Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drug Interactions of Psychiatric and COVID-19 Medications

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic with 1771514 cases identified in the world and 70029 cases in Iran until April 12, 2020. The co-prescription of psychotropics with COVID-19 medication is not uncommon. Healthcare providers should be familiar with many Potential Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) between COVID-19 therapeutic agents and psychotropic drugs based on cytochrome P450 metabolism. This review comprehensively summarizes the current literature on DDIs between antiretroviral drugs and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and psychotropics, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and anxiolytics. Methods: Medical databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify studies in English with keywords related to psychiatric disorders, medications used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 medications. Results: There is a great potential for DDIs between psychiatric and COVID-19 medications ranging from interactions that are not clinically apparent (minor) to those that produce life-threatening adverse drug reactions, or loss of treatment efficacy. The majority of interactions are pharmacokinetic interactions via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Conclusion: DDIs are a major concern in the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 infection resulting in the alteration of expected therapeutic outcomes. The risk of toxicity or lack of efficacy may occur due to a higher or lower plasma concentration of medications. However, psychiatric medication can be safely used in combination with COVID-19 pharmacotherapy with either a wise selection of medication with the least possibility of interaction or careful patient monitoring and management.
CO2 Enhancement of Growth and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa) : Modification by Increased Ultraviolet-B Radiation

Two cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) IR-36 and Fujiyama-5 were grown at ambient (360 microbars) and elevated CO2 (660 microbars) from germination through reproduction in unshaded greenhouses at the Duke University Phytotron. Growth at elevated CO2 resulted in significant decreases in nighttime respiration and increases in photosynthesis, total biomass, and yield for both cultivars. However, in plants exposed to simultaneous increases in CO2 and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, CO2 enhancement effects on respiration, photosynthesis, and biomass were eliminated in IR-36 and significantly reduced in Fujiyama-5. UV-B radiation simulated a 25% depletion in stratospheric ozone at Durham, North Carolina. Analysis of the response of CO2 uptake to internal CO2 concentration at light saturation suggested that, for IR-36, the predominant limitation to photosynthesis with increased UV-B radiation was the capacity for regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), whereas for Fujiyama-5 the primary photosynthetic decrease appeared to be related to a decline in apparent carboxylation efficiency. Changes in the RuBP regeneration limitation in IR-36 were consistent with damage to the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II as estimated from the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. Little change in RuBP regeneration and photochemistry was evident in cultivar Fujiyama-5, however. The degree of sensitivity of photochemical reactions with increased UV-B radiation appeared to be related to leaf production of UV-B-absorbing compounds. Fujiyama-5 had a higher concentration of these compounds than IR-36 in all environments, and the production of these compounds in Fujiyama-5 was stimulated by UV-B fluence. Results from this study suggest that in rice alterations in growth or photosynthesis as a result of enhanced CO2 may be eliminated or reduced if UV-B radiation continues to increase.
Effect of Sulfur Amino Acid Level and Source on the Performance of Chicks Fed High Levels of Copper

Abstract Experiments were conducted with a soy-protein semipurified diet to determine if the sulfur amino acid (SAA) need of a typical broiler-type bird (Hubbard × White Mountain) was different from that of the lighter, slower-growing bird (New Hampshire × Columbian) routinely used in our laboratory. With no supplemental copper, both breeds required . 55% SAA. However, the gain response to supplemental methionine in the presence of 500 mg/kg copper was greater for the heavy than for the light breed of chicks. Therefore, the heavy breed was employed in a subsequent experiment which was designed to assess the SAA requirement of chicks fed 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg copper. Chicks fed diets without supplemental copper required . 59% SAA. Chicks fed diets containing 250 and 500 mg/kg copper required . 64 and . 77% SAA, respectively. Copper addition also resulted in erosion of and copper deposition in the gizzard lining. Although methionine addition slightly reduced the level of copper in gizzard linings, it failed to improve the severity of erosion. Copper concentration in the liver of chicks fed 250 mg/kg was reduced by about one-half when the SAA level exceeded the requirement for optimal gain. No large excess of SAA was fed in the presence of 500 mg/kg copper, and thus a similar effect on liver copper was not observed. The growth depression caused by penicillamine addition to an SAA-adequate diet was markedly improved with copper addition. The results suggest that excess copper reduces the availability of sulfur compounds containing free SH groups, thus resulting in a growth depression when cysteine availability is reduced and a growth improvement when penicillamine toxicity is lowered.
CORRUPTION AND STATE CAPTURE UNDER TWO REGIMES IN GUYANA: A PLURAL SOCIETY APPROACH

