Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation in Free-Flow Speed due to Roadway Type and Roadside Environment

This paper explores the effects of roadway and roadside environment characteristics on the speed chosen by drivers. This work is an observational study of 272 segments of two lane roads in Connecticut. Data was collected for lane width, shoulder width, road width, presence of curbs and edge delineation types. For the roadside environment the following variables were also measured: presence of sidewalks, building setback, driveway density and land use types. The sites were categorized into two roadway types of streets and highways, based on their physical form: edge delineation was the main differentiating characteristic. Free flow speed data was measured using hand held radar speed guns. The mean speed was used to represent the speed characteristics of the roadways. Analysis of variance was employed to identify significant variables in predicting mean speeds. Three separate models were estimated: streets, highways and combined for both streets and highways. The results of the analysis indicate that posted speed limit, land use type, roadway type, roadside parking and building setback are significant in influencing the mean free flow speed on roadway segments.
Effectiveness and Overall Safety of NutropinAq® for Growth Hormone Deficiency and Other Paediatric Growth Hormone Disorders: Completion of the International Cooperative Growth Study, NutropinAq® European Registry (iNCGS)

Objective The International Cooperative Growth Study, NutropinAq® European Registry (iNCGS) (NCT00455728) monitored long-term safety and effectiveness of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; NutropinAq® [somatropin]) in paediatric growth disorders. Methods Open-label, non-interventional, post-marketing surveillance study recruiting children with growth disorders. Endpoints included gain in height standard deviation score (SDS), adult height, and occurrence of adverse events (AEs). Results 2792 patients were enrolled. 2082 patients (74.6%) had growth hormone deficiency (GHD), which was isolated idiopathic in 1825 patients (87.7%). Non-GHD diagnoses included Turner syndrome (TS) (n=199), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) (n=10), other non-GHD (n=498), and missing data for three participants. Improvements from baseline height SDS occurred at all time points to Month 132, and in all subgroups by disease aetiology. At Month 12, mean (95% CI) change in height SDS by aetiology was: idiopathic GHD 0.63 (0.61;0.66), organic GHD 0.71 (0.62;0.80), TS 0.59 (0.53; 0.65), CRI 0.54 (-0.49;1.56), and other non-GHD 0.64 (0.59;0.69). Mean height ( ± SD) at the last visit among the 235 patients with adult or near-adult height recorded was 154.0 cm ( ± 8.0) for girls and 166.7 cm ( ± 8.0) for boys. The most frequent biological and clinical non-serious drug-related AEs were increased insulin-like growth factor concentrations (314 events) and injection site haematoma (99 events). Serious AEs related to rhGH according to investigators were reported (n=30); the most frequent were scoliosis (4 events), epiphysiolysis (3 events), and strabismus (2 events). Conclusions There was an improvement in mean height SDS in all aetiology subgroups after rhGH treatment. No new safety concerns were identified.
An Experimental Investigation of Cylindrical Floater VIM in Current and Waves

VIM (Vortex Induced Motion) is one of the important issues in the safety evaluation for cylindrical floating offshore structures. The VIM is basically placed as a phenomenon to occur in strong current, but that also appears in current and waves in the sea where offshore structures are installed.The authors have recognized the phenomenon that the motion amplitude of a cylindrical floater in current and irregular waves together is larger than the sum of the motion amplitude in current and in irregular waves respectively in a VIM experiment. This VIM amplification phenomenon in the current and waves is remarkable when wave height is relatively low that has high occurrence frequency in the sea. It is, therefore, expected that the amplification phenomenon has large influence on the accumulative fatigue damages of the offshore structure’s mooring system.In order to make clear this VIM amplification phenomenon, the authors have conducted detailed VIM experiment in waves using a circular cross sectional mono-column floater model. The results of the VIM experiment in current and waves are described in detail in this paper. The results of the experiment in irregular waves show different characteristics for VIM amplitude in current. The results in regular waves show the effect of wave height and wave period on VIM amplitude in waves. Using those results, the mechanisms of the VIM amplification in waves are investigated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Stress-relaxation Properties of Yellow-dent Corn Kernels Under Uniaxial Loading

Stress-relaxation properties for kernels of one hybrid (yellow dent) of corn were experimentally determined from uniaxial compressive tests of core specimens at a constant deformation rate of 0.0212 mm/s (2.67¥10–3 mm/(mm.s). Moisture content and temperature ranges from 9.7 to 26% dry basis (d.b.) and 25 to 100° C, respectively. A relaxation modulus master curve was developed from constant deformation-rate data by applying the Boltzmann superposition principle and the method of reduced variables. The data of the master curve was represented by a five-term generalized Maxwell model (R2 = 0.990). A failure master curve (R2 = 0.893) was developed by applying time-moisture and time-temperature shift factor functions determined from relaxation modulus data to failure data.
Modified measurement of finger-floor distance-Self-assessment bending scale-:Self-assessment bending scale

