Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple magnetizations in Ordovician–Devonian carbonates in the Williston Basin (Manitoba, Canada)

Abstract Palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic data collected from the Upper Ordovician Red River, Silurian Interlake and Devonian Winnipegosis, Souris River and Birdbear carbonates in one well from southwestern Manitoba (Canada) reveal a complex magnetization history for the north-eastern Williston Basin. Rock magnetic analysis (thermal demagnetization, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM)/saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), S-ratios, partial ARM (pARM), SIRM crossover curves and points and coercivity) show three magnetic carriers for different magnetizations seen in this well. An Early–Mid-Jurassic remagnetization observed in the lower Red River and Souris River formations is carried by single-domain to pseudo-single-domain (SD–PSD) magnetite and was probably produced by basement fluids circulating along fractures and faults created by the Hartney impact/volcanic structure and/or tectonic movements along the Superior Boundary Zone. In the Winnipegosis Formation a possible primary depositional or early depositional magnetization (Devonian age) is carried by PSD pyrrhotite. In the Birdbear Formation two different magnetizations of uncertain age are present: one carried in hematite in the upper strata, possibly originating from the younger Amaranth Formation, and magnetite dominates in the lower strata. The upper Red River and Interlake formations contain both magnetite and pyrrhotite; however, the weaker palaeomagnetic data reveal little in terms of a magnetization age.
An Exposed Hercynian Deep Crustal Section in the Sila Massif of Northern Calabria: Mineral Chemistry, Petrology and a P–T Path of Granulite-facies Metapelitic Migmatites and Metabasites

In the Sila massif of northern Calabria a continous section is exposed through a segment of a Hercynian deep continental crust, which has been interpreted by previous workers as a stack of basement nappes ('Monte Gariglione Complex'). The section consists essentially of metapelitic migmatites and subordinate metabasites and marbles, which were metamorphosed at medium-pressure-high-temperature granulite-facies conditions. A continuous metamorphic gradient through the exposed segment can be deduced from the systematic change in the compositions of ferromagnesian minerals in divariant metapelitic assemblages. This gradient is partly supported by conventional geothermobarometry and by applying the TWEEQU method. However, peak-metamorphic conditions are better defined by dehydration melting reactions, which reveal similar to4 kbar and 740 degreesC at the top and similar to6 kbar and 770 degreesC at the base of the section. Therefore the exposed rocks represent a former crustal depth range of similar to 14-21 km at the thermal peak of metamorphism. The metamorphic evolution of the former deep crustal rocks has been reconstructed from reaction textures. The prograde P-T path took place in the stability field of sillimanite. The retrograde path is characterized by a stage of isothermal uplift after peak metamorphism to mid-crustal levels (10 15 km) followed by near-isobaric cooling to greenschist-facies conditions. The deep crustal section in northern Calabria resembles that of the Serre massif in southern Calabria, which represents the lowermost part of an exposed tilted cross-section through the Hercynian continental crust. Postkinematic mineral growth, reaction textures and isotopic age constraints indicate that the thermal conditions in the Calabrian crust during the Hercynian orogeny were mainly controlled by advective heat input through magmatic intrusions. As in southern Calabria, large granitic bodies were emplaced between the granulite-facies lower crust ('Monte Gariglione Complex') and the amphibolite- to greenschist-facies upper crust during regional metamorphism.
Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement

A water productivity framework for understanding and action economics of water productivity in managing water for agriculture the concept of efficiency in water resources management and policy rice production in water-scarce environments managing saline and alkali water for higher productivity opportunities for increasing water productivity of CGIAR crops through plant breeding and molecular biology world water productivity - current situation and future options improving water productivity through deficit irrigation - examples from Syria, North China Plain and Oregon, USA.
Revisiting Neural Program Smoothing for Fuzzing

Testing with randomly generated inputs (fuzzing) has gained significant traction due to its capacity to expose program vulnerabilities automatically. Fuzz testing campaigns generate large amounts of data, making them ideal for the application of machine learning (ML). Neural program smoothing, a specific family of ML-guided fuzzers, aims to use a neural network as a smooth approximation of the program target for new test case generation. In this paper, we conduct the most extensive evaluation of neural program smoothing (NPS) fuzzers against standard gray-box fuzzers (>11 CPU years and >5.5 GPU years), and make the following contributions: We find that the original performance claims for NPS fuzzers do not hold; a gap we relate to fundamental, implementation, and experimental limitations of prior works. We contribute the first in-depth analysis of the contribution of machine learning and gradient-based mutations in NPS. We implement Neuzz++, which shows that addressing the practical limitations of NPS fuzzers improves performance, but that standard gray-box fuzzers almost always surpass NPS-based fuzzers. As a consequence, we propose new guidelines targeted at benchmarking fuzzing based on machine learning, and present MLFuzz, a platform with GPU access for easy and reproducible evaluation of ML-based fuzzers. Neuzz++, MLFuzz, and all our data are public.
Semi-stable and splitting models for unitary Shimura varieties over ramified places. I