This paper compares and contrasts the nature of corruption under two regimes in Guyana. It argues that corruption in ethnically plural societies such as Guyana is influenced by two main factors. In the first instance the states in these societies were not natural evolution from the societies but were established with the explicit aim of institutionalizing the dominance of one ethnic faction over all others. Secondly classes and class positions in these societies are invariably fluid and mutable. The state therefore is used by ethnic groups as a means through with both economic and political power can be attained and exercised with the latent function of enhancing the socio-economic position of the ethnic groups in the socio-economic stratification system. Consequently, the nature of this battle for power creates an environment of uncertainty which serves as a pressure upon the ethnic elites in power to accumulate as much economic resources by both legitimate and illegitimate means before its hold on political power comes to an end. Based on this analysis, the paper also proposes some measures which are likely to minimise the temptation to engage in corruption practices.
Behavioral misperceptions, attitudinal discrepancies, and adolescent alcohol and marijuana use

ABSTRACT Background: Adolescents’ risk of substance use is shaped by perceptions of peers’ use and peers’ approval, and also by attitudes, values, and behaviors of broader, peer-based, school-level climates. Yet misperceiving peer behavior and/or possessing beliefs/values discrepant from peers may also increase substance use. Methods: Using school-based survey data, we examined (a) associations between individual- and school-level norms and adolescents’ risk of alcohol and marijuana use, (b) accuracy of adolescents’ perception of peer behavior and consistency between individual and peer attitudes, and (c) consequences of behavioral misperceptions and attitudinal discrepancies. Results: Both individual- and school-level perceptions and attitudes were associated with adolescent substance use, and students aligned behaviors with their perceptions of the broader normative climate. Conclusions: Peers are key correlates of adolescents’ use, and their influence is nuanced and complex. Substance use prevention and intervention efforts should thus attend to the prevailing norms within certain developmental contexts, and also adolescents’ deviation from such norms.
Colonial Waterbird Predation on Juvenile Salmonids Tagged with Passive Integrated Transponders in the Columbia River Estuary: Vulnerability of Different Salmonid Species, Stocks, and Rearing Types

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted in Columbia River basin juvenile salmonids Oncorhyncus spp. were recovered from breeding colonies of Caspian terns Sterna caspia and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus on Rice Island, a dredge spoil island in the Columbia River estuary. Tags were recovered to assess the relative vulnerability of different salmonid species, stocks, and rearing types to avian predators. We detected 50,221 PIT tags at the two bird colonies, mostly from juvenile chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss raised in hatcheries; 72% of the total tags were from the tern colony and 28% from the cormorant colony. Tagged steelhead smolts were more vulnerable to predation by both bird species than were yearling chinook salmon. More than 15% of PIT tags from steelhead smolts that were available in the estuary in 1998 were detected at the bird colonies compared with 2% of PIT tags from yearling chinook salmon. The greater vulnerability of steelhead may.
Structure determination of Streptococcus suis serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Streptococcus suis serotype 14 was purified, chemically modified, and characterized. Sugar and absolute configuration analyses gave the following CPS composition: d-Gal, 3; d-Glc, 1; d-GlcNAc, 1; d-Neu5Ac, 1. The Sambucus nigra lectin, which recognizes the Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal/GalNAc sequence, showed binding to the native CPS. Sialic acid was found to be terminal, and the CPS was quantitatively desialylated by mild acid hydrolysis. It was also submitted to periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction and Smith degradation. Sugar and methylation analyses, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry of the native CPS or of its specifically modified products allowed to determine the repeating unit sequence: [6)[Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)]Gal(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc(β1–]n. S. suis serotype 14 CPS has an identical sialic acid-containing side chain as serotype 2 CPS, but differs by the absence of rhamnose in its composition. The same side chain is also .
A guideline for the preparation of species descriptions in Myxosporea

Guidelines for the preparation of a species description of myxosporean species are proposed. The establishment of a new myxosporean species has to be based on the morphology of both spores and vegetative stages as observed in a fresh state. All important diagnostic features are listed and diagrams for size measurements are presented.
Aparência anatômica e radiográfica da cavidade torácica do macaco-prego (Cebus apella)

The capuchin monkey is widespread both north and south of the Legal Amazon and in the Brazilian cerrado. Ten clinically healthy capuchin monkeys were submitted to an anatomical and radiographic study of their thoracic cavities. The radiographic evaluation allowed the description of biometric values associated with the cardiac silhouette and thoracic structures. Application of the VHS (vertebral heart size) method showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with depth of the thoracic cavity, as well as between the body length of vertebrae T3, T4, T5 and T6 and the cardiac length and width. The lung fields showed a diffuse interstitial pattern, more visible in the caudal lung lobes and a bronchial pattern in the middle and cranial lung lobes. The radiographic examination allowed preliminary inferences to be made concerning the syntopy of the thoracic structures and modification of the pulmonary patterns and cardiac anatomy for the capuchin monkey.
The Foundation of Conducting Feed Enzyme Research and the Challenge of Explaining the Results