Finger-floor distance (FFD), which represents trunk flexibility, is commonly used to study lumbar impairment, including low back pain. Although finger-to-floor is a composite movement of spine, hips and hamstring flexibility5), true lumbar flexion and total lumbosacral/hip flexion are closely correlated and are equally relevant as a meaModified measurement of finger-floor distance ─Self-assessment bending scale─
EVALUATION OF FERTIGATION IN DIFFERENT SOILS AND FURROW IRRIGATION REGIMES

The application of plant nutrients with irrigation water (fertigation) is a cost‐effective and efficient method for fertilizer application to enhance crop production and reduce potential environmental problems in comparison to conventional methods. In this study, the distribution uniformity of fertigation and fertilizer losses through runoff and deep percolation were evaluated at field scale in different furrow irrigation regimes and soils. A numerical fertigation model was calibrated and validated. Experiments were carried out in three soil textures and potassium nitrate was injected during the first half of the irrigation (FH), in the second half (SH) and during the entire irrigation event (T). These options were conducted under free‐draining and blocked‐end conditions with a cutback method. The distribution uniformities of low half (DULH) and low quarter (DULQ) of water and fertilizer were calculated to evaluate different fertigation scenarios. There were no significant differences among distribution uniformities in the three fertilizer application treatments (FH, SH, T). However, injection in the first half and during the entire irrigation event was better in terms of distribution uniformity and infiltrated fertilizer. The best case in blocked‐end conditions was injection in the second half of the irrigation event, preferably starting before completion of the advanced phase. In this case, fertilizer losses due to runoff from the outlet were zero and distribution uniformity was somewhat higher, whereas in free‐drainage conditions, fertilizer application during the first half of the irrigation provided acceptable fertilizer uniformity and lower fertilizer losses due to runoff. No significant difference was observed between the distribution uniformity of free‐drainage and blocked‐end experiments. A fertigation model was applied to the experimental data and the results showed good agreement with the field data. Measurements also showed that water and fertilizer losses due to deep percolation in fertigation was not a concern when proper irrigation parameters were selected, such as inflow rate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL APPLIED TO DEEP BEAM WITH OPENING

Where geometric discontinuities exist in structural concrete members, current code documents provide little direction for design. The design of these unusual members can be better understood by using the strut-and-tie model. Combinations of two distinctly different strut-and-tie models were used to design four deep beams each with a geometric discontinuity in the form of a large opening. This paper describes the performance of four physical models that were constructed based on these varied designs. The deep beams were simply supported and tested using a point load. Each of the four beams resisted considerably more than the factored design load. This successful test series reveals the power, versatility, reliability, and predictability of the strut-and-tie modeling technique.
Software failures-follies and fallacies

Software failure is becoming a serious issue. Ariane 5 provided a recent spectacular example of how a simple mistake, entirely avoidable, was allowed to sneak through the software verification stage and cause an immensely expensive failure. However, it is not just the aerospace industry which suffers such traumas. Here, the author discusses some common misconceptions.
Hub and spoke network design for the inbound supply chain

Amazon is one of the world's leading retailers. At the core of Amazon's business model is providing consumers with endless selection, and as a result, the large number of vendors used to provide that selection greatly increases the complexity and cost of operating the inbound supply chain. This growth has also created many opportunities for the company to leverage its size and scale to lower transportation costs and improve supply chain flexibility. This project explores implementing load consolidation strategies within the "Hub and Spoke" distribution framework to provide these benefits. As -65% of total unit volume from the inbound transportation program managed by Amazon is shipped as costly less-than-truckload (LTL) or small-parcel (SP) freight, there are significant opportunities to use consolidation hubs throughout the inbound network to reduce spend on LTL and SP in favor of more cost effective full truckload (TL) shipments. To evaluate the opportunity and provide the inbound team with a useful strategic planning tool, a comprehensive network optimization model was targeted as a project deliverable. After researching the current state of the inbound transportation network through departmental interviews and visits to carrier hubs and fulfillment centers, key inputs were identified to feed the model. The mixed integer program solution uses these inputs to minimize total inbound transportation cost for the network subject to expected transit time performance targets by choosing what consolidation hubs and destination lanes freight should be routed to. Using a data-set of shipments originating in the Southwestern geography, an average saving of 13.7% on annual LTL and SP spend was projected by routing 37% of freight volume through consolidation hubs. Results showed freight density as an important driver in savings. In areas with more originating freight, outbound full truckloads can be filled more readily and hence consolidation opportunities can be taken advantage of more often. This tool and the supporting analyses will help the inbound transportation organization uncover more cost saving opportunities in routing freight through its growing network. In addition to financial cost savings, the strategy will increase supply chain flexibility, reduce environmental impact, and can help increase Amazon's control over the end-to-end inbound transportation network. Thesis Supervisor: Karen Zheng Title: Assistant Professor of Operations Management, Sloan School of Management Thesis Supervisor: Chris Caplice Title: Senior Lecturer, Engineering Systems Division
A new space vector modulation technique for inverter control

