Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the accuracy of the stationary forced Korteweg-de Vries equation as a model equation for flows over a bump

Considered are the stationary supercritical free-surface solitary waves and subcritical free-surface hydraulic falls in flows over a bump in a two-dimensional channel. The stationary forced Korteweg-de Vries equation (sfKdV) sometimes can be used to predict these solitary waves and hydraulic falls. This paper studies the deviation of the results deduced from the sfKdV from the exact solutions found by computations and experiments. The elucidation of this deviation (called the error) is by comparing the sfKdV results with the computational and experimental results since an analytic approach seems impossible. From the comparisons made in this paper and the previous studies in [6], we conclude that the sfKdV is a good model in the sense that the relative error is less than 10% for small or moderate amplitude free-surface elevation or depression. This corresponds to the bumps whose height is less than one half of the upstream depth and whose base is not longer than twice its height. When the height of a bump is larger than one half of the upstream depth and the base of the bump is very long, the error due to the sfKdV approximation is generally very large. In this case, the applicable asymptotic theory is that due to Green-Naghdi. The novel points included in this paper are: a new derivation of the sfKdV, a proof of an existence theorem of the positive solutions to the sfKdV, and an error analysis by comparisons.
Structural changes detection with use of operational spatial filter

In the paper authors present a new formulation of spatial filter that enables a filtration of Operational Deflection Shapes instead of mode shapes. The idea is similar to the classical modal filter formulation. In order to find spatial filter coefficients one needs to seek for the vector that will be orthogonal to all ODSs except the one to with the filter suppose to be tuned. Moreover, in this approach one can filter out not only the peaks related to the natural vibrations but also the ones resulting from the excitation. The full paper presents the mathematical description of the spatial filter formulation, its simulation verification and the results of conducted experiments on the laboratory stand. During the experiment the steel frame was excited by the attached electrical motor with unbalance. The structural change introduced to simulate damage had a form of added mass. The estimated spatial filter filtered both peaks resulted from natural vibrations and from excitation.
Peanut Response to Inoculation and Nitrogen Fertilizer

Experiments were conducted from 2000 through 2003 in North Carolina to compare peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium. In one study that included 20 experiments, peanut pod yield was compared following no inoculation or inoculation with commercial granular or liquid in-furrow products. In six of these experiments, inoculant was also applied to the seed before planting. In six other experiments within this study, pod yield of inoculated and noninoculated peanut was determined following surface applications of N approximately 40 d after planting. In a second study, peanut pod yield was compared in twin row planting patterns (two rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91-cm centers) when inoculant was applied in-furrow to one of the twin rows or to both of the twin rows. In a third study, interactions of in-furrow inoculation and fumigation with metam sodium were compared. Peanut pod yield was higher following inoculation in 7 of 20 experiments. In six of the seven experiments where a yield response to inoculation was observed, peanut had not been planted previously in these fields. In experiments where peanut responded positively to inoculant, pod yield was higher when inoculant was applied in the seed furrow rather than to seed before planting. Nitrogen increased pod yield linearly in three of six experiments (p ≤ 0.05). Inoculating both rows of peanut seeded in twin row patterns yielded higher in two of four experiments than when one of the twin rows was inoculated or when inoculant was not included. Fumigation with metam sodium did not affect pod yield, regardless of inoculation treatment.
Carbonate Assimilation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: Insights from Crystal Isotope Stratigraphy

Recent basaltic andesite lavas from Merapi volcano contain abundant, complexly zoned, plagioclase phenocrysts, analysed here for their petrographic textures, major element composition and Sr isotope composition. Anorthite (An) content in individual crystals can vary by as much as 55 mol% (An
Carbon- and oxygen-isotope compositions of a modern deep-water brachiopod Campagea japonica collected off Aguni-jima, Central Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan

Copyright © 2012 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. Popp et al., 1986; Veizer et al., 1986, 1999; Brand, 1989; Grossman et al., 1991; Railsback et al., 1989, 1990). This is based on the finding that brachiopod shells are precipitated in oxygen-isotope equilibrium with ambient seawater (Lowenstam, 1961). Recently, Brand et al. (2003) examined the isotopic composition of many brachiopods living in a wide range of depths and latitudes and concluded that, in most cases, oxygen-isotope incorporation into shell calcite (secondary layer) of modern rhynchonelliform articulated brachiopods occurs in equilibrium with the ambient water; as such, it reflects the temperature and/or δ18O values of seawater (δOSW). Carbon-isotope composition of biological carbonates has Carbonand oxygen-isotope compositions of a modern deep-water brachiopod Campagea japonica collected off Aguni-jima, Central Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan
DAB 2 IP Regulates Autophagy in Prostate Cancer in Response to Combined Treatment of Radiation and a DNA-PKcs Inhibitor 1 , 2

Radiation therapy (RT) is an effective strategy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa) as well as local invasion. However, some locally advanced cancers develop radiation resistance and recur after therapy; therefore, the development of radiation-sensitizing compounds is essential for treatment of these tumors. DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP), which is a novel member of the Ras–GTPase activating protein family and a regulator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt activity, is often downregulated in aggressive PCa. Our previous studies have shown that loss of DAB2IP results in radioresistance in PCa cells primarily because of accelerated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics, robust G2/M checkpoint control, and evasion of apoptosis. A novel DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441 can significantly enhance the effect of radiation in DAB2IP-deficient PCa cells. This enhanced radiation sensitivity after NU7441 treatment is primarily due to delayed DNA DSB repair. More significantly, we found that DAB2IP-deficient PCa cells show dramatic induction of autophagy after treatment with radiation and NU7441. However, restoring DAB2IP expression in PCa cells resulted in decreased autophagy-associated proteins, such as LC3B and Beclin 1, as well as decreased phosphorylation of S6K andmammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, the presence of DAB2IP in PCa cells can lead to more apoptosis in response to combined treatment of NU7441 and ionizing radiation. Taken together, NU7441 is a potent radiosensitizer in aggressive PCa cells and DAB2IP plays a critical role in enhancing PCa cell death after combined treatment with NU7441 and radiation. Neoplasia (2012) 14, 1203–1212 Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; DAB2IP, DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; IR, ionizing radiation; RT, radiation therapy; DSBs,double-strand breaks; 6-TG, 6-thioguanine; BRFS, biochemical recurrence-free survival; IHC, immunohistochemistry; AVOs, acidic vesicular organelles Address all correspondence to: Debabrata Saha, PhD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9187. E-mail: debabrata.saha@utsouthwestern.edu This work was supported by the funding from Department of Defense Idea Award W81XWH-11-1-0270 (D.S.), Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute Award grant (D.S.), and a Clinical Research Fellowship (V.T.) from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. Conflict of interest: None. This article refers to supplementary material, which is designated by Figure W1 and is available online at www.neoplasia. com. Received 8 August 2012; Revised 10 October 2012; Accepted 12 October 2012 Copyright © 2012 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved 1522-8002/12/$25.00 DOI 10.1593/neo.121310 www.neoplasia. com Volume 14 Number 12 December 2012 pp. 1203–1212 1203
“An Angry Cow is Not a Good Eating Experience”

Recent developments in the ideology of speciesism (meaning bias against members of other animal species) within the media deserve analysis. Such discussion is important because speciesism is a major ethical concern. Nonhuman animals suffer massive harm within the industrial farming complex, confined throughout their lives and a high proportion killed while still infants or juveniles. The joint efforts of material institutions, cultural narratives and embodied affects conceal this from the public. As research on this topic is scarce, this study aims to provide tools to improve the quality of journalism regarding ethical issues that concern our relationship with nonhuman animals. We hope to help to formulate an emerging critical animal studies perspective on journalism studies. This article explores the role of news media in constructing perceptions of nonhumans used for food and their treatment. We compare 60 articles from The New York Times (United States) and El País (Spain) over a two-year time frame (2011–2013) using a critical discourse analysis. Our results show that, while both newspapers play a major role in concealing the nonhumans' cruel reality, a distinction can be drawn between the crude speciesism of El País and the camouflaged, more deceptive style of The New York Times.
The role of proximity and social comparisons on Subjective well-being

Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyze the importance of modeling social comparisons when trying to determine their effect on subjective well-being. The contribution of the paper is twofold. On the one hand, we consider measures of social comparisons which assume that individuals compare themselves to each and all the other individuals along the income distribution and that individuals have a different sensitivity for those different comparisons. On the other hand, we consider the possibility that the type of social contacts and values or norms that individuals exhibit could influence the effect of social comparisons on subjective well-being. Interestingly, our results confirm that individuals� subjective well-being is affected not only by the comparisons the individual makes with others above themselves in the income distribution, but also by comparisons made with individuals below themselves. Moreover, it is relevant to consider the sensitivity of social comparisons to the proximity of incomes when evaluating the effect of social comparisons on subjective well-being. Additionally, we conclude that both social and cultural capital also shape the effect of social comparisons on subjective well-being and that the effect is different depending on whether or not comparisons with other individuals are sensitive to proximity.
Acute cardiovascular responses on knee extension at different performance modes

The objective of this study was to verify the systolic arterial blood pressure (PAS) and diastolic arterial blood pressure (PAD), heart rate (FC) and double-product (DP) during and after the knee extension performed unilaterally and bilaterally until exhaustion. Eighteen healthy volunteers six - men and 12 women (33 ± 11 years old; 63.5 ± 11.4 kg; 168.6 ± 7.1 cm), experienced on strength training, performed three series of 12 maximal repetitions of knee extension unilaterally (UN) and bilaterally (BI). The arterial blood pressure was measured through the auscultatory method at the end of each series and during 20 minutes after the exercise, with 5-minute intervals. The two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the percentile variation in relation to the rest situation (D%) of the PAS was significantly higher at the 3rd series (UN = 31.7 ± 11.9%; BI = 38.5 ± 10.9%) than at the 1st (UN = 19.5 ± 12.5%; BI = 26.0 ± 10.2%). With regard to the PAD, the D% was higher at the 3rd series (UN = 48.5 ± 13.9%; BI = 51.4 ± 13.3%) than at the 1st (UN = 30.5 ± 13.0%; BI = 34.9 ± 16.0%) and 2nd (UN = 40.9 ± 15.4%; BI = 47.3 ± 12.9%). No differences for FC and DP were observed as well as between the performance modes. After the exercise, no differences between all variables observed were identified. Apparently, the performance mode of the knee unilateral extension would not reflect on the acute cardiovascular responses, during or after the exercise. However, the bilateral performance showed tendency to elevate the values of PAS and DP in relation to the unilateral performance, what should be considered in prescriptions for people who need special cares.
Formation of Ravi Vallis outflow channel, Mars: Morphological development, water discharge, and duration estimates

We infer that the morphology of the Ravi Vallis channel system is consistent with it having been eroded by water in a single flood event, and we have used the topography of the channel system to estimate the depth of water in the channel at various stages during its development. Values lie in the range 50–150 m. Measured bed slopes, estimated water depths, and corresponding channel widths are used to obtain mean water flow speeds and volume flow rates. Water flow speeds are found to lie in the range ∼10–25 m s−1, and the discharge estimates vary from a maximum volume flux of ∼30 × 106 m3 s−1 just after the start of the flood to less than 10 × 106 m3 s−1 in the late stages. Using assumptions about the sediment-carrying capability of the water, estimates are obtained for the minimum duration of the water release event, the minimum total volume of water involved, and the crustal erosion rate. The duration is inferred to have been between 2 and 10 weeks, and the minimum total water volume was between 11,000 and 65,000 km3. The corresponding bed erosion rate was possibly as much as ∼100 but more likely ∼20–50 m/d. It is estimated that during the early stages of the flood event, flow conditions were supercritical, with maximum Froude numbers between 1.4 and 2 depending on the bed roughness
Software Complexity Based Remote Attestation

