Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated face recognition using deep neural networks produces robust primate social networks and sociality measures

Longitudinal video archives of behaviour are crucial for examining how sociality shifts over the lifespan in wild animals. New approaches adopting computer vision technology hold serious potential to capture interactions and associations between individuals in video at large scale; however, such approaches need a priori validation, as methods of sampling and defining edges for social networks can substantially impact results. Here, we apply a deep learning face recognition model to generate association networks of wild chimpanzees using 17 years of a video archive from Bossou, Guinea. Using 7 million detections from 100 h of video footage, we examined how varying the size of fixed temporal windows (i.e. aggregation rates) for defining edges impact individual‐level gregariousness scores. The highest and lowest aggregation rates produced divergent values, indicating that different rates of aggregation capture different association patterns. To avoid any potential bias from false positives and negatives from automated detection, an intermediate aggregation rate should be used to reduce error across multiple variables. Individual‐level network‐derived traits were highly repeatable, indicating strong inter‐individual variation in association patterns across years and highlighting the reliability of the method to capture consistent individual‐level patterns of sociality over time. We found no reliable effects of age and sex on social behaviour and despite a significant drop in population size over the study period, individual estimates of gregariousness remained stable over time. We believe that our automated framework will be of broad utility to ethology and conservation, enabling the investigation of animal social behaviour from video footage at large scale, low cost and high reproducibility. We explore the implications of our findings for understanding variation in sociality patterns in wild ape populations. Furthermore, we examine the trade‐offs involved in using face recognition technology to generate social networks and sociality measures. Finally, we outline the steps for the broader deployment of this technology for analysis of large‐scale datasets in ecology and evolution.
Using Instructed Response Items as Attention Checks in Web Surveys: Properties and Implementation

Identifying inattentive respondents in self-administered surveys is a challenging goal for survey researchers. Instructed response items (IRIs) provide a measure for inattentiveness in grid questions that is easy to implement. The present article adds to the sparse research on the use and implementation of attention checks by addressing three research objectives. In a first study, we provide evidence that IRIs identify respondents who show an elevated use of straightlining, speeding, item nonresponse, inconsistent answers, and implausible statements throughout a survey. Excluding inattentive respondents, however, did not alter the results of substantive analyses. Our second study suggests that respondents’ inattentiveness partially changes as the context in which they complete the survey changes. In a third study, we present experimental evidence that a mere exposure to an IRI does not negatively or positively affect response behavior within a survey. A critical discussion on using IRI attention checks concludes this article.
Accuracy in Determining the Glycaemic Impact of Meals by Adding Individual Food Values Is Affected by Food Number, Homeostasis and Glucose Reference Dose

Summing glycaemic glucose equivalent (GGE) values of foods in a meal would be a practical way to predict the relative glycaemic impact (RGI) of the meal, without measuring the whole meal postprandial effect. However, as glycaemic response is non-linear, and glycaemic responsiveness per gram of glucose decreases with dose, addition accumulates inaccuracy. This research described determined inaccuracies accruing during addition of GGE values of foods and identifies approaches to reduce inaccuracy. By combining five published glucose dose–glycaemic response curves, the relationship between GGE dose and response was shown to be nearly quadratic (R2 = 0.98). This curve allowed determination of the divergence between the theoretically true glycaemic glucose equivalence of food intakes and estimates obtained by extrapolating linearly from zero through responses to glucose reference doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g. For each reference, the disparity between the linearly determined sum of GGE values of foods in 20 realistic meals, and true homeostasis-adjusted glucose equivalence for each whole meal, was calculated. Summation of the GGE values of individual foods could lead to inaccurate (>5 g GGE) estimates of the RGI of meals, depending on the GGE total, the number of foods, and the size of the glucose reference. Inaccuracy that accumulates during linear addition of GGE values of foods limits the range in which they can be used linearly in dietary management, public health and epidemiology. However, the steps discussed herein may be taken to allow for non-linearity.
Some Problems on Graphs and Arrangements of Convex Bodies

