Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE PREVALENCE OF TRYPANOSOME INFECTIONS AMONG TRADE CATTLE IN SUBHUMID AND HUMID ZONES OF NIGERIA

The prevaleace or trypanosome infections among trade cattle in the sub-humid and humid zones or Nigeria was investigated during a twelve-month period. The infections were prevalent throughout the year and a mean infection rate of 11.04% was recorded in both zones, among 1,775 selected cattle. In the more northern area of subhumid zone (Kaduna), mean prevalence was 12.16% in 989 cattle and monthly figures ranged from 2.10% to 19.62%. Trypanosoma vivax and T . congolense contributed almost equally to the infections being responsible for 36.6% and 35.0%, respectively of all positive cases. The importance of T. vivax, however. increased in Gboko (in the humid zone) where it was responsible for 50% of the parasitaemia encountered. Monthly prevalence in Gboko averaged 9.46% and ranged between 4.17% and 16.88%. Peak infections were common at the beginning of the dry season. The difference in PCV between infected and non-infected cattle was significant (P < 0.05) only in Kaduna where higher prevalence was also associated with increased differences in mean monthly PCV. T. brucei subspecies isolated from Gboko did not exhibit potentials for human infectivity: they were all T. brucei brucei, an animal pathogen. Key Words : Trypanosome; Trade cattle, Humid, sub-humid
Ecological studies on algal‐lysing bacteria in fresh waters

Summary Algal-iysing bacteria are present in five lochs, two reservoirs, one sewage works and five alkaline soils whieh were examined. Nine out of thirty-six isolates have been studied in detail and all are gram-negative non-fruiting myxobaeteria. All are aero-philic, require a neutral or alkaline pH (optimum 7.0–9.0) for good growth, have temperature optima of 28–37°C, require contact with the host for lysis to oecur, and are so similar in morphology and host range that they all appear to be strains of a single genus. They lyse all bloom-forming Cyanophyeeae on whieh they have been tested, including species of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Microcystis and Oscillatoria. Their abundance is usually correlated direetly with the abundance of Cyanophyeeae in eutrophic waters and it is probable that in most ecosystems the algae and the bacteria co-exist, although if the equilibrium changes markedly as a result of change in environmental conditions situations may arise where the bacteria may play an important role in the lysis of algal blooms. The available evidence suggests, however, that this is likely to be a rare occurrence in natural ecosystems.
INTESTINAL MICROORGANISMS AFTER PROBIOTIC TREATMENT IN RAT

The study was carried out to know the effect of probiotics (Bio-Top ® , Curd) supplementation on intestinal microorganisms in rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) during the period of 01 March to 20 April 2011. A total of twelve (12), one month old rats were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: A, B and C, with 04 rats in each group. Group C was fed with commercial rat pellet (20 gm/rat) without supplementation of probiotics (control), group A was fed with commercial ration (20 gm/rat) with addition natural probiotic (Curd) and group B was fed with commercial ration (20 gm/rat) with the addition of commercial probiotic (Bio-Top ® ) feed for 7 weeks. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The result showed that intestinal bacterial population changed in probiotics treated groups compared to control group. Bacillus spp. was isolated from Bio-Top ® , Curd and Probiotic treated rats. Whereas E. coli was present in control rats, indicating environmental contamination which is hazardous for public health. The study suggests that probiotics supplementation helps in maintaining normal haematobiochemical values and beneficial gut microbes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15654
A preliminary survey of nematodes on a sugarcane plantation at Komenda, Ghana

SUMMARY 200 g of soil, collected from each of two contiguous horizons (0-10 and 11-20 cm) sampled in areas with relatively poorly growing sugarcane crop in eight plots totalling over 810 ha, were washed, and the number and genera of phytophagous nematodes present were recorded. Roots of sugarcane and of weeds on the plots were also examined after washing with water and then staining in acid fuchsin lactophenol (0'1 %). The 15 genera of nematodes identified included three potential virus transmitters and two endoparasites-Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. Seven species of dicotyledonous weeds were hosts of Meloidogyne spp. and had stubby root end-growths similar to those found on the sugarcane roots, the cause of which is unknown.
MALACOFUANA DIVERSITY OF RIVER CHENAB FED STREAM (GHO-MANHASAN)

