Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SuperNova: Proving universal machine executions without universal circuits

This paper introduces SuperNova, a new recursive proof system for incrementally producing succinct proofs of correct execution of programs on a stateful machine with a particular instruction set (e.g., EVM, RISC-V). A distinguishing aspect of SuperNova is that the cost of proving a step of a program is proportional only to the size of the circuit representing the instruction invoked by the program step. This is a stark departure from prior works that employ universal circuits where the cost of proving a program step is proportional at least to the sum of sizes of circuits representing each supported instruction—even though a particular program step invokes only one of the supported instructions. Naturally, SuperNova can support a rich instruction set without aﬀecting the per-step proving costs. SuperNova achieves its cost proﬁle by building on Nova, a prior high-speed recursive proof system, and leveraging its internal building block, folding schemes, in a new manner. We formalize SuperNova’s approach as a way to realize non-uniform IVC , a generalization of IVC. Furthermore, SuperNova’s prover costs and the recursion overhead are the same as Nova’s, and in fact, SuperNova is equivalent to Nova for machines that support a single instruction.
Discontinuous phase transition in a core contact process on complex networks

To understand the effect of generalized infection processes, we suggest and study the core contact process (CCP) on complex networks. In CCP an uninfected node is infected when at least k different infected neighbors of the node select the node for the infection. The healing process is the same as that of the normal CP. It is analytically and numerically shown that discontinuous transitions occur in CCP on random networks and scale-free networks depending on infection rate and initial density of infected nodes. The discontinuous transitions include hybrid transitions with β = 1/2 and β = 1. The asymptotic behavior of the phase boundary related to the initial density is found analytically and numerically. The mapping between CCP with k and static (k+1)-core percolation is supposed from the (k+1)-core structure in the active phase and the hybrid transition with β = 1/2. From these properties of CCP one can see that CCP is one of the dynamical processes for the k-core structure on real networks.
A New Prediction Data Model of High-Risk COVID-19 Patient with Smart Noti�cation (HRCP-SN) Using Machine Learning Algorithm

A web application designed to predict high-risk patients affected by COVID-19 runs a machine learning (ML) model at the backend to generate results. The random forest classi�cation technique (a type of supervised ML approach) is used to predict the high-risk status of patients who are COVID-19 positive and are at the initial stage of infection. To predict high-risk patients, the model uses the patients’ current underlying health conditions, such as age, sex, diabetes, asthma, hypertension, smoking, and other factors. After data preprocessing and training, the model could predict the severity of the patient with an accuracy of approximately in 65–70%. According to some studies, random forest ML models outperform other ML models for solving the challenge of predicting unusual events such as pneumonia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and chronic renal disease were the most contributory variables for model implementation. This project will help patients and hospital staff make necessary decisions and actions in advance. This will help healthcare workers arrange resources and hospital areas for high-risk COVID-19 patients. Thus, this study provides an effective and optimized treatment. Using this application and suitable patient data, hospitals can predict whether a patient will require urgent care.
Intracranial araknoid cysts

Intracranial arachnoid cysts, known as leptomeningeal cysts, are benign lesions that develop after the collections of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) wrapped by a wall of collagen and arachnoid cells congenitally (real) or acquired (sourced by bleeding, tumor, trauma, or meningitis). Most of these cysts are asymptomatic. Symptomatic cysts are detected in the first 20 years of life, and three-quarters of these cysts become symptomatic during childhood. Typical symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, epilepsy, sudden loss of consciousness depending on cyst rupture or bleeding, macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, endocrinological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and focal findings of the lesion occupying space within the head (weakness, cranial neuropathy). They are usually diagnosed using radiological imaging methods including X-Ray, transfontanel ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and scintigraphy. Surgical treatment is not recommended for arachnoid cysts unless they cause a mass effect or symptoms and they are annually follow-up with CT or MR scan is an appropriate method in asymptomatic patients. Interestingly, no standard surgical intervention method has been recommended for the cyst. Therefore, the patient's clinical and radiological findings, age, size, and localization of the cyst are still the most important factors in the decision-making of the surgical intervention method. Surgical intervention methods include cyst resection and fenestration of the cyst into the basal cisterns by craniotomy; endoscope-assisted cyst fenestration through the burr hole; cystoperitoneal shunt or ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Experimental investigation of concrete fracture under uniaxial compression

