Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying thematic roles from neural representations measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging

ABSTRACT The generativity and complexity of human thought stem in large part from the ability to represent relations among concepts and form propositions. The current study reveals how a given object such as rabbit is neurally encoded differently and identifiably depending on whether it is an agent (“the rabbit punches the monkey”) or a patient (“the monkey punches the rabbit”). Machine-learning classifiers were trained on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data evoked by a set of short videos that conveyed agent–verb–patient propositions. When tested on a held-out video, the classifiers were able to reliably identify the thematic role of an object from its associated fMRI activation pattern. Moreover, when trained on one subset of the study participants, classifiers reliably identified the thematic roles in the data of a left-out participant (mean accuracy = .66), indicating that the neural representations of thematic roles were common across individuals.
Making Do with Less: Working Harder during Recessions

Why did productivity rise during recent recessions? One possibility is that average worker quality increased. A second is that each incumbent worker produced more. The second effect is termed “making do with less. ” Using data from 2006 to 2010 on individual worker productivity from a large firm, these effects can be measured and separated. For this firm, most of the gain in productivity during the recession was a result of increased effort. Additionally, the increase in effort is correlated with the increase in the local unemployment rate, presumably reflecting the costs of losing a job.
Effects of screening on radical prostatectomy efficacy: the prostate cancer intervention versus observation trial.

BACKGROUND The Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 (SPCG-4) trial showed that radical prostatectomy (RP) reduced prostate cancer deaths with an absolute mortality difference (AMD) between the RP and watchful waiting arms of 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2% to 12.0%) after 15 years. In the United States, the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) produced an AMD of 3% (95% CI = -1.1% to 6.5%) after 12 years. It is not known whether a higher frequency of screen detection in PIVOT explains the lower AMD. METHODS We assumed the SPCG-4 trial represents RP efficacy and prostate cancer survival in an unscreened population. Given the fraction of screen-detected prostate cancers in PIVOT, we adjusted prostate cancer survival using published estimates of overdiagnosis and lead time to project the effect of screen detection on disease-specific deaths. RESULTS On the basis of published estimates, we assumed that 32% of screen-detected cancers were overdiagnosed and a mean lead time among non-overdiagnosed cancers of 7.7 years. When we adjusted prostate cancer survival for the 76% of case patients in PIVOT who were screen detected, we projected that the AMD after 12 years would be 2.0% (95% CI = -1.6% to 5.6%) based on variation in published estimates of overdiagnosis and mean lead time in the United States. CONCLUSIONS If RP efficacy and prostate cancer survival in the absence of screening are similar to that in the SPCG-4 trial, then overdiagnosis and lead time largely explain the lower AMD in PIVOT. If these artifacts of screening are the correct explanation, then there is a subset of case subjects that should not be treated with RP, and identifying this subset should lead to a clearer understanding of the benefit of RP in the remaining cases.
The RECORD reporting guidelines: meeting the methodological and ethical demands of transparency in research using routinely-collected health data

Routinely-collected health data (RCD) are now used for a wide range of studies, including observational studies, comparative effectiveness research, diagnostics, studies of adverse effects, and predictive analytics. At the same time, limitations inherent in using data collected without specific a priori research questions are increasingly recognized. There is also a growing awareness of the suboptimal quality of reports presenting research based on RCD. This has created a perfect storm of increased interest and use of RCD for research, together with inadequate reporting of the strengths and weaknesses of these data resources. The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected Data (RECORD) statement was developed to address these limitations and to help researchers using RCD to meet their ethical obligations of complete and accurate reporting, as well as improve the utility of research conducted using RCD. The RECORD statement has been endorsed by more than 15 journals, including Clinical Epidemiology. This journal now recommends that authors submit the RECORD checklist together with any manuscript reporting on research using RCD.
Effects of Positive Allosteric Modulators on Single-Cell Oscillatory Ca 2 (cid:1) Signaling Initiated by the Type 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor

Agonist stimulation of the type 5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu5) receptor initiates robust oscillatory changes in cytosolic Ca 2 (cid:1) concentration ([Ca 2 (cid:1) ] i ) in single cells by rapid, repeated cycles of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the mGlu5 re- ceptor, involving protein kinase C and as-yet-unspecified protein phosphatase activities. An emergent property of this type of Ca 2 (cid:1) oscillation-generating mechanism (termed “dynamic uncoupling”) is that once a threshold concentration has been reached to initiate the Ca 2 (cid:1) oscillation, its frequency is largely insensitive to further increases in orthosteric agonist concen- tration. Here, we report the effects of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) on the patterns of single-cell Ca 2 (cid:1) signaling in recombinant and native mGlu5 receptor-expressing systems. In a Chinese hamster ovary cell-line (CHO- lac -mGlu5a), none of the mGlu5 receptor PAMs studied [3,3 (cid:2) -difluorobenzaldazine (DFB), N- {4-chloro-2-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2 H -isoindol-2-yl) methyl]phenyl}-2-hydroxy-benzamide (CPPHA), 3-cyano- N -(1, (cid:1) graded increases (and negative allosteric modulator-graded decreases) in the Ca 2 oscillation frequency by orthosteric agonist. Initial data in rat cerebrocor- tical astrocytes that similar effects of in a native cell background, at orthosteric agonist more to drive rapid Ca 2 oscillations into peak-plateau responses. These data demonstrate that allosteric modulators can “tune” the Ca 2 (cid:1) oscillation frequency initiated by mGlu5 activation, and this might allow pharmaco- logical modification of the downstream processes (e.g., transcriptional regulation) that is unachievable through orthosteric ligand interactions. regression using Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). For statistical tests, where only two data- sets were being compared an unpaired Student’s t test (two-tailed) was used, where P (cid:4) 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Where more than two datasets were compared, one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used with P (cid:4) 0.05 being accepted as significantly different. ANOVA tests were followed by the Bonferroni’s post hoc test. All statistical analyses were performed using Prism 5.0 software.
Treating chronic periodontitis: current status, challenges, and future directions

: Periodontitis affects roughly one-third of the US population. A timely diagnosis of chronic periodontitis at its earliest stage is essential to avoid more challenging severe stages of the disease. Most cases of slight and moderate chronic periodontitis can be successfully managed by mechanical removal and/or reduction of subgingival bacterial biofilms and calculus. However, any factor that affects either the local environment or the host response may contribute to progression of the disease and a poor treatment response. Thus, it is essential that clinicians are aware of etiologic and risk factors associated with disease development and progression in order to plan and execute a successful treatment. This paper reviews a variety of risk factors, both local and systemic, that can impact the successful treatment of chronic periodontitis.
Seismic attenuation tomography of the Northeast Japan arc: Insight into the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0) and subduction dynamics

Detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) P and S wave attenuation (Qp and Qs) models of the crust and upper mantle under the entire Northeast Japan (Tohoku) arc from the Japan Trench to the Japan Sea coast are determined, for the first time, using a large number of high‐quality t* data measured precisely from P and S wave spectra of local earthquakes. The suboceanic earthquakes used in this work are relocated precisely using sP depth phases. Our results reveal a prominent landward dipping high‐Q zone representing the subducting Pacific slab, a landward dipping intermediate‐ to high‐Q zone in the mantle wedge between the Pacific coast and the volcanic front, and significant low‐Q anomalies in the crust and mantle wedge between the volcanic front and the Japan Sea coast. Prominent high‐Q patches surrounded by low‐Q anomalies are revealed in the interplate megathrust zone under the Tohoku fore arc where the great 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake (Mw 9.0) occurred. The high‐Q patches in the megathrust zone generally exhibit large coseismic slips of megathrust earthquakes and large slip deficit on the plate interface. We think that these high‐Q patches represent asperities in the megathrust zone, whereas the low‐Q anomalies reflect weakly coupled areas. We also find that the hypocenters of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki interplate earthquakes (Mw > 7.0) are located in areas where Qp, Qs, and Qp/Qs change abruptly. These results suggest that structural heterogeneities in the megathrust zone control the interplate seismic coupling and the nucleation of megathrust earthquakes.
Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents

[1] We examine the basinwide trends in sea ice circulation and drift speed and highlight the changes between 1982 and 2009 in connection to regional winds, multiyear sea ice coverage, ice export, and the thinning of the ice cover. The polarity of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is used as a backdrop for summarizing the variance and shifts in decadal drift patterns. The 28-year circulation fields show a net strengthening of the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift, especially during the last decade. The imprint of the arctic dipole anomaly on the mean summer circulation is evident (2001–2009) and enhances summer ice area export at the Fram Strait. Between 2001 and 2009, the large spatially averaged trends in drift speeds (winter: +23.6%/decade, summer: +17.7%/decade) are not explained by the much smaller trends in wind speeds (winter: 1.46%/decade, summer: −3.42%/decade). Notably, positive trends in drift speed are found in regions with reduced multiyear sea ice coverage. Over 90% of the Arctic Ocean has positive trends in drift speed and negative trends in multiyear sea ice coverage. The increased responsiveness of ice drift to geostrophic wind is consistent with a thinner and weaker seasonal ice cover and suggests large-scale changes in the air-ice-ocean momentum balance. The retrieved mean ocean current field from decadal-scale average ice motion captures a steady drift from Siberia to the Fram Strait, an inflow north of the Bering Strait, and a westward drift along coastal Alaska. This mean current is comparable to geostrophic currents from satellite-derived dynamic topography.
UV sensitivity of planktonic net community production in ocean surface waters

The net plankton community metabolism of oceanic surface waters is particularly important as it more directly affects the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters and thus the air‐sea fluxes of CO2. Plankton communities in surface waters are exposed to high irradiance that includes significant ultraviolet blue (UVB, 280–315 nm) radiation. UVB radiation affects both photosynthetic and respiration rates, increase plankton mortality rates, and other metabolic and chemical processes. Here we test the sensitivity of net community production (NCP) to UVB of planktonic communities in surface waters across contrasting regions of the ocean. We observed here that UVB radiation affects net plankton community production at the ocean surface, imposing a shift in NCP by, on average, 50% relative to the values measured when excluding partly UVB. Our results show that under full solar radiation, the metabolic balance shows the prevalence of net heterotrophic community production. The demonstration of an important effect of UVB radiation on NCP in surface waters presented here is of particular relevance in relation to the increased UVB radiation derived from the erosion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Our results encourage design future research to further our understanding of UVB effects on the metabolic balance of plankton communities.
Equivalence of the Short Form of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale across Groups

The present study examines the equivalence of the short-form version of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS-SF) for measuring depression in adolescents across gender, age, and ethnic groups. A sample of 8,692 randomly selected New Zealand secondary school students participated in the Youth'07 Health and Wellbeing Survey that included the RADS-SF. The reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. The validity was assessed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation to other questions in the survey considered likely to be associated with depression. The RADS-SF scores ranged from 10 to 40 (Mdn = 18), with a mean score of 19.14 (SD = 6.19) and Cronbach's alpha of . 88. Configural, metric, and scalar equivalence was supported across gender, age, and ethnic groups (New Zealand European, Māori, Pacific, Asian, and Other), with all tested models having good fit to the data. The correlations between the RADS-SF and other variables such as suicidal ideation and well-being were also equivalent across groups. The RADS-SF was found to be equivalent in measuring depression across age, ethnic groups, and gender in a large population of New Zealand adolescents.
Tectonic rotations in the Tyrrhenian arc system during the Quaternary and late Tertiary

In the Central Mediterranean area, one of the most interesting geodynamical processes on our Earth takes place: the vertical sinking of a (northwest-ward dipping) lithosphere fragment results in the outward movements of continental blocks, thereby creating the Tyrrhenian arc system, This arc system comprises Sicily, Calabria and the southern part of peninsular Italy (Campania, Basilicata, Apulia), This process started in late Miocene times and caused the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin. The Tyrrhenian area is the source area for the continental blocks. In the rocks which were formed during this process the occurrence of tectonic rotations is to be expected. Earlier paleomagnetic results from Mesozoic to Eocene sediments show a pattern of major (100-140°) clockwise rotations in the southwestern part of the arc (Western Sicily) and major counter-clockwise rotations (30-100°) in the northeastern part of the arc (southern Apennines and northern Calabria). Most of these workers interpret the tectonic rotations as late Tertiary events. It is the aim of the present study to establish the (absence/presence of) tectonic rotations in sediments that were formed during this late Tertiary arc development, and hence to determine age estimates (timing and duration) for these rotations. This is essential because paleomagnetic directions in rocks only reflect the sum rotation of the underlying unit; interpretation of paleomagnetic results in terms of rotation events is only possible if one knows the tectonic rotation of the younger rocks in the same area.
Effectiveness of Vertical Drains in Dissipating Excess Pore Pressures Induced by Cyclic Loads in Clays

