Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recursive least squares estimation and its application to shallow trench isolation

In recent years, run-to-run (R2R) control technology has received tremendous interest in semiconductor manufacturing. One class of widely used run-to-run controllers is based on the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) statistics to estimate process deviations. Using an EWMA filter to smooth the control action on a linear process has been shown to provide good results in a number of applications. However, for a process with severe drifts, the EWMA controller is insufficient even when large weights are used. This problem becomes more severe when there is measurement delay, which is almost inevitable in semiconductor industry. In order to control drifting processes, a predictor-corrector controller (PCC) and a double EWMA controller have been developed. Chen and Guo (2001) show that both PCC and double-EWMA controller are in effect Integral-double-Integral (I-II) controllers, which are able to control drifting processes. However, since offset is often within the noise of the process, the second integrator can actually cause jittering. Besides, tuning the second filter is not as intuitive as a single EWMA filter. In this work, we look at an alternative way Recursive Least Squares (RLS), to estimate and control the drifting process. EWMA and double-EWMA are shown to be the least squares estimate for locally constant mean model and locally constant linear trend model. Then the recursive least squares with exponential factor is applied to shallow trench isolation etch process to predict the future etch rate. The etch process, which is a critical process in the flash memory manufacturing, is known to suffer from significant etch rate drift due to chamber seasoning. In order to handle the metrology delay, we propose a new time update scheme. RLS with the new time update method gives very good result. The estimate error variance is smaller than that from EWMA, and mean square error decrease more than 10% compared to that from EWMA.
Forced vibration test of a building with semi‐active damper system

The authors developed a semi-active hydraulic damper (SHD) and installed it in an actual building in 1998. This was the first application of a semi-active structural control system that can control a building's response in a large earthquake by continuously changing the device's damping coefficient. A forced vibration test was carried out by an exciter with a maximum force of 100 kN to investigate the building's vibration characteristics and to determine the system's performance. As a result, the primary resonance frequency and the damping ratio of a building that the SHDs were not jointed to, decreased as the exciting force increased due to the influence of non-linear members such as PC curtain walls. The equivalent damping ratio was estimated by approximating the resonance curves using the steady-state response of the SDOF bilinear hysteretic system. After the eight SHDs were jointed to the building, the system's performance was identified by a response control test for steady-state vibration. The elements that composed the semi-active damper system demonstrated the specified performance and the whole system operated well. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sequential mixed model research design: Design, analytical and display issues

Abstract A new era in research methods is emerging and has been quietly lauded by several emerging authorities in the field of mixed methods research. Like the mythology of the phoenix, mixed methods research has arisen out of the ashes of the paradigm wars to become the third methodological movement (Cameron & Miller 2007). The fields of applied social science and evaluation are among those which have shown the greatest popularity and uptake of mixed methods research designs. This article provides a brief overview of the rise of mixed methods research, its usage in business and management fields and its relationship to the philosophy of pragmatism. Typologies of mixed methods research designs are discussed and a case study of a sequential mixed model research design in the human resource development (HRD) field is presented. Issues related to design, analytical processes and display arising from utilising this particular mixed method research design are discussed. As a consequence, the article contains several Tables and Figures which exemplify display options that may assist those researchers who are considering utilising a mixed method research design.
Implantable CPW‐fed rectangular patch antenna for ISM band biomedical applications

Implantable antennas have recently been receiving substantial attention for medical diagnosis and treatment. In this article, a coplanar waveguide‐fed monopole antenna for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band biomedical applications is proposed. The antenna has a simple structure that is placed on human tissues like muscle, fat, and skin. The designed antenna is made compatible for implantation by embedding it in a FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna is simulated using the method of moment's software IE3D by assuming the predetermined dielectric constant for the human muscle tissue, fat, and skin. The antenna operates in the frequency of ISM bands, 2.4 −2.48 GHz. Simulated and measured gains attain −7.7 and −8 dBi in the frequency of 2.45 GHz. The radiation pattern, return loss, current distribution, and gain of these antennas were examined and characterized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1060–1065, 2014
Design and Validation of a Burner With Variable Geometry for Extended Combustion Range

