Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rhône-Poulenc Ag Co., Monitoring Program: Performance of Larvin® Brand Thiodicarb and Four Other Insecticides Against Tobacco Budworm Collected from Different Sites in the USA Cotton Belt

The resistance ratios we calculated in 1995 showed the larvae collected from sites in the southeast and southwestern part of the cotton belt to have <4 fold tolerance to Larvin. Those obtained from sites in the mid-south demonstrated <12 fold resistance. On the other hand, resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids Sherpa and Decis in these areas ranged from 5 to 44 fold. These results indicated that tobacco budworm larvae possessed significantly higher levels of resistance to Sherpa and Decis than to Larvin. These data suggest that high resistance to synthetic pyrethroids will not cause high cross-resistance to carbamate insecticides. Larvin proved to be significantly more effective than Methomyl against Heliothis virescens larvae obtained from different sites in the cotton belt. We monitored the resistance ratios of Larvin at different times during the cotton growing season. The values obtained early and late in the seasons were lower than those obtained in the middle of the season. The results we accumulated in the last six years showed gradual improvement in the toxicity of Larvin to tob acco budworm larvae collected from Texas. A comparison between 1994 and 1995 results detected a reduction in Larvin performance against larvae collected from Arkansas and Louisiana. This reduced larvicidal activity will be offset by the good toxicity against the eggs and adults collected from these states.
Who Cares about Representation in Exchange for Taxation? Experimental Evidence from China

The connection between taxation and representation plays a central role in theories of democratization; however, recent empirical evidence probing this microfoundation remains inconclusive. We contend that the taxation–representation connection remains valid in modern times but primarily among business elites in nondemocratic regimes. These individuals are subject to higher risks of state predation, but also possess better information and resources for political participation, facilitating the connection between taxation and representation. To test our prediction, we recruit separate samples of business elites and ordinary citizens in China and retrieve their preferences for various forms of political demands during a hypothetical tax reform. We found that business elites express stronger preference for representation gains in exchange for taxation than nonelites. We explore various mechanisms and find supporting evidence that credibility issues of autocratic rulers and tax burden awareness are key channels activating the taxation–representation connection in modern-day autocracies.
ESG fund performance during Covid-19 pandemic

This thesis researches the performance of ESG mutual funds and ESG ETFs relative to market returns before, during, and after the stock market crash of 2020. Furthermore, I examine the relationship between the ESG rating of ESG funds and their financial performance before, during, and after the crash. The Fama and French (2015) five-factor model plus momentum factor is used to evaluate funds’ financial performance. I find no significant outperformance of ESG funds relative to the market during the crisis. However, US ESG funds with high ESG ratings outperform lower-rated US ESG funds during the financial crisis. After the crisis, the opposite result is found. Based on these results, sustainable investors can prevent losses to their portfolios during a crisis by investing in ESG funds with high ESG ratings.
TRIB 2 regulates the expression of miR ‐ 33 a ‐ 5 p through the ERK / c ‐ Fos pathway to affect the imatinib resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia cells

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematolog‐ ical disease, and imatinib (IM) resistance represents a major problem for its clinical treatment. In the present study, the role of tribbles pseudokinase 2 (TRIB2) in IM resistance of CML and the possible mechanism were investigated. It was found that TRIB2 was highly expressed in IM‐resistant patients with CML through the Oncomine database and this conclusion was confirmed using reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR and western blot experiments. Knockdown of TRIB2 was found to increase the drug sensitivity of KG cells to IM using Cell‐Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays, and the low‐expression TRIB2 mice were further found to be more sensitive to the IM and have a higher survival rate in leukemia model mice. Moreover, using western blot and luciferase experiments, it was found that TRIB2 could regulate c‐Fos through the ERK signaling pathway, and c‐Fos suppressed the transcriptional activity and the expression of miR‐33a‐5p. Further investiga‐ tion identified that the binding site for c‐Fos to function on miR‐33a‐5p was the ‐958‐965 region. Finally, CCK‐8 assays and western blot experiments demonstrated that miR‐33a‐5p could inhibit the proliferation of KG cells and reduce IM resistance by suppressing the expression of HMGA2. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that TRIB2 regulates miR‐33a‐5p to reverse IM resistance in CML, which may help identify novel targets and therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of IM resistance.
A NOVEL VIRUS COVID-19

