Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulations of particle acceleration in parallel shocks: Direct comparison between Monte Carlo and one-dimensional hybrid codes

We have made a direct comparison between two different computer simulations of a plane, parallel, collisionless shock including particle acceleration to energies typical of those of diffuse ions observed at the earth bow shock. Despite the fact that the one-dimensional hybrid and Monte Carlo techniques employ entirely different algorithms, they give surprisingly close agreement in the overall shapes of the complete distribution functions for protons as well as heavier ions. Both methods show that energetic ions emerge smoothly from the background thermal plasma with approximately the same relative injection rate and that the fraction of the incoming plasma's energy flux that is converted into downstream enthalpy flux of the accelerated population (i.e., the acceleration efficiency) is similar in the two cases. The fraction of the downstream proton distribution made up of superthermal particles is quite large, with at least 10% of the energy flux going into protons with energies above 10 keV. In addition, an upstream precursor, produced by backstreaming energetic particles, is present in both shocks, although the Monte Carlo precursor is considerably longer than that produced in the hybrid shock. These results offer convincing evidence that, at least in these ways, the two simulations are consistent in their description of parallel shock structure and particle acceleration, and they lay the groundwork for development of shock models employing a combination of both methods.
Two fast integrators for the Galactic tide effects in the Oort Cloud

Two fast and reliable numerical integrators for the motion of the Oort Cloud comets in the Galactic tidal potential are presented. Both integrators are constructed as Hamiltonian splitting methods. The first integrator is based upon the canonical Hamiltonian equations split into the Keplerian part and a time-dependent perturbation. The system is regularized by the application of the Kuustanheimo‐Stiefel variables. The composition rule of Laskar and Robutel with a symplectic corrector is applied. The second integrator is based on the approximate, averaged Hamiltonian. Non-canonical Lie‐Poisson bracket is applied allowing the use of non-singular vectorial elements. Both methods prove superior when compared to their previously published
Comprehensive Analysis of Feature Extraction Methods for Emotion Recognition from Multichannel EEG Recordings

Advances in signal processing and machine learning have expedited electroencephalogram (EEG)-based emotion recognition research, and numerous EEG signal features have been investigated to detect or characterize human emotions. However, most studies in this area have used relatively small monocentric data and focused on a limited range of EEG features, making it difficult to compare the utility of different sets of EEG features for emotion recognition. This study addressed that by comparing the classification accuracy (performance) of a comprehensive range of EEG feature sets for identifying emotional states, in terms of valence and arousal. The classification accuracy of five EEG feature sets were investigated, including statistical features, fractal dimension (FD), Hjorth parameters, higher order spectra (HOS), and those derived using wavelet analysis. Performance was evaluated using two classifier methods, support vector machine (SVM) and classification and regression tree (CART), across five independent and publicly available datasets linking EEG to emotional states: MAHNOB-HCI, DEAP, SEED, AMIGOS, and DREAMER. The FD-CART feature-classification method attained the best mean classification accuracy for valence (85.06%) and arousal (84.55%) across the five datasets. The stability of these findings across the five different datasets also indicate that FD features derived from EEG data are reliable for emotion recognition. The results may lead to the possible development of an online feature extraction framework, thereby enabling the development of an EEG-based emotion recognition system in real time.
Seismic resilience of typical code-conforming RC moment frame buildings in Canada

This article examines the baseline resilience of reinforced concrete (RC) moment frame buildings conforming to the seismic design standards of Canada. Metrics for robustness, rapidity, and resilience are evaluated to capture the system’s reliability, speed of recovery, and socioeconomic impacts. Buildings of different heights are evaluated using nonlinear time-history analyses. Six damage states are defined as disjoint branches of an event tree depending on the building’s path to recovery. For a scenario earthquake of magnitude 7.3 magnitude at a distance of 30 km from Vancouver, the housing occupancy recovery trajectory is developed. Monte Carlo simulations are used to propagate uncertainty from seismic hazards to the building response to the lead time required for recovery. Buildings are found to maintain 50%–65% of their pre-event housing occupancy in the immediate aftermath. The housing occupancy is restored to 90% within 2–4 months, with a shorter recovery period for low-rise buildings, whereas the system resilience level requires 6 months to 1 year for restoration to 90%. Empirical data from the Loma Prieta (1989) and Northridge (1994) earthquakes are used to compare analytically predicted repair times. The findings from this article will facilitate the shift to resilience-based design in Canada.
Unusual electron distribution functions in the solar wind derived from the Helios Plasma Experiment: Double‐Strahl distributions and distributions with an extremely anisotropic core

