Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Gross Moist Stability of the Tropical Atmosphere

Recent theoretical studies have indicated that large-scale circulation in deep convective regions evolves subject to an overall static stability—termed the gross moist stability—that takes into account both dry static stability and moist convective effects. The gross moist stability has been explicitly defined for a continuously stratified atmosphere under convective quasi-equilibrium constraints. A subsidiary quantity—the gross moisture stratification—measures the overall effectiveness in producing precipitation subject to these quasi-equilibrium constraints. These definitions are relevant in regions that experience deep convection sufficiently often; criteria based on climatological precipitation and maximum level of convection are used to define a domain of applicability. In this paper, 10-yr monthly mean rawinsonde data, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses are used to estimate the magnitude and horizontal distribution of these two quantities in the Tropics within the domain of applicability. The gross moist stability is found to be positive but much smaller than typical dry static stability values. Its magnitude varies modestly from 200 to 800 J kg21 and exhibits relatively little dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). These values correspond, for instance, to a phase speed change from 8 to 16 m s21 for the Madden‐Julian oscillation. The gross moisture stratification is larger and exhibits strong dependence on SST, varying from 1500 to 3500 J kg21 between cold and warm SST regions. A high degree of cancellation between effects of increasing low-level moisture and maximum level of convection, respectively, tends to keep the gross moist stability values relatively constant. Differences among the ECMWF and NMC analysis products and the rawinsonde data affect the estimate, but there is qualitative agreement. It is encouraging that reasonably robust estimates of a small, positive gross moist stability (as the difference between larger dry static stability and gross moisture stratification quantities) can be obtained. This helps justify use of small, constant moist phase speeds in some simple models of tropical circulation, although it also points out inconsistencies in how such models neglect variations in the height of convection.
Consumption and Wealth

Two remarkable features of the Australian economy over recent years have been strong growth in private consumption expenditure and household wealth. This paper examines the relationship between consumption and wealth in an effort to better understand aggregate consumption behaviour. We find a reasonably robust steady-state relationship between non-durables consumption, labour income and aggregate household wealth for the period 1988:Q4–1999:Q3. Based upon this relationship, an increase in per capita wealth of one dollar is eventually associated with a rise in annual non-durables consumption of approximately four cents. We also find that changes in both non-financial and financial assets have significant effects on consumption. Above-trend growth of wealth in recent years has contributed significantly to growth in consumption over this time. A further noteworthy result concerns the recent demutualisations and share floats in Australia; perhaps surprisingly, we find no evidence that these events had a significant effect on consumption growth. Finally, we place our results within the broader empirical literature and examine whether they are consistent with standard economic theories of consumption.
Neural Networks for Estimation of Scour Downstream of a Ski-Jump Bucket

The estimation of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket has remained inconclusive, despite analysis of numerous prototypes as well as hydraulic model studies in the past. It is partly due to the complexity of the phenomenon involved and partly because of limitations of the traditional analytical tool of statistical regression. This paper addresses the latter part and presents an alternative to the regression in the form of neural networks. The depth of the scour hole developed along with its width and length is predicted using neural network models. A network architecture complete with trained values of connection weight and bias and requiring input of grouped parameters pertaining to discharge head, tail water channel depth, bucket radius, lip angle, and median sediment size is recommended in order to predict the depth, the location of maximum scour, as well as the width of scour hole. The neural network predictions have been compared with traditional statistical schemes. Although the common and simple feed forward back propagation network took a very long time to train as compared to some advanced schemes, it was found to impart equally reliable training as the latter. Use of causative variables in grouped forms was found to be more rewarding than that of their raw forms probably due to lesser scaling effect.
Risk-averse multi-stage mixed-integer stochastic programming problems

RISK-AVERSE MULTI-STAGE MIXED-INTEGER STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS Ali İrfan Mahmutoğulları Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering Advisor: Özlem Çavuş İyigün Co-Advisor: Mehmet Selim Aktürk January 2019 Risk-averse multi-stage mixed-integer stochastic programming problems form a class of extremely challenging problems since the problem size grows exponentially with the number of stages, they are non-convex due to integrality restrictions, and their objective functions are nonlinear in general. In this thesis, we first focus on such problems with an objective of dynamic mean conditional value-at-risk. We propose a scenario tree decomposition approach to obtain lower and upper bounds for their optimal values and then use these bounds in an evaluate-and-cut procedure which serves as an exact solution algorithm for such problems with integer first-stage decisions. Later, we consider a risk-averse day-ahead scheduling of electricity generation or unit commitment problem where the objective is a dynamic coherent risk measure. We consider two different versions of the problem: adaptive and non-adaptive. In the adaptive model, the commitment decisions are updated in each stage, whereas in the non-adaptive model, the commitment decisions are fixed in the first-stage. We provide theoretical and empirical analyses on the benefit of using an adaptive multi-stage stochastic model. Finally, we investigate the trade off between the adaptivity of the model and the computational effort to solve it for risk-averse multi-stage production planning problems with an objective of dynamic coherent risk measure. We also conduct computational experiments in order to verify the theoretical findings and discuss the results of these experiments.
Biodiversity in Kenikeni Forest Reserve of Northern Ghana

