Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forest Dynamics in a Natural Area of the Southern Ridge and Valley, Tennessee

Abstract This study was initiated to document forest development in the oldest natural area in the Ridge and Valley of east Tennessee. The Ijams Nature Reserve was established in 1910 and provided the opportunity to document secondary succession of the oldest upland forest reserve in the region. We established forest inventory plots in the original land holding of the Ijams family to quantify species composition, stand structure, and successional dynamics. We also analyzed the radial growth patterns of trees to document stand age, recruitment, and the disturbance regime of the reserve. The forest was dominated by Quercus alba and Liriodendron tulipifera while Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia had high densities in the understory. Liriodendron tulipifera was the most important species in the stand because it colonized the site following agricultural abandonment and subsequently established in small canopy gaps. The stand had a reverse J-shaped diameter structure typical of regenerating forests. The forest experienced one stand-wide disturbance event likely attributed to the decline of Castanea dentata in the 1920s. The return interval of stand-wide disturbances was much longer than what has been reported in other eastern hardwood forests. With the exception of this one stand-wide release, the disturbance regime was characterized by localized, asynchronous events that influenced only neighboring trees. Under the current disturbance regime, composition of the stand is projected to change as shade-tolerant mesophytes in the understory (A. saccharum and F. grandifolia) are recruited to larger size classes. This phenomenon has been widely reported throughout the eastern United States and is most commonly linked to active fire suppression. However, the forest of the Ijams Nature Reserve has not burned during development and still shows a marked change in species composition even with no change in the fire disturbance regime. We propose the composition shift is related to understory facilitation by disturbance oriented canopy species that have created conditions favorable for the establishment of mesophytes and by the loss of C. dentata that resulted in canopy gaps.
Epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e distribuição das lesões encefálicas em bovinos afetados por meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5

Seven outbreaks and an isolated case of meningoencephalitis caused by bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, occurring in 2002-2004, are described. From a total population at risk of 1,359 cattle, 54 1-18-month-old calves from both sexes and several breeds were affected and 50 died spontaneously or were euthanatized while moribund. The highest frequency of cases was in recently weaned calves or calves submitted to other stressing factors. General rates of morbidity, mortality and lethality were respectively 3.97, 3.67 and 92.59%. Clinical courses varied from 3-10 days and included depression, nasal and ocular discharge, grinding of teeth, circling, blindness, fever, nistagmus, trembling, anorexia, dysphagia, drooling, incoordination, head pressing, rough hair coat, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal pain, melena, falls, recumbency, opisthotonus, convulsions and paddling. Nineteen calves were necropsied. Necropsy findings were characterized by hyperemia of leptomeninges, swollen rostral portions of the telencephalon, and flattening of frontal lobes gyri; frequently in these frontal areas there were segmental brown-yellow discoloration and softening (malacia) of the cortex. In cases with more protracted clinical courses there were extensive swelling, softening and hemorrhaging of the telencephalic frontal lobes. Microscopically, all affected cattle had a necrotizing non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with variable distribution among the 19 cases and among the various telencephalic regions of the same case. The severity of these changes were more marked, in decreasing order of intensity, in the telencephalic frontal cortex, basal ganglia (nuclei), thalamus, brain stem, parietal telencephalic cortex, occipital telencephalic cortex and cerebellum. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate consisted predominantly of lymphocytes, plasm cells, and less frequently of neutrophils. Additional microscopic findings included variable degrees of gliosis, edema, neuronal necrosis in the telencephalic cortex characterized by shrinking and eosinophilia of perikaria and nuclear picnosis (red neuron); basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes and neurons (21.05% of the cases); sattelitosis; and neuronophagia. The areas of softening in the cortical substance consisted of necrosis of the neuroctodermal elements with maintenance of mesenchymal structures (vessels and microglia), infiltrate of Gitter cells, and, in more severe cases, extensive hemorrhages. In chronic cases, only vascular structures and a few Gitter cells remained in the cortical area leaving a cavity between white matter and leptomeninges (residual lesion).
Variability of transferrin in three species of rodent populations coexisting in farmland

It was suggested that the higher frequencies of common transferrin allele in female voles and male mice might indicate different selection in each sex of the two genera (as a result of different reproduction strategies). The increase in heterozygote number causing the decrease in common transferrin allele frequencies were observed during late summer in all three species.
Management of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut as Affected by Fungicide and Date of Spray Program Initiation

A fungicide program for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Georgia typically consists of a full-season program initiated ca. 30 days after planting (DAP) that includes seven applications made on 14-day intervals. Field tests were conducted in Tifton and Plains, GA in 2001 and 2002 to compare full-season and reduced programs of the fungicides pyraclostrobin (168 g a.i./ha), chlorothalonil (1.26 kg a.i./ha), and tebuconazole (227 g a.i./ha). Reduced fungicide programs were achieved by delaying initial applications at 14-day intervals from ca. 30 DAP to 45 through 105 DAP, totaling from 6 to as low as 2 applications per season, respectively. In 2003 and 2004, full-season programs of the fungicides pyraclostrobin and chlorothalonil were compared to reduced programs of pyraclostrobin. Reduced programs that received 6 and 5 applications were achieved by delaying the initial applications from ca. 30 DAP to 45 and 60 DAP, respectively. In 2001 and 2002, control of early leaf spot with pyraclostrobin was superior to that with chlorothalonil or tebuconazole within the respective initiation dates. Delaying the initial application of pyraclostrobin up to 60 DAP gave better control of leaf spot than for full-season programs of chlorothalonil or tebuconazole. Fungicide programs had no effect on yield at Plains in 2001 or Tifton in 2002. At Tifton in 2001 and Plains in 2002, yield decreased according to quadratic functions of time of spray initiation, with no indication of yield reduction until fungicide programs were initiated after 60 to 70 DAP. In 2003 and 2004, reduced programs of pyraclostrobin resulted in final levels of leaf spot that were similar to or lower than those in plots receiving a full-season program with chlorothalonil. Across both years, yields of reduced programs with pyraclostrobin were similar to those of full programs of either chlorothalonil or pyraclostrobin.
Influence of extended photoperiod on photosynthate partitioning and export in tomato and pepper plants

Abstract Changes in photosynthetic efficiency and carbon partitioning under extended photoperiods (from 8 to 24 h) was studied using a photoperiod‐sensitive species (tomato—Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and a non‐photoperiod‐sensitive species (sweet pepper—Capsicum annuum L.). Extending photoperiod by supplemental lighting resulted in an increase in total carbohydrates (CH2O) produced in both species. In tomato, extended photoperiod principally favored shoot development. Dry weight of tomato plants increased by c. 30% when light periods were increased from 12 to 18 h, although no significant differences were observed in fruit yields. In contrast, extended photoperiod did not increase shoot dry weight of pepper plants but significantly increased its fruit yields. Furthermore, studies on CH2O translocation supported these data. In pepper plants, translocation efficiency varied from 71 to 90%, whereas it varied from 54 to 69% in tomato plants. On a daily basis, tomato plants exposed to extended light period.
Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation

Outstanding progress in understanding segmentation of tracheate arthropods (Atelocerata), i.e. Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda, Symphyla and Insecta, has been gained through experimental studies carried out on a single, very derivative organism, i.e. Drosophila. We stress the need for a broader comparative approach. We have studied the segmental structure of the trunk in geophilomorph centipedes, where we can identify morphogenetic units of two, four, eight or 16 segments. Accordingly, we sketch an improved model for arthropod segmentation, with the following initial steps: (a) biochemical marking of a very few repetitive units (eosegments); (b) iterative duplications of this first periodicity, until the embryo acquires an array of biochemical markings matching the whole number of segments of the future larva or juvenile specimen; (c) transpatterning, stabilization and interpretation of this ‘segmental’ arrangement; (d) possible repatterning, to give a final repetitive pattern we define as metasegmental. Finally, we express some doubt about the homology between annelid and arthropod segmentation.
Dietary phosphorus requirement of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

