Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Destination Marketing

Collaborative initiatives are voluntary arrangements between tourism organizations involved in managing and promoting destinations. In the tourism domain, although collaboration issues have been studied from various perspectives, relatively little research has been conducted on the process of collaborative marketing at the destination level. This study attempts to examine the process of collaboration formation in the context of a destination within the domain of theories of interorganizational relations. The study chooses a destination as a case of investigation with a focus on marketing activities between and among the local tourism industry facilitated by the local destination marketing organization. Implications are discussed from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Two-stage anaerobic digestion of aerobic pre-treated sisal leaf decortications residues: hydrolases activities and biogas production profile

A two-stage system was investigated for anaerobic digestion (AD) of aerobically pre-treated sisal leaf decortication residue (SLDR) with regard to hydrolytic enzymes and biogas production. The system consisted of a solid-bed bioreactor for hydrolysis connected to methanogenic bioreactor packed with sisal fibre decortication residues (SFDR) as biofilm carriers. Some of the enzymes produced by microorganisms to hydrolyse SLDR were found to be pectinase, filter paper cellulase, amylase, beta-glucosidase, carboxylmethyl cellulase, xylanase and protease. Enzyme activities observed in the acidogenic bioreactor were much higher than those in the methanogenic bioreactor. The hydrolysis and the methanogenic stages were well separated, as indicated by the high carbon dioxide production, high volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration and low pH in the acidogenic bioreactor compared with high methane production, low VFAs concentration and above neutral pH in the effluent of the methanogenic bioreactor. Digestion of SLDR gave energy yields of 2.45 kWh/kg volatile solids added in the form of methane. The integrity of the methane filter was maintained throughout the period of operation producing biogas with 51-70% methane content. A stable effluent pH showed that the methanogenic bioreactor had good ability to withstand the variations in load and VFAs concentrations that occurred in the two-stage process. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the two-stage system was suitable for effective stabilization and biomethanation of SLDR.
The social stratification of social risks: The relevance of class for social investment strategies

Over the course of the past 20 years, welfare states are said to have evolved towards a ‘social investment’ model of welfare – characterized by a focus on equality of opportunity and upward social mobility along with a greater emphasis on individual responsibility. In view of these policy changes, it is necessary to assess whether traditional stratification cleavages (still) affect the occurrence of ‘social risks’. Using data from the 2005 EU-SILC intergenerational module, we consider the impact of social class (of origin) on a relevant selection of risks: unemployment, ill-health, living in a jobless household, single parenthood and low-paid employment. The results provide clear evidence of a substantial influence of social class. On this basis, we argue that social investment strategies need to take stock of the persistence of traditional stratification cleavages. Otherwise, a one-sided approach may create new forms of exclusion and give way to ‘Matthew effects’.
Ecophysiology of Antarctic macroalgae: effects of environmental light conditions on photosynthetic metabolism

