Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computation of Flow Field over MUSES-C Space Reentry Capsules in Supersonic Speeds

Review Article The structure of the flow of a reentry capsule MUSES-C and the resulting base pressure has been numerically investigated. A computational fluid dynamics CFD analysis of the flow in base region of a planetary reentry capsule is studied. The present paper uses CFD to investigate the steady state perfect fluid dynamics of a reentry space capsule at zero angle of incidence with emphasis on the flow physics of the capsule. A CFD based investigation of the complex flowfield over the MUSES-C is carried out employing finite volume code. The present paper investigates phenomena associated with the flow in the fore body and as well as base region of the MUSES-C. The present paper is aimed to analyze numerical solutions of viscous flow past the reentry capsule and focusing on the characteristics of the near wake flow detachment, free shear layer evolution, lip shock formation, recirculation region, and upstream influence. The approaching boundary layer separates at the corner and the free-shear layer is formed in the wake region. A low pressure is formed in the base region of the capsule which is characterized by a low-speed recirculation zone
Influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of two single file nickel-titanium instruments.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of F6 SkyTaper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC). 120 new files #25.06 were tested at two insertion angles (0° and 20°) at room (20°C ± 1°C) and body (35°C ± 1°C) temperatures in a 16-mm stainless steel artificial canal (60° curvature and 5-mm radius), using a customised device. Cyclic fatigue resistance was expressed as time to fracture (TtF) in seconds. Data were analysed statistically (P < 0.05). All instruments exhibited lower TtF at 35°C (P < 0.05). An access of 20° did not significantly influence the TtF of tested instruments, independently from the temperature. OC exhibited higher TtF of F6ST at 20°C with a 20° inclination (P < 0.05). Under the present conditions, F6ST and OC showed a significant reduction of cyclic fatigue resistance at body temperature. A file inclined insertion did not affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of tested instruments at both temperatures.
Natural progression of periodontal diseases in Chinese villagers based on the 2018 classification.

BACKGROUND Based on the 2018 classification, we aimed to determine the prevalence, distribution, and progression of periodontitis in the rural Chinese population without access to dental care. METHODS In all, 404 subjects (28.7±8.9 years, M:F = 182:222) were randomly enrolled in 1992 and re-called in 1996. With the new classification, the prevalence and distribution of stage, grade, and extent were characterized. Stage progression was compared with the progression of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and radiographic bone loss (RBL). RESULTS At baseline, 94.1% villagers suffered from periodontitis, of whom 53.7% were in stage III/IV. The prevalence of stage III/IV increased from 18.2% in the age group of 15-24 years to 60.9% in 25-34-year-old group and 88.7% in the 35-44-year-old group. Significantly more stage III/IV, generalized, and grade C periodontitis were found in male villagers than female villagers. In 1996, the prevalence rate of periodontitis increased to 98.5%, with 80.0% in stage III/IV. Further, 84.2% villagers presented with grade C periodontitis based on longitudinal ΔCAL. The rate of progression (≥1 site with ΔCAL≥3 mm) was 63.7%. Stage progression correlated significantly with CAL and RBL progression in stage I/II, but this association was not found in stage III/IV. Among subjects with disease progression in stage III/IV, 90.4% shifted from localized to generalized cases. Furthermore, ceiling effects were observed in stage III/IV. CONCLUSIONS In villagers without access to dental care, 94.1% suffered from periodontitis, with more than half having stage III/IV disease based on the 2018 classification. The majority cases presented with rapid periodontal progression. While stage progression correlated significantly with CAL and RBL progression in stage I/II, ceiling effects existed in stage III/IV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Association of Sexual Orientation Acceptance with Reduced Suicide Attempts Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning Youth.

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between sexual orientation acceptance from others and suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Methods: We analyzed data from a 2018 cross-sectional survey of LGBTQ youth between the ages of 13 and 24 years across the United States. Youth reported sexual orientation acceptance levels from parents, other relatives, school professionals, health care professionals, friends, and classmates to whom who they were "out. " Adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between sexual orientation acceptance and a past-year suicide attempt. Results: All forms of peer and adult acceptance were associated with reduced reports of a past-year suicide attempt, with the strongest associations found for acceptance from parents (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.52) and straight/heterosexual friends (aOR = 0.54). Youth who reported high levels of acceptance from any adult had nearly 40% (aOR = 0.61) lower odds of a past-year suicide attempt compared with LGBTQ peers with little to no acceptance. Youth with high levels of acceptance from any peer also had significantly lower odds of reporting a past-year suicide attempt (aOR = 0.55). These relationships remained significant even after controlling for the impact of each form of acceptance, suggesting unique associations with suicide risk for both peer and adult acceptance. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at increasing sexual orientation acceptance from supportive adults and peers have strong potential to address the public health burden of LGBTQ youth suicide.
Investigation of Radio Frequency Discharges and Langmuir Probe Diagnostic Methods in a Fast Flowing Electronegative Background Gas

