Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium‐Range Spectrum of Waves Propagating on Currents

By extending the equation proposed in 1981 by Hedges for deep‐water spectrum to a finite‐depth water, an equation is developed for the equilibrium‐range spectrum of waves propagating on a following or opposing current in finite‐depth water. To examine the predictability of the developed equation, laboratory experiments were made for the change of Texel, Marsen, and Arsloe (TMA) shallow‐water spectra due to currents in water of various depths and current velocities. Comparison with the experimental data shows that the developed equation predicts reasonably well the equilibrium‐range spectra of waves propagating on currents. Comparison was also made with the equation originally developed by Kitaigordskii et al. in 1975 and modified later by Gadzhiyev et al. in 1978. A statistical analysis shows that the equation developed in the present study and the equation proposed by Gadzhiyev et al. have essentially the same degree of predictability, both being in reasonable agreement with observations.
Geochemical modelling of the surface water environment around active mineral operations

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. III AFFIRMATION. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS . V LIST OF FIGURES . IX LIST OF TABLES. XV ABBREVIATIONS . XIX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES. 1 1.2 THESIS STRUCTURE . 5 CHAPTER 2 POLLUTANTS AND METALS IN THE FRESHWATER AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. 9 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 9 2.2 TYPES OF WATER CONTAMINANTS . 9 2.3 SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS . 11 2.4 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY. 17 2.5 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. 18 2.6 CHEMICAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY . 20 2.7 SUMMARY . 26 CHAPTER 3 METAL CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY . 29 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 29 3.2 MAIN GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING PARTITIONING . 30 3.3 METAL INTERACTION WITH WATER LIGANDS. 32 3.4 METAL INTERACTION WITH PARTICULATE MATTER . 34 3.5 PREDICTING CHEMICAL SPECIATION: THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM MODELS . 37 3.6 METAL INTERACTION WITH ORGANISMS . 43 3.7 PREDICTING METAL TOXICITY: BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL. 46 3.8 SUMMARY . 53
Small islands and the adoption of ICTs: comparative study of SMEs in Jamaica and Mauritius

The aim of this study was to analyse the intensity of the adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Mauritius and Jamaica. It particularly focused on the identification of enabling factors and impediments that are specific to small islands in the diffusion of ICTs. Discriminant analysis was used to analyse the data collected from small firms in both islands. The results show that, despite the liberalisation and privatisation of the communication sectors in these island economies, cost of communication remained one of the major impediments to the adoption of e-business technologies. This could be attributed to the lack of minimum economies of scale in communication sectors. Enterprise-specific factors such as education and knowledge base of owners and firm size emerged as significant discriminants for advanced users of ICTs. Country-specific factors such as openness of economy and human resource development infrastructure emerged as important factors in discriminating varying levels of ICT-using firms.
Robust relational layout synthesis from examples for Android

We present a novel approach for synthesizing robust relational layouts from examples. Given an application design consisting of a set of views and their location on the screen, we synthesize a relational layout that when rendered, places the components at that same location. We present an end-to-end system, called InferUI, that addresses the above challenge in the context of Android. The system is based on the following technical contributions: (i) a formalization of the latest and most efficient ConstraintLayout class, capturing a rich set of relational constraints, (ii) a set of robustness properties designed to prevent common layout generalization errors, (iii) a synthesis algorithm that produces relational layouts that generalize across multiple screen sizes and resolutions, and (iv) a probabilistic model of constraints that guides the synthesizer towards layouts preferred by developers. Our evaluation shows that InferUI is practically effective: it successfully synthesizes real world complex layouts obtained from top 500 GitHub and top 500 Google Play Store applications, succeeds in 100% of the cases when synthesizing layouts for a single device, and correctly generalizes 92% of the views across multiple devices, all without requiring additional specifications.
Síntesis biostratigráfica de la fosa de la Cerdanya (Pirineos Orientales)

In this paper, the main stratigraphical and sedimentological characteristics of the filling beds from the Cerdanya basin (Eastern Pyrenees) are described. Two units have been distinguished: the Inferior Neogene Unit and the Superior Neogene Unit, each one being the consequence of different tectonic situations. The Inferior Unit corresponds to the formation period of the basin and its subsequent evolution under the influence of the directional slip of the NE-SW La Tet fault. On the contrary, the Superior Unit corresponds to a later extensive phase. The revision of the mammalian content of the many classical fossiliferous localities in the Inferior Unit allows its adscription to the Vallesian. On the other hand, the new locality of Can Vilella indicated an Upper Turolian (MN 13, uppermost Miocene) for the Superior Unit
Three-dimensional P wave velocity structure in the New Madrid seismic zone

