Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Roasting effects on fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds

Sesame seeds were roasted at different temperatures (180–220 °C) using a domestic electric oven. The positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) isolated from total lipids in these seeds was investigated as well as the naturally occurring antioxidants that are present. Major lipid components were TAGs and phospholipids (PLs), while steryl esters (SEs), free fatty acids (FFAs) and sn-1,3- and sn-1,2-diacylglycerols (DAGs) were minor ones. Following roasting, a significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed in FFAs and in both forms of DAG (primarily sn-1,3-DAG). The greatest PL losses (P < 0.05) were observed in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), followed by PC and phosphatidylinositol (PI). On the other hand, the amounts of γ-tocopherol and sesamin remained at over 80 and 90% respectively of the original levels after roasting at 220 °C. The principal characteristics of the positional distribution of fatty acids were still retained after 25 min of roasting: unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and/or oleic, were predominantly concentrated in the sn-2-position, and saturated fatty acids, especially stearic and/or palmitic, primarily occupied the sn-1- or sn-3-position. The results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids located in the sn-2-position are significantly protected from oxidation during roasting at elevated temperatures. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF WATER PIPITS IN AN ALPINE ENVIRONMENT

Abstract To understand the evolution of avian reproductive strategies it is important to assess how differences in reproductive success are related to timing of the breeding season, quality of nesting territories or breeders, or to a combination of these factors. Over three years, we studied the reproductive performance of female Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta) in a temporally and spatially variable alpine environment. The study area covered two valley slopes that differed in the probability of nest predation, food availability, and climate. Nest predation and harsh weather were the main proximate causes of differences in female reproductive success. Because these two environmental factors were locally unpredictable, individual females could best optimize their seasonal reproductive success by choosing the “right” breeding time. The average number of young fledged per season was inversely related to the date of initial breeding and increased from females with only first attempts, through females with replacement clutches, to females that raised two broods. Hence, the main advantage of early breeding lies in the chance of rearing a second brood after the first has fledged, or of producing a replacement clutch if the first fails due to predation or harsh weather. Éxito Reproductivo de Anthus spinoletta en un Ambiente Alpino Resumen. Para entender la evolución de las estrategias reproductivas de las aves es importante determinar cómo las diferencias en el éxito reproductivo se relacionan con el comienzo de la época reproductiva, la calidad de los territorios de nidificación o los reproductores o con una combinación de estos factores. Durante un período de tres años, estudiamos el desempeño reproductivo de hembras de Anthus spinoletta en un ambiente alpino temporal y espacialmente variable. El sitio de estudio comprendió dos laderas que diferían en la probabilidad de depredación de nidos, disponibilidad de alimento y clima. La depredación de nidos y el clima severo fueron las principales causas proximales de la diferencia del éxito reproductivo de las hembras. Debido a que ambos factores ambientales fueron localmente inpredecibles, cada individuo hembra podía optimizar el éxito de su período reproductivo eligiendo el tiempo “correcto” para reproducirse en la temporada. El número promedio de juveniles por temporada se relacionó inversamente con la fecha del inicio de la reproducción y aumentó desde hembras con sólo un intento de cría, pasando por hembras que reemplazaron sus nidadas, hasta hembras que criaron dos nidadas. Por tanto, la ventaja principal de reproducirse tempranamente en la temporada está dada por la posibilidad de criar una segunda nidada luego de la partida de los primeros juveniles o de producir una nueva nidada si la primera falla debido a depredación o clima severo.
IN VITRO VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BARLEY EXTRACTS AS PREDICTORS OF GROWTH RESPONSES IN CHICKS FED BARLEY-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH A FUNGAL ENZYME PREPARATION

