Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural barriers and processes of defunding of funds of identity of refugee-background children

ABSTRACT Drawing insights from an ethnographic study with two young refugee-background children, this paper examines the multiple contexts that influence their identity negotiations during their first three years of resettlement to the United States. The analysis aims to expand the growing literature on funds of identity (FOI) with specific attention to structural barriers that defund their FOIs. The findings are categorised in three intersecting themes: 1) transnational and translinguistic funds of identity, which are challenged by xenophobia, monolingualism and social class barriers; 2) funds of intercultural identity, which are jeopardised by racial and religious exclusion; and 3) funds of academic identity in the home which are threatened by social class challenges. The paper concludes with the implications of the analysis for theory and practice.
How sympathy and fear mediate the interplay between benefit and scarcity appeal organ donation messages

ABSTRACT Background Organ transplantation is the most effective medical procedure to save people who are suffering from terminal organ failure. However, shortages of transplantable organs remain a universal problem. Although more than 90% of the U.S. population supports the concept of organ donation, only 60% are registered donors. Method A 2 (other-benefit appeal vs. self-benefit appeal) × 2 (nonscarcity vs. scarcity appeal) online experiment (N = 312) was conducted to examine how sympathy and fear mediate the interplay between benefit and scarcity appeal in organ donation messages. Results Other-benefit appeal message generated more sympathy than self-benefit appeal message in organ donation. The nonscarcity condition generated more positive attitudes toward organ donation than the scarcity condition. Sympathy and fear, respectively, exerted a significant impact on attitude and organ donation intentions under the nonscarcity and scarcity conditions. Conclusion The results revealed that both sympathy and fear are underlying mechanisms that can change people’s attitudes and intentions of organ donation through different routes. Sympathy motivates people through altruism to reduce others’ suffering, whereas fear motivates people through viewing organ donation behavior as a value to help themselves cope with the fear of death. Because organ donation can remind people of their own death, resource scarcity can exacerbate people’s self-related fear of death, which may motivate them to suppress organ donation-related thoughts, rather than use organ donation as a defensive mechanism to cope with fear of death.
On the Luminosity Dependence of the Galaxy Pairwise Velocity Dispersion

We make predictions for the pairwise velocity dispersion (PVD) of galaxies with models that are constrained to match the projected correlation function and luminosity function of galaxies in the Two Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS). We use these data to constrain the halo occupation distribution (HOD) of 2dFGRS galaxies, then calculate the PVD by populating the halos of a large-volume, high-resolution N-body simulation. We examine the luminosity and scale dependence of the predicted PVD. At small and large scales, r < 1 and r ≳ 3 h-1 Mpc, we find that the PVD decreases with increasing galaxy luminosity. This result is mostly driven by the fraction of satellite galaxies fsat, which is well constrained by the correlation function. We find fsat ~ 25% for galaxies fainter than L*, while for brighter galaxies the satellite fraction rapidly declines, creating the decrease in the PVD with luminosity. Recent measurements of the PVD in Fourier space using the "dispersion model" have reported a strong decline in the PVD with increasing luminosity at k = 1 Mpc-1 h. We test this method with our HOD models, finding a luminosity dependence in k-space that is stronger than that in configuration space at that scale. The luminosity dependence of the HOD results in Fourier space are consistent with those measured at k = 1 Mpc-1 h; thus, the recent measurements of the PVD are fully explainable in the context of halo occupation models. The normalization of the PVD is lower than that predicted by our fiducial model, and reproducing it requires a lower value of Ωm (~0.2 instead of 0.3), a lower value of σ8 (~0.7 instead of 0.9), or a significant bias between the velocity dispersion of galaxies and dark matter in massive halos.
A methodological framework for improving the performance of data-driven models: a case study for daily runoff prediction in the Maumee domain, USA

Abstract. Geoscientific models are simplified representations of complex earth and environmental systems (EESs). Compared with physics-based numerical models, data-driven modeling has gained popularity due mainly to data proliferation in EESs and the ability to perform prediction without requiring explicit mathematical representation of complex biophysical processes. However, because of the black-box nature of data-driven models, their performance cannot be guaranteed. To address this issue, we developed a generalizable framework for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of model training and the reduction of model overfitting. This framework consists of two parts: hyperparameter selection based on Sobol global sensitivity analysis and hyperparameter tuning using a Bayesian optimization approach. We demonstrated the framework efficacy through a case study of daily edge-of-field (EOF) runoff predictions by a tree-based data-driven model using the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm in the Maumee domain, USA. This framework contributes towards improving the performance of a variety of data-driven models and can thus help promote their applications in EESs.
Influence of design parameters on the behaviour of cross-spring pivots

