Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light and temperature induced shedding, encystment and excystment of avian �uke Philophthalmu sp. under laboratory conditions

Objective: Cercarial shedding, encystment and excystment of digeneans are complex processes, dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We reportsequential events occur during shedding, encystment and excystment of cercariae of Philophthalmus sp. ,released by freshwater snail, Thiara scabra. Snails were exposed to direct sunlight in petri dishes containing dechlorinated tap water (pH~ 6.5, 27° C) under laboratory conditions and the shedding, encystment and excystment of cercariae were observed under dissecting microscope. Results:Megarulous cercariae actively emerged from the snail exhibited vigorous movement prior to encystment. They attached to the petri dish with the adhesive gland at the tip of the tail,immobilized the body, shed the tail and formed a �ask shapedcyst within 10−15 min. After 30−40 min, excystment started with sequential events; activation, breaching and �nal release of the metacercaria from the cyst, completed in another 10−15 min. The excessive heat emanating from the microscope light bulb may have induced this behaviour. This is the �rst report of Philophthalmus sp, infecting T.scabrain Sri Lanka.Experimental induction of the life cycle stages of digeneans may provide valuable insight to explore their life history and provide models for testing the e�cacy of antihelmintics against trematodes of medical and veterinary importance.
Comparison of dental flosses – an investigation of subjective preference and mechanical properties

Abstract Objective To investigate the properties (tensile strength, roughness, abrasiveness) of different dental flosses and how these properties relate to subjective preference for floss by users. Materials and method Four flosses of differing compositions were selected (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon, silk, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)). Tensile strength (TS) was measured utilising a universal testing machine (total n = 40). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured on 3D reconstructed models of scanning electron microscope and abrasiveness was measured through block-on-ring tests against human enamel. Subjective preference for floss was measured by asking a sample of 16 individuals to use each floss for an 8-day period using a split-mouth design. Results The highest TS was found in UHMWPE floss (194.18±24.61 MPa) while the lowest TS was found in PTFE floss (11.78±0.77 MPa). Silk floss had the highest Ra (0.304±0.025 µm) while PTFE floss had the lowest (0.048±0.003 µm). In-vitro abrasion testing of the flosses identified no significant differences between the flosses in causing wear on tooth enamel. Subjective ratings of flosses indicated PTFE floss to be most preferred and nylon floss to be least preferred. Conclusion There was a difference in subjective preference between dental flosses composed of different materials. The PTFE floss was the overall most preferred while the nylon floss was the least preferred. There was also an association between the mechanical properties and preference for their usage, with PTFE floss being the most preferred but having the lowest surface roughness and tensile strength. Clinical Relevance This study compared a wide range of mechanical properties and subject preferences of commercially available dental floss. The results of this study can provide guidance for the recommendation of dental floss for oral hygiene routines.
Refining the age of magmatism in the Altos Cuchumatanes, western Guatemala, by LA–ICPMS, and tectonic implications

The Altos Cuchumatanes Range is made up of a core of igneous and metamorphic rocks, surrounded by lower Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary strata. These units constitute the westernmost exposure of basement rocks in Guatemala and represent some of the most important crustal units in the Maya Block. New laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon geochronology allows better definition of their igneous ages, inheritance and petrologic evolution. The Altos Cuchumatanes magmatism occurred during the Middle Ordovician (461 Ma) and lower Pennsylvanian (312–317 Ma), replicating similar age trends present in southern Mexico (Acatlán Complex) and the Maya Block, from Chiapas to central Guatemala (Rabinal-Salamá area) and Belize (Maya Mountains). The U-Pb inheritance from cores of the studied zircons makes it possible to decipher the pre-magmatic history of the area. During the Late Ordovician to Permo-Carboniferous, the Altos Cuchumatanes and Maya Block were located adjacent to northeastern Mexico, near the Mixteco terrane, where Ordovician megacrystic granites intruded a passive-margin sedimentary sequence. The Ordovician granites present at the southern limit of the Maya Block, in the Altos Cuchumatanes, in central Guatemala and in Belize, are the result of partial crustal melting during the initial opening of the Rheic Ocean, when both Maya and Mixteco terranes would have lain close to NW Gondwana until the closure of that ocean. The crystallization of the early Pennsylvanian granites seems to be the result of an E-dipping subduction zone that accommodated convergence between Laurentia and Gondwana.
Along‐strike variations of crustal reflectivity related to the Andean subduction process

