Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Culturally Tailored Website to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity Levels in African American Mother-Child Dyads: Observational Study

Background African American youth (aged 8-14 years) do not adhere to national dietary and physical activity guidelines. Nonadherence to these recommendations contributes to disproportionate rates of obesity compared with their white counterparts. Culturally tailored electronic health (eHealth) solutions are needed to communicate nutrition and physical activity messages that resonate with this target population. Objective This study aimed to identify the impact of exposure to a website hosting culturally tailored cartoons to inspire fruit and vegetable uptake and physical activity levels in African American mother-child dyads. Methods Statistical analysis included paired sample t tests to evaluate knowledge gains, self-efficacy, and readiness to change. Adapted items from Prochaska’s Stages of Change toward the following 4 behaviors were assessed with pre- and posttest surveys: (1) fruit and vegetable selection on my plate, (2) meal preparation, (3) fruit and vegetable selection outside of home, and (4) physical activity. Open-ended comments on videos from mother-child dyads were used to determine user acceptance. Observations of repeated responses during content analysis informed coding and development of key themes. Results A final sample size of 93 mother-child dyads completed the study. Mothers reported significant improvement from precontemplation or contemplation stages to preparation or action stages for (1) fruit and vegetable selection on her plate (P=.03), (2) meal preparation for her family (P=.01), (3) fruit and vegetable selection outside the home (P<.001), and (4) physical activity (P<.001). Significant improvements were found in knowledge, stage of change, and self-efficacy for the 4 target behaviors of interest (P<.001). Children’s open-ended commentary reported vicarious learning and positive character identification with brown-skinned cartoons exhibiting healthful food and exercise behaviors. Mothers commented on the lack of accessible produce in their neighborhoods not depicted in the cartoon videos. Conclusions Culturally adapted cartoons that incorporate tailored preferences by African American families, such as race or demography, may help increase adherence to target health behaviors when developing eHealth behavior solutions.
Responses of stream fish populations to farming intensity and water abstraction in an agricultural catchment

Agriculture affects streams worldwide, and multiple stressors are usually at work. The effects of farming intensification in the catchment are likely to interact with flow reduction due to abstraction for irrigation, but their combined effects on fish communities are unknown. In a low‐rainfall, agricultural catchment, we sampled instream physicochemistry and fish populations (non‐native brown trout, Salmo trutta, and native upland bullies, Gobiomorphus breviceps, dominated the fish communities) at 36 stream sites chosen to cover wide gradients of % Farming Intensity (%FI) (% catchment in ‘high‐producing exotic grassland’) and % Water Abstraction (%WA) (estimated from a published hydrological model). These landscape variables were not well correlated, allowing us to unravel their individual and combined effects. Presence of trout was best described by an additive multiple‐stressor model consisting of a unimodal response to %FI and a negative response to %WA. Trout density only showed a negative response to %FI. Upland bullies were unrelated to either landscape variable. When populations were modelled using instream variables, trout presence was negatively related to fine sediment depth, while density was negatively related to both sediment depth and total nitrogen (themselves closely related to %FI). Upland bully presence and density showed unimodal responses to just total nitrogen. Ammonium concentration was the only measured instream variable related to %WA. The final models for instream stressors explained more of the variation in fish density, whereas the final models for landscape stressors explained more of the variation in fish presence. Overall, farming intensity showed stronger negative relationships with fish populations than water abstraction, and fish were absent from stream reaches whose upstream catchments contained more than 40% high‐producing exotic grassland. Resource managers considering intensifying water abstraction or agriculture in low‐rainfall river catchments should be aware of the interplay between these two agricultural stressors.
Implications of Sublethal Lead Exposure In Avian Scavengers

