Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climatology and Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula Föhn Wind‐Induced Melt Regime From 1979–2018

Warm and dry föhn winds on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) cause surface melt that can destabilize vulnerable ice shelves. Topographic funneling of these downslope winds through mountain passes and canyons can produce localized wind‐induced melt that is difficult to quantify without direct measurements. Our Föhn Detection Algorithm (FöhnDA) identifies the surface föhn signature that causes melt from measurement by 12 Automatic Weather Stations on the AP, that train a machine learning model to detect föhn in 5 km Regional Atmospheric Climate Model 2 (RACMO2.3p2) simulations and in the ERA5 reanalysis model. We estimate the fraction of AP surface melt attributed to föhn and possibly katabatic winds and identify the drivers of melt, temporal variability, and long‐term trends and evolution from 1979–2018. We find that föhn wind‐induced melt accounts for 3.1% of the total melt on the AP and can be as high at 18% close to the mountains where the winds funnel through mountain canyons. Föhn‐induced surface melt does not significantly increase from 1979–2018, despite a warmer atmosphere and more positive Southern Annular Mode. However, a significant increase (+0.1 Gt y‐1) and subsequent decrease/stabilization occur in 1979–1998 and 1999–2018, consistent with the AP warming and cooling trends during the same time periods. Föhn occurrence, more than föhn strength, drives the annual variability in föhn‐induced melt. Long‐term föhn‐induced melt trends and evolution are attributable to seasonal changes in föhn occurrence, with increased occurrence in summer, and decreased occurrence in fall, winter, and early spring over the past 20 years.
Evaluation of thin film composite forward osmosis membranes: effect of polyamide preparation conditions

Abstract. The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitive option with respect to the traditional reverse osmosis process. The interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylenediamine, MPD, and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride, TMC) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux (64 L m−2 h−1) was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to have an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing the water flux (74.5 L m−2 h−1).
Morphodynamics of Boulder‐Bed Semi‐Alluvial Streams in Northern Fennoscandia: A Flume Experiment to Determine Sediment Self‐Organization

In northern Fennoscandia, semi‐alluvial boulder‐bed channels with coarse glacial legacy sediment are abundant, and due to widespread anthropogenic manipulation during timber‐floating, unimpacted reference reaches are rare. The landscape context of these semi‐alluvial rapids—with numerous mainstem lakes that buffer high flows and sediment connectivity in addition to a regional low sediment yield—contribute to low amounts of fine sediment and incompetent flows to transport boulders. To determine the morphodynamics of semi‐alluvial rapids and potential self‐organization of sediment with multiple high flows, a flume experiment was designed and carried out to mimic conditions in semi‐alluvial rapids in northern Fennoscandia. Two slope setups (2% and 5%) were used to model a range of flows (Q1 (summer high flow), Q2, Q10, and Q50) in a 8 × 1.1 m flume with a sediment distribution analogous to field conditions; bed topography was measured using structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry after each flow to obtain DEMs. No classic steep coarse‐bed channel bedforms (e.g., step‐pools) developed. However, similarly to boulder‐bed channels with low relative submergence, at Q10 and Q50 flows, sediment deposited upstream of boulders and scoured downstream. Because the Q50 flow was not able to rework the channel by disrupting grain‐interlocking from preceding lower flows, transporting boulders, or forming channel‐spanning boulders, the channel‐forming discharge is larger than the Q50. These results have implications for restoration of gravel spawning beds in northern Fennoscandia and highlight the importance of large grains in understanding channel morphodynamics.
Impact of western Pacific subtropical high on ozone pollution over eastern China

Abstract. Surface ozone is a major pollutant in eastern China, especially during the summer season. The formation of surface ozone pollution highly depends on meteorological conditions largely controlled by regional circulation patterns which can modulate ozone concentrations by influencing the emission of the precursors, the chemical production rates, and regional transport. Here we show that summertime ozone pollution over eastern China is distinctly modulated by the variability of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), a major synoptic system that controls the summertime weather conditions of East Asia. Composite and regression analyses indicate that a positive WPSH anomaly is associated with higher than normal surface ozone concentration over northern China but lower ozone over southern China. Stronger than normal WPSH leads to higher temperatures, stronger solar radiation at the land surface, lower relative humidity, and less precipitation in northern China, favoring the production and accumulation of surface ozone. In contrast, all meteorological variables show reverse changes in southern China under a stronger WPSH. GEOS-Chem simulations reasonably reproduce the observed ozone changes associated with the WPSH and support the statistical analyses. We further conduct a budget diagnosis to quantify the detailed contributions of chemistry, transport, mixing, and convection processes. The result shows that chemistry plays a decisive role in leading the ozone changes among these processes. Results show that the changes in ozone are primarily attributed to chemical processes. Moreover, the natural emission of precursors from biogenic and soil sources, a major component influencing the chemical production, accounts for ∼ 30 % of the total surface ozone changes.
A Survey on Resource Allocation for 5G Heterogeneous Networks: Current Research, Future Trends, and Challenges

