Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inverse modeling of SO2 and NOx emissions over China using multisensor satellite data – Part 1: Formulation and sensitivity analysis

Abstract. SO2 and NO2 observations from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) sensor are used for the first time in conjunction with the GEOS-Chem adjoint model to optimize both SO2 and NOx emission estimates over China for October 2013. Separate and joint (simultaneous) optimizations of SO2 and NO2 emissions are both conducted and compared. Posterior emissions, compared to the prior, yield improvements in simulating columnar SO2 and NO2 , in comparison to measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and OMPS. The posterior SO2 and NOx emissions from separate inversions are 748 Gg S and 672 Gg N, which are 36 % and 6 % smaller than prior MIX emissions (valid for 2010), respectively. In spite of the large reduction of SO2 emissions over the North China Plain, the simulated sulfate–nitrate–ammonium aerosol optical depth (AOD) only decrease slightly, which can be attributed to (a) nitrate rather than sulfate as the dominant contributor to AOD and (b) replacement of ammonium sulfate with ammonium nitrate as SO2 emissions are reduced. For joint inversions, both data quality control and the weight given to SO2 relative to NO2 observations can affect the spatial distributions of the posterior emissions. When the latter is properly balanced, the posterior emissions from assimilating OMPS SO2 and NO2 jointly yield a difference of −3 % to 15 % with respect to the separate assimilations for total anthropogenic SO2 emissions and ± 2 % for total anthropogenic NOx emissions; but the differences can be up to 100 % for SO2 and 40 % for NO2 in some grid cells. Improvements on SO2 and NO2 simulations from the joint inversions are overall consistent with those from separate inversions. Moreover, the joint assimilations save ∼ 50 % of the computational time compared to assimilating SO2 and NO2 separately in a sequential manner of computation. The sensitivity analysis shows that a perturbation of NH3 to 50 % (20 %) of the prior emission inventory can (a) have a negligible impact on the separate SO2 inversion but can lead to a decrease in posterior SO2 emissions over China by −2.4 % ( −7.0 %) in total and up to −9.0 % ( −27.7 %) in some grid cells in the joint inversion with NO2 and (b) yield posterior NOx emission decreases over China by −0.7 % ( −2.8 %) for the separate NO2 inversion and by −2.7 % ( −5.3 %) in total and up to −15.2 % ( −29.4 %) in some grid cells for the joint inversion. The large reduction of SO2 between 2010 and 2013, however, only leads to ∼ 10 % decrease in AOD regionally; reducing surface aerosol concentration requires the reduction of emissions of NH3 as well.
Variability in lidar-derived particle properties over West Africa due to changes in absorption: towards an understanding

Abstract. Measurements performed in western Africa (Senegal) during the SHADOW field campaign are analyzed to show that spectral dependence of the imaginary part of the complex refractive index (CRI) of dust can be revealed by lidar-measured particle parameters. Observations in April 2015 provide good opportunity for such study, because, due to high optical depth of the dust, exceeding 0.5, the extinction coefficient could be derived from lidar measurements with high accuracy and the contribution of other aerosol types, such as biomass burning, was negligible. For instance, in the second half of April 2015, AERONET observations demonstrated a temporal decrease in the imaginary part of the CRI at 440 nm from approximately 0.0045 to 0.0025. This decrease is in line with a change in the relationship between the lidar ratios (the extinction-to-backscattering ratio) at 355 and 532 nm (S355 and S532). For instance in the first half of April, S355∕S532 is as high as 1.5 and the backscatter Ångström exponent, Aβ, is as low as −0.75, while after 15 April S355/S532=1.0 and Aβ is close to zero. The aerosol depolarization ratio δ532 for the whole of April exceeded 30 % in the height range considered, implying that no other aerosol, except dust, occurred. The performed modeling confirmed that the observed S355∕S532 and Aβ values match the spectrally dependent imaginary part of the refractive index as can be expected for mineral dust containing iron oxides. The second phase of the SHADOW campaign was focused on evaluation of the lidar ratio of smoke and estimates of its dependence on relative humidity (RH). For five studied smoke episodes the lidar ratio increases from 44±5 to 66±7 sr at 532 nm and from 62±6 to 80±8 sr at 355 nm, when RH varied from 25 % to 85 %. Performed numerical simulations demonstrate that observed ratio S355∕S532, exceeding 1.0 in the smoke plumes, can indicate an increase in the imaginary part of the smoke particles in the ultraviolet (UV) range.
Fairness

