Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demographic responses of adult Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) to different plant and animal diets

1. We studied the effects of food type on adult females of the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. 2. The test diets, covering a size range of 5–1250 μm, included a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, three algae (i.e. Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acutus and Chlorogonium elongatum), three ciliates (i.e. Tetrahymena pyriformis, Stylonychia notophora and S. mytilus), two rotifers (i.e. Brachionus angularis and B. calyciflorus) and two cladocerans (i.e. Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Moina macrocopa), and a selected subset of them in a second experiment. 3. Experimental diets were started with the last juvenile instar (C5) and data were collected on the newly moulted adult females. The survival of the copepod was less affected by food type than its reproductive output. Net reproductive rate was significantly higher with animal than with plant food. Algal diets enriched with organic extracts supported higher reproductive rates than unenriched diets of the same algal species. The large and motile alga Chlorogonium gave performances which approached those of ciliate diets. 4. The pre-reproductive period of M. thermocyclopoides was shorter and its post-reproductive period longer with animal than with plant diets, the latter being chiefly caused by a briefer period between clutches. 5. The frequency of infertile clutches increased in later clutches, indicating possible sperm limitation in females which have mated only once. 6. There was a significant, positive correlation between the size of food particles and the lifetime reproductive output of M. thermocyclopoides, with more than an order of magnitude difference in the total fecundity between the largest and the smallest food items. 7. Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides achieved the highest total fecundity with ‘mixed’ food, and thus, reflected the adaptive value of omnivory for this species.
Temperature Thresholds and Growing-Degree-Day Models for Red Sorrel (Rumex acetosella) Ramet Sprouting, Emergence, and Flowering in Wild Blueberry

Abstract Red sorrel is a common herbaceous creeping perennial weed in wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia that spreads by seeds and an extensive creeping root system. Experiments were established to determine temperature thresholds for ramet sprouting from creeping root fragments and to develop growing-degree-day (GDD) models for predicting ramet emergence and flowering under field conditions in wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia. Ramets sprouted from root fragments at temperatures as low as 1 C, with an optimum temperature for ramet sprouting around 22 C. Ramet sprouting was completely inhibited at temperatures above 35 C. Cumulative ramet emergence and flowering under field conditions were adequately explained as functions of GDD by a three-parameter power equation (R2 = 0.98) and a four-parameter logistic equation (R2 = 0.87), respectively. Ramet emergence began between 110 and 265 GDD and continued throughout the season at each site. Model prediction for the initiation of emergence was 92 GDD, and 50 and 95% emergence were predicted to occur at 1,322 and 2,696 GDD, respectively. Red sorrel ramets began to flower in the field between 308 and 515 GDD. Model prediction for the initiation of flowering was 289 GDD, and 50 and 95% flowering were predicted to occur at 545 and 1,336 GDD, respectively. Model validation was conducted with the use of two additional independent data sets for emergence and flowering and indicated good performance of the proposed models (R2 and root-mean-square error values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 and 4.0 to 13.8, respectively). The models allow for direct comparison of red sorrel phenology to that of the wild blueberry and will aid in the development of new management strategies. Nomenclature: Red sorrel, Rumex acetosella L. RUMAA; wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.
DNA CONTENT OF SEVEN SPECIES OF ASTEREAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THEORIES OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN THE TRIBE

A B S T RA C T Relative amounts of nuclear DNA were determined in root tip cells of seven species of Astereae: Aster hydrophilus Greene, A. oblongifolius Nutt. , A. riparius H.B. K. , Machaeranthera boltoniae (Greene) Turner and Horne, M. brevilingulata (Sch-Bip.) Turner and Horne, M. parviflora Gray, and M. tenuis (S. Wats.) Turner and Horne. The results show that A. hydrophilus and M. brevilingulata, with a chromosome number of n = 9, have less nuclear DNA than other closely related species which are either n = 4 or n = 5. Cytological analyses of meiosis in the intergeneric hybrid M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus showed cells with two or more small chromosomes of the latter species pairing with single large chromosomes of the former. Pachytene cells of the hybrids M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus, M. parviflora X A. riparius, and M. boltoniae X M. tenuis showed some unpaired chromosome segments. The significance of these results to chromosome evolution in the tribe Astereae is discussed.
Modelling the growth and population dynamics of the exiled Stockton coal plateau landsnail, Powelliphanta augusta