A study on innovative gas turbine core concepts supported by the NEWAC project (NEW Aero-engine Core concepts, Integrated Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme under contract No. AIP5-CT-2006-030876) focused on the ability of the combustor to maintain combustion during a drastic reduction of the main air, e.g. due to an active control on the core flow to improve the off-design efficiency. A feasibility study was performed at Graz University of Technology including dimensioning, design and validation of a test burner with variable geometry. A low power premixed methane / air burner with swirl-stabilised flame was chosen, on which the outlet surface and the ratio axial to tangential momentum on the mass flow rate could be controlled. During testing at atmospheric conditions, special attention was paid to the extension of the flammability domain and to the flame dynamics (transition attached-detached, flame stability, blowout limits). It was established for instance that based on this technology, a detached flame can be maintained when reducing the design mass flow rate by 40 per cent within a safe stability range. The paper discusses the background of the study, the burner’s design and technology, the measurement techniques and the results of the validation campaign. A discussion on possible advantages of using variable geometry in a combustion chamber versus conventional technologies closes the paper, taking into account the technical challenges to be met.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Visco-elastic-plastic properties and constitutive modeling of underfills

The thermo-mechanical testing of HYSOL FP4526 underfill, a filled polymer, is reported, including the details of sample preparation and test procedures. Both strain rate and temperature dependence are found for the Young's modulus of the underfill. The constitutive framework proposed for solder alloys (Qian and Liu, 1997) is, for the first time, applied successfully to the thermo-mechanical properties of HYSOL FP4526 in this paper. Excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental data is achieved.
A vehicle control algorithm for stop-and-go cruise control

Abstract A vehicle speed and vehicle-to-vehicle distance control algorithm for vehicle stop-and-go cruise control has been proposed in this paper. The control algorithm consists of speed and distance control algorithms and a combined throttle-brake control law. Linear quadratic optimal control theory has been used to develop a vehicle speed and distance control algorithm. A desired acceleration for the vehicle has been designed on the basis of the vehicle speed and distance control algorithm. Throttle and brake actuators are controlled by the throttle-brake control law so that the vehicle acceleration tracks the desired acceleration. A stepper motor and an electronic vacuum booster have been used for the throttle and brake actuators respectively. The throttle and brake actuators have been tested and the actuator dynamics has been incorporated in the simulation package used in this study. The effects of the model errors and the actuator dynamics on the control performance have been investigated via simulations. It has been shown that the proposed control law provides good performance over the model errors and the actuator dynamics.
International Conference “Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Mechanics: Current Problems”

Preface This conference keeps the tradition of having regular scientific and technical conferences on the urgent issues of applied mathematics, computer science and mechanics at the Voronezh State University, which has been developed over the past 20 years. Every year, well-known authorities, who represent various scientific areas, educational organizations, industrial enterprises and IT companies, gather at this scientific forum. In all these years, this conference has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Scientific Research (RFBR). Within the framework of the conference, thorough analyses of modern scientific advances in fundamental and applied areas are made, original reports on the current trends in the development of modern mathematics, computer science and mechanics are made. In general, the work of the conference is aimed at identifying and systematizing the issues and trends in the development of the scientific areas of modern mathematics, computer science and mechanics; discussion of the results of solving scientific problems and projects; development of scientific cooperation; involving students and graduate students in scientific work. The main scientific lines of orientation of the conference are the following: development of essential foundations, mathematical models and numerical methods for solving scientific and applied problems of a wide range, development and application of methods for system analysis of complex systems and processes including issues of optimization, control and decision-making, detection of laws of deformation, damage and destruction of materials with complex properties, study of problems of mathematical hydrodynamics, robotic systems creation of technologies and software for distributed and high-performance computing systems, development of mathematical basis of modern information technologies. Aleksandr Shashkin Dean of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, Voronezh State University, Russian Federation List of Organizing Institutions, Supporting Institutions, Organizing and Program Committees and Conference Paper Review Process are available in this PDF.
On adaptive occupant-learning window blind and lighting controls

