Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ABEL Model of the Two-step Formation of the Earth and the Significance of ABEL Bombardment to Produce a Habitable Planet

― 647 ― Abstract In the recently proposed ABEL model, the Earth was born as a dry planet without atmosphere and ocean components at 4.56 Ga. From 4.37 to 4.20 Ga, bio-elements, such as carbon （ C ） , hydrogen （ H ） , oxygen （ O ） , and nitrogen （ N ） , were secondarily accreted on the Earth. This two-step formation model of the Earth is referred to as the advent of the bio-elements model （ ABEL Model ） and the event of the advent of bio-elements （ water component ） is referred to as ABEL Bombardment. It is evident that the solid Earth originated from enstatite chondrite-like dry material because of its oxygen isotopic composition and similar isotopes. On the other hand, the Earth’s water originated primarily from carbonaceous chondrite material based on the hydrogen isotopic ratio. The ABEL model successfully explains this enigma between solid Earth and water. In addition, the importance of the secondary accretion of oxidizing bio-elements should be emphasized because this event became a precursor to initiating the metabolism for life to emerge on a highly reductive planet. If ABEL Bombardment had not occurred, life would never have emerged on the Earth. Therefore, ABEL Bombardment was one of the most important events for this planet to evolve into a habitable planet. Moreover, ABEL Bombardment is thought to be the trigger to switch from stagnant lid tectonics to plate tectonics on this planet because of the injection of volatiles into the initial dry Earth.
Tumor-like Lesions in Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differential Diagnosis

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) is a rare disease and its diagnosis is a challenge for several reasons, including the lack of specificity of the main findings highlighted in the current diagnostic criteria. Among the neuroimaging pattern of PACNS, a tumefactive form (t-PACNS) is a rare subtype and its differential diagnosis mainly relies on neuroimaging. Tumor-like mass lesions in the brain are a heterogeneous category including tumors (in particular, primary brain tumors such as glial tumors and lymphoma), inflammatory (e.g., t-PACNS, tumefactive demyelinating lesions, and neurosarcoidosis), and infectious diseases (e.g., neurotoxoplasmosis). In this review, the main features of t-PACNS are addressed and the main differential diagnoses from a neuroimaging perspective (mainly Magnetic Resonance Imaging—MRI—techniques) are described, including conventional and advanced MRI.
Rainfall monitoring network design using conditioned Latin hypercube sampling and satellite precipitation estimates: An application in the ungauged Ecuadorian Amazon

Rain gauge networks are crucial for enhancing the spatio‐temporal characterization of precipitation. In tropical regions, scarcity of rain gauge data, climatic variability, and variable spatial accessibility make conventional approaches to design rain gauge networks inadequate and impractical. In this study, we propose the use of conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) method with multi‐temporal layers of remotely sensed precipitation measurements for capturing the spatio‐temporal precipitation patterns in ungauged areas. The study was conducted in the Amazon region of Ecuador, for which monthly precipitation averages were derived based on a 16‐year period of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43 V7) data which were used as prior information to select representative sampling points through cLHS. Two scenarios for the sampling design were considered and evaluated, one without and one with restrictions on accessible sites according to the proximity to roads and settlements. Results showed that both optimized networks captured the variability of precipitation according to the TRMM climatology. Furthermore, evaluation against an independent satellite precipitation data set showed that the optimized networks support mapping precipitation based on ordinary kriging (OK). Comparison with regular and random sampling methods showed that particularly when a practical scenario is considered, the optimized network provided more reliable results over time, highlighting the suitability of the network to capture temporal changes and map precipitation with high accuracy. The proposed approach could be easily adopted in other ungauged and poorly accessible regions for rain gauge network design as well as to the design of multi‐objective monitoring networks.
Defying Predatory Capital: Embracing Beauty, Resisting Ugliness, and Striving for Freedom

