Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE LIFE HISTORY AND REPRODUCTION OF THE RED KANGAROO (MEGALEIA RUFA)

Newborn young of the red kangaroo weighed about 750 mg. They had well-developed nostrils and a large tongue and the forelimbs and digits of the inanus were well developed but otherwise the external features were embryonic. Sexes of the young were recognized when they were 14 to 20 days old. The young were firmly attached to the teat during the early part of pouch life, but one young removed from the teat at 43 days was able to re-attach and another was found free when 70 days old. Observations relating to the appearance of body pigment, vibrissae and hair were made. Young about 150 days old were observed protruding their heads from the mother's pouch; they emerged temporarily at about 200 days and permanently at about 240 days. Young out of the pouch continued to suckle from the elongated teat they had used while in the pouch. Growth curves for the developing pouch young are given. In a non-lactating female the interval between one oostrus, as diagnosed from the vaginal smear, and the next oestrus, at which mating occurred, was 37 days. The intervals between mating with the occurrence of fertilization, and post-partum mating were 33 to 35 days. The gestation period was between 32 and 34 days. Fertilization occurred at post-partum oestrus but the resulting offspring was not born while the earlier young occupied the pouch. If the pouch young was prematurely removed birth of a further young, resulting from post-partum fertilization, occurred between 31 days 2 hours and 31 days 14 hours after removal. If the young was reared until it left the pouch birth occurred 230 to 252 days after post-partum mating and in the absence of intervening mating. Parturition was observed five times in three females. During the hours before birth occurred pregnant females repeatedly cleaned the pouch by licking inside it. They also licked around the urogenital opening and one female licked the ventral surface between urogenital opening and pouch. Females sat on the base of the tail with the tail passed forwards between the hind-legs, the legs extended forwards and the back supported by the enclosure fence while giving birth. Newborn young took about three minutes to reach the pouch after birth and there was no evidence that they were actively assisted by the mothers.
Comparison of ice accumulation on simplex and duplex conductors in parallel overhead transmission lines in Iceland

This paper presents results from icing measurements which have been operated for more than 8 years in two parallel OHTLs. The two OHTLs are built for 400 kV but are currently operated on 220 kV. The measurements are made in suspension towers with load cells in one phase conductor attachment points. The ice accumulation at the measuring site from November 2006 to May 2015 is analysed. The lines were energised January 2007. A diagram of icing on simplex and duplex conductors is published. Icing periods are recorded and the icing accumulation calculated for each period. Timing of the beginning of ice shedding is evaluated. Icing accumulation on simplex and duplex conductors is investigated with regards to estimated torsional stiffness of the conductors.
A novel framework to study colour signalling to multiple species

Summary The overwhelming focus of studies on communication has been on interactions among conspecifics. However, communication is often selected by a complex network of disparate intended perceivers and eavesdroppers belonging to multiple species. Shifting towards a multiple-perceiver paradigm requires a framework to compare the perception of signals across the different community members. Here, we present the stimulation landscape, a generalist model that achieves this goal. A stimulation landscape consists of a multidimensional space describing every possible stimulus for a given signalling system, to which is added one dimension indicating for each stimulus its conspicuousness for a given perceiver. Random sampling of stimuli in the landscape then allows computing a reference distribution of conspicuousness, which is used to standardize the observed conspicuousness. The stimulation landscapes corresponding to the different perceivers participating in a communication system all have the same dimensionality and scaling. They can thus be combined to describe the amalgamation of the selective forces exerted on a signal by the distinct sensory systems of multiple perceivers. We detail the model in the context of colour signalling and apply it to the case of sexual communication in songbirds. Songbirds have a different visual system than their main predators, the birds of prey. We therefore asked whether songbirds evolved colour signals that can mediate the trade-off between sexual selection exerted by conspecifics and natural selection exerted by birds of prey. We show that yellow – not ultraviolet colours as previously thought – maximize the difference of conspicuousness to songbirds and to birds of prey, but that the perceptual similarities between these two groups generally hamper the evolution of private visual communication in songbirds. The stimulation landscape is a valuable tool to investigate the role of communication in structuring the large networks of interactions between species. We further show that the stimulation landscape is related to the evolutionary model of adaptive landscape. By explicitly addressing communication in a community context, the stimulation landscape contributes to bridge the current gap between evolution and ecology.
Globalizations

