Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Habit of bacterially induced precipitates of calcium carbonate and the influence of medium viscosity on mineralogy

ABSTRACT Marine bacteria can and do induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the laboratory and in nature, which results in single crystals and aggregates of crystals (crystal bundles). The end-member forms of the crystal bundles observed are rods and spheres with numerous variations in between these forms, the most common of which is the dumbbell. Rounded dumbbells and single crystals resembling brushes appear to be unique to bacterially induced precipitates and, consequently, may serve to identify bacterially induced precipitates in the rock record. Viscosity of the growth medium is the single most important control over the mineral precipitated in the experiments conducted. The medium viscosity controls the ion diffusion rate and thus the rate of precipitation and, consequently, the mineral precipitated. In a liquid medium, circulation and the ion diffusion rate are both high, precipitation is rapid, and aragonite forms. In a gelatinous medium, there is little circulation, the ion diffusion rate is slow, the rate of precipitation is slow, and calcite is precipitated. The overall form of the resultant precipitate, rods or spheres, was the same regardless of the mineral composition.
LEAD QUANTITIES IN PLANTS, SOIL, AND AIR NEAR SOME MAJOR HIGHWAYS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

THE LEAD CONTENTS OF 27 VARIETIES OF CONSUMER CROPS AND PLANTS AT VARIOUS DISTANCES FROM SOME MAJOR HIGHWAYS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND IN LOCAL MARKETS WERE CAREFULLY DETERMINED. AMOUNTS IN AND ON CROPS GROWN CLOSE TO THESE HIGHWAYS WERE SHOWN TO BE INFLUENCED BY DISTANCE FROM THE HIGHWAY, EXTENT OF PLANT SURFACE EXPOSED, EXTERNAL PLANT CHARACTERISTICS, DURATION OF PLANT EXPOSURE, MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC DENSITY, AND DIRECTION OF PREVAILING WINDS. IN SOILS AND SUSPENDED AIR PARTICULATES, CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD WERE INFLUENCED BY DISTANCE FROM HIGHWAY AND DIRECTION OF PREVAILING WINDS. ALL RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT LEAD ACCUMULATIONS IN AND ON PLANTS NEXT TO THESE HIGHWAYS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WERE CAUSED PRINCIPALLY BY AERIAL DEPOSITION AND NOT BY- AT LEAST TO ANY GREAT EXTENT-ABSORPTION BY THE PLANT FROM LEAD-CONTAMINATED SOIL. /AUTHOR/
THE LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST FOR COINTEGRATION RANKS IN THE I(2) MODEL

This paper presents the likelihood ratio (LR) test for the number of cointegrating relations in the I(2) vector autoregressive model. It is shown that the asymptotic distribution of the LR test for the cointegration ranks is identical to the asymptotic distribution of the much applied test statistic based on the two-step estimation procedure in Johansen (1995, Econometric Theory 11, 25–59), Paruolo (1996, Journal of Econometrics 72, 313–356), and Rahbek, Kongsted, and Jørgensen (1999, Journal of Econometrics 90, 265–289). By construction the LR test statistic is smaller than the non-LR test statistic from the two-step procedure, and application of the LR test may change rank selection in empirical work. Based on a study of existing empirical applications and related Monte Carlo simulations we conclude that the LR test has much better size properties when compared to the two-step-based test. Overall, we propose use of the LR test for rank determination in I(2) analysis.Discussions with Søren Johansen, Hans Christian Kongsted, and Bent Nielsen are gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the editor and three anonymous referees for very constructive comments that have led to a much improved version of the paper. This research was supported by Danish Social Sciences Research Council grant 2114-04-0001.
Observatory crustal magnetic biases during MAGSAT and Ørsted satellite missions

Computing main‐field models derived from MAGSAT and Ørsted satellite magnetic measurements, the crustal influence on satellite data can be treated as random noise. Satellite data can thus be used in conjunction with magnetic observatory measurements to isolate the non‐core field at the observatory locations. Crustal biases for the horizontal northward X, eastward Y and vertical downward Z components are computed for all magnetic observatories where data are available for MAGSAT (1979–1980) and Ørsted (1999–2000) epochs, to study their correlation over twenty years. For a set of observatories installed after 1979 new crustal biases are computed.
First-Order Structure Function Analysis of Statistical Scale Invariance in the AIRS-Observed Water Vapor Field

AbstractThe power-law scale dependence, or scaling, of first-order structure functions of the tropospheric water vapor field between 58°S and 58°N is investigated using observations from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Power-law scale dependence of the first-order structure function would indicate that the water vapor field exhibits statistical scale invariance. Directional and directionally independent first-order structure functions are computed to assess the directional dependence of derived first-order structure function scaling exponents (H) for a range of scales from 50 to 500 km. In comparison to other methods of assessing statistical scale invariance, the methodology used here requires minimal assumptions regarding the homogeneity of the spatial distribution of data within regions of analysis. Additionally, the methodology facilitates the evaluation of anisotropy and quantifies the extent to which the structure functions exhibit scale invariance.The spatial and seasonal dependence of the .
The impact of salt on the late Messinian to recent tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Cyprus subduction zone

