Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

This paper studies the long and short run macroeconomic consequences of irreversible investment at the micro level. It is well known that the irreversibility constraint has two opposing effects on long run capital accumulation. On one hand, the constraint leads to increased capital accumulation, as firms are prevