Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonic evolution of a part of the Tethyside orogenic collage: The Kargi Massif, northern Turkey

The central part of the Rhodope-Pontide fragment, one of the major tectonic units in Turkey, provides critical data for evaluating the Cimmeride and Alpide evolution of the Mediterranean Tethysides. Tectonic events that affected the central part of the Rhodope-Pontide fragment since the end of the Paleozoic, generated east-west trending belts with the event of every episode redeforming and partly obliterating the structures of previous episodes. This evolution may be conveniently described in terms of three major episodes: (1) Two different realms of pre-Dogger oceanic rocks are present in the area. The northern realm coincided with main branch of Paleo-Tethys that was being actively destroyed by south dipping subduction. The southern realm, the Karakaya ocean, a back arc basin related to this subduction, began opening by rifting of a retroarc carbonate platform during the Permo-Triassic. To the west a continental domain with sparse magmatism seperated the two oceanic areas. Toward the east the two oceans become united by the wedging out of the continental domain. These two pre-Dogger oceans closed during the Lias, and their remnants were emplaced between the southern margin of Laurasia and the fragments of the Cimmerian continent. (2) The second episode partly overlapped the first with rifting south of the Cimmerian continent fragment during the Lias. This rifting was followed by a transgression which covered the ruins of the Cimmeride orogenic belt by the Malm. This rifting concurrently led to the development of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys and a south facing Atlantic-type continental margin. A southerly thickening sedimentary prism developed on this margin during the Lias to early Cretaceous interval. (3) The floor of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys began to be consumed along the north dipping subduction zone beneath the previosly constructed continental margin. This convergent margin generated a magmatic arc to the north and to the south a subduction accretion complex, present width of which approaches 80 km. To the south of the subduction accretion complex yet another convergent margin is indicated by the presence of the remnants of an ensimatic arc. The northern branch of the Neo-Tethys was totally consumed in the late Cretaceous to Eocene interval.
Improving local estimations and regional trends of glacier equilibrium line altitudes

Abstract Small glaciers have short response times to climate change and therefore offer a powerful means of climate monitoring. Glacier responses to climate, or their mass change, may be suggested by a change in the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA). However, regional climatic reconstructions have repeatedly neglected the importance of local variations in ELAs in preference for regional trends. For small glaciers close to the glaciation level, ignoring the importance of local topographic components in mass balance estimates may lead to erroneous climatic reconstructions. Of 510 small valley and cirque glaciers digitised across northern Scandinavia, 284 were objectively deemed suitable for inferring an ELA. The inferred ELA was derived from the median elevation and several local topographic variables using regression analysis. The glacier elevation, area, slope and aspect parameters were found to be the best predictors of the local ELA. ELA estimations improved from 77% up to 94% accuracy when topographic parameters for every grid‐cell within rasters representing glacier surfaces were computed rather than using subjective measurements from topographic maps. Regional ELA trend surfaces, interpolated between the local ELA values, differed in effectively representing the local variability, depending upon the distribution and accuracy of the local ELA values. A second‐order polynomial trend surface most accurately represented ELA variations across the study area, within the initial local measurement accuracy of ±100 m. It is concluded that current subjective topographic map‐based analyses are unlikely to be sufficiently accurate for predicting the regional ELA of small, sensitive and marginal glaciers, unless CIS‐based spatial analyses are made at a reasonable resolution.
Geophysical study of a Pre‐Hispanic lakeshore settlement, Chiconahuapan Lake, Mexico

Results of a combined geophysical survey carried out along the northern shore of Lake Chiconahuapan in central Mexico are presented. The site contains a series of mounds found between the lakeshore and the ceremonial centre named La Campana‐Tepozoco Hill. Those features are the remains of habitation complexes built by the lake residents about 1100 years ago. Archaeological excavations performed towards the northeastern margins of the lake uncovered rectangular clusters of basaltic rocks forming the foundations of ancient dwellings, surrounded by a barrier (‘bordo’), built to prevent floods. A mound located close to the ceremonial centre was studied using the vertical magnetic gradient (VMG), ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electric tomography (ET) methods. Interesting magnetic anomalies were found towards the central portion of the mound and one of these was modelled with a three‐dimensional magnetic polygon. The GPR studies unveiled a circular feature in the central portion of the mound that could be associated with a bordo. A rectangular structure was also interpreted within the limits of that structure, which is probably the location of ancient dwelling foundations. Electric tomography profiles were collected in the area, around the VMG anomaly. The resistivity model computed shows the presence of a high‐resistivity layer, which displays discontinuities within the area defined by the bordo. Presumably, the ancient settlers built their constructions on top of this horizon. The geophysical results reveal a rather complex habitat within the mound. The larger size of the bordo (ca. 30 m in diameter) compared with others already studied by archaeologists makes us believe that the purpose of the site was of administrative use or hosted a wealthy group of people. Dwelling foundations are found within the limits of the barrier. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations into the relationship between changes in internal moisture regimes and rock surface deterioration in cavernous sandstone features

