Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of Solder Microstructure Stimulated by Interface Condition of the UBM/Solder and Enhancement of Electromigration Reliability

This paper presents two example cases of controlling microstructures of lead-free solder joints in a direction of improving electromigration (EM) reliability. Specifically, this paper reports the change in the grain structure by using the biased nucleation of Sn grains. The biased nucleation and development of highly textured Sn solder grains are seen when a solder ball is reflowed on the surface of (111) Cu single crystal. The texture development is found to be stronger in smaller balls, evidencing the substrate affecting the nucleation process. Also reported is the process of the grain refinement of solder when subjected to AC EM condition. Significant refinement of Sn grains is found in our study when SAC(Sn-Ag-Cu) solder joint are subjected to the pulsed EM condition. The refinement, probably induced by a dynamic recrystallization, results in substantial delay in the EM failure kinetics especially in low percentage failures, also known as early failures. Our investigation indicates that the early failures are related to the presence of EM shortcut, that is [001] Sn grain aligned to the EM direction, suggesting that the two cases of grain structure control demonstrated in this paper may offer an effective way of improving EM reliability.
Machine Learning based Comparative Analysis of Cervical Cancer Risk Classifications Algorithms

Cervical cancer is a major health concern for women worldwide, and early detection is essential for successful treatment. Since symptoms often do not appear until later stages, early screening is necessary. Machine learning can help classify cervical cancer risk by analyzing patient datasets and identifying the important factors that predict the likelihood of emerging cervical cancer. This paper evaluates six different machine-learning approaches for analyzing risk factors associated with cervical cancer using a dataset of 838 instances with 36 features. Results show that the SVM classifier performs the best, with an accuracy of 99.60% which emphasize the possibility of utilizing machine learning to enhance the precision of cervical cancer risk assessment. This can result in the development of better screening and prevention techniques for cervical cancer, which can be more effective in identifying and managing this disease.
A Bouquet of Essays

Author(s): Guggisberg, Michael Ryan | Advisor(s): Poirier, Dale | Abstract: This bouquet of essays contains four chapters. In the first chapter I present a brief summary of the literature of misspecified models. I discuss what various estimators are actually estimating when the model is misspecified. Further I discuss corrections to standard errors and when they are useful. I briefly cover hypothesis testing in the presence of misspecified models. I cover both frequentist and Bayesian approached. I show that a misspecified model can indeed be useful and discuss some misconceptions with misspecified models. The second chapter investigates the impact of misspecification in discrete choice models. I derive necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator from the misspecified model. A corollary is that the misspecified estimator is consistent for the correct sign, under certain conditions. It also follows that Huber-White standard errors can be used to obtain asymptotically conservative type one errors when testing the nullity of the coefficient. The third chapter builds a Bayesian model for multiple-output quantiles using a commonly accepted definition for the quantile. The prior can be elicited as the ex-ante knowledge of Tukey depth, the first prior of its kind. I apply the model to the Tennessee Project STAR experiment and find there is a joint increase in \emph{all quantile subpopulations} for reading and mathematics scores given a decrease in the number of students per teacher. This result is consistent with, and much stronger than, the results from previous studies. The four chapter I investigate if United States Supreme Court Justices recuse themselves strategically. I create a new structural model of recusals. Using this model I find causal evidence that justices recuse themselves strategically. I then calibrate and simulate the model to find the frequency of cases where at least one justice has a conflict of interest but does not recuse. I find at most 47\% of cases have at least one justice with a conflict of interest that did not recuse. It was difficult to come up with an overarching theme for this bouquet of essays -- hence the title. The closest theme would be `model misspecification. ' The first chapter provides an overview of misspecified models, the second chapter investigates a misspecified discrete choice models and the third chapter purposefully uses a misspecified model to get an interesting estimator. However, the closest the fourth chapter gets to `model misspecification' is the use of the Kullback-Leibler distance in a simulation. The Kullback-Leibler distance is often used in the misspecified literature but there is nothing about the distance that makes it inherently related to misspecified models.
Analysis of Programming Performance Based on 2-grams of Keystrokes and Mouse Operations

Individual differences in programming performance are very large. For objectivity in programming performance, there is a strong need to quantitatively evaluate programming performance of individual developer. In this study, we conduct an experiment to measure programmers’ behaviors including keystrokes and mouse operations of fourteen subjects, and analyze correlations between them and programming performance. The experimental results show that those who check a lot of program operation and those who use shortcut keys frequently had higher programming performance. In addition, subjects who spent a lot of time searching on the web, compiled a lot, and rewrote a lot of code had lower programming performance.
Do evidence-based active-engagement courses reduce the gender gap in introductory physics?

