Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENETIC VARIATION OF THE HYBRID CROSSABILITY BETWEEN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND D. SIMULANS

1.The genetic variation of the hybrid crossability between Drosophila melanogaster females and D. simulans males was examined by using eight geographical strains of D. simulans from Japan.2. The hybridization was measured by insemination rate, egg to adult viability, and the number of hybrid progeny. The most experiments were undertaken with Oregon-R melanogaster females and various simulans male strains. The variation among simulans strains was clearly detected in these measurements and they were in large part positively correlated with each other.3. The temperature sensitivity of the hybrid varied from strain to strain of simulans, and was not ascribed to the geographical origin of the strain.4. D. melanogaster females were also variable in the hybrid crossability. Six melanogaster strains were significantly different in the insemination rate. A significant variance due to the interaction between melanogaster×simulans was also detected.5. The yellow mutant of melanogaster females showed an excellent receptivity to simulans males, and the yellow locus itself seemed to respond it.
A Bodipy-based derivative for selective fluorescence sensing of homocysteine and cysteine

A method for the selective fluorescence sensing of homocysteine (Hcy) and cysteine (Cys) under neutral pH conditions, based on the reaction of the simple aldehyde containing Bodipy dye with Hcy/Cys, has been developed. The location of the aldehyde group at the Bodipy core is important and has an effect on the cyclization with Hcy/Cys.
Influence of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) on the antioxidative status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Oxidative damage by free radicals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this study, the antioxidative effect of dietary garlic on rainbow trout was examined. Trout fingerlings were fed on diets containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g garlic powder kg−1 diet. Serum lipid peroxides and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay showed that garlic consumption that resulted in a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. The lowest levels of TBARS were observed in fish fed diet supplemented with 30 g kg−1 garlic. However, higher doses of garlic (40 and 50 g kg−1 diet) caused no further reduction in serum TBARS. The results showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase in all of the garlic-treated groups compared with the control. Ingestion of 10, 20 and 30 g kg−1 dietary garlic resulted in a significant reduction in the catalase activity compared with all but the 10 g kg−1 group. There was no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase activity among the different groups. Serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels increased significantly in trout-fed diets containing 40 and 50 g kg−1 garlic powder. These results suggest that dietary garlic may improve the antioxidant status of rainbow trout. However, undesirable effects of higher doses of garlic should be considered.
INSECT ATTRACTION TO ULTRAVIOLET-REFLECTING SPIDER WEBS AND WEB DECORATIONS'

The foraging performance of any predator is dependent on its ability to locate prey. All spiders produce silks and many locate insects by producing silk traps. We measured the reflective properties of silk produced by primitive, non—web—weaving spiders and derived aerial web spinners. We found that primitive spiders produce silks that reflect ultraviolet (UV) light and primitive aerial web weavers spin UV—reflecting catching silks that attract Drosophila. Derived, web—spinning spiders in the genus Argiope, however, produce catching silks that exhibit low reflectivity in the UV and, in fact, reflect little light at all. Nevertheless, Argiope decorate their webs with bright, UV—reflecting bars and crosses that attract prey. We found that more insects were intercepted per hour by decorated webs with spiders than by undercorated webs from which the spider had been removed. In addition, within—web analyses showed that when only half of a web was decorated, more insects were intercepted by the decorated halves than the undecorated web halves. We propose that UV—reflecting decorative silks, together with the UV—reflecting body surfaces of A. argentata, act as a visual display that attracts prey.
Fish Assemblage of a Cypress Wetland within an Urban Landscape