Messinian evaporites of locally more than 3‐km thickness occupy the subduction zone between Cyprus and Eratosthenes Seamount. Based on a dense grid of seismic reflection profiles, we report on compressional salt tectonics and its impact on the Late Miocene to Quaternary structural evolution of the Cyprus subduction zone. Results show that evaporites have experienced significant post‐Messinian shortening along the plate boundary. Shortening has initiated allochthonous salt advance between Cyprus and Eratosthenes Seamount, representing an excellent example of salt which efficiently escapes subduction and accretion. Further east, between Eratosthenes Seamount and the Hecataeus Rise, evaporites were compressionally inflated without having advanced across post‐Messinian strata. Such differences in the magnitude of salt tectonic shortening may reflect a predominately north–south oriented post‐Messinian convergence direction, raising the possibility of a later coupling between the motion of Cyprus and Anatolia than previously thought. Along the area bordered by Cyprus and Eratosthenes Seamount a prominent step in the seafloor represents the northern boundary of a controversially debated semi‐circular depression. Coinciding with the southern edge of the salt sheet, this bathymetric feature is suggested to have formed as a consequence of compressional salt inflation and seamount‐directed salt advance. Topographic lows on top of highly deformed evaporites are locally filled by up to 700 m of late Messinian sediments. The uppermost 200 m of these sediments were drilled in the course of ODP Leg 160 and interpreted to represent Lago Mare‐type deposits (Robertson, Tectonophysics, 1998d, 298, 63‐82). Lago Mare deposits are spatially restricted to the western part of the subduction zone, pinching out towards the east whereas presumably continuing into the Herodotus Basin further west. We suggest a sea level control on late Messinian Lago Mare sedimentation, facilitating sediment delivery into basinal areas whereas inhibiting Lago Mare deposition into the desiccated Levant Basin. Locally, early salt deformation is believed to have provided additional accommodation space for Lago Mare sedimentation, resulting in the presently observed minibasin‐like geometry.
Major periods of erosion and alluvial sedimentation in New Zealand during the Late Holocene

Abstract During the last 1,800 years there have been eight major periods of erosion and alluvial sedimentation in New Zealand. These and their probable times of occurrence are: Taupo (1,764 years BP), Post-Taupo (1,600–1,500 years BP), Pre-Kaharoa (1,300–900 years BP), Waihirere (680–600 years BP), Matawhero (450–330 years BP), Wakarara (180–150 years BP), Tamaki (1870–1900 AD) and Waipawa (1950 to present). The Taupo period, which is identified only in North Island, possibly resulted from heavy rainfalls induced by the Taupo Pumice eruption. The other seven periods, which probably occurred universally in both main islands of New Zealand, were almost certainly caused by increased northerly airflow and atmospheric warming over New Zealand, and the associated increased magnitude of major rainstorms and floods, producing increased rates of erosion and channel sediment transport. Such changes were due primarily to a temporary strengthening of the meridional upper atmospheric circulation in the Southwest Pacif.
Teleconnections between Bangladesh Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperature in the Indian Ocean

To explore the teleconnections between Bangladesh summer monsoon rainfall (BSMR) and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over different parts of the ocean have been examined from the years 1961–2008 (48-year). Global NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of SST have been used at 2 degree by 2 degree grid in this study. A significant positive correlation (0.44) was found between the BSMR and SST over the southwest Indian Ocean (around 30° S) in the month of February. All other monthly (January to May) correlations were not found to be significant. The SST over the Bay of Bengal was positively correlated with BSMR but not significant. During summer monsoon season the prevailing wind has a south-westerly direction over Bangladesh. The SST over the southwest Indian Ocean is especially important at 30°–36° S latitude and 74°–78° E longitude to develop the linear regression model to predict summer monsoon rainfall in Bangladesh.
Unusual Secondary Ca‐Mg‐Carbonate‐Kerolite Deposits in Basaltic Caves, Kauai, Hawaii

