Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COVID 19: Effect on leading pharmaceutical stocks listed with NSE

The purpose of this study is to examine how Covid 19 outbreak has affected leading pharmaceutical stocks listed with the National Stock Exchange of India. We have selected ten leading pharmaceutical companies listed with NSE, and the selection was purely based on the market capitalization of the companies. The general hypothecation of this study was the pharmaceutical stocks will move against the general market trend (contrarian effect). The study period was classified in to pre-crisis period and Covid 19 crisis period. The data consists of 123 daily price observations of the selected 10 pharmaceutical companies. The period of study is ranging from 3rd September 2019 to 28th February 2020. The results reported that momentum effect is persisting with pharmaceutical stocks as the pharmaceutical stocks are moving in accordance with the general benchmarking index. Only two companies, namely Aurobindo Pharma Ltd and Lupin Ltd reported with varied return trend during the study period. This study also signifies that companies like Sun Pharma, Cipla, Glenmark with strong brand reputation were seems to be sustaining in the crisis period in spite of the general falling market trend. This paper is strongly urge the need for backward integration and enhanced research and development activities to Indian Pharmaceutical sector for ensuring their sustainable long-run operations.
Comparing reactions to written leaflets, online information and real-time Doppler images among South Asian patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objective There is poor adherence to medication in patients of South Asian origin with RA. There are limited numbers of interventions to improve patient engagement. The objective of this study was to explore how patients of South Asian origin make sense of their disease after receiving written leaflets compared with online information or visualizing real-time Doppler US images of their inflamed joints. Methods Patients of South Asian origin with RA were recruited from two National Health Service hospitals in the West Midlands, UK. In-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken after exposure to vignettes designed to elicit patients’ perspectives on: written leaflets; online information to complement face-to-face interaction with health-care professionals; and Doppler US during the early stages of the disease journey. Data were analysed thematically until data saturation was reached in 20 individuals. Results The responses to vignette scenarios were described by the patients. Overall, patients found real-time Doppler US more valuable in understanding RA and RA medications compared with other methods. Patients reported that Doppler US reduced anxiety and helped to address misconceptions about the long-term disease and its ability to be controlled. Conclusion We have developed new understanding regarding the educational utility of a Doppler US session in patients of South Asian origin and how these sessions can be optimized to increase patient engagement and adherence to medication.
Alpha-Glucan, Water Dikinase and the Control of Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves

This thesis examines the role of alpha-glucan, water dikinase (GWD) in the control of starch degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Starch is degraded at night in Arabidopsis leaves to provide carbon for metabolism and growth. The rate of starch degradation is constant through the night and is precisely regulated such that starch reserves last until dawn. Despite the importance of this regulation for normal plant growth, we do not know which enzymes of the pathway are regulated to modulate flux. In this work I focus on the first enzyme in the starch degradation pathway, GWD. This enzyme phosphorylates the starch granule surface, thereby stimulating starch degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. It is hypothesised that GWD is important for the control of starch degradation. GWD shows large diel oscillations in transcript abundance. The enzyme is redox responsive in vitro, and is phosphorylated and SUMOylated in vivo. My work revealed that GWD protein levels are essentially invariant over the diel cycle. Studying plants in which GWD transcript was targeted by inducible RNAi and rapidly decreased to low levels revealed that GWD has half life of 2 days and a very low flux control coefficient for starch degradation. Taken together these findings demonstrate that large diel oscillations in GWD transcript abundance are not important for the daily control of starch degradation. Using transgenic plants in which native GWD was replaced with mutant forms of the enzyme, I demonstrate that redox responsive properties and certain SUMOylation and phosphorylation sites of GWD are not of in vivo relevance for appropriately timed starch degradation. Finally, I identify a previously unknown role for GWD in starch synthesis and find ROC4 to be a novel, putative GWD interaction partner.
Metabolite Composition of Paper Birch Buds after Eleven Growing Seasons of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and O3

