Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Knowledge and Attitude Towards the Usage of VLE Frog Among Secondary School Teachers in Kulim

: This study was conducted to determine the level of teachers’ knowledge, attitude and usage of VLE Frog and to determine whether or not there is a relationship and influence between knowledge and attitude towards the use of VLE Frog among secondary school teachers in Kulim. This study employs a quantitative approach using questionnaires for data collection. The questionnaires consist of four main sections to obtain re-spondents’ background, knowledge, attitude and usage of a virtual learning environment system called VLE Frog. The number of samples involved was one-hundred teachers who were systematically randomly selected from four schools within the Kulim district. The findings showed that the level of teachers’ knowledge of and attitude were high towards VLE Frog. However, the level of usage of VLE Frog was seen as moderate. This study also found that there was no significant relationship be-tween teachers’ knowledge and the use of VLE Frog but there was a significant relationship between teachers’ attitude towards the use of VLE Frog. The results showed that teachers' attitude had more influence than knowledge towards the use of VLE Frog. This paper can provide useful information for the Malaysi-an Ministry of Education to partially monitor the level of VLE Frog usage among secondary school teachers and assist in planning to enhance the level of usage of VLE Frog among teachers in the country.
New Approach for Controlling Broomrape Plants in Faba Bean

To improve controlling Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) grown in faba bean crop via new approaches as planting modern cultivars under different times of spraying Roundup ((glyphosate 48% WSC)) as herbicide and foliar application of some micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), was conducted in a private farm in El-Horreya village, Abou El-Matamir, El-Behira governorate, Egypt, during two successive winter seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 in sandy loam soil. The experimental design was a splitsplit plot design with three replications, where as the treatments were distributed at random as follows; Roundup (glyphosate) spraying times (without, one time, or two times) were applied at main plots, while foliar spray of micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) were allocated in the subplots and field bean cultivars (Nubaria1, Nubaria 2 or Nubaria 3) were located in the sub-sub plot. The main results indicated that spraying Roundup (glyphosate 48% WSC) twice where, the first spraying applied beginning the flowering while the second spraying was applied after two weeks from the first treatment at 180 cm (Roundup)/480 L (water)/ha. ), caused significant increase of faba bean yield and reduced number and weight of broomrape as compared with other treatments. “Nubaria 2” cultivar achieved the highest mean values for most of yield characters, while the cultivar Nubaria 3 gave the lowest values. On the other hand, spraying micronutrients 2 times after 45 and 60 days from sowing achieved higher yield and its components of faba bean under the study condition in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt.
Technology mediated assessment of dynamic spatial ability.

The role of spatial ability in STEM educational performance has been substantially illustrated since the inception of this research agenda. However, studies which have identified this relationship typically do so using static measures of performance. It is posited that dynamic spatial ability may align more with the dynamic environment in which humans must negotiate however technological limitations have constrained the capacity to test this faculty. Building on past studies of dynamic spatial ability, the aim of this study was to initiate the creation of psychometric tests for dynamic spatial factors. The findings suggest a gender difference favouring males which aligns with results regularly cited using static measures and a number of considerations for future psychometric developments in this area are offered. It is envisioned that the development of these tests could aid in ascertaining the role of dynamic spatial ability in STEM education and subsequently assist in the direction of associated future educational developments.
What drives banks’ appetite for sovereign debt in CEE countries?

In this paper, we provide the first analysis of the level and determinants of sovereign exposure of banking systems in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, thus contributing to the existing literature on sovereign exposures and the sovereign-bank nexus. Results of descriptive analysis showed that exposure to sovereign debt securities in CEE countries is substantially higher than in euro area countries, which can be explained by the lower development of financial markets in this region. We also found evidence of home-bias in CEE and emphasized the role of different monetary policy regimes in explaining differences in exposure among CEE countries. Results of panel analysis showed that changes of debt securities in bank balance sheets in CEE countries are mostly determined by broader macroeconomic conditions and to a lesser extent by their regulatory frameworks. In addition, we did not find evidence of so-called reach-for-yield behaviour. Our results indicate that efforts to reduce sovereign exposure in CEE countries require strong collaboration of not only regulators, but also of fiscal authorities and other policy makers able to contribute to the development of financial markets in this region. Moreover, regulators should especially focus on reducing the home-bias in CEE.
The Optimum Angle of Geotropic Stimulation and its Relation to the Starch Statolith Hypothesis

