Heat or mass transport from drops in shearing flows. Part 1. The open-streamline regime

We study the heat or mass transfer from a neutrally buoyant spherical drop embedded in an ambient Newtonian medium, undergoing a general shearing flow, in the strong convection limit. The latter limit corresponds to the drop Péclet number being large ( $Pe\gg 1$ ). We consider two families of ambient linear flows: (i) planar linear flows with open streamlines (parametrized by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ with $0\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\leqslant 1$ , the extremal members being simple shear flow ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0$ ) and planar extension ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=1$ )) and (ii) three-dimensional extensional flows (parameterized by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ , with $0\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D716}\leqslant 1$ , the extremal members being planar ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=0$ ) and axisymmetric extension ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}=1$ )). For the first family, an analysis of the exterior flow field in the inertialess limit (the drop Reynolds number, $Re$ , being vanishingly small) shows that there exist two distinct streamline topologies separated by a critical drop-to-medium viscosity ratio ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ ) given by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{c}=2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}/(1-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})$ . For $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}<\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{c}$ all streamlines are open, while the near-field streamlines are closed for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}>\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{c}$ . For the second family, the exterior streamlines remain open regardless of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ . The two streamline topologies lead to qualitatively different mechanisms of transport for large $Pe$ . The transport in the open streamline regime is enhanced in the usual manner via the formation of a boundary layer. In sharp contrast, the closed-streamline regime displays diffusion-limited transport, so there is only a finite enhancement even as $Pe\rightarrow \infty$ . For $Re=0$ , the drop surface streamlines in a planar linear flow may be regarded as generalized Jeffery orbits with a flow and viscosity dependent aspect ratio Jeffery orbits denote the aspect-ratio-dependent inertialess trajectories of a rigid axisymmetric particle in a simple shear flow; see Jeffery (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 102 (715), 1922, pp. 161–179). A Jeffery-orbit-based non-orthogonal coordinate system thus serves as a natural candidate to tackle the transport problem from a drop, in a planar linear flow, in the limit $Pe\gg 1$ . Use of this system allows one to derive a closed-form expression for the dimensionless rate of transport (the Nusselt number $Nu$ ) from a drop in the open-streamline regime ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}<\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{c}$ ). Symmetry arguments point to a Jeffery-orbit-based coordinate system for any linear flow, and a variant of this coordinate system is therefore used to derive the Nusselt number for the family of three-dimensional extensional flows. For both classes of flows considered, the boundary-layer-enhanced transport implies that the Nusselt number takes the form $Nu={\mathcal{F}}(P,\unicode[STIX]{x1D706})Pe^{1/2}$ , with the parameter $P$ being $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ or $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$ , and ${\mathcal{F}}(P,\unicode[STIX]{x1D706})$ given as a one and two-dimensional integral, respectively, which is readily evaluated numerically.