Las variacion estacional en la duracion del dia en los ambientes polares es el principal factor ambiental que regula la actividad fotosintetica de las algas marinas. El aparato fotosintetico de especies de algas pardas tales como Ascoseira mirabilis o Desmarestia menziesii, pertenecientes al grupo denominado "season anticipators", posee la habilidad de usar la radiacion solar incidente durante el periodo de aumento de horas diarias de luz en el invierno tardio y primavera. El desarrollo estacional y la distribucion de biomasa en el talo afectan tambien la actividad fisiologica de estas algas. De este modo, la diferenciacion de la capacidad para fotosintetizar (medida como evolucion de oxigeno y fijacion de carbono) a traves de la planta representa una adaptacion morfo-funcional que optimiza la conversion de energia luminica en produccion primaria. En Desmarestia menziesii, las fases reproductivas tienen diferentes caracteristicas fotosinteticas. Las micro-fases, gametofitos y estadios tempranos de los esporofitos estan mejor adaptados para usar niveles mas bajos de luz que las plantas adultas (esporofitos), basicamente debido a un mayor contenido de pigmentos por unidad de biomasa, mayor eficiencia fotosintetica y muy bajos requerimientos de luz para fotosintesis. Esta estrategia asegura la consumacion del ciclo de vida bajo condiciones variables de luminosidad. Las bajas demandas de luz para crecimiento y fotosintesis no solo posibilitan la supervivencia de macroalgas en escenarios luminicos estacionalmente cambiantes, sino que paralelamente les permite expandir sus limites de distribucion en profundidad. La inexistencia de diferencias en capacidad fotosintetica maxima (Pmax) y eficiencia fotosintetica (a) de poblaciones de una misma especie habitando diferentes profundidades (entre 10 y 30 m) sugiere una baja fotoaclimatacion, lo cual permitiria a estas especies ocupar amplios nichos luminicos. Cuando disminuye el numero de horas del dia durante las cuales las plantas se encuentran luminicamente saturadas (Hsat) y un bajo balance de carbono derivado de un bajo cuociente entre fotosintesis versus respiracion a profundidades cercanas a 30 m, la produccion primaria puede ser limitada afectando la superviviencia. En general, las tasas fotosinteticas de algas antarticas medidas a 0 oC son comparables a los valores de produccion primaria medidos en algas de regiones templadas, indicando una considerable adaptacion al ambiente polar
Active prey mixing as an explanation for polyphagy in predatory arthropods: synergistic dietary effects on egg production despite a behavioural cost

Summary Mixing of prey that differ in nutrient content or toxic compounds (dietary mixing) may allow synovigenic predatory arthropods to balance their diet or dilute toxins of different prey items to maximize performance: dietary mixing may therefore explain the prevalence of polyphagy in this functional group. Several predatory arthropods can redress nutritional imbalances in their diet by actively mixing different diets, based on experiments with artificial diets or with prey that were manipulated to contain different nutrients. Evidence is also accumulating that predator species perform better on a mixed diet of several different prey species, but evidence that they actively forage for different prey species is scarce. Thus, evidence that predators actively forage for a mixed diet consisting of natural, non-manipulated prey to increase their performance is still rare. Here, we investigate whether arthropod predators invest in achieving an optimal diet by active mixing of different prey species or by simply eating what they encounter. Females of two species of plant-inhabiting predatory mites produced significantly more eggs when feeding on a prey mixture of co-occurring phytophagous mites than when feeding on either of the two prey species separately. When the two prey species were offered on two separate, connected patches at some distance from each other, predators commuted significantly more between the two patches to obtain a mixed diet and had a significantly increased egg production than predators that were offered a single prey species on two patches. Thus, predators actively commuted between patches to balance their diet. We propose that active dietary mixing can have synergistic effects on predator fitness and has the potential to explain polyphagy in this functional group.
Role of ground water on hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) detections in surface water in western Canada

Interrelationships between surface water and groundwater dynamics of α‐ and γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were investigated by determining their detection frequency and concentrations in surface water that originated primarily from surface runoff of snow and rain and in surface water that originated from ground water. In the prairie ecozone in Saskatchewan, where lindane (γ‐HCH) is currently used, lindane and α‐HCH were detected in about 50% of water samples taken from lakes and ponds that are recharged primarily by surface runoff (N = 43 sites). Maximum concentrations for lindane and α‐HCH were 0.011 and 0.004 μg/L, respectively. Isomers of HCH were not detected in any of the eight prairie springs that were examined (N = 10 samples). These springs originate from ground water located beneath agricultural lands. In the montane ecozone of Alberta where lindane is not used for agricultural purposes, only α‐HCH was detected frequently in the Waterton and Athabasca rivers. From 1976 to 1992, α‐HCH was detected in 81% of water samples from the Waterton River with no significant difference in detection frequency through the year (χ2 for 12 months = 14.6, d.f. = 11, p = 0.20, N = 163 samples). The site on the Waterton River is located downstream from a series of large lakes with multiyear storage of surface water. In contrast, discharge for the Athabasca River originates primarily from surface water during summer and ground water during winter. Detection frequency for α‐HCH during these seasons was 53% and 2%, respectively, with the annual pattern a normal distribution. These results indicate that HCH isomers were not detected frequently in surface waters that originate from ground water.
Urban stormwater runoff limits distribution of platypus

