Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Reactions of H and D Atoms with Thin Films of Formaldehyde and Methanol at Cryogenic Temperatures

The reactions of H and D atoms with solid formaldehyde (H2CO) and methanol (CH3OH) were investigated in the temperature region of 10-30 K. From the reaction of H with solid H2CO at 10 K, CO, CH3OH, and paraformaldehyde (polyoxymethylene) were the major products, with yields of about 1% or less under the experimental conditions. The yields of these products decrease steeply with an increase in temperature, and they become negligible at ~25 K. From the reaction of D with solid H2CO at 10 K, CO, HDCO, CH2DOD, and paraformaldehyde were formed. The branching ratio of the reaction [D + HCO → CO + HD] to [D + HCO → HDCO] was measured to be about 1 : 6. The ratio of the yield of CH3OH from the reaction [H + H2CO] to that of CH2DOD from the reaction [D + H2CO] is ~7 : 1; i.e., there is a marked isotope effect on the addition reaction of H and D to H2CO. In the reaction of H and D with CH3OH, H2CO was not detected as a reaction product.
Water Maser Survey toward Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects in the Northern Sky: Observational Constraints on Maser Excitation Conditions

We present the results from a multiepoch H2O maser survey toward low-mass young stellar objects using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and the Very Large Array. Our Nobeyama survey is the first complete H2O maser survey toward known Class 0 sources in the northern sky (δ > -35°). During the series of the monitoring observations, we detected the maser emission toward none of the 31 pre-protostellar cores, 15 of 30 Class 0, two of 32 Class I, and zero of nine Class II sources. From this, we conclude that Class 0 sources are favorable sites to harbor the masers: the detection rates are derived to be 39.7% for Class 0, 4.0% for Class I, and 0.0% for Class II sources taking time variation into account. In addition, we found that the H2O maser luminosities in low-mass stars are more closely related to the luminosities of 100 AU scale radio jets rather than the mechanical luminosities of large-scale CO outflows. This fact suggests that the masers are associated with the shocked regions that are impacted by neutral protostellar jets emanating from the central stars. The drastic decrease of the maser detection rate in Class I sources is likely to be caused by the dissipation of dense gas around the central objects. We base this on the fact that the radio jets are found to have similar luminosities in Class 0 and Class I. It seems difficult even for active protostellar jets to excite masers in the remaining tenuous gas around Class I sources.
Lower Bounds for Contamination Bias: Globally Minimax Versus Locally Linear Estimation

We study how robust estimators can be in parametric families, obtaining a lower bound on the contamination bias of an estimator that holds for a wide class of parametric families. This lower bound includes as a special case the bound used to establish that the median is bias minimax among location equivariant estimators, and it is tight or nearly tight in a variety of other settings such as scale estimation, discrete exponential families and multiple linear regression. The minimum variation distance estimator has contamination bias within a dimension-free factor of this bound. A second lower bound applies to locally linear estimates and implies that such estimates cannot be bias minimax among all Fisher-consistent estimates in higher dimensions. In linear regression this class of estimates includes the familiar M-estimates, GM-estimates and S-estimates. In discrete exponential families, yet another lower bound implies that the "proportion of zeros" estimate has minimax bias if the median of the distribution is zero, a common situation in some fields. This bound also implies that the information-standardized sensitivity of every Fisher consistent estimate of the Poisson mean and of the Binomial proportion is unbounded.
Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence

A novel laser‐induced fluorescence technique has been developed for measuring the surface temperature of reacting and nonreacting materials. The technique involves seeding the material to be examined with a temperature‐sensitive phosphor (Dy:YAG) and monitoring the laser‐induced fluorescence of the phosphor to determine the temperature. The Dy:YAG phosphor displays a temperature sensitivity in the range 300–1700 K. The technique has been applied to both reacting and nonreacting surfaces under laser excitation, allowing temperature and temporal‐history profiles to be determined.
The role of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein SLC25A46 in mitochondrial fission and fusion

