Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lichen Bioerosion on Fossil Vertebrates from the Cenozoic of Patagonia and Antarctica

Different traces occur on fossil bones and teeth coming from the Early Miocene Gaiman Formation (Patagonia, Argentina). Most traces were attributed to the action of terrestrial and marine predators and scavengers. However, other traces on bones and teeth from this unit and one tooth from the Eocene La Meseta Formation (Antarctica) are attributed to chemical corrosion by lichens in recent times, that is, in a very late diagenetic time. The living lichens and calcium oxalate deposits occurring on the traces and their particular pattern indicates that they were not produced by vegetal roots. The lichens include reproductive structures which allowed a proper determination. A kind of corrosion pattern (Type 1) on bones and teeth from Patagonia is associated to Sarcogyne orbicularis Körber, Verrucaria sp. Schrad, and Buellia aff. punctiformis (Hoff.) Massal. The lichen Aspicilia aff. aquatica produced rounded holes on an Antarctic tooth (Type 2). On the same tooth, the epilithic lichen Caloplaca sp. Th. Fries did not leave any kind of mark on the enameloid.
The Southern Ocean Limb of the Global Deep Overturning Circulation

Nine hydrographic sections are combined in an inverse box model of the Southern Ocean south of ;128S. The inclusion of independent diapycnal flux unknowns for each property and air‐sea (heat, freshwater, and momentum) fluxes make it possible to estimate the three-dimensional deep water circulation. The authors find a vigorous 50 3 106 m3 s21 deep overturning circulation that is dominated by an equatorward flow of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water and poleward flow of upper deep water including Indian and Pacific Deep Water below 1500 dbar. In the subtropical Indian and Pacific Oceans the deep overturning cell is essentially isolated from the thermocline and intermediate waters of the subtropical gyre. The southward flowing upper deep water shoals south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where air‐sea fluxes convert outcropping upper deep water to Antarctic surface water and drive a net air‐sea transformation of 34 3 106 m3 s21 to lighter intermediate water. It is the outcropping of upper deep water and transformation by air‐sea fluxes that connects the deep and intermediate circulation cells. The significant poleward transport of relatively light (i.e., above all topography at the latitude of Drake Passage) upper deep water, as required here to balance lateral and diapycnal divergence and air‐sea exchange, provides observational evidence that advection by standing and transient eddies carries significant meridional transport in the Southern Ocean.
Role of the Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern in the 2007 Arctic sea ice decline

The extreme loss of sea ice over the western Arctic during the boreal summer of 2007 (July–August–September) was accompanied by a very unusual atmospheric circulation pattern. Here we show that the anomalous circulation was linked to a leading climate mode of the Northern Hemisphere, the Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern. The PNA index was three standard deviations above the 1950–2007 mean, and its primary signal in the atmospheric circulation is a strong anomalous anticyclone that was collocated with the location of the greatest Arctic sea ice decline. Therefore, the record‐strength PNA along with recent climate trends in the Arctic help to explain the sudden and extreme sea ice melt during the summer of 2007. While the observed PNA was unique, the large decline in sea ice may be further evidence of increased vulnerability to natural atmospheric variability due to a changing climate system.
Land snails from the last glacial maximum on Andikithira, southern Greece and their palaeoclimatic implications

An assemblage of land snails from an aeolianite deposit on the coast of the southern Greek island of Andikithira is shown to date to 16 000 yr BP and thus represents the period of the last glacial maximum (LGM; Oxygen Isotope Stage 2). The assemblage has no modern analogue. Five of the ten species are extinct on the island and some of these now live only at high elevations (> 950 m). Significantly cooler temperatures, some 5-8°C below present, and slightly drier moisture conditions (lower rainfall, partially offset by reduced evapotranspiration at the lower temperature) are inferred. The large temperature depression at the LGM, well documented in northern and central Europe, extended also to the Mediterranean climate of southern Europe. Late Quaternary climatic changes had a considerable impact on the fauna of this isolated island.
Environment of ore deposition in the Creede mining district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado; Part IV, source of fluids, from oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope studies

