Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Transport of Weak Electrolytes Determinants of Influx at the Luminal Surface

In 1959 Hogben et al. (5) found that the steady-state distributions o f weak electrolytes across the wall o f the small intestine could not be described in terms of a two-compar tment , pH partition model. A possible explanation o f this discrepancy was based on the observation that the acid-base metabolism o f the intestinal epithelium is asymmetric (16, 17). Hogben et al. (5) proposed that the secretion o f hydrogen ions into the luminal fluid leads to the format ion of a region of low pH at the epithelial surface. In this situation the distribution o f a weak electrolyte between ionized and nonionized forms in the surface "microclimate" is different f rom the distribution in the luminal bulk phase, and Hogben et al. (5) suggested that the t ransmural distributions o f weak electrolytes are de termined by the concentrat ions o f the permeant , nonionized species at the epithelial surface. The experiments described here were intended to test the suggestion that the intestinal t ransport o f weak electrolytes is influenced by a region o f distinctive pH at the luminal surface o f the epithelium. Compar ison T H E J O U R N A L O F G E N E R A L P H Y S I O L O G Y " V O L U M E 71, 1978 • p a g e s 3 0 1 3 2 7 3 0 1 on May 12, 2019 jgp.rupress. org Downloaded from http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.71. 3.301 Published Online: 1 March, 1978 | Supp Info:
Comment on “A new absolute reference for atmospheric longwave irradiance measurements with traceability to SI units” by Gröbner et al.

In their paper Gröbner et al. [2014] describe the results of two field campaigns in February and October 2013 at the Physikalisch Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), where two independently designed and calibrated absolute radiometers, measuring downward longwave irradiance, were compared to the World Infrared Standard Group (WISG). One of the absolute radiometers is the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) that was developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [Reda et al., 2012] and the other is the Integrating Sphere Infrared Radiometer (IRIS) that was developed at PMOD/WRC [Gröbner, 2012]. From these two field campaigns and measurements over the last 4 years Gröbner et al. [2014] conclude that the WISG underestimates clear-sky atmospheric longwave irradiance by 2 to 6Wm , depending on the amount of integrated water vapor. Their abstract concludes with the proposition for a concerted effort at international level in order to correct measurements of atmospheric downward longwave irradiance traceable to the WISG.
Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice

Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice provides a hands-on guide demonstrating the underlying principles of photochemistry and, by reference to a range of organic reaction types, its effective use in the synthesis of new organic compounds and in various applications. The book presents a complete and methodical approach to the topic, working from basic principles, discussing key techniques and studies of reactive intermediates, and illustrating synthetic photochemical procedures. Incorporating special topics and case studies covering various applications of photochemistry in chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, physics, medicine, and industry. Providing extensive references to the original literature and to review articles. Concluding with a chapter on retrosynthetic photochemistry, listing key reactions to aid the reader in designing their own synthetic pathways. This book will be a valuable source of information and inspiration for postgraduates as well as professionals from a wide range of chemical and natural sciences.
Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales

Using 100 years of global temperature anomaly data, we have performed a singular value decomposition of temperature variations in narrow frequency bands to isolate coherent spatio-temporal “modes” of global climate variability. Statistical significance is determined from confidence limits obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. Secular variance is dominated by a globally coherent trend, with nearly all grid points warming in phase at varying amplitude. A smaller, but significant, share of the secular variance corresponds to a pattern dominated by warming and subsequent cooling in the high latitude North Atlantic with a roughly centennial timescale. Spatial patterns associated with significant peaks in variance within a broad period range from 2.8 to 5.7 years exhibit characteristic El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns. A recent transition to a regime of higher ENSO frequency is suggested by our analysis. An interdecadal mode in the 15-to-18 years period range appears to represent long-term ENSO variability. This mode has a sizeable projection onto global-average temperature, and accounts for much of the anomalous global warmth of the 1980s. A quasi-biennial mode centered near 2.2-years period and a mode centered at 7-to-8 years period both exhibit predominantly a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) temperature pattern. A potentially significant “decadal” mode centered on 11-to-12 years period also exhibits an NAO temperature pattern and may be modulated by the century-scale North Atlantic variability.
Dike-induced reverse faulting in a graben

