the basis of a mixed procedure, which combines detailed simulation of hard events with condensed simulation of soft interactions. A geometry package called PENGEOM permits the generation of random electron-photon showers in material systems consisting of homogeneous bodies limited by quadric surfaces, i.e., planes, spheres, cylinders, etc. This report is intended not only to serve as a manual of the PENELOPE code system, but also to provide the user with the necessary information to understand the details of the Monte Carlo algorithm.
Soil Water Repellency: A Method of Soil Moisture Sequestration in Pinyon–Juniper Woodland

Encroachment of pinyon–juniper woodland into rangeland ecosystems is prevalent across the western United States. Mechanisms associated with this successful encroachment are speculative, but probably, in part, involve the effective use of water resources. We explored the ecohydrological characteristics of a two-needle pinyon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.)–Utah juniper [Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little] woodland on the Colorado Plateau in Utah. We have discovered that a high level of natural soil water repellency or hydrophobicity exists under the canopies of both pinyon and juniper species. We found, following summer precipitation events, that soil water repellency under trees concentrated the soil water below the surface through finger flow or bypass infiltration, contrasting with piston flow and much more uniform soil wetting in intercanopy locations. We propose that the trees "engineer" their environment, creating water repellency as a way of providing an ecohydrological advantage and reducing potential water uptake by shallow-rooted herbaceous species. In addition, we speculate that soil water repellency may be a major contributing factor to the "nutrient islands" observed to persist under juniper canopies even after the trees have been cut down and removed.
A reflector at 200 km depth beneath the northwest Pacific

SUMMARY We present an analysis of precursors to PP produced by underside reflections from discontinuities in the upper mantle beneath the NW Pacific. The events used for this study occur in the western Pacific Rim (New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Solomon, New Guinea, Philippine Islands) and are recorded at the short-period Yellowknife Array (YKA) in northern Canada. The source–receiver combination results in PP reflection points which allow us to study the upper mantle structure in a corridor from the Hawaiian Islands to the Kuril subduction zone. To detect the weak precursors in the time window between the P arrival and the PP onset and to identify them as PP underside reflections, special array techniques are used. Our analysis indicates a reflector at a depth of ∼200 km beneath the northwestern Pacific. This reflector shows strong topography of some tens of kilometres on length scales of several hundred kilometres, complicating the detection of this reflector in global or regional stacks of seismograms. Different models for the impedance jump across the reflector, the thickness and the possible fine structure of the reflector are modelled using synthetic seismograms and are compared with the data. The thickness of the reflector has to be less than 7 km and the P wave impedance contrast has to be larger than 5.0–6.5 per cent to be detected by this study. This corresponds to a P-velocity jump of ∼4 per cent assuming the PREM density model.
LIQUEFACTION FAILURE AND REMEDIATION: KING HARBOR REDONDO BEACH, CALIFORNIA

Liquefaction failure, including large lateral displacements and associated settlement, severely damaged marina facilities at Redondo Beach King Harbor during the Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994. Although minor ground deformation apparently occurred in several areas of the harbor, severe damage was restricted to the central portion of mole B, one of four offshore fills constructed as a part of marina improvements in 1960–61. Local ground conditions and methods used to remediate liquefaction are presented and discussed. Two ground modification techniques were used to mitigate the liquefaction potential of the reconstructed mole b facilities. The major portion of the failure area was treated with vibroreplacement stone columns. Vibratory displacement and installation of the gravel columns not only densified the foundation soils, but also provide additional strength and drainage capacity. Compaction grouting was used to densify foundation soils in the vicinity of existing improvements that were considered sensitive to construction-induced ground vibrations. These ground improvement techniques effectively reduced the liquefaction potential and allowed the marina improvements to be reconstructed on shallow foundations similar to the original design.
Westlothiana lizziae from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland, and the amniote stem

ABSTRACT Westlothiana lizziae is known from the Brigantian of East Kirkton, Scotland. The skull resembles that of later amniotes in the large size of the parietal, the apparent loss of the intertemporal, and the absence of a squamosal notch, palatal fangs and labyrinthine infolding of the marginal teeth, but is primitive in the absence of a transverse flange of the pterygoid. The individual trunk vertebrae resemble those of amniotes; large intercentra are retained, but the neural arch is fused to the centrum. A surprising feature is the presence of 36 presacral vertebrae, as is the relative size of the very small but highly ossified limbs. The humerus is much shorter than the femur, but similar in configuration to that of early amniotes. There are three proximal tarsals as in primitive tetrapods, but an amniote phalangeal count. The presence of massive dorsal as well as ventral scales is a more primitive feature than that of most anthracosaurs. Westlothiana is ‘reptiliomorph’, and is judged to be a stem-group amniote on features of the skull roof, the absence of an otic notch, the gastrocentrous vertebrae and the pedal phalangeal formula. It has not, however, reached the amniote condition in the structure of the tarsus, and the palate is more primitive than that of both early amniotes and the ‘diadectomorphs’.
Chinese Among Others

In this book, distinguished historian Philip A. Kuhn tells the remarkable five-century story of Chinese emigration as an integral part of China's modern history. Although emigration has a much longer past, its "modern" phase dates from the sixteenth century, when European colonialists began to collaborate with Chinese emigrants to develop a worldwide trading system. The author explores both internal and external migration, complementary parts of a far-reaching process of adaptation that enabled Chinese families to deal with their changing social environments. Skills and institutions developed in the course of internal migration were creatively modified to serve the needs of emigrants in foreign lands. As emigrants, Chinese inevitably found themselves "among others. " The various human ecologies in which they lived have faced Chinese settlers with a diversity of challenges and opportunities in the colonial and postcolonial states of Southeast Asia, in the settler societies of the Americas and Australasia, and in Europe. Kuhn traces their experiences worldwide alongside those of the "others" among whom they settled: the colonial elites, indigenous peoples, and rival immigrant groups that have profited from their Chinese minorities but also have envied, feared, and sometimes persecuted them. A rich selection of primary sources allows these protagonists a personal voice to express their hopes, sorrows, and worldviews. The post-Mao era offers emigrants new opportunities to leverage their expatriate status to do business with a Chinese nation eager for their investments, donations, and technologies. The resulting "new migration," the author argues, is but the latest phase of a centuries-old process by which Chinese have sought livelihoods away from home.
Performance evaluation of a dual fuel engine (Diesel + LPG)

The paper presents the results on the existing diesel engines that can be suitably modified to operate on the dual fuel mode to conserve diesel and also reduce environmental pollution. The conventional fuels, petrol and diesel for internal combustion engines are getting exhausted at an alarming rate, due to tremendous increase in the vehicular population. Further these fuels cause serious environmental problems as they release toxic gases into the atmosphere at high temperatures and concentrations. Some of the pollutants released by the engines are UBHC, CO, NOx, smoke and particulate matter. In view of this and many other related issues, these fuels will have to be replaced by alternative and eco-friendly fuels. A 4-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine has been considered for the purpose of experimentation. It is modified suitably to run on the dual fuel mode. LPG carburetor is incorporated on the intake side of the engine. The fuel injection system is also altered so that it injects only the pilot fuel. The engine is interfaced with a computer, so that the data could be generated on-line and stored for the off-line analysis. The performance of the engine is evaluated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under varying load conditions for different proportions of LPG energy. The LPG energy substitution could be done up to 50% at lower loads and up to 20% at higher loads. The engine performance is better on pure diesel up to engine loads of about 35%. At higher engine loads, the dual fuel mode is superior to the pure diesel mode of operation. This is true with regard to the emissions also. The smoke density is considerably reduced on dual-fuel operation, compared to that of pure diesel operation. At lower loads, for improved performance, the engine could be operated on pure diesel operation. However for higher loads, the operation could be switched over to the dual fuel mode. The threshold load of transition from diesel fuel mode to the dual fuel mode is found to be about 35%. Dual fuel engines can be conveniently used in various applications, particularly at higher loads.
Changing Effects of Job Accessibility on Employment and Commute: A Case Study of Los Angeles*

Accessibility has become a key indicator to evaluate performance of transportation plans and policies. Nevertheless, empirical evidence of the effects of accessibility is inconclusive. The mixed results raise questions about the significance of space and require examining the constancy of job accessibility's effects over time. This research investigates the effects on worker-to-population ratios and commute time between 1990 and 2007–2011 in the Los Angeles metropolitan area using spatial regression models and interactive dummy variables. The results show that higher job accessibility is significantly associated with shorter commute time, and the association between job accessibility and worker-to-population ratios is weak and even insignificant. Moreover, the effects of job accessibility did not significantly change between 1990 and 2007–2011 but fluctuated in between.
Relation entre Pollution des Eaux de Sources, Forages et Maladies Hydriques Enregistrées au Centre Hospitalier Dominicain Saint Martin de Porres (CHDSMP) du Quartier Mvog-Betsi à Yaoundé

RESUME OBJECTIFS : Mesurer les indices de contamination bacteriologique de l’eau des sources et forages de Mvog-Betsi, et rechercher une relation entre ces indices et le nombre de maladies hydriques enregistrees au Centre Hospitalier Dominicain Saint Martin de Porres (CHDSMP) de ce quartier de Yaounde. METHODES Il s’agit d’une etude retrospective et prospective, basee d’une part sur les statistiques des maladies hydriques enregistrees au CHDSMP, et d’autre part sur l’analyse bacteriologique de l’eau des sources et forages consommees par la population. Nous avons utilise la technique de Presence-Absence puis le denombrement apres inondation sur gelose specifique pour la culture des bacteries. L’identification bacterienne a ete faite par la galerie RapIDTM ONE. RESULTATS Nous avons constate que presque tous les habitants de Mvog Betsi buvaient de l’eau issue des puits ou des sources ou des forages. D’autre part, les eaux de sources et de forages de Mvog-Betsi etaient toutes polluees. En effet, le denombrement des Escherichia coli, indice de pollution fecale dans toutes les eaux, a ete anormal, ce qui revele un probable danger pour la sante. Les statistiques des maladies hydriques enregistrees en 2012 au CHDSMP montrent que 1752 habitants de Mvog Betsi ont souffert de ces maladies contre 2576 qui avaient d’autres pathologies. Au premier trimestre 2013, il ya eu 272 cas de maladies hydriques sur un total de 766 habitants de Mvog-Betsi venues consulter. CONCLUSION Il y a une relation claire entre la pollution des eaux de source, forages et les maladies hydriques enregistrees au CHDSMP du quartier Mvog-Betsi ABSTRACT PURPOSE To measure indices of bacteriologic contamination of stream and spring drinkable water of Mvog–Betsi and establish a link between those indices and waterborne diseases registered at the Centre Hospitalier Dominicain Saint Martin de Porres (CHDSMP). METHODS This was a retrospective and prospective study which recorded the number and nature of waterborne diseases registered at CHDSMP, and correlated them to the bacteriologic analysis of stream water and spring water used by the population in the neighborhood of Mvog Betsi. We used the technic of Present-Absence and counted colonies after inundation on medium agars. Bacterila idenitifcation was done using RapIDTM ONE kits. RESULTS We found that most inhabitants of Mvog Betsi were drinking stream and spring water. Nearly all the springs, wells and drillings were polluted at Betsi, based on the count Escherichia coli colonies. During the year 2012, 1752 inhabitants of Mvog-Betsi suffered from waterborne diseases, while 2576 had other diseases. During the first trimester of 2013, we recorded 272 cases of waterborne diseases from a total of 766 consultations. CONCLUSION There is a clear relationship between the frequency of waterborne diseases in Mvog Betsi and the usage of polluted water form spring, wells and drillings that are in use in Mvog Betsi. s
Stability of hydrous phases in the transition zone and the upper most part of the lower mantle

Phase relation for Mg2SiO4+20.4 wt. %H2O composition was studied in the pressure range from 11 GPa to 22.5 GPa. The sequence of the phase transitions in the temperature range from 800°C to 1000°C with increasing pressure was as follows; Forsterite + Water → Phase A + Clinoenstatite + Water → Phase E + Water → Superhydrous phase B + Phase F + Water → Brucite + Phase F (+Water). Coexistence of brucite and phase F was observed at pressures above 20 GPa. These phases are stable at least up to 22.5 GPa and around 1000°C, and are the candidates for the hydrous phase in a cold slab descending into the base of the transition zone and the uppermost part of the lower mantle.
Precambrian animal life: Taphonomy of phosphatized metazoan embryos from southwest China

Phosphatized fossils from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation have provided valuable insight into the early evolution of metazoans, but the preservation of these spectacular fossils is not yet fully understood. This research begins to address this issue by performing a detailed specimen-based taphonomic analysis of the Doushantuo Formation phosphatized metazoan embryos. A total of 206 embryos in 65 thin sections from the Weng'an Phosphorite Member of the Doushantuo Formation were examined and their levels of pre-phosphatization decay estimated. The data produced from this examination reveal a strong taphonomic bias toward earlier (2-cell and 4-cell) cleavage stages, which tend to be well-preserved, and away from later (8-cell and 16-cell) cleavage stages, which tend to exhibit evidence for slight to intense levels of organic decay. In addition, the natural abundances of these embryos tend to decrease with advancement in cleavage stage, and no evidence of more advanced (beyond 16-cell) cleavage stages or eventual adult forms were found in this study. One possible explanation for this taphonomic bias toward early cleavage stages is that later cleavage stages and adult forms were more physically delicate, allowing them to be more easily damaged during burial and reworking, allowing for more rapid decay. The spectacular preservation of these embryos was probably aided by their likely internal enrichment in phosphate-rich yolk, which would have caused their internal dissolved phosphate levels to reach critical levels with only miniscule organic decay, thereby hastening phosphatization. If internal sources of phosphate did indeed play a role in the phosphatization of these embryos, it may explain their prolific abundance in these rocks compared to other phosphatized fossils as well as indicating that metazoans lacking such internal phosphate sources were likely much more difficult to preserve. The phosphatic fossils of the Doushantuo Formation, therefore, provide an indispensable, yet restricted, window into Neoproterozoic life and metazoan origins.