Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A consistent comparison of bias models using observational data

We investigate five different models for the dark matter (DM) halo bias, that is, the ratio of the fluctuations of mass tracers to those of the underlying mass, by comparing their cosmological evolution using optical quasar (QSO) and galaxy bias data at different redshifts, consistently scaled to the WMAP7 cosmology. Under the assumption that each halo hosts one extragalactic mass tracer, we use a χ2-minimization procedure to determine the free parameters of the bias models as well as to statistically quantify their ability to represent the observational data. Using the Akaike information criterion we find that the model that represents best the observational data is the Basilakos & Plionis model with the tracer merger extension. The only other statistically equivalent model, as indicated by the same criterion, is the Tinker et al. model. Finally, we find an average, over the different models, DM halo mass that hosts optical QSOs of Mh≃ 2.7(±0.6) × 1012 h−1 M⊙, while the corresponding value for optical galaxies is Mh≃ 6.3(±2.1) × 1011 h−1 M⊙.
Relationships A Critical Examination of Popular Assumptions About the Benefits and Outcomes of Monogamous

In this article, we critically examine the social institution of monogamy. First, we discuss the lack of an adequate and consistent definition of the construct of monogamy and consider how common monogamy is. Next, we address perceived benefits of monogamy and whether those ostensible benefits are supported by empirical evidence. We conclude that evidence for the benefits of monogamy relative to other relationship styles is currently lacking, suggesting that, for those who choose it, consensual non-monogamy may be a viable alternative to monogamy. Implications for theories of close relationships are discussed.
STATISTICAL LITERACY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOLVING CONTEXTUAL PROBLEMS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INITIAL STATISTICAL ABILITY

Statistical literacy is strongly needed in the 21st century in reading data information, thinking critically and making decisions. The purpose of this study is to describe the statistical literacy abilities of high school students in solving contextual problems taking into account their initial statistical abilities, with the following indicators, Tier 1 (reading & explaining data), Tier 2 (analyzing, interpreting, interpreting critically, and making conclusions), Tier 3 (presenting data and predicting something). This research is a qualitative in nature, using statistical ability test, statistical literacy test, and interview guidelines to collect data. The subjects of this study consist of three female students of grade XII Senior High School, with high, medium and low initial statistical ability categories. The results of this study revealed that (1) The student with high initial statistical abilities can meet the indicators of Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, so that she can be categorized at level 5 to 6 (critical-mathematics critical), (2) The student with medium ability can fulfil the Tier 1 indicator not fulfil the indicators in Tier 2 and Tier 3, so that it can be categorized at level 3 to 5 (Consistent noncritical-Critical), and (3) The students with low abilities can fulfill the indicators of Tier 1 not fulfil the indicators in Tier 2 and Tier 3, so that it can be categorized at level 1 to 3 (Idiosyncratic-Consistent Noncritical). Therefore, it is important for students and teachers to know statistical literacy skills in order to increase their understanding and ability to understand information in making decisions regarding daily problems.
On The Role of Stepped Overlays to Increase Spillway Capacity of Embankment Dams

The use of pre-cast concrete blocks or RCC stepped overlays for overtopping protection has proven to be cost effective and has gained acceptance, particularly in Russia and in the USA. The present paper includes a brief outline of particular project details and hydraulic design data of stepped spillways over embankment dams. Based on experimental data gathered on laboratory flumes and on a large-scale chute, representative of actual embankments dams, empirical models are proposed for estimating the flow properties down the chute slope. Recommendations for the hydraulic design of stepped chute overlays are also included.
Changing dynamics at the zero lower bound

The interaction of macroeconomic variables may change as the nominal short-term interest rates approach zero. In this paper, we propose an empirical model that captures these changing dynamics with a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive process. State-dependent parameters are determined by a latent state indicator. This state indicator follows a distribution with time-varying probabilities affected by the lagged interest rate. As the interest rate enters the critical zero lower bound (ZLB) region, the dynamics between the variables and the effect of shocks change. We estimate the model with Bayesian methods and explicitly consider that the interest rate may be constrained in the ZLB region. We provide an estimate of the latent rate, i.e., a lower interest rate than the observed level, which is state- and model-consistent. The endogenous specification of the state indicator permits dynamic forecasts of the state and system variables. In the application of the model to the Swiss data, we evaluate state-dependent impulse responses to a risk premium shock that is identified with sign restrictions. Additionally, we discuss scenario-based forecasts and evaluate the probability of the system exiting the ZLB region that is only based on the inherent dynamics.
Fluid Governance : Scalar politics in the South African

