Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of groundwater forcing on hyporheic exchange: Reply to comment on ‘Munz M, Krause S, Tecklenburg C, Binley A. Reducing monitoring gaps at the aquifer‐river interface by modelling groundwater‐surfacewater exchange flow patterns. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8080’

We thank Endreny and Lautz for their insightful comments on Munz et al. (2011a) (Endreny and Lautz, 2012), which provide a forward-looking perspective on potential improvements of hyporheic exchange flow modelling at the stream reach scale. On the basis of the application of a MODFLOW numerical groundwater model, Munz et al. (2011a) concluded from their simulations that surface water infiltration into the streambed of an investigated 30m long stream reach was unlikely during the investigated 3-month baseflow period. The model application was motivated by limitations of vertical hydraulic gradients (VHG) observations ranging between 15and 100-cm depths and excluding the uppermost (0–15 cm) streambed sediments, which provided only weak indicators of shallower hyporheic exchange (Rosenberry and Pitlick, 2009). VHG observations alone did, therefore, not allow conclusions about potential surface water infiltration in shallow streambed sediments outside the observational window (Munz et al., 2011a). Endreny and Lautz (2012) essentially discussed two alternatives for improving the efficiency of simulations of hyporheic exchange at the aquifer–river interface. One of the suggested options is refining the horizontal and vertical resolution of the computational mesh of hydrostatic groundwater models similar to MODFLOW (as applied in Munz et al., 2011a). Deciding on an optimal model
On the ionospheric and thermospheric response of solar flare events of 19 January 2005: An investigation using radio and optical techniques

This study presents optical signatures of thermospheric OI 630.0 nm dayglow variability over a geomagnetic dip equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, 0.5° dip latitude), India, in response to solar flares of different ranks that occurred on 19 January 2005. It is found that over equator, the response of thermospheric dayglow to solar flares can be either prompt or delayed depending upon rank of the flare and dominant neutral/electrodynamical processes prevailing in the emission altitudes. This is strikingly in contrast to the earlier results, where prompt response of equatorial OI 630.0 nm dayglow to solar flares has been noticed. In addition, the flare‐induced changes at the E and F regions of the equatorial ionosphere are studied using high‐cadence measurements of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and total electron content (TEC) obtained from the ground‐based magnetometers and GPS receivers, respectively. The Hall/Pedersen conductivity measurements as inferred using the magnetometers over the EEJ station and an off‐EEJ station showed concomitant changes during these flares. Although, the GPS‐measured TEC showed prompt enhancement associated with these flares, the evolution of the equatorial ionization anomaly, as seen in the TEC did not show any flare‐induced changes. The plausible mechanisms explaining these observations are adduced in context of the present understanding of the equatorial electrodynamics and its imprint on these dayglow features.
Atmospheric black carbon mixing state: experimental challenges and results from a megacity

Black carbon (BC) is now mainly of anthropogenic origin. It is the dominant light absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols, playing an important role in the earth’s radiative balance and therefore relevant to climate change studies. In addition, BC is known to be harmful to human beings making it relevant to policy makers. Nevertheless, the measurement of BC remains biased by the instrument-based definition of BC. The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), allows the measurement of the refractory BC (rBC) mass of individual particle using laser-induced incandescence. However, the SP2 needs an empirical calibration to retrieve the rBC mass from the incandescence signal and the sensitivity of the SP2 differs between different BC types. Ideally, for atmospheric studies, the SP2 should be calibrated using ambient particles containing a known mass of ambient rBC. However, such ”ambient BC” calibration particles cannot easily be obtained and thus commercially available BC particles are commonly used for SP2 calibration instead. In this study we tested the sensitivity of the SP2 to different BC types in order to characterize the potential error introduced by using non-ambient BC for calibration. The sensitivity of the SP2 was determined, using an aerosol particle mass analyzer, for rBC from thermodenuded diesel exhaust, wood burning exhaust and ambient particles as well as for commercially available products: Aquadag and fullerene soot. Thermodenuded, fresh diesel exhaust has been found to be ideal for SP2 calibration for two reasons. First, the small amount of non-BC matter upon emission reduces the risk of bias due to incomplete removal of non-BC matter and second, it is considered to represent
New constraints on the timing of deposition and metamorphism in the Bamble sector, south Norway: Zircon and titanite U-Pb data from the Nelaug area

