Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pore effect on macroscopic physical properties: Composite elasticity determined using a two‐dimensional buffer layer finite element method model

[1] A porous system has distinct macroscopic proprieties that are very different from those of a nonporous matrix. There has been much interest in clarifying such characteristics. In the present study, a two-dimensional buffer layer finite element method (FEM) model was developed to investigate the porosity effect on macroscopic elasticity without introducing assumptions or approximations. Buffer layers, introduced at the periphery of porous objects, were found to be effective in neutralizing irregularities caused by the boundary discontinuity. It is noted that the background concept of the buffer layer is similar to that of the window method used in many FEM analyses. In terms of the buffer layer FEM model, the porosity effect was systematically analyzed while considering anisotropy by changing the degree of porosity, aspect ratio of the pore, and elasticity of the matrix. Consequently, various systematic relations were found for two-dimensional porosity effects. The relations are helpful in characterizing two-dimensional cracks in a laboratory rock compression test. The two-dimensional relations were further extended to three-dimensional relationships to compare the present results with the results from previous models.
Shock metamorphism of quartz at the submarine Mjølnir impact crater, Barents Sea

Abstract— Shock metamorphosed quartz grains have been discovered in a drill core from the central peak of the Late Jurassic, marine Mjølnir structure; this finding further corroborates the impact origin of Mjølnir. The intersected strata represent the Upper Jurassic Hekkingen Formation and underlying Jurassic and Upper Triassic formations. The appearance, orientation, and origin of shock features in quartz grains and their stratigraphic distribution within the core units have been studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The quartz grains contain planar fractures (PFs), planar deformation features (PDFs), and mechanical Brazil twins. The formation of PFs is the predominant shock effect and is attributed to the large impedance differences between the water‐rich pores and constituent minerals in target sediments. This situation may have strengthened tensional/extensional and shear movements during shock compression and decompression. The combination of various shock effects indicates possible shock pressures between 5 and at least 20 GPa for three core units with a total thickness of 86 m (from 74.00 m to 171.09 m core depth). Crater‐fill material from the lower part of the core typically shows the least pressures, whereas the uppermost part of the allochthonous crater deposits displays the highest pressures. The orientations of PFs in studied quartz grains seem to become more diverse as the pressure rises from predominantly (0001) PFs to a combination of (0001), , and orientations. However, the lack of experimental data on porous sedimentary rocks does not allow us to further constrain the shock conditions on the basis of PF orientations.
Tidal Oscillations in Estuaries

Summary. Simple analytic solutions for tidal oscillations in estuaries, such as that of the Thames, are discussed in terms of linearized theory. It is shown that progressive waves of constant speed (gh)1/2 are peculiar to channels of constant cross section, and cannot be regarded as adequate approximations in slowly diverging estuaries as is frequently supposed. The effect of friction is principally to cause a change of phase along an estuary giving a progression in high-water times, the phase difference between current and elevation remaining essentially that of a classical standing wave. Measurements in the Thames support this conclusion. Recent publications treating these tides as progressive waves are therefore disputed. The theory is shown to predict several of the observed features of the tide in the Thames when the friction coefficient is given the value K= 0.0024. These are the speed of high-water from Southend to Hammersmith, the variation in tidal range and the high-water/slack-water interval from Southend to Greenwich. It is suggested that the classical frictionless terms—“progressive wave” and “standing wave”—can be applied to a frictional situation only with considerable caution.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with Vascular Function, Carotid Atherosclerosis and the UKPDS Risk Engine in Korean Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

Background Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Few studies have evaluated the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk simultaneously using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine and non-invasive vascular tests in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Methods Participants (n=380; aged 20 to 81 years) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were free of clinical evidence of CVD. The 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risks were calculated for each patient using the UKPDS risk engine. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), flow mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) were measured. The correlations between the UKPDS risk engine and the non-invasive vascular tests were assessed using partial correlation analysis, after adjusting for age, and multiple regression analysis. Results The mean 10-year CHD and 10-year stroke risks were 14.92±11.53% and 4.03±3.95%, respectively. The 10-year CHD risk correlated with CIMT (P<0.001), FMD (P=0.017), and PWV (P=0.35) after adjusting for age. The 10-year stroke risk correlated only with the mean CIMT (P<0.001) after adjusting for age. FMD correlated with age (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.09). CIMT correlated with age (P<0.01), HbA1c (P=0.05), and gender (P<0.01). Conclusion The CVD risk is increased at the onset of type 2 diabetes. CIMT, FMD, and PWV along with the UKPDS risk engine should be considered to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Elastic wave attenuation and velocity of Berea Sandstone measured in the frequency domain

Using measurements in the frequency domain the authors have measured quality factor Q and travel times of direct and side-reflected elastic waves in a 1.8 m long sample of Berea sandstone. The frequency domain travel rime (FDTT) method produces the continuous-wave (cw) response of a propagating wave by stepwise sweeping frequency of a driving source and detecting amplitude and phase of the received signal in reference to the source. Each separate travel path yields a characteristic repetition cycle in frequency space as its wave vector-distance product is stepped; an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) reveals the corresponding travel time at the group velocity. Because arrival times of direct and reflected elastic waves appear as spikes along the time axis, travel times can be obtained precisely, and different arrivals can be clearly separated. Q can be determined from the amplitude vs. frequency response of each peak as obtained from a moving window IFFT of the frequency-domain signal. In this sample at ambient conditions compressional velocity V[sub P] is 2380 m/s and Q[sub P] is 55. 15 refs., 4 figs.
Geometry and kinematics of the Grant Range brittle detachment system, eastern Nevada, U.S.A.: An end‐member style of upper crustal extension

Documenting the range of styles of normal faulting is fundamental to understanding crustal extension. Here geologic mapping, field relationships, and deformed and restored cross sections illustrate the geometry and kinematic development of a system of west‐vergent detachment faults in the Grant Range in eastern Nevada. Faults exhibit brecciation and stratigraphic cutoff angles of 5–15° at all structural levels and deform a 10 km thick section of Paleozoic and Paleogene rocks. The fault system is folded across an anticlinal culmination, which grew during extension, as indicated by progressively increasing interlimb angles and incision in the axial zone. The eastern limb consists of an imbricate stack of faults that were emplaced from bottom to top. In the western limb, several faults exhibit apparent thrust relationships. The oldest faults are cut by a ~29 Ma dike, and the highest preserved fault cuts ~32 Ma volcanic rocks that restore to paleodepths of ~1 km. Retrodeformation of folding and minimal structural relief and angularity across a Paleogene unconformity indicate the faults were active at 5–15° angles. Retrodeformation of offset indicates ≥49 km (98%) extension. We propose a model of stationary, sustained isostatic uplift and incision at the culmination axis (a “fixed hinge”), with updip excision producing bottom‐to‐top growth of the imbricate stack and downdip excision producing apparent thrust relationships. The fault system exhibits similarities to core complex detachment systems, though it is confined to upper crustal levels, and there are no preserved high‐angle or listric normal faults, indicating a unique extension style dominated by low‐angle excision.
Contemporary Climate Changes in the High Mountain Part of the Tatras

Contemporary Climate Changes in the High Mountain Part of the Tatras The purpose of this study was to determine the contemporary changes of precipitation and nival conditions in the high-mountain area of Tatras. Main features of thermal climate changes are the background of this investigation. The study makes use of the daily data from the weather station on Kasprowy Wierch Mt. from the years 1966-2006. Various climate characteristics were considered. The increase of the air temperature is not accompanied by significant changes in precipitation conditions. The signs of the more continentality climate features are also visible. The warming and a slight decrease in precipitation and the evolution of circulation conditions significantly influence the length of the period with the snow cover and not significantly its depth.
Subdivision and correlation of monotonous sandstone sequences using high-resolution heavy mineral analysis, a case study: the Triassic of the Central Graben

Abstract The subdivision and correlation of monotonous siliciclastic sequences with poor biostratigraphic control and few lithostratigraphic markers has long been a problem. The need to find an efficient approach is even greater for subsurface sequences where information from cores and wireline logs has proved inadequate. In this short paper a novel approach, high-resolution heavy minerals analysis (HRHMA), is introduced, which is particularly suitable for the subdivision of problematical clastic sediments where other techniques are inconclusive. A full paper, which will present the technique in more detail, will be published shortly.
The Development of SONAR as a Tool in Marine Biological Research in the Twentieth Century

The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman. The “deep scattering layer” composed of invertebrates and fish was discovered in the late 1940s on the echo sounder records. SONARs employing high frequencies, broadband, split beam, and multiple frequencies were developed as methods for the detection, quantification and identification of fish and invertebrates. The study of fish behavior has seen some use of passive acoustic techniques. Advancements in computer technology have been important throughout the last four decades of the twentieth century.
Temporal variations in organic carbon utilization by consumers in a lowland river

Understanding temporal trophic interactions in riverine food webs is essential for predicting river ecosystem function and improving management of these ecosystems. Temporal changes in energy flows through riverine food webs are readily assumed but are rarely tested. Temporal variability in food webs from two reaches of a lowland river (Ovens River, south‐eastern Australia) with differing levels of floodplain connectivity were examined over 12 months. We investigated how seasonal changes, flow variability and floodplain connectivity influence (i) stable isotope signatures of basal organic carbon sources (terrestrial sources: trees and grasses; aquatic sources: seston, biofilm and filamentous algae) and consumers (macroinvertebrates and fish) and (ii) the relative proportions of organic carbon sources contributing to consumer biomass using mixing models. We hypothesized (i) that during high flows, increased floodplain connectivity would increase the lateral exchange of terrestrial carbon subsidies to main channel consumers and (ii) that during low flow periods, main channel consumers would derive the majority of their carbon from aquatic benthic sources. Results indicated that isotope signatures for basal sources and for most of the consumers varied temporally and spatially. Mixing models indicated that increased floodplain connectivity did not increase terrestrial subsidies to consumers during high flows. Seston was the primary source during high flows whilst terrestrial vegetation increased in importance during low flows. Filamentous algae was also important during low flows for some consumers. These findings indicate that it is essential to include temporal variability in order to understand energy flows in lowland rivers, thus allowing for the dynamic nature of these ecosystems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compatibility with Jet A-1 of a GCL Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens subjected to 0, 5, and 12 freeze—thaw cycles in the laboratory, and GCL specimens recovered from a composite barrier wall in the Canadian Arctic after 1 and 3 years were examined to assess the hydraulic conductivity/permeability with respect to both deionized deaired water and Jet A-l. The GCL specimens recovered from the field after 3 years had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to water that was approximately 30% less than that of the GCL specimens subjected to 12 initial freeze—thaw cycles in the laboratory, suggesting that the laboratory conditions are more severe than field conditions. The combined effects of both the freeze—thaw cycles and Jet A-l permeation increased the permeability. This increase is attributed to the creation of macropores in the GCL due to freezing and to an expansion of free-pore space due to contraction of the double layer caused by permeation of Jet A-l. Although there was an increase in permeability due to the combined effect of freeze—thaw and permeation by Jet A-l, the effect was relatively small and the results suggest that the GCL continued to exhibit good performance as a hydraulic barrier when subject to extreme climatic conditions and hydrocarbons both in the laboratory and in the field.
Dependence of active normal fault dips on lower-crustal flow regimes

Two key questions are raised by the presence in the Basin and Range Province of subhorizontal normal faults, which were active in and around the Miocene. First, how did they develop, when their existence seems to be precluded by elementary rock-mechanics arguments? Second, if they did slip in the recent geological past, why do normal faults now active in the brittle upper crust have steeper dips, both in the western USA and elsewhere? One may now answer both questions, by considering the stress field in regions where the isostatic response during extension involves horizontal flow in the plastic lower crust. This stress tensor will have inclined principal axes, making it possible for normal faults to form with either very steep or subhorizontal dips depending on the sense of flow. This can be controlled by environmental conditions, which influence rates of hanging-wall sedimentation and footwall erosion and thus determine lateral variations in lithostatic pressure in the lower crust. Regional-scale lateral variations in the geothermal gradient caused by subduction can also influence lower-crustal flow regimes in adjacent zones of continental extension, enabling extension to occur on low-angle normal faults dipping away from the active continental margin.
When enough is enough: The worth of monitoring data in aquifer remediation design

