Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recruitment of Engineering Students in the UK

SUMMARY The paper draws attention to a decline in the popularity of engineering studies in the UK, with consequent difficulties in the recruitment of a sufficient number of able young people into the profession. The situation has particularly serious implications at the present time when major changes are being proposed in the methods of funding higher education; however, opportunities do exist to find solutions to the problem and some possible directions are suggested.
Breeding biology of Hooded Tanager Nemosia pileata in Brazil

Summary. The Neotropical genus Nemosia comprises just two species, Hooded N. pileata and Cherry-throated Tanagers N. rourei, and their breeding biology is poorly known. Here we provide new information based on five nests of N. pileata and review existing data in the literature. When an active nest was found, it was visited every 3–4 days, or every second day near hatching or fledging. Monitoring was conducted by direct observation from hides sited 4–8 m from the nest. We estimated nest height above ground by eye to the nearest 0.5 m. Nestling period was estimated from hatching of the last chick to fledging of the first chick. Three nests had two eggs each, one nest had two nestlings, and one nest had one egg and two nestlings when found. Eggs were pointed, ovoid, and greenish with purplish-black spots all over. Eggs from four nests measured 20.5 ± 0.6 × 15.4 ± 0.3 mm and had mass 2.17 ± 0.22 g (n = 7). Five nestling from two nests were monitored. They hatched with a little white down covering the brown-orangey skin, a salmoncoloured bill, a red mouth, and orangey-brown legs and feet. A pair brought six food items (three each) in 100 minutes (to a nest with two nestlings). Of three of the five nests monitored, one fledged two young and the other two were predated. The nesting period (October–April) overlaps the dates of other published records, but differs between regions and shows a complex relation to rainfall. Our data on nests, eggs and nestlings of N. pileata improves our understanding of its reproductive biology and could assist in conservation measures for the Critically Endangered N. rourei.
Enhanced resolution for long electrode ERT

SUMMARY The resolution of the long electrode electrical resistivity tomography method is investigated through the comparison of arrays. The investigations included a synthetic model study and a pilot-scale field experiment, in which data from the 2-pole and 4-pole arrays were used to reconstruct known targets through inverse modelling. The results confirmed that the 2-pole array maps conductive targets with low lateral resolution and no vertical resolution. The 4-pole array performs extremely well or extremely poorly depending on the specific subset of data used in the inversion modelling. The worst performance was observed from using a randomized 4-pole subset. In this case, the reconstructed target was offset from the known location. The best performance came from evaluating the comprehensive data set comprising all possible 4-pole combinations and choosing favourable subsets that minimized outliers in transfer resistance, geometric factor, data error and apparent resistivity. These favourable 4-pole subsets were capable of resolving both conductive and resistive targets with higher fidelity than the 2-pole array. Unfortunately, it may not be possible to acquire the comprehensive 4-pole data set, especially for a large number of electrodes. A viable alternative is to acquire the comprehensive 2-pole data set and calculate any desired 4-pole subset using superposition. In this way, the geophysicist will also have full advantage of signal strength and shorter measurement cycle that accompanies the 2-pole array.
Combined Zonation of the African-Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and Geophysical-Geodynamical Data

The origin of the man at the Earth is directly associated with the determination of directions of the flow distribution of the ancient man migration to adjacent territories. In such studies traditionally mainly landscape and climatological changes are considered. We suggest that along with the above factors, regional tectonic-geodynamic factors played a dominant role in the character of migration. The considered African-Levantine-Caucasian region is one of the most complex regions of the world, where collisional and spreading processes of geodynamics converge. First is determined an essential influence of the Akchagylian hydrospheric maximum (about 200 m above the mean sea level) limiting the ancient men migration from Africa to Eurasia. We propose that the Levantine Corridor emerged after the end of the Akchagylian transgression and landscape forming in the Eastern Mediterranean. This corridor location was formed by the movements between the Dead Sea Transform and the boundary of the carbonate platform of the Mesozoic Terrane Belt. Further landscape evolution was largely determined by the geodynamic behavior of the deep mantle rotating structure occurring below the central part of the region under study. All the mentioned events around and in the Levantine Corridor have been studied in detail on the basis of the combined geodynamic, paleogeographic, and paleomagnetic analyzes performed in northern Israel (Carmel uplift and Galilee plateau). Careful studies of the Evron quarry geological section indicate that it is a unique one for the dating of the marine and continental archaeological sequences and sheds light on the movement of the ancient man along the Levantine Corridor.
If interactive decision support systems are the answer, have we been asking the right questions?

