Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of land-cover types on an urban heat island in Hangzhou, China

This research examined the impact of urban land-cover types on the urban heat island (UHI) in Hangzhou, China. Air temperatures (Tair) measured at a height of 1.5 m at times 00:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 were used for atmospheric urban heat island (AUHI) analysis. Data from the Environmental and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting Satellite B (HJ-1B) were utilized to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) for surface urban heat island (SUHI) analysis and to map land-cover distribution. Pearson correlation and partial correlation analyses were performed to investigate the impacts of land-cover types on Tair, LST, and the relationship between Tair and LST. The results show that (1) LST and night-time Tair are sensitive to the amount of impervious surface and vegetation and (2) land-cover types did not significantly influence the correlation between LST and Tair at 10:00, but the amount of impervious surface and vegetation had significant impact at 0:00. This research indicates that the percentage of impervious surface is a good indicator for LST and night-time Tair, and for relating night-time AUHI to satellite-based observations of SUHI. This research also proposed a new method that considers both temperature patterns and land-cover types to explain the spatial variations in AUHI and a new indicator – cooling-distance rate – to help people to select a suitable living place when both work–home distance and work–home temperature difference are factors that they wish to consider.
Variability of the Deep-Water Overflow in the Luzon Strait*

AbstractThe Luzon Strait, with its deepest sills at the Bashi Channel and Luzon Trough, is the only deep connection between the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea (SCS). To investigate the deep-water overflow through the Luzon Strait, 3.5 yr of continuous mooring observations have been conducted in the deep Bashi Channel and Luzon Trough. For the first time these observations enable us to assess the detailed variability of the deep-water overflow from the Pacific to the SCS. On average, the along-stream velocity of the overflow is at its maximum at about 120 m above the ocean bottom, reaching 19.9 ± 6.5 and 23.0 ± 11.8 cm s−1 at the central Bashi Channel and Luzon Trough, respectively. The velocity measurements can be translated to a mean volume transport for the deep-water overflow of 0.83 ± 0.46 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) at the Bashi Channel and 0.88 ± 0.77 Sv at the Luzon Trough. Significant intraseasonal and seasonal variations are identified, with their dominant time scales ranging between.
A Riccati model for Denmark Strait overflow variability

A controlled volume box model of the western basins of the Nordic Seas for water denser than 1027.8 kg m−3 is constructed, where accumulation in volume () is driven by net imbalances between prescribed net inflow from the northern, eastern and top boundaries (Qs) and hydraulically limited outflow through the Denmark Strait. The resulting Riccati equation is solved analytically for filling and flushing experiments with constant Qs and numerically for stochastic forcing Qs(t). For small perturbations to Qs with white noise spectrum, the overflow response is red noise with a time scale between 5 and 15 years depending on the mean interface height and area. For Qs proportional to the NAO index, the overflow is positively correlated with the NAO. A 140 years integration reveals variations in the overflow between 2.5 Sv in the 1970s and a maximum of 4 Sv in the 1990s. Hydraulic transport calculations from hydrographic data north of Iceland show good agreement with the model hindcast.
Surface optical properties measured by the airborne research scanning polarimeter during the CLAMS experiment

Multi-angle multi-spectral scans of upward total and polarized radiance were measured by the Research Scanning Polarimeter onboard a Cessna 210 aircraft during the Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites experiment. The surface contribution to the polarized radiance (PR) was evaluated for its effect on the retrieval of aerosol properties from PR over land surfaces. The atmospheric contribution to PR was negligible at 2250 nm for an aerosol having an aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 440 nm of 0.72 and AOT at 865 nm of 0.17. The atmospheric and surface contribution to PR at 865 nm were found to be similar for this aerosol load. Thus, although the 2250 nm measurements can be used to characterize the surface on this very turbid day, this is not the case for the 865 nm measurements. The polarized and total radiances at 1590 and 2250 nm were found to be strongly correlated, suggesting that a common physical process affects reflection and polarization since this correlation was present even within a given surface type. Near the backscattering direction a simple front facet Fresnel reflection model of surface polarization breaks down and the surface polarized reflectance shows considerable spectral variability and angular structure that may be of use in evaluating the structural parameters of vegetated and soil surfaces.
Variability of the relationship between particle size and cloud‐nucleating ability

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are characterized by their critical supersaturation (Sc), which is a function of particle size and chemistry, namely water solubility. Measurements that relate particle size to Sc can thus be used to determine CCN solubility. A sufficiently small degree of variability of size‐Sc measurements has been cited as evidence that CCN can be deduced from particle size measurements alone. Since particle size is so much easier to measure than particle chemistry or CCN this would have significant advantages for investigations of the largest climate uncertainty, the indirect aerosol effect; e.g., remote sensing of CCN. However, we present size‐Sc measurements with a greater range of variability, which appears to at least limit or cast doubts on the practicality of deducing CCN from particle size measurements.
Determination of particle transfer in random walk particle methods for fractured porous media

