Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Along-strike variability of forced regressive deposits: late Quaternary, northern Peloponnesos, Greece

Abstract Late Quaternary depositional sequences in northern Peloponnesos, central Greece, occur as a number of offlapping and downstepping forced regressive wedges. Major along-strike variability is evident, with three environmental responses to forced regression: (i) attached shoreface deposits; (ii) detached shoreface deposits; (iii) fan-deltas. All three depositional systems are cut by incised valleys. Relative sea-level change was responsible for similarities in key stratal surfaces and stacking patterns; regional uplift drove the overall forced regression, whereas individual sequences relate to fourth- and fifth order glacioeustatic cycles. Variations in basin physiography and the amount and type of sediment led to along-strike variability of depositional sequences. Fan-deltas developed at the mouths of incised valleys in the west of the area, where supply of coarse-grained sediment was high and slope gradients were steep. In contrast, limited supply of coarse-grained sediment and low slope gradients over most of the study area promoted the development of shoreface systems. Forced regressive wedges in the shoreface systems attach and detach along strike. Detached wedges developed where both slope gradients and coarse-grained sediment supply were low, away from the axes of major incised valleys.
The Spectra of the topography of the Earth, Venus and Mars

The global topography of the terrestrial bodies has been more or less determined from past planetary missions and from ground measurements and the behaviour of their spectra studied over the low frequencies only-except the Earth's case. We here perform new spherical harmonic analysis of the topography of the Earth, Venus and Mars by using existing (sometimes recently made available) data sets, to the highest possible degree and order, so as to establish the decay of these spectra over a larger range of frequencies than before, study the limit of validity of the used data sets, and provide some new inputs to further geophysical analysis.
Empirical orthogonal function analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer surface temperature patterns in Santa Barbara Channel

Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of a yearlong, advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sea surface temperature (SST) data set from the Santa Barbara Channel describe a spatial and temporal variability which is consistent with in situ measurements. The analyses combine an unconventional decomposition of the spatial variance with a more conventional analysis of temporal variance modes to identify features in the AVHRR data such as fronts, eddies, and annual temperature cycles. The methodology has practical applications in the EOF analysis of remote sensing data which are more densely sampled in space than in time. The first mode (60%) of the spatial variance shows a persistent front aligned northwest-southeast in the west central channel, which separates warmer surface water to the east from colder waters off Point Conception to the west. The eigenvector time series shows a seasonal modulation, peaking in early summer, consistent with in situ measurements of temperature gradient and current. The second spatial variance mode (7.7%) suggests an eddylike structure. The conventional EOF decomposition of temporal variance yields a heavily dominant first mode (91.6% variance) representing the basin-wide seasonal warming and cooling. This mode peaks in early autumn and lags by 90 days the first-mode time series revealed by the spatial variance analysis. The first temporal variance mode has little spatial variation in the eigenvectors, while the second and third modes show more spatial structure. The second and third temporal variance modes are extremely low energy (2.5% and 1.1%) and do not reveal statistically significant information on the frontal and eddy patterns evident in the AVHRR and in situ data.
Interannual variability of winter precipitation in northern Iberian Peninsula

Observational series of winter precipitation in the eastern part of the Cantabrian coast in the northern Iberian Peninsula are studied. This rather small area shows a clearly different interannual variability to the rest of the Peninsula. Series of winter precipitation for the whole area are defined using principal component (PC) analysis and they reflect the variability that can be attributed to changes in atmospheric circulation around the area. This variability is physically explained on the basis of the structure of baroclinic activity and vertically integrated moisture transports over the area derived from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis project. According to them, the leading PC of winter precipitation represents the overall precipitation over the area. Wet phases of this PC are associated to an increase of baroclinic activity leaving the eastern part of the Atlantic storm track and entering the Mediterranean basin. Conversely, dry phases show a strong reduction of baroclinic activity over the region. The second PC is linked to meridional water vapour transports over the area, which are affected by the topography of the region. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
THE CARBONIFEROUS GONIATITES OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND AND THEIR ZONES