A study was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus for GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0 (control diet), 2.9, 4.8, 7.6, 9.1 and 10.9 g kg−1 diet) of available phosphorus. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 fish with initial average weight (46.03 ± 2.14) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed the three lowest phosphorus diets (0, 2.9 and 4.8 g kg−1) had significantly lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish fed the control diet was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Whole body viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05), while the contents of crude ash, calcium, phosphorus in the whole body and vertebrae showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available phosphorus had significant effects on serum phosphorus concentration, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone level. Quadratic curve analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary requirement of available phosphorus for maintaining optimal growth of tilapia was 8.6 g kg−1.
Structure et ontogénie des nodules bactériens foliaires de I'Ardisia crenata Sims (Myrsinaceae)

Abstract Ardisia crenata Sims lives in symbiosis with bacteria localized in nodules distributed under the leaf margin. Bacteria are present in the shoot apical region whose leaf sketches develop secretory trichomes which secrete a substance surrounding bacteria. In the marginal zone of the young leaves a meristem precursor of the nodule is present in the neighborhood of the future marginal nervure. Above, adaxial face, a premature stomate differs. Bacteria contained in the secreted substance are going to penetrate by the stomatal pore and to invade meristematic cells. In the functional nodule they are very plentiful towards the adaxial face and the infection cord surmounting them is visible in the grown-up leaf. On the base the marginal vein is neighboring to the nodule and numerous massifs of phloem line it laterally. In comparison with the bacterian leaf symbiosis of Psychotria bacteriophylla Val. , Ardisia crenata by the premature implementation of a nodule meristem and an allowing stomate entry of bacteria appears in the specialization of this type of symbiosis a higher structural level.
The role of protein-mediated transport in regulating mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation

This thesis is an investigation of the role of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), plasma membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) in transporting long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) across mitochondrial membranes. Maximal CPTI activity, as well as the sensitivity of CPTI for its substrate palmitoyl-CoA (P-CoA) and its inhibitor malonyl-CoA (M-CoA), were measured in mitochondria isolated from human vastus lateralis muscles at rest and following muscle contraction. Exercise did not alter maximal CPTI activity or the sensitivity of CPTI for P-CoA. In contrast, exercise progressively attenuated the ability of M-CoA to inhibit CPTI activity. Mitochondrial FAT/CD36 protein content was also measured at rest, during, and following 2 h of cycling at ~60% maximal oxygen uptake. Exercise progressively increased the content of mitochondrial FAT/CD36 (+59%), which was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with palmitate oxidation during exercise (r = 0.52), while pa.
Exploring ELT Students’ Awareness of the Differences between the British and American Varieties of English

