Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
pH‐responsive gelatin microspheres for oral delivery of anticancer drug methotrexate

Multiple unit delivery dosage forms of biodegradable gelatin microspheres containing the anticancer drug methotrexate (GMM) of various mean particle sizes (1–5, 5–10, and 15–20 μm) were prepared by the polymer dispersion technique and were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The GMM were coated with biodegradable natural polymers, namely alginate (AGMM) and chitosan (CGMM), which differ in their pH sensitivity, to obtain two different types of pH dependent delivery systems for oral delivery of methotrexate (MTX). The in vitro release profiles of MTX from AGMM and CGMM were determined in simulated gastric medium, intestinal medium, and in media simulating gastrointestinal tract conditions. The effect of the concentration of coating polymer and particle size on the release rate of MTX from both AGMM and CGMM were also studied. Both AGMM and CGMM provided controlled release of MTX following a zero-order release pattern in gastric and intestinal fluids for prolonged periods of time. The release rate of MTX decreased with an increase in concentration of the coating polymer as well as an increase in particle size of the microspheres. Both AGMM and CGMM showed good potential as pH dependent multiple unit delivery systems for the controlled release of MTX in oral administration. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Did you read about Berlin?” Terrorist attacks, online media reporting and support for refugees in Germany

We analyze whether the Islamist terror attack on the Christmas market in Berlin in 2016 had an impact on public opinion toward immigration in general and, since the attacker has entered Germany to apply for asylum, toward refugees in particular. An analysis of this natural experiment reveals a negative shift regarding the latter, while no differences are observed for the former. To shed more light on the driver of attitude change, we combine these findings with a quantitative content analysis of online media reporting about refugees before and after the attack. Mass media have long been considered to have an impact on exclusionary attitudes toward ethnic minorities. However, empirical evidence on this relationship remains largely anecdotal. We draw upon unsupervised machine learning to quantify the developments in reporting in three popular German online news websites. Results reveal that the attack had significant impact on media reporting on these websites. However, the strong focus on the attack was only short lived, quickly decreasing already in the second week after the attack. Linking media data to the public opinion data reveals no clear connection between reporting and attitudes. In contrast to theoretical expectations, descriptive evidence even shows that both follow almost opposite trends, since people changed their attitudes only weeks after the attack. We discuss potential explanations of these, at first sight, counterintuitive findings.
Measurement of Dislocation Density Change during Tensile Deformation in Coarse-Grained Aluminum by In-Situ XRD Technique with Tester Oscillation

By conducting In-situ XRD measurement during tensile deformation while oscillating the tensile tester, it was pos-sible to measure the change in dislocation density of a pure aluminum alloy having coarse grains with the grain size of 20 μ m. In the coarse-grained material, the dislocation density during tensile deformation changed through four regions, as in the case of the ﬁne-grained material. Since the dislocation multiplication start stress was very low at 22MPa, the elastic deformation region was very short. Thereafter, the dislocations multiplied rapidly, but when the stress and dislocation density reached 33 MPa and 1.57 × 10 14 m -2 , respectively, the dislocation multiplication rate was greatly reduced. This is considered to be due to the low dislocation density required to progress the deformation by plastic deformation in coarse-grained aluminum.
Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets

The homogeneous nucleation of ice in solution droplets is known to be an important mechanism of ice particle formation in the Earth’s upper troposphere. It is known that the metastable cubic phase of ice can form when inorganic solution droplets freeze below about 200 K and that this may influence cloud properties and water vapor in the upper troposphere. However, many tropospheric aerosols contain a large and sometimes dominant proportion of oxygenated organic material in addition to inorganic substances. It is shown here that the threshold freezing temperature below which cubic ice forms and persists is shifted to considerably higher temperatures in solution droplets containing a carboxylic acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, citric acid, C6H8O7). Cubic and the stable hexagonal ice are the only phases to crystallize in micrometre sized citric acid droplets and therefore always exist in contact with aqueous citric acid solution. It is argued that the extremely high viscosity of low temperature aqueous citric acid solutions plays an important role in stabilizing cubic ice. The implications of these findings for ice clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere are discussed.
‘What I Really Want Is a Job’. Male Workers in the Social Care Sector

