Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of rifampin coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin: a real-world data approach

Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, is commonly prescribed to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Because digoxin acts as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), its blood concentration may be reduced by P-gp inducers such as rifampin. To assess the real-world implications of this drug-drug interaction, a retrospective analysis was carried out on the Clinical Data Warehouse at Seoul National University Hospital between 2012 and 2017. Eleven patients who received both digoxin and rifampin with satisfying the inclusion/exclusion criteria were identified. The Ctrough values of digoxin monotherapy were compared to those of the combination therapy with rifampin. Results demonstrated that the systemic exposure of orally administered digoxin decreased by 40% with the concurrent use of rifampin. Clinicians should be aware of potential drug interactions between digoxin and rifampin, as adjustments to digoxin dosage might be necessary for patients receiving rifampin or other P-gp inducer drugs.
Simulation of extratropical Hurricane Gustav using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐sea spray model

Numerical simulations of extratropical Hurricane Gustav (2002) are performed using the MC2 (Mesoscale Compressible Community) atmospheric model, coupled to the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), and a sea spray parameterization. On one hand, the impact of coupling POM to MC2 generates sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, through entrainment mixing at the bottom of the mixed layer, with the passage of the storm. SST cooling reduces the sea surface heat fluxes compared to uncoupled MC2 simulations, which have time‐invariant SST. Reduced heat fluxes lead to reduced storm intensity. On the other hand, simulation of the heat and mass flux contributions of sea spray enhances sea surface heat fluxes and slightly increases maximum storm intensity compared to coupled MC2‐POM simulations without spray.
A 300-year surge history of the Drangajökull ice cap, northwest Iceland, and its maximum during the ‘Little Ice Age’

Over the last 300 years, each of the three surge-type outlet glaciers of the Drangajökull ice cap in northwest Iceland has surged 2–4 times. There is valuable historical information available on the surge frequencies since the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) maximum because of the proximity of the surging outlets, Reykjarfjarðarjökull, Leirufjarðarjökull and Kaldalónsjökull, to farms and pastures and monitoring of these glaciers since 1931. We have reconstructed the surge history of the Drangajökull ice cap, based on geomorphological mapping, sedimentological studies and review of historical records. Geomorphological mapping of the glacier forefields reveals twice as many end moraines as previously recognized. This indicates a higher surge interval than earlier perceived. A clear relationship between the surge interval and climate cannot be established. Surges were observed more frequently during the 19th century and the earliest 20th century compared with the relatively cool 18th century and the late 20th century, possibly reflecting a lack of information rather than a long quiescent phase of the glaciers. We have estimated the magnitude of the maximum surge events during the LIA by reconstruction of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) that can be compared with modern DEMs. As reference points for the digital elevation modelling, we used the recently mapped lateral moraines and historical information on the exposure timing of nunataks. During the LIA maximum surge events, the outlet glaciers extended 3–4 km further down-valley than at present. Their ice volumes were at least 2–2.5 km3 greater than in the beginning of the 21st century.
Frictional Resistance of Overland Flow on Tropical Turfed Slope

Based on the field experiments conducted on a slope consisting of cow grass (Axonopus Compressus), the study presents the frictional resistance of overland flow on the turfed slope. The rigid stems associted with cow grass deflect the water around themselves, generating a high level of turbulence. The frictional resistance in this study is presented in terms of both the Manning n and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f. The results show that both the density of the turf and depth of flow play an important role in affecting the frictional resistance to flow. A high-density grass plot produces high resistance to flow and vice versa. The results also show that the frictional resistance decreases for increasing flow Reynolds number through the grass. Based on analysis of the field data, a value of two-thirds is found to be appropriate for use as the exponent of flow depth in the Manning equation for shallow overland flow.
Lower thermospheric composition changes derived from optical and radar data taken at Sondre Stromfjord during the great magnetic storm of February 1986

Several nights of optical and radar data were obtained from February 3 to 10, 1986 at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland during a great geomagnetic storm when Ap reached 202. These data, excluding O I (630.0 nm), were used to monitor changes in O and O{sub 2} densities in the region from 100 to 200 km and are consistent with results of Hecht et al. (1989) wherein the O I (630.0 nm) emission was used. That is, there were large depletions of O in the E region during the peak of the storm. Using 24-hour Ap values both MSIS-83 and MSIS-86 underestimated the depletion of O during the storm. MSIS-86 did noticeably worse than did MSIS-83, probably a result of the low exospheric temperature predicted by MSIS-86. However, when 3-hour ap values were used both models did better in predicting the measured O depletions, although MSIS-86 again was less successful than was MSIS-83. The data results also show that the enchancements in O{sub 2} were less than predicted by MSIS models in either mode. From 0200-0230 UT on February 9, 1986, a time just after the peak of geomagnetic activity as measured by Kp, the O mixing ratio near 135 km wasmore » found to increase by nearly a factor of 2. This increase is consistent with the passage of an atmospheric gravity wave through this altitude region providing that the scale height of O above 140 km is greater than predicted by the model. « less
Soil organic matter as influenced by straw management practices and inclusion of grass and clover seed crops in cereal rotations