Abstract Despite the fact that so much information has been published in the field of enzyme use in poultry diets, it is still difficult to estimate the scale of response expected upon application of an enzyme in a specific diet. Many of the factors that mitigate response to enzyme use have been identified through targeted or mechanistic research, but little, until very recently, has been done to integrate all this information into an all encompassing model. Due to the number and complexity of the interactions between dietary ingredients, dietary nutrient density, and bird health status with that of enzyme response, it is often the case that many of the relevant factors are not reported. As a result, complete interpretation of the data and application of the results is difficult. Recent empirical models have allowed new insight into the relative importance of these mitigating factors on enzyme response. It is interesting that this empirical approach has identified factors, hitherto unappreciated, that mitigate enzyme response. Application of the information in these models will allow more focused and relevant research and allow for prediction of performance outcome upon use of the enzymes available today.
Host kairomone learning and foraging success in an egg parasitoid: a simulation model

Abstract 1. Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an egg parasitoid that recognises chemical residues left by its host the green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as kairomone signals, enabling it to find egg masses in which to lay eggs.
Phylogeographic variation among isolates of the Sirococcus conigenus P group

Summary In this study the phylogeographic variation among isolates of the Sirococcus conigenus P group and the phylogenetic relationships of S. conigenus with Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum and other species previously placed in the genus Sirococcus were investigated. A collection of 33 isolates originating from Picea, Pinus and Larix in Europe, North America and Bhutan were characterized by sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (including ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal DNA, ITS2) of the nuclear rDNA and a portion of the β-tubulin gene. In phylogenetic analyses most isolates from pine, spruce and larch formed a distinct clade, representing the P group of S. conigenus, which was separated from the T group of this pathogen. Four isolates from Picea in Europe and Canada formed a third clade within S. conigenus and these isolates are referred to as the S group. The P group consisted of five distinct ITS haplotypes, which partly differed in their optimum growth temperature and their growth rates at 25°C on malt extract agar. Nested clade analysis resolved the five haplotypes into three distinct clades and revealed significant genetic/geographic associations for some of the haplotypes. Parsimony analysis of the small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA sequences confirmed the phylogenetic affinities between S. conigenus and S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum. In contrast, Godronia cassandrae and Hormococcus conorum, which formerly had been placed in the genus Sirococcus, were found to be only distantly related to S. conigenus and S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum.
Nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils in Great Britain: the impact of soil water‐filled pore space and other controlling variables

Measurements were made of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from N‐fertilised ungrazed grassland and arable land at sites widely distributed across Great Britain during 1999–2001. The closed static chamber method was used throughout. Emissions varied widely throughout the year at each site, and between sites. Daily fluxes up to 1200 g N2O–N ha−1 d−1 were recorded. The highest annual flux was 27.6 kg N2O–N ha−1 at a grassland site in Wales, whereas the lowest, 1.7 kg N2O–N ha−1, occurred on a soil overlying chalk in southern England. The key factors affecting N2O emissions from agricultural soil were soil WFPS, temperature and soil NO3––N content. On grassland, rainfall (particularly around the time of N application), with its consequent effect on water‐filled pore space (WFPS), was the main driving factor during the growing season. Annual emission factors (EFs), uncorrected for background emission, varied from 0.4 to 6.5% of the nitrogen (N) applied, covering a similar range for grassland to that found previously for sites restricted to Scotland. Continued monitoring at a grassland reference site near Edinburgh showed that annual EFs vary greatly from year to year, even with similar management, and that several years' data are required to produce a robust mean EF. The overall distribution of EFs in this and previous studies was log‐normal. The EFs for small‐grain cereals (and oilseed rape) peaked at a much lower value than those for grassland, whereas the values for leafy vegetables and potato crops fitted well into the grassland distribution. These differences in EF between various types of crop should be taken into account when compiling regional or national N2O emission inventories.
A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on Usnea

Abstract The new species Micarea usneae is described from Madeira. It has been found at two localities where it grew on epiphytic Usnea thalli. Micarea usneae is distinguished by a very thin pale brownish thallus, pallid to greyish black or bluish subglobose apothecia of 0·1–0·3 mm diameter, very narrow (1·5–2·5 µm) ascospores, black pycnidia and strongly curved to sigmoid macroconidia. Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU sequences place the new species in the Micarea peliocarpa group. Catillaria usneicola and Cladonia parasitica are recorded for the first time from Madeira. A key to the lichenicolous species on Usnea in Macaronesia is provided.
EFFECTS OF SWIRL IMPARTED AT INLET ON THE RECIRCULATION BUBBLE GENERATED IN THE TURBULENT FLOW IN AN AXI-SYMMETRIC SUDDEN EXPANSION