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), like many other stream-dependent species, is reportedly sensitive to catchment urbanization. However, the primary mechanism limiting its distribution in urban environments has not been identified. We created species distribution models for three platypus demographic classes: adult females (which are exclusively responsible for raising young), adult males (which are more mobile than females), and first-year juveniles. Using live-trapping data collected in Melbourne, Australia, we tested whether distributions of the three demographic classes were better predicted by catchment urban density (total imperviousness), by urban stormwater runoff (catchment attenuated imperviousness), or by stream size (catchment area). Two variants of each predictor variable were developed, one that accounted for platypus mobility, and one that did not. Female distribution was most plausibly predicted by stormwater runoff (accounting for mobility), with a steep decline in reporting rate from 0 to 10% attenuated imperviousness. Male distribution was equally plausibly predicted by stormwater runoff and urban density (both accounting for mobility), with a less steep and more uncertain decline with imperviousness than females. Juvenile distribution was most plausibly predicted by stream size (accounting for mobility), but both stormwater runoff and urban density (accounting for mobility) were nearly equally plausible predictors. The superior performance of models that accounted for mobility underscores the importance of accounting for this in species distribution models of highly mobile species. Platypus populations in urban areas are likely to be affected adversely by urban stormwater runoff conveyed by conventional drainage systems, with adult females more limited by runoff-related impacts than adult males or juveniles. Urban platypus conservation efforts have generally focused on restoring riparian and in-stream habitats on a local scale. This is unlikely to protect platypus from adverse impacts of urban stormwater runoff, which is most effectively managed at the catchment scale.
Lista actualizada de los mamíferos de Colombia anotaciones sobre su distribución

Con el presente trabajo se pretende presentar un primer listado de los mamiferos colombianos y su distribucion zoogeografia. Para la siguiente lista se han tenido en cuenta las especies que se han citado en la literatura dentro del territorio nacional, estos aparecen con numeros, aquellos que estan dentro del rango geografico o han sido citados en las cercanias fronterizas del pais, se les ha colocado asterisco, y los que se nombran por primera vez para Colombia tienen el &.
On the distribution of gymnosperm genera, their areas of endemism and cladistic biogeography

A distributional analysis of 81 gymnosperm genera was undertaken. On the basis of the congruence in the distribution of these genera, nine areas of endemism were recognised. Many of these areas also represent areas of endemism for other plant and animal taxa. South-western China and New Caledonia are particularly interesting from the viewpoint of gymnosperm diversity and endemism. The suggested areas of endemism agree in part with some floristic regions previously proposed. The congruence between the areas of endemism suggested and postulated Pleistocene refuges and panbiogeographic nodes is discussed. A cladistic biogeographic analysis was carried out and a general area cladogram obtained by strict consensus shows two major components, one Gondwanic and the other almost Laurasian. This cladogram was compared with previous studies and the similarities and differences among relationship areas are discussed.
Plesiosaur spinal pathology: the first fossil occurrence of Schmorl's nodes

Abstract A plesiosaur specimen from the Lower Lias (Lower Jurassic) of England displays lesions of the vertebral end-plate in 24 of the 27 preserved centra. A single Schmorl's node is visible towards the ventral margin of the anterior end-plate in each of eight vertebrae. The herniated intervertebral discs have penetrated the cortex of the adjacent vertebral bodies, forming the typical mushroom-shaped cavities of Schmorl's nodes. BRSUG 26539 represents the first fossil, reptile or marine organism to be diagnosed with Schmorl's nodes, a disease most commonly associated with the human spine and a bipedal stance. Compressive stresses arising from bending loads within the ‘archer's bow’ system of the plesiosaur trunk region are concentrated towards the ventral margin of the vertebral end-plate and may explain the location of Schmorl's nodes in the posteriormost cervical vertebrae. Degeneration of the vertebral column due to old age, a congenital weakness in the vertebral end-plates, or bending moments and torsional loadings induced by the weight of the head and long neck are possible explanations for the development of Schmorl's nodes in this plesiosaur. Osteoporosis is an unlikely cause of the disease in this specimen due to the pachyostotic nature of plesiosaur vertebrae.
Evolution of Dioecy in Flowering Plants

