Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vertical sorting and the morphodynamics of bed form-dominated rivers : A sorting evolution model . 1 . Derivation

A new type of sediment continuity model is proposed for modeling the interaction among grain size-selective sediment transport, vertical sorting, and net aggradation or degradation of a river bed. The model is aimed at conditions dominated by river dunes and bed load transport. Whereas Blom et al. [2006] present a reduction of the Blom and Parker [2004] modeling framework to equilibrium conditions (i.e. the equilibrium sorting model), we now propose a reduction of the modeling framework for unsteady conditions: the sorting evolution model. The present paper lists the various submodels of a morphodynamic model system that is based on the sorting evolution model and explains how these sub-models are integrated in the morphodynamic model system. Among these sub-models are models for three types of vertical sediment fluxes: (1) sediment fluxes through dune migration, (2) sediment fluxes through unsteady bed form dimensions, and (3) sediment fluxes through net aggradation or degradation. We propose formulations for these three types of vertical sediment fluxes for unsteady conditions. In the accompanying paper [Blom et al., 2007], the results of the sorting evolution model will be compared to measured data and to results of the widely used Hirano active layer model.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF SEX RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 Years of Research

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The Occurrence and Thermal Disequilibrium State of Permafrost in Forest Ecotopes of the Great Slave Region, Northwest Territories, Canada

Permafrost underlies peatlands of the Great Slave region, Northwest Territories, Canada, but permafrost relations beneath other ecotopes of black spruce (Picea mariana), white birch (Betula papyrifera) and mixed forests remain unknown. Permafrost‐ecotope relations examined over a 3 year period (2010–13) establish the occurrence and thermal state of permafrost under these different types of forest. Air temperatures and snow depths are regionally consistent. Ground temperature variation primarily reflects latent heat effects during the freezing season, with the duration of season‐normalised active‐layer freezeback explaining 76% of 1 m ground temperature variation among all sites except xeric peatland. Low apparent thermal diffusivities from substantial latent heat effects strongly attenuate ground temperature variation with depth, and yield zero annual amplitude depths of 7 m or less where annual mean ground temperatures range among sites from ‐1.4 °C to 0.0 °C. Extensive discontinuous permafrost conditions, related to the extent of forested ecotopes, are commonly in thermal disequilibrium. Whereas permafrost in peatlands may be ecosystem‐protected, this represents only about 2% of the area of the region. Permafrost in other forested ecotopes, occurring in ice‐rich unconsolidated sediments, is climate‐driven and ecosystem‐protected because of latent heat effects. Though the rate of permafrost degradation may be reduced, an eventual transition to isolated permafrost retained primarily within ecosystem‐driven peatlands implies substantial reductions of permafrost extent in this region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OTHER PAPERS INTERFERENCE AND RESOURCE COMPETITION IN TWO LAND SNAILS: ADULTS INHIBIT CONSPECIFIC JUVENILE GROWTH IN FIELD AND LABORATORY

Interference and resource competition by adults inhibited growth rates of conspecific juveniles of the land snail species Mesodon thyroidus and Neohelix albolabris in separate field and laboratory experiments, but not in laboratory experiments on Anguispira altemata. In 1 m2 field cages at nearnatural densities under ambient food and water conditions, juvenile M. thyroidus apparently competed with adults for food or water or both resources, growing more slowly when living with two conspecific adults, but being unaffected by adult presence when food and water were augmented. Neohelix albolabris juveniles were similarly unaffected in field cages by presence of two adults when food and water were augmented. In contrast, interference, not resource competition, apparently explained growth inhibition in laboratory cages at densities considerably greater than natural densities, with non-limiting food and moisture; both M. thyroidus and N. albolabris juveniles grew more slowly as conspecific adult number increased from zero to three.
Compilation of Alluvial Channel Data

A computer-based collection of alluvial channel data from both laboratory and field investigations has been prepared. The collection contains 5,263 records of laboratory observations and 1,764 records of field observations. Each record contains 10 alluvial channel variables presented in a standard format in SI (International System) units. The paper presents a discussion of the contents of the data collection, a review of some of the data sources, and comparisons with earlier data collections. Information for users of the data collection is also presented.
An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Graduated Compression Stockings in Addition to Pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Surgical Inpatients

