Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photophysics and photochemistry of water ice films on graphite

[1] Our model system consists of water ice films with submonolayer to several monolayer thickness grown at ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and low (from ∼25 K) temperatures on an atomically clean graphite (0001) surface. We characterize them experimentally with temperature programmed desorption-isothermal desorption spectroscopy (TPD-ITD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and provide examples of how ice structure and chemical properties are altered by incoming photons in broad wavelength and photon flux ranges (1.6 × 1016–5.5 × 1024 photons cm−2 s−1 for λ = 220–700 nm). The phenomena of “photon annealing” of pure amorphous films and their structure-selective laser ablation are discussed. In the case of water ice doped with alkali metals and coadsorbed with NO, we report on the observations of photoreactions taking place on the graphite-ice interface. Depending on the composition, irradiation leads to formation of H2, CH4, CO, NH3, and CO2. In all examples the attention is on the operating mechanism for the transformations. The role of photo-excited charge carriers in the graphite substrate is underlined.
Geomorphic knowledge for mangrove restoration: a pan‐tropical categorization

Extreme events such as storm surges and tsunamis in combination with subsidence of densely populated coastal areas pose an increasing threat to millions of people in the tropics. Intertidal mangrove forests may form a natural protection against some extreme events, but have also widely been destroyed by coastal development. The establishment of mangroves and the maintenance of their stability over the short‐ to long‐term requires an understanding of sedimentary processes and landforms in the coastal zone, making geomorphology a crucial, but sometimes neglected discipline when attempting restoration for disaster risk reduction. Mangrove geomorphic setting varies markedly across the tropics, depending on abiotic parameters such as suspended sediment supply and tidal range, with different restoration strategies suitable for each. In this study we provide a global categorization of mangrove geomorphic settings, based on the literature and global remote sensing data. The world's mangroves can be broadly defined as: (1) minerogenic and high tidal range; (2) minerogenic and low tidal range; and (3) organogenic and low tidal range. We further discuss restoration and management approaches most suitable for each geomorphic setting. Overall, this study can be used to inform managers about the relevance of geomorphic knowledge for successful mangrove restoration, how an understanding of geomorphology can influence site selection and restoration success, and how to match specific restoration methods to the prevailing geomorphic context. The stronger incorporation of geomorphic knowledge into site planning and design will improve the success rates of restoration for this important and globally threatened ecosystem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Overview of Chronopharamcology and it's Role on Diabetes Malitus

The concept that an organism's response to a medicine may depend on the hour of delivery is supported by chronobiological findings. The idea that a drug's desired and undesirable effects may change depending on when it is administered was first put forth by Virey in 1814 (Reinberg 1979). This theory was later confirmed, as it was discovered that the timing of medicine delivery affects both the toxicity and effectiveness of numerous medications. The science of chronopharmacology examines how biological time and endogenous periodicities affect how medications work. The major goal is to foresee changes in both desired effects and pharmaceutical tolerance. When used within the permitted parameters, chronotherapy should not be toxic. The pharmacodynamics (i.e., potency and toxicity) and pharmacokinetics (i.e., how they behave within the body) of drugs can be significantly influenced by the time of day when taken. Few drugs, especially those used to treat cancer, have had their chronopharmacokinetics investigated. We have shown that pretreatment with melatonin or steroids can alter the toxicity and chronopharmacokinetics of drugs.
The Igneous Rocks of the Stanner-Hanter District, Radnorshire

The igneous rocks of the Stanner-Hanter district are included within the Geological Survey I-inch map, sheet 56 S.E. , (Old Series), and form three hog-backed hills, Stanner Rocks, Worsell Wood, and Hanter Hill, which are prominent features in the country between New Radnor and Kington, close to the Welsh border. This line of hills trends from south-west to north-east, though the separate ridges are arranged en échelon. Stanner Rocks (I,08I feet), is separated from Worsell Wrood (about 940 feet), by the alluvial plain of the Gilwern Brook, while there is a low col between Worsell Wood and Hanter Hill (I,36I feet).
Discovery and genotyping of novel sequence insertions in many sequenced individuals