A new suboptimal modulation technique which combines the advantages of both the symmetrical space vector modulation (SVM) and harmonic elimination universal SVM (HEUSVM) techniques is presented. For minimized total harmonic distortion (THD) applications, the symmetrical SVM is selected for modulation index less than a certain threshold value; otherwise, the HEUSVM technique is used. The smooth transition between the two SVM techniques has been experimentally verified. For high switching frequency applications, the HEUSVM technique is recommended. In comparison with existing suboptimal SVM techniques, the new suboptimal technique requires less calculation and yields comparable performance based on the measures of THD and fundamental voltage errors. Experimental and simulation results are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.
Running behaviors, motivations, and injury risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of 1147 international runners

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced activity behaviors worldwide. Given the accessibility of running as exercise, gaining information on running behaviors, motivations, and running-related injury (RRI) risk during the pandemic is warranted. Purpose: To assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on running volume, behaviors, motives, and RRI changes from the year prior to the pandemic to the timeframe during social isolation restrictions.Methods: Runners of all abilities were recruited via social media to complete a custom Qualtrics survey. Demographics, running volume, behaviors, motivations, and injury status were assessed for the year prior to the pandemic, and during social isolation measures. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to assess changes in running outcomes during the pandemic. Logistic regressions were used to assess the influence of demographics on running behaviors and injury. Adjusted RRI risk ratios were calculated to determine the odds of sustaining an injury during the pandemic. Alpha was set to . 05 for all analyses.Results: 1147 runners (66.46% females, median age: 35 years) across 15 countries (95.60% United States) completed the survey. Runners reported increased runs per week (Mean Difference with Standard Error [MD]: 0.30 [0.05], p<.001), sustained runs (MD: 0.44 [0.05], p<.001), mileage (MD: 0.87 [0.33], p=.01), and running times of day (MD: 0.11 [0.03], p<.001) during the pandemic, yet reported less workouts (i.e. sprint intervals; MD: -0.33 [0.06], p<.001), and less motives (MD [SE]: -0.41 [0.04], p<.001). Behavior changes were influenced by running experience and age. There was 1.40 (CI: 1.18,1.61) times the RRI risk during the pandemic compared to prior to the social isolation period.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic influenced runners’ behaviors with increased training volume, decreased intensity and motivation, and heightened injury risk. These results provide insights into how physical activity patterns were influenced by large-scale social isolation directives associated with the pandemic.
Do we want to share our lives and bodies with robots? A 2000 people survey

For roughly two decades a new generation of robots, robotic prostheses and implantable devices is about to arise accompanied by great optimism that they will widely pervade our daily life in a near future. This paper presents the results from a survey on the question if people want to share their life and body with robots. The survey, carried out in connection with the Robotics exhibition at the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.02, counts over 2000 participants. The questionnaire covers issues on robotics in general, service and personal robots, robotic prostheses and artificial organs. While the results testify a positive attitude towards potential robotic co-workers, flat-mates or body part, they include a number of surprising answers. We find correlations in the data, discuss interpretations, speculate about the answers and cultural influences and finally conclude: Whom are we building robots for and what should they be like? To whom are we selling robots and how should we market them?
Charge control in a ribbon beam high current ion implanter

Wafer charge control has evolved from systems that add gas to the beam or extract electrons from an external source to systems that respond directly to beam potential and current density via an externally coupled plasma. The capability of a plasma to add low energy electrons to an ion beam greatly exceeds the ability of any extracted electron system due to space charge effects. However, even plasma coupled charge neutralization systems still show that effective charge control is more difficult as the beam current density increases. Further improvements have often been obtained by controlling the beam current density by deliberately increasing beam size. This can result in a loss of throughput and can result in possible contamination problems. An alternative approach to further improve charge control is to use a large area ribbon beam, which offers a very low beam current density during high current implantation. This paper presents results for wafer charging on a ribbon beam implanter, the Varian VIISta 80, incorporating a Plasma Flood Gun for charge control. These results are based on sensitive antenna structures using thin oxides with antenna ratios up to 100,000:1 and EEPROM devices.
The mediating role of test anxiety and cooperation in the relationship between motivation and reading comprehension

