Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfur budget above the Eastern Mediterranean: relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources

Abstract To access the relative contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sulfur sources to the sulfur budget in the Eastern Mediterranean, an area characterized by very high nss-SO2-4 levels, measurements of both wet and dry deposition of sulfur were performed at a remote area on the island of Crete (Finokalia) during a 3-yr period (1996–1999). The estimation of dry deposition is based on both gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate phase non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO2-4) and methane sulfonate (MSA) measurements. During the dry period, deposition of SO2 from long-range transport is the main component of anthropogenic sulfur deposition in the area. The results of the wet and dry deposition obtained at Finokalia have been compared with DMS emission from seawater obtained during two yearly surveys (1997–1998) in the Cretan Sea. Our results indicate that the contribution from biogenic sources to the sulfur budget in the Eastern Mediterranean, although negligible during winter, can account for up to 26% during summer.
Ecofriendly behavior of host matrix in composites prepared from agro‐waste and polypropylene

Composites were prepared by two methods: (1) graft copolymerization (GFC) of isotactic polypropylene (PP) with coupling agent maleic anhydride (MAH), followed by esterification with coir fiber; (2) by direct reactive mixing (DFC) of PP, MAH, and peroxide with coir fiber in a minimax molder. These composites, after molding in films (5 × 5 cm, ∼100 μm thickness) were examined for susceptibility to biological attack by measuring the percentage weight loss in compost up to 6 months, periodically, and fungal colonization on surface of the samples, when kept as sole carbon source for the growth of Aspergillus niger in culture medium up to 40 days. Photodegradation was evaluated by monitoring the variations in a Fourier transform infrared spectrum and crack formation after successive treatment with ultraviolet (UV) light (≥290 nm) for 0, 20, 50, and 100 h at 60°C in the presence of air. Specimens of virgin PP were taken as a reference during all periods of photo- and biodegradations. Significant consequences of the manner of composite preparation on photo/biodegradation were observed during the whole study. DFC samples degraded faster than GFC during the composting whereas, in culture, GFC was covered by fungi in a highly well-uniform way. It is shown that photo-oxidative aging directly enhanced the biodegradability of composites, as an increase in fungal growth rate and decrease in weight during composting was found. It was concluded that extent of compatibilization has a profound effect on photo/biodegradation of composite material; consequently, ester bonds were the main units during fungal consumption. Surface erosion was maximum in the case of 100 h UV-treated GFC and minimum for unirradiated PP after culture exposure, as shown by scanning electron microscopy, which is due to the use of composite films as energy source by microbes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1009–1017, 2003
A lysimeter study of nutrient losses from urine and dung applications on pasture

Abstract The effects of superphosphate plus KCl alone, and with dung or urine, on pasture and soil were compared in a lysimeter experiment investigating the fate of applied potassium on a yellow-brown pumice soil. The percentages of K applied in KCl, dung, and urine recovered in herbage and lost in drainage were 73, 80, and 51 and 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Superphosphate plus KCl plus urine showed highly significant increases of exchangeable K down the soil profile compared with superphosphate plus KCl alone. The dung treatment resulted in only minor changes in exchangeable K in the soil. The concentration of magnesium in the herbage was depressed by urine but increased by dung which also increased exchangeable Mg in the soil to a depth of 30 cm. Drainage losses of sulphur from superphosphate, dung, and urine were 41, 0, and 67% respectively, of the amounts of S added. Calcium and Mg losses in drainage were approximately equivalent to nitrate and chloride losses, and it was apparent that the presence of m.
The NIST Chemistry WebBook: A Chemical Data Resource on the Internet†

