Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tillering dynamics in pastures of guinea grass subjected to grazing severities under intermittent stocking

This experiment was carried out to analyze the tillering dynamics of the species Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca subjected to three post-grazing heights: residue of 30 cm (30); residue of 50 cm (50); and residue of 50 cm during spring and summer, lowered to 40 cm in the first fall season grazing and to 30 cm in the following grazing cycle, resuming to 50 cm after the first grazing of the following spring season (50-30). Grazings were initiated whenever the swards intercepted 95% of the incident light. The post-grazing heights were allocated in the experimental units in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The density of basal tillers did not vary between the residual heights evaluated. Swards managed with variable residual height (50-30) presented higher rates of appearance and mortality of basal tillers during the summer of 2007, indicating high tiller renovation. Regardless of the post-grazing height evaluated, lower rates of appearance of basal tillers were found in the spring of 2006. The stability index of guinea grass cv. Mombaca was close to 1.0 throughout the experimental period. Swards managed with variable post-grazing present structural changes able to improve the regrowth vigor, which may be important to maximize the use of the forage species in the production system.
Diversity and ecology of terricolous bryophyte and lichen communities in coastal areas of Sardinia (Italy)

A first characterization of soil-growing bryophyte and lichen communities along the coasts of Sardinia (Italy) is presented. The lichen Micarea melaenida is reported for the first time. Altogether, 5 different communities are reported: Group 1, dominated by Tortella flavovirens, Cladonia convoluta and Pleurochaete squarrosa; Group 2, close to the Cladonietum mediterraneae; Group 3, with dominance of the bryophytes Tortella flavovirens, Rhynchostegium megapolitanum and Bryum capillare; and Group 4, characterized as a Tortella flavovirens fragment community. In many plots neither bryophytes nor lichens were recorded (Group 5). Bryophytes and lichens present different ecological requirements. The bryophytes are more tolerant of shaded conditions, eutrophication and higher soil pH, whereas lichens are more sensitive to man-made disturbance, especially trampling, fire and competition from exotic species. The highest diversity of both groups of organisms (lichens and bryophytes) is found in well-preserved native Juniperus woodlands, while no bryophytes or lichens are present in highly disturbed areas. Both are severely threatened by human activities and plant invasion, and require special protection through the forest management policies outlined here: thinning of exotic vegetation, removal of exotic species, and increased propagation of natural vegetation.
Genetic polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin in sheep raised for milk production

To investigate β-lactoglobulin polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism in Polish Mountain, East Friesian, Polish Merino and Austrian Bergschaf sheep raised for milk production, three β-LGB genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were found in all the groups, AB being the most frequent genotype in all the groups. The frequency of β-LGB A genes was 0.66 in Friesian, 0.55 in Bergschaf, 0.5 in Polish Mountain and 0.48 in Polish Merino sheep with no deviations from genetic equilibrium according to Hardy-Weinberg law. The relationship between β-lactoglobulin genotype and milk yield and milk composition was investigated, but no statistical differences were found. The present findings provide no conclusive evidence about the effect of different β-LGB variants on milk production traits in sheep.
INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION IN DARK NITROGEN UPTAKE BY DINOFLAGELLATES 1

Seven species of marine dinoflagellates were grown in nitrogen‐sufficient media under a 12:12 h L:D cycle, and then tested for their ability to take up nitrate and ammonium in the light and in the dark in short‐term experiments with 15N‐labelled substrate. The effect of the N substrate chosen, and the effect of sampling time in the L:D cycle, on the relative nitrogen content (the C:N ratio) was investigated at the same time. The physiological extremes in the material were represented by Prorocentrum minimum (Pav.) J. Schiller, which took up and presumably assimilated nitrate equally fast in the light and in the dark, and Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt, which did not take up nitrate in the dark when in a state of nitrogen sufficiency. A strong coupling between nitrate assimilation and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the latter species was suggested by the close similarity of the light saturation curves of 15NO3− and 14CO2 incorporation, and by a complete blocking of 15NO3− incorporation by 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU). Nitrogen starvation for 24 h induced a capacity in G. aureolum for taking up nitrate in the dark, or in the light in the presence of DCMU, a phenomenon that might be useful for identifying nitrogen limitation in this species in the field. Our study emphasizes the variability of dinoflagellate nitrogen nutrition and illustrates the difficulty of associating mass occurrences of dinoflagellates in nature with any particular nutritional mode.
Estimation of the primary productivity of Spartina alterniflora using a canopy model

