Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flebótomos de Vargem Grande, foco de leishmaniose tegumentar no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

In Vargem Grande, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in State of Rio de Janeiro, where Lutzomyia intermedia had been found infected with Leishmania braziliensis, we performed a series of caputes of sandflies to increase the knowledge on their behaviour. The following species were found among 8,671 sandflies collected: L. intermedia, L. migonei, L. longipalpis, L. lanei, L. fischeri, L. firmatoi, L. monticola, L schreiberi, L. whitmani, L. pelloni, L. barrettpi e L. (Pi) sp. inside houses and outdoors close to the houses, on human bait and in light traps, the predominant species was L. intermedia, followed by L. migonei, both being more numerous between 9 and 11 p.m. than from 6 to 8 p.m. In a plantation, L. migonei was predominant. In simultaneous captures on man and dog as baits, L. intermedia was more frequent on the former, L. migonei on the latter.
Characterization of Translation Initiation Factor 5 (eIF5) fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) interacts in vitro with the 40 S initiation complex (40 S·AUG·Met-tRNAf·eIF2·GTP) to mediate the hydrolysis of ribosome-bound GTP. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eIF5 is encoded by a single copy essential gene, TIF5, that encodes a protein of 45,346 daltons. To understand the function of eIF5in vivo, we constructed a conditional mutant yeast strain in which a functional but a rapidly degradable form of eIF5 fusion protein was synthesized from the repressible GAL promoter. Depletion of eIF5 from this mutant yeast strain resulted in inhibition of both cell growth and the rate of in vivo protein synthesis. Analysis of the polysome profiles of eIF5-depleted cells showed greatly diminished polysomes with simultaneous increase in free ribosomes. Furthermore, lysates of cells depleted of eIF5 were dependent on exogenously added yeast eIF5 for efficient translation of mRNAs in vitro. This is the first demonstration that the TIF5 gene encodes a protein involved in initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, we show that rat eIF5 can functionally substitute yeast eIF5 in translation of mRNAsin vitro as well as in complementing in vivo a genetic disruption in the chromosomal copy of TIF5.
Clone diversity of Eiseniella tetraedra (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) along regulated and free‐flowing boreal rivers

We have sampled populations of the parthenogenetic and polyploid earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra along the Ume, Vindel and Savar Rivers in northern Sweden. The Vindel River is one of the last free-flowing large rivers in NW Europe, while the Ume River, which flows parallel to it, is harnessed with twenty major dams. Clones were identified on the basis of overall enzyme phenotypes that were detected using starch gel electrophoresis. We found that clone pool diversity is higher along the Vindel River than along the Ume River and the clone pool similarity is, in a similar fashion, higher along the free-flowing river. Evidently the dams stop effectively clone dispersal along the Ume River. Clone diversity is highest at the river mouth. The small free-running Savar River had also high clone diversity at the lower course of the river. Clone turnover between years is high. We found no evidence for parallel adaptation of clones along the two rivers.
Neuronal antinuclear antibody in sensory neuronopathy from lung cancer

Artiole abstract-We found an antinuclear antibody highly restricted to nuclei of neurons in two patients with subacute sensory neuronopathy complicating oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Serum was tested by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining. At low concentrations of antibody, only the nuclei of the neurons were stained. At high concentrations, there was also staining of the nuclei of glial cells and fetal nonneural tissues. The cytoplasm of most neurons was stained with the immunoperoxidase method.
Management of slips and its effect on growth and production of 'Pérola' pineapple plants

The lack of good quality planting material has limited the expansion and contributed to yield reduction of the Brazilian pineapple culture. Alternatives of 'Perola' pineapple slips management were studied aiming at obtaining superior planting material within a shorter time period and making good use of healthy slips of low vigor, that are commonly discarded by growers. Two experiments were carried out at the Experimental Field of Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil, and another one in a commercial plantation in the region of Itaberaba, BA, using blocks or entirely randomized designs with at least four replications. In the first one, the development of slips of different initial sizes (6 to 20 cm long), when grown on mother plants after fruit harvest, was compared with that of slips grown in a nursery after their removal from the mother plants. It became clear that larger slips grow more vigorously and that the removal from the mother plant delays their growth. However, results from the second study showed that those slips grown in nursery had vegetative and agronomic performance similar to that of conventional slips and close to that of plantlets produced from plant stem sections. Independently from the type of planting material used, the larger ones presented a more vigorous growth and produced higher yields. In the third study, it was observed the influence of mineral fertilization, pest control and growth regulator application after fruit harvest on slip development. The treatments applied did not significantly accelerate slip growth. Slips reached 50 cm length and at least 300 g fresh weight within 90 days after fruit harvest, indicating that vigorous plants have enough nutritional storage material for slips development.
Effects of variation among plant species on the interaction between a herbivore and its parasitoid

Abstract. 1. Previous studies have demonstrated that phenotypic traits of plants have the potential to affect interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. Consequently, the impact of natural enemies on herbivore vital rates and population dynamics may vary among plant species. This study was designed to investigate the potential for density‐dependent parasitism of an aphid herbivore feeding on six different host plant species.
Increasing incidence of sugarcane grassy shoot disease in Uttar Pradesh, India and its impact on yield and quality of sugarcane

A survey conducted during three years (2008–2011) in 17 districts of Uttar Pradesh, India revealed a gradual increase in the frequency of sugarcane grassy shoot disease incidence in most of the commercial sugarcane varieties throughout the state. The incidence of SCGS varied from 3 to 56% main commercial grown sugarcane varieties at all the surveyed locations. Different yield and quality parameters were compared in the two most important affected varieties of sugarcane, viz. CoS 95255 and CoS 07250. The phytoplasma presence was confirmed by nested PCR assays using universal phytoplasma primers. The infection showed considerable reduction in yield when the crop was 10th months old. Consequently, the cane height and weight of infected were also reduced markedly compared to their respective control with a reduction in cane yield up to 60%. The sugarcane grassy shoot infection showed a marked effect on juice quality, sucrose was reduced from 17.50% (control) to 12.88% (infected). The results of the study indicate the importance and wide spread of this disease in the state and its impact with severe losses on yield and quality parameters of sugarcane.
Ultrastructural features of germ cells in immature swordfish Xiphias gladius (Teleostei, Xiphidae)

Abstract The presence of perinuclear nuages and intercellular bridges is described in the germ cells of immature Xiphias gladius. In semi‐thin sections, previtellogenic oocytes show a strongly basophilic perinuclear area. At the ultrastructural level this zone appears as a cytoplasmic granulo‐fibrillar substance in the form of a crescent cap adjacent to the nuclear membrane: the perinuclear nuage. A material similar to the perinuclear nuage is first observed in the nucleolus, then close to the nuclear envelope, and later on is associated with mitochondria. Perinuclear nuages could consist of RNA and proteins involved in the development of oocytes. Electron microscopy analysis of the testicular germ cell showed the presence of annulate lamellae in primary spermatogonia and intercellular bridges, originating from incomplete cytokinesis, in the secondary spermatogonia. In spite of numerous studies on annulate lamellae, their function is not well understood. The intercellular bridges provide channels for communication between the members of a germ‐cell clone and probably synchronize the simultaneous entry of the cells into the subsequent mitosis.
Ontogeny of Song in Captive Duet-Singing Slate-Coloured Boubous (Laniarius Funebris). a Study in Birdsong Epigenesis

Ontogeny of song was studied in 11 L. funebris reared in captivity under different learning regimes. Song types usually were learned from conspecific tutors: Males learned from male, females from female tutors. In exceptional situations song types may be learnt from the other sex, proving an ability to produce song of both sexes. Birds reared without tutors nevertheless produced some species-typical song in generalized form, suggesting an innate predisposition for these vocalizations. Once established during the first 6-8 months of life, individual repertoires remained unchanged for years. Pair mates regularly dueted. Neither random pairings nor mate exchanges revealed repertoire alteration in mates. Neither misdeveloped nor reduced song repertoires hampered successful breeding in captivity.
Role of the pks15/1 Gene in the Biosynthesis of Phenolglycolipids in the Mycobacterium tuberculosisComplex

Diesters of phthiocerol and phenolphthiocerol are important virulence factors ofMycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the two main mycobacterial pathogens in humans. They are both long-chain β-diols, and their biosynthetic pathway is beginning to be elucidated. Although the two classes of molecules share a common lipid core, phthiocerol diesters have been found in all the strains of the M. tuberculosis complex examined although phenolphthiocerol diesters are produced by only a few groups of strains. To address the question of the origin of this diversity 8 reference strains and 10 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were analyzed. We report the presence of glycosylated p-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl esters, structurally related to the type-specific phenolphthiocerol glycolipids, in the culture media of all reference strains of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that the strains devoid of phenolphthiocerol derivatives are unable to elongate the putativep-hydroxybenzoic acid precursor. We also show that all the strains of M. tuberculosis examined and deficient in the production of phenolphthiocerol derivatives are natural mutants with a frameshift mutation in pks15/1 whereas a single open reading frame for pks15/1 is found in Mycobacterium bovis BCG, M. leprae, and strains of M. tuberculosis that produce phenolphthiocerol derivatives. Complementation of the H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis,which is devoid of phenolphthiocerol derivatives, with the fusedpks15/1 gene from M. bovis BCG restored phenolphthiocerol glycolipids production. Conversely, disruption of thepks15/1 gene in M. bovis BCG led to the abolition of the synthesis of type-specific phenolphthiocerol glycolipid. These data indicate that Pks15/1 is involved in the elongation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid to givep-hydroxyphenylalkanoates, which in turn are converted, presumably by the PpsA-E synthase, to phenolphthiocerol derivatives.
Plantæ

