Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative Effects of Cloud-Type Variations

Abstract Radiative flux changes induced by the occurrence of different cloud types are investigated using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud data and a refined radiative transfer model from National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. Cloud types are defined by their top height and optical thickness. Cloud-type variations are shown to be as important as cloud cover in modifying the radiation field of the earth–atmosphere system. Other variables, such as the solar insolation and atmospheric and surface properties, also play significant roles in determining regional cloud radiative effects. The largest “annual” mean (approximated by averaging the results of four particular days, one from each season) changes of the global top-of-atmosphere and surface shortwave radiative fluxes are produced by stratocumulus, altostratus, and cirrostratus clouds (i.e., clouds with moderate optical thicknesses). Cirrus, cirrostratus, and deep.
Assessing the extent of carbonate deposition in early rift settings

Select lacustrine and marine depositional settings show a spectrum of styles of carbonate deposition and illustrate the types of carbonates, with an emphasis on microbialites and tufa, to be expected in early rift settings. Early rift lake examples examined in this review article are all from East Africa: Lakes Turkana, Bogoria, Natron and Magadi, Manyara, and Tanganyika. Other lake examples include four from the western United States (Great Salt Lake and high lake level Lake Bonneville, Mono Lake and high lake level Russell Lake, Pyramid Lake and high lake level Lake Lahontan, and Searles Lake) and two from Australia (Lakes Clifton and Thetis). Marine basin examples are the Hamelin Pool part of Shark Bay from Australia (marginal marine) and the Red Sea (marine rift). Landsat images and digital elevation models for each example are used to delineate present and past lake-basin margins based on published lake-level elevations, and for some examples, the shorelines representing different lake levels can be compared to evaluate how changes in size, shape, and lake configuration might have impacted carbonate development. The early rift lakes show a range of characteristics to be expected in lacustrine settings during the earliest stages of continental extension and rifting, whereas the Red Sea shows well advanced rifting with marine incursion and reef–skeletal sand development. Collectively, the lacustrine examples show a wide range of sizes, with several of them being large enough that they could produce carbonate deposits of potential economic interest. Three of the areas—Great Salt Lake and high lake level Lake Bonneville, Pyramid Lake and high lake level Lake Lahontan, and the Red Sea—are exceedingly complex in that they illustrate a large degree of potential depositional facies heterogeneity because of their size, irregular pattern, and connectivity of subbasins within the overall basin outline.
Effect of micronutrient antioxidant administration around peri-parturient period on milk composition of murrah buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis )

Buffalo milk is blessed with illustrious nutritive profile viz . richer in energy, protein, vitamin and mineral content and is also one of the most consumed dairy products. Higher nutritive profiles make it as preferable food for consumption and processing to other nutraceutical dairy products and also predisposes buffalo milk for quick development of microorganisms. This predisposition to infection is further reinforced by high susceptibility of periparturient period for high bacterial infection of milk and mammary gland which ultimately affects milk quality. Existing animal husbandry feeding practices are predisposing livestock to the deficiency of micronutrient antioxidants. Enhanced oxidative stress in association to deficient micronutrient antioxidants and negative energy balance during transition period can compromise milk composition. Therefore, the present study was performed to study the effect of administration of micronutrient antioxidants around periparturient period on milk composition of murrah buffaloes. Clinically healthy twenty four buffaloes in their last month of gestation were selected and redistributed into three groups viz . control, VE and MM. VE and MM groups were administered with injection of Vitamin E & selenium & multiminerals respectively on 30th day of prepartum, 7 th day of prepartum and day 2 of postpartum. The milk sample was collected on day 1, day 7, day 14 and day 28 of calving. The investigations revealed a significant increase ( p <0.001) in milk fat content on day 1 of calving in the Vitamin E and selenium administered group as compared to the control group. No significant change in milk SNF, lactose, protein and pH of milk were observed between control and supplemented groups. Finally, the study concluded that the parenteral administration of vitamin E and selenium during the periparturient period improves the composition of buffalo milk.
Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block: An Update

