Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial cross‐correlation patterns of European low, mean and high flows

Low and high flows are associated with different hydrological processes. High flows correspond to the direct response of catchments to water input, whereas low flows occur in pronged dry periods and are governed by depleting storages. Therefore, the inter‐annual dynamics of high and low flows are often considered to be independent. To shed light on this assumption, we analysed a pan‐European dataset of 615 streamflow records, summarized as time series of annual streamflow percentiles (5th, 10th, …, 95th). The analysis was based on comparing the spatial cross‐correlation patterns derived from the different percentile series. Their interrelation was visualized by projecting them into a low‐dimensional space. We found that large parts of the cross‐correlations of the percentile series can be summarized by one dominating component. This component represents geographical continuous regions in Europe of correlated streamflow. Departures from this mean pattern occurred for low and high flows and were characterized by the corresponding spatial correlation functions. Generally, spatial correlations appear to be stronger for high flows than for mean flows, particularly for short distances (<400 km). Low flows, on the other hand, have the lowest spatial correlations for short distances. For longer distances (>800 km), this pattern reverses and the spatial correlation of low flows become largest. This discrepancy between low and high flows suggests that hydrological systems are more homogeneously linked to climatic fluctuations under wet conditions. Under dry conditions, local catchment properties appear to play a larger role in translating climatic fluctuations into hydrological response. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emission of OI(630 nm) in proton aurora

A red aurora occurred over southern Canada and central Maine on April 11, 1997, producing a brightness of OI(630 nm) of several Kilorayleighs, which lasted for several hours. Two passes of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F12 satellite occurred during this time, and optical data were obtained from four CEDAR Optical Tomographic Imaging Facility (COTIF) sites. The DMSP F12 particle spectrometers observed proton precipitation south of the electron aurora with energy fluxes of several mW m -2 . Tomographic inversion of the COTIF optical observations gives the altitude profile of emissions along a magnetic meridian. We combine all available data using an ionospheric auroral model. Our analysis shows that the model produces the observed auroral brightness from the proton precipitation alone.
Estimating Autocovariance of In‐Situ Soil Properties

The spatial variability of soil properties in situ is often modeled by trend surfaces and residual variations about trend. With the advent of computer-aided design, statistical procedures are now routinely applied to trend and residual estimation. A maximum likelihood (ML) technique is presented for simultaneously estimating spatial trends, measurement noise, and the autocovariance structure of residuals about spatial trends. This technique has more favorable statistical properties than traditional procedures, and these properties have an important practical advantage in that they lend themselves to incorporation in computerized data-analysis systems. Simulation experiments are used to verify small-sample-size properties of ML estimation and to draw conclusions on optimal boring layouts. The experiments show that analytical asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators are approached even at the modest sample sizes common in geotechnical site investigations. Field vane strengths from a site-exploration program are analyzed using the maximum likelihood technique and comparisons are made with results obtained using traditional moment estimators.
The impact of environmental regulations on forest product trade in China

Forest product trade plays an important role in the development of the Chinese forest industry. The trading value of forest product has shown a yearly growth rate of 12% during the last five recent years. Stringent environmental regulations in China have a profound impact on raw material supplies and industrial production in the forest sector; however, their impact on the forest product trade is still unclear. This study applies fixed and random effects models as well as a seemingly unrelated regression model to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on the trade of forest product from 2002 to 2015. The results indicate that the stringent environmental regulations promoted the import but restricted the export of forest product in general. Specifically, the stringent environmental regulations stimulated the import but had an ambiguous impact on the export of the paper product. The stringent environmental regulations had also stimulated the import of wood product but inhibited the export. In contrast, wooden furniture had been affected minimally; only export got slightly negatively affected by environmental regulations.
Batholiths, plutons, and suites: nomenclature for granitoid rocks of Westland—Nelson, New Zealand

Abstract Granitoid rocks of Westland-—Nelson are classified into five geographically distinct batholiths and four suites. Each suite consists of rocks of similar petrographic and chemical characteristics (and probably similar age) which transgress the batholith boundaries. It is suggested that the terms Tuhua Formation and Tuhua Intrusive Group be abandoned, although Tuhua Orogeny is retained as a broad term for mid-Paleozoic orogenic events.
Modeling the diurnal variability of sea surface temperatures

[1] In this study a one-dimensional mixed layer ocean model is customized for the purpose of estimating the diurnal signal of temperature in the near-surface ocean layer, generically referred to as sea surface temperature (SST). The model is initially run with data from three mooring locations. It is then demonstrated how operational forecast data sets can be utilized to estimate diurnal signals over a wide area. Daily diurnal variability maps are produced for a weeklong period over the Atlantic Ocean. These maps highlight the transient nature of diurnal SST signals with day to day changes in their magnitude and spatial distribution. The resulting diurnal variability maps are evaluated using a combination of infrared and microwave satellite-derived SST observations taken over the day. These matchups result in a mean error of 0.09°C and a standard deviation of 0.54°C. Advantages of modeling the diurnal cycle as opposed to using a persistence assumption are discussed.
The Effect of Gypsum Cementation on the Mechanical Behavior of Gravely Sands

