Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convective transport of biomass burning emissions over Brazil during TRACE A

A series of large mesoscale convective systems that occurred during the Brazilian phase of GTE/TRACE A (Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic) provided an opportunity to observe deep convective transport of trace gases from biomass burning. This paper reports a detailed analysis of flight 6, on September 27, 1992, which sampled cloud- and biomass-burning-perturbed regions north of Brasilia. High-frequency sampling of cloud outflow at 9-12 km from the NASA DC-8 showed enhancement of CO mixing ratios typically a factor of 3 above background (200- 300 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) versus 90 ppbv) and significant increases in NOx and hydrocarbons. Clear signals of lightning-generated NO were detected; we estimate that at least 40% of NO x at the 9.5-km level and 32% at 11.3 km originated from lightning. Four types of model studies have been performed to analyze the dynamical and photochemical characteristics of the series of convective events. (1) Regional simulations for the period have been performed with the NCAR/Penn State mesoscale model (MM5), including tracer transport of carbon monoxide, initialized with observations. Middle-upper tropospheric enhancements of a factor of 3 above background are reproduced. (2) A cloud-resolving model (the Goddard cumulus ensemble (GCE) model) has been run for one representative convective cell during the September 26-27 episode. (3) Photochemical calculations (the Goddard tropospheric chemical model), initialized with trace gas observations (e.g., CO, NO x, hydrocarbons, 03) observed in cloud outflow, show appreciable 0 3 formation postconvection, initially up to 7-8 ppbv O3/d. (4) Forward trajectories from cloud outflow levels (postconvective conditions) put the ozone-producing air masses in eastern Brazil and the tropical Atlantic within 2-4 days and over the Atlantic, Africa, and the Indian Ocean in 6-8 days. Indeed, 3-4 days after the convective episode (September 30, 1992), upper tropospheric levels in the Natal ozone sounding show an average increase of -30 ppbv (3 Dobson units (DU) integrated) compared to the September 28 sounding. Our simulated net 0 3 production rates in cloud outflow are a factor of 3 or more greater than those in air undisturbed by the storms. Integrated over the 8- to 16-km cloud outflow layer, the postconvection net 0 3 production (-5-6 DU over 8 days) accounts for -25% of the excess 03 (15-25 DU) over the South Atlantic. Comparison of TRACE A Brazilian ozonesondes and the frequency of deep convection with climatology (Kirchhoff et al., this issue) suggests that the late September 1992 conditions represented an unusually active period for both convection and upper tropospheric ozone formation.
Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth I: evidence from orthopyroxene rim growth experiments

The rim‐forming reaction quartz + olivine = orthopyroxene is used to investigate the effect of matrix rheology on rim growth rates. Orthopyroxene rim growth around olivine grains in quartz matrix is compared to rim growth around quartz grains in an olivine matrix. At constant P–T, within one single capsule, orthopyroxene rims grow faster around quartz clasts in olivine matrix than around olivine clasts in quartz matrix. Fourier transform infra‐red spectra indicate that the entire samples are water saturated because of water adsorption on the reactant grain surfaces. The increased orthopyroxene growth rates in olivine matrix as opposed to quartz matrix are interpreted in terms of matrix rheology, where in the two different matrix‐inclusion arrangements the olivine matrix behaves ‘softer’ and the quartz matrix ‘more rigid’. The strain energy associated with accommodation of the negative reaction volume is higher for the quartz than the olivine matrix and reduces the free energy that drives orthopyroxene rim growth. Growth textures in both kinds of orthopyroxene rims indicate that the diffusivity of MgO slightly exceeds the diffusivity of SiO2. The relative mobility of MgO and SiO2 at given P, T, fH2O seems to be controlled by energy minimization during orthopyroxene growth at the compressive Ol/Opx interface. Our experiments provide evidence for two previously overlooked effects relevant to rim growth reactions in metamorphic rocks: (i) diffusivity along chemical potential gradients to reaction sites is a function of rheology and (ii) the relative diffusivity of components during reaction rim or corona growth is a function of local volume changes at the rim’s interfaces.
Introduction to special section on marine sand wave and river dune dynamics