The fascia iliaca compartment block remains a safe, simple and reliable technique for providing analgesia, particularly in the perioperative management of patients with hip fractures. Landmark and ultrasound-guided infrainguinal techniques are well described. There is anatomical logic to more proximal suprainguinal approaches that may be more effective. Identification of the correct fascial plane is essential for block success. Irrespective of the regional technique chosen, a multimodal analgesic strategy is advisable.
Efficiency and Contestability in the Colombian Banking System

Despite progress in the past decade, financial markets in Colombia remain relatively small and shallow. In particular the banking system suffers high intermediation costs, which limit constrains access to finance by households and firms. This paper explores some of the causes behind these intermediation costs. An accounting decomposition of the lending-deposit spread suggests that the levels of contestability and efficiency are low. A more in-depth analysis using stochastic frontier and data envelopment analyses confirm that the efficiency of the Colombian commercial banking system is low compared to other emerging markets and OECD economies with similar levels of development. Furthermore, econometric estimates of market contestability support the hypothesis that contestability in Colombia is subpar. Finally, the paper also explores some of the potential determinants of efficiency and contestability for a sample of the 24 countries over the period 2004 – 2013. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Colombia. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-colombia.htm) Efficience et contestabilite du marche bancaire en Colombie Malgre les progres accomplis durant la decennie precedente, les marches financiers colombiens demeurent peu developpes. En particulier, le systeme bancaire affiche des couts d’intermediation eleves qui limitent l’acces financier des menages et des entreprises. Ce papier explore quelques-uns des determinants de ces couts d’intermediation. Une decomposition comptable de la difference entre les taux d’emprunt et les taux de pret indique que l’efficience et la contestabilite sont limitees. Une etude approfondie reposant sur les methodes de frontiere stochastique et d’enveloppement des donnees confirme que l’efficience des banques commerciales colombiennes est faible comparee a d’autres pays emergents et a des pays de l’OCDE ayant le meme niveau de developpement. Par ailleurs, une estimation econometrique du degre de contestabilite du marche bancaire colombien revele que celui-ci est bas. Finalement, les determinants de l’efficience et de la contestabilite sont analyses pour un echantillon de 24 pays sur la periode 2004 – 2013. Ce document de travail se rapporte a l’Etude economique 2014 de l’OCDE sur la Colombie (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-colombie.htm).
Erosion tests on four intact Ontario clays

Erosion tests were carried out on four natural intact cohesive soils from Ontario using laboratory flume tests with both clear water and water with sand in suspension. It was found that erosion was initiated at discontinuities. The critical shear stresses were low and were not related to the geotechnical properties of the soils. Higher rates of erosion occurred with the sand suspension, and erosion appeared to be controlled by the movement of the sand particles. It is suggested that where the eroding water contains particles in suspension, such as in river beds and along shorelines of cohesive soil, erosion may be controlled by the size of the particles rather than the properties of the cohesive soil or the eroding water. Key words: erosion, cohesive soil, flume test.
Meta-igneous rocks of the West-Carpathian basement, Slovakia: indicators of Early Paleozoic extension and shortening events