En este articulo exploramos las experiencias y percepciones de los hombres en trabajos de cuidado en Espana para comprender las razones por las que se introdujeron en este sector laboral, porque continuan, como se perciben y en que medida el genero importa en sus experiencias laborales. Utilizamos datos de la investigacion cualitativa que estamos realizando en Cataluna (Espana) sobre hombres cuidadores. Este texto se basa en 31 entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadores del sector del cuidado social. Nuestros resultados muestran que la crisis economica ha conducido a que hombres autoctonos entren a trabajar en un sector poco cualificado como es el de los cuidados, modificando asi el proceso de estratificacion basado en genero, clase y migracion. Descubrimos que la "escalera de cristal" tiene un efecto muy limitado en el trabajo de cuidado ya que las ventajas que disfrutan los hombres solo se relacionan con la facilidad con la que acceden a dichos trabajos. Finalmente, encontramos que los hombres cuidadores negocian su masculinidad a traves de la tension entre las normas culturales y de clase que les obligan a tener un trabajo y las caracteristicas subvaloradas o feminizadas de su trabajo.
General Approach to Diabetic Neuropathy

Diyabetik noropati (DN), diabetes mellitusun en yaygin komplikasyonudur. Mikro ve makrovaskuler hasara neden olur ve cogu hekim taniyi kolaylikla gozden kacirabilir. Genel olarak; DN tanisi, spesifik olmayan bulgularla basladigi, yavas ilerleme gosterdigi ve bircok hastaliga ait sikayetlerle karisabilecegi icin diyabet tedavisi ile ugrasan hekimler tarafindan ihmal edilebilir. 2030 yilinda dunyada 578 milyon kisinin DN tanisi alacagi tahmin edilmektedir. Kronik hiperglisemi, mikrovaskuler yetmezlik, oksidatif ve nitrozatif stres, bozulmus norotropizm ve otoimmunite sinir harabiyetine neden olan faktorlerden bazilaridir. Karincalanma, yanma, elektrik carpmasi benzeri hisler, uyusma, zonklama, basi, deriye igne batmasi gibi parestezik yakinmalar en sik gorulen semptomlardir. Diyabetik noropatide noronal hasari tamamen ortadan kaldiran patogenetik mekanizmalarin tedavisi yoktur. Tedavinin amaci hastaligin ilerlemesini yavaslatmak, agriyi kontrol altina almak, komplikasyonlari onlemek, olusan komplikasyonlarin hizli ve yeterli tedavisi ve hastanin fonksiyonel kapasitesini korumaktir. Bu derlemede, diyabetik noropati, tani ve tedaviye genel yaklasimi kapsamli bir sekilde ele almayi amacladik.
Pore Scale Experiments of Steam and Non-condensable Gaseous Additives Injection in a Fractured Micro Model System

Oil production mechanisms involving steam and non-condensable gaseous additives injection to fractured reservoirs are not fully understood. Visual pore scale experiments usually have been used and are very enlightening for this purpose. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of non-condensable gas as steam additives in production acceleration and recovery from fractured porous media. The experiments consist of injecting pure steam and mixtures of steam-air into a glass-etched micro model with fracture configuration. Compared to pure steam injection, non-condensable gaseous additives reduce oil recovery, although the difference is marginal in lower gas-steam ratio. Production acceleration was observed in steam injection with non-condensable gaseous additives. Some steam diversion from fracture to matrix system is observed, which can be attributed to emulsion generation in the steam-oil front. Fracture-wall non-uniformities seem to assist this diversion.
Jupiter's X‐ray Emission During the 2007 Solar Minimum

