Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence and severity of loose smut and surface-borne smuts of barley on the Canadian prairies from 1972 to 2009

Abstract The barley pathogens Ustilago nuda, U. nigra and U. hordei are seed-borne fungi likely introduced to western Canada on host seed by early European settlers. They initially caused large losses in barley crops, but the development of effective control practices has lessened their impact in western Canada. Monitoring of the incidence and severity of these pathogens in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and to a lesser extent, Alberta has occurred annually from 1972 to 2009. The mean annual percentage of fields with plants expressing loose smut [U. nuda] was 47% and surface-borne smut [U. nigra and/or U. hordei] was 24%. The average percentage of fields in which plants infected with U. nuda and U. nigra and/or U. hordei were found was 11%. There did not appear to be a relationship in incidence between loose smut-infected plants and surface-borne smut-infected plants. The mean annual percentage of plants per field infected with U. nuda was 0.6%, and with U. nigra and/or U. hordei was 1%. In general, the incidence and severity of these pathogens was greater in an area extending from south central Manitoba, through the northern crop districts of Saskatchewan and Alberta. The incidence of loose smut was greatest during the 1980s and 1990s, but has declined since then, while the incidence of surface-borne smut was greatest in the 1970s, followed by a steady decline in incidence until 1999, after which plants expressing surface-borne smut symptoms were uncommon in western Canada.
Attitude, Behavior and Oral Health among Patients Visiting a Dental Institution of Nepal

Oral health is the standard of health of the oral and related tissues. It enables individual to eat, speak and socialize without active disease discomfort or embarrassment which contributes to general well-being. There have been rapid changes in pattern of oral disease during the past decade. Oral disease can be considered a public health problem due to its high prevalence and significant social impact. The changing way of living and the pattern of oral diseases during past few decades clearly denote that there is effect of lifestyle, attitude and behavior on individual's oral health. Hence, behavioural change is needed to reduce the disease. In developing countries like Nepal where there is inadequate focus on oral health, it is important to change the individual’s perception and behavior towards oral health. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the attitude, behavior and oral health of the patients visiting a dental hospital and association of age and gender with their existing oral health.
Learning Outcomes of a General English Course Implementing Multiple E- learning Technologies and Active Learning Concepts

This study attempts to initiate discussions on integrating the concepts of smart classroom and active learning into general English course design. It examines students’ learning outcomes after studying a general English course involving ICT integration, integrated-skills approach, and formative assessment, developed from the concepts of smart classroom and active learning. The data were collected during the 3rd academic term (January-May 2018) that consisted of students’ pre- and post-tests scores on vocabulary, listening, grammar, reading and writing. There were 983 students (77.8% female and 22.2% male) involved with various educational backgrounds and English proficiency levels. The data were examined by using paired-samples t-test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and analyses of students’ improvement by changes of levels. The results indicate significant differences in students’ scores in total and across skills. These results shed light on curriculum and course design with regards to the integration of ICT, integrated-skills approach, and formative assessment.
KLEINODENDRON AND XYLEM ANATOMY OF CLUYTIEAE (EUPHORBIACEAE)

A B S T R A C T Kleinodendron, a new genus of Euphorbiaceae, was assigned by Smith and Downs to the tribe Cluytieae. A xylem anatomical survey indicates that there are no objections to this placement. Woods of Cluytieae are diverse but may be characterized generally by having pores which average less than 80,u in diameter and which are well divided between solitary and radial multiple distributions in the same species; simple vessel perforations; alternate intervascular pitting; fibertracheids and libriform wood fibers; exclusively uniseriate, or uniseriate and biseriate heterocellularvascular rays in the same species; uniseriate "bridges" linking superposed biseriate ray segments; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, and scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma, sometimes in the same species; and crystal rhomboids. That Microdesmis and Pogonophora diverge sharply from these generalizations in having scalariform vessel perforations and broad vascular rays, is an indication that they may not be closely related to other genera in Cluytieae. KLEINODENDRON, a new genus of Euphorbiaceae from Santa Catarina, Brazil, was described recently by Smith and Downs (1964). The authors assigned the new genus to the tribe Cluytieae following the definition laid down by Pax (1890; Smith and Downs cite the 1931 Pax and Hoffmann treatment). Essentially, Cluytieae lack a cyathium, sepals in buds of male flowers are imbricate, filaments are straight or if inflexed a rudimentary ovary is present, and male flowers are petaliferous.2 In his characterization of the tribe Pax mentioned that vessel perforations are simple or scalariform; later (1911) he stated that in Ostodes, Pausandra, and Pogonophora, both scalariform and simple perforations occur in vessels. Pax and Hoffmann (1931) have divided the tribe Cluytieae into six subtribes. The genera represented in this anatomical study fall into these subtribes as follows-Codiaeinae: Baloghia, Ostodes, Codiaeum, Fontainea, Dimorphocalyx, and Blachia; Jatrophinae: Jatropha and Cnidoscolus; Cluytiinae: Trigonostemon; Galeariinae: Mlicrodesmis and Pogonophora; Acidocrotoninae: Acidocroton; Ricinodendrinae: Pausandra, Givotia, and Ricinodendron. All of the above genera which Bentham and Hooker (1880) treated are placed in their tribe Crotoneae, except that Microdesmis and Pogonophora are in the tribe
Duel nature of TGF-β signaling: tumor suppressor vs. tumor promoter

Purpose of review Transforming growth factor β type I (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous cytokine that is well known for its ability to inhibit epithelial cell proliferation. Somatic mutations abrogating the TGF-β signal transduction pathway are found in many gastrointestinal cancers, confirming its importance as a tumor suppressor. In contrast, many nongastrointestinal epithelial malignancies lack these somatic alterations, yet these cancers still acquire resistance to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-β. In many instances, this resistance is part of a signaling switch whereby TGF-β loses its growth inhibitory effects and is then used by the epithelial cell in a growth-promoting fashion. The mechanisms that underlie this change in the phenotypic growth response to TGF-β are now being elucidated. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the dual nature of the TGF-β pathway as it relates to human carcinogenesis. Recent findings Elucidating the molecular basis that enables epithelial cells to change from a growth-suppressive to growth-stimulatory phenotype on TGF-β exposure is an area of active research. Besides enhancing cancer cell growth, TGF-β is also thought to promote a malignant cell’s ability to metastasize by mediating changes in the cytoskeletal architecture, known as an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This process enables a cancer cell to invade and spread to distal sites. Strong evidence has now emerged suggesting that the ability of a cell to use TGF-β as a growth-promoting/invasive cytokine is a result of a number of different cellular and nuclear factors, including the absence or disruption of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. This imbalance in cell cycle regulators may be the key element that dictates a cell’s response to TGF-β as growth-inhibitory versus growth-stimulatory, thus explaining the dual nature of TGF-β signaling. Summary Current studies are beginning to shed light on the mechanisms that allow some nongastrointestinal epithelial cancers to evade the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β while simultaneously using this cytokine for growth advantage. By dissecting this phenotypic switch during tumor development, important genes, proteins, and pathways that are involved with TGF-β signaling continue to be discovered. Knowledge of how premalignant cells and tumor cells respond to the growth promoting effects of TGF-β and the genes that regulate this process will aid in the development of novel therapeutics and treatment strategies.
Wildland Fires and Ecosystems--A Hypothesis

Plant species which have survived fires for tens of thousands of years may not only have selected survival mechanisms, but also inherent flammable properties that contribute to the perpetuation of fire—dependent plant communities. This concept goes by beyond the commonly accepted fire climate—fuel moisture basis of wildland fire occurrence. Plant communities may be ignited accidentally or randomly, but the character of burning is not random. The following hypothesis treats this interaction between fire and the ecosystem: Fire—dependent plant communities burn more readily than non—fire—dependent communities because natural selection has favored development of characteristics that make them more flammable. The hypothesis was experimentally derived following laboratory combustion tests with litter of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua L'Herit), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), and tropical hardwood leaves.
Herbicide resistance and gene flow in wild-oats (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana)

Summary. The process of resistance evolution to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was investigated in the cereal weeds wild-oats (Avena fatua L. and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana Malzew) at a number of locations in England, including one farm where distinct patches occur within fields. Genetic fingerprints produced using PCR-based techniques provided evidence for hybridisation between the species and that resistance had spread from one patch to others. The proportion of total variation due to differences between populations (Gst) was estimated at 33^2%, and herbicide-resistant patches contained on average less genetic diversity than herbicide-sensitive counterparts: both findings were consistent with a high degree of self-pollination. It was however concluded that cross-pollination occurs both within and possibly between species, and that this can result in the spread of herbicide resistance.
Estimation of Tactile Discriminatory Fitness in Hands of Public Transport Drivers

INTRODUCTION Cutaneous receptors send afferent signals for the sensory cortex to appreciate the modality. Thus, examination of tactile integrity excluding emotional component is function of sensory receptors, afferent nerves and sensory cortex. This is appropriately determined through two point discrimination (TPD) test which is frequently used for neurological assessment of tactile stimulation. Public transport drivers are constantly being exposed to stimuli that can affect their somatosensory reflex and at risk of disorder of peripheral nervous system which can be further complicated by comorbidities. Likewise, public transport drivers in Nepal do not escape the characteristics such as traffic, noise, unmanaged schedules and quality of vehicles. Early findings that drivers are liable to suffer ill health as a result of job remain true today in Nepal. Thereby, we aimed to compare healthy medical students versus healthy public transport drivers for normative value by two point discrimination test. METHODS A quantitative, cross-sectional study was performed in randomized sample of thirty healthy drivers aged between 20 years and 40 years, operating for transportation of passengers to and from Kathmandu city to Dhulikhel and Bhaktapur for minimum of one year. Protocol approval number of 75/19 was obtained from institutional review committee to conduct the study. Twenty three healthy male students and seven healthy female students of a medical college in Kavrepalanchowk district were tested as control for comparison of TPD value in millimeters (mm). Participants were randomly selected from the pool of drivers and students who matched inclusion criteria and consented for the test. Participants of both the group diagnosed to have neuromuscular disease, skin disease, diabetes, peripheral nervous disorder, infected wound in upper extremities, and upper extremity (unilateral or bilateral) fractures during history elicitation were taken as unhealthy Original Research Article
Wild Otters: Predation and Populations

Introduction 1. Spatial organization, holts, and habitat 2. Social behaviour 3. Diet 4. Fish as prey: numbers, behaviour, and availability 5. Otters fishing: hunting behaviour and strategies 6. Thermo-insulation of otters in the sea and freshwater 7. Populations, survival, and mortality 8. Synthesis: some generalizations and speculations 9. Otters, man, and conservation References Index
The Relationship Between Fulfilment of Basic Needs with the Incidence of Stunting In Toddlers

Introduction: The prevalence of toddlers who very short and short at the age of 0-59 months in Indonesia is still high. One cause of stunting is lack of nutrition, mainly in the first 1000 days of life. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the fulfilment of basic needs with the incidence of stunting in toddlers.Methods: A quantitative analytic research methods using cross-sectional approach was applied on this study. The sample was100 toddlers collected by purposive sampling technique. The questionnaires were used to measure the fulfilment of the basic needs of children and included questions about physical, emotion and stimulation. The data were analysed using Chi-Square.Results: There was a relationship between fulfilment of the basic needs in physical and emotion category with stunting (p value of 0.000), while there was no relationship between fulfilment of basic needs in the category of stimulation with stunting (p value of 0.090). Conclusion: The fulfilment of the basic needs of physical and emotion affects the condition of toddlers with stunting. Thus, all of children should get exclusive breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding, early childhood education programme, attend an Integrated Healthcare Centre routinely, have adequate access to immunisation services.
The effects of climate, host plant phenology and host fidelity on the genetics of apple and hawthorn infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella

True fruit flies belonging to the Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) sibling species complex have been proposed to speciate sympatrically by shifting and adapting to new host plants. Here, we report the results from a series of ecological and genetic experiments conducted at a study site near Grant, Michigan, U.S.A. , aimed at clarifying the relationship between host specialization and reproductive isolation for these flies. Our findings indicate that apple (Malus pumila) and hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) infesting populations of R. pomonella are partially allochronically isolated. Differences in the timing of adult eclosion account for part of the allochronic divergence, as apple adults emerge approximately ten days earlier than hawthorn flies in the field. Genetic analyses across different life history stages of the fly show that adults do not randomly move between apple and hawthorn trees, but trend to attack the same species of plant that they infested as larvae. Estimates of interhost migration from the allozyme data suggest that from 2.8 to 10% of the apple population is of hawthorn origin and that over 20% of the hawthorn population is of apple origin. The length and quality of the growing season appear to affect the genetic composition of the host races, as allele frequencies in the hawthorn population are correlated with ambient temperature and rainfall during the spring of the preceding year. Finally, allele frequencies for six allozyme loci displaying host associated differentiation also show significant linear regressions with the timing of adult eclosion within both races. These regressions establish a link between allozyme loci displaying inter‐host differentiation and a developmental trait (adult eclosion) responsible for partially isolating the races. The slopes of the regressions are paradoxical, however, as they suggest that apple adults should eclose later, not earlier, than hawthorn flies. We conclude by discussing potential resolutions to the eclosion time paradox.
Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on the Growing Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Regular Corn/Soybean-Based Diets and the Economics of Enzyme Supplementation

A study was conducted to compare the effects of two sources of exogenous enzymes on performance of broilers fed regular corn/soybean diets and economics of enzyme supplementation. Bergazym P (Berg) and Hemicell-D (Hemi) were added at rates of 0.025 and 0.05%, respectively, to a control diet (Con) for starter (1-21 d) and finisher (22-42) phases in a completely randomized design. Birds were randomly allotted according to body weight to 3 dietary treatments with 12 replicate per treatment (50 chicks per replicate). Enzyme supplementation had no significant effect of feed intake (FI) at 21 and/or 42 days, even though, enzyme-supplemented birds consumed more feed than Con. Birds fed Berg and Con diets had comparable feed conversion ratios (FCR) at 42 days and were significantly (P<0.05) more efficient than Hemi diet. Body weight (BW) was not significantly affected by enzyme supplementation, however, birds fed Con and Berg weighed heavier than Hemi group at 42 days. Body weight gain (BWG) was numerically greater for birds fed Con and Berg diets at 21 and/or 42 days compared to Hemi diet, despite no significance reported. Economic analysis showed no monetary benefits from including the enzymes in poultry diets as there were no significant differences in final BW among the three diets. Furthermore, birds fed Con diets weighed heavier than birds fed enzyme-supplemented diets. Calculations for the three budgets show a reduction in gross margins and cost-benefit ratio when Berg and Hemi were added compared to Con diet due to reductions in final BW.
The effect of proportion of sown grasses on pasture and animal production from fertilised pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.

Pasture and animal production from fertilised pastures with varying proportions of sown grass (0-60%) were recorded and compared. The presence of sown grass increased pasture production when compared to natural pasture, but no difference was detected in liveweight or wool production between the var- ious pastures. It is doubtful whether sowing of introduced grasses for wool production can be justified at the levels of grazing intensity usually adopted on the Northern Tablelands.
Proteína bruta e energia digestível em dietas para alevinos de curimbatá (Prochilodus affins)

Two hundred and fifty six curimbata (Prochilodus affins) fingerlings averaging initial weight of 2.72 ± 0.11 g, stocked in 32 aquariums (100 L) with water renewal, controlled temperature and individual aeration, were used to determine the dietary crude protein (CP) requirements, according to the digestible energy level (DE). The experiment was carried out in to a 4 x 2 factorial scheme (four CP levels: 18.0, 22.0, 26.0 and 30.0% combined with two DE levels: 2,700 and 3,000 kcal/kg), according to a completely randomized design with four replicates of eight fishes. The fishes were fed ad libitum twice a day, during 78 days. Weight gain, apparent feed intake, apparent feed:gain ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate, nitrogen retention efficiency, humidity, body fat and protein, nitrogen and fat percentage in weight gain were evaluated. No CP ´ DE levels interaction was observed for any studied variable, except for the fat percentage in weight gain. Fishes fed diets with 3,000 kcal de DE/kg showed higher levels of dry matter, body fat and fat percentage in weight gain. It was concluded that CP and DE requirements for curimbata fingerlings are of 26.05% and 2,700 kcal/kg, respectively, that correspond to DE:CP ratio of 10.36 kcal DE/g CP, due to the best results of weight gain and carcass composition.
FACTORS AFFECTINGSMALLHOLDER FARMERS PARTICIPATION AND LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION: THE CASE OF DEDER DISTRICT OF EASTERN HARARGHE ZONE, ETHIOPIA

Irrigation systems require active involvement of the community for sustainable operation to meet the intended objectives. However, farmers‟ participation in small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia has largely been peripheral. Therefore, this study identified and analyzed, the socio- economic and institutional factors affecting participation of smallholder farmers in small-scale irrigation and its effect on household income in Deder district of East Hararghe Zone. Two stage sampling procedure was used to select sample respondents.First, irrigation user kebeles were identified and four sample kebeles were randomly selected. At the second stage, 150 sample respondents were selected usingstratified sampling, probability proportion to size and simple random sampling method.A cross-sectional survey method was used and data was collected through semi-structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and Heckman‟s two-stage estimation model were used for dataanalysis. The analysis revealed that sex of the household head,
Diet composition, prey choice, and breeding success of Long-eared Owls: effects of multiannual fluctuations in food abundance

Common voles (Microtus epiroticus) were the main prey of Long-eared Owls (Asio otus) breeding in western Finland during 1977 – 1989. They constituted, on average, 58% (range 75%) of the number of prey. Field voles (Microtus agrestis), common shrews (Sorex araneus), bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), and water voles (Arvicola terrestris) were the most frequent alternative prey. The owls showed strong preference for common voles over the alternative prey species and this preference increased with vole density. If the common vole is the most profitable prey of Long-eared Owls, the between-years variation in the diet was consistent with the three predictions of the conventional model of the optimal diet theory. (1) Predators should feed on the most valuable prey type when prey are abundant. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of common voles and their proportions in the food. (2) No relationships for alternative prey types agreed with the prediction that the inclusion of a prey.
Charles Philippe Leblond. 5 February 1910 — 10 April 2007

In the modern world of cell biology, it is understood that virtually all cells in the body continuously synthesize a multitude ofproteins, and the pathways of synthesis and secretion of these proteins are well established. The continuous turnover of cells in many tissuesis also an accepted idea, and embryonic and adult stem cells are of central importance, both for the cellular economy and in malignant transformation. None of these phenomena were understood at the beginning of the career of Charles Philippe Leblond, and his extraordinary contributions to these fields have fundamen–tally changed our concepts of cell biology.