Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Connection between Subhalos and Satellites in Milky Way–like Systems

We develop a comprehensive and flexible model for the connection between satellite galaxies and dark matter subhalos in dark matter-only zoom-in simulations of Milky Way (MW)–mass host halos. We systematically identify the physical and numerical uncertainties in the galaxy–halo connection and simulations underlying our method, including (i) the influence of host halo properties; (ii) the relationship between satellite luminosities and subhalo properties, including the effects of reionization; (iii) the relationship between satellite and subhalo locations; (iv) the relationship between satellite sizes and subhalo properties, including the effects of tidal stripping; (v) satellite and subhalo disruption due to baryonic effects; and (vi) artificial subhalo disruption and orphan satellites. To illustrate our approach, we fit this model to the luminosity distribution of both classical MW satellites and those discovered in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey by performing realistic mock observations that depend on the luminosity, size, and distance of our predicted satellites, and we infer the total satellite population that will be probed by upcoming surveys. We argue that galaxy size and surface brightness modeling will play a key role in interpreting current and future observations, as the expected number of observable satellites depends sensitively on their surface brightness distribution.
The Splashback Radius of Halos from Particle Dynamics. I. The SPARTA Algorithm

Motivated by the recent proposal of the splashback radius as a physical boundary of dark-matter halos, we present a parallel computer code for Subhalo and PARticle Trajectory Analysis (Sparta). The code analyzes the orbits of all simulation particles in all host halos, billions of orbits in the case of typical cosmological N-body simulations. Within this general framework, we develop an algorithm that accurately extracts the location of the first apocenter of particles after infall into a halo, or splashback. We define the splashback radius of a halo as the smoothed average of the apocenter radii of individual particles. This definition allows us to reliably measure the splashback radii of 95% of host halos above a resolution limit of 1000 particles. We show that, on average, the splashback radius and mass are converged to better than 5% accuracy with respect to mass resolution, snapshot spacing, and all free parameters of the method.
Myotubularin functions through actomyosin to interact with the Hippo pathway

The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental pathway that controls organ size by integrating diverse regulatory inputs, including actomyosin‐mediated cytoskeletal tension. Despite established connections between the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the Hippo pathway, the upstream regulation of actomyosin in the Hippo pathway is less defined. Here, we identify the phosphoinositide‐3‐phosphatase Myotubularin (Mtm) as a novel upstream regulator of actomyosin that functions synergistically with the Hippo pathway during growth control. Mechanistically, Mtm regulates membrane phospholipid PI(3)P dynamics, which, in turn, modulates actomyosin activity through Rab11‐mediated vesicular trafficking. We reveal PI(3)P dynamics as a novel mode of upstream regulation of actomyosin and establish Rab11‐mediated vesicular trafficking as a functional link between membrane lipid dynamics and actomyosin activation in the context of growth control. Our study also shows that MTMR2, the human counterpart of Drosophila Mtm, has conserved functions in regulating actomyosin activity and tissue growth, providing new insights into the molecular basis of MTMR2‐related peripheral nerve myelination and human disorders.
Flow cytometry as a fast, cost-effective tool to assess IGHV mutational status in CLL

With an incidence of 4.9 per 100 000 people per year in the United States, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most common hematological diseases in Western countries. 1 Belonging to the group of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, it typically affects older patients (median age at diagnosis 70 years) with a male predominance (sex ratio of 1.9:1) and displays a high clinical variability in its course. 1,2 Referring to the criteria proposed by the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia guidelines, 3 asymptomatic patients with early-stage disease (Binet A) should be monitored without therapy unless they have evidence of rapid disease progression. However, owing to the high variability of progression and numerous therapeutic advances, this classi ﬁ cation has become insuf ﬁ cient to determine which patients will or will not bene ﬁ t from an early treatment. Among the many prognostic factors identi ﬁ
Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Representations: An Elementary Introduction

