Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport in tokamaks – a review of experiment

The main experimental results on confinement and transport processes in tokamaks are summarised. It is difficult to draw definite conclusions from measurements of the global energy containment time even in the quasi-steady phase of those ohmically heated discharges, which do not exhibit gross instability or appreciable effects due to runaway electrons. However, comparison of particle and energy confinement suggests that the loss process is mainly conduction rather than convection. In order to separate the various energy input and loss mechanisms the assumptions of classical ohmic heating and equipartition are made. The experimental evidence for these assumptions is presented. The dominant energy transport process is electron thermal conduction, for which a formalism is suggested for comparing experimental data with various theoretical models. Particle and iimpurity transport appears to require the neoclassical pinch tenn in addition to anomalous particle diffusion at a significantly lower rate than electron conduction. The contribution of the sawtooth instability to transport can be measured in principle and is only important in certain conditions. 1-D models of the discharge are quite successful provided empirical forms of the electron conduction and particle diffusion are used. Partial dat a exists on various related topics: plasma rotation, radial electri c fields, the boundary layer, the effects of toroidal field ripple and low frequency instabilities. This material is summarised.
A study of Cybele asteroids - II. Spectral properties of Cybele asteroids

We have used the 3.5 m New Technology Telescope at ESO, La Silla, to obtain spectra of 18 asteroids belonging to the Cybele group. One additional Cybele asteroid was observed with the ESO 3.6 m telescope. From the spectra we have derived spectral slopes and taxonomy classifications. Our observations show that spectrally red D-type Cybeles tend to be smaller than more spectrally neutral P- and C-type objects from this group. Similar colour-diameter trends have previously been reported for other outer belt low albedo asteroids (Hildas and Trojans). We discuss possible reasons for this trend. In particular, the observed dominance of red objects for small diameters is consistent with a space weathering scenario, where irradiation of asteroid regoliths with solar wind plasma neutralizes their surface colours due to carbonization of originally reddish organic components. Collisional disruption of such large greyish "aged" P-type objects would produce a number of redder D-type fragments lacking mature regoliths. In addition, the observed colour-diameter trend may be due to compositional differences between D-, P- and C-type asteroids. P- and C-types may be lacking at small diameters, since their materials are less susceptible to collisional break-up than spectrally red D-type material. A simultaneous contribution of both factors (compositional differences and space weathering) to the observed trend is possible as well.
Graded Betti numbers of componentwise linear ideals

In this paper, we study the Betti tables of homogeneous ideals in a polynomial ring. Especially, we concentrate ourselves on componentwise linear ideals, so that, exploiting the deformation to the generic initial ideal, we can reduce the problem to study the Betti tables of strongly stable ideals. We obtain a complete numerical characterization of the graded Betti numbers of ideals with linear resolution, giving two different proofs. We provide a necessary (in general not sufficient) numerical condition for a table being the Betti table of a componentwise linear ideal. Such a condition leads to a characterization of the Betti tables of componentwise linear ideals in three variables. Furthermore we identify the Betti tables of Gotzmann ideals. Eventually, provided the characteristic of the base field is 0, we succeed to characterize the possible extremal Betti numbers (values as well as positions) of any homogeneous ideal.
Exploration of methods for estimation of number of endmembers in hyperspectral imagery

An endmember is an idealized, pure signature for a class and provides crucial information for hyperspectral image analysis. Recently, endmember extraction has received considerable attention in hyperspectral imaging due to significantly improved spectral resolution where the likelihood of a hyperspectral image pixel uncovered by a hyperspectral image sensor as an endmember is substantially increased. Many algorithms have been proposed for this purpose. One great challenge in endmember extraction is the determination of number of endmembers, p required for an endmember extraction algorithm (EEA) to generate. Unfortunately, this issue has been overlooked and avoided by making an empirical assumption without justification. However, it has been shown that an appropriate selection of p is critical to success in extracting desired endmembers from image data. This paper explores methods available in the literature that can be used to estimate the value, p. These include the commonly used eigenvalue-based energy method, An Information criterion (AIC), Minimum Description Length (MDL), Gershgorin radii-based method, Signal Subspace Estimation (SSE) and Neyman-Pearson detection method in detection theory. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods, two sets of experiments are conducted for performance analysis. The first set consists of synthetic imagebased simulations which allow us to evaluate their performance with a priori knowledge, while the second set comprising of real hyperspectral image experiments which demonstrate utility of these methods in real applications.
Theory building and modeling in a sinking and floating unit: a case study of third and fourth grade students' developing epistemologies of science