In the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system, various service requirements of different communication environments are expected to be satisfied. As a new evolution network structure, heterogeneous network (HetNet) has been studied in recent years. Compared with homogeneous networks, HetNets can increase the opportunity in the spatial resource reuse and improve users’ quality of service by developing small cells into the coverage of macrocells. Since there is mutual interference among different users and the limited spectrum resource in HetNets, however, efficient resource allocation (RA) algorithms are vitally important to reduce the mutual interference and achieve spectrum sharing. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on RA in HetNets for 5G communications. Specifically, we first introduce the definition and different network scenarios of HetNets. Second, RA models are discussed. Then, we present a classification to analyze current RA algorithms for the existing works. Finally, some challenging issues and future research trends are discussed. Accordingly, we provide two potential structures for 6G communications to solve the RA problems of the next-generation HetNets, such as a learning-based RA structure and a control-based RA structure. The goal of this article is to provide important information on HetNets, which could be used to guide the development of more efficient techniques in this research area.
The work lives of disabled teachers: revisiting inclusive education in English schools

Abstract Globally there is a focus on ensuring a more diverse teaching workforce ensuring representation across gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity. However, little attention is paid to ensuring the inclusion of disabled teachers. This paper examines the work lives of ten disabled teachers in schools across England. Their experiences suggest that whilst there is a strong discourse on inclusive education within English schools and policies this does not necessarily extend to disabled teachers themselves. Whilst the disabled teachers participating in this research demonstrated ways in which their presence disrupted normative notions of able-bodiedness in education and they actively created spaces for inclusive learning, the majority also reported facing significant discrimination and barriers whilst at work. Urgent change is needed to support disabled teachers to access effective training as well as the removal of barriers to enable disabled teachers to remain in the workforce and progress their careers. Points of interest Inclusive education is vital in order to ensure education for all. Efforts to include teachers with diverse characteristics into the workforce are being promoted globally, however; this rarely includes disabled teachers. If education is to be truly inclusive then we need to support and encourage not only children with disabilities, but also work to support and encourage the careers of disabled teachers. This study is comprised of in-depth interviews with 10 teachers in England who reflect on what it means to be disabled and to pursue a career in mainstream schools.
Alkenone isotopes show evidence of active carbon concentrating mechanisms in coccolithophores as aqueous carbon dioxide concentrations fall below 7 µmol L−1

Abstract. Coccolithophores and other haptophyte algae acquire the carbon required for metabolic processes from the water in which they live. Whether carbon is actively moved across the cell membrane via a carbon concentrating mechanism, or passively through diffusion, is important for haptophyte biochemistry. The possible utilization of carbon concentrating mechanisms also has the potential to over-print one proxy method by which ancient atmospheric CO2 concentration is reconstructed using alkenone isotopes. Here I show that carbon concentrating mechanisms are likely used when aqueous carbon dioxide concentrations are below 7 µ mol L −1 . I compile published alkenone-based CO2 reconstructions from multiple sites over the Pleistocene and recalculate them using a common methodology, which allows comparison to be made with ice core CO2 records. Interrogating these records reveals that the relationship between proxy CO2 and ice core CO2 breaks down when local aqueous CO2 concentration falls below 7 µ mol L −1 . The recognition of this threshold explains why many alkenone-based CO2 records fail to accurately replicate ice core CO2 records, and it suggests the alkenone proxy is likely robust for much of the Cenozoic when this threshold was unlikely to be reached in much of the global ocean.
Influence of vegetation on occurrence and time distributions of regional new aerosol particle formation and growth

