Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Length on the Wettability and Surface Chemistry of PEG-Fluoroalkyl-Modified Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers and Their Two-Layer Films with Elastomer Matrix

Diblock copolymers composed of a polystyrene first block and a PEG-fluoroalkyl chain-modified polystyrene second block were synthesized by controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), starting from the same polystyrene macroinitiator. The wettability of the polymer film surfaces was investigated by measurements of static and dynamic contact angles. An increase in advancing water contact angle was evident for all the films after immersion in water for short times (10 and 1000 s), consistent with an unusual contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains. Such a contraphilic response also accounted for the retained wettability of the polymer films upon prolonged contact with water, without an anticipated increase in the hydrophilic character. The copolymers were then used as surface-active modifiers of elastomer poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS)-based two-layer films. The elastomeric behavior of the films was varied by using SEBS matrices with different amounts of polystyrene. Whereas the mechanical properties strictly resembled those of the nature of the SEBS matrix, the surface properties were imposed by the additive. The contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains resulted in an exceptionally high enrichment in fluorine of the film surface after immersion in water for seven days.
Comparison of crop simulation and field performance of maize under 20-day dry period imposed during selected critical growth periods in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.

Untimely prolonged dry spells hamper not only the already established maize crop ( Zea mays L.), but also the farmers’ decision making on the succeeding crop. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a 20-day dry period during selected critical growth stages on growth and yield of maize, and apply the CERES-Maize model in DSSAT version 4.0. 2.0. Five 20-day dry periods coinciding with selected critical growth stages [viz. 21-40 days from seeding (DFS), 30-49 DFS, 36-55 DFS, 43-62 DFS and 57-76 DFS] were compared with a control treatment maintained with weekly irrigation using two popular maize cultivars (‘Suwan 4452’ and ‘Pacific 224’) in a factorial experiment using a split plot design with four replicates. Soil moisture content (SMC) at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths reached the lowest limit of readily available water (RAW) in eight days after suspension of irrigation, but did not reach permanent wilting point (PWP) during the remaining 12 days. Both leaf area index (LAI) and plant height were significantly decreased (p=0.05) in treatments subjected to a dry period during 21-40 and 30-49 DFS. Grain number per cob, grain yield and harvest index (HI) decreased significantly (11.3%, 11.2% and 13.5%, respectively) when the dry period imposed only occurred during 21-40 DFS. ‘Suwan 4452’ had a higher grain number per cob than ‘Pacific 224’, but 100-grain weight was higher for ‘Pacific 224’cultivar. The CERES-Maize model showed excellent performance in predicting the time to silking and physiological maturity, 100-grain weight, grain yield and HI. Simulated values of LAI and number of grains per cob showed greater variability based on standardized bias (R) and standardized mean square error (V). Overall, however, the CERES-Maize model was useful in providing approximate information enabling appropriate decision making in the event of dry periods extending up to 20-days.
A complementary relationship evaporation model referring to the Granger model and the advection–aridity model

A complementary relationship evaporation model has been proposed and verified based on evaluations of the advection–aridity model and the Granger's complementary relationship model (Granger model) in dimensionless forms. Normalized by Penman potential evaporation, the Granger model and the advection–aridity model have been transformed into similar dimensionless forms. Evaporation ratio (ratio of actual evaporation to Penman potential evaporation) has been expressed as a function of dimensionless variable based on radiation and atmospheric conditions. Similar dimensionless variables for the different functions have been used in the two models. By referring to the dimensionless variable from the advection–aridity model and the function from the Granger model, a new model to estimate actual evaporation was proposed. The performance of the new model has been validated by the observed data from four sites under different land covers. The new model is an enhanced Granger model with better evaporation prediction over the aforementioned different land covers. It also offers more stable optimized parameters in a grassland site than the Granger model. The new model somewhat approximates the advection–aridity model under neither too wet nor too dry conditions, but without its system bias. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Coastal Wave Model. Part III: Nonlinear Wave–Wave Interaction