Cavernous features commonly develop in sandstone, but their development over time remains enigmatic. It has been suggested that moisture movements within the rock mass play a key role in the location, development and dynamics of cavernous features. In this research the role of internal moisture movement is tested through monitoring moisture and surface deterioration dynamics in April 2008 and April 2009 within two large cavernous features (mega‐tafoni) in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa (GGHNP). Data are presented from surveys of internal moisture (using electrical resistivity tomography, ERT), surface moisture (using a Protimeter) and deterioration (using surface hardness as recorded with an Equotip as a proxy for surface deterioration) across five 2.45 m long transects. In addition a high resolution temperature record is presented to assess the influence of micro‐climates within the caverns. The results indicate consistency in the gross spatial pattern of moisture flow within the rock mass over a one year period, but significant changes in mean moisture contents and in the fine detail of moisture patterning. Some noticeably weakened areas had developed within the central parts of the cavernous features, often linked to wetter subsurface conditions, supporting the theory that ‘core softening’ is a main driver of cavernous feature formation. However, in some areas surface hardening is also found to be associated with wetter subsurface conditions, supporting the theory that ‘case hardening’ is a main driver of cavernous feature formation. In addition, the presence of well‐established biofilms suggests an even more complex interaction between moisture, surface development and biological activity. A model is presented therefore which integrates this paradox by proposing a non‐linear relationship between moisture dynamics, facilitation of biofilm formation, and deterioration within cavernous features. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Member (Chinle Formation) in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA

The Petrified Forest Member of the Triassic Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona may be divided into a lower and upper unit by means of the Sonsela Sandstone Bed. Analysis of fossil vertebrates indicates that the Sonsela Sandstone Bed and upper Petrified Forest Member are characterized by a fauna distinct from that within the lower portion of the Petrified Forest Member. These faunas are believed to be of Norian and Carnian age respectively. Utilizing fossil vertebrates and certain lithostratigraphic units, especially the Sonsela Sandstone Bed and black forest tuff, exposures may be correlated within and between the Rainbow Forest, Blue Mesa, and Painted Desert areas of Petrified Forest National Park.
The role of atmospheric rivers in anomalous snow accumulation in East Antarctica

Recent, heavy snow accumulation events over Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, contributed significantly to the Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB). Here we combine in situ accumulation measurements and radar‐derived snowfall rates from Princess Elisabeth station (PE), located in the DML escarpment zone, along with the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis to investigate moisture transport patterns responsible for these events. In particular, two high‐accumulation events in May 2009 and February 2011 showed an atmospheric river (AR) signature with enhanced integrated water vapor (IWV), concentrated in narrow long bands stretching from subtropical latitudes to the East Antarctic coast. Adapting IWV‐based AR threshold criteria for Antarctica (by accounting for the much colder and drier environment), we find that it was four and five ARs reaching the coastal DML that contributed 74–80% of the outstanding SMB during 2009 and 2011 at PE. Therefore, accounting for ARs is crucial for understanding East Antarctic SMB.
Atmospheric nuclei and related aerosol fields over the Atlantic: Clean subsiding air and continental pollution during ASTEX