Research Highlights: Long-term exposure of paper birch to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) modified metabolite content of over-wintering buds, but no evidence of reduced freezing tolerance was found. Background and Objectives: Atmospheric change may affect the metabolite composition of over-wintering buds and, in turn, impact growth onset and stress tolerance of perennial plant species in spring. Materials and Methods: Low molecular weight compounds of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) buds, including lipophilic, polar and phenolic compounds were analyzed, and freezing tolerance (FT) of the buds was determined prior to bud break after 11 growing seasons exposure of saplings to elevated concentrations of CO2 (target concentration 560 µL L−1) and O3 (target concentration 1.5 × ambient) at the Aspen FACE (Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment) facility. Results: The contents of lipophilic and phenolic compounds (but not polar compounds) were affected by elevated CO2 and elevated O3 in an interactive manner. Elevated O3 reduced the content of lipids and increased that of phenolic compounds under ambient CO2 by reallocating carbon from biosynthesis of terpenoids to that of phenolic acids. In comparison, elevated CO2 had only a minor effect on lipophilic and polar compounds, but it increased the content of phenolic compounds under ambient O3 by increasing the content of phenolic acids, while the content of flavonols was reduced. Conclusions: Based on the freezing test and metabolite data, there was no evidence of altered FT in the over-wintering buds. The impacts of the alterations of bud metabolite contents on the growth and defense responses of birches during early growth in spring need to be uncovered in future experiments.
The neural crest : including a facsimile reprint of The Neural Crest by Sven Hörstadius

Part 1: origins - Horstadius and the neural crest, the neural crest and the germ-layer theory, the embryological origin of the neural crest, the evolutionary origin of the neural crest the amphibian neural crest - mesenchyme and the neural crest, epithelial evocation of cartilage, epigenetic cascades the neural crest in other vertebrates - cyclostomes, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals neural-crest cell migration - evidence of migration, extracellular matrix and migration, fibronectin, cessation of migration differentiation of neural-crest cells - extracellular matrix-mediated differentiation, subpopulations of neural-crest cells, bipotentiality of neural-crest cells the neurocristopathies - tumours, Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis, APUDomas, cardiac defects embryonic defects and the neural crest - susceptible stages of neural-crest development, vitamin A, craniofacial defects and the neural crest, mutations, species specificity, regulation. Part 2: a facsimile reprint of "The Neural Crest" by Sven Horstadius.
Functional analysis of the role of interferon gamma through the characterisation of conditional interferon gamma receptor two mouse mutants.

The data presented within this thesis shows the generation and characterisation of a complete-, macrophage/granulocyte- and T cell-specific IFN? R2 deficient mouse mutant. This mutant mouse is a valuable tool in dissecting the mechanism of action of the pleiotrophic cytokine IFN? The global mutant mouse was tested in three models in vivo ? DSS induced colitis, Trichuris muris infection and EAE. The aim of the DSS-induced colitis model was to test the role of IFN? in the innate immune system and, despite previous reports demonstrating IFN? deficient mice are protected from DSS-colitis, our IFN? R2 deficient mice displayed equal or more severe colitis than control mice. We hypothesise that this discrepancy is due to differences in the gut microbiota.The Trichuris muris model was utilised as a method of examining the role of IFN? in the adaptive immune system. The complete IFN? R2 mutant was resistant to a low dose T. muris infection; however, neither the T cell specific nor the macrophage/granulocyte specific mutant duplicated the resistant phenotype observed in the global knock-out mice. Analysis of a double conditional T cell and macrophage/granulocyte specific IFN? R2 mutant produced inconsistent results. Initial experiments suggested that, in combination, these deficiencies are sufficient to duplicate the resistant phenotype observed in the global mutant mice, but this was not reproducible.The final in vivo model that we used to analyse IFN? R2 mutant mice was EAE. This model was chosen as, for a long time, the mechanism of action and the involvement of IFN? in EAE has been a matter of uncertainty. These results demonstrated that global IFN? R2 mutant mice demonstrate an atypical phenotype, with no signs of recovery. In contrast, control mice develop classical EAE symptoms with almost complete recovery prior to the termination of the experiment.The IFN? receptor mutant mouse generated will be of great value to the scientific community as IFN? has been demonstrated to play a role in multiple diseases and this tool allows the mechanism of action of this cytokine to be unravelled.
Dynamics of coherent structures in turbulent square duct flow

The underlying flow dynamics in a turbulent flow in a periodic square duct is investigated by using the snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique. In this study, the friction Reynolds number based on the duct width is fixed at 300. The coherent structures are identified through the spatial and temporal analysis of POD modes. Analysis of two sets of POD data is performed. In obtaining the first set, POD is performed on the combined fluctuating velocity vector, while for the second set, only the fluctuating velocity along the y- or z-direction is used. It was found that the first two most energetic spatial POD modes are the streamwise-independent or non-propagating roll modes. The third and fourth most energetic modes are observed to be streamwise-dependent, propagating modes. The spatio-temporal analysis of POD modes confirms the presence of traveling waves in the square duct, and its average speed is also calculated. The POD of the second dataset showed only propagating modes, and no non-propagating modes were found. These propagating modes are also rotationally symmetric. It has been shown that there is an energy exchange between non-propagating modes and propagating modes. The flow dynamics of the first four reconstructed POD modes portray the self-sustaining turbulence mechanism in a square duct. The structures obtained from the first POD dataset reconstruction of 10% energy show well organized hairpin vortices. Furthermore, it is found that the energy content of 35% gives detailed information on the coherent structures aligned along the wavy streamwise direction.
Classification of lesion specific myocardial ischemia using cardiac computed tomography radiomics

