Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The prevention paradox applies to some but not all gambling harms: Results from a Finnish population-representative survey

Abstract Background and aims The Prevention Paradox (PP) suggests that a large proportion of aggregate harm from gambling occurs to people who do not have a gambling disorder. However, it has not yet been tested using a population-representative sample. We aimed to test whether the PP applies to gambling in Finland. The prevalence rates of diverse harmful consequences from gambling were surveyed amongst a population-representative sample of past-year gamblers. Methods The study used first wave data (N = 7,186) of Finnish Gambling Harms survey, collected via online and postal surveys in 2017. A subset of 3,795 adults (≥18 years), who had gambled at least monthly in 2016, were selected for analysis. Measurements Gambling-related harms were evaluated with the 72-item Harms Checklist. Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure (PPGM) measured respondents’ probable disordered gambling from the subset of items for impaired control (4 questions) and other issues (3 questions). Findings Consistent with previous findings, the majority of harms were reported by those in the less severe PPGM categories (i.e. scoring <5). However, considering each domain separately, this was true only for financial, emotional/psychological, and work/study harms. The PP was not supported for health, relationship, or social deviance harms. Conclusions The population prevalence of the most serious harms (e.g. unsafe living conditions) is concentrated among those with severe impaired control issues. However, even excluding the ∼15% of harms occurring to occasional gamblers, most financial, emotional and work/study impacts occur to those with lower levels of control issues. Efforts at harm reduction should focus on the entire spectrum of issues that people experience from their gambling.
Development of the solitary endoparasitoid Microplitis demolitor: host quality does not increase with host age and size

Abstract. 1. Many studies examining the relationship between host size, an index of host quality, and parasitoid fitness use development time and/or adult parasitoid size as currencies of fitness, while ignoring pre‐adult mortality. Because the physiological suitability of the host may vary in different stages, sizes, or ages of hosts, a misleading picture of host quality may therefore be obtained in cases where fitness is based on only one or two developmental traits.
Soil Disturbance Associated with Timber Harvesting in Southwestern British Columbia

Soil disturbance associated with timber harvesting was evaluated in five localities in southwestern British Columbia, along transects located away from main haul roads and associated sidecast soil material. Small skid trails and associated sidecast material were included in the evaluation. Of the several disturbance indices evaluated, the percentage of area occupied by exposed mineral soil (EMS) appears to be most useful. For 13 high-lead logged sites, EMS averaged 29% and ranged from 5 to 56%. Low EMS (9%) was associated with a high-lead site logged over snow. High EMS was associated with steep slopes (greater than 70%) and shale-rich soils. Less disturbance occurred on soils derived from granitic parent materials. On two tractor-logged sites with 25 to 60% slopes, EMS was 71 and 68%, respectively. On a helicopter-logged site, EMS was only 5%. These data are compared to estimates of soil disturbance caused by logging in other regions of western North America.
Differences in the optical and biological reactivity of the humic and nonhumic dissolved organic carbon component in two contrasting coastal marine environments

The effect of surface solar radiation on the optical properties and the biological availability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its humic and nonhumic component was investigated in the northern Adriatic Sea (44°52'N 13°52'E) and the coastal North Sea (53°00'N 4°45'E). In the northern Adriatic Sea, humic substances of primarily autochthonous origin contributed, on average, 15% to the bulk DOC, whereas in the coastal North Sea the mean contribution of the mainly terrestrially derived humic substances to the bulk DOC was about 43%. DOC‐normalized absorbance and fluorescence were both ∼1.5‐fold higher, and the absorbance ratio 250:365 nm was twofold higher for the humic DOC of the northern Adriatic Sea as compared to the coastal North Sea. Bioassay experiments with indigenous bacterioplankton indicated a ∼5 times higher DOC‐normalized bacterial growth on the humic and nonhumic DOC from the northern Adriatic Sea as compared to the corresponding fractions from the coastal North Sea. Exposure of the different DOC fractions to surface solar radiation for 5–8 h and subsequent inoculation with a natural bacterial community resulted in stimulated bacterial growth on the preexposed humic and nonhumic DOC by 35 and 45%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding dark controls for the northern Adriatic Sea, whereas in the coastal North Sea stimulated bacterial growth (by 50%) was found only for the humic DOC. The increase in the DOC bioavailability upon irradiation was linearly related to a decrease in the absorbance and an increase in the absorbance ratio 250:365 nm. Both DOC‐normalized photochemical and bacterial oxygen demand of surface water were, on average, about tenfold higher in the northern Adriatic Sea as compared to the coastal North Sea.
General Equilibrium Analysis of Strategic Trade: A Computable General Equilibrium Model for India

