Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technical implementation plan for the ShakeAlert production system: an Earthquake Early Warning system for the West Coast of the United States

COVER IMAGE: Map generated from the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system showing the initial 10 seconds of an M7.8 scenario earthquake on the southern San Andreas Fault. Expected warning times for the scenario earthquake are shown by red dashed lines with warning time labeled. Faults (solid dark-gray lines), length of the scenario rupture (dotted black line), and major cities (black dot with city name labeled) are shown. Purple, red, and yellow colors show instantaneous surface velocity of the earthquake, and this data is modified from the TeraShake simulation (www.scec.org/terashake). For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs. gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs. gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Executive Summary Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) systems can provide as much as tens of seconds of warning to people and automated systems before strong shaking arrives. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and its partners are developing such an EEW system, called ShakeAlert, for the West Coast of the United States. This document describes the technical implementation of that system, which leverages existing stations and infrastructure of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) regional networks to achieve this new capability. While significant progress has been made in developing the ShakeAlert early warning system, improved robustness of each component of the system and additional testing and certification are needed for the system to be reliable enough to issue public alerts. Major components of the system include dense networks of ground motion sensors, telecommunications from those sensors to central processing systems, algorithms for event detection and alert creation, and distribution systems to alert users. Capital investment costs for a West Coast EEW system are projected to be $38.3M, with additional annual maintenance and operations totaling $16.1M—in addition to current ANSS expenditures for earthquake monitoring. An EEW system is complementary to, but does not replace, other strategies to mitigate earthquake losses. The system has limitations: false and missed alerts are possible, and the area very near …
Simulating the surface energy balance over two contrasting urban environments using the Community Land Model Urban

A single‐layer urban canopy model Community Land Model Urban (CLMU) is evaluated over two contrasting urban environments of Toulouse (France) and Melbourne (Australia). For the latter, three measurement sites are available characterized by a varying amount of vegetation, which supports a detailed assessment of the representation of urban vegetation in CLMU. For Toulouse, observed roof, wall and road surface temperatures allow for a detailed evaluation of the anthropogenic heat parameterization. Overall, CLMU performs well in simulating the canyon and urban surface temperatures, anthropogenic heat flux and urban energy balance, with an overall better performance for the dense old city centre of Toulouse in comparison to the more vegetated sites in Melbourne. Results for the latter sites reveal that the pervious road fraction provides a reasonable approximation of vegetation in the urban canyon while the tile approach often results in an underestimation of latent heat fluxes. A detailed analysis of the radiative, turbulent and anthropogenic heat fluxes as well as surface temperatures for Toulouse point to a complex interaction between urban surfaces and canyon properties. Decoupling the roof from the urban canyon to the atmosphere aloft is shown to be important. Our findings suggest that more evaluation is necessary for contrasting urban geometries in order to obtain a better understanding of the interaction between the roof surface on the one hand and canyon air and air aloft on the other hand. The results simultaneously reveal a trade‐off in errors between surface temperatures, radiative and turbulent fluxes and anthropogenic heat which again stresses the importance of the intended model application. Also, our results suggest that model complexity should, perhaps, relate to the site complexity. These results provide a robust basis for the construction of additional sensitivity experiments, tailored towards the intended application for urban climate mitigation studies.
Decentralization and Poverty in Developing Countries: Exploring the Impact

Decentralization has been advocated by donors and development agencies as an important factor broadening citizen participation and improving local governance, thereby, promoting poverty reduction from the bottom up. On the basis of a comprehensive review of 19 country case studies documented in the literature, this paper questions this assumption. The authors find that an unambiguous link between decentralization and poverty reduction cannot be established. In some of the poorest countries characterized by weak institutions and political conflicts, decentralization could actually make matters worse. Interestingly, the poverty impact of decentralization would appear to depend less on the physical country setting, for example a country's size or quality of infrastructure, than on the capacity and willingness of policy makers to ensure a pro-poor devolution process. Two important policy lessons emerge from this study. First, in an environment where the central state is not fulfilling its basic functions, decentralization could be counterproductive and, therefore, should not be a donor priority. Secondly, in countries that are fulfilling their functions, decentralization could be a powerful tool for poverty reduction, improving representation of the poor and better targeting of service delivery. To fully reap the potential benefits of decentralization, donors' intervention in these countries should focus on providing technical support and improving the co-ordination of their aid policies at both the local and national level.
Diffusion of lipids and GPI-anchored proteins in actin-free plasma membrane vesicles measured by STED-FCS