Preface Part I General Theory 1 Matrix Lie Groups 1.1 Definition of a Matrix Lie Group 1.2 Examples of Matrix Lie Groups 1.3 Compactness 1.4 Connectedness 1.5 Simple Connectedness 1.6 Homomorphisms and Isomorphisms 1.7 (Optional) The Polar Decomposition for $ {SL}(n {R})$ and $ {SL}(n {C})$ 1.8 Lie Groups 1.9 Exercises 2 Lie Algebras and the Exponential Mapping 2.1 The Matrix Exponential 2.2 Computing the Exponential of a Matrix 2.3 The Matrix Logarithm 2.4 Further Properties of the Matrix Exponential 2.5 The Lie Algebra of a Matrix Lie Group 2.6 Properties of the Lie Algebra 2.7 The Exponential Mapping 2.8 Lie Algebras 2.9 The Complexification of a Real Lie Algebra 2.10 Exercises 3 The Baker--Campbell--Hausdorff Formula 3.1 The Baker--Campbell--Hausdorff Formula for the Heisenberg Group 3.2 The General Baker--Campbell--Hausdorff Formula 3.3 The Derivative of the Exponential Mapping 3.4 Proof of the Baker--Campbell--Hausdorff Formula 3.5 The Series Form of the Baker--Campbell--Hausdorff Formula 3.6 Lie Algebra Versus Lie Group Homomorphisms 3.7 Covering Groups 3.8 Subgroups and Subalgebras 3.9 Exercises 4 Basic Representation Theory 4.1 Representations 4.2 Why Study Representations? 4.3 Examples of Representations 4.4 The Irreducible Representations of $ {su}(2)$ 4.5 Direct Sums of Representations 4.6 Tensor Products of Representations 4.7 Dual Representations 4.8 Schur's Lemma 4.9 Group Versus Lie Algebra Representations 4.10 Complete Reducibility 4.11 Exercises Part II Semisimple Theory 5 The Representations of $ {SU}(3)$ 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Weights and Roots 5.3 The Theorem of the Highest Weight 5.4 Proof of the Theorem 5.5 An Example: Highest Weight $( 1,1) $ 5.6 The Weyl Group 5.7 Weight Diagrams 5.8 Exercises 6 Semisimple Lie Algebras 6.1 Complete Reducibility and Semisimple Lie Algebras 6.2 Examples of Reductive and
Halo histories versus galaxy properties at z = 0 II: large-scale galactic conformity

Author(s): Tinker, JL; Hahn, CH; Mao, YY; Wetzel, AR; Conroy, C | Abstract: © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. Using group catalogues from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7, we measure galactic conformity in the local universe. We measure the quenched fraction of neighbour galaxies around isolated primary galaxies, dividing the isolated sample into star-forming and quiescent objects. We restrict our measurements to scales g 1 Mpc to probe the correlations between halo formation histories. Over the stellar mass range 109.7 ≥ M*/M⊙ = 1010.9, we find minimal evidence for conformity. We further compare these data to predictions of the halo age-matching model, in which the oldest galaxies are associated with the oldest haloes. For models with strong correlations between halo and stellar age, the conformity is too large to be consistent with the data. Weaker implementations of the age-matching model would not produce a detectable signal in SDSS data. We reproduce the results of Kauffmann et al., in which the star formation rates of neighbour galaxies are reduced around primary galaxies when the primaries are low star formers. However, we find this result is mainly driven by contamination in the isolation criterion; when removing the small fraction of satellite galaxies in the sample, the conformity signal largely goes away. Lastly, we show that small conformity signals, i.e. 2-5 per cent differences in the quenched fractions of neighbour galaxies, can be produced by mechanisms other than halo assembly bias. For example, if passive galaxies occupy more massive haloes than star-forming galaxies of the same stellar mass, a conformity signal that is consistent with recent measurements from PRIMUS (Berti et al.) can be produced.
Economic Burden of Diabetes and Hypertension: A Study of Direct and Indirect Cost of Treatment in Southeast Nigeria