Strategic trade refers to international trade under market imperfections. The purpose of the article is to comprehend general equilibrium implications of trade liberalization on Indian macroeconomic aspects under alternative market structures. We applied computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling as our relevant methodology following Shoven and Whalley, (1984). Constructing a four sector social accounting matrix (SAM) for India, the article attempts to purport the effects of liberalized trade over different macroeconomic aspects under monopolistic competition and compared the results with the same obtained under benchmark perfect competition scenario. Our study reveals that trade under imperfect competition could not produce any greater domestic output, expansion of trade in terms of volume of export and import and gains from trade as compared to standard perfect competition scenario.
Multi-chip Parallel IGBT Power Module Failure Monitoring Based on Gate Dynamic Characteristics

Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are the critical devices in power electronic equipment such as new energy grid-connected inverters, and their reliability largely determines the security and stability of new energy power generation systems and power grids. IGBT module fault monitoring is of great significance for inverter health management and the regular and stable operation of the power system. This paper presents a method for monitoring IGBT module faults by detecting gate voltage and current dynamic characteristics. Firstly, the structure of the multi-chip parallel IGBT module and the gate-emitter equivalent circuit are analyzed, and then a gate reliability model is established. The IGBT module chip failure is identified by monitoring the gate voltage and current dynamic characteristics, and a fault monitoring method based on PPMCC is proposed. This method can effectively monitor the number of IGBT chip failures in a multi-chip parallel IGBT module.
ANTHELMINTIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN SOME SPECIES OF MULBERRY

The present study explores the anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity of sequential leaf extracts of three Morus species viz . Morus alba, Morus serrata and Morus laevigata. Different concentrations of the extracts were tested for anthelmintic capacity by the determination of time of paralysis and death of Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma . Albendazole was used as the standard. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was screened against five bacterial strains viz . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and two fungal strains viz . Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The zone of inhibition was determined against the microorganisms. The effects of these extracts were compared to standard drugs, streptomycin and fluconazole. The order of anthelmintic and antimicrobial efficacy in the three species of mulberry were Morus alba > Morus serrata > Morus laevigata and the results are discussed.
Should young ever be better off with one parent than with two

We analyze models of parental care, providing the first systematic comparison of the care given to young by one parent versus by two parents. In the Houston-Davies model of care, young always do better with two parents rather than with one parent. When one parent decides about its level of care before the other, then the young may do better with one parent when the costs of care for the parents are asymmetric. When the level of parental effort is reached by negotiation, there are cases in which young do better with one parent, even when costs are symmetric. The analysis suggests empirical ways to differentiate between different response rules. Copyright 2003.
PENGARUH LEVEL ENERGI DAN PROTEIN RANSUM TERHADAP PENAMPILAN AYAM KAMPUNG UMUR 0-10 MINGGU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh level energi dan protein ransum terhadap penampilan ayam kampung umur 0-10 minggu. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan, setiap ulangan terdiri dari 3 ekor ayam. Ayam kampung yang digunakan tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah A: energi 3100 kkal/kg dan protein 22%; B: energi 3000 kkal/kg dan protein 20%; C: energi 2900 kkal /kg dan protein 18%; dan D: energi 2800 kkal /kg dan protein 16%. Varabel yang diamati adalah: berat badan awal, berat badan akhir, pertambahan berat badan, konsumsi ransum, feed convertion ratio (FCR), kecernaan pakan, neraca energi, neraca protein, kebutuhan protein dan energi untuk hidup pokok dan pertumbuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh perlakuan energi 3100 kkal dan 22% protein berbeda nyata lebih baik (P<0,05) untuk pertumbuhan dan untuk neraca protein dan energi dibanding perlakuan; level energi 3000 kkal dan 18 % protein; dan level energi 2900 kkal dan 16% protein. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ayam kampung yang mendapat energi-protein yang lebih tinggi lebih baik daripada ayam kampung yang mendapat ransum dengan energi dan protein yang lebih rendah. Kebutuhan energi untuk hidup pokok pada ayam kampung umur 0-10 minggu adalah 95,88 W 0,75 kkal/hari dan kebutuhan protein untuk hidup pokok sebesar 2,91 g/W0,75/hari. Kebutuhan energi untuk pertumbuhan adalah 2,73 kkal per satu gram kenaikan berat badan, sedangkan kebutuhan protein untuk pertumbuhan adalah 0,31 protein setiap kenaikan 1 g berat badan.
ALARM CALLING IN SRI LANKAN MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS

Abstract Vocal alarm calls are important to the vigilance and likely the organization of mixed-species flocks, but community-wide studies of alarm calling in flocks are lacking. We investigated which species alarm-call, and the characteristics of their calls, in a large flock system of a Sri Lankan rainforest. We recorded naturally elicited alarm calls during several attacks by Accipiter hawks and while following flocks for 10 h. We then artificially elicited alarms by throwing a stick to the side of the flock, in a total of 70 trials at 30 flock sites. The Orange-billed Babbler (Turdoides rufescens) was the most frequent caller to both the artificial and natural stimuli, followed by the Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus). Several other species also called, and multiple species often called to the same stimulus (in 23 trials, and in all of the hawk attacks). The species differed in their rapidity of response and in their sensitivity to different natural stimuli. Calls of the gregarious babbler usually provided a first, unreliable warning of an incoming threat, whereas later calls of other species emphasized the seriousness of the threat. We suggest that birds in mixed-species flocks may be particularly aware of aerial predators for two reasons: (1) a “numbers effect,” whereby nongregarious species are more aware of predators when surrounded by large numbers of other species; and (2) an “information effect,” whereby species differ in the information available in their alarm calls, leading to an accumulation of information in a mixed-species flock. Llamadas de Alarma en Bandadas Mixtas de Aves en Sri Lanka
Criteria for Evaluating Husbandry Practices to Alleviate Heat Stress in Broilers

SUMMARY This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of management techniques used under heat stress on growth as well as developmental instability, duration of tonic immobility (TI), and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (H:L) of broilers. Three-hundred sixty cockerels obtained from a commercial hatchery were randomly assigned to 12 floor pens. When the cockerels reached 21 d of age, three pens were kept as controls. Broilers in the other nine pens were moved to a room heated from 32 to 35°C between 1000 and 1700 h each day from 21 to 42 d of age. Broilers in the heated room were randomized into three treatment groups consisting of 1) conditioned (chicks exposed to 36°C for 24 h at 5 d of age), 2) feed-restricted (during the heat stress, feed was withdrawn 2 h before the hot period, and chicks were fed between 1700 and 0800 h), 3) and heat-stressed only. Conditioned and feed-restricted broilers gained 3.2 and 2.8%, respectively, more BW than heat-stressed broilers. Relative asymmetry (RA) averaged across several bilateral traits for the prolonged heat stressor was more informative than the RA for a single bilateral trait. Corrrelations suggest that RA were not closely associated with duration of TI and H:L under the conditions of this experiment.
Leaf respiration is differentially affected by leaf vs. stand‐level night‐time warming