The paper reviews the main West-Carpathian Early Paleozoic metamorphosed originally sedimentary-magmatic complexes, dated by SHRIMP on zircons, as indicators of crustal extension and shortening events. Igneous precursors of a Layered Amphibolite Complex (LAC) -- fractionated upper mantle gabbros to diorites, dated at 503 ± 4 and 492 ± 4 Ma from the North-Veporic, or 480 ± 5 and 450 ± 6 Ma from the Tatric basement are contemporaneous with subaluminous to metaluminous I-type (507 ± 4 Ma, the South-Veporic basement), peraluminous S-type (497 ± 4 Ma, the South-Veporic basement; 516 ± 7, 485 ± 6 and 462 ± 6 Ma, the North-Veporic basement; 497 ± 6, 472 ± 6 and 450 ± 6 Ma, the Tatric basement), alkaline A-type (511 ± 6 Ma, South-Veporic basement) granitic orthogneisses and calcalkaline rhyolitic (482 ± 6 Ma) and dacitic (476 ± 7 Ma) metavolcanics (Gemeric basement), indicating a magmatic immature back arc setting. The ages point to Middle/Late Cambrian, Early and Late Ordovician magmatic phases, coeval with the extension in the northern Gondwana margin. Separation of an inferred Avalonian and/or Galatian terranes distal continental ribbon corresponds with the opening of a Medio-European Basin. A 430-390 Ma dated MP/HP metamorphic event, recorded in the LAC and associated orthogneisses, occurred in the area of thinned immature back arc basin crust due to closure of the Medio-European Basin. Thus a distal Gondwana continental ribbon north of this basin could be an eastward lateral pendant of Armorica, derived from Galatian terrane. Metaophiolites of the Pernek Group (a metagabbrodolerite dated at 371 ± 4 Ma) in the Tatric basement, analogous to island-arc tholeiites and back-arc basin basalts, indicate a back-arc basin setting north of a 430-390 Ma old northward dipping subduction/collision zone, dividing the northward drifting western Galatian terrane microplate from the Gondwana margin. Some metabasites of the Gemeric basement might indicate Late Devonian to Mississippian opening of a peri-Gondwanan Paleotethyan oceanic basin: a 383 ± 3 Ma old remelted metagabbro (482 ± 9 Ma) from the Klatov gneiss-amphibolite complex, ca. 385 Ma old porphyritic metabasite of the Zlatnik ophiolite complex, as well as a 350 ± 5 Ma old HP metabasite as tectonic fragment within the Rakovec Group. The closure of Devonian-Mississippian basins, accompanied by medium-pressure (the Pernek Group) to high-pressure (blueschist to eclogitic tectonic fragments in greenschist facies rocks of the Rakovec Group) metamorphism, occurred in late Carboniferous to early Permian, when Paleotethyan realm complexes accreted to a Galatian terrane microplate, the latter represented by the older and the higher-grade Tatric and Veporic basement complexes.
Shifts of the plate boundary in Iceland: Some aspects of Tertiary volcanism

This paper points out five anomalies of the Icelandic upper crust that are not compatible with currently accepted construction models. These anomalies are (1) assumption of a single time-averaged plate boundary, (2) irregular depth distribution to seismic layer 3, (3) the assumption of a uniform vertical compositional zonation, (4) the “excess width” of Iceland, and (5) abnormal variations in the duration and stratigraphic thickness of chron 5 time lavas in western, northern, and eastern Iceland. A model involving frequent shifts of the volcanic zones in Iceland is outlined that suggests a way to account for the above structural anomalies. The model also suggests that detailed studies of basalt lava facies types may be used effectively to trace small-scale shifts of the Tertiary plate boundary.
Triassic metasedimentary successions across the boundary between the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc (northern Calabria, Italy)

The boundary area between the Apenninic fold‐and‐thrust belt and the crystalline Calabrian Arc, located around Sangineto in northern Calabria, has been investigated. New geological mapping in the Sant'Agata area has been performed on the Triassic successions traditionally attributed to the metasedimentary San Donato Unit. This, coupled with a reappraisal of the stratigraphy and tectonics of coeval successions present more to the south in the Cetraro Unit, results in a new reconstruction of the Triassic evolution of all the metasedimentary successions found in the region. Four informal stratigraphic units have been distinguished in the S. Agata area. The lowest one (Unit A) consists of well‐bedded metalimestones and bioturbated marly limestones that correlate with Ladinian–Carnian carbonates in nearby areas. A second unit (Unit B), never recognized before, contains a complex alternation of dolomites, phyllites and some meta‐arenites containing several beds of Cavernoso facies, attributed to the Carnian. They grade upward to platform and platform‐margin dolomites of Norian–Rhaetian age (Unit C) that in turn are replaced upward and laterally by a fourth unit (Unit D) consisting of well‐bedded, dark dolomites and metalimestones with marly interlayers locally found as resedimented large blocks in slope conglomerates. Unit D correlates with Rhaetian–Liassic beds in nearby areas. Several pieces of evidence of post‐metamorphic contractional tectonics, with 140°N and 30°N trends, are found together with evidence of SW‐directed extension.
The Peri-Saccadic Perception of Objects and Space

