Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"Look! It's a Computer Program! It's an Algorithm! It's AI!": Does Terminology Affect Human Perceptions and Evaluations of Intelligent Systems?

In the media, in policy-making, but also in research articles, intelligent systems are referred to as algorithms, artiﬁcial intelligence, and computer programs, amongst other terms. We hypothesize that such terminological diﬀerencescan aﬀect people’s perceptions of properties of intelligent systems, people’s evaluations of systems in application contexts, and the robustness of research as ﬁndings may be inﬂuenced by terminological diﬀerences. In two studies (N = 397, N = 622), we show that terminology does indeed aﬀect laypeople’s perceptions ofsystemproperties (e.g.,perceived complexity)andevaluationsofsystems(e.g.,trust). Ourﬁndingshighlight the need to be mindful whenchoosing terms to describeintelligent systems, because terminology can have unintendedconsequences, and may impact the robustness and replicability of HCI research. Additionally, our ﬁndings indicate that terminology can be used strategically (e.g., in communication about intelligent systems) to inﬂuence people’s perceptions and evaluations of these systems.
Simulating high Reynolds number flow in two-dimensional lid-driven cavity by multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method

By coupling the non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme for boundary condition with the multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method, this paper finds that the stability of the multi-relaxation-time model can be improved greatly, especially on simulating high Reynolds number (Re) flow. As a discovery, the super-stability analysed by Lallemand and Luo is verified and the complex structure of the cavity flow is also exhibited in our numerical simulation when Re is high enough. To the best knowledge of the authors, the maximum of Re which has been investigated by direct numerical simulation is only around 50 000 in the literature; however, this paper can readily extend the maximum to 1000 000 with the above combination.
Nonlinear filtering of one-dimensional diffusions in the case of a high signal-to-noise ratio

In this paper, we are concerned with the asymptotic nonlinear filtering of one-dimensional diffusions as the observation noise tends to zero. The intensity of the signal noise may be normal, small or large. We derive evaluations of the conditional moments and obtain one- and two-dimensional approximate filters. We give upper bounds for the approximation errors and compare these filters with some classical suboptimal filters.
Photoinduced light scattering in cerium-doped barium strontium niobate crystals

Photoinduced light scattering was observed in cerium-doped (SrxBa1–x)1–y(Nb2O6)y crystals having the composition x = 0.61, y = 0.4993. It was found that this effect is due to holographic amplification of light scattered by crystal defects. An analysis is made of static and dynamic characteristics of self-amplification of scattered light in the crystals. A theoretical model of the process is constructed assuming that the hologram recording process is of the diffusion type. Theoretical results are compared with the experiment.
Germanium n-type shallow junction activation dependences

A few of the recent unsatisfactory germanium n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor MOSFET experimentations are believed to stem from the poor source and drain n+‐p junction formations. In order to explain the primary cause and suggest rectifying solutions, we have examined the activation of common n-type dopants in germanium and the related dependences. These dependences include thermal anneal budget, impurity species, and implantation dosage. Low thermal budgets are generally preferred to activate shallow junctions to simultaneously annihilate defects and suppress fast dopant diffusion. Injecting dopants over the solid-solubility limitation into shallow junctions would only generate more implantation damage but could not however lower the junction sheet resistance.
Partial least squares estimator for single‐index models

The partial least squares (PLS) approach first constructs new explanatory variables, known as factors (or components), which are linear combinations of available predictor variables. A small subset of these factors is then chosen and retained for prediction. We study the performance of PLS in estimating single‐index models, especially when the predictor variables exhibit high collinearity. We show that PLS estimates are consistent up to a constant of proportionality. We present three simulation studies that compare the performance of PLS in estimating single‐index models with that of sliced inverse regression (SIR). In the first two studies, we find that PLS performs better than SIR when collinearity exists. In the third study, we learn that PLS performs well even when there are multiple dependent variables, the link function is non‐linear and the shape of the functional form is not known.
Electron-impact excitation and emission cross sections of the H and states and rotational dependence of photodissociation cross sections of the and continua

