Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
R&D, patents and innovation: a differential game approach

A patent race is a technological competition among firms and the firm making a first-hand innovation takes advantages of patenting. Firms strategically invest in R&D and produce knowledge in order to innovate. Instead of growing model of R&D, I use a differential game approach to investigate firms interaction of R&D behavior in a patent race. In general, knowledge is an intangible good that gives a special feature of a patent race. Whether knowledge is substitutable to the existing knowledge pool affects firm’s incentives to invest in R&D. After innovating successfully, the innovator patents on its techniques so that their opponents cannot infringe. However, a patent system indirectly ensures the monopoly power of the innovator in a product market, which reduces the social welfare. I evaluate the endogenous benefit of a patent holder and suggest an optimal patent policy in order to balance out the loss of the social welfare and innovation incentives. Besides, production usually contains several techniques with different patents and this collection forms a patent portfolio. Even though the patent war is nothing new, there is still innovation developed by users volunteering without any patenting in the market. A model of a patent portfolio race explains why some innovation such as an open-source software without patenting can also be as successful as a private software product.
Ceres: Predictions for near‐surface water ice stability and implications for plume generating processes

This paper will constrain the possible sources and processes for the formation of recently observed H2O vapor plumes above the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) cryovolcanism where the water source is the mantle and the heating source is still unknown or (2) comet‐like sublimation where near‐surface water ice is vaporized by seasonally increasing solar insolation. We test hypothesis 2, comet‐like near‐surface sublimation, by using a thermal model to examine the stability of water ice in the near surface. For a reasonable range of physical parameters (thermal inertia, surface roughness, and slopes), we find that water ice is only stable at latitudes higher than ~40–60°. These results indicate that either (a) the physical properties of Ceres are unlike our expectations or (b) an alternative to comet‐like sublimation, such as the cryovolcanism hypothesis, must be invoked.
Center for Biological and Computational Learning Massachusetts Institute of Technology

We describe how to create with machine learning techniques a generative, videorealistic, speech animation module. A human subject is first recorded using a videocamera as he/she utters a predetermined speech corpus. After processing the corpus automatically, a visual speech module is learned from the data that is capable of synthesizing the human subject’s mouth uttering entirely novel utterances that were not recorded in the original video. The synthesized utterance is re-composited onto a background sequence which contains natural head and eye movement. The final output is videorealistic in the sense that it looks like a video camera recording of the subject. At run time, the input to the system can be either real audio sequences or synthetic audio produced by a text-to-speech system, as long as they have been phonetically aligned. The two key contributions of this paper are 1) a variant of the multidimensional morphable model (MMM) to synthesize new, previously unseen mouth configurations from a small set of mouth image prototypes; and 2) a trajectory synthesis technique based on regularization, which is automatically trained from the recorded video corpus, and which is capable of synthesizing trajectories in MMM space corresponding to any desired utterance.
The Chemistry of Natural Waters A Partnership between Northland College and the Bad River Watershed Association

Introduction Northland College is an environmental liberal arts college located in Ashland, Wisconsin. In addition to two, fifteen week semesters, Northland has a May term — a four-week semester where students and faculty focus solely on one course. The Chemistry of Natural Waters is a field and laboratory intensive May-term course taken primarily by chemistry, biology, environmental studies, and geoscience majors. Students learn water quality field techniques as well as analytical skills for laboratory analysis of water samples. This course employed service learning, which has been shown to have a positive impact on students’ academic learning (Driscoll et al., 1996), improve student satisfaction with college (Astin and Sax 1998), and improve students’ abilities to apply their learning to “the real world” (Eyler and Giles 1999). During May 2010 the Chemistry of Natural Waters partnered with the Bad River Watershed Association (BRWA) to assess water quality on seven tributaries flowing into the Marengo River, about fifteen miles south of Ashland (see maps in Figures 1 and 2). These tributaries were chosen because BRWA citizen volunteers and last year’s Chemistry of Natural Waters class found levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that exceed the EPA limit of 235 CFU (colony forming units) (USEPA 1986) downstream of these tributaries on the Marengo River. Our hope was to discover which tributaries contribute to these high levels of E. coli. Additionally, we measured pH, dissolved oxygen, chloride, turbidity, and phosphate in order to better characterize the overall water quality in these tributaries. In addition to assessing water quality in the field, another goal of our course was to help the BRWA characterize the reliability of the data gathered by their citizen PROJECT REPORT
Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder dairy farms in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder dairy farms in Morogoro Municipality. Milk and blood samples collected from 450 dairy cows in thirteen wards of Morogoro Municipality were examined for Brucella antibodies‟ using the Milk Ring Test as an initial screening test followed by Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used as a confirmatory test. Questionnaires were also administered to 135 respondents to assess possible factors associated with transmission of brucellosis from cattle to human. Overall, 29.3% (95%CI: 25.2-33.8%) of milk samples tested positive according to MRT while 18.4% (95% CI) of the serum samples tested positive according to c-ELISA. Analysis of factors associated with occurrence of brucellosis by single table analysis showed that abortion (p=0.000) and herd size (p=0.049) were statistically significant. From this study there is evidence that brucellosis is prevalent and locally distributed in Morogoro Municipality. The study concluded by recommending, further studies, surveillance and institution of preventive and control measures like mass vaccination using S19 vaccine to be undertaken. Furthermore, public health education and formulation of by laws concerning testing of animals and animal products as well as culling of positive tested animals.
Multiple incursions and putative species revealed using a mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic approach to the Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) trapping program in Australia