Plant respiration is an important physiological process in the global carbon cycle serving as a major carbon flux from the biosphere to the atmosphere. Respiration is sensitive to temperature providing a link between environmental variability, climate change and the global carbon cycle. We measured leaf respiration in Populus deltoides after manipulating the air temperature surrounding part of a single leaf, and compared this to the temperature response of the same leaves after manipulating the temperature of the stand. The short‐term temperature response of respiration (Q10– change in the respiration rate with a 10 °C increase in leaf temperature) was 1.7 when the leaf temperature was manipulated, but 2.1 when the stand‐level temperature was changed. As a result, total night‐time carbon release during the five‐day experiment was 21% lower when using the Q10 estimates from the tradition leaf manipulation compared to the stand‐level manipulation. We conclude that the temperature response of leaf respiration is related to whole plant carbon and energy demands, and that appropriate experimental procedures are required in examining respiratory CO2 release under variable temperature conditions.
Vicia faba germination: Synchronized cell growth and localization of nucleolin and α-tubulin.

Abstract The first cell cycle of Vicia faba L. seeds, which begins upon imbibition of dry seeds and is completed at the first mitosis after radicle protrusion, was characterised by the flow cytometry and immunodetection of nucleolin and tubulins in root tip meristems. Flow cytometry revealed highly synchronised profiles from the quiescent G1 phase to the late G2 phase, indicating uniform cell cycle progression within a root tip until the first mitosis. Using immunoblotting, nucleolin was detected in two distinct bands with the apparent molecular masses of 89 and 99 kD; the former was detected only in seeds imbibed at 4°C for 1 day whereas the latter was found at all stages examined, suggesting that the 89 kD nucleolin may be seed-specific. Unusual localization of nucleolin in cold-imbibed seeds, undetectable in half of the cells and present in nucleoplasm, was revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy. While α- and β-tubulin were detected at all stages and no significant changes in accumulation of the proteins were observed, few microtubules were detected at the beginning of germination when cells were still in the G1 phase, suggesting that microtubules may be depolymerized in the dry seeds.
The severe slow growth of Δsrs2 Δrqh1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is suppressed by loss of recombination and checkpoint genes

Our interest in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe RecQ helicase, rqh1+, led us to investigate the function of a related putative DNA helicase, srs2+. We identified the srs2+ homolog in S.pombe, and found that srs2+ is not essential for cell viability. A Δsrs2 Δrqh1 double mutant grows extremely slowly with aberrant shaped cells and low viability. This slow growth does not appear to be related to stalled replication, as Δsrs2 Δrqh1 cells showed higher survival rates, compared with Δrqh1, when stalled forks were increased by UV irradiation or hydroxy urea treatment. Consistent with this result, we found that Δsrs2 Δrqh1 cells progress through S-phase with a slight delay, but undergo a checkpoint-dependent arrest presumably at G2/M. Further, we found that Δsrs2 Δrqh1 slow growth is related to recombination, as loss of either the rhp51+ or rhp57+ recombination genes improves cell growth in the double mutant. Δsrs2 is also synthetic lethal with Δrhp54, another homologous recombination gene. This lethality is suppressed in a Δrhp51 background. Together, these results demonstrate a clear genetic interaction between rqh1+, srs2+ and the genes of the homologous recombination pathway.
Species Richness and Seasonal Abundance of Billbugs, Sphenophorus spp., from South Carolina Golf Courses1

ABSTRACT Species richness and seasonal abundance of billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were determined for four golf courses in South Carolina. In 2009 and 2010, 3970 adult billbugs representing six species were collected with unbaited pitfall traps. Sphenophorus inaequalis (Say) and S. venatus vestitus Chittenden represented 95% of the billbugs collected, whereas S. coesifrons Gyllenhal, S. parvulus Gyllenhal, S. cariosus (Olivier), and S. minimus Hart composed the remainder of the billbugs captured. Adult billbugs were collected from March to December, with a sex ratio of roughly 1:1. More individuals of S. venatus vestitus and S. inaequalis were collected from March to July and August to November, suggesting two overlapping generations annually. Given the extended activity period, at least two insecticide applications may be needed to reduce the abundance of larvae and adults.
New Species of Wild Tomatoes (Solanum Section Lycopersicon: Solanaceae) from Northern Peru