Abstract : Discharges in a flowing background gas are used to produce charged and excited species for numerous applications including etching semiconductors and pumping gas discharge lasers (Pinhero and others, 1998). The effect of a flowing background gas on the charged and excited neutral species generation by an RF discharge in a flow tube and the diagnostics of the resulting plasma with a Langmuir probe have been investigated for pressures between 0.001 to 1 Torr and flow velocities up to 1000 m/s. This investigation was performed using a fluid method coupled to a chemical kinetic model and a hybrid Particle-In-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision modeling method based on the approaches of Boeuf, 1987 and Cartwright and others, 2000. A factor of two reduction in the sheath length was realized for an increase in flow velocity from 25 m/s to 500 m/s. This resulted in an increased average ionization rate and factor of ten increases in positive and negative ion densities, while the electron densities remained approximately constant. At pressures less than 0.01 Torr, existing probe theory was adequate for performing diagnostics, however, at pressures of 1 Torr convection limited probe theory underestimated the positive ion density of the flowing electronegative plasma by up to 50%.
Characterization of CD147, CA9, and CD70 as Tumor-Specific Markers on Extracellular Vesicles in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by healthy and tumor cells and are involved in cell–cell communication. Tumor-released EVs could represent a new class of biomarkers from liquid biopsies. The aim of this study was to identify tumor-specific EV markers in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) using cell lines and patient-derived tissue samples. EVs from ccRCC cell lines (786-O, RCC53, Caki1, and Caki2) and patient tissues were isolated via ultracentrifugation. EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting using exosome and putative tumor markers (epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), CD70, CD147). The tumor markers were verified using immunohistochemistry. CA9 was expressed in Caki2 cells and EVs, and CD147 was found in the cells and EVs of all tested ccRCC cell lines. In tumor tissues, we found an increased expression of CA9, CD70, and CD147 were increased in cell lysates and EV fractions compared to normal tissues. In contrast, EpCAM was heterogeneously expressed in tumor samples and positive in normal tissue. To conclude, we developed an effective technique to isolate EVs directly from human tissue samples with high purity and high concentration. In contrast to EpCAM, CA9, CD70, and CD147 could represent promising markers to identify tumor-specific EVs in ccRCC.
Duration of Prebiotic Intake Is a Key-Factor for Diet-Induced Modulation of Immunity and Fecal Fermentation Products in Dogs

Prebiotics promote health benefits, however, there is no consensus on the minimal intake period required in order to obtain good results. This study evaluated the effect of the time of ingestion of prebiotics on fecal fermentation products and immunological features in dogs. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly distributed in a block design with six groups and four treatments. Diet and intake period were variation factors. Diets were either a control diet without the addition of prebiotic (CO) or with the inclusion of 1% of a commercial product containing a minimum of 0.38% galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 0.5% (B1) or 1% (B2) of a prebiotic blend. Time variable was set at 30 and 60 days for evaluation of immunity and gut health. Results were analyzed in the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS), version 9.4, considering the repeated measures over time design, and means were compared by the Tukey test and p < 0.05 was significant. Propionic acid was the only variable that had an interaction effect, with reduction of this metabolite in treatment B2 in the period of 60 days. At T60, concentrations of immunoglobulin A, lactic acid, and pH in the feces increased (p < 0.05) in all treatments regardless of prebiotic inclusion or not. GOS increased fecal score and lactic acid concentrations. Therefore, a 60-day intake period of a prebiotic blend was not sufficient to modulate fecal and immune variables and higher concentrations of a single prebiotic would be more relevant for results.
Pathways of different forms of nitrogen and role of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria in alkaline residue sand from bauxite processing

Nitrogen (N) dynamics and associated processes are often overlooked in the rehabilitation protocols of disturbed landscapes. This study reports on the transformations of N fertilizers and the microbial community, and plant growth responses in rehabilitated strongly alkaline residue sand from bauxite processing (BRS). Ryegrass was grown in specifically designed growth chambers in a two‐factorial completely randomized design. Different forms of N fertilizer, such as ammonium sulphate (AS), potassium nitrate (KN) and glycine (GL), were applied at two rates. Nitrogen uptake by plants, residual inorganic N and N losses through leaching and volatilization were determined and quantified throughout the growing period. The abundance of both ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that N uptake was greater with KN fertilizer (31.3–56.4%) than with AS (23.4–47.8%) and GL (16.4–38.1%), in spite of the substantial leaching loss of NO3−. Combined N losses by volatilization and leaching with GL (39–53%) and AS (40–60%) fertilizers indicated both physico‐chemical and biological transformations of N by mineralization and nitrification. Ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, rather than AOA, were the dominant nitrifiers that colonized the freshly rehabilitated BRS growth media. The gene copy number of AOB correlated with both soil extractable NO3−‐N (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) and ryegrass leaf biomass N (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). We concluded that AOB play a pivotal role in the cycling of N in BRS, whereas NO3−‐N is critical for plant N nutrition and rehabilitation in the alkaline BRS disposal areas.
Comparison of the clinical manifestations between different age groups of patients with overseas imported COVID-19