Electron distribution functions with unusual features, which have been observed on rare occasions in the solar wind by the Helios probes, are presented. Two examples show a strong symmetric bidirectional anisotropy in the energy regime of the halo up to particle energies of 800 eV (double-Strahl distributions). Another example shows an unusually strong bidirectional anisotropy in the energy regime of the core (below 150 eV). The infrequently observed double-strahl distributions provide evidence that magnetic field loops can exist in the solar wind where electrons are trapped. In addition, they provide evidence that in the case of electrons trapped in closed magnetic field structures the break in the energy spectrum separating the core from the halo is produced only by collisions. On the other hand, the class of distribution functions with strongly anisotropic cores indicates that in the case of ''open'' magnetic field lines the break between core and halo is largely determined both by the interplanetary electrostatic potential and by collisions. Copyright American Geophysical Union 1987
Test for the cosmological constant with the number count of faint galaxies

Cosmological models are tested against the recent observations of the number count of faint galaxies by Tyson (1984) and of the redshift distribution of moderately faint galaxies by Broadhurst et al. (1988), particularly with the purpose of examining whether a finite cosmological constant is allowed. Using the canonical galaxy evolution model with the assumption that the comoving number of galaxies is conserved, it is found that these data favor the low-density universe and that the high-density universe is strongly disfavored. Furthermore, it is shown that the best agreement with the data is obtained with a sizable cosmological constant, including the case of zero curvature model as predicted by inflation. 23 refs.
A BRIEF SURVEY OF ASYMMETRIC MDS AND SOME OPEN PROBLEMS

A brief review is made of a body of extant asymmetric MDS models and methods, given a one-mode, two-way asymmetric square relational data matrix whose elements are similarity or dissimilarity measures between objects, or a special two-mode, three-way asymmetric relational data matrix which is composed of one-mode, two-way asymmetric square relational data matrices, and several open problems are discussed.
Trabecular Bone Score as a Risk Factor of Major Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: The First Study in Thailand

Objectives To compare the trabecular bone score (TBS) between Thai postmenopausal women with and without major osteoporotic fracture, and to determine whether TBS is associated with fracture risk. Methods All postmenopausal women sent for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the Police General Hospital were retrospectively recruited. The hospital’s online database and radiographs were reviewed to collect information on underlying disease, medication, previous fractures, bone mineral density, and trabecular bone score. Patients with anti-osteoporotic medication use, skeletal malignancy, fracture from high-energy trauma, and uninterpretable DXA images were excluded. Results A total of 407 Thai postmenopausal women were enrolled. They were divided into 292 women without fractures and 115 women with major osteoporotic fractures. The fracture group was older (73.36 ± 9.95 vs. 66.00 ± 8.58, P < 0.001) and had lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (23.28 ± 9.09 vs. 26.44 ± 9.20, P = 0.023). The mean TBS was lower in the fracture group, compared to the non-fracture group (1.244 ± 0.101 vs. 1.272 ± 0.099, P = 0.011). The subgroup analysis resulted in noticeably lower TBS in spine fracture, but not other fracture sites. The odds ratio of fracture was 1.355 (P = 0.013) for a decrease in one standard deviation of TBS. Conclusions TBS was significantly lower in postmenopausal women having fractures with an odd ratio of 1.355 (P = 0.013) per SD decrease in TBS. Categorizing by fracture sites, TBS was only found to be noticeably lower in the lumbar spine despite similar lumbar spine bone mineral density.
The Summation of Series of Hyperbolic Functions

A method of summing sixteen series of hyperbolic functions is presented. The method is based on expressing the series in terms of the nome, q, of the Jacobian elliptic functions. The q-series thus obtained are then expressed in closed form in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and the corresponding modulus. It is shown that when a certain parameter in these series is the square root of a rational number the series are summable in terms of $\Gamma $ functions.
On Initialization of Ml DOA Cost Function for UCA

Maximum likelihood (ML) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is essentially an optimization of multivariable nonlinear cost function. Since the final estimate is highly dependent on the initial estimate, an initialization is critical in nonlinear optimization. Alternating Projection (AP) initialization has been proposed as computationally efficient method for the initialization of the ML DOA cost function. In this paper, we propose a multi-dimensional (M-D) search scheme of uniform exhaustive search and improved exhaustive search. Improved exhaustive search is used to reduce the computational load of uniform exhaustive search. In the improved exhaustive search algorithm, the two-step procedure is applied to reduce the computational load of the uniform exhaustive search initialization scheme. In numerical results, it is shown that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than that of AP initialization.
Effects of compaction pressure on the temperature distribution in bunker type silage silo