Abstract Almost all individuals from the only remaining population of a newly discovered species of large land snail were taken into captivity when their habitat was mined in 2007. Growth rates and population dynamics of a sample of 318 of the snails remaining in captivity in 2007–2009 were calculated and compared with those of the wild population at the time it was removed using both deterministic and stochastic modelling methods. Snails in the captive population appeared to be exhibiting slower growth, particularly amongst hatchlings, than the wild population and, although adult mortality is low in captivity, the hatchling mortality rates were higher than expected. Furthermore, we found the predicted long-term size distribution for the captive population differed markedly from that of the population at capture, suggesting the dynamics of captive population are significantly different from those of the wild.
Host-Parasitoid Models of Intermediate Complexity

Chesson and Murdoch (1986) and Perry and Taylor (1986) have recently reinvestigated host-parasitoid models that May (1978) has termed intermediate in complexity and that tentatively attempt o reflect he essentials of a complex system using a minimal number of parameters. Such simple models can often be derived and interpreted inseveral ways. For example, Perry and Taylor's recommended model 3C is formally what Chesson and Murdoch termed a pure-error model, despite being framed in terms of a process in which hosts and parasitoids move in response to one another. Indeed, a model formally identical to Perry and Taylor's model 3A was fully discussed and analyzed by Hassell and May (1973), although their model concerned an explicit refuge for hosts. A further characteristic of such models of intermediate complexity is that they summarize all the effects of aggregation of the full parasitoid attack distribution i the single empty-cell probability, po, that a host escapes parasitism. Perry and Taylor criticized the use of the negative-binomial p rameter kto characterize po and demonstrated the density dependence of k. They also noted, however, that the parameters and t used in their alternative specification of po might also depend on density. Another useful alternative model might relate po to mean parasitoid attack rate (aP, in Chesson and Murdoch's notation) in a way that conformed to real data over the full range of densities encountered in the field and led to relatively simple and realistic stability properties. The relation between the proportion of empty sample units, flo, and mean density, ,u, has been extensively and separately studied for many years in diverse biological areas, including bacteriology (Fisher 1922), plant pathology (see review in Seem 1984), plant ecology (Jaccard 1908), and entomology (Wilson and Room 1983). It has been used chiefly as a tool to reduce the prohibitive cost of counting all samples. The model that consistently appears to provide the best fit to such data is
Energy dynamics of Encoptolophus sordidus costalis (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a grassland ecosystem

The bioenergetics of annual populations of the dusky grasshopper, Encoptolophus sordidus costalis, on a natural grassland site were examined. Peak dry weight biomass of these insects reached 1.7 kg/ha (1.85 lb/at). Oxygen consumption ranged from 2.76 μl/h for first instar nymphs to 82 μl/h for adults, values that equated with an average consumption of 341 ml oxygen/m2 during the growing season. Energy values (cal/mg) of insect body tissue averaged 5.24 while those for exuviae, faeces, and plant material were 5.38, 4.08, and 4.39, respectively. The grasshoppers ingested 2% of the green shoot primary production, which, at the latitude of the Matador experimental site, was equal to 792 kcal/m2 in 1968–69. An additional 8% was cut and dropped so that a total of 10% of the green vegetation was removed by this insect species. Twenty-five percent of the ingested food was metabolized; the rest was voided as faeces. Respiration accounted for 51% of the metabolized energy. Exuviae made up 6 to 11% of secondary prod.
Composition of photosynthetic products in Lake Biwa, Japan; vertical and seasonal changes and their relation to environmental factors

