Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES

Ever since the discovery of the four jor human blood groups by Landsteiner (cf., 35, 37), interest in the chemical nature of the antigens which furnish the basis for this classification has been continual. It was at first believed that there were but two substances, the A and B substances, but it is now clearly established that blood group 0 is determined not by the absence of the A and B substances but by the presence in the cell of a characteristic blood group substance, called 0 substance (cf., 9, 53). Studies of earlier investigators, Landsteiner (35,37), Schiff (49), Witebsky (54-55), Meyer, Smyth and Palmer (41), Freudenberg, et al. (13), Goebel (14) and others, have established that these antigens or, as they are usually termed, blood group substances, are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, and water-soluble products possessing blood group A, B, or 0 activity, alone or in combinations, have been obtained from tissues or secretions of various animal species (cf., 9, 37, 53). For instance, hog gastric mucosa (39, 41), commercial preparations of peptones (49), swine pepsin (38), and the fourth stomach of the cow (abomasus) (24) have been shown to contain blood group A substance, and horse saliva and stomach to contain blood group A and B substances (36, 34, 57). Tissue fluids and secretions, such as serum, saliva (9, 30), gastric juice (55), urine (13), etc. from 80 per cent of humans of a particular blood group contain the corresponding blood group substances in soluble form; individuals are classified as secretors or non-secretors depending upon whether their secretions (usually saliva) contain blood group substance (cf., 9, 37, 48, 53). The activity of blood group substances in solution is usually measured by their capacity to combine with homologous antibody and to prevent the antibody from agglutinating erythrocytes. Assays are carried out by the usual serological dilution methods and the activity of various preparations may be compared by measuring the minimum quantity of each capable of neutralizing an arbitrary number of hemagglutinating units of antibody (cf., 33, 53). With this hemagglutination inhibition technic as a guide, a number of investigators, notably Schiff (49), Goebel (14), Witebsky et al. (55), Landsteiner and Harte (39), Morgan (44-46) undertook to purify these materials from a variety of sources and obtained products which were predominantly polysaccharide in nature. Landsteiner and Harte (39), however, demonstrated that even their purest preparations contained amino acids and these observations were confirmed by other investigators (44, 7). From the standpoint of the immunochemist, however, the assay of blood
Purification and Properties of an Aryl Acylamidase of Bacillus sphaericus, Catalyzing the Hydrolysis of Various Phenylamide Herbicides and Fungicides

From Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 12123 an aryl acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.13) was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme is inducible by various phenylamides of the acylanilide, phenylcarbamate, and methoxysubstituted phenylurea type. It has a molecular weight of 75,000. Enzyme activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, several metal ions, and 3,4-dichloroaniline (a product of linuron degradation). A requirement for divalent metal ions in enzyme activity could not be demonstrated. In the presence of 6 M urea an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme occurred. The hydrolysis of L-alanine-4-nitroanilide was competitively inhibited by puromycin.
Biological Evaluation and Mechanistic Studies of Quinolin-(1H)-Imines as a New Chemotype against Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is one of the most challenging neglected tropical diseases and remains a global threat to public health. Currently available therapies for leishmaniases present significant drawbacks and are rendered increasingly inefficient due to parasite resistance, making the need for more effective, safer, and less expensive drugs an urgent one. ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is one of the most challenging neglected tropical diseases and remains a global threat to public health. Currently available therapies for leishmaniases present significant drawbacks and are rendered increasingly inefficient due to parasite resistance, making the need for more effective, safer, and less expensive drugs an urgent one. In our efforts to identify novel chemical scaffolds for the development of antileishmanial agents, we have screened in-house antiplasmodial libraries against axenic and intracellular forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania major. Several of the screened compounds showed half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) against intracellular L. infantum parasites in the submicromolar range (compounds 1h, IC50 = 0.9 μM, and 1n, IC50 = 0.7 μM) and selectivity indexes of 11 and 9.7, respectively. Compounds also displayed activity against L. amazonensis and L. major parasites, albeit in the low micromolar range. Mechanistic studies revealed that compound 1n efficiently inhibits oxygen consumption and significantly decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential in L. infantum axenic amastigotes, suggesting that this chemotype acts, at least in part, by interfering with mitochondrial function. Structure-activity analysis suggests that compound 1n is a promising antileishmanial lead and emphasizes the potential of the quinoline-(1H)-imine chemotype for the future development of new antileishmanial agents.
Susceptibility of Recent Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Gentamicin, Polymyxin, and Five Penicillins, with Observations on the Pyocin and Immunotypes of the Strains

