Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Planck2015 results

We present results based on full-mission Planck observations of temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB. These data are consistent with the six-parameter inflationary LCDM cosmology. From the Planck temperature and lensing data, for this cosmology we find a Hubble constant, H0= (67.8 +/- 0.9) km/s/Mpc, a matter density parameter Omega_m = 0.308 +/- 0.012 and a scalar spectral index with n_s = 0.968 +/- 0.006. (We quote 68% errors on measured parameters and 95% limits on other parameters.) Combined with Planck temperature and lensing data, Planck LFI polarization measurements lead to a reionization optical depth of tau = 0.066 +/- 0.016. Combining Planck with other astrophysical data we find N_ eff = 3.15 +/- 0.23 for the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom and the sum of neutrino masses is constrained to < 0.23 eV. Spatial curvature is found to be |Omega_K| < 0.005. For LCDM we find a limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r <0.11 consistent with the B-mode constraints from an analysis of BICEP2, Keck Array, and Planck (BKP) data. Adding the BKP data leads to a tighter constraint of r < 0.09. We find no evidence for isocurvature perturbations or cosmic defects. The equation of state of dark energy is constrained to w = -1.006 +/- 0.045. Standard big bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the Planck LCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. We investigate annihilating dark matter and deviations from standard recombination, finding no evidence for new physics. The Planck results for base LCDM are in agreement with BAO data and with the JLA SNe sample. However the amplitude of the fluctuations is found to be higher than inferred from rich cluster counts and weak gravitational lensing. Apart from these tensions, the base LCDM cosmology provides an excellent description of the Planck CMB observations and many other astrophysical data sets.
SC-Explorer: Incremental 3D Scene Completion for Safe and Efficient Exploration Mapping and Planning

Exploration of unknown environments is a fundamental problem in robotics and an essential component in numerous applications of autonomous systems. A major challenge in exploring unknown environments is that the robot has to plan with the limited information available at each time step. While most current approaches rely on heuristics and assumption to plan paths based on these partial observations, we instead propose a novel way to integrate deep learning into exploration by leveraging 3D scene completion for informed, safe, and interpretable exploration mapping and planning. Our approach, SC-Explorer, combines scene completion using a novel incremental fusion mechanism and a newly proposed hierarchical multi-layer mapping approach, to guarantee safety and efficiency of the robot. We further present an informative path planning method, leveraging the capabilities of our mapping approach and a novel scene-completion-aware information gain. While our method is generally applicable, we evaluate it in the use case of a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV). We thoroughly study each component in high-fidelity simulation experiments using only mobile hardware, and show that our method can speed up coverage of an environment by 73% compared to the baselines with only minimal reduction in map accuracy. Even if scene completions are not included in the final map, we show that they can be used to guide the robot to choose more informative paths, speeding up the measurement of the scene with the robot's sensors by 35%. We validate our system on a fully autonomous MAV, showing rapid and reliable scene coverage even in a complex cluttered environment. We make our methods available as open-source.
Thermoelastic response of fluid‐saturated porous rock

A linear theory for fluid-saturated, porous, thermoelastic media is developed. The theory allows for compressibility and thermal expansion of both the fluid and solid constituents. A general solution scheme is presented, in which a diffusion equation with a temperature-dependent source term governs a combination of the mean total stress and the fluid pore pressure. In certain special cases, this reduces to a diffusion equation for the pressure alone. In addition, when convective heat transfer and thermoelastic coupling can be neglected, the temperature field can be determined independently, and the source term in the pressure equation is known. Drained and undrained limits are identified, in which fluid flow plays no role in the deformation. In the drained case, the medium behaves as a simple thermoelastic body with the properties of the porous skeleton with no fluid present. In the undrained limit, the fluid is trapped in the pores, and the material responds as a thermoelastic body with effective compressibility and thermal expansivity determined in part by the fluid properties. The theory is further specialized to one-dimensional deformation, and several illustrative problems are solved. In particular, the heating of a half space is explored for constant temperature and constant flux boundary conditions on the thermal field, and for drained (zero pressure) and impermeable (zero flux) conditions on the fluid pressure field. The behavior of these solutions depends critically upon the ratio of the fluid and thermal diffusivities, with very large and very small values of this parameter corresponding to drained and undrained responses, respectively.
Crystal chemistry of ferroan phlogopites from the Albano maar lake (Colli Albani volcano, central Italy)

