Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-density through-wafer copper via array in insulating glass mold using reflow process

A high-density through-wafer vertical copper via array in insulating glass interposer is demonstrated. The glass reflow and bottom-up filling copper electroplating process enables fabrication of a vertical through-wafer copper via array with high aspect ratio and high density. The minimum diameter of the copper vias and the gaps in between are 20 and 10 µm, respectively. Three failures among one hundred measurement points were detected within a 1 cm2 area of the via array, and the resistance of the 20-µm-diameter copper via was measured to be 153 ± 23 mΩ using the four-probe method. The optical transmittance and RF performance of the reflowed glass substrate were compared with those of bare glass. The reliability of the copper via in harsh environments was evaluated through thermal shock and pressure cooker tests.
On the space of morphisms into generic real algebraic varieties

We introduce a notion of generic real algebraic variety and we study the space of morphisms into these varieties. Let Z be a real algebraic variety. We say that Z is generic if there exist a finite family {Di }n i=1 of irreducible real algebraic curves with genus ≥ 2 and a biregular embedding of Z into the product variety ∏n i=1 Di . A bijective map φ : Z → Z from a real algebraic variety Z to Z is called weak change of the algebraic structure of Z if it is regular and its inverse is a Nash map. Generic real algebraic varieties are “generic” in the sense specified by the following result: For each real algebraic variety Z and for integer k, there exists an algebraic family {φt : Zt → Z}t∈Rk of weak changes of the algebraic structure of Z such that Z0 = Z , φ0 is the identity map on Z and, for each t ∈ Rk \ {0}, Zt is generic. Let X and Y be nonsingular irreducible real algebraic varieties. Regard the set R(X, Y ) of regular maps from X to Y as a subspace of the corresponding set N (X, Y ) of Nash maps, equipped with the C∞ compact-open topology. We prove that, if Y is generic, then R(X, Y ) is closed and nowhere dense in N (X, Y ), and has a semi-algebraic structure. Moreover, the set of dominating regular maps from X to Y is finite. A version of the preceding results in which X and Y can be singular is given also. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 14P05 (primary); 14P20 (secondary).
Relation of chromospheric activity to convection, rotation, and pre-main-sequence evolution

Pre-main-sequence, or T Tauri, stars are characterized by much larger fluxes of nonradiative origin than their main-sequence counterparts. As a class, the T Tauri stars have only moderate rotation rates, making an explanation of their chromospheric properties based on rapid rotation problematic. The recent success of correlating nonradiative fluxes to the Rossby number, Ro = P/sub rot//tau/sub conv/, a central parameter of simple dynamo theories of magnetic field generation, has led to the suggestion that the same relation might be of use in explaining the pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars if tau/sub conv/ is very large. We show that tau/sub conv/ does depend strongly on evolutionary effects above the main sequence (MS), but that this dependence alone cannot account for the high observed nonradiative fluxes. The acoustic flux is also strongly dependent on PMS evolutionary state, and when coupled to the parameterization of magnetic activity based on Ro, these two mechanisms seem capable of explaining the high observed level of chromospheric activity in T Tauri stars. The moment of inertia decreases by two to three order of magnitude during PMS evolution. Since young MS stars do not rotate two to three orders of magnitude faster than PMS stars, rapid loss or redistributionmore » of angular momentum must occur. « less
Room‐temperature lasing action in In0.51Ga0.49P/In0.2Ga0.8As microcylinder laser diodes

We report room‐temperature operation of electrically pumped whispering‐gallery mode In0.51Ga0. 49P/In0.2Ga0. 8As microcylinder laser diodes with emission at wavelength λ=1.0 μm and threshold current Ith=5 mA. Because the lasing modes do not overlap the diode’s central region, carrier density is not efficiently pinned by above‐threshold stimulated emission.
First-principles calculation of defect-formation energies in the Y 2 (Ti,Sn,Zr) 2 O 7 pyrochlore

