Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of irrigation regime and method of strip irrigation system on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of cotton under drought stress conditions of Orzouiyeh region of Kerman province in Iran

Deficit irrigation is one of the most important methods of management of irrigation to save irrigation water without much damage to plants. Field experiment was conducted in 2010 to study the effect of irrigation deficit and method of irrigation on yield and yield components and water use efficiency of cotton in Orzouiyeh region of Kerman province of Iran. Treatments consisted of three levels of water requirement: 100, 80 and 60% as main factors and two systems of irrigation: surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation as sub factors. The study showed that under subsurface irrigation method treatment of 80% water requirement compared to treatment of 100% water requirement, there is increased water use efficiency by 4.9% with a saving of 1500 m 3 ha -1 water. However, 80% water treatment lead to decrease of 12% in yield, 11% in the number of bolls per plant and 2.5% in boll weight. The 60% water treatment saved 3200 m 3 ha -1 water (40% less consumption of water), but it resulted in a decrease of 38% in cotton yield, 37% in the number of bolls per plant and 24% in boll weight. In general use of 80% water deficit method in cotton cultivation using subsurface irrigation could help in saving of irrigation water and increasing water use efficiency under drought conditions prevailing in Orzouiyeh region of Kerman province of Iran.
Metabolic effects on recombinant interferon‐γ glycosylation in continuous culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Asparagine linked (N-linked) glycosylation is an important modification of recombinant proteins, because the attached oligosaccharide chains can significantly alter protein properties. Potential glycosylation sites are not always occupied with oligosaccharide, and site occupancy can change with the culture environment. To investigate the relationship between metabolism and glycosylation site occupancy, we studied the glycosylation of recombinant human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) produced in continuous culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Intracellular nucleotide sugar levels and IFN-gamma glycosylation were measured at different steady states which were characterized by central carbon metabolic fluxes estimated by material balances and extracellular metabolite rate measurements. Although site occupancy varied over a rather narrow range, we found that differences correlated with the intracellular pool of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GNAc). Measured nucleotide levels and estimates of central carbon metabolic fluxes point to UTP depletion as the cause of decreased UDP-GNAc during glucose limitation. Glucose limited cells preferentially utilized available carbon for energy production, causing reduced nucleotide biosynthesis. Lower nucleoside triphosphate pools in turn led to lower nucleotide sugar pools and reduced glycosylation site occupancy. Subsequent experiments in batch and fed-batch culture have confirmed that UDP-sugar concentrations are correlated with UTP levels in the absence of glutamine limitation. Glutamine limitation appears to influence glycosylation by reducing amino sugar formation and hence UDP-GNAc concentration. The influence of nucleotide sugars on site occupancy may only be important during periods of extreme starvation, since relatively large changes in nucleotide sugar pools led to only minor changes in glycosylation.
Herpetofaunal Richness and Community Structure of Offshore Islands of Sulawesi, Indonesia 1

We examined the distribution and broad habitat associations of the herpetofauna on three offshore islands of southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 74 amphibian and reptile taxa were recorded, comprising 13 frogs, 29 lizards, 29 snakes, 1 freshwater turtle, and 1 crocodile. Of the total taxa, 38 percent were endemic to Sulawesi, 13 were new undescribed taxa. Range extensions were also recorded for one taxon previously not known from Sulawesi. Herpetofauna of these islands is largely derived from that of mainland Sulawesi, and as for Sulawesi generally, is depauperate compared with herpetofaunal assemblages in Borneo, Java, and Thailand. Taxon richness was much higher in minimally disturbed forest and forest habitats with only moderate disturbance levels than in highly modified or disturbed habitats, such as secondary forests, plantations, and villages. Disturbed habitats were characterized by widespread, habitat generalists and human commensals. Forests were characterized by endemic and habitat‐specialist taxa. Little discrimination of taxon composition or endemism was found between minimally and moderately disturbed forest habitats. These results reaffirm the need for more general biological survey and research in this region. Taxa most likely to be displaced by human impacts tend to be endemic taxa, for which there exists little or no ecological information. The similarity in the herpetofaunal community structure between habitats with minimal and moderate disturbance levels has important implications for our understanding of ecological resilience in tropical herpetofaunal communities.
Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antimalarial Triterpenoid Acids from the Leaves of Morinda lucida.