Compliant mechanisms gain at least part of their mobility from the deflection of the flexible member. They are characterised by high precision, possibility of monolithic manufacturing, as well as the absence of backlash and wear. Numerical methods are used in this work to characterise the behaviour of compliant rotational mechanisms, known as cross-spring pivots, aimed at ultrahigh-precision positioning applications. The results obtained by using nonlinear finite element calculations are compared with experimental data reported in literature. The finite element model developed in this way makes it possible to conider the influence of lateral loads and of non-symmetrical pivot configurations where the angle or point of intersection of the leaf springs can be varied. This allows assessing the influence of the cited design parameters on the minimisation of the parasitic shifts of the geometric centre of the pivot, as well as on the minimisation of the variability of the rotational stiffness of the pivot while ensuring its stability. The obtained results allow determining design solutions applicable in ultrahigh-precision positioning applications, e.g. in the production or in handling and assembly of MEMS devices.
A lightweight broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer for NO2 measurement on uncrewed aerial vehicles

Abstract. We describe the design and performance of a lightweight broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer for measurement of NO2 on uncrewed aerial vehicles and light aircraft. The instrument uses a light-emitting diode (LED) centered at 457 nm, high-finesse mirrors (reflectivity =0.999963 at 450 nm), and a grating spectrometer to determine optical extinction coefficients between 430 and 476 nm, which are fit with custom spectral fitting software and published absorption cross sections. The instrument weighs 3.05 kg and has a power consumption of less than 35 W at 25 ∘C. A ground calibration unit provides helium and zero air flows to periodically determine the reflectivity of the cavity mirrors using known Rayleigh scattering cross sections. The precision (1σ) for laboratory measurements is 43 ppt NO2 in 1 s and 7 ppt NO2 in 30 s. Measurement of air with known NO2 mixing ratios in the range of 0–70 ppb agreed with the known values within 0.3 % (slope =0.997±0.007; r2=0.99983). We demonstrate instrument performance using vertical profiles of the NO2 mixing ratio acquired on board an uncrewed aerial vehicle between 0 and 110 m above ground level in Boulder, Colorado.
Multiyear emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from cooking, fireworks, sacrificial incense, joss paper burning, and barbecue as well as their key driving forces in China

Abstract. There has been controversy regarding the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to the activities of daily life in China, such as cooking, setting off fireworks, sacrificial incense and joss paper burning, and barbecue (which have been named the five missing sources – FMSs), and the extent to which they impact the outdoor air quality. To date, due to the lack of both an activity dataset and emission factors, there have been no estimations of the emission of air pollutants from FMSs. In this work, we have attempted to combine questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data on points of interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. The emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab. Emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosols with a high spatial–temporal resolution for FMSs were then established, and the spatial variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to 2018, organic carbon (OC) emissions were in the range of 4268–4919 t. OC emissions from FMSs were between 1.5 ‰ and 2.2 ‰ of the total emissions in China. Black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and brown carbon (BrC) absorption cross-section (ACSBrC) emissions from FMSs were in the ranges of 22.6–43.9 t, 213–324 t, and 14.7–35.6 Gm2, respectively. Their emissions tended to be concentrated in certain periods and areas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85–50.5 times those in rural areas (due to the high density of human activity), while the ACSBrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0–79.5 % of the total emissions (resulting from uncontrolled fireworks). A mass of fireworks led to much higher ACSBrC and EC emissions on Chinese New Year's Eve, with respective values that were 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearly averages. Significant (p<0.01) correlations between the population's income and pollutant emissions were also found: these correlations were positive (r=0.94) and negative (r=-0.94) for urban and rural regions, respectively, indicating the necessity to regulate residents' lifestyles and increase residents' income in respective urban and rural regions. This study provides firsthand data to identify emissions, variation trends, and impacting factors from the FMSs. This is helpful for modeling works on air quality, the climate effect, and human health risks during specific periods or in specific regions as well as for modifying emission control policies. The data compiled in this work can found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. 19999991.v2 (Cheng et al., 2022).
Case Report: Primary Lymphoma of The Cervix.

Background & Aim: Female genital lymphoma is a rare disease that affects an estimated 1.5% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and accounts for less than 0.5% of all female cancers. (1)Since primary cervical lymphoma is a rare disease, there is little knowledge regarding its proper diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. (2, 3). A 43 years old housekeeper with complain of vaginal discharge and bleeding was referred to a gynecologist. In the examination, the thickness and stiffness of the cervix was observed and in sonography, enlargement of uterus to 115 x 61 x 58 mm dimensions were reported. Myometrial echo was heterogeneous, and then the patients under went hysterectomy. Postoperative CT scan was performed: No sign of lymphadenopathy of retroperitoneal, Paraaortic and internal pelvic was present, No lymphadenopathy of mediastinal and hilar was seen. Pathological assessment of uterus and its appendages showed lymphoma involvement of the cervical area. The microscopic assessment suggested diffuse large cell lympjoma which was later confirmed by IHC and shows B-cell markers. Then the patient received 8 cycles of R-CHOP regimen.Follow up CT-scans were all normal and in the last CT-scan external iliac lymphadenopathy was seen as a new finding which was prospected for examination, but the patient had not still approached. of of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from the cervix(4). of among studied between 20-80 years but the average age in the studies between to
Plant mercury accumulation and litter input to a Northern Sedge-dominated Peatland