Isometric pyrochlore, A(2)B(2)O(7), with compositions in the Y-2(Ti,Sn,Zr)(2)O-7 ternary system, are of particular interest because there are dramatic changes in properties, such as ionic conductivity, and response to radiation damage, as a function of disordering of the A- and B-site cations and oxygen vacancies. First-principles calculations using density functional theory and the plane-wave pseudopotential method, predict lattice constants (1.0049-1.0463 nm), atomic coordinates, and bulk moduli (176-205 GPa) that are linearly dependent on the B-site cation radius (0.062-0.072 nm). However, the energetics for the formation of cation-antisite (0-2 eV) and Frenkel-pair (4-11 eV) defects do not correlate with cation size, underscoring the importance of the specific electronic configuration of the B-site cation. The greater degree of covalent bonding between as compared with or results in defect formation energies otherwise unexpected solely due to the radius ratios of the cation species. Y2Sn2O7 shows 2-4 eV greater defect formation energies than otherwise predicted through mean B-site cation sizes. Relaxed calculations on coupled cation-antisite and Frenkel-pair defects show that cation-antisite reactions likely drive the oxygen-Frenkel pair defect formation process that ultimately leads to increased oxygen mobility and completely aperiodic structures. Total charge and partial density of states calculations show strikingly different behavior of oxygen on two different crystallographic positions, emphasizing the need for a full account of the electronic structure.
Advances in the physics understanding of ELM suppression using resonant magnetic perturbations in DIII-D

Recent experiments on DIII-D have increased confidence in the ability to suppress edge-localized modes (ELMs) using edge-resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in ITER, including an improved physics basis for the edge response to RMPs as well as expansion of RMP ELM suppression to more ITER-like conditions. Complete ELM suppression has been achieved utilizing n = 3 RMPs in the ITER baseline scenario. In addition, RMP ELM suppression has been expanded to include plasmas with helium concentrations near 25% and the use of n = 2 RMPs. Analysis of the kinetic profile response suggests that ELM suppression is correlated with the co-alignment of the ω⊥e = 0 location, an n = 3 rational surface, and the top of the pedestal. Modelling predicts that such a co-alignment could potentially lead to island (or island chain) formation just inside the top of the pedestal, inhibiting the growth of the pedestal and thereby maintaining the ELM-free state. Detailed analysis of data obtained during toroidal phase variations of the applied n = 3 RMPs have provided further evidence of an island-like structure at the top of the pedestal. In addition, nearly matched discharges with co-neutral-beam-injection (co-NBI) and counter-NBI have demonstrated the importance of the presence of the ω⊥e = 0 location for ELM suppression. In the counter-NBI cases, the toroidal rotation profile is such that there is no ω⊥e = 0 location and ELMs are not suppressed in conditions in which ELM suppression is generally observed with co-NBI.
Embedding and unknotting of some polyhedra

If a compact polyhedron XI, n > 3 (resp. n > 2), has the property that any two of its nonsingular points can be joined by an arc containing at most one singular point, then Xn embeds in R2n (resp. unknots in R2n+1). The object of this note is to discuss a situation where the Penrose-WhiteheadZeeman construction (see Zeeman [10, pp. 66-67]) works for a class of polyhedra much more general than manifolds. In particular reduced polyhedra satisfy our hypotheses. Thus Husch's unknotting theorem [4] is a special case of the result proved below. Let X be a compact polyhedron of dimension n. A point x of X is called nonsingular (resp. singular) if there exists (resp. does not exist) a triangulation of X containing x in the interior of an n-simplex. THEOREM. Let X be a compact polyhedron of dimension n > 3 (resp. n > 2). If any two nonsingular points of X can be joined by an arc containing at most one singular point, then X embeds in R2n (resp. unknots in R2n+l). Embedding. General position yields a p.l. map f: Xn -R2n with a finite number of nonsingular double points. To explain our iterative construction it suffices to consider the case when there is just one pair {x1, x2} of nonsingular double points, f(x1) = f(Xz2). Let A be an arc, containing at most one singular point of X, and joining x1 to x2. Because 2 + n < 2n any general position point p of R2n is joinable to the circle C = f(A) in such a way that the 2-disk D = pC meets f(Xn) in precisely C. By choosing triangulations of Xn (resp. R2n) in which A (resp. f(Xn) and D) are full subcomplexes, and f is simplicial, we can find regular neighborhoods N(A) of A in X, and N(D) of D in R2 , such that f (X N(A)) C R2n N(D), f (ON(A)) C AN(D) and f (N(A)) C N(D). If A has no singular point, N(A) is an n-disk. If A has the unique singular point y, then N(A) is p.l. homeomorphic to the closed star of y. In either case we see that N(A) is a cone over its boundary AN(A). Therefore we can extend the embedding Received by the editors June 6, 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 57Q35, 57Q37.
Ion response to plasma excitation frequency

