Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMEN IN DRY HUMAN LONG BONES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY

Nutrient artery enters the medullary of the bone through the nutrient foramen (1). Embryologically one end of the limb grows faster than the other hence the nutrient foramen are directed towards the elbow but away from the knee (2). Nutrient foramen is a surface opening of nutrient canal passing obliquely through the compact bone of the shaft of long bone to enter the marrow cavity. It is directed away from the growing end in a typical long bone. The diaphyseal nutrient artery enters through nutrient foramen into canal. It divides into an ascending and descending branch on reaching the medullary cavity. It will supply the shaft. The nutrient artery supplying the radius arises from the anterior or posterior interosseous artery. Any damage to the precise area of nutrient foramen, nutrient canal or nutrient artery by traumatic or iatrogenic reasons may result with delayed union, nonunion of the bone following fractures or bone graft, because healing of fracture, or bone graft is dependent on blood supply (3).
BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND GLOBAL POLITICS: THE DETERMINANTS OF ERITREA’S SUCCESSFUL SECESSION

Secessionist conflicts are not a novel occurrence in the African continent. Since the dawn of independence in the 1960s, a number of countries have been home to rebellions involving marginalized communities or ethno-linguistic groups demanding territorial separation from existing states with the goal to create new independent states. The list is long and includes territorial units in countries such as Angola (Cabinda), Comoros (Anjouan and Mohedi), The Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga, South Kassai) Ethiopia (Eritrea, Ogaden, and Oromia, Afar), Mali (Tuaregs), Niger (Tuaregs), Nigeria (Biafra, Niger Delta), Senegal (Casamance), Somalia (Somaliland) and Sudan (South Sudan) only to mention a few amongst others. Despite the high incidence of secessionist conflicts on the continent, only two cases have succeeded in the establishment of new states: Eritrea in 1993 and South Sudan in 2011. This study advances a number of factors that can help to make sense of Eritrea’s formal withdrawal from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993. This event represents an extraordinary development in postcolonial Africa because it was the first time that a territorial unit within an existing African state successfully separated to become a state. In addition, Eritrea’s secessionist struggle and independence took place within a conti-
An evaluation of a model of care for children with serious illnesses and their families in New Zealand

vi List of Tables and Figures . xii Tables . xii Figures . xii List of Acronyms . xiii Glossary of terms . xiv Research outputs, scholarships, award nominations during candidature . xv Publications . xv Conferences . xv Seminars . xv Scholarships . xvi Chapter One: Introducing the research .
Peripheral nerve regeneration on fibronectin fibre substrates.

Peripheral nerve injuries commonly result in a surgically irreducible gap and represent a serious problem in surgery. Clinically, autologous nerve grafts are the most effective means of promoting axonal regeneration across the space, but normally produce donor site morbidity. Other variations of experimental models have been used with the aim of directing rapid nerve regeneration, including entubation, artery and vein grafts and Millipore. However, each of these have significant limitations which affect complete regrowth. Fibronectin (Fn), a large extracellular matrix cell adhesion glycoprotein has been made into three-dimensional mats with a predominant fibre direction and shown to successfully enhance peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model. The aim of this study was to identify the main features of Fn-implants which are important for rapid nerve repair. This involved testing implanted versions of Fn-mat from rat and monkey models, assessment of cell-matrix interaction in vitro and modification of Fn-materials by chemical and growth factor addition. The results from this study show that new materials can be made from fibronectin which have a potential use in repair of long peripheral nerve lesions. These fibronectin-based materials may be stabilised with micromolar concentrations of copper and zinc which also support strong growth of Schwann cells within these materials in culture. Fibronectin mats may also be soaked with neurotrophins to enhance nerve cell survival and enhance nerve regeneration. The speed of Schwann cell migration and alignment (upto 50 pm away from the original fibre) was increased. Migration speed was further enhanced when the fibres were treated with micromolar concentrations of copper or made, with a substantial content of fibrinogen (optimum 50:50). Taken together, all these results suggest a first design for an ideal conduit material for peripheral nerve repair. This would be (a) dimensions (fibrous), (b) fibre orientation (c) 50:50 fibronectin: fibrinogen, (d) treated with micromolar concentrations of copper, (e) seeded with Schwann cells in culture, and (Q soaked with a ‘cocktail’ of neurotrophic growth factors including nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3. Z. Ahmed, PhD Thesis, 1998.
Development of a Prognostic Score to Predict Mortality in Patients With Pediatric Acute Liver Failure.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to develop a new prognostic score based on changes in serial laboratory data from patients with pediatric acute liver failure (PALF). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data on 146 patients with PALF at the Seoul National University Children Hospital (SNUCH) and the Asan Medical Center (AMC). Daily morning laboratory records were obtained for up to 7 days after diagnosis of PALF: total bilirubin (TB) (mg/dL), international normalized ratio for prothrombin time (INR) at enrolment; peak TB, peak INR, peak ammonia (μmol/L); the difference between the peak TB and TB at enrollment (ie, Δpeak TB), the difference between the peak INR and INR at enrollment (ie, Δpeak INR), the maximum change in serial TB (ie, Δdaily TB), the maximum change in serial INR level (ie, Δdaily INR). We assigned nontransplanted patients in SNUCH and AMC to derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. RESULTS Δpeak TB, Δdaily TB, Δpeak INR, and Δdaily INR were significantly higher in the nonsurvival group. We developed a new score that can predict mortality in nontransplanted patients (derivation cohort n = 42, validation cohort n = 33). PALF-Delta score (PALF-Ds) = [0.232 × Δpeak TB (mg/dL)] + [2.263 × Δdaily INR] + [0.013 × peak ammonia (μmol/L)] - 4.498. The score yielded AUC 0.918 in the derivation cohort (sensitivity 81%, specificity 91%) and AUC 0.947 in the validation cohort (sensitivity 100%, specificity 89%). CONCLUSION A prognostic scoring system using the change of TB/INR may be useful for predicting mortality in patients with PALF.
A modified Catchment Connectivity Index for applications in semi‐arid torrents of the Mediterranean environment