The susceptibilities of recently isolated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin, polymyxin B, carbenicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and two newer penicillins were tested with the inocula-replicating technique by using undiluted and 10−3 dilutions of the cultures. With either inoculum, polymyxin B was the most active agent, and a comparison with previous data from this laboratory showed that the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to this antibiotic had not changed over the past 20 years. Gentamicin was nearly as active as polymyxin, all but 2 of the 141 strains tested with the diluted inoculum being inhibited by 6.25 μg/ml or less. AB-2288, an agent resembling carbenicillin, was four times more active than carbenicillin or BLP-1654; the last two were equally active against the 10−3 inoculum. A more marked inoculum effect was noted with the penicillin analogues tested, the increase in minimum inhibiting concentration with the undiluted culture being eight-fold for carbenicillin and at least 16-fold for AB-2288 and BLP-1654. Pyocin typing and serotyping failed to demonstrate any clearly predominating types.
Mechanism of Thermal Injury in Staphylococcus aureus

The viability of and leakage from suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus stored in the temperature range 3 to 60 C were determined. There was a direct relationship, up to 50 C, between death and leakage, both of which increased with increasing temperature. At temperatures above 50 C, there was a different pattern of response, the total leakage being less at 60 C than at 50 C, although there was greater membrane damage at the higher temperature. Sucrose, 1 m, almost completely prevented leakage at 37 and 50 C but not at 60 C.
Microorganisms in Leaching Sulfide Minerals

Leaching the products of oxidation of copper sulfide minerals and the recovery of the copper has been a profitable operation in the mining industry for many years. It has been shown by Bryner et al. (1954) and Bryner and Anderson (1957), that iron pyrites, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite are oxidized biologically in exposed ore bodies to sulfates, surfuric acid, and other soluble products. It has also been shown by Colmer and Hinkle (1947); Leathen et al. (1953 a, b), that sulfur and iron sulfides occurring in coal beds in the Pennsylvania and West Virginia area are oxidized biologically. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of laboratory studies on the isolation, characterization, and nutrient requirements of two chemosynthetic autotropic bacteria found in the leaching streams from exposed ore bodies in Bingham Canyon, Utah. Also, to report similarities of these bacteria to those found in leaching streams from Cananea, Sonora, Mexico (Jameson, 1957).
Investigations on the Specificity of the Limulus Test for the Detection of Endotoxin

Lysates obtained from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, showed gel formation after the addition of bacterial endotoxin. In contrast to living gram-negative bacteria, viable gram-positive microorganisms did not cause gelation of lysate. Nevertheless, peptidoglycan isolated from the cell walls of various gram-positive organisms did induce the reaction. However, the activity of peptidoglycan was 1,000 to 400,000 times less than that of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. After exposure to lysozyme, peptidoglycan no longer gelled amoebocyte lysate, therefore apparently excluding endotoxin contamination. Gelation of amoebocyte lysate by endotoxin or peptidoglycan was inhibited by different concentrations of sodium polystyrolsulfonate. Whereas these studies confirm the specificity of the Limulus test for bacterial endotoxins, they also indicate that other substances of bacterial origin should be investigated for their ability to gel amoebocyte lysate.
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide-grafted sodium alginate and its application in dye removal

A polymeric adsorbent based on sodium alginate (SAG) grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) (SAG- g -PAM) was synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted method. The addition polymerization was carried out with ammonium persulfate as the initiator, at different acrylamide (AM) concentrations. The SAG- g -PAM copolymers were evaluated by FTIR and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, grafting efficiency (%GE) and intrinsic viscosity in NaCl solution at 25 °C. Graft copolymers could be obtained in reaction lasting until 10 min by using ultrasound energy with grafting efficiency above 75%. The decolorization efficiency and adsorption capacity of the SAG- g -PAM copolymers were investigated in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The dye adsorption was pH dependent, and adsorption capacity (69.13 mg/g) maxima was at pH 10. All the graft copolymers have shown the same decolorization efficiency (99%), and the best one for MB removing is the SAG- g -PAM 6 (%GE = 75%), since lower acrylamide content is required in the synthesis.
Serological Studies on Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans

One hundred strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans were examined serologically by determining their agglutination reactions with six absorbed antisera. Twenty-four reaction patterns were found, and the results were reproducible. The agglutinating antigens were heat-stable. Precipitation reactions were also studied by means of the Ouchterlony agar-gel diffusion technique with Fuller and acetone extracts. The agglutination test was considered preferable for epidemiological and ecological investigations on A. actinomycetem-comitans.
Promoter Selectivity of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum RpoH Transcription Factors In Vivo and In Vitro

ABSTRACT Expression of the dnaKJ andgroESL1 heat shock operons ofBradyrhizobium japonicum depends on a ς32-like transcription factor. Three such factors (RpoH1, RpoH2, and RpoH3) have previously been identified in this organism. We report here that they direct transcription from some but not all ς32-type promoters when the respective rpoH genes are expressed inEscherichia coli. All three RpoH factors were purified as soluble C-terminally histidine-tagged proteins, although the bulk of overproduced RpoH3 was insoluble. The purified proteins were recognized by an anti-E. coli ς32 serum. While RpoH1 and RpoH2 productively interacted with E. coli core RNA polymerase and produced E. coli groE transcript in vitro, RpoH3 was unable to do so.B. japonicum core RNA polymerase was prepared and reconstituted with the RpoH proteins. Again, RpoH1 and RpoH2 were active, and they initiated transcription at theB. japonicum groESL1 and dnaKJpromoters. In all cases, the in vitro start site was shown to be identical to the start site determined in vivo. Promoter competition experiments revealed that the B. japonicum dnaKJ andgroESL1 promoters were suboptimal for transcription by RpoH1- or RpoH2-containing RNA polymerase from B. japonicum. In a mixture of different templates, the E. coli groESL promoter was preferred over any other promoter. Differences were observed in the specificities of both sigma factors toward B. japonicum rpoH-dependent promoters. We conclude that the primary function of RpoH2is to supply the cell with DnaKJ under normal growth conditions whereas RpoH1 is responsible mainly for increasing the level of GroESL1 after a heat shock.
A Dehydrated Medium for the Preparation of Type Specific Extracts of Group A Streptococci

of temperatures close to freezing on the storage of fish. J. Fisheries Research Board Can. , 8, (2) 111. CONN, H. W. 1903 The relation of temperature to the keeping property of milk. Connecticut (Storrs) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 26. DAHLBERG, A. C. 1946 The relationship of the growth of all bacteria and coliform bacteria in pasteurized milk held at refrigerator temperatures. J. Dairy Sci., 29, 651-655. ERDMAN, I. E. , AND THORNTON, H. R. 1951 Psychrophilic bacteria in Edmonton milk and cream. I. Numbers. IL. Kinds. Can. J. Technol. , 29, 232-237. GUBITZ, H. 1928 Kaltebakterien mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihrer Bedeutung fur die Milchwirtschaft. Milchwirtsch. Forsch. , 5, (5) 407. HESS, E. 1934 Effects of low temperatures on the growth of marine bacteria. Contrib. Can. Biol. and Fisheries. , 8, (34) Ser. C. Ind. (22): 461. JEZESKI, J. J., AND MACY, H. 1946 Cryophilic organisms in water and butter. J. Dairy Sci., 29, 439-452. KENNEDY, L. , AND WEISER, H. 1950 Some observations on bacteria isolated from milk that grow within a psychrophilic temperature range. J. Milk aind Food Technol. , 13, 353357. LUBERT, D. H. , SMITH, L. M. , AND THORNTON, H. R. 1949 Can. J. Research. (F), 27, 483. LUXWOLDA, W. B. 1911 Wachstum und Wirkung einiger Milchbakterien bei verscheidener Temperaturen. Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Abt II. Ref. , 31, 129. MtLLER, M. 1903 Uber das Wachstum und die Lebenstatigkeit von Bakterien bei niederer Temperatur. Arch. Hyg. , 47, 127. OLSON, J. C. JR.,. WILLOUGHBY, D. S. , THOMAS, E. L. , AND MORRIS, H. A. 1953 The keeping quality of pasteurized milk as influenced by the growth of psychrophilic bacteria and the addition of aureomycin. J. Milk and Food Technol. , 16, 213-219. PARKER, R. B. , CALDWELL, A. L. , AND ELLIKER, P. R. 1953 Psychrophilic bacteria-a sanitation problem. J. Milk and Food Technol. , 16, 136-139. ROGICK, F. A. , AND BURGWALD, L. H. 1952 Some factors which contribute to the psychrophilic bacterial count in market milk. J. Milk and Food Technol. , 15, 181-185. THOMAS, S. B. , THOMAS, B. F. , AND ELLISON, D. 1949 Milk bacteria which grow at refrigerator temperatures. Dairy Inds. , 14, 921-925. WATROUS, G. H. JR., DOAN, F. J., and JOSEPHSON, D. V. 1952 Some bacteriological studies on refrigerated milk and cream. Penn. State Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 551. ZoBELL, C. E. 1946 Marine Microbiology. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass.
Ester Production by Pseudomonas fragi. II. Factors Influencing Ester Levels in Milk Cultures