Meteorological conditions in the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) region favored advection of clean air from the central Atlantic during the early part of the experiment that was replaced by polluted air of European origin during the latter part of the experiment. Marked differences in the aerosol size distribution, composition, and state of mixing existed in these air masses. Pronounced differences in their vertical structure also demonstrated that surface measurements often do not represent average boundary layer or column concentrations. Clean subsiding air from the free troposphere had concentrations of condensation nuclei that significantly exceeded concentrations in the boundary layer and had very low mass concentrations and volatility consistent with homogeneous nucleation aloft, supporting the hypothesis that these nuclei can provide a source for “new” nuclei into the marine surface layer. This finding was in contrast to polluted air characterized by high concentrations of aged aerosol but having no evidence for significant recent nuclei formation. Particles in polluted air consisted of more than 90% volatile mass (mostly sulfate) and a refractory residual remaining at 300°C. The refractory mass varied with the concurrently measured light absorption coefficient, associated with combustion-derived soot. In spite of 2 orders of magnitude more volatile sulfate in polluted air, most of the particle number in polluted air remained after volatilization at 300°C, in contrast to less than 10% in clean air. This finding suggests that the number of particles in polluted air may reflect the combustion process producing the primary soot aerosol more than the SO2 emissions responsible for much of the sulfate aerosol mass. The accumulation mode mass mean diameter was found to increase with total accumulation mode mass, suggesting that a size parameterization based upon the more commonly measured sulfate mass could be included in current aerosol models.
The uncovered volumes of bushmeat commercialized in the Amazonian trifrontier between Colombia, Peru & Brazil

The Importance of bushmeat trade in Amazonian towns has been very little studied, either because it is thought to be insignificant or due to the context of illegality. Based on preliminary field work to identify the main stakeholders involved and the existing trade routes, our study aimed at describing the invisible bushmeat trade using a participatory monitoring protocol in Leticia and Puerto Narino in Colombia, Tabatinga, Benjamin Constant and Atalaia do Norte in Brazil, and Santa Rosa and Caballococha in Peru. The monitoring system included two key levels of the market chain: hunters and market traders. With the support of our research team, the hunters and traders self monitored their activities during 60 days and 20 days respectively during two hydro-climatic periods. Our study shows that the most hunted species are paca, tericaya turtle and currassows while the most commercialized species are paca, tapir, collared peccary and the red brocket deer. We registered a total of 13 tons of bushmeat captured by hunters (from 29 species) and 6.7 tons of bushmeat sold by market sellers (from 19 species). We extrapolated this data to a year and to the total numbers of stakeholders involved in the trade and found that 473 tons of bushmeat are traded per year in market places from the main Tri frontier towns, which taken to the total urban population size of the area, equals to 3.2 kg/hab/year, a number that is comparable to those found in Central African urban settings.
Seasonality in human mortality: A medico-geographical study

No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading seasonality in human mortality a medico geographical study is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Random field modeling of reinforced retaining walls

Abstract Conventional finite element method (FEM) relies on deterministic values to represent structural and load parameters and it does not have the capability of considering random parameters in response evaluation of the structures. In the context of stochastic computational mechanics, uncertainty modeling using random finite element method (RFEM) has by far received the major attention in recent years. The objective of the paper is to develop a computer program for stochastic analysis of reinforced retaining walls considering serviceability limit-state. The paper presents the formulation of the RFEM for random field modeling of the reinforced retaining walls. The developed program is validated using 1D bar and 2D plane-stress problems that involve random material properties. The random field is simulated by Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique has been used in the finite element solution of the deformation response variability of the reinforced soil retaining wall. Results of the random finite element analysis are useful for serviceability limit-state design of the reinforced retaining walls.
Modelling particle-size distributions from operator estimates of sediment particle-size

Abstract Estimates of particle-size made by operators in the field and laboratory represent a vast and relatively untapped data archive. The wide spatial distribution of particle-size estimates makes them ideal for constructing geological models and soil maps. This study uses a large data set from the Netherlands (n = 4837) containing both operator estimates of particle-size and complete particle-size distributions measured by laser granulometry. Operator estimates are inaccurate and imprecise relative to measured laser data; only 16.68% of samples were successfully classified using the Dutch classification scheme for fine sediment. Operator estimates of sediment particle-size encompass the same range of percentage values as particle-size distributions measured by laser analysis. However, the distributions measured by laser analysis show that most of the sand percentage values lie between 0 and 1, so the majority of the variability in the data is lost because operator estimates are made to the nearest 1% at best, and more frequently to the nearest 5%. Operator estimates made by three technicians trained by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands are found not to be influenced by bias, rather they exhibit very similar levels of accuracy and precision. This study compares five different methods of modelling complete particle-size distributions from sparse data: (i) a four-part Pearson's probability distribution function, (i) a log-linear interpolation, (iii) a logit-linear interpolation, (iv) a logistic probability distribution function and (v) a logit constrained cubic-spline (logit-CCS) interpolation. The logit-CCS interpolation performed best across all the samples used, although the performance of all models was very similar for normal Gaussian, skewed and peaked distributions. Predictions for bimodal distributions using the Pearson's, logit-linear and logistic models are markedly less accurate than both log-linear and logit-CCS interpolation models. Although the logit-CCS interpolation model produces the best predictions of continuous particle-size distributions, the low accuracy and precision of operator estimates does not warrant the use of such a complex algorithm. Given this, it is suggested that a standard log-linear interpolation is the most effective means of modelling complete particle-size distributions from sparse data. Interpolation-based models are recommended over probability distribution functions because they allow for a greater degree of flexibility and will always honour the available input data.
Intensive Care Managers’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Dramatic Change of the Intensive Care Landscape