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) in dissipating the excess pore water pressures induced by cyclic loading in soft clays. Cyclic triaxial testing on soft clay samples with vertical drains has been carried out using a large scale cyclic triaxial apparatus designed and built at the University of Wollongong. The samples used were 300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height. The samples were anisotropically consolidated under ko condition to simulate the in-situ stress history of the field. Stress-controlled cycles were then applied to the soil samples with different loading frequencies. The excess pore water pressures were measured by several transducers located at different positions along the radius and height of the soil specimen. The results of the excess pore water pressures and settlements are presented. The advantages of soft subsoil stabilized with PVDs under high frequency cyclic loading conditions are investigated and discussed together with the results of a numerical analysis using PLAXIS finite element code.
Discrimination of alluvial and mixed bedrock–alluvial multichannel river networks

This paper explores the use of planview morphological metrics to quantitatively describe and distinguish mixed bedrock–alluvial multichannel networks from alluvial multichannel networks. The geometries of the channel planforms of two bedrock‐constrained networks (Mekong and Orange rivers) are compared with the classic alluvial anastomosed Upper Columbia River and the wandering Ganga River. Widely recognized indices utilized include: channel link count and channel sinuosity, with additional emphasis being given to the less common metrics: network bifurcation angles and island shape characteristics (i.e. aspect ratio, compactness, roundness and convexity). Link count data, with one notable exception, conform to theoretical expectations. Bifurcation angles for all four multichannel rivers are significantly greater than angles reported for braiding rivers. Island convexity clearly discriminates the two alluvial rivers from the two bedrock‐influenced rivers. The width of the macrochannel, in which each network develops, has a positive influence on the number of channel links and is further related to channel slope variations which, in turn, are influenced by terrain structure revealed using trend‐surface analysis. The geometry of multichannel networks are often laterally constrained such that the values of channel bifurcation angles and link sinuosity values reduce as the network intensifies and channel links are shortened. These latter observations go some way to explain the oft‐noted relatively ‘straight’ links seen within multichannel networks which are a necessary adjustment to space‐filling constraints placed on a network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of coal utilization and environmental control in integrated gasification combined cycle systems

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are a new generation of coal-fueled power generation technologies which embody the concept of integrated environmental control. IGCC systems are capable of significantly lower discharge rates of gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes relative to conventional coal-based systems. However, because few IGCC concepts have been demonstrated at a commercial scale, there is significant uncertainty regarding the technical and environmental performance of many of these systems in full-scale applications. Examples of IGCC system concepts involving both cold and hot gas cleanup are evaluated probabilistically to provide insights into the resulting differences in plant performance, emissions, and cost. For the specific technologies evaluated here, hot gas cleanup offers the potential for higher efficiency and lower cost than cold gas cleanup, but additional considerations may be required to reduce NO, emissions.
[Blood lead levels in children and environmental legacy of a lead foundry in Brazil].

OBJECTIVE To determine the blood lead levels in children living near an inactive lead foundry in the city of Santo Amaro da Purificação, state of Bahia, in September of 1998; and to identify factors associated with differences in these levels. METHODS Cross-sectional study with children between 1 and 4 years of age living within 1 km of the lead foundry. Mothers or guardians of 47 children answered a questionnaire concerning ingestion of clay, soil, plaster and/or other materials (pica), and other relevant epidemiological aspects. The concentration of lead in blood was determined by atomic absorption espectrophotometry. RESULTS The mean blood lead level was 17.1 +/- 7.3 micro g/dL. Blood lead levels were approximately 5 micro g/dl greater among children with pica, regardless of age, visible presence of scum surrounding the home, employment status of the father, family history of lead poisoning, and malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS The environmental legacy of the lead foundry, which was shut down in 1993, continues to represent a relevant risk factor for increased blood lead levels in children, especially those presenting pica.
Advances in bone surgery: the er:YAG laser in oral surgery and implant dentistry

: The erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser has emerged as a possible alternative to conventional methods of bone ablation because of its wavelength of 2.94 µ m, which coincides with the absorption peak of water. Over the last decades in several experimental and clinical studies, the widespread initial assumption that light amplification for stimulated emission of radiation (laser) osteotomy inevitably provokes profound tissue damage and delayed wound healing has been refuted. In addition, the supposed disadvantage of prolonged osteotomy times could be overcome by modern short-pulsed Er:YAG laser systems. Currently, the limiting factors for a routine application of lasers for bone ablation are mainly technical drawbacks such as missing depth control and a difficult and safe guidance of the laser beam. This article gives a short overview of the development process and current possibilities of noncontact Er:YAG laser osteotomy in oral and implant surgery.