Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF VITAMIN B12‐LIMITED CULTURES: THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA, MONOCHRYSIS LUTHERI, AND ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA 1, 2

The growth rates of 3 species of phytoplankton were found to be dependent on the vitamin B12 concentrations in the media. In batch cultures, the vitamin B12 half‐saturation constants and standard errors were 0.39 ± 0.042 μμg/ml for Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H), 1.69 ± 0.24 μμg/ml for Isochrysis galbana, and 2.77 ± 1.65 μμg/ml for Monochrysis lutheri. A chemostat was used to grow T. pseudonana with vitamin B12 as the controlling factor. In the chemostat the yield and standard deviation, 102 ± 21 × 104 cells/μμg vitamin B12, was the same as in the batch culture, 126 ± 13 ± 104 cells/μμg. The chemostat half‐saturation constant, 0.26 ± 0.068 μμg/ml vitamin B12, and maximum growth rate were in agreement with those obtained in batch cultures. Vitamin concentrations for maximum growth, rates were greater than those calculated necessary from yield data to give observed population densities similar to those in natural waters. In the sea the effect of vitamin B12 concentration on growth rates may be complicated by low concentrations of other nutrients or the presence of inhibitors.
Incremental value of diastolic stress test in identifying subclinical heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus.

AIMS Resting echocardiography is a valuable method for detecting subclinical heart failure (HF) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, few studies have assessed the incremental value of diastolic stress for detecting subclinical HF in this population. METHODS AND RESULTS Asymptomatic patients with Type 2 DM were prospectively enrolled. Subclinical HF was assessed using systolic dysfunction (left ventricular longitudinal strain <16% at rest and <19% after exercise in absolute value), abnormal cardiac morphology, or diastolic dysfunction (E/e' > 10). Metabolic equivalents (METs) were calculated using treadmill speed and grade, and functional capacity was assessed by percent-predicted METs (ppMETs). Among 161 patients studied (mean age of 59 ± 11 years and 57% male sex), subclinical HF was observed in 68% at rest and in 79% with exercise. Among characteristics, diastolic stress had the highest yield in improving detection of HF with 57% of abnormal cases after exercise and 45% at rest. Patients with revealed diastolic dysfunction during stress had significantly lower exercise capacity than patients with normal diastolic stress (7.3 ± 2.1 vs. 8.8 ± 2.5, P < 0.001 for peak METs and 91 ± 30% vs. 105 ± 30%, P = 0.04 for ppMETs). On multivariable modelling found that age (beta = -0.33), male sex (beta = 0.21), body mass index (beta = -0.49), and exercise E/e' >10 (beta = -0.17) were independently associated with peak METs (combined R2 = 0.46). A network correlation map revealed the connectivity of peak METs and diastolic properties as central features in patients with DM. CONCLUSION Diastolic stress test improves the detection of subclinical HF in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Amygdala subnuclei volume in bipolar spectrum disorders: Insights from diffusion‐based subsegmentation and a high‐risk design

Amygdala abnormalities are widely documented in bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD). Amygdala volume typically is measured after BSD onset; thus, it is not known whether amygdala abnormalities predict BSD risk or relate to the disorder. Additionally, past literature often treated the amygdala as a homogeneous structure, and did not consider its distinct subnuclei and their differential connectivity to other brain regions. To address these issues, we used a behavioral high‐risk design and diffusion‐based subsegmentation to examine amygdala subnuclei among medication‐free individuals with, and at risk for, BSD. The behavioral high‐risk design (N = 114) included low‐risk (N = 37), high‐risk (N = 47), and BSD groups (N = 30). Diffusion‐based subsegmentation of the amygdala was conducted to determine whether amygdala volume differences related to particular subnuclei. Individuals with a BSD diagnosis showed greater whole, bilateral amygdala volume compared to Low‐Risk individuals. Examination of subnuclei revealed that the BSD group had larger volumes compared to the High‐Risk group in both the left medial and central subnuclei, and showed larger volume in the right lateral subnucleus compared to the Low‐Risk group. Within the BSD group, specific amygdala subnuclei volumes related to time since first episode onset and number of lifetime episodes. Taken together, whole amygdala volume analyses replicated past findings of enlargement in BSD, but did not detect abnormalities in the high‐risk group. Examination of subnuclei volumes detected differences in volume between the high‐risk and BSD groups that were missed in the whole amygdala volume. Results have implications for understanding amygdala abnormalities among individuals with, and at risk for, a BSD.
Ammonium and phosphate retention in a Mediterranean stream: hydrological versus temperature control

