Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How England Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815

We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna-notably Prussia's control over the Rhineland and Westphalia-affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain's intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818-1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,"'Britain unified Germany"'.
Philantrophy in Education of Religious Tolerance in Kurikulum Merdeka at Elementary School Temanggung District

The multicultural Indonesian nation consisting of various tribes, languages, ethnicities, cultures, and religions must uphold tolerance education. including the implementation of the "Kurikulum Merdeka" in educational units in schools. Various cases of religious intolerance show a lack of voluntary action through an understanding of the treatment of volunteerism for social purposes through love (philanthropy) in the form of acts of generosity (compassion). This paper discusses the Philanthropy of Religious Tolerance Education in the Implementation of the "Kurikulum Merdeka" at Al-Kautsar Elementary School and Pangudi Utami Elementary School.This research qualitative field research with a data collection approach through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of the study show that philanthropy is always closely related to things that are engaged in charity or are closely related to material elements. This narrow view is currently beginning to erode, especially with the increasing interest of school students in philanthropic activities which are closely related to the behavior of those who do them out of concern. The meaning of philanthropy is expanding and developing. Philanthropic activities are increasingly organized and directed. During modern currents, forms of philanthropy emerge in society, one of which is philanthropy in implementing “Kurikulum Merdeka” with two different schools with students from Pangudi Utami Catholic Elementary School and Al Kautsar Islamic Elementary School.
Using online courses at an agrotechnological university

The purpose of the article is to carry out the quantitative analysis of online courses in various thematic areas, which are located on Ukrainian platforms of massive open online courses (Prometheus, EdEra, OUM). On the basis of the analysis, systematization and generalization of theoretical data, the advantages and weaknesses of the MOOC use in the educational process of higher school and lifelong education are revealed. As of May 2023, they offer 558 online courses on various topics, 80 (14.3%) of which are paid. The authors found out that on Ukrainian online platforms the number of online courses have increased over the past three years compared to the previous six years. Most of the courses are located on Prometheus online platform (376 courses, 67%). All of the Ukrainian online platforms have the same courses such as “IT”, “Civic Education”, “Healthcare”, and “Psychology”. It was found that Ukrainian MOOC can provide advanced training in most disciplines of general training which is outlined in educational programmers of agrarian and food technologies specialties. In further research, we plan to research the possibility of accepting certificates proving the completion of online courses as an element of non-formal education when studying certain academic disciplines.
CRETACEOUS – NEOGENE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF SE ABU DHABI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Regional 2D seismic profiles and 2D cross‐sections extracted from high‐resolution 3D seismic data were interpreted together with well data to reconstruct the sequence stratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous – Miocene sedimentary succession in SE Abu Dhabi. This region is a major hydrocarbon province with numerous giant oilfields producing from large‐scale anticlines. The paper focusses on the structural development of the Sahil, Asab and Shah fields.
Aero Bladed Disk Assembly Evaluation Using Surface Matching With Contact Constraints

The bladed disk is an essential component of the turbomachine and serves as a critical part in aeroengines, compressing a sufficient quantity of air into the engine for combustion. The quality of bladed disk assembly is vital and highly related to aerodynamic performance. However, uncertainties of blade-disk assembly lead to an inaccuracy aerodynamic component. Hence, the assembly evaluating method is inherently required to guarantee the accuracy of assembled bladed disks. This manuscript describes a surface matching method to evaluate the quality of blade-disks assembly, called rigid matching for assembly evaluating (RiMAE). Since geometric shape errors on surfaces inject uncertainty in assembly system, distance-based methods always obtain wrong answer. Unlike distance-based methods, the proposed RiMAE matches assembly contact surfaces based on intrinsic assembly features, such as contact surface and overlapping volume, introducing physical contact constraints in matching. RiMAE provides assembly accuracy with acceptable errors and is an efficient preprocessor for assembly. It simplifies the blade-disk assembly processes and guarantees assembly accuracy. The evaluation of the method shows higher robustness and accuracy compared with the existing matching methods.
Organic no-till and strip-till systems for broccoli and pepper production

