Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Activation of the operational ecohydrodynamic model (3-D CEMBS) – the hydrodynamic part

Abstract. The paper presents a description of the hydrodynamic part of the coupled ice-ocean model that also includes ecosystem predictive model for evaluation of the condition of the marine environment and the Baltic ecosystem, as well as a preliminary empirical verification of the operational hydrodynamic model based on the POP code in order to determine the consistence between the results obtained from the model and experimental results for the sea surface temperature. The current Baltic Sea model is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM from NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research). CESM was adopted for the Baltic Sea as a coupled sea-ice model. It consists of the Community Ice Code (CICE model, version 4.0) and the Parallel Ocean Program (POP, version 2.1). The models are coupled through the coupler (CPL7), which is based on the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT) routines. The current horizontal resolution is about 2 km (1/48 degrees). The ocean model has 21 vertical levels. The driver time step is 1440 s and it is also coupling the time step. The ocean model time step is about 480 s (8 min). Currently, the model is forced by fields from the European Center for Medium Weather Forecast. In the operational mode, 48-h atmospheric forecasts are used, which are supplied by the UM model of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling of the Warsaw University. The model of the marine ecosystem is the right tool for monitoring the state and bioproductivity of the marine ecosystem and forecasting the physical and ecological changes in the studied basin.
Determining forecast and decision horizons for reservoir operations under hedging policies

Hedging policies for reservoir operations makes a small deficit in current supply to reduce the probability of a severe water shortage in the future. One of the critical questions for hedging research is how long the forecast period should be so that reliable inflow forecast in the period can be used for decision making under hedging. Decision makers always hope to look further into the future; however, the longer the forecast period, the more uncertain and less reliable the involved information, which will have a diminishing influence on decision making. For dynamic reservoir operation optimization models, the decision horizon (DH) may be defined as the initial periods in which decisions are not affected by forecast data beyond a certain period, defined as the forecast horizon (FH). This paper determines FH with given DH for dynamic reservoir operation problems through both theoretical and numerical analysis. We use order of magnitude analysis and numerical modeling to identify the impact of various factors such as water stress level (the deficit between water availability and demand), reservoir size, inflow uncertainty, evaporation rate, and discount rate. Three types of inflow time series are used: stationary, nonstationary with seasonality, and random walk. Results show that inflow characteristics and reservoir capacity have major impacts on FH when water stress is modest; larger reservoir capacity and the deterministic component of inflow such as seasonality require a longer FH. Economic factors have strong impacts when water stress levels are high.
Bacterial community structure is indicative of chemical inputs in the Upper Mississippi River

Local and regional associations between bacterial communities and nutrient and chemical concentrations were assessed in the Upper Mississippi River in Minnesota to determine if community structure was associated with discrete types of chemical inputs associated with different land cover. Bacterial communities were characterized by Illumina sequencing of the V6 region of 16S rDNA and compared to >40 chemical and nutrient concentrations. Local bacterial community structure was shaped primarily by associations among bacterial orders. However, order abundances were correlated regionally with nutrient and chemical concentrations, and were also related to major land coverage types. Total organic carbon and total dissolved solids were among the primary abiotic factors associated with local community composition and co-varied with land cover. Escherichia coli concentration was poorly related to community composition or nutrient concentrations. Abundances of 14 bacterial orders were related to land coverage type, and seven showed significant differences in abundance (P ≤ 0.046) between forested or anthropogenically-impacted sites. This study identifies specific bacterial orders that were associated with chemicals and nutrients derived from specific land cover types and may be useful in assessing water quality. Results of this study reveal the need to investigate community dynamics at both the local and regional scales and to identify shifts in taxonomic community structure that may be useful in determining sources of pollution in the Upper Mississippi River.
Geographical Distribution of Health Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : Is It Equitable ?

Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the inequality of geographical distribution of health centers, hospitals, hospital-beds and physicians among the thirteen administrative areas that comprises the map of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It uses the Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient. Methods: A data matrix of the thirteen administrative areas by four health resources was constructed based on the available government data of the Central Department of Statistics and Information (CDSI). This data matrix is for 22 years starting from 1992 to 2013 for the health resources with the exception of the data for physicians, which is available up to 2007. To obtain the relative share of an area of each health resource, the total number of it is divided by the corresponding total population of the area. Total populations, of administrative areas, were projected using the between censuses declared growth rates. Human population calculator was used to run the projection at this website. Thus, relative shares are used instead of numbers because they provide a more realistic picture. Lorenz curves were constructed depending on excel, while Gini coefficients were calculated using an online Gini calculator. Results: The results of this study have demonstrated that health services are geographically distributed in an equitable manner between administrative areas. Among the studied health resources, hospital-beds ranks first as the most equitably distributed resource followed by physicians. Health centers and hospitals came on the third and fourth ranks. The average Gini coefficients calculated for the period (1997 – 2013) revealed values of 0.1508 for physicians; 0.1854 for hospital-beds; 0.2231 for health centers and 0.2245 for Hospitals. Conclusion: The study showed that, according to the Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients, the four health resources are equitably distributed among the areas. This tells us that geographic distribution of health services does not stop health authorities from reaching populations wherever they are in KSA.
Hawking radiation from a (4+n)-dimensional black hole: exact results for the Schwarzschild phase