Stratigraphy. The Carboniferous strata consist, except near the shore lines of that age, of two clearly marked divisions: a lower division, consisting mainly of clear water deposits (Mountain Limestone) and an upper division (Millstone Grit and Coal Measures), almost entirely composed of beds of detrital origin. When, however, the sequence is examined more closely it is seen that the details of the lithological succession vary greatly in different areas, and hence arises doubt and hesitation in correlating widely separated areas. The work of zoning the lower (Mountain Limestone) division by means of its contained fossils made great strides in Britain in the opening decade of the century, mainly through the researches of the late Dr. A. Vaughan. The main zonal divisions of the Lower Carboniferous propounded by him and based on the coral sequence, are now generally accepted as a basis for the correlation of widely separated deposits in North West Europe. His views on the succession exposed in the North of England formed Dr. Vaughan’s last paper, published in the Proceedings of this Society for 1916 (Vol. XIX, Part II, p. 41 et seq .). In Britain and Western Europe generally, the oncoming of the coarse detrital deposits of Upper Carboniferous time drove out the coral fauna, and this group is, therefore, not available as a time-index for the Upper Carboniferous rocks. We are, therefore, compelled to turn to other groups more or less abundantly preserved in these beds, namely the lamellibranchs and goniatites. The researches of the late Dr. …
Mineralogy and Genesis of the Windjana Sandstone, Kimberley Area, Gale Crater, Mars

MSL Curiosity investigated the Windjana sandstone outcrop, in the Kimberley area of Gale Crater, and obtained mineralogical analyses with the CheMin XRD instrument. Windjana is remarkable in containing an abundance of potassium feldspar (and thus K in its bulk chemistry) combined with a low abundance of plagioclase (and low Na/K in its chemistry). The source of this enrichment in K is not clear, but has significant implications for the geology of Gale Crater and of Mars. The high K could be intrinsic to the sediment and imply that the sediment source area (Gale Crater rim) includes K-rich basalts and possibly more evolved rocks derived from alkaline magmas. Alternatively, the high K could be diagenetic and imply that the Gale Crater sediments were altered by K-rich aqueous fluids after deposition.
Velocity and suspended sediment concentration profiles in rivers: in situ measurements and flux modelling

River basin sediment management is increasingly needed to address both sediment quantity and quality studies. In this context, the sampling of suspended sediment through a river cross-section is unavoidable. Rivers have the interesting property of concentrate sediment and processes through a river cross-section are representative of the whole upstream hydro-sedimentary processes. Evaluating sediment budget at the outlet of a river basin is closely related to the experimental method used, as suspended sediment concentration and velocity are non-constant over the water height. This paper presents results obtained from an in situ experimental program, which aims to measure the velocity and suspended sediment concentration profiles in rivers during different hydrological conditions. In particular, the study focuses on the region located near the interface between water and settled sediment. This region is usually neglected as it corresponds to the dead zone of non-intrusive instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers. This is achieved by the use of specific instruments. A velocity profiler was used to measure the velocity profile within the few percents of the water height located near the interface between water and settled sediment. In addition, sediment concentration profiles were measured either by a turbidity sensor moved over the water height or by 144 turbidity sensors mounted on a vertical stick, which allows one to record instantaneously the turbidity profile close to the interface between water and settled sediment. In situ measurements are compared to theoretical models commonly used: the Rouse profile for suspended sediment concentrations, and the logarithmic law for velocities. Results notably show that during low water flows, 35% of the total sediment flux may be located within the first 15% of the water height. Then, following the sampling strategy adopted, the error on the mean suspended sediment flux may be up to 50%.
Numerical Modeling of GPR to Determine the Direct Ground Wave Sampling Depth

The direct ground wave method of ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been suggested as a cost‐effective means of estimating field‐scale soil moisture variability for irrigation and water resource management. Knowing the sampling depth of the GPR direct ground wave (GW) is very important because it is critical to know the depth when measuring soil moisture in the field. Few studies have addressed this particular aspect of the GPR method. Numerical simulation of GPR electromagnetic waves using GPRMAX2D was performed for two‐layer soil models to estimate the direct GW sampling depth for soil moisture. Dry over wet soil layers and wet over dry soil layers were modeled by using appropriate dielectric permittivity values for each layer. Model runs were conducted for a gradually decreasing upper layer thickness. The GW sampling depth was estimated as the upper dry or wet layer thickness when the modeled GW velocity decreased or increased by 5% as affected by the lower wet or dry layer, respectively. It was found from this modeling exercise that the GW sampling depth changed with the antenna frequency as well as the moisture content of the upper layer. A very strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.98) was found between the wavelength and the sampling depth of the GPR direct GW.
Sleep physiology and sleep disorders in childhood

: Sleep has long been considered as a passive phenomenon, but it is now clear that it is a period of intense brain activity involving higher cortical functions. Overall, sleep affects every aspect of a child’s development, particularly higher cognitive functions. Sleep concerns are ranked as the fifth leading concern of parents. Close to one third of all children suffer from sleep disorders, the prevalence of which is increased in certain pediatric populations, such as children with special needs, children with psychiatric or medical diagnoses and children with autism or pervasive developmental disorders. The paper reviews sleep physiology and the impact, classification, and management of sleep disorders in the pediatric age group.
Brittle modes of foreland extension