The behavior of a cemented gravely sand is studied using triaxial tests. Drained and undrained tests were performed on dry and saturated specimens, and stress-strain characteristics of the soil, along with volumetric and pore pressure changes, were identified. The gypsum plaster was used as the cement agent and was mixed with the soil in different percentages. The tests were done in the usual range of confining pressures, from 25 to 500 kPa. Test results show that dilation occurs even at the highest confining stress and the least cement content. The behavior of the cemented soil is found to be more brittle in drained condition than the undrained one. However, the brittleness of soil decreases with increase in confining stress. The ratio of cemented soil shear strength to the uncemented one decreases as the confining stress increases. The failure envelopes are curved and the drained failure envelopes are above the undrained ones. The friction angle of soil increases slightly with cement content, but the cohesion intercept increase is more noticeable. The principal stress ratio at failure decreases with increase in confining stress.
Structuring Effects of Deer in Boreal Forest Ecosystems

Many deer populations have recently increased worldwide leading to strong direct and indirect ecological and socioeconomical impacts on the composition, dynamic, and functions of forest ecosystems. Deer directly modify the composition and structure of vegetation communities, but they also indirectly affect other species of the ecosystem by modifying the structure of the vegetation. Here we review the results of a research program on overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the boreal forest of Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada) aimed at identifying deer densities compatible with forest regeneration. Various silvicultural systems and treatments failed to regenerate deer habitat at high deer densities, but planting size-adapted seedlings could be effective at moderate densities. Using a controlled deer density experiment, we found vegetation recovery at deer densities ≤ 15 deer/km2. The same experiment revealed that other groups of organisms such as insects and birds responded favorably to a reduction of deer density. We also found that alternative successional trajectories may occur after a certain period of heavy browsing during early succession. We conclude that one of the most important remaining research gaps is the need to identify habitat-specific threshold densities at which deer impacts occur and then to design effective wildlife and forest management strategies to limit deer impacts and sustain ecosystem integrity.
Influence of hydrological conditions and peat extraction operations on suspended sediment concentration and deposition in the East Branch Portage River, New Brunswick (Canada)

Peat extraction activities often generate sediments that can be transported into streams and rivers. These sediments have sometimes been shown to negatively affect the natural environment. This study investigated the effects of peat production on the East Branch Portage River, New Brunswick (NB), Canada. Relationships between discharge, precipitation and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were analysed. The effect of sedimentation pond maintenance activities on SSC was also studied. Finally, the grain size distribution and organic content of deposited sediments were quantified at five sites downstream of the pond. Three water quality stations were monitored during the ice-free period in 2007 and 2008. Results showed that SSC was not significantly correlated with precipitation and weakly correlated with discharge, although some of the high SSC events were triggered by high discharge and precipitation. Pond maintenance alone failed to ensure optimal sedimentation pond efficiency. In 2008, SSC increased a few days after pond maintenance. The NB SSC 25 mg/L guideline was exceeded at all stations in both years. Analysis of variance results showed that there were significant differences in the grain size distribution of deposited sediments at the five sampled sites. Sand was the prevailing sediment type deposited downstream of the sedimentation pond.
Progradational Sequences in Miocene Shoreline Deposits, Southeastern Caliente Range, California