The current study investigated the clinical manifestations and outcomes of different age groups of patients with overseas imported COVID-19. In total, 53 COVID-19 patients admitted to the designated Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital between March 16 and April 15 of 2020 were included. Based on the percentage of disease aggravation during hospital stay according to CT, the patients were divided into two groups: ≤40 years (group A; n = 41) and >40 years (group B; n = 12). The demographic data, epidemiological history, disease courses, potential complications, clinical symptoms, lab indices, chest CT outcomes, treatment protocols and turnovers of the two groups were compared. According to clinical typing, compared with group A, group B had a significantly greater proportion of the common type of COVID-19 (P<0.05) and greater comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (P<0.001). The two groups presented significantly different lab indices. Group B showed significantly more frequent CT abnormalities, with greater proportions of multiple lesions and bilateral lung involvement (P<0.05). During hospitalization, group B had a greater proportion of disease aggravation according to CT (P<0.01). Compared with group A, group B received a significantly greater proportion of antiviral therapy and presented a significantly greater occurrence of adverse drug reactions (P<0.05). The two groups did not significantly differ in time from admission to clinical symptom improvement or from disease onset to negative outcomes according to nucleic acid testing, the appearance of IgG or the appearance of IgM. They also did not significantly differ in length of stay. Older imported COVID-19 patients, particularly those with type 2 diabetes, showed a broader pulmonary extent and faster development of the disease, more severe pathogenetic conditions and a greater risk of developing a critically severe type. Increased attention should be given to this population in clinical practice.
Neuropsychological assessments before and after awake surgery for incidental low-grade gliomas.

OBJECTIVE Early surgery in presumed asymptomatic patients with incidental low-grade glioma (ILGG) has been suggested to improve maximal resection rates and overall survival. However, no study has reported on the impact of such preventive treatment on cognitive functioning. The aim of this study was to investigate neuropsychological outcomes in patients with ILGG who underwent preventive surgery. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients with ILGG who underwent awake surgery and who had presurgical and 3-month postsurgical neuropsychological assessments. Data were normalized into z-scores and regrouped by cognitive domains. Clinicoradiological data, histomolecular profile, and differences in z-scores (Δz-scores) were analyzed. RESULTS Forty-seven patients were included (mean age 39.2 ± 11.3 years). Twenty-eight patients (59.6%) underwent supratotal or total resections. All patients were still alive after a mean follow-up of 33.0 ± 30.8 months. Forty-one patients (87.2%) had stable (n = 34, 72.3%) or improved (Δz-score > 1; n = 7, 14.9%) neurocognitive outcomes after surgery. Six patients (12.8%) presented a slight impairment (Δz-score < -1) in at least one cognitive domain. The mean presurgical and postsurgical z-scores were comparable except in the psychomotor speed and attention domain. A significant correlation between presurgical executive functioning and tumor volume was reported, whereas the extent of resection and histomolecular profile did not impact neuropsychological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Early surgical treatment in presumed asymptomatic patients with ILGG was associated with stable or improved neuropsychological outcomes in 87.2% of patients at 3 months, with only mild cognitive decline observed in 6 patients. In return, supratotal or total resections were achieved in most patients, and all patients were still alive at the end of the follow-up.
Inadequate Immune Humoral Response against JC Virus in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Non-Survivors

JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunosuppressed patients. There is currently no effective specific antiviral treatment and PML management relies on immune restoration. Prognosis markers are crucially needed in this disease because of its high mortality rate. In this work, we investigated the compartmentalization of JCV strains as well as the humoral neutralizing response in various matrices to further understand the pathophysiology of PML and define markers of survival. Four patients were included, of which three died in the few months following PML onset. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads were the highest, with plasma samples having lower viral loads and urine samples being mostly negative. Whether at PML onset or during follow-up, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers directed against the same autologous strain (genotype or mutant) were the highest in plasma, with CSF titers being on average 430-fold lower and urine titers 500-fold lower at the same timepoint. Plasma NAb titers against autologous genotype or mutant were lower in non-survivor patients, though no neutralization “blind spot” was observed. The surviving patient was followed up until nine months after PML onset and presented, at that time, an increase in neutralizing titers, from 38-fold against the autologous genotype to around 200-fold against PML mutants. Our results suggest that patients’ humoral neutralizing response against their autologous strain may play a role in PML outcome, with survivors developing high NAb titers in both plasma and CSF.
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Adult End-Stage Renal Disease Patients in New York State.

