Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stopping power of carbon for heavy ions upto copper

Abstract Stopping powers for ions of O, Cl, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Cu in the energy range 0.2–1.0 MeV/n have been measured in carbon foils using the elastic recoil ion technique and a twin detector system. Very heavy ions of Gold and Iodine of energy around 100 MeV have been employed to generate the various recoil ions using pure thin (≈ 1000A) elemental/compound targets. The data have an overall average accuracy of 6%. The stopping power for Sc, Mn and Fe ions in the energy region 0.2–1.0 MeV/n as well as those for Ti and Cu ions in the energy region below 0.45 MeV/n are perhaps the first such measurements. The limitations of LSS theory even within the range of its applicability has been demonstrated. Varelas and Biersack estimates agree well in the region of their applicability lying above the ion velocity limit set for LSS theory. Northcliffe and Schilling predictions as well as the TRIM estimates provide the best fit with data. However, one does notice variations upto 25% for some ions at lower energi.
The exponential optical absorption band tail of Hg1−xCdxTe

The optical absorption edges of Hg0.71Cd0. 29Te and CdTe were measured over the temperature range 80≤T≤300 K. The refractive indices of these materials are determined over a large energy range at T=300 K and their dispersion relation is given. The absorption band tail of Hg1−xCdxTe has an exponential shape. Its slope increases with decreasing temperature. It is suggested that this tail is not caused by permanent lattice disorder but is a material property. An empirical expression for the absorption coefficient as a function of temperature and composition is derived. Using this expression, the zero‐intercept cut‐on energy of the infrared transmission spectrum at room temperature is used to define the composition for any desired thickness of Hg1−xCdxTe sample.
High performance size‐exclusion chromatography of anionic polymers in aqueous solutions

The applicability of high performance size-exclusion chromatography was tested for anionic polymers with a new type of column. It was found that a solvent salt concentration of 0.1M and an elevated temperature (60°C) prevented adsorption of the polystyrene sulfonate standards on the column packing. The calibration curve and the effect of the concentration on the retention volume remained, however, colum-dependent. We concluded also that the use of the column was restricted to the linear range of the calibration curve and to concentrations below 1 mg mL−1 for the highest molecular weight standards. The influence of the flow rate (below 1 mL min−1) on the retention volume was negligible. The main cause of errors when the universal calibration technique is used originated in the experimental determination of the intrinsic viscosities of the standards. The combination of the errors on the viscosity and on the experimentally determined retention volume easily introduced an error of 15% on the determined molecular weight of the sulfated polysaccharide k-carrageenan. The use of the universal calibration method for an exact molecular weight determination of anionic natural polymers is therefore still questionable.
Performance of European Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Calibrations for Moisture and Protein in Cereals Using the Danish Near-Infrared Transmission (NIT) Network

ABSTRACT Three problems need to be addressed in networks of Infratec Grain Analysers: 1) the networks are not interconnected, 2) the partial least squares (PLS) calibrations used so far have to be individually adjusted for bias when transferred to the slave instruments, and 3) the calibrations are not entirely stable over time. Nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN) calibrations based on a large common European data set (≈4,000 samples in the training sets and ≈1,000 samples in the stop sets) were introduced to overcome these constraints. The performance of these ANN calibrations was compared with Danish PLS models for protein and moisture in cereals during the 1998 harvest in Denmark, and subsequently with PLS models based on the same European data set. ANN models were more accurate than PLS and, unlike PLS, were linear and transferable up to 25% moisture. It is suggested that the improved performance of the ANN models is attributable to the modeling technique rather than the size and nature of the Eu.
The effect of cross-linking on the actuation of an electroactive IPMC prepared with a fluorinated acrylic copolymer

The hydroxyl group of HEMA was cross‐linked with 1,3‐diethoxy‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane in order to enhance the actuation force of the ionic polymer‐metal composite (IPMC) made from the acrylic ter‐polymer of fluoroalkyl methacrylate, 2‐acylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid, and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The water uptake was reduced and the mechanical strengths of the membrane were improved by the cross‐linkage. The actuation force of the IPMC was generally enhanced, although it was reduced somewhat at high levels of cross‐linking. The current and deformation responses of the IPMC were both decreased by cross‐linking.
Collection Efficiency for Submicron Particles of a Commonly Used Impinger

The collection efficiency for submicron particles of an all-glass impinger, under conditions commonly used by industrial hygienists, was studied by measuring the removal of particles from a polydisperse polystyrene aerosol. Collection efficiencies for water and dimethylformamide as sampling liquids at flow rates of 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 L/min were determined. The collection efficiency at a flow rate of 1.0 L/min was found to be less than 20% for particles with a diameter between 0.02 and 0.7 µm. When thermally generated particles are a part of the exposure pattern and air measurements are made using the all-glass midget impinger as the collection device, the particulate contribution to the exposure could be severely underestimated due to poor collection efficiency in the submicron range.
Relation between the width of an interface between two polymers and its toughness