Research has explored the role of capitalist markets in the configuration of society and as social determinants. However, some niche markets have been taken by a form of capital, conceptualized as “predatory”, that has sought maximum benefit without caring for the social consequences of their activity on beauty, ugliness, freedom, and the overcoming of gender violence. This study addresses this gap by examining how “predatory capital” exploits various aspects of human life, including relationships, art, and music, by promoting ugliness over beauty. Through historical examples such as the tobacco industry's manipulation of women's liberation to promote smoking, this article reveals the detrimental tactics employed by predatory capital. It explores how the nightlife industry coerces youth into harmful behaviors through coercive dominant discourse, perpetuating toxic relationship dynamics and limiting individual freedom. Additionally, the study presents how the music industry reinforces harmful stereotypes and behaviors. Finally, it exposes how pseudo-theories, like those promoted by Foucault, are utilized to justify and perpetuate sexual violence, hindering progress towards freedom, gender equality, and social justice. This interdisciplinary analysis sheds light on the negative impact of predatory capital on human relationships, culture, and society, emphasizing the importance of critical awareness and resistance against its exploitative practices.
Analysis of the Mental Workload Generated by Learning Experiences Through Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Students of Regular Basic Education

Objetive: To analyze the mental workload produced by immersive learning experiences through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Theoretical framework: This section presents the main concepts and theories that support the research. The theory of cognitive mental workload includes dimensions such as Frustration, Performance, Effort, Physical, Mental, and Temporal Demand, providing a solid foundation for understanding the research context. Method: The methodology used for the research follows a qualitative quasi-experimental approach. The selected population consisted of 100 students, from which 2 groups of 50 members each were randomly selected using simple random sampling, experimental and control groups. Seven learning sessions were developed in the Social Sciences area. The experimental group experienced learning activities involving AR and VR, while the control group underwent traditional sessions. The experimental group students faced tasks related to navigation, movement, manual interaction, information processing, search, storage, and decision-making. The standardized NASA-TLX (Task Load Index) instrument, comprising 6 dimensions: Frustration, Performance, Effort, Physical, Mental, and Temporal Demand, was used for analysis. Results and conclusion: The results show that experimentation with AR presents a moderate mental workload, while experimentation with VR presents a significant mental workload, compared to students who did not participate in AR and VR experiences, who did not present mental workload in the development of their activities. Research implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of mental workload. These implications may encompass frustration, performance, effort, physical, mental, and temporal demand. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by showing how mental workload directly influences academic performance and learning effectiveness, as excessive levels of workload can negatively affect attention and information retention.
Tracing the Impact of Coastal Water Geochemistry on the Re‐Os Systematics of Macroalgae: Insights From the Basaltic Terrain of Iceland

This study presents rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os) elemental and isotope data for macroalgae, dissolved load, and bed load from Icelandic coastal and/or river waters, an environment adjacent to predominantly basaltic terrains, ranging in age from historic to ~12 Ma. Both the Re (0.1 to 88.4 ppb) and Os (3.3 to 254.5 ppt) abundance in macroalgae are shown to be primarily controlled by uptake from the dissolved load of local seawater and are largely dependent on the relative influence of local freshwater inputs. Incorporation of Re and Os into macroalgae appears to be complicated by additional Re and Os uptake from the bed load. The 187Os/188Os (0.16 to 0.99) composition of macroalgae is highly variable and is explained in terms of an unradiogenic 187Os/188Os contribution from rivers draining younger basaltic catchments that have undergone congruent weathering (and/or hydrothermal input) and a radiogenic 187Os/188Os contribution from two distinct sources: rivers draining older catchments that have undergone incongruent weathering of radiogenic primary basaltic minerals and North Atlantic seawater. The 187Re/188Os composition (~65 to 40,320) of macroalgae traces that of water, with higher values associated with higher salinity waters, but far exceeds the 187Re/188Os of water due to the preferential uptake of Re over Os by macroalgae in areas of high dissolved and/or bed load Re abundances. This study substantiates the utility of macroalgae as a proxy for the long‐term (months to years) average 187Os/188Os composition of seawater, which holds the potential to elucidate a range of Earth system and anthropogenic processes.
Studies on floral morphology and fruit diversity in wild melon (Cucumis melo L.ssp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. agrestis Naudin)

