Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PADRÃO ULTRASSONOGRÁFICO DO PARÊNQUIMA, MEDIASTINO E TÚNICAS TESTICULARES EM BOVINOS JOVENS DA RAÇA NELORE

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the ultrasonographic patterns of the testicles parenchyma, mediastinum and tunics in young Nellore bulls with absence of echogenicity and relative density changes. Testes of 111 animals underwent clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation at 9, 13, and 15 months of age. Testicular parenchyma presented uniform pattern at low echogenicity. Positive correlation was found between age and testicular mediastinum. Testicular tunics were distinguished only in presence of fluid. The results of this research contribute with andrologic evaluation, allowing early detection of testicular disorders. KEYWORDS: Echography, Nellore Bulls, reproductive tract.
A breath test to assign carnivore diets to browsers or grazers

Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus are important predators of herbivores in African ecosystems, and several methods to determine their diet have been used in the past. We applied a novel method to quickly assess the diet of cheetahs with respect to grazing and browsing herbivores, i.e. we analysed the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13CV-PDB) of cheetah breath to separate individuals feeding predominantly on browsers or grazers, respectively. Browsers and grazers are contrasting in their muscle δ13CV-PDB, because of their isotopically distinct C3 or C4 plant diet, respectively. Muscle δ13CV-PDB of six abundant local potential prey species of cheetahs confirmed that kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis browsed on C3 plants, whereas gemsbok Oryx gazella, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, warthog Phacochoerus africanus and cattle Bos taurus predominantly grazed on C4 plants. Breath δ13CV-PDB of the cheetahs followed the bimodal frequency distribution of the prey species with six cheetahs being assigned to the C4 food web and three to the C3 food web. Breath tests may be a suitable method to delineate the trophic membership of carnivores to C3 and C4 food webs when animals are chemically immobilised for other purposes.
Social Cure Processes Help Lower Intergroup Anxiety Among Neighborhood Residents

Research in the Social Cure tradition shows that groups can reduce members' stress by providing support to cope with challenges, but has yet to consider how this applies to the anxiety occasioned by outgroups. Research on intergroup contact has extensively examined how reducing intergroup anxiety improves attitudes towards outgroups, but has yet to examine the role of intragroup support processes in facilitating this. The present paper takes the case of residential contact, in which the impact of diversification upon neighbourhood cohesion is hotly debated, but the role of neighbourhood identification and social support from neighbours in facilitating residential mixing has been largely ignored. Our surveys of two geographically-bounded communities in England (n=310; n=94) and one in Northern Ireland (n=206) show that neighbourhood identification predicts both wellbeing and more positive feelings towards outgroups, with both effects occurring via increased intragroup support. In studies 2 and 3, we show that this positive effect on feelings towards the outgroup occurs independently of that of intergroup contact and is further explained by the effect of neighbourhood support in reducing intergroup anxiety. This suggests that Social Cure processes can improve intergroup attitudes by supporting group members to deal with the stress of intergroup interactions.
Alterations of Respiratory Systems in Aspergillus niger under the Conditions of Citric Acid Fermentation

Under the conditions of citric acid fermentation, Aspergillus niger WU-2223L possessed at least two respiratory systems. One system was sensitive to cyanide (CN) and the other was sensitive to salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). The respiration of mycelia was partially, inhibited by CN or SHAM, and was completely inhibited in the presence of both CN and SHAM. With culture time, the CN-sensitivity of respiration decreased and the SHAM-sensitivity increased. The respiratory rate itself decreased suddenly at 4 days and thereafter remained at a low level. The SHAM-sensitive respiration was localized in the mitochondria. The alterations of respiration in the mitochondria were similar to those observed in mycelial cells.
Epidemiology of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle with Special Reference to Some Associated Risk Factors

