Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on Aesthetics Status of Water Quality of River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria

Continuous activities of man on the bank of river Benue has generated copious quantity of sediments and suspended particles that are washed into the river through the surface runoff. To determine the aesthetic value and quality of River Benue at Makurdi, samples of water were taken at five sampling sites on the bank of river Benue for two years (July 2011-June 2013) were analyzed for colour, turbidity and TSS as aesthetic parameters. The aesthetic parameters of the water samples examined were total suspended solids, turbidity and colour were determined in line with standard methods for the examination of water and waste waters (APHA, 1999). The results of the aesthetic parameters indicate the river water samples with the following characteristics: TSS (62.42±61.57 mg/L), Turbidity (63.08±53.01NTU) and Colour (276.50±163.42TCU). The mean values of turbidity and colour of the water samples were beyond the WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality accepted maximum limit. However the suspended solids does Original Research Article Akaahan et al.; AJEE, 1(1): xxx-xxx, 2016; Article no.AJEE. 31544 2 not have a control standard value. The result of Analysis of variances (ANOVA) for turbidity and colour was significant during the seasons (P˂0.05), while for TSS it was not significant (P˃0.05). Similarly there was significant correlation at 1% significance between the aesthetic parameters. The regression analysis between TSS and turbidity, TSS and colour and turbidity and colour indicate a relationship with the aesthetic parameters with R 2 values of 0.5306, 0.417 and 0.6201 respectively. The study conclude that the clarity of the water of River Benue during the study period was compromised due to the anthropogenic activities on the shoreline of the River that have impacted negatively on the aesthetic quality of the water during the period of the study. It was recommended that human activities on the bank of the River should be controlled, regulated and enforced by the Government regulatory authority.
Estimation and Impact Assessment of Input and Parameter Uncertainty in Predicting Groundwater Flow With a Fully Distributed Model

We present a general and flexible Bayesian approach using uncertainty multipliers to simultaneously analyze the input and parameter uncertainty of a groundwater flow model with consideration of the heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error. Groundwater recharge and groundwater abstraction multipliers are introduced to quantify the uncertainty of the spatially distributed input data of the groundwater model in addition to parameter uncertainty. The heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error is also considered in our Bayesian approach by incorporating a new heteroscedastic error model. The proposed methodology is applied in an overexploited aquifer in Bangladesh where groundwater abstraction and recharge data are highly uncertain. The results of the study confirm that consideration of recharge and abstraction uncertainty through the use of recharge and abstraction multipliers is feasible even in a fully distributed physically based groundwater flow model. Heteroscedasticity is present in the groundwater level error and has an effect on the model predictions and parameter distributions. The input uncertainty affects the model predictions and parameter distributions and it is the dominant source of uncertainty in the groundwater flow prediction. Additionally, the approach described also provides a new way to optimize the spatially distributed recharge and abstraction data along with the parameter values under uncertain input conditions. We conclude that considering model input uncertainty along with parameter uncertainty and heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error is important for obtaining realistic model predictions and a correct estimation of the uncertainty bounds.
Searching the Web: the public and their queries

In studying actual Web searching by the public at large, we analyzed over one million Web queries by users of the Excite search engine. We found that most people use few search terms, few modified queries, view few Web pages, and rarely use advanced search features. A small number of search terms are used with high frequency, and a great many terms are unique; the language of Web queries is distinctive. Queries about recreation and entertainment rank highest. Findings are compared to data from two other large studies of Web queries. This study provides an insight into the public practices and choices in Web searching.
Le piante medicinali utilizzate contro le patologie epidermiche in Ogliastra (Sardegna centro-orientale)

Medicinal plants used in Ogliastra inland (central eastern Sardinia) for the skin diseases. In this work the authors propose the results of an ethnobotanical survey developed in Ogliastra (central-eastern Sardinia). The 316 interviews allowed to enumerate 117 plants utilized in folk medicine for the skin diseases.
Change in Dense Shelf Water and Adélie Land Bottom Water Precipitated by Iceberg Calving

Antarctic Bottom Water supplies the deep limb of the global overturning circulation and ventilates the abyssal ocean. Antarctic Bottom Water has warmed, freshened, and contracted in recent decades, but the causes remain poorly understood. We use unique multiyear observations from the continental shelf and deep ocean near the Mertz Polynya to examine the sensitivity of this bottom water formation region to changes on the continental shelf, including the calving of a large iceberg. Postcalving, the seasonal cycle of Dense Shelf Water (DSW) density almost halved in amplitude and the volume of DSW available for export reduced. In the deep ocean, the density and volume of Adélie Land Bottom Water decreased sharply after calving, while oxygen concentrations remained high, indicating continued ventilation by DSW. This natural experiment illustrates how local changes in forcing over the Antarctic continental shelf can drive large and rapid changes in the abyssal ocean.
Impact of N2 plasma power discharge on AlGaN/GaN HEMT performance

