Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Asymptotically optimal test for dependent multiple testing set up

In this paper we explore the behaviour of dependent test statistics for testing of multiple hypothesis . To keep simplicity, we have considered a mixture normal model with equicorrelated correlation set up. With a simple linear transformation,the test statistics were decomposed into independent components, which, when conditioned appropriately generated independent variables. These were used to construct conditional tests , which were shown to be asymptotically optimal with power as large as that obtained using N.P.Lemma. We have pursued extensive simulation to support the claim.
Generating Object Stamps

We present an algorithm to generate diverse foreground objects and composite them into background images using a GAN architecture. Given an object class, a user-provided bounding box, and a background image, we first use a mask generator to create an object shape, and then use a texture generator to fill the mask such that the texture integrates with the background. By separating the problem of object insertion into these two stages, we show that our model allows us to improve the realism of diverse object generation that also agrees with the provided background image. Our results on the challenging COCO dataset show improved overall quality and diversity compared to state-of-the-art object insertion approaches.
Surfacing Visualization Mirages

Dirty data and deceptive design practices can undermine, invert, or invalidate the purported messages of charts and graphs. These failures can arise silently: a conclusion derived from a particular visualization may look plausible unless the analyst looks closer and discovers an issue with the backing data, visual specification, or their own assumptions. We term such silent but significant failures . We describe a conceptual model of mirages and show how they can be generated at every stage of the visual analytics process. We adapt a methodology from software testing, , as a way of automatically surfacing potential mirages at the visual encoding stage of analysis through modifications to the underlying data and chart specification. We show that metamorphic testing can reliably identify mirages across a variety of chart types with relatively little prior knowledge of the data or the domain.
An Analysis of Object Representations in Deep Visual Trackers

Fully convolutional deep correlation networks are integral components of state-of the-art approaches to single object visual tracking. It is commonly assumed that these networks perform tracking by detection by matching features of the object instance with features of the entire frame. Strong architectural priors and conditioning on the object representation is thought to encourage this tracking strategy. Despite these strong priors, we show that deep trackers often default to tracking by saliency detection - without relying on the object instance representation. Our analysis shows that despite being a useful prior, salience detection can prevent the emergence of more robust tracking strategies in deep networks. This leads us to introduce an auxiliary detection task that encourages more discriminative object representations that improve tracking performance.
Walking with turning: energy optimality explains walking behavior while turning and path planning

Normal human locomotion in daily life involves walking with turning, not just straight line walking. Here, we examine and explain some non-straight-line walking phenomena from an energy minimization perspective. Using human subject experiments, we show that the metabolic rate while walking in circles increases with decreasing radius for fixed speed. We show that this increase in energy cost for turning has behavioral implications, specifically explaining a variety of human : to save energy, we predict that humans should walk slower in smaller circles, slow down when path curvature increases when traveling along more complex curves, turn in place around a particular optimal angular speed, and avoid sharp turns but use smooth gentle turns while navigating around obstacles or while needing to turn while walking. We then tested these behavioral predictions against additional behavioral experiments we performed and existing movement data from previous studies, finding that human behavior in these experiments are consistent with minimizing, at least approximately, the energy cost of locomotion subject to the relevant task constraints.
The stellar-to-halo mass relation over the past 12 Gyr

Aims. Understanding the link between the galaxy properties and the dark matter halos they reside in and their coevolution is a powerful tool for constraining the processes related to galaxy formation. In particular, the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) and its evolution throughout the history of the Universe provides insights on galaxy formation models and allows us to assign galaxy masses to halos in N-body dark matter simulations. To address these questions, we determine the SHMR throughout the entire cosmic history from z ∼ 4 to the present. Methods. We used a statistical approach to link the observed galaxy stellar mass functions on the COSMOS field to dark matter halo mass functions up to z ∼ 4 from the ΛCDM DUSTGRAIN-pathfinder simulation, which is complete for Mh > 1012.5 M⊙, and extended this to lower masses with a theoretical parameterization. We propose an empirical model to describe the evolution of the SHMR as a function of redshift (either in the presence or absence of a scatter in stellar mass at fixed halo mass), and compare the results with several literature works and semianalytic models of galaxy formation. We also tested the reliability of our results by comparing them to observed galaxy stellar mass functions and to clustering measurements. Results. We derive the SHMR from z = 0 to z = 4, and model its empirical evolution with redshift. We find that M*/Mh is always lower than ∼0.05 and depends both on redshift and halo mass, with a bell shape that peaks at Mh ∼ 1012 M⊙. Assuming a constant cosmic baryon fraction, we calculate the star-formation efficiency of galaxies and find that it is generally low; its peak increases with cosmic time from ∼30% at z ∼ 4 to ∼35% at z ∼ 0. Moreover, the star formation efficiency increases for increasing redshifts at masses higher than the peak of the SHMR, while the trend is reversed for masses lower than the peak. This indicates that massive galaxies (i.e., galaxies hosted at halo masses higher than the SHMR peak) formed with a higher efficiency at higher redshifts (i.e., downsizing effect) and vice versa for low-mass halos. We find a large scatter in results from semianalytic models, with a difference of up to a factor ∼8 compared to our results, and an opposite evolutionary trend at high halo masses. By comparing our results with those in the literature, we find that while at z ∼ 0 all results agree well (within a factor of ∼3), at z > 0 many differences emerge. This suggests that observational and theoretical work still needs to be done. Our results agree well (within ∼10%) with observed stellar mass functions (out to z = 4) and observed clustering of massive galaxies (M* > 1011 M⊙ from z ∼ 0.5 to z ∼ 1.1) in the two-halo regime.
The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era

