Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are there any relict rock glaciers in the British mountains?

The existence of a small population of ‘relict rock glaciers’ scattered across the main British mountain areas has previously been inferred from published cases of individual sites or local clusters. Discrete debris accumulations (DDAs) of widely differing character have been identified as ice‐debris landforms (whether ‘rock glaciers’ or ‘protalus lobes’) partly from morphological, sedimentological and topo‐locational evidence, but principally by analogy with both active and relict examples in present‐day arctic/alpine environments, with consequent palaeoclimate inferences. However, re‐interpretation of several supposed rock glaciers as rock slope failures has cast doubt on both the palaeoclimatic reconstructions and the origin of the remaining features. Issues of polygenesis and mimicry/equifinality have contributed to some previous misidentifications. We re‐evaluate the 28 candidate cases based on new field and image‐analysis evidence and place them on a continuum from no ice presence through passive ice presence and glacial shaping to emplacement onto glacier ice with consequent melt‐out topography. A null hypothesis approach (that there are no relict rock glaciers in the British mountains) is pursued, and the evidence indicates that none of the 28 cases clearly warrants classification as a relict rock glacier; their characteristics can be explained without recourse to any significant forward debris movement controlled or facilitated by incorporated or underlying ice as it deforms and melts out. However, only one‐third of the candidate DDAs are attributed in whole or part to rock slope failure (sensu stricto), with other debris sources including incremental rockfall, bedrock knolls with coarse debris veneer, protalus rampart and moraine. A few cases deserve more detailed investigation of their structure, morphology and sediments within a broader local glaciological/topographical context, with multitemporal/polygenetic evolution in mind. But it is for future researchers to demonstrate that deforming ice played an incontestable part in shaping these often enigmatic DDAs, given that other causes are simpler and commoner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep generative model of constructing chemical latent space for small to large molecular structures with 3D complexity

The structural diversity of chemical libraries, which are systematic collections of compounds that have potential to bind to biomolecules, can be represented by chemical latent space. A chemical latent space is a projection of a compound structure into a mathematical space based on several molecular features, and it can express structural diversity within a compound library in order to explore a broader chemical space and generate novel compound structures for drug
Resource development and aboriginal culture in the Canadian north

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between resource development and aboriginal community and cultural impacts in Canada's north from the 1970s to the present. Based on a review of published literature, it is contended that northern centred scholarship can be conceptualised in two phases. These are firstly the community impacts phase (1970 to mid-1990s), a phase guided largely by a cultural politics of assimilation, a sociology of disturbance, and an anthropology of acculturation; and secondly the community continuity phase (mid-1990s to present), a phase underpinned by political empowerment, participatory social impact assessment, and the influence of cultural ecology. Due to these shifting political dynamics and research frameworks, and a lack of longitudinal research in the north over the last four decades, it is concluded that the nature of the relationship between resource development and aboriginal culture remains elusive and subject to wide ranging interpretation. Analysis shows that cultural impacts from resource development are dependent on the scale of development and spatial disturbance. It also shows growing political power in the north, a greater focus on community-based research, and renewed discussion of cultural continuity and how it is defined and assessed over time.
On the secular trends in sea ice extent over the antarctic region based on OCEANSAT-1 MSMR observations

Space-based passive microwave radiometers have been used to monitor southern ocean sea ice characteristics over the Antarctic region for the last 25 years. Decade-long observations from SMMR onboard Nimbus-7 during 1978-1987 indicated significant long-term trends in sea ice cover over different regions of the southern polar ocean, in addition to the strong seasonal and inter-annual variability in various sea ice characteristics. In the post-SMMR era, passive microwave monitoring of the polar region has continued with the availability of SSM/I onboard DMSP series of satellites. With the launch of MSMR onboard India's OCEANSAT-1 in May 1999, an independent set of multi channel passive microwave observations of the Antarctic and Arctic sea ice have become available. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first two years of MSMR observed brightness temperatures to infer sea ice extent over the Antarctic region. The analysis brings out the characteristic seasonal variability of sea ice extents over different sectors of the Southern Polar Ocean. The annual average sea ice extent values esimated from MSMR for 1999-2001 for important regions, e.g. the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea sectors, are found to be significantly different compared to the average values observed through SMMR. The MSMR estimates suggest a continuation of the secular trends observed during the SMMR period. The trend in the sea ice extent over the Antarctic region as a whole was observed to be slightly positive (0.043 million km 2 per year). The MSMR estimates of the sea ice extent over the entire Southern Ocean region, of 12.634 million km 2 during 1999-2001, support the continuation of the secular increase observed during the SMMR as well as SSM/I periods. The observed increasing trend in sea ice extent derived from SMMR and MSMR data is discussed along with some more recent estimates derived from SSM/I measurements, with possible indications of an acceleration in time. In the current greenhouse induced global warming scenario, with amplified warming over the polar region, this represents an intriguing result requiring continued investigations.
A study of cattle producer preferences for best management practices in an East Tennessee watershed

