Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turn-taking in human face-to-face interaction is multimodal: gaze direction and manual gestures aid the coordination of turn transitions

Human communicative interaction is characterized by rapid and precise turn-taking. This is achieved by an intricate system that has been elucidated in the field of conversation analysis, based largely on the study of the auditory signal. This model suggests that transitions occur at points of possible completion identified in terms of linguistic units. Despite this, considerable evidence exists that visible bodily actions including gaze and gestures also play a role. To reconcile disparate models and observations in the literature, we combine qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse turn-taking in a corpus of multimodal interaction using eye-trackers and multiple cameras. We show that transitions seem to be inhibited when a speaker averts their gaze at a point of possible turn completion, or when a speaker produces gestures which are beginning or unfinished at such points. We further show that while the direction of a speaker's gaze does not affect the speed of transitions, the production of manual gestures does: turns with gestures have faster transitions. Our findings suggest that the coordination of transitions involves not only linguistic resources but also visual gestural ones and that the transition-relevance places in turns are multimodal in nature. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Face2face: advancing the science of social interaction’.
The dependence of diffusion parameters in a room acoustics prediction model on auditorium sizes and shapes

The dependence of the calculation parameters that control the diffusion calculation in a room acoustics prediction computer model on auditorium sizes and shapes was investigated through a series of physical scale model experiments. Seven auditorium type scale models were used in total. The models had typical auditorium aspect ratios of around 2.5:1.8:1 and important auditorium features such as stage, balcony and raked seating. Their sizes varied from 5050 to 29 500 m3 and shapes included rectangular, fan, reversed fan, and hexagonal. The computer prediction model used a combination of randomized ray directions and secondary diffuse area source radiation to calculate diffuse reflections in its prediction of a room’s acoustic characteristics. The calculation process is controlled by two diffusion parameters: the diffuse‐reflection coefficient of surfaces and a transition order which control the on‐set of the diffusion calculation process. It was found that a diffuse‐reflection coefficient of 0.1 was appropriate for the plain walls of the scale models in the 500‐ and 1‐kHz octave bands, and this value did not change significantly with the scale models’ shapes and sizes. In the lower frequency bands the diffuse‐reflection coefficient changed from 0.1 in the smaller scale models to over 0.4 in the larger models. A slight increase was also observed in models with more complicated shapes. For the transition order a low value (0) was found to be appropriate for the low frequency bands but a higher value (1 to 3) was required in the 500‐ and 1‐kHz bands and also in situation where the specular/geometrical influence of a room was important. The average and root‐mean‐square prediction errors of the computer model using a generic set of diffusion parameters for the scale models were found to be, respectively, within 3% and 10% for RT, and 1.1 and 2 dB for sound level. For the clarity index C80, the prediction errors in the smallest model were within 1.9 and 2.2 dB, which were significantly higher than the 0.8 and 1.8 dB found in the other models.
Holographic microscopy and diffractive microtomography of transparent samples

We present an optical tomographic diffractive microscope, a device able to image a complex refractive index distribution in three dimensions. Theoretical foundations are first recalled: diffraction under the first Born approximation explains the link between diffracted beam, object frequencies and physical properties of the object. We then describe our experimental setup, recording 2D interferograms in the image space, and detail the image reconstruction process underlying our tomographic microscope, which involves 2D transforms of the recorded interferograms, a peculiar 3D mapping of the data, and a final 3D Fourier reconstruction. We apply tomographic reconstruction to diatom skeletons, unicellular algae with cell walls made of silica, and compare it to holographic reconstruction. We further apply it to pollen grains and show differences between the real and imaginary parts of the measured complex refractive index. Finally, we also recall alternative tomographic methods.
Influence of post processing on the micro-machinability of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg: an experimental investigation

ABSTRACT In the present era, machinability studies of selective laser melted (SLM) samples are immensely significant due to the rapid development in hybrid additive manufacturing. In such hybrid process material removal is also performed along with the 3D fabrication of near-net shaped products. Therefore, this work is an effort to compare the machinability characteristics of various samples, namely, cast and SLM produced AlSi10 Mg along with their effect when subjected to T6 solution heat treatment. In the cutting force analysis, it is found that there is an increase in the thrust force (114.8%) and cutting force (33.25%) for SLM manufactured samples in comparison with cast samples. On the other hand, heat treatment on the SLM fabricated samples resulted in the decrease of thrust force (6.94%) and cutting force (13.29%). In addition, the heat treated SLM produced sample showed a steep reduction in Sa by 86.5% compared to as-printed sample. Moreover, lengthier chips were observed in both cast and SLM fabricated specimens, whereas shorter and curlier chips were observed in both heat treated specimen.
Analysis of the scalability of single-mode near-infrared supercontinuum to high average power

