Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improvement of leakage, magnetic and magnetodielectric properties in cobalt doped gallium ferrite

Gallium ferrite (GFO) is a magnetoelectric (ME) material, capturing growing attention due to its strong ME coupling at room temperature. However, the application of the material in practical use is hindered due to its high leakage. In this work, the effects of cobalt (Co) substitution at the iron (Fe) sites of GaFe1−x Co x O3 (0.0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.1) polycrystals on the structure, electric and magnetic properties are investigated in detail. 5 at. wt. % substitution (x = 0.05) with cobalt ions achieves a reduction in leakage current density by four orders of magnitude due to reduced hopping between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions and suppression of the oxygen vacancy formation. This is supported by higher dielectric constant and lower dielectric loss, as well as a significant difference between grain and grain boundary resistances. Two-phase-like magnetic behavior in magnetic hysteresis loop with enhanced magnetization and two magnetic transition temperatures are observed in the doped samples. All samples exhibited an increase in the magnetodielectric factor, indicating enhanced coupling between magnetic and electrical parameters. By concurrently increasing dielectric, magnetic, and coupling between them, this study describes a viable technique for lowering the most significant impediment to GFO’s usage as a ME device.
Don’t mind if I do: Arctic humpback whales respond to winter foraging opportunities before migration

Migration patterns are fundamentally linked to the spatio-temporal distributions of prey. How migrating animals can respond to changes in their prey's distribution and abundance remains largely unclear. During the last decade, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) used specific winter foraging sites in fjords of northern Norway, outside of their main summer foraging season, to feed on herring that started overwintering in the area. We used photographic matching to show that whales sighted during summer in the Barents Sea foraged in northern Norway from late October to February, staying up to three months and showing high inter-annual return rates (up to 82%). The number of identified whales in northern Norway totalled 866 individuals by 2019. Genetic sexing and hormone profiling in both areas demonstrate a female bias in northern Norway and suggest higher proportions of pregnancy in northern Norway. This may indicate that the fjord-based winter feeding is important for pregnant females before migration. Our results suggest that humpback whales can respond to foraging opportunities along their migration pathways, in some cases by continuing their feeding season well into winter. This provides an important reminder to implement dynamic ecosystem management that can account for changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of migrating marine mammals.
Historical weather extremes in the “Twentieth Century Reanalysis”

Meteorological or climatological extremes are rare and hence studying them requires long meteorological data sets. Moreover, for addressing the underlying atmospheric processes, detailed three-dimensional data are desired. Until recently the two requirements were incompatible as long meteorological series were only available for a few locations, whereas detailed 3-dimensional data sets such as reanalyses were limited to the past few decades. In 2011, the “Twentieth Century Reanalysis” (20CR) was released, a 6-hourly global atmospheric data set covering the past 140 years, thus combining the two properties. The collection of short papers in this volume contains case studies of individual extreme events in the 20CR data set. In this overview paper we introduce the first six cases and summarise some common findings. All of the events are represented in 20CR in a physically consistent way, allowing further meteorological interpretations and process studies. Also, for most of the events, the magnitudes are underestimated in the ensemble mean. Possible causes are addressed. For interpreting extrema it may be necessary to address individual ensemble members. Also, the density of observations underlying 20CR should be considered. Finally, we point to problems in wind speeds over the Arctic and the northern North Pacific in 20CR prior to the 1950s.
Comparing rolling coulters based on soil disturbance

