Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potential for dispersal of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) by sea-running stages of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): field and laboratory studies

Population growth of Gyrodactylus salaris increased exponentially on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in laboratory experiments conducted at 12.0∞C. Furthermore, G. salaris was transmitted successfully from salmon smolt to parr at 0.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 20.0â salinity and reproduced in fresh water after direct transfer from 7.5â (16 days), 20.0â (4 and 8 h), and 33. 0â (5, 15, and 30 min). No G. salaris were observed on salmon parr exposed to 33. 0â for 60 min. The prevalence of G. salaris on wild salmon smolts caught approximately 25 km from the river mouth in the Drammensfjord (surface salinity 2.0n3.5â) was 71.2% compared with 88.0% on those from the neighbouring River Lierelva. Adult wild salmon caught as prespawners, spawners, and postspawners (kelts) in the River Drammenselva were infected with G. salaris. The prevalence and abundance increased from autumn to spring, in contrast with earlier studies on salmon parr, demonstrating the possible importance of adult salmon as reservoirs for G. salaris during winter. The results support the hypothesis of brackish water dispersal of G. salaris by infected salmonids migrating in estuaries and fjords. The use of salt as a disinfectant against G. salaris in hatcheries, and the stocking of possibly infected fish into brackish and seawater, should also be reexamined. Resume : Dans le cadre diexpOriences menOes en laboratoire ‡ 12,0∞C, la population de Gyrodactylus salaris a augmentO de faAon exponentielle sur les smolts de saumon atlantique. En outre, G. salaris a OtO transmis des smolts aux tacons dans une eau ‡ 0,0, 7,5, 10,0 et 20,0â de salinitO, et ils se sont reproduits en eau douce aprs avoir OtO transfOrOs directement diune eau ‡ 7,5â (16 jours), 20,0â (4 et 8 h) et 33,0â (5, 15 et 30 min). Aucun G. salaris nia OtO observO sur les tacons exposOs ‡ une salinitO de 33,0â pendant 60 min. Le taux de prOvalence de G. salaris sur les smolts de saumons sauvages capturOs ‡ environ 25 km de liembouchure de la rivire dans le Drammensfjord (salinitO de surface 2,0n3,5â) Otait de 71,2% comparativement ‡ 88,0 % sur ceux de la rivire Lierelva toute proche. Les saumons adultes sauvages capturOs ‡ liOtat de prO-gOniteurs, gOniteurs et post-gOniteurs (charognards) dans la Drammenselva Otaient infestOs de G. salaris. La frOquence et liabondance ont augmentO de liautomne au printemps, contrairement aux rOsultats diOtudes antOrieures sur les tacons, que dOmonstre liimportance possible des saumons adultes comme des rOservoirs de G. salaris en hiver. Les rOsultats appuient lihypothse selon laquelle la propagation de cet organisme dans les eaux saum‚tres est assurOe par des salmonidOs se dOplaAant dans les estuaires et les fjords. Liutilisation de sel comme dOsinfectant contre G. salaris dans les piscicultures, et le l‚cher de poissons probablement contaminOs dans des eaux saum‚tres et en eau salOe, devraient aussi Œtre rOexaminOs. (Traduit par la ROdaction)
Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida : Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences

Abstract. Relationships among, and content of, earthworm families have been controversial and unstable. Here we analyse molecular data from 14 Crassiclitellata families represented by 54 genera, the non-crassiclitellate ‘earthworms’ of the Moniligastridae, plus several clitellate outgroups. Complete 28S and 18S gene sequences and a fragment of the 16S gene analysed separately or in concatenated Bayesian analyses indicate that most previously proposed suprafamilial taxa within the Crassiclitellata are para- or polyphyletic. There is strong support for the Metagynophora, which consists of the Crassiclitellata and Moniligastridae. The most basal within-Clitellata branch leads to the small families Komarekionidae, Sparganophilidae, Kynotidae, and Biwadrilidae, found in widely separated areas. A clade composed of Lumbricidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Criodrilidae and Lutodrilidae appears near the base of the tree, but Criodrilidae and Biwadrilidae are not closely related because the former is sister to the Hormogastridae + Lumbricidae clade. The Glossoscolecidae is here separated into two families, the Glossoscolecidae s.s. and the Pontoscolecidae (fam. nov.). The Megascolecidae is monophyletic within a clade including all acanthodrilid earthworms. There is strong support for the Benhamiinae (Acanthodrilidae s.l.) as sister to Acanthodrilidae + Megascolecidae, but taxon sampling within other acanthodrilid groups was not sufficient to reach further conclusions. The resulting trees support revised interpretations of morphological character evolution. ’
PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY

1. Species diversity is most simply measured by counting species. More complicated measures, which take into account the relative abundance of the species, have been derived from information theory or from parameters of statistical distributions fitted to the census data. The information theory formulae can also be used to measure habitat diversity and differences between communities or habitats. In this way, changes in the pattern of species diversity can be compared with changes in the environment.
Survivability of Listeria monocytogenes in agricultural field soil.

Survivability of Listeria monocytogenes in clay loam soil was examined at 30° C for a period of 35 days. The microorganism inoculated in soil steadily declined from 3.5 × 106 g−1 to 3.9 × 104 g−1 (P = 0.05) on 35th days. Destruction ofnormal soil microflora by heat treatment resulted in marginal rise in 3.3 × 106 g−1 of L. monocytogenes to 4.2 × 106 g−1 during the first 7 days, followed by steady decline to 5.6 × 104 g−1 on 35th days. Heat treated soil inoculated with lower concentration of L. monocytogenes (3.6 × 104 g−1) supported sharp rise in its population to 4.8 × 106 g−1 (P=0.05) during the first weak which gradually declined, but remained higher (6.1 × 104 g−1) than the initial load even on 35th days. In non-sterile soil, the rise was less appreciable but L. monocytogenes maintained its levels (104 g−1) during the experimental period. Survivability of the microorganisms was also observed in the soil with added chicken manure, cattle manure or sheep/goat manure.
A relationship between submarine groundwater borne nutrients traced by Ra isotopes and the intensity of dinoflagellate red‐tides occurring in the southern sea of Korea

We measured short‐lived radium isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra), dissolved inorganic and organic nutrients, and photosynthetic pigments during the summers of 2006 and 2007 in the southern sea of Korea, where harmful dinoflagellate blooms occur every year. The Ra tracer measurements reveal that coastal groundwater, rather than other sources previous suggested (i.e., Yangtze River diluted water or Kuroshio currents), is the main source of nutrients that fuel red tides in this region. Although inorganic‐nutrient levels are different for different regions and different years, either dissolved inorganic nitrogen or phosphorus is depleted in the red‐tide region. This depletion is accompanied by highly elevated levels of dissolved organic nutrients, transformed from groundwaterborne dissolved inorganic nutrients either inside Yeoja Bay or in offshore red‐tide areas, thereby creating favorable conditions for the growth of dinoflagellates in competition with diatoms. The intensity of red tides correlates well with the activity of 224Ra (half life = 3.66 d) in seawater over daily or yearly time scales. Because the chemically conservative 224Ra can trace groundwater‐borne nutrients, which are utilized by marine biota in this red‐tide region, the intensity of red tides seems to be related to the amount of nutrient‐enriched groundwater supplied to the offshore red‐tide region.
Agronomic and chemical characterization of soybean genotypes for human consumption

