Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shear Fault-bend Folding

Shear fault-bend folding produces ramp anticlines with very distinctive shapes. They are characterized by long, gentle backlimbs that dip less than the fault ramp, in contrast with classical fault-bend folding. Backlimb dips and limb lengths increase progressively with fault slip, by a combination of limb rotation and kink-band migration. We summarize and apply two simple end-member theories of shear fault-bend folding involving a weak dcollement layer of finite thickness at the base of a ramp: (1) simple-shear fault-bend folding, in which the layer undergoes an externally imposed bedding-parallel simple shear with no basal fault, and (2) pure-shear fault-bend folding, in which this basal layer slides above a basal fault and shortens and thickens above the ramp, with no externally applied bed-parallel simple shear. In the limit of large displacement, the fold geometry in pregrowth strata approaches the geometry of classical fault-bend folding, with a backlimb dip that approaches the ramp dip. However, even in these cases, growth strata may record the history of limb rotation that is characteristic of a shear fault-bend fold heritage. We demonstrate that these theories are in agreement with well-imaged seismic examples from the Nankai Trough and Cascadia accretionary wedges, which show substantial shears (40–65) over stratigraphic intervals of a few hundred meters.
The Lexus and the Olive Tree

A powerful and accessible account of globalization - the new world order that has replaced the cold war - by the award-winning author of From Beirut to Jerusalem. More than anything else, globalization is shaping world affairs today. We cannot interpret the day's news, or know where to invest our money, unless we understand this new system - the defining force in international relations and domestic policies worldwide. The unprecedented integration of finance, markets, nation states and technology is driving change accross the globe at an ever-increasing speed. And while much of the world is intent on building a better Lexus, on streamlining their societies and economies for the global marketplace, many people feel their traditional identities threatened and are reverting to elemental struggles over who owns which olive tree, which strip of land. Thomas Friedman has a unique vantage point on this worldwide phenomenon. The New York Times foreign affairs columnist has travelled the globe, interviewing everyone from Brazilian peasants to new entrepreneurs in Indonesia, to Islamic students, to the financial wizards on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley, to find out what globalization means for them, and for all of us. This ground-breaking book is essential reading for anyone who wants to know how the world really works today.
The equity premium: it's still a puzzle

The paper examines the literature that attempts to resolve the equity premium and risk free rate puzzles. It demonstrates that the puzzles will confront any model of asset prices that relies on three crucial assumptions: preferences have a particular parametric form, asset markets are complete, and asset trade is frictionless. A survey of the literature that relaxes these assumptions reveals that there are now several plausible explanations of the seemingly low risk free rate, but the large size of the equity premium remains a puzzle.
Ambient Temperature and Early Delivery of Singleton Pregnancies

Background: Extreme temperature is associated with adverse birth outcomes but it is unclear whether it increases early delivery risk. Objectives: We aimed to determine the association between ambient temperature and early delivery. Methods: Medical records from 223,375 singleton deliveries from 12 U.S. sites were linked to local ambient temperature. Exposure to hot (> 90th percentile) or cold (< 10th percentile) using site-specific and window-specific temperature distributions were defined for 3-months preconception, 7-week periods during the first two trimesters, 1 week preceding delivery, and whole pregnancy. Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations calculated the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval for early deliveries associated with hot/cold exposures, adjusting for conception month, humidity, site, sex, maternal demographics, parity, insurance, prepregnancy body mass index, pregnancy complications, and smoking or drinking during pregnancy. Acute temperature associations were estimated separately for warm (May–September) and cold season (October–April) in a case-crossover analysis using conditional logistic regression. Results: Compared with mild temperature (10–90th percentile), exposure to hot or cold during weeks 1–7 increased risk for early preterm (< 34 weeks) [RRhot: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.21); RRcold: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.30)], late preterm (34–36 weeks) [RRcold: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.15)], and early term (37–38 weeks) [RRhot: 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.07); RRcold: 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.05)] delivery. Findings were similar for hot exposures during weeks 15–21. Examining deliveries at each week from 23 through 38, whole-pregnancy hot exposures increased delivery risk by 6–21% at weeks 34 and 36–38. In the case-crossover analysis, a 5°F increase during the week preceding delivery was associated with 12–16% higher and 4–5% lower early delivery risk during warm and cold season, respectively. Conclusions: Both acute and chronic ambient temperature extremes may affect early delivery risk. Citation: Ha S, Liu D, Zhu Y, Kim SS, Sherman S, Mendola P. 2017. Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies. Environ Health Perspect 125:453–459; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/EHP97Citation: Ha S, Liu D, Zhu Y, Kim SS, Sherman S, Mendola P. 2017. Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies. Environ Health Perspect 125:453–459; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/EHP97
Biogenic Quaternary carbonates in the CRP-1 drillhole, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica

A carbonate-rich sedimentary unit was encountered between 33.82 and 31.89 metres below sea floor (mbsf) in CRP-1 core, Cape Roberts, Victoria Land Basin. The unit is dominated by shells of benthic organisms including bryozoa, mollusca and foraminifera, which represent a typical high-latitude bryomol assemblage. An echinofor assemblage occurs in association with a coarse ice-rafted debris layer. The carbonate-rich unit is inferred to represent bank-type sedimentation occurring under summer open-marine conditions at depths >100 m. Muddy beds are interpreted as fair-weather deposits, whereas shell-hash packstones are interpreted as storm lags. Carbonate deposition was occasionally interrupted by brief episodes of detrital deposition, presumably by ice-rafting. The carbonate unit represents a terrigenous sediment starvation under open marine conditions in the McMurdo embayment during the middle Pleistocene.
Thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments in the Espanola Basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, as estimated from aeromagnetic data

In the southern Espanola basin south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, weakly magnetic Santa Fe Group sediments of Oligocene to Pleistocene age, which represent the primary aquifers for the region, are locally underlain by moderately to strongly magnetic igneous and volcaniclastic rocks of Oligocene age. Where this relationship exists, the thickness of Santa Fe Group sediments, and thus the maximum thickness of the aquifers, can be estimated from quantitative analysis of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. These thickness estimates provide guidance for characterizing the ground-water resources in between scattered water wells in this area of rapid urban development and declining water supplies. This report presents one such analysis based on the two-step extended Euler method for estimating depth to magnetic sources. The results show the general form of a north-trending synclinal basin located between the Cerrillos Hills and Eldorado with northward thickening of Santa Fe Group sediments. The increase in thickness is gradual from the erosional edge on the south to a U-shaped “Santa Fe embayment hinge line,” north of which sediments thicken much more dramatically. Along the north-south basin axis, Santa Fe Group sediments thicken from 300 feet (91 meters) at the hinge line near latitude 3532'30"N to 2,000 feet (610 meters) at the Cerrillos Road interchange at Interstate 25, north of latitude 3536'N. The depth analysis indicates that, superimposed on this general synclinal form, there are many local areas where the Santa Fe Group sediments may be thickened by a few hundred feet, presumably due to erosional relief on the underlying Oligocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Some larger areas of greater apparent thickening occur where the presence of magnetic rocks directly underlying the Santa Fe Group is uncertain. Where magnetic rocks are absent beneath the Santa Fe Group, the thickness cannot be estimated from the aeromagnetic data.
Assembleia de Chiroptera (Mammalia) no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais : riqueza, composição e estratificação vertical

