Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bermudagrass Forage Yield and Ammonia Volatilization as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

Forage fertilization practices are changing because of poultry litter use restrictions and reduced NH 4 NO 3 availability. Our objectives were to compare bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ] yield and N uptake among N sources and rates and evaluate the influence of N-fertilizer source on NH 3 volatilization. Four N sources, pelleted poultry litter (PPL), NH 4 NO 3 , urea, and urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were applied at rates of 0 to 500 kg N ha ―1 yr ―1 to common bermudagrass from 2006 to 2008. Measurements included dry matter yield and total N uptake from each N source applied at 400 kg N ha ―1 yr ―1 . A semi-open static chamber method was used to measure NH 3 volatilization for 15 d from each N source applied at 400 kg N ha ―1 yr ―1 in three split applications. Dry matter increased linearly in 2006 and curvilinearly in 2007 and 2008 as N rate increased, with maximum yields of 9910 to 14,328 kg ha ―1 . Forage fertilized with ≤300 kg PPL-N ha ―1 yr ―1 produced 78 to 96% of the dry matter as the same rates of NH 4 NO 3 . The addition of NBPT to urea showed no consistent benefit to yield or N uptake compared with urea alone. Urea-based fertilizers produced similar to slightly lower yields and N uptakes than NH 4 NO 3 . Cumulative NH 3 ―N loss was greatest for urea (10.4-18.7% of applied N), intermediate for urea + NBPT (2.0―3.9%), and < 1.5% for PPL and NH 4 NO 3 . Given the limited availability of NH 4 NO 3 , restrictions on poultry litter use, and concerns about air quality, urea amended with NBPT is a suitable N source for bermudagrass.
Highly crystallized poly (lactic acid) under high pressure

Biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) usually has a crystallinity less than 10% due to its poor crystallization ability. In this work, we found high pressure could significantly facilitate formation of crystallites of PLA, resulting in a crystallinity high up to 66.3% at pressure and temperature of 300 MPa and 185 oC. High-pressure induced crystalline reorganization and lamellar thickening led to two melting temperatures in the highly crystallized PLA but without cold crystallization compared to the normal-pressure crystallized PLA. Temperature dependence of high-pressure crystallization of PLA suggested desirable crystallization temperatures for highly crystallized PLA products.
Optical Resolution of Racemic Mixtures of Amino Acids through Nanofiltration Membrane Process

Optical resolution of racemic mixtures of arginine and alanine was performed by chiral selective nanofiltration membrane. The chiral selective layer of the membrane was prepared by interfacial polymerization of metaphenylenediamine, trimesoyl chloride, and S (-)-2-acetoxypropionyl chloride (S-2-actoxpcl) in situ on the top of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane. S-2-actoxpcl consists of a chiral carbon atom that has an induced chiral environment in the membrane. The membranes were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy to establish a structure-performance relationship. The optical resolution was performed on the membrane testing module and the effect of process parameters was determined. The results indicated that the incorporation of S-2-actoxpcl made membrane chiral selective hence membranes performed optical resolution. The resolution capacity increased by increasing S-2-actoxpcl in polymerizing solution up to 0.03% but any increase beyond 0.03% reduces the resolution capacity. More than 92% enantiomeric excess of D enantiomer was observed in the permeate of the membrane which was prepared from 0.07% trimesoyl chloride and 0.03% S-2-actoxpcl. The membrane prepared without the chain terminator exhibited less volumetric flux but more solute rejection compared to those prepared with the chain terminator. The flux of the membrane increases as the amount of the chain terminator in the reaction increases.
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate: Synthesis and Potential Intermediate in Biomineralization

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Compositional analysis and viscosity measurements of commercial oat brans