This paper presents the results of Kirchhoff prestack depth migration applied to two onshore deep seismic reflection data sets (ANCORP'96 and PRECORP'95). The prestack depth migration method was implemented in 3D (ANCORP) and in 2D (PRECORP), respectively, from topography. Selective stacking of the migrated depth slices yielded a 3D depth volume (ANCORP) and a 2D depth section (PRECORP), respectively. An additional “offline stacking” provided a final 370 km long 2D depth section (ANCORP). In this paper a 180 km long depth section will be presented. At the beginning of the ANCORP section a double reflection zone is observed, which is associated with the upper and lower boundary of the oceanic crust. Except for some areas a nearly complete image of the Nazca reflector at depths between 60–90 km has been obtained. Moreover, one Bright Spot in each section has been detected: the Quebrada Blanca Bright Spot (QBBS, ANCORP) and the Calama Bright Spot (CBS, PRECORP). The reprocessing yielded two new aspects regarding these structures: Besides the west dip of the QBBS, which was already known from standard poststack processing results, a 3D analysis of the ANCORP data set shows an additional north‐dipping trend of the QBBS. Furthermore, the CBS is discovered for the first time.
Filter bank extensions for subject non-specific SSVEP based BCIs

Recently, filter bank analysis has been used in several detection methods to extract selective frequency features across multiple brain computer interface (BCI) modalities due to its effectiveness and simple structure. In this work, we propose filter bank technique as a standard preprocessing method for popular training free multi-channel steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) detection methods to overcome subject-specific performance differences and a general improvement in detection accuracy. Our study validates the effectiveness of filter bank extensions by comparing performance differences of multichannel methods with their filter bank counterparts using a forty target SSVEP benchmark dataset collected across thirty five subjects. The results demonstrate that the proposed two stage (a filter bank stage followed by SSVEP detection) implementation of popular multichannel algorithms provide significant improvement in performance at short datalengths of < 2.75 s (p < 0.001) and can be viewed as a potential standard detection approach across all SSVEP identification problems.
El Niño-southern oscillation and rainfall variability

Abstract The relationship between mean rainfall and the relative variability of annual rainfall is shown to be different for stations that have consistent relationships with ENSO compared with stations not affected by ENSO. Variability is typically one-third to one-half higher for ENSO-affected stations. It appears that ENSO causes a snore variable climate in the areas it affects.
Taxonomy and Paleobiogeography of Late Bathonian Brachiopods from Gebel Engabashi, Northern Sinai

Abstract A brachiopod fauna of late Bathonian age recovered from the Kehailia Formation from Gebel Engabashi in northern Sinai consists of six species (two rhynchonellids and four terebratulids) referred to six genera, of which one genus and two species are new: Globirhynchia sphaerica (Cooper, 1989) new combination, Daghanirhynchia angulocostata Cooper, 1989, Ectyphoria sinaiensis new species, Cooperithyris circularis new genus and species, and new material: Avonothyris species A, and Ptyctothyris species A. The brachiopods described herein comprise a fauna located at the northern part of the Indo–African Faunal Realm within the Jurassic Ethiopian Province. They extend the geographic distribution of those taxa that show great affinity with the Jurassic brachiopod fauna of Saudi Arabia described by Cooper (1989). Differentiation of the endemic faunas that is so characteristic of many of these Ethiopian Province faunas is becoming more well-defined.
Divergent pathways of cyclonic and anti‐cyclonic ocean eddies

