Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relatedness between Hepatitis B Virus from Non-Papuan Blood Donors in Jayapura and the Papuan Clusters

The genotypes (A-H) and subtypes (adw2, adw4, adrq-, adrq+, ayw1-4, ayr) of HBV show distinct geographical distributions, which have been associated with anthropological history. The novel finding of the HBV subgenotypes C6 and D6 from Papuans formed a specific cluster distinct from the previous HBV subgenotypes C1-C5 and D1-D5. In this study we determined the most recent genotype-subtype patterns of the HBV from non-Papuan blood donors who live in Jayapura and their phylogenetic relatedness, especially with the Papuan clusters. Fifteen HBsAg-positive serums were obtained from non-Papuan blood donors including from people in Java (46.7%), Maluku (26.7%), Sulawesi (20%) and East Nusa Tenggara (6.7%). S gene of all HBV serum isolates were partially sequenced and analyzed. Most HBV isolates (53.3%) were classified as genotype B, followed by genotype C(26.7%) and D (20.0%). The subtype adw2 (33.3%) was predominant, followed by adrq+ (26.7%) and ayw1/ayw2 (20.0%). All HBV isolates with subtype adw2 and ayw1 belonged to genotype B, while adrq+ belonged to genotype C and ayw2 belonged to genotype D. The most predominant HBV genotype-subtype (B/adw2) was consistent with the ethnic background (mostly from Java people). Nevertheless, based on the phylogenetic relatedness, many non Papuan isolates (40%) were classified into HBV/C6 and HBV/D6 of the Papuan clusters. Other isolates were classified into HBV/C1, HBV/B3 and HBV/B7. In conclusion, many HBV isolates from non-Papuans in Jayapura belonged to the Papuan clusters, but others had different genotype-subtype patterns with frequencies dependent on ethnicity.
Características do pasto e desempenho de novilhas em sistema silvipastoril e pastagem de braquiária em monocultivo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as caracteristicas do pasto e o desempenho de novilhas oriundas do cruzamento Holandes x Zebu, em sistema silvipastoril (SSP) e em monocultivo de braquiaria (Urochloa decumbens). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos: em monocultivo de braquiaria; e o SSP, que apresentava faixas de braquiaria consorciada com Stylosanthes guianensis, alternadas com faixas arborizadas. Os piquetes foram manejados sob lotacao rotacionada, com 7 dias de ocupacao e 35 e 49 dias de descanso, nas epocas chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. As caracteristicas do pasto, o consumo e o ganho de peso nao variaram com o sistema; porem, devido as reducoes na quantidade e no valor nutritivo da forragem, apresentaram valores maiores na epoca chuvosa do que na epoca seca, respectivamente: massa de forragem pre-pastejo, 1.525 e 964 kg ha-1; teores de proteina bruta na graminea, 9,3 e 8,2%; digestibilidade in vitro da materia seca, 56,1 e 50,3%; consumo de materia seca, 2,3 e 1,6% do peso vivo; ganho de peso de 625 e 242 g por dia por novilha. O sombreamento moderado no SSP nao interferiu nas caracteristicas do pasto, nem no consumo de forragem, nem no desempenho de novilhas leiteiras, quando comparado aos valores obtidos na pastagem de braquiaria em monocultivo.
Long‐term presence and habitat use of Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea

Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris, G. Cuvier 1823) is a poorly known species and many international agreements have asked for a better understanding of its biology for conservation purposes. In the present study, systematic cetacean surveys were carried out from ferries along a trans-regional fixed transect in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea (Civitavecchia, Latium – Golfo Aranci, Sardinia), just outside the southeastern border of the Pelagos Sanctuary. This research provided long-term, consistent data on Cuvier’s beaked whale during two research periods (1990–1992 and 2007–2011). The objective of the research was to compare the presence, distribution and habitat use of Cuvier’s beaked whale between the two investigated periods. Summer data (June–September) from the two periods were compared in terms of frequency of sightings, group size and spatial distribution related to the main ecogeographical features. A presence-absence model (generalized additive modelling) was performed to predict habitat suitability in the two study periods. The results highlight longterm site fidelity of Cuvier’s beaked whale in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea with encounter rates comparable to the ones reported for other key areas. Separate suitability models based on 1990s and 2000s data appeared to work for each individual time period but differences were evident between the two periods, indicating changes in habitat selection over time. Our findings of the study appear to expand the definition of suitable beaked whale habitat and underline how the temporal scale of the analysis can affect the results in habitat studies. Moreover, this research highlights the importance of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea marine region for Cuvier’s beaked whale and the ability of continuous monitoring to identify changes in cetacean frequency and distribution, necessary for adaptive conservation management approaches.
Efficiency of novel iron microencapsulation techniques: fortification of milk