Summary Complex systems of mesoscopic brittle fractures striking transversley to orogenic margins are characteristic upper-crustal structures in forelands (and hinterlands) that have experienced extension as a consequence of continental collision. They are especially well developed in foreland peripheries and some forelands lacking major grabens and strike-slip faults, the best-known expressions of horizontal extension. Despite the contribution of the mesofractures to foreland strain being less than that achieved by macrofault zones they are important structures because: (i) they are widespread and pervasive at outcrop scale, (ii) they influence the location of some major topographic lineaments and (iii) they permit regionally significant extension directions to be determined where macrostructures are absent. The principal styles of mesoscopic brittle structures are planar normal faults, vertical extension joints and veins, and steeply inclined, conjugate hybrid and shear joints. Commonly, the strike of fracture sets is uniform throughout large areas and although it is generally normal to a deformation front, this simple relationship is not present everywhere, particularly distant from some markedly arcuate fronts. Two examples of parts of forelands containing brittle extensional structures approximately coeval with late-Alpide events are the European platform in S England and N France, and the Arabian platform neighbouring the Gulf coast. In both regions, the fractures are superimposed obliquely on older Tertiary structures and comprise dominant sets of extension fractures accompanied locally by normal faults and hybrid joints. The dominance of extension and hybrid fractures among the failure modes indicates that differential stresses remained low throughout large areas of the forelands and that the effective minimum stress was tensile.
Determining Spatial Variation in Soil Properties in Teak and Native Tropical Forest Plots Using Electromagnetic Induction

Soil spatial patterns in tropical forest may impact, or to some extent control, important characteristics of tropical forests such as forest biodiversity and carbon emissions. However, tropical forests are highly heterogeneous and therefore determining soil spatial patterns using traditional methods is highly labor intensive and destructive. As a result, rapid soil pattern‐property assessment methods for use under tropical conditions are of great interest for evaluating soil patterns and properties at the plot scale. We evaluated the potential of electromagnetic‐induction imaging (EMI) for determining spatial variation of soil properties in native tropical forest and teak plots during the dry and wet season. Geostatistical analysis of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by the EMI sensor revealed consistent semi‐variogram ranges of ? 30 m over both time (dry season, wet season) and sites (native forest, teak). Analyses of measured soil properties with principal component analyses were similar for both plots: clay‐silt content, sand content and soil hygroscopic water coefficient (SHC) were the leading components of the main axes. However, multiple linear regression models revealed a more complex picture. In the teak monoculture, ECa was correlated with soil texture (i.e., clay‐silt content) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (ECe) (R2 = 0.93), while in the native forest ECa was correlated with texture and residual soil water repellency (SWR) (R2 = 0.85). This finding indicates that SWR may play an important role in determining wetting patterns in tropical forests, with implications for resource distribution and gas emissions and may provide a basis for future investigations of soil‐tree relationships.
Relation Between Phosphorus and Micronutrients in Plants1

Sand culture experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of the plant and phosphorus substrate concentration in the possible phosphorus-induced changes in micronutrient availabilities. Beans, corn, tomatoes, and sour orange seedlings were grown 6 weeks or more under controlled sand culture conditions with P concentrations being maintained at 1 ppm. P, 10 ppm. P, and 100 ppm. P. The micronutrients were uniformly added to all P solutions in amounts calculated to produce concentrations of 0.25 ppm. of B and Mn, and 0.05 ppm. of Cu, Mo, and Zn. Iron, as magnetite, was incorporated with the sand. No P-induced Zn or Cu deficiency occurred in any of the plants tested. In case of citrus, the levels of Zn within the plant actually increased with increasing substrate P. Of all plants tested for possible P-Cu antagonisms, only citrus exhibited a reduction in Cu uptake. Boron, Fe, Mn, and Mo were similarly studied. High P substrate concentrations may restrict the movement of Mo and Fe in some plants. Variable results were noted for B and Mn. Regarding mechanisms of P-induced Zn or Cu deficiency, the experiments suggest that the plant is not exclusively involved; reactions occurring outside of the physiologically active root contribute to the induced deficiency.
Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer‐Dobson circulation

[1] Time series of stratospheric water vapor measurements by satellites and balloons show persistent low values beginning in 2001. Temperature observations show that the tropical tropopause has been anomalously cold during this period, and the observed water vapor changes (approximately −0.4 ppmv) are consistent with the temperature decreases (approximately −1 K). The cold anomalies occur in the tropics over a narrow vertical layer near 15–20 km. There have been corresponding changes in the tropical ozone profile over the same period, with ∼10% reductions over a similar narrow layer near the tropopause. The variations in temperature and ozone appear coupled, and the spatial patterns of the changes since 2001 are consistent with an increase in the mean tropical upwelling (Brewer-Dobson) circulation. Estimates of tropical upwelling derived from eddy statistics (“downward control”) show coherence with interannual temperature changes, including a consistent increase after 2001. Part of the temperature changes may also be explained as a radiative response to the observed ozone decreases. The results paint a consistent picture of enhanced tropical upwelling after 2001, resulting in colder temperatures, lower water vapor and lower ozone near the tropical tropopause. The recent low values significantly influence estimates of decadal-scale trends in temperature and ozone near the tropical tropopause.
Long‐term trends of atmospheric absorbing and scattering optical depths over China region estimated from the routine observation data of surface solar irradiances

