Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic Tectono-Stratigraphic Relationships between the Cesar Sub-Basin and the Southeastern Lower Magdalena Valley Basin of Northern Colombia*

The boundary between the Cesar Sub-basin (CS) and the southeastern Lower Magdalena Valley Basin (LMV) of northern Colombia comprises a poorly understood area that has been controlled mainly by the activity of the Santa Marta-Bucaramanga Fault System (SMBF). Several regional studies have been made in both the CS (ICP/Ecopetrol,1990; Intera-Bioss, 1995; Ecopetrol/Geopetrocol, 1998) and in the LMV (Reyes, Montenegro and Gómez, 2000), but none of them has studied the boundary between both basins. Other papers have studied the evolution of the different tectonic blocks of northern Colombia (Hernández, Rámirez and Reyes, 2003), without providing much detail concerning the boundaries between the blocks. The scarce seismic coverage of the area between the CS and the eastern LMV, the poor quality of the seismic data, and the lack of integration of the data from both basins are the main causes of its poor geological knowledge. One of the very few previous attempts to integrate data from both basins was carried out by Baquero, Chamorro, and Aya (1990), but none of this data has been published. Due to the hydrocarbon and coalbed gas exploration activities that have been carried out by Drummond Ltd. (DLTD) in recent years, new data of the boundary between the CS and eastern LMV has been obtained. According to the seismic interpretation and mapping, the kinematic behavior of the SMBF changed dramatically in the Oligocene, and this is the main cause of the contrasting stratigraphic and structural configurations of both basins. A proposal of new models for the tectonic evolution of northern Colombia is beyond the scope of this paper, mainly because there are extensive areas that have very few and poor data. The main objective of this article is to present a new structural model of the area which resulted from the reprocessing, interpretation, and mapping of the available 2D seismic data and from an attempt to integrate the data from the eastern LMV and the CS.
Solubilities of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide in Cyclohexanone, Toluene, and N,N-Dimethylformamide at Elevated Pressures

The phase behavior of compressed gases in low-volatile solvents has received wide attention in recent years for potential applications in supercritical fluid extraction. The solubilities of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in three liquid solvents were measured under static phase equilibrium conditions at temperatures of 290.8, 300.9, and 310.1 K and pressures up to 12.34 MPa. The solubility data were determined from the liquid phase density obtained from an Anton-Paar densitometer, and the level of liquid phase expanded by supercritical and subcritical gases. The solubility of N{sub 2}O in each solvent increased with pressure, but decreased with temperature, and in each case, was greater than that of CO{sub 2}. Both CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}O showed the highest solubility in cyclohexanone and the least solubility in N,N-dimethylformamide.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMIUM OXIDE REDUCTION PRODUCED FROM WASTE GENERATED IN STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTION

Abstract This work presents a kinetic study of the process for the thermal reduction of chromium oxide present in waste generated during stainless steel production in Brazilian industries. The experiments were carried out with the introduction of waste briquettes with a high chromium content in liquid steel (ASTM 1020) under temperatures of 1570, 1600 and 1635 °C. Steel samples were collected periodically from the bath for determination of the chromium content. An experimental apparatus in a laboratory scale was used made up of an electric oven for melting the reagents (steel and briquette). According to the chemical analyses, the reacted fractions of briquettes added in the liquid steel were calculated making it possible to establish the kinetic constants of speed. The results showed that the model of the first class reaction represented the studied process. The apparent activation energies varied between 227 and 558 kJmol-1. Ce travail présente une étude cinétique du procédé de réduction thermique de l’oxyde de chrome présent dans les déchets engendrés par la production d’acier inoxydable dans l’industrie brésilienne. On a effectué des expériences où l’on introduisait des briquettes de déchets à teneur élevée en chrome dans de l’acier liquide (ASTM 1020) à des températures de 1570, 1600 et 1635 °C. On a récolté périodiquement des échantillons d’acier du bain afin de déterminer la teneur en chrome. On a utilisé un appareil expérimental à l’échelle du laboratoire, fait d’un four électrique, pour fondre les réactifs (acier et briquettes). D’après les analyses chimiques, on a calculé les fractions réagies des briquettes ajoutées à l’acier liquide, rendant possible l’établissement des constantes cinétiques de vitesse. Les résultats ont montré que le modèle de réaction de première classe représentait le procédé éudié. Les énergies d’activation apparentes variaient entre 227 et 558 kJmol-1.
NMR and spin/charge fluctuations in intermediate-valent SmB6