The effects of in vitro extracting conditions on the viscosity of different barley cultivars were determined (exps. 1–3). Then, the relationship between three in vitro viscosity assays (method I, raw barley-HCl-KCl buffer; method II, autoclaved barley-H2O; and method III, raw barley-H2O) was compared with the performance of chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with fungal enzyme (exp. 4). A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.0001) among fineness of grind, extraction method and barley cultivar showed that viscosity values for different barleys were not uniformly affected by the other two factors. Part of this differential response was eliminated by the use of finely ground barley (< 0.5-mm-mesh screen). When the three extracting methods were compared, method I gave higher readings than method II for high-viscosity barleys, and the reverse was true for low-viscosity barleys. The ranking of the barleys remained the same. Method III gave the lowest viscosity values, perhaps due to active endogenou.
Performance of virgin olive oil and vegetable shortening during domestic deep-frying and pan-frying of potatoes

The performance of virgin olive oil and a commercial vegetable shortening was investigated during 10 successive pan-fryings of potatoes at 180 °C for a total period of 60 min and during 10 successive deep-fryings at 170 °C for a total period of 120 min. These are typical conditions of Greek domestic cooking. For both the oils tested the effect of pan-frying on K232, K268, K316, α-tocopherol, total polar artefacts, Rancimat induction times, octanoic acid formation and linoleic acid decomposition was worse than the effect of deep-frying on the same variables. The same was true for visible spectrum and total phenols in virgin olive oil. No systematic variations of oleic acid, refractive index and trans-isomers of fatty acids were detected. None of the oils reached the limit of 25-27% total polar artefacts. Both oils performed similarly during pan-frying, while virgin olive oil performed better during deep-frying. A very strong correlation between octanoic acid formation and total polar artefacts in the whole data set was observed.
Energy values of marine benthic invertebrates from the Canadian Arctic

Calonc values were determined for 121 species of cold-water benthic invertebrates, 109 of which are representative of a soft bottom community in Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories (Canada). The mean calonc value for the community was 5.424 kcal g-' ash-free dry weight (SD f 0.403). This is not significantly different from values from lower latitudes, as has been suggested for planktonic communities. With one exception, the Ascidiacea, there were no significant differences in mean caloric value among major taxa. The lnterspecific distnbution of AFDW caloric value is discussed; present data support the growlng evidence that the natural pattern is symmetrical with values concentrated about a mean of 5.4 to 5.7 kcal g ' AFDW for benthic invertebrates. Caloric equivalents for biomass estimates and large-scale community comparisons may be derived from the regression of dry weight caloric value on percent organic content (dry weight): Y (kcal g-' AFDW) = -0.3897 + 0.0605 X (% organic content). when the organic fraction is determined directly. Two problematical taxa, Porifera and Echinodermata, are discussed and separate regressions are presented.
Species-Area Slopes and Coefficients: A Caution on Their Interpretation

Attempts to explain patterns exhibited by species-area slopes and coefficients sometimes overlook the influence of confounding factors. In particular, the slope is shown to change with area; small areas exhibit higher slopes than large areas. This change in slope with area can mask the effects of isolation, latitude, vagility of species, species-area model, and interpretation of intercepts. Further, these factors can interact together to cloud biological patterns. More pointed attempts to minimize confounding effects can produce statistically significant patterns for data previously interpreted to exhibit no patterns.
Potencial de espécies vegetais na remediação de solo contaminado com sulfentrazone

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of plant species in the remediation of a red-yellow Hapludalf contaminated with sulfentrazone. The work was conducted at two stages. At the first, the growth of Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab and Arachis hypogaea was evaluated in soil contaminated with sulfentrazone. At the second stage, a species (sorghum) indicator of residues of this herbicide was sown in the same soil. At the first stage, pots containing 6.0 kg of substrate were used. After the pots were irrigated, the herbicide was applied on the soil surface. One day after the application, the vegetal species were sown. These species were collected 100 days later and stove-dried for determination of shoot dry matter accumulation. At the second stage, soil samples of 3.0 kg were collected from each pot where the species indicator of sulfentrazone residues was cultivated. At 20 and 50 days after emergence, the intoxication of the sorghum plants was visually determined and the shoot dry matter of these plants was determined 50 days after emergence and 50 days after the first cut. The production of shoot dry matter of H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab and A. hypogaea was not affected, indicating that all species were tolerant to sulfentrazone. However, H. annus showed greater capacity for remediation of soil contaminated with this herbicide.
Stabilizing Rainfed Wheat Yields with Supplemental Irrigation and Nitrogen in a Mediterranean Climate

The West Asia-North Africa (WANA) region, with a Mediterranean-type climate, has an increasing deficit in cereal production, especially bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Rainfed cropping coincides with the relatively cool, rainy winter season, usually from October to May. Cereal yields are low and variable in response to inadequate and erratic seasonal rainfall and associated management factors, such as lack of N and late sowing. In an area where water is limited, small amounts of supplemental irrigation (SI) water can make up for the deficits in seasonal rain and potentially produce satisfactory yields. This field study (1992-1993 to 1995-1996) on a deep clay soil (a Calcixerollic Xerochrept) in northern Syria was conducted for four growing seasons to assess the effects of SI (rainfed, 1/3, 2/3, and full irrigation) combined with N rate (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha -1 ) and sowing date (early, normal, and late) on one traditional (Mexipak 65) and three improved bread wheat cultivars (Cham 4, Cham 6, Gomam). Yields of rainfed wheat varied with seasonal rainfall and its distribution, with all main factors having significant effects. A delay in the sowing date from November to January consistently reduced yields and the response to both SI and N. With irrigation, crop responses were generally significant up to 100 kg N ha -1 , while optimum response for rainfed conditions was with 50 kg N ha -1 . An addition of only limited irrigation (1/3 full irrigation) significantly increased yields, but near maximum yields were obtained by 2/3 of full irrigation. Responses to N and SI were greatest for the higher-yielding cultivars. Use efficiency for both water and N was greatly increased by SI. Thug with minimum irrigation during the winter growing season combined with appropriate management, inputs, and varieties, wheat output could be substantially and consistently increased In the semiarid Mediterranean zone. Production functions developed from this dataset can help predict the effects of changing any of these parameters in other locations in the region.
Crop rotation, cultivar resistance, and fungicides/biofungicides for managing clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) on canola

Abstract Select biofungicides and fungicides, used alone or with cultivar resistance or crop rotation, were assessed for their potential in integrated management of clubroot disease. The synthetic fungicides pentachloronitrobenzene, fluazinam and cyazofamid showed activities against Plasmodiophora brassicae. The biofungicides Serenade® and Prestop® also suppressed the disease on canola via antibiosis and induced host resistance under controlled-environment conditions. Granular and seed-treatment formulations were developed to facilitate the delivery of biofungicide in field trials. Where P. brassicae resting spore populations were large in the soil, neither biofungicides nor synthetic fungicides were sufficiently effective when applied in the seed furrow. They occasionally reduced clubroot severity on Chinese cabbage. More than 5000 soil microbial isolates indigenous to the Canadian prairies were screened for potential clubroot control, but none showed consistent efficacy. Resistant cultivars reduced clubroot severity and canola yield losses significantly. A 2-year break from canola reduced P. brassicae resting spore concentrations by 90% relative to growing continuous canola or only a 1-year break in heavily infested field plots. This 2-year break alleviated disease impact on plant growth and development in a susceptible canola cultivar. Despite the substantial inoculum reduction after 2 years, the levels were still too high to obtain commercially acceptable yields in a susceptible cultivar. In a resistant cultivar, >2-year breaks increased yields by up to 25% relative to continuous growing of canola. A 2-year interval with non-hosts between canola crops, together with use of resistant cultivars, is recommended to reduce the inoculum load of P. brassicae in soil and achieve maximum yields of canola.
Morphology of the antenna cleaner in the Hymenoptera with particular reference to non‐aculeate families (Insecta)

