Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AEROsol generic classification using a novel Satellite remote sensing Approach (AEROSA)

Numerous studies (hereafter GA: general approach studies) have been made to classify aerosols into desert dust (DD), biomass-burning (BB), clean continental (CC), and clean maritime (CM) types using only aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE). However, AOD represents the amount of aerosol suspended in the atmospheric column while the AE is a qualitative indicator of the size distribution of the aerosol estimated using AOD measurements at different wavelengths. Therefore, these two parameters do not provide sufficient information to unambiguously classify aerosols into these four types. Evaluation of the performance of GA classification applied to AErosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) data, at sites for situations with known aerosol types, provides many examples where the GA method does not provide correct results. For example, a thin layer of haze was classified as BB and DD outside the crop burning and dusty seasons respectively, a thick layer of haze was classified as BB, and aerosols from known crop residue burning events were classified as DD, CC, and CM by the GA method. The results also show that the classification varies with the season, for example, the same range of AOD and AE were observed during a dust event in the spring (20th March 2012) and a smog event in the autumn (2nd November 2017). The results suggest that only AOD and AE cannot precisely classify the exact nature (i.e., DD, BB, CC, and CM) of aerosol types without incorporating more optical and physical properties. An alternative approach, AEROsol generic classification using a novel Satellite remote sensing Approach (AEROSA), is proposed to provide aerosol amount and size information using AOD and AE, respectively, from the Terra-MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collection 6.1 Level 2 combined Dark Target and Deep Blue (DTB) product and AERONET Version 3 Level 2.0 data. Although AEROSA is also based on AOD and AE, it does not claim the nature of aerosol types, instead providing information on aerosol amount and size. The purpose is to introduce AEROSA for those researchers who are interested in the generic classification of aerosols based on AOD and AE, without claiming the exact aerosol types such as DD, BB, CC, and CM. AEROSA not only provides 9 generic aerosol classes for all observations but can also accommodate variations in location and season, which GA aerosol types do not.
Long-Term Variability of Summer Temperature in the Southern Part of South America—Is There a Connection with Changes in Solar Activity?

Reconstruction of the summer (December–February) temperature of the southern part of the South American continent was studied in the time interval 900–1995. Significant temporal variations with periods of ca 520 years, ca 220 years, and 90–150 years have been found. Since bicentennial and century-type climatic oscillations can be a manifestation of the respective solar cycles of Suess and Gleissberg, the correlation between the corresponding climatic and solar periodicities was investigated. Data on the concentration of cosmogenic beryllium in the ice of the South Pole, solar modulation potential, and total solar irradiance, reconstructed using cosmogenic isotopes, were used as indicators of activity of the Sun. It turned out that there was no correlation between bicentennial and century-long variations in solar activity and temperature in the southern part of the South American continent. On the other hand, a fairly significant (c.l. 0.92–0.94) correlation between the multi-centennial (periods of 393–548 years) temperature variations and solar proxies was found. Based on these results, it is difficult to draw an unambiguous conclusion about the solar forcing on the climate of South America. It is more important that the results obtained confirm the existence of natural variations in the Earth’s climate with periods close to solar cycles but independent of changes in solar activity. The presence of such periodicities can seriously complicate the identification of the solar influence on the climate, which should be taken into account in further solar-climatic studies.
Effect of Ethanol Consumption on the Placenta and Liver of Partially IGF-1-Deficient Mice: The Role of Metabolism via CYP2E1 and the Antioxidant Enzyme System

