Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Prospective Biology Teachers Visualize their Beliefs about Teaching and Learning by Drawing it, is it more than a Reproduction of their Experienced School Lessons?

Professional teaching competence is significantly influenced by beliefs about teaching and learning. Prospective teachers start their teacher training with quite persistent beliefs about learning processes. These beliefs are mainly influenced by the way they experienced their own lessons as a student at school. Previous biology lessons at school might be linked to the imagined biology lessons of prospective teachers. We interpret these future lessons as a representation of their beliefs about teaching and learning. The present study investigated how prospective teachers remembered their previous biology lessons as well as how they imagine the lessons they will conduct in the future. The drawings of 181 prospective biology teachers in Germany (Mage = 22.1; SD = 3.6; 64.1 % female) were analyzed using the Draw-a-Science-Teacher-Test Checklist (DASTT-C). Results of the study indicate that the lessons they experienced were mainly teacher-centered, whereas the lessons they imagined were mainly student-centered. Results of a chi-square-test indicate that there is no connection between these two drawings of biology lessons. This suggests that experiences from one’s own schooling may have no connection with the way prospective teachers would like to teach in the future. The results of this study might be used as a basis for further studies examining the development of prospective biology teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning.
Convection, Terrestrial Recycling and Oceanic Moisture Regulate the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation at Srinagar, Kashmir

The moisture transport and precipitation in the western Himalayas is an interplay of two atmospheric systems: Western Disturbances (WDs) and Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). WDs primarily transport moisture from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, while ISM transports moisture from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Local moisture sources also contribute to the regional precipitation budget. The moisture sources can be distinguished by measuring dual isotopic signatures in precipitation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios measured in daily precipitation samples collected at Srinagar, Kashmir from March 2015–April 2017, allowed delineating the role of factors like large‐scale moisture transport processes, and local meteorological factors such as temperature, precipitation amount and relative humidity on the precipitation isotope ratios and its effect on the meteoric water line parameters. Isotopic data were further used to estimate the percentage contributions of distinct moisture sources across different seasons and validation of an isotope enabled general circulation model (iEGCM). We found that the time integrated, large‐scale convection over several days, constitutes a major factor governing the isotopic composition of precipitation, while the role of local meteorological parameters is minimal. A box model to simulate the moisture transport and estimate the oceanic versus terrestrially recycled moisture sources to the regional precipitation reveals Arabian sea to be the key moisture source. Finally, on comparing the observed isotopic composition with iEGCM simulation, discrepancies are noted. Results from the present study will enable improving the interpretation of regional paleo‐climate data derived from various proxy records.
Age, growth and reproduction of Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas 1814) (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in the southern Black Sea

Round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus , Pallas 1814) which belongs to Gobiidae, inhabits in the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Caspian Sea and the rivers that flows into fore stated seas. The main population parameters, such as age, length, sexual composition, length-weight relationship, growth, condition factor, gonadosomatic index and reproduction of N. melanostomus were investigated from coasts of the southern Black Sea in this study. A total of 2408 individuals were sampled between July 2017 and June 2018. Results showed that average length and weight were found 14.97 cm (10.50-26.20) and 43.90 g (15.28-212.2), respectively. Sex ratio between female and male was found 1:1.77 (P>0.05). Age of samples varied between one and eight years old. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated as L ∞ = 26.5 cm, k = 0.1980 year -1 and t 0 = -1.3487 year for all individuals. The length-weight relationship was found as W = 0.0069 TL 3.1972 for all individuals. Total mortality, natural mortality, fishing mortality, growth performance index and condition factor were calculated as 0.625, 0.479, 0.145, 2.143, and 1.66, respectively. Spawning occurs between March and May and the maximum value of gonadosomatic index reached in April. Average relative fecundity was 318.88 number/g (124.8-958.9), while average diameter of eggs was found 2025.58 µm ± 262.86 (1112.0-2703.4). This study will contribute for information gap on the species as well as provide information source for future studies.
Zero Moment Control for Lead-Through Teach Programming and Process Monitoring of a Collaborative Welding Robot