Canopy is one of the less known regions inside a forest and they may contribute to the knowledge about biodiversity. This region was unexplored for centuries due to the difficulty to access. Few researches regarding canopy include studies with bats. In Brazil, most of such studies are developed on Amazonia, showing a pronounced vertical stratification. On the Southeast and South Brazilian regions, covered by Atlantic Forest, studies about diversity and ecology of bats are numerous and researchers have been using mist nets exclusively at ground level. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vertical stratification of bats at Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), an area of semi-deciduous forest located in the eastern portion of Minas Gerais state. Forty nights of captures were performed, equally distributed on eight sampling sites, with a total sampling effort of 77760 m 2 . h for understory and 8640 m 2 . h for canopy. Total of 241 individuals were captured, distributed in four families, 15 genera and 19 species. For both strata 14 species were captured. Data were analyzed based on two scenarios: presence and absence of individuals collected on Point 1, because this point was characterized as outlier. The curves of total species accumulation did not reach the asymptote. The richness estimator for both scenarios indicated that the work was sampled 77% of species, respectively. When captures of understory and canopy were analyzed separately, none of them reached the asymptote, with 70% of the sampled species on understory and 67% on canopy. When removing Point 1 from analysis, 70% and 65% of the species were sampled for understory and canopy, respectively. NMDS analysis was performed based on data of abundance and species composition, and a vertical stratification was evidenced for both cases, with groups formed and confirmed by ANOSIM. Results of ANOSIM for data regarding abundance and composition with individuals from Point 1 were R= 0,685; p= 0,001(abundance) and R= 0,571; p= 0,01(composition). When removing Point 1, points were distributed through the bi-dimensional space and results of ANOSIM were R= 0,866; p= 0,001(abundance) and R= 0,679; p= 0,002 (composition). The analysis of indicator species showed that Carollia perspicillata and Desmodus rotundus preferred understory.
Tectónica jurásica en Argentina y Chile: extensión, subducción oblicua, rifting, deriva y colisiones?

Jurassic tectonics in Argentina and Chile: Extension, oblique subduction, rifting, drift and collisions? The Jurassic history of southern South America shows a complex geologic evolution which is the result of different processes that began along the western Gondwana margin during the initial stages of Pangea breakup. Andean subduction along the Pacific continental mar- gin began in the Early Jurassic, after a period of continental-scale extension and rifting, which peaked by the end of the Triassic in central and northern Argentina and Chile. Renewal of subduction was the result of an episode of ocean growth along a series of spreading centers between North and South America when the separation of these continents began as a consequence of the activity of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province hotspot. Motion along these spreading centers produ- ced a component of oblique, SE-directed subduction along the western margin of South America and the reactivation of inherited orthogonal structural features as the N70°E trending Huincul ridge in the Neuquen Basin that was uplifted during Jurassic times. Subduction along the north-south trending Argentine-Chilean continental margin acelerated during the break- up between West and East Gondwana soon after the opening of the Indian Ocean, linked to the Karoo hot-spot. Subduction took place under extensional conditions probably associated with a negative trench roll-back, leading to the formation of a
Integrating aquaculture with rice farming in Bangladesh: feasibility and economic viability, its adoption and impact

Studies were undertaken on 256 farms in Bangladesh from 1992-1994 to assess the feasibility and economic viability of integrating fish culture with rice farming during aman (wet) and boro (dry) seasons in medium highlands. The study shows the importance of understanding the local context for successful adoption of a new technology. The performance of rice-fish farming appears very promising but better-off farmers were more likely to adopt it and benefit from it.
STUDI MUKA AIR TANAH GAMBUT DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA BEBERAPA KUBAH GAMBUT DI KABUPATEN SIAK

Overdrainaged phenomena on peat land after reclamated for agriculture area is indicated water management/water table control failure. Water table depth of peat land on virgin forest that has been reclamated is low (0.15 m) and this condition on Zamrud peat dome. Water table dept on old reclamated peat land has better condition than peat land after new reclamated as plantation area. Peatland degradation showed overdrainage phenomena has potential happened on land clearing and canal construction activity. This condition have effected to water table dept about 1 m. Overdrainaged impact on peatland has caused fire of peatland. For example this condition occured in Siak Kecil peat dome and Kandis peat dome.
Spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation and extreme events on the Loess Plateau of China between 1957 and 2009