Cultures of Pseudomonas fragi were grown at 21 C in sterile homogenized milk and reconstituted skim milk media supplemented with ethyl alcohol. Quantitative determinations of ethyl butyrate and ethyl hexanoate by gas-liquid chromatography showed definite increases in the concentrations of the two esters produced in these media in comparison to media not supplemented with ethyl alcohol. Supplementation with butyric acid in addition to ethyl alcohol generally elevated the ethyl butyrate concentration and usually depressed the cell count slightly. Aeration of any of the media during growth tended to reduce the cell population slightly. A relationship between increase in cell number and increase in concentration of esters during the growth of the culture was observed. Media containing high concentrations of ethyl alcohol plus milk fat or low-molecular-weight fatty acids were conducive to the production of a fruity aroma by P. fragi.
THE ENDOSPORE OF BACTERIA

Cytology. 20 Structure of the resting endospore. 20 Cytology of formation. 26 Germination of the endospore. 39 Biological nature. 45 Chemical composition and antigenic structure. 49 Relation of environment to formation and germination. 50 Formation. 50 Germination. 63
Production of Double Zones of Hemolysis by Certain Strains of Hemolytic Streptococci of Groups A, B, C, and G on Heart Infusion Agar

This report describes the appearance of a double zone of hemolysis around surface colonies of certain strains of streptococci of groups A, B, C, and G incubated aerobically on sheep blood-Heart Infusion Agar. The occurrence of the altered hemolytic pattern was related to peroxide production by the organism. Anaerobic conditions and the incorporation of catalase into the agar abolished the double-zone pattern and caused reversion of the organisms to a beta-hemolytic pattern. The double-zone pattern can be confused with alpha hemolysis on surface growth.
Production of aflatoxins and kojic acid by species of Aspergillus and Penicillium