Copyright: Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Die verwendeten Texte, Bilder und Grafiken sowie das Layout dieser Seiten unterliegen weltweitem Urheberrecht. Die unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder kompletter Seiten ist untersagt. Dies gilt ebenso für die unerlaubte Einbindung einzelner Inhalte oder kompletter Seiten auf Websites anderer BetreiberInnen. Das Einrichten von Links auf diese Website ist jedoch ausdrücklich gestattet. Überblick Fairness
Relationship between crop use by brown bears and Quercus crispula acorn production in Furano, central Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT To examine the relationship between the annual variation in agricultural crop consumption by bears and the fluctuation in acorn production from 1994–1997, we investigated the diet of Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) in the Tokyo University Forest in central Hokkaido, Japan, using scat content analysis, and estimated Quercus crispula acorn production using seed traps. Scat analyses revealed seasonal changes in the diet of bears; the dominant food items were forbs with small numbers of ants in early summer, crops in late summer, and berries and Q. crispula acorns in autumn. Acorn production fluctuated annually throughout the study and was highest in 1994 and lowest in 1995. From September through November 1995, the frequency of occurrence of acorns was lower, and that of crops was higher, than in the other years. We found a negative correlation between the difference in the same month of the previous year in percent volume of crops in the diet and that in acorn production in September through October, 1994–1997. In years of low acorn production, brown bears used crops as an alternative food source from September through November, although there was no significant difference in August.
An egg production method for estimating spawning biomass of pelagic fish : application to the Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax

Fishery scientists engaged in estimating the size of free-swimming populations have never had a technique available to them whereby all the parameters could be estimated from a resource survey and where no parameter values need to be assumed. Recognizing the need for a technique of this kind, the staff of the Coastal Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Center (SWFC) devised an egg production method for anchovy biomass assessment. Previously, anchovy biomass was estimated by approximate methods derived from a long-time series and anchovy larval abundance, which required about 5 ma of shiptime each year to integrate the area under a seasonal spawning curve. One major assumption used in the larval abundance census method is that there is constant proportionality between larval numbers and spawning biomass. This has now proved to be erroneous. (PDF file contains 105 pages.)
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Dual-Function Green Fluorescent Protein–HSV1-Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene Driven by the Human Elongation Factor 1α Promoter

Toward the goal of monitoring activity of native mammalian promoters with molecular imaging techniques, we stably transfected DU145 prostate carcinoma cells with a fusion construct of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and wild-type herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) as a reporter gene driven by the promoter for human elongation factor 1α (EF-1α-EGFP-TK). Using this model system, expression of EGFP was quantified by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, while the HSV1-TK component of the reporter was quantified with 8-[3H]ganciclovir (8-[3H]GCV). As analyzed by flow cytometry, passage of EGFP-TK-DU145 transfected cells (ETK) in vitro resulted in populations of cells with high and low expression of EGFP over time. High and low ETK cells retained 23-fold and 5-fold more GCV, respectively, than control. While differences in uptake and retention of GCV corresponded to relative expression of the reporter gene in each subpopulation of cells as determined by both flow cytometry (EGFP) and quantitative RT-PCR, the correlation was not linear. Furthermore, in high ETK cells, net retention of various radiolabeled nucleoside analogues varied; the rank order was 8-[3H]GCV < 9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) ≈ 8-[3H]penciclovir (8-[3H]PCV) < 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-5-iodouracil-beta-d-arabinofuranoside (2-[14C]FIAU). Xenograft tumors of ETK cells in vivo accumulated 2.5-fold more 8-[3H]GCV per gram of tissue and showed greater fluorescence from EGFP than control DU145 cells, demonstrating that the reporter gene functioned in vivo. These data extend previous reports by showing that a human promoter can be detected in vitro and in vivo with a dual-function reporter exploiting optical and radiotracer techniques.
Piecing together the epic transoceanic migration of the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamys taitensis): an analysis of museum and sighting records