Ingilizce tum dunyada ortak dil olarak kullanilmasina karsin tek bir kullanim bicimi ile sinirli degildir. Amerikan Ingilizcesi, Ingiliz Ingilizcesi ve Avustralya Ingilizcesi gibi baslica kullanimlarinin her biri farkli ozellikler barindirmakta ve dilbilgisi, yazim, sozcuk secimi ve telaffuz gibi hususlarda birbirlerinden farklilik gostermektedir. Bu calisma Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi Ingilizce Ogretmenligi Anabilim Dali’nda egitim goren ogrencilerin Ingilizce’nin en yaygin iki turu olan Amerikan ve Ingiliz Ingilizcesi arasindaki sozcuksel farkliliklara iliskin farkindaliklarini saptamayi amaclamaktadir. Bu amacla, Ingilizce Ogretmenligi okuyan rasgele secilmis 42 lisans ogrencisine iki kisimdan olusan kisa bir test uygulanmistir; birinci kisim ogrencilerin sozcukler arasindaki yazim farkliliklari, ikinci kisim ise sesletim farkliliklariyla ilgili farkindalik seviyelerini ortaya koymayi amaclamistir. Bu testten hemen once katilimcilara Ingilizce kullanimi noktasinda Amerikan Ingilizcesi’ni mi, Ingiliz Ingilizcesi’ni mi, ya da ikisinin karisimini mi tercih ettikleri soruldu. Bu on soruya verilen cevaplarin sayisal analizi 22 katilimcinin Ingiliz Ingilizcesi’ni, 11 katilimcinin Amerikan Ingilizcesi’ni, geri kalan 9 katilimcinin ise ikisinin karisimini tercih ettiklerini gostermektedir. Testin ilk asamasinda ogrencilerden yazili olarak onlerinde duran apologise-apologize ve elevator-lift gibi 15 sozcuk ciftindeki her bir kelimenin Ingilizce’nin hangi turune ait oldugunu yazili olarak tespit etmeleri istendi. Ikinci asamada ise ogrencilerden advertisement, schedule ve can’t gibi 10 sozcugun sesletimini sozlu olarak bir ses kaydedicisine yapmalari istendi. Ilk asamada yapilan toplam hatalarin istatistiksel analizi ogrenci basina ortalama 5/15 hata dustugunu, en fazla hata yapilan kelime ciftinin ise fulfillment-fulfilment (33 ogrenci) oldugunu gosteriyor. Ikinci asamada yapilan sesletimlerin analizi ise ogrencilerin hicbirinin sadece Amerikan ya da sadece Ingiliz Ingilizcesi’ni kullanmadiklarini, ikisini de degisen oranlarda kullandiklarini ortaya koymaktadir. Bu bulgular acikca katilimcilarin Amerikan ve Ingiliz Ingilizcesi arasindaki sozcuksel farkliliklarin tam anlamiyla farkinda olmadiklarini gosteriyor. Dolayisiyla bu calismanin sonuclari bu temel farkliliklarin ogrenciler tarafindan daha iyi kavranabilmesi icin program mufredatinda yer alan Sozcuk Bilgisi ve Dinleme ve Sesletim gibi derslerde bu hususa daha fazla zaman ayrilmasi gerektigini gosteriyor.
Morfometria e histologia das gônadas de machos e fêmeas recém-eclodidos de Podocnemis expansa e Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines, Podocnemididae) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7257

Considering the importance of the histological sexing technique of turtles and the few works directed to this objective, it was proposed in this study to morphometrically and histologically characterize the gonads of P. unifilis and P. expansa . All specimens used in this work originated in the Javaes river, around the Araguaia National Park, Tocantins State, Brazil. Following a study under a stereoscope, the gonads were collected for the routine histological procedure. A total of 187 samples of P. expansa were analyzed, of which 81.2% were identified as female and 18.7% as male; as well as 98 P. unifilis samples, of which 31.6% were female and 68.4% males. No relevant microscopic differences were verified in the sexing between these species. The criteria used in the microscopically diagnosis were primarily gonad morphology, presence of the appendix in the remaining oviduct, oviduct morphology and the characteristics of covering cells of the follicles and somniferous tubules. When the measurements of the ovaries and testicles were compared, only differences in width were observed
(TREMATODA: MACRODEROIDIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF A. MICROSPINATUM SP. N. FROM A LEECH

Alloglossidium microspinatum sp. n. is described from the intestine of the hirudinid leech, Haemopis grandis. It most closely resembles A. hirudicola Schmidt and Chaloupka 1969, but differs in having the ovary larger than either testis, oblique testes, and a cirrus pouch that rarely is larger than the acetabulum. The diagnosis of Alloglossidium Simer 1929 is revised to accomodate six recently described species and to reflect absence of a seminal receptacle and presence of an I-shaped excretory vesicle extending to the level of the ovary in all nine species. Description of six species of Alloglossidium since 1969 (including one below) and restudy of three previously described species indicate need for revision of the generic diagnosis. The first three species were described from North American ictalurids (catfishes, bull- heads, and madtoms). Mueller (1930) synon-
Carboxymethylation of Cassava Starch in Different Solvents and Solvent-Water Mixtures: Optimization of Reaction Conditions

