Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Copper and nickel in surface waters of Otago Harbour

Abstract The concentrations of Cu and Ni soluble at pH 2 were measured in surface waters of Otago Harbour using methodology that pays careful attention to measurement and control of sources of trace metal contamination. Both elements were preconcentrated by coprecipitation with cobalt pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry with an overall extraction yield of 97%. Samples were not filtered because of the excessive contamination caused by membrane filters and the filtration apparatus. Concentrations of Cu (0.1–0.2 μg/kg) and Ni (0.33 μg/kg) at the mouth of Otago Harbour were within the range of recent data for oceanic surface waters. Cadmium concentrations in the samples were found to be below the detection limit of 0.1 μg/kg. Ni displayed uniform concentrations throughout the harbour, and Cu exhibited an increase in concentration landwards from the harbour entrance that is consistent with known hydrographic chemical properties of this system. Mass‐balance considerations .
Helminthosporium leaf blight resistance and agronomic performance of wheat genotypes across warm regions of South Asia

Helminthosporium leaf blight (HLB) is the most important disease constraint to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in the eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia. A Helminthosporium Monitoring Nursery (HMN) including potential adapted and exotic sources of HLB resistance was developed in Bangladesh, India and Nepal to assess the stability of genetic resistance across locations. The 8th, 9th and 10th HMN assessed the HLB resistance and agronomic traits of 17 wheat genotypes across 20 environments of Bangladesh, India and Nepal in the 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 cropping seasons, respectively. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for HLB, grain yield, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), days to heading, days to maturity, and plant height were examined. The 17 genotypes showed a range of variability for disease and agronomic characters. Disease severity (AUDPC) differed in the 3 years and showed the highest values in 2002. The increase in AUDPC in 2002 caused the lowest grain yield, with an average 18% reduction due to HLB. A few genotypes (SW 89-5422, Yangmai-6 and Ning 8201) appeared to have stable HLB resistance across environments. However, most of the higher-yielding genotypes, except BL 1883, were unstable. The results suggest that careful selection of HLB resistance with acceptable grain yield, TKW and plant height may be possible using the wheat genotypes included in the HMN.
Physical environments of the Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea encompasses a vast range of physical environmental conditions that have a profound influence on the organisms that live there. Here we utilize a range of satellite and in situ products to undertake a region‐wide categorization of the physical environments of the Caribbean Sea (PECS). The classification approach is hierarchical and focuses on physical constraints that drive many aspects of coastal ecology, including species distributions, ecosystem function, and disturbance. The first level represents physicochemical properties including metrics of satellite sea surface temperature, water clarity, and in situ salinity. The second level considers mechanical disturbance and includes both chronic disturbance from wind‐driven wave exposure and acute disturbance from hurricanes. The maps have a spatial resolution of 1 km2. An unsupervised neural network classification produced 16 physicochemical provinces that can be categorized into six broad groups: (1) low water clarity and low salinity and average temperatures; (2) low water clarity but average salinity and temperature, broadly distributed in the basin; (3) low salinity but average water clarity and temperature; (4) upwelling; (5) high latitude; and (6) offshore waters of the inner Caribbean. Additional mechanical disturbance layers impose additional pattern that operates over different spatial scales. Because physical environments underpin so much of coastal ecosystem structure and function, we anticipate that the PECS classification, which will be freely distributed as geographic information system layers, will facilitate comparative analyses and inform the stratification of studies across environmental provinces in the Caribbean basin.
ÍNDICES DE PRODUTIVIDADE E ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE A PASTO NO INTERIOR DO CEARÁ

