Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aren’t there multiple causes of bias in polar questions?∗

I develop two distinct theories of speaker bias in polar questions based on empirical asymmetries between two kinds of biased polar questions—high negation questions (HNQs) and polarity focus questions (PFQs). I show that bias in PFQs is context sensitive while bias in HNQs is context insensitive. I argue that PFQ bias derives from the fact that they are frequently used in conversational contexts in which an answer to the question has already been asserted by an interlocutor, thus expressing doubt about the prior assertion. is derivation explains their context sensitivity, and the fact that similar bias arises from polar questions that lack polarity focus. I also provide novel evidence that HNQs lack propositional negation, and thus only have an outer negation reading (cf. e.g. Ladd, 1981; Romero & Han, 2004; Kria, 2017; AnderBois, 2019; Frana & Rawlins, 2019; Jeong, 2020). Based on the denotation of HNQs and competition with their positive polar question alternatives, I derive speaker bias in HNQs as a conversational implicature. Roughly, if the speaker is ignorant, then a positive polar question will be more informative, so a use of an HNQ conveys that the speaker is not ignorant. e denotation of the HNQ then makes clear which way the speaker is biased. e result divorces high negation from verum focus, and I argue that it is more parsimonious and has beer empirical coverage than verum accounts (Romero & Han, 2004; Frana & Rawlins, 2019). 1 Background and outline e polarity of a polar question imposes felicity restrictions, despite that classic theories of questions like Hamblin 1973 and Groenendijk & Stokhof 1984 predict positive and negative polar questions to denote the same set of positive and negative answers, {p,¬p} (cf. Büring & Gunlogson, 2000; Van Rooij & Šafářová, 2003; Romero & Han, 2004; AnderBois, 2011; Sudo, 2013; Frana ∗is paper has been resubmied and is currently under review. Any comments would be welcome. daniel.goodhue@gmail.com
Title: Rates and patterns of clonal oncogenic mutations in the normal human brain

Hospital; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 9 2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 10 3 Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 11 4 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. 12 5 Bioinformatics & Integrative Genomics Program and Harvard/MIT MD-PHD Program, Harvard 13
The effect of organizational justice on employee performance by job satisfaction as an intervening variable

Diterima 17 April 2021 Disetujui 10 June 2021 Diterbitkan 14 June 2021 Keadilan organisasi, kepuasan kerja dan kinerja pegawai merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengelola pegawai. Keadilan organisasi yang baik harus diperhatikan karena keadilan organisasi dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja dan kinerja yang membuat pegawai merasa ingin memberikan usaha terbaik dan ikut berjuang bersama untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran mediasi kepuasan kerja pada pengaruh keadilan organisasi terhadap kinerja pegawai di bidang anggaran pengeluaran dan sekretariat pada Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah provinsi Sumatera Utara. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai tetap Kantor Wilayah Ditjen Perbendaharaan provinsi Sumatera Utara yang berjumlah 84 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadilan organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Keadilan organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Kepuasan kerja tidak memediasi pengaruh keadilan organisasi terhadap kinerja pegawai. Kata Kunci: Keadilan organisasi; kepuasan kerja, kinerja pegawai
The Muntingia calabura Leaves Extract Effect on Respiration and Heart Performance of Zebrafish (Danio rerio): The Search for Covid-19 Control Agent

Currently, the world community faces the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon since December 2019 and has caused many victims. Various methods have been used to prevent and treat patients affected by this viral infection, especially in medical care. In addition to medical efforts, exploring natural material potential as a controlling agent for Covid-19 has been widely carried out. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of Muntingia calabura as a controlling agent for Covid-19, by studying the secondary metabolite effects of Muntingia calabura leaves on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Research focuses on the administration of Muntingia calabura leaves extract and its impact on the organ respiration, heart rate and swim mobility on zebrafish (Danio rerio) by microscopic and macroscopic observations. The Muntingia calabura leaves were extracted following the soxhlet method, which then used as supplement of zebrafish feed. The zebrafish were divided into 5 groups, of control and those treated with leave extract of 0.5 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, and BSA alone, respectively. The results showed that Muntingia calabura leaves extract caused significant effects on zebrafish that decreased operculum opening, heart rate, and swim mobility. Data were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA, with the LSD Post Hoc Test and Duncan (DMRT), to determine the differences between each treatment group.
Appraisal of dog bite cases in Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia Abia state – Nigeria

Publication History: Received: 14-06-2020 Revised: 14-11-2020 Accepted: 20-11-2020 Abstract Dog bite cases pose a major public health threat in Nigeria and other nations of the world. Millions of people are bitten by dogs, and most cases are fatal when bitten by rabid dogs. This study evaluated dog bite cases in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. It is a retrospective study on the clinical records of dog bite patients managed between 2016 to 2018 at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia. Out of 98 reported cases of dog bites, there was a higher incidence rate of (65.3%) among the male victims than females (37.7%). 19.4% of the cases were victims of less than 15 years of age. Lower limb (59.2%) was the major site of bite cases. 58.2% of the offending dogs were owned while 41.8% were stray dogs. Only 31.6% of offending dogs had up-to-date anti-rabies's vaccination. Clinic records showed that 52% of the patients were presented within 24hrs of the incidence at the hospital. Use of herbal balms (48%) was the most pre-hospital treatment received by dog bite victims. 4 victims had confirmed rabies case. Wound sustained by victims included open wound, lacerations, bruises and avulsion. Treatment pattern was based on evaluated risk of exposure of victims. In conclusion, dog bite cases in this study occurred more in males and adults with mostly owned dogs being involved in the reported cases. Most victims of dog bite cases at the Centre promptly presented their cases for medical consultation. Public awareness is required on the need to avoid provocative dog bites, prompt hospital visitation when bitten by a dog, and there is a need for dog owners to vaccinate their dogs annually against rabies.
Image to Image Translation using Deep Learning Techniques

This project aims to make image-to-image translation for different tasks using deep learning techniques. Using dataset generated by a combination of online images. We have generated images for different tasks. Our innovation is we train and test the cycle-consistent adversarial networks using dataset. We have tried to fine-tune hyper parameters such as batch size, learning rate, lambda in loss function and trying to add dropout to our network. The experiment outcomes show that our method can successfully transfer for disparate tasks while conserving the original content.
Data report: clay mineral assemblages within and beneath the Tuaheni Landslide Complex, IODP Expedition 372A Site U1517, offshore New Zealand

The Tuaheni Landslide Complex is thought to have originated through multiple slip events offshore the Hawke’s Bay region, North Island (New Zealand). Cores were obtained from within and beneath the interpreted landslide complex to a maximum depth of ~188 meters below seafloor (mbsf ) in Hole U1517C during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 372. This data report provides the results of 99 X-ray diffraction analyses of the clay-sized fraction (<2 μm spherical equivalent); sampling focused on the background lithology of hemipelagic mud. Normalized weight percent values for common clay-sized minerals (where smectite + illite + undifferentiated [chlorite + kaolinite] + quartz = 100%) do not vary markedly among the five lithostratigraphic units. Overall, the mean and standard deviation (σ) values are smectite = 47.1 wt% (σ = 5.2), illite = 34.0 wt% (σ = 3.4), chlorite + kaolinite = 8.8 wt% (σ = 1.9), and quartz = 10.2 wt% (σ = 4.0). Mineral proportions within the clay-sized fraction do change somewhat across the boundaries between units and near inferred slip surfaces (e.g., at ~31 mbsf), but those excursions are within the normal range of statistical scatter for the site. Likewise, indicators of clay diagenesis are relatively monotonous throughout the cored interval. The average value of illite crystallinity index is 0. 53Δ°2θ (σ = 0.027). Smectite expandability averages 77.4% (σ = 4.9), and the average proportion of illite in illite/smectite mixed-layer clay is 8.7% (σ = 5.6).
Youth Employability and Skill Mismatch in Lebanon

This paper explores factors explaining youth employability and the perception of the skill mismatch problem in Lebanon. We use a unique dataset covering young people aged from 15 to 29. The empirical analysis uses a bivariate probit model to jointly determine the probability of being employed and to perceive a skill mismatch problem. The estimation is conducted first over the whole sample of youth, and then it is implemented by region and gender. The main findings of our paper reveal that the labor market problems (employability and skill mismatch) are indeed jointly determined and that important differences across regions and gender are present. They also indicate the relevance of the following characteristics: youth age, marital status, higher education, and the level of financial support received from parents. The paper also offers some insights into youth labor market problems.
Mortality and characteristics of older people dying with COVID-19 in Lombardy nursing homes, Italy: An observational cohort study

Background: The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Nursing Homes (NHs) residents infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to compute the related case-fatality rate. Materials and Methods: The outcomes were mortality and case-fatality rate with related epidemiological characteristics (age, sex, comorbidity, and frailty). Results: During the COVID-19 outbreak lasted from March 1 to May 7, 2020, 330 residents died in Fondazione Don Gnocchi NHs bringing the mortality rate to 27% with a dramatic increase compared to the same period of 2019, when it was 7.5%. Naso/oropharyngeal swabs resulted positive for COVID-19 in 315 (71%) of the 441of the symptomatic/exposed residents tested. The COVID-19 population was 75% female, with a 17% overall fatality rate and sex-specific fatality rates of 19% and 13% for females and males, respectively. Fifty-six percent of deaths presented SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia, 15% cardiovascular, and 29% miscellaneous pathologies. Conclusion: Patients’ complexity and frailty might influence SARS-CoV-2 infection case-fatality rate estimates. A COVID-19 register is needed to study COVID-19 frail patients’ epidemiology and characteristics.
Assessment of pain between sedated and unsedated colonoscopy: Double-blind randomized clinical trail

Background: Colonoscopy plays a vital role for the diagnosis and treatment of colonic diseases but can be associated with anxiety and discomfort or pain. We tested whether unsedated colonoscopy impacts quality indicators and investigated predictors of pain during colonoscopy. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed on candidates for elective colonoscopy at AL Zahra Hospital, Isfahan at 2018–2019. Balanced block randomization was used to allocate 275 cases into two groups. At finally, 124 patients in case and 122 patients in control group enrolled in analysis. Patients in the sedation group received midazolam with/out pethidine before colonoscopy. Pain intensity in rectal examination (PIREX), preprocedural anxiety, pain intensity during colonoscopy, hemodynamics, duration of colonoscopy, polyp detection rate, cecal intubation rate, bloating within 24 h after colonoscopy, and willingness to repeat colonoscopy were assessed and compared between two groups. Results: Compared to the group with sedation, cecal intubation time was shorter and bloating was less frequent (7% vs. 16%, P = 0.02) in the unsedated group. There was no difference between the two groups regarding polyp detection rate, cecal detection rate, and willingness to repeat colonoscopy. Pain during rectal examination was significantly associated with pain during colonoscopy (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval; 0.5–1.3). Conclusion: The assessment of pain intensity during rectal examination may help to identify patients who can benefit from sedation during colonoscopy. Colonoscopy with sedation does not seem to have a negative impact on colonoscopy quality indicators, and may even reduce cecal intubation time and bloating following procedure.
Electric-field responsive contrast agent based on liquid crystals and magnetic nanoparticles

The properties of liquid crystal-magnetic nanoparticle composites have potential for sensing in the body. We study the response of a liquid crystal-magnetic nanoparticle (LC-MNP) composite to applied potentials of hundreds of volts per meter. Measuring samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and imaging composites using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we demonstrate that electric potentials applied across centimeter scale LC-MNP composite samples can be detected using XRD and MRI techniques.
Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Impact on INR Normalization in Preprocedural Warfarin Management

Background Annually, 10% of warfarin patients will likely need to stop warfarin prior to elective surgery to achieve a baseline international normalization ratio (INR) level (INR ≤ 1.2) at the time of the procedure. This study explores the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on INR normalization in the Arab (major part of Near Eastern) population in preprocedural warfarin management. Methods An observational prospective cohort study was designed to recruit Arab patients taking warfarin and scheduled for an elective procedure. Two INR readings were recorded. DNA extraction and genotyping of variants in CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP4F2*3, VKORC1*2, and FII (rs5896) and FVII (rs3093229) genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. Results Data from 116 patients were included in the analysis. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variants carriers required lower maintenance dose compared to non-carriers. The analysis showed that ciprofloxacin, antiplatelet medications, and INR index (INR at visit 1) are the only factors associated with the INR decline rate. Also, the proportion of CYP2C9*3 carriers with normal INR (≤1.2) on the day of surgery was significantly lower than those with wild-type genotype (28% vs 60%, p=0.013). In addition, heparin bridging, INR target, and Sudanese nationality are significant predictors of INR normalization (≤1.2) on the day of the procedure. Conclusion Despite the confirmed effect of genetic factors on warfarin maintenance dose, the study was not able to find a significant effect of any genetic factor on the rate of INR normalization possibly due to the small sample size. Index INR and interacting medications showed to be significant predictors of INR decline rate.
Role of informal healthcare providers in tuberculosis care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review