We start our analysis by deriving a master equation that describes the motion of a field with arbitrary spin s on a 3-brane embedded in a non-rotating, uncharged (4+n)-dimensional black hole background. By numerical analysis, we derive exact results for the greybody factors and emission rates for scalars, fermions and gauge bosons emitted directly on the brane, for all energy regimes and for an arbitrary number n of extra dimensions. The relative emissivities on the brane for different types of particles are computed and their dependence on the dimensionality of spacetime is demonstrated — we therefore conclude that both the amount and the type of radiation emitted can be used for the determination of n if the Hawking radiation from these black holes is observed. The emission of scalar modes in the bulk from the same black holes is also studied and the relative bulk-to-brane energy emissivity is accurately computed. We demonstrate that this quantity varies considerably with n but always remains smaller than unity — this provides firm support to earlier arguments made by Emparan, Horowitz and Myers.
Determination of Nucleosynthetic Yields of Supernovae and Very Massive Stars from Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars

We determine the yields of the elements from Na to Ni for Type II supernovae (SNe II) and the yield patterns of the same elements for Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and very massive (≳100 M☉) stars (VMSs) using a phenomenological model of stellar nucleosynthesis and the data on a number of stars with -4 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ -3, a single star with [Fe/H] = -2.04, and the Sun. We consider that there are two distinct kinds of SNe II: the high-frequency SNe II(H) and the low-frequency SNe II(L). We also consider that VMSs were the dominant first-generation stars formed from big bang debris. The yield patterns of Na to Ni for SNe II(H), II(L), and Ia and VMSs appear to be well defined. It is found that SNe II(H) produce almost none of these elements; that SNe II(L) can account for the entire solar inventory of Na, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, and V; and that compared with SNe II(L), VMSs underproduce Na, Al, V, Cr, and Mn, overproduce Co, but otherwise have an almost identical yield pattern. A comparison is made between the yield patterns determined here from the observational data and those calculated from ab initio models of nucleosynthesis in SNe II and VMSs. We show that the evolution of the "heavy" elements in the universe relative to Fe involves three distinct stages. The earliest stage is in the domain of [Fe/H] < -3 and is governed by VMS activities with some small contributions from SNe II, all of which are dispersed in a dilution mass of M ~ 106-107 M☉. The beginning of the second stage is marked by the cessation of VMS activities and the onset of major formation of normal stars (with masses of ~1-60 M☉) at [Fe/H] ≈ -3. The cessation of VMS activities causes the dilution mass for SN II contributions to drop sharply to M ≈ 3 × 104 M☉. The subsequent quasi-continuous chemical evolution until [Fe/H] ~ -1 is governed by SNe II(H), which produce mainly the heavy r-process elements above Ba, and SNe II(L), which produce essentially all the other elements. The third stage starts with the onset of SN Ia contributions to mainly the Fe group elements at [Fe/H] ~ -1. The domain of [Fe/H] > -1 is then governed by contributions from SNe II(H), II(L), and Ia and low-mass stars. It is shown that the abundances of non-neutron capture elements in stars with [Fe/H] ≤ 0 and those of r-process elements in stars with [Fe/H] < -1 can be well represented by the sum of the distinct components in the phenomenological model. The proposed evolutionary sequence is directly related to the problems of early aggregation and dispersion of baryonic matter and to the onset of formation and chemical evolution of galaxies. It is argued that the prompt inventory governed by VMS contributions should represent the typical composition of dispersed baryonic matter in the universe, and that normal galactic evolution should begin in matter with [Fe/H] ≈ 3.
Accelerated SAT-based scheduling of control/data flow graphs

In this paper we present a satisfiability-based approach to the scheduling problem in high-level synthesis. We formulate the resource constrained scheduling as a satisfiability (SAT) problem. We present experimental results on the performance of the state-of-the-art SAT solver Chaff, and demonstrate techniques to reduce the SAT problem size by applying bounding techniques on the scheduling problem. In addition, we demonstrate the use of transformations on control data flow graphs such that the same lower bound techniques can operate on them as well. Our experiments show that Chaff is able to outperform the integer linear program (ILP) solver CPLEX in terms of CPU time by as much as 59 fold. Finally, we conclude that the satisfiability-based approach is a promising alternative for obtaining optimal solutions to NP-complete scheduling problem instances.
LDAExplore: Visualizing Topic Models Generated Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

