Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tofacitinib and newer JAK inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease—where we are and where we are going

Inflammatory bowel diseases, comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease, are chronic, immune-mediated and progressive inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Tofacitinib is the first oral small-molecule Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor licensed and approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for use in moderately-to-severely active UC after intolerance, inadequate response, or loss of response to conventional treatment or biologic therapy. The pivotal OCTAVE studies demonstrated the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for the induction and maintenance of remission in UC. A growing body of evidence from real-world data supports the positive clinical and endoscopic benefits observed with tofacitinib treatment in the OCTAVE trials. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding the mechanism of action of tofacitinib, data from registrational trials, emerging real-world evidence, and an overview of the most recent safety evidence. We explore evolving treatment paradigms, including the use of tofacitinib in the COVID-19 era, pregnancy and extraintestinal manifestations, as well as the emerging concept of combining tofacitinib with biological therapy. We will also present a brief overview of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in the pipeline.
A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Canadian and Australian Adolescents’ Perceived Experiences of COVID-19: Gender Differences and Mental Health Implications

The coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes. This cross-cultural study (N = 1326, 71% female) aimed to investigate Canadian and Australian adolescents’ subjective experiences of COVID-19, gender differences, and psychological implications. Mixed-methods analyses were used to examine differences in COVID-19 experiences and mental health outcomes between country and gender in a Canadian (N = 913, 78% female) and an Australian sample (N = 413, 57% female) of adolescents. Canadian adolescents reported increased COVID-19 discussions and more concerns related to their COVID-19 experiences compared to Australian adolescents. Girls consistently reported more concerns related to COVID-19 and poorer psychological outcomes compared to boys. School lockdown for the Canadian sample may have played a role in these country differences. Further, girls might be at significantly more risk for mental health concerns during COVID-19, which should be considered in adolescent mental health initiatives during the pandemic. Although school disruption and separation of peers due to the pandemic likely have a role in adolescent perceived stressors and mental health, the differences between Canadian and Australian adolescents were less clear and future investigations comparing more objective pre-COVID-19 data to current data are needed.
Household Waste Based Vermicompost and Fertilizer Effect on Yield and Attributes of Pot Culture Rice (Oryza sativa)

Organic matter content in soil improves the soil health with supporting large microbial population and stabilizing soil health deterioration. The soil physical, chemical parameters improve according to the significant application of organic matter in soil. Integrated application of organic and inorganic sources and analysis of these components in response to its effect on rice growth and yield attributes at different stages is of major concerned study. Application of four levels of vermicompost (0 t ha-1, 1.25 t ha-1, 2.5 t ha-1, 3.7 t ha-1) and three levels of fertilizer (0%, 100%, 50% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer) were taken in a pot culture experiment and total of 36 pots i.e. twelve treatments replicate thrice for analyzing its effects on growth and yield attributes of rice crop (Variety-Rajendra Bhagawati) with using factorial Completely Randomized Design statistical method for data analysis and validation. Application of higher doses of vermicompost 3.7 t ha-1 and higher dose of fertilizer i.e. 100% RDF content in combination produced elevated grain and straw yield and also boosted growth attributes (Panicle length, test weight, number of tillers, grains per panicle), root volume as well as chlorophyll content from initial growth up to the harvesting time over the control due to buildup of organic matter and nutrient mobilization in soil.
Anticancer Potential of Post-Fermentation Media and Cell Extracts of Probiotic Strains: An In Vitro Study

Simple Summary Probiotics and their metabolites are very important for human health. The aim of this research was to determine probiotic strains with the strongest inhibitory properties against intestinal cancer cells. As a result of the screening, it was possible to find two strains, i.e., Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 0991 and Levilactobacillus brevis 0983, that could inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by induction of oxidative stress and programmed cell death. Both strains exhibit interesting anticancer properties and potential as functional food ingredients; however, the results must be confirmed in further research. Abstract Background: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), many of which are probiotics, can produce health-promoting metabolites (postbiotics). Purpose: To assess the mechanism of antiproliferative action of postbiotics, post-fermentation media (PFM) and cell extracts (CEs) of several strains of LAB were studied against colon (Caco-2), and cervix (HeLa) cancer cell lines, as well as normal intestine (IEC-6) cells, were used as a comparison. Methods: Postbiotics of various LAB (n = 39) were screened for their antiproliferative activity. The effect of PFM and CEs on reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP production, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalisation, and apoptosis-related caspases 3/7 and 9 activation was assayed. Results: PFM and CEs showed strong dose-dependent antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 cells, up to 77.8 ± 0.8% and 58.4 ± 1.6% for PFM and CEs, respectively. Stronger inhibitory activity against cancerous (Caco-2 and HeLa) cells than against normal (IEC-6) cells was observed. PFM were more inhibitory than CEs, and both generated oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. PFM of L. plantarum 0991 and L. brevis 0983 induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by the mitochondrial signalling pathway. Conclusions: Anticancer activity of PFM and CEs of LAB, as well as the ability of apoptosis induction, is strain-specific.
The Role of Task Complexity and Dominant Articulatory Routines in the Acquisition of L3 Spanish