The effects of power and time conditions of in situ N2 plasma treatment, prior to silicon nitride (SiN) passivation, were investigated on an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). These studies reveal that N2 plasma power is a critical parameter to control the SiN/AlGaN interface quality, which directly affects the 2-D electron gas density. Significant enhancement in the HEMT characteristics was observed by using a low power N2 plasma pretreatment. In contrast, a marked gradual reduction in the maximum drain-source current density (IDS max) and maximum transconductance (gm max), as well as in fT and fmax, was observed as the N2 plasma power increases (up to 40% decrease for 210 W). Different mechanisms were proposed to be dominant as a function of the discharge power range. A good correlation was observed between the device electrical characteristics and the surface assessment by atomic force microscopy and Kelvin force microscopy techniques.
Least-Squares Policy Iteration: Bias-Variance Trade-off in Control Problems

In the context of large space MDPs with linear value function approximation, we introduce a new approximate version of λ-Policy Iteration (Bertsekas & Ioffe, 1996), a method that generalizes Value Iteration and Policy Iteration with a parameter λ ∈ (0,1). Our approach, called Least-Squares λ Policy Iteration, generalizes LSPI (Lagoudakis & Parr, 2003) which makes efficient use of training samples compared to classical temporal-differences methods. The motivation of our work is to exploit the λ parameter within the least-squares context, and without having to generate new samples at each iteration or to know a model of the MDP. We provide a performance bound that shows the soundness of the algorithm. We show empirically on a simple chain problem and on the Tetris game that this λ parameter acts as a bias-variance trade-off that may improve the convergence and the performance of the policy obtained.
SIRS Epidemic Model and Simulations Using Different Types of Seasonal Contact Rate

A SIRS epidemic model with general seasonal variation in the contact rate is analysed. This SIRS model has a unique disease free equilibrium (DFE) which is globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproductive number is less than or equal to one in value. Four childhood infectious diseases are studied (measles, chickenpox, mumps, and rubella). The computer simulation results show that non-trivial periodic solutions are possible depending on the type of the seasonally varying contact transmission rate. Different periodic solutions with different periods are obtained for different transmission forms. The range of endemic periodic solutions obtained also vary from one disease transmission functional form to another. Apart from measles with a sinusoidal varying contact rate these results are completely original.
An Investigation of the Accuracy of Coulomb Stress Changes Inferred From Geodetic Observations Following Subduction Zone Earthquakes

Earthquake clustering along plate boundaries suggests that earthquakes may interact, and static Coulomb stress change (CSC) is commonly invoked as one possible mechanism for stress transfer between earthquakes and nearby faults. Previous work has addressed the precision of CSC predictions that are influenced by observational noise, inversion regularization, and simplified modeling assumptions. Here we address the accuracy of CSC predictions informed by geodetic observations in subduction zones where inversion model resolution is poor. We conduct synthetic tests to quantify the degree to which the sign and magnitude of CSC can be reliably inferred from slip distributions inverted from various geodetic observations (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), GPS, and seafloor observations). We find that in an idealized subduction zone, CSC can only be confidently inferred for receiver faults far (tens of kilometers) from the earthquake source, though this distance shortens with the addition of synthetic seafloor observations. We apply this methodology to the 2010 Mw8.8 Maule earthquake and identify 13 aftershocks from a population of 475 documented events for which we can confidently resolve coseismic stress changes. These results demonstrate that the low model resolution of fault slip inversions in subduction zones limits our ability to address fundamental questions about earthquake sources and stress interactions. Nonetheless, our results highlight that stress change predictions are considerably more accurate after the introduction of seafloor geodetic observations. Additionally, we show that InSAR observations are not required to substantially improve stress change approximations in regions where GPS may be the only viable observation, such as in island arcs settings.
Pose ‐ Invariant Face Recognition ( PIFR ) Algorithms Face Matching profilehalf profilenear ‐ frontal Frontal Face one non ‐ frontal face Non ‐ frontal Faces ( b ) Yaw Pitch Roll ( a )