Aragonite, calcite, monohydrocalcite, dolomite, magnesite, hydromagnesite, and talc‐like kerolite have been identified in speleothems from basaltic caves on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. These secondary minerals have crystallized in the presence of freshwater seeping from the basaltic host rock, and the mineralization process is ongoing at some locations. The deposits are extremely variable in macroscopic character, ranging from millimeter‐thin, powdery coatings to hard crusts several centimeters thick. Many deposits are associated with actively forming microbial mats, and stromatolitic structures are common in the thicker deposits. Formation of the mineral deposits is a result of a combination of direct precipitation from solution by evaporation and CO2 degassing, alteration of precursor minerals, and (or) microbial processes and physicochemical conditions within the mats. These unusual deposits provide important insights into the mineralogy and geochemistry of low‐temperature alteration and carbonation of terrestrial basalts and the potential role of microbes in such processes.
Intra-aggregate Pore Characteristics: X-ray Computed Microtomography Analysis

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:1159–1171 doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0281 Received 9 Aug. 2011 *Corresponding author (kravche1@msu.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Intra-aggregate Pore Characteristics: X-ray Computed Microtomography Analysis Soil physics
Music Regions and Mental Maps: Teaching Cultural Geography

Abstract Music informs understandings of place and is an excellent vehicle for teaching cultural geography. A study was developed of geography students' perception of where music genres predominate in the United States. Its approach, involving mental map exercises, reveals the usefulness and importance of maps as an iterative process in teaching cultural geography. Three points are discussed. First, music often serves as a surrogate for cultural understandings of place and regional stereotypes. Second, the combined use of music and maps is an excellent vehicle for teaching cultural geography. Third, maps should be more comprehensively integrated into teaching and researching cultural geography.
Roles of the EMP and QE field in the generation of columniform sprites

In order to elucidate the electrodynamic coupling process between sprites and their causative cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges, we investigated 38 columniform sprite events observed in the wintertime sprite campaigns in Japan. By analyzing the data of sprite images, transient Schumann resonance waveforms and the JLDN/LPATS lightning detection network systems, we found that the number of columns in each sprite event was proportional to the peak current intensity of positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges (+CGs) while the average vertical length of columns was proportional to the charge moment of the causative +CGs. Based on these results, we suggest that electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) radiated from +CGs contribute to the formation of seeds for sprite streamers while the QE field contribute to the development of the streamers from the seeds.
Wind‐wave development under alternating wind jets and wakes induced by orographic effects

We investigate fetch‐limited wind‐wave development under alternating coastal wind jets and wakes induced by orographic effects. Synthetic Aperture Radar and scatterometer resolve wind jets and wakes with widths of 5–40 km. Using the wind field and a third‐generation wave model, we simulate the nearshore wave field. As a result, broader directional wave spectra are seen in wakes while we can find evolution of the directional wave spectrum with offshore distance in both wind jets and wakes. Especially within the offshore distance of 40 km, directional wave spectra have two peaks. These characteristics are well reflected in the overall directional spreading field. The overall directional spreading closely corresponds to the wind speed distribution, and is small/large in wind jet/wake region. The results mean that wave energies that come from neighboring wind jet regions cross in wake regions and combine with wave energy generated by local wind in wake regions.
STRATEGIES FOR THE ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHTS FROM GPS

AbstractIn order for Global Positioning System (GPS) derived ellipsoidal heights to have any physical meaning in a surveying or engineering application, they must be transformed to orthometric heights. A practical approach is presented where gravimetrically and geometrically derived geoid heights are combined to accurately recover orthometric heights from GPS. This approach is supported by results from three GPS controlled gravity surveys conducted in Western Australia.
Evolution of tropospheric ions observed by an ion mobility spectrometer with a drift tube

The evolution of tropospheric ions has been studied by investigating the change in the mobility spectrum of ions generated in laboratory air as a function of aging time. An ion mobility spectrometer with a drift tube was constructed to get high-resolution measurements of mobility spectra of ions aged for about 0.03-5 S. Mobility spectra and their changes with ion age obtained in the present study showed the following features of tropospheric ion evolution near the ground: The positive ion mobility spectrum changes significantly with aging time, in which the peak mobility value shifts from 1.8 to about 1.0 cm 2 V -1 s -1 . Six peaks are usually distinguished in the mobility range between 2.0 and 1.0 cm 2 V -1 s -1 in the positive spectrum, and a tendency of positive ions to evolve to have lower mobilities with increasing ion age is observed. Four additional peaks are sometimes resolved at around 0.9 cm 2 V -1 s -1 , indicating formation of heavy positive ions (probably over 400 amu). The negative ion mobility spectrum obtained is characterized by two prominent peaks at 1.9 and 1.7 cm 2 V -1 s -1 . The relative intensity of the two peaks varies with ion age, and the ions with a mobility of 1.9 cm 2 V -1 s -1 dominate after about 1 s. Further conversions of the negative ions to those with lower mobilities can be expected from a comparison with the natural ion spectra obtained so far by the Gerdien type aspiration condenser.
Changes of the Boreal Winter Hadley Circulation in the NCEP–NCAR and ECMWF Reanalyses: A Comparative Study

