Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies – I. BH scaling relations and the AGN luminosity function

We model the cosmological co-evolution of galaxies and their central supermassive black holes (BHs) within a semi-analytical framework developed on the outputs of the Millennium Simulation. This model, described in detail in Croton et al. (2006) and De Lucia & Blaizot (2007), introduces a ‘radio mode’ feedback from Active Gala ctic Nuclei (AGN) at the centre of X-ray emitting atmospheres in galaxy groups and clusters. Thanks to this mechanism, the model can simultaneously explain: (i) the low observed mass drop-out rate in cooling flows; (ii) the exponential cut-off in the bright end of the galaxy l uminosity function; and (iii) the bulge-dominated morphologies and old stellar ages of the most massive galaxies in clusters. This paper is the first of a series in which we investigate how w ell this model can also reproduce the physical properties of BHs and AGN. Here we analyze the scaling relations, the fundamental plane and the mass function of BHs, and compare them with the most recent observational data. Moreover, we extend the semi-analytic model to follow the evolution of the BH mass accretion and its conversion into radiation, and compare the derived AGN bolometric luminosity function with the observed one. While we fi nd for the most part a very good agreement between predicted and observed BH properties, the semi-analytic model underestimates the number density of luminous AGN at high redshifts, independently of the adopted Eddington factor and accretion efficiency. However, an agre ement with the observations is possible within the framework of our model, provided it is assumed that the cold gas fraction accreted by BHs at high redshifts is larger than at low redshifts.
Anisotropic c-axis pinning in interfacial self-assembled nanostructured trifluoracetate-YBa2Cu3O7−x films

An all chemical route has been used to produce substrates—nanostructured by self-assembled oxide nanoislands—and to grow YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) films on top. A great increase in the superconducting properties has been observed at high temperatures and magnetic fields parallel to the YBa2Cu3O7−x c-axis. The vortex pinning properties and the defects induced in the YBa2Cu3O7−x matrix have been investigated. We show that extended defects along the c-axis, induced in the YBCO matrix by the interfacial nanostructures, lay at the origin of the improved performances.
Production and evolution of Li, Be, and B isotopes in the Galaxy

Context. We reassess the problem of the production and evolution of the light elements Li, Be and B and of their isotopes in the Milky Way in the light of new observational and theoretical developments. Aims. The main novelty is the introduction of a new scheme for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which for the first time enables a self-consistent calculation of their composition during galactic evolution. Methods. The scheme accounts for key features of the present-day GCR source composition, it is based on the wind yields of the Geneva models of rotating, mass-losing stars and it is fully coupled to a detailed galactic chemical evolution code. Results. We find that the adopted GCR source composition accounts naturally for the observations of primary Be and helps understanding why Be follows Fe more closely than O. We find that GCR produce ∼70% of the solar 11 B/ 10 B isotopic ratio; the remaining 30% of 11 B presumably result from ν-nucleosynthesis in massive star explosions. We find that GCR and primordial nucleosynthesis can produce at most ∼30% of solar Li. At least half of the solar Li has to originate in low-mass stellar sources (red giants, asymptotic giant branch stars, or novae), but the required average yields of those sources are found to be much higher than obtained in current models of stellar nucleosynthesis. We also present radial profiles of LiBeB elemental and isotopic abundances in the Milky Way disc. We argue that the shape of those profiles – and the late evolution of LiBeB in general – reveals important features of the production of those light elements through primary and secondary processes.
Private-Capacity Bounds for Bosonic Wiretap Channels

We prove an upper bound on the private capacity of the single-mode noiseless bosonic wiretap channel. Combined with a previous lower bound, we obtain the low photon-number asymptotic expression for the private capacity. We then show that the multiple-mode noiseless bosonic wiretap channel is equivalent to parallel single-mode channels, hence the single-mode bounds can be applied. Finally, we consider multiple-spatial-mode propagation through atmospheric turbulence, and derive a private-capacity lower bound that only requires second moments of the channel matrix.
Field theory analysis and design of multiport branch-guide couplers for contoured beam antennas

