Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brown midrib sorghum as warm season forage for dairy cattles

Four yearling steers were used in a balanced 4 x 4 Latin Square designed experiment to determine caloric content and ruminal passage of a total mixed rations (TMR) containing silage from a genotype of brown midrib (bmr) forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ). The animals were assigned to one of four treatments with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2-week periods. Treatment include TMR’s composed of 60% bmr sorghum silage harvested at two stages of maturity (early maturity (EM) at a flower stage of seed head development and late maturity (LM) at a milk to soft dough stage of development) and fed at 2 levels of intake (~1.5x maintenance and meal feeding for a 5 h interval/d). Treatments are designated as follows: T1= EM bmr sorghum silage as basal roughage in TMR fed at 1.5X maintenance; T2=early maturity bmr sorghum silage fed at approximately 3X maintenance with 5 h meal feeding; T3= LM bmr sorghum silage fed as basal roughage in TMR 1.5 X maintenance; and T4= LM bmr sorghum silage as basal roughage in TMR fed at approximately 3X maintenance with 5 h meal feeding. The TMRs or experimental diets were all formulated to contain 60% roughage as bmr sorghum silage and 40% concentrate, containing mainly corn and soybean meal, on dry matter basis. Chromic oxide (approximately 0.4 %) was included with the concentrate in the diets to serve as an external digestibility marker. The first seven days of each period were used for adapting animals to dietary treatments while the remaining seven days were used for data collection. Daily DMI was measured and weekly samples of silage, concentrate, and TMR were collected during the entire experiment chemical analysis of nutrients. Fecal samples were collected at 12 hour intervals from day 8 to 13 of the collection period to represent the fecal output at every 2 hours during an entire 24 hour period. On day 14 of each period, contents of rumen of the steers were evacuated 5, 11, 17 and 23 hours after feeding. Ruminal digesta contents were weighed and
Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Hyla suweonensis (Anura: Hylidae)

Abstract The present study reports the complete mitochondrial genome of the Suwon tree frog Hyla suweonensis from South Korea. This endangered species is endemic to Korea. The circular mitogenome of H. suweonensis includes 16,895 bp length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a non-coding region, which is the typical gene arrangement found in the available Hylinae mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis of six Hyla spp. mitochondrial genomes revealed that H. suweonensis is closer to H. tsinlingensis.
Exploring spatial diversity of neural stem cells

57 6 INTRODUCTION . 59 MATERIALS & METHODS. 61 RESULTS . 66 DISCUSSION. 82 CHAPTER II GFAP-expressing cells are multipotent progenitors with limited self-renewal potential in the adult spinal cord . 88 ABSTRACT . 88 INTRODUCTION . 89 MATERIALS & METHODS. 91 RESULTS . 95 DISCUSSION. 112 CHAPTER III: Characterization of a transgenic animal model allowing genetic manipulation of discrete populations of glutamatergic neurons . 118. 88 INTRODUCTION . 89 MATERIALS & METHODS. 91 RESULTS . 95 DISCUSSION. 112 CHAPTER III: Characterization of a transgenic animal model allowing genetic manipulation of discrete populations of glutamatergic neurons . 118 ABSTRACT . 118 INTRODUCTION . 119 MATERIALS & METHODS. 121 RESULTS . 124 DISCUSSION. 136 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 143. 118 INTRODUCTION . 119 MATERIALS & METHODS. 121 RESULTS . 124 DISCUSSION. 136 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 143 APPENDIX I . 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 180 AKNOWLEDGMENTS . 194 CURRICULUM VITAE . 196
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON INSECT PARASITOIDS ATTACKING PINK HIBISCUS MEALYBUG Maconellicoccus hirsutus (GREEN) (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) AT KAFR EL- SHEIKH GOVERNORATE

A search for the Parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) was conducted at Kafr ElSheikh Governorate. Two parasitoids were recorded; the first one was Allotropa mercida (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) which was the most abundant with 13.37 and 16.84 % parasitism during 2005/06 2006/ 07, while the second one was Anagyrus kamali (Moursi) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with 6.68 and 5.75 % parasitism. The parasitoids were found during a period extending from mid March till early December, and the highest populations of the both parasitoids occurred in September. Both parasitoids, A. kamali and A. mercida population exhibited positive response to the increase of its host population. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on parasitoids was assessed during various seasons.
Invasive Blackberry Species in Oregon: Their Identity and Susceptibility to Rust Disease and the Implications for Biological Control

