Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polypyrrole Asymmetric Bilayer Artificial Muscle: Driven Reactions, Cooperative Actuation, and Osmotic Effects

The coulo‐dynamic (angle/consumed charge) characterization of an asymmetric polypyrrole (PPy) bending bilayer (PPy1/PPy2) muscle is performed in aqueous solutions by cyclic voltammetry with parallel video recording of a reversible angular displacement of 200°. The characterization of each of the two PPy1/tape, PPy2/tape muscles, describing 30° and 50° per voltammetric cycle, corroborates the driven muscle reactions and ionic exchanges. The asymmetric bilayer efficiency, as described degrees per reaction unit, is seven and four times that of the PPy/tape muscles. A cooperative electro‐chemo‐mechanical actuation of each of the individual layers occurs in the asymmetric bilayer. Each of the three muscles is a Faradaic polymeric motor: described angles are linear functions of the consumed charge with small hysteresis loops. Each loop is related to dynamic water osmotic balance following the reaction driven film swelling or its fast electro‐osmotic expulsion around the reduction induced conformational closing and film compaction.
Reaction of singlet oxygen with vinyl-substituted porphyrins. A kinetic study by laser flash photolysis

The reactivity of several vinyl porphyrins towards singlet oxygen (1O2) in various solvents has been investigated using time-resolved detection of infrared luminescence at 1270 nm. The porphyrins studied are derived from deuterioporphyrin through 2- or 4-substitution. The singlet-oxygen quenching constant, kp, is found to be of the order of 107 dm3 mol–1 s–1, a value much higher than that derived from steady-state photolysis measurements reported previously. The quenching rate constant decreases with increasing electron withdrawing effect of substituents on the porphyrin ring. Values of kp determined for separated isomers and for isomeric mixtures are identical within experimental error. Deuteriation of solvents does not affect kp. Little effect of solvent electronic properties or viscosity can be discerned for aprotic solvents. On the other hand, an accelerating effect of protic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol and N-methylformamide is evidenced. The kp values for some nonvinyl porphyrins are also reported and compared to literature data. The quenching mechanism is discussed.
Investigation of Molecular Weight and Aggregation of Asphaltenes in Organic Solvents Using Surface Tension Measurements

Abstract The physico-chemical behavior of asphaltene is very useful to assist prediction and control the mechanisms of asphaltene deposition during the production of petroleum fluids. It has been realized that the first step in the formation of precipitated asphaltene particles is the self-aggregation mechanism to form colloidal particles or pseudo-micelles in several solvents. In this work, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of two asphaltene fractions extracted from vacuum residues (VR) were obtained by surface tension measurements, using aromatic solvents. The molecular weight (1094-565 g/mol), calculated from average radii of the asphaltene molecules adsorbed at the air–solvent interface, are also in agreement with the values for small aggregates reported using small angle X-ray scattering.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME PLANT POWDERS AND BIOINSECTICIDES AGAINST Phthorimaea operculella (ZELLER.) (LEPIDOPTERA : GELECHIIDAE) ON SOME POTATO CULTIVARS

Experiment was carried out in laboratory at Vegetable Research Pests Department, Plant Protection, Research Institute, to evaluate the effect of seeds of Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Clovers flower (Syzygium arematicum) and Santonica flower ( Matricaria chamomillia ) against Phthorimaea operculella larvae at three concentrations,(7.5; 15.0; 30.0 gm.) on three potato tuber cultivars (Roseate; Herms and Mondial cultivars ) compared with the bioinsecticide protecto (10 % W.P.). The results demonstrated that the cloves flower powder was the most effective against larvae of P. operculella, followed by santonica flower powder and black pepper seed powder, while protecto was the most effective compound which caused larval mortality of 90.7; 93.3 and 93.5 %, after two weeks on three potato tuber cultivars Roseate; Herms and Mondial, respectively. Also the data indicated that larval mortality of the potato tuber moth with the three powders was increased by increasing the concentrations . However the tested materials showed a significant effect in increasing the mortality rate of larvae of the tested insects on the three potato cultivars.
Failure of elastic‐plastic core–shell microcapsules under compression

