Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of polymorphisms in the drug-metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 2C19 gene in six major ethnicities of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Interindividual differences in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 activity may result in variations in the therapeutic response to drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Differences at gene level may translate into protein level with consequent impairment of the enzyme activity. As a result patients with such genetic differences might experience undesirable effects or no effect at all. The aim of the present study was to find out the prevalence of allelic and genotype frequencies of low activity variants of CYP2C19 genes in healthy individuals from six distinct ethnicities of Pakistan. Blood sample was taken from healthy volunteers following informed consent. Isolation of the DNA was followed by the PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Selected samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. The frequency of major alleles was 84.93% for CYP2C19*2 and 91.85% for CYP2C19*3, while minor allele was present at 15.06% for CYP2C19*2 and 8.14% for CYP2C19*3. For CYP2C19*2, the frequency of *1*1 genotype was 75.80%, *1*2 was 18.27%, and *2*2 was 5.92% whereas for CYP2C19*3, The frequency of *1*1 genotype was 84.19%, *1*3 was 15.30%, and *3*3 was 0.49% in the Pakistani population. A substantial variation in genotype and allelic frequencies was observed in various ethnicities. Our study demonstrates that a significant Pakistani population has at least one minor allele, which indicates a large number of patients potentially being affected by these variations. Especially, a significant genotype frequency of PM suggests implication for the treatment response and severity/frequency of adverse effects in patients receiving drugs metabolized by CYP2C19. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
HYDROLIQUEFACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJIATA COAL AND ITS MACERALS COMPONENTS

The hydroliquefaction characteristics of Majiata coal and its individual macerals were systematically investigated in a microautoclave at the following experimental conditions: reaction temperature of 450*#℃, initial H_2 pressure of 10*#MPa, residence time of 60*#min, decrystallized anthracene oil was used as a solvent, Fe_2O_3 plus sulfur as the catalyst The hydroliquefaction reactivity of vitrinite is higher than that of inertinite, and the parent coal has the highest hydroliquefaction reactivity among these three feedstocks The reactivity order for the total conversion and oil yield is: parent coalvitriniteinertinite, for asphaltene yield: parent coalinertinitevitrinite, for water yield: vitriniteparent coalinertinite, for gas yield: inertinitevitriniteparent coal The composition of gas from hydroliquefaction of the parent coal, vitrinite and inertinite is different Synergism between the individual macerals during hydroliquefaction process exists
Enhanced memory for context associated with corrective feedback: evidence for episodic processes in errorful learning

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have established that there are benefits of corrective feedback for learning, but the mechanisms of this benefit are not well understood. An important question is whether corrective feedback improves memory via episodic processes or solely via semantic mediation. If episodic processes are involved, then memory for corrective feedback should include contextual details of the feedback episode. The present study tested this hypothesis across 3 experiments (total n = 223) in which participants completed an encoding task that involved cued guessing of category exemplars. Exemplars generated by participants were equally likely to be treated as correct or incorrect, and the “correct” exemplar was presented within a feedback display after each response. Separate versions of the task manipulated font colour in either the feedback display or the initial cue/typed response display. Participants were instructed to remember either the correct exemplars or their own typed responses, and the corresponding font colours. Retrieval task (cued recall, free recall, recognition) was varied across experiments. Across all 3 experiments, a higher rate of memory accuracy was observed for context associated with corrective feedback relative to other conditions. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that errorful learning involves episodic memory, not merely semantic mediation.
Internationalized science and human rights activism during the late Cold War: The French Committee of Mathematicians

This article examines the ties between an internationalised science and transnational activism, in particular for causes considered universal, such as defending human rights, during the late Cold War. It focuses on a scientific network that supported mathematicians persecuted for their political views by both left- and right-wing undemocratic regimes. The Committee of Mathematicians was founded in 1974 and was active for a decade, built incrementally as a transnational advocacy network located in several Western countries. Focussing primarily on the Committee’s French component, this article investigates the social and organisational underpinnings of its transnational action and defence of universal principles. It examines the modes of action and how they were shaped by scientists’ professional and even disciplinary affiliations. These focal points allow an interrogation of the place the committee occupied within the space of human rights activism. The article aims to contribute to a historical sociology of the ties between science and politics and of the transnational trends that strained national frameworks, while moving away from an approach focussed solely on political macrotrends that fuelled the Cold War.
A review of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy cases in Terengganu, Malaysia: A single centre experience.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in Hospital Sultanah Nurzahirah (HSNZ), Terengganu, Malaysia. It also aimed to describe the disease manifestations in association with malignancy and other CTD. METHODS This was a retrospective descriptive study involving all IIM patients who were managed by the Rheumatology Unit HSNZ from January 2010 to December 2019. RESULTS In this review we described 15 cases wherein malignancy was detected in 4 patients after the diagnosis of IIM was made and 4 patients with overlap syndrome. One third of patients with malignancy and overlap syndrome had poor treatment response and succumbed to complications of the disease. Almost all of patients received corticosteroid as the first line therapy and nearly two thirds of them responded well to either corticosteroid alone or with combination therapy. CONCLUSION Although this study did not represent the whole population in Malaysia, it does provide a better understanding of the disease manifestation, treatment and disease complications in our cohort of patients.
Human papillomavirus in retinoblastoma: A tertiary eye care center study from South India

Purpose: This study is aimed to investigate the presence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in tumors obtained from sporadic retinoblastoma patients. Methods: One hundred six tumor tissues obtained from sporadic RB patients were analyzed for HPV infection by use of both seminested PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. Results: Of 106 RB patients, 55 were male and 51 were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 26.77 ± 15.36 (mean ± Std. dev) months. Almost all patients presented with leukocoria. Molecular investigation by different methods revealed no HPV positivity in any tumor genome. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates no association between HPV and RB, postulating HPV may not be a major risk factor in the etiology of RB.
The influence of environmental and task constraint interaction on skilled behaviour in Australian Football

ABSTRACT The design of sports practice environments can be informed through data collected and analysed according to principles of the constraints-led approach. In this study, three manipulated environmental (area per player, number of players and team outnumber) and two task (activity objective and disposal limitations) constraints were measured during professional Australian Football training activities (n = 112) to determine their relationship with skilled behaviour. Linear regression modelling of the five manipulated constraints explained 68% of the variance in disposal frequency but only 22% in skill efficiency. Activities with scoring objectives, limited to kicking or which permitted all disposals, reduced the disposal frequency per player. Activities which permitted all disposals were also weakly, negatively associated with skill efficiency. A Classification Based on Association analysis measured the interaction between manipulated constraints and their relationships with possession time and pressure. When compared to the null model, the analysis improved pressure classification accuracy by 5.9% and did not improve possession time classification accuracy. This indicates skills were often performed under varying spatial and temporal constraints during many of the training activities. This study presents multivariate analytical methods which consider constraint interaction, enhancing how practitioners can evaluate and inform training design in sport.
Efficacy of water-based skin decontamination of occupational chemicals using in vitro human skin models: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is a potential route of topical and systemic toxicity. Skin decontamination interrupts this process by removing contaminants from the skin surface. Decontamination using water-only or soap and water solutions is the current gold standard despite limited efficacy data. A summary of studies evaluating their efficacy in decontaminating occupational contaminants from in vitro human skin models is presented. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles and data extracted from 15 investigations that reported on 21 occupational contaminants, which were further classified as industrial chemicals, drugs, or pesticides. Water-only decontamination yielded no response in 4.3% (n = 6/140) and partial decontamination in 95.7% (n = 134/140) of skin samples. Soap and water decontamination yielded complete decontamination in 4.9% (n = 13/264) and partial decontamination in 95.1% (n = 251/264) of skin samples. Four studies (26.7%, n = 4/15) reported increased penetration rates or skin concentration of contaminants following decontamination, demonstrating a “wash-in” effect. Varying study methodologies hinder our ability to compare data and determine when water alone or soap and water are best used. International harmonized efficacy protocol might enhance our decontamination understanding and enable a more customized approach to decontamination clinical practice and research.
Current status and future prospects of nanomedicine for arsenic trioxide delivery to solid tumors

Despite having a rich history as a poison, arsenic and its compounds have also gained a great reputation as promising anticancer drugs. As a pioneer, arsenic trioxide has been approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Many in vitro studies suggested that arsenic trioxide could also be used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, the transition from bench to bedside turned out to be challenging, especially in terms of the drug bioavailability and concentration reaching tumor tissues. To address these issues, nanomedicine tools have been proposed. As nanocarriers of arsenic trioxide, various materials have been examined including liposomes, polymer, and inorganic nanoparticles, and many other materials. This review gives an overview of the existing strategies of delivery of arsenic trioxide in cancer treatment with a focus on the drug encapsulation approaches and medicinal impact in the treatment of solid tumors. It focuses on the progress in the last years and gives an outlook and suggestions for further improvements including theragnostic approaches and targeted delivery.
Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Biomarking the Gastrointestinal Diseases