Abstract In order to further constrain the deposition of supracrustal suites and metamorphism in the Bamble sector, south Norway, zircon and two generations of titanite from the granitic to granodioritic Nelaug Gneiss have been dated. The Nelaug Gneiss, situated along the Porsgrunn-Kristiansand Fault separating the Bamble from the Telemark sector, cuts the supracrustal Selås Banded Gneisses. Four discordant zircon fractions from the Nelaug Gneiss yield an upper intercept age of 1460±21 Ma, interpreted as the age of magmatic emplacement of the protolith of the Nelaug Gneiss, underlining the importance of the 1.5-1.4 Ga interval in the formation of the crust of the western part of the Southwest Scandinavian Domain. The presently available data show that there were two periods of sedimentation in the Bamble sector, an older around 1.45 Ga related to sedimentation in two distinct settings, and a younger period postdating 1.37 Ga. The 1091±2 Ma age of subhedral orange-red titanite is in agreement with previously obtained ages for peak Sveconorwegian metamorphism in the coastal part of the Bamble sector. The 994±30 Ma age of anhedral beige titanite correlates with the p-T path of the Nelaug area which, in contrast to the p-T path of the coastal area, reveals a late increase in metamorphic conditions in the latter area.
Maps of geoelectric sections of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Korea, and Japan

Results of geoelectric mapping of the some countries of Asia with high seismic activity are presented. The methodology of the geoelectric mapping is considered. Maps of geoelectric sections of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Korea, and Japan on a scale of 1:5 000 000 are constructed. The scale of ρj and hj has three gradations per decade.
Inslab Earthquakes of Central Mexico: Q, Source Spectra, and Stress Drop

We analyze 17 intermediate-depth, normal-faulting, inslab earthquakes of Mexico (4.1 M w 7.4; 35 km H 118 km), recorded on hard sites at local and regional distances (R 600 km), to study spectral attenuation of seismic waves, quality factor Q, source spectra, and Brune stress drop. Assuming 1/R geometrical spreading, the quality factor is given by Q(f ) 251f 0.58 . Although there is consid- erable uncertainty in Q due to the trade-off between geometrical spreading and Q, this uncertainty does not influence strongly the estimation of source spectra and stress drops. We find that source spectra of nine events (4.1 Mw 6.4) follow the x 2 model, while those of the other eight (5.8 Mw 7.4) significantly deviate from it. Interpreting the high-frequency level of the source spectra with the x 2 model yields a nearly constant stress drop, Dr, with a median value of 304 bars. This is more than 4 times greater than the corresponding value for interplate earthquakes in central Mexico. The observed source acceleration spectra, S(f ), is, however, better fit by an empirical source spectrum characterized by two corner frequencies, f a and f b, such that S(f ) f 2 M0/({1 (f /f a) 2 } • {1 (f /f b) 2 }) 1/2 , where f a 4.962 10 10 /M0 0.454 , f b 4.804 10 5 /M0 0.213 , and M0 is in dyne centimeters. This empirical source spectrum may be useful in predicting ground-motion parameters using sto- chastic methods.
Farmers' accuracy interpreting seasonal climate forecast probability

We explored errors interpreting the seasonal climate forecast (SCF) statement ‘In the next 3 months, the probability of exceeding median rainfall is 30%’ used by the Australian media. Study one comprised 73 farmers and 12 climate staff and (1) developed a five‐item multiple‐choice questionnaire assessing understanding for the SCF, and (2) assessed errors interpreting the statement. The farmers who incorrectly interpreted the statement (29%) as forecasting a wetter season than normal had a lower understanding of the statement, in contrast to farmers making the correct interpretation (56%) and the climate staff. The statement appeared to be misinterpreted as a specific value of rain that was above the median by 30%, because of (1) difficulty conceptualizing above median rainfall and below median rainfall as distinct events, and (2) the percentage being interpreted as a specific value and not as a notion of chance. Study two, with 72 laypersons, showed more errors and slower responses with statements of probabilities less than 50% (i.e. 30%) than statements of probabilities greater than 50% (i.e. 70%), explained by the positive connotation biases of the event above median rainfall and/or the use of the term probability.
Holocene cirque glacier activity in western Spitsbergen, Svalbard: sediment records from proglacial Linnévatnet

Holocene glacial variations of a presently ice-free cirque in western Spitsbergen are inferred from sediment records from the proglacial lake Linnévatnet. Glaciation is indicated in the core records by increased intensity of laminae derived from the cirque inflow and by increase in sediment accumulation rate. Radiocarbon ages on terrestrial plant macrofossils limit the onset of glaciation in the cirque to within the last six centuries. No evidence for earlier glaciation is recognized in the core records, indicating that the threshold for glaciation in the cirque was not reached during prior Neoglacial advances. Local climate events favouring glacier expan sion were either of greater magnitude or of longer duration during the ‘Little Ice Age’ than at any other time during the Holocene.
Characteristics of mid-depth water in summer off Queen Maud-Enderby Lands, Antarctica

La region consideree est importante parce que l'eau profonde de l'Atlantique nord et l'eau de fond antarctique, toutes deux sources de l'eau abyssale dans l'Ocean mondial, sont soupconnees de transiter dans cette region et de circuler vers l'ocean Indien et l'ocean Pacifique. Il y aurait meme advection de l'Eau profonde du Pacifique sud, eau la plus pauvre en oxygene du monde oceanique. Examen, au travers de 177 stations hydrologiques, des caracteristiques de masses d'eau persistantes dans la region. Le caractere le plus frappant est la presence d'une eau intermediaire. Elle est compose de trois masses distinctes: une eau peu saline, riche en oxygene, au voisinage de la t de congelation, une eau saline, pauvre en oxygene, chaude, et une eau dont les proprietes sont medianes. Discussion de la distribution regionale
Intention to Emigrate Again and Destination Preference: A Study of Indian Nurses Returning from Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

This article empirically investigates the migration patterns of Indian nurses who have returned from Gulf countries, where obtaining long-term visas and citizenship is difficult, to determine whether their return should be considered a temporary or permanent settlement. The study addresses the likelihood of future migration and explores migration trajectories among these individuals. Our analysis reveals that returned nurses are more inclined to migrate again if currently employed in India’s private sector, which offers lower financial rewards compared to the public sector. On the other hand, those in contract-based public sector jobs express a willingness to relocate to Western countries but not back to Gulf countries. The limited occurrence of circular migrations to Gulf countries among nurses highlights their lower position in the hierarchy of destination countries. This study illustrates the complexities of nurse migration decisions, demonstrating that migration trajectories do not always follow a linear path towards perceived ‘better’ destinations.
Brooklyn's urban forest

An assessment of trees in Brooklyn, New York, reveal that this borough has approximately 610,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.4 percent of the area. The most common trees are estimated to be tree of heaven, white mulberry, black locust, Norway maple and black cherry. Brooklyn's trees currently store approximately 172,000 metric tons of carbon with an estimated value of $3.5 million. In addition, these trees remove about 2,500 tC per year ($51,000/yr) and about 254 metric tons of air pollution per year ($1.3 million/yr). The replacement or compensatory value of Brooklyn? s trees is estimated at $679 million. Potential damage from an Asian longhorn beetle infestation is $390 million (51 percent of the population). Management strategies are suggested for maximizing air quality and carbon benefits from urban trees.
MUMMPIKIA GEN. NOV. AND THE ORIGIN OF CALCITIC‐SHELLED BRACHIOPODS