Rotational and vibrational dependence of photodissociation cross sections and oscillator strengths to the continuum levels of the H and states have been examined. The electron-impact excitation, dissociation and emission cross sections of the and band systems have been obtained for the first time over a wide energy range by using calculated continuum oscillator strengths along with previously published discrete transition probabilities and Lyman and Werner bands excitation functions. The present photodissociation cross section from the Ji = 0 level is in excellent agreement with that obtained by Glass-Maujean (1986 Phys. Rev. A 33 346–50). Photoexcitation from the state to the continuum is found to be weak. The present calculation shows significant contribution of quasi-resonance, which arises from transitions to the quasi-bound levels above the dissociation limit but stabilized by the centrifugal potential. The quasi-resonance is largely responsible for the significant rotational dependence of the continuum oscillator strength of the transition, which, in turn, leads to the noticeable temperature dependence of electron-impact excitation and emission cross sections. and electron-impact excitation, emission, and dissociation cross sections, important for modelling dayglow and auroral activity in the atmospheres of the outer planets, are presented.
Measurements of wind velocity and pressure with a wave follower during Marsen

Near sea-surface air pressure and wind velocities at several levels above the instantaneous water surface were measured using a wave follower during the Marine Remote Sensing (MARSEN) Experiment. The rate of momentum transfer from wind to waves is determined from the air pressure data. From the wind velocity measurements, the wave-induced airflow and its coherence with waves are obtained for various wind velocities and phase speeds of the ocean waves. The pressure results indicate that momentum transfer to waves can be specified by the equation γi = 0.12 (μ − 1)2 in the ranges μ = 1 to 7.4, where γi is related to the imaginary part of the wave-induced pressure, as defined by equation (2), μ = (8/3π)(U/c), U is wind speed at 10 m above the mean water level, and c is wave phase speed. The wind velocity results indicate that the wave-induced airflow is much smaller than the mean wind speed. An empirical equation is proposed for the modulation of atmospheric transfer to short waves induced by the orbital velocity of long waves. Such modulation explains adequately the excess modulation of short waves by long waves as suggested by Wright et al. [1980] when the short waves are 13 cm long but not when they are 2.3 cm long. The agreement for the 13 cm waves supports their suggestion that the excess modulation is due to a modulation in atmospheric transfer. For the shorter 2.3 cm waves the less adequate agreement and the scatter in the results of Wright et al. suggest that other mechanisms such as short wave blocking by long wave orbital velocity, short wave breaking, and other strong nonlinear transfer among the short wave spectral components also may be contributing to the excess modulation of short waves by long waves.
Controls on Advective Snowmelt in a Maritime Alpine Basin

Abstract The surface energy budget of a snowpack in an alpine basin near the Main Divide of New Zealand's South Island was calculated from meteorological observations during a spring melt period. The sensible and latent heat exchanges account for 82% of the energy used for melting snow, net radiation accounts for 16% and the sensible heat of rain for 2%. Regression analysis shows that indices of airmass characteristics and regional circulation explain most of the variances in the observed temperature and wind at the site, which are the major controls on turbulent exchange. Local advection of heat is important during periods of strong insolation. Local thermally-generated winds enhance turbulent exchange over the snowpack during calm, anticyclonic periods. The airmass and regional circulation indices account for 75% of the variance in the daily totals of sensible plus latent heat flux. These results support the utility of large-scale indices for forecasting snowmelt during flood-producing rain-on-snow events.
Alternative Methods to Make Efficient Use of Two Decks of Cards in Randomized Response Sampling

In this article, alternative randomized response models are proposed, which make use of sum of quantitative scores generated from two decks of cards being used in a survey. The proposed methods are compared to the Odumade and Singh and Singh and Grewal models through a simulation study. It is shown that the modified methods can be used more efficiently than those both models.
Modeling strength of high-performance concrete using genetic operation trees with pruning techniques

