Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composting High Moisture Content Bovine Manure Using Passive Aeration

High moisture content bovine manure from a farm dairy (milking parlor) holding yard was successfully composted in a pilot-scale passively aerated system, without prior dewatering, using sawdust or paper as amendments and woodchips as the bulking agent. The amendments were used to adjust the manure total solids content from an initial average level of 10% (w/w) to approximately 20% (w/w), prior to structural conditioning with the woodchips. Initial total solids levels for the mixture were approximately 35% (w/w) in both cases. Rapid temperature increases were obtained and peak values of 73.9°C and 79.5°C were recorded for the sawdust and paper amendment systems respectively. Thermophilic conditions were maintained in the pile centers for 17-54 days and temperatures above 55°C for 6-37 days. However, susceptibility to environmental influences was demonstrated, with downward temperature excursions, coincident with cool ambient conditions, recorded on several occasions. Final mixture moisture levels were approximately 56-58% (w/w) for the sawdust amendment system and 44-49% (w/w) for the paper amendment system. Marked vertical differences in moisture concentration were found in both manure/amendment/woodchips systems, with notably drier conditions in the lower layers of the paper amendment piles. Predicted initial ratios of available energy to total moisture were 438-949 and 563-1146 cal/g-H2O for the sawdust and paper amendment systems respectively, depending on the biodegradability factor assumed for the wood-chips component. Energy usage values of 1730 and 1344 cal/g-H2O-removed were determined for the sawdust amendment system, based on measured VS and moisture changes. Overall biodegradability factors for the sawdust amendment replicates, based on volatile solids removal, were 0.29 and 0.33 and the composting performance of both systems results indicated that the woodchips had likely contributed substantially to the biodegradable volatile solids pool. Overall disinfection performance after 70-74 days was limited, with a maximum coliform removal of 2.2 log MPN/g-TS. Composting of manure and sawdust alone resulted in a slow rate of temperature rise and incomplete composting after 90 days. Further work is suggested in order to explore the effect of pile insulation or partial enclosure and to study moisture distribution, woodchips biodegradability, materials handling and disinfection performance issues
Effect of pasteurization and season on milk composition and ripening of Ras cheese

The objective of this study was to compare between the raw and pasteurized Ras cheese from cow's milk through the season. The chemical composition of cheese was also demonstrated as the ripening period progressed. High solids in winter milk and low solids in summer milk were observed and were attributed to the hot weather and the poorer quality pastures. Casein as a percentage of true protein and the casein to fat ratio were higher in spring and summer milk. Fat in the cheese made from winter milk was higher and the total protein was lower than that in spring and summer cheeses. The chemical changes during ripening period of six months were examined for composition, flavour intensity, acidity, pH, soluble protein and total volatile fatty acids. Raw or pasteurized cheese in each period of winter, spring and summer were evaluated for flavour, body and texture and appearance at the end of ripening. Fat and protein recovery in the cheese were not affected by season. Cheese yield from winter milk was higher than from spring and summer milk and was a result of the higher casein and fat in the milk. Raw milk cheese in winter and spring scored higher values for flavour compared to summer cheese. There was a close relationship between the good flavour and the high total volatile fatty acid. Milder flavour was associated with moderate soluble protein and low volatile fatty acid. On the other hand, pasteurized milk cheese in winter, spring and summer with adding yoghurt starter had a more compact body and smoother texture and more holes and cracks. In general, Ras cheese made from pasteurized milk achieved higher score in body and texture and lower score in flavour in comparison to Ras cheese made from raw milk through the season. Key words: Cow's milk, Ras cheese, chemical composition.
Computer Simulation of the Dynamics of Neutral and Charged Dendrimers