There is a brand-new public fitness crisis threatening the arena with the emergence and unfold of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the extreme acute breathing syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). The virus originated in bats and become transmitted to human beings via but unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There were round 96,000 stated instances of coronavirus ailment 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 stated deaths to date (05/03/2020). The disease is transmitted through inhalation or touch with inflamed droplets and the incubation length levels from 2 to 14 d. The signs and symptoms are normally fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is moderate in maximum people; in some (normally the aged and people with comorbidities), it might also additionally development to pneumonia, acute respiration distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction.
Individual variation in nursing duration and resource use among narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from eastern Canadian Arctic using stable isotopes (d13C and d15N) of dentine from embedded teeth

i Acknowledgements . ii List of Tables . v List of Figures . vi Thesis format . viii Chapter 1. General Introduction . 1 Study species . 2 Reproduction . 3 Foraging flexibility . 5 Stable isotopes . 6 Objectives . 7 References . 8 Chapter 2. Ontogenetic profiles of dentine isotopes (δN and δC) reveal variable narwhal (Monodon monoceros) nursing duration . 14 Abstract . 15 Introduction . 16 Methods. 18 Stable isotope analysis . 19 Data analysis . 20. 15 Introduction . 16 Methods. 18 Stable isotope analysis . 19 Data analysis . 20 Results . 21 Discussion . 22 Conclusion . 27 Acknowledgements . 28 References . 29 Chapter 3. Isotopic (δC and δN) ratios and niche breadths indicate variability in resource use among narwhals (Monodon monoceros) within a population. 45 Abstract . 46 Introduction . 46. 46 Introduction . 46
Association between Sleep Quality and Health Related Quality of Life among Adult Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Poor sleep quality is associated with various health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and death. Although the epidemiology of poor sleep has been well described internationally, few studies investigated its prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of poor sleep in three primary healthcare clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected along with self-reported sleep characteristics, including subjective sleep quality, sleep duration and latency, were also recorded. We used the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, with lower scores indicating better sleep quality. We considered an overall PSQI score > 5 to indicate poor sleep quality. We also evaluated health-related quality of life (QoL) via the health-related quality-of-life questionnaire short-form SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12). Results: Between [October], 2020, and [January], 2021, we enrolled 400 participants who met all eligibility criteria. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of participants was 36 (26-46) years, and 206 (52%) were male. We found that 49.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]= 44-55%) of 331 participants with valid data were considered as poor sleepers (PSQI>5). The median (IQR) PSQI score was 5 (3-8). Male sex (mean difference [MD]: -0.98, 95% CI = -1.70 to 0.26, P=0.008), employed participants (MD: -0.78, 95% CI = -1.51 to 0.05, P= 0.04) and physically active patients (MD:-1.0, 95% CI = -1.72 to 0.28, P=0.007) were associated with significantly lower mean PSQI scores. QoL was inversely associated with PSQI scores (: -0.78 units, 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.61, P<0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of poor sleep quality is high among Saudi patients served by the primary care setting. There is a direct association between sleep quality and QoL. Our results may have implications for health promotion interventions and policy programs to prevent sleep disorders and improve sleep quality in Saudi Arabia.
Influence of tillage on soil properties, yields and protein content in grain of maize and soybean

Influence of different tillage methods on soil properties, yield and protein content in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine hyspida L.) grain was investigated at the experimental station of the College of Agriculture at Krizevci (Republic of Croatia) in 2006 and 2007. In the two investigation years, an averagely higher moisture content at MPa 0.033 was determined in treatment E (more intensive tillage) and averagely higher humus content was recorded in treatment A (reduced tillage). The highest yield of maize grain was achieved by reduced tillage (treatment 13) and of soybean grain by more intensive tillage (treatment E). Correlation and regression relationships were also determined between some physical and chemical soil properties and grain protein contents of these crops. Significantly higher protein content in maize and soybean grain was recorded under more intensive tillage (treatment E) compared to other tillage methods studied (p<0.05). Very weak positive correlation was determined between soil water capacity at 0.033 MPa, maximum soil water capacity and protein content in maize grain, and a very weak negative correlation with particle packing density. These relationships are not statistically significant (p<0.05). No correlation was established between the studied soil physical properties and protein content in soybean grain. Positive correlations were determined between humus content and soybean grain protein content. Relationships between these variables are statistically significant (p<0.05). At this level of statistical significance, a positive correlation was determined between soil reaction, measured in I M KCl, and grain protein content of both crops. Positive correlation was found between total soil nitrogen and total protein content in soybean grain (p<0.01) and also between the same variables in maize grain (p<0.05). More intensive soil tillage, along with more favourable soil physical and chemical properties, has a beneficial effect on protein content in maize and soybean grain.
Causal Study Design: A Synthetic Control Approach to Evaluating Bangladesh’s Remittance Incentive Program

