Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the operation of visual cortical gamma in the light of frequency variation

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An Updated Concept of Subspecies Resolves a Dispute about the Taxonomy of Incompletely Separated Lineages

A recent controversy in the herpetological literature concerns the taxonomic treatment of detectable lineages that are exchanging genes, which I will hereafter refer to as incompletely separated lineages. Based on results obtained from a Bayesian implementation of the multispecies coalescent model applied to the problem of species delimitation (Yang and Rannala 2010), Burbrink and Guiher (2015) recognized incompletely separated lineages as different species in the case of both cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus and A. conanti) and copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix and A. laticinctus). These proposals were criticized by Hillis (2019, 2020), who argued that the entities in question may have been geographically isolated in the past but currently are not geographically or reproductively isolated and therefore should not be recognized as species. He also stated that subspecies designations are ideal for the copperhead case. Because some of my publications on the species concept (de Queiroz 1998, 2007) were cited by authors on both sides, it seems useful to examine how my proposals concerning the species category bear on this controversy. As it turns out, the different sides are not as far apart as they might seem, with reconciliation provided by a revised concept of subspecies (proposed below) that has been brought into line with the modern concept of species. Although I use the previously mentioned Agkistrodon cases as examples, my proposal has broad applicability within and beyond herpetology. In some respects, the taxonomic treatment of incompletely separated lineages is an old problem. Indeed, disagreements about whether to recognize certain groups as species versus subspecies have existed for centuries. Darwin (1859:51), for example, noted that “Certainly no clear line of demarcation has yet been drawn between species and sub-species” and that (1859:47)
Soil minerals mediate climatic control of soil C cycling on annual to centennial timescales

Climate and parent material both affect soil C persistence, yet the relative importance of climatic versus 10 mineralogical controls on soil C dynamics remains unclear. To test this, we collected soil samples in 2001, 2009, and 2019 along a combined gradient of parent material (andesite, basalt, granite) and climate (mean annual temperature (MAT): 6.5 °C “cold”, 8.6 °C “cool”, 12.0 °C “warm”). We measured the radiocarbon of heterotrophically respired CO 2 ( ∆ 14 C respired ) and bulk soil C ( ∆ 14 C bulk ) as proxies for transient and persistent soil C, and characterized mineral assemblages using selective dissolution. Using linear regression, we observed that MAT was not a significant predictor of either ∆ 14 C bulk or ∆ 14 C respired , 15 yet climate was highly significant as a categorical variable. Climate explained more variance in ∆ 14 C bulk and ∆ 14 C respired over 0–0.1 m, but parent material explained more from 0.1–0.3 m. Cool site soil C was more persistent (lower ∆ 14 C bulk ) than cold or warm climate sites, and also more persistent on andesitic soils, followed by basaltic and then granitic soils. Poorly crystalline metal oxides (PCMs) (but not crystalline metal oxides) were significantly (p < 0.1) correlated with ∆ 14 C bulk , ∆ 14 C respired , and ∆ 14 C respired - ∆ 14 C bulk , indicating their importance for soil C cycling on both short and long timescales. The 20 change in ∆ 14 C respired observed over the study period was linearly related to MAT for the granite soils with the lowest PCM content, but not in the andesitic and basaltic soils with higher PCM content. This link between PCM abundance and the decoupling of MAT and soil C cycling rates suggests PCMs may attenuate the temperature sensitivity of decomposition
CLOTHING DEPRAVATION IN BENIN: CASE OF THE YOUNG GIRLS OF SAINTE RITA