The capacity to recognize faces under varied poses is a fundamental human ability that presents a unique challenge for computer vision systems. Compared to frontal face recognition, which has been intensively studied and has gradually matured in the past few decades, pose-invariant face recognition (PIFR) remains a largely unsolved problem. However, PIFR is crucial to realizing the full potential of face recognition for real-world applications, since face recognition is intrinsically a passive biometric technology for recognizing uncooperative subjects. In this paper, we discuss the inherent difficulties in PIFR and present a comprehensive review of established techniques. Existing PIFR methods can be grouped into four categories, i.e., pose-robust feature extraction approaches, multi-view subspace learning approaches, face synthesis approaches, and hybrid approaches. The motivations, strategies, pros/cons, and performance of representative approaches are described and compared. Moreover, promising directions for future research are discussed.
Allometry and Biomass Studies for Planted Mangroves of Kantiyajal, Gujarat, India

Allometric equation for the planted mangroves of Kantiyajal village, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India was derived by studying morphometric characters. Studied plantation was carried out in three phases from the year of 2010 11, 2011-12 and 2012 13. The objective of the present study was to understand the height-biomass relationship to establish allometric equation for young (maximum four years old) planted mangroves. The plantation is a single species formation of Avicenna Marina which is the predominant species in the natural mangrove formation in this coastal stretch. In total 24 plants were tried to completely uproot, out of which five plants were excluded from study due to difficulties in removing complete root system and 19 specimens were used to derive equation. To the best of our knowledge, the allometric models developed in the present study is the first attempt so far made for commercially planted mangroves in Gujarat. Thus it may be significant for future estimation of biomass growth of planted mangroves in Gujarat as a whole in view of the uniformity of geographic and environmental factors.
A Pattern-based Analysis of Clinical Computer-Interpretable Guideline Modeling Languages

Objective: Languages used to specify computer interpretable guidelines (CIGs) differ in their approaches to addressing particular modeling challenges. The main goals of this paper are: 1) to examine the expressive power of CIG modeling languages; and 2) to define the differences, from the control-flow perspective, between process languages in workflow management systems and modeling languages used to design clinical guidelines. Design: The pattern-based analysis was applied to guideline modeling languages Asbru, EON, GLIF, and PROforma. We focused on control-flow and left other perspectives out of consideration. Measurements: We evaluated the selected CIG modeling languages and identified their degree of support of 43 control-flow patterns. We used a set of explicitly defined evaluation criteria to determine whether each pattern is supported directly, indirectly or not at all. Results: PROforma offers direct support for 22 of 43 patterns, Asbru 20, GLIF 17, and EON 11. All four directly support. Basic Control-flow patterns, Cancellation patterns, and some Advance Branching and Synchronization patterns. None support Multiple Instances patterns. They offer varying levels of support for Synchronizing Merge patterns and State-based patterns. Some support a few scenarios not covered by the 43 control-flow patterns. Conclusion: CIG modeling languages are remarkably close to traditional workflow languages from the control-flow perspective, but cover many fewer workflow patterns. CIG languages offer some flexibility that supports modeling of complex decisions and provide ways for modeling some decisions not covered by workflow management systems. Workflow management systems may be suitable for clinical guideline applications.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Selected Fishes, and Water from Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State in Nigeria

This study determined heavy metal:(lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in selected fish species including: (Brycinus intermidus, Clarias gariepinus, Parachanna obscura, Ctenopoma kingsleyae, Hemichromis bimaculatus and Phractolaemus ansorgeii) and water from Orogodo River situated in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Furthermore, the health risk exposure to humans who consume the fish and utilized the water in Orogodo River was assessed. The mean (±SD) concentration of the heavy metal in water ranged from 0±0 mg/l for Cd to 0.35±0.29 mg/l for Fe. The mean (±SD) concentration of metals in fish species ranged from 0.06±0.02 mg/kg for Cd in Brycinus intermidus to 187.90±89.59 mg/kg for Fe in Parachanna obscura. The Bioaccumulation Quotient (BQ) values ranged from 4.51 mg/kg for Pb in Hemichromis bimaculatus to 1297.13 mg/kg for Fe in Phractolemus ansorgei. These results imply that continuous intake of fish and water obtained from this river would have cumulative deleterious effect on aquatic organisms and man. Original Research Article Wangboje et al.; AJEE, 3(1): 1-10, 2017; Article no.AJEE. 33608 2
Interannual Variability of the Daytime Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Field