Diffusion and interaction dynamics of molecules at the plasma membrane play an important role in cellular signalling. These have been suggested to be strongly associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we utilise super-resolution STED microscopy combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (STED-FCS) to access the sub-diffraction diffusion regime of different fluorescent lipid analogues and GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the cellular plasma membrane, and compare it to the diffusion regime of these molecules in cell-derived actin-free giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). We show that phospholipids and sphingomyelin, which undergo hindered diffusion in the live cell membrane, diffuse freely in the GPMVs. In contrast to sphingomyelin, which is transiently trapped on molecular-scale complexes in intact cells, diffusion of the ganglioside lipid GM1 suggests transient incorporation into nanodomains, which is less influenced by the actin cortex. Finally, our data on GPI-APs indicate two molecular pools in living cells, one pool showing high mobility with trapped and compartmentalized diffusion, and the other forming immobile clusters both of which disappear in GPMVs. Our data underlines the crucial role of the actin cortex in maintaining hindered diffusion modes of most but not all membrane molecules. GPMVs giant plasma membrane vesicles GUVs giant unilamellar vesicles GPI-AP Glycophosphatidylinositol anchored protein PL phospholipid STED Stimulated emission depletion FCS fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt

The Australian cereal belt stretches as an arc from north-eastern Australia to south-western Australia (24˚S–40˚S and 125˚E–147˚E), with mean annual temperatures from 14˚C (temperate) to 26˚C (subtropical), and with annual rainfall ranging from 250 mm to 1500 mm. The predominant soil types of the cereal belt include Chromosols, Kandosols, Sodosols, and Vertosols, with significant areas of Ferrosols, Kurosols, Podosols, and Dermosols, covering approximately 20 Mha of arable cropping and 21 Mha of ley pastures. Cultivation and cropping has led to a substantial loss of soil organic matter (SOM) from the Australian cereal belt; the long-term SOM loss often exceeds 60% from the top 0–0.1 m depth after 50 years of cereal cropping. Loss of labile components of SOM such as sand-size or particulate SOM, microbial biomass, and mineralisable nitrogen has been even higher, thus resulting in greater loss in soil productivity than that assessed from the loss of total SOM alone. Since SOM is heterogeneous in nature, the significance and functions of its various components are ambiguous. It is essential that the relationship between levels of total SOM or its identif iable components and the most affected soil properties be established and then quantif ied before the concentrations or amounts of SOM and/or its components can be used as a performance indicator. There is also a need for experimentally verifiable soil organic C pools in modelling the dynamics and management of SOM. Furthermore, the interaction of environmental pollutants added to soil, soil microbial biodiversity, and SOM is poorly understood and therefore requires further study. Biophysically appropriate and cost-effective management practices for cereal cropping lands are required for restoring and maintaining organic matter for sustainable agriculture and restoration of degraded lands. The additional benefit of SOM restoration will be an increase in the long-term greenhouse C sink, which has the potentialto reduce greenhouse emissions by about 50 Mt CO2 equivalents/year over a 20-year period, although current improved agricultural practices can only sequester an estimated 23% of the potential soil C sink.
Revision sistematica y reconocimiento de una nueva especie del genero thylatheridium reig ( marsupialia , didelphidae )

New remains assignable to species of Thylatheridiurn Reig, 1952, from Huayquerian (late Miocene) sediments of La Pampa Province (Argentina) are described. Specimen MLP 86-Vll-I0-l, referred to T. dolgopolae, shows several unique features among members of this genus: p3 obliquely oriented in the dental row, talonid of m4 extremely narrow. Specimen PVM 1001 is assigned to a new species: T. hudsoni, characterized by its rather slender mandibular ramus, lacking a developed labial convexity, and intermediate in size from those of. T. pascuali and T. dolgopolae; ml-4 with poorly developed anterior cingula, and talonid of m4 comparatively very broad. The dental specializations found in all species of Thylatheridium suggest an adaptive tendence over small vertebrate predation, although it can 't be discarded partially insectivorous habits, at least at some stages of their ontogenetic development.
Genomic Analysis and Artificial Intelligence: Predicting Viral Mutations and Future Pandemics