Achieving targets set in the End TB Strategy is still a distant goal for many Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The importance of strengthening public-private partnership by engaging all identified providers in Tuberculosis (TB) care has long been advocated in global TB policies and strategies. However, Informal Healthcare Providers (IPs) are not yet prioritised and engaged in National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) globally. There exists a substantial body of evidence that confirms an important contribution of IPs in TB care. A systematic understanding of their role is necessary to ascertain their potential in improving TB care in LMICs. The purpose of this review is to scope the role of IPs in TB care. The scoping review was guided by a framework developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. An electronic search of literature was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Global Health, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Of a total 5234 records identified and retrieved, 92 full-text articles were screened, of which 13 were included in the final review. An increasing trend was observed in publication over time, with most published between 2010–2019. In 60% of the articles, NTPs were mentioned as a collaborator in the study. For detection and diagnosis, IPs were primarily involved in identifying and referring patients. Administering DOT (Directly Observed Treatment) to the patient was the major task assigned to IPs for treatment and support. There is a paucity of evidence on prevention, as only one study involved IPs to perform this role. Traditional health providers were the most commonly featured, but there was not much variation in the role by provider type. All studies reported a positive role of IPs in improving TB care outcomes. This review demonstrates that IPs can be successfully engaged in various roles in TB care with appropriate support and training. Their contribution can support countries to achieve their national and global targets if prioritized in National TB Programs.
Consequences of using chronological age versus corrected age when testing cognitive and motor development in infancy and intelligence quotient at school age for children born preterm

Background Children born preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation) have an increased risk of poor neurodevelopment, including lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores compared with their term-born counterparts. Objective To explore the differences in psychometric scores for cognition and motor skills when they are age-standardized according to chronological age instead of corrected age for children born preterm. Methods We assessed = 554 children born <33 weeks’ gestation with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition (mental and motor scores) at 18 months and the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (IQ score) at seven years of age. Scores were standardized according to chronological age and corrected age and differences between mean chronological and corrected scores were compared, along with the proportion of children whose scores could be classified as impaired. Results When scores were standardized according to chronological age instead of corrected age there was a large significant difference of 17.3 points on the mental scale (79.5 vs. 96.8, respectively) and 11.8 points on the motor scale (84.8 vs. 96.6, respectively) at 18 months. By seven years, the difference in IQ scores remained, although of a smaller magnitude at 1.9 points between mean chronological and corrected age scoring (97.2 vs. 99.1, respectively). Conclusion Consistent with previous literature, outcome assessments for preterm infants consistently differed according to use of chronological or corrected age to standardized scores. Cognitive scores were impacted more severely than motor scores, and differences were more substantial in early childhood than later in childhood. For clinical purposes, correction for preterm birth is only likely to have an impact during early childhood, however assessments for research purposes should continue to correct into childhood to account for the persistent bias due to preterm birth.
Intimate partner violence types and symptoms of common mental disorders in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico: Implications for global mental-health practice

This paper examines the scope and characteristics of male-to-female intimate partner violence in southern rural Chiapas, Mexico, and its association with depression and anxiety symptoms, highlighting the role of partner controlling behaviors. Participants were selected by random sampling. One-hundred and forty-one women >15 years participated in the study. Data was obtained through an adapted version of the National Survey of the Dynamics of Household Relationships (ENDIREH) intimate partner violence scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression symptoms and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety symptoms. Quantitative results indicated a 66.4% lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV among ever-partnered women 15 years or older (95% CI: 57.5–74.5%). Forty percent (95% CI: 32.0–49.7%) of them reported having experienced physical and/or sexual violence with high partner control (HC-IPV), and 25.8% (95% CI: 18.5–34.3%) reported having experienced physical and/or sexual violence with low or moderate partner control (MC-IPV). Lifetime experience of HC-IPV was significantly associated with moderate-severe depression symptoms (RR = 5.8) and suicidality (RR = 2.08). While partner alcohol abuse was associated with a 3.06 times higher risk of lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV, 30.9% of women mentioned that their partners were never drunk when violence occurred. Interestingly, high partner alcohol abuse was more frequent among women who reported HC-IPV compared to MC-IPV. Implications for global mental health practice are discussed.
Selecting Insulin Regimens for the Management of Non-ICU Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. Commentary