Rolling coulters are widely used as a leading element on modem conservation till planters. Few studies have predicted or measured how coulters interact with the soil and what soil conditions they create. This research was initiated to study and compare popular rolling coulter designs; bubble, plain, 8-wave and 25-wave, based on the soil disturbance they cause. Soil disturbance was measured in terms of surface disturbance using a photoscanning technique, surface roughness using soil profiles, and strength changes using cone index profiles. Testing was conducted in rototilled and notill clay loam, and in compacted and loose clay and sandy soils. Soil disturbance was greater in firmer soil conditions. The bubble coulter did the least soil disturbance and left firmer conditions around its path. Plain coulter disturbance was greater than disturbance by bubble coulter. 8-wave and 2S-wave coulters caused the greatest surface disturbance. 2S-wave coulter caused wider band of loosened soil (150 mm), than by 8-wave and plain (75 mm). Substantial soil sticking (300 g) was observed for 25-wave coulter. The wavy coulters encountered higher horizontal and vertical forces. 8-wave coulter disturbance was moderate, and its performance was less dependent on soil conditions, compared to other coulters. Based on field tests, 8-wave coulter caused desirable disturbance. Simulation experiments were conducted to obtain theoretical lateral displacements of soil particles caused by each coulter design in a plastic soil. The geometry of the slot created by a coulter pass was predicted. The simulation results were in agreement with the photoscaiming and cone index results obtained in the bin and field tests respectively. The study also concluded that the lateral displacement of a soil particle depends on what portion of wave or bubble first contacts the soil particle, and the length that they are in contact, and not so much on width or number of waves or bubbles on a coulter. The disturbance parameters measured in field tests support this finding.
Gigantic Animal Cells Suggest Organellar Scaling Mechanisms Across a 50-fold Range in Cell Volume

Across the tree of life, cell size varies by orders of magnitude, and organelles scale to maintain cell function. Depending on their shape, organelles can scale by increasing volume, length, or number. Scaling may also reflect demands placed on organelles by increased cell size. The 8,653 species of amphibians exhibit diverse cell sizes, providing a powerful system to investigate organellar scaling. Using transmission electron microscopy and stereology, we analyzed three frog and salamander species whose enterocyte cell volumes range from 228 to 10,593 μm3. We show that the nucleus increases in radius while the mitochondria increase in total network length; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, with their complex shapes, are intermediate. Notably, all four organelles increase in volume proportionate to cell volume. This pattern suggests that protein concentrations are the same across amphibian species that differ 50-fold in cell size, and that organellar building blocks are incorporated into more or larger organelles following the same “rules” across cell sizes, despite variation in metabolic and transport demands. This conclusion contradicts results from experimental cell size increases, which produce severe proteome dilution. We hypothesize that salamanders have evolved the biosynthetic capacity to maintain a functional proteome despite a huge cell volume.
Rapid measurement and statistical ranking of leaf drought tolerance capacity in cotton

Recent progress in ecological remote sensing calls for a more rapid measurement and a closer assessment of crop drought tolerance traits under field conditions. This study addresses three main questions: (1) If leaf dry matter content (LDMC) is equally effective in indicating cotton drought tolerance as leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (πo); (2) if drought tolerance is inversely related to fiber yield/quality in line with the leaf economics spectrum; and (3) if a reliable statistical model can be developed to rank cotton drought tolerance. The values of πo, along with those of LDMC, of 2736 leaves obtained from cotton variety trials conducted during 2020-2022 in both dryland and irrigated regimes were measured using osmometry. The relationships between πo and LDMC, as well as those between traits and lint yield and fiber quality indices, were investigated using regression analysis. A Bayesian hierarchical linear model was developed to rank cotton drought tolerance based on differences (or adjustments) in πo and LDMC between dryland and irrigated sites. LDMC was not only shown to be an alternate and equally effective drought tolerance trait compared with πo obtained from the widely accepted osmometry method, its use is also estimated to lead to a tenfold increase in measuring speed. A stronger drought tolerance capacity of the tested cotton varieties correlated with a lower lint yield and quality, which is generally consistent with the prediction of the leaf economics spectrum. The drought tolerance rankings using the Bayesian hierarchical model help divide the selected 17 cotton varieties into three groups: (a) more-drought tolerant, (b) less-drought tolerant, and (c) intermediate. The ranking results are interpreted using field-measured data of root distribution and diurnal leaf gas exchange from selected cotton varieties. Our work provides new opportunities for a more rapid measurement and an unambiguous ranking of drought tolerance capacity for crop genotypes under various management regimes.
Machine learning general transcriptional predictors of plant disease