Thin layers of a series of random PS/PMMS copolymers have been used to couple two sheets of PMMA, thereby permitting a study of the effect of interface width on interface toughness. The interface width and toughness varied with the copolymer composition. The use of a thin coupling layer between two PMMA sheets ensured that the crack tip craze occurred mainly in PMMA, so the material within which the crack tip deformation occurred did not change as the interface width was changed. The interface toughness was found to remain low for narrow interfaces until the interface width became larger than the mean entanglement spacing in the bulk. The toughness then climbs rapidly to saturation at an interface width of perhaps three times the entanglement spacing. A model is proposed here for the relation between interface width and interface toughness based on a well-tested model for interface toughness and known interface profile. However the assumptions made within the model, that entanglement density is constant t.
Dynamic Behaviour of Ternary Microemulsions Consisting of Didodecyldimethylammoniumbromide, Water and Hydrocarbon

Ternary micromulsions containing water, dodecane and the surfactant didodecyldimethylammoniumbromide (DDABr) have been studied with flow and electric birefringence methods as well as with pressure jump relaxation techniques and conductivity measurements. Previous measurements had shown, that the isotropic L2-phase can be subdivided into an area with spherical droplets and an area with interconnected water channels. Unexpectedly, a large birefringence was found within the region of the spheres and only small amplitudes in the other subregion. Kinetically measured relaxation times agree well with the rotation times which were determined from the birefringence methods. It is supposed that the water droplets are of ellipsoidal shape. The rotational diffusion time constants were determined from the birefringence signals. Both techniques gave the same results. The rotation time constants and the amplitudes of the birefringence signals increase with increasing water content. For large W/S ratios no large changes in the birefringence signals were observed in the percolation region of the conductivity. The measurements furthermore show that the lifetimes of both the globules and the channels are short and in the range of μs.
Improvement of the thermal properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by low molecular weight polypropylene glycol (LMWPPG) addition

In this work, blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % low molecular weight poly(propylene glycol) (LMWPPG) have been prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG/DTA). FTIR and thermal analyses suggested that the presence of LMWPPG led to a maximum crystallinity for the blend PHB/PPG (90/10) blend. The presence of LMWPPG also caused a significant increase of the PHB processability window, i.e., the difference of the melting and degradation temperature, of PHB from 105 to 134°C, which is extremely important for the industrial uses of PHB. This PHB stabilization effect is discussed in terms of an intermolecular interaction of the PHB carbonyl with LMWPPG methyl groups which probably hinders the classical radon β-scission PHB intramolecular decomposition mechanism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Quantum Mechanics from a Heisenberg‐Type Equality

The usual Heisenberg uncertainty relation for position and momentum may be replaced by an exact equality, for suitably chosen measures of position and momentum uncertainty. This "exact" uncertainty relation is valid for_all_ pure states, and is sufficiently strong to provide an axiomatic basis for moving from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. In particular, the assumption of a nonclassical momentum fluctuation, having a strength which scales inversely with uncertainty in position, leads from the classical equations of motion to the Schroedinger equation.
Spray Drying of Blue Shark Skin Protein Hydrolysate: Physical, Morphological, and Antioxidant Properties

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration on the physical, morphological, and antioxidant properties of powdered blue shark skin protein hydrolysate. Higher inlet air temperatures led to lower moisture content and bulk density, whereas higher maltodextrin concentrations led to lower moisture content and hygroscopicity, higher bulk density, and larger particles size. Antioxidant capacity was mainly affected by maltodextrin concentration, which was attributed to two possible reasons: the protection provided to the peptides fractions and/or the formation of Maillard reaction products with antioxidant activity. In addition, maltodextrin itself showed a slight antioxidant capacity, which may have contributed to the higher antioxidant capacity of powders compared to the liquid hydrolysate.
Li-Doped and Nondoped Covalent Organic Borosilicate Framework for Hydrogen Storage

A multiscale theoretical method, which combines the first-principles calculation and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation, is used to investigate the adsorption capacities of hydrogen in nondoped and Li-doped covalent organic borosilicate frameworks (COF-202). Our simulations indicate that the total gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes of COF-202 reach 7.83 wt % and 44.37 g/L at T = 77 K and p = 100 bar, respectively. To enhance the hydrogen storage capacity of COF-202, the doping of Li atoms in COF-202 is studied systematically. First, the first-principles calculations are performed to investigate the possible adsorption sites and the quantity of Li atoms doped in COF-202. Our results prove that, for a single Li atom, the top of the phenyl groups in COF-202 is the most favorable adsorption site; for coadsorption of two Li atoms, with one adsorbed at the top site of a phenyl group and the other at its neighboring interstitial site between the phenyl group and the B−O−Si linkage is the most.
Molecular motion and 1H NMR relaxation of aqueous poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) solution under high pressure