Lesion-specific myocardial ischemia is a common heart disorder and a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It alters left ventricular myocardial thickness progressively. Clinical decision-making is based on Fractional flow reserve (FFR), which is invasive and may prolong the surgery time and with extra radiation exposure. Although coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) has high accuracy and negative predictive value (NPV) in the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD), it has low specificity in the diagnosis of lesion-specific myocardial ischemia. We propose a learning method for the assessment of lesion-specific myocardial ischemia using noninvasive CCTA and radiomics study. Sixty patients with suspected or known to have CAD were enrolled. The left ventricular myocardial on the CCTA was manually segmented. One hundred radiomic features of left ventricular myocardial were extracted. The most informative and non-redundant features were selected to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) is to differentiate lesion-specific myocardial ischemia and without lesion-specific myocardial ischemia (normal). Analysis of the predictions showed that the reported method consistently predicted lesion-specific myocardial ischemia with the accuracy of 0.8550 ± 0.0333 and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.8952 ± 0.0370. This study shows that LVMradiomic features derived from CCTA data can be used to classify lesion specific myocardial ischemia. The radiomic features of left ventricular myocardial from CCTA could be a useful tool for determining lesion specific myocardial ischemia.
Investigating the potential for machine learning prediction of patient outcomes: a retrospective study of hospital acquired pressure injuries

While recent research efforts to reduce pressure ulcers in the clinical context have focused on key retrospective characteristics, little work has focused on creating real-time predictive models to prevent this avoidable hospital-acquired injury. Furthermore, existing machine learning heuristics often fail to surpass traditional statistical models or provide individual-level risk assessments with explanations for each patient. Thus, we sought to compare the predictive performance of five machine learning and traditional statistical modeling techniques to predict the occurrence of Hospital Acquired Pressure Injuries (HAPI). Electronic Medical Record (EMR) information was collected from 57,227 hospitalizations, containing 241 positive HAPI cases, acquired from Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center from April 2011 to December 2016. The five classifiers were trained to predict HAPI incidence and performance was assessed using the C-statistic or Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUC). Logistic Regression was the best modeling approach (AUC=0.91±0.034). We report discordance between predictors deemed important by the machine learning models compared to traditional statistical model. We provide means to visually assess factors important to every patient’s prediction, regardless of the modeling approach, through Shapley Additive Explanations.Machine learning models will continue to inform decision making processes but should be compared to traditional modeling approaches to ensure proper utilization. Disagreements between important predictors found by traditional and machine learning modeling approaches can potentially confuse clinicians and as such need to be reconciled. Future efforts to analyze time-stamped, prospective medical record data will be enhanced by patient-specific details. These developments represent important steps forward in developing real-time predictive models that can be integrated and readily deployed in electronic medical record systems to reduce unnecessary harm.
Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome: seldom severe, often neuropathic, treated unspecific, and insufficient

Abstract Background: Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) is reported with a prevalence ranging between 33% and 91% in literature. However, the difference between open (TT) and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) concerning the prevalence and neuropathic character of PTPS has not yet been systematically investigated. Furthermore, knowledge on analgesic treatment and its efficacy is limited. Methods: Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 488 patients 6 to 30 months after TT and VATS. In case of pain, patients received a structured questionnaire including the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs and Brief Pain Inventory. Results: Prevalence of PTPS was 28.6%. 13.2% of patients had a pain intensity Numeric Rating Scale >3, and 4.6% of patients had a pain intensity Numeric Rating Scale >5. In case of PTPS, 63% of patients suffered from neuropathic pain. Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome was more frequent after TT than after VATS (38.0% vs 29.3%, P < 0.05) and in patients younger than 65 years (42.3% vs 26.4%; P < 0.05). TT resulted more often in neuropathic pain (67.7% vs 43.9%; P < 0.05). Forty six percent of PTPS patients received analgesics: 30.3% nonopioids, 25.2% opioids, 10.9% anticonvulsants, and 1.7% antidepressants. Antineuropathic agents were used in 17.4% of patients with neuropathic pain. In 36.7% of patients, the reported reduction of pain was less than 30.0%. Conclusions: Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome is not as common as estimated. In most cases, pain intensity is moderate, but patients suffering from severe pain require special attention. They are often heavily disabled due to pain. Tissue-protecting surgery like VATS is beneficial for the prevention of PTPS. Analgesic medications are often underdosed, unspecific for neuropathic pain, and insufficient.
Attachment parenting among middle-class couples in Spain: gendered principles and labor divisions