Plants utilize an innate immune system to defend against all classes of microbial invaders. While we understand specific genetic determinants of host-pathogen interactions, it remains less clear how generalized the immune response is to diverse pathogens. Using a data-driven approach, and utilizing feature selection based on network science and topology, we developed machine learning models that could predict host disease development across diverse pathosystems. These machine learning models identified early transcriptional responses predictive of later disease development, regardless of pathogen class, using a fraction of the host transcriptome. The identified gene sets were not enriched for canonical defense genes, but where statistically enriched for genes previously identified from independent data sets, including those described as representing a general plant stress response. These results highlight novel components of a general plant immune response, and demonstrate the application of machine learning to address biological hypotheses of a complex multigenic outcome. Teaser A machine learning approach can predict plant disease development caused by diverse microbial invaders, and newly identified genes may represent novel components of a general plant response to infection.
Dual role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C (VEGF-C) in post-stroke recovery

Using a mouse model of ischemic stroke, this study characterizes stroke-induced lymphangiogenesis at the cribriform plate (CP). While blocking CP lymphangiogenesis with a VEGFR-3 inhibitor improves stroke outcome, administration of VEGF-C induced larger brain infarcts. Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), antigens, and antigen-presenting cells drain from the central nervous system (CNS) into lymphatic vessels near the cribriform plate and dural meningeal lymphatics. However, the pathological roles of these lymphatic vessels surrounding the CNS during stroke are not well understood. Using a mouse model of ischemic stroke, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we show that stroke induces lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate. Interestingly, lymphangiogenesis is restricted to lymphatic vessels at the cribriform plate and downstream cervical lymph nodes, without affecting the conserved network of lymphatic vessels in the dura. Cribriform plate lymphangiogenesis peaks at day 7 and regresses by day 14 following tMCAO and is regulated by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3. These newly developed lymphangiogenic vessels transport CSF and immune cells to the cervical lymph nodes. Inhibition of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling using a blocker of VEGFR-3 prevented lymphangiogenesis and led to improved stroke outcomes at earlier time points but had no effects at later time points following stroke. Administration of VEGF-C after tMCAO did not further increase post-stroke lymphangiogenesis, but instead induced larger brain infarcts. The differential roles for VEGFR-3 inhibition and VEGF-C in regulating stroke pathology call into question recent suggestions to use VEGF-C therapeutically for stroke.
Introduction to lattices and order

1. Ordered sets 2. Special types of ordered set 3. Lattices as algebraic structures 4. Boolean algebras 5. The structure of finite distributive lattices and finite Boolean algebras 6. Ideals, filters, and congruences 7. The Stone Representation Theorem for Boolean algebras 8. Lattices in algebra Appendix: outline of relevant basic topology.
Towards Enhancing Deep Active Learning with Weak Supervision and Constrained Clustering

Three fields revolving around the question of how to cope with limited amounts of labeled data are Deep Active Learning (DAL), deep Constrained Clustering (CC), and Weakly Supervised Learning (WSL). DAL tackles the problem by adaptively posing the question of which data samples to annotate next in order to achieve the best incremental learning improvement, although it suffers from several limitations that hinder its deployment in practical settings. We point out how CC algorithms and WSL could be employed to overcome these limitations and increase the practical applicability of DAL research. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities to use the class discovery capabilities of CC and the possibility of further reducing human annotation efforts by utilizing WSL. We argue that the practical applicability of DAL algorithms will benefit from employing CC and WSL methods for the learning and labeling process. We inspect the overlaps between the three research areas and identify relevant and exciting research questions at the intersection of these areas.
Stopping behavior of snow avalanches in forests

A longstanding problem in avalanche science is to understand how forests stop small and medium sized avalanches. Avalanche dynamics models have traditionally been employed to calculate extreme avalanche runout and have assigned a minor role to forests in dissipating flow energy. In this paper we quantify the important effect of forests in stopping small avalanche events, crucial for road and ski-run safety. We performed field studies of several avalanches where trees affected the runout. We gathered information concerning the starting location, deposition heights, runout distance and forest structure. These studies were made during the 2011/12 winter where many gliding snow avalanches released in forested areas in Switzerland and Germany. Using the field observations as a guide, we hypothesized that mass detrainment due to tree-avalanche interaction led to a significant deceleration of the avalanches. This effect is important for physical based avalanche dynamics models which reveal that avalanche mobility is strongly linked to mass entrainment/detrainment. We tested this hypothesis with a numerical experiment and simulated the documented avalanche events using a velocity dependent detrainment model to reconstruct the braking effect of forests. For the numerical investigations we used high spatial resolution digital terrain models. The results highlight how forests influence mass and energy fluxes at the front and sides of avalanches. Of particular importance is the distribution of velocity across the flow width of the avalanche, as flow mass can be easily stopped at the flow boundaries.
Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environments: List of contributors

Part I. Introduction Part II. Introductory Chapters for the Main Geophysical Methods Applied: 1. Electric methods Christof Kneisel and Christian Hauck 2. Electromagnetic methods Andreas Hordt and Christian Hauck 3. Refraction seismics Lothar Schrott and Thomas Hoffmann 4. Ground-penetrating radar Ivar Berthling and Kjetil Melvold Part III. Case Studies: 5. Typology of vertical electrical soundings for permafrost/ground ice investigation in the forefields of small alpine glaciers Reynald Delaloye and Christophe Lambiel 6. ERT imaging for frozen ground detection Mamoru Ishikawa 7. Electrical resistivity values of frozen soil from VES and TEM field observations and laboratory experiments Koichiro Harada 8. Results of geophysical surveys on Kasprowy Wierch, the Tatra Mountains Wojciech Dobinski, Bogdon Zogala, Krystian Wzietek and Leszek Litwin 9. Reassessment of DC resistivity in rock glaciers by comparing with P-wave velocity: a case study in the Swiss Alps Atsushi Ikeda 10. Quantifying the ice content in low-altitude scree slopes using geophysical methods Christian Hauck and Christof Kneisel 11. The use of GPR in determining talus thickness and talus structure Oliver Sass 12. GPR soundings of rock glaciers on Svalbard Ivar Berthling, Bernd Etzelmuller, Herman Farbrot, Ketil Isaksen, Morgan Wale and Rune Odegard 13. Arctic glaciers and ground-penetrating radar case-study: Stagnation Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada Tristram D. L. Irvine-Fynn and Brian J. Moorman 14. Mapping of subglacial topography using GPR for determining subglacial hydraulic conditions Kjetil Melvold and Thomas V. Schuler 15. Snow measurements using GPR: example from Amundsenisen, Svalbard Kjetil Melvold 16. Mapping Frazil ice conditions in rivers using ground penetrating radar Ivar Berthling, Halfdan Benjaminsen and Anund Kvambekk Part IV. Tables of Typical Values of Geophysical Parameters for Periglacial Environments Index.
Salogni at GeoLingIt: Geolocalization by Fine-tuning BERT (short paper)

The recent growing interest in low-resource languages has been significantly bolstered by transformer-based models. By fine-tuning three such models, two based on BERT and the other on RoBERTa, I aim at geolocating sequences exhibiting non-standard language varieties relying solely on linguistic content. I find that, given that the information contained in the embeddings is all we need to carry out this complex task, a model architecture with less task-specific layers leads to better results. Furthermore, models pre-trained on miscellaneous corpora generalize better than those trained exclusively on tweets. The work also shows that the greater availability of resources of a certain regional variety positively affects the capacity of the model.
CRP TO CROPLAND: POTENTIAL LOSS OF CRP SOIL QUALITY BENEFITS

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was implemented in 1985 to protect environmentally fragile or highly erosive crop land from degradation and carbon loss to the atmosphere (CAST, 1992). Currently there are approximately 36 million acres, 8% of the nation’s cropland, in the CRP program (FSA, 2006). Ethanol production, and the subsequent need for corn for the ethanol industry, may take land from CRP programs, potentially threatening the beneficial effects of the CRP program on soil quality. Here I’ll present possible changes in soil quality resulting from putting CRP land into production.
Transported foraminifera in Palaeozoic deep red nodular limestones exemplified by latest Permian "Neoendothyra" in the Zal section (Julfa area, NW Iran)

