Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Problems, Smart Solutions: Costs And Benefits

Introduction Bjorn Lomborg Part I. The Solutions: 1. Armed conflicts J. Paul Dunne 1.1 Alternative perspective Anke Hoeffler 1.2 Alternative perspective Andrew Mack 2. The challenge of ecosystems and biodiversity Salman Hussain, Anil Markandya, Luke Brander, Alistair McVittie, Rudolf de Groot, Olivier Vardakoulias, Alfred Wagtendonk and Peter H. Verburg 2.1 Alternative perspective Juha V. Siikamaki 2.2 Alternative perspective John C. Whitehead and Paul E. Chambers 3. Chronic disease prevention and control Prabhat Jha, Rachel Nugent, Stephane Verguet, David Bloom and Ryan Hum 3.1 Alternative perspective Julia Fox-Rushby 3.2 Alternative perspective Marc Suhrcke 4. Climate change: CO2 abatement Richard S. J. Tol Technology-led mitigation Isabel Galiana and Christopher Green Climate-engineering R&D J. Eric Bickel and Lee Lane Climate-change adaptation Francesco Bosello, Carlo Carraro and Enrica De Cian 4.1 Alternative perspective Samuel Fankhauser 4.2 Alternative perspective Anil Markandya 5. Education: the case for improving school quality and student health as a development strategy Peter F. Orazem 5.1. Alternative perspective Lant Pritchett 5.2 Alternative perspective George Psacharopoulos 6. Hunger and malnutrition: investments to reduce hunger and undernutrition John Hoddinott, Mark Rosegrant and Maximo Torero 6.1 Alternative perspective Anil B. Deolalikar 6.2 Alternative perspective Beatrice Lorge Rogers 7. Infectious disease, injury, and reproductive health Dean T. Jamison, Prabhat Jha, Ramanan Laxminarayan and Toby Ord 7.1 Alternative perspective Till Barnighausen, David Bloom and Salal Humair 7.2 Alternative perspective David Canning 8. Policy options for reducing losses from natural disasters: allocating $75 billion Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan 8.1 Alternative perspective Stephane Hallegatte 8.2 Alternative perspective Ilan Noy 9. Population growth Hans-Peter Kohler 9.1 Alternative perspective Oded Galor 9.2 Alternative perspective David Lam 10. Water and sanitation Frank Rijsberman and Alix Peterson Zwane 10.1 Alternative perspective W. Michael Hanemann 10.2 Alternative perspective Guy Hutton 11. Corruption and policy reform Susan Rose-Ackerman and Rory Truex 12. Trade barriers and subsidies: multilateral and regional reform opportunities Kym Anderson Part II. Ranking the Opportunities: Expert Panel Ranking Finn E. Kydland, Robert Mundell, Thomas Schelling, Vernon Smith and Nancy Stokey Conclusion: making your own prioritisation Bjorn Lomborg Index.
510(k) Premarket Notification

Premarket approval application is not essential but 510(k) must submit to FDA to market medical device in the U.S for human use. To conclude or to determine the device is substantially equivalent to the device which is already marketed. After getting a 510(k) clearance immediately device can be marketed by submitter. In such case where already marketed device is changed in its safety or effectiveness it might affect the manufacturer and there is essential to file a 510(k) submission by manufacturer. Manufacturer should submit 510(k) to FDA in case of modifications or changes in use, chemical composition, design, energy source etc,. 510(k) submission depends upon the comparison between the already marketed device and new device in the U.S, to ascertain whether the device is safety and effectiveness.2
Stomach expression of histo-blood group antigens A and B in some vertebrates

Histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are genetically determined glycoproteins and glycolipids expressed not only on human erythrocytes but also in vertebrate tissues. Direct evidence for the immunobiological importance of their tissue localization in the evolutionary aspect is still lacking. The present study examines the expression of A and B HBGA in the stomach of free-living vertebrates belonging to: Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. HBGA were detected immunohistochemically on stomach paraffin sections from 11 species. In all classes from Actinopterygii to Mammalia HBGA expression was confined to stomach mucosa only. Antigenic heterogeneity in the pattern of expression and localization was observed. Smooth muscle tissue, endothelial and red blood cells were immunonegative, except for the reptile Emys orbicularis. Our results present the first comparative evidence for the expression of HBGA in the stomach of 11 free-living vertebrate species from six classes, some of which have never been studied so far. It could be assumed that A and B antigens are constant and conservative structures with almost similar tissue localization. Their immunobiological role in the animal gastrointestinal tract might be possibly related to cell differentiation and homeostasis maintenance which would contribute to sustain the evolutionary stable ABH antigen cellular expression.
AMINE BUFFERS FOR p H CONTROL