Our seasonal study on composition of photosynthetic products using the 13 C and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was carried out to elucidate the following: relationships between certain environmental factors and the composition of photosynthetic products; and effects of these environmental factors upon the seasonal changes in phytoplankton growth in Lake Biwa, which is estimated by the protein specific production rate
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS III. CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES TYPES II AND III IN THE MOUSE

The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse. The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary. Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg. , it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg. The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
Evidence for antheridogen production and its mediation of a mating system in natural populations of fern gametophytes

Gametophytes of Asplenium pimpinellifolium Fee and Lygodium heterodoxum Kze. , occurring as natural populations in Veracruz, Mexico, were studied with respect to their spacing, size, and number of antheridia and archegonia. Small gametophytes, 0.3-2.2 mm in width and growing in colonies, usually had high numbers of antheridia. Gametophytes of the same size, growing at least 1 5 cm from the nearest neighbour, had few antheridia. In the colonial gametophytes there was a strong correlation between heavily antheridiate ones and their proximity to large archegoniate gametophytes. The data are the first to suggest the presence of an antheridogen system operating in nature, with concomitant opportunities for cross-fertilization. The role of polyploidy in storing genetic variation and the role of antheridogen-mediated out-crossing in releasing variation are seen as co-adaptive phenomena in the ferns.
Notas sobre Simúlidos Neotropicales VII: Sobre los subgéneros Psaroniocompsa Enderlein y Inaequalium, subgen. Nov.

Two very similar sub genera, Psaroniocompsa Enderlein and Inaequalium, subgen. n. , of neotropical black flies of the genus Simulium, characteristic of the Brazilian coastal range, occur from Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas in the north and Paraguay/Uruguay and northern and central Argentina in the south. These subgenera and the species included are described or redescribed and keyed; many new locality records are given. Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) Enderlein includes: S. aequifurcatum Lutz, S. angrense Pinto, S. auripellitum Enderlein, S. bonaerense n. sp. , S. incrustatum Lutz, S. jujuyense Paterson and Shannon, S. anamariae Vulcano, S. auristriatum Lutz, S. brevifurcatum Lutz and S. schmidtmummi Wygodzinsky. Simulium catarinense Pinto, S. guttatum Enderlein, S. fuliginis Field and S. limbatum Knab are included in this subgenus but not discussed because of insufficient characters. We synonymized Simulium machadoi Ramirez Perez and S. merouca Nunes, Barbosa and Dellome = S. aequifurcatum Lutz; S. opalinifrons Enderlein is considered a synonym of S. incrustatum Lutz. Simulium (Inaequalium) is a new subgenus that includes S. inaequale (Paterson and Shannon), S. beaupertuyi Ramirez, Rassi and Ramirez, S. clavibranchium Lutz, S. subclavibranchium Lutz, S. subnigrum Lutz, S. diversibranchium Lutz, S. mariavulcanoae n. sp. , and S. travassosi d' Andretta and d'Andretta. S. bahiense Pinto and S. pseudoexiguum Nunes and Barbosa belong to this subgenus, but they are not discussed because the preimaginal stages are unknown. In this subgenus we synomymize the following species: Simulium diversifurcatum Lutz and S. mbarigui Coscaron and Wygodzinsky = S. subnigrum Lutz; Simulium missionum Coscaron = S. diversibranchium Lutz; Trichodagmia manicata Enderlein and Simulium jundiaiense C. d'Andretta and Gonzales = S. inaequale (Paterson and Shannon). A subdivision of each subgenus into two species groups and a tentative cladogram are included
A Modified m-χ Decomposition for Compact Polarimetric SAR Data