Best Management Practices (BMPs) contribute to a broader range of efforts to improve the environmental performance of the livestock sector and its impact on water quality. This research evaluates a survey of cattle producers in an East Tennessee watershed and parts of five surrounding watersheds, along with and the factors correlated with preferences for BMPs designed to reduce sediment, nutrient, and fecal coliform contamination of surface waters by limiting cattle access to streams. The objective of the survey was to gather behavioral information about producer interest in specific BMPs in an effort to supplement a long-term biophysical modeling project. Structures and BMPs analyzed include stream crossings, rotational grazing, pasture improvement, and cattle water tanks. The physical and economic constraints faced by producers and the incentives provided by state and federal programs influence the decision to adopt a set of practices or structures that impact pathogen loading into streams. There was a clear preference for a suite of BMPs that did not include stream crossings, reinforcing anecdotal evidence that the maintenance associated with frequent high flow events may reduce willingness to install stream crossings. Cattle producers were more willing to implement rotational grazing and pasture improvement BMPs, which were associated with cattle health and productivity. The extensive distribution of pastureland in the region analyzed, the relatively inexpensive costs of adopting practices supporting pasture improvement, and higher quality forage correlated with improved pastures suggest a win-win outcome for cattle owners and efforts to enhance water quality.
Evolution of oceanic crust: 2. Constraints, implications, and inferences

In part 1 (Rosendahl et al., 1976) of this study it was found that a wedge-shaped low-velocity zone underlies the axial block of the East Pacific Rise. This low-velocity zone, which occurs within the oceanic crust, is thought to represent a magma reservoir containing approximately 30% melt by volume. One consequence of this interpretation is that isostatic uplift alone can produce the axial block morphology observed along much of the East Pacific Rise crest. Based upon mantle intercept time anomalies, it appears that the axial block of the Reykjanes Ridge also could be a morphologic expression of an underlying magma reservoir. Because the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axial valley is about an order of magnitude larger than the probable width of any underlying crustal zone of partial melt, the morphology there could not be generated by volumetric changes (e.g., via magma withdrawal) in a shallow magma chamber. Another consequence of the magma reservoir interpretation is that it leads to new inferences on the constitution of ocean crust. In particular, it is suggested that crust generated at spreading systems with axial block morphology may show both chemical and stratigraphic differences from crust generated at axial valley spreading systems.
Timing of Proterozoic magmatism in the Gardar Province, southern Greenland

The Gardar Province in southern Greenland is believed to have experienced three episodes of rifting, all associated with the extrusion of large volumes of alkalic magma. A nepheline-syenite of the Motzfeldt Center yields a U-Pb apatite age of 1.35 ± 0.01 Ga. An augite-syenite from the Ilimaussaq Complex yields a Sm-Nd pyroxene, alkali feldspar, magnetite age of 1.13 ± 0.05 Ga. On the basis of field relationships, the Eriksfjord Formation lavas have been interpreted as the oldest manifestation of Gardar magmatism. Sm-Nd plagioclase, pyroxene, wholerock ages of 1.17 ± 0.03 Ga and 1.20 ± 0.03 Ga for the middle member of the Eriksfjord Formation, however, indicate that these lavas may be part of the youngest magmatic activity. The available chronological data indicate that the Gardar Province was active for at least 200 m.y. , from 1.35 to 1.12 Ga. It is difficult to reconcile this protracted history with plume models for the genesis of such alkaline flood-basalt provinces.
DynaMorph: self-supervised learning of morphodynamic states of live cells

