Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Life History of the Protandrous Tropical Shad Tenualosa macrura (Alosinae: Clupeidae): Fishery Implications

Abstract Tenualosa macrura is a tropical shad that was previously found throughout the estuaries and coastal waters of Sumatra and Borneo where it formed the basis of flourishing fisheries. The only viable fishery today has contracted to the Riau Province of Sumatra, Indonesia. To provide information for conservation and fisheries management, a two-year study of the biology, ecology and life history characteristics of T. macrura was conducted. The evidence from sizes of sexes, sex ratios and histology is that T. macrura is a protandrous hermaphrodite. It changes from male to female mainly between 14 and 20 cm SL (standard length) (six months to one year in age), after the male has spawned. Almost all fish in their second year are females; the species does not appear to live beyond two years. There is a regular movement of spawning males and females between the Strait of Malacca (salinity 28–30) and the spawning grounds in the sheltered straits (salinity 20–28) of Riau Province on each new and full moon. Their occurrence in the inshore straits leads to heavy fishing during these moon phases. The main nursery areas are the shallow coastal waters of the Strait of Malacca. The decline in catches of T. macrura has probably been as a result of fishers intensively targeting aggregations of spawning females. Furthermore, most are caught before spawning. It is postulated that the protandrous habit of this species, and its likewise endangered congener of Sarawak, T. toli , renders them more vulnerable to overfishing than is the gonochoristic and more widespread T. ilisha that is heavily fished from Burma through the Indian sub-continent to Kuwait.
Numerical modelling of tephra fallout associated with dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions: application to hazard assessment on Montserrat

Abstract Hazardous effects of tephra fallout on Montserrat include roof collapse, aviation threats, health hazards from respirable crystalline silica, crop pollution, road safety and lahar generation. An advection-diffusion model was developed to investigate tephra dispersal from dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions, which generated most of the fallout tephra during the 1995-1999 eruptive period of Soufrière Hills Volcano. Wind field, atmospheric diffusion, gravity settling, aggregation and elutriation processes are considered. Computed isomass maps compare well with field observations and require aggregation of fine ash for good agreement. Probability maps were also compiled. Individual probability maps (for individual dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions) are based on the statistics of wind profiles and show that fallout tephra generated by individual eruptive events on a Montserrat scale do not cause serious damage in any area on Montserrat. Cumulative probability maps (for a given scenario of activity) are generated by sampling statistical distributions of wind profiles and eruptive events over an extended period of time. They show that persistent tephra fallout can accumulate enough material to cause roof collapses and serious damage to vegetation in the SW part of the island, and minor damage to vegetation in the north, as also confirmed by field data.
Organic Matter and Aggregate-Size Interactions in Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the interaction between organic matter (OM) content and aggregate size on the mechanisms that degrade the soil structure and on the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ). Two samples of sandy loam (Humic Dystrudept) containing 2.5 and 3.5% OM, referred to as low-OM soil and high-OM soil, respectively, were collected from adjacent fields. Dry samples were sieved to obtain aggregate sizes of 93 and 2.9% and <2%, respectively. This suggests that the larger decrease in K s of the low-OM soil than in the high-OM soil during wetting and leaching was mainly a result of more intense aggregate slaking and dispersion in the former soil.
21st century Wisconsin snow projections based on an operational snow model driven by statistically downscaled climate data

Output from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models are statistically downscaled across Wisconsin, using a method that restores the observed mean, variance, and extremes of daily temperature and precipitation. The downscaled climate data for the late 20th century, mid‐21st century, and late 21st‐century is used to drive the National Weather Service operational snow model, SNOW‐17, to produce high‐resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) projections of daily snowfall, snow depth, and snow cover for Wisconsin. These snow projections will guide wildlife scientists in climate change impact studies and the development of adaptation strategies for the state, in addition to being of value to hydrologists, agricultural scientists, and other experts. SNOW‐17 simulations suggest a dramatic shortening of the Wisconsin snow season, with the greatest snowfall and snow depth reductions in spring, particularly over northern Wisconsin. Snowfall is substantially reduced in response to projected warming and only slightly offset by a projected increase in cold‐season precipitation. Percent reductions in snow depth are likely to be even more impressive than in snowfall, given not only a reduced frequency that falling precipitation will be in frozen form but also an enhanced snowmelt due to rising temperatures. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Omega band pulsating auroras observed onboard THEMIS spacecraft and on the ground

We examined a fortuitous case of an omega band pulsating aurora observed simultaneously on the ground at Sanikiluaq in Canada and onboard the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm (THEMIS) spacecraft on 1 March 2011. We observed almost the entire process of the generation of the omega band aurora from the initial growth to the declining through expansion period. The omega band aurora grew from a faint seed, not via distortion of a preexisting east‐west band aurora. The size scale of the omega band aurora during the maximum period was ~500 km in the north‐south direction and ~200 km in the east‐west direction. The mesoscale omega band aurora consisted of more than 15 patches of complex‐shaped small‐scale auroras. Each patch contained an intense pulsating aurora with a recurrent period of ~9–12 s and a poleward moving form. The footprints of the THEMIS D and THEMIS E spacecraft crossed the poleward part of the omega band aurora. THEMIS D observed significant signatures in the electromagnetic fields and particles associated with the time at which the spacecraft crossed the omega band aurora. In particular, it was found that the Y and Z components of the DC electric field intensity, especially the Z component, modulated with almost the same period as that of the optical pulsating auroras. The electrostatic low‐frequency waves of less than 30 Hz showed quasiperiodic intensity variations similar to those of the DC electric field. These observations suggest that DC electric field variation and low‐frequency electrostatic waves may play important roles in the driving mechanism of omega band pulsating auroras.
Experimental Observations of the Relationships Between Compressional And Shear Velocities And Quality Factors of Sedimentary Rocks

One objective of our research programme is to explore and quantify the relationships between seismic wave attenuation and the petrophysical properties of sedimentary rocks at appropriate frequencies. In this paper we present experimental measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities and quality factors for a set of clay rich sandstones from a North Sea Well at a confining pressure of 60MPa and a frequency of 0.8MHz. The paper is particularly concerned with the relationships between the elastic and anelastic properties of the rocks. The relationship between the compressional and shear wave velocities is consistent with the previously published results of Castagna, Batzle and Eastwood (1985). We have demonstrated that relationships exist between the quality factors and the elastic moduli for both compressional and shear waves. In the case of shear waves the relationship between quality factor and shear modulus is consistent with, and extends the range of, data published by Hamilton (1972). The ratio of the bulk modulus loss factor to the shear modulus loss factor for the shaley sandstones is consistent with that deduced from the in-situ data of Mcdonal et al (195X) for shale, at a much lower frequency.
Multiple discontinuities near 660 km beneath Tonga area

We study the discontinuities beneath Tonga subduction zone using the deep earthquakes recorded by the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN). The multiple discontinuities around 660 km beneath Tonga subduction zone are found using converted phase SdP. The amplitude ratios of the converted phase with the direct P wave (Ac/Ap) are also determined. The largest number of robust converted phases with large Ac/Ap comes from the depth range of 660–690 km, its peak is at 680 km; the second one appears in the depth range of 700–745 km, its peak is at 740 km. The two discontinuities are obviously depressed by the subduction slab. According to experimental and numerical studies, a possible explanation of the observation is that the first discontinuity is formed by the transition of γ‐spinel to perovskite and magnesiowüstite and the second is formed by the transition of ilmenite to perovskite.
Salinity and temperature balances at the SPURS central mooring during fall and winter

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 28, no. 1 (2015): 56-65, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015. 06.
Flooding and post flooding response strategies in Ghana

Flooding is an inevitable phenomenon but in recent years the flooding of major cities and conurbations has been the cause of disasters on an unprecedented scale. In this respect, a most critical issue for all cities whether developing or developed is to be fully prepared in their response towards mitigating the worst effects should flooding occur. This demands a full understanding of the recurring challenges that confront cities especially those in developing countries where institutional capacity is weak. Using the qualitative technique of content analysis, the management and structural themes emerging from Ghanaian newspapers in respect of flood recovery, innovations and response for the last five years are identified, analyzed and reported. Evidence induced will help international players of the flood recovery agenda appreciate the preparedness of “typical” developing countries such as Ghana in the global attempt towards effective management to mitigate the worst effects of this act of God. To this extent, the findings could be useful towards searching for an international framework for influencing policy decisions in respect to flood recovery and response in developing countries such as Ghana.
Facies and allostratigraphy of high‐latitude, glacially influenced marine strata of the Early Permian southern Sydney Basin, Australia

The Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia is a foreland basin containing a thick (up to 10 km) Permo‐Triassic succession. The southern margin of the basin exposes strata deposited during Late Palaeozoic glaciation of south‐eastern Gondwana. The Early Permian Wasp Head, Pebbley Beach, Snapper Point Formations and Wandrawandian Siltstone were deposited between 277 and 258 Ma on a polar, glacially influenced continental margin adjacent to ice sheets located over East Antarctica and eastern Australia. Sedimentary facies, together with related ichnofacies and fauna, can be grouped into six facies associations that record marine sub‐environments ranging from high energy, storm‐dominated inner shelf to turbidite‐dominated upper slope settings. Cold marine conditions, with near‐freezing bottom water temperatures, are recorded by glendonites. Ice‐rafted debris, most likely deposited by icebergs, occurs in almost all facies associations.
Characteristics of the water-vapor field over the Kanto district associated with summer thunderstorm activities

Characteristics of the water-vapor field in relation to thunderstorms on summer days over the Kanto district in Japan were studied, using precipitable water-vapor (PWV) derived from GPS during 2001-2005. PWV averaged on the active thunderstorm days showed distinct diurnal variation. In general, hourly data showed that PWV maximum appeared 1∼2 hours prior to the maximum thunderstorm activity (precipitation or cloud to ground stroke). The increase of PWV in the mountainous region of northern Kanto coincided well with the increase of low-level wind toward the mountains, which was observed by Wind profiler Network and Data Acquisition System (WINDAS). Using the 5 minute data, we further examined the time lag between the PWV and cloud to ground (CG) stroke related to individual thunderstorms in detail. The PWV maxima preceded that of CG stroke by 15∼30 minutes, for about 40% of the thunderstorms. In many cases, both PWV and its increment in 30 minutes showed large values within one hour before the CG stroke occurrence. This suggested that GPS derived PWV appears to reflect well the local variations associated with a thunderstorm.
Kurdish refugee communities : the diaspora in Finland and England

This thesis describes the social organisation of Kurdish refugee communities and is a contribution to the theoretical discussion of the concept of diaspora. Field research methods were used in this comparative sociological study among Kurdish refugees from Turkey, Iraq and Iran, who live in exile in Finland and England. The writer uses rich ethnographic material to describe the social organisation of the Kurdish refugee communities. The thesis introduces new arguments about, and suggests a rethinking of, the process of integration among refugees. In many different ways refugees living in exile have a continuous relation to their societies of origin. The thesis describes various transnational social relations and networks among the Kurdish refugees. It is argued that the Kurds in exile can be regarded as a diaspora. The concept of diaspora highlights the refugees' continuous relation to their countries of origin. However, the transnational social networks and associations can also be important resources for the refugees in their new country of settlement. There is also reason to remember the importance of social structures and exclusionary policies in the country of settlement. The comparison of the two different countries of settlement shows that these structures and policies have a great impact on how the refugees will be integrated into the receiving society. It is argued that a study of refugee communities needs to take into account refugees' relations to both the society of origin and the society of settlement. The writer emphasises that a diaspora can be understood as a transnational social organisation relating both to the country of origin and the country of settlement. Thus, it is argued that the concept of diaspora is a useful analytical tool for an understanding of the transnational social reality in which refugees live.
Explicit global simulation of the mesoscale spectrum of atmospheric motions

The horizontal spectrum of kinetic energy in the upper troposphere in experiments conducted with the Atmospheric GCM for the Earth Simulator (AFES) global spectral general circulation model is examined. We find that the control version of AFES run at T639 spectral resolution can simulate a realistic kinetic energy spectrum with roughly −3 power‐law dependence on horizontal wavenumber for wavelengths between about 5000 and 500 km, transitioning to a shallower mesoscale regime at smaller wavelengths. The results depend to a degree on the magnitude of the parameterized horizontal hyperdiffusion, but the existence of a distinct shallow mesoscale range in the simulations is independent of the hyperdiffusion employed. We present results from a number of AFES integrations with spectral truncations ranging from T39 to T639 and determine the appropriate scaling of the parametrized hyperdiffusion with model numerical resolution so that the kinetic energy spectrum in each case converges to realistic values. The experiment was also repeated in a dry version of the model. This version also simulated a shallow mesoscale range, supporting the view that the mesoscale regime in the atmosphere is energized, at least in part, by a predominantly downscale nonlinear spectral cascade.
Playing the Field: Geomagnetic Storms and the Stock Market

Explaining movements in daily stock prices is one of the most difficult tasks in modern finance. This paper contributes to the existing literature by documenting the impact of geomagnetic storms on daily stock market returns. A large body of psychological research has shown that geomagnetic storms have a profound effect on people's moods, and, in turn, people's moods have been found to be related to human behavior, judgments and decisions about risk. An important finding of this literature is that people often attribute their feelings and emotions to the wrong source, leading to incorrect judgments. Specifically, people affected by geomagnetic storms may be more inclined to sell stocks on stormy days because they incorrectly attribute their bad mood to negative economic prospects rather than bad environmental conditions. Misattribution of mood and pessimistic choices can translate into a relatively higher demand for riskless assets, causing the price of risky assets to fall or to rise less quickly than otherwise. The authors find strong empirical support in favor of a geomagnetic-storm effect in stock returns after controlling for market seasonals and other environmental and behavioral factors. Unusually high levels of geomagnetic activity have a negative, statistically and economically significant effect on the following week's stock returns for all U.S. stock market indices. Finally, this paper provides evidence of substantially higher returns around the world during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity.
Glimpses of a wave boundary layer

Measurements obtained with a profiling laser-Doppler velocimeter reveal the vertical structure of velocity in a wave boundary layer over a sand beach during two periods of approximately stationary forcing, each with a duration of several hours. The measurements indicate clearly the reduction in variance and the increase in phase, relative to the overlying flow, that are expected in an oscillatory boundary layer. The measurements also indicate a distortion of the mean alongshore velocity within the wave boundary layer, which has previously been predicted theoretically and observed in laboratory experiments. The thickness and structure of the boundary layer are approximately consistent with computations based on an existing eddy viscosity model, and model-based best fit estimates of bottom roughness are approximately consistent with existing semiempirical descriptions of wave-formed sand ripples.
Urban Production in the Roman World: the View from North Africa

LA PRODUZIONE CITTADINA NEL MONDO ROMANO, VISTA DAL NORD AFRICA Questo articolo esamina l'evidenza per le attivita industriali nelle città del nord Africa romano e dimostra come l'importanza della produzione artigianale urbana sia stata largamente sottovalutata in molte discussioni di economia antica. Di solito è difficile stabilire la giusta scala delle attività produttive urbane senza effettuare degli scavi estensivi, visto che i laboratori erano molto spesso piuttosto piccoli; ciò non toglie che essi potrebbero essere stati comunque numerosi e distribuiti all'interno della città. Scavi della estensione necessaria non sono irrealizzabili con le tecniche odierne; due siti scavati nella prima metà del ventesimo secolo hanno infatti portato alia luce un quadro caratterizzato da numerosi laboratori: 22 fulloniche a Timgad e 18 stabilimenti per la salatura del pesce a Sabratha. La ricognizione di superficie viene qui indicata come il metodo migliore per effettuare ricerche nei siti che lo consentono, al fine di identificare l'ampiezza dei depositi di rifiuti di fabbricazione, con l'aiuto di indagini geofisiche per trovare forni e fornaci, e scavi di alcune aree specifiche. Questo tipo di tecniche è stato sperimentato con successo a Leptiminus, Meninx e Thamusida, e ha permesso di identificare la presenza di attività di produzione ceramica, lavoro dei metalli e dell'industria per l'estrazione della porpora per la tintura. L'evidenza che emerge dalle recenti indagini archeologiche suggerisce che il contributo dell'industria cittadina all'economia delle città antiche fosse potenzialmente significativo, mentre la scala di produzione nei siti discussi indica un carattere artigianale della vita di queste città molto più consistente di quanto non sia stato di solito ritenuto. Il modello della ‘città di consumo’ non sembra adattarsi completamente a molte delle città romane, e i tentativi di descrizione dell'economia dell'urbanismo romano dovrebbero prestare piu attenzione al ruolo delle città nelle reti di commercio locale, regionale e su lunga distanza.
Induced seismicity in The Geysers Geothermal Area, California

A simultaneous inversion for hypocenters, velocities, and station delays was performed from the P arrival times of 55 microearthquakes and four explosions distributed throughout a 90- by 100-km region centered at The Geysers geothermal area in northern California. The resulting one-dimensional layered model shows velocity increasing with depth from 4.4 km/s at the surface to 5.9 km/s at 8 km and deeper. We relocated 7215 earthquakes which occurred between May 1975 and February 1982, using the new velocity model. These relocations show a significant spatial clustering near production wells in the steam field that was not apparent in earlier studies. We infer from the spatial and temporal pattern of seismicity that the seismicity at The Geysers is induced by geothermal production activities. With the expansion of power production by approximately 70% in 1979–1980, seismic activity has developed near the new production areas. Seismicity has also expanded northwestward of the present production area, although there are no active steam wells in this area. Statistical cross correlations between the number of earthquakes per month and both steam withdrawal per month and injection volume per month were calculated. For the wells studied, we find no consistent pattern of correlation between injection and seismicity. Likewise, we find little or no correlation between steam withdrawal and seismicity for steam wells in production longer than 7 years. Two mechanisms remain plausible for inducing seismicity at The Geysers. Volumetric contraction due to mass withdrawal may perturb the stress field and cause faulting in reservoir rock already near failure due to the regional stress field. Alternatively, aseismic deformation due to regional tectonic stress may be converted to stick-slip(seismic) deformation due to an increase of coefficient of friction along fault surfaces, such as could occur from exsolution of dissolved silica into fractures. Neither mechanism would be likely to show strong correlation between production and seismicity rates. However, we expect seismicity to continue in The Geysers and for seismicity to appear in areas where new production occurs.