Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory for Optimum Accelerated Censored Life Tests for Weibull and Extreme Value Distributions

This paper presents maximum likelihood theory for large-sample optimum accelerated life test plans. The plans are used to estimate a simple linear relationship between (transformed) stress and product life, which has a Weibull or smallest extreme value distribution. Censored data are to be analyzed before all test units fail. The plans show that all test units need not run to failure and that more units should be tested at low test stresses than at high ones. The plans are illustrated with a voltage-accelerated life test of an electrical insulating fluid.
Detection of ice types in the Eastern Weddell Sea by fusing L- and C-band SIR-C polarimetric quantities

This article discusses the use of spaceborne polarimetric L-band and C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for sea-ice detection and classification. The benefits of combining L-band with C-band polarimetric quantities for supervised sea-ice classification in the Eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, are investigated. In the experiments, we compared the performance of a maximum likelihood (ML) classifier when used with the combined preferred polarimetric parameters and the individual ones, respectively. The relation between the classification accuracy and the preferred number of polarimetric parameters for classification was examined as well as whether principal component analysis (PCA) and locally linear embedding (LLE) can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the parameter sets. Combining dual-frequency polarimetric quantities improves classification accuracy compared to using individual single-frequency polarimetric quantities. By increasing the dimensionality of the preferred polarimetric parameter sets, the classification using high dimensionality can either result in improvements over the smaller subsets or result in no significant differences. Therefore, using all available polarimetric quantities over the study region is recommended. Further, data fusion with a PCA-based approach is found to be beneficial for sea-ice detection and classification, and poor results have been produced with an LLE-based approach.
An enhanced constitutive model for crushable granular materials

Studies in the past have tried to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of granular materials by proposing constitutive relations based on a common assumption that model parameters and parameters describing the properties, including gradation of individual grains are inevitably linked. However successful these models have proved to be, they cannot account for the changes in granular assembly behaviour if the grains start to break during mechanical loading. This paper proposes to analyse the relation between grading change and the mechanical behaviour of granular assembly. A way to model the influence of grain breakage is to use a critical state‐based model. The influence of the amount of grain breakage during loading, depending on the individual grain strength and size distribution, can be introduced into constitutive relations by means of a new parameter that controls the evolution of critical state with changes in grain size distribution. Experimental data from a calcareous sand, a quartz sand, and a rockfill material were compared with numerical results and good‐quality simulations were obtained. The main consequences of grain breakage are increased compressibility and a gradual dilatancy disappearance in the granular material. The critical state concept is also enriched by considering its overall relation to the evolution of the granular material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Useful Field of View of an Adaptive Optics System

The corrected field of view of an adaptive optics system is thought to provide a severe limitation on the usefulness of an adaptive optics system. We show that under good seeing conditions, the useful field of view is an order of magnitude larger than the field predicted by the classical isoplanatic angle. Under excellent seeing conditions on Mauna Kea, the corrected field of view in the near‐infrared of a high‐order adaptive optics system is larger than current near‐infrared detector arrays. The corrected field of view is experimentally shown to increase when using spatially degraded wavefront corrections. Two methods of spatially degrading the wavefront were tested: low‐order modal wavefront reconstructions and the use of a low‐altitude Rayleigh wavefront reference beacon. In both cases, the on‐axis performance is sacrificed for an increased field of view. The optimal spatial order of the wavefront correction is shown to depend on the wavelength of the observation. In the K band, the total time to reach a fixed signal‐to‐noise ratio of a large field of faint objects is nearly independent of the wavefront correction order, while at shorter wavelengths the total exposure time is minimized by using increasingly higher order wavefront corrections. In this study, photometric errors due to changes in the point‐spread function across the field are small even when the variations are modeled as a linear variation across the field.
Accretion onto magnetized neutron stars: structure and interchange instability of a model magnetosphere.

A self-consistent model for the entry of spherically infalling plasma into the magnetosphere of a slowly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron star, in the case of a weakly magnetized infalling plasma is described. The implications of the approximations for the applicability of the model to X-ray sources are discussed. (AIP)
Special invited paper: The SCORE normalization, especially for heterogeneous network and text data

SCORE was introduced as a spectral approach to network community detection. Since many networks have severe degree heterogeneity, the ordinary spectral clustering (OSC) approach to community detection may perform unsatisfactorily. SCORE alleviates the effect of degree heterogeneity by introducing a new normalization idea in the spectral domain and makes OSC more effective. SCORE is easy to use and computationally fast. It adapts easily to new directions and sees an increasing interest in practice. In this paper, we review the basics of SCORE, the adaption of SCORE to network mixed membership estimation and topic modeling, and the application of SCORE in real data, including two datasets on the publications of statisticians. We also review the theoretical “ideology” underlying SCORE. We show that in the spectral domain, SCORE converts a simplicial cone to a simplex and provides a simple and direct link between the simplex and network memberships. SCORE attains an exponential rate and a sharp phase transition in community detection, and achieves optimal rates in mixed membership estimation and topic modeling.
An Investigation of Monetisation Models in Digital Games

This paper presents a review and comparison of monetisation models in a free-to-play gaming. The monetisation is the essential element in a game production process because it helps clarify the design that should be compatible with the monetisation models and revenue generation methods of the game. The investigation is conducted by utilising a set of online questionaires. The results show that the in-game Ads are not bothering the majority of players and players does not pay to remove them. Fashion and uniqueness of player's avatar is more important than the in-game items that would help player in a game.
Quasi‐linear analysis of ion Weibel instability in the Earth's neutral sheet

The development of the ion Weibel instability in the Earth's neutral sheet is examined by quasi-linear analysis for waves propagating along the ambient magnetic field. For ion drift speed reaching a sizable fraction ([approximately]0.5 to 1) of the ion thermal speed, numerical solution of the quasi-linear kinetic equations shows the wave growth reaching the nonlinear stage in less than one ion gyroperiod. The saturation level is attained with the ion drift speed reducing by -15 to 28% of its initial value, wave amplitudes ranging from [approximately]0.2 to 0.8 of the ambient magnetic field, and the ion temperature along the magnetic field increasing by [approximately]25 to 90%. This instability thus provides a means for non-adiabatic heating of ions during substorms. The resulting anomalous resistivity is estimated to be [approximately]1 [times] 10[sup [minus]7] to 1 [times] 10[sup [minus]6] s, about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude above the classical Coulomb resistivity. These predictions may be regarded as lower limits on the effects of the nonlinear stage of this instability since only parallel propagating waves are considered. Nevertheless, the calculated reduction in the ion drift speed compares reasonably well with the inferred amount of current reduction from observations of current disruption events, andmore » the anomalous resistivity is within the range of values estimated for active magnetotail regions during substorm expansion. The difference in the nonlinear evolution with different initial ion drift speeds suggests that a current system in the same sense as the substorm current wedge is expected to be established in the midnight region as a result of this instability occurring in the nightside neutral sheet. For a typical amount of current reduction, it is estimated that the plasma in this region is subjected to a substantial net force injecting it earthward. 67 refs., 5 figs.« less
Temperature fluctuations in the plane turbulent wake

Results are presented of temperature measurements made in the slightly heated, plane turbulent wake at stations 400 and 500 diam downstream from a heated cylinder at a Reynolds number of 2800. The results include transverse distributions of the first four moments of the temperature obtained using both conventional and conditional sampling and averaging techniques, the downstream distribution of the root mean square temperature fluctuations on the wake centerline and the probability density function of the temperature. Additionally, there are obtained, as a function of distance from the interface, temperature moments which indicate that there is a definite thermal structure associated with the interface.
IRAS observations of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae

Integrated and individual-star observations of 47 Tuc obtained at 12, 25, 60, and 100 microns by IRAS are reported. The data are presented in tables and brightness contour maps and analyzed. Features discussed include integrated light dominated by stellar photospheric emission, 12- and 25-micron excesses (associated with red giants in the outer region of the cluster), and a small excess at 100 microns (attributed to integrated-light heating of about 0.0003 solar mass of silicate dust within 6 arcmin of the cluster center). It is pointed out that this is much less dust than predicted by theoretical models of accumulation since the cluster passed through the Galactic plane about 30 Myr ago, and possible dust-removal mechanisms are considered. 55 references.
Different triggering mechanisms for solar flares and coronal mass ejections

Context. Experimental observations indicate that flares and CMEs are often associated, even if the precise relationship between the two phenomena is a still hot and open question. Aims. We present a study of the statistical properties of solar flare and CME temporal organisation, in order to enlighten differences in the mechanisms at the basis of their occurrence. Methods. We analyse experimental catalogs and compare the occurrence rate of flares and CME with the sunspot number. We also perform numerical simulations of simple stochastic models to be compared with experimental data. Results. We find that the CME and flare occurrence rates are related, respectively, linearly and quadratically to the level of solar activity. Conclusions. This behaviour could be understood in terms of correlations among flares: the occurrence of a flare, by perturbing the magnetic configuration, may eventually trigger further flares. This interpretation is supported by the existence of Omori sequences of after-flares following more energetic flares.
From Genetics to Clinical Implications: A Study of 675 Dutch Osteogenesis Imperfecta Patients

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disorder that causes bone fragility due to pathogenic variants in genes responsible for the synthesis of type I collagen. Efforts to classify the high clinical variability in OI led to the Sillence classification. However, this classification only partially takes into account extraskeletal manifestations and the high genetic variability. Little is known about the relation between genetic variants and phenotype as of yet. The aim of the study was to create a clinically relevant genetic stratification of a cohort of 675 Dutch OI patients based on their pathogenic variant types and to provide an overview of their respective medical care demands. The clinical records of 675 OI patients were extracted from the Amsterdam UMC Genome Database and matched with the records from Statistics Netherlands (CBS). The patients were categorized based on their harbored pathogenic variant. The information on hospital admissions, outpatient clinic visits, medication, and diagnosis-treatment combinations (DTCs) was compared between the variant groups. OI patients in the Netherlands appear to have a higher number of DTCs, outpatient clinic visits, and hospital admissions when compared to the general Dutch population. Furthermore, medication usage seems higher in the OI cohort in comparison to the general population. The patients with a COL1A1 or COL1A2 dominant negative missense non-glycine substitution appear to have a lower health care need compared to the other groups, and even lower than patients with COL1A1 or COL1A2 haploinsufficiency. It would be useful to include the variant type in addition to the Sillence classification when categorizing a patient’s phenotype.
Interstitial Lung Disease in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Cohort Prospective Study

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) has been recognized as an extrahepatic manifestation ofprimary biliary cholangitis (PBC), althoughlimited data are available on its prevalence and clinical significance. Therefore, we evaluated the occurrence and clinical features of ILD in a cohort of PBC patients. Ninety-three individuals without concomitant rheumatic diseases were enrolled in our prospective cohort study. All patients underwent chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Liver-related and lung-related survival wereassessed. A lung-related outcome was defined as death from ILD complications; a liver-related outcome was defined as liver transplantation or death from liver cirrhosis complications. HRCT findings suggestive ofILD were detected in 38 patients (40.9%). A sarcoid-like pattern of PBC-associated ILD was the most frequent, followed by subclinical ILD and organizing pneumonia. Patients with ILD were less likely to have liver cirrhosis and liver-related symptoms and presented with higher serum immunoglobulin M(IgM) and M2 subtype antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA-M2) positivity rates. In a multivariate analysis, the absence of liver disease symptoms at the disease presentation (OR 11.509; 95% CI 1.210–109.421; p = 0.033), the presence of hepatic non-necrotizing epithelioid cell granulomas (OR 17.754; 95% CI 1.805–174.631; p = 0.014), higher serum IgM (OR 1.535; 95% CI 1.067–2.208; p = 0.020) and higher blood leukocyte count (OR 2.356; 95% CI 1.170–4.747; p = 0.016) were independent risk factors associated with ILD in PBC. More than a third of patients with ILD showed no respiratory symptoms, and only one ILD-related death occurred during a follow-up of 29.0 months (IQR 11.5; 38.0). Patients with ILD had better liver transplant-free survival.ILD in PBC had a benign course and was associated with a lower liver disease severity. PBC-associated ILD should be included in a list of differential diagnoses of ILD.
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 Alleviates Sulfane Sulfur Toxicity after the Loss of Sulfane Dehydrogenase through Oxidation by Persulfide Dioxygenase and Hydrogen Sulfide Release

An incomplete Sox system lacking sulfane dehydrogenase SoxCD may produce and accumulate sulfane sulfur when oxidizing thiosulfate. However, how bacteria alleviate the pressure of sulfane sulfur accumulation remains largely unclear. In this study, we focused on the bacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134, which contains a complete Sox system. When soxCD was deleted, this bacterium temporarily produced sulfane sulfur when oxidizing thiosulfate. Persulfide dioxygenase (PDO) in concert with glutathione oxidizes sulfane sulfur to sulfite. Sulfite can spontaneously react with extra persulfide glutathione (GSSH) to produce thiosulfate, which can feed into the incomplete Sox system again and be oxidized to sulfate. Furthermore, the deletion strain lacking PDO and SoxCD produced volatile H2S gas when oxidizing thiosulfate. By comparing the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) between the wild-type and deletion strains, we speculated that H2S is generated during the interaction between sulfane sulfur and the glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) redox couple, which may reduce the oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of sulfane sulfur in bacteria. Thus, PDO and H2S release play a critical role in alleviating sulfane sulfur toxicity after the loss of soxCD in C. pinatubonensis JMP134.
A Review on Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation (EUS-RFA) of Pancreatic Lesions

The morbidity associated with pancreatectomies limits surgical options for high-risk patients with pancreatic neoplasms that warrant resection. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) offers a minimally invasive and potentially definitive means to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and precancerous pancreatic cystic lesions. In addition, EUS-RFA may play a role in the treatment and palliation of non-surgical cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The efficacy of RFA appears to be further enhanced by systemic immunomodulatory effects. Here, we review current studies on the developing role of EUS-RFA in these pancreatic pathologies.
Prolactin in Pregnancies Affected by Pre-Existing Maternal Metabolic Conditions: A Systematic Review

Women affected by maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2) or by polycystic ovary syndrome experience an increased risk of pregnancy complications, as well as suboptimal lactation outcomes. The hormone prolactin plays important roles in pregnancy and postpartum, both as a metabolic and lactogenic hormone. We aimed to explore, through a systematic review, the relationship between pregestational maternal metabolic conditions and prolactin levels in pregnancy and postpartum. MEDLINE via OVID, CINAHL Plus, and Embase were searched from inception to 9 May 2022. Eligible studies included women who were pregnant or up to 12 months postpartum and had a pre-existing diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome; with reporting of at least one endogenous maternal serum prolactin level during this time. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. Eleven studies met the eligibility criteria. The studies were too diverse and heterogeneous to enable meta-analysis. Overall, prolactin levels appeared to be lower in pregnancies affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus. There was little data in polycystic ovary syndrome or type 2 diabetes pregnancy, but prolactin increment across pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome emerged as an area for future study. During postpartum, lactation difficulties in women with metabolic disease present before pregnancy are well-described, but the relationship to prolactin remains unclear. Overall, preliminary evidence suggests that pre-existing maternal metabolic disease may alter prolactin dynamics in pregnancy and postpartum. Further well-designed studies in modern cohorts, with standardised collection and serial sampling across pregnancy and postpartum, are required to clarify these associations.
Complete bipartite graphs without small rainbow stars

The $k$-edge-colored bipartite Gallai-Ramsey number $\operatorname{bgr}_k(G:H)$ is defined as the minimum integer $n$ such that $n^2\geq k$ and for every $N\geq n$, every edge-coloring (using all $k$ colors) of complete bipartite graph $K_{N,N}$ contains a rainbow copy of $G$ or a monochromatic copy of $H$. In this paper, we first study the structural theorem on the complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ with no rainbow copy of $K_{1,3}$. Next, we utilize the results to prove the exact values of $\operatorname{bgr}_{k}(P_4: H)$, $\operatorname{bgr}_{k}(P_5: H)$, $\operatorname{bgr}_{k}(K_{1,3}: H)$, where $H$ is a various union of cycles and paths and stars.
An accretion column model for the accreting pulsar Her X-1

A model is developed here to reproduce the pulse shape of Her X-1. The 35-d cycle of pulse shape changes during the 35-d Her X-1 cycle ‘high–low–short-high–low’ is caused by varying obscuration of the emission region by the accretion disc. The observed sequence of pulse shape changes imply a pencil beam from the near pole and a fan beam from the far pole. A newly developed code for modelling accretion column emission, which includes accurate treatment of gravitational light-bending effects and allows for various emissivity functions and for various geometrical asymmetries, is used to calculated model pulse profiles. The model profiles can reproduce the main features of the observed pulse profiles of Her X-1 in various energy bands. The resulting properties of the accretion column geometry and the emissivity function are given.
Prevalence of Dual Diagnoses among Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions

Background: The World Health Organisation defines dual diagnosis as the co-occurrence in the same individual of a psychoactive substance use disorder and another psychiatric disorder. Children and adolescents with dual diagnoses represent a significant public health burden in social and financial terms. Aims: The objective of the present paper is to provide a review of studies dealing with dual diagnoses and their prevalence among children and adolescents whose primary treatment involves psychiatric conditions. Methods: The PRISMA was used to conduct a systematic search. Articles published between January 2010 and May 2022 were searched for analysis. Results: Eight articles were eventually found eligible for the final content analysis. The analysis of the articles identified the prevalence of dual diagnoses among children and adolescents treated primarily for psychiatric conditions, the gender-specific occurrence of dual diagnoses, methods used to diagnose psychiatric and substance use disorders, types of psychiatric diagnoses involved in dual diagnoses, and prevalence differences contingent on the type of service provision as the main thematic areas. The prevalence of dual diagnoses among the target population ranged from 18.3% to 54% (mean 32.7%). Boys were more likely to experience dual diagnoses and affective disorders were the most frequent psychiatric diagnoses. Conclusion: The importance of the issue and the high prevalence of dual diagnoses make it imperative that this type of research is pursued.