Dioecy, characterized by the presence of distinct male and female plants, is widespread in angiosperms, being known in 37 out of Engler & Prantl's 51 orders (132). Yet botanists have paid little attention to dioecy, particu­ larly to selective forces underlying its evolution. Several factors have con­ tributed to this neglect. First, though there are many dioecious species, the proportion of such species in the world's flora is reputed to be quite small (37, 53, 132). The presumed rarity of the dioecious condition has led to the belief that it is not a particularly successful mode of reproduction (53, 125). Second, dioecy has been compared with self-incompatibility and, because 50% of the dioecious plants lose the capacity to bear seeds, it has been considered a poor substitute for self-incompatibility (3, 53). Third, selection for outcrossing has been almost universally proposed as the principal selec­ tive force responsible for the evolution of dioecy (3, 16-18, 26, 45, 67, 84-86, 98, 101, 103). The proposal has little empirical support, but one of its consequences was that biologists took for granted the outcrossing advantage as the principal factor and, until recently (10, 21, 128), did not consider other factors influencing the evolution of dioecy. I wish to argue that dioecy is not as rare as is generally assumed. In certain regions, among certain life forms, more than one fourth of all species may be dioecious (see below). In addition, I argue that the evolution of dioecy is not entirely due to selective pressure for increased outcrossing. By
Salt stress affects growth and cell wall bound enzymes in Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings.

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses effects growth and productivity of a plant. We report here the effects of salt stress on growth and cell wall bound enzymes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at seedling stage. The remarkable reduction in the growth of roots as well as shoots was seen in the seedlings grown from salt level of 50 to 200 mM. The inhibition of growth was also supported by reduction in fresh weights of shoot and root of seedlings. The amount Na + in both shoots and roots increased, whereas K + and Ca 2+ decreased steadily with an increase in salt level of growth medium. Further, marked differences were also noted in anatomical features in roots as well as shoots. The decreased in cell size due to thickening of cell wall and disappearance of intercellular spaces in both, roots and shoots of NaCl treated seedlings were seen. Reduction in cell size and thickening of cell wall resulted in stunted growth were due to reduction in overall extensibility of cell. We observed the gradual decrease in the activities of cell wall bound hydrolases. The changes in activities may account for the thickening of cell wall and help seedling to withstand under salinity stress conditions. These results indicate that decrease in the activities of cell wall bound enzymes may one of the reasons for reduction of seedling growth in groundnut.
Optimization of yogurt production using demineralized whey

