Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flow of deposited inorganic N in two Gleysol-dominated mountain catchments traced with 15 NO 3 (cid:1) and 15 NH 4+

In two mountain ecosystems at the Alptal research site in central Switzerland, pulses of 15 NO 3 and 15 NH 4 were separately applied to trace deposited inorganic N. One forested and one litter meadow catchment, each approximately 1600 m 2 , were delimited by trenches in the Gleysols. K 15 NO 3 was applied weekly or fortnightly over one year with a backpack sprayer, thus labelling the atmospheric nitrate deposition. After the sampling and a one-year break, 15 NH 4 Cl was applied as a second one-year pulse, followed by a second sampling campaign. Trees (needles, branches and bole wood), ground vegetation, litter layer and soil (LF, A and B horizon) were sampled at the end of each labelling period. Extractable inorganic N, microbial N, and immobilised soil N were analysed in the LF and A horizons. During the whole labelling period, the runoﬀ water was sampled as well. Most of the added tracer remained in both ecosystems. More NO 3 (cid:1) than NH 4+ tracer was retained, especially in the forest. The highest recovery was in the soil, mainly in the organic horizon, and in the ground vegetation, especially in the mosses. Event- based runoﬀ analyses showed an immediate response of 15 NO 3 (cid:1) in runoﬀ, with sharp 15 N peaks corresponding to discharge peaks. NO 3 (cid:1) leaching showed a clear seasonal pattern, being highest in spring during snowmelt. The high capacity of N retention in these ecosystems leads to the assumption that deposited N accumulates in the soil organic matter, causing a progressive decline of its C:N ratio.
g Macrophage Response to IFN-Selective Roles of MAPKs during the

Macrophages perform essential functions in the infection and resolution of inﬂammation. IFN- (cid:1) is the main endogenous macrophage Th1 type activator. The classical IFN- (cid:1) signaling pathway involves activation of Stat-1. However, IFN- (cid:1) has also the capability to activate members of the MAPK family. In primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, we have observed strong activation of p38 at early time points of IFN- (cid:1) stimulation, whereas weak activation of ERK-1/2 and JNK-1 was detected at a more delayed stage. In parallel, IFN- (cid:1) exerted repressive effects on the expression of a number of MAPK phosphatases. By using selective inhibitors and knockout models, we have explored the contributions of MAPK activation to the macrophage response to IFN- (cid:1) . Our ﬁndings indicate that these kinases regulate IFN- (cid:1) -mediated gene expression in a rather selective way: p38 partici-pates mainly in the regulation of the expression of genes required for the innate immune response, including chemokines such as CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10; cytokines such as TNF- (cid:2) ; and inducible NO synthase, whereas JNK-1 acts on genes involved in Ag presentation, including CIITA and genes encoding MHC class II molecules. Modest effects were observed for ERK-1/2 in these studies. Interestingly, some of the MAPK-dependent changes in gene expression observed in these studies are based on posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA stability. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 180: 4523–4529. of inﬂam-mation mice were incubated with IFN- (cid:1) for 6 h. Inhibition of RNA synthesis was performed as described in A . In all these experiments, the levels of gene expression were evaluated by real-time PCR. Expression of acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 (36B4) was used for normalization. To evaluate the rate of mRNA degradation, the remaining mRNA after treatment with inhibitors of RNA synthesis was calculated as a percentage of the expression levels of that gene in cells stimulated with IFN- (cid:1) ( (cid:5) inhibitors of MAPK signaling; in the absence of RNA synthesis inhibitors). Therefore, the graphics do not reﬂect differences in gene expression between treatments before the addition of the RNA synthesis inhibitors.
Investigating relationships between and within entry pathways on a sport related programme and the degree outcome obtained LJMU Research Online