There is no class of our carboniferous fossils in which so little work has been done as in the plant-remains, either in the way of collecting or having them properly determined. This neglect in many cases may be owing to the bulky condition in which many of them are found in the strata, and which forbids their being secured as cabinet specimens. Not many collectors are tempted to shoulder a portion of the trunk of a Sigillaria or a Lepidodendron, say one or two feet in diameter and three or four feet in length, however well preserved the specimen may be. If secured at all, such specimens are generally found to be fit only for museum display, and not for private collections. Neither would any one think of breaking up such stems into smaller portions, as the beauty and interest of fossil plants consist in a great measure (where the internal structure has not otherwise been preserved) in the entirety of the external form of the specimens. Large specimens of plants are therefore often allowed to go to decay in the shale-heaps at the pits or in the quarries where they have been exhumed, owing to the difficulty of carrying them away into places of security. The poor state of preservation in which plant-remains are met with in many strata does not tempt collectors to secure them for their cabinets or for future examination, even although new and rare forms may thereby be overlooked. There are, however, a few localities This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract
Heterosis

Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents. Various models have been posited to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and pseudo-overdominance. In this Perspective, we consider that it might be useful to the field to abandon these terms that by their nature constrain data interpretation and instead attempt a progression to a quantitative genetic framework involving interactions in hierarchical networks. While we do not provide a comprehensive model to explain the phenomenology of heterosis, we provide the details of what needs to be explained and a direction of pursuit that we feel should be fruitful.
Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears

Milk composition and intake, cub growth, and mass loss of hibernating lactating and nonlactating American black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) were investigated. Except for ash content, milk composition was similar between species. Lipid content varied only slightly throughout lactation, whereas carbohydrate content increased from 1 to 3% during hibernation before decreasing to less than 0.5% at the end of lactation. Protein and dry matter content increased from 6.6 ± 0.4 and 29.8 ± 3.9% during hibernation to 13.7 ± 1.1 and 34.4 ± 3.7% post hibernation, respectively. The ash content of black bear milk increased from 1% during hibernation to 2% after den emergence, but the ash content of grizzly bear milk (1.3 ± 0.1%) did not fluctuate. Mean milk intake and growth during hibernation were 185 ± 89 and 49 ± 9 g/day for black bear cubs and 353 ± 54 and 98 ± 22 g/day for grizzly bear cubs, respectively, which accounted for about 9% of the estimated yearly milk consumption .
Acute and chronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Ruta montana L. in rodents

The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Ruta montana L. in mice and rats. For the acute study, aqueous extract of Ruta montana L. was administered to mice in single doses of 0–12 g/kg given by gavage. General behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the chronic study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg daily for 90 days to rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined after 30 and 90 days. Enzyme activities were assayed in the plasma samples obtained. AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose. The results showed a decrease in RBC and WBC after one month (sub chronic dose) of treatment (in males 75.48% and 51.47% respectively). However, an increase was registered after 3 months (in males 130% and 171% respectively). This is probably explained by the effect of this plant extract on the erythropoiesis. A decline was observed on plasma enzyme activities in both GOT and GPT on males after one month by 51.67% and 68.6% respectively. A decrease was noticed in both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Urine analysis was negative for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, proteins, nitrite and leukocytes in the control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. The histopathological studies have been showed vascular congestion and lesions of interstitial nephrite.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTRACTILITY AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MYOFIBRILS PREPARED FROM NORMAL AND PSE PORCINE MUSCLE

Contractility and ATPase activity of myofibrils from normal and PSE porcine muscles were studied Studies were also made on the extractability of proteins from myofibrils isolated from normal and PSE muscles. Normal muscles contracted instantaneously after the addition of Mg2+-ATP, while PSE muscles contracted in part or did not contract. ATPase activity of myofibrils isolated from muscle having higher pH value was higher than that of myofibrils isolated from muscle having lower pH value. When using either Hasselbach-Schneider or KI solutions to extract myofibrillar proteins, the proportion of protein extracted was significantly higher for normal muscles when compared to those from PSE muscles.
Formation of Ice Nucleation-active Vesicles in Erwinia uredovora at Low Temperature and Transport of InaU Molecules into Shed Vesicles

