Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laminar-flow heat-transfer in non-circular ducts.

A numerical method is employed to obtain solutions for laminar flow heat transfer with fully developed velocity profiles and invariant fluid physical properties for rectangular ducts of various aspect ratios with the thermal boundary conditions of constant wall temperature and constant heat input per unit length of the duct. Since an analytical solution for the fully developed velocity profile in a rectangular duct is available, the varying temperature profile remains to be solved numerically from the energy equation which is transformed into a finite difference form by means of two finite difference operators in two dimensions. Numerical values of the initial and boundary temperatures are fixed by choosing a suitable dimensionless temperature depending upon the, thermal boundary condition. As computation involved is very lengthy, a fast digital computer is required. Numerical results obtained from an I.C. T. Atlas computer are presented as the variation of the Nusselt number with the Graetz number. The numerical method is extended to analyse heat transfer with simultaneously aeveloping velocity and temperature profiles. To determine the development of the velocity profile, some simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equation are made. Results are presented for various aspect ratios with the Prandtl number of 0.72. The effect of Prandtl number on heat transfer is also illustrated by numerical results. The numerical method is also used to solve for heat transfer in right-angled isosceles and equilateral triangular ducts with the same hydraulic and thermal boundary conditions as in the previous cases. The predicted results are compared with experimental data. For constant wall temperature, they agree well for Graetz numbers under 70; for constant heat input per unit length, closer agreement is shown over a much wider range of the Graetz numbers. Accuracy of the numerical method is confirmed by the facts that variations of the predicted Nusselt numbers obtained here follow the same trends as those for circular ducts and parallel plates and at the Graetz number of zero, they approach values of the limiting Nusselt numbers obtained by other methods.
SOLID N2 AND CO IN NANOPOROUS GLASSES

N2 and CO condensed into nanoporous glasses have been investigated by vapor pressure measurements and x-ray diffraction as a function of temperature and fractional filling. The pore material is stable with respect to bulk condensation for any fractional filling. The adsorbate on the pore walls has to be distinguished from the capillary condensate in the center of the pores. This distinction can be made not only in the liquid, but also in the solid state. The solid capillary condensate is quasi-hcp at higher temperatures. N 2 r mains in this state down to the lowest temperatures, even in pores as large as 130 Å diameter, whereas CO transforms into the orientationally orderedPa3 phase. On heating an orientationally disordered intermediate phase with a fcc center-of-mass lattice is observed. @S0163-1829 ~99! 08941-9#
Comparison of homogeneity tests for temperature using a simulation study

Homogeneity testing is one of the most important analyses in climate‐related studies as it underpins the reliability of any inferences. The effects not directly related with climate are identified and removed from the meteorological variables, and then the obtained homogeneous variables are used to present an enhanced picture of the current situation and produce realistic forecasts based upon the variables. In this study, we investigate the performances of well‐known homogeneity tests and introduce some tests that are not usually used for testing homogeneity via Monte Carlo simulation. We generate data using a normally distributed temperature variable. We consider both absolute and relative homogeneity tests (RHTest). Although relative tests are the best performing homogeneity tests, their results highly depend on the quality of the reference series. Consequently, they have to be used with at least one of the absolute tests in order to detect possible inhomogeneities in the reference series. Our results show that the relative tests which are standard normal homogeneity test, F‐test for structural breaks with reference series, multiple change point detection method, namely and the RHTest have the best detection rates whereas the absolute tests, namely, Kruskal–Wallis, Pettitt and Friedman tests have the worst performances. The best performing absolute test is F‐test for structural breaks.
The wave normals of magnetospheric chorus emissions observed on board GEOS 2

