Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Model and Operating Parameters on Air Gasification of Char

Char is one of the major products of solid-fuel pyrolysis. It is lightweight and yet retains a substantial proportion of the original thermal energy. Gasification of char provides cleaner energy compared to its original fuel for both domestic heating and electricity production. The effect of the thermal as well as chemical parameters on the char gasification process, however, has not yet been fully investigated. In this paper, mathematical models are employed to simulate the char gasification process in a fixed bed and model parameters are varied to assess the subsequent effect on the characteristics of fixed-bed char gasification. A series of benchtop experiments were carried out to validate the theoretical simulation. It is found that the gasification processes is affected by not only the reaction kinetics but also the heat and mass transfer between the gas and solid phases and correct model parameters are critical for the prediction of gasification performance, especially the gas compositions.
Experimental analysis and modelling of positive streamer in air: towards an estimation of O and N radical production

This paper is mainly devoted to the comparison between the calculation and experimental results of primary and secondary streamer development in a point-to-plane positive corona discharge in dry air at atmospheric pressure. The qualitative agreement between experimental and calculation results based on the hydrodynamics approximation shows that the O radical is mainly produced in the secondary streamer which is in good agreement with the recent literature measurements using TALIF diagnostics. However, the O radical production yield (in terms of radicals produced per energy injected) is more efficient in the primary streamer than in the secondary one. The main positive corona discharge characteristics are revisited using fast electrical and optical ICCD and streak camera measurements. The calculation shows two streamer radii of, respectively, 10 µm (associated with the radial extension of a high electron density region) and 200 µm (corresponding to the extension of the radial space charge electric field).
Work Functions and Surface Functional Groups of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

We have studied the work function and density of states (DOS) of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Raw MWNTs were purified by successive sonication, centrifugation, sedimentation, and filtration processes with the aid of a nonionic surfactant. The purified MWNTs showed a slightly lower work function (4.3 eV) than that of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (4.4 eV). Effects of three different oxidative treatments, air-, oxygen plasma-, and acid-oxidation, have also been studied. It was found that oxidative treatments affect the DOS of valence bands and increase the work function. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have suggested that gas-phase treatment preferentially forms hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while liquid-phase treatment forms carboxylic acid groups on the surface of MWNTs. These surface chemical groups disrupt the π-conjugation and introduce surface dipole moments, leading to higher work functions up to 5.1 eV. We expect the .
Synthesis of inorganic solids using microwaves

Use of microwaves in the synthesis of materials is gaining importance. Microwave-assisted synthesis is generally much faster, cleaner, and more economical than the conventional methods. A variety of materials such as carbides, nitrides, complex oxides, silicides, zeolites, apatite, etc. have been synthesized using microwaves. Many of these are of industrial and technological importance. An understanding of the microwave interaction with materials has been based on concepts of dielectric heating and of the resonance absorption due to rotational excitation. This review presents a summary of recent reports of microwave synthesis of inorganic materials. Various observations regarding microwave interaction with materials are also briefly discussed.
Molecular Modeling of Energetic Materials: The Parameterization and Validation of Nitrate Esters in the COMPASS Force Field