Abstract The EtOH, CH2Cl2, and petroleum ether extracts from Morinda lucida. Benth. leaves have been shown to exhibit an in vitro. antiplasmodial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. strain with IC50 values 5.7 ± 1.3, 5.2 ± 0.8, and 3.9 ± 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo. , at a daily oral dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, they produced at least 62.5%, 67.5%, and 72.2% reduction of parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei. , respectively. A bioassay-guided fraction of the most active petroleum ether extract resulted in the isolation of two known triterpenic acids as ursolic acid 1 and oleanolic acid 2. In vitro. , 1 and 2 exhibited an antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.1 ± 1.3 and 15.2 ± 3.4 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo. , at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, they produced 97.7% and 37.4% chemosuppression, respectively. However, all tested samples were inactive in vitro. against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. (K1) at the highest tested concentration of 25 µg/mL.
Evidence for extinction selectivity throughout the marine invertebrate fossil record

Abstract The fossil record has been used to show that in some geologic intervals certain traits of taxa may increase their survivability, and therefore that the risk of extinction is not randomly distributed among taxa. It has also been suggested that traits that buffer against extinction in background times do not confer the same resistance during mass extinction events. An open question is whether at any time in geologic history extinction probabilities were randomly distributed among taxa. Here we use a method for detecting random extinction to demonstrate that during both background and mass extinction times, extinction of marine invertebrate genera has been nonrandom with respect to species richness categories of genera. A possible cause for this nonrandom extinction is selective clustering of extinctions in genera consisting of species which possess extinction-biasing traits. Other potential causes considered here include geographic selectivity, increased extinction susceptibility for species in species-rich genera, or biases related to taxonomic practice and/or sampling heterogeneity. An important theoretical result is that extinction selectivity at the species level cannot be smoothly extrapolated upward to genera; the appearance of random genus extinction with respect to species richness of genera results when extinction has been highly selective at the species level.
Seasonal population dynamics of the Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) in urban environments

Abstract Since the 1970s, the Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) has increased in abundance in coastal urban environments, where its high numbers can come into conflict with human interests. Little is known about them, and baseline information for appropriate management is lacking. Here we present data on the populations and age-composition of three major colonies of Ibis from the Sydney area over one year. Colonies differed between sites and through the year, which highlights the need for a broad-scale assessment of colonies before undertaking management actions. An analysis of the fly-in directions to their overnight roosts suggests that Ibis forage mainly at landfills.
Assessing the Survival and Growth Performance of Iranian Melon to Grafting onto Cucurbita Rootstocks

‘Khatooni’ melon was grafted onto three Cucurbita rootstocks including interspecific hybrids to examine scion-rootstock compatibility and to correlate plant performance under greenhouse conditions. Commercial cultivars, ‘ShintoHongto’, ‘Ace’, and ‘Shintozwa’, were used as rootstock and non-grafted plants used as controls. Root activity, stem length, rootstock hypocotyl diameter, scion hypocotyl diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, leaf area, length and width of leaf, fresh and dry weight of top organs and roots were recorded 30 and 60 days after grafting. The rootstocks showed high compatibility of up to 97% with scions. The rootstocks except ‘Shintozwa’ had more vascular bundles than scion plants. Vegetative growth of the grafted melon plants varied markedly, indicating differences in compatibility between the scion and rootstocks. Significant differences in vegetative growth were found in melons grafted onto rootstocks and trained with different training methods and T1 treatment (non-pinched) had higher values. In the grafted melon, root activity was the highest in the ‘Shintozwa’ rootstock. Grafted melon plants trained with T1 treatment in the second measuring time showed higher root activity than other training methods plants. Among the grafted seedlings, all the rootstocks exhibited similar effects. According to the results, practical use of the tested rootstocks can be advisable for Iranian melon.
North of England evidence based guidelines development project: summary version of evidence based guideline for the primary care management of asthma in adults

Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. A meta-analysis of studies into the effect ofacupuncture on addiction. BrJ Gen Pract 1990;40:379-82. 13 Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, ter Riet G. Clinical trials of homoeopathy. BMV 1991;302:316-23. 14 Kleijnen J, ter Riet G, Knipschild P. Acupuncture and asthma: a review of controlled trials. Thorax 1991;46:799-802. 15 Koes BW, Bouter LM, Beckerman H, van der Heijden GJMG, Knipschild PG. Physiotherapy exercises and back pain: a blinded review. BMJ 1991;302:1572-6. 16 Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. II: How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JVAMA 1994;271:59-63. 17 Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users' guide to the medical literature. III: How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAA4A 1994;271:389-91. 18 Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users' guide to the medical literature. III: How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring formy patients? JAMA 1994;271:703-5. 19 Canadian Task Force. The periodic health examination. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Journal of the Canadian Medical Association 1979;121:1193-254. 20 British Thoracic Society, British Paediatric Association, Royal College of Physicians, King's Fund Centre, National Asthma Campaign, Royal College of General Practitioners, General Practitioners in Asthma Group, British Association of Accident and Emergency Medicine, British Paediatric Respiratory Group. Guidelines on the management of asthma. Thorax 1993;48:S1-24.
Population genetic structure of the western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in British Columbia, Canada