Given the high cost of data collection at groundwater contamination remediation sites, it is becoming increasingly important to make data collection as cost-effective as possible. A Bayesian data worth framework is developed in an attempt to carry out this task for remediation programs in which a groundwater contaminant plume must be located and then hydraulically contained. The framework is applied to a hypothetical contamination problem where uncertainty in plume location and extent are caused by uncertainty in source location, source loading time, and aquifer heterogeneity. The goal is to find the optimum number and the best locations for a sequence of observation wells that minimize the expected cost of remediation plus sampling. Simplifying assumptions include steady state heads, advective transport, simple retardation, and remediation costs as a linear function of discharge rate. In the case here, an average of six observation wells was needed. Results indicate that this optimum number was particularly sensitive to the mean hydraulic conductivity. The optimum number was also sensitive to the variance of the hydraulic conductivity, annual discount rate, operating cost, and sample unit cost. It was relatively insensitive to the correlation length of hydraulic conductivity. For the case here, points of greatest uncertainty inmore » plume presence were on average poor candidates for sample locations, and randomly located samples were not cost-effective. « less
In-motion Alignment of a Low-cost GPS/INS under Large Heading Error

This paper presents a new type of Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) providing higher navigation accuracy under large initial heading error. The mechanization introduced is applicable to low cost GPS/INS systems and enhances the performance when the heading error is large. The proposed approach has the capability to decrease large heading errors very quickly and can start the strapdown navigation computations under poor heading accuracy without any special alignment procedure. Although the design is applicable to land, sea and aerial vehicles, a land vehicle is used for the performance tests. The test is conducted around a closed path and the proposed system is compared to a GPS/INS system based on small attitude error assumption. The performance of both systems is given in this paper.
Riser diachroneity, lateral erosion, and uncertainty in rates of strike‐slip faulting: A case study from Tuzidun along the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China

[1] At late Quaternary timescales, offset fluvial terrace risers are among the most common landforms used to determine rates of strike-slip faulting. Although diachroneity in the age of riser segments on opposite sides of the fault has been noted previously, an unexplored source of uncertainty associated with deriving slip rates from these markers centers on quantifying the size of the displacement uncertainty such diachroneity introduces. To evaluate the impact of riser diachroneity, we investigated the Tuzidun site (37.73°N, 86.72°E) along the Cherchen He reach of the active central Altyn Tagh Fault. The east bank of the channel is flanked by a left-laterally offset terrace riser. While the measured offset is 54 ± 3 m, geochronologic measurements and analysis of riser topography indicate that the downstream riser segment formed between 6.0 ± 0.8 ka and 5.7 ± 0.4 ka, while the upstream riser segment may have been laterally refreshed as recently as 0.5 ± 0.2 ka. A valley wall on the west bank of the channel places a maximum limit of 38 ± 6 m on the amount of possible lateral erosion of the upstream riser. This bound, in turn, limits the total offset since formation of the downstream riser to range from 54 ± 3 to 89 ± 7 m. Together, these observations bracket the millennial Altyn Tagh Fault slip rate to range from 9.0 ± 1.3 to 15.5 ± 1.7 mm a−1. More generally, this investigation shows that the observed riser displacement does not necessarily correlate with the age of either riser segment (downstream or upstream of the fault) in cases where one segment is displaced while the other is subjected to lateral erosion. If this diachroneity goes undetected, erroneous slip rate measurements are likely to result.
On the testing of fully integrated surface–subsurface hydrological models

Studies employing integrated surface–subsurface hydrological models (ISSHMs) have utilized a variety of test cases to demonstrate model accuracy and consistency between codes. Here, we review the current state of ISSHM testing and evaluate the most popular ISSHM test cases by comparing the hydrodynamic processes simulated in each case to the processes found in well‐characterized, real‐world catchments and by comparing their general attributes to those of successful benchmark problems from other fields of hydrogeology. The review reveals that (1) ISSHM testing and intercode comparison have not adopted specific test cases consistently; (2) despite the wide range of ISSHM metrics available for model testing, only two model performance diagnostics are typically adopted: the catchment outflow hydrograph and the catchment water balance; (3) in intercode comparisons, model performance is usually judged by evaluating only one performance diagnostic: the catchment outflow hydrograph; and (4) ISSHM test cases evaluate a small number of hydrodynamic processes that are largely uniform across the model domain, representing a limited selection of the processes of interest in well‐characterized, real‐world catchments. ISSHM testing would benefit from more intercode comparisons using a consistent set of test cases, aimed at evaluating more catchment processes (e.g. flooding) and using a wider range of simulation diagnostics (e.g. pressure head distributions). To achieve this, a suite of test case variations is required to capture the relevant catchment processes. Finally, there is a need for additional ISSHM test problems that compare model predictions with hydrological observations from intensively monitored field sites and controlled laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.