Prior research suggests that using evidence-based pedagogies can not only improve learning for all students, it can also reduce the gender gap. We describe the impact of physics education research-based pedagogical techniques in flipped and active-engagement non-flipped courses on the gender gap observed with validated conceptual surveys. We compare male and female students’ performance in courses which make significant use of evidence-based active-engagement (EBAE) strategies with courses that primarily use lecture-based (LB) instruction. All courses had large enrolment and often had more than 100 students. The analysis of data for validated conceptual surveys presented here includes data from two-semester sequences of algebra-based and calculus-based introductory physics courses. The conceptual surveys used to assess student learning in the first and second semester courses were the force concept inventory and the conceptual survey of electricity and magnetism, respectively. In the research discussed here, the performance of male and female students in EBAE courses at a particular level is compared with LB courses in two situations: (I) the same instructor taught two courses, one of which was an EBAE course and the other an LB course, while the homework, recitations and final exams were kept the same; (II) student performance in all of the EBAE courses taught by different instructors was averaged and compared with LB courses of the same type also averaged over different instructors. In all cases, on conceptual surveys we find that students in courses which make significant use of active-engagement strategies, on average, outperformed students in courses of the same type using primarily lecture-based instruction even though there was no statistically significant difference on the pre-test before instruction. However, the gender gap persisted even in courses using EBAE methods. We also discuss correlations between the performance of male and female students on the validated conceptual surveys and the final exam, which had a heavy weight on quantitative problem solving.
Spectral theory and inverse problems on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds

We shall study spectral properties of Laplace-Beltrami operators on non-compact manifolds having asymptotically hyperbolic ends. We introduce a space of solutions of the associated Helmholtz equation and the S-matrix by observing the asymptotic behavior of solutions at infinity. We then show that this S-matrix determines the Riemannian metric. x1. Spectral and scattering theory on hyperbolic manifolds
Empirical Assessment and Detection of Suicide Related Posts in Twitter using Artificial Intelligence enabled Classification Logic

The identification of suicidal thoughts in online social networks is an expanding field of study fraught with major challenges. Recent studies have shown that the readily available data, dispersed over many online life phases, contains useful clues for accurately identifying persons with suicidal intentions. The primary challenge in preventing suicide is learning to recognize and respond appropriately to the sometimes-confusing risk factors and warning indications that may precipitate an attempt. Indicators useful for diagnosing people with suicide thoughts can be found in publicly available material shared over social media platforms, according to recent studies. Understanding and recognizing the myriad risk factors and warning symptoms that may precede a suicide attempt is the primary difficulty in this area of public health. In this research, we developed a benchmark for multi-class categorization using machine learning models. We used a majority classifier, a frequency-based technique, and two deep learning models as our models. Both deep learning models outperformed the majority and the word frequency classifier, with results that were very comparable. These classification results are on par with the state-of-the-art on similar problems and, in most cases, with human results.
Impact of Temperature Cycling Conditions on Board Level Vibration for Automotive Applications

Board level vibration testing is a commonly used method to predict the solder joint reliability of surface-mounted components seated onto printed circuit boards (PCB). Current board level vibration test methods are mainly developed from a solely mechanical stress application standpoint. This makes such stress tests one dimensional in nature and translation from experimentally obtained test results to the field life of components experiencing combined stress environments become ambiguous. This investigation provides insights to develop a highly accelerated vibration test approach to cover simultaneous vibration and temperature loading situations in the field. In this paper, test board layouts from the board level drop test method, JESD22-B111 (rectangular PCB), and JESD22-B111A (square PCB), prescribed by the Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council (JEDEC), are used to understand the combined stress applied to the solder interconnects. The evaluation process is carried out by means of simulations, supported by targeted experiments on ball grid array (BGA) packages with dimensions sizing from 12x12mm to 15x15mm. The results on rectangular test board assembly show reduced characteristic lifetime of solder joints when stressed under combined temperature-vibration test conditions. On the other hand, the square-shaped board type exhibits a different acceleration factor with a longer solder fatigue lifetime than that of the rectangular-shaped PCB type. Finite element simulation results complement well with this finding.
Experimental Measurements of Shielding Influences on Near Magnetic Field for LED Lighting Sources