Population connectivity and movement are key ecological parameters influencing the impact of pests, and are important considerations in control strategies. For many insects, these parameters are difficult to assess directly, although they may be assessed indirectly using population genetic data. We used microsatellite markers to examine population genetic structure of the western cherry fruit fly, the main pest of cherry crops in western North America, in British Columbia, Canada, and make inferences about connectivity and potential for movement among populations. Comparing populations from four geographical regions (separated by up to approximately 400 km), we found significant genetic differentiation both among and within regions. Using populations as the units of analysis, we observed significant isolation by distance (IBD) at larger spatial scales but not below approximately 20 km. By contrast, using individual flies as the units of analysis, we found significant IBD at scales as small as < 100 m. We saw no evidence of genetic differentiation among populations sampled from different species/varieties of plants. Our results suggest that the movement of individual flies is limited, although high levels of gene flow are maintained at scales of up to 20 km, possibly through combined effects of stepping‐stone gene flow and large population sizes.
The systematics and biology of the South African gall-inducing scale insect, Calycicoccus merwei Brain (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)

The scale insect genus Calycicoccus Brain has a single described species, C. merwei Brain, which is endemic to southeastern South Africa. Females of C. merwei induce small, mostly conical galls on the foliage of their host tree, Apodytes dimidiata E. Meyer ex Arn. (Icacinaceae), which has a wider, mostly coastal distribution, than that currently known for the scale insect. Calycicoccus has been placed in the family Eriococcidae and may be related to the South American genus Aculeococcus Lepage. No other native eriococcid species have been described so far in South Africa, although the family is diverse in other Gondwanan regions. This paper summarizes the biology of C. merwei, redescribes the adult female, describes the adult male, the second-instar female and the first-instar nymphs for the first time, and reconsiders the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. The adult female is shown to have unusual abdominal segmentation, in that segment I is present both dorsally and ventrally, but a segment is absent ventrally on the middle abdomen. First-instar nymphs are sexually dimorphic; males have a larger and relatively narrower body, larger mouthparts, longer antennae and legs, and more thoracic dorsal setae compared with females. Molecular data from nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA (18S) and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) show C. merwei to have no close relatives among the Eriococcidae sampled to date. Instead, the Calycicoccus lineage is part of a polytomy near the base of the Eriococcidae. Molecular dating of the node suggests that the Calycicoccus lineage diverged from other eriococcids more than 100 Mya. These data support the placement of Calycicoccus as the only genus in the subfamily Calycicoccinae Brain.
Spatial Pattern of Pindó Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana) Recruitment in Argentinian Atlantic Forest: The Importance of Tapir and Effects of Defaunation

Hunting pressure, fragmentation and deforestation have caused global declines in animal abundance, and the consequences for plant communities are poorly understood. Many large‐seeded plants, for instance, depend on large and endangered vertebrates for seed dispersal. In some Semi‐deciduous Atlantic Forests, endangered tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) are major dispersers of pindó palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana). Here, we compare recruitment patterns of pindó palms between protected and disturbed (defaunated) Atlantic Forest areas in Argentina and evaluate the potential consequences of the lack of the main disperser for pindó palm regeneration. We analyzed the number and spatial pattern of pindó adults, offspring, and tapir dung piles within ten plots established in an area spanning tapir latrines inside Iguazú National Park and in a fragmented forest area outside the park where tapir is locally extinct. In both areas, we evaluated recruitment levels beneath 24 adult palms in circular plots centered on adult stems. We found lower pindó palm recruitment outside the park where offspring tended to be aggregated around adult palms. In contrast, in Iguazú National Park offspring were spatially associated with tapir dung‐piles, in which most offspring were registered. Recruitment under adults was higher outside the park suggesting a lower rate of seed removal in disturbed areas. Our results show that tapir dispersal promotes higher recruitment levels of pindó offspring and shapes their spatial pattern, breaking the spatial association with adult (presumably maternal) palms. These results are useful for predicting the impact of local tapir extinction on this palm.
Eight cycles of recurrent selection for resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean

The genetic progress (GP) was evaluated after eight cycles of recurrent selection for resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean and indirect gain for yield and grain type. The base population (Cycle-0) was obtained from the diallel cross of seven lines with carioca grain and ten resistance sources. To obtain Cycle I, the most resistant S0 plants of Cycle 0 were intercrossed. The same procedure was adopted in the subsequent cycles. GP for resistance to the pathogen was estimated by the overall average of the progenies of each cycle in comparison with control Carioca MG and for productivity in comparison to the controls Carioca MG and Perola. Lines of the first six cycles were used for grain type. No GP was detected for resistance to angular leaf spot. However, the indirect yield gain was 2.3% and 2.5% in the selection for grain type, with values similar to those obtained by direct selection for these traits.
A synthesis of the early life history of the anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius (Linnaeus, 1758) in northern British waters

Although the anglerfish Lophius piscatorius is now a species of major commercial importance, our understanding of its basic biology is far from complete. Here, the early life history of L. piscatorius is investigated by otolith daily increment analysis, the application of a particle tracking model and an examination of the geographical distribution of pelagic and demersal anglerfish. Otolith incremental analysis indicates that the pelagic phase is relatively long (ca. 120 days) and growth during the first year of life is rapid. A particle tracking model predicts that pelagic post larvae of known age caught west of the Outer Hebrides could originate from the shelf edge west of Ireland, the Rockall Plateau and the northern perimeter of the North Sea, whereas those caught in the northern North Sea are likely to originate from the western edge of the Norwegian Deep and the shelf edge west and north of Scotland. The model also predicts that a large proportion of the young anglerfish originating from a spawning area located west of the Outer Hebrides will enter the North Sea and that although most of the spawning products originating at Rockall will recruit to the Rockall Plateau some may be transported northwest and some to the northern perimeter of the North Sea. The distribution of the demersal stages suggests that L. piscatorius spawns in deep water, the transition from the pelagic to the demersal phase takes place in relatively shallow water and most recruits enter the North Sea from the north and west. The finding that some juveniles may settle on the seabed hundreds of kilometres from the spawning grounds has major implications for the effective management of the fishery.
Notes on the Bionomics of Some Ontario Cercopids (Homoptera)

When Manns (1939) reported that the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus leucophthalmus (L.), was a vector of peach yellows, the investigations on the bionomics of vectors of peach virus diseases then being carried on in the Niagara Peninsula were expanded to include this species. During the rearing of large numbers of nymphs to determine the host plants and habitats of P. leucophthalmus some other species of cercopids were also encountered.
Interannual variation in soil CO2 efflux and the response of root respiration to climate and canopy gas exchange in mature ponderosa pine

We examined a 6‐year record of automated chamber‐based soil CO2 efflux (Fs) and the underlying processes in relation to climate and canopy gas exchange at an AmeriFlux site in a seasonally drought‐stressed pine forest. Interannual variability of Fs was large (CV=17%) with a range of 427 g C m−2 yr−1 around a mean annual Fs of 811 g C m−2 yr−1. On average, 76% of the variation of daily mean Fs could be quantified using an empirical model with year‐specific basal respiration rate that was a linear function of tree basal area increment (BAI) and modulated by a common response to soil temperature and moisture. Interannual variability in Fs could be attributed almost equally to interannual variability in BAI (a proxy for above‐ground productivity) and interannual variability in soil climate. Seasonal total Fs was twice as sensitive to soil moisture variability during the summer months compared with temperature variability during the same period and almost insensitive to the natural range of interannual variability in spring temperatures. A strong seasonality in both root respiration (Rr) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) was observed with the fraction attributed to Rr steadily increasing from 18% in mid‐March to 50% in early June through early July before dropping rapidly to 10% of Fs by mid‐August. The seasonal pattern in Rr (10‐day averages) was strongly linearly correlated with tree transpiration (r2=0.90, P<0.01) as measured using sap flux techniques and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP, r2=0.83, P<0.01) measured by the eddy‐covariance approach. Rr increased by 0.43 g C m−2 day−1 for every 1 g C m−2 day−1 increase in GEP. The strong linear correlation of Rr to seasonal changes in GEP and transpiration combined with longer‐term interannual variability in the base rate of Fs, as a linear function of BAI (r2=0.64, P=0.06), provides compelling justification for including canopy processes in future models of Fs.