Abstract. The occurrence frequency of regional atmospheric new aerosol particle formation and consecutive growth events (fNPF) were studied with respect to vegetation activity, aerosol properties, air pollutants and meteorological data in Budapest over the time interval from 2008 to 2018. The data set evaluated contained results of in situ measurements on the land surface that were mostly performed at the Budapest platform for Aerosol Research and Training Laboratory, of satellite-based products recorded by MODIS on Terra and of modelled vegetation emission-related properties from an advanced regional biogeochemical model. The annual mean relative occurrence frequencies were considerable (with an overall mean of 21 %), remained at a constant level (with an overall SD of 5 %) and did not exhibit tendentious change over the years. The shape of the distributions of monthly mean fNPF exhibited large variability from year to year, while the overall average distribution already possessed a characteristic pattern. The structure of the new particle formation (NPF) occurrence distributions was compared to those of environmental variables including concentrations of gas-phase H2SO4, SO2, O3, NO, NO2, CO, PM10 mass and NH3; particle numbers in the size fractions of 6–1000, 6–100 and 100–1000 nm; condensation sink; air temperature (T); relative humidity (RH); wind speed (WS); atmospheric pressure (P); global solar radiation (GRad); gross primary production (GPP) of vegetation; leaf area index (LAI); and stomatal conductance (SCT). There were no evident systematic similarities between fNPF on the one hand and all of the variables studied on the other hand, except for H2SO4 and perhaps NH3. The spring maximum in the NPF occurrence frequency distribution often overlapped with the time intervals of positive T anomaly in vegetated territories. The link between the potential heat stress exerted on plants in sultry summer intervals and the summer fNPF minimum could not be proven. The relevance of environmental variables was assessed by their ratios on NPF event days and on non-event days. The gas-phase H2SO4 concentration showed the largest monthly ratios, followed by O3. The WS, biogenic precursor gases and SO2 can generally favour NPF events, although their influence seemed to be constrained. An association between the fNPF and vegetation growth dynamics was clearly identified.
Diapycnal mixing across the photic zone of the NE Atlantic

Abstract. Variable physical conditions such as vertical turbulent exchange, internal wave, and mesoscale eddy action affect the availability of light and nutrients for phytoplankton (unicellular algae) growth. It is hypothesized that changes in ocean temperature may affect ocean vertical density stratification, which may hamper vertical exchange. In order to quantify variations in physical conditions in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, we sampled a latitudinal transect along 17 ± 5∘ W between 30 and 63∘ N in summer. A shipborne conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) instrumented package was used with a custom-made modification of the pump inlet to minimize detrimental effects of ship motions on its data. Thorpe-scale analysis was used to establish turbulence values for the upper 500 m from three to six profiles obtained in a short CTD yo-yo, 3 to 5 h after local sunrise. From south to north, average temperature decreased together with stratification while turbulence values weakly increased or remained constant. Vertical turbulent nutrient fluxes did not vary significantly with stratification and latitude. This apparent lack of correspondence between turbulent mixing and temperature is likely due to internal waves breaking (increased stratification can support more internal waves), acting as a potential feedback mechanism. As this feedback mechanism mediates potential physical environment changes in temperature, global surface ocean warming may not affect the vertical nutrient fluxes to a large degree. We urge modellers to test this deduction as it could imply that the future summer phytoplankton productivity in stratified oligotrophic waters would experience little alterations in nutrient input from deeper waters.
New generation of phosphate fertilizer from bones, produced by bacteria

Abstract In this article, the phytotoxicity of biofertilizer produced from bones and its utilitarian properties are presented. Biofertilizer was obtained from bones in a solubilization process of phosphates conducted by bacteria Bacillus megaterium. Two in vivo tests were used for examination of the utilitarian properties of the biofertilizer: a hydroponic and a germination test. The experiment was performed using three groups of plants and four replications: group 1 − not treated (control 1), group 2 − with a conventional fertilizer (control 2), and group 3 – with the biofertilizer (experimental group). In the hydroponic tests, the best growth parameters were found for the samples where the biofertilizer was applied. The greater dry mass of plants was observed for plants collected from this group compared to the control 1 group and the group where the commercial fertilizer were used. In the case of the plant length and the intensity of green color, statistically significant differences were found. The utilitarian properties of the biofertilizer, evaluated from a germination test, were similar to those of the classical fertilizer. Statistically significant differences were found between the mass and intensity of green color of the experimental group (with the biofertilizer) and the control 1 group. Graphical Abstract
Behavioral, Demographic, and Clinical determinants of HIV Status in Zambian Women

The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection shows a diminishing trend globally while increasing in intensity of mortality, morbidity, and burden of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. The intertwined behavioral, demographic, and clinical determinants fueled the incidence of infections in Zambian women. This study aimed to determine the association between demographic, behavioral, and clinical determinants with HIV serostatus in Zambian women. With the conceptual framework of the World Health Organization Commission for Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) and the quantitative method of MANOVA, this study examined Zambian Demographic Health Survey data for Zambian women of two ages groups (adolescent and adult). The findings showed statistically significant results in the association between HIV serostatus and self-perceived HIV risk for both groups and in the association between education and HIV serostatus among women in both groups. However, there was no statistically significant association between behavioral, demographic, and clinical determinants of HIV serostatus. These findings imply the need to conduct prospective studies on such determinants to curb HIV and improve women community health in Africa. Keywords HIV serostatus; determinants of HIV serostatus, Self-perceived HIV risk, Zambia
The H 0 tension : ∆ G N vs . ∆ N eff