The purpose of this study is to construct a model that tests the mediating effects of test anxiety and cooperation on the relation between motivation and reading comprehension. The study was carried out within the framework of predictive correlational design. The sample consisting of 1562 students was randomly selected from Turkey sample of the PISA 2015. Structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypothesis about direct and indirect relations between the defined variables. The results showed that test anxiety and cooperation had a partial mediating effect on the relation between motivation and reading comprehension. When the direct relations examined, it was found out that there is a positive and significant relation between motivation and reading comprehension. On the other hand, there is a positive and significant relation between the students’ tendency to cooperation and reading comprehension while the relation between test anxiety and reading comprehension is significant and negative.
Air Filtration: An Integrated Approach to the Theory and Applications of Fibrous Filters

Chapter headings and main section headings: Introduction. Symbolic notation. Macroscopic Description of Filter Behaviour. Surface filtration and depth filtration. Types of filter. Method of filtration and assessment of efficiency. Layer efficiency. Single fibre efficiency. Filter Structure. Introduction. Paper filters. Carded filters. Porous foam. Model filters. Flow Patterns and Pressure Drop. Nature of airflow through a filter. General fluid dynamics theory. Microscopic airflow patterns in filters. Filters of irregular or imperfect structure. Flow in conditions other than simple Stokes flow. Macroscopic flow patterns. Flow through filters of non-uniform structure. Particle Capture by Mechanical Means. Introduction. Generalized theory of single fibre efficiency. Particle capture by direct interception. Particle capture by inertial impaction. Capture of particles by gravity. Capture of particles by diffusional deposition. Capture of non-spherical particles by fibrous filters. Combined effect of two or more capture mechanisms. Variation of deposition site with capture process. Effect of leakage on filter performance. Potential problems with model filters. Electrically Charged Filter Material. Introduction. Basic mechanisms of action. Classification of material. The importance of electric charge configuration. Measurement of filter charge. Charge stability and the effect of storage on filter performance. Particle Capture by Electric Forces. Introduction. Capture by permanently charged fibres. Capture by image forces. Experimental observation of electrostatic capture. Augmentation of filtration efficiency by external electric fields. Augmentation of filtration efficiency by charging of particles. Particle Adhesion and Particle Bounce. Introduction. Adhesion forces between particles and fibres. Dynamics of impact. Effects of Loading. Introduction. Qualitative description of filter clogging. The influence of aerosol properties on clogging rate. Macroscopic theory of filter clogging. Airflow pattern and drag force acting on particle complexes. Theoretical description of clogging. Experimental observation of dendrite structure on a single fibre. Experimental observations on model and real fibrous filters. Fractal structure of particle deposits. Effect of loading with liquid aerosols. Time-dependent effects in filter clogging. The effect of dust loading on the performance of electrically charged filters. Filter Testing. Introduction. Pressure drop measurement. Area weight measurement. General problems of aerosol penetration measurement. Aerosol detectors. Testing with monodisperse aerosols. Size-selective testing with polydisperse aerosols. Non size selective testing with polydisperse aerosols. Testing of high efficiency filters. Tests with electrically charged aerosols. Worst possible case testing. Realistic prediction of filter performance. Standard filters. Conclusion. Index. 150 illus. approx.
Path loss model for the 2 to 37 GHz band in street microcell environments

: A path loss model based on the Rec. ITU-R P.1411 model, which can cover the frequency range from microwave to millimeter-wave bands, is presented. The path loss characteristics are analyzed on the basis of measurement results obtained using the 2 to 37 GHz band in street microcell environments. It is clari ﬁ ed that the characteristics depend on distance from transmitter to intersection and frequency dependency. By taking these dependencies into account, the proposed model can decrease the root mean square error of prediction results to within about 5 dB in the 2 to 37 GHz band.
Coherency analysis of accelerograms recorded by the UPSAR array during the 2004 Parkfield earthquake

Spatial variability of near‐fault strong motions recorded by the US Geological Survey Parkfield Seismograph Array (UPSAR) during the 2004 Parkfield (California) earthquake is investigated. Behavior of the lagged coherency for two horizontal and the vertical components is analyzed by separately examining the decay of coherency with frequency and distance. Assumptions, approximations, and challenges that are involved in estimation of the coherency from recorded data are presented in detail. Comparison of the UPSAR coherency estimates with coherency models that are commonly used in engineering practice sheds light on the advantages and limitations of different approaches to modeling the coherency, as well as on similarities and differences in the spatial variability exhibited by seismic ground motion arrays at different sites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.