Satellite altimetry is used to study the propagation pathways of warm and cold ocean eddies in different ocean basins. We consider eddies that have a life span longer than 3 months, and we present three regional studies: in the southeast Indian, the southeast Atlantic, and the northeast Pacific Oceans. The case studies show that simple theories for vortex propagation on a β‐plane work in regions where energetic eddies propagate though a weak background flow. Under these conditions, anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies propagate westward and equatorward/poleward. This divergence in the eddy pathways implies a net equatorward eddy heat flux, and has implications for the meridional transport of freshwater, carbon, nutrients, etc.
Utilization of Partially Purified Papain Enzyme in Mallika Black Soybean Tempeh Hydrolysate as Umami Seasoning

Tempeh made from Mallika black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Mallika) can be fermented for up to 4 days and can be further optimized by adding partially purified papain enzyme obtained from California variety papaya leaves (Carica papaya (L.) var. California). Enzyme can be added to the hydrolysates to degrade protein into short-chain peptides and free amino acids, contributing to umami taste sensory attributes. The study aimed to determine the best ammonium sulfate fractionation of crude papain enzyme and the best physicochemical characteristics of black soybean tempeh protein hydrolysate. The addition of ammonium sulfate fractionation used was 0% to 80%; fermentation time was 2 to 4 days; and the concentration of enzyme added was 0%(w/v) to 1.5%(w/v). The results showed that the 40% fractioned papain enzyme gave the highest protease activity value (0.98±0.04 U ml-1) and most of the papain enzyme was precipitated in this fraction leaving impurities. The black soybean tempeh hydrolysates with 4 × 1% showed the best physicochemical characteristic because it produced the highest umami substance. The best characteristics were moisture content (17.97±0.46%), glutamic acid content (171.58±5.72 mg g-1) that was caused by a transamination reaction, dissolved protein content (470.66±19.50 mg g-1), degree of hydrolysis (43.64±1.99%) and lightness (46.02±0.97). The umami substance’s amino acids are high in content, such as glutamic and aspartic acids (59.89±0.31 mg g-1 and 26.47±0.09 mg g-1). Sensory evaluation showed that treatment 4 × 1% demonstrated no significant difference in umami intensity with MSG (monosodium glutamate).
Review of the Mechanisms for Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treatment of Pipe Sticking in Drilling Operations

Stuck pipe is a prevalent and costly issue in drilling operations, with the potential to cost the petroleum industry billions of dollars annually. To reduce the likelihood of this issue, efforts have been made to identify the causes of stuck pipes. The main mechanisms that cause stuck pipes include drill cutting of the formation, inappropriate hole-cleaning, wellbore instability, and differential sticking forces, particularly in highly deviated wellbores. The significant consequences of a stuck pipe include an increase in well costs and Non-Productive Time (NPT), and in the worst-case scenario, the loss of a wellbore section and down-hole equipment, or the need to sidetrack, plug, or abandon the well. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the challenges associated with pipe sticking during drilling operations. The mechanisms of pipe sticking, analysis of differential sticking factors, guiding principles to minimize differential sticking, diagnosis approaches, and different treatment methods are discussed. This paper can serve as a guide for any problem involving stuck pipes in the petroleum industry.
The generation of monthly gridded datasets for a range of climatic variables over the UK

Monthly or annual 5 km × 5 km gridded datasets covering the UK are generated for the 1961–2000 period, for 36 climatic parameters. As well as the usual elements of temperature, rainfall, sunshine, cloud, wind speed, and pressure, derived temperature variables (such as growing‐season length, heating degree days, and heat and cold wave durations) and further precipitation variables (such as rainfall intensity, maximum consecutive dry days, and days of snow, hail and thunder) are analysed.
Modeling the generation of the Juan de Fuca Eddy

[1] Numerical simulations with the Regional Ocean Modeling System are used to study the generation of the cyclonic Juan de Fuca Eddy located off the entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait in summer. An initial simulation forced with average summer upwelling favorable winds, tides, and buoyancy boundary conditions that maintain an estuarine flow in Juan de Fuca Strait produces an eddy and currents that are in reasonable agreement with observations. Sensitivity studies are then carried out to explore the importance of these three forcing mechanisms. The relative proximity of dense water in the bottom estuarine flow entering the strait is shown to lead to enhanced upwelling off Cape Flattery when either wind or tidal forcing is applied. This upwelled water then mixes with the estuarine outflow and is advected offshore. The tidal upwelling arises through three mechanisms: M2 vertical excursions of nearly 20 m at 50 m depth west of the cape on the flood tide; strong tidally rectified vertical velocities west of the cape; and the spilling of denser bottom water over the western wall of Juan de Fuca Canyon on the ebb tide. The cyclonic eddy is a consequence of geostrophic adjustment to the doming isopycnals that arise from the upwelling. These model simulations refute an earlier hypothesis that the eddy is generated when California Undercurrent water is drawn up Tully Canyon and onto the Vancouver Island shelf, suggesting instead that these canyon dynamics play only a secondary role in maintaining the eddy once it is formed.
Political turnover and business decision: A study of Indonesian public companies

Research aims: This study aims to explore whether and to what extent political turnover (a change of local government head) is associated with a firm’s business decisions, such as tax avoidance and corporate investment.Design/Methodology/Approach: Using a sample of companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2012-2021, the authors measured the association between changes in local government leaders and business decisions using panel data regression with Driscoll Kraay’s Standard Error. The authors hand-collected data on changes in local government leaders in 183 Indonesian cities to measure political turnover and merged the data with financial variables collected from the Eikon database.Research findings: This study uncovered that local political turnover in the region of companies' headquarters was negatively associated with tax avoidance decisions. This study also found that local political turnover negatively affected corporate investment decisions during normal/non-crisis periods. Consistent with the Resource Dependence Theory, the results of this study suggest that firms treat relationships with local government as an important resource. Political turnover thus creates uncertainty on the sustainability of the resources, causing firms to adjust their business decisions.Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides an understanding of how changes in political conditions in Indonesia change business strategy decisions. Besides, this research area is still under-studied in Indonesia.Research limitation: Since this study focused on the uncertainty caused by political turnover, this study did not measure firms’ political connections.
COMPETENCIAS BÁSICAS Y PROCESOS PERCEPTIVOS: FACTORES CLAVES EN LA FORMACIÓN Y ORIENTACIÓN DE LOS JÓVENES EN RIESGO DE EXCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA Y SOCIOLABORAL *

This research suggests improvements in guidance processes and initial vocational training of young people between 15-21 years old that are at risk of educational, social and labour exclusion, drawing on the needs emanating from the findings. The present study is based on a comparative analysis of the self-perception of the mastery of key competencies of 228 young people involved in 18 training programmes in the surrounding area of Barcelona, Spain, and others’ perceptions on the matter (16 tutors and 9 entrepreneurs). The results show differences between the perceptions of the two groups of participants. Based on the findings, an interrelated model of key skills was designed. In this model, linguistic competence, learning to learn competence, social-citizenship competence and labour competence become the axis that articulate the connections between competencies. Likewise, this model sets training guidelines within these training programmes.
Surface and sub‐surface Schmidt hammer rebound value variation for a granite outcrop

This study presents rock strength variations at granite outcrops and in subsurface vertical profiles in the Jizerské hory Mountains, Czech Republic. Schmidt hammer rebound values in subsurface profiles change gradually from the bedrock surface downward. An exponential relation has been observed between the R‐values and depth in rock outcrops to a depth of around 4·5 m. The exponential nature of the curve indicates that rock hardness increases more rapidly with depth in the uppermost 1? m section of the rock profile. A detailed study of rebound values obtained from both intact and polished rock exposures reveal effects of surface grinding on results of the Schmidt hammer method. The range of data collected increases after grinding, allowing more precise discrimination of rock surfaces in respect of age and weathering. The Schmidt hammer method may be used effectively as a relative‐age dating tool for rock surfaces that originated during the Late Pleistocene. It is concluded that this time limitation can be significantly mitigated by surface grinding before measurement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terrain characteristics of a tonal anomaly remotely detected in an area of hydrocarbon microseepage, Tucano Basin, north-eastern Brazil