Normal-fault slip of the boundary faults of a graben is commonly attributed to dike-induced stresses. Here, however, we report for the first time clear field evidence of a large dike-induced reverse-fault slip on a fault associated with a volcano-tectonic graben. The measured reverse faulting of at least 5 m occurs in the Holocene rift zone of northern Iceland. The reverse slip has apparently occurred on an existing normal fault as a result of over pressure of a nearby 6–13-m-thick 8 ka feeder dike. A numerical model of the dike-fault interaction supports our interpretation. The results indicate that dikes, particularly potential feeder dikes, may cause large reverse slips on nearby normal faults. This conclusion should improve the general understanding of geodetic deformation during volcanic unrest periods and may help forecast dike-fed eruptions.
The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa

1. American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources 2. Coral Reef Initiative, American Samoa Coral Reef Advisory Group 3. University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology 4. NOAA, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division 5. The Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research 6. American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency 7. National Park Service 8. NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Lab 9. CNMI, Division of Environmental Quality 10. Mappamondo GIS 11. American Samoa Department of Commerce 12. NOAA Coral Reef Watch 12. U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Hawaii Field Office The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa
Estimation of High-frequency Wave Radiation Areas on the Fault Plane of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake by the Envelope Inversion of Acceleration Seismograms

We estimated the high-frequency wave radiation process on the fault plane of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (MJMA=7.2), which was a strike slip event along active inland faults, by the envelope inversion of strong-motion acceleration seismograms. The horizontal extent of the region that radiated high-frequency (2-10 Hz) waves is about 45 km, which matches the source region estimated from the inversion of strong-motion displacement waveforms. High-frequency waves were mainly radiated at the periphery of this source region, while a clear gap of radiation was seen in the center. Along the Nojima fault, both high- and low-frequency wave radiation were large. This is explained by the fact that the rupture broke the ground surface here. Highfrequency waves were also radiated at the step-over of faults between Awaji Island and the Kobe area. The step-over is interpreted to have behaved as a geometrical barrier and generated high-frequency waves when ruptured. The radiation of high-frequency waves in the northeastern part from the hypocenter to Kobe was small in the large moment release areas estimated from the displacement waveform inversion, and large at their peripheries. This suggests these high-frequency waves were stopping phases from the subevents corresponding to the large moment release areas. The extent of the source region of high-frequency waves roughly matches that of the heavily damaged areas. We inferred that the strong high-frequency waves that came directly from the source was one of the causes of the heavy damage to low-rise structures.
Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: Role of Organic Acids in Triggering Uranium Hyperaccumulation in Plants

Uranium phytoextraction, the use of plants to extract U from contaminated soils, is an emerging technology. We report on the development of this technology for the cleanup of U-contaminated soils. In this research, we investigated the effects of various soil amendments on U desorption from soil to soil solution, studied the physi ological characteristics of U uptake and accumulation in plants, and developed techniques to trigger U hyperac cumulation in plants. A key to the success of U phytoextraction is to increase soil U availability to plants. We have found that some organic acids can be added to soils to increase U desorption from soil to soil solution and to trigger a rapid U accumulation in plants. Of the organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, and malic acid) tested, citric acid was the most effective in enhancing U accumulation in plants. Shoot U concentrations of Brassica juncea and Brassica chinensis grown in a U-contaminated soil (total soil U, 750 mg kg-1) increased from less than 5 mg kg-1 t.
THE TOURISM CLIMATIC INDEX: A METHOD OF EVALUATING WORLD CLIMATES FOR TOURISM

In this essay a method of computing tourism climatic indices (TCIS) is described. These indices represent a quantitative evaluation of world climate for the purposes of international tourism. A series of rating systems is developed to provide a systematic basis for assessing the climatic elements that most affect the quality of the tour- ism experience. The problem of weighting climatic variables in the TCI formula is also discussed. Monthly TCIS have been computed for 453 meteorological stations throughout the world, and the results have been generalized in 12 monthly world maps. L' article offre une methode pour calculer des indices climatoogiques touristiques (ICT), qui representent une evaluation quantitative des climats mondiaux, destinee aux besoins du tourisme international. On developpe une serie de systemes d' evaluation d' elements climatologiques, fournissant ainsi une base systematique pour evaluer lesquels de ces derniers influencent le plus la qualitye de l' experience touristique vecu. L'‘article souleve aussi les problhes relies aux valeurs relatives, soient les poids, des variables qui entrent dans la formule de l' ICT. Des valeurs mensuelles ont ete compilees pour 453 stations meteorologiques a travers le monde, et les resultats sont presentes, en forme generalisee sur une base mensuelle, dans douze cartes mondiales.
3D inversion of airborne gravity-gradiometry data using cokriging

