Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nodulation control of crack fertilization technique reduced the growth inhibition of soybean caused by short-term waterlogging at early vegetative stage

Abstract Waterlogging is the constraint for soybean growth and yield, because soybean is often cultivated in upland fields converted from paddy in Japan. However, efficient cultivation techniques for alleviating the adverse effects have not been developed. We have proposed the new soybean cultivation technique named crack fertilization which enables yield increase due to enhancing new root growth and N acquisition by increasing nodulation. Waterlogging induces N deficiency due to the suppression of nutrient uptake by the inhibition of root growth and nodule activity. Thus, it is hypothesized that crack fertilization would be effective to alleviate the inhibition of soybean growth and yield. The soybean cultivar of Sachiyutaka was planted in 1/5000 a Wagner pots and root boxes. Two separate waterlogging treatments were imposed to soybean plants at different growth stages, V1 and R4, and crack fertilization was done at V3. After these treatments, soybean plants were sampled at R5 in 2012 and 2013 experiments, respectively. Waterlogging at V1 and R4 inhibited the growth and yield of soybean and nodule growth, and the decreases in physiological parameters of soybean such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and xylem sap exudation rate were observed. The adverse effects of waterlogging at V1 were alleviated by crack fertilization at V3, whereas crack fertilization could not alleviate the adverse effects of waterlogging at R4. Thus, crack fertilization after waterlogging at early vegetative stage would be the cultivation technique that enables to alleviate the adverse effects.
Panther Habitat Use in Southern Florida

We captured 6 Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi) in southern Florida and radiolocated them 1,630 times from February 1981 through August 1983. Mean home area for 4 males and 2 females was 435 ? 231 (SE) km2 and 202 ? 141 km2, respectively. Mixed swamp forests and hammock forests were used more than expected based on the availability of these habitats within the panthers' home areas. Based on the availability of mixed swamp forests and hammock forests, we estimate that south Florida can support 30-40 panthers. The major factor limiting the panther population in south Florida appears to be availability of suitable habitat. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(4):660-663 In October 1976 the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (GFC) initiated a study of the Florida panther to determine if a viable population of panthers remained in Florida. At least 1 population was located in the Fakahatchee Strand-Big Cypress Swamp-Everglades National Park region of southern Florida (Belden 1978). Our objective was to identify habitat necessary for the continued survival of the population of panthers in southern Florida. We acknowledge T. H. Logan and T. C. Hines for constructive criticism, guidance, and support. We also appreciate O. L. Bass, D. K. Jansen, J. McGrady, D. B. Pylant, J. G. Quinn, and J. S. Sanders for assistance with field work; G. L. Evink, W. H. Kuyper, J. Becker, R. Whitehead, R. D. Hallman, E. G. Phillips, J. D. Edrington III, and C. E. Gardner of the Florida Department of Transportation for habitat mapping and analyses; and G. Hensler, C. Moore, This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.35 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:39:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms J. Wildl. Manage. 52(4):1988 PANTHER HABITAT * Belden et al. 661 and G. R. Morgan for statistical assistance. Primary funding was provided by the GFC and by federal grant-in-aid funds administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (PL No. 93-205).
Implantação de pastagens sob sistema monocultivo e integrado com lavoura utilizando biofertilizante de cama de aviário como adubação de cobertura

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the use of bio-fertilizers obtained by anaerobic biodigestion Aviary bed productive characteristics of Piata, grass and soil chemical characteristics. Assessed five doses of biofertilizers (0; 10; 20; 30; 40m3. Ha-1) in two cultivation systems (monoculture system of Piata grass and grass intercropping system with hybrid forage sorghum Piata BRS 610). Agronomic characteristics were verified and submitted to structural measures of biofertilizer in the two systems of crops, checked also the influence of biofertilizer in soil chemical characteristics. The two production systems responded efficiently with the application of biofertilizer, however the thatched roofs and tilling was the main components responsible for increased productivity. The doses of biofertilizer brought chemical soil characteristics increments, being identified only difference to K+ and organic matter between systems of crops, evidencing the Member with the highest extraction system of soil nutrients by crops. The biofertilizer proved satisfactory considering increments obtained in the production of fodder, in tiller number, leaf area, mass per tiller being good option for improving the productivity of grass Piata, responding positively in both production systems.
Florogenesis and the effect of temperatures on the development of Allium aflatunense

