Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the origin of the extracellular potential in the nucleus laminaris of the barn owl

The barn owl is a good night hunter and mainly localizes the prey with its auditory system. The auditory localization in the horizontal plane, based on interaural time differences, depends on the auditory brainstem circuit consisting of nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL). An extracellular field potential (EFP), named neurophonic, can be recorded in the NL. It has a very high temporal precision of below 10 microseconds and replays the stimulating sound up to 9 kHz. In this thesis I study how an EFP with such a precision can be generated. Furthermore, what can we learn about the system and about the origin of the neurophonic in NL from these recordings? The answers will help connecting the neural activity to the EFP also in general. Firstly, hundreds of sources, all firing with a high rate and in a highly phase-locked manner, are needed to generate the neurophonic in NL. The number of the neurons in NL and the magnitude of their output currents are not high enough to alone give rise to the neurophonic. The majority of the neural sources conveys the input from NM to NL, i.e., the currents from the nodes of Ranvier in the afferent axons from NM, and the synaptic currents to the dendrites of the NL neurons. Furthermore, the neurophonics in response to monaural stimulation sum up linearly and predict accurately the neurophonics in response to binaural stimulation. This implies that the non-linear response of the NL neurons usually cannot be detected in the neurophonic, but that there might be a minor contribution from a single NL neuron when in the immediate vicinity of the electrode. All in all, the neurophonic in the barn owl’s NL seems to reflect the inputs to the nucleus, whereas usually the output is well represented in the EFP. Even in the homologue nuclei in chick and mammals the neurophonic is thought to reflect the output instead of the input. Thus, the exceptionality of the barn owl might be needed for the high precision in its NL.
Stochastic Algorithms, Symmetric Markov Perfect Equilibrium, and the

A machine for making tunnels through rock by slitting the tunnel front wall by means of high speed liquid jets which machine comprises a main frame, a carrier movably mounted thereupon, a cutter unit movably mounted on the carrier, whereby the cutter unit is able to cover the tunnel front wall with slots. The cutter unit consists of high speed jet generators which are powered by a non-movable low pressure driving fluid source on the main frame. Impacting devices are provided for breaking down of the remaining parts of the rock intermediate the slots.
A New Optimum Currency Area Index for the Euro Area

We propose a new and time-varying optimum currency area (OCA) index for the euro area in assessing the evolution of the OCA properties of the monetary union from an international business cycle perspective. It is derived from the relative importance of symmetric vs. asymmetric shocks that result from a sign and zero restricted open-economy structural vector autoregression (VAR) model. We argue that the euro area is more appropriate through the lens of empirical OCA properties when the relative importance of common symmetric shocks is high, but, at the same time, is not overly dispersed across euro area member countries. We ﬁnd that symmetric shocks have been the dominant drivers of business cycles across euro area countries. Our OCA index, nevertheless, shows that cyclical convergence among euro area members is not a steady process as it tends to be disrupted by crises, especially those not primarily triggered by common external shocks. In the aftermath of a crisis the OCA index embarks on a recovery trajectory catching up with its pre-crisis level. Our OCA index is slow-moving and a good reﬂection of changing underlying economic structures across the euro area and, therefore, informative about the ability of monetary policy to stabilise the euro area economy in the medium run. of the euro area (REA, that is the euro area excluding country i ) and the rest of the world (RoW). We then show that this minimalist model is sufﬁcient to separate country-speciﬁc from common euro area shocks and well-suited to evaluate the relative importance of symmetric vs. asymmetric shocks across the constituent countries.
APEX-CHAMP^+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects. IV. Mechanical and radiative feedback

