Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soybean (Glycine max) Tolerance to Timing Applications of Pyroxasulfone, Flumioxazin, and Pyroxasulfone + Flumioxazin

Abstract Four field studies were conducted over a 3-yr period (2011 to 2013) to determine the tolerance of four soybean cultivars to pyroxasulfone (89 and 178 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (71 and 142 g ai ha−1), and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin (160 and 320 g ai ha−1) applied either preplant incorporated (PPI), PRE, or at the soybean cotyledon stage (COT). When pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin was applied at 160 and 320 g ai ha−1, at the cotyledon stage soybean yield was decreased by 9 and 14%, respectively. The only other treatment that decreased soybean yield was pyroxasulfone (178 g ai ha−1) applied PPI; yield was decreased by 6% despite minimal injury and dry biomass reductions observed during the season. Soybean tolerance to pyroxasulfone or flumioxazin applied alone was generally similar and injury was less than with pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin. Similarly, herbicides applied PPI and PRE were less injurious to soybean than the COT timing. Results suggest that soybean is tolerant to PPI and PRE applications of pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin but COT applications should be avoided. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; pyroxasulfone; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Resumen Se realizaron cuatro estudios de campo durante un período de 3 años (2011 a 22013) para determinar la tolerancia de cuatro cultivares de soya a pyroxasulfone (89 y 178 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (71 y 142 g ai ha−1), y pyroxasfulone + flumioxazin (160 y 320 g ai ha−1) aplicados ya sea incorporados en presiembra (PPI), PRE, o en el estado cotiledonal de la soya (COT). Cuando se aplicó pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin a 160 y 320 g ai ha−1 en el estado cotiledonal, el rendimiento de la soya se redujo en 9 y 14%, respectivamente. El único otro tratamiento que disminuyó el rendimiento de la soya fue pyroxasulfone (178 g ai ha−1) aplicado PPI, en el cual el rendimiento se redujo 6% a pesar de que el daño y reducciones de biomasa seca observados fueron mínimos durante la temporada de crecimiento. La tolerancia de la soya a pyroxasulfone o flumioxazin aplicados solos fue generalmente similar y el daño fue menor que con pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin. Similarmente, los herbicidas aplicados PPI y PRE fueron menos dañinos a la soya que al aplicarse COT. Los resultados sugieren que la soya es tolerante a aplicaciones PPI y PRE de pyroxasulfon + flumioxazin, pero las aplicaciones COT deberían ser evitadas.
Marker-Trait Association Analysis of Seed Traits in Accessions of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in China

Seed weight and seed size are the key agronomic traits that determine yield in common bean. To investigate the genetic architecture of four seed traits (100-seed weight, seed length, seed width, and seed height) of common bean in China, marker-trait association analysis of these seed traits was performed in a nationwide population of 395 common bean accessions using 116 polymorphic SSR markers. The four seed traits were evaluated in six trials across three environments. Seed size varied among the environments. Population structure was evaluated based on SSR markers and phaseolin, which divided the accessions into two main subpopulations representing the two known gene pools. Seed weight and seed size had a strong relationship with population clustering. In addition, in a Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 21 significantly associated markers were identified for the four seed traits with two models, namely, general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM). Some markers had pleiotropic effects, i.e., controlled more than one trait. The significant quantitative trait loci identified in this study could be used in marker-assisted breeding to accelerate the genetic improvement of yield in common bean.
Do Specific Pedagogies and Problem-Based Teaching Improve Student Employability? A Cross-Sectional Survey of College Students

Higher education policy and manpower training have failed to meet the requirement of rapidly changing society and employers’ expectation in Taiwan, resulting in a significant gap between university education and employment. Student employability should also be a focus of all higher education institutions, although whether a high degree of student learning outcomes can represent a high degree of student employability is still unclear. This study explores the relationships among pedagogy for employability, the problem-based teaching mode, absorptive capacity, and student employability in higher education institutions (HEIs). Based on analysis of a total sample of 553 undergraduates from 16 Taiwanese HEIs using structural equation modeling, the results show that the influences of pedagogy for employability and the problem-based teaching mode on absorptive capacity and student employability are positively statistically significant. Based on the findings, specific suggestions and managerial implications for HEIs, curriculum and instruction planning, and future research are provided.
Atlantic Salmon Pre-smolt Survivors of Renibacterium salmoninarum Infection Show Inhibited Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immune Response and a Higher Risk of Death During the Late Stage of Infection at Lower Water Temperatures