Abstract: Phosphatised limestone‐hosted and shale‐hosted specimens of the obolellid Mummpikia nuda gen. et comb. nov. and two further unidentified obolellids from the Early Cambrian Mural Formation (Jasper National Park, Canadian Rocky Mountains) provide novel insights into the shell microstructure of obolellids and the nature of their pedicle. The shell was penetrated by abundant canals of a sub‐μm diameter and the anterior tip of the delthyrium forms a projection into the body cavity that is penetrated by a thin canal. It is argued that both shell microstructure and posterior margin are linguliformean characters and that obolellids hold a position basal in the rhynchonelliform stem‐group.
Notes on the Nile Valley in Berber and Dongola

Abstract Low-lying physiographical features in the northern Sudan are associated with Lower Tertiary “lake beds”. Some undulation may have been imposed, e.g. in the Dongola bend of the Nile. There has been little vertical river erosion below the level of the lake beds in the northern Sudan, whereas in Egypt there were long successions of Tertiary sediments, uplifts, folding, and faulting. Neither late-Tertiary marine flooding nor successive regradings of the Nile in Egypt reached the Sudan. With reference to the present flood plain the summit level of some silts of Palaeolithic age rises in a striking manner from the country around Atbara (and probably a wider area) downstream into the Dongola bend, reaches a maximum (so far as known) around Wadi Haifa, and then falls again.
Evaluating the eco‐hydrologic impacts of reforestation in the Loess Plateau, China, using an eco‐hydrologic model

Since the 1950s, reforestation has been widely applied in the Loess Plateau in China as a soil and water conservation measure. We examine the eco‐hydrologic responses to reforestation in two neighbouring catchments in the Loess Plateau using Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System. We use limited observed streamflow and other eco‐hydrologic data to support and evaluate the model implementation and then apply the model to disentangle the relative roles played by inter‐annual variation and longer‐term trends in climate drivers and re‐growth following reforestation. Our model‐based analysis of trends in forest water use highlights the differences in the response of control and reforested catchments to similar declines in annual precipitation in this region over the past decades. Model estimates show that while reforestation does increase vegetation water use, the impacts on streamflow are small relative to the impact of precipitation trends on streamflow, and forest water use. Results illustrate how catchment differences in response to climate trends can confound interpretation of observed streamflow patterns in a paired catchment setting. Results also show that the greatest impact of reforestation is likely to be on groundwater recharge but also suggest that evaporation rather than transpiration is a significant contributor to hydrologic change. We also examine how declining trends in precipitation impact forest productivity. While the impact of historical precipitation declines on forest primary productivity is probably minor, model estimates suggest that forests are nearing a threshold above which further declines in precipitation will lead to more ecologically significant responses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative attribution of historical anthropogenic warming on the extreme rainfall event over Henan in July 2021

The ‘21·7’ Henan extreme rainfall event (HNER) caused severe damage and many fatalities. The daily precipitation during this event (from 1200 UTC on 19 July 2021–1200 UTC on 20 July 2021) was 552.5 mm and the maximum hourly precipitation was 201.9 mm (at 0900 UTC on 20 July 2021). Previous studies have suggested that an evaluation of the role of anthropogenic climate change in extreme rainfall events is crucial in disaster prevention and mitigation under the current global climate crisis. We examined the changes in the coverage and intensity of extreme rainfall during the ‘21·7’ HNER event under anthropogenic climate change using a set of convective permitting simulations. Our results showed that the regional-average magnitude of the 48 h accumulated rainfall during the ‘21·7’ HNER was increased by 5.7% (95% confidence interval: 4%–11%), which is in agreement with the Clausius–Clapeyron rate, while the area of extreme rainfall (⩾500 mm) increased by 29.9% (95% confidence interval: 21%–40%) as a result of anthropogenic climate change over the Henan region during the late 20th century. Anthropogenic climate change has led to a warm moist tongue over the target region, which has increased the column-integrated water vapor content and induced an anomalous cyclone–anticyclone pair. Anthropogenic warming has caused stronger southerly and southeasterly winds, leading to stronger convergence in the lower troposphere, stronger updrafts in the mid-troposphere and stronger divergent winds in the upper levels. These effects have all contributed to the increase in rainfall. These results enhance our understanding of the dynamic effects of anthropogenic warming on the ‘21·7’ HNER and provide additional evidence that anthropogenic warming increased the magnitude of the ‘21·7’ HNER in China.
Theoretical development on the effects of changing flow hydraulics on incipient bed load motion