The influence of reaction medium on carboxymethylation process was investigated by treating cassava starch with sodium monochloroacetate in different solvents and solventwater mixtures under alkaline conditions. The amount of carboxyl groups introduced into the starch moiety was determined titrimetrically and used to calculate the Degree of Substitution (DS) and Reaction Efficiency (RE). The results showed that carboxymethylation is significantly affected by the nature of reaction medium at p<0.05. Carboxymethylation in different solvent-water mixtures showed that aqueous 80% npropanol offered the best medium for carboxymethylation. Optimization of reaction conditions in aqueous 80% n-propanol showed that the best condition for carboxymethylation was at starch-liquor ratio of 1:3, NaOH/reagent molar ratio of 4.0 and reagent-starch molar ratio of 0.35. An increase in temperature was required to effect the reaction at shorter time. At 55°C the highest values of DS and RE achieved in 0.5 h would require three hours to achieve the same values of DS and RE at 45°C.
The Form of the Larval Hooks as a Means of Separating Species of Diphyllobothrium

A study has been made of the form of the larval hooks in the coracidium and procercoid stages of Diphyllobothrium medium, D. ditremum and D. dendriticum obtained from four sources in Great Britain. It has been found that the form of the larval hooks is constant, and that hook types are related to different species. It is concluded that the hooks provide a sound basis for specific identification.
Interactions of an Insecticide with Larval Density and Predation in Experimental Amphibian Communities

Abstract: This study examines the effects of the short‐lived insecticide carbaryl, a neurotoxin, on amphibian communities experiencing natural stresses of competition and predation. Tadpoles of three species ( Woodhouse's toad [Bufo woodhousii], gray treefrog [Hyla versicolor], and green frog [Rana clamitans]), representing a commonly encountered assemblage in Missouri, were reared in outdoor polyethylene pond mesocosms. We determined the effects of initial tadpole density ( low or high), predation (newts [ Notophthalmus viridescens] absent or present), chemical exposure (0, 3.5, or 7.0 mg /L carbaryl), and their interactions on body mass, larval period, and survival to metamorphosis. Green frogs in high‐density ponds did not reach metamorphosis, but metamorphs in low‐density ponds and tadpoles in high‐density ponds were not significantly affected by treatments or their interaction. Carbaryl reduced survival to metamorphosis in toads and treefrogs and increased mass at metamorphosis in treefrogs. Effects of carbaryl varied with predator environment and initial larval density. Interactions of carbaryl with predator and with density may result in an indirect effect of carbaryl causing increased food resources through the elimination of zooplankton populations that may compete for similar resources. Our results indicate that differences in biotic conditions influenced the potency of carbaryl and that even low concentrations induce changes that may alter community dynamics in ways not predicted from single‐factor, laboratory‐based studies.
Virulence dynamics and phenotypic diversity of Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae in Canada from 1974 to 1990

The changes in virulence phenotype frequencies of Puccinia coronata Cda. f.sp. avenae Eriks. since 1974 in the eastern (Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes) and prairie (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) regions of Canada were examined. In the eastern region, frequency of virulence to Pc39 increased after the release of a cultivar with this resistance gene. Virulence to Pc38 and Pc39 increased in the prairie region after cultivars with these two genes were released. The frequencies of virulence to Pc35 and Pc56 fluctuated between 9 and 53% in the eastern region, even though these genes are not known to be present in oat cultivars grown there. In the prairie region, the frequencies of virulence to Pc35 and Pc40 fluctuated between 21 and 60% from 1974 to 1990, and virulence to Pc46 increased from 7% in 1974 to 72% in 1985, even though these genes have not been used in commercial oat cultivars. The prairie population generally had higher levels of phenotypic diversity, as measured by the Shannon, Simpson, and Gleaso.