Proton spin-lattice relaxation times, proton spin-spin relaxation times, and volume changes were measured at pressures from 1 to 400 kg/cm 2 as a function of temperature. It is found that the molecular motion and the structure of water and PNiPAM in PNiPAM/water solution transitionally change at gelation temperature (31°C). The effect of pressure on such transitional changes is studied. It is suggested that application of pressure to the system prevents the gelation
The Structure and Magnetism of Amorphous Y3Fe5O12

Atomic and magnetic structure of the amorphous Y3Fe5O12 obtained with fast neutron irradiation is investigated with neutron diffraction techniques. It is found that coordination polyhedra typical of the garnet structure remain in the amorphous state. The nearest interionic distances oxygen‐iron and iron‐iron are, in general, close to those in crystal. The local magnetic structure of the amorphous oxide is, in general, similar to spin ordering of the yttrium fcrrogarnet. The main difference consists in the following: in the amorphous state magnetic moments of the nearest neighbours are greatly shifted from antiparallel orientation. On the basis of the results and the known data it is shown that the differences in magnetic properties of the amorphous Y3Fe5O12 obtained by different methods are, to a great extent, caused by the properties of the local structure.
Erosion rates on bare loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK

Results from over seven years of monitoring of erosion rates on bare arable loamy sand soils at the Hilton experimental site, Shropshire, UK, are reported. On bare plots, rates are very variable; erosion during one summer convectional storm exceeded that recorded during six individual years of plot measurement. Ex- posure of erodible arable soils to convectional storms puts them at risk of excessive erosion. Plot erosion rates were frequently high, with rates up to 67.4 t/ha occurring during an individual storm. Rates were influenced by rainfall erosivity, slope steepness and soil organic content. Mean soil organic content on the bare plots de- creased over five years by 0.08%/yr.
Field test of a mathematical model for non-equilibrium transport of pesticides in soil

A model for the transport of pesticides in non-structured arable soil has been tested under field conditions. Three classes of sorption site are distinguished in the model. Sorption at class 1 sites is assumed to be at equilibrium whereas sorption at class 2 and class 3 sites is calculated using rate equations. Class 2 sites equilibrate on a time scale of days and class 3 sites equilibrate on a time scale of hundreds of days. In the model, the liquid phase is assumed to be homogeneous and completely mobile. The model was validated in two field experiments on a loamy sand soil using the herbicides cyanazine and metribuzin and using bromide ion as a tracer of liquid flow in soil. Ignoring sorption at class 3 sites resulted in large discrepancies between calculated and measured concentration profiles. Calculated concentration profiles were sensitive to the desorption rate constant for class 3 sites.
Explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations of a DNA tetradecanucleotide duplex: lattice-sum versus reaction-field electrostatics

Five long-timescale (10 ns) explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations of a DNA tetradecanucleotide dimer are performed using the GROMOS 45A4 force field and the simple-point-charge water model, in order to investigate the effect of the treatment of long-range electrostatic interactions as well as of the box shape and size on the structure and dynamics of the molecule (starting from an idealised B-DNA conformation). Long-range electrostatic interactions are handled using either a lattice-sum (LS) method (particle–particle–particle–mesh; one simulation performed within a cubic box) or a cutoff-based reaction-field (RF) method (four simulations, with long-range cutoff distances of 1.4 or 2.0 nm and performed within cubic or truncated octahedral periodic boxes). The overall double-helical structure, including Watson–Crick (WC) base-pairing, is well conserved in the simulation employing the LS scheme. In contrast, the WC base-pairing is nearly completely disrupted in the four simulations employing the RF scheme. These four simulations result in highly distorted compact (cutoff distance of 1.4 nm) or extended (cutoff distance of 2 nm) structures, irrespective of the shape and size of the computational box. These differences observed between the two schemes seem correlated with large differences in the radial distribution function between charged entities (backbone phosphate groups and sodium counterions) within the system.
Social Enterprises in Sweden : Intertextual Consensus and Hidden Paradoxes

4 Introduction . 5 Concepts in (Swedish) context . 5 Historical trajectory. 6 Current context and state-of-the-art of social enterprises in Sweden . 8 Identification of social enterprise models . 9 Work integration social enterprises (WISE) . 10 Non-profit social enterprises . 11 Social purpose businesses . 12 Societal entrepreneurship . 12 Institutional trajectories of social enterprises in Sweden . 13 Current explicit policy measures . 13 Social enterprises in the welfare triangle . 15 Social enterprises in Sweden intertextual consensus and hidden paradoxes . 16 References . 18 ICSEM Working Papers Series . 20 © Gawell 2015. Suggested form of citation: Gawell, M. (2015) “Social Enterprise in Sweden: Intertextual Consensus and Hidden Paradoxes”, ICSEM Working Papers, No. 08, Liege: The International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project.
Conformational Analysis of Alanine Dipeptide from Dipolar Couplings in a Water-Based Liquid Crystal