Characterization of the failure behavior of microcapsules is extremely important to control the release of their core actives by mechanical forces. The strain and stress of elastic-plastic uninflated core–shell microcapsules at failure (rupture or bursting) has been determined using finite element modeling (FEM) and micromanipulation compression experiments. The ductile failure of polymeric microcapsules at high deformations is considered to occur when the maximum strain in the shell exceeds a critical strain, resulting in their rupture. FEM has been used to determine the maximum strains present in the capsule wall at different deformations for three types of shell material: elastic, elastic—perfectly plastic and elastic—perfectly plastic with strain hardening at large strains. The results obtained were used to determine the failure strain and stress of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules, with average population values of ∼0.48 and ∼350 MPa, respectively. Thus, the elastic-plastic stress–strain relationship has been determined for the core–shell microcapsules tested. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Lead Extraction from Soils as Affected by Lead Chemical and Mineral Forms

Soil washing is one of several technologies for the removal of lead (Pb) from soil. Recent studies have focused on washing efficiency using artificially contaminated soils; however, data may not reflect the efficiency of Pb removal for aged, field-contaminated soils. A Glynwood silty clay loam, a river sediment and a sand were artificially contaminated with PbSO4. These, and soil material from a battery recycling/smelting Superfund site, were washed in batch tests with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDA) (0.0225 M, 0.0375 M, and 0.075 M) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) (0.1 and 1.0 N). Using a sequential extraction procedure, 96% or more of the Pb in the artificially contaminated soils and 65% of the Pb in the Superfund soil were determined to be extractable. X-ray diffraction techniques revealed the presence of both anglesite (PbSO4) and hydrocerrusite (Pb3[CO3]2[OH]2Pb) in the Glynwood and sand, and in the river sediment, massicot (PbO) was also detected. Metallic Pb .
Humidity-sensing properties of conducting polypyrrole-silver nanocomposites

We report here the humidity-sensing characteristics of conducting polypyrrole (PPY)-silver nanocomposites prepared by wet-chemical technique. Addition of silver into the conducting polymer network shows remarkable change in resistance with relative humidity (RH). The resistance of PPY-silver nanocomposites is found to increase with RH till a threshold value, above which the resistance tends to decrease. The threshold RH value is significantly reduced with the increase in silver concentration into the conducting polymer network. The modified metal–polymer interface and the associated interfacial water molecules play the critical role in determining the electrical transport and hence the humidity-response characteristics of the nanocomposites.
Phase stability analysis in Fe-Pt and Co-Pt alloy systems: an augmented space study

We have studied the problem of phase stability in Fe-Pt and Co-Pt alloy systems. We have used the orbital peeling technique in the conjunction of augmented space recursion based on the tight binding linear orbital method as the method for the calculation of pair interaction energies. In particular, we have generalized our earlier technique to take account of magnetic effects for the cases where the magnetic transition is higher than the order-disorder chemical transition temperature as in the case of Co 3 Pt. Our theoretical results obtained within this framework successfully reproduce the experimentally observed trends.
Effect of Selected Physical Parameters on Respiration Activities in Common Polish Mineral Soils

The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of such soil physical parameters as water potential (pF), microdiffusion of oxygen (ODR), redox potential (Eh), and air porosity (Eg) on respiration activity (RA), defined as CO2 evolution after a 10-day soil incubation at 20oC. Moisture content was determined for a range of pF values (0, 1.5, 2.2, 2.7, and 3.2) that corresponded to water availability for usability by microorganisms and plant roots. Selected soil samples were extracted from the following soils layers: surface (0-30 cm), subsurface (30-60 cm), and subsoil (60-100 cm), and were classified (FAO) as Orthic Podzol, Eutric Histosol, and Haplic Phaeozem. ODR, Eh, and Eg increased with higher soil water tension, but generally a high variability of a examined factors was observed. Respiration processes in the surface layers were the most intensive (71.591.2 mg CO2 kg -1 d -1 ), whereas those in the subsurface and the subsoil samples were reduced by 65-98% to the level 1.6-19.2 mg CO2 kg -1 d -1 . Our results revealed significant (p<0.001) relationships between soil RA and pF, ODR, and Eh as Eg level. However, correlation coefficients (r) varied as they were indirectly dependent on soil type and depth.
Review of Bovine Respiratory Disease