The mitochondrial outer membrane protein SLC25A46 localizes to mitochondrial fusion and fission sites, and loss of function alters mitochondrial morphology and oligomerization states of MFN2 and OPA1. Mutations in SLC25A46 underlie a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases associated with alterations in mitochondrial morphology. We established an SLC25A46 knock-out cell line in human fibroblasts and studied the pathogenicity of three variants (p.T142I, p.R257Q, and p.E335D). Mitochondria were fragmented in the knock-out cell line and hyperfused in all pathogenic variants. The loss of SLC25A46 led to abnormalities in the mitochondrial cristae ultrastructure that were not rescued by the expression of the variants. SLC25A46 was present in discrete puncta at mitochondrial branch points and tips of mitochondrial tubules, co-localizing with DRP1 and OPA1. Virtually, all fission/fusion events were demarcated by a SLC25A46 focus. SLC25A46 co-immunoprecipitated with the fusion machinery, and loss of function altered the oligomerization state of OPA1 and MFN2. Proximity interaction mapping identified components of the ER membrane, lipid transfer proteins, and mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, indicating that it is present at interorganellar contact sites. SLC25A46 loss of function led to altered mitochondrial lipid composition, suggesting that it may facilitate interorganellar lipid flux or play a role in membrane remodeling associated with mitochondrial fusion and fission. Graphical Abstract
Hard Regularization to Prevent Deep Online Clustering Collapse without Data Augmentation

Online deep clustering refers to the joint use of a feature extraction network and a clustering model to assign cluster labels to each new data point or batch as it is processed. While faster and more versatile than offline methods, online clustering can easily reach the collapsed solution where the encoder maps all inputs to the same point and all are put into a single cluster. Successful existing models have employed various techniques to avoid this problem, most of which require data augmentation or which aim to make the average soft assignment across the dataset the same for each cluster. We propose a method that does not require data augmentation, and that, differently from existing methods, regularizes the hard assignments. Using a Bayesian framework, we derive an intuitive optimization objective that can be straightforwardly included in the training of the encoder network. Tested on four image datasets, it consistently avoids collapse more robustly than other methods and leads to more accurate clustering. We also conduct further experiments and analyses justifying our choice to regularize the hard cluster assignments. Code is available at https://github.com/Lou1sM/online_hard_clustering.
Human habit neural circuitry may be perturbed in eating disorders

Circuit-based mechanisms mediating the development and execution of habitual behaviors involve complex cortical-striatal interactions that have been investigated in animal models and more recently in humans. However, how human brain circuits implicated in habit formation may be perturbed in psychiatric disorders remains unclear. First, we identified the locations of the sensorimotor putamen and associative caudate in the human brain using probabilistic tractography from Human Connectome Project data. We found that multivariate connectivity of the sensorimotor putamen was altered in humans with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa and that the degree of alteration correlated with severity of disordered eating behavior. Furthermore, the extent of this circuit aberration correlated with mean diffusivity in the sensorimotor putamen and decreased basal dopamine D2/3 receptor binding potential in the striatum, consistent with previously reported microstructural changes and dopamine signaling mediating habit learning in animal models. Our findings suggest a neural circuit that links habit learning and binge eating behavior in humans, which could, in part, explain the treatment-resistant behavior common to eating disorders and other psychiatric conditions. Description Habit-related neural circuits, dopamine binding potential, and microstructural gray matter changes may be implicated in recurrent binge eating. Habit circuitry alterations in binge eating It has been proposed that neural habit circuitry may contribute to disordered eating behavior, though this hypothesis remains difficult to test. Wang et al. now report that the connectivity of a striatal brain subregion involved in habit circuitry is altered in individuals with recurrent binge eating. These individuals also showed reduced striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor binding potential and altered putamen gray matter microstructure, further suggesting altered neural habit regulation. An involvement of neural habit circuitry in binge eating behavior could potentially have diagnostic and therapeutic ramifications for patients with this disorder. —CAC
Introduction: the stuff of African cities