Many studies in L3 phonetics and phonology have found that language dominance plays an influential role in determining the source of transfer. However, any effect of language dominance is likely dependent on many factors, including task complexity. As complexity increases, learners should be increasingly likely to rely on the more automatic articulatory routines from their dominant language. We tested this hypothesis by examining the production patterns of L1 Mandarin–L2 English–L3 Spanish speakers acquiring the Spanish tap and trill, performing a less complex word-reading task and a more complex sentence reading task. The results of the former were reported in a previous study, revealing that the speakers transferred the L2 English [ɹ] and [ɾ] to some extent when acquiring the Spanish rhotics. We hypothesized that such transfer would be less prevalent in the same speakers performing the sentence reading task. The results revealed some support for the hypothesis. Transfer of L2 [ɾ] decreased in the sentence reading task, as did transfer of L2 [ɾ] (in trill productions). L2 [ɹ] substitutes did not vary with task. The results highlight that transfer from previous languages is partially dependent on task. Future work should establish when and to what extent language dominance influences the source of transfer.
Comparison of Outcomes in Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: Acellular Dermal Matrix versus Inferior Dermal Flap

Background Implant-based breast reconstruction has evolved tremendously in the last decades, mainly due to the development of new products and techniques that make the procedure safer and more reliable. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes in immediate one-stage breast reconstruction between acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and inferior dermal flap (IDF). Methods We conducted a retrospective comparative study of patients submitted to immediate breast reconstructions with an anatomical implant and ADM or IDF in a single center between 2016 and 2018. Outcomes evaluated included major complications, early complications, reinterventions, readmissions, and reconstruction failure. Simple descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were performed. Results A total of 118 breast reconstructions (85 patients) were included in the analysis. Patients in the IDF group had a higher body mass index (median = 27.0) than patients in the ADM group (median = 24). There were no statistically significant differences among both groups regarding immediate major complication, early complications, readmissions, and reinterventions. Conclusion There are no significant differences in complications between the ADM and IDF approach to immediate implant breast reconstruction. In patients with higher body mass index and large, ptotic breasts, we recommend an immediate implant reconstruction with IDF.
Burnout among lawyers: effects of workload, latitude and mediation via engagement and over-engagement

The legal profession is subject to many stereotypes, and it is difficult to find figures in France on the reality of the psychological difficulties in this profession. Burnout is especially a significant problem among these professionals. Practicing as a lawyer may involve high levels of stress and burnout. This study aimed at testing how exhaustion was influenced by workload, latitude and engagement. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 181 French lawyers. Based on the results, the level of burnout among lawyers decreased with decision latitude but increased with workload. Mediation analyses showed that work engagement and over-engagement had a total mediating role between latitude and burnout. Over-engagement played a partial mediating role between workload and burnout. Several practical implications were developed from these results.
A Theory-Consistent CVAR Scenario for a Monetary Model with Forward-Looking Expectations

A theory-consistent CVAR scenario describes a set of testable regularities capturing basic assumptions of the theoretical model. Using this concept, the paper considers a standard model for exchange rate determination with forward-looking expectations and shows that all assumptions about the model’s shock structure and steady-state behavior can be formulated as testable hypotheses on common stochastic trends and cointegration. The basic stationarity assumptions of the monetary model failed to obtain empirical support. They were too restrictive to explain the observed long persistent swings in the real exchange rate, the real interest rates, and the inflation and interest rate differentials.
Removal of Basic Blue 41 by waste product from the phosphate industry: batch design and regeneration