The paper dscusses Preconditioning (PC), which is a management system designed to immunize calves and reduce stressors prior to shipment to a stocker or feeder operation, as well as preweaning (PW), which refers to calves which are weaned and fed as in preconditioning but vaccination and treatments for parasitism are not done.
Crystal-structure analysis of four mineral samples of anhydrite, CaSO4, using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data

The crystal structures of four samples of anhydrite, CaSO4, were obtained by Rietveld refinements using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data and space group Amma. As an example, for one sample of anhydrite from Hants County, Nova Scotia, the unit-cell parameters are a = 7.00032(2), b = 6.99234(1), c = 6.24097(1) Å, and V = 305.487(1) Å3 with a > b. The eight-coordinated Ca atom has an average distance of 2.4667(4) Å. The tetrahedral SO4 group has two independent S-O distances of 1.484(1) to O1 and 1.478(1) Å to O2 and an average distance of 1.4810(5) Å. The three independent O-S-O angles [108.99(8) × 1, 110.38(3) × 4, 106.34(9)° × 1; average [6] = 109.47(2)°] and S-O distances indicate that the geometry of the SO4 group is quite distorted in anhydrite. The four anhydrite samples have structural trends where the a, b, and c unit-cell parameters increase linearly with increasing unit-cell volume, V, and their average and distances are nearly constant. The grand mean = 2.4660(2) Å, and grand mean = 1.4848(3) Å, the latter is longer than 1.480(1) Å in celestite, SrSO4, as expected.
DopamineDepletionDoesNotProtectagainstAcute 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-TetrahydropyridineToxicity InVivo

Dopamine (DA) has been postulated to play a role in the loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons in Parkinson’s disease becauseofitspropensitytooxidizeandformquinonesandotherreactiveoxygenspeciesthatcanaltercellularfunction.Moreover,DA depletion can attenuate dopaminergic cell loss in vitro. To test the contribution of DA to SN impairment in vivo, we used DA-deficient mice, which lack the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic cells, and mice pharmacologically depleted of DA by -methyl-ptyrosine pretreatment. Mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin that produces parkinsonianpathologyinhumans,nonhumanprimates,androdents.Incontrasttoinvitroresults,geneticorpharmacologicDAdepletiondid not attenuate loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN or dopaminergic neuron terminals in the striatum. These results suggest that DA doesnotcontributetoacuteMPTPtoxicityinvivo.
Eddy correlation measurements of aerosol deposition to grass

An experiment was conducted to measure aerosol turbulent fluxes to a grass field. A new high-flow-rate aerosol sensor was deployed from a tower to make eddy correlation (EC) measurements of aerosol turbulent flux and deposition velocity. The EC data were screened and analysed for uncertainties associated with advection, boundary layer growth, instrument separation and counting particles. An apparent bias in the aerosol flux due to particle hygroscopic growth was evaluated from chemical and microphysical measurements and removed from the results based on derived corrections. The resulting aerosol deposition velocity for 0.52 μm diameter particles depended on atmospheric stability with values of 0.3 cm s−1 during near-neutral stability, 0.44 cm s−1 during unstable periods and 0.16 cm s−1 during stable periods with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.07 cm s−1 due to chemical composition and particle counting.
Excitation of π Electrons in Polystyrene and Similar Polymers by 20‐keV Electrons

Excitation of the π electrons in thin films of polystyrene and some similar polymers has been observed in the characteristic energy loss spectra of 20‐keV electrons scattered at zero angle. The observed energy loss of approximately 7 eV corresponds to the strong uv absorption near 1800 A in benzene and its derivatives. An energy loss of 6.97±0.10 eV was measured in films of atactic and isotactic polystyrene, styrene ethylene copolymer, and poly 2,3,4,5,6‐pentadeuterostyrene, and an energy loss of 7.25±0.15 eV was measured in poly 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorostyrene. These energy losses appeared as sharp peaks superimposed on a very broad and more intense loss peak with a maximum at 21.3±0.3 eV in all the electron energy loss spectra obtained. The results for the energy loss attributed to the π electrons are correlated with relevant uv absorption data. A discernible decrease in the measured ∼7‐eV loss occurred during electron bombardment of the specimens, and is attributed to film contamination and breakdown. The.
Reaction of Aryl Isocyanates with Cotton Cellulose