Abstract Resonant wave–wave interaction processes are studied with the nonlinear dispersion relationship for shallow water. The formulation was derived based on a Hamiltonian representation first reported by Zakharov. Results show that four waves are needed for resonant interactions at all depths. Furthermore, when the nonlinear dispersion relationship for waves in intermediate water is considered, two interaction modes can result depending on the water depth and the nonlinearity: (i) in deep water the classic Phillips interactions dominate, involving four waves of comparable wavelengths, whereas (ii) in shallow water the dominant interactions still consist of four waves, but with one component of vanishingly small wavenumber. As an approximate asymptotic limit, the latter become triadic shoaling wave interactions.
A comprehensive model of the quiet‐time, near‐Earth magnetic field: phase 3

SUMMARY The near-Earth magnetic field is caused by sources in the Earth’s core, ionosphere, magnetosphere, lithosphere and from coupling currents between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, and between hemispheres. Traditionally, the main field (low degree internal field) and magnetospheric field have been modelled simultaneously, with fields from other sources being modelled separately. Such a scheme, however, can introduce spurious features, especially when the spatial and temporal scales of the fields overlap. A new model, designated CM3 (Comprehensive Model: phase 3), is the third in a series of efforts to coestimate fields from all of these sources. This model has been derived from quiet-time Magsat and POGO satellite and observatory hourly means measurements for the period 1960‐1985. It represents a significant advance in the treatment of the aforementioned field sources over previous attempts, and includes an accounting for main field influences on the magnetosphere, main field and solar activity influences on the ionosphere, seasonal influences on the coupling currents, a priori characterization of the influence of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere on Earth-induced fields, and an explicit parametrization and estimation of the lithospheric field. The result is a model that describes well the 591 432 data with 16 594 parameters, implying a data-to-parameter ratio of 36, which is larger than several popular field models.
CIRRIS 1A observation of 13C16O and 12C18O fundamental band radiance in the upper atmosphere

Fundamental band emission from the ν=1 levels of isotopically substituted 13C16O and 12C18O has been observed for the first time in the earth's atmosphere. High-resolution earthlimb spectra were obtained in the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) experiment under both nighttime and daytime conditions. Spectral data between 70 and 150 km tangent height were analyzed in the 4.7 µm wavelength region, providing absolute 12C16O, 13C16O, and 12C18O column radiances. The minor isotope column radiances are up to 30 times more intense than predicted, based solely on the natural isotopic abundances of 13C and 18O. The derived line-of-sight radiances were accurately modeled using the Phillips Laboratory Atmospheric Radiance Code, and provide a strong test of radiative transport and excitation algorithms, as well as model climatologies.
The geology of Heidrum - A giant oil and gas field on the mid-Norwegian shelf

The Heidrum field is located in the Haltenbanken region on the mid-Norwegian continental shelf, 165 mi from shore in water depths of approximately 1,150 ft. The field is a giant Cimmerian structure with hydrocarbons trapped in Jurassic sandstone reservoirs. The field has 750 MM bbl recoverable oil reserves, with associated gas reserves of 0.45 tcf and free gas reserves of 1.3 tcf. The accumulation extends over 14.4 mi and was unitized in 1989 with 75% of the field in Block 6507/7 and 25% of the field in Block 6507/8. The 6507/7 block was acquired by Conoco Norway and partners in 1984 in the eighth round of licenses offered by the Norwegian government. The acquisition was based on extensive in-house exploration regional studies, which identified a Jurassic rift element in Haltenbanken and the potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. The Heidrun structure is a large southwesterly plunging horst block on the southwestern flank of the Nordland Ridge and was formed during the Cimmerian extensional tectonic phase in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The Heidrun reservoirs are severely truncated at the northern edge of the structure and are sealed by Cretaceous shales. The Heidrun Jurassic reservoir rock, the Fangst Group and themore » Tilje and Are Formations, were deposited on the southeastern flank of the developing northeastern Atlantic Rift domain. The shallow burial depth (< 8,100 ft) has limited compaction effects, and reservoir quality therefore is enhanced with permeabilities up to 10 d and porosities in excess of 30% in the cleaner sands of the Fangst. The primary sources for the petroleum is the Upper Jurassic Spekk Formation, which is mature in the downdip areas 3-10 mi southwest and west of Heidrun. Therefore, fairly long petroleum migration paths are inferred. A 5,000-km-high resolution three-dimensional seismic survey was acquired in 1986. The three-dimensional data set forms the basis for detailed geologic and reservoir models. « less
A laboratory study of the dependence of elastic wave velocities on pore scale fluid distribution