Spatiotemporal trends in precipitation may influence vegetation restoration, and extreme precipitation events profoundly affect soil erosion processes on the Loess Plateau. Daily data collected at 89 meteorological stations in the area between 1957 and 2009 were used to analyze the spatiotemporal trends of precipitation on the Loess Plateau and the return periods of different types of precipitation events classified in the study. Nonparametric methods were employed for temporal analysis, and the Kriging interpolation method was employed for spatial analysis. The results indicate a small decrease in precipitation over the Loess Plateau in last 53 years (although a Mann–Kendall test did not show this decrease to be significant), a southward shift in precipitation isohyets, a slightly delayed rainy season, and prolonged return periods, especially for rainstorm and heavy rainstorm events. Regional responses to global climate change have varied greatly. A slightly increasing trend in precipitation in annual and sub‐annual series, with no obvious shift of isohyets, and an evident decreasing trend in extreme precipitation events were detected in the northwest. In the southeast, correspondingly, a more seriously decreasing trend occurred, with clear shifts of isohyets and a slightly decreasing trend in extreme precipitation events. The result suggests that a negative trend in annual precipitation may have led to decreased soil erosion but an increase in sediment yield during several extreme events. These changes in the precipitation over the Loess Plateau should be noted, and countermeasures should be taken to reduce their adverse impacts on the sustainable development of the region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Investigation of Potential Consequences of Marine Mining in Shallow Water: An Example from the Mid­ Atlantic Coast of the United States!

Proper stewardship of the coastal marine area necessitates consideration of the potential environmental consequences of marine mining. Such a study would include investigation of the benthic infauna, commercial and recreational fisheries, sea turtles and marine mammals that utilize the area to be mined, anticipated changes in wave transformation, storm surge, and bottom currents, and the history and dynamics of shoreline change. A case study on the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast offshore of Maryland and Delaware indicates that the consequences of a sand-mining project, on the order of 2 X 10 6 m 3 would be relatively minor whereas the results of a larger project or cumulative removal of 2.4 X 10 7 m 3 likely would substantially greater but should not be prohibitive.
Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current Crossover. Part I: Entrainment and Recirculation

Abstract A regional primitive equation model is applied to the study of the interaction between the Gulf Stream and the deep western boundary current (DWBC) where they cross at Cape Hatteras. It is found that for a wide range of forcing parameters the upper core of the DWBC is split into two mean paths at the crossover, one flowing toward the south along the western boundary and the other flowing toward the cast under the Gulf Stream. The eastward branch is entrained Into the southern recirculation gyre and, after being diverted into the interior for up to 1500 km, eventually returns to the western boundary current and continues to flow southward. This recirculation and mixing is shown to have a significant impact on the separation point and mean path of the Gulf Stream, the basin-scale stratification, and the properties of the DWBC south of the crossover. For most configurations, the lower DWBC remains largely on the western boundary and interacts only weakly with the interior. The entrainment of the upp.
Therapeutic Potential of EVs: Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases

Due to their different biological functions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential from a therapeutic point of view. They are released by all cell types, carrying and delivering different kinds of biologically functional cargo. Under pathological events, cells can increase their secretion of EVs and can release different amounts of cargo, thus making EVs great biomarkers as indicators of pathological progression. Moreover, EVs are also known to be able to transport and deliver cargo to different recipient cells, having an important role in cellular communication. Interestingly, EVs have recently been explored as biological alternatives for the delivery of therapeutics, being considered natural drug delivery carriers. Because cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, in this review, we will discuss the up-to-date knowledge regarding the biophysical properties and biological components of EVs, focusing on myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, three very different types of CVDs.
Multi-scale sediment dynamics in an upland catchment, southeastern Australia : a synthesis