The time dependence of the potential distribution in a parallel plate discharge is discussed in terms of a model which indicates the plasma potential oscillates with the applied voltage only over the positive part of the cycle. Measurements of this oscillation have been made, and the response of the ions to the oscillating field has been studied as a function of excitation frequency.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TURBULENT FLOWS THROUGH STENOSED ARTERIES

A detailed analysis on the characteristics of transitional turbulent flow over a bell-shape stenosis for a physiological pulsatile flow is presented. The comparison of the numerical solutions to three types of pulsatile flows, including a physiological flow, an equivalent pulsatile flow and a simple pulsatile flow, are made in this work. Then the effects of the Reynolds number, Womersley number and constriction ratio of stenosis on the pulsatile turbulent flow fields for the physiological flow are considered. The comparison of the three pulsatile flows shows that the flow characteristics cannot be properly estimated if an equivalent or simple pulsatile inflow is used instead of actual physiological one in the study of the pulsatile flows through arterial stenosis. The equivalent or simple pulsatile inflow can lead to higher disturbance intensity in the vicinity of the stenosis than the physiological inflow. For a physiological flow, the recirculation zones with high disturbance intensity occur mainly in the distal of the stenosis. The larger Reynolds number and severer constriction ratio may result in more complex flow field and cause some important flow variables to increase dramatically near stenosis. The higher Womersley number leads to a larger phase lag between the imposed flow rate changes and the final converged flow field in one cycle. The turbulence intensity decreases with the increase of Womersley number for the same Reynolds number.
Detecting and Interpreting Local Item Dependence Using a Fannily of Rasch Models

This paper describes a method for detecting and in terpreting disturbances of the local independence as sumption among items that share common stimulus material or other substantive features. Dichotomous and polytomous Rasch models are used in an example to analyze Structure of the Learning Outcome (SOLO) superitems and examine the results for local independ ence problems. The results indicate that some disturb ances were present among particular subsets of the items. Index terms: local independence, partial credit model, one-parameter logistic model, Rasch model, rating scale model.
A survey of [ D2CO] /[ H2CO] and [ N2D^+] /[ N2H^+] ratios towards protostellar cores

Aims. We use observations and models of molecular D/H ratios to probe the physical conditions and chemical history of the gas and to differentiate between gas-phase and grain-surface chemical processing in star forming regions. Methods. As a follow up to previous observations of HDCO/H 2 CO and DCN/HCN ratios in a selection of low-mass protostellar cores, we have measured D 2 CO/H 2 CO and N 2 D + /N 2 H + ratios in these same sources. For comparison, we have also measured N 2 D + /N 2 H + ratios towards several starless cores and have searched for N 2 D + and deuterated formaldehyde towards hot molecular cores (HMCs) associated with high mass star formation. We compare our results with predictions from detailed chemical models, and to other observations made in these sources. Results. Towards the starless cores and low-mass protostellar sources we have found very high N 2 D + fractionation, which suggests that the bulk of the gas in these regions is cold and heavily depleted. The non-detections of N 2 D + in the HMCs indicate higher temperatures. We did detect HDCO towards two of the HMCs, with abundances 1-3% of H 2 CO. These are the first detections of deuterated formaldehyde in high mass sources since Turner (1990) measured HDCO/H 2 CO and D 2 CO/H 2 CO towards the Orion Compact Ridge.
THz spectroscopic characterization of biomolecule/water systems by compact sensor chips