Dynamic properties of dilute solutions of neutral and charged dendrimers with explicit excluded-volume, electrostatic, and hydrodynamic interactions have been investigated by Brownian dynamics simulation. Three different types of motions in dendrimers up to g = 5 generations have been considered: the motion of a dendrimer as a whole; the size and shape fluctuations (pulsations); the local reorientations of the individual monomers. The influence of the excluded-volume, electrostatic, and hydrodynamic interactions on these motions has been studied. The characteristic relaxation times have been compared with the theoretical predictions of the Rouse and Zimm models. The self-diffusion of a dendrimer can be described with the help of the preaveraged Zimm approach, and a dendrimer may be considered as an impenetrable sphere with the hydrodynamic radius Rh. For both neutral and charged dendrimers the hydrodynamic radius is smaller than the gyration radius Rg. The dynamics of the size fluctuations for a dendrime.
Improved lead isotope ratio measurements in environmental and biological samples with a double focussing magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)

A method to measure lead (Pb) isotope ratios in biological and environmental samples using a single collector double focussing magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) is presented. This method is intercalibrated with multicollector thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) to assess the suitability of the ICP-MS method for accurately and precisely identifying sources of environmental Pb exposure to humans. Results indicate that the external measurement precision (reproducibility) of this method, as evaluated by repeated analyses of the Pb isotope standard NBS 981 over the course of a year, was <0.1% (1σ) for 206 Pb: 204 Pb, 207 Pb: 206 Pb and 208 Pb: 206 Pb ratios. Accuracy of isotope ratio measurements by ICP-MS was evaluated by comparing analyses of whole blood (biological) and household dust (environmental) samples with the definitive TIMS analyses of the same samples. For whole blood and dust samples, the 206 Pb: 204 Pb, 207 Pb: 206 Pb and 208 Pb: 206 Pb ratios measured by ICP-MS and TIMS generally agreed to within twice the propagated standard deviation (2σ, σ=√σTIMS2+σICP-MS2)of both methods. However, a small but systematic difference between the Pb isotope ratios of blood measured with the two methods was apparent. The source of this difference remains under investigation. These data demonstrate that this ICP-MS method provides improved accuracy and precision of lead isotope ratio measurements compared to previous ICP-MS methods, and is suitable for use in studies to evaluate sources of environmental Pb exposure to children. Further, the increased samplethroughput and reduced cost of analyses using this method are substantial advantages over the more time-consuming and expensive TIMS method. Consequently, this Pb isotope methodology should prove useful as a routine tool in the investigation and mitigation of Pb exposure associated hazards.
Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on the Electrochemistry of the Myoglobin‐TATP Composite Film

Abstract Direct electrochemistry of the myoglobin‐triacetone triperoxide (Mb‐TATP) composite on carbon paste (CP) electrode is reported. This electrode gives a well‐defined and quasi‐reversible cyclic voltammogram for the Mb FeIII/FeII redox coupled with the formal potential (E˚′) of −0.302 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 6.92 phosphate buffer. Electronic and vibrational spectroscopies show that the Mb in the composite retains a structure similar to its native form. The enzymatic reactivity to the reduction of H2O2 has been studied for the Mb‐TATP film. The analytical performances have been obtained with the linear range of 78.32–1135.64 µM, the detection limit of 55 µM (S/N=3), and the apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant (K m) of 662.8 µM. This H2O2 biosensor based on the electrocatalysis of the immobilized Mb presents a higher stability within two weeks.
Photon impact studies of C2HCN and CH3CN in the vacuum ultraviolet; heats of formation of C2H and CH3CN

A photodissociation process to produce CN B2Σ from C2HCN and CH3CN has been studied as a function of incident wavelength. Threshold photon energies required for the production of CN B2Σ from C2HCN and CH3CN are 9.41 ± 0.04 and 8.52 ± 0.03 eV, respectively, from which D0 (C2H–CN) ≤ 6.21 ± 0.04 eV and D 0(CH3–CN) ≤ 5.32 ± 0.03 eV are obtained. The photoionization yield curves have been measured for the C2HCN+ and C2H+ ions. Threshold photon energies obtained for the production of CN B2Σ, C2HCN+, and C2H+ from C2HCN lead to the following thermochemical values; I.P.(C2HCN) = 11.64 ± 0.01 eV, I.P.(C2H) = 11.96 ± 0.05 eV, Δ H f0°(C2HCN) ≥ 85 ± 1 kcal mol−1 (355 ± 4 kJ mol−1). Δ H f0°(C2H) = 127 ± 1 kcal mol−1 (531 ± 4 kJ mol−1) and D0 (C2H–H) = 5.38 ± 0.05 eV. Δ H f0°(C2H) obtained is in good agreement with the recent value obtained directly from a study of the high temperature reactions of graphite with hydrocarbons. Δ H f0°(CH2CN) ≥ 14 ± 1 kcal mol−1 (59 ± 4 kJ mol−1) derived from D0 (CH3–CN) agrees within th.
Iron-Mediated ICAR ATRP of Methyl Methacrylate

An iron(III) (FeCl3·6H2O) catalyst was found to be an active catalyst for initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA), using triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as a ligand and azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as a thermal radical initiator, and 1,4-(2-bromo-2-methylpropionato)benzene (BMPB2) as an ATRP initiator. Effects of reaction temperature, catalyst concentration and AIBN concentration on polymerization were investigated. These results showed that the catalyst was highly efficient for the ICAR ATRP of MMA. For example, even if the catalyst concentration decreased to 34 ppm, the polymerization with the molar ratio of [MMA]0/[BMPB2]0/[FeCl3·6H2O]0/[PPh3]0/[AIBN]0 = 500/1/0.03/1.5/0.1 could be carried out at 60 °C with a conversion 70.4% in 32 h. At the same time, the molecular weight of the obtained PMMA with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.37) was consistent with the theoretical one.
New Technique for Synthesizing Iron Ferrite Magnetic Nanosized Particles

Ferrous dodecyl sulfate, Fe(DS)2, micellar solution was used to make nanosized magnetic particles whose size is controlled by the surfactant concentration and by temperature. The average particle size varies from 3.7 to 11.6 nm, with a standard deviation ranging from 0.22 to 0.34. In contrast to what is obtained in homogeneous solution, iron ferrite particles can be obtained when the synthesis is performed at very low reactant concentrations and room temperature. Furthermore, nanoparticles are obtained when the syntheses are performed using Fe(II) as reactant whereas in homogeneous solution particles in the micrometric range are formed. The particle crystallinity varies with the synthesis temperature, going from fairly low values at 25 °C to fairly high values at 50 °C and above. The particles are characterized by superparamagnetic behavior. The saturation magnetization decreases with particle size, which is explained in terms of non-collinear structure at the interface. Particles with low crystallinity a.
Is rum toxic

Introduction : During his second voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus brought to the West Indies, at the end of the 15th century, the sugar cane Saccharum officinarum , originally from Asia. It was only during the 17th century, somewhere around 1640, that an alcohol obtained from the sugar cane or more exactly from molasses, a residue of the sugar cane manufacture, appeared in different islands of the Caribbean. Rum (in French, rhum ) is obtained by distilling fermented cane juice (agricultural rum) or molasses (industrial rum). Today, every year more than 200 000 tons of sugar cane produce 8 M litres of rum and 4000 T of sugar in Martinique. Methods : The authors describe the manufacturing procedure of rum in Martinique (fermentation and distilling processes), then present the various qualities of agricultural and industrial rums and explain the criteria necessary for their A.O. C. appellation. As we know, rum contains 40 to 50% alcohol and is drunk pure or as a cocktail with sugar cane syrup or fruit juices. It may be dangerous for health. So, two pathologies must be considered: those where sugar is concerned and those where alcohol is involved. Some epidemiological studies have been conducted to sum up the situation of Martinique regarding these two problems. Results : In Martinique, type 2 diabetes appearing in the adult is the most frequent form. The prevalence of diabetes is 8 to 10%, which is 2 to 3 times higher than in metropolitan France and the rest of the world. While it is widely recognised that alcoholism has negative health effects, moderate consumption has been found in some research to have a positive effect on longevity. However, in the case of abuse, oxidative and nonoxidative pathways of alcohol metabolism have numerous detrimental consequences that contribute to tissue damage and diseases seen in alcoholic patients. Martinique is in particular exposed to excessive alcohol consumption: 14% of the male population and 2.7% of the female population show an addiction to alcohol. Young people under 18 are two times less likely than young people in metropolitan France to declare that they consume alcohol on a regular basis and four times less likely to declare repetitive drunkenness. As concerns the death rate related to alcoholism, it is considered that 80 to 95% of deaths due to liver cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis, alcoholism and upper digestive tract cancer are related to an excessive alcohol consumption. On this basis, 85 to 100 deaths can be attributed to alcohol every year in Martinique. In comparison with metropolitan France, Martinique shows a lower death rate for liver cirrhosis and upper digestive tract cancer, but a higher death rate for alcoholic psychosis and alcoholism. This could be due probably to a genetic predisposition of the population. Conclusion : Rum is a strong alcoholic beverage. Its consumption is not forbidden but requires caution, and people may be informed of its adverse health consequences. As for the question: is rum toxic? The answer is: it all depends on how you manage it.
The Viscosities of Aqueous Sodium Alkylsulfate and Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide Solutions