In New Zealand, cereal straw has traditionally been burned to facilitate seedbed preparation for the succeeding crop. Because of concerns over the decline of organic matter and the associated deterioration in soil structure, farmers are interested in incorporating crop residues as a means of maintaining organic matter levels. In a 6-year trial on a Wakanui silt loam on the Canterbury Plains, we evaluated the effects of 3 straw management practices (i.e. straw incorporation, burning of straw, and straw removal) on total and labile soil organic matter. A fourth treatment was included to evaluate the local practice of including seed crops (grass and clover) in cereal rotations. The seed crops were grown every second year, the crop sequence being cereal–ryegrass–cereal–clover–cereal–clover. The rate of straw (wheat) decomposition was determined using a litter bag technique, with the bags being buried at a depth of 15 cm for intervals of up to 19 months. In the straw-incorporated treatment, about 25 t/ha of straw (~11 t C/ha) was returned to the soil during the trial. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of straw management treatments on total soil C (or N), or on labile organic matter pools, although there was a tendency for higher levels of mineralisable C and N where straw was incorporated. Measured straw decomposition rates were consistent with predictions of the Douglas-Rickman residue decomposition model. Under the relatively warm conditions of the Canterbury Plains (thermal time typically >4000 degree-days per year, calculated as the sum of daily degree-days above a base temperature of 0°C), about three-quarters of incorporated straw decomposed within a year. Of the 11 t C/ha of straw-C incorporated, we estimated that only about 1 t C/ha would remain in the soil at the time of sampling. An increase in soil C by this amount would not be detectable (total soil C was about 55 t/ha in the upper 15 cm). Growing seed crops every second year increased several of the labile organic pools (mineralisable C and N, light fraction C and N, microbial biomass) in the 0–7.5 and 7.5 cm soil layers and this may have beneficial effects (e.g. improved N supply) on the succeeding cereal crop. However, the seed crops did not significantly increase total soil organic matter within the 6 years.
Evidence of heterogeneous crustal sources: the Harney Peak Granite, South Dakota, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT: The Early Proterozoic (1715 Ma) Harney Peak Granite (Black Hills, SD, U.S.A.) is a complex of hundreds of dykes and sills. Earlier studies of Nd, O and Pb isotope variations demonstrated that the complex was not derived from a single source, or even different sources of a single age. Instead, the granites can be divided into a group with sources probably dominated by Early Proterozoic sediments and a group with sources probably dominated by Archean sediments. New results on the Nd isotopic variations of many additional samples indicate that there is considerable overlap between Nd isotopic compositions within the complex. Values of εNd (1715 Ma) of the Harney Peak Granite suite (n = 20) range from −2·0, indicating an Early Proterozoic (2300-2200 Ma) crustal source, to −13·4, indicating a Middle to Late Archean (3200-3100 Ma) protolith. These results suggest that the Early Proterozoic source may have included rocks such as the c. 2200-1900 Ma metasedimentary rocks that occur in the southern Black Hills. The Archean sources might have included rocks such as those exposed on the periphery of the Black Hills. The range in Nd model ages negates the usefulness of the concept of the ‘average’ age of the crust in this part of the craton. Because such heterogeneity is present in the magmatic compositions of the Harney Peak Granite, it can be inferred that at least as much heterogeneity was present in the sources. In this granite system, melts were evidently derived from isolated, heterogeneous zones and did not have the opportunity to coalesce into large magma bodies. In systems where coalescence does occur, the evidence for such highly heterogeneous sources may be lost. These results emphasise that inferences drawn from a few samples of plutonic rocks in which magma mixing and homogenisation occurred can lead to erroneous conclusions about the age and nature of protoliths and, consequently, the development of continental crust.
Personal Benefits Impact the Support for Agritourism Development Among the Local Community: The Mediating Role of Community Satisfaction and Quality of Life

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the influence of personal benefits on the support for the development of agritourism among the local community through the mediating role of community satisfaction and quality of life. Method: To test the research hypotheses, quantitative analysis methods are used, including reliability testing of the scales using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). Data for the study were collected from a survey of 212 individuals residing in potential agritourism development areas in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. Results: The study results show that personal benefits have a positive impact on the support for the development of agritourism among the local community. Additionally, the study reveals that personal benefits also positively influence community satisfaction and quality of life. Simultaneously, community satisfaction and quality of life are crucial factors driving the support for the development of agritourism among the local community in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. Conclusions: Community support is a crucial factor for the success and development of a tourism destination, similar to the existence of a mutualistic relationship between community support and tourism development. The research findings provide a scientific basis for suggesting key policy implications to promote community support for agritourism development in the Mekong Delta region (Vietnam).
A convection model to explain anisotropy of the inner core

Seismic evidence suggests that the solid inner core of the Earth may be anisotropic. Several models have been proposed to explain this anisotropy as the result of preferred orientation of crystals. They range from a large annealed single crystal, growth at the melt interface, to deformation-induced texture. In this study texture development by deformation during inner core convection is explored for e-iron (hcp) and γ-iron (fcc). Convection patterns for harmonic degree two were investigated in detail. In the model it is assumed that traces of potassium are uniformly dispersed in the inner core and act as a heat source. Both for fee and hep iron, crystal rotations associated with intracrystalline slip during deformation can plausibly explain a 1–3% anisotropy in P waves with faster velocities along the N-S axis and slower ones in the equatorial plane. The effect of single crystal elastic constants is explored.
Manipulating Topological Phases in Magnetic Topological Insulators

Magnetic topological insulators (MTIs) are a group of materials that feature topological band structures with concurrent magnetism, which can offer new opportunities for technological advancements in various applications, such as spintronics and quantum computing. The combination of topology and magnetism introduces a rich spectrum of topological phases in MTIs, which can be controllably manipulated by tuning material parameters such as doping profiles, interfacial proximity effect, or external conditions such as pressure and electric field. In this paper, we first review the mainstream MTI material platforms where the quantum anomalous Hall effect can be achieved, along with other exotic topological phases in MTIs. We then focus on highlighting recent developments in modulating topological properties in MTI with finite-size limit, pressure, electric field, and magnetic proximity effect. The manipulation of topological phases in MTIs provides an exciting avenue for advancing both fundamental research and practical applications. As this field continues to develop, further investigations into the interplay between topology and magnetism in MTIs will undoubtedly pave the way for innovative breakthroughs in the fundamental understanding of topological physics as well as practical applications.
Interannual variability of African wave activity in a general circulation model

African easterly waves are an important part of the tropical climate, impacting on daily rainfall patterns as well as being the precursors for most Atlantic hurricanes. Despite their importance, the interannual variability of these waves is not well known or understood. This study shows that a general circulation model exhibiting a realistic amplitude of interannual seasonal mean rainfall variability in the tropical west African region, exhibits marked interannual variability in African easterly wave activity. Seasonal anomalies of this wave activity have been shown to be homogeneous over tropical north west Africa and are positively correlated with (i) the seasonal mean rainfall and associated convective heating in the Guinea Coastal region; and (ii) the strength of the easterlies in the region of and to the north of the African easterly jet. It is further concluded that the intraseasonal variations of African easterly jet instability must be considered for a more complete understanding of interannual African easterly wave variability.
A new baleen whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark and early mysticete hearing

Abstract: The extinct mysticete fauna of the North East Atlantic is primarily known from the abundant but fragmented Belgian specimens. Compared to the well‐preserved contemporary mysticete fauna from deposits in North America, there are only few near complete European Miocene mysticete fossils. Presented here is a new, almost complete fossil baleen whale Uranocetus gramensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Miocene Gram Formation in South West Denmark. It is the first stem‐balaenopterid that has an initial stage of reduction in the mandibular cavity and a rostral configuration that is intermediate between that of other stem‐balaenopterids and true balaenopterids. It is likely that Uranocetus used a gulp feeding technique that approaches that of balaenopterids. Details of the periotic and mandibular morphology place Uranocetus in the family Diorocetidae Steeman 2007. The large mandibular cavity in Uranocetus and most other extinct mysticetes, when compared to the reduced condition in recent mysticetes, is not an indication that early mysticetes used odontocete‐like echolocation. In Uranocetus and a distantly related mysticete, high frequency sounds in the range odontocetes use for echolocation would suffer a significant volume loss across the lateral mandibular wall on the passage towards the inner ear. A reduction in the mandibular cavity in separate evolutionary lineages of mysticetes may be the result of a shift towards the use of low frequency sounds.
An Improved Lightweight U-Net for Sea Ice Lead Extraction From Multipolarization SAR Images