Roots which are turned from their normal direction to directions at various angles with the plumb line develop the largest geotropic curvatures during a subsequent klinostat rotation period when the stimulation angle is well above the horizontal. In experiments with roots of Lepidium sativum L. , the optimum is located at 120 to 140° when the stimulation time is between 2 and 15 min. If this fact is to be explained by the movements of amyloplasts in the root cap cells, one would expect roots which bad been kept inverted before the stimulation (so that the moveable amyloplasts are accumulated in the opposite end of the cells) to show an optimum angle well below 90°. — Pre-inversion of the roots did suppress the curvatures produced by stimulation at angles larger than 90° when measured after 10 to 30 min of klinostat rotation. This suppression may be taken as a support for the starch statolith hypothesis, since the amyloplasts in pre-inverted roots placed at angles exceeding 90° have a restricted opportunity to slide along the cell walls compared to non-inverted roots placed at the same angles. In pre-inverted roots measured after a period of klinostat rotation, however, no optimum was found at angles below 90°. When the stimulation time was 3.75 min, the response curves were nearly symmetrical about 90°. Stimulation for 15 min, on the other hand, resulted in curvatures which were much larger (although suppressed in comparison with non-inverted roots) when the stimulation angle was 165° than when it was 15°. During the 15 min stimulation period itself, however, pre-inverted roots curved 0.3° when stimulated at 15, but only 3.4° at 165°. This small difference was very highly significant and is in agreement with the starch statolith hypothesis insofar as the amyloplasts in pre-inverted roots placed at 15° have the greatest opportunity to slide along the cell walls. The lack of further development (and the actual decrease) of their curvatures during the subsequent klinostat rotation must then be due to other, depressing, factors, summarily designated as tonic. At angles above 90°, the tonic factors are either absent or even enhancing. Tbe tonic effects cannot be explained by amyloplast movements.
A Glossary of the Extant Haptophyta of the World

The Haptophyta comprises a group of microalgae of particular importance in marine habitats, often occurring in ‘bloom’ concentrations, sometimes with devastating effects where the bloom is composed of species toxic to other forms of life. The most familiar species are the coccolithophorids, unicellular organisms encased in calcified scale-like structures, the coccoliths, which are readily preserved in marine sediments and have for a long time been important indicators in micropalaeontological studies. In the middle of this century it was recognized that there was a need to compile and standardize the terminology used in coccolith morphology (Braarud et al., 1955; Halldal & Markali, 1955). This approach was continued by several authors (e.g. Hay et al., 1966; Okada & McIntyre, 1977; Tappan, 1980; Perch-Nielsen, 1985) in published articles, and in the report from a Round Table session at the Rome 1970 Plankton Conference (Farinacci, 1971), which included terms from both fossil and extant taxa. Over the last two decades many new terms have been introduced as observations on coccolith morphology have improved through the use of the electron microscope, and recent glossaries covering various aspects of haptophyte terminology have been published by Heimdal (1993), Kleijne (1993) and Margulis et al. (1993).
Ciclo biológico Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (neuroptera:chrysopidae) alimentada con diferentes presas

Biological cycle of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) feeding on several preys Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) is an important insect predator on several agricultural pests. Effect of feeding on several preys on life span of C. externa was studied under laboratory conditions (27 ± 2 oC mean temperature and 60 ± 5 % R.H.). Each of the following preys was daily offered ad libitum to predator: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), Aphis craccivora (Koch), Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Thrips tabaci Lyndeman and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). Duration of larval stage was significant lower (7.7 and 10.15 days) when fed on S. cerealella or A. craccivora, whilst when fed on A. nerii, T. tabaci and T.cinnabarinus it lasted 20.3, 19.1 and 16.4 days, respectively. Predator reached pupal stage just when fed on S. cerealella eggs or A. craccivora nymphs and adults showing time mean of 7.95 and 7.55 days, respectively. Conversely, only one individual reached this stage when feeding on A. nerii or T. tabaci, and no predator reached pupal stage when T. cinnabarinus was used as food source. It is concluded that S. cerealella and A. craccivora were the most adequate food sources for predator development, while A. nerii, T. tabaci and T. cinnabarinus resulted less appropriate. Additional key words: Biological control, predator, developmental time, food source Recibido: Noviembre 17, 2006 Aceptado: Junio 4, 2007 1 Dpto. de Ciencias Biológicas, Decanato de Agronomía, Universidad Centroccidental “Lisandro Alvarado”. Apdo. 400. Barquisimeto. Venezuela. e-mail: neicyvalera@ucla.edu. ve
Comparative Analysis of Biogas and Methane Yields from Different Sizes of Groundnut Shell in a Batch Reactor at Mesophilic Temperature