A commonly used numerical scheme to simulate solute transport in the subsurface is the random walk particle method (RWPM). While significant progress has been made in developing random walk particle algorithms for porous media, an RWPM for fractured porous media, represented by dual continua, has not yet been developed in the literature. A key issue in developing an RWPM for fractured porous media is the determination of particle transfer between the two continua. In this study a relatively simple, yet physically based scheme to determine the particle transfer is developed. The usefulness of the scheme is demonstrated by comparing solute transport results determined from the proposed scheme with (1) an analytical solution for solute transport in a fractured porous medium with parallel fractures and (2) a numerical simulation obtained using the TOUGH2 code, a simulator for multiphase and multicomponent flow and transport in fractured porous media.
The first five years of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project

The Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) was initiated by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), and Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) in response to a general call for better accountability of how society would benefit from the 2002 farm bill's substantial increase in conservation program funding (Mausbach and Dedrick 2004). The original goals of CEAP were to establish the scientific understanding of the effects of conservation practices at the watershed scale and to estimate conservation impacts and benefits for reporting at the national and regional levels. Other federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations with conservation and natural resource interests are currently partners in various CEAP activities, often through jointly funded research projects. CEAP activities are organized into three interconnected efforts: Bibliographies, literature reviews, and a scientific workshop to establish what is known about the environmental effects of conservation practices at field and watershed scales, and what kinds of research and data collection are needed to assess conservation practice benefits. Watershed assessment studies to provide in-depth quantification of water quality and soil quality impacts of conservation practices at the local level and to provide insight on what practices are needed…
Applications of NOAA/AVHRR data on grassland monitoring

With rapidly growing populations and a dwindling resource base, monitoring grassland resource appears more important for decision-making and sustainable development in pasture. In the paper, methods of applying NOAA/AVHRR data to monitor grassland yield and carrying capacity were discussed in detail. To eliminate errors of the grassland yields at different time, average vegetation index images were erected, and a new rectified formula to calculate the Average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ANDVI) was constructed according to the characteristics of both NOAA/AVHRR data and grasslands in China. Based on ANDVI images, grassland yield gradation was defined, a general grassland yield forecast model was regressed out by analyzing relevant contribution of different landscapes to ANDVI, and a complete set of methods and procedures to monitor grassland yield and seasonal grassland carrying capacity was finally made. Results of the study indicated that NOAA/AVHRR data could be used in grassland classification, mapping, yield estimation and decision-making in large areas in China.
On the spectral dependency of UV radiation enhancements due to clouds in Valdivia, Chile (39.8°S)

[1] Data gathered with a five-channel radiometer are used to analyze the spectral composition of cloud enhancements and attenuations of UV (305, 320, 340, and 380 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400–700 nm) at Valdivia, Chile (39.8°S), during summer months and within 3 hours from solar noon. Variations are referred to clear-sky days occurring at not too distant dates or obtained as polynomial fit to cloud-free periods on partially cloudy days. Photographic images of the sky were taken simultaneously with part of the radiometric data. Frequency of occurrence and duration of enhancements were estimated. Most of the enhancements were associated with cumuliform clouds in dissipation stage while the cloud fringes were crossing over the Sun disk. Both attenuations and enhancements present spectral dependence: the first decreasing and the second increasing toward longer wavelengths. Typical magnitude of the enhancement of 1-min averages for PAR is close to 20%, with highest values exceeding 40%, and decreasing to 6% for 305 nm. Cases with well-defined cloud side reflections were not observed. A weak relation between cloud cover and enhancement magnitude was found: Larger cloud cover was associated with higher enhancements.
WATER YIELD CHANGES AFTER THE URBANIZATION OF THE CANON'S BROOK CATCHMENT, HARLOW, ENGLAND / Changements de l'apport d'eau à la suite de l'urbanisation du bassin versant de ‘Canon's Brook’ à Harlow, en Angleterre

Abstract The 21.4-km2 clay catchment of the Canon's Brook was built over during the period 1953–1968. By 1968 16.6 per cent of its area was paved and these impervious surfaces drained to the river by means of surface water sewers. Records of rainfall and runoff have been taken since 1950, i.e. before development began, and quantitative description by double mass analysis revealed an increased water yield from the catchment as urbanization progressed. The median flow from 1950 to 1953 was around 0.057 m3/s and this had been increased by urbanization to about 0.142 m3/s in 1968. The precise extent of increased water yield and its reflection in the flow regimen were derived from a computer simulation model. This was calibrated on the records for 1950–1953 and then the flow from an unchanged rural catchment was simulated for the period of urban development, 1953–1968. The difference between the gauged urban water yield from a 15 per cent paved catchment and its simulated rural equivalent averaged 59.4 mm per .
Reactivation of ancient rift systems triggers devastating intraplate earthquakes