To investigate the mechanical and other condensed phase properties of energetic materials using atomistic simulation techniques, the COMPASS force field has been expanded to include high-energy nitro functional groups. In this paper, the parameterization and validation of COMPASS for nitrate esters (−ONO2) is presented. The functional forms of this force field are of the consistent force field type. The parameters were derived with an emphasis on the nonbonded parameters, which include a Lennard-Jones 9−6 function for the van der Waals (vdW) term and a Coulombic term for an electrostatic interaction. To validate the force field, molecular mechanics calculations and molecular dynamics simulations have been made on a variety of molecules containing the nitrate ester functionality. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the calculated and experimental values for molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, liquid densities, heats of vaporization, crystal structure, mechanical properties, and lattice.
FONTES E DOSES DE NITROGÊNIO E FÓSFORO EM FEIJOEIRO NO SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, on the production components and grain yield, on irrigated common beans cultivated in a Cerrado area of Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil (20°22’S, 51°22’W, altitude 335 m). The experimental design was a randomized block, with 4 doses of top-dressed N (0 kg ha -1 , 40 kg ha -1 , 80 kg ha -1 , and 120 kg ha -1 ) and 2 sources (urea and coated urea), and 4 doses of phosphorus (0 kg ha -1 , 50 kg ha -1 , 100 kg ha -1 , and 150 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) and 2 sources (triple super phosphate and coated triple super phosphate), at sowing, with 4 repetitions. Nitrogen and phosphorus content in leaves, pod/plant number, grain/plant number, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield were evaluated. The sources of N, as well as the sources of P 2 O 5 , did not differ, as related to the number of pods per plant, grains per plant, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield. The doses of N influenced linearly the leaf N content, as well as the grain yield. The doses of P increased linearly the leaf P content and the grain yield, up to the 120 kg ha -1 dose. KEY-WORDS: Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; coated fertilizer; Cerrado .
Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Activated Carbon by Nitric Acid: Study Using Response Surface Method

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaReceived May 18, 2011; E-mail: ashri@um.edu. myTailoring the surface chemistry of adsorbents, especially activated carbons, make them suitable to speciﬁcapplications. Many times oxidation is the ﬁrst step and greatlyaﬀects the next steps of tailoring. We modiﬁed the surfacechemistry of amicroporous activated carbon (AC) by nitricacidsolutions at diﬀerent conditions of acid concentration,time, and oxidation temperature. The oxidized AC samples were inspected with the aidof physical adsorption­desorptionof nitrogen at 77°C and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). It was shown that oxidation by nitricacid lowerssurface area of the studied AC even at mild severity. Moreover, diﬀerent instrumental analysispointed out creation of aconsiderable amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, especiallyacidic ones on the surface. Central compositedesign (CCD) was applied to evaluate the individual and interactive eﬀects of oxidation parameters and to provide acompromise between the amount of oxygen groups and BET surface area as two of studied responses. The signiﬁcantfactors and interactions on each response were recognized by Analysisof Var iance (ANOVA). A linear model and a twofactor interaction (2FI) model were developed to correlate the oxidation conditions to BETsurface area and the amount ofoxygen surface groups. In addition, optimized oxidation conditions were established.These days, activated carbons (ACs) are suitably used in theroleof adsorbent, catalyst, or catalyst support due to their greatsurface area and obvious chemical activity. Textural character-istics and surface chemistry of AC has been reviewed by theauthors.
Content uniformity of microdose tablets (dosage 1 μg‐10 mg) produced by fluid bed granulation of interactive mixtures

Tablets (100 mg), containing microdose quantities of micronized model drug (1 μg‐10 mg), were produced from interactive powder mixtures which had been fluid bed granulated. Granulation prevents adhesion unit and constituent segregation occurring during compression. Single tablet assays were performed on 100 tablets from each batch. The content of tablets fell within ±15% of the mean, and the coefficient of variation was <5% (99% confidence) for all batches. Skewness in the content distribution showed little evidence of superpotent tablets and indicated the absence of significant agglomerates of particles of the micronized component. However, there was some indication that the mixtures produced were not totally agglomerate free. These results demonstrate that the true potential of interactive mixing may be realized, provided segregation in the mixture can be eliminated. The distribution of micronized model drug, as a function of carrier particle size, was determined for the different concentration mixtures before and after granulation. When 0.1–2% interactive mixtures were sieved gently, the proportions of micronized material adhering to the different size fractions of carrier were similar. However, the very low concentration mixtures (0.01–0.03%) proved to be relatively unstable, a significant proportion of the micronized component being transferred from the mixtures to the metal surfaces of the sieves. Granulation of the mixtures in a fluidized bed produced a uniform distribution of micronized material throughout the different sized granules. These granules were stable during vibration on the sieves and when compressed. All samples of tablets met the United States Pharmacopeia XXI content uniformity requirements.
Seed treatment of green gram with molybdenum and cobalt: effect on nodulation, biomass production and N uptake in an acid soil.

