Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical phylogeographic tests of competing 'Lake Carpentaria hypotheses' in the mouth-brooding freshwater fish, Glossamia aprion (Apogonidae)

Glacial cycles during the Pleistocene reduced sea levels and created new land connections in northern Australia, where many currently isolated rivers also became connected via an extensive paleo-lake system, 'Lake Carpentaria'. However, the most recent period during which populations of freshwater species were connected by gene flow across Lake Carpentaria is debated: various 'Lake Carpentaria hypotheses' have been proposed. Here, we used a statistical phylogeographic approach to assess the timing of past population connectivity across the Carpentaria region in the obligate freshwater fish, Glossamia aprion. Results for this species indicate that the most recent period of genetic exchange across the Carpentaria region coincided with the mid- to late Pleistocene, a result shown previously for other freshwater and diadromous species. Based on these findings and published studies for various freshwater, diadromous and marine species, we propose a set of 'Lake Carpentaria' hypotheses to explain past population connectivity in aquatic species: (1) strictly freshwater species had widespread gene flow in the mid- to late Pleistocene before the last glacial maximum; (2) marine species were subdivided into eastern and western populations by land during Pleistocene glacial phases; and (3) past connectivity in diadromous species reflects the relative strength of their marine affinity.
Barcoding Nature: Shifting Cultures of Taxonomy in an Age of Biodiversity Loss

1. Introduction 2. DNA Barcoding: Revolution or Conciliation? 3. What's In a Barcode? The Use, Selection and De-Naturalisation of Genetic Markers 4. A Leg Away for DNA: Mobilizing, Compiling and Purifying Material for DNA Barcoding 5. Extending the Barcoding Frontier 6. Archiving Diversity: BOLD 7. BOLI as Redemptive Technoscientific Innovation 8. What Is It? Identifying Nature and Valuing Utility 9. Barcoding Nature: Final Reflections
Voluntary intake, digestibility and nutritive value of green berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) in rabbits.

Five adult male New Zealand White rabbits (1556±63g) were fed green unchaffed berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) individually in specialiy designed metallic cages. DD intake was 5.39±0.52 per cent of body weight equivalent to 59.1+6.10 g/w0.75 g. Mean digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, ADF and NDF were 69.65, 80.47, 50.75, 48.86,78.49,58.04 and 61.25 respectively. Mean DCP and TON values of green berseem for rabbits were 17.12+034 and 65.03±1.86 per cent respectively on DM basis.
Ampulla Morphogenesis in Anural and Urodele Molgulid Ascidians

Vascular ampulla morphogenesis was studied in two anural‐developing molgulids and one urodeledeveloping molgulid. In all three species, each juvenile developed one longer ampulla (termed the primary ampulla) and several shorter ampullae (termed secondary ampullae). Ampulla growth was accompanied by the formation of contraction rings that moved in a proximal to distal direction. Contraction ring formation was initiated by the epidermal cells situated in the proximal region of each ampulla. The formation of an expanding bubble‐like region within each lumen preceded ring formation. These rings moved at approximately 120 μm/min. Rings were produced for several days until the ampullae retracted towards the body wall.
The Shrub Sciences Laboratory at 25 Years: Retrospective and prospective

The Shrub Sciences Laboratory celebrated its 25th anniversary with the symposium documented by these proceedings and a ceremony honoring people instrumental in its establishment: Mr. A. Perry Plummer represented Forest Service Research and Development and Dr. Howard C. Stutz represented Brigham Young University. The laboratory came into being because of the research foundation in Western shrub ecosystems generated by USDA Forest Service researchers and their colleagues and the need to carry on programmatic research in vast Western shrublands. Since establishment of the laboratory, dozens of scientists and professionals with technical and clerical support have conducted shrubland ecosystem research and development centered on shrubland ecosystem ecology and experimental range management, including winter livestock management on salt shrublands; seed quality testing and production and seed and seedbed ecology and adaptation; genetic variation, population biology, and systematics and taxonomy; breeding systems, hybridization, and hybrid zones; rangeland rehabilitation and restoration; equipment development, and cultural care of wildland species; soil/plant interactions, pathology, entomology, and mycorrhizae; nutritive quality, palatability, and wildlife habitat; and invasive weeds and weed biology.
A case study on dol net fishing operation and its economic analysis off Gujarat, north-west coast of India

