Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperation or conflict in transboundary water management: case study of South Asia

Abstract The transboundary Himalayan rivers flowing through Bhutan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh provide a golden opportunity to improve the standard of living of the largest concentration of the poor people in the world. Bhutan and India have shown that, given goodwill and trust between the countries concerned, water can be successfully used as an engine for ecogrowth. This can bring substantial benefits to the people of both the countries. In contrast, lack of trust between Nepal, India and Bangladesh has compounded the deprivation of the region through underdevelopment. This paper analyses two very contrasting results of managing transboundary rivers in South Asia, a most successful one in Bhutan and India, and a missed opportunity in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Citation Biswas, A. K. (2011) Cooperation or conflict in transboundary water management: case study of South Asia. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(4), 662–670.
Seasonality of polar surface warming amplification in climate simulations

The IPCC AR4 global warming climate simulations reveal a pronounced seasonality of polar warming amplification with maximum warming amplification in winter and minimum in summer. In this paper, we study the relative importance of surface albedo feedback (SAF), changes in cloud radiative forcing (CRF), changes in surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, changes in heat storage, and changes in the clear‐sky downward infrared radiation in causing the strong seasonality of polar warming amplification by calculating partial temperature changes due to each of these processes using the surface energy budget equation. The main thermodynamic factor for a small polar warming amplification in summer is that the positive SAF is largely cancelled out by the negative surface CRF feedback in summer. The positive SAF is relatively much weaker in winter compared to its amplitude in summer, therefore does not contribute to the pronounced polar warming amplification in winter. The seasonal cycle of polar surface warming amplification, in terms of both spatial patterns and temporal amplitude, closely follows the seasonal cycle of the warming due to changes in clear‐sky downward longwave radiation alone, indicating the importance of the atmospheric processes, such as water vapor feedback and dynamical feedbacks associated with the enhancement of poleward moist static energy transport, in causing the pronounced seasonality of polar warming amplification.
Nivation or cryoplanation: Different terms, same features?

Abstract Nivation and cryoplanation are considered to produce separate landforms—hence their distinct names. However, despite this duality of terms, both utilize the same basic processes. A review of the literature indicates confusion and overlap regarding nivation and cryoplanation and their meaning. First, nivation is clearly described in its literature as exploiting pre‐existing hollows. Thus nivation cannot be the initiator of cryoplanation as is frequently suggested in the cryoplanation literature. Second, nivation requires snow, usually in some quantity, which must experience melt, whereas cryoplanation is said to characterize arid or semiarid regions. Third, many authors associate cryoplanation with permafrost, whereas this association has never been the case with nivation. Fourth, if both utilize the same basic suite of processes, what then justifies this terminological dichotomy? It is here argued that ‘nivation’ and ‘cryoplanation’ are two end members of the same feature/process suite.
Defining Predictors of Future Academic Productivity in Plastic Surgery Residency

Background: Research is a valued component of applications to plastic surgery residency. No prior studies have explored factors associated with increased resident research productivity. This study aims to compare the academic productivity levels of plastic surgery residency graduates based on their pre- and postresidency experiences. Methods: Residents graduating in 2019 and 2020 were identified from integrated programs. Metrics collected included the number of publications in medical school and residency. Descriptive statistics were completed along with linear regressions to evaluate the impact of these on academic productivity. Results: A total of 221 residents from the classes of 2019 and 2020 were included. Most residents completed fellowship (75.9%) although less than half went on to academic practice (42.3%). Approximately one in five residents obtained secondary degrees (17.4%). Subjects averaged 3.15 (N = 208, SD = 4.51) publications while in medical school and 8.1 publications during residency (N = 209, SD = 10.0). For h-index calculated at the end of residency, having dedicated medical school research time was the only statistically significant factor (coefficient = 2.96, P = 0.002). Conclusions: Plastic surgery residents published more often as first authors and overall during residency than medical school, indicating increased research involvement and leadership. The present study builds upon prior studies by confirming the importance of dedicated medical school research time and its lasting impact. Understanding the associations of academic factors with increased research productivity in residency is relevant for both applicants and programs evaluating residency candidates.
Control of syndepositional faulting on systems tract evolution across growth-faulted shelf margins: An analog experimental model of the Miocene Imo River field, Nigeria