The thermal dissociations of cellulose N-(2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl)-carbamates to their respective isocyanates and cellulose were investigated using dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric analyses. With the aid of a digital computer, kinetic parameters were determined for the dissociation reactions measured by both techniques. First-order kinetics were ob served in every case. Activation energies ranged from 28 to 45 kcal/mole. Entropy of activation values were positive for the 4-isomer and negative for the 2- and 3-isomers. The intermediate postulated for the more thermally labile 4-isomer results from intermolecular catalysis, while those for the 2- and 3-isomers resulted from intramolecular catalvsis.
DENSITY, EXCESS MOLAR VOLUME AND APPARENT MOLAR VOLUME OF BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES

Density (�), Excess Molar volume and Apparent Molar volume are reported for binary mixtures of Ethanol, Propan2-ol and 2-Methyl Propan-2-ol with Propan-2-amine over entire range of mole fractions at 298.15 and 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volume (V E ) and apparent molar volume (V �) have been calculated. These
Salivary Flow Rate, pH, Buffering Capacity and Esophageal pH−metry Results in Gastro−Esophageal Reflux Disease Patients Szybkość wydzielania, pH i pojemność buforowa śliny a wyniki pH−metrii u pacjentów z chorobą refluksową przełyku

Background. Gastro−esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease of the contemporary society. Saliva with its organic and inorganic components is responsible for the integrity of oral mucosa and contributes to the pro− tection of upper digestive tract. Objectives. The goal of the study was to evaluate a relationship between the salivary flow rate, pH, buffering ca− pacity, bicarbonate and phosphates content, and esophageal pH−metry results in GERD patients. Material and Methods. 36 subjects were examined, out of which 18 with newly diagnosed gastro−esophageal re− flux disease by 24−hour pH−metry and 18 generally healthy. The GERD patients were subdivided in relation to nor− mal and abnormal exposure onto acid in distal and proximal part of esophagus. In unstimulated mixed saliva pH, buffering capacity, bicarbonate and inorganic phosphate content were measured as well as salivary flow rate was calculated. Results. In GERD patients significantly higher (p < 0.05) salivary flow rate than in the control was found (0.66 ± ± 0.46 ml/min vs. 0.37 ± 0.22 ml/min). Taking into consideration mean values of the studied salivary variables in relation to severity of proximal and distal reflux significantly (p < 0.05) lower salivary flow rate in abnormal di− stal reflux compared to normal one was found (0.53 ± 0.16 ml/min vs. 0.77 ± 0.61 ml/min). Moreover, positive correlation between salivary flow rate and percentage of the time pH < 4 in upright position (r = 0.517, p = 0.040) for proximal reflux was noticed. Conclusions. The newly diagnosed GERD patients showed increase of salivary secretion probably due to the eso− phago−salivary reflex evoking by acidification of esophagus (Dent. Med. Probl. 2007, 44, 4, 439–444).
Comparative Analysis of Proximate, Minerals and Functional Properties of Tamarindus indica pulp and Ziziphusspina christi Fruit and Seed

Proximate and mineral analysis, carbohydrate composition, functional properties and anti-nutritional factors of Tamarindus indica (L.) and Ziziphus spina christi seed and fruit were determined using standard methods. Ziziphus spina christi seed was found to be rich in protein (24.07%) than Tamarindus indica pulp (7.64%) and Ziziphus spina christi fruit (8.23%). The crude fat content of all the samples, Tamarindus indica pulp (1.03%), Ziziphus spina christi fruit (1.94%), Ziziphus spina christi seed (1.24%) were low. High carbohydrate values, 56.00%, 58.02% and 35.25% were obtained for Tamarindus indica pulp and Ziziphus spina christi fruit and seed respectively. Meanwhile, the functional properties of Ziziphus spina christi fruit was relatively higher than the seed and Tamarindus indica pulp. Values obtained for dextrose, fructose, maltose and other sugars showed that they all contain an appreciable amount of sugar. The antinutritional factors depicted that they all contained low amount of oxalate, tannic acid, phytin phosphorus except the phytic acid, 5.74, 6.56, and 8.24 (mg/100g for Tamarindus indica pulp and Ziziphus spina christi fruit and seed respectively. The mineral analysis showed that the Ca Mg, and Fe contents of these samples were relatively high with Ziziphus spina christi seed having the highest value of Fe (58.53 mg/100g) compared with Tamarindus indica pulp (27.36 mg/100g) Ziziphus spina christi (39.96 mg/100g). The results generally indicated that T.indica pulp and Ziziphus spina christi fruit and seed were good sources of protein, mineral and energy foods and can be used in food formulation.
KINETIC MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF THE GROWTH OF POLYMER CRYSTALS