The role of discharge and temperature changes in controlling the ammonium (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P) uptake length (Sw) was studied for 9 months in a second-order stream affected by riparian tree logging in northern Spain. Over the study period, PO4-P Sw values ranged from 110 to 2793 m, and NH4-N Sw ranged from 67.5 to 693 m. Changes in discharge (for PO4-P) and discharge plus temperature (for NH4-N) explained about 98% of the variance in nutrient retention efficiency. Before logging, NH4-N and PO4-P Sw did not show any seasonal trend, and discharge explained only 31 and 37% of total variance, respectively. After logging, NH4-N and PO4-P retention efficiency was lower than before logging when discharge increased above the basal level (46 L·s-1). The results suggest that riparian trees and associated detrital compartments may buffer the influence of seasonal changes in discharge and physical conditions on the ability of the stream to retain nutrients. Results from the intersite comparison of nutrient S.
Phagodeterrence and insecticidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (Poit.) against four important lepidopteran pests

This study was carried out to evaluate the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiaceae) leaves crude extracts and their fractions against four lepidopteran pests namely Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.), Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Earias vittella (Fab.) and Leucinodes orbonalis (G.). Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were tested by leaf disc and fruit disc no-choice methods at 1% and 1,000 ppm concentrations for crude and fractions, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract of H. suaveolens exhibited the maximum antifeedant and insecticidal activity at 1% concentration against all the tested insects. It was subjected to fractionation using silica column chromatography with different combinations of hexane and ethyl acetate used as mobile phase. Among the 15 fractions obtained, fraction 2 showed the maximum antifeedant and insecticidal activity against all tested insects at 1000 ppm concentration. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction 2 showed the presence of terpenoids and alkaloids. H. suaveolens could be considered as a safe and eco-friendly insecticide for lepidopteron pest management.
COVID-19 on Chest Radiographs: A Multireader Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence System

Background Chest radiography may play an important role in triage for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in low-resource settings. Purpose To evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) system for detection of COVID-19 pneumonia on chest radiographs. Materials and Methods An AI system (CAD4COVID-XRay) was trained on 24 678 chest radiographs, including 1540 used only for validation while training. The test set consisted of a set of continuously acquired chest radiographs (n = 454) obtained in patients suspected of having COVID-19 pneumonia between March 4 and April 6, 2020, at one center (223 patients with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] results, 231 with negative RT-PCR results). Radiographs were independently analyzed by six readers and by the AI system. Diagnostic performance was analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results For the test set, the mean age of patients was 67 years ± 14.4 (standard deviation) (56% male). With RT-PCR test results as the reference standard, the AI system correctly classified chest radiographs as COVID-19 pneumonia with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81. The system significantly outperformed each reader (P < .001 using the McNemar test) at their highest possible sensitivities. At their lowest sensitivities, only one reader significantly outperformed the AI system (P = .04). Conclusion The performance of an artificial intelligence system in the detection of coronavirus disease 2019 on chest radiographs was comparable with that of six independent readers. © RSNA, 2020
Long-term effects of high exposure to ambient fine particulate matter on coronary heart disease incidence: A population-based Chinese cohort study.

Evidence of long-term effects of high exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on coronary heart disease (CHD) remains limited. We incorporated the high-resolution satellite-based PM2.5 estimates with a large-scale, population-based Chinese cohort comprising 118,229 individuals, to assess the CHD risk of long-term exposure to high PM2.5. During the follow-up of 908,376 person-years, 1586 incident CHD were identified. The long-term average PM2.5 concentration for study population was 64.96 μg/m3, ranging from 31.17 to 96.96 μg/m3. For an increment of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-1.51) for total CHD, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.36-1.56) for nonfatal CHD, and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.25-1.53) for fatal CHD, respectively. The effects were different across specific CHD outcomes, with greater effects for unstable angina (HR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.56-1.88]), and weaker effects for acute myocardial infarction (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.39]) and other CHD (HR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.10-1.48]). The exposure-response curve suggested that HRs increased with elevated PM2.5 concentration over the entire exposure range. Elderly and hypertensive individuals were more susceptible to PM2.5-induced CHD. Our findings demonstrate adverse health effects of severe air pollution and highlight the potential health benefits of air quality improvement.
Demonstration and Mitigation of Aerosol and Particle Dispersion During Mastoidectomy Relevant to the COVID-19 Era

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Background: COVID-19 has become a global pandemic with a dramatic impact on healthcare systems. Concern for viral transmission necessitates the investigation of otologic procedures that use high-speed drilling instruments, including mastoidectomy, which we hypothesized to be an aerosol-generating procedure. Methods: Mastoidectomy with a high-speed drill was simulated using fresh-frozen cadaveric heads with fluorescein solution injected into the mastoid air cells. Specimens were drilled for 1-minute durations in test conditions with and without a microscope. A barrier drape was fashioned from a commercially available drape (the OtoTent). Dispersed particulate matter was quantified in segments of an octagonal test grid measuring 60 cm in radius. Results: Drilling without a microscope dispersed fluorescent particles 360 degrees, with the areas of highest density in quadrants near the surgeon and close to the surgical site. Using a microscope or varying irrigation rates did not significantly reduce particle density or percent surface area with particulate. Using the OtoTent significantly reduced particle density and percent surface area with particulate across the segments of the test grid beyond 30 cm (which marked the boundary of the OtoTent) compared with the microscope only and no microscope test conditions (Kruskall–Wallis test, p = 0.0066). Conclusions: Mastoidectomy with a high-speed drill is an aerosol-generating procedure, a designation that connotes the potential high risk of viral transmission and need for higher levels of personal protective equipment. A simple barrier drape significantly reduced particulate dispersion in this study and could be an effective mitigation strategy in addition to appropriate personal protective equipment.
Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: An update 2012-2017.

Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis are both chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory reaction that leads to destruction of bone and other connective tissue. Owing to these similarities, the relationship between these two diseases has been investigated for over two decades. In the 2013 proceedings from a workshop jointly held by the European Federation of Periodontology and American Academy of Periodontology in 2012 it was concluded that there was at least minimal evidence of an association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we consider publications in the field over the past 5 years and determine whether the evidence for this relationship has increased.
Application of the MaryBlytTM version 4.3 to the prediction of fire blight in raspberry

Fire blight of apple (Malus ×domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis), caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a well-known disease and has been extensively researched. Fire blight of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), caused by a distinct strain of E. amylovora is less well known but appears to be similar in its behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine if the MaryBlytTM version 4.3 forecasting system for predicting fire blight in apples and pears could be applied to the prediction of fire blight in raspberry. Seven years of weather data and field observations from a naturally infected plot of Kentville raspberry selection ‘K81-6’ were entered into the MaryBlyt version 4.3 forecasting system. This system predicted flower infection events and the subsequent appearance of symptoms within 0-3 days of the observed symptoms for 2000-2006. In 4 of the 7 years, the appearance of systemically infected raspberry cane laterals was within ≤3 days of the MaryBlyt version 4.3 prediction for canker blight symptoms in apple when a modified degree-day threshold specifically for raspberry was used. Also, changing the degree-day base temperature from 12.7 °C to 4.0 °C reduced the error of prediction, but the error for three of the years was still unacceptably high. This study also showed that insect-vectored infections of primocanes cannot be successfully modeled by adaptations of the MaryBlyt version 4.3 program. However, a simple degree-day model independent of MaryBlyt was developed to predict flowering.
Effect of Yogurt Fermented by Lactobacillus Fermentum TSI and L. Fermentum S2 Derived from a Mongolian Traditional Dairy Product on Rats with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effect of yogurt fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum TSI and S2 isolated from a Mongolian traditional dairy product on rats with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Quality characteristics of yogurt fermented by commercial starter (CON), L. fermentum TSI2 (TSI2 group), L. fermentum S2 (S2 group), and mixed TSI2 and S2 strains at 1:1 (MIX group), were verified. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and administered the following diets: group NOR, normal diet with oral saline administration; group HF, high-fat diet (HD) with oral saline administration; group TSI, HD and L. fermentum TSI-fermented yogurt; group S2, HD and L. fermentum S2-fermented yogurt; and group MIX, HD and MIX-fermented yogurt. After eight weeks, the HD groups displayed significantly increased body weight and fat, serum cholesterol, and abdominal adipose tissue levels. However, serum HDL cholesterol levels were higher, triglyceride levels were lower, and abdominal adipocytes were smaller in the TSI and S2 groups than in the HF group. These results indicate that L. fermentum TSI reduces abdominal fat and improves blood lipid metabolism in HD-induced obese rats.
An α5 GABAA Receptor Inverse Agonist, α5IA, Attenuates Amyloid Beta-Induced Neuronal Death in Mouse Hippocampal Cultures

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which no cognition-restoring therapies exist. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Increasing evidence suggests a remodeling of the GABAergic system in AD, which might represent an important therapeutic target. An inverse agonist of α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs), 3-(5-Methylisoxazol-3-yl)-6-[(1-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyloxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[3–a]phthalazine (α5IA) has cognition-enhancing properties. This study aimed to characterize the effects of α5IA on amyloid beta (Aβ1–42)-induced molecular and cellular changes. Mouse primary hippocampal cultures were exposed to either Aβ1-42 alone, or α5IA alone, α5IA with Aβ1–42 or vehicle alone, and changes in cell viability and mRNA expression of several GABAergic signaling components were assessed. Treatment with 100 nM of α5IA reduced Aβ1–42-induced cell loss by 23.8% (p < 0.0001) after 6 h and by 17.3% after 5 days of treatment (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we observed an Aβ1-42-induced increase in ambient GABA levels, as well as upregulated mRNA expression of the GABAAR α2,α5,β2/3 subunits and the GABABR R1 and R2 subunits. Such changes in GABARs expression could potentially disrupt inhibitory neurotransmission and normal network activity. Treatment with α5IA restored Aβ1-42-induced changes in the expression of α5GABAARs. In summary, this compound might hold neuroprotective potential and represent a new therapeutic avenue for AD.
IL‐18 stimulates IL‐13‐mediated IFN‐γ‐sensitive host resistance in vivo