LED light sources have many advantages but also disadvantages such as temperature sensitivity. Another of these drawbacks concerns the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic ballasts and the generation of electromagnetic disturbances. The generation of these disturbances comes from the DC/DC converter circuits. This paper presents the results obtained on electromagnetic radiation (EMI) interference in an LED lamp lighting system (charging cable, LED lamp) in the frequency domain (FD) using a near-field scanning method. (NFS). We thus carried out measurements of the radiated emissions generated by the cable between the driver and the lamp and the LED lamp itself. A shielding of the device has been carried out and a comparative study of the radiated electromagnetic field is presented with and without shielding for the different components (HX, HY, HZ) at different levels including both the cable of the LED lamp and the electronic ballast.
Robotic Arm Based Display Touch Test Automation

In situations where we must communicate with machines, an HMI in physical form is necessary. In the modern world, touch screen displays are used to efficiently utilize the available area and to optimize the display size. Similar principles are currently being used in the automotive sector. Before a product is released, engineers must guarantee its dependability of operation in real life. A well-established set of automated hardware and software testing methods are available during the R&D phase, but some tests such as the touch test with the display is still done manually which is time-consuming. This paper's goal is to propose a novel idea for automated software testing that simulates touches with a robotic arm to assess the software's accuracy, precision, and dependability in identifying touch locations. Test cases will be run and monitored in accordance with the specifications. At the end, a report with relevant statistics on the total number of touches, accuracy, timestamp, overall error percentage will be generated. This study provides a conceptual approach for accomplishing the test automation task.
C++ and Interoperability Between Libraries: The GraphBLAS C++ Specification

Interoperability between libraries is often hindered by incompatible data formats, which can necessitate creating new copies of data when transferring data back and forth between different libraries. This additional data movement incurs additional runtime costs, particularly for sparse applications, where the costs of data movement often dwarf compute costs. In this paper, we investigate interoperability in the context of the C++ GraphBLAS Specification, where C++ concepts allow GraphBLAS algorithms to accept any matrix type as long as it follows the matrix interface defined in the GraphBLAS matrix concept. We first develop non-owning, lazily evaluated adapted views for a number of external data structures, including two categories of graphs defined in the Northwest Graph Library (NWGraph) and traditional pointer-based CSR data structures. These adapted views fulfill the C++ GraphBLAS matrix concept, allowing them to be used inside GraphBLAS algorithms. We then evaluate the performance of these adapted views across two kernels, matrix reduction and sparse times dense matrix multiplication (SpMM), where the performance achieved using a single generic implementation with these views largely matches the performance achieved operating directly on the original data structures, with a slight performance loss in one case. We then propose a mechanism for automatically discovering the availability of these views, allowing algorithms to directly accept external data structures. We also discuss potential extensions to the C++ GraphBLAS specification that might eliminate the small performance dip observed for one of the views.
Explaining Russian Manufacturing Export: Firm Characteristics and External Conditions

This paper examines the exporting behaviour of Russian manufacturers by considering the interaction of firm characteristics and external conditions. An important distinction is made between general exporting activity and export to developed countries. Firm features and specific export experience are found to be important in determining the international orientation of manufacturers and the destination of their exports. At the same time, agglomeration effects are relevant in determining the share of transactions directed to more developed markets, indicating that more efficient exporters are agglomerated in regional and industrial clusters. Among external conditions, natural resource dependence does not seem incompatible with a diversified industrial structure, while a lower degree of regulatory capture is found to favour orientation towards more developed markets. A final section takes a specific look at the new enterprise sector, and finds institutional conditions to be an important determinant of its exporting behaviour. JEL classification: D21, F14, L60, O50, P23, P28, P31, P33, P37, R12.
Turbulent Friction Velocity Calculated from the Reynolds Stress Tensor

AbstractTo eliminate the need to correct for instrument tilt, a process that can be problematic in complex terrain, a new way to calculate the turbulent friction velocity is derived based on invariants of the Reynolds stress tensor. In utilizing Reynolds stress tensor invariants, this new method eliminates the need for tilt correction. The friction velocity is calculated without any reference to the wall normal or other terrain features making this method a candidate for future use with data from complex environments. Since this new method is derived from a different theoretical basis than the well-established methods, it is evaluated using data from flat terrain to compare the new method to the standard calculation method, treated here as a baseline truth. For neutral thermal stratification the values calculated using the new method nearly identically match the control values calculated using the standard method. Although for nonneutral stratification the values calculated using the new method do not clo.
Structural and Environmental Characteristics of Extratropical Cyclones Associated with Tornado Outbreaks in the Warm Sector: An Idealized Numerical Study