To reduce the environmental impact of phosphate waste product, these materials were proposed as a removal agent of a colored Basic Blue 41 dye (BB-41) from artificially contaminated solution. The effect of calcination of this waste was also investigated on its removal properties. These materials were characterized beforehand, as is intended for the removal tests, by chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric anal- ysis–differential thermal analysis, scanning electronic microscopy, and N 2 adsorption isotherms. The phosphate waste rock exhibited higher removal capacity of 207 mg g –1 of BB-41 than the natural rock with a value of 57 mg g –1 of BB-41, as estimated from Langmuir model. Upon calcination, the removal capacities were reduced by 22%–60%, depending of heating temperatures. Higher removal amounts were achieved at pH values greater than 7. The removal procedure was found to be spontaneous and endothermic process. 60%–80% removal efficiency was maintained after four cycles of regeneration, depending on the spent byproducts. A single stage batch absorber was designed based on the optimum Freundlich isotherm. For example, the masses of 237 and 542 g for phosphate waste and natural phosphate rocks were required to reduce the BB-41 amount of 90% in 10 L of solution with an initial concentration of 200 mg L –1 .
Observed and Future Spatiotemporal Changes of Rainfall Extreme Characteristics and Their Dynamic Driver in June-August Season over Africa

Climate change has increased extreme events over globe and the most robust occurrences of concurrent drought and floods have become more common in Africa. This study focuses on the observed and projected analysis of rainfall extremes of consecutive dry day (CDD) and maximum monthly five day precipitation (RX5day) from Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) in June-August season over Africa. The daily CORDEX Africa, reanalysis and CRU datasets were analyzed for extreme trends under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the periods of 1980 to 2100. The spatiotemporal variability, trend, and magnitude of JJA seasonal rainfall performance exhibits a significant decreasing tendency over Eastern Africa compared to West Africa. The observed results of consecutive dry day (CDD) re-veal that increasing trend and moreover RX5day shows that promising positive trend. Both rainfall extremes are influenced by the combined effect of large scale indexes and appear to be correlated negatively and positively with ENSO, NAO and AO. The CORDEX ensemble mean projections of JJA seasonal exacerbate increasing of frequent and intensified drought extremes over Africa. Additionally, the future RX5day indicated that mixed trend and revealed that increasing 3.72%, 2.54% over West and decreases −16.12%, −22.47% over East Africa under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. Generally, rainfall extremes of CDD are projected to increase and RX5day shows a mixed trend in the coming periods over Africa and calls for further verification by using high resolution datasets.
Gender Risk Perception and Coping Mechanisms among Ghanaian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Recent research has shown that gender is an important driver of the risk of mortality and morbidity rates for people with COVID-19, with case fatality rates being higher for women than men. Despite this pattern, research is sparse on gender risk perception and potential coping mechanisms. This study examined the role gender plays in the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and coping mechanisms among university students. Through the adoption of traditional and online surveys, 859 students from two public universities in Ghana were conveniently selected to respond to the survey instrument. The results from the multivariate regression analysis revealed that COVID-19 risk perception was positively related to active coping. The outcome of the moderation analysis showed that while males were more likely than females to adopt active and emotional support coping with heightened risk perception, a contrary outcome was observed for behaviour disengagement. This result is an indication that female students are likely to be overwhelmed with a high level of risk perception and easily give up trying to adopt effective strategies to reduce the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The findings highlight the need for different forms of intervention for male and female students for dealing with the effect of COVID-19.
Gallstone Frequency in Adults With Celiac Disease: Results of a Population-Based Celiac Disease Registry From West Azerbaijan, IRAN