We demonstrate the terahertz (THz) spectroscopic performance of highly integrated sensor chips based on microstrip lines by measuring biomolecule/water systems. The concentration resolution of the present chips reaches down to 0.05g∕ml. We have confirmed that the number of bound water molecules per biomolecule can be obtained with precision using solid state transmission lines. The chips are highly suitable for the inspection of small amounts of specimen and for the application to a wide range of water rich materials. Our method may therefore be a good candidate for a simple liquid sensor working in the THz regime.
Existence and Asymptotic Behavior for a Class of Second Order Difference Equations

We are concerned with a class of second order difference equations governed by a maximal monotone operator A in a Hilbert space. It is the discrete version of some evolution equations, which were intensely studied (Barbu, Brezis, Veron, Aftabizadeh, Pavel). The existence and uniqueness of solution is established. A weak convergence result is given in the case of a subdifferential mapping and some strong convergence theorems are also stated for a strongly monotone operator A and for the case when is compact.
On the enumeration of planar maps

A planar map is determined by a finite connected nonnull graph embedded in the 2-sphere or closed plane. It is permissible for the graph to have loops or multiple joins. It separates the remainder of the surface into a finite number of simply-connected regions called the faces of the map. We refer to the vertices and edges of the graph as the vertices and edges of the map, respectively. The valency of a vertex is the number of incident edges, loops being counted twice. A vertex-map is a planar map having exactly one vertex and no edges. Clearly a vertex-map has only one face. A map with exactly one edge is called a link-map or a loop-map according as the two ends of the edge are distinct or coincident. Thus a link-map has exactly one face and a loop-map exactly two. Two planar maps are combinatorially equivalent if there is a homeomorphism of the surface which transforms one into the other. To within a combinatorial equivalence there is only one vertex-map, one link-map and one loop-map. But the vertex-map, link-map and loop-map are combinatorially distinct from one another. Consider a planar map M which is not a vertex-map. Each face of M has an associated bounding path in the graph. We can consider this to be the path traced out by a point moving along the edges of the graph in accordance with the following rules. Normally in any small interval of time the point traces out a simple arc. On one side of this directed arc, let us say the right side, there is locally nothing but points of the face. Having started along one edge, the point continues along it, without reversing direction, until it comes to the far end. If this end is monovalent, the point then proceeds back along the same edge. This behaviour at a monovalent vertex constitutes the only exception to the rule of simple arcs in short intervals of time. The bounding path is the cyclic sequence of positions of the moving point, some of which may be repeated. We restrict it to a single cycle by the rule that it may not traverse any edge twice in the same direction. When the distinction between right and left has been made for a map, the above rules determine the bounding path of each face
Graph C*-Algebras with Real Rank Zero

Given a row-finite directed graph E, a universal C*-algebra C*(E) generated by a family of partial isometries and projections subject to the relations determined by E is associated to the graph E. The Cuntz–Krieger algebras are those graph C*-algebras associated to some finite graphs. We prove that a graph C*-algebra C*(E) has real rank zero in the sense that the set of invertible self-adjoint elements is dense in the set of all self-adjoint elements in C*(E) (or in the unitization of C*(E) if C*(E) is nonunital) if and only if E satisfies a loop condition (K) that is analogous to the condition for a finite {0, 1} matrix A under which Cuntz analyzed the ideal structure of the Cuntz–Krieger algebra OA.
Investigating the Syntax Line: Configurational Properties and Cognitive Correlates