Introduction: The synthetic aperture radars (SARs) aboard NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and India’s Chandrayaan-1 satellite are the first spacebased radars to implement compact hybrid polarimetric architecture, transmitting circular polarization and receiving orthogonal linear polarizations coherently (CLpol) [1]. Both radars measure 2×2 covariance matrices and the data is represented in the form of Stokes’ parameters (g0, g1, g2, g3). The matrix decomposition techniques used for quad-pol 3×3 covariance matrices are not directly applicable to compact polarimetric data. However, Stokes’ daughter parameters have been used to distinguish between classes of radar backscatter [2]. The common decomposition models that have been used for compact polarimetric data for a large range of applications are m-δ decomposition and m-χ decomposition. Both these schemes use degree of polarization (m) as the first decomposition variable. Relative phase δ was initially used as one of the decomposition variables [3] but later, due to its dependence on the orientation of polarization ellipse, ellipticity χ was found to be more robust for classifying the radar backscatter when the transmission is not completely circular. The m-χ decomposition scheme is shown in Eq. 1 below:
SEED DEVELOPMENT IN ACALYPHA RHOMBOIDEA AND SOME OTHER EUPHORBIACEAE

IN THE course of a study on Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. to determine the chromosome number, a few ovules in late stages of development were examined. It was noted that vascular strands were present in tissue that apparently belonged to the nucellus. Since this has been seldom reported, it was thought worth while to make a more complete investigation on this species and some other members of the Euphorbiaceae. The earlier cytological literature dealing with Euphorbiaceae has been summarized by Schiirhoff (1924); descriptions of their embryogeny have been brought together by Schnarf (1929), and those of seed anatomy by Netolitzky (1926). These reviews do not include a paper by Mandl (1926) which reports that short branches 'of the vascular bundle lie in the nucellus of the species of Euphorbia that he studied, one by Wiehr (1930) on the histology of mature seeds of a number of species belonging to 7 genera of the Euphorbiaceae, and one by Maheshwari and Johri (1940) on Acalypha indica which deals mainly with the origin of the nucellar beak and deviations that occur in the development of the embryo sac. MATERIALS AND METHODS. -Staminate and pistillate flowers of Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. were collected in 1940 along Madison streets and, in 1941, from the university campus near the lake shore where the species grows luxuriantly. Belling's and Randolph's modifications of Navashin's fixative were used chiefly; a small amount of material was fixed in Juel's solution. Sections were cut from 10 to 15 tt in thickness. The stains used included fast green and safranin, Flemming's triple stain, Conant's quadruple stain, Heidenhain's and Delafield's haematoxylin, and Newton's crystal violetiodine combination. The last proved most satisfactory. Flowers of other Euphorbiaceae, mostly from Wisconsin, were similarly fixed, sectioned and stained for comparison with Acalypha rhomboidea. These species include Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. , collected at Lodi; Euphorbia dentata Michx. and E. nutans Lag. from Monona Bay; E. maculata L. from the university campus; E. Esula L. and E. corollata L. from Middleton; E. marginata Pursh from Atchison, Kansas, and also from near Lodi, where it had escaped from a garden; and Codiaeum variegatum Blume from a single plant in the botanical greenhouse. Representative plants of each of these species
Hidrólise enzimática do óleo de pescado

The fish oil has been the purpose of many researches due to the nutritional benefits of its polyunsatured fatty acids and it is confirmed by epidemic studies that relate the low incidence of cardiovascular diseases to the consumption of n-3 fatty acids (EPA - eicosapentaenoico, DHA - docosahexaenoico) deriving from the sea fish. N-3 polyunsatured fatty acids can be obtained from the fish by enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis of fats and oils, or lipolysis, is known to produce fatty acids to alter the fats by esterification, transesterification and interesterification. The main objective of this work was to obtain poliinsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by enzymatic hydrolysis of the industrial fish oil. It was used 1262,81 µmols of substrate, porcine lipase (7,647 mg.mL-1 of enzymatic extract), 60-minute of hydrolysis, 38 °C, pH 8 and NH4CI-NH4OH buffer. The hydrolysis products were separated by column chromatography and characterized by TLC GLC. The specific activity of lipase was 10,14 ± 0,15 UE.mg proteins-1. After 60-minute of reaction was obtained 44,45% of hydrolysis and 1865,76 ± 41,15 µmols of fatty acids. Were identified PUFA, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. There was an increase of 46,14 and 40,23%, respectively, of araquidonico and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids in the triacylglycerols fraction while the monoacylglycerol fraction showed an increase of 96,96 and 52,55% of DPA and DHA.
Effect of heavy concentrate feeding before calving upon lactation and mammary gland edema.