The scalability of single-mode near-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation directly from a fiber amplifier is analyzed considering thermal and nonlinear effects, fiber end facet damage, pump as well as fiber combiner limits, and damage to the ytterbium-doped fiber. For fiber amplifiers with 3 ns input pulse width and gain fiber with 30 μm core diameter under optimized conditions, the safety temperature limit of the fiber coating prevents the average output power of the near-infrared SC from further scaling while the damage to the ytterbium-doped fiber restricts the scaling of the peak power of the near-infrared SC to a higher value. The results may provide some guidance on future work and the realization that kilowatt level near-infrared SC generation from a fiber amplifier with an average spectral power density of above 1 W nm−1 is possible.
On the Nature of the Central Source in η Carinae

Long-slit spectroscopic observations of η Carinae and its Homunculus have recently been obtained using STIS on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We have extracted the spectrum of the central source using a 0. ″1×0. ″13 aperture. As expected, the spectrum is very different from ground-based spectra obtained under normal seeing conditions (i.e., 1'')—the HST observed spectrum exhibits primarily broad permitted emission lines (v ≈ 500 km s-1), while ground-based spectra show strong narrow (v ≈ 40 km s-1) permitted and forbidden lines (primarily [Fe II], Fe II, and H I) superimposed on a broad emission-line spectrum. In the optical, the spectrum shows strong H I, He I, and Fe II emission lines, many exhibiting P Cygni absorption components. Emission features due to N I, Si II, Na I, Mg II, Ca II, and Al II can also be identified. Only a few weak broad lines of [Fe II] are seen. The spectrum is qualitatively similar to a much less luminous object, the extreme P Cygni star HDE 316285. We have performed a detailed analysis of the spectrum using the non-LTE line blanketed wind code of Hillier & Miller. Despite the complexity of η Carinae, we are able to obtain a good fit to the optical emission line spectrum using a model with a mass-loss rate of 10-3 M☉ yr-1 . The weakness of the electron-scattering wings indicates that the wind is clumped, with a volume filling factor of approximately 0.1. Because of the parameter range and the extremely dense wind associated with the central star, our best-fit model is not unique. As is the case for HDE 316285, there is a strong coupling between the derived mass-loss rate and the derived N(H)/N(He) abundance ratio. In addition, the wind is so dense that the star's surface cannot be observed. Consequently, the effective temperature of the underlying star is not well determined. Because of the rich emission-line spectrum we are able to place limits on many abundances: Mass fractions of species such as Fe and Mg (and perhaps Ca, Si, and Al) are solar to within a factor of 2. In accord with standard evolutionary scenarios, Na is slightly enhanced, the N mass fraction is at least a factor of 10 over solar, while C and O show substantial depletions. The adopted luminosity of 5 × 106 L☉ is based on the observed IR flux and an assumed distance of 2.3 kpc. Thus, based on the Eddington limit, the minimum mass of the system is approximately 120 (L/5 × 106 L☉) M☉ [for N(H)/N(He) = 5]. While η Carinae may be a binary, recent evidence suggests that the purported secondary star has a mass less than 30 M☉. Thus the primary star is currently more massive than 90 M☉, and the initial mass of the star should conservatively have been in excess of 150 (L/5 × 106) M☉.
The power requirement of the free electron layer in the Galactic disk

The maintenance of the diffuse, ionized gas responsible for the pulsar dispersion measures requires at least 4 x 10 to the -5th ergs/s to 4 x 10 to the -3rd ergs/s per sq cm of Galactic disk, depending upon its electron temperature. Approximately half of the power is for gas at absolute value of z greater than 500 pc. The minimum power requirements are comparable to the total power injected into the diffuse interstellar medium by luminous stars and supernovae, which implies that most of the ionized gas, even at high absolute value of z, is at a temperature near 10,000 K. This gas accounts for at least one-third of the Galactic H-alpha background and must have a volume filling fraction f greater that about 0.2. 21 refs.
True genius: The life and science of John Bardeen

John Bardeen was among the earliest group of American physicists, in the early to mid-1930s, who received their introduction to the new quantum mechanics and their PhD training in America, in contradistinction to the 1920s when Robert Oppenheimer, John Slater, and Isidor Rabi, for example, went to Europe for their training in quantum mechanics. Bardeen’s research during the 1930s (Princeton for the PhD and Harvard for post-graduate work) was critical for his Nobel Prizes, the only person to receive two Nobel prizes in physics. The first Nobel was in 1956 for the invention of the transistor (with Walter Brattain and William Shockley) and the second in 1972 (with Leon Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer) for his description of the fifty-year riddle of superconductivity (i.e., the persistence of an electric current in the absence of an electric field). The authors share with readers a number of golden nuggets about Bardeen. The bibliography is especially rich and useful, while the notes and references to the interviews are exemplary, as expected from the senior author’s previous legendary historical studies.1,2
A strategy for high‐resolution ensemble prediction. I: Definition of representative members and global‐model experiments