The importance of sediment connectivity for watershed management needs accurate quantification tools, particularly in Mediterranean torrents, where soil erosion and sediment transport are often not tolerable. This study proposes a modified version (mCCI) of the Catchment Connectivity Index (CCI), theorized by Quiñonero‐Rubio, Boix‐Fayos, and de Vente (2013). The modified index improves the calculation procedure, providing a more efficient description of the hydrological and geomorphological factors of CCI and making easier its applicability for the operators with less field experience. The mCCI is applied to evaluate the sediment connectivity at the catchment scale in a torrent of Calabria (Southern Italy). This case study has shown how and by what extent the natural (climate changes) and human impacts (land‐use changes and check dam installation) have influenced the geomorphic processes influencing sediment circulation in the studied basin throughout six decades. From 1955 to 2012, a general decrease in sediment connectivity has been caught by mCCI. This was the combined effects of greening‐up processes of the catchment (due to both natural afforestation and human‐induced reforestation) and the installation of check dams, which have decreased the catchment potential to circulating sediments. Overall, the mCCI can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate the influence of past or future changes in natural and human‐induced changes in land use and climate actions by comparing scenarios of torrent connectivity.
A Tale of Two Bone-setters: An Examination of the Bone-setting Tradition in Ireland

Bone-setting has been recognized as an area of medical expertise from early times. It has always been an integral part of life in Ireland, and is still practiced today. For the present study, two well-known bone-setters were interviewed, and the interviews analysed for underlying themes, including those of the practitioners’ perception of their role in society, the role of ‘the gift’ of bone-setting within their respective practices, and the transmission of that gift. The skills and scope of practice inherent in the profession were also examined. Issues surrounding both the community’s and the medical profession’s perceptions of the bone-setter were also addressed. It is evident that some loss of knowledge has occurred with the passing of time, but it is here argued that the unique skills of the bone-setter could potentially make a significant contribution to the primary health care service.
Combining correlative and mechanistic niche models with human activity data to elucidate the invasive potential of a sub‐Antarctic insect

Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are subject to substantial spatio‐temporal limitations when historical occurrence records of data‐poor species provide incomplete and outdated information for niche modelling. Complementary mechanistic modelling techniques can, therefore, offer a valuable contribution to underpin more physiologically informed predictions of biological invasions, the risk of which is often exacerbated by climate change. In this study we integrate physiological and human pressure data to address the uncertainties and limitations of correlative SDMs and to better understand, predict and manage biological invasions.
Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to relieve the tensed masticatory muscle: A retrospective study

Introduction: Myositis, a painful inflammatory condition of masticatory muscles, characterized by protracted local muscle soreness or myofascial pain, is most commonly caused by a source of nociception found in the muscle tissues having origin in central nervous system. Various therapeutic modalities used are pharmacologic, physical, or psychological. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a physical sensory stimulant therapy using high frequency and low-intensity electric current stimulates the nonnociceptive A-beta cutaneous afferents that activate the pain inhibitory mechanism. Its action is immediate with 50%-70% analgesic effect and induces few or no after effects. Purpose of Study: The objective of this retrospective analytical study was to assess the efficacy of TENS therapy in patients suffering from myositis. Materials and Methods: The clinical data of the patients of myositis treated with TENS during 2011-2012 in OPD of a dental school in India were retrieved from department archives and analyzed. In all these patients, severity of pain was assessed on visual analog scale at baseline and at every follow-up visit. The data were analyzed statistically using unpaired t-test. Results: Out of 22 patients treated, 18 showed significant improvement while three were unresponsive and in one patient the condition deteriorated. Conclusions: TENS may be an effective, economical, and easy to use therapy with minimal side effects in patients suffering from myositis.
Maternal and Child Health in Multi-Cultural Family in Korea and Policy Suggestion