Aim: To study the effects of different sizes of groundnut shell on biogas and methane yields using batch reactor at mesophilic temperature. Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, between August and October, 2018. Methodology: Batch experiment was set up for a period of 35 days with substrate reduced to 2, 4 and 6 mm sizes. The digesters were subjected to anaerobic digestion at mesophilic condition and the gas produced were collected with graduated gas sampling bottles dipped in measuring cylinders already filled with red liquid. The total gas produced was analyzed using gas analyzer to give the percentage composition of the gas components and Enwuff equation was used to calculate the biogas and methane yields of organic dry matter and fresh mass of the samples. Results: The total gas volume of 482.5, 605.0 and 732.5 ml were recorded for the sizes 2, 4 and 6 mm respectively. The organic dry matter biogas yields were 357.1, 514.31 and 324.5 lNkg -1 oDM for Original Research Article Jekayinfa et al.; JENRR, 5(1): 34-44, 2020; Article no.JENRR. 57133 35 treatment 2, 4 and 6 mm respectively; while organic dry matter methane produced were 222.41, 298.41 and 211.31 CH4kg -1 oDM for 2, 4 and 6 mm, respectively. The fresh mass biogas yields were 147.6, 180.7 and 177.3 lNkg -1 FM and fresh mass methane yield were 919, 104.8 and 115.4 lNCH4 kg -1 FM for 2, 4 and 6 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the yields recorded, the experiment shows that size reduction had effect on biogas yields and it is an important factor to be considered in biogas production. Treatment with particle size 4 mm seems to be the ideal size when considered the yields in terms of organic dry matter and fresh mass basis.
Differential effects of tropical arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inocula on root colonization and tree seedling growth: implications for tropical forest diversity

The potential for mycorrhizae to influence the diversity and structuring of plant communities depends on whether their affinities and effects differ across a suite of potential host species. In order to assess this potential for a tropical forest community in Panama, we conducted three reciprocal inoculation experiments using seedlings from six native tree species. Seeds were germinated in sterile soil and then exposed to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in current association with naturally infected roots from adults of either the same or different species growing in intact forest. The tree species represent a range of life histories, including early successional pioneers, a persistent understory species, and emergent species, typical of mature forest. Collectively, these experiments show: (i) the seedlings of small-seeded pioneer species were more dependent on mycorrhizal inocula for initial survival and growth; (ii) although mycorrhizal fungi from all inocula were able to colonize the roots of all host species, the inoculum potential (the infectivity of an inoculum of a given concentration) and root colonization varied depending on the identity of the host seedling and the source of the inoculum; and (iii) different mycorrhizal fungal inocula also produced differences in growth depending on the host species. These differences indicate that host-mycorrhizal fungal interactions in tropical forests are characterized by greater complexity than has previously been demonstrated, and suggest that tropical mycorrhizal fungal communities have the potential to differentially influence seedling recruitment among host species and thereby affect community composition.
Four experts investigate how the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory began

Scientists and researchers were working—and continue to work—around the clock for answers. But science is slow and methodical. So far-fetched explanations about how the outbreak started began filling the vacuum. Among these strange explanations is a theory that the recent rollout of 5G technology is to blame. But where did this theory begin, how did it develop and mutate and what can be done to stem the tide of fake news? We asked four experts who have all done extensive research in this area to examine these questions.
Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Confidentiality Statement Certain data and information contained in this document constitute trade secrets and confidential commercial information. The legal protections that apply to trade secrets and confidential information are hereby claimed under the applicable provisions of law. No part of this document may be publicly disclosed without the written consent of Philip Morris International Inc. of which Philip Morris Products SA is an affiliate. Appendix 6: Indoor Air Quality
Morphology, anatomy and development of the pericarp after anthesis in grape, Vitis vinifera L.

Studies of the structure and cytological development of the pericarp of the grape berry are reviewed and further studies conducted using contemporary methods of histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy and traditional methods of proximate analysis to investigate post‐anthesis pericarp morphology, anatomy, fine structure and tissue composition. The observations are presented within a biological and ecological context in which the pericarp, in its primary role, serves as an aid to seed dispersal, as indicated by the developmental changes it undergoes in composition and structure after anthesis. It is concluded that the pericarp embodies a broad spectrum of evolutionary responses to natural selection exerted both by biotic and abiotic factors in wild populations of grapevines. The presently used cultivars have retained these characteristics, as they have not been exposed for thousands of years, and are still not exposed, to natural selection.
General introduction Genotypic and genetic diversity in natural populations

