Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reduced channel morphological response to urbanization in a flood‐dominated humid tropical environment

Urbanization through the addition of impervious cover can alter catchment hydrology, often resulting in increased peak flows during floods. This phenomenon and the resulting impact on stream channel morphology is well documented in temperate climatic regions, but not well documented in the humid tropics where urbanization is rapidly occurring. This study investigates the long‐term effects of urbanization on channel morphology in the humid sub‐tropical region of Puerto Rico, an area characterized by frequent high‐magnitude flows, and steep coarse‐grained rivers. Grain size, low‐flow channel roughness, and the hydraulic geometry of streams across a land‐use gradient that ranges from pristine forest to high density urbanized catchments are compared. In areas that have been urbanized for several decades changes in channel features were measurable, but were smaller than those reported for comparable temperate streams. Decades of development has resulted in increased fine sediment and anthropogenic debris in urbanized catchments. Materials of anthropogenic origin comprise an average of 6% of the bed material in streams with catchments with 15% or greater impervious cover. At‐a‐station hydraulic geometry shows that velocity makes up a larger component of discharge for rural channels, while depth contributes a larger component of discharge in urban catchments. The average bank‐full cross‐sectional area of urbanized reaches was 1.5 times larger than comparable forested reaches, and less than the world average increase of 2.5. On average, stream width at bank‐full height did not change with urbanization while the world average increase is 1.5 times. Overall, this study indicates that the morphologic changes that occur in response to urban runoff are less in channels that are already subject to frequent large magnitude storms. Furthermore, this study suggests that developing regions in the humid tropics shouldn't rely on temperate analogues to determine the magnitude of impact of urbanization on stream morphology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive abilities and superior decision making under risk: A protocol analysis and process model evaluation

Individual differences in cognitive abilities and skills can predict normatively superior and logically consistent judgments and decisions. The current experiment investigates the processes that mediate individual differences in risky choices. We assessed working memory span, numeracy, and cognitive impulsivity and conducted a protocol analysis to trace variations in conscious deliberative processes. People higher in cognitive abilities made more choices consistent with expected values; however, expected-value choices rarely resulted from expected-value calculations. Instead, the cognitive ability and choice relationship was mediated by the number of simple considerations made during decision making — e.g., transforming probabilities and considering the relative size of gains. Results imply that, even in simple lotteries, superior risky decisions associated with cognitive abilities and controlled cognition can reflect metacognitive dynamics and elaborative heuristic search processes, rather than normative calculations. Modes of cognitive control (e.g., dual process dynamics) and implications for process models of risky decision-making (e.g., priority heuristic) are discussed.
Femoroacetabular Impingement and Labral Tear Management : Review of Current Literature and Techniques

The incidence of hip pain in the adult is fairly common, accounting for roughly 10% of visits to sports medicine physicians annually, and the origin of the pain is often elusive. For the active patient, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of hip pain, and related labral pathology further contributes to impairment. It is thought that bony overgrowth of the acetabular rim (pincer lesion) and femoral neck (CAM lesion) are responsible for impingement symptoms, which can evolve into a labral tear over time. The standard approach for treating these bony overgrowths for many years has been osteoplasty of both CAM and pincer lesions, but evidence is emerging that treatment of pincer lesions alone may be just as efficacious. Both FAI and labral pathology are treatable conditions by the orthopaedic surgeon with the goal being restoration of hip joint function, decreasing patient pain, and preventing early osteoarthritis.
Production of (cid:2)( 1385 ) ± and (cid:3)( 1530 ) 0 in p–Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV

The transverse momentum distributions of the strange and double-strange hyperon resonances ( (cid:3)( 1385 ) ± , (cid:4)( 1530 ) 0 ) produced in p–Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV were measured in the rapidity range − 0 . 5 < y CMS < 0 for event classes corresponding to different charged-particle multiplicity densities, (cid:3) d N ch /d η lab (cid:4) . The mean transverse momentumvaluesarepresentedasafunctionof (cid:3) d N ch /d η lab (cid:4) , as well as a function of the particle masses and compared with previous results on hyperon production. The integrated yield ratios of excited to ground-state hyperons are constant as a function of (cid:3) d N ch /d η lab (cid:4) . The equivalent ratios to pions exhibit an increase with (cid:3) d N ch /d η lab (cid:4) , depending on their strangeness content.
Seasonal climate signals from multiple tree ring metrics: A case study of Pinus ponderosa in the upper Columbia River Basin

Projected changes in the seasonality of hydroclimatic regimes are likely to have important implications for water resources and terrestrial ecosystems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The tree ring record, which has frequently been used to position recent changes in a longer‐term context, typically relies on signals embedded in the total ring width of tree rings. Additional climatic inferences at a subannual temporal scale can be made using alternative tree ring metrics such as earlywood and latewood widths and the density of tree ring latewood. Here we examine seasonal precipitation and temperature signals embedded in total ring width, earlywood width, adjusted latewood width, and blue intensity chronologies from a network of six Pinus ponderosa sites in and surrounding the upper Columbia River Basin of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We also evaluate the potential for combining multiple tree ring metrics together in reconstructions of past cool‐ and warm‐season precipitation. The common signal among all metrics and sites is related to warm‐season precipitation. Earlywood and latewood widths differ primarily in their sensitivity to conditions in the year prior to growth. Total and earlywood widths from the lowest elevation sites also reflect cool‐season moisture. Effective correlation analyses and composite‐plus‐scale tests suggest that combining multiple tree ring metrics together may improve reconstructions of warm‐season precipitation. For cool‐season precipitation, total ring width alone explains more variance than any other individual metric or combination of metrics. The composite‐plus‐scale tests show that variance‐scaled precipitation reconstructions in the upper Columbia River Basin may be asymmetric in their ability to capture extreme events.
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r = . 274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (i.e., self-report) measures, available in 156 of these samples (13,068 subjects), also predicted effectively (average r = .361), but with much greater variability of effect size. Predictive validity of self-report was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses. For 32 samples with criterion measures involving Black-White interracial behavior, predictive validity of IAT measures significantly exceeded that of self-report measures. Both IAT and self-report measures displayed incremental validity, with each measure predicting criterion variance beyond that predicted by the other. The more highly IAT and self-report measures were intercorrelated, the greater was the predictive validity of each.
C-LEAD Scale 1 Measuring the Efficacy of Leaders to Assess Information and Make Decisions in a Crisis : The C-LEAD Scale

Based on literature and expert interviews, we developed the Crisis Leader Efficacy in Assessing and Deciding scale (C-LEAD) to capture the efficacy of leaders to assess information and make decisions in a public health and safety crisis. In Studies 1 and 2, we find that C-LEAD predicts decision-making difficulty and confidence in a crisis better than a measure of general leadership efficacy. In Study 3, C-LEAD predicts greater motivation to lead in a crisis, more crisis leader role-taking, and more accurate performance while in a crisis leader role. These findings support the scale’s construct validity and broaden our theoretical understanding of the nature of crisis leader efficacy.
Everybody’s Protest Song: Music as Social Protest in the Performances of Marian Anderson and Billie Holiday

I n a year that marked the dawn of World War II, a different sort of battle emerged on the American cultural scene. This was the year of the celebrated concert featuring Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused to allow her performance at Constitution Hall. Despite Anderson’s reservations about grandstanding during an escalating controversy, she performed with the understanding that “I had become, whether I liked it or not, a symbol representing my people” ([1956] 2002, 189). That same month, Billie Holiday recorded with Commodore Records her haunting rendition of the antilynching song “Strange Fruit” after her record company, Columbia Records, refused to issue this controversial piece. Unlike Anderson, Holiday performed as a “race woman” who was eager to use music as a political platform. Both performances hold significance in American music history: they encapsulate a moment when black women’s singing instigated social protest. What if we were to link the classical vocalist with the jazz vocalist—both rooted in African American music traditions of spirituals and the blues, respectively—in our analyses of feminist art and social change, especially considering the brief span of time between Anderson’s performance at the Lincoln Memorial and Holiday’s recording of “Strange Fruit”? What kind
The Impact of the Coronavirus Lockdown on Mental Health: Evidence from the US

