Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of nitrogen, seed rate and plant growth regulator (chlormequat chloride) on the grain quality of oats (Avena sativa)

The physical parameters of oats of prime importance in determining milling quality are kernel content, the content of free kernels, hullability and screenings. In addition to screenings, hectolitre weight is used in the commercial trading of grain as an indicator of quality due to the absence of suitable methods, for commercial use, for determining the parameters that are closely related to milling quality. The effects of nitrogen (0–200 kg/ha), seed rate (200 and 300 seeds/m2) and plant growth regulator, chlormequat chloride, on grain quality were investigated at two locations, in one spring and three autumn sown experiments, in 1997/98 and 1998/99. Yields increased at higher rates of nitrogen and at the higher seed rate but were not significantly affected by chlormequat chloride. The effects of nitrogen rate and seed rate on kernel content were inconsistent but overall there was a small reduction at the higher nitrogen and higher seed rates and where chlormequat chloride was applied. In general, free kernels were reduced at the higher rates of nitrogen, at the higher seed rate and where chlormequat chloride was applied. Hullability improved at higher rates of nitrogen but was poorer at the higher seed rate and with chlormequat chloride. Screenings increased and hectolitre weight declined at the higher rates of nitrogen, the higher seed rate and with chlormequat chloride. The decline in hectolitre weight due to treatments within each experiment in general was associated with reductions in kernel content, content of free kernels and an increase in screenings. However, variation in hectolitre weight did not reflect variation in kernel content, free kernels and screenings between experiments. Overall, the changes in quality due to nitrogen rate, seed rate and chlormequat chloride were small compared with differences between varieties.
Number of Single, Double, and Triple Clusters in a System Containing Two Types of Atoms

A set of graphs are presented from which one can read directly the probability that, in a lattice containing two types of atoms A and B randomly distributed over the lattice sites, a type A atom will be in a cluster of one, two, or three A atoms. Results are presented as a function of concentration for simple cubic, body‐centered cubic, face‐centered cubic, and hexagonal close‐packed lattices.
Critical dimension uniformity and contact edge roughness in extreme ultraviolet lithography: effect of photoacid generator, sensitizer and quencher

Abstract. One of the main challenges for developing extreme ultraviolet resists is to satisfy critical dimension uniformity (CDU) and sidewall roughness of contacts to the allowable limit. To this end, further understanding of the effects of resist ingredients on CDU and contact edge roughness (CER) is required. We investigate the effects of a photoacid generator (PAG), sensitizer and quencher concentrations on the CDU and CER. We find that the dependencies of CDU on sensitizer and quencher are dominated by photon shot noise (PSN) effects whereas a more complicated interplay between PSN and PAG distribution statistics should be considered in the dependence of CDU on PAG concentration. The estimated CER parameters [root mean square (RMS) value and correlation length ξ] exhibit a merging trend when plotted against the final critical dimension (CD). In addition, RMS value increases with exposure dose and PAG loading contrary to shot noise expectations. Power spectrum analysis reveals the dominant contribution of low-frequency undulations to CER, which is attributed to the enhanced interaction along specific directions between the aerial image and/or acid kinetics of nearby contacts. This inter-contact effect is further intensified with CD for fixed pitch and may explain the observed CER behavior.
Characterization of Starch from Bread Aged at Different Temperatures

A series of bread samples stored at various temperatures (4°, 25°, and 40°C) were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine if retrogradation (quantified by DSC enthalpy values) and storage temperature were correlated. The increase in enthalpy values during storage time was dependent on storage temperature. However, the rate of recrystallization was not linear at any of the temperatures studied. The net result was that the enthalpy values tended to converge with time, irrespective of storage temperature. Another effect of the increased storage temperature was an increase in the peak temperature (Tp) of the amylopectin endotherm. This indicates either that storage temperature affects the type of crystal being formed as the starch recrystallizes, or that annealing of crystals occurs at the higher storage temperatures. X-ray diffractometry of starch isolated from the crumb gave similar diffraction patterns indicating no difference in crystal type among the treatments. In addition, the DSC endotherm became sharper at the higher temperatures. Thus, the increase in Tp was apparently the result of annealing of the crystals at the higher storage temperatures.
Stark Effect in Electronic Spectra: The Asymmetric Rotor