ABSTRACT The effect of three independent fermentation variables: demineralizedwhey powder (0.0; 1.5 and 3.0%), lactic culture concentration (1.0; 2.0and 3.0%) and mix treatment temperature (85; 90 and 957C) was studied.Fermentation time to reach pH 4.3, instrumental consistency and ap-pearance, visual consistency and taste of the product were evaluated.Product consistency increased as mix treatment temperature increasedand demineralized whey powder decreased. The powder had a strongerinﬂuence on instrumental consistency than did temperature. Appearancewas better when whey powder was used at 1.4 to 1.6%. Visual consis-tency decreased as whey powder increased but addition of demineralizedwhey powder did not negatively affect yogurt ﬂavor. Key Words: yogurt, demineralized whey, fermentation, lactic acid, sen-sory INTRODUCTION W HEY has some nutritional qualities not found in other foods(Anonymous, 1996). It has a high concentration of mineralswhich change yogurt milk ionic strength, make it unsuitable asa bacterial medium and make the water holding of the proteinsinadequate. Researchers have tried to fortify yogurt and otherfermented beverages with whey protein. However, they foundsome modiﬁcations in the taste of the ﬁnal product (Reyna,1977; Shahani and Mathur, 1978; Vitti and Vale, 1987). In yogurt manufacture, one of the most important steps is toincrease total solids content in order to provide better consis-tency, texture and creaminess. One method used is the additionof milk solids as either milk powder or whey powder (Todoricand Savadinovic, 1973; Mehana and Gonc, 1988; Tamime andRobinson, 1991; Huffman, 1996). In many countries yogurt is classiﬁed according to fat content(full, medium or low). However, the most widely used classi-ﬁcation is based on physical structure of the coagulum (Rob-inson and Tamime, 1975; Rasic and Kurmann, 1978; Tamimeand Deeth, 1980). One of the most important factors in desirableproduct characteristics is the lactic starter culture. This shouldbe composed of two microorganisms:
On the identities of Pilumnopeus convexus Maccagno, 1936, and P. salomonensis Ward, 1942, from the Indian Ocean, with a note on P. riui Takeda, 2001 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae)

The taxonomy of the western Indian Ocean pilumnid crab, Pilumnopeus convexus (Maccagno, 1936) (type locality: Ethiopia) is discussed and the poorly known P. salomonensis Ward, 1942 (type locality: Chagos Archipelago) is shown to be its junior synonym. Pilumnopeus sinensis Balss, 1933 (from China) is transferred to Serenepilumnus Turkay & Schumacher, 1985. Pilumnopeus riui Takeda, 2001 (from Hainan) is herein synonymized with Aniptumnus quadridentatus (De Man, 1895). Pilumnopeus ? laevimanus Cano, 1889 (from South America) is removed from the genus; it is more likely to be a species of Panopeidae or Pseudorhombilidae.
Zinc sulfate and atrazine toxicity to the marine harpacticoid copepod Robertsonia propinqua

Abstract Nauplii and adults of Robertsonia propinqua, a marine sediment‐dwelling copepod, were used in 96‐h static range‐finder toxicity tests to assess the lethal concentration at which 50% of test organisms are killed (LC50) by atrazine (a herbicide) and zinc sulfate. Atrazine and zinc sulfate were used at concentrations near LC50 values published for crustaceans. LC50 values for R. propinqua nauplii were 1.5 mg/litre for atrazine and 1.7 mg/litre for zinc sulfate, respectively. For R. propinqua adults, the corresponding values were 31.8 mg/ litre for atrazine and 2.7 mg/litre for zinc sulfate. Robertsonia propinqua nauplii were more sensitive than adult life stages to exposure to both compounds, implying that the juvenile life stages are more sensitive to pollutants. These tests provided some evidence that both atrazine and zinc sulfate may be affecting the reproduction of R. propinqua owing to the reduced juvenile survival rates in the acute tests. The data for atrazine and zinc sulfate have important implications for the development of R. propinqua as a bioindicator of aquatic contamination. The range‐finding LC50results provide the basis for the determination of a realistic environmental concentration gradient for application in future definitive LC50 and chronic full life cycle toxicity tests.
Foot morphology of Turkish football players according to foot preference

Football is the most popular sport in the world. Foot morphology and foot preference are important factors in football player’s performance. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the foot morphology of elite football players with different foot preferences. 407 male football players participated in this study. 328 of them preferred their right foot, while 79 of them preferred the left one. Eleven anthropometric measurements were taken from each foot with standard anthropometric methods. Foot length, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 lengths, foot circumference of right and left feet and right foot width of right foot preference group were higher than those of left foot preference group, which is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Left foot measurements of right foot preference group were interestingly higher than those of the right side. It was suggested that these data may be useful to define the foot morphology of elite football players.