The objectives of this study were; (1) to determine the composition of woody species; (2) to estimate the diversity of woody species, and (3) to determine the structure of woody species in the reserve. Thirty nested circular plots were purposively established in various vegetation types. A total of 68 woody species were identified belonging to 25 plant families. The Shannon diversity index was computed to be 3.5 indicating high diversity. There were more trees/shrubs in lower diameter class than the others hence the reverse J- Shape bar chart. The study concluded that the high woody species diversity enables the reserve to perform its function of providing ecological protection for headwaters and serving as a reservoir for game as well as contributing to the preservation of biodiversity. It also concluded that the characteristics of vegetation in the reserve were generally similar to that of other guinea savanna areas.
When Men Kill: Scenarios of Masculine Violence

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. An approach to the study of homicide 3. Scenarios of masculine violence in the context of sexual intimacy 4. Confrontational homicide 5. Taking exceptional risks: homicide in the course of other crime 6. Homicide as a form of conflict resolution 7. Rounding out the picture of homicide 8. Problems in the study of victim-offender relationships 9. Towards a theoretical analysis of homicide References Index.
A 35‐Year Record of Solifluction in a Maritime Periglacial Environment

Eight segmented PVC columns (Rudberg pillars) inserted vertically in the treads of three vegetation‐covered (‘turf‐banked’) solifluction lobes at altitudes of 912–1031 m in the Fannich Mountains of NW Scotland were exhumed 35 years after insertion, and downslope displacement of each segment was measured to derive velocity profiles for each site. Data from these profiles yielded average surface velocities of 7.8–10.6 mm a‐1 (mean 8.8 mm a‐1), average volumetric velocities of 8.3–13.3 cm3 cm‐1 a‐1 (mean 10.5 cm3 cm‐1 a‐1) and maximum displacement depths of 290–445 mm (mean 390 mm). Measured volumetric velocities for these maritime periglacial sites are fairly similar to those recorded in high alpine environments, but markedly less than most reported rates for solifluction in areas of warm permafrost or deep seasonal freezing. Movement affects only the uppermost parts of individual lobes, and the measured volumetric velocities imply either very slow advance of lobe fronts (~ 0.7 mm a‐1) or slow thickening and steepening of stationary lobe risers. Velocity profiles decline approximately exponentially with depth over the depth range 50–400 mm, consistent with movement by frost creep alone or frost creep plus gelifluction. Comparison with measured rates of periglacial mass transport elsewhere on British mountains suggests (1) that, contrary to traditional views, surface velocities are similar to (and may exceed) those of ploughing boulders in the same area, and (2) that both surface velocities and volumetric velocities are markedly less than at unvegetated sites where needle ice creep is the dominant component of solifluction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jurassic clay mineral sedimentation control factors in the Essaouira Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco)

Variations in the Jurassic clay mineral assemblages of sediments cropping out in the Essaouira field (North of the Western High Atlas Basin) make it possible to identify three mineralogical zones. As the effects of burial diagenesis seem weak, the vertical evolution of clay minerals depends mainly on various combinations of palaeogeographic factors. The inputs of illite and sometimes of chlorite throughout the series result from tectonic movements of the continental margins connected to the basin's subsidence. This tectonic activity was interspersed with phases of deceleration of subsidence, which allowed the formation under a hot climate, of pedological covers responsible for the input of kaolinite and mixed layers into the basin. Smectites are assumed to be mainly neoformed in shallow environments under hot climates. Variations in sea-level are also expressed in the Callovian, where generalized transgression allowed the development of detrital clay sedimentation instead of chemical sedimentation in the basin.
SPHENOTHALLUS FROM THE LOWER SILURIAN OF CHINA

The genus Sphenothallus was erected by Hall (1847, p. 261), who originally considered it a land plant. Sphenothallus was later classified as a marine invertebrate. Moore and Harrington (1956, p. F65) regarded Sphenothallus as a hydrozoan or scyphozoan. Van Iten et al. (1992, p. 139) supported Moore and Harrington's idea, and argued that it displays a close relationship to conularids (also see Li, 2000, p. 91). However, Mason and Yochelson (1985, p. 93–94) suggested that Sphenothallus is an annelid or “worm” (also see Fauchald et al., 1986, p. 64; Feldmann et al., 1986, p. 344–345; Choi, 1990, p. 403; Bartels et al., 1998, p. 114–117). The exact phylogenetic affinity of Sphenothallus is still debated.
Archives of Renal Diseases and Management