ABSTRACT An exceptionally well exposed marine-nonmarine transition in middle Miocene strata exists in the southeastern Caliente Range, California. About 50 individual progradational sequences form a succession that ranges in thickness from approximately 1000 m (where predominantly nonmarine) to more than 2500 m (where predominantly marine). Paleogeographic evidence in basalt flows near the top of the succession and in overlying fluvial deposits indicates that these middle Miocene strata were deposited across a north-northwest trending shoreline. A complete progradational sequence typically is several meters to a few tens of meters thick and includes strata that represent three intertonguing stratigraphic units. Individual sequences generally rest on a thin gravel deposit interpreted as a transgressive lag on an erosional surface. The gravel is overlain by structureless siltstone or fine-grained sandstone deposited at water depths where the rate of faunal mixing exceeded that of production of structures by physical processes. These rocks grade upward into bedded fine sandstone deposited closer to shore where physical processes exceeded bioturbation. Crossbedded lenses of coarse sand or fine gravel in the upper part of this facies suggest the presence of fairly long-period surface waves. The bedded fine sandstone is sharply ove lain by a cross bedded coarse sandstone facies that is interpreted as a combined offshore bar-rip channel-surf zone assemblage. Cross-strata dip dominantly offshore, suggesting substantial deposition from rip currents. A secondary, shoreparallel mode of cross-strata direction suggests longshore currents produced by surface waves from the northwest. The crossbedded coarse-grained sandstone grades upward into planar-bedded medium-grained sandstone that is interpreted as a beach foreshore. This facies grades upward through structureless medium-grained sandstone into nonmarine or lagoonal red and green mudstone of the Caliente Formation. The middle Miocene succession was deposited in a subsiding basin that was otherwise remarkably stable tectonically; the position of the strand line differed no more than a few kilometers through a period of 1 to 3 m.y. The average duration of the transgressive-regressive cycles, a few tens of thousands of years, together with their distribution in groups of three or four in the lower two-thirds of the succession, is consistent with the pattern of long-term climatic cycles produced by periodicity of the earth's solar orbit and may be related to eustatic sea level changes attendant to the development of the Antarctic ice cap. Changes in the pattern of progradation in the upper part of the succession and nearby basaltic eruptions may have been precursors to the onset of movement along th San Andreas fault in this area 12-14 m.y. ago.
High-angle reverse faults, fluid-pressure cycling, and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits

Many mesothermal gold-quartz deposits are localized along high-angle reverse or reverse-oblique shear zones within greenstone belt terrains. Characteristically, these fault-hosted vein deposits exhibit a mixed "brittle-ductile" style of deformation (discrete shears and vein fractures as well as a schistose shear-zone fabric) developed under greenschist facies metamorphic conditions. Many of the vein systems are of considerable vertical extent (>2 km); they include steeply dipping fault veins (lenticular veins subparallel to the shear-zone schistosity) and, in some cases, associated flats (subhorizontal extensional veins). Textures of both vein sets record histories of incremental deposition. We infer that the vein sets developed near the roofs of active metamorphic/magmatic systems and represent the roots of brittle, high-angle reverse fault systems extending upward through the seismogenic regime. Friction theory and field relations suggest that the high-angle reverse faults acted as valves , promoting cyclic fluctuations in fluid pressure from supralithostatic to hydrostatic values. Because of their unfavorable orientation in the prevailing stress field, reactivation of the faults could only occur when fluid pressure exceeded the lithostatic load. Seismogenic fault failure then created fracture permeability within the rupture zone, allowing sudden draining of the geopressured reservoir at depth. Incremental opening of flats is attributed to the prefailure stage of supralithostatic fluid pressures; deposition within fault veins is attributed to the immediate postfailure discharge phase. Hydrothermal self-sealing leads to reaccumulation of fluid pressure and a repetition of the cycle. Mutual crosscutting relations between the two vein sets are a natural consequence of the cyclicity of the process. Abrupt fluid-pressure fluctuations from this fault-valve behavior of reverse faults seem likely to be integral to the mineralizing process at this structural level.
Glacial climates in the Antarctic region during the late Paleogene: Evidence from northwest Tasmania, Australia.

Published data suggest that ice buildup commenced in Antarctica during the late middle Eocene. This predates by 30 m.y. the earliest evidence of Cenozoic glaciation on other fragments of Gondwana, although several of these were at high latitudes during the Paleogene. We provide new evidence for local glacier development during the late Paleogene in Tasmania, then a mountainous peninsula at about lat 55°-63°S projecting into the circum-Antarctic ocean. The date of glaciation is not precisely known, but an earliest Oligocene age is indicated. We suggest that episode may correlate with abrupt cooling of the sea surface surrounding Antarctica during the earliest Oligocene (36 Ma).
A cloud resolving model as a cloud parameterization in the NCAR Community Climate System Model: Preliminary results

Preliminary results of a short climate simulation with a 2‐D cloud resolving model (CRM) installed into each grid column of an NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM) are presented. The CRM replaces the conventional convective and stratiform cloud parameterizations, and allows for explicit computation of the global cloud fraction distribution for radiation computations. The extreme computational cost of the combined CCSM/CRM model has thus far limited us to a two‐month long climate simulation (December‐January) using 2.8° × 2.8° resolution. The simulated geographical distributions of the total rainfall, precipitable water, cloud cover, and Earth radiation budget, for the month of January, look very reasonable.
Women Also Know Stuff: Meta-Level Mentoring to Battle Gender Bias in Political Science

ABSTRACT Women know stuff. Yet, all too often, they are underrepresented in political science meetings, syllabi, and editorial boards. To counter the implicit bias that leads to women’s underrepresentation, to ensure that women’s expertise is included and shared, and to improve the visibility of women in political science, in February 2016 we launched the “Women Also Know Stuff” initiative, which features a crowd-sourced website and an active Twitter feed. In this article, we share the origins of our project, the effect we are already having on media utilization of women experts, and plans for how to expand that success within the discipline of political science. We also share our personal reflections on the project.
Hydrodynamic factors affecting the persistence of the Exxon Valdez oil in a shallow bedrock beach

