Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introducing Chaetothyriothecium , a new genus of Microthyriales

The order Microthyriales comprises foliar biotrophs, epiphytes, pathogens or saprobes that occur on plant leaves and stems. The order is relatively poorly known due to limited sampling and few in-depth studies. There is also a lack of phylogenetic data for these fungi, which form small black spots on plant host surfaces, but rarely cause any damage to the host. A "Microthyriaceae"-like fungus collected in central Thailand is described as a new genus, Chaetothyriothecium (type species Chaetothyriothecium elegans sp. nov. ). Phylogenetic analyses of LSU gene data showed this species to cluster with other members of Microthyriales , where it is related to Microthyrium microscopicum the type of the order. The description of the new species is supplemented by DNA sequence data, which resolves its placement in the order. Little molecular data is available for this order, stressing the need for further collections and molecular data.
Efficacy and Acceptance of Herbicides Applied for Field Bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis) Control1

Field bindweed is a major weed problem for wheat producers across the Great Plains and for Oklahoma hard red winter wheat producers. Herbicides have demonstrated limited efficacy, with retreatment often suggested on labels. However, little data are available to verify efficacy with repeated treatments in Oklahoma wheat fields. Annual treatment with dicamba + 2,4-D, the prepackaged mixture (premix) glyphosate + 2,4-D, premix quinclorac + 2,4-D at two different rates, or picloram + 2,4-D to actively growing field bindweed for three consecutive years reduced stem density up to 88% at Lahoma and up to 96% at Stillwater for several months after treatment. However, by 12 to 14 mo after the last treatment, stem densities returned to 47% or more of the nontreated. Treatments applied in June or July were not more effective than treatments applied in September. These results suggested a need to shift the intent of herbicide application from multiyear control to single-year control with treatments designed to control field bindweed throughout one growing season. To field test this approach, nine farmer cooperators in 1998 to 1999 and seven cooperators in 1999 to 2000 applied either premixed glyphosate + 2,4-D or dicamba in late summer or early fall after the field bindweed was allowed to grow 5 wk or more without disturbance. Of the participants, 88% reported little field bindweed present at wheat harvest, whereas 12% reported considerable field bindweed present at harvest. Cooperators were generally satisfied with the reduction in field bindweed canopy through harvest. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dicamba; glyphosate; picloram; quinclorac; field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. #3 CONAR; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Additional index words: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, weed management. Abbreviations: DAH, days after wheat harvest; OM, organic matter; premix, prepackaged mixture.
EFFECT OF HIGH IRRADIANCE ON RECRUITMENT OF THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS (PHAEOPHYTA) IN SHALLOW WATER 1

Laboratory and field experiments were done hi Still‐water Cove, Carmel Bay, California, and Monterey Harbor, California, to determine the effect of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the shallow (upper) limit of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh. At shallow depths, M. pyrifera did not recruit or grow to macroscopic size from gametophytes or embryonic sporophytes transplanted to vertical buoy lines; sharp decreases in PAR with depth coincided with observed recruitment and sporophyte distributions. Shade manipulations indicated that settlement of M. pyrifera zoospores was decreased, but not prohibited, by high PAR. Postsettlement stages (gametophytes and embryonic sporophytes), however, survived only under shade. These results suggest that high PAR can inhibit the recruitment of M. pyrifera to shallow water by killing its postsettlement stages; whether or not ultraviolet (UV) radiation also inhibits recruitment was not tested. In either case, however, it appears that high irradiance (PAR and/or UV) regulates the shallow limit of M. pyrifera prior to temperature and desiccation stresses inherent to intertidal regions. In an additional experiment, recruitment or growth of transplanted gametophytes or embryonic sporophytes of Macrocystis integrifolia Bory also did not occur at shallow depths, suggesting that this shallow water species accesses high irradiance regions via a method other than sexual reproduction.
Effects of rootstocks and training system on growth, precocity and productivity of sweet cherry