Floral morphology and fruit diversity are two essential attributes of a plant to establish mutualistic association with pollinators. Pollinators will have a direct influence on fruit setting and yield. The present paper represents the floral morphology and fruit diversity of six wild melon genotypes (Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis). The staminate and pistillate flowers were analysed for their size, sepal and petal colour and pedicel length. It was observed that female flowers of wild genotypes were longer than male flowers, however male flowers possessed larger diameter, longer pedicel length and corolla length over female flowers. Among the six genotypes studied, HUB-13 produced maximum male flowers per vine (156.75), longest female flower (5.33 cm), longest pedicel and corolla and largest ovary (6.11 mm diameter). Genotype HUB-4 produced maximum female flowers per vine (39.50) with lower male to female sex ratio (2.65:1) and recorded longest male flower length (4.43 cm). Genotype, HUB-2 recorded lowest flower length (2.40 cm, 2.85 cm) and diameter, smallest corolla length (1.25 cm, 1.13 cm) and pedicel length (1.05 cm and 0.50 cm) for male and female flowers respectively. The sepals and petals were green and yellow in colour respectively with varied intensity. The genotype, HUB-9 recorded maximum ovary length (1.83 cm), fruit weight (86.03 g), fruit yield per vine (1.98 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (9.48 t/ha).
Responses of Nitrogen Oxide to High‐Speed Solar Wind Stream in the Polar Middle Atmosphere

During high‐speed solar wind stream (HSS) events, energetic electrons from the Earth's inner magnetosphere transfer solar wind energy to the high‐latitude upper atmosphere, which may affect chemical compositions in the region. We conduct a study on the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the polar middle atmosphere by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) during HSS events in the period of international polar year 2007–2008 northern winter. During this period, the geomagnetic activity was generally quiet and there were no major solar events, which indicates that the EEPs were mostly associated with HSS events. The electron flux immediately increases with the onset of HSS events and remains elevated during the passage of the events. The estimation of the directly produced NOx by EEPs was attempted by using the correlation between NOx and dynamic tracers such as CO and CH4. It was found that the direct effect of EEPs on NOx reaches down to about 55‐km altitude and the amount is estimated to be about 2 ppbv. This result indicates that the variations of polar stratospheric NOx in winter are mostly associated with dynamical processes such as vertical transport and horizontal mixing. We also found that the middle atmospheric O3 depletion during HSS events seems to be related to the EEP‐induced NOx at least in the uppermost stratosphere in the polar region.
Topical Neuropeptide Y for Ischemic Skin Wounds

Our objective was to investigate the effects of topically applied neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ischemic wounds. Initially, the animal model for ischemic wound healing was validated using 16 male Sprague Dawley albino rats. In the intervention study, an additional 28 rats were divided into three groups: NPY (0.025%), the positive control insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I, 0.0025%), and the hydrogel carrier alone (control). The hydrogel was selected due to its capacity to prolong NPY release (p < 0.001), as demonstrated in a Franz diffusion cell. In the animals, an 8 mm full-thickness wound was made in a pedunculated dorsal ischemic skin flap. Wounds were then treated and assessed for 14 days and collected at the end of the experiment for in situ hybridization analysis (RNAscope®) targeting NPY receptor Y2R and for meticulous histologic examination. Wound healing rates, specifically the percentage changes in wound area, did not show an increase with NPY (p = 0.907), but there was an increase with rhIGF-I (p = 0.039) compared to the control. Y2R mRNA was not detected in the wounds or adjacent skin but was identified in the rat brain (used as a positive control). Light microscopic examination revealed trends of increased angiogenesis and enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration with NPY compared to control. An interesting secondary discovery was the presence of melanophages in the wounds. Our findings suggest the potential of NPY to enhance neovascularization under ischemic wound healing conditions, but further optimization of the carrier and dosage is necessary. The mechanism remains elusive but likely involves NPY receptor subtypes other than Y2R.
Investigating Solar Wind‐Driven Electric Field Influence on Long‐Term Dynamics of Jovian Synchrotron Radiation