Context. During the embedded stage of star formation, bipolar molecular outflows and UV radiation from the protostar are important feedback processes. Both processes reflect the accretion onto the forming star and affect subsequent collapse or fragmentation of the cloud. Aims: Our aim is to quantify the feedback, mechanical and radiative, for a large sample of low-mass sources in a consistent manner. The outflow activity is compared to radiative feedback in the form of UV heating by the accreting protostar to search for correlations and evolutionary trends. Methods: Large-scale maps of 26 young stellar objects, which are part of the Herschel WISH key program are obtained using the CHAMP+ instrument on the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (12CO and 13CO 6-5; Eup ~ 100 K), and the HARP-B instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (12CO and 13CO 3-2; Eup ~ 30 K). The maps have high spatial resolution, particularly the CO 6-5 maps taken with a 9″ beam, resolving the morphology of the outflows. The maps are used to determine outflow parameters and the results are compared with higher-J CO lines obtained with Herschel. Envelope models are used to quantify the amount of UV-heated gas and its temperature from 13CO 6-5 observations. Results: All sources in our sample show outflow activity, with the spatial extent decreasing from the Class 0 to the Class I stage. Consistent with previous studies, the outflow force, FCO, is larger for Class 0 sources than for Class I sources, even if their luminosities are comparable. The outflowing gas typically extends to much greater distances than the power-law envelope and therefore influences the surrounding cloud material directly. Comparison of the CO 6-5 results with HIFI H2O and PACS high-J CO lines, both tracing currently shocked gas, shows that the two components are linked, even though the transitions do not probe the same gas. The link does not extend down to CO 3-2. The conclusion is that CO 6-5 depends on the shock characteristics (density and velocity), whereas CO 3-2 is more sensitive to conditions in the surrounding environment (density). The radiative feedback is responsible for increasing the gas temperature by a factor of two, up to 30-50 K, on scales of a few thousand AU, particularly along the direction of the outflow. The mass of the UV heated gas exceeds the mass contained in the entrained outflow in the inner ~3000 AU and is therefore at least as important on small scales. Appendix A is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda. orgThe CHAMP+ maps (data cubes) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat? J/A+A/576/A109
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel\'dovich One-Point PDF

We present a measurement of the one-point probability distribution function (PDF) of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) decrement in the pixel temperature histogram of filtered 148 GHz sky maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). The PDF includes the signal from all galaxy clusters in the map, including objects below the signal-to-noise threshold for individual detection, making it a particularly sensitive probe of the amplitude of matter density perturbations, $\sigma_8$. We use a combination of analytic halo model calculations and numerical simulations to compute the theoretical tSZ PDF and its covariance matrix, accounting for all noise sources and including relativistic corrections. From the measured ACT 148 GHz PDF alone, we find $\sigma_8 = 0.793 \pm 0.018$, with additional systematic errors of $\pm 0.017$ due to uncertainty in intracluster medium gas physics and $\pm 0.006$ due to uncertainty in infrared point source contamination. Using effectively the same data set, the statistical error here is a factor of two lower than that found in ACT's previous $\sigma_8$ determination based solely on the skewness of the tSZ signal. In future temperature maps with higher sensitivity, the tSZ PDF will break the degeneracy between intracluster medium gas physics and cosmological parameters.
GENERAL RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF ACCRETION FLOW FROM A STELLAR TIDAL DISRUPTION

We study how the matter dispersed when a supermassive black hole tidally disrupts a star joins an accretion flow. Combining a relativistic hydrodynamic simulation of the stellar disruption with a relativistic hydrodynamics simulation of the subsequent debris motion, we track the evolution of such a system until ≃ 80 % ? > of the stellar mass bound to the black hole has settled into an accretion flow. Shocks near the stellar pericenter and also near the apocenter of the most tightly bound debris dissipate orbital energy, but only enough to make its characteristic radius comparable to the semimajor axis of the most bound material, not the tidal radius as previously envisioned. The outer shocks are caused by post-Newtonian relativistic effects, both on the stellar orbit during its disruption and on the tidal forces. Accumulation of mass into the accretion flow is both non-monotonic and slow, requiring several to 10 times the orbital period of the most tightly bound tidal streams, while the inflow time for most of the mass may be comparable to or longer than the mass accumulation time. Deflection by shocks does, however, cause some mass to lose both angular momentum and energy, permitting it to move inward even before most of the mass is accumulated into the accretion flow. Although the accretion rate still rises sharply and then decays roughly as a power law, its maximum is ≃ 0.1 × ? > the previous expectation, and the timescale of the peak is ≃ 5 × ? > longer than previously predicted. The geometric mean of the black hole mass and stellar mass inferred from a measured event timescale is therefore ≃ 0.2 × ? > the value given by classical theory.
Covariant operator formalism of gauge theories and quantum gravity