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho realizar analise economica da producao e um levantamento dos principais indices de produtividade de uma fazenda produtora de leite no interior do Ceara, no periodo de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Foram calculados a renda bruta e os custos da atividade diretamente relacionados com a producao de leite, nao sendo considerados os custos com a cria e recria, pois estes eram realizados de forma independente. Verificou-se que a alimentacao representou a maior parte dos custos (57,58%) seguido dos custos com compras de animais (18,03) e mao de obra (14,48%). A renda bruta foi composta por 81,50% da venda de leite, 16,87% da venda de animais, 0,97% da venda de colostro e 0,65% da venda de esterco. O preco pago por litro de leite no periodo analisado foi em media R$ 0,82 enquanto o custo de producao foi de R$ 0,73. A produtividade da terra e mao de obra neste estudo foram de 15.200 L/ha/ano e 876,6 L/d.h (dias/homem), respectivamente, indicando eficiencia na utilizacao dos mesmos. A producao media diaria da fazenda foi de 4.383 L e a produtividade media diaria das vacas foi 14,28 L. O custo medio do concentrado foi de R$ 0,74/kg, enquanto a relacao litro de leite/quilo de concentrado foi de 3,08 L/kg. O intervalo entre partos e idade ao primeiro parto durante o periodo do estudo foram de 13,20 e 28 meses, respectivamente. A analise economica da atividade leiteira da fazenda em estudo apresentou lucro no periodo analisado.
Allosyncarpia‐dominated rain forest in monsoonal northern Australia

Following recent classifications of rain forest vegetation in northern Australia this paper examines the biogeo-graphical status and condition of a rain forest type endemic to that region, dominated by the sclerophyll Allosyncarpia ternata (Myrtaceae). These forests are restricted to the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory, which includes Kakadu National Park. They cover an area of 1138 km2, or 41 % of all rain forest in northern and northwestern Australia. DCA of floristic data from 140 sites illustrates that Allosyncarpia forests occupy a range of sandstone-derived substrates, from moist valley sediments to steep, freely draining, rocky sites. DCA of floristic transect data illustrates that Allosyncarpia is by far the dominant canopy species over this topographic-moisture sequence, but especially on seasonally dry substrates where it provides over 80 % basal area and effectively the entire canopy. DCA of floristic quadrat data from a floristi-cally singular site illustrates major death of the fire-sensitive gymnosperm Callitris intratropica, and, to a lesser extent, Allosyncarpia itself, on the forest-savanna boundary. Biogeographical implications arising from the Gondwanic distributions of Allosyncarpia and its close relatives, Arillas-trum (New Caledonia), Eucalyptopsis (eastern Malesia), and an as yet undescribed taxon (eastern Australia), suggest that taxa ancestral to this group were extensive in the late Cretaceous. Their current restriction is in marked contrast to the success of their near relatives, the eucalypts. Given the tolerance of Allosyncarpia to a wide range of substrate moisture conditions in the present day, it is argued that fire regulates patch margins of this forest type. Although tolerant of light fires, canopy trees at patch margins are susceptible under a regime of frequent, intense late dry-season fires, such as are prevalent in Arnhem Land today. For effective conservation of fire-sensitive communities in this floristically significant region, greater attention must be given to management and monitoring of the fire regime.
Estimating nutrient contents of pig slurries rapidly by measurement of physical and chemical properties

Livestock slurries contain organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which can be recycled in arable systems; however, excess applications can cause pollution problems and therefore an estimation of the nutrients in slurries is necessary. The aim of the present experiment was to test methods of rapidly estimating nutrient contents of pig slurries based on physical and chemical analysis. A total of 216 samples with a dry matter content in the range 22·5 to 91·8 g/kg were collected in Beijing during 2003 and 2004. One part of each original sample was analysed for physical and chemical properties, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH and specific gravity (SG). The other part of each original sample was analysed in the laboratory to measure organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK). Analytical results showed that OM could be estimated by a single property regression with SG (R2=0·92, P<0·001), TN could be estimated by a multiple property regression with SG and pH (R2=0·86, P<0·001), AN could be estimated by a single property regression with EC (R2=0·82, P<0·001), TP could be estimated by a single property regression with SG (R2=0·81, P<0·001), and TK could be estimated by a multiple property regression with EC and SG (R2=0·81, P<0·001).
Weed species composition of maize fields in Germany is influenced by site and crop sequence

