Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of Clear and Cloudy Boundary Layers in Climate Models. Chapter 14

The atmospheric general circulation models which are being used as components of climate models rely on their boundary layer parameterizations to produce realistic simulations of the surface turbulent fluxes of sensible heat. moisture. and momentum: of the boundary-layer depth over which these fluxes converge: of boundary layer cloudiness: and of the interactions of the boundary layer with the deep convective clouds that grow upwards from it. Two current atmospheric general circulation models are used as examples to show how these requirements are being addressed: these are version 3 of the Community Climate Model. which has been developed at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. and the Colorado State University atmospheric general circulation model. The formulations and results of both models are discussed. Finally, areas for future research are suggested.
Tutupan karang dan komposisi ikan karang didalam dan luar kawasan konservasi pesisir timur Pulau Weh, Sabang

Abstract. Th e study was conducted onApril to October 2013 in marine protec ted area s of Weh Island . The samplings were done at 10 site s where 6 site sare situated inside of conservation area s, while 4 site s are situated outside of conservation area s . The purpose ofthis study was to evaluate coral covers andreef fish composition . Point intersept transect(PIT), underwater visual census (UVC) and fish catches were used to examine coral cover s , abudance and biomass of reef fish. The results showed that a verage of coral cover s , abudance and biomass of target fishes inside conservation were 54%, 1 , 662 ind/ha and 408 . 78 kh/ha , respectively, while than outside conservation was 33 . 05%, 1 , 058 ind/ha and 307 . 77 kg/ha , respectively . Total of reef fish species and the catch were increase d from previous years , for example there are 60 species in 2010 and it was increased to 83 species in 2013. In addition the fishermen catches were increased slightly from 3.03 kg/trip in 2008 to 3.6 kg/trip in 2013. It is concluded that the coral condition and reef fish composition in the conservation are much better compared to outside of conservation areas. Keywords : Marine protect area ; reef fish ; Weh Island Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada April sampai Oktober 2013 di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Pesisir Timur Pulau Weh yang terdiri dari 10 stasiun dimana 6 stasiun berada didalam kawasan konservasi dan 4 stasiun diluar kawasan konservasi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai persentase tutupan karang dan komposisi ikan karang. Sampling menggunakan transek titik dan underwater visual sensus (UVC) dan hasil tangkapan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kondisi tutupan karang, kelimpahan dan biomassa ikan target dikawasan konservasi yaitu 54%, 1.662 ind/ha dan 408,78 kg/ha, secara berurutan, sedangkan diluar kawasan konservasi adalah 33,05%, 1.058 ind/ha dan 307,77 kg/ha biomassa ikan target.Jumlah jenis ikan karang di kawasan konservasi meningkat, yaitu 60 jenis tahun 2010 menjadi 83 jenis pada tahun 2013 dan rata-rata hasil tangkapan tahun 2008 yaitu 3,03 kg/trip dan tahun 2013 yaitu 3,6 kg/trip. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi karang dan komposisi jenis dan ukuran ikan lebih baik di dalam kawasan konservasi berbanding diluar kawasan. Kata kunci : Kawasan Konservasi; Ikan karang; Pulau Weh
SpENCNN: Orchestrating Encoding and Sparsity for Fast Homomorphically Encrypted Neural Network Inference

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a promising technology to protect clients’ data privacy for Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) on public clouds. However, HE operations can be orders of magnitude slower than their counterparts for plaintexts and thus result in prohibitively high inference latency, seriously hindering the practicality of HE. In this paper, we propose a HE-based fast neural network (NN) inference framework–SpENCNN built upon the co-design of HE operation-aware model sparsity and the single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD)-friendly data packing, to improve NN inference latency. In particular, we first develop an encryption-aware HE-group convolution technique that can partition channels among different groups based on the data size and ciphertext size, and then encode them into the same ciphertext by novel group-interleaved encoding, so as to dramatically reduce the number of bottlenecked operations in HE convolution. We further tailor a HE-friendly sub-block weight pruning to reduce the costly HE-based convolution operation. Our experiments show that SpENCNN can achieve overall speedups of 8.37 × , 12.11 × , 19.26 × , and 1.87 × for LeNet, VGG-5, HEFNet, and ResNet-20 respectively, with negligible accuracy loss. Our code is publicly available at https://github. com/
Understanding Suicide

