Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluid circulation in subducting crust on Nankai margin seismogenic zone temperatures

Vigorous fluid circulation maintained in newly subducted ocean crust significantly affects subduction zone temperatures on the Nankai margin, Japan. The shallow part of the igneous ocean crust is pervasively fractured and thus highly permeable, allowing vigorous hydro thermal circulation. This circulation has been recognized as an important control on the thermal budget and evolution of ocean crust worldwide. However, existing subduction zone thermal models either do not include hydrothermal circulation in ocean crust or assume that it abruptly stops upon subduction. Here we use a conductive proxy to incorporate the thermal effects of high Nusselt number fluid circulation in subducting crust into a subduction zone thermal model. Hydrothermal circulation reduces temperatures in the seismogenic zone of the Nankai margin plate boundary fault by ~20 °C at the updip limit of seismicity and ~100 °C at the downdip limit. With improved thermal models for subduction zones that include the effects of hydrothermal circulation in subducting crust, estimates of metamorphic reaction progress and interpretations of fault zone processes on various margins may need to be revisited.
ROCK ART AND RITUAL LANDSCAPE IN CENTRAL SPAIN: THE ROCK CARVINGS OF LA HINOJOSA (CUENCA)

Summary. In this article the rock art carvings of La Hinojosa in central Spain are examined. Their connection to a major transit route recorded at least from the medieval period is explored, as well as their location in a valley located at the confluence of two primary river basins in the Iberian Peninsula separated by less than five kilometres. It is argued that this singularity of the landscape seems to have been perceived by the people who marked the stones. From the 17 decorated rocks recorded in La Hinojosa valley, three were exceptionally elaborately decorated. They were situated at regular intervals in the valley. The site with the greatest number of motifs, the large rock of San Bernardino, occupies a central location. This site is also exceptional because of the transformations which the rock shows throughout the day, pointing to a narrative in which cups and anthropomorphs seem to have a primary role. It is suggested that gender may have constituted one of the main guidelines of the narrative, given the apparent replacement of feminine by masculine human representations throughout the day.
Vertical displacement rates on Quaternary faults, Wanganui Basin

Wave-cut platforms of late Quaternary marine terraces between Hawera and Marton in Wanganui Basin are vertically displaced by several faults. The faults are probably high-angle normal, and strike generally northeast. Of the four faults that are known to displace surfaces of different age, two show increasing displacements with increasing age, and two show no change with age. Fault traces typically consist of discontinuous, subparallel scarps, up to 1.5 km long and up to several metres high. Some scarps display a left stepping, en echelon pattern, consistent with a component of dextral horizontal movement, though horizontal displacement of terrace risers is not evident. Average rates of vertical movement on the faults vary between 0.02 and 0.2 mm/yr, much less than rates of vertical and horizontal movement documented for many other faults in New Zealand. One fault, the Nukumaru Fault, shows a constant rate of vertical movement averaging 0.07 mm/yr for the last 2.2 million years. The faults are tentatively interpreted as bending-moment faults, associated with folding.
Description and analysis of bioturbation and ichnofabric

A new scheme for the description and analysis of bioturbation and the resultant ichnofabrics is proposed. This system can be used in core and field-based studies and consists of two parts. (1) A bioturbation index in which a descriptive grade is assigned to the degree of bioturbation. This integrates the sedimentology and ichnology, where the higher grades of bioturbation result from increased burrow overlap and the subsequent loss of the primary sedimentary fabric. (2) An ichnofabric constituent diagram which records the detail of the ichnofabric by graphically plotting the dimensional data of the ichnotaxa and their order of emplacement against their coverage. This scheme differs from previous attempts to characterize bioturbation using semi-quantatitive methods and visually portrays the ichnofabric so that comparative studies can be carried out. This is of particular use in facies analysis, the establishment of the ichnocoenoses and tier diagrams, and within sequence stratigraphic studies so that hiatal surfaces can be recognized.
U-Pb Monazite Geochronology of Granitic Rocks from Maine: Implications for Late Paleozoic Tectonics in the Northern Appalachians

Crystallization ages of monazites from peraluminous granites and granitic pegmatites in southwestern Maine constrain the timing of final ductile motion of a major shear zone to approximately 280 Ma. U-Pb monazite ages of granite at Brunswick ($$278 \pm 2$$ Ma) and evolved granitic pegmatites in Topsham (275-269 Ma) provide evidence that synkinematic intrusion was followed by final emplacement at the end of ductile deformation. These granitic rocks were evidently generated during the final high temperature event experienced by this portion of the Appalachian orogen. During this time, the host rocks record initial rapid cooling (c. 16°C/m.y.) followed by slower cooling (c. 4°C/m.y.) into the Mesozoic. The similarity of ages of granite in Brunswick and pegmatites in Topsham permit the rocks to be related to the same magmatic system. The spatially associated Sebago batholith, the largest exposed pluton in New England, has a concordant U-Pb monazite age of $$293 \pm 2$$ Ma. Thus the Sebago batholith cannot be the source of regional high-temperature metamorphism during the Mississippian, as previous models have suggested. These disparate ages also do not permit the Sebago batholith to be genetically related to granite magmatism in the Brunswick area, although they most likely were generated during different periods of the same tectonic event.
Dual-spacecraft measurements of plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling

Nearly simultaneous and conjugate measurements of the thermal plasma density and temperature structure in the early evening ionosphere and plasmasphere are obtained with the DE 1 and 2 satellites. The results indicate a number of significant relationships in plasmasphere-ionosphere thermal plasma interchange and coupling. The principal results are as follows: (1) A transition in the ionospheric electron temperature (Te) from a relatively smooth profile of low Te (<2000°K) at the base of the inner plasmasphere to enhanced and highly structured Te at higher invariant latitudes occurs near or along a plasmaspheric density gradient. (2) Plasmaspheric enhancements of the heavy ions O+ and O++ are often closely aligned with distinct ionospheric Te enhancements. (3) When the plasmaspheric light ion density profile contains a significant trough, there is a pronounced ionospheric Te peak aligned with the poleward plasmaspheric density enhancement or the poleward edge of the plasmaspheric trough. (4) The latitudinal structures of ionospheric Te and plasmaspheric TH+ are sometimes strikingly well-correlated. (5) The plasmaspheric density ratio He+/H+ is generally of the order 0.2 and appears to be insensitive to such parameters as the invariant latitude or the plasmaspheric and ionospheric densities and temperatures. (6) Equatorward of the plasmapause region/outer plasmasphere there is no consistent relation between ionospheric and plasmaspheric density structure, with the ionospheric electron densities frequently displaying smooth profile regions across field lines where highly complex plasmaspheric density structure is seen. (7) The evolution of the plasmasphere and F region/topside ionosphere during the recovery phase of a magnetospheric storm illustrates how the time scales for replenishment of the ionosphere are significantly shorter than those of the plasmasphere. Certain of these observations are interpreted qualitatively in terms of extensions of current ideas on plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling, in particular, ring current/plasmasphere/stable auroral red arc interactions and plasmasphere refilling. Other features are puzzles that await satisfactory theoretical explanation.
BACK-PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK IN TIDAL-LEVEL FORECASTING

Reliability of tidal-level forecasting is essential for structure installation and human activities in the marine environment. This paper reports an application of the artificial neural network with back-propagation procedures for accurate forecast of tidal-level variations. Unlike the conventional harmonic analysis, this neural network model forecasts the time series of tidal levels directly using a learning process based on a set of previous data. Two sets of field data with diurnal and semidiurnal tide, respectively, were used to test the performance of the neural network model. Results indicate that the hourly tidal levels over a long duration can be efficiently predicted using only a very short-term hourly tidal record.
The rare earth element signal in Archaean microbial carbonate: information on ocean redox and biogenicity

Microbial carbonates contain valuable chemical, isotopic and molecular information regarding the Precambrian Earth. They record shallow-water information complementary to deep ocean proxies, such as banded iron formation and black shale. Six groups of well-preserved stromatolites illustrate how the rare earth elements (REE) are used for chemical investigation. The first task is to test whether the REE inventory of carbonate is compromised by clastic, volcanic, or diagenetic contaminants. Once the cleanliness has been verified, the shale-normalized REE pattern can be used to distinguish between marine and lacustrine settings. For marine carbonates, it is possible to distinguish between restricted basin and open marine settings and for thick platform limestones the relative water depth can be inferred from REE systematics. The studied shallow-water stromatolites range in age from 2.52 to 3.45 Ga. They contain no evidence from the behaviour of the redox-sensitive element cerium that free oxygen levels in the shallow sea approached concentrations beyond a trace gas by 2.52 Ga. Compared with abiotic early diagenetic marine carbonate cements, microbial carbonate is strongly enriched in REE. This may itself not yet serve as a biomarker, but it is regarded as a necessary prerequisite for a sample to qualify for biomarker studies.
An evaluation of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data for discriminating coral reef zonation: Heron Reef (GBR)

Coral reefs exhibit patterns of zonation. In this study we have evaluated the usefulness of Landsat-TM digital data as a tool for discrimination and mapping of reef zones. Classification, on bands 1, 2 and 3, and grouping of classes into reef zones was carried out with the aid of canonical variate analysis and minimum spanning trees. Thirteen reef zones can be identified and mapped, at a spatial scale relevant to their dimensions, with confidence. These zones can be further subdivided and mapped as spatially coherent subzones, in order to provide detailed information regarding the density of coral cover on the reef flat. In addition, the canonical variate analysis provides the basis for the aggregation of classes into sub-zones on interpreted primary productivity gradients, which is of relevance to coral reef management, monitoring and research.
TEXT GRAPHS: ACCURATE CONCEPT MAPPING WITH WELL-DEFINED MEANING

