Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Upper mantle Q structure beneath old seafloor in the western Pacific

The Pacific Lithosphere Anisotropy and Thickness Experiment ocean bottom seismometer array south of the Shatsky Rise allows imaging the attenuation structure of the upper mantle in the oldest parts of the Pacific Ocean. The array consisted of eight seismometers with a lateral extent of 200 km by 600 km. Intermediate‐ and deep‐focus earthquake sources in the Mariana and Izu‐Bonin subduction zones provide paths that probe different depths beneath the seafloor. Acceleration spectra from the vertical component of P waves are inverted for the attenuation operator and corner frequency. Pn propagation indicates very high Qp values in the lithosphere, of order 1000, while path‐average Qp values in the upper mantle are on the order of 400. The variety of source epicentral distances and depths enables us to deduce the vertical Qp−1 structure of the upper mantle. Using the amplitude spectra directly in a weighted least squares problem that accounts for the effects of triplications in the traveltime curves, we invert for Qp−1 as a function of depth. We demonstrate that Qp is frequency dependent and adopt a power law dependence with coefficient α = 0.27. We resolve three distinct layers using a reference frequency of 1 Hz with Qp on the order of 145 at depths 100–250 km, Qp on the order of 350 at depths 250–410 km, and very high Qp with attenuation indistinguishable from zero for depths below 410 km. The P waves have a component of scattering, and thus, Qp−1 represents the maximum intrinsic attenuation beneath normal undisturbed oceanic lithosphere.
Geoengineering: Governance and Technology Policy

This report is intended as a primer on the policy issues, science, and governance of geoengineering technologies. The report will first set the policy parameters under which geoengineering technologies may be considered. It will then describe selected technologies in detail and discuss their status. The third section provides a discussion of possible approaches to governmental involvement in, and oversight of, geoengineering, including a summary of domestic and international instruments and institutions that may affect geoengineering projects.
Toxicology Test Results for Public Health Surveillance of the Opioid Epidemic: Retrospective Analysis

Background Addressing the opioid epidemic requires timely insights into population-level factors, such as trends in prevalence of legal and illegal substances, overdoses, and deaths. Objective This study aimed to examine whether toxicology test results of living individuals from a variety of sources could be useful in surveilling the opioid epidemic. Methods A retrospective analysis standardized, merged, and linked toxicology results from 24 laboratories in Marion County, Indiana, United States, from September 1, 2018, to August 31, 2019. The data set consisted of 33,787 Marion County residents and their 746,681 results. We related the data to general Marion County demographics and compared alerts generated by toxicology results to opioid overdose–related emergency department visits. Nineteen domain experts helped prototype analytical visualizations. Main outcome measures included test positivity in the county and by ZIP code; selected demographics of individuals with toxicology results; and correlation of toxicology results with opioid overdose–related emergency department visits. Results Four percent of Marion County residents had at least 1 toxicology result. Test positivity rates ranged from 3% to 19% across ZIP codes. Males were underrepresented in the data set. Age distribution resembled that of Marion County. Alerts for opioid toxicology results were not correlated with opioid overdose–related emergency department visits. Conclusions Analyzing toxicology results at scale was impeded by varying data formats, completeness, and representativeness; changes in data feeds; and patient matching difficulties. In this study, toxicology results did not predict spikes in opioid overdoses. Larger, more rigorous and well-controlled studies are needed to assess the utility of toxicology tests in predicting opioid overdose spikes.
Factors contributing to COVID-19 skepticism and information gaps among older adults in the United States and Canada: An analysis of nationality, gender, education, family, and politics

This study examines relationships between demographic attributes of older adults, information challenges surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, and skepticism about the efficacy of COVID-19 preventative measures (social distancing, mask wearing, good hygiene). A 12-question survey was distributed on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform in late June 2021, receiving 400 responses. Findings indicate that gender, political affiliation, relationship status, family closeness, and perceived family control over one’s information source preferences are the greatest predictors of elevated gaps in information and skepticism towards COVID-19 prevention. Specifically, in this study, married, conservative men with close family ties often expressed elevated inadequacy of information and COVID-19 skepticism.
Diabetic Sensory Neuropathy and Plantar Pressure Changes