Very few weak acids with dissociation constants between lO-' to leg are known. With the exception of a few phenols, only metaboric acid, barbituric acid, bicarbonate ion, and biphosphate ion have strengths lying in this range. Consequently, acid-salt buffer systems suitable for the regulation of pH in the physiologically important range pH 7 to 9 are not numerous. Furthermore, most of these buffer solutions are incompatible in one way or another with physiological media. Phosphates and carbonates precipitate calcium salts. The usefulness of barbital (Veronal) buffers is limited not only by the low solubility of barbituric acid but also by a chemical inhibition of certain enzyme systems. ' The antiseptic properties of phenols usually prohibit the use of these substances for pH control in physiological media, while the well-known tendency of borates to react with hydroxyl compounds is likewise often a disturbing factor. A means of avoiding these difficulties has been sought through the use of nitrogen bases and their salts in the hope that these buffers would be capable of regulating pH in the range 7 to 9 and, a t the same time, would be compatible with most physiological fluids. Buffer solutions consisting of ammonium salts with added alkali are not highly stable. Kirby and Neuberger2 and Mertz and Owen3 accordingly suggested the use of imidazole (glyoxaline) and its substituents as buffers. Although this substance is compatible with calcium, its relatively high cost has in the past greatly limited its use. Triethanolamine is a base of about the desired strength,4e5 and triethanolamine-HC1 buffers are accordingly useful for pH control in the range 7 to 9.6 This amine is a liquid of very high boiling point, however, and a pure product is often difficult to ~ b t a i n . ~ In 1946, Gomoris proposed 3 new buffer systems suitable for PH control in the range 6.5 to 9.7. One of these is a liquid, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (collidine), and the other two are solids a t room temperature; they are 2-amino-2(hydroxymet hyl)-1 ,3-propanediol[tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and the closely related substance 2-amino-2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol. Collidine and Tris were found to be satisfactory in studies of the oxygen uptake of rat kidney slices; furthermore, they showed no inhibitory action on enzymes. The third amine did not inhibit alkaline phosphatase at pH 9.1. These three compounds possess most of the characteristics of ideal physiological buffer substances. They are readily soluble in water, do not precipitate calcium salts, and are low in price. Their solutions have been found to be stable at room temperature for periods of more than three months when protected from contamination with atmospheric carbon dioxide. With the discovery by Nahas and his associatesg-" of its uses in the in viz! o
Managing the Metabolism of Transition Cows

Summary Transition cows must exquisitely coordinate their metabolism to meet tremendous increases in nutrient demand during early lactation, particularly the demand for glucose production by liver. Excessive mobilization of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from body fat during the transition period presents challenges to liver function, including the capacity of liver to produce glucose. Strategies to either reduce the supply of NEFA to the liver or optimize the metabolism of NEFA by liver include maximizing dry matter intake of well-formulated transition rations, dietary supplementation with choline, or short-term drenching strategies using propylene glycol. Supplementation of other nutrients (methionine analogs and conjugated linoleic acid) has been shown to improve performance during early lactation; however, their mode of action does not appear to be related directly to liver metabolism. Research investigating nutritional grouping strategies for dry cows indicates that the two-group dry cow system is preferred to a one-group dry cow system; however, there may be interactions of grouping system with body condition score on postpartum performance.
SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF AMPHIBIAN BREEDING AND RECRUITMENT AT A POND IN RHODE ISLAND

Abstract We monitored amphibian movements from 5 March to 11 October 1998 at a 0.16 ha seasonally flooded pond in southern Rhode Island. We documented 5,122 capture events representing six species of anurans and four species of caudates. Using mark-recapture models, we estimated breeding population sizes [e.g., 181 adult spotted salamanders (Ambytoma maculatum) and 753 adult wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)] and densities (1,131 adult A. maculatum per ha and 4,706 adult R. sylvatica per ha) for five species. Amphibians were captured every month the pond was monitored. Adults primarily immigrated to the pond from early March through May, with peak numbers during March and April. Juveniles departed the pond from June through September, with most individuals emigrating in July and August.
Predicting branch characteristics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from simple stand and tree measurements

Summary The aim of the study was to develop models for external branch characteristics along the stem that could be applied as a part of a growth simulation system. The models provide a framework for predicting branch characteristics on the basis of routine stand and tree measurements. Data were collected from 677 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) trees of different age and canopy position growing on mineral soils and peatlands of different fertility in southern and central Finland, and also in northern Sweden. The material was used to construct models to predict (1) the crown ratio, (2) the self-pruning ratio, i.e. height of the lowest dead whorl divided by the height of the crown base, (3) number of living branches in a whorl, (4) total number of branches in a whorl, (5) diameter of the thickest living branch of a whorl, (6) diameters of smaller living branches of a whorl, and (7) branch angle. Generalized variance component models were used to separate the region, stand, tree, whorl and branch level variation, and to take the statistical properties of the variables into account. Adding stand level variables as regressors to the models slightly improved the model performance. However, stem properties were often sufficient to reliably predict branch characteristics. Even though there was bias in predicting some of the branch characteristics, the models gave a relatively accurate and logical prediction of branch characteristics.
Effect of Salt Shock on Stability of λimm434 Lysogens

