Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
α7nAChR activation in AT2 cells promotes alveolar regeneration through WNT7B signaling in acute lung injury

Reducing inflammatory damage and improving alveolar epithelium regeneration are two key approaches to promoting lung repair in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Stimulation of cholinergic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR, coded by Chrna7) signaling could dampen lung inflammatory injury. However, whether activation of α7nAChR in alveolar type II (AT2) cells promotes alveolar epithelial injury repair and underlying mechanisms is elusive. Here, we found that α7nAChR was expressed on AT2 cells and was upregulated in response to LPS-induced ALI. Meanwhile, deletion of Chrna7 in AT2 cells impeded lung repair process and worsened lung inflammation in ALI. Using in vivo AT2 lineage–labeled mice and ex vivo AT2 cell–derived alveolar organoids, we demonstrated that activation of α7nAChR expressed on AT2 cells improved alveolar regeneration by promoting AT2 cells to proliferate and subsequently differentiate toward alveolar type I cells. Then, we screened out the WNT7B signaling pathway by the RNA-Seq analysis of in vivo AT2 lineage–labeled cells and further confirmed its indispensability for α7nAChR activation–mediated alveolar epithelial proliferation and differentiation. Thus, we have identified a potentially unrecognized pathway in which cholinergic α7nAChR signaling determines alveolar regeneration and repair, which might provide us a novel therapeutic target for combating ALI.
Control, gates, and error suppression with Hamiltonians in quantum computation

In this thesis we are primarily interested in studying how to suppress errors, perform simulation, and implement logic gates in quantum computation within the context of using Hamiltonian controls. We also study the complexity class QMA-complete. We first investigate a method (introduced by Jordan, Farhi, and Shor) for suppressing environmentally induced errors in Hamiltonian-based quantum computation, involving encoding the system with a quantum error-detecting code and enforcing energy penalties against leaving the codespace. We prove that this method does work in principle: in the limit of infinitely large penalties, local errors are completely suppressed. We further derive bounds for the finite-penalty case and present numerical simulations suggesting that the method achieves even greater protection than these bounds indicate. We next consider the task of Hamiltonian simulation, i.e. effectively changing a system Hamiltonian to some other desired Hamiltonian by applying external time-dependent controls. We propose protocols for this task that rely solely on realistic bounded-strength control Hamiltonians. For systems coupled to an uncontrollable environment, our approach may be used to perform simulation while simultaneously suppressing unwanted decoherence. We also consider the scenario of removing unwanted couplings in many-body quantum systems obeying local system Hamiltonians and local environmental interactions. We present protocols for efficiently switching off the Hamiltonian of a system, i.e. simulating the zero Hamiltonian, using bounded-strength controls. To this end, we introduce the combinatorial concept of balanced-cycle orthogonal arrays, show how to construct them from classical error-correcting codes, and show how to use them to decouple n-qudit l-local Hamiltonians using protocols of length at most O(nl−1 log n). We then present a scheme for implementing high-fidelity quantum gates using a few interacting bosons obeying a Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian on a line. We find high-fidelity logic operations for a gate set (including the cnot gate) that is universal for quantum information processing. Lastly, we discuss the quantum complexity class QMA-complete, surveying all known such problems, and we introduce the “quantum non-expander” problem, proving that it is QMA-complete. A quantum expander is a type of rapidly-mixing quantum channel; we show that estimating its mixing time is a co-QMA-complete problem. Thesis Supervisor: Edward Farhi Title: Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics; Director, Center for Theoretical Physics
The impact of health literacy interventions on glycemic control and self‐management outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Diabetes imposes an increasing health and economic burden on individuals living with it and their societies worldwide. Glycemic control is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Self‐management is the primary tool for managing diabetes. Health literacy (HL) is the primary driver of self‐management activities. The aim of this review is to evaluate the impact of HL interventions on glycemic control and self‐management outcomes among T2DM. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for eligible papers. Fifteen randomized controlled trials published in English between 1997 and 2021, used HL‐driven intervention, and measured the level of glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and self‐management of T2DM patients were included in this review. The findings showed that HL‐driven intervention had a positive impact on glycemic control and improved self‐management behaviors. The level of glycemic control and self‐management skills were improved through individual and telephone‐based intervention respectively. Community worker‐led interventions were effective in improvements in diabetes knowledge and self‐care behaviors; however, nurse‐led interventions were effective in glycemic control. Better glycemic control is achieved in hospital settings compared to outpatient settings. HL interventions yielded better improvement in self‐management among people with longer diabetes duration (more than 7 years). It was possible to achieve a large reduction in HbA1c level after a 3‐month intervention in hospital settings. HL‐driven interventions are effective in glycemic and diabetes self‐management outcomes.
Convergence de la répartition empirique vers la répartition théorique

