Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Index of Summer Rainfall for Queensland’s Grazing Lands

A historical rainfall index, relevant to the grazing industries of Queensland, Australia, is described. We refer to our index as the Queensland grazing lands rainfall index (QGLRI), which is a long-term (1890/91–present) time series of austral summer (November–March) rainfall, spatially averaged over a region we define as the Queensland grazing lands region. We argue that our QGLRI better represents historical summer rainfall variability faced by the majority of the grazing industry in Queensland than does area-averaged statewide rainfall. The geographical boundaries of our region were chosen to 1) better represent the spatial patterns of land use, settlement, and livestock densities and 2) coincide with spatial patterns of airmass dominance. The selected region covers 59% of Queensland’s mainland area but carries more than 80% of the state’s livestock. The region’s boundaries also closely match the mean summer location of the boundaries of the “tropical maritime Pacific” air mass. The selected 5-month season (November–March) was chosen based on summer rainfall dominance, seasonal climatic effects restricting pasture and animal growth, and pasture management implications such as burning and the risk of overgrazing. We find that this season also corresponds to the timing of tropical maritime airmass dominance. The remaining regions of Queensland, far-northern and far-western Queensland, also correspond to well-defined dominant air masses, with properties that are markedly different from those of the tropical maritime Pacific air mass. We demonstrate that the rainfall regime in far-northern Queensland makes a strong contribution to statewide totals, resulting in statewide summer rainfall having lower variability than our QGLRI.
On the Laurent series for the Epstein zeta function

The Epstein zeta function ζ d [ M ; s ] ≡ ∑ n ∈ Z d ′ ( n M n T ) − s 2 , where M is a real symmetric and invertible d × d matrix and n is a d-dimensional row vector ( n 1 , n 2 , … , n d ) with integer coordinates n i , is considered. (The prime on the sum indicates that the term n = 0 should be excluded.) It is known that ζ d [ M ; s ] has a Laurent series expansion about the singular point s = d which can be written in the form ζ d [ M ; s ] = ∑ ν = − 1 ∞ A ν [ M ; d ] ( s − d ) ν . In this paper we shall show that the coefficient A ν [ M ; d ] can be accurately calculated using rapidly convergent series which involve the Meijer G-function. Exact formulae are also derived for A ν [ M ; 2 ] when M = U N ≡ 1 0 0 N , with N = 1 , 2 , … . The results for A 0 [ U N ; 2 ] are then used to establish several mathematical identities involving summations of generalized Stieltjes constants. Next the Laurent series for ζ d [ I d ; s ] , where I d is the d × d unit matrix, is briefly discussed for the cases d = 3 , 4 , 6 and 8. Finally, a new application of the results in lattice statistics is described.
Swirling flow states of compressible single-phase supercritical fluids in a rotating finite-length straight circular pipe

Steady states of inviscid, compressible and axisymmetric swirling flows of a single-phase, inert, thermodynamically supercritical fluid in a rotating, finite-length, straight, long circular pipe are studied. The fluid thermodynamic behaviour is modelled by the van der Waals equation of state. A nonlinear partial differential equation for the solution of the flow streamfunction is derived from the fluid equations of motion in terms of the inlet flow specific total enthalpy, specific entropy and circulation functions. This equation reflects the complicated, nonlinear thermo-physical interactions in the flows, specifically when the inlet state temperature and density profiles vary around the critical thermodynamic point, flow compressibility is significant and the inlet swirl ratio is high. Several types of solutions of the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the axially independent case describe the flow outlet state when the pipe is sufficiently long. The approach is applied to an inlet flow described by a solid-body rotation with uniform profiles of the axial velocity and temperature. The solutions are used to form the bifurcation diagrams of steady compressible flows of real fluids as the inlet swirl level and the centreline inlet density are increased at a fixed inlet Mach number and temperature. Focus is on heavy-molecule fluids with low values of $R/C_{v}$ . Computed results provide theoretical predictions of the critical swirl levels for the exchange of stability of the columnar state and for the appearance of non-columnar states and of vortex breakdown states as a function of inlet centreline density. The difference in the dynamical behaviour between that of a calorically perfect gas and of a real gas is explored. The analysis sheds new fundamental light on the complex dynamics of high-Reynolds-number, compressible, subsonic swirling flows of real gases.
A Comparison of X-Band Polarization Parameters with In Situ Microphysical Measurements in the Comma Head of Two Winter Cyclones

AbstractSince the advent of dual-polarization radar, methods of classifying hydrometeors by type from measured polarization variables have been developed. The deterministic approach of existing hydrometeor classification algorithms of assigning only one dominant habit to each radar sample volume does not properly consider the distribution of habits present in that volume, however. During the Profiling of Winter Storms field campaign, the “NSF/NCAR C-130” aircraft, equipped with in situ microphysical probes, made multiple passes through the comma heads of two cyclones as the Mobile Alabama X-band dual-polarization radar performed range–height indicator scans in the same plane as the C-130 flight track. On 14–15 February and 21–22 February 2010, 579 and 202 coincident data points, respectively, were identified when the plane was within 10 s (~1 km) of a radar gate. For all particles that occurred for times within different binned intervals of radar reflectivity ZHH and of differential reflectivity ZDR, the .
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda

Can the media reduce intergroup prejudice and conflict? Despite the high stakes of this question, understanding of the mass media’s role in shaping prejudiced beliefs, norms, and behavior is limited. A yearlong field experiment in Rwanda tested the impact of a radio soap opera featuring messages about reducing intergroup prejudice, violence, and trauma in 2 fictional Rwandan communities. Compared with a control group who listened to a health radio soap opera, listeners’ perceptions of social norms and their behaviors changed with respect to intermarriage, open dissent, trust, empathy, cooperation, and trauma healing. However, the radio program did little to change listeners’ personal beliefs. Group discussion and emotion were implicated in the process of media influence. Taken together, the results point to an integrated model of behavioral prejudice and conflict reduction that prioritizes the communication of social norms over changes in personal beliefs.
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES Wealth and Happiness Across the World : Material Prosperity Predicts Life Evaluation , Whereas Psychosocial Prosperity Predicts Positive Feeling

The Gallup World Poll, the first representative sample of planet Earth, was used to explore the reasons why happiness is associated with higher income, including the meeting of basic needs, fulfillment of psychological needs, increasing satisfaction with one’s standard of living, and public goods. Across the globe, the association of log income with subjective well-being was linear but convex with raw income, indicating the declining marginal effects of income on subjective well-being. Income was a moderately strong predictor of life evaluation but a much weaker predictor of positive and negative feelings. Possessing luxury conveniences and satisfaction with standard of living were also strong predictors of life evaluation. Although the meeting of basic and psychological needs mediated the effects of income on life evaluation to some degree, the strongest mediation was provided by standard of living and ownership of conveniences. In contrast, feelings were most associated with the fulfillment of psychological needs: learning, autonomy, using one’s skills, respect, and the ability to count on others in an emergency. Thus, two separate types of prosperity—economic and social psychological—best predict different types of well-being.
PROCESSES Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration

Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. A meta-analysis of 78 studies demonstrates that social loafing is robust and generalizes across tasks and S populations. A large number of variables were found to moderate social loafing. Evaluation potential, expectations of co-worker performance, task meaningfulness, and culture had especially strong influence. These findings are interpreted in the light of a Collective Effort Model that integrates elements of expectancy-value, social identity, and self-validation theories.
Thermodynamic integration for dynamic causal models

In generative modeling of neuroimaging data, such as dynamic causal modeling (DCM), one typically considers several alternative models, either to determine the most plausible explanation for observed data (Bayesian model selection) or to account for model uncertainty (Bayesian model averaging). Both procedures rest on estimates of the model evidence, a principled trade-off between model accuracy and complexity. In DCM, the log evidence is usually approximated using variational Bayes (VB) under the Laplace approximation (VBL). Although this approach is highly efficient, it makes distributional assumptions and can be vulnerable to local extrema. An alternative to VBL is Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, which is asymptotically exact but orders of magnitude slower than VB. This has so far prevented its routine use for DCM. This paper makes four contributions. First, we introduce a powerful MCMC scheme – thermodynamic integration (TI) – to neuroimaging and present a derivation that establishes a theoretical link to VB. Second, this derivation is based on a tutorial-like introduction to concepts of free energy in physics and statistics. Third, we present an implementation of TI for DCM that rests on population MCMC. Fourth, using simulations and empirical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we compare log evidence estimates obtained by TI, VBL, and other MCMC-based estimators (prior arithmetic mean and posterior harmonic mean). We find that model comparison based on VBL gives reliable results in most cases, justifying its use in standard DCM for fMRI. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for complex and/or nonlinear models, TI may provide more robust estimates of the log evidence. Importantly, accurate estimates of the model evidence can be obtained with TI in acceptable computation time. This paves the way for using DCM in scenarios where the robustness of single-subject inference and model selection becomes paramount, such as differential diagnosis in clinical applications.
The Navigability of Strong Ties: Small Worlds, Tie Strength and Network Topology

: We examine data on and models of small world properties and parameters of social networks. Our focus, on tie-strength, multilevel networks and searchability in strong-tie social networks, allows us to extend some of the questions and findings of recent research and the fit of small world models to sociological and anthropological data on human communities. We offer a "navigability of strong ties" hypothesis about network topologies tested with data from kinship systems, and potentially applicable to corporate cultures and business networks. We examine data on and models of small world properties and parameters of social networks. Our focus, on tie-strength, multilevel networks and searchability in strong-tie social networks, allows us to extend some of the questions and findings of recent research and the fit of small world models to sociological and anthropological data on human communities. We offer a ‘navigability of strong ties’ hypothesis about network topologies tested with data from kinship systems, and potentially applicable to corporate cultures and business networks. and shows a preference gradient for closer cousins. Here the kinship distances through a parent (P), child (C) or sibling (~), at the same-generation of cousins, fall along a gradient from three for first cousins (P~C), five for second cousins (PP~CC), seven for third cousins (PPP~CCC), and nine for fourth cousins (PPPP~CCCC). The probability of
The influence of numerical parameters in the finite-volume method on the Wigley hull resistance

The equations discretization errors are often overlooked compared to the spatial discretization errors. This article presents the results of the influence of various equations discretization schemes in computational fluid dynamics on the prediction of the ship resistance and wave elevation on the hull. For the analysis, steady flow around a model of the Wigley hull is numerically predicted by employing a finite-volume method solver based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the volume-of-fluid method. Six momentum discretization schemes, three multi-fluid discretization schemes and three gradient schemes, are used in the analysis. The results show that the choice of discretization schemes has a significant influence on the results of wave elevation and resistance force in the case of the flow around the Wigley hull. In conclusion, second-order discretization schemes should be used for the resistance evaluation, in order to properly capture the non-linear effects.
Contribution au développement d’une méthode de calcul rapide de propagation des ondes de souffle en présence d’obstacles

La simulation directe des ondes de souffle generees par une explosion maitrisee, ou accidentelle, est un probleme delicat du fait des differentes echelles spatiales en jeu. De plus, en environnement reel (topographie, zone urbaine, …), l’onde de souffle interagit avec les obstacles geometriques en se reflechissant, se diffractant et se recombinant. La forme du front devient complexe, rendant difficile voire impossible une estimation a priori des effets des explosions.Ce travail de these contribue a la mise au point d’une methode de calcul rapide des ondes de souffle en presence d’obstacles. Il repose sur des modeles hyperboliques simplifies de propagation d'ondes de choc extraits de la litterature, ou seul le front incident est modelise. Ceci permet une reduction significative du cout des simulations : les 5 equations d'Euler 3D sont reduites a un probleme 2D a 2 equations. L’analyse du probleme de Riemann met en evidence l’absence de solution de ces modeles lors de la diffraction sur un coin convexe dans certaines configurations frequemment rencontrees en pratique. L’extension des modeles aux ordres superieurs ne permet pas de corriger ce defaut. Nous levons cette limitation au travers d'une modification ad hoc. L’effet de souffle consecutif a une explosion est ensuite introduit a partir d’une loi experimentale pression/distance. Du point de vue numerique, un algorithme Lagrangien conservatif de suivi de front est developpe en 2D. Les tests montrent que ce nouveau modele se compare favorablement a l’experience, avec une reduction de plusieurs ordres de grandeur du temps de calcul en comparaison des methodes de resolution directe des equations d’Euler.
JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA Indonesian Nursing and Scientific Journal

Funding: We declare no source of funding for this study. Abstract Background: Transmission of COVID-19 in the community was caused by the lack of knowledge regarding the virus transmission preventions. This is a trigger for people not to comply with health protocols such as wearing masks, diligently washing hands properly and maintaining physical distance. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge to the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol in students. Methods: This study uses the descriptive analytic method with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were junior high school students aged 1315 years totaling 89 people who were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed univariately using frequency and presentation. Bivariate analysis with Pearson correlation. Results: The analysis shows that there is no significant relationship between online games and interest in learning with ap value of 0.207 > 0.05 and there is a significant relationship between age and class level on the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol with a sig value of 0.018 (p value > 0.05 Conclusion: Overall, most of the respondents have good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practices toward preventing COVID-19. where the student's knowledge becomes a reference for students to behave and behave according to health protocols.
The distribution of copulas ser and estar in Spanish/Catalan bilinguals

The present study investigates the distribution of copula verbs ser and estar in Spanish and Catalan among nineteen (n=19) adult bilinguals born and raised in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. An elicited production task tested the participants’ patterns of use of both copula verbs in three contexts: with adverbial locatives, stage-level adjectives and event locatives. Catalan and Spanish diverge in copular use with adverbial locatives and adjectives but behave similarly in their exclusive use of ser with event locatives. As predicted, results showed a marked overextension of estar in Catalan locatives and adjectival predicates, supporting previous work. Although some participants alternated both copulas with locatives in Catalan, the use of estar was clearly preferred at the individual level. In regard to event locatives, the participants behaved target-like in their restrictive use of ser. There were no difficulties in Spanish, where estar is obligatory with adverbial locatives and adjectives and ser with event locatives. We argue that the overextension of estar in Catalan stems from crosslinguistic influence from Spanish and structural overlap. Spanish copular estar appears to be substituting the semantic scope of ser use in Catalan but only in areas where the two languages diverge.
A cellular automaton model for a pedestrian flow problem

The evacuation phenomena in the two dimensional pedestrian flow model are simulated. The intended direction of the escape of pedestrians in panic situations is governed by the Eikonal equation of the pedestrian flow model. A new two-dimensional Cellular Automaton (CA) model is proposed for the simulation of the pedestrian flow. The solution of the Eikonal equation is used to define the probability matrix whose elements express the probability of a pedestrian moving in finite set of directions. The novelty of this paper lies in the construction of the density dependent probability matrix. The relevant evacuation scenarios are numerically solved. Predictions of the evacuation behavior of pedestrians, for various room geometries with multiple exits, are demonstrated. The mathematical model is numerically justified by comparison of CA approach with the Finite Volume Method for the space discretization and Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the implicit time discretization of pedestrian flow model.
Cooperative Adaptive Event-Triggered Control for Multiagent Systems With Actuator Failures

This paper investigates the leaderless and leader-following problems for the nonlinear multiagent systems based on event-triggered communication scheduling. It should be pointed out that the input coefficient of every actuator is a stochastic function related to Markovian variables. A more general event-triggered mechanism is designed to decrease communication burden from the controller to the actuator. Furthermore, Barrier Lyapunov function is used to restrict the bound of tracking error in advance. To reduce the amount of calculations, a second-order tracking differentiator is introduced to avoid repeated derivative. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that the designed controllers can guarantee the outputs of all agents eventually converge to agreement and all the signals in the systems are bounded in probability. Finally, the numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach proposed.
Reduced-order models for blood flow in networks of large arteries

Every cardiac cycle, the heart contracts and ejects blood into the vascular network. This periodic inflow translates into the propagation of a pulse wave, which, through interactions with the elastic arterial wall, the blood and the complex arterial network, shapes itself into the pulsatile signal clinicians observe on a daily basis. Understanding these complex wave propagation dynamics is of great clinical relevance as large arteries are a breeding ground for many common cardiovascular pathologies which are often triggered by hemodynamical factors. Unfortunately, hemodynamics in large arteries are too complex to be apprehended using only non-invasive measurements and medical imaging techniques. Patient-specific numerical simulations of blood flow have therefore been developed to provide clinicians with valuable insights on pathogenesis and the outcome of surgeries. As three-dimensional models are usually used only in small portions of the cardiovascular system due to their high modeling and computational costs, we have used reduced-order models to reproduce complex wave propagation behaviors in large networks of arteries. We have first focused on one-dimensional models for blood flow and developed novel approaches that take into account the non-Newtonian behavior of blood and the viscoelastic response of the arterial wall. Next, we have proposed a fluid-structure interaction twodimensional blood flow model to capture the complex flow patterns in stenoses and aneurysms unavailable to classical one-dimensional models. Finally, we have applied these models to compute the flow in large arterial networks and to predict the outcome of bypass surgeries.