The purpose of this paper is to carefully examine the evolution of students' theory building and modeling, critical components of scientific epistemologies, over a unit of study on sinking and floating in one third/fourth grade classroom. The study described in this paper follows in the tradition of Design Experiments (Brown 1992, Collins 1990) and employs discourse analytic methods in order to examine epistemological development in the dynamic swirl of talk, text and other representations, and social interaction in the classroom. In order to examine students' epistemological development, we draw on the work of Driver et al. (1996) who found that students' use of “theory” falls into three general categories: (1) a descriptive state, or phenomenon‐based reasoning, where ideas are not different from experiments, (2) relation‐based reasoning, where students come to believe that one can find ultimate proof for particular theories, and (3) model‐based reasoning, where students recognize that theories might need to be changed in light of new evidence. Through following students across the unit and examining changes in student participation within discussions and analyzing the quality and content of these discussions, we argue that they are developing a powerful epistemology of science that is more commensurate with the work of actual scientists.
Naturalistic emotional speech collection paradigm with online game and its psychological and acoustical assessment

: For the purpose of constructing a naturalistic emotional speech database, a novel paradigm of collecting naturalistic emotional speech during a spontaneous Japanese dialog was proposed. The proposed paradigm was assessed by investigating whether the collected speech contains and conveys rich emotions psychologically and acoustically. To encourage speakers to experience and express their natural and vivid emotions, a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) was adopted as a task for speakers. They were asked to play the MMORPG together while discussing strategies to achieve their tasks through a voice chat system. The recording was performed for one hour per speaker. The total recording time was approximately 14 hours. The results of emotional labeling for the collected speech supported the validity of the paradigm showing higher interlabeler agreement than the chance levels. In addition, it was revealed that the paradigm is superior in the quantity of emotional speech to other paradigm by showing a signiﬁcantly higher rate of labeling instances for our speech material (73%, (cid:2) 2 ð 2 Þ ¼ 27659 : 87 , p < 0 : 001 ) than other speech materials. Finally, an acoustical analysis supported the validity of the paradigm, showing a signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the nonemotional utterances and the emotional utterances ( p < 0 : 05 ).
Game Theory Without Partitions, and Applications to Speculation and Consensus

Abstract Decision theory and game theory are extended to allow for information processing errors. This extended theory is then used to reexamine market speculation and consensus, both when all actions (opinions) are common knowledge and when they may not be. Five axioms of information processing are shown to be especially important to speculation and consensus. They are called nondelusion, knowing that you know (KTYK), nested, balanced, and positively balanced. We show that it is necessary and sufficient that each agent's information processing errors be (1) nondeluded and balanced so that the agents cannot agree to disagree, (2) nondeluded and positively balanced so that it cannot be common knowledge that they are speculating, and (3) nondeluded and KTYK and nested so that agents cannot speculate in equilibrium. Each condition is strictly weaker than the next one, and the last is strictly weaker than partition information.
Estimation of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Inverse Heat Conduction Problem Using Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization with Tikhonov Regularization

The quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) with Tikhonov regularization is used to solve the inverse heat conduction problem of estimating the time dependent heat transfer coefficient of a flat plate. The prior information about the functional form of the unknown is unavailable. The estimation is based on transient temperature measurements taken by the sensors imbedded in the plate, which are used in the least square model, minimized by QPSO. The detail of choosing the best regularization parameter by L-curve method is presented. Numerical experiments are performed to test the proposed method. Effects of the location and number of sensors are also investigated. Comparison with conjugate gradient method is given as well.
Spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations in unmagnetized plasmas I: General theory and nonrelativistic limit

Using the system of the Klimontovich and Maxwell equations, general expressions for the electromagnetic fluctuation spectra (electric and magnetic field, charge and current densities) from uncorrelated plasma particles are derived, which are covariantly correct within the theory of special relativity. The general expressions hold for arbitrary momentum dependences of the plasma particle distribution functions and for collective and non-collective fluctuations. In this first paper of a series, the results are illustrated for the important special case of nonrelativistic isotropic Maxwellian particle distribution functions providing in particular the thermal fluctuations of weakly amplified modes and aperiodic modes.
High-Breakdown Rank Regression

Abstract A weighted rank estimate is proposed that has 50% breakdown and is asymptotically normal at rate √n. Based on this theory, inferential procedures, including asymptotic confidence and tests, and diagnostic procedures, such as studentized residuals, are developed. The influence function of the estimate is derived and shown to be continuous and bounded everywhere in (x, Y) space. Examples show that robustness against outlying high-leverage clusters may approach that of the least median of squares, while retaining more stability against inliers. The estimator uses weights that correct for both factor and response spaces. A Monte Carlo study shows that the estimate is more efficient than the generalized rank estimates, which are generalized R estimates with weights that only correct for factor space. When weights are constant, the estimate reduces to the regular Wilcoxon rank estimate.
176Lu/176Hf: A Sensitive Test of s-Process Temperature and Neutron Density in AGB Stars