Based upon kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of crystallization in a simple polymer model we present a new picture of the mechanism by which the thickness of lamellar polymer crystals is constrained to a value close to the minimum thermodynamically stable thickness, /min. The free energetic costs of the polymer extending beyond the edges of the previous crystalline layer and of a stem being shorter than /min provide upper and lower constraints on the length of stems in a new layer. Their combined effect is to cause the crystal thickness to converge dynamically to a value close to /min where growth with constant thickness then occurs. This description contrasts with those given by the two dominant theoretical approaches. However, at small supercoolings the rounding of the crystal profile does inhibit growth as suggested in Sadler and Gilmer's entropic barrier model.
Effect of soil aggregate size and dicyandiamide on N2O emissions and ammonia oxidizer abundance in a grazed pasture soil

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, which is mainly produced from agricultural soils. Ammonia oxidation is the rate‐determining step in N2O production, and the process is carried out by ammonia oxidizers, bacteria and archaea. Soil aggregate size has been shown to alter soil properties, which affect N2O emissions and bacterial communities. However, the effect of aggregate size on temporal and total N2O emissions and ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) is not fully understood. This incubation study investigated the effect of three different soil aggregate sizes on N2O emissions and ammonia oxidizer abundance under high urine‐N concentrations and the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), at reducing N2O emissions in different aggregate soils. It was found that temporal patterns of N2O emissions were affected by aggregate size with higher peak emissions in the large and medium aggregates. However, the total emissions were the same due to a ‘switch’ in emissions at day 66, after which smaller aggregates produced higher N2O emissions. It is suggested that the switch was caused by an increase in aggregate disruption in the small aggregates, following the urine application, due to their higher surface area to volume ratio. AOB and AOA abundances were not significantly affected by aggregate size. DCD was effective in reducing N2O emissions in all aggregate sizes by an average of 79%. These results suggest that similar ammonia oxidizer abundance is found in soils of different aggregate sizes, and the efficacy of DCD in reducing N2O emissions was not affected by aggregate size of the soil.
Production of long-lived 26 Al and 24 Na from neutron interaction in Al target

c odes ALICE-91, EMPIRE-2.19 and TALYS-1.0. The codes account for the major nuclear reaction mechanisms, including direct, pre-equilibrium and compound nuclear ones. The excitation functions of these isotopes have been compared graphically with the evaluated nuclear data file and available experimental data. The results are more or less agreeing up to which energy the experimental data are available whereas ALICE code largely under predicts the data in the energy range 1-20 MeV.
Adsorption of Monovalent Organic Cations on Sepiolite: Experimental Results and Model Calculations

Adsorption of neutral organic molecules and the monovalent organic cations methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) to sepiolite was determined experimentally and investigated by an adsorption model. The largest amounts of MB and CV adsorbed were about 4-fold of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of sepiolite. Consequently, it was proposed that most of the above described adsorption was to neutral sites of the clay. The adsorption model considered combines the Gouy-Chapman solution and specific binding in a closed system. The model was extended by allowing cation adsorption to neutral sites of the clay, in addition to adsorption to negatively charged sites and adsorption to neutral complexes formed from 1 cation adsorbed to a negative surface site. The amount of available neutral sites was determined from the adsorption of the neutral molecule Triton-X 100 (TX100). The model could adequately simulate the adsorption of the neutral molecules TX100 and crown ether 15-crown-5 (15C5) as well as the organic cations. Due to aggregation of MB molecules in solution, their adsorption was somewhat less than that of CV at the larger added concentrations. A consideration of the molecular dimensions of TX100, MB and CV suggested that their adsorption was mostly to external sites of the clay and that their entry to the sepiolite channels was largely excluded. This interpretation is supported by infrared spectroscopy (IR) measurements, which show large perturbations of the peak corresponding to vibrations of external Si-OH groups of the clay and confirm complete occupancy of external sites by MB and CV.