Simple Summary Ethanol is the most consumed drug worldwide, even during pregnancy. One of its adverse outcomes is fetal growth restriction, an alteration in development due to decreased IGF-1 levels. Several studies have shown that ethanol can impair the IGF-1 signaling pathway, thus exacerbating IGF-1 adverse effects in both intrauterine and postnatal growth and development. In this manuscript, we used a partially IGF-1-deficient mouse model to demonstrate the key role of IGF-1 in fetal development, as well as ethanol’s adverse effects on CYP2E1 expression levels and the antioxidant enzyme system during pregnancy. Abstract Ethanol use during pregnancy is a risk factor for developing adverse outcomes. Its metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) produces radical oxygen species (ROS), promoting cellular injury and apoptosis. To date, no studies have been conducted to elucidate the teratogenic effects due to both IGF-1 deficiency and ethanol consumption in mice placentas. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of ethanol consumption on the placenta and liver of partially IGF-1-deficient mice, the role of metabolism via CYP2E1, and the antioxidant enzyme system. Heterozygous (HZ, Igf1+/−) pregnant female mice were given water or 10% ethanol. Wild-type (WT, Igf1+/+) female mice were used as controls. At gestational day 19, pregnant dams were euthanized, and maternal liver and placentas were collected. Pregnant HZ dams were smaller than controls, and this effect was higher due to ethanol consumption. Cyp2e1 gene was overexpressed in the liver of HZ pregnant dams exposed to ethanol; at the protein level, CYP2E1 is reduced in placentas from all genotypes. The antioxidant enzymatic system was altered by ethanol consumption in both the maternal liver and placenta. The results in this work hint that IGF-1 is involved in intrauterine development because its deficiency exacerbates ethanol’s effects on both metabolism and the placenta.
Ethnomedicinal study, phytochemical characterization, and pharmacological confirmation of selected medicinal plant on the northern slope of Mount Wilis, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Bhagawan WS, Suproborini A, Putri DLP, Nurfatma A, Putra RT. 2022. Ethnomedicinal study, phytochemical characterization, and pharmacological confirmation of selected medicinal plant on the northern slope of Mount Wilis, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4303-4313. The traditional usage of plants in ethnomedicine is a valuable resource for human primary healthcare. The effectiveness of herbal medicines and the creation of new drugs are proven by pharmacological and phytochemical verification. This study documented the traditional ethnomedicine knowledge (TEK) on the northern slope of Mount Wilis community in utilizing medicinal plants and revealed the ethnopharmacology relevance of selected medicinal plants. Data on TEK and its practices were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with informants who were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The phytochemical compounds of the selected medicinal plant were identified using the UPLC-Qtof-MS/MS instrument, while their pharmacological activity was measured in antibacterial tests. The results showed that the community continued to apply TEK that had been passed down by the previous generation through a method called Gethok Tular. The medicinal plant species in the study area were diverse, 82 species from 39 families with various modes of preparation were used to treat seven disease categories. Tithonia diversivolia had the highest use value of 0.65 and it contained 23 phytochemical compounds. In addition, this plant has high pharmacological potential for antibacterial agents.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE AND NUTRIENTS ON TERRACE SLOPE OF HARD-SETTING SOILS IN SEMI-ARID EASTERN KEN

Background: Terraces are structures consisting of ditches and embankments used to control erosion and increase land productivity. There is, however, little emphasis on the effects of the ditch dimensions on soil moisture and nutrient dynamics. Objective: To determine the effect of varying ditch depths on soil moisture and nutrient quantities and their variability within the terrace slope on hard-setting soils. Methodology: Soil samples were collected seasonally in 2014 and 2015 from terraces with different ditch depths (60, 30, and 0 [control] cm) for the determination of soil moisture content (SMC). The samples were collected from the upper, middle and lower slope positions of each terrace. Soil from the three slope positions of each terrace was also sampled at the end of the study and analyzed for total nitrogen (%TN), available phosphorous (Av. P), exchangeable potassium (K+) and % organic carbon (OC) contents. Data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance and differences in means determined at a 95% level of confidence. Results: Significant interactions (P<0.001) in SMC were observed between seasons, ditch depths and slope positions. Higher SMC was found in treatments with 30 and 60 cm ditch depths in all the slope positions and seasons compared to the control. Soil moisture contents in the lower and upper slope positions were significantly different between the terraces with 30 and 60 cm ditch depths when rainfall was high and evenly distributed, but non-significant in poorly distributed rainfall seasons. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in contents of total nitrogen and available phosphorous were found between the upper and lower slope positions of the terraces with ditches. Implications: The effect of ditch depths on moisture, total nitrogen and available phosphorous contents and their variability within the slope depended on the amount and distribution of rainfall. Conclusion: Construction of terraces with shallow ditch depths (of 30 cm) is recommended to conserve soil moisture and nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous on hard-setting soils in the marginal areas of semi-arid Eastern Kenya.
P ersPectives in Plant evolutionary genetics : a field guide in 15 “ easy stePs ” to modern tools in evolutionary genetics and genomics

