Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Packaging‐related properties of protein‐ and chitosan‐coated paper

The mechanical and gas‐barrier properties of paper and paperboard coated with chitosan–acetic acid salt (chitosan), whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate and wheat gluten protein were studied. Paper sheets were solution‐coated using a hand applicator. In addition, bi‐layer composites of wheat gluten and paper or paperboard were produced by compression moulding, and the chitosan solution was also applied on paperboard using curtain coating. Young's modulus, fracture stress, fracture strain, tearing strength, air permeance and oxygen permeability were assessed. The mechanical and air permeance measurements of solution‐coated paper showed that chitosan was the most effective coating on a coat weight basis. This was due to its high viscosity, which limited the degree of penetration into the paper. The proteins, however, also enhanced the strength and toughness of the paper. Compression‐moulded wheat gluten/paper or paperboard, as well as curtain‐coated chitosan paperboard laminates, showed oxygen barrier properties comparable to those of paper and paperboard coated with commercial barrier materials. None of the composites could be delaminated without fibre rupture, indicating good adhesion between the coatings and the substrates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoscale structure and fractal nature of 1-propanol aqueous solution: A reverse Monte Carlo analysis of small angle neutron scattering intensity

Mesoscale structures of salt-free and salt-added 1-propanol aqueous solutions have been analyzed by means of a reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) technique combined with small angle neutron scattering data. RMC analysis is carried out by using sub-million molecules and concentration-fluctuation is visualized. Effect of salt on the mesoscale structure is also visualized. Origin of fractal nature of the solution is attributed to the distribution of [gpp(r)−gpw(r)] and [gww(r)−gwp(r)]. 1-propanol-rich regions are surrounded by thin water-layers in the salt-free solution. The addition of salt shifts the thickness distributions of the water-layer to the larger value. However, the thickness distribution is scaled very well between the salt-free solution and the salt-added solution, suggesting a self-similarity of mesoscale structure of both solutions. Formation of concentration-fluctuation and salt-induced phase separation are discussed.
Field estimation of leaf nitrogen by light transmittance

Abstract A highly significant negative correlation was found between percentage transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation (%TPAR) through a varied sample of walnut leaves and their extractable chlorophyll content (expressed on a leaf‐area basis). The %TPAR was negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen (N) expressed on a leaf‐area basis. When leaves were sampled from throughout the canopy of a walnut tree, no correlation was obtained between either chlorophyll content or %TPAR and leaf N based on leaf dry wt. ; this was due to variation between exposed and shaded leaves in leaf thickness and specific leaf weight (SLW). Regression analysis indicated better correlation between transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation (%TPAR) and leaf N when data were fitted to quadratic or exponential functions rather than to a linear formula. Thus, estimation of leaf N level by %TPAR is more sensitive at lower levels of leaf N. When exposed leaves from trees differing in N status were analyzed, %TPAR wa.
A chemically functionalizable nanoporous material (Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3)n

Although zeolites and related materials combine nanoporosity with high thermal stability, they are difficult to modify or derivatize in a systematic way. A highly porous metal coordination polymer [Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n (where TMA is benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) was formed in 80 percent yield. It has interconnected [Cu2(O2CR)4] units (where R is an aromatic ring), which create a three-dimensional system of channels with a pore size of 1 nanometer and an accessible porosity of about 40 percent in the solid. Unlike zeolites, the channel linings can be chemically functionalized; for example, the aqua ligands can be replaced by pyridines. Thermal gravimetric analysis and high-temperature single-crystal diffractometry indicate that the framework is stable up to 240 degreesC.
Effect of protonation media on chemically and electrochemically synthesized polyaniline

Polyaniline films have been prepared both chemically and electrochemically using formic ('Pani-Formic'), boric ('Pani-Boric') or acetic acid ('Pani-Acetic') as protonation media. Among the three, formic acid seems to be a better protonating medium because it selectively yields the conducting phase of polyaniline. The variation of potential with the amount of oxidizing agent suggests one dimensional growth of polymer chain, which proceeds through a PG/EM mechanism as indicated by spectral data. The Pani-Boric and Pani-Acetic acid demonstrate three- and four-step decomposition patterns, respectively, with complete decomposition at about 760°C. Pani-Formic acid, in contrast, reveals a three-step decomposition pattern with 90% weight loss at about 900°C and shows a tendency to react with the Pt sample holder. The films of polyaniline generated electrochemically also suggest formic acid to be a better protonating medium for achieving a relatively greater fraction of conducting emeraldine salt. However, boric acid produces excellent quality adherent films with very high deposition rate. Morphological features give strong support to this observation. The films of Pani-Formic and Pani-Acetic acids show a spongy network and globular morphology, respectively, while Pani-Boric acid yields an extremely uniform surface coating. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry reveals different patterns depending upon the formation of different oxidation states and the results are in accordance with optical absorption studies.
Phenol oxidation in supercritical water: formation of dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin, and related compounds