This paper designs a causal study to explore Bangladesh’s 2% remittance incentive program on formal channel remittances. Globally, remittances are the most significant mechanism of foreign financial inflows with an estimated $550 billion sent annually. Globally, remittances surpass international development aid by three-fold and marginally outperform foreign direct investment as the primary form of foreign financing. There is clear empirical support for the impact remittances have on elevating individuals out of poverty. With an approximately 25% poverty rate in Bangladesh, the opportunity to amplify remittances that specifically target Bangladesh’s poor is a compelling opportunity. The 2% incentive program is a 53% reduction in the average 3.75% transaction fee that most Bangladeshi foreign nationals pay to remit. This could translate to anywhere between a 13% and 85% increase in overall remittances with the higher outcome nearly doubling overall remittance inflows. Through the use of the synthetic control method, this paper has designed a comparative case study to establish the initial phases in evaluating the causal effect Bangladesh’s remittance incentive policy has on overall remittances compared to a synthetic control unit. The result of this paper was an empirical model that closely balanced key covariates, matched synthetic remittances with real remittances during the pre-treatment period, and tested the robustness of the model against control unit bias, covariate bias, and unmeasured covariate impacts. The strength of this paper is in its ability to maintain blindness to outcomes thereby preserving one of the most important causal comparative studies principles.
Capital Heterogeneity, Volatility Risk, and the Value Premium

I propose an investment-based asset pricing model augmented with intangible capital and transient volatility shock. Already-acquired intangible capital and new R&D investment are complementary inputs in knowledge production. The distinctive evolutionary dynamics of intangible capital as opposed to that of physical capital mitigate the negative impact of temporary volatility shock on output. Physical-capital-intensive value firms are thus more exposed to volatility risk and require more premium. The value premium is unconditionally positive ex ante, and the expected return of value firms surges conditionally upon a temporary volatility shock. JEL classification: E22, E23, G11, G12.
Persistence Against the Odds: How Entrepreneurial Agents Helped the UN Joint Inspection Unit to Prevail

Founded in 1966 and established on a permanent basis in 1976, the Joint Inspection Unit (henceforth JIU or the Unit) is the only external oversight institution of the United Nations (UN) system not subject to the authority of the SecretaryGeneral. Yet, throughout its history, the JIU has faced significant existential challenges: some of its 28 participating organizations threatened to leave the Unit and member states called for its eradication, pointing to its alleged failure to fulfill its mandate, inadequate qualifications of its inspectors, and the poor quality of its reports. In spite of these challenges, however, the Unit persisted without major organizational changes. Not even the creation of a competing UN oversight institution in the 1990s, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), led to its dissolution. From a rationalist perspective, an international organization (IO) that does not fulfill its mandate properly, or which is replaced by another institution should not survive. Yet, the JIU has surprisingly done so. How to explain the persistence of IOs, and the JIU in particular? We define persistence as the ability of an institution to adapt to changing circumstances in the face of internal and external shocks. In this piece, we examine how the JIU persisted against all odds. This is an insightful case because the JIU witnessed significant existential challenges since its foundation but it survived all of them. Drawing on delegation and historical institutionalist approaches, we argue that the R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
The Macroeconomics of TechFin*

Over the past few years, many large technology companies have started lending in the capital markets, i.e., “TechFin”. How should we modify our existing macro-finance theories to accommodate the rise of this new financial intermediary? This paper introduces both a banking sector and a TechFin sector into a continuous-time general equilibrium model with heterogeneous entrepreneurs and incomplete markets. These two financial sectors are identical except for the types of borrowing constraints faced by entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs borrowing from banks are subject to the standard collateral-based borrowing constraints. In contrast, technology advantages allow the big tech companies to resolve agency costs and perform cash flow-based lending. I use a deep learning neural network approach to obtain global solutions, and the main conclusions are twofold. First, this new TechFin credit system leads to a higher capital allocative efficiency in the steady state. Second, the existence of BigTech lending acts as a propagation mechanism and makes the economy sensitive to both first-moment productivity level shocks and second-moment uncertainty shocks. *I thank Yuchen Chen, Robert Goldstein, Xiang Li, Xiaoji Lin, and Andrew Winton for their valuable comments and suggestions. Of course, all errors are my own. †Affiliation: Department of Finance, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. Postal address: Office 4-267, Carlson School of Management, 321 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455. Email address: suxxx478@umn.edu; stanleydansu@gmail.com
LoGenText: Automatically Generating Logging Texts Using Neural Machine Translation