The foraminifera and algae of the Zal section in NW Iran and from the Changhsingian Ali Bashi Formation (Late Permian) are listed and illustrated. They are composed by Permocalculus and Gymnocodium algae, Codonofusiella, Reichelina and Nankinella, Fusulinida and Cornuspiroidea, Nodosariata, Biseriamminodea and Palaeotextularioidea. They are included in red nodular limestones of Ammonitico Rosso type. The highest Permian beds contain an assemblage of Neoendothyra reicheli, whose type of deposit is discussed as an example of the problematic presence of foraminifera in red nodular limestones during the Palaeozoic. These populations may have been transpoted by buoyancy (as Neoendothyra) but appear also in place in the Devonian-Tournaisian examples of griotte nodular limestones in southern France including the taxa Eotournayella, Eoeptotournayella or Globivavulina?
Surveys of tidal river systems in the Northern Territory of Australia and their crocodile populations

This book provides an update on the population dynamics of Crocodylus porous in the tidal waterways of Van Diemen Gulf and the Southern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, during 1984 and 1985. Contents: Prologue; Dedication; Introduction; Status of Crocodylus porous. July 1984, in the tidal waterways of the Alligator Region and in the Adelaide River System of Northern Australia: recovery underway; Resurvey of Crocodylus porous populations in the tidal waterways of the southern Gulf of Carpentaria, September - October 1985; Local knowledge - Northern Australia style.
Confirming Herschel Candidate Protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO Observations

ALMA 870 μm continuum imaging has uncovered a population of blends of multiple dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) in sources originally detected with the Herschel Space Observatory. However, their pairwise separations are much smaller than what is found by ALMA follow-up of other single-dish surveys or expected from theoretical simulations. Using ALMA and the Very Large Array, we have targeted three of these systems to confirm whether the multiple 870 μm continuum sources lie at the same redshift, successfully detecting 12CO (J = 3–2) and 12CO (J = 1–0) lines and being able to confirm that in the three cases all the multiple DSFGs are likely physically associated within the same structure. Therefore, we report the discovery of two new gas-rich dusty protocluster cores (HELAISS02, z = 2.171 ± 0.004; HXMM20, z = 2.602 ± 0.002). The third target is located in the well-known COSMOS overdensity at z = 2.51 (named CL J1001+0220 in the literature), for which we do not find any new secure CO (1–0) detection, although some of its members show only tentative detections and require further confirmation. From the gas, dust, and stellar properties of the two new protocluster cores, we find very large molecular gas fractions yet low stellar masses, pushing the sources above the main sequence (MS), while not enhancing their star formation efficiency. We suggest that the sources might be newly formed galaxies migrating to the MS. The properties of the three systems compared to each other and to field galaxies may suggest a different evolutionary stage between systems.
Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology.

Improving the 1957 Version on Dissonance Theory A Radical Point of View on Dissonance Theory Toward an Understanding of the Motivation Underlying Dissonance Effects - Is the Production of Aversive Consequences Necessary? Dissonance, Hypocrisy and the Self Concept Self-Affirmation Theory - an Update and Appraisal Unwanted Consequences and the Self - In Search of the Motivation for Dissonance Reduction What Exactly Have I Done? the Role of Self-Attribute Accessibility in Dissonance A Self-Accountability Model of Dissonance Reduction - Multiple Modes on a Continuum of Elaboration Computer Simulation of Cognitive Dissonance Reduction A Multiplicative Power Function Model of Cognitive Dissonance - Toward an Integrated Theory of Cognition, Emotion and Behaviour After Leon Festinger Moving Beyond Attitude Change in the Study of Dissonance-Related Processes "Remembering" Dissonance - Simultaneous Accessibility of Inconsistent Elements Moderates Epistemic Discomfort Appendexes: Social Communication and Cognition Reflections on Cognitive Dissonance - 30 Years Later - Historical Note on Festinger's Tests on Dissonance Theory.