Summary Effects of iron/lipid ratio, Tween 80 and polyglycerol monostearate (PGMS)/iron ratio on encapsulation efficiency (EE) of liposome and fatty acid esters (FAE) methods were investigated. Then, microencapsulated irons were added to pasteurised milk, and during storage, stability, colour and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Regarding liposome method, the highest EE (85.5%) was found at iron/lipid ratio and Tween 80 of 0.04 and 5%, respectively. In terms of FAE, the highest EE (81.8%) was obtained at PGMS/iron salt ratio of 15:1. Regarding sensory properties, the differences were insignificant (P > 0.05) except metallic taste and smell (P < 0.05). Moreover, milk fortified with FAE-microencapsulated irons showed highest similarity to control particularly at low concentration (7 mg L−1). In general, the FAE technique was found very efficient, low cost, simple, rapid and practical for microencapsulation of iron in either forms as well as fortification of pasteurised milk.
Abundance and Parasitism of Lygus lineolaris in Alfalfa and Strawberry Fields

Abstract Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) adults and nymphs were collected weekly from April to September in 2000 and 2001 from three alfalfa fields in central Iowa. From mid-May to June each year, L. lineolaris were also collected in three strawberry fields. In 2000 and 2001, patterns of seasonal abundance of L. lineolaris were similar at two of the three alfalfa sites. When the alfalfa was cut the number of L. lineolaris declined. In strawberries, the number of L. lineolaris decreased after the fruits had formed. Peak populations in 2001 (20 L. lineolaris per 20 sweeps) were approximately 2.5 times the population in 2000 (8 L. lineolaris per 20 sweeps). No parasitoids were reared from L. lineolaris collected from strawberries in either year. In 2000, four unidentified parasitoid cocoons and one parasitoid larva were reared from 1326 L. lineolaris collected in alfalfa (seasonal parasitism = 0.3%). The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) infected one adult L. lineolaris collected in September 2000. In 2001, 42 unidentified parasitoid larvae and six cocoons were observed from 1267 dissected or reared L. lineolaris individuals (seasonal parasitism = 4%).
Purification and characterization of a NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase from mung bean that detoxifies eutypine, a toxin from Eutypa lata

Eutypine (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzaldehyde) is a toxin produced by Eutypa lata , the causal agent of eutypa dieback in the grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ). Eutypine is enzymatically converted by numerous plant tissues into eutypinol (4-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl] benzyl alcohol), a metabolite that is nontoxic to grapevine. We report a four-step procedure for the purification to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity of a eutypine-reducing enzyme (ERE) from etiolated mung bean ( Vigna radiata ) hypocotyls. The purified protein is a monomer of 36 kD, uses NADPH as a cofactor, and exhibits a K m value of 6.3 μm for eutypine and a high affinity for 3- and 4-nitro-benzaldehyde. The enzyme failed to catalyze the reverse reaction using eutypinol as a substrate. ERE detoxifies eutypine efficiently over a pH range from 6.2 to 7.5. These data strongly suggest that ERE is an aldehyde reductase that could probably be classified into the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. We discuss the possible role of this enzyme in eutypine detoxification.
Forest bird response to partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou winter range in west-central British Columbia