ABSTRACT The time that middle-class fathers and mothers devote to care activities has significantly increased over the last two decades in Spain. In a context of increasingly widespread intensive and child-centred parenting styles, the attachment parenting movement draws on a gender-essentialist interpretation of attachment theory to prescribe a series of practices that place great pressure on women’s time, minds and bodies. Such burdens are likely related to the gendered division of household roles, but this issue remains largely underexplored in research. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the links between gendered interpretations of attachment parenting principles and gendered patterns of labour division. The methodological approach consists of 28 semistructured interviews conducted separately with mothers and fathers from heterosexual couples with professional or managerial jobs and children under three years of age. The findings show that the gender essentialist interpretation of the attachment relationship rather than the amount of attachment parenting performed seems more determinant of task segregation. Prolonged breastfeeding stands out as a major barrier to a more egalitarian division of tasks, even for couples who are critical of the gendered interpretation of the attachment figure.
PhD Student Experiences with the Impostor Phenomenon in STEM

Aim/Purpose This US-based study explored various facets of impostor phenomenon experienced during PhD training in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Specifically, the purpose of this research was to identify certain experiences that trigger this phenomenon. Background Competent high-achievers who do not believe in their efforts leading to accomplishments sometimes experience the impostor phenomenon. It is characterized by the notion that one has fooled others into overestimating their ability, not attributing one’s accomplishments to ability, and living with the fear of being discovered as a fraud. Methodology Data were collected using convenience and snowball sampling. Qualitative, semistructured interviews from 90 PhD students were analyzed thematically. Contribution Study findings contribute to a less-understood area of what constitutes triggers for the impostor phenomenon among PhD students in STEM fields. Findings Participants described the following themes that triggered impostor phenomenon during PhD training: 1) Progress and public recognition, 2) Comparing oneself with others, 3) Developing skills: public speaking and scientific writing. 4) Application of new knowledge, and 5) Asking for help. Recommendations for Practitioners PhD faculty, mentors, advisers, and administrators should be cognizant of the triggers that could give rise to the impostor phenomenon among their students. Professional development activities for students could focus on earlier and more rigorous training for improving scientific communication. Recommendations for Researchers Future research should continue to explore if other stakeholders in academia such as postdoctoral trainees and faculty also experience similar stress due to the impostor phenomenon. PhD Student and Impostor Phenomenon in STEM 160 Impact on Society Institutes of higher education should continue to focus on improving student mental health and retention rates, alleviating some of the PhD training stressors by designing interventions that improve students’ mindset and self-efficacy. Future Research Findings point to avenues for further research on how to support those with impostor phenomenon. Future research could explore the topic in other disciplines outside STEM and examine if long-term interventions could mitigate impostorfeelings, including the nature and length of interventions that could be helpful.
Amyloid‐β in Alzheimer's disease: the horse or the cart? Pathogenic or protective?

While the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear, amyloid‐β plaques remain major lesions in the brain of individuals with AD. Likewise, amyloid‐β is one of the best‐studied proteins relating to the pathogenesis of AD. Indeed, the pathological diagnosis of AD tends to be congruous with the quantity of amyloid‐β. However, it is important to recognize that pathological diagnosis merely represents the association of a pattern of pathological changes with a clinical phenotype. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that, although amyloid‐β detection and semiquantification have some diagnostic utility, the simple presence of amyloid plaques, as with proteinaceous accumulations in essentially all neurodegenerative diseases, does not presume aetiology. Thus, in this review, we discuss the role of amyloid‐β in the pathogenesis of AD and provide an alternative view to the widely accepted dogma.
Could pulmonary arterial hypertension patients be at a lower risk from severe COVID-19?

Evelyn M. Horn, Murali Chakinala, Ronald Oudiz, Elizabeth Joseloff and Erika B. Rosenzweig Advanced Heart Failure & Pulmonary Vascular Disease Programs, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Director, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, The Lundquist Institute Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Quality Care & Research Pulmonary Hypertension Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Pulmonary Hypertension Comprehensive Care Center, Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA