Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerosol chemical components in Alaska air masses: 1. Aged pollution

A 4-year Alaska chemical data set of aerosols or “dust” in the air clearly reveals a mixture of distinct aerosol components with different and interesting chemical composition, one or two being ascribed to pollution imported to Alaska by winds all the way from other continents. Of particular note is a strong chemical contrast between what we imagine to be highly scavenged, orographically lifted, northern Pacific air (Pacific marine air mass) and stagnant Arctic air (polar air mass), the latter containing seasonal average concentrations of between 2–4 times the concentration of the former, at least for pollution markers noncrustal vanadium, noncrustal manganese, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and antimony. The findings concur our old discovery that Arctic air is persistently polluted (Arctic haze), but Pacific air is relatively clean, in spite of the fact that Alaska is downwind of major pollution sources in the Orient. This is remarkable. In this the first of a two-part paper, we concentrate on the pollution component found primarily during incursion of Arctic polar air. Two major occurrences of visual haze with optical depths of approximately 0.2 and elevated aerosol concentration lasting about a month (spring 1985 and 1986) were affiliated with strong incoming transport of polar air, temperatures ranging from 10° to 20°C below normal (polar air) and air trajectory hindcasts leading back to industrial pollution sources in Eurasia. These long-range transport pollution events brought metal-rich aerosol of removal-resistant submicron particles. The size, chemistry, and meteorology all strongly suggest the presence of a well-aged (10–100 day) polluted air mass. An important implication is that in spring a large fraction of the Arctic polar air mass becomes charged with by-products of industrial pollution. In this multiyear chemical data set one finds a notable summer-winter contrast, changing by factors of 2 to 4 for pollution markers As, Se, Sb, and noncrustal manganese (NcMn) with the minima occurring in the summer months and the maxima in March and April. There is also a twofold-threefold decrease in pollution markers between the interior or geographic center of Alaska and Barrow in Arctic Alaska, a gradient, completely in accord with the picture of a generally polluted Arctic air mass system about the size of Africa in area.
NEW MATERIAL OF QIANICHTHYOSAURUS LI, 1999 (REPTILIA, ICHTHYOSAURIA) FROM THE LATE TRIASSIC OF SOUTHERN CHINA, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRIASSIC ICHTHYOSAURS

Abstract A new specimen of the ichthyosaur Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, from the Late Triassic of southeastern China shares many characters with the poorly known genus Toretocnemus californicus Merriam, 1903, from the Carnian of California. Both species have a femur with a greatly expanded distal end, three primary and one accessory digits in front and hind limbs, and notching on both leading and trailing edges of the flippers. Qianichthyosaurus is referred to the Family Toretocnemidae Maisch and Matzke, 2000. The close relationship between these two taxa suggests a trans-Pacific distribution of ichthyosaur faunas in the Triassic.
Beauty Contests and Iterated Expectations in Asset Markets

In a financial market where traders are risk averse and short lived and prices are noisy, asset prices today depend on the average expectation today of tomorrow's price. Thus (iterating this relationship) the date 1 price equals the date 1 average expectation of the date 2 average expectation of the date 3 price. This will not, in general, equal the date 1 average expectation of the date 3 price. We show how this failure of the law of iterated expectations for average belief can help understand the role of higher-order beliefs in a fully rational asset pricing model. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Non-parametric Identification of the Mixed Hazards Model with Interval-Censored Durations

Econometric duration data are typically interval-censored, that is, not directly observed, but observed to fall within a known interval. Known non-parametric identification results for duration models with unobserved heterogeneity rely crucially on exact observation of durations at a continuous scale. Here, it is established that the mixed hazards model is non-parametrically identified through covariates that vary over time within durations as well as between observations when durations are interval-censored. The results hold for the mixed proportional hazards model as a special case.
Mobile Learning Readiness among Malaysian Students at Higher Learning Institutes

Learning today is beyond the four walls and the Internet environment. The advancement of mobile technology has opened up a myriad of learning opportunities for students in Higher Learning Institutions who need to cope with a complex and demanding learning environment. With this increasing number of mobile phone owners, especially among the student population in Malaysia, educators should look into the possibility of integrating mobile learning into the academic programmes at Institutions of Higher Learning. This paper focuses on basic readiness, skills readiness, psychological readiness and budget readiness of students at two different universities in relation to mobile learning. An online questionnaire survey was used to collect data for this study. The findings revealed that the students are highly familiar with computing skills and they welcome the integration of mobile learning in education. The study also revealed that the students were uncertain as to how much money they needed to spend for the telephone line and Internet line apart from the software and hardware requirements. A discussion on the implications of the findings will also be presented.
Like a Good Neighbor: Monetary Policy, Financial Stability, and the Distribution of Risk

In an economy in which debt obligations are fixed in nominal terms, a monetary policy focused narrowly on controlling inflation insulates lenders from aggregate output risk, leaving borrowers as residual claimants. This concentration of risk has the potential to exacerbate the financial distress associated with adverse supply shocks. A better risk distribution is obtained if the price level is allowed to rise whenever output is unexpectedly weak. Illustrative examples are presented in which an appropriately countercyclical inflation policy exactly reproduces the risk allocation that one would observe with perfect capital markets.
Medicinal properties of whole fruit extracts of Nauclea latifolia

The continuous search for novel compounds against microbial infections and oxidative stress-induced debilitating diseases like diabetes has intensified in recent years. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents, time-kill antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potentials of whole fruit extracts of Nauclea latifolia Smith. The crude extract and fractions of whole fruit of NL exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity and the rate of killing of the extract appears to be time and concentration dependent. The presence of phytoconstituents were also recorded in the whole fruit. N-butanol fraction showed the highest radical scavenging activities while chloroform and n-butanol fraction showed strong inhibitory potentials against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. The results obtained showed that whole fruit of NL elicited commendable antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities which are attributed to the presence of its phytoconstituents and thus support its folkloric uses in the treatment of microbial infections and oxidative stress-mediated diseases like hyperglycaemia.
Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America

In this perceptive and revealing study, Mary Waters explores the 'reinvention' of ethnicity in the lives of the grandchildren and great grandchildren of European immigrants, asking how their ethnic heritage is lived, maintained, and celebrated. Through in-depth interviews with sixty third and fourth generation white ethnics in suburban California and Pennsylvania, the author discovers a surprisingly resilient sense of ethnicity among people who could reasonably label themselves simply 'American'. Mary Waters' research brings to light a fascinating history of American immigration, revealing aspects of a shared culture and ideology and the unique ways in which ethnic identities fulfill very American needs. Describing the 'symbolic ethnicity' of later generation white ethnics as a quintessential American phenomenon, she argues that ethnicity has retained its importance in our lives precisely because it allows people to reconcile the contradictory American values of choice, individuality, and community. In addition to her exploration of the symbolic ethnicity of later generation middle-class whites, Mary Waters addresses its cost to society, contrasting it with the optionless ethnicity of non-white Americans. Her conclusions in "Ethnic Options" constitute an invaluable contribution to our understanding of contemporary American life.
Ionospheric effects of the solar eclipse of March 9, 1997, as deduced from GPS data

This paper presents data from first measurements of total electron content (TEC) and its gradient during the solar eclipse of March 9, 1997, obtained with the GPS‐radio interferometer at Irkutsk. The interferometer consists of three receivers (one Turbo‐Rogue SNR‐8000, and two Ashtech Z‐12) located at the vertices of a triangle and spaced by about 3–5 km. The measured TEC variations are indicative of profound changes in the ion production process in the ionosphere attendant on the solar eclipse, simultaneously in a large volume of space with a radius of at height 300 km at 300 km altitude. The delay of a minimum value of TEC with respect to the maximum phase of eclipse at 300 km altitude was about 10 min, and the depression depth of TEC growth varies from l÷3×1016m−2. By analyzing the data on TEC gradient variations, one is led to conclude that the depression of TEC growth during the eclipse is essentially independent of the longitude and of the latitude (within the observation ranges 52±6° N and 104±11° E).
Harmonic measure and quantitative connectivity: geometric characterization of the $L^p$-solvability of the Dirichlet problem. Part I

Let $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ be an open set, not necessarily connected, with an $n$-dimensional uniformly rectifiable boundary. We show that $\partial\Omega$ may be approximated in a"Big Pieces"sense by boundaries of chord-arc subdomains of $\Omega$, and hence that harmonic measure for $\Omega$ is weak-$A_\infty$ with respect to surface measure on $\partial\Omega$, provided that $\Omega$ satisfies a certain weak version of a local John condition. Under the further assumption that $\Omega$ satisfies an interior Corkscrew condition, and combined with our previous work, and with recent work of Azzam, Mourgoglou and Tolsa, this yields a geometric characterization of domains whose harmonic measure is quantitatively absolutely continuous with respect to surface measure and hence a haracterization of the fact that the associated $L^p$-Dirichlet problem is solvable for some finite $p$.
Rotifer assemblages (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) of the floodplain lakes of Majuli River Island, the Brahmaputra river basin, northeast India

Our plankton and semi-plankton collections from twelve floodplain lakes (beels) of Majuli River Island, Upper Assam reveal 124 rotifer species (32 genera and 17 families); these merit biodiversity value as ~52.0% and ~30.0% of species, ~68.0 and ~45.0% of genera and ~74.0 and ~65.0% of the families of the Phylum known from northeast India (NEI) and India, respectively. Two species are new to India with Trichocerca uncinata as new record to the Oriental region. Eleven species are new to the study area and we provide an updated list (144 species) for following meta-analyses of Majuli Rotifera. Biogeographically important elements include one Australasian, four Oriental, four Palaeotropical and one cosmo (sub) tropical species while several species are of regional distribution interest. The rotifer fauna is predominantly tropical and Lecanidae > Lepadellidae collectively include ~53.0% species but it records paucity of Brachionus species. Individual beels record total richness of 60-100 (77 ± 12) species, monthly richness between 24 ± 7-34 ± 7 species and maximum up to 54 species/sample. The results are characterized by high community similarities (59.7-90.4% vide Sorensen’s index), more rotifer homogeneity amongst beels, lack of any pattern of temporal richness variations and much limited influence of abiotic parameters.
Response of Bread Wheat Genotypes to Heat Stress (Participating Research in the 7 th Agricultural Conference)

Fifty-eight spring wheat genotypes were evaluated for yield and yield component traits. These traits are Flag leaf area, plant height, heading to date, spikes per plant, 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield. This study evaluated wheat genotypes of diverse origins for three sowing date treatments during three seasons, to assess the heat stress tolerance of these genotypes under nine environmental conditions. Genotypes were sown on first November (early), middle November (medium) and middle December (late) during the winter seasons of 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Sohag University experimental farm, Egypt. Analysis of variance revealed that all of these traits were significantly affected by genotypes, heat stress treatments, and years. The results of this study indicated that six wheat genotypes could be selected to grow under heat stress conditions. Optimum sowing in the middle of November resulted in a better performance of genotypes than early and late sowing. Grain yield was reduced under heat stress, therefore highlighting the importance of breeding for genotypes with good adaptation in order to respond to future high temperature.
A simple and efficient method for manufacturing porous bioceramics

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and efficient method for manufacturing porous bioceramics, in which small organic foam spheres were taken as the pore-making reagent and green bodies were made by hot die-casting in moulds. The raw materials (small organic foam spheres, paraffin, oleic acid and β-TCP powder) were mixed into a slurry at 30-120°C and moulded into green bodies using a hot die-casting machine at 30-90°C; the green bodies were then sintered and the porous bioceramics obtained. The main characteristics (structure and size of pores, water permeability, apparent porosity and shrinkage) were tested. The results indicated that the apparent porosity was high and directly proportional to the mass ratio between the small organic foam spheres and the β-TCP powder. The pores connected with each other in three dimensions; the size, distribution of the shapes and structures of the pores were clearly related to the dimensions of the small organic foam spheres. The water permeability was proportional to the hot die-casting pressures and the shapes of the samples could easily be controlled by selecting different moulds. This study indicated that the method can be used to manufacture porous bioceramics with controlled pore structures and different shapes effectively and easily by adding different amounts and sizes of small organic foam spheres, mixing the raw materials evenly, and by selection of the hot die-casting pressure and by the use of different moulds.
Influence of Reclaimed Water Irrigation on Soil Quality on Lawn Soil

As the shortage of water resource is seriously,reclaimed water has been used on turf as substitute of fresh.Two types of water(fresh water and reclaimed water) were used to irrigate 6 common turfgrasses(Poa pratensis,Festuca arundinacea,Zoysia japonica,Buchloe dactyloides,Radix liriopes,Lolium perenne L.) during 2006-2008.The research results showed that(1) Irrigation by reclaimed water increased nutrients of the turf soil in comparison to fresh water,at the same time,the content of the different nutrient elements was different in the different soil layer due to nutrient transporting in the soil and the root growth of turf. (2) ESP was in the range of 5%~10% of the soil irrigated by reclaimed water,but the alkalescence soil layer was enlarged. (3) After irrigating by reclaimed water,the soil quality of perennial ryegrass and Korean lawngrass was the best among six turfgrasses,So the two turfgrasses were adapt to be irrigated by reclaimed water.
Evidence from the Gediz graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey

Western Turkey falls within a wide belt of NNE–SSW-directed, active continental extension, generally similar to the Basin and Range Province of the USA. It comprises a zone of WNW–ESE-trending major grabens. Detailed study of the Gediz graben reveals two contrasting infills that represent two distinct extensional stages, separated by a short phase of compression. The older infill consists of an 800 m thick, folded and exhumed continental sedimentary sequence with intercalated calc-alkaline volcanics. It accumulated in a basin formed in the northern hanging wall of a detachment fault during Miocene–early Pliocene times. The younger infill rests on the older infill with angular unconformity and consists of about 170 m of undeformed, terraced continental sediments and basaltic lavas. It accumulated during Plio-Quaternary times in an asymmetric graben bounded by step-like normal faults. This later extension was probably triggered by the commencement of sea-floor spreading along the Red Sea in early Pliocene times and has persisted to the present. Almost all the grabens in western Turkey are best explained by this episodic, two-stage graben model with an intervening phase of short-term compression, which differs from the progressive evolution inferred for the Basin and Range Province of the USA.
Blast Loading on the Head Under a Military Helmet: Effect of Face Shield and Mandible Protection