Abstract Long-tailed Cuckoos (Eudynamys taitensis) breed in New Zealand and winter in an arc of small Pacific islands extending 11 000 km from west to east. To understand this migration better, we compiled records of Cuckoos in time (month) and space (latitude, longitude), using museum voucher specimens and literature records. At the start of the breeding season (October-December) virtually all birds in New Zealand are in adult plumage; non-adult Cuckoos are almost entirely absent until late summer and autumn. In the northward post-breeding migration, adults move first and non-adults show a lag of up to 3 months in the timing of their departure. Non-adults are scarce after June in the Pacific wintering islands, and transitionals (with plumage between that of adults and non-adults) are very scarce after September, suggesting that they quickly moult into adult plumage. From June to October the average longitude of Cuckoos wintering north of New Zealand decreases progressively, consistent with a movement westward. This suggests that a portion of the Cuckoo population may undertake an anticlockwise loop-migration. This may also partly explain the unusual distribution of the species fanning out from the breeding to the wintering grounds.
IMPACT OF INCLUSION FENNEL SEEDS AND THYME DRIED LEAVES IN BROILER DIETS ON SOME PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE DURING SUMMER SEASON

This study was carried out at the Poultry Research Station, El-Azab, Fayoum, Egypt during the period from June to August 2011. Chicks were initially fed a control diet for four days. The total number of the experimental birds (120 at five days of age) was divided into five treatments (24 birds each), each treatment contained three replicates of eight birds each. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1Chicks fed the control diet. 2Chicks fed diet contained 1% fennel seeds (FS). 3Chicks fed diet contained 2% FS. 4Chicks fed diet contained 1% thyme dried leaves(TL). 5Chicks fed diet contained 2% TL. Results obtained could be summarized in the following: 1Neither type of medicinal plants (fennel seeds (FS) or thyme dried leaves (TL)) nor treatment effect had any significant effect on live body weight, live body weight gain, feed conversion, crude protein conversion, caloric conversion ratio, growth rate and performance index during the period from 5 to 42 days of age. While chicks fed diet contained 2% TL had significantly higher feed intake during the period from 5 to 42 days. 2Chicks fed diet contained 1% FS had significantly higher WBC as compared with other treatments and control group. 3Breast meat% of chicks fed diet contained FS had significantly higher breast meat% than those fed diet contained TL. No other differences on slaughter parameters were recorded among the treatment groups. 4Chicks fed diet contained FS had significantly lower body temperature than those fed diet contained TL. No significant differences on respiratory rate, intestinal pH and total microflora count were observed among the treatment groups. Chicks fed the control diet or that of 2% TL had higher mortality rate values during the whole experimental period as compared with those fed other treatments. 5Chicks fed diet contained 1% FS had the best economical and relative efficiency as compared with other treatments and the control group. In conclusion, inclusion of 1% FS enhanced growth and economical performance of Ross broilers, helped achieving physiological balance when broilers were subjected higher temperature .
The Effect of Temperature, Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, and Photoperiod on the Vegetative Growth and Flowering of `Autumn Bliss' Raspberry

The effects of temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and photoperiod on vegetative growth and fl owering of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) 'Autumn Blissʼ were investigated. Increased temperature resulted in an increased rate of vegetative growth and a greater rate of progress to fl owering. Optimum temperatures lay in the low to mid 20°C range. Above this the rate of plant development declined. Increased PPFD also advanced fl owering. While photoperiod did not signifi cantly affect the rate of vegetative growth, fl owering occurred earliest at intermediate photoperiods and was delayed by extreme photoperiods. These responses suggest that there is potential for adjusting cropping times of raspberry grown under protection by manipulating the environment, especially temperature. The raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) has a clearly defi ned annual cycle of growth. In primocane fruiting cultivars, canes are pro- duced in early spring and grow vegetatively until midsummer when fl oral primordia are initiated. These grow out to produce fruit in the autumn. In biennial fruiting cultivars fl ower initia- tion is delayed until autumn and, as a result, fruiting occurs in
Caracterização da qualidade de água e sedimento relacionados com a ocorrência de plantas aquáticas em cinco reservatórios da bacia do rio Tietê

