Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Differences in Wayfinding Strategies

Navigating to goal locations in a known environment (wayfinding) can be accomplished by different strategies, notably by taking habitual, well-learned routes (response strategy) or by inferring novel paths, such as shortcuts, from spatial knowledge of the environment's layout (place strategy). Human and animal neuroscience studies reveal that these strategies reflect different brain systems, with response strategies relying more on activation of the striatum and place strategies associated with activation of the hippocampus. In addition to individual differences in strategy, recent behavioral studies show sex differences such that men use place strategies more than women, and age differences such that older adults use more response strategies than younger adults. This paper takes a comprehensive multilevel approach to understanding these differences, characterizing wayfinding as a complex information processing task. This analysis reveals factors that affect navigation strategy, including availability of the relevant type of environmental knowledge, momentary access to this knowledge, trade-offs between physical and mental effort in different navigation contexts, and risk taking. We consider how strategies are influenced by the computational demands of a navigation task and by factors that affect the neural circuits underlying navigation. We also discuss limitations of laboratory studies to date and outline priorities for future research, including relating wayfinding strategies to independent measures of spatial knowledge, and studying wayfinding strategies in naturalistic environments.
Machine Translation for Zero and Low-resourced Dialects using a New Extended Version of the Dialectal Parallel Corpus (Padic v2.0)

In this paper we present a set of experiments performing machine translation related to low-resourced Arabic dialects in addition to a zero-resourced dialect (Berber). For this, we extended the parallel PADIC corpus by adding the Berber dialect corpus and translating manually more than 6000 Arabic sentences. We applied both Rule-based Machine Translation (RBMT) and Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) with and without a transliteration process. The average overall BLEU score is 42.68% with RBMT and 61.94% with SMT.
Orthographic Transliteration for Kabyle Speech Recognition

Training on graphemes alone without phonemes simplifies the speech-to-text pipeline. However, models respond differently to training on graphemes of different writing systems. We investigate the impact of differences between Latin and Tifinagh orthographies on automatic speech recognition quality on a Kabyle Berber speech corpus. We train on a corpus represented in a Latin orthography marked for vowels and gemination and subsequently translit-erate model output to a consonantal Ti-finagh orthography not marked for these features, which results in 10% absolute improvement in word error rate over a model trained on the unmarked orthography. We find that this performance gain is primarily due to a reduced error rate for graphemes marked for vocalic and voiced consonantal phonemes. Our results suggest that speech-to-text corpora for languages with alternative defective orthographies may lead to better model quality by being fully marked for vowels and gemination. 1
Prevalence and distribution of canine neoplastic and non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions in Serbia: a retrospective study of 2432 Cases (2011 – Mid 2021)

Abstract Cutaneous lesions, especially skin tumors in dogs, are among the most common lesions in this animal species. The aim of this study was to identify the most common types of canine cutaneous lesions, to determine the absolute and relative frequency of each type of cutaneous lesion, anatomical locations, mean age, as well as gender and breed distribution. The examination included all samples of cutaneous lesions in dogs obtained by surgical biopsy in veterinary clinics and examined at the Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade from the 1st January 2011 to the 1st July 2021. In this period (126 months), a total of 2432 samples of cutaneous lesions were examined, of which 1984 (81.58%) were tumors (1037/1984, 52.27% benign and 947/1984, 47.73% malignant) and 448 (18.42%) non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions. The most commonly found cutaneous tumors were: mast cell tumor (17.34% of all tumors), histiocytoma (9.78%), papilloma (7.91%), lipoma (7.81%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.36%), trichoblastoma (4.44%), hepatoid adenoma (4.39%) and malignant melanoma (4.18%). The most common non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions were: follicular cyst(s) (35.04% of all non-neoplastic lesions), pyogranulomatous chronic dermatitis (23.88%), lymphocytic dermatitis (7.37%), hyperkeratosis (4.24%), and granulomatous dermatitis (3.79%). Our results substantially confirm previously reported data regarding cutaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in dogs, and provide updated information on their frequency, animal age, anatomic location and breed distributions.
Electrical Cabinet Parts Detection Based on Deep Learning

The detection of electrical cabinet parts is crucial for the production of electrical cabinets. However, detection methods based on machine vision always suffer from the problems of low robustness and accuracy. To solve the problem, this paper proposes an electrical cabinet parts detection method based on deep learning. This method is to uses the object detection model to detect the collected electrical cabinet images and obtain the coordinates and category of the parts. We construct a private dataset to train the model, and use data augmentation to expand the self-constructed dataset. In addition, this method uses transfer learning to accelerate model training. Experiments based on the self-constructed dataset show that the mAP of our method is 94.26%, which can satisfy the requirements of practical applications.
TIME TO CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS

The purpose of this investigation is to provide administrators and designers with factual data on which to base decisions as to the type of protection to provide for bridge decks constructed in corrosive environments. The specific study objective is to determine the relative time to corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete slabs that are fabricated from various mix designs and construction procedures and subject to periodic wetting with a 3 percent sodium chloride solution. Constructed and tested were 124 reinforced concrete slabs 4 by 5 by 0.5 ft. Data obtained from tests of the effect of portland cement concrete mix design, concrete cover over the reinforcing steel, and consolidation of the fresh plastic concrete are discussed in this paper. A brief description of slab fabrication and testing procedures is also presented.
Electrical Status Epilepticus in Sleep: Is this a Focal or Generalized Electroencephalographic Pattern?

Objectives: To evaluate the spatial distribution of the epileptiform activity in electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) and to correlate data from electroencephalograms (EEGs) with clinical and neuroimaging variables. Methods: From 2008 to 2015, ESES was detected in 162 reports (1%) from nearly 16,000 EEGs, from 23 patients. We selected one representative EEG per patient. Clinical data was collected retrospectively. Neuroimaging examinations were reviewed. The EEGs were classified as generalized ESES (ESESg) and focal ESES (ESESf) according to the predominant distribution of epileptiform discharges. Results: From the 23 patients, 5 were classified as ESESg and 18 as ESESf. In ESESf, focal epileptic discharges occurred most commonly in the centrotemporal regions. Abnormal neuroimaging occurred in 100% of the patients with ESESg and in 39% of the patients with ESESf (p=0.037). Other clinical data did not show significant differences between the groups. All patients with ESESg had structural abnormalities, with only 39% of patients with ESESf had structural etiology and the remaining 61% potentially genetic epilepsies of the rolandic spectrum. Conclusion: ESESg occurred predominantly in patients with structural lesions, while most patients with ESESf had normal neuroimaging scans and electrical dysfunction mainly in the rolandic region. Significance: ESESg seems to occur mostly in structural epilepsies. Distinctly, ESESf occurs in epileptic syndromes within the functional spectrum of rolandic epilepsy.
Comparison of eosinophilic cationic protein, adiponectin and leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis

Emel Atayık1, Gokhan Aytekın1, Oznur Abadoglu2 1 Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Health Science, Konya City Hospital, Konya 2 Private Office of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey Comparison of adipokin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis Comparison of eosinophilic cationic protein, adiponectin and leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis
Digestibility, rumen kinetics, and blood metabolites in lambs fed Samanea saman and Cordia dentata* Digestibilidad, cinética ruminal y metabolitos sanguíneos en corderos alimentados con Samanea saman y Cordia dentata

Colombian sheep production is carried out in extensive pastures with a low percentage of protein and high fiber levels that lead to low weight gains. The aim of this study was to evaluate intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics, and blood metabolites in hair lambs fed Samanea saman and Cordia dentata. Twelve hair lambs were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design, with four treatments and four experimental periods. Treatments were T1:100 % Dichanthium spp hay, T2: 80 % Dichanthium spp hay, 20 % S. saman, T3: 80 % Dichanthium spp hay, 20 % C. dentata, T4: 80 % Dichanthium spp hay, 10 % S. saman, and 10 % C. dentata. The highest nutrients intakes were obtained with diets containing tree foliage compared with the T1 diet (p<0,05). In vivo and In vitro digestibility of DM, OM and, NDF of tree leaves diets showed higher values than the T1 diet (p<0,05). Digestible and metabolizable energy were similar between tree leaves diets (p<0,05). Blood urea nitrogen values were superior for animals fed the T2 diet (p<0,05). Degradability values at 96 hours were higher for the T2 diet (p<0,05). Potential degradability was superior for the T3 diet. The results of this study demonstrate that S. saman and C. dentata leaves improve nutrients intake and digestibility. Therefore, they can be an alternative for sheep in the tropical dry forest.
Hormone induced recipients for embryo transfer in mice

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have applications in a variety of fields including human clinics and basic science research (Mochida, 2020). In animals such as mice, ART is important for the conservation of genetic resources and the generation of genetically engineered animals (Hasegawa et al., 2017). Many ARTs have been developed, such as cryopreservation of sperm and embryos, superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo culture, and embryo transfer (ET) (Ha et al., 2013; Lee et al, 2015; Hasegawa et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2018; Barsuren et al., 2019; Chio et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2019; Jung et al., 2020). The success of several ARTs such as cryopreservation or IVF and the production of genetically engineered mice is dependent upon the ability of successful pregnancy after ET, therefore ET is an indispensable related to ART in mice (Lamas et al., 2020). Many factors could affect successful pregnancy after ET, such as age or weight of the recipients, pseudopregnancy of recipients, the type of anesthetic and analgesic, genetic backgrounds of the embryo and recipient strains, embryo stage and quality, the number of transferred embryos, the genetic modifications of embryos, and the surgical technique (Bradford, 1979; Ertzeid and Storeng, 2001; Mahabir et al., 2018; Lamas et al., 2020). For conventional ET procedures, the preparation of pseudopregnant recipients is inefficient. Females at the Hormone induced recipients for embryo transfer in mice Yeonmi Lee and Eunju Kang* Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea Center for Embryo and Stem Cell Research, CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea Original Article J Anim Reprod Biotechnol 2021;36:247-252 pISSN: 2671-4639 • eISSN: 2671-4663 https://doi.org/10.12750/JARB.36. 4.247 JARB Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
The Effect of Board Characteristics on Real Activities Manipulation in Tunisian Banks

The succession of financial scandals and resounding bank failures that characterized the economic environment over the past three decades have given more weight to governance mechanisms. As such, considered to be one of the most important internal governance mechanisms, the board of directors has shown its strengths in controlling earnings manipulation, in particular those linked to real activities. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of board characteristics on real earnings management. Using panel data econometrics, on all Tunisian commercial banks over the period 2008-2019, we show that board gender diversity has a disciplinary role in real earnings management as measured by discretionary revenue on equity securities. However, we show that board independence increases the real earnings management. As for board size, board duality, as well as the number of meetings carried out per year by the board of directors, we prove that they have no significant effect on real earnings management.
Effects of chestnut addition on physicochemical composition, total phenolic contents, antioxidant capacities and sensory properties of milk

Chestnut-added milk (CM) was produced with 2 different methods. In the first method, chestnuts were roasted, and in the second method, they were cooked in bain-marie and then added to milk at different ratios (5, 15, 25 %). The addition of chestnuts to milk statistically increased the amount of protein, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, energy, mineral (Ca, K, P, Mg), antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content compared to the control, whereas it did not cause a significant change in sensory properties. Therefore, the chestnut is a suitable supplementation for milk.
Sensitivity of Acoustic Resonance Properties to a Change in Volume of Piriform Sinuses

Piriform sinuses (PS), side branches of the human vocal tract, produce extra resonances and antiresonances which influence the quality of produced voice. These acoustic resonant characteristics can be numerically simulated by 3D finite element models of the vocal tract with lateral cavities. Computations that use these accurate methods are very time consuming, therefore this study introduces a simplified 1D mathematical model to analyse acoustical effects of side branches. Although the 1D model cannot capture higher-frequency transversal mode shapes, the resulted changes caused by piriform sinuses partially correspond to recent findings of 3D computational models. New pair of resonances around 5 kHz followed by an antiresonance frequency were detected in the results of the model including PS. The first four resonance frequencies lying below the first new resonance of PS decreased with increasing PS volume and similarly both the new resonances of PS. The higher original resonances increased with increasing PS volume.
Rapid motor progression of Parkinson's disease associates with clinical and genetic variants.

INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors during brain aging. About 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been recently discovered associations with PD, but whether they associate with the clinical features of PD have not been fully addressed yet. METHODS Clinical data of 365 patients with PD who enrolled in Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) study were obtained. Patients with rapid motor progression were determined through clinical assessments over five years follow-up. In addition, genetic information of 44 targeted SNPs was extracted from the genetic database of NeuroX for the same cohort. Logistic regression was used to analyze the genetic associations with rapid motor progression of PD. RESULTS Among 365 patients with PD, there are more male (66%) than female (34%). Seven SNPs (rs6808178, rs115185635, rs12497850, rs34311866, rs3793947, rs11060180, rs9568188) were associated with faster motor progression (p < 0.05), and only rs6808178 passed multiple comparison correction (p < 0.0011). In addition, the extended 44 SNPs with autonomic dysfunction reach a fair prediction of AUC at 0.821. CONCLUSION Genetics and autonomic function factors contribute to the motor progression at the clinical initiation of PD.
Knowledge and Innovation for Development

This text provides a comprehensive introduction to the many different issues related to the Sisyphean task of building science and technology capabilities in developing countries. It attempts to answer crucial questions including: how can knowledge be utilized to improve the human condition, and how can we bridge the growing knowledge divide between those who produce and use modern science and technology – and those who do not?
Exploring the advantages of the maximum entropy model in calibrating cellular automata for urban growth simulation: a comparative study of four methods

