Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Tunable Loss Function for Robust Classification: Calibration, Landscape, and Generalization

We introduce a tunable loss function called <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-loss, parameterized by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha \in (0,\infty]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which interpolates between the exponential loss (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha = 1/2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), the log-loss (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha = 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and the 0–1 loss (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha = \infty $ </tex-math></inline-formula>), for the machine learning setting of classification. Theoretically, we illustrate a fundamental connection between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-loss and Arimoto conditional entropy, verify the classification-calibration of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-loss in order to demonstrate asymptotic optimality via Rademacher complexity generalization techniques, and build-upon a notion called strictly local quasi-convexity in order to quantitatively characterize the optimization landscape of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-loss. Practically, we perform class imbalance, robustness, and classification experiments on benchmark image datasets using convolutional-neural-networks. Our main practical conclusion is that certain tasks may benefit from tuning <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-loss away from log-loss (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha = 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and to this end we provide simple heuristics for the practitioner. In particular, navigating the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> hyperparameter can readily provide superior model robustness to label flips (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha > 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and sensitivity to imbalanced classes (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha < 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>).
Numerical investigation of the mechanical properties of 2D and 3D auxetic structures

Auxetic materials and structures have a negative Poisson’s ratio and it is this unique property that differentiates them from traditional materials. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) auxetic structures have attracted considerable interest with the emergence of advanced manufacturing technologies. Many studies have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the existing 3D structures or improve and develop new ones, and extensive research is ongoing. This paper presents a comparative numerical study of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D geometries of four different auxetic structures, namely: elliptic holes, lozenge grids, re-entrant and arrowhead. Among these structures, elliptic holes and lozenge grids are designed and studied in 3D for the first time in this study. The structures are analysed under axial tension and the Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus and stiffness values are obtained from linear finite element model analysis. In addition, the unit cells of the 3D structures are examined. The findings showed that the elliptical holes structure exhibits a higher negative Poisson’s ratio than other auxetics and the 3D re-entrant and 2D arrowhead structures outperform the other auxetics with respect to the Young’s modulus and stiffness values.
Methyl Internal Rotation in Fruit Esters: Chain-Length Effect Observed in the Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Hexanoate

The gas-phase structures of the fruit ester methyl hexanoate, CH3-O-(C=O)-C5H11, have been determined using a combination of molecular jet Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The microwave spectrum was measured in the frequency range of 3 to 23 GHz. Two conformers were assigned, one with Cs symmetry and the other with C1 symmetry where the γ-carbon atom of the hexyl chain is in a gauche orientation in relation to the carbonyl bond. Splittings of all rotational lines into doublets were observed due to internal rotation of the methoxy methyl group CH3-O, from which torsional barriers of 417 cm−1 and 415 cm−1, respectively, could be deduced. Rotational constants obtained from geometry optimizations at various levels of theory were compared to the experimental values, confirming the soft degree of freedom of the (C=O)-C bond observed for the C1 conformer of shorter methyl alkynoates like methyl butyrate and methyl valerate. Comparison of the barriers to methyl internal rotation of methyl hexanoate to those of other CH3-O-(C=O)-R molecules leads to the conclusion that though the barrier height is relatively constant at about 420 cm−1, it decreases in molecules with longer R.
CO2 Curing of Ca-Rich Fly Ashes to Produce Cement-Free Building Materials

