Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Weather Regimes: Quasi-Stationary Waves and Blocking.

Abstract We hypothesize that periods of quasi-stationary behavior in the large scales are integrally associated with an organized behavior of the synoptic scales, thus the terminology “weather regime. ” To investigate our hypothesis, we extend the model of Charney and Straus (1980) to include an additional wave in the zonal direction which is highly baroclinically unstable and can interact directly with the externally forced large-scale wave. We find that such a model aperiodically vacillates between two distinct weather regime states which are not located near any of the stationary equilibria of the large-scale state; thus, we cannot ascertain the qualitative behavior of the large-scale flow in our model knowing only the large-scale equilibria and their respective stabilities to perturbations on the scale of the equilibria. The state of the model flow may remain in either one of the two regime states for several synoptic periods. During each of the two regimes, the net transports by the transient disturba.
Global stabilisation of high-order non-linear systems with time-varying delays

Under the weaker condition on the system non-linearities, this study investigates the problem of global stabilisation by state feedback for a class of high-order non-linear systems with time-varying delays. By using the method of adding a power integrator, a continuous state-feedback controller is successfully designed, and the global asymptotic stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proven with the help of an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Two simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen generation by a spontaneously formed InGaN nanowall network

We investigate photoelectrochemical water splitting by a spontaneously formed In-rich InGaN nanowall network, combining the material of choice with the advantages of surface texturing for light harvesting by light scattering. The current density for the InGaN-nanowalls-photoelectrode at zero voltage versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode is 3.4 mA cm−2 with an incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 16% under 350 nm laser illumination with 0.075 W·cm−2 power density. In comparison, the current density for a planar InGaN-layer-photoelectrode is 2 mA cm−2 with IPCE of 9% at zero voltage versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The H2 generation rates at zero externally applied voltage versus the Pt counter electrode per illuminated area are 2.8 and 1.61 μmol·h−1·cm−2 for the InGaN nanowalls and InGaN layer, respectively, revealing ∼57% enhancement for the nanowalls.
Dual-constraint burst image denoising method

Deep learning has proven to be an effective mechanism for computer vision tasks, especially for image denoising and burst image denoising. In this paper, we focus on solving the burst image denoising problem and aim to generate a single clean image from a burst of noisy images. We propose to combine the power of block matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) and a convolutional neural network (CNN) for burst image denoising. In particular, we design a CNN with a divide-and-conquer strategy. First, we employ BM3D to preprocess the noisy burst images. Then, the preprocessed images and noisy images are fed separately into two parallel CNN branches. The two branches produce somewhat different results. Finally, we use a light CNN block to combine the two outputs. In addition, we improve the performance by optimizing the two branches using two different constraints: a signal constraint and a noise constraint. One maps a clean signal, and the other maps the noise distribution. In addition, we adopt block matching in the network to avoid frame misalignment. Experimental results on synthetic and real noisy images show that our algorithm is competitive with other algorithms.
The alignment of smectic A liquid crystals with director tilt on the boundaries

Equilibrium solutions are presented for smectic A liquid crystals in which the usual director n and unit layer normal a do not necessarily coincide. Previous applications often equate n with a; the model in this paper allows n and a to differ and has been motivated by the recent investigations of Auernhammer et al (2000 Rheol. Acta 39 215–22, 2002 Phys. Rev. E 66 061707), Soddemann et al (2004 Eur. Phys. J. E 13 141–51) and Stewart (2007 Contin. Mech. Thermodyn. 18 343–60). The two experimental geometries studied consist of planar homeotropically aligned smectic layers and ‘bookshelf’ aligned layers. In both cases a director tilt at the boundaries will be imposed. Solutions to the fully nonlinear bookshelf problem where both the director and the layer normal can vary with an element of decoupling are presented and are particularly relevant to the experimental observations of Elston (1994 Liq. Cryst. 16 151–7); there are two boundary layer effects, as will be discussed, that are related to the biasing of the director towards the smectic A phase and the reorientation of the smectic layers themselves.
Behavior of microwave-heated silicon carbide particles at frequencies of 2.0–13.5 GHz

Silicon carbide is a key material in microwave (MW) processing and is used widely as a thermal insulator and catalytic agent. In this study, we experimentally investigated the temperature dependence of the MW-absorption properties of SiC particles at frequencies of 2.0–13.5 GHz. We heated SiC particles of different sizes using MW radiation. The heating behaviors of the particles were then compared with their MW-absorption properties. The heating behavior of the particles was dependent on their radii; this result was in keeping with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the β-SiC particles exhibited anomalous behaviors when subjected to microwave heating at temperatures of 1100 °C and higher. These behaviors were attributable to the transformation of β-SiC into the α-phase. The underlying mechanism for this transformation is discussed on the basis of the results of X-ray diffraction analysis.
OH Zeeman observations of dark clouds