The s-process branching at A = 176 has been analyzed on the basis of significantly improved experimental cross sections. This work reports on activation measurements of the partial (n,γ ) cross section of 176Lu feeding the isomeric state in 176Lu. In total, six irradiations were performed at the Karlsruhe 3.7 MV pulsed Van de Graaff accelerator, and the induced activities were measured with HPGe clover detectors. In combination with previous data, partial cross sections of 3185 ± 156 and 1153 ± 30 mbarn were deduced at kT = 5.1 and 25 keV, respectively. With these results and a recent time-of-flight measurement of the total stellar (n,γ ) cross section, the isomeric ratio was found to be constant in the relevant thermal energy range of the main s-process component. Based on these new data, a comprehensive analysis of the branching at 176Lu was carried out for testing the temperature and neutron density conditions during He shell flashes in thermally pulsing low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars. It was found that the long-standing problem of the mother/daughter ratio of the two s-only isotopes 176Lu and 176Hf could be solved, if the temperature-dependent β-decay half-life of 176Lu was considered with sufficient resolution over the temperature profile of the convective He shell flashes.
Determination of the 2s-2p excitation energy of lithiumlike scandium using dielectronic recombination

High-resolution spectroscopy of doubly excited states produced by dielectronic recombination (DR) of lithiumlike Sc{sup 18+} ions was performed by employing the electron-ion merged-beam technique at the heavy-ion storage ring TSR. The experimental procedure for measuring DR resonances with high precision is thoroughly described with an emphasis on the uncertainties of the experimental energy scale. Absolute measurements of recombination rate coefficients were carried out over the center-of-mass energy range 0-50 eV that comprises all DR resonances associated with 2s{sub 1/2}{yields}2p{sub 1/2,3/2} excitations. At relative energies below 300 meV resonances due to DR via Sc{sup 17+} (1s{sup 2} 2p{sub 3/2} 10l{sub j}) intermediate states were found. Their positions could be measured with an uncertainty of only {+-}1.8 meV. The results are compared with theoretical calculations within the framework of relativistic many-body perturbation theory. By combining the precision of the experimental and theoretical results we derive a value for the 2s{sub 1/2}{yields}2p{sub 3/2} excitation energy, 44.3107(19) eV, which is by more than an order of magnitude more accurate than the hitherto most precise value obtained from optical spectroscopy.
A Vertical Finite-Difference Scheme for Hydrostatic and Nonhydrostatic Equations

Abstract Vertical finite-differences schemes that preserve the important integral properties of the continuum equations are derived for the basic hydrodynamic and thermodynamic equations governing the atmosphere. The vertical coordinate is altitude. The first scheme applies in fully nonhydrostatic cases and therefore can be used to study smaller motion when the hydrostatic approximation cannot be justified. The finite-difference equations are then reduced to a hydrostatic set that continues to satisfy the integral constraints. In this simplified form, the vertical difference scheme guarantees local compliance with hydrostatic balance, in contrast to some sigma-coordinate models in which nonlocal treatments of this approximation may be required.
Unconventional minimal subtraction and Bogoliubov-Parasyuk-Hepp-Zimmermann method: Massive scalar theory and critical exponents

We introduce a simpler although unconventional minimal subtraction renormalization procedure in the case of a massive scalar λϕ4 theory in Euclidean space using dimensional regularization. We show that this method is very similar to its counterpart in massless field theory. In particular, the choice of using the bare mass at higher perturbative order instead of employing its tree-level counterpart eliminates all tadpole insertions at that order. As an application, we compute diagrammatically the critical exponents η and ν at least up to two loops. We perform an explicit comparison with the Bogoliubov-Parasyuk-Hepp-Zimmermann (BPHZ) method at the same loop order, show that the proposed method requires fewer diagrams and establish a connection between the two approaches.
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS TO THE OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR AND PRIMARY RESONANCE OF ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROBRIDGES

In this paper, the vibration and primary resonance of electrostatically actuated microbridges are investigated, with the effects of electrostatic actuation, axial stress, and mid-plane stretching considered. Galerkin's decomposition method is adopted to convert the governing nonlinear partial differential equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The homotopy perturbation method (a special case of homotopy analysis method) is then employed to find the analytic expressions for the natural frequencies of predeformed microbridges, by which the effects of the voltage, mid-plane stretching, axial force, and higher mode contribution on the natural frequencies are studied. The primary resonance of the microbridges is also investigated, where the microbridges are predeformed by a DC voltage and driven to vibrate by an AC harmonic voltage. The methods of homotopy perturbation and multiple scales are combined to find the analytic solution for the steady-state motion of the microbeam. In addition, the effects of the design parameters and damping on the dynamic responses are discussed. The results are shown to be in good agreement with the existing ones.
A Survey of Proper-Motion Stars. XVI. Orbital Solutions for 171 Single-lined Spectroscopic Binaries