In this study, fly ash (FA) compacts were prepared by accelerated carbonation as a potential sustainable building material application with the locally available ashes (oil shale ash (OSA), wood ash (WA) and land filled oil shale ash (LFA)) of Estonia. The carbonation behaviour of FAs and the performance of 100% FA based compacts were evaluated based on the obtained values of CO2 uptake and compressive strength. The influence of different variables (compaction pressure, curing temperature, CO2 concentration, and pressure) on the CO2 uptake and strength development of FA compacts were investigated and the reaction kinetics of the carbonation process were tested by different reaction-order models. A reasonable relation was noted between the CO2 uptake and compressive strength of the compacts. The porous surface structure of the hydrated OSA and WA compacts was changed after carbonation due to the calcite formations (being the primary carbonation product), especially on portlandite crystals. The increase of temperature, gas pressure, and CO2 concentration improved the CO2 uptake levels of compacts. However, the positive effect of increasing compaction pressure was more apparent on the final strength of the compacts. The obtained compressive strength and CO2 uptake values of FA compacts were between 10 and 36 MPa and 11 and 13 wt%, respectively, under various operation conditions. Moreover, compacts with mixed design (OSA/LFA and WA/LFA) resulted in low-strength and density compared to the single behaviour of OSA and WA compacts, yet a higher CO2 uptake was achieved (approximately 15% mass) with mixed design. The conformity of Jander equation (3D-diffusion-limited reaction model) was higher compared to other tested reaction order models for the representation of the carbonation reaction mechanism of OSA and WA. The activation energy for OSA compact was calculated as 3.55 kJ/mol and for WA as 17.06 kJ/mol.
Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: India

As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country’s population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. The purpose of the reports is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family’s central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.
Actual state-of-the-art of electron beam powder bed fusion

Abstract As a relatively young additive manufacturing technology, Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF) attracts increasing attention in academics and industry. Especially, the last five years have seen an explosion in machine and process development as well as material research for EB-PBF. Compared to other additive manufacturing approaches, e.g., the more widely used laser powder bed fusion, EB-PBF shows various unique features and advantages for processing high-performance metallic components. In this article, recent advancements in the realm of EB-PBF over the past five years are reviewed.
Dynamic of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Shedding in Pigs

Simple Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen, causing an increasing number of autochthonous cases in industrialized countries. In Europe, infections are associated with the zoonotic HEV-3 and HEV-4 genotypes and pigs and wild boars are the main reservoirs. A major concern of infections is linked to its foodborne transmission, due to consumption of raw or undercooked pork products infected by HEV-3 or HEV-4. HEV-3 is widespread in farmed pigs, mainly aged 3–4 months. Besides a decline with age, infected pigs have been observed at slaughterhouses, representing a risk for both the consumers and the workers of the pig industry. HEV is transmitted by the fecal–oral route and shed in feces in large amounts. The risk of viral spreading in farm and presence of infected pigs at slaughtering was evaluated by assessing the quantity and the duration of HEV-3 shedding in feces of infected pigs. Feces of 23 HEV-3 positive pigs were assayed during their fattening, shortly before their slaughtering. Results confirmed a long period of viral shedding in feces with a large amount of the virus released in the environment (mean 105 GC/g). Prevalence and quantity of the virus declines with the age of animals. The study provides information on the dynamic of the infection in pigs, important to prevent HEV occurrence and circulation in farms. Abstract Genotype 3 of hepatitis E virus (HEV-3) is the most common in Europe in both humans and pigs. HEV-3 strains are zoonotic, and foodborne cases associated with consumption of raw and undercooked pork products, mainly liver sausages, have been described. HEV-3 circulates largely in European pig farms, maybe due to its long persistence in the environment. Animals get infected around 3–4 months of age; shortly after, the infection starts to decline up to the age of slaughtering (8–9 months of age in Italy). With the purpose to understand the duration in farmed pigs of the shedding of the virus and its quantity, HEV-RNA detection was performed by Real-time RT-PCR from feces collected individually from two groups of 23 pigs. Sampling was conducted for 4 months shortly before slaughtering age. At 4-months-old, all animals were shedding HEV-3 to high load around 105 genome copies per gram (GC/g). Prevalence was higher in growers than in fatteners, with most of the pigs still positive around 166 days of age. Beyond some difference among individual pigs, the amount of HEV in feces decreased with the age of animals. The longest fattening period should ensure a lower risk of HEV shedder animals at slaughter, reducing the risk of food contamination.
Dynamic Olfactometry and Oil Refinery Odour Samples: Application of a New Method for Occupational Risk Assessment