A rigorous and efficient full wave theory of multiport branch-guide couplers for contoured beam antennas is presented. Contoured beam antennas find wide use in modern satellite communication systems. The key element of these antennas is a beamforming network incorporating multiport branch-guide couplers to generate the necessary amplitude and phase distribution on the aperture feed. The analysis of 2N-port branch-guide couplers is based on Galerkin's method taking into account the field edge condition and a generalized scattering matrix method. Numerical results are in a good agreement with the theoretical and experimental data of other works. Some optimized multiport branch-guide couplers are considered.
Odd particle number random-phase approximation and extensions: Applications to particle and hole states around 16 O

The hole-state random phase approximation (hRPA) and the particle-state random phase approximation (pRPA) for systems like odd $A$ nuclei are discussed. These hRPA and pRPA are formulated based on the Hartree-Fock ground state. An extension of hRPA and pRPA based on a correlated ground state is given using time-dependent density-matrix theory. Applications to the single-particle states around $^{16}$O are presented. It is shown that inclusion of ground-state correlation affects appreciably the results of hRPA and pRPA. The question of the coupling of the center of mass motion of the core to the particle (hole) is also discussed.
One-dimensional Lieb-Liniger Bose gas as nonrelativistic limit of the sinh-Gordon model

The repulsive Lieb-Liniger model can be obtained as the nonrelativistic limit of the sinh-Gordon model: all physical quantities of the latter model (S-matrix, Lagrangian, and operators) can be put in correspondence with those of the former. We use this mapping, together with the thermodynamical Bethe ansatz equations and the exact form factors of the sinh-Gordon model, to set up a compact and general formalism for computing the expectation values of the Lieb-Liniger model both at zero and finite temperatures. The computation of one-point correlators is thoroughly detailed and when possible compared with known results in the literature.
A TECHNIQUE FOR PRIMARY BEAM CALIBRATION OF DRIFT-SCANNING, WIDE-FIELD ANTENNA ELEMENTS

We present a new technique for calibrating the primary beam of a wide-field, drift-scanning antenna element. Drift-scan observing is not compatible with standard beam calibration routines, and the situation is further complicated by difficult-to-parameterize beam shapes and, at low frequencies, the sparsity of accurate source spectra to use as calibrators. We overcome these challenges by building up an interrelated network of source “crossing points”—locations where the primary beam is sampled by multiple sources. Using the single assumption that a beam has 180° rotational symmetry, we can achieve significant beam coverage with only a few tens of sources. The resulting network of crossing points allows us to solve for both a beam model and source flux densities referenced to a single calibrator source, circumventing the need for a large sample of well-characterized calibrators. We illustrate the method with actual and simulated observations from the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization.
Weak Bijective Quadratic Functions over 픽pn

Motivated by new applications such as secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC), Homomorphic Encryption (HE), and Zero-Knowledge proofs (ZK), many MPC-, HE-and ZK-friendly symmetric-key primitives that minimize the number of multiplications over F p for a large prime p have been recently proposed in the literature. These symmetric primitive are usually deﬁned via invertible functions, including (i) Feistel and Lai–Massey schemes and (ii) SPN constructions instantiated with invertible non-linear S-Boxes (as invertible power maps x 7→ x d ). However, the “invertibility” property is actually never required in any of the mentioned applications. In this paper, we discuss the possibility to set up MPC-/HE-/ZK-friendly symmetric primitives instantiated with non-invertible weak bijective functions. With respect to one-to-one correspondence functions, any output of a weak bijective function admits at most two pre-images. The simplest example of such function is the square map over F p for a prime p ≥ 3, for which x 2 = ( − x ) 2 . When working over F np for n (cid:29) 1, a weak bijective function can be set up by re-considering the recent results of Grassi, Onofri, Pedicini and Sozzi as starting point. Given a quadratic local map F : F 2 p → F p , they proved that the non-linear function over F np for n ≥ 3 deﬁned as S F ( x 0 , x 1 , . . . , x n − 1 ) = y 0 k y 1 k . k y n − 1 where y i := F ( x i , x i +1 ) is never invertible. Here, we prove that
Efficient Linkable Ring Signature from Vector Commitment inexplicably named Multratug