This study reports the geological characteristics of a tonal anomaly in an area of hydrocarbon microseepage, identified in Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images. A diversified dataset was gathered, which included soil gas geochemistry determinations, soil radioactivity intensity and soil magnetic susceptibility measurements, as well as laboratory soil spectra. Data indicated that the tonal anomaly holds a higher concentration of gaseous hydrocarbons in soils than the surroundings, accompanied by enrichment in radioactive minerals. However, there is no definitive evidence of magnetic mineral enrichment inside the tonal anomaly compared with the surroundings. An intense silicification process, characterized by a cover of fine-grained silicified cobbles and boulders, seems to be responsible for inhibiting the development of diagenetic clay mineralization, as indicated by variations in the depth of the 2200 nm soil spectra absorption band.
OSL and 14C chronologies of a Holocene sedimentary record (Garding‐2 core) from the German North Sea coast

The history of sea‐level change and sediment accumulation since the last deglaciation along the German North Sea coast is still controversial because of a limitation in the quantity and quality of chronological data. In the current study, the chronology of a 16‐ka coastal sedimentary record from the Garding‐2 core, retrieved from the Eiderstedt Peninsula in Schleswig‐Holstein, northern Germany, was established using OSL and AMS 14C dating techniques. The robust chronology using 14 radiocarbon and 25 OSL dates from the Garding‐2 core is the first long‐term record that covers the Holocene as well as the last deglaciation period in one succession in the German North Sea area. It provides a new insight into understanding the Holocene transgression and coastal accumulation histories. The combined evidence from the sedimentology and chronology investigations indicates that an estuarine environment dominated in Eiderstedt Peninsula from 16 to 13 ka, followed by a depositional hiatus between 13 and 8.3 ka, attributed to erosion caused by the Holocene transgression; the onset of the Holocene transgression at the core site occurred at around 8.3 ka. The sea level continued to rise with a decelerated rate until around 3 ka. Since 3 ka, the shoreline has begun to prograde. Foreshore (tidal flat) sediments have been deposited at the drilling site with a very high sedimentation rate of about 10 m ka−1. At around 2 ka, a sandy beach deposit accumulated in the sedimentary succession, indicating that the coastline shifted landward, which may represent a small‐scale transgression in the late Holocene. At around 1.5 ka, terrestrial clastic sediment started to accumulate, indicating a retreat of the relative sea level in this area, which may be related to local diking activities undertaken since the 11th century.
The SAFOD Pilot Hole seismic array: Wave propagation effects as a function of sensor depth and source location

In July 2002 we installed a vertical array of seismometers in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Pilot Hole (PH). The bottom of this 32 level, 1240 m long array of 3‐ components is located at a depth of ∼2100 m below ground. Surface‐explosion and microearthquake seismograms recorded by the array give valuable insights into the structure of the SAFOD site. The ratios of P‐ and S‐wave velocities (Vp/Vs) along the array suggest the presence of two faults intersecting the PH. The Vp/Vs ratios also depend on source location, with high values to the NW, and lower ones to the SE, correlating with high and low creep rates along the SAF, respectively. Since higher ratios can be produced by increasing fluid saturation, we suggest that this effect might account for both our observations and their correlation with the creep distribution.
Ensemble Precipitation and Water-Level Forecasts for Anticipatory Water-System Control

Abstract A method is presented for testing weather forecast products for applications in anticipatory water-system control. The applicability of the ensemble prediction system (EPS) of the ECMWF is tested for flood control in a regional water system in the Netherlands. By performing long-term verification analyses, a full range of probability-threshold-based decision rules to apply anticipatory control actions is evaluated in terms of hits (correct alerts), missed events, and false alarms. The analysis includes forecast horizons from 3 to 9 days for extreme precipitation events and extreme water-level events. The water-level forecasts are prepared by feeding each member of the ECMWF EPS precipitation ensemble into a deterministic water-system control model. The current operational strategy is modeled to forecast when the routine operational control will not be sufficient to prevent high water levels, and therefore anticipatory control actions are needed. The results show that ECMWF EPS precipitation forec.