Summary During the last decade, maize has become the crop with the second largest acreage in Germany. Therefore, agricultural advisors and the plant protection sector are interested in an overview of the weed species composition in maize fields, their determining factors and trends. From 2001 to 2009, a weed survey was conducted in 1460 maize fields throughout Germany. Data on crop management and soil characteristics were collected via farmer questionnaires. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis were used to analyse patterns in weed species composition. The late spring and summer germinating species Chenopodium spp. , Echinochloa crus-galli and Solanum nigrum occurred with high densities and frequencies, but their occurrence was determined by different factors. Other frequent weed species were those that typically accompany autumn-sown crops. The variation in species composition was significantly related to environmental factors (9.1% explained variance), particularly geographical latitude and precipitation, and management factors (4.7% explained variance), particularly crop sequence. The relative importance of these factors seems universal, when compared with surveys in other crops and regions. The factor ‘year’ was of minor importance (0.9% explained variance). Over the 9-year period, no changes in weed species composition could be determined. The results suggest that despite the limited impact of crop management on weed species composition, farmers can use crop sequence to suppress individual species. The survey furthermore sets a baseline against which future changes can be measured in a landscape of rapidly changing agricultural land use.
The mitochondrial genome complete sequence and organization of the Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines, Carettochelyidae) and its phylogeny position in Testudines

The Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines; Cryptodira; Carettochelyidae) is the sole living representative of the Carettochelyidae. The phylogenetic position of C. insculpta within Testudines has not yet been determined unequivocally. To address this issue, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of C. insculpta using the long-and-accurate PCR (LA-PCR) method. The results show that the length of C. insculpta mtDNA is 16 439 bp and its structure is conserved compared to those of other turtles and other vertebrates except the NADH4 gene beginning with an ATC start codon. The 3′-side of the control region in mtDNA has two tandem repeat motifs, each consisting of nine 5′-CA-3′ units and sixteen 5′-AT-3′ units. To assess the phylogenetic position of C. insculpta , Maximum parsimony (MP), Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) analyses were conducted based on complete mtDNA from 22 taxa. MP analyses robustly supported that the earliest phylogenetic tree splits separated into three basal branches: the Pelomedusidae ( Pelomedusa subrufa ), the Carettochelyidae ( C. insculpta ) and an assemblage of 18 cryptodiran turtle species; while ML and BI analyses suggested that Carettochelyidae and Trionychidae formed a clade, and that this clade was the sister taxon to all other cryptodiran turtles.
Comparative Root and Stem Anatomy of Four Rare Onobrychis Mill. (Fabaceae) Taxa Endemic in Turkey

Four endemic taxa of Onobrychis Mill. genus, some of them being classified in the endangered threat category, were investigated for root and stem anatomy. Onobrychis quadrijuga , O. argyrea subsp. argyrea , O. tournefortii and O. albiflora were studied in regard to specific anatomy for the first time within the hereby study. Anatomical characters as the size and shape of the periderm, cortex, cambium cells in root and epidermis, collenchyma, cortex, cambium and pith cells in stem belonging to these four Onobrychis taxa were determined in detail. Based on the roots and stems measurements and analysis, specific anatomical differences between species were revealed.
Interrelationships of Irrigation Frequency, Urea Nitrogen, and Gypsum on Forage Sorghum Growth on a Saline Sodic Clay Soil1