In this paper we revise the ideas of our previous work ‘Lin2-Xor lemma and Log-size Linkable Threshold Ring Signature’ and introduce another lemma called Lin2-Choice, which extends the Lin2-Xor lemma. Using the Lin2-Choice lemma we create a compact general-purpose trusted-setup-free log-size linkable threshold ring signature with a strong security model. The signature size is 2 log 2 ( 𝑛 + 1 ) + 3 𝑙 + 1 , where 𝑛 is the ring size and 𝑙 is the threshold. It is composed of several public coin arguments that are honest verifier zero-knowledge and have computational witness extended emulation. We use an arbitrary vector commitment argument as the base building block, providing the possibility to use any of its concrete implementations that have the above properties. Also, we present an extended version of our signature of size 2 log 2 ( 𝑛 + 𝑙 + 1 ) + 6 𝑙 + 4 , that simultaneously proves the sum of hidden amounts attached to the signing keys, i.e. proves the balance. All this in a prime order group without bilinear parings in which the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption holds.
A facility to Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) at the CERN SPS

A new general purpose fixed target facility is proposed at the CERN SPS accelerator which is aimed at exploring the domain of hidden particles and make measurements with tau neutrinos. Hidden particles are predicted by a large number of models beyond the Standard Model. The high intensity of the SPS 400~GeV beam allows probing a wide variety of models containing light long-lived exotic particles with masses below ${\cal O}$(10)~GeV/c$^2$, including very weakly interacting low-energy SUSY states. The experimental programme of the proposed facility is capable of being extended in the future, e.g. to include direct searches for Dark Matter and Lepton Flavour Violation.
Improvement of output voltage from shading interference on a solar cell using … Improvement of output voltage from shading interference on a solar cell using a reflector system

One of the factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic cells is shading. Shading can reduce the intensity of solar radiation on the cells. This study aims to design a system that can improve the voltage from shading disturbances to optimise the output voltage on the solar cell by using a reflector. The reflector is designed in a flat mirror measuring. There is expected to be an increase in the output voltage of the existing solar cell system. It proved that the more reflected light hits the surface of the solar panel with a certain angle and illuminates the shading area, the more significant the increase in output voltage, current and power, and vice versa. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license
Integrated Framework to Assess the Extent of the Pandemic Impact on the Size and Structure of the E-Commerce Retail Sales Sector and Forecast Retail Trade E-Commerce

With customers’ increasing reliance on e-commerce and multimedia content after the outbreak of COVID-19, it has become crucial for companies to digitize their business methods and models. Consequently, COVID-19 has highlighted the prominence of e-commerce and new business models while disrupting conventional business activities. Hence, assessing and forecasting e-commerce growth is currently paramount for e-market planners, market players, and policymakers alike. This study sources data for the global e-commerce market leader, the US, and proposes an integrated framework that encompasses automated algorithms able to estimate six statistical and machine-learning univariate methods in order to accomplish two main tasks: (i) to produce accurate forecasts for e-commerce retail sales (e-sale) and the share of e-commerce in total retail sales (e-share); and (ii) to assess in quantitative terms the pandemic impact on the size and structure of the e-commerce retail sales sector. The results confirm that COVID-19 has significantly impacted the trend and structure of the US retail sales sector, producing cumulative excess (or abnormal) retail e-sales of $227.820 billion and a cumulative additional e-share of 10.61 percent. Additionally, estimations indicate a continuation of the increasing trend, with point estimates of $378.691 billion for US e-commerce retail sales that are projected to account for 16.72 percent of total US retail sales by the end of 2025. Nonetheless, the current findings also document that the growth of e-commerce is not a consequence of the COVID-19 crisis, but that the pandemic has accelerated the evolution of the e-commerce sector by at least five years. Overall, the study concludes that the shift towards e-commerce is permanent and, thus, governments (especially in developing countries) should prioritize policies aimed at harnessing e-commerce for sustainable development. Furthermore, in light of the research findings, digital transformation should constitute a top management priority for retail businesses.
Hanna, Donncha and Breslin, Gavin (2017) Psychometric Properties of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) in Elite, Amateur and Non-athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology.