ABSTRACT As a powerful predictive technique based on machine learning, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model has been widely used in geographic modeling. However, its performance in calibrating cellular automata (CA) for urban growth simulation has not been investigated. This study compares the MaxEnt model with logistic regression (LR), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) models to explore its advantages in simulating urban growth and interpreting driving mechanisms. With the land use data of 2000 and 2020 from GlobeLand30, the constructed LR-CA, ANN-CA, SVM-CA, and MaxEnt-CA models are applied to simulate the urban growth of Beijing, Tianjin, and Wuhan, respectively. Their performance has been evaluated from multiple aspects such as the accuracy of training, testing, and projecting, computational efficiency, simulation accuracy, and simulated urban landscape. The results indicate that the MaxEnt model is superior to the other models except for the computational efficiency, but the time required for the MaxEnt training and projecting is acceptable and far less than that of the SVM. Taking the LR-CA as the benchmark, the kappa coefficients (Kappa) of the MaxEnt-CA have been increased by 4.20%, 3.38%, and 5.87% in Beijing, Tianjin, and Wuhan, respectively; the increments of corresponding figure of merits (FoM) are 6.26%, 4.58%, and 8.49%. The driving mechanisms of urban growth such as the interactions, response curves, and importance of spatial variables, have also been revealed by the MaxEnt modeling. The driving mechanisms of urban growth in Tianjin are more complex than that in Beijing and Wuhan, because there are more variable interactions; the relationships between spatial factors and urban growth in the three study areas are all nonlinear; the topographic factors and city center of Beijing, the traffic factors and water bodies of Tianjin, and the traffic factors, city center and water bodies of Wuhan are significant factors affecting their urban growth.
Impacts of access to solar energy on rural households: An evaluation of a Netherlands supported programme in Burkina Faso

This impact report is part of an evaluation commissioned by the Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It belongs to a series of impact evaluations of renewable energy and development programmes supported by the Netherlands, with a focus on the medium and long term effects of these programmes on end-users or final beneficiaries. A characteristic of these studies is the use of quantitative research techniques, in combination with qualitative techniques, to get insight in the magnitude of effects. The purpose of the impact evaluations is to account for assistance provided and to draw lessons from the findings for improvement of policy and policy implementation. The results of these impact evaluations served as inputs to a policy evaluation of the "Promoting Renewable Energy Programme" (PREP) concluded in 2014.
Two Novel Dimorphism-Related Virulence Factors of Zymoseptoria tritici Identified Using Agrobacterium-Mediated Insertional Mutagenesis

Diseases caused by dimorphic phytopathogenic and systemic dimorphic fungi have markedly increased in prevalence in the last decades, and understanding the morphogenic transition to the virulent state might yield novel means of controlling dimorphic fungi. The dimorphic fungus Z. tritici causes significant economic impact on wheat production, and yet the regulation of the dimorphic switch, a key first step in successful plant colonization, is still largely unexplored in this fungus. The fungus is amenable to suppression by fungicides at this switch point, and the identification of the factors controlling the dimorphic switch provides a potential source of novel targets to control Septoria tritici blotch (STB). Inhibition of the dimorphic switch can potentially prevent penetration and avoid any damage to the host plant. The aim of the current work was to unveil genetic determinants of the dimorphic transition in Z. tritici by using a forward genetics strategy. Using this approach, we unveiled two novel factors involved in the switch to the pathogenic state and used reverse genetics and complementation to confirm the role of the novel virulence factors and further gained insight into the role of these genes, using transcriptome analysis via RNA-Seq. The transcriptomes generated potentially contain key determinants of the dimorphic transition.
YKL-40 as a Potential Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, associated with extensive neuronal loss, dendritic and synaptic changes resulting in significant cognitive impairment. An increased number of studies have given rise to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis in AD. It is widely accepted that AD brains show chronic inflammation, probably triggered by the presence of insoluble amyloid beta deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and is also related to the activation of neuronal death cascade. In the present study we aimed to investigate the role of YKL-40 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of AD, and to discuss whether there are further potential roles of this protein in the management and treatment of AD. We conducted an online search on PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases from 1990 to 2021. The quantitative analysis showed that the levels of YKL-40 were significantly higher in Alzheimer’s disease compared to controls, to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) AD (MCI-AD) and to stable MCI. They were also increased in MCI-AD compared to stable MCI. The present study shows that the CSF levels of YKL-40 could be potentially used as a biomarker for the prognosis of mild cognitive impairment and the likelihood of progression to AD, as well as for the differential diagnosis between AD and MCI.
Using regression analysis to investigate relationships of ASVAB selector composites to end-of-course grades for students in aircraft maintenance training programs in the Air Force

Aircraft maintenance training programs in the Air Force have evolved from an almost exclusively mechanical orientation to one that is largely electronic. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) with its four selector composites (Mechanical, Administration, General, and Electronic) has been in use for over 20 years. The mechanical (M) composite score is used to identify those who will be trained in aircraft maintenance.