Chemical analysis of commercial oat brans (n=10) collected from five different countries showed wide variations in the contents of starch (40–61%), crude protein (9·6–21%), crude fat (8·2–12%), ash (2·0–4·1%), dietary fibre (10·7–19·4%) and mixed-linkage β-glucan (4·7–8·3%). A significant correlation (r=0·83; P 0·90) were found between the contents of both total and extractable mixed-linkage β-glucan and viscosity after dispersion. © 1998 SCI.
Morphological Population Balance for Modeling Crystal Growth in Face Directions

A morphological (or polyhedral) population balance (PB) model is presented for modeling the dynamic size evolution of crystals grown from solution in all crystal growth directions. The morphological PB approach uses the crystal shape information for a single crystal obtained from morphology prediction, or experiment as the initial face locations, as well as face growth rates to predict the shape evolution of the crystal population. For each time instant during the crystallization process, the prediction uses its shape at the previous time moment, and the growth rate for the specific crystal habit plane. The methodology is demonstrated through a study of potash alum (KAl (SO4)2·12H2O), for which literature data is available for comparison and validation. The discretization method, method of classes, was used to convert the equations to ordinary differential form with the computational domain being discretized into small meshes. The ordinary differential equations (>1.5 million) were then solved simultaneously using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlbergh 4th/5th-order solver with automatic time-step control. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the morphological PB model developed can predict crystal growth and surface area of individual habit faces in detail, together with crystal shape and size evolution. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Studies of pure and nitrogen-incorporated hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films and their possible application for amorphous silicon solar cells

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) and nitrogen-incorporated a-C:H (a-C:N:H) thin films were deposited using radio frequency–plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique and studied for their electrical, optical, and nano-mechanical properties. Introduction of nitrogen and increase of self bias enhanced the conductivity of a-C:H and a-C:N:H films, whereas current-voltage measurement reveals heterojunction formation due to their rectifying behavior. The bandgap of these films was changed over wide range from 1.9 eV to 3.45 eV by varying self bias and the nitrogen incorporation. Further, activation energy was correlated with the electronic structure of a-C:H and a-C:N:H films, and conductivity was discussed as a function of bandgap. Moreover, a-C:N:H films exhibited high hardness and elastic modulus, with maximum values as 42 GPa and 430 GPa, respectively, at −100 V. Observed fascinating electrical, optical, and nano-mechanical properties made it a material of great utility in the development of o.
THE EFFECT OF SOIL SURFACE CURVATURE ON MOISTURE AND YIELD—BEER SHEBA OBSERVATION

Moisture content measured in the soil correlated strongly with the curvature of the soil surface. At the concave parts of the landscape, the moisture content was as high as 14 percent, and grain yields were as high as 1734 kilograms per hectare. At the convex parts, the moisture content was as low as 5 percent, and the grain yields were as low as 408 kilograms per hectare. The correlation coefficient between the measured moisture and the calculated surface curvature was 0.9 and was significant at the 0.1 percent level. The observation tends to support our theory about the horizontal flow component of infiltrating water. The new theory and the supporting observations point toward an important source of nonuniformities in moisture distribution in nonleveled fields, which nonuniformities are far greater than those caused by common irrigation systems.
Antiviral Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Liposome-Encapsulated Phosphonoformate in Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus-Infected Mice

AbstractLiposomal delivery of phosphonoformate (PF), an antiviral agent with poor membrane permeability, was evaluated using a passive targeting strategy to treat Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMLV) infection. Pharmacokinetic studies in RMLV infected mice using the nonmetabolized [14C]PF reveal that nonencapsulated PF is rapidly excreted with an approximate clearance of 18.8 g blood/hour, while liposome (egg phos-phatidylcholine/egg phosphatidylglycerol/cholesterol: 9:1:8)-encapsulated PF has an approximate clearance of 0.61–0.96 g blood/hr. When administered in the liposome encapsulated form, 50–80% of the dose is found in the liver, spleen, and blood at 3 hr postinjection. The area under the drug level-time curve (AUC) in the liver and spleen following a single dose of encapsulated PF is 1.3–1.7 times higher than the AUC of a 25-fold larger dose of nonencapsulated PF. Biodistribution studies of 125I-labeled liposomes or encapsulated [14C]PF in vivo show that the specific uptake of liposomes and entrap.
Modeling of a water vapor selective membrane unit to increase the energy efficiency of humidity harvesting