ABSTRACT Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell–cell communication and regulation of various cellular functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions through transferring their cargo to recipient cells. Molecular constituents of EVs are a fingerprinting profile of secreting cells which can be used as promising prognostic, diagnostic, and drug-response biomarkers in clinical settings. Areas covered The present study provides a brief introduction about the biology of EVs and reviews methodologies used for EV isolation and characterization as well as high-throughput strategies to analyze EV contents. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance and unique role of EVs in the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, especially GI cancers, and then discusses their potential use, particularly those isolated from body fluids, in diagnosis and prognosis of GI diseases. Expert opinion In-depth analysis of EV content can lead to the identification of new potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of GI diseases. The use of a more targeted approach by establishing more reproducible and standardized methods to decrease variations and obtain desired EV population as well as revisiting large pools of identified biomarkers and their evaluation in larger patient cohorts can result in the introduction of more reliable biomarkers in clinic.
Emergent literacy skills of Saudi Arabic speaking children with and without developmental language disorder

ABSTRACT Research with English-speaking populations has shown that there is a relationship between developmental language disorder (DLD) and emergent literacy skills in children. A small number of Arabic studies have indirectly investigated this relationship in typically developing (TD) children, and children with reading difficulties, and demonstrated the important role of morphosyntactic skills in Arabic reading acquisition. However, none of the previous work has examined the relationship between oral language and emergent literacy skills in children with and without DLD. The aims of this study are twofold: to investigate the language and emergent literacy skills of Saudi Arabic children with DLD aged between 4;0– 6;11 years of age; to compare their performance to age and socioeconomic status matched TD children, and to investigate the relationship between language and emergent literacy skills in both groups. A comprehensive Arabic language and emergent literacy battery was administered. Findings demonstrated that the TD group significantly outperformed the DLD group on most emergent literacy tasks. The DLD group was significantly less accurate than the TD group on syllable segmentation, and phoneme awareness skills. There were significant associations between oral language skills and emergent literacy skills in the DLD group. In the TD group, vocabulary knowledge and syntactic skills were associated with some emergent literacy skills. Syntactic skills were found to have moderately significant relationship with all emergent literacy skills in both groups. This might suggest the important role of morphosyntactic skills to literacy development in Arabic. Overall, findings were consistent with existing literature, and demonstrated strong relationships between oral language and emergent literacy skills in the Arabic language.
Synthesis and biological evaluations of oleanolic acid indole derivatives as hyaluronidase inhibitors with enhanced skin permeability

Abstract Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural cosmeceutical compound with various skin beneficial activities including inhibitory effect on hyaluronidase but the anti-hyaluronidase activity and mechanisms of action of its synthetic analogues remain unclear. Herein, a series of OA derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase. Compared to OA, an induction of fluorinated (6c) and chlorinated (6g) indole moieties led to enhanced anti-hyaluronidase activity (IC50 = 80.3 vs. 9.97 and 9.57 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, spectroscopic and computational studies revealed that 6c and 6g can bind to hyaluronidase protein and alter its secondary structure leading to reduced enzyme activity. In addition, OA indole derivatives showed feasible skin permeability in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 6.5) and 6c exerted skin protective effect by reducing cellular reactive oxygen species in human skin keratinocytes. Findings from the current study support that OA indole derivatives are potential cosmeceuticals with anti-hyaluronidase activity. Graphical Abstract Highlights A series of novel oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives are synthesised OA indole derivatives 6a-6g show potent inhibition on hyaluronidase activity 6c and 6g interacts with hyaluronidase protein to reduce enzyme activity 6c and 6g are skin permeable at pH 6.5 and 6c shows antioxidant effect in human skin keratinocytes
Influence of Homogenization in the Physicochemical Quality of Human Milk and Fat Retention in Gastric Tubes

Background: The retention of human milk nutrients in gastric tubes used to feed premature infants is a challenge to be overcome. Research Aims: To evaluate (1) the performance of six homogenizers (mixing processor, piston valve, ultrasonic bath, ultraturrax, stirring mixer, and ultrasound probe) for the fat retention reduction in gastric tubes; (2) the influence of the best homogenization conditions on the fatty acid and protein profiles of human milk; and (3) the cost/benefit ratio for the inclusion of homogenization as a new step in human milk processing. Methods: The influence of different levels and times of homogenization on reducing fat retention of human milk in probes was evaluated in this comparative prospective cross-sectional study. After homogenization, human milk flowed through a gavage and infusion pump apparatus used for feeding. Fat content was quantified before and after feeding. The techniques that reduced fat globule sizes and/or promoted a lower percentage of fat holding were evaluated for efficiency, variations in the fatty acid and protein profiles, and energy density and operating costs. Results: Homogenization led to a reduction in fat retention in feeding probes. The mixer processor and the ultrasound probe reduced fat retention by 99.23% (SD = 0.07) and 99.95% (SD = 0.02), respectively, and did not negatively influence fatty acid and protein profiles. The mixer processor demonstrated low energy density and low cost for human milk processing. Conclusion: Homogenization promoted reduced fat retention in the feed probe and could help maintain fat nutrients of human milk during enteral feeding.
Current Status of Image-Enhanced Endoscopy for Early Identification of Esophageal Neoplasms