Supercritical water is a good medium for the complete oxidation of organic compounds, and this chemistry forms the basis for a novel technology currently being advanced for the ultimate destruction of hazardous wastes. Above its critical point ({Tc} = 374 C, P{sub c} = 218 atm), water has a high solubility for both organics and oxygen, so a single phase containing a homogeneous mixture can exist at reaction conditions. This elimination of potential interphase transport limitations coupled with the moderately high operating temperatures and pressures leads to rapid oxidation rates. Much of the previous research dealing with oxidation in supercritical water has been devoted to either demonstrating the technology or measuring the disappearance kinetics for relatively simple compounds. Only very limited work, however, has been devoted to identifying and quantifying the reaction products from the supercritical water oxidation of organic compounds. Such research is clearly important from an environmental viewpoint, especially when one considers that incineration, another thermal oxidation process, can produce undesired, high molecular weight condensation products such as dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins from phenols. The authors have undertaken and completed this study to determine whether the oxidation of phenol, a representative organic pollutant, in near- and supercritical water canmore » lead to the formation of similar high molecular weight products. « less
Faculty retention in regional medical schools in Iran: a qualitative content analysis

Background and purpose Recruitment and retention of competent faculty members are important in maintaining and improving the quality of education and research performance of universities. The aim of the present study was to find out the faculty members’ views, experiences, and attitudes to identify the reasons for faculty attrition and retention in regional medical schools in Iran. Methods In this qualitative study, we used a content analysis method. The participants included 12 faculty members who had been transferred to type I universities, four faculty members who had applied for transfer, four with more than 10 years of experience and working in the type 3 universities with no intention to be transferred. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, which were conducted either face-to-face or via phone calls. The interview was developed for this study (Supplementary file). To measure the trustworthiness of the data, we evaluated four components of credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability, as proposed by Lincoln and Guba. Results The findings were classified into three categories and 14 subcategories. The first category was “retention facilitators” including four subcategories of facilitated communication, proximity to major universities, gaining experience, and support by authorities. The second category was “retention threats” including six subcategories of social infrastructure, individual dimension, occupation dimension, economic dimension, sense of respect, and executive management. The third category was “retention strategies” which included four subcategories of recruitment and promotion processes, inter-university collaboration with type I universities, facilitation of the scientific growth, and fulfilment of the safety needs. Conclusion Several factors play a role in the faculty members’ retention in regional medical schools in Iran. Authorities can create a more positive environment by devising a suitable reward system, supporting academic activities, and increasing the level of faculty autonomy practically to develop a sense of belonging among them and reduce the intention to be transferred among their human resources.
Chemical composition of acid rains in the Venezuelan savannah region

The chemical composition of rain events has been determined at 6 sites in the Venezuelan savannah region. The results indicate that precipitations are little affected by anthropogenic emissions and that rain concentrations of anions and cations are similar to those observed at “remote” continental sites. At each location, the rain is acidic with average pHs ranging from 4.4 to 5.4. Over 50% of the free acidity may be due to formic and acetic acids. HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 contribute only less than 36%. NH 3 plays a significant role as neutralizing compound; Ca and Mg carbonates may also, in some cases, reduce the acidity of the rain solution. A complete evaluation of the ions that take part in the acid-base equilibrium is given. The participation of organic acid is discussed in detail. The first rains of the season, during biomass burning periods, are heavily loaded with several compounds, showing that emissions and/or atmospheric production are enhanced during vegetation fires. No significant variation in rain acidity was observed; it is likely that the larger atmospheric photochemical formation of organic and inorganic acids during burning is neutralized by a large primary emission of NH 3 . The study of these “particular” rains is useful in searching for pollutants emitted by fires and/or possible atmospheric processes that may occur in the associated haze layer. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992. 00005.x
Formalizing category theory in Agda

The generality and pervasiveness of category theory in modern mathematics makes it a frequent and useful target of formalization. It is however quite challenging to formalize, for a variety of reasons. Agda currently (i.e. in 2020) does not have a standard, working formalization of category theory. We document our work on solving this dilemma. The formalization revealed a number of potential design choices, and we present, motivate and explain the ones we picked. In particular, we find that alternative definitions or alternative proofs from those found in standard textbooks can be advantageous, as well as "fit" Agda's type theory more smoothly. Some definitions regarded as equivalent in standard textbooks turn out to make different "universe level" assumptions, with some being more polymorphic than others. We also pay close attention to engineering issues so that the library integrates well with Agda's own standard library, as well as being compatible with as many of supported type theories in Agda as possible.
Development of bean-corn tortillas

