Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Almost One Century Later… Cantharellus avellaneus Finally Rediscovered!

Abstract The authors report on a brown chanterelle collected in the sandy soils of Madagascar's east coast. As this specimen agrees entirely with the protologue of C. avellaneus, it is here described and proposed as epitype for this apparently rare chanterelle that was first described in 1924 by Narcisse Patouillard. Its systematic placement as part of Cantharellus subg. Parvocantharellus sect. Congolenses is demonstrated using a multigene phylogeny and its complete ITS barcode sequence is provided.
Genetic variation among clones of Picea abies in resistance to growth of Heterobasidion annosum

An inoculation experiment with Heterobasidion annosum on 98 four-year-old Picea abies clones was conducted on rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. One isolate of H. annosum and 10 ramets of each clone were used. After 34 days of incubation, fungal growth in sapwood and lesion length in the inner bark were measured. There were significant differences among clones in lesion length in the inner bark and in fungal growth in sapwood. Broad sense heritability was 0.35 for fungal growth and 0.27 for lesion length in the inner bark. Fungal growth and lesion length showed strong genotypic correlation. Bud-flushing index of the clones was correlated with mean fungal growth, whereas the growth termination index was not. Fungal growth in sapwood and lesion length in the inner bark of cuttings were not correlated with the mean height and provenance of 15-year-old ramets of the same clones in previously conducted field tests.
13C metabolic flux ratio analysis by direct measurement of free metabolic intermediates in L. mexicana using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Until recently, 13C-based flux analyses have almost exclusively relied on analysis of labelled amino acids in proteins. This approach is not directly applicable to Leishmania, as these parasites scavenge most of their amino acids from the media. Leishmania are also unusual in that they i) share little genomic similarity with other organisms ii) constitutively express their metabolic genes and iii) display minimal changes in the enzyme levels throughout their life cycle stages. The three factors have contributed to an early development of comprehensive and reproducible 13C-based metabolomics approaches in these parasites. The work presented here contributes to the creation of new 13C-based metabolic flux approaches based on the isotopologue analysis of free metabolite pools in Leishmania mexicana. Namely, a new approach is presented for simultaneous calculation of in vivo fractional fluxes (or flux ratios) into two or more metabolite nodes with carbon dioxide condensation, based on isotopologue analysis of free metabolite pools. This method is used to perform the first quantitative in vivo fractional flux calculation of central carbon metabolism in any human parasite.
CHLORIDE AND TOTAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BLOOD OF MARINE TELEOSTS

An effort has been made in this study to obtain data upon the plasma chloride and total osmotic pressure (delta) of the blood of marine teleosts under their normal conditions of existence in the sea. For this purpose hook-and-line specimens, bled immediately after catching, have been used as the best available material. Studies upon pollack, cod, sculpin, flounder, mackerel, and conger indicate an appreciable physiological range of variation in both chloride and delta, with no detectable correlation between the two in any given species.The average plasma chloride for many species studied has been found to vary from 150.6 millimols (pollack) to 172.6 millimols (conger) per liter. Supplementary chloride data upon specimens removed from the Naples aquarium and upon Orthagoriscus mola (from a large tunnynet) are reported.It has further been demonstrated that both plasma chloride and delta are as a rule considerably elevated in fishes caught on a long line or by net, and in fishes bled only after a delay and r.
Anxiolytic Activity Of Seed Extract Of Caesalpinia Bonducella (Roxb) In Laboratory Animals