Understanding the variability of the ionosphere is important for the prediction of space weather and climate. Recent studies have shown that forcing from the lower atmosphere plays a significant role for the short‐term (day‐to‐day) variability of the low‐latitude ionosphere. The present study aims to assess the importance of atmospheric forcing for the variability of the daytime equatorial ionospheric electric field on the interannual (year‐to‐year) time scale. Magnetic field measurements from Huancayo (12.05°S, 75.33°W) are used to augment the equatorial vertical plasma drift velocity (VZ) measurements from the Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere radar during 2001–2016. VZ can be regarded as a measure of the zonal electric field. After removing the seasonal variation of ∼10 m/s, midday values of VZ show an interannual variation of ∼2 m/s with an oscillation period of 2–3 years. No evidence of solar cycle influence is found. The Ground‐to‐topside Atmosphere‐Ionosphere model for Aeronomy, which takes into account realistic atmospheric variability below 30 km, reproduces the pattern of the observed interannual variation without having to include variable forcing from the magnetosphere. The results indicate that lower atmospheric forcing plays a dominant role for the observed interannual variability of VZ at 1200 local time.
Factors Affecting Strategy Implementation in the Geospatial Industry: A Study of Ramani Geosystems Group

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . vi DEDICATION. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . viii LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xi CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 Background of the Problem . 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 4 1.3 General Objective . 5 1.4 Specific Objectives . 5 1.5 Importance of the Study . 6 1.6 Scope of the Study . 6 1.7 Definition of Terms. 7 1.8 Chapter Summary . 8 CHAPTER TWO . 9 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW . 9 2.
Working Paper Series Empirical Copulas for Cdo Tranche Pricing Using Relative Entropy Empirical Copulas for Cdo Tranche Pricing Using Relative Entropy

They are circulated for discussion purposes only. Their contents should be considered preliminary and are not to be quoted without the authors' permission. Abstract We discuss the general optimization problem of choosing a copula with minimum entropy relative to a specified copula and a computation-ally intensive procedure to solve its dual. These techniques are applied to constructing an empirical copula for CDO tranche pricing. The empirical copula is chosen to be as close as possible to the industry standard Gaus-sian copula while ensuring a close fit to market tranche quotes. We find that the empirical copula performs noticeably better than the base correlation approach in pricing non-standard tranches and that the market view of default dependence is influenced by maturity.
Recognising Emotions from Keyboard Stroke Pattern

ABSTRACT In day to day life, emotions are becoming an important tool which helps to take not only the decisions but also to enhance learning, creative thinking and to effectively correspond in the social interaction. Several studies have been conducted comprising of classical human human interaction and human computer interaction. They concluded that for intelligent interaction, emotions play an important role. By embedding the emotions in the interaction of human with machine, machine would be in a position to sense the mood of the user and change its interaction accordingly. Hence the system will be friendlier to the user and its responses will be more similar to human behaviour. In general, human beings make use of emotions through speech, facial expression and gestures for conveying the crucial information. This paper presents an attempt to recognize selected emotion categories from keyboard stroke pattern. The emotional categories considered for our analysis are neutral, positive and negative. We have used various classifiers like Simple Logistics, SMO, Multilayer Perceptron, Random Tree, J48 and BF Tree, which is a part of WEKA tool, to analyse the selected features from keyboard stroke pattern.
Nightside Pi2 Wave Properties During an Extended Period With Stable Plasmapause Location and Variable Geomagnetic Activity

The frequencies and amplitudes of inner magnetosphere Pi2 waves are affected by the radial plasma density profile. Variable geomagnetic activity and external driving conditions can affect both wave properties and density profiles simultaneously. When interpreting observations, this can lead to ambiguity about whether changing wave properties are due to changing external conditions, density profiles, or a combination of factors. We present a case study using multipoint ground‐based and in situ measurements to examine Pi2 wave properties during a period of variable geomagnetic activity. Multiple satellite passes demonstrate the density profile and plasmapause location are stable for at least 2 h over a wide range of magnetic local time. This stability allows us to examine how factors besides the radial density profile affect Pi2 wave properties. We find evidence for Pi2 waves with a broadband frequency spectrum as well as a discrete frequency plasmaspheric virtual resonance (PVR) that is observed at low, middle, and high latitudes and both inside and outside the plasmapause. The PVR is excited in repeated bursts before, during, and after (1) the development of a substorm, (2) several auroral intensifications, (3) the development of Subauroral Polarization Stream flows/electric fields/conductivities, and (4) variable interplanetary magnetic field conditions. Through all these changes the PVR frequency remains remarkably stable (8.2 ± 0.53 mHz, based on low‐latitude ground magnetometer observations), suggesting that these variations have little effect on the frequency. This is consistent with PVR model predictions for a stationary plasmapause.
Functionality and Limitations of Current Workkow Management Systems

Workkow systems hold the promise of facilitating the everyday operation of many enterprises and work environments. As a result, many commercial workkow management systems have been developed. These systems, although useful, do not scale well, have limited fault-tolerance, and are innexible in terms of interoperating with other workkow systems. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of contemporary workkow management systems, and then elaborate on various directions for research and potential future extensions to the design and modeling of workkow management systems.