Since the first discovery of Jovian Synchrotron Radiation (JSR) from Jovian radiation belt in late 1950s, origin of its time variations has been one of the main subjects of the Jovian radiation belt study. JSR is reported to be strongly correlated with solar wind ram pressure with a possible time lag, which remains an unsolved issue. In our study, the influence of dawn‐to‐dusk electric field modulated with solar wind ram pressure on JSR variations is investigated. Alongside the original diffusion coefficient (DLL(UV)), a new diffusion coefficient (DLL(Elec)) which is dependent on solar wind conditions is applied to a one‐dimensional lossy radial diffusion model, and we reproduce long‐term variations of JSR between 1971 and early 2018. For the specific choice of DLL(UV) = 3.0 × 10−10L3[s−1], the correlation coefficient is found to be 0.6 between the simulated JSR and the ground observation data prior to 2005, and the intermittent observation after 2005 supports our simulation as well. We suggest that while DLL(UV) is the primary mode of diffusion that determines the steady profile of electron population and JSR, DLL(Elec) serves as a secondary mode, which controls long‐term variations of JSR.
Observations of the impact of orographic cumulus clouds on the ambient flow

The role of cumulus convection in the climate system remains a significant challenge as moist convection operates on a range of scales, a significant portion of which is sub-gridscale for climate models. Thus Cu parameterizations have been developed to represent the effect of sub-gridscale convection on the profile of resolved variables, in particular temperature, humidity, and momentum. Resolved variables change in part in response to detrainment of water and energy from Cu clouds into their cloud-free environment. Several observational Cu studies have examined the effect of lateral and vertical mixing between cloudy and clear air on the dynamics and microphysics of Cu clouds (e.g., Blyth 1993; Small and Chuang 2008). The terminology for the mixing process between cloudy and clear air distinguishes between an entrainment event, which takes place in cloud, and a detrainment event, which evolves outside the cloud edge. The effect of detraining cloudy air on the surrounding clear air has been studied mainly using numerical simulations. For instance, Bretherton and Smolarkiewicz (1989) use a two-dimensional numerical model to study convectively-generated subsidence, gravity waves, and turbulent detrainment. They conclude that detrainment is largely governed by the local vertical gradient of buoyancy in cloud: if the buoyancy of a parcel decreases with height, then its lower part is accelerated faster than the upper region, and this induces divergence and detrainment. Taylor and Baker (1991) confirm this conclusion using soundings and aircraft-inferred lateral mass fluxes across the cloud edge, but again they do not depict resulting changes in the environment. Other modeling studies include Carpenter et al. (1998a), who use a three-dimensional cloud model and show that significant detrainment at mid levels is often caused by collapsing Cu turrets, and De Rooy and Siebesma (2008), who use a large-eddy simulation model to study the parameterization of detraining shallow Cu clouds. The present study examines the patterns of detrainment and decay downwind of orographic convection. Aircraft in-situ data, airborne mmwavelength radar data, fixed-source time lapse photography, and close-proximity radiosonde data are used to examine how orographic Cu clouds alter the environment within the layer of Cu development. The target clouds are relatively shallow (~2 km depth), so that they do not produce precipitation and convective downdrafts, which would alter the boundary layer.
Variations in Seismogenic Thickness Along the Central Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Revealed by a Decade's Relocated Microseismicity