The paper deals with the study of Molluscan fauna diversity of a sub-tropical stream in J and K. Although molluscs are common components of the benthic communities, their role in the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem and their contribution to biomass production is not well known. The overall diversity in the stream constitutes nine species. Among nine species seven species belongs to families Viviparidae, Thiaridae, Lymnoidae, Physidae and Planorbidae of class Gastropoda and two species is of Family Pisididae of the class Bivalvia. Melanoides tuberculata of family Thiaridae was most dominant species ranged from 234 org/m 2 (spring) to 802 org/m 2 (summer). Class Bivalvia is represented by only 2 species Pisidium mitchelli and Sphaerium indicum in which P. mitchelli was dominant and had its minimum density 72org/m 2 in monsoon and maximum 360org/m 2 in winters. Different biological indexes are used to determine the diversity, dominance, species richness and evenness of the observed malacofauna. The result emphasize the importance of conserving the world’s freshwater mollusks populations, which are declining at an alarming rate through habitat destruction, pollution declines in host fish and the invasion of non-native biota.
Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alternatives on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Tomato and Pepper1

Field trials were conducted to compare the effect of various soil fumigants along with in-bed pebulate and row-middle metribuzin applications on purple nutsedge control and on tomato and bell pepper growth and yield. Treatments consisted of combinations of soil fumigants, pebulate, and metribuzin. Fumigants levels were (1) untreated control, (2) methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic) (67 + 33%, respectively), (3) Pic, (4) metham, (5) dazomet, and (6) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83 + 17%, respectively). Pebulate levels were either applied in-bed or not applied. Row middles were either sprayed with metribuzin or untreated. In both crops, purple nutsedge populations were independently influenced by fumigants and pebulate applications, with the highest number of purple nutsedge plants in the untreated control. The addition of pebulate reduced purple nutsedge populations in all treatments. In tomato trials, the yield was affected by fumigants, with the highest losses (53 and 50% reductions in fruit number and weight) observed in the nonfumigated control. In pepper trials, fruit number and weight were individually influenced by fumigants and metribuzin sprayings. Application of metribuzin to row middles increased yields 10% relative to nontreated plots. Nomenclature: Purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; pepper, Capsicum annuum L. ; tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Additional index words: Chloropicrin, dazomet, 1,3-dichloropropene, interference, metham, metribuzin, pebulate, soil fumigants. Abbreviations: 1,3-D, 1,3-dichlopropene; MBr, methyl bromide; Pic, chloropicrin; WAT, weeks after transplanting.
THIRTY-YEAR BIRD POPULATION TRENDS IN AN UNFRAGMENTED TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST: IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT CHANGE

Abstract Abundances of forest birds in an unfragmented, undisturbed, and relatively mature temperate deciduous forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, changed markedly between 1969 and 1998. Total numbers of birds (all species combined) declined from 210–220 individuals/10 ha in the early 1970s to 70–90/10 ha in the 1990s. Of the 24 regularly occurring species, 12 decreased significantly (four to local extinction), three increased significantly, and nine remained relatively constant in abundance. Nine of the 12 declining species were Neotropical migrants. Most species exhibited similar trends on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes in New Hampshire during the same 30 year period and on three replicate study sites in nearby sections of the White Mountains from 1986–1998. Probable causes of trends were diverse and differed among species. Most could be accounted for by individual species' responses to events occurring primarily in the local breeding area. The most important local factor affecting bird abundance was temporal change in forest vegetation structure, resulting from natural forest succession and local disturbances. Four species that declined markedly and in some cases disappeared completely from the study plot (Least Flycatcher, Empidonax minimus; Wood Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina; Philadelphia Vireo, Vireo philadelphicus; and American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla) appear to attain peak abundance in early or mid successional forests. Species preferring more mature forests, such as Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), increased significantly in abundance over the 30 year study. Other important factors influencing bird abundances were food availability and events in the migratory and winter periods. Nest-predation rates, although varying among years, showed no long-term pattern that would account for population declines, and brood parasites were absent from this forest. Findings from this study demonstrate that major changes in bird abundances occur over time even in undisturbed and relatively mature forests, and illustrate the need for considering habitat requirements of individual species and how habitat suitability changes over time when trying to assess the causes of their long-term population trends. The results also imply that any conclusions about the effects of other factors affecting forest bird abundances, such as increased nest predation or brood parasitism associated with habitat fragmentation, must also account for successional changes that may be affecting habitat suitability.
Developing a strategic plan for future hunting participation in Texas

Abstract This paper describes a 5-year planning process that addressed the decline of hunting participation in Texas. We began the planning process by examining 20 years of research that revealed a decline in hunting participation and factors contributing to the decline. We convened a Hunting Think Tank meeting where we presented the 20-year trend data to 30 individuals with vested interests in the future of hunting in Texas. One outcome of the first meeting was the development of a synthesis brochure, “The Future of Hunting in Texas,” to educate the hunting public and stakeholders about current trends and future implications and build support for the need to develop a strategic plan. The Future of Hunting information and brochure were presented to the Hunting Advisory Board of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, after which the Board added development of a strategic plan to its agenda. In fact, the 2002 Governor's Hunting Heritage Symposium was delayed one year until a strategic plan was developed. Group Solutions was hired to survey the hunting and nonhunting public about the future of hunting in Texas. Its survey data were used to define content of the strategic plan during a 2-day meeting of 60 invited stakeholders before the annual conference of the Texas Wildlife Association. The strategic plan included, among other things, all issues and problems associated with the decline in hunting participation in Texas, an action plan to address the decline, and the requirements needed to activate the plan. Several other valuable outcomes derived from the planning process, beyond development of the Strategic Plan, were included in this report.
INFANT METABOLISM

Selected Papers of Sir Gordon Holmes. Compiled and edited by F. M. R. Walshe. (Pp. 262 + xii; illustrated. 20s.) London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. 1956. The unusual prestige of British neurology has been largely determined by the achievements of the great exponents of the last two generations. In this twentieth century no one has done more to establish British neurology than Sir Gordon Holmes. It is no exaggeration to assert that the accepted present-day techniques of clinical examination of the nervous system, which in skilful hands reveal so much, directly stem from Holmes's exemplar. Whether we realize it or not, in Medicine . " as in Life, the law of heredity holds good; on est toujours le fils de quelqu'un," as Oscar Wilde has truly said. The Guarantors of Brain, that journal of neurology which Holmes edited so long and with such authority, wisely decided to mark the occasion of his eightieth birthday by reissuing a number of his earlier papers. The task of selection was no easy matter, but Sir Francis Walshe did well in his eventual choice. Thus we find in the first place a series of articles dealing with the cerebellum, and therein we discern Holmes's original methods of detailed clinical analysis of the physiology of that organ in man. Holmes's researches into the visual pathways are equally well known, and the original communications fittingly find a place in this volume. His views upon the cortical representation of vision, and especially of the macula, are well worth rereading, and they contrast with the -rival opinions of Henschen and of Bouwer. Lastly, the very topical theme of visuo-psychic disturbances from gross cerebral lesions becomes illuminated in an interesting fashion when one refers to the pioneer papers written by Holmes (alone or in collaboration with Gilbert Horrax) on such notions as visual attention and spatial and visual orientation. The reader will note the detached and careful way i6 which Holmes observes, records, and evaluates his facts, using the scientific and austere prose-style of a modern Tacitus. Each word is packed with meaning and stands out sincere and unembellished. Walshe as editor has provided a valuable preface with an eloquent appraisal of Holmes and his work. All this steady accumulation of scientific research, be it noted, has been effected by dint of " private enterprise " in the medical sphere. Walshe makes the telling point that it was the voluntary achievement of a physician, without university post or title, engaged in both hospital and private practice. It might be pointed out, too, that these researches were unsupported by expense grants or financial aid of any kind, being the outcome of sheer hard work, tireless devotion to an ideal, and innate intellectual brilliance. Holmes and his accomplishments are an inspiration and at the same time almost a reproach to those of us physicians who follow him and owe him so much. MACDONALD CRITCHLEY.
Benefits and Costs of Vegetative and Sexual Reproduction in Perennial Plants: A Review of Literature

ABSTRACT A number of perennial plant species can have different modes of reproduction, depending on environmental conditions. The objective of this paper is to review previously published literature regarding the benefits and costs of asexual (vegetative) and sexual reproduction in perennial plants, and to address which environmental conditions tend to favor each mode of reproduction in plants exhibiting both vegetative and sexual reproduction. Benefits of vegetative reproduction, through physiological integration among intraclonal ramets, may prolong the life in clones of individuals by spreading the risk of mortality over space. Costs of long-term integration may involve maintenance of connections and support of numerous daughter ramets at the expense of the parental clone. The depletion of genotypic variability within clonal populations through time makes them more susceptible to diseases, pathogens, and environmental stochasticity. However, benefits of sexual reproduction include genetic diversity, primarily through recombination, and ability to disperse into new areas. Genetic variation is responsible for the adaptation of populations to their environments. Phenotypes are the visible morphological appearance of genotypes interacting with the environment. Costs of sexual reproduction include construction of floral and reproductive structures. Seed germination and seedling growth are highly vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some plant exhibit both types of reproduction, depending on the species and habitat conditions. Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) shrubs grow vegetatively on old, stable landscapes. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) shrubs grow vegetatively under favorable environmental conditions, and wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) plants grow on open habitats. On the contrary, these four plant species would show sexual reproduction when environmental conditions are unfavorable.
Biochemical versus mineral limitation in Daphnia

Laboratory growth experiments were used to test whether observed phosphorus limitation in Daphnia is a direct effect of P availability. Daphnia was fed the algae Cyclotella and Scenedesmus, each P saturated or P limited. The algal species were chosen because of their distinct fatty acid composition, particularly with respect to their eicosapentaenoic acid (20 :5ω3) content. Although both algal species had reduced 20 :5ω3 content under P limitation, P-limited Cyclotella had a substantially higher 20 :5ω3 content than did P-saturated Scenedesmus. In keeping with its P and 20 :5ω3 content, P-limited Scenedesmus was the lowest quality of food. Inconsistent with mineral P limitation in Daphnia but in agreement with the 20 :5ω3 content, P-starved Cyclotella was a better quality of food than was P-sufficient Scenedesmus. Thus P limitation seems to be a rather indirect effect of changes in algal biochemical composition in response to nutrient stress.
Profitability Of Onion Cultivation In Some Selected Areas Of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted in three major onion growing districts to estimate the profitability of onion cultivation. Total of 150 onion farmers taking 50 farmers from each area were selected randomly. The cost of onion cultivation was found to be Tk 93517 per hectare on total cost basis. Seedling cost (41%) was the major cost item followed by human labour cost (24%). The yield of onion was found 9869 metric tons per hectare. The gross margin and net return were found to be Tk. 85308 and 79487 per hectare, respectively. The benefit cost ratio was found 1.85. Inputs like human labour, seedling, manures, urea, TSP, irrigation, and insecticide had positive effect on the yield of onion. The profit obtained from onion cultivation was found higher than that of other competitive crops like mustard, groundnut, and cabbage. Non-availability of HYV onion seed at proper time, lack of technical knowledge, high price and non-availability of fertilizer in time, lack of appropriate storage facility were the major problems of onion cultivation in the study areas and needs immediate attention to solve these problems. Keywords: Onion; input use pattern; profitability DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3. 9271 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 427-435
Evaluation of seed treatments for the eradication of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from melon and watermelon seeds

Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), is a serious seed-borne pathogen. To determine the effectiveness of several treatments to eradicate it from seeds, healthy triploid watermelon seed lots were spiked with naturally infected watermelon and melon seeds harvested from three separate diseased fruits. Of the eight treatments studied, only the use of acidic electrolyzed water for 30 min eradicated the pathogen from seeds without reducing seed germination or seedling establishment. Treatment with Clorox at 50 °C for 20 min, Tsunami 100 for 30 min, or acidified cupric acetate at 50 °C for 20 min eradicated the pathogen but significantly (P = 0.05) reduced seed germination and (or) seedling establishment (emergence). The other treatments either failed to eradicate the pathogen or reduced seed germination.
Effects of Fish Size, Habitat, Flow, and Density on Capture Probabilities of Age-0 Rainbow Trout Estimated from Electrofishing at Discrete Sites in a Large River

We estimated size-specific capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Lee's Ferry Reach of the Colorado River, Arizona, by backpack and boat electrofishing at discrete shoreline sites using both depletion and mark-recapture experiments. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of estimating capture probability for juvenile fish in larger rivers; to determine how it is influenced by fish size, habitat, flow, density, and recovery period; and to test population closure assumptions. There was no mortality among the 351 rainbow trout that were captured by electrofishing, marked, and held for 24 h. Of a total of 2,966 fish that were marked and released, only 0.61% were captured outside of mark-recapture sites, and total emigration from mark-recapture sites was 2.2-2.6%. These data strongly suggest that populations within discrete sites can be treated as effectively closed for the 24-h period between marking and recapture. Eighty percent of capture probability estimates from 66 depletion experiments and 42 mark-recapture experiments ranged from 0.28 to 0.75 and from 0.17 to 0.45, respectively, and the average coefficient of variation of estimates was 0.26. There was strong support for a fish size-capture probability relationship that accounted for the differences in vulnerability across habitat types. Smaller fish were less vulnerable in high- angle shorelines that were sampled by boat electrofishing. There was little support for capture probability models that accounted for within-day and across-month variation in flow. The effects of fish density on capture probability were challenging to discern, variable among habitat types and estimation methodologies, and confounded with the effect of fish size. As capture probability estimates were generally precise and the closure assumption was met, our results demonstrate that electrofishing-based mark-recapture experiments at discrete sites can be used to estimate the abundance of juvenile fish in large rivers.