A three-dimensional P wave velocity model for the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) has been developed using a nonlinear travel time tomography method. The inversion involved 709 earthquakes recorded by digital, three-component Portable Array for Numerical Data Acquisition stations deployed in the NMSZ over the time period 1989 through 1992. Analysis of ray coverage and inversion of a synthetic data set showed that the model has high resolution to a depth of 11 km. Low-velocity anomalies correlate with the prominent northwest and northeast trending arms of seismicity. Lowest-velocity anomalies (−8%) occur at the intersection of these arms and are associated with shallow seismicity and a high swarm rate. These low-velocity regions are interpreted to be the result of increased fluid pressure associated with structurally disrupted rocks beneath the Blytheville-Pascola arch complex. Small regions of high velocity, limited to the upper few km of the crust, correlate with gravity and magnetic anomalies and are interpreted to be igneous intrusions. High-velocity anomalies also parallel the edges of the Reelfoot rift margin and probably are associated with crystalline Precambrian rocks that form the margin of the Reelfoot rift graben. Most earthquakes are associated with low-velocity regions and avoid regions of high velocity.
Generate, Segment and Replace: Towards Generic Manipulation Segmentation

It has been witnessed an emerging demand for image manipulation segmentation to distinguish between fake images produced by advanced photo editing software and authentic ones. In this paper, we describe an approach based on semantic segmentation for detecting image manipulation. The approach consists of three stages. A generation stage generates hard manipulated images from authentic images using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based model by cutting a region out of a training sample, pasting it into an authentic image and then passing the image through a GAN to generate harder true positive tampered region. A segmentation stage and a replacement stage, sharing weights with each other, then collaboratively construct dense predictions of tampered regions. We achieve state-of-the-art performance on four public image manipulation detection benchmarks while maintaining robustness to various attacks.
Suitability of quantum cascade laser spectroscopy for CH4 and N2O eddy covariance flux measurements

A quantum cascade laser spectrometer was evaluated for eddy covariance flux measurements of CH4 and N2O using three months of continuous measurements at a field site. The required criteria for eddy covariance flux measurements including continuity, sampling frequency, precision and stationarity were examined. The system operated continuously at a dairy farm on peat grassland in the Netherlands from 17 August to 6 November 2006. An automatic liquid nitrogen filling system for the infrared detector was employed to provide unattended operation of the system. The electronic sampling frequency was 10 Hz, however, the flow response time was 0.08 s, which corresponds to a bandwidth of 2 Hz. A precision of 2.9 and 0.5 ppb Hz? 1/2 was obtained for CH4 and N2O, respectively. Accuracy was assured by frequent calibrations using low and high standard additions. Drifts in the system were compensated by using a 120 s running mean filter. The average CH4 and N2O exchange was 512 ngCm? 2 s? 1 (2.46 mgm? 2 hr? 1) and 52 ngNm? 2 s? 1 (0.29 mgm? 2 hr? 1). Given that 40% of the total N2O emission was due to a fertilizing event.
Geometry and relative motion of the Philippine Sea plate and Pacific plate beneath the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan

The recent acquisition of high-density and improved seismic data by the Kanto-Tokai (K-T) Observational Network of the National Research Institute of Earth Science and Disaster Prevention requires the revision of conventional plate configuration models for the K-T district. We propose a new interpretation of the configuration and relative motion of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate, Pacific (PAC) plate, and Eurasian (EUR) plate on the basis of the distribution of hypocenters, velocity structure, and focal mechanisms in the K-T district. The new model for the configuration of the PHS and PAC slabs clearly delineates the PHS slab subducting northwestward beneath the K-T district from the Sagami and Suruga troughs and the PAC slab subducting westward beneath the PHS slab from the Japan trench. The thickness of the descending PHS slab is estimated to be 30 ± 5 km. The proposed configuration of the PHS slab is significantly different from those obtained by other researchers, including our own previous study. The new model is fully consistent with global plate motion data. The new model leads to an interpretation of the tectonic processes taking place beneath the K-T district. For the Sagami trough wing of the PHS slab, the northeastern portion of the slab is dipping northwestward in direct contact with the upper surface of the PAC slab; the southwestern portion carrying the Izu Peninsula has been bent upward, because of its buoyancy, producing the observed contorted shape. For the Suruga trough wing, the dip direction of the PHS slab gradually changes from northwestward at the eastern portion to northward at the western portion. The new model also indicates the presence of offset within the PHS slab between the Sagami and Suruga trough wings. This area is characterized by a low level of seismic activity, the absence of a high-velocity structure, and the presence of Quaternary volcanoes. It seems reasonable to speculate that the distribution of Quaternary volcanic edifice construction is controlled by the location of the offset within the PHS slab. In view of this new model, the tectonic processes of large earthquakes which occurred recently in the studied area are also reexamined.
Self‐consistent analysis of electron drift velocity measurements with the STARE/SABRE System