: The objective of our study on the subject "Dressing depravity in Benin: case of young girls from the 8th District (Ste Rita) of the city of Cotonou", was to analyze the dress behavior of young girls from Ste Rita. Through this work we denounce the bad dress habits of young girls in the city of Cotonou, in this case those of Ste Rita and we invite them to raise their awareness. To do this, we made use of the non-probabilistic method based on the principle of reasoned choice. For the collection of information, we used techniques such as observation, interview and documentary research. As far as the tools are concerned, we used the observation grid and the interview guide as tools for collecting information. Starting from the hypotheses according to which the clothing of the young girls of Ste Rita is influenced by the dress fashion of the West and the dress of the young girls of Ste de Rita undermines modesty and leads to the depravity of morals, we have succeeded to the results according to which modernity and snobbery are the basis of this radical change in the dress behavior of young girls. These results confirm our hypotheses. It is up to these young girls, a change of mentality and an awareness to redo their image within society.
Developing meshing workflows for Geologic Uncertainty Assessment in High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Evaluating uncertainties of geological features on temperature and pressure changes in reservoir’s fluids are crucial for a safe and sustainable operation of the High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES). This 10 study uses a new automated surface fitting function in Python API of GMSH (v. 4.11) to model the impact of arbitrary structural barriers and variations of roof and floor geometries on temperature and pressure in heat storage application. A workflow is developed in Python to implement an automated mesh generation routine for varying geological scenarios that cannot be predicted by surface-based exploration methods. This way, the geologic models and their underlying uncertainties are transferred into reservoir simulations. We applied our modelling approach on two case studies: 1) Greater Geneva Basin 15 with the Upper Jurassic (“Malm”) limestone reservoir of 100 m thickness and 2) the DeepStor project in the Upper Rhine Graben with an Oligocene sandstone reservoir of 10 m thickness. In the Greater Geneva Basin showcase, the upper and lower surfaces of the reservoir are shifted ± 8 and ± 10 m, respectively to perturb topology of the thick reservoir. Independence of the heat plume from reservoir´s topology indicates the limited propagation of the induced thermal regime in thick reservoirs and redundancy of the advanced exploration campaigns like 3D seismic. In DeepStor, an arbitrary sub- 20 seismic fault juxtaposing the permeable sandstone layers against low-permeable clay-marl units is introduced to the base case model. The arbitrary fault is located in distances varying 4 m to 118 m from the borehole and resulted in a ~10% difference in the pressure field of the cases. Modelling the pressure and temperature in the tilted reservoir reveals that heat tends to accumulate updip while pressure values are higher in the downdip side.
The Important Contribution of Secondary Formation and Biomass Burning to Oxidized Organic Nitrogen (OON) in a Polluted Urban Area: Insights from In Situ FIGAERO-CIMS Measurements

To investigate the sources and formation mechanism of oxidized organic nitrogen (OON), field measurements of OON were conducted using an iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols 25 (FIGAERO-CIMS) during fall of 2018 in the megacity of Guangzhou, China. Using levoglucosan as tracer of biomass burning emissions, the results show that biomass burning (49%) and secondary formation (51%) accounted for comparable fractions to the total particle-phase OON (pOON), while 24% and 76% to the gas-phase OON (gOON), respectively, signifying the important contribution of biomass burning to pOON and secondary formation to gOON in this urban area. Calculations of production rates of gas-phase organic nitrates (gON) indicated that hydroxyl radical (42%) and nitrate radical (NO 3 ) (49%) oxidation pathways 30 potentially dominated the secondary formation of gON. High concentration of NO 3 radical during the afternoon daytime was observed, demonstrating that the daytime NO 3 oxidation might be more important than the previous recognition. Monoterpenes, found to be major precursor of secondary gON, were mainly from anthropogenic emissions in this urban area. The ratio of secondary pOON to O x ([O x ] = [O 3 ] + [NO 2 ]) increased as a function of relative humidity and aerosol surface area, indicating that heterogeneous reaction might be an important formation pathway for secondary pOON. Finally, the highly oxidized gOON and pOON with 6 to 35 11 oxygen atoms were observed, highlighting the complex secondary reaction processes of OON in the ambient air. Overall, our results can improve the understanding of the sources and dynamic variation of OON in urban atmosphere.
Torus Quotients of Flag Varieties - a Computational Approach Based on Lattice Basis

Consider the Pl¨ucker embedding, Gr 3 , 7 , of the Grassmannian of three dimensional subspaces of a seven dimensional space in projective space P ( (cid:86) 3 C 7 ). Consider the action of the maximal torus of diagonal matrices in SL (7 , C ) on Gr 3 , 7 . We give a computational proof that the GIT quotient of Gr 3 , 7 is projectively normal. Our computations rely on the connection between generators of rings of invariants under the action of a torus and Hilbert basis of polyhedral cones. We use Sage for our computation. We describe the geometry of the torus quotient of partial ﬂag varieties, SL (5 , C ) /Q , when Q is the intersection of two maximal parabolic subgroups of SL (5 , C ) containing a Borel subgroup. The proofs are computational, based again on computing generators for rings of invariants using the connection to Hilbert basis of polyhedral cone. However, unlike in Gr 3 , 7 , these can in principle be checked by hand.
EfficientRainNet: Smaller Neural Networks Based on EfficientNetV2 for Rainfall Nowcasting