Laboratory data have been collected during a continuous imbibition/drainage experiment that show a clear dependence of elastic wave velocities on the details of the pore scale distribution of water and air in a sandstone. Compressional wave velocity (Vp) was measured at a frequency of 1 MHz; shear wave velocity (Vs) was measured at a frequency of 600 kHz. During the experiment, Vp showed little variation with the level of water saturation (Sw) during increasing Sw through imbibition until Sw = 0.80, at which point Vp increased dramatically. When Sw was decreased, pronounced saturation-induced hysteresis was observed in the region 03 0.4. As a simple model, we consider the imbibition process as producing a partially saturated state in all pores; i.e. all pores contain both air and water. The drainage process, in contrast, favors the existence of either air-filled or water-filled pores. As elastic wave velocities are very sensitive to the saturation state in the smaller, “crack-like” pores, these variations in fluid distribution cause related variations in velocities.
The holothurian (Echinodermata) diversity of the Glorieuses Islands (Eparses Islands, France, Mozambique channel)

Glorieuses archipelago is one of the Eparses Islands, French islands scattered in the Mozambique Channel (Western Indian Ocean). These isolated coral islands, without permanent human population, are important to evaluate the evolution of biodiversity without direct anthropogenic influence. Among several aims, the program BioReCIE (Biodiversity, Resources and Conservation of Eparses Islands) was to complete the inventories of several groups including the holothurians (Echinodermata). In November 2012, a multidisciplinary team explored the reef slopes of the island by scuba diving down to 20 meters (10 sites), and the reef flats at low tide (12 sites) collecting specimens and taking photos for identification. The total holothurian richness was 20 species; 10 species were collected on the slopes and 15 on the reef flats. Given the limited number of sites studied, the occurrence of the different species in each class is presented as frequent, infrequent or rare. The commercial species Holothuria nobilis, Bohadschia atra and B. subrubra were frequent but illegal fisheries on holothurians are already occurring. Temporal c omparisons at local and regional scales using the same methodology show that the diversity in Glorieuses is high and suggests that the biodiversity is increasing as we go from South to North in the Mozambique channel, as observed also for other taxa associated with coral reefs (fish and hard corals).
Hydrological response of a glacier forefield to meteorological forcing on diurnal, seasonal and decadal time scales

Mountain water resources management often requires hydrological models that need to handle both snow and ice melt. In this study, we compared two different model types for a partly glacierized watershed in central Switzerland: (1) an energy-balance model primarily designed for snow simulations; and (2) a temperature-index model developed for glacier simulations. The models were forced with data extrapolated from long-term measurement records to mimic the typical input data situation for climate change assessments. By using different methods to distribute precipitation, we also assessed how various snow cover patterns influenced the modelled runoff. The energy-balance model provided accurate discharge estimations during periods dominated by snow melt, but dropped in performance during the glacier ablation season. The glacier melt rates were sensitive to the modelled snow cover patterns and to the parameterization of turbulent heat fluxes. In contrast, the temperature-index model poorly reproduced snow melt runoff, but provided accurate discharge estimations during the periods dominated by glacier ablation, almost independently of the method used to distribute precipitation. Apparently, the calibration of this model compensated for the inaccurate precipitation input with biased parameters. Our results show that accurate estimates of snow cover patterns are needed either to correctly constrain the melt parameters of the temperature-index model or to ensure appropriate glacier surface albedos required by the energy-balance model. Thus, particularly when only distant meteorological stations are available, carefully selected input data and efficient extrapolation methods of meteorological variables improve the reliability of runoff simulations in high alpine watersheds.
Temperature dependence and rates of sulfate reduction in cold sediments of svalbard, arctic ocean