An electron microscopic survey of antenna cleaner morphology, mainly in non‐aculcate Hymenoptera, is presented. Modified, scale‐ or paddle‐shaped setae on the fore basitarsus were found to be widely distributed throughout the order, but were particularly well developed in the Xyeloidea. Megalodontoidea, Blasticotomidae, Siricoidca, Orussoidea, Cephoidea and Chalcidoidea. as well as in the aculeate family Formicidae. A comb of fine setae on the fore basitarsus was present in all Apocrita, with the exception of the Trigonalyoidea, Evaniidae, and some families of Chalcidoidea, but among the symphytan families was present only in the Orussidae. Members of the symphytan family, Anaxyelidae have a distinct line of discrete setae in the same position as the fine comb of the Orussidae and apocritans which we term a protocomb; members of the Cephidae also show an indication of a protocomb, in the form of a line of more widely spaced, erect setae, that could form part of the same transition series. Members of the Trigonalyoidea and of the Evaniidae have no comb of fine setae but do possess one or more rows of highly modified, plate‐like structures on the fore basitarsi.
Characterisation and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir bee virus

SUMMARY Isolates of novel strains of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) were obtained from field-collected dead adults of Apis mellifera from honey bee colonies in Canada and Spain. They differed from other strains of KBV in their tendency to aggregate in dilute buffer solution and in containing only three proteins when analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis compared with five proteins resolved in the type strain of KBV from Apis cerana in India and six proteins in KBV strains from South Australia and New Zealand. Immunodiffusion tests and Western blotting studies indicated that the five virus isolates were serologically related and all were related to acute paralysis virus (APV). The world distribution of KBV strains and their apparent relationship with APV are discussed.
VOCAL INDIVIDUALITY IN MOTHER AND PUP SOUTH AMERICAN FUR SEALS, ARCTOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS

South American fur seals breeding in Peru are subjected to levels of maternal aggression, and subsequent pup mortality, that are higher than has been reported for any other otariid species. For mothers and pups to maintain contact with each other, a mutual recognition system should exist to facilitate reunion and avoid misdirection of maternal effort. We recorded vocalizations of mothers and pups at Punta San Juan, Peru, during the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons. Sixteen acoustic variables were measured from a total of 560 calls from 15 mothers and 13 pups. Multivariate analysis showed that calls were variable in several acoustic dimensions. While calls of both mothers and pups showed low variability within and high variability among individuals, mothers' calls were more individualistic. On average, discriminant-function analysis correctly assigned 60% of pup calls and 70% of mother calls to the individual that produced them. Characteristics of the fundamental frequency were most important for distinguishing among mothers, while pup calls, which typically contained less harmonic structure, could be differentiated by formant-like frequency ranges. Thus, calls of mother and pup South American fur seals appear to exhibit sufficient stereotypy to allow for recognition and discrimination among individuals.
FIELD AND LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT IN PLANKTONIC BLUE-GREEN ALGAE IN LOUGH NEAGH, NORTHERN IRELAND

SUMMARY (1) Levels of anthrone-reactive carbohydrate in the phytoplankton of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland (predominantly blue-green algae), were measured at different depths in the water column during 1976. - (Y fiiirnnl stiidieip f cnrhnhvArntiv rnntpnt which iz clrnzP1v cArrPl2tPd with thp r2tp of dark respiration, showed a consistent diurnal fluctuation in carbohydrate levels at depths of 2 5 m or less, with maximum values occurring in the late afternoon and minimum values in the early morning. The radiation maximum preceded the carbohydrate maximum by some hours. (3) A seasonal study of carbohydrate content at three depths suggested that there were frequent biochemical gradients in the apparently homogeneous lake, and that there might be nutrient limitation during the summer months. (4) Laboratory experiments showed that nitrogen limitation caused the accumulation of carbohydrate in cells, but that this carbohydrate might be utilized if nitrate was added in the dark. (5) Natural phytoplankton samples incubated in continuous light in the laboratory accumulated carbohydrate initially, but attained a plateau value after some hours. (6) Calculations of the amount of carbohydrate accumulating in field populations of phytoplankton showed that at 05--m depth it represented a high proportion of the total carbon fixed.
Further studies on the anatomy and ecology of opisthobranch molluscs feeding on the scleractinian coral Porites