The 2007–2009 solar minimum was the longest of the space age. We present the first of two companion papers on Chandra and XMM‐Newton X‐ray campaigns of Jupiter through February–March 2007. We find that low solar X‐ray flux during solar minimum causes Jupiter's equatorial regions to be exceptionally X‐ray dim (0.21 GW at minimum; 0.76 GW at maximum). While the Jovian equatorial emission varies with solar cycle, the aurorae have comparably bright intervals at solar minimum and maximum. We apply atomic charge exchange models to auroral spectra and find that iogenic plasma of sulphur and oxygen ions provides excellent fits for XMM‐Newton observations. The fitted spectral S:O ratios of 0.4–1.3 are in good agreement with in situ magnetospheric S:O measurements of 0.3–1.5, suggesting that the ions that produce Jupiter's X‐ray aurora predominantly originate inside the magnetosphere. The aurorae were particularly bright on 24–25 February and 8–9 March, but these two observations exhibit very different spatial, spectral, and temporal behavior; 24–25 February was the only observation in this campaign with significant hard X‐ray bremsstrahlung from precipitating electrons, suggesting this may be rare. For 8–9 March, a bremsstrahlung component was absent, but bright oxygen O6+ lines and best‐fit models containing carbon, point to contributions from solar wind ions. This contribution is absent in the other observations. Comparing simultaneous Chandra ACIS and XMM‐Newton EPIC spectra showed that ACIS systematically underreported 0.45‐ to 0.6‐keV Jovian emission, suggesting quenching may be less important for Jupiter's atmosphere than previously thought. We therefore recommend XMM‐Newton for spectral analyses and quantifying opacity/quenching effects.
Agency operating within structures: A qualitative exploration of agency amongst children living in Palestine

Our research challenges the picture of children exposed to political violence as helpless victims, portraying them as active agents who mobilize resources both within themselves and their social, physical, political world. Based on drawings and walk-along interviews with 70 Palestinian children, the present study provides an analysis of children’s agency across the multiple settings in which they live. Our findings highlight the interconnections between the children’s agentic practices and the multiple ecologies implied in promoting – or suppressing – their opportunity to cope with their surroundings.
A Simulation Approach to Predict the Transmission of COVID-19in Bangladesh  

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identiﬁed in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since then, it has been affecting 212 countries and territories around the world. First detected on March 8, 2020, as of April 30, there are 7,667 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh, including 130 patients who have recovered and 168 related deaths. We identify the facts of COVID-19 and government’s preventive actions taken in Bangladesh and examine the transmission parameters, infection rate, fatality rate, and recovered rate using the publicly available data until April 30. We estimated the transmission parameters using the susceptible-exposed-infected-cured-dead (SEICD) model and linear regression. Based on these parameters, we then predicted the growth of the infection, cure, and deaths and compared them with reported data. The number of patients infected as of April 30 in Bangladesh closely follows an exponential trend. If this trend continues for fewer weeks, there will be around 50,000 infected patients if necessary steps are not seriously taken by the government. There is now breakneck concern regarding the capacity to respond to needs of infected patients effectively and to prevent this pandemic from further spreading in Bangladesh, one of the densest countries in the world. Health authorities might assimilate this analysis into their disease prevention and control decision-making process.
Entrepreneurial Governance and Local Growth

Do local development policies influence local employment growth? Based on a survey to municipal managers in all Swedish municipalities, this is one of the first studies to empirically assess the relationship between reported local development initiatives (entrepreneurial governance (EG)) and growth of local employment. We find a weak but significant association between EG and employment growth for urban municipalities. This suggests that EG is more effective in larger, growing municipalities than in smaller, declining rural areas. Urban municipalities may of course have more resources for entrepreneurial governance than rural ones as they have grown substantially faster for a long period of time. The result thus indicates that EG and growth are in a positive interplay of interaction. When the EG index was divided into three sub-indexes after the entrepreneurial process (discover or create opportunities, collect resources and exploit opportunities) the analyses also showed positive correspondence between some sub-indexes and employment growth for the rural municipalities, indicating that EG is not solely a phenomenon connected to growth in urban, growing municipalities. In sum, the article indicates several avenues through which entrepreneurial governance at local level might be linked to local growth.
WTO Dispute Settlement and the Appellate Body: Insider Perceptions and Members' Revealed Preferences