This work considers micas present both as phenocrysts in granular xenoliths and as large xenocrysts in the phreatomag-matic deposits, which characterize the final volcanic activity of Colli Albani volcanic complex, Roman Comagmatic Region (central Italy). In these micas the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio spans from 0.06 to 0.55, thus the micas range from phlogopite to magnesian annite through ferroan phlogopite. Heterovalent octahedral substitutions involve Ti, Al and also Cr but in very limited amounts. In the interlayer, Ba for K substitution occurs up to 0.06 apfu. Crystal structure refinements were determined in space groups C 2/m and C 2/c for the 1M and 2M 1 polytypes, respectively (agreement factor, R obs : 0.021 ≤ R obs ≤ 0.035). The crystal structure of these micas is greatly affected by the annitic substitution. An increase in the annitic component is reflected by a decrease in distortion affecting both individual tetrahedra (tetrahedral angle variance, TAV: 0.49 ≤ TAV ≤ 1.13° 2 ) and the entire tetrahedral ring [6.6 ≤ α ≤ 10.34°]. The interlayer topology is affected as well. A strong correlation exists between Fe and Ti; thus, the same correlations found for Fe apply to Ti also. Another strong correlation exists between heterovalent octahedral substitutions and the (OH)- site deprotonation. In contrast, heterovalent interlayer substitutions are accompanied by substitution of F- for (OH)-. Despite their scattered occurrence in pyroclastics, these micas nicely represent the overall crystal chemical trends of micas, which re-crystallized undisturbed in magma before this reached explosive conditions. One crystal of the dataset considered may represent a phenocryst in a hypabissal body disrupted by one of the many explosive phases of the Alban Hills volcanism.
Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania

Abstract A large dam is planned at Stiegler’s Gorge in Tanzania. The change in the Rufiji River flood pattern will affect downstream ecosystems. This paper concentrates on the highly productive floodplain lakes that play a vital role in local livelihoods. A participatory monitoring system with village-based observers collected water level, rainfall, fisheries and food data from 2001 to 2011. Water balances of the lakes show dependence on the Rufiji River flood, with varying vulnerability. With the dam design flood of 2500 m3 s-1, lakes with a high threshold and small catchment will dry out quickly. Lakes with a lower threshold and substantial catchment are more robust but may still dry out during prolonged local drought. Analysis of rainfall (1923–2012) indicates a recent decrease. The data were analysed through feedback workshops with local observers, government technical staff and researchers. Through this collaborative approach, local capacity in preparing for the post-dam future was enhanced. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. Acreman Citation Duvail, S. , Mwakalinga, A.B. , Eijkelenburg, A. , Hamerlynck, O. , Kindinda, K. , and Majule, A. , 2014. Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 713–730.
A Dimension-free Computational Upper-bound for Smooth Optimal Transport Estimation

It is well-known that plug-in statistical estimation of optimal transport suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Despite recent efforts to improve the rate of estimation with the smoothness of the problem, the computational complexity of these recently proposed methods still degrades exponentially with the dimension. In this paper, thanks to an infinite-dimensional sum-of-squares representation, we derive a statistical estimator of smooth optimal transport which achieves a precision $\varepsilon$ from $\tilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ independent and identically distributed samples from the distributions, for a computational cost of $\tilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-4})$ when the smoothness increases, hence yielding dimension-free statistical and computational rates, with potentially exponentially dimension-dependent constants.
On the fate of carbonates and anhydrite in impact processes – evidence from the Chicxulub event

Abstract In context of the “K/T” Chicxulub cratering event, the amounts of impact-released CO2 and SOx as well as the consequences of this gaseous input into the atmosphere are discussed. It has been assumed that degassing of the sediments is an abrupt and violent effect, only related to the amplitude of the post-shock temperature after pressure decay. Here we provide evidence for a different, slow and probably equally important process of devolatilization: degassing and dissociation of sedimentary clasts in impact breccias. The sulfate and carbonate clasts in suevites, melt breccias, and melt rocks from the Chicxulub drill cores Y-6, C-1, and YAX-1, underwent various thermal effects, ranging from solid state re-crystallization over reaction with silicate melt to form pyroxene (diopside), melting (and re-crystallization) to total decomposition with dissolution of the lime in the melt matrix. These features reflect high, yet different formation temperatures of the breccias, and to a smaller degree, the fragment size.
Tight Bounds for Blind Search on the Integers and the Reals

We analyse a simple random process in which a token is moved in the interval A = {0, . , n}. Fix a probability distribution μ over D = {1, . , n}. Initially, the token is placed in a random position in A. In round t, a random step sized is chosen according to μ. If the token is in position x ≥ d, then it is moved to position x − d. Otherwise it stays put. Let TX be the number of rounds until the token reaches position 0. We show tight bounds for the expectation Eμ(TX) of TX for varying distributions μ. More precisely, we show that $\min_\mu\{\E_\mu(T_X)\}=\Theta\bigl((\log n)^2\bigr)$. The same bounds are proved for the analogous continuous process, where step sizes and token positions are real values in [0, n + 1), and one measures the time until the token has reached a point in [0, 1). For the proofs, a novel potential function argument is introduced. The research is motivated by the problem of approximating the minimum of a continuous function over [0, 1] with a ‘blind’ optimization strategy.
Penetration of Action Potentials During Collision in the Median and Lateral Giant Axons of Invertebrates