Motivation: Despite recent advances in algorithms design to characterize structural variation using high‐throughput short read sequencing (HTS) data, characterization of novel sequence insertions longer than the average read length remains a challenging task. This is mainly due to both computational difficulties and the complexities imposed by genomic repeats in generating reliable assemblies to accurately detect both the sequence content and the exact location of such insertions. Additionally, de novo genome assembly algorithms typically require a very high depth of coverage, which may be a limiting factor for most genome studies. Therefore, characterization of novel sequence insertions is not a routine part of most sequencing projects. There are only a handful of algorithms that are specifically developed for novel sequence insertion discovery that can bypass the need for the whole genome de novo assembly. Still, most such algorithms rely on high depth of coverage, and to our knowledge there is only one method (PopIns) that can use multi‐sample data to “collectively” obtain a very high coverage dataset to accurately find insertions common in a given population. Result: Here, we present Pamir, a new algorithm to efficiently and accurately discover and genotype novel sequence insertions using either single or multiple genome sequencing datasets. Pamir is able to detect breakpoint locations of the insertions and calculate their zygosity (i.e. heterozygous versus homozygous) by analyzing multiple sequence signatures, matching one‐end‐anchored sequences to small‐scale de novo assemblies of unmapped reads, and conducting strand‐aware local assembly. We test the efficacy of Pamir on both simulated and real data, and demonstrate its potential use in accurate and routine identification of novel sequence insertions in genome projects. Availability and implementation: Pamir is available at https://github.com/vpc‐ccg/pamir. Contact: fhach@{sfu.ca, prostatecentre.com} or calkan@cs.bilkent. edu.tr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The structural evolution of the Halten Terrace, offshore Mid‐Norway: extensional fault growth and strain localisation in a multi‐layer brittle–ductile system

Tectonic subsidence in rift basins is often characterised by an initial period of slow subsidence (‘rift initiation’) followed by a period of more rapid subsidence (‘rift climax’). Previous work shows that the transition from rift initiation to rift climax can be explained by interactions between the stress fields of growing faults. Despite the prevalence of evaporites throughout the geological record, and the likelihood that the presence of a regionally extensive evaporite layer will introduce an important, sub‐horizontal rheological heterogeneity into the upper crust, there have been few studies that document the impact of salt on the localisation of extensional strain in rift basins. Here, we use well‐calibrated three‐dimensional seismic reflection data to constrain the distribution and timing of fault activity during Early Jurassic–Earliest Cretaceous rifting in the Åsgard area, Halten Terrace, offshore Mid‐Norway. Permo‐Triassic basement rocks are overlain by a thick sequence of interbedded halite, anhydrite and mudstone. Our results show that rift initiation during the Early Jurassic was characterised by distributed deformation along blind faults within the basement, and by localised deformation along the major Smørbukk and Trestakk faults within the cover. Rift climax and the end of rifting showed continued deformation along the Smørbukk and Trestakk faults, together with initiation of new extensional faults oblique to the main basement trends. We propose that these new faults developed in response to salt movement and/or gravity sliding on the evaporite layer above the tilted basement fault blocks. Rapid strain localisation within the post‐salt cover sequence at the onset of rifting is consistent with previous experimental studies that show strain localisation is favoured by the presence of a weak viscous substrate beneath a brittle overburden.
Mineral paragenesis in the Tri-State District, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma

Detailed field and laboratory studies have resulted in the determination of a general paragenetic sequence of the minerals in the Tri-State ore involving 7 periods of mineralization, each characterized by its own mineral suite and sequence, and each separated from the next by a period of tectonic activity, a period of solution, a hiatus of deposition or by a return to the crystallization of earlier formed minerals. Local deviations from the general paragenetic sequence have been noted, but the recurrence of crystallization of several minerals has been found to be more common than previously believed. Chalcopyrite and pyrite were found to have been deposited during 8 intervals, sphalerite and marcasite during 6, and galena and quartz during 5. Significant variations in paragenetic sequence with areal or with stratigraphic distribution are absent.The authors interpret these paragenetic relationships to indicate repetitive deposition over a long period of time from ore-forming solutions that were remarkably uniform and not very different from the ground water circulating in the district today.
Phosphorus Sorption as Affected by Soil Properties and Termite Activity in Eastern and Southern Africa

Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient to crop production in eastern Africa. Efficient management of P requires an understanding of the factors affecting availability of soil native P and applied fertilizer P. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the relationships between soil properties and P sorption characteristics, and (ii) to assess the effect of termite activities on soil properties and P sorption characteristics. Phosphorus sorption isotherms were determined for 36 soils, including 7 samples from termite mounds and surrounding non-termite soils from Uganda and Mozambique. Ammonium-oxalate extractable Al (Al ox ) was the most important property explaining over 90% of the variation in P sorption maximum (S max ) for Uganda and Mozambique soils. However, for the Ethiopia soils 88% of the variation was explained by Mehlich-3 extractable Ca, ammonium-oxalate extractable P (P ox ), and sand content. The S max of Uganda and Mozambique soils increased by 44 to 390% due to increased clay content from termite activities. The higher S max of termite mounds implies a greater demand for P fertilizer for low P soils but also a higher P storage capacity and reduced risk of P leaching. Termite mound could be considered as a potential soil amendment.
Erosion rates and sediment yields of glaciers

Sediment yields and glacial erosion rates are evaluated for four Norwegian glaciers during the years 1989-93. Annual erosion rates were determined from measurements of sediment load and water discharge in glacial meltwater rivers. The mean sediment yield and the corresponding erosion rate of the valley glaciers Engabreen and Nigardsbreen were found to be 456 t km−2 year−1 (0.168 mm year−1) and 210 t km−2 year−1 (0.078 mm year−1), respectively. A small and slow-moving cirque glacier Øvre Beiarbre yielded a rate of 482 t km−2 year−1 (0.178 mm year−1), and the sub-polar Svalbard glacier Brøggerbreen yielded 613 t km−2 year−1 (0.226 mm year−1). The erosion rates are low compared to glaciers elsewhere. There are also considerable variations in sediment yields at each glacier from year to year. However, different factors are found to control the variability on each individual glacier. Analysis of the relationship between water discharge and sediment concentration in meltwater rivers suggests that changes in subglacial drainage systems cause variations in sediment availability and the way sediments are melted out from the ice. When water pressure drops, the drainage system in fast-moving, thick valley glaciers deforms at a more rapid rate than in thin, slow-moving ones. New volumes of debris-laden ice are thus more readily available for melting when water pressure next increases. Beneath the thin, slow-moving Øvre Beiarbre, single years with high transport rates and evacuation of sediment are followed by periods of low availability lasting for 2 years or longer. It is suggested that this pattern results from exhaustion of sediment in a stable drainage system, with more sediment becoming available when the position of the subglacial drainage system is changed.
Delivery of asteroids and meteorites to the inner solar system

Two major models of asteroid/meteorite demographics are described and reviewed critically: the collisional model of Greenberg and Chapman (1983), and the orbital evolution model of Wetherill (1985). It is shown that each of the two models tends to gloss over the central processes in the other and tends to ignore (and to some degree violate) the key observables that constrain the other model. The uncertainties that prevent definite acceptance of any particular model for the delivery of asteroidal material to the earth are described.
Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring and early-stage warning of structural instability in archaeological sites

Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) monitoring campaigns were performed on the archaeological heritage of the Roman Forum, Palatino and Oppio Hills in the centre of Rome, Italy, to test the capabilities of persistent scatterer interferometry techniques for the preventive diagnosis of deformation threatening the structural stability of archaeological monuments and buried structures. ERS-1/2 and RADARSAT-1/2 SAR images were processed with the permanent scatterers InSAR (PSInSAR) and SqueeSAR approaches, and the identified measurement points (MP) were radar-interpreted to map the conservation criticalities in relation to the local geohazard factors and active deterioration processes. The multi-temporal reconstruction of past/recent instability events based on the MP deformation time series provided evidences of stabilization for the Domus Tiberiana as a consequence of recent restoration works, as well as of persistent deformation for the Temple of Magna Mater on the Palatino Hill and the structures of the Baths of Trajan on the Oppio Hill. Detailed time series analysis was also exploited to back monitor and understand the nature of the 2010 collapse that occurred close to Nero's Golden House, and to establish an early-stage warning procedure useful to preventively detect potential instability.
Calibration and multi-source consistency analysis of reconstructed precipitation series in Portugal since the early 17th century

A calibration of reconstructed winter, spring and autumn precipitation series in Portugal from 1600 onwards is undertaken in the present study using new instrumental sources for the period of 1815–2012. As summer precipitation in Portugal is scarce and irregular, it is not considered. A consistency analysis of the calibrated time series is then undertaken using: (1) precipitation indices for Portugal in 1675–1799; (2) teleconnections between seasonal precipitation and large-scale atmospheric flow; (3) two paleoclimatic experiments (ERIK1 and ERIK2), generated from a global/regional climate model chain (ECHO-G/MM5); and (4) tree-ring records from oak trees in Portugal (Serra do Buçaco). These are the first multi-centennial records of tree-ring growth in Portugal (the earliest series begin in 1675). General agreement is found between indices and calibrated precipitation for their common period on an annual basis. Overall, the atmospheric teleconnection patterns are dynamically coherent between the instrumental and pre-instrumental periods. The inter-annual to inter-decadal variability in the calibrated series reveals similar distributions as in the paleoclimatic simulations. Low-frequency variability in spring precipitation is validated by 12 tree-ring series. This study provides calibrated seasonal precipitation series in Portugal from 1600 onwards, revealing high consistency with several independent sources for winter and spring, enabling future applications to climate research.
Measuring OutdoorAir Intake Rates Using Electronic Velocity Sensors at Louvers and Downstream of Airflow Straighteners

Practical and accurate technologies are needed for continuously measuring and controlling outdoor air (OA) intake rates in commercial building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. This project evaluated two new measurement approaches. Laboratory experiments determined that OA flow rates were measurable with errors generally less than 10percent using electronic air velocity probes installed between OA intake louver blades or at the outlet face of louvers. High accuracy was maintained with OA flow rates as low as 15percent of the maximum for the louvers. Thus, with this measurement approach HVAC systems do not need separate OA intakes for minimum OA supply. System calibration parameters are required for each unique combination of louver type and velocity sensor location but calibrations are not necessary for each system installation. The research also determined that the accuracy of measuring OA flow rates with velocity probes located in the duct downstream of the intake louver was not improved by installing honeycomb airflow straighteners upstream of the probes. Errors varied with type of upstream louver, were as high as 100percent, and were often greater than 25percent. In conclusion, use of electronic air velocity probes between the blades of OA intake louvers or at the outlet face of louvers is a highly promising means of accurately measuring rates of OA flow into HVAC systems. The use of electronic velocity probes downstream of airflow straighteners is less promising, at least with the relatively small OA HVAC inlet systems employed in this research.
Temperature dependent NO2 cross sections at high spectral resolution