The NIST Chemistry WebBook (http://webbook.nist.gov) is an Internet site that provides access to chemical and physical property data both from NIST and other sources. The site was established in 1996 and has grown to encompass a wide variety of thermochemical, ion energetics, solubility, and spectroscopic data. The thermochemical data available include enthalpies of formation, enthalpies of phase transitions, and heat capacities. Thermochemical properties of many reactions that support enthalpy of formation values are provided. Automated tools are used to check data prior to its inclusion in the web site. Most of the collections in the site provide extensive coverage of the literature in their field and include relevant metadata such as the experiment type or important auxiliary data. These features make the site an excellent tool for data evaluation. A major goal of the project was to provide convenient access to all types of chemical data. Several challenges were encountered in the development of system.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties of Ag-Modified Mg-Doped ZnO Nanocrystals Hybridized with Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets

Heterojunction semiconductor composites could enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photocatalysts. We successfully in-situ synthesized the hybrids of Mg-doped ZnO and reduced graphene oxide (MZO/RGO) by one-pot wet chemical method. Ag nanocrystals are loaded onto the MZO/RGO composites by photochemical reduction method. Crystallization of MZO/RGO-Ag upon thermal decomposition of the stearate precursors was investigated by X-ray diffraction technique. XRD studies point toward the particles size with 15-20 nm, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and also indicates that Ag nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of nanocomposites. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanomaterial was significantly improved by Mg-doping, RGO sheets corporation and Ag hybridization. It was found that the RGO sheets take the role of improving the charge separation during the photocatalytic activity, and the presence of Ag nanocrystals enhances the quick discharge of photoinduced electrons under the UV light. Therefore, the MZO/RGO-Ag nanohybrids are excellent candidates for the applications of environmental issues.
Effect of Electron Leakage on Efficiency Droop in Wide-Well InGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes

Efficiency droop in wide-well InGaN double-heterostructure light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been investigated by inserting an extra InGaN quantum well into the p-type side as the electron leakage test structure. The LED with a test structure exhibits an improvement of efficiency droop in the measurement range of 83.4 to 521 A/cm2. These results suggest that the electron leakage significantly decreases the peak external quantum efficiency and shifts the start point of efficiency drop to a higher current density. Additionally, the hole injection efficiency probably dominates the mechanism of efficiency droop rather than electron leakage in the wide-well InGaN DH LEDs.
Maniat laments as narratives : forms and norms of entextualization

This thesis studies Maniat laments as narratives in folkloristic contexts. It focuses on a manuscript collection of Maniat laments which was compiled around 1930-35 by Ioannis Strilakos (a philologist from Gerolimenas, 1911-1949); it also draws on data from ethnographic fieldwork and published collections. Texts from the collection that refer to killings or abductions (sensational laments) have been compiled in a digital corpus following the latest standards in textual encoding in order to facilitate textual analyses. The study proposes an eclectic language-focused approach to verbal art following recent trends in the study of oral poetics (Bauman and Briggs 1990) and narrative analysis (Labov 1997, Ochs and Capps 2001) brought together by critical perspectives on discourse and culture in sociolinguistics (Blommaert 2005). First of all, the analysis identifies an ethnopoetic-narrative patterning and its variations in relation to prototypical structures of oral experience narratives. The identified prototypical structures are viewed along a set of narrativity dimensions which define their conventionalisation and entextualisabilityt on a continuum that encompasses laments performed in both ritual and non-ritual contexts. Secondly, this study explores the way norms of language have been deployed in practices of recording, selecting, editing, transcribing and publishing laments either emphasising their 'canonical' textual shape or adding new meanings through orthopraxies. The latter are illustrated in the hybrid register in which the texts in the manuscript collection have been recorded, pointing to synergies between orality and literacy norms and revealing the complexity of the natural histories of verbal art.
Thermomechanical Properties of Rocket Propellants and Correlation with cookoff behaviour

