Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equation of state of phase E

Abstract The isothermal equation of state (EoS) of phase E, Mg1.96(7)Fe0.072(5)Si1.04(5)H3.7(8)O6, has been determined using high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A third-order Birch Murnaghan EoS fit to pressue-volume data collected from room pressure and temperature to 6.7 GPa reveals that phase E has the lowest bulk modulus, KT = 92.9(7) GPa, and highest pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K’ = 7.3(2), for any dense hydrous magnesium silicate (DHMS) yet measured. A parameterized third-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS was also fit to the unit-cell parameters which display significant curvature with increasing pressure. This analysis shows that the c-axis (Kc = 89.1(10) GPa) is 6% more compressible than the a-axis (Ka = 94.8(6) GPa), with little of the anisotropy commonly observed in other layered structures. The high K’ is indicative of the similarity to layers of the brucite structure. The introduction of interlayer cation polyhedra to the structure serves to reduce both the anisotropy, by reducing the compressibility perpendicular to the sheets, and the ability to shear, by increasing the coherence between layers.
The blueschists along the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh, NW Himalaya

ABSTRACT Blueschists occur along the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh as tectonic thrust slices, as isolated blocks within melange units and as pebbles within continental detrital series. In the Shergol-Baltikar section high-pressure rocks within the Melange unit lie between the Dras-Naktul-Nindam nappes in the north and the Lamayuru units in the south. The blueschists are imbricated with melange formation of probably upper Cretaceous age. They are overlain discordantly by the Shergol conglomerate of post Eocene (Oligo-Miocene ? ) age. Blueschist lithologies are dominated by volcanoclastic rock sequences of basic material with subordinate interbedding of cherts and minor carbonates. Mineral assemblages in metabasic rocks are characterized by lawsonite-glaucophane/crossite-Na-pyroxene-chlorite-phengite-titanite ± albite ± stilpnomelane. In the quartz bearing assemblages garnet is present but omphacite absent. P-T estimates indicate temperatures of 350 to 420°c and pressures around 9–11 kbar. Geochemical investigations show the primary alkaline character of the blueschist, which suggests an oceanic island or a transitional MORB type primary geotectonic setting. K/Ar isotopic investigations yield middle Cretaceous ages for both whole rocks and minerals. Subduction related HP-metamorphism affecting the Mesozoic Tethyan oceanic crust developed contemporaneously with magmatism in the Dras volcanic are and the Ladakh batholith. Subsequent collision of India with Asia obducted relics of subduction zone material which later became involved in nappe emplacement during the Himalayan mountain building.
Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities

This book provides information on how street design can "make or break" a community. In a detailed study of the changing nature of suburban street design over the past two centuries, the authors show how the design and layout of residential streets help to determine the character and quality of communities. They describe how street design standards have changed and outline different design approaches, such as picturesque suburbs, checkerboard grids, branching culs-de-sac and shared streets. In addition, they provide strategies for reducing urban sprawl and re-establishing a community space.
Geochemistry of the Mamainse Point volcanics, Ontario, and implications for the Keweenawan paleomagnetic record

The Keweenawan (1100 Ma) Mamainse Point volcanics, located along the eastern shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, formed in the Midcontinent Rift of North America. They are a 5250 m thick sequence of over 350 predominantly basaltic lava flows. The Mamainse Point section is the most continuous Keweenawan volcanic sequence and spans nearly the entire igneous history of the rift. The lower part of the section consists of high-MgO picrites and basalts, but the upper part of the section is composed of olivine tholeiites intercalated with numerous conglomerate layers. Major- and trace-element data reveal that the section consists of numerous stratigraphically constrained, geochemically distinct groups of lava flows. The comprehensive geochemical data on the entire sequence indicate that the section has no repetition due to faulting, as has been suggested by other workers on the basis of paleomagnetic studies. Evidently, the three paleomagnetic reversals previously found in the Mamainse Point section are real, and.
Influence of suction on the strength and stiffness of compacted sand-bentonite

This paper examines the constitutive behaviour of unsaturated mixtures of compacted sand-bentonite material. Two different techniques have been used to modify soil suction in laboratory specimens to examine the influence of suction on the behaviour of compacted materials. The two methods generated inherent differences in material fabric and therefore in stress-strain behaviour. The difference in microstructure generated by these two preparation techniques created different properties for the two series of specimens. This paper compares the behaviour of the two series of specimens and relates the observed mechanical behaviour to the initial soil fabric created by the two different preparation techniques. Specimens of similar compacted material were taken from two full-scale in-ground experiments conducted at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory at Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba and sheared using the same triaxial equipment. The results are compared to the results of shearing laborator.
Application of a Modified Health Belief Model to the Pro‐Environmental Behavior of Private Well Water Testing