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) and assess the measurement invariance across elite, amateur and non-athletes. In total, 1096 participants aged between 18 and 58 years with a range of athletic experience - elite ( n = 181), amateur ( n = 577) and non-athletes ( n = 338) - from various sports completed the MTQ48. The internal consistency of the scale was gauged through Omega for the total and relevant subscales. Factorial validity was assessed using exploratory structural equation modeling in order to provide a comprehensive estimation of the scales dimensionality. Overall, results offered support for the scales reliability with acceptable internal consistency reported at the total and subscale level. However, the validity of the MTQ48 for the use with athletes of different levels may be questioned. The MTQ48’s hypothesised four-factor model did not fit the data well, whereas the six-factor model produced acceptable levels of fit with large degrees of misspecification in the factor structures across elite, amateur and non-athletes. The results caution the use of the scale with elite athletes and call for refinement of the measure at the subscale level.
Energy Implications of Using Upper Room Germicidal Ultraviolet Radiation and HVAC Strategies to Combat SARS-CoV-2

Upper Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV) radiation had been used to neutralize pathogens for many decades before the COVID-19 pandemic. UR-GUV has recently been recommended by the CDC as a method to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Other recommended mitigation strategies include an increased air change rate, increased introduction of outdoor air, and improved HVAC filtration. Increasing the introduction of outdoor air and improving filtration assume that SARS-CoV-2 virus recirculates within HVAC systems, remains infectious, and contributes importantly to transmission. Most evidence to date found that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus occurs in the room where the infectious source and susceptible occupants breathe the same air. Nevertheless, this paper maintains the assumption of infectious SARS-CoV-2 recirculation for the purposes of comparing germicidal efficacy and energy use in published studies of four mitigation measures: UR-GUV, increased air change rate, increased introduction of outdoor air, and improved in-duct filtration. The reviewed studies found that the germicidal efficacy of UR-GUV equates to that of multiple air changes using pathogen-free air, and is more effective at reducing infection risk than MERV 13 filtration. Regarding energy use, UR-GUV uses substantially less energy than mechanical air changes or increasing the introduction of outdoor air. Limitations of reviewed comparisons, application considerations, and future research steps are discussed.
University Students Eating Habits: Normal Semester vs. Lockdown Period Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic

In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students’ eating habits may change due to the stress caused by mandatory full lockdown and social isolation, as well as uncertainty about their academic future. An analysis of 332 Portuguese university students from different areas of study was carried out through an online questionnaire to verify if the lockdown period caused by COVID-19 had any influence on the students’ eating habits, as well as if this differed among students from health sciences courses and those from other areas. We found that, compared to a normal semester of classes, during the lockdown period, healthier eating habits were adopted, characterized by a decrease in meal delivery platforms used, self-reported consumption of fast-food, pre-cooked meals, foods rich in sugar and salt, and sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages, as well as increased self-reported consumption of vegetables, fruit and legumes, and physical exercise. Thus, although the lockdown led to stress and uncertainty, university students were able to take care of their eating habits and lifestyle, probably as a way of feeling stronger and safer against this disease.
Distill and Calibrate: Denoising Inconsistent Labeling Instances for Chinese Named Entity Recognition