We consider Shimura varieties associated to a unitary group of signature $(n-s,s)$ where $n$ is even. For these varieties, we construct smooth $p$-adic integral models for $s=1$ and regular $p$-adic integral models for $s=2$ and $s=3$ over odd primes $p$ which ramify in the imaginary quadratic field with level subgroup at $p$ given by the stabilizer of a $\pi$-modular lattice in the hermitian space. Our construction, which has an explicit moduli-theoretic description, is given by an explicit resolution of a corresponding local model.
An improved composite surface model for the radar backscattering cross section of the ocean surface 1. Theory of the model and optimization/validation by scatterometer data

An improved composite surface model for the calculation of the normalized radar backscattering cross section (NRCS) of the ocean surface at moderate incidence angles is presented. The model is based on Bragg scattering theory. A Taylor expansion of the NRCS in the two-dimensional surface slope yields nonzero second-order terms which represent a first approximation for the effect of the geometric and hydrodynamic modulation of the Bragg scattering facets by all waves that are long compared to these facets. The corresponding expectation value of the NRCS varies with the wave height spectral density of all these waves, and it depends in a well-defined way on frequency, polarization, incidence angle, and azimuthal look direction of the radar. We show that measured NRCS values at frequencies ranging from 1 GHz (L band) through 34 GHz (Ka band) and wind speeds between 2 and 20 m/s can be well reproduced by the proposed model after some reasonable tuning of the input ocean wave spectrum. Also, polarization effects and upwind/downwind differences of the NRCS appear to be relatively well represented. The model can thus be considered as an advanced wind scatterometer model which is based on physical principles rather than on empirical relationships. The most promising field of application, however, will be the calculation of NRCS variations associated with local distortions of the wave spectrum by surface current gradients or wind effects.
TPE: Towards Better Compositional Reasoning over Conceptual Tools with Multi-persona Collaboration

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in planning the use of various functional tools, such as calculators and retrievers, particularly in question-answering tasks. In this paper, we expand the definition of these tools, centering on conceptual tools within the context of dialogue systems. A conceptual tool specifies a cognitive concept that aids systematic or investigative thought. These conceptual tools play important roles in practice, such as multiple psychological or tutoring strategies being dynamically applied in a single turn to compose helpful responses. To further enhance the reasoning and planning capability of LLMs with these conceptual tools, we introduce a multi-persona collaboration framework: Think-Plan-Execute (TPE). This framework decouples the response generation process into three distinct roles: Thinker, Planner, and Executor. Specifically, the Thinker analyzes the internal status exhibited in the dialogue context, such as user emotions and preferences, to formulate a global guideline. The Planner then generates executable plans to call different conceptual tools (e.g., sources or strategies), while the Executor compiles all intermediate results into a coherent response. This structured approach not only enhances the explainability and controllability of responses but also reduces token redundancy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of TPE across various dialogue response generation tasks, including multi-source (FoCus) and multi-strategy interactions (CIMA and PsyQA). This reveals its potential to handle real-world dialogue interactions that require more complicated tool learning beyond just functional tools. The full code and data will be released for reproduction.
Toward an explanation for the present and past locations of the poles

Earth's orientation relative to its spin axis is determined by its nonhydrostatic inertia tensor. We show here that the present‐day nonhydrostatic inertia tensor can be modeled by combining contributions due to large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle and due to subduction. With the first contribution only, the spin axis would be at ∼67°N, 96°E (north Siberia). The distribution of recent subduction, with largest amounts in the northwest Pacific (beneath East Asia) and the southeast Pacific (beneath South America), adds a secondary contribution which moves the spin axis toward the observed poles. We use plate reconstructions to infer subduction and inertia tensor through time, assuming that the LLSVP contribution has remained constant. Motion of the pole toward Greenland since ∼50 Ma is attributed to increased subduction beneath East Asia and South America and a decrease beneath North America since then. Motion of the pole toward Siberia before that is attributed to large amounts of subduction beneath North America between ∼120 and 50 Ma and decreasing amounts of subduction in East Asia after 60–70 Ma. Greater stability of the spin axis since ∼100 Ma can be attributed to a decrease in the amount of subduction in polar latitudes and an increase in equatorial latitudes.
Multichannel Voice Trigger Detection Based on Transform-average-concatenate