IL‐4 and IL‐13 are up‐regulated during in vivo responses to many nematode parasites, but increasing evidence suggests that increases in IL‐13 can also occur independently of the IL‐4‐dominant Th2 response. Blocking B7 after Trichuris muris inoculation inhibits resistance and IL‐4 elevations, instead resulting in an IFN‐γ‐dominant response associated with susceptibility. However, blocking IFN‐γ under these conditions restores IL‐13‐dependent resistance. In this study, we examined the mechanism of IL‐13 up‐regulation and associated protection during this in vivo immune response. CD4+ T cells and DX5+TCR– cells were identified as the major producers of IL‐13, and the DX5+TCR– cells were phenotyped as NK cells, since they expressed CD11b, IL‐2Rβ and Ly49C but not c‐kit or FcϵRI. NK cell‐derived IL‐13 elevations were T cell‐dependent, as CD4+ T cell depletion blocked IL‐13 production by mesenteric lymph node cells and induced susceptibility. IL‐13 expression was increased independently of IL‐12; however, blocking IL‐18 function inhibited IL‐13 production and increased susceptibility. These results indicate that CD4+ T cells and NK cells are the major sources of IL‐13 during the in vivo Th1 response induced by B7 blockade and that under these conditions, IL‐18 is specifically required for the in vivo up‐regulation of IL‐13 production and associated host protection.
Motor recovery of hemiparetic leg by improvement of limb-kinetic apraxia in a chronic patient with traumatic brain injury

Abstract Rationale: Limb-kinetic apraxia (LKA), a kind of apraxia, means the inability to perform precise and voluntary movements of extremities resulting from injury of the premotor cortex (PMC) or the corticofugal tract (CFT) from the PMC. Diagnosis of LKA is made by observation of movements without specific assessment tools. Patient concerns: A 44-year-old male underwent conservative management for traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the left basal ganglia and subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a pedestrian-car crash. When he was admitted to the rehabilitation department of a university hospital after 41 months after onset, he presented with right hemiparesis (Medical Research Council (MRC): shoulder abductor; 3, elbow flexor; 3, finger extensor; 0, hip flexor; 2- [range: 30°], knee extensor; 1 and ankle dorsiflexor; 3-). In addition, he exhibited slow, clumsy, and mutilated movements when performing movements of his right ankle. Diagnoses: The patient was diagnosed as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Interventions: Clinical assessments and DTI were performed at 41 and 44 months after onset. During three months, rehabilitative therapy was performed including dopaminergic drugs (pramipexole 2.5 mg, ropinirole 2.5 mg, and amantadine 300 mg, and carbidopa/levodopa 75 mg/750 mg). Outcomes: The right leg weakness slowly recovered during 3 months, until 44 months after the initial injury (MRC: shoulder abductor, 3; elbow flexor, 3; finger extensor, 0; hip flexor, 3; knee extensor, 3; and ankle dorsiflexor, 3+). The fiber number of the right corticospinal tract (CST) was decreased on 44-month diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) (1319) compared with 41-month DTT (1470) and the left CST was not reconstructed on both DTTs. The fiber number of both CRTs were decreased on 44-month DTT (right: 1547, left: 698) than 41-month DTT (right: 3161, left: 1222). Lessons: A chronic patient with TBI showed motor recovery of the hemiparetic leg by improvement of LKA after rehabilitation. This results have important implications for neurorehabilitation.
Genetic variation and ecotypic differentiation in the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon. I. Population differentiation in life-history traits and isozymic loci

To examine the genetic differentiation between two ecotypes (annuals and perennials) in the wild rice species O. rufipogon, seeds and juveniles were collected from eight populations in Thailand, and compared regarding both life-history traits and enzyme loci. While no appreciable differentiation was found at the enzyme level, the two ecotypes showed a clear differentiation in life-history traits. This suggests either that gene flow occurs between the two ecotypes and ecotypic differentiation is maintained by selection, or that the annual-perennial differentiation is recent compared to the geographic differentiation between wild rice strains, and the evolution of life-history traits occurred rapidly.