This book provides a thorough description of the manifestly covariant canonical formalism of the abelian and non-abelian gauge theories and quantum gravity. The emphasis is on its non-perturbative nature and the non-use of the path-integral approach. The formalism presented here is extremely beautiful and transparent.
On Regular Sequences

The concept of regular sequence of elements of a ring A (first introduced by Serre under the name of A-sequence [2]), has far-reaching uses in the theory of local rings and in algebraic geometry. It seems, however, that it loses much of its importance when A is not a noetherian ring, and in that case, it probably should be superseded by the concept of quasi-regular sequence [1].
SUZAKU OBSERVATION OF THE HIGH-INCLINATION BINARY EXO 0748–676 IN THE HARD STATE

Utilizing archived Suzaku data acquired on 2007 December 25 for 46 ks, the X-ray spectroscopic properties of the dipping and eclipsing low-mass X-ray binary EXO 0748−676 were studied. At an assumed distance of 7.1 kpc, the data provided a persistent unabsorbed luminosity of 3.4 × 10 36 erg cm−2 s−1 in 0.6−55 keV. The source was in a relatively bright low/hard state, wherein the 0.6−55 keV spectrum can be successfully explained by a “double-seed” Comptonization model incorporating a common corona with an electron temperature of ∼13 keV. The seed photons are thought to be supplied from both the neutron star surface and a cooler truncated disk. Compared to a sample of non-dipping, low-mass X-ray binaries in the low/hard state, the spectrum is subject to stronger Comptonization with a relatively larger Comptonizing y-parameter of ∼1.4 and a larger coronal optical depth of ∼5. This result, when attributed to the high inclination of EXO 0748−676, suggests that the Comptonizing corona may elongate along the disk plane and provide a longer path for the seed photons when viewed from edge-on inclinations.
Comparison of the UBC ELISA test and the BTA Trak test for the detection of bladder tumor recurrence

Purpose: To compare the sensitivity of the established BTA Trak™ test with the newer UBC ELISA™ test for the detection of bladder tumor recurrence. Methods: Urine samples from 63 patients were collected prior to cystoscopy. In cases of positive cystoscopy findings, patients were scheduled for TUR and the histologic findings were correlated with the urine test results. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in median UBC value with increasing tumor grade. Median UBC values (µg/L) for tumor stages were: 22.1, 47.5, 95.7 and >150 for pTa, pT1, pT2/3 and CIS, respectively. The overall sensitivity of the UBC and BTA was 62% and 90% (p=0.0049). Comparing different tumor stages, the sensitivity for the UBC vs. BTA was 52% vs.86% (p=0.022) in pTa, 56% vs. 100% (p=0.039) in pT1, 83% for both tests in pT2/3 and 100% for both in CIS. In low grade tumors, the sensitivity of the UBC vs. BTA was 47% vs. 84% (p=0.022); in high grade tumors it was 75% vs. 95% (NS - p=0.085). The combination of both tests did not increase sensitivity over BTA alone. Overall specificity for the UBC was 71% and for the BTA 50% (NS). Overall test accuracy for the UBC 65% was and for the BTA 75% (NS). Conclusion: The UBC ELISA™ test in its present form did not have better sensitivity than the BTA Trak™ test because of its lower validity in low grade/stage tumors.
Does Service Quality Dimensions Matter for Customer Satisfaction? Evidence from Higher Education Institutes