Background: Diabetic neuropathy usually leads to changes in foot structure and gait cycle pattern. Diabetic patients with elevated foot pressures get foot ulcers more than without. This work aims to study the impact of diabetic sensory neuropathy on plantar pressure changes which could help in predicting the site of future ulceration. Subjects and methods : A case control study including 88 participants; 73 diabetics subdivided into with and without sensory neuropathy and 15 age and sex matched healthy controls. Pressure time integral (PTI), and peak pressure (PP) were measured separately for each foot at different foot sites. Six steps of normal gait were done, and calculation was taken on the average. Results . PP was significantly higher in neuropathic versus diabetic and control groups in the right foot at toe1, (P=0.008) , toe2, (P=0.048) and toe3, (P=0.019), all other areas of the right foot apart from toes4, 5 although were higher in the neuropathic group versus diabetic group but statistically were not significant . In the left foot PP was significantly higher in neuropathic versus diabetic and control groups at lateral-heel (P=0.044) , midfoot (P=0.037) , and at toe 1 (P= 0.005 ), all other areas of the left foot although were higher in the neuropathic group versus diabetic and control groups but statistically were not significant Conclusion. plantar pressure distribution was different in neuropathic patients in comparison to diabetic patients without neuropathy and controls which signifies the necessity of plantar pressure and neuropathy assessment in predicting the sites of future ulceration and guiding the management of care.
The association between obesity and weight loss after bariatric surgery on the vaginal microbiota

Olivia Raglan Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London David A. MacIntyre Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, and March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London Anita Mitra Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London Yun S. Lee Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, and March of Dimes European Prematurity Centre, Imperial College London Ann Smith Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University Nada Assi Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer Jaya Nautiyal Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London Sanjay Purkayastha Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Marc J Gunter Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer Hani Gabra Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK Julian R. Marchesi Imperial College London and Cardiff University Phillip R. Bennett Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, and March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London Maria Kyrgiou (  m.kyrgiou@imperial.ac.uk ) Imperial College London https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0735
Age-related reduction of antibody response against the human endogenous retrovirus K envelope in women

In the present study, the correlation between the antibody response against human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) envelope and human age was investigated. Antibody levels were compared in groups in their 20s (n = 25), 30s (n = 39), 40s (n = 68), 50s (n = 32), and 60s and over (n = 25), which included healthy individuals and breast cancer and/or cervical cancer patients. It appeared that both IgM and IgG responses against the HERV-K envelope fell with increasing age. There were no differences in anti-HERV-K envelope antibody levels between healthy individuals and cancer patients. Therefore, our results indicated that the anti-HERV-K antibody levels cannot be considered as cancer-specific marker. Also, IgG1 appeared to be the predominant subtype in the reduction of the IgG response by age. Receiver operating characteristic curves of anti-HERV-K envelope IgM levels indicated that the groups of people in their 20s or 30s could be distinguished from those in their 40s, 50s or 60s and over with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. These findings indicate that the serum antibody level of HERV-K envelope is a critical parameter reflecting person's age.
Changes of anthropogenic CO2 and CFCs in the North Atlantic between 1981 and 2004

We compare total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) measurements in the northwest Atlantic made during the Transient Tracers in the Ocean, North Atlantic Study (TTO‐NAS) in 1981 with modern measurements from a cruise in 2004. The observed changes in the DIC and CFC fields are compared to those predicted from an eddy‐permitting ocean circulation model. The rapid, but time‐variable, atmospheric CFC increase in relation to the relatively steady anthropogenic CO2 increase influences the relationship between the observed uptake of DIC and CFC. We demonstrate the importance of ocean mixing in the calculation of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) based on transient tracer data by comparing our observations to a “no‐mixing” scenario. We further find that the Cant is in transient steady state in the North Atlantic; that is, the Cant concentration increases proportionally over time through the whole water column in a manner that is directly related to the time‐dependent surface concentration.
Frontiers of Real-Time Data Analysis

This paper describes the existing research (as of February 2008) on real-time data analysis, divided into five areas: (1) data revisions; (2) forecasting; (3) monetary policy analysis; (4) macroeconomic research; and (5) current analysis of business and financial conditions. In each area, substantial progress has been made in recent years, with researchers gaining insight into the impact of data revisions. In addition, substantial progress has been made in developing better real-time data sets around the world. Still, additional research is needed in key areas, and research to date has uncovered even more fruitful areas worth exploring.
Experimental researches on the emission of oxygen by the pelvic filaments of the male lepidosiren with some experiments on symbranchus marmoratus

The stage which the question of the function of the pelvic filaments of the male Lepidosiren had reached before the researches described in this paper can be seen by reference to the paper by Carter and Beadle (1930) and that by Cunningham in the previous year. The researches of Carter and Beadle as well as those previously carried out by Graham Kerr were made in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, in the swamps of which region Lepidosiren is rather abundant. But when direct experiments on the function of the filaments were contemplated the political conditions made it inadvisable to attempt to visit this region, and it was suggested that Lepidosiren would be found in sufficient abundance on the island of Marajo at the mouth of the River Amazon. No evidence was obtained that the fish had recently been taken in that island, but three specimens, all from the same locality, namely a “papyrus meadow” near Fazenda Dunas on the north coast of the island, were recorded in 1896 and 1898 by Dr. Goeldi, Director and founder of the Museu Goeldi at Belem. It was therefore decided to organise and carry out an expedition to Marajo. The equipment was prepared in the Physiological Department of the London Hospital Medical College and consisted of large glass tubes from 18 inches to 30 inches in length and 1½ inches to 3 inches in diameter; and weighed quantities in hermetically sealed tubes or bottles of the reagents required for the estimation of dissolved oxygen in water, together with the necessary accessories, and a special pump for obtaining water from below the surface of swamp pools.
Impact of different storage containers on seed quality parameters of eggplant (Solanum melongena) during storage