Abstract Both the ECMWF and the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses show a strengthening of the atmospheric Hadley circulation in boreal winter over the last 50 years, but the intensification is much stronger in the ECMWF than in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. This study focuses on the difference of these trends in the two reanalyses. It is shown that trends in the Hadley circulation in the two reanalyses differ mainly over the tropical western Pacific. This difference is found to be consistent with respective trends of the atmospheric transport of moist static energy, longwave cloud radiative forcing, and upper-level clouds in the two reanalyses. Two independent datasets of upper-level cloud cover and sea level pressure from ship-based measurements are then used to evaluate the reanalyses over the tropical western Pacific. They are found to be more consistent with the trends in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis than those in the ECMWF reanalysis. The results suggest a weakening of the vertical motion associated with the Hadley circu.
Quaternary marine terraces and tectonic uplift rates on the south coast of Iran

Abstract A survey of 1500 km of the Iranian coastline, from Bushehr (Persian Gulf) to the Pakistani border, made it possible to visit several sequences of raised marine terraces, some of which (especially on the Makran coast) had already been described by previous workers. As many as 18 marine terraces, up to 220 m in altitude, were identified on Qeshm Island and as many as 19 levels, up to 246 m in altitude, near Chah Bahar. Though in situ coral heads and fossilized marine shell deposits exist in many uplifted areas, only a few samples, mainly from elevations lower than 30m, appeared to be unrecrystallized and thus suitable for radiometric dating. Six uranium-series analyses of aragonitic corals from Haleh, Jazeh and Qeshm Is. gave apparent ages between 100 and 140 ka bp, in some cases demonstrating that previous radiocarbon dates between 20 and 40 ka bp had to be considered minimum ages. This made it possible to estimate that average uplift rates since the last Interglacial period had been about 0.2 mm/year, i.e. one order of magnitude less than most previous estimates. Radiocarbon dates suggest almost uniform emergence of 2–4 m since mid-Holocene times along most of the coastal sectors investigated. This is in agreement with the 2–3 m emergence predicted by glacio-hydro-isostatic models in this area if an uplift rate of about 0.2 mm/year is also taken into account. Near a salt dome on Qeshm Is. , however, a much faster uplift rate of about 6 mm/year was documented for the period between 6 and 5 ka bp but only over a limited area.
Sea‐spray aerosol particles generated in the surf zone

To assess the properties of aerosol particles generated over the surf zone, two experiments were held at the pier of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), La Jolla CA, and at the pier of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck NC. On both sites concentrations of surf‐generated sea spray particles, wave parameters and meteorological conditions were measured. The surf‐aerosol concentrations in the diameter range 0.2–10 microns were obtained from the difference in aerosol size distributions measured upwind and downwind of the surf zone. It was found that the flux of surf‐generated particles at diameters at formation can be expressed in terms of wave energy dissipation, which itself is related to the properties of the incoming wavefield and the bathymetry of the beach. Although the flux can also be modeled in terms of wind speed, this relation is considered to be not universal and limited to low‐ to medium wind speeds. In Duck NC, two transport experiments were performed under offshore flow conditions. In this case, the surf‐aerosol concentrations were obtained from the differences in three aerosol size distributions, measured just before and just behind the surf zone and up to 16 km downwind (out to sea). No significant decrease in concentration was observed at the farthest range, which suggests that an appreciable amount of surf‐generated aerosols is advected over tens of kilometers.
Irrigation Quantity and Uniformity and Nitrogen Application Effects on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Leaching

The combined effects of irrigation and N management on crop yield and NO 3 - leaching have not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to quantity the relationships between irrigation management (including uniformity) and N management on corn (Zea mays L.) field and NO 3 - leaching. Yield and N leaching were simulated using the CERES-Maize (version 2.10) model for various combinations of irrigation amounts and uniformity and N amount and timing of split N applications for semiarid conditions typical of Tulare County in California. Simulated grain yield increased, reached a plateau, and then decreased with increase in applied water under uniform irrigation. The amount of applied water above which yield decreased was higher for the higher N application rate and the later simulated split N application. The simulated amounts of N leached were consistent with the yield results. The higher water applications that lead to reduced yields were associated with higher N leaching for a given N application amount. The effects of irrigation were simulated assuming Christensen's Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) of 100, 90, and 75. The results were only slightly affected by CUC = 90 compared with 100. A CUC of 75 caused a reduction in yield and increase in N leaching compared with uniform irrigation. The lowest CUC required a higher N application to achieve the same yield as uniform irrigation. Under nonuniform irrigation, it is impossible to manage either water or N application in a manner to achieve high yields without considerable NO 3 - leaching. High yield and low NO 3 - leaching are compatible goals and can be achieved by appropriate irrigation and fertilizer management for irrigation systems that have a CUC of 90 or greater.