Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DISK POPULATION OF THE TAURUS STAR-FORMING REGION

We have analyzed nearly all images of the Taurus star-forming region at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0, and 24 μm that were obtained during the cryogenic mission of the Spitzer Space Telescope (46 deg2) and have measured photometry for all known members of the region that are within these data, corresponding to 348 sources, or 99% of the known stellar population. By combining these measurements with previous observations with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph and other facilities, we have classified the members of Taurus according to whether they show evidence of circumstellar disks and envelopes (classes I, II, and III). Through these classifications, we find that the disk fraction in Taurus, N(II)/N(II+III), is ∼75% for solar-mass stars and declines to ∼45% for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs (0.01–0.3 M☉). This dependence on stellar mass is similar to that measured for Chamaeleon I, although the disk fraction in Taurus is slightly higher overall, probably because of its younger age (1 Myr versus 2–3 Myr). In comparison, the disk fraction for solar-mass stars is much lower (∼20%) in IC 348 and σ Ori, which are denser than Taurus and Chamaeleon I and are roughly coeval with the latter. These data indicate that disk lifetimes for solar-mass stars are longer in star-forming regions that have lower stellar densities. Through an analysis of multiple epochs of Spitzer photometry that are available for ∼200 Taurus members, we find that stars with disks exhibit significantly greater mid-infrared (mid-IR) variability than diskless stars, which agrees with the results of similar variability measurements for a smaller sample of stars in Chamaeleon I. The variability fraction for stars with disks is higher in Taurus than in Chamaeleon I, indicating that the IR variability of disks decreases with age. Finally, we have used our data in Taurus to refine the observational criteria for primordial, evolved, and transitional disks. The ratio of the number of evolved and transitional disks to the number of primordial disks in Taurus is 15/98 for spectral types of K5–M5, indicating a timescale of 0.15 × τprimordial ∼ 0.45 Myr for the clearing of the inner regions of optically thick disks. After applying the same criteria to older clusters and associations (2–10 Myr) that have been observed with Spitzer, we find that the proportions of evolved and transitional disks in those populations are consistent with the measurements in Taurus when their star formation histories are properly taken into account.
Impact of a Locally Measured H0 on the Interpretation of Cosmic-chronometer Data

Many measurements in cosmology depend on the use of integrated distances or time, but galaxies evolving passively on a timescale much longer than their age difference allow us to determine the expansion rate H(z) solely as a function of the redshift–time derivative dz/dt. These model-independent “cosmic chronometers” can therefore be powerful discriminators for testing different cosmologies. In previous applications, the available sources strongly disfavored models (such as ΛCDM) predicting a variable acceleration, preferring instead a steady expansion rate over the redshift range 0 ≲ z ≲ 2. A more recent catalog of 30 objects appears to suggest non-steady expansion. In this paper, we show that such a result is entirely due to the inclusion of a high, locally inferred value of the Hubble constant H0 as an additional datum in a set of otherwise pure cosmic-chronometer measurements. This H0, however, is not the same as the background Hubble constant if the local expansion rate is influenced by a Hubble Bubble. Used on their own, the cosmic chronometers completely reverse this conclusion, favoring instead a constant expansion rate out to z ∼ 2.
Effects of galactic disc inclination and resolution on observed GMC properties and Larson's scaling relations

With ALMA making it possible to resolve giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in other galaxies, it is becoming necessary to quantify the observational bias on measured GMC properties. Using a hydrodynamical simulation of a barred spiral galaxy, we compared the physical properties of GMCs formed in position-position-position space (PPP) to the observational position-position-velocity space (PPV). We assessed the effect of disc inclination: face-on (PPV_face) and edge-on (PPV_edge), and resolution: 1.5 pc versus 24 pc, on GMC properties and the further implications of using Larson's scaling relations for mass-radius and velocity dispersion-radius. The low-resolution PPV data are generated by simulating ALMA Cycle 3 observations using the CASA package. Results show that the median properties do not differ strongly between PPP and PPV_face under both resolutions, but PPV_edge clouds deviate from these two. The differences become magnified when switching to the lower, but more realistic resolution. The discrepancy can lead to opposite results for the virial parameter's measure of gravitational binding, and therefore the dynamical state of the clouds. The power-law indices for the two Larson's scaling relations decrease going from PPP, PPV_face to PPV_edge and decrease from high to low resolutions. We conclude that the relations are not entirely driven by the underlying physical origin and therefore have to be used with caution when considering the environmental dependence, dynamical state, and the extragalactic CO-to-H2 conversion factor of GMCs.
Bacteriological quality of ready to eat meals served at governmental hospital in Egypt.

The consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and chicken products in modern times represents high health threat as the opportunistic and commensal microorganisms may cause severe problems. Ninety random samples of cooked meat, grilled kofta and fried chicken (30 of each) as well as, 90 swabs of worker's hands, table surfaces and knives (30 of each) were collected from central restaurant of a governmental hospital, Cairo Governorate to evaluate their bacteriological quality. Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae count, coliform count, S. aureus count were determined. Moreover, detection of Enteropathogenic E. coli , S. aureus , Salmonella spp. and K. pneumoniae was performed. The revealed results indicated significant differences between cooked meat, grilled kofta and fried chicken at (P<0.05). The mean values of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform and S. aureus counts were 6.09×10 4 , 5.45×10 3 , 2.57 ×10 3 and 6.12×10 3 (cfu/g) in cooked meat, 1.81×10 5 , 1.81×10 4 , 6.05×10 3 and 9.44×10 3 for grilled kofta, and 3.24×10 5 , 2.97×10 4 , 8.83×10 3 , 1.75×10 4 for fried chicken, respectively. The most accepted product was cooked meat while the lowest accepted one was fried chicken. Furthermore, the incidence of enterotoxins secreted by S. aureus was 3.3% and 6.7% (type A) for grilled kofta and fried chicken, respectively, while type C was only present in fried chicken (3.3%). Type D enterotoxin was recovered in cooked meat, grilled kofta and fried chicken with equal percent (3.3%). Types (A+B) S, aureus enterotoxins were found in grilled kofta (3.3%), however types A and C were detected in cooked meat and fried chicken (3.3% of each). The results revealed that fried chicken samples were most contaminated with E. coli, Salmonella and K. pneumonia . Moreover, K. pneumonia were isolated at 13.3%, 20% and 30%, respectively. High virulent and classic K. pneumonia also were isolated. The Incidence of pathogenic bacteria S. aureus , E. coli , Salmonellae and K. pneumonia in the swabs of worker hands were 30%, 0%, 0% and 10%, respectively and 10%, 20%, 10%, 20% form table surfaces and 20%, 10%, 0% and 10% from knives.
Autotaxin in Breast Cancer: Role, Epigenetic Regulation and Clinical Implications

Simple Summary Autotaxin (ATX) has been linked with the pathogenesis of several cancers and especially with breast cancer (BC). BC is one of the most common cancers among women and although significant steps have been made regarding its early detection and treatment options, challenges still remain. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the role and regulation of ATX in BC and to shed light on its potential for clinical applications. Abstract Autotaxin (ATX), the protein product of Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase Phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), is a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) responsible for the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA pathway signaling participates in several normal biological functions, but it has also been connected to cancer progression, metastasis and inflammatory processes. Significant research has established a role in breast cancer and it has been suggested as a therapeutic target and/or a clinically relevant biomarker. Recently, ENPP2 methylation was described, revealing a potential for clinical exploitation in liquid biopsy. The current review aims to gather the latest findings about aberrant signaling through ATX-LPA in breast cancer and discusses the role of ENPP2 expression and epigenetic modification, giving insights with translational value.
QUANTIFYING THE ANISOTROPY IN THE INFRARED EMISSION OF POWERFUL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We use rest-frame near- and mid-IR data of an isotropically selected sample of quasars and radio galaxies at 1.0 ⩽ z ⩽ 1.4, which have been published previously by Leipski et al., to study the wavelength-dependent anisotropy of the IR emission. For that we build average spectral energy distributions of the quasar subsample (= type 1 AGNs) and radio galaxies (= type 2 AGNs) from ∼1 to 17 μm and plot the ratio of both average samples. From 2 to 8 μm rest-frame wavelengths the ratio gradually decreases from 20 to 2 with values around 3 in the 10 μm silicate feature. Longward of 12 μm, the ratio decreases further and shows some high degree of isotropy at 15 μm (ratio ∼1.4). The results are consistent with upper limits derived from the X-ray/mid-IR correlation of local Seyfert galaxies. We find that the anisotropy in our high-luminosity radio-loud sample is smaller than in radio-quiet lower-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) which may be interpreted in the framework of a receding torus model with luminosity-dependent obscuration properties. It is also shown that the relatively small degree of anisotropy is consistent with clumpy torus models.
THE INITIAL CONDITIONS OF CLUSTERED STAR FORMATION. III. THE DEUTERIUM FRACTIONATION OF THE OPHIUCHUS B2 CORE