In the traditional system of Indian medicine C.bonducella is widely used for its antipyretic, antiperiodic, anticonvulsant and antiparalytic activities. The present study was aimed to explore the anxiolytic activities of seed extract of C.bonducella in experimental animals, mice and rats. In Stair-case model, all the three doses i-e low, medium and high 400, 600 and 800mg/kg of PECB had showed a significant and dose dependent Anxiolytic activity by increasing the number of steps climbed, without any significant effect on rearings by all these three doses. Similarly in EPM model medium and high doses, but not the low dose of PECB had significantly enhanced both number of entries and time spent in open arms and decreased in number of entries and time spent in closed arms. In Hole- board model, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced the number, latency and the duration of head dipping but not the rearings. However in LDT model high doses 800mg/kg of PECB had significantly exhibited anxiolytic activity by increasing time spent, number of crossings in light compartment and decreased the time spent in dark compartment and decreased the number of rearings in both light and dark compartments. In OFT models, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced total locomotion, central locomotion, number of grooming but the immobility time has drastically reduced. All doses of PECB have not exerted any significant effect with rearing, defecation and urination. Moreover in Mirror-chamber model of anxiety, both medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly reduced the time latency to enter in to the mirror chamber and increased the number of entries and time spent in the chamber. Thus the result recorded with above experimental models confirms the anxiolytic activity of PECB.
Relationship between temperature and developmental rate of Schizotetranychus smirnovi (Acari: Tetranychidae) on almond

ABSTRACT Temperature is an important climatic factor which influences development, reproduction and population dynamics of insects and mites and plays an essential role in pest management. In the present article, the development of Schizotetranychus smirnovi Wainstein (Acari, Tetranychidae) was studied on almond (variety “Mamaei”) at 11 constant temperatures ranging from 10°C to 36°C (including 10°C, 13°C, 15°C, 17.5°C, 20°C, 22.5°C, 25°C, 27.5°C, 30, 33°C and 36 ± 1°C), all at 50 ± 10% RH and 14:10 (L:D) h under laboratory conditions and modelled developmental rate of the mite as a function of temperature. Based on the results, no development was observed at 10°C and no juvenile developed to adult at 36°C. Moreover, egg-to-adult developmental rate decreased gradually from 13°C to 30°C and increased at higher temperatures. The longest (25.18 ± 1.86 and 23.13 ± 1.88 days) and shortest (2.36 ± 0.42 and 2.36 ± 0.42 days) female and male immature period was observed at 13°C and 30°C, respectively. The lower temperature threshold for S. smirnovi was obtained as 10.70°C and the total degree-days required for female and male development were calculated as 136.67 and 125.31 DD, respectively. Growth data were fitted to various non-linear models and lower and upper temperature thresholds were estimated along with all model parameters. Most models were rejected for failure to satisfy criteria of goodness of fit and estimable temperature threshold parameters. The Lactin-2 model was selected for estimating the lower and upper temperature thresholds and optimal temperature. Results could be useful in developing S. smirnovi population models to predict the activity and seasonal population dynamics of the pest under the field conditions.
Characterization of the Meis2a Downstream Regulatory Element Dr-m2de1

We have identified four highly conserved noncoding elements associated with the vertebrate Meis2 gene and named them m2de1-4 (for Meis2 downstream element). Using the Tol2 system we have generated transgenic zebrafish in which the zebrafish element (dr-m2de1) has been seen to direct reporter transgene expression the mid and hindbrain of developing embryos.The m2de1 sequence was recently described by another group (Parker et al., 2011), however their data showed dissimilar expression from that of which we have observed. Upon examination of the sequences, we determined that our m2de1 sequence contains an additional 19bp on the 3’ end and an additional 17bp on the 5’. This suggests the possibility that their sequence does not represent the full-length element. In this study I found that that both the Parker paper element and m2de1 both drive broad expression patterns in mid and hindbrain, and that m2de1 also drove expression in the muscle fibers of developing zebrafish while 3288 and any other generated fragment of m2de1 did not. This would appear to suggest that both 3’ and 5’ basepairs not found in 3288 are both necessary for the enhancer to drive complete expression.
Effect of herb extracts on growth of probiotic cultures

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of four herbs viz . Arjuna , ashwagandha, puthkanda and shalampanja on growth characteristics of probiotic cultures. Effect of herb extract on growth characteristics of probiotic bacteria viz . Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus was determined. It was found that Arjuna and ashwagandha inhibit growth of Lactobacilus bulgaricus , however puthkanda and shalampanja increased growth of Lactobacilus bulgaricus or supportive to their growth, however in case of Streptococcus thermophilus all herbs showed inhibitory effects.
Formulation of osmo - dehydrated cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Osmo-dehydrated cashew apples could be developed by osmotic treatment of 10 mm thick slices of blanched cashew apples in 60° brix honey at 50° C for 24hours followed by drying at 50° C till 15-20% moisture. The product could be stored for six months in vacuum pack with nitrogen in laminated pouch without affecting major chemical quality parameters.
Choice of age classes of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus by pine Martes martes martes and tawny owl Strix aluco in Białowieża National Park

Le choix des classes d'âge du campagnol roussâtre Clethrionomys glareolus par la martre commune Martes martes et la chouette hulotte Strix aluco a ete etudie entre les annees 1985/86 et 1992/93 dans les forets primitives du Parc National de Bialowieza en Pologne orientale. Au cours de cette etude, le nombre de campagnois a ete modere pendant 5 annees, tres important pendant un an en raison de la forte fructification simultanee du chene, du charme et de l'erable. et a connu deux annees d'effondrement/faible nombre. Au total, on a mesure 534 dents de campagnol provenant de feces de martres et 746 dents provenant de pelotes de rejection de chouettes. La structure d'âge de la population varie selon les saisons; elle varie egalement dans le regime alimentaire des predateurs. Au printemps, la chouette et la martre attrapent des campagnols âges de plus de 8 mois: en ete et en automne, les predateurs prennent de jeunes campagnols (âges de 2 a 4 mois). En hiver, les deux predateurs capturent des campagnols âge de 4 a 8 mois. En toutes saisons, les chouettes attrapent des campagnols plus lourds que les martres, et egalement plus lourds que la masse corporelle moyenne de la population. Au cours des annees moderees, c'est en automne que la similarite de structure d'âge des campagnols captures par les deux predateurs est la plus elevee (lorsque la densite de campagnols est forte) et au printemps qu'elle est la plus faible (lorsque la densite de campagnols est faible). Chaque annee, au cours du printemps et de l'ete, la structure d'âge des campagnols captures par les martres et les chouettes est similaire, mais elle est differente de celle de la population globale de campagnols. En automne et en hiver, on a trouve des differences entre les deux predateurs, les martres prenant de plus jeunes campagnols que les chouettes. L'analyse de differentes etudes montre une relation entre le choix de la taille des proies et le ratio de masse corporelle des chouettes et des rongeurs.
Ecology, Genetics and Socio-Biology: Practical Tools in the Design of Target-specific Feral Pig Baits and Baiting Procedures

Author(s): Lapidge, Steven J.; Cowled, Brendan; Smith, Michelle | Abstract: Feral pigs occupy 40% of Australia along with numerous other countries. They cost Australian agriculture greater than AUD$100 M annually through stock predation and crop, pasture, and infrastructure damage. Broad-scale, integrated poisoning campaigns, predominantly using Compound 1080, are the most practical and cost-effective control method in Australia. However, the lack of a target-specific toxicant and bait for feral pigs means that baiting campaigns can place non-target species at risk. Confounding this is the wide distribution and diet of feral pigs in Australia, which means that no current single bait is effective for all feral pigs. A potential solution to this problem is to use the known ecology, genetics, and socio-biology of feral pigs in different habitats to design bait(s) with increased target specificity, then combine this with habitat-specific operating procedures inferred from ecological and genetic studies to reduce non-target exposure. This process is currently underway in Australia. Habitat-independent characteristics of feral pigs that can be used to develop target-specific baits are their large size and strong jaws, their keen sense of smell, their poor vision, their omnivorous diet, and their nocturnal and fossorial nature. Producing large, tough, odorous, dyed (to deter birds), meat and vegetable (to deter obligatory carnivores or herbivores) baits that are laid at night and buried where possible will make feral pig baits more target specific and reduce non-target exposure. Current pen and field trials of bait prototypes in a range of habitats are confirming this. Appropriate baiting regimes for feral pigs in different habitats, as determined through ecology and genetics and subsequent field trials, are presently being determined and transformed into standard operating procedures to lessen non-target exposure. The planned incorporation of more target-specific toxins or ‘Achilles Heel’ approaches in the future should further increase the target specificity and humaneness of broad-scale feral pig control. This protocol can potentially improve target-specificity of baits and baiting procedures for other pest animals.
Estimation of gonotrophic cycle lengths and survival rates for vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis in the suburbs of Bangkok, Thailand