Objective: To compare the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in surgical inpatients with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and additional graduated compression stockings (GCSs) versus pharmacological thromboprophylaxis alone. Background: Surgical inpatients have elevated VTE risk; recent studies cast doubt on whether GCS confers additional protection against VTE, compared with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis alone. Methods: The review followed “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses” guidelines using a registered protocol (CRD42017062655). The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched up to November 2022. Randomized trials reporting VTE rate after surgical procedures, utilizing pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, with or without GCS, were included. The rates of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and VTE-related mortality were pooled through fixed and random effects. Results: In a head-to-head meta-analysis, the risk of DVT for GCS and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.54–1.36) versus for pharmacological thromboprophylaxis alone (2 studies, 70 events, 2653 participants). The risk of DVT in pooled trial arms for GCS and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.23–1.25) versus pharmacological thromboprophylaxis alone (33 trial arms, 1228 events, 14,108 participants). The risk of pulmonary embolism for GCS and pharmacological prophylaxis versus pharmacological prophylaxis alone was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.0–30.0) (27 trial arms, 32 events, 11,472 participants). There were no between-group differences in VTE-related mortality (27 trial arms, 3 events, 12,982 participants). Conclusions: Evidence from head-to-head meta-analysis and pooled trial arms demonstrates no additional benefit for GCS in preventing VTE and VTE-related mortality. GCS confer a risk of skin complications and an economic burden; current evidence does not support their use for surgical inpatients.
Particle production near marine clouds: Sulfuric acid and predictions from classical binary nucleation

Recent experiments demonstrate that cloud processes in the free troposphere, and at times in the marine boundary layer (MBL), can result in the production of new aerosol particles linked to sulfuric acid production that is photochemically driven. Here we provide observational evidence from the tropics and mid‐latitudes indicating that this nucleation is often in accord with predictions of classical binary nucleation theory when it is applied to the high humidity environment near evaporating clouds edges located above the MBL. Coupled with suitable models for the relevant chemical species and conditions, these observations suggest a means for modeling natural particle production in these regions.
Hunting and farming in prehistoric Italy: changing perspectives on landscape and society

CACCIA E ALLEVAMENTO NELL'ITALIA PREISTORICA: CAMBIAMENTI DI PROSPETTIVA SUL TERRITORIO E SULLA SOCIETÀ Quest'articolo riassume come due decadi di ricerca sull'Italia preistorica abbiano cambiato la nostra comprensione della natura degli antichi sistemi di caccia e di allevamento, della transizione dall'uno all'altro sistema, dei territori che queste attività hanno aiutato a creare e delle società di cui esse facevano parte. Per quanto riguarda la preistoria più antica, è ora più chiaro che per un lungo periodo l'umanità dell'epoca si fosse basata su un sistema di ‘scavenging’, vale a dire di nutrimento basato sull'utilizzo di carogne di animali morti. La variabilità dei sistemi di caccia che funsero da complemento allo ‘scavenging’, e che infine lo sostituirono, si è andata anch'essa man mano chiarendo. L'evidenza di un protaersi del processo di transizione nell'Olocene dalla caccia, pesca e raccolta all'agricoltura si è andata accumulando in maniera ancora più evidente, sebbene i motivi di questa transizione ci rimangono oscuri. Le società agricole del tardo neolitico furono sempre più caratterizzate da competizione sociale, in particolare tra gli uomini, mentre il commercio a lunga distanza e gli elementi rituali fmirono con lo svolgere un ruolo sempre più importante nei meccanismi di riproduzione sociale. L'età del rame vide un incremento nella specializzazione agricola e nella produzione artigianale mentre famiglie rivali erano in competizione per il controllo delle risorse. La prima parte dell'età del bronzo rappresenta un periodo di espansione degli insediamenti e di intensificazione della sussistenza, ma probabilmente anche di frammentazione sociale. Nel tardo bronzo e nell'età del ferro alcune regioni divennero centri significativi di poteri locali, nonchè il fulcro di reti di scambi locali e regionali di prodotti agrieoli e artigianali che sostenevano la struttura di queste società attraverso il mantenimento di debiti ed altri vincoli.
Reproducibility in TMSeEEG studies: A call for data sharing, standard procedures and effective experimental control

