Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corona-induced pressures, potentials, fields and currents in electrostatic precipitator configurations

This paper is aimed at assessing analytically the dc corona induced pressures in wire-cylinder and wire-plate electrostatic precipitator configurations. This calls for solving the equations describing the corona discharge and the force balance for static gas equilibrium provided that the corona onset voltage and the space-charge-free field values are calculable. The calculated pressure and potential distributions along the gap axis in air and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure agreed well with those measured previously. The calculated corona current density values agreed reasonably with those measured for a high-temperature high-pressure wire-cylinder precipitator. The analytically calculated positive and negative dc corona onset voltages for wire-duct precipitators following proposed criteria based on discharge physics are in good agreement with those measured experimentally at atmospheric and lower pressures.
Ocean Outfall System for Dense and Buoyant Effluents

The conceptual design of an existing ocean outfall system for disposal of municipal and industrial wastewaters is reported. The wastewaters are fertilizer plant effluent, which contains large amounts of gypsum and fluoride, pulp-mill effluent, and municipal sewage. The effluents are separated into two streams of different characteristics and then discharged through two outfalls. One stream contains the gypsum and is negatively buoyant in seawater. This outfall was designed to minimize pumping power, while achieving sufficient dilution to cause the gypsum to go into solution, thus minimizing deposition of gypsum on the seafloor. The other stream contains the remaining effluents plus the fluoride and is positively buoyant in seawater. This outfall was designed to meet fluoride concentration requirements in the receiving water by maximizing dilution. Unique to this project was the interplay between the outfall design team and the contributing industries, which resulted in onshore design changes to accommodate the separation of effluents and a more effective disposal system.
Evaluating Nutrient Availability in Semi-arid Soils with Resin Capsules and Conventional Soil Tests, II: Field Studies

Commonly used soil analyses and resin capsules are employed to assess nutrient status in agriculture soils, but their validity in semi-arid ecosystems is unknown. Field studies with six rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application were established on crested wheat stands in both Rush Valley and Skull Valley, Utah. Resin capsule and conventional soil tests for nitrate (NO3)-N, ammonium (NH4)-N, and P were administered, and plant nutrient status was examined. Resin capsules were removed and replaced, and soil samples were taken every 90 d for 1 year. Concentration of P in resin capsules was not related to P rate but sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)-extracted P was, and resin NH4-N, resin NO3-N, potassium chloride (KCl)–extracted NO3-N and KCl-extracted NH4-N were all related to N rate. Only KCl-extracted NO3-N and NH4-N levels related to plant tissue N. Overall, traditional soil tests are more effective than resin capsules in semi-arid field conditions, but resin capsules have potential for use in N assessment.
Effect of wind waves on air’sea gas exchange: proposal of an overall CO2 transfer velocity formula as a function of breaking-wave parameter

A new formula for gas transfer velocity as a function of the breaking-wave parameter is proposed basedon correlating gas transfer with whitecap coverage. The new formula for gas transfer across an air—seainterface depends not only on wind speed but also on wind-wave state. At the same wind speed, ahigher gas transfer velocity will be obtained for a more developed wind-sea, which is represented by asmaller spectral peak frequency of wind waves.We suggest that the large uncertainties in the traditionalrelationship of gas transfer velocity with wind speed be ascribed to the neglect of the effect of windwaves. The breaking-wave parameter can be regarded as a Reynolds number that characterizes theintensity of turbulence associated with wind waves in the downward-bursting boundary layer (DBBL). DBBL provides an effective way to exchange gas across the air—sea interface, which might be relatedto the surface renewal.
Low-threshold GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well laser diodes emitting near 2.3 µm

We report on low-threshold high-power quantum well diode lasers emitting near 2.3 µm based on the GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb system. The threshold current density per quantum well is as low as 63 A cm−2. A maximum output power of 540 mW at 293 K in the continuous wave regime has been achieved.
Rapid Method for Accurate Determination of Colorless Siderophores and Synthetic Chelates