We use Gaia DR2 systemic proper motions of 45 satellite galaxies to constrain the mass of the Milky Way using the scale-free mass estimator of Watkins et al. (2010). We first determine the anisotropy parameter β, and the tracer satellites’ radial density index γ to be β = $-0.67^{+0.45}_{-0.62}$ and γ = 2.11 ± 0.23. When we exclude possible former satellites of the Large Magellanic Cloud, the anisotropy changes to β = $-0.21^{+0.37}_{-0.51}$. We find that the index of the Milky Way’s gravitational potential α, which is dependent on the mass itself, is the parameter with the largest impact on the mass determination. Via comparison with cosmological simulations of Milky Way-like galaxies, we carried out a detailed analysis of the estimation of the observational uncertainties and their impact on the mass estimator. We found that the mass estimator is biased when applied naively to the satellites of simulated Milky Way haloes. Correcting for this bias, we obtain for our Galaxy a mass of $0.58^{+0.15}_{-0.14}\times 10^{12}$ M⊙ within 64 kpc, as computed from the inner half of our observational sample, and $1.43^{+0.35}_{-0.32}\times 10^{12}$ M⊙ within 273 kpc, from the full sample; this latter value extrapolates to a virial mass of $M_\mathrm{vir\, \Delta =97}=1.51^{+0.45}_{-0.40} \times 10^{12}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$ corresponding to a virial radius of Rvir = 308 ± 29 kpc. This value of the Milky Way mass lies in-between other mass estimates reported in the literature, from various different methods.
VulDeeLocator: A Deep Learning-Based Fine-Grained Vulnerability Detector

Automatically detecting software vulnerabilities is an important problem that has attracted much attention from the academic research community. However, existing vulnerability detectors still cannot achieve the vulnerability detection capability and the locating precision that would warrant their adoption for real-world use. In this article, we present a vulnerability detector that can simultaneously achieve a high detection capability and a high locating precision, dubbed Vulnerability Deep learning-based Locator (VulDeeLocator). In the course of designing VulDeeLocator, we encounter difficulties including how to accommodate semantic relations between the definitions of types as well as macros and their uses across files, how to accommodate accurate control flows and variable define-use relations, and how to achieve high locating precision. We solve these difficulties by using two innovative ideas: (i) leveraging intermediate code to accommodate extra semantic information, and (ii) using the notion of granularity refinement to pin down locations of vulnerabilities. When applied to 200 files randomly selected from three real-world software products, VulDeeLocator detects 18 confirmed vulnerabilities (i.e., true-positives). Among them, 16 vulnerabilities correspond to known vulnerabilities; the other two are not reported in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) but have been “silently” patched by the vendor of Libav when releasing newer versions.
Perception and Decision-Making of Autonomous Systems in the Era of Learning: An Overview

The ability of inferring its own ego-motion, autonomous understanding the surroundings and planning trajectory are the features of autonomous robot systems. Therefore, in order to improve the perception and decision-making ability of autonomous robot systems, Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and autonomous trajectory planning are widely researched, especially combining learning-based algorithms. In this paper, we mainly focus on the application of learning-based approaches to perception and decision-making, and survey the current state-of-the-art SLAM and trajectory planning algorithms. Firstly, we delineate the existing classical SLAM solutions and review deep learning-based methods of environment perception and understanding, including deep learning-based monocular depth estimation, ego-motion prediction, image enhancement, object detection, semantic segmentation and their combinations with previous SLAM frameworks. Sec-ondly, we summarize the existing path planning and trajectory planning methods and survey the navigation meth-ods based on reinforcement learning. Finally, several challenges and promising directions are concluded to related researchers for future work in both autonomous perception and decision-making.
On Interpretability of Artificial Neural Networks

Deep learning has achieved great successes in many important areas to dealing with text, images, video, graphs, and so on. However, the black-box nature of deep artificial neural networks has become the primary obstacle to their public acceptance and wide popularity in critical applications such as diagnosis and therapy. Due to the huge potential of deep learning, interpreting neural networks has become one of the most critical research directions. In this paper, we systematically review recent studies in understanding the mechanism of neural networks and shed light on some future directions of interpretability research (This work is still in progress).
The Evolution of Dust Disk Sizes from a Homogeneous Analysis of 1–10 Myr old Stars

We utilize ALMA archival data to estimate the dust disk size of 152 protoplanetary disks in Lupus (1–3 Myr), Chamaeleon I (2–3 Myr), and Upper-Sco (5–11 Myr). We combine our sample with 47 disks from Tau/Aur and Oph whose dust disk radii were estimated, as here, through fitting radial profile models to visibility data. We use these 199 homogeneously derived disk sizes to identify empirical disk–disk and disk–host property relations as well as to search for evolutionary trends. In agreement with previous studies, we find that dust disk sizes and millimeter luminosities are correlated, but show for the first time that the relationship is not universal between regions. We find that disks in the 2–3 Myr old Cha I are not smaller than disks in other regions of similar age, and confirm the Barenfeld et al. finding that the 5–10 Myr USco disks are smaller than disks belonging to younger regions. Finally, we find that the outer edge of the solar system, as defined by the Kuiper Belt, is consistent with a population of dust disk sizes which have not experienced significant truncation.
Stellar property statistics of massive haloes from cosmological hydrodynamics simulations: common kernel shapes

We study stellar property statistics, including satellite galaxy occupation, of haloes in three cosmological hydrodynamics simulations: BAHAMAS + MACSIS, IllustrisTNG, and Magneticum Pathfinder. Applying localized linear regression, we extract halo mass-conditioned normalizations, slopes, and intrinsic covariance for (i) Nsat, the number of stellar mass-thresholded satellite galaxies within radius R200c of the halo; (ii) $M_{\star , \rm tot}$, the total stellar mass within that radius, and (iii) $M_{\star ,\rm BCG}$, the gravitationally bound stellar mass of the central galaxy within a $100 \, \rm kpc$ radius. The parameters show differences across the simulations, in part from numerical resolution, but there is qualitative agreement for the $N_{\rm sat}\! -\! M_{\star ,\rm BCG}$ correlation. Marginalizing over Mhalo, we find the Nsat kernel, $p(\ln N_{\rm sat}\, |\, M_{\rm halo}, z)$ to be consistently skewed left in all three simulations, with skewness parameter γ = −0.91 ± 0.02, while the $M_{\star , \rm tot}$ kernel shape is closer to lognormal. The highest resolution simulations find γ ≃ −0.8 for the z = 0 shape of the $M_{\star ,\rm BCG}$ kernel. We provide a Gaussian mixture fit to the low-redshift Nsat kernel as well as local linear regression parameters tabulated for $M_{\rm halo}\gt 10^{13.5} \, {\rm M}_\odot$ in all simulations.
Optimal estimation of some random quantities of a L\'evy process

In this paper we present new theoretical results on optimal estimation of certain random quantities based on high frequency observations of a L\'evy process. More specifically, we investigate the asymptotic theory for the conditional mean and conditional median estimators of the supremum/infimum of a linear Brownian motion and a stable L\'evy process. Another contribution of our article is the conditional mean estimation of the local time and the occupation time measure of a linear Brownian motion. We demonstrate that the new estimators are considerably more efficient compared to the classical estimators. Furthermore, we discuss pre-estimation of the parameters of the underlying models, which is required for practical implementation of the proposed statistics.
Long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 202.81 km fiber

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides secure keys resistant to code-breaking quantum computers. The continuous-variable version of QKD offers the advantages of higher secret key rates in metropolitan areas, as well as the use of standard telecom components that can operate at room temperature. However, the transmission distance of these systems (compared with discrete-variable systems) are currently limited and considered unsuitable for long-distance distribution. Herein, we report the experimental results of long distance continuous-variable QKD over 202.81 km of ultralow-loss optical fiber by suitably controlling the excess noise and employing highly-efficient reconciliation procedures. This record-breaking implementation of the continuous-variable QKD doubles the previous distance record and shows the road for long-distance and large-scale secure QKD using room-temperature standard telecom components.
Squeezing of Primordial Gravitational Waves as Quantum Discord