Organic farmers rely extensively on tillage to incorporate plant residues, prepare seedbeds, and control weeds. However, tillage may have adverse effects on soil health, and conventional no-till production methods, which rely on herbicide for weed control, are not compatible with organic farming, so research was conducted on organic no-tillage (NT) and strip-tillage (ST), which rely on terminating a cover crop with a roller-crimper. Field research was carried out over two years (2013–14 and 2014–15) to compare two organic, cover cropbased reduced tillage systems (NT and ST) with conventional tillage (CT) in the production of organic bell pepper and broccoli. As nitrogen has been previously suggested as a limiting factor in organic NT systems, split fertilizer application was also included as a treatment to evaluate the impact of timing of nutrient addition on plant N status and yield. A cover crop mixture of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) was seeded in all plots in the fall and either tilled in (CT) or terminated with a roller-crimper (NT and ST) in the spring before planting. Data were collected on vegetable crop growth, yield, crop quality, cover crop biomass, weed suppression, soil temperature and moisture, leachate nitrate concentration, and soil health as indicated by soil microbial biomass and microbial diversity. For both crops, the effect of NT and ST on yield varied from year to year. Broccoli yield was reduced under NT and ST in 2014, but was not different from CT in 2015. Pepper yield, on the other hand, was similar among treatments in 2014, but reduced by NT and ST in 2015. While soils under ST had higher soil temperatures compared to NT, there were no differences between ST and NT in yield or crop N status for either crop in either year. Preplant and split fertility treatments produced similar marketable yields of broccoli in both years and for pepper in 2015,
HUBUNGAN PERNIKAHAN USIA DINI, PENGETAHUAN IBU DAN PENDAPATAN KELUARGA TERHADAP KEJADIAN STUNTING DI DESA SUKADANA KECAMATAN PUJUT KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Stunting adalah pertumbuhan tinggi badan anak tidak sesuai umur akibat kekurangan gizi kronis yang dipicu oleh faktor langsung dan tidak langsung. Pernikahan usia dini, pengetahuan ibu dan pendapatan keluarga menjadi faktor tidak langsung yang memicu stunting sehingga memberikan dampak jangka pendek terhadap pertumbuhan dan dampak jangka panjang terhadap kecerdasan serta dapat memperburuk masalah penyakit kronis lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi stunting di Desa Sukadana Kecamatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah dan mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara pernikahan usia dini, pengetahuan ibu dan pendapatan keluarga terhadap kejadian stunting. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik observasional dengan desain penelitian cross sectional jumlah sampel 198 responden dengan tehnik simple random sampling dengan mengisi kuesioner dalam pengambilan data. Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji Chi square didapatkan nilai p-value pernikahan usia dini sebesar 0,000 (<0,005), pengetahuan ibu sebesar 0,000 (<0,005) dan pendapatan keluarga sebesar 0,001 (<0,005). Terdapat hubungan antara pernikahan usia dini, pengetahuan ibu dan pendapatan keluarga dengan kejadian stunting di Desa Sukadana Kecatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah.
The vegetation of the Ilgaz mountains

Les auteurs analysent la vegetation de la montagne d'Ilgaz situee dans le nord-ouest de l'Anatolie . Dans oe travaili ils presentent les caracteres climatiques et bioclimatiques avec une interpretation phytosociologique et biogeographique de la region. En general , dans la region Prepontique, le revers septentrional des chaines d'Ilgaz appartenant a la region biogeographique euxinienne, presente les associations de Abies bornmuellerianai, Pinus sylvestris et Fagus orientalis (ordre Fagetalia sylvaticae, classe Querco Fagetea) ainsi que les associations de Carpinus betulus, Quercus petrea ssp. iberica (alliance Carpino-Acerion, ordre Querco Carpinetalia orientalis). Le revers meridional de la chaine d'Ilgaz, sous l'influence du climat mediterraneen, presente les associations de Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana et Quercus pubescens (alliance Quercion pubescentis, classe Quercetea pubescentis). Enfin, l'association de Astragalus microcephalus apparait egalement sur le revers meridional (ordre Astragalo-Brometalia , classe Astragalo-Brometea) .
Effects of water column nutrient enrichment on the growth of Potamogeton maackianus A. Been

Laboratory aquarium experiments were conducted to study the effects of water column nutrient enrichment on the growth of Potamogaeton maackianus A. Been, a dominant submersed macrophyte in Lake Donghu before the 1970s. The plant was grown in fertile sediment, gradients of water nutrients and different shade intensities for 40 days. At the end of the experiment, redox potential of the sediment was negatively related to the water nutrient concentration, while nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, and peroxidase activity of the plant tissue was positively related to the nutrient gradient. Plant growth reduced at light levels corresponding approximately to the depth range of 0.9-1.5 m given current water transparency within Lake Donghu. Within this stress zone, plant chlorophyll content, total shoot length increased primarily with the increased stress and peaked at 1.2 to 1.3 m depths, showing a narrower adaptive range of the plant than the low light stress range. The present study indicates that growth of P maackianus is strongly inhibited by consequences of nutrient enrichment in water. Thus, eutrophication in Lake Donghu during 1970s may have played an important role in the disappearance of this species from the lake.
Putting things in perspective. Young people’s susceptibility to the effects of sexual media content

Previous research has suggested that adolescents’ social network site use is related to their sexual self-concept, but systematic empirical research on the issue is lacking. The present study investigated the relationships between self-and other-generated sexy self-presentations (i.e., posting sexy pictures of themselves or looking at sexy pictures of others) on social network sites (SNSs) and a relevant aspect of adolescents’ sexual self-concept (i.e., the importance of being sexually outgoing) over time. Results from a representative two-wave panel study among 1,586 Dutch adolescents (aged 13-17) showed that both self-and other-generated sexy self-presentations influenced adolescents’ sexual self-concept directly. In addition, looking at others’ sexy self-presentations also had an indirect influence on sexual self-concept through increased favorability of prototypes of sexual others. Moreover, adolescents’ sexual self-concept predicted their exposure to sexy self-presentations of others, as well as their own sexy self-presentation over time. These results did not differ for boys and girls.
Previous pregnancies might mitigate cortical brain differences associated with surgical menopause

Surgical menopause causes a sharp drop in estrogen levels in middle‐aged women, thus preventing the gradual physiological adaptation that is characteristic of the perimenopause. Previous studies suggest that surgical menopause might increase the risk of dementia later in life. In addition, the transition to motherhood entails long‐lasting endocrine and neuronal adaptations. We compared differences in whole‐brain cortical volume between women who reached menopause by surgery and a group of women who reached spontaneous non‐surgical menopause and determined whether these cortical differences were influenced by previous childbearing. Using surface‐based neuroimaging techniques, we investigated cortical volume differences in 201 middle‐aged women (134 women who experienced non‐surgical menopause, 78 of whom were parous women; and 67 women who experienced surgical menopause, 39 of whom were parous women). We found significant atrophy in the frontal and temporal regions in women who experienced surgical menopause. Nulliparous women with surgical menopause showed significant lower cortical volume in the left temporal gyrus extending to the medial temporal lobe cortex, as well as in the precuneus bilaterally compared to parous women with surgical menopause; whereas our results revealed no significant differences between parous women with surgical menopause and both parous and nulliparous women who reached a non‐surgical menopause. Furthermore, in the surgical menopause group, we found a negative correlation between cortical volume and age at first pregnancy in the temporal lobe. Our study suggests that the long‐term brain remodeling of parity may mitigate the neural impact of the sudden drop in estrogen levels that characterizes surgical menopause.
Fluvial contribution to the sediment budget of the Tay Estuary, Scotland, assessed using mineral magnetic fingerprinting

The sediment budget of the Tay Estuary, Scotland, UK, was evaluated using mineral magnetic fingerprinting. A multivariate unmixing model, based on constrained linear programming, permitted quantification of source contributions to the estuarine bottom sediments. Factor and multivariate discriminant analysis demonstrated that the two fluvial sources could be separated on the basis of five, linearly additive magnetic properties. However, lack of data dimensionality necessitated amalgamation of the two marine sources originally recognized. The model demonstrates the present-day dominance of marine bottom sediment derivation (78 ± 10%), whereas fluvial source contributions are 4 ± 10% from the River Earn and 18 ± 10% from the River Tay. The fluvial contribution should be considered in the context of the Tay being Britain's foremost river in terms of discharge (long-term average ∼167 m 3 s -1 ). Source contributions to intertidal flat sediments collected over a spring-neap tidal cycle imply a temporal constancy to bed sediment provenance.
Real‐Time Fault Tracking and Ground Motion Prediction for Large Earthquakes With HR‐GNSS and Deep Learning

Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems aim to forecast the shaking intensity rapidly after an earthquake occurs and send warnings to affected areas before the onset of strong shaking. The system relies on rapid and accurate estimation of earthquake source parameters. However, it is known that source estimation for large ruptures in real‐time is challenging, and it often leads to magnitude underestimation. In a previous study, we showed that machine learning, HR‐GNSS, and realistic rupture synthetics can be used to reliably predict earthquake magnitude. This model, called Machine‐Learning Assessed Rapid Geodetic Earthquake model (M‐LARGE), can rapidly forecast large earthquake magnitudes with an accuracy of 99%. Here, we expand M‐LARGE to predict centroid location and fault size, enabling the construction of the fault rupture extent for forecasting shaking intensity using existing ground motion models. We test our model in the Chilean Subduction Zone with thousands of simulated and five real large earthquakes. The result achieves an average warning time of 40.5 s for shaking intensity MMI4+, surpassing the 34 s obtained by a similar GNSS EEW model. Our approach addresses a critical gap in existing EEW systems for large earthquakes by demonstrating real‐time fault tracking feasibility without saturation issues. This capability leads to timely and accurate ground motion forecasts and can support other methods, enhancing the overall effectiveness of EEW systems. Additionally, the ability to predict source parameters for real Chilean earthquakes implies that synthetic data, governed by our understanding of earthquake scaling, is consistent with the actual rupture processes.
Metformin Inefficiency to Lower Lipids in Vitamin B12 Deficient HepG2 Cells Is Alleviated via Adiponectin-AMPK Axis

Background: Prolonged metformin treatment decreases vitamin B12 (B12) levels, whereas low B12 is associated with dyslipidaemia. Some studies have reported that metformin has no effect on intrahepatic triglyceride (TG) levels. Although AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation via adiponectin lowers hepatic TG content, its role in B12 deficiency and metformin has not been explored. We investigated whether low B12 impairs the beneficial effect of metformin on hepatic lipid metabolism via the AMPK-adiponectin axis. Methods: HepG2 was cultured using custom-made B12-deficient Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM) in different B12-medium concentrations, followed by a 24-h metformin/adiponectin treatment. Gene and protein expressions and total intracellular TG were measured, and radiochemical analysis of TG synthesis and seahorse mitochondria stress assay were undertaken. Results: With low B12, total intracellular TG and synthesized radiolabelled TG were increased. Regulators of lipogenesis, cholesterol and genes regulating fatty acids (FAs; TG; and cholesterol biosynthesis were increased. FA oxidation (FAO) and mitochondrial function were decreased, with decreased pAMPKα and pACC levels. Following metformin treatment in hepatocytes with low B12, the gene and protein expression of the above targets were not alleviated. However, in the presence of adiponectin, intrahepatic lipid levels with low B12 decreased via upregulated pAMPKα and pACC levels. Again, combined adiponectin and metformin treatment ameliorated the low B12 effect and resulted in increased pAMPKα and pACC, with a subsequent reduction in lipogenesis, increased FAO and mitochondrion function. Conclusions: Adiponectin co-administration with metformin induced a higher intrahepatic lipid-lowering effect. Overall, we emphasize the potential therapeutic implications for hepatic AMPK activation via adiponectin for a clinical condition associated with B12 deficiency and metformin treatment.
ANALYSIS OF SOME RESIDUAL ANTIBIOTICS IN MUSCLE, KIDNEY AND LIVER SAMPLES OF BROILER CHICKEN BY VARIOUS METHODS

: The present study was conducted for the analysis and comparison of selected residual antibiotics in broiler chicken available in local market. The broiler samples included muscle, kidney and liver. The quinolones included in this study were, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, flumequine, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An assessment of variation of these analytes (residues) in these samples was made. The intertissue/organ comparison within each analytical technique and intermethod comparison of results obtained by HPLC, UV spectroscopy and ion association complex techniques were made. TLC was used to separate and identify the quinolone residues. Infrared (IR) was also used for identification of the residues. HPLC with ODS column and UV detector and UV/ visible spectroscopy were used for quantification of the residues. Oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin residues were absent in all the samples. The “ciprofloxacin–brilliant blue G” ion association complex was used for ciprofloxacin determination using ion association complex technique. Good compatibility of the spectrophotometric results was found with those of high pressure liquid chromatography.
An Evaluation of Approximated PWM Switching Schemes Instigating Acoustic Noise in Inverter-Fed Induction Motors

: This research paper presents the acoustic noise produced by a three phase motor when driven by an inverter. The inverter is operated by various traditional approximated PWM switching schemes. Experiments show that the acoustic noise from the three phase motor changes with the variation of the PWM switching scheme. The PWM switching schemes included approximated sinusoidal, approximated third harmonic injected sinusoidal, approximated trapezoidal, and approximated triangular PWM switching schemes. The approximated trapezoidal PWM switching scheme yields the least acoustic noise. This paper highlights a relationship (in graphical terms) between the current in the neutral wire and the acoustic noise observed from the motor for various switching schemes. However, the relationship between the acoustic noise and switching scheme may require further research. Furthermore, results also show that the approximated trapezoidal PWM switching scheme yields the minimum current in the neutral wire.
Mandatory Vision Test for Driver License Renewal in Association With Traffic Fatality and Injury Among Older Road Users in Utah

In 2011, Utah began requiring that drivers aged 65 years and older pass a vision test at each license renewal. This study aims to investigate if the mandatory vision test associated with motor vehicle fatality and injury rates in older road users. We fit controlled interrupted time series analysis models to compare fatality and injury rates for older adults (65+) affected by the law to younger adults (45–64) unaffected by the law. The models yielded estimates of differential level and slope changes in fatality and injury rates, which we used to estimate policy associations. We did not find evidence that implementing an accelerated vision test for older adults in Utah was associated with a reduction in injury or fatality rates among older (65+) drivers and non-drivers relative to those aged 45–64. Other strategies might be considered to prevent fatal motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) in older adults.