Refineries are characterized by relevant odour impacts, and the control and monitoring of this pollutant have become increasingly important. Dynamic olfactometry, a sensorial analysis that involves human examiners, is currently the most common technique to obtain odour quantification. However, due to the potential presence of hazardous pollutants, the conduction of occupational risk assessment is necessary to guarantee examiners’ safety. Nevertheless, the occupational risk for olfactometric examiners, specifically correlated with oil refineries emissions, has not been investigated yet. Therefore, this paper applies a new methodology of risk assessment for workers involved in dynamic olfactometry, focusing on odorous refineries emissions. The chemical characterization of refinery emissions was obtained by TD-GC-MS, analysing odorous samples collected at different refinery odour sources. A database of chemical pollutants emitted from a refinery plant was built up, and the minimum dilution values to be adopted during the analysis of refinery odorous samples was calculated. In particular, this evaluation highlighted that, in this scenario, a non-negligible carcinogenic risk may exist for panellists exposed to refineries’ samples, and the carcinogenic risk is sometimes higher than what is acceptable. Therefore, a minimum dilution value between 1.01 and 5, according to the specific sample, must be set to guarantee the examiners’ safety.
The validation of a workaholism scale within the South African banking industry

Orientation: Workaholism has a harmful impact on corporate profitability and productivity and also on employee health and well-being. However, no validated instrument is available to measure workaholism within the South Africa context. Research purpose: This research aimed to investigate whether the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS-10) proves to be a valid and reliable instrument within the South African banking context. Motivation for the study: Currently, no workaholism scale has been validated within the South African banking context. A valid and reliable instrument is therefore required to determine the relationship between workaholism and organisational outcomes within the South African context, and for future studies of the phenomenon. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative research approach was utilised to determine the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS-10). Specifically, a crosssectional design was implemented. The sample comprised employees working within a large banking organisation (N = 345). Main findings: The results indicated that the DUWAS-10 could not be confirmed as a two-factor structure, namely working excessively and working compulsively, due to problematic discriminant validity. However, the revised one-factor structure showed acceptable fit to the data. Furthermore, the results showed that the workaholism construct correlated positively and practically significantly with work overload and work hours. Lastly, the results showed that workaholism had a negative predictive relationship with work engagement and organisational commitment, as well as a positive predictive relationship with burnout. Practical/Managerial implications: Workaholism can no longer be ignored, or considered a positive employee attribute, since the results indicate how it can affect work engagement, burnout and organisational commitment levels of South African employees. Contribution/Value-add: This study provided evidence with regard to the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS-10). The study also contributed to the limited information available concerning the relationship between workaholism and organisational outcomes in South Africa, and by providing a reliable and valid scale for pursuing further research in this area.
Engineering Competency Model

An Engineering Competency Model has been developed to serve as a guide for the development of professionals in the engineering workforce. The Engineering Competency Model (“the model”) provides a career ladder/lattice for the engineering profession and promotes an understanding of the skill sets and competencies that are essential to educate and train a globally competitive engineering workforce. This competency model for engineering will serve as a resource to inform discussions among industry leaders, educators, economic developers, and public workforce investment professionals as they collaborate to identify specific employer skill needs, develop competency-based curricula and training models, and develop industry-defined performance indicators, skill standards, and certifications. The creation of the Engineering Competency Model included an examination of existing bodies of knowledge, as well as the inclusion and involvement of the stakeholders within the engineering community, including associations, industry and academia. As a part of this effort, work is also being done to provide materials for faculty, guidance counselors, and others who work with individuals who are entering the STEM pipeline to provide specific guidance on the core competencies and skills necessary, as well as those that an individual will need to maintain proficiency during their career. The need for qualified engineers is expected to increase over the next seven years, with the engineering field expected to grow by 8.6% between 2012 and 2022. The result will be over 544,000 job openings due to growth and net replacements during that period. It is imperative that clear and specific guidance is given to those individuals who may be suited to fill this need and will enter into the STEM pipeline. This session will highlight the new materials which can be used by individuals, faculty, etc. to understand the core competencies and skills, as well as to provide a brief overview of the Engineering Competency Model creation.
Global Corporate Income Tax Competition, Knowledge Spillover, and Growth