Rainfall nowcasting provides short-term, high-resolution information on the location, intensity, and timing of rainfall, which is crucial for weather forecasting, flood warning, and emergency response. This can help people and organizations make informed decisions to mitigate the impact of severe weather events and reduce the risk of damage and loss of life. There are many attempts at tackling the problem at hand, whether it be numerical models or statistical models that also comprise deep neural networks. Even though nowcast models are quite accurate nowadays and the problem has a saturated literature, current approaches mostly focus on improving the nowcast performance while the computational burden keeps increasing. In this study, we propose EfficientRainNet, which is a convolutional neural network architecture that is based on mobile inverted residual linear bottleneck blocks with a few alterations. We show that EfficientRainNet is able to produce comparable results to those of encoder-decoder convolutional GRUs with only a fraction of the trainable parameters over a radar rainfall dataset for the State of Iowa. Also, for the most part, EfficientRainNet performs better than baselines using persistence-and optical flow-based nowcasting, along with another computational efficiency-focused neural network architecture, Small Attention UNet.
Assessment of Design and Implementation Attributes of mHealth Interventions: A Systematic Review

: Usage of mobile phones in achieving health objectives (mHealth) has greatly increased in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is based on the premise that mHealth interventions improve the reach and quality of healthcare services. This systematic review examined mHealth intervention designs and implementation strategies and assessed their effect on interventions‘ outcomes. Major databases and
Factors Contributing to Adult Obesity: A Midwestern Analysis Factors Contributing to Adult Obesity: A Midwestern Analysis

Objective: To investigate the association between adult obesity and several health-related factors: access to healthy food, exercise opportunities, and physical inactivity in Ohio compared to other Midwestern regional states (Illinois and Iowa) in 2022 Methods: Data was obtained from a County Health Rankings Model using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Data were then weighted to reflect population distribution and then used to measure various health behaviors and health-related quality of life (RQoL) indicators. Results: We found significantly higher rates of adult obesity in Ohio compared to Illinois and Iowa. It was also determined that adult obesity in Ohio was most impacted by physical inactivity. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that Ohio is worse off than other Midwestern states in terms of adult obesity and the most beneficial place to start would be to focus on physical inactivity.
The Benefits of Pedagogical Translation on Learning the personal a in Spanish

Over the last few years, educators have been witnessing how pedagogical translation is being reincorporated into the language classroom (Carreres et al., 2018; Pintado Gutiérrez, 2020). The present study examines the effects of pedagogical translation on learning the personal a in Spanish, also known as Differential Object Marker (DOM), a grammatical property that posits a challenge for English-speaking learners of Spanish (Bowles & Montrul, 2009), even among speakers who have resided in a Spanish-speaking community for an extended period of time. To this end, 10 anglophone advanced learners of Spanish, enrolled at a public university in Utah, completed a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest that examined their knowledge of the personal a in Spanish. Quantitative analyses revealed that the advanced second language learners clearly benefited from the use of pedagogical translation (English>Spanish) in the classroom. Our findings are in line with those of Gasca Jiménez (2017) and Barbasán Ortuño et al. (2018) and
Boundary-layer development and gravity waves in conventionally neutral wind farms

While neutral atmospheric boundary layers are rare over land, they occur frequently over sea. In these cases they are almost always of the conventionally neutral type, in which the neutral boundary layer is capped by a strong inversion layer and a stably stratified atmosphere aloft. In the current study, we use large-eddy simulations (LES) to investigate the interaction between a large wind farm that has a fetch of 15 km and a conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL) in typical offshore conditions. At the domain inlet, we consider three different equilibrium CNBLs with heights of approximately 300 m, 500 m and 1000 m that are generated in a separate precursor LES. We find that the height of the inflow boundary layer has a significant impact on the wind farm flow development. First of all, above the farm, an internal boundary layer develops that interacts downwind with the capping inversion for the two lowest CNBL cases. Secondly, the upward displacement of the boundary layer by flow deceleration in the wind farm excites gravity waves in the inversion layer and the free atmosphere above. For the lower CNBL cases, these waves induce significant pressure gradients in the farm (both favourable and unfavourable depending on location and case). A detailed energy budget analysis in the turbine region shows that energy extracted by the wind turbines comes both from flow deceleration and from vertical turbulent entrainment. Though turbulent transport dominates near the end of the farm, flow deceleration remains significant, i.e. up to 35 % of the turbulent flux for the lowest CNBL case. In fact, while the turbulent fluxes are fully developed after eight turbine rows, the mean flow does not reach a stationary regime. A further energy budget analysis over the rest of the CNBL reveals that all energy available at turbine level comes from upwind kinetic energy in the boundary layer. In the lower CNBL cases, the pressure field induced by gravity waves plays an important role in redistributing this energy throughout the farm. Overall, in all cases entrainment at the capping inversion is negligible, and also the work done by the mean background pressure gradient, arising from the geostrophic balance in the free atmosphere, is small.
Computationally efficient parameter estimation for high-dimensional ocean biogeochemical models