Over the last 30 years, significant resources have been devoted to the development of computer-based decision support systems (DSS), usually in the belief that they were capturing, assimilating and delivering information that could help farmers to better manage their farms. The accumulated evidence suggests that this belief was largely misguided - most DSS have ‘failed’ in the agricultural market place. Despite this, many scientists continue to develop and attempt to deploy DSS that are intended to help farmers make management decisions. Here we examine aspects of the ‘success’ or ‘failure’ of three DSS with the aim of drawing from the experience some guidelines that may help in the development and deployment of future DSS. We don't see DSS as a lost cause, provided that scientists learn hard-won lessons from their collective achievements and failures. These include recognizing: (1) the need for comprehensive marketing information to inform the process of DSS conception and delivery rather than just the more usual autopsy; (2) that there are almost invariably other, perhaps more effective, methods for acquiring and transmitting the knowledge embodied in a DSS; (3) that what appear to be technical and quantitative management ‘problems’ often involve social, qualitative and subjective processes and ‘solutions’ that DSS are not well-equipped to consider; (4) that DSS are usually best accepted when they seek to enhance rather than replace farmers’ existing decision making processes, making those that help to understand ‘how things work’ generally better accepted than those that present ‘optimized’ solutions. Further lessons are examined.
Gene-environment interactions at the foraging locus of Drosophila

Environmental variability during the development of an organism has known impacts on the expression of certain behavioural patterns. We used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how different environmental conditions interact with the allelic variants of rover (forR) and sitter (fors) at the foraging locus to affect food-related behaviour of larvae. We discovered that larval density and nutrient availability were key environmental factors affecting the larval behaviour during early development. High larval density decreased the tendency of rovers to leave a food patch and reduced their travelled path lengths, such that rovers and sitters showed no more significant differences regarding their behaviour. Similar results were obtained when starving the larvae. Furthermore, cutting the availability only of specific nutrients such as sugar, fat or protein during development all affected larval foraging behaviour and locomotion.
Improvement of Solid-State Circuit Breaker Operation in Commutation Circuit

Abstract In solid-state circuit breakers (SCBs), the discharging time of the commutation capacitor is high; hence, the performance of the SCB is affected. In the paper, the performance of SCB is improved by addition of a digital switch, and current comparator is added in the place of commutation capacitor. The fault current is calculated by the current comparator. At fault condition, the fault current is reduced by opening the digital switch. If the digital switch is opened, an open circuit is formed quickly and is compared to commutation capacitor discharging time. This leads to improved performance of SCB in handling short circuit failure. The performance of the proposed commutation circuit is evaluated.
Evolution of antagonistic and mutualistic traits in the yucca‐yucca moth obligate pollination mutualism

Species interactions shape the evolution of traits, life histories and the pattern of speciation. What is less clear is whether certain types of species interaction are more or less likely to lead to phenotypic divergence among species. We used the brood pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths to test how mutualistic (pollination) and antagonistic (oviposition) traits differ in the propensity to increase phenotypic divergence among pollinator moths. We measured traits of the tentacular mouthparts, structures used by females to actively pollinate flowers, as well as ovipositor traits to examine differences in the rate of evolution of these two suites of traits among pollinator species. Morphological analyses revealed two distinct groups of moths based on ovipositor morphology, but no such groupings were identified for tentacle morphology, even for moths that pollinated distantly related yuccas. In addition, ovipositor traits evolved at significantly faster rates than tentacular traits. These results support theoretical work suggesting that antagonism is more likely than mutualism to lead to phenotypic divergence.
An Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Band Reject Capability and its Characterization in Time Domain

In this paper a square monopole antenna has been proposed which can be used for Ultra Wideband applications. Band- notch performance is introduced by an E-shaped slot on the patch. The dimensions are optimized to give not only the usual 3{10GHz bandwidth with rejection in the 5{6GHz band which is commonly used for WLAN, but also short received pulse duration when transmitted and received using a pair of these antennas. The demonstration of short received pulse-width is the primary novelty reported. The performance is verifled by time domain measurements, in addition to the usual antenna characterization.
Median cascaded canceller for robust adaptive array processing