In order to assess the affect of helmet system geometry on blast loading on the head, a study was performed computing the under-helmet pressures due to a blast event for various combinations of the helmet shell and liner, mandible protection, and face shield for the Conformal Integrated Protective Headgear System (CIPHER) prototype geometry. As in previous studies, pressure waves penetrate the gap between the head and perimeter of the helmet shell. These waves interacted with the head, the suspension geometry and other waves to generate a complex pressure field under the helmet. Significant variations in peak pressures under the helmet were predicted for various combinations of components and blast orientation. In some cases, waves trapped by the geometry produced an increased pressure when reduced pressure was expected. The presence of protective equipment often reduces the pressures in some areas on the head (typically the surfaces facing the blast source) while amplifying pressures elsewhere. Finally, wave reflections from the torso are shown to be critically important in assessing wave infiltration and peak pressures under the helmet.
Morphology and origin of lunar craters

The general concensus among lunar geologists is th.at the majority of lunar craters, up to a few km in diameter, are of Impact origm. This conclusion is based on morphologie comparison with terrestrial meteorite craters, consideration of lunar regolrth formation by impact, direct observation of the morphology of smalI and microscopic craters on the lunar surface and experimental impact studtcs. Most Iarge craters are also interpreted to be ()f Impact origin. Although the morphology of unmodified craters changes somewhat with increasing size, these changes are completely gradational and there is no evidence to suggest that the predominant process of crater formation is different for large craters. However, selected craters of various sizes have been interpreted as volcanic. Understanding the origm of the multi-ring b asms presents greater difficulties. Theoretical treatments such as those of Bjork (1961) and Van Dorn (1969) seem to be the only approach. In such treatments it is nccessary to iriclude, in addition to hydrodynamic flow, large plastrc deformation arid br.it. tl e failure of the target material, processes that are known to accompany Impact phenomena. Thus complete equations of state are required as well as a detailed microscopic (perhaps statistical) description of imperfections in rock mechanical properties. The required physical parameters arid the calculations are clearly formidable. Analysis of tracking data from Orbiter V has revealed positive graviational anomalies (mascons) over the circular maria (Mulle r und Sjogren, 1968). While a number of theories for the origin of the mascons has been proposed (see Kaula, 1969 for a summary), the nature of the anomalous masses remains in doubt as does the mechamsm whereby excess mass has been added to specific rcgtons, Resolution of these questions will tell us much about the thermal and structural history of the Moon. The produetion of the lunar regolith by Impact processes has been studied by Shoemaker et al. (1970). The rate of regolith formation as a funetion of varions parameters such as regolith thickness and energy distribution of incomirig particles ean be determined. Another parameter yet to be determined is the rate of lateral transport and mixing of surfaee m aterials during regolith produetion. After the Moon has been studied and mapped in detail, to what extent will our observations apply to other planets? It is necessary to understand well the proeesses which modify the lunar surfaee before we ean understand Mars, where additional unknown effects rcsurtirig from the interaetion of atmospheric and subsurfaee volatiles with the regolith must be considered. Another planetary aspect of lunar crater studies is the extent to whieh such investigations have influenced terrestrial studies arid provided new insights into Earth history. The primitive Earth, Ii ke the Moori, must have been repeatedly battered by asteroidal impact. Collisions which produeed Imbrium-size bastns must have oecasionally disrupted the primitive terrestrial crust and surely must have had a profound influenee on the Earth's erustal strueture.
Comparing the Hospital Costs of the Neonates Admitted to NICU of Amirkola Children's Hospital Before and After the Implementation of the Health Sector Reform in Iran

Background: The cost-effective strategies are of paramount importance in the improvement of neonatal health services. Regarding this, the present study aimed to evaluate the health sector reform of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its impact on hospital costs related to the admission of neonates in Amirkola Children's Hospital.Methods: This observational analytic study was conducted in 2015 to evaluate the hospital records of all neonates admitted to Amirkola Children's Hospital during late 2013 (before the implementation of health sector reform in Iran) and late 2014 (after the implementation of this reform). Results: According to the results, the number of the neonates admitted to this center has increased by 11% after reform. Furthermore, the mean total hospital cost and share of insurance organizations have elevated by 2.2 and 2.5 fold, respectively. Mean of the cost paid by the patients has reached to 2.7 million Rials, which has had a 33% decrease, compared to that of the pre-reform stage. Additionally, 5.8% of the total expenditures related to neonatal inpatient cares were paid out-of-pocket.Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, the health sector reform in Iran has increased the rate of neonatal admission and decreased the amount of direct payment by the people.