Globalization is a plural phenomenon. There are at least five major discourses on it that usually ignore each other: competitive economics, social criticism, state (im)potence, culture and planetary ecology. The dimensions of globalization include a number of substantial social processes as well as two different kinds of dynamics: systemic and interacting exogenous actors. Globalizations are not new phenomena. At least six historical waves, beginning with the spread of world religions, may be identified. An attempt is made to systematize the effects of globalizations on different world regions and social actors. Issues of governance are raised, focusing on states and norms.
Isolation and evaluation of endophytic fungi with antimicrobial ability from Phyllostachys edulis

Endophytic fungi (30) isolates from bamboo branches were categorized into 12 genera, based on the blast analyses of ITS nrDNA sequence in GenBank and microscopic examination. The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of endophytic fungi. Inhibitory effects against clinical pathogens and phytopathogens have been screened for all the isolates preliminarily and strains tentatively identified as Cladosporium sphaerospermum (PE106), Simplicillium lanosoniveum (PE120), Curvularia sp. (PE127), Didymella sp. (PE128) and Penicillium cf. raistrickii (PE130) presented bioactivity against at least four tested pathogens using the agar diffusion method. Crude extracts of PE106, PE120, PE127 and PE130 displayed broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogenic fungi by mycelial radial growth test. All of the four isolates were found to have high bioactivity against the frequent plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana, and two of the isolates (PE120 and PE130) also inhibited the growth of phytopathogen Thanatephorus cucumeris noteworthily. This study is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with branches of Ph. edulis.
The availability of alcohol, tobacco and other drug services for adults in New York State Community Health Centers

ABSTRACT NY State community health center sites were surveyed in 2012 to assess the availability of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug services for the underserved. Surveys were completed from 156 of 251 adult primary care clinical sites (62% response rate). Seventy-one percent of sites had guidelines requiring screening for mental health problems while less than half (46%) had guidelines for substance use disorders. In practice, 55% of clinics reported nearly all adults were screened for mental health disorders compared to 32% of adults for substance use disorders (SUD). Forty three percent of sites that screened patients for SUD did not use a standard screening instrument. More than three quarters of sites offered tobacco cessation services while 17% reported offering SUD treatment. Findings from multi-level analyses suggested that FQHC organizations influence sites’ SUD screening requirements but not the provision of on-site treatment. Analyses further suggested that neither geographic setting (urban/rural) nor the size of the FQHC organization influenced screening requirements or on-site treatment availability. Although more research is needed to explore differences between site and organizational level reporting, this study suggests that SUD screening rates remain low among FQHC primary care sites, but that FQHC organization could improve rates across sites by requiring SUD screening using a standard instrument.
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition Among Young Indian Adults – An Experimental Study

Aerobic exercise is composed of several modes of exercises that primarily stress up the aerobic energy system & thus producing a number of cardiovascular & respiratory adaptations, and indicated that vital role of exercise training, including enhanced cardiovascular functions, decrease mortality, reduced coronary heart disease, enhanced cognition, decrease fall risk and improve depression. Therefore, the study aim is to investigate the effects of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on cognition among young Indian adults. A total number of 144 students were evaluated, from their 54 students met the inclusion criteria, and were preceded for further study procedure. Stroop test has been used for evaluation where pre and post-Stroop completion time and errors were measured. Comparison of pre and post-Stroop completion time by individuals and significant difference was found (<0.001), hence Stroop completion time and errors were recorded separately. From findings of the study it was concluded that aerobic exercise is beneficial and also responsible for cognitive function enhancement, in all age groups.
Effect of Rosemary and Sweet Marjoram on three Predacious Mites of the Family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The direct toxicity of two essential oils,Majorana hortensis,Moench and Rosmarinus officinalis L.to adult females of the predacious mites,Amblyseius zaheri Yousef and El-Borolossy,Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes)and Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski were tested.Rosemary oil was the most toxic to fe- males of A.barkeri and the least to A.zaheri. In contrast,sweet marjoram oil was relatively toxic to T.athiasae and slightly toxic to A.barkeri. Both essential oils,decreased the food consumption rate at the concentration used for A.barkeri and A.zaheri. Females of A.barkeri and A.zaheri suffered a depression in reproduction when treated with 1% of rosemary oil.Both material used seems to be harmless to T.athiasae at 1%.
Locomotor speeds of gravid lizards: placing ‘costs of reproduction’ within an ecological context