In the last few years, tens of alternative weather forecasts have been made available to forecasters by operational ensemble prediction systems. In many forecasting applications, it is useful to identify (possibly in an objective way) a few representative ensemble members, deemed to represent the most interesting weather scenarios. In this paper, a strategy to select representative members (RMs hereafter) from an ensemble prediction is developed, and applied to four cases of medium‐range ensemble forecasts performed with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). The four case‐studies correspond to events of very intense rainfall (leading to localized floods) in the Alpine region, selected as benchmarks for numerical simulations in the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. The RM selection procedure uses a cluster analysis of the ensemble forecasts as its first step. For each cluster, an RM is defined to be the member with the smallest ratio between its average distance from the members of its own cluster and its average distance from the members of the other clusters. Distances are computed either using an L2‐norm applied to 700 hPa geopotential height fields or an L1‐norm to precipitation fields.
Sources of the 13 Microns Feature Associated with Oxygen-Rich Circumstellar Dust

A search of the database of spectra from the IRAS Low-Resolution Spectrometer has revealed 13 micron emission features in 187 sources, most of which are associated with stars embedded within oxygen-rich circumstellar dust shells. Our sample is very incomplete, but we estimate that 40-50% of all sources with oxygen-rich dust on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) exhibit emission features at 13 microns. The similarities of the galactic distribution, mean radial velocities, infrared colors, and other properties of the sample of 13 micron sources compared to the parent population of variables on the AGB suggest that the carrier of the 13 micron feature is commonly produced in oxygen-rich dust environments. A strikingly large fraction of SRb variables show 13 micron features, approximately 75-90%, suggesting that the formation and/or survival of the carrier of the 13 micron feature may be enhanced by the unusual pulsational properties of these variables.
Frobenius splitting and cohomology vanishing for Schubert varieties

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 and X be a projective variety over k. We then have the absolute Frobenius F: X -> X and an injection Ox -* F *6x given by f fP, f e O9x. If this makes Ox a direct summand in F* Ox (as an (x-module) we call X a Frobenius split variety. For such a variety the vanishing theorem for ample line bundles follows trivially from Serre's vanishing theorem. For, tensoring Ox -F*Ox by an ample line bundle L and noting that L ? F * (x = F * F *L = F * LP (projection formula) we get that the map in cohomology H'(X, L) -+ H'(X, F*LP) = H'(X, LP) is an injection. Iterating this we see that H'(X, L) injects into H'(X, LP) for every P. But, for large v the latter is zero! Thus Frobenius split varieties have quite pleasant properties. It also turns out that using duality for the Frobenius morphism, or equivalently, the Cartier operator, one can give a manageable criterion for Frobenius splitting. The point here is the local nature of duality. The relevance of the compatibility of local and global duality was suggested to us by Grothendieck's proof of H'(X, Y) = 0 for a noncomplete variety X of dimension n ([4], Theorem 6.9) and by Kempf's paper [10]. By this criterion and the Bott-Samelson-Demazure desingularisation of Schubert varieties, it follows very easily that Schubert varieties in characteristic p are Frobenius split. The following vanishing theorem is then an immediate consequence. Let G be a reductive group over the field k (of arbitrary characteristic, zero or positive). Let Q be a parabolic subgroup and X c G/Q a Schubert variety. Let L be an ample line bundle on G/Q. Then HI(X, L) = 0 for i > 0 and the restriction map H0(G/Q, L) -+ H0(X, L) is surjective. If char k > 0 this is a consequence of the compatible Frobenius splitting of X in G/Q and the char k = 0 case is handled by semicontinuity. The above result for special Schubert varieties has been proved by SeshadriMusili-Lakshmibai [12], [13] and by Kempf [9] by using characteristic free methods. For X = G/Q, Andersen [1] and Haboush [5] have given simple proofs using characteristic p methods.
Blind source separation filters-based-fault detection and isolation in a three tank system