Abstract Solanum arcanum and S. huaylasense, two new wild tomato species segregated from Solanum peruvianum sensu lato, are described and illustrated. These two new species are placed in a key with two other segregates of S. peruvianum sensu lato: S. peruvianum sensu stricto and S. corneliomulleri, and the morphologically similar species S. chilense. We also present a list of all 13 species of wild tomatoes we recognize, and their equivalent former names in Lycopersicon.
Mating of Phytophthora ramorum : functionality and consequences

Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock, Man in’t Veld), which causes “sudden oak death” in the United States and dieback and leaf necrosis in ornamental plants (mainly Rhododendron and Viburnum) in Europe, is a heterothallic species with two mating types, A1 and A2 (Werres and others 2001, Rizzo and others 2002). Molecular studies on the population of P. ramorum isolates revealed a structure composed of three clonal lineages: one lineage from Europe (EU1) and two lineages from North America (NA1 and NA2) (Elliott and others 2009). Initial pairing studies revealed geographical separation of mating type isolates: all EU1 isolates were of A1 type whereas all NA1 and NA2 isolates were of A2 type (Werres and others 2001, Brasier 2003). However, since 2003 a few rare reports of A2 mating type isolates in Europe and reports of A1 mating type isolates in the United States (U.S.) have been made. In Europe, three EU1 A2 isolates were reported in Belgium (Werres and De Merlier 2003; Heungens, personal communication). In North America, some EU1 A1 isolates were reported in U.S. nurseries (Hansen and others 2003, Grunwald and others 2008). These findings suggest the potential for crossing between both mating types. However, attempts to produce oospores in vitro with classical methods were difficult compared to other heterothallic species (Werres and Zielke 2003, Brasier and Kirk 2004), therefore suggesting a weak functionality of the sexual system in P. ramorum. In a previous study, some critical parameters such as the gelling agent quality, the nutrient source, or the spatial arrangement of the two mating types in the Petri dish were optimized to produce a large amount of oospores in vitro. A particular EU1 A1 strain was found to be a better mating partner than other EU1 A1 strains when paired with some European (EU1) or American (NA1) A2 strains (Boutet and others 2009). The aims of this study were to investigate the functionality of P. ramorum sexual reproduction and to evaluate the characteristics of single-oospore isolates.
Resistance to the aphid Metopolophium festucae cerealium: effects of the host plant on flight and reproduction

SUMMARY The levels of resistance present in two cereal and four grass hosts of M. f. cerealium were assessed in terms of the percentage of alatae flying from the host and reproductive rates of alatae. Festuca rubra and F. arundinacea exhibited highest levels of resistance, inducing a greater proportion of the alatae to fly (94% and 84% respectively) after producing only a few nymphs. Although between 38% and 64% of alatae flew from L. multiflorum, oats, L. perenne and wheat these alatae deposited more nymphs on the hosts before flight than occurred on Festuca. The weight of alatae did not influence the flight response. The differences in the flight/reproductive response of M. festucae to various host plants are discussed in relation to possible host selection strategies of this species and to antixenotic/antibiotic host resistance experiments in general.
What about the males? the C. elegans sexually dimorphic nervous system and a CRISPR-based tool to study males in a hermaphroditic species

Abstract Sexual dimorphism is a device that supports genetic diversity while providing selective pressure against speciation. This phenomenon is at the core of sexually reproducing organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species. Early works of John Sulston, Robert Horvitz, and John White provided a complete map of the hermaphrodite nervous system, and recently the male nervous system was added. This addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system. With this ‘connectome’ of information available, great strides have been made toward understanding concepts such as how a sex-shared nervous system (in hermaphrodites and males) can give rise to sex-specific functions, how neural plasticity plays a role in developing a dimorphic nervous system, and how a shared nervous system receives and processes external cues in a sexually-dimorphic manner to generate sex-specific behaviors. In C. elegans, the intricacies of male-mating behavior have been crucial for studying the function and circuitry of the male-specific nervous system and used as a model for studying human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). With the emergence of CRISPR, a seemingly limitless tool for generating genomic mutations with pinpoint precision, the C. elegans model system will continue to be a useful instrument for pioneering research in the fields of behavior, reproductive biology, and neurogenetics.