Mastitis is one of the most important health problems of dairy cattle as it causes physical, chemical and bacteriological changes in the produced milk, so the aim of this study is investigating the epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and their associated risk factors. A total of 397 samples were gathered from mastitic cows and their surrounding environment including 127 milk samples from sub-clinically mastitic cows, 60 milk samples from clinically mastitic cows, 60 teat swabs, 50 milking machines swabs, 50 worker’s hand swabs and 50 bedding samples from different farms containing small and large dairy herds located in El Dakhalia and Menoufiya Governorate. These samples were examined bacteriologically and biochemically for isolation and biochemical identification of E. coli and S. aureus. Our results revealed that the prevalence of E.coli was 33.33% (11/33), 21.74% (20/92), 16.67% (4/24), 18.52% (5/27), 13.33% (2/15) and 13.33% (4/30) in milk samples from clinically mastitic cows, milk samples from subclinically mastitic cows, teat swabs, milking machines swabs, worker’s hand swabs and bedding samples, respectively, while the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 23.08% (9/39), 17.43% (19/109), 11.9% (5/42), 10.53% (4/38), 17.07% (7/41) and 10.53% (4/38), in the same groups respectively. A significant relationship was found between of the number of these bacteria and cows age, herd size and hygienic condition of the farm. Moreover, PCR was done on 14 isolates of E. coli for detection of ESBL producing E. coli. The results of PCR revealed that the prevalence of blaTEM and blaSHV was 64.3% (9/14) and 92.9% (13/14), respectively, while none of the isolates carried blaCMY-2. We concluded that Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli are considered two main pathogens of mastitis and the prevalence of mastitis increases in old cattle, inadequate hygienic condition, lack of post milking teat dipping and absence of udder washing which are all predisposing risk factors of mastitis in the study area.
An Introduction to “Cultuling” Analysis (CLA) in Light of Variational Pragmatics: A Step towards “Euculturing”

Scrutinizing the indispensable role of the language of a speech community can yield significant information about its culture. Conceptualized under an overarching field of study, culturology of language, Pishghadam (2013) postulates how the realizations of cultuling and meta-cultuling can be entrenched in a language. Each meta-cultuling is composed of interrelated cultulings, appearing in the form of linguistic expressions. Cultuling can be manifested if we embark upon the macro-social factors such as region, ethnicity, age, social status, and gender on language in (inter)action and on intra-lingual pragmatic conventions embedded in Variational Pragmatics. This article elaborates on the aforementioned conceptualizations along with the previous studies drawing on CLA. It also illuminates how CLA can manifest the cultural memes hidden in language and the cultural functions of linguistic expressions. Finally, it discusses how identifying defective cultural memes can help purify culture and pave the way for euculturing.
Territory fidelity, reproductive success and prey choice in the brown falcon, Falco berigora: A flexible bet-hedger?

The brown falcon, Falco berigora, is one of Australia's most common and widespread raptors, inhabiting a broad array of habitats and most climatic zones across Australia. We monitored a large, marked population (44–49 pairs) over three annual breeding seasons in southern Victoria. Reproductive parameters such as clutch size and the duration of parental care were constant across years. However, there were marked differences in brood size and the proportion of pairs breeding. Both sexes of falcons were found to have high territory and mate fidelity, with only 10% of members of each sex changing territories during the study. Falcons were flexible in their choice of nest sites, using a variety of tree species and even isolated nest trees. Nest sites and territories were regularly distributed throughout the study area, with the density of the population the highest on record for this species. The diet of the population as a whole was very broad, but each pair predominantly specialised on either lagomorphs, small ground prey, small birds, large birds or reptiles. Individuals that changed territory within the study area also switched their diet according to the predominant land-use within the new territory and thus prey availability. We argue that, at the population level, broad dietary breadth, flexibility in choice of nest site, and a conservative, static breeding strategy allows the species to persist in a broad range of environments, possibly through 'bet-hedging'. At the individual level, changeable dietary specialisation, high territory fidelity, strong year-round territorial defence, confining breeding to years when individual conditions were favourable and adjusting brood sizes when required appear to be the main strategies enabling brown falcons to thrive under a variety of conditions.
Photographic public sphere: Identity building with vernacular photography

