Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Purified Bacterial Milk Clotting Enzyme from Bacillus subtilis K-26 for Cheddar Cheese Making

Abstract Effects on Cheddar cheese ripening and quality were compared for five milk clotting enzymes including crude and purified enzymes from Bacillus subtilis K-26, calf rennet, and 50-50 mixtures of the purified bacterial enzymes and calf rennet or swine pepsin. During cheese manufacture, acid development was relatively faster, protein and fat losses were higher, and cheese yields were lower when crude bacterial enzymes were used. Yields of cheese were comparable with purified enzyme in 50:50 combination with calf rennet. The initial soluble nitrogen contents and the maturity indices of bacterial enzyme cheese were higher than for the control cheese. Also the α s - and β -casein fractions were degraded more in bacterial enzyme cheese. Organoleptic evaluations indicated that cheese made with a 50:50 combination of purified bacterial enzyme and calf rennet was as acceptable as control cheese with calf rennet.
The Effects of Detergent on the Microbiological Changes of Fermenting Cassava for Fufu Production

The effects of detergent on the microbiological changes of cassava for fufu production were investigated for a period of 72hr. Microbiological analyses of the fermenting cassava samples using standard methods were carried out. Six microbial species: Lactobacillus plantarum, Citrobacter freundii, Corynebacterium manihot, Lactobacillus cellobioscus, Pseudomonas alcaligens, and Leuconostoc mesenteriods were identified for the control. The same organisms were identified for the low detergent concentrations (1g/L, 2g/L) except Corynebacterium manihot, Leuconostoc mesenteriods, which were completely destroyed. High detergent concentrations (4g/L, 8g/L) inhibited the growth and subsequently killed all the organisms living very few Citrobacter freundii behind. At low detergent concentrations the cassava ferment within 48hr without objectionable odour. However, at high detergent concentrations there was no fermentation even after 72hr. The control samples fermented after 72hr with undesirable odour.
Cytokinins in plant senescence: From spray and pray to clone and play

Three approaches have been used to investigate the inhibitory role of the cytokinin class of phytohormones in plant senescence: external application of cytokinins, measurement of endogenous cytokinin levels before and during senescence, and manipulation of endogenous cytokinin production in transgenic plants. In transgenic plant studies, endogenous cytokinin levels are manipulated by expression of IPT, a gene encoding isopentenyl transferase. Transgenic plants expressing IPT from a variety of promoters exhibit developmental and morphological alterations and often display retarded leaf senescence. A recently developed autoregulatory senescence‐inhibition system targets cytokinin production quantitatively, spatially and temporally, and results in transgenic plants that exhibit significantly delayed senescence without abnormalities. These transgenic studies not only confirm the regulatory role of cytokinins in plant senescence, but also provide a way to manipulate senescence for potential agricultural applications.
Maternal feeding of offspring with vertebrate prey in captive Indian false vampire bat, Megaderma lyra

ABSTRACT We studied relationships between mother and weaned young of captive Indian false vampire bats, Megaderma lyra. Four out of eight young (Group 1) at 60–63 days of age began to capture freshly killed frogs we pulled with a long thread on the sandy floor of flight room. However, the mothers continued to suckle until their young became 84.7 ± 3.97 (x̄ ± SE) days of age. When the remaining four young (Group 2) were 59.5 ± 1.85 days of age their mothers stopped suckling. Nevertheless, these mothers transferred either entire or partly consumed frogs (bodies with no heads, half bodies, paired hind limbs, and single hind limbs) to their young solicitors. Such food transfers occurred based on the body lengths of frogs. Mothers transferred small frogs entirely, but as the body length of frogs increased, mothers transferred smaller body parts to their young. Audible vocalizations of mothers and young were associated with food transfers. When these young bats became 74.0 ± 2.63 days of age, their mothers stopped food transfers. It appears that lactating females of M. lyra provision offspring by supplementing milk with solid food, similar to what has been observed in other megadermatid bats.
Panoramic Image Stitching using Feature Extracting and Matching on Mobile Device

