Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dalitz plot studies of 
D0→KS0K+K−
 decays in a factorization approach

The BABAR Collaboration data of the D → K SKK process are analyzed within a quasi two-body factorization framework. Starting from the weak effective Hamiltonian, one has to evaluate matrix elements of D transitions to two kaons for the tree amplitudes and the transitions between one kaon and two kaons for the annihilation ones (W -exchange). In earlier studies, assuming these transitions to proceed through the dominant intermediate resonances, we approximated them as being proportional to the kaon form factors. Here, to obtain a good fit, one has to multiply the scalar-kaon form factors, derived from unitary relativistic coupled-channel models or in a dispersion relation approach, by phenomenological energy-dependent functions. The final state kaon-kaon interactions in the S-, P and Dwaves are taken into account. All S-wave channels are treated in a unitary way. In other respects, it is shown in a model-independent manner that the K+K− and K̄K S-wave effective mass squared distributions, corrected for phase space, are significantly different. At variance with the BABAR analysis, it means that the f0(980) resonance must be included in the phenomenological analysis of the D → K SKK data. The best fit described in the main text has 19 free parameters and indicates i) the dominance of annihilation amplitudes, ii) a large dominance of the f0(980) meson in the near threshold K +K− invariant mass distribution and iii) a sizable branching fraction to the [ρ(770) + ρ(1450) + ρ(1700)]K S final states. A first appendix provides an update of the determination of the isoscalar-scalar meson-meson amplitudes based on an enlarged set of data embodying new precise low energy ππ data. A second appendix proposes two alternative fits using the scalar-kaon form factors calculated from the Muskhelishvili-Omnès dispersion relation approach. These fits have χ quite close to that of the best fit but they show important contributions from both the f0 and a 0 0 mesons and a weaker role of the ρ + mesons. PACS numbers: 13.25. Hw, 13.75. Lb
Brightness Asymmetry of Black Hole Images as a Probe of Observer Inclination

The Event Horizon Telescope recently captured images of the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy, which shows a ring-like emission structure with the south side only slightly brighter than the north side. This relatively weak asymmetry in the brightness profile along the ring has been interpreted as a consequence of the low inclination of the observer (around 17° for M87), which suppresses the Doppler beaming and boosting effects that might otherwise be expected due to the nearly relativistic velocities of the orbiting plasma. In this work, we use a large suite of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to reassess the validity of this argument. By constructing explicit counterexamples, we show that low inclination is a sufficient but not necessary condition for images to have low brightness asymmetry. Accretion flow models with high accumulated magnetic flux close to the black hole horizon (the so-called magnetically arrested disks) and low black hole spins have angular velocities that are substantially smaller than the orbital velocities of test particles at the same location. As a result, such models can produce images with low brightness asymmetry even when viewed edge on.
The Role of Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin in Stress-induced Prolactin Release

THE ROLE OF ORPHANIN FQ/NOCICEPTIN IN STRESS-INDUCED PROLACTIN RELEASE By Anne Marie Christiansen The purpose of this study was to investigate the prolactin (PRL) secretory response and the regulation of hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) neurons to an acute immobilization stress in male and female wild type, heterozygous and OFQ/N knockout mice. In females, regardless of genotype, stress produced a significant increase in circulating levels of PRL, but phosphorylated TH (pTH) was significantly increased in the wild type females only. PRL was significantly increased by stress only in the wild type male mice and a significant change in pTH occurred in male heterozygote mice, with a similar trend occurring in the knockouts. Levels of TH mRNA were not different among any of the genotypes or treatment groups. These results suggest that OFQ/N is involved in mediating the PRL secretory response to stress in males only. Furthermore, regardless of genotype, there is a significant gender difference in the stress-induced PRL increase. THE ROLE OF ORPHANIN FQ/NOCICEPTIN IN STRESS-INDUCED PROLACTIN RELEASE
Bayesian Model for HOPE Mass Spectrometers on Van Allen Probes

Space instruments rely heavily on modeling to predict and understand the instrument response, enabling a determination of the capabilities and resolution. The Bayesian approach provides a framework to incorporate prior knowledge and propagate uncertainty to predict the instrument response. We present an empirical Bayes model for the end‐to‐end performance of the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron mass spectrometers aboard the Van Allen Probes mission. In this model, we use a combination of external modeling, laboratory calibration, and expert opinion to construct the time‐of‐flight spectra and demonstrate good agreement with on‐orbit data. The empirical Bayes model is applied to explore doubly charged ions and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen discrimination during the Van Allen Probes mission.
Sediment Flows in South America Supported by Daily Hydrologic‐Hydrodynamic Modeling