The collisions of two simultaneously generated impulses in the giant axons of both earthworms and lobsters propagating in orthodromic and antidromic direction are investigated. The experiments have been performed on the extracted ventral cords of Lumbricus terrestris and the abdominal ventral cord of a lobster, Homarus americanus, by using external stimulation and recording. The collision of two nerve impulses of orthodromic and antidromic propagation did not result in the annihilation of the two signals, contrary to the common notion that is based on the existence of a refractory period in the well-known Hodgkin-Huxley theory. However, the results are in agreement with the electromechanical soliton theory for nerve-pulse propagation, as suggested by Heimburg and Jackson [On Soliton Propagation in Biomembranes and Nerves, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 9790 (2005). ].
Airborne and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar observations of ocean waves

Abstract The Grand Banks ERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wave spectra validation experiment took place over a study site in which intensive in situ wind and wave measurements were being taken. The unique aspect of the program was the nearly simultaneous acquisition (in space and time) of spaceborne (ESA ERS‐1) and airborne (CCRS CV‐580) SAR imagery of the same ocean wave field. Although both SARs were operating at C‐band with W polarization, the geometry of acquisition was quite different. For example, the range‐to‐velocity ratio parameter was large for ERS‐1 (R/V ∼ 115 s) and relatively small for the CV‐580 (R/V < 50 s). Thus, the SAR image spectra derived from ERS‐1 are significantly more susceptible to velocity bunching non‐linearity and azimuth spectral cut‐off, which are well‐known limitations of SAR in accurately measuring azimuth‐travelling ocean waves. Airborne and spaceborne SAR measurements of ocean waves are presented and compared with directional wave buoy measurements. A technique is dev.
Polynomial-time simulation of pairing models on a quantum computer.

We propose a polynomial-time algorithm for simulation of the class of pairing Hamiltonians, e.g., the BCS Hamiltonian, on an NMR quantum computer. The algorithm adiabatically finds the low-lying spectrum in the vicinity of the gap between the ground and the first excited states and provides a test of the applicability of the BCS Hamiltonian to mesoscopic superconducting systems, such as ultrasmall metallic grains.
Intratidal Dynamics of Fronts and Lateral Circulation at the Shoal–Channel Interface in a Partially Stratified Estuary

AbstractIn partially stratified shoal–channel estuaries, variations in bathymetry at the shoal–channel interface generate horizontal shears and density gradients, and foam lines characteristic of convergence fronts are frequently observed. This study is based on transect data collected every 30 min across the shoal–channel interface in south San Francisco Bay to analyze the dynamics of the transverse circulation and convergence fronts at this interface throughout a tidal cycle. During the ebb, a lateral density gradient develops as a result of the competition between differential advection of the longitudinal salinity gradient; lateral variations in vertical mixing; and nonlinear advection terms, which are strongest when convergence fronts develop early and late in the ebb. The lateral circulation over the slope is characterized by a large intratidal variability, reversing three times during the ebb. This variability is driven by a balance dominated by inertia and lateral baroclinic pressure gradient duri.
Graffiti or Street Art? Negotiating the Moral Geographies of the Creative City

ABSTRACT: In cities such as Sydney, a succession of wars on graffiti has produced a moral geography of artistic practice. At the same time, the rise to prominence of creative cities discourses and the subsequent revaluation of creativity as a postindustrial salve unsettles the dominance of the normative criminalization of graffiti. The profusion of cultural plans and public art policies, along with metropolitan initiatives promoting the creative city, provide opportunities to resignify graffiti as productive creative practice. Set in a discursive world of murals, street art, and “legal graffiti,” some graffiti writers are grasping these opportunities, deploying multiple subjectivities in order to negotiate the moral geographies of the creative city. This article looks at contemporary state responses to graffiti in Sydney and the ways graffiti writers and street artists work within and beyond the various attempts to capture, enclose, and engage graffiti and graffiti writers.
Seismic bearing capacity for embedded footings on sloping ground

This article uses mathematical modelling techniques to analyse the bearing capacity of foundations on a sloping ground surface. It gives details of the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis used, and notes results for one particular angle calculated under the headings of critical collapse mechanism and failure pattern, and capacity factors. Comparisons are made using two bearing capacity factors and various remarks made and conclusions drawn.
Separation of a coastal upwelling jet at Cape Blanco, Oregon, USA

