Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Auroral Processes Associated with Saturn's Moon Enceladus

Auroral Phenomen Other Planets Geophysical Mon © 2012. American 10.1029/2011GM Observations from the Cassini spacecraft have shown that Saturn’s small moon Enceladus emits a geyser-like plume of water vapor and small icy particles from volcano-like vents in its southern polar region. It has also been shown that the interaction of this plume with the rapidly rotating magnetosphere of Saturn produces UV auroral emissions in Saturn’s atmosphere near the foot of the moon’s magnetic flux tube. Just how the charged particles responsible for the aurora are accelerated is a topic of considerable current interest. In this chapter, we give an overview of auroral processes associated with Enceladus. We show that the interaction of the plume with Saturn’s corotating magnetospheric plasma leads to a wide variety of effects, including strong local distortions of the planetary magnetic field, the acceleration of electron beams, the generation of whistler mode radio emissions, and the excitation of a standing Alfvén wave that links Enceladus to Saturn’s upper atmosphere. Many of these effects are similar to those observed near Jupiter’s moon Io, which is known to produce auroral emissions near the foot of its magnetic flux tube, and to those occurring in the Earth’s aurora.
Midlatitude F region peak height changes in response to interplanetary magnetic field conditions and modeling results

[1] The response of the electron density peak height of the F2 region, hmF2, to geomagnetic storms has been investigated and a characteristic behavior of the peak height disturbance in relation to local-time, season and conditions of the interplanetary magnetic field has been obtained. The experimental results support the storm scenario which the change in the thermospheric wind is the main physical mechanism raising the ionospheric peak height. A real-time forecasting tool modeling the hmF2 disturbance, ΔhmF2, by analytical time-dependent functions has been developed. The empirical model predicts ΔhmF2 for latitudes of the Iberian Peninsula with an 86% of success and without false alarms. The behavior of the model fits to the experimental observations at other latitudes and longitudes within Europe which would allow extending its usefulness at wider latitudinal ranges.
Entrapment of the Brachial Artery Following Supracondylar Fracture Reduction: A Case Report

Background: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common elbow fractures in children. Supracondylar fractures have two subtypes: flexion, which makes up less than 2% of all such fractures, and extension, which makes up more than 98% of supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Supracondylar fractures of the humerus can develop vascular and neurological complications, either following the fracture itself due to the detached pieces of bone or after reduction or K-wire fixation therapy. The most common complication is damage to the brachial artery. Case Presentation: Our patient is a healthy 7-year-old right dominant boy who sustained a Gartland type III fracture following a fall and was admitted to the Emergency Ward. At first, a weak pulse was detected in the distal part of the right upper extremity. After the reduction using 2 K-wires, the distal pulse of the limb became undetectable. Vascular examination revealed that the adventitia of the brachial artery was trapped between the condyle parts. The artery was then released, and the distal pulse returned. Conclusions: This case shows that although entrapment and pulling of the adventitia of the brachial artery between the condyles of the humerus following a supracondylar fracture is a rare occurrence, it can happen in this type of fracture. After reduction using K-wires percutaneously, a neurovascular examination in all cases of supracondylar fractures is necessary. In supracondylar fractures with pink pulseless limbs, immediate arterial exploration can achieve a markedly better outcome than simply monitoring.
Colonial Brazil: Plantations and peripheries, c . 1580 – c . 1750