Breeding birds were surveyed 1 year pre-harvest (1995) and 4 years post-harvest (1996–2001) to measure the response to partial cutting in old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) forests on the Chilcotin Plateau of British Columbia. The irregular group shelterwood and group selection systems recommended to manage northern caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin) habitat did not negatively affect the breeding bird community. In some years within the post-harvest period, dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis L.), red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra L.), yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata L.), and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis L.) showed significant (α = 0.05) increases in use of the partial-cutting treatments compared with the no-harvest treatment. No species decreased significantly in any of the partial-cutting treatments. The increased observations of mostly common species resulted in significantly (α = 0.05) higher species richness, and increased frequency of observations for the bird community in some years in the partial cuts. Partial cutting of caribou habitat will maintain bird communities typical of mature to older lodgepole pine forests.
Sorbus milensis, a new hybridogenous species from northwestern Bohemia Sorbus milensis, nový hybridogenní druh jeřábu ze severozápadních Čech

South Bohemian Museum in České Budějovice, Dukelská 1, CZ-370 51 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, e-mail: lepsi@seznam.cz; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail: vit@natur.cuni. cz, suda@natur.cuni. cz; Administration of the Blanský les Protected Landscape Area, Vyšný 59, CZ-381 01 Český Krumlov, Czech Republic, e-mail: plepsi@seznam.cz; Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic, e-mail: boublik@ibot.cas. cz
Chloroplast symbiosis in a non-elysiid mollusc, Costasiella lilianae Marcus (Hermaeidae : Ascoglossa (=Sacoglossa)) : Effects of temperature, light intensity, and starvation on carbon fixation rate

The hermaeid ascoglossan slug Costasiella lilianae possesses functional symbiotic chloroplasts derived from its algal food, Avrainvillea nigricans. Symbiotic plastids continued to fix carbon after 65 days starvation, though efficiency of fixation declined about 87%. Chlorophyll level did not decline during this period.Degeneration of symbiotic plastids involved swelling and delamination of thylakoids, increase in electron density of plastids, and decrease in pyrenoid electron density. Plastids within single cells degenerate at about the same time, suggesting that individual cells phagocytize the entire complement of plastids during a brief period.Temperature strongly influenced carbon fixation, both in rate of net fixation and in production of alcohol-insoluble photosynthates. The optimum temperature for fixation was 25°C. Photosynthetic rate exhibited saturation at about 500 µ\g=elunate\ (microeinsteins). m-2 · s-1 and substantial fixation occurred at intensities as low as 25 µ\g=elunate\ · m-2 · s-1. No.
Multiple components of the resistance of potatoes to potato leafroll virus

SUMMARY In glasshouse experiments the ranking of potato genotypes for resistance to infection with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) using three concentrations of aphid-borne inoculum was the same as their field resistance ratings. In field-grown plants this resistance to infection increased in all genotypes as the plants aged but its rate of increase differed between genotypes. In tests on field-grown plants infected by aphid- or graft-inoculation, the proportion of virus-free progeny tubers increased the later the date of inoculation but was greater in resistant than in susceptible genotypes. This trend was most pronounced in the resistant clone G7445(1), in which the virus failed to move from the foliage to the tubers of some plants infected in glasshouse tests. The spread of PLRV will thus be minimised in crops of resistant compared with susceptible genotypes for three reasons: plants have greater resistance to infection, systemic spread of virus from their foliage to tubers is less likely and, as shown previously, the low concentration of virus particles in leaf tissue makes infected plants less potent sources of inoculum for aphids.
Adaptation of Feeding Sequences in Aplysia Oculifera to Changes in the Load and Width of Food

In Aplysia oculifera, we examined how feedback from foods of differing physical characteristics produces feeding sequences that are appropriate to the food. Animals were fed strips of food systematically modified by attaching weights to the end of the strip or by changing the width of the strip. Both changes led to an increase in inter-swallow interval and a decrease in the amount of food that entered the mouth per swallow. These data indicate that the oscillator setting swallowing frequency is affected by feedback, but that the amplitude of swallowing movements may not be regulated by feedback. Some swallows led to partial or complete cutting of the food. In some cases, cutting led to loss of contact and release of the food. When cutting releases food, its function is apparently to prevent food that has already been swallowed from being pulled out of the mouth. Cutting food may also serve additional functions.
Cambios postcosecha del hongo comestible huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis (D. C.) Corda)

Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis ( D.C.) Corda) has been an important food in the diet of the inhabitants of the Central-Southern region of Mexico since pre-Columbian times. Recently, its acceptance has increased all around the world. Although it is a highly perishable mushroom, there are no postharvest studies. For these reasons the objective of this work was to identify changes in physical and physiological postharvest parameters of huitlacoche on the corn ear and of cut huitlacoche galls stored at room temperature, 10 °C, and 3 °C for 11 d. The measured variables were changes in appearance, color, weight loss, respiration, production of ethylene and amino acids. The average respiration rate of huitlacoche on the ear at room temperature, 10 and 3 °C was 320.8, 120.8 and 71.5 mLCO2·kg -1 ·h -1 , respectively, and 372.8, 346.7 and 164.1 mLCO2·kg -1 ·h -1 in cut galls, respectively. Weight loss was above 80, 60 and 22 % at room temperature, 10 and 3 °C at 7 days, respectively. Huitlacoche contains 18 amino acids, of these, essential amino acids accounted for 37.8 % of the total. Lysine was 27.2 % of the essential amino acids. After the storage period, there was no major change in amino acid content. The huitlacoche kept its appearance, color and weight better when it was stored at 3 oC on the ear. Ethylene production by huitlacoche was not detected.
Extinctions in near time: new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the South American fox Dusicyon avus (Carnivora: Canidae)

Almost all large carnivorans (Carnivora; > 20 kg) that inhabited South America became extinct around the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene transition. Two exceptions were species of coyote-sized Dusicyon, one insular (D. australis) and one continental (D. avus). The extinction of the former is a resolved matter, but that of D. avus, found in the Patagonian and Pampean regions, is still poorly understood. Using the Gaussian-Resampled Inverse-Weighted McInerny method we present new radiocarbon evidence indicating that its disappearance occurred in very recent times (about 324–496 years cal bp). We found no evidence to support a role for hybridization with domestic dogs in causing the extirpation of this fox. Climatic change may have reduced its distributional range, as has happened with other mammals, although not to the extent of explaining its extinction. Climatic change, however, coupled with increased anthropogenic impacts such as hunting, domestic dogs, and/or other aspects relating to the impact of European colonization in South America's southern cone, were the probable main drivers of the recent extinction of D. avus.
EFFECT OF SUCROSE AND STABILIZER ON THE OVERALL QUALITY OF GUAVA BAR

The effect of selected stabilizers (pectin, xanthan and carboxymethyl cellulose) was studied on the overall quality of guava bar stored at room temperature during three months storage. Stabilizers were added at the rate of 1% (pectin), 2% (pectin), 1% (xanthan gum), 0.5% (carboxymethyl cellulose), 0.25% (carboxymethyl cellulose) and combinations of all stabilizers were used. The treatments were GP0 (guava pulp with sucrose and no stabilizer), GP1 (guava pulp with sucrose and 1% pectin), GP2 (guava pulp with sucrose and 2% pectin), GP3 (guava pulp with sucrose and1% xanthan gum), GP4 (guava pulp with sucrose and 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose), GP5 (guava pulp with sucrose and 0.25% carboxymethyl cellulose) and GP6 (guava pulp with combination of all stabilizers). All the treatments were analyzed physiochemically (moisture, total solids, ash, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, pH, titratable acidy, ascorbic acid, total microbial count and total soluble solids) and sensory (color, texture, taste and overall acceptability) of the bar. Results showed that decrease occurred in moisture content (from 18.17 to 13.53%), ascorbic acid (92.75 to 77.82mg/100g), pH (3.90 to 3.69), non-reducing (3.78 to 3.60%), ash (2.26 to 2.11%), total microbial count (14.00 to 5.86), color (7.28 to 5.10), texture (7.60 to 5.66), taste (7.73 to 5.85) and overall acceptability (7.50 to 5.56) while increase was observed in % acidity (1.13 to 1.33%), TSS (74.6 to 76.5 o brix), TS (82.14 to 86. 91) and reducing sugar (10.52 to 10.70%)during storage. The maximum mean values were observed for moisture in GP0 (16.37), ascorbic acid GP1 (89.07), pH GP1 (3.82), titratable acidity GP1 (1.26), total soluble solid GP1 (76.5), total solid GP2 (85.74), reducing sugar GP1 (11.75), non reducing sugar GP1 (3.77), ash GP1 (2.38), total microbial count GP2 (8.14), color GP1 (7.17),
Spatial congruence between organic farming and biodiversity related landscape features in Germany