We have made measurements with the Green Bank 43 m telescope of the Zeeman effect in the 1665 and 1667 MHz lines of OH toward dark clouds. The typical 1 σ sensitivity was 3 μG. The only certain detection of a magnetic field was toward B1, for which we measured a line-of-sight component |B|cos θ=−19.1±3.9 μG. Comparison with our earlier measurement of the field toward B1 with the Arecibo telescope provided evidence for a 40% enhancement in field strength between the molecular envelope and core of the B1 cloud, which is consistent with quasi-static contraction of the cloud driven by ambipolar diffusion. Because the Zeeman effect is only sensitive to the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field, a statistical analysis of the detection and upper limits was necessary
Ring oscillator physically unclonable function using sequential ring oscillator pairs for more challenge-response-pairs

The ring oscillator physically unclonable function (ROPUF) is one of the several types of PUF that has great potential to be used for security purposes. An alternative ROPUF design is proposed with two major differences. Firstly, the memristor is included in the ring oscillators as it is claimed to produce a more random oscillation frequency. Other reasons are its memory-like properties and variable memristance, relative compatibility with CMOS, and small size. Secondly, a different method of generating the response is implemented whereby a sequence of selection of ring oscillator pairs are used to generate a multiple bit response, rather than using only one ring oscillator pair to generate a single bit response. This method significantly expands the set of challenge-response pairs. The proposed memristor-based ROPUF shows 48.57%, 51.43%, and 51.43% for uniqueness, uniformity, and bit-aliasing, respectively. Also, modelling by support vector machine (SVM) on the proposed memristor-based ROPUF only shows 61.95% accuracy, thereby indicating strong resistance against SVM.
An Asymptotic Expansion for the Distribution of the Latent Roots of the Estimated Covariance Matrix

0. Summary. The distribution of the latent roots depends on a definite integral over the group of orthogonal matrices. This integral defines a function of the latent roots of both the covariance matrix and the estimated covariance matrix. With an integration procedure involving first a substitution and then an expansion of the resulting integrand the first three terms of an expansion for the integral are found. This expansion is given in increasing powers of n', where n is the sample number less one. A numerical example is given for the distribution of the latent roots using the expansion for the definite integral given in this paper. Improved maximum likelihood estimates for the latent roots are found and the likelihood function is considered in detail.
A development of Kronberg's model for {1012} twins in H.C.P. metals. Extension to {1122} twins

The movement of atoms during twinning is described as a simple relative movement and not by means of a shear parallel to the twin plane, even with added “shuffles”. It is shown that displacive waves similar to those which describe the β ω transformation, can be associated with these atom movements. Le mouvement des atomes au cours du maclage n'est pas decrit ici par un cisaillement parallele au plan de macle associe eventuellement a des “shuffles”, mais par un muvement relatif simple des atomes. Les deplacements des atomes peuvent ětre associes a des ondes displacives analogues a celles decrivant la transformation β ω.
Desensitizing the Minimum-Fuel Powered Descent For Mars Pinpoint Landing

This paper aims at reducing the sensitivity of the minimum-fuel powered descent trajectory on Mars in the presence of uncertainties and perturbations, using the desensitized optimal control methodology. The lander is modeled as a point mass in a uniform gravitational field, and the engine throttle is considered the control variable, which is bounded between two nonzero settings. Unlike the conventional practice of designing separately the nominal trajectory and a feedback tracking controller, desensitized optimal control strategy incorporates the two designs in synergy, delivering a superior performance. Sensitivities of the final position and velocity with respect to perturbed states at all times are derived and augmented onto the minimum-fuel performance index through penalty factors. The linear quadratic regulator technique is used to design the feedback control gains. To reduce the likelihood of the closed-loop throttle exceeding the prescribed bounds, a multiplicative factor is applied to the feedback gains. This reshapes the nominal trajectory from the well-known maximum-minimum-maximum structure in that the nominal throttle is encouraged to stay away from the prescribed bounds, leaving room for the feedback control. Monte Carlo simulations show that the occurrence of out-of-bound closed-loop throttles is significantly reduced, leading to improved landing precision.
Reflection loss mechanism of single layer absorber for flake-shaped carbonyl-iron particle composite

