Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intersecting effects of sex/gender and autism on structural language: A scoping review

Despite emerging awareness of gender diversity in the autistic population, our understanding of autism remains limited to cisgender boys and men. We conducted a scoping review to better understand how structural language skills (i.e. syntax, semantics, narrative) differ across sex/gender within autism, and how gender diversity is incorporated in such research. Five research databases were searched for articles that have autistic participants who were not all male, present quantitative results separated by sex/gender, pertain to structural language, and were published between 2000 and 2021. Twenty-four articles met inclusion criteria. One article demonstrated awareness of gender diversity beyond the binary (i.e. girl, boy). Overall, autistic girls performed better than autistic boys but worse than nonautistic girls. Autistic girls are less likely to share the same quality and magnitude of structural language difficulties as autistic boys, which may contribute to their underdiagnosis. Comparing autistic girls to nonautistic girls is more likely to reveal areas of linguistic difference and potential intervention targets. This research provides further support for developing sex/gender-aware diagnostic and support measures for autism. Broader awareness of gender diversity, as both a concept and a prevalent feature of the autistic population, is essential for researchers to continue learning about sex/gender interactions in autism. Lay abstract Research about autism is mostly about boys and men, even though many autistic people are girls, women, and transgender/nonbinary. We wanted to learn more about how gender interacts with language skills in autistic people, so we reviewed existing research articles on this topic. We also wanted to know how this previous research talked about gender. Included articles had to measure language skills for autistic people of different genders. They also had to be published between 2000 and 2021. Twenty-four articles met these requirements. We found that autistic girls showed better language skills than autistic boys but worse skills than nonautistic girls. This may be one reason that autistic girls are underdiagnosed compared to autistic boys. If we compare autistic girls to nonautistic girls instead, we can see more language differences and possible areas to target in interventions. This study supports the need to create diagnostic and support measures for autism that take gender into account. Also, only one article mentioned autistic people who are transgender or nonbinary. Researchers who want to learn more about gender and autism need to understand gender diversity and recognize that many autistic people are transgender or nonbinary.
In situ assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation dose and associated radiological hazards in Katsina State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rates were measured in situ from different locations in Katsina State, Nigeria, using a portable radiation survey metre based on geological formations and soil types. The measured TGRD rates ranged from 45 to 271 nGyh–1 with an average value of 116 ± 1 nGyh–1. Geological formation (silicified sheared rock) and soil type (lithosols and ferruginous crusts and ferruginous tropical soils) appeared to have the highest mean TGRD values of 163 and 134 nGyh–1 with sandstone geological formation and alluvial and hydromorphic soils having the lowest TGRD with values of 80 and 61 nGyh–1, respectively. One way ANOVA results shows that the tested null hypothesis was rejected. Thus, indicating that there exists a strong relationship between the various geological formations, soil types with the measured TGRD values based on the alternate hypothesis. Human health hazard indices like annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), lifetime outdoor annual equivalent dose, and relative excess lifetime outdoor cancer risk associated with the mean TGRD of the study area were also calculated and found to be 0.711, 9.955 mSv, and 5.79 × 10–4, respectively. These values were higher than the world average values but favourable compared with the safety limits recommended by ICRP.
On the model coefficients for the standard and the variational multi-scale Smagorinsky model

A theoretical analysis is presented on the behaviour of the model coefficients for the well-known Smagorinsky model and two variational multi-scale (VMS) variants of the Smagorinsky model. The dependency on two important parameters is addressed, i.e. the ratio of the LES-filter width $\varDelta$ and the Kolmogorov scale $\eta$ on the one hand, and the ratio of the integral length scale $L$ and the LES-filter width $\varDelta$ on the other hand. First of all, it is demonstrated that the model coefficients vary strongly with $\varDelta/\eta$. By evaluating the model coefficients as functions of the subgrid activity $s$ (which expresses the relative contribution of the subgrid-scale model in the total dissipation, and corresponds to a nonlinear transformation of $\varDelta/\eta$), we show that a classical Lilly–Smagorinsky model overestimates the dissipation, even in cases where the dissipation of the subgrid-scale model is dominant. Therefore, generic and easy-to-use modifications to the different models are proposed, which provide close approximations to the models employing ‘exact’ coefficients. For the standard Smagorinsky model, this modified model corresponds to approximating the eddy viscosity $\nu_t$ as $\nu_t\,{=}\,(\nu_{\mbox{\textit{\scriptsize Lilly}}}^2\,{+}\,\nu^2)^{1/2} -\nu$, with $\nu_{\mbox{\textit{\scriptsize Lilly}}}$ the turbulent viscosity obtained by employing Lilly's classical Smagorinsky constant and $\nu$ the laminar viscosity. Similar easy-to-use relations are presented for the variational multi-scale Smagorinsky models. Next to the $\varDelta/\eta$ dependence of the model coefficients, the $L/\varDelta$ behaviour is also elaborated. Although a strong dependence on $L/\varDelta$ is observed for low values of the ratio, we do not advocate the use of $L/\varDelta$-dependent model coefficients. Rather, the asymptotic $L/\varDelta$ independence and the speed of asymptotic convergence are used as a tool to compare the quality of subgrid-scale models (e.g. $L/\varDelta \,{>}\, 10$ is a minimum order of magnitude for the small–small VMS model), and differences are observed between the standard Smagorinsky model and its two VMS variants. Finally, for the VMS models, the influence of the shape of the high-pass filter, used in the variational multi-scale formulation, is investigated. We observed that smooth high-pass filters result in more robust VMS Smagorinsky models.
Comparison of locomotor stimulant and drug discrimination effects of four synthetic cathinones to commonly abused psychostimulants

