Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outcome Improvement Between the First Two Waves of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in a Single Tertiary-Care Hospital in Belgium

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: To compare patient management and outcome during the first and second waves of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Design: Single-center prospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary-care University Hospital. Patients: All adult patients admitted in either the first (from March 15 to May 15, 2020) or second (from October 1 to November 30, 2020) wave of coronavirus disease 2019. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. During the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, 33 patients (4.8%) were transferred due to overcrowding and excluded from analysis. There were 341 (first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) and 695 (second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to the hospital, with median age first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as 68 (57–80) and second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as 71 (60–80) (p = 0.15), and similar admission severity. For the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic versus second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, 30-day mortality was 74/341 (22%) and 98/662 (15%) (p = 0.007). In the ward, 11/341 (3.2%) and 404/662 (61%) received dexamethasone (p < 0.001); 6/341 (2%) and 79/662 (12%) received high-flow nasal oxygen (p < 0.0001); 2/341 (0.6%) and 88/662 (13.3%) received remdesivir (p < 0.0001); 249/341 (73%) and 0/662 (0%) received hydroxychloroquine (p < 0.0001); and 87/341 (26%) and 128/662 (19%) (p = 0.024) patients were transferred to ICU. On ICU admission, median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment was 6 (3–7) and 4 (3–6) (p = 0.02). High-flow nasal oxygen was given to 16/87 (18%) and 102/128 (80%) (p < 0.001); 69/87 (79%) and 56/128 (44%) received mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001) with durations 17 days (10–26 d) and 10 days (5–17 d) (p = 0.01). Median ICU length of stay was 14 days (5–27 d) and 6 days (3–11 d) (p < 0.001). Finally, 16/87 (18%) and 8/128 (6%) received renal replacement therapy (p = 0.0055); and 64/87 (74%) and 51/128 (40%) needed vasopressor support (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The main therapeutic changes between the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic were use of steroids, unrestrictive use of high-flow nasal oxygen for hypoxemic patients, and transfer of patients to other geographic areas in the case of ICU overcrowding. These changes were associated with a decrease in 30-day mortality, ICU admission, and organ support.
Perceptions and Experiences of Sexual Harassment Among Health Care Workers in a Nigerian Health Care Institution

Objective: Sexual harassment is a major issue of universal discourse. However, the degree of attention to the issue is not universal because of cultural, economic and perception of sexual harassment differences. This study provides a description of perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment of health care workers in a Nigerian health care institution. Method: A questionnaire was administered to health workers in a University Teaching Hospital located in a metropolitan city in the South-South region of Nigeria. Results and Conclusion: A hundred and ten questionnaires were analyzed. The majority (92.7%) of respondents were females. Respondents ages ranged from 18 to 64 years. The 45-64 age group accounted for SCIREA Journal of Health http://www.scirea. org/journal/PMH
Acting the Part

This research examines how Russian disinformation actors participated in a highly charged online conversation about the #BlackLivesMatter movement and police-related shootings in the USA during 2016. We first present high-level dynamics of this conversation on Twitter using a network graph based on retweet flows that reveals two structurally distinct communities. Next, we identify accounts in this graph that were suspended by Twitter for being affiliated with the Internet Research Agency, an entity accused of conducting information operations in support of Russian political interests. Finally, we conduct an interpretive analysis that consolidates observations about the activities of these accounts. Our findings have implications for platforms seeking to develop mechanisms for determining authenticity---by illuminating how disinformation actors enact authentic personas and caricatures to target different audiences. This work also sheds light on how these actors systematically manipulate politically active online communities by amplifying diverging streams of divisive content.
A new set of type curves simplifies well test analysis

1 a-second summary Recently developed type curves are presented, which greatly simplify the evaluation of buildup-type well test information. The basis on which these curves were developed and actual examples of their use are discussed. Curves used in the discussion are those that apply to the most commonly found situation, that is, a well with wellbore storage and skin in a homogeneous reservoir.
Household self-insurance and the value of disability insurance in the United States