The reflection loss (RL) properties including the frequency, intensity, and bandwidth of absorption peaks for the flake-shaped carbonyl-iron particle/paraffin composite were investigated in detail. By measuring the reflection coefficient of the composite without (S11-OPEN) and with (S11-SHORT) a backed metal plate, the origin of the RL peak was directly verified. The separated electromagnetic wave energy reflected at the air-absorber interface and the absorber-metal plate interface was achieved from S11-OPEN and S11-SHORT parameters, and they were used to explain the intensity variation of the RL peak. The bandwidth of the RL peak was also deduced from viewpoint of interface reflection waves. The calculated bandwidth from the derived formula agreed well with the experimental data.
Characterization of Top-Gate Effects in Amorphous InGaZnO4 Thin-Film Transistors Using a Dual-Gate Structure

We investigate the dependence of bottom-gate transfer characteristics on top-gate voltage, which we call “top-gate effects”, using amorphous InGaZnO4 thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) having a dual-gate structure. We found that the positive top-gate effect varies depending on the density of electron traps at the top-channel interface, while the negative top-gate effect has a similar impact on the bottom-gate transfer characteristics irrespective of the top-channel property. OFF-current increase due to the positive top-gate effect, which is one of the undesirable behaviors for practical use, was found to be effectively suppressed by sacrificing the subthreshold performance. These behaviors were described in terms of mutual interactions between the bottom-gate and top-gate electric fields. In comparison with conventional hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFTs, a-IGZO TFTs showed more significant top-gate effects. We consider this result to be due to the intrinsic material nature of a-IGZO, i.e., high electron mobility and nonexistence of hole accumulation in a-IGZO.
Analysis of a model race car

We analyze the motion of a gravity powered model race car on a downhill track of variable slope. Using a simple algebraic function to approximate the height of the track as a function of the distance along the track, and taking account of the rotational energy of the wheels, rolling friction, and air resistance, we obtain analytic expressions for the velocity and time of the car as functions of the distance traveled along the track. Photogates are used to measure the time at selected points along the track, and the measured values are in excellent agreement with the values predicted from theory. The design and analysis of model race cars provides a good application of principles of mechanics and suggests interesting projects for classes in introductory and intermediate mechanics.
Comparative study of ring current development using empirical, dipolar, and self‐consistent magnetic field simulations

[1] The effects of nondipolar magnetic field configuration and the feedback of a self-consistently computed magnetic field on ring current dynamics are investigated during a double-dip storm with minima SYM-H = -90 nT at ~2000 UT, 20 November, and SYM-H = -127 nT at ~1000 UT, 21 November 2002. We use our kinetic ring current-atmosphere interactions model with self-consistent magnetic field (RAM-SCB) to study the redistribution of plasma in the inner magnetosphere after its fresh injection from the plasma sheet. The kinetic model is fully extended to nondipolar magnetic (B) field geometry and two-way coupled with an Euler-potential-based equilibrium model that calculates self-consistently the three-dimensional magnetic field in force balance with the anisotropic ring current distributions. The ring current source population is inferred from LANL geosynchronous satellite data; a superdense plasma sheet observed during the second storm main phase contributes significantly to ring current buildup. We find that the bounce-averaged velocities increase while the bounce-averaged geocoronal hydrogen densities decrease on the nightside when a nondipolar B field is used. A depression of the ring current fluxes and a confinement of the ring current close to Earth are thus observed on the nightside as geomagnetic activity increases. In contrast to the dipolar case, the proton anisotropy increases considerably in the postnoon sector, and the nondipolar simulations predict the excitation of intense EMIC waves at large L shells. The total ring current energy and |Dst| index calculated with the self-consistent B field are in best agreement with observations, being smaller compared to the dipolar calculations but larger than the empirical B field predictions.
Asymmetric Laplace Regression: Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Entropy and Quantile Regression

Abstract This paper studies the connections among the asymmetric Laplace probability density (ALPD), maximum likelihood, maximum entropy and quantile regression. We show that the maximum likelihood problem is equivalent to the solution of a maximum entropy problem where we impose moment constraints given by the joint consideration of the mean and median. The ALPD score functions lead to joint estimating equations that delivers estimates for the slope parameters together with a representative quantile. Asymptotic properties of the estimator are derived under the framework of the quasi maximum likelihood estimation. With a limited simulation experiment we evaluate the finite sample properties of our estimator. Finally, we illustrate the use of the estimator with an application to the US wage data to evaluate the effect of training on wages.
E-optimal designs for rational models

