Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disorders of high‐density lipoprotein biogenesis

The characterization of the atheroprotective role of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) made in the past two decades has rekindled interest in modulating HDL for therapeutic purposes. Rare deficiencies of HDL have allowed the identification of specific proteins acting as structural moieties, enzymes, lipid transfer proteins, cellular lipid transporters, and ligands for cellular receptors; these, in turn, represent potential drug targets. The study of several of these HDL deficiency states has shown the importance of cellular cholesterol transport in HDL metabolism. Based on a better understanding of the physiology of HDL formation, many cases of severe HDL deficiency in man can now be explained at the cellular level. Disorders of HDL biogenesis in man—apolipoprotein (apo) AI defects, mutations at the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette AI (ABCA1), defects of specific lipases that modulate HDL, such as sphingomyelinase, the HDL deficiency seen in Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC)—can be linked to abnormal formation of nascent HDL particles via the ABCA1 transporter. Deficiency in lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase impedes the formation of mature HDL particles, once nascent HDL particles are formed. As a consequence, modulating cellular cholesterol efflux and apo AI secretion—and thereby nascent HDL particles—may be an appealing strategy to raise HDL for therapeutic purposes.
Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Avitellina centripunctata (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of the small intestine of cattle in Senegal

The Avitellina centripunctataspermatozoon is filiform, tapered at both ends and lacks mitochondria. The anterior extremity exhibits an apical cone and a crested–like body 150–200 nm thick. The axoneme is surrounded by a fine layer of lucent cytoplasm and a sheath of electron–dense material. The cytoplasm is slightly electron–dense at the anterior tip of the apical cone and in region IV of the spermatozoon. Over the rest of the gamete it is subdivided into numerous electron–lucent compartments by irregularly spaced walls. The nucleus is electron–dense. It interposes itself between the cortical microtubules which are all electron–dense centred and spiralized along their whole length. An apical zone containing spiralized microtubules, cortical microtubules which are all electron–dense centred and stop before reaching the posterior extremity of the nucleus, as well as the subdivision into cavities by intracytoplasmic proteinaceous material, have never been described before in a cestod. Moreover, the crested–like body of Avitellina centripunctatais the thickest of those which have been described to date in the cestods.
Übertragung von fehlgefaltetem/aggregiertem -Synuclein in einem bis dahin gesunden Neuron die Fehlfaltung und pathologische Aggregation von löslichem-Synuclein induzieren kann. Eine zentrale und bisher unbeantwortete Fragestellung ist der molekulare Mechanismus, der zur Freisetzung und gerichteten

Anne Stuendl Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UMG Göttingen Marcel Kunadt Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UMG Göttingen Niels Kruse Dept. of Neuropathology, UMG Göttingen, Claudia Bartels Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UMG Göttingen Wiebke Moebius, Department of Neurogenetics, MPI Exp. Med. Göttingen Karin M. Danzer, Dept. of Neurology, University of Ulm Brit Mollenhauer Dept. of Neuropathology, UMG Göttingen,* Anja Schneider Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UMG Göttingen,*,# # Contributed equally *Correspondence to: Anja Schneider, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, Email: aschnei8@gwdg.de, Phone: ++49-551-3899417, Fax: ++49-551-3899418 Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, VonSiebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen.
Taxonomy and comparative anatomical studies of Viola sect. Sclerosium (Violaceae) in Iran

Abstract The comparative anatomy of three morphologically close taxa of Viola sect. Sclerosium W. Becker distributed in southern Iran is presented in this study: Viola behboudiana, Viola cinerea and Viola stocksii. Cross-sections of roots, stems, peduncles, petioles, leaves and the surface sections of leaves showed that the following properties were taxonomically informative: number of collenchymatous cell layers in the stem, presence or absence of cortical bundles in the stem, number of vascular bundles in the peduncle, presence or absence of calcium oxalate crystals in the peduncle cortex, presence or absence of trichomes on the epidermis of the peduncle, shape of collenchyma cells in the petiole, and midrib outline of the leaf. Numerical analysis (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages, principal components analysis) of 55 qualitative and quantitative characters confirmed the delimitation of three taxa.
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING RELATION TO INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATION IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

An early adulthood is characterised by such processes as identity stabilisation, understanding of one’s place in society, and dealing with issues of the meaning and goals of life, that all lead to the implementation and reshaping of individual orientation and feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life. During this age period, self-actualization, understanding individual needs and capabilities become most important. Therefore, a sense of psychological well-being is closely linked with orientation to achievements in activities. The study aims to provide a theoretical analysis of contemporary approaches to psychological well-being and individual orientation research, as well as exploration of relationships between psychological well-being and personal orientation. The study aims to answer the following questions. Whether there is a link between psychological well-being and orientation of a person in early adulthood? Whether there is a link between psychological well-being components and orientation of a person in early adulthood? In the study 60 respondents aged from 20 to 35 years participated. The methods implemented in the study were the Orientation Inventory and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being. As a result of the study, partial links between psychological well-being and individual orientation and between psychological well-being components and orientation of a person in early adulthood were revealed. These relationships confirm that the basic components of psychological well-being are the main positive personal characteristics of a fully functioning person, which are inherent in every human being.
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Corruption at the Grassroots-level What CanWe Know About Corruption?