Information on spin and charge fluctuations in the non‐metallic intermediate‐valent compound SmB6 has been obtained via 10B and 11B NMR between 2 and 300 K. Both the isotropic shift and the quadrupole coupling constant are temperature independent over this range, as expected if the fractional valence mixing is also temperature independent. Below 4.2 K the boron spin‐lattice relaxation rate T1−1 varies linearly with temperature, and yields a spin fluctuation rate τs−f1∼1013 sec−1, which corresponds to a spin fluctuation temperature Tsf∼ 50 K if characteristic of the stoichiometric compound. An increase of T1−1 above 20 K indicates the onset of Sm‐spin relaxation by thermal excitations. The results are also consistent with relaxation by impurity‐band states associated with vacancies, but the Korringa constant obtained on this assumption is unrealistically small. Comparison between data obtained from 10B and 11B resonances yields no indication of a contribution from electric field gradient fluctuations to th.
CALCIUM NITRATE AS A REMEDY FOR SALT-STRESSED CUCUMBER PLANTS

The effect of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Beit Alpha F1) plants grown in containers under high root-zone salinity was investigated. Treatments were: 1) control (C): soil only; 2) high salt treatment: C plus 3.5 g NaCl kg−1 soil (C+S); and 3) Supplementary Ca and N: C+S plus supplementary 0.5 or 1 g Ca(NO3)2 kg−1 soil (C+S+CaN). Plants grown in high NaCl had less dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll than those in the control treatment. Supplementing the soil with 0.5 and 1 g Ca(NO3)2 kg−1 increased dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll concentrations compared to the high salt treatment. Membrane permeability increased with high NaCl application. Supplementary Ca(NO3)2 maintained membrane permeability. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in leaves and roots in the elevated NaCl treatment. Concentrations of Ca and N in leaves were lower in the high salt treatment than in the "controls. For the high salt treatment, supplementing the soil with Ca(NO3)2 at 1 g kg−1 resulted in Ca and N levels similar to these of the controls. These results clearly show that supplementary Ca(NO3)2 can overcome the effects of high salinity on fruit yield and whole plant biomass in cucumber plants.
Chitosan–nanobioactive glass electrophoretic coatings with bone regenerative and drug delivering potential

Nanocomposites with bone-bioactivity and drug eluting capacity are considered as potentially valuable coating materials for metallic bone implants. Here, we developed composite coatings of chitosan (CH)–bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGn) via cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD). BGn 50–100 nm in size with aminated surface were suspended with CH molecules at different ratios (5–20 wt% BGn) in aqueous medium, and EPD was performed. Uniform coatings with thicknesses of a few to tens of micrometers were produced, which was controllable by the EPD parameters (voltage, pH and time). Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the quantity of BGn within the coatings that well corresponded to that initially incorporated. Apatite forming ability of the coatings, performed in simulated body fluid, was significantly improved by the addition of BGn. Degradation of the coatings increased with increasing BGn addition. Of note, the degradation profile was almost linear with time; degradation of 5–13 wt% during 1 week became 30–40 wt% after 7 weeks at almost a constant rate. The CH–BGn coatings showed favorable cell adhesion and growth, and stimulated osteogenic differentiation. Drug loading and release capacity of the CH–BGn coatings were performed using the ampicillin antibiotic as a model drug. Ampicillin, initially incorporated within the CH–BGn suspension, was eluted from the coatings continuously over 10–11 weeks, confirming long-term drug delivering capacity. Antibacterial tests also confirmed the effects of released ampicillin using agar diffusion assay against Streptococcus mutants. The CH–BGn may be potentially useful as a coating composition for metallic implants due to the excellent bone bioactivity and cell responses, as well as the capacity for long-term drug delivery.
Computer modeling of siRNA knockdown effects indicates an essential role of the Ca2+ channel α2δ-1 subunit in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling

L-type Ca2+ currents determine the shape of cardiac action potentials (AP) and the magnitude of the myoplasmic Ca2+ signal, which regulates the contraction force. The auxiliary Ca2+ channel subunits α2δ-1 and β2 are important regulators of membrane expression and current properties of the cardiac Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2). However, their role in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling is still elusive. Here we addressed this question by combining siRNA knockdown of the α2δ-1 subunit in a muscle expression system with simulation of APs and Ca2+ transients by using a quantitative computer model of ventricular myocytes. Reconstitution of dysgenic muscle cells with CaV1.2 (GFP-α1C) recapitulates key properties of cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Concomitant depletion of the α2δ-1 subunit did not perturb membrane expression or targeting of the pore-forming GFP-α1C subunit into junctions between the outer membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, α2δ-1 depletion shifted the voltage dependence of Ca2+ current activation by 9 mV to more positive potentials, and it slowed down activation and inactivation kinetics approximately 2-fold. Computer modeling revealed that the altered voltage dependence and current kinetics exert opposing effects on the function of ventricular myocytes that in total cause a 60% prolongation of the AP and a 2-fold increase of the myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration during each contraction. Thus, the Ca2+ channel α2δ-1 subunit is not essential for normal Ca2+ channel targeting in muscle but is a key determinant of normal excitation and contraction of cardiac muscle cells, and a reduction of α2δ-1 function is predicted to severely perturb normal heart function.
Effect of harvesting system on nutrient losses during silage making. 2. In‐silo losses

Nutrient losses during the in-silo period were determined following the ensiling of grass using three differing harvesting systems. The treatments were either (a) harvesting herbage directly by means of a flail harvester (unwilted flail, UF) or (b) pre-mowing of herbage with a rotary drum mower and lifting using a precision chop forage harvester with wilting (WP) and without wilting (UP). Herbage was harvested and ensiled over the period 26–29 May 1982, and a good fermentation was achieved with all three silages. Losses of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) during the in-silo period were greatest with the UF system, intermediate with the UP system and lowest with the WP system. Gross energy losses followed the same trend with losses (as a percentage of ensiled levels) of 18·6, 9·8 and 4·4% for the UF, UP and WP systems, respectively. Gross energy loss as effluent accounted for 24% and 22% of total gross energy ensiled for the UF and UP treatments. Patterns of effluent flow differed between the two unwilted silages with a higher peak flow rate with the UF material. Total effluent production at 354 ml (kg DM ensiled)-1 was greater for the UF material than for the UP material (288 ml (kg DM ensiled)-1). Nutrient loss through surface waste was similar for all three silages whereas gross energy losses arising through residual respiration, fermentation and gaseous loss amounted to 149%, 6·7% and 31% of that ensiled for the UF, UP and WP silages, respectively. The results of this study, taken in conjunction with those of an earlier study where field losses were assessed, indicate that recovery of gross energy during silage making was very similar for the UP and WP systems and only marginally greater than that recovered with the UF system.
First‐principles study of CrB4 as a high shear modulus compound

First‐principles calculations were carried out to investigate the synthesized orthorhombic CrB4. Our calculations show that the shear modulus of orthorhombic CrB4 is much higher than that of superhard WB4. Moreover, its shear modulus is larger than its bulk modulus. Boron atoms in CrB4 form a strong covalent cage which dramatically increases its mechanical strength. The calculated elastic constants imply that CrB4 is elastically stable. The calculated density of states shows that CrB4 is metallic. The appearance of pesudogap near the Fermi level means that CrB4 is a stable compound. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards the Integration of Natural Language and Eye Tracking Information for Predicting Comma Placement in Chinese Sentence