A recent study by Conde, Tomasevic et al. (2019) [1] puts a spotlight on the subtleties of experimental design and analysis of studies involving TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs), specifically focusing on the challenge of disentangling genuine cortical responses to TMS from those resulting from concomitant sensory activation. This is a relevant topic that the TMSeEEG community has previously identified [2] and addressed with different strategies [3e6]. Based on the similarity of the evoked EEG responses they obtained in real TMS at different sites and in sham conditions (auditory and somatosensory scalp stimulation), the authors of [1] inferred that TEPs can be significantly contaminated by the effects of concurrent, non-transcranial stimulation. We acknowledge this is a valuable reminder to the TMS-EEG community; however, we contend that another fundamental implication of the work by Conde, Tomasevic and colleagues [1] only incidentally mentioned at the end of their discussion e is that the evoked responses they obtain from both real TMS and sham conditions are substantially different from the TEPs reported in many of the previous studies (see, for example [7e11]). This discrepancy offers a timely opportunity to focus on the issue of the reproducibility of TEPs across laboratories and, most important, can encourage a constructive debate within the whole TMSeEEG community towards the optimization of shared procedures to obtain genuine responses to TMS. In this vein, Fig. 1 directly compares the TEPs reported in Ref. [1] with others previously published in different studies taken as a reference by Conde, Tomasevic and colleagues [1]. The inspection of Fig. 1 clearly shows that it is possible to effectively trigger high-amplitude, sharply rising early (<50ms) components and overall TEP wave-shapes that are specific for the angle and site of stimulation and that are very different from those obtained in Ref. [1]. This simple comparison highlights a general problem of reproducibility and offers an excellent opportunity to discuss two critical steps in TMSeEEG data acquisition: (i) maximising the impact of TMS on the cortex, and (ii) minimizing EEG confounding factors due to sensory co-stimulation. Regarding the impact of TMS on the cortex, it is very likely that the authors of [1] were not as effective as other investigators for the following reasons. First, they applied TMSwith amaximumelectric field (E-field) intensity between 70 and 90 V/m according to their estimation, assuming a priori that this would have warranted effective cortical activation based on a previous work [12]. However, in Ref. [1] the authors adopted a small coil (outer winding diameter: 45 mm) which, compared to the larger ones (outer winding
Sound-Print: Generalised Face Presentation Attack Detection using Deep Representation of Sound Echoes

Facial biometrics are widely deployed in smartphone-based applications because of their usability and increased verification accuracy in unconstrained scenarios. The evolving applications of smartphone-based facial recognition have also increased Presentation Attacks (PAs), where an attacker can present a Presentation Attack Instrument (PAI) to maliciously gain access to the application. Because the materials used to generate PAI are not deterministic, the detection of unknown presentation attacks is challenging. In this paper, we present an acoustic echo-based face Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) on a smartphone in which the PAs are detected based on the reflection profiles of the transmitted signal. We propose a novel transmission signal based on the wide pulse that allows us to model the background noise before transmitting the signal and increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The received signal reflections were processed to remove background noise and accurately represent reflection characteristics. The reflection profiles of the bona fide and PAs are different owing to the different reflection characteristics of the human skin and artefact materials. Extensive experiments are presented using the newly collected Acoustic Sound Echo Dataset (ASED) with 4807 samples captured from bona fide and four different types of PAIs, including print (two types), display, and silicone face-mask attacks. The obtained results indicate the robustness of the proposed method for detecting unknown face presentation attacks.
Latitudinal dependence of the ionospheric response to solar eclipse of 15 January 2010

[1] The ionospheric responses to the solar eclipse of 15 January 2010 in the equatorial anomaly region have been investigated by three vertical-incidence and seven oblique-incidence ionosondes arranged along the meridian from geomagnetic latitudes 18°N to 30°N in eastern China. Though the solar eclipse occurred later in the evening, the eclipse effect on electron density and reflection height of ionospheric F2 layer was clearly observed. The study of the eclipse lag (the time lag between the occurrence of the eclipse maximum obscuration and the occurrence of the maximum depletion of foF2) with latitude indicates it increased with F2 layer altitude. Results suggest also that this eclipse enhanced the prereversal enhancement. An unusual peak occurred after the maximum reduction in foF2 and this was observed by all our ionosondes. The following F2 layer plasma density increase was considered to be caused by the increased westward electric field.
Some Tsunami Characteristics Deducible from Tide Records

Abstract After an initial 40-hour “diffusion” period, the time decay of tsunami variance was found to be uniformly exponents for 28 events among eight Pacific tide stations. Thew results essentially confirm Munk's acoustic deny hypothesis except that the decay (e-folding) time (22 h) more nearly equated the ocean's normal mode transit time (21 h) than Munk's mean collision time (14 h). Relative tsunami energy, obtained by extrapolating exponential decay back to t = 0, was found to be similarly ranked among tsunamis at all stations and roughly proportional to seismic energy. A total energy estimate for the tsunami of 9 March 1957, obtained by correcting the observed energy decay at Wake Island for instrument and island response, provided normalized total energy estimates for all tsunamis that were consistent with independent estimates by Kajiura and by Aida. Similarities between power spectra computed from these time series suggests that station response is primarily linear normal-mode forcing of the conti.
A numerical study of the longitudinal thermoconvective rolls in a mixed convection flow in a horizontal channel with a free surface

This paper presents a numerical study of three-dimensional laminar mixed convection within a liquid flowing on a horizontal channel heated uniformly from below. The upper surface is free and assumed to be flat. The coupled Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved numerically by the finite volume method taking into account the thermocapillary effects (Marangoni effect). When the strength of the buoyancy, thermocapillary effects and forced convective currents are comparable 1 Corresponding author: kamal.elomari@univ-pau.fr Preprint submited to International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 1 ha l-0 07 05 14 6, v er si on 1 7 Ju n 20 12
Basal melting beneath a fast-flowing temperate tidewater glacier

Abstract The role of melting at the base of temperate tidewater glaciers is rarely discussed, and its potential importance for total glacier mass balance and subglacial dynamics is often overlooked. We use Columbia Glacier, Alaska, USA, as an example of a temperate tidewater glacier to estimate the spatial distribution of basal melt due to friction both before and during the glacier’s well-documented retreat since the early 1980s. Published data on glacier surface and bed profiles, ice-flow velocities and surface melt were collated and used as input data for a two-dimensional basal melt model. We estimate that before the retreat of Columbia Glacier (pre-1980s), mean basal melt amounted to 61 mm a–1, increasing to 129 mma–1 during retreat (post-1980s). According to our calculations, basal melt accounts for 3% and 5% of total glacier melt for the pre-retreat and syn-retreat (i.e. during retreat) glacier profiles, respectively. These calculations of basal melt are an order of magnitude greater than those typically reported in polar glacier settings. Basal melting in temperate tidewater settings may be a non-negligible process affecting glacier mass balance and subglacial dynamics.
EFFICIENCY OF DIVERSIFIED RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS INCLUDING POTATO, VEGETABLE PEAS AND GROUNDNUT CROPS IN TRANS-GANGETIC PLAINS

Field experiment was conducted during 2000-2003 on diversified rice-wheat cropping systems involving potato, vegetable peas and groundnut, and water management treatments in rice to increase the production, economics and water use efficiency. Inclusion of potato, vegetable peas and groundnut in rice-wheat cropping system increased the production, economics and land use efficiency on an average by 95, 75 and 11 percent, respectively. Rice equivalent yield (REY) was maximum in rice/ groundnut/rice(R/G/R)-potato-wheat (24.60 t/ha/yr), which was at par with rice-potato-wheat (24.27 t/ha/yr) followed by rice- vegetable peas-wheat (19.02 t/ha/yr) as against traditional rice-wheat (11.63 t/ha/yr) system. Net returns was the highest in rice- vegetable peas-wheat (Rs.67540/ha/yr) system, which was at par with R/G/R-potato-wheat (Rs.67424/ha/yr) and rice-potato-wheat (Rs.64906/ha/yr) as against rice-wheat (Rs.38159/ha/yr) system. Irrigation to rice crop at hairline cracks (HC) in soil saved about 20 percent of total water use on an average in different cropping systems compared to traditional system of irrigating rice at disappearance of ponded water (DP). Decline in available soil K ranging from 4.0 to 12.0 percent and build up of available soil P from 41.7 to 62.5 percent was recorded from initial soil test values after 3 years in different cropping systems. The apparent soil nutrient balance (gain/loss) was negative for K (243-440 kg/ha) and positive for P (57.6-151.1 kg/ha) with varying degrees in different cropping systems.
Utilizing the MODIS 1.38 μm channel for cirrus cloud optical thickness retrievals: Algorithm and retrieval uncertainties

[1] The cloud products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua have been widely used within the atmospheric research community. The retrieval algorithms, however, oftentimes have difficulty detecting and retrieving thin cirrus, due to sensitivities to surface reflectance. Conversely, the 1.38 μm channel, located within a strong water vapor absorption band, is quite useful for detecting thin cirrus clouds since the signal from the surface can be blocked or substantially attenuated by the absorption of atmospheric water vapor below cirrus. This channel, however, suffers from nonnegligible attenuation due to the water vapor located above and within the cloud layer. Here we provide details of a new technique pairing the 1.38 μm and 1.24 μm channels to estimate the above/in-cloud water vapor attenuation and to subsequently retrieve thin cirrus optical thickness (τ) from attenuation-corrected 1.38 μm reflectance measurements. In selected oceanic cases, this approach is found to increase cirrus retrievals by up to 38% over MOD06. For these cases, baseline 1.38 μm retrieval uncertainties are estimated to be between 15 and 20% for moderately thick cirrus (τ > 1), with the largest error source being the unknown cloud effective particle radius, which is not retrieved with the described technique. Uncertainties increase to around 90% for the thinnest clouds (τ < 0.5) where instrument and surface uncertainties dominate.
The dispersal and migration of the Gannet Sula bassana from Norwegian breeding colonies

This study is based on the recoveries of 72 Gannets ringed in the northernmost colonies in the world. Norwegian Gannets have the same dispersal and migration patterns as their British counterparts (Thomson 1974, Nelson 1978b, Veron 1988). During their first autumn, they move south into the North Sea, and on to waters off northwest Africa. Young birds probably remain in southern waters during their second summer. Older birds tend to move so far south.