Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth response of six strains of Heterosigma akashiwo to varying temperature, salinity and irradiance conditions

The variation in growth of six strains of the fish-killer raphydophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, from different geographic areas, was studied, as a function of salinity (5, 20 and 35 psu), irradiance (40 and 100 μmol m -2 s -1 ) and temperature (17 and 23°C). Two of the strains were isolated from the Nervion River outer estuary (Bilbao, Bay of Biscay, Northern Spain), and the other four were from established cultures in culture collections, isolated from Florida (USA), Narragansett estuary (USA), New Zealand and Norway. The objectives of the study were to determine: (i) whether there were across-strain growth differences under a given set of temperature, irradiance and salinity conditions and (ii) in which locations of the Nervion River estuary would the strains grow optimally on the basis of their response to those conditions. Salinity was the first limiting factor. Little or no growth was observed at 5 psu. Growth of all the strains at salinities of 20 and 35 depended primarily on temperature and secondarily on irradiance. The Florida strain was the most tolerant, showing similar growth under all of the experimental regimes tested. The Narragansett strain was the least tolerant, its growth being impaired under low temperature and low irradiance.
Update on sucrose transport in higher plants

of water and mineral salts taken up by the root system and transported via the xylem network, while non-green Sucrose as the major transported form of fixed carbon, tissues depend on the carbon supply deriving from metamust be translocated from the sites of synthesis, i.e. bolic source organs via the phloem. The existence of a the green tissues, to the sites of consumption and well co-ordinated long-distance transport network was a storage, i.e. the non-green cells and organs. For apo- prerequisite for the evolutionary development of higher plasmic transport, carrier-mediated processes are land plants. To understand carbon allocation throughout required at the plasma membrane. Functional comple- the whole plant, it is necessary to describe the phloem mentation of modified yeast strains has enabled the network in more detail (Behnke, 1989). isolation and characterization of a large family of sucrose carriers (SUT) from a wide variety of species. The route of photosynthetic carbon through the plant In Xenopus oocytes, electrophysiological methods demonstrated that the SUTs function as proton Fixation of CO 2 takes place in the chloroplasts of mesoco-transporters. Localization studies show that at phyll cells, mainly in the palisade parenchyma of mature least SUT1 is present at the plasma membrane of leaves by the Calvin cycle. Net products of this cycle are enucleated sieve elements, indicating macromolecular triose phosphates which can be fed into several biosyntransport of its mRNA or protein from the companion thetic pathways, e.g. starch, lipid or amino acid biosyncell to the sieve element. Inhibition of the transport thesis in chloroplasts or sucrose and amino acid synthesis activity in several transgenic plant species proves that in the cytosol. Various biosynthetic pathways in diVerent SUT function is essential for long-distance transport. compartments of mesophyll cells compete with each other Further experiments will be required to assign specific for triose phosphates (Schulz et al., 1993). According to functions to the other members of the SUT family. the requirements of the whole plant, the direction of
Interannual and long-term changes in the trophic state of a multibasin lake: Effects of morphology, climate, winter aeration, and beaver activity

Little St. Germain Lake (LSG), a relatively pristine multibasin lake in Wisconsin, USA, was examined to determine how morphologic (internal), climatic (external), anthropogenic (winter aeration), and natural (beaver activity) factors affect the trophic state (phosphorus, P; chlorophyll, CHL; and Secchi depth, SD) of each of its basins. Basins intercepting the main flow and external P sources had highest P and CHL and shallowest SD. Internal loading in shallow, polymictic basins caused P and CHL to increase and SD to decrease as summer progressed. Winter aeration used to eliminate winterkill increased summer internal P loading and decreased water quality, while reductions in upstream beaver impoundments had little effect on water quality. Variations in air temperature and precipitation affected each basin differently. Warmer air temperatures increased productivity throughout the lake and decreased clarity in less eutrophic basins. Increased precipitation increased P in the basins intercepting the main flow.
Youth Participation In Community Development Programmes In Rumu-Woji Communities In Port Harcourt Metropolis

This study was on youth participation in community development programmes in Rumu-Woji communities. The objectives were to examine the areas of youth participation in community development programs, the factors that impede effective youth participation and the strategies to improve effective youth participation in community development programmes. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a population of 518 youths (290 male and 228 female) drawn from four communitybased youth organizations. A sample size of 207 respondent was selected proportionately, consisting of 123 male and 84 females. The instrument for data collection was a self-designed questionnaire titled „„Youth Participation in Community Development Questionnaire‟‟ (YPCDQ). The instrument was validated by two experts in the field of Adult Education and Community Development and one expert in the field of Measurement and Evaluation using the face and content methods of validity. The reliability of the instrument was determined using the test, re-test method. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics was used in correlating the scores of the two test. A reliability index of 0.83 was obtained, showing the instrument was reliable. Data collected for this study were analyzed using mean and standard deviation statistics. The hypotheses was tested using the t-test statistics. Based on the test, the three hypothesis were retained. The findings of the study revealed that youth can participate in community development programmes such as skills acquisition, education, agriculture, sports, religion, water project market and town hall, it also revealed the constraining factors of youth participation in community development as poor programme planning, tradition and culture, inadequate awareness, non-inclusion of youth in planning stages, and bad government, it however, revealed strategies to improve effective participation of youth in community development programmes. The strategies are provision of basic infrastructure, empowering youth through workshop and training, religious intervention, employment, incentives, building of self-esteem, involving the youth in planning the programs and sponsoring youth programs. The study recommended, therefore, that traditional rulers and community leaders should eradicate cultures and traditions that are affecting youth participation in community development, community leaders and local government should partner to initiate innovative community development programmes that would in turn encourage the youth to participate in community development programmes-welding, agriculture, recreation etc. and government should provide basic infrastructure in the communities to encourage youth participation in community development programmes.
Fractional Hadamard and Fejér-Hadamard Inequalities Associated with Exponentially s,m-Convex Functions

The aim of this paper is to present the fractional Hadamard and Fejer-Hadamard inequalities for exponentially - convex functions. To establish these inequalities, we will utilize generalized fractional integral operators containing the Mittag-Leffler function in their kernels via a monotone function. The presented results in particular contain a number of fractional Hadamard and Fejer-Hadamard inequalities for - convex, - convex, - convex, exponentially convex, exponentially - convex, and convex functions.
NOTES ON MEDICAGO SECT. LUNATAE BOISS. AND TRIGONELLA SECT. BUCERATES BOISS. OF THE TRIBE TRIFOLIEAE (FABACEAE), WITH TWO NEW RECORDS FROM IRAN

INTRODUCTION The tribe Trifolieae in the family Fabaceae consists of six genera: Medicago L. , Melilotus Mill. , Ononis L. , Parcochetus Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don, Trifolium L. and Trigonella L. (Heyn 1981; Lock & Simpson 1991; Mabberly 1997). This tribe as proposed by Berchtold and Presl (1820) is characterised by having trifoliate leaves and stipules that are adnate to the petioles. Trigonella are annual or perennial herbs with pinnately trifoliate leaves, often exhaling an odour and look like other grain legumes, important for food and medicine (Chopra et al. 1956; Girardon et al. 1989; Balodi & Rao 1991; Bhatti et al. 1996; Dangi et al. 2004). In Flora Iranica (Rechinger 1984) the genus is represented by 63 annual and perennial species in 12 sections. For the most part, this genus was introduced as sister group to the genus Medicago. However, molecular phylogeny confirms the assignment of the medicagoid species from the genus Trigonella to Medicago (Lesins & Lesins 1979; Small & Jomphe 1998). Trigonella was revised by Rechinger (1984) for Flora Iranica and later for certain areas e.g. the Flora of Turkey (HuberMorath 1969), the Flora of USSR (Grossheim 1945) and Flora of Iraq (Townsend 1974). There are some previous studies focusing on the Trigonella species (Boissier 1872; Hedge 1970; Grossheim 1945; Townsend & Guest 1974; Small et al. 1981; Brookes & Small 1988; Small et al. 1990; Al-habori et al. 1998; Pandita et al. 1999; Hamzeh’ee 2000; Murakami et al. 2000; Kabilan et al. 2002; Janighorban 2004; Ranjbar et al. 2009). In this paper two new records, Medicago biflora (Griseb.) E. Small and Trigonella tenuis Fisch. , belong to M. sect. Lunatae and T. sect. Bucerates, respectively are reported. All members of T. sect. Bucerates exist in Iran, with exception of T. tenuis that is reported in this paper. Now with this new record, there are 27 annual species belong to 9 sections of the genus Trigonella in Iran.
Ecological effects of perturbation by drought in flowing waters