A field experiment on seed treatment of green gram with micronutrients (0.16 mg Mo and 0.008 mg Co per gram of seed as sodium molybdate and cobalt chloride, respectively) and Rhizobium culture showed significant increase in nodule number, nodule weight, N concentration, leghaemoglobin content, grain yield, N uptake and total biomass production over uninoculated treatment in a moderately acid soil. The grain yield and total biomass increased by 74.5 and 97.5 per cent, respectively over a control yield of 3.4 and 7.9 q ha−1. The total N gain through micronutrient and inoculation treatment was 45.4 kg ha−1 and additional N uptake was 24 kg ha−1. The APR and AKR were 14.4 and 38.2 per cent which resulted in 15.3 and 8.3 kg grain per kg of applied P and K, respectively.
Estimating regional terrestrial carbon fluxes for the Australian continent using a multiple‐constraint approach

We have developed a modelling framework that synthesizes various types of field measurements at different spatial and temporal scales. We used this modelling framework to estimate monthly means and their standard deviations of gross photosynthesis, total ecosystem production, net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) for eight regions of the Australian continent between 1990 and 1998. Annual mean NPP of the Australian continent varied between 800 and 1100 Mt C yr−1 between 1990 and 1998, with a coefficient of variation that is defined as the ratio of standard deviation and mean between 0.24 and 0.34. The seasonal variation of NPP for the whole continent varied between 50 and 110 Mt C month−1 with two maxima, one in the autumn and another in the spring. NEP was most negative in the winter (a carbon sink) and was most positive (a carbon source) in the summer. However, the coefficient of variation of monthly mean NEP was very large (> 4), and consequently confidence in the predicted net carbon fluxes for any month in the period 1990–1998 for the whole continent was very low. A companion paper will apply atmospheric inverse technique to measurements of CO2 concentration to further constrain the continental carbon cycle and reduce uncertainty in estimated mean monthly carbon fluxes.
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE STUDIES OF THE ISOTROPIC—MESOPHASE TRANSITION DISCONTINUITY BY STATIC NONLINEAR DIELECTRIC EFFECT

Abstract Results of studies of static nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) in the isotropic phase in the homologous series of nDBT: (5-n-alkyl-2-(4-isothio-cyanatophenyl)-1,3-dioxane) for n = 4, 6 and 8 exhibiting the I-SmA transition are presented. The strong pretransitional anomaly in the isotropic phase is similar to the one observed in nematogens. It has been found that the discontinuity of the I-N transition increases from 10.8 K to 18.8 K when moving from 4DBT to 8DBT. It has been also shown that pressure reduces the discontinuity of the I-SmA transitions. Results obtained are compared with similar studies in two other homologous series (Phys. Rev. E61 (2000) 5349 and Phys. Rev. E61 (2000) 5355).
Practical silicon deposition rules derived from silane monitoring during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

We clarify the difference between the SiH4 consumption efficiency η and the SiH4 depletion fraction D, as measured in the pumping line and the actual reactor of an industrial plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. In the absence of significant polysilane and powder formation, η is proportional to the film growth rate. Above a certain powder formation threshold, any additional amount of SiH4 consumed translates into increased powder formation rather than into a faster growing Si film. In order to discuss a zero-dimensional analytical model and a two-dimensional numerical model, we measure η as a function of the radio frequency (RF) power density coupled into the plasma, the total gas flow rate, the input SiH4 concentration, and the reactor pressure. The adjunction of a small trimethylboron flow rate increases η and reduces the formation of powder, while the adjunction of a small disilane flow rate decreases η and favors the formation of powder. Unlike η, D is a location-dependent quantity. It is.
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF A VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL: THE EFFECT OF LOCALIZATION ON CHANNEL FUNCTION