Several decades of flume and field measurements have indicated that in rough turbulent flows the critical Shields stress increases with increasing slope and associated decreasing relative depth. This result contradicts the usual consideration of a decreased critical Shields value on very steep slopes because of increased gravitational effects. However, recent studies have demonstrated that these experimental results could be reproduced with a force balance model if the classical logarithmic velocity profile was replaced with a velocity profile that was more compatible with available velocity measurements over gravel beds. These measurements indicate the existence of a roughness layer that is a zone of almost constant velocity close to the bed, whose properties (mean velocity and turbulence) depended on the flow's relative depth. Unfortunately, velocity profile measurements for low relative depth associated with steep slopes are scarce, and it is still difficult to include such flow properties in a force balance model. Flow resistance data (on the basis of depth average velocity measurements) are very common and cover a wide range of slopes and relative depths. In this paper these data are used to fit a velocity profile including a roughness layer. When used in a force balance model for incipient motion, it adequately reproduced a data set composed of 270 critical Shields values measured in a flume with near‐uniform sediments. The relevance of this research to field problems is discussed using a data set composed of 92 critical Shields stresses obtained from field measurements. Finally, a model is proposed for field applications taking into account the slope effect.
Management Considerations for Designing Carnivore Highway Crossings

Many agencies are contemplating building wildlife crossings to reduce wildlife mortality, to improve habitat connectivity, and to reduce vehicle collisions. For this to occur without problems and interagency disagreements, relationships between agencies and key individuals must be well-developed. Once relationships are in-place highway improvements and wildlife habitat objectives are more easily integrated. The second step in coordinating wildlife issues with transportation is development of interagency statewide, regional or highway specific wildlife habitat linkage plans. These determine a number of critical factors necessary to locate wildlife crossings, prioritize opportunities and focus funding and personnel. To be effective, transportation, wildlife management and land management agencies must be involved in these plans. The third step involves choosing the appropriate location, structure type and structure size for target species. This process must take into consideration more than biological criteria and includes cost factors and construction feasibility issues born by highway agencies. Last, monitoring will help improve future wildlife crossing efforts and help all agencies and the public gain confidence in their effectiveness.
Tracking the magmatic evolution of island arc volcanism: Insights from a high‐precision Pb isotope record of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles

The volcanic succession on Montserrat provides an opportunity to examine the magmatic evolution of island arc volcanism over a ∼2.5 Ma period, extending from the andesites of the Silver Hills center, to the currently active Soufrière Hills volcano (February 2010). Here we present high‐precision double‐spike Pb isotope data, combined with trace element and Sr‐Nd isotope data throughout this period of Montserrat's volcanic evolution. We demonstrate that each volcanic center; South Soufrière Hills, Soufrière Hills, Centre Hills and Silver Hills, can be clearly discriminated using trace element and isotopic parameters. Variations in these parameters suggest there have been systematic and episodic changes in the subduction input. The SSH center, in particular, has a greater slab fluid signature, as indicated by low Ce/Pb, but less sediment addition than the other volcanic centers, which have higher Th/Ce. Pb isotope data from Montserrat fall along two trends, the Silver Hills, Centre Hills and Soufrière Hills lie on a general trend of the Lesser Antilles volcanics, whereas SSH volcanics define a separate trend. The Soufrière Hills and SSH volcanic centers were erupted at approximately the same time, but retain distinctive isotopic signatures, suggesting that the SSH magmas have a different source to the other volcanic centers. We hypothesize that this rapid magmatic source change is controlled by the regional transtensional regime, which allowed the SSH magma to be extracted from a shallower source. The Pb isotopes indicate an interplay between subduction derived components and a MORB‐like mantle wedge influenced by a Galapagos plume‐like source.