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is increasing yearly in many low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. The increasing burden of these noncommunicable diseases has led to an increase in the overall cost of health care. This study aimed at determining the direct and indirect health care costs of diabetes mellitus and hypertension occurring both singly and in co-morbidity. The study was undertaken in the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (a tertiary hospital) in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Out of 817 patients interviewed, 37% had only diabetes mellitus, 35% had hypertension, and 28% had both diabetes mellitus and hypertension in co-morbidity. Direct costs of treating diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the month before the survey were $28.40 and $19.35, respectively, while the indirect costs of treatment in the month before the study were $7.36 and $5.51, respectively. Direct and indirect costs for diabetes mellitus and hypertension in co-morbidity were $37.00 and $4.62, respectively. A concentration index showed that diabetes mellitus and hypertension were more evident among the poor than the rich. The economic cost when compared with patients’ income revealed that >25% of their income is spent monthly on health care.
The factorial structure of executive functions in kindergarten children: an explorative study

ABSTRACT Executive functions (EF) are higher cognitive processes involved in the management of new, complex tasks with changing rules and/or the necessity to inhibit interferences. EF are central for academic success; they are necessary for planning, monitoring, and error detection. For adults, a three-factorial structure is often assumed, with the interrelated factors updating, shifting, and inhibition. Results regarding kindergarten EF are heterogeneous. Studies often do not include a direct comparison between different models. Some results support a unitary EF factor, while there is also evidence for two-factorial models. The present study aims to test four theory-driven models of EF structure in kindergarten age. Data from 175 children in their last year of kindergarten (mean age M = 67.6 months, SD = 6.71; range = 53–86 months) were analyzed with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Working memory was measured with complex span tasks (Color Span Backwards, Corsi-Blocks Backwards), inhibition with a Go-/No-Go-task, a Flanker task, a Stroop-task and the HTKS task (Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task). Shifting was operationalized with modified Flanker and HTKS tasks including rule switching. A one-factor model fit best, both for the total sample and for a subsample of older, more age-homogenous children. After model respecification, a two-factor model (inhibition and shifting/updating) fit best. Results support a differentiated EF structure toward the end of kindergarten age, before the transition to school. If results are replicable, they have important implications for the development of EF test batteries and intervention programs for kindergarten children.
Tryptophan metabolism and disposition in cancer biology and immunotherapy

Abstract Tumours utilise tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites to promote their growth and evade host defences. They recruit Trp through up-regulation of Trp transporters, and up-regulate key enzymes of Trp degradation and down-regulate others. Thus, Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2, N′-formylkynurenine formamidase (FAMID) and Kyn aminotransferase 1 (KAT1) are all up-regulated in many cancer types, whereas Kyn monooxygenase (KMO), kynureninase (KYNU), 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic acid-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) are up-regulated in a few, but down-regulated in many, cancers. This results in accumulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand kynurenic acid and in depriving the host of NAD+ by blocking its synthesis from quinolinic acid. The host loses more NAD+ by up-regulation of the NAD+-consuming poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and the protein acetylaters SIRTs. The nicotinamide arising from PARP and SIRT activation can be recycled in tumours to NAD+ by the up-regulated key enzymes of the salvage pathway. Up-regulation of the Trp transporters SLC1A5 and SLC7A5 is associated mostly with that of TDO2 = FAMID > KAT1 > IDO2 > IDO1. Tumours down-regulate enzymes of serotonin synthesis, thereby removing competition for Trp from the serotonin pathway. Strategies for combating tumoral immune escape could involve inhibition of Trp transport into tumours, inhibition of TDO and IDOs, inhibition of FAMID, inhibition of KAT and KYNU, inhibition of NMPRT and NMNAT, inhibition of the AhR, IL-4I1, PARPs and SIRTs, and by decreasing plasma free Trp availability to tumours by albumin infusion or antilipolytic agents and inhibition of glucocorticoid induction of TDO by glucocorticoid antagonism.
Gliovascular interface abnormality in mice with endothelial cell senescence