We report a field study and numerical modeling of multicomponent flow in a tidal gravel beach in Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska, where oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill persisted. Field measurements of water table, salinity, and tracer (lithium) concentration were obtained for around a week during the summer of 2008. The numerical model MARUN was used to simulate the field observations. On the basis of field experiments and numerical simulations, the beach was identified to have a two‐layered hydraulic structure: a high‐permeability surface layer underlain by a low‐permeability lower layer. The hydraulic conductivity was found to be 5 × 10−2 m s−1 for the surface layer and 7 × 10−6 m s−1 for the lower layer. The simulations reproduced the observed water table, salinity, and lithium concentrations accurately. The small flow entering the beach from the land side resulted in a beach water table dropping below the interface of the two layers. This seems to be the major reason for the presence of oil in the lower layer. The exchange flow between the beach and the sea due to tidal influence was ∼2.12 m3 d−1 m−1. The patterns of inflow and outflow rates showed that the maximum seawater‐groundwater exchange occurred in the middle to high intertidal zone, which explains the persistence of oil in the lower intertidal zone. To explore bioremediation of the beach with nutrient amendment, a numerical simulation of nutrient application on the beach surface was conducted, where the applied nutrient concentration was 5,000 mg L−1. The results showed that the nutrient concentration remaining in oiled areas after a week was larger than 50 mg L−1, which is larger than that needed for maximum microbial growth (2–10 mg L−1). This implies that the bioremediation via nutrient application on the beach surface could be adopted if nutrients were the only limiting factor.
A‐Band assembly in avian skeletal muscles observed with super‐resolution microscopy

Myofibrils in vertebrate skeletal muscle are organized in aligned arrays of filaments formed from multiple protein components. Despite considerable information describing individual proteins, how they assemble de novo into mature myofibrils is still a challenge. Studies in our lab of sarcomeric protein localization during myofibril assembly led us to propose a three‐step progression: premyofibrils to nascent myofibrils, culminating in mature myofibrils. Premyofibrils, forming at the spreading edges of muscle cells, are composed of minisarcomeres containing small bands of non‐muscle myosin II filaments alternating with muscle‐specific α‐actinin Z‐Bodies attached to barbed ends of actin filaments, establishing bipolar F‐actin arrangements in sarcomeres. Assembly of nascent myofibrils occurs with addition of muscle‐specific myosin II, F‐actin, titin, and the alignment of Z‐Bodies in adjacent fibrils to form beaded Z‐Bands. Muscle‐specific myosin II filaments in nascent myofibrils appear in an overlapping arrangement when viewed with wide‐field and confocal microscopes. In mature myofibrils, non‐muscle myosin II is absent, and M‐Band proteins localize to the muscle myosin II filaments, aiding their alignment by cross‐linking them into A‐Bands. Super‐resolution microscopy (SIM and STED) revealed muscle myosin II in mini‐A‐Bands in nascent myofibrils. In contrast to previous reports that vertebrate muscle myosin thick filaments form at their final 1.6 μm lengths, mini‐A‐Bands are first detected at a length of about 0.4 μm, and gradually increase four‐fold in length to 1.6 μm in mature myofibrils. These new discoveries in avian skeletal muscle cells share a common characteristic with invertebrate muscles where some A‐Bands can grow to lengths reaching 25 μm.
Extrapolation of tectonic boundaries across the Labrador shelf: U–Pb geochronology of well samples

Near Saglek Fiord, a northerly trending boundary between the early Archean Saglek block and the middle Archean Hopedale block extends between drill sites which, respectively, sampled Uivak amphibolite gneiss with U–Pb zircon intercept ages of 3742 ± 12 and 2752 ± 42 Ma, and migmatitic Lister gneiss with concordant ages of for restite and , for leucosome. Titanite ages of ca. 2508 Ma are common to both rocks. A nearby metapsammitic gneiss has detrital zircon and monazite ages of 2681 ± 5, 2700 ± 4, ca. 2730, and 2750 ± 2 Ma representing high-grade metamorphism related to the Hopedale–Saglek collision and metamorphic monazite of ca. 2560 Ma age representing metamorphism of the sediment during reactivation of the Saglek–Hopedale suture. Two hundred kilometres southeast, a gneissic granite records a protolith age of 3170 Ma and Late Proterozoic Pb loss. Near the Nain–Makkovik boundary, 1269 ± 4 Ma zircons indicate a significant extension of the Nain Platonic Suite. South of the Makkovik boundary, a foliated g.