Dol net is traditionally used for fishing along the north-west coast of India. In this study, the operational as well as economic aspects of dol net operation off Navabandar, Gujarat was studied. Dol nets operations from mechanised boats locally called as Van along Navabandar coast were considered for the present study. The overall length (OAL) of the mechanised vessels were in the range, 10-12.8 m with 2.4-3.6 m breadth and 1-1.8 m height. The total capacity of vessels was in the range 15-20 t and average fish holding capacity was 2.5 t. The fishing vessels had six cylinder engines of 87 to 105 hp. Fishermen themselves fabricated the nets for the dol net, which had seven different parts with various lengths. Kaba-sus system using steel pipes was the method of dol net fishing off Navabandar. They were locally known as Bochi, Patiya, Aor, Trijo, Bangu, Chothi and Jalo. The study indicated that the profit of a dolnetter at Navabandar in a year was `2,88,122.
Characterisation of fission yeast DNA replication origins.

In many eukaryotic organisms the chromosomal origins of DNA replication (ORIs) are not characterised by a clearly defined consensus sequence. In this thesis using the fission yeast, for the first time I have carried out a genome-wide analysis to identify such ORIs during the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. The data can be summarised as follows: a total of 401 ORIs were identified which were used 29 percent of the time during mitotic S-phase and were spaced every 31 kilobases (kb) on average. The same ORIs were used during pre-meiotic S-phase although with lower efficiency in most chromosomal regions. A further 503 potential ORIs were used less efficiently at eight percent of the time during mitotic S-phase. This totals 904 ORIs which were distributed at an average inter-origin distance of 14 kilobases (kb) throughout 12.5 megabases (Mb) of the three chromosomes of fission yeast. These data support the idea of a continuum of ORI activity. The 401 efficient ORI loci contained A+T-rich regions located between genes, and these intergenic regions were typically larger than average. ORIs were not defined by a strict sequence consensus but the presence of AT-hook binding sequences. When the initiation factors Cdc18 and Cdt1 were over-expressed, regions of DNA containing particularly efficient ORIs with exceptionally large AT-hook binding domains became over-amplified, suggesting that interactions between these factors and efficient ORIs may be important for the mechanism ensuring that an ORI only fires once in each S-phase.
The Nutritional Value Of Oat Hay Harvested at Several Stages of Maturity

The nutritional value of the oat varieties Dal (high protein) and Kelsey (high protein) harvested for forage at six growth stages from 50 percent headed to mature was determined. Protein, phosphorus, potassium, ash and potassium/calcium plus magnesium ratios decreased with advancing maturity. Calcium, magnesium and fiber levels were not affected by growth stage. Dal was higher in protein at each harvest stage and averaged about 2% higher at the fully headed and milk stages. Oats is a very good forage nutritionally and should be harvested at the late milk to early dough stage.
Post‐glacial history and introgression in Abies (Pinaceae) species of the Russian Far East inferred from both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers

Aim The main aim of the present study is to infer the post‐glacial history of Abies species from north‐east Asia and to test the hypotheses that coastal Abies populations suffered less from climatic fluctuations during Pleistocene glacial periods than their more continental counterparts, and that Sakhalin was a major area of introgression.
Vectoring algal toxin in marine planktonic food webs: sorting out nutritional deficiency from toxicity effects