In the brain, neurons, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and mural cells form a functional structure referred to as the neurovascular unit (NVU). The functions of the NVU become impaired with aging. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the aging‐related changes in the NVU, we characterized in the present study the gliovascular interface in transgenic mice expressing a dominant‐negative form of the telomeric repeat‐binding factor 2 (TERF2) specifically in ECs using the Tie2 promoter. In these transgenic mice, senescence occurred in the cerebral ECs and was accompanied by upregulation of the mRNAs of proinflammatory cell adhesion molecules and cytokines. It is noteworthy that in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex, astrocytes exhibited an increase in the signals for S100β as well as a decrease in the polarization of the water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) to the perivascular endfeet of the astrocytes. Mechanistically, the perivascular localization of dystroglycan and its ligand, laminin α2, was decreased, and their localization correlated well with the perivascular localization of AQP4, which supports the notion that their interaction regulates the perivascular localization of AQP4. The diminished perivascular localization of laminin α2 may be attributed to its proteolytic degradation by the matrix metalloproteinase‐2 released by senescent ECs. Pericyte coverage was increased and negatively correlated with the decrease in the perivascular localization of AQP4. We propose that aging‐related changes in ECs induce a mild morphological alteration of astrocytes and affect the localization of AQP4 at the gliovascular interface.
Branching fraction for the doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed decay D+→K+π0

We present a measurement of the branching fraction for the doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed decay D{sup +}{yields}K{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}, using 281 pb{sup -1} of data accumulated with the CLEO-c detector on the {psi}(3770) resonance. We find B(D{sup +}{yields}K{sup +}{pi}{sup 0})=(2.28{+-}0.36{+-}0.15{+-}0.08)x10{sup -4}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the last error is due to the uncertainty in the reference mode branching fraction.
Limited detection of shared zoonotic pathogens in deer keds and blacklegged ticks co‐parasitizing white‐tailed deer in the eastern United States

Deer keds, such as Lipoptena cervi Linnaeus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), are blood‐feeding flies from which several human and animal pathogens have been detected, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Johnson (Spirochaetales: Borreliaceae), the causative agent of Lyme disease. Cervids (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), which are the primary hosts of deer keds, are not natural reservoirs of B. burgdorferi sl, and it has been suggested that deer keds may acquire bacterial pathogens via co‐feeding near infected ticks. We screened L. cervi (n = 306) and Ixodes scapularis Say (Ixodida: Ixodidae) (n = 315) collected from 38 white‐tailed deer in Pennsylvania for the family Anaplasmataceae, Bartonella spp. (Hyphomicrobiales: Bartonellaceae), Borrelia spp. , and Rickettsia spp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae). Limited similarity in the bacterial DNA detected between these ectoparasites per host suggested that co‐feeding may not be a mechanism by which deer keds acquire these bacteria. The feeding biology and life history of deer keds may impact the observed results, as could the season when specimens were collected. We separately screened L. cervi (n = 410), L. mazamae Róndani (n = 13), L. depressa Say (n = 10), and Neolipoptena ferrisi Bequaert (n = 14) collections from locations within the United States and Canada for the same pathogens. These results highlight the need to further study deer ked‐host and deer ked‐tick relationships.
Factors associated with cardiovascular events after simultaneous liver–kidney transplant from the US Multicenter Simultaneous Liver–Kidney Transplant Consortium