We present N2D+ 3–2 (IRAM), and H2D+ 111–110 and N2H+ 4–3 (JCMT) maps of the small cluster-forming Ophiuchus B2 core in the nearby Ophiuchus molecular cloud. In conjunction with previously published N2H+ 1–0 observations, the N2D+ data reveal the deuterium fractionation in the high-density gas across Oph B2. The average deuterium fractionation RD = N(N2D+)/N(N2H+) ∼ 0.03 over Oph B2, with several small scale RD peaks and a maximum RD = 0.1. The mean RD is consistent with previous results in isolated starless and protostellar cores. The column density distributions of both H2D+ and N2D+ show no correlation with total H2 column density. We find, however, an anticorrelation in deuterium fractionation with proximity to the embedded protostars in Oph B2 to distances ≳0.04 pc. Destruction mechanisms for deuterated molecules require gas temperatures greater than those previously determined through NH3 observations of Oph B2 to proceed. We present temperatures calculated for the dense core gas through the equating of non-thermal line widths for molecules (i.e., N2D+ and H2D+) expected to trace the same core regions, but the observed complex line structures in B2 preclude finding a reasonable result in many locations. This method may, however, work well in isolated cores with less complicated velocity structures. Finally, we use RD and the H2D+ column density across Oph B2 to set a lower limit on the ionization fraction across the core, finding a mean xe,lim ≳ few × 10−8. Our results show that care must be taken when using deuterated species as a probe of the physical conditions of dense gas in star-forming regions.
Cyclone generation Algorithm including a THERmodynamic module for Integrated National damage Assessment (CATHERINA 1.0) compatible with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) climate data

Abstract. Tropical cyclones are responsible for a large share of global damage resulting from natural disasters, and estimating cyclone-related damage at a national level is a challenge attracting growing interest in the context of climate change. The global climate models, whose outputs are available from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), do not resolve tropical cyclones. The Cyclone generation Algorithm including a THERmodynamic module for Integrated National damage Assessment (CATHERINA), presented in this paper, couples statistical and thermodynamic relationships to generate synthetic tracks sensitive to local climate conditions and estimates the damage induced by tropical cyclones at a national level. The framework is designed to be compatible with the data from CMIP models offering a reliable solution to resolve tropical cyclones in climate projections. We illustrate this by producing damage projections in representative concentration pathways (RCPs) at the global level and for individual countries. The algorithm contains a module to correct biases in climate models based on the distributions of the climate variables in the reanalyses. This model was primary developed to provide the economic and financial community with reliable signals allowing for a better quantification of physical risks in the long term, to estimate, for example, the impact on sovereign debt.
Detector backaction on the self-consistent bound state in quantum point contacts

Bound-state (BS) formation in quantum point contacts (QPCs) may offer a convenient way to localize and probe single spins. In this Rapid Communication, we investigate how such BSs are affected by monitoring them with a second QPC, which is coupled to the BS via wave-function overlap. We show that this coupling leads to a unique detector backaction, in which the BS is weakened by increasing its proximity to the detector. We also show, however, that this interaction between the QPCs can be regulated at will by using an additional gate to control their wave-function overlap.
Site dilution in the Kitaev honeycomb model