We investigate whether the 4. 4σ tension on H0 between SH0ES 2019 and Planck 2018 can be alleviated by a variation of Newton’s constant GN between the early and the late Universe. This changes the expansion rate before recombination, similarly to the addition of ∆Neff extra relativistic degrees of freedom . We implement a varying GN in a scalar-tensor theory of gravity, with a non-minimal coupling of the form (M + βφ)R. If the scalar φ starts in the radiation era at an initial value φI ≈ 0.3MPl and with β ≈ −0.8, a dynamical transition occurs naturally around the epoch of matter-radiation equality and the field evolves towards zero at late times. As a consequence the H0 tension between SH0ES (2019) and Planck 2018+BAO decreases, as in ∆Neff models. However, mostly due to late-time constraints from Post-Newtonian (PN) local gravity, the tension is reduced only to 3. 5σ level. When including also the SH0ES data in the fit, the varying GN model has H0 = 69.2 −0.75 and an improvement of ∆χ 2 = −3.6 compared to ΛCDM, at the cost of 2 extra parameters. This corresponds to a decrease of 7 −6 percent in the value of GN from the radiation era to the present time. For comparison, we update the fit of the ∆Neff model to the same dataset. We find that the ∆Neff model performs better than the simplest varying GN scenario, with H0 = 70 −0.95 and ∆χ = −5.5. The ΛCDM limit of the ∆Neff model is disfavored at slightly more than 2σ, since ∆Neff = 0.316 −0.15. 1 ar X iv :2 00 4. 05 04 9v 1 [ as tr oph . C O ] 1 0 A pr 2 02 0
COVID-CXNet: Detecting COVID-19 in Frontal Chest X-ray Images using Deep Learning

One of the primary clinical observations for screening the infectious by the novel coronavirus is capturing a chest x-ray image. In most of the patients, a chest x-ray contains abnormalities, such as consolidation, which are the results of COVID-19 viral pneumonia. In this study, research is conducted on efficiently detecting imaging features of this type of pneumonia using deep convolutional neural networks in a large dataset. It is demonstrated that simple models, alongside the majority of pretrained networks in the literature, focus on irrelevant features for decision-making. In this paper, numerous chest x-ray images from various sources are collected, and the largest publicly accessible dataset is prepared. Finally, using the transfer learning paradigm, the well-known CheXNet model is utilized for developing COVID-CXNet. This powerful model is capable of detecting the novel coronavirus pneumonia based on relevant and meaningful features with precise localization. COVID-CXNet is a step towards a fully automated and robust COVID-19 detection system.
Insight from NMR observations on glycosaminoglycan interactions with the Link module of TSG-6

Tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding protein expressed in inflammatory diseases and inflammatory-like processes. The Link module, one domain of TSG-6, is well known for its interactions with hyaluronan (HA), which play important roles in protecting against cartilage matrix destruction during inflammation and stabilizing the HA-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) during ovulation. Interactions with HA, and to some extent heparin/heparan sulfate (Hp/HS), have been structurally studied, indicating that HA and Hp/HS interact with the Link module at totally different binding sites. However, its interactions with chondroitin sulfate (CS) have yet to be adequately described. In this thesis, we isolated a welldefined homogeneous hexasaccharides of CS using enzymatic digestions followed by chromatographic separation and determined their structures using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods. A spin-labeled analog of a CS hexasaccharide was synthesized as well. These, in turn, were used in further binding studies with the Link module. The interactions between the Link module and CSs were monitored by NMR chemical shift perturbation (CSP), suggesting possible CS binding sites and multiple binding modes for the Link module. The production of a Link dimer during the binding process was confirmed by measuring relaxation rates of 15 N sites in the Link module as well as by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) data from 1 H15 N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra of the Link module in the absence and presence of the spin labeled analog of CS added to binding site definition. A solution structure of the induced dimer of the Link module was produced, using triple resonance assignment methods for NMR resonance assignments and Nuclear Overhause Effect (NOE) and Residual Dipolar Coupling (RDC) data for structural constraints. Finally, a dimer model of Link module with the 4,4,4 sulfated, TEMPO adduct of a CS hexasaccharide bound was generated using CSP, PRE, and RDC restraints in docking program (HADDOCK). This provides insights into the cross-linking of CS in the ECM that can play an additional role in the remodeling and stabilization of the ECM during inflammation. INDEX WORDS: TSG-6; Link module; Glycosaminoglycans; Chondroitins sulfate; NMR spectroscopy; Size-exclusion chromatography; Strong anion exchange chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Triple resonance assignment; Residual dipolar coupling; Spin relaxation; Chemical shift perturbation; Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement; TEMPO; HADDOCK; Protein-ligand docking INSIGHT FROM NMR OBSERVATIONS ON GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN INTERACTIONS WITH THE LINK MODULE OF TSG-6