Purpose of present to examines the role service quality dimensions for customer satisfaction of higher universities/Institutes of Sindh, Pakistan. Data gathered via adopted questionnaire from previous studies and convenience sampling strategy is applied. Total 200 customers were requested with help of HR officers at their respective universities/Institutes. Findings revealed all service quality dimensions have shown significant and positive effect including Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibility on customer satisfaction in context of higher education institutes Sindh, Pakistan. However, the empathy has higher beta value that determine the higher importance with respect to others variables. The Higher Education Institutes policy makers should consider these variables into future policies for better market shares of higher education institutes Sindh, Pakistan
Students’ Morality Development in Primary Public Schools of Sindh Province: An Application of Moral Foundation Theory

The paper investigated the effectiveness of the implemented curriculum in emphasizing the moral values of students in primary public sector schools in Sindh. Also it analyzes the role played by the school principals/head teachers in promoting moral values among students. The paper also explored how teachers at primary schools contribute to developing the moral values of students. The study has collected 177 responses from the teachers of primary public level schools of five districts of Sindh province using purposive sampling technique while PLS-SEM has been employed for data analysis using SmartPLS v3.2. 9. The results have shown that effectiveness of curriculum, teachers’ implicit beliefs, and role of principals have positive effect on students’ moral development while teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on role of teachers; whereas, teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on effectiveness of curriculum. The mediation analysis showed that effectiveness of curriculum has positive mediation between teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals towards students’ moral development. However, socioeconomic support has no significant moderating effect on the role of curriculum effectiveness, teachers’ and principals’ role towards students’ moral development. In this regards, it has been recommended that schools can best promote students' moral growth by assisting instructors in coping with the difficulties of their jobs and developing teachers' capacity for introspection and empathy. Students undoubtedly benefit from community service, being reminded of essential qualities, and developing good habits.
Effect of deformation amount distribution in the austenite recrystallization temperature region on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the X70 pipeline steel

In this study, the effect of deformation amount distribution of X70 pipeline steel on the microstructure and mechanical properties in the austenite recrystallization temperature region are investigated. The results reveal that the austenite grain size is smaller and more uniform by increasing the last-pass rough rolling deformation amount in the austenite recrystallization region. An increase in the last-pass rough-rolling deformation amount can also improve the strength and low-temperature toughness. The deformation mechanism and microstructural evolution based on the last-pass in the austenite recrystallization temperature region are clarified. The final microstructure refinement effect of granular bainite and acicular ferrite attribute to the finer and more uniform original austenite grain size. The main strengthening mechanisms are grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The high proportion of the high-angle grain boundary is significantly greater for improving the strength and toughness, which impedes dislocations to slip across grain boundaries.
Light curve analysis of the hybrid sdB pulsators HS0702+6043 and HS2201+2610

We present the detection of low-amplitude, long-period g-modes in two individual sdBV stars which are known to be p-mode pulsators. Only few of these hybrid objects, showing both p- and g-modes, are known today. We resolve the g-mode domain in HS0702+6043 and add HS2201+2610 to the list of hybrid pulsators. To discover the low-amplitude g-modes, a filtering algorithm based on wavelet transformations was applied to denoise observational data.
Young Chinese EFL Learners’ Referential Strategies in Written Chinese and English Narratives

A good command of referential skills has been seen as an effective indicator that reveals learners’ discourse-related competence. However, in the realm of second language learning, a scant of attention has been paid to investigate L2 learners’ referential skills in narratives. Therefore, the present study aims to address the gap through examining young Chinese EFL learners’ abilities in using referential forms in English narratives. Three Chinese EFL fourth graders in Taiwan were asked to produce English and Chinese written narratives, elicited through a wordless picture book Frog, Where Are You? (Mayer, 1969). The results showed that the participants made few mistakes and achieved high level of appropriateness in the use of referential expressions in English narratives. It was also found that they used similar referential strategies across different discourse contexts in both English and Chinese narratives. It was suggested that their near-proficient performance regarding the referential skills may be attributed to the positive transfer from L1 to L2. However, the analysis of some mistakes by the participants also demonstrated that L2 overgeneralization played a role that hinders the participants’ performance. Finally, implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future research are made.
A review of the findings of the plasma diagnostic package and associated laboratory experiments: Implications of large body/plasma interactions for future space technology

