Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment of wastewater from shrimp farms using a combination of fish, photosynthetic bacteria, and vegetation

Abstract An innovative system combining fish, photosynthetic bacteria, and vegetable cultivation was used to treat the wastewater discharged from the shrimp farms. The experiment was divided into three phases, starting with photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris which are added to shrimp aquaculture wastewater at concentrations of 0.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106, 2.0 × 106, 4.0 × 106, and 8.0 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (treatment 1, 2 3, 4, and 5, respectively) for 4 days to determine the optimal bacteria level. In the second phase, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were introduced at the biomass levels of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 kg/m3 (treatment 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, respectively) for 7 days. In phase 3, Ipomoea aquatica, Oenanthe javanica, Lactuca sativa, and Brassica pekinensis were introduced and cultivated (treatment 11, 12, 13, 14, respectively) for 7 days. The wastewater values of TP, TN, CODCr, NH4, NO3, and NO2 were analyzed after each phase of treatment. The results showed t.
Paraphyly, Outgroups, and Transformations

gist, Willi Hennig (1950), and became widely known to Englishspeakers in 1965 and 1966 under the name ’phylogenetic sys- Up to this point, groups have been described in Hennig’s termstematics. ’ Hennig wanted a method for implementing Darwin’s of common ancestry. But groups are not discovered in this way.concepts of ancestors and descendants. Hennig explained his In practice, they are discovered through analysis of characterideas within an evolutionary framework; he wrote about spe- distributions. So we must turn to characters to look again atcies, speciation, and the transformation of morphology through the deﬁnition of groups. We can separate characters on theirthe process of evolution. In this introductory chapter, we will ability to describe groups. Those characters that allow us tobegin with Hennig’s explanations, but then move slowly to- specify monophyletic groups are synapomorphies. Monophy-ward a modern cladistic view, which dispenses with the need letic groups are discovered by ﬁnding synapomorphies. A veryto rely on any particular theory of evolution for the analysis important conceptual leap came when homology was equatedof systematic problems. with synapomorphy. (Patterson, 1982)Howtheyaccomplishthatmove turnsouttobedistinc-
Geographical variation in monoterpene composition of foliar oleoresin in Swedish populations of Picea abies

The geographical variation of relative proportions of monoterpenes in foliar oleoresin was studied in 15 Swedish populations of Norway spruce originating from latitudes ranging between 56° and 67° N. The relative proportions of all monoterpenes vary significantly between populations. Significant correlations were found between modified latitude and the length of vegetation period and four monoterpene proportions. Several monoterpenes (e.g. hexanal, myrcene, limonene and 2 hexenal isomer) show clinal variation. The variance component due to differences between populations in transformed relative proportions ranged from 9% to 63%. The remainder was likely due to intrapopulation variation. The proportion of correct classification of individuals into groups (populations) based on discriminant analysis ranged from 18% to 80% (mean 55%) in individual populations.
Decolorization of Annatto in Cheddar Cheese Whey

Abstract A simple and effective method of decolorizing annatto-containing Cheddar cheese whey before drying is described. Annatto is easily decolorized by oxidation by both benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide. While several combinations of peroxides and heat were acceptable, . 002% (w/v) benzoyl peroxide added to whey with holding at 60–63 C for one hour gave good results. The strong intensity of oxidized flavor resulting from this treatment disappeared during the drying procedure.
Polyamine analysis of the genera Aquaspirillum, Magnetospirillum, Oceanospirillum and Spirillum.

On the basis of DNA base composition and limited numbers of physiological characteristics, Gram-negative spirilla belonging to the Proteobacteria are divided into the genera Aquaspirillum, Oceanospirillum, Spirillum, Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum, Sulfurospirillum and Rhodospirillum (3,17, 22, 23, 27, 28) . Although DNArRNA hybridization studies have revealed that the genus Aquaspirillum is a heterogeneous taxon, no phenotypic information is available to differentiate the various phylogenetic branches of aquaspirilla (20). These organisms distributed in several distinct groups that are intermingled with the members of Proteobacteria belonging to the alpha or beta subclasses (20). Oceanospirillum was created for marine aerobic spirilla requiring seawater for growth and is also a heterogeneous group (19). The genus Spirillum, containing the single species S. volutans, is located in the beta subclass (17,27,28). Recently, Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and M. magnetotacticum (formerly Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum) were reported as the new members of spirilla of the alpha subclass (21). Studies on polyamines have provided valuable chemotaxonomic information on the phylogenetic relationships within Proteobacteria; absence or presence of 2hydroxyputrescine, spermidine and homospermidine are related to grouping into the alpha (rRNA superfamily IV), beta (rRNA superfamily III) and gamma (rRNA superfamily I + II) subclasses (1,2,4-15). In this study, polyamines of 18 species (20 strains) of Aquaspirillum, 2 species of Magnetospirillum, 11 species (13 strains) of Oceanospirillum and 3 species of Spirillum were analyzed to evaluate taxonomic significance of polyamine pattern as a chemotaxonomic marker.
Aspectos morfofisiológicos, rendimento e eficiência no uso da água do meloeiro “Gália” em ambiente protegido

The protected cultivation of the melon has reached a prominent position in Brazil, allowing for year-round harvesting, a greater control of pathogens and diseases, a reduction in leaching-induced nutrient-loss, a reduction in the plant physiological stress and an improvement in production quality. The objective of this work was to assess morpho-physiological aspects, yield, fruit quality and water-use efficiency of the Galia melon grown in a greenhouse at different irrigation levels. The experiment was carried out on Campus IV of the Paraiba State University in Catole do Rocha (PB). A completely randomized design was used at five irrigation levels (60; 80; 100; 120 and 140% of the ETo), which corresponded to 43; 57; 71; 85 and 99 mm plant-1 cycle-1 respectively, with eight repetitions. The variables measured were: leaf area, main-stem length, leaf and stem dry-weight, specific mass and leaf area, fruit yield, soluble-solid content and efficiency of water usage. The increase in irrigation volume resulted in significant response of the morpho-physiological attributes, and fruit yield and quality, however this increase causes a significant reduction in water- use efficiency (US).
A revision of species of the genus Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Haematoloechidae) from Canada and the United States

Previous experimental and field studies have shown that variations within the genus Haematoloechus may result from differences in age and degree of maturity, extent of crowding, species of host, and other factors.Based on these observations, only 6 of the 15 previously known species from Canada and the United States are considered valid. The valid species and their synonyms are as follows: Haematoloechus longiplexus Stafford, 1902; H. breviplexus Stafford, 1902; H. varioplexus Stafford, 1902 (= H. parviplexus, = H. buttensis, = H. similiplexus, = H. floedae, and H. uniplexus); H. kernensis Ingles, 1932 (= H. tumidus); H. medioplexus Stafford, 1902; and H. complexus (Seely, 1906) (= H. coloradensis, = H. confusus, = H. oxyorchis). The existence of three species groups is hypothesized. Haematoloechus longiplexus and H. breviplexus constitute one group, characterized by little geographical variation and a narrow host range. They are typically parasites of Rana catesbeiana and R. clamitans. Haematoloechus vari.
Effects of pH, calcium, alkalinity, hardness, and chlorophyll on the survival, growth, and reproductive success of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Ontario lakes

In 1991, field studies were conducted to determine the effects of pH, calcium, alkalinity, hardness, and chlorophyll on the survival, growth, and reproduction of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Water from 16 south-central lakes in Ontario was collected and supplied to zebra mussels in a flow-through system. Adult zebra mussel mortality was significantly correlated with calcium and pH. Growth rates of juvenile mussels ranged from -83.3 to 200 µm ·week-1. Water buffer variables (calcium, alkalinity, and total hardness) explained 60-66% of the variation observed in the change in shell length of juvenile zebra mussel (p = 0.001-0.003). There was negative growth at calcium levels less than 8.5 mg Ca · L-1, alkalinity levels less than 17.1 mg CaCO3 · L-1 and total hardness levels less than 31 mg CaCO3 · L-1. Maximum growth occurred at calcium levels of 32 mg Ca ·L-1, alkalinity of 65 mg CaCO3 · L-1, and total hardness of 100 mg CaCO3 · L-1. Positive growth of juvenile zebra mussel only occurred at pH level.
Influence of environmental variables on the growth and reproductive cycle of Crassostrea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in Guaratuba Bay, Brazil

