Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple Glaciation of the Upper Franklin Valley, Western Tasmania Wilderness World Heritage Area

Part of an extensive ice cap that developed in the Tasmanian Central Highlands during the late Cainozoic discharged southwards into the valley of the Franklin River and its upper tributaries where it merged with smaller glaciers that accumulated behind local snowfences. Glacial landforms and sediments in the now heavily forested valleys indicate that at least three and possibly as many as six glaciations took place. The earliest and most extensive glaciation occurred during the Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene. At this time ice extended at least 27km down the Franklin Valley and covered at least 326km2 of the study area. This ice was confluent with glaciers in the West Coast Range to the west and in the Derwent Valley to the east Such confluence offers the possibility of better correlation of glacial events between western Tasmania and the Central Highlands. The smallest and most recent glaciation occurred during the late Last Glacial Stage when the Franklin Glacier did not exceed 12km in length. The glaciers were characterised by high rates of mass throughput and were of temperate maritime type.
Slow‐rising and fast‐falling dopaminergic dynamics jointly adjust negative prediction error in the ventral striatum

The greater the reward expectations are, the more different the brain's physiological response will be. Although it is well‐documented that better‐than‐expected outcomes are encoded quantitatively via midbrain dopaminergic (DA) activity, it has been less addressed experimentally whether worse‐than‐expected outcomes are expressed quantitatively as well. We show that larger reward expectations upon unexpected reward omissions are associated with the preceding slower rise and following larger decrease (DA dip) in the DA concentration at the ventral striatum of mice. We set up a lever press task on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule requiring five lever presses as an effort for a food reward (FR5). The mice occasionally checked the food magazine without a reward before completing the task. The percentage of this premature magazine entry (PME) increased as the number of lever presses approached five, showing rising expectations with increasing proximity to task completion, and hence greater reward expectations. Fibre photometry of extracellular DA dynamics in the ventral striatum using a fluorescent protein (genetically encoded GPCR activation‐based DA sensor: GRABDA2m) revealed that the slow increase and fast decrease in DA levels around PMEs were correlated with the PME percentage, demonstrating a monotonic relationship between the DA dip amplitude and degree of expectations. Computational modelling of the lever press task implementing temporal difference errors and state transitions replicated the observed correlation between the PME frequency and DA dip amplitude in the FR5 task. Taken together, these findings indicate that the DA dip amplitude represents the degree of reward expectations monotonically, which may guide behavioural adjustment.
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES SIOP-PODC Recommendations for Graduated-Intensity Treatment of Retinoblastoma in Developing Countries

Retinoblastoma is highly curable in developed countries; however, most children with retinoblastoma in developing countries die as a result of late diagnosis and poor treatment compliance, which leads to extraocular dissemination and metastasis [1]. Since it is estimated that about 2/3 of the population in the pediatric age live in developing countries, there may be more children dying of retinoblastoma than those surviving worldwide [2]. In developed countries, patients with unilateral disease can be cured by enucleation of the affected eye, whereas those with bilateral disease undergo eye-conserving therapies in at least on one eye. Enucleation is a relatively simple surgical procedure that requires no special facility or equipment and is potentially available in centers with limited resources [3]. However, even children who could be cured by enucleation, present with substantial challenges in developing countries. Their families do not always approve of enucleation [4], and the prevalence of patients presenting with invasion to critical eye structures (i.e., postlaminar optic nerve, sclera, or choroid) is high [5], so adjuvant therapy after enucleation is usually needed to prevent extraocular relapse. Accurate risk assignment of patients with retinoblastoma requires standardized, expert evaluation of the pathologic features of the enucleated eye. This expertise is seldom available in lessdeveloped countries. Thus, treatment decisions may be inaccurate in that setting. In addition, patients who present with overt extraocular disease are not candidates for enucleation, and the likelihood of cure is only realistic in those cases in which the tumor has disseminated to the orbit only. Children with metastatic retinoblastoma are seldom cured by conventional therapy [6]. Controversies are exist for conservative therapies. In developed countries, external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was the classic, initial effective conservative therapy for retinoblastoma. The use of radiation is associated with secondary malignancies, which are often fatal [7]. Therefore, EBRT has been virtually replaced by chemotherapy combined with local therapies (e.g., cryotherapy, laser therapy, etc.) aimed at preventing secondary malignancies. [7] Unfortunately, local treatments require a sophisticated setting and intense use of qualified staff members who may not be available in many developing countries [8]. In addition, localized approaches are less effective for treating more advanced disease. In such cases, radiotherapy is still needed, and enucleation may be ultimately required [9]. Local therapies have not increased the risk of extraocular dissemination in developed countries when used by experienced teams [10], but the situation may be different in developing countries. Conservative therapy is simply not an option in many countries because advanced disease is present at diagnosis, the technology and/or agents are not available, or follow-up is inadequate.
The Potential Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Estimating Methane Ebullition From Arctic Lakes 1