We present LDAExplore, a tool to visualize topic distributions in a given document corpus that are generated using Topic Modeling methods. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is one of the basic methods that is predominantly used to generate topics. One of the problems with methods like LDA is that users who apply them may not understand the topics that are generated. Also, users may find it difficult to search correlated topics and correlated documents. LDAExplore, tries to alleviate these problems by visualizing topic and word distributions generated from the document corpus and allowing the user to interact with them. The system is designed for users, who have minimal knowledge of LDA or Topic Modelling methods. To evaluate our design, we run a pilot study which uses the abstracts of 322 Information Visualization papers, where every abstract is considered a document. The topics generated are then explored by users. The results show that users are able to find correlated documents and group them based on topics that are similar.
A Tripartite Plan-Based Model of Dialogue

This paper presents a tripartite model of dialogue in which three different kinds of actions are modeled: domain actions, problem-solving actions, and discourse or communicative actions. We contend that our process model provides a more finely differentiated representation of user intentions than previous models; enables the incremental recognition of communicative actions that cannot be recognized from a single utterance alone; and accounts for implicit acceptance of a communicated proposition.
Participatory Mapping for Flood Disaster Zoning based on World View-2 Data in Long Beluah, North Kalimantan Province

Flood is one of the most frequent disasters in Indonesia. These conditions cause the necessary efforts to reduce the impact of these hazards. To reduce the impact of these hazards is to understand spatially the impact of previous disasters. Participatory mapping is one of the solutions to be able to assist in reducing the impact of flood disaster by conducting flood zoning so it can be known the range of the flood. The community plays an important role in participatory mapping because the experiences and mental maps of the community are the main sources of information used. North Kalimantan Province has a very large watershed area that is in Kayan watershed, there are several villages, one of them is Long Beluah Village. Kayan watershed has a flood problem annually that affects most of the areas including the Long Beluah Village. This study aims to map the zoning of floods in the village of Long Beluah in a participatory manner using remote sensing World View-2 data within community, so that people also understand the conditions they face. The method for achieving that goal is participatory mapping which means community involvement as well as the ability of community mental maps that will make an important contribution in this research. The results of this study show that flood zoning can be mapped based on experience and community mental maps that the greatest floods in February 2015 inundated most of the community settlements in Long Beluah Village. There are few places from the uninhabited areas of settlements and serve as refugee camps. The participatory zonation map of the participatory floods is quite appropriate with the situation at the time of the greatest flood that hit the village of Long Beluah, so that through the map can be drawn up plans to reduce the impact of such disasters such as evacuation routes and a more strategic refuge point.
Intrinsic images in the wild

Intrinsic image decomposition separates an image into a reflectance layer and a shading layer. Automatic intrinsic image decomposition remains a significant challenge, particularly for real-world scenes. Advances on this longstanding problem have been spurred by public datasets of ground truth data, such as the MIT Intrinsic Images dataset. However, the difficulty of acquiring ground truth data has meant that such datasets cover a small range of materials and objects. In contrast, real-world scenes contain a rich range of shapes and materials, lit by complex illumination. In this paper we introduce Intrinsic Images in the Wild, a large-scale, public dataset for evaluating intrinsic image decompositions of indoor scenes. We create this benchmark through millions of crowdsourced annotations of relative comparisons of material properties at pairs of points in each scene. Crowdsourcing enables a scalable approach to acquiring a large database, and uses the ability of humans to judge material comparisons, despite variations in illumination. Given our database, we develop a dense CRF-based intrinsic image algorithm for images in the wild that outperforms a range of state-of-the-art intrinsic image algorithms. Intrinsic image decomposition remains a challenging problem; we release our code and database publicly to support future research on this problem, available online at http://intrinsic.cs. cornell.edu/.
Input‐ and subunit‐specific AMPA receptor trafficking underlying long‐term potentiation at hippocampal CA3 synapses

Hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons receive synaptic inputs from both mossy fibres (MFs) and associational fibres (AFs). Long‐term potentiation (LTP) at these synapses differs in its induction sites and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dependence. Most evidence favours the presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms for induction of MF LTP and AF LTP, respectively. This implies that molecular and functional properties differ between MF and AF synapses at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. In this study, we focused on the difference in the postsynaptic trafficking of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) between these synapses. To trace the subunit‐specific trafficking of AMPARs at each synapse, GluR1 and GluR2 subunits were introduced into CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal organotypic cultures using the Sindbis viral expression system. The electrophysiologically‐tagged GluR2 AMPARs, produced by the viral‐mediated transfer of the unedited form of GluR2 (GluR2Q), were inserted into both MF and AF postsynaptic sites in a neuronal activity‐independent manner. Endogenous Ca2+‐impermeable AMPARs at these synapses were replaced with exogenous Ca2+‐permeable receptors, and Ca2+ influx via the newly expressed postsynaptic AMPARs induced NMDAR‐independent LTP at AF synapses. In contrast, no GluR1 AMPAR produced by the gene transfer was constitutively incorporated into AF postsynaptic sites, and only a small amount into MF postsynaptic sites. The synaptic trafficking of GluR1 AMPARs was triggered by the activity of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II or high‐frequency stimulation to induce LTP at AF synapses, but not at MF synapses. These results indicate that MF and AF postsynaptic sites possess distinct properties for AMPAR trafficking in CA3 pyramidal neurons.
Scales of deformation partitioning during exhumation in a continental subduction channel: A petrofabric study of eclogites and gneisses from NW Spain (Malpica‐Tui Allochthonous Complex)

Deformation partitioning is identified as the fingerprint of late Palaeozoic continental subduction that affected various lithologies whose field relationship, thermobarometric and petrofabric features are closely related. Different modes of deformation partitioning can be identified within medium temperature, high‐P eclogite lenses, between them and the host gneisses, and within the latter. Development of foliations and lineations with a coherent attitude in all these rocks and their related structural petrology demonstrate that eclogite enclosures and their country rocks underwent a common, pervasive deformational event. The published P–T stability fields of the eclogite phases that define the microscopic fabric are used to define the metamorphic conditions prevailing during the deformation event and relate it to the subduction process. The mineral equilibria of the gneisses (ortho‐ and paragneisses) fail to record the full range of those P–T conditions, but the field relationships show that eclogites were originally basic dykes emplaced in acid igneous rocks and demonstrate that the eclogites and gneisses shared a common tectonometamorphic evolution. Deformation partitioning within the latter occurred at variable scales and involved (1) meso macroscale preservation of virtually undeformed metagranite bodies, surrounded by (2) pervasively foliated and lineated gneisses, and (3) the simultaneous microscale operation in the latter of ductile and brittle–ductile mechanisms at conditions above 500°C and below 1.5 GPa. A subduction channel tectonic setting is proposed to explain the subduction of upper to mid‐crustal igneous rocks and exhumation subsequent to high‐P metamorphism. Its currently accessible dimensions, and its organization into several lithotectonic units mapped as nappes support tectonic amalgamation of units several km3 in volume. Maximum burial in the subduction channel likely reached depths shallower than the lithostatic pressure implied by geobarometric calculations, possibly conditioned by a sudden pressure drop during the initial retrogression stages accompanying exhumation.
Functional Organization of Primary Somatosensory Cortex Depends on the Focus of Attention

We used magnetic source imaging in human subjects to reveal within-subject variations of the homuncular hand representation within the primary somatosensory cortex modulated by attention. In one condition subjects were trained to detect sequential leftward or rightward stimulus motion across the fingers of the left hand ("hand" condition) and in a different condition to detect stimulus motion at a specific finger on this hand ("finger" condition). Afferent input was controlled by applying exactly the same stimulus pattern to the digits in the two tasks. Segregation of the somatotopic hand representation (an increase in the distance between the representations of digits 2 and 5) was observed, commencing with the onset of practice, in the finger relative to the hand condition. Subsequent training in the hand and finger conditions with feedback for correctness did not modify segregation, indicating that segregation was a task effect and not a training effect. These findings indicate that the hand representation within the primary somatosensory cortex is not statically fixed but is dynamically modulated by top-down mechanisms to support task requirements. A greater capacity for modulation of the functional cortical organization was positively correlated with superior learning and task performance.
Full-diversity STBCs for block-fading channels from cyclic codes

Viewing an n-length vector over F(q/sup m/) (the finite field of q/sup m/ elements) as an m/spl times/n matrix over F/sub q/, by expanding each entry of the vector with respect to a basis of F(q/sup m/) over F/sub q/, the rank weight of the n-length vector over F(q/sup m/) is the rank of the corresponding m/spl times/n matrix over F/sub q/. Using the appropriate discrete Fourier transform (DFT), it is known that, under some conditions, n-length cyclic codes over F(q/sup m/), (n|q/sup m/-1 and m/spl les/n), have full-rank (=m). Using this result, we obtain designs for full-diversity space time block codes (STBCs) suitable for block-fading channels from n length cyclic codes over F(q/sup m/). These STBCs are suitable for m transmit antennas over signal sets matched to F/sub q/, where q=2 or q is a prime of the form 4k+1, (k=1, 2, .). We also present simulation results which illustrate the performance of a few of these STBCs and show that our codes perform better than the well known codes for block-fading channels.