SUGAR AND SLAVES ‘A sugar mill is hell and all the masters of them are damned’, wrote Father Andres de Gouvea from Bahia in 1627. Time and time again observers who witnessed the roaring furnaces, the boiling cauldrons, the glistening black bodies and the infernal whirling of the mill during the 24-hour day of the sugar safra , or harvest, used the same image of hell. Along with mining, the production of sugar was the most complex and mechanized activity that Europeans carried out in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and its ‘modern’ and industrial nature shocked its pre-industrial observers. Yet it was from this nightmarish scene that the society and economy of Brazil grew. During the century from 1580 to 1680 Brazil was the world's largest producer and exporter of sugar. It was in the context of plantation agriculture and sugar that colonial society was formed. Like the sugar-loaf itself, society crystallized with white Europeans at the top, tan-coloured people of mixed race receiving lesser esteem, and black slaves considered, like the dark panela sugar, to be of the lowest quality. By the final decades of the sixteenth century Brazil no longer resembled the trading-fort establishments of the Portuguese West African and Asian colonies. The shift from private to royal initiative in the exploitation and settlement of the vast Brazilian coastline, the creation of the captaincy system in the 1530s, the subsequent establishment of royal control in 1549, the elimination and enslavement of Indian peoples and the transformation of the principal economy from dyewood cutting to sugar-cane agriculture were all central elements in the colony's formation.
Guidelines for the use of Bayesian networks as a participatory tool for Water Resource Management

Appendices Appendix I Basic statistical background of CPTs and properties of Bns Appendix II Description of how to complete conditional probability tables: Large data sets and model output. Appendix III Descriptions of how to complete conditional probability tables: Stakeholder or expert opinion These guidelines describe the way in which Bayesian networks (Bns) can support decision making in the field of water resource management. Though primarily intended for the water resource sector, they could just as easily be applied more widely to the sphere of environmental management. The guidelines have two objectives: • The first is to describe the way in which Bns can be used to assess the impact of any water resource management decision, not just in terms of the water resource itself, but also the effect it has on the social and economic life of the region. By linking environmental, social, economic and other types of factor in this way, the technique permits a genuinely 'integrated' evaluation of any particular decision. • The second objective is to show the way in which Bns can be used to help involve stakeholders more fully into the decision making process by providing a focus for the stakeholder engagement process. Issues and objectives identified by stakeholders can be incorporated into networks constructed with their full involvement. Moreover, the graphical nature of network presentation makes it easier to illustrate the impacts of a range of different management strategies to stakeholders. However, it should be stressed that in these guidelines networks are not used to make decisions, but simply to provide the information on which better-informed decisions can be made. The guidelines are presented in 6 sections with Appendices and a CD (enclosed in a pocket in the back cover). The CD includes working copies of case studies, a PDF copy of the guidelines, along with other papers and reports produced during the project. There is also a copy of the report by Cain (2000). For a full list see the Table of Contents. The project was undertaken with the active cooperation and collaboration of four organisations responsible for water resource management in the selected study sites. The four organisations were: i. The Environment Agency (UK) ii. Copenhagen Energy (Denmark) iii. Regione Abruzzo Giunta Regionale (Italy) – who also form part of the funded team iv. The programme coordinator was John Bromley; meetings were chaired by Mike Acreman. Acknowledgements This work was carried out …
On the use of constrained focused waves for characteristic load prediction

: Physical experiments investigating the extreme responses of a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine were conducted to allow a comparison of design wave methods. A 1:70 scale model of the IEA 15MW reference turbine and VolturnUS-S platform was studied focusing on the hydrodynamics under parked turbine conditions. A comparison of characteristic load predictions was made between design standard recommendations by the IEC and DNV covering different design wave types and post processing methods. Constrained waves are permitted for predicting characteristic loads for fixed offshore turbines but the extent to which they are suitable for floating devices is questionable. A constrained wave method for characteristic load prediction is applied and it is concluded that in general characteristic responses related to pitch may be estimated well with single response conditioned focused waves but for response types where the low frequency surge is important, e.g. mooring loads, constrained focused waves need to be applied.
Usefulness of Multidetector-row CT in the Evaluation of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in a Rabbit Model