The viscosities of aqueous solutions of sodium alkylsulfate and alkyltrimethylammonium bromide have been measured at various temperatures from 5 to 55°C. The viscosity data have been interpreted in terms of the Jones-Dole equation, and the viscosity B coefficients for the alkylsulfate and alkyltrimethylammonium ions at various temperatures have been calculated. The B values for these ions are all positive; they decrease with an increase in the temperature and increase linearly with an increase in the alkyl-chain length. The increment of B is found to be 0.076/–CH2– at 25°C. The energy and the entropy of activation for the viscous flow at 25°C have been calculated for these ions; they increase with an increase in the alkyl-chain length. This behavior of the B coefficient, and the energy and the entropy of activation for the viscous flow may be interpreted by saying that the longer-chain ions promote the hydrogen-bond structure of water around the hydrocarbon chain of these ions, while shorter-chain ions, e.
Analysis of 13 C and 18 O isotope data of CO 2 in CARIBIC aircraft samples as tracers of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere mixing and the global carbon cycle

Abstract. The project CARIBIC ( http://caribic-atmospheric.com ) aims to study atmospheric chemistry and transport by regularly measuring many compounds in the free troposphere and the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere (UT/LMS) by using passenger aircraft. Here we present CO2 concentrations and isotope results, and analyze the data together with supporting trace gas data. 509 CARIBIC-2 samples (highest precision and accuracy δ13C(CO2) and δ18O(CO2) data) from June 2007 until March 2009, together with CARIBIC-1 samples (flights between November 1999 and April 2002, 350 samples in total, 270 for NH, mostly δ13C(CO2) data) give a fairly extensive, unique data set for the NH free troposphere and the UT/LMS region. Total uncertainty of the data is the same as reported for the global monitoring program by NOAA-ESRL. To compare data from different years a de-trending is applied. In the UT/LMS region δ13C(CO2), δ18O(CO2) and CO2 are found to correlate well with stratospheric tracers, in particular N2O; δ18O(CO2) appears to be a useful, hitherto unused, tracer of atmospheric transport in the UT/LMS region and also inter-hemispheric mixing. By filtering out the LMS data (based on N2O distributions), the isotope variations for the free and upper troposphere are obtained. These variations have only small latitudinal gradients, if any, and are in good agreement with the data of selected NOAA stations in NH tropics. Correlations between δ13C(CO2) and CO2 are observed both within single flight(s) covering long distances and during certain seasons. The overall variability in de-trended δ13C(CO2) and CO2 for CARIBIC-1 and CARIBIC-2 are similar and are generally in agreement, which underscores agreement between high and low resolution sampling. Based on all correlations, we infer that the CO2 distribution in the NH troposphere along CARIBIC flight routes is chiefly regulated by uplift and pole-wards transport of tropical air up to approximately 50° N. The main reason for variability of signals in the troposphere (which is larger for the higher resolution sampling during CARIBIC-2) is mixing of different tropospheric air masses affected by different CO2 sources and sinks. The effect of stratospheric flux appears to be limited. All in all it is demonstrated that CARIBIC produced new important and reliable data sets for little explored regions of the atmosphere. A logical next step will be global scale modeling of 13C and especially 18O, which is linked to the hydrological cycle.
Organic electrosynthesis: a promising green methodology in organic chemistry