Este trabalho e parte integrante de um projeto de pesquisa que tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo integrado de plantas aquaticas em cinco reservatorios da bacia do rio Tiete, usados na producao de energia eletrica. A ocorrencia de plantas aquaticas foi correlacionada com a qualidade da agua e do sedimento. Amostragens de agua e sedimento e levantamento de plantas foram realizados em junho de 2001 (estacao seca), outubro/novembro de 2001 (inicio da estacao chuvosa) e fevereiro/marco de 2002 (final da estacao chuvosa). Amostras de agua foram utilizadas para estimar a transmissao ou extincao de luz em comprimentos de onda de 190 a 900 nm para colunas de agua de 1 m de profundidade. Para melhor entendimento e registro (em fotos digitais) dos problemas com formacao de bancos de sedimento e plantas aquaticas, todos os reservatorios foram sobrevoados, usando um helicoptero, nos dias 4 e 5 de junho de 2001. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a ocorrencia de plantas submersas, destacando-se Egeria densa e Egeria najas, foi a mais dependente da transparencia da agua e transmissao de luz. A maior turbidez e solidos suspensos contidos e a menor transmissao de luz alteram a frequencia de plantas submersas. Os reservatorios de Promissao e Nova Avanhandava foram os mais infestados com plantas submersas. A ocorrencia de plantas marginais e flutuantes e muito dependente da formacao de bancos de sedimentos. Os reservatorios de Barra Bonita, Bariri e Ibitinga foram os mais infestados com plantas marginais e flutuantes. A concentracao de fosforo e nitrogenio, a turbidez e os solidos suspensos foram reduzidos com o deslocamento ao longo da sequencia de reservatorios no rio Tiete (Barra Bonita => Bariri => Ibitinga => Promissao => Nova Avanhandava).
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE HOLOTHURIAN HOLOTHURIA (METRIATYLA) SCABRA (JAEGER)

Some aspects on the biology of commercially most important holothuriam Holothuria (Metriatyla) acabra are presented. It subsists on the organic matter present in the mud or sand. An analysis of gut content revealed fine mud (75-125 ^), sand particles (250-500 p.), moUuscan shells, debris and bits of algae. This species spawns in June and October. By external examination and by taking sections of the gonads, five maturity stages such as immature, maturing, early mature, late mature and spent have been fixed. The characteristics of different stages of maturity are presented in detail.
Phylogeny of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera) based on molecular and morphological evidence: reconsidering the classification of Dermaptera

Abstract. Dermaptera (earwigs) is a cosmopolitan order of insects, the phylogenetic relationships of which are poorly understood. The phylogeny of Dermaptera was inferred from large subunit ribosomal (28S), small subunit ribosomal (18S), histone‐3 (H3) nuclear DNA sequences, and forty‐three morphological characters. Sequence data were collected for thirty‐two earwig exemplar taxa representing eight families in two suborders: Hemimeridae (suborder Hemimerina); Pygidicranidae, Anisolabididae, Labiduridae, Apachyidae, Spongiphoridae, Chelisochidae and Forficulidae (suborder Forficulina). Eighteen taxa from ten additional orders were also included, representing Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmida, Embiidina, Mantodea, Isoptera, Blattaria, Grylloblattodea and Zoraptera. These data were analysed via direct optimization in poy under a range of gap and substitution values to test the sensitivity of the data to variations in parameter values. These results indicate that the epizoic Hemimerus is not sister to the remaining Dermaptera, but rather nested as sister to Forficulidae + Chelisochidae. These analyses support the paraphyly of Pygidicranidae and Spongiphoridae and the monophyly of Chelisochidae, Forficulidae, Anisolabididae and Labiduridae.
Artérias mesentéricas cranial e caudal em aves (Gallus gallus) da linhagem Cobb 500