The importance of nitrogen dioxide in both the troposphere and the stratosphere has been known for some years, and since the early 1970s, spectroscopic determinations have played an important role in understanding NOX chemistry. Spectroscopic measurements of the atmosphere have improved in quality in recent years to the point that an accurate determination of the NO2 absorption cross section is essential to accurate retrievals of not only NO2 but also less abundant species in the troposphere and stratosphere. NO2 is such a large absorber (approximately 1% at large air mass) in the stratosphere at twilight or in the troposphere under even mildly polluted conditions, that if it is not properly removed from observed spectra, the spectra of the more subtle species are masked and cannot be measured at all. We present cross sections of NO2 in the spectral region 350–585 nm at four temperatures between 217 and 298 K and total pressures between 100 and 600 torr at a mixing ratio of 84.1 ppmv and at a spectral resolution sufficient for accurate convolution with instruments typically used to measure atmospheric NO2. Data will be presented to demonstrate the presence of NO2 pressure dependence in high resolution. A detailed comparison with commonly used literature cross sections is made to show how such instrument parameters as wavelength accuracy, resolution, spectrograph scattered light, and data sampling affect the usefulness of the observed cross section.
Probing the Fast and Slow Components of Global Warming by Returning Abruptly to Preindustrial Forcing

Abstract The fast and slow components of global warming in a comprehensive climate model are isolated by examining the response to an instantaneous return to preindustrial forcing. The response is characterized by an initial fast exponential decay with an e-folding time smaller than 5 yr, leaving behind a remnant that evolves more slowly. The slow component is estimated to be small at present, as measured by the global mean near-surface air temperature, and, in the model examined, grows to 0.4°C by 2100 in the A1B scenario from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), and then to 1.4°C by 2300 if one holds radiative forcing fixed after 2100. The dominance of the fast component at present is supported by examining the response to an instantaneous doubling of CO2 and by the excellent fit to the model’s ensemble mean twentieth-century evolution with a simple one-box model with no long times scales.
Notes on the Osteology of the Skull of Pariotichus

In the summer of 1910 Dr. S. W. Williston asked the writer to study the Pariotichus skulls in Walker Geological Museum of the University of Chicago to see if they would throw any light on, some of the undecided points concerning the osteology of that genus. The material was fragmentary with the exception of one remarkable specimen of Pariotichus laticeps Williston, a skull of Pariotichus aguti Cope ? , and the base of a skull of an unidentified species. Some of the undecided questions were: Are squamosal and prosquamosal both present? Is there a distinct quadratojugal? What are the homologies of the tabulare, if such a bone is present ? What are the homologies of the so-called epiotics, quadratojugals of Case ? Is a presphenoid present ? and What is the arrangement of the bones in the base of the skull ? The writer's thanks are due Dr. Williston for the use of the specimens and for discussions during the investigation. In a paper published in 1878' Cope gave the name Pariotichus brachyops to an imperfect skull from the Permian of Texas, and later in the same paper described a more perfect skull as Ectocynodon ordinatus. As he supposed that the former had the roof of the skull unsculptured he referred the specimens to different genera. In 1882 he described Ectocynodon aguti2 and in 1888 Ectocynodon incisivus.3 In 1896 he referred all of the Ectocynodonts to Pariotichus and named two more species, P. aduncus4 and P. isolomus.5 In the paper where he named the latter he described
Therapy and Chemotherapy with Brain Tumors Treated with Proton Imaging Changes in Very Young Children

SUMMARY: PT promises to reduce side effects in children with brain tumors by sparing normal tissue compared with 3D conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Information is lacking about the combined effects of PT and chemotherapy in young children. We describeimagingchangesin8veryyoungchildrenwithlocalizedbraintumorswhoreceivedPTafterchemotherapy.Mostlytransientsignal abnormalities and enhancement in brain parenchyma were observed by serial MR imaging, which were consistent with radiation-induced effects on normal-appearing tissue. Correlation with PT planning data revealed that the areas of imaging abnormality were located within or adjacent to the volume that received the highest radiation dose. Radiologists should be aware of these ﬁndings in children who receive PTafterchemotherapy.Inthisreport,wedescribethetimecourseofthesePT-relatedimagingﬁndingsandcorrelatethemwithtreatment and clinical outcomes.