Marine sand waves and river dunes are rhythmic patterns, formed at the interface between a sandy bed and turbulent flows, driven by tidal and river currents. Their origin, development, and dynamics are far from being fully understood. To enhance the discussion on this topic we organized the international conference Marine Sand Wave and River Dune Dynamics (MARID) in April 2004 in Enschede, Netherlands. Scientific papers that originated from the MARID conference are presented in this special section. This introduction places these papers in the context of recent progress.
LYMPHOID NEOPLASIA The cellular origin and malignant transformation of Waldenstr¨om macroglobulinemia

, IgMMGUSandsmolderingWM), already harbor the phenotypic and molecular signatures of the malignant Waldenstr¨om clone. ( Blood . 2015;125(15):2370-2380) sensitive detection and phenotypic characterization of clonal cells in all stages of from IgM MGUS symptomatic WM. sensitive ﬂ uorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) sorting to investigate and compare the molecular signature and genomic landscape of clonal B cells in the benign (IgM MGUS and smoldering WM) vs malignant (symptom-atic WM) stages of the Our show that IgM MGUS and WM patients share clonal B cells with similar phenotypic and molecular signatures, but speci ﬁ c genetic alterations that are
Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood‐Pressure Measurements and Mortality

Background Evidence for the influence of ambulatory blood pressure on prognosis derives mainly from population‐based studies and a few relatively small clinical investigations. This study examined the associations of blood pressure measured in the clinic (clinic blood pressure) and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large cohort of patients in primary care. Methods We analyzed data from a registry‐based, multicenter, national cohort that included 63,910 adults recruited from 2004 through 2014 in Spain. Clinic and 24‐hour ambulatory blood‐pressure data were examined in the following categories: sustained hypertension (elevated clinic and elevated 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure), “white‐coat” hypertension (elevated clinic and normal 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure), masked hypertension (normal clinic and elevated 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure), and normotension (normal clinic and normal 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure). Analyses were conducted with Cox regression models, adjusted for clinic and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressures and for confounders. Results During a median follow‐up of 4.7 years, 3808 patients died from any cause, and 1295 of these patients died from cardiovascular causes. In a model that included both 24‐hour and clinic measurements, 24‐hour systolic pressure was more strongly associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.58 per 1‐SD increase in pressure; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 1.60, after adjustment for clinic blood pressure) than the clinic systolic pressure (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.04, after adjustment for 24‐hour blood pressure). Corresponding hazard ratios per 1‐SD increase in pressure were 1.55 (95% CI, 1.53 to 1.57, after adjustment for clinic and daytime blood pressures) for nighttime ambulatory systolic pressure and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.52 to 1.56, after adjustment for clinic and nighttime blood pressures) for daytime ambulatory systolic pressure. These relationships were consistent across subgroups of age, sex, and status with respect to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive treatment. Masked hypertension was more strongly associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.83; 95% CI, 2.12 to 3.79) than sustained hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.31) or white‐coat hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.32). Results for cardiovascular mortality were similar to those for all‐cause mortality. Conclusions Ambulatory blood‐pressure measurements were a stronger predictor of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality than clinic blood‐pressure measurements. White‐coat hypertension was not benign, and masked hypertension was associated with a greater risk of death than sustained hypertension. (Funded by the Spanish Society of Hypertension and others.)
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in the PRESERVE Trial Lessons Learned