Peyronie’s disease is a relatively common condition, with an incidence of 3-9%. It is often associated with diabetes and erectile dysfunction (ED). This condition causes a penile deformity that can affect sexual penetration and lead to psychological disorders because of the difficulty in coping with the situation. Sometime the surgery does not satisfy the patients; we tried to evaluate this aspect of the disease.
Trends in Antarctic Geopotential Height and Temperature: A Comparison between Radiosonde and NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data

Abstract A comparison of 40-yr (1960–99) trends in Antarctic geopotential height and temperature from quality controlled radiosonde observations and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) data is undertaken. Observations from four Antarctic stations—having sufficiently long-term and consistent datasets—at four pressure levels (850, 500, 300, and 100 hPa) are utilized. The NNR reveals substantial negative trends in tropospheric geopotential height at high southern latitudes with no significant trends seen in the lower stratosphere above Antarctica. In contrast, observations indicate only minor negative trends in tropospheric height, while statistically significant decreases in height in the lower stratosphere have occurred over East Antarctica. However, both NNR and observations show a consistent, significant warming (∼1°C) in the lower troposphere (>500 hPa) above coastal Antarctica. At higher altitudes, trends derived from the two datasets diverge; the NNR fails to capture the marked cooling in the lower stratospher.
On the consistency of model, ground‐based, and satellite observations of tidal signatures: Initial results from the CAWSES tidal campaigns

[1] Comparisons between tidal wind signatures diagnosed from satellite and ground-based observations and a general circulations model for two (September–October 2005, March–April 2007) of the four Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) Global Tidal Campaign observation periods are presented (CAWSES is an international program sponsored by Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics). Specific comparisons are made between model (extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model), satellite (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)), meteor, MF and incoherent scatter radar (ISR), and lidar tidal signatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The satellite and ground-based signatures are in good agreement and demonstrate for the first time that the tidal wind fields observed by both types of observations are consistent with each other. This is the first time that such agreement has been reported and effectively resolves the long-standing issue between ground-based radar and satellite optical measurements of winds. This level of agreement, which has proved elusive in the past, was accomplished by superposing the significant tidal components from the satellite analyses to reconstruct the fields observed by the ground stations. Particularly striking in these comparisons is the extent to which the superposed fields show strong geographic variability. This variability is also seen in the component superpositions generated from the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (eCMAM), although differences in the geographic patterns are evident.
The Chicken and the Quetzal: Incommensurate Ontologies and Portable Values in Guatemala's Cloud Forest

In The Chicken and the Quetzal Paul Kockelman theorizes the creation, measurement, and capture of value by recounting the cultural history of a village in Guatemala's highland cloud forests and its relation to conservation movements and ecotourism. In 1990 a group of German ecologists founded an NGO to help preserve the habitat of the resplendent quetzal—the strikingly beautiful national bird of Guatemala—near the village of Chicacnab. The ecotourism project they established in Chicacnab was meant to provide new sources of income for its residents so they would abandon farming methods that destroyed quetzal habitat. The pressure on villagers to change their practices created new values and forced negotiations between indigenous worldviews and the conservationists' goals. Kockelman uses this story to offer a sweeping theoretical framework for understanding the entanglement of values as they are interpreted and travel across different and often incommensurate ontological worlds. His theorizations apply widely to studies of the production of value, the changing ways people make value portable, and value's relationship to ontology, affect, and selfhood.
Coupling after Acute Subdural Hematoma in the Rat

WE HAVE USED a recently introduced cerebral blood flow tracer, technetium-99DL-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, to map regional cerebral blood flow simultaneously with measurements of glucose metabolism ([ 14C]-2deoxyglucose technique) using autoradiography. The technique was used to compare the acute effects of middle cerebral artery occlusion with the more complex events that occur after induction of an acute subdural hematoma (SDH) in the rat. Previous studies with this SDH model have shown that an infarction is induced in the cortex under the hematoma. In both models, the core of the infarct zone was associated with a reduction in both flow and metabolism to less than 15% of control values. In both models, the infarct core was surrounded by a band of tissue in which glucose metabolism increases by 60 to 70% and blood flow is reduced by the same amount. Global blood flow after the SDH was reduced by 14%, but remained unchanged after middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the hippocampus, a massive increase in metabolism (up to 157%) after SDH was accompanied by a paradoxical decrease in blood flow (32%). This discrepancy between blood flow and metabolism indicates loss of flow-metabolism coupling and provides a mechanism for infarct recruitment and delayed hippocampal damage after SDH.
Räumliche Dynamik des Pendelverkehrs in Deutschland und der Schweiz: das Beispiel München und Zürich

