Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The generic position of Loranthus grewingkii of Lorantheae (Loranthaceae) inferred from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnL-F sequences: A case study on Loranthus in Iran

For the first time, samples of two Loranthus accessions mainly distributed in Iran are included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Lorantheae based on the nuclear internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL-F sequences. In this study, 15 Lorantheae taxa as ingroups and three taxa as outgroups (Agonandra racemosa Standl., Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Miq. and Dendromyza reinwardtiana (Korth.) Danser were selected. The analyses were carried out using maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. Results from analyses of the separate gene partitions indicated that two Iranian species (Loranthus europaeus Jacq. and Loranthus grewingkii Boiss. & Buhse) belong to one clade with high support. The results provide strong support for a sister relationship between two genera of subtribe Ileostylinae, Ileostylus and Muellerina, and of subtribe Loranthinae, Loranthus and Cecarria.
Infection of Rrs1 barley by an incompatible race of the fungus Rhynchosporium secalis expressing the green fluorescent protein

Scald disease of barley, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis, is one of the most serious diseases of this crop worldwide. Disease control is achieved in part by deployment of major resistance (Rrs) genes in barley. However, in both susceptible and resistant barley plants, R. secalis is able to complete a symptomless infection cycle. To examine the R. secalis infection cycle, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to generate R. secalis isolates expressing the green fluorescent protein or DsRed fluorescent protein, and that were virulent on an Rrs2 plant (cv. Atlas), but avirulent on an Rrs1 plant (cv. Atlas 46). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that R. secalis infected the susceptible cultivar and formed an extensive hyphal network that followed the anticlinal cell walls of epidermal cells. In the resistant cultivar, hyphal development was more restricted and random in direction of growth. In contrast to earlier models of R. secalis infection, epidermal collapse was not observed until approximately 10 days post-inoculation in both cultivars. Sporulation of R. secalis was observed in both susceptible and resistant interactions. Observations made using the GFP-expressing isolate were complemented and confirmed using a combination of the fluorescent probes 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide, in the non-transformed wild-type isolate. The findings will enable the different Rrs genes to be better characterized in the effect they exert on pathogen growth and may aid in identification of the most effective resistance.
Characterization of Malaria Sexual Stage Development in the Human Host

Due to an increase in malaria control programs in the last decade, the world has witnessed dramatic reductions in the number of infections and deaths caused by the malaria parasite. With malaria eradication on the global health agenda, a shift toward transmissionfocused research has led to a renewed focus on a previously neglected stage of malaria: the sexual stage (gametocyte). Malaria’s sexual stages are the only stages in the human host that are transmitted to the mosquito vector, and are therefore of critical importance for blocking transmission of this devastating disease. The process through which developing gametocytes sequester outside of the bloodstream during their 8-10 day maturation is not well understood and stands to be exploited as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In Chapter 1, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the development of these stages in the human host. In Chapter 2, we investigate anatomical enrichment sites for developing gametocytes in the human host using autopsy tissue from cases of fatal malaria. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR-based assessments identified the bone marrow as a preferential enrichment site of developing gametocytes. Co-localization with host proteins revealed the enrichment of gametocytes inside the extravascular space of the bone marrow, often observed in contact with erythroblastic island structures. In vitro experiments with erythrocyte precursor cells, as well as in vivo co-
Effects of temperature and salinity on Menidia beryllina embryos exposed to terbufos.

Embryos of the inland silverside Menidia beryllina were exposed to the organophosphorus pesticide terbufos at 9 combinations of temperature (20, 25 and 30°C) and salinity (5, 12.5 and 20%.). Nominal exposure concentrations were 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 pg terbufos 1-' with an acetone and seawater control for each temperature/salinity combination. Test durations were temperature dependent and ranged from 5 to 14 d. Endpoints were embryo survival, hatching and percentage of larvae with normal vertebrae. Embryo survival was significantly ( a = 0.05) lower in tests conducted at 20°C for all salinities. Salinity affected survival only at combinations of 20%0 and 100 ~g terbufos I ' Both temperature and salinity affected the percentage hatch, wlth the lowest hatching occurring in tests at 20 "C and in tests conducted at 20 L. The percentage of larvae with normal vertebrae was significantly (a = 0.05) reduced from controls at terbufos concentrations of 25 (7 to 32 %), 50 (44 to 62 %) and 100 pg 1-' (58 to 73 %) for the 3 temperatures tested, whereas salinity showed no significant effect. Anomalies in the development of vertebrae occurred across all temperature and salinity combinations, and were observed at concentrations as low as 12.5 pg terbufos 1-'
Light and temperature govern germination and storage of caladium seed

Caladium hortulanum Birdsey CV. Candidum seed failed to germinate without light; maximum germination required daily, incandescent light of ≥4 hours. Lengthening daily lighting periods progressively reduced the days to 50% relative germination (T50) from 20 to 8, and days between 10% and 90% relative germination (T90 – T10) from 16 to 5. T50 and T90 – T10 were shortest (≈ 8 days) at 25 and 30C, while total or absolute germination percentage (G) was highest at ≈ 90%. G was 94% for seeds harvested immediately, but 75% or 38% for seeds that remained in fruits for 3 or 12 weeks after fruit abscission from the spadix. Total absolute germination was reduced from 95% to 87% when seed moisture contents declined to <14%. Seed storage for 7 days at from 10 to – 80 Ccaused no reduction in G. Seeds were stored 6 months at 15C and 22%, 33%, or 52% RH without change in G, but storage at 5 or 25C and 11%, 75%, or 95% RH significantly reduced germination. Table 1. Influences of temperature on the germination of caladium seeds receiving continu-
Hydrolysis in drug and prodrug metabolism : chemistry, biochemistry, and enzymology

Chapter 1. Introduction: Metabolic Hydrolysis and Prodrug Design. Chapter 2. Classification, Localization, and Some Physiological Roles of Hydrolytic Enzymes. Chapter 3. Catalytic Mechanisms of Hydrolytic Enzymes. Chapter 4. The Hydrolysis of Amides. Chapter 5. The Hydrolysis of Lactams. Chapter 6. The Hydrolysis of Peptides. Chapter 7. The Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Esters. Chapter 8. The Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Ester Prodrugs. Chapter 9. The Cleavage of Esters of Inorganic Acids. Chapter 10. The Hydration of Epoxides. Chapter 11. Miscellaneous Reactions of Hydration and Dehydration. Chapter 12. Conclusion: The Biochemistry of Water. Index.
Revisão sistemática, análise cladística e biogeografia dos gêneros Tribotropis e Hypselotropis (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini)

The genera Tribotropis Jekel, 1855 and Hypselotropis Jekel, 1855 are revised. Based on results of cladistic analysis that included 41 characters and 22 taxa, the genus Tribotropis resulted paraphyletic in relation to Hypselotropis, thus the former is proposed as a synonym of the latter. The genus Hypselotropis and 17 species are redescribed, including the species previously allocated in Tribotropis: Hypselotropis apollinaris (Jordan, 1939) comb. nov.; H. colombiana (Mermudes, 2004) comb. nov.; H. compressicornis (Jordan, 1895) comb. nov.; H. conicollis (Jekel, 1855) comb. nov.; H. limodes (Jordan, 1939) com. nov.; H. prasinata (Fahraeus, 1839) comb. nov.; H. punctulata (Jekel, 1855) comb. nov.; H. pustulata (Fabricius, 1801) comb. nov; H. speciosa (Jekel, 1855) comb. nov.; H. subvittata (Jordan, 1937) comb. nov.; H. suffusa (Jordan, 1895) comb. nov.; e H. vittata (Kirsch, 1889) comb. nov. A key to species, illustrations and maps of distribution are provided. The biogeography based on patterns of distribution of the species are discussed.
Shifts in southern endpoints of distribution in rocky intertidal species along the south‐eastern Pacific coast

Aim Despite the pervasive and well‐documented effects of global warming on species’ ranges in terrestrial taxa and systems, the effect of sea surface warming has been poorly studied in marine systems. Here we analyse changes in the southern endpoints of distribution of rocky intertidal species (gastropods and chitons) along the Chilean coast, and trends in sea surface temperature (SST), using data collected during the last half‐century.
Situating everyday water realities : low-income access, informal provision and domestic strategies in urban Ethiopia

3 Acknowledgements . 4 Glossary of terms . 9 List of figures . 12 List of tables . 13 Chapter One – Introduction . 14 1.1. The global meta-narrative of water . 14 1.2. Linking local water dynamics to wider urban politics . 17 1.3. Water and WaterAid in the context of Ethiopia . 19 1.4. Research questions and themes . 23 1.5. Thesis structure. 26 Chapter Two – Literature review . 29 2.
Null model of biotic homogenization: a test with the European freshwater fish fauna

In recent years, there has been growing concern about how species invasions and extinctions could change the distinctiveness of formerly disparate fauna and flora, a process called biotic homogenization. In the present study, a null model of biotic of homogenization was developed and applied to the European freshwater fish fauna. We found that non‐native fish species led to the greatest homogenization in south‐western Europe and greatest differentiation in north‐eastern Europe. Comparing these observed patterns to those expected by our null model empirically demonstrated that biotic homogenization is a non‐random ecological pattern, providing evidence for previous assumptions. The place of origin of non‐native species was also considered by distinguishing between exotic (originating from outside Europe) and translocated species (originating from within Europe). We showed that exotic and translocated species generated distinct geographical patterns of biotic homogenization across Europe because of their contrasting effects on the changes in community similarity among river basins. Translocated species promoted homogenization among basins, whereas exotic species tended to decrease their compositional similarity. Quantifying the individual effect of exotic and translocated species is therefore an absolute prerequisite to accurately assess the spatial dynamics of biotic homogenization.
Woodchip bedding for sheep in Northern Norway

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a woodchip-based deep litter on the health and welfare of sheep. Two different sizes of woodchips (small: 2.5 cm and large: 5.0 cm) were tested in combination, both with or without Sphagnum peat. Ten groups of seven adult, pregnant ewes of the Norwegian White breed were randomly allotted to pens containing one of the bedding mixtures. Resting behaviour, animal cleanliness and the temperature development in the bedding were measured over four months. The woodchip size and peat supplement did not affect resting behaviour, although ewes housed on straw bedding were cleaner than those kept on woodchip-based bedding. The fewer the days since the addition of fresh litter substrate, the cleaner the animals. In conclusion, the welfare of sheep was acceptable when housed on woodchip-based bedding, and generally good when housed on straw bedding.
Review: Ruminant feed intake regulation evolution: chronophysiological rhythms perspectives

Mechanistic and rhythmic understanding of feed intake regulation is required for accurate intake prediction and estimation of intake effects on ruminant production and health. The objective was to review new evolutionary insights into ruminant feed intake regulation from chronophysiological rhythms perspectives. Various dietary, animal, and chronoenvironmental factors as well as housing, grouping, and feeding management strategies affect ruminant feed intake. Natural circadian rhythms of grazing and rumination lead to innovative approaches for accurate predictions of specific nutrient intake under intensive systems of production. Ruminants have evolved to ruminate mostly overnight and graze during day, especially around sunrise and sunset. As such, rumen fermentation, post-rumen nutrient assimilation, and peripheral metabolism possess circadian rhythms. These evolutionary rhythms in feeding behavior and metabolism have led to specialized annual, seasonal, and circadian rhythms in ruminant endocrinology. Most recent findings compellingly advocate alterations in post-feeding intake rhythms of non-grazing lactating cows by altering feed delivery timing. These findings establish the chronological nature of feed intake regulation in postmodern ruminants. Timing of feeding as a major external cue affects how rapidly, extensively, and efficiently feed ingestion, rumination, fermentation, and metabolism occur. These chronological evolutionary perspectives should be quantified and incorporated into current feed intake control models for improved prediction accuracy and precision. The current knowledge and insights suggest that evening feeding offers advantages to optimize circadian rhythms of dry matter intake and ruminant production efficiency.
Rootworm feeding tolerance in single-cross maize hybrids from different eras

Insect-tolerant plants provide farmers with alternatives to insecticide use for limiting crop losses. This study was conducted to evaluate western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) larval feeding tolerance of single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids representing three successive 10-yr eras. A 2-yr study was conducted as a split-split plot with plant density (37, 50, or 74 thousand kernels ha -1 ) as main plot treatments, rootworm infestation level (0, 2200, or 6600 eggs m -1 of row) as subplot treatments, and plant genotype (11 genotypes from the 1980, 1970, and 1960 eras) as sub-subplot treatments [. ]
Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes

The need for alternative sources of water, especially for non-potable purposes, has been met in many states in the US and throughout the world through the use of reclaimed wastewater. Wastewater contains a wide variety of microbial pathogens that may pose a risk to human health if not properly controlled; however, there are currently no national standards for microorganisms or consistent treatment requirements in the US with regards to reclaimed water. Besides the routine monitoring for TC and FC bacteria that has been used for assessing water quality, several types of alternative microorganisms have been suggested as indicators of water quality, fecal pollution, and public health risks. These include enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and coliphage among others. This project evaluated the removal of both indicators (TC and FC, enterococci, C. perfringens and coliphage) and pathogens (enteroviruses, Giardia spp. and cryptosporidium spp.) at 3 water reclamation facilities with varying treatment designs and operations. The facilities evaluated range in size from 20 to 44 million Liters per day capacity, with both shallow and deep bed sand/anthracite filters. Differences also existed in the disinfection processes for the 3 reclamation plants. The TC and FC showed a 5 to 7 log reduction throughout the treatment processes with no detectable levels in the final effluent. However, even though the alternative indicators (enterococci, C. perfringens and coliphage) showed reductions that varied from 2 to 6 logs, some levels of these indicators were consistently detected in 2 of the 3 facilities in the final reclaimed effluent. Both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were detected in the final effluent in all 3 facilities, even when no indicators were present. Virus detection was seasonal, and associated with cooler temperatures and less disinfection. The results of this study indicate that differences in filter design, operations, and disinfection approaches were responsible for differences in inter and intra facility water quality variability.
Interactions between photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation in microalgae

The assimilation of nitrogen by N-limited microalgae has profound effects on respiratory and photosynthetic metabolism. The addition of inorganic nitrogen causes a rapid increase in the rate of amino acid synthesis, which increases the requirements for keto-acids. This results in a large increase in the demand for tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. To meet this demand, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity increases, resulting in high rates of respiratory CO2 release during photosynthesis. Tricarboxylic acid cycle reductant, produced during ammonium assimilation, is oxidized via the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, resulting in a substantial increase in the rate of O2 consumption during photosynthesis. When is assimilated, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity increases, but there is little effect on mitochondrial O2 consumption. This implies that the tricarboxylic acid cycle reductant produced during assimilation is oxidized by some mechanism other than the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, pos.
Effect of different Planting Pattern of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Bean (Vicia faba) on Grain Yield, Dry Matter Production and Weed Biomass

An experiment was conducted in University of London, Kent, UK during the year 2003. The aim of experiment was to investigate the effects of planting pattern on performance of wheat and bean intercrops. A complete randomized block design with four replications was employed to compare the treatments. Treatments included wheat sole crop (W), Bean sole crop (B), within row intercropping (M1), row intercropping (M2) and mix cropping (M3). The density of intercropping was according to replacement design (one wheat replaced by three bean plants). The results showed that total dry matter achieved by intercrops was significantly higher than those achieved by either wheat or bean sole crop. Regarding to weed control, intercrops were more effective than sole crops, especially bean sole crop. Crops performance in terms dry weight, height and percentage of leaf, stem pod and ear was affected by cropping systems depending on crop species, where wheat showed more changes compared to bean . Grain yield, harvest index and thousand grain weights of wheat were decreased in intercropping while bean had reduction only in grain yield.
A Longitudinal Perspective of Entrepreneurial Firm Diversity and Firm Survival

In the last couple of decades, many studies have been conducted on the effect a diverse composition of teams have on their performance (see e.g. Williams and O’Reilly (1998); Horwitz (2005) for review). A large contribution within this field has been made by researchers focusing on teams in organizational settings, e.g. top management and product development teams (Murray, 1989; Bantel and Jackson, 1989; Wiersema and Bantel, 1992; Ancona and Caldwell, 1992; Jackson et al., 1995; Pelled, 1996; Watson et al., 2002; Dwyer et al., 2003; Dahlin et al., 2005). The number of studies focusing on the diversity in entrepreneurial ventures are scarce (Lyon et al., 2000; Ruef et al., 2003; Chowdhury, 2005; Foo et al., 2005), which is surprising given the general perception of entrepreneurship as a collective phenomenon (Schoonhoven and Romanelli, 2001). The interest for diversity in entrepreneurial is fueled from two sides. First, team diversity researchers suggest that diversity would lead to positive effects in turbulent environment (Pitcher and Smith, 2001), an environment to which many entrepreneurial ventures are exposed to . Second, there is an implicit interest in diversity, and its counterpart uniformity, in explaining entrepreneurial performance. As a result of treating entrepreneurship as a collective activity there are two requirements for entrepreneurial success that receive attention, i.e. cohesiveness of the team (Beckman, 2006; Beckman et al., 2007) and the access to a heterogeneous knowl-
Eucalyptus microfungi known from culture. 2. Alysidiella, Fusculina and Phlogicylindrium genera nova, with notes on some other poorly known taxa

Although numerous microfungi have been described from Eucalyptus in recent years, this plant genus remains a rich substrate colonized by numerous undescribed species. In the present study several species and genera of ascomycetes were collected from symptomatic leaves or from leaf litter of this host in Australia, South Africa and Europe. New genera include those encompassing Alysidiella parasitica and Phlogicylindrium eucalypti genera et spp. nov. (hyphomycetes), and Fusculina eucalypti gen. et sp. nov. (a coelomycete). New species include Colletogloeopsis blakelyi, C. considenianae, C. dimorpha, ElsinoA« eucalyptorum, Harknessia rhabdosphaera, Neofusicoccum corticosae and Staninwardia suttonii. A new combination is proposed for Microsphaeropsis eucalypti in Readeriella, while new cultures, hosts and distribution records are reported for Cytospora diatrypelloidea, Mycosphaerella swartii, Plectosphaera eucalypti and Valsa fabianae.
Uptake of Amino Acids during Beer Production: The Concept of a Critical Time Value

According to M. Jones and J. Pierce in 1964, amino acid uptake occurs sequentially when Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows in a complex medium, whatever the individual concentration. The objective of the current work was to determine to what extent, under different conditions, the four previously defined amino acid families can still be distinguished. For this purpose, amino acid uptake was monitored during fermentation in the presence of one ale and two lager yeasts conducted at various scales (1-L tall EBC tubes and 1-L conical flasks) and temperatures (23 and 28°C). Industrial production (1-hL rectangular vessel) conducted with a co-culture of three ale yeasts was also investigated. A critical time (Tc), defined as the time it takes the amino acids of group A' (named A' in the current work) to be totally consumed, emerged from all our experiments. This group coincides with the A class defined by M. Jones (aspartate, threonine, serine, glutamate, lysine, and arginine) plus methionine and minus arginine. Tc also corresponds with the beginning of consumption of an amino acid group (named C' in the current work) that includes only glycine and alanine. All other amino acids, defining the B' group, (named B' in the current work) are slowly and gradually taken up without any lag phase.