Large historical and recent intraplate earthquakes have been concentrated along a contractional zone at the eastern margin of the Japan Sea back‐arc basin. Here we present high‐resolution three‐dimensional tomographic imaging of seismic velocities in this zone using data from a dense seismograph deployment. We discover that stepwise and tilted block structures of the basement, which are geophysical evidence of a Miocene rift system, are widely distributed beneath the thick sedimentary basin. Most aftershocks following recent intraplate earthquakes align roughly along the tilted block boundaries and are controlled by weaknesses associated with buried rift systems. Furthermore, slow anomalies are localized beneath the seismogenic zones, suggesting that fluids may have locally weakened the strength of the lower crust. We propose that stress loading through ductile creeping of the weak lower crust reactivates pre‐existing weak faults within ancient rift systems, leading to devastating intraplate earthquakes.
Using shade fraction image segmentation to evaluate deforestation in Landsat Thematic Mapper images

Image segmentation based on the shade fraction of a Landsat TM image was effective in measuring the areal extent of Amazonian deforestation. The shade fraction image derived from spectral mixture models was related to the forest canopy structure. Dense tropical forests have a medium proportion of shade within their canopy while deforested areas (bare soil, pasture, and/or regrowth) have a comparatively smallproportion. Comparison of image segmentation results with conventional techniques showed visual agreement. Even though additional tests are necessary to validate this approach for large areas, the technical soundness of the approach has been demonstrated.
Peripheral T cell populations are differentially affected in monogenic autoin�ammatory syndromes and gout

Purpose: Both monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes, such as Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), and the common inflammatory disease gout are characterized by episodes of sterile inflammatory attacks in the absence of an infection. While these disorders encompass distinct pathologies due to differentially affected metabolic pathways and inflammasome activation mechanisms, their common features are the excessive production of interleukin (IL)-1ß and innate immune cell hyperreactivity. On the other hand, the role of T cells and innate-like lymphocytes such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells in these pathologies is ill-defined. Methods: In order to widen our understanding of T cell involvement in FMF, CGD and gout pathology we developed multicolour immunophenotyping panels for flow cytometry and functional assays to characterise gd T cells, as well as CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in terms of their cytokine production, activation status, memory or naive phenotypes, exhaustion status, homing receptor expression, and cytotoxic activity. Results: Our study is the first deep immunophenotyping analysis of T cell populations in FMF, CGD and gout patients. We found that CGD affects the frequencies and activation status of T cells, while gout impairs cytokine production capacity of V d 2 T cells and reshapes homing receptor expression by T cells. FMF was characterized by only minor effects on T cell populations. Conclusion: Autoinflammatory syndromes differentially affect T cell compartments. Future studies are warranted to assess whether these phenotypical changes are relevant for disease pathology.
Regional Model Simulations of the Bodélé Low-Level Jet of Northern Chad during the Bodélé Dust Experiment (BoDEx 2005)

The low-level jet (LLJ) over the Bodele depression in northern Chad is a newly identified feature. Strong LLJ events are responsible for the emission of large quantities of mineral dust from the depression, the world’s largest single dust source, and its subsequent transport to West Africa, the tropical Atlantic, and beyond. Accurate simulation of this key dust-generating atmospheric feature is, therefore, an important requirement for dust models. The objectives of the present study are (i) to evaluate the ability of regional climate models (RCMs) and global analyses/reanalyses to represent this feature, and (ii) to determine the driving mechanisms of the LLJ and its strong diurnal cycle. Observational data obtained during the Bodele Dust Experiment (BoDEx 2005) are utilized for comparison. When suitably configured, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) RCM can represent very accurately many of the key features of the jet including the structure, diurnal cycle, and day-to-day variability. Surface winds are also well reproduced, including the peak winds, which activate dust emission. Model fidelity is, however, strongly dependent on the boundary layer parameterization scheme, surface roughness, and vertical resolution in the lowest layers. A model horizontal resolution of a few tens of kilometers is sufficient to resolve most of the key features of the LLJ, while in global analyses/reanalyses many features of the LLJ are not adequately represented. Idealized RCM simulations indicate that under strong synoptic forcing the surrounding orography of the Tibesti and Ennedi Mountains acts to focus the LLJ onto the Bodele and to accelerate the jet by 40%. From the RCM experiments it is diagnosed that the pronounced diurnal cycle of the Bodele LLJ is largely a result of varying eddy viscosity, with elevated heating/cooling over the Tibesti Mountains to the north as a second-order contribution.
Ridge segmentation and the magnetic structure of the Southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 26°S and 31°–35°S: Implications for magmatic processes at slow spreading centers