Image stitching is a process of combining two or more images with overlapping area to create a panorama of input images, which is considered as an active research area in computer vision, especially in the field of augmented reality with 360 degree images. Image stitching techniques can be categorized into two general approaches: direct and feature based techniques. Direct techniques compare all the pixel intensities of the images with each other, while feature based approaches aim to determine a relationship between the images through distinct features extracted from the images. This paper proposes a novel image stitching method based on feature pixels with approximated clustering filter. When the features are extracted from input images, we calculate a meaning of the minutiae, and apply an effective feature extraction algorithm to improve the processing time. With the evaluation of the results, the proposed method is corresponding accurate and effective, compared to the previous approaches
Electrical Properties of Toad Oocytes During Maturation and Activation

The full‐grown oocytes of the toad Bufo bufo japonicus, whether in follicular layer or not, had a membrane potential of about ‐50 mV in De Boer's solution (DB), but underwent a deep hyper‐polarization of up to ‐90 mV when pretreated with Ca, Mg‐free EDTA‐solution. Regardless of the magnitude of their resting potentials, the defolliculated oocytes exposed to progesterone underwent a gradual depolarization before the germinal vesicle breakdown and retained membrane potential at a level of ‐10 mV until 18 hr post hormone treatment (PHT), the stage of the second meiotic metaphase. A positive‐going activation potential of a magnitude of 70 mV was recorded in the oocytes when pricked at 18 hr PHT as well as in uterine eggs 3–5 min after insemination. A low magnitude of activation potential in response to pricking was recorded in 63% of the oocytes at 13 hr PHT, and premature oocytes exhibiting the activation potential always underwent cortical granule breakdown (CGBD) and perivitelline space formatión. Oocytes where the germinal vesicle had been removed before the hormone treatment exhibited an activation potential and underwent CGBD in response to pricking at 18 hr PHT, whereas those pulse‐treated with cycloheximide (10 μg/ml) during the 8–11 hr PHT exhibited neither of these cortical responses. These results indicate that the syntheses of proteins independent of germinal vesicle taking place at 9–11 hr PHT enable the oocytes to undergo cortical responses.
A new genus and species of Phytoseiid mite (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Brazil

Abstract The phytoseiid mite Macrocaudus multisetatus n. g. , n. sp. , is described from Brazil based on specimens collected on Salvinia sp. (Salviniaceae). This mite is unique in the following characteristics at different taxonomic levels: larvae with seta Z4 not considerably longer than most dorsal setae, nymphs and adults with J3 present, J5 unusually long and subequal to Z5, males with all 8 caudoventral setae in addition to paraanal and postanal setae (Phytoseiidae); both sexes with seta JV3 present and on the ventrianal shield (Amblyseiinae).
Studies on the Flower Bud Formation in Onion Plants

Some experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of plant size, N-nutrition and defoliation on low temperature induction of flower buds in onion plants.The results were summarized as follows:1. Effect of plant size.As the index of plant size, the diameter of the leaf sheath at its base (abbreviated merely as diameter in the following) was shown to be most appropriate. It was found that the larger the diameter the shorter the period of low temperature exposure required for flower bud formation. Moreover, there was recognized the critical plant size above which plants were able to respond to low temperature and which varied with variety. Thus, in Senshuki (autumn sown variety) the critical size seemed to be 6mm in diameter and plants above 10mm in diameter formed flower bud in response to 30-40 days of exposure to 9°C, which was the most efficient exposure in this variety. In Sapporoki (spring sown variety, which, in consequence, had less chance to be selected against premature bolting), however, the critical size was about 3mm in diameter and plants above 9mm in diameter required no more than 20 days of 9°C exposure for their flower bud formation.Plant age indicated by the growth period from sowing to low temperature exposure seemed to be less associated with the low temperature requirement for flower bud formation. Plants, irrespective of their age, required different periods of low temperature exposure according to their size.2. Effect of N-nutrition.Plants which were inferior in their growth under low N-fertilization formed flower bud following a shorter period of low temperature exposure than plants of rapid growth under high N-fertilization. At first sight this may be inconsistent with the result mentioned above the larger the plant size, the shorter the period of low temperature exposure required for the flower bud formation.This can be attributed, however, to the high content of carbohydrates as well as to the high C/N ratio in N-deficient plants.3. Effect of defoliation.In plants tested, the brades of all leaves were cut off in varying degrees. Plants as large as 11mm in diameter formed flower buds following a comparatively small number of days of low temperature exposure irrespective of the degree of defoliation. While, in plants no more than 8mm in diameter, the more severe the defoliation the more days of low temperature exposure were required for flower bud formation. Our explanation of this result is that the site of the biochemical change which is induced by low temperature and results in flower bud formation is around the leaf bases of inner leaves and materials for such biochemical change, e. g. carbohydrates accumulate enough quantitatively around the leaf bases in large plants before defoliation, but not in small plants, thus, large plants can form flower buds regardless of severe defoliation.
Comparative Study of Ant Communities of Rehabilitated Mineral Sand Mines and Heathland, Western Australia