Abstract The Warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is an internationally significant invasive pest of packed goods and stored grain. When it was first documented in Australia at Griffith, New South Wales, in 1977, an eradication campaign was initiated. After several years and considerable effort, the eradication campaign was abandoned. To monitor the presence and spread of T. variabile, surveys were carried out by government agencies in 1992 and 2002. When survey data was compared, it was concluded that the distribution of morphologically identified T. variabile had doubled in most Australian states. Here, we used samples from the 2002 survey to conduct a phylogenetic study using partial sequences of mitochondrial genes Cytochrome oxidase I and Cytochrome B, and the nuclear gene 18S, to examine the distribution and dispersal of T. variabile and detect the presence of misidentified species. Based on our molecular results, we show that only 47% of the samples analysed were T. variabile, and the remaining were a mixture of six putative species. In addition, T. variabile was found in only 78% of the trapping sites. We discuss the importance of correct diagnosis in relation to the eradication campaign.
The Influence of Eddy Viscosity Parameterization and Turbulence Energy Closure Scheme Upon the Coupling of Tidal and Wind Induced Currents

A three-dimensional model of the Irish Sea, and the shelf and shelf-edge region off the west coast of Scotland is used to examine the interaction of wind induced surface currents and M 2 tidal currents which can lead to an increased near surface M 4 tidal current in the region. Calculations are performed using uniform southerly and westerly wind stresses, with vertical eddy viscosity computed using either a simple flow dependent form of viscosity, or one related to the flow and surface wind stress or derived using a two-equation turbulence model. Resulting M 4 tidal distributions computed with the various viscosity formulations are compared with each other. The spatial distribution the M 4 tidal current in the case of the flow dependent viscosity, shows a significant enhancement of the surface M 4 tide due to non-linear coupling between the surface shear and the tidally dependent viscosity. In deep water this is the dominant mechanism giving rise to an enhancement in near surface M 4 current. In shallow water, however, where other non-linear processes are important in generating the M 4 tide, namely changes in water depth and friction, these are significant as well as the non-linear surface shear effect, in changing the M 4 tidal distribution. However, when an eddy viscosity formulation depending upon flow and surface wind stress is used, the non-linear coupling mechanism producing an enhanced M 4 tidal surface current is reduced, and no increase in M 4 surface current occurs. Calculations with the two equation turbulence model, do not produce an increase in the near surface M 4 tide, as the near surface viscosity in this model is determined principally by the wind stress rather than the tidal current. Some conclusions concerned with developing a simple eddy viscosity model having similar characteristics to the turbulence energy model, and experimental data sets for validation are considered at the end of the paper.
Gemological, physical and chemical properties of prase opals from Hanety Hill (Tanzania)

Chemical, physical and gemological properties of some green “prase” opals from Hanety Hill in Central Tanzania were investigated. The color of the opals ranges from clear green to apple green, diaphaneity from translucent to semitransparent, luster is vitreous, and all result inert to UV lamp radiations. Specific gravity values are between 2.11-2.13, refraction indices between 1.439 and 1.458, comparable with literature data. XRD and FTIR analyses show the opals belong to the CT type, with tridymite higher than cristobalite. SEM observations revealed a lepispheric and mammillary structure formed by spherules with a diameter around 10-12 μm, on their turn composed of amorphous silica microspheres. The opals show a homogeneous chemical composition with very high contents of Ni and lower of Mg, Ca, Fe and transition elements like Zn, Cr and Co. Al and K are nearly absent. The chemical composition of the opals reflects that of serpentine rocks. Because of its abundance, the cromophore element responsible for the green color is Ni. Prase opals may have formed through the process of low temperature metamorphism, which generated the serpentinite from a magmatic ultrafemic rock.
Accessory silicate mineral assemblages in the Bilanga diogenite: A petrographic study