Le comportement de Cookoff de differents propergols HTPB/AP et HTPB/RDX a ete evalue en utilisant la bombe cookoff small-scale standardisee (sur la base du developpement du NWC) et une version modifiee de l'equipement standard (qui permet de mesurer quantitativement la violence de la reaction) pour etudier (1) l'effet de la teneur en plastifiant sur les caracteristiques thermomecaniques et son role lors de la modification de la reaction cookoff, ainsi que (2) la vitesse d'echauffement. On a observe un passage d'un comportement de cookoff lent a un comportement de cookoff rapide pour les propergols HTPB/RDX plastifies; la performance pression/energie mesuree pour la vitesse d'echauffement lente etait beaucoup plus faible que celle obtenue dans le cas de la vitesse d'echauffement rapide et pour le meme propergol. La repartition/le gradient thermique pour differentes positions et profondeurs dans l'eprouvette de propergol, pour un cookoff rapide et un cookoff lent, a ete mesure pour comprendre l'inversion de la force de reaction constate dans les explosifs RDX lorsque la vitesse d'echauffement a ete modifiee. Les proprietes thermomecaniques des propergols ont ete mesurees et mises en correlation avec le comportement de cookoff pour mieux comprendre le mecanisme du cookoff.
Lewis acid character of zero-valent gold nanoclusters under aerobic conditions: Intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes

Gold nanoclusters stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Au:PVP NCs, O = 1.3nm) behave as Lewis acid catalyst in aqueous media under aerobic conditions, to promote the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of unactivated alkenes. Molecular oxygen generates a reaction center having the Lewis acidic character on the surface of Au NCs in which constituent gold atoms are formally in zero-valence state.
Gas entrainment rate and flow pattern of vertical plunging liquid jets

For a vertical plunging liquid jet system using various liquids, the effects of the operating conditions including the nozzle length-to-diameter ratio on the gas entrainment rate Qg were evaluated experimentally. The differences in Qg were related to the changes in the jet shape before plunging and the velocity of the plunging liquid jet at the point where the gas sheath breaks up. Empirical relationships were also presented to predict the maximum depth Z of bubbles entrained by the diffusing jet. The changes of Z were further discussed in terms of the downward liquid velocity distribution in the submerged two-phase region, which depends mainly on the size of entrained bubbles.
Facile synthesis of mesoporous Mn3O4 nanorods as a promising anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries

In this work, porous Mn3O4 nanorods have been fabricated through the decomposition of MnOOH nanorods under an inert gas. The sample shows a high BET surface area of 27.6 m2 g−1 and a narrow pore size distribution of 3.9 nm. Because of the excellent porous geometry and one-dimensional structure, the porous Mn3O4 nanorods display outstanding electrochemical performance, such as high specific capacity (901.5 mA h g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1), long cycling stability (coulombic efficiency of 99.3% after 150 cycles) and high rate capability (387.5 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). Very interestingly, the porous Mn3O4 nanorods are converted to Mn3O4 following electrochemical reaction, which does not occur with nonporous Mn3O4 nanorods. The possible reason may be ascribed to the improved kinetics of the porous structure.
Characterisation of the bound lipids at the wool fibre surface by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Negative ion time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of rigorously cleaned untreated, hydroxylamine and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-treated wool fabrics, produced with minimal finishing, has revealed the possible presence of hitherto unidentified bound acids at the surface of the wool fibre. Spectral peaks have been assigned to C8 through to C22 fatty acids, the odd numbered acids of which have been assigned to anteiso acids, (a), akin to the anteiso acid 18-methyleicosanoic acid known to be the dominant fatty acid bound to keratin fibre surfaces. This has included the assignment of some small peaks to hydroxylated aC18H36(OH)COS− and aC20H40(OH)COS− species, where the hydroxyl group is attached to the asymmetric 16 or 18 numbered carbon atom in the alkyl chain, respectively. The study has confirmed that many of the acids are bound to the fibre surface by thioester linkages (about 70%) and that the remainder is bound by oxygen ester acyl linkages. ToF-SIMS analysis of hydroxylamine-treated wool has confirmed the removal of all the thioester bound surface lipids, as well as lesser quantities but not all of the acyl bound lipids. In contrast, a 2 h KOH treatment removes all surface accessible bound lipids. Positive ion ToF-SIMS spectral analyses have not proved useful in characterising the possibly thiol rich fibre surface remaining after hydroxylamine treatment. The formation of characteristic immonium ions from surface cysteine residues after hydroxylamine treatment has been shown not to occur for free cysteine and so is unlikely to occur for such residues at the wool fibre surface. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses have also been performed to assess the extent of the hydroxylamine reaction with the fibre. The implications of these findings for currently proposed models of the wool fibre surface, and for exploiting reactions of hydroxylamine followed by other electrophilic reagents to produce modified wool surfaces, are also discussed.
Physical Adsorption of Block Copolymers to SWNT and MWNT: A Nonwrapping Mechanism