The aim of the research has been to determine effects of compaction pressureon temperature distribution in the silage material in bunker silo.The pressure measurement systemdeveloped within the scope of this research was used to measure the pressure distribution in the silo. Hobo E-348-UA-002–08 model temperature sensors were also used for temperature measurements.The all sensors were positioned in the silo at predetermined points. Temperature and pressure values were recorded in a datalogger during ensiling, fermentation and after fermentation stages.The data collection system is based on a graphical programming language NI LabVIEW software and NI CompactDAQ hardware modules.Work machine having palette of which weight was 13700 kg has been used to compact of maize silage.The average temperature of silage in the silo was 23.35 °C during ensiling, 29.04 °C during fermentation and 23.45 °Cduring the after fermentation stage.The maximum pressure on the silage material was applied during storage with a mean value of 0.34 bar. The highest temperature and pressure wereon the line in thefront of the silo while the lowest temperature and pressure were in the close to the rear wall of the silo.The effect of compaction pressure applied during the ensiling stage also continued during the fermentation stage.It was determined that there is a relationship between the pressure applied to silage and temperature. Results showed that temperature in the silage has been increased with increasing compaction pressure.
Black carbon emissions from modern automated cordwood stoves for space heating

Wood burning stove design is improving as regulation become stricter for particulate matter emissions. This study describes results of black carbon (BC) emissions from three modern automated wood stoves when tested in common failure modes using a test protocol that included cold‐starts, high and low fuel loading densities, and use of overly large pieces of fuel. Emission sampling was performed using a dilution sampling system in tandem with an aethalometer to measure BC with high time resolution. Results show that the time‐weighted average BC emission rates were 0.91, 4.30, and 1.74 g/h for the three stoves tested (A, B, and C respectively), the values, both higher and lower than the United States 2020 certification test emission limit of 2.5 g/h. The results demonstrate good performance overall, given the rigorous nature of the testing protocol used. The aethalometer data showed that the performance was relatively poor during cold‐start, when the fuel was ignited and combusted without a coalbed, and when stoves failed to optimize air delivery due to specific loading and output conditions. During the cold‐start test section, the average BC emission rate was seven times higher than the overall average for Stove A, 10 times above the average for Stove B, and two times above the average emission rate for Stove C. Calculations of the Average Angstrom Absorption Exponent (AAE) of the exhaust aerosol showed little correlation with BC concentration. The results show that automation results in a quantifiable reduction in particular BC emissions.
Privacy-Preserving Operation Management of Battery Swapping and Charging System With Dual-Based Benders Decomposition

The battery swapping and charging system (BSCS) is an emerging and promising infrastructure to provide the energy refueling service for EVs. However, each operator (i.e., battery swapping module (BSM) operator and battery charging module (BCM) operator) in BSCS has privacy-preserving requirement and individual interest, which brings challenge to the operation management of BSCS. To this end, this paper investigates the privacy-preserving operation management problem (OMP) of BSCS from a social perspective, in which a comprehensive battery-swapping-charging process is modeled. Specifically, we first model the OMP as a constrained mixed-integer programming (MIP), where the evolutionary of the dynamic battery inventory and the SoC of charging batteries are considered simultaneously. Due to the privacy-preserving requirements of different operators and the strong coupling between continuous and binary decision variables, a novel dual-based Benders decomposition (DBD) algorithm is then developed, which has the following two merits: 1) Each BCM and BSM operator can independently solve its own charging and swapping scheduling problem, thus preserving the privacy of individual operator; 2) The combination of dual decomposition and Benders decomposition techniques facilitates a parallel implementation, thus improving the scheduling efficiency and saving the computational time. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed algorithm.
An Argument against Mergers of the Faint Blue Galaxies

The population of excess faint blue galaxies with B 0.1L * is 2-5 times greater than the local luminosity density. While merging can reduce the number density of galaxies, it cannot substantially change the luminosity density. I show that the luminosity density of the merged galaxies would exceed the total luminosity in ellipticals (the likely merger products), even when there has been substantial fading of the faint galaxies. Likewise, there is not enough mass in spiral galaxies to have accreted these galaxies without heating the disks beyond what is observed
Adaptive Control of Multi-Input Aeroelastic System with Constrained Inputs

The development of an adaptive control system for the control of an uncertain aeroelastic system, in the presence of constraints on the leading- and trailing-edge control surface deflections, is the subject of this paper. The model describes the nonlinear plunge and pitch dynamics of a prototypical wing section. The open-loop system exhibits limit-cycle oscillations beyond a critical freestream velocity. It is assumed that all the system parameters, except the signs of principal minors of the high-frequency gain matrix, are unknown, and external disturbance inputs are present. The objective is to design a saturating control system for suppressing the limit-cycle oscillations. An adaptive control system is designed for tracking reference pitch angle and plunge displacement trajectories. For avoiding singularity in the adaptive law, a decomposition of the input matrix is used for the design. For the analysis of the effect of input saturation, an auxiliary dynamic system is introduced. By the Lyapunov stabil.
Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation: A practical, integrative approach(1st edn)