Summary The influence of rootstocks and training systems on yield efficiency of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was studied in two Experiments. In the first Experiment, planted in Spring 1997, rootstocks of ‘Weiroot 72’,‘Weiroot 158’,‘Weiroot 13’, ‘Gisela 4’, ‘Gisela 5’, ‘Gisela 195/20’, ‘Edabriz’, ‘Piku 1’, ‘Maxma 14’ and ‘F12/1’ were grafted to the scion cultivar ‘Lapins’. The training system was the Vogel Spindle. The second Experiment started in Winter 2000/2001 at three locations. Rootstocks tested were: ‘Gisela 5’, ‘Weiroot 158’ and ‘Maxma 14’ with scion cultivars ‘Lapins’, ‘Nordwunder’, ‘Kordia’, and ‘Regina’ in eight scion-rootstock combinations. Trees were maintained in two training systems: Solaxe and Vogel Spindle. The results of 8 years of testing (1997-2004) in Experiment 1, and 4 years of testing (2001-2004) in Experiment 2 were: (1) yield efficiency and precocity were significantly influenced by rootstock; (2) a significant reduction of tree volume and a significant increase of yield efficiency were obtained with ‘Gisela 5’ compared to ‘F 12/1’ and ‘Maxma 14’; and (3) yield efficiency was not influenced by training system.
Comparison of four phalaris cultivars under grazing: drought survival and subsequent performance under rotational grazing versus set stocking.

Four cultivars of phalaris were evaluated for their ability to survive a severe drought in 1994 in an existing grazing experiment at 2 sites near Canberra. The effect of rotational grazing and set stocking on persistence of phalaris measured as basal cover, pasture composition in spring and animal production from the pastures was assessed over the next 4 years. Basal cover of all cultivars declined sharply in 1994, but had recovered by August 1995 at a site with a relatively deep soil profile. Recovery was slower at a site with a shallower soil profile. Sirosa declined more in basal cover than Holdfast and Australian at the latter site. All of the cultivars survived the drought well but Sirosa may be more sensitive to overgrazing in drought. Compared with set stocking, rotationally grazed pastures had a higher (P<0.001) proportion of phalaris for all cultivars 2 years after management treatments began, and a higher (P<0.005) basal cover for 2 winter-active cultivars after 3 years. Overall, a divergent effect of grazing management on basal cover (management × year interaction) could only be demonstrated at P = 0.08 because of a large effect of site variation for another winter-active cultivar, Sirosa. Phalaris basal cover did not decline with set stocking and it was concluded that rotational grazing was beneficial, but not crucial, for the persistence of winter-active phalaris cultivars in this environment. Site factors and their manipulation by management were also important for the persistence of phalaris. A review of the persistence of phalaris over the entire 9 years of the grazing experiment concluded that all cultivars displayed good persistence under conditions of reasonable soil fertility. The importance of good establishment for a high presence of phalaris in later years was emphasised.
IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES, BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST RICE SHEATH BLIGHT PATHOGEN RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI

Of the fourteen fungicides of different groups evaluated in-vitro against Rhizoctonia solani , Metalaxyl (0.1%), Mancozeb (0.1%), Tricyclazole (0.1%), Thiophenate methyl (0.1%), Carbendizm+ Mancozeb (0.1%) were proved to be most effective in inhibiting the growth of the fungus. Among the bio-agents screened, Trichoderma viride was most effective in restricting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani followed by Penicillium notatum where as Aspergillus niger was proved least effective. Among the thirteen plant extracts evaluated garlic extract (10%) was most effective in inhibiting the growth of fungus followed by calotropis (10%). Datura leaf extract (10%) was found to be least effective in inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani.
Photosynthetic protein stoichiometry and photophysiology in the high latitude North Atlantic

