Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crises and Recoveries in an Empirical Model of Consumption Disasters

We estimate an empirical model of consumption disasters using a new panel data set on consumption for 24 countries and more than 100 years. The model allows for permanent and transitory effects of disasters that unfold over multiple years. It also allows the timing of disasters to be correlated across countries. We estimate the model using Bayesian methods. Our estimates imply that the average length of disasters is roughly 6 years and that more than half of the short run impact of disasters on consumption are reversed in the long run on average. We investigate the asset pricing implications of these rare disasters. In a model with power utility and standard values for risk aversion, stocks surge at the onset of a disaster due to agents’ strong desire to save. This counterfactual predition causes a low equity premium, especially in normal times. In contrast, a model with Epstein-Zin-Weil preferences and an intertemporal elasticity of substitution equal to 2 yields a sizeable equity premium in normal times for modest values of risk aversion.
Appendix to: Differentiable Expected Hypervolume Improvement for Parallel Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization

In the context of computing the joint HVI of q new points{f(xi)}qi=1, each subset Ai for i = 1, . , q is the set of points contained in ({f(xi)},P, r) — independently of the other q 1 points. M (Ai) is the hypervolume improvement from the new point f(xi): M (Ai) = HVI(f(xi)). The union of these subsets is the set of points in the new space dominated by the q new points: Sq i=1 Ai = Sq i=1 ({f(xi)},P, r). The hypervolume of Sq i=1 ({f(xi)},P, r) is the hypervolume improvement from the q new points: HVI({f(xi)}qi=1) = M ✓ q [
The Columbia, Missouri, Heat Island Experiment (COHIX) and the Influence of a Small City on the Local Climatology

The heat island effect is a well known feature in the microclimate of urban areas but only a few studies have addressed the effect for smaller urban areas. We examine here the impact of Columbia, Missouri and the University of Missouri campus on the microclimate (temperature and precipitation) of central Missouri. We purchased twenty Radio Shack® digital Max/Min thermometers and ten standard raised-edge rain gauges and these were given to students, staff, and faculty participants who were chosen for their reliability to provide daily data over the course of a year, site the instrument, and their location (in order to provide reasonable coverage locally). We also included information provided by automated and cooperative weather stations, and the weather station at the regional airport located 11 km (7 miles) southeast of Columbia. Our results indicate that the city has no discernable impact on the distribution of monthly precipitation totals. We found a distinct urban influence on the local surface temperatures, and the inner city region and the urbanized area of south Columbia were approximately 2 – 3 F (1.0 – 1.5 C) warmer in the mean than the surrounding environment. This difference grows to 3 – 6 F (1.5 3.5 C) when comparing the mean of the warmest station in the city to that of coolest station outside Columbia. We also observed a seasonal influence, as the heat island effect was more evident in the mean monthly maximum (minimum) temperatures during the warmest (coldest) months.
Benthos Communities of the Zostera japonica Meadows in the Intertidal Zone of Takinai and Uchinoura, Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

To examine e#ects of seagrass Zostera japonica on benthic animals, community structures of the benthos was compared among two Z. japonica meadows and a bare sandy area on intertidal flats at Takinai and Uchinoura, Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, from August, 2004, to July, 2005. The mean number of species (N/0.0625 m) was higher in the Z. japonica meadows (Takinai: 18.5 26.8, Uchinoura: 16.0 28.7) than in the bare sandy area (6.0 13.5). In addition, higher mean densities (N/m) and mean wet weight (g/m) of benthic animals were found in the seagrass meadow (Takinai: 6,408 10,763 and 147.0 533.5, respectively; Uchinoura: 1,632 9,061 and 162.0 562.0, respectively) than in the bare sandy area (368 1,424 and 12.1 49.1). Almost all of the species (82.5L) collected from the bare sandy area were also present in the Z. japonica meadows. Appearance rate and abundance of the benthic species were di#erent between the Z. japonica meadows at Takinai and Uchinoura. The number of gastropod species was lower at Uchinoura than at Takinai, but the reverse was true for gastropod abundance. Although the number of species was higher in seagrass meadows than in the bare sandy area, the lower density of benthos at the latter site resulted in a higher evenness value (J ) there than in the Z. japonica meadows, and the diversity index (H ) at all three sites was, therefore, similar. Lower evenness in the Z. japonica meadows is also related to the notable dominance of certain species, such as Pullucina pisidium and Cirriformia tentaculata. From these results, it is concluded that Z. japonica meadows provide a valuable and hospitable environment for benthic animals, especially infauna, in sandy and muddy bottoms in the intertidal zone.
Erosion of cohesionless sediment by groundwater seepage

Surface grains of noncohesive sediment eroded by emerging groundwater are acted upon by three forces, the tractive force of the cumulative surface flow contributed by upslope seepage, the local seepage force, and gravity. The balance of the force moments determines the mode and rate of transport. Seepage forces are strong in a narrow “sapping zone” at the upstream end of the emerging flow, where erosion occurs by mass movement and the surface gradient is determined by the balance of the seepage and gravity moments. Most of the erosion occurs in this zone, and the resultant backcutting triggers intermittent failure of overlying slopes in a “undermining zone” maintained at the angle of repose of the dry or damp sediment. In the “fluvial zone” downstream from the sapping zone the seepage force is small compared to the tractive force, and transport occurs by normal fluvial traction. The overall rate of sapping erosion in noncohesive sediments is determined by the capacity of fluvial transport to remove sediment eroded in the sapping zone. Prediction of sapping rates is complicated by the interaction between the geometry of the fluvial and sapping zones and the quantity and spatial distribution of seepage. A simulation model incorporating a groundwater flow model and sediment transport relationships closely replicates the observed evolution of sapping erosion in a two-dimensional tank filled with noncohesive sand subjected to lateral groundwater flow.
Bentuk-Bentuk Partisipasi Masyarakat Desa dalam Program Desa Siaga Di Desa Bandung Kecamatan Playen Kabupaten Gunung Kidul Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Dalam upaya mewujudkan good governance dibutuhkan keseriusan pemerintah untuk mencapainya, salah satu aspek yang harus dipenuhi adalah adanya partisipasi masyarakat dalam program-program pemerintah. Adanya partisipasi masyarakat dalam setiap program pemerintah akan dapat mendorong tercapainya tujuan-tujuan pembangunan nasional maupun daerah. Salah satu bagian yang terpenting adalah mewujudkan partisipasi masyarakat di bidang kesehatan.Hingga saat ini pemerintah serius dalam melaksanakan program-program di bidang kesehatan.Melalui Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia yang membawa Visi menuju Indonesia Sehat demi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat yang baik, mengeluarkan Program Desa Siaga. Di dalam pelaksanaan program Desa Siaga dibutuhkan partisipasi masyarakat didalamnya yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi angka kematian Ibu dan Bayi serta mewujudkan kemandirian masyarakat di bidang kesehatan, sehingga cita-cita mewujudkan Indonesia Sehat akan tercapai.
How does climate change contribute to surface ozone change over the United States

[1] The impact of climate change on U.S. surface ozone levels is investigated. We simulated two 10 year periods using the global chemical transport model MOZART-2 (Model of Ozone and Related chemical Tracers version 2): 1990–2000 and 2090–2100. In each case, MOZART-2 is driven by meteorology from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) coupled Climate Systems Model (CSM) 1.0 forced with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1 scenario. During both periods the chemical emissions are fixed at 1990s levels, so that only changes in climate are allowed to impact ozone. The simulated surface ozone concentration during the 1990s is compared with observations from the Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (EPA AIRS) monitoring sites. Model-measurement correlations are high, but MOZART-2 overpredicts ozone especially over the eastern United States. The impact of climate change is calculated separately for background ozone and for the ozone generated through U.S. NOx emissions. Our results show that the response of ozone to climate change in polluted regions is not the same as in remote regions. MOZART-2 predicts a 0–2 ppbv decrease in background ozone in the future simulation over the United States but an increase in ozone produced internally within the United States of up to 6 ppbv. The decrease in background ozone is attributed to a future decrease in the lifetime of ozone in regions of low NOx. Over the western United States the decrease in background ozone approximately cancels the increase in locally produced ozone. As a result, the main impact of future climate change on ozone is centered over the eastern United States, where future ozone increases up to 5 ppbv. We predict that in the future over the northeast United States, up to 12 additional days each year will exceed the maximum daily 8-hour averaged ozone limit of 80 ppbv. Various climatic factors are identified which impact the net future increase in ozone over the United States including changes in temperature, water vapor, clouds, transport, and lightning NOx. Significant future changes are generally not found in planetary boundary layer height and precipitation.
MINERAL NUTRIENT DENSITIES IN SOME DOMESTIC AND EXOTIC RICE GENOTYPES

Micronutrient deficiencies have been recognized in human which cause stunting in children, lower resistance to disease in both children and adults, and increase risks for both mothers and infants during childbirth. Micronutrients deficiency especially of Zn, Fe and Cu is also termed as hidden hunger. Their daily diet consists mostly of a few inexpensive staple foods, such as rice and wheat, which have traces of micronutrients. This study was carried out to explore information regarding mineral nutrient reserves in rice genotypes of different organizations. Rice grains of 60 genotypes were analyzed for these nutrients. The analytical results revealed that Zn ranged 12.5 to 26.3 mg kg -1 and 0.12 to 0.59 µg rice -1 . Significant variation in Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations were also observed in rice grains of different genotypes. Iron, Cu and Mn concentrations ranged from 31.6 to 65.0, 5.90 to 14.3 and 34.8 to 64.2 µg g -1 , respectively.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies.

Most of the data in large-scale storage clusters is erasure coded. At exascale, optimizing erasure codes for low storage overhead, efﬁcient reconstruction, and easy deployment is of critical importance. Locally recoverable codes (LRCs) have deservedly gained central importance in this ﬁeld, because they can balance many of these requirements. In our work we study wide LRCs; LRCs with large number of blocks per stripe and low storage overhead. These codes are a natural next step for practitioners to unlock higher storage savings, but they come with their own challenges. Of particular interest is their reliability , since wider stripes are prone to more simultaneous failures. We conduct a practically-minded analysis of several popular and novel LRCs. We ﬁnd that wide LRC reliability is a subtle phenomenon that is sensitive to several design choices, some of which are overlooked by theoreticians, and others by practitioners. Based on these insights, we construct novel LRCs called Uniform Cauchy LRCs , which show excellent performance in simulations, and a 33% improvement in reliability on unavailability events observed by a wide LRC deployed in a Google storage cluster. We also show that these codes are easy to deploy in a manner that improves their robustness to common maintenance events. Along the way, we also give a remarkably simple and novel construction of distance optimal LRCs (other constructions are also known), which may be of interest to theory-minded readers.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies.

File systems play an essential role in modern society for managing precious data. To meet diverse needs, they often support many configuration parameters. Such flexibility comes at the price of additional complexity which can lead to subtle configuration-related issues. To address this challenge, we study the configuration-related issues of two major file systems (i.e., Ext4 and XFS) in depth, and identify a prevalent pattern called multilevel configuration dependencies. Based on the study, we build an extensible tool called C ONF D to extract the dependencies automatically, and create six plugins to address different configuration-related issues. Our experiments on Ext4 and XFS show that C ONF D can extract more than 150 configuration dependencies for the file systems with a low false positive rate. Moreover, the dependency-guided plugins can identify various configuration issues (e.g., mis-handling of configurations, regression test failures induced by valid configurations).
Grosswohnsiedlungen in St. Petersburg zwischen sozialräumlicher Polarisierung und Persistenz

Large scale housing estates in St. Petersburg between sociospatial polarisation and persistency Large scale housing estates still shape the image of the postsocialist cities: they represent a particular phenomenon due to their size in terms of space and population, as well as due to their societal perception and acceptance by their inhabitants and city dwellers in general. While stigmatised as socially problematic neighbourhoods in Western Europe, their perception in Eastern European urban regions is much more dif-ferentiated. The results of an urban regional study about St. Peters-burg reveal that along with the growing differentia-tion of local housing opportunities the socio-spatial differentiation among the various types of large scale housing estates increases. Meanwhile, the acceptance and demand for them is stable. The paper investigates three types of large scale housing estates in St. Peters-burg that differ in morphology and date of construc-tion. Grosswohnsiedlungen in St. Petersburg Isolde Brade, Carola Neugebauer, Konstantin Axenov 53
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium.

Adversarial attacks are valuable for evaluating the robustness of deep learning models. Existing attacks are primarily conducted on the visible light spectrum ( e . g ., pixel-wise texture perturbation). However, attacks targeting texture-free X-ray images remain underexplored, despite the widespread application of X-ray imaging in safety-critical scenarios such as the X-ray detection of prohibited items. In this paper, we take the ﬁrst step toward the study of adversarial attacks targeted at X-ray prohibited item detection, and reveal the serious threats posed by such attacks in this safety-critical scenario. Speciﬁcally, we posit that successful physical adversarial attacks in this scenario should be specially designed to circumvent the challenges posed by color/texture fading and complex overlapping. To this end, we propose X - Adv to generate physically printable metals that act as an adversarial agent capable of deceiving X-ray detectors when placed in luggage. To resolve the issues associated with color/texture fading, we develop a differentiable converter that facilitates the generation of 3D-printable objects with adversarial shapes, using the gradients of a surrogate model rather than directly generating adversarial textures. To place the printed 3D adversarial objects in luggage with complex overlapped instances, we design a policy-based reinforcement learning strategy to ﬁnd locations eliciting strong attack performance in worst-case scenarios whereby the prohibited items are heavily occluded by other items. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed X - Adv , we conduct extensive experiments in both the digital and the physical world (employing
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.

To comply with the increasing number of government regulations about data placement and processing, and to protect themselves against major cloud outages, many users want the ability to easily migrate their workloads between clouds. In this paper we propose doing so not by imposing uniform and comprehensive standards, but by creating a ﬁne-grained two-sided market via an intercloud broker . These brokers will allow users to view the cloud ecosystem not just as a collection of individual and largely incompatible clouds but as a more integrated Sky of Computing. We describe the design and implementation of an intercloud broker, named SkyPilot, evaluate its beneﬁts, and report on its real-world usage.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium.

This paper presents a qualitative study to explore how individuals perceive and verify visual digital certificates with QR codes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, such certificates have been used in the EU to provide standardized proof of vaccination. We conducted semi-structured interviews with N = 17 participants responsible for verifying COVID-19 certificates as part of their job. Using a two-fold thematic analysis approach, we, among other things, identified and classified multiple behavioral patterns, including inadequate reliance on visual cues as a proxy for proper digital verification. We present design and structural recommendations based on our findings, including conceptual changes and improvements to storage and verification apps to limit shortcut opportunities. Our empirical findings are hence essential to improve the usability, robustness, and effectiveness of visual digital certificates and their verification.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security

The ongoing initiatives to oﬀer central bank money to consumers in the form of retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) have triggered discussions on its optimal design. So far, the perspective of potential users has not been considered widely. To strengthen this, we survey 2006 Austrian residents using a tailored questionnaire on attitudes towards a digital euro, selected technical features as well as potential security and privacy concerns. Only about half of the surveyed respondents express at least some interest in a digital euro. This subsample tends to attribute more importance to security aspects than to transaction data privacy. Similarly, oﬄine functionality is preferred over a feature to make direct payments between persons. Our ﬁndings suggest central banks to embrace a more user-centric design of CBDC. This eﬀort should include communicating the key concepts and beneﬁts to the potential users.
43. VELOCITY AND DENSITY OF CARBONATE-RICH SEDIMENTS FROM NORTHEASTERN AUSTRALIAN MARGIN: INTEGRATION OF CORE AND LOG DATA1

During Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 133, shipboard scientists obtained a remarkable quantity of both core and log measurements of the physical properties of carbonate-rich sediments. This suite of measurements provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the robustness of each measurement technique to variations in lithification , porosity, core disturbance (for core measurements), and hole conditions (for log measurements). Detailed quality-control, which often resulted in the deletion of erroneous data, was essential for the reliable integration of these core and log data. In common with several previous studies, our comparison between core and in-situ velocity and density data identified pervasive patterns of bias to the core measurements, caused by removal from in-situ conditions. Velocity is particularly sensitive to this change, because the frame modulus of unlithified sediments is decreased dramatically by even slight core expansion or disturbance. The much larger number of sites considered in this study allows us to distinguish between site-specific and regional patterns of differences between core and log data. Such a comparison suggests that we still cannot reliably predict the effects of core expansion, either for ODP cores or for ODP measurements of core physical properties. In general, Leg 133 index measurements of core density are approximately in agreement with log densities, but GRAPE measurements of core density may be lower or higher than log densities. This study has successfully integrated core and in-situ physical property measurements and developed merged velocity logs for 12 sites and merged density logs for nine sites. Each merged log extends from the seafloor to within a few meters of the bottom of the hole.
Terrestrial Perspective on Authigenic Clay Mineral Production in Ancient Martian Lakes

The discovery of phyllosilicates in terrains of Noachian age (>3.5 Ga) on Mars implies a period in the planet’s history that was characterized by wetter, warmer conditions that may have been more hospitable for life than the cold and dry conditions prevalent today. More specific information about the original locations and mechanisms of clay mineral formation on Mars is not as well constrained, however, in part because the origin of particular clay minerals is often non-unique. For example, Fe and Mg smectite-bearing deposits on Mars may have formed in various environments, including the weathering profiles of basic volcanic rocks, impact-induced hydrothermal sites, or in bodies of standing water. The identification of lacustrine deposits on Mars is of great interest due to their potential for the preservation of organic material, but identifying any given suite of sedimentary rocks as such is difficult when limited to mineralogy and morphology derived from orbital data. Here, the processes and conditions leading to clay mineral formation in lakes and evaporative marine basins on Earth are reviewed, with a focus on the spatial and stratigraphic distribution of clays in these settings. The goal is to provide criteria to determine if certain Martian clay deposits are consistent with such an origin, which in turn will aid in the identification of possible ancient habitable environments on Mars.