Qualitative and quantitative analysis is made of the information obtainable from an electronic spectrum of an asymmetric rotor in an electric field. The most general case is considered where the Stark effect may be smaller, larger, or approximately equal to the asymmetry doubling. A method is described to obtain Stark‐asymmetric rotor energies and wavefunctions and from these determine the expected Stark‐effect patterns in optical spectra. It is shown that from these spectra one may obtain all three components of an excited‐state dipole moment, and its direction relative to the ground‐state moment. In addition, it is shown how the Stark effect may be used as an aid in the assignment of asymmetric rotor spectra.
Plasma–liquid interfacial reaction in decomposition of perfluoro surfactants

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: C7F15COOH) in water was decomposed using either plasma generated inside oxygen bubbles or sulfate radical anions. During the PFOA decomposition processes, perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs: CnF2n+1COOH) with shorter carbon chains were generated. The decomposition processes were deduced based on a zero-dimensional simulation study using experimentally obtained reaction rate constants. During the plasma treatment, the dominant reaction was found to be the direct decomposition of the PFCAs to gaseous products such as CO2 without the generation of shorter carbon-chain PFCAs in water. It is proposed that the thermal cleavages of the C–C bonds of the PFCA molecules occurred successively at the plasma–liquid interface because they adsorbed on the gas–liquid interface where they could contact the plasma. In contrast, in most of the reactions with sulfate radical anions in bulk water, the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain decreased one by one as mentioned previously in the literature.
Trace metals in Adriatic coastal sediments: Distribution and speciation pattern

Abstract In the framework of the Italian National Project for the safeguard of Adriatic Sea (PRISMA 2), distribution of trace metals in surface coastal sediments of two areas influenced by river Po freshwaters (Ancona and Chioggia) was studied. A sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg, Sn, Co and Zn) with major sedimentary phases (exchangeable ions and carbonates, Mn and Fe oxides, sulphides and organic matter and residual minerals). The relationship between the metals content and the grain‐size composition of the sediments was studied: all the elements resulted associated principally with the fine fraction. The considered sediments are not particularly polluted and speciation revealed that the major part of the heavy metals present are not easily mobilizable and bioavailable.
New evidence regarding the effects of contract farming on agricultural labor use

Contractual agreements between smallholder farmers and agribusiness companies have gained in importance in many developing countries. While productivity and income effects of contracting in the small farm sector were analyzed in many previous studies, labor market and employment effects are not yet well understood. This is an important research gap, especially against the background of continued population growth and structural transformation. Here, we investigate the effects of two types of contractual agreements between large international processing companies and smallholder farmers on agricultural labor use, household labor allocation, and hired labor demand in Ghana's palm oil sector. We use cross‐sectional survey data and a willingness‐to‐pay approach to control for unobserved heterogeneity between farmers with and without contracts. We find that agricultural labor intensity is substantially reduced through the contracts, because contracting in Ghana is associated with the adoption of labor‐saving procedures and technologies. Simple marketing contracts lead to reallocation of the saved household labor to off‐farm employment, whereas resource‐providing contracts lead to a stronger reallocation of labor within the farming enterprise. Household labor is more affected by labor savings than hired labor.
Correlation Analysis of Different Measurement Places of Galvanic Skin Response in Test Groups Facing Valence and Arousal Changes