Suspended sediments (SSs) contribute to the maintenance of several ecosystems. However, intense soil erosion can lead to environmental, social, and economic impacts. South America (SA) has very high erosion and sediment transport rates. Here, we present a detailed description of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of natural SS flows in SA using the continental sediment model MGB‐SED AS. We evaluate the model with daily in situ data from 595 stations, information from regional studies and a global model. The model performance analysis showed that, in general, there was a better agreement between simulated and observed data than with the information found in regional studies and of the global model. The use of the hydrodynamic propagation method has allowed a better representation of sediment flows in rivers and floodplains. Based in the calibrated model results, SA delivers 1.00 × 109 t/year of SS to the oceans, in which the Amazon (4.36 × 108 t/year), Orinoco (1.37 × 108 t/year), La Plata (1.11 × 108 t/year), and Magdalena (3.26 × 107) rivers are the main suppliers. The floodplains play an essential role, retaining about 12% (2.40 × 107 t/year) of the SS loads reaching the rivers. In this study, data sets related to SS flows in SA were generated and can be used to support other large‐scale researches or policymakers and stakeholders for adequate management of continental land use.
Linear one-dimensional site response analysis in the presence of stiffness-less free surface for certain power-law heterogeneities

We revisit previous results in small-strain One-dimensional Site Response Analysis of heterogeneous soil deposits. Specifically, we focus on sites whose shear modulus distribution is described by means of a power law that yields zero stiffness at the free surface. First, we show that in some cases (which we characterize in detail) considerations of energy finitude should prevail over considerations of vanishingtractions at the free-surface, as these may pose acuter constrains. We re-evaluate previous contributions in light of this result. Second, we analyze the previously-reported occurrence of “energy accumulation in upper layers”, providing a physical explanation for it. In passing, we supply estimates of the natural frequencies, and compare these with our previous results.
Interlayer Coupling Affected Structural Stability in Ultrathin MoS2: An Investigation by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

Interlayer coupling plays critical roles in determining the lattice vibrations of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides. When compressed, the effects of interlayer coupling remain ambiguous. Pressure-dependent vibrational properties of trilayer and quadlayer MoS2 up to 12.7 GPa were investigated through in situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy measurement. The Raman spectrum reveals different responses to pressure in trilayer and quadlayer MoS2 due to their thickness-dependent interlayer coupling interaction. Combining this data with the first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that the quadlayer MoS2 transforms into an AB′ stacking configuration above 8.6 GPa, where all Mo atoms sit exactly over the Mo atoms in their neighboring layer and all S atoms sit over the centers of the hexagons, while the trilayer MoS2 possesses a distorted and wrinkled 2H structure within our studied pressure range. Our study demonstrates that high pressure Raman spectroscopy measurement is an effective method t.
FALL3D-8.0: a computational model for atmospheric transport and deposition of particles, aerosols and radionuclides – Part 2: Model validation

Abstract. This paper presents model validation results for the latest version release of the FALL3D atmospheric transport model. The code has been redesigned from scratch to incorporate different categories of species and to overcome legacy issues that precluded its preparation towards extreme-scale computing. The model validation is based on the new FALL3D-8.0 test suite, which comprises a set of four real case studies that encapsulate the major features of the model; namely, the simulation of long-range fine volcanic ash dispersal, volcanic SO 2 dispersal, tephra fallout deposits and the dispersal and deposition of radionuclides. The first two test suite cases (i.e. the June 2011 Puyehue-Cordon Caulle ash cloud and the June 2019 Raikoke SO 2 cloud) are validated against geostationary satellite retrievals and demonstrate the new FALL3D data insertion scheme. The metrics used to validate the volcanic ash and SO 2 simulations are the structure, amplitude and location (SAL) metric and the figure of merit in space (FMS). The other two test suite cases (i.e. the February 2013 Mt. Etna ash cloud and associated tephra fallout deposit, and the dispersal of radionuclides resulting from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident) are validated with scattered ground-based observations of deposit load and local particle grain size distributions and with measurements from the Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring database. For validation of tephra deposit loads and radionuclides, we use two variants of the normalised root-mean-square error metric. We find that FALL3D-8.0 simulations initialised with data insertion consistently improve agreement with satellite retrievals at all lead times up to 48 h for both volcanic ash and SO 2 simulations. In general, SAL scores lower than 1.5 and FMS scores greater than 0.40 indicate acceptable agreement with satellite retrievals of volcanic ash and SO 2 . In addition, we show very good agreement, across several orders of magnitude, between the model and observations for the 2013 Mt. Etna and 1986 Chernobyl case studies. Our results, along with the validation datasets provided in the publicly available test suite, form the basis for future improvements to FALL3D (version 8 or later) and also allow for model intercomparison studies.
The Thermal Evolution of Planetesimals During Accretion and Differentiation: Consequences for Dynamo Generation by Thermally‐Driven Convection