A comprehensive canopy productivity model was built to study the productivity of a primary salt marsh grass, Spartina alteriflora, in Georgia, USA. The canopy model was unique in employing plant demographic data to reconstruct canopy profiles and dynamics, which showed many growth processes that are otherwise difficult to discern in the field. By linking canopy dynamics and leaf photosynthesis, the net total primary productivity of S. alterniflora in a Georgia salt marsh was estimated to be 1421, 749, and 1441 g C m -2 yr -1 for the tall, short, and N-fertilized short populations respectively. These estimates are reasonable in terms of the physiological capacity of S. alterniflora and well below the range of 3000-4200 g C m -2 yr -1 as reported by some recent harvest studies. Our detailed analysis suggested the net total productivity of S. alterniflora might be greatly overestimated in the past. This is mainly because of 1) failure to consider the translocation of photosynthate between aboveground and belowground parts, and 2) possible overestimates of belowground production. We estimated the net belowground production to be 872, 397, and 762 g C m -2 yr -1 for the tall, short, and N-fertilized populations respectively. After receiving nitrogen fertilizer, the net leaf carbon fixation in the short population increased from 1489 to 2487 g C m -2 yr -1 ; and our simulation showed the contribution of elevated leaf N to this increase was small, 21%, compared with that of increased leaf area, 79%. Both tall and short populations allocated ca 48-49% of their annual gross leaf carbon fixation to belowground structures. Nitrogen enrichment caused more allocation to aboveground parts in the short population, mainly for increasing leaf area. The canopy model assumed that there was no leaf photosynthesis under tidal submergence, but if this assumption was relaxed, then leaf carbon fixation might increase 7-13% for different S. alterniflora populations. Although this research focused only on a salt marsh species ; our general approaches, especially the coupling of leaf physiology with the reconstructed canopies, should be applicable to the study of production processes of many other plant populations.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR IN HUMAN ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL CELLS AND PITUITARY ADENOMAS

The localization of estrogen receptor in normal human pituitary glands and in human pituitary adenomas was investigated using immunoreactivity to polyclonal antibodies against human estrogen receptor in five normal pituitary samples and 45 specimens of pituitary adenoma. The relationship between the expression of estrogen receptor and the production of pituitary hormones was clarified using double immunohistochemical staining. Estrogen receptor was present in both cells of normal pituitary glands and pituitary adenomas. In normal pituitary glands, adenohypophysial cells were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor irrespective of hormone production. In pituitary adenomas, 35 of 45 specimens showed positive immunoreactivity to estrogen receptor. All cases of lactotroph cell adenoma, corticotroph cell adenoma, gonadotroph cell adenoma, and plurihormonal adenoma with clinical signs of acromegaly showed positive immunoreactivity to estrogen receptor. The present study demonstrates the intracellular localization of estrogen receptor in normal adenohypophysial cells of human pituitary glands and in human pituitary adenomas.
The effect of the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor on adult worker honeybee (Apis mellifera) emergence weights, water, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels

Wet weight, dry weight and water contents of emerging honeybees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) infested with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Anderson) (Acari: Varroidae) were all negatively correlated with increasing numbers of mites. It was estimated that for every female mite present during the bees' development, the host would lose three percent of its body water. Parasitised bees also emerged with lower head and abdomen concentrations of protein and with lower abdominal carbohydrate concentrations. Lipid concentrations were not detectably affected by V. destructor infestation. The losses of metabolic reserves were not, however, judged to be serious enough to be directly responsible for the high bee mortality and ultimate colony collapse that are associated with the arrival of Varroa in a hive. Some 8.5% of the emerging bees exhibited morphological deformities and deformity was positively correlated with increasing numbers of mites in brood cells. Deformed bees were, however, found in all categories of parasitosis, suggesting that other factors, such as infectious agents, may be involved. Mites that fed on either live or dead U14C‐ labelled bees acquired the label within 24 h and it was calculated that an adult female mite consumes 0.67 μl haemolymph 24 h−1. It was also demonstrated that 14C was transmitted to a previously non‐radio‐labelled bee when a mite that had been feeding on a labelled bee changed hosts. The level of transfer was above that which could have arisen through contamination of the mites' mouthparts and supports the suggestion that Varroa is an important vector of pathogens such as viruses.
Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n. sp., a New Canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the Middle Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia

DENIS GERAADS,*1 ZERESENAY ALEMSEGED,2 RENE BOBE,3 and DENNE REED4; ! UPR 2147 du CNRS, 44 rue de l'Amiral Mouchez, 75014 Paris, France, denis.geraads@evolhum.cnrs. fr; 2Department of Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, U.S.A. , zalemseged@calacademy.org; 3Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A. , renebobe@uga.edu; 4Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A. , reedd@mail.utexas. edu
THE EFFECTS OF WEANING SCHEDULE, DURATION OF MILK FEEDING AND FISHMEAL ON CALF PERFORMANCE

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effects of weaning procedure and duration of milk feeding on calf performance and overall milk consumption. In exp. 1, compared with calves weaned when consuming 500 g d−1 of starter (control), those weaned when intake reached 1000 gd−1 (delayed) consumed 2.5 times as much milk and those fed gradually diminishing milk levels until weaned at 1500 g d−1 of starter intake (gradual) consumed about 1.5 times as much milk. Both the control and delayed groups experienced a growth setback of up to 8 d at weaning. There was no change in growth rate for the gradual weaning group. In exp. 2, the calves were gradually weaned over 7 d commencing at 28 d of age and were fed either supplemental milk, wet fishmeal, dry fishmeal or no protein supplement (control) for an additional 140 d. Calves fed milk grew fastest and had the best feed:gain ratio (P < 0.01). Those fed fishmeal grew faster than the controls and had better feed:gain ratios (P < 0.01). There was no difference b.
Chick-provisioning behaviour of the Providence Petrel, Pterodroma solandri

Abstract This paper provides the first detailed description of the chick-provisioning behaviour of the Providence Petrel, Pterodroma solandri, breeding on Lord Howe Island, New South Wales. Meal size, feeding frequency, timing of feeding, chick weight loss and food conversion efficiency of 5–7-week-old Providence Petrel chicks were determined using 4-h weighing techniques. Chicks were fed mainly at night, with adults returning to the colony during the day only rarely. The mean meal size fed to chicks was 88.55 g, representing 18.2% of adult body mass. There was evidence to suggest that chicks were not accepting all of the food provided to them; those chicks known to receive two feeds in a night were fed less food on their second feed. The minimum amount of food each chick required to maintain constant body mass was 32.04 g of food per day, which is much lower than the average meal size fed to chicks. Chicks received a meal once every 4 days, on average, with the mean interval between successive feeds by the same adult being 7.56 days. This long feeding interval coupled with the low meal size requirements of chicks and the presence of proventricular oil in the chicks’ diet suggests that breeding adults are travelling significant distances from Lord Howe Island.
Pineal Enzymes: Regulation of Avian Melatonin Synthesis

Groups of 8-week-old chickens were killed at six time points in their light-dark cycle, and pineal glands were removed and assayed individually for N-acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity, and melatonin content. The tenfold nocturnal rise in melatonin was phased identically with the 27-fold increase in N-acetyltransferase activity. The relatively small changes (20 percent) in hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity did not appear important in causing the large changes in melatonin. The phase of the rhythms of N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content in chickens relative to the phase of the light-dark cycle was qualitatively similar to that of rats. In contrast, the sleep-wake cycle of chickens is about 180� out of phase with that of rats.
CYTOTAXONOMY OF THREE SONCHUS SPECIES