The presence of growth faults on shelf-margin deltas complicates the sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of deltaic successions. This article describes an analog modeling study of a growth-faulted shelf-margin delta. The aim of the project was to obtain a better understanding of the depositional architecture on a systems tract scale on both sides of the growth fault and to evaluate possible hydrocarbon-trapping configurations in such successions. The analog flume experiment incorporated the combined effect of growth faulting, regional subsidence, and eustasy on hanging-wall and footwall blocks. Experimental variables were based on seismic and well data of the Imo River field in the Niger Delta, which was used as a prototype to calibrate the experimental results. The spatial scale of the model, in conjunction with the supply rate, result in a time scaling that models basin-fill processes that operated over more than 5 m.y. in 90 hr of experiment. Digital topography scans, required for the determination of the bulk sediment transport, were made of the landscape at preset time intervals. The resultant experimental sedimentary successions on both sides of the growth-faulted shelf margin were sliced and correlated across the fault. The results first were compared to the Imo River field prototype and subsequently to examples from the Gulf Coast and to extensional basin settings. These comparisons led to the formulation of a conceptual sequence model for growth-faulted margins that relates the systems tract distribution on each side of the fault to eustasy. The hanging-wall succession is composed of falling stage, lowstand, and early transgressive deposits. The footwall succession, in contrast, is characterized by late transgressive, incised valley-fill, and highstand deposits. The conceptual sequence model provides useful analogs for common and several alternative hydrocarbon-trapping configurations in growth-faulted settings.
Seismic anisotropy and mantle creep in young orogens

��������� � �� ���������� SUMMARY Seismic anisotropy provides evidence for the physical state and tectonic evolution of the lithosphere. We discuss the origin of anisotropy at various depths, and relate it to tectonic stress, geotherms and rheology. The anisotropy of the uppermost mantle is controlled by the orthorhombic mineral olivine, and may result from ductile deformation, dynamic recrystallization or annealing. Anisotropy beneath young orogens has been measured for the seismic phase Pn that propagates in the uppermost mantle. This anisotropy is interpreted as being caused by deformation during the most recent thermotectonic event, and thus provides information on the process of mountain building. Whereas tectonic stress and many structural features in the upper crust are usually orientated perpendicular to the structural axis of mountain belts, Pn anisotropy is aligned parallel to the structural axis. We interpret this to indicate mountainparallel ductile (i.e. creeping) deformation in the uppermost mantle that is a consequence of mountain-perpendicular compressive stresses. The preferred orientation of the fast axes of some anisotropic minerals, such as olivine, is known to be in the creep direction, a consequence of the anisotropy of strength and viscosity of orientated minerals. In order to explain the anisotropy of the mantle beneath young orogens we extend the concept of crustal ‘escape’ (or ‘extrusion’) tectonics to the uppermost mantle. We present rheological model calculations to support this hypothesis. Mountain-perpendicular horizontal stress (determined in the upper crust) and mountain-parallel seismic anisotropy (in the uppermost mantle) require a zone of ductile decoupling in the middle or lower crust of young mountain belts. Examples for stress and mountain-parallel Pn anisotropy are given for Tibet, the Alpine chains, and young mountain ranges in the Americas. Finally, we suggest a simple model for initiating mountain parallel creep.
Rainfall, fog and throughfall dynamics in a subtropical ridge top cloud forest, National Park of Garajonay (La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain)

Mixed tree‐heath/beech forest is a type of subtropical montane cloud forest found on wind‐ and fog‐exposed ridges in the Canary Islands. With a dry season of 5 months and an annual precipitation of 600–700 mm, the extra water inputs through fog interception assume particular importance in this environment. Measurements were made of rainfall, fog occurrence, wind speed and direction as well as of throughfall (TF) in a ridge top cloud forest located near the centre of the National Park of Garajonay on the island of La Gomera. Measured amounts of incident rainfall were corrected for wind‐induced losses around the gauge and for topographic effects. Amounts of fog water as collected by a 0·25‐m2 fog screen were corrected for changes in effective screen surface collection area depending on wind direction. No such corrections were taken into account in most if not all previous studies of rainfall and fog water inputs in the Canary Islands. TF fractions differed between events with rain‐only (87% of wind‐corrected rainfall), fog‐only (∼6% of wind‐corrected fog) and mixed precipitation (110%). It is concluded that the fog screen was more efficient at capturing fog water than the forest canopy, whereas previous wetting of the canopy and bryophytes by rain may have caused the higher TF fraction found on days with rainfall and fog. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome-based education in open and distance learning