Advanced esophageal cancer is known to have a poor prognosis. The early detection of esophageal neoplasms, including esophageal dysplasia and early esophageal cancer, is highly important for the accurate treatment of the disease. However, esophageal dysplasia and early esophageal cancer are usually subtle and can be easily missed. In addition to the early detection, proper pretreatment evaluation of the depth of invasion of esophageal cancer is very important for curative treatment. The progression of non-invasive diagnosis via image-enhanced endoscopy techniques has been shown to aid the early detection and estimate the depth of invasion of early esophageal cancer and, as a result, may provide additional opportunities for curative treatment. Here, we review the advancement of image-enhanced endoscopy-related technologies and their role in the early identification of esophageal neoplasms.
Milk yield depression and its economic loss due to production diseases: Iran's large dairy herds.

Background Incidences of production and metabolic diseases in dairy cows have increased over the last few decades because of the increasing trends in milk production. Production diseases cause different and distinct depressions in milk production that lead to different and major economic losses in large dairy herds. Aims The objective of this study was to determine milk production depression and its economic losses due to different production diseases in selected large dairy herds of Iran. Methods Production and health data from 17 large dairy herds with a total of 146464 observations across three parities were obtained. Milk yield depressions were estimated for three phases of lactation including 1) 5-60, 2) 61-120, and 3) 121-180 days in milk. Data were analyzed using Mixed Models of SAS program (v. 9.3) with fixed effects of the diseases, calving year, calving month, parity, and herd with cow age at calving as covariates. Results The data demonstrated significant effects of different production diseases on milk production depression during 5-60, 61-120, and 121-180 days in milk (P<0.05). During 5-60 days in milk, ketosis, displaced abomasums (DAs), laminitis, mastitis, metritis, retained placenta (RP), and dystocia resulted in, respectively, 253, 682, 39, 38, 110, 215, and 55 kg of milk yield depressions that were equivalent to 38.5, 103.7, 6.0, 5.8, 16.7, 32.6, and 8.4 U.S. Dollars (USD) economic losses. Milk yield depressions due to laminitis and mastitis over the 180 days in milk were, respectively, 207 and 404 kg equivalent to 31.5 and 63.0 USD economic losses. Since the milk yield depression constitutes about 20-35% of total costs of production and metabolic disorders, the total economic losses would be 3-5 times the above values. Conclusion Displaced abomasum and laminitis caused the highest and lowest depressions in milk yield, respectively. The findings suggest that commercial dairy production management strategies in Iran require reassessment and refinement. Overfeeding of concentrates should be ceased. Future economic and reproductive studies are needed to enable developing effective strategies for optimizing modern and postmodern dairy production in Iran.
Assessment of MUSASHI 1 and MUSASHI 2 expression in spermatozoa and testicular tissue

MUSASHI (MSI) family plays the main role in the spermatogenesis process. The purpose of this study was the assessment of sperm MSI1 and MSI2, and sperm functional tests in infertile men (n = 30) with varicocele and fertile men (n = 30). Furthermore, MSI1 and MSI2 proteins were assessed in testicular tissue of azoospermic men (n = 9) as well as epididymal spermatozoa and testis of mice. Expression of MSI1 and MSI2 was assessed at RNA and protein levels in human spermatozoa. Sperm concentration and motility were significantly lower, while abnormal sperm morphology, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and protamine deficiency were significantly higher in men with varicocele compared to fertile individuals. Any significant difference was not observed in the expression of MSI1 and MSI2 mRNA between the two groups. Unlike MSI1 protein that was not detectable in humans, the relative expression of MSI2 protein was similar in varicocele and fertile individuals. The expression level of both Msi1 and Msi2 proteins was also observable in mouse spermatozoa. No significant relationship was observed between sperm functional parameters with expression of these genes. The data of this study demonstrated that although MSI1 and MSI2 play important roles during spermatogenesis, their relative expression in spermatozoa was not affected by varicocele.