This paper investigates a relatively underdeveloped but important subject in natural language processing (NLP) – prediction of punctuation marks. As a logographic language, Chinese provides a case of high contrast for alphabetic systems, because there are no word boundaries (spaces) between Chinese words. (Ren & Yang, 2010). It is sometimes difficult for Chinese learners to identify which characters compose certain words within a Chinese sentence. This characteristic raises an interesting question that how the segmentation cues such as spaces or commas inserted into text influence the course of Chinese reading. Bai et al. (2008) investigated spaced and unspaced Chinese reading but found no facilitation of spaces in word identification. As a visual mark in written language, a comma is widely used in Chinese writing to provide additional space and serve as a segmentation cue in Chinese text. More importantly, a comma not only has prosodic functions (Kerkhofs, et al. 2008) but can be placed at syntactic boundaries as well (Chafe, 1988). For example, a phrase or a clause in Chinese sentences is usually followed by a comma, although there is a great deal of flexibility in the use of commas. Ren & Yang (2010) showed that prosodic boundaries marked by commas facilitate sentence processing only when they cooperated with syntactic boundaries. In our present study, a Chinese comma placement predictor is expected to be created by integrating NLP and Eye Tracking technology. Lu & Ng (2010) proposed an approach built on top of dynamic conditional random fields (DCRF) framework, which jointly performs punctuation prediction together with sentence boundary and sentence type prediction on speech utterance without prosodic cues. Zhang, et al. (2009) presented a conditional random fields (CRF) based approach which automates ancient Chinese prose punctuation using the mutual information and the t-test difference as features. Guo & Wang (2010) tried combining sophisticated statistical techniques with linguistic analyses to facilitate generation of punctuation. However, how to detect a comma placement with prosodic functions remains a problem because it is more related with the human’s cognitive system but not only a linguistic problem. Eye tracking technology is considered to be a solution because it can show the intuitive reading process of people and detect hard-toread point when they are reading Chinese text without comma. After analyzing this difficulty, a comma distribution which more accords with the reader’s intuition is expected to be found. In this paper, we describe our comma predictor of modern Chinese with machine learning (ML) techniques by integrating several linguistic features so that the commas placed at syntactic boundaries can be predicted. We also briefly mention our plan of eye tracking experiments that examine whether eye tracking information can help find commas with prosodic function and then improve the accuracy of prediction. 2. Method
Identifying sources of dust based on CALIPSO, MODIS satellite data and backward trajectory model

Abstract The total suspended particulate matter, total dust and PM 10 mass concentrations and visibility data were measured using large flow total suspended particle (inhalable particles) sampler (KC-1000), dust storm sampler (SC-1) and visibility meter in Lanzhou, China. Furthermore, the dust origins of the event occurred during 9–14 March 2013 were accurately identified in this study using HYSPLIT (Hybrid-Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) trajectory model and multiple satellite data, including AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), and vertical profiles of atmospheric aerosol properties from CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations). It is found that the total suspended particulate matter mass concentration larger than 8 000 µg m -3 on 9 March was the highest among seven dust days with the visibility lower than 500 m. The dust at low levels (500 and 1 000 m AGL) mainly originated from the Hexi (River West) Corridor and Western and Central Inner Mongolia Plateau, which moved very slowly and circulated around the desert regions in Western and Central Inner Mongolia before arriving at Lanzhou. While the air masses at higher altitudes (2 000 and 3 000 m AGL) were transported from the Taklamakan Desert and the Qaidam basin, and arrived at Lanzhou. Most interesting, the air masses from Badain Jaran and Tengger Deserts and their outer edges brought dust particles on the transport pathways into atmosphere led to increase of particle pollutant concentrations due to tightly adherent ground movement of air masses.
Influence of Aluminum on the Growth and Organic Acid Exudation in Alfalfa Cultivars Grown in Nutrient Solution

