Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Punitive benefit sanctions, welfare conditionality, and the social abuse of unemployed people in Britain: Transforming claimants into offenders?

A defining feature of U.K. welfare reform since 2010 has been the concerted move towards greater compulsion and sanctioning, which has been interpreted by some social policy scholars as punitive and cruel. In this article, we borrow concepts from criminology and sociology to develop new interpretations of welfare conditionality. Based on data from a major Economic and Social Research Council‐funded qualitative longitudinal study (2014–2019), we document the suffering that unemployed claimants experienced because of harsh conditionality. We find that punitive welfare conditionality often caused symbolic and material suffering and sometimes had life‐threatening effects. We argue that a wide range of suffering induced by welfare conditionality can be understood as ‘social abuse’, including the demoralisation of the futile job‐search treadwheel and the self‐administered surveillance of the Universal Jobmatch panopticon. We identify a range of active claimant responses to state perpetrated harm, including acquiescence, adaptation, resistance, and disengagement. We conclude that punitive post‐2010 unemployment correction can be seen as a reinvention of failed historic forms of punishment for offenders.
Educational Pathway and Social Mobility in Children of Immigrants

This paper looks at degree completion and wages of immigrants to understand the extent to which a student’s chosen educational pathway limits his or her social mobility. Statistical modeling established the predictive strengths of key variables on educational pathway and statistical analysis is used to understand the relationship between educational pathway, degree completion, and wages. Findings show that educational pathway mediates many of the background determinants that previous research identified as key mechanisms for immigrant social mobility. Furthermore, findings also identify a significant “pathway wage penalty” despite degree completion. New immigration plus births to immigrants added more than 22 million people to the U.S. population in the last decade, equal to 80 percent of total population growth. Immigrants and their children now account for more than one in five public school students. The impact of immigrants and their children on the US population, and the education system, underscores the importance of research examining the immigrant experience.
(Fairtrade) certification: consequences of being a niche market

ABSTRACT Product certification such as organic and fairtrade, leads to a price premium for producers in the majority of cases and thus, also encourages them to increase supplied quantities in order to boost revenue, as empirically evidenced by several studies. Theoretically, this might be a plausible business strategy. The market for certified products is, however, a small one, and producers are not able to sell off the entire quantity produced in the certified niche market. Said supply surplus has to be sold off via conventional trading channels, resulting in a head-on competition between certified and uncertified producers. The analysis at hand sheds light on the revenue gains of certified producers via price discrimination on conventional Southern markets, and the consequences for uncertified producers.
An exploration of six lesbian and gay people's experiences of organised religion (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism), and their implications for psychotherapy : an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)

This qualitative research project uses Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore six lesbian and gay people’s experiences of three organised religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism), and the implications they have for psychotherapy. A total of six participants, three gay men and three lesbian women, were identified through an initial online survey and successive purposive sampling. Four participants had experiences with Christianity (two were Catholic and two Protestant), one with Judaism, and one with Islam. Participants self-identified with the respective religious institutions, and most were not involved with their religions at the time of the research. Data were collected using unstructured interviews and analysed to determine three major themes: “Religious Tribalism”, “Liminal Processes”, and “Navigating Relationships”. In a present-day context of widespread heterosexist hegemony, this project has the potential to improve psychotherapists’ understanding of the intersection of sexual orientation and religion, and the diverse ways in which this plays out. The research invites therapists to re-evaluate socially constructed positions and encourages a life-course perspective. Recommendations include: providing cultural competence training for therapists, developing an integrative psychotherapy process (dialogical, relational, and interpersonal) that prioritises exploration and asking questions over providing answers, raising awareness of religious abuse and naming it when it is evident, and a call to conduct IPA with soul. Suggestions for future research include exploring heterosexual perspectives from within religious institutions in order to better understand sexual prejudice in this context; exploring religious abuse against non-heterosexual people; and a further exploration of the positive role of religion for some non-heterosexual people.
Stability of Iodine in Iodized Salt Against Heat, Light and Humidity

Background: Iodine has undeniable effects on human in all stages of life and its deficiency during fetal stages causes mental retardation, which incurs huge costs for treatment and care. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat, humidity and light on the iodine content in iodized salt. Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, five brands of refined iodized salts were randomly selected from supermarkets in Babol City. All tests were performed in the Chemistry Laboratory of Paramedical School in Babol University of Medical Sciences. In the current study, the samples were kept for three months under different conditions of humidity, without humidity, light, darkness, and temperatures of 37°C, refrigerator and ambient. The iodine amount of samples was tested every 15 days using titration method based on Britain Pharmacopoeia. Data were analyzed with ANOVA in SPSS. Results: The results showed that iodine was reduced in all samples of refined salts: 9.69 ± 1.3 for refrigerator temperature with humidity, 8.34 ± 1.4 for refrigerator temperature without humidity, 8.85 ± 1.2 for 37°C with humidity, 7.80 ± 1.4 for 37°C without humidity, 13.96 ± 1.3 for ambient temperature with light and humidity, 9.61 ± 1.5 for ambient temperature with light and without humidity, 8.64 ± 1.1 for ambient temperature with humidity in darkness, and 5.41 ± 1.2 mg/L for ambient temperature without humidity in darkness. Conclusions: The results indicated that ambient temperature, darkness and non-humidity were the best conditions for keeping iodized salt.
Evaluation of Enzymatic Changes in Sublethal Cyanide Poisoning Wistar Rats Treated with Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) and Sodium Thiosulphate

Cyanide remediation potential of plants is due to their ability to synthesize cyanogenic glucosides. Naturally, cyanogenic plants not only synthesize organic cyanides but are also imbue with efficient degradation potentiality. Example of such plants is Chromolaena odorata which is widely known to be effectively used as a therapy against several ailments. Recently, the plant has been employed in the remediation of cyanide from contaminated sites. Cyanide intoxication mediate pathologic effects on different tissues that precede alterations in biochemical parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cyanide exposure and ameliorative effects of sodium thiosulphate and ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata (ECO) administered singly and in combination on some enzyme activities in rats. Thirty five male rats were divided into seven groups. All test groups received potassium cyanide (KCN) at 7 mg/kg body weight; Control group:received distilled water daily for the experimental period. Cyanide group: received KCN at 7.0 mg/kg administered via gavage; KCN+100ECO group:received KCN and 100 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+150ECO group:received KCN and 150 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+200ECO group:received KCN and 200 mg/kg of ECO; KCN+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of sodium thiosulphate at 200 mg/kg; KCN+ECO+Na2S2O3 group:received KCN and oral administration of both sodium thiosulphate and ECO at 200 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, activities of Rhodanese, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase were measured. Potassium cyanide administration caused alteration in the measured enzymes while sodium thiosulphate and Chromolaena odorata ethanol extracts relieved the alterations. Whereas, combination of the two regimen showed a synergistic effect. The altered tissue activities of some enzymes in the present study might reflect the metabolic disturbances due to cyanide intoxication. However, further research should be focused on this issue for better understanding of the fine mechanism of cyanide effects upon metabolic enzyme activities.
Run‐off affected by climate and anthropogenic changes in a large semi‐arid river basin

A rapid reduction in run‐off has been observed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin in recent decades. Understanding the contributions of climate change and human activities, such as vegetation restoration and water consumption, to surface water resource reduction has become urgent and very important for future regional planning. Here, we use attribution approaches to explore the effects of climate change and human activities on run‐off over the past six decades. The results showed that the observed annual run‐off at Tongguan station, which is located within the mainstream of the Yellow River, exhibited a significant decreasing trend of −0.69 mm year−1 (p < .01) and varied from −0.28 to −1.46 mm year−1 (p < .01) in the eight selected tributaries from 1960 to 2015. Two relatively abrupt changes in the double mass curves occurred around 1979 and 1999; compared with Period 1 (P1; 1960–1979), the average catchment run‐off decreased 32% during Period 2 (P2; 1980–1999) and up to 49% during Period 3 (P3; 2000–2015). We calculated that approximately 29% of the reduction in the run‐off during P2 and 18% during P3 were attributed to climate change. Increased surface water consumption resulted in effective run‐off reduction, with relative contributions of approximately 27% and 28% during P2 and P3, respectively. With the implementation of the “Grain‐for‐Green” project, the vegetation coverage rapidly increased from 36% in P1 to 52% in P3 and reduced run‐off by 35% during P3. These findings explain the run‐off reduction and benefit water resource management in the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin.
SPINAL ANESTHESIA; COMPARISON OF EPHEDRINE VERSUS PHENYLEPHRINE FOR PREVENTION OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA INDUCED HYPOTENSION IN PATIENTS.

Objectives: To compare ephedrine versus phenylephrine for prevention of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Design: It was a randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesia, Allied Hospital Faisalabad from July 2011 to December 2011. Material and Methods: 60 women having C-section under spinal anesthesia were included after written informed consent. These patients were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Group-E received ephedrine 10mg intravenously and group-P received phenylephrine 100μg intravenously just after institution of spinal anesthesia. Outcome variable was frequency of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension which was noted and compared among the groups. A predesigned proforma was used to record patient’s demographic details along with other study variables. Results: The mean age of the patients was 25.73±3.78 years in Group-P and 26.07±4.32 in Group-E (p=0.37). There was significant difference in the mean heart rate (85.50±2.64 vs. 96.93±9.96 bpm; p=0.001) and mean systolic (100.77±9.77 vs. 94.00±9.28 mmHg; p=0.007) and diastolic (58.53±10.09 vs. 53.03±8.78; p=0.028) blood pressure among the two groups (Group-P vs. Group-E) at 20 minutes after induction. The frequency of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension was significantly lower in patients receiving phenylephrine (30.0% vs. 63.3%; p=0.010) as compared to those receiving ephedrine. Similar significant difference was observed across various age and ASA–Class groups. Conclusion: The frequency of hypotension was significantly lower in patients receiving phenylephrine compared to ephedrine which advocate routine use of phenylephrine in such patients to minimize the risk of hypotension with associated morbidity.
Detection of HPV16 in tissues of oral leukoplakia by polymerase chain reaction and p16 immunohistochemistry

Background: Globally, India accounts for highest incidence for oral cancer. Potential malignant disorders precede development of oral cancers. Leukoplakia is the one of the most common potentially malignant disorders and tobacco is a known risk factor for oral cancer. Role of viruses in oral carcinogenesis is not yet clear and its association with oral cancer has been a debated topic. The present study was aimed to evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral leukoplakia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methodology: Fifty clinicopathologically confirmed oral leukoplakia cases were included in the study. Detection of HPV was done using PCR and further validated with IHC. Results: Among 50 subjects with oral leukoplakia, 43 specimens were reported as HPV positive through PCR and IHC confirmed p16 positivity in 5 specimens. Conclusion: Study showed lower a prevalence of HPV in oral leukoplakia. Whenever in doubt, combined tests would often be beneficial for the detection of HPV.
INCIDENCE OF INTERPARIETAL (INCA) BONES IN THE POPULATION OF ASSAM

The occipital bone forms the region of the back of the head. It consists of three partsthe squamous part, the basilar part and the two condylar parts on either side of the foramen magnum. The squamous part of the occipital bone consists of two parts – the upper interparietal and the lower supraoccipital part. Usually the interparietal part fuses with the supraoccipital part but sometimes it may remain separated by a suture. Then it is called interparietal bone or Inca bone. AIM & OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to find out the incidence of interparietal or Inca bones in this part of north east India as data regarding its incidence rate and number of fragments of Inca bones from Assam is still underreported. MATERIALS & METHOD: In the present study, a total of 126 dry adult skulls were examined to know the incidence of Inca bones. All the specimens were procured from various departments in Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam. They were first examined for presence or absence of Inca bones and then for number of fragments. RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS: The incidence of Inca bone was found to be 1.58%. One skull presented with a single triangular Inca bone while another skull presented with two fragments of Inca bones. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge regarding interparietal bones and that it may present with many fragments is certainly very useful for neurosurgeons, radiologists and anthropologists.
Anthropometric and hematological tests to diagnose nutritional deficiencies in schoolchildren of indigenous communities living in the Andean region of Ecuador

1 National University of Chimborazo, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Laboratory. Riobamba, Ecuador. 2 National University of Chimborazo, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine. Av. Antonio José de Sucre, km 1 1⁄2 vía a Guano, Riobamba, Ecuador. Correspondência para/Correspondence to: ME GUERENDIAIN MARGNI. E-mail: mguerendiain@unach.edu. ec 3 Temple University, College of Science and Technology, Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine. Philadelphia, PA, United States. Anthropometric and hematological tests to diagnose nutritional deficiencies in schoolchildren of indigenous communities living in the Andean region of Ecuador
Optimal nanosilica dosage in mortars and concretes subject to mechanical and durability solicitations

Abstract Nanosilica is a new material that has been recently used in the construction industry on a mass scale, featuring several advantages and limitations. Despite the extensive research about the nanosilica effect on cement-based materials, so far there is no consensus regarding the optimal nanosilica dosage that further enhances the mechanical performance and durability of mortar and concrete. With the aim of solving this issue, this paper reports on the optimal nanosilica dosage in normal-strength mortar and concrete regarding their mechanical and durability properties. Experiments on fresh (setting time and flow) and hardened state (compressive strength, tensile strength and chloride migration tests) were carried out on mortar and concrete using two silica nanoparticles of 264 nm and 36 nm average size. As a result, it was found that mortar and concrete using 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % doses of nanosilica showed the best performance for the mechanical and durability properties. Coarser nanoparticles (264 nm) provide mortar and concrete with enhanced mechanical and durability properties compared to the finer nanoparticles (36 nm). Finally it was found that nanoparticle size had no effect on the optimal nanosilica dosages identified in this study.
Proposed Model of the Dividends Policy of REITs Listed at Kuwait Stock Exchange

The research aims to study the factors that affect the dividends policy at the REITs ,which listed at Kuwait Stock Exchange, using 41 observation of one year, included all 41 REITs, multi linear multi regression model technique was applied. The explanatory variables are, pay-out ratio, cash flow from finance activities, earning per share, assets size, revenues. The study reached to a statistically high significance and positive relationship between dividends per share and all explanatory variables except assets size had no significant effect, also revenue variable had negative relationship with dividends per share.
Autoimmune Liver Diseases in Native Black Africans: Extremely Rare or Inadequately Investigated Diseases?

Background: Autoimmune liver diseases (autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis) are conventionally considered to be very rare among native black Africans where chronic hepatitis B virus infection is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease. The question remains: “Are these diseases truly as rare as thought or are they under-investigated? ” Methods: The study was a non-systematic review. A comprehensive literature search, primarily in MEDLINE/PubMed, was conducted to identify articles in peer-reviewed journals in relation to the three traditional autoimmune liver diseases. The search was divided into three aspects: the global epidemiology of the diseases, the current status of the epidemiology of the diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, and the epidemiology of the diseases among African Americans for comparison because of shared genetic identity. Results: The autoimmune livers diseases are relatively rare diseases that have not been well investigated globally. Majority of the epidemiological data concerning them are from the Western world with a handful from Asia. There are currently no population-based epidemiological surveys or well-structured prospective hospital-based studies that specifically investigated any of these diseases in the sub-Saharan African region, the home of the native black African population. More disturbing is the fact that there are very few case reports or case series of these diseases from the region. Conclusion: Autoimmune liver diseases are grossly under-investigated and likely underreported among native black Africans and they may not be as rare as they are currently thought. Recent findings show that the prevalence rates of these diseases are increasing globally. It is, therefore, necessary to create more awareness of these diseases among physicians and the general public in the region.
The forced response of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation-Indian monsoon teleconnection in ensembles of Earth System Models

<p>We study the teleconnection between the El Ni&#241;o&#8211;Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian summer monsoon (IM) in large ensemble simulations, the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) and the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). We characterize ENSO by the JJA Ni&#241;o 3 box-average SST and the IM by the JJAS average precipitation over India, and define their teleconnection in a changing climate as an ensemble-wise correlation. To test robustness, we also consider somewhat different variables that can characterize ENSO and the IM. We utilize ensembles converged to the system&#8217;s snapshot attractor for analyzing possible&#160;<em>changes in the teleconnection</em>. Our main finding is that the teleconnection strength is typically increasing on the long term in view of appropriately revised ensemble-wise indices. Indices involving a more western part of the Pacific reveal, furthermore, a short-term but rather strong increase in strength followed by some decrease at the turn of the century. Using the station-based SOI as opposed to area-based indices leads to the identification of somewhat more erratic trends, but the turn-of-the-century &#8220;bump&#8221; is well-detectable with it. All this is in contrast, if not in contradiction, with the discussion in the literature of a weakening teleconnection in the late 20<sup>th</sup>&#160;century. We show here that this discrepancy can be due to any of three reasons: ensemble-wise and temporal correlation coefficients used in the literature are different quantities; the temporal moving correlation has a high statistical variability but possibly also persistence; MPI-ESM does not represent the Earth system faithfully. </p>