Regression analysis (RA) can establish an explicit formula to predict the strength of High-Performance Concrete (HPC); however, the accuracy of the formula is poor. Back-Propagation Networks (BPNs) can establish a highly accurate model to predict the strength of HPC, but cannot generate an explicit formula. Genetic Operation Trees (GOTs) can establish an explicit formula to predict the strength of HPC that achieves a level of accuracy in between the two aforementioned approaches. Although GOT can produce an explicit formula but the formula is often too complicated so that unable to explain the substantial meaning of the formula. This study developed a Backward Pruning Technique (BPT) to simplify the complexity of GOT formula by replacing each variable of the tip node of operation tree with the median of the variable in the training dataset belonging to the node, and then pruning the node with the most accurate test dataset. Such pruning reduces formula complexity while maintaining the accuracy. 404 experimental datasets were used to compare accuracy and complexity of three model building techniques, RA, BPN and GOT. Results show that the pruned GOT can generate simple and accurate formula for predicting the strength of HPC.
Ergodic Banach problem, flat polynomials and Mahler's measures with combinatorics

Using the combinatorial Singer's construction, we exhibit a sequence of flat polynomials with coefficients $0,1$. We thus get that there exist a sequences of Newman polynomials that are $L^\alpha$-flat, $0 \leq \alpha <2$. This settles an old question of Littlewood. In the opposite direction, we prove that the Newman polynomials are not $L^\alpha$-flat, for $\alpha \geq 4$. We further establish that there is a conservative, ergodic, $\sigma$-finite measure preserving transformation with simple Lebesgue spectrum. This answer affirmatively a long-standing problem of Banach from the Scottish book. Consequently, we obtain a positive answer to Mahler's problem in the class of Newman polynomials, and this allows us also to answer a question raised by Bourgain on the supremum of the $L^1$-norm of $L^2$normalized idempotent polynomials.
Continuous liquid level sensor based on a reflective long period fiber grating interferometer

A continuous liquid level sensor (LLS) based on an in-fiber Michelson interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The in-fiber Michelson interferometer is formed by a single long period grating (LPG) together with a reflective mirror at the end of the fiber. The portion between the mirror and LPG is immersed in the liquid to be measured as an LLS sensing probe, and the liquid level can be measured by monitoring the wavelength of interference fringes of the in-fiber Michelson interferometer. The experimental results show that the proposed LLS has a good sensing linearity and sensitivity.
Inclination effects on the recognition of Seyfert galaxies

Axial ratios have been measured from images of 91 Seyfert galaxies thought to be disk systems, and their distribution as a function of axial ratio compared to that of field spirals similarly distributed in distance. There is a deficiency of nearly edge-on Seyfert 1 galaxies relative to the comparison sample. Examination of the visibility of nuclei in a sample of nearby spirals indicates that the effect is too large to be caused by absorption in the disks of normal spiral galaxies, while no absorption other than that expected from such disks is found in non-Seyfert Markarian spirals with bright, condensed nuclei.
SOUND SPATIALIZATION BY HIGHER ORDER AMBISONICS : ENCODING AND DECODING A SOUND SCENE IN PRACTICE FROM A THEORETICAL POINT OF VIEW

An overview of HOA technology is presented. First, HOA defines a format of spatial audio which has many attractive properties, such as scalability and flexibility. Besides, this format is independent of the encoding (i.e. microphone signals) and decoding (i.e. loudspeaker signals) formats. Second, HOA provides tools to record, or create, and render a spatial sound scene. These tools, which rely on a specific encoding and decoding of spatial information, will be analysed and discussed from a both theoretical and practical point of view. Third, the final issue is the assessment of the virtual sound scene that is (re)created by HOA. The toolkit of available methodologies and criteria is examined.
Analysis and implementation issues for the numerical approximation of parabolic equations with random coefficients