Two of the five species of European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. aggregate) along the West Coast of the United States are considered invasive. They are also similar in appearance. Biological control of invasive blackberry by Phragmidium violaceum, causal agent of a rust disease, had been under consideration when rust-diseased blackberry was discovered in Oregon in 2005. An investigation was initiated to determine whether this disease would be an important factor affecting population density of these blackberries. Surveys were made over a 5-yr period at more than 30 field sites in the Willamette Valley and along the Pacific coast of Oregon. Diseased and nondiseased blackberry specimens were collected for artificial greenhouse inoculations and for identification. The two blackberry species, Rubus armeniacus and R. praecox, were identified as the most invasive. They were readily distinguished morphologically on the basis of inflorescence and flower characteristics and to a certain extent by differences in primocane leaf and leaflet shape. Artificial greenhouse inoculation studies revealed that R. praecox was susceptible to the rust disease and that R. armeniacus was not. These results were confirmed during a field survey. Results of this investigation revealed that the rust disease will not be effective for biological control of R. armeniacus and other approaches to management of this particular species will be required. Nomenclature: European blackberry, R. fruticosus L. aggregate, RUBFR; Armenian (=Himalaya) blackberry, Rubus armeniacus Focke, RUBDI; R. praecox Bertol. sensu lato; R. anglocandicans A. Newton; Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter.
ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES AT A GENERAL HOSPITAL IN PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that has an innate resistance to some antibiotics. This bacterium is one of the mostcommon causes of nosocomial infections that include surgical wound infections, burns, and urinary tract infections. The bacteria have been reportedlyresistant to many antibiotics and have developed multidrug resistance (MDR). The objective of the study was to determine the resistance pattern ofP. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples of patients against some major antibiotics.Methods: Isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from clinical sample of urine, sputum, swabs, pus, feces, and blood and cultured in cetrimide agar. P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a positive control. The antibacterial susceptibility testing was conducted against 13 antibiotics: Ceftazidime, cefotaxime,ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, meropenem, and imipenem. The examinationwas carried out using agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer and following the standards from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: The results showed that bacterial resistance was established against all tested antibiotics. The highest number of resistance was shownagainst ceftriaxone (44.21%), whereas the most susceptibility was exhibited against amikacin (only 9.47% of resistance). MDR P. aeruginosa (MDRPA)was detected on almost all clinical samples tested, except the feces. The sample with the highest percentage of MDRPA was the pus.Conclusion: The study concludes that the most effective antibiotic against P. aeruginosa is amikacin (91.51%), whereas the most resistance is exhibited to ceftriaxone (43.16%).
Calcium and Potassium Foliar Sprays Affect Fruit Skin Color, Quality Attributes, and Mineral Nutrient Concentrations of ‘Red Delicious’ Apples

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of foliar spray of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and their combination on the fruit red skin color and quality attributes of ‘Red Delicious’ apple under conditions of south central Iran with warm and dry summer, where low and high temperature differences are low. The trees were sprayed five times using 5 g L–1 calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 3-week intervals starting from 3 weeks after full bloom and three times (at 9, 12, and 15 weeks after full bloom) using 2.5 g L–1 K sources [potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and potassium nitrate (KNO3)] during two growing seasons in 2013 and 2014. Anthocyanin, some physicochemical attributes, and fruit mineral concentrations were measured at harvest. Results showed that spraying with K, CaCl2, and their combinations significantly increased fruit weight, sugar and anthocyanin concentrations, firmness, and K uptake. A combined foliar application of CaCl2 and each of the K sources was more effective on the improvement of fruit color, firmness, fruit K and Ca uptake, and K/Ca ratio as compared to the case when either K or Ca was applied alone.
Mathematical modelling of calcium signalling

Calcium (Ca2+) plays an integral role in a vast array of signalling pathways within both animals and plants. The study of these pathways has proven to be a fruitful avenue of research for experimental biologists and mathematical modellers. While the signalling processes have been well studied in animals, the same cannot be said of plants. This work takes a mathematical look at two important Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants, with a focus on how these signals are generated. Nuclear Ca2+ oscillations in legumes occur at a key step in the development of symbioses. The oscillations occur both inside the nucleus and in the perinuclear cytoplasm, and are temporally coordinated. We present and develop a model for simulating diffusion on the surface of the nucleus and relate the properties of this signalling to behaviour in the bulk. We show that diffusion of Ca2+ through the nuclear pore complexes provides a possible mechanism for this coordination and that this mechanism is robust to differences in Ca2+ diffusion rates in the two compartments or to different numbers of Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ has also been seen to propagate a wave travelling systemically through the root in response to salt stress. This wave is essential to the transcription of stress response genes in the leaves. We examine a range of di�erent models for propagation of the wave, demonstrating that a combined reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ wave cooperatively propagate the signal. The presence of this accompanying ROS wave was confirmed in experiments by our collaborators. The present study highlights two very different Ca2+ signals and demonstrates the value of mathematical modelling for interpreting, understanding and furthering experimental investigations.
Soil Microbial Budgeting as Influenced by Contrasting Tillage and Crop Diversification Under Rice based Cropping Systems in Inseptisol of Bihar