Occupants have a significant impact upon building energy use, e.g. through the actuation of window blinds and switching off lights. Automation systems with fixed set points for controlling blinds and lights have been used in some applications as an attempt to mitigate the impact of occupant behaviour upon energy consumption. A conceptual framework of an alternative control method is presented, one in which the control system adapts control set points in real time to each occupant's preferences. The potential of this hypothesis is demonstrated through a simulation-based study focused on a hypothetical south-facing office with existing empirical models that predict occupant behaviour regarding the control of window blinds and lights. The performance of a proposed adaptive automation system is simulated, one in which window-blind and lighting control set points are adapted in real time to learn the modelled occupant preferences using a Kalman filter. The performance of this alternative occupant-learning method of control is contrasted to that of two conventional control methods, one in which occupants have manual control over window blinds and lights, and the other that employs an automation system with fixed set points. The simulation results indicate that such an adaptive occupant-learning control method could lead to substantial energy savings.
Development of a model of barriers to environmentally conscious manufacturing implementation

Manufacturing firms consume energy and natural resources in highly unsustainable manner and release large amounts of green house gases leading to many economic, environmental and social problems from climate change to local waste disposal. Consciousness about these issues has led to a new manufacturing paradigm of environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM). However, there are various barriers to the implementation of ECM. A proper understanding and analysis of these barriers will allow the management of the company and government to prioritise their focus to mitigate root barriers for effective implementation of ECM. This paper aims at identifying the barriers to ECM, developing a model of these barriers using statistical analysis and testing the model using structural equation modelling technique. The results provide three types of barriers – internal, policy and economic. The results show that internal barriers are the root barriers and cause policy and economic barriers. It reflects that the barriers which are internal to the organisation should be mitigated first for effective implementation of ECM.
Influence of Soil Modeling Uncertainties on Site Response

The scope of this work is to examine the influence of the uncertainty in soil modeling on numerical ground response estimates through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. This allows identification of those parameters with the largest effect on both soil amplification (quantified here by a frequency-independent factor, Fa) and fundamental frequency, f0. Although extensively examined in previous articles, the effect of the input motion is also analyzed. The uncertainty affecting the shear wave velocity (VS) profile was found to be the factor contributing most to the uncertainty of both Fa and f0. The soil thickness was also found to play a key role, particularly in those cases where bedrock depth is unknown or largely uncertain. Although of secondary importance compared to the effect of VS on Fa and f0, the influence of the input motion cannot be neglected; rather it becomes predominant with regard to the uncertainty affecting frequency-dependent shaking parameters.
Optical proximity communication

We review 10Gb/sec Optical Proximity Communication realized with packaged chips that carry SOI optical waveguides and reflecting mirrors micromachined in silicon. The high precision chip to chip alignment and placement was enabled by a new packaging concept based on the co-integration of pyramidal pit features defined by anisotropic silicon etch and matching high precision micro-spheres. We support this novel packaging approach with measured optical transmission data and discuss the extent of it towards other applications of Proximity Communication.
Sustainable community waste collection in Karachi, Pakistan

Low-income communities residing in squatter settlements usually develop their own services through self-help efforts. Such schemes include solid waste disposal, with the aim of placing household and other kinds of waste outside the locality from where it can be removed by municipal authorities. This minimalist system ensures cleanliness and basic upkeep in the community area. The system normally utilises a sweeper and basic waste-collection tools such as a wheelbarrow improvised for waste collection, hand tools and collection bins used by households for routine collection. A community mobilisation effort is required for the efficient working of such a system. In two low-income communities in Karachi, this approach was applied by a local non-government organisation (NGO), the Association for Protection of Environment (APE), in 1996. After providing continuous professional support for three years with the objective of acting as a catalyst, APE trained several members of the local community-based organisatio.
Wind tunnel testing of the fish bone active camber morphing concept

This work presents comparative experimental investigations into the aerodynamics of the recently proposed Fish Bone Active Camber morphing structure. This novel, biologically inspired concept consists of four main elements: a compliant skeletal core, a pre-tensioned elastomeric matrix composite skin, an antagonistic pair of tendons coupled to a non-backdriveable spooling pulley as the driving mechanism, and a non-morphing main spar. The Fish Bone Active Camber concept is capable of generating large changes in airfoil camber and is therefore proposed as a high-authority morphing solution for fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, wind turbines, tidal stream turbines, and tilt-rotors. This testing compares a baseline airfoil employing a conventional trailing edge flap to a continuous morphing trailing edge using the Fish Bone Active Camber concept. Testing is performed in the low-speed wind tunnel at Swansea University over a range of camber deformations and angles of attack. Both approaches are capable of generating similar levels of lift coefficient; however, comparison of the drag results shows a significant reduction for the Fish Bone Active Camber geometry. While purely two-dimensional flow was not achieved due to restrictions of the tunnel, the two airfoils operated in similar flow environments, allowing for a direct comparison between the two. Over the range of angles of attack typically used in fixed and rotary wing applications, improvements in the maximum obtainable lift-to-drag ratio on the order of 20%–25% are shown.
Application of the Multivariate T2 Control Chart and the Mason–Tracy–Young Decomposition Procedure to the Study of the Consistency of Impurity Profiles of Drug Substances