A rapid, simple, and accurate method of determining concentrations of Fe-chelating agents in solution was developed. The assay employs Cu-CAS (chrome azurol S) complex as a testing agent and measures the equilibrium concentration of this complex in the presence of other Fe chelators. The Cu-CAS was found to be advantageous in comparison to other compounds due to : (i) its high extinction coefficient (17 000 M -1 at pH 5.7) when complexed with Cu, and (ii) the rapid rate at which equilibrium was achieved. The color of the Cu-CAS was measured at a wavelength of 582 nm, and the decrease in absorbance when the Cu is lost to other chelates was measured. Using this method, we successfully measured 50- to 100-nmol quantities of the following chelates : ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), desferriferrioxamine-B (DFOB), rhizoferrin, and mugineic acid (MA). We found the method to be accurate and useful in determining concentrations of chelates (not absorbing intensely at 582 nm) including phytosiderophores and microbial siderophores. This method is of particular importance for colorless chelates, which are very difficult to determine otherwise.
Endovascular Management of Multiple Cerebral Aneurysms in Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Fenestrated Basilar Artery

Aneurysms arising from the fenestration of the basilar artery are rare. We describe a patient with two aneurysms originating from the fenestration of the basilar artery and the middle cerebral artery. Endovascular treatment with detachable platinum coils was performed, and two aneurysms were cured at the same time. Endovascular treatment of aneurysms associated with fenestrated basilar artery appears to offer advantages over traditional open surgical techniques.
Free-standing, hierarchically porous carbon nanotube film as a binder-free electrode for high-energy Li–O2 batteries

Free-standing, hierarchically porous carbon nanotube film is successfully fabricated by colloidal template-assisted vacuum filtration and post annealing. It can be directly used as a binder-free air electrode in Li–O2 batteries and exhibits excellent electrochemical performance by virtue of the unique bimodal design for porosity.
3‐Aroyl‐1‐aryl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazole, Untersuchung des Bildungswegs durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse und Molecular Modelling

o-Halogen-o-(phenylhydrazono)acetophenone (6a–1), die im Acetophenon-Teil elektronenanziehende Substituenten tragen, reagieren mit 3-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazol (2) zu monocyclischen Substitutionsprodukten, den o-(3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-o-(phenylhydrazono)acetophenonen (7a–1). Letztere liefern glatt die bicyclischen 3-Aroyl-1-aryl-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazole (8a–1). Mit 5-Amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol (14) und 5-Aminotetrazol (19) anstelle von 2 nimmt die Reaktion jeweils einen anderen Verlauf. Die unterschiedlichen Reaktionswege werden anhand von Rontgenstrukturanalysen und Molecular Modelling diskutiert. o-Halogen-o-(phenylhydrazono)acetophenones (6a–I) with electron-withdrawing substituents in the acetophenone moiety react with 3-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole (2) to form monocyclic substitution products, o-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-o-(phenylhydrazono)acetophenones (7a–1). The latter yield bicyclic 3-aroyl-1-aryl-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazoles (8a–1). With 5-amono-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole (14) or 5-aminotetrazole (19) instead of 2, the reaction takes another course in each case. The differing reaction pathways are discussed by means of X-ray analysis and molecular modelling.
Polyphenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Quercus aucheri Leaves

Chromatographic studies (CC, VLC, MPLC, and PTLC) on ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of Quercus aucheri yielded 2 flavonoids (quercetin 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-O-b-D-galactopyranoside (2)) and 2 tannin precursors and a procyanidin [(isolated as peracetates of (+)-catechin (3a), (+)-gallocatechin (4a) and epicatechin-(4b \to 8)-catechin (5a))]. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by UV, 1D-NMR (1H, 13C, TOCSY) and 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC) techniques. Different extracts (80% MeOH, EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O) from the leaves of Q. aucheri were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against 2 Gram-positive and 2 Gram-negative bacteria and 3 yeast-like fungi by a broth microdilution method. EtOAc extract, which showed the highest antimicrobial activity, was further used for isolation.
Temperature and Chemical Changes During Composting of Broiler Litter