The present study was carried out at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to assess the impact of natural ageing and different storage containers on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seed quality during the 2020–21 and 2021–22 winter (rabi) seasons. Genetically pure seeds were used and stored in cloth and polythene bags. Seed quality parameters (germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, and seed vigour) were monitored at various intervals (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months). Freshly harvested seeds (control) exhibited superior quality, with higher germination rates, longer seedlings, greater seedling dry weight, and improved vigour indices compared to stored seeds over 18 months. Seed quality deteriorated with longer storage, reaching its lowest point at 18 months. Among storage containers, cloth bags showed a faster decline in seed quality compared to polythene bags (>700 gauge). In field experiments, one-year stored seeds from polythene bags outperformed those from cloth bags in terms of seed establishment percentage, mean emergence time, and germination speed. In conclusion, polythene bags maintained acceptable seed germination (meeting IMSCS standards) for up to 15 months, while cloth bags maintained it for up to 12 months. Therefore, polythene bags are a better choice for preserving eggplant seed quality during storage, particularly for longer durations.
Temperature profiles in the MLT region using radar‐meteor trail decay times: Comparison with TIMED/SABER observations

A method for obtaining the height profiles of the temperature in the MLT region using the radar‐meteor trail decay times is discussed. The present method combines the two existing methods for estimating the temperature‐pressure parameter and the temperature from the meteor radar observations. Using these two measurements, pressure is obtained around 90 km and subsequently the height profile of pressure is obtained in the MLT region by assuming a scale height of 5–7 km. The height profile of the pressure is then used to obtain the temperature profile. The real‐time pressure measurements are used to obtain the temperature profiles. Day‐to‐Day variability of the pressure around 90 km is compared with the monthly mean pressure values of CIRA‐86 model and the temperature/pressure profiles are compared with the TIMED/SABER satellite measurements. The comparison of radar and SABER observations is very encouraging and reinforces the need of real‐time pressure measurements for estimation of temperature from radar‐meteor trail decay time technique.
To think or to do: The impact of assessment and locomotion orientation on the Michelangelo phenomenon

This work examines how individual differences in assessment and locomotion shape goal pursuits in ongoing relationships. The Michelangelo phenomenon describes the role that close partners play in affirming versus disaffirming one another's pursuit of the ideal self. Using data from a longitudinal study of ideal goal pursuits among newly committed couples, we examined whether the action orientation that characterizes locomotion creates an optimal environment in which to give and receive affirmation, whereas the evaluative orientation that characterizes assessment creates a suboptimal environment for giving and receiving affirmation. Consistent with hypotheses, locomotion is positively associated with partner affirmation, movement toward the ideal self, and couple wellbeing, whereas parallel associations with assessment are negative. We also explore the behavioral mechanisms that may account for such associations.
Comprehensive Echocardiographic and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation Differentiates Between Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, Hypertensive Patients and Healthy Controls

both). Using ECV, an optimal cut-off of 31.2% gave 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity. ECV was significantly higher and GLS was significantly reduced in subjects with reduced exercise capacity (lower peak VO 2 and higher VE/VCO 2 ) (p<0.001 for both ECV and GLS). Both GLS and ECV are able to independently discriminate between hypertensive heart disease and HFpEF and identify patients with prognostically significant functional limitation. ECV is the best diagnostic discriminatory marker of HFpEF and could be used as a surrogate end-point for therapeutic studies. CONDENSED ABSTRACT Hypertension is the commonest etiological condition in patients with HFpEF. Development of a non-invasive technique to differentiate between healthy controls, hypertensive and HFpEF patients has yet to be developed. We evaluated 62 HFpEF patients, 22 hypertensive patients and 28 healthy controls with a comprehensive imaging protocol including echocardiographic speckle tracking and CMR T1 mapping. We found that extracellular volume measured by CMR T1 mapping was the best differentiator between the three groups. Both global longitudinal strain and ECV hold promise as a non-invasive marker in HFpEF that may help guide management.
Quadratic BSDEs driven by a continuous martingale and application to utility maximization problem