A case study from the chemical and pharmaceutical industry is used to show the value of the application of the multivariate T 2 control chart and the Mason–Tracy–Young decomposition procedure to the study of the consistency of the impurity profiles of drug substances. The impurity profile of a drug substance is one of the most important quality characteristics, is almost always multivariate in nature, and is complicated by the relationships among the impurity levels. This prohibits examining each impurity by univariate statistical procedures. Several of the possible benefits of applying these multivariate statistical procedures to the manufacture of drug substances are illustrated through the presentation and discussion of the case study.
The Influence of the Blading Surface Roughness on the Aerodynamic Behavior and Characteristic of an Axial Compressor

The conversion of energy in an axial compressor is influenced in great measure by the surface quality of the blading. To achieve low flow losses, the roughness values of the blade surface must be below certain limits. However, the blade surface, which is hydraulically smooth on commissioning of the machine, is in many cases attacked by dirt, corrosion and erosion during operation. For investigation of the influence of the surface quality on the efficiency, flow rate, pressure ratio, and the shifting of the characteristic curves, systematic measurements were taken on a three-stage axial compressor with smooth and uniformly rough blading. The roughness was produced by applying loose emery grain of different grades.
THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NANOFERTILIZERS TO IMPROVE
THE QUALITY AND RAISE THE EFFICIENCY OF VEGETABLE
CROPS PRODUCTIVITY AND REDUCE THE DAMAGE OF
BIOLOGICAL STRESSES (Review Article)

Several methods were used to increase productivity and improve the quality of the product for vegetable crops and prolong their presence in the markets, including the treatment of various vegetable crops with industrial growth regulators and mineral fertilizers, whether fertilizers containing in their composition contain micronutrients or major nutrients. Global statistics have shown in many studies that there are large numbers of people in the world whose number exceeds 3 billion peoples who suffer from undernutrition, especially the shortage of micronutrients, as this problem can be overcome by adding fertilizers containing these elements to agricultural production fields in different ways, but the use of these chemical fertilizers may have negative harmful effects on the environment and public health in addition to the high prices, which constitute an economic burden on farms, so the researchers moved not long ago to adopt the idea of using nanofertilizers to raise production efficiency and reduce the harm of biological stresses reduce the cost of production processes as well as it is the safest food source compared to chemical fertilizers in vegetable crops, which have been used and utilized in many scientific fields in many countries of the world.
Leaf Deposition with Fixed Sprinklers, Low Drift and Conventional Nozzles in Apple Orchard

Field experiments were conducted to measure deposition of spray on leaves in apple orchards for the application systems. The orchard was planted with dwarf trees. A permanent sprinkler system was installed for pesticide applications. Sprinklers were installed above the canopy centered on the tree rows, one sprinkler for two trees and following an alternating pattern on adjacent tree rows. Also a conventional radial sprayer with reduced airflow and fitted with conventional or low-drift nozzles was used. The spray liquid was water with food dyes. A three dye system was used with one color per treatment. Small self-adhesive vinyl disks were placed on the leaves at 5 different locations on the top and bottom side of the leaves and spectroscopic analysis was performed to obtain leaf deposit. The ratio of bottom to top leaf deposit was closer to 1 with the low drift nozzles, higher than 1 with the conventional nozzles and close to 0 with the sprinklers. Leaf coverage with the low drift nozzles was not statistically different from the deposit with conventional nozzles in all tree locations both on the top and bottom surfaces of the leaves except in the lower part of the trees close to the trunk where low drift nozzles produced higher deposits. Overall, the low drift nozzles deposited more spray to the trees and produced less variability among the various positions in the trees.