Corruption research has centered on three fundamental questions: What determines corruption? What effects does corruption have? And finally, what can we do to reduce corruption effectively and efficiently? Corruption has been, and continues to be researched so intensively that it is hard to keep abreast of all the latest developments in the various subfields of corruption research. Recent surveys of the vast literature include Aidt (2003), Svensson (2005), Lambsdorff (2007), Pande (2007), Olken and Pande (2011), and KisKatos and Schulze (2013). Instead of adding yet another survey, we focus on the main challenges of empirical corruption research and show by example how the literature has tried to address these challenges.1 The first and foremost challenge of empirical corruption research is that corruption is not directly observable, at least not in any systematic fashion as it is illegal and therefore clandestine. Thus, proxies for actual corruption levels need to be found or controlled situations need to be created in which corruption is observable. Proxies frequently used are corruption perceptions, stated corruption experiences, audit results of public expenditure tracking analyses or quantitative service delivery surveys, corruption incidents registeredwith law enforcement agencies, and corruption convictions. Controlled situations include laboratory and field experiments.2 Moreover, there are some natural experiments as well.
MIND THE GAP! ARE LOCAL RETAILERS MISINTERPRETING CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS REGARDING DIGITAL SERVICES?

Local owner operated retail outlets (LOORO) are in a phase of intense transformation. Digitalization and e-commerce are questioning the traditional retail business models. A survey conducted in a mid-sized German city points out that local retailers are aware of the importance of digitalization for their businesses in future, but nonetheless do not think that their customers actually expect sophisticated digital services by them. In contrast to these findings, another recent study for the same city just revealed that 45% of all asked customers have already changed their buying behavior towards online retail. Shopping-convenience (e.g. time saving) is a known key factor for the buying decision and for the channel choice of customers, but local retailers do not seem to be fully aware about the opportunities of digital shopping convenience for their own business. If so, they run the risk of losing sight of the continuously developing digitalization-based business model innovations and the accordingly changing customer expectations, which would inevitably weaken their competitive position. In this context, this paper uses the SERVQUAL Gap-Model by Zeithaml et al. (1985) to classify and interpret these observations and offers examples of digital capabilities for LOORO to facilitate the Customer Journey.
MICROBIAL POTENCY, CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECT OF INDIGENOUSLY ISOLATED UBIQUITOUS BACTERIUM Bacillus thuringiensis (BERLINER) IN BIOLOGICAL SUBJUGATION OF LEAF FOLDER Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (GUENEE) IN RICE

Ubiquitous bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner) has been indigenously isolated from the various crop canopies viz., Rhizosphere, Phyllosphere and Insect cadavers in Puducherry region and the promising isolate was identified based on cultural, molecular, biochemical characteristics and Bioassay studies. Among ten Bacillus isolates, the isolate 1, 9 and 12 derived from Rhizosphere and isolate 22 obtained from Insect cadaver had behaved in resemblance with Bacillus thuringiensis characteristic features but the isolate 9 had invariably showed its supremacy over other isolates by exhibiting the characteristic features of Bacillus thuringiensis like Colonial count, Total cell protein, Bipyramidal crystals, Crystalliferous protein and Bioassay using parasporal inclusions. Characterizing the potency of Bt bacterial biopesticide in skirmishing the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis , it was estimated at 22,121 IU/ mg with the LC50 0.6 x 10. Thus, Bacillus isolate 9 was found to be considered as promising isolate and this was chosen for further studies. The microbial preparation of the promising indigenous Bt isolate 9 in various dosages viz., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g per litre of water were applied over the foliage surface of rice using atomizer. The dosage 2.5 gram per litre of water was effective in causing the highest mean mortality of 61.30 % and the dosage 0.5 g / litre of water was found the least (26.16 %) in 72h. under laboratory conditions. The crystalliferous parasporal inclusions were rampant in Bt isolate 9 and they were the rule of thumb for killing the leaf folder larvae in Rice through septicemia.
Toxicity testing with artificial streams: Effects of differences in current velocity