This study presents a novel approach at the intersection of genomic analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict viral mutations and assess the risks of future pandemics. Through comprehensive genomic analysis, genetic markers associated with increased virulence and transmissibility are identified. Advanced machine learning algorithms are employed to analyze genetic data and forecast viral mutations, taking into account factors such as replication rates, host-pathogen interactions, and environmental influences. The research also evaluates the risk of future pandemics by examining zoonotic reservoirs, human-animal interfaces, and climate change impacts. AI-powered risk assessment models provide insights into potential outbreak hotspots, facilitating targeted surveillance and preventive measures. This research offers a proactive approach to pandemic preparedness, enabling early intervention and the development of effective containment strategies and vaccines. The fusion of genomic analysis and AI enhances our ability to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures in safeguarding public health.
Reproducibility of Regional Climate in Central Japan Using the 4-km Resolution WRF Model

The present study provides a preliminary evaluation of the WRF model at 4-km horizontal resolution in central Japan with a 5-year control simulation. The results show that the spatial distribution of the annual mean temperature is well reproduced with a bias of +0.6°C. However, the diurnal range is underestimated by 1.8°C, which is mainly caused by an overestimation of the daily minimum temperature from October to April. Additional analyses indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the monthly bias and the number of clear sky days in a particular month, which implies the incomplete reproduction of the surface inversion layer at night. The model overestimates the annual precipitation amount averaged over the analysis domain by 7%, compared to the observations. Such a positive bias results from the overestimation of weak precipitation. On the other hand, the model underestimates the frequency of the heavy rainfall. The performance of the WRF model shown in this study is similar to that of the NHRCM (by Sasaki et al. 2008). The results indicate that the WRF model can be used for high resolution, regional climate simulation/projection research for the studied region.
The sea breeze/land breeze circulation in Los Angeles and its influence on nitryl chloride production in this region

[1] The sea breeze/land breeze diurnal circulation within the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent waters transports marine air into the basin during the day and urban air to Santa Monica Bay during the night. Nitryl chloride, ClNO2 is a nocturnal trace gas formed from the heterogeneous reaction of dinitrogen pentaoxide (N2O5) with chloride containing aerosol. Its photolysis after sunrise produces atomic chlorine radicals and regenerates NO2, both of which may increase ozone production. Mixing of the chloride source from marine sea salt with the urban NOx source in Los Angeles provides conditions ideal for the production of ClNO2. This paper presents an analysis using a wind profiler on the coast and measurements of ClNO2 and its precursors made from both ship and aircraft to assess the prevailing meteorological conditions important for ClNO2 production in this region, with a particular focus on the production over water within the land breeze phase of the circulation. A box model is used to calculate an upper limit to the amount of ClNO2 capable of being produced strictly over Santa Monica Bay during the land breeze. On three out of the four nights of ClNO2 measurements in Santa Monica Bay, the ClNO2 exceeds the upper limit calculated using the box model and shows that the majority of the ClNO2 is produced over the city and transported to Santa Monica Bay by the land breeze. This ClNO2 transport suggests the sea breeze more efficiently transports aerosol chloride inland than land breeze transports NOx offshore.
Verifying the declared origin of timber using stable isotope ratio and multi-element analyses

The FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade) regulations were introduced in 2003 with the intention of reversing the rate of destruction of the world’s forests. One of the European Union’s aims is to halt the import of illegally acquired and endangered timber. The timber trade law (regulation (EU) 995/2010) stipulates that importers of tropical timber must be able to identify the origin of timber used in their products, and from the 3rd March 2013, it is a criminal offence to sell endangered timber in the European Union without a FLEGT licence. There are few analytical methods available to determine the declared origin of timber. The current procedure involves checking of shipping documents and visual checks of common timber species for origin identification. In this project, one hundred timber core samples of Sapele (Entandrophragma), Rosewood (Dalbergia) and Ebony (Diospyros) trees were taken from across West Africa and Madagascar. The δ2H, δ13C, and δ18O isotopes of the extracted cellulose were determined by using an elemental analyser coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The study revealed that δ2H and δ18O of cellulose showed no correlation with δ2H and δ18O of precipitation water, suggesting the leaf-to-air-vapour pressure difference (VPD), as well as alternative ground water sources may influence the isotopes laid down in cellulose of tropical timber. Additionally, multi-element profiles of the timber samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), to assess the potential for geographical origin discrimination based on the combined profile of stable isotope ratios and multi-element concentrations. Using the multivariate statistical technique of canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), data were processed enabling a cross validation rate of 86.6%. Twelve elemental variables were selected by the CDA for the multivariate analysis (Mo, Zn, Ca, As, δ13C, δ18O, Sb, Mn, Pb, Cu, La, Ba), which provided maximum discrimination between the timber samples originating from Ghana, Cameroon, The Congo, The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Madagascar. Hence, the combination of the methodologies of stable isotope ratio and trace element analysis offers an effective approach to verifying the declared origin of timber.
Does Immigration Affect the Phillips Curve? Some Evidence for Spain