In a two-country model of endogenous growth with international knowledge spillover, corporate income tax competition reproduces the second-best allocation attained by tax har-monization, despite complex externalities. This stems from the positive spillover eﬀect across the border and free trading by Ricardian households in the global ﬁnancial market. However, such a neutrality result does not hold in the extended model, which includes non-Ricardian households. The equilibrium tax rate under the corporate income tax competition can be excessively high or low, depending on the elasticity of the spillover eﬀect to the share of the ﬁrms’ locations.
Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kelelahan pada Pekerja Di PT Kalimantan Steel

Abstract: Factors Related To The Fatigue Level Of Labour At PT. Kalimantan Steel . The purpose of this research is to analyze factors related to the fatigue level of labor at PT. Kalimantan Steel Kab. Kubu Raya by using Observational study design, with Cross-Sectional approach. Samples of this research are 31 persons. Data testing of this research is by using Pearson Product Moment test. The results show that the variable of environment temperature (p = 0,024); noisiness intensity (p = 0.002); labour age (p = 0.003); work time (p = 0.043); and nutrient status (p = 0.016). Abstrak : Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kelelahan Pada Pekerja Di PT Kalimantan Steel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor - faktor yang berhubungan dengan kelelahan pada pekerja di PT. Kalimantan Steel Kab. Kubu Raya. Jenis penelitian yaitu Analitik Observasional dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Dalam penelitian ini jumlah sampel 31 orang. Pengujian data dengan menggunakan uji statistik Pearson Product Moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan antara suhu lingkungan dengan kelelahan pekerja (p = 0,024); intensitas kebisingan dengan kelelahan kerja (p = 0,002); usia dengan kelelahan kerja (p = 0,003); masa kerja dengan kelelahan kerja (p = 0,043); dan status gizi dengan kelelahan kerja (p = 0,016).
New Opportunities for Interest-Driven Arts Learning in a Digital Age.

Kylie Peppler is an Assistant Professor of Learning Sciences Program at Indiana University. An artist by training, she engages in research that focuses on the intersection of arts, media, new technologies, and informal learning. Peppler's dissertation work on the study of the media-rich programming environment Scratch resulted in the book, The Computer Clubhouse: Constructionism and Creativity in Youth Communities. Peppler has since collaborated with Leah Buechley, Yasmin Kafai, and Mike Eisenberg to study e-textiles, which resulted in the forthcoming co-edited volume titled, Textile Messages: Dispatches from the World of E-Textiles and Education. BIO 3 This report wouldn't have been possible without the hard work and dedication of my students and staff. They helped organize the literature; uncover new communities, tools, and ideas; and aid in the initial outline and conceptualization of the field. I owe an immense amount of thanks to: Michael Downton, for spearheading the literature review on the impact of new technologies on music learning as well as much of the work editing the final draft of the report. Diane Glosson, for providing reviews of manga, comics, animation, and interim deliverables. Rafi Santo, for uncovering the literature on virtual communities, fan fiction, and creative writing and also spearheading our reference organization in Mendeley throughout the process. Kate Shively, for spearheading the literature review on photography, visual arts, and museums, as well as maintaining the appendices and delivery schedule. Maria Solomou, for assisting with the literature review on video games, 3D virtual building and other areas featured in the report. Charlene Volk, for assisting wherever there was a need and spearheading the reviews on visual arts, theater, film, dance, video games, and machinima as well as assistance in other aspects of the report. Cagri Yildirim, for assisting with the literature reviews on media arts and grassroots organizing. Benjamin Zaitlen, for assisting with the dance and DIY literature reviews as well as helping to organize everything in the early stages. As we were conducting our review, we had periodic email conversations, phone conferences and meetings with notable scholars in the field who were very generous with their time and shared some of their latest research with us, including: plus many others in the field. Thank you! In addition, we hosted a workshop on the topic of Interest-Driven Arts Learning in a Digital Age through the generous support of The Wallace Foundation. This meeting was instrumental in our conceptualizations of the …