The hydrogen isotopic composition of fluids responsible for formation of the near-surface silver-base metal vein deposits at Creede was measured by direct analysis of inclusion fluids in sphalerite, quartz, and rhodochrosite and was estimated from analyses of illite and chlorite. The oxygen isotopic composition was determined directly on inclusion fluids in sphalerite and was estimated from analyses of quartz, illite, rhodochrosite, siderite, and adularia. The carbon isotopic composition was estimated from analyses of rhodochrosite and siderite. The ranges in isotopic composition for water and CO 2 in the fluids associated with the formation of each of the minerals is given below (number of determinations given in parentheses):Mineral delta D (sub H 2 ) O ppm delta 18 O (sub H 2 ) O ppm delta 13 C (sub CO 2 ) ppmSphalerite -81 to -54 (4) -10.1 to -4.5 (4)Quartz -97 to -86 (4) -5.9 to 1.8 (18)Illite -62 to -50 (8) -1.6 to 1.2(7)Chlorite -64 to -55 (10) -2.2 to 0.8 (10)Adularia 4.2 (1)Rhodochrosite -82 to -78 (2) 4.2 to 9.4 (9) -5.7 to -4.2 (9)Siderite 4.9 to 9.9 (6) -6.9 to -2.7 (6)The delta D (sub H 2 ) O and delta 18 O (sub H 2 ) O values of fluids associated with the formation of sphalerite, quartz, illite/chlorite, and carbonate minerals differ substantially from one another, and these differences appear to have been maintained throughout the depositional history, regardless of the positions of the minerals in the paragenetic sequence.The data suggest that waters from three coexisting reservoirs fed the vein system alternately and episodically during vein formation, and apparently there was little mixing of the fluids from the different reservoirs. The hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon isotope data suggest that the carbonate waters were deep seated, probably dominantly magmatic, in origin. The sphalerite and illite/chlorite waters must have been dominantly meteoric in origin and substantially oxygen shifted by exchange with the volcanic country rocks. The quartz waters were also oxygen shifted meteoric waters but were some 40 per mil lower in deuterium content than the sphalerite and illite/chlorite waters.We propose that the quartz fluids entered the vein system from reservoirs beneath the mountainous areas to the north in the vicinity of the present Continental Divide, but that the sphalerite and illite/chlorite fluids entered the vein system from a topographically low area to the south along the structural moat of the Creede caldera. The difference in delta D between the two meteoric waters may reflect differences in altitude of the recharge areas for the two reservoirs or may be clue to isotopic evolution of the closed-basin lake and interstitial waters in the moat surrounding the Creede caldera.
Structure and distribution of fault rocks in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand

Summary The Alpine Fault Zone, which is the dominant strand in a dextral system of transform faults along the boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates, forms a pronounced lineament about 1 km in width. Within the fault zone, the cross-strike passage from cataclasite through augen mylonite (both derived from largely granitoid basement to the NW) to mylonites derived from the high-grade Alpine Schists on the upthrown south-eastern side, is thought to reflect the original distribution of fault rocks with depth below near-surface gouge zones. Structural data suggest that the fault rocks had their fabrics impressed during the late Cenozoic phase of oblique compression when the Southern Alps were ‘ploughed-up’ along the fault. Mylonitic foliation indicates a dip approaching 50°SE for the fault zone at depth, while penetrative stretching lineations plunge in a direction sub-parallel to the present-day interplate slip vector, consistent with dextral-reverse-oblique shear across the fault zone. Pseudotachylyte friction-melt is fairly widely distributed and can be found cutting all other fault rock types apart from gouge. Models for the evolution of the fault zone are considered.
The route to chaos in thermal convection at infinite Prandtl number: 1. Some trajectories and bifurcations

An important issue is whether thermal convection in the Earth's mantle is chaotic and the mechanisms by which this chaos may be generated. In this paper, we conclude that the high Prandtl number/high Raleigh number thermal convection associated with mantle convection is chaotic, and we document the route to chaos. Deterministic chaos was first exhibited by the Lorenz equations, a three-mode spatial Fourier expansion of the nonlinear thermal convection equations. This transition to chaos is characterized by the two nontrivial fixed points undergoing a reverse Hopf bifurcation into two unstable limit cycles. However, when the limit of infinite Prandtl number is taken for these equations, the fixed points are stable for all Rayleigh numbers. Is the stability of these fixed points a characteristic of infinite Prandtl number convection or is this an artifact of the truncation? To answer this question, we extend the expansion to 12 modes {n = 0, 1, 2; m = 1, 2, 3, 4} where n is the horizontal wave number and m is the vertical wave number to generate a set of 12 ordinary differential equations. We calculate the loci of roots of this system as a function of Rayleigh number, and we calculate several trajectories. At Rayleigh numbers between Ra = 0 and Ra = 4.140×104 we find pitchfork bifurcations to 14 separate nontrivial branches of solution, and we determine their stability by calculating the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix along each branch; we thus find 40 Hopf bifurcations. These fixed points and their bifurcations give excellent quantitative agreement with the trajectories, converging to stable fixed points at and below Ra = 4×104, and oscillating aperiodically at and above Ra = 4.5×104, where many of the Hopf bifurcations occur. Our conclusion is that thermal convection at infinite Prandtl number becomes chaotic by means of symmetry-breaking pitchfork bifurcations and the appearance of the Hopf bifurcations which produce unstable periodic orbits.
Simulating Water, Solute, and Heat Transport in the Subsurface with the VS2DI Software Package