© Gauthier-Villars (Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier), 1953, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Annales scientifiques de l’É. N.S. » (http://www. elsevier.com/locate/ansens) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.
Pyuria as an independent predictor of intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Purpose About one-third of patients who undergo radical nephroureterectomy (RNUx) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) experience intravesical recurrence (IVR). This study investigated whether pyuria is a feasible predictor of IVR after RNUx in patients with UTUC. Materials and Methods Seven hundred forty-three patients with UTUC who underwent RNUx at a single institute were analyzed in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: those without pyuria (non-pyuria) and those with pyuria. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed, and p-values were assessed using the log-rank test. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the independent predictors of survival. Results The pyuria group had a shorter IVR-free survival period (p=0.009). The five-year IVR-free survival rate was 60.0% in the non-pyuria group vs. 49.7% in the pyuria group according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. After the multivariate Cox regression analysis, pyuria (hazard ratio [HR]=1.368; p=0.041), a concurrent bladder tumor (HR=1.757; p=0.005), preoperative ureteroscopy (HR=1.476; p=0.013), laparoscopic surgery (HR=0.682; p=0.048), tumor multiplicity (HR=1.855; p=0.007), and a larger tumor (HR=1.041; p=0.050) were predictors of risk for IVR. There was no association between pyuria and recurrence-free survival (p=0.057) or cancer-specific survival (p=0.519) in the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Conclusions This study concluded that pyuria was an independent predictor of IVR in patients with UTUC after RNUx.
Anatomy of the pontine arteries and perforators of the basilar artery in humans

Cerebral blood flow constitutes a critical area of interest for neurologists, neurosurgeons, and interventional radiologists as a social burden related to ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and vascular dementia is expected to intensify. There is a great need to develop new and effective therapies, therefore deepening understanding of cerebrovascular anatomy, physiology, and pathology is crucial. The main aim of the study was to develop a comprehensive classification of the pontine arteries considering their typology, relations to the cranial nerves, branching schemes, and superficial pontine blood supply areas. We prepared 100 anatomical specimens of the human brainstem with the basilar artery, the pontine arteries, and the terminal perforating arteries. With the use of microsurgical microscope, we analyzed morphometry of the basilar artery, origins, courses, and branching patterns of the pontine arteries as well as distribution of the terminal perforators in relation to pontine superficial vascular areas and the cranial nerves. Additionally, we studied presence of pontine branches of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). Repetitive branching patterns, origins, and courses led us to distinguish five types of the pontine arteries: type 1—the paramedian branches, type 2—the short circumflex branches, type 3—composition of the paramedian and the short circumflex branches, type 4—long circumflex branches, and type 5—median branches penetrating the pons along the basilar sulcus. Types 1, 2, and 4 were described in the literature previously, but the classification did not include the median branches (the most prevalent branches) and frequently occurring combinations of the types 1 and 2. There were seven pontine arteries on both sides on average that presented the following general pattern: the first pontine artery below the SCA is a type 4 vessel called the posterolateral pontine artery and it is followed by a type 2 vessel—the superolateral pontine artery; the next three arteries represent the types 1, 2, and 3 and supply most of the ventral pontine surface; the sixth artery—the anterolateral pontine artery—is a short circumflex branch and the seventh artery, originating below the AICA, represents long circumflex arteries. Occlusion of each of the abovementioned vessels relates to a specific pontine vascular syndrome. As explained by the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the central nervous system, the pontine arteries are subject to variability. The SCA and the AICA took part in the pontine blood supply in 2.5% and 12.5% of cases, respectively, therefore neurovascular interventions involving the SCA, or the AICA may lead to pontine ischemia. Contact of the pontine arteries with the cranial nerves depends on the vessel type and origin location.
A cross-sectional study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an ophthalmology consult service in four Michigan community hospitals

Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, private practice, inpatient consult services, and academic residency programs in ophthalmology saw a decrease in patient encounters. This study elucidates how community hospital ophthalmology consult (OC) services were affected during the pandemic. We aim to determine whether there was a change in resident OC volume in a community-based ophthalmology program consult service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary objectives included analyzing the change in the types of diagnoses and the number of patients seen for diabetic retinopathy over the same time. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted reviewing the electronic health record (EHR) charts from OCs for the period 2017–2021. Records were categorized by referral source and the nature of OCs (trauma, acute, or chronic); OCs were further grouped by year and weak of referral. An intermonth analysis of weekly OC counts in each category was performed for the average number of consults in February–April 2017–2019 and for February–April 2020. A one-tailed t-test was performed. All t-tests assumed equal variances. Results: Weekly OCs in 2020 revealed no statistically significant differences in overall cases or in acute or chronic cases when the volume before the COVID-19 pandemic was compared to the volume after the onset of the pandemic. However, a statistically significant increase in the average weekly trauma cases was noted when 2020 (an average of 2.7 cases per week) was compared to the weekly average for the same weeks of years 2017– 2019 (0.4; P = 0.016). This statistically significant increase in trauma in 2020 disappeared when comparing weeks 11–17 in 2020 (2.2 cases per week) and the average of 2017–2019 (1.1). Conclusion: This report outlines no significant change in OCs before and after the onset of the pandemic compared to three previous years. There was, however, an increase in trauma consults during the pandemic and an increase in the number (though not the proportion) of diabetic retinopathy (DR+) patients seen by residents. This report uniquely describes no significant changes in the resident volume of patients seen during the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Impact of Trauma Resuscitation Emergency Care Nurse Deployment in Trauma Activations in a Rural Trauma Center

BACKGROUND: Although the role of a dedicated trauma nurse has been implemented in an urban setting, it has not been studied in the rural trauma setting. We instituted a trauma resuscitation emergency care (TREC) nurse role to respond to trauma activations at our rural trauma center. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the impact of TREC nurse deployment on the timeliness of resuscitation interventions in trauma activations. METHODS: This pre- and postintervention study at a rural Level I trauma center compared the time to resuscitation interventions before (August 2018 to July 2019) and after (August 2019 to July 2020) deploying TREC nurses to trauma activations. RESULTS: A total of 2,593 participants were studied, of which 1,153 (44%) were in the pre-TREC group and 1,440 (56%) in the post-TREC group. After TREC deployment, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) emergency department times within the first hour decreased from 45 (31.23–53) to 35 (16–51) min (p = .013). The median (IQR) time to the operating room within the first hour decreased from 46 (37–52) to 29 (12–46) min (p = .001), and within the first 2 hr, decreased from 59 (43.8–86) to 48 (23–72) min (p = .014). CONCLUSION: Our study found that TREC nurse deployment improved resuscitation intervention timeliness during the first 2 hr (early phase) of trauma activations.
Black spot diseases in seven commercial fish species from the English Channel and the North Sea: infestation levels, identification and population genetics of Cryptocotyle spp.

Fish are often speckled with “black spots” caused by metacercarial trematode infection, inducing a host response. Cryptocotyle spp. (Opisthorchiidae) are among the parasites responsible for this phenomenon. So far, the impact on human health is still unknown. In addition, few publications dealing with black spot recovery, identification, distribution and diversity among commercially important fish are available. Moreover, “black spots” have been observed by fishermen on marine fish, revealing an appreciable but unquantified presence in consumed fish. An epidemiological survey of 1,586 fish from seven commercial species (herring, sprat, whiting, pout, dab, flounder, and plaice) was conducted in the Eastern English Channel and the North Sea in January 2019 and 2020. Encysted metacercariae were found in 325 out of 1,586 fish, with a total prevalence of 20.5%. Intensity of infection varied from 1 to 1,104 parasites. The recorded encysted metacercariae were identified either by microscopic examination or with molecular tools. Partial sequences of the mtDNA cox1 gene and of the rDNA ITS region were obtained. Two species of Cryptocotyle, Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) and Cryptocotyle concava (Creplin, 1825) were found. Metacercariae belonging to other trematode families were also identified. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network construction were performed to confirm the identification and to study the potential presence of different populations of Cryptocotyle spp. This survey enabled us to describe the distribution of two species of Cryptocotyle in the English Channel and North Sea ecosystems. The observed differences in infestation levels between fish species and geographical areas will contribute to better understanding of the ecology of these parasites.
Long ties, disruptive life events, and economic prosperity

Significance Long ties, which connect individuals who lack mutual contacts in a social network, are known to be important for accessing valuable information about economic opportunities. Using population-scale communication data, we provide evidence of a robust positive relationship between the share of long ties and economic outcomes both at the individual and local levels in the United States and Mexico. Furthermore, we uncover that the formation of long ties is associated with disruptive life events such as migrating to another state or transferring to a different high school, which points to potential mechanisms responsible for forming and maintaining these valuable connections.
Defective neurite elongation and branching in Nibp/Trappc9 deficient zebrafish and mice