Arrangements of convex bodies are ubiquitous in discrete geometry. Covering and packing problems are two major classes of problems arising from these arrangements. This thesis makes contributions to some open questions on covering a convex body by its homothetic copies and packings of translates of a convex body. The packings we study lead to the notion of a contact graph, a tool used by mathematicians, material scientists and physicists while investigating these packings. This brings a combinatorial flavour to this thesis and leads to the algorithmic question of generating graphs and hypergraphs with desired properties. We introduce the covering index of a convex body as a measure of how economically the body can be covered by a relatively few smaller positive homothetic copies. Determining the covering index can be thought of as a quantitative version of the sixty-year old Covering Conjecture in discrete and convex geometry. We prove several interesting properties of the covering index, compute its values for large classes of convex bodies and use it to devise an approach to attack the Covering Conjecture. We then consider the problem of determining the separable Hadwiger number of a smooth convex domain and the maximum contact numbers of totally separable translative packings of a smooth strictly convex domain. Both these questions have links with crystallography and self-assembly of material particles, and are completely solved here. Moreover, we show that for smooth Radon domains the extremal packings always lie on special kinds of lattices and characterize the underlying contact graphs. Next, we fully address the algorithmic questions of constructing tournaments from their imbalance sets and hypertournaments from their score sequences. The former relates to the Equal-Sum Subsets problem from computer science, while the latter is a special instance of the degree sequence problem that asks for the generation of all graphs or hypergraphs in some large class that have the same degree sequence. We characterize imbalance sets of tournaments, give an algorithm to generate tournaments from their imbalance sets and define a rapidly mixing Markov chain that uniformly samples all hypertournaments with a given score sequence.
Large structures in dense directed graphs

We answer questions in extremal combinatorics, for directed graphs. Specifically, we investigate which large tree-like directed graphs are contained in all dense directed graphs of large order. More precisely, let T be an oriented tree of order n; among others, we establish the following results. (1) We obtain a sufficient condition which ensures every tournament of order n contains T, and show that almost every tree possesses this property. (2) We prove that for all positive C, ɛ and sufficiently large n, every tournament of order (1+ɛ)n contains T if Δ(T)≤(log n)^C. (3) We prove that for all positive Δ, ɛ and sufficiently large n, every directed graph G of order n and minimum semidegree (1/2+ɛ)n contains T if Δ(T)≤Δ. (4) We obtain a sufficient condition which ensures that every directed graph G of order n with minimum semidegree at least (1/2+ɛ)n contains T, and show that almost every tree possesses this property. (5) We extend our method in (4) to a class of tree-like spanning graphs which includes all orientations of Hamilton cycles and large subdivisions of any graph. Result (1) confirms a conjecture of Bender and Wormald and settles a conjecture of Havet and Thomasse for almost every tree; (2) strengthens a result of Kuhn, Mycroft and Osthus; (3) is a directed graph analogue of a classical result of Komlos, Sarkozy and Szemeredi and is implied by (4) and (5) is of independent interest.
Mathematical Analysis of Minnaert Resonances for Acoustic Metamaterials

The propagation of acoustic waves in bubbly media has long been of interest in the mathematics, physics, and engineering communities. In recent years, the interest in this subject has heightened with the advent of acoustic metamaterials that exhibit spectacular properties such as absorption of practically all incoming acoustic energy (super-absorption), and the ability to focus acoustic waves beyond the diffraction limit (super-focusing). The key mechanism underlying these and other extraordinary properties involving acoustic wave propagation through a liquid containing bubbles is the phenomenon of sub-wavelength resonance. Sub-wavelength resonance occurs when an object resonantly couples with an incident wave whose wavelength is much larger than the characteristic size of the object. In this thesis, it is first shown that a single arbitrary shaped bubble in an infinite liquid possesses a sub-wavelength resonance called the Minnaert resonance. This resonance is due to the high contrast in mass densities between the bubble and the surrounding medium and it makes the air bubble an ideal sub-wavelength resonator (the bubble can be more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength at the resonant frequency). Then, slighlty below the Minnaert resonant frequency, with an appropriate bubble volume fraction, a high contrast effective medium is obtained, making the subwavelength focusing of waves achievable. Using bubble dimers, it is proved that the effective mass density and bulk modulus of the bubbly fluid can both be negative over a non-empty range of frequencies. A bubble dimer is a system that consists of two identical separated spherical bubbles. It features two slightly different sub-wavelength resonances, called the hybridized Minnaert resonances. The opening of a sub-wavelength phononic bandgap is demonstrated by considering a periodic arrangement of bubbles and exploiting their Minnaert resonance. It is shown that there exists a sub-wavelength bandgap in this bubbly crystal. The sub-wavelength bandgap is mainly due to the cell resonance of the bubbles in the quasi-static regime and is quite different from the usual bandgaps in photonic and phononic crystals, where the bandgap opens at a wavelength which is comparable to the period of the structure. Finally, this sub-wavelength bandgap is used to demonstrate cavities, very similar to those obtained in standard photonic and phononic crystals, albeit of deeply sub-wavelength dimensions. The key idea used to obtain a cavity of this nature is to increase the size of a single bubble inside the crystal, thus creating a defect.
A Paper on the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Published in 1963 in a Chinese Journal