Genotypic and genetic diversity in natural populations Natural populations of animals and plants are rarely composed of randomly distributed alleles but reflect a complex mosaic of frequent and infrequent genotypes (Murawski and Hamrick, 1990 ; Aspinwall and Christian, 1992; Lokker et al., 1994; Lynch and Milligan, 1994; Hänfling and Brandl, 1998; Schläpfer and Fischer, 1998; Ayres and Ryan, 1999). The relative abundance of these genotypes is not fixed, but may vary over the life span of populations. Hence, natural populations of plants and animals are genetically structured in space and time (Ewing, 1979; Chevillon et al., 1995; Hossaert-McKey et al., 1996). Such evidence for spatial and temporal genetic structures clearly emerged during the last three decades with the development of molecular markers and the access to the genotype of individuals. Then, with the increasing body of genetic data, research began to focus on the identification of the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for such genetic structures. In plant species, Loveless and Hamrick (1984) reviewed the effect of several species traits on population genetic structure. They looked among others at the effect of breeding systems, floral morphology, pollination mechanisms, dispersal modes, life cycles, and size of populations. The main result of this review was that the breeding system is the principal factor designing the genetic structure of plant populations.
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies (IJMBS)

The objective of the Hormones, Oxidative stress, Methylation, Inflammation and Gene expression (HOMING) trial was to assess the efficacy of personalized bio identical hormone, dietary supplement and nutritional care plans on dry and wet Agerelated Macular Degeneration (AMD) outcomes. We evaluated 220 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) patients that followed a personalized clinical care plan for up to 9 months. The care plans consisted of bio identical hormones, dietary supplements and nutrition recommendations with the objective to improve lab and clinical measurements linked to oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression. Serum concentrations of CRP, HbA1c and homocysteine responded favorably to the HOMING protocol with full program compliance. Sixty percent (42/70) of wet AMD patients reported improvement in visual acuity and/or a reduction in the frequency of antiVEGF injections during the study period. Forty eight percent (44/92) of dry AMD patients reported improvement in visual acuity during the study period. Nine percent (4/45) patients reported improvement in visual acuity in the dry AMD control group and no (0/13) wet AMD patients in the control group reported improvement. Six percent (4/70) of wet AMD patients reported that their vision declined and/or that their F frequency increased during the study period. Five percent (4/92) of dry AMD patients reported that their vision was worse.
Dento-skeletal changes associated with treatment of deep overbite in class II malocclusion

The present study aimed to evaluate the treatment changes in class II patients with deep overbite. A total of 22 females (15-18 years) were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances divided into 2 groups; the first group comprised of 12 cases with class II division 1and the second group ten cases with class II division 2. All cases possessed over bite more than 4 mm, class II more than 4 degrees and had pre and post treatment lateral cephalometric x-ray films. Eleven angular and ten linear cephalometric measurements were recorded and analyzed before and after treatment. The differences in mean values of variables within each studied group were statistically analyzed using Wilcox on singed rank test. On the other hand the mean differences of overbite before and after intervention were compared between the two studied groups using Mann-Whitney test.Results: Bite depth improved an average of 5.6 mm in class II division1, and 2.6 mm in class II division2 with significant differences within and between the studied groups. All measurements showed changes that were statistically significant except SNB0 in both groups, ANB0, OP/MP0, U1-PP, ANS-Me in group 1, and L1-MP in group 2. Conclusion: Bite depth improved due to the changes in the axial inclination of incisor teeth that were decreased in class II division1, while increased in class II division 2, intrusion of lower incisor in class II division1, and intrusion of maxillary incisor in class II division 2 in addition to extrusion of upper and lower molars in both groups.
Toxicity of the limonoid allelochemical cedrelone to noctuid larvae

The limonoid cedrelone, a constituent of Cedrela toona and C. odorata (Meliaceae) was evaluated as a larval growth inhibitor for the polyphagous noctuids Peridroma saucia and Mamestra configurata by examining its effects on development and feeding behaviour. Cedrelone significantly inhibited growth of different larval instars when administered orally (in artificial diet), topically or via injection. Nutritional analyses revealed that both growth inhibition and reduced consumption are a consequence of post‐ingestive malaise rather than a peripherally‐mediated antifeedant effect. Cedrelone administered via injection to sixth instar P. saucia larvae also inhibited growth, delayed development, and resulted in considerable larval mortality. However, all larvae which survived treatment pupated successfully. The present study suggests that the toxicity of cedrelone does not likely involve the endocrine system.