Everyday international political economy (EIPE) offers an opportunity to rethink the role of individuals and citizenry in shaping governance of natural resources. In South Africa, significant progress has been made by government in re-shaping water governance since the end of apartheid in the early 1990s. The role of government in water governance and water politics has thus been emphasised to a large degree. This study looks at historical material to assess the role that water politics and EIPE has played in shaping the use and management of water resources in the country. Case studies are analysed of two quaternary catchments, A63E and A71L in the Limpopo River Basin, to show how everyday actions by different actors has shaped the current waterscape in the basin. Four events, namely, the politics of the Middle Iron Age State at Mapungubwe; the development of the Mapungubwe National Park and World Heritage Site; the management of water for the De Beers Venetia Diamond Mine; and the establishment of the Coal of Africa Limited colliery are discussed in terms of the agential power at play during each event. The conclusions of the study are that EIPE and reflexive agential power are important factors in water governance that can sometimes be ignored through neoliberal institutionalism. In the current and future governance of water in South Africa they can offer an alternative view of the role and importance of actors and pathways for development.
Saccharomyces boulardii modulates and improves the immune response to Bovine Herpesvirus type 5 Vaccine

There have been significant efforts towards the development of more efficient vaccines for animal health. A strategy that may be used to improve vaccine efficacy is the use of probiotics to enhance the immune response of the host, leading to increased immunogenicity of antigen preparations. Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an example of an important animal pathogen for which vaccines have provided only limited protection. In this study, we examined the use of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) as a potential adjuvant to improve vaccine efficiency. We found that the supplemented animals exhibited an enhanced systemic IgG antibody response toward a Th1 response in favor of IgG2a and increased mRNA expression levels of the cytokines IFN-y, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-10 in the spleen. These results suggest that Sb supplementation may provide a promising means for improving the efficiency of vaccines, particularly those that rely on a cell-mediated immune response.
High performance self-aligned AlN/GaN MISHEMT with in-situ SiNx gate dielectric and regrown source/drain

Gate-last self-aligned AlN/GaN MISHEMTs with insitu grown SiNx gate dielectric for gate leakage suppression and regrown n + -GaN S/D for minimizing contact resistance were demonstrated. The device with a gate length of 0.32 μm exhibited a maximum drain current density of 1310 mA/mm and a high on/off ratio of over 10 7 . The current gain cutoff frequency (fT) and maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) were 45 and 73 GHz, respectively, resulting in a high fT×LG product of 14.4 GHz·μm. The best gate-to-drain breakdown voltage up to 35.2 V was obtained for a 90 nm gate-to-regrowndrain distance, leading to a high breakdown field of 4.46
Γ-robust linear complementarity problems

Complementarity problems are often used to compute equilibria made up of specifically coordinated solutions of different optimization problems. Specific examples are game-theoretic settings like the bimatrix game or energy market models like for electricity or natural gas. While optimization under uncertainties is rather well-developed, the field of equilibrium models represented by complementarity problems under uncertainty – especially using the concepts of robust optimization – is still in its infancy. In this paper, we extend the theory of strictly robust linear complementarity problems (LCPs) to Γ-robust settings, where existence of worst-case-hedged equilibria cannot be guaranteed. Thus, we study the minimization of the worst-case gap function of Γ-robust counterparts of LCPs. For box and -norm uncertainty sets we derive tractable convex counterparts for monotone LCPs and study their feasibility as well as the existence and uniqueness of solutions. To this end, we consider uncertainties in the vector and in the matrix defining the LCP. We additionally study so-called ρ-robust solutions, i.e. solutions of relaxed uncertain LCPs. Finally, we illustrate the Γ-robust concept applied to LCPs in the light of the above mentioned classical examples of bimatrix games and market equilibrium modelling.
Higher-degree moment tensor inversion using far-field broad-band recordings: theory and evaluation of the method with application to the 1994 Bolivia deep earthquake

Summary We present a method to estimate parameters of the extended earthquake source using higher-degree moment tensors at 27 centroid locations. We show that a Taylor series expansion of Green’s functions around a single centroid is not accurate enough when working with seismic wave periods and wavelengths in the range of the rupture duration and spatial extent of the fault, respectively. Introducing a grid of 27 centroid locations on the fault and using higher-degree moment tensors we are able to model adequately body and surface waves with periods and wavelengths smaller than the rupture duration and fault dimensions. Under simplifying assumptions an iterative inversion scheme is coded to estimate parameters of planar, Haskell-type faults. Realistic inversion examples for deep and shallow earthquakes show that uni- and bidirectional rupture models, rupture direction, fault and auxiliary plane and kinematic source dimensions and × can be constrained with teleseismic body and/or surface waves. The application to the deep Bolivia event indicates a subhorizontal fault plane. Unidirectional rupture to the north is slightly preferred. The rupture duration of 25 s and fault dimensions of 47 × 25 km agree well with the estimates for the main pulse moment release given in other studies.
Genotypic and seasonal variation in root depth development during establishment of C4 perennial grass ecotypes