In this paper, experimental designs for a rational model, Y = P(x)/Q(x) + e, are investigated, where P(x) = θ o + θ 1 x +. + θ p x P and Q(x) = 1+ θ p+1 x +. + θ p+q x q are polynomials and e is a random error. Two approaches, Bayesian D-optimal and Bayesian optimal design for extrapolation, are examined. The first criterion maximizes the expected increase in Shannon information provided by the experiment asymptotically, and the second minimizes the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the mean response at an extrapolation point x e . Corresponding locally optimal designs are also discussed. Conditions are derived under which a p + q + 1-point design is a locally D-optimal design. The Bayesian D-optimal design is shown to be independent of the parameters in P(x) and to be equally weighted at each support point if the number of support points is the same as the number of parameters in the model. The existence and uniqueness of the locally optimal design for extrapolation are proven. The number of support points for the locally optimal design for extrapolation is exactly p + q + 1. These p + q + 1 design points are proved to be independent of the extrapolation point x e and the parameters in P(x). The corresponding weights are also independent of the parameters in P(x), but depend on x e and are not equal.
Ferrofluid deformable mirrors: recent advances and results

Many technical improvements have been made since we first introduced deformable mirrors that use magnetic liquids (ferrofluids) whose surface are shaped by arrays of small electric coils. We present recent advances and experimental results of a 91-actuator magnetic liquid deformable mirror that uses a novel technique that linearizes their response by placing the array of actuators inside a strong and uniform magnetic field. We show that this improved ferrofluid deformable mirror (FDM) can produce inter-actuator strokes of over 10 μm, is capable of generating wavefront having peak-to-valley amplitudes of over 60 μm, and predict that amplitudes greater than 100 μm are achievable. We also present experimental results showing that these improved FDMs are good candidates for astronomical, vision science, and optical testing applications.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering EFFECT OF QUINOA AND POTATO FLOURS ON THE THERMOMECHANICAL AND BREADMAKING PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FLOUR

The thermomechanical properties of dough and the physical characteristics of bread from quinoawheat and potato-wheat composite flours at 10 and 20% substitution level were evaluated. The functional properties of flours were measured by the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and swelling power (SP). The thermomechanical properties of wheat and composite flours were assessed using a Mixolab and the baking quality characteristics of breads were weight, height, width, and specific volume. The results showed that the higher values of WAI (4.48), WSI (7.45%), and SP (4.84) were for potato flour. The quinoa-wheat composite flour presented lower setback and cooking stability data, which are a good indicator of shelf life of bread. On the other hand, the potato-wheat composite flour showed lower stability, minimum torque and peak torque, and higher water absorption. Weight, height, width, and specific volume of wheat bread were most similar to samples of potato-wheat composite flour at 10% substitution level.
Disruptive effect of unattended noise-vocoded speech on recall of visually presented digits: Interaction between the number of frequency bands and languages

To assess the effects of degraded irrelevant speech on the serial recall of visually presented digits, noise-vocoded speech was generated in Japanese and German. Effects of the participants' native language were also examined by studying 40 Japanese and 40 German listeners. The number of frequency bands used in vocoding and the language (native or not) the irrelevant sound was derived from affected performance significantly. The participants' native language had a greater disruptive effect than the non-native language, particularly in conditions in which intelligibility was moderate. Speech sounds appear to have been processed automatically although the participant was instructed to neglect them. This must have required some amount of cognitive resources, which could have been used for the recall task otherwise. This automatic interference was stronger when the native language was used, probably because it contained perceptual cues that were more difficult to degrade.
Assessing Macroeconomic Tail Risk

What drives macroeconomic tail risk? To answer this question, we borrow a definition of macroeconomic risk from Adrian et al. (2019) by studying (left-tail) percentiles of the forecast distribution of GDP growth. We use local projections (Jorda, 2005) to assess how this measure of risk moves in response to economic shocks to the level of technology, monetary policy, and financial conditions. Furthermore, by studying various percentiles jointly, we study how the overall economic outlook—as characterized by the entire forecast distribution of GDP growth—shifts in response to shocks. We find that contractionary shocks disproportionately increase downside risk, independently of what shock we look at.
Influence of Optimal Network Reconfiguration of Electric Power Distribution Feeders on Power Loss Minimization : A Comprehensive Review

The aim of reconfiguring the electric power distribution network under normal operating conditions is to reduce the total active power losses of the network or to balance the load of the system’s feeders which is an important part of distribution network operation to improve system reliability and stability. However, the three objectives of the distribution engineers is power losses minimization, maintenance of good voltage profile and minimum feeders’ current levels. For the past forty two (42) years, researchers have proposed various methodologies that include pure heuristic and artificial intelligent-based methods. This paper examines a comprehensive bibliographical study and general backgrounds of researches and developments in the areas of network reconfiguration and optimization using artificial intelligent-based techniques inover sixty (60) published articles that were reviewed. The benefit of this comprehensive survey is to provide reference point for educational advancement on the recently published articles in the areas of network reconfiguration and to stimulate further research interest.