Loss of function in transport protein particles (TRAPP) links a new set of emerging genetic disorders called “TRAPPopathies”. One such disorder is NIBP syndrome, characterized by microcephaly and intellectual disability, and caused by mutations of NIBP/TRAPPC9, a crucial and unique member of TRAPPII. To investigate the neural cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying microcephaly, we developed Nibp/Trappc9-deficient animal models using different techniques, including morpholino knockdown and CRISPR/Cas mutation in zebrafish and Cre/LoxP-mediated gene targeting in mice. Nibp/Trappc9 deficiency impaired the stability of the TRAPPII complex at actin filaments and microtubules of neurites and growth cones. This deficiency also impaired elongation and branching of neuronal dendrites and axons, without significant effects on neurite initiation or neural cell number/types in embryonic and adult brains. The positive correlation of TRAPPII stability and neurite elongation/branching suggests a potential role for TRAPPII in regulating neurite morphology. These results provide novel genetic/molecular evidence to define patients with a type of non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability and highlight the importance of developing therapeutic approaches targeting the TRAPPII complex to cure TRAPPopathies.
Adrenal Ganglioneuroma: Diagnosis, Presentation, and Management of a Rare Tumor

Adrenal ganglioneuromas are rare tumors arising from sympathetic ganglion cells that may present similarly to other adrenal tumors, making preoperative diagnosis challenging. We present a case of a young woman with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis who presented with hypertension and headaches. An abdominal CT scan revealed a large left adrenal mass, and while laboratory tests for catecholamines and metanephrines were normal, the suspicion for pheochromocytoma remained high given the size of the mass and persistent hypertension. The patient was started on alpha-blockers and beta-blockers in preparation for surgical removal. Pathology revealed a mature ganglioneuroma without evidence of malignancy, and postoperative blood pressure was normalized. We hypothesize that vessel compression from the large mass created functional stenosis, resulting in persistent hypertension. This case highlights the importance of a thorough workup for hypertension in young adults and routine preventative care visits to avoid delayed management. Adrenalectomy with histopathological examination remains the gold standard for treatment and diagnosis, and patients have a good prognosis following resection, with minimal need for recurrent therapy.
Double fusion, a depth perception mechanism in Panum's limiting case

The origin of depth in Panum's limiting case is unclear at present, so we investigated the depth perception mechanism using a triangle type of Panum's stimulus with a slant effect and clear criterion. Experiment 1 explored whether participants can correctly perceive fixation and nonfixation features using the fixation point and quick representation of stimuli, then examined whether participants’ depth judgments supported double fusion or single fusion. The results of Experiment 1 showed that participants could correctly perceive the depth of fixation and nonfixation features. That is, it supported double fusion. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the depth perceived by observers comes from depth contrast. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the depth of the two features perceived after binocular fusion did not originate from the depth contrast. The findings suggest that the depth perception mechanism of Panum's limiting case is more likely to be double fusion.
Pharmacological management of intra-operative miosis during cataract surgery

Cataract surgery requires a well-dilated and stable pupil for a good outcome. Unexpected pupillary constriction during surgery increases the risk of complication. This problem is more pronounced in children. There are now pharmacological interventions that help tackle this unforeseen happening. Our review discusses the simple and quick options available to a cataract surgeon when faced with this dilemma. As cataract surgical techniques continue to improvise and get faster, an adequate pupil size is of paramount importance. Various topical and intra-cameral drugs are used in combination to achieve mydriasis. Despite good pre-operative dilation, the pupil can be quite unpredictable during surgery. Intra-operative miosis limits the field of surgery and increases the risk of complications. For example, if the pupil size decreases from 7 mm to 6 mm, this 1 mm change in pupil diameter will lead to a decrease of 10.2 mm2 in the area of surgical field. Making a good capsulorhexis with a small pupil can be a challenge, even for an experienced surgeon. Repeated touching of the iris increases the risk of fibrinous complications. Removal of cataract and the cortical matter becomes increasingly difficult. Intra-ocular lens implantation in the bag also requires adequate dilation. When dealing with challenging cases like lens subluxation, pseudo-exfoliation, and zonular dehiscence, a small pupil further increases the risk and adversely affects the surgical outcome. Hence, achieving and maintaining adequate mydriasis throughout surgery is essential. This review highlights the risk factors for small pupils during surgery and current management strategies.