Cardiovascular disease is a leading complication after both liver and kidney transplantation. Factors associated with and rates of cardiovascular events (CVEs) after simultaneous liver–kidney transplant (SLKT) are unknown. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult SLKT recipients between 2002 and 2017 at six centers in six United Network for Organ Sharing regions in the US Multicenter SLKT Consortium. The primary outcome was a CVE defined as hospitalization due to acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, or other CV causes (stroke or peripheral vascular disease) within 1 year of SLKT. Among 515 SLKT subjects (mean age ± SD, 55.4 ± 10.6 years; 35.5% women; 68.1% White), 8.7% had a CVE within 1 year of SLKT. The prevalence of a CVE increased from 3.3% in 2002–2008 to 8.9% in 2009–2011 to 14.0% in 2012–2017 (p = 0.0005). SLKT recipients with a CVE were older (59.9 vs. 54.9 years, p < 0.0001) and more likely to have coronary artery disease (CAD) (37.8% vs. 18.4%, p = 0.002) and atrial fibrillation (AF) (27.7% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.003) than those without a CVE. There was a trend toward older age by era of SLKT (p = 0.054). In multivariate analysis adjusted for cardiac risk factors at transplant, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02, 1.11), CAD (OR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.60, 8.18), and AF (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.14, 4.89) were associated with a 1‐year CVE after SLKT. Conclusion: Among SLKT recipients, we observed a 4‐fold increase in the prevalence of 1‐year CVEs over time. Increasing age, CAD, and AF were the main potential explanatory factors for this trend independent of other risk factors. These findings suggest that CV risk protocols may need to be tailored to this high‐risk population.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway mediated‐cell cycle dysregulation contribute to malignant proliferation of mouse spermatogonia induced by microcystin‐leucine arginine

Environmental cyanotoxin exposure may be a trigger of testicular cancer. Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is the critical molecular event in testicular carcinogenesis. As a widespread cyanotoxin, microcystin‐leucine arginine (MC‐LR) is known to induce cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis. However, the effects of MC‐LR on the regulatory mechanism of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in seminoma, the most common testicular tumor, are unknown. In this study, mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC‐1) and nude mice were used to investigate the effects and mechanisms of MC‐LR on the malignant transformation of spermatogonia by nude mouse tumorigenesis assay, cell migration invasion assay, western blot, and cell cycle assay, and so forth. The results showed that, after continuous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of MC‐LR (20 nM) for 35 generations, the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of GC‐1 cells were increased by 120%, 340%, and 370%, respectively. In nude mice, MC‐LR‐treated GC‐1 cells formed tumors with significantly greater volume (0.998 ± 0.768 cm3) and weight (0.637 ± 0.406 g) than the control group (0.067 ± 0.039 cm3; 0.094 ± 0.087 g) (P < .05). Furthermore, PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its downstream proteins (c‐MYC, CDK4, CCND1, and MMP14) activated by MC‐LR. Blocking PI3K alleviated MC‐LR‐induced cell cycle disorder and malignant proliferation, migration and invasive of GC‐1 cells. Altogether, our findings suggest that MC‐LR can induce malignant transformation of mouse spermatogonia, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway‐mediated cell cycle dysregulation may be an important target for malignant proliferation. This study provides clues to further reveal the etiology and pathogenesis of seminoma.
Exploring the COVID-19 Practice Experiences of Social Workers Working in Long Term Care

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in multiple public health protocols that shaped the service delivery system supporting older adults, their family caregivers and their formal care providers. In this qualitative study, sixteen social workers employed in long term care facilities in a western province of Canada shared their perspectives about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on their practice early in the pandemic. Participants responded to nine open-ended online survey questions about their practice and experiences. Four themes were identified: (1) a changing and demanding work environment, (2) witnessing transitions in residents’ quality of life, (3) impacts on relationships and work climate, and (4) personal impacts on social workers. Recommendations for enhancing capacity in the system were identified. Implications of findings illuminate a need for proactive preparedness approaches in order for social workers to address emergent and changing needs of residents and their families during a pandemic.
Central Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies

We present high-resolution central-to-outer rotation curves for Sb, SBb, Sc, and SBc galaxies. We discuss their general characteristics, particularly their central behavior, as well as dependencies on morphological types, activity, and peculiarity. The rotation curves generally show a steep nuclear rise and high-velocity central rotation, followed by a broad maximum in the disk and then a flat rotation due to the massive halo. Since the central high velocity and steep rise are common to all massive galaxies, they cannot be due to noncircular motions. Disk rotation curves of barred galaxies show larger dispersion than those of normal galaxies, probably because of noncircular motions. Interacting galaxies often show perturbed outer rotation curves, while their central rotation shows no particular peculiarity. In addition, central activities, such as starbursts and active galactic nuclei, appear to show no particular correlation with the property of rotation curves. This would suggest that the central activities are triggered by a more local effect than the global dynamical property.