The meteorite paleomagnetic record indicates that differentiated (and potentially, partially differentiated) planetesimals generated dynamo fields in the first 5–40 Myr after the formation of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). This early period of dynamo activity has been attributed to thermal convection in the liquid cores of these planetesimals during an early period of magma ocean convection. To better understand the controls on thermal dynamo generation in planetesimals, we have developed a one dimensional model of the thermal evolution of planetesimals from accretion through to the shutdown of convection in their silicate magma oceans for a variety of accretionary scenarios. The heat source of these bodies is the short‐lived radiogenic isotope 26Al. During differentiation, 26Al partitions into the silicate portion of these bodies, causing their magma oceans to heat up and introducing stable thermal stratification to the top of their cores, which inhibits dynamo generation. In “instantaneously” accreting bodies, this effect causes a delay on the order of >10 Myr to whole core convection and dynamo generation while this stratification is eroded. However, gradual core formation in bodies that accrete over >0.1 Myr can minimize the development of this stratification, allowing dynamo generation from ∼4 Myr after CAI formation. Our model also predicts partially differentiated planetesimals with a core and mantle overlain by a chondritic crust for accretion timescales >1.2 Myr, although none of these bodies generate a thermal dynamo field. We compare our results from thousands of model runs to the meteorite paleomagnetic record to constrain the physical properties of their parent bodies.
Nitrogen isotopic fractionations during nitric oxide production in an agricultural soil

Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) emissions from agricultural soils play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry and represent an important pathway for loss of reactive nitrogen (N) to the environment. With recent methodological advances, there is growing interest in the natural-abundance N isotopic composition (δ15N) of soil-emitted NO and its utility in providing mechanistic information on soil NO dynamics. However, interpretation of soil δ15N-NO measurements has been impeded by the lack of constraints on the isotopic fractionations associated with NO production and consumption in relevant microbial and chemical reactions. In this study, anoxic (0 % O2), oxic (20 % O2), and hypoxic (0.5 % O2) incubations of an agricultural soil were conducted to quantify the net N isotope effects (15η) for NO production in denitrification, nitrification, and abiotic reactions of nitrite (NO2-) using a newly developed δ15N-NO analysis method. A sodium nitrate (NO3-) containing mass-independent oxygen-17 excess (quantified by a Δ17O notation) and three ammonium (NH4+) fertilizers spanning a δ15N gradient were used in soil incubations to help illuminate the reaction complexity underlying NO yields and δ15N dynamics in a heterogeneous soil environment. We found strong evidence for the prominent role of NO2- re-oxidation under anoxic conditions in controlling the apparent 15η for NO production from NO3- in denitrification (i.e., 49 ‰ to 60 ‰). These results highlight the importance of an under-recognized mechanism for the reversible enzyme NO2- oxidoreductase to control the N isotope distribution between the denitrification products. Through a Δ17O-based modeling of co-occurring denitrification and NO2- re-oxidation, the 15η for NO2- reduction to NO and NO reduction to nitrous oxide (N2O) were constrained to be 15 ‰ to 22 ‰ and −8 ‰ to 2 ‰, respectively. Production of NO in the oxic and hypoxic incubations was contributed by both NH4+ oxidation and NO3- consumption, with both processes having a significantly higher NO yield under O2 stress. Under both oxic and hypoxic conditions, NO production from NH4+ oxidation proceeded with a large 15η (i.e., 55 ‰ to 84 ‰) possibly due to expression of multiple enzyme-level isotopic fractionations during NH4+ oxidation to NO2- that involves NO as either a metabolic byproduct or an obligatory intermediate for NO2- production. Adding NO2- to sterilized soil triggered substantial NO production, with a relatively small 15η (19 ‰). Applying the estimated 15η values to a previous δ15N measurement of in situ soil NOx emission (NOx=NO+NO2) provided promising evidence for the potential of δ15N-NO measurements in revealing NO production pathways. Based on the observational and modeling constraints obtained in this study, we suggest that simultaneous δ15N-NO and δ15N-N2O measurements can lead to unprecedented insights into the sources of and processes controlling NO and N2O emissions from agricultural soils.
Partitioning uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice

Improved knowledge of the contributing sources of uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice over the 21st century is essential for evaluating impacts of a changing Arctic environment. Here, we consider the role of internal variability, model structure and emissions scenario in projections of Arctic sea-ice area (SIA) by using six single model initial-condition large ensembles and a suite of models participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. For projections of September Arctic SIA change, internal variability accounts for as much as 40%–60% of the total uncertainty in the next decade, while emissions scenario dominates uncertainty toward the end of the century. Model structure accounts for 60%–70% of the total uncertainty by mid-century and declines to 30% at the end of the 21st century in the summer months. For projections of wintertime Arctic SIA change, internal variability contributes as much as 50%–60% of the total uncertainty in the next decade and impacts total uncertainty at longer lead times when compared to the summertime. In winter, there exists a considerable scenario dependence of model uncertainty with relatively larger model uncertainty under strong forcing compared to weak forcing. At regional scales, the contribution of internal variability can vary widely and strongly depends on the calendar month and region. For wintertime SIA change in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian and Barents Seas, internal variability contributes 60%–70% to the total uncertainty over the coming decades and remains important much longer than in other regions. We further find that the relative contribution of internal variability to total uncertainty is state-dependent and increases as sea ice volume declines. These results demonstrate that internal variability is a significant source of uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice.
Deep Ductile Shear Zone Facilitates Near‐Orthogonal Strike‐Slip Faulting in a Thin Brittle Lithosphere