Along-axis profiles of three-dimensional magnetic inversions for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) 31°–35°S show low magnetization near the middle of ridge segments and high magnetization at the segment tips for three adjacent spreading segments; thus there is an inverse relation between axial magnetization and axial topography. The ridge segment at 26°S on the MAR has the same inverse relationship between magnetization and topography. The common occurrence of this relationship suggests that it reflects a fundamental process of crustal accretion at the MAR. We analyze the rock magnetic properties from 42 locations within the four ridge segments in the South Atlantic to constrain the inherent trade-off between source intensity and source thickness in the magnetization model. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensities from the four ridge segments, averaged together, correlate with the magnetic inversion profiles. This finding implies that changes in the magnetization of the extrusives may account for much of the observed magnetic anomaly amplitude variation. A direct correlation of FeO content and magnetization suggests that magnetic anomaly amplitudes may be an indicator of FeTi-rich basalts at the slow spreading MAR, even though the iron content of the basalts from high magnetization areas is not as high as observed at Pacific spreading centers. Despite the different magma plumbing systematics of the Pacific spreading centers and the MAR, it appears that the segment-scale magma system of the MAR also results in segment-scale crustal magnetization variations. Further evidence that the axial magnetic variations result from source intensity variations is that older isochrons have higher intensities near the ridge-discontinuities, similar to the behavior on-axis. Between 0 and 5 Ma the decay in magnetization is ∼50% independent of location within a spreading segment.
Optical closure for an aerosol column: Method, accuracy, and inferable properties applied to a biomass‐burning aerosol and its radiative forcing

[1] During the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE 98), airborne measurements of aerosol size distribution, fine-particle concentration, particle absorption coefficient, backscatter coefficient, depolarization, and chemical composition as well as ground-based measurements of spectral particle optical depth and of spectral backscatter and extinction coefficients were performed in the aerosol column above Lindenberg, Germany. We compare the measured optical parameters with calculations from the size distributions, which assume the aerosol to consist of sulfuric acid near the tropopause and mixtures of ammonium sulfate and soot in the remaining column. We obtain closure to within 25% for the optical depth of a column, which includes a biomass-burning aerosol of North American origin, and infer a soot volume fraction of 35% for this aerosol. Assuming spheroidal particles of prolate shape and the average aspect ratio of the particles to be 1.3 in the biomass-burning aerosol layer, the calculated depolarization agrees with the lidar measurement, whereas comparing the spectral backscatter coefficient shows the soot to be externally mixed with the nonabsorbing particles. With the two-stream approximation, we estimate the local, instantaneous, cloud-free radiative forcing of the biomass-burning aerosol at the tropopause to −5.8 W/m2 with a corresponding optical depth of 0.09 at 710 nm wavelength and solar zenith angle of 56°. The radiative forcing for the biomass-burning aerosol is as sensitive to a change in state of mixture, either external or internal, as to a change in surface albedo, ocean to coniferous forest.
Inverse estimation of multi‐substance concentrations in coastal surface waters based on a four flux model

A method based on a four flux model is proposed to accurately estimate multiple‐substance concentrations in seawater. Simulations are used to confirm the uniqueness and sensitivity of the solutions of the proposed method when applied to sample water cases in which three selected substances, i.e. phytoplankton, suspended minerals and dissolved organic matter, of various concentrations are combined. The analysis is performed in the visible and near‐infrared bands equivalent to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor output. The results of inverse estimation using simulated data show that solution uniqueness is maintained within the range of concentration values examined of our target area, i.e. the northern part of Tokyo Bay. We find that the atmospheric noise remaining after atmospheric noise calibration significantly impacts the estimation accuracy. However, if the calibration is reasonably accurate and adequate optical properties are known for each substance, the concentration estimated from both airborne Multi‐spectral Scanner (MSS) data and actual Landsat TM data are in good agreement with actual sea truth data for deep areas wherein the reflectance from the sea bottom can be ignored.
Junggar, Turfan and Alakol basins as Late Permian to ?Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistral shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage, Central Asia

The Junggar, Turfan and Alakol basins in northwestern China and Kazakhstan formed as Late Permian to ? Early Triassic extensional structures in a broad sinistral shear zone between large strike-slip faults that separate two main domains of the Altaid orogenic collage. This extension was in response to an inferred large (> l000 km) sinistral motion of the East European craton with respect to the Angaran craton during this time. Deformation associated with the formation of the basins was taken up in part by counter-clockwise rotations of crustal blocks with respect to the Altaid orogenic collage and to the Angaran craton. This event is the only important phase of extension in a region otherwise dominated by compressional tectonics throughout the Phanerozoic. The basement rocks of these basins formed by Altaid subduction–accretion through the latter half of the Palaeozoic and the region was subsequently thrown into compression again during the Mesozoic Cimmeride and Cenozoic Alpide evolution.