Eye movements affect object localization and object recognition. Around saccade onset, briefly flashed stimuli appear compressed towards the saccade target, receptive fields dynamically change position, and the recognition of objects near the saccade target is improved. These effects have been attributed to different mechanisms. We provide a unifying account of peri-saccadic perception explaining all three phenomena by a quantitative computational approach simulating cortical cell responses on the population level. Contrary to the common view of spatial attention as a spotlight, our model suggests that oculomotor feedback alters the receptive field structure in multiple visual areas at an intermediate level of the cortical hierarchy to dynamically recruit cells for processing a relevant part of the visual field. The compression of visual space occurs at the expense of this locally enhanced processing capacity.
A solar terminator wave in thermosphere neutral densities measured by the CHAMP satellite

A solar terminator wave is discovered in neutral thermosphere densities. The data originate from the accelerometer experiment on the CHAMP satellite between 2001 and 2007. During solar minimum conditions the phase fronts of the dusk terminator wave during Northern Hemisphere summer extend from about −60° to almost +30° latitude, at an angle of about 30° with respect to the terminator. The density amplitudes are of order ±3–6%, and the horizontal wavelength is of order 3,000 km. The dusk terminator wave is generally more well‐defined than that near dawn, is more prominent during solar minimum than solar maximum, and during solstice as opposed to equinox. This wave is also found in similarly‐analyzed output from the Kyushu University General Circulation Model that extends from the surface to the exobase. At solar minimum the model wave amplitude is similar to that observed, but with a horizontal wavelength close to 2,000 km. Analytic theory predicts a typical horizontal wavelength of 1,000 km. While there have been several reports of ionospheric waves in connection with the solar terminator, this appears to be the first such observation in the neutral thermosphere. In addition, the orientations of the dawn and dusk terminator waves are such that the maximum equatorial density perturbation occurs near midnight; therefore, some previous observations of the so‐called “midnight temperature maximum” may contain contributions attributable to the terminator wave.
Sea-level Rise and Related Potential Hazards on the Argentine Coast

The potential consequences of an eventual acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise on the Argentine coast are considered in the light of the long-term trend in sea-level variation, the impacts that the Argentine coastal areas are undergoing from natural and anthropogenic processes, and the human activities that develop there. Water-level variations were determined from hourly tide height records for Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata, Quequen, and Puerto Madryn. The series used for Buenos Aires (1905 - 1992) and Quequen (1918 - 1981) presented no gaps. For Mar del Plata (1954 - 1992) there were gaps in April and June 1981, November and December 1986, and February and March 1987, while Puerto Madryn (1945 - 1983) showed a gap in May 1982. By suitably completing these gaps the corresponding series of annual levels, calculated as means of monthly mean values, were obtained. Symmetric, low-pass filters with Kaiser-Bessel windows were used to attenuate the contributions from periodic components ranging between 8 and 19 years. The filtered series were subjected to spectral analysis through the Fast Fourier Transform method, recolored in the frequency domain and antitransformed again. The results were used to perform linear regression analyses whose slopes indicated a long-term trend in water-level of + 1.6 ± 0.1 mm/year for Buenos Aires, + 1.4 ± 0.5 mm/year for Mar del Plata, + 1.6 ± 0.2 mm/year for Quequen, and + 3.5 ± 0.1 mm/year for Puerto Madryn. Examples of a rise in water level associated with a storm surge are given to show how this phenomenon affect the Argentine coast. Beach erosion from an accelerated rise in sea-level is quantified for a sector of the sandy shores of the Province of Buenos Aires using the well-known Bruun model. Other likely impacts, particularly on human activities, are also mentioned.
I.—Note on a Collection of Carboniferous Trilobites from the Banks of the Hodder, near Stonyhurst, Lancashire

