Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Digital Signature Using Multivariate Functions on Quaternion Ring

We propose the digital signature scheme on non-commutative quaternion ring over finite fields in this paper. We generate the multivariate function of high degree F(X) . We construct the digital signature scheme using F(X). Our system is immune from the Grobner bases attacks because obtaining parameters of F(X) to be secret keys arrives at solving the multivariate algebraic equations that is one of NP complete problems . key words: digital signature, multivariate algebraic equations, Grobner bases attacks , quaternion, NP complete problems.
The Effect of Conditional Probability of Chord Progression on Brain Response: An MEG Study

Background Recent electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have explored how and where musical syntax in Western music is processed in the human brain. An inappropriate chord progression elicits an event-related potential (ERP) component called an early right anterior negativity (ERAN) or simply an early anterior negativity (EAN) in an early stage of processing the musical syntax. Though the possible underlying mechanism of the EAN is assumed to be probabilistic learning, the effect of the probability of chord progressions on the EAN response has not been previously explored explicitly. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, the empirical conditional probabilities in a Western music corpus were employed as an approximation of the frequencies in previous exposure of participants. Three types of chord progression were presented to musicians and non-musicians in order to examine the correlation between the probability of chord progression and the neuromagnetic response using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Chord progressions were found to elicit early responses in a negatively correlating fashion with the conditional probability. Observed EANm (as a magnetic counterpart of the EAN component) responses were consistent with the previously reported EAN responses in terms of latency and location. The effect of conditional probability interacted with the effect of musical training. In addition, the neural response also correlated with the behavioral measures in the non-musicians. Conclusions/Significance Our study is the first to reveal the correlation between the probability of chord progression and the corresponding neuromagnetic response. The current results suggest that the physiological response is a reflection of the probabilistic representations of the musical syntax. Moreover, the results indicate that the probabilistic representation is related to the musical training as well as the sensitivity of an individual.
An Affective Learning Environment for Java

We present Java Sensei, an Intelligent Learning Environment (ILE) for learning Java programming. The ILE is formed by an affective tutoring system working in a Web environment. The tutoring system was implemented under different learning methodologies like problem-solving for the pedagogical module, knowledge space for the expert module, and overlays for the student module. The main contribution of this work was the integration of cognitive and affective information in a behavior graph which is used by the pedagogical agent to show emotion and empathy to the student.
Antigenic structure of the herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C: Demonstration of a linear epitope situated in an environment of highly conformation‐dependent epitopes

A continuous epitope, situated within or in close proximity to antigenic site II of the herpes simplex virus type 1‐specified glycoprotein C (gC‐1), was identified. The continuous linear nature of the epitope, defined by a monoclonal antibody C2H12, was establised by three independent lines of evidence: (i) The epitope was detectable by immunoblot under denaturing and reducing conditions, (ii) The epitope was detectable by RIPA of extracts from TM‐treated HSV‐infected cells, despite the malfolding caused by this treatment, (iii) The epitope was detected in an approximately 5,000‐dalton papain fragment of gC‐1. A mapping analysis, primarily based on use of mutant virus, expressing truncated gC‐1 molecules, suggested that the mapping position of the epitope was delimited by amino acids 120 and 230. Other epitopes of this region of gC‐1 are highly conformation‐dependent, and the existence of a linear epitope, accessible on native gC‐1, may facilitate the elucidation of the functional anatomy of gC‐1.
Evaluating multiple classifier system for the reduction of salt-and-pepper noise in the classification of very-high-resolution satellite images

ABSTRACT In recent years, the spatial resolution of satellite data has improved with advancements in satellite technology, and acquisition of even more detailed information on the surface of the earth can be expected in the future. Various complications, however, are still associated with retrieval and classification of ground surface information from very-high-resolution satellite data. One important issue is the occurrence of isolated pixels with high local spatial heterogeneity between neighbouring pixels in the classification result. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of two Multiple Classifier System (MCS), which combine the results from different supervised classifiers, as a means for reducing isolated pixels when using high-spatial resolution satellite imagery. The research was conducted in the Tohoku region, where the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011 and subsequent tsunami have greatly changed the regional land use and land cover. Multiple input features (five RapidEye spectral channels, five spectral indices, digital elevation model, and slope) were prepared from satellite data and used for the machine learning and validation. Ground truth data belonging to six major land cover classes (forest, shrub/grassland, cropland, urban area, waterbody, bare ground) were collected. Six machine learning classifiers; Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-nearest Neighbours (KNN), XGBoost, Bagging, and Neural Network (NNET), were individually tested for classification accuracy and generation of isolated pixels, and the results were compared with those of the MCS combinations. The XGBoost provided the highest overall accuracy (0.987) and kappa coefficient (0.985) of the individual classifiers, but suffered from a large number of isolated pixels. The MCS by combination weighing the kappa coefficients (MCS kappa), however, produced equivalent overall accuracy (0.989) and kappa coefficient (0.987), but at the same time was able to significantly reduce the number of isolated pixels. This reduction amounted to 30% for all land cover classes. In particular, the number of isolated pixels in the forest class was reduced by 50%. These results clearly show that the MCS kappa is capable of reducing isolated pixels in the classification of very-high-resolution land cover information, without sacrificing classification accuracy. The authors hope that this system will prove effective for monitoring fine-scale changes in land cover, and contribute to conserving landscapes and ecosystem services in the region impacted by the earthquake and tsunami.
Why do different people choose different university degrees? Motivation and the choice of degree