What kind of stuff makes cities? What sorts of relations between humans, materials, infrastructures, animals, plans, substances, climates, machines, imaginaries, labours, foodstuffs – things – are mobilized to produce the dense, vibrant, provisional assemblage that we call a city? What happens when such relational flows become blocked, broken or otherwise constrained? What is distinctive, if anything, about the substance of African cities? These are a few of the questions that lie behind our preoccupation with urban materialities in Africa, and the promise of stuff for thinking through what makes African cities work – and, conversely, for unravelling what happens when things fall apart. This special issue brings together six articles examining the contested materialities of African cities, building on an emerging focus on the stuff and substance of urban Africa (e.g. Hoffman 2017; Melly 2017; Smith 2019; Archambault 2018). This recent work constitutes a turn away from prevailing themes in the scholarship of African cities. Such themes have, until recently, been dominated by the invisible, informal and ephemeral as defining features of African urbanism (De Boeck and Plissart 2004; Guyer 2004; Simone 2004a; Nuttall and Mbembe 2008). The longevity of such themes is in some ways surprising given the earlier ‘materiality turn’ in anthropology, science and technology studies, human geography and cognate disciplines, which generated a wealth of influential, materially minded research (Miller 2005; Brown 2001; Latour 2000; Pinney 1997; Tilley 1994; Appadurai 1986). Such studies have variously explored sensory, affective, experiential and material engagements with objects, technologies, substances, infrastructures and other tangible and material stuff, in the ongoing constitution of landscapes, cities and lives. The contributions brought together here are in conversation with such approaches, examining urban life in Africa through the diverse ways in which substances and materials, technologies and things, bodies and even animals are imbricated in the becoming and (re)making of urban geographies, socialities and subjectivities in contexts across East, West and Southern Africa, including Kenya, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Mozambique and South Africa. The particular kinds of materials examined range from sand (Dawson) and concrete (Choplin) to foodstuffs, animals and bodies (Rahier and Fontein) and dangerous contaminants (Fontein), as well as buildings (Smith) and their plans, designs and regulations (Smith and Nielsen).
Large-eddy simulation of tripping effects on the flow over a 6 : 1 prolate spheroid at angle of attack

Abstract Large-eddy simulation is used to simulate the flow around a 6 : 1 prolate spheroid at $10^\circ$ and $20^\circ$ angles of attack, and Reynolds number $4.2 \times 10^6$. Flows with and without trip are compared to understand the relative effect of the trip on the state of the boundary layer and separation. For the tripped case, the geometry of the trip is resolved to better predict its effect on the downstream flow. The simulations employ overset grids that allow adequate resolution of the trips without significant increase in the overall computational cost. Results suggest that while the trip accelerates transition to turbulence at $10^\circ$, it does not induce a fully developed turbulent boundary layer as intended at $20^\circ$. Rather, the influence of the trip is localized, and the near-wall flow converges towards a solution similar to that of the non-tripped case upstream of separation. This is due to two distinct phenomena: directly downstream of the trip, favourable pressure gradient and streamline curvature effects suppress the disturbance on the windward side. Further along the spheroid, the boundary layer receives a small fraction of the initial perturbation due to spanwise and wall-normal streamline curvatures inducing a secondary flow that advects the low-momentum trip wake to the leeward side. The locations of transition and separation are insensitive to the presence of the trip. The simulation results are used to construct a regime map that identifies different regions characterized by distinct boundary layer properties and flow features. The present results underscore the difficulty associated with tripping smooth bodies at angle of attack, and the importance of accounting for transition in simulations of such flows, even on tripped geometries.
Can Classifications Adequately Represent Genital Malformations?