ABSTRACT Context. Perennial forage grass species are often grown with limited water following establishment and rely on accessing water deep in the soil profile to survive. Aim. This study aimed to characterise bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) genotypes with rapid vertical root growth associated with post-establishment survival.Methods. Twelve bermudagrasses representing genotypes from diverse climate zones in Australia were established in rhizotrons to analyse the stability in genotypic variation in root and shoot growth in winter and summer experiments. Genotypic rank of root length, leaf area, and root dry weight were consistent in both seasons.Key results Bermudagrass genotypes exhibited different traits correlated with root vertical growth rate and inconsistency of genotypic rank of shoot growth. During winter establishment, the rate of root depth development (RRDD) (r = −0.64) was correlated with the proportion of root length that became inactive, that was likely due to seasonal root death in winter conditions; during summer establishment, RRDD was correlated with tiller appearance rate (r = 0.45) and root distribution to 10 cm depth (r = −0.62). Shoot dry weight was correlated with photosynthesis (r = 0.85) and transpiration (r = 0.79) in summer, but not in winter. RRDD (r = 0.75, winter and r = 0.77, summer) was correlated with drought resistance index, previously analysed under field conditions.Conclusions and implications. Genotypes from the Mediterranean climates in Australia showed rapid growth of roots and shoots in both seasons and have the greatest potential for broader application for forage production in variable environments.
Evaluation of Using Biogas to Supply the Dual Fuel Diesel Engine of an Agricultural Tractor

It is known that biogas without prior purification to biomethane is a commonly used fuel only for the stationary internal combustion engines but not for vehicle engines. The current study evaluates the use of biogas without its prior upgrading to biomethane as fuel for tractor engines. The following tests were carried out: biochemical methane potential tests, dynamometer engine tests, and field tests with the use of a tractor. The average methane content in biogas obtained from vegetable wastes exceeded 60%. The tests performed on the engine dynamometer showed that the engine powered by dual fuel worked stably when diesel was replaced by 40% biogas (containing 50% of CO2) or 30% methane. Dual fuel supplying of the engine caused an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases and a decrease or no effect in the concentration of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. It did not significantly affect the dynamics of the vehicle and its useful properties. Biogas that contains a maximum of 50% CO2 and from which H2S, moisture, and siloxanes have been largely removed, is suitable as a fuel for tractors. Such biogas can be obtained in biogas plants from different substrates, e.g., vegetable or agriculture wastes as well as biodegradable municipal wastes.
The Effect of Rising Doses of NPK Fertilizers on Weeds of Proso Millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) on a Calcareous Loamy Chernozem Soil

The effect of different NPK levels (poor, satisfactory, excessive and toxic) and their combinations on the soil cover percentage of the natural weed flora of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) was studied on a loamy chernozem soil with lime deposit. The N levels were 0 (poor), 100 (satisfactory), 200 (excessive) and 300 (toxic) kg ha year; P and K fertilizing was done with 0 (poor), 500 (satisfactory), 1000 (excessive), 1500 (toxic) kg ha P2O5 and K2O refilling doses. Later, only the sustaining of PK levels was targeted, refilling was repeated every 5-10 years. The P and K fertilizers and half of the N fertilizer was spread in autumn before ploughing the plots, the other half of N was spread in spring in the form of 25-28% calcium ammonium nitrate, 18% superphosphate and 40-60% potassium chloride. The series of mineral fertilization experiments was established in the autumn of 1973. Different crops were produced on these plots every year. Proso millet was sown in 1996. This long-term series of experiments consisted of 4N × 4P × 4K = 64 treatments, or nutritional levels, in two replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The plot size was 6 × 6 = 36 m in mixed factorial design. Weed surveys were done in 4 m quadrats in two replications and contained not only weed flora but crop cover too. The number of weed species, the soil cover of weeds and the crop were highly dependent upon the doses and ratio of different fertilizers. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A Thermodynamic Model for Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Theorem