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) presents a high level of good quality protein and lipids that consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids. It also has considerable amounts of B complex vitamins and minerals such as iron, potassium and magnesium (Carrao-Panizzi, 1987). In addition to these good nutritional characteristics, soybean for human consumption should have a sweet, nut-like flavor, pale colored seeds (tegument, hilum and cotyledon) and suitable seed size for use as food (Destro, 1991; Vello, 1992). This research was carried out to describe the agronomic and chemical characteristics of food-type soybean genotypes for later use as cultivars or in crosses. Seventy-two soybean genotypes were used in the study, and the agronomic quantitative, qualitative and chemical traits of the grains were assessed, including mineral composition, oil, protein, carbohydrates and ash contents. The results showed that there was great genetic diversity among the genotypes studied for all the agronomic characteristics assessed. The F 82-5782 genotype was outstanding, presenting yield compatible with commercial exploitation as well as large seeds. The Mikawashima genotype presented the highest carbohydrate contents, while the Toffumame II genotype showed the greatest P contents and was also among the six genotypes that presented the greatest K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn and protein values. These genotypes can be used as cultivars or in breeding programs to solve specific problems of nutrient shortage due to genetic traits.
Herbicidal Activity of Three Sesquiterpene Lactones on Wild Oat (Avena fatua) and Their Possible Mode of Action

Abstract Inhibitory effects of two sesquiterpene lactones, costunolide and parthenolide, isolated from dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of southern magnolia and a parthenolide derivative, 1,10-epoxyparthenolide, were evaluated on germination and seedling growth of wild oat. The sesquiterpene lactones effected a significant reduction of seed germination, particularly at the highest concentrations of 200, 400, and 600 mg L−1, with costunolide being the most active one. Furthermore, the three sesquiterpenes strongly inhibited root and shoot growth of the weed. However, the inhibition of root growth by all compounds was greater than that of shoot growth. Parthenolide inhibited growth of both root and shoot more strongly than the other compounds and a reference herbicide imazamethabenz. At a concentration of 100 mg L−1, parthenolide caused 87 and 41% growth inhibition of root and shoot, respectively. Parthenolide was tested for its effect on acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity. The compound inhibited the enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner, with 50% inhibition of 51.44 µM. The results of this study indicated that the herbicidal activity of the isolated sesquiterpene may be attributed to inhibition of ALS. The promising phytotoxic activity of sesquitepene lactones reported here could be considered a starting point for developing environmentally safer herbicides. Nomenclature: Costunolide, parthenolide, 1,10-epoxyparthenolide, imazamethabenz, wild oat, Avena fatua L. ; southern magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora L. (Magnoliaceae)
Use of Occupancy Models to Estimate the Influence of Previous Live Captures on DNA-Based Detection Probabilities of Grizzly Bears

Abstract Large carnivores potentially change their behavior following physical capture, becoming less responsive to the attractants that resulted in their capture, which can bias population estimates where the change in behavior is not appropriately modeled. We applied occupancy models to efficiently estimate and compare detection probabilities of previously collared grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) with bears captured at DNA hair-snag sites that were not previously collared. We found that previously captured bears had lower detection probabilities, although their detection probabilities were still >0, implying that they were still visible to be sampled via the DNA hair-snag grid, which was able to detect finer differences in capture probabilities of previously collared bears compared with Huggins closed-captures population models. To obtain relatively unbiased population estimates for DNA surveys, heterogeneity caused by previous live capture should be accounted for in the population estimator.
Evaluation of drought tolerance in lentil advanced genotypes in Ardabil region, Iran

This experiment evaluated the performance response of 12 lentil genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications under stress rain-fed and non-stress irrigated conditions in Ardabil, Iran. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among the genotypes for all measured traits. Mean comparisons showed that ILL-6031, ILL-9893 and ILL-8095 genotypes produced higher seed yield. These genotypes had higher values of harvest indices, seed number per pod, biological yield, pod number per plant and plant height than the other genotypes studied. They were early maturing types. Moreover there were significant positive correlation between seed yield with harvest index, biological yield, fertile pod number per plant and plant height. It was also found that the correlations between seed yield with number of days to 50% flowering and days to maturity were negative and significant. Based on the yields of genotypes under irrigation (YP) and rain-fed (YS) conditions, several quantitative drought tolerance indices, mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HARM), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI), were used to evaluate drought responses of these genotypes. They showed that correlation coefficients of grain yield with HARM, GMP and STI indices in both environments conditions were positively significant. These indices, thus, differentiated stress intensity response (SI = 0.29) of genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the indices, it is concluded the three above mentioned genotypes were more drought tolerant than the others.
Travel information impact on activity-travel patterns

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
The effect of bovine saliva on growth attributes and forage quality of two contrasting cool season perennial grasses grown in three soils of different fertility

The aim of this study was to determine the response of Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchardgrass) and Festuca ovina L. (Sheep fescue), to bovine saliva application in a loamy soil (most fertile), a sandy loam and a sandy soil (least fertile). The effects of cutting and cutting + saliva on relative height growth rate (RHGR), above- and belowground biomass and forage quality attributes [crude protein, NDF (neutral detergent fibre) and ADF (acid detergent fibre)] were investigated. The results showed that the cutting and cutting + saliva treatments resulted in greater RHGR than the control, but only with D. glomerata in the sandy soil did the application of saliva increase the RHGR. However, saliva applied after cutting increased the aboveground biomass averaged over all species and all three soils. Saliva applied to D. glomerata increased the belowground biomass in the sandy loam and sandy soils but decreased it in F. ovina in the sandy soil. The application of saliva had no effect on the crude protein or the NDF content of either species in any of the soils. On the other hand, the application of saliva after clipping increased the ADF of F. ovina but decreased that of D. glomerata averaged over all three soils. Averaged over both species, the ADF was increased by the addition of saliva in the sandy soil, had no significant effect in the sandy loam (P > 0.05) and was slightly increased in the loam.
Effects of feeding magnesium sulfate to dry pregnant dairy cows with different body condition scores on intake in late gestation, periparturient blood calcium concentrations and production in early lactation

An experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between the responses of cows fed magnesium sulfate during late gestation and body condition score (BCS). Cows were fed a total mixed ration before calving and a pasture-based diet in early lactation. Seventy-two cows were fed differentially to achieve target BCS, on an 8-point scale, of about 4, 5 and 6 units, 1 month before calving. Cows were individually fed a total mixed ration of maize silage, crushed barley, canola meal and barley straw at about 1.6 kg dry matter (DM)/100 kg liveweight during the 27 days, on average, before parturition. In each BCS treatment, half the cows were fed 105–155 g magnesium sulfate (depending on liveweight) in the last 3 weeks while the remaining cows were provided with 18–27 g magnesium oxide, maintaining similar levels of magnesium in both diets. The dietary cation–anion difference of the control and magnesium sulfate diets averaged +5.1 and –5.5 cmol(+)/kg, respectively, while urine pH values were 6.4 and 5.4, respectively. The cows fed the control diet, on average, calved in better condition (P 0.05). The control diet resulted in lower concentrations of total blood serum calcium but only immediately after calving (1.90 v. 2.02 mmol/L; P 0.05) on either milk yield or milk composition even though the use of magnesium sulfate reduced the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia from 64 to 46%. However, there was a positive relationship between BCS at calving and milk fat concentration (P 0.05) interactions between dietary additives and the BCS of the cows. In conclusion, the use of magnesium sulfate resulted in the relative maintenance of blood calcium concentrations, reducing the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia at calving, while having a negative effect on intake before calving. However, these effects were not translated into benefits in animal production.
Ontogenetic shift in the scaling of dark respiration with whole-plant mass in seven shrub species

P>1. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic scaling exponents should shift from approximate to 1 to similar to 3/4 as plants grow from seedlings to mature trees. This study examines whether there is an ontogenetic shift in the scaling exponent of dark respiration with whole-plant biomass and whether the allometry of dark respiration vs. plant total nitrogen content is consistent with these metabolic scaling relationships. 2. We examined seedling mass, dark respiration, biomass allocation, water and nitrogen contents, and relative growth rates for 351 seedlings of seven shrub species that span three orders of magnitude in total plant mass (i.e. 1 g). 3. Dark respiration increased with increasing seedling mass in each of three growth stages for each species. The scaling exponents for dark respiration vs. plant mass were c. 1 center dot 0 during the earliest stage of seedling development ( 90 and 1) with increasing total plant water or nitrogen content, possibly because small seedlings have a lower water and nutrient-use efficiency compared to larger ones in water- and nutrient- unlimited habitats. 6. The change in relative growth rate paralleled the ontogenetic shift in the dark respiration vs. mass relationship, which may explain the isometric metabolic scaling relationship if growth efficiency is inversely proportional to seedling mass. 7. We therefore demonstrate an ontogenetic shift in the metabolic scaling during plant ontogeny. Although the proximate mechanisms underlying the shift are not fully understood, we speculate that a contributing factor is the accrual of less metabolically active tissues or organs with increasing total body mass in the form of secondary tissues with high cell wall volume fractions (e.g. wood and phellum).
Resposta de suínos em crescimento mantidos em diferentes temperaturas

portuguesForam utilizados 24 suinos machos castrados, distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso composto por dois tratamentos e doze repeticoes, com o objetivo de avaliar o compor-tamento, respostas fisiologicas e o desempenho dos animais. As temperaturas medias do periodo experimental foram 21,5°C e 31,3°C, respectivamente, nos ambientes de conforto termico e de estresse por calor. Suinos sob estresse por calor permaneceram significativamente menos tempo na posicao em pe, mais tempo na posicao deitado, menos tempo no comedouro, mais tempo no bebedouro, mais tempo na posicao deitado no bebedouro e mais tempo dormindo em relacao aqueles mantidos sob conforto termico. Suinos sob estresse por calor apresentaram consumos de energia, proteina, lisina e racao, ganho de peso e conversao alimentar reduzidos e apresentaram menores pesos de orgaos, exceto do estomago, e frequencia respiratoria e temperaturas retal e de superficie aumentadas. Suinos sob conforto termico apresentaram maior eficiencia de utilizacao da proteina e energia e maiores deposicoes diarias de proteina e gordura na carcaca. Temperaturas que provocam estresse por calor afetam negativamente o comportamento de suinos em crescimento. EnglishWere used 24 castrated swine distributed in completely randomized design composed for two treatments and twelve repetitions, with the objective to evaluate the behavior, physiological responses and the performance of the animals. The average temperatures of the experimental period were 21.5°C and 31.3°C, respectively, in thermal comfort and heat stress. Swine under heat stress remain significantly little time in the position in foot, more time in the lying position, little time in the feeder, more time in the water through, more time in the lying position in the water through and more time sleeping in relation to those kept in thermal comfort. Swine under heat stress had presented energy, protein, lysine and ration intake, weight gain and feed: gain ratio reduced and had presented minor weight of organs, except of the stomach, and had presented increased respiratory frequency and rectal and surface temperatures. Swine under thermal comfort had presented greater efficiency of use of the protein and energy and greater daily protein and fat depositions in the carcass. Temperatures that provoke heat stress affects negatively the behavior of growing swine.
Nycterohemeral variations of concentration of serum folates in dairy cows

Nycterohemeral variations of serum folates were observed under two different management practices in 11 dairy cows. Serum folates were lower (P = 0.0018) during the nonlactating period (9.68 ± 0.65 ng mL−1) than during the lactating period (13.29 ± 0.65 ng mL−1). During the nonlactating period, nycterohemeral variations of serum folates could not be distinguished from experimental error. During the lactating period, expected serum folates did not vary by more than 1 ng mL−1 around their mean. Key words: Serum folates, nycterohemeral variations, lactating cows, nonlactating cows