This paper presents a synthesis of multi-scale sediment dynamics within an upland catchment in southeastern Australia. Various process-based techniques were utilised for a period of nearly two years to monitor three nested spatial scales: hillslope (<250 m), sub-catchment (1.64 km 2 ) and catchment (53.5 km 2 ). Hillslope erosion rates were low, with sub-catchment and catchment-scale sediment dynamics dominated by sediment supply from channel banks. Assessment of sub-catchment to catchment sediment delivery was based on comparison of specific sediment yields, with peak yields and delivery in spring 2005. In-channel sediment storage responded to seasonal and drought-dependent discharge patterns, with storage increasing during extended low flow periods. Seasonal variation in processes and controls was observed across all spatial scales examined, demonstrating the important effect of seasonality in rainfall patterns, vegetation growth, and antecedent soil moisture, for sediment dynamics in the study catchment.
SSM/I Sea Ice Remote Sensing for Mesoscale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Analysis

RÉSUMÉ Deux algorithmes ont été utilisés dans un schéma hybride pour dériver des cartes de concentration de glace de mer à une résolution de 12 km à partir de données SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager). Un des algorithmes est basé sur la différence de polarisation à 85 GHz. Le second algorithme est celui de l'équipe de la NASA utilisant les canaux SSM/I à 19 et 37 GHz. L'utilisation des données SSM/I à 85 GHz apporte une amélioration importante de la résolution comparativement aux données SSM/I à 19 GHz. Dans ce cas, il faut toutefois prendre en considération la plus grande opacité atmosphérique affectant les mesures SSM/I à 85 GHz (influence de la météo) qui peut entraîner des mesures erronées de la concentration de la glace de mer - en particulier en eau libre. Notre schéma combine la haute résolution spatiale des canaux à 85 GHz avec la décision basée sur NTA qui est quasi indépendante de la température, que les points de données appartiennent à la partie de mer sans glace ou à la partie recouverte de glace. Des températures de brillance de référence (points de liaison) à 85 GHz ont été estimées utilisant une méthode statistique de type régression linéaire avec l'aide de données de référence indépendantes de concentration de glace de mer. Celles-ci ont été dérivées des mesures à double polarisation à 19 et 37 GHz acquises par capteur hyperfréquences passif aéroporté et des images du scanneur optique. L'évaluation des données SSM/I de 30 jours comparant les concentrations de glace obtenues par NTA et à 85 GHz indique une bonne correspondance et une relation linéaire forte. Des données RSO ERS-2 et SSM/I ont aussi été utilisées pour analyser l'évolution de la polynie de Storfjorden et de la zone marginale de glace dans le détroit de Fram. Deux modèles atmosphériques numériques différents ont été utilisés pour analyser l'effet de l'amélioration de la résolution de 50 à 12 km sur les données de concentration de glace prescrites pour modéliser la couche limite de l'atmosphère (ABL). On a trouvé que la représentation de la zone marginale de glace (MIZ) influence considérablement les températures modélisées de ABL. Les profils de température obtenus avec le modèle basé sur l'utilisation des données de concentration de glace à haute résolution sont significativement mieux corrélés avec les profils mesurés par avion.
Analytical solutions for transport of linearly adsorbing solutes in heterogeneous formations

A new first-order analytical solution for stochastic transport of reactive solutes in physically and chemically heterogeneous porous formations is derived and discussed. Physical and chemical heterogeneities are assumed partially correlated. The derived solution complements previous results obtained by the authors (Bellin et al., 1993). The solution proposed relies on the assumption of chemical activity described by the local linear equilibrium assumption postulating the existence of a (spatially variable) retardation factor. Retardation factors, R(x) and log permeabilities (Y(x)) modeling heterogeneities are described statistically by random space functions with assigned correlation structure. The analytical expressions derived reduce to Dagan's (1984) classic solution for the case of nonreactive solute transport and to Bellin et al.'s (1993) solutions for perfectly correlated physical and chemical heterogeneities. The main conclusion is that longitudinal dispersion may be significantly affected by different degrees of correlation between chemical and physical heterogeneities. However, such an impact vanishes progressively as the geometric mean of the partition coefficient increases and the plume behaves as in perfectly correlated cases. Transverse dispersion is not affected by either perfect or partial correlation between R and Y.