Abstract: Arctic lakes are significant emitters of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere; yet no rigorous quantification of the magnitude and variability of pan‐Arctic lake emissions exists. In this study, we demonstrate the potential for a new method using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to detect methane bubbles in lake ice to scale up whole‐lake measurements of CH4 ebullition (bubbling) to regional scales. We estimated ebullition from lakes, which is often the dominant mode of lake emissions, by mapping the distribution of bubble clusters frozen in early winter ice across surfaces of seven tundra lakes and one boreal forest lake in Alaska. Applying previously measured ebullition rates associated with four distinct classes of bubble clusters found in lake ice, we estimated whole‐lake emissions from individual lakes. The percent surface area of lake ice covered with bubbles (R2 = 0.68) and CH4 ebullition rates from lakes (R2 = 0.59) and were correlated with radar return values from RADARSAT‐1 Standard Beam mode 3 for the tundra lakes, suggesting that with appropriate scaling and consideration for variability in lake‐ice conditions, this technique has the potential to be used for estimating broader‐scale regional and pan‐Arctic lake methane emissions.
Understanding Mortality and the Life of the Ancestors in Rural Madagascar Understanding Mortality and the Life of the Ancestors in Rural Madagascar

This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Abstract Across two studies, a wide age range of participants was interviewed about the nature of death. All participants were living in rural Madagascar in a community where ancestral beliefs and practices are widespread. In Study 1, children (8–17 years) and adults (19–71 years) were asked whether bodily and mental processes continue after death. The death in question was presented in the context of a narrative that focused either on the corpse or on the ancestral practices associated with the afterlife. Participants aged 8 years and older claimed that death brings an end to most bodily and mental processes. Nevertheless, particularly in the context of the religious narrative, they claimed that certain mental processes continue even after death. This assertion of an afterlife was more evident among adults than children, especially with respect to cognitive processes, such as knowing and remembering. In Study 2, 5-and 7-year-olds were asked similar questions in connection with the death of a bird and a person. Seven-year-olds consistently claimed that bodily and mental processes cease at death, whereas 5-year-olds were unsystematic in their replies. Together, the two studies replicate and extend findings obtained with Western children showing that, in the course of development, different conceptions of death are elaborated—a biological conception in which death terminates living processes and a religious conception in which death marks the beginning of a new form of spiritual existence.
Reconstruction of sea surface temperature by means of DINEOF: a case study during the fishing season in the Bay of Biscay

The Spanish surface fishery operates mainly during the summer season in the waters of the Bay of Biscay. Sea surface temperature (SST) data recovered from satellite images are being used to improve the operational efficiency of fishing vessels (e.g. reduce search time and increase catch rate) and to improve the understanding of the variations in catch distribution and rate needed to properly manage fisheries. The images used for retrieval of SST often present gaps due to the existence of clouds or satellite malfunction periods. The data gaps can totally or partially affect the area of interest. Within this study, an application of a technique for the reconstruction of missing data called DINEOF (data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions) is analysed, with the aim of testing its applicability in operational SST retrieval during summer months. In this case study, the Bay of Biscay is used as the target area. Three months of SST Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, ranging from 1 May 2006 to 31 July 2006, were used. The main objective of this work is to test the overall performance of this technique, under potential operational use for the support of the fleet during the summer fishing season. The study is designed to analyse the sensitivity of the results of this technique to several details of the methodology used in the reconstruction of SST, such as the number of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) retained, the handling of the seasonal cycle or the length (number of images) of the SST database used. The results are tested against independent SST data from International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) ship reports and standing buoys and estimations of the error of the reconstructed SST fields are given. Conclusions show that over this area three months of data are enough for efficient SST reconstruction, which yields four EOFs as the optimal number needed for this case study. An extended EOF experiment with SST and SST with a lag of one day was carried out to analyse whether the autocorrelation of the SST data allows better performance in the SST reconstruction, although the experiment did not improve the results. The validation studies show that the reconstructed SSTs can be trusted, even when the amount of missing data is very high. The mean absolute deviation maps show that the error is greatest near to the coast and mainly in the upwelling areas close to the French and north-western Spanish coasts.
Reviewing design stage of environmental impact assessment follow-up: looking at the open cast coal mines in India