Earlyin1893, the Rev. G. G. H. Pollen, S.J., of Stonyhurst College, was so kind as to send up to me for examination a collection of Carboniferous fossils, obtained by himself with the assistance of Mr. William van Waterschoot van der Gracht, Jur. Stud. , who during his residence at Stonyhurst paid much attention to the geology of the neighbourhood. The collection proved to be an extremely interesting one, and Mr. Pollen most kindly requested me to keep a selection of the specimens for the Museum, only returning him a named duplicate collection for Stonyhurst. Subsequently Mr. van der Gracht sent me all the specimens he had himself collected, so that I was able to study a very fair series of the fossils from these beds. The specimens sent up were carefully examined by Mr. E. B. Newton, F.G. S. , and were found to comprise as follows:—Fragments of Vertebrata (possibly phalangeal bones of a small reptile? ), also a part of jaw of a small Fish ? (not determined).
Vowel perception under prominence: Dual roles for F0 and duration

Prosodic prominence modulates vowel production and acoustics. In the present study we test if the same effects play out in perception. We test perception of four American English vowel contrasts, varying formants and duration along a continuum. We test how F0-based prominence modulates vowel categorization, and explore the role of vowel duration as an intrinsic and prominence-lending cue. We find that F0-based prominence modulates vowel perception, dependent on vowel height. High vowels undergo perceptual recalibration in line with hyperarticulation, non-high vowels instead reflect sonority expansion. Lengthening of the vowel is interpreted as an intrinsic vowel quality cue, not as prominence. However, both F0-based prominence and duration interact with formants: more prominent F0 and longer duration enhance categorization along the formant continuum, showing a stronger influence of formant cues under prominence. Results thus show a dual influence for F0 and duration. Both independently impact categorization, and additionally mediate formant cue use.
Study on the cooling effects of urban parks on surrounding environments using Landsat TM data: a case study in Guangzhou, southern China

The temperature cooling effects of ten urban parks on surrounding environments in Guangzhou, southern China, are analysed and quantified using Landsat Thematic Mapper data. The results show that there is a temperature rise (about 1.74°C) between green spaces of parks and bare-ground areas of the surroundings. For those parks whose green area percentage is more than 69% and length:width ratio is close to 1, the average temperature differences between boundaries and surrounding sites of parks have linear relationships with the green areas of parks (R 2 > 0.82). Moreover, the nonlinear relationship between the average cooling distance of parks and green areas can be simulated very well using a logarithmic curve (R 2 > 0.93). When the green areas of parks are smaller than 10 566 m2, parks will have no temperature cooling effects on their surrounding environments. When the green areas of parks reach 740 000 m2, the increase of temperature cooling distance is less than 1 m per 10 000 m2 increase of the green area. The most appropriate size of green areas of urban parks should fall between 10 566 and 740 000 m2. For those parks with water areas larger than 128 889 m2, the temperature cooling effects are usually more remarkable. When the length:width ratios of the green areas of urban parks are more than or equal to 2, their temperature cooling distances are always larger than those with length:width ratios equal to 1 given similar green area. Parks with larger green areas (37 163 m2) or larger water areas (>128 889 m2) will have more significant temperature cooling effects in June than in October.
On the extraction of turbulent parameters from atmospheric density fluctuations

A standard method to analyze turbulent fluctuations of a scalar tracer such as potential neutral density is to obtain the structure function constant C2n from the spectrum and to deduce geophysical relevant parameters from C2n. As has been realized earlier, there is a significant drawback in this method because some “constants” are needed which are very difficult to measure and which are therefore only poorly known. In addition, inconsistencies in the constants used also appeared in the literature. In this paper we present a new method to obtain turbulent parameters from the spectra where most of these “constants” are not needed. The basic idea is to fit a spectral model [Tatarskii, 1971] to the experimental spectrum which comprises both the inertial-convective and the transition to the viscous-diffusive subrange. Application of this new method to spectra during the NLC-91 and DYANA campaign shows good agreement between the model and the data. Exemplary comparison of the energy dissipation rates obtained from C2n and from the spectral model shows larger values for the latter with comparatively small difference in one case (DAT13, factor 1.2) and larger deviations in a second flight (NBT5, factor 2.4).