We conducted a survey of ants in April 1997 in seven rehabilitated (2‐ to 20‐year‐old) and three native heathland reference sites of the Renison Goldfields Corporation (RGC) Mineral Sands operations at Eneabba, Western Australia. We employed a variety of collecting methods, including pitfall trapping, litter and soil sampling, sweeping and beating of vegetation, and collecting by hand in the day and after dark, replicating those used by previous researchers in a similar study conducted in the same area in 1980. We found a total of 96 ant species representing 30 genera in 1997, compared with 46 species from 18 genera in 1980. Ant species richness increased with age of rehabilitation and exceeded that of heath controls by the time it reached 11 years. Ant species richness related to rehabilitation age was represented by a logarithmic curve, and the slope for current rehabilitation was steeper than that for the earlier rehabilitation studied in 1980. This probably reflects improved rehabilitation practices. Ordination of the sites in terms of ant species composition indicated differences between ant species in the rehabilitated sites studied in 1980 and 1997, and also between all rehabilitated sites and heath controls. Classification of the sites in terms of the distribution of ants across functional groups also indicated differences between rehabilitation and heath control sites. According to species composition and functional group profiles from rehabilitated and control sites, we concluded that although the current rehabilitation allows for a rapid return of ant species, even after 20 years the fauna still had not attained the composition of the original heath fauna.
Some macromolecular abnormalities developed by the interaction of malathion and permethrin and subsequent refeeding in Tribolium castaneum larvae

The effects of sublethal treatments of malathion and malathion + permethrin combinations on activities of acetylcholine esterase (ChE), carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes (amylase; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), protein-metabolizing enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, ALAT, ASAT), as well as acid and basic phosphatases (AcP and AkP, respectively), and Kreb's cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, ICDH) were studied on sixth instar larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In addition, the levels of lipid, cholesterol, glucose, glycogen, proteins, free amino acids (FAA), urea, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were determined. Malathion (400 ppm) increased the activity of LDH (53%), as well as the concentrations of FAA (31%) and urea (39%). Malathion treatments of 400 ppm decreased the glucose (20%) and glycogen (24%) content but did not affect other enzymes and biochemical components. Permethrin (200 ppm) and malathion (20 ppm) mixtures increased the activities of ChE (708%) and LDH (55%), and raised the concentrations of FAA (26%), urea (24%), glucose (23%), lipid (14%), cholesterol (21%), DNA (24%), and RNA (8%). The decrease in AcP activity and in glycogen concentration observed with malathion was sustained by permethrin in the mixture. Permethrin + malathion mixtures also depressed the levels of AkP (30%), ICDH (24%), and glycogen (36%). The intensity of effects commensurated with the dose and duration of insecticide exposure. Refeeding showed tendencies towards normalization of various biochemical parameters.
Effects of High Temperature on Pollen Quality, Ovule Fertilization and Development of Embryo and Achene in 'Tochiotome' Strawberry