Abstract. Biogeochemical (BGC) models are widely used in ocean simulations for a range of applications but typically include parameters that are determined based on a combination of empiricism and convention. Here, we describe and demonstrate an optimization-based parameter estimation method for high-dimensional (in parameter space) BGC ocean models. Our computationally efficient method combines the respective benefits of global and local optimization techniques and enables simultaneous parameter estimation at multiple ocean locations using multiple state variables. We demonstrate the method for a 17-state-variable BGC model with 51 uncertain parameters, where a one-dimensional (in space) physical model is used to represent vertical mixing. We perform a twin-simulation experiment to test the accuracy of the method in recovering known parameters. We then use the method to simultaneously match multi-variable observational data collected at sites in the subtropical North Atlantic and Pacific. We examine the effects of different objective functions, sometimes referred to as cost functions, which quantify the disagreement between model and observational data. We further examine increasing levels of data sparsity and the choice of state variables used during the optimization. We end with a discussion of how the method can be applied to other BGC models, ocean locations, and mixing representations.
Using OMPS-LP color ratio to extract stratospheric aerosol particle size and concentration with application to volcanic eruptions

We develop an algorithm that uses the aerosol extinction at two wavelengths (color ratio) to derive the size and number density for stratospheric aerosols. We apply our algorithm to Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS-LP) L2 and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) data. We show that the color ratio between two wavelengths 10 (e.g. 510 nm/869 nm) is insensitive to aerosol concentration and thus can be used to derive aerosol size assuming a log-normal size distribution. With the size and the extinction, we can compute a number density consistent with both wavelengths. Our results compare favorably to balloon borne particle size and concentration measurements. Our results are also consistent with SAGE solar occultation measurements. Finally, we show the background distribution of stratospheric aerosols and the changes in those distributions during the Reikoke and Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruptions. We also show the evolution of 15 the size and number density of aerosols following both of those eruptions.
Linking 3D Long‐Term Slow‐Slip Cycle Models With Rupture Dynamics: The Nucleation of the 2014 Mw 7.3 Guerrero, Mexico Earthquake

Slow slip events (SSEs) have been observed in spatial and temporal proximity to megathrust earthquakes in various subduction zones, including the 2014 Mw 7.3 Guerrero, Mexico earthquake which was preceded by a Mw 7.6 SSE. However, the underlying physics connecting SSEs to earthquakes remains elusive. Here, we link 3D slow‐slip cycle models with dynamic rupture simulations across the geometrically complex flat‐slab Cocos plate boundary. Our physics‐based models reproduce key regional geodetic and teleseismic fault slip observations on timescales from decades to seconds. We find that accelerating SSE fronts transiently increase shear stress at the down‐dip end of the seismogenic zone, modulated by the complex geometry beneath the Guerrero segment. The shear stresses cast by the migrating fronts of the 2014 Mw 7.6 SSE are significantly larger than those during the three previous episodic SSEs that occurred along the same portion of the megathrust. We show that the SSE transient stresses are large enough to nucleate earthquake dynamic rupture and affect rupture dynamics. However, additional frictional asperities in the seismogenic part of the megathrust are required to explain the observed complexities in the coseismic energy release and static surface displacements of the Guerrero earthquake. We conclude that it is crucial to jointly analyze the long‐ and short‐term interactions and complexities of SSEs and megathrust earthquakes across several (a)seismic cycles accounting for megathrust geometry. Our study has important implications for identifying earthquake precursors and understanding the link between transient and sudden megathrust faulting processes.
A high-resolution Global Aviation emissions Inventory based on ADS-B (GAIA) for 2019 – 2021

Aviation emissions that are dispersed into the Earth's atmosphere affect the climate and air pollution, with significant spatiotemporal variation owing to heterogeneous aircraft activity. In this paper, we use historical flight 10 trajectories derived from Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) telemetry and reanalysis weather data for 2019–2021 to develop the Global Aviation emissions inventory based on ADS-B (GAIA). In 2019, 40.2 million flights collectively travelled 61 billion kilometres using 283 Tg of fuel, leading to CO 2 , NO X , non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions of 893 Tg, 4.49 Tg, 21.4 Gg, and 2.8×10 26 , respectively. Global responses to COVID-19 led to reductions in the annual flight distance flown, CO 2 , and NO X emissions in 2020 (-43%, -48% and -50%, 15 respectively relative to 2019) and 2021 (-31%, -41% and -43%, respectively) with significant regional variability. Short-haul flights with duration < 3 h accounted for 83% of all flights, yet only for 35% of the 2019 CO 2 emissions, while long-haul flights with duration > 6 h (5% of all flights) were responsible for 43% of CO 2 and 49% of NO X emissions. Globally, actual flight trajectories flown are, on average, ~5% greater than the great-circle path between the origin-destination airport but this varies by region and flight distance. An evaluation of 8,705 unique flights between London and Singapore showed