Aflatoxins, the causative agents of Turkey "X" disease, have been reported to be produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and Penicillium puberulum [Sargeant et al., Nature 192:1096, 1961; Austwick and Ayerst, Chem. Ind. (London), p. 55, 1963; Hodges et al., Science 145:1439, 1964]. Structures of the four major aflatoxins (designated B1, B2, G1, and G2) have been elucidated by Asao et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87:882, 1965). Kojic acid was first reported to be produced by A. oryzae [Saito, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21:7, 1907], but its production has been demonstrated in almost all the species-groups of Aspergillus (Foster, Chemical Activities of Fungi, p. 430, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1949). Because of our interest in the biological characterization ot fungi maintained in the Natick Laboratories Culture Collection (QM), 166 strains representing 14 species of Aspergillus and 8 species of Penicillium were screened for the production of aflatoxins and of kojic acid. Although the bulk of aflatoxin work has centered on species of Aspergillus, selected strains of Penicillium species known to produce mycotoxins were included (Forgacs et al., Am. J. Vet. Res. 19:744, 1958). The fungal strains were inoculated into 250-ml flasks containing 50 ml of glucose-ammonium nitrate medium with mineral supplement (Brian et al., J. Exptl. Bot. 12:1, 1961) and incubated for 1 week at 25 C under stationary conditions. Chloroform extracts of the cultures were examined by use of the method described by Hartley et al. (Nature 198:1056, 1963). Examination of the chloroform extracts for kojic acidwas performed on silica gelG (E. Merck AG, Darmstadt, Germany) with the use of benzene-acetic acid-methanol (3:1:1) solvent. Kojic acid was identified from its melting point and infrared spectrum; detection and spectrophotometric assay was performed with ferric chloride solution (Bentley, p. 238, In S. P. Colowick and N. 0. Kaplan [ed.], Methods in Enzymology, vol. 3, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1957). Aflatoxins were produced by 26 of the strains of A. flavus and by all of the strains of A. parasiticus examined (Table 1). The amounts of the four aflatoxins varied with the fungal strain. Maximal yields per milliliter of culture medium were: 3.0 ,Ag of B1, 0.36 ,ug of B2, 0.72 ,ug of G1, and 0.22 Ag of G2.
Inactivated Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccines Prepared in Monolayer and Concentrated Suspension Chick Embryo Cultures

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis vaccines were prepared with virus propagated in stationary monolayer cultures and in concentrated suspension cultures of primary chick embryo cells. Virus pools for vaccine preparation were inactivated by three different methods: 0.05% formalin, 41 C heat, and 0.16% β-propiolactone. Heat-and β-propiolactone-inactivated vaccines maintained high hemagglutinating titers in the fluid state for at least 10 months, whereas formalin-inactivated vaccines lost their hemagglutinating activity within a few hours after treatment. The hemagglutinin of β-propiolactone-inactivated virus particles was more dense than the hemagglutinin of the parent virus particles, as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The increase in density may be due to the degradation or removal of the lipid from the virus envelope. When administered to guinea pigs, all three vaccines stimulated hemagglutination-inhibiting, complement-fixing, and neutralizing antibodies and afforded protection against a live virus challenge. Test results showed that vaccines prepared with virus propagated in concentrated suspension cultures were more immunogenic and stimulated greater serologic responses in guinea pigs than vaccines derived from monolayer-propagated virus. The β-propiolactone-inactivated vaccine was most protective, the heat-inactivated (41 C) vaccine next, and the formalin-inactivated vaccine least potent.
Nitrification of Aspartate by Aspergillus flavus

Heterotrophic conversion of l-aspartic acid to nitrification products by Aspergillus flavus was studied in a replacement incubation system. Numerous amino acids supported nitrification; aspartate and glutamate were about equivalent as the best sources of nitrate. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the incubation system substantially enhanced nitrate formation for all nitrifiable amino acids except aspartic acid, but the basis for the bicarbonate effect is obscure. The yield of nitrate from l-aspartate was not approached by forms of aspartic acid resulting from substitution on the beta carbon, the amino nitrogen, or the gamma carboxyl group or by aspartate presented as the d-configuration. There was no relationship between nitrate formation and the occurrence of such possible intermediates as nitrite, bound hydroxylamine, ammonia, aspergillic acid, and beta-nitropropionic acid. Uniformly labeled 14C-l-aspartate that was nitrified in replacement incubation led to no accumulation of label in possible nitrification products in the culture filtrate. Label was found in components of the mycelium after acid hydrolysis, with heaviest accumulation in what appeared to be glucosamine and an unidentified compound, possibly acetylglucosamine. Detectable label was redistributed into serine, glycine, and threonine.
Standardized Viral Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests. II. Description and Statistical Evaluation

Standardized hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition procedures are described and statistically evaluated for all animal viruses where applicable, except for rubella and the arbovirus group. The standardized tests employ a constant phosphate-buffered saline diluent and constant volumes of serum, antigen, and standardized erythrocyte suspension. The standardized hemagglutination test has a reproducibility of 84 to 96% with adenoviruses, rubeola, and the myxoviruses, and 78 to 93% with reoviruses; the standardized hemagglutination-inhibition test has a reproducibility of 95 to 100% with all viruses tested.