The software package VS2DI was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for simulating water, solute, and heat transport in variably saturated porous media. The package consists of a graphical preprocessor to facilitate construction of a simulation, a postprocessor for visualizing simulation results, and two numerical models that solve for flow and solute transport (VS2DT) and flow and heat transport (VS2DH). The finite‐difference method is used to solve the Richards equation for flow and the advection–dispersion equation for solute or heat transport. This study presents a brief description of the VS2DI package, an overview of the various types of problems that have been addressed with the package, and an analysis of the advantages and limitations of the package. A review of other models and modeling approaches for studying water, solute, and heat transport also is provided.
Trends in maternal mortality : 1990 to 2013 - estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank, and the United Nations population division

A number of initiatives that commenced in recent years are geared towards achievement of the fifth millennium development goal (MDG 5: improving maternal health), most notably the launch of the global strategy for women's and children's health in 2010 by the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General. Measuring the MDG 5 target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 remains a challenge. Accordingly, the maternal mortality estimation inter-agency group (MMEIG), comprising the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Population Division (UNPD), and the World Bank, together with a team at the National University of Singapore and University of California at Berkeley, United States of America, have been working together to generate internationally comparable MMR estimates. The estimates for 2013 presented in this report are the seventh in a series of analyses by the MMEIG to examine the global extent of maternal mortality. Consultations with countries were carried out following the development of the MMR estimates. The purposes of the consultations were: to give countries the opportunity to review the country estimates, data sources, and methods; to obtain additional primary data sources that may not have been previously reported or used in the analyses; and to build mutual understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of available data and ensure broad ownership of the results. This report presents global, regional, and country estimates of maternal mortality in 2013, as well as trends from 1990 to 2013. The report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two provides an overview of the definitions and approaches for measuring maternal mortality. Chapter three is a detailed description of the methodology employed in generating the estimates. Chapter four presents the estimates and interpretation of the findings. Chapter five assesses the progress towards MDG 5. The annexes and appendices presents the sources of data for the country estimates, as well as MMR estimates for the different regional groupings for UNFPA, UNICEF, the UNPD, WHO, and the World Bank.
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF DASYUROMORPHIAN (MARSUPIALIA) PHYLOGENY USING CRANIAL AND DENTAL CHARACTERS

Abstract Dasyuromorphian relationships were investigated using cladistic analysis for 24 species using 77 cranial and dental features. Among the 7 extinct taxa used were 6 recently described fossil species, each well represented by cranial and dental material (3 ameridelphians, 1 peramelemorphian, and 2 dasyuromorphians). Monophyly for the Dasyuromorphia and several clades widely recognized therein is supported, but in many instances, relationships among extant dasyurids departs greatly from general consensus. Where congruence with previous investigations is evident, few taxa are united by unique synapomorphies within Marsupialia. Many clades are united by combinations of locally derived features only. Bootstrap and Bremer support is weak for most clades. Thus, although supported by cladistic analysis, the status of many synapomorphies identified in the course of this study are tentative. However, for some groups, notably Dasyuridae and a dasyurid clade inclusive of all modern subfamilies, the synapomorphic nature of some derived features appears to be robust, even where they also are present in some outgroup taxa. This argument applies to shared apomorphies of the basicranium in particular. No potential sister taxon to Dasyuromorphia is favored. The case for australidelphian and microbiotheriid affinity of some American and Antarctic fossil taxa was considered to be highly equivocal.
Management of degenerative lumbosacral disease in cats by dorsal laminectomy and lumbosacral stabilization

Summary In this case series we describe the diagnosis and surgical treatment of five cats affected by clinical cauda equina syndrome as a result of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings confirmed the suspected diagnosis of disc-associated lumbosacral disease. Cauda equina decompression was achieved by dorsal laminectomy followed by dorsal annulectomy and nuclear extirpation. Dorsal stabilization was achieved using miniature positive-profile pins inserted into the vertebral body of L7 and the wings of S1 with the free ends of the pins being embedded in a bolus of gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate. Reassessment two years postoperatively using a previously validated feline specific owner questionnaire indicated satisfactory outcome with complete return to normal activity and resolution of signs of pain in all cases.
Capabilities and limitations of MISR aerosol products in dust-laden regions