[1] Equivalent optical depths of a standard continental aerosol model are defined as the indexes for atmospheric optical depths of absorption and scattering (ODA and ODS, respectively) under clear-sky condition and can be calculated with the routinely observed data of broadband surface solar irradiances. The ODS by definition is a proxy of the scattering component of atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) and is shown to be largely free from influences of systematic errors of the radiation observing instruments and uncertainties in atmospheric absorption. The ODA accounts for contributions of aerosols, water vapor, and other gases with profiles deviating from the standard atmosphere model. Applied to the data from 36 observatories of China, from 1957 to 2007, the method provides the long-term variations of clear-sky atmospheric absorption and scattering, which are qualitatively compared with other AOD estimations with comparable regional and temporal coverage. The results show the method reasonably separates the absorption and scattering effects and captures the general features of their seasonal variation. The radiation dimming trend over China region during about 1970–1990 is shown to be associated with the increasing ODA and ODS. After 1990, there is not a significant trend in ODS but the ODA has been slightly decreased.
The fraction of sunlight retained as net radiation in Hawaii

Both estimated and measured values of net radiation over several different surfaces established the retention of approximately two-thirds of the sunlight as net radiation for stations at low elevations in Hawaii. This high retention of sunlight was a consequence of both low reflectance and a very low heating coefficient (change of long-wave net radiation with change in total net radiation). The persistent high elevation of the sun and the efficient convective heat sink formed by the maritime air helped to account for this large retention of sunlight as net radiation. The mineralogic composition of the soil and the leaf habit of the vegetative cover contributed to the low reflectance from these surfaces. Since this net radiation can be used to heat the soil, plants, and air, and to evaporate water, the heat and moisture budgets of a surface in the maritime tropics may differ markedly from those of a surface in the temperate latitudes under similar solar radiation.
A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: This meta-analysis was conducted in order to understand the clinical efficacy of stent insertion with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation for the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Methods: The Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for all relevant studies published through July 2020. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan v5.3, with analyzed study endpoints including the rate of stent dysfunction, time to stent dysfunction, stent patency, complication rate, and overall survival (OS). Results: In total, 35 potentially relevant studies were initially identified, of which 6 were ultimately included in the present metaanalysis. These 6 studies included 429 MBO patients that were treated either only via stenting (n=221) or via stenting in combination with HIFU ablation (n=208). Pooled stent dysfunction rates in the stent and stent with HIFU groups were 25.9% and 18.0%, respectively (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.88, 2.84, P= .12). The average time to stent dysfunction was significantly longer in the stent with HIFU group relative to the stent group (MD: 3.15; 95% CI: 3.53, 2.77, P< .0001). Pooled complication rates in the stent and stent with HIFU groups were 17.1% and 19.6%, respectively (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.58, P= .67). Stent patency and OS were both significantly longer in the stent with HIFU group relative to the stent group (P< .0001 and.0001, respectively). Funnel plot analyses did not reveal any significant evidence of publication bias linked to the selected study endpoints. Conclusions: This meta-analysis found that a combined stenting and HIFU ablation approach can achieve better stent patency and OS in MBO patients relative to stent insertion alone. Abbreviations: CI = confidence intervals, HIFU = high-intensity focused ultrasound, HR = hazard ratios, MBO =malignant biliary obstruction, OR = odds ratio, OS = overall survival.
Economic Assessment of Lemon Production in Ukhrul District of Manipur

Lemon production is a profitable enterprise as it improves the economic life of the farmers. The study was conducted in three villages of Lungchong Maiphei block in Ukhrul district of Manipur. Samples of 90 respondents were selected randomly by using Proportionate Random Sampling method. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of area is positive for all the districts. The highest growth rate at 38.85% was recorded in Tamenglong followed by Senapati (23.68%) and Ukhrul (18.12%). Total cost of cultivation for lemon was ` 98301.31/ha. The total net farm income was ` 206886.67/ha. Net present value and payback period were found to be ` 61816.36 and 7.5 respectively. The Benefit Cost ratio (BCR) over total cost was equal to 1.23 indicating lemon production was economically viable.