Fault detection and Isolation takes a strategic position in modern industrial processes for which various approaches are proposed. These approaches are usually developed and based on a consistency test between an observed state of the process provided by sensors and an expected behaviour provided by a mathematical model of the system. These methods require a reliable model of the system to be monitored which is a complex task. Alternatively, we propose in this paper to use blind source separation filters (BSSFs) in order to detect and isolate faults in a three tank pilot plant. This technique is very beneficial as it uses blind identification without an explicit mathematical model of the system. The independent component analysis (ICA), relying on the assumption of the statistical independence of the extracted sources, is used as a tool for each BSSF to extract signals of the process under consideration. The experimental results show the effectiveness and robustness of this approach in detecting and isolating faults that are on sensors in the system.
A constraint for the subgrid-scale stresses in the logarithmic region of high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers: A solution to the log-layer mismatch problem

This paper addresses one of the most persisting problems in wall-modeled large eddy simulation (LES): the overshoot of the mean velocity gradient near the wall, often referred to as the “log-layer mismatch” problem. An analysis of the relationship between turbulent kinetic energy budgets and mean velocity gradient is elaborated for both direct numerical simulations and LES of fully developed channel flow at high Reynolds number. Based on the analysis, a self-adaptive Smagorinsky model for LES of high-Reynolds-number boundary layer flows is proposed, in which the Smagorinsky coefficient is dynamically adjusted so that a logarithmic mean velocity distribution is captured. The model is then implemented in a second-order finite-volume code, and applied to a high-Reynolds-number channel flow with rough walls. We find that the desired logarithmic mean velocity distribution is well predicted for different resolutions and grid aspect ratios.
Rapidly moving sources of upper band ELF/VLF chorus near the magnetic equator

[1] Multiple simultaneous wideband (Gurnett et al., 2001) measurements on the Cluster spacecraft of upper band chorus emissions near the magnetic equator (at magnetic latitudes between −20° and 10° and L shells ranging between L = 4 and L = 5) are used to deduce the properties of the compact source regions of ELF/VLF chorus emissions. The frequency differences exhibited by the same chorus emissions observed on different spacecraft are interpreted (Inan et al., 2004) in terms of a differential Doppler shift, using a simple model involving rapidly moving sources traveling at speeds comparable to the parallel resonant velocity of counter-streaming gyroresonant electrons. Cluster observations are used to determine the location and extent along the Earth's magnetic field lines of the source of chorus. Frequency and time differences between spacecraft are interpreted as a direct consequence of the rapid motion of highly localized source regions of chorus. In this paper, we examine the previously presented model of rapid motion of sources of chorus, extending the calculations to a three-dimensional space, using measurements of the four Cluster spacecraft. These calculations of source location and velocity as a function of frequency indicate that chorus sources move a distance of ∼6000 km along the field lines. The emitted chorus waves at the source are assumed to have a wide range of wave normal angles, but the rays reaching the spacecraft seem to be the ones with lower angles (with some exceptions). The ranges of velocity obtained vary with frequency around values ranging from ∼0.01c to ∼0.04c.
Productivity of Zakat Institutions in Indonesia: A Comparison

Zakat institutions play an important role in managing zakat productively, with the aim that the funds collected can be distributed in an appropriate manner to achieve welfare and social justice. The purpose of this research is to analyze the productivity of zakat institutions in Indonesia using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) method with the 2016-2020 research period. The research object used is 15 zakat institutions in Indonesia. The data from this study comes from the annual financial reports of each institution from the 2016-2020 period. The input variables used are total assets, operational costs, and employee costs. Meanwhile, the output variable used is the amount of collection and distribution of zakat. The results of the study show that in general, zakat institutions experience increased productivity over time. Zakat institutions originating from mass organizations have the highest average productivity compared to other organizations. If productivity is seen from year to year in each institution, the institution with optimal productivity in all years of observation is LAZ Al-Azhar.
Bimodal distribution of blocking temperature in exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Bimodal distribution of blocking temperature in exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers Vincent Baltz, B. Rodmacq, A. Zarefy, L. Lechevallier, B. Dieny
Detection of low-J pure-rotational emission from H2 in the Orion Bar region - Evidence for small-scale clumpiness

The paper presents the results of a mapping of a 10 x 16 arcsec area in the vicinity of the Orion Bar ionization front, in the v = 0 J = 3{minus}1 and J = 4{minus}2 emission lines of molecular hydrogen. This is the first detection of the J = 3{minus}1 line in the interstellar medium and the first detection of any pure-rotational H2 line in a photodissociation region. Since these lines are optically thin and thermalized, and the region is seen roughly edge-on, kinetic gas temperature and molecular column density distributions can be derived. When compared with models of photodissociation regions, the results support the scenario that the emission originates on the warm photodissociated surfaces of dense clumps of molecular gas embedded with a small volume filling factor in a low density cooler atomic medium. 23 refs.