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is widespread in many areas of the world and can cause substantial economic losses for the salmon aquaculture industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological response and gene expression profiles related to the immune response at different water temperatures and to identify the best immunopathological biomarkers to define a phenotype of resistance to BKD. The abundance of msa transcripts of R. salmoninarum in the head kidney was significantly higher in infected fish at 11°C. R. salmoninarum induced significantly more severe kidney lesions, anemia and impaired renal function at 11°C. In addition, the expression pattern of the genes related to humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in infected fish at 11 and 15°C was very similar, although R. salmoninarum induced a significantly greater downregulation of the adaptive immune response genes at the lower water temperature. These results could be due to a suppressed host response directly related to the lowest water temperature and/or associated with a delayed host response related to the lowest water temperature. Although no significant differences in survival rate were observed, fish infected at the lowest temperature showed a higher probability of death and delayed the mortality curve during the late stage of infection (35 days after infection). Thirty-three immunopathological biomarkers were identified for potential use in the search for a resistance phenotype for BKD, and eight were genes related specifically to the adaptive cell-mediated immune response.
Social-Ecological Analysis of the Factors Influencing Shanghai Adolescents’ Table Tennis Skills: A Cross-Sectional Study

The main purpose of this study was to explore the factors that affect adolescents’ table tennis skills (ATTS) among adolescents in Shanghai from the social ecological perspective, including individual factors, social support, and physical environment. 1,526 students from Shanghai primary and secondary schools were included in this study (age = 12.31 ± 1.32 years). Participants completed a questionnaire based on social ecological theory after taking the ATTS test. A structural equation model was applied to test the relationships among the study variables. The relationship model incorporating individual factors, social support, physical environment, and ATTS test score fit the data well (χ2 = 1415.754, χ2/df = 4.96, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.914; IFI = 0.930; NFI = 0.921; RMSEA = 0.032). The investigation results showed that social support and physical environment promote adolescents’ scores on the ATTS test. At all levels of social ecology, individual factors were the most important factors for the improvement of ATTS. The level impacting most significantly on ATTS was individual factors, followed by social support, and, finally, the physical environment. Therefore, cultivating intrinsic interest is an important way to facilitate the continuous activities of adolescents. In addition, friends should support each other, and parents should give adolescents appropriate encouragement regarding table tennis exercise. Schools should provide more table tennis facilities. PE teachers should respect adolescents’ ideas, listen to students’ opinions, and encourage them to participate in table tennis training.
QTL Mapping for Agronomic and Adaptive Traits Confirmed Pleiotropic Effect of mog Gene in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Organ size and architecture of plants are important traits affecting crop yield and agronomic practices. An induced mutant, multiple-organ gigantism (MOG), of black gram (Vigna mungo) has been obtained, which shows gigantic leaves, fruit, seed, and architecture (plant height) but lower number of pods per plant. These traits are a pleiotropic effect of a single recessive gene, mog. In this study, we investigated variation of 16 agronomic and adaptive traits in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the MOG mutant (V. mungo var. mungo) and wild black gram (V. mungo var. silvestris) accession TC2210 and identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling those traits to gain a better understanding of the effect of the mog gene on breeding. The results showed that most of the traits (100-seed weight, leaf size, and plant height) showed moderate narrow-sense heritability (h2) (45–65%), while pod size and seed length (SDL) showed high h2 (>75%) and pod dehiscence (shattering), and seed width (SDW) and days to flowering showed low h2 (<35%). The QTLs for the traits were mapped onto a high-density linkage map developed for the RIL population. Inclusive composite interval mapping identified 42 QTLs in total for the 16 traits with number of QTLs per trait ranging from one to six. Major QTLs for the MOG phenotypes were clustered on linkage group (LG) 6, confirming the pleiotropic effect of the mog gene. Effect of the mog gene/QTL for the MOG phenotypic variations was not high, ranging from about 15% in plant height to 40% in leaf size. For 100-seed weight, which is the most interesting trait, the mog gene/QTL contributed about 30% of the total trait variation and showed an additive effect of only 0.51 g, which is only about 1.5-fold higher than that of the other five QTLs detected for this trait. These results indicated that mog gene expression is highly affected by environment and the effect of the gene toward organ size and plant height is not extraordinarily high. Implications of the findings of this study and exploiting of the MOG mutant in breeding were also discussed.
Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterizations of Hepatic Trematodiasis in Odontocetes

Hepatic trematodiasis is a common condition in a number of free-ranging cetacean species, which occasionally result in severe hepatic and/or pancreatic lesions. However, even the basic pathological information of this disease is unknown for the majority of affected species. The current study describes and compares the histomorphology and immune reaction induced by hepatic trematodes of the family Brachycladiidae in the liver of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, n = 8), Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli, n = 8), and Hubbs' beaked whale (Mesoplodon carlhubbsi, n = 2). Immunohistochemistry for eight antibodies (CK19, CD3, Foxp3, CD20, Iba1, CD68, CD163, and CD204) was conducted to analyze the pathology of these parasitic infections. In all three odontocete species, the changes observed in the trematode-affected biliary epithelium were comparable with marked hyperplasia and goblet cell metaplasia, as well as lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic inflammation. Additionally, regions of the Glisson's sheath were diffusely and severely fibrotic in all examined species, regardless of the physical presence of trematodes. Differences among the three species included the presence of characteristic lymphoid follicles formed in the fibrotic bile duct walls of only the two porpoise species. In the Hubbs' beaked whale, the degree of lymphoplasmacytic cholangitis was more severe, and ductular reaction was generally more prominent. In terms of the overall macrophage population among the three species, CD163- and CD204-positive cells (M2 macrophages) outnumbered Iba1- and CD68-positive cells (M1 macrophages), indicating a chronic infection stage in all analyzed individuals. Species-specific differences among the infiltrating macrophages included numbers of CD68-positive cells being significantly more abundant in the harbor porpoises, whereas CD163-positive cells were significantly more numerous in the Dall's porpoises. The numbers of CD204-positive macrophages were higher in the Hubbs' beaked whales compared to those in the porpoises. Trematode species of the harbor and Dall's porpoises were Campula oblonga, while they were Oschmarinella macrorchis in the Hubbs' beaked whales. This study concludes that interspecies differences in the tissue reactions to hepatic trematode infections are present among odontocete species and that the immune reaction varies depending on the species. This information aids in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic trematodiasis in cetaceans.
Modeling Landscape Use for Ungulates: Forgotten Tenets of Ecology, Management, and Inference

Modeling landscape use (i.e., estimating the probability or relative probability of use, occurrence, or selection in a given area and time) by ungulates is an increasingly common and important practice in research and management. Models of occupancy, distribution, movement, habitat use, and resource selection are formal approaches by which landscape use has been characterized and results published for a myriad of ungulate species. Understanding landscape use has benefited from a growing volume of data on animal locations and model covariates, and the ease of modeling with automated software. These models are particularly noteworthy in their potential to estimate use at multiple scales, characterize individual and population distributions, and predict spatiotemporal responses to environmental change. Despite these advantages, ecological processes can be secondary or forgotten. Models without a strong ecological foundation may perform well in case studies but fail to advance our understanding of a species’ habitat requirements and response to habitat change across a broad inference space. In response, we describe criteria, synthesized from the ecological literature, of direct relevance to modeling landscape use for advancing the ecological understanding and effective management of ungulates. Criteria include (1) a knowledge coproduction framework for scientist-manager collaborations; (2) an explicit inference space with supporting replication for broad inference; (3) process covariates and their ecological scaling to address habitat requirements; (4) ecologically plausible sets of competing models; (5) model evaluation to address objectives and hypotheses of ecological importance; (6) assessment of relationships with animal and population performance; and (7) reliable interpretations for ecological understanding and management uses. Contemporary modeling of landscape use has been challenged by large, disparate data sources and an emphasis on statistical methods. However, advances in knowledge and conservation of ungulates based on tenets of ecology, management, and inference are achievable with careful consideration of these criteria.
The Role of ROS Homeostasis in ABA-Induced Guard Cell Signaling

The hormonal and environmental regulation of stomatal aperture is mediated by a complex signaling pathway found within the guard cells that surround stomata. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure in response to drought stress by binding to its guard cell localized receptor, initiating a signaling cascade that includes synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Genetic evidence in Arabidopsis indicates that ROS produced by plasma membrane respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) enzymes RBOHD and RBOHF modulate guard cell signaling and stomatal closure. However, ABA-induced ROS accumulates in many locations such as the cytoplasm, chloroplasts, nucleus, and endomembranes, some of which do not coincide with plasma membrane localized RBOHs. ABA-induced guard cell ROS accumulation has distinct spatial and temporal patterns that drive stomatal closure. Productive ROS signaling requires both rapid increases in ROS, as well as the ability of cells to prevent ROS from reaching damaging levels through synthesis of antioxidants, including flavonols. The relationship between locations of ROS accumulation and ABA signaling and the role of enzymatic and small molecule ROS scavengers in maintaining ROS homeostasis in guard cells are summarized in this review. Understanding the mechanisms of ROS production and homeostasis and the role of ROS in guard cell signaling can provide a better understanding of plant response to stress and could provide an avenue for the development of crop plants with increased stress tolerance.
Fair Game: The Effects of Target Identity, Attack Topic and Role-Relevance in the Judgement of Online Aggression