The present study determined whether increased mortality and delayed development of larval crabs fed heterotrophic prey that themselves have been fed toxin-containing algae is due to toxicity effects or nutritional deficiency. The effects on larval crabs of previous exposure to heterotrophic prey fed toxin-containing algae were examined. Effects of varying length of exposure of larvae to toxin-containing prey were also examined. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was used as a heterotrophic prey source for three larval crab species (Lophopanopeus bellus, Metacarcinus magister, and Glebocarcinus oregonensis). Two rotifer treatments were created, one of rotifers fed a toxin-containing alga (Alexandrium andersoni or A. fundyense); the other of rotifers fed a non-toxic, nutritionally sufficient alga (Isochrysis galbana). To distinguish between toxic and nutritional effects, groups of larvae were fed various combinations of the two rotifer types. Diet treatments included the following ratios of toxin-containing algal fed and non-toxic algal fed rotifers: 100%/0%, 75%/25%, 50%/50%, 25%/75%, and 0%/100%. Larval crabs showed no differences in feeding rates or feeding preferences for the two rotifer diets. Crab survival was lower on the 100% toxin-containing algal fed rotifer diet when compared to the 100% nontoxin-containing algae fed rotifer diet for all three crab species. In all three crab species, v stage duration was also extended in larvae fed the 100% toxin-containing algal fed rotifers compared to the 100% non-toxin-containing algal fed rotifers. Increased survival and accelerated development when toxin-containing rotifers were replaced in treatments with non-toxin-containing rotifers implicates nutritional deficiency in the former diet rather than its potential toxic effects. Reduction in time of exposure to a prey source reduced survival and extended development to a greater degree in toxin-containing rotifer treatments than in non-toxincontaining diets. There was no apparent effect of prior exposure to toxin-containing prey on survival or stage duration of later larval stage exposed to the same diet. Larval crabs face an unpredictable and complex prey environment once they enter the plankton. Encounters with Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) or heterotrophic prey that have ingested HAB species may injure larvae that have no other food source. While my research suggests that nutritional deficiency of the rotifers fed toxin-containing algae causes higher mortality rates and delayed development in the crab larvae, toxin transfer cannot be totally eliminated and a combination of the two factors is most likely causing the negative effects. If the prey environment for these larval crabs includes a nutritionally sufficient animal prey source, negative impacts (i.e. delay in stage duration and decreased survival) caused by exposure to HABs and prey that have ingested HABs can be supplemented.
EFFICACY OF PLANT OILS AS GRAIN PROTECTANTS AGAINST KHAPRA BEETLE, TROGODERMA GRANARIUM EVERTS IN WHEAT

Laboratory experiments were conducted during 2003–04 and 2004–05 with wheat, Triticum aestivum L. to determine the efficacy of biopesticide (plant oils) as grain protectants against khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts. The duration of combined larval and pupal stages varied from 27.03 to 39.22 days, being maximum in neem oil (39.22 days) and minimum in sunflower oil (27.03 days). The adult emergence was lowest (23.77%) in neem oil treatment and highest in sunflower oil (43.99%). The number of eggs laid per female at different dose levels ranged from 28.18 to 38.52, the neem oil was the most effective in reducing the fecundity (24.44 eggs/female) and the least effective was sunflower oil (43.33 eggs/female). The grain damage ranged from 9.36 to 25.16% and, the most effective treatment was neem oil (9.36%). The weight loss at different dose levels ranged from 3.51 to 8.27% and this gradually decreased with the increase in dose.
Effects of live prey availability on growth and survival in the early stages of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) life cycle