The WTO dispute settlement system is in crisis, following the decision of the United States to block new appointments to the Appellate Body (AB). The AB went into hibernation in December 2019, not having enough sitting members to be able to operate. What do WTO members think of the performance of WTO dispute settlement? How much do WTO members care about the existence and operation of an appeals mechanism? In this paper, we report on the results of a survey of WTO Members' perceptions of the AB and the role it plays (should play). We complement this with data on Members' revealed preferences in their use of the dispute settlement system, their intervention in WTO debates on the AB crisis and their responses to demise of the AB. The data reveal strong support for the basic design of the dispute settlement system but also that the United States is not alone in perceiving that the AB went beyond its mandate. There are substantive questions that need to be addressed if the Appellate Body impasse is to be resolved.
Offshore wind energy potential for Bahrain via multi-criteria evaluation

Current global commitments to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases encourage national targets for renewable generation. Due to its small land mass, offshore wind could help Bahrain to fulfil its obligations. However, no scoping study has been carried out yet. The methodology presented here addresses this research need. It employs analytical hierarchy process and pairwise comparison methods in a geographical information systems environment. Publicly available land use, infrastructure and transport data are used to exclude areas unsuitable for development due to physical and safety constraints. Meteorological and oceanic opportunities are ranked and then competing uses are analyzed to deliver optimal sites for wind farms. The potential annual wind energy yield is calculated by dividing the sum of optimal areas by a suitable turbine footprint to deliver maximum turbine number. In total, 10 favourable wind farm areas were identified in Bahrain’s territorial waters, representing about 4% of the total maritime area, and capable of supplying 2.68 TWh/year of wind energy or almost 10% of the Kingdom’s annual electricity consumption. Detailed maps of potential sites for offshore wind construction are provided in the article, giving an initial plan for installation in these locations.
Zinc-boron interaction effects in oilseed rape

Abstract The interaction effect of applied zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on early vegetative growth and uptake of Zn and B by two oilseed rape (canola) (Brassica napus L.) genotypes was investigated in a sand culture experiment under controlled environmental conditions. Two genotypes (Yickadee and Dunkeld) were grown at three Zn levels (0.05, 0.25, and 2.0 mg kg‐1 soil) and two B levels (0.05 mg kg‐1 soil and 0.5 mg kg‐1 soil). Dunkeld produced significantly higher shoot and root dry matter than Yickadee at low Zn and low B supply indicating the superiority of Dunkeld over Yickadee for tolerance to both low Zn and low B supply. Chlorophyll content of fresh leaf tissue was increased significantly by an increase in Zn and B supply. Zinc deficiency enhanced B concentration in younger and older leaves. Boron concentration was higher in older leaves than in the younger leaves irrespective of B deficiency and sufficiency indicating immobility of B in two oilseed rape genotypes tested. Zinc concentration was higher in.
Redetermination of Tetrakis(methylammonium) Hexachloroindate Chloride

The structure of the title compound, (CH6N)4[InCl6]Cl, originally determined by Schlimper & Ziegler [Z. Naturforsch. Teil B, (1972), 27, 377–379] in a non-standard setting has been redetermined and carefully corrected for absorption effects. A brief comparison of this structure with other chloro­indate compounds can be found by Knop et al. [Can. J. Chem. (1987), 65, 1527–1555]. The redetermination resulted in a slightly better refinement and the discussion of hydrogen contacts in differences to the previous work.
Non‐Linearity and Cross‐Country Dependence of Income Inequality

We use top income data and the newly developed regime switching Gaussian mixture vector autoregressive model to explain the dynamics of income inequality in developed economies within the last 100 years. Our results indicate that the process of income inequality consists of two equilibriums identifiable by high inequality, high income fluctuations and low inequality, low income fluctuations. Our results also show that income inequality in the U.S. is the driver of income inequality in other developed economies. Both economic and institutional changes emanating from the U.S. explain this dominance.
Chlorine utilization during trihalomethane formation in the presence of ammonia and bromide

The chlorination of humic substances in the presence of ammonia and bromide and the resultant formation of trihalomethanes (THM) are described. The presence of ammonia substantially reduced but did not eliminate THM production during the chlorination of waters containing humic substances. The presence of bromide ion in waters containing humic substances leads to increased THM formation, both in the presence and in the absence of ammonia. In waters containing ammonia, bromide, and humic substances, brominated haloforms can form upon chlorination. Brominated species comprise a larger portion of the total THMs at higher chlorine doses within the free chlorine region of the breakpoint curve than at lower dose in the subbreakpoint region. Although the THM formation reaction is slow and may not be complete even after 1 week of reaction time, the initial rate of formation is competitive with the relatively rapid reactions of bromide oxidation and chloramine formation. After free chlorine is converted to chloramines, THM production should theoretically cease. THMs will form in parallel with chloramine formation. This behavior has important implications for water utilities that use a raw water source containing low but significant levels of ammonia such as the Biscayne Aquifer, or are considering chloramine disinfection asmore » a THM control strategy. « less
Persistent organic pollutants in residential soils of North India and assessment of human health hazard and risks

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, and their isomers) and dioxin-like polychlorined biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in residential soils from North India have been quantified for the assessment of human health risks. The average concentration based on dry weight basis of ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs, and ∑DL-PCBs were 3600 ± 1600, 8.2 ± 1.6, and 3.6 ± 0.8 μg kg−1, respectively. The observed levels were more or less comparable globally and lower than recommended soil quality guidelines. For risk assessment, lifetime average daily doses (LADD) of ∑PAHs, ∑OCPs, and ∑DL-PCBs for human adults were estimated to be 3.5 × 10−6 mg kg−1 d−1, 9.7 × 10−9 mg kg−1 d−1, and 4.4 × 10−11 mg-TEQ kg−1 d−1, and for children 1.8 × 10−5 mg kg−1 d−1, 5.1 × 10−8 mg kg−1 d−1, and 2.3 × 10−10 mg-TEQ kg−1 d−1. The corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risks for human adults were 3.9 × 10−6, 1.2 × 10−8, 6.7 × 10−6, and for children 2.1 × 10−5, 6.5 × 10−8, 3.5 × 10−5, and lower than the acceptable guideline range of 10−6–10−4 for adults but within that range for children. The non-cancer risks due to OCPs and DL-PCBs were less than 1 (≤1.0). It is concluded that cancer and non-cancer risks for humans through PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in these soils are low.
REAPPRAISAL FOR PHRENIC MOTOR INNERVATION IN KITTENS BY HRP AND FLUORESCENT DUAL LABELING STUDIES

Motor innervation of cat diaphragm was studied by retrograde tracer methods using HRP and fluorescent substances of primuline (Pr) and propidium iodide (Pi). In HRP study 20% HRP was injected into the left hemidiaphragm of kittens. After 48hr animals were perfused with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Spinal cord from C1 to Th13 were resected, cut into 40μm serial frozen sections, and provided for TMB reaction. Under the darkfield microscope a cluster of HRP positive neurons was observed in the ventromedial portion of the left anterior horn of the lower cervical (C5 to C6) and lower thoracic (Th9 to Th12) spinal cord, ipsilaterally to the injected side. For the survey of the interrelation of motor innervation between the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, fluorescent dual labeling method was applied. 10% Pr was injected into the left hemidiaphragm, while 3% Pi was injected into the left 8th to 13th intercostal muscles in kittens simultaniously. After 36hr animals were perfused with 10% formalin. Resected spinal cords were cut into 25μm serial frozen sections and observed under the fluorescence microscope. At 360nm excitation wavelength a small cluster of neurons was illuminated in the specific yellow fluorescence for Pr, while at 550nm another cluster of neurons was visualized in the specific orange fluorescence for Pi. These two clusters formed a cell group in the ventromedial portion of the anterior horn from 9th to 12th thoracic cords.Based on these experiments, motor innervation of cat diaphragm can be ascribed not only to the lower cervical but also to the lower thoracic motoneurons, probably via intercostal nerves. The present results might reappraise and consequently support the old hypothesis of “extra-phrenic motor innervation of diaphragm”.