Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sound Source Segregation in the Acoustic Parasitiod Fly Ormia ochracea

Sound source localization depends on the auditory system to identify, recognize, and segregate elements of salient sources over distracting noise. My research investigates sensory mechanisms involved in these auditory processing tasks of an insect hearing specialist, to isolate individual sound sources of interest over noise. I first developed quantitative methods to determine signal features that the acoustic parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae) evaluate for host cricket song recognition. With flies subjected to a no-choice paradigm and forced to track a switch in the broadcast location of test songs, I describe several response features (distance, steering velocity, and angular orientation) that vary with song pulse rate preferences. I incorporate these response measures in a phonotaxis performance index that is sensitive to capturing response variation that may underlie song recognition. I demonstrate that Floridian O. ochracea exhibit phonotaxis to a combination of pulse durations and interpulse intervals that combine to a range of accepted pulse periods. Under complex acoustic conditions of multiple coherent cricket songs that overlap in time and space, O. ochracea may experience a phantom source illusion and localize a direction between actual source locations. By varying the temporal overlap between competing sources, I demonstrate that O. ochracea are able to resolve this illusion via the precedence effect: exploitation of small time differences between competing sources to selectively localize the leading over lagging sources. An increase in spatial separation between cricket song and masking noise does not reduce song detection thresholds nor improve song localization accuracy. Instead, walking responses are diverted away from both song and noise. My findings support the idea that the ears of O. ochracea function as bilateral symmetry
Rare calciphilous diatoms from the genus Gomphonema (Bacillariophyta) in lotic waters of SE Poland

Abstract The aim of this work was to present a morphological description and ecological characteristics of a rare species from the Gomphonema genus, occurring in calcium-rich waters, along with its new occurrence sites. The research was carried out in flowing waters of mountain and sub-mountain streams and rivers in Poland: the Wołosaty, the Wisłoka, the San and their tributaries. The occurrence of many rare and new to Polish flora species from the genus Gomphonema was recorded: G. cuneolus E. Reichardt, G. drutelingense E. Reichardt, G. innocens E. Reichardt,G. lateripunctatum E. Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. lippertii E. Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot and G. calcifugum Lange-Bertalot & E. Reichardt. These species occur mostly in alkaline or close-to-neutral waters with medium or low electrolytic conductivity (78–530 μS cm-1), low nutrient content and medium-to-high calcium ion content (12.4–76.4 mg l-1). Despite the rare occurrence in other parts of the world, the studied Gomphonema species has found favorable conditions in unpolluted and calcium-rich stream beds with flysch strata. The literature data define G. calcifugum as a non-calciphilous species, but this study shows that it can develop in a wide pH range and in calcium-rich waters.
COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF ODONATES AT ALATORI STREAM SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA

Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are sensitive to human disturbance both as adults that are on wings and as larvae that are aquatic. This attribute suggests their usage as assessment tool for determination of human disturbance within the ecosystem. Alatori stream in Akure Forest Reserve was studied from May 2008 to April 2010 in order to determine the water quality and abundance of Odonata species of the stream. Adults and larvae specimens were sampled throughout the sampling period. A total of 767 adult specimens and 108 larvae were collected. Only 45.4% of the penultimate and ultimate larvae collected eclosed (emerged) to teneral adults. The composition of Odonata families occurring at the stream showed that Libellulidae was the highest (281) followed by Chlorocyphidae (158) while the lowest was Megapodagrionidae (5). The occurrence of members of the families Megapodagrionidae, Chlorocyphidae and Calopterigididae indicates that the stream ecosystem can sustain species with narrow niches. Seven physico-chemical variables: temperature (water and ambient), pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water current velocity and depth of the stream were examined and analysed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) result revealed that conductivity, temperature and water depth played a major role in determining the community structure of odonate assemblage in the stream. The mean (±) standard deviation of electrical conductivity (184.25 ± 6.37μS/cm) of the water was indicative of an unpolluted freshwater system with stable habitat structure. The study suggests that the water quality of Alatori stream is healthy and can sustain Odonata and other fauna within the ecosystem.
The multi‐faceted role of mitochondria in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease

Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function. They produce ATP to meet energy demands, regulate homeostasis of ion levels such as calcium and regulate reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative cellular stress. Mitochondria have also been shown to regulate protein synthesis within themselves, as well as within the nucleus, and also influence synaptic plasticity. These roles are especially important for neurons, which have higher energy demands and greater susceptibility to stress. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Glaucoma and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The focus of this review is on how and why mitochondrial function is linked to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of the PD‐linked genetic mutations which have been identified result in dysfunctional mitochondria, through a wide‐spread number of mechanisms. In this review, we describe how susceptible neurons are predisposed to be vulnerable to the toxic events that occur during the neurodegenerative process of PD, and how mitochondria are central to these pathways. We also discuss ways in which proteins linked with familial PD control mitochondrial function, both physiologically and pathologically, along with their implications in genome‐wide association studies and risk assessment. Finally, we review potential strategies for disease modification through mitochondrial enhancement. Ultimately, agents capable of both improving and/or restoring mitochondrial function, either alone, or in conjunction with other disease‐modifying agents may halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Identification of taxa of microscopic fungi occurring on selected herbal plants and possible methods of their elimination

The study was conducted in 2014 at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Its aim was to identify the taxa of microscopic fungi present on selected herbal plants and to propose methods of their elimination. Research material included leaves and stems of affected plants. The material was collected at the end of the growing season (in September). The study identified 11 taxa belonging to two types of fungi: Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Most identified taxa (98.2%) belonged to Ascomycetes. Three species rarely found in Poland were recognized: Ascochyta levistici, Septoria melissae and Phragmidium sanguisorbae. Diseases of herbal plants should preferably be eliminated by using biological methods and appropriate agrotechnical treatments.
Adoption of Agroforestry Practices by Arable Farmers in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

The study examined the level of adoption of agroforestry practices among arable farmers in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers with the use of structured questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, level of adoption of agroforestry practices, types of agroforestry practices adopted, factors influencing the willingness of farmers to adopt agroforestry practices and constraints faced by the farmers in adopting agroforestry-based farming. Data was analysed using frequency, percentage, mean and probit model. The study found that male (78.00%) dominated farming activities in the study area, the majority (96.00%) of the farmers is in the age group of 2160 years, most of the farmers (87.00%) are educated and the majority (76.00%) of them had more than 5 years farming experience. The study revealed that the adoption of agroforestry practices is high (79.00%) in the study areas. Retention of trees on farmland was mostly adopted (31.00%) Original Research Article Oladele et al.; AJRAF, 6(2): 28-37, 2020; Article no.AJRAF. 59453 29 while shifting cultivation is the least adopted (5.00%) agroforestry practice in the study area. The result of the probit model analysis showed that farm size (1.1122), farming experience (0.0231) and access to credit (0.1103) were the factors that significantly influence farmers’ willingness to adopt agroforestry practices at 10.00% probability level in the study area. However the level of adoption of agroforestry practices in the study area was hampered by constraints such as high capital intensive nature of agroforestry practices (87.00%), poor extension service (80.00%), inadequate capital (77.00%), poor technical know-how of agroforestry practices (45.00%), land tenure system (36.00%) and lack of access to credit (13.00%). The study suggests that to enhance the adoption level of agroforestry practices among farmers in the study area, improved agroforestry extension services should be provided to farmers; workshops, seminars and symposia should be organized for adequate training of farmers to understand the techniques of agroforestry; and farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative societies so that they can have access to credit facility to boost their capital.
Talking about a revolution? Costly and costless signals and the role of innovativeness in equity crowdfunding