Composting broiler litter (a mixture of manure, bedding material, and wasted feed) with commonly available high-C substrates may be a viable alternative to reduce current land disposal practices for litter. Broiler litter with wood shavings as a bedding material and broiler litter with peanut hulls as a bedding material were composted with wheat straw, peanut hulls, pine bark and paper mill sludge in 0.33 m3 batch reactors. Litters and C substrates were mixed to achieve C:N ratios of approximately 30:1. Dry weight, total N, total C, temperature, electrical conductivity and pH were determined at regular intervals. Maximum temperatures peaked near 70°C within 2.25 d after mixing peanut hulls with litter and within 2.58 d for pine bark and litter. Composts made from paper mill sludge approached 50°C within 3.71 d. Wheat straw composts never exceeded 40°C which could present potential health problems associated with pathogenic microorganisms. Mass loss and C:N ratio gradually declined and stabilized approxima.
Bioaccumulation and biochemical effects of mercury in the plant Bacopa monnieri (L)

Plants of Bacopa monnieri were treated with six different concentrations of Hg (0.01, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 μg mL−1) for 4, 7, and 14 d under laboratory conditions. The metal accumulation in the root tissues was about five times more than in the shoots. At all the concentrations of Hg, cysteine, total -SH, reduced glutathione, and ascorbic acid contents increased in the roots of B. monnieri up to 7 d of exposure except the ascorbic acid content, which decreased above 2 μg mL−1 Hg. The malondialdehyde content decreased at all the concentrations of Hg; however, protein and sugar contents decreased above 0.1 and 2.0 μg mL−1 Hg, respectively, after 4 d of exposure in the roots of the plant. The chlorophyll content in leaves decreased significantly with an increase in metal concentrations and durations of exposure. The results suggest that an increase in cysteine, total -SH, reduced glutathione, and ascorbic acid content by Hg treatment at the initial exposure period are part of the overall expression of Hg tolerance in the plant, and the decrease in chlorophyll and protein content is a consequence of Hg toxicity at higher metal concentrations and increased period of exposure. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Butanol–Gasoline Blends in a Port Fuel-injection, Spark-Ignition Engine

This paper assesses different butanol–gasoline blends used in a port fuel-injection, spark-ignition engine to quantify the influence of butanol addition on the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide. Furthermore, in-cylinder pressure was measured to quantify combustion stability and to compare the ignition delay and fully developed turbulent combustion phases as given by 0%–10% and 10%–90% Mass Fraction Burned (MFB). The main findings are: 1) a 40% butanol/60% gasoline blend by volume (B40) minimizes HC emissions; 2) no significant change in NOx emissions were observed, with the exception of the 80% butanol/20% gasoline blend; 3) the addition of butanol improves combustion stability as measured by the COV of IMEP; 4) butanol added to gasoline reduces ignition delay (0%–10% MFB); and 5) the specific fuel consumption of B40 blend is within 10% of that of pure gasoline for stoichiometric mixture.
Aerosol particle formation events and analysis of high growth rates observed above a subarctic wetland–forest mosaic

An analysis of particle formation (PF) events over a subarctic mire in northern Swedenwas performed, based on number– size distributions of atmospheric aerosol particles (10–500 nm in diameter) and ions (0.4–40 nm in Tammet diameter). We present classification statistics for PF events from measurements covering the period July 2005–September 2006, with a break over the winter period. The PF event frequency peaked during the summer months, in contrast to other Scandinavian sites where the frequency is highest during spring and autumn. Our analysis includes calculated growth rates and estimates of concentrations and production rates of condensing vapour, deduced from the growth rates and condensational sink calculations, using AIS and SMPS data. Particle formation events with high growth rates (up to 50 nm h-1) occurred repeatedly. In these cases, the newly formed nucleation mode particles were often only present for periods of a few hours. On several occasions, repeated particle formation events were observed within 1 d, with differences in onset time of a few hours. These high growth rates were only observed when the condensation sink was higher than 0.001 s-1.
Spectra of rotational transitions for diatomic and triatomic molecules in the THz region