Abstract— The petrographic relationships in diogenites between orthopyroxene and minor phases such as chromite, troilite, diopside, plagioclase, and silica are often obscured by the intense brecciation that characterizes these meteorites. Although brecciated, Bilanga preserves numerous clasts displaying primary textural relations between orthopyroxene and these minor phases that are large enough to analyze by electron microprobe. In this study, we focus on the distribution, composition, and origin of the minor phases in Bilanga to provide new insights into the crystallization and metamorphic history of these rocks.
Title Nuclei-and condition-specific responses to pain in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Permalink

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is a basal forebrain structure considered to be part of a cortico-striato-pallidal system that coordinates autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural physiological responses. Recent evidence suggests that the BST plays a role in the emotional aspect of pain. The objective of the present study was to further understand the neurophysiological bases underlying the involvement of the BST in the pain experience, in both acute and chronic pain conditions. Using c-Fos as an indicator of neuronal activation, the results demonstrated that a single toe-pinch in rats produced nuclei-and condition-specific neuronal responses within the anterior region of the BST (antBST). Specifically, acute noxious stimulation increased c-Fos in the dorsal medial (dAM) and fusiform (FU) nuclei. Chronic neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve decreased the number of c-Fos positive cells following acute mechanical stimulation in the dAM and FU nuclei, and increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the ventral medial (vAM) aspect of the BST. In addition, the results revealed a nuclei-specific sensitivity to the surgical procedure. Following noxious stimulation to animals that received a sham surgery, c-Fos immunoreactivity was blunted in the FU nucleus while it increased in the oval (OV) nucleus of the BST. Altogether, this study demonstrates that pain induces nuclei-and condition-specific neuronal activation in the BST revealing an intriguing supraspinal neurobiological substrate that may contribute to the physiology of acute nociception and the pathophysiology of chronic pain.
To Trust or to Monitor: A Dynamic Analysis

In a principal? agent framework, principals can mitigate moral hazard problems not only through extrinsic incentives such as monitoring, but also through agents intrinsic trustworthiness. Their relative usage, however, changes over time and varies across societies. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon by endogenizing agent trustworthiness as a response to potential returns. When monitoring becomes relatively cheaper over time, agents acquire lower trustworthiness, which may actually drive up the overall governance cost in society. Across societies, those giving employees lower weights in choosing governance methods tend to have higher monitoring intensities and lower trust. These results are consistent with the empirical evidence.
Effects of Water Stress on Physiological Characteristic and Water Production Efficiency of Tomato

Based on the growth and development rule of tomato,the lower limits of soil moister in its seedling stage,flowering and fruit setting stage,fruiting bearing stage were respectively set as 50%,60%,75% of field maintaining water quantity,soil irrigation maximum in each growing periods was set as three water supply levels water supply levels,effects of water stress on growth development and physiological characteristic of tomato were studied.The results show that water stress affected plant height,stem diameter,chlorophyll content,diurnal photosynthetic and transpiration rate.The time when the maximum points diurnal change for leaf photosynthetic rate appeared was earlier under water stress than that without water stress,along with water stress degree increasing,the transpiration rate decreased,which was beneficial to regulate transpiring water consumption.According to the relationship between irrigation water and yield,the preferable yield(12.84×104 kg/hm2) was obtained when irrigation water amount was 4025.80 m3/hm2.
A model for post‐orogenic development of a mountain range and its foreland

Decaying mountain ranges often show a surprisingly dynamic pattern of landscape evolution. Although one might expect a simple, monotonic decline in relief over time, evidence from several inactive mountain ranges shows alternating sequences of deposition and erosion in the associated basins, suggesting variations in relief and exhumation rate in the ranges themselves. Examples include the Southern Rocky Mountains, the Pyrenees, the European Alps and the Atlas Mountains. In this paper, we explore the possible origins of post‐orogenic landscape dynamics using a simple mathematical model of a mountain range and an adjacent foreland basin. The analysis highlights the importance of mass balance. In particular, a switch from basin exhumation to renewed sedimentation requires either an increase in sediment influx from the range or a decrease in sediment outflux beyond the basin margin. Although it is widely understood that post‐orogenic changes in erosion and sediment flux can have multiple causes (including climate change, regional tectonic uplift or tilting, or exhumation of variable lithologies), an important implication of our analysis is that the impact of such changes must differ in sign or magnitude between the range and the basin to be recorded. This requirement places an important constraint on viable explanations for alternating sequences of deposition and erosion in a decaying mountain‐basin pair.
Sedimentation in Tidal Flat Areas