The coronavirus outbreak has caused significant disruptions to people’s lives. We document the impact of state-wide stay-at-home orders on mental health using real time survey data in the US. The lockdown measures lowered mental health by 0.085 standard deviations. This large negative effect is entirely driven by women. As a result of the lockdown measures, the existing gender gap in mental health has increased by 66%. The negative effect on women’s mental health cannot be explained by an increase in financial worries or childcare responsibilities.
Compression of Fe–Si–H alloys to core pressures

We examined the compression behavior of hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.61 and (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.79 (in atomic ratio) alloys up to 138 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). While contradicting experimental results were previously reported on the compression curve of double‐hcp (dhcp) FeHx (x ≈ 1), our data show that the compressibility of hcp Fe0.88Si0. 12Hx alloys is very similar to those of hcp Fe and Fe0.88Si0. 12, indicating that the incorporation of hydrogen into iron does not change its compression behavior remarkably. The present experiments suggest that the inner core may contain up to 0.47 wt % hydrogen (FeH0.26) if temperature is 5000 K. The calculated density profile of Fe0.88Si0. 12H0.17 alloy containing 0.32 wt % hydrogen in addition to geochemically required 6.5 wt % silicon matches the seismological observations of the outer core, supporting that hydrogen is an important core light element.
Space‐based imaging of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using FORMOSAT‐2/ISUAL 630.0 nm airglow observations

This paper reports the results of space‐based imaging of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) in 630.0 nm emission by Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings (ISUAL), on board FORMOSAT‐2 satellite. The limb integrated measurements, after removing background, reveal multiple bands of intensity perturbation when projected to a horizontal plane corresponding to the altitude of peak emission, with distinct southwest to northeast orientation in the Southern Hemisphere. Simulations are carried out by artificially introducing MSTID fluctuations in model electron density to confirm if the MSTID could be identified in the ISUAL‐viewing geometry. The ISUAL observations in year 2007 are further used to investigate the MSTID features as well as occurrence characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere, most of which are over the ocean where no ground‐based observations are available. The preliminary statistics shows more MSTID occurrence in solstices with peak in June–July months. Majority of the MSTID perturbations have wavelength in the range 150–300 km, and the wavefronts are aligned at about 30°–50° from the east‐west plane. The statistic results of the orientation of wavefronts indicate that Es layer instability might be important in the MSTID generation.
Assessment of biomass and carbon litterfall in three chestnut high forest stands in Northern Portugal

1 Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Litterfall in Three Chestnut High Forest Stands in Northern Portugal Maria do Sameiro Patricio1, Maria Jose Fernandes, Ermelinda Pereira1 and Domingos Lopes2 1. Centro de Investigacao de Montanha – CIMO, ESAB, Instituto Politecnico de Braganca, Quinta Sta. Apolonia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Braganca, Portugal . 2. Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro , Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal
Determinants of Customer Loyalty : A Review and Future Directions 1

Customer’s loyalty is received a great marketing attention (Wu and Ai, 2016)since its implications can not be overstated for modern businesses. In fact, customer’s loyalty is regarded as a long-term asset (Kandampully et al., 2015), and a key business outcome (Ali et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016). Having loyal customers is a required option for various companies based on its important role in creating sustainable competitive advantages (Wu and Ai, 2016). Marketing practitioners are also motivated to develop loyal customers towards their businesses as a central condition for the market success (Kandampully et al., 2015). Saturated markets motivate companies to re-focus on customer’s loyalty to preserve their loyal customers (Kim et al., 2016). Loyal customers are considered essential for various service providers in competitive markets(Ali et al., 2016; El-Adly and Eid, 2016; Wu and Ai, 2016), as they would recommend their preferred products to other customers in the market place (Kim et al., 2016). Customer’s loyalty leads to several economic benefits (Murali etal., 2016), such as, price premium (Kim et al., 2016),cost reduction (Murali et al., 2016), and additional sales revenue. Studying customer’s loyalty is a vital research attempt due to its increasing significance for global companies (Haryanto et al., 2016). Marketing scholars have presented several loyalty models to enhance customer’s loyalty. A recent review of the literature shows that marketing scholars have investigated customer’s loyalty from different perspectives and factors (e.g.,Casidy and Wymer, 2016; El-Adly and Eid, 2016; Jiang and Zhang, 2016; Rubioet al., 2016; Campón-Cerro et al., 2016). However, understanding customer’s loyalty from other perspectives has received inconsequential attention (i.e., cultural and religious factors). Thus, this study intends to review the marketing literature in order to investigate whether researchers should consider other factors and viewpoints in studying customer’s loyalty. Resolving this question leads us to carefully review the previous studies in the field of consumer’s loyalty with the hope to provide a valid road map for marketing scholars on current research directions and priories.
Analytical Study of Clinical Profile of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture that result from a non-progressive lesion or injury of the immature brain. The prevalence of cerebral palsy among children is about 2 per 1000 live births. it is much higher in developing countries. To analyse the clinical picture of cerebral palsy in Gulbarga area the present study conducted in government general hospital , Basaveshwar teaching &general hospital, Gulbarga attached to M.R medical college, Gulbarga were included in this study over a period of two years from march 2001 to march 2003 over 50 patients. Majority of cases were belongs to1-5years (52%). male female ratio was 2.5:1.the commonest physiological presentation was spastic type (82%). and commonest topographical presentation was quadriplegia.
Progressive metamorphism and classification of shocked and brecciated crystalline rocks at impact craters

The principle of progressive shock metamorphism in nonporous silicate rocks is discussed on the basis of petrographic observations and experimental data. The p-T conditions and the nature of the basic types of shock effects observed in rock-forming minerals are considered as far as they are indicative of the degree of shock metamorphism of the source rock. Particular shock effects that are related to the main regimes of the Hugoniot curves of quartz and feldspar, as well as the shock-melting and vaporization behavior of the whole rock, characterize and define six stages or zones of increasing shock metamorphism. Each stage or zone represents a certain range of peak pressure and temperature. Rocks of stage O are shocked to shock states below the Hugoniot elastic limit of quartz and feldspar that are irregularly fractured. Shock stage I is characterized by diaplectic quartz and feldspar that are released from shock states in the ‘two-phase regime’ of the Hugoniot. Diaplectic glass of quartz and/or feldspar composition occurs within stage II, which is related to the lowest part of the ‘high-pressure-phase regime’ of the Hugoniot. Stage III is characterized by selective melting of feldspar minerals at sufficiently high postshock temperature. Postshock temperatures exceeding the liquidus of the whole rock produce rock glasses on pressure and temperature release (stage IV). Stage V is represented by condensation products of shockvaporized rock material. On the basis of experimental data of several authors, the proposed stages of metamorphism are tentatively correlated with a pressure-temperature scale. It is concluded that the proposed classification is generally valid for shock processes in nonporous rocks and can well be applied to the recognition and distinction of the different kinds of impact breccias of terrestrial or extraterrestrial origin.
Reconnaissance Lead Isotope Characteristics of the Blackbird Deposit: Implications for the Age and Origin of Cobalt-Copper Mineralization in the Idaho Cobalt Belt, United States

Strata-bound cobalt-copper deposits occur in the metasedimentary rocks of the Apple Creek Formation (Mesoproterozoic) in a linear belt called the Idaho cobalt belt, near Salmon, Idaho. We report the first set of lead isotope measurements on silicate rocks and sulfide ores and new sulfur isotope data on sulfide ores. The Pb isotope compositions of cobalt-copper (Co-Cu) ores (206Pb/204Pb = 30.8–40.4; 207Pb/204Pb = 16.8–17.6; 208Pb/204Pb = 49.7–63.9) are very radiogenic, much more radiogenic than any known sedimentary exhalative (sedex) deposits. The data plot well beyond the crustal growth model curves, a feature shared by the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits which is characteristic of an upper crustal source. It is unlikely that the ore lead could have come from any mafic igneous source of mantle origin (Proterozoic Moyie sill and its equivalent, or the Tertiary Challis Volcanic Group). The Cretaceous felsic igneous rocks of the region (the Idaho batholith and related rocks) also have much lower Pb isotope ratios than the Co-Cu ores. The Pb isotope ratios of Proterozoic crystalline rocks partially overlap Pb isotope ratios of the Apple Creek Formation but would have been much less radiogenic than the ores at an assumed mineralization age of about 1400 Ma. Only the host Apple Creek Formation is known to have appropriate Pb isotope compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 26.8–86.7; 207Pb/204Pb = 16.3–21.1; 208Pb/204Pb = 47.9–64.8) to be the source of Co-Cu ores. Leaching of metals from the host sedimentary sequence by hydrothermal fluids and subsequent deposition of ores at chemically and structurally favorable sites could have resulted in the formation of Co-Cu deposits in the Idaho cobalt belt.
A cross-sectional study on knowledge , attitude and practices of medical doctors towards antibiotic prescribing patterns and resistance in Khyber Pakhtun Khawah , Pakistan

Article history: Received on: 12/07/2017 Accepted on: 08/11/2017 Available online: 30/12/2017 Irrational prescribing and resistance to antibiotics are major health concerns globally. The aim of this study was to assess the physicians’ knowledge, attitude and practice about antibiotic prescribing and resistance in Khyber Pakhtun Khawah (KPK), Pakistan. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted using a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ® ) version 23 was employed to analyze the data. A total of 320 medical practitioners participated with a response rate of 61.5%. Participants generally had a good knowledge about antibiotic use. However, some flaws were observed in their practice. The Internet (96%), antibiotic guidelines (92%) and medical representatives (85.9%) were reported to be the most useful sources of information. More than 70% of the respondents cited patient demand as one of the major reasons for antibiotic overuse. Antibiotic resistance was reported to be due to the failure to complete the antibiotic course by 94.1% of the respondents. The majority of the participants never had a training on the rational use of antibiotics and were in a favour of attending such training if offered. The study concluded that there is a dynamic need of training initiatives for improving antibiotics prescribing behaviour of general practitioners through the development of local guidelines and continuous education of general practitioners to promote rational antibiotic prescribing.
Principal Modes of Southern Hemisphere Low-Frequency Variability Obtained from NCEP–NCAR Reanalyses

Abstract Analysis of the 300-hPa streamfunction from the 40-year NCEP–NCAR dataset has identified the principal modes of Southern Hemisphere variability on intraseasonal (IS), interannual (IA), and intradecadal (ID) timescales. The variance of streamfunction departures from the annual cycle is zonally symmetric in the IS and IA range with the largest values at midlatitudes. The ID variance is concentrated in the Pacific sector, where it extends to lower latitudes. For the IS band, obtained by applying a 10–50-day bandpass filter to the twice-daily streamfunction fields, three pairs of EOF patterns were obtained. These show eastward-propagating wavenumber-4 and -5 patterns largely confined to middle and higher latitudes, and two interleaved wavenumber-4 patterns expressing intensification of the zonal wind near 30°S. The wavenumber-5 patterns are more prominent in summer (December–February). On the interannual timescale, including all periods beyond 50 days, the leading EOF with 26% of the variance express.