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) identified by Madden and Julian in the early 1970s has been well recognized as the most prominent intraseasonal signal in the tropics. Its discovery and its relationship with other weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most significant advancements in modern meteorology with broad and far-reaching impacts. The original study by Madden and Julian used radiosonde data on Canton Island, and their spectral analysis revealed the signal of a 40–50-day oscillation.It has come to our attention that an earlier study by Xie et al. published in a Chinese journal documented an oscillatory signal of a 45-day period using radiosonde data from several stations between 70° and 125°E in the tropics. The 40–50-day signal found by Xie et al. is strikingly evident without any filtering. Xie et al. identified that occurrences of TCs are correlated with the 40–50-day variation of low-level westerlies at these stations. The original figures in Xie et al.’s article were hand drawn. Their results are verified using data from a longer period of 1958–70. The 40–50-day oscillation in the monsoon westerlies and its relationship with the occurrence of TCs are confirmed and further expanded upon.This study serves the purpose of bringing recognition to the community of the identification of a 40–50-day signal published in Chinese in 1963 and the discovery of the correlation between MJO phases and TC genesis three decades earlier than studies on this subject published outside China.
Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics: A Historical Perspective

The term "fuzzy logic" (FL), as it is understood in this book, stands for all aspects of representing and manipulating knowledge based on the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic: the principle of bivalence. According to this principle, each declarative sentence is required to be either true or false. In fuzzy logic, these classical truth values are not abandoned. However, additional, intermediary truth values between true and false are allowed, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. This opens a new way of thinking-thinking in terms of degrees rather than absolutes. For example, it led to the definition of a new category of sets, referred to as fuzzy sets, in which membership is a matter of degree. The book examines the genesis and development of fuzzy logic. It surveys the prehistory of fuzzy logic and inspects circumstances that eventually lead to the emergence of fuzzy logic. The book explores in detail the development of propositional, predicate, and other calculi that admit degrees of truth, which are known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense. Fuzzy logic in the broad sense, whose primary aim is to utilize degrees of truth for emulating common-sense human reasoning in natural language, is scrutinized as well. The book also examines principles for developing mathematics based on fuzzy logic and provides overviews of areas in which this has been done most effectively. It also presents a detailed survey of established and prospective applications of fuzzy logic in various areas of human affairs, and provides an assessment of the significance of fuzzy logic as a new paradigm.
Factors Affecting Customer’s Behavior and Intention on Purchase Intention through Brand Retail’s Social Media

Background: The increasing use of social media to sell products and the huge number of social media’s users makes the study consumer-brand engagement behavior within social media, Facebook in particular, necessary. Aim: This study aims to examine 5 antecedents of attitude on consumer intentions to engage with retail brand through social effecting the likelihood to make purchases as well as an antecedent moderation of attitude on the intention to make purchases. Method: The study is conducted on office workers using quantitative survey methods to 195 respondants. The analysis is conducted by using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Findings: The findings reveal that while the consumer attitudes to engage with retail brands through Facebook are driven by enjoyment, peer communication, and credibility, the attitudes have strong influence to the intentions to engage with retail brands through Facebook and subsequently are strongly connected with the intentions to purchase through a retail brand’s Facebook page. These findings support prior studies. The findings are that consumers’ attitudes have positive effects on consumer intentions, and that the confirmation of expectation moderates the attitude on consumer intentions to make purchase through a retail brand’s Facebook page. The managerial contribution of this study helps retailers to understand how to attract consumers to engage with retail brands through Facebook.
Neurocognitive Profile in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia

Objective: The current study aimed to examine the neurocognitive deficits of children with ADHD and/or Developmental Dyslexia (DD) using neurocognitive tests. Material and Methods: The participants of the study consisted of children diagnosed with Dyslexia (N=33), ADHD (N=32), and DD+ADHD (N=37) who applied to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University. The control group consists of 30 primary school children aged 7-11 with similar sociodemographic data. K-SADS-PL is used for the DSM-5 diagnoses of the patients and the control group. Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Cancellation Test, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) were used to evaluate the cognitive functions of the groups in detail. Results: Children with ADHD and/or Dyslexia were evaluated to have significant deficits in all neurocognitive measures such as reaction inhibition, selective attention, sustained attention, shifting attention, and visuospatial short-term memory compared to the healthy control group (p<0.001). Children with ADHD-only revealed the most significant weaknesses in reaction inhibition, and visuospatial short-term memory measures (p<0.001). The comorbid group exhibited significant weakness on almost all neurocognitive measures compared with the control group, but did not perform significantly lower than the ADHD-only and Dislexia-only groups. Conclusion: It has been shown that children with ADHD and/or Dyslexia have multiple neurocognitive deficits, and our study supports the multiple cognitive deficit hypothesis.
Simple Fast Vectorial Solution to The Rigid 3D Registration Problem