Organs and tissues of the human body consist of an astonishing diversity of cell types, classically described by their anatomical 24 location, shape, dynamic behavior, gene expression, and protein expression. Morphometry of human cells is widely used to 25 analyze healthy and disease states of cells in clinical pathology and to discover fundamental biological mechanisms. However, 26 automated analysis of morphodynamic states of human cells still remains an unsolved problem, because morphodynamic states 27 can be difficult to identify either visually or with molecular markers. While recent advances in single cell genomics have sig28 nificantly advanced our understanding of molecular diversity of types of human cells, morphological and behavioral properties 29 of cells cannot be predicted from gene expression data alone. As a result, quantitative analysis of morphodynamic states of 30 human cells with high-throughput methods is a timely area of research. 31 Recent studies of morphological states of cells have relied on images of fixed cells labeled with a panel of fluorescent 32 markers (1), live three-dimensional imaging of the membrane labeled with genetic markers (2), and phase contrast imaging of 33 live cells (3–6). The morphological states have been analyzed with low dimensional representations computed with geometric 34 or biophysical models (3, 7–11), supervised learning of morphological labels (4, 12–17), and, recently, self-supervised learning 35 of latent representations of shape (5, 6). These analytical approaches have been motivated by the unmet need for quantitative 36 descriptions of specific, complex biological functions, such as motility of single cells (2, 3, 7, 8, 18), collective cell migration (9, 37 11), cell cycle (4, 12, 13), spatial gene expression (17), and spatial protein expression (14, 16, 19). In addition, data-driven 38 integration of the shape and gene expression (13, 17, 20–23) is now enabling rapid analysis of functional roles of genes. 39 Collectively, these studies illustrate that deep learning is poised to enable quantitative and interpretable analysis of complex cell 40 phenotypes that are too high-dimensional and too subtle for human vision to discern. 41 Despite this progress, we currently lack automated analysis methods for high-throughput screening of morphodynamic 42 states of human cells, including their temporal dynamics, due to few key technological limitations: 43
Labrador shelf benthic Foraminifera and stable oxygen isotopes of Cibicides lobatulus related to the Labrador Current

Foraminifera from 38 samples of surface sediments contained 22 calcareous and 17 agglutinated species. Eight stenotopic species relate to different waters of the Labrador Current: Cassidulina reniforme, Reophax arctica, and Cribrostomoides crassimargo are associated with the inner shelf–estuarine environment; Islandiella helenae and Haynessina orbiculare are associated with the cold and diluted inner shelf waters; Buccella frigida is related to the slope waters; and Melonis zaandamae is related to the deep waters of the basins and the outer Labrador Shelf. The distribution of these species down core in core 13, collected from one of the basins on the Labrador Shelf, indicates the presence of inshore waters in the bottom of the basin about 15 000 years BP.The ratios of the two stable oxygen isotopes 18O and 16O were determined in the tests of Cibicides lobatulus from surface sediment samples collected at 28 localities on the Labrador Shelf. The range of bottom salinities at station locations was 28.6 to 34.
The impact of slope length on the discharge of sediment by rain impact induced saltation and suspension

Simulations using a mechanistic model of raindrop driven erosion in rain‐impacted flow were performed with particles travelling by suspension, raindrop induced saltation and flow driven saltation. Results generated by both a high intensity storm, and a less intense one, indicate that, because of the effect of flow depth on the delivery of raindrop energy to the bed, there is a decline in sediment concentration, and hence soil loss per unit area, with slope length when particles are transported by raindrop induced saltation. However, that decline is reversed when the critical velocities that lead to flow driven saltation are episodically exceeded during an event. The simulations were performed on smooth surfaces and a single drop size but the general relationships are likely to apply for rain made up of a wide range of drop size. Although runoff is not always produced uniformly, as a general rule, flow velocities increase with slope length so that, typically, the distance particles travel before being discharged during an event increase with slope length. The effect of slope length on soil loss per unit area is often considered to vary with slope length to a power greater than zero and less that 1·0. The simulations show that effect of slope length on sediment discharge is highly dependent on the variations in runoff response resulting from variations in rainfall duration‐intensity‐infiltration conditions rather than plot length per se. Consequently, predicting soil loss per unit area using slope length with positive powers close to zero when sheet erosion occurs may not be as effective as commonly expected. Erosion by rain‐impacted flow is a complex process and that complexity needs to be considered when analysing the results of experiments associated with rain‐impacted flow under both natural and artificial conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of 2D wave refraction and shoaling

As waves propagate into shallow water area they undergo shoaling and refraction. Refraction is a bending wave phenomenon that leads the wave crest arriving at beach directed parallel to the shoreline. Shoaling is a phenomenon of increasing wave height with decreasing water depth. Shoaling and refraction are both direct consequence of energy conservation. In this paper we solve the 2D shallow water equations using the conservative finite volume method. This scheme is non dissipative, therefore it can produce shoaling coefficient correctly. Simulation of 2D plane wave above a parallel bottom contours shows that numerical wave refraction confirms the analytical wave refraction. In this way we are convinced that our scheme can produce shoaling and refraction correctly. When a wave travels over a continental shelf and further to the beach, before breaking, the wave will experience shoaling and refraction which is not homogeneous along the beach. Numerical simulation shows that a bottom sill may induce wave foc.
Improving Hate Speech Detection with Self-Attention Mechanism and Multi-Task Learning