Treating Trauma Related Dissociation by Steele, Boon, and Van de Hart is a well-executed professional text that covers the topic of trauma related dissociation. The authors maintain that therapists need better resources – and this book delivers that. It contains the wisdom of three clinicians who also serve in educational roles. Each has earned their reputation as a significant contributor to awareness and treatment of this complicated, yet all too common, clinical disorder. The combination of robust clinical experiences and passion for teaching is reflected in the depth of information encased in a well-organized framework.
Structure and mechanical flexibility of carbon nanotube ribbons: An atomic-force microscopy study

Collapsed multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sections and segments (carbon nanotube ribbons) on surfaces were observed by atomic-force microscopy. The collapsed form of these MWCNTs allowed the determination of the layer number and the inner and outer diameters for their uncollapsed form. The results show that such carbon nanotube ribbons are extremely flexible and readily conform to the underlying substrate morphology. The formation of the collapsed form of these nanotubes is consistent with recent theoretical analysis on the mechanics of nanotubes.
The Hardness-Duration Diagram of Gamma-Ray Bursts

The hardness-duration diagram for gamma-ray bursts still contains undiscovered important information about the intrinsic properties of these phenomena. We analyze these diagrams for the PHEBUS and BATSE experiments. First, we show that the BATSE diagram is very similar to that for PHEBUS when we restrict the BATSE data set to events observable by PHEBUS. In this case, both diagrams present a high degree of clustering into two subclasses. This shows that the brightness of the events is a more important factor in determining the aspect of this diagram than the hardness ratio energy ranges. Second, for the subclass of long bright bursts, both experiments show evidence for a positive correlation between hardness and duration. This is a significant new result, as it represents an intrinsic property of long events. The commonly held perception of an anticorrelation (between hardness and duration) for all bursts must be replaced by a more complicated model that treats the two subclasses separately. No statistically significant correlation is found within the short-event population. The existence of such an intrinsic positive correlation for the long bursts would complicate the search for cosmological effects in the gamma-ray burst data.
Photomultiplier and avalanche photodiode detection performance for LiDAR application to environment studies

Abstract We deal with two types of detectors utilized in LiDAR systems that remotely sense the environment. One is a photomultiplier, often used to detect visible light. The second is an avalanche photodiode used to sense the infrared. In this contribution, we explicitly formulate the signal-to-noise ratio and relate it to the applied polarizing voltage. Then, we show how to control the applied voltage for better performance of the detector.
Vocal activity of tropical dolphins is inhibited by the presence of killer whales, Orcinus orca.

Research has suggested killer whale predation may affect cetacean vocal behavior; however, few data exist to test this hypothesis. Data collected for 19 609 km of visual and acoustic shipboard surveys in the tropical Pacific Ocean were examined to determine if changes in dolphin vocal activity could be attributed to the presence of killer whales. These surveys included 346 detections of three highly vocal dolphin species (genus Stenella), whose whistles can be detected at ranges over 4.6 km. Random forest analysis was used to model vocal behavior based on sea state, visibility, fog/rain, thermocline temperature/depth, mixed layer depth, chlorophyll, distance‐to‐shore, species, group size, perpendicular distance, and presence of killer whales. Our results show that the presence of killer whales significantly inhibited vocal activity in these tropical dolphins (p = 0.02). Killer whales are rare in the tropics, and this disruption in communication may not have a significant impact on interactions necessary f.
A moving‐mesh finite‐volume method to solve free‐surface seepage problem in arbitrary geometries

The main objective of this work is to develop a novel moving‐mesh finite‐volume method capable of solving the seepage problem in domains with arbitrary geometries. One major difficulty in analysing the seepage problem is the position of phreatic boundary which is unknown at the beginning of solution. In the current algorithm, we first choose an arbitrary solution domain with a hypothetical phreatic boundary and distribute the finite volumes therein. Then, we derive the conservative statement on a curvilinear co‐ordinate system for each cell and implement the known boundary conditions all over the solution domain. Defining a consistency factor, the inconsistency between the hypothesis boundary and the known boundary conditions is measured at the phreatic boundary. Subsequently, the preceding mesh is suitably deformed so that its upper boundary matches the new location of the phreatic surface. This tactic results in a moving‐mesh procedure which is continued until the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied at the phreatic boundary. To validate the developed algorithm, a number of seepage models, which have been previously targeted by the other investigators, are solved. Comparisons between the current results and those of other numerical methods as well as the experimental data show that the current moving‐grid finite‐volume method is highly robust and it provides sufficient accuracy and reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.