Since the introduction of the environmental impact assessment notification of 1994, there has been considerable research related to EIA procedures in India. Research has emphasized predominantly ‘developing appropriate regulations’ and ‘institutional procedures necessary to implement them’. As follow-up is usually associated with post-decision stages in EIA, a sound design stage is crucial for laying down its foundations. This paper explores follow-up considerations during the pre-decision stage of open cast coal mines in India and demonstrates the challenges posed within the Indian context. In doing so, the outcome of EIA reviews undertaken by the expert committee and the EIA reports are reviewed. It even goes a step further by relating the follow-up design stage in India to international principles of best practices of EIA follow-up.
A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean

According to observations, the Labrador Sea Water (LSW) thickness varies significantly on decadal time scales. Sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic also exhibits considerable decadal changes, including the so‐called tropical Atlantic SST dipole—a cross‐equatorial pattern. In this study, we propose that the SST dipole and variations of LSW thickness are linked through the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Southward transport of LSW along the deep western boundary must be compensated by northward flow in the upper ocean. Once the LSW pulse enters the tropics, it affects the cross‐equatorial heat transport and the upper ocean response generates a dipole pattern in the SST field. The correlation between observed LSW thickness and SST with a lag of 5 years is significant at 95% significance level. Results from an ocean model indicate that the time lag between LSW and tropical SST is set primarily by coastally‐trapped waves.
Mechanisms of Remote Tropical Surface Warming during El Niño

Abstract The authors demonstrate through atmospheric general circulation model (the Community Climate Model version 3.10) simulations of the 1997/98 El Nino that the observed “remote” (i.e., outside the Pacific) tropical land and ocean surface warming appearing a few months after the peak of the El Nino event is causally linked to the Tropics-wide warming of the troposphere resulting from increased atmospheric heating in the Pacific, with the latter acting as a conduit for the former. Unlike surface temperature, the surface flux behavior in the remote Tropics in response to El Nino is complex, with sizable spatial variation and compensation between individual flux components; this complexity suggests a more fundamental control (i.e., tropospheric temperature) for the remote tropical surface warming. Over the remote oceans, latent heat flux acting through boundary layer humidity variations is the important regulator linking the surface warming in the model simulations to the tropospheric warming over the r.
Trajectories of acute low back pain: a latent class growth analysis

Abstract Characterising the clinical course of back pain by mean pain scores over time may not adequately reflect the complexity of the clinical course of acute low back pain. We analysed pain scores over 12 weeks for 1585 patients with acute low back pain presenting to primary care to identify distinct pain trajectory groups and baseline patient characteristics associated with membership of each cluster. This was a secondary analysis of the PACE trial that evaluated paracetamol for acute low back pain. Latent class growth analysis determined a 5 cluster model, which comprised 567 (35.8%) patients who recovered by week 2 (cluster 1, rapid pain recovery); 543 (34.3%) patients who recovered by week 12 (cluster 2, pain recovery by week 12); 222 (14.0%) patients whose pain reduced but did not recover (cluster 3, incomplete pain recovery); 167 (10.5%) patients whose pain initially decreased but then increased by week 12 (cluster 4, fluctuating pain); and 86 (5.4%) patients who experienced high-level pain for the whole 12 weeks (cluster 5, persistent high pain). Patients with longer pain duration were more likely to experience delayed recovery or nonrecovery. Belief in greater risk of persistence was associated with nonrecovery, but not delayed recovery. Higher pain intensity, longer duration, and workers' compensation were associated with persistent high pain, whereas older age and increased number of episodes were associated with fluctuating pain. Identification of discrete pain trajectory groups offers the potential to better manage acute low back pain.
Principles of sedimentology