Using the widely-tunable monochromatic THz source developed by us recently, we have directly measured the transmission spectra of a few diatomic and triatomic molecules in the THz region. In addition, using the FTIR acquired from Bruker Optics, we have also measured the transmission spectra of the same molecules. As a result, we have observed distinct ro-vibrational and rotational transitions in two carbon monoxide isotopic variants, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide. After carefully analyzing these transmission spectra, we have identified a series of the transition peaks for each chemical species. The frequencies of the transition peaks measured by using two different methods agree with each other well. In order to determine the rotational constants for each chemical species, it is essential for us to accurately measure the transmission spectrum of the vapor of the chemical species in both of the mid-IR and THz regions.
Thermodynamic study of (b1RbCl + b2MeCl2)(aq), where b denotes molality and Me denotes Mn, Co, Ni, or Cu, at the temperature 298.15 K, on the basis of Pitzer's model

Abstract The molalities b of { b 1 RbCl + b 2 (CoCl 2 or NiCl 2 or CuCl 2 )}(aq), have been investigated in saturated solutions at the temperature T = 298.15 K by the physicochemical-analysis method. The thermodynamic functions needed for theoretical plotting of the solubility isotherms are calculated using Pitzer's model. The results obtained are in good agreement with experiment, allowing conclusions to be drawn on the applicability of the thermodynamic method chosen for a sufficiently exact description of the properties of the ternary solutions investigated. The standard molar Gibbs free energies of reaction Δ f G o m of the synthesis of the double salts crystallizing from simple salts and their standard molar Gibbs free energies of formation Δ f G o m are determined. See Table.
Atomic properties and chemical bonding in the pyrite and marcasite polymorphs of FeS2: a combined experimental and theoretical electron density study

The electron density distributions in both polymorphs of the promising photovoltaic material iron disulfide have been determined by multipole modelling against state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray diffraction data collected at 10 K using minute single crystals with dimensions less than 10 μm. Charge density analysis of FeS2 pyrite and marcasite offers a unique opportunity to relate local atomic properties, such as 2-center chemical bonding, atomic charges and d-orbital populations, to polymorphism in extended crystal structures. In combination with results from periodic calculations on the compounds in the experimental geometries using WIEN2k, the study provides unambiguous answers to a number of unsolved issues regarding the nature of the bonding in FeS2. The Fe–S bonds exhibit all the virtues of polar covalent bonds, with only minor charge accumulation but significantly negative energy densities at the bond critical points. Compared to a non-interacting model, the density is found to be concentrated along the Fe–S interaction line in support of a partial covalent bonding description. The homopolar covalent S–S interaction is seemingly stronger in pyrite than in marcasite, determined not only from the shorter distance but also from all topological indicators. The study also clarifies that the atomic charges are significantly smaller than the estimation based on crystal-field theory of Fe2+, S−1. The experimentally derived Fe d-orbital populations are found to deviate from the commonly assumed full t2g set, empty eg set, and they fit exceptionally well with the theoretical individual atomic orbitals projected density of states showing a higher dxy participation in the valence band in marcasite compared with pyrite. Thus, the differences between the two polymorphic compounds are directly reflected in their valence density distributions and d-orbital populations.
Observation of Cu surface inhomogeneities by multiphoton photoemission spectromicroscopy

The spatially resolved energy distribution of electrons emitted from a polycrystalline copper surface has been studied by multiphoton photoemission. Electron emission was induced by femtosecond laser excitation and detected by an emission electron microscope combined with a time-of-flight detector to allow spatially resolved energy analysis. The energy distributions obtained from small spots with strongly enhanced electron emission yield (so-called hot spots) turned out to be different from those measured for homogeneous surface regions. The latter directly reflect two photon photoemission spectra from Cu as was previously observed in spatially averaging experiments. The hot spots, however, are characterized by a slightly lower work function and a strongly enhanced intensity if excited by s-polarized light. The peak positions of these spectra do not depend on the photon energy as is characteristic for a true secondary process. This indicates a different electron emission mechanism in the hot spots compare.
Ultrasonic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Aqueous Solutions of Tetramethylurea