Plant genomes contain huge troves of information, and nowadays molecular tools to analyze genomes are less expensive and keep improving. In this review, we aimed to produce a “roadmap” to take advantage of this explosion of molecular methods and opportunities. We explain how to decide which strategies are adequate for a given evolutionary or taxonomic problem by describing 15 possible (and in some cases noncon -secutive) steps to take advantage of all the genomic resources drawing from the ever-increasing studies. We describe how to obtain an adequate genome sequence given our study species and objectives and discuss if we need to also obtain a transcriptome and additional “omic” data ( i.e. , proteome, metabolome, epigenome, microbiome). We analyze what is needed to conduct population genomics studies in terms of genomic methods and sampling strategies and discuss the pangenome concept. In addition, we present some considerations about how to estimate popu lation genetics parameters and how to analyze geographic differentiation, inbreeding and gene flow. We examine ideas and methods on how to estimate natural selection and local adaptation, how to detect candidate genes, how coalescent analyses can help in these studies, the importance of genomic information for conservation studies and to understand adaptability to climate change. We assess the use of these methods in do mestication studies and in understanding how form and function can be inferred from genes; likewise, how to use the genomic information for improvement of cultivated plants. We also review how can we use these methods in phylogenomic studies.
Modelling proof-of-work agreement protocol by coloured Petri nets

Proof-of-work agreement protocol, offered by Keller and Böhme, is analysed by coloured Petri nets and refined. Blockchain technology, based on proof-of-work procedure and Nakomoto consensus negotiations, represents fundamentals of many kinds of cryptocurrency widespread recently. The protocol, called , works in continuous time which is simulated using random exponential distribution function of CPN Tools system, obtained values rounded to map them into discrete time of a coloured Petri net. Hierarchical model consists of an environment subnet and a given number of nodes communicating via an unstructured network represented by a single place; the model of node is further structured based on event handlers of the protocol source specification such as initialisation, activation, message delivering, and termination condition check. Based on the simulation results, modifications of the protocol and its parameters are recommended which improve some imperfections of the protocol. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Effect of aloe vera on antioxidant in male rats exposed to high doses of dexamethasone therapy, and histological on liver and pancreas

The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera gel of the Antioxidant and histological on liver and pancreas. Twenty_four male rats were divided into four groups (6rats/group) and treated as follows for 28 days.G 1 were intubated orally distal water serving as control while, G2 were administrating of Dexamethason -induced diabetic 1 mg/kg/bw. Intraperitoneally, G3 were administrating of diabetic rats given Dexamethason 1mg/kg/bw. + Aloe vera leaf gel extract (300 mg/kg) using an intragastric tube, G4)were administrating of diabetic rats given Dexamethasone 1mg/kg/bw. intraperitoneally + Aloe vera leaf gel extract (500 mg/kg) using an intragastric tube, the following criteria were measuredAntioxidant and histological on liver and pancreas. The findings show that Aloe Vera had a significant decrease influence in serumAntioxidant (MDA, ACE, and HSP70). In conclusion, this study mentioned a new evidence of the role of Aloe Vera on the decreasing of antioxidant.
Crowd Psychology & Public Order Policing: An Overview of Scientific Theory and Evidence.

The scientific literature overwhelmingly supports the contention that collective conflict can emerge during crowd events as a consequence of the indiscriminate and disproportionate use of police force. This occurs because of the unanticipated impact that policing can have upon crowd psychology and dynamics. There is now compelling evidence that the most effective means for achieving proportionality in the policing crowds is through a strategic focus upon facilitation and a graded, differentiated and information led approach to the use of force. It is recommended that within the U.K police public order strategy and tactics are developed in ways that increase the links between tactical responses and continuous ‘dynamic risk assessment’. To achieve such changes it is proposed that it will be necessary to a) undergo a thorough reform of public order training within the U.K. in order to develop greater conformity with scientific knowledge and evidence; b) increase police capability for ‘dialogue’ and communication with crowds and formally recognise these as primary tactical options for public order policing. Crowd Psychology & Public Order Policing: An Overview of Scientific Theory and Evidence.
THERMOCOUPLES POSITIONING FOR EARLY-WARNING DETECTION OF THERMAL RUNAWAY

Runaway reactions have always been a serious issue for the chemical industry. Failures that may lead to this type of accident are different: block of the impeller, loss of the reactor temperature control, error in the loading of reagents, just to name a few. The rapid detection of this phenomena is crucial. One of the most widely used preventive systems is the so-called early warning system, which allows to give an early warning at the beginning of the fugitive reaction. Due to non-homogeneity of the temperature inside the reactor, the positioning of the sensors is of crucial importance. In fact, an incorrect localization of the temperature probe could lead to a false alarm, which would undermine the early warning system. The objective of this work is the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of different failure scenarios, in order to determine the best location of the temperature sensors. Index Terms CFD, Early Warning System, Runaway, Thermocouples
Enteroendocrine cell expression of split-GAL4 drivers bearing regulatory sequences associated with panneuronally expressed genes in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster , hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells are important for communication from the midgut to other tissues. Many lexA, GAL4, and split-GAL4 drivers that direct gene expression in enteroendocrine cells also confer expression in hormone-secreting cells of the central nervous system. This study examines the midgut expression of selected lexA, GAL4, and split-GAL4 transgenes carrying enhancer fragments previously associated with panneuronal gene expression to assess the experimental usefulness of these drivers for distinguishing the endocrine influences of CNS versus midgut cells on physiological processes.
Job Applications and Labor Market Flows ECONOMIC RESEARCH FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF ST . LOUIS WORKING PAPER SERIES

Job applications have risen over time yet job-finding rates remain unchanged. Meanwhile, separations have declined. We argue that increased applications raise the probability of a good match rather than the probability of job-finding. Using a search model with multiple applications and costly information, we show that when applications increase, firms invest in identifying good matches, reducing separations. Concurrently, increased congestion and selectivity over which offer to accept temper increases in job-finding rates. Our framework contains testable implications for changes in offers, acceptances, reservation wages, applicants per vacancy, and tenure, objects that enable it to generate the trends in unemployment flows.
Does Music Percussion Has Impact on the Selective Attention of College Students?

9 Introduction . 11 Method . 17 Result . 26 Discussion . 33 Conclusion . 42 Reference . 43 Appendices . 48 Appendix A: IRB Proposal . 48 Appendix B: Preregistration . 53 Appendix C: Recruitment Poster . 56 Appendix D: Consent Form . 57 Appendix E: d2 Test of Attention . 60 Appendix F: Debriefing Sheet. 62 Abstract Objective: Previous studies indicate that fast or high-pitched music has a negative effect on people’s attention. However, some kinds of music could improve study efficiency. This study compared how pulse and sound frequency affect the selective attention of college students. Participants: Forty-two Bard College students, aged from 18-24, participated in this study. Method: Four groups of participants listened to background music that shared the same melody line but differed on the dimensions of pulse (every half notes vs. Every quarter notes) and frequency (about 580Hz vs. 43Hz) as they completed the d2 test of selective attention. The effect of music on selective attention was analyzed. Results: Due to the small sample size, there was not a statistically significant result. Conclusion: Base on the fact that there was not result, future study need to be pursued.Objective: Previous studies indicate that fast or high-pitched music has a negative effect on people’s attention. However, some kinds of music could improve study efficiency. This study compared how pulse and sound frequency affect the selective attention of college students. Participants: Forty-two Bard College students, aged from 18-24, participated in this study. Method: Four groups of participants listened to background music that shared the same melody line but differed on the dimensions of pulse (every half notes vs. Every quarter notes) and frequency (about 580Hz vs. 43Hz) as they completed the d2 test of selective attention. The effect of music on selective attention was analyzed. Results: Due to the small sample size, there was not a statistically significant result. Conclusion: Base on the fact that there was not result, future study need to be pursued.
ENERGY SPECTRUM AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ULTRAHIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS FROM SEMI-RELATIVISTIC HYPERNOVAE

It has been suggested that hypernova remnants, with a substantial amount of energy in semi-relativistic ejecta, can accelerate intermediate mass or heavy nuclei to ultrahigh energies and provide a sufficient amount of energy in cosmic rays to account for the observed flux. We here calculate the expected energy spectrum and chemical composition of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from such semi-relativistic hypernovae. With a chemical composition equal to that of the hypernova ejecta and a flat or hard spectrum for cosmic rays at the sources, the spectrum and composition of the propagated cosmic rays observed at the Earth can be compatible with the measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among College Going Females in Gurgaon: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objectives Women not only take care of family members, they are also source of power and symbol of progress in a society. At the same time, physical and mental well-being of women relies on healthy lifestyle and adequate reproductive health knowledge. With growing incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), it is crucial to increase awareness about the disease among women at an early age in life. The present survey investigates awareness level of college going females about PCOS. Materials and Methods 428 females were recruited from 3 colleges in district Gurgaon, Haryana, India, based on convenience sampling. The respondents filled a self-completion questionnaire containing sociodemographic details, menstrual cycle details, and questions related to PCOS. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics was used to calculate frequency and percentage of variables. Pearson's chi-square test of independence was used to identify factors associated with awareness of PCOS. A p -value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The mean ±SD age of respondents was 19.9 ± 1.7 years (range = 18–24 years). Only 78 females (18.22%) had heard about PCOS. Being knowledgeable was significantly associated with mother's education ( p = 0.001), length of menstrual cycle ( p = 0.022), and family history of PCOS ( p < 0.001). Conclusion The present study indicates awareness of PCOS among college going females was very poor. There is an urgent need of increasing awareness about PCOS among young adult college going females not only for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of the disease but also to prevent its long-term consequences.