We consider the problem of numerically approximating statistical moments of the solution of a time‐dependent linear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE), whose coefficients and/or forcing terms are spatially correlated random fields. The stochastic coefficients of the PDE are approximated by truncated Karhunen–Loève expansions driven by a finite number of uncorrelated random variables. After approximating the stochastic coefficients, the original stochastic PDE turns into a new deterministic parametric PDE of the same type, the dimension of the parameter set being equal to the number of random variables introduced.
Nonlinear Dynamical Models of Plasma Turbulence

An exact pole-type truncation expansion technique has been used to study nonlinear dynamical systems which can be considered models for plasma turbulence. One of the models describes the mode coupling saturation of a linearly unstable, one-dimensional homogeneous plasma. Another describes the situation where waves with k < 0 are completely damped. The solutions exhibit a rich variety of complex behaviors including successive bifurcations to increasingly complicated periodic motion and the onset of chaotic behavior, as well quasi-periodic-like behavior with highly complex topology.
Optimization of Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue 113 and Acid Red 88 Textile Dyes in a UV-C/TiO2 Suspension System: Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Textile industries produce copious amounts of colored wastewater some of which are toxic to humans and aquatic biota. This study investigates optimization of a bench-scale UV-C photocatalytic process using a TiO2 catalyst suspension for degradation of two textile dyes, Acid Blue 113 (AB 113) and Acid Red 88 (AR 88). From preliminary experiments, appropriate ranges for experimental factors including reaction time, solution pH, initial dye concentration and catalyst dose, were determined for each dye. Response surface methodology (RSM) using a cubic IV optimal design was then used to design the experiments and optimize the process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine significance of experimental factors and their interactions. Results revealed that among the studied factors, solution pH and initial dye concentration had the strongest effects on degradation rates of AB 113 and AR 88, respectively. Least-squares cubic regression models were generated by step-wise elimination of non-significant (p-value > 0.05) terms from the proposed model. Under optimum treatment conditions, removal efficiencies reached 98.7% for AB 113 and 99.6% for AR 88. Kinetic studies showed that a first-order kinetic model could best describe degradation data for both dyes, with degradation rate constants of k1, AB 113 = 0.048 min−1 and k1, AR 88 = 0.059 min−1.
ESO Large Programme on Physical Studies of Trans-Neptunian Objects and Centaurs: Visible Spectroscopy

We present the first results from a visible spectroscopic investigation of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Centaurs, performed within an ESO Large Programme started in 2001 April to spectrophotometrically study these pristine objects in the visible and near-infrared. So far, spectra of 12 TNOs and Centaurs have been obtained using the FORS1 instrument at the Very Large Telescope. The principal preliminary results are differences in the spectral gradient—the gradients obtained indicate the existence of a range of values from moderately red to very red—and the presence of absorption features on two of the observed objects of as yet unexplained origin. The spectral gradients of the objects are also compared with photometric slopes obtained from quasi-simultaneous BVRI magnitudes of the objects (where available). An analysis of the spectral gradients with respect to the perihelion distance of the objects suggests that Centaurs (with the possible exception of 1999 OX3) occupy a zone of lower reflectance slope compared with the TNOs, probably indicating stronger resurfacing effects from cometary activity and, though less likely, collisions.
RHESSI OBSERVATIONS OF THE PROPORTIONAL ACCELERATION OF RELATIVISTIC >0.3 MeV ELECTRONS AND >30 MeV PROTONS IN SOLAR FLARES