The foundation of the article is based on the notion that self-disclosure is one of the most significant factors of contemporary vernacular photography. Argued through conceptual analysis and real-life examples, the role of self-disclosure is analysed in relation to the somewhat institutionalized functions of vernacular photography: (1) preserving memories, (2) maintaining and creating new social relationships, (3) self-presentation and (4) self-expression. The article sheds light on the widespread use of cameraphones and how the role of self-disclosure differs notably within the four chosen functions, since its absence among private photographs contributes to personal and unique memories; and within shared photographs, it defines how people want to be seen by others and themselves. The benefits and challenges of private and shared photography are also evaluated.
Effects of UV radiation on five marine microphytobenthic Wadden sea diatoms, isolated from the Solthörn tidal flat (Lower Saxony, southern North Sea) – Part II: changes in carbohydrate, amino acid and fatty acid composition

Benthic diatoms inhabiting intertidal flats face highly variable environmental conditions, due to changing water levels and exposure during low tide. The present study is the second part of a more extensive study of the adaptive potential of these species in response to varying UV radiations in the Solthörn tidal flat (Lower Saxony, southern North Sea). Five isolates (Achnanthes exigua, Amphora exigua, Cocconeis peltoides, Diploneis littoralis and Navicula digitoradiata), which were found in this area in high cell numbers in summer 2008, were used in semi-continuous cultures to study the physiological effects of UV-radiation (PAR [photosynthetically active radiation], PAR+UV-A, PAR+UV-B, PAR+UV-B+UV-A). For short- and long-term exposures (6 h, 30 days), the composition of intercellular carbohydrates, amino and fatty acids were analysed in exponential-phase cultures grown at a salinity of 30 in a 12 : 12 h light : dark cycle at 20 °C. Although all tested species showed distinct differences in their initial carbohydrate, amino and fatty acid compositions and in their responses to the different UV treatments, general response patterns could be identified. Overall physiological responses to short- and long-term UV treatments included the accumulation of proline as well as an increase in total carbohydrates and lipids, whereas significant differences in the composition of carbohydrates, amino and fatty acids occurred after long-term exposure to the UV treatments (P < 0.05). While UV-A exposure led to higher accumulations of phenylalanine, aspartic acid and saturated fatty acids, the response to UV-B long-term exposure included increases of galactose, mannose and unsaturated fatty acids in the cells. In both UV experiments there was a noteworthy accumulation of the amino acid tryptophan in most species. The combined UV-A+UV-B experiment showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase of aspartic acid, phenylalanine, galactose and saturated fatty acids in a majority of species. Overall, the results indicated significant differences in the physiological responses of the five diatom taxa during UV exposure, which suggests species-specific acclimation strategies that may explain the growth insensitivity towards at least short-term UV.
Refactorings Recommendation via Commit Message Analysis

Context: The purpose of software restructuring, or refactoring, is to improve software quality and developer productivity. Objective: Prior studies have relied mainly on static and dynamic analysis of code to detect and recommend refactoring opportunities, such as code smells. Once identiﬁed, these smells are ﬁxed by applying refactorings which then improve a set of quality metrics. While this approach has value and has shown promising results, many detected refactoring opportunities may not be related to a developer’s current context and intention. Recent studies have shown that while developers document their refactoring intentions, they may miss relevant refactorings aligned with their rationale. Method: In this paper, we ﬁrst identify refactoring opportunities by analyzing developer commit messages and check the quality improvements in the changed ﬁles, then we distill this knowledge into usable context-driven refactoring recommendations to complement static and dynamic analysis of code. Results: The evaluation of our approach, based on six open source projects, shows that we outperform prior studies that apply refactorings based on static and dynamic analysis of code alone. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence of the value of using the information contained in existing commit messages to recommend future refactorings.
Vegetative and reproductive development of Costa Rican weedy rice compared with commercial rice (Oryza sativa)