Localization of deformations has been investigated in a series of displacement controlled uniaxial compression experiments. Of main interest are the effects of specimen slenderness and friction between loading platen and specimen. Both effects have a direct influence on the development of localized fracture zones in the specimen. The results indicate that the use of a double layer of teflon with an intermediate layer of grease yields size-independent results as far as the pre-peak stress–strain behaviour and the peak strength are concerned. However, in terms of stress and strain, a significant influence of both the specimen slenderness and the amount of boundary restraint has been observed in the post-peak regime. It is found that the post-peak curves become almost completely identical when they are plotted in terms of nominal stress and post-peak displacement. For any type of loading platen used, the post-peak relative stress-displacement curves are found to be independent of the specimen height. Furthermore, since during post-peak localization relative sliding and movements of larger parts of the specimen are observed, the definition of a unique Poisson's ratio is virtually impossible.
Third parameter effects in globular clusters

We show that the apparent correlations between the length of the globular cluster horizontal branch and cluster luminosity and density [Fusi Pecci et al. AJ, 105, 1145 (1993)] may be affected by observational bias. This bias results from the fact that one can trace horizontal branches over greater lengths in rich clusters than in poor ones. The existence of a correlation between the length of the horizontal branch and the cluster central density is confirmed at about the 2σ level of confidence. The strength of an apparent correlation between cluster luminosity M v and the length of the horizontal branch is found to depend critically on the choice of sample used to analyze the data
Measurement and modelling of bistatic radar sea clutter

Bistatic radar is a subject of considerable present interest. Despite this, current understanding of the properties of bistatic clutter, and in particular, bistatic sea clutter, is limited at best. The purpose of this study is to present an analysis of the limited existing published radar data and to derive an empirical model, which expresses the variation of mean σ0 with the measurement geometry and sea conditions. This empirical model is then compared with electromagnetic (EM) scattering calculations using the composite model (sometimes called the two-scale model) to show the extent to which the EM model is able to reproduce the trends observed in the data. The results indicate where improvements to bistatic EM modelling are required (very low grazing angles and out-of-plane scattering), and a general need for more radar data to extend the empirical σ0 model and expand it to the bistatic clutter statistics.
PREDICTING WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOR AND EMISSIONS USING A FINE-SCALE PHYSICAL MODEL

ABSTRACT A physical fine-scale two-phase model has been developed for the purpose of determining wildland fire behavior and emissions. The situation modeled corresponds to a spreading wildfire driven by wind through a fuel bed of combustible elements. The numerical model solves a set of time-dependent conservation Equations for both phases (the gas and the vegetation elements) coupled through exchange terms. It accounts for the dynamics, turbulence, soot formation, and radiation. This model has been applied to a prescribed savanna fire. Good qualitative agreement was found between the simulation results and available in situ experimental data on the rate of spread and fuel consumption ratio.
Thermal index changes by optical absorption In group III–V semiconductor waveguides

Large fast-relaxing intensity-dependent refractive-index changes would be of use for all-optical waveguide signal processing devices. In III–V compounds, many different physical processes compete to produce light-induced index changes with different strengths and response times in different wavelength ranges. In this work, waveguide Fabry-Perot interferometer structures of un-doped and lightly doped material were used to measure small index changes produced by laser excitation below the absorption edge.
Single-Item Reliability: A Replication and Extension

The reliability of a single-item measure of student-rated college teaching effectiveness was estimated with two different methods and at two levels of analysis. The two methods are the correction for attenuation formula and factor analysis. The two levels of analysis are the group level (10, 682 classes) and the individual level (323, 262 students). Reliability estimates were higher using factor analysis (.88) than the correction for attenuation formula (.64), and they were higher using group-level data (.82) than individual-level data (.70). Based on the assumptions and limitations of each method used, the authors conclude that a minimum estimate of . 80 for single-item reliability is reasonable for group-level data. The authors reaffirm a minimum reliability estimate of . 70 for individual-level data, as previously concluded by Wanous, Reichers, and Hudy, who estimated single-item reliability for measures of overall job satisfaction using individual-level data.
Efficient parametric oscillation in the 8—10-μm range upon pumping by a femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser

Efficient parametric oscillation is obtained in the 8—10-μm range in a LiInS2 crystal pumped by a femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser. The conversion efficiency of 0.8% at a wavelength of 9.5 μm is achieved for the first time. The 75% SHG efficiency for a Cr:forsterite laser in an LBO crystal is also achieved for the first time.
Disks in elliptical galaxies

The abundance and strength of disk components in elliptical galaxies are investigated by studying the photometric properties of models containing a spheroidal r exp 1/4-law bulge and a weak exponential disk. Pointed isophotes are observed in a substantial fraction of elliptical galaxies. If these isophote distortions are interpreted in the framework of the present models, then the statistics of observed samples suggest that almost all radio-weak ellipticals could have disks containing roughly 20 percent of the light. It is shown that the E5 galaxy NGC 4660 has the photometric signatures of a disk containing a third of the light. 30 refs.
Soft X-Ray Properties of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars

We report the soft X-ray properties of 41 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), derived by cross-correlating literature blazar samples with the ROSAT PSPC archive of pointed observations. The redshifts of the sources span the range z = 0-3. The 0.1-2.4 keV spectra of FSRQs are well described by a single power law modified by column densities of neutral gas consistent with Galactic values. Spectral flattening/steepening at the lower energies is present in only 4/41 and 2/41 sources, respectively. The ROSAT photon indices of FSRQs span a wide range, 0.5 ≲ Γ ≲ 2.5, and have a measurable intrinsic dispersion; only in part is the spread of slopes due to a redshift effect. The rest-frame ROSAT spectral indices of FSRQs are statistically indistinguishable from low-energy peaked BL Lacs and flatter than high-energy peaked BL Lacs, although with several FSRQs having soft X-ray spectra as steep as HBLs. Similarly, while the bulk of FSRQs are intrinsically X-ray brighter than both types of BL Lacs, the X-ray luminosity distributions of the three classes have a large overlap. The ROSAT spectra of 13 FSRQs are steeper than measured with the Einstein IPC (0.3-4.5 keV), indicating a flat tail emerging at ≈ 1-2 keV at rest-frame energies. We find a trend for blazars with stronger optical emission lines to be more γ-ray-loud and to have flatter X-ray-to-γ-ray continua, possibly supporting external Compton scattering models as the primary generation mechanisms of the high-energy continuum in these objects. For several FSRQs repeatedly observed with ROSAT on timescales of weeks to years, flux variations not larger than a factor of 2 have been detected, with more typical variability amplitude on the order of 10%-30%, and with no accompanying spectral changes. This appears to be in contrast to the less luminous BL Lacs, which are generally characterized by large-amplitude X-ray flux changes, usually accompanied by correlated spectral variations.
Assessing inter- and intra-agreement for dependent binary data: a Bayesian hierarchical correlation approach

Agreement measures are designed to assess consistency between different instruments rating measurements of interest. When the individual responses are correlated with multilevel structure of nestings and clusters, traditional approaches are not readily available to estimate the inter- and intra-agreement for such complex multilevel settings. Our research stems from conformity evaluation between optometric devices with measurements on both eyes, equality tests of agreement in high myopic status between monozygous twins and dizygous twins, and assessment of reliability for different pathologists in dysplasia. In this paper, we focus on applying a Bayesian hierarchical correlation model incorporating adjustment for explanatory variables and nesting correlation structures to assess the inter- and intra-agreement through correlations of random effects for various sources. This Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) is further compared with the approximate intra-class correlation coefficients and kappa measures by the traditional Cohen’s kappa statistic and the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach. The results of comparison studies reveal that the Bayesian GLMM provides a reliable and stable procedure in estimating inter- and intra-agreement simultaneously after adjusting for covariates and correlation structures, in marked contrast to Cohen’s kappa and the GEE approach.
Transition to turbulence in an elliptic vortex

Stability and transition to turbulence are studied in a simple incompressible two-dimensional bounded swirling flow with a rectangular planform – a vortex in a box. This flow is unstable to three-dimensional disturbances. The instability takes the form of counter-rotating swirls perpendicular to the axis which bend the vortex into a periodic wave. As these swirls grow in amplitude the primary vorticity is compressed into thin vortex layers. These develop secondary instabilities which roll up into vortex tubes. In this way the flow attains a turbulent state which is populated by intense elongated vortex tubes and weaker vortex layers which spiral around them. The flow was computed at two Reynolds numbers by spectral methods with up to 2563 resolution. At the higher Reynolds number broad three-dimensional shell-averaged energy spectra are found with nearly a decade of Kolmogorov k−5/3 law and small-scale isotropy.
The role of the ionosphere in aurora and space weather

Recent research strongly suggests that the ionosphere plays a crucial role in the dynamics of space weather. Although the ionosphere is by volume only a small fraction of the magnetosphere, it serves as a variably conducting boundary, modulating the global electrodynamic circuit in crucial ways. A striking example is the behavior of intense aurora, which have recently been discovered to occur only when the background ionospheric conductivity is low. It is now clear that auroral acceleration occurs at the interface between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere and is controlled by magnetospheric‐ionospheric coupling, with the solar cycle variations arising from a surprising source: variations in solar EUV flux. The discovery of diverging electric fields with their possibly corresponding black aurora provides a new symmetry to magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes. The far‐reaching scope of the ionosphere in space weather problems is illustrated here in several ways. Ionospheric convection is suggested to be a major player in space weather, by creating global coherence in the magnetosphere on timescales not otherwise practical. Even a problem seemingly as far removed as possible from the ionosphere, namely, that of charge neutrality in polar rain (superthermal solar wind electron) entry into the distant magnetotail, is shown to be coupled to the problem of polar wind outflow from the ionosphere.
Gain-switched single-pass Cr:ZnSe amplifier