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of multidetector-row computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of reperfused myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods Eleven rabbits were subjected to 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion. Multidetector-row CT was performed 31 hours ± 21 after the procedure and pre- and post-contrast multiphase helical CT images were obtained up to 10 min after contrast injection. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days and histochemical staining of the resected specimens was perfomed with 2'3'5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Results In all 11 cases, the areas of myocardial infarction demonstrated with TTC-staining were identified on the CT images and the lesions showed hypoenhancement on the early phases up to 62 sec and hyperenhancement on the delayed phases of 5 min and 10 min compared with normal myocardial enhancement. The percentage area of the lesion with respect to the left ventricle wall on CT was significantly correlated with that of the TTC-staining results (p < 0.001 for both early and delayed phase CT) according to the generalized linear model analysis. The areas showing hypoenhancement on early CT were significantly smaller than those with hyperenhancement on delayed CT (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Multidetector-row CT may be useful in the detection and sizing of reperfused myocardial infarction.
CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE ALBAHACA (Ocimum basilicum L.) BAJO CUBIERTA EN LA SABANA DE BOGOTÁ

El desarrollo de la albahaca puede ser establecido y cuantificado, mediante la obtencion de parametros de crecimiento y con la caracterizacion de sus fases de desarrollo, informacion util para el manejo agronomico y comercial. En el presente trabajo, se busco obtener la TCR, el IAF y la TAN de esta especie, sembrada bajo cubierta; igualmente, determinar sus fases de desarrollo. El ensayo, se realizo en la U.D.C.A, entre el 2010 y el 2011, en un lote de 70m2, con la especie Ocimum basilicum L. Se empleo una densidad de poblacion de 12 plantas por m2. Se midio altura, numero de hojas, area foliar y peso seco. La lectura se hizo cada cuatro dias. El ensayo, se llevo hasta el inicio de la floracion: 61ddt. Los parametros de crecimiento, se estipularon empleando el enfoque funcional del modelo logistico, con el paquete estadistico SAS. A partir de la informacion analizada, se determino la eficiencia fisiologica. Las fases de desarrollo, se caracterizaron en el mismo periodo de tiempo y se estimaron contabilizando los dias trascurridos entre eventos fisiologicos de la planta o cambios observables en las variables de estudio y determinando la eficiencia fisiologica por fase. Se establecieron tres fases de desarrollo y las tasas de crecimiento se especificaron, obteniendo valores maximos de TCR de 0,1082 g g-1d-1, a los 5ddt; TAN de 0,0083g cm2d-1, al finalizar los 14ddt e IAF de 0,047, a los 31ddt
From rifting to active spreading in the Lau Basin – Havre Trough backarc system (SW Pacific): Locking/unlocking induced by seamount chain subduction

Associated with Pacific‐Australia plate convergence, the Lau Basin – Havre Trough is an active back‐arc basin that has been opened since ∼5.5 Ma by rifting and southward propagating oceanic spreading. Current back‐arc opening rates decrease from 159 mm yr−1 in the northern Lau Basin to 15 mm y−1 in the southern Havre Trough. Major tectonic changes occur at the transition between Havre Trough rifting and full oceanic spreading of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), where the oblique‐to‐trench, westward subducting Louisville Seamount Chain (LSC) sweeps southwards along the Tonga trench. New swath bathymetry, seismic reflection data, and limited rock sampling in this area constrain a tectonic and kinematic back‐arc model that incorporates the effects of LSC subduction. The ELSC, which extends southward to 24°55′S, forms a deep rift valley propagating southward through older, rifted arc basement. Present‐day seismicity and fresh and fractured pillow lavas at 23°42′S are consistent with rift valley neovolcanism. Conversely, the northern Havre Trough has low seismicity and rifted volcanic basement ridges trending 25–45° oblique to the basin axis consistent with low levels of extensional tectonism and volcanism. This latter structural fabric is interpreted as an early stage of rifting that is now “locked” due to compression on the arc exerted by LSC subduction, while in the Lau Basin such effects have passed as the LSC swept along the Tonga Trench. It is proposed that the Lau‐Havre back‐arc opening is controlled by tectonic constraints exerted at the limits of the system by the LSC subduction, which determines the southward migration of the Tonga Arc pole of rotation and associated Lau Basin opening. A discrete three‐stage back‐arc opening evolution is proposed, comprising: (1) an initial phase of back‐arc rifting along the whole length of the plate boundary, beginning at ∼6–5 Ma; (2) a subsequent phase, mostly present in the southern part of the back‐arc domain and still active in the Havre Trough, of transpression and transtension, starting at ∼4 Ma in the north, as the LSC starts to subduct and sweeps southward along the Tonga trench; and (3) a renewed opening phase in the northern segment of the back‐arc domain, with rifting and spreading, starting at ∼3.5 Ma, as subduction of the LSC along the northern Tonga trench is progressively completed.
The Bidder Exclusion Effect

We introduce a simple and robust approach to answering two key questions in empirical auction analysis: discriminating between models of entry and quantifying the revenue gains from improving auction design. The approach builds on Bulow and Klemperer (1996), connecting their theoretical results to empirical work. It applies in a broad range of information settings and auction formats without requiring instruments or estimation of a complex structural model. We demonstrate the approach using US timber and used-car auction data.
Climate signal propagation in southern California aquifers

The western United States is marked by limited water resources and a fast‐growing population. Increasing climate variability as well as a growing demand on water resources highlights the need for improved understanding of connections between regional climate, surface water dynamics, and groundwater recharge. The current study focuses on the linkages between climate variability and groundwater levels in Calleguas Creek watershed located in southern California. The Calleguas Creek groundwater system serves as a critical source of water supply for agricultural and industrial use. Precipitation time series and groundwater levels were analyzed throughout the Calleguas Creek watershed for the period 1975–2004. Water level variability was analyzed for over 311 individual wells with a subset of 20 wells selected for further analysis. A correlation matrix was computed to establish well locations (or groups) with similar hydrologic behavior. Prewhitening methods were used to evaluate the effect of time series autocorrelation on the test statistics for trend detection using the Mann‐Kendall test. Both climate and selected groundwater level (well) data were subjected to frequency analysis using fast Fourier transform. The time series of precipitation, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, and well levels were analyzed. A strong persistence was observed in the groundwater level time series, ranging from 66% to 99%. Results suggest the existence of significant periodicities between 2.0 and 7.0 years in both the precipitation and the well level data that are partially coincident with ENSO modes. A decadal oscillation was also observed in the well level data, which partially corresponds with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Assessment of the complex interactions between climate variability and groundwater levels will facilitate improved water resources planning and management in water‐stressed regions where marginal changes in hydrologic budgets have significant implications.
Transpressive inversion of a Mesozoic extensional forced fold system with an intermediate décollement level in the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin (Spain)

In the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin (Spain), normal faulting and associated folding occurred during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting. Cenozoic Pyrenean thick‐skinned transpressive inversion in the western parts of the basin preserved the first‐order extensional architecture. Integration of geological maps and seismic profiles has permitted to fully constrain the style of extensional deformation and subsequent inversion in the western portion of the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin. Extensional faults offset the Paleozoic basement up to Lower Triassic rocks. The presence of an efficient décollement level represented by Triassic evaporites produced the decoupling between basement rocks and the Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic prerift cover sequence. Extensional forced folding occurred in the cover, driven by basement faulting and the migration of evaporites toward the hanging wall of the extensional faults, with salt welds developing away from them. Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous syn‐rift sediments deposited synchronously with forced folding, which led to the development of extensional growth geometries associated with both master faults and nearly‐transverse faults. Syn‐rift growth sequences are characterized by downlap and onlap relationships with the underlying prerift units, interpreted as the result of along‐strike variations of master fault extensional displacement rate. Cenozoic Pyrenean contraction generated the right‐lateral transpressive inversion of basement master faults and the almost dip‐slip reactivation of transverse extensional faults.
HFC‐43‐10mee atmospheric abundances and global emission estimates

We report in situ atmospheric measurements of hydrofluorocarbon HFC‐43‐10mee (C5H2F10; 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5‐decafluoropentane) from seven observatories at various latitudes, together with measurements of archived air samples and recent Antarctic flask air samples. The global mean tropospheric abundance was 0.21 ± 0.05 ppt (parts per trillion, dry air mole fraction) in 2012, rising from 0.04 ± 0.03 ppt in 2000. We combine the measurements with a model and an inverse method to estimate rising global emissions—from 0.43 ± 0.34 Gg yr−1 in 2000 to 1.13 ± 0.31 Gg yr−1 in 2012 (~1.9 Tg CO2‐eq yr−1 based on a 100 year global warming potential of 1660). HFC‐43‐10mee—a cleaning solvent used in the electronics industry—is currently a minor contributor to global radiative forcing relative to total HFCs; however, our calculated emissions highlight a significant difference from the available reported figures and projected estimates.
A kinematic model for the formation of the Siletz‐Crescent forearc terrane by capture of coherent fragments of the Farallon and Resurrection plates

The volcanic basement of the Oregon and Washington Coast ranges has been proposed to represent a pair of tracks of the Yellowstone hotspot formed at a mid‐ocean ridge during the early Cenozoic. This interpretation has been questioned on many grounds, especially that the range of ages does not match the offshore spreading rates and that the presence of continental coarse clastic sediments is difficult to reconcile with fast convergence rates between the oceanic plates and North America. Updates to basement geochronology and plate motion history reveal that these objections are much less serious than when they were first raised. Forward plate kinematic modeling reveals that predicted basement ages can be consistent with the observed range of about 55–49 Ma, and that the entire basement terrane can form within about 300 km of continental sources for clastic sediments. This kinematic model indicates that there is no firm reason to reject the near‐ridge hotspot hypothesis on the basis of plate motions. A novel element of the model is the Resurrection plate, previously proposed to exist between the Farallon and Kula plates. By including the defunct Resurrection plate in our reconstruction, we are able to model the Farallon hotspot track as docking against the Oregon subduction margin starting about 53 Ma, followed by docking of the Resurrection track to the north starting about 48 Ma. Accretion of the Farallon plate fragment and partial subduction of the Resurrection fragment complicates the three‐dimensional structure of the modern Cascadia forearc. We interpret the so‐called “E” layer beneath Vancouver Island to be part of the Resurrection fragment. Our new kinematic model of mobile terranes within the Paleogene North American plate boundary allows reinterpretation of the three‐dimensional structure of the Cascadia forearc and its relationship to ongoing seismotectonic processes.
Growth and yield performance of bird eye pepper in the forest ecological zone of Ghana

Objective : To evaluate the growth and yield performance of Bird Eye pepper ( Capsicum frutescence) in the forest ecological zone of Ghana. Methodology and results: Field experiments were conducted at the teaching and research farm of the University of Ghana Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010. The treatments were randomized in complete block design and replicated three times. The parameters assessed were: plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of branches/plant, stem girth, fruit number, fruit weight and yield as well as quantitative characters. Results showed that there were significant differences in growth parameters as well as in the yield and yield components of the four cultivars and in both seasons. Plant heights were highest in cultivar 7777 and local in both seasons. Cultivar 7777 had significantly higher number of branches, canopy girth, fruit number and weight compared to the other cultivars. In terms of fruit colour, cultivar 7777 had dark green colour, a characteristics required in the export industry. Based on the results, cultivar 7777 is recommended for release to farmers and stakeholders in the vegetable industry in Ghana due to its colour, yield and consumer preference on the export and local market. Conclusion and application: The use of this cultivar will increase the foreign exchange earnings of Ghana and well-being of farmers not forgetting that it is going to be a good material for breeding purposes.