This research concerns the influence of contrasting tillage practices (Zero Tillage (ZT), Permanent Bed (PB) and Conventional tillage (CT)) in main plots and crop rotation (rice-wheat (R-W), rice-maize (R-M) and rice-lentil (R-L)) under rice based cropping system under split plot design with three replication, on soil microbial budgeting in terms of size and structure of microbial population, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), phosphatase activity and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis. Rice base cropping system is advocated as the dominant system prevailing in India due to the better suitability to its landforms and climatic conditions. Within tillage system, SOC was reported higher in zero tillage (0.67%), compared to permanent bed planting (0.66%) and CT (0.62%) at 0-15cm. At 1530cm depth, zero tillage (0.57%) and PB (0.58%) registered significantly (P < 0.05) higher SOC compared to CT (0.52%). In this study, we estimated the microbial community size and structure, enzymatic activities, mychorrizal root infection and soil organic carbon (SOC). Root and rhizospheric soil samples were collected during two consecutive seasons from a 5 year old long term field experiment on conservation agriculture located at Research farm, Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour and still continuing. ZT treatment resulted higher soil organic carbon content (0.57%), viable microbial population (19.6% higher fungi, 10.63% bacteria, and 12.6% actinomycetes), dehydrogenase activity (5.39.11 %), phosphatase activity (9.3-10.57%) which was at par with PB and differed significantly to that of CT treatment. Thus tillage practices and crop diversifications are the important factors affecting soil microbial community size and structure.
First Australian trials of Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate for monitoring of female and male codling moth 'Cydia pomonella' L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pome fruit orchards

Codling moth (CM) is the most important pest of commercial pome fruit orchards in Australia. Sex pheromone mediated mating disruption is widely used in Victoria to control CM but monitoring of CM populations with sex pheromone traps in orchards treated with mating disruption is difficult. Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate (DA) has been reported to be a species-specific, highly attractive pear-derived kairomone for male and female CM. The first field trials in Australia of different formulations of DA were conducted in the 2001-02 season in apple, pear and nashi pear orchards and continued in the 2002-03 season on different varieties of apples. Pure DA and it's mixture with CM sex pheromone (E, E)-8-,10- dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) were highly specific and attractive for CM males and females in orchards. Further work is warranted to determine optimum combinations of DA and codlemone.
A comparison of network and clustering methods to detect biogeographical regions

Bioregions are an important concept in biogeography, and are key to our understanding of biodiversity patterns across the world. The use of networks in biogeography to produce bioregions is a relatively novel approach that has been proposed to improve upon current methods. However, it remains unclear if they may be used in place of current methods and/or offer additional biogeographic insights. We compared two network methods to detect bioregions (modularity and map equation) with the conventional distance-based clustering method. We also explored the relationship between network and biodiversity metrics. For the analysis we used two datasets of iconic Australian plant groups at a continental scale, Acacia and eucalypts, as example groups. The modularity method detected fewer large bioregions produced the most succinct bioregionalisation for both plant groups corresponding to Australian biomes, while map equation detected many small bioregions including interzones at a natural scale of one. The clustering method was less sensitive than network methods in detecting bioregions. The network metric called participation coefficient from both network partition methods identified interzones or transition zones between bioregions. Furthermore, another network metric (betweenness) was highly correlated to richness and endemism. We conclude that the application of networks to biogeography offers a number of advantages and provides novel insights. More specifically, our study showed that these network partition methods were more efficient than the clustering method for bioregionalisation of continental-scale data in: 1) the identification of bioregions and 2) the quantification of biogeographic transition zones using the participation coefficient metric. The use of network methods and especially the participation coefficient metric adds to bioregionalisation by identifying transition zones which could be useful for conservation purposes and identifying biodiversity hotspots.
First Record and Description of Panulirus pascuensis (Reed, 1954) First-Stage Phyllosoma in Plankton of Rapa Nui1