Iron availability influences phytoplankton physiology and growth over more than one‐third of the surface oceans, with recent evidence even indicating iron stress during and following the latter stages of the spring bloom in the high latitude North Atlantic. The mechanistic basis of the phytoplankton physiological responses used for diagnosing iron stress and the broader ecophysiological consequences of iron stress within natural phytoplankton communities still remain unclear. We describe photosynthetic macromolecular and physiological responses of natural phytoplankton communities both in situ and within factorial nutrient‐addition (iron and nitrogen) experiments over a seasonal growth cycle in the subpolar North Atlantic. The abundance of quantified photosynthetic proteins increased under relief of iron stress, with the synthesis of the associated protein catalytic complexes accounting for ∼ 3% of inorganic nitrogen drawdown. However, no significant differences in the stoichiometries of the photosynthetic complexes were observed, suggesting that re‐modeling of the photosynthetic electron transport chain was not a significant influence on the community‐level ecophysiological responses to iron stress. In marked contrast, iron stress resulted in significant increases in the cellular ratios of chlorophyll to the photosynthetic catalysts, including photosystem II (PSII), alongside a marked increase in PSII normalized chlorophyll fluorescence. Characteristic depressions in apparent photosynthetic energy conversion efficiencies in iron‐limited oceanic regions are thus likely driven by a significant accumulation of partially energetically uncoupled chlorophyll‐binding complexes. Such iron‐stress–induced chlorophyll‐binding proteins may contribute ∼ 40% of the total chlorophyll pool during iron‐stressed periods.
Highly Unsaturated (n-3) Fatty Acids, but Not α-Linolenic, Conjugated Linoleic or γ-Linolenic Acids, Reduce Tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ Mice

We showed previously that dietary eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] is antitumorigenic in the APC:(Min/+) mouse, a genetic model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Only a few studies have evaluated the effects of dietary fatty acids, including EPA and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22:6(n-3)], in this animal model and none have evaluated the previously touted antitumorigenicity of alpha-linolenic acid [ALA, 18:3(n-3)], conjugated linoleic acid [CLA, 77% 18:2(n-7)], or gamma-linolenic acid [GLA, 18:3(n-6)]. Stearidonic acid [SDA, 18:4(n-3)], the Delta6-desaturase product of ALA, which is readily metabolized to EPA, has not been evaluated previously for antitumorigenic efficacy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antitumorigenicity of these dietary fatty acids (ALA, SDA, EPA, DHA, CLA and GLA) compared with oleic acid [OA, 18:1(n-9)] at a level of 3 g/100 g in the diets of APC:(Min/+) mice and to determine whether any alterations in tumorigenesis correspond to alterations in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Tumor multiplicity was significantly lower by approximately 50% in mice fed SDA or EPA compared with controls, whereas less pronounced effects were observed in mice fed DHA (P: = 0.15). ALA, CLA and GLA were ineffective at the dose tested. Although lower tumor numbers coincided with significantly lower prostaglandin levels in SDA- and EPA-fed mice, ALA and DHA supplementation resulted in equally low prostaglandin levels, despite proving less efficacious with regard to tumor number. Prostaglandin levels did not differ significantly in the CLA and GLA groups compared with controls. These results suggest that SDA and EPA attenuate tumorigenesis in this model and that this effect may be related in part to alterations in prostaglandin biosynthesis.
Biologically Effective Dose and Selectivity of SAN 1269H (BAS 662H) for Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays)

Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 at five locations in southwestern Ontario to develop dose-response curves for SAN 1269H (SAN 835H plus dicamba) for weed control and crop tolerance in corn. SAN 1269H controlled wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and A. powellii S. Wats.), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ], and yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. ]. Biologically effective doses of SAN 1269H (BAS 662H) were 440, 430, 180, and 40 g/ha for yellow foxtail, barnyard grass, wild buckwheat, and common ragweed, respectively. The biologically effective dose (that which provides 90% reduction in weed dry matter) for common lambsquarters was 560 g/ha when SAN 1269H was applied preemergence (PRE) and 110 g/ha when applied postemergence (POST). When applied PRE at a rate of 420 g/ha, pigweed was controlled, whereas only 85 g/ha was required when applied POST. Grain yield increased with dose of SAN 1269H and did not differ with time of application. Temporary crop injury was observed when SAN 1269H was applied at the four- to six-leaf growth stage. Optimum corn yields were achieved with doses of 100 to 250 g/ha.
Review of a species in peril: what we do not know about lake sturgeon may kill them