ABSTRACT Uncertainty and information asymmetries in crowdfunding can be reduced via the quality signals project proponents send to potential supporters. Drawing on signaling theory, this study analyzes how costly signals—venture’s statements about past achievements and results—and costless signals—venture’s statements about future plans and goals—influence crowdfunding performance. The results of a multimethod study of 597 UK equity crowdfunding campaigns suggest that only costly signals increase the amount raised through crowdfunding and that costless signals generally have a negative effect. However, for companies introducing radical innovations use of costless signals is not punished by the crowd.
Probiotics enhance susceptibility of mice to cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrhea in infants and immune-compromised individuals. The lack of effective drugs against this enteric infection is motivating research to develop alternative treatments. To this aim, the impact of probiotics on the course of cryptosporidiosis was explored. The native intestinal microbiota of specific pathogen-free immunosuppressed mice was initially depleted with orally administered antibiotics. Then, a commercially available probiotic product intended for human consumption was added (or not) to the drinking water. Probiotic treated and untreated mice were orally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. On average, mice treated with probiotic excreted more oocysts, indicative of a more severe infection. The probiotic treatment significantly altered the fecal microbiota, but taxonomic analyses showed no direct association between ingestion of probiotic bacteria and their abundance in fecal microbiota. These results suggest that probiotics indirectly alter the intestinal microenvironment in such a way that favors proliferation of C. parvum. The increase in the relative abundance of facultative anaerobes observed in mice with severe cryptosporidiosis indicates that dysbiosis is a consequence of severe cryptosporidiosis. The increase in the abundance of facultative anaerobes observed in severely infected animals is consistent with analyses of microbiota from individuals infected with other enteric pathogens. The results are significant because they show that C. parvum responds to changes in the intestinal microenvironment induced by a nutritional supplement. One Sentence Summary Mice treated with probiotics develop more severe symptoms of cryptosporidiosis.
Pengaruh promo gratis ongkos kirim danonline customer ratingterhadapkeputusan pembelian produkfashion

Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian fashion dalam hal ini adalah produkhijab pashmina padamarketplaceShopee, salah satunya adalah promo gratis ongkos kirim danonlinecustomer rating. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh promo gratis ongkoskirim danonline customer ratingterhadap keputusan pembelian produkfashionpadamarketplaceShopee. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini bersifatinfiniteyaitu seluruh pengguna Shopee, dengan sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 210 responden. Teknik analisisdata yang digunakan adalah analisis regresilinier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa promogratis ongkos kirim (X1) memberi pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap keputusan pembelian(Y). Online customer rating(X2) memberi pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap keputusanpembelian (Y). Sedangkan Promo gratis ongkos kirim (X1) danOnline customer rating(X2) secarasimultan berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian (Y) dengan prosentase34,4%.
Correlation of weight and hypoxemia in children aged between six months to five years with acute lower respiratory tract infection in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the leading cause of death among children less than 5 years in India. Poverty and malnutrition underlie both the high incidence and deaths of young children from pneumonia in SEAR countries. Methods: A hospital based prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 200 children admitted with signs of ALRI were included in the study. A portable oximeter was used to measure oxygen saturation with an appropriately sized sensor on the finger or the toe. Weight was recorded on a standardized digital weighing scale and plotted on standard WHO weight for age chart. Chi-square test was used to test the significance. Results: Out of 200 children studied hypoxemia was present in 90 children with a percentage of 45% and absent in 110 children with a percentage of 55%. Out of 90 children who had hypoxemia, 40 children had weight less than 3rd centile. Out 110 children who had did not have hypoxemia, only 24 children had weight less than 3rd centile. It was observed that children with weight for age less than 3rd centile according to standard WHO charts had higher incidence of hypoxemia. This correlation was statistically significant at p value of 0.001. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study hypoxemia is widely prevalent in children aged between six months to five years presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infection. There was significant correlation with weight and hypoxemia in children aged between six months to five years with acute lower respiratory tract infection.
Collaboration Network Model of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control: Case Study in Subang District, Indonesia

This study was conducted due to the increasing trend of people living with Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (HIV/AIDS) in Subang Regency, West Java Province. This phenomenon was marked by high population mobility. Thus, this study aims to analyze the network model for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in Subang Regency. In this study, a networking approach by collaboration was adopted using six dimensions, namely, governance, administration, organizational autonomy, mutuality, norms and leadership. A qualitative approach is applied to explain a dataset which was a collection of observation and in - depth interview and supported by secondary data from relevant informants who are involved in preventing and reducing HIV/AIDS in Subang Regency. These informants were the actors who represent government agents and non-government organizations. Result showed that all dimensions of collaboration occur on an iterative, cyclical and dynamic process. However, on a practical approach, this model is implemented on a linear and causality basis and can explain a system towards problem-solving and new values forming.
Progressive change in expression of killer-like receptorsr and GPR56 expression defines the cytokine production potential of human CD4+ T memory cells