A median cascaded canceller (MCC) is introduced as a robust multichannel adaptive array processor. Compared with sample matrix inversion (SMI) methods, it is shown to significantly reduce the deleterious effects of impulsive noise spikes (outliers) on convergence performance of metrics; such as (normalized) output residue power and signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). For the case of no outliers, the MCC convergence performance remains commensurate with SMI methods for several practical interference scenarios. It is shown that the MCC offers natural protection against desired signal (target) cancellation when weight training data contains strong target components. In addition, results are shown for a high-fidelity, simulated, barrage jamming and nonhomogenous clutter environment. Here the MCC is used in a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) configuration for airborne radar interference mitigation. Results indicate the MCC produces a marked SINR performance improvement over SMI methods.
The future of water resources systems analysis: Toward a scientific framework for sustainable water management

This paper presents a short history of water resources systems analysis from its beginnings in the Harvard Water Program, through its continuing evolution toward a general field of water resources systems science. Current systems analysis practice is widespread and addresses the most challenging water issues of our times, including water scarcity and drought, climate change, providing water for food and energy production, decision making amid competing objectives, and bringing economic incentives to bear on water use. The emergence of public recognition and concern for the state of water resources provides an opportune moment for the field to reorient to meet the complex, interdependent, interdisciplinary, and global nature of today's water challenges. At present, water resources systems analysis is limited by low scientific and academic visibility relative to its influence in practice and bridled by localized findings that are difficult to generalize. The evident success of water resource systems analysis in practice (which is set out in this paper) needs in future to be strengthened by substantiating the field as the science of water resources that seeks to predict the water resources variables and outcomes that are important to governments, industries, and the public the world over. Doing so promotes the scientific credibility of the field, provides understanding of the state of water resources and furnishes the basis for predicting the impacts of our water choices.
Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Sonchus brachyotus Helps to Elucidate Evolutionary Relationships with Related Species of Asteraceae

Sonchus brachyotus DC. possesses both edible and medicinal properties and is widely distributed throughout China. In this study, the complete cp genome of S. brachyotus was sequenced and assembled. The total length of the complete S. brachyotus cp genome was 151,977 bp, including an LSC region of 84,553 bp, SSC region of 18,138 bp, and IR region of 24,643 bp. Sequence analyses revealed that the cp genome encoded 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The GC content was 37.6%. One hundred mononucleotide microsatellites, 4 dinucleotide microsatellites, 67 trinucleotide microsatellites, 4 tetranucleotide microsatellites, and 1 long repeat were identified. The SSR frequency of the LSC region was significantly greater than that of the IR and SSC regions. In total, 175 SSRs and highly variable regions were recognized as potential cp markers. By analyzing the IR/LSC and IR/SSC boundaries, structural differences between S. brachyotus and 6 other species were detected. According to phylogenetic analyses, S. brachyotus was most closely related to S. arvensis and S. oleraceus. Overall, this study provides complete cp genome resources for S. brachyotus that will be beneficial for identifying potential molecular markers and evolutionary patterns of S. brachyotus and its closely related species.
Effect of spruce forest on electric fields caused by 400 kV transmission lines

In a previous study on electric fields near 400 kV transmission lines it was noticed that the differences in calculations and measurements were caused by vegetation dampening the field. This caused the need for further investigation and dampening measurements. The measurement results of electric fields near spruce trees of different sizes show that spruce trees dampen electric fields. Thus spruce forest and trees might be a possibility to reduce electric fields from transmission lines. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of spruces and spruce forest on electric fields of 400 kV transmission lines.
Global Burden and Inequality of Dental Caries, 1990 to 2019

Previous studies on the global burden of caries primarily focused on simple descriptive statistics. We aimed to characterize the burden, trends, and inequalities of untreated caries of permanent and deciduous teeth from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels through an array of analytic approaches. Estimates of caries burden were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Decomposition analysis was performed to examine the contribution of demographic and epidemiologic factors to the evolving number of prevalent caries cases. In portfolio analysis, the caries epidemiologic profile of each country was categorized by terciles of age-standardized prevalence in 2019 and average annual percentage change from 1990 to 2019. Sociodemographic attribution analysis was performed to reveal the scale of inequality in burden of caries. Age-standardized prevalence of caries in permanent and deciduous teeth decreased 3.6% (95% uncertainty interval, 2.6% to 4.5%) and 3.0% (1.3% to 4.9%), respectively. Population growth was the key driver of the changes in the number of caries cases, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (percentage contribution: 126.6%, permanent teeth; 103.0%, deciduous teeth). Caries prevalence in the permanent dentition was lower in more developed countries, whereas a reverse trend was noted in the deciduous dentition, except for the highest sociodemographic quintile where caries prevalence was the lowest. Globally, 64.6 million (95% CI, 64.4 to 64.9 million) and 62.9 million (62.8 to 63.1 million) prevalent cases of caries in permanent and deciduous teeth were attributable to sociodemographic inequality in 2019. This amounted to 3.2% (3.2% to 3.2%) and 12.1% (12.1% to 12.1%) of the global number of prevalent cases of caries in permanent and deciduous teeth. Burden of dental caries remains a global public health challenge. A systemwide reform of the global oral health care system is needed to tackle the causes of the burden and inequality of dental caries.
Analysis of coplanar‐coupled lines on a cylindrical substrate

CAD-oriented closed-form expressions are presented for calculating the quasistatic TEM parameters of coplanar-coupled lines on a cylindrical substrate. The effect of the cur ature on the quasistatic parameters is discussed by using the formulas deri ed by the conformal mapping techniques. Comparisons ha e also been made between the present results and the results a ailable in the literature for coplanar-coupled lines on a planar substrate. The results of this paper are in ery good agreement with the results deri ed by the conformal mapping technique and the spectral-domain method for the planar one. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 187 190, 2000.
A unified control scheme for power system transient stability enhancement through preventive and emergency control

Summary In this paper, a unified approach for transient stability enhancement following large disturbance is proposed through preventive or/and emergency control measures. Transient stability-constrained generation rescheduling is proposed as a preventive control strategy with participation of only few generators on the basis of the rotor angle swings. However, if generator rescheduling fails to regain the transient stability of the power system, heuristic real-time transient stability assessment scheme is proposed through synchrophasor measurements. If the system is predicted to be unstable in real-time, emergency control actions like generator tripping and load shedding are proposed with information about their initiation, location, type, and the magnitude. These emergency actions are purely based on the voltage magnitudes and phase angles obtained through phasor measurement units in real-time. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated on IEEE-39 New England test system, and the results obtained are promising. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A performance-index guided continuation method for fast computation of saddle-node bifurcation in power systems

Simple performance indices for detecting and predicting stability problems such as the voltage collapse are useful analysis tools for planning and operating engineers in power utilities. We propose a fast guided continuation method to predict or compute a reliable performance index that takes proper care of limits of reactive power resources. The main feature is the novel combination of a Q limits index and a performance index to achieve computational efficieny and index reliability. Numerical experiments using standard IEEE 9-, 14-, 30-, 57-, 118-, 300-bus systems and a NGC 40-bus system show that the proposed method can predict or compute the voltage collapse point much faster than the standard continuation.
The Bobath Concept (NDT) as rehabilitation in stroke patients: A systematic review

Background and Objectives: The Bobath approach, also known as neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT), is a widely used concept in the rehabilitation of stroke patients with hemiparesis in many countries. This technique is being used since years all over the world; however, strong evidence of its usefulness is still not present. This review is aimed to find out its effectiveness based on the randomized controlled trials in the rehabilitation of stroke patients with motor disability and to compare it with other therapeutic techniques. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search on PubMed Central, Science-Direct, Cochrane, Scopus, Clinical Trial Database, and Indian Clinical Trial Registry in English till 31st July 2021 was undertaken. The review is published in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number “CRD42019125400. ” Physiotherapy Evidence-based Database (PEDro) score has been used for the quality assessment of the studies. Randomized clinical trials that studied the comparative effect of the NDT/Bobath concept on motor activity outcomes and cognition/behavior in stroke patients in comparison with other rehabilitative techniques were included. Results: No strong documentation describing the effectiveness of this neuro-developmental treatment or its supporting neuro-developmental treatment in comparison with other advanced neuro-physiotherapeutic techniques has been found so as to consider it as the recommended treatment for post-stroke hemiplegia/hemiparesis. Methodological aspects of selected studies for further research are suggested. Interpretation and Conclusions: This study is inconclusive in determining the effectiveness of the Bobath approach for the movement rehabilitation of stroke patients. These results are similar to the results of previous reviews done on the same topic.