Some active fault systems comprise near‐orthogonal conjugate strike‐slip faults, as highlighted by the 2019 Ridgecrest and the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake sequences. In conventional Mohr‐Coulomb failure theory, orthogonal faulting requires a zero frictional coefficient (pressure‐insensitive), which is unlikely in the brittle lithosphere. The simulations developed here show that near‐orthogonal faults can form in the brittle layer by inheriting the geometry of orthogonal shear zones nucleated in the deep ductile (pressure‐insensitive) layer. In particular, if the brittle layer is sufficiently thinner than the ductile fault root, near‐orthogonal faulting is preserved at the surface. The preservation is further facilitated by a depth‐dependent strength in the brittle layer. Conversely, faults nucleated within the brittle layer are unlikely to form at orthogonal angles. Our model thus offers a possible explanation for orthogonal strike‐slip faulting and reveals the significant interactions between the structure of faults in the brittle upper lithosphere and their deep ductile roots.
Parents and children during the COVID-19 quarantine process: Experiences from Turkey and China

This paper reports Turkish and Chinese parents’ experiences with their 3–6 year-old children during the COVID-19 quarantine process. Thirteen Turkish and 11 Chinese parents participated in a study that employed semi-structured interviews to examine participant self-perceived experiences. Findings show that the study revealed many commonalities in the experiences of Turkish and Chinese parents with their children during the COVID-19 quarantine process. Cultural differences between parents did not appear to significantly reflect the responses of parents during this extraordinary period. Parents mostly described difficulties with home quarantine. Most parents stated that their daily schedule and routines had changed as a result of home quarantine. Parents also said that they were unaware of their children’s developmental progress and the extent to which their children had grown up before the quarantine. Parents shared both positive and negative experiences during the process. Since the quarantine process is an extraordinary experience for all family members, parents should be encouraged to put those positive experiences and acquisitions into their future life.
Public Financing of Human Development in India: A Review

Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing countries like India where access to resources and economic opportunities are not equitably distributed among people. Governments aim to achieve equity in distribution of resources through allocative and redistributive policies whereas macroeconomic stabilisation policies aim to achieve higher economic growth and stability in the price level. Expenditure policies of the governments envisage in delivering larger public goods and services to enable people to take part in economic activities by investing in human capital and infrastructure developments. Progressivity of the tax system helps in achieving equity by redistribution of resources among people. Being merit goods, expenditures on education, health, and poverty eradication make it a case for public investment which empowers people to improve human capital. The benefit of universal economic participation is expected to contribute in larger mobilisation of public resources over time. Lack of economic opportunities and earning a respectable income may increase dependence on public transfers which may reduce fiscal space of the governments to finance programmes to promote overall economic growth. The objective of this article is to review existing studies on public financing of HD in India and highlight emerging challenges.
Suicide-related Twitter Content in Response to a National Mental Health Awareness Campaign and the Association between the Campaign and Suicide Rates in Ontario

Objective: Mental health awareness (MHA) campaigns have been shown to be successful in improving mental health literacy, decreasing stigma, and generating public discussion. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the effects of these campaigns on behavioral outcomes such as suicides. Therefore, the objective of this article is to characterize the association between the event and suicide in Canada’s most populous province and the content of suicide-related tweets referencing a Canadian MHA campaign (Bell Let’s Talk Day [BLTD]). Methods: Suicide counts during the week of BTLD were compared to a control window (2011 to 2016) to test for associations between the BLTD event and suicide. Suicide tweets geolocated to Ontario, posted in 2016 with the BLTD hashtag were coded for specific putatively harmful and protective content. Results: There was no associated change in suicide counts. Tweets (n = 3,763) mainly included content related to general comments about suicide death (68%) and suicide being a problem (42.8%) with little putatively helpful content such as stories of resilience (0.6%) and messages of hope (2.2%). Conclusions: In Ontario, this national mental health media campaign was associated with a high volume of suicide-related tweets but not necessarily including content expected to diminish suicide rates. Campaigns like BLTD should strongly consider greater attention to suicide-related messaging that promotes help-seeking and resilience. This may help to further decrease stigmatization, and potentially, reduce suicide rates.