Research within Higher Education in the United Kingdom has reported conflicting findings when investigating the relationship between undergraduate entry routes and gender, with successful performances across the degree cycle. This paper adds to this body of knowledge and examines the relationship between entry routes and gender on student outcomes in a sport-related degree at an UK HE institution. Students’ demographic data, entry qualifications and grade point averages (GPAs) across the 3 year degree programme were retrospectively analysed. In relation to entry routes the findings of this study revealed that no significant difference existed between entry level qualifications and all outcomes measures. Indicating that although entry routes into HE may differ this did not impact on student success for those who completed the programme. Further findings revealed significant differences ( p < 0.05) between genders, in that females outperformed their male counterparts at levels 5, 6 dissertation and final GPA. Additionally, females were also more likely to achieve a first degree qualification. This study adds further weight to findings which have shown gender differences but in contrast adds to the complexity of predicting successful performances from entry qualifications.
ReceptorsRapid Induction of Multiple Inhibitory T Cells by + Virus-Specific Effector CD8 Premature Terminal Exhaustion of Friend

During chronic viral infection, persistent exposure to viral Ags leads to the overexpression of multiple inhibitory cell-surface receptors that cause CD8 + T cell exhaustion. The severity of exhaustion correlates directly with the level of infection and the number and intensity of inhibitory receptors expressed, and it correlates inversely with the ability to respond to the blockade of inhibitory pathways. Friend virus (FV) is a murine retrovirus complex that induces acute high-level viremia, followed by persistent infection and leukemia development, when inoculated into immunocompetent adult mice. In this article, we provide conclusive evidence that FV infection results in the generation of virus-speciﬁc effector CD8 + T cells that are terminally exhausted. Acute FV-induced disease is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of virus-infected erythroblasts, leading to massive splenomegaly. Most of the expanded erythroblasts strongly express programmed death ligand-1 and MHC class I, thereby creating a highly tolerogenic environment. Consequently, FV-speciﬁc effector CD8 + T cells uniformly express multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3, and CTLA-4, rapidly become nonresponsive to restimulation and are no longer reinvigorated by combined in vivo blockade of PD1 and Tim-3 during the memory phase. However, combined blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 during the priming/differentiation phase rescued FV-speciﬁc CD8 + T cells from becoming terminally exhausted, resulting in improved CD8 + T cell functionality and virus control. These results highlight FV’s unique ability to evade virus-speciﬁc
Development of Type 1 Effector T Cells Cytokine Redundancies Ensure Robust Strong TCR Signaling, TLR Ligands, and

T cell effector function is a central mechanism of adaptive immunity, and accordingly, protection of the host against pathogens. One of the primary effector molecules produced by T cells in response to such pathogens is the cytokine, IFN- (cid:1) . Although the signaling pathways associated with the production of IFN- (cid:1) are well established, disparate in vivo and in vitro results indicate that distinct pathways may become more prominent dependent upon the nature of the infection, inﬂammatory milieu and tissue localization. We have examined the roles and requirements of the major IFN- (cid:1) -inducing pathways in vivo and in vitro, speciﬁcally: strength of TCR signal; paracrine release of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-18; and autocrine production of IFN- (cid:1) . Our data show a dynamic interaction between these activation pathways, which allows the host a degree of ﬂexibility and redundancy in the induction of IFN- (cid:1) . Upon strong signaling through the TCR, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 play negligible roles in the induction of IFN- (cid:1) , whereas autocrine IFN- (cid:1) is an important component in sustaining its own secretion. However, the absence of any one of these factors during a weaker TCR signal, results in strikingly impaired T cell IFN- (cid:1) production. Of note, TLR-activated dendritic cells (DCs) were capable of overcoming the absence of a strong TCR signal, IL-12, IL-23, or IL-18 revealing an important additional mechanism for ensuring a robust IFN- (cid:1) response. Our ﬁndings clarify the hierarchical requirements of the major IFN- (cid:1) inducing pathways and highlight the important role TLR ligand-activated DCs have to preserve them. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 176: 7180–7188. 24 h, recipients were immunized s.c. in the hind-leg ﬂank with p13-VLPs and CpG oligonucleotides or p33 peptide with CpG oligonucleotides as described previously (20). On day 3 after immunization, total cell suspensions from inguinal lymph nodes were prepared and cells (3 (cid:3) 10 6 per well) were restimulated with 1 (cid:2) M GP13 or GP33 peptide fo r 6 h at37°C in IMDM. For the ﬁnal 3 h, 10 (cid:2) g/ml brefeldin A was added to the cultures to retain cytokines in the cytoplasm. Thereafter, cells were stained and analyzed by ﬂow cytometry as described previously. CD4 (cid:1) and CD8 (cid:1) transgenic T cells display normal proliferation and IFN- (cid:1) production in the absence of IL-12 or IL-18 in vivo
Dynamic simulation of the sudden settlement of a mine waste dump under earthquake loading