The Alpine Fault is an oblique strike‐slip fault that is known to fail in large magnitude (M7–8) earthquakes, yet it is currently seismically quiescent. We examine the low‐magnitude earthquake activity occurring along the central portion of the Alpine Fault using seismic data from five temporary seismic networks deployed for various lengths of time between late 2008 and early 2017. Starting from continuous seismic data, we detect earthquake arrivals and construct the longest and most extensive microearthquake catalog for the central Alpine Fault region to date, containing 9,111 earthquakes. This enables us to study the distribution and characteristics of the seismicity in unprecedented detail. Earthquake locations are constrained by high‐quality automatic and manual picks, and we perform relocations using waveform cross‐correlation to better constrain hypocenters. We have derived a new local magnitude scale calibrated by Mw values. Magnitudes range between ML−1.2 and 4.6, and our catalog is complete above ML 1.1. Earthquakes mainly occur southeast of the Alpine Fault (in the hanging wall) and exhibit low magnitudes. We observe a lack of seismicity beneath Aoraki/Mount Cook, which we associate with high uplift rates and high heat flow. Seismogenic cutoff depths vary along the strike of the Alpine Fault from 8 km, beneath the highest topography, to 20 km in the adjacent areas.
Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Persons after COVID-19 Vaccination: Assessing Vaccine Safety in Retrospective Cohort Analysis of U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing severe illness, including among pregnant persons. The vaccines appear to be safe in pregnancy, supporting a continuously favorable overall risk/benefit profile, though supportive data for the U.S. over different periods of variant predominance are lacking. We sought to analyze the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with COVID-19 vaccinations in the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants’ dominant periods (constituting 50% or more of each pregnancy) for pregnant persons in a large, nationally sampled electronic health record repository in the U.S. Our overall analysis included 311,057 pregnant persons from December 2020 to October 2023 at a time when there were approximately 3.6 million births per year. We compared rates of preterm births and stillbirths among pregnant persons who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy to persons vaccinated after pregnancy or those who were not vaccinated. We performed a multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimated equations to address data site heterogeneity for preterm births and unadjusted exact models for stillbirths, stratified by the dominant variant period. We found lower rates of preterm birth in the majority of modeled periods (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] range: 0.42 to 0.85; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.06) and lower rates of stillbirth (IRR range: 0.53 to 1.82; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.976) in most periods among those who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy compared to those who were vaccinated after pregnancy or not vaccinated. We largely found no adverse associations between COVID-19 vaccination and preterm birth or stillbirth; these findings reinforce the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and bolster confidence for pregnant persons, providers, and policymakers in the importance of COVID-19 vaccination for this group despite the end of the public health emergency.
The Hydroclimate Variability of Central Africa: seasonal cycle, mechanisms, teleconnections and impacts on neighbouring regions

7 Introduction . 9 1.1. Motivation and objectives . 9 1.2. Literature review/Background . 12 1.3. Outline . 18 Representation of Central Africa rainfall annual cycle in observations, reanalysis and ECHAM climate model . 19 2.
The influence of Mg/Al molar ratio on the performance of CuMgAl-x catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

The CuMgAl-x catalysts derived from hydrotalcite precursors with different Mg/Al molar ratios were synthesized and applied to CO2 hydrogenation to methanol reaction. In this study, the effects of Mg/Al molar ratio on the structure and surface properties of CuMgAl-x catalysts were investigated by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, XPS, and in situ DRIFTS characterization methods. The results showed that an appropriate Mg/Al molar ratio can enhance the Cu-MgO interaction, increasing the basic sites and obtaining suitable acid sites. The dispersion of active Cu on the CuMgAl-x catalysts can be improved by strong Cu-MgO interaction, which enhances the adsorption capacity of CO2 and makes H2 activation easier, accelerates the conversion of intermediate species CO3 * and HCO3 *to HCOO*, and facilitates further conversion to CH3O* and CH3OH. The strong interaction between Cu and MgO was conducive to the formation of Cu+, which can inhibit the desorption of CO in the reverse water gas shift reaction. The CuMgAl-3 catalyst showed the highest CO2 Conversion rate (14.3%), methanol selectivity (94.5%), and STY of methanol (419.3 g⋅kgcat. −1⋅h−1) at 240°C and 2.5 MPa. The results obtained in this paper can provide a new idea for the design of high-performance catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.