This book has been written in response to the rapid expansion and diversification of sedimentology during the last 30 years. We believe that a critical synthesis of this field is a matter of importance and urgency. The study of sedimentology involves a dynamic interplay with many of the other branches of geology. Its tools range from those used to measure the submicroscopic to ones involving the use of radar, the reflection seismograph, and Earth satellites. In the introduction of Part I we define the wide scope of sedimentology, as we see it, a scope which may be broader than that of some of our colleagues. Actually sedimentology is such an unfamiliar term to some geologists that it has not yet become a heading in the index section of the Bibliography and Index of Geology. This book is intended to be used as a text in undergraduate and graduate courses of sedimentology. In writing this book we have aimed primarily at junior and senior students. Our style of writing in the early chapters is consistent with lower-level undergraduate courses, but we believe that as the student advances he or she progressively should become accustomed to a more professional style. Therefore, the later chapters are written at a professional level. To those who simply scan the book, this lack of uniformity may seem perplexing, but it is deliberate and has the student in mind. Beginning graduate students in sedimentology will also find this text useful. Chapters 8 to 14, especially Chapters 8, 10, 11, and 12, are central to the professional geologist employed in oil and gas exploration or exploitation, and in the study of groundwater or economic geology either in industry or government. Chapter 9 may be of interest to geologists concerned with environment.
Wind wave directions determined from synthetic aperture radar imagery and from a tower in Lake Michigan

Directional wave spectra calculated from digitized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of waves on Lake Michigan are compared to a wave directional spectrum determined from measurements taken at a tower and to a one-dimensional spectrum determined from a Waverider buoy. The comparison is within one frequency band for peak energy frequency and within 20° for direction, but the SAR image intensity spectrum does not have the same shape as a wave height spectrum. Wave refraction directions observed in the SAR spectra are within 10° of classical wave refraction calculations.
A critical assessment of the prognostic value of HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts in HIV-infected patients. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE To determine to what extent human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts predict clinical outcomes in a general HIV-1-infected population. METHODS Community-based prospective study (Swiss HIV Cohort Study) including 394 HIV-1-infected patients, randomly selected from 4 strata of CD4+ cell counts (0 to < 0.05, 0.05 to < 0.20, 0.20 to < 0.50, and > or = 0.50 x 10(9)/L). Levels of HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ cell counts, and other variables were evaluated from samples collected between 1991 and 1993 for their ability to predict death and clinical progression. RESULTS Patients were followed up on average for 29 months. Baseline HIV-1 RNA levels, CD4+ cell counts, clinical stage, and beta 2-microglobulin levels independently predicted survival, whereas only HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts independently predicted clinical progression. Multivariate relative hazards (RHs) for death ranged from 1.0 to 5.4 across quartiles of CD4+ counts, but only from 1.0 to 1.8 across quartiles of HIV-1 RNA. For clinical progression, gradients of risk were similar for CD4+ counts (1.0-4.2) and for HIV-1 RNA (1.0-3.1). In patients with CD4+ cell counts less than 0.05 x 10(9)L, HIV-1 RNA levels predicted neither death nor clinical progression. Finally, the number of HIV-1 RNA copies per CD4+ cell was the best predictor of death (multivariate RH, 1.0-9.7 across quartiles) and clinical progression (multivariate RH, 1.0-4.1). CONCLUSIONS Levels of HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell counts provided independent and complementary information on clinical outcomes. The RNA/CD4+ ratio was the best single predictor. In patients who had fewer than 0.05 x 10(9)/L CD4+ cells, HIV-1 RNA levels had little prognostic value.
Trends and seasonality in stream water chemistry in two moorland catchments of the Upper River Wye, Plynlimon

Abstract. Stream water chemistry in the Cyff and Gwy subcatchments within the headwaters of the River Wye has been monitored regularly since 1980. In the Gwy, which is a predominantly semi-natural grassland catchment, land use has remained relatively static over the monitoring period, whilst the Cyff catchment is more buffered because of base cation inputs from agricultural improvement and ground water sources. Using a variety of statistical techniques, the long-term data are examined for evidence of trends after eliminating seasonal effects. The results highlight some of the difficulties associated with the analysis of longterm water quality data which show considerable variability over a variety of timescales. Some of this variability can be explained in terms of hydrochemical responses to climatic extremes and episodic events such as large atmospheric inputs of seasalts. The long-term fluctuations in solute concentration underline the continuing need for maintaining consistent long-term monitoring at sensitive upland sites if underlying trends related to gradual changes in pollutant deposition or climate are to be detected with any certainty.