Summary The process of florogenesis of Allium aflatunense (= A. hollandicum) and the effects of temperature and photoperiod on plant development were studied. , Intrabulb development of the monocarpic shoot, and the formation of the renewal bulbs of A. aflatunense require a thermoperiodic annual cycle. Initiation of leaf primordia in the renewal bulb begins after planting of the parent plant. The vegetative meristem of the renewal bulb shifts to the reproductive stage during flowering of the parent plant, while the differentiation of individual flowers in the floral meristem begins during the rest period of the bulb, when temperatures are relatively high. New flower primordia are continuously being formed, while older flower buds have already been diferentiated. After floral differentiation, a prolonged period at low temperatures is required for further leaf and floral stalk elongation. After planting, the physiological response of the growing plants was affected by the temperature and length of preceding storage. Storage at 4˚C for 16 weeks, or a combination of 98C for eight weeks, followed by 4˚C for eight weeks, resulted in normal leaf and floral stalk elongation. Leaf elongation requires shorter cold treatment than that of the floral stalk. Storage conditions conducive to scape elongation also resulted in the formation of a renewal bulb and a few daughter bulbs. The development of the leaves, renewal bulbs and inflorescences was significantly affected by growth temperatures, but not by photoperiod. Leaf and renewal bulb growth was best at 17/98C (day/night temperatures), intermediate at 20/12˚C and 23/15˚C, and weakest at 26/18˚C, where leaves were narrower and shorter and renewal bulbs were smaller than in the other environments. Scape elongation was normal at 17/9˚C and 20/12˚C, and inhibited in plants subjected to higher temperatures.
The Effects of Temperature and Oxygen on the Development of Polymorphus marilis (Acanthocephala) in Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda)

Rate of development of Polymorphus marilis in laboratory-infected Gammarus lacustris was related linearly to temperature between 10 and 25 C. The temperature threshold was 7.3 C and the thermal constant was 535 degree-days. Rate of development at alternating temperatures above the threshold was slightly lower than that at a constant temperature of the same mean. When one temperature was above and one below threshold, all development occurred at the higher temperature and at the normal rate. When infected gammarids were transferred to 23 C after 28 days at 10 C, development of the acantho- cephalans was slower than normal; when transferred after 40 days at 10 C, development was faster than normal. These differences suggest a diapause condition, which may function to prevent development to the cystacanth stage during warm weather in the early fall. An 80% reduction in dissolved oxygen con- centration of the water had no effect on development of P. marilis. During the late winter, less than 3% of the amphipods, Gammarus lacustris Sars, col- lected at Cooking Lake, about 20 km east of Edmonton, Alberta, contain cystacanths of Polymorphus marilis Van Cleave, 1939. How- ever, when these gammarids were held in aer- ated aquaria at temperatures above 15 C under conditions precluding accidental infec- tion, cystacanths developed in 20 to 30% of the gammarids (Denny, 1967; Tokeson, 1971), suggesting that P. marilis may overwinter within the intermediate host as dormant, cryptic early larval stages. Water temperatures
empirical evidence from haematophagous ectoparasites