Air humidity is a promising source of clean and safe drinking water. However, in conventional systems a lot of energy is wasted on the production of cold air, rather than the condensation of water vapor. This study examines the possibility of using a hollow fiber membrane module to make this process more energy efficient, by separating the vapor from other gases, prior to the cooling process with the help of selective membranes. The water vapor concentration within a fiber has been modeled using a random walker approach, and the membrane permeability has been implemented as a re-bounce probability for simulation particles interacting with the membrane. Considering the additional work requirement for driving a feed flow through the membrane section and the computed water vapor permeation it could be shown that the energy demand per unit water is lowest for slow flow speeds and favors short and thin fibers. The total energy requirement was estimated to be less than half of the conventional one. Comparison with other CFD simulations and a real life module has shown a good level of agreement, indicating that a membrane section could improve the energy efficiency of humidity harvesting significantly.
Bioaccumulation of lead (PB) in tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) collected from fish markets of Kolkata

Every day a good amount of fish and fish products are being purchased and consumed without knowing the pollution threat of heavy metals from them. The aim of our study was to assess the pollution status in terms of Lead (Pb) accumulation in a common shellfish namely Penaeus monodon (tiger prawn). For that purpose samples were collected from Sealdah (SDH), Garia (GRA) and Sonarpur (SNP) fish markets around Kolkata of West Bengal, India from November 2016 to April 2017 and the bioaccumulation of Pb in different tissues was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The maximum concentration of Pb in meat, shell and the whole body of prawn was 10. 00μg/g, 10. 620μg/g and 17. 290μg/g respectively. Though the level of this metal in this shellfish was below the prescribed permissible limits, the cumulative effect of all the heavy metals together can be harmful. So, it is the time to make people conscious about the possible damage from heavy metal contamination in fish and to prepare them to overcome future threats for their sustenance.
Liquid Immiscibility in Silicate Melts and Related Systems

High temperature melts, fluids and gases progressively organize themselves structurally during cooling, usually causing separation of solids, liquids or gases. In many different chemical systems this phase separation results in distinct chemical separation ( immiscibility ), with associated contrasting physical properties in the separating phases. Because of the variety in chemistries, and relative changes in entropy and volumes of the natural mixtures compared to the separated phases, immiscibility can occur in different chemistries during heating and compression, as well as during cooling and decompression. Although the main emphasis in this volume is on fluid–fluid equilibria, there are good examples and much literature on liquid–liquid equilibria in synthetic silicate melts and natural magmas. In fact much of our understanding of phase separation (for geochemists generally taken simply as liquid–vapor equilibria) actually originates from liquid–liquid immiscibility studies of silicate melts. For a one-component system there are three distinct regions in PT space where either solid or liquid or vapor exist as the stable phase. These are separated by three univariant curves (i) the solid–liquid curve, the solidus, (ii) the liquid–vapor curve, which can lead to the most commonest form of critical point (see Fig. 1a⇓), and (iii) the solid–vapor curve, which reflects direct vaporization (sublimation) or condensation of solids from gas. The latter is relevant in some industrial processes and to condensation of stars at vacuum pressures. For each added component with solid, liquid and vapor phases, there is the possibility of mixing of each of the phases, or not. In silicates we are used to recognize immiscibility gaps (solvus) among chemically related minerals (e.g., alkali feldspars), which are miscible at high temperatures in the subsolidus region but are immiscible with cooling and undergo phase separation. We are less used to consider immiscibility between two anhydrous melts (silicate–silicate, silicate–carbonate, silicate–oxide, silicate–sulfide, etc.). Figure 1. Pressure …
Crystal structure of a new crystalline modification of tetra-arsenic tetrasulphide(2,4,6,8-tetrathia-1,3,5,7-tetra-arsatricyclo[3,3,0,03,7]-octane)