Text graphs are special kind of concept maps that can be used in domains where accuracy and well-defined meaning are important. This sort of accuracy is often needed in technical domains like computer science, or whenever a detailed understanding of some complex structural constructions or causal interactions is required. Like traditional concept maps, text graphs are based on few primitive constructs and are thus easy to learn. Unlike traditional concept maps, text graphs allow accurate representation of non-binary relations and relational concepts as well as general propositional information. A text graph can be automatically translated to a set of natural language sentences that people can naturally attach a meaning. The set of sentences is called the text expansion of the graph. The propositional meaning of a text graph - i.e., what the graph asserts about the relationships of concepts - is the same as the meaning of its text expansion. To make text graphs a practical and usable notation, we have developed a text graph editing tool TGE. Category: Full Paper
Holocene glacial variations in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden

Detailed mapping of well-preserved moraine systems fronting 17 small alpine glaciers in Sarek National Park in Swedish Lapland reveals two Holocene intervals of prolonged glacier expansion, each involving a complex of minor fluctuations. The younger interval, which corresponds to the Little Ice Age, experienced advances that culminated about A.D. 1916–1920, 1880–1890, 1850–1860, 1800–1810, 1780, 1700–1720, 1680, 1650, and 1590–1620. The older expansion interval, which probably centered around 2500 14C yr B.P., experienced several minor fluctuations spread through about 600 years. Lichen data collected on moraine systems in Sarek are internally consistent from glacier to glacier. Lichen measurements on surfaces of known age in Sarek and nearby Kebnekaise match closely, allowing moraine correlations between these areas. Several older expansion intervals are recorded in the Kebnekaise Mountains. Taken together, the two sequences suggest that a series of prolonged expansion intervals, each similar to the Little Ice Age, has characterized the Holocene in Lapland. Fluctuations of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Sweden suggest that this series of Little-Ice-Age events extends back into the late Weichsel in the form of the Younger Dryas and Oldest Dryas stadials.
Validation of VEGETATION, MODIS, and GOES + SSM/I snow‐cover products over Canada based on surface snow depth observations

The ability to map the areal depletion of snow accurately is important for operational decision making (e.g. reservoir management), for correct specification of boundary conditions in numerical weather‐prediction models, and for modelling atmospheric, hydrological and ecological processes. A number of satellite‐derived snow‐cover products are available in real time; however, these can differ considerably due to variations in sensor and platform characteristics, data pre‐processing methods, and the particular snow‐cover classification algorithms employed. This article evaluates the performance of three daily snow‐cover products over Canada: (1) Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow‐cover maps provided at 500 m spatial resolution for 2001; (2) National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) GOES + SSM/I snow maps provided at 4 km resolution for 2001 (∼30 km resolution SSM/I data were used for cloud‐covered areas); (3) SPOT‐4 VEGETATION (VGT) snow maps derived at 1 km resolution for 2000. An evaluation of the snow‐cover products with daily surface snow depth observations collected from almost 2000 meteorological stations across Canada revealed that the VGT snow product used in this study may not be suitable for snow mapping in Canada because of a significant bias towards mapping snow‐free conditions. The MODIS and NOAA products showed similar reasonable levels of agreement with ground data, ranging from approximately 80% to 100% on a monthly basis. Somewhat lower agreement was found in January, when solar zenith angles are large, suggesting that better correction for tree and surface shadow effects is needed in current snow‐cover mapping algorithms. The lowest agreement was seen during snowmelt, mainly in forest areas. Comparison of MODIS agreement statistics between sparse and dense conifer regions indicated that the effect of non‐representativenes of surface snow depth observations was on the order of 10% disagreement. The NOAA product was found to be the most consistent among land cover types and had the highest percentage of cloud‐free pixels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and abundance of Canadian High Arctic belugas, 1974-1979