Two field experiments were conducted in June, 1978, and April, 1979, at the Khartoum University Farm, Sudan, to study the effect of irrigation frequency, urea-nitrogen, and gypsum on the yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) grown on a semi-arid, salinesodic clay soil. Each experiment had four nitrogen levels: 0N, 1N, 2N, and 3N (1N = 43.8 kg N/ha) applied as urea; three irrigation frequencies: 7, 10, and 15 days; and zero or 11.9 tonnes/ha gypsum, each replicated thrice in a split-split plot design. The seasonal quantity of water applied was the same for all frequencies of irrigation and was slightly higher than evaporation from a U.S. class A pan. The two seasons data consistently showed that dry matter yield of the first cuts of forage sorghum increased significantly with increase in N-level, with decrease in irrigation interval, and with gypsum application. Decreased irrigation frequency had greater effect than 3N fertilization. The benefits from gypsum application were low (5%) at the 7-day irrigation interval. Dry matter yields were increased from 1.84 to 6.12 tonnes/ha in 1978 and from 3.20 to 7.23 tonnes/ha in 1979, by irrigating every 7 days instead of 15 days, application of 3N and 11.9 tonnes/ha gypsum. Plant height and leaf area index increased with N fertilization, with gypsum and with reduction of irrigation interval from 15 to 7 days, whereas germination percentage was significantly increased by gypsum only. Dry matter yield significantly correlated (P = 0.01) with leaf area index and plant height but not with germination percentage. Multiple regression analysis showed that the first two growth attributes accounted for about 87% of the variability of yield. The dry matter yields of the second cuts were similarly affected by treatments but were about one-half to one-third those of the first cuts in 1978 and 1979 seasons, respectively. For the two seasons the average seasonal water-use was about 1.02 times that of the U.S. class A pan evaporation. Water-use efficiency increased from 15.6 to 43.9 kg/ha-cm in 1978 and from 19.1 to 51.2 kg/ha-cm in 1979, by irrigating every 7 days instead of 15 days, and applying 3N urea and 11.9 tonnes/ha gypsum.
Genomic relationships in the genus Glycine (Fabaceae. Phaseoleae). use of a a monoclonal antibody to the soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor as a genome marker

We investigated the use of a monoclonal antibody (MAb 238) to the soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) to verify and understand the intergenomic relationships among the wild perennial Glycine species. Competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and western blot screening studies revealed that the accessions of B-genome (G. latifolia, G. microphylla, and G. tabacina, 2n = 40) and C-genome (G. curvata and G. cyrtoloba) species did not contain the MAb 238 crossreactive proteins (BBI-nulls). By contrast, all the A-genome (G. argyrea, G. canescens, G. clandestina, and G. latrobeana), E-genome (G. tomentella, 2n = 38), and F-genome (G. falcata) species, G. arenaria (genome unknown), and the polyploid (2n = 78,80) G. tomentella accessions were BBI-positive. The D-genome G. tomentella (2n = 40) and tetraploid G. tabacina (2n = 80) contained both BBI-null and BBI-positive type accessions. Among the recently described species, G. hirticaulis (2n = 40), G. lactovirens, and G. pindanica contained the MAb 238 crossreactive proteins while G. albicans did not. Glycine hirticaulis, G. pindanica, and G. tomentella (2n = 38) displayed highly similar MAb 238 crossreactive isoelectric focusing banding patterns, indicating that they are genomically close to each other. Glycine hirticaulis was found to have both diploid (2n = 40) and tetraploid (2n = 80) cytotypes. We demonstrated that the MAb 238 was specific to the trypsin inhibitor domain of the BBI. The MAb 238 clearly reflected all the previously established relationships in the genus Glycine, validating its use as a genome marker.
Subpopulations of T‐Lymphocytes

Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes are responsible for a wide range of immunological phenomena. Evidence is accumulating that this general Tlymphocyte class includes distinct sub-sets, with differing physiological properties and a degree of functional specialisation. These subpopulations may represent differentiation steps in a single developmental pathway. Alternatively, they may refiect the existence of either branched pathways leading to different specialised end-points, or of entirely separate and specialised lymphocyte lineages. To understand their function and interrelationships, we need to be able to recognise these subpopulations on the basis of some reproducible characteristic, and to experimentally separate them from each other. Cell separation techniques which depend on the overall physical properties of the cells can fulfil many of these requirements.
Current status of resistance in pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) to selected active substances of insecticides in Poland

La lutte chimique est encore une methode indispensable pour une protection efficace du colza contre le meligethe (Meligethes aeneus F.) en Pologne. Cette espece est capable de developper une forte resistance aux substances actives utilisees dans les insecticides synthetiques. Le phenomene de resistance des meligethes est actuellement trouve dans de nombreux pays europeens. Par consequent l'objectif de cette etude est de souligner le niveau actuel de sensibilite des populations polonaises de meligethes aux principaux groupes d'insecticides recommandes en Pologne pour la lutte contre le meligethe. Ces recherches montrent une forte resistance de la plupart des populations polonaises de meligethes testees a de nombreuses substances actives de toutes les familles d'insecticides utilisees en Pologne.
Comparing the seasonal survival of resident and migratory oystercatchers: carry-over effects of habitat quality and weather conditions