We report 25,563 radial velocity measurements for 1359 single-lined stars in the Carney-Latham sample of 1464 stars selected for high proper motion. For 171 of these, we present spectroscopic orbital solutions. We find no obvious difference between the binary characteristics in the halo and the disk populations. The observed frequency is the same, and the period distributions are consistent with the hypothesis that the two sets of binaries were drawn from the same parent population. This suggests that metallicity in general, and radiative opacities in particular, have little influence over the fragmentation process that leads to short-period binaries. All the binaries with periods shorter than 10 days have nearly circular orbits, while the binaries with periods longer than 20 days exhibit a wide range of eccentricities and a median value of 0.37. For the metal-poor high-velocity halo binaries in our sample, the transition from circular to eccentric orbits appears to occur at about 20 days, supporting the conclusion that tidal circularization on the main sequence is important for the oldest binaries in the Galaxy.
Large amplitude electric and magnetic field signatures in the inner magnetosphere during injection of 15 MeV electron drift echoes

Electric and magnetic fields were measured by the CRRES spacecraft at an L-value of 2.2 to 2.6 near 0300 magnetic local time during a strong storm sudden commencement (SSC) on March 24, 1991. The electric field signature at the spacecraft at the time of the SSC was characterized by a large amplitude oscillation (80 mV/m peak to peak) with a period corresponding to the 150 second drift echo period of the simultaneously observed 15 MeV electrons. Considerations of previous statistical studies of the magnitude of SSC electric and magnetic fields versus local time and analysis of the energization and cross-L transport of the particles imply the existence of 200 to 300 mV/m electric fields over much of the dayside magnetosphere. These observations also suggest that the 15 MeV drift echo electrons were selectively energized because their gradient drift velocity allowed them to reside in the region of strong electric fields for the duration of the accelerating phase of the electric field. 10 refs., 3 figs.
A Parameter for Forecasting Tornadoes Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThe authors develop a statistical guidance product, the tropical cyclone tornado parameter (TCTP), for forecasting the probability of one or more tornadoes during a 6-h period that are associated with landfalling tropical cyclones affecting the coastal Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast. TCTP is designed to aid forecasters in a time-limited environment. TCTP provides a “quick look” at regions where forecasters can then conduct detailed analyses. The pool of potential predictors included tornado reports and tropical cyclone data between 2000 and 2008, as well as storm environmental parameters. The original pool of 28 potential predictors is reduced to six using stepwise regression and logistic regression. These six predictors are 0–3-km wind shear, 0–3-km storm relative helicity, azimuth angle of the tornado report from the tropical cyclone, distance from the cyclone’s center, time of day, and 950–1000-hPa convective available potential energy. Mean Brier scores and Brier skill scores a.
Group sequential tests for delayed responses (with discussion)

Summary. Group sequential methods are used routinely to monitor clinical trials and to provide early stopping when there is evidence of a treatment effect, a lack of an effect or concerns about patient safety. In many studies, the response of clinical interest is measured some time after the start of treatment and there are subjects at each interim analysis who have been treated but are yet to respond. We formulate a new form of group sequential test which gives a proper treatment of these ‘pipeline’ subjects; these tests can be applied even when the continued accrual of data after the decision to stop the trial is unexpected. We illustrate our methods through a series of examples. We define error spending versions of these new designs which handle unpredictable group sizes and provide an information monitoring framework that can accommodate nuisance parameters, such as an unknown response variance. By studying optimal versions of our new designs, we show how the benefits of lower expected sample size that are normally achieved by a group sequential test are reduced when there is a delay in response. The loss of efficiency for larger delays can be ameliorated by incorporating data on a correlated short‐term end point, fitting a joint model for the two end points but still making inferences on the original, longer‐term end point. We derive p‐values and confidence intervals on termination of our new tests.
Characteristics of Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated at Room Temperature Using Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Method

In this paper, we present bottom-gate-type Ga-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) using a certain conventional SiO2 gate insulator by applying a radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method at room temperature. A low gate leakage current was achieved using this conventional SiO2 gate insulator instead of new gate oxide materials. The root mean square (RMS) value of the GZO film surface was found to be 1.65 nm, and the transmittance was higher than 75% in the visible region. The GZO TFTs operated in a depletion mode with a threshold voltage of -3.4 V. A mobility of 0.023 cm2/(V·s), an on/off ratio of 2×103, and a gate voltage swing of 3.3 V/decade were obtained. We successfully demonstrated that the TFT of depletion-mode type can be fabricated using a GZO film that has good surface uniformity, transparency, and electrical characteristics.