Different people choose undergraduate degrees to study at university for different reasons. To date, there have been limited attempts to identify individual differences in motivation that drive undergraduate degree choice. We identified that people choose university degrees for four reasons: career concerns (Career), intrinsic interest in the subject (Interest), an opportunity to help others (Helping) and because they are looking for an easy option to get into higher education (Loafing). We investigated whether these motivations apply to the choice of undergraduate degree in two samples: (1) undergraduate (N = 989) and (2) prospective (N = 896) students. We developed the Motivations Influencing Course Choice (MICC) questionnaire to measure these motivations. Scales of Helping, Career, Loafing, and Interest showed good psychometric properties, showed validity with respect to general life goals and personality traits, and predicted actual and prospective degree choices. We demonstrated that medical degrees were chosen due to a mixture of Helping and Career, while engineering degrees were associated with Career and low Interest in the degree. The choice of arts and humanities degrees was driven by Interest and low concern about future career, accompanied with high Loafing. We also demonstrated gender differences: females were high in Helping (both samples) and Interest (only in the undergraduate sample) motivation, while males scored higher in Career (only in the undergraduate sample) and Loafing (both samples). The findings can feed into both theoretical accounts of proximal motivation as well as provide help to improve degree programmes at universities and support better career advice.
A physical model describing the interaction of nuclear transport receptors with FG nucleoporin domain assemblies

The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) controls bulk nucleocytoplasmic exchange. It consists of nucleoporin domains rich in phenylalanine-glycine motifs (FG domains). As a bottom-up nanoscale model for the permeability barrier, we have used planar films produced with three different end-grafted FG domains, and quantitatively analyzed the binding of two different nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), NTF2 and Importin β, together with the concomitant film thickness changes. NTR binding caused only moderate changes in film thickness; the binding isotherms showed negative cooperativity and could all be mapped onto a single master curve. This universal NTR binding behavior – a key element for the transport selectivity of the NPC – was quantitatively reproduced by a physical model that treats FG domains as regular, flexible polymers, and NTRs as spherical colloids with a homogeneous surface, ignoring the detailed arrangement of interaction sites along FG domains and on the NTR surface. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14119. 001
Model Based Diagnosis of Multiple Observations with Implicit Hitting Sets

Model based diagnosis finds a growing range of practical applications, and significant performance-wise improvements have been achieved in recent years. Some of these improvements result from formulating the problem with maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT). Whereas recent work focuses on analyzing failing observations separately, it is also the case that in practical settings there may exist many failing observations. This paper first investigates the drawbacks of analyzing failing observations separately. It then shows that existing solutions do not scale for large systems. Finally, the paper proposes a novel approach for diagnosing systems with many failing observations. The proposed approach is based on implicit hitting sets and so is tightly related with the original seminal work on model based diagnosis. The experimental results demonstrate not only the importance of analyzing multiple observations simultaneously, but also the significance of the implicit hitting set approach.
On the sample complexity of subspace clustering with missing data

Subspace clustering is a useful tool for analyzing large complex data, but in many relevant applications missing data are common. Existing theoretical analysis of this problem shows that subspace clustering from incomplete data is possible, but that analysis requires the number of samples (i.e., partially observed vectors) to be super-polynomial in the dimension d. Such huge sample sizes are unnecessary when no data are missing and uncommon in applications. There are two main contributions in this paper. First, it is shown that if subspaces have rank at most r and the number of partially observed vectors greater than dr+1 (times a poly-logarithmic factor), then with high probability the true subspaces are the only subspaces that agree with the observed data. We may conclude that subspace clustering may be possible without impractically large sample sizes and that we can certify the output of any subspace clustering algorithm by checking its fit to the observed data. The second main contribution is a novel EM-type algorithm for subspace clustering with missing data. We demonstrate and compare it to several other algorithms. Experiments with simulated and real data show that such algorithms work well in practice.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists as therapies for ischemic stroke.

See related article, pp 1531–1537 Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of disability, yet the available treatments are limited. Tissue plasminogen activator, the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for cerebral ischemia, was approved for use in 1996.1 Although tissue plasminogen activator is an effective therapy, tight time restrictions govern its use; it must be administered within 4.5 hours of the onset of ischemia.2 This small therapeutic window severely limits the number of patients eligible to receive this treatment. Since 1996, many potential neuroprotective agents have been studied, but none have shown improved outcome in phase III clinical trials. The search for stroke therapies falls into 2 categories, neuroprotective agents, which act in the early stages after a stroke to prevent neuronal death, and neurorecovery agents, which facilitate the repair of neural networks in the chronic phase of the stroke. The study presented by McCarthy et al3 in this issue of Hypertension suggests that angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonists may be useful therapies for acute cerebral ischemia. The authors show that CGP42112, the peptide agonist of the AT2R, reduces the area of infarct after an ischemic stroke and improves motor function. The results are remarkable, with CGP42112 producing a 75% reduction in the poststroke infarct. Although the studies focused on neuroprotection, the current literature suggests that AT2R activation could also improve neurorecovery.4 The likely multifaceted beneficial effects of AT2R activation make this an exciting and potentially fruitful area of research. It is also worth noting that AT2R activation has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for several other neurological diseases, including Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline.4 …
Reduced Caudate and Nucleus Accumbens Response to Rewards in Unmedicated Subjects with Major Depressive Disorder

The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. and holds patent applications for SPCD and for a combination of azapirones and bupropion in from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views ofAbstract Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by impaired reward processing, possibly due to dysfunction in the basal ganglia. However, few neuroimaging studies of depression have distinguished between anticipatory and consummatory phases of reward processing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a task that dissociates anticipatory and consummatory phases of reward processing, the authors tested the hypothesis that MDD participants would show reduced reward-related responses in basal ganglia structures. Method: A monetary incentive delay task was presented to 30 unmedicated MDD subjects and 31 healthy comparison subjects during fMRI scanning. Whole-brain analyses focused on neural responses to reward-predicting cues and rewarding outcomes (i.e., monetary gains). Secondary analyses focused on the relationship between anhedonic symptoms and basal ganglia volumes. Results: Relative to comparison subjects, MDD participants showed significantly weaker responses to gains in the left nucleus accumbens and bilateral caudate. Group differences in these regions were specific to rewarding outcomes and did not generalize to neutral or negative outcomes, although relatively reduced responses to monetary penalties in MDD emerged in other caudate regions. By contrast, evidence for group differences during reward anticipation was weaker, although MDD subjects showed reduced activation to reward cues in a small sector of the left posterior putamen. Among MDD subjects, anhedonic symptoms and depression severity were associated with reduced bilateral caudate volume. Conclusions: These results indicate that basal ganglia dysfunction in MDD may affect the consummatory phase of reward processing. Additionally, morphometric results suggest that anhedonia in MDD is related to caudate volume.
Test Sequence Generation from Classification Trees

The combinatorial test design and combinatorial interaction testing are well studied topics. For the generation of dynamic test sequences from a formal specification of combinatorial problems, there has not been much work yet. The classification tree method implements aspects from the field of combinatorial testing. This paper extends the classification tree with additional information to allow the interpretation of the classification tree as a hierarchical concurrent state machine. Using this state machine, our new approach then uses a Multi-agent System to generate test sequences by finding and rating valid paths through the state machine.
Thermodynamic Effects on the Evolution of Performance Curves

Models of thermal adaptation assume that warm‐adapted and cold‐adapted organisms can achieve the same fitness, yet recent comparative studies suggest that warm‐adapted organisms outperform cold‐adapted ones. We explored how this thermodynamic effect on performance might influence selective pressures on thermal physiology. In the absence of a thermodynamic effect, natural selection favors a thermal optimum for performance that closely matches the mean (or modal) body temperature. When warm‐adapted organisms outperform cold‐adapted organisms, natural selection can favor a thermal optimum that exceeds the mean body temperature. The optimal mismatch between the thermal optimum and the mean temperature increases as does the variation in body temperature within generations. This result holds regardless of whether performance affects fitness through fecundity or survivorship. The selective pressures generated by a thermodynamic effect might explain the substantial mismatch between thermoregulatory behavior and thermal physiology that has been observed in some species.
WDM and Directed Star Arboricity

A digraph is m-labelled if every arc is labelled by an integer in {1, . , m}. Motivated by wavelength assignment for multicasts in optical networks, we introduce and study n-fibre colourings of labelled digraphs. These are colourings of the arcs of D such that at each vertex v, and for each colour α, in(v, α) + out(v, α) ≤ n with in(v, α) the number of arcs coloured α entering v and out(v, α) the number of labels l such that there is at least one arc of label l leaving v and coloured with α. The problem is to find the minimum number of colours λn(D) such that the m-labelled digraph D has an n-fibre colouring. In the particular case when D is 1-labelled, λ1(D) is called the directed star arboricity of D, and is denoted by dst(D). We first show that dst(D) ≤ 2Δ−(D)+1, and conjecture that if Δ−(D) ≥ 2, then dst(D) ≤ 2Δ−(D). We also prove that for a subcubic digraph D, then dst(D) ≤ 3, and that if Δ+(D), Δ−(D) ≤ 2, then dst(D) ≤ 4. Finally, we study λn(m, k) = max{λn(D) | D is m-labelled and Δ−(D) ≤ k}. We show that if m ≥ n, then $\ds \bigl\lceil\frac{m}{n}\bigl\lceil \frac{k}{n}\bigr\rceil + \frac{k}{n} \bigr\rceil\leq \lambda_n(m, k) \leq\bigl\lceil\frac{m}{n}\bigl\lceil \frac{k}{n}\bigr\rceil + \frac{k}{n} \bigr\rceil + C \frac{m^2\log k}{n}$ for some constant C. We conjecture that the lower bound should be the correct value of λn(m, k).
Ultra-wideband RF photonic phase shifter with 360° tunable phase and configurable amplitude response

We demonstrate a novel approach for implementing a broadband microwave photonic phase shifter using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). This new technique solves the bandwidth limitation of previous gain-transparent SBS-based phase shifters, while achieving unprecedented minimum power fluctuations, as a function of phase shift. We introduce a new paradigm where the phase and amplitude of the optical carrier are controlled independently. This is achieved by controlling the power of two SBS pumps. The first pump is used to tune the optical carrier power, while the second is used to shift the phase of the same carrier. This additional degree of freedom enables unparalleled control of the RF amplitude and phase response of the phase shifter. We demonstrate 360° continuously tunable phase shift, with less than 0.25 dB output power fluctuations, over a frequency band from 1.5 to 31 GHz, limited only by the measurement equipment.
Social anxiety and the accuracy of predicted affect

Social anxiety is theorised to arise from sustained over-activation of a mammalian evolved system for detecting and responding to social threat with corresponding diminished opportunities for attaining the pleasure of safe attachments. Emotional forecasting data from two holidays were used to test the hypothesis that greater social anxiety would be associated with decreased expectations of positive affect (PA) and greater anticipated negative affect (NA) on a holiday marked by group celebration (St. Patrick's Day) while being associated with greater predicted PA for daters on a romantic holiday (Valentine's Day). Participants completed symptom reports, made affective forecasts and provided multiple affect reports throughout each holiday. Higher levels of social anxiety were associated with greater anticipated PA for Valentine's Day daters, but lower experienced PA on the holiday; this was not found for trait anxiety and depression. Alternatively, trait anxiety, depression and social anxiety were associated with less predicted PA for St. Patrick's Day, greater anticipated NA and diminished experienced PA/greater NA during the holiday. Results are discussed in light of perceived hope for rewarding safe emotional contact for those daters in contrast to the greater possibility for social threat associated with group celebration typical of St. Patrick's Day.
Running and turning control of a quadruped robot with compliant legs in bounding gait

In this paper, we introduce a quadruped robot designed for bounding gait with only one actuator per compliant leg. Under the analysis of the dynamics model of the robot, a new simple linear running controller using the energy control idea, which requires minimal task level feedback and only controls both the leg torque and ending impact angle, is proposed. It successfully executes fast running from rest till a constant speed and hi-speed turning, both in the prototype simulation and robot experiment. These results contribute to that complex dynamically dexterous tasks may be controlled via simple energy control method and delayed task feedback, which is closer to the animal's actual locomotion conditions. In the future, we plan to modify this method for reducing the energy expending and make the robot running fast.