ABSTRACT The affinities of the bacteriophage 434 repressor for its various binding sites depend on the type and/or concentration of monovalent cations. The ability of bacteriophage 434 repressor to govern the lysis-lysogeny decision depends on the DNA binding activities of the phage's cI repressor protein. We wished to determine whether changes in the intracellular ionic environment influence the lysis-lysogeny decision of the bacteriophage λ imm434 . Our findings show that the ionic composition within bacterial cells varies with the cation concentration in the growth media. When λ imm434 lysogens were grown to mid-log or stationary phase and subsequently incubated in media with increasing monovalent salt concentrations, we observed a salt concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of bacteriophage spontaneous induction. We also found that the frequency of spontaneous induction varied with the type of monovalent cation in the medium. The salt-dependent increase in phage production was unaffected by a recA mutation. These findings indicate that the salt-dependent increase in phage production is not caused by activation of the SOS pathway. Instead, our evidence suggests that salt stress induces this lysogenic bacteriophage by interfering with 434 repressor-DNA interactions. We speculate that the salt-dependent increase in spontaneous induction is due to a direct effect on the repressor's affinity for DNA. Regardless of the precise mechanism, our findings demonstrate that salt stress can regulate the phage lysis-lysogeny switch.
Effects of woody debris on the habitat of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in northern Japanese streams

1. The effects of woody debris on stream habitat of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) were examined at two spatial scales, stream reach and channel unit, for first- to third-order tributaries of the Teshio River in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The forty-eight study reaches were classified into three distinct types: coarse-substrate step-pool (CSP), coarse-substrate pool–riffle (CPR) and fine-substrate pool–riffle (FPR) reaches. Each reach type included reaches with different riparian settings, broadly classified as forest (relatively undisturbed forest and secondary forest after fires) or grassland (bamboo bushland and pasture). 2. The reach-scale analyses showed that neither total pool volume nor pool-to-pool spacing was correlated with woody debris abundance in any of the three reach types. Masu salmon density was positively correlated with both woody-debris cover area and total cover area, but not with total pool volume in the reaches. 3. Channel-unit-scale analyses revealed that woody debris reduced non-pool velocity, increased pool depth and retained fine sediment in pools in FPR reaches, where the size of woody debris was very large relative to the substrate material size. However, woody debris did not influence any of the hydraulic variables (depth, velocity, substrate) in either non-pools or pools of CSP and CPR reaches. Habitat use by masu salmon in non-pools or pools was affected by woody-debris cover area or total cover area rather than by hydraulic variables in any of the reach types. 4. The effects of woody debris on habitat at the reach- and channel-unit scales in the study area were less than those indicated by previous work in the Pacific Northwest, North America, owing to the relatively small size of the riparian trees. However, the overall results suggested that woody debris in the study area contributed to masu salmon habitat by providing cover at the smaller, microhabitat scale.
Single-Molecule Insights into PcrA-Driven Disruption of RecA Filaments

Homologous recombination (HR) plays a critical role in many important cellular processes, including the resolution of stalled replication forks. HR must be highly regulated within the cell because aberrant recombination can introduce gene deletions as well as structural barriers to genetic replication and repair; various families of proteins have evolved in different organisms to achieve this regulation. The bacterial DNA-binding protein RecA is one such prototypical agent that promotes HR. It forms helical nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that act as HR loci. The assembly and disassembly of RecA filaments are dynamic, and depend on the ATPase cycle of the protein. Both processes are subject to modulation and regulation by other factors. RecA filaments can be actively removed from DNA by non-replicative helicases such as PcrA (present in Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and UvrD (present in Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and deletion of either of these leads to dysregulation of HR, which suggests that they play an important role in regulating HR via the removal of RecA filaments. We used single-molecule FRET (smFRET) to further investigate this removal and discovered that the ATPase activity of RecA is required for it to occur. The exquisite sensitivity of the single molecule technique allowed us to observe individual, short RecA filaments on ssDNA, as well as how PcrA disrupts them. The work described in this dissertation highlights a novel mechanistic component in the regulation of RecA, namely the crucial role that its ATPase activity plays in filament removal by PcrA.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ORGANOLEPTIC ANALYSIS IN RICE CULTIVARS