Voice triggering (VT) enables users to activate their devices by just speaking a trigger phrase. A front-end system is typically used to perform speech enhancement and/or separation, and produces multiple enhanced and/or separated signals. Since conventional VT systems take only single-channel audio as input, channel selection is performed. A drawback of this approach is that unselected channels are discarded, even if the discarded channels could contain useful information for VT. In this work, we propose multichannel acoustic models for VT, where the multichannel output from the frond-end is fed directly into a VT model. We adopt a transform-average-concatenate (TAC) block and modify the TAC block by incorporating the channel from the conventional channel selection so that the model can attend to a target speaker when multiple speakers are present. The proposed approach achieves up to 30% reduction in the false rejection rate compared to the baseline channel selection approach.
Highly Efficient SNNs for High-speed Object Detection

The high biological properties and low energy consumption of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have brought much attention in recent years. However, the converted SNNs generally need large time steps to achieve satisfactory performance, which will result in high inference latency and computational resources increase. In this work, we propose a highly efficient and fast SNN for object detection. First, we build an initial compact ANN by using quantization training method of convolution layer fold batch normalization layer and neural network modification. Second, we theoretically analyze how to obtain the low complexity SNN correctly. Then, we propose a scale-aware pseudoquantization scheme to guarantee the correctness of the compact ANN to SNN. Third, we propose a continuous inference scheme by using a Feed-Forward Integrate-and-Fire (FewdIF) neuron to realize high-speed object detection. Experimental results show that our efficient SNN can achieve 118X speedup on GPU with only 1.5MB parameters for object detection tasks. We further verify our SNN on FPGA platform and the proposed model can achieve 800+FPS object detection with extremely low latency.
Some Caution about Property Rights as a Recipe for Economic Development

Choices about the meaning and allocation of property rights pose the sorts of policy questions familiar to economists thinking about development policy. If we are seeking economic growth of this or that sort, who should have access to what resources and on what conditions? Clear and strong property rights are neither an escape from these questions nor a ready-made answer. Property law is simple one place in which struggles over these questions have been carried out. In this short essay, I review these common, if mistaken, ideas about property rights in the West in light of the Western experience. My objective is to place the strategic choices embedded in any property regime in the foreground and lead one to hesitate before accepting conventional neo-liberal wisdom about the importance of clear or strong property rights for economic development.
Expectation as a factor of influence on the success of use of hearing aids in elderly individuals

Summary Introduction: Auditory prosthesis is distinguished in function of the lesser technologies that become them each time, more powerful and efficient. The marketing can generate unreal expectations how much to the results with the amplification use, mainly in inexperienced individuals. Objective: To verify the relation between expectations and success of the process of election and adaptation of auditory prosthesis in aged. Method: Clinical and experimental study, 16 aged, inexperienced individuals with the amplification use, the election and adaptation of auditory prosthesis had been evaluated 15 days before and after. Questionnaire for evaluation of the expectations of aged the adult individual was used “/, new user of auditory prosthesis”, Hearing Handicap Inventory will be the Elderly/Screening Version, for evaluation of the perception of the restriction of participation and the International Questionnaire - Device of Amplification Sonora Individual (QI-AASI), to verify the subjective benefit with the use of the auditory prosthesis. The Percentile Index of Recognition of Sentences in Silence was determined (IPRSS), by means of the test Lists of Sentences in Portuguese to verify the objective benefit of the adaptation. The data had been analyzed by means of not-parametric test, with level of significance of 5%. Results: The entire sample presented positive expectations. Subjectively benefit for the reduction of the perception of the participation restriction and for the positive evaluation of the adaptation, evidenced for the QI-AASI was verified. Objective the improvement of the IPRSS with the use of auditory prosthesis also evidenced benefits. Conclusion: The expectation how much to the results with the amplification use, it was factor of negative influence in the success of the process of election and adaptation of auditory prosthesis, in the subjective scope.
Subsurface mass redistributions at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 1995-1996 explosive activity detected by microgravity studies