Theorigins, ramifications and distributions of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries were studied in 30 male fowls (Gallus gallus) from Cobb 500lineage, between 5 and 6 weeks old. The arterial vases of the specimens were filled with colored water-based solutionof Neoprene Latex "450" at 50% concentration afterwards they were fixed in a water-based solution of formaldehyde at 10% concentration. Thecranial mesenteric artery emerged from the right lateral surface of the descending aorta caudally the coeliac artery and through the ileocecal, jejunal and ileal arteries distributing itself by the jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum to end next to the vitelline diverticulum. The caudal mesenteric artery originated from the ventral surface of the descending aorta and soon divided into cranial and caudal branches, distributed by the rectum, cloaca and cloacal bursa. There were anastomoses among branches of the cranial mesenteric artery and also among branches of the cranial mesenteric artery and branches of the caudal mesenteric and coeliac arteries.
Fine structure and development of the sperm of the tick Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus (ixodoidea, argasidae)

Sperm development in Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus includes the formation of subsurface cisternae in the primary spermatocytes, which divide meiotically to secondary spermatocytes and ultimately to spermatids. During spermiogenesis the spermatid undergo morphological transformation including polarization of the nucleus and subsurface cisternae, formation of a cisternal tube, and modification of the subsurface cisternae to cellular processes surrounded by cisternal vesicles. Further transformation occurs after spermatids are introduced into the female. The spermatid cisternal tube now invaginates to form an inner cord surrounded by an outer sheath. The invaginated inner cord elongates anteriorly as the outer sheath continues to invaginate posteriorly during spermiogenesis. With further elongation, the spermatid membrane ruptures anteriorly, leaving the inner cord exposed as the outer surface of the maturing sperm. Posteriorly, the original plasma membrane invaginates to form an acrosomal canal which becomes surrounded by an acrosome. The hemispherical anterior end of the mature sperm is covered with rows of projections separated from the remainder of the sperm by a row of fringed processes. Except for the posterior end, the rest of the sperm is covered by longitudinally distributed electron‐dense cellular processes and an outer mat of more electron‐lucent tubular elements. Mitochondria and bundles of microfibrils are found beneath the cellular processes. Microfibrils are suggested to be the principal contractile organelles responsible for sperm motility. Cellular processes appear to be the main external motile structures, while movements of tubular elements and fringed processes may also contribute to sperm motility.
The Influence of Terminal Heat Stress on Meiosis Abnormalities in Pollen Mother Cells of Wheat

To study the effects of high temperature on the meiosis of pollen mother cells (PMCs) and to determine their relationship with grain set, two in situ experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2012 on four wheat cultivars, Kauz, Montana, M6 and Chamran, under normal (normal cultivation) and terminal heat stress (late cultivation) conditions. Due to the delay in cultivation for the cultivars under stress conditions, their flowering stage faced heat stress at the end of the growing season, and therefore, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase was observed in meiotic abnormalities. Cytogenetic studies discovered that the meiosis in PMCs and the pollen development are strongly influenced by heat. Based on the results, abnormalities such as precocious chromosome migration to the poles, laggard chromosomes, micronuclei, absence of metaphase plate, pyknosis, abnormal cytokines, cytomixis and abnormal tetrad were observed in different cultivars. The sensitive cultivars, M6 and Montana, had the greatest percentages of meiotic abnormalities. The meiotic abnormalities showed a significant negative correlation with the number of kernels per spike under terminal heat stress conditions (r = -0.54, n =16, p ≤ 0.01). In other words, due to increasing meiosis abnormalities under terminal heat stress, the grain set was greatly reduced, especially in the susceptible cultivars. The result of this experiment showed that studying the meiosis in PMCs can be suggested as one of the research necessary to improve commercial heat-tolerant cultivars, and to some extent, as a method for screening tolerant lines in breeding programs.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF AN IRRUPTING POPULATION OF DEER MICE

Abstract We assessed the spatial and temporal pattern and scale of an irruption by a population of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in the summer of 1997 in New Brunswick, Canada. We tested the prediction that spatial scales finer than the extent of the irruption would not reveal domains of population growth. Increases in the abundance of mice were seen across an extensive set of study grids (separated by >15 linear kilometers); however, growth rates were autocorrelated spatially over short distances (<300 m). The extensive irruption may have been a result of finer-scale irruptions occurring simultaneously.