This investigation examined the effects of live prey availability on growth and survival of Sepia officinalis. Two independent experiments, comprising two feed rations each, were performed, using adequate prey size. In the first experiment, cuttlefish hatchlings were fed live mysids, Paramysis nouvelli [(feed ratio I (fr I)], at 15% body weight per day (bw day−1) (fr I15) and 30% bw day−1 (fr I30). In the second experiment, juvenile cuttlefish were fed live Atlantic ditch shrimp, Paleomonetes varians (fr II), under the same experimental design. In both experiments, the final mean weight, feeding rate and instantaneous growth rate were higher when animals were fed feed ratio fr II15 and fr II30 (30% bw day−1). The results indicate that prey availability influenced weight gain, irrespective of the prey used, during the first 2 months of cuttlefish life cycle. This effect seems to be more noticeable when a certain limit of prey is achieved. For cuttlefish fed fr II, the optimal prey density is thought to be under 2.5 g prey L−1 (i.e. 14 shrimp L−1). Results indicate that cuttlefish can withstand prey densities up to 120 mysids L−1 for cuttlefish up to 3 weeks old and 19 shrimps L−1 for cuttlefish up to 6 weeks old.
Restraint in Psychiatric Patients: A Literature Review

Nowadays, many cases of violence in psychiatric patients visit to psychiatric emergency unit. Restraint is basically efficacious in managing violence. So, it also can prevent injuries to both the patient and those around the patient. This literature review explores the positive and negative effect of restraint, criteria for using restraint, guideline of restraint and standard documentation of restraint. Twenty papers were selected from electronic database of ProQuest, Pumed, Google Scholar and Google web site. A literature review of these papers showed that restraint can manage violent behavior, but it has physical and psychological negative impacts on psychiatric patient. In this review, it also explores about criteria using restraint based on JCAHO, APNA, and Department of Health for England and Wales; standard of restraint provide by JCAHO, APNA, Department of Health for England and Wales, and Park and Tang; and standard documentation for restraint by JCAHO, APNA, Park and Tang, and Reeves. We sum up that it is important for nurse to use appropriate techniques for restrain dan standard or guideline of restraint in order to prevent the negative impact of restraint and ensure the patients safety. Another important thing that must be considered by nurses is the standard documentation for restrain.
Towards an improved Neisseria meningitidis B vaccine: vesicular PorA formulations

There is a great need for vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. This is especially important in Western European countries, were approximately two thirds of the cases of meningococcal disease can be attributed to serogroup B strains. Against this serogroup, traditional vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides are not effective. The immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide of group B meningococci is low, due to structural similarity with epitopes expressed by host neural tissue. During the search for vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococci, a great interest has been focused on PorA, a porin located in the outer membrane of the bacteria. PorA is one of the immunodominant antigens expressed by Neisseria meningitidis. Monoclonal antibodies directed against PorA have shown to have a high bactericidal activity and are protective in an infant rat meningitis model. The vaccine potential of PorA embedded in outer membrane vesicles (OMV) developed by different groups has been studied in various clinical trials. The vaccine presently being developed by the Netherlands Vaccine Institute (NVI) is based on OMV purified from genetically modified meningococcal strains expressing three different PorA serosubtypes (trivalent OMV). The vaccine contains a mixture of two different trivalent OMV are mixed, which together represent the majority of PorA serosubtypes circulating in the Netherlands and other European countries. Among the PorA serosubtypes included in the NVI vaccine, the serosubtype P1.7-2,4 is present in up to 40% of the serogroup B strains causing bacterial meningitis. Thus, a PorA-based vaccine should cover at least this subtype. On the other hand, the immunogenicity of PorA P1.7-2,4 is not yet optimal in its present formulation as OMV vaccine. For these reasons, PorA P1.7-2,4 was chosen as a model protein for our studies. The objective this thesis was to improve the immunogenicity of PorA. The research was exclusively focused on the study of the effect of the presentation form on the immunogenicity of PorA P1.7-2,4. For this purpose, three lines of investigation were followed: ? Detailed study of physicochemical and immunochemical characteristics of PorA and its presentation form. Also, study of the effects of different storage conditions on the physicochemical stability and immunogenicity of PorA formulated in different types of OMV. Preparation of well-defined liposomal PorA formulations and study of the effect of various targeting strategies for dendritic cells (DC) on the immunogenicity of PorA. Addition of adjuvants to liposomal PorA formulations and study of their effect on the PorA-specific immune response.
Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of silver pomfrets, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters

Summary Proximate and fatty acid composition of wild silver pomfrets, Pampus argenteus, were studied in Kuwait waters for a period of 1 year (November 2007–October 2008) to see whether there were any seasonal compositional differences between males and females. Ten adults (five males, five females) were sampled each month during (i) Pre-spawning (March–May), (ii) Spawning (June–August), (iii) Post-spawning (September–November), and (iv) Winter (December–February). Both sexes had significantly (P 0.05) in total saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) or n-3/n-6 ratios between respective males and females in different seasons. Livers in males had significantly (P < 0.05) higher MUFA, SFA, PUFA, EPA and DHA than respective females in all months during the spawning season. Female gonads had significantly (P < 0.05) higher MUFA and PUFA but lower SFA content than males in different months during the spawning season. In contrast to the liver, the gonad DHA content and n-3/n-6 ratios in females were significantly higher than in males. The gonads from both sexes contained more than double the amount of EPA present in liver; in the case of DHA this was more than three-fold higher in female gonads, but not in males. Thus, the presence of higher proportions of PUFA, EPA and DHA in gonads, particularly in eggs of silver pomfret, indicates their need for these fatty acids, which may be used as a guideline for dietary essential n-3 fatty acid requirements for feed formulation of this species. A higher content of DHA in eggs also indicates the higher requirement for DHA in the broodstock diet of silver pomfret.
Thermotolerance of brown trout, Salmo trutta, gametes and embryos to increased water temperatures

Summary The present study investigated the effect of increased water temperature on sperm motility when activated in water, on egg water hardening, on the fertilization process and on embryonic development in brown trout, Salmo trutta. Brown trout gametes had a broad temperature optimum ranging from 3 to 15°C. In this temperature range the processes of egg water hardening and fertilization were unaffected. Motility duration was also not affected. The percentages of initial sperm motility and swimming velocity were lower at 9–15°C than at 3–7°C, while the percentage of locally motile spermatozoa was higher. Exposure of brown trout embryos to ≥11°C resulted in reduced percentages of hatched larvae and in increased percentages of malformed larvae. More advanced ontogenetic stages (stages ≥9 according to Ballard [1973]) showed higher tolerance to increased temperature than did less advanced stages (stages <9) when the percentage of eyed stage embryos was used as the evaluation end point. However, when the percentages of hatched larvae and normal shaped larvae were used as evaluation end points, no differences in thermotolerance could be found between the different otogenetic stages.
Susceptibility of field populations of sugarcane borer from non‐Bt and Bt maize plants to five individual Cry toxins

Abstract Sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in South America and the US mid‐south region. Resistance development in target pest populations is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. In our field trials in 2009, a significant number of live borers and plant injury from D. saccharalis were observed in an experimental SmartStax™ maize line. The objective of this study was to assess the relative susceptibility of two field populations of D. saccharalis collected from non‐Bt and Bt maize plants containing SmartStax™ traits to five individual Cry proteins. The five Bt proteins included two proteins (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2) that were expressed in SmartStax™ maize plants and three other common Bt proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac) that were not produced in SmartStax™. Larval mortality and growth inhibition on Bt diet of the fourth generation after field collections were evaluated 7 days after release of neonates on the diet surface. The laboratory bioassays showed that 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 for the population originated from Bt plants were 3.55‐ and 1.34‐fold greater, respectively, than those of the population collected from non‐Bt plants. In contrast, relative to the population from non‐Bt plants, the LC50 of the population sampled from Bt plants were 3.85‐, 2.5‐ and 1.64‐fold more sensitive to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, respectively. The results did not provide clear evidence to conclude that the observed field survival of D. saccharalis on Bt plants was associated with increased levels of resistance.