In this paper, we study a class of quadratic Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (BSDEs) which arises naturally when studying the problem of utility maximization with portfolio constraints. We first establish existence and uniqueness results for such BSDEs and then, we give an application to the utility maximization problem. Three cases of utility functions will be discussed: the exponential, power and logarithmic ones.
Slab partial melts from the metasomatizing agent to adakite, Tafresh Eocene volcanic rocks, Iran

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Eocene volcanic succession in Tafresh area of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) are unique in the 2000‐km‐length assemblage. Demonstrating rather steep rare earth element (REE) patterns and the widespread presence of amphibole (+biotite) phenocrysts are two distinct characters that dominate the Eocene volcanic succession of mainly andesitic composition. Coincidence of the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the whole volcanic succession with adakites, rather amphibole‐ (+biotite) rich dacitic (with 61–64 wt% SiO2) stocks and dykes, is considered as the key in unraveling the role of ‘slab‐derived melt contribution’ in petrogenesis of the volcanic succession. Slab‐derived melting has been an ongoing process that metasomatized some parts of the mantle wedge from which hybrid rocks (andesites) are derived. Basalts with distinct signatures of slab melt metasomatism are yet another support for the occurrence of slab melting. Interlayering of normal, island‐arc‐type calc‐alkaline volcanic rocks with the slab‐melt metasomatized basalts and hybrid andesites suggests that the slab melting has been motivated by the subduction. Formation of the Tafresh Caldera, the likely consequence of an explosive eruption, is compatible with the volatile‐bearing nature of the adakitic volcanism in the study area. It is indicated by the ubiquitous presence of the hydrous minerals. Beneath the Tafresh area, in Eocene time, the subducting slab seems to have reached a critical high depth that is enough for the development of amphibolite–eclogite. The slab deformation, motivated by the geometry of subduction and/or the underlying mantle's steeper geotherms, is suggested to have resulted in the slab melting that helped develop a rock assemblage unique to the UDMA.
Municipal solid waste slope failure. II : Stability analyses

Analyses are presented to investigate the case of a large slope failure in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill that developed through the underlying native soil. The engineering properties of the waste and native soil are described in a companion paper by Eid et al. (2000). Some of the conclusions from this case history include (1) native colluvial/residual soils in the Cincinnati area underlying MSW can mobilize a drained shear strength less than the fully softened value without recent evidence of previous sliding; (2) strain incompatibility and progressive failure can occur between MSW and underlying materials and cause a reduction in the mobilized shear strength; (3) a stability evaluation of interim slopes, especially when the slope toe will be excavated, blasting will be occurring, and waste placement continues at the top of slope, should be conducted, even though it may not be required by regulations; and (4) the reappearance of cracking at the top of an MSW landfill slope is probably an indication of slope instability and not settlement.
Design flood estimation in ungauged catchments and statistical characterization using principal components analysis: application of Gradex method in Upper Moulouya

Design flood estimation in ungauged catchments is of great importance in hydrologic practice especially where there is no available data about streamflow. Except the watershed of Anseghmir who is equipped with a gauge station, all the other watersheds are ungauged catchments. The use of frequency analysis of series of rainfall and streamflow is very important for the characterization of the hydrologic resources of the Upper Moulouya. The region has a semiarid climate that requires a good knowledge of the watershed's potential water to assist policy makers in forecasting extreme events, managing water resources and decision making. The frequency analysis was used to determine the design flood of different return periods. The results obtained are used in Gradex method to estimate the hydrologic variables of each subcatchment of the Upper Moulouya. Once the hydrologic study is completed, a principal components analysis was made to highlight the affinities between the different subcatchments and to deduce the hydrologic and hydrographic parameters that better characterize them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variations of the diurnal tide induced by gravity wave filtering

Wind measurements with the UARS spacecraft show that between 90 and 100 km altitude the fundamental diurnal tide is modulated semi‐annually with peak amplitudes of almost 100 m/s near equinox, more than a factor of two larger than during solstice. Applying Hines' Doppler‐Spread Parameterization (DSP) for small scale gravity waves (GW), we present results from a Numerical Spectral Model (NSM) to describe the seasonal variations in the mean zonal circulation interacting self consistently with the diurnal tide. With the DSP, the GW momentum source increases the amplitude of the tide at altitudes above 70 km, in contrast to the Rayleigh friction parameterization that causes damping. Since the tide absorbs GW momentum, it reduces the wave‐generated semi‐annual oscillations (SAO) in the mean zonal winds at equatorial latitudes. Outside the tropics, GW momentum is absorbed by the mean zonal winds that peak near the summer and winter solstices. As a result, the GW reach the upper mesosphere with more momentum during equinox periods and thus cause a seasonal modulation of the tide that is predominately semi‐annual.