Voltage-gated potassium channels are primary determinants of cellular excitability in the mammalian nervous system. The localization of these channels to distinct cellular compartments influences components of neuronal function, including resting membrane potential, action potential characteristics and neurotransmitter release. Thus, understanding the mechanistic basis of ion channel localization can provide fundamental insight into human physiology. The overall goal of this dissertation was to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing localization and function of the Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates many organ systems including the kidneys, heart and blood vessels and was used as a model to study endogenous Kv1.3. We found that postganglionic sympathetic neurons express Kv1.3 and that the channel exhibits a striking pattern of localization to the Golgi apparatus in the soma of these cells. Kv1.3 ionic current was also isolated from the soma of these neurons, indicating the channel is a determinant of the electrophysiological properties of sympathetic neurons. In addition, the specific inhibition of Kv1.3 with margatoxin was found to depolarize neuronal resting membrane potential, decrease the latency to action potential firing and increase nicotinic agonist-induced neurotransmitter release. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Kv1.3 influences the function of postganglionic sympathetic neurons and led to the hypothesis that regulating channel localization may be a mechanism for modulating the activity of these cells. In this dissertation, we propose that the observed Golgi retention of Kv1.3 may be a trafficking-dependent mechanism of channel regulation. To test this hypothesis, we used HEK293 cells as our model system. Our data show that the degree of Kv1.3 Golgi localization is inversely correlated with the amount of channel at the plasma membrane. In addition, the amplitude of Kv1.3 ionic current measured in cells with low Kv1.3 Golgi localization was significantly greater than the current measured in cells with high Kv1.3 Golgi localization. One mechanism for localizing ion channels to the Golgi apparatus involves the Class I PDZ-binding motif (X-S/T-X-Φ). Deletion of the C-terminal PDZbinding motif of Kv1.3 decreased the intracellular Golgi localization of the channel and increased channel localization at the cell surface. Disrupting this canonical binding motif also increased the amplitude of Kv1.3 ionic current. These findings indicate that regulated subcellular distribution of the channel may be a determinant of Kv1.3 surface expression and function.
Laser induced fluorescence studies of UII produced by photoionization of uranium

Multiphoton ionization of uranium atoms followed by laser‐induced fluorescence detection of uranium ions is used to study the initial electronic state distribution of photon‐produced ions and the degree of ionization within the uranium vapor. Our experimental data clearly demonstrate that photoionization of uranium through the 50 701 cm−1 excited even levels using a broad band pulsed dye laser of 5915 A produces roughly 50% ground state ions and 50% metastably excited (289 cm−1) ions. The effective photoionization cross section is about 4.7×10−17 cm2. The subsequent dispersion of UII after photoionization appears to be caused by ambipolar expansion of ions and electrons in the plasma. The gA values for the 4050 and 3859 A transitions of UII are measured to be 0.86×108 and 2.8×108 s−1, respectively.
Influence of pH on Morphology and Formation Mechanism of CeO2 Nanocrystalline

铈氧化物的 Nanoparticles 被普通 降水 methodusing 铈硝酸盐答案准备，有不同 morphologieswere 的氨 reagent.Cerium 氧化物粒子通过调整 solution.TEM 的 pH 价值综合了，赌注结果证明 thatspherical 水晶在酸被获得答案，与 148.1944 m2 中心 dotg-1.The 铈的特定的表面，氧化物在 neutralcondition 下面在球形、像杆的谷物形式出现了，并且特定的表面改变了到 114.7975 m2 ce
The Effects of Supplementation of Grass Hay with Different Levels of Brewers Dried Grain on Feed Intake Digestibility and Body weight Gain in Intact Wogera Lambs

