Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magma transport of heat on Io: A mechanism allowing a thick lithosphere

Models indicate that the high heat flow from Io would result in a very thin (approximately 5 km) silicate lithosphere overlying a molten interior, if all heat was transported through the lithosphere via conduction. However, the presence of mountains with relief in excess of 10 km would seem to demand a thick lithosphere, at least locally. A significant fraction of Io's heat flow may be transported via advection through volcanoes. Advective heat transfer permits a thicker lithosphere than does pure conduction, possibly reconciling Io's high heat flow with the rugged topography.
Consistency between hydrological models and field observations: linking processes at the hillslope scale to hydrological responses at the watershed scale

The purpose of this paper is to identify simple connections between observations of hydrological processes at the hillslope scale and observations of the response of watersheds following rainfall, with a view to building a parsimonious model of catchment processes. The focus is on the well‐studied Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Georgia, USA. Recession analysis of discharge Q shows that while the relationship between dQ/dt and Q is approximately consistent with a linear reservoir for the hillslope, there is a deviation from linearity that becomes progressively larger with increasing spatial scale. To account for these scale differences conceptual models of streamflow recession are defined at both the hillslope scale and the watershed scale, and an assessment made as to whether models at the hillslope scale can be aggregated to be consistent with models at the watershed scale.
Mapping fuel moisture codes using MODIS images and the Getis statistic over western Canada grasslands

In Canada, fire danger is predicted by the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). One of its subsystems is the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system, which has two slow-drying fuel moisture codes: the drought code (DC) and the duff moisture code (DMC). Both codes are used in this study as a surrogate of dead fuel moisture. We evaluate the capability of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) observations to map DC and DMC. A comparison was made between 16-day composite MODIS images acquired in the 2000 to 2004 fire seasons over Grasslands National Park of Canada (GNPC), Saskatchewan, Canada and DC and DMC data interpolated from weather station records. Overall, spectral variables and DC and DMC exhibited clear seasonal trends, and were therefore influenced more by temporal factors than by land cover factors. Data were then grouped into temporal categories, by year and seasons, for stepwise multiple regression calculations. We note that the use of shortwave infrared (SWIR)-based variables slightly improved the performances of both DC and DMC models. Spectrally derived DC and DMC data showed improved spatial resolution of mapping drought over pre-burned areas compared to broadly interpolated weather station-based estimations. The spectral estimation was improved by applying the Getis statistic (Gi *) to the resulting maps, showing the potential of combining the Gi * statistic and MODIS data in predicting fuel moisture codes in relationship to fire occurrence.
A Communication-efficient Linearly Convergent Algorithm with Variance Reduction for Distributed Stochastic Optimization

This paper considers a distributed stochastic strongly convex optimization, where agents over a network aim to cooperatively minimize the average of all agents’ local cost functions. Due to the stochasticity of gradient estimation and distributedness of local objective, fast linearly convergent distributed algorithms have not been achieved yet. This work proposes a novel distributed stochastic gradient tracking algorithm with variance reduction, where the local gradients are estimated by an increasing batch-size of sampled gradients. With an undirected connected communication graph and a geometrically increasing batch-size, the iterates are shown to converge in mean to the optimal solution at a geometric rate (achieving linear convergence). The iteration, communication, and oracle complexity for obtaining an -optimal solution are established as well. Particulary, the communication complexity is $\mathcal{O}\left( {\ln \left( {1/ \in } \right)} \right)$ while the oracle complexity (number of sampled gradients) is $\mathcal{O}\left( {1/{ \in ^2}} \right)$, which is of the same order as that of centralized approaches. Hence, the proposed scheme is communication-efficient without requiring extra sampled gradients. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the theoretic results.
Phosphate rock: factors in economic and technical evaluation

Abstract Phosphate rock in the mineral industry refers to the marketable, usually beneficiated, product. Geologically, however, the term embraces a very wide variety of rock types, of both sedimentary and igneous origin, as well as their weathering derivatives. Phosphate deposits thus form in markedly different geological environments and ore characteristics are so varied that a combination of nearly identical factors applicable to their evaluation seldom exists. In spite of this diversity, the phosphate component in most deposits is a member of the apatite group represented by the two end members: fluorapatite, the main mineral in crustal igneous rocks, and carbonate fluorapatite or francolite, by far the most important phosphate component of commercial sedimentary deposits. The identification of the correct apatite composition is important in assessing the quality of marketable phosphate concentrates. Evaluation usually begins with a detailed mineralogical, petrographical, and chemical study of a representative sample of prospective phosphate ore to determine the principal constituents in the ore and their mode of occurrence. The data obtained establish the grade (P2O5 content) of the rock and its chemical quality and, hence, the method and degree of beneficiation required to provide a commercially acceptable phosphate concentrate. Beneficiation technology is such that often the most difficult ore types (e.g. siliceous, dolomitic and Fe-Al-rich) can be upgraded satisfactorily, but the problems become more acute when impurities occur as substitutions in the apatite lattice. Quality rather than grade is often the deciding factor in determing the viability of a given deposit, in addition to other technical and economic factors.
Full Prestack Versus Shot Record Migration