The production of oysters in Guaratuba Bay, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, is still a mixed activity of mariculture and extractivism. The sustainable development of this production requires the monitoring of environmental, genetic, reproductive, and zootechnical variables. This study evaluated the importance of these variables on Crassostrea oyster production. Data were obtained between September 2009 and February 2011 from six evaluations: water quality, oyster larvae in plankton, capture of oyster spat by artificial collectors, molecular identification of collected spat and larvae, continuous evaluation of the reproductive maturity stage of adult oysters, and zootechnical performance achieved by experimental production. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water transparency were the environmental factors that had the most influence on the reproductive cycle (e.g. gonadal development and spat capture) and on the growth of the oyster. The highest rates for spat uptake were recorded in the summer, coinciding with the peak of sexual maturity of adults. The growth of the oysters, in terms of the weight of the meat, was related to the gonadal stage.
Yersinia ruckeri infection in cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, at a semi-intensive fish farm in lower Egypt

A Yersinia ruckeri infection was recorded in 2007 among a group of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, from an earthen pond at a semi-intensive fish farm in Sharkiya Province, lower Egypt. The outbreak took place during the late winter-spring transition period, effecting a total of 130 out of 150 fish, with a prevalence of 66.6%. The affected fish presented typical signs of yersiniosis, including extensive lip, mouth, fin and skin hemorrhages and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, together with congestion of the internal organs. Tentative confirmation of the Yersinia ruckeri isolates was achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), conventional biochemical assays and the API 20 E system. Mortalities were the result of a sharp fluctuation in water temperature, predation due to migratory birds that 'stopover' at this site, and to overstocking of ponds.
Photosynthesis in Coffea arabica. I. Effects of Light and Temperature

SUMMARY Photosynthetic rates of coffee plants grown under the full sun and shade were compared. The saturating irradiance of 300 μE−1 m s−1 of shade plants shifted to near 600 μE in sungrown plants, but shade plants possessed substantially higher photosynthetic rates. Photosynthetic rates decreased above 25°C, which was apparently due to a decline in the mesophyll conductance, as stomatal conductance remained more or less unchanged between 25° and 35°C. Most of these measurements were made on seedlings in plastic bags. It is concluded that coffee is more suited to high density plantings where mutual shading, resulting in low light intensities and lower leaf temperatures, are likely to produce a favourable environment for efficient photosynthesis and growth.
The diet of the New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae

New Holland honeyeaters collect nectar, manna or honeydew for energy and hawk small flying insects for protein. The insects taken were usually Diptera and Hymenoptera weighing 0.7 mg dry weight or less. Net rates of energy gain from hawking small flying insects were usually less than 20 J min−1 and sometimes negative and insufficient to meet the bird's daily energy requirements. Those from feeding on nectar, manna or honeydew were usually above 40J min−1 and often above 400J min−1 at dawn and the birds depended on these carbohydrates for energy. Nectar, manna and honeydew contained negligible amounts of protein, and the birds used small flying insects as sources of protein, and presumably other nutrients. Given that carbohydrate resources supply better rates of energy gain than insects. New Holland honeyeaters should collect their energy requirements from carbohydrates and only collect sufficient insects to satisfy their protein requirements. Estimates of the food intakes of both non-breeding and breedig birds showed that they did this. Non-breeding New Holland honeyeaters collected from 72 to 125 (mean 92) kJ of carbohydrates per day and 17 to 58 (mean 31) mg of protein per day. These meet the daily energy (75 kJ) and protein (20 mg) requirements of the birds. Breedig birds collected more carbohydrates and more insects, but in proportion to their increased energy and protein requirements respectively. New Holland honeyeaters are probably limited by their ability to meet their energy requirements from nectar, manna or honeydew and not by insects. Non-breeding birds collected their protein requirements in about 10 min of insect-feeding, but spent from 33 to 90% of the day collecting carbohydrates to meet their energy requirements. The maintenance requirement of 20 mg of protein per day for New Holland honeyeaters is about 25% of that estimated from standard equations for a bird of the same size. This low level may have evolved in response to low energy availability.
Efeito dos níveis de cálcio da ração suplementada com fitase sobre a deposição de minerais na tíbia de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos niveis de calcio na racao suplementada com fitase, para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade, sobre a deposicao de minerais nas tibias, foi conduzido este experimento, com 600 frangos de 22 dias de idade da linhagem Hubbard-MPK, distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 5 x 2 (niveis de calcio da racao x sexos), tres repeticoes de 20 aves por parcela. A racao basal foi balanceada, suplementada com fitase para atender as exigencias nutricionais das aves, conforme o NRC (1994), exceto para o calcio, cujos niveis foram 0,40; 0,59; 0,78; 0,97 e 1,16%. Aos 42 dias de idade, duas aves de cada tratamento foram abatidas para retirada da tibia esquerda para analises posteriores. Os teores de cinzas nas tibias das femeas foram 3,5% superior aos dos machos. A deposicao de cinzas, calcio, fosforo, zinco, manganes e magnesio nao foi afetada (P>0,05) pelos niveis de calcio na racao de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Conclui-se que o aumento dos teores de calcio da racao suplementada com fitase nao afeta a deposicao de minerais nas tibias dos frangos dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade
The effect of growing mixtures of spring barley cultivars on pest occurrence and yields

ABSTRACT . Experiments were conducted in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at two locations differing in their edaphic and meteorological conditions to assess the effects of mixtures of spring barley cultivars on the occurrence of harmful pests and yields. The most significant pests in the experiment on spring barley in pure sowings and mixtures were cereal leaf beetles (Oulema spp.), with bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) and grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) being somewhat fewer in number. With some mixtures, numbers of cereal leaf beetle larvae, bird cherryoat aphids and grain aphids in comparison with pure stands were reduced. Grain yields from mixtures increased in comparison with those from pure sowings up to 6.48 dt·ha-1 in 2010 and up to 3.99 dt ha-1 in 2011.
The influence of patterns of food abundance on the breeding seasons and clutch-sizes of Red Wattlebirds and Noisy Friarbirds

Abstract Red Wattlebirds (Anthochaera carunculata) typically lay two eggs and have a long breeding season, whereas Noisy Friarbirds (Philemon corniculatus) usually have a clutch of three eggs and a short breeding season. We watched nests over five breeding seasons (1990, 1998–2001) near Armidale, in northern New South Wales, and recorded how frequently adults fed nestlings and removed faecal sacs. We also noted the type and size of food brought to the young. Friarbirds visited young significantly more frequently than Wattlebirds in 1990, but not in the other four years. Friarbirds also brought larger prey than Wattlebirds did, including cicadas, Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp.), and unidentified large insects. Wattlebirds fed their young a wide variety of insects as well as substantial amounts of manna. Cicadas and Christmas beetles are abundant from late November to late January, which coincides with the time when Friarbirds are feeding their nestlings and fledglings. This suggests that the short breeding season and large clutch of Friarbirds is a result of the seasonal pattern of their food supply. Wattlebird parents took away fewer faecal sacs, and less frequently visited their young simultaneously than Friarbirds did. This is contrary to what would be expected if the small clutch and long breeding season of Wattlebirds was a result of high nest predation in that species relative to Friarbirds.
Annual activity and life cycles of carabid beetles in two forest communities

The annual activity and life cycles of thirteen species of carabid beetles coexisting in two forests in Belgium were studied by recording above-ground activity of adult and larval populations, and by examining the reproductive condition of adults in the course of the year. The cycles were far more complex and diversified than suggested by previous works. Besides typical “spring breeders” and “autumn breeders”, species were found – with a continuous reproductive period from spring to autumn, – with several variable breeding periods, part of the population overwintering as adults, part as larvae, – with a breeding period that begins facultatively in autumn and continues the next spring, – with a winter reproduction. Comparison of life cycles in Scandinavia and In Belgium also shows their variability in relation to climate. More flexible and varied cycles are made possible by the milder winters further south. Existing classifications of life cycles of carabids appear unable to account for such a diversity and variability.
Interplay between global patterns of environmental temperature and variation in nonshivering thermogenesis of rodent species across large spatial scales

The purpose of this study was to test for correlations of mass‐independent nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) in rodent species with climatic factors such as maximum and minimum geographic temperature. We first analyzed whether the responses of rodents show a phylogenetic signal. If so, and if the NST over a broad geographical range is similar, then such responses probably reflect physiological evolutionary adaptation. Our results show that NST did not show phylogenetic signal, appears to be evolutionary labile and is negatively correlated with environmental temperature. We predicted that species evolved in cold climates will exhibit higher mass‐independent NST than species from warmer habitats. Indeed, we observed that the relationships between mass‐independent NST and minimum temperature (rs=−0.411, P=0.009) as well as between NST and maximum temperature (rs=−0.443, P=0.004) were both negatively and significantly correlated, thus supporting our predictions. Thus, thermal physiology may be a significant factor underlying the ecological and evolutionary success of animals. Finally we suggest that due to the pressing need to explain and predict the likely biological impact of climatic change, advances in this field are necessary.
Application of Gap Theory to Tropical Forest Management: Natural Regeneration on Strip Clear‐cuts in the Peruvian Amazon

designated the selection system as the featured method on large tracts comprising up to one-half the area occupied by shade-tolerant hardwoods (e.g., United States Forest Service 1986a, b, c). It is well known that the small gaps created by single-tree selection are not conducive to high species diversity in temperate hardwood forests (Johnson 1984, Della-Bianca and Beck 1985), and so an appropriate response is to intersperse multiple-tree gaps of at least 500 M2. The selection system has also been criticized on the grounds that the relatively low light levels in small gaps may result in mediocre levels of stand productivity (Assmann 1970). However, empirical evidence in eastern hardwood forests indicates that productivity under the selection system is very good, reaching or exceeding 1.5-1.7m3 ha' yr-' (250-300 board-feet acre ' yrI; Bramble and Fix 1980, Crow et al. 1981, Rudolph and Bresnahan 1982, Mader and Nyland 1984). Both yield and quality may be higher than is possible under even-aged management of shadetolerant species (Hasse and Ek 1981, Erdmann 1987). Most of the stands being placed under uneven-aged management are currently more or less even-aged, with unimodal diameter distributions. There is a transitional period of at least several decades during which an uneven-aged structure is developed. During this period, few of the larger trees in the stand are cut. The approach is more like a thinning of the canopy to hasten the development of large trees and the creation of gaps to stimulate the development of younger age classes (Erdmann 1987). The same process would happen naturally but at a much slower rate. The effect of unevenaged management by regulation of the diameter distribution will be to hasten the development of some sizable stands with large trees across the landscape. The managed uneven-aged stands will be similar to forests in presettlement times except that the maximum diameter will be smaller (generally a maximum of 5060 cm in northern forests) and basal area will be somewhat lower (20-30 m2/ha). Because of the variety of both even-aged and uneven-aged management regimes, however, the future wooded landscape in many rural areas is likely to be more diverse in terms of species and structure than either the presettlement forest or the present forest.
Androlaelaps rotundus (Fonseca) (Acari: Parasitiformes: Laelapidae): Taxonomic Status, Lectotype/Paralectotype Designation, and New Morphological Details

Abstract The status of Androlaelaps rotundus (Fonseca) (Acari: Gamasida: Laelapidae) is solidified by designating a lectotype and series of paralectotypes based on museum specimens. These specimens were studied from the Acari Collection of the Instituto Butantan in São Paulo, Brazil. New morphological details given here suggest that a species of Necromys Ameghino may be the host of the type series of A. rotundus.