Abstract The high incidence of lead exposure being reported in avian scavengers is not surprising, considering the frequency with which lead ammunition residues occur in the remains of gun-killed animals. Population impacts likely are underestimated because of latency of effect, low probability of carcass discovery, and the difficulty of detecting the health manifestations of sublethal lead burdens. There are good reasons to expect that sublethal lead is harmful, especially in view of the considerable body of human health literature providing evidence of multiple adverse effects associated with very small amounts of lead, together with the implication that lead physiology is broadly similar among vertebrates. A detailed experimental study of growth and behavior involving dosing and controls in developing Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus), and reports of morphological and physiological responses in other species, offer insight into the implications of sublethal lead exposure on wild populations. Further studies of lead's sublethal effects on avian scavengers are therefore warranted and may benefit from advancements in bone-lead measurement and feather analysis, particularly where lead burdens can be benignly assessed among live birds in the field.
Effect of Garlic Powder (Allium sativum) and Black Seed (Nigella sativa) on Broiler Growth Performance and Intestinal Morphology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic powder (GP) black seed (BS) and plant premix (GP and BS) in the diet on broiler growth performance and intestinal morphology. included 480 Hubbard broiler chicks(day-old). There were 4 treatment groups each consisting of 3 replicates. The four dietary treatments consisted of a control (basal diet), basal diet +0.5% GP, basal diet +0.5% BS and basal diet +0.5% (GP and BS), to the starter and finisher diet. The experiment lasted 42 days. Body weight , body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined weekly and intestinal morphology was determined at the end of the study (42 day). The addition of GP and BS plant premix (GP and BS) to the diet resulted in significantly higher body weight, body weight gain and feed intake than control group. However, feed conversion ratio was not influenced by dietary treatment (P>0.05). The villus height,crypt depth and crypt depth to villus height ratio was significantly higher in Black seed and plant premix (GP and BS) than other groups. While villus height, crypt depth and crypt depth to villus height ratio were lower in the control group compared to the other groups (P-value). It was found that the goblet cells were not affected by any treatment. Based on the results of this study it could be suggested to supplement broiler feed with 0.5% GP.
Fine Structure of the Tunic of Ciona intestinalis L. II. Tunic morphology, cell distribution and their functional importance

Ciona intestinalis L. tunic architecture and cell distribution were investigated with the electron microscope. The observations showed that the ascidian covering is formed by a thin outer cuticle, a subcuticle of variable width and a large single layer of ground substance. “Large granule”, morula, phagocyte and granulocyte are the cellular types encountered; they appear mainly in highly vacuolated states and are distributed throughout the whole tunic. The “large granule” cells, however, are mainly seen in the cuticle layer and the morula cells appear mostly in the outer zone of the ground substance. The role of these cells in tunic construction, repair and regeneration as well as their scavenging function are discussed.
Arid geomorphology

The interaction of wind and water over time is arguably the key influence upon the contemporary geomorphology and longer-term landscape development of arid regions of the world. The significance of this interaction is reflected in the considerable volume of publications devoted to the study of aeolian and fluvial processes, as well as Quaternary and Holocene desert environments, which have appeared in the last year.
Homicides by People with Mental Illness

led to more killings by mentally ill people managed by health and social services which cannot cope with the dangers many of them present to others. However, a survey of Home Office criminal statistics for England and Wales between 1957 and 1995 suggests that these beliefs are largely unfounded. The main finding was that there has been minimal fluctuation in the actual numbers of mentally ill people committing homicides over the 38 years studied, and a 3% annual decline in their contribution to the overall statistics on homicide:
LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal

Using data from the 2003 US National Survey of College Graduates, a longitudinal survey administered by the US Bureau of Census for the National Science Foundation, this study examines earnings in the library and information science labor market and assesses the impact of gender and race on the earnings attainment process. This cross-sectional dataset is used to determine if there are significant differences in income among library and information science professionals with respect to gender and race. The approach taken in this study is to build a theoretical model of earnings attainment for librarians and information scientists. This is followed by a discussion of the methodology used to analyze the data and test the model, and the results, discussion including recommendations for further research, and conclusions. Introduction Library and information science (LIS) is a field that is changing rapidly as technological advances increase and the amount of information available continues to proliferate. As the field evolves, opportunity and equity among those employed continues to take on greater importance. Finding, retaining, and promoting skilled professionals to manage and change with the field is a challenge the profession is confronting (Kim, Chiu, Sin & Robbins, 2007; Seaman, 2005). These developments illustrate the importance of issues such as fairness in career attainment processes, which is why studies of attainment in library and information science are needed. This study will propose and test a model of earnings attainment for the LIS labor market and attempt to explain the factors that have an impact on earnings. It is important to note that this study focuses on people who are employed in library and information science and may or may not be librarians as commonly defined by the profession. This study is organized as follows. First, a review of the relevant literature is presented. Second, the model of earnings attainment is presented along with the theoretical basis of the model and the variable included. Third, the data and analytical framework used in this study is described in the methodology section. This is followed
Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 2. Adaptation options via grassland management

Abstract. Climate change is predicted to cause a significant reduction in the productivity of grasslands and the livestock industry across southern Australia. We have used the GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation models to assess a range of pasture management practices as adaptation options under the SRES A2 global change scenario. The modelling analysis spanned four dimensions: space (25 representative locations), time (2030, 2050, 2070, and a historical reference period of 1970–99), livestock enterprises (five), and management (four adaptation options at different levels). Climate projection uncertainty was taken into account by considering climates from four global climate models. The effectiveness of adaptation options varied widely among enterprises and locations, over time, and under the four projected future climates. Increased soil fertility by adding phosphorus and addition of an area of lucerne to the feed-base were predicted to have the greatest effect in recovering from the negative impact of climate change on profitability. In high-rainfall zones in particular, and compared with the historical period, the most profitable option could return the profitability of livestock production systems to historical levels at 68%, 52%, and 32% of the representative locations at 2030, 2050, and 2070, respectively. At 2030, increased soil fertility, adding lucerne to the feed-base, and confinement feeding in summer recovered overall profit fully at 52%, 28%, and 12% of locations. Removing annual legumes in an attempt to preserve ground cover was ineffective as an adaptation to changing climate. For the majority of location × livestock enterprise combinations, there was at least one individual incremental adaptation that could recover the declines in the profitability at 2030, but effectiveness decreased over time after 2030. It is unlikely that the examined single climate change adaptations to the feed-base of southern Australian livestock production systems can return them to profitability in the second half of the century.
A High Arctic soil ecosystem resists long‐term environmental manipulations

We evaluated above‐ and belowground ecosystem changes in a 16 year, combined fertilization and warming experiment in a High Arctic tundra deciduous shrub heath (Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, NU, Canada). Soil emissions of the three key greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) were measured in mid‐July 2009 using soil respiration chambers attached to a FTIR system. Soil chemical and biochemical properties including Q10 values for CO2, CH4, and N2O, Bacteria and Archaea assemblage composition, and the diversity and prevalence of key nitrogen cycling genes including bacterial amoA, crenarchaeal amoA, and nosZ were measured. Warming and fertilization caused strong increases in plant community cover and height but had limited effects on GHG fluxes and no substantial effect on soil chemistry or biochemistry. Similarly, there was a surprising lack of directional shifts in the soil microbial community as a whole or any change at all in microbial functional groups associated with CH4 consumption or N2O cycling in any treatment. Thus, it appears that while warming and increased nutrient availability have strongly affected the plant community over the last 16 years, the belowground ecosystem has not yet responded. This resistance of the soil ecosystem has resulted in limited changes in GHG fluxes in response to the experimental treatments.
Sexual selection and the mating system of Argusianus argus (Aves: Phasianidae)

A study of the Great Argus pheasant Argusianus argus is described. Cleared display sites are owned each by a single male which calls to attract females, while other adult and subadult males maintain no such sites. Evidence is presented to show that vocal differences between males at display sites are slight and unstable, and are therefore unlikely to be used by females in mate choice. No evidence was obtained to suggest that females wander from display site to site and mate with the best male chosen by visual comparison of subtle plumage variation, although the classical assumption has been that such choice accounts for the evolution of the males' extravagant plumage. Females may by chance meet males without display sites at random in the forest, but the displays of such males are probably insufficiently stimulating to induce the female to copulate. Choice between males with or without display sites, on gross plumage and display differences, provides an alternative explanation for the evolution of the males' plumage.
An Emerging Crisis across Northern Prairie Refuges: Prevalence of Invasive Plants and a Plan for Adaptive Management

In the northern Great Plains, native prairies managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) can be pivotal in conservation of North America’s biological diversity. From 2002 to 2006, we surveyed 7,338 belt transects to assess the general composition of mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie vegetation across five “complexes” (i.e., administrative groupings) of national wildlife refuges managed by the Service in North Dakota and South Dakota. Native grasses and forbs were common (mean frequency of occurrence 47%–54%) on two complexes but uncommon (4%–13%) on two others. Conversely, an introduced species of grass, smooth brome (Bromus inermis), accounted for 45% to 49% of vegetation on two complexes and another species, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) accounted for 27% to 36% of the vegetation on three of the complexes. Our data confirm prior suspicions of widespread invasion by introduced species of plants on Service-owned tracts of native prairie, changes that likely stem in part from a common management history of little or no disturbance (e.g., defoliation by grazing or fire). However, variability in the degree and type of invasion among prairie tracts suggests that knowledge of underlying causes (e.g., edaphic or climatic factors, management histories) could help managers more effectively restore prairies. We describe an adaptive management approach to acquire such knowledge while progressing with restoration. More specifically, we propose to use data from inventories of plant communities on Service-owned prairies to design and implement, as experiments, optimal restoration strategies. We will then monitor these experiments and use the results to refine future strategies. This comprehensive, process-oriented approach should yield reliable and robust recommendations for restoration and maintenance of native prairies in the northern Great Plains.
Negative regulation of gene expression by the tumor suppressor p53

Negative regulation of gene expression by the tumor suppressor p53 Anthony M. Barsotti The tumor suppressor p53 inhibits the expression of a substantial number of genes whose protein products serve to promote cell survival or cell cycle progression, thereby ensuring efficient execution of p53-dependent apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest or senescence. Furthermore, p53-mediated repression has also been shown to participate in pathways that regulate diverse cellular processes, including angiogenesis, maintenance of pluripotency, and metabolic flux. p53 inhibits gene expression by both direct and indirect means. Briefly, p53 can block transcription through direct DNA binding, association with transcription factors, and through the induction of genes whose functional products facilitate downstream repression. Indirect regulation of gene repression by p53 often involves induction of intermediary factors that fall into several categories: proteins (e.g. p21), microRNAs (e.g. miR-34a), and lincRNAs (lincRNAp21). This dissertation discusses multiple aspects of p53-dependent gene repression and presents novel targets of p53-mediated regulation. Specifically, we have found that p53 down-regulates the transcription of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1. Mechanistically, this repression is largely dependent upon the p53-inducible gene p21, and consequently involves the Rb-family of tumor suppressors. Functionally, p53dependent repression of FoxM1 contributes to the maintenance of a stable G2 cell cycle arrest in response to DNA-damage. In addition, we have identified PVT1 as a novel target of p53-transactivation. PVT1 encodes both spliced non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), as well as a series of microRNAs (miR-1204, miR-1205, miR-1206, miR-1207-5p, miR1207-3p and miR-1208). p53 upregulates PVT1 ncRNA, primary microRNAs, and mature miR-1204. Ectopic expression of miR-1204 induces changes in cell fate that are consistent with the role of p53 (cell death, cell cycle arrest), thus miR-1204 is likely to represent a functional target of p53 at the PVT1 locus.
Stratigraphic tests of cladistic hypotheses

Cladograms predict the order in which fossil taxa appeared and, thus, make predictions about general patterns in the stratigraphic record. Inconsistencies between cladistic predictions and the observed stratigraphic record reflect either inadequate sampling of a clade's species, incomplete estimates of stratigraphic ranges, or homoplasy producing an incorrect phylogenetic hypothesis. A method presented in this paper attempts to separate the effects of homoplasy from the effects of inadequate sampling. Sampling densities of individual species are used to calculate confidence intervals on their stratigraphic ranges. The method uses these confidence intervals to test the order of branching predicted by a cladogram. The Lophospiridae (“Archaeogastropoda”) of the Ordovician provide a useful test group because the clade has a good fossil record and it produced species over a long time. Confidence intervals reject several cladistic hypotheses that postulate improbable “ghost lineages. ” Other hypotheses are acceptable only with explicit ancestor-descendant relationships. The accepted cladogram is the shortest one that stratigraphic data cannot reject. The results caution against evaluating phylogenetic hypotheses of fossil taxa without considering both stratigraphic data and the possible presence of ancestral species, as both factors can affect interpretations of a clade's evolutionary dynamics and its patterns of morphologic evolution.
The Effect of Farmyard Manure Anaerobic Treatment on Weed Seed Viability

ABSTRACT Weed encroachment is a serious problem of contemporary agriculture. Farmyard manure and other organic fertilizers can be major sources of weed seeds that get into the soil. One of the methods for eliminating weed seed germination is the technology of anaerobic treatment of the farmyard manure with a simultaneous production of biogas, the so called “Olomouc method”. Before anaerobic fermentation seeds of all 11 species under study (i.e. Tripleurospermum maritimum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Plantago major, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium strictum, Thlaspi arvense, Avena fatua, Rumex obtusifolius, Amaranthus retroflexus, Agropyron repens and Polygonum lapathifolium) manifested a high germination power. The seeds positioned in the lower layers of the fermentation unit (1,800 mm) lost their germination power after one month's treatment. In the sub-surface layers (400 mm) of the farmyard manure there was only a small proportion of viable seeds belonging to 4 species. The germination rate of Echinochloa cr.