Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biostratigraphy and evolution of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian smaller foraminifers from the Barents Sea (offshore Arctic Norway)

Nearly continuous cores from a 500-meter interval of upper Moscovian through post-Artinskian carbonate strata on the Finnmark Platform have yielded rich assemblages of fusulinaceans and smaller foraminifers. The fusulinaceans provide an independent time framework for evaluating stratigraphic occurrences of associated smaller foraminifers. Information derived from this study has been integrated with that from previous investigations to produce a smaller foraminiferal biostratigraphic model for the High Arctic. Kasimovian strata are characterized by occurrences of Nodosinelloides spp. , Protonodosaria spp. and Hemigordius schlumbergeri. Overlying lower Gzhelian beds are identified by the appearances of Raphconilia modificata and Amphoratheca iniqua. Tezaquina clivuli and Cribrogenerina gigas first occur in upper Gzhelian strata, and Asselian rocks contain appearances of Geinitzina postcarbonica and Pachyphloia spp. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian pseudovidalinids (Archaediscacea) derived from the Pseudoammidiscidae, as did the older group of predominantly Early Carboniferous archaediscaceans. The repeated development of similar morphologies within the two groups of archaediscaceans includes examples of both convergence and iterative evolution. The Protonodosariidae and Syzraniidae most likely evolved from an earlandiid ancestor. The syzraniids gave rise to the Geinitzinidae, which in turn gave rise to the Pachyphloiidae. As in the archaediscaceans, evolution within and among the Earlandiidae, Protonodosariidae, Syzraniidae, Geinitzinidae and Pachyphloiidae includes multiple examples of repeated patterns. Two key phenotypic developments seemingly led to bursts of diversification in different groups throughout late Paleozoic foraminiferal evolution. The acquisition of an outer hyaline or pseudofibrous wall layer was a morphologic breakthrough followed by taxonomic radiation in both groups of archaediscaceans and in the Earlandia-Syzrania lineage. The second major event was the shift from an undivided tubular morphology to uniserial morphology in both the Earlandiidae-Protonodosariidae and Syzraniidae-Geinitzinidae lines. Nodosinelloides pinardae is proposed as a new name for Nodosaria grandis Lipina, 1949 (preoccupied).
Dispersal capacities of pollen, seeds and spores: insights from comparative analyses of spatial genetic structures in bryophytes and spermatophytes

Introduction The dramatic fluctuations of climate conditions since the late Tertiary era have resulted in major species range shifts. These movements were conditioned by geographic barriers and species dispersal capacities. In land plants, gene flow occurs through the movement of male gametes (sperm cells, pollen grains), which carry nDNA, and diaspores (spores, seeds), which carry both cpDNA and nDNA, making them an ideal model to compare the imprints of past climate change on the spatial genetic structures of different genomic compartments. Based on a meta-analysis of cpDNA and nDNA sequence data in western Europe, we test the hypotheses that nDNA genetic structures are similar in bryophytes and spermatophytes due to the similar size of spores and pollen grains, whereas genetic structures derived from the analysis of cpDNA are significantly stronger in spermatophytes than in bryophytes due to the substantially larger size of seeds as compared to spores. Methods Sequence data at 1-4 loci were retrieved for 11 bryophyte and 17 spermatophyte species across their entire European range. Genetic structures between and within southern and northern populations were analyzed through F and N statistics and Mantel tests. Results and discussion Gst and Nst between southern and northern Europe derived from cpDNA were significantly higher, and the proportion of significant tests was higher in spermatophytes than in bryophytes. This suggests that in the latter, migrations across mountain ranges were sufficient to maintain a homogenous allelic structure across Europe, evidencing the minor role played by mountain ranges in bryophyte migrations. With nDNA, patterns of genetic structure did not significantly differ between bryophytes and spermatophytes, in line with the hypothesis that spores and pollen grains exhibit similar dispersal capacities due to their size similarity. Stronger levels of genetic differentiation between southern and northern Europe, and within southern Europe, in spermatophytes than in bryophytes, caused by higher long-distance dispersal capacities of spores as compared to seeds, may account for the strikingly higher levels of endemism in spermatophytes than in bryophytes in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.
Rheology of granitic magmas during ascent and emplacement