In this paper, we report on building and testing a Cr:ZnSe gain-switched amplifier pumped by a Q-switched Ho:YAG laser and seeded by a continuous wave (CW) tunable Cr:ZnSe laser. A 0.5%-doped, Brewster-cut Ho:YAG rod in an actively Q-switched, folded cavity produced 250 μJ pump pulses at 2.09 μm with pulse widths on the order of 400 ns. The seeded single-pass Cr:ZnSe amplifier exhibited output pulse energy as high as 3.8 μJ at 2.45 μm while pumped at a 10 kHz repetition rate. The gain-switched process showed a peak gain of 380 and an extraction efficiency of 1.5%. The system was tunable from 2160 nm to 2560 nm and had gain of 200 over a 400 nm range.
High temperature conductivity studies on nanoscale yttria-doped zirconia thin films and size effects

Thin films of 9.5% yttria-doped zirconia in the range of 17–210nm thickness were deposited on MgO (100) substrates by electron beam evaporation. The conductivity of the films was found to increase as the film thickness decreased. The films were found to be a mixture of both cubic and tetragonal phases. The impedance and electrical modulus parameters indicate that the relaxation process is due to ionic conduction. Enhancements in conductivity are attributed to the space charge effects that occur at the interface and grain boundaries as evidenced by the high activation energy observed in the conductivity relaxation process.Thin films of 9.5% yttria-doped zirconia in the range of 17–210nm thickness were deposited on MgO (100) substrates by electron beam evaporation. The conductivity of the films was found to increase as the film thickness decreased. The films were found to be a mixture of both cubic and tetragonal phases. The impedance and electrical modulus parameters indicate that the relaxation process is due to ionic conduction. Enhancements in conductivity are attributed to the space charge effects that occur at the interface and grain boundaries as evidenced by the high activation energy observed in the conductivity relaxation process.
A two‐dimensional theory for high‐frequency vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates with or without electrodes

Two‐dimensional equations of motion of successively higher‐order approximations for piezoelectric crystal plates with triclinic symmetry are deduced from the three‐dimensional equations of linear piezoelectricity by expansion in series of trigonometric functions of the thickness coordinate of the plate. These equations, complemented by two additional relations: one, the usual relation of face tractions to the mass of electrodes, and the other relating face charges to face potentials and face displacements, can accommodate either the traction and charge boundary conditions at the faces of the plate without electrodes or the traction and potential boundary conditions at the faces of the plate with electrodes. Dispersion curves are obtained from the first‐ to fourth‐order approximate plate equations for a rotated 45° Y‐cut lithium tantalate plate without electrodes, and these curves are compared with those from the frequency equation of the three‐dimensional equations with close agreement. Solutions of force.
Enhanced separation of diffusing particles by chaotic advection

Combining the reversibility of advection by a Stokes flow with the irreversibility of diffusion leads to a separation strategy for diffusing substances. This basic idea goes back to Taylor and Heller. It is shown here that the sensitivity of the method can be greatly enhanced by making the advection chaotic. The separation is particularly efficient when the thinnest structures resulting from advection are made comparable in size to a diffusion length. Simple heuristic estimates based on an understanding of chaotic motion and diffusion lead to a certain scaling that is seen in numerical experiments on this separation method.
A Gordeyev integral for electrostatic waves in a magnetized plasma with a kappa velocity distribution

A Gordeyev-type integral for the investigation of electrostatic waves in magnetized plasma having a kappa or generalized Lorentzian velocity distribution is derived. The integral readily reduces, in the unmagnetized and parallel propagation limits, to simple expressions involving the Zκ function. For propagation perpendicular to the magnetic field, it is shown that the Gordeyev integral can be written in closed form as a sum of two generalized hypergeometric functions, which permits easy analysis of the dispersion relation for electrostatic waves. Employing the same analytical techniques used for the kappa distribution, it is further shown that the well-known Gordeyev integral for a Maxwellian distribution can be written very concisely as a generalized hypergeometric function in the limit of perpendicular propagation. This expression, in addition to its mathematical conciseness, has other advantages over the traditional sum over modified Bessel functions form. Examples of the utility of these generalized .
Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses: Theoretical modeling and computer simulations

Laser ablation of metals by femto- and picosecond pulses is analytically and numerically studied within the framework of the plasma model for the ablated material. Ablation is initiated by high-power thermal and hydrodynamic waves which propagate into the irradiated material. Analytical expressions for the thermal ablation and for the ablation by the shock wave are obtained. Numerical simulations with the computer code RAPID are in good agreement with analytical results.