AbstractTo clarify the effects of the horizontal shear of the jet stream on the structure and environment of extratropical cyclones that are accompanied by tornado outbreaks (OCs) and those that are not (NOCs), two idealized numerical experiments are performed. The experiments (OC-CTL and NOC-CTL) adopt the basic states taken from the corresponding composites of reanalysis data (JRA-55), except that the humidity field in both cases is taken from the OC composite.The simulated cyclone in OC-CTL exhibits a more meridionally elongated structure and stronger low-level wind in the southeast quadrant of the cyclone center, resulting in larger values of storm relative environmental helicity (SREH) than those in NOC-CTL. These results are consistent with the characteristics of the cyclones found for OCs and NOCs in the authors’ composite study. The distributions of surface-based convective available potential energy (SBCAPE) show no notable differences between OC-CTL and NOC-CTL, while those of CAPE based on the .
Fréchet-Legendre functions and reflexive Banach spaces

A 2001 article by Bauschke, Borwein and Combettes showed how to extend naturally the classical definitions of essential smoothness and essential strict convexity from functions on in a compatible fashion to any Banach space. They were able, among other things, to show that substantial duality results hold for Legendre functions in reflexive spaces. That article focused on essential smoothness in the Gâteaux sense. Our goal herein is to show that similar results hold for Frechet smoothness and to study related properties of such functions on reflexive Banach spaces.
The automatic detection of dataset names in scienti � c articles

The number of datasets is ever-increasing, this vast amount makes � nding the right dataset a challenging task. To improve this process, this thesis is focused on automating the detection of dataset names in scienti � c literature using Named Entity Recognition. The performances and annotations costs of various methods (rule-based, CRF, BiLSTM, BiLSTM-CRF, BERT & SciBERT) have been compared. For this purpose, a dataset consisting of sentences from four scienti � c corpora has been created. In order to test a model’s annotation costs, the models have been trained on varying versions of the dataset (including di � erent training set sizes, di � erent ratios of negative/positive examples or containing only sentences from speci � c corpora). Considering these costs, two methods stand out negatively (requiring large amounts of data): BiLSTM & BiLSTM-CRF. The remaining methods do require some data, but the needed amount is limited, especially for the rule-based method. Looking at the performances, the SciBERT method has performed very stable with the highest scores overall. This has lead to the conclusion that SciBERT is most suitable for the dataset recognition task, considering both performance and costs.
Magnetodielectric effects in A-site cation-ordered chromate spinels LiMCr4O8 (M = Ga and In)

We report the occurrence of a magnetodielectric effect and its correlation with structure and magnetism in the $A$-site ordered chromate spinel oxides $\mathrm{Li}M\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ ($M=\mathrm{Ga}$, In). In addition to magnetic and dielectric measurements, temperature dependent synchrotron and neutron diffraction experiments have been carried out for the Ga compound. The results are compared and contrasted with that of a corresponding conventional $B$-site magnetic chromate spinel oxide, $\mathrm{ZnC}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Like $\mathrm{ZnC}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, the $A$-site ordered chromate spinels exhibit a magnetodielectric effect at the magnetic ordering temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\sim}13\char21{}15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$), resulting from magnetoelastic coupling through a spin Jahn-Teller effect. While the presence of a broad magnetic anomaly, associated with a short-range magnetic ordering (${T}_{\mathrm{SO}}\ensuremath{\sim}45\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) in $\mathrm{ZnC}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, does not cause any dielectric anomaly, a sharp change in dielectric constant has been observed in $\mathrm{LiInC}{\mathrm{r}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ at the magnetic anomaly, which is associated with the opening of a spin gap (${T}_{\mathrm{SG}}\ensuremath{\sim}60\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$). Contrary to the In compound, a broad dielectric anomaly exists at the onset of short-range antiferromagnetic ordering (${T}_{\mathrm{SO}}\ensuremath{\sim}55\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) in $\mathrm{LiGaC}{\mathrm{r}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$. The differences in dielectric behavior of these compounds have been discussed in terms of breathing distortion of the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{4}$ tetrahedra.