The trustworthiness given to remote platform by service provider is the base to network access authorization, but its hard for service provider to get the real state of remote platforms without hardware support such as built-in TPM, and therefore to trust them. This paper presents a remote attestation mechanism in which a trusted agent is assured to measure and report to the service provider the state related information of its resided platform. To achieve this remote attestation process in an open environment without hardware support, increasing the software complexity is an effective choice. Software obfuscation can make the program more complicated for the software reverse engineering hard to work, and if the agent can also work independently to the services supplied by the resided platform, it can thus be trusted by its distributor during a significant period.
Features of the glacial history of the Transantarctic Mountains inferred from cosmogenic 26Al, 10Be and 21Ne concentrations in bedrock surfaces

Abstract This paper describes measurements of concentrations of cosmogenic 26Al, 10Be and 21Ne in quartz from bedrock surfaces in the Transantarctic Mountains where stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence shows that the surfaces were covered by ice in the past, but were not glacially eroded during periods of ice cover. It then explores to what extent this information can be used to learn about past ice sheet change. First, cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in sandstone bedrock surfaces at two sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys near 77°S are consistent with an equilibrium between nuclide production and loss by surface erosion and radioactive decay. They are most easily explained by a scenario in which: i) sites more than c. 100 m above the present ice surface were almost never ice-covered and eroded steadily at 0.5–1.5 m Ma-1, and ii) sites near the present ice margin experienced similar erosion rates when ice-free, but have been covered by cold-based, non-erosive glacier ice as much as half of the time during the past several million years. Nuclide concentrations in granite bedrock at a site in the Quartz Hills near 85°S, on the other hand, have not reached production-erosion equilibrium, thus retaining evidence of the time they were first exposed to the cosmic ray flux. Nuclide concentrations at these sites are most easily explained by 4–6 Ma exposure, extremely low erosion rates of 5–10 cm Ma-1 during periods of exposure, and only very short periods of cold-based, non-erosive ice cover.
What is the Fiscal Stress in Euro Area? Evidence from a Joint Monetary-Fiscal Structural Model

El articulo estudia la importancia de la politica fiscal en la estabilizacion de la economia de la Zona Euro y el grado de interaccion con la politica monetaria. Los resultados ofrecen evidencia solida de una reaccion fiscal comun en la union monetaria a pesar de que formalmente no existe una union fiscal. Se identifican los choques a nivel de la zona y se encuentra que las respuestas (endogenas) de las politicas fiscales a esos choques son estadisticamente significativas. Asimismo se encuentra evidencia fuerte de la interaccion entre las politicas fiscal y monetaria. No obstante, la naturaleza de esa interaccion depende mucho del tipo de los choques. Ademas, la forma en que cada uno de los dos tipos de politica fiscal interactua con la politica monetaria es diferente e independiente de la otra. Adicionalmente el multiplicador del gasto es mayor que el de los impuestos; sin embargo, su relativa eficacia ha variado en el tiempo, con el multiplicador del gasto (impuesto) cayendo (aumentando) desde el comienzo de la Gran Recesion. Finalmente, se hallan diferencias considerables en la naturaleza de las interacciones de las politicas fiscal y monetaria entre la zona euro y los Estados Unidos. Aparte de que los impulso respuestas a los diferentes choques son significativamente diferentes, los multiplicadores fiscales varian demasiado. La politica fiscal keynesiana (u orientada al gasto) es mas efectiva en expandir la actividad economica en la Zona Euro mientras que las reducciones de impuestos son mas efectivas en los Estados Unidos.
The effect of milling parameters and thermal modification on power input during the milling of thermally modified spruce and oak wood

