Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Normal vs. strike-slip faulting during rift development in East Africa: The Malawi rift

Kinematic analysis of Neogene and Quaternary faults demonstrates that the direction of extension in the Malawi rift rotated from east-northeast to southeast. Rift development commenced with the formation of half-grabens bounded by northwest-, north-, and northeast-striking normal faults. Owing to slightly oblique rifting, the northwest-striking faults in the northernmost rift segment show a small dextral oblique-slip component, whereas north- and northeast-oriented faults in the central part of the rift display a sinistral oblique-slip component. This first event resulted in block faulting and basin subsidence, which is largely responsible for the present-day basin morphology of Lake Malawi. A major change in fault kinematics occurred because of rotation of the extension direction and permutation of the principal compressive and intermediate axes. The structural pattern inherited from the first rifting phase was no longer suitably oriented to accommodate extensional deformation, and strike-slip faulting assumed a major role. The strike-slip regime amplified uplift of basement ridges within the rift in regions of local transpression, but it also created alluvial basins because of local transtension. This new kinematic style is compatible with the recent seismicity. Older faults that show mainly the first deformational increment are restricted to the outermost parts of the rift. Toward the center, the faults depict an increase in strike-slip components of movement, suggesting deformation propagation toward the rift center, which results in a narrowing of the active rift environments with time.
Europa control of Jovian radio emission: A Galileo study

Jupiter decameter wavelength emissions (DAM) have a well‐known correlation with the orbital phase of Io. Menietti et al. (1998, 2001) showed that the Galileo spacecraft data show correlations with the orbital phase of Ganymede and Callisto. Using more Galileo data we study the influence of Europa using a unique occurrence probability data compilation technique that includes rotation period averaging and removal of Io influence. We also remove the known effects of Ganymede and Callisto. From occurrence probability graphs, we find a small but significant correlation between the 2.0–5.6 MHz band of the DAM emission and the orbital phase of Europa. Statistical tests show significance values much greater than the 99% confidence level (Z‐test > 5σ) for a Europa phase interval of 260°–290°. These analyses give further evidence for Alfvénic interactions between Europa and Jupiter.
Trust, Perceived Benefit, and Purchase Intention in C2C E-Commerce: An Empirical Examination in China

It is a class research question about how trust and perceived benefit affect consumers' purchase intentions. This research examines the relationship in a very different context: consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce in China. Specifically, this research empirically assesses the differences in effect size due to the change of context. First, a theoretical model linking trust, perceived benefit, and their antecedents to purchase intention is developed upon the literature. Then the model is evaluated using empirical data collected at Taobao, the largest C2C e-commerce website in China. Partial least squares based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) results strongly support the model and research hypotheses. A developing country context can indeed affect the strength of effect. These results contribute to the literature in that they provide new insights toward a more in-depth theoretical understanding. Meanwhile, they can also provide useful guidance for managers.
Ecosystem Feedbacks to Climate Change in California: Development, Testing, and Analysis Using a Coupled Regional Atmosphere and Land Surface Model (WRF3–CLM3.5)

AbstractA regional atmosphere model [Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3 (WRF3)] and a land surface model [Community Land Model, version 3.5 (CLM3.5)] were coupled to study the interactions between the atmosphere and possible future California land-cover changes. The impact was evaluated on California’s climate of changes in natural vegetation under climate change and of intentional afforestation. The ability of WRF3 to simulate California’s climate was assessed by comparing simulations by WRF3–CLM3.5 and WRF3–Noah to observations from 1982 to 1991.Using WRF3–CLM3.5, the authors performed six 13-yr experiments using historical and future large-scale climate boundary conditions from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1). The land-cover scenarios included historical and future natural vegetation from the Mapped Atmosphere-Plant-Soil System-Century 1 (MC1) dynamic vegetation model, in addition to a future 8-million-ha California afforestation scenario.N.
Land surface energy partitioning revisited: A novel approach based on single depth soil measurement

The partitioning of solar energy into sensible, latent, and ground heat fluxes over the land surface is responsible for changes of state variables in the soil‐atmosphere system. Recent research enables the reconstruction of the land surface temperature and ground heat flux using Green's function approach, as well as the estimate of the distribution of available energy into latent and sensible heat fluxes based on linear stability analysis. Combining the Green's function approach and linear stability analysis, we propose a new physically based numerical procedure to estimate the land surface energy partitioning in this paper. The new method is capable of predicting all surface energy budgets using a single depth soil measurement; the model reliability is evaluated with comparisons to flux tower measurements. The results of this study deepen our insight into the implicit link between surface energy partition and subsurface soil dynamics and how the link can be employed to related research areas.
Contrôle géologique des unités morphotectoniques de la région d’Edéa – Eséka (SW Cameroun)

L’analyse geomorphologique structurale du bas plateau camerounais et de sa plaine cotiere dans le secteur Edea – Eseka a permis l’identification de trois unites morphotectoniques dont les altitudes decroissent en escalier d’Est en Ouest, du continent a la cote atlantique. Elle a etabli la dependance de la morphologie vis-a-vis de la geologie a travers ses heterogeneites lithostructurales renforcees par l’alteration differentielle. L’unite orientale de Puma (Unite I) est un vaste plateau central surmonte a l’Est par des hauts reliefs temoignant des surrections continentales. Elle s’est developpee sur le complexe cristallophyllien de l’Oubanguide d’âge Neoproterozoique liee a l’orogenese panafricaine (650-550 Ma). L’unite centraled’Edea (Unite II) se caracterise par des reliefs orientes NNE–SSW a NE–SW ; developpee sur le complexe metamorphiquedu Nyong d’âge Paleoproterozoique. Il correspond a la bordure NW du craton du Congo remobilise lors de sa collision avec le craton de Sao Francisco durant l’orogenese Eburneenne (2400-1800 Ma). L’unite occidentale de Mevia (Unite3) equivalent a la plaine cotiere, s’est developpee sur le complexe sedimentaire Atlantique d’âge Cretace a actuel dont la mise en place est consecutive au riftingaptien de l’ouverture de l’Atlantique Sud. Mots cles: Geomorphologie structurale, Complexe du Nyong, Complexe de l’Oubanguide, Complexe Atlantique, SW Cameroun.
Remote sensing and geophysical survey applications for delineating near-surface palaeochannels and shallow aquifer in the United Arab Emirates

This study integrates remote sensing data and geoelectrical dipole–dipole resistivity to delineate near-surface palaeochannels and shallow aquifer in the northern part of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. The shuttle imaging radar images and shuttle radar topographic mission DEM were used to delineate near-surface palaeochannels visually based on the contrast between bright and dark tone and automatically using the eight-direction flow model. The delineated palaeochannels were validated by comparing the textural features evident from advanced land observing satellite-phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar images and determining whether these patterns were different. Field observation and geoelectrical dipole–dipole resistivity method was used to define the depth of palaeochannels and lithology of the shallow aquifer. The remote sensing and geophysical investigations in the UAE, including the study area, indicate the presence of buried palaeochannels with south-west and north-west flow directions from Oman Mountain. The study area can be of economic importance to the local population.
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization

We employ a ﬁnite mixture model with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation to analyze latent heterogeneity in the relationship between psychological characteristics and household savings behavior. In a one-step ML estimation approach, we estimate a class membership model and a behavioral model of the classes jointly. Adopting this approach enables us to simultaneously assess how socio-demographic characteristics affect class membership probabilities and estimate class-speciﬁc regression coeﬃcients, to test whether psychological characteristics predict savings behavior differently across latent classes. We apply this approach to a representative sample of UK households ( n = 3382) and identify two different latent classes: striving versus established households. We ﬁnd that the relationship between psychological characteristics and savings behavior differs across these two classes, demonstrating the importance of accounting for latent heterogeneity when studying the drivers of savings behavior. Our results have implications for policymakers attempting to improve household savings behavior.
Ar-40-Ar-39 microanalysis of single 74220 glass balls and 72435 breccia clasts

Ar-40-Ar-39 age measurements on single orange glass balls from the Apollo 17 soil 74220 and individual clasts from the Apollo 17 highland breccia 72435 are reported. The measurements required the use of newly established microanalytical techniques to obtain high quality analyses on about 0.5 mg particles with only a few hundred ppm K. An age of 3.60 plus or minus 0.04 b.y. is determined for the orange glass. No corrections for a trapped Ar-40 component were required. The glass forming event occurred at the very end of or after the extrusion of the mare basalts at the Apollo 17 site. An extremely well defined age plateau at 3.86 plus or minus 0.04 b.y. was determined for a 72435 plagioclase clast with attached matrix. A second large plagioclase crystal yielded significantly older ages over the last 60% of Ar release at high temperatures and is a relict clast incompletely degassed at the time of breccia formation. 72435 also contains plagioclase clasts with primitive Sr and a 4.55 AE old dunite clast. The Ar results provide additional evidence for the association of chemically unequilibrated, relict clasts with both primitive Sr and older K/Ar ages.
Evidence of Late Cretaceous oroclinal bending in north-central Anatolia: palaeomagnetic results from Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks along the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture Zone

Abstract The Sakarya Zone and the Kırşehir Block of northern Turkey are separated by the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture (IAES) Zone which is the remnant of the northern branch of the Neotethys Ocean. During the closure of the IAES in the Late Cretaceous, northwards drift of the Kırşehir Block and its eventual indentation into the Sakarya Zone produced crustal deformation defined by thrusts and reverse faults, mainly between the indenting Kırşehir Block and the Sakarya Zone. Previous palaeomagnetic studies in the eastern part of the Pontides and the Sakarya Zone showed that palaeomagnetic declinations could record the deformation that resulted in the curvature of the IAES. In order to define the tectonic deformation of the northern part of the Kırşehir Block, we present new palaeomagnetic data from 57 different sites that include Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The results from Late Cretaceous rocks (40 sites) indicate that large clockwise rotations of c. 140–165° occurred in the eastern limb of the bend, while anticlockwise rotations progressively decreased from c. 80° to 55° from SW to NW in the western limb of the bend. In contrast, small clockwise and anticlockwise rotations are observed in the flat-lying segment of the suture zone. These rotation patterns are consistent with the geometrical trends of the IAES in northern Turkey. Declinations of seven different Middle Eocene sites within the Kırşehir Block are rotated anticlockwise by c. 30–10°. This indicates that the deformation in the Sakarya Zone and the Kırşehir Block continued in the Middle Eocene.
Silk‐producing stream insects and gravel erosion: Significant biological effects on critical shear stress

There is growing evidence for impacts of small stream organisms on the transport of fine sediments. However, such impacts on the transport of coarser sediments remained unconsidered. Therefore we studied whether a silk‐producing stream insect (Hydropsyche siltalai) consolidated gravel through silk fixed among gravel pieces. We exposed gravel for 2 months in a stream along a gradient of Hydropsyche abundance and measured the critical shear stress for this gravel in a laboratory flume. The critical gravel shear stress was very significantly (p = 7.7 × 10−11) related to a variable (overall biomass) describing gravel consolidation by Hydropsyche silk. We showed that Hydropsyche in a range of abundance typical of many streams increases critical shear stress for gravel by as much as a factor of 2. Surface gravel arrangement (i.e., the spatial distribution and orientation of different gravel sizes and forms) had a less significant impact on critical shear stress, while other sediment variables so far considered in erosion had no significant impact. Future studies on the transport of solids and on habitat conditions should consider the high potential of stream invertebrates to consolidate gravel.
Temperate carbonate sediments of Northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia: a high salinity ‘foramol’ province

Cool-water skeletal carbonate sediments are forming in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, an area of high salinity and moderate tidal range. Four environments can be distinguished: deeper marine areas (10–20 m); shallow subtidal platforms and banks (2–10 m); intertidal and supratidal zones; and coastal springs and lakes fed by saline continental groundwaters. The sediments are predominately bioclastic carbonate sands; muddy sediments occur in protected intertidal environments. The most common grain types are gastropods, bivalves, foraminifera, coralline algae and quartz. Indurated non-skeletal carbonate grains have not been seen. Composition of the sediment varies little between environments, but considerable textural variation results from variation in the stability of the substrate, hydrodynamic conditions, depth of water, period of tidal inundation, supply of terrigenous grains, temperature, and salinity. The Spencer Gulf data suggests that temperature, and particularly minimum temperature, controls the distribution of skeletal and non-skeletal grain associations in high-salinity environments. The textures of the sedimentary facies of Spencer Gulf closely parallel those of equivalent environments in warm-water carbonate provinces.
Estimating tree‐cover change in Australia: challenges of using the MODIS vegetation index product

Time series of the vegetation index product MOD13Q1 from the Moderate Resolution Imagery Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were assessed for estimating tree foliage projective cover (FPC) and cover change from 2000 to 2006. The MOD13Q1 product consists of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). There were four challenges in using the MOD13Q1 product to derive tree FPC: assessing the impact of the sensor's varying view geometry on the vegetation index values; decoupling tree and grass cover contributions to the vegetation index signal; devising a method to relate the temporally composited vegetation index pixels to Lidar estimates of tree FPC for calibration; and estimating the accuracy of the FPC and FPC change measurements using independently derived Lidar, Landsat and MODIS cover estimates. The results show that, for complex canopies, the varying view geometry influenced the vegetation indices. The EVI was more sensitive to the view angle than the NDVI, indicating that it is sensitive to vegetation structure. An existing time series method successfully extracted the evergreen vegetation index signal while simultaneously minimizing the impact of varying view geometry. The vegetation indices were better suited to monitoring tree cover change than deriving accurate single‐date estimates of cover at regional to continental scales. The EVI was more suited to monitoring change in high‐biomass regions (cover >50%) where the NDVI begins to saturate.
Muslim dress in English law: Lifting the veil on human rights

he United Kingdom has no written constitution. Thus, in the absence of any general positive statements of rights, principles of universal application need to be extrapolated from specific judicial statements or statutory provisions. The practical effect of this is that English law generally favours individual freedom of action and allows people to do as they wish. As one senior judge noted in 1979, ‘England, it may be said, is not a country where everything is forbidden except what is expressly permitted; it is a country where everything is permitted except what is expressly forbidden’. Historically this has resulted in the accommodation of religious dress. Julian Rivers has noted that at common law, individuals could wear what they pleased with the exception that
Onset conditions for equatorial spread F

The problem of day-to-day variability in the occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF) is addressed using multidiagnostic observations and semiempirical modeling. The observational results are derived from a two-night case study of ESF onset conditions observed at Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands) using the ALTAIR incoherent scatter radar and all-sky optical imaging techniques. The major difference between nights when ESF instabilities did not occur (August 14, 1988) and did occur (August 15, 1988) in the Kwajalein sector was that the northern meridional gradient of 6300-A airglow was reduced on the night of limited ESF activity. Modeling results suggest that this unusual airglow pattern is due to equatorward neutral winds. Previous researchers have shown that transequatorial thermospheric winds can exert a control over ESF seasonal and longitudinal occurrence patterns by inhibiting Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rates. We present evidence to suggest that this picture can be extended to far shorter time scales, namely, that “surges” in transequatorial winds acting over characteristic times of a few hours to a day can result in a stabilizing influence upon irregularity growth rates. The seemingly capricious nature of ESF onset may thus be controlled, in part, by the inherent variability of low-latitude thermospheric winds.
Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core

Twelve glacial dust samples extracted from the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core have been characterized in terms of mineralogy, Sr and Nd isotopic composition, and rare earth element concentrations. The ice samples are taken from the Younger Dryas, the BOlling, the Last Glacial Maximum, and both cold and mild glacial periods back to 44 kyr B.P. A comparison with samples from possible dust source areas determines eastern Asia as being the main source area at all times, hereby confirming and extending earlier results (Biscaye et al., 1997). This finding is partly in agreement with recent atmospheric general circulation model simulations of glacial atmospheric dust transport (Andersen et al., 1998; Mahowald et al., 1999). A low intersample variability in tracer characteristics is discussed in the context of a volcanogenic influence, grain size dependence, and variability in the conti- nental dust source areas. The clay mineralogy of the ice core dust shows a weak climatic de- pendence, while the isotopic composition of Sr and Nd does not correlate with climate. This is interpreted as a geographical variation of source areas on a regional scale within Asia. Two ice dust samples were size-fractionated at 2 gm, and the grain size dependence on tracer characteristics is in accordance with the literature.
Generation and propagation of anticyclonic rings in the Gulf of Papagayo

Lagrangian drifting buoys, local meteorological stations and AVHRR data were used to describe the generation and propagation of anticyclonic rings in the Gulf of Papagayo during the upwelling season in 1996. Some observations were consistent with two generation mechanisms previously proposed: forcing by inertially rotating Papagayo wind jets and conservation of potential vorticity in the Costa Rica Coastal Current. A westward speed of propagation of 12.6 cm s−1 was obtained for these vortices. The relevance of the Papagayo system at regional scale is discussed.
DEGRADACIÓN DE SUELOS POR ACTIVIDADES ANTRÓPICAS EN EL NORTE DE TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO

Soil degradation is in many occasions a human induced process which diminishes the present and/ or future soil capability to maintain human life and environment. In this work the Zone II of the Burgos (Mexico) in order to evaluate and understand the different types of degradation caused by human ac tion. Have identified the types of soil, representative areas were selected for soil profiles and evaluated the degradation of these, following the methodology of ASSOD (Van Lyden, 1997). The results show that 74% of the study area shows evidence of degradation. The dominant types are: water erosion, compaction and wind erosion. The main causes are overgrazing and poor farming practices surface, to which must be added the recent industrial activities of PEMEX. The higher rate of degradation occurs in Calcisols. Leptosols have the lowest rate of degradation, but have more industrial activity.