The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR, also widely known as electrodermal activity EDA) is one of the signals related to this emotional reaction. Given the sparsity of studies related to and the variety of devices, we experimented at the Human Health Activity Laboratory with 17 healthy subjects. The goal is to know the variability of detection changes in the electrodermal activity among a test group with heterogeneous respondents in response to valence and arousal stimuli, correlating GSR biosignals measured from different body sites. We experiment with the right and left wrist, left fingers, the right foot's inner side using Shimmer3GSR, and Empatica E4 sensors. Results indicate as the most promising homogeneous GSR measure place the left fingers and right foot. Results suggest that due to a significantly strong correlation among the inner side of the right foot and left fingers and moderate correlations with the right and left wrist, the foot is a good place to measure EDA. This paper also contributes knowledge about some wearable sensor technologies available in the market. Shimmer3GSR sensor may be better reliable to homogenous detecting electrodermal activity changes, as these have fewer anomalies among the respondents. However, we found some anomalies in signals from the Empatica E4 sensor, which we discuss in this work.
Vegetative propagation of freesia through callus cultures.

Summary Isolated segments of corm, stem, leaves, flower-buds and anthers from flowering Freesia cv. 'Ballerina' plants have been induced to form callus on a modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with NAA and PBA. The best callus was obtained from young flower-buds kept at 25 °C in darkness. Callus could be subcultured in darkness on a medium containing auxin and cytokinin. Complete plantlets were obtained by transferring the callus to light on an auxin-free medium containing kinetin or PBA. Plantlets have also been regenerated from young anthers. Adventitious organ formation in expiants and callus was strongly determined by the auxin/cytokinin ratio in the medium. Generally, auxins promoted rooting, whereas cytokinins enhanced budding. Light, in comparison to darkness promoted both root and bud formation while at the same time callus growth was retarded. The potential of vegetative propagation of Freesia by callus in culture in flower industry is discussed.
The structure of the reaction zone in a flame

The structure of one-dimensional flames is shown to be completely determined by constants such as those of heat conductivity, of diffusion, and of the homogeneous reaction rates. The mathematical problem in the most general case is intractable, but three simple cases are solved fully by a mathematical method of successive approximations. The three cases are those in which diffusion is neglected compared with heat conductivity and in which reaction velocities of the following types are considered: unimolecular, bimolecular, and the quasibimolecular form of a unimolecular reaction at low pressures. The method of mathematical approximation is shown to involve errors of the order of only 10 % in some actual cases, an error which is negligible compared with other uncertainties of the problem. In these simple cases it is possible to solve all details of the structure such as the variation of composition and temperature through the flame.
Records and Exploitation of Chelonians from the Ayeyarwady , Chindwin , and Dokhtawady Rivers , Myanmar

I Wildlife Cons erv ation S oc iety, 2300 Southem Blvd., Bronx, New York 10460 USA zPresent ,lddress: Department of Math and Science, Oglala Lakotcr Colle qe, Pirte Ridge lrtdian Resen'atiort, P.O. Box 490, Kyle. Sourlt Dakora 57752 L'S. { [E-rnail: splatt@gl'/c.net]: 3WiltlliJe Consen'tttirttt Soci en'. Bldg. CI ,. {l'e l'eik ,YIon I st Stre et, Yaclartcunott H ou s irt q ^{ r'e. Hl uirt g Towrt sltip, Y'ctrt gort, Mtcuttttar I E-ntail : \'c stnnt @ rnpnrtail.rtet. trtrtt ] : aShwe Settav,; Wildlife Ssnc'tuan', I{qtrtre ancl \\'iIdIi.fe Conservation Diy,isiort, Mirtislry' of Fore.r/rJ', M\arunar: sThaketa Crocodile Fann, Department of Fisheries, Yangon, Mvenrnar; 6Yadanabon Zoological Gardens, Mandala\,, Myantnar;
On the Precision of Particle Size Analysis by Micro‐Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation

Abstract Micro‐Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation of polymer colloidal particles was performed in two different laboratories. Short term repeatability of the experimental retentions obtained in a single laboratory has been found to be very high. The short term precision (expressed as percent standard deviation) of the determination of average particle diameter can reach the values greater than 1%, relative. Average repeatability of the retentions in both laboratories was better than 3%, relative when using identical experimental protocol. No other method of particle size analysis can provide the results of a comparable precision. Average repeatability of the width of the raw fractograms, which contains the information on particle size distribution, is of the order of 5%, relative. However, this value cannot be considered as the ultimate limit because the experiments were not carried at the low flow rate of the carrier liquid permitted to reach much higher resolution. The effect of the stability of the most important operational variables, such as the temperature drop between the cold and hot walls, the temperature of the cold wall, and the flow rate of the carrier liquid, on the precision of the analytical results is discussed. This article is dedicated to the memory of J. C. Giddings (1930–1996)
Fock Space Methods for Identical Classical Objects

Fock-Space (annihilation/creation operator) methods are introduced to describe systems of identical classical objects. Specific examples to which this formalism is applied are branching processes (including age dependent ones), chemical reactions, deterministic (Hamiltonian) systems, and generalized kinetic equations. Finally, a generalization to stochastic quantum systems is proposed which is applied to a gas of spinning molecules.
Response to Parlange et al. by Y. Mualem & A. Beriozkin

The comments of Parlange et al. deal in length with two points related to our review of their past publications. Both points do not address the main subject of our study ‘General scaling rules of the hysteretic water retention function based on Mualem’s domain theory’, and therefore have no significance with regard to our theory and findings. However, the comments raise some problematic points regarding the hysteresis modelling by Parlange et al., which we wish to put in the right context, in order to avoid confusion and distraction in pursuing further theoretical studies of hysteresis. In our earlier introduction, we pointed out some drawbacks of studies by Parlange et al. Our observations were all founded theoretically and verified, although Parlange et al. found them “somewhat misleading”. We find this opinion to be strange, when in our view no evidence was presented that we were wrong at any point of our criticism. It is a well-known fact that the measured wetting branch of hysteresis is “seldom available”, and every elementary course of soil physics teaches that in most cases only the drying branch is measured. However, it has little to do with the deficiencies of Parlange’s (1976) model. We can state that good hysteresis models, which can be calibrated by the main drying curve, are very desirable and we know of no statement to the contrary. We believe that this comment of Parlange et al. creates a virtual and artificial issue of dispute that attributes inaccurate information to us. For the sake of clarity, the record has to be set in the right context. Parlange’s (1976) model is based on a particular case of Mualem’s (1973) similarity principle f(ψw, ψd) = h(ψw) ·
Modelling long‐term carbon dynamics in soils reconstituted with large quantities of organic matter

In urban conditions, the widescale availability of organic matter to be recycled and the necessity for soil reconstitution (Technosol) has led to the input of very large quantities of organic matter (up to 50% v/v). The long‐term degradation of these large quantities of organic matter in the soil is not well known. We monitored, over a 60‐month period, the total carbon (C) content and the particulate and biochemical fractions of reconstituted soils placed in 600‐litre boxes under natural conditions. The top layer was a sandy loam amended with 20 or 40% of sphagnum peat or organic compost (sewage sludge, wood chip compost or green waste compost) lying on a layer of sandy loam. We measured C mineralization over time under controlled conditions and built a long‐term model to simulate carbon dynamics where exogenous organic carbon (EOC) was divided into two biodegradable compartments. The model yielded the proportions of EOC that either resisted degradation or contributed to soil organic C storage by mineralization and/or humification. Organic matter degradation was linked to its maturity and to its contents in certain particulate and biochemical fractions but was independent of how much of a given organic matter was introduced. We found a good correlation between the degradable organic compartment and the lignin and cutin‐like, hemicellulose and cellulose‐like fractions larger than 1 mm. The model showed that a large part of initial EOC was still present in the soil after 5 years in a potentially biodegradable but resistant compartment. The degradation of that compartment by mineralization or humification is therefore expected to take longer.
Effect of L-Carnitine and Yeast Chromium Supplementation on Productive Performance in Pekin and Sudani Duckling during Growth Period. World Vet. J., 10 (4): 587-596. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2020.wvj70;