The crystal structure of the title compound was determined from photographic data and solved by direct methods. 598 Unique reflections were refined by least-squares methods to R 0·104. Crystals are monoclinic, space-group C2/c, with a= 9·957, b= 9·335, c= 8·889 A, β= 102·48°, Z= 4. The molecules possess D2d(2m) symmetry within experimental error. Mean bond lengths and angles are: As–As 2·593, As–S 2·243 A S–As–As 99·1, S–As–S 94·4, and As–S–As 101·2°. The Raman spectra of α- and β-As4S4 are presented; the molecules may polymerise on prolonged laser irradiation.
Direct Synthesis of Oligonucleotides on Nanostructured Silica Multilayers

In this work, we have quantified the functionalization of some porous silicon multilayers that optically act as Bragg reflectors: 1.3 × 10−3 mol/g, corresponding to 3.25 nmol/cm2, of a ten base oligonucleotide has been estimated by a chemical procedure, based on the dimethoxytrityl monitoring. The oligonucleotide has been synthesized directly on two different porous silicon structures, one oxidized by a thermal treatment, the other by a chemical process based on exposure to I2/pyridine. We have also monitored the oligonucleotide synthesis by a label-free technique: a 11 nm red-shift of the optical spectrum can be observed by spectroscopic reflectometry.
Piezoelectric and electromechanical properties of ultrahigh temperature CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics

The piezoelectric, dielectric, and electromechanical properties of the (KCe) co‐substituted calcium bismuth niobate (CaBi2Nb2O9, CBN) were investigated. The piezoelectric activities of CBN ceramics were significantly enhanced and the dielectric loss tan δ decreased by (KCe) substitution. The Ca0.9(KCe)0.05Bi2Nb2O9 ceramics possess the optimal piezoelectric properties, and the piezoelectric coefficient (d33), Curie temperature (TC), and electromechanical coupling factors (kp and kt) were found to be 16 pC/N, 868 °C, 8.6%, and 23.8%, respectively. The excellent dielectric and electromechanical spectra, together with the high piezoelectric activities and ultrahigh Curie temperature, make CBN ceramics promising candidates for high temperature piezoelectric applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of twinning in shape evolution of anisotropic noble metal nanostructures

Nanotechnology provides the ability to engineer the properties of materials by controlling their size and shape. Among the most interesting nanostructures are anisotropic noble metal nanocrystals such as nanorods and nanowires. Nevertheless, the production of such crystals in a controlled fashion remains as a challenging task, and many available colloidal techniques produce a mixture of morphologies. In cases where high yields of a particular anisotropic structure have been produced, the growth mechanism has been primarily explained in terms of the presence of surfactants or capping agents that regulate the growth of the crystal in a particular direction. However, the growth mechanism should also consider nucleation and kinetics, and not only thermodynamics or physical restrictions imposed by the surface stabilizing agent. In this work, we present several examples of anisotropic noble metal nanocrystals obtained by different methods. Finally, the important role of twinning in determining the habit of the final morphology is discussed.
New unitary transformation for the three coupled oscillators

A new unitary operator U, which can transform the Fock space of a three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator into the space in which the Hamiltonian of three coupled oscillators is diagonized, is found. The coordinate representation of U is presented and is used to directly derive the wave function of the energy eigenstate of the coupled oscillators
Characterization of Aluminium and Titanium Oxides Deposited on 4H-SiC by Atomic Layer Deposition Technique

Aluminium oxide and titanium oxide films were deposited using the Atomic Layer Deposition method on n-type 4H SiC and p-type Si {001} substrates, with doping 6×1015cm-3 and 2×1016cm-3, respectively, and on 1.2 kV PiN 4H SiC diodes for passivation studies. The Al2O3 and SiC interface was characterised for the existence of an effective negative charge with a density of 1×1012-2×1012 cm-2. The dielectric constant of Al2O3 as determined from capacitance-voltage data was about 8.3. The maximum electric field supported by the Al2O3 film was up to 7.5 MV/cm and 8.4 MV/cm on SiC and Si, respectively.
Towards multi‐factor models of decision making and risk