A detailed study of the interaction mechanism between carbon nanotubes and physically adsorbed block copolymers is presented. The combination of experimental observations, computer simulations and theory suggests that while the solvophobic blocks adsorb to the nanotubes by a nonwrapping mechanism, the dangling (solvophilic) blocks provide a steric barrier that leads to the formation of stable dispersions of individual single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) above a threshold concentration of the polymer. The observed threshold concentration depends on the length of the solvophobic blocks, and it is higher for MWNT as compared to SWNT. Theory suggests that the latter is a consequence of dimensional considerations. Spectroscopic characterization of the dispersions indicate that the dispersing block polymers do not alter the electronic structure of the well dispersed individual SWNT, supporting the model of nonspecific adsorption of the polymer to the tube driven by van .
FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PZT/TiO2 STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO THE DEPOSITION CONDITION OF TiO2 INTERLAYER

ABSTRACT PZT thin films on the interlayer (TiO2) and Si substrate were fabricated by the r.f. magnetron-sputtering method. As a result of the EPMA analysis, we can conclude that the TiO2 thin film decrease Pb volatilization. TiO2 interlayer and PZT thin film were investigated by interface analysis of Glow Discharge Spectrometer (GDS) and observed to be independent layers respectively. Interlayer (TiO2) between PZT and Pt affected as seed layer of thin film and decreased crystallization temperature. Compared to the PZT thin films with TiO2 interlayer without post-annealing, the films with TiO2 interlayer annealed by RTA furnace showed prevailing ferroelectric properties.
The Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Condensed Phosphates. III. The Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Trimeta- and Tetrametaphosphates

The hydrolysis of sodium trimeta- and tetrametaphosphates was run in water, dioxane–water, and formic acid–water solvents with an initial concentration of 0.025 mol/l at various pH values and temperatures. The hydrolysis of both the metaphosphates followed first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of the phosphate under all the conditions studied and was an acid- and base-catalyzed reaction. In acidic solutions, the rate of hydrolysis of both the metaphosphates in water is faster than that in formic acid–water and slower than that in dioxane-water. Therefore, it is concluded that, in the formic acid–water solvent, the nucleophilicity of the water molecule may decrease on account of the solvation of the water molecule with the acid, while, in the dioxane–water solvent, since the scission of the hydrogen bond between water molecules may occur by the interaction of dioxane and water molecules, the nucleophilicity of the water molecule may increase. The hydrolysis of both metaphosphates in acidic.
Kinetics of phase transitions: Theory of Ostwald ripening

A new derivation is presented for the last stage of phase separation in the kinetics of a first order phase transition, precipitation, where Ostwald ripening is the dominant mechanism. We use a time scaling technique and derive the power law time dependence and distribution function for the size of the particles of the new phase. Equations are derived for the correction terms to the distribution function and power laws. The derivation clarifies and corrects prior work.
Photoassisted Degradation of Dye Pollutants. 8. Irreversible Degradation of Alizarin Red under Visible Light Radiation in Air-Equilibrated Aqueous TiO2 Dispersions

