Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma arc cutting: speed and cut quality

When cutting metal with plasma arc cutting, the walls of the cut are narrower at the bottom than at the top. This lack of squareness increases as the cutting speed increases. A model of this phenomenon, affecting cut quality, is suggested. A thin liquid layer, which separates the plasma from the solid metal to be melted, plays a key role in the suggested model. This layer decreases heat transfer from the plasma to the solid metal; the decrease is more pronounced the higher the speed and the thicker the liquid metal layer. Since the layer is thicker at the bottom of the cut, the heat transfer effectiveness is lower at the bottom. The decrease in heat transfer effectiveness is compensated by the narrowness of the cut. The suggested model allows one to calculate the profile of the cut. The result of the calculations of the cutting speeds for plates of various thicknesses, at which the squareness of the cut is acceptable, agrees well with the speeds recommended by manufacturers. The second effect considered in the paper is the deflection of the plasma jet from the vertical at a high cutting speed. A qualitative explanation of this phenomenon is given. We believe the considerations of this paper are pertinent to other types of cutting with moving heat sources.
A method for treating thermal expansion effects in molecular dynamics simulations for solids

The author reports a simple and efficient method for including thermal expansion at high temperatures for solids in molecular dynamics simulations. The method is based on the application of the bulk modulus and the virial theorem for internal microscopic stress to allow a system to expand for a desired temperature. With appropriate scaling, zero-external-pressure conditions can be achieved rapidly. The author also discusses techniques developed in this work for establishing thermal equilibrium of a solid at various temperatures, including the use of the equipartition-of-energy theorem as a criterion at low temperatures. The results of molecular dynamics simulations show good agreement with the experimental data for rare gas and ionic crystals.
Triterpenic acids from Eugenia moraviana

A novel triterpene, characterized as 6a-hydroxybetulinic acid, was isolated from the leaves and stems of Eugenia moraviana (Myrtaceae), known in Brazil as Cambui, together with three known compounds, platanic acid, betulinic acid and b-sitosterol. Unequivocal 1H and 13C assignments of 6a-hydroxybetulinic acid (3b,6a-dihydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-oic acid) and platanic acid were undertaken by spectral analysis including NOE and 2 D NMR experiments.
Reference Code : hess-2018-393 Title : Spatially dependent flood probabilities to support the design of civil infrastructure systems Corresponding

12 Conventional flood risk methods typically focus on estimation at a single location, which can be 13 inadequate for civil infrastructure systems such as road or railway infrastructure. This is because rainfall 14 extremes are spatially dependent, so that to understand overall system risk it is necessary to assess the 15 interconnected elements of the system jointly. For example, when designing evacuation routes it is 16 necessary to understand the risk of one part of the system failing given that another region is flooded or 17 exceeds the level at which evacuation becomes necessary. Similarly, failure of any single part of a road 18 section (e.g., a flooded river crossing) may lead to the wider system’s failure (i.e. the entire road 19 becomes inoperable). This study demonstrates a spatially dependent Intensity-Duration-Frequency 20 framework that can be used to estimate flood risk across multiple catchments, accounting for 21 dependence both in space and across different critical storm durations. The framework is demonstrated 22 via a case study of a highway upgrade, comprising five river crossings. The results show substantial 23 differences in conditional and unconditional design flow estimates, highlighting the importance of 24 taking an integrated approach. There is also a reduction in the estimated failure probability of the overall 25 system compared with the case where each river crossing is treated independently. The results 26 demonstrate the potential uses of spatially dependent Intensity-Duration-Frequency methods and 27 suggest the need for more conservative design estimates to take into account conditional risks. 28
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Grass and Milk from Urban and Rural Farms

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels were studied in grass and milk sampled at two farms, one located in a non-contaminated, rural area, and another located in a urban area close to PAH sources such as highways, busy roads, fuel-powered trains and a steel plant. PAH concentration were measured by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using internal deuterated standards. In grasses, unexpectedly, although the sum of PAH concentrations was only slightly higher at the urban farm (83.1 ± 16.1 ng g−1) than the rural farm (51.8 ± 10.6 ng g−1), this difference was not observed for all PAH members. This absence of a striking difference of PAH levels between urban and rural grasses suggests that atmospheric PAH sources, for example, vehicle exhausts and chimney fumes, could be rapidly diluted by winds. In milk, PAH concentrations were not significantly different at urban and rural farms.
Singlet oxygen generation in O2 flow excited by RF discharge: I. Homogeneous discharge mode: α-mode

The production and transport dynamics of O2(a 1Δg) and molecules as well as O(3P) atoms has been studied in an O2 flow excited by a 13.56 MHz RF discharge in a quartz tube at pressures of 1–20 Torr. It has been shown that the densities of O2(a 1Δg) and O(3P) are saturated with increasing energy input into the discharge. The maximum yield of singlet oxygen (SO) and the O2 dissociation degree drops with pressure. It is demonstrated that depending on the energy input the RF discharge can exist in three modes: I—in the spatially homogeneous mode or α-mode; III—in the substantially inhomogeneous mode, when plasma jets are present outside the discharge; and II—in the transient mode between modes I and III. In this paper only the homogeneous mode of RF discharge in the O2 flow is considered in detail. A self-consistent model of the α-mode is developed, that allows us to analyse elementary processes responsible for the production and loss of O2(a 1Δg) and molecules as well as O(3P) atoms in detail. To verify both the kinetic scheme of the model and the conclusions, some experiments have been carried out at lower flow velocities and higher pressures (⩾10 Torr), when the stationary densities of O2(a 1Δg), and O(3P) in the discharge area were established not by the escape of particles but by the losses due to the volumetric and surface reactions. The density under these conditions is determined by the balance of production by both direct electron impact and electronic excitation transfer from metastable O(1D) atoms and deactivation by oxygen atoms and tube walls, including quenching by ozone in the afterglow. The O(3P) density is determined by the balance between the production through O2 dissociation by electron impact and heterogeneous loss at the wall recombination. The stationary density of O2(a 1Δg) is provided by the processes of O2(a 1Δg) production by direct electron impact and loss owing to quenching by the tube walls at a low pressure below 4 Torr, as well as by three-body recombination with oxygen atoms with increasing pressure above 7 Torr. The analysis of O2(a 1Δg) three-body quenching by oxygen atoms showed that this process could actually have a high rate constant and be able to provide a fast SO deactivation at high pressures. The approximate value of the rate constant—(1–3) × 10−32 cm3 s−1 has been obtained from the best agreement between the simulated and experimental data on transport dynamics of O2(a 1Δg) molecules and O(3P) atoms. It is shown that the RF discharge α-mode corresponds to a discharge with an effective reduced electrical field in a quasi-neutral plasma of about ∼ 30 Td, which makes possible a rather high efficiency of SO production of ∼3–5%.
Temperature Effect on the Phase Behavior of the Systems Water/Sucrose Laurate/Ethoxylated‐mono‐di‐glyceride/Oil

The phase behavior of the systems water/sucrose laurate/ethoxylated mono‐di‐glyceride/oil was investigated as function of temperature and the weight ratio of EMDG in the mixed surfactants. The oils were R (+)‐limonene, isopropylmyristate, and caprylic‐capric triglyceride. This study demonstrates that the phase inversion temperature (PIT) decreases and the efficiency of the mixed surfactants (γ¯) increase as the weight ratio of the EMDG in the mixed surfactants increases. R (+)‐limonene gave lower phase inversion temperatures and higher efficiencies compared to isopropylmyristate, and caprylic‐capric triglyceride. The solubilization capacity of the system water/sucrose laurate/oil increased upon the addition of ethoxylated mono‐di‐ glyceride which stabilize the surfactant layer and increase the interfacial area.
GAD65 autoantibody responses in Japanese latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) patients

GAD65 autoantibody responses in Japanese latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) patients. Taro Maruyama, MD, PhD; Shilpa Oak, PhD, Akira Shimada, MD, PhD; Christiane S. Hampe, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Social Insurance Hospital, Saitama, Japan. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine. Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
Forms and Status of Potassium in Some Soils Supporting Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) Plantations in Cross River State, Nigeria