Background: The underground market is constantly flooded with newer synthetic as alternatives to the older cathinones. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has identified four cathinone compounds of particular concern: 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (3,4-MD-α-PHP), 4-chloro-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-Cl-α-PPP), alpha-pyrrolidinoisohexiophenone (α-PiHP) and 4-chloro-pentedrone (4-Cl-pentedrone). Aims: The current study aimed to evaluate the behavioral pharmacology of four synthetic cathinones Methods: 3,4-MD-α-PHP, 4-Cl-α-PPP, α-PiHP, and 4-CPD were tested for locomotor activity in mice and in a drug discrimination assay with rats trained to discriminate either methamphetamine or cocaine. Results: Locomotor stimulant effects of 3,4-MD-α-PHP ((effective dose) ED50 = 1.98 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED50 = 2.46 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED50 = 7.18 mg/kg) were observed within 10 min following injection and lasted from 2 to 3.5 h. The stimulant action of 4-CPD (ED50 = 17.24 mg/kg) was delayed, occurring 40–70 min following injection. The maximal motor stimulant actions of 3,4-MD-α-PHP and α-PiHP 1 were equivalent to that of cocaine and methamphetamine, whereas 4-CPD (50% of cocaine) and 4-Cl-α-PPP (73% of cocaine) were less efficacious. All of the test compounds fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, 3,4-MD-α-PHP (ED50 = 2.28 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED50 = 3.84 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED50 = 15.56 mg/kg). Only 3,4-MD-α-PHP (ED50 = 1.65 mg/kg), α-PiHP (ED50 = 1.87 mg/kg), and 4-Cl-α-PPP (ED50 = 9.79 mg/kg) fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine. 4-Cl-pentedrone caused 55–70% methamphetamine-appropriate responding at doses that also suppressed responding and produced convulsions. Conclusions: These data indicate that 3,4-MD-α-PHP, α-PiHP, and 4-Cl-α-PPP have a potential for abuse similar to that of methamphetamine and cocaine. In contrast, 4-Cl-pentedrone may not be popular for recreational use due to its convulsant effects.
Effects of a Novel, Transdiagnostic Ecological Momentary Intervention for Prevention, and Early Intervention of Severe Mental Disorder in Youth (EMIcompass): Findings From an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background/Hypothesis Digital interventions targeting transdiagnostic mechanisms in daily life may be a promising translational strategy for prevention and early intervention of psychotic and other severe mental disorders. We aimed to investigate the feasibility and initial signals of efficacy of a transdiagnostic, compassion-focused, hybrid ecological momentary intervention for improving resilience (ie, EMIcompass) in youth with early mental health problems. Study Design In an exploratory, assessor-blind randomized controlled trial, youth aged 14–25 with current distress, broad at-risk mental state, or first episode of severe mental disorder were randomly allocated to experimental (EMIcompass+treatment as usual [TAU]) or control condition (TAU). Data on primary (stress reactivity) and secondary candidate mechanisms as well as candidate primary (psychological distress) and secondary outcomes were collected. Study Results Criteria for the feasibility of trial methodology and intervention delivery were met (n = 92 randomized participants). No serious adverse events were observed. Initial outcome signals were evident for reduced momentary stress reactivity (stress×time×condition, B = −0.10 95%CI −0.16–−0.03, d = −0.10), aberrant salience (condition, B = −0.38, 95%CI −0.57–−0.18, d = −0.56) as well as enhanced momentary resilience (condition, B = 0.55, 95%CI 0.18–0.92, d = 0.33) and quality of life (condition, B = 0.82, 95%CI 0.10–1.55, d = 0.60) across post-intervention and 4-week follow-up. No outcome signals were observed for self-reported psychological distress (condition, B = 0.57, 95%CI −1.59–2.72, d = 0.09), but there was suggestive evidence of reduced observer-rated symptoms at the 4-week follow-up (B = −1.41, 95%CI −2.85–0.02, d = −0.41). Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of feasibility and initial signals that EMIcompass may reduce stress reactivity and improve quality of life. A definitive trial is now warranted.
Linking discoveries, mechanisms, and technologies to develop a clearer perspective on plant long noncoding RNAs