Abstract. Plant foliage plays an essential role in accumulating mercury (Hg) from the atmosphere and transferring it to soils in terrestrial ecosystems, and many studies have focused on forested ecosystems. Hg input from plants to northern peatland peat soils has not been nearly as well studied and is likely equally important from a mass balance perspective. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of atmospheric Hg by the dominant plant species, few-seeded sedge (Carex oligosperma Michx.), wire sedge (Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh), tussock sedge (Carex stricta Lamb.), and sweet gale (Myrica gale L.), in a boreal sedge-dominated peatland. Foliar Hg concentrations decreased early in the growing season due to growth dilution, and after that they were subsequently positively correlated with leaf age (time). Hg concentrations were 1.4–1.7 times higher in sweet gale than in sedges. A leaching experiment showed that sweet gale leached less Hg but more bioaccessible dissolved organic matter (DOM) by mass than sedges. Leaching of Hg was positively related to the aromaticity of DOM in leachate, suggesting the importance of DOM with higher aromaticity in controlling Hg mobility. Annual inputs of Hg through senesced leaf material to peat soils were 9.88, 1.62, and 8.29 mg ha−1 yr−1 for sweet gale, tussock sedge, and few-seeded sedge and wire sedge, respectively. Future investigations into foliar Hg accumulation and input from other plant species to the sedge-dominated peatland are needed to estimate the annual Hg inputs precisely.
Diatom responses and geochemical feedbacks to environmental changes at Lake Rauchuagytgyn (Far East Russian Arctic)

Abstract. This study is based on multiproxy data gained from a 14C-dated 6.5 m long sediment core and a 210Pb-dated 23 cm short core retrieved from Lake Rauchuagytgyn in Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Our main objectives are to reconstruct the environmental history and ecological development of the lake during the last 29 kyr and to investigate the main drivers behind bioproduction shifts. The methods comprise age-modeling, accumulation rate estimation, and light microscope diatom species analysis of 74 samples, as well as organic carbon, nitrogen, and mercury analysis. Diatoms have appeared in the lake since 21.8 ka cal BP and are dominated by planktonic Lindavia ocellata and L. cyclopuncta. Around the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, other taxa including planktonic Aulacoseira, benthic fragilarioid (Staurosira), and achnanthoid species increase in their abundance. There is strong correlation between variations of diatom valve accumulation rates (DARs; mean 176.1×109 valves m2 a1), organic carbon accumulation rates (OCARs; mean 4.6 g m−2 a−1), and mercury accumulation rates (HgARs; mean 63.4 µg m−2 a−1). We discuss the environmental forcings behind shifts in diatom species and find moderate responses of key taxa to the cold glacial period, postglacial warming, the Younger Dryas, and the Holocene Thermal Maximum. The short-core data likely suggest recent change of the diatom community at the beginning of the 20th century related to human-induced warming but only little evidence of atmospheric deposition of contaminants. Significant correlation between DAR and OCAR in the Holocene interglacial indicates within-lake bioproduction represents bulk organic carbon deposited in the lake sediment. During both glacial and interglacial episodes HgAR is mainly bound to organic matter in the lake associated with biochemical substrate conditions. There were only ambiguous signs of increased HgAR during the industrialization period. We conclude that if increased short-term emissions are neglected, pristine Arctic lake systems can potentially serve as long-term CO2 and Hg sinks during warm climate episodes driven by insolation-enhanced within-lake primary productivity. Maintaining intact natural lake ecosystems should therefore be of interest to future environmental policy.
Bayesian Model Selection

More often than not in serious investigations, we will experiment with more than one model. It therefore becomes important to test the “adequacy” of Bayesian models – how good is the fit of the model? Is the model “reasonable” for the data? And so on. But also, the statistician is often asked to “propose” a single model that the investigator wants to use. Some objective criteria for such decision making is desirable. In a Bayesian world, all decisions are taken based upon the posterior distribution (obtained via simulation) of the parameters. In particular, we have a “likelihood” of our observed data, which we denote by p(Y |θ), and yobs is assumed to be a sample from such a distribution. A replicated data set is defined as a sample from the posterior predictive distribution,
Pro ﬁ ling 26,000 Aplysia californica neurons by single cell mass spectrometry reveals neuronal populations with distinct neuropeptide pro ﬁ les