Sediments of permanently cold areas around Svalbard and northern Norway were examined for their sulfate reduction activities and the degree of adaptation of their bacterial communities toward low temperatures. Depth distributions of sulfate reduction rates were obtained from whole‐core incubations with sulfur‐35‐labeled sulfate as tracer. The integrated rates from the sediment surface to a depth of 15 cm ranged between 0.9 and 4.1 mmol m‐2 day‐1, comparable to rates in shelf sediments of temperate climates. The temperature dependence of sulfate reduction was investigated by incubation of anoxic sediment slurries in a temperature gradient block at —5°C to +40°C. Sulfate reduction rates increased 4‐ to 10‐fold from in situ temperature to the optimum temperature, and highest measured rates reached nearly 200 nmol ml‐1 day‐1 at 27°C. The optimum temperatures, 25–30°C, indicated a mesophilic community of sulfate‐reducing bacteria and were at least 20°C higher than the in situ temperatures of—1.7 to 2.6°C. Arrh.
Comparison of Petrophysical Relationships for Soil Moisture Estimation using GPR Ground Waves

Soil water content measurement using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) requires an appropriate petrophysical relationship between the dielectric permittivity and volumetric water content of the soil. The suitability of different relationships for GPR soil water content estimation has not been thoroughly investigated under natural field conditions for a complete range of seasonal soil conditions. In this study, we examined the ability of various empirical relationships, volumetric mixing formulae, and effective medium approximations to predict near‐surface volumetric soil water content using high‐frequency direct ground wave (DGW) velocity measurements for three soil textures. The estimated water contents were compared with values obtained from gravimetric sampling. The accuracy of soil water content predictions obtained from the various relationships ranged considerably. The best predictions for the overall data set in terms of RMSE were obtained with a differential effective medium approximation based on a coated sphere model (RMSE = 0.045 m3 m−3); however, an empirical relationship (RMSE = 0.052 m3 m−3) and a volumetric mixing formula (RMSE = 0.048 m3 m−3) also performed well. These best‐fitting relationships do exhibit some degree of textural bias that should be considered in the choice of petrophysical relationship for a given data set. Further improvements in water content estimates were obtained using our best‐fit third‐order polynomial relationship (RMSE = 0.041 m3 m−3) and our three‐phase volumetric mixing formula with geometric parameter α = 0.36 (RMSE = 0.042 m3 m−3); these optimized relationships were developed using the DGW permittivity and soil water content data collected in this study.
A three-dimensional kinematic model for the deformation above an active diapir

This article presents the results of a finite-thickness, three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic model for the fault-related deformation above an active diapir. Based on field examples, the models are (1) circular in map view; (2) offset by radially distributed normal faults; (3) faulted or smooth at the top of the salt; (4) relatively unstrained on the flanks; and (5) highly deformed in the central graben, if present. Field examples suggest that active diapirs may initiate with either two or three master faults crossing near the dome crest. Subsequent evolution depends mainly on whether the master faults cut the salt or detach on the salt top. If the top of the salt is faulted, no minor faults are required except in the central graben. If the top of the salt is unfaulted, additional faulting occurs in the flank grabens. In models with three master faults, very different structural patterns appear in cross sections cut parallel and perpendicular to any of the master faults. The domes are asymmetrical in the fault-perpendicular cross sections, but are symmetrical in the fault-parallel cross sections. The initial fault pattern may influence the piercement efficiency. An active dome with faults offsetting the top of the salt grows more rapidly than a dome with a smooth top and may develop into a passive diapir more rapidly. The model map patterns are used to reinterpret the 3-D structure of the Clay Creek dome, Texas, and the Reitbrook dome, Germany. The model predictions are confirmed by the cross sections, and small, but potentially significant, refinements are proposed.
Osmium isotope evidence for the regulation of atmospheric CO2 by continental weathering