The debate over whether and how to curtail growth in the U.S. Disability Insurance (DI) system stems from a trade-off between the system’s public costs and the economic value it provides to individuals. This paper studies the implications of household selfinsurance behaviors, such as family savings and spousal labor supply, for this trade-off and for the value of alternative reforms to the DI system. Using panel data on disability onset in U.S. households, I provide evidence that married workers benefit from both higher self-insurance capacity and higher utilization of DI compared to unmarried workers—who are left, by contrast, more exposed to the costs of disability. Guided by this evidence, I develop and estimate a life cycle model to infer the value of DI. Importantly, the model I develop takes into account household self-insurance capacity and the manner in which it may reduce implicit costs of acquiring DI benefits. Although model-based results suggest that expansions to DI tend to be welfare-improving, accounting for spousal labor supply reduces willingness to pay for reform by as much as 28 percent. Reforms that disproportionately benefit individuals with worse household self-insurance capacity by reducing the implicit costs of acquiring DI benefits, such as implementing a national temporary DI program, are especially valuable. *Department of Economics, University of Chicago. This research was supported by funding from the National Institute on Aging (T32AG000243). I thank Stephane Bonhomme, Manasi Deshpande, and Magne Mogstad for their guidance and support. I am grateful to Bradley Setzler for advice regarding several computational challenges posed by the structural model of this paper. I would like to thank Jack Light for his assistance with data. I thank Derek Neal, Alessandra Voena, and participants of the Public/Labor Lunch at the Department of Economics for valuable feedback and suggestions. I would also like to thank Kuan-Ming Chen, Mauricio Chikitani, Angela Denis, Claire Ding, Lancelot Henry de Frahan, Andy Jordan, Ezra Karger, Tae Ho Kim, Jake Torcasso, and participants in various student research groups over the years.
Efficiency of Electrical Energy Production by Surviving Frog Skin, Measured by Iodine Coulometer.∗

Surviving frog skin is the seat of an electrical potential which has been related to factors affecting its metabolic activity. 1 2 To determine the efficiency of electrical energy production through an external circuit by surviving frog skin it is necessary to measure the joules of electrical energy and the oxygen consumption of the skin during the same interval of time. An iodine coulometer 3 of low resistance (18–22 ohms) with sufficient electrode area to minimize polarization within the range of skin potentials, was employed to integrate the quantity of current passing through the external circuit. The coulometer was calibrated against known, constant current densities for measured intervals with a microammeter in series as a check. Average voltage was determined with a standard potentiometer by readings at 5 to 10 minute intervals. The oxygen consumption was found by difference between initial and final oxygen concentrations in 25 ml samples of the Ringer's solution surrounding the skin, using the Winkler method for analysis. Experiments were carried out in duplicate on symmetrical pieces of frog skin (Rana catesbiana) of 24 cm2 area. Each piece of skin was clamped between a pair of iso-electric cup electrodes with 60 ml of Ringer's solution on each side. The electrodes were of lead amalgam-lead chloride covered by a surface layer of saline agar. The external circuit consisted of Ringer's solution, the electrodes, a coulometer and a microammeter in series. A potentiometer was connected across the electrode terminals. Results of a typical one-hour determination at 25°C: The coulometer measured 1.497 coulombs. The average potential for 6 readings was 0.039 volts. The oxygen consumption was 0.239 ml at standard temperature and pressure. The respiratory quotient of the isolated skin was not determined. The highest and lowest respiratory quotients for the intact frog range from 0.94 to 0.72 4 .
Understanding EFL students’ learning through classroom research: Experiences of teacher-researchers

What should foreign language teachers do to help their students improve their linguistic skills? Many are the ways how teachers can support their students´ learning process. There are a variety of methods, strategies, techniques, as well as materials and resources we can rely on in order for our students to succeed in the development of their skills. Teachers can get ideas on what to do from published research, presentations at academic events, informal conversations with colleagues, online resources, and their own language learning experience. It is just a matter trying these ideas out and evaluate the extent to which they favor the enhancement of students´ linguistic competences in the target language. In line with these ideas, this book is intended to inform pre-service and in-service EFL teachers about the result of investigations conducted by English as foreign language teachers. The book is composed of five chapters which demonstrate how these teachers have taken a step further by taking the role of teacher-researchers to understand and boost their students´ performance.
Slow Modes of Global Temperature Variability and Their Impact on Climate Sensitivity Estimates