Memory T cells mount an accelerated response upon re-challenge but are heterogeneous in phenotype and function. Traditionally memory T cells were classified into central memory, effector memory and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) cells based on expression of CCR7 and CD45RA. Functional heterogeneity even within these subsets demonstrated the need for more suitable markers. We applied bulk and single gene expression profiling of human CD4+ memory T cells and identified surface markers, KLRB1, KLRG1, GPR56 and KLRF1, allowing classification into “low”, “high” or “exhausted” cytokine producers. In contrast to common understanding KLRG1 expression was not associated with exhaustion and highest production of multiple cytokines was observed in KLRB1+KLRG1+GPR56+ T cells. Only additional KLRF1 expression was associated with a decline in cytokine production. The superiority of KLRF1 to define exhausted cytokine producers compared to classical TEMRA identification was best exemplified for intrahepatic T cells in patients with inflammatory liver diseases.
Bulb tunic anatomy and its taxonomic implication in Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

Abstract Allium is taxonomically a difficult genus with blurred taxonomic borders at all taxonomic ranks. In this research, anatomy and morphology of bulb tunics in 42 species of the genus representing its 16 currently recognized sections and 6 subgenera (Allium, Cepa, Reticulatobulbosa, Amerallium, Polyprason and Melanocrommyum) were investigated. Our results indicated the following characters to be most informative at sectional and subgeneric levels: features of calcium oxalate crystals and subepidermal cell layer of the outermost bulb tunic, type of tracheids, and bulbils presence. Three main types of crystals, i.e. prismatic, sand and druses, were fairly common among the investigated species except for the members of A. sect. Acanthoprason (A. subg. Melanocrommyum) that often lack crystals. The subepidermal layers of outer tunics were mostly composed of hexagonal, rectangular, or elongated cells but A. paradoxum (A. subg. Amerallium, sect. Briseis) showed the pentagonal type and A. longisepalum (A. subg. Amerallium, sect. Molium) the elliptic type of subepidermal cells. The members of A. sub. Melanocrommyum showed various types of tunic cells and crystals.
Narrative Counter-Terror: Deconstruction, Deliverance, and Debilitation

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore and evaluate narrative analysis as a counter-terror strategy. Research has demonstrated that both the white supremacist and Muslim fundamentalist calls to global violence are instantiations of a single master narrative, victim, which commits the ingroup to the restoration of utopia by the expulsion or extermination of the outgroup. This study deconstructs texts from American Renaissance and Rumiyah to show that the victim master narrative is underpinned by the concept of deliverance, which combines the desirability of the survival of the ingroup (with its various superior qualities) and the likelihood of destruction by the outgroup (with its vastly superior numbers) to justify resistance, defense, and attack. The expanded and elaborated master narrative is then assessed in terms of its potential to: (1) debilitate extremist recruitment; and (2) transform attempts to reduce global terrorism by providing a soft-power alternative to the unsuccessful hard-power strategies that have characterized twenty-first century counter-terror thus far.
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL MOLECULAR MODELS ON STUDENTS' VISUO-SEMIOTIC REASONING SKILLS RELATED TO THE LEWIS STRUCTURE AND BALL & STICK MODEL OF AMMONIA

Visuo-semiotic models, such as Lewis structures and ball & stick models, are widely used to enhance students’ learning. However, there is limited research about the impact of these models on specific visuo-semiotic reasoning skills. In the current research, we aimed to determine the extent to which physical molecular models could enhance specific visuo-semiotic reasoning skills among students. The research question that we explored was, “what is the impact of physical molecular models on Grade 11 students’ visuo-semiotic reasoning skills related to Lewis structures and ball & stick models of ammonia? ” In this mixed-methods research, we collected data from purposively selected Grade 11 chemistry students aged between 15 and 18 from an under-resourced school in South Africa. Through a quasi-experimental design, participants in the experimental group (n = 101) used physical molecular models to learn about Lewis structure and ball & stick models of ammonia while participants in the control group (n = 100) did not. We subsequently tested students' visuo-semiotic reasoning skills. Results show that using physical molecular models significantly improved students' visuo-semiotic reasoning skills and reduced associated learning difficulties. We, therefore, recommend that these models should be used as an instructional tool to enhance learning. Keywords: ball & stick models, Lewis structures, physical models, visuo-semiotic reasoning.