Robots are commonly used for automated welding in many industries such as automotive manufacturing. The complexity and time required for programming present an obstacle in using robotic automation in welding or other tasks for small to medium enterprises that lack resources for training or expertise in traditional robot programming strategies. It also dictates a high level of repeated parts to offset the cost of weld programming. Collaborative robots or Cobots are robots designed for more collaborative operations with humans. Cobots permit new methods of task instruction (programming) through a direct interaction between the operator and the robot. This paper presents a model and model calibration strategy for collaborative robots to aid in teaching and monitoring welding tasks. The method makes use of a torque estimation model based on robot momentum to create an observer to evaluate external forces. The torque observer is used to characterize the friction that exists within the robot joints. These data are used to define the parameters of a friction model that combines static, Coulomb, and viscous friction properties with a sigmoid function to represent a transition between motion states. With an updated friction model, the torque observer is then used for collaborative robotic welding, first to provide a mode in which the robot can be taught weld paths through physical lead through and second a mode to monitor the weld process for expected motion/force characteristics. The method is demonstrated on a commercial robot.
Model based transient analysis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

The contribution to sustainable road transport is one of the main drivers for the development of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC). Inevitably linked to the automotive application is a dynamic operation of the fuel cell system. Fuel cells are complex, three-dimensional electrochemical reactors. Electrocatalytic processes are interlinked with species transport (convective and diffusive) with relevant spatial scales from nanometers to meters, and with heat and electric conduction through phases of different conductivities. Furthermore, the experimental possibilities for in-situ characterization of combined local and dynamic phenomena, such as species distribution, membrane properties etc. are limited. While big advancements have been made in the experimental investigation and corresponding modeling for steady-state conditions, dynamic phenomena are much less explored. Development of models able to describe the PEFC dynamic operation is therefore of high importance to understand the various processes occurring in the cell. Chapter 3 reviews the state of the art about PEFCs macroscopic modeling. In order for a model to represent the proper physics and compare well with experimental observations, the key processes must be adequately included. To mathematically describe a PEFC, multicomponent transport of gas mixtures, multiphase transport of water, phase change processes, electrochemical reaction kinetics, transport of charges, and transport of energy must be considered. All these processes are examined in Chapter 5. At first, the mass, charge, and energy transport phenomena are investigated to develop a 1-D model apt to investigate the parameters distribution in time and in the through-the-MEA (membrane-electrode-assembly) direction, and to link them to each overpotential and to the overall PEFC response to changes in operating conditions. Particular care has been taken in the treatment of the liquid water at the interface between the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the distributor channel, due to the fact that the water exchange mechanism at this interface is still not well understood, and simulations can be used to investigate different assumptions. In order then to simulate the effects of channel and ribs on the transient PEFC performance, a novel concept has been developed, combining the low computational cost of the 1-D model with the capability of investigating the different mass, energy, and charge transport processes under the channels and under the ribs. Finally, in order to investigate the transient response of technical sized PEFCs a multidimensional model is developed, in which the 1-D model is linked to the channel domains, where the local parameters distribution is
Role of dietary Schizochytrium sp. in improving disease resistance of zebrafish through metabolic and microbial analysis

BackgroundAs an essential nutrient for farmed fish, the fish oil from wild fish has been partly replaced by vegetable ingredients to prevent overfishing. Schizochytrium sp. , a type of marine microalgae, is considered as a promising alternative to fish oil for improving growth and fatty acid profile in fish. However, there lacks a comprehensive understanding of disease resistance on microalgae supplementation of fish. In the present study, to understand the pathogen-resistant mechanisms of diets enriched with microalgae, the eﬀects of dietary Schizochytrium sp. on the intestine microbial and metabolic profile of zebrafish were investigated. ResultsThe challenge trial with Edwardsiella piscicida showed that 120 g/kg Schizochytrium sp. supplementation had a significantly higher survival rate of zebrafish. Additionally, higher goblet cell density was observed in zebrafish fed with Schizochytrium sp. Metabolomic analysis of humoral fluids indicated that the diet supplemented with Schizochytrium sp. boosted the TCA cycle, energy supply, taurine metabolism, and L-serine metabolism, whereas decreased cholesterol metabolism in zebrafish. The microbiome analysis revealed that a 120 g/kg Schizochytrium sp. supplemented diet could remarkably increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria (i.e., Lactobacillus, Dorea, Butyricicoccus, and Pseudoxanthomonas), and reduce several potential pathogens (i.e., Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, and Mycoplasmas). Combined omics analysis indicated that some Dorea and Butyricicoccus species might be candidate probiotics with disease resistance.ConclusionsDietary supplement of Schizochytrium sp. could improve the survival rate of zebrafish when infected with Edwardsiella piscicida. It further revealed that Schizochytrium sp. as feed additive had the potential to improve metabolism and the intestine health by dual-omics analysis, and thus enhance disease resistance of zebraﬁsh. Our research provides a novel insight into developing the fundamental understanding of disease resistance in aquatic animals fed with microalgae. Moreover, this experiment shed substantial light on the screening of probiotic candidates with immunomodulatory properties.
Arsenic distribution and speciation in the Mahomet and Glasford Aquifers, Illinois