An ice nucleation-active strain of Erwinia uredovora shed vesicles when cultured at low temperature (l0C). We isolated an ice nucleation-active vesicle fraction from the culture medium by ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, and gel filtration. Western blot analysis showed that this cell-free vesicle fraction contained an ice nucleation-active protein (InaU). The process of the InaU transport to a shed vesicle was examined by immunohistochemical analysis using electron microscopy. The examination showed the following successive processes: InaU molecules first assemble around the inner membrane, then the assembly enters a vesicle justforming on the surface of the outer membrane, and finally the vesicle, 100–400 nm in diameter, leaves the surface to be shed with InaU molecules occluded.
A Gβγ stimulated adenylyl cyclase is involved in xenopus laevis oocyte maturation

Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation is induced by the steroid hormone progesterone through a nongenomic mechanism that implicates the inhibition of the effector system adenylyl cyclase (AC). Recently, it has been shown that the G protein βγ heterodimer is involved in oocyte maturation arrest. Since AC is the proposed target for Gβγ action, we considered of importance to identify and characterize the Gβγ regulated AC isoform(s) that are expressed in the Xenopus oocyte. Through biochemical studies, we found that stage VI plasma membrane oocyte AC activity showed attributes of an AC2 isoform. Furthermore, exogenous Gβγ was capable to activate oocyte AC only in the presence of the activated form of Gαs (Gαs‐GTPγS), which is in agreement with the Gγβ conditional activation reported for the mammalian AC2 and AC4 isotypes. In order to study the functional role of AC in oocyte maturation we cloned from a Xenopus oocyte cDNA library a gene encoding an AC with high identity to AC7 (xAC7). Based on this sequence, we constructed a minigene encoding the AC‐Gβγ interacting region (xAC7pep) to block, within the oocyte, this interaction. We found that microinjection of the xAC7pep potentiated progesterone‐induced maturation, as did the AC2 minigene. From these results we can conclude that a Gβγ‐activated AC is playing an important role in Xenopus oocyte meiotic arrest in a Gαs‐GTP dependent manner. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of sward canopy structure on foraging decisions by grazing cattle. II. Regulation of bite depth

Bite depth was measured in four experiments in which grazing cows were offered, individually, patches of perennial ryegrass swards, typically 0·9 m × 0·9 m, of contrasting structural composition within linear sequences of eighteen to twenty-seven patches. Bite depths were analysed in relation to the independent effects of pseudo-stem height, re-growth depth, stubble height and sward height. In vegetative swards comprising predominantly leaf, with re-growth and stubble strata of vegetative origin, bite depth was strongly related to sward height. However, when the leaf–stem contrast between strata increased, bite depth was strongly correlated with the depth of re-growth. Cows were observed to penetrate into a mature stubble stratum with increasing sward height, indicating that stubble height is only a partial regulator of bite depth. In an experiment designed to investigate the independent effects of pseudo-stem and sward height, pseudo-stem was only a partial regulator of bite depth. Evidence to support the concept that bite depth is a fixed proportion of sward height across swards of different structure was inconsistent, but there was evidence of a maximum bite depth of 0·70 of sward height. There were also indications that bite depth was conditioned by the number of bites removed. This suggested that cows initially took a cautious approach to grazing, building up bite depth with feedback over the first 20–30 bites in a new patch. Behaviour at the current patch was not affected by the characteristics of the preceding or succeeding patch in sequence.
Adult Return of Farmed Atlantic Salmon Escaped as Juveniles into Freshwater

Abstract The origin of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar adult returns from the ocean to the Magaguadavic River, New Brunswick, was determined for the 1996 smolt cohort by using scale examination of the freshwater–seawater transition zone and a discriminant function analysis based on scale measurements depicting the first year of growth in freshwater. Adult returns consisted of 57% farmed fish that escaped from sea cages, 34% wild fish that were the progeny of naturally spawned fish, and 9% farmed fish that were demonstrated to have escaped from hatcheries into the river as juveniles—the first report of farmed hatchery escapees into freshwater returning as adults. The analysis determined that 20% of returns previously thought to be wild were in fact farmed salmon that had escaped into freshwater from hatcheries. By comparison, using the same analysis, we determined that 51% of smolts from the same cohort migrating out to sea 1 and 2 years earlier were farmed escapees from hatcheries. The difference in proportio.
Some Factors Affecting the Abundance of Minnows in the Des Moines River, Iowa

In all types of waters, fish populations appear to fluctuate in abundance and in species composition from year to year. The causes of these fluctuations and the effects of environmental and biological forces upon them are for the most part unknown. Since most minnows (Cyprinidae) are short-lived fishes and are abundant even in relatively small areas, they are especially valuable for population dynamics studies. The effect of various factors on a minnow population can be detected within a few years, whereas many years would be required to make similar observations on longer-lived game or commercial fishes. The present investigation deals with changes in the minnow populations of a stretch of the Des Moines River, Boone County, Iowa, from 1946 through 1948. A marked difference in the abundance of various species of minnows was noted and, as will be shown later, high water or flood stages appear to explain several of the changes. The availability of space and the population density of the minnows