The proton NMR spectra of unlabeled alanine dipeptide (Ac-L-Ala-NHMe) at 300 MHz and of alanine dipeptide with a single 13C label at 500 MHz are obtained in the lyotropic liquid-crystalline solvent cesium pentadecafluorooctanoate in water (CsPFO/H2O). Simulations of the spectra yield 9 and 13 dipolar couplings Dij, respectively, many with absolute sign determined. We fit the set of dipolar couplings by systematically varying the flexible dihedral angles φ and ψ while freezing local geometric details from the electronic structure calculations of Suhai and co-workers (Han, W. G.; Jalkanen, K. J.; Elstner, M.; Suhai, S. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 2587). The orientation tensor is optimized at each combination of dihedral angles. Remarkably, a single conformer PII (φ ≈ −85°, ψ ≈ +160°) fits both sets of couplings within experimental error. The orientation tensor can be understood in terms of a simple rocking motion that dips the central methyl group into the fluorocarbon core of the CsPFO bicelle while altern.
Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to water-soluble soil organic matter

Summary The mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils can be influenced by the presence of dissolved organic matter. Partition coefficients of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging from 3-ring to 6-ring compounds, to water-soluble soil organic matter (WSSOM) were determined. Partition coefficients were determined for WSSOM obtained from two soils under agricultural use and forest and for commercially available humic acid (Aldrich), taking advantage of a reversed phase (C18) separation method. The WSSOM was characterised with regard to charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties with a dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractionation method. No sorption to WSSOM was found for the tri- and tetracyclic PAH, whereas the penta- and hexacyclic PAH showed a significant binding to both types of WSSOM and to Aldrich humic acid. The affinity of penta- and hexacyclic PAH to WSSOM was considerably lower compared to the affinity to Aldrich humic acid. This is suggested to be due to the lower amount of hydrophobic fractions, c. 30%, in the natural WSSOM as compared to Aldrich humic acid. Effective partition coefficients (Koceff) for the sorption of PAH to bulk soil calculated from KDOC and DOM in the naturally occurring concentration range were only 60–70% of the Koc values in pure water. The impact of DOM on pollutant transport is further influenced by non-equilibrium behaviour of PAH in soils and by sorption of DOM to the solid-soil matrix. Several scenarios are described in which the effect of DOM on pollutant transport may become important.
Different strategies in higher plants in mobilization and uptake of iron

Abstract Higher plants differ considerably in their capability for mobilization of iron in the rhizospere of soils with low iron availability. In the plant kingdom at least two different Strategies exist in the Fe deficiency‐induced root responses which lead to enhancement of both iron mobilization in the rhizosphere and uptake rate of iron. Strategy I is found in all dicots and in monocots, with the exception of the grasses (graminaceous species, e.g. barley, corn, sorghum). Strategy I is characterized in all instances, by an increase in the activity of a plasma membrane‐bound reductase leading to enhanced rates of Fe‐III reduction and corresponding splitting of Fe‐III‐chelates at the plasma membrane. Often, the net rate of H+ extrusion, i.e. acidification of the rhizosphere, is also increased. This acidification facilitates iron uptake by both enhancement of the reductase activity and solubilization of iron in the rhizosphere. An additional mobilization of sparingly soluble iron in the rhizosphere may o.
Surface Properties, Fibrinogen Adsorption, and Cellular Interactions of a Novel Phosphorylcholine-Containing Self-Assembled Monolayer on Gold

A novel synthetic route for the preparation of a phosphorylcholine terminated thiol is presented. The new molecule was characterized by FTIR and NMR and was used to prepare one- and two-component monolayers rich in phosphorylcholine. The new surfaces had an intermediate hydrophilicity based on their sessile contact angles, but dynamic contact angle measurements showed that the surfaces became completely wettable when in contact with water. Ellipsometric measurements revealed that the molecules extended toward the monolayer−air interface similar to well-studied monolayers prepared from methyl- or hydroxyl-terminated thiols. Angle-resolved XPS survey measurements verified that phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen were situated closer to the monolayer−air interface, a conclusion also supported by angle-resolved C 1s measurements. Grazing-angle FTIR data indicated a less ordered structure for all the PC-containing monolayers than that of a methyl-terminated SAM. Fibrinogen adsorption and neutrophil adhesion on th.