Summary 1 Mathematical models suggest that ‘costs of reproduction’ (decrements in an organism's probable future reproductive output due to investing in current reproduction) are major determinants of life-history evolution. 2 Pregnancy decreases locomotor performance in many taxa, and could render reproducing females more vulnerable to predators. To evaluate the importance of this ‘cost of reproduction’, however, we need to know the magnitude of performance decrement induced by reproduction relative to that induced by other factors in the animal's biology. 3 Studies on adult female skinks (Lampropholis guichenoti) confirm that pregnancy significantly impairs maternal locomotion, but also show that factors such as a moderate decrease in body temperature, a large meal or loss of the tail reduced locomotor speeds even more than did pregnancy. Thus, reproductive state probably causes only a minor proportion of the total temporal variation in a female skink's locomotor ability. 4 In such a system, even a large effect of pregnancy on running speeds may not impose a significant selective pressure on reproductive investment. 5 Climate and foraging modes may affect the degree to which locomotor speeds are influenced by pregnancy vs. other factors, offering a potential explanation for the lower overall reproductive investment per clutch in tropical vs. temperate-zone reptiles, and in lizards vs. snakes.
Estabelecimento de normas DRIS para o diagnóstico nutricional do coqueiro-anão verde na região Norte Fluminense

Field trials were conducted with the aim of establishing DRIS norms for green dwarf coconut in the North of the state of Rio de Janeiro as an alternative for the nutritional diagnosis of plants. Trials were conducted in the districts of Sao Joao da Barra, at Sao Joao farm and Quissama, at Capivari farm, from March, 2000 to December, 2001. A high yielding crop at the Sao Joao farm, whose mean yield was 227 ± 16 fruits plant-1 year-1, had leaves samples taken at 132 days intervals during a two year period to establish DRIS norms. Lower yielding plants at the Capivari farm were nutritionally diagnosed by means of the generated DRIS norms. The plants to be diagnosed were divided into four yielding categories, 200 fruits plant-1 year-1. The diagnosis by means of DRIS indicated the following limitation order of deficiency: K> Ca> B, in the coconut culture at the Capivari farm. The classes of smaller productivity presented K and B DRIS indices more negative than the class of larger productivity. An apparent nutritional unbalance between Ca and Mg was indicated.
Reconstructing the history of intercontinental dispersal in Daphnia lumholtzi by use of genetic markers

After its appearance in 1989, the cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi rapidly dispersed throughout the southern United States. In the current study, we used allozyme and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid sequence data to infer the past dispersal of this species. Both genetic markers revealed the similarity among all U.S. populations and those from Uganda and Nepal but their divergence from Australian lineages. The extent of genetic divergence among populations, when coupled with estimates of rates of molecular evolution, suggests that the distribution of this species reflects a series of long‐distance dispersal events over the last 4 million years.
The return of the social: Algorithmic identity in an age of symbolic demise

This article explores the socio-algorithmic construction of identity categories based on an ethnographic study of the Israeli data analytics industry. While algorithmic categorization has been described as a post-textual phenomenon that leaves language, social theory, and social expertise behind, this article focuses on the return of the social—the process through which the symbolic means resurface to turn algorithmically produced clusters into identity categories. I show that such categories stem not only from algorithms’ structure or their data, but from the social contexts from which they arise, and from the values assigned to them by various individuals. I accordingly argue that algorithmic identities stem from epistemic amalgams—complex blends of algorithmic outputs and human expertise, messy data flows, and diverse inter-personal factors. Finally, I show that this process of amalgamation arbitrarily conjoins quantitative clusters with qualitative labels, and I discuss the implausibility of seeing named algorithmic categories as explainable.
Nitrogen deposition enhances moss growth, but leads to an overall decline in habitat condition of mountain moss‐sedge heath