: Internal climate variability confounds estimates of the climate response to forcing but offers an opportunity to examinethedynamicscontrollingEarth’senergybudget.Thisstudyanalyzesthetime-evolvingimpactofmodesoflow-frequencyinternalvariabilityonglobal-meansurfacetemperature(GMST)andtop-of-atmosphere(TOA)radiationinpreindustrialcontrol simulations from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The results show that the slow modes of variability with the largest impact on decadal GMST anomalies are focused in high-latitude ocean regions, where they have a minimal impact on global TOA radiation. When these regions warm, positive shortwave cloud and sea ice–albedo feedbacks largelycancelthenegativefeedbackofoutgoinglongwaveradiation,resultinginaweaknetradiativefeedback.Asaconsequence of the weak net radiative feedback, less energy is required to sustain these long-lived temperature anomalies. In contrast to these weaklyradiatinghigh-latitudemodes,ElNi ñ o–SouthernOscillation(ENSO)hasalargeimpactontheglobalenergybudget,such that it remains the dominant inﬂuence on global TOA radiation out to decadal and longer time scales, despite its primarily interannual timescale.Theseresultsshowthatondecadalandlongertimescales,differentprocessescontrol internal variabilityin GMST than control internal variability in global TOA radiation. The results are used to quantify the impact of low-frequency internalvariability andENSOonestimatesofclimatesensitivityfromhistorical GMSTandTOA-radiative-imbalanceanomalies.
The Quality of Governance in Europe: A Guide for the Perplexed

This paper investigates the quality of governance in the European geographical area for the period 1995–2019 employing the six World Governance Indicators (The World Bank, 2020): control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, rule of law, regulatory quality, voice and accountability. With regard to EU membership, we partition countries into three blocks: Historical Members, Entrants, and Outsiders. We check systematic differences, static and dynamic, between the three blocks to verify whether EU membership makes a difference. Results highlight a complex scenario: while statically Historical Members outperform Entrants and Entrants outperform Outsiders on all six dimensions, dynamically we find club convergence in growth rates for all variables across the three blocks. Historical Members stand in a high equilibrium club, except for Greece. In a single case, we even observe absolute convergence for a low club of voice and accountability. Several Outsiders stand consistently either in the high or the low club, while Entrants vary widely in their performances. The remote determinants of governance’s quality are very difficult to identify because cultures, institutions and economies interact in complex and unexpected ways; moreover, natural experiments of EU memberships do not exist, so we cannot establish causal effects in the strictest sense. Nonetheless, for the first time, we establish a clear picture of all main dimensions of government’s quality for the European area, achieving at least a number of robust empirical facts which can be used by scholars, policymakers, and European administrators.
A REVIEW ON PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER AND ITS POWER CONDITIONING CIRCUIT

The application of batteries as the main portable power sources is not applicable any longer as it has limited lifespan. This paper presents the recent concern on the power requirements of Wireless Sensor Nodes and the studies on the development of energy harvesting system using piezoelectric devices. Ambient Energy harvesting is one of the alternatives in replacing the use of batteries and wiring where small amounts of energy from environmental sources such as solar, air flow or vibration is harvested to form an electrical energy. Numerous studies have shown that power density of energy harvesting devices is in the range of hundreds of microwatts, while from the literature study it reveals that power requirements of most of electronic devices are in the range of milliwatts. Therefore, a key challenge for a successful deployment of energy harvesting technology remains, in many cases, the provision of adequate power. General discussion on two types of rectifier; full-wave bridge rectifier and voltage doubler also presented at the end of this paper.
Instrument Development of a Risk Barometer to Measure Extremism Behavior Among Early Youth in Malaysia

Undoubtedly, extremism is a current concern that has a negative impact on peace and sustainable society. Not much effort is made to identify the critical factors that contribute to individuals to become violent extremists. The aim of the study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument, the Risk Barometer to Measure Extremism Behaviour (RBMEB), to measure extremist behavior among early youth. The data collection process involved two phases comprising more than 800 early youth studying in schools and institutions of higher learning in Klang Valley, Malaysia. At the initial stage, the instrument had 19 domains with 151 items. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out, and this process reduced the RBMEB to 14 domains with 106 items. The Cronbach’s alpha on all 14 factors was between . 650 and . 912, indicating the soundness of the instrument. The RBMEB is believed to be the only validated and reliable instrument that indicates the risk barometer to measure extremism among early youth. Future research could apply this instrument as the basis for the construct of extremism, and it could be used to make comparisons with socio-demographic factors as well as identifying predictive factors of extremist behavior.
The effect of the application of complex and mixed fertilizers on wheat yield and soil fertility