flow ■ Abstract Considerable progress has been made over the past decade in under- standing the static rheological properties of granitic magmas in the continental crust. Changes in H2O content, CO2 content, and oxidation state of the interstitial melt phase have been identified as important compositional factors governing the rheodynamic behavior of the solid/fluid mixture. Although the strengths of granitic magmas over the crystallization interval are still poorly constrained, theoretical investigations suggest that during magma ascent, yield strengths of the order of 9 kPa are required to com- pletely retard the upward flow in meter-wide conduits. In low Bagnold number magma suspensions with moderate crystal contents (solidosities 0.1• `• 0.3), viscous fluc- tuations may lead to flow differentiation by shear-enhanced diffusion. AMS and mi- crostructural studies support the idea that granite plutons are intruded as crystal-poor liquids (`• 50%), with fabric and foliation development restricted to the final stages of emplacement. If so, then these fabrics contain no information on the ascent (verti- cal transport) history of the magma. Deformation of a magmatic mush during pluton emplacement can enhance significantly the pressure gradient in the melt, resulting in a range of local macroscopic flow structures, including layering, crystal alignment, and other mechanical instabilities such as shear zones. As the suspension viscosity varies with stress rate, it is not clear how the timing of proposed rheological transitions formulated from simple equations for static magma suspensions applies to mixtures undergoing shear. New theories of magmas as multiphase flows are required if the full complexity of granitic magma rheology is to be resolved.
RESPONSE OF SPRING WHEAT TO THE GROWTH WITH UNDERSOWN OF PERSIAN CLOVER UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

In a pot experiment, carried out in three series in years 2010-2012 at the greenhouse laboratory of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, the effect of Persian clover undersown and plant density on the morphological characteristics of spring wheat was evaluated. Experimental factors were as follows: I) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) sowing method: pure sowing and with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) undersown, II) density of both species in agreement with the recommendations of agrotechnics (called "higher" in the present work) and lowered by 20% (called "lower"). In the pots of 22 cm in diameter, the following plants were sown: in the pots with higher density, 19 spring wheat grains and 12 seeds of Persian clover, and in the pots with lower density, 12 wheat grains and nine clover seeds. Measurements were undertaken at the following developmental stages of wheat (the BBCH scale): leaf development (12-14), tillering (21-23), straw shooting (31-32), earing (54-56), and ripening (87-89). The studied factors were: plant height, root length, number of straws per plant, leaf parameters (area, length, and width), spike parameters (length, grain number, and mass), and grain yield per pot. The studies demonstrated that undersown diversified plant height and straw number in spring wheat. Its roots in the combination with clover were shorter than in pure sowing only during earing. In the presence of undersown, wheat developed fewer leaves (by nearly 10%), shorter spikes (by 10%) with fewer grains (by 15.7%) of lower mass (by 28.6%) and smaller yield (by 29.7%). Sowing method, depending on the developmental stage, differently affected leaf parameters. Plant density had no effect on the scope of the differences between pure and mixed sowings in the morphology of the vegetative above-ground parts and roots of spring wheat. In the pots with higher density, mixed sowing limited spike length and grain number and mass more than in the pots with lower density.
Hydraulic and Water Quality Performance of Urban Storm Water Detention Basin Before and After Outlet Modification

Many existing storm water dry detention basins designed solely for storm water runoff peak discharge magnitude abatement as well as detention basins designed both for water quality and quantity control fail to achieve necessary levels of non-point source pollutant loading reduction. This correctable situation has necessitated the demonstration of various retrofitting techniques on existing systems. An easy and relatively inexpensive retrofitting technique is modification of the basin outlet. The area chosen for such a project was a single-family home development community located in Morris Township, New Jersey. The first modification to the existing dry detention basin consisted of the reduction of the pipe outlet diameter, by placing an outlet box in front of the existing outlet pipe. The second modification was attaching a floating riser, a buoyant outlet device, to the outlet box. The floating riser removes only the surface layer of an impounded storm. Either basin modification resulted in a longer detention time than the original basin did for the same volume of runoff inflow. However, no conclusive correlation between the pollutant removal efficiency and the detention time was determined. Rather, it was found that the pollutant removal efficiency in the field was strongly dependent on the inflow concentration. Therefore, the pollutant removal efficiency must be evaluated in the context of variable inflow concentration. The outflow concentration may be a more reliable and useful criterion for evaluating the water quality performance of a detention basin. The outflow concentrations of total phosphorus were found to be significantly reduced due to basin outlet modifications.
A method to quantify a descriptor's illumination variance

This paper presents a new metric, which we call the lighting variance ratio, for quantifying descriptors in terms of their variance to illumination changes. In many applications it is desirable to have descriptors that are robust to changes in illumination, especially in outdoor environments. The lighting variance ratio is useful for comparing descriptors and determining if a descriptor is lighting invariant enough for a given environment. The metric is analysed across a number of datasets, cameras and descriptors. The results show that the upright SIFT descriptor is typically the most lighting invariant descriptor.
Clear Water Local Scour by Submerged Three-Dimensional Wall Jets: Effect of Tailwater Depth