Lake sturgeon are arguably the largest and most unique freshwater fish in North America. Unfortunately their uniqueness includes many characteristics that make them especially vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts including overfishing, habitat fragmentation, and degradation. For approximately 100 years lake sturgeon populations across North America have either been in decline and (or) have experienced a sluggish recovery. While this is partly due to lake sturgeon life history, most researchers agree that habitat fragmentation and degradation are currently the highest risk to the species. Though most lake sturgeon populations are depressed, there are a few exceptions that offer a glimpse into what a stable population or recovery may look like. The following review highlights such instances as well as what is known and more importantly what is not known about this unique species. Specifically, we highlight the need for improved and organized sharing of raw data given the fact that many researchers do not hav.
THE FLYING LIZARDS OF THE DRACO LINEATUS GROUP (SQUAMATA: IGUANIA: AGAMIDAE): A TAXONOMIC REVISION WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

ABSTRACT The Draco lineatus group is a monophyletic assemblage confined to islands within Wallacea. Nine species are recognized, including two described as new. For each species, a synonymy, diagnosis, description of squamation and color pattern, and summaries of distribution and natural history are provided. We resolve several long-standing taxonomic misconceptions including (1) proper allocation of the name Draco lineatus, (2) exclusion of D. bimaculatus and D. modigliani from the D. lineatus group, and (3) proper allocation of the names D. beccarii and D. walkeri. Unlike all previous studies, we recognize three morphologically distinct taxa (here recognized as species) on the island of Sulawesi.
Relationship of Process Parameters for the Production of Alkaline Protease by Bacillus sp.

In the present study Bacillus subtilis M-21 was used for the production of alkaline protease in 2 liter jar fermenter with working volume 1.5 liter using soybean meal as a substrate. The effect of different process parameters (pH, temperature, agitation and aeration) and their relationship with each other was studied during fermentation process. Highest protease production (896.5 ± 1.5 PU/ml) was obtained at optimum pH 10, temperature 37°C, agitation rate 300rpm and at aeration 2 nl/min.
Enhanced Exudation of DIMBOA and MBOA by Wheat Seedlings Alone and in Proximity to Wild Oat (Avena fatua) and Flixweed (Descurainia sophia)

Abstract The allelochemicals 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2-one (MBOA) in wheat are considered to have a role in plant defense against weeds. This study explored the effect of proximity to two weeds, wild oat and flixweed, on DIMBOA/MBOA production in wheat seedlings under hydroponic culture to identify whether the breeding of modern wheat varieties with higher concentrations of these compounds could ensure plant-mediated weed control. MBOA was detected and was noted to exert a significant response; its exudation by some wheat seedlings was significantly increased irrespective of whether the roots were in contact with or separate from those of the weeds. The weeds were a source of biotic stress to wheat when grown in proximity to it, and the stress resulted in production of higher levels of MBOA in wheat seedlings, although the concentration varied with the wheat cultivar. Therefore, the synthesis and exudation of DIMBOA/MBOA in wheat seedlings appears to be an active metabolic process influenced by the environment, particularly the presence of weeds. Nomenclature: Flixweed, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl; wild oat, Avena fatua L. ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Determination of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from China by PCR Assay

Fusarium graminearum is the main causative agent of cereal scab and maize cob rot in China. Two hundred and fifty-five F. graminearum isolates were obtained from wheat, barley and maize from Hebei, Heilongjiang and Hubei, provinces with distinct climate conditions and cropping systems. The isolates were confirmed to be F. graminearum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using F. graminearum species-specific primers Fg16F/Fg16R. Two populations, 7C1 and 6A5, were identified to exist in China. The 6A5 population was predominant in Hubei in central China along the Yangtze River, whereas the 7C1 population was predominant in Heilongjiang and Hebei in northern China. Based on sequences of Tri13 and Tri3, genes involved in the mycotoxin biosynthetic pathway, PCR assays were used to detect 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes. All three chemotypes of F. graminearum were identified, with 15-ADON chemotype predominating overall. A greater proportion of 3-ADON chemotype was found in Hubei, whereas a greater proportion of 15-ADON was found in Heilongjiang and Hebei.
Studies on saffron in Kashmir. III. in vitro production of corm and shoot like structures