The prevention of contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI) has beenalong-standingsubjectofmuchinterest(1),witharecentPubMedsearchfor “ contrast nephropathy clin-icaltrial ” yielding . 1700references.However,the ﬁ eld has been hindered by underpowered studies with heterogeneous inclusion criteria and trial end points, as well as uncertainty regarding the lasting effect of these interventions. It is on this landscape that Weisbord et al. (2) recently reportedthe ﬁ ndingsofthePreventionofSeriousAdverse Events Following Angiography (PRESERVE) Trial. This US Veterans Affairs/National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia – sponsored trial randomized 5177 patients undergoing coronary and noncoronary angiography in a 2 3 2 factorial design to intravenous isotonic bicarbonate versus saline and oral acetylcysteine versus placebo. The study population was enriched for patients with risk factors, including those with evidence of stage 3B CKD or stage 3A CKD in the presence of diabetes. In a departure from more commonly used outcomes, like AKI, the investigators chose a primary outcome of major adverse kidney events (MAKE), a com-posite end point of death, dialysis, or a persistent 50% increase in serum creatinine at 90 days (3); 4993 patients were included in the modi ﬁ ed intention to treat analysis, with approximately 90% undergoing coronary angiography and about one quarter involving percutaneous interventions. The median volumes of contrast and crystalloid administered were 85 ml and 1 L, respectively. The trial was stopped after a prespeci ﬁ ed interim analysis indicated a low likelihood of seeing a mean-ingful difference in the primary end point, which was experienced by 4.7% in
Influence of collars on the primary stability of cementless femoral stems : A finite element 1 study using a diverse patient cohort 2

Rami M A Al-Dirini* 3 Email: rami.aldirini@flinders.edu. au 4 Medical Device Research Institute (MDRI), School of Computer Science, Engineering and 5 Mathematics, Flinders University, 1284 South Road, Clovelly Park, Adelaide, Australia 5043 6 7 Daniel Huff, 8 Email: dhuff4@its.jnj. com 9 DePuy Synthes, 10 Johnson and Johnson 11 Warsaw, USA 12 13 14 Ju Zhang, 15 Email: ju.zhang@auckland.ac. nz 16 Auckland Bioengineering Institute, 17 Auckland University 18 Auckland, New Zealand 19
Humoral Immunity and CD4+ Th1 Cells Are Both Necessary for a Fully Protective Immune Response upon Secondary Infection with Brucella melitensis

Brucella spp are intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses in the world. Given the serious medical consequences of this disease, a safe and effective human vaccine is urgently needed. Efforts to develop this vaccine have been hampered by our lack of understanding of what constitutes a protective memory response against Brucella. In this study, we characterize the cells and signaling pathways implicated in the generation of a protective immune memory response following priming by the injection of heat-killed or live Brucella melitensis 16M. Using a panel of gene-deficient mice, we demonstrated that during a secondary recall response, both the Brucella-specific humoral response and CD4+ Th1 cells must act together to confer protective immunity in the spleen to B. melitensis infection. Humoral protective immunity is induced by the inoculation of both heat-killed and live bacteria, and its development does not require T cells, MyD88/IL-12p35 signaling pathways, or an activation-induced deaminase–mediated isotype switch. In striking contrast, the presence of memory IFN-γ–producing CD4+ Th1 cells requires the administration of live bacteria and functional MyD88/IL-12p35 pathways. In summary, our work identifies several immune markers closely associated with protective immune memory and could help to define a rational strategy to obtain an effective human vaccine against brucellosis.
SKOR1 mediates FER kinase-dependent invasive growth of breast cancer cells

High expression of the tyrosine kinase FER is an independent prognostic factor that correlates with poor survival in breast cancer patients. To investigate whether the kinase activity is essential for FER oncogenic properties, we developed an ATP analogue-sensitive knock-in allele (FERASKI). Specific FER kinase inhibition in MDA-MD-231 cells reduces migration, invasion, and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Using the FERASKI system, we identify SKI family transcriptional corepressor 1 (SKOR1) as a direct FER kinase substrate. SKOR1 loss phenocopies FER inhibition, leading to impaired proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibition of breast cancer growth and metastasis formation in mice. We show that the candidate FER phosphorylation residue, SKOR1-Y234, is essential for FER-dependent tumor progression features. Finally, our work suggests that the SKOR1-Y234 residue promotes Smad2/3 signaling through SKOR1 binding to Smad3 attenuation. Our study thus identifies SKOR1 as a mediator of FER-dependent breast cancer progression, advocating FER kinase inhibition as a candidate strategy to treat high-grade breast cancers. Summary The SKI FAMILY TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSOR 1 (SKOR1) has been mainly associated with neuronal development. Now, Sluimer et al. identify SKOR1 as a new substrate of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase FER, and a driver of TNBC progression.
Petrogenesis of high Ba–Sr granites: the Rogart pluton, Sutherland