The effects of supplementation of different levels of brewer’s dried grain on feed intake, digestibility and body weight change were studied using 20 yearling male local (‘Wogera’) lambs weighing 16.96 ± 2.4 kg (Mean ± SD). Lambs were blocked based on their initial body weight into five blocks of four animals each, and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, that consisted of feeding of lambs in T1 (control) with grass hay ad libitum and lambs in T2, T3, and T4 with grass hay ad libitum plus 100, 200 and 300 g DM brewer’s dried grain (BDG) per lamb per day, respectively. Treatment rations were offered in two equal portions at 0800 and 1600 h and lambs had free access to water and mineral licks at all times. The results showed that the daily total dry matter intake (DMI) and crude protein intake (CPI) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of BDG, which correspondingly resulted in significantly higher (P< 0.05) final body weight (23.16 kg) and daily body weight gain (93.99 g/d) than the control group. Supplementation with 200 and 300 g DM BDG resulted in improved (P< 0.05) daily weight gain (70.44 and 93.99 g/d), respectively compared to supplementing with 100 g DM BDG (44.40 g/d). The un-supplemented group lost weight (3.0 g/d), even though their hay DMI was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the lambs supplemented with 200 and 300 g DM BDG. The feed conversion efficiency was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the BDG supplementation. The apparent digestibility coefficient of CP was higher (P < 0.05) for lambs supplemented with 200 and 300 g DM BDG compared to those supplemented with 100 g DM BDG and the un-supplemented group, but no significant effect of BDG supplementation was observed for the apparent digestibility coefficients of NDF, ADF, OM and DMD. Based on DM and nutrient intakes, improved body weight gain and nutrient digestibility, it could be concluded that a daily supplementation of 300 g DM BDG might improve feed intake and nutrient utilization, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of yearling Wogera ram lambs.
Oxygen Transfer Characteristics in a Pilot-Scale Airlift Internal-Loop Bioreactor for Simultaneous Partial Nitrification and Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation

Abstract Oxygen transfer capacity is of paramount importance for an aerobic bioreactor because it is a bottleneck of aerobic processes. In this study, the evaluation of oxygen transfer characteristics was carried out under different working conditions by employing a new pilot-scale internal-loop airlift bioparticle (ILAB) reactor, which was fabricated specifically for simultaneous partial nitrification (PN) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX). Results showed that as for tap water, the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) was 138.24 mg/min and the aeration efficiency was 30.21% at the airflow rate of 1.0 m3/h. As for the ammonia-bearing wastewater, the OTR was 147.21 mg/min and the aeration efficiency was 40.21% at the airflow rate of 0.8 m3/h. The ILAB reactor easily met the aeration requirements (4.540 mg/L·min) at nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 5.44 kg·N/m3·day, which is reported as the maximum so far in the literature, and satisfactorily allows the trial of NLR higher than the maximum value (5.44 kg·N/m3·d.
Help-seeking Attitudes and Utilization Patterns regarding Mental Health Problems of Surinamese Migrants in the Netherlands

The authors explored help-seeking behaviors and attitudes regarding psychosocial problems of Surinamese people in the Netherlands. Data of Surinamese citizens in the general population (n = 292) and of Surinamese (n = 96) and native Dutch (n = 89) outpatients in mental health care were collected. Results suggest length of residence in the Netherlands to be an important predictor of both behavior and attitudes, with the more recently migrated most in need of education on the utility of Dutch mental health services. The health symptoms and help-seeking orientations of the Surinamese people are quite similar to those of the indigenous Dutch. Ethnic background nevertheless remains a moderately important factor. Satisfaction with the mental health services appeared to be quite high, although more practical help is often wanted.
Large scale integration of flexible non-volatile, re-addressable memories using P(VDF-TrFE) and amorphous oxide transistors

Ferroelectric polymers and amorphous metal oxide semiconductors have emerged as important materials for re-programmable non-volatile memories and high-performance, flexible thin-film transistors, respectively. However, realizing sophisticated transistor memory arrays has proven to be a challenge, and demonstrating reliable writing to and reading from such a large scale memory has thus far not been demonstrated. Here, we report an integration of ferroelectric, P(VDF-TrFE), transistor memory arrays with thin-film circuitry that can address each individual memory element in that array. n-type indium gallium zinc oxide is used as the active channel material in both the memory and logic thin-film transistors. The maximum process temperature is 200 °C, allowing plastic films to be used as substrate material. The technology was scaled up to 150 mm wafer size, and offers good reproducibility, high device yield and low device variation. This forms the basis for successful demonstration of memory arrays, read and write circuitry, and the integration of these.