A social cognition model of health behavior, the health belief model, was applied to the pro‐environmental behavior of private well water testing. Conceptualizing environmental behaviors as health behaviors may provide new insight into pro‐environmental behavior change. A groundwater education program was provided to K‐12 children throughout New England. Both child participants and their parents completed surveys pertaining to private well water behavior. Results indicate that perceived barriers and socioeconomic status significantly influenced past well water testing of parent participants. Perceived barriers included: participants' concern related to the cost of treating their water, and how a well water problem would influence their property value. Parent participants also indicated that they would perform future well water testing if they received a reminder cue to action that might include: getting a discount or reminder in the mail, if a well testing program was available, and state or local requirement. Our findings reinforce the need for continued private well water research and parallels to additional environmental behaviors.
Evidence for late Pleistocene thinning of Siple Dome, West Antarctica

[1] We use a two-dimensional, full-stress, thermomechanical flow band model to investigate late Pleistocene and Holocene histories of ice thickness and ice flow at Siple Dome in West Antarctica. Measurements obtained from an ice core and borehole near the ice divide and measurements of radar-detected internal stratigraphy are used as targets for modeling. Models that account for the climate history (accumulation rate and temperature) alone yield a poor match to observations; histories of ice dynamics (ice thickness, ice divide location, and ice flow enhancement) also need to be included. Our favored model includes 350 m of thinning at Siple Dome between 15,000 and 14,000 years ago, onset of divide flow 3000 years ago, ongoing divide migration starting 2500 years ago, and evolution of ice fabric over the past 30,000 years. The timing of thinning is earlier than that inferred from geologic evidence from the margins but is coincident with a 20 m rise in global sea level about 14,500 years ago (meltwater pulse 1A). This opens the possibility that thinning was a result of increased activity of the ice streams in the late Pleistocene, forced by meltwater pulse 1A. The contribution to meltwater pulse 1A as a result of this thinning was likely small.
Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality Among People With Type 2 Diabetes and Alcoholic or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Hospital Admission

OBJECTIVE To describe associations between alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) hospital admission and cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study by using linked population-based routine data from diabetes registry, hospital, cancer, and death records for people aged 40–89 years diagnosed with T2DM in Scotland between 2004 and 2013 who had one or more hospital admission records. Liver disease and outcomes were identified by using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusting for key risk factors. RESULTS A total of 134,368 people with T2DM (1,707 with ALD and 1,452 with NAFLD) were studied, with a mean follow-up of 4.3 years for CVD and 4.7 years for mortality. Among those with ALD, NAFLD, or without liver disease hospital records 378, 320, and 21,873 CVD events; 268, 176, and 15,101 cancers; and 724, 221, and 16,203 deaths were reported, respectively. For ALD and NAFLD, respectively, adjusted HRs (95% CIs) compared with the group with no record of liver disease were 1.59 (1.43, 1.76) and 1.70 (1.52, 1.90) for CVD, 40.3 (28.8, 56.5) and 19.12 (11.71, 31.2) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) and 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) for non-HCC cancer, and 4.86 (4.50, 5.24) and 1.60 (1.40, 1.83) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Hospital records of ALD or NAFLD are associated to varying degrees with an increased risk of CVD, cancer, and mortality among people with T2DM.
The distribution ofJuncus roemerianus in the salt marshes of North America

Although scattered individuals ofJuncus roemerianus Scheele may be found northward in New Jersey, Long Island, New York, Connecticut and southward along the Laguna Madre in Texas, Mexico and on the Caribbean islands, the species is most prevalent along the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the eastern United States. Here there are approximately 3,174,333 hectares of salt marsh of which 72.9% occur on the Gulf coast and 27.1% on the Atlantic coast.Juncus roemerianus dominates 20.7% of the marsh in the south Atlantic states and 7.3% of the Gulf coast marshes, but covers more marsh area on the Gulf coast (170,067 hectares) than on the Atlantic coast (149,316 hectares). Thus, there are approximately 320,000 hectares of salt marsh dominated byJ. roemerianus in North America.
Zonally averaged thermal balance and stability models for nitrogen polar caps on Triton