Events happening in one season can affect life-history traits at (the) subsequent season(s) by carry-over effects. Wintering conditions are known to affect breeding success, but few studies have investigated carry-over effects on survival. The Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus is a coastal wader with sedentary populations at temperate sites and migratory populations in northern breeding grounds of Europe. We pooled continental European ringing-recovery datasets from 1975 to 2000 to estimate winter and summer survival rates of migrant and resident populations and to investigate long-term effects of winter habitat changes. During mild climatic periods, adults of both migratory and resident populations exhibited survival rates 2% lower in summer than in winter. Severe winters reduced survival rates (down to 25% reduction) and were often followed by a decline in survival during the following summer, via short-term carry-over effects. Habitat changes in the Dutch wintering grounds caused a reduction in food stocks, leading to reduced survival rates, particularly in young birds. Therefore, wintering habitat changes resulted in long-term (>10 years) 8.7 and 9.4% decrease in adult annual survival of migrant and resident populations respectively. Studying the impact of carry-over effects is crucial for understanding the life history of migratory birds and the development of conservation measures.
APCs Present Aβk-Derived Peptides That Are Autoantigenic to Type B T Cells1

Type B T cells recognize peptide provided exogenously but are ignorant of the same epitope derived from intracellular processing. In this study, we demonstrate the existence of type B T cells to an abundant autologous peptide derived from processing of the I-Ak β-chain. T cell hybridomas raised against this peptide fail to recognize syngeneic APC despite abundant presentation of the naturally processed epitope but react in a dose-dependent manner to exogenous peptide. Moreover, these hybridomas respond to Aβk peptide extracted from the surface of I-Ak-expressing APC. This peptide was isolated from B cell lines where it was found in high abundance; it was also present in lines lacking HLA-DM, but in considerably lower amounts. Therefore, type B T cells exist in the naive repertoire to abundant autologous peptides. We discuss the implications of these findings to the potential biological role of type B T cells in immune responses and autoimmune pathology.
In Vitro Digestibility, Crude Protein, and Phosphorus Content of Straw of Winter Wheat, Spring Wheat, Barley, and Oat Cultivars in Eastern Montana1

Straw from small grains could be an important source of feed for maintenance of ruminants if its nutritive quality could be improved. This study was conducted to determine any differences in straw digestibility among and between cultivars of winter and spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L. var. aestivum, and T. turgidum L. var. durum), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.) grown in eastern Montana. In vitro dry matter digestibility, crude protein, and P content of straw were measured on 8 to 25 cultivars of each crop for 2 years. Heading date, plant height, lodging severity, and grain yield were also determined to detect whether selecting for higher straw digestibility would adversely affect these important traits for grain production. The average in vitro digestibility of straw of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oats was 36, 36, 40, and 45% the first year, and 40, 42, 47, and 45%,, respectively, the second year. Differences in straw digestibility were greater among cultivars within a crop than between crops. Straw digestibility of winter wheat, spring wheat, and barley cultivars differed by 9 and 14 percentage units, depending on crop and year. Straw of oat cultivars differed by 8 percentage units the first year but only 4 percentage units the second year. Differences in straw digestibility among crop cultivars was as great as some researchers have achieved by chemically treating the straw to improve its digestibility. Cultivars with higher straw digestibility did not have higher lodging or lower grain yield. Neither was straw digestibility consistently associated with heading date, plant height, crude protein, or P content. The first year, the average crude protein of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oat straw was 2.5, 2.7, 4.4, and 3.3%, respectively; the second year, it was 2.5, 4.0, 5.9, and 5.8%, respectively. The first year, the average P content of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oat straw was 0.02, 0.06, 0.15, and 0.07%, respectively; the second year, it was 0.05, 0.05, 0.09, and 0.06%, respectively.