The wave normal directions of magnetospheric chorus emissions have been analyzed by using data from the geostationary GEOS 2 satellite which is located in the equatorial region at L = 6.6. As the result of analyses for a specific day of December 19, 1979, chorus is found to be generated in conjunction with substorms and at local times from around midnight to afternoon. Two types of chorus are observed: impulsive burstlike and rising tone. The chorus during midnight to late morning hours is impulsive, and at local times from noon to dusk we notice an increase in the occurrence of rising tone chorus. The chorus spectra have shown the importance of the characteristic frequency of fH/2 (fH is the electron gyrofrequency). We notice the impulsive chorus only in the lower band (f fH/2) with infrequent occurrence in the lower band, and there is obviously no correlation between the elements in both bands. However, there are several intense tones which seem to be correlated in both bands for the strong two-banded impulsive chorus emissions observed only at LT ≃ 0800. This correlation might be related with a notch in chorus risers at f ≃ fH/2 caused by Landau damping, as previously suggested. The wave normals are determined by using only the magnetic field data. The direction finding studies have been made for impulsive and rising tone chorus, separately, which have yielded different results. The lower band is discussed first. The wave normals of the rising tones having values of df/dt as normally observed are found to take very small angles (5°–20°). Then it is found that the rising tones with increased values of df/dt have shown larger wave normal angles of 30°–45°. These relatively small wave normal angles for the lower band give further support to the loss cone instability as the generation mechanism. The impulsive chorus is found to take slightly larger wave normal angles (about 5°) than most rising tones. Further, it may be suggested that different types of chorus are associated with different wave normals. Next we are concerned with the upper band chorus, whose generation mechanism is not well agreed upon. It is shown that the impulsive chorus in the upper band is generated with its wave normal close to the oblique resonance cone. This suggests that the upper band chorus is quasi-electrostatic, and it is furthermore confirmed by the estimated ratio, c|B|/|E| (|E| and |B| are the total electric and magnetic field intensities; c is the light velocity). The rising tones in the upper band, however, have indicated a difference such that the closeness of their wave normals to the oblique resonance cone is much less distinct. An intensive comparison is made between the direction finding results for the upper band and the theoretical mechanisms so far proposed in order to elucidate the possible generation mechanism of the upper band chorus.
Hydraulic physical modeling and observations of a severe gap wind

Abstract Strong gap winds in Howe Sound, British Columbia, are simulated using a small-scale physical model. Model results are presented and compared with observations recorded in Howe Sound during a severe gap wind event in December 1992. Hydraulic theory is utilized to explain along-channel variation in wind. Field observations affirm the findings of the physical modeling with both, indicating the presence and location of controls and hydraulic jumps in the wind layer. Hydraulic behavior is found to change as the synoptic pressure gradient and the flow rate increase. In particular, field results indicate two distinct hydraulic situations: one during relatively weak wind, the other, which is more strongly controlled, during the period of peak wind. An additional comparison is made with output from the computer model hydmod of Jackson and Steyn. Numerical simulations, configured for the conditions present in Howe Sound during the December 1992 event, indicate channel hydraulics (and thus spatial wind spee.
A Time-Dependent Lateral Boundary Scheme for Limited-Area Primitive Equation Models

Abstract Before high-resolution numerical models can be of use operationally, they must be restricted to a limited domain, thus necessitating lateral boundary conditions which allow the changes outside the limited domain to influence the results while not contaminating the forecast with spurious boundary-reflected energy. Such a set of time-dependent lateral boundary conditions are presented in this paper. This boundary condition set is investigated using the linear analytic and finite-difference advection equations, the non-linear finite-difference shallow-water equations, and the hydrostatic primitive equations. The results illustrate how the boundary condition transforms long- and medium-length interior advective and gravity waves into short waves which can then be removed by a low pass filter, thereby giving the appearance that the exiting wave simply passed through the boundary. The results also indicate that large-scale advective and gravity waves enter the forecast domain with little degradation. T.
A Geostatistical Approach to Linking Geographically Aggregated Data From Different Sources

The widespread availability of digital spatial data and the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) make it possible to easily synthesize spatial data from a variety of sources. More often than not, data have been collected at different geographic scales, and each of the scales may be different from the one of interest. Geographic information systems effortlessly handle these types of problems through raster and geoprocessing operations based on proportional allocation and centroid smoothing techniques. However, these techniques do not provide a measure of uncertainty in the estimates and lack the ability to incorporate important covariate information that may be used to improve the estimates. They also often ignore the different spatial supports (e.g., shape and orientation) of the data. On the other hand, statistical solutions to change-of-support problems are rather specific and difficult to implement. In this article, we present a general geostatistical framework for linking geographic data from different sources. This framework incorporates aggregation and disaggregation of spatial data, as well as prediction problems involving overlapping geographic units. It explicitly incorporates the supports of the data, can adjust for covariate values measured on different spatial units at different scales, provides a measure of uncertainty for the resulting predictions, and is computationally feasible within a GIS. The new framework we develop also includes a new approach for simultaneous estimation of mean and covariance functions from aggregated data using generalized estimating equations.
Imaging the displacement field within epitaxial nanostructures by coherent diffraction: a feasibility study

We investigate the feasibility of applying coherent diffraction imaging to highly strained epitaxial nanocrystals using finite-element simulations of SiGe islands as input in standard phase retrieval algorithms. We discuss the specific problems arising from both epitaxial and highly strained systems and we propose different methods to overcome these difficulties. Finally, we describe a coherent microdiffraction experimental setup using extremely focused x-ray beams to perform experiments on individual nanostructures.
5 0-AMP-activated protein kinase plays an essential role in geniposide-regulated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rat pancreatic INS-1 b cells

Our previous work showed that geniposide affected glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) via regulating glucose uptake and metabolism in pancreatic b cells; however, the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Substantial evidence suggests that activation of 50-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in GSIS. Here, we aim to determine the role of AMPK on geniposide-regulated GSIS in rat pancreatic INS-1 cells. The results demonstrated that 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yletoxy)phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine (Compound C; an AMPK inhibitor) significantly attenuated the effects of geniposide on glucose uptake, energy metabolism, and insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. We also observed that geniposide induced phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a marker of AMPK activity, in a timedependent manner in INS-1 cells; however, in the presence of Compound C, the influence of geniposide on ACC phosphorylation was obviously inhibited. Furthermore, the knockdown of AMPK protein with AMPK siRNA treatment decreased the effects of geniposide on glucose uptake, adenosine triphosphate production, and GSIS. All these data indicate that AMPK plays an essential role in geniposide-regulated GSIS in pancreatic b cells.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FROM RANDOMIZATION TESTS

An efficient method of constructing confidence intervals that correspond to randomization tests is described. The method is based on the Robbins-Monro search process and conducts a separate search for each endpoint of the confidence interval. Each search requires only slightly more permutations than the number needed for a randomization test. Diagnostics to monitor searches are suggested and the method is illustrated with examples.
Fermi Surface of Cadmium: Radio-Frequency Size Effect

The Fermi of cadmium is determined from calipers obtained through rf size-effect measurements. The 6- to 8-MHz rf measurements were performed at 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on high-purity monocrystals of cadmium approximately 0.5 mm in thickness. The Fermi surface was calipered using samples whose normals to the surfaces were parallel to one of the three principal symmetry directions [0001], [$10\overline{1}0$], and [$11\overline{2}0$], with magnetic field rotations in the plane of the sample. Calipers are assigned to definite orbits on the first- and secondband hole surfaces and the third-band electron surface. The third-band electron "lens" is found to be smooth and round with a major diameter of 1.560 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and varying less than 1% in the basal plane. The minor diameter has a caliper of 0.556 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Calipers are given for the first-band hole surface except near its pointed ends. The second-band hole surface is discussed in detail with the assignment of 17 series of calipers to definite orbits on this sheet of the Fermi surface. Both the first and second bands of holes are found to have considerably smaller cross sections than predicted by the single-orthogonalized-plane-wave construction. Detailed comparisons to a recent pseudopotential calculation of the energy bands and the Fermi surface are made. No calipers were observed that could be assigned to the third-band "stars" or the fourth-band electron "cigars. "
Control of p- and n-type conductivity in sputter deposition of undoped ZnO

Recent theoretical studies have concluded that the low formation enthalpies of intrinsic donor defects should preclude achievement of p-type conductivity in undoped ZnO grown in thermal equilibrium with a molecular oxygen reservoir. This letter demonstrates that reactive sputtering can produce intrinsic p-type ZnO, controlled by adjusting the oxygen partial pressure in the sputtering plasma. We report the properties of p–n homojunctions fabricated in this way, and characterize transport in the films by Hall measurements. Our finding of p-type conductivity in undoped ZnO grown with dissociated oxygen is qualitatively consistent with the effect of higher chemical potential of atomic oxygen reactant on defect formation enthalpies. This parallels to some degree the recent attention to nitrogen acceptor incorporation by means of dissociating nitrogen source gases.
On the Kinematics of Robotic-assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery is characterized by the insertion of the surgical instruments into the human body through small insertion points called trocars, as opposed to open surgery which requires substantial cutting of skin and tissue to give the surgeon direct access to the operating area. To avoid damage to the skin and tissue, zero lateral velocity at the insertion point is crucial. Entering the human body through trocars in this way thus adds constraints to the robot kinematics and the end-effector velocities cannot be found from the joint velocities using the simple relation given by the standard Jacobian matrix. We therefore derive a new Jacobian matrix which gives the relation between the joint variables and the endeffector velocities and at the same time guarantees that the velocity constraints at the insertion point are always satisfied. We denote this new Jacobian the Remote Center of Motion Jacobian Matrix (RCM Jacobian). The main contribution of this paper is that we address the problem at a kinematic level and that we through the RCM Jacobian can guarantee that the insertion point constraints are satisfied which again allows for the controller to be implemented in the end-effector workspace. By eliminating the kinematic constraints from the control loop we can derive the control law in the end-effector space and we are therefore able to apply Cartesian control schemes such as compliant or hybrid control.
The magnetic field and the evolution of element spots on the surface of the HgMn eclipsing binary ARAur