The discoveries and experiments of the Plasma Diagnostic Package (PDP) on the OSS 1 and Spacelab 2 missions are reviewed, these results are compared with those of other space and laboratory experiments, and the implications for the understanding of large body interactions in a low Earth orbit (LEO) plasma environment are discussed. First a brief review of the PDP investigation, its instrumentation and experiments is presented. Next a summary of PDP results along with a comparison of those results with similar space or laboratory experiments is given. Last of all the implications of these results in terms of understanding fundamental physical processes that take place with large bodies in LEO is discussed and experiments to deal with these vital questions are suggested.
Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars

Supermassive black holes are a key ingredient of galaxy evolution. However, their origin is still highly debated. In one of the leading formation scenarios, a black hole of ˜100 M⊙ results from the collapse of the inner core of a supermassive star (≳104-5 M⊙), created by the rapid accumulation (≳0.1 M⊙ yr-1) of pristine gas at the centre of newly formed galaxies at z ˜ 15. The subsequent evolution is still speculative: the remaining gas in the supermassive star can either directly plunge into the nascent black hole or part of it can form a central accretion disc, whose luminosity sustains a surrounding, massive, and nearly hydrostatic envelope (a system called a `quasi-star'). To address this point, we consider the effect of rotation on a quasi-star, as angular momentum is inevitably transported towards the galactic nucleus by the accumulating gas. Using a model for the internal redistribution of angular momentum that qualitatively matches results from simulations of rotating convective stellar envelopes, we show that quasi-stars with an envelope mass greater than a few 105 M_{⊙} × (black hole mass/100 M_{⊙})^{0.82} have highly sub-Keplerian gas motion in their core, preventing gas circularization outside the black hole's horizon. Less massive quasi-stars could form but last for only ≲104 yr before the accretion luminosity unbinds the envelope, suppressing the black hole growth. We speculate that this might eventually lead to a dual black hole seed population: (I) massive (>104 M⊙) seeds formed in the most massive (>108 M⊙) and rare haloes; (II) lighter (˜102 M⊙) seeds to be found in less massive and therefore more common haloes.
Path analysis and selection indices for cowpea.

Path coefficient and selection indices were studied in 40 lines of cowpea in a randomized block design with three replications at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 1967. Pods per plant, grains per pod and 100-grain weight had appreciable direct effect on grain yield. Multiple regression analysis suggested that grains per pod, 100-grain weight and pods per plant were the important yield components and together account for about 68% variation in yield. A discriminant function based on two yield components, grains per pod and 100-grain weight, and the three yield components, grains per pod, 100-grain weight and pods per plant, was found to be superior to selection for yield to the extent of 24 and 33%, respectively.
Redundant wavelet processing on the half‐axis with applications to signal denoising with small delays: theory and experiments

A wavelet transform on the negative half real axis is developed using an average‐interpolation scheme. This transform is redundant and can be used to perform causal wavelet processing, such as on‐line signal denoising, without delay. Nonetheless, in practice some boundary effects occur and thus a small amount of delay is required to reduce them. The effect of this delay is studied using a numerical example of a signal with large noise and sharp transients. It is shown that the delay required to obtain acceptable denoising levels is decreased by using the proposed redundant transform instead of a non‐redundant one. We also present results from the experimental implementation of the proposed algorithm for the denoising of a feedback signal during the control of a three‐phase permanent‐magnet synchronous brushless DC motor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.