In Korea, international marriage and inflow of foreigners have increased, as globalization leads to increase of human and resource movement, unbalanced sex ratios in marriage markets, and aging phenomenon, and decrease of fertility rate. The number of marriage-based immigrant women and their children is expected to be growing continuously. Because the majority of immigrant women are between 18 and 49 years old and permanently reside in Korea, there is a high possibility for them to give birth in the country. Many immigrant women get pregnant before acquiring nationality in Korea or without having enough time to adapt themselves to new circumstances. Thus, it is critical for them to have basic reproductive health care and health protection services. Also, there is a great need of maternal and child health services for multi-cultural family. marriage-based immigrant women are more likely to be vulnerable to injuries and diseases due to the relatively low level of income, education, and language skill, as well as cultural and environmental differences from their home country. Despite of the great health care needs for women and children in multicultural family, it lacks decent health care services for them and also there is no integrated national survey on their health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish integrated research system to understand the current health conditions and problems of women and children in multi-cultural family. Additionally, we need to set up the long-term life-support policies concerning different situations in multi-cultural families.
Of greengrocers, sports commentators, estate agents and television presenters: who’s in a usage guide and why

ABSTRACT Weiner (1988. “On Editing a Usage Guide.” In Words for Robert Burchfield’s Sixty-Fifth Birthday, edited by E. G. Stanley, and T. F. Hoad, 171–183. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 173) describes usage guides as being ‘as broad as the English language, covering spelling, punctuation, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis, and involving sociolinguistic considerations’. This paper focusses on these ‘sociolinguistic considerations’, to try and answer the question of why people like greengrocers, sports commentators, estate agents and television presenters are stigmatised for certain perceived linguistic errors. The greengrocer’s apostrophe is well known (Beal, Joan C. 2010. “The Grocer’s Apostrophe: Popular Prescriptivism in the Twenty-First Century.” English Today 26 (2): 57–64), but the other three categories, the sports commentators’ adverb (the flat adverb), the estate agent’s pronoun (yourselves for you) and the television presenter’s demonstrative pronoun (these/those ones), I first encountered in Caroline Taggart’s Her Ladyship’s Guide to the Queen’s English (2010), one of the three most recent and most prescriptive publications in the HUGE database of usage guides and usage problems. Discussing Taggart’s usage guide as a case study, I will go into the question of why certain groups of speakers are made into the object of prescriptivism and will argue that the British class system plays an important role in this. As a case study, this article highlights the need for more linguists to view usage guides as a genre that needs to be treated critically rather than be ignored, as is generally the case at present.
Notch Signaling Commits Mesoderm to the Cardiac Lineage

During development multiple progenitor populations contribute to the formation of the four-chambered heart and its diverse lineages. However, the underlying mechanisms that result in the specification of these progenitor populations are not yet fully understood. We have previously identified a population of cells that gives rise selectively to the heart ventricles but not the atria. Here, we have used this knowledge to transcriptionally profile subsets of cardiac mesoderm from the mouse embryo and have identified an enrichment for Notch signaling components in ventricular progenitors. Using directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, we next investigated the role of Notch in cardiac mesoderm specification in a temporally controlled manner. We show that transient Notch induction in mesoderm increases cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency, while maintaining cardiomyocytes in an immature state. Finally, our data suggest that Notch interacts with WNT to enhance commitment to the cardiac lineage. Overall, our findings support the notion that key signaling events during early heart development are critical for proper lineage specification and provide evidence for early roles of Notch and WNT during mouse and human heart development. Summary statement Early fate decisions are dictated by the embryonic signaling environment. We show that Notch signaling is active during early mouse development and that activating Notch in human cardiac mesoderm enhances cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency.
Disability and election administration in the United States: barriers and improvements

ABSTRACT Although people with disabilities are considerably less likely to vote than those without a disability, empirical explanations as to why remain underdeveloped. The present study investigates whether this discrepancy in turnout rates is directly related to voting procedures. Analyzing data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we assess the ways in which people with disabilities are disenfranchised by election administration barriers. Specifically, we identify how experiences with voter registration, voter identification regulations, and methods of ballot submission impact those with and without disabilities. Also considered is the degree to which disability affects one’s own political competence and political interest. Reflecting on these findings, we offer recommendations for reducing such electoral hurdles and providing pathways by which comprehensive political incorporation of all individuals with disabilities might be achieved.
Profile of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, 2010