Abstract Introduction Genital malformations are a common clinical occurrence that can be represented using different classifications. Reproducibility is an essential quality characteristic for a classification, and it plays an important role, especially in consultations and the treatment of infertile patients and in obstetric management. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the reproducibility and clinical practicality of three commonly used classifications: the ESHRE/ESGE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/ European Society for Gynecological Endoscopy), VCUAM (Vagina Cervix Uterus Adnex-associated Malformation), and AFS (American Fertility Society) classifications. Materials and Methods Sixty-five patients with female genital malformations were included in this prospective, multicenter, exploratory, observational study. All participants underwent a clinical examination and a medical interview. The investigators were instructed to classify the presenting malformations according to the ESHRE/ESGE, VCUAM, and AFS classifications using a structured questionnaire. Investigators were asked whether the malformation could be reproducibly classified (yes/no) and about the grade (grade 1–5 from “very good” to “deficient”) they would assign to each classification. Classification assessment was queried for vagina, cervix, uterus, adnexa, and associated malformations and was scored from 1 to 5. Results Reproducibility was rated as 80% (n = 52/65), 92.3% (n = 60/65), and 56.9% (n = 37/65) for the ESHRE/ESGE, VCUAM, and AFS classification, respectively. ESHRE/ESGE, VCUAM and AFS were rated as “very good” or “good” for 83.3%, 89.2%, and 10.8% of vaginal malformations; for 75.8%, 87.5%, and 24.2% of cervical malformations; and for 89.7%, 89.5%, and 86.2% of uterine malformations, respectively. VCUAM was rated as “very good” or “good” for 77.8% and 69.6% of adnexal malformations and associated malformations, respectively. ESHRE/ESGE and AFS were rated as “sufficient” or "deficient” for 100% and 75% of adnexal malformations and for 77.3% and 69.6% of associated malformations, respectively. Conclusion The prospective multicenter EVA ( E SHRE/ESGE | V CUAM | A FS) study revealed that the organ-based ESHRE/ESGE and VCUAM classifications of female genital malformations perform better in terms of reproducibility as well as in the assessment of individual compartments than the non-organ-based AFS classification.
A sample path analysis of the M/M/1 queue

The exact solution for the transient distribution of the queue length and busy period of the M/M/1 queue in terms of modified Bessel functions has been proved in a variety of ways. Methods of the past range from spectral analysis (Lederman and Reuter (1954)), combinatorial arguments (Champernowne (1956)), to generating functions coupled with Laplace transforms (Clarke (1956)). In this paper, we present a novel approach that ties the computation of these transient distributions directly to the random sample path behavior of the M/M/1 queue. The use of Laplace transforms is minimized, and the use of generating functions is eliminated completely. This is a method that could prove to be useful in developing a similar transient analysis for queueing networks.
Gadolinium-dominant monazite and xenotime: Selective hydrothermal enrichment of middle REE during low-temperature alteration of uraninite, brannerite, and fluorapatite (the Zimná Voda REE-U-Au quartz vein, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Abstract A hydrothermal quartz vein with REE-U-Au mineralization in the Zimná Voda (Gemeric Unit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia) is associated with contact metamorphism between Permian granites and host phyllites and metaquartzites. It contains unique REE minerals of the monazite and xenotime groups. Monazite-(Ce), monazite-(Nd), monazite-(Sm), and Gd-dominant monazite [“monazite-(Gd)”], along with xenotime-(Y) to Gd-dominant xenotime [“xenotime-(Gd)”] and Gd-rich hingganite-(Y) show heterogeneous compositions and reflect a strong fractionation trend toward the enrichment of MREE (Sm to Dy), particularly Gd. Here, the gadolinium abundance reported in “monazite-(Gd)” (≤23.4 wt% Gd2O3) and Gd-rich xenotime-(Y) to “xenotime-(Gd)” (≤28.7 wt% Gd2O3) and accompanied by Gd-rich hingganite-(Y) (≤15.8 wt% Gd2O3), is among the highest Gd concentrations ever reported in natural minerals. The Gd-richest compositions show the following formulas: (Gd0.31Sm0.24 Nd0.15Ce0.10La0.05Dy0.03Y0.03.)0.98PO4 [“monazite-(Gd)”], (Gd0.36Y0.32Dy0.13Sm0.08Tb0.05.)0.98 (P0.96As0.04)1.00O4 [“xenotime-(Gd)”] and (Y0.71Gd0.43Dy0.23Sm0.22Tb0.06Er0.04Nd0.06.Ca0.06)1.96 ( ◻ 0.87 Fe 0.13 2 + ) 1.00 ( B e 1.82 B 0.18 ) 2.00 ( S i 1.90 A s 0.10 ) 2.00 O 8 ( O H 1.70 O 0.30 ) 2.00 ${{({{\square }_{0.87}}\,\text{Fe}_{0.13}^{2+})}_{1.00}}{{(\text{B}{{\text{e}}_{1.82}}\,{{\text{B}}_{0.18}})}_{2.00}}\,{{(\text{S}{{\text{i}}_{1.90}}\text{A}{{\text{s}}_{0.10}})}_{2.00}}\,\,{{\text{O}}_{8}}{{(\text{O}{{\text{H}}_{1.70}}\,{{\text{O}}_{0.30}})}_{2.00}}$ [hingganite-(Y)]. The MREE-rich monazites, xenotimes, and hingganite-(Y) precipitated in response to the alteration of primary uraninite, brannerite, and fluorapatite by low-temperature hydrothermal fluids of heterogeneous compositions on a microscale. These are responsible for the strong enrichment of individual MREE, especially Gd in the secondary minerals. This is accompanied by the advancing development of the W-type tetrad effect on REE through monazite species. The substantial incorporation of Gd into both REE-selective monazite and xenotime structures that are accompanied by LREE vs. HREE segregation indicates the possibility of differently sized REE3+ miscibility in REEPO4 solid solutions, as well as the stabilization of the Gd-rich orthophosphate structure by substitution of the remaining A-site cations with smaller HREE+Y in the xenotime-type, and/or larger LREE in the monazite-type structure.
A NEW, OLD METHOD FOR ASSESSING MEASUREMENT ERROR IN BOTH UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES

A new approach to assessing percent measurement error (%ME), using an old sta- tistical technique (Model II Analyses of Variance and Covariance: ANOVA/ANCOVA), was developed using both weight and linear measurements made three times each on 87 freshwater snails (Cipangopaludina chinensis; Vivipariidae). Variability of each measurement, as well as co- variability between pairs of measurements, was partitioned into among- and within-snail (i.e., measurement error) components. The %ME varied by two orders of magnitude across the ten measurement variables considered. Shell weight had the lowest %ME (0.059%), while body whorl height had the highest (3.88%). There was a low correlation between %ME and the among-snail coefficient of variation for each variable (r = -0.28; P > 0.20). Within-snail correlations between pairs of measurement variables were uniformly low (r,ilhin ' 0.20), while among-snail correlations were generally very high (r = 0.74 to 0.99) due to the large size range of snails in the sample. In any morphometric study, if %ME is found to be high for a particular variable, it should either be deleted from the study or remeasured a number of times on every individual to be included in the dataset. (Measurement error; morphhometrics; model II ANOVA/ANCOVA.)
The reduced theory of quadratic forms

Two central problems in the theory of quadratic forms over fields are the computation of the set of equivalence classes of quadratic forms over a field (which reduces to the computation of the Witt ring) and the computation of the set of values taken on by a given quadratic form (or equivalently, the determination of when a given quadratic form represents zero nontrivially). Recently, a "reduced theory" of quadratic forms has provided a partial solution to these problems by the computation of the Witt ring modulo its nil radical and the computation of the additive semigroup generated by the value set of a quadratic form. Our intention here is to provide an efficient and fairly self-contained exposition of these results to the reader knowing the rudiments of the algebraic theory of quadratic forms (mainly, the definition of the Witt ring) and Poster's local-global principle. These prerequisites can all be found in a few chapters of either of the books of Lam, Scharlau or Milnor-Husemoller [7, 14, 10]. The necessary valuation theory can be found, for example, in Ribenboim's book [13]. Some of the results and many of the arguments here are new. Little use is made of the formalism of residue class forms and none of semiorderings. We do emphasize real-valued places (which allow applications of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem as well as valuation theory) and closely examine the maximal preorders over which a form is anisotropic. In spite of innovations, however, our main goals are expository and we have borrowed on accasion from the arguments as well as the results of others (especially including Becker and Bröcker [1]). In §1 we introduce the notions of equivalence and isotropy of forms with respect to a preorder. The questions of isotropy and representability with respect to an arbitrary preorder are reduced in §2 to preorders consistent with only finitely many real-valued places. The main theorems on the structure of the reduced Witt ring and on representability are in §§3 and