We have analyzed Voyager four color imaging data of Triton to calculate the bolometric hemispheric as a function of latitude and longitude. Zonal averages of these data have been incorporated into a thermal balance model involving insolation, reradiatation and latent heat of sublimation of N2 ice for the surface. The current average bolometric albedo of Triton's polar is 0.8, implying an effective temperature of 34.2K and a surface pressure of N2 of 1.6 μb for unit emissivity. This pressure is an order of magnitude lower than the surface pressure of 18 μb inferred from Voyager data [Broadfoot et al., 1989; Conrath et al., 1989], a discrepancy that can be reconciled if the emissivity of the N2 on Triton's surface is 0.66. The model predicts that Triton's surface north of 15° N latitude is experiencing deposition of N2 frosts, as are the bright portions of the south polar cap near the equator. This result explains why the south cap covers the entire southern hemisphere of Triton. Initial results from a seasonal model are also described briefly, although they do not agree with the Voyager observations.
Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests

Present--Day Tropical Rain Forests. Geological Time Framework, Palaeoecological and Palaeoclimate Definitions. Geological Evidence for Rain Forests. Early Angiosperm History and the First Megathermal Rain Forests. South and Middle America. Africa. India. Southeast Asia and the Eastern Pacific. Australasia. Northern Hemisphere Megathermal Rain Forests. Interplate Dispersal Paths and Land Bridges. Synthesis. The Future of Rain Forests? Appendix. Glossary. References. Indexes.
Automated Selection of Settlements in Map Generalisation

Abstract In the field of automated cartography the cartographic data bank is occupying an increasingly more prominent position. Within such data banks settlements occupy an important position and this paper discusses ways in which the automated selection of settlements may be achieved according to a number of varying criteria, each of which may or may not be included in the selection program.
Crustal Attenuation Characteristics in Northwestern Turkey in the Range from 1 to 10 Hz

We have analyzed the aftershocks ( M L <4.5) following the 1999 Izmit earthquake ( M w 7.4) to infer the frequency-dependent attenuation characteristics of both P and S waves, in the frequency range from 1 to 10 Hz and in the distance range from 10 to 140 km. A linear-predictive model is assumed to describe the spectral amplitudes in terms of attenuation and source contributions. The results show that both P and S waves undergo a strong attenuation along ray paths shorter than 40 km, while the secondary arrivals significantly contribute to the spectral amplitudes over the distance range from 40 to 60 km, as also confirmed by the computation of synthetic seismograms. For longer ray paths, the decrease in attenuation suggests an increase in the propagation efficiency with depth. Finally, the spectral attenuation curves are flattened, or sloped upward at low frequencies in the range from 100 to 140 km, due to the contemporary arrivals of direct waves and postcritical reflections from the Moho. In terms of geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation, the attenuation in the range from 10 to 40 km is well described by a spreading coefficient n = 1 for both P and S waves, and the quality factors can be approximated by QS ( f ) = 17 f 0.80 for 1 ≤ f ≤ 10 Hz and QP ( f ) = 56 f 0.25 for 2.5 ≤ f ≤ 10 Hz. For ray paths in the range from 60 to 80 km, the attenuation weakens but the interaction between seismic waves and propagation medium is more complex. The multilapse time window analysis (mltwa) is applied to quantify the amount of scattering loss and intrinsic absorption for S waves. The seismic albedo B decreases from 0.5 at 1 Hz to 0.3 at 10 Hz, while the total quality factor QT increases from about 56 to 408. The multiple lapse time-window analysis (mltwa) results provide only an average estimate of the attenuation properties in the range from 10 to 80 km. In fact, by neglecting the variation of attenuation with depth, the mltwa results underestimate attenuation for distances less than 40 km, and do not capture the significant features caused by the integrated energy of the secondary arrivals observed in the range from 40 to 60 km.
Tank Experiments on the Sorting Of Beach Material During Cusp Formation

ABSTRACT Nine experiments with 2-inch waves breaking for as much as 48 hours on a beach of pebbles and sand produced cusps in 8 cases. Seven runs produced cusps which changed continuously and one run became stable after two hours and unchanged for 24 hours. The stable beach was analysed for size and shape sorting in area and depth. Large particles were concentrated on the surface at the upper and lower limits of the beach, and near the waterline the modal size increased vertically downwards. There was no significant difference in the size sorting between cusps and bays. The most spherical particles concentrated at the foot of the beach, the plate-like ones at the back of the bays, and the cusp points were a mixture of plates and tetrahedra. This is explained in terms of transport up the beach y suspension, and down-beach by dragging and rolling. Stability was increased by the high permeability of the mixture on the cusp points.
corporate governance and performance in the largest european listed banks during the Financial crisis

this research focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and performance in the largest european listed banks, which have been studied to a lesser extent within this field. the study is based on agency theory and we use a sample of 404 observations referring to 97 banks selected from the annual ranking of the 2,000 biggest companies in the world prepared by Forbes. the paper covers the period from 2006 to 2010, thus, examining the changes in the performance drivers in the recent financial crisis. on the basis of the panel data analysis, we confirm that the variety of governance factors including board size, insider appointed, directors’ age, board meetings and affiliated committees influence the performance of the banks. this paper contributes to a better understanding of the effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of the financial companies in times of high capital market volatility.
Variability in temperature and geometry of the Norwegian Current over the past 600 yr; stable isotope and grain size evidence from the Norwegian margin