SUMMARY 1. Knowledge of the ecology of droughts in flowing waters is scattered and fragmentary, with much of the available information being gathered opportunistically. Studies on intermittent and arid-zone streams have provided most of the information. 2. Drought in streams may be viewed as a disturbance in which water inflow, river flow and water availability fall to extremely low levels for extended periods of time. As an ecological perturbation, there is the disturbance of drought and the responses of the biota to the drought. 3. Droughts can either be periodic, seasonal or supra-seasonal events. The types of disturbance for seasonal droughts are presses and for supra-seasonal droughts, ramps. 4. In droughts, hydrological connectivity is disrupted. Such disruption range from flow reduction to complete loss of surface water and connectivity. The longitudinal patterns along streams as to where flow ceases and drying up occurs differs between streams. Three patterns are outlined: ‘downstream drying’, ‘headwater drying’ and ‘mid-reach drying’. 5. There are both direct and indirect effects of drought on stream ecosystems. Marked direct effects include loss of water, loss of habitat for aquatic organisms and loss of stream connectivity. Indirect effects include the deterioration of water quality, alteration of food resources, and changes in the strength and structure of interspecific interactions. 6. Droughts have marked effects on the densities and size- or age-structure of populations, on community composition and diversity, and on ecosystem processes. 7. Organisms can resist the effects of drought by the use of refugia. Survival in refugia may strongly influence the capacity of the biota to recover from droughts once they break. 8. Recovery by biota varies markedly between seasonal and supra-seasonal droughts. Faunal recovery from seasonal droughts follows predictable sequences, whilst recovery from supraseasonal droughts varies from one case to another and may be marked by dense populations of transient species and the depletion of biota that normally occur in the streams. 9. The restoration of streams must include the provision of drought refugia and the inclusion of drought in the long-term flow regime.
Density Affects Plant Development and Yield of Bulb Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Northern Ghana

ABSTRACT The current spatial arrangement and density of onion plants adopted by producers in Northern Ghana was found to limit onion production. A study was carried out at two onion-growing locations in Northern Ghana, during the 1996–97 and 1997–98 onion growing seasons, to evaluate the response of onion cv. Bawku Red to eight spacings, i.e., 0.18 × 0.15, 0.15 × 0.15, 0.18 × 0.10, 0.15 × 0.13, 0.15 × 0.10, 0.13 × 0.10, 0.10 × 0.10, and 0.8 × 0.8 m, which gave the following plant densities: 37.04; 44.44; 51.28; 55.56; 66.67; 76.92; 100 and 156.25 plants/m2, respectively. The experimental variables measured were plant height, number of leaves, number of marketable bulbs, number of culls, neck diameter, mean bulb weight, bulbing index and bulb yield. Plant population density significantly (P < 0.05) affected bulb yields and yield components of onion. Bulb neck diameter, mean bulb weight and plant height decreased as population density increased. Total bulb yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) as population density increased. Number of marketable bulbs increased significantly (P < 0.05) with higher planting density. Onion bulb yield in the study ranged between 20.9 and 33.1 t·ha−1. It was concluded that sowing onion at densities above 76.92 plants/m2 increased marketable onion bulb yields.
Offspring allocation in externally ovipositing fig wasps with varying clutch size and sex ratio

