Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic software generation and improvement through search based techniques

Writing software is a difficult and expensive task. Its automation is hence very valuable. Search algorithms have been successfully used to tackle many software engineering problems. Unfortunately, for some problems the traditional techniques have been of only limited scope, and search algorithms have not been used yet. We hence propose a novel framework that is based on a co-evolution of programs and test cases to tackle these difficult problems. This framework can be used to tackle software engineering tasks such as Automatic Refinement, Fault Correction and Improving Non-functional Criteria. These tasks are very difficult, and their automation in literature has been limited. To get a better understanding of how search algorithms work, there is the need of a theoretical foundation. That would help to get better insight of search based software engineering. We provide first theoretical analyses for search based software testing, which is one of the main components of our co-evolutionary framework. This thesis gives the important contribution of presenting a novel framework, and we then study its application to three difficult software engineering problems. In this thesis we also give the important contribution of defining a first theoretical foundation.
Methane emissions and climatic warming risk from hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development: implications for policy

: Over the past decade, shale gas production has increased from negligible to providing . 40% of national gas and 14% of all fossil fuel energy in the USA in 2013. This shale gas is often promoted as a bridge fuel that allows society to continue to use fossil fuels while reducing carbon emissions since less carbon dioxide is emitted from natural gas (including shale gas) than from coal and oil per unit of heat energy. Indeed, carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use in the USA declined to some extent between 2009 and 2013, mostly due to economic recession but in part due to replacement of coal by natural gas. However, significant quantities of methane are emitted into the atmosphere from shale gas development: an estimated 12% of total production considered over the full life cycle from well to delivery to consumers, based on recent satellite data. Methane is an incredibly powerful greenhouse gas that is . 100-fold greater in absorbing heat than carbon dioxide, while both gases are in the atmosphere and 86-fold greater when averaged over a 20-year period following emission. When methane emissions are included, the greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas is significantly larger than that of conventional natural gas, coal, and oil. Because of the increase in shale gas development over recent years, the total greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use in the USA rose between 2009 and 2013, despite the decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. Given the projections for continued expansion of shale gas production, this trend of increasing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels is predicted to continue through 2040.
Volcaniclastic aeolian deposits at Sunset Crater, Arizona: terrestrial analogs for Martian dune forms

Sunset Crater in north‐central Arizona (USA) is a 900‐year‐old scoria‐cone volcano. Wind action has redistributed its widespread tephra deposit into a variety of aeolian dune forms that serve as a terrestrial analog for similar landforms and aeolian processes on Mars. Fieldwork was conducted to collect essential geomorphological and sedimentological data, and to establish a baseline for the type and morphometry of dunes, physical properties, interactions with topography, and saltation pathways. Our analyses focused primarily on coppice dunes, falling dunes, wind ripples, and sand streaks. For all collected volcaniclastic aeolian sediment samples, the sand‐size fraction dominated, ranging from almost 100% sand to 74.6% sand. No sample contained more than 1.6% silt. The composition is overwhelmingly basaltic with non‐basaltic particles composing 2 to 6% of the total. Coppice (nebkha) dunes form where clumps of vegetation trap saltating particles and create small mounds or hummocks. Mean grain size for coppice dune samples is coarse sand. Measured dune height for 15 coppice dunes ranged from 0.3 to 3.3 m with a mean of 1 m. Mean length was 6.7 m and mean width was 4.8 m. Falling dunes identified in this study are poorly developed and thin, lacking a prominent ramp‐like structure. Mean wavelength for three sets of measured ripples ranged from 22 to 36 cm. Sand streaks extend downwind for more than a kilometer and are up to 200 m in width. They commonly occur on the lee side of mesas and similar landforms and are typically the downwind continuation of falling dunes. Falling dunes, wind ripples, and sand streaks have been identified on Mars, while coppice dunes are similar to Martian shadow or lee dunes in which sand accumulates in the lee of obstacles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A MODIFIED PRESSURE PLATE APPARATUS

Soil-water characteristic curves of soils can be measured in the laboratory using conventional testing apparatus such as the pressure plate. This paper describes a modified pressure plate apparatus using a commercially available high air entry ceramic plate. The modified pressure plate apparatus has several advantages over the conventional pressure plate apparatus: It can be used to determine both the drying and wetting soil-water characteristic curves, whereas the conventional pressure plate can usually determine only the drying soil-water characteristic curve; the water reservoir beneath the ceramic plate ensures that the ceramic plate is fully saturated at all times; air appearing in the water reservoir due to air diffusion through the ceramic disk can be flushed out by the cross-flow system during the test without stoppage of the test.
Snow accumulation rates in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, by firn-core analysis