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of aluminum (Al) in nutrient solutions on the dry weight (DW) yield, Al and phosphorus (P) contents, and organic acid exudation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Four alfalfa cultivars (‘Robust’, ‘Sceptre’, ‘Aquarius’, and ‘California-55’) were grown in nutrient solution at pH 4.5 and 6.0, with (50 and 100 μM) and without Al. The results revealed that Al caused a significant reduction in DW, especially in pH 4.5 treatment. Organic acid exudation was affected by pH and Al treatments. Citrate and succinate exudation increased with the high Al treatment at pH 4.5. However, no relationship between pH and carboxylate exudation was observed at pH 6.0. Accumulation of P and Al in roots suggests the existence of an exclusion mechanism for Al in alfalfa. Selection of cultivars with enhanced organic exudation capacity in response to Al might be useful for alfalfa production in moderately acidic soils.
Denitrification characteristics of subtropical soils in China affected by soil parent material and land use

Forty‐five soil samples were collected from rice paddy land (R), tea garden land (T), forestland (F), brush land (B), and upland (U) in Jiangxi province, a subtropical region of China. These soils were derived from Quaternary red earth (Q), Tertiary red sandstone (S), and granite (G). Their denitrification capacities were determined after treatment with 200 mg NO3−‐N kg−1 soil by measuring changes in NO3−‐N content during a 28‐day anaerobic incubation under N2 gas in the headspace, at 30°C. The subtropical soils studied here were characterized by generally small denitrification capacities, ranging from no denitrification capacity to complete disappearance of added NO3−‐N within 11 days of incubation. With few exceptions, NO3−‐N reduction with incubation time followed a first‐order relationship with reaction constants of 0 – 0.271 day−1, but the data could be simulated better by a logarithmic relationship. Thus, denitrification capacity was determined by the reaction constant of the first‐order reaction, the slope of the logarithmic relationship, and the averaged NO3−‐N reduction rate in the first 7 days of anaerobic incubation (ranging from 0 to 28.5 mg kg−1day−1), and was significantly larger in the soils derived from G than from Q and S for all land uses except for rice paddy land. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen availability are the key factors that determine differences in denitrification capacity among the three soil parent materials. Rice cultivation significantly promoted denitrification capacity compared with the other four land uses and masked the effect of soil parent materials on denitrification capacity. This is most likely due to increases in organic carbon and total N content in the soil, which promoted the population and biological activities of microorganisms which are able to respire anaerobically when the rice soil is flooded. Neither the increased pH of upland soil caused by the addition of lime for upland crop production, nor the decreased pH of the tea garden soil by the acidification effect of tea plants altered soil denitrification capacity. Our results suggest that land use and management practices favour soil carbon and/or nitrogen accumulation and anaerobic microorganism activities enhance soil denitrification capacity.
Wine Tourism in Island Destinations: The Case of Crete Wine Tourism in Island Destinations: The Case of Crete

is a type of special-interest tourism which has recorded a remarkable growth over the past few years, creating challenges and opportunities for wineries and wine regions to diversify and gain a competitive advantage. Many wine regions around the world – including several island destinations such as Tenerife, Sicily, Santorini, Corsica, Sardinia – have recognised the economic benefits of wine tourism, although much effort is needed to transform a wine region into a wine tourism destination. Within this framework, this paper aims to explore the level of wine tourism development in the Greek island of Crete. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted in the wineries which participate in ‘Wines of Crete’, a network of 32 wineries operating in the island. Results indicate that most wineries in Crete have engaged in wine tourism, providing multiple experiences to their visitors, as their owners recognise significant benefits to their wineries and the island. However, they have not managed yet to exploit the full potential of wine tourism, proposing specific measures for its further development. Findings and discussions of this study are useful both to wine industry practitioners and to academic researchers interested in wine tourism.
University of Southern Denmark Snus and risk of gastroesophageal reflux. A population-based case-control study

• You may download this work for personal use only. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying this open access version If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to puresupport@bib.sdu. dk