Aim We searched for relationships between latitude and both the geographic range size and host specificity of fleas parasitic on small mammals. This provided a test for the hypothesis that specialization is lower, and thus niche breadth is wider, in high-latitude species than in their counterparts at lower latitudes. Location We used data on the host specificity and geographic range size of 120 Palaearctic flea species (Siphonaptera) parasitic on small mammals (Soricomorpha, Lagomorpha and Rodentia). Data on host specificity were taken from 33 regions, whereas data on geographic ranges covered the entire distribution of the 120 species. Methods Our analyses controlled for the potentially confounding effects of phylogenetic relationships among flea species by means of the independentcontrasts method. We used regressions and structural equation modelling to determine whether the latitudinal position of the geographic range of a flea covaried with either the size of its range or its host specificity. The latter was measured as the number of host species used, as well as by an index providing the average (and variance in) taxonomic distinctness among the host species used by a flea. Results Geographic range size was positively correlated with the position of the centre of the range; in other words, fleas with more northerly distributions had larger geographic ranges. Although the number of host species used by a flea did not vary with latitude, both the mean taxonomic distinctness among host species used and its variance increased significantly towards higher latitudes. Main conclusions The results indicate that niche breadth in fleas, measured in terms of both its spatial (geographic range size) and biological (host specificity) components, increases at higher latitudes. These findings are compatible with the predictions of recent hypotheses about latitudinal gradients.
Secondary Dormancy, Growth-Regulator Effects, and Embryo Growth Potential in Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) Seeds

Curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) seeds failed to germinate in the dark, but germinated readily in light at 15, 20, and 25C. A secondary dormancy was induced in these seeds by 6 days of dark or light incubation at 30C (thermodormancy), by 6 days of dark incubation at 15C, or by a prolonged soaking in −15.7 bar polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solution at 15C in light. The secondary dormancy induced at 15C was partially removed by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) in presence of light; however, when the dormancy was induced at 30C, an addition of gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) to ethephon was necessary for effective removal of the dormancy. The ability of growth regulators to remove the secondary dormancy induced by prolonged dark incubation at 15C decreased progressively in light as the duration of dark incubation increased. The water-potential studies indicate that the thermodormancy can be attributed, at least in part, to the inability of the embryonic cells to lower their water potential to a level sufficient to cause radicle protrusion.
The Role of Wood Anatomy in Phylogeny

During the past three decades, plant anatomists have established a number of lines of phylogenetic specialization in the structures of the stele. Just as the taxonomists have worked out certain trends in the evolution of the flowerfor example, the change from spiral to the cyclic arrangement of the floral organs, from free floral parts to fused floral organs, from hypogyny to epigyny, etc.-so morphologists have described the following lines of anatomical specialization: 1. The prostostele is more primitive than the siphonostele or the dictyostele (i.e., eustele of Brebner) (Jeffrey, 1897, 1917). 2. In the Angiosperms, the woody stem of trees and shrubs is more primitive than that of herbaceous plants (Eames, 1911; Sinnott and Bailey, 1914, 1922; Jeffrey and Torrey, 1921, 1921a). 3. The vessel element with scalariform perforation plates appeared in plants before the vessel member with a single opening in the perforation plates (Jeffrey, 1917; Bailey and Tupper, 1918; Frost, 1930, 1930a). 4. Among the vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates, the tvpe with numerous bars and narrow openings is more primitive than the type in which there are few bars separating wide openings or perforations (Frost, 1930a). 5. The vessel elements which are long, small in diameter, and angular in cross-section preceded those which are short, broad, and circular in crosssectional outline (Bailey and Tupper, 1918; Bailey, 1920; Frost, 1930). 6. Vessel elements with long, sloping end-walls are more primitive than those with end-walls which are transverse (Bailey and Tupper, 1918; Frost, 1930, 1930a). 7. The phylogenetic order of the several types of pitting on the side walls of the vessels is scalariform, transitional, opposite, and finally alternate (Bailev and Tupper, 1918; Frost, 1930, 1931). 8. The type of vessel arrangement in which the pores occur singly throughout the wood (i.e., solitary pores) is less advanced than the various aggregate groupings, such as pore multiples, pore clusters, and pore chains (Frost, uinpublished data). 9. The diffuse-porous condition is more primitive than the ring-porous state (Frost, 1930; Gilbert, 1940). 10. Evolution has proceeded from tracheids to fiber-tracheids to libriform wood fibers (Jeffrey, 1917; Bailey and Tupper, 1918; Bailey, 1936). Accompanying this development there has been a progressive decrease in the length of these elements (Bailey and Tupper, 1918; Bailey, 1920). 11. So far as the several categories of tracheids are concerned, the phylogenetic development in the Angiosperms has been from scalariform tracheids to circular bordered pitted tracheids (Jeffrey, 1917). 12. The diffuse arrangement of wood parenchyma cells is more primitive than are the various aggregate arrangements, such as banded apotracheal and
Constituents of the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. III. : Structures of Ganolucidic Acids A and B, New Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids

The structures of ganolucidic acids A and B, new lanostane-type triterpenoids isolated from the surface part of the gills of Ganoderma lucidum (Polypolaceae), ware determined to be 1a and 2a, respectively. Detailed analyses of proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-and 13C-NMR) spectra were performed by using two-dimensional (2-D) 1H-1H and 1H-13C shift correlation NMR techniques.
Antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of some date varieties from Saravan Region, Baluchistan, Iran

In this study, fruits of six soft cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) commonly grown in Saravan (Sistan and Baluchistan province) were analysed for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. As well, total phenolic contents were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant power of fruits was in range of 236.82 to 579.54 μg/ml for various cultivars in DPPH assay. The antioxidant activity of samples was between 9.34 and 24.64 mg/ml in FRAP method. The total phenolic contents ranged from 2.980 to 8.454 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g dry weight (dw). The highest total phenolic contents was found at Zardan, with mean value of 8.454 ± 0.52 mg (GAE)/g dw and antioxidant activity was 24.64 ± 4.31 (mg/g dw) and 236.82 ± 11.14 (μg/ml) in FRAP and DPPH respectively. Radical scavenging correlation analyses indicated that there was a significant relationship (r=-0.974 and r=0.975, P<0.01) between both antioxidant methods and the total phenolic contents of various cultivars. The results of the experiments showed that fruits of date palm have high phenolic contents and suitable antioxidant potential. The antioxidant activity may be linked to phenolic contents of these cultivars but complementary investigations are suggested for determining active elements. Key words: Antioxidants, date palm, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content.
The Food of the Common Malayan Toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneider

The gut contents of 160 Bufo melanostictus showed that this toad feeds on a wide range of invertebrates of which insects form the greater part. Feeding was confined to ground and litter-dwelling forms but was apparently unselective. All forms within a size range of 5.0-20.0 mm were ingested, including such forms as scorpions. The prey smaller than 5.0 mm showed less diversity, suggesting that these forms are less easily distinguished by the toad. Differences occur between the diets of toads from the Singapore Botanic Gardens and the Ampang area near Kuala Lumpur. These differences may be related to differences in the faunas of the two localities. The intake of vegetable material seems too great to be explained by accidental ingestion, but the intake of inorganic material may have been an accidental result of feeding on organic detritus.
Effects of mix-leaf litter decomposition of different trees in the Loess Plateau