The system AR Aur is a young late B-type double-lined eclipsing binary with a primary star of HgMn peculiarity. We applied the Doppler imaging method to reconstruct the distribution of Fe and Y over the surface of the primary using spectroscopic time series obtained in 2005 and from 2008 October to 2009 February. The results show a remarkable evolution of the element distribution and overabundances. Measurements of the magnetic field with the moment technique using several elements reveal the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of the order of a few hundred gauss in both stellar components and a quadratic field of the order of 8 kG on the surface of the primary star.
Model-based flow diverter analysis for an improved uncertainty determination in liquid flow calibration facilities

In liquid flow calibration facilities run in the flying-start-and-finish operation mode, a diverter represents an essentially accuracy-determining functional unit, both with gravimetric and volumetric reference-based installations. Model-based approaches that describe a diverter's operation on the basis of realistic diverter flow conditions and kinematics of the diverting edge provide capabilities to take into account component-related and flow-related effects and processes for both a comprehensive diverter operation and an uncertainty analysis model. Based upon this dedicated knowledge of a special diverter design, this approach is applicable even if there is only minimum information on diverter characteristics available with worst-case assumptions being applied.
Asymptotic stabilization of high‐order feedforward systems with delays in the input

This paper deals with the state feedback controller design for a class of high‐order feedforward (upper‐triangular) nonlinear systems with delayed inputs. The uncertainties in the systems are assumed to be dominated by higher‐order nonlinearities multiplying by a constant growth rate. The designed controller, which is a continuous but not smooth feedback, could achieve global asymptotical stability. Based on the appropriate state transformation of time‐delay systems, the problem of controller design can be converted into the problem of finding a parameter, which can be obtained by appraising the nonlinear terms of the systems. The nonlinear systems considered here are more general than conventional feedforward systems and they could be viewed as generalized feedforward systems. Two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two-Stage Response Surface Approach to Modeling Drug Interaction

Studies of drug combinations have become increasingly important, especially in treating malignant cancers. Researchers are interested in identifying compounds that act synergistically when combined. Such synergy is usually measured through an interaction index. The existing statistical methods, in general, estimate the interaction index using pooled data from compounds administered individually and in combination. In this article, we propose a two-stage response surface approach. Parameters of monotherapy dose–response curves are estimated and then incorporated in estimating the interaction index through a quadratic response surface model. Using multiple simulation studies, we demonstrate that the new method gives less biased estimates for both monotherapy dose–response curves and interaction index. Also developed is a bootstrapping method that allows constructing a confidence interval for interaction index at any combination dose levels. An example is provided to illustrate the method.
Homological and Homotopical Aspects of Torsion Theories

Introduction Torsion pairs in abelian and triangulated categories Torsion pairs in pretriangulated categories Compactly generated torsion pairs in triangulated categories Hereditary torsion pairs in triangulated categories Torsion pairs in stable categories Triangulated torsion(-free) classes in stable categories Gorenstein categories and (co)torsion pairs Torsion pairs and closed model structures (Co)torsion pairs and generalized Tate-Vogel cohomology Nakayama categories and Cohen-Macaulay cohomology Bibliography Index.
Point-of-care self-testing for measuring total white blood cells and C-reactive protein – a pilot study for future home-monitoring of patients during antibiotic treatment at home

Abstract Background During home treatment with antibiotics, patients’ laboratory results of total white blood cell count (WBC) with neutrophil counts and C-reactive protein (CRP) are drawn and monitored at the hospital. The aim of the study was to examine the feasibility and analytical accuracy of hospitalized patients 18 years or older self-testing using two point-of-care tests (POCT). Methods The pilot study included 41 hospitalized patients. A subjective judgment of the patients’ ability to conduct the self-testing was made along with a comparison of the POCT measurements of WBC, neutrophil counts and CRP with standard laboratory measurements. Correlation between the POCTs and laboratorial values was assessed by coefficient of determination and the level of agreement between the means was assessed by Bland Altman test. Results Of the 38 patients conducting self-testing, 78% were men and the mean age was 61.8 years. 28 patients (73.7%) successfully performed self-testing on the first try while, 10 (26.3%) ‘HemoCue WBC DIFF’ measurements showed an error code. All the patients successfully performed the ‘QuickRead go CRP’ self-test. Comparison of the ‘HemoCue WBC DIFF’ results with the laboratory results of WBC and neutrophil counts showed good agreement. On the other hand, ‘QuickRead go CRP’ results showed a small but significant systematic disagreement compared to the laboratory results. Conclusion Our results showed that the POCTs can be used by some patients and factors influencing the patient participation included psychological and physical limitations. Both POCTs appeared to have an acceptable clinical level of accuracy.