Abstract A multiparametric (chemical, isotopic and physical) study on three shallow firn cores sampled in northern Victoria Land was carried out to obtain glaciological information and climatic data in this Antarctic region. Sampling areas were accurately prospected to identify sites, located at different altitudes and distances from the sea, where the snow accumulation was not influenced by katabatic wind redistribution or summer melting. Stratigraphic, isotopic (δ l8O) and chemical (H2O2, MSA and nssSO4 2−) profiles were mutually examined for dating purposes and to determine the mean snow-accumulation rates at three different stations. Annual accumulation rates of 85–420 kg m−2 a−1 were determined in the period 1971–92. An inverse pattern between accumulation rate and altitude was shown by the progression of the mean annual rates of 160, 203 and 260 kg m−2 a−1, respectively, in the highest, medium and lowest stations. The mean accumulation value of all northern Victoria Land data available, 170 kg m−2 a−1, represents a decrease of up to 35% with respect to the estimated value most widely used until now. Our accumulation value is very close to that required for a zero net surface mass balance according to ice discharge. A linear relationship with a gradient of 0.81‰ °C−1 has been found between mean δ 18O values and mean annual surface temperature for different ice cores drilled in northern Victoria Land.
Ionospheric absorption, typical ionization, conductivity, and possible synoptic heating parameters in the upper atmosphere

Relations for the average energetic particle heating and the typical Hall and Pedersen conductances, as functions of the ground-based Hf radio absorption, are determined. Collis and coworkers used the geosynchronous GEOS 2 particle data to relate or ''calibrate'' the auroral absorption on the same magnetic field lines with five levels of D region ionization. These ionospheric models are related to a Chapman layer that extends these models into the E region. The average energetic particle heating is calculated for each of these models using recent expressions for the effective recombination coefficient. The corresponding height-integrated heating rates are determined and related to the absorption with a quadratic expression. The average Hall and Pedersen conductivities are calculated for each of the nominal absorption ionospheric models. The corresponding height-integrated conductances for nighttime conditions are determined and related to the absorption. Expressions for these conductances during disturbed sunlit conditions are also determined. These relations can be used in conjunction with simultaneous ground-based riometric and magnetic observations to determines the average Hall and Pedersen currents and the Joule heating. The typical daily rate of temperature increase in the mesosphere for storm conditions is several 10 K for both the energetic particle and the Joule heating.more » The increasing importance of these parameters of the upper and middle atmospheres is discussed. It is proposed that northern hemisphere ionospheric, current, and heating synoptic models and parameters be investigated for use on a regular basis. copyright American Geophysical Union 1989« less
Shallow seabed methane gas could pose coastal hazard

Abnormally high levels of methane gas in seafloor sediments could pose a major hazard to coastal populations within the next 100 years through their impact on climate change and sea level rise. Marine scientists have known for many years that biogenic methane (CH4) is generated in shallow seabed sediments on continental margins, especially in rapidly deposited muddy sediments with high organic matter content (see Methane Flux Control in Ocean Margin Sediments (METROL) project in Mienert et al., [2004]). Gassy sediments are found in river deltas, estuaries, and harbors, but also in deeper waters on continental shelves and slopes. Human activities can accelerate natural seafloor gas generation by increasing the supply of sediments and organic matter from rivers through deforestation and intensive farming, and also by the disposal of human waste at sea. When this extra organic matter becomes buried to about one meter beneath the seabed, biogeochemical processes start to convert it to CH4 [Floodgate and Judd, 1992]. The impact of this extra CH4 could be felt within the next 100 years, assuming a one-centimeter-per-year sediment accumulation rate.
Dry deposition of airborne trace metals on the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent coastal waters

[1] We present an assessment of the deposition rates of airborne trace metals onto the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent coastal waters. For this purpose, the UCLA Surface Meteorology and Ozone Generation (SMOG) air pollution modeling system has been used to simulate the geographical distributions of trace metals and their deposition fluxes. Calculations were performed for average summer and winter conditions, as well as for extreme meteorological events, in particular, for Santa Ana winds. Thus, a series of simulations were carried out that define the range of meteorological conditions contributing to dry deposition in the region. These predictions have been calibrated and validated using measurements collected in the LA area. Significant spatial and temporal variability are found in trace metal concentrations and deposition rates. Large spatial gradients occur near the coast as well as at the mountainous boundaries of the airshed. Considerable diurnal and seasonal variations in trace metal deposition are also noted. For example, the development of a daytime sea breeze, particularly in the warmer months, leads to greater deposition in the northern and eastern basin as well as in the high desert. A nighttime land breeze, especially in the colder months, enhances deposition onto coastal ocean surfaces. Large particles dominate local trace metal deposition in central urban (and adjacent) areas, while fine particles export metals over regional scales through long-range advection. Since the majority of urban metal deposition occurs on particles larger than 10-mm diameter, routine measurements of PM10 or PM2.5 concentrations for air quality characterization may not be reliable indicators of local sources. Some 35–45% of all trace metal emissions are deposited locally within the Los Angeles Basin on an annual basis. Santa Monica Bay and its watersheds receive about 6% of this amount, which can have a significant impact on trace metal concentrations in the surface waters of the bay, primarily through land runoff following storms. INDEX TERMS: 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504)
Estimating the convective supply of nitrate and implied variability in export production over the North Atlantic