Colleges and universities worldwide envision global excellence by providing the best education to their students. The Philippine universities started to implement outcome-based education to fulfill worldwide quality education standards. The purpose of this study is to identify the effectiveness of outcome-based education and the extent of its implementation in a Philippine university through open and distance learning. The effectiveness of outcome-based education and its extent of implementation are measured through the three identified areas such as the presentation of learning outcomes, assessment evidence and teaching and learning activities. The respondents consisted of graduate students for the academic year 2022-2023. Descriptive statistics such as the net agreement rating and the net implementation rating were used. The findings reveal a high agreement rating on the effectiveness of outcome-based education which means that there is an effective and excellent implementation of outcome-based education in open and distance learning. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference in the assessment among programs on the implementation of outcome-based education in open and distance learning. The Philippine University may sustain its effective implementation of outcome-based education and may serve as a model for other educational institutions by providing continuous support to faculty in the form of training and scholarships. These faculties are the major implementers of instructions.
Effects of a Forced-Air Warming System and Warmed Intravenous Fluids on Hemodynamic Parameters, Shivering, and Time to Awakening in Elderly Patients Undergoing Open Cardiac Surgery

Background: As one of the most common postoperative complications, hypothermia is the main cause of numerous problems during treatment, especially in elderly patients with decreased cardiac reserves. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of forced-air warming system (FAWS), warmed intravenous fluids (WIVFs) and routine method on hemodynamic parameters, arterial blood gases (ABGs), shivering, and time to awakening in elderly patients undergoing open cardiac surgery (OCS). Methods: This clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted on 94 elderly patients who underwent OCS at Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol, Iran. They were divided into three groups, namely FAWS (n=31), WIVFs (n=31) and routine rewarming method (RRWM, with a blanket) (n=32). The data were then recorded in a checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS 26 at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The findings demonstrated that the degree of hypothermia had a significant decreasing trend in the groups receiving FAWS and WIVFs (P=0.002). Additionally, increased respiratory rate (P=0.013), higher bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels on arrival up to 4 hours after surgery (P=0.045), reduced lactate level (P=0.005), normal base excess (BE) and accelerated time to awakening (P=0.004) were observed in patients receiving FAWS. There was no significant difference in the study groups regarding shivering. Conclusion: The results revealed that FAWS could mitigate the degree of hypothermia, increase body temperature and decrease the postoperative serum lactate levels. Moreover, BE as one of the most important parameters for ABGs, could remain at a normal level. Besides, the use of FAWS could lead to early awakening, and thus facilitate weaning and extubation of these patients.
Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of the Comune di Sicilia Goat: Towards the Conservation of an Endangered Local Breed

Simple Summary The Comune di Sicilia goat, originating in Sicily (Italy), is in the process of being officially acknowledged as a breed. To better characterize this population, this study examined 78 goats from two locations, recording the goats’ morphological traits and measurements. Moreover, these goats were genotyped using a medium-density SNPchip and compared with goats from 15 different Italian breeds. The study found that the Comune di Sicilia goats have unique physical and genetic characteristics that distinguish them from other breeds in the same area. However, moderate variability was observed, likely influenced by how the goats were chosen by breeders. Additionally, the genomic comparison of goats with different traits led to the identification of genes possibly linked to anotia and wattle presence in goat species. To preserve this breed and avoid problems with inbreeding, a combined approach integrating phenotypic and genomic analyses is warranted. Abstract The Comune di Sicilia, a local goat breed from Sicily (Italy), is currently undergoing recognition as a distinct breed. This study aims to characterize the population both phenotypically and genomically to advance its recognition process. A total of 78 subjects from two locations were enrolled, and their phenotypic data, including qualitative traits and morphometric measurements of adult animals, were recorded and statistically analyzed. The goats were genotyped using the Illumina 50 k Goat SNPchip, comparing them with 473 goats from 15 Italian breeds. Population structure, phylogenetic relationships, admixture, and genomic inbreeding were analyzed. Additionally, subjects with different morphological traits were compared using FST and runs of homozygosity, leading to the identification of potential candidate genes associated with anotia and wattle presence in goats. The Comune di Sicilia breed exhibited distinctive genomic and phenotypic features, setting it apart from other breeds in the same region. However, moderate variability, possibly influenced by selection practices, was also observed. To ensure the breed’s preservation and prevent excessive inbreeding, a comprehensive approach considering both morphology and genomic background is recommended. This study contributes valuable insights into the genetic peculiarities of the Comune di Sicilia goat, supporting its recognition as a unique and valuable breed.
Elaborating Inductive Definitions