Abstract Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large and diverse class of genes in eukaryotic genomes that contribute to a variety of regulatory processes. Functionally characterized lncRNAs play critical roles in plants, ranging from regulating flowering to controlling lateral root formation. However, findings from the past decade have revealed that thousands of lncRNAs are present in plant transcriptomes, and characterization has lagged far behind identification. In this setting, distinguishing function from noise is challenging. However, the plant community has been at the forefront of discovery in lncRNA biology, providing many functional and mechanistic insights that have increased our understanding of this gene class. In this review, we examine the key discoveries and insights made in plant lncRNA biology over the past two and a half decades. We describe how discoveries made in the pregenomics era have informed efforts to identify and functionally characterize lncRNAs in the subsequent decades. We provide an overview of the functional archetypes into which characterized plant lncRNAs fit and speculate on new avenues of research that may uncover yet more archetypes. Finally, this review discusses the challenges facing the field and some exciting new molecular and computational approaches that may help inform lncRNA comparative and functional analyses.
Childhood Maltreatment and Revictimization: A Systematic Literature Review

There is established evidence that childhood/adolescent victimization is associated with victimization in adulthood although the underlying mechanisms are not still clear. The current study aimed to systematically review empirical studies examining potential psychological factors linking childhood maltreatment to victimization in adulthood and the gaps in the literature. Following PRISMA protocol, 71 original studies consisting of a total sample of n = 31,633 subjects were analyzed. Symptom severity for various trauma-related disorders, dissociation, emotion dysregulation, and risky sexual behaviors emerged as potential predictors of revictimization. While these potential risk factors mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adulthood victimization, evidence for additional factors such as social support, attachment styles, maladaptive schemas, and risk detection is very limited. Addressing these intrapersonal risk factors, found by prior studies, in interventions and preventive programs might decrease the probability of revictimization. The interactions between the identified risk factors have not been studied well yet. Hence, more research on mediating risk factors of revictimization is needed.
Nonlinear Analysis of Airfoil High-Intensity Gust Response Using a High-Order Prefactored Compact Code

The nonlinear response of symmetric and loaded airfoils to an impinging vortical gust is investigated in the parametric space of gust dimension, intensity, and frequency. The study, which was designed to investigate the validity limits for a linear analysis, is implemented by applying a nonlinear high-order prefactored compact code and comparing results with linear solutions from the GUST3D frequency-domain solver. Both the unsteady aerodynamic and acoustic gust responses are examined.
Piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene)

The symmetry‐predicted nonzero components of the piezoelectric coefficient, dielectric constant, and elastic compliance matrices have been determined on poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene)(75/25) copolymer at room temperature and a frequency of 500 Hz. The temperature dependence of each of the complex piezoelectric coefficients and complex dielectric constants has been measured in the temperature range of −100 to 65 °C. The frequency dependence of these coefficients has also been measured at room temperature. It is found that the relaxation observed in the tensile piezoelectric coefficients of this material is different from that of the dielectric constants, whereas the relaxation of the piezoelectric shear constants shows behavior similar to that of the dielectric constants.
Epidemiological Survey on Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasites in Cats Around Toulouse (France)

Summary Various feline parasites are potentially zoonotic thus establishing factors associated with parasitism is of animal and public health interest. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in client-owned cats, living in the area of Toulouse, France, over the period 2015 – 2017, and to investigate possible risk factors. A total of 498 faecal samples from cats of the University Animal Hospital of Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse were analysed, 448 from cats presented for consultation and 50 at post-mortem. Analysis was performed using a commercial flotation enrichment method with a hypersaturated sodium chloride solution and Baermann technique. Further examination of the gastrointestinal tract contents was conducted on necropsied cats. Overall, 11.6 % of cats were positive for endoparasites; 50 (11.2 %) consultation cases and 8 (16 %) post-mortem cases, with no significant difference in prevalence between the groups. Amongst infected cats, most were infected by a single species of parasite and 10.3 % (n=6) were infected with two or more. The most common parasite was Toxocara cati with a prevalence of 9.4 % (n=47). Other endoparasites encountered were: Cystoisospora sp 1.0 % (n=5), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus 1.0 % (n=5), Strongyloides sp 0.6 % (n=3), Dipylidium caninum 0.4 % (n=2), Aonchotheca putorii 0.2 % (n=1), Ancylostomatidae 0.2 % (n=1) and Toxascaris leonina 0.2 % (n=1). The examination of the gastronintestinal tract contents of the necropsied cats revealed Mesocestoides sp 0.4 % (n=2) and Tænia (Hydatigera) tæniaeformis sensu lato 0.2 % (n=1) which are seldomly diagnosed by flotation methods. In this study, increasing age and neutered status were statistically associated with reduced odds of infection by endoparasites (helminth and coccidian). Predictors of significantly increased risk included being male, intact, and not receiving regular anthelmintic treatment. The same risk factors were highlighted specifically for Toxocara cati infections, with rural location being an additional risk factor for infection.
First Report of Aphelenchoides Bicaudatus (Imamura, 1931) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Associated with Grass in South Africa