We conducted >236,000 km of aerial surveys and some supplementary studies of belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) in the central and eastern Canadian High Arctic in 974-79. Belugas that wintered in the “North Water” in Baffin Bay moved southwest into Lancaster Sound in April and early May. The main westward migration into Lancaster Sound occurred over a 2 to 3 week period during late June to late July. Estuaries along Somerset Island were occupied for <3 weeks from mid-July to mid-August. Little feeding occurred in estuaries. From mid-August until fall migration began in mid-September belugas occupied estuaries and offshore waters in Peel Sound. Fall migration eastward through Lancaster Sound was exclusively along the south coast of Devon Island, highly co-ordinated, and rapid; most of the population passed through the sound in <1 week. The whales then moved north along the east coast of Devon Island; some entered Jones Sound while others crossed directly to SE Ellesmere Island. Most calving occurred in July and early August; calving was not seen in estuaries and probably occurred offshore. Excluding calves, adults and yearlings formed 77% and 8.4%, respectively, of the population. The proportion of calves during mid-August was consistent with a triennial calving cycle. During late summer, belugas fed on coastal concentrations of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ), under pan ice offshore (probably on cod), and in deep offshore waters. The size of the Canadian High Arctic population in the late 1970s was estimated to be at least 10,250 to 12,000 animals without allowing for animals that may have passed between surveys or that were below the surface at the time of the counts.
In silico assessment of environmental factors affecting the spectral signature of C 4 plants in the visible domain

Monocotyledonous (C 4) plants, such as maize and sugarcane, have a central role in the economy and ecology of our planet. In many regions, the main food sources are based on C 4 crops. These crops are also major suppliers of raw materials used in the production of biofuel. Due to their increasing global demand, it becomes essential not only to monitor and analyse the effects of abiotic stress factors, such as limited water and nutrient supplies, on their productivity, but also to determine their ecological impact (e.g. related to their irrigation needs). Computer simulations, or in silico experiments, are being routinely employed in remote-sensing investigations aimed at these goals. Besides these applications, in silico experiments paired with measured data can also contribute to expand the existing knowledge about the biophysical mechanisms responsible for the remarkable tolerance of C 4 plants to adverse environmental conditions. In this article, we evaluate the applicability of a computer model (ABM-U) to the assessment of biophysical responses of C 4 plants in the visible (photosynthetic) domain when subjected to abiotic stress factors. Initially, we verify the accuracy of model readings obtained in this spectral domain. This verification is performed through quantitative and qualitative comparisons of modelled results with measured data. We then proceed to investigate apparently conflicting reflectance profiles resulting from experiments involving maize specimens under moderate water stress, which is usually associated with unfavourable climate changes. The results of our simulations indicate that ABM-U can reliably predict spectral signature variations caused by abiotic stress factors affecting the photosynthetic apparatus of these plants, which, in turn, have a direct impact on their agricultural yield. Furthermore, our in silico experiments suggest that the decrease in the amount of light reflected by (in vivo) water-stressed specimens may result from changes in the internal arrangement of the main components of their photosynthetic apparatus, namely the chloroplasts. We close the article with a discussion of putative physiological processes responsible for such changes.
Overcoming inertia: insights from evolutionary economics into improved energy and climate policy

The mainstream view in economics has been a key factor in designing climate policies. Given that the controversy over the "efficiency paradox" has shown that mainstream economics is not neutral in the way it deals with climate change, the purpose of this paper is to investigate what insights could come out of analysing this crucial issue through an alternative economic framework. The choice of an evolutionary line of thought is then quite straightforward. It stems from both its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis and its shift of focus towards a better understanding of innovation, system change and economic dynamics. All together this renders evolutionary economics a suitable complementary framework for designing climate policies and for managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through "habits" and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that specifically target those change-resisting factors as they tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments.
Detailed structure within a tropical cyclone “eye”

The characteristics of the “eye” and eyewall of a Tropical Cyclone (TC) are examined with a wind profiler and upper‐soundings around a small island belonging to Japan. There are few observations of wind behavior in the eye of a TC with high time and height resolutions. In the eye of the TC, weak cyclonic wind and updraft formed like a cylinder centered on the TC. The updraft did not form clouds and precipitation because stable and relatively dry air existed in the middle troposphere. There were dry layers above the middle troposphere in the eye, especially in the lower layers on the front side of the TC. Therefore, the rainfall associated with the eyewall was strengthened and developed. This is the first time that the detailed wind behavior in the eye of the TC in the developing and mature stage has been observed.
Gravity Tectonics in the Naukluft Mountains of South West Africa

The late Precambrian Nama beds of the Naukluft Mountains in South West Africa show intense Alpine-type deformation. The crystalline basement underlying these rocks is little disturbed. Its upper surface is basin-shaped. The intensity of deformation in the overlying Nama beds increases upward to a practically undedormed unconformity which separates the Nama into two folded units. The unconformity is overlain by a strikingly uniform and little disturbed dolomite bed. Above this dolomite the intensity of deformation once more increases; it reaches its maximum in this upper deformed unit. The folds delineate a cascading movement from the topographically higher northern hinterland and form a great arc in front of the steepest slope of the basin, overriding the undeformed Nama beds of the southern foreland in a number of thrust sheets and nappes. These observations, based on detailed mapping from exceptionally favorable exposures, bring out a movement pattern which is plainly controlled by the shape of the basin. Such a pattern is best interpreted as due to plastic flow under the influence of gravity.