Previous research on online aggression has predominantly focused on cyberbullying, largely overlooking forms which are commonly rationalised as less serious (e.g. celebrity hate, behavioural criticisms). In this study, 140 undergraduate psychology students each viewed twelve vignettes depicting online attacks, systematically varying the identity of the target (celebrity vs. non-celebrity), the topic of the attack (personal vs. behavioural), and the relevance of the attack to the target's role (role-relevant vs. not relevant). Participants rated each vignette for perceived expectedness, fairness, impact on targets, and severity. Results indicated significant effects of topic and target identity: attacks on non-celebrities were generally considered worse (less expected and fair, more harmful and serious) than attacks on celebrities, while attacks based on weight or appearance were considered worse than those based on behaviour. Effects of role-relevance were more complex, emerging as interactions rather than main effects. Responses to open-ended questions echoed these findings, but also suggested that participants considered the broader social context of attacks when assessing vignettes. Concerningly, findings suggest that the increasing prevalence and visibility of online attacks results in desensitisation, with more common forms of aggression discounted- yet some standards persist regarding topics and targets who are considered “off-limits”.
Effects of dietary neutral detergent fibre to protein ratio on duodenal microbial nitrogen flow and nitrogen losses in lactating cows fed high-concentrate total mixed rations with different forage combinations

SUMMARY The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) : crude protein (CP) ratio on duodenal microbial crude protein (MCP) flow and nitrogen (N) losses. The study was completed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with five lactating Holstein dairy cows and 5 high-concentrate total mixed rations (TMR) with different forage combinations, typical for Northern China. The rations with a fixed forage-to-concentrate ratio (39 : 61) resulted in different dietary NDF : CP ratios: TMR1 3·03 : 1 (428·2 g NDF/kg : 141·4 g CP/kg); TMR2 2·74 : 1 (392·7 g NDF/kg : 143·2 g CP/kg); TMR3 2·55 : 1 (368·3 g NDF/kg : 144·4 g CP/kg); TMR4 1·84 : 1 (304·8 g NDF/kg : 165·8 g CP/kg); TMR5 1·60 : 1 (285·0 g NDF/kg : 178·0 g CP/kg). Rumen content, milk, blood, urine and faeces were sampled on the last 3 days of five 18-day periods. Purine derivatives in the urine samples were determined to estimate rumen MCP flow into the small intestine. Milk yield and milk protein yield increased linearly with decreasing dietary NDF : CP ratio although slight differences in dry matter intake were observed due to feed intake restriction. Diurnal ammonia N in the rumen and duodenal MCP flow increased linearly, but blood urea N, urinary N and faecal N linearly decreased with decreasing dietary NDF : CP ratio. The enhanced N utilization in the maize-silage-based TMRs (TMR4–5) in comparison with maize-stover-based TMRs (TMR1–3) increased milk yield and the synthesis of milk protein instead of milk fat in the lactating cows, probably due to high transfer of ammonia N into rumen MCP with a considerable increase of dietary non-fibre carbohydrate content and the decrease of NDF : CP ratio. The present results indicate that not only increasing dietary non-structural carbohydrate content but also adjusting the ratio of structural carbohydrate to CP ratio are important diet formulation strategies for mitigating N losses in lactating cows.
Tamoxifen Rechallenge Decreases Metastatic Potential but Increases Cell Viability and Clonogenicity in a Tamoxifen-Mediated Cytotoxicity-Resistant Subline of Human Breast MCF7 Cancer Cells

Background Drug resistance is frequently found in estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer patients during and after prolonged tamoxifen treatment. Although tamoxifen rechallenge has been proposed for treating recurrent breast tumors, the clinical benefit of this treatment is still controversial. The aims of this study are to identify the possible tamoxifen cytotoxicity-resistant subpopulation of MCF7 cells and to determine the effects of tamoxifen rechallenge on these cells. Methods Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of various epithelial–mesenchymal transition– and cell survival/proliferation–related proteins in MCF7 and MCF7-derived, tamoxifen-mediated cytotoxicity-resistant MCF7-TAM12.5 breast cancer cells. Wound healing, Transwell migration, and invasion assays were used to examine the metastatic potential of cells. Clonogenic assays, trypan blue exclusion assays, and bromodeoxyuridine assays were used to examine clonogenicity and to determine the proliferation rate of cells. Results We found that MCF7-TAM12.5 cells exhibited higher tolerance to tamoxifen-mediated cytotoxicity, higher metastatic potential, higher expression levels of XIAP, and lower expression levels of ERα/ERβ/HER2/Smac than MCF7 cells. In addition, MCF7 cells endogenously expressed Bcl-2α, whereas MCF7-TAM12.5 cells only expressed Bcl-2β. Interestingly, tamoxifen rechallenge decreased the metastatic potential but increased the proliferation and clonogenicity of MCF7-TAM12.5 cells. At the molecular level, tamoxifen rechallenge upregulated the expression of phosphorylated Aurora A and Aurora B kinase in MCF7-TAM12.5 cells. Conclusion Our findings further support the existence of highly heterogenetic cancer cell populations in ER+ breast tumors. It will be of clinical importance to determine the protein expression and the genetic profiles of tamoxifen-resistant/recurrent ER+ breast tumors to predict the potential effects of tamoxifen readministration in the future.