The variability in the chronology of the vegetative and reproductive development of weedy rice complex has been little studied. However, a field trial was established to study the timing of growth stages of sixteen weedy rice morphotypes and five rice varieties of Costa Rica. Weedy rice presented a wide range of variation for all descriptors among and within morphotypes. Weedy rice was taller than the rice varieties during vegetative phase and showed a growth increase of 14-23 cm every two weeks. Six morphotypes emerged earlier than commercial rice varieties, but no differences where found between samples for the time required for starting tillering. Early emergence of weedy rice morphotypes was not associated with early flowering, thus no correlation was detected between the vegetative and reproductive phases. All weedy rice morphotypes reached anthesis and maturity earlier than the rice varieties. Nevertheless, varieties Setesa-9 and CR-5272 overlapped anthesis with eleven morphotypes and variety CR-4338 overlapped flowering with eight weedy rice morphotypes. In contrast, none of the morphotypes overlapped anthesis with varieties CR-1821 and CR-1113. The results obtained showed the competitive capacity of weedy rice and provided valuable information about flowering overlap between weedy rice morphotypes and rice varieties which will be useful in the design of gene flow studies among them.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ACHONDROSTOMA ROBALO, ALMADA, LEVY & DOADRIO, 2007 (ACTYNOPTERIGII, CYPRINIDAE) FROM WESTERN SPAIN

A new freshwater fish species, Achondrostoma salmantinum , formerly considered as one population of Iberochondrostoma lemmingii , is described on the basis of genetic and morphological characters. The new species inhabits the rivers Huebra, Agueda and Uces and tributaries in the Duero River basin in Salamanca province, western Spain. The species is distinguished from Iberochondrostoma lemmingii and from other species of the genus Achondrostoma according to morphometric, meristic and genetic characters such as a narrow caudal peduncle, long postorbital and head lengths, small number of scales (9-10/44-53/4-6), small number of gill rakers (15-22), usually 5-5 pharyngeal teeth, four diagnostic isozyme loci ( IDHP-2*, IDHP-3*, MDH-B* and PEP* ) and one unique allele ( MDH-A*95 ). The distribution of I. lemmingii is currently known to be restricted to the Tajo, Guadiana, Odiel and Guadalquivir basins. This new cyprinid is considered Endangered (EN) according to IUCN Red List Categories.
Effects of insect growth regulators on the hairy rose beetle, Tropinota squalida (Col., Scarabeidae)

Abstract: Saponin extract from alfalfa roots, azadirachtin from the neem seed oil, synthetic ecdysteroid agonist RH‐2485, and the juvenoid hydroprene disturb the development and reproduction of Tropinota squalida. Feeding beetles on diets containing 750 p.p.m. saponins, 7.5 p.p.m. RH‐2485, and 1.13 p.p.m. azadirachtin reduces their progeny from 51 second instar larvae per female to 24, 15, and 15 larvae, respectively. When the larvae of untreated adults are fed for 1 week on dung with 75 p.p.m. saponins, 50 p.p.m. RH‐2485, and 0.45 p.p.m. azadirachtin, the rate of adult emergence drops from 80% (controls) to 20, 0 and 13%, respectively. No adults emerge when the treatment is continued through the second and third larval instars. Two topical treatments of larvae with 0.2 μg hydroprene decrease the rate of adult emergence from 90 to 11%, and treatments with 2 μg prevent adult development in all insects. The observed effects warrant testing of azadirachtin, RH‐2485, and hydroprene in the field. Several types of their application for the control of T. squalida are suggested.
Preslaughter management and dark cutting in the carcasses of young bulls