A novel solution is obtained to solve the rigid 3D registration problem, motivated by previous eigen-decomposition approaches. Different from existing solvers, the proposed algorithm does not require sophisticated matrix operations e.g. singular value decomposition or eigenvalue decomposition. Instead, the optimal eigenvector of the point cross-covariance matrix can be computed within several iterations. It is also proven that the optimal rotation matrix can be directly computed for cases without need of quaternion. Simulations on noise-corrupted point clouds have verified the robustness and computation speed of the proposed method. The final results indicate that the proposed algorithm is accurate, robust and owns over $30\% \sim 80\%$ less computation time than representatives. It has also been applied to real-world applications for faster relative robotic navigation.
Survey of equine veterinarians regarding primary equine back pain in the United States

Back pain is a common complaint, clinical finding and performance limiting factor in sport horses. This study sought to gather current veterinary trends in the diagnosis, treatment and management of primary equine back pain in the United States. A 22 question survey was distributed electronically to equine practitioners through AAEP and ACVSMR listservs and through closed social media groups. The survey was open from April 20, 2022 to July 5, 2022. Responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel pivot tables. Ninety-seven survey responses were obtained and analyzed. Respondents reported the clinical signs most frequently relayed to them by the owner/rider/trainer of horses diagnosed with primary back pain were behavioral issues and poor performance. Most common diagnostic tests reported were radiography of the spinous processes, thoraco-lumbar vertebral bodies, and transcutaneous ultrasound of the thoraco-lumbar region. Most common pathologies reported were impinging dorsal spinous processes, degenerative sacro-iliac joint disease, and osteoarthritis in lumbar or thoracic articular process joints. In regards to impinging spinous process (“kissing spine”) treatments, 72.2% of respondents recommended surgery only after non-surgical treatments failed, and 14.6% of respondents never recommended surgery. The majority (82%) of respondents reported some level of improvement in clinical signs of primary back pain with rehabilitation alone. To date, there has been no consensus or discussion about common abnormalities, diagnostic tests, treatments or management options for primary equine back pain in the United States. Results of this survey are a starting point showing current trends in diagnosis, treatment and management of primary equine back pain among equine practitioners in the United States showing 82% of practitioners using rehabilitation as a component of treatment.
Pengaruh Aset Pajak Tangguhan, Beban Pajak Tangguhan dan Perencanaan Pajak terhadap Manajemen Laba

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aset pajak tangguhan terhadap manajemen laba, pengaruh beban pajak terhadap manajemen laba dan pengaruh perencanaan pajak terhadap manajemen laba pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Indeks LQ45 Bursa Efek Indonesia. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Indonesia stock Exchange (IDX) yaitu, (www.idx.co.id). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh secara tidak langsung melalui media perantara dari situs resmi (www.idx.co.id) selama priode penelitian yakni 2018-2020 dan diperoleh 12 perusahaan yang terdaftar dengan memenuhi kriteria dalam penelitian ini. Metode alasisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah alisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: secara parsial, variabel Aset Pajak Tangguhan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhdap Manajemen Laba, variabel Beban Pajak Tangguhan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Manajemen Laba dan variabel Perencanaan Pajak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Manajemen Laba.
The making of an ‘unhappy marriage’? The 2023 Finnish general election

Abstract Rarely, if ever, has a Finnish general election attracted such foreign media interest. Reporters came from across the globe, not to witness Finland become NATO’s thirty-first member-state on 4 April, two days after the general election, but to see if the party-loving Social Democrat prime minister Sanna Marin could secure a second term at the helm. 1 In the event, Marin became only the third prime minister in recent times to increase the party vote, albeit by not quite enough, and she promptly indicated she would stand down as party leader. The election was won by the two main opposition parties, the National Coalition and Finns Party. The National Coalition became the largest parliamentary party for only the second time in its history, whilst the Finns Party gained over one-fifth of the national poll for the first time and became the largest party on the basis of the popular vote in no less than half the 12 mainland constituencies. Despite their deep differences on major policy issues – including immigration, taxation, development aid and climate policy – the National Coalition and Finns Party ultimately formed the core of a centre-right government, although it took almost to midsummer to do so, and it was then characterised by a minor coalition party leader as an ‘unhappy marriage’ made out of necessity.