Data-driving supervised models for named en-001 tity recognition (NER) have made significant 002 improvements on standard benchmarks. How-003 ever, such models often have severe perfor-004 mance degradation on large-scale noisy data. 005 Thus, a practical and challenging question 006 arises: Can we leverage only a small amount of 007 relatively clean data to guide the NER model 008 learning from large-scale noisy data? To an-009 swer this question, we focus on the inconsistent 010 labeling instances problem. We observe that 011 inconsistent labeling instances can be classi-012 fied into five types of noise, each of which will 013 largely hinder the model performance in our ex-014 periments. Based on the above observation, we 015 propose a simple yet effective denoising frame-016 work named D istillation and C alibration for 017 Chinese NER (DCNER). DCNER consists: (1) 018 a Dual-stream Label Distillation mechanism 019 for distilling five types of inconsistent label-020 ing instances from the noisy data; and (2) a 021 Consistency-aware Label Calibration network 022 for calibrating inconsistent labeling instances 023 based on relatively clean data. Additionally, we 024 propose the first benchmark towards validating 025 the ability of Chinese NER to resist inconsis-026 tent labeling instances. Finally, detailed experi-027 ments show that our method consistently and 028 significantly outperforms previous methods on 029 the proposed benchmark. 030
Year : 2013 │ Volume : I │

Background: The rampant population growth has been viewed as the greatest obstacle to the economic and social advancement to the majority of people in the underdeveloped world. Objectives: Comparative study was carried out regarding awareness about Copper-T (Cu-T) and its social correlates among currently married women of reproductive age group in two districts of West Bengal. Study Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive type of observational study. Materials and Methods: Stratified multistage random sampling technique P a g e | 2 was followed to select villages of sub-centres areas and wards from municipality areas. Total 32 areas were selected from two districts and from each selected area, 125 eligible couples were interviewed by house to house survey to cover (32 X 125) 4000 eligible couples. Statistical Analysis: Proportions and Chi-square test. Results: 55.9% of currently married women of reproductive age group (15-49 yrs.) had knowledge about Cu-T.only 15.2% had the perception about it Awareness was more among urban respondents (67.3%) than rural (52.1%). Influencing factors like religion, age, literacy status, social class, type of family also prevailed in both the districts of West Bengal. Conclusion: Social correlates like age, religion, literacy status, type of family influenced awareness of the respondents about Cu-T. So area specific intervention measures are needed through IEC for genaration of awareness .
The Host Galaxy and Central Engine of the Dwarf Active Galactic Nucleus POX 52

We present new multiwavelength observations of the dwarf Seyfert 1 galaxy POX 52 in order to investigate the properties of the host galaxy and the active nucleus and to examine the mass of its black hole, previously estimated to be ~105 M☉. HST ACS HRC images show that the host galaxy has a dwarf elliptical morphology (MI = − 18.4 mag, Sérsic index n = 4.3) with no detected disk component or spiral structure, confirming previous results from ground-based imaging. X-ray observations from both Chandra and XMM-Newton show strong (factor of 2) variability over timescales as short as 500 s, as well as a dramatic decrease in the absorbing column density over a 9 month period. We attribute this change to a partial covering absorber, with a 94% covering fraction and NH = 58+ 8.4−9.2 × 1021 cm −2, that moved out of the line of sight in between the XMM-Newton and Chandra observations. Combining these data with observations from the VLA, Spitzer, and archival data from 2MASS and GALEX, we examine the SED of the active nucleus. Its shape is broadly similar to typical radio-quiet quasar SEDs, despite the very low bolometric luminosity of Lbol = 1.3 × 1043 ergs s−1. Finally, we compare black hole mass estimators, including methods based on X-ray variability, and optical scaling relations using the broad Hβ line width and AGN continuum luminosity, finding a range of black hole mass from all methods to be MBH = (2.2–4.2) × 105 M☉, with an Eddington ratio of Lbol/LEdd ≈ 0.2–0.5.