Abstract: Among the most striking crustaceans from Rapa Nui Island (27° S, 109° 22′ W) is the endemic lobster Panulirus pascuensis, commonly known as the spiny lobster. This species is also present in Pitcairn Island and the Salas y Gómez Ridge. Larvae of this species pass through different phyllosoma stages until metamorphosis, during which they molt to a puerulus, a transitional stage adapted to benthic life. This species is an important fishery resource for inhabitants of Rapa Nui. However, there are several gaps in biological knowledge of this species, including its ontogeny. We sampled zooplankton to obtain firststage P. pascuensis phyllosoma during three oceanographic campaigns around Rapa Nui (April 2015, September 2015, and March 2016). Individuals were encountered between the surface and 200 m depth with an abundance of 1.3 indiv. /1,000 m3. These individuals, along with laboratory-hatched phyllosoma, allowed us to describe the morphology of this larval stage. Panulirus pascuensis stage I phyllosoma were observed in fall, suggesting that larval development would be synchronized with the productivity cycle in the region of Rapa Nui, where maximum chlorophyll concentration is observed during austral winter.
Enhanced Oil Recovery with Application of Enzymes

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Farmer Perceptions and Behaviors Related to Wildlife and On‐Farm Conservation Actions

Policy makers are increasingly encouraging farmers to protect or enhance habitat on their farms for wildlife conservation. However, a lack of knowledge of farmers’ opinions toward wildlife can lead to poor integration of conservation measures. We surveyed farmers to assess their perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices from perching birds, raptors, and bats—three taxa commonly targeted by conservation measures. The majority of farmers thought that perching birds and bats were beneficial for insect pest control and that raptors were beneficial for vertebrate pest control; however, fruit farmers viewed perching birds more negatively than did farmers growing other crops. Farmers using organic methods viewed all three wildlife groups more positively than conventional farmers. Farmer perception toward each wildlife group predicted their action to either attract or deter those taxa, suggesting the need to focus research and outreach on the effects of wildlife on farms for conservation programs to positively influence farmer perceptions.
X-irradiation Effects on the Action Potentials of Frog Sciatic Nerves Inhibited by Carbon Monoxide and Ouabain

The response of frog sciatic nerve action potentials to x-irradiation and metabolic (carbon monoxide) or transport (ouabain) inhibition was determined in an attempt to further identify the nature of radiation insult to nervous tissue. Carbon monoxide, ouabain (2 X 10-5 M), and nitrogen anoxia were shown to produce a near linear decline in action potential amplitude. The carbon monoxide and nitrogen inhibitions of activity were reversible in air; the carbon monoxide inhibition was light reversible. Ouabain inhibition was partially reversible by soaking the nerve in aerated Ringer's. Application of 120 kv x-rays (75 Kr at 4.9 Kr/min) to nerves during the linear decline in spike amplitude brought about a marked enhancement (146%) of inhibition by 99% CO/l% 02, nitrogen (136%), and ouabain (265%). All bhanges were shown to be statistically significant by a regression analysis. However, x-irradiation did not appear to alter the air reversibility of carbon monoxide and nitrogen inhibitions nor the reversibility in Ringerts of the ouabain inhibition. Additionally x-irradiation completely blocked light reversal of 98% CO/2% 02 inhibition and produced a decline in activity. A possible interpretation of these results is a compensation for radiation action at this dosage requiring metabolism and ion pump activity.
Investigation of the Role of Nephrin Phosphorylation and Associated Signaling Pathways in Kidney Podocytes

INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF NEPHRIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN KIDNEY PODOCYTES Laura Alexandra New Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Dr. Nina Jones The integrity of the glomerulus plays a key role in prevention of kidney damage. The specialized function of the glomerular filter has led to the evolution of a unique cell type—the podocyte—whose shape and function depends on its network of actin-based ‘foot processes’. Damage to the filter—the slit diaphragm junction—formed between foot processes leads to proteinuria and can result in kidney failure. The slit diaphragm supports podocyte architecture through the IgG protein nephrin, whose cytoplasmic tail contains several conserved tyrosine residues within YDxV motifs which are phosphorylated by Fyn kinase. The significance of these tyrosines has remained elusive, but they have recently been shown to recruit the essential podocyte protein Nck. We hypothesize that phosphorylated nephrin signaling via Nck is important in the podocyte and that removal of the YDxV motifs from nephrin in vivo will result in a loss of Nck signaling and the collapse of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton. To study nephrin phosphorylation on specific tyrosines, we generated phospho-nephrin antibodies against individual YDxV motifs. These antibodies allowed us to validate that these sites are indeed phosphorylated in vivo and to demonstrate that phosphorylation on these tyrosines is altered in a podocyte injury model. This work was complemented by further study of the regulation of nephrin phosphorylation, which outlined a mechanism whereby nephrin phosphorylation is positively regulated by Nck. Recruitment of Nck to phosphorylated nephrin via its SH2 domain enables its SH3 domains to bind and activate Fyn kinase, thus increasing nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation and promoting continued engagement of nephrin signaling