A B S T R A C T All hybrid plants from interspecific crosses among the three species, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L. , and S. arvensis L. , were male-sterile, but the progeny of the cross S. arvensis X S. oleraceus and reciprocal cross produced seed after backcrossing to the male parent. Hybrid plants from crosses between S. oleraceus and S. asper lacked vigor. Cytological data indicated that S. arvensis has one genome in common with S. asper and that S. oleraceus is an autotetraploid (2n=36) with no genomes in common with S. arvensis or S. asper. THIS PAPER is a report of the research conducted on morphological characters, crossability, chromosome behavior, and fertility of three Sonchus species and their interspecific hybrids. The genus Sonchus has been studied by various authors: Gleason and Cronquist (1967), Abrams
NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase Activity Is the Principal Determinant of β-Lapachone Cytotoxicity*

β-Lapachone activates a novel apoptotic response in a number of cell lines. We demonstrate that the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) substantially enhances the toxicity of β-lapachone. NQO1 expression directly correlated with sensitivity to a 4-h pulse of β-lapachone in a panel of breast cancer cell lines, and the NQO1 inhibitor, dicoumarol, significantly protected NQO1-expressing cells from all aspects of β-lapachone toxicity. Stable transfection of the NQO1-deficient cell line, MDA-MB-468, with an NQO1 expression plasmid increased apoptotic responses and lethality after β-lapachone exposure. Dicoumarol blocked both the apoptotic responses and lethality. Biochemical studies suggest that reduction of β-lapachone by NQO1 leads to a futile cycling between the quinone and hydroquinone forms, with a concomitant loss of reduced NAD(P)H. In addition, the activation of a cysteine protease, which has characteristics consistent with the neutral calcium-dependent protease, calpain, is observed after β-lapachone treatment. This is the first definitive elucidation of an intracellular target for β-lapachone in tumor cells. NQO1 could be exploited for gene therapy, radiotherapy, and/or chemopreventive interventions, since the enzyme is elevated in a number of tumor types (i.e. breast and lung) and during neoplastic transformation.
Avaliação de substratos e adubos orgânicos na aclimatização de plântulas de Heliconia psittacorum

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of three organic substrates, carbonised rice hull, dry and green coir dust, and two fertilizers, Vitasolo® and earthworm humus, in the acclimatization of plantlets of Heliconia psittacorum L. , obtained from micropropagation. After 75 days, the height of the plants, diameter of pseudo-stem, number of leaves and area of the third leaf were evaluated. The rice hull was more efficient than the coir dust (dry or green); the green coir dust was more efficient than dry coir dust; and the humus was more efficient than Vitasolo®.
Cost Analysis of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

1 Hakan Koçoğlu1, Yıldız Okuturlar1, Başak Oğuz2, Ebru Öztürk1, Yüksel Altuntaş3, Mehmet Hurşitoğlu1, Özlem Harmankaya1, Abdülbaki Kumbasar1 1 İç Hastalıkları Kliniği, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 2İç Hastalıkları Kliniği, İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi Florance Nightingale Hastanesi, 3Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Kliniği, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul, Türkiye Üst Gastrointestinal Kanama Maliyeti / Cost of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Cost Analysis of Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Genetic variation in Heterobasidion annosum detected with M13 fingerprinting and ribosomal DNA probes

Karlsson, J.-O. 1994. Genetic variation in Heterobasidion annosum detected with M13 fingerprinting and ribosomal DNA probes. Experimental Mycology 18, 48-56. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA diversity were analyzed in 54 strains of the forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. from Northern Europe. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms were detected with three different probes on Southern blots of DNA restricted with Hae III. Intersterility groups were clearly differentiated based on the UPGMA clustering of M13 minisatellite bands, and strains with the same geographic origin tended to form clusters. Average band share values were 0.80 and 0.68 within S- and P-groups, respectively, and 0.49 between groups. When the ribosomal mitochondrial ML 5-8 region was used as a probe the two types of patterns observed were in accordance with the results of the mating tests and the UPGMA clustering of fingerprints. No variability was detected in ribosomal nuclear ITS 1-4 region.
Nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein sources for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt), compared by two chromic oxide analyses methods

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (ADCd), crude protein (ADCp), energy (ADCe) and amino acids in selected feedstuffs were determined for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (8.38 ± 0.20 g). The tested feedstuffs were fishmeal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal, hydrolysed feather meal, fermented feather meal solvent-extracted cottonseed meal and soybean meal. ADCs were determined using a reference diet and test diets at 7 : 3 ratios with 5 g kg−1 chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert marker. Fish were reared in a recirculating system and fed to apparent satiation five times daily. Cr2O3 in diets and faeces samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and acid-digestion colorimetry (AC) methods, respectively. The results showed that ICP-AES method was more accurate for Cr2O3 determination than AC method, and the results determined by ICP-AES method were used in this study. ADCd and ADCp of seven tested ingredients were lowest for MBM (59.1 and 84.5%) and highest for FM (79.9 and 94.5%); ADCe of tested ingredients were from 71.8% for SECM to 93.2% for FM. ADCs of amino acid in test ingredients followed similar trend to the ADCp. The ADCs of individual amino acids varied from 61.6% (histidine in MBM) to 98.8% (valine in FM).
Studies on the Specificity and Site of Action of α-Cyclopropyl-α-[p-methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidine Methyl Alcohol (Ancymidol), a Plant Growth Regulator

α-Cyclopropyl-α-[ p -methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol (ancymidol) is an inhibitor of ent -kaur-16-ene oxidation in microsomal preparations from the liquid endosperm of immature Marah macrocarpus seeds. The K i for this inhibitor is about 2 × 10 −9 m. Ancymidol also blocks ent -kaur-16-en-19-ol and ent -kaur-16-en-19-al oxidation by the same preparations with a similar efficiency, but does not significantly inhibit ent -kaur-16-en-19-oic acid oxidation. Ancymidol appears to be specific for this series of oxidations in higher plant tissues. It does not inhibit the oxidation of kaurene nor kaurenoic acid in rat liver microsomes and has no significant effect on the oxidation of cinnamic acid in microsomal preparations from Sorghum bicolor seedlings. Ancymidol also does not inhibit kaurene oxidation in vitro nor in vivo in cultures of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme . The presence of ancymidol did not significantly alter the activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, or NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase. The addition of ancymidol to suspensions of oxidized M. macrocarpus endosperm led to a difference spectrum with an absorption maximum at 427 nm and a minimum at 410 nm.
Host Preference and Progeny Sex Ratio in a Solitary Koinobiont Mealybug Endoparasitoid, Anagyrus Pseudococci (Girault), in Response to its Host Stage

Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) , a koinobiont endoparasitoid , is a potential biological control agent of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) . This paper examines the effect of host stage of the mealybugs on the parasitoid preference , development , survival and sex ratio of the offspring . Host susceptibility and preference tests showed that the parasitoid had a significant preference for the older host instars . Percentage parasitization increased 4.8 - fold in the adult stage , compared with the second - instar host , although the parasitoid developed and emerged successfully from all stages . Mean developmental time for male parasitoids was faster than for the females . There was some evidence of delayed development of males in young hosts . Higher percentage emergence of parasitoid was observed from older mealybugs . A. pseudococci exhibited maternal adjustment of sex ratio as a function of host size with an increased proportion of females with the increasing host size . Females maximized .
Physical, Chemical and Sensory Analyses of Freshly Harvested Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) Stored at 4??C

Abstract Physical, chemical and sensory changes of sardines (Sardina pilchardus (W. 1792)) stored at refrigerated temperature (4°C) were investigated by means of sensory assessments, chemical analyses (TVB-N, TMA-N protein, fat, ash, water) and physical measurements (color, texture and pH). During storage the TVB-N and TMA-N contents of sardine increased. The mean protein, fat, ash and water contents of sardine were 20.75%, 14.1%, 1.95%, 69.91% respectively. Color and texture values decreased and pH value increased. Sensory results indicated a shelf life of 6 days for sardines stored at 4°C.