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine and Yeast chromium supplementation on the productive performance of Pekin and Sudani duckling breeds. A total number of 450 both unsexed Pekin and Sudani ducklings (225 per each breed) one-day-old were investigated in the current study. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks of age. Experimental ducklings were randomly divided into the 5 equal treatments with 90 ducklings (45 number from both Pekin and Sudani ducklings per each). Each experimental treatment was randomly divided into 3 equal replicates of 30 ducklings (15 ducklings in each breed). The five experimental treatments were as follows: the first treatment was the control with basal diets, treatments 2 and 3 received basal diets supplemented with 300 and 450 mg/kg diet L-carnitine (LC), respectively, while treatments 4 and 5 received basal diets supplemented with 400 and 600 μg/kg diets Yeast chromium (Cr), respectively. The results indicated that growing duckling fed diets supplemented with LC and Cr were significantly improved in live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The relative weight of carcass quality and weight of lymphoid organs significantly increased with supplemented diets. Therefore, both duckling breeds fed on diets supplemented with 450 mg LC/kg resulted in better performance without any adverse effect on carcass quality as well as economic efficiency.
Sodium alginate and its blends with starch: Thermal and morphological properties

A series of sodium alginate (SA) and starch blends, namely 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40, were processed into films by solution casting process and the obtained SA/starch blends have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC analysis shows single glass transition temperature (Tg) up to 30 wt % starch content in the blend, indicating the compatibility and interaction between SA and starch molecules. The TGA reveals the reduction in thermal stability of SA/starch with increase in starch content. FTIR analysis demonstrated the existence of specific intermolecular interactions between carbonyl groups of SA and hydroxyl groups of starch. The morphological analysis by SEM shows the homogeneous distribution of starch in the SA matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
DETERMINATION OF HYDROCORTISONE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG BY TLC WITH DENSITOMETRIC DETECTION IN UV

Adsorption thin layer chromatography with densitometry has been established for the identification and the quantification of hydrocortisone in tablets. UV densitometry was performed in absorbance mode at 250 nm. The presented method was validated by specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitative limit, and robustness. The TLC-densitometric method was also compared with a pharmacopeil UV-spectrophotometric method for the assay of hydrocortisone, and the results confirmed statistically that the TLC-densitometric method can be used as a substitute method.
Characterization of the Cu+ sites in high-silica zeolites interacting with the CO molecule: Combined computational and experimental study

Interactions of the CO molecule with the Cu+ sites within MFI and FER matrices were investigated by means of the combined quantum mechanics/interatomic potential function method. CO molecules strongly interact with both dominant Cu+ site types (on the channel wall and on the channel intersection) in high-silica zeolite matrices. Upon interaction with CO, the Cu+ ion stays coordinated to only two oxygen atoms of the single AlO4 unit. The structure, coordination, and CO stretching frequencies were found to be very similar for both Cu+ site types. On the contrary, adsorption energies differ for individual site types. The results are in agreement with the available experimental data, and they were confirmed by the TPD experiments carried out for various zeolite matrices.
Afterglow and thermoluminescence properties of Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillation crystals

The afterglow and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of several Ce3+ doped Lu2SiO5 crystals are reported. Both properties are caused by the presence of charge traps in the crystals. At least six different glow peaks are observed in the TL glow curve. Each is related to a specific charge trap. The parameters for these charge traps, such as the trap depth and the frequency factor, were obtained from first-order kinetics peak analysis of the TL glow curve. A charge trap with a depth of 1.0 eV is responsible for the afterglow observed at room temperature. Ce3+ ions appear to be the luminescence centres in the recombination process of the trapped charge carriers. It will be shown that optical excitation in the 5d levels of Ce3+ produces trap filling. The possible nature of the charge traps will be discussed.