Effects of high temperature (HT) on pollen quality, ovule fertilization and development of embryo and achene were investigated in relation to fruit malformation in ‘Tochiotome’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). When the flower bud of the first inflorescence was developing, plants were transferred to HT (32/27°C) and control temperature (CT: 27/22°C) rooms. At anthesis, anthers were collected from flowers in the first (1st) and second (2nd) inflorescences to examine pollen viability and germination. Both viability and germination were not significantly different between the two temperatures and inflorescences. Approximately 90–93% of ovules were fertilized under CT in both inflorescences; however, the fertilized percentage of ovules in HT-1st was only 52% and significantly increased to 85% in HT-2nd. Embryo development in both inflorescences was accelerated by HT: embryos from HT regimes were in heart- and torpedo-shaped stages at 6 and 8 DAP while those of CT were still in globular- and heart-shaped stage. The transverse and longitudinal lengths of embryos under HT increased more rapidly than under CT. Embryo abortion in the globular stage was found at 2 and 6 DAP under HT-2nd. Relationships between the percentages of three types of achenes (unfertilized (Un), aborted (Ab), and normally developed (Nd) achenes) and degrees of fruit malformation were examined. Ripe fruits were graded into five fruit shape scores (0–4), 0 = well shaped fruit, and 4 = severely malformed. Nd achenes in CT-1st and CT-2nd were approximately 70% with fruit shape score; 0.8 and 0.2, respectively, whereas those in HT-1st and HT-2nd were 38 and 54% with high malformed shape score: 2.8 and 1.8. Un achene in HT-1st was 45%, while only 9% was found in HT-2nd. The Ab achenes rate was remarkably increased to 31% in HT-2nd treatment, these suggesting that the sudden rise of temperature after flower bud initiation lowered the ovule fertilization rate and raised the unfertilized achene rate, resulting in a high degree of fruit malformation in HT-1st, while longer HT increased achene abortion during early embryogenesis due to low pistil potential, and finally induced fruit malformation in HT-2nd.
Effect of timber harvesting on microbial biomass fluxes in a northern Rocky Mountain forest soil

Microbial biomass and relative bacterial and fungal percentages were measured in organic forest soil from a Rocky Mountain site subjected to four harvesting treatments: RL, clear-cut and residue left; RR, clear-cut and residue removed; RB, clear-cut and residue burned; C, uncut control. Microbial biomass peaked in spring and fall regardless of treatment. Biomass in soil from the RB treatment was significantly (p < 0.05) less than that in soil from the other treatments most of the year; biomass did not significantly differ in soil from the RR and C treatments. During summer and winter, microbial biomass in soil from the RL treatment was significantly greater than that in soil from any other treatment, probably because of the large amount of organic residue left after harvest; moreover, this residue insulated the soil, preventing it from drying or freezing. At soil temperatures above 5 °C, microbial biomass correlated positively with soil moisture regardless of treatment; at soil temperatures below 2.5 °C, .
Actions and Interactions of Temperature, Light Intensity and Nutrient Concentration on the Growth of the Green Alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi Dangeard

The unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, was cultured at several temperatures in Chu's No. 10 medium under 150 foot-candles illumination. Specific growth rates based on cell counts were found to fit a typical activity curve. The range of temperature tolerance was 6 °C to 35 °C and the optimum was 28°. The culture series was repeated at light intensities of 75, 110 and 200 f-c in turn. These changes in illumination did not alter the limits of temperature tolerance or the optimum, though the reduced intensities caused decreases in growth rates. At the reduced intensities light acted as the typical limiting factor. At 200 f-c the growth temperature relation was the same as that for 150 f-c, indicating that some factor other than light intensity had become limiting at the latter levels.The series was then repeated with the light intensity held at 200 f-c but with the total concentration of nutrient salts doubled. This accelerated growth between 12° and 30°, showing that some nutrient salt was indee.
Survival and Growth of Juvenile Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, in a Factorial Experiment with Temperature, Salinity and Age

Abstract A 3n factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of an abrupt transfer of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, from a closed system rearing facility into a variety of experimental temperature and salinity combinations demonstrated a considerable hardiness of juvenile fish. Striped bass less than two months old had over 80% survival during seven days subsequent to acute introduction from the rearing facility into temperatures of 18 C or 24 C and salinities of 4 ppt or 12 ppt. Relative growth in these treatments was monitored, and the results suggest a degree of flexibility for stocking programs into estuaries.
Advancing a humane alternative to sodium fluoroacetate (1080) for wildlife management – welfare and wallaby control