Abstract Fishes were sampled from Gillam Park Wetland, a small cypress swamp located within the city limits of Little Rock, AR during Fall 2005. The objectives of this research were to contribute to our knowledge of understudied wetland habitats in Arkansas, determine the status of the fish community in an urban wetland, and provide baseline data for future monitoring of this unique site. We collected 20 total species from three wetland sections (lower, middle, upper). Although fish community composition varied among the sections, species richness was similar across wetland sections. Fyke nets were more effective at capturing fish along the heavily vegetated and structured shorelines than either seines or funnel traps. The fish community residing in Gillam Park Wetland indicates that this “urban wetland” is functioning and seemingly healthy despite its proximity to anthropogenic impacts. Furthermore, Gillam Park Wetland is located along a major physiogeographic boundary that may play an important role in the distribution and conservation of several swamp specialist species in Arkansas.
Strategy for a Predator Encountering a Model-Mimic System

We present a mathematical formulation of close mimicry, incorporating assumptions of several recent authors. Included are the concepts of relative abundance of models and mimics, relative noxiousness of the model, Markov process description of the spatial distributions of models and mimics, single-trial predator learning, and deterministic ignoring behavior. Predator-ignoring behavior is quantified in terms of the number, N, of models or mimics ignored by the predator after sampling a model. A closed expression is derived giving the per encounter benefit to the predator as a function of relative abundances and distributions of the models and mimics, relative noxiousness of the model, and ignoring behavior of the predator. From this expression we find that value of N (predator strategy) that maximizes the predator's expected per encounter benefit. In this way we not only predict the ignoring behavior of a well-adapted predator (a point of some contention in the recent literature), but also predict conditions of relative abundance, spatial distribution, and model noxiousness likely to afford some protection to model-mimic systems.
The systematic position of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Lycorhinus angustidens

A topotype of the poorly known reptile Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton (1924) is described. This specimen demonstrates that Lycorhinus is a genuine ornithischian dinosaur of late Triassic age and not, as previously supposed, a therapsid. The generic term ‘Heterodonto-saurus’ Crompton & Charig (1962) is regarded as an invalid junior synonym for Lycorhinus and is discarded–though the species tucki (now referred to Lycorhinus) is retained as distinct from angustidens on the basis of slight differences in tooth structure. Lycorhinus is included within the family Hypsilophodontidae of the suborder Ornithopoda.
An aerobiological study of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada (S. Spain): Correlation with meteorological parameters

An aerobiological study was made of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada, relating the mean values of the daily counts to meteorological parameters. Sampling was carried out with a Burkard seven‐day‐recording spore trap from October 1992 to September 1997. This pollen type has an extremely long main pollen season (MPS), with maximum counts in (January) February, March and April, causing numerous cases of human pollinosis throughout the entire Mediterranean region, including Granada. A highly constant intradiurnal variation pattern was obtained showing that the maximum peaks usually occur between 12.00 and 20.00. According to Spearman's correlation coefficient, during the pre‐peak period the parameters which have the greatest effect on the levels of this type of pollen are daily and accumulated temperature and sunshine, accumulated rainfall, and wind direction from the third quadrant; during the post‐peak period these same variables presented significantly negative coefficients. Daily rainfall and rela.
Composição e manejo da solução nutritiva visando a diminuição do teor de nitrato nas folhas de alface hidropônica

The edible vegetables have a high capacity to accumulate nitrate in the leaves and stem. The excessive consumption of nitrate can be harmful to human health. The best combination of doses and sources of N and supply time were determined in the nutritious solution to reduce the nitrate concentration in cv. Vera leaves of lettuce. The treatments were (T1) 210 mg L-1 of N as nitrate (N-NO3-) from transplantation to harvest; (T2) 189 mg L-1 (90%) of N as nitrate (N-NO3-) associated with 21 mg L-1 (10%) of N as ammonium (N-NH4+); (T3) 210 mg L-1 of nitrate until the 24th day and substitution for 189 mg L-1 of nitrate and 21 mg L-1 N-NH4+ until the end of the cycle; (T4) 210 mg L-1 of N-NO3- until the 24th day of the transplant and reduction to 105 mg L-1 of N-NO3- until the end of the cycle; (T5) 210 mg L-1 of N-NO3- until the 24th day of the transplant and reduction to 52,5 mg L-1 of N-NO3- until the end of the cycle. The best results were obtained with the treatments T2 and T3, with levels of nitrate in the edible part varying from 1,756 to 1,920 mg kg-1 in the fresh matter and equivalent yield to the treatment 1. The reduction of nitrate in nutritious solution in the end of the cycle did not reduce the quantity of nitrate in leaves.
Effect of nest temperature on hatchling phenotype of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from two South Pacific rookeries, Mon Repos and La Roche Percée