We analyze all RHESSI measurements from 2002 to 2005 (29 flare events) of the 2.223 MeV neutron-capture γ-ray line and >0.3 MeV electron bremsstrahlung continuum emissions, produced by >30 MeV accelerated protons (depending on assumptions) and >0.3 MeV accelerated electrons, respectively. We find a close proportionality between the two emissions over >3 orders of magnitude in fluence, from the largest flares down to the limits of detectability. This implies that the processes in flares that accelerate electrons above 0.3 MeV and protons above 30 MeV are closely related, and that the relative acceleration of these two populations is roughly independent of flare size. We find an overall weak correlation between the 2.223 MeV fluence and the peak GOES 1–8 Å soft X-ray (SXR) flux, but with a close proportionality for flares with 2.223 MeV fluence above a threshold of 50 ph cm−2 (equivalent to ∼2 × 1031 protons >30 MeV). Below this threshold the flares usually have large (M-class or higher) but generally uncorrelated excess SXR emission. Thus, above this threshold it appears that flares reach a maximum efficiency for >30 MeV proton and relativistic (>0.3 MeV) electron acceleration, with proportionate amounts of energy going to flare SXR thermal emission and to >50 keV electrons. Finally, we find that the electron-to-proton ratios—Je(0.5 MeV)/Jp (10 MeV)—in these flares, obtained from the γ-ray observations, are about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the ratios in gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events, but are comparable with ratios in impulsive SEP events.
Analysis of a Turbulent Boundary Layer Subjected to a Strong Adverse Pressure Gradient

A strongly decelerated turbulent boundary layer is investigated by direct numerical simulation. Transition to turbulence is triggered by a trip wire which is modelled using the immersed boundary method. The Reynolds number close to the exit of the numerical domain is Reθ = 2175 and the shape-factor is H = 2.5. The analysis focuses on the latter portion of the flow with large velocity defect, at higher Reynolds numbers and further from the transition region. Mean velocity profiles do not reveal a logarithmic law. Departure from the law of the wall occurs throughout the inner region. The production and Reynolds stress peaks move to roughly the middle of the boundary layer. The profiles of the uv correlation factor reveal that u and v become less correlated throughout the boundary layer as the mean velocity defect increases, especially near the wall. The structure parameter is low in the present flow, similar to equilibrium APG flows and mixing layers, and decreases as the mean velocity defect increases. The statistics of the upper half of the boundary layer resemble those of a mixing layer. Furthermore, various two-dimensional two-point correlation maps are obtained. The Cvv and Cww correlations obtained far from the transition region at Reθ = 2175 and at y/δ = 0.4 coincide with results obtained for a ZPG boundary layer, implying that the structure of the v,w fluctuations is the same as in ZPG. However, Cuu indicates that the structure of the u fluctuation in this APG boundary layer is almost twice as short as the ZPG one. The APG structures are also less correlated with the flow at the wall. The near-wall structures are different from ZPG flow ones in that streaks are much shorter or absent.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed in Emergency Department of Clinical Hospital Dubrava During 2019 1

Aim: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common clinical condition encountered in the emergency department (ED). The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics and outcomes of patients with respect to treatment using novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed medical records of patients diagnosed with DVT during 2019 in the ED of the Clinical Hospital Dubrava. We identified 295 patients, who comprised 1.2% of all patients examined in the ED. Results: Women were more frequently diagnosed with DVT (59%) and they were older than the men (median age 69 vs. 62 years, respectively). Patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis (71%) were admitted to the hospital. Two thirds of all patients were treated with NOAC. Rivaroxaban was the most commonly prescribed drug (52% of patients). Control Doppler ultrasound was performed in 58% of the patients, and complete resolution was observed in 63% of the cases. NOACs caused significantly fewer bleeding events than warfarin (3.2% vs. 13.6%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that patients with DVT
Height functions for applying contact angles to 2D VOF simulations

Recent work on a consistent representation of surface tension and on the accurate computation of interface curvature has extended the applicability of the volume‐of‐fluid, or VOF, method to surface tension‐driven phenomena. We have extended these methodologies to interfaces near solid surfaces; specifically, we show how height functions can be used to enforce a contact angle boundary condition at a contact line, for the full range of contact angles. As such, this work may be viewed as following up on the methodology of Renardy et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 2001; 171:243–263). This approach yields accurate values of curvature and the surface tension force at contact lines, values that converge with mesh refinement. The efficacy of the methodology is demonstrated using 2D examples of static fluid configurations in equilibrium and dynamic contact line phenomena that approach known equilibrium configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.