Effects of mix-leaf litter decomposition of different trees are important bases of evaluating interspecific relationship and mix-foresting suitability of trees.Experiments of mix-leaf litter decomposition between main tree species in the Loess Plateau have been carried out in laboratory and the results show that:(1)Leaf litter of Hippophae rhamnoides,Ulmus pumila,Caragana microphylla and Populus simonii decompose the most quickly(Turnover periods Ts are 1a around),leaf litter of Salix matsudana,Platycladus orientalis and Betula platyphylla decompose the second quickly(Ts are a little longer than 1 a),leaf litter of Amorpha fruticosa,Quercus liaotungensis and Robinia pseudoacacia decompose a little slowly(Ts are 1.5 a around),leaf litter of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica,Larix principis-rupprechtii and Pinus tabulaeformis decompose the most slowly(Ts are a little longer than 2 a). (2)For needle-leaved trees,mixed with litter of P.tabulaeformis,the trees most obviously promoting decomposition are P.orientalis and L.principis-rupprechtii,followed by B.platyphylla,H.rhamnoides and R.pseudoacacia,and no trees obviously restraining decomposition.Mixed with litter of P.sylvestris var.mongolica,the trees most obviously promoting decomposition are L.principis-rupprechtii,P.orientalis,H.rhamnoides and U.pumila,followed by C.microphylla,A.fruticosa and P.simonii,but the trees most obviously restraining decomposition are R.pseudoacacia followed by B.platyphylla and Q.Liaotungensis. Mixed with litter of L.principis-rupprechtii,the trees most obviously promoting decomposition are U.pumila,B.platyphylla and Q.liaotungensis,but the tree obviously restraining decomposition is R.pseudoacacia. A.fruticosa would obviously restraining decomposition mixed with litter of P.orientalis. (3)For broad-leaved trees,mixed with litter of P.simonii,the trees most obviously promoting decomposition are A.fruticosa followed by Q.liaotungensis and R.pseudoacacia. Mixed with litter of R.pseudoacacia,the trees most obviously promoting decomposition are U.pumila and H.rhamnoides,the trees obviously restraining decomposition are C.microphylla followed by Q.liaotungensis and B.platyphylla. Mixed with litter of B.platyphylla,the trees most promoting decomposition are Q.liaotungensis and A.fruticosa,the tree obviously restraining decomposition is C.microphylla. U.pumila would obviously promote decomposition mixed with litter of Q.liaotungensis or S.matsudana,but U.pumila would restrain decomposition mixed with litter of C.microphylla. A.fruticosa would promote decomposition mixed with litter of S.matsudana or H.rhamnoides,but restrain decomposition mixed with litter of C.microphylla.
Myf5 haploinsufficiency reveals distinct cell fate potentials for adult skeletal muscle stem cells

Skeletal muscle stem cell fate in adult mice is regulated by crucial transcription factors, including the determination genes Myf5 and Myod . The precise role of Myf5 in regulating quiescent muscle stem cells has remained elusive. Here we show that most, but not all, quiescent satellite cells express Myf5 protein, but at varying levels, and that resident Myf5 heterozygous muscle stem cells are more primed for myogenic commitment compared with wild-type satellite cells. Paradoxically however, heterotypic transplantation of Myf5 heterozygous cells into regenerating muscles results in higher self-renewal capacity compared with wild-type stem cells, whereas myofibre regenerative capacity is not altered. By contrast, Pax7 haploinsufficiency does not show major modifications by transcriptome analysis. These observations provide a mechanism linking Myf5 levels to muscle stem cell heterogeneity and fate by exposing two distinct and opposing phenotypes associated with Myf5 haploinsufficiency. These findings have important implications for how stem cell fates can be modulated by crucial transcription factors while generating a pool of responsive heterogeneous cells.
World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)

The first complete World Catalog of sawflies (Hymenoptera, suborder Symphyta) for over 100 years is presented. It contains references to the original descriptions and provides brief distributional data for 803 genera, 8353 species (123 with two or more subspecies) and 161 subspecies in addition to the nominal subspecies. 15245 proposed names are treated, including replacement names, infrasubspecific names and nomina nuda, of which only 22 could not be checked in the original publications. Current taxonomic placement of genera and species and occurrence in zoogeographic regions are indicated. The list of names contains 31245 name combinations, variant spellings and family-group names. The authors attempted to consult all publications with taxonomic content referring to Symphyta that have appeared up to 31.12. 2009. The 2960 cited references include all those that are known to contain original descriptions of taxa. Short biographical data and portraits of 168 symphytologists as well as images of representatives of extant sawfly taxa are included.