Gravity changes are presented from a series of field microgravity surveys conducted at Mt Etna between August 1994 and November 1996, a period including the 1995–1996 explosive summit activity. Data were collected along a microgravity network of 69 stations at a monthly to annual sampling rate, depending on each subarray of the network. Results show that seasonal changes in water level within the volcano may induce gravity changes of up to 20 μgal on Etna’s southern slope, and indicate that significant magma movement occurred within and below Etna’s edifice between 1994 and 1996. In particular, between September 1994 and October 1995, a mass increase of 2 × 1010 kg occurred 2000 m beneath the summit craters. Between October 1995 and July 1996 this mass was lost, while another 2 × 1010 kg was injected at about 1000 m a.s. l. into the 1989 fracture system. From the gravity data alone, it is not possible to distinguish whether the first shallow intrusion (1994–1995) was then injected laterally into the 1989 fracture, or summit activity was fed by the first shallow intrusion, while new magma entered the 1989 fracture system. While magma was being redistributed within the volcanic edifice, measurements along an E–W-trending profile on the southern slope of the volcano detected some 1.5 × 1011 kg of magma accumulating 2–3 km below sea level between October 1995 and November 1996.
Evaluation of C-band polarization diversity and polarimetry for wetland mapping

Wetlands provide important ecological benefits at both local and regional scales, thus wetland conservation and effective management are goals at many levels of government. Radar systems are a useful data source for providing information about wetlands and thus play a complementary role to optical data in wetland mapping and monitoring applications. This paper explores the use of polarization diversity and polarimetry for wetland classification and mapping using airborne CV-580 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The results show that dual polarization with an HH polarized component is superior to single polarization but does not contain as much information for wetland classification as full polarimetry. However, polarization ratios using HH are adequate for mapping water and flooded and nonflooded vegetation for a generalized land-cover map. The implications of this research are discussed with respect to wetland classification and land cover information needs for waterfowl-productivity estimates that Ducks Unlimited Canada uses for its wetland conservation programs. These results can help end-users in selecting the appropriate SAR imaging mode when evaluating trade-offs between resolution, swath width, and polarization diversity.
Influences of sex chromosome aneuploidy on height, weight, and body mass index in human childhood and adolescence

Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are collectively common conditions caused by carriage of a sex chromosome dosage other than XX for females and XY for males. Increases in sex chromosome dosage (SCD) have been shown to have an inverted‐U association with height, but we lack combined studies of SCA effects on height and weight, and it is not known if any such effects vary with age. Here, we study norm‐derived height and weight z‐scores in 177 youth spanning 8 SCA karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, XXXX, XXXY, XXYY, XXXXX, and XXXXY). We replicate a previously described inverted‐U association between mounting SCD and height, and further show that there is also a muted version of this effect for weight: both phenotypes are elevated until SCD reaches 4 for females and 5 for males but decrease thereafter. We next use 266 longitudinal measures available from a subset of karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, and XXYY) to show that mean height in these SCAs diverges further from norms with increasing age. As weight does not diverge from norms with increasing age, BMI decreases with increasing age. These findings extend our understanding of growth as an important clinical outcome in SCA, and as a key context for known effects of SCA on diverse organ systems that scale with body size.
Ground motion in the near field of a fluid‐driven crack and its interpretation in the study of shallow volcanic tremor

We present a study of the motion of the ground in the near field of a fluid-driven tensile crack embedded in a layered half space. The source that we consider is the jerky opening of a channel connecting two fluid-filled cracks, and the cause of this opening is the excess pressure of fluid in one of the cracks. We make a complete representation of the three components of ground motion in the space, time, and frequency domains and analyze the effects of fluid compressibility, source depth, and medium structure on the ground response. The calculations show the presence of a dominant frequency of motion which depends not only on the source geometry and bulk modulus of the fluid but also on medium characteristics, receiver position, and the component of motion being considered. Using this source model, we view an episode of volcanic tremor as a continuous sequence produced by numerous jerky openings of channels occurring randomly in time along a chain of cracks. Our results are applied to the October 5–6, 1963, east rift eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, and found to be compatible with available seismic data, suggesting that magma is transported through an ensemble of cracks with the area of 1 × 1 km, each pair of cracks constituting an individual dike segment which opens in discrete increments at a rate of 1/s. We obtain the following parameters for each dike-segment opening: increase in cavity volume, 40 m3; stress drop, 0.004 bar; seismic moment, 1019 dyn cm; and force applied by the fluid to open the dike, 1014 dyn. The total moment integrated over the entire duration of tremor for the eruption is 0.5 · 1024 dyn cm, roughly equivalent to a single magnitude M = 5 earthquake. The seismic source parameters and other field observations offer constraints on the process of mass transport and are compatible with the excess pressure and viscosity of magma of about 40 bars and 102 P, respectively.