The present study deals with scour caused by three-dimensional jets issuing from a square cross-section nozzle onto a noncohesive sand bed. Experiments were conducted using two different nozzles and three tailwater depths. The densimetric Froude number was maintained below ten, while the jet expansion ratio was held greater than ten. The results indicate that the densimetric Froude number, tailwater depth, and grain size-to-nozzle width ratio, all have an influence on the extent of scour. However, each parameter has a dominant influence at different flow conditions. For example, at values of densimetric Froude numbers less than five, nondimensional tailwater depth and grain size-to-nozzle width ratio have no effect on the maximum depth of scour. At higher densimetric Froude numbers, the effect of tailwater depth appears to be important at larger values of grain size-to-nozzle width ratio. A set of scaling parameters based on nozzle hydraulic radius, grain size, and densimetric Froude number provides for a better scaling of the time variation of the scour parameters.
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement ∗

This paper uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohorts (NLSY79 and NLSY97) to estimate changes in the effects of ability and family income on educational attainment for youth in their late teens during the early 1980s and early 2000s. Cognitive ability plays an important role in determining educational outcomes for both NLSY cohorts, while family income plays little role in determining high school completion in either cohort. Most interestingly, we document a dramatic increase in the effects of family income on college attendance (particularly among the least able) from the NLSY79 to the NLSY97. Family income has also become a much more important determinant of college 'quality' and hours/weeks worked during the academic year (the latter among the most able) in the NLSY97. Family income has little effect on college delay in either sample. To interpret our empirical findings on college attendance, we develop an educational choice model that incorporates both borrowing constraints and a 'consumption' value of schooling two of the most commonly invoked explanations for a positive family income schooling relationship. Without borrowing constraints, the model cannot explain the rising effects of family income on college attendance in response to the sharply rising costs and returns to college experienced from the early 1980s to early 2000s: the incentives created by a 'consumption' value of schooling imply that income should have become less important over time (or even negatively related to attendance). Instead, the data are more broadly consistent with the hypothesis that more youth are borrowing constrained today than were in the early 1980s. Philippe Belley Department of Economics University of Western Ontario London, ON N6A 5C2 Canada pbelley@uwo.ca Lance Lochner Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street, North London, ON N6A 5C2 Canada and NBER llochner@uwo.ca The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement∗ Philippe Belley University of Western Ontario Lance Lochner University of Western Ontario NBER
cyclic AMP-guanine exchange factor activation inhibits JnK-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes

correspondence: cynthia RL Webster Tufts cummings school of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd, n. grafton, MA 01536, UsA Tel +1 508 887 4711 Fax +1 508 839 8787 Email cynthia.leveille-webster@tufts.edu Abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to damage hepatocytes by cytokines released from activated Kupffer cells, but the ancillary role of LPS as a direct hepatotoxin is less well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the direct effect of LPS on hepatocyte viability and the underlying signaling mechanism. Rat hepatocyte cultures treated overnight with LPS (500 ng/mL) induced apoptosis as monitored morphologically (Hoechst 33258) and biochemically (cleavage of caspase 3 and 9 and the appearance of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm). LPS-induced apoptosis was additive to that induced by glycochenodeoxycholate or Fas ligand, was associated with activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase B (JNK) and p38 mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPK), and inhibition of protein kinase (AKT). Inhibition of JNK by SP600125, but not of p38 MAPK by SB203580 attenuated LPS-induced apoptosis, indicating JNK dependency. CPT-2-Me-cAMP, an activator of cAMP-GEF, decreased apoptosis due to LPS alone or in combination with glycochenodeoxycholate or Fas ligand. CPT-2-Me-cAMP also prevented LPS-induced activation of JNK and inhibition of AKT. Taken together, these results suggest that LPS can induce hepatocyte apoptosis directly in vitro in a JNK-dependent manner and activation of cAMP-GEF protects against the LPS-induced apoptosis most likely by reversing the effect of LPS on JNK and AKT.
A nonequilibrium model for reactive contaminant transport through fractured porous media: Model development and semianalytical solution

In this study a conceptual model that accounts for the effects of nonequilibrium contaminant transport in a fractured porous media is developed. Present model accounts for both physical and sorption nonequilibrium. Analytical solution was developed using the Laplace transform technique, which was then numerically inverted to obtain solute concentration in the fracture matrix system. The semianalytical solution developed here can incorporate both semi‐infinite and finite fracture matrix extent. In addition, the model can account for flexible boundary conditions and nonzero initial condition in the fracture matrix system. The present semianalytical solution was validated against the existing analytical solutions for the fracture matrix system. In order to differentiate between various sorption/transport mechanism different cases of sorption and mass transfer were analyzed by comparing the breakthrough curves and temporal moments. It was found that significant differences in the signature of sorption and mass transfer exists. Applicability of the developed model was evaluated by simulating the published experimental data of Calcium and Strontium transport in a single fracture. The present model simulated the experimental data reasonably well in comparison to the model based on equilibrium sorption assumption in fracture matrix system, and multi rate mass transfer model.
Can we use surface wind fields from meteorological reanalyses for Sahelian dust emission simulations?