Abstract. La Roche Percée, in New Caledonia, is the most important loggerhead turtle rookery outside of Australia for the eastern Pacific genetic stock. The females nesting on this beach are genetically similar to the females found at the Mon Repos rookery in Queensland, Australia. This study shows how nest temperature affects the phenotype of genetically similar populations. During the 2010–11 breeding season, mean nest temperatures were significantly higher at La Roche Percée (31.8°C) than at Mon Repos (29.5°C) and the mean for the three-days-in-a-row maximum nest temperatures was also significantly higher at La Roche Percée (34.6°C), than at Mon Repos (31.7°C). Differences were found in mean hatching success (La Roche Percée 83 ± 3%, Mon Repos 96 ± 2%) and emergence success (La Roche Percée 76 ± 3%, Mon Repos 93 ± 3%). Hatchlings from La Roche Percée also had significantly lower fitness characteristics, having smaller carapace size (La Roche Percée 1565 ± 7 mm2, Mon Repos 1634 ± 5 mm2), slower self-righting times (La Roche Percée 4.7 ± 0.1 s, Mon Repos 2.7 ± 0.1 s) and slower crawling speed in terms of both absolute speed and body lengths per second (La Roche Percée 2.5 ± 0.2 cm s–1 or 0.57 ± 0.05 body lengths s–1, Mon Repos 4.6 ± 0.1 cm s–1 or 1.04 ± 0.02 body lengths s–1). Nest temperatures at La Roche Percée approached the upper limit of embryo thermal tolerance towards the end of incubation (34°C) and this condition may contribute to the lower hatching and emergence success and lower fitness characteristics of hatchlings at the La Roche Percée rookery.
Interrelationships among the edaphic and stand characteristics, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin

The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the relationships between site factors and both leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of conifer, mixed conifer-hardwood, and hardwood forests in north central Wisconsin and (2) determine the relationship between LAI and ANPP. LAI ranged from 1.2 ha·ha -1 for a jack pine (Pinus banksianaLamb.) forest to 8.4 ha·ha -1 for a sugar maple (Acer saccharumMarsh.) dominated forest. LAI was significantly correlated with potential available water and nutrient availability, with both potassium and nitrogen identified as possibly influential elements. ANPP ranged from 2.9 (jack pine) to 11.5 t·ha -1 ·year -1 (sugar maple). Variability in ANPP was explained primarily by changes in specific leaf area, which was highly correlated with percent hardwood LAI. ANPP was positively correlated with LAI (r 2 = 0.82, p < 0.001) for all stands, but the relationship was not as strong for conifer ( r 2 = 0.62, p = 0.007) and hardwood (r 2 = 0.47, p = 0.007) stands when analyzed separately. There was evidence that production efficiency (ANPP/LAI) differed between conifer and hardwood stands, but the study design did not allow us to rigorously test this question. Resume : Les objectifs de cette etude consiaient 1) a etudier les relations entre les facteurs stationnels et l'indice de surface foliaire (LAI) ainsi que la productivite primaire nette epigee (ANPP) des forets de coniferes, des forets metlangees de coniferes et de feuillus et des forets feuillues dans le Centre-Nord du Wisconsin et 2) a determiner s'il existe une relation entre LAI et ANPP. LAI variait de 1,2 ha·ha -1 pour une foret de pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) a 8,4 ha·ha -1 pour une foret dominee par l'erable a sucre (Acer saccharumMarsh.). LAI etait significativement correle avec l'humidite potentiellement disponible et la disponibilite des nutriments, l'azote et le potassium etant possiblement des elements importants. ANPP variait de 2,9 (pin gris) a 11,5 t·ha -1 ·an -1 (erable a sucre). La variabilite de ANPP s'expliquait surtout par les changements dans la surface foliaire specifique, laquelle etait fortement correlee avec le pourcentage de LAI feuillu. ANPP etait positivement correle (r 2 = 0,82, p < 0,001) avec LAI pour tous les peuplements, mais la relation n'etait pas aussi forte lorsque les peuplements resineux (r 2 = 0,62, p < 0,007) et feuillus (r 2 = 0,47, p < 0,007) etaient analyses separement. Il y avait des indices que l'efficacite de la production (ANPP/LAI) des peuplements resineux et feuillus differait, mais le dispositif experimental utilise dans cette etude ne permettait pas de verifier rigoureusement cette hypothese. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Conservação pós-colheita de melões Galia 'Solar King' tratados com 1-metilciclopropreno

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (doses of 1-MCP) on pulp softening (through firmness and magnetic resonance imaging), development of the stalk abscission layer, respiratory behavior and postharvest quality of Galia 'Solar King' muskmelon was evaluated. Fruits from the Mossoro-Assu Agricultural Region in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, were harvested when the stalk area was intact and treated with a solution of Imazalil fungicide and the Megh Wash wax, both at a concentration of 20 ml 10 L-1. The fruits were treated with 1-MCP at concentrations of 0; 100; 300 and 900 nl L-1, and stored at 24.5 ± 0.9oC and 86.4 ± 7.9% RH for 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20 days. The experiment used a completely randomized design in a 4x6 factorial arrangement with four replicates. 1-MCP reduced the respiratory rate of fruits and delayed the peak in ethylene production, pulp softening and the development of the stalk abscission layer. There were no effects of 1-MCP on mass loss, total tititrable acidity, pH, total soluble solids content, total soluble sugars content and external appearance. However, the internal appearance of 1-MCP treated fruits was better, particularly those exposed to 300 nl L-1. This concentration also resulted in a lower respiratory rate, firmer fruits and a slower development of the stalk abscission layer.
Genetic variability in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus): description of protein loci and population data

In the search for genetic markers in the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus hrrrengud) samples of eye, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle from a total of 160 specimens from the Skagerrak area, the Kattegat area, and the Baltic Sea were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Specific staining for 24 enzymes resolved 37 loci and 25 of these were considered usable in routine population surveys. The proportion of polymorphic loci varied between 0.125 and 0.167, by the 95 % criterion for polymorphism, and between 0.292 and 0.458, by the 99 % criterion; average hererozygosity ranged from 0.068 to 0.073. There were small but statistically significant allele frequency differences among sampling areas, indicating a potential discrepancy between actual genetic relationships and classical taxonomic status. Comparisons with previously published data revealed no significant heterogeneity among samples from both sides of the Atlantic ocean at any of the three polymorphic loci which could be used for such comparisons.
Evaluation of Nitrapyrin as a Means of Improving N Efficiency in Irrigated Sands1

The efficiency of fertilizer N is usually low when potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are grown on irrigated sands, because of rapid leaching of NO₃. The objective of this research was to determine if optimum levels of N might be maintained throughout the growing season by delaying nitrification with a nitrification inhibitor, Nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine] (NI). This method would increase fertilizer N efficiency and also reduce the potential for groundwater contamination. Several field experiments were conducted on a Plainfield loamy sand (Typic Udipsamment; sandy, mixed, mesic) involving various N sources, rates, and times of application with and without NI. Potato tuber yield and the forms and distribution of N in and below the fertilizer bands were determined. Nitrapyrin extended the persistence of applied NH4 in all experiments, but inhibition of nitrification was of relatively short duration. Nitrapyrin persistence was likely reduced by the more rapid volatilization and hydrolysis in sandy soils. Further, the effectiveness of NI was likely limited by rapid leaching of NH₄ out of the NI-treated zone. Application of NI reduced both total tuber yield and the proportion of marketable tubers. The greatest reductions were found on treatments receiving NI both at planting and at sidedress. The soil sampling data showed that NI maintained a much higher NH₄-N/NO₃-N ratio than comparable non-NI treatments. It appears that the predominance of NH₄-N interfered with plant metabolism so that both yield and normal development of tubers were impaired.
Nutritional value of a heterotrichous ciliate, Fabrea salina with emphasis on its fatty acid profile

Fabrea salina is a hypersaline ciliate having importance as a live food source for juvenile stages of aquatic animals including smaller invertebrates. The analysis of this ciliate for proximate and biochemical compositionwas carried out. The moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash content of F salina from natural sources were 86.66′0.380, 56.66′0.494%, 36.66′0.614%, 1′0.073% . and 4′0.182%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis (percent area below the curve) revealed that the presence of oleic acid was higher over other fatty acids in both natural and cultured F salina. The absolute content of oleic acid was higher in natural (18.91% area) than in the cultured (10.74% area) F salina. Linoleic and linolenic acids were also among major fatty acids with the percentage area of 16.29 and 14.58, respectively. The number of fatty acids in cultured Fabrea was less as compared to the natural ones and the oleic acid was followed by palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid.
Effects of apple and pear varieties and pH on patulin accumulation by Penicillium expansum

BACKGROUND: Accumulation of patulin in apples and pears and subsequently in their by-products is caused mostly by Penicillium expansum which causes blue mould. Fruit pH and other parameters are sometimes characteristic of a certain variety and thus the use of particular varieties might affect patulin content in the final products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fruit variety and pH on patulin accumulation. Patulin accumulation in both apple and pear juices at different pH and also in different apple varieties (Golden, Gala and Fuji) and pear varieties (Blanquilla and Conference) was assessed. RESULTS: The pH of juices significantly influenced patulin accumulation, especially in apple juice in which the highest amounts of patulin were detected at pH 3.5. In fruits, the pH values of the substrate were determinant only under cold storage. Thus, Golden apples, which presented a lower pH, accumulated more patulin at 1 ◦ C. However, this trend was not observed at other temperatures in which varieties with higher amounts of organic acids (Golden and Fuji apples) accumulated most patulin. In the pear varieties, significant differences in pH did not lead to significant differences in patulin accumulation. CONCLUSION: Although pH influences patulin accumulation, other factors such as organic acid content may play an important role. Concerning the apple and pear varieties we studied, it seems that rather than variety, other parameters like pH or acidic content may be more important. These parameters vary significantly depending on the degree of ripeness of the fruit. Gala apple, which is used in Spanish juice production, was the only variety that accumulated dramatically higher amounts of patulin.  2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Behavioral homologies are recognized in leptocerine caddisflies (Trichoptera) even though endproduct morphology is different

Leptocerid caddisflies have a wide variety of case forms, and therefore it might seem difficult to establish behavioral homologies at the family or generic levels. We videotaped case building in representatives of 9 genera in 8 leptocerid tribes and compared their behavior to 32 other caddisfly genera in 11 families to determine if family-specific behaviors could be identified. We also constructed a behavioral phylogeny of the 8 leptocerine genera and compared this phylogeny to an existing morphological phylogeny. Four unreversed and 1 reversed behavioral synapomorphies supported the monophyly of the Leptoceridae even though case shape varies among the genera. An analysis of 9 intergeneric behavioral characters produced 1 most parsimonious tree (length 11; consistency index: 1.00; retention index: 1.00) that differed from the morphological phylogeny in the placement of 2 genera. Six character states were homologous relative to the morphological data, 5 of which supported 2 nodes that were previously only weakly supported by morphological data alone. The remaining states were homoplastic relative to the morphological data. In general, detailed descriptions of behavior can yield valuable genealogical information even when behaviors appear superficially different.