Three further species of opisthobranch molluscs are reported to feed on the scleractinian coral Pontes in Tanzania. Further information on Cuthona poritophages Rudman, 1979, is also included. The anatomy of the aeolid Phestilla lugubris{Bergh, 1870, =P. sibogae Bergh, 1905) and a new species of Phestilla is described, as is the anatomy of the arminacean Pinufius rebus. The new species of Phestilla, and Pinufius, are, for the first time, reported to feed on Porites. Notes on the anatomy of the type-species of Phestilla, P. melanobrachia Bergh, 1874, are included to make possible a definition of the genus Phestilla. Aspects of the feeding biology, life history, defence mechanisms and habitat specificity of the four Porites-feeding opisthobranchs are described and discussed. The four species are shown to have evolved radular teeth of remarkably similar shape. Each species utilizes a different part of the coral tissue as food. The three aeolids have replaced functional cnidosacs at the tip of their cerata with batteries of large secretory cells. Phestilla lugubris and Pinufius rebus are also reported for the first time from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland and the new species of Phestilla is reported from Queensland and Hawaii.
Soil characteristics and nutrient status in a Northern Australian mangrove forest

The results of a study of soil factors in relation to plant growth for a tropical mangrove forest in northern Australia are presented and discussed. Basic soil properties are described briefly in terms of particle size distribution, bulk density and total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil redox potential, pH, salinity and extractable nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored monthly over a 14 month period commencing April 1979. Sampling was carried out at 9 sites along a 370 m transect which exhibits strong gradients in topography, above ground biomass, canopy height and species distribution. Statistical analysis of the data shows that above ground biomass correlates significantly with the following soil factors, averaged over depth within the rooting zone and over time: Extractable P (r=0.85, p<0.01), redox potential (r=0.89, p<0.01) and salinity (r=−0.79, p<0.05). The strong biomass-EH correlation may be partly due to oxygen translocation by the plants to the root zone. Soil ammonium levels were within the range of 1–14 μg N per g (dry wt) and, unlike the above parameters, showed only minor variation with position along the transect. Variation of ammonium levels with time was apparent, but no significant correlation with rate of new shoot growth could be demonstrated, although depth profiles indicated depletion of ammonium by plant uptake during rapid growth periods. In addition neither soil ammonium, extractable phosphorus nor rate of plant growth showed any definite seasonal periodicity in this tropical system.
Metabolic indicators for retention of fetal membranes in Zebu and crossbred dairy cattle

The present study assessed the peripartum metabolic profile of Karan Fries crossbred (Holstein Friesian × Tharparkar) and Zebu (Sahiwal) cows in relation to expulsion of fetal membranes. Peripheral blood concentrations of glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and β-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) were determined (from 30 days before and 2 days after calving) in cows that expelled fetal membranes normally (n = 13; 7 crossbred and 6 Zebu cows) and in cows that developed retention of fetal membranes (RFM; n = 13; 7 crossbred and 6 Zebu cows). In both breeds, the cows that developed RFM had significantly lower concentrations of cholesterol, glucose and total protein, while the concentrations of NEFA, BHBA and blood urea nitrogen were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in cows that normally expelled the fetal membranes. In crossbred cows affected with RFM, the concentrations of NEFA increased significantly (P < 0.05) from Day 14 prepartum to Day 2 postpartum and the concentrations of BHBA increased from Day 7 prepartum to Day 2 after calving. Similarly, in Zebu cows, NEFA and BHBA concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) between Day 5 prepartum and Day 2 postpartum in RFM cows. Using receiver operator characteristic analysis, we observed that the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA before calving were highly related to the RFM. It may be inferred that monitoring the levels of NEFA and BHBA during prepartum period would help in identifying the cows at the risk of developing RFM.