The Sahel is prone to intense soil erosion, and the dust emission flux is very sensitive to the surface wind speed. In this study, we use high‐frequency observations acquired across the Sahel to assess the ability of three global reanalyses (ERA‐interim, NCEP‐CFSR and MERRA) to capture the observed surface wind events that are critical to wind erosion. ERA‐Interim is shown to perform best. However, all three reanalyses present a too flat annual cycle, with important season‐dependent biases: they overestimate the surface wind during dry season nights and underestimate it during spring and monsoon season days. More importantly, the strongest wind speeds, observed in the morning and during deep convective events, are systematically underestimated. As analyzed wind fields are one of the main inputs of many dust emission models, their too low fraction of high wind speeds will lead to major errors in dust emission simulations.
Mental Health as a Mediator of the Association Between Educational Inequality and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background Education is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several mediators of this have been established; however, a proportion of the protective effect remains unaccounted for. Mental health is a proposed mediator, but current evidence is mixed and subject to bias from confounding factors and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization is an instrumental variable technique that uses genetic proxies for exposures and mediators to reduce such bias. Methods and Results We performed logistic regression and 2‐step Mendelian randomization analyses using UK Biobank data and genetic summary statistics to investigate whether educational attainment affects risk of mental health disorders. We then performed mediation analyses to explore whether mental health disorders mediate the association between educational attainment and cardiovascular risk. Higher levels of educational attainment were associated with reduced depression, anxiety, and CVD in observational analyses (odds ratio [OR], 0.79 [95% CI, 0.77–0.81], 0.76 [95% CI, 0.73–0.79], and 0.75 [95% CI, 0.74–0.76], respectively), and Mendelian randomization analyses provided evidence of causality (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.67–0.77], 0.50 [95% CI, 0.42–0.59], and 0.62 [95% CI, 0.58–0.66], respectively). Both anxiety and depression were associated with CVD in observational analyses (OR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.49–1.79] and 1.70 [95% CI, 1.59–1.82], respectively) but only depression showed evidence of causality in the Mendelian randomization analyses (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03–1.15). An estimated 2% of the total protective effect of education on CVD was mediated by depression. Conclusions Higher levels of educational attainment protect against mental health disorders, and reduced depression accounts for a small proportion of the total protective effect of education on CVD.
CHONDRICHTHYANS FROM THE ARKADELPHIA FORMATION (UPPER CRETACEOUS: UPPER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF HOT SPRING COUNTY, ARKANSAS

Abstract Erosion of the upper Arkadelphia Formation by the Ouachita River in Hot Spring County, Arkansas, has revealed a diverse and abundant, late Maastrichtian chondrichthyan fauna representing at least 17 species: Squatina hassei, Ginglymostoma lehneri, Plicatoscyllium derameei, Ondontaspis aculeatus, Carcharias cf. C. holmdelensis, Serratolamna serrata, Squalicorax kaupi, Galeorhinus girardoti, Rhinobatos casieri, Ischyrhiza avonicola, Ischyrhiza mira, Sclerorhynchus sp. , Ptychotrygon cf. P. vermiculata, Raja farishi, Rhombodus binkhorsti, and Dasyatis sp. All of these species are widely known from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. An extremely rare species, Schizorhiza cf. S. stromeri, currently known only from Mexico and Africa, is also present. The chondrichthyan remains occur almost entirely as teeth scattered by river activity across the surface of the marl and marly clay of the Arkadelphia Formation and can be collected from within localized accumulations of river sediments. Also present with the chondrichthyan remains are teeth from actinopterygians and reptiles as well as molluscan steinkerns, echinoid spines, and fragments of branching corals. This fauna expands the known geographic distribution of late Maastrichtian chondrichthyans in North America, and provides an important biostratigraphic connection between fauna of the Gulf Coastal Plain and Western Interior Seaway. It also supports the idea of a significant chondrichthyan turnover across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary.
The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context

The current study investigated the effects of state and trait empathy in legal judgments and tested the relationship between trait and state emotion in one hundred and fifty eight students aged 18-59. Assessments were taken of participants’ trait empathy and then state empathy was induced in half the sample. Following this all participants read a trial transcript and made judgments regarding: the verdict decision; the defendant’s responsibility for the offense; what would be an appropriate punishment; the likelihood that the offender would offend in the future; and whether the defendant felt remorse for committing the offense. Findings showed that both trait and state empathy predicted attributions of offender remorse. State empathy also predicted judgments of offender responsibility and agreement with verdict decisions in a lenient direction. Findings also showed that state and trait empathy did not interact. The results indicate that trait and state empathy work independently to influence legal judgments and that inducing empathy in decision-makers can impact on trial outcomes above and beyond the facts of the case. © 2014 Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid. All rights reserved. ‘Sé cómo se deben sentir’: Empatía y juicio de los acusados