Presented is a lithium-ion battery degradation model, based on irreversible thermodynamics, which was experimentally verified, using commonly measured operational parameters. The methodology, applicable to all lithium-ion batteries of all chemistries and composition, combined fundamental thermodynamic principles, with the Degradation–Entropy Generation theorem, to relate instantaneous capacity fade (loss of useful charge-holding capacity) in the lithium-ion battery, to the irreversible entropy generated via the underlying dissipative physical processes responsible for battery degradation. Equations relating capacity fade—aging—to battery cycling were also formulated and verified. To show the robustness of the approach, nonlinear data from abusive and inconsistent battery cycling was measured and used to verify formulations. A near 100% agreement between the thermodynamic battery model and measurements was achieved. The model also gave rise to new material and design parameters to characterize all lithium-ion batteries.
On the absolute continuity of the limit random variable in the supercritical Galton-Watson branching process

Let { Zn n _? 0 } be a simple Galton-Watson branching process with offspring distribution {pi } satisying 1 3jp, oo, Cn,'C+? -*>m such that Wn-=ZnC,j1 converges with probability one to a nondegenerate random variable W. Kesten and Stigum [4] had shown earlier that when Ej pjj log j 0 then p2fn (x) T Q(x) 0, limnE-nfn (x) = Ofor 0 <x ? 1. Received by the editors November 23, 1970. AMS 1969 subject classifications. Primary 6067; Secondary 6030.
Assessment of Alkali Activation Potential of a Polish Ferronickel Slag

In this study, the alkali activation potential of a Polish ferronickel slag (PS), for the production of inorganic polymers (IPs), is investigated. The effect of the main synthesis parameters, i.e., strength of the activating solution, consisting of NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions and affecting (SiO2 + Al2O3)/Na2O and other important molar ratios in the reactive paste, pre-curing period, curing temperature and time and ageing period was investigated. The structural integrity of the produced specimens was tested after their (i) immersion in distilled water and acidic solutions for a period of 7–30 days, and (ii) firing at temperatures between 200 °C and 1000 °C. Several analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning analysis-Thermogravimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used for the characterization of the produced IPs. Results show that under the optimum synthesis conditions the IPs obtain compressive strength that exceeds 65 MPa. An innovative aspect of this study is that after heating at 400 °C, the specimens acquire compressive strength of 115 MPa and this indicates that they can be also used as fire resistant materials. This study highlights the potential of alkali activation for the valorization of a ferronickel slag and the production of IPs that can be used as binders or in several construction applications, thus improving the sustainability of the metallurgical sector.
The spin of late-type galaxies at redshifts z <= 1.2

We study the evolution of the galactic spin using data of high redshift galaxies in the fields of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS). Through simple dynamical considerations we estimate the spin for the disc galaxies in our sample and find that its distribution is consistent with that found for nearby galaxies. Defining a dimensionless angular momentum parameter for the disc component of the galaxies (λd), we do not find signs of evolution in the redshift range 0.4 6 z 6 1.2. We find that the mass and environmental dependencies of the spin of our high redshift galaxies are similar to those of low-z galaxies; showing a strong dependence on mass, in the sense that low-mass systems present higher λd values than high-mass galaxies, with no significant dependence on the environmental density. These results lead us to conclude that, although individual disc galaxies might occasionally suffer strong evolution, they evolve in such a way that the overall spin distribution of the galactic population remains constant from z � 1 to the present epoch.
Systematic Failure of the Woods-Saxon Nuclear Potential to Describe Both Fusion and Elastic Scattering: Possible Need for a New Dynamical Approach to Fusion

A large number of precision fusion excitation functions, at energies above the average fusion barriers, have been fitted using the Woods-Saxon form for the nuclear potential in a barrier passing model of fusion. They give values for the empirical diffuseness parameter a ranging between 0.75 and 1.5 fm, compared with values of about 0.65 fm which generally reproduce elastic scattering data. There is a clear tendency for the deduced a to increase strongly with the reaction charge product Z1Z2, and some evidence for the effect of nuclear structure on the value of a, particularly with regard to the degree of neutron richness of the fusing nuclei, and possibly with regard to deformation. The measured fusion-barrier energies are always lower than those of the bare potentials used, which is expected as a result of adiabatic coupling to high energy collective states. This difference increases with increasing Z1Z2 and calculations show that about 1 / 3 of it may be attributed to coupling to the isoscalar giant-quadrupole resonances in the target and projectile. Coupling to all giant resonances may account for a significant part. Fluctuations about the trend line may be due to systematic errors in the data and/or structure effects such as coupling to collective octupole states. Previously suggested reasons for the large values of a have been related to departures from the Woods-Saxon potential and to dissipative effects. This work suggests that the apparently large values of a may be an artifact of trying to describe the dynamical fusion process by use of a static potential. Another partial explaination might reside in fusion inhibition, due for example to deep-inelastic scattering, again a process requiring dynamical calculations.