The status of the various forms of potassium (K) in soils derived from sedimentary sandstone and basement complex rocks that support oil palm plantations was investigated. The investigation revealed that in the surface and subsurface soils of sedimentary sandstone, water-soluble K ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 cmol per kilogram (cmol kg−1), exchangeable K from 0.07 to 0.40 cmol kg−1, difficultly exchangeable K from 0.15 to 0.88 cmol kg−1, acid-soluble K from 0.48 to 2.00 cmol kg−1, nonexchangeable K from 12.31 to 36.39 cmol kg−1, and total K from 12.80 to 38.39 cmol kg−1, where S. in soils derived from basement complex rocks, values ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 cmol kg−1, 0.10 to 0.23 cmol kg−1, 0.16 to 0.57 cmol kg−1, 0.67 to 1.50 cmol kg−1, 13.87 to 31.90 cmol kg−1, and 15.36 to 33.28 cmol kg−1 for water-soluble, exchangeable, difficultly exchangeable, acid-soluble, nonexchangeable, and total K, respectively, in both the surface and subsurface soils. More K was found in soils derived from sedimentary sandstone than in soils derived from basement complex rocks. In all soils, the contents of all forms of K generally decreased with depth. The low values of total K indicate that these soils are deficient in K; hence these soils require adequate K fertilization for efficient production of the oil palm.
Candesartan Induces a Prolonged Proangiogenic Effect and Augments Endothelium- mediated Neuroprotection after Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation: Role of VEGF-A and B

Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia (SS, ABE, TI, PRS, AE, SCF), Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (SS, ABE, TI, PRS, AE, SCF) and Departments of Psychiatry (AP), Medicine (PRS), Physiology (AE), Pharmacology & Toxicology (ABE) and Neurology (SCF), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA. JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 28, 2014 as DOI:10.1124/jpet.113. 212613
Transport and Retention of Fecal Bacteria at Sewage‐Polluted Fractured Rock Sites

In 1991 to 1993, a bacteriological investigation was made of the numbers of fecal bacteria present in groundwater of a limestone site located in the Lez Basin, Southern France. Sampling was carried out in closely spaced 60-m deep wells located on either side of a sewage-polluted river to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in groundwater. High differences in fecal bacteria concentrations observed between wells were largely attributable to two types of infiltration mechanisms controlling the groundwater recharge. A quick infiltration process promoted channelized flow of bacterial contaminants through large vertical fractures connected to enlarged bedding joints. In such conductive channels, the reduction of fecal bacteria concentrations resulted only from the flushing and dilution ability of groundwater. However, in the less permeable parts of the site, clogging of the small-sized fissures of the unsaturated zone by sludge particles might reduce the seepage rates and remove bacterial contaminants from percolating water. This straining effect was considered as a temporary retention process because fecal bacteria were eluted by subsequent rainwater percolation. Results of another bacteriological survey carried out on a thinly fissured gneiss aquifer contaminated by percolating sewage from numerous septic tanks also demonstrated that a similar accumulation and elution cycle had to be considered to explain the temporal pattern of well contamination.
Long-Range Domain Wall Tension in Pt/Co/Pt Films with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy

We report an experimental detection of a long-range tension effect on magnetic domain walls in Pt/Co/Pt films. Such a tension effect is observed from circular domains expanding (or shrinking) under a constant applied magnetic field. Interestingly, the domain propagation speed varies with respect to the domain radius. Converting the speed variation to a magnetic field via the creep scaling, it is revealed that there exists an effective field inversely proportional to the radius, in accordance with the domain wall tension and the magnetostatic dipolar interaction. The sizeable tension effect subsists over 20 µm, providing a way to directly determine the wall energy density.
Quantitative spectral and orientational analysis in surface sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS)

Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) has been proven to be a uniquely effective spectroscopic technique in the investigation of molecular structure and conformations, as well as the dynamics of molecular interfaces. However, the ability to apply SFG-VS to complex molecular interfaces has been limited by the ability to abstract quantitative information from SFG-VS experiments. In this review, we try to make assessments of the limitations, issues and techniques as well as methodologies in quantitative orientational and spectral analysis with SFG-VS. Based on these assessments, we also try to summarize recent developments in methodologies on quantitative orientational and spectral analysis in SFG-VS, and their applications to detailed analysis of SFG-VS data of various vapour/neat liquid interfaces. A rigorous formulation of the polarization null angle (PNA) method is given for accurate determination of the orientational parameter D = ⟨cos θ ⟩/⟨cos3 θ⟩, and comparison between the PNA me.
Gas Production from Methane Hydrate in a Pilot-Scale Hydrate Simulator Using the Huff and Puff Method by Experimental and Numerical Studies

A novel three-dimensional 117.8-L pressure vessel, which is called a Pilot-Scale Hydrate Simulator (PHS), is developed to investigate the gas production performance from hydrate-bearing porous media using the huff and puff method through both experimental and numerical simulations. The methane gas and deionized water are injected into the pressure vessel to synthesize methane hydrate. The grain sizes of the quartz sand in the vessel are between 300 and 450 μm. The huff and puff stages, including the injection, the soaking, and the production, are employed for hydrate dissociation. A single vertical well at the axis of the PHS is used as the injection and production well. The whole experiment consists of 15 huff and puff cycles. The numerical simulation results agree well with the experiment. Both the experimental and numerical simulation results indicate that the injected water is mainly restricted around the well during the injection stage. The system pressure fluctuates regularly in each cycle, and the .
Surfactant-free solution-based synthesis of metallic nanoparticles toward efficient use of the nanoparticles’ surfaces and their application in catalysis and chemo-/biosensing

Abstract The choice of stabilizer and the stabilizer-to-precursor ions molar ratio during metal nanoparticle synthesis are important for controlling the shape, size, and dispersion stability of the nanoparticles. However, the active sites on the nanoparticles surfaces may be blocked by the stabilizing agents used, resulting in a less-than-effective utilization of the surfaces. In this review, various surfactant-free solution-based methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles are described, along with the applications of such nanoparticles in catalysis and sensing. “Surfactant-free” synthesis does not imply truly bare metal nanoparticles synthesis but implies one where the metal nanoparticles are prepared in the absence of additional stabilizing agents such as thiolate and phosphine compounds, surfactants, and polymers. These metal nanoparticles are stabilized by the solvents or the simple ions of the reducing agents or low-molecular-weight salts used. Surfactant-free synthesis of metal nanoparticles via photochemical-, ultrasonochemical-, and laser ablation-mediated synthesis methods is also described. Because of the effective utilization of their surfaces, metal nanoparticles prepared without surfactants, polymers, templates, or seeds are expected to exhibit high performance when used in catalysis (synthetic catalysis and electrocatalysis) and sensing (surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)), surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS)).
A Membrane-Based Process for the Valorization of the Bergamot Juice

An integrated membrane process for the production of highly concentrated bergamot juice was investigated. The depectinized bergamot juice, with an initial total soluble solids (TSS) content of 95 g kg−1 was previously clarified by ultrafiltration (UF) by using polysulphone hollow fibers membranes having a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 100 kDa. The analyses of flux decay, according to fouling models reported in literature, revealed that the resistance of a cake layer covering the entire surface of the UF membrane well describes the fouling phenomenon in the treatment of bergamot juice. The clarified juice was concentrated in an osmotic membrane distillation (OMD) system by using a hollow fiber membrane contactor and calcium chloride dehydrate as extraction brine. In isothermal conditions (25°C) transmembrane vapor water fluxes were between 0.4 and 1.45 kg m−2 h−1 producing a concentrated juice with a final TSS content of 540 g kg−1. Suspended solids were completely removed in the UF process. Flavonoids and ascorbic acid were recovered in the UF permeate and well preserved during the subsequent concentration process. The evaluation of the total antioxidant activity (TAA) in clarified and concentrated samples confirmed the assumption of a mild integrated membrane process able to produce a concentrated juice without modifying the main quality criteria of the fresh juice.
EFFECT OF LEAD AND CADMIUM UPON THE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION IN YOUNG CORN PLANTS