The simultaneous optimization of clutch size and sex ratio is a tricky problem. Unless parameters such as host size or fecundity exist to pin down the optimal clutch size, this problem remains elusive to analytical analysis. This is because the fitness landscape with respect to dutch size and sex ratio does not have one single evolutionarify stable peak toward which the population can evolve. To solve this problem, I used a computer emulation to optimize both dutch size and sex ratio using externally ovipositing fig wasps as a model taxon. The simulation approach allows the use of integer numbers of eggs rather than assuming that females can produce any sex ratio between 0 and 1. When females have no information about the patches on which they oviposit, they produce either large dutches with a strong female bias or clutches of a single male egg. When females have complete knowledge of their oviposition site, a set of conditional substrategies is evohitionarih/ stable. Again, these substrategies are either large dutches with a female bias or dutches consisting of a single male egg. This dichotomous oviposition pattern results in unrelated males sharing a fig, a condition conducive to the evolution of fatal fighting. Selection on female oviposition strategies may therefore be an important driving force behind high levels of fighting observed between male fig wasps.
EFFECTS OF 2-HYDROXY- 4-(METHYLTHIO)BUTANOIC ACID AND DL- METHIONINE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATORY GROWTH AFTER EXPOSURE TO TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES

Abstract The effects of previous environmental heat stress (HS; 25 to 35°C) or a thermoneutral environment (TNE; 25°C); Met source, DL-Met (DLM) or the hydroxy-analogue of Met (HMB); and Met level were measured in broilers under a TNE (25°C). Performance, carcass measurements, nitrogen retention, and compensatory growth (CG) were evaluated by removing 195 birds from each environment and placing them in individual chambers for 5 d. TNE birds were removed to the chambers at 25, 36, and 49 d of age, and HS birds were removed at 30, 43, and 56 d of age. They continued to receive the same Met source at three different levels: 0.09% DLM or HMB on equimolar basis, 0.04% DLM or HMB, or no Met supplementation. CG was regarded as the difference between a bird's actual growth rate in the chambers and predicted growth based on TNE bird data. Birds from HS exhibited CG for weight gain (WG), breast, leg, abdominal fat, and carcass weight (P
Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway

Changes in O2 concentration were measured during in situ incubation of whole, young Laminaria hyperborea and used to evaluate primary production and respiration over a 3-y period (1995–1998). The exudation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during incubation was also measured. Total carbohydrates and polyphenols in the exudates and the regional seawater were determined and fractionated into low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) species. Net production rates varied significantly, being highest during the growth phase (March), while respiration rates did not vary significantly. The exudation rates correlated with the plant strategy of growth and production in which high requirements for growth led to a lower proportion of fixed carbon being exuded. More fixed carbon was exuded during the non-growth phase. The annual exudation of DOC is estimated to be ∼26% of fixed carbon and amounts to ∼1·29 kgC m−2 y−1. The annual amount of carbon retained by the kelp (the difference between fixed and exuded carbon), assumed to contribute to growth, corresponds to a biomass increase of 3·0 kgC m−2 y−1, a value similar to those reported using direct measurements of biomass increase in the region. Carbohydrate concentrations in the exudates were lower during March than in other months, in accordance with the plant growth strategy. Phenols, on the other hand, which are assumed to function as predator deterrent, showed no significant variations in the exudate. The fraction is dominated by carbohydrates while phenols occurred mainly in the LMW fractions.
Symphurus bathyspilus: A New Cynoglossid Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from Deepwaters of the Indo-West Pacific