We present an elaboration of inductive definitions down to a universe of datatypes. The universe of datatypes is an internal presentation of strictly positive types within type theory. By elaborating an inductive definition – a syntactic artefact – to its code – its semantics – we obtain an internalised account of inductives inside the type theory itself: we claim that reasoning about inductive definitions could be carried in the type theory, not in the meta-theory as it is usually the case. Besides, we give a formal specification of that elaboration process. It is therefore amenable to formal reasoning too. We prove the soundness of our translation and hint at its completeness with respect to Coq's Inductive definitions. The practical benefits of this approach are numerous. For the type theorist, this is a small step toward bootstrapping, i.e. implementing the inductive fragment in the type theory itself. For the programmer, this means better support for generic programming: we shall present a lightweight deriving mechanism, entirely definable by the programmer and therefore not requiring any extension to the type theory. In a dependent type theory, inductive types come in various shapes and forms. Unsurprisingly, we can define data-typesà la ML, following the sum-of-product recipe: we offer a choice of constructors and, for each constructor, comes a product of arguments. An example is the vintage List datatype: data List [A : Set] : Set where List A nil | cons (a : A)(as : List A) For the working semanticist, this brings fond memory of a golden era: this syntax has a trivial categorical interpretation in term of signature functor, here L A X = 1 + A × X. Without a second thought, we can brush away the syntax, mapping the syntactic representations of sum and product to their categorical counterpart. Handling parameters comes at a minor complexity cost: we merely parameterise the functor itself, for instance with A here. We ought to make sure that our language of data-type is correct, let alone semantically meaningful. Indeed, if we were to accept the following definition data Bad [A : Set] : Set where Bad A ex (f : Bad A → A) we would make many formal developments a lot easier to prove! To ban these bogus definitions, theorem provers such as Agda (Norell, 2007) or Coq (The Coq Development Team) rely on a positivity checker to ensure that all recursive arguments …
Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer solar occultations at Neptune - Constraints on the abundance of methane in the stratosphere

Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) solar occultation lightcurves at wavelengths 125–138 nm acquired during the Neptune encounter are compared with one-dimensional methane photochemical-transport models. Photoabsorption by methane (the photochemical parent) is expected to be the major source of opacity at these wavelengths, in which case the UVS lightcurves can be used to infer the strength of eddy mixing at altitudes above the methane photolysis peak and compatible CH4 mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere. For the p-T models adopted in this study, acceptable fits to the UVS lightcurves are obtained with eddy mixing coefficient values (K1/2) near the half-light altitudes (placed 550–600 km above the respective 1 bar levels) of 2–15 × 106 cm2 s−1 (ingress) and 4–35 × 106 cm2 s−1 (egress) and lower stratospheric (p > 1.0 mbar) methane mixing ratio values (ƒT(CH4)) of 5 – 100 × 10−5 (ingress and egress). The ranges in ƒT(CH4) and K1/2 reflect uncertainties in the background p-T structure and the application of different criteria for deciding what constitutes a “good fit. ” For the nominal p-T models and a criterion based on replicating the spacing in altitude of the 125–138 nm UVS lightcurves, K1/2 values (near 0.2 μbar) of 107 cm2 s−1 (ingress) and 1–2 × 107 cm2 s−1 (egress) and ƒT (CH4) values of ∼1 × 10−4 (ingress and egress) are indicated, with the egress results being more uncertain. These results are insensitive to photochemical details of the models.
Asymmetric Information in Automobile Insurance: Evidence from Driving Behvaior *

We provide novel insights into the effects of private information in automobile insurance. Based on a unique data set of driving behavior we find direct evidence that private information has significant effects on contract choice and risk. The number of car rides (controlling for the distance driven) and the relative distance driven on weekends are significant risk factors. While the number of car rides and average speeding are negatively related to the level of third-party liability coverage, the number of car rides and the relative distance driven at night are positively related to the level of first-party insurance coverage. These results indicate multiple and counteracting effects of private information based on risk preferences and driving behavior.
Using Second Life Applications to Develop EFL Linguistic Competence among Secondary School Students Marwa

The use of virtual worlds applications has been growing as a method to facilitating foreign language acquisition. Existing literature adopting virtual worlds has investigated the efficacy of various applications (e.g., Active Worlds, Quest Atlantis ). However, few studies have explored the potential effects of using Second Life applications in the language learning process in the Arab world. This study investigated the impact of using Second Life applications (Second Life, Second Life Educational, and Second Life APK (Second Life version for Mobile and Android) applications) on EFL students’ linguistic competence. The study followed quasi-experimental one-group pre-posttests design. Participants of this study were some of first year secondary school students (n=12) in one class at Al-Shoban Al-Muslemeen Secondary school Benha Educational Administration El-Qulubia Governorate during the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023. The instruments and materials of the present study included an EFL linguistic competence checklist, a pre and a post EFL linguistic competence tests, and an analytic rubric for scoring and analyzing students' performance and a program based on Second Life applications to describe in detail the steps to be followed to develop EFL linguistic competence. Findings of paired samples t-test indicated a significant difference between the mean scores of the participants in the pre and post test of the EFL linguistic competence components in favor of the post test, at the (0.01) level of significance. It can be concluded that using some Second Life applications is effective in developing EFL linguistic competence among first year secondary students.