Ecosystems are subject to multiple, natural and anthropogenic environmental influences, including nitrogen (N) deposition, land use and climate. Assessment of the relative importance of these influences on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is crucial for guiding policy and management decisions to mitigate global change; yet, few studies consider multiple drivers. In the UK, ongoing loss of the internationally important arctic/alpine moss‐sedge community, Racomitrium heath, has been linked to elevated N deposition, high grazing pressures and their combination; however, the relative importance of these drivers remains unclear. We used environmental gradients across the habitat's European distribution (UK, Faroes, Norway and Iceland) to investigate the relative impact of N deposition and grazing pressure, as well as climate, on the condition of the dominant moss species, Racomitrium lanuginosum. Key variables including tissue chemistry, growth and cover were measured at 36 sites, and multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relative importance of the drivers across sites. Our results clearly show that regional variation in the condition of R. lanuginosum across Europe is primarily associated with the impacts of N deposition, with climate (air temperature) and grazing pressure playing secondary roles. In contrast to previous experimental studies, we found moss growth to be stimulated by elevated N deposition; this apparent discrepancy may result from the use of artificially high N concentrations in many experiments. Despite increased growth rates, we found that moss mat depth and cover declined in response to N deposition. Our results suggest that this is due to increased decomposition of material in the moss mat, which ultimately leads to loss of moss cover and habitat degradation. This study clearly demonstrates both the key role of N deposition in degradation of Racomitrium heath and the importance of observational studies along natural gradients for testing predictions from experimental studies in the real world.
The influence of seasonal and taxonomic factors on the ordination and classification of running‐water sites in Great Britain and on the prediction of their macro‐invertebrate communities

SUMMARY. 1. Macro-invertebrate samples were collected from 268 running-water sites in Great Britain in each of three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). A combined seasons’treatment was generated by amalgamating the individual seasons’data. These four seasonal options were each subjected to four distinct taxonomic analyses differing in level of identification and whether the data were quantitative or qualitative. Thus sixteen data-sets were available for analysis. Environmental data on physical and chemical variables, macrophyte cover and date of sampling were also recorded for each site. 2. All sixteen data-sets were ordinated by detrended correspondence analysis and classified by two-way indicator species analysis. There were strong correlations between the sixteen ordinations and significant concordance between classifications. 3. The relationships between ordination scores and single environmental variables were investigated. Muhiple discriminant analysis was used to fit environmental data to eight selected classifications covering the full range of seasonal and taxonomic treatments. The environmental variables most useful in distinguishing between rivers were substratum characteristics, alkalinity and total oxidized nitrogen. Within-river differences were often highly correlated with discharge, distance from source, width and depth. Slope and altitude contributed strongly to both between-river and within-river distinctions. 4. Between-site variation (beta diversity), eigenvalues of ordination, the reliability of classifications, the proportion of sites correctly assigned to their biological group using environmental data and the standardized similarity between observed and predicted fauna were all higher when identifications were taken to species level, rather than one of three family treatments. Qualitative data on a reduced list of families gave comparable or better results than more detailed family treatments. 5. Combined seasons’data enabled better categorization and prediction than single season's. 6. The values of the Czekanowski Index of Similarity between the observed and predicted fauna of test sites were close to realistic maximum values. 7. Recommendations are made concerning potential usages of the various classifications. The species level classification has uses in the field of conservation and in the prediction of biological response to environmental change. The family level classifications have value in developing local site inventories and in the interpretation of pollution surveillance programmes.
The clinical environment: A facilitator of professional socialisation

Background Competencies of health care workers, including nurses, often do not meet the health needs of populations. The clinical learning environment (CLE) is vital in socialising neophyte student nurses to display the desired competencies. Student nurses are however confronted with challenges, especially in the CLE, during this process. Aim This article shares three validated guidelines to support professional nurses and nurse educators in facilitating appropriate professional socialisation of student nurses in the CLE. Setting The study was conducted in an 832-bed academic hospital and nine nursing education institutions (NEIs) that offered the nursing programme concerned in a province in South Africa. Method A sequential, exploratory, mixed-methods study was conducted and qualitative data were collected from two purposive samples, consisting of seven focus group interviews and field notes. Five themes that emerged from the integrated data guided the instrument design to collect data quantitatively from 277 educators. Experts validated 10 guidelines to a set of criteria, which was developed combining all data. Results Qualitative and quantitative research evidenced that the CLE mostly did not support student nurses during professional socialisation. A few role models’ behaviour was noteworthy, while student supervision was inadequate. The CLE was stressful, lacked in resources, marked by uncoordinated student placement, insufficient communication and inadequate preparation of student nurses. This evidence informed the development of the guidelines. Conclusions The guidelines were (1) the empowerment of role models through reflective practice, (2) capacity building of professional nurses and nurse educators as clinical supervisors by means of intervention strategies and (3) adopting a multifaceted approach in the creation of a positive CLE. These guidelines could facilitate appropriate professional socialisation of student nurses.