Effects of material, tool, and technological parameters were assessed during planar milling of thermally modified spruce (Picea abies L.) and oak (Quercus cerris L.) wood relative to the energy intensity of machining. The milling took place under the following conditions: cutting speeds of 20 m/s, 30 m/s, and 40 m/s; feed rates of 4 m/min, 8 m/min, and 11 m/min; and rake angles of 15 °, 20 °, and 25 °. Another change factor was the temperature of the thermal modification (20 °C – reference; 160 °C; 180 °C, and 210 °C). Each factor (cutting speed, rake angle, temperature, and feed rate) was found to have a statistically significant effect. The change in cutting speed had the greatest effect. The lowest power consumption was achieved with a cutting speed of 20 m/s, feed rate of 4 m/min, and rake angle of 25 °. In terms of thermal modification, thermally modified wood was machined with a lower power input. This result can be explained by the chemical processes in the wood and the reduced density in comparison with untreated wood. In comparison with density, the influence of changes in wood chemical composition did not have as great an impact on power input.
The Equity Premium: Consistent with GDP Growth and Portfolio Insurance

We find that the long-run equity premium is fully explained by GDP growth and that it is consistent with a short-term portfolio insurance motive. We first derive the macroeconomic equivalent of the standard sustainable growth formula to determine the long-run average return on stocks. The average stock market return depends on the GDP/capita growth rate and the retention rate net of share repurchases. Next, we determine the economy’s return on corporate assets and show that the return on corporate debt is related to overall GDP growth. After calibrating key macro economic/finance parameters, we obtain values for expected equity and corporate debt returns that respectively match the S&P 500 and 3- month T-bill historical arithmetic average returns. Our first conclusion is that in the long-run, the equity premium is generated by economic growth. Our second key result is that the equity premium is also closely approximated by the premium paid on a put option to maintain the value of $1 invested in the market when long-term investors wish to insure against downside risk on a year-to-year basis. These results have implications regarding how risk-free debt is priced and about the economy’s capital structure.
Stormflow generation: A meta‐analysis of field evidence from small, forested catchments

Combinations of runoff characteristics are commonly used to represent distinct conceptual models of stormflow generation. In this study, three runoff characteristics: hydrograph response, time source of runoff water, and flow path are used to classify catchments. Published data from the scientific literature are used to provide evidence from small, forested catchments. Each catchment was assigned to one of the eight conceptual models, depending on the combination of quick/slow response, old/new water, and overland/subsurface flow. A standard procedure was developed to objectively diagnose the predominant conceptual model of stormflow generation for each catchment and assess its temporal and spatial support. The literature survey yielded 42 catchments, of which 30 catchments provide a complete set of qualitative runoff characteristics resulting in one of the eight conceptual models. The majority of these catchments classify as subsurface flow path dominated. No catchments were found for conceptual models representing combinations of quick response‐new water‐subsurface flow (SSF), slow‐new‐SSF, slow‐old‐overland flow (OF) nor new‐slow‐OF. Of the 30 qualitatively classified catchments, 24 provide a complete set of quantitative measures. In summary, the field support is strong for 19 subsurface‐dominated catchments and is weak for 5 surface flow path dominated catchments (six catchments had insufficient quantitative data). Two alternative explanations exist for the imbalance of field support between the two flow path classes: (1) the selection of research catchments in past field studies was mainly to explain quick hydrograph response in subsurface dominated catchments; (2) catchments with prevailing subsurface flow paths are more common in nature. We conclude that the selection of research catchments needs to cover a wider variety of environmental conditions which should lead to a broader, and more widely applicable, spectrum of resulting conceptual models and process mechanisms. This is a prerequisite in studies where catchment organization and similarity approaches are used to develop catchment classification systems in order to regionalize stormflow.