Ultrasonic absorption and sound velocity were measured for aqueous solutions of tetramethylurea at temperatures 10–30 °C. Excess compressibility and partial molar volume were obtained. The curves for the concentration dependence of density, viscosity, and absorption show a maximum at about 60 vol% (20 mol%). The excess compressibility curve shows a minimum at the same concentration. It is concluded that a molecular complex of the molar ratio 4: 1 (water: tetramethylurea) linked with hydrogen-bonds is formed at 20mol%. In a dilute solution (below 4mol%), the magnitude of ultrasonic absorption of tetramethylurea solutions is equal to that of 1,3-dimethylurea solutions, but is less than that of 1,3-diethylurea solutions. The tetramethylurea–water interaction is of a similar nature to that between 1,3-dimethylurea and water in a dilute solution.
Theoretical study of the origin of the large difference in the visible absorption spectra of organic dyes containing a thienylmethine unit and differing by the methine unit position

We analyze the origin of the large (about 128 nm) difference in the maximum of the visible absorption spectrum of dyes 2-Cyano-3-[5'-(4''-(N,N-dimethylamino) phenyl) thiophen-2'-yl] acrylic acid and Cyano-[5-(4-(N,Ndimethyl-amino) benzylidene)-5H-thiophen -2-ylidene]-acetic acid which differ by the position of the methine unit that was observed in an acetonitrile solution. We perform an ab initio analysis of possible factors such as (non-)planarity of the molecule, isomerization, and solvent effects as well as of the influence of computational parameters. Ground state calculations failed to account for the difference in transition energies, but excited state optimization of deprotonated dyes in solution resulted in values comparable to the experiment. We conclude that the most likely explanation for the difference is different stabilization of the LUMO by the polar solvent.
Terahertz detection mechanism of inexpensive sensitive glow discharge detectors

The detection mechanism of glow discharge plasma, which is derived from direct current gas breakdown, in neon indicator lamps was investigated in the terahertz and microwave regimes. Such devices exhibit high sensitivity to terahertz radiation. Experimental setups at 10, 100, and 250GHz were carried out and analyzed. The analysis of the experimental results shows that the dominant mechanism of the glow discharge detector (GDD) in these regimes is enhanced cascade ionization. Furthermore, the responsivity at 10GHz decreases with the increase in the dc bias current between the electrodes, while the responsivity at 100 and 250GHz increases with the dc current. This is attributed to electron-neutral atom collision frequency (ν) of the GDD being tens of gigahertz and its increasing with dc bias current according to dc field increase.
THE COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF HNO: FROM WARREN ROPER TO HEMOGLOBIN

The coordination chemistry of the one-electron reduced form of nitric oxide, termed a nitroxyl or nitrosyl hydride (NO- or HNO), is described anecdotally through the author's discovery of a stable HNO adduct of myoglobin, HNO-Mb, as an illustration of how different areas of chemistry, such as organometallic and bioinorganic, overlap and influence one another in unexpected ways. HNO is short-lived in solution, and many fundamental characteristics of HNO, such as the widely cited values of its oxidation potential and pKa, have been significantly revised through collaborations of theoreticians, biologists, and physical chemists. The very first HNO metal complex was discovered in Warren Ropers lab in 1970, with some 27 years before the next fully characterized example was reported by Hillhouse. Hillhouse in turn helped guide our characterization of HNO-Mb. As with oxymyoglobin, there are several possible descriptions of bonding for HNO-adducts, we present an analogy to the π-bonding interactions of a Fischer carbene. Roper's initial work demonstrated the importance of redox and protonation equilibria in these species, a current focus of ongoing work.
Optical and Conductive Characteristics of Metallic Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Three Basic Colors; Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow

We present protocols to prepare high-purity metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with three basic colors, cyan, magenta, and yellow, through density gradient centrifugations. Addition of deoxycholate sodium salts as a co-surfactant could improve separation capability for metallic SWCNTs in centrifugations. We applied the improved separation protocols to the SWCNTs with different average diameters (1.34, 1.0, and 0.84 nm), and obtained the metallic SWCNTs with cyan, magenta, and yellow colors. Their optical/conductive characteristics were revealed, and conductive color films were formed from the metallic SWCNTs.