We study the physical consequences of site dilution in Kitaev's honeycomb model, in both its gapped and gapless phases. We show that a vacancy binds a flux of the emergent $Z_2$ gauge field and induces a local moment. In the gapped phase this moment is free while in the gapless phase the susceptibility has the dependence $\chi(h)\sim\ln(1/h)$ on field strength $h$. Vacancy moments have interactions that depend on their separation, their relative sublattice, and the phase of the model. Strikingly, in the gapless phase, two nearby vacancies on the same sublattice have a parametrically larger $\chi(h)\sim(h[\ln(1/h)]^{3/2})^{-1}$. In the gapped phase, even a finite density of randomly distributed vacancies remains tractable, via a mapping to a bipartite random hopping problem. This leads to a strong disorder form of the low-energy thermodynamics, with a Dyson-type singularity in the density of states for excitations.
Nonlinear ion waves in Fermi–Dirac pair plasmas

Propagation of arbitrary-amplitude ion-waves is investigated in an extremely degenerate electron-positron-ion plasma with relativistic electrons/positrons and dynamic cold ions using Sagdeev pseudopotential method in the framework of quantum hydrodynamics model. The matching criterion of existence for ion solitary as well as periodic nonlinear excitations is studied numerically in terms of the relativistic degeneracy parameter, relative positron concentration, and the relativistic normalized propagation-speed range of these waves are obtained. It is remarked that the electron relativistic degeneracy and relative positron concentration in such plasmas have significant effects on nonlinear wave propagations in relativistically degenerate Fermi–Dirac plasmas. Our results justify the previously reported ones obtained using semiclassical Thomas–Fermi approximation in dense plasmas with nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic electrons and positrons. Current findings can be appropriate for the study of astrophysi.
The Evolution Of 21 cm Structure (EOS): public, large-scale simulations of Cosmic Dawn and reionization

We introduce the Evolution of 21-cm Structure (EOS) project: providing periodic, public releases of the latest cosmological 21-cm simulations. 21-cm interferometry is set to revolutionize studies of the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and epoch of reionization (EoR), eventually resulting in 3D maps of the first billion years of our Universe. Progress will depend on sophisticated data analysis pipelines, which are in turn tested on large-scale mock observations. Here we present the 2016 EOS data release, consisting of the largest (1.6 Gpc on side with a 1024 3 grid), public 21-cm simulations of the CD and EoR. We include calibrated, sub-grid prescriptions for inhomogeneous recombinations and photo-heating suppression of star formation in small mass galaxies. Leaving the efficiency of supernovae feedback as a free parameter, we present two simulation runs which approximately bracket the contribution from faint unseen galaxies. Both models are calibrated to the Planck 2015 measurement of the Thompson scattering optical depth. From these two extremes, we predict that the duration of reionization (defined as a change in the mean neutral fraction from 0.9 to 0.1) should be between 2:7 < zre < 5:7. The large-scale 21-cm power during the advanced EoR stages can be different by up to a factor of 10, depending on the model. This difference has a comparable contribution from: (i) the typical bias of sources; and (ii) a more efficient negative feedback in models with an extended EoR driven by faint galaxies. We also make detectability forecasts with current and upcoming interferometers. With a 1000h integration, HERA and SKA1-low should achieve a signal-to-noise of few‐hundreds throughout the EoR/CD, while in the maximally optimistic scenario of perfect foreground cleaning, all instruments should make a statistical detection of the cosmic signal. We also caution that our ability to clean foregrounds determines the relative performance of narrow/deep vs. wide/shallow surveys expected with SKA1. Our 21-cm power spectra, simulation outputs and visualizations are publicly available.
Unbroken $E7 \times E7$ nongeometric heterotic strings, stable degenerations and enhanced gauge groups in F-theory duals