It is well known among European transport researchers that cross-municipality commuting increased constantly over the years. Less and less people live and work within the same municipality. The average distances of commuting rose markedly through recent decades. This paper explores this trend in new ways focusing on the commuting patterns of two agglomerations in Germany and Switzerland: Munich and Zurich. The analysis is based on data of commuting trips at the spatial scale of municipalities for two points in time. In order to compare the shifts in commutes for both agglomerations we use different indicators considering in- and out-commuting trips jointly. Our results are in line with prior studies from Germany, Switzerland and abroad. We clearly find a trend of increasing shares of in- and out-commuting trips. The intensification of commuting goes along with a rise in commuting distances over the years. We thus can observe expanding commuter sheds in Munich and Zurich as well as in other agglomerations within both countries. The interregional comparison shows somewhat higher degrees of commuting volumes and distances in the case of Munich. In the Zurich region municipalities with high levels of in- and out-commuting trips are frequently located along motorways and/or in close neighbourhood to major urban centres. We can not detect similar patterns in the region of Munich.
Particle Size Studies on Tobacco Smoke

Abstract To evaluate the effects of dilution and filtration on the particle size of tobacco smoke, a cyanoacrylate fixation technique has been applied directly to smoke issuing from a cigarette. This fresh, undiluted smoke has appreciable numbers of particles with diameters less than 0.1 and relatively few particles with diameters greater than 0.5 micrometer. For a middle puff on an unfiltered tobacco cigarette, the median and mass median diameters are 0.20 and 0.32 micrometer. The experimental method involves the injection of cyanoacrylate vapor directly into the issuing smoke stream, collecting a sample of fixed particles on a membrane filter, and the use of image analysis to separate, size and count individual particles. Aging of undiluted smoke for up to 1.4 seconds essentially doubles the number and mass median diameters and decreases the particulate concentration in line with coagulation theory. Different puffs on unfiltered cigarettes have little effect on the size distribution and particulate concentration. Addition of a filter removes both larger and smaller particles, and tends to skew the distribution to smaller sizes. The reduction in particulate concentration in filtered smoke is as expected from nicotine removal efficiencies. Filter dilution tends to skew the size distribution to larger sizes, while tobacco column dilution has no great effect. Particulate concentration correlates well with overall dilution levels.
Reconstitution of Atp-dependent Movement of Endocytic Vesicles along Microtubules in Vitro: an Oscillatory Bidirectional Process □ V

We have previously used the asialoglycoprotein receptor system to elucidate the pathway of hepatocytic processing of ligands such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). These studies suggested that endocytic vesicles bind to and travel along microtubules under the control of molecular motors such as cytoplasmic dynein. We now report reconstitution of this process in vitro with the use of a microscope assay to observe the interaction of early endocytic vesicles containing fluorescent ASOR with fluorescent microtubules. We find that ASOR-containing endosomes bind to microtubules and translocate along them in the presence of ATP. This represents the first time that mammalian endosomes containing a well-characterized ligand have been directly observed to translocate on microtubules in vitro. The endosome movement does not require cytosol or exogenous motor protein, is oscillatory, and is directed toward the plus and minus ends at equal frequencies. We also observe endosomes being stretched in opposite directions along microtu-bules, suggesting that microtubules could provide a mechanical basis for endocytic sorting events. The movement of endosomes in vitro is consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules actively participate in the sorting and distribution of endocytic contents.
An experimental study of site effects near Thessaloniki (northern Greece)

Ground-motion amplification by local geology conditions is investigated near Thessaloniki, Greece, using spectral ratios of S waves from local and regional earthquakes. We present results for two different experiments using an array of five digital three-component seismographs. In the first, instruments were installed across Vasilika sedimentary valley, southeast of Thessaloniki (three on sediments and two on rock sites outside the valley). Empirical transfer functions relative to one of the rock sites show significant amplification for low frequencies (between 1 and 6 Hz) at the stations on the sediments and at high frequencies (between 8 and 15 Hz) for a station on a weathered rock site. Our spectral ratios for local earthquakes have shapes similar to those for regional earthquakes but the amplification levels are different. In the second experiment, the seismographs were installed at five sites within the city of Thessaloniki, on four different geological formations. According to our results, site response does not vary significantly between gneiss, quartzites, and recrystallized limestone. Two stations on the same Neogene formation (a series of red, silty clays with mica and calcareous concretionary bodies) show relative amplification which attains a factor of 5 relative to the rock site, but the shapes of the transfer functions are different between the two stations. Finally, we show that our results correlate well with macroseismic information from the 1978 seismic sequence in Thessaloniki, consisting of both regional isoseismal maps and damage distribution within the city. This substantiates the use of weak-motion records to estimate local ground-motion amplification in earthquake engineering.