The Rogart pluton is a typical example of high Ba–Sr granitic magmatism, emplaced in northern Scotland towards the end of the Caledonian Orogeny. It consists of three granitoid facies (tonalite, granodiorite, granite) that are locally associated with large enclaves of coeval mafic appinite. The overall range of compositions is therefore extreme, with MgO from 11.6 to <0.1 wt%, SiO2 from 47.50 to >73.0 wt%, with relatively high Na2O+K2O especially for the mafic rocks (up to 8.4 wt%), associated with K2O/Na2O≈1.5. Trace element abundances vary extensively and coherently, and the typical high Ba–Sr elemental signature of the pluton is also carried by the appinites. This is consistent with a genetic relationship throughout the suite. Sr, Nd and O isotope ratios are sufficiently similar to support this contention, but vary systematically with magma evolution. The appinites were derived from an enriched mantle source (143Nd/144Nd400≈0.51194, 87Sr/86Sr400≈0.7061) with high δ18O (≈+8‰), probably related to active contemporaneous subduction. Quantitative elemental and isotopic modelling suggests that the granitoid magmas evolved from the appinites by crystal fractionation accompanied by minor crustal contamination. Early fractionation from appinite to tonalite was driven by crystallization of pyroxene plus biotite with minor plagioclase, replaced by a feldspar-dominated assemblage to produce granodiorite and granite. The total amount of crust assimilated was less than 25%, highlighting the juvenile nature of the high Ba–Sr granite class.
Multisensor observations during the flood event of 4–6 November, 1994 over Northern Italy

In the perspective of flood hazard multisensor monitoring, the event of 4–6 November, 1994 over Northern Italy is described and analyzed in this paper using traditional ground‐based rainfall observations and remote sensing techniques. Satellite imagery is used with different objectives: the interpretation of SAR measurements allows the identification of flooded areas, Meteosat infrared images show high intensity rain areas and SSM/I passive microwave data provide estimates of the rain‐rates. The IFA‐SAP algorithm, a profile based retrieval technique for estimating rainfall rates and precipitating cloud parameters from spacebome multifrequency microwave radiometers, has been used in the latter case. The use of multisensor observations considerably supplements conventional monitoring systems which prove inadequate for many hydrological purposes. The present paper is written in the spirit of encouraging a posteriori analyses of observed heavy rainfall events so as to explore the potential of a real‐time oper.
Origin and evolution of smectites in Recent marine sediments of the NE Atlantic

Abstract Present-day marine sediments around the emerged basaltic areas of Iceland and the Faeroe Islands are characterized by the abundance and predominance of smectites. Smectites increase regularly and systematically near volcanic areas. Their origin from (i) meteoric/deuteric weathering, (ii) hydrothermal products, (iii) neoformation in the marine environment or (iv) transformation during their transport to or stay in oceanic regions is considered in a comparative study of three types of environments on or near the Faeroe Islands. These are (1) a basaltic environment where phyllite minerals of deuteric and hydrothermal origin are abundant; (2) a soil environment formed on basaltic flows; (3) a marine sedimentary environment within adjacent sedimentary basins. This investigation clearly shows the link between hydrothermal and deuteric saponite-celadonite in basalt, Fe,Mg-smectite in Faeroe soils and Fe-smectite in marine sediments.
One-dimensional Consolidation of Thawing Soils

The physics of consolidation of a thawing soil is formulated in terms of the well-known theories of heat conduction and of linear consolidation of a compressible soil. A moving boundary problem results, and closed form solutions have been obtained for several cases of practical interest. The results are presented in terms of normalized pore pressure distributions. It is shown that the excess pore pressures and the degree of consolidation in thawing soils depend primarily on the thaw consolidation ratio.
Thermal regime of ice‐wedge cracking in Adventdalen, Svalbard