The long-term stability of Earth9s climate throughout the Phanerozoic stands in marked contrast to the dramatic fluctuations that have taken place on time scales as short as a few years, reflecting the high efficiency of longer-term climate regulation through negative feedbacks. A fundamental mechanism is thought to involve control of CO 2 in the ocean- atmosphere system through continental weathering, although unambiguous, high-resolution data supporting this hypothesis have hitherto not been available. Organic-rich mud rocks from Yorkshire, England, which were deposited during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (ca. 181 Ma, Early Jurassic), contain evidence of an exceptionally large excursion in the 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio of contemporaneous seawater, from ∼0.4 to ∼1.0. The most likely explanation for this excursion is that it resulted from a transient increase in global continental weathering rates of ∼400%–800%. The Os isotope excursion coincided with a well-documented global δ 13 C excursion of −6‰ that affected all the major biospheric reservoirs of the time. Higher mean global temperatures caused global chemical weathering rates to increase substantially, while, in turn, chemical weathering was very effective in reducing the elevated levels of atmospheric CO 2 and the high temperatures to preexcursion levels.
Seasonal seawater optical properties of the U.S. Middle

Optical properties of seawater in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) were measured during four cruises spanning 1993–1994. Samples were collected in August and November 1993 and March and April 1994 along a cruise track extending from Delaware Bay to the Sargasso Sea. Each sample was analyzed for colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and particulate absorption and chlorophyll a (chl a). In situ attenuation and reflectance were also measured at selected stations using underwater spectroradiometers. The overall seasonal and spatial ranges for CDOM and particulate absorption (442 nm) and chl a concentration were 0.02–0.41 m−1, 0.01–0.49 m−1, and 0.07–9.4 mg m−3, respectively. CDOM absorption ranged from twofold to threefold between seasons on the MAB shelf, whereas particulate absorption ranged from threefold to sevenfold at the same locations. The results indicate that although CDOM absorption often dominated water column light attenuation at chl a absorbing wavelengths (e.g., 442 nm), chl a could be estimated from in situ reflectance spectra with an average error of ±20% using a relationship previously determined for coastal and open ocean waters. It appears that reflectances at 442 nm (R442) within the MAB shelf are typically low and invariable and most of the chl a sensitivity is contained in the ratio denominator (R554), resulting in relative insensitivity to CDOM absorption. Furthermore, CDOM absorption could not be explicitly determined using reflectance ratios (R412/R490); rather, the reflectance ratios correlated more closely with total (CDOM plus particulate) absorption.
Post-seismic relaxation following the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on a compressible self-gravitating Earth

SUMMARY The Mwγ 9.0 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman and Mw= 8.7 2005 March 28 Nias earthquakes, which collectively ruptured approximately 1800 km of the Andaman and Sunda subduction zones, are expected to be followed by vigorous viscoelastic relaxation involving both the upper and lower mantle. Because of these large spatial dimensions it is desirable to fully account for gravitational coupling effects in the relaxation process. We present a stable method of computing relaxation of a spherically-stratified, compressible and self-gravitating viscoelastic Earth following an impulsive moment release event. The solution is cast in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion of viscoelastic normal modes. For simple layered viscoelastic models, which include a low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere, we predict substantial post-seismic effects over a region several 100s of km wide surrounding the eastern Indian Ocean. We compare observed GPS time-series from ten regional sites (mostly in Thailand and Indonesia), beginning in 2004 December, with synthetic time-series that include the coseismic and post-seismic effects of the 2004 December 26 and 2005 March 28 earthquakes. A viscosity structure involving a biviscous (Burgers body) rheology in the asthenosphere explains the pattern and amplitude of post-seismic offsets remarkably well.