Abstract Symphurus bathyspilus, which attains standard lengths up to 121 mm, is described on the basis of 84 specimens collected in deep waters (248–500 m) in the Philippine Archipelago and off Indonesia. This species is characterized by the combination of a predominant 1–2–2 pattern of interdigitation of dorsal pterygiophores and neural spines; 14 caudal-fin rays; 91–100 dorsal-fin rays; 78–87 anal-fin rays; 50–54 total vertebrae; five hypurals; black peritoneum; uniformly bright reddish-brown (freshly captured) to darker reddish-brown ocular side sometimes with faint incomplete cross-bands; uniformly yellowish to straw-colored blind side with numerous small reddish-brown speckles overlying regions of proximal pterygiophores of the blind sides of the dorsal and anal fins; with dorsal and anal fins darker reddish-brown anteriorly, gradually fading to a pale reddish color in their posterior regions; and with the outer surface of the ocular-side opercle yellowish with reddish-brown speckles. Among congeners, the new species is most similar in some meristic features to those of Symphurus woodmasoni but differs markedly in its ocular- and blind-side coloration, in the pigmentation of its dorsal, anal, pelvic, and caudal fins and its yellowish and speckled ocular-side outer opercular surface.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

The four-carbon, non-protein amino acid gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is found in all species, where it is involved in various signaling processes. GABA is best characterized as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalia. On the contrary, work in plants focused mainly on a metabolic role; just some recent findings indicate GABA having a possible signaling function in plants as well. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutants of both catabolic genes (GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH)) display phenotypic deviations to wild type; the former grow vegetatively like wild type, but are less fertile due to a misguidance of pollen tubes. The latter are severely affected in growth and development, probably induced by the accumulation of GABA-shunt metabolites and/or reactive oxygen intermediates. The ssadh phenotype can be suppressed by interrupting the GABA-shunt upstream of the SSADH function. Based on this, two topics should be covered in this thesis. First, the substance causing the ssadh phenotype should be identified; hence, wild type along with GABA-shunt single and double mutants were grown on media containing GABA-shunt intermediates, and plant growth as well as metabolite content in leaf extracts was examined. Second, further genes involved in regulation or function of the GABA-shunt or in sensing of GABA-shunt related metabolites should be identified. Therefore, a population of mutagenized ssadh plants was screened for suppressors; among several stable, non-segregating lines, two new gaba-t alleles were isolated. All GABA-shunt intermediates influence plant growth and development. First, GABA enhances plant growth by inducing expression of nitrate uptake transporters, only very high cellular concentrations have an inhibitory effect on plant growth. Second, succinic semialdehyde (SSA) considerably reduces plant growth when applied with the growth media, and higher concentrations (0.8 mM and more in the media) induce dedifferentiation mainly of hypocotyl cells in a yet unknown manner. Finally, the enzymatic reduction of SSA produces gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which leads to reduced root growth in Arabidopsis without major effects on rosette size when accumulating in plant tissues
An estimate of meat production loss in native chicken in Bogor and its surrounding districts due to gasterointestinal helminthiasis

Among 78 native chicken from Bogor and its surrounding districts, only 4 (5.1%) with mean dressing weights of 1250 ± 29 g were free from parasiric worms. The other 74 chicken found infected with nematodes [mean nematode numbers (mn) = 24]. Cestodes (mc = 45) and trematodes (mt = 7). Single parasite class infections of nematode (mn = 18) and of trematode (mt = 96) were each one sample (1.3% with mws 1250 and 1180 g, respectively); single parasite class infections of cestode (mc = 47) were 15 (19.2% wit mw = 1145 g). Total single parasite class infections were 17 (21.8%). Mixed nermatode (mn = 29) + castode (mc = 50) were 41 (52,6%; mw = 1056 g), nematode (mn = 4) + trematode (mt = 28) were 2 (2.6% mw = 1225 g) and cestode (mc = 44) + trematode (mt = 6 - were 2 (2,6%; ws = 975 g). Total two parasite class infections were 45 (57.7%). Mixed infections of nematode (mn - 45) + cestode (mc = 44) + trematode (mt = 27) were 12 (15,4%; mw = 1034 g).