One year of monitoring (2002–2003) at a low‐centred ice‐wedge polygon site on Svalbard is described. Ground temperatures were recorded hourly from the top of an ice wedge through the active layer to the ground surface in the central part of a trough and in the adjacent rampart. Daily data on snow‐cover depth were collected by automatic digital photography. Cracks were mapped in February, April and July. The results show that cracking occurred after ground temperatures at the centre of the ice‐wedge top decreased to below −15°C. Ground cooling in mid‐winter occurred mainly through the snow‐free ramparts because the ice‐wedge troughs were filled by snow to depths of up to 30 cm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of regional snow cover in spring over western Canada and its relationship to temperature and circulation anomalies

This study documents the variability of spring snow cover over the western Canadian Prairies and Northern Boreal Forest and its relationship to sea surface temperature (SST) over the North Pacific and atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific–North America. The work is based on monthly snow cover extent (SCE) estimates derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data during 1972–2008. Results show that the SCE along eastern parts of the Canadian Rocky Mountains has the largest variance during March and April. Two regional SCE indices are defined using area mean SCE anomalies over the region of 47–53°N, 104–111°W (SCE‐A) and 55–60°N, 111–120°W (SCE‐B) based on the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) patterns of SCE in March and April, respectively. These two SCE indices are not only significantly correlated with simultaneous and preceding winter 500 hPa heights over mid‐latitude northwestern North America and central North Pacific but also with SST in mid‐latitude eastern North Pacific in preceding autumn and winter. Furthermore, it is found that the SST anomalies in the mid‐latitudes along the western coast of North America in the preceding autumn–winter influence the 500 hPa height over northwestern North America in April and cause the variations of SCE‐B. Finally, it is shown that the SCE‐B can be used as a climatic index to characterize the connection of SCE with the regional skin temperature in late spring and early summer. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Lithospheric structure of the Chaco and Paraná Basins of South America from surface‐wave inversion

Surface-wave data from a portable broadband array have been used to invert for the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Chaco and Parana Basins of central South America. The upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the Parana Basin is cratonic in character, whereas that beneath the Chaco Basin is tectonic or asthenospheric in character. The surface-wave analysis used broadband recordings from a subset of a 14-station array deployed in a roughly east-west sawtooth arrangement along 20°S latitude, with a total E-W aperture of ∼1,400 km. Results from receiver-function analysis, as well as direct P-wave regional travel-time data, were used in the inversions to help constrain Moho depths and crust and upper-mantle velocities. S-wave structure for the intracratonic Parana Basin was determined using interstation phase and group velocities for Rayleigh waves (fundamental and first higher mode) and Love waves (fundamental mode only) based on seven events with paths which traverse the eastern Parana Basin and one event with a path across the western Parana Basin. The average Moho depth in the eastern Parana Basin is ∼42 km. The high-velocity upper-mantle lid has a maximum S-wave velocity of 4.7 km/s, with no resolvable low-velocity zone to at least 200 km depth. This cratonic velocity structure indicates the presence of a lithospheric root beneath the Parana Basin despite emplacement of the Parana plume. The limited data from the western Parana Basin are consistent with a homogeneous upper-mantle structure throughout the Parana Basin. Waveform inversion of fundamental-mode and first-higher-mode Rayleigh waves from a single subandean event was used to obtain estimates for pure-path dispersion along propagation paths through the Chaco Basin and the western half of the Parana Basin. The data were partitioned to isolate the partial-path contribution of the phase and group velocities for the Chaco Basin. The phase and group velocities from this somewhat sparse data set were inverted to obtain a velocity-depth model for the Chaco Basin. The distinguishing features of the Chaco model consist of a rather shallow Moho depth, 32 km, and low (“asthenospheric”) upper-mantle S-wave velocities, about 4.2 km/s, with velocity increasing only slightly to about 4.3km/s at 150 km depth.