Abstract The stability of waste dumps of former open-pit mines must be guaranteed for its use on construction and other activities. In this work, a sandy waste dump subjected to a seismic event is carefully analysed. Its sudden settlement is simulated with a Boundary Value Problem (BVP) under dynamic conditions. The Intergranular Strain Anisotropy (ISA) constitutive model, able to simulate the behaviour of sands under monotonic and cyclic loading, is used for this purpose. The model revealed some unloaded zones due to the mining process, and showed that compacted dumps may experience significant settlement after a seismic event.
Research Online Research Online The influence of school and teaching quality on children's progress in The influence of school and teaching quality on children's progress in primary school primary school

Abstract The Effective Pre-School and Primary Education 3-11 (EPPE 3-11) project investigates the impact of pre-school, primary school and the family on a range of outcomes for a national sample of 2500+ young children in England between the ages of 3 and 11 years. This Research Brief presents analyses drawing on detailed observations of primary teachers' classroom practices in a sub-sample of 125 classes attended by EPPE 3-11 children during the time they were in Year 5 of primary school (age 10 years). It investigates the relationships between different classroom-level practices and children's progress in cognitive (Reading and Maths) and social/behavioural (Self-regulation, Hyperactivity, Pro-social and Anti-social behaviour) outcomes from Year 1 (age 6) to Year 5 (age 10). The analyses also explore associations between children's outcomes and broader measures of overall school characteristics derived from teacher questionnaires and Ofsted inspection reports. on detailed of in a of 125 attended by they of It investigates the relationships between different classroom-level practices and children’s progress in cognitive (Reading and Maths) and social/behavioural (Self-regulation, Hyperactivity, Pro-social and Anti-social behaviour) outcomes from Year 1 (age 6) to Year 5 (age 10). The analyses also explore associations between children’s outcomes and broader measures of overall school characteristics derived from teacher questionnaires and Ofsted inspection reports.
Enhancement of CO2 Removal Efficacy of Fluidized Bed Using Particle Mixing

The present study proposes a cost-effective assisted fluidization technique of particle mixing to improve the carbon capture effectiveness of a fluidized bed containing fine adsorbent powder. Using activated carbon as the adsorbent, we mixed external particle of Geldart group B classification in different fractions to examine the effectiveness of the proposed strategy of particle mixing. Four different particle-mixing cases were considered by varying the amount of added particle—0, 5, 10, and 30 wt %—on external particle-free basis. The inlet flow of the nitrogen was fixed, while two different flows of carbon dioxide were used. The adsorption experiment consisted of a three step procedure comprising purging using pure nitrogen, followed by adsorption with fixed inlet CO2 concentration, and finally the desorption step. Inlet flows of both nitrogen and CO2 were separately controlled using electronic mass flow controllers with the help of data acquisition system (DAQ). The CO2 breakthrough was carefully monitored using the CO2/O2 analyzer, whose analog output was recorded using the DAQ. Best results were obtained with 10% external particles. This is in conformity with the results of our previous study of bed hydrodynamics, which pointed to clear improvement in the fluidization behavior with particle mixing.
Aerosol radiative effects during two desert dust events in over the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula

1 Iberian Peninsula 2 3 Obregón, M.A. , Pereira, S. , Salgueiro, V. , Costa, M.J. , Silva, A.M. , Serrano, A. , Bortoli, D. 1 4 1 Departamento de Física, Centro de Geofísica, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, 5 Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal 6 2 Departamento de Física, Centro de Geofísica, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de 7 Évora, Évora, Portugal. 8 3 Physics Department, University of Extremadura, Avd. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain 9 10 Corresponding author. Tel. : +351 266740800. Ext. 5472 11 E-mail address: nines@unex.es (M.A. Obregón) 12 13
Promoter Elements Phosphoprotein of 76 kDa: Dissection of Key 2 Domain-Containing Leukocyte Transcriptional Regulation of Src Homology