The turbulent fluid flow through an axi-symmetric sudden expansion is a general phenomenon associated with the expansion flows in the pipe lines, dump combustor chamber etc., where in general the recirculation bubbles are generated. In case of combustion chambers swirl promotes extensive mixing of the fuel and air and thereby increases the combustion efficiency with the augmentations of the strong radial flow. In the present study the numerical analysis of the turbulent fluid flow through an axi-symmetric sudden expansion with the swirl present at the inlet has been carried out by using modified turbulence model. The streamline contour and vector plots have been presented to illustrate the effects of the variation of the swirl number on the size and strength of the recirculation bubble. A correlation has been obtained between the reattachment length and the inlet swirl angle to analyze the effects swirl.
Protein co-products and by-products of the biodiesel industry for ruminants feeding

The objective of the experiment was to classify 20 protein co-products and by-products of the biodiesel industry with potential to use in ruminant feeding. The meals evaluated were: cottonseed, canudo-de-pito, crambe, sunflower, castor-oil seeds detoxified with calcium, non-detoxified castor-oil seeds and soybean; and the cakes were: cottonseed, peanut, babassu, crambe, palm oil, sunflower, licuri, macauba seeds, non-detoxified castor-oil seeds, turnip and jatropha. The samples were quantified to determine dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (ADFap), lignin, cutin and starch levels. The CP profile was characterized in fractions A, B1, B2, B3 and C. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), rumen degradable and undegradable protein, intestinal digestibility, indigestible neutral detergent fiber and undegradable neutral detergent insoluble protein were evaluated. The OM, CP, EE, NDFap, NFC, ADFap, lignin, cutin and starch contents varied from 81.95 to 95.41%, 18.92 to 57.75%, 0.56 to 18.40%, 10.13 to 62.30%, 3.89 to 27.88%, 6.15 to 36.86%, 1.19 to 5.04%, 0 to 17.87% and 0.68 to 14.50%, respectively. The values of fractions A, B1, B2, B3 and C ranged from 5.40 to 43.31%, 0.08 to 37.63%, 16.75 to 79.39%, 1.86 to 59.15% and 0.60 to 11.47%, respectively. Concentrations of IVDMD, IVNDFD, rumen-degradable and undegradable protein, intestinal digestibility, indigestible NDF and undegradable neutral detergent insoluble protein ranged from 31.00 to 95.92%, 55.04 to 97.74%, 41.06 to 97.61%, 2.39 to 58.94, 9.27 to 94.26%, 1.05 to 40.80% and 0.29 to 2.92%, respectively. Some of these products can replace soybean meal, specially the Macauba seeds cake, cottonseed meal and peanut and turnip cakes based on digestive characteristics.
Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on reproductive parameters of the synovigenic endoparasitoid Venturia canescens

Abstract. The main effects and interactions of adult age, access to food and host deprivation, on the egg load of Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other pyralids, were studied in the laboratory. Intraspecific variation in the number of ovarioles was also studied. There was a positive and significant correlation between wasp size and both egg load and ovariole number, with the reproductive system of large wasps containing significantly more ovarioles and mature eggs than small wasps. Newly emerged adult wasps contained 27 ± 2.4 ovulated (mature) eggs in their lateral oviducts. Access to food and host deprivation were the only conditions under which egg load increased with parasitoid age. Wasps that had access to hosts immediately after emergence showed a significant decline in their egg complement, irrespective of food presence. Under conditions of both host and food deprivation, there was practically no alteration of egg load with parasitoid age. A three‐way analysis of variance revealed that egg load varies significantly with food or host access but not with parasitoid age. All interactions among the three factors were significant. It is confirmed that there is no egg resorption in V. canescens and that egg production stops in the absence of food.
PCR and ELISA-based virus surveys of banana, papaya and cucurbit crops in Vietnam

Between 1998 and 2002, we conducted PCR-based plant virus disease surveys throughout Vietnam, on banana, papaya, and several cucurbit crops, namely pumpkin, cucumber, gourds and loofa. Banana bunchy top virus in banana and Papaya ringspot virus in both papaya and cucurbits were widespread. Squash leaf curl virus-Vietnam and Cucumber mosaic virus were also widespread, predominantly infecting pumpkin and cucumber respectively.
Selecting and Scaling of Real Accelerograms

Ground motion selection and scaling methodologies are evaluated to obtain suitable sets of records that represent a pre-defined seismic level with low dispersion in structural response. As part of this objective, we focused on reducing the scatter in structural response by scaling ground motions through the estimations obtained from ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). This way the fundamental geophysical features of the records are preserved. The GMPEs are employed for different intensity parameters (spectral and peak ground motions) and dispersion statistics of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) response are calculated for most efficient intensity parameter in ground-motion scaling in view of the variations in magnitude and distance.