A study was conducted during Kharif 2012 to evaluate physicochemical and organoleptic analysis of twenty six rice cultivars. The cultivar IR09F-434 and CR 1009 recorded highest and lowest kernel length, respectively before and after cooking. Mahadikwee recorded highest kernel breadth before and after cooking, while lowest kernel breadth before and after cooking was recorded by Sambha Sub1 and CR 1009, respectively. The 92.30% cultivars were categorized as soft, whereas 88.46% showed high amylose content. The cultivar FR 13A and Madal recorded highest and lowest water uptake ratio, respectively. Low alkali digestion value and high gelatinization temperature were detected in 34.62% cultivars. Cultivar Ausboro showed the presence of strong aroma, while mild aroma was also detected in Dular and Karkati 87. Kernel length/breath ratio showed positive and significant association with kernel length before and after cooking. Organoleptic analysis revealed the cultivars Sambha Sub-1, HUR 38B, Swarna Sub-1, BD-2010 early, BD-2010 late, IR09F-434 and IR09F-436 showed overall very good acceptability, indicating their potential for consumer preferences.
Discrimination of Zhishi from different species using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography-diode array detection/ultraviolet (RRLC-DAD/UV) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

Zhishi is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Many species ofCitrus plants, such as Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivars, Citrus sinensis Osbeck and its cultivars, and Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka, can be used as Zhishi. However, Zhishi from different species exhibited differences in their therapeutic effects. In addition, it was very difficult to distinguish the species due to their similar morphologies. Flavanone compounds are the main bioactive constituents of Zhishi; in this study, flavanones were used as chemotaxonomic markers to distinguish among different Citrus samples. The contents of four flavanones (narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin) of 77 Zhishi samples from threeCitrus species were determined using rapid resolution liquid chromatography-diode array detection/UV (RRLC-DAD/UV) and multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the quantitative data showed a clear separation of compositions among the three species of Zhishi samples. Furthermore, the established differential mode was subsequently applied to identify the origin of unknown commercial samples. Key words: Zhishi, Citrus species, flavanone, rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC), multivariate statistical analysis.
User allocation‐aware edge cloud placement in mobile edge computing

Mobile edge computing is emerging as a novel ubiquitous computing platform to overcome the limit resources of mobile devices and bandwidth bottleneck of the core network in mobile cloud computing. In mobile edge computing, it is a significant issue for cost reduction and QoS improvement to place edge clouds at the edge network as a small data center to serve users. In this paper, we study the edge cloud placement problem, which is to place the edge clouds at the candidate locations and allocate the mobile users to the edge clouds. Specifically, we formulate it as a multiobjective optimization problem with objective to balance the workload between edge clouds and minimize the service communication delay of mobile users. To this end, we propose an approximate approach that adopted the K‐means and mixed‐integer quadratic programming. Furthermore, we conduct experiments based on Shanghai Telecom's base station data set and compare our approach with other representative approaches. The results show that our approach performs better to some extent in terms of workload balance and communication delay and validate the proposed approach.
Preferential Outcrossing in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell

Seed production characteristics of Eucalyptus regnans following self (S), outcross (0), (S + 0) and open pollination were investigated as a contribution to understanding of breeding system control in this species. All five trees tested produced seed after self-pollination, although yield was reduced relative to outcrossing. Isozyme analysis was used to determine paternity of individual seeds produced by pollination with a 1 : 1 mixture of S and 0 pollens. Preferential outcrossing was demonstrated, with an average of 81% of seeds being outcrosses. S and 0 seeds were also found within the same openpollinated capsules, confirming the experimental observation that receipt of outcross pollen does not per se preclude self-fertilisation. The independent probabilities of survival of S and 0 embryos, as determined from seed yield per 100 flowers after separate S and 0 pollination, accounted for much of the preferential outcrossing effect. However, some trees produced more outcrosses than expected and competitive interaction of embryo genotypes within a capsule cannot be discounted. Following open pollination, samples from 15 trees averaged 16.7 ovules and 1.48 full seeds per capsule, giving a mean seed : ovule ratio of 9.0%. The modal number of seeds per capsule was 1 and the maximum 9, while 21% of capsules yielded no full seeds. These observations and experiments suggest post-fertilisation control of the breeding system, dependent upon both embryo genotype and maternal resource allocation.
Emotions on the Go: Mobile Emotion Assessment in Real-Time using Facial Expressions

Exploiting emotions for user interface evaluation became an increasingly important research objective in Human-Computer Interaction. Emotions are usually assessed through surveys that do not allow information to be collected in real-time. In our work, we suggest the use of smartphones for mobile emotion assessment. We use the front-facing smartphone camera as a tool for emotion detection based on facial expressions. Such information can be used to reflect on emotional states or provide emotion-aware user interface adaptation. We collected facial expressions along with app usage data in a two-week field study consisting of a one-week training phase and a one-week testing phase. We built and evaluated a person-dependent classifier, yielding an average classification improvement of 33% compared to classifying facial expressions only. Furthermore, we correlate the estimated emotions with concurrent app usage to draw insights into changes in mood. Our work is complemented by a discussion of the feasibility of probing emotions on-the-go and potential use cases for future emotion-aware applications.