Hate speech detection is a challenging task of natural language processing. Recently, some works have focused on the use of multiword expressions for hate speech detection. In this paper, we propose to use an auxiliary task to improve hate speech detection: multiword expression identification. Our proposed system, based on multi-task with self-attention, outperforms an MWE-based features state-of-the-art system on four hate speech corpora.
The Impact of Rail Transport on Real Estate Prices: Empirical Study of the Dutch Housing Market

A hedonic pricing model is estimated in this paper in order to analyze the impact of railways on house prices. The railway relevant features considered are: (1) distance to railway station, indicating the accessibility of the railway system; (2) frequency of railway services offered at the station; and (3) distance to the railway line, reflecting potential noise and other disturbance effects. Correcting for a wide range of other determinants of house prices we find that dwellings very close to a station are on average about 25% more expensive than dwellings at a distance of 15 kms or more. This percentage ranges between 19% for low frequency stations and 33% for high frequency stations. A doubling of frequency leads to an increase of house values of about 2.5%, ranging from 3.5 for houses close to the station to 1.3% for houses far away. Finally we find a negative effect of distance to railways, probably due to noise effects: within the zone up to 250 meters around a railway line prices are about 5% lower compared with locations further away than 500 meters. As a result of the two distance effects, the price gradient starts to increase as one moves away from a station, followed by a gradual decrease after a distance of about 250 meters. Two railway station references were used the nearest and most frequently chosen station in the post code area. Our estimations reveal that this distinction is important. In many cases the traveler does not choose the closest station. This indicates that railway station accessibility is a more complex concept than one might think. It involves competition between railway stations.
Comorbidity between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia: Is there Evidence for a “Schizo-obsessive” Subtype?

Despite having been a research topic since the 19th century, the relationship between schizophrenia and OCD has only attained increasing recognition in the last 15 years [1-3]. Epidemiological studies have found that OCS are estimated to occur in up to 30% of patients with schizophrenia [4,5]. Likewise, OCD affects roughly 12% of this group, depending on the type of sample (clinical vs. community), setting (outpatient vs. inpatient), design study (crosssectional vs. prospective), or assessment instruments (clinical interview vs. questionnaires) [6]. Overall, these prevalences are over 5 times higher than expected in subjects without schizophrenia, raising concerns regarding its etiopathogenic mechanisms and nosological status [7].
Trends in Length of Stay: Experience From a Tertiary Care Trends in Length of Stay: Experience From a Tertiary Care Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit in Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Rehabilitation Unit in Saudi Arabia.

Abstract Background:Background: Pediatric rehabilitation units offer unique challenges due to complex rehabilitation needs of children based on their age group and diagnosis. Length of stay (LOS) is an indirect measure of hospital cost and efficiency of a clinical service and it is important to determine the factors affecting LOS in hospitalized children undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. Methods:Methods: Record of 350 children (males: 222, female: 128) who underwent inpatient pediatric rehabilitation program at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia during 2011 to 2018 were reviewed. Diagnoses were categorized into cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, non-traumatic brain injury and others. Variables such as age, gender, diagnosis, home location, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Median (25 th – 75 th quartiles) are reported for non-normally distributed quantitative variables. Results:Results: Most children admitted for rehabilitation had diagnoses of cerebral palsy (40%) and traumatic brain injury (22%). The median LOS was 39.5 (28.75 – 56) days, patients with spinal cord injuries had a significantly higher LOS 46 (30 – 72) days. Two-thirds of the children were from outside the Riyadh region. Cerebral palsy patients were significantly younger in age 6 (5 – 9) years as compared to other diagnoses. Traumatic brain injury was prevalent significantly in males (p=0.018), whereas female patients had a significantly higher non-traumatic brain injury (p=0.018). Spearman Rho Correlation results depicted a weak but significant positive relationship between LOS and age (rho=0.142, p=0.018). Conclusion:Conclusion: LOS of children undergoing inpatient rehabilitation varies according to the diagnosis, age, gender, and home location. LOS may be reduced by adapting strategies based on these measures.
Assessing Large Language Model’s knowledge of threat behavior in MITRE ATT&CK

In the rapidly evolving field of cyber defense, acquiring expertise on threat behavior and mitigations is both time-consuming and non-trivial. This paper investigates the knowledge of threat behavior in MITRE ATT&CK exhibited by GPT-3.5, a Large Language Model (LLM). We systematically explore different input prompts to generate questions and assess the number of correct questions based on Subject Matter Expert (SME) and LLM evaluation. We analyze various prompts to elicit accurate responses to these questions from a set of LLMs. Our findings indicate that LLMs can generate questions and answers about threat behaviors and mitigations. However, GPT-3.5 may struggle to rate the quality of the generated questions. This study contributes to the understanding of LLM knowledge, capacity, and risks in the cyber security domain. It also highlights their potential applications for assessing cyber security knowledge.