This paper examines the evolution of the Phillips Curve (PC) for the Spanish economy since 1980. In particular, we focus on what has happened since the late 1990s. Since 1999 the unemployment rate has fallen by almost 7 percentage points, while ination has remained relatively subdued around a plateau of 2%4%. Thus, the slope of the PC has become much atter. We argue that this favorable evolution is largely due to the huge rise in the immigration rate, from 1% of the population in 1994 to 9.3% in 2006. We derive a New Keynesian Phillips curve accounting for the e¤ects of immigration, a variable which is found to shift the curve if preferences and bargaining power of immigrants and natives di¤er. We then estimate this curve for Spain since 1980 and nd that while the fall in unemployment over the last 8 years comes along with an increase in ination of 2.2 percentage points per year, the increase of the relative unemployment rate of immigrants vis-à-vis natives accounts for an ofsetting 0.9 percentage points drop in the ination rate per year. Keywords: Phillips curve, immigration JEL Codes: E31, J64. The rst author is also a¢ liated with CEPR and CESifo; the second and third, with CEPR and IZA. We are grateful to Javier Andrés and Jordi Galí for helpful comments. Corresponding author: Samuel Bentolila, CEMFI, Casado del Alisal 5, 28014 Madrid, e-mail: bentolila@cem . es.
Analisis Pemahaman Matematis Siswa Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif Reflektif-Impulsif

Mathematical understanding is one's ability to absorb and convey mathematical ideas again. Mathematical understanding can be influenced by the way a person has in receiving, absorbing, and relaying the information received. To achieve the objectives, the research employs descriptive qualitative research to find out students' mathematical understanding of polynomial material in terms of Reflective-Impulsive cognitive style. The method by collecting data is consist of tests, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively based on indicators that have been determined. The results showed that the Mathematical understanding of subjects with Reflective cognitive style was good. In this research is shown by the fulfillment of Mathematical understanding indicators, the students can: (1) identify and make examples and not examples; (2) translating and interpreting symbol meanings and mathematical sentences; (3) understand and apply mathematical ideas; and (4) make an extrapolation. Whereas mathematically the subjects with Impulsive cognitive style are still not good. This is indicated by the fact that almost all indicators have not been fulfilled.
Logiques de gestion du travail, environnements conventionnel et concurrentiel: des politiques de rémunération sous influences

Using data from large-scale establishment surveys in France, we explore both the contents and the determinants of the different pay systems implemented in French establishments. Firstly, we underline that incentive systems are nowadays generalized and what distinguishes establishments is whether or not they still include general wage increases in their package. As pay system are thus getting more complex, another important distinguishing feature is whether or not establishment have segmented pay systems for executives and non-executives. Secondly, based on logistic regressions, we study the weights of different factors that could explain the choice of an establishment between those different pay systems. We then show the combined influence of the institutional, organizational and market constraints on employers' strategies.
Modélisation climatique du Bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique

Les flux air-mer, la convection profonde et la cyclogenese sont etudies en Mediterranee grâce au developpement d'un modele regional couple (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'etudier leur variabilite climatique. Le couplage regional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogeneses intenses en hiver et sur les flux et precipitations associes. Il simule une variabilite interannuelle plus faible qu'en mode force pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les retroactions qui la pilotent. L'impact regional d'un scenario climatique est analyse avec les modeles non-couples : le nombre de cyclogeneses diminue, les pluies associees augmentent au printemps et en automne et diminuent en ete. En outre, la Mediterranee se rechauffe, se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette these conclut de plus a la necessite des AORCMs pour etudier l'impact du changement climatique en Mediterranee.
The Butana Group Ceramics and their Place in the Neolithic and Post-Neolithic of Northeast Africa

This study for the first time provides an in-depth examination of the Butana Group ceramics that in turn represent a large sedentary development existing in the far reaches of the eastern Sahel during the 4th millennium BC. These particular ceramics are compared with known Nilotic Neolithic and post-Neolithic ceramic groups in northeast Africa, including the Egyptian Neolithic and Predynastic, the Nubian A-Group, the Abkan Group, the Khartoum Neolithic and Late Neolithic of the Central Nile Valley. In the end, the Butana Group ceramics represent yet another significant cultural development in northeast Africa very different from other cultures situated along the Nile Valley.