Abstract Because suicide has become a significant public health concern in the United States (and internationally), occupational therapists who work with psychiatric populations-particularly adolescent and geriatric populations-should enhance their understanding of suicidal behavior, their ability to assess suicidal ideology in patients, and their awareness of effective prevention and treatment methods. This paper reviews the demography, risk factors, and biological underpinnings of suicidal behavior. The high correlation between psychiatric conditions— particularly the mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia—and suicidal behavior is examined. Prevention and treatment methods are suggested.
Evaluation of the impact of viscosity, injection volume, and injection flow rate on subcutaneous injection tolerance

Aim: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fluid injection viscosity in combination with different injection volumes and flow rates on subcutaneous (SC) injection pain tolerance. Methods: The study was a single-center, comparative, randomized, crossover, Phase I study in 24 healthy adults. Each participant received six injections in the abdomen area of either a 2 or 3 mL placebo solution, with three different fluid viscosities (1, 8–10, and 15–20 cP) combined with two different injection flow rates (0.02 and 0.3 mL/s). All injections were performed with 50 mL syringes and 27G, 6 mm needles. Perceived injection pain was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 mm/no pain, 100 mm/extreme pain). The location and depth of the injected fluid was assessed through 2D ultrasound echography images. Results: Viscosity levels had significant impact on perceived injection pain ( P = 0.0003). Specifically, less pain was associated with high viscosity (VAS = 12.6 mm) than medium (VAS = 16.6 mm) or low (VAS = 22.1 mm) viscosities, with a significant difference between high and low viscosities ( P = 0.0002). Target injection volume of 2 or 3 mL was demonstrated to have no significant impact on perceived injection pain ( P = 0.89). Slow (0.02 mL/s) or fast (0.30 mL/s) injection rates also showed no significant impact on perceived pain during SC injection ( P = 0.79). In 92% of injections, the injected fluid was located exclusively in SC tissue whereas the remaining injected fluids were found located in SC and/or intradermal layers. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that solutions of up to 3 mL and up to 15–20 cP injected into the abdomen within 10 seconds are well tolerated without pain. High viscosity injections were shown to be the most tolerated, whereas injection volume and flow rates did not impact perceived pain.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Walk of life

Behavioral states are commonly considered global phenomena with homogeneous neural determinants. Recent studies however indicate that behavioral states modulate spiking activity with neuron-level specificity as a function of brain area, neuronal subtype and preceding history. Although functional connectivity also strongly depends on behavioral state at a mesoscopic level – and is globally weaker in non-REM sleep and anesthesia than wakefulness – it is unknown how neuronal communication is modulated at the cellular level. We hypothesize that – as for neuronal activity – the influence of behavioral states on neuronal coupling strongly depends on type, location and preceding history of involved neurons. Here we applied non-linear, information-theoretical measures of functional connectivity to ensemble recordings with single-cell resolution to quantify neuronal communication in the neocortex and hippocampus of rats during wakefulness and sleep. While functional connectivity (measured in terms of coordination between firing rate fluctuations) was globally stronger in wakefulness than non-REM sleep (with distinct traits for cortical and hippocampal areas), the drop observed during non-REM sleep was mainly determined by a loss of inter-areal connectivity between excitatory neurons. Conversely, local (intra-area) connectivity and longrange (inter-areal) coupling between interneurons were preserved during nonREM sleep. Furthermore, neuronal networks that were either modulated or not by a behavioral task remained segregated during quiet wakefulness and non-REM sleep. These results show that the drop in functional connectivity during wakesleep transitions globally holds true at the cellular level, but confine this change mainly to long-range coupling between excitatory neurons. Significance statement Studies performed at a mesoscopic level of analysis have shown that communication between cortical areas is disrupted in non-REM sleep and anesthesia. However, the neuronal determinants of this phenomenon are not known. Here we applied non-linear, information-theoretical measures of functional coupling to multi-area tetrode recordings from freely moving rats, to investigate whether and how brain state modulates coordination between individual neurons. We found that the previously observed drop in functional connectivity during non-REM sleep can be explained by a decrease in coupling between excitatory neurons located in distinct brain areas. Conversely, intra-area communication and coupling between interneurons are preserved. Our results provide significant new insights into the neuron-level mechanisms responsible for the loss of consciousness occurring in non-REM sleep.
Teaching Practices and Social Capital

We use several data sources to consider the effect of teaching practices on student beliefs, as well as on organization of firms and institutions. In individual‐level data, teaching practices (such as copying from the board versus working on projects together) exert a substantial influence on student beliefs about cooperation both with each other and with teachers. In cross‐country data, teaching practices shape both beliefs and institutional outcomes. The relationship between teaching practices and student test performance is nonlinear. The evidence suggests that schools, and not just families, serve to perpetuate social capital.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health Inhibition, Flexibility, Working Memory and Planning in Autism Spectrum Disorders with and without Comorbid Adhd-symptoms

Background: Recent studies have not paid a great deal of attention to comorbid attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in autistic children even though it is well known that almost half of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffer from hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare executive functioning (EF) profiles in children with ADHD and in children with ASD with and without comorbid ADHD.
Improving depressive symptoms and maintaining cognitive abilities of seniors within the nursing homes: A pilot study of brief mindfulness-based interventions for seniors in a semi-randomized trial

Introduction Seniors in nursing homes are at higher risk for depression and emotional distress. The COVID-19 crisis and isolation have even increased the risk for cognitive decline and suicidality. Since social media is often unfamiliar to older adults, their treatment options were diminished during quarantine. Recently, studies showed the potential for Mindfulness-Based Intervention in improving cognitive functioning and psychological well-being among healthy older adults. Standardized courses such as MBSR and MBCT are not suited to the majority of seniors for several reasons. First, the interventions are too long and demanding, physically and cognitively. Second, they require an instructed counselor for delivery, which makes it almost impossible in times of quarantine, and third, very expensive. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine whether similar improvements in emotional distress and cognitive functioning can be achieved through a brief intervention, that can be delivered by workers in nursing homes. Methods A course of 8 half-hour sessions each (MBIS: Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Seniors) was employed in two versions: (1) An 8-week course with weekly meetings (2) A 4-week course with 2 sessions per week and compared to a control care-as-usual group. Depression and mood were measured, as well as cognitive abilities in the Simon task. In addition, the level of Mindfulness skills was measured before and after the interventions. Results We showed that brief interventions succeeded in improving mindfulness Non-reactivity and produced changes in the facets Acting with awareness and Non-judging. More importantly, the brief intervention, in both frequency versions, improved the level of depression and mood (BDI and PHQ-9). At the cognitive level, an adaptive sequential effect appeared after the intervention only in the 8-week MBIS group. Discussion These findings indicate the effectiveness of this pilot of a short, simple, mindfulness-based intervention, in improving depression and psychological distress, as well as improving cognitive control over time. This may enhance significant developments in the field of treatment solutions for seniors, with a ready-to-use protocol to administer in nursing homes.
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience Synaptic Neuroscience

plasticity (STDP) depending on parameters such as brain area and neuron type (Froemke et al. However, it is unknown what synaptic learning rules exist in human synapses and whether similar temporal windows for STDP at synapses hold true for the human brain. There are few studies on synaptic LTP and LTD in humans. With field potential recordings from hippocampal and neocorti-cal tissue excised from human patients it was shown that high frequency stimulation (100 Hz) induces LTP in human synapses (Chen et al., 1996; Beck et al., 2000). Blocking NMDA receptors with APV prevents LTP induction, indicating that plasticity of human synapses shares molecular mechanisms with animal models. Low frequency stimulation (1 Hz) resulted in LTD (Chen et al., 1996), showing that the strength of human synapses can be regulated bi-directionally. Indirect evidence suggests that coincident millisecond timing of activity is likely to govern synaptic changes in humans as well (Stefan et al., 2000; Wolters et al., 2003). Pairing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex with peripheral nerve stimulation in vivo can alter motor-evoked potentials in muscles, and precise timing determines the sign of this plasticity (Wolters
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience Synaptic Neuroscience

This function of Munc13 was initially attributed to a post vesicle docking stage, on the basis of ultrastructural data from aldehyde fixed tissues which showed normal docking in null mutants recent implementation of high-pressure freeze (HPF) fixation methods and ultrastructural analyses have demonstrated that the priming defects of both Munc13 and unc-13 mutants are associated with a pronounced reduction in plasma membrane docked synaptic vesicles at the active zone (defined as 0 nm between vesicle and plasma membranes) (Weimer et al., 2006; Siksou et al., 2009). These contradictory results can be explained by differences in fixation methods (Siksou et al., 2007). That this recently revealed docking defect reflects the loss of assembled SNARE complexes in Munc13/unc-13 mutants is supported by the observation that C. elegans syntaxin null mutants prepared by HPF fixation exhibit a similar docking defect (Hammarlund et al., 2007). Prior to this HPF data, docking was thought to occur upstream of vesicle priming and to involve members of the SM protein family. The docking role of Munc18/UNC-18, based on aldehyde fixed
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience Synaptic Neuroscience

rules of normalization which require, in addition to Hebb's rule, depression of the gain of other competing synapses (Stent, 1973; von der Malsburg, 1973; Sejnowski, 1977a,b). For instance, a model of self-organization was proposed by von der Malsburg (1973) to account for the development of orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. Based on the Hebbian principle, the model introduces a nor-malization rule where the sum of the synaptic weights of afferent contacts on one neuron remains constant with time. This implies that local increase in synaptic weight is obtained in detriment of all other contacts that were inactive at the same time. This rule bears similarities with the rule proposed by Stent (1973) who assumed a selective decrease in the efficacy of synaptic transmission of afferent fibers which were inactive at the time when the postsynaptic neuron was discharging under the influence of other inputs. The algorithms of synaptic plasticity introduced by Sejnowski (1977a,b) to model plasticity in the cerebellum, and later by Bienenstock et al. (1982) for the primary visual cortex, overcome the problem of the synaptic saturation without introducing an ad hoc normalization rule. They are based on an input/output covari-ance algorithm where the change in synaptic efficacy is proportional to the covariation of pre-and postsynaptic activities. This covariation corresponds to the product of the differences of the instantaneous pre-and postsynaptic activities from their respective mean values (averaged over a certain period of preceding time). Covariance-based algorithms predict that the same synapse can both increase and decrease its synaptic efficacy, thereby allowing the connectivity state of the network to evolve into non-trivial states, i.e., non-diverging stable points that attract the dynamics of
Maternal complications and associated factors among mothers who underwent a cesarean section at Gebretsadik Shewa general hospital: an institution based cross-sectional study

Introduction Cesarean sections have played a major role in lowering maternal morbidity and mortality rates, but are a major concern in developing countries. This study aims to assess the magnitude of maternal complication and its associated factors among women who underwent a cesarean section at Gebretsadik Shewa general hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Method A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gebretsadik Shewa general hospital. Data were extracted from 382 mothers' medical charts, retrieved from the labor and operations theatre log book registry using systematic random sampling technique. The extracted data was coded and entered into Epi Data version 3.0, and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was conducted and significance and strength association was determined considering AOR with a 95% confidence level. Result A total of 382 mothers' charts were reviewed; however, 368 charts were eligible for data entry. The age of the participants ranges between 16 and 42 years with mean and standard deviation of 26.1 ± 4.8 years. Maternal complication rate was 30.4% [95% CI: 25.8- 35.1]. Surgical site infection (10.3%), anemia (6.5%) and intraoperative bleeding (4.6%) were the most common. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that no antenatal care follow up, medical illness during pregnancy, emergency cesarean section and not receiving a prophylactic antibiotic were statistically associated with maternal complications. Conclusion The incidence of maternal complication following cesarean delivery was unduly high. Community based education about antenatal care follow up and its importance should be further strengthened for favorable maternal and fetal outcomes.
Free-choice pasture access for dry cows: effects on health, behavior and milk production.

Allowing dairy cattle to access pasture or outdoor areas is known to be beneficial for cows' welfare and is considered important by the general public. However, in confinement-based operations with high-yielding cows, pasture access may be difficult to implement, especially for lactating animals. Providing pasture access to heifers and dry cows seems a more feasible option for most farms. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of providing high yielding dairy cows with free-choice pasture access during the dry period on their health, behavior and milk production. Over the study period, a total of 78 Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments during the dry period (51 ± 8 d): housing with free-choice access to the pasture (PAST) or housing continuously without any access to the outdoors (CTRL). After calving, all cows from both treatments were mixed and housed continuously. To assess the effects of the treatment on cows' performance, all animals enrolled were monitored both before calving and during the first 100 d in milk (DIM) of the following lactation. The behavior of all cows involved was monitored continuously during the whole observation period using collar-based sensors. All cows were inspected monthly to assess lameness, hock lesions, cleanliness, and body condition score (BCS). During the period after calving (0-100 DIM), milk production and composition were also monitored. Results showed that free-choice pasture access affected cows' feeding behavior. Before calving, the animals in PAST spent more time feeding than in CTRL and, interestingly, this difference tended to persist for several weeks after calving. During the dry period, cows in PAST were cleaner than in CTRL but no differences in locomotion and BCS were found between the 2 groups. Free-choice pasture access during the dry period also affected milk production during the following lactation. The cows that spent the dry period in PAST produced more milk than CTRL counterparts, particularly for the animals that calved during summer. In the current study we have found that providing free-choice pasture access during the dry period can positively affect the performance of dairy cattle and represents a desirable practice in confinement-based dairy production systems.