Callus in saffron was induced on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l each of 2,4-D and kinetin. Proliferation of callus and differentiation into corm, shoot and flower-like structures was achieved on the same medium supplemented with 1 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l kinetin.
The Effect of Trails on Soil in the Oak Openings of Northwest Ohio

ABSTRACT: Trails are a form of recreational disturbance affecting natural areas. Trail disturbances can cause soil degradation such as compaction, which facilitates soil erosion and overland water flow. This study analyzed the effects of four different types of trails—paved, gravel, equestrian, and hiking—on soils in the Oak Openings of Northwest Ohio, a globally rare ecosystem that harbors more than a third of Ohio's rare plant species. Bulk density and soil moisture content were measured in order to determine physical impacts of trails. Soil pH, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved organic C and N concentrations were measured to determine effects on soil chemistry. Finally, soil microbial biomass and exoenzyme activities were measured to determine biological responses to trail disturbances. Soils from the gravel trail were the most affected by the trail, with significant effects on chemical (PO43-concentration) and biological (phosphatase and NAG activity, and MB-N) properties. The soils near the paved trail were the second most affected after the gravel trail, with a trend toward a pH change and a significant biological (microbial peptidase activity) effect of this trail. The soils of the horse and natural trails were generally not significantly different from the soils in the surrounding ecosystem. The only significant disturbance in the horse trail was increased bulk density in the trail, while the natural hiking trail had no statistically significant differences, but trends lean toward increased bulk density and reduced microbial phosphatase activity. These results suggest that the natural and horse trails have the least impact on the Oak Openings ecosystem.
Song variation in a population of Alder Flycatchers

Abstract Song variation has been studied extensively over the past 50 yr but almost entirely in oscine passerines. Although learning is an essential component of song development in most, if not all, oscines, there is no definitive evidence for song learning in suboscine passerines. This suggests that the patterns and extent of individual and geographic variation may differ between these groups as well. We examined individual variation in the “fee-bee-o” song in a population of Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) in southwestern Alberta. Songs of individual males were recorded during the breeding season in 2001. We measured temporal and frequency variables of songs and conducted univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to characterize variation within and among individuals. There was little variation among the songs of an individual male during single recording sessions and across recordings made over the breeding season. All measured variables varied significantly more among than within individuals. Discriminant function analysis assigned 91–100% of songs to the correct individual. Therefore, there was sufficient variation among individual males to identify them statistically and, potentially, to permit individual discrimination by the birds.
Sphagnum succession in a Baltic bog in central-eastern Europe over the last 6200 years and paleoecology of Sphagnum contortum

Abstract This article presents a reconstruction of the development of the ombrotrophic Gązwa peatland based on a high-resolution macrofossil analysis and AMS dating. Successional changes in the plant assemblages dominated by Sphagnum were influenced mainly by climate changes. Local fires occurred in the peatland, but did not have a substantial impact on the Sphagnum succession. The disappearance of the first stage of the ombrotrophic peatland, which was dominated by Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum angustifolium, resulted from a decrease in the water level that was also recorded at a number of sites in Europe in approximately 3750 BC. The development of Sphagnum fuscum/rubellum assemblages in approximately 350 BC corresponds with a climate cooling that resulted from low solar activity. The re-appearance of Sphagnum magellanicum in approximately AD 1650 corresponds with the Maunder Minimum of the Little Ice Age. The recent dominance of Sphagnum fallax is a result of the drainage of the peatland and of changes in the nearby vegetation. The paleoecology of Sphagnum contortum is also discussed. In the Gązwa peatland, S. contortum occurred during two periods, 3700–3300 BC and 2850–2000 BC. The fossil occurrence of S. contortum in the Gązwa peatland corresponds with its modern ecological requirements in the northern hemisphere. S. contortum occurred in the rich fen phase with Carex lasiocarpa, Comarum palustre, Menyanthes trifoliata and Meesia triquetra. The disappearance of S. contortum is assumed to have been caused by a trophic shift and the succession of a more acidophilic species, Sphagnum obtusum.