Recent work with the STARE (Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment) and SABRE (Sweden and Britain Radar Experiment) data sets has shown some inconsistency with existing theories (fluid and kinetic theory) of radar aurora. A new technique, which we call the superimposed grid point method, has proven to be a very valuable tool in the study of this inconsistency. This technique can be used under conditions where the electron drift velocity is approximately constant over an entire STARE (or SABRE) latitude interval and consists of superimposing all of the observed radial Doppler velocity components for the entire latitude interval together into one grid point. This yields, for a given electron drift velocity, a set of Doppler velocity vectors for typically more than 30 different flow angles. Thus this technique allows the study of the angular variation of the Doppler velocities observed with the radars, for a given electron drift velocity. One of the main results of using this technique has been strong evidence that very often the radar Doppler velocities are limited to near the ion acoustic velocity in a manner very similar to the equatorial electrojet. Doppler velocities at flow angles greater than some critical flow angle appear to follow a cosine law, as is usually assumed in the fluid and kinetic theory, while velocities at flow angles less than this critical flow angle seem to deviate greatly from the cosine law and are often limited to the ion acoustic velocity. We have reinterpreted the radar Doppler velocity measurements in the ion acoustic approach (Nielsen and Schlegel, 1985) and find consistency between the results of the superimposed grid point analysis and this new approach.
Fast Spectral BRDF & BTDF Measurements for Characterization of Displays and Components

In the present paper we show how to obtain rapidly the spectral BRDF and BTDF of different display components or transparent displays using Fourier optics system under different illumination configurations. Results can be used to simulate the entire structure of a LCD display or to predict transparent display performances under various illuminations. key words: BRDF, BTDF, multispectral, diffusor, BEF, transparent display
The Unusual Channel Resistance of the Texas Hill Country and its Effect on Flood Flow Predictions

The importance of hydraulic roughness estimates in modeling river flow cannot be overstated. Spatial and temporal variation of flow resistance can have a dramatic effect on the prediction of floodplain width, depth, and other hydraulic properties. The Texas Hill Country, a physiographic region of uplifted and differentially eroded limestone in south-central Texas, is the site of considerably heterogeneous fluvial forms and processes. Predictions of the spatial extent of floods in this area are difficult given this topographic and fluvial heterogeneity. In this report, we present a new method to extract spatial maps of hydraulic roughness using channel geometry and newly accessible USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) data. We use these data to construct maps of hydraulic roughness at different discharges and to test roughness prediction methods suggested by previous authors. Our method for extracting roughness values is general and should be applicable in most areas of the United States. The patterns of hydraulic resistance around the Texas Hill Country and through its eastern boundary, the Balcones Escarpment, are spatially diverse, ranging from n ≅ 0.016 to 0.213, and no simple spatial pattern of roughness exists. The most unexpected finding is the high values of Manning's roughness value (n) in most areas of the Hill Country, with n values often two or three times greater (n ≅ 0.04-0.06) than what would be expected using common n-estimation techniques (n ≅ 0.01-0.02). This simple finding is of practical importance because the too-low values of Manning's roughness are almost certainly translated into floodplain maps as too narrowly delineated floodplains.
Seismic Interferometry Using Non-Far-Field Sources and Removing the Spurious Arrival

Abstract Seismic interferometry using far-field correlation is a technique to obtain the Green’s function between two receivers using passive wave-field recordings, and often it is under the theoretical assumption that sources are in the far field when in fact they may not be. Using a heterogeneous medium enclosed by a closed boundary on which the sources are fired, we offer two views on the meaning of the far-field correlation. In the intrinsic view, the validity of the far-field correlation is based on the far-field approximation for wave scattering, and it is investigated by comparing various physical dimensions in the heterogeneous interior, regardless of the exterior. However, the extrinsic view centers on the medium properties in the exterior only without considering the interior. Previous studies showed that, with the correct scattering model and complete source coverage, no spurious arrivals should be generated if the illuminating sources are in the far field. We investigate the case of near-field cross correlation. This problem is considered in the context of two-dimensional space with a single embedded scatterer that is represented by a cylindrical inclusion with small radius. An analytical solution for the scattered wave is computed. However, if the sources are not in the far field, the cross-correlation kernel must be used to eliminate the spurious arrival, in addition to the correct scattering model and full source aperture. The kernel accounts for the near-field illumination of the region.
Geotechnical Characteristics of Residual Soils