Neuropeptides are a chemically diverse class of cell-to-cell signaling molecules that are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system, often in a cell-speci ﬁ c manner. While cell-to-cell differences in neuropeptides is expected, it is often unclear how exactly neuropeptide expression varies among neurons. Here we created a microscopy-guided, high-throughput single cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion mass spectrometry approach to investigate the neuropeptide heterogeneity of individual neurons in the central nervous system of the neurobiological model Aplysia californica , the California sea hare. In all, we analyzed more than 26,000 neurons from 18 animals and assigned 866 peptides from 66 prohormones by mass matching against an in silico peptide library generated from known Aplysia prohormones retrieved from the UniProt database. Louvain – Jaccard (LJ) clustering of mass spectra from individual neurons revealed 40 unique neuronal populations, or LJ clusters, each with a distinct neuropeptide pro ﬁ le. Prohormones and their related peptides were generally found in single cells from ganglia consistent with the prohormones ’ previously known ganglion localizations. Several LJ clusters also revealed the cellular colocalization of behaviorally related prohormones, such as an LJ cluster exhibiting achatin and neuropeptide Y, which are involved in feeding, and
Superior strong-field optical properties of monolayer black phosphorus

With the past few years, atomically thin black phosphorus (BP) has been demonstrated as a fascinating new 2D material that is promising for novel nanoelectronics and nanophotonics applications, due to its many unique properties such as direct and widely tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility and remarkable intrinsic in-plane anisotropy. However, its important extreme nonlinear behavior and ultrafast dynamics of carriers under strong-field excitation have yet to be revealed to date. Herein, we report nonperturbative high harmonic generation (HHG) in monolayer BP by first-principles simulations. We show that BP exhibits extraordinary HHG properties, with clear advantages over two major types of 2D materials under intensive study, i.e., semimetallic graphene and insulating hexagonal boron nitride, in terms of HHG cutoff energy and spectral intensity. This study advances the scope of current research activities of BP into a new regime, suggesting its promising future in applications of extreme-ultraviolet and attosecond nanophotonics, and also opening doors to investigate the strong-field and ultrafast carrier dynamics of this emerging material.
ALMACAL – III. A combined ALMA and MUSE survey for neutral, molecular, and ionized gas in an H i-absorption-selected system.

Studying the flow of baryons into and out of galaxies is an important part of understanding the evolution of galaxies over time. We present a detailed case study of the environment around an intervening Ly α absorption line system at zabs = 0.633, seen towards the quasar J0423−0130 (zQSO = 0.915). We detect with ALMA the 12CO(2–1), 12CO(3–2), and 1.2 mm continuum emission from a galaxy at the redshift of the Ly α absorber at a projected distance of 135 kpc. From the ALMA detections, we infer interstellar medium conditions similar to those in low-redshift luminous infrared galaxies. Director's Discretionary Time (DDT) Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field unit observations reveal the optical counterpart of the 12CO emission line source and three additional emission line galaxies at the absorber redshift, which together form a galaxy group. The 12CO emission line detections originate from the most massive galaxy in this group. While we cannot exclude that we miss a fainter host, we reach a dust-uncorrected star formation rate (SFR) limit of >0.3 M⊙yr−1 within 100 kpc from the sightline to the background quasar. We measure the dust-corrected SFR (ranging from 3 to 50 M⊙ yr−1), the morpho-kinematics and the metallicities of the four group galaxies to understand the relation between the group and the neutral gas probed in absorption. We find that the Ly α absorber traces either an outflow from the most massive galaxy or intragroup gas. This case study illustrates the power of combining ALMA and MUSE to obtain a census of the cool baryons in a bounded structure at intermediate redshift.
FINE STRUCTURES AND OVERLYING LOOPS OF CONFINED SOLAR FLARES

Using the Hα observations from the New Vacuum Solar Telescope at the Fuxian Solar Observatory, we focus on the fine structures of three confined flares and the issue why all the three flares are confined instead of eruptive. All the three confined flares take place successively at the same location and have similar morphologies, so can be termed homologous confined flares. In the simultaneous images obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, many large-scale coronal loops above the confined flares are clearly observed in multi-wavelengths. At the pre-flare stage, two dipoles emerge near the negative sunspot, and the dipolar patches are connected by small loops appearing as arch-shaped Hα fibrils. There exists a reconnection between the small loops, and thus the Hα fibrils change their configuration. The reconnection also occurs between a set of emerging Hα fibrils and a set of pre-existing large loops, which are rooted in the negative sunspot, a nearby positive patch, and some remote positive faculae, forming a typical three-legged structure. During the flare processes, the overlying loops, some of which are tracked by activated dark materials, do not break out. These direct observations may illustrate the physical mechanism of confined flares, i.e., magnetic reconnection between the emerging loops and the pre-existing loops triggers flares and the overlying loops prevent the flares from being eruptive.