The textual descriptions in logging statements (i.e., logging texts) are printed during system executions and exposed to multiple stakeholders including developers, operators, users, and regulatory authorities. Writing proper logging texts is an important but often challenging task for developers. However, despite extensive research on automated logging suggestions, research on suggesting logging texts rarely exists. In this paper, we present LoGenText, an automated approach that generates logging texts by translating the related source code into short textual descriptions. LoGenText takes the preceding source code of a logging text as the input and considers other context information such as the location of the logging statement, to automatically generate the logging text using neural machine translation models. We evaluate LoGenText on 10 open-source projects, and compare the automatically generated logging texts with the developer-inserted logging texts in the source code. We find that LoGenText generates logging texts that achieve BLEU scores of 23.3 to 41.8 and ROUGE-L scores of 42.1 to 53.9, which outperforms the state-of-the-art approach by a large margin. In addition, we perform a human evaluation involving 42 participants, which further demonstrates the quality of the logging texts generated by LoGenText. Our work is an important step towards automated generation of logging statements, which can potentially save developers' efforts and improve the quality of software logging.
Profile of primary caesarean section at Musienene Hospital in North Kivu, Eastern DRC

Methods. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study. It involved 466 singleton pregnancies with no previous Caesarean Section (CS) scar, in 2016. Data were analyzed with Epiinfo software version 7. Chi-square was used to test the independent variables that can influence the mode of delivery, the relative risk to evaluate the degree of influence of each of the variables to the mode of delivery of the laboring women.
Analysis of Abnormal Vibration of a Large Francis-Turbine Runner and Cracking of the Blades

To determine the causes of abnormal vibration and noises of a large Francis turbine and cracking of the blades, vibration and noises of the turbine were measured and analyzed, the test modal analysis of the blades was conduced, and the dynamic characteristic of the blades under water was investigated with hydro structure coupling technology. It was found that the cause was that the natural frequencies of the blades are close to their Kamen excitation frequencies, resulting in resonance. Measures were taken to raise the Kamen excitation frequencies and reduce the excitation energy, which have been proved effective.
HOW EFFECTIVE IS FOLIAR TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING THE MAIZE LEAF WEEVIL (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) IN ROMANIA?

Maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) is the main pest of the maize crops, mainly in south and south-east of the Romania. Each year, around one million hectares cultivated with maize is attacked by this pest, with different level of the attack intensities. This paper presents the results of researches concerning the effectiveness of the maize foliar treatment with acetamiprid active ingredient, for controlling of the maize leaf weevil, in absence of the seeds treatment with systemic insecticides. The experience were carried out in south-east of the Romania, in favorable area for T. dilaticollis, at NARDI Fundulea, ARDS Marculesti and ARDS Braila, in 2019 and 2020. In case of moderate weevils attack, registered in spring of 2019, the percentage of plants that escaping of the attack ranged from 76.25 to 86.36 % in case of untreated variant, while in case of treated variant, with acetamipird active ingredient, saved plants percent ranged from 77.73 % to 88.12 %. In spring of 2020, the weevils attack at maize plans was low at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti, where percentage of the saved plants was higher then 90 %, and moderate at ARDS Braila, when saved plants percent was higher then 77 %. Results from the field trials show that foliar treatment with acetamiprid, don’t provide effective protection of the maize plants, in first vegetation stages (BBCH 10-BBCH 14), against maize leaf weevil attack.
Bank Runs, Bank Competition and Opacity∗

We model the opacity and deposit rate choices of banks that imperfectly compete for uninsured deposits, are subject to runs, and face a threat of entry. We show how shocks that increase bank competition or bank transparency increase deposit rates, costly withdrawals, and thus bank fragility. Therefore, perfect competition is not socially optimal. We also propose a theory of bank opacity. The cost of opacity is more withdrawals from a solvent bank, lowering bank profits. The benefit of opacity is to deter the entry of a competitor, increasing future bank profits. The excessive opacity of incumbent banks rationalizes transparency regulation.
Which choices merit deference? A comparison of three behavioural proxies of subjective welfare

Abstract Recently several authors have proposed proxies of welfare that equate some (as opposed to all) choices with welfare. In this paper, I first distinguish between two prominent proxies: one based on context-independent choices and the other based on reason-based choices. I then propose an original proxy based on choices that individuals state they would want themselves to repeat at the time of the welfare/policy evaluation (confirmed choices). I articulate three complementary arguments that, I claim, support confirmed choices as a more reliable proxy of welfare than context-independent and reason-based choices. Finally, I discuss the implications of these arguments for nudges and boosts.