Background: Among people who are genetically predisposed to celiac disease (CD), eating gluten, which is part of the structure of many grains, can lead to intestinal tract damage with an inadequate immune response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the frequency of gallstones in CD. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, all CD data were analyzed using the West Azerbaijan Population-Based Celiac Registry (WA-PBCR) database. The mainly evaluated criterion in this study was the frequency of gallstone in samples with CD. For evaluating the results, information related to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), bilirubin, and cholesterol level, anti-transglutaminase antibody level, and the frequency of gallstones were extracted from CD files. Results: Overall, 260 patients with CD were included in the study. The median age of the patients with CD was 33 years, and 66.5% and 33.5% of the patients were females and males, respectively. Gallstones were detected in 11 CD-diagnosed cases (4.23%). There was no significant relationship between the frequency of gallstones and age (P=0.193), gender (1.00), and obesity based on the BMI (P= 0.684) in patients with CD. Finally, 3 (1.15%) of the referred patients with the recognition of gallstones were diagnosed with CD. Conclusion: The prevalence of biliary stones in celiac patients may be higher compared to the normal population. Hypocholesteremia is the predisposing factor for gallstones. In general, a significant relationship was found between the frequency of gallstones and bilirubin levels in patients with CD.
Fostering Sound Mind and Communication among Medical Students: Response to the Letter to the Editor

We thank Al-Hussainy et al. (1) of the University of Cambridge for their interest in our previous manuscript in the Journal entitled “Mental Health Support for the Current and Future Medical Professionals during Pandemics” . In their letter, the authors have shared their insight through their experience in clinical placements and offered constructive discussions with respect to the impaired clinical exposure and the feelings of imposter syndrome among medical students. We are in full consensus with the authors , to highlight the impact of the pandemic pushing medical students into imposter syndrome. Although regional differences can be seen among the prevalence of imposter syndrome among medical students and training physicians in prepandemic studies , its importance should be addressed at a global level to establish better support systems to be accessible for all medical students and professionals. Studies on imposter syndrome comparing the situations before and after the pandemic, as well as including regions which have not yet been investigated are now in great necessity. Furthermore, we are delighted to hear from other medical students who have gone through a similar hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic . The authors have provided their insight on organizing both reflection and practical skill teaching to support mental well-being and clinical competence of medical students. Similar opinions have also been reported from medical students in Singapore , and we believe that such good practice should be shared across the entire medical education community. In addition, we would like to invite colleagues in medical schools all around the world to share their experiences related to COVID-19. We believe that there are insights on medical education that only students can propose, as they are the ones who faced and had to adjust to radical changes in their education. Their opinions would be of great importance in the future, particularly during worldwide natural disasters, such as new pandemics. We are especially alarmed that reports from Japan have been scarce , and hope that our discussions in this Journal would encourage other fellow students to share their perspectives on our discussion. The letter from Al-Hussainy et al. (1) supports the classic lesson that local practice can lead to global practice, especially in health promotion. As the restrictions due to the pandemic limited in-person networking both at local and international levels, we are grateful that the Journal enables us to start a new dialogue with colleagues worldwide. Although we may have been physically “confined,” our perspectives and constructive opinions must “break free,” in order to collaboratively develop more resistant and secure healthcare systems across the globe.
The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human

In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque, banded leaf monkeys, and Anopheles mosquito in this region. This study aims to propose a concept that highlights the integration of vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The relevant literature on the vulnerability factors of P. knowlesi was reviewed. Any theories and models that could be integrated to support the factors were also explored throughout this study. Exposure to P. knowlesi malaria was found to be influenced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, social context, belief, and human behaviour factors. However, these factors were commonly discussed separately in existing studies. For better disease prevention and control, all these factors should be explored collectively, to facilitate research aimed at generating a deeper understanding of the vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria from various perspectives, including the genetic, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, sociocultural beliefs, and human behaviour of the population.
Cooperative Optimal Control of the Following Operation of High-Speed Trains

The following operation of multiple high-speed trains (HSTs) with high speed and great density based on the moving block and virtual coupling control system can significantly improve the performance of railway systems concerning operation safety and line capacity. However, it is difficult for HST’s conventional control approach to satisfy the service demand, including safety, energy-saving, and ride comfort, due to the significantly increasing longitudinal interaction between adjacent trains in the following operating conditions. In this paper, the characteristic model of multiple HSTs’ following operation was formulated to effectively and accurately describe train control constraints derived from the coupling relationship among adjacent trains’ operation states. Then, the cooperative model predictive control (CMPC) strategy with a multiobjective rolling optimization scheme is developed. The overall line capacity, energy consumption, and ride comfort of train platoons in the railway section are defined as optimization indexes. Furthermore, some sufficient conditions for the consensus stability of the CMPC of HST are given, based on the proposed multiple HSTs following characteristic model and cooperative optimal control strategy. Simulation experiments are carried out by using HST’s operation data collected from real-world runs. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed modeling and control method.