ABSTRACTWe developed a new method for interpretation of airborne gravity gradiometry data, based on cokriging inversion. The cokriging method that we evaluated minimized the theoretical estimation error variance by using auto- and crosscorrelations of several variables. It does not require iterations and can easily include complex a priori information. Moreover, the smoothing effects in the inverted density structure model can be reduced to a certain extent due to the anisotropy constrain in the covariance model. We compared the recovered models obtained by inverting the different combinations of gravity-gradient components to understand how different component combinations contributed to the resolution of the recovered model. The results indicated that including multiple components for inversion increased the resolution of the recovered density model and improved the structure delineation. Moreover, in the case in which the parameters of the variogram model are not well chosen, cokriging with multicompon.
Determination of Work Index of Gyel-Bukuru Columbite Ore in Plateau State, Nigeria

Determination of the work index of Gyel-Buruku columbite ore sample in Plateau state, Nigeria, was investigated. The sample of the columbite ore was sourced from Gyel village in Jos East Local Government Area of Plateau state, Nigeria. The “reference ores (granites)” samples were sourced from Jiche and Gurum villages of Plateau state respectively. The reference ores and columbite ore of known weights were ground and pulverized. 80% passing size for the columbite ore, Jiche and Gurum granites samples was obtained at 100 μm sieve size for the feeds and products respectively. The work indexes of reference ores i.e. Jiche and Gurum granites were used to calculate the work index of the Gyel columbite ore sample. The values of 3.42 kWh/ton and 2.72 kWh/ton were obtained respectively for the two different reference granites ores samples used and 3.07 kWh/ton was calculated as their average and determined as the value of the work index of the Gyel-Bukuru columbite ore sample. This work index value obtained for the Gyel-Buruku columbite ore sample lies favourably within the work indexes of 3.94 - 10.81 kWh/ton for columbite minerals sighted in the literatures.
The influence of granular calcareous particles on the residual shear strength of Fuller's Earth Clay

Abstract Decalcification is proposed as a cause of the continued movement observed in many natural and engineered slopes in calcareous mudrock formations. It is deemed that such movement may potentially occur as granular calcareous particles, which otherwise maintain high residual shear strengths, are leached from shear surfaces within slipped masses, changing the mode of residual shear from transitional to sliding. Measurements of the residual shear strengths of 42 natural samples taken through the Fuller's Earth succession near Bath over a range of effective normal stresses emphasize the curved nature of many failure envelopes. The results demonstrate that the threshold between the two modes of shear occurs at approximately 25% calcite content. Fuller's Earth Clay with more than 25% calcite content is thus prone to significant decreases in residual shear strength upon partial or total decalcification.
A Coastal Environment Field and Laboratory Activity for an Undergraduate Geomorphology Course

Abstract A field and laboratory exercise for an undergraduate geomorphology class is described that focuses on the beach. The project requires one day of fieldwork and two laboratory sessions. In the field, students measure water surface fluctuations (waves) with a pressure sensor, survey beach profiles, collect sediment samples, and observe the beach state. In the laboratory, students wash and dry sediments, complete a grain size analysis, and determine sediment volumes. Students produce a report that includes analysis of wave data and beach profiles and a discussion of their findings.
Evolutionary Impact of Size-Selective Harvesting on Shoaling Behavior: Individual-Level Mechanisms and Possible Consequences for Natural and Fishing Mortality

Intensive and size-selective harvesting is an evolutionary driver of life history as well as individual behavioral traits. Yet whether and to what degree harvesting modifies the collective behavior of exploited species are largely unknown. We present a multigeneration harvest selection experiment with zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model species to understand the effects of size-selective harvesting on shoaling behavior. The experimental system is based on a large-harvested (typical of most wild-capture fisheries targeting larger size classes) and small-harvested (typical of specialized fisheries and gape-limited predators targeting smaller size classes) selection lines. By combining high-resolution tracking of fish behavior with computational agent-based modeling, we show that shoal cohesion changed in the direction expected by a trade-off between individual vigilance and the use of social cues. In particular, we document a decrease of individual vigilance in the small-harvested line, which was linked to an increase in the attention to social cues, favoring more cohesive shoals. Opposing outcomes were found for the large-harvested line, which formed less cohesive shoals. Using the agent-based model, we outline possible consequences of changes in shoaling behavior for both fishing and natural mortality. The changes in shoaling induced by large size-selective harvesting may decrease fishing mortality but increase mortality by natural predators. Our work suggests an insofar overlooked evolutionary mechanism by which size-selective harvesting can affect fishing and natural mortality of exploited fish.
Holocene humidity changes in northern Finnish Lapland inferred from lake sediments and submerged Scots pines dated by tree-rings

Conclusive evidence for a rise in water levels has been found in connection with lake-sediment studies undertaken partly in collaboration with the pine megafossil sampling and dendrochronological work in northern Finnish Lapland. The change in lake-level stands is shown by slow sedimentation rate in the early to mid-Holocene and an increase thereafter. These data indicate a regional rise in water levels during the latter part of the Holocene following a relatively dry period between 8000 and 4000 BP. Synchronous changes, also indicating rising water levels, have been observed in the diatom and cladoceran assemblages of the sediment cores. Subfossil Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris, L.) have been preserved in large quantities in small lakes in Lapland, because in many cases the rising water level has inundated the trunks after death. The position of the subfossil trunks and stumps often indicates that the pines have been growing on dry land at the sides of the lakes in which they are now submerged. Traces of a bark beetle (Tomicus minor, Hart.) have been detected in a few old pine logs found far outside the present distribution area of this insect. A total of 1722 samples of pine subfossils have been collected in the forest-tundra ecotone region of Lapland to build a continuous pine ring-width chronology over 7000 years long. The long chronology is almost finished, but its two parts are still separated by a short discontinuity around 250 bc. An absolutely dated, year-by-year chronology over 2000 years long extends from the present close to that time. The older, over 5000 years long continuous floating chronology is fixed to the timescale by several radiocarbon dates. A total of 1212 samples of pine wood have been dated and assembled within the chronologies by tree-ring cross-matching. These substantial data indicate a gradual retreat of pine tree and forest limits with some marked regional differences during the past 5000 years. According to the preliminary interpretations of the tree-ring data the variability of Holocene summer temperatures has increased towards the present time. Shifts in climatic development leading to cooler and more unstable conditions seem to have occurred in mid-Holocene time, and between 2500 and 2000 BP. The increase in humidity is probably in association with these changes in the high-frequency variability of temperature.
Constitutively enhanced genome integrity maintenance and direct stress mitigation characterize transcriptome of extreme stressâ•’adapted <fi>Arabidopsis halleri</fi>

Received 10 February 2021; accepted 24 September 2021; published online 20 October 2021. *For correspondence (e-mail Ute.Kraemer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de). Present address: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Present address: Centro de Biotecnolog ıa y Gen omica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Polit ecnica de Madrid, Spain Present address: BASF, Nunhem, The Netherlands
Transcription factor binding predicts histone modifications in human cell lines

Significance The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to biology and is classically predicated on binding of transcription factor proteins to DNA. This view is challenged by large-scale studies correlating gene expression with posttranslational modifications of the histone proteins with which DNA is complexed in cells. Here, we show through a large-scale computational study that histone modifications can be predicted with remarkable accuracy from transcription factor-binding profiles, recapitulating known interactions between transcription factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes. Our results demonstrate that associations between gene expression and histone modifications do not necessarily imply a direct regulatory role for these modifications, but can be explained equally well as an indirect effect of interactions between transcription factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes. Gene expression in higher organisms is thought to be regulated by a complex network of transcription factor binding and chromatin modifications, yet the relative importance of these two factors remains a matter of debate. Here, we show that a computational approach allows surprisingly accurate prediction of histone modifications solely from knowledge of transcription factor binding both at promoters and at potential distal regulatory elements. This accuracy significantly and substantially exceeds what could be achieved by using DNA sequence as an input feature. Remarkably, we show that transcription factor binding enables strikingly accurate predictions across different cell lines. Analysis of the relative importance of specific transcription factors as predictors of specific histone marks recapitulated known interactions between transcription factors and histone modifiers. Our results demonstrate that reported associations between histone marks and gene expression may be indirect effects caused by interactions between transcription factors and histone-modifying complexes.
Intraseasonal Variations in the Southern Hemisphere Circulation

Abstract Intraseasonal variations in the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation have been examined through the application of a 10–50–day bandpass filter to daily ECMWF analyses for 1980–88. Variations on this time scale contribute more than 40% of the daily variance in 500 hPa geopotential over much of the middle and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. EOF analysis of the unnormalized variance for all seasons shows that 49% of this variance can be explained by zonal wave trains centered on the South Pacific and southern Atlantic/Indian oceans, a high-latitude mode of global extent, and a wavenumber 3 pattern at midlatitudes. These modes are essentially equivalent barotropic but slope westward with height so that the patterns at 100 hPa typically lag those at 1000 hPa by around 1o° longitude. There appears to be little interaction with the low-latitude circulation. All of the leading modes propagate eastward but the most consistent movement is shown by the South Pacific wave train represented .