When designing toxicity tests with lotic organisms, the role of current velocity is a key consideration when evaluating the test organism's response. We conducted a series of short-term toxicity experiments with the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus Dodds to determine the effect of current velocity on mayfly response to the reference toxicant sodium chloride. The tests were run at three substratum-level velocities: low (0 cm/s), medium (6 cm/s, typical of estimated intrasubstratum velocities in the field), and high (12 cm/s). The end points measured for the mayflies were immobilization and number of molts. The animals showed signs of stress, and the EC50 was lower in the 0 cm/s treatment, probably due to insufficient delivery of oxygen to the gills. This did not, however, lead to much change in sensitivity (measured as lowest-observed-effect concentration; LOEC) to the reference toxicant. Furthermore, neither EC50 nor LOEC differed between 6 and 12 cm/s. This suggests a threshold between 0 and 6 cm/s above which the effect of current velocity was no longer measurable. These results provide initial support for the recommendation that short-term toxicity tests using lotic organisms should ensure that the animals are exposed to at least some flow. Long-term tests, and those with different toxicants, may require further fine-tuning of current velocity.
Zooplankton Abundance, Biomass, and Size-Distribution in Selected Midwestern Waterbodies and Relation with Trophic State

ABSTRACT Zooplankton abundance and biomass were measured in natural lakes and impoundments in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma during summer. Zooplankton exhibited wide ranges of abundance (70,000-1,000,000 individuals/m3) and biomass (45–1,000 mg/m3). Communities were dominated by rotifers; they comprised 70% or more of the zooplankton abundance in 41 lakes and, on average, comprised 53% of zooplankton biomass. Zooplankton in Missouri were significantly smaller than those collected in me other states, suggesting predation and regulation of size structure by zooplanktivorous fish may have differed among states at the time of this study. Within the data set, neither the microzooplankton nor the component groups of the macrozooplankton showed consistent changes witii lake trophy. Among die Missouri reservoirs, Daphnia sp. decreased and Diaphanosoma sp. increased in relation to algal chlorophyll. Both zooplankton abundance and biomass were positively correlated with algal chlorophyll (r=0.30–0.58). This .
Studies on Microbiological Quality and Stability of Folic Acid Tablets Formulated with Tapioca Starch

The purpose of this study was to assess the microbiological quality and stability of folic acid tablets formulated with tapioca starch as a binder in a comparative study with corn starch BP as the standard binder. This investigation was carried out by evaluating the microbiological quality of the starches, the granules and the folic acid tablets prepared by wet granulation, at specified periods of time under various temperature and humidity conditions. Results indicate that the imported maize starch B.P. had a level of microbial contamination which is comparable with the locally extracted cassava starch. The level of microbial contamination, which was higher when non-sterile distilled water was used as the diluting medium than when sterile distilled water was employed, was shown to be dependent on the both the temperature and relative humidity, with high humidity supporting microbial growth in the products. Folic acid tablets formulated with the two different starches exhibited lower level of microbial contaminants than the raw starches, indicating possible denaturation of the mainly vegetative organisms during tableting. Further bioevaluation is ongoing in our laboratory on the effect of compression during tableting on the level of microbial contamination.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CANINE ERYTHROCYTE‐ISOANTIBODY SYSTEMS *

There is still a widely held but uninformed view that dogs have no blood groups, in spite of a literature dealing with dog blood grouping reactions dating back to 1910 when Von Dungern and Hirszfeld' recognized four different blood groups in this species. A number of investigators, including Ottenberg,z McEnery? Melnick; and Wright,5 and their respective colleagues, recognized the phenomenon of isoimmunization of transfusion recipients and subsequent incompatible transfusion reactions. Our interest in the blood groups of dogs was stimulated by observations of George H. Whipple and his collaboratorsR-* from the Department of Pathology of the University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. , who encountered similar transfusion reactions in previously transfused dogs. Other workers, including Harnilton,'O and E y q ~ e m ~ l ' ~ have also been interested in this topic. The work carried on in this laboratory since 1947 has not been directed primarily toward the systematic elucidation of dog blood grouping systems but has been aimed rather toward the development of model systems of erythrocyte-isoantibody reactions which might be studied in vivo in this species. Thus, dog blood grouping systems have not been studied comprehensively, and this paper is confined to a description of those systems which have been investigated in greatest detail. Other canine blood grouping systems almost certainly exist, and, indeed, isoantibodies probably identifying one or more additional systems have been encountered in our laboratory. The work to be summarized includes contributions made by a number of collaborators since 1947, particularly Ervin, Yuile, Christian, O'Brien, Miller, and F ~ r t h . ' ~ ~ ~ Since the sera of untransfused dogs do not regularly contain blood group isoantibodies, isoantibodies induced by immunizing transfusions have been used in these studies. A variety of patterns of immunization have been employed including multiple, small intravenous injections of donor red cells and large transfusions administered during the course of a variety of physiological investigations. Standard serological methods have been employed, the details of which have been published e l ~ e w h e r e . ' ~ , ~ ~ Most of the serological reactions have been carried out in small test tubes. The only peculiarity commonly encountered in working with dog erythrocytes in serological tests is the great propensity of these cells to undergo non-specific in vitro hemolysis. Scrupulous attention must be paid to keep glassware dry and free of contamination with detergents, and to use isotonic saline solutions made of reagent grade sodium chloride which, upon testing, will not hemolyze dog red cells. Even with these precautions, reactions involving hemolysis must be interpreted with caution. * The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Research Grant A-537 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. , and by Research Contract DA-49-007-MD-632 from the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
Routing electric vehicles with a single recharge per route