There is controversy regarding the continued use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and questions regarding its humaneness. Two studies on captive animals were undertaken to assess the effectiveness and humaneness of Feratox© cyanide pellets for culling Dama and Bennett's wallabies as an alternative to 1080. Following ingestion of the toxic pellets by the wallabies the effects of cyanide were closely observed. Feratox has few undesirable signs from the welfare perspective and on the basis of humanness offers a preferred alternative to other vertebrate toxins, including 1080, for the control of wallabies.
Potential of Plants for Protecting Stored Pulses from Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Infestation

ABSTRACT The potential of 30 plant leaf or tuber extracts to protect pulses from attack by Callosobruchus maculatus during post harvest storage was evaluated. Pulses were stored in gunny bags treated with 10% aqueous plant extract and kept in individual containers harbouring newly emerged adult C. maculatus. Mean number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed weight loss were recorded. From the laboratory studies, ten plants were identified as effective in protecting pulses. Effective plants were tested in farmers fields. Aqueous extract from leaves of Melia azadirachta, Hyptis suaveolens and tubers of Cyperus rotundus effectively protected post harvest stored pulses without any infestation for up to 6 months.
THE EFFECT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFGHANSITAN

Bu makalede KOBI'lerin (Kucuk-Orta Olcekli Isletmeler) Afganistan'daki yoksullugun azaltilmasi uzerindeki etkisi, hafifletme ve veri tabani araciligiyla arastirilmaktadir. KOBI'lerin istihdam yaratmada ve yoksullugun azaltilmasindaki rolu cok onemlidir. Bir ulkedeki yoksullugu otomatik olarak azaltan ekonomik buyume ve yillik veri, KOBI'lerin Afganistan'daki yoksullugun azaltilmasi uzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Bu calisma, kucuk ve orta olcekli isletmelerin ve istihdam faaliyetlerini kullanan isletmenin yoksullugun azaltilmasina yardimci olmasina dair cozumu bulmayi amaclayip KOBI’lerin yoksullugu azaltmada ve ekonomik buyumede guclu bir araci oldugunu tanimlanmaktadir. Afganistan'da 30 yil suren savas sonrasinda, Afganistan’in altyapi sistemi tamamen cokmustur ve 2001 yilinda Afganistan'da yeniden gecici bir hukumet kurulmustur. Afganistan, yoksulluktan kurtulmak ve yoksulluk sinirini yukseltmek amaciyla bircok yardim programina katilmistir. Yoksullugun azaltilmasina yonelik pek cok arac, yonetmelik ve yenilikler gelistirilmistir. Dunya Ticaret Orgutu (DTO), Dunya Bankasi (DB), Birlesmis Milletler (BM), Japonya Uluslararasi Kurulus Ajansi (JICA) ve bircok kurulus veya STK'nin yardimiyla isbirligi yapan KOBI'ler yoksulluk sorununu azaltmada cok etkili bir konu olarak dusunulmektedir.
The diet of the long‐footed potoroo (Potorous longipes)

The diet of the long-footed potoroo Potorous longipes was studied at logged and unlogged sites in East Gippsland and northeastern Victoria. Most data were for two sites in East Gippsland, with the logged site (Bellbird) having the most samples. Faecal material collected between 1993 and 1995 at Bellbird comprised 91.2 ? 4.4% fungal remains, with no significant seasonal variation, in contrast to all other dietary studies of Australian mycophagous mammals. There were, however, significant differences in the composition of the fungi consumed seasonally and between years. One genus of fungus, Mesophellia, constituted on average 40% of all spores found in scats at Bellbird and was the most seasonally variable. Mesophellia spores were least common in scats in winter 1993 and autumn/winter 1994 but most common in winter 1995. The high occurrence of Mesophellia in scats at Bellbird reflected the disturbed nature of the site. Fungal species requiring deep, friable soils and a deep litter layer were more commonly represented at comparatively undisturbed sites.