Aim. To describe intensive care managers’ experiences of premises and resources of care in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background. Intensive care units (ICUs) were enormously pressured during the COVID-19 pandemic from many ill patients, requiring advanced care. Hospital and community volunteers increased staff strength. Obligatorily, recruitments were also conducted using transfer of staff from different hospital departments. However, there is little knowledge about intensive care managers’ (ICMs) experiences of leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted from March to April 2022. Semistructured interviews were held with 12 ICMs who were purposively sampled from the ICU in ten Swedish hospitals. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results. Two themes emerged: a dramatic change of the intensive care landscape and we could handle more than we thought, but at a steep price. Participants described that the ICUs had to perform extraordinary changes at a very fast pace, which initially created a sense of cohesion. Training and introduction to war-like conditions associated with uncertainty meant that ICMs had to support ICU staff in prioritising interventions. Participants described how ICUs stood strong against a pandemic, but stress, worries, and anxiety took a heavy toll on ICU staff and ICMs. The pandemic eroded the resilience in ICUs. Participants described a deterioration in health and said that sick leaves and resignations occurred. Conclusion. Our findings show ICMs’ experiences as a field of tension between resources and demands, whereby the changes created a heavy burden that left intensive care weakened. Implications for Nursing Management. Findings emphasised the importance of creating working conditions using human resources and materials in order to rebuild resilience in intensive care with the ability to conduct safe patient care.
Decision-making deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with abnormality of recency and response consistency parameter in prospect valence learning model

Background Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have deficits in decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). However, no study has investigated the parameters of the prospect valence learning (PVL) model in the IGT for OCD. Aims This study aimed to investigate deficits in decision-making in OCD using the PVL model and identify whether the parameters of the PVL model were associated with obsessive-compulsive severity. Methods Forty-seven medication-free patients with OCD were compared with 47 healthy controls (HCs). Decision-making was measured using the total net and block net scores of the IGT. A PVL model with a decay-reinforcement learning rule (PVL-DecayRI) was used to investigate the parameters of the model. Correlation analysis was conducted between each parameter of the PVL-DecayRL and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Results The total net score of patients with OCD was significantly lower than that of the HCs. The block net scores of the OCD group did not differ across the five blocks, whereas in the HCs, the fifth block net score was significantly higher than the block net scores of the first and second blocks. The values of the recency and response consistency parameters of the PVL-DecayRI in patients with OCD were significantly lower than those in HCs. The recency parameter positively correlated with the Y-BOCS obsessive score. Meanwhile, there was no correlation between consistency parameter values and symptom severity in OCD. Conclusion Our detailed analysis of the decision-making deficit in OCD suggests that the most recent outcome has a small influence on the expectancy of prospect valence, as indicated by the lower recency parameter, and is characterized by more impulsive choices, as indicated by the lower consistency parameter.
The EU's New Black Sea Policy - What Kind of Regionalism is This?

After the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, the European Union moved quickly to fill an obvious gap in its vision of the regions to its periphery, proposing the 'Black Sea Synergy'. The EU shows a certain degree of commonality in its approaches to the Baltic Sea region, the Mediterranean and now the Black Sea. While the political profiles of these maritime regions are very different, they naturally give rise to many common policy challenges. This paper sets out a 'typology of regionalisms' and examines where the EU's Black Sea Synergy is going to find its place. There is already evidence of a diplomatic ballet between the EU and Russia, with the EU countering Russia's pursuit of its own 'geopolitical regionalism'. The EU would like in theory to see its efforts lead to a 'transformative regionalism', but the lack of agreement so far over further extending membership perspectives to countries of the region risks the outcome being placed more in the category of 'compensatory regionalism'.