The coastal upwelling region near Cape Blanco (43°N), Oregon, off the west coast of the United States, was studied using a towed conductivity-temperature-depth instrument on SeaSoar, a shipborne Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, satellite sea surface temperature maps and satellite-tracked surface drifters during three cruises: August 1994, May and August 1995. Results demonstrate that the baroclinic coastal upwelling jet (and associated front), which was over the shelf poleward of Cape Blanco in all three cruises, separates from the continental shelf, providing an important mechanism for transporting material across the continental margin to the deep ocean. This flow-topography interaction mechanism is a universal phenomenon, and is likely to be important in other eastern boundary current regions of the world. The observations from the two August cruises show two different phenomena. In 1994, cyclogenesis was observed, during which the coastal jet was connected with a cyclonic eddy offshore before the co.
Torus quotients of Richardson varieties in the Grassmannian

Abstract We study the GIT quotient of the minimal Schubert variety in the Grassmannian admitting semistable points for the action of maximal torus T, with respect to the T-linearized line bundle and show that this is smooth when When n = 7 and r = 3 we study the GIT quotients of all Richardson varieties in the minimal Schubert variety. This builds on work by Kumar [21], Kannan and Sardar [18], Kannan and Pattanayak [17], and Kannan et al. [16]. It is known that the GIT quotient of is projectively normal. We give a different combinatorial proof.
Cube sums of form $3p$ and $3p^2$

Let $p\equiv 2,5\mod 9$ be an odd prime. In this paper, we prove that at least one of $3p$ and $3p^2$ is a cube sum by constructing certain nontrivial Heegner points. We also establish the explicit Gross-Zagier formulae for these Heegner points and give variants of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture of the related elliptic curves.
Semialgebraic Geometry of Nonnegative Tensor Rank

We study the semialgebraic structure of $D_r$, the set of nonnegative tensors of nonnegative rank not more than $r$, and use the results to infer various properties of nonnegative tensor rank. We determine all nonnegative typical ranks for cubical nonnegative tensors and show that the direct sum conjecture is true for nonnegative tensor rank. We show that nonnegative, real, and complex ranks are all equal for a general nonnegative tensor of nonnegative rank strictly less than the complex generic rank. In addition, such nonnegative tensors always have unique nonnegative rank-$r$ decompositions if the real tensor space is $r$-identifiable. We determine conditions under which a best nonnegative rank-$r$ approximation has a unique nonnegative rank-$r$ decomposition: For $r \le 3$, this is always the case; for general $r$, this is the case when the best nonnegative rank-$r$ approximation does not lie on the boundary of $D_r$. Many of our general identifiability results also apply to real tensors and real symme.
Worldwide Historical Estimates of Leaf Area Index, 1932-2000

Approximately 1000 published estimates of leaf area index (LAI) from nearly 400 unique field sites, covering the period 1932-2000, have been compiled into a single data set. LA1 is a key parameter for global and regional models of biosphere/atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other materials. It also plays an integral role in determining the energy balance of the land surface. This data set provides a benchmark of typical values and ranges of LA1 for a variety of biomes and land cover types, in support of model development and validation of satellite-derived remote sensing estimates of LA1 and other vegetation parameters. The LA1 data are linked to a bibliography of over 300 original source references. These historic LA1 data are mostly from natural and seminatural (managed) ecosystems, although some agricultural estimates are also included. Although methodologies for determining LA1 have changed over the decades, it is useful to represent the inconsistencies (e.g., in maximum value reported for a particular biome) that are actually found in the scientific literature. Needleleaf (coniferous) forests are by far the most commonly measured biome/land cover types in this compilation, with 22% of the measurements from temperate evergreen needleleaf forests, and boreal evergreen needleleafmore » forests and crops the next most common (about 9% each). About 40% of the records in the data set were published in the past 10 years (1991-2000), with a further 20% collected between 1981 and 1990. Mean LAI ({+-} standard deviation), distributed between 15 biome/land cover classes, ranged from 1.31 {+-} 0.85 for deserts to 8.72 {+-} 4.32 for tree plantations, with evergreen forests (needleleaf and broadleaf) displaying the highest LA1 among the natural terrestrial vegetation classes. We have identified statistical outliers in this data set, both globally and according to the different biome/land cover classes, but despite some decreases in mean LA1 values reported, our overall conclusions remained the same. This report documents the development of this data set, its contents, and its availability on the Internet from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics. Caution is advised in using these data, which were collected using a wide range of methodologies and assumptions that may not allow comparisons among sites. « less
Heavy traffic limit for a processor sharing queue with soft deadlines

This paper considers a GI/GI/1 processor sharing queue in which jobs have soft deadlines. At each point in time, the collection of residual service times and deadlines is modeled using a random counting measure on the right half-plane. The limit of this measure valued process is obtained under diffusion scaling and heavy traffic conditions and is characterized as a deterministic function of the limiting queue length process. As special cases, one obtains diffusion approximations for the lead time profile and the profile of times in queue. One also obtains a snapshot principle for sojourn times.