The distribution and geochemistry of arsenic in two large aquifers in central Illinois was characterized. The areal distribution was complex; wells with high arsenic concentrations were often located less than 1km from wells with low or undetectable arsenic. High arsenic concentrations were associated with high concentrations of iron, organic carbon, bicarbonate, and ammonia, which is consistent with iron oxide reduction as the arsenic source. There was no clear pattern of arsenic -concentration vs. depth and no correlation with chloride, so saline groundwater from the bedrock was not a significant source. High arsenic concentrations were also associated with low sulfate concentrations which may indicate sulfate reduction and sorption of arsenic to sulfide minerals. In most samples As(III) made up over 90% of the total arsenic, which is consistent with the redox conditions.
An Investigation of Item Position Effects by Means of IRT-Based Differential Item Functioning Methods

In this study, whether item position effects lead to DIF in the condition where different test booklets are used was investigated. To do this the methods of Lord’s chi-square and Raju’s unsigned area with the 3PL model under with and without item purification were used. When the performance of the methods was compared, it was revealed that generally, the method of Lord’s chi-square identified more items with DIF than did the method of Raju’s unsigned area. The differentiation of the booklets with respect to item position resulted in a higher number of items displaying DIF with item purification conditions. Based on the findings of the present study, to avoid the occurrence of DIF due to item position effects, it is recommended to position the same items across different booklets in similar locations when forming different booklets.
A QUALITATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE COMPETENCIES OF WOMEN LIVING IN FAIFA MOUNTAINS TO HELP MEN FOR WITHDRAWAL OF CHEWING KHAT HABIT; JAZAN REGION, SAUDI ARABIA

Introduction For ages; people in Faifa Mountains (Jazan region, Kingdome of Saudi Arabia) cultivate Khat tree and the men chew their leaves. Many adverse effects are documented among men chewing Khat for a long time especially on the central nervous system, heart and liver due to the action of sympathetic like substances that Khat contains. Till today in Faifa; there is no effective intervention that could replace Khatchewing habit and leads to its withdrawal. Objectives: The goal of this study is to assess the competencies of women in their families to help men in withdrawal of Khatchewing habit. This will be examined through the specific objectives to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of women towards Khat-chewing habit that practiced by men in their families. Methodology: This research is designed to assess the competencies; knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of women in Faifa mountains towards Khatchewing habit among the men in their families and its effect on the family social and economic status. It is performed according to qualitative research principles using indepth interviews through semistructured questionnaire. This study is performed on a purposive sample composed of 20 women above 15 years old having men chewing Khat in their families and residing in Faifa Mountains. Results: The most prominent findings in this study are that 65% of the women believe that Chewing Khat is not forbidden. However, 95% of them are sure that there are adverse effects due to this habit summarized as liver and heart disease. Although 85% of the investigated women are looking for withdrawing this habit and described some interventions to stop this habit; 80% of them feel that they do not have a role in stopping this habit. Seventy percent of women believe that this habit neither affects the work, religious behaviour of men, the financial status of the family nor the social relationships. Ninety-five percent of women do not exert any effort to stop this habit for their men expecting the resistance of men. On the other side, 95% of them educate their children about the adverse effect of this habit as it is wrong to be practiced. Conclusion: Although women realize the adverse effects of Khat chewing habit, they do not recognize it has any negative effect on their lives either socially or economically. However, they have a will to stop this habit among their men but do not exert a considerable effort for that, except giving some information to their children to avoid this habit. This may give place for further studies about how to stop the Khat chewing habit rather than influence of women on men in the Faifa Mountains
Resource-Constrained Scheduling for Multi-Robot Cooperative Three-Dimensional Printing