The maintenance and interannual variability of export production is partly controlled by the convective and Ekman supply of nutrients to the euphotic zone. This dynamical supply of nitrate to the euphotic zone is estimated over the North Atlantic from 1968 to 1993. First, a matrix of one‐dimensional mixed‐layer models are integrated over the North Atlantic forced by surface and Ekman fluxes of heat and freshwater. Second, nitrate fluxes to the euphotic zone are estimated by combining the mixed‐layer thickness cycle and wind stress data with climatological nitrate profiles. The model suggests that the convective supply of nitrate ranges from 0.1 mol N m−2 yr−1 in the subtropics to 1.4 mol N m−2 yr−1 over the subpolar gyre. The interannual variability in convective supply reaches ±0.2 mol N m−2 yr−1. This variability in nitrate supply is significantly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation index over parts of the central and western Atlantic but not over the eastern Atlantic. This convectively induced variability should modulate the levels of export production wherever the nitrate supply is limiting. The Ekman transfer is relatively small, reaching 0.1 mol N m−2 yr−1 over the subpolar gyre, but is important in maintaining nitrate concentrations within the seasonal boundary layer.
Synoptic‐scale behavior of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer

High‐resolution GPS radio occultation temperature profiles from the COSMIC satellite mission (2007–2013) are used to obtain daily snapshots of the strength of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer (TIL). Its horizontal structure and day‐to‐day variability are linked to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. The strength of the TIL in cyclonic as well as anticyclonic conditions is investigated by separating relative vorticity into curl and shear terms. The analysis shows that the TIL has high zonal variability, and its strength is instantaneously adjusted to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. Our key finding is that the TIL within midlatitude ridges in winter is as strong as or stronger than the TIL in polar summer. The strongest TIL in anticyclonic conditions is related to the shear term, while the weaker TIL in cyclonic conditions is enhanced by the curl term.
A Concise Review for Exploring Behaviors To Embrace Investment Robo-advisors

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the advancement of automated services in the financial technology (Fin-tech) sector has undeniably sped up tremendously. At the same time, the instability of the financial market and inflation have influenced specific groups of potential and existing investors to reconsider investment choices and re-manage their financial planning. In addition, a few studies are investigating the financial literacy, digital literacy, information literacy towards intention to use Robo-advisors. For this reason, this paper aims to provide a concise review on the behaviors towards investment robo-advisors which includes discussions on Fin-tech, types of robo-advisors, history, features, and technological perspectives. This paper can assist the system developers in various industries.
Effects of container volumes and fertilization on red (Pinus densiflora) and black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings growth

The growth, carbon and nitrogen responses of container grown 2–0 red (Pinus densiflora) and black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings were examined at three types of container volume (250 cm3, 350 cm3, 500 cm3) with or without foliar fertilization. There were significant main and interaction effects of seedling growth on container volume and foliar fertilization. Root collar diameter, height, and dry mass of both pine seedlings decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with decreasing of container volume with fertilization, while no effect of container volumes without fertilization. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations of foliage were significantly different (P < 0.05) among container volumes, while other seedling components were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the container volumes or between seedling types. The results indicate that growth characteristics and nitrogen status on container grown red and black pine seedlings were enhanced by increased container volumes with fertilization.
Regional Literature as Epicenter of the Cultural Heritage – Projections of Literary Tourism in Colombia

The literary work of Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Marquez, associated with “magic realism” and the “Latin American boom,” has fostered the management of urban tourist routes whose purpose is to reconstruct the spaces and events associated with his characters and memories in the Colombian Caribbean. The results of these efforts may be suitable for the promotion of literary tourism experiences based on the life and work of unknown local writers. The chapter describes the conceptions of literary tourism proposed from regional experiences, the original efforts of public publishers to promote the visit to Santander for recreating the personality and imaginaries about the Santanderean by the most recognized authors and the proposals in tours of literary tourism carried out by student-researchers when studying the life and literary work of the most representative literary authors of the Santanderean provinces. The research corresponds to the qualitative approach and the hermeneutic method, for which were contrasted the national and international scientific publications on literary tourism and the literary works that were created and published to exalt the Santanderean. Literary tourism is not a priority for cultural and touristic politics but is an alternative to strengthen literary creation and cultural identity.
Multiple Collisions in the East African–Antarctica Orogen: Constraints from Timing of Metamorphism in the Filchnerfjella and Hochlinfjellet Terranes in Central Dronning Maud Land

Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon age dating was applied to several types of cordierite-bearing gneisses and orthopyroxene-bearing gneiss from the basement rocks in central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, to clarify the timing of tectonothermal events during the amalgamation of East and West Gondwana. The zircon ages of ca. 522–525 and 598–599 Ma were obtained in Filchnerfjella and Hochlinfjellet, respectively, and the cathodoluminescence images of analyzed zircons suggest that these were formed during high-temperature metamorphism. These two sets of ages are interpreted to represent periods that immediately followed the peak metamorphism. The dating results reveal an age gap of 80 Myr between the two areas, indicating different collisional events. In the cordierite-bearing samples in Filchnerfjella, zircon cores with oscillatory zoning have concordia ages that range from 1800 to 650 Ma. These are considered to represent the ages of detrital zircons derived over a long time from different source materials. In Hochlinfjellet, the inherited detrital zircons with oscillatory zoning have concordia ages of ca. 930, 780, and 730 Ma, indicating sedimentary protoliths derived from differently aged igneous source rocks, possibly formed in a subduction zone as an accretionary prism before the collision. According to previous age results, previously documented shear zones are now interpreted as representing a major tectonic boundary. The obtained age results imply that different allochthonous metamorphic terranes were assembled along the collisional zone of the East African–Antarctica Orogen during the period from 650 to 500 Ma.
Decadal increases in anthropogenic CO2 along 20°S in the South Indian Ocean

[1] We used high-quality data for dissolved inorganic carbon and related water properties in the Indian Ocean along 20°S (World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program line I3) and 24°S (I4) obtained 8 years apart (1995–2003/2004) to estimate decadal-scale increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the interior of the South Indian Ocean. Significant increases were detected to about 1800 m depth in the longitude range 35–45°E. In the upper thermocline subtropical subsurface water and Indian Central Water, anthropogenic CO2 increased an average of 7.9 ± 1.1 and 7.7 ± 0.5 μmol kg−1, respectively, whereas in the lower thermocline Antarctic Intermediate Water, the increase was 3.8 ± 0.7 μmol kg−1. A significant increase was also detected in Circumpolar Deep Water (2.5 ± 1.0 μmol kg−1). The estimated uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 along the I3/I4 line over this time interval was 1.0 ± 0.1 mol m−2 a−1. Seasonal variations, which are influential in this ocean because of the Indian monsoon, did not affect detection of the anthropogenic CO2 signals. Comparisons with previous studies showed that increases of anthropogenic CO2 became larger in the most recent decade and that the CO2 uptake rate was similar to that in the South Pacific (1.0 ± 0.4 mol m−2 a−1) but higher than those in the South Atlantic (0.6 ± 0.1 mol m−2 a−1) and North Pacific (0.5 ± 0.1 mol m−2 a−1) Oceans. Deep penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is possibly associated with the higher uptake rate.
Analysis of Remote Sensing Images of Ground Ruptures Resulting from the Kunlun Mountain Pass Earthquake in 2001

Abstract On November 14, 2001, an earthquake measuring a magnitude of 8.1 occurred to the west of the Kunlun Mountain Pass which is near the border between Xinjiang and Qinghai of China. Since its epicenter is located in an area at an elevation of 4900 m where the environment is extremely adverse, field investigation to this event seems very difficult. We have performed interpretation and analysis of the satellite images of ETM, SPOT, Ikonos, and ERS‐1/2SAR to reveal the spatial distribution and deformation features of surface ruptures caused by this large earthquake. Our results show that the rupture zone on the ground is 426 km long, and strikes N90–110°E with evident left‐lateral thrusting. In spatial extension, it has two distinct sections. One extends from the Bukadaban peak to the Kunlun Mountain Pass, with a total length of 350 km, and trending N95–110°E. Its fracture plane is almost vertical, with clear linear rupture traces and a single structure, and the maximum left‐lateral offset is 7.8 m. This section is the main rupture zone caused by the earthquake, which is a re‐fracturing along an old fault. The other is the section from Kushuihuan to the Taiyang Lake. It is 26 km long, trending N90–105°E, with the maximum strike‐slip displacement being 3 m, and is a newly‐generated seismic rupture. In a 50 km‐long section between the Taiyang Lake and the Bukadaban peak, no rupture is found on the ground. The eastern and western rupture zones may have resulted from two earthquakes. The macroscopic epicenter is situated at 65 km east of the Hoh Sai Lake. The largest coseismic horizontal offset in the macroscopic epicenter ranges from 7 m to 8 m. Based on the dislocation partition of the whole rupture zone, it is suggested that this rupture zone has experienced a process of many times of intensification and fluctuation, exhibiting a remarkable feature of segmentation.