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common head and neck malignancy in Indonesia. NPCpresents numerous challenges from non-specific signs and symptoms until lack of awareness from generalpractitioners (GP), which lead to late or missed diagnosis. Early diagnosis and prevention are proposedas the best solutions for this problem. In order to do that, we need a complete and well-managed patients’data. This study aims to reveal the demographic, clinical and histopathologic characteristics of NPC inIndonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting medical records of all NPC patients in 2010from Otorhinolaryngology Department of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital. The extracted datawere then analyzed to describe the problem of NPC in Indonesia. Out of 167 patients, 68.3% of the patientsare male and most of them are Sundanese and Javanese. Palpable lump in the neck is the most commoncomplaint in presentation (58.1%), followed by nasal congestion (49.1%). Salted fish consumption was themost prevalent risk factor (29.9%). Based on the histopathologic findings, 75.4% of the cases were classifiedas WHO-3 and around half of the patients (51%) were in stage IV upon diagnosis. Studying demographic andclinical characteristics of NPC patients is the first step to overcome problems caused by NPC in Indonesia. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE
Entanglement entropy in strongly correlated systems with confinement/deconfinement phase transition and anisotropy

Five-dimensional anisotropic gravity with nontrivial dilaton field and two Maxwell fields is chosen for the holographic model, which allows to reproduce the multiplicity dependence on energy obtained from heavy-ions collisions [1, 2]. Holographic entanglement entropy and its density are calculated for three-dimensional subsystems in this anisotropic background. These elongated subsystems have arbitrary spatial orientation in relation to the line of heavy-ions collisions. The divergences of holographic entanglement entropy are discussed. The entanglement entropy density has sharp spikes around the critical temperature for given chemical potential and anisotropy.
Influence of Excessive Mobile Phone Use on Anxiety and Academic Performance among Medical College Students

Objectives: The objectives of this study were focused on finding the influence of excessive mobile phone usage on academic performance of medical students and to find association between excessive mobile phone usage and anxiety in students of a medical University Karachi. Methods: It was a questionnaire based study, three different standardized questionnaires were used to assess the sleep pattern and anxiety, however academic performance were evaluated by their last attempted exam. Results: Excessive mobile phone usage was significantly (p-value = 0.001) associated with disturbed sleep pattern and sleep quality. But we did not had significant results for anxiety and academic performance. Conclusion: Excessive mobile phone use may disturb sleep pattern and quality of sleep but it does not affect academic performance and does not lead to anxiety. Original Research Article Ali et al.; JPRI, 31(6): 1-7, 2019; Article no.JPRI. 52911 2
The Mesoproterozoic – no “boring billion”

The authors show that the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 bn year before present) was no “boring billion” but a “bustling billion” - not only with Stromatolites and their apex in the Calymmian and Ectasian but also with the presence of multicellular organisms. To make it visible a graphical reconstruction was created. For a long time, it was assumed that there existed no noteworthy biosphere on Earth before the Ediacaran (635-542 m year before present) – aside from bacteria which were responsible for the Stromatolites. In literature, they called this age the “boring billion”. This term is preserved until today, despite that scientific research came to another result. In the books “Wohin die Spuren fuhren” (Troppenz 2015) and The New Precambrian“ (Troppenz 2017) the actual status of knowledge was compiled, and term “boring billion” replaced by “bustling billion”. Term “Montana Biota” (first location of Horodyskia) was established for the definitely existing biosphere. For the first time, the authors make an attempt to reconstruct life in the period between 1.88 and 0.78 bn, and revive the “bustling billion”.
An Overview of Performance Measurement Methods in SMEs

Enterprises search for competitive advantages that leads them to improve their performance. The importance of performance measurement has gained increasing recognition in recent years. Companies have realized the need to effectively measure and monitor the enterprise’s performance. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have become increasingly important in national and international markets because they contribute to the development of local and national economies. SMEs often face serious challenges when competing with multinational companies. Large corporations have the financial, human capital and expertise to procure and implement complex performance measurement systems and ensure their relevance to the company’s shortand long-term goals, Inclusive and effective performance measurement systems are essential for gaining competitive advantage and continuously adapting to the dynamic environment in which SMEs operate. Aim of this paper is to give an overview of the performance measurement methods in SMEs. Based on current research project of authors, it is necessary to recommend a methodology for performance measurement, depending on the research requirements.