Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selectivity in associative learning: a cognitive stage framework for blocking and cue competition phenomena

Blocking is the most important phenomenon in the history of associative learning theory: for over 40 years, blocking has inspired a whole generation of learning models. Blocking is part of a family of effects that are typically termed “cue competition” effects. Common amongst all cue competition effects is that a cue-outcome relation is poorly learned or poorly expressed because the cue is trained in the presence of an alternative predictor or cause of the outcome. We provide an overview of the cognitive processes involved in cue competition effects in humans and propose a stage framework that brings these processes together. The framework contends that the behavioral display of cue competition is cognitively construed following three stages that include (1) an encoding stage, (2) a retention stage, and (3) a performance stage. We argue that the stage framework supports a comprehensive understanding of cue competition effects.
Warm and cold events in Argentina and their relationship with South Atlantic and South Pacific Sea surface temperatures

[1] A Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis was performed jointly on extreme temperature events in Argentina and sea surface temperature (SST) in the South Atlantic and South Pacific. Sea level pressure (SLP) patterns associated with the first SVD coupled mode were also analyzed. Winter is the season of the year that is best represented by the first mode, accounting for up to 70% of the winter covariance between temperature events and SST. The warm and cold events in Argentina are essentially a consequence of the creation of meridional atmospheric circulations over the continent. Such atmospheric patterns result from displacements and intensity changes of the subtropical anticyclones over the oceans and of the continental low-pressure center in northwestern Argentina. The temperature events in southern Argentina are also closely related to the warming and cooling of the coastal waters in the South Atlantic and South Pacific. The analysis suggests that in summer and winter, high (low) occurrence of warm events and low (high) occurrence of cold events are related to similar oceanic and atmospheric circulation situations. The temperature events in Argentina show higher correlation with the Atlantic than with the Pacific, which reflects the importance of the “orographic barrier” of the Andes Mountains in driving the atmospheric circulation. The only exception to this rule concerns the warm events in spring, for which the warming of the equatorial Pacific (the ENSO pattern) appears as the dominant mode. The temporal patterns of the temperature events in Argentina exhibit significant interannual variability in fall, winter, and spring, with periods of 3 to 5 years. The summer patterns suggest a very low-frequency variation with a period longer than 20 years.
Combined effect of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and the potential molecular mechanisms

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are important pluripotent stem cells, which have potential applications in cell replacement therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been demonstrated to exert a marked impact on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The effects of NGF, BDNF, and BDNF combined with NGF on NSC neuronal differentiation and the possible mechanisms for these effects were investigated in this study. An adherent monolayer culture was employed to obtain highly homogeneous NSCs. The cells were divided into four groups: Control, NGF, BDNF and combination (BDNF + NGF) groups. Neuron differentiation was examined using immunocytochemistry and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) levels were analyzed using western blotting. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of the HES1, HES5, MASH1, NGN1 and NeuroD transcription factors at different time intervals following neurotrophin-induced differentiation. NGF and BDNF were observed to induce NSC neuronal differentiation, and β-tubulin III-positive cells and p-ERK expression levels were highest in the NGF + BDNF combination group at all time points. The proportion of β-tubulin III-positive neurons in each group was associated with the expression levels of MASH1, NGN1 and NeuroD in the group. In conclusion, BDNF combined with NGF significantly improved NSC neuronal differentiation, which may provide support for the practical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative diseases.
Four crops based cropping pattern studies for increasing cropping intensity and productivity in Rajshahi region of Bangladesh

A field trial was conducted at the Regional Wheat Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajshahi to study the comparative agronomic performance and economic return of four crops based cropping patterns. The cropping patterns were as follows: CP 1 = Transplanted Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-7)Mustard (cv. BARI Sarisha14)Boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan28)  Transplanted Aus rice (cv. Parija); CP 2 = T. Aman ricePotato (cv. Diamont)Boro riceT.Aus rice; CP 3 =T. Aman riceMustard (cv. BARI Sarisha15)Mungbean (cv. BARI Mung 6) T. Aus rice and CP 4 = T. Aman riceFallowBoro riceFallow (Control). The results showed that four crops could be grown successfully one after another in a sequence in the field with three crops patterns. The highest rice equivalent yield (REY) 25.62 t ha -1 was obtained from the cropping pattern CP 2 (T. Aman ricePotatoBoro riceT.Aus rice) and it was followed by CP 1 (18.49) and CP 3 (16.03) during one year crops cycle. The highest gross margin Tk. 148882 ha -1 was also obtained from CP 2 followed by CP 3 (Tk. 133315 ha -1 ). The highest MBCR (2.24) was however, obtained from the cropping pattern CP 3 (T. AmanMustard MungbeanT. Aus). Based on overall yield performance, economic benefit and climatic situation of Rajshahi region it may be concluded that CP 3 was the best pattern than others. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2014, 17(2): 55-60
Late Miocene to present exhumation in the Ligurian Alps (southwest Alps) with evidence for accelerated denudation during the Messinian salinity crisis

Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He and fission-track thermochronometry are applied to constrain the exhumation history of the Ligurian Alps (southwest Alps). Exhumation of the Ligurian Alps is recorded from ca. 11 Ma and continues until present. More than 4 km of exhumation is recorded at an average rate of 0.4 ± 0.2 mm/yr. Exhumation is accommodated along a north-dipping thrust at the foot of the Ligurian margin. Combined (U-Th)/He and fission-track thermal modeling show a phase of accelerated denudation between 7 and 5 Ma, associated with the base-level drop during the Messinian salinity crisis.
Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots

The occurrence of mixing of polar vortex air with midlatitude air is investigated by examining the scatterplots of insitu measurements of long-lived tracers from the NASA ER-2 aircraft during the Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and Dynamics Expedition (SPADE, April, May 1993; northern hemisphere) and the Airborne Southern Hemisphere Ozone Experiment / Measurements for Assessing the Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft (ASHOE/MAESA, March-October 1994; southern hemisphere) campaigns. The tracer-tracer scatterplots from SPADE form correlation curves which differ from those measured during previous aircraft campaigns (Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE), Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiments I (AASE I) and II (AASE II)). It is argued that these anomalous linear correlation curves are mixing lines resulting from the recent mixing of polar vortex air into the middle latitude environment. Further support for this mixing scenario is provided by contour advection calculations and calculations with a simple one-dimensional strain-diffusion model. The scatterplots from the midwinter deployments of ASHOE/MAESA are consistent with those from previous midwinter measurements (i.e., no mixing lines), but the spring CO 2 :N 2 O scatterplots form altitude-dependent mixing lines which indicate that air from the vortex edge region (but not from the inner vortex) is mixing with midlatitude air during this period. These results suggest that at altitudes above about 16 km the mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes varies with season: in northern and southern midwinter this mixing rarely occurs, in southern spring mixing of vortex-edge air occurs, and after the vortex breakup mixing of inner vortex air occurs.
A modeling study of aqueous production of dicarboxylic acids: 2. Implications for cloud microphysics

We estimate the effect of selected small organic species, present in aerosol particles as internal mixtures with sulphate, on cloud microphysical properties using a numerical model. The initial aerosol compositions were motivated by a prior model study in which it was shown that under certain conditions, small dicarboxylic acids, primarily oxalic and glutaric acids, can be efficiently formed via aqueous chemical processes in clouds and remain in the aerosol fraction upon drop evaporation. The simulations performed here separate the effects of the growth in particle mass via in-cloud oxidation from the change in composition of the resulting aerosol. Although the sulphate/organic mixed particles are somewhat less hygroscopic than pure ammonium sulphate, their activity as cloud condensation nuclei in a simulated constant updraft is similar, and the main influence of prior cloud processing of particles arises from the change in total mass and size distribution. We also performed a separate series of simulations initialized with an aerosol consisting of 90% adipic acid/10% ammonium sulphate, chosen to represent a lower limit on the mixed-particle hygroscopic behavior. If only the reduced solubility of the mixture, relative to that of pure sulphate aerosol, is considered, the drop number concentration is suppressed by up to 50%, depending on the choice of initial conditions. However, the suppression of surface tension due to the presence of the organics, modeled using two different approaches, leads to a compensating effect that can result in little net change to the drop concentration relative to that for the pure sulphate aerosol.
Advances in U-Pb zircon geochronology of Mesozoic plutonism in the southwestern part of Ryeongnam massif, Korea

The Ryeongnam massif of Korea is composed predominantly of crystalline Precambrian rocks, which have been intruded by mafic to felsic plutons of Mesozoic age. This study reports six new U-Pb zircon ages for plutons in the southwestern part of the massif. These ages are: Machon gabbro 223 ± 3 Ma, diorite 210 ± 2 Ma, Tongbok metaporphyry 219 ± 3 Ma, Chahwangsan syenite 197 ± 1 Ma, Yulhyunri foliated granite 195 ± 2 Ma, Sinwon foliated granodiorite 189 ± 3 Ma. The above ages together with existing published zircon ages for other plutons in the region indicate three periods of igneous activity. Foliated mafic and felsic plutons were emplaced between 205–230 Ma and 180–200 Ma and nonfoliated, also mafic and felsic, plutons were intruded at 170–180 Ma. The Honam shear zone, which separates the Ryeongnam massif from the Ogcheon fold belt to the north, developed at ca. 180 Ma. K-Ar and Ar-Ar ages in the area are younger than zircon ages and probably apply to metamorphic activity related to the deformation along the Honam shear zone. Ages for Mesozoic plutons in the Ryeongnam massif are similar to ages reported in the Qinling-Dabie belt of China and indicate coeval igneous activity and possibly similar tectonic evolution.
Oxygen isotope heterogeneities and diffusion profile in composite metamorphic-magmatic garnets from the Pyrenees

Abstract Unusually large δ18O heterogeneities (≥4‰) within single crystals are reported in garnets from dioritic migmatites in the Pyrenees. These heterogeneities, together with contrasting Ca and P zoning, allow the identification of different growth zones. Garnet cores with high δ18O values (12-14‰) are relatively poor in Ca (7.9 mol% Grs) and rich in P (400-900 ppm P2O5). In contrast, garnet rims with lower δ18O values (7-12 ‰) are richer in Ca (12-14% Grs) and poorer in P (100-200 ppm). These growth zones can be ascribed to a metamorphic event followed by crustal partial melting and contamination by magmas from the mantle. High δ18O intra-crystalline contrasts result from mineral growth in an open magmatic system involving the interaction of partial melts with distinct δ18O signatures. At the garnet core-rim interface, compositional profiles in major divalent cations are consistent with the relaxation of an initial sharp step in Ca, Fe, and Mg by Ca ↔ (Fe, Mg) interdiffusion. At the same interface, an O-isotope profile is documented. The analogy of Ca and O isotope profiles suggests that the δ18O distribution may also result from a diffusion process. In this particular case (temperature, garnet composition, oxygen fugacity), O diffusion appears to be of the same order of magnitude as Ca ↔ (Fe, Mg) interdiffusion. Considering a duration of 10 Ma for the plutono-metamorphic event in the Pyrenees, Ca and O diffusivities in the range 10.22 m2/s (at 850 °C) are retrieved from the measured profiles. Like Ca, O diffusion in garnet at magmatic temperatures (850.900 °C) is both slow enough to preserve large δ18O heterogeneities and fast enough to generate relaxation profiles.
Exploring amenity migration towards coastal areas of Latvia: A case study of the Engure coastal area

Abstract Migration has key importance in explaining the spatial distribution of the population in Latvia. The study contributes to an understanding of population shift towards coastal areas affected by amenity-driven migration, beach-oriented tourism and land development. This research explores characteristics of the inhabitants of the Engure coastal area, with special attention to individual attitudes on specific life quality attributes. Using a survey of local residents conducted in 2010, we found statistically significant correlations between groups of the research population. The results show that in-migrants differ from long-term residents with regard to most socio-demographic and attitude variables studied. Similarly, differences were found by out-migration intentions of residents. The area selected for the case study serves as a prominent and instructive laboratory for our analysis due to its suburban location, comparatively stable population growth rates and richness in natural amenities. Moreover, the territory is set as a long-term socio-ecological research platform in Latvia. Abstract in Latvian Migrācijai ir būtiska nozīme iedzīvotāju skaita un izvietojuma pārmaiņās. Latvijā maz pētīta iedzīvotāju pārvietošanās uz ainaviski daudzveidīgām un kultūrvēsturiski bagātām teritorijām pievilcīgas dzīves vides meklējumos. Baltijas jūras Latvijas piekraste ir augstvērtīga teritorija ar unikāliem dabas kompleksiem - kāpu mežiem, piekrastes pļavām, smilšainām pludmalēm, kā arī savdabīgām augu un dzīvnieku sugu sabiedrībām. Turklāt piekrastē ir bagātīgs kultūrvēsturiskais mantojums, ko nosaka savdabīga saimnieciskā darbība un aizsargājamo dabas teritoriju apsaimniekošana. Raksta mērķis ir novērtēt iedzīvotāju sastāva atšķirības pēc migrācijas pieredzes un indivīdu attieksmē pret noteiktiem dzīves kvalitātes rādītājiem Engures piekrastes teritorijās. Pētījumā izmantoti 2010. gadā veiktas iedzīvotāju aptaujas dati, bet to analīzē lietoti neparametriskie datu testi. Iegūtie rezultāti parāda atšķirības starp pastāvīgajiem iedzīvotājiem un iebraucējiem pēc noteiktām pazīmēm. Līdzīgas atšķirības parādās, salīdzinot iedzīvotājus pēc to nodomiem pārcelties no Engures piekrastes uz citām teritorijām Latvijā.
An Association Between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Among Women With Lifetime Sexual Victimization: The Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Coping

This study examined the association between perceived social support and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms, serially mediated by resilience and coping among women exposed to different patterns of sexual victimization experiences: childhood sexual abuse (CSA) only, adult sexual assault (ASA) only, and sexual revictimization (SR). A total of 255 sexually victimized women recruited from four U.S. universities completed self-report measures online; 112 participants reported provisionally diagnosable levels of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The proposed model was largely supported in the CSA only group and the SR group. Different patterns of mediational effects were found across the three groups. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Skin and Systemic Manifestations of Jellyfish Stings in Iraqi Fishermen

Background: Jellyfish stings are common worldwide with an estimated 150 million cases annually, and their stings cause a wide range of clinical manifestations from skin inflammation to cardiovascular and respiratory collapse. No studies on jellyfish stings have been carried out in Basra, Iraq. Objectives: To describe the immediate and delayed skin reactions to White Jellyfish (Rhizostoma sp.) stings and the types of local treatment used by fishermen. Methods and Materials: 150 fishermen were enrolled at three Marine stations in Basra, Iraq. Demographic data, types of skin reactions, systemic manifestations and kinds of treatments were collected. Results: Overall, 79% of fishermen in all three Marine stations gave a history of having been stung. The common sites of sings were the hands and arms followed by the legs. Most fishermen claimed that stings led to skin reactions within 5 minutes. The presenting complaints were itching, burning sensation, and erythematic wheals. A few days after the sting, new groups of painless and itchy erythematous monomorphic papular rashes developed at the site of the sting in 62% of cases as a delayed type of skin reaction that resolved spontaneously. The local remedies commonly used by the fishermen were seawater, tap water and ice. A few fishermen considered stings as insignificant and did not think there was a need to seek medical help. Conclusions: We conclude that jellyfish causes many stings among fishermen in the Basra region. Their stings lead to immediate and delayed skin reactions. Self-treatment by topical remedies is common.
Discharge Characteristics of Weirs of Finite Crest Length

This technical note presents a critical analysis flow over weirs of finite crest length, with square-edged or rounded entrance, for free-flow conditions. Using the flow equation for the broad-crested weir with parallel flow in the critical state as the basis, we have defined the discharge coefficient C d , with the head on the weir as the length scale. Based on an extensive analysis of the experimental observations in the literature, we have confirmed the classification of finite crest length weirs into four classes of long-crested, broad-crested, short-crested, and sharp-crested weirs. For the square-edged entrance, we have developed robust correlations for C d when the Weber number is greater than 1. For weirs with a rounded entrance, for which the data set is not that extensive compared to the square-edged case, we have developed good correlations for C d .
Shock-induced crystal-plastic deformation and post-shock annealing of quartz microstructural evidence from crystalline target rocks of the Charlevoix impact structure, Canada

Two distinct types of shock-induced quartz microstructure in charnockitic target rocks and quartz veins of the Charlevoix impact structure are described. The dominant shock effects in the type 1 microstructure in charnockites at ∼2–4 km from the centre of the structure are planar deformation features (PDFs) parallel to rhombohedral planes of quartz. The abundance of different sets of these PDFs indicates a high hydrostatic component of the shock wave-associated stress (∼10–15 GPa). Evidence of crystal-plastic deformation due to high deviatoric stresses is absent. In contrast, PDFs parallel to the basal plane are predominant in the type 2 microstructure developed in rocks at ∼4–9 km from the centre of the structure, whereas rhombohedral PDFs are rare. This indicates a lower hydrostatic stress component (∼7–8 GPa), which correlates with a radial decrease in recorded peak shock pressure. The basal PDFs are revealed by transmission electron microscopy to represent mechanical Brazil twins, which record crystal-plastic deformation at high deviatoric stresses (McLaren et al. , 1967). These findings imply that the deviatoric component of the shock wave-associated stress increases relative to the hydrostatic component with increasing distance from the centre of the impact structure. In the type 2 microstructure, numerous deformation bands, strong undulose extinction and cataclastic zones at the optical scale, as well as glide-dislocations and microcracks at the TEM scale, occur in association with basal PDFs, and are therefore also interpreted to be shock-induced. This is consistent with the observation that quartz from the outer part of the impact structure is devoid of similar features. Thus, the highly heterogeneous and localised glide-controlled deformation accompanied by mechanical twinning and microcracking recorded by the type 2 microstructure is suspected to be induced by the high deviatoric stresses and high loading rates during shock. Post-shock recovery is indicated in the type 1 microstructure by the actual microstructure of rhombohedral PDFs, dislocations in climb configuration and well-ordered low angle grain boundaries, as well as in the type 2 microstructure by the occurrence of small elongate subgrains with low angle grain boundaries paralleling low-index planes. This has probably taken place during annealing shortly after the impact event at quasi-static conditions and still sufficiently high post-shock temperatures, rather than during a separate regional thermal event.
Eutectic metal + troilite + Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphate + Al‐free chromite assemblage in shock‐produced chondritic melt of the Yanzhuang chondrite

An assemblage with FeNi metal, troilite, Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphate, and Al‐free chromite was identified in the metal‐troilite eutectic nodules in the shock‐produced chondritic melt of the Yanzhuang H6 meteorite. Electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopic analyses show that a few phosphate globules have the composition of Na‐bearing graftonite (Fe,Mn,Na)3(PO4)2, whereas most others correspond to Mn‐bearing galileiite Na(Fe,Mn)4(PO4)3 and a possible new phosphate phase of Na2(Fe,Mn)17(PO4)12 composition. The Yanzhuang meteorite was shocked to a peak pressure of 50 GPa and a peak temperature of approximately 2000 °C. All minerals were melted after pressure release to form a chondritic melt due to very high postshock heat that brought the chondrite material above its liquidus. The volatile elements P and Na released from whitlockite and plagioclase along with elements Cr and Mn released from chromite are concentrated into the shock‐produced Fe‐Ni‐S‐O melt at high temperatures. During cooling, microcrystalline olivine and pyroxene first crystallized from the chondritic melt, metal‐troilite eutectic intergrowths, and silicate melt glass finally solidified at about 950–1000 °C. On the other hand, P, Mn, and Na in the Fe‐Ni‐S‐O melt combined with Fe and crystallized as Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphates within troilite, while Cr combined with Fe and crystallized as Al‐free chromite also within troilite.