Driven by environmental considerations, regulations on vehicle emissions, and the offer of major subsidies, electric commercial vehicles (ECVs) are receiving ever stronger attention in logistics companies. Route planning for ECV fleets requires consideration of the special characteristics of ECVs, like limited driving range and the potential need to recharge en route at dedicated recharging stations. From a practical viewpoint, the number of recharge operations of each vehicle can very often be restricted to one recharge per route because (i) typical route distances in the most important application areas of ECVs, like small package shipping and food or beverage distribution, do not require more than one recharge given the current driving range of ECVs, and (ii) operations managers are very reluctant to plan vehicle routes with two or more recharges because recharging operations are perceived as unproductive idle times. We develop a simple hybrid of large neighborhood search and granular tabu search to solve the resulting electric vehicle‐routing problem with time windows and single recharge (EVRPTWS), considering the possibility of both full and partial recharge. The heuristic works on routes represented as customer sequences, and recharge operations are implicitly considered by determining the recharging position in the route, the recharging station to visit, and the amount to be recharged in optimal fashion. We discuss how our algorithm can be extended to handle nonlinear recharging times, different recharging times per station, and time‐dependent waiting times at stations. In numerical studies on EVRPTWS instances from the literature, the method provides optimal or near‐optimal solutions for instances with up to 100 customers within reasonable runtimes. Additional studies investigate the cost savings potential of partial recharges in comparison to full recharges in the presence of time‐window constraints, and examine the factors that influence this cost saving potential.
The effect of temperature on the embryonic and larval development of blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip (H. laevigata) abalone

Summary Embryonic and larval development of Haliotis rubra and H. laevigata was observed at water temperatures of 12–20°C from fertilisation to completion of the velum. The timing of first and second cell division, prototrochal cilia formation and completion of the velum was plotted against water temperature to determine the biological zero point (BZP) (i.e., the theoretical minimum temperature below which larval development is arrested) for each species. The BZP estimate for larval development of H. rubra was 7.8°C and of H. laevigata was 7.2°C. A simultaneous experiment, in which larvae were cultured at ca. 16°C and sampled at 4 h intervals determined the effective accumulative temperature (EAT; the cumulative difference between the culture temperature and the BZP, calculated hourly) for prominent developmental stages in both species. The EAT for hatchout, torsion, eyespot formation and metamorphic competence (i.e., formation of the fourth tubule on the cephalic tentacle) for blacklip abalone was 160, 380, 590 and 1280 EAT°C-h, respectively. Corresponding figures for greenlip abalone were 180, 420, 640 and 1340 EAT°C-h, respectively. The EAT for dispersal (i.e., the difference between the EAT for metamorphic competence and that for hatchout) was 1120 and 1160 EAT°C-h for blacklip and greenlip abalone, respectively. Such information enables the prediction of the dispersal window for each species at a given temperature.
Torus Structure and Development in the Woods of Ulmus Alata Michx., Celtis Laevigata Willd., and Celtis Occidentalis L.

Pit membranes between tracheary elements of Ulmus alata, Celtis laevigata, and Celtis occidentalis often contained tori. The degree of development of tori varied and was greatest in those membranes connecting elements of small diameter. Complete tori consisted of two wall thickenings adjoined by a central layer. In three dimensions the shape of the torus often approximated a grooved wheel. Initiation of thickening in the pit membrane occurred first on the side of the older cell and was well underway prior to the beginning of secondary wall synthesis. Torus formation resulted from the thickening of the primary walls of the pit membrane. Development of the torus was associated with membranous vesicles and cisternae but not with microtubule complexes as was reported in Osmanthus. The pit membranes in this study are capable of aspiration, and the tori may prevent rupture of the pit membrane during this process.
Building Blocks of Rhythmic Expectation

Rhythmic expectation is a key aspect of musical experience, but it has traditionally lacked a speciﬁc, low-level representation analogous to that provided by pitch and meter. A representation that encodes intersections of anticipation and repetition will be demonstrated to provide a degree of real-time control over variation and hybridization of rhythms. The encoding connects low-level musical structure to pattern formation of binomial coefﬁcients on Pascal’s triangle and self-similarity in the Sierpinski gasket. A generative music application demonstrates use of these encodings as building blocks upon a computational musical landscape.