Over the last decade, organic electrosynthesis has become recognized as one of the methodologies that can fulfill several important criteria that are needed if society is to develop environmentally compatible processes. It can be used to replace toxic or dangerous oxidizing or reducing reagents, reduce energy consumption, and can be used for the in situ production of unstable and hazardous reagents. These are just a few of the most important attributes that render electrochemistry environmentally useful. In this review the main characteristics of electrochemistry as a promising green methodology for organic synthesis are described and exemplified. Herein we provide basic information concerning the nature of electrosynthetic processes, paired electrochemical reactions, electrocatalytic reactions, reactions carried out in ionic liquids, electrogeneration of reactants, electrochemical reactions that use renewable starting materials (biomass), green organic electrosynthesis in micro- and nano-emulsions, the synthesis of complex molecules using an electrosynthetic key step, and conclude with some insights concerning the future. Throughout the review the “green aspects” of these topics are highlighted and their relationship with the twelve green chemistry principles is described.
Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing

G. J. Zheng, F. K. Duan, Y. L. Ma, Y. Cheng, B. Zheng, Q. Zhang, T. Huang, T. Kimoto, D. Chang, H. Su, U. Pöschl, Y. F. Cheng, and K. B. He State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd, 3-1 Funahashi-cho Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing 100084, China
Macrosystem and Women’s Fear of Crime in Intimate Relations: An Integrated Model

Abstract Fear of crime has been the focus of fruitful criminological investigation for the last 50 years. Simultaneously, the literature related to intimate partner violence has also been developing. Empirical studies have neglected the association between fear of crime and violence committed in private spaces, so this research seeks to provide an integrated approach to these concepts. Using the data from the first Brazilian National Victimization Survey, this research aims to explore how fear of violence in intimate relationships is associated with both individual and macro-contextual variables, in an ecological framework as proposed by Heise. Statistical analyses were conducted by aggregating data, and the analytical model integrated both individual- and macro-level variables and took the fear of intimate partner violence as the outcome variable. The results demonstrate a strong association between the fear of intimate partner violence and the individual-level predictors tested, especially previous victimization as well as social inequality (Gini coefficient). This way, results indicate that fear of crime manifests its predictors far beyond what the dyad “victim–aggressor” may suggest.
Effect of horizontal divergence on estimates of firn-air content

Abstract Ice-sheet mass-balance estimates derived from repeat satellite-altimetry observations require accurate calculation of spatiotemporal variability in firn-air content (FAC). However, firn-compaction models remain a large source of uncertainty within mass-balance estimates. In this study, we investigate one process that is neglected in FAC estimates derived from firn-compaction models: enhanced layer thinning due to horizontal divergence. We incorporate a layer-thinning scheme into the Community Firn Model. At every time step, firn layers first densify according to a firn-compaction model and then thin further due to an imposed horizontal divergence rate without additional density changes. We find that horizontal divergence on Thwaites (THW) and Pine Island Glaciers can reduce local FAC by up to 41% and 18%, respectively. We also assess the impact of temporal variability of horizontal divergence on FAC. We find a 15% decrease in FAC between 2007 and 2016 due to horizontal divergence at a location that is characteristic of lower THW. This decrease accounts for 16% of the observed surface lowering, whereas climate variability alone causes negligible changes in FAC at this location. Omitting transient horizontal divergence in estimates of FAC leads to an overestimation of ice loss via satellite-altimetry methods in regions of dynamic ice flow.