Atmospheric mineral dust particles have significant effects on climate and the environment, and despite notable advances in modeling and satellite and ground-based measurements, remain one of the major factors contributing to large uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. We examine the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) 11+ year aerosol data record to demonstrate MISR's unique strengths and assess potential biases of MISR products for dust study applications. In particular, we examine MISR's unique capabilities to 1) distinguish dust aerosol from spherical aerosol types, 2) provide aerosol optical depths over bright desert source regions, and 3) provide high-resolution retrievals of dust plume heights and associated winds. We show examples of regional and global MISR data products in dusty regions together with quantitative evaluations of product accuracies through comparisons with independent data sources, and demonstrate applications of MISR data to dust regional and climatological studies, such as dust property evolution during transport, dust source climatology in relation to climatic factors, and dust source dynamics. The potential use of MISR radiance data to study dust properties is also discussed.
Hotspots for Growth: Land Use Change and Priority Funding Area Policy in a Transitional County in the U.S.

This paper uses a logit model to estimate whether and to what extent Maryland’s Priority Funding Area (PFA) program steers urban growth to locations inside targeted growth area boundaries of an ex-urban county in the outer suburbs of the Washington, D.C. region. The results of our model indicate that the size of an agricultural parcel, its distance from urban parcels, its proximity to highways, the quality of the land for agriculture, and the location in or outside of PFAs influence the probability an agricultural parcel will remain in agriculture or be converted to urban use. We find that some of the areas experiencing the greatest market pressure for development are located outside PFAs and, although Maryland’s incentive-based strategy reduces the likelihood a parcel outside a PFA will transition to urban use, this policy is not one hundred percent effective.
Hysteresis and thermomagnetic properties of particle-sized fractions from loess and palaeosol samples spanning 22 Myr of accumulation on the Chinese Loess Plateau

SUMMARY Hysteresis loop measurements and thermomagnetic experiments were carried out to characterize magnetic mineralogy and magnetic grain size in a suite of particle-size fractioned samples from the Chinese Loess Plateau, representing the main changes in magnetic properties over the last 22 Myr. We find that (1) the ferrimagnets in the detrital fractions (>8 μm) younger than 14 Ma show a magnetite-type Curie temperature, whereas those older than 15 Ma have a Curie temperature slightly over 600 °C owing to low-temperature oxidation. (2) The dominant ferrimagnets in the clay fractions (<2 μm) are most likely to be maghemite. (3) Both the hysteresis plots and thermomagnetic experiments reinforce previous indications from low-temperature experiments that paramagnetic minerals make a major contribution to the clay fractions in all the samples considered. (4) The degree of oxidation indicated by the thermomagnetic curves is highest in the clays and next highest in the oldest coarse fractions. (5) Day plots provide limited and potentially misleading information on the differences between fine-grained pedogenic and coarse-grained detrital ferrimagnetic assemblages, even when allowance is made for the effects of hematite on the quotients used. This study reinforces the view that measurements on bulk samples alone obscure critical distinctions between pedogenic and detrital components.
The interactions between typhoons and the ocean vary greatly depending on the properties of the storm and of the ocean. IMPACT OF TYPHOONS ON THE OCEAN IN THE PACIFIC

T ropical cyclones (TCs) interact with both the atmosphere and the upper ocean. They draw their energy from the warm ocean, but in doing so also change the ocean in a broad swath around their track by direct cooling and through the action of the ocean waves and currents generated by TC winds (Leipper 1967; Price 1981; Black 1983; Shay 2010; and references therein). This affects the evolution of the TC and also leaves an imprint on the ocean that can last long after the storm has passed. The Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific/Tropical Cyclone Structure 2010 (ITOP/TCS10) program combined intensive meteorological and oceanographic observations of TCs in the western North Pacific to study these interactions and compare them to previous measurements in the Atlantic (e.g., Black et al. 2007) and Gulf of Mexico (e.g., Jaimes and Shay 2009, 2010)
Convective Forcing Fluctuations in a Cloud-Resolving Model: Relevance to the Stochastic Parameterization Problem

Abstract Idealized cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations spanning a large part of the tropical atmosphere are used to evaluate the extent to which deterministic convective parameterizations fail to capture the statistical fluctuations in deep-convective forcing, and to provide probability distribution functions that may be used in stochastic parameterization schemes for global weather and climate models. A coarse-graining methodology is employed to deduce an effective convective warming rate appropriate to the grid scale of a forecast model, and a convective parameterization scheme is used to bin these computed tendencies into different ranges of convective forcing strength. The dependence of the probability distribution functions for the coarse-grained temperature tendency on parameterized tendency is then examined. An aquaplanet simulation using a climate model, configured with similar horizontal resolution to that of the coarse-grained CRM fields, was used to compare temperature tendency variation (l.