We investigate the squeezing of primordial gravitational waves (PGWs) in terms of quantum discord. We construct a classical state of PGWs without quantum discord and compare it with the Bunch–Davies vacuum. Then it is shown that the oscillatory behavior of the angular-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuations induced by PGWs can be the signature of the quantum discord of PGWs. In addition, we discuss the effect of quantum decoherence on the entanglement and the quantum discord of PGWs for super-horizon modes. For the state of PGWs with decoherence effect, we examine the decoherence condition and the correlation condition introduced by C. Kiefer et al. (Class. Quantum Grav. 24 (2007) 1699). We show that the decoherence condition is not sufficient for the separability of PGWs and the correlation condition implies that the PGWs in the matter-dominated era have quantum discord.
A summary of the researches about the factors of family influence on the children necessary to be brought up by other people

The development of personality in adolescence is very important to the children. With many young parents working out of house in the country, thers are more and more children necessary to be brought up by other people such as their relatives or guardians. The absence of parental upbringing for the children resulted in changes in family environment. Here we make a summarization of the researchs in the mental health of the children, and try to give some suggestions in constructing an effective supporting system for the children.
On the methane paradox: Transport from shallow water zones rather than in situ methanogenesis is the major source of CH4 in the open surface water of lakes

Estimates of global methane (CH4) emissions from lakes and the contributions of different pathways are currently under debate. In situ methanogenesis linked to algae growth was recently suggested to be the major source of CH4 fluxes from aquatic systems. However, based on our very large data set on CH4 distributions within lakes, we demonstrate here that methane‐enriched water from shallow water zones is the most likely source of the basin‐wide mean CH4 concentrations in the surface water of lakes. Consistently, the mean surface CH4 concentrations are significantly correlated with the ratio between the surface area of the shallow water zone and the entire lake, fA,s/t, but not with the total surface area. The categorization of CH4 fluxes according to fA,s/t may therefore improve global estimates of CH4 emissions from lakes. Furthermore, CH4 concentrations increase substantially with water temperature, indicating that seasonally resolved data are required to accurately estimate annual CH4 emissions.
Diabetes in Pakistan: Epidemiology, Determinants and Prevention

Epidemiology and determinants of diabetes in Pakistan have peculiar combination of risk factors. Strong gene and environment interplay along with in-utero programming in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the main contributors of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The real burden of diabetes is due to its chronic complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The unique combination of various risk factors necessitates research studies to make appropriate risk assessment tools to control this diabetes pandemic. Better understanding of aetio-pathological genetic and environmental factors are suggesting prevention should begin much before the start of disease process and interventions in high-risk subjects alone will not be sufficient. It is necessary to initiate population based programmes for primary prevention of diabetes including a range of activities targeted at different age groups from fetal life to old age. Synchronized and coordinated efforts from public and private sectors are needed to combat this mammoth health and economic issue.
Report of the Second International Congress of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists

It has been an honour and a very great privilege to attend the Second Congress of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists from the 11th to the 16th of August, 1958. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy for this very gratifying and rewarding experience. The setting for the congress was Denmark's capital, Copenhagen—a city of friendliness for the Danes are a friendly people ; and a city with an infectious gaiety, brimming over from the worldfamous amusement park, The Tivoli. We will always remember the Town Hall Square where the two Bronze Age trumpeters soundlessly blow their lurs in welcome; the sun glimmering on the copper roofs and spires, in particular the Stock Exchange dragons, changing them from green to gold; the Stroget, lined with fine shops and thronged with pedestrians and bicycles. It appears as though the whole population of Copenhagen is on bicycles, rushing through the streets, to the complete amazement of the visitor. We will remember, too, that the surging humanity of the Stroget seemed to belong to another world as we strolled along the peaceful walk by the sea, Langelinie, where the Little Mermaid, created by Hans Christian Andersen for the delight of children the world over, sits on a smooth boulder at the entrance to the harbour. It was amid this friendliness, gaiety, novelty and history that the second congress convened in the University of Copenhagen, Anatomic Institute. The double row of national standards of the ten member countries formed a very impressive and colourful entrance to the institute which provided excellent lecture theatres, discussion rooms and exhibit space. An unpredicted large registration necessitated the use of closed circuit television to carry the proceedings into an additional auditorium which the Danish therapists hospitably and unselfishly used. The second congress has been a significant step towards the fulfilment of the hopes and goals of the World Federation. It is encouraging when we realize that it is only seven years since the Preparatory Commission met in Liverpool and in that short period we have experienced two memorable congresses. The growth of the Federation in that time is evidenced in the necessity of closing régistration several days prior to the congress when the membership reached seven hundred. These seven hundred represented thirty-three widely scattered nations and were meeting for a week with a common interest and a common purpose—Occupational Therapy as a Link in Rehabilitation. It was a proud moment for the Feder-