Eight-dimensional non-geometric heterotic strings with gauge algebra $\mathfrak{e}_8\mathfrak{e}_7$ were constructed by Malmendier and Morrison as heterotic duals of F-theory on K3 surfaces with $\Lambda^{1,1}\oplus E_8\oplus E_7$ lattice polarization. Clingher, Malmendier and Shaska extended these constructions to eight-dimensional non-geometric heterotic strings with gauge algebra $\mathfrak{e}_7\mathfrak{e}_7$ as heterotic duals of F-theory on $\Lambda^{1,1}\oplus E_7\oplus E_7$ lattice polarized K3 surfaces. In this study, we analyze the points in the moduli of non-geometric heterotic strings with gauge algebra $\mathfrak{e}_7\mathfrak{e}_7$, at which the non-Abelian gauge groups on the F-theory side are maximally enhanced. The gauge groups on the heterotic side do not allow for the perturbative interpretation at these points. We show that these theories can be described as deformations of the stable degenerations, as a result of coincident 7-branes on the F-theory side. From the heterotic viewpoint, this effect corresponds to the insertion of 5-branes. These effects can be used to understand nonperturbative aspects of nongeometric heterotic strings. Additionally, we build a family of elliptic Calabi-Yau 3-folds by fibering elliptic K3 surfaces, which belong to the F-theory side of the moduli of non-geometric heterotic strings with gauge algebra $\mathfrak{e}_7\mathfrak{e}_7$, over $\mathbb{P}^1$. We find that highly enhanced gauge symmetries arise on F-theory on the built elliptic Calabi-Yau 3-folds.
Theory and experimental verification of Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometry

Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometry (KDTLI) has recently been established for demonstrating the quantum wave nature of large molecules. A phase space treatment permits us to derive closed equations for the near-field interference pattern, as well as for the moiré-type pattern that would arise if the molecules were to be treated as classical particles. The model provides a simple and elegant way to account for the molecular phase shifts related to the optical dipole potential as well as for the incoherent effect of photon absorption at the second grating. We present experimental results for different molecular masses, polarizabilities and absorption cross sections using fullerenes and fluorofullerenes and discuss the alignment requirements. Our results with C60 and C70, C60F36 and C60F48 verify the theoretical description to a high degree of precision.
Energy-momentum mapping of d -derived Au(111) states in a thin film

The quantum well states of a film can be used to sample the electronic structure of the parent bulk material and determine its band parameters. We highlight the benefits of two-dimensional film band mapping, with respect to complex bulk analysis, in an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study of the $5d$ states of Au(111). Discrete $5d$-derived quantum well states of various orbital characters form in Au(111) films and span the width of the corresponding bulk bands. For sufficiently thick films, the dispersion of these states samples the bulk band edges, as confirmed by first-principles calculations, thus providing the positions of the critical points of bulk Au in agreement with previously determined values. In turn, this analysis identifies several $d$-like surface states and resonances with large spin splittings that originate from the strong spin-orbit coupling of the Au $5d$ atomic levels.
{eta}{sub b} and {eta}{sub c} radiative decays in the Salpeter model with the AdS/QCD inspired potential

The decay constants and the radiative decay widths of {eta}{sub b}(nS) and {eta}{sub c}(nS) are computed within a semirelativistic quark model, using a potential found through the AdS/QCD correspondence. For {eta}{sub c}, the results are in agreement with experimental data, while in the case of {eta}{sub c}{sup '} a discrepancy is found and the possible reasons are discussed.
Experimental evidence for a surface distribution of two-level systems in superconducting lithographed microwave resonators

We present measurements of the temperature-dependent frequency shift of five niobium superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators with center strip widths ranging from 3 to 50 µm, taken at temperatures in the range of 100–800 mK, far below the 9.2 K transition temperature of niobium. These data agree well with the two-level system (TLS) theory. Fits to this theory provide information on the number of TLSs that interact with each resonator geometry. The geometrical scaling indicates a surface distribution of TLSs and the data are consistent with a TLS surface layer thickness of the order of a few nanometers, as might be expected for a native oxide layer.