Core P1‐003MC was retrieved from 851 m water depth on the southern Norwegian continental margin, close to the boundary between the Norwegian Current (NC) and the underlying cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water. The core chronology was established by using 210Pb measurements and 14C dates, suggesting a sampling resolution of between 2 and 9 yr. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations in the NC are reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope measurements in two planktonic Foraminifera species, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (d.) and Globigerina bulloides. The high temporal resolution of the SST proxy records allows direct comparison with instrumental ocean temperature measurements from Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) Mike in the Norwegian Sea and an air temperature record from the coastal island Ona, western Norway. The comparison of the instrumental and the proxy SST data suggests that N. pachyderma (d.) calcify during summer, whereas G. bulloides calcify during spring. The δ18O records of both species suggest that the past 70 yr have been the warmest throughout the past 600 yr. The spring and summer proxy temperature data suggest differences in the duration of the cold period of the Little Ice Age. The spring temperature was 1–3°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1700, and the summer temperature was 1–2°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1920. Fluctuations in the depth of the lower boundary of the NC have been investigated by examining grain size data and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. The data show that the transition depth of the lower boundary of the NC was deeper between ca. AD 1400 and 1650 than after ca. AD 1750 until present. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The status of the Danube River sediment regime and morphology as a basis for future basin management

Hydromorphological alterations of large rivers are evident and have to be related to multiple anthropogenic pressures. Here we present the results of an integrated study concerning the actual status of the hydromorphology of the Danube River Basin that shows the sediment regime features a heavily disturbed system at various scales. Combined impacts of flood protection, navigation, and hydropower measures applied over a long period of time have been identified based on the river scaling concept as being responsible for these specific alterations (lack of bed load and suspended load in the remaining free-flowing sections). Moreover, long sections of the Danube River have been narrowed, channelized, disconnected from floodplains, and morphologically degraded over the last 200 years. This has caused increased bottom shear stresses, increased sediment transport capacities, and in addition a lack of lateral self-forming processes and corresponding reduced morphodynamics in the non-impounded sections. As a consequence of both, longitudinal and lateral disturbances of the sediment supply and additional impacts of the channelization, in opposition to a surplus of sediments in impoundments the remaining free-flowing sections are subject to various forms of river bed degradation. Such degradation or river bed incision leads to a loss of instream structures in general, with a disappearance of gravel bars at the Upper Danube and changes to sand bars in the Lower Danube. Hence, for river systems and large river basins, it has to be stated that the preservation and restoration of sediment continuity and morphodynamics is one of the most relevant issues for river engineering and ecology. This has to be considered especially for the implementation of legal directives and/or future river basin management plans.
Reviews of Web Sites, CD ROMs, Books

This book discusses the importance of mountain regions, and the precariousness of mountain tourism in the context of ecosystem and cultural conservation. Case studies of mountain tourism existing along with environmental sustainability and community well‐being are included. An integrated approach to mountain based tourism balancing the needs of local communities, tourists and environmental conservation is presented.
Soil Solution Response to Nitrogen and Magnesium Application in a Scots Pine Forest

High inputs of N to N-limited forests may disturb the nutrient balance of the plant-soil system. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of N and Mg applications on soil water chemistry in a 35- to 45-yr-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in southern Norway. Fertilizer applications began in 1990 and soil water sampling was carried out in May through October 1997 to 1999. Nine years with annual (one dose) inputs of 30 kg N ha -1 yr -1 increased the annual average nitrate N (NO 3 -N) leaching below the B horizon to 2.1 kg ha -1 , compared with =0.1 kg ha -1 in the control plots. An input of 90 kg N ha -1 yr -1 resulted in symptoms of N saturation. The soil water concentration of NO - 3 and ammonium (NH + 4 ) increased, and the annual average leaching of inorganic N from May to October during the years 1997 to 1999 was 15 kg N ha -1 . The N addition significantly reduced the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and N (DOC and DON), but the contribution of DON to the total N leaching from the plots receiving the highest N dose was still large. Addition of 1.5 kg ha -1 yr -1 of Mg increased the DOC and DON concentrations. The reason for this is unknown, and further studies are needed to understand DOC and DON dynamics. Even though applications of high single N doses are not directly comparable to chronic N depositions of small doses in precipitation, the results indicate future consequences to pine forests growing under similar conditions.