Precise and fast extraction of sea ice leads is the foundation for polar research and ship navigation. The accuracy of traditional methods for sea ice lead extraction is limited, and the efficiency of deep learning methods is difficult to guarantee. Besides, the tedious preprocessing steps complicate the application of existing methods. In this article, we proposed a lightweight semantic segmentation model based on the U-Net framework for sea ice lead extraction, which introduced lightweight blocks and a feature branch. Lightweight blocks took the place of the convolutional layers in U-Net to reduce the network parameters and increase operational speed. With the input of the contrast feature of horizontal-vertical (HV) polarization, the feature branch was used to improve the extraction precision and robustness. Besides, the combination of the lightweight blocks, feature branch and U-Net framework was beneficial to resist preprocessing. In the experiments, the performance of the proposed method on non-preprocessed Sentinel-1 dataset was better than that of the classical semantic segmentation method on preprocessed Sentinel-1 dataset in floating-point operations (FLOPs), parameters, frames per second (FPS), and accuracy evaluation. The results indicate that the proposed network is effective and lightweight for sea ice lead extraction from non-preprocessed data.
Geological Observations on the Waipara River, New Zealand

In 1859, whilst travelling in the Province of Canterbury, I discovered certain beds underlying the Waipara tertiaries, which I referred at the time to the Liassic series, and obtained from the bed of the River Waipara bones of an Enaliosaurian, which were placed in the British Museum, and which were recognized by Professor Owen as belonging to a new species of Plesiosaur, named by him P. australis. Returning to the colony after ten years’ absence, I found that a survey of that province had been completed by the Government Geologist, Dr. Haast, whilst the northern and southern portions of the Middle Island had been explored by that accurate and painstaking observer Dr. Hector. The Canterbury and Wellington museums afford interesting evidence of their careful labours: in the latter a collection of fossils from Triassic deposits of the Nelson Province is placed; and an excellent one adorns the former, from the Tertiary beds of the Waipara and other adjacent districts, which crop out here and there from beneath the vast accumulations of Postpliocene gravels. With the exception of some small fragments of bones (ribs chiefly) of Reptilian origin, nothing appeared to have been found to assist in determining the species of the antipodean monsters. I determined therefore to make as thorough an exploration of the wild ravines of the Waipara as possible, with the assistance of my friend Mr. Innes, who is the proprietor of the Mount-Brown estate, under the base of which the river here runs, and who had taken
Uplift patterns and orogenic evolution in the Scottish Dalradian

Rb-Sr and K-Ar mineral ages from the Dalradian rocks of Angus and Perthshire indicate considerable diachronism of cooling, following the Caledonian regional metamorphism. The oldest mineral ages (~515 Ma) are similar to the independent estimates of peak metamorphic age, and hence indicate very rapid cooling; they occur in the highest grade samples of the Angus region and are associated with localized uplift. Regional rapid uplift events at 460–440 Ma and 410–390 Ma may also be recognized and correlated with structural and igneous activity and metamorphic age dates within the Scottish Highlands. Thermal models show the importance of localized and discontinuous uplift in determining both the timing of metamorphism and the shape of the P–T paths. They suggest that the major diachronous metamorphism (and granite production) in the Scottish Highlands is depth controlled rather than representing major lateral diachronism of thickening or heat sources. Localized uplift may exercise considerable control on mineral facies variation within orogenic belts. The local uplift in Angus introduces hot, high-pressure Tarfside Nappe rocks into higher level Tay Nappe rocks. Thus, the uniform block uplift models frequently used in the interpretation of metamorphic and structural phenomena in orogenic belts are an oversimplification of the real events.
Controls on evapotranspiration in a west Siberian bog

[1] This study analyzed controls on evapotranspiration (E) from a western Siberian bog, from a perspective that surface constraints limit the E available for atmospheric evapotranspiration demands. Ratios of E to potential evapotranspiration (EP) ranged from 0.2 to 0.9, and were clearly related to changes in surface constraints represented by the bulk transfer coefficient for latent heat CE (= βCH where β is the surface moisture availability and CH is the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat). Both EP and equilibrium evaporation (EEQ) showed similar seasonal trends, suggesting the importance of radiation to the seasonal variation of EP. The atmospheric drying power (Ea) was a minor factor in EP and showed less seasonal change during most of the growing season. However, the presence of a dry air mass caused by synoptic scale advection (most frequently observed in May 1999) significantly enhanced Ea; consequently, the seasonal maximum of EP occurred earlier than the seasonal maximum of EEQ. Values for CH (0.004–0.011) increased with leaf area index except Sphagnum moss (LAIg), indicating that vegetation growth contributes to changes in bog roughness through canopy height changes. The β value gradually decreased with decreases in the water table position (zwt); the open water surface area and water content of Sphagnum moss depended on zwt. Furthermore, the absence of a significant relationship between β and phenology implies that changes in evaporation contribute to variations in E more than changes in transpiration. Hence roughness change created by vegetation growth and surface wetness limit evapotranspiration to less than the potential evapotranspiration.