Frequencies of blood meals and survival rates of vector mosquitoes are important parameters influencing transmission efficiency of pathogens. We applied the time series analysis proposed by Holmes and Birley (1987) for estimation of gonotrophic cycle lengths and survival rates of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, Japanese encephalitis (JE) vectors in Thailand. Females of these species were collected at a buffalo shed and a pigsty in a suburban area near Bangkok during 30 and 24 consecutive nights, respectively. Specimens were dissected daily to determine the parity status by tracheation of ovaries. In total, 17,482 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and 13,011 Cx. gelidus females were caught, including 15 and 19% of parous individuals, respectively. The time series analysis for the data set collected at the buffalo shed yielded a gonotrophic cycle length of 5 days and a survival rate per cycle of 20% for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and 8 days and 16% for Cx. gelidus. From these estimates, daily survival rates were calculated as 72% and 80% for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, respectively. However, the data set collected at the pigsty did not yield significant results. Holmes and Birley’s (1987) method could be an effective tool in epidemiological studies for Japanese encephalitis vectors, but its applicability is influenced by conditions at collection sites.
Low-frequency Impedance of Chara coralinna: Simultaneous Measurements of the Separate Plasmalemma and Tonoplast Capacitance and Conductance

Simultaneous measurements of the separate plasmalemma and tonoplast capacitance and conductance (as a function of frequency) are described. For frequencies > 1 Hz, the capacitance of both membranes increased with decreasing frequency. Below 1 Hz, two distinctly different types of behaviour were observed: either the membrane capacitances continued to increase, reaching values of 0.5 F/m² (50 µF/cm²) at 0.07 Hz, or the membranes became inductive at very low frequencies. At frequencies > 10 Hz, the tonoplast capacitance was 1.5-3 times higher than that of the plasmalemma and increased more rapidly with decreasing frequency. Notwithstanding this, in each case the frequency dependence of the capacitance determined from vacuolar measurements (i.e. tonoplast, cytoplasm and plasmalemma in series) was nearly the same as that of the plasmalemma alone. The conductance of the tonoplast at all frequencies was 4-10 times higher than that of the plasmalemma.
Integrating taxonomic and trait analyses to assess the impact of damming on fish communities in a northern cold region river

Dams are considered one of the most important threats to freshwater ecosystems. To date, assessments of the impact of riverine impoundments are based primarily on taxonomic approaches where little can be inferred about functional ecological change. We assessed the impact of damming in a cold region river fish community in Alberta, Canada, by integrating taxonomic and trait-based approaches over time (before, during the first 5 years, and after 5 years of dam construction), considering the longitudinal habitat and environmental change created by reservoir formation (downstream, reservoir, and upstream). Integrating both approaches was found to be informative, as alterations to taxonomic composition in fish communities provided initial clues to a functional response in a spatiotemporal context. Biomonitoring should therefore explicitly consider longitudinal spatial gradients in the design, implementation, and evaluation of management actions. Understanding the underlying environmental causes of why the comb.
Nutrient uptake and use efficiency in co‐occurring plants along a disturbance and nutrient availability gradient in the boreal forests of the southwest Yukon, Canada