Poor spatial targeting of agri-environmental measures (AEMs) is frequently criticised as a major cause for insufficient biodiversity conservation effectiveness. For the horizontal measure organic farming (OF), targeting of remuneration is considered to be necessary because conservation effectiveness might be higher in structurally complex landscapes with high amounts of biodiversity related landscape features. In this article, we investigate the spatial congruence between OF and biodiversity related landscape features at the NUTS 3-regional level (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) in Germany. Using principal component analysis and generalised least square models, we tested the predictor variable value for proportions of permanent pastures, (semi-) natural habitats, Natura 2000 sites, protected habitats and forests as well as the number of the total and endangered plant species. We found OF to be more prevalent in regions with favourable landscape conditions for increasing biodiversity on farmland, i.e. regions with higher proportion of permanent pastures, (semi-) natural habitats and protected habitats. Our results suggest that, at present, conservation potentially benefits from the general funding of OF in Germany without spatial targeting as OF is already concentrated in structurally complex landscapes. Given the assumption that targeted AEMs cause additional administrative efforts, the efficiency of the general funding seems to be sufficient.
Diversity of the Euglenophyta division in the Zasavica River, Serbia

The Zasavica River has an extraordinary richness of Euglenophyta algae. In general, those algae are cosmopolitan and very common. They usually inhabit stagnant and slow-flowing waters with high content of organic matter during the summer months. Euglenophyta of the Zasavica River in Serbia were studied at two localities ("Molo" and "Mostic") from December 2012 to November 2013. A total of 89 taxa were recorded. The genus with the highest diversity was Euglena Ehr. (28), followed by Trachelomonas Ehr. (25), Phacus Duj. (24), Lepocinclis Perty (11) and Strombomonas Defl. (1). The highest number of taxa (27) was recorded at "Molo" during August 2013. Nine Euglenophyta taxa found in this research are new for algal flora of Serbia.
Aluminum accumulation in nineteen Melastomataceae species from three contrasting plant formations in acid soils.

This study describes the aluminum (Al) accumulation in relation to macronutrient and micronutrient elements in 19 Melastomataceae species in the Guayana Region in Venezuela. The purpose was to investigate the Al accumulation in four tribes and different life forms. Aluminum accumulation was predicted in the basal tribes Miconieae and Merianieae in contrast to the derived tribes and herbs from any tribe, which generally do not accumulate Al. The survey was done in a vegetation continuum, which includes a savanna shrubland, a palm-swamp community, and an evergreen forest in the Guayana region in southeastern Venezuela. The highest value of soil Al concentration was found in the savanna shrubland, where ten lignified Miconiae and one Merianeae Al accumulators were present. At the forest, the site with highest soil acidity, four Al-accumulator tree species from Miconiae were found. Miconia lepidota showed similar Al foliar concentrations in the savanna shrubland and forest, but foliar Ca was lower in the forest, even though it was the site with highest Ca in the soil. At the palm-swamp community, the Melastomeae shrub Macairea pachyphylla was found with an Al concentration of 0.59 gkg–1 in leaves and 0.16 gkg–1 in bark. At the same site, Al accumulation occurred in one Microlicieae species, one Miconieae species, and in the Melastomeae herbs Pterogastra divaricata (13.25 g[kg dry mass]–1) and Pterolepis trichotoma (17.83 gkg–1). The report of Al hyperaccumulation in P. trichotoma is new for the genus, and Al accumulation in herbs is considered exceptional. The foliar Al concentration was positively correlated (p < 0.005) with Fe (r = 0.64, n = 20) and Zn (r = 0.63). The analysis of the relationships between soil Al, Fe, or Zn and the concentrations of these elements in leaves revealed they were not significantly correlated. The results indicate Al hyperaccumulation in two herbaceous Melastoamataceae species and suggest Al accumulation in this life form deserves future research. However, they also confirm the highest number of Al accumulators in lignified species of the ancient tribe Miconiae (14 out of 19 species studied).