Full prc-stack migration can be replaced by shot record migration plus stacking without loss of accuracy. To prove this, it is most convenient to describe forward seismic modeling in terms of matrix multiplications. Then full pre-stack migration can be described in terms of matrix inversions. By using some simple rules of matrix algebra it can then be shown that the full pre-stack migration result can be wrftte as the sum of shot record migration results. This conclusion is particularly important for the 3-D case because the data management in 3-D shot record migration is dramatically more convenient than in 3-D full pre-stack migration.
Optimizing alternative schemes of community-based breeding programs for two Ethiopian goat breeds

One tier community-based breeding schemes with four different scenarios for Western Lowland and Abergelle goat of Ethiopia were simulated using ZPLAN computer program to compare the genetic gain of the breeding objectives traits across the alternatives. The scenarios were different in terms of numbers of traits in selection criteria while keeping the breeding goals the same throughout the alternatives. Simulation study showed that there was little difference in annual genetic gain for individual breeding objectives traits and annual monitoring gain (aggregate gain) across the different alternatives. The range of 0.87020.8724 kg, 0.00010.0006 and 0.01840.0195% of six months weight, number of kids born and proportion of weaned kids were predicted for Western Lowland goat respectively. For Abergelle goat the range of 0.360.3675 kg of six months weight, 0.00660.0114 kg of daily milk yield and 0.00680.0085% proportion of weaned kids per does per year were simulated. The lowest aggregate genetic gains of 25.94 and 16.42 were obtained for Western Lowland and Abergelle goat respectively from the alternative where only one trait (growth) included in the selection criteria (index or record).
COMPARISON OF SELF MOTIVATION AND SELF CONFIDENCE BETWEEN SPORTSMAN AND NON- SPORTSMAN

The purpose of the study was to compare the self motivation and self confidence between Sportsman and Non-sportsman. To achieve this purpose, 60 sports person’s (30 athletes and 30 non athletes) between the age group of 18 to 22 were randomly selected from various colleges of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Self motivation and self confidence were selected as dependent variables. Data were collected by using Questionnaire developed by Smith and Dr.M. L.Kamalesh. The collected data was statistically analyzed by using independent ‘t’ test at 0.05 level of confidence. The results shown that, there was a significant difference on self motivation and self confidence between Sportsman and Non-sportsman.
Vertical movement of temperate‐zone sporadic E layers

The wind-shear theory of the formation of temperate-zone sporadic E layers is extended to take into account effects associated with a neutral wind profile having a descending phase velocity. It is shown that layers of long-lived ions (presumably of meteoritic origin) that are formed at higher altitudes are carried down with the wind profile to a region roughly 85–95 km in altitude, where they are dumped. Above about 95-km altitude the layers are trapped in portions of the neutral wind profile having a shear of the correct sign according to the simple (equilibrium) form of the wind-shear theory. Below about 95 km the layers are not trapped in this manner, and their position shows no obvious correlation with the sign of the neutral wind shear. The effects of diffusion are discussed, and an expression for the equilibrium width of a sporadic E layer is obtained.
The two water worlds hypothesis: ecohydrological separation of water between streams and trees?

Recent work in ecohydrology has shown that in some forested watershed systems, streams and trees appear to return different pools of water to the hydrosphere. Thus far, evidence for this has come exclusively from wet Mediterranean climates. This short opinion article outlines the hypothesis and a research agenda for future work. The most pressing issue is the need to gather more data points whereby dual isotope‐based studies in forested catchments compare samples of plant water and tightly bound soil water as well as mobile waters (soil, groundwater, and streamflow) in the catchment. New work is needed to test the hypothesis across different climates and vegetation regimes, especially places that contrast with the Mediterranean climates and forest types where two water worlds have been found. These include, but are not restricted to humid areas where plant water use and precipitation input are in phase, wetter zones where seasonality of precipitation is low, and drier zones where water stress is higher. Of equal importance to these basic research issues are the practical issues surrounding the sampling methods of plant and soil waters. Studies are needed to compare extraction techniques for low and high mobility soil waters and to understand the effect of sampling protocol on water isotope composition. Once these issues are resolved, high frequency sampling of soil and xylem waters will be especially instructive in development of mechanistic models of ecohydrological interaction—and an explanation for the hypothesis that is still wanting. WIREs Water 2014, 1:323–329. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1027
Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results

The recently proposed Temporal Ensembling has achieved state-of-the-art results in several semi-supervised learning benchmarks. It maintains an exponential moving average of label predictions on each training example, and penalizes predictions that are inconsistent with this target. However, because the targets change only once per epoch, Temporal Ensembling becomes unwieldy when learning large datasets. To overcome this problem, we propose Mean Teacher, a method that averages model weights instead of label predictions. As an additional benefit, Mean Teacher improves test accuracy and enables training with fewer labels than Temporal Ensembling. Without changing the network architecture, Mean Teacher achieves an error rate of 4.35% on SVHN with 250 labels, outperforming Temporal Ensembling trained with 1000 labels. We also show that a good network architecture is crucial to performance. Combining Mean Teacher and Residual Networks, we improve the state of the art on CIFAR-10 with 4000 labels from 10.55% to 6.28%, and on ImageNet 2012 with 10% of the labels from 35.24% to 9.11%.
Optimization-Based Hybrid Congestion Alleviation for 6LoWPAN Networks

The IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack is a key part of the Internet of Things (IoT) where the 6LoWPAN motes will account for the majority of the IoT “things. ” In 6LoWPAN networks, heavy network traffic causes congestion which significantly effects the network performance and the quality of service metrics. Generally, two main strategies are used to control and alleviate congestion in 6LoWPAN networks: 1) resource control and 2) traffic control. All the existing work of congestion control in 6LoWPAN networks use one of these. In this paper, we propose a novel congestion control algorithm called optimization-based hybrid congestion alleviation (OHCA) which combines both strategies into a hybrid solution. OHCA utilizes the positive aspects of each strategy and efficiently uses the network resources. The proposed algorithm uses a multiattribute optimization methodology called gray relational analysis for resource control by combining three routing metrics (buffer occupancy, expected transmission count, and queuing delay) and forwarding packets through noncongested parents. Also, OHCA uses optimization theory and network utility maximization framework to achieve traffic control when the noncongested parent is not available where the optimal nodes’ sending rate are computed by using Lagrange multipliers and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. The proposed algorithm is aware of node priorities and application priorities to support the IoT application requirements where the applications’ sending rate allocation is modeled as a constrained optimization problem. OHCA has been tested and evaluated through simulation by using Contiki OS and compared with comparative algorithms. Simulation results show that OHCA improves performance in the presence of congestion by an overall average of 28.36%, 28.02%, 48.07%, 31.97%, and 90.35% in terms of throughput, weighted fairness index, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and buffer dropped packets as compared to duty cycle-aware congestion control for 6LoWPAN networks and queue utilization-based-IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy network.
Noise detection and elimination in data preprocessing: Experiments in medical domains

Compression measures used in inductive learners, such as measures based on the minimum description length principle, can be used as a basis for grading candidate hypotheses. Compression-based induction is suited also for handling noisy data. This paper shows that a simple compression measure can be used to detect noisy training examples, where noise is due to random classification errors. A technique is proposed in which noisy examples are detected and eliminated from the training set, and a hypothesis is then built from the set of remaining examples. This noise elimination method was applied to preprocess data for four machine-learning algorithms, and evaluated on selected medical domains.
In situ X‐ray experiment on the structure of hydrous Mg‐silicate melt under high pressure and high temperature

Structure of a hydrous silicate melt with a forsterite‐enstatite‐H2O composition was investigated by in‐situ X‐ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. The high temperature hydrous melt was successfully enclosed in a single‐crystal diamond capsule under high pressure, up to 6.5 GPa. Results showed that the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP), which reflects the intermediate‐range structure of the complex melt, shifted drastically toward higher Q (scattering vector [Å−1]) at pressure below 2.2 GPa. This observation indicates that the silicate network in the melt was depolymerized by the influence of water molecules and partly replaced by Si‐OH units under those high‐pressure conditions. In contrast, between 3–5 GPa, such a peak shift was not clearly detected, suggesting that the lengthening of the intermediate‐range ordering of …‐Si‐O‐Si‐… linkage (i.e., polymerization of silicate network) occurred.
Dactylioceratidae (Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea) from the early Jurassic of New Zealand

Abstract Dactylioceratidae are recorded from New Zealand from two localities in strata of Early Ururoan age. Catacoe‐loceras grangei n.sp. is recorded from north of the North Island and Zugodactylites braunianus (d'Orbigny, 1845) from south of the South Island. Catacoeloceras grangei has a very close affinity with Catacoeloceras species from the Crassum Subzone (latest part of the Early Toarcian) in southern Europe. Zugodactylites braunianus occurs in Europe in the lower (but not basal) and middle parts of the Fibulatum Subzone and therefore is one subzone older than C. grangei and is of comparable age to the occurrences of Harpoceras subplanatum (Oppel, 1856) in the North Island. Catacoeloceras grangei, Z. braunianus, and H. subplanatum are part of a migration that took place primarily in the Crassum and Fibulatum Subzones, presumably in response to a major eustatic rise in sea level that opened up new migration routes and areas to colonise for Tethyan taxa.
An automated disc infiltrometer for infiltration rate measurements using a microflowmeter

This work presents a new design of disc infiltrometer, which, associated with a microflowmeter (MF) and a solenoid valve set, makes it possible to automate the infiltration rate (Q) measurements at different soil pressure heads (ψ). The MF consists of a 13·8‐cm long and 1·5 mm i.d. pipe, with a pressure transducer connecting the two ends of the MF, inserted in a water‐flow pipe that connects the Mariotte tube and the water‐supply reservoir of the disc infiltrometer. Water flow is calculated from the head losses in the MF. Changes in ψ in the bubble tower, automatically affected when the infiltration rate reaches steady state, are controlled by a datalogger connected to four solenoid valves. The new design was tested in laboratory and field conditions, and the results showed that the MF allows the soil water infiltration rates to be correctly estimated for different soil characteristics. The solenoid valve set plus datalogger system satisfactorily monitored the changes in ψ and allowed the measurement time to be optimized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground-water hydraulics, regional flow, and ground-water development of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama

This paper reports the highly productive Floridan aquifer system consists of several Tertiary carbonate formations that are hydraulically connected in varying degrees. Total predevelopment recharge to and, therefore, discharge from the system was estimated from simulation to be about 21,500 ft{sup 3}/s. Estimated recharge to and discharge from the system increased to about 24,100 ft{sup 3}/s after development. There remains a considerable area of the system's extent that is favorable for ground-water development.
Mediated risks: the Roşia Montană displacement and a new perspective on the IRR model

Abstract The impoverishment risks and reconstruction (IRR) model is widely used in research on involuntary population displacements. This article endorses an expansion of the model to better account for how impoverishment risks are mediated through economic circumstances and through actors outside and within the displacement process. The case of the proposed Roşia Montană mining project in Romania reveals that some impoverishment risks originate beyond displacement itself, and are harder to counter, while others are mitigated through local resistance and the strategic deployment of material and cultural assets. The Roşia Montană displacement also shows that mediation reduces the predictability of IRR risks. Résumé Le modèle IRR (Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction) est largement utilisé dans la recherche sur les déplacements involontaires de populations. Cet article propose une extension de ce modèle pour mieux tenir compte du rôle que joue la situation économique locale et celui des acteurs qui participent, de l'intérieur comme de l'extérieur, au processus de déplacement. Le projet minier Roşia Montană en Roumanie montre que certains risques d'appauvrissement, plus difficiles à contrer, ne proviennent pas du déplacement lui-même. D'autres risques sont atténués grâce à la résistance locale et au déploiement stratégique, par les collectivités touchées, de leurs ressources matérielles et culturelles. Dans le cas étudié, ces facteurs de médiation limitent la puissance prédictive du modèle IRR.
Influence of water fugacity and activation volume on the flow properties of fine‐grained anorthite aggregates

[1] To specify quantitatively the effect of pressure and water weakening on the flow strength of feldspar we performed triaxial creep experiments in a gas deformation apparatus at temperatures of 1000–1150°C, confining pressures of 100–450 MPa, and axial stresses of 10–400 MPa, resulting in strain rates of ∼6 × 10−7 to 3 × 10−3 s−1. Dense samples with a grain size of ∼3 μm were prepared by hot-isostatic pressing of anorthite glass powder. Hydrous samples contain about 0.33 ± 0.14 wt % H2O and dry specimens 0.0005–0.02 wt % H2O. The estimated residual glass content of wet samples is <2 vol %. Samples deformed by grain boundary diffusion-controlled creep at low stresses and dislocation creep at stresses ≳150 MPa. We estimate an activation volume of V ≈ 24 cm3mol−1 for anhydrous samples deforming in diffusion creep. For wet samples, deformed in hydrous conditions with varying buffers fixing oxygen fugacity, the activation volume is about 38 cm3 mol−1. Creep rate of hydrous anorthite aggregates depends on water fugacity raised to a power of r = 1.0 ± 0.3, suggesting hydrolysis of oxygen bonds. Considering the effect of activation volume and water fugacity on extrapolation of constitutive laws to conditions prevailing in the continental lower crust, viscosities of hydrous feldspar aggregates increase by a factor of <3.