Aim In boreal forest ecosystems plant productivity is typically constrained by mineral nutrient availability. In some boreal regions changes in nutrient availability have led to limited changes in productivity but large changes in plant composition. To determine the impact that a change in nutrient availability has on the plant communities it is important to understand how species use nutrients. Here we explore how plant species and functional types in a cold-dry boreal forest community use available nutrients by quantifying their respective nutrient utilization and response efficiency. Location Boreal forests in the southwest corner of the Yukon Territory, Canada. Methods We collected soil samples and total plant biomass from 29 plots from nine locations subjected to fire, harvesting or bark beetle disturbances. Nutrient analysis of all vegetation and soil samples were conducted to determine the concentration of macro- and micronutrients from both plant biomass and soils collected. Nutrient pools between stands with different disturbance histories are compared. Nutrient uptake, use and response efficiencies were then calculated and nutrient response profiles were developed for each species/functional type. Results We found few differences between nutrient pools in plots with different disturbance histories. A clear separation of species and functional groups in elemental hyperspace suggesting divergent nutrient use in co-occurring species was identified. The use efficiency analysis highlighted that the species with the highest uptake efficiency have lowest use efficiency and vice versa. Species showed either a monotonic or constant relationship between nutrient response efficiency and N, P, K, reflecting a lack of relationship between plant productivity and resource availability or a linear increase in productivity with increasing nutrient availability, respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicate that species are maximizing nutrient use along different parts of the resource gradient, which has implications for understanding how species respond to changes in nutrient availability. Our findings also show that nutrient use by some species may be governed more by uptake efficiency than use efficiency, allowing them to respond to increases in resource availability by increasing uptake rather than use.
The effect of intrauterine and cervical manipulation on the equine oestrous cycle and hormone profiles.

: Endometrial biopsy or endometrial biopsy and uterine culture taken on Day 4 after oestrus induced lysis of the corpus luteum (CL), resulting in a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and shortened the interoestrous interval in 8/12 and 32/33 oestrous cycles, respectively, during 2 experiments. Cervical dilatation 4 days after oestrus shortened the interoestrus interval in 5/10 and 0/5 oestrous cycles. Endometrial biopsy and culture on Days 1 and 3 after oestrus also induced CL lysis during 4 of 7 cycles. Total oestrogen (oestrone plus oestradiol) concentrations increased at the onset of the subsequent oestrus in mares biopsied on Day 4 of dioestrus or in control cycle oestrous periods. Endometrial biopsy also induced lysis of the CL in mares with persistent luteal function. It is postulated that intracervical or intrauterine manipulations during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle may directly, or indirectly, stimulate the release of an endogenous luteolysin (prostaglandin) resulting in CL regression, followed by oestrus and ovulation in the mare.
Population dynamics of major insect pest of blackgram [Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper] in relation to weather parameters

The experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2014. Population dynamics of major insect pests of blackgram highly affected by weather parameters like; temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum), rainfall, and sunshine hours. The result revealed that the highest population of whiteflies 8.07 adult/cage/plant and jassids 1.43 nymph and adult/cage/plant was recorded during 37th standard week. The population of whitefly and jassid showed non significant negatively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and sunshine hours while significant positively correlation with maximum humidity whereas non significant positively correlation showed with total rainfall and minimum humidity. The highest population of spotted pod borer 2.13 larvae/plant was record during 38th standard week and flower thrips 3.47 nymph and adult/10 flowers was record during 37th standard week and spotted pod borer population showed significant positively correlation with sunshine hours while flower thrips and spotted pod borer population showed non significant positively correlation with maximum and minimum relative humidity and non significant negatively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas population of spotted pod borer showed non significant negatively correlation with total rainfall, while population of thrips showed non significant positively correlation with total rainfall while sunshine hours showed non significant negatively correlation.