Crop productivity and soil fertility of arable lands largely depends on the applied fertilizer, including their composition, dosage and way of application. In the paper, a comparison of the fertilization values of different composite fertilizers was performed. The complex composite and different mixed fertilizers with fillers (lime and zeolite) were used in two experiments on two types of soil, Pseudogley and Cambisol. The grown crops were wheat and corn. The results showed no significant differences between applied fertilizers in terms of crop yield and nutrient uptake. Use of lime and zeolite as filler didn’t result in increase of the fertilization effect of the applied fertilizers. The way of distribution of composite fertilizers influenced on the overall fertilization effect. Manual application of mixed fertilizers had better fertilization effect in comparison to mechanical spread, while use of complex fertilizers mechanically had better effect in comparison to blended mixed fertilizers.
A Comparison of DNA Metabarcoding and Microscopy Methodologies for the Study of Aquatic Microbial Eukaryotes

The procedures and methodologies employed to study microbial eukaryotic plankton have been thoroughly discussed. Two main schools exist—one insisting on classic microscopy methodologies and the other supporting modern high-throughput sequencing (DNA metabarcoding). However, few studies have attempted to combine both these approaches; most studies implement one method while ignoring the other. This work aims to contribute to this discussion and examine the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology by comparing marine plankton community results from microscopy and DNA metabarcoding. The results obtained by the two methodologies do not vary significantly for Bacillariophyta, although they do for Dinoflagellata and Ciliophora. The lower the taxonomic level, the higher the inconsistency between the two methodologies for all the studied groups. Considering the different characteristics of microscopy-based identification and DNA metabarcoding, this work underlines that each method should be chosen depending on the aims of the study. DNA metabarcoding provides a better estimate of the taxonomic richness of an ecosystem while microscopy provides more accurate quantitative results regarding abundance and biomass. In any case, the combined use of the two methods, if properly standardized, can provide much more reliable and accurate results for the study of marine microbial eukaryotes.
AN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE LINK BETWEEN EQUALITY AND GROWTH .

: This paper designs an endogenous growth model to explain theoretically a recently discovered empirical fact: The negative relationship between the growth rate of per capita GDP and the level of equality in rich countries (Barro, 2000; Forbes, 2000; Panizza, 2002; Banerjee and Duflo, 2003 and Voitchovsky, 2005). The main point of the model is to include equality as an argument that increases the utility of the representative agent. The model does predict a negative link between equality and growth. The intuition is as follows: more public funds devoted to social programs intended to reduce inequality may crowd out other productive activities, thus damaging per capita growth. Nonetheless, in this setting, a larger degree of equality in society may be optimal from the point of view of the utility of consumers, even if it entails lower growth. siguiente: si se dedican más fondos públicos a programas sociales (destinados, a su vez, a reducir la desigualdad) se ejerce un efecto crowding out sobre otras actividades productivas, lo cual reduce el crecimiento. En cualquier caso, un grado mayor de igualdad en la sociedad puede ser óptimo desde el punto de vista de la utilidad de los agentes, aún a costa de un menor crecimiento.
The EFL pre-service teachers' experiences and challenges in designing teaching materials using TPACK framework

This study aimed to explore the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) pre-service teachers’ experiences in designing and implementing teaching materials by using the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework through the Learning by Design (LBD) approach. It also identified the challenges faced by the pre-service teachers in designing and implementing the teaching materials. This study involved EFL pre-service teachers in the Province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews and document analysis were used to gather data needed to accomplish the research objectives. The results of the study showed that the LBD approach was found to be beneficial for the pre-service teachers in designing and implementing teaching materials by using the TPACK framework. The LBD approach helped the pre-service teachers in combining the technological tools and applications with teaching. The EFL pre-service teachers believed that the process that they experienced, enabled them to have a positive change in designing the teaching materials. However, some challenges were still faced by the EFL pre-service teachers in designing and implementing the teaching materials. These included the EFL pre-service teachers’ low level of computer skill, their lack of proficiency in content knowledge, and the availability of media. Moreover, the challenges they faced did not make them afraid of having more experience in LBD activities to promote their abilities in designing teaching materials and in teaching using the materials.