The combination of beans and corn represents an inexpensive, nutritious diet that can provide a good protein quality and supply vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a nutritious bean-corn tortilla that is acceptable to consumers. Two tortillas containing approximately 50% red or white beans and 50% masa flour (corn) were prepared and tested for acceptability. A focus group testing was conducted to modify a prototype of the bean-corn tortilla prior to the acceptance testing. The tortillas were evaluated by assessors at Zamorano University and Purdue University. Five attributes, appearance, color, flavor, texture, and “overall liking,” were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale. Assessors from Zamorano University gave similar acceptability scores for the corn tortilla (control) and the tortilla made with white beans and masa flour. However, assessors from Purdue University preferred the tortilla made with white beans and masa flour over the control. The tortilla made with red beans and masa flour received the lowest acceptability scores (P ≤ 0.05) from all panelists. The bean-corn tortilla developed is an inexpensive, quickto-prepare, and nutritious product. The formulation used would allow for nutrient claims of “good source of folate” and “low in fat” in the United States.
The Shari'ah and its Implications for Islamic Financial Analysis: An Opportunity to Study Interactions Among Society, Organization, and Accounting

By far the majority of articles in the world's leading accounting journals take as given the culture and religions of the Western world. Articles appear from time to time that make distinctions among accounting practices in different Western or ex-Commonwealth countries, but in so doing there is usually no need to re-examine whether the basic building blocks of accounting and finance are consistent with the cultures of those countries; that is taken as self-evident. A few authors have pressed further to show that it is inappropriate to impose unmodified Western accounting practices on developing countries,' while many others have illustrated the difficulties in harmonizing international accounting standards when they have to be applied to countries with different environmental business and social foundations . z This line of development is followed in these pages to examine the situation in countries adhering to strict Islamic principles where the cultural background to business, and in particular the influence of religious law, are quite different from that in Western countries. It will be shown that differences between the Islamic and Christian religions imply different societal rules of business behaviour, which further imply differences in operating financial organisations, as well as in accounting for them and conducting financial analysis. In fact, the impact of religious principles are so different in these
Influence of Steam Dilution on Nitrogen Oxide Formation in Premixed Methane/Hydrogen Flames

The premixed combustion of natural gas and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure is investigated over a wide range of equivalence ratios and different degrees of steam and nitrogen dilution of up to 30% in the air. Emission formation, local temperatures, OH radical concentrations, and flame shape and position are measured in gas-fired tests. The measurement results confirm that steam effectively inhibits the formation of NOx emissions, even at constant flame temperature. For both natural gas and hydrogen, NOx and CO emissions below 10 ppm were measured up to near-stoichiometric fuel concentrations at wet conditions. Nitrogen dilution does not lead to reduced emissions. A numerical analysis conducted with a reactor network shows that the influence of steam dilution on radical concentrations and NOx formation depends strongly on the degree of humidity and on the equivalence ratio. The thermal, the N2O, and the NNH pathway are significantly constrained at wet conditions mainly due to reduced O atom concentrations.
Effect of micro ‐ alloying elements on the oxidation of a 5 % Mg aluminium alloy

The addition of beryllium to an AlMg alloys to inhibit oxidation is a long known industrial practice. The addition of Be brings with it potential health risks as Be and Be‐containing compounds are known health hazards. Therefore, an alternative micro‐alloying element to beryllium is desired. To highlight any potential replacement, screening tests of selected elements were carried out to determine the effect on oxidation and breakaway time. Ca, Ce, Ga, Gd, La, and Sc were investigated as potential replacements. Only Ca and Sr showed potential to act as an oxidation inhibitor in AlMg alloys PREPARED BY Nicholas Smith‐Hanssen SIGNATURE CHECKED BY Martin Syvertsen SIGNATURE APPROVED BY Rune Holmen SIGNATURE REPORT NO. 2020:00258 ISBN 978‐82‐14‐06416‐2 CLASSIFICATION Unrestricted CLASSIFICATION THIS PAGE Unrestricted Nicholas Smith-Hanssen (Dec 11, 2020 11:14 GMT+1)
An overview of immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer

Although breast cancer is not traditionally considered an immunogenic type of tumor, the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy has recently emerged as a novel treatment option in triple-negative subtype in the advanced setting and other similar combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy are expected to become part of the neoadjuvant management in the near future. In addition, encouraging results have been observed with the combination of immune checkpoint blockade with diverse biological agents, including anti-HER2 agents, CDK 4/6 inhibitors, PARP-inhibitors. The present review summarized the available evidence coming from clinical trials on the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of breast cancer, both in advanced and early setting.
WHY CREDIT SCORING WORKS

The most important new development in the past two decades in the personal lines of insurance may well be the use of an individual’s credit history as a classification and rating variable to predict losses. However, in spite of its obvious success as an underwriting tool, and the clear actuarial substantiation of a strong association between credit score and insured losses over multiple methods and multiple studies, the use of credit scoring is under attack because there is not an understanding of why there is an association. Through a detailed literature review concerning the biological, psychological, and behavioral attributes of risky automobile drivers and insured losses, and a similar review of the biological, psychological, and behavioral attributes of financial risk takers, we delineate that basic chemical and psychobehavioral characteristics (e.g., a sensation-seeking personality type) are common to individuals exhibiting both higher insured automobile loss costs and poorer credit scores, and thus provide a connection which can be used to understand why credit scoring works. Credit scoring can give information distinct from standard actuarial variables concerning an individual’s biopsychological makeup, which then yields useful underwriting information about how they will react in creating risk of insured automobile losses. Patrick L. Brockett is the Gus Wortham Chair in Risk Management, Department of Management Science and Information Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. Linda L. Golden is the Marlene and Morton Meyerson Centennial Professor in Business, Department of Marketing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. The authors can be contacted via e-mail: brockett@mail.utexas. edu and mkllg@mail.utexas. edu. We gratefully acknowledge the support for this research from a grant given by the Actuarial Education and Research Foundation (AERF). This work was performed in part while in residence at The University of Barcelona with support from the Catalan Government and the Spanish Government. We thank Montserrat Guillen for her contributions. We also appreciate and acknowledge the valuable research assistance of Ms. Sandra Dunn. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Society of Actuaries or the AERF.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING WITH ACTIVE YEAST EXTRACT ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND VOLATILE OIL OF RIVER RED GUM PLANT (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. )

The research work presented in this paper was carried out during the two growing seasons of 2005 and 2006 in order to study the influence of foliar application with different levels from active yeast extract (50, 100 and 200 ml/liter) on vegetative growth and volatile oil of River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.). The obtained results indicated that the relatively low used concentration of 50 ml active yeast extract per liter showed no significant effect on vegetative growth characters of River red gum plant, aged nine months, in both studied seasons. On the other hand, the other used concentrations of active yeast extract (100 and 200 ml/L.) induced significant increase in plant height, diameter of the main stem, number of branches per plant, mean leaf area, fresh weight of stems per plant, fresh weight of leaves per plant, biomass of shoot per plant and dry weight of shoot per plant of River red gum in both studied seasons. The maximum increase in this respect was recorded at 200 ml YE/L. As to the effect on volatile oil, data revealed that the percentage of volatile oil in leaves of River red gum was increased with increasing the concentration of active yeast extract reaching its maximum at 200 ml YE/L. At the same time, all sprayed concentrations of active yeast extract did not affect volatile oil components. However, the percentages of volatile oil components were slightly affected by the tested treatments.
Assessment of Nutritional Status of Women Suffering from Thyroid Dysfunction and Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis and thyroid disorders are common diseases in the elderly. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional status of women suffering from thyroid dysfunction and osteoporosis. This work was carried out on a number of 70 women (40 hyperthyroidism and 30 hypothyroidism). They were 50-60 years old. All patients were selected from the (El-Hussein, Sayed Galal and El Zaharaa) hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. Data were collected by interviewing patients. Anthropometric measurements were performed for all patients. Nutritional assessments were collected using questionnaire and 24-hr recall method for 3 days as well as food frequency questionnaire. There sults revealed that patient's weight with hypothyroidism was higher than patients with hyperthyroidism. Although, the mean values of energy, macronutrients, minerals and vitamins for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were not significantly different, except vitamin A which was significantly high.Our study also revealed that the mean values of energy and macronutrients intake were greater than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of the tested patients. On the contrary, the minerals (copper, magnesium and calcium) in take of all women under investigation showed low values compared with the RDA.The intake of phosphorus and zinc is close to RDA. However, their intake of iron exceeded the RDA levels.Vitamins A, C, B1 and B2were lower than the RDA levels. The mean values of thyroid hormones and calcium concentration in the blood are within the normal range,although there were significant differences in the blood concentration of thyroid hormones between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. This study recommends nutrition education program for the women suffering from thyroid dysfunction and osteoporosis. Also, proper dietary habits should start early and continue through life.