Summary Heavy grain-feeding before calving resulted in no increase in the yield of fat-corrected milk during the first 84 days of lactation. Nine cows and nine heifers received, in addition to a basal roughage ration, a supplement of 378 and 273lb. grain, respectively, during a 6-wk. prepartum period. A similar number of controls received no grain. During lactation all animals were fed roughage and grain according to maintenance and production requirements. Supplemented animals made significantly greater (P =
Attitudes toward Marriage and the Family among Japanese Singles Overview of the Results of the Thirteenth Japanese National Fertility Survey, Singles

Introduction (1) The Purpose and History of the Survey The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research carried out the 13 Japanese National Fertility Survey (National Survey on Marriage and Birth in Japan) in June 2005. The survey is conducted to determine the current situations and backgrounds, which are not available in other public statistics, of marriage and/or the fertility of married couples, and to obtain the basic data necessary for relevant polices and future population projections. The first (prewar) National Fertility Survey was carried out in 1940, followed by the second one (postwar) in 1952. After that, it has been conducted every five years investigating on marriage and birth of married couples. Since the 8 Survey (1982), a survey of unmarried persons has been undertaken simultaneously with the survey of married couples. In the meantime, the 13 Survey was brought forward two years ahead of schedule to 2005, in order to ensure high reliability of the analysis results by enabling comparison with the results of the 2005 Population Census of Japan on basic items. This report covers the survey on unmarried persons that was conducted along with the 13 Survey. (2) Survey Procedures and Collection of Questionnaires This is a national sample survey of unmarried persons aged 18 to 49 in Japan, as of June 2005. The survey areas were 700 districts selected by systematic sampling from the 1,056 districts surveyed in the Comprehensive Survey of Living Condition of the People on Health and Welfare, 2005 (carried out by the Statistics and Information Department of the Minister’s Secretariat in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare), which had been drawn by stratified random sampling from the districts covered in the 2000 Population Census. All unmarried persons residing in those districts aged 18 to 49 were the subjects of this survey. This survey was carried out by distributing numbered questionnaires which were later sealed and collected. Of the 12,482 distributed questionnaires (the number of subjects surveyed), 9,900 questionnaires were collected, yielding a response rate of 79.3% (84.6% for a previous survey). However, 1,166 of the collected questionnaires that were not properly filled out were considered invalid and excluded from the total. Thus, the number of valid questionnaires was actually 8,734, making the valid response rate 70.0% (75.3% for a previous survey) (Table 1). This report presents the results and analysis of data collected from never-married males and females aged 18 to 34, from among the valid returns (Table 2). C:¥Documents and Settings¥watanabe¥ ¥ ¥Nfs13_singles_new. doc
Diet diversity of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a tropical dry forest in Mexico

We report on diversity in the diet of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a Mexican tropical dry forest. Diet was estimated using the microhistological analysis of plant epidermis in deer pellet-groups. The sampling was from 1993 to 1994. From the rainy to dry season, the richness and diversity of the families and species in the diet increased and botanical composition changed. Deer selected 82 plant species from 20 families; however, 12 species represented 50% of the annual diet. Flowers and fruits of arboreal species were important during the dry season, as were young leaves of shrub and vine species during the rainy season. Despite the small size of white-tailed deer in this tropical dry forest study area, foraging strategies there were similar to those observed in temperate forests.