2 SLP-76 (Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa) is an adaptor molecule expressed in all hemopoietic cell lineages except mature B cells and is known to play critical roles in the function of T cells, mast cells, and platelets and in vascular differentiation. Although great progress has been achieved in our understanding of SLP-76 function, little is known about the mechanisms regulating its expression. In this study we report the initial characterization of essential elements that control SLP-76 transcription. We identify several DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the SLP-76 locus, with a prominent site located in its promoter region. This site exists in T cells and monocytic cells, but not in B cells or ﬁbroblasts. Using transient transfection assays, we identify a 507-bp fragment containing the 5 (cid:1) -untranslated region of the ﬁrst exon and the immediate upstream sequence that confers transcriptional activation in T cells and monocytic cells, but not in B cells. Analysis of the 5 (cid:1) ends of SLP-76 transcripts reveals differential regulation of SLP-76 transcription initiation between T cells and monocytic cells. Mutational and gel-shift analyses further indicate a critical role within this region for a binding site for Ets family transcription factors. The present study provides the ﬁrst data to address the mechanisms controlling SLP-76 transcription by providing evidence for several key cis regulatory elements in the promoter region. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 6621–6629. end-labeled with [ (cid:1) - 32 P]ATP using T4 polynu- cleotide kinase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) according the manufacturer’s instructions. Probes were puriﬁed using MicroSpin G-25 columns according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Amersham Pharma-cia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Binding reactions were conducted for 30 min at room temperature in a 20- (cid:4) l volume containing 50,000 dpm of labeled probe, nuclear extract containing 2.5–5 (cid:4) g of protein, 1 (cid:4) g of poly(dI-dC) (Roche), 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM 2-ME, 4% glycerol. Competing oligonucleotides, anti-Ets1 (Santa Cruz Bio- technology, Santa Cruz, CA), and anti-PU.1 Abs (a gift from C. Simon, University of Pennsylvania) preincubated at room temperature 15 min before addition of radiolabeled size-frac-tionated using a 6% polyacrylamide gel 0.5 (cid:5) TBE electrophoresed
(WWARN) AS-AQ

Background: Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) is one of the most widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. We investigated the impact of different dosing strategies on the efficacy of this combination for the treatment of falciparum malaria. Methods: Individual patient data from AS-AQ clinical trials were pooled using the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) standardised methodology. Risk factors for treatment failure were identified using a Cox regression model with shared frailty across study sites. Results: Forty-three studies representing 9,106 treatments from 1999-2012 were included in the analysis; 4,138 (45.4%) treatments were with a fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (FDC), 1,293 (14.2%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 25 mg/kg (loose NFDC-25), 2,418 (26.6%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (loose NFDC-30), and the remaining 1,257 (13.8%) with a co-blistered non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (co-blistered NFDC). The median dose of AQ administered was 32.1 mg/kg [IQR: 25.9-38.2], the highest dose being administered to patients treated with co-blistered NFDC (median = 35.3 mg/kg [IQR: 30.6-43.7]) and the lowest to those treated with loose NFDC-25 (median = 25.0 mg/kg [IQR: 22.7-25.0]). Patients treated with FDC received a median dose of 32.4 mg/kg [IQR: 27-39.0]. After adjusting for reinfections, the corrected antimalarial efficacy on day 28 after treatment was similar for co-blistered NFDC (97.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 97.0-98.8%]) and FDC (98.1% [95% CI: 97.6%-98.5%]; P = 0.799), but significantly lower for the loose NFDC-25 (93.4% [95% CI: 91.9%-94.9%]), and loose NFDC-30 (95.0% [95% CI: 94.1%-95.9%]) ( P < 0.001 for all comparisons). After controlling for age, AQ dose, baseline parasitemia and region; treatment with loose NFDC-25 was associated with a 3.5-fold greater risk of recrudescence by day 28 (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR = 3.51 [95% CI: 2.02-6.12], P < 0.001) compared to FDC, and treatment with loose NFDC-30 was associated with a higher risk of recrudescence at only three sites. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in the total dose of amodiaquine administered in different AS-AQ combination regimens. Fixed dose AS-AQ combinations ensure optimal dosing and provide higher antimalarial treatment efficacy than the loose individual tablets in all age categories.
approaches negotiating a complex

Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the many research approaches related to phenomenology and their philosophical underpinnings. Reading about phenomenology can be difficult and challenging. This paper therefore, aims to provide some clarity for readers on a complex topic. The paper provides a ‘map’ of the philosophical influences on the many phenomenological approaches available to nurse researchers to choose from. Background: Phenomenological research approaches are varied and often difficult to apply appropriately. All too often, researchers persist in “labelling” their studies as examples of Heideggerian or Husserlian phenomenology without fully understanding the implications of the underpinning philosophical assumptions. Data Sources: Methodological sources related to phenomenology as a philosophy and phenomenology as a research approach are used to illustrate the range of phenomenological approaches and their philosophical underpinnings. Discussion: The origins of phenomenology can be traced from the writings of Husserl and the advancement of his thoughts by Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, Gadamer and Ricoeur. The importance of fully understanding a methodology and its philosophical underpinnings prior to using it, or claiming to use it, is emphasised. In addition, the variety of phenomenological research approaches that have evolved over the last half century are explored and placed in context of their philosophical underpinnings. Conclusion: There is no ‘one way’ to undertake a phenomenological study. There are many approaches for researchers to choose from. However, this has also resulted in a range of labels and often different descriptions for the same approach. Implications for practice/research: It is essential that researchers planning to utilise a phenomenological approach are familiar with the many approaches to phenomenology. This knowledge will assist in choosing the most appropriate phenomenological approach that best suits their study aim.
Comparison of The Quality

The quality of Irish and French grown Golden Delicious apples, purchased at retail outlets in Dublin. was compared in 1974-75 and in 1975-76. The French Goldens were on average about 48 and 28% more expensive per kg than the Irish in 1974-75and1975-76 respectively. The ma.iii quality· difference between fruit from the two sources was in colour, the French. fruit being greeri and the Irish, green-yellow to golden. The French Goldens were generally larger and had a higher juice yield while the Irish were firmer and had more ribbing. On average, there was no taste panel preference for fruit from either source and. there ·were only small differences in soluble solids, acidity and bruising.
Electrical oscillation generation with current-induced resistivity switching in VO2 micro-channel devices

ABSTRACT We report large amplitude modulation waveforms as large as ~ 10 V using vanadium dioxide micro-channel devices operating under current-controlled conditions. The self-sustained electrical oscillations were generated by controlling the applied current in the negative differential resistance region of the investigated devices. An appropriate value of internal capacitance was achieved as parasitic capacitance in the device structure to stabilize the electrical oscillations. This eliminates the need of an external pulsed source or any external passive component connected to the micro-channel devices. Amplitude and frequency of the oscillation were tuned by illuminating the device micro-channel with an external laser. An equivalent circuit model was developed to simulate the waveforms. A good agreement between experiment and simulation was verified. Graphical Abstract
Cytotoxic Cells + Mediated by CD8 Cells Leads to Long-Term Tolerance Peripheral Deletion of Antigen-Specific T

Peripheral deletion is one mechanism by which potentially self-reactive clones are removed whether they escape thymic deletion. We have examined the consequences of deleting Ag-speciﬁc T cells by i.v. injection of soluble Ag. Deletion of DO11.10 T cells by peptide was mediated predominately via a Fas/FasL mechanism. Animals that underwent deletion were tolerant to subsequent immunization with Ag, even when tolerant mice were given fresh Ag-speciﬁc DO11.10 T cells before immunization. Tolerance was mediated by CD8 (cid:1) T cells that killed the DO11.10-transgenic T cells in vivo. These data demonstrate that the programmed cell death of large numbers of T cells leads to peripheral tolerance mediated by CD8 (cid:1) CTLs. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 174: 4098–4104.