Space syntax research has had significant success over the years and has served to illustrate the importance of configurational measures, especially those that take into account all the spaces in a system. Here, assumptions of axial lines as elementary spatial units have been overwhelming. Although based on a theoretical construct of visibility, this postulation has rarely been extended to perception or cognition and this has given rise to questions about geometric and metric considerations. The research presented here was carried out in three large urban hospitals. In them, 128 volunteers performed ‘open searches’, where they attempted to become familiar with the hospital; ‘directed searches’, where they sought specific locations; and various cognitive mapping tasks such as pointing to locations that were not within sight and sketching the main corridors and routes of the hospital. The hospitals themselves were analyzed through conventional syntax measures of axial lines and a segmented version of those lines. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that, although use of space was best predicted by local measures (connectivity), distribution of people was better explained through integration-3. Performance comparisons between the environmental measures given by ‘whole’ and ‘segmented’ lines suggested that, at least in complex architectural settings, original syntax definitions of axial lines as uninterrupted visibility lines have more predictive power and better cognitive presence than ‘segmented’ lines. The results also support previous findings of intelligibility as a factor in predicting space use by extending it to the cognitive realm. Additionally, it has brought out the reverse role of intelligibility-3. It was also found that mean depth of an entry effects the way a building is explored; therefore, knowledge of this spatial property may provide a fair indication of the relative importance which each space will have on wayfinding.
Principal surface approach as means of precise RMS-roughness estimation in noncontact profilometry

A commonly used estimator for the microtopography of a surface is its RMS-roughness. Raw surface profile data may contain trending components. Therefore they should be subjected to a detrending procedure before estimating the RMS-value. This procedure is limited in most cases to the removal of piston, slope and curvature. Consequently, undesired artifacts may arise, which negatively influence the precision of RMS-roughness estimation. In scanning surface metrology, the principal surface computed by using eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the surface data under consideration can be used for a robust and precise multivariate estimation of RMS-roughness.
Bayesian Computation Using MINITAB

1. An Introduction to MINITAB 2. Simulating Games of Chance 3. Introduction to Inference Using Bayes" Rule 4. Learning About a Proportion 5. Comparing Two Proportions 6. Learning About a Normal Mean 7. Learning About Two Normal Means 8. Learning about Relationships: Regression and Contingency Tables 9. Learning about Discrete Models 10. Learning about Continuous Models 11. General Methods of Summarizing Posterior Distributions APPENDICES: List of MINITAB Macros / Formula Used in the Macros / Index
Lower bound in regression for functional data by representation of small ball probabilities

The minimax rate for estimating the regression function r (·) = E (y|X = ·) when y ∈ R and X takes values in a function space is the initial motivation of this work. Recent articles underline the major role of the shifted small ball probability P (‖X − x0‖ 0. This negative results may pave the way towards new approaches for modeling regression with functional data.
Solar semidiurnal tides in the troposphere : Detection by radar profilers

A short review of solar semidiurnal atmospheric tides is presented. Semidiurnal atmospheric tides have been documented in the troposphere primarily through analyses of long time series of surface pressure measurements, although the winds produced by these tides have, by now, been well documented in the middle and upper atmosphere. Recent research using UHF and very-high-frequency radar wind profilers has now identified tidal wind perturbations in tropospheric data. This review focuses on the tidal wind characteristics and the distinctive signature of this wind system in radar profiler data analyses.
System identification of a large-scale swirled partially premixed combustor using LES and measurements

The forced response of a swirled partially premixed burner to acoustic excitations is computed with Large Eddy Simulations and compared to measurements performed at University of Karlsruhe. The configuration is a 1:1 representation of a prototype industrial burner provided by Siemens in which gases are injected through two complex-geometry swirlers. Thanks to hybrid meshes and parallel computations, the simulation integrates a large part of this complex geometry. The inlet of the largest swirler is numerically forced for three acoustic frequencies (80, 120 and 250 Hz) and the LES data is compared to experimental results in terms of combustion phase. LES also give access to the forced flow topology, revealing that the excitation creates large toroidal vortices which distort the flame surface and destabilise downstream of the flame. In addition to these toroidal vortices, LES also show that a precessing vortex core appears when excitation is started. Finally maps of combustion phase and response amplitude are extracted from LES and highlight the mechanisms controlling the flame behaviour under excitation. The phases obtained by LES are also compared to usual “convective phase” estimates used in Reynolds Averaged codes. This comparison shows that LES provide a better estimation of the phase between heat release and inlet velocity fluctuations.