Alizarin red undergoes rapid photoassisted decomposition in air-equilibrated aqueous TiO2 dispersions under visible light radiation (λ > 420 nm). Proton NMR, chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), UV−visible, IR, GC−MS, and spin-trapping ESR spectroscopic techniques were employed to obtain details of the photodegradation of alizarin red. Peroxides and carbonyl species are the first intermediates observed during the process. The major component of the peroxides produced is H2O2, and no organoperoxides were detected. We have also confirmed that in addition to CO2 and to smaller carbonyl species the principal intermediate produced is phthalic acid, which is unable to degrade further because it does not absorb the actinic visible light radiation (λ > 420 nm). The photodegradation kinetics are discussed in terms of the Langmuir−Hinshelwood model, a case of saturation type kinetics. A mechanism for the photoassisted degradation of alizarin red mediated by TiO2 particles under visible light radiation is proposed.
Ruled Surfaces of Finite II-Type

In this paper, we consider surfaces in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space E3 without parabolic points which are of finite II-type, that is, they are of finite type, in the sense of B. -Y. Chen, with respect to the second fundamental form. We study an important family of surfaces, namely, ruled surfaces in E3 . We show that ruled surfaces of infinite II-type.
Corrosion Potential Measurements on Type 304 SS and Alloy 182 in Simulated BWR Environments

Abstract The effects of dissolved oxygen, hydrogen, and hydrogen peroxide on the corrosion (electrochemical) potentials (ECPs) of type 304 SS and alloy 182 in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) coolant environments under various water chemistry conditions at 288°C are reported. In oxygenated systems, the measured ECP fell within the range +20 to −600 mV (vs SHE) depending on the O2 concentration. The effect of water flow rate on the ECP was also studied as function of dissolved O2 concentration. Increasing flow rate at constant oxygen concentration increased the ECPs of type 304 SS and alloy 182. The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the ECP of type 304 SS and alloy 182 in pure water was also determined. The authors found that the concentration of oxygen and the ECP increased immediately when H2O2 was injected into the cell. The measured corrosion potentials of both alloys were 200 to 400 mV more positive than for dissolved O2 at similar levels. However, the ECP was lower than that expected theoret.
Soil aeration for dairy manure spreading on forage: effects on ammonia volatilisation and yield.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of performing soil aeration either before or after spreading liquid manure in forage production systems. The experiments included eight trials performed in 1996 using a non-interfering diffusion method to determine ammonia (NH3) flux emissions from both aerated and control plots. For all eight trials, the manure application rate was 75 355 L ha−1. The average NH3 loss for the aerated treatment was 67.3 kg ha−1 while the loss for the control plots was 63.0 kg ha−1. Although differences in the NH3 loss between treatments were low, substantial variations were observed between individual trials depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions.To further evaluate the effects of soil aeration, 11 trials were carried out on Nova Scotia dairy farms in 1996 and 1997 to identify yield effects. Manure application rates ranged from 18 000 to 64 000 L ha−1. The average forage yield on aerated treatments was 9.4% below control treatments (i.e., manure without aera.
Surface modification of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) with vacuum UV radiation from rotating helium dc arc plasmas

Treatment of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from high pressures of helium in rotating dc arc plasmas was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected defluorination and appearance of the functional groups (C=O, O–C=O and C–O) on the surface. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed the appearance of a band at 1884 cm−1 indicating the formation of the carboxylic acid fluoride moiety, –(C=O)–F. Improvement in film wettability was observed by contact angle measurements while SEM micrographs showed an increased amount of cracking on the surface with VUV exposure. Adhesion measurements of Cu sputter-coated onto the photo-modified surfaces resulted in failure within the fluoropolymer (cohesive failure) and not at the Cu-fluoropolymer interface. Cohesive failure occurred with shorter treatment times than for VUV exposure downstream from low pressure Ar microwave plasmas.
Template-free Growth of Vertically Aligned CdS Nanowire Array Exhibiting Good Field Emission Property

A novel template-free solvothermal route was successfully designed to fabricate single-crystal vertically aligned CdS nanowire array, and its field emission property for the first time, was studied. The relatively high emission current density and low turn-on field make the CdS nanowire array one of the promising candidates for field-emission display.