Cooperative three-dimensional (3D) printing (C3DP)—a representative realization of cooperative manufacturing (CM)—is a novel approach that utilizes multiple mobile 3D printing robots for additive manufacturing (AM). It makes the make-span much shorter compared with traditional 3D printing due to parallel printing. In C3DP, collision-free scheduling is critical to the realization of cooperation and parallel operation among mobile printers. In the extant literature, there is a lack of methods to schedule multi-robot C3DP with limited resources. This study addresses this gap with two methods. The first method, dynamic dependency list algorithm (DDLA), uses a constraint-satisfaction approach to eliminate solutions that could result in collisions between robots and collisions between robots with already-printed materials. The second method, modified genetic algorithm (GA), uses chromosomes to represent chunk assignments and utilizes GA operators, such as the crossover and mutation, to generate diverse print schedules while maintaining the dependencies between chunks. Three case studies, including two large rectangular bars in different scales and a foldable sport utility vehicle (SUV), are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the two methods. The results show that both methods can effectively generate valid print schedules using a specified number of robots while attempting to minimize the make-span. The results also show that both methods generate a print schedule with equal print time for the first two case studies with homogeneous chunks. In contrast, the modified GA outperforms the DDLA in the third case study, where the chunks are heterogeneous in volume and require different times to print.
Do Corporate Income Tax Cuts Decrease Labor Share? Regression Discontinuity Evidence from China

Abstract Recent years have seen a sustained decline in the labor share around the world. This paper studies this trend by focusing on the effect of corporate income taxes on firm-level labor shares. From 2010 to 2013, the Chinese central government cut the corporate income tax rate in 21 cities for service firms whose revenue from outsourcing services offshore surpassed half of their total revenue. Leveraging a regression discontinuity design with proprietary administrative data, we find that a one percentage point decrease in the statutory corporate income tax rate induces a one percentage point decrease in the firm-level labor share. Firms respond to the tax cut by increasing their physical capital and bank borrowing while keeping their employment unchanged, consistent with a capital deepening process documented in recent theoretical models. Our results suggest that falling corporate income taxes could have contributed to the global decline in the labor share.
Mo x Si1− x a versatile material for nanowire to microwire single-photon detectors from UV to near IR

We investigate material properties in Mo x Si1−x thin films with the goal of optimization for single-photon detection from UV to mid-IR wavelengths. Saturated internal detection efficiency appears to be related to film structure for this material. We demonstrate nanometer-wide meander devices with saturated internal efficiency at 370 nm wavelength and 3.4 K operation temperature. By reducing the film thickness in the optimized material, we demonstrate saturated internal detection efficiency at 1550 nm wavelength and 1 K operation temperature for micron-wide meander shaped single-photon detectors with wire widths up to 2.0 μm and active areas up to 362 × 362 μm2.
Heat transfer in turbulent boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence: Part I: Experimental results

Turbulent boundary layers were subjected to grid-generated free-stream turbulence to study the effects of length scale and intensity on heat transfer Relative to conventional boundary layer thickness measures, test conditions included very small-scale free-stream turbulence. The boundary layers studied ranged from 400-2700 in momentum-thickness Reynolds number and from 450-1900 in enthalpy-thickness Reynolds number. Free-stream turbulence intensities varied from 0.1-8.0%. Ratios of free-stream length scale to boundary-layer momentum thickness ranged from 4.4-32.5. The turbulent-to-viscous length-scale ratios presented are the smallest found in the heat-transfer literature; the ratios spanned from 115-1020. The turbulent-to-thermal ratios (using enthalpy thickness as the thermal scale) are also the smallest reported; the ratios ranged from 3.2-12.3. Relative to clean-free-stream expectations based on the momentum- and enthalpy-thickness Reynolds numbers, the skin friction coefficient increased by up to 16%, and the Stanton number increased by up to 46%.
Acoustic Beamforming Array Design Methods Over Irregular Shaped Areas

Acoustic beamforming array design methods are typically suited for circular and rectangular areas. A comparison of three array design methods is presented in this paper over irregular shaped areas, including L-shapes and arches. Partial-logarithmic spiral arrays that possess their geometric center either at the origin of the array area or the centroid of the irregular shaped area are compared against randomized array designs based on maximum sidelobe level (MSL) parameters and arrays generated using a recently published array design method named the adaptive array reduction method (AARM). In the AARM, a large array is reduced to a smaller array by seeking the removed microphone that possesses the minimum value of the MSL, the main lobe width (MLW), and a lobe distortion term. The AARM is also tested in two practical cases against a partial spiral array design used at the NASA Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel and a hypothetical rectangular wall case. In both cases, the AARM showed superior performance to the logarithmic spiral arrays in all cases based on MSL and MLW criteria. Of the three methods compared, the AARM best utilizes the full potential array aperture of an irregular area and therefore produces the best MSL, MLW, and lobe distortion values.