ABSTRACT This paper gives a brief summary of the main sedimentological properties of recent Dutch tidal flat formations, both in the estuarine river mouths in the southwest of the Netherlands, and on the landward side of the barrier islands in the north. Except for the areal distribution of the various features, little difference exists between these two regions. Much the same picture is shown by other recent tidal flat formations in Western Europe. It is not unlikely, however, that in more distant parts of the world, e.g. in the tropics or along desert coasts, they have some essentially different properties. At present, very little is known about the sedimentology of these other areas. This may make it difficult to decide, when dealing with fossil sediments, whether they were formed in tidal flat environments, or under other littoral or shallow marine conditions. A main criterion is, probably, the presence of tidal channel deposits. As yet, not many convincing examples have been given in the literature of such tidal flat formations. One of the causes may be that these sediments have a great chance to be eroded shortly after deposition, either by wave action (during a transgression of the sea), or by subaerial erosion (during a regression). Moreover, it may be expected that, where they are preserved at all, each individual formation rarely exceeds a few dozens of metres in thickness.
DINÂMICA DA DEPOSIÇÃO DE SERRAPILHEIRAEM FLORESTAS SECUNDÁRIAS DO MUNICIPIO DE PINHEIRAL, RJ / DYNAMICS OF LITTER PRODUCTION IN SECONDARY FORESTS IN MATA ATLANTICA AREAS, PINHEIRAL, RJ

DYNAMICS OF LITTER PRODUCTION IN SECONDARY FORESTS IN MATA ATLANTICA AREAS, PINHEIRAL, RJ This work had as objective to evaluate litter deposition in two secondary semideciduous forest areas: Medium Status Forest (MSF) and Advanced Status Forest (ASF), located in Pinheiral county, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For litter deposition evaluation, in each area were set 10 litter traps in the beginning of 1998. The material was dried in an oven (65°C ± 5) and separated in leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, rinds and others. The MSF area showed higher litter deposition variation in relation to ASF area. In the MSF area the highest litter value was 13.14 t ha-1 and 9.40 t ha-1 the lowest.
Malya Tarim İşletmesi'nde Yetiştirilen Esmer Irki İneklerin Süt Verim Özellikleri ve Bunlar Üzerine Bazi Çevre Faktörlerinin Etkileri

Summary This study was done to investigate some environmental factors (calving year, calving season and calving age) affecting milk yield traits and milk yield traits of Brown cows raised at the Malya state farm. The least square means of lactation duration, lactation milk yield, 305-day milk yield and dry period were estimated as 312.02±0.98 days, 5811.28±26.31kg, 5525.92±22.35 kg and 76.82±0.63 days, respectively. Effects of all environmental factors on lactation milk yield (actual milk yield) and 305-day milk yield were found statistically significant (P<0.001). Similarly, effects of calving season, calving year and calving age on lactation duration were found statistically significant (P<0.001-P<0.05). Effects of calving year, and calving age on dry period were statistically significant (P<0.001). According to result in this study, it can be said that Brown cattle are raised successfully at Malya state farm in region under steppe climate conditions of Turkish and yield levels of Brown cows were very good.
Probability of combined high sea levels and large rains in Malmö, Sweden, southern Öresund

Observations of sea level and precipitation in Malmö, Sweden in the southeastern part of the sound Öresund have been used to estimate the probabilities of local compound events of high sea level and large daily and hourly rains. There are observations of sea level and daily rains extending back to 1930. The observations of short‐term rainfall are from 1980 and onwards. Most large rainfalls come in the summer, while the highest sea levels are in the autumn and in the winter. The highest observed sea level is about 130 cm above mean sea level, and the largest daily rain is close to 100 mm. However, the highest sea level observed during a day with rainfall corresponding to the 1‐year rain is less than 60 cm. The highest sea level observed during an hour with 1‐year hourly rainfall is 30 cm.
The horizontal loop electromagnetic response of a thin plate in a conductive earth; Part II, Computational results and examples

EM response profiles and Argand diagrams of the peak profile response have been calculated for the horizontal loop (Slingram) system and a large vertical plate target conductor in a conductive host medium. Five host models—a homogeneous half‐space and four two‐layer earths—simulate a range of field conditions and survey parameters. As the host medium conductivity is increased, the initial effect on the Argand diagram of the Slingram anomaly is a slight counterclockwise phase rotation and anomaly enhancement due to channeling of current from the host medium into the conductor. Further increases in host conductivity lead to strong clockwise phase rotations and greater anomaly enhancement. Clockwise phase rotations continue, but eventually the anomaly becomes attenuated when propagation losses suffered by the fields in transit through the host become more significant. When background values from survey profiles are used to appraise the conductivity layering of the host, appropriate Argand diagrams can be cho.