Summary Aphelenchoides bicaudatus associated with grass in South Africa was identified morphologically and molecularly. This population is characterized by a body length of 409 – 529 μm, a stylet length of 9.5 – 13 μm, a post-vulval uterine sac of 45 – 50 μm, and the characteristic tail bifurcated at the end with one prong longer than the other. Molecular analyses based on the 18S and ITS rDNA data confirmed the primary morphological identification of the A. bicaudatus species. The obtained phylogenetic trees revealed a close positioning of the South African population to other representatives of A. bicaudatus with the maximum (1.00) posterior probability value. Principal component analysis (PCA) also indicated a variation within the populations of A. bicaudatus. This is the first report of A. bicaudatus from South Africa.
Who you gonna call? TMS-induced inhibition of the left premotor cortex acts as a Bayesian Ghost Buster by altering illusory social perception

Prior experiences help us to navigate social interactions. Communicative actions from one person are used to predict another person’s response. However, in some cases, these predictions can outweigh the processing of sensory information and lead to illusory social perception such as believing to see two people interact, although in real, there is only one person present. This phenomenon was referred to as seeing a Bayesian ghost. In this pre-registered study, we used a two point-light agents design. One agent was well-recognizable and performed either a communicative or individual gesture. The other agent either was blended into a cluster of noise dots and responded to this gesture or it was entirely replaced by noise dots. The participants had to indicate the presence or absence of the masked agent. Before the task, we applied either inhibitory non-invasive brain stimulation over the left premotor cortex (i.e., real TMS) or sham TMS as control condition. As expected, participants had more false alarms (i.e., Bayesian ghosts) in the communicative than individual condition in the sham TMS session and this difference between conditions vanished in the real TMS session. In contrast to our hypothesis, the general level of false alarms increased (rather than decreased) in the real TMS session for both conditions. These findings confirm that the premotor cortex is causally linked to the illusory social perception of a Bayesian ghost, which is likely due to disrupted action predictions and of clinical significance.
Genetically Defined Subtypes of Somatostatin-Containing Cortical Interneurons

Visual Abstract Inhibitory interneurons play a crucial role in proper development and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Of the different inhibitory subclasses, dendritic-targeting, somatostatin-containing (SOM) interneurons may be the most diverse. Earlier studies used GFP-expressing and recombinase-expressing mouse lines to characterize genetically defined subtypes of SOM interneurons by morphologic, electrophysiological, and neurochemical properties. More recently, large-scale studies classified SOM interneurons into 13 morpho-electric transcriptomic (MET) types. It remains unclear, however, how these various classification schemes relate to each other, and experimental access to MET types has been limited by the scarcity of specific mouse driver lines. To address these issues, we crossed Flp and Cre driver lines with a dual-color intersectional reporter, allowing experimental access to several combinatorially defined SOM subsets. Brains from adult mice of both sexes were retrogradely dye labeled from the pial surface to identify layer 1-projecting neurons and immunostained against several marker proteins, revealing correlations between genetic label, axonal target, and marker protein expression in the same neurons. Lastly, using whole-cell recordings ex vivo, we analyzed and compared electrophysiological properties between different intersectional subsets. We identified two layer 1-targeting subtypes with nonoverlapping marker protein expression and electrophysiological properties, which, together with a previously characterized layer 4-targeting subtype, account for >50% of all layer 5 SOM cells and >40% of all SOM cells, and appear to map onto 5 of the 13 MET types. Genetic access to these subtypes will allow researchers to determine their synaptic inputs and outputs and uncover their roles in cortical computations and animal behavior.
A vast evolutionarily transient translatome contributes to phenotype and fitness

Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins. Ribosome profiling recently revealed that many short sequences previously thought to be noncoding are pervasively translated. To identify protein-coding genes in this noncanonical translatome, we combine an integrative framework for extremely sensitive ribosome profiling analysis, iRibo, with high-powered selection inferences tailored for short sequences. We construct a reference translatome for Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprising 5,400 canonical and almost 19,000 noncanonical translated elements. Only 14 noncanonical elements were evolving under detectable purifying selection. Surprisingly, a representative subset of translated elements lacking signatures of selection demonstrated involvement in processes including DNA repair, stress response and post-transcriptional regulation. Our results suggest that most translated elements are not conserved protein-coding genes and contribute to genotype-phenotype relationships through fast-evolving molecular mechanisms.