In a greenhouse experiment corn plants were harvested 24 and 31 days following emergence from pots containing Bloomfield loamy sand (Psammentic Hapladalf). The soil CEC was 2.3 meq/100 g. The soil had 140 kg/ha of P determined with the Bray P1 extractant, and 220 kg/ha of 1 N neutral ammonium acetate extractable K. Calcium, Mg, K, and P concentrations in plant tissue were determined by emission spectroscopy. Treatment combinations were a factorial arrangement of 0, 2.5, and 5 ±/g of Cd and 0, 125, and 250 ±/g of Pb. At 24 days following emergence, there were significant main effects of Cd and Pb upon the Ca, Mg, K, and P concentration in corn plants. The Cd linear × Pb linear interaction significantly (α = .05) affected P concentration and uptake of each element. At 31 days following emergence, Cd and Pb main effects influenced the Ca, Mg, and K status of the plant, but had no significant effect upon P content. At this stage of development, there were three significant Cd-Pb interactions that affected nutrient concentration and four interactions that affected nutrient uptake. Results observed in this study suggest that the statistical significance of various effects depends upon stage of development of the corn plant, and that certain Cd-Pb interactions influenced nutrient concentration in the plant.
Biodegradation of Residual Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Tetrachloroethene: Effects on Mass Transfer

ABSTRACT The mass emissions rate of contaminants from nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) is a driving factor in remediation efforts, whether those efforts are designed to remove, transform, or stabilize the entrapped NAPL or down-gradient aqueous concentrations. Enhancement of mass flux from NAPL source zones has been previously reported in the presence of microbial reductive dechlorination activity in systems containing NAPL with a low proportion of tetrachloroethene (PCE) or a low residual saturation (e.g., 2%). The results reported here demonstrate reductive dechlorination of PCE at residual saturations of 35%, obtained under two different column flow velocities and NAPL configurations. Mass flux in biotic columns was approximately 45% greater than that in uninoculated columns, due to both the presence of daughter products and higher concentrations of PCE in the effluent from biotic columns. Daughter product concentrations were greater in columns with NAPL emplaced only in the lower quarter compared to those with NAPL throughout, and in columns run at the slower velocity. The elevated PCE concentrations in biotic column effluents suggest the influence of microbially generated surfactants, which was supported by surface tension measurements. These results demonstrate the potential significance of bioactivity within NAPL source zones on NAPL longevity and down-gradient aqueous concentrations.
The Impact of Herbicide-Resistant Rice Technology on PhenotypicDiversity and Population Structure of United States

Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704 (N.R.B., V.S., T.M.T.); United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160 (H.B., D.R.G.); and Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (N.D.Y., Z.H., K.E.H., A.L.C.)
Sodium-Calcium and Sodium-Magnesium Exchange on Wyoming Bentonite in Perchlorate and Chloride Background Ionic Media 1

The exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium at 298 K on Wyoming bentonite was investigated in perchlorate and chloride back- ground media maintained at pH 7.0 and at a total cation normality of 0.05/V. In the perchlorate medium, the apparent total adsorbed metal charge was independent of the exchanger composition and equal to 0.97 ± 0.06 mol e kg" 1 (average for Na-Ca and Na-Mg exchanges). In the chloride medium, the apparent total adsorbed metal charge increased with the amount of calcium or magnesium adsorbed, tending to a value near 1.3 mol e kg" 1 as the clay became saturated with the bivalent metal cation. These results were interpreted as evidence for the adsorption of CaCl + or MgCl + complexes in the exchange experiments conducted in the chloride medium. A detailed analysis of the exchange data led to the conclusion that a Ca-montmorillonite or Mg-montmorillonite suspension in a chloride background consists of quasicrystals with bivalent cations adsorbed on the internal surfaces and monovalent metal-chloride complexes adsorbed on the external surfaces.