One hundred-and-twelve yearling bulls were penned together for at least 3 mo in groups of 7 or 21. They were then shipped 150 km to an abattoir in groups of either 7 or 21, and were either regrouped or not regrouped before shipment. They were held overnight at the abattoir before slaughter. A further seven yearling bulls were shipped and held individually before slaughter. After slaughter, muscle color was appraised by Federal graders. Load size had no significant effect on the incidence of dark-cutting, but regrouping had a dramatic effect (73 vs. 2% dark cutters, P < 0.01). There were no dark cutters among the bulls shipped individually. It is concluded that agonistic encounters among regrouped bulls was a far more important cause of dark-cutting than either load size or exposure to an alien environment.
Weight–length relationships for 46 fish species of the Portuguese west coast

Summary Weight–length (W–L) relationships were estimated for 46 species of fish captured off the western Portuguese coast between April 1994 and September 1995. The best-represented family was Scyliorhinidae (2677 fishes), followed by Gadidae (1871), Sparidae (1682) and Merlucciidae (1108). The estimates for the parameter b of the W–L relationship (W = aLb) ranged between 2.171 and 3.873, with a median of 3.124. Significant variations in b were found at seasonal level for striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), greater weever (Trachinus draco) and the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), at the regional level for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), and between sexes for the small-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula).
Udder Conformation and Mastitis Resistance in Danish First-lactation Cows: Heritabilities, Genetic and Environmental Corelations

Heritabilities, genetic and environmental correlations for nine conformation traits and six different measures of mastitis were estimated based on data from three populations: Danish Red (DR), Danish Holstein (DH) and Danish Jersey (DJ). The nine conformation traits were: fore udder attachment, rear udder width, udder cleft, udder depth, teat length, teat thickness, front teat distance, milking speed and dairy form. Conformation data were from the official scoring of first-lactation cows for breeding value estimation of AI bulls in Denmark. Data from 11306 DR cows, 60438 DH cows and 10639 DJ cows were included. Mastitis treatments were measured in three periods: 60, 190 and 360 days of first lactation. In each period two measures were used: (1) no mastitis treatments or at least one mastitis treatment (binary); and (2) the number of treatments in the period (cumulative). Mastitis data were from the national Danish cattle database and included 84593 first-lactation DR cows, 374191 first-lactation DH cows and 82222 first-lactation DJ cows. Parameter estimates were obtained using a sire model. Estimated heritabilities for conformation and mastitis were in agreement with earlier Danish investigations. High genetic correlations between fore udder attachment, udder depth and dairy form and mastitis treatments were found for all three populations. For DR, DH and DJ correlations between fore udder and mastitis in first lactation (360 days) were −0.42, −0.32 and −0.35, respectively. The correlations between udder depth and mastitis in first lactation (360 days) were −0.53, −0.54 and −0.46, and between dairy form and mastitis in first lactation (360 days) were 0.35, 0.39 and 0.50. In a situation with mastitis registrations on 50 daughters and somatic cell count registrations on 100 daughters the accuracy (rIA 2 ) of the mastitis resistance index is 46%. Including registrations of fore udder attachment, udder depth and dairy form from 40 daughters will increase the accuracy to 58%. In a situation with somatic cell count registrations on 100 daughters the accuracy (rIA 2 ) of the mastitis resistance index is 27%. Including registrations of fore udder attachment, udder depth and dairy form from 40 daughters will increase the accuracy to 48%. M. K. Sørensen*, J. Jensen and L. G. Christensen The Danish Agricultural Advisory Centre, Udkærsvej 15, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Danish Institute of Agricultural Science, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark, and Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Bülowsvej 13, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Habitat selection by the Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus s. l. (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in the Dinevar region of western Iran

Abstract The habitat selection by the Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus sensu lato, was studied using heterodyne bat detectors during 19 nights in the Dinevar region of Kermanshah Province, western Iran. Our data indicate that this bat forage predominantly in a different range of aquatic habitat although other terrestrial habitats are also used regularly. From 699 P. pipistrellus s. l. passes, 25% were made above riparian vegetation, 24% in marshland, 23% above water meadows, 14% in fields, and 13% in conifer plantations.