Purpose – To: evaluate Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory as functional models of decision making and risk within various contexts; compare and analyze risk models and decision‐making models; evaluate models of stock risk developed by Robert Engle and related models; establish whether the models are related and have the same foundations; relate risk, decision making and options theory; and develop the foundations for a new model of decision making and risk named “belief systems”. Design/methodology/approach – Critiques existing academic work in different contexts. Analyzes the shortcomings of various measures of risk, and group decision making, which was not addressed in developing Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory. Develops the characteristics of a mew model for decision making and risk named “belief systems”, and then differentiates it from belief networks.Findings – Decision making is a multi‐factor, multi‐dimensional process that often requires the processing of information, an.
Low-energy generation in nanostructured Si

Solar photon energy can be better used when totally transformed on collectable free-carriers. The conversion of one energetic photon could result in more than one free-carrier pair if a low-energy mechanism is involved. Such PV conversion represents a multistage nonlinear process and requires especially dedicated low-energy centers. A cascade-like progression is induced by the primary/fundamental/interband absorption. As shown by us previously, the corresponding structure can be realized, for example, with nanostructured Si. The experimental devices convert 400 nm photons into collectable primary and secondary free-carriers. The excess carriers can be drawn out into the external electrical circuit even in a multiinterface architecture containing a carrier collection limit. The superficial effect seems to be totally independent of the presence or not of a buried amorphized layer. This is the first simple experimental evidence for low-energy generation. The performance is inversely proportional to the incident light intensity. The thermodynamic limit of conventional photovoltaic conversion is lower than 30%, while in the case of the mechanism reported here, it can be propelled above 60%. An optimization of the effect by a suitable conditioning and annealing should be possible, opening the way to different applications, especially in the areas of nanophotovoltaics and very high efficiency solar cells.
Natural organic matter removal by coagulation: effect of kinetics and hydraulic power

In this paper, the mechanism of NOM removal by coagulation is investigated using coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PACl), compared with AlCl3. The kinetics of Al ion hydrolysis, interaction of hydrolyzed species of Al and NOM, and hydraulic power condition in coagulation process are investigated by programmable jar test, photometric dispersion analyzer and ferron assaying. After the coagulant dosing, Al ion would hydrolyze very quickly, and then monomeric Al and small polymeric Al would further hydrolyze to form larger polymer and precipitate, based on pH condition, while the further hydrolyzed process is relative slow. Although complexation between NOM and Al appears to be several orders of magnitude slower than hydrolysis of monomeric forms of Al, it would be faster than further polymerization and precipitation of Al during aging. However the further polymerization of fresh Al would benefit to Al-NOM complex aggregation and settlement. Therefore, PACl, with stabile preformed polymer shows significantly different performance in NOM removal compared with AlCl3. Although the hydraulic power condition plays significant role in collision frequency and efficiency of particles removal, the process of the aggregation to form larger floc to settle down is relative slower than interaction of Al and NOM, and it is not very correlative to the performance of NOM removal if only it can provide enough mixture.
The correlation between coordination and bond angle distribution in network-forming liquids

The structure and diffusion in SiO2 and Al2O3 liquids under pressure have been studied by molecular dynamics simulation. We show that although different states of considered liquids differ significantly in the number of TOx units and OTy linkages (T = Si, Al; x = 4, 5, 6; y = 2, 3, 4), their partial bond angle distributions (BAD) are identical. Furthermore, the total BADs are directly related to the partial BADs and coordination distribution. This result supports a technique to determine the fraction of TOx and OTy from the experimental bond angle distribution. The simulation also reveals the anomalous behavior of diffusion in silica liquid caused by the change in diffusion mechanisms occurring in low- and high-density models. The diffusion in alumina liquid also results from a similar mechanism like the one for high-density sample of silica liquid.