Residual soils are products of chemical weathering and thus their characteristics are dependent upon environmental factors of climate, parent material, topography and drainage, and age. These conditions are optimized in the tropics where well-drained regions produce reddish lateritic soils rich in iron and aluminum sesquioxides and kaolinitic clays. Conversely, poorly drained areas trend towards montmorillonitic expansive black clays. Andosols develop over volcanic ash and rock regions and are rich in allophane (amorphous silica) and metastable halloysite. The geological origins greatly affect the resulting engineering characteristics. Both lateritic soils and andosols are susceptible to property changes upon drying, and exhibit compaction and strength properties not indicative of their classification limits. Both soils have been used successfully in earth dam construction, but attention must be given to seepage control through the weathered rock. Conversely, black soils are unpopular for embankments. Lateritic soils respond to cement stabilization and, in some cases, lime stabilization. Andosols should also respond to lime treatment and cement treatments if proper mixing can be achived. Black expansive residual soils respond to lime treatment by demonstrating strength gains and decreased expansiveness. Rainfall induced landslides are typical of residual soil deposits.
NEW PALEOCENE ORBITOIDIFORM FORAMINIFERA FROM THE PUNJAB SALT RANGE, PAKISTAN

The orbitoidiform foraminifers from the Paleocene of the Pakistan Salt Range, traditionally designated by “ Orbitosiphon ” or “ Actinosiphon ”, include two different genera, both with a concave-convex test shape. The first of these is characterized by a typically orbitoidal growth with lateral chamberlet layers on both sides of the equatorial layer, and corresponds to Lepidocyclina (Polylepidina) punjabensis Davies, the type species of the genus Orbitosiphon Rao. The second genus, named here Setia nov. gen., is characterized by orbitoidal chamberlet cycles and differentiated dorsal and ventral sides, with lateral chamberlets on the dorsal side and a canal system resembling that of miogypsinids on the ventral side. It includes two species, S. tibetica (Douville 1916) and a stratigraphically lower, structurally more simple new species, S. primitiva sp. nov. Both genera are found in the top of the Hangu Formation, the Lockhart Limestones, and at the base of Patala Formation from the Salt Range “Laki Beds”, which comprise the middle and upper parts of the Paleocene. The test of the new genus Setia shows a new morphostructural type, resembling that of miogypsinids, but with orbitoidal growth. Both Setia and Orbitosiphon became extinct before the arrival of orthophragminids ( Discocyclina and Orbitoclypeus ) to the basin (together with Nummulites , Assilina and Alveolina ), and therefore are never found together with the latter. The reports of orthophragminids from the Lockhart Limestones and the lower part of Patala Shales actually correspond to misidentified O. punjabensis or S. tibetica . On the other hand, the American Paleocene genus Actinosiphon cannot be related to either Orbitosiphon or Setia . Although it is similar to the former, it differs in several characters, such as the shape and arrangement of equatorial chamberlets and the stolon system.
MIS Quarterly

Highly complex enterprise software packages have become a standard way of competing in many industries. By the late 1990s, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems had enabled Fortune 500 firms to present “one face” to their customers via integrated cross-functional business processes, centralized databases, and point-and-click access to real-time operational data across the business. To-day, enterprise systems for supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM) are following in the steps of ERP, and, in many cases, providing a foundation for e-business. Supplier relationship management systems are on the horizon. Based on our ERP research, we have identified five factors for successful implementation: (1) top management is engaged in the project, not just involved; (2) project leaders are veterans, and team members are decision makers; (3) third parties fill gaps in expertise and transfer their knowledge; (4) change management goes hand-in-hand with project planning; (5) A satisficing mindset prevails. Furthermore, we found that a project’s position on the maturity curve (early adopter, early majority, or late majority) can influence the implementation route. These five success factors and three maturity curve positions are illustrated in three anonymous cases. The result is lessons for managing the complexities of the next wave of enterprise systems.
Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician conodont communities from platform and slope facies, western Newfoundland: a statistical approach

Abstract Twelve conodont communities and assemblages in the Cambrian-Ordovician interval of western Newfoundland are recognized by four cluster analyses, which include 18 468 identifiable conodont specimens recovered from 230 conodont-bearing samples from four stratigraphic sections. Each section represents a different facies: platform, upper proximal slope, lower proximal slope, and distal slope. The 12 conodont communities and assemblages were differentiated into pelagic and nektobenthic communities as well as both the assemblages with a mixture of pelagic and nektobenthic communities and transported assemblage. The distribution of conodont communities along the platform-to-slope environmental gradient shows some gradational relationships. Relative sea-level curves derived in part from the distribution pattern of conodont communities reveal a major sea-level drop in the latest Cordylodus proavus Zone time, and two major sea-level rises in the early Iapetognathus fluctivagus Zone time and early Cordylodus angulatus Zone time, respectively.