Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post−"Little Ice Age" retreat rates of glaciers around Billefjorden in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Twelve glaciers, representing various types, were investigated between 2000 and 2005, in a region adjacent to the northern reaches of Billefjorden, central Spitsbergen (Svalbard). On the basis of measurements taken using reference points, DGPS and GPS sys− tems, analyses of aerial photographs and satellite images, geomorphological indicators and archival data their rates of deglaciation following the "Little Ice Age" (LIA) maximum were calculated variously on centennial, decadal and annual time scales. As most Svalbard glaciers have debris−covered snouts, a clean ice margin was measured in the absence of de− bris−free ice front. The retreat rates for both types of ice fronts were very similar. All studied glaciers have been retreating since the termination of the Little Ice Age at the end of 19th century. The fastest retreat rate was observed in the case of the Nordenskioldbreen tidewater glacier (mean average linear retreat rate 35 m a -1 ). For land−terminating glaciers the rates were in range of 5 to 15 m a -1 . Presumably owing to climate warming, most of the glacier re− treat rates have increased several fold in recent decades. The secondary factors influencing the retreat rates have been identified as: water depth at the grounding line in the case of tide− water glaciers, surging history, altitude, shape and aspect of glacier margin, and bedrock re− lief. The retreat rates are similar to glaciers from other parts of Spitsbergen. Analyses of available data on glacier retreat rates in Svalbard have allowed us to distinguish four major types: very dynamic, surging tidewater glaciers with post−LIA retreat rates of between 100 and 220 m a -1 , other tidewater glaciers receding of a rate of 15 to 70 m a -1 , land terminating valley polythermal glaciers with an average retreat of 10 to 20 m a -1 and small, usually cold, glaciers with the retreat rates below 10 m a -1 .
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into The Response of Ulva Compressa to The Fluctuating Salinity Conditions

Background: Ulva compressa, known as the green tide forming species, was reported that can adapt to hypo-salinity conditions such as estuaries and brackish lakes. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of hypo-salinity stress tolerance, a genome-wide gene expression profiles in U. compressa was performed using digital gene expression profile (DGE). Results: The RNA-seq data were analyzed based on the comparison of differently expressed genes involved in specific pathways under hypo-salinity and recovery conditions. Under the long-term hypo-salinity stress, the recovery of photosynthesis and energy metabolism could provide sufficient energy for the tolerance under long-term hypo-saline stress. Multiple strategies were performed to maintain the osmotic homeostasis. Additionally, several long non-coding RNA were detected as differently expressed genes during the stress, which could play important roles in the osmotolerance. Conclusions: Our work will serve as an essential foundation for the understanding of the tolerance mechanism of U. compressa under the fluctuating salinity conditions.
A Preliminary Laboratory Study of Motion of Floating Debris Generated by Solitary Waves Running up a Beach

Destructive tsunamis can destroy coastal structures and move huge amounts of tsunami debris. Our current understanding of motion of tsunami debris in tsunami flows is limited. In this paper, we present a preliminary laboratory study of motion of model debris under the action of solitary waves running up a beach. The difference between the waterline of maximum inundation and the final position of debris was examined under various conditions. Effects of solitary wave height, water depth, and the distance of debris source to the shoreline on the maximum inundation, the debris limit, and the final position of debris were examined. In general, the final positions of the debris are different from the waterline at maximum inundation and there is a low possibility that a large amount of debris can be carried by retreating water offshore into the sea.
Estimates of iceberg submarine melting from high-resolution digital elevation models: application to Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland

Abstract Observed increases in iceberg discharge from Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers over the past two decades have altered the freshwater flux from glacial fjords into surrounding ocean basins. Although variations in freshwater flux due to ice-sheet discharge change have been investigated on a broad scale, the distribution of the freshwater flux due to melting of calved glacier ice (i.e. icebergs) has not been examined. Logistical challenges to collecting in situ data in glacial fjords have so far prevented a detailed examination of freshwater fluxes arising from melting beneath the waterline (i.e. submarine melting). Here we demonstrate that submarine melting of icebergs can be quantified using repeat digital elevation models derived from very high-resolution stereo satellite images. Analysis of volume changes for icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland, yield area-averaged submarine melt rates of ~0.39 m d–1. These rates are in relatively good agreement with simulated winter melt rates along the submerged portion of the Helheim Glacier terminus, providing independent validation of the applied technique. Further, the volume flux of fresh water from iceberg melting scales with surface and submerged iceberg areas, which suggests that iceberg meltwater may be an important freshwater component in fjords with high iceberg concentrations and/or expansive ice melange.
Geochemical Characteristics of Mississippian to Pliensbachian Volcanic and Hypabyssal Rocks in the Hoodoo Mountain Area (NTS 104B/14E)

Carboniferous to Jurassic rocks of the northwestern Stikinia commonly comprise thick successions of petrographically similar sedimentary, volcaniclastic and consanguineous hypabyssal rocks. The similarity of these sequences leads to ambiguity in correlations of units, hampering the establishment of a consistent stratigraphic framework in the predominantly ice and snow-covered Hoodoo Mountain area (NTS 104B/14; Figure 1). In addition, this part of Stikinia contains economically important, diverse and epoch specific metallotects that include; Carboniferous Kuroko type VHMS, Triassic Besshi type VMS, Triassic and Jurassic calcalkaline and alkaline Cu-Au-Ag±Mo porphyry, skarn and vein deposits and Jurassic submarine exhalative Au-Ag-rich VMS mineralization. The majority of these deposits are either stratabound or directly related to short-lived magmatic events making stratigraphic position a critical factor in understanding which deposit types are likely to be present. The purpose of this contribution is to test the utility of whole rock geochemistry to discriminate and calibrate the Mississippian to Pliensbachian stratigraphy proposed by Mihalynuk et al. (2011a; 2011b), thereby providing a means of directing cost effective and successful mineral exploration throughout the varied stratigraphy of the area.
FORMATION AND FRACTIONATION OF HIGH-Al THOLEIITIC MAGMAS IN THE AHVENISTO RAPAKIVI GRANITE – MASSIF-TYPE ANORTHOSITE COMPLEX, SOUTHEASTERN FINLAND

The ~1640 Ma Ahvenisto AMCG complex in southeastern Finland is the most prominent occurrence of massif-type anorthosite and associated monzodioritic rocks in the Fennoscandian rapakivi suite. The petrology of the complex has been reasonably well studied, but the petrogenetic relationships among the different rock-types nevertheless remain ambiguous. In this study, we shed light on the source of AMCG complexes by providing updated geochronology, petrogenetic considerations, and an extensive geochemical framework for the Ahvenisto complex. Similar U–Pb mineral ages and Nd–Sr–Pb isotope compositions, as well as complementary major-element and REE data, suggest that the anorthositic and monzodioritic rocks of the Ahvenisto complex are comagmatic. Geochemical evidence implies a two-stage magmatic evolution, where isotopic differences between the slightly more juvenile olivine-bearing gabbroic rocks ( e Nd in the range +0.2 to +0.4, Sr i in the range 0.7034 to 0.7035) and leucogabbronorites and anorthosites ( e Nd between −0.9 and −0.5, Sr i between 0.7037 and 0.7041) reflect the influence of crustal contamination of the primary mantle-derived melt during the first stage. The bulk of the monzodioritic rocks ( e Nd in the range −1.1 to −0.2, Sr i in the range 0.7028 to 0.7040) represent second-stage residual liquids after extensive fractionation of plagioclase from a relatively evolved, high-Al tholeiitic magma with a pronounced crustal isotope signature. Although the Rb–Sr isotopic systematics of the rapakivi granites have been compromised, their geochemistry and Nd isotope compositions ( e Nd between −2.1 and −0.1) are consistent with a derivation mostly from a crustal source.
Cryptic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of Deto echinata (Isopoda: Detonidae) in southern Africa

Recent phylogeographic studies of poorly-dispersing coastal invertebrates in highly biodiverse regions have led to the discovery of high levels of cryptic diversity and complex phylogeographic patterns that suggest isolation, geological, and ecological processes have shaped their biodiversity. Studies of southern African coastal invertebrates have uncovered cryptic diversity for various taxa and phylogeographic patterns that, although sharing some similarities across taxa, do differ. These findings underscore the need for additional studies to better understand the biodiversity levels, distributional patterns, and processes responsible for producing coastal biodiversity in that region. The coastal isopod Deto echinata is of particular interest, as its complex taxonomic history, poor dispersal capabilities, and broad geographic distribution suggest the potential for cryptic diversity. We use mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to characterize D. echinata individuals from localities ranging from northern Namibia to Glentana, about 2,500 km along the coastline on the south coast of South Africa. These are used to assess whether D. echinata harbors cryptic genetic diversity and whether phylogeographic distributional patterns correlate with those previously documented for other coastal isopods in the region. Analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences revealed two deeply-divergent lineages that exhibit a distributional break in the Cape Peninsula region. These findings suggest D. echinata is a cryptic species complex in need of taxonomic revision and highlight the need for further taxonomic and phylogeographic studies of similarly poorly-dispersing coastal invertebrates in southern Africa.
Accessibility of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Elements: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Developed and Emerging Economies

The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem construct is gaining widespread popularity due to its holistic approach to enabling entrepreneurship, which in turn fosters economic growth. Consequently, a plethora of studies have been devoted to theorising, examining its attributes, and measuring its impact, with the aim of identifying ways to enhance its contribution. Despite its significance, however, there are challenges associated with identifying suitable measurement instruments that can assess these attributes and determine how they jointly facilitate the survival of new ventures in diverse regions. In this paper, we utilise Qualitative Comparative Analysis to compare 167 ventures in developed and emerging economies, to determine how the various elements of the entrepreneurial ecosystem combine to achieve the desired outcome of new venture survival. Our study adds to the existing literature on ecosystem measurement and provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in identifying potential configurations of ecosystem elements that can support entrepreneurship in different regions. It also represents a novel approach to entrepreneurial ecosystem studies, paving the way for future empirical entrepreneurship research.
Circular RNAs: A New Approach to Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis, a condition characterised by demyelination and axonal damage in the central nervous system, is due to autoreactive immune cells that recognise myelin antigens. Alteration of the immune balance can promote the onset of immune deficiencies, loss of immunosurveillance, and/or development of autoimmune disorders such as MS. Numerous enzymes, transcription factors, signal transducers, and membrane proteins contribute to the control of immune system activity. The “transcriptional machine” of eukaryotic cells is a complex system composed not only of mRNA but also of non-coding elements grouped together in the set of non-coding RNAs. Recent studies demonstrate that ncRNAs play a crucial role in numerous cellular functions, gene expression, and the pathogenesis of many immune disorders. The main purpose of this review is to investigate the role of circular RNAs, a previously unknown class of non-coding RNAs, in MS’s pathogenesis. CircRNAs influence post-transcriptional control, expression, and functionality of a microRNA and epigenetic factors, promoting the development of typical MS abnormalities such as neuroinflammation, damage to neuronal cells, and microglial dysfunction. The increase in our knowledge of the role of circRNAs in multiple sclerosis could, in the future, modify the common diagnostic–therapeutic criteria, paving the way to a new vision of this neuroimmune pathology.
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in the Garhwal Himalaya

In the present paper we have reviewed the link between socio-economic conditions of the villagers in the Garhwal Himalaya with forest resources. Well being of Local people and forest are intricately linked with each other. Increased resource dependency on surrounding forests and unplanned extraction is negatively affecting the biodiversity of the region. Lack of employment opportunities is the major cause of dependency of rural people on forest for livelihood, which is causing degradation of forest and forcing people to migrate to cities in search of jobs. Proper planning and management by Government in association with local people in tapping forest resources like medicinal plants and NTFP's will certainly improve socio-economic conditions of the people and reduce unnecessary pressure on the forest resources. (Report and Opinion. 2009;1(4):6-12). (ISSN: 1553-9873). The Indian Himalayan region occupies a special place in the mountain ecosystems of the world. These geodynamically young mountains are not only important from the stand point of climate and as a provider of life, giving water to a large part of the Indian subcontinent, but they also harbor a rich variety of flora, fauna, human communities and cultural diversity (Singh, 2006). The Himalayan mountain system covers only 18% of the geographical area of India, but accounts for more than 50% of India's forest cover and for 40% of the species endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Himalayan resources and ecosystem services are critical, not only for the sustainable livelihood of 115 million mountain people but also for a much larger population inhabiting the adjoining Indo- Gangetic plains (Rao et al., 2003). The Uttarakhand State of India is located between 28° 30'- 31° 30' N latitudes and 77°-81° E longitudes, which covers and area of 55,491 Km 2 , of which 90 % (about 50,000 Km 2 ) lies in the Central Himalayan region (Nag, 2001). About 64% of total geographical area of Uttarakhand is covered with forest (FSI, 2003). The state is undergoing an economic transition phase, and due to population growth and increase in demands of various products, the natural resource exploitation has reached an unprecedented level.
Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies for economically important traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The present investigation was carried out to study genetic parameters for eight different traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, head diameter, 100 seed weight, volume weight, seed yield/plotand oil content at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research during rabi 2019-2020. The study included a total of 67 genotypes including 5 CMS lines and 10 newly developed restorer lines and their 50 F1 hybrids along withtwo checks (KBSH-44 and DRSH-1). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all the traits. High variation was observed for plant height and seed yield/plant and lowest was observed for 100 seed weight, oil contentand head diameter. The difference between GCV and PCV was low for all the characters indicating less influence of environmental factors on the expression of these traits. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for plant height, head diameter, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant indicating additive gene action in the expression of these traits. Simple phenotypic selection may be effective for improving these characters. High heritability coupled with low genetic advance was observed for oil content suggesting involvement of non-additive gene action in the expression of this trait indicating little scope for further improvement through individual plant selection.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic advance Estimates in Maize ( Zea mays L.) inbred lines

: In Ethiopia Maize ( Zea mays L .) ranks second after Teff in area coverage and first in total production. Present investigations were aimed to determine the nature and magnitude of genetic variability for yield and yield related traits in maize inbred lines adapted to low moisture stress area. Forty maize inbred lines were evaluated in alpha lattice design for genetic variability study between grain yield and its related traits at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC) during 2017/2018 main cropping season. The analysis of variance showed the mean square due to genotype were highly significant (P<0.01) for all traits studied except number of kernel row per Ear which is significant at (p<0.05). It directly implies that the existence of sufficient genetic variability and potential for selection and improvement on the traits. The highest phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variations were observed in number of tassel branch, grain yield hectare, Thousand kernel weight, Ear height , Number of ear per plant. High heritability estimate were recorded for all traits which indicated that these traits were relatively less influenced by environmental factors and phenotypic selection would be effective for the improvement of these traits. Number of tassel branches showed the highest estimate of genetic advances (GA) as percent of mean at 5% selection intensity which indicated that the existence of opportunities for genetic improvement in these traits through selection.
Quantifying Corn Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Growth Stage–Based Deficit Irrigation Conditions

An agricultural system model can help optimize limited irrigation for higher grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) across varied climatic conditions. In this study, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was first calibrated to simulate soil water, ET, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield under a range, 40 to 100% of crop ET under well-watered conditions (i.e., ETc, calculated by the reference ET and crop coefficient), of irrigation treatments from 2008 to 2011 in Colorado. The model was then used to explore grain yield responses to irrigation levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100% ETc (the Shuttleworth–Wallace ET, ETsw, was used as a surrogate for ETc in the model) under 300, 400, and 500 mm of total irrigation water and to provide guidelines to manage limited irrigation using weather data from 1992 to 2013. With 500 mm of irrigation water, high grain yield and WUE were obtained from the 100% ETsw for the vegetative stage and 80 to 100% ETsw for the reproductive stage. With 400 mm of irrigation water, high grain yield and WUE were simulated at 80 to 100% ETsw irrigation targets between the vegetative and reproductive stages. With 300 mm of irrigation water, however, meeting 100% ETsw at the reproductive and 60% ETsw at the vegetative stage achieved the highest grain yield and WUE. Simulations showed that meeting the crop water requirement during the reproductive stage is more important than during the vegetative stage to achieve high grain yield and WUE under water-limited conditions.
Responses of organic carbon mineralization in typical soils in northwest Guangxi of China to calcium carbonate and soil moisture

In order to understand the effects of soil moisture on organic carbon(OC) mineralization in two typical soils in Northwest Guangxi of China under the existence of calcium carbonate,a 100-day incubation experiment with the topsoil(0-15 cm) of terra fusca in Karst region and of zonal red soil(as a control) was conducted to study the characteristics of soil OC mineralization under the conditions of three soil moisture gradients(30%,65%,and 100% water-holding capacity;W1,W2,and W3) and a fixed added calcium carbonate quantity(50 g Ca~14CO_3 · kg~(-1)dry soil) at 25 ℃. After 100-day incubation,the contribution rate of the~14C-CO_2 from added calcium carbonate to the apparent accumulative mineralization amount under W1,W2,and W3 was 9.64%,6.01%,and 7.63% for the terra fusca,and 34.05%,27.73%,and 24.18% for the red soil,respectively.The soil OC mineralization rate and accumulative mineralization amount were in the order of W2 W1 W3(P 0.05) for the terra fusca,and of W2,W3 W1(P 0.05) for the red soil,respectively.Soil moisture,soil type,and their interaction had significant effects on the soil OC mineralization rate and accumulative mineralization amount(P 0.05). Therefore,when studying the OC mineralization in carbonate-rich soils,especially for the calcareous soils developed in Karst geological background,it would be necessary to consider the effects of soil moisture content and inorganic carbonate decomposition on the soil OC mineralization,and to incorporate these effects into C cycle model to accurately assess the effects of soil inorganic carbon on the soil OC pool.