IMPORTANCE Infections are important complications of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with few studies having investigated oral antibiotic use. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing can contribute to multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) and Clostridioides difficile (CDI) infections seen in ESRD. This study investigates antibiotic prescribing practices in ESRD across New York State (NYS). METHODS Retrospective case-control study from 2016 to 2017 of NYS ESRD and non-ESRD patients analyzing Medicare part B billing codes, 7 days before and 3 days after part D claims. Frequencies of each infection, each antibiotic, dosages, and the antibiotics associated with infections were assessed using chi-square analysis. A NYS small dialysis organization comprising approximately 2200 patients was also analyzed. Outcomes measured were the frequencies of infections and of each antibiotic prescribed. Incidence measures included antibiotics/1000 and individuals receiving antibiotics/1000. RESULTS 48,100 infections were treated in 35,369 ESRD patients and 2,544,443 infections treated in 3,777,314 non-ESRD patients. ESRD patients were younger, male, and African American. ESRD and non-ESRD patients receiving antibiotics was 520.29/1000 and 296.48/1000, respectively (p<0.05). The prescription incidence was 1359.95/1000 ESRD vs 673.61/1000 non-ESRD patients. In 36%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosage was elevated by current ESRD guidelines. Top infectious categories included non-specific symptoms, skin, and respiratory for ESRD; and respiratory, nonspecific symptoms, and genitourinary in non-ESRD. CONCLUSIONS This study Identifies issues with appropriate antibiotic usage stressing the importance of antibiotic education to nephrologist and non-nephrologist providers. It provides support for outpatient antibiotic stewardship programs.
Understanding the tumor microenvironment for effective immunotherapy

Advances in immunotherapy have led to durable and long‐term benefits in a subset of patients across a number of solid tumor types. Understanding of the subsets of patients that respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors at the cellular level, and in the context of their tumor microenvironment (TME) is becoming increasingly important. The TME is composed of a heterogeneous milieu of tumor and immune cells. The immune landscape of the TME can inhibit or promote tumor initiation and progression; thus, a deeper understanding of tumor immunity is necessary to develop immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent developments have focused on characterizing the TME immune contexture (type, density, and function) to discover mechanisms and biomarkers that may predict treatment outcomes. This has, in part, been powered by advancements in spatial characterization technologies. In this review article, we address the role of specific immune cells within the TME at various stages of tumor progression and how the immune contexture determinants affecting tumor growth are used therapeutically.
SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 expression, and systemic organ invasion

A novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has created a global pandemic in 2020, posing an enormous challenge to healthcare systems and affected communities. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) that manifests as bronchitis, pneumonia, or a severe respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via binding a “spike” protein on its surface to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) within the host. ACE2 is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and negatively regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in humans. The RAAS is paramount for normal function in multiple organ systems including the lungs, heart, kidney, and vasculature. Given that SARS-CoV-2 internalizes via ACE2, the resultant disruption in ACE2 expression can lead to altered tissue function and exacerbate chronic diseases. The widespread distribution and expression of ACE2 across multiple organs is critical to our understanding of the varied clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This perspective review based on the current literature was prompted to show how disruption of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 can affect different organ systems.
Immunological Distinctions between Acellular and Whole-Cell Pertussis Immunizations of Baboons Persist for at Least One Year after Acellular Vaccine Boosting

While both whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines have been highly effective at reducing the global pertussis disease burden, there are concerns that compared to wP vaccination, the immune responses to aP vaccination may wane more rapidly. To gain insights into the vaccine elicited immune responses, pre-adult baboons were immunized with either aP or wP vaccines, boosted with an aP vaccine, and observed over a nearly two-year period. Priming with a wP vaccine elicited a more Th17-biased response than priming with aP, whereas priming with an aP vaccine led to a more Th2-biased response than priming with wP. These differences were maintained after aP vaccine boost immunizations. Compared to aP, animals primed with a wP vaccine exhibited greater numbers of pertussis specific memory B cells. While aP and wP vaccine priming initially elicited similar levels of anti-pertussis toxin antibody, titers declined more rapidly in aP vaccine primed animals leading to a 4-fold difference. Both wP and aP vaccine immunization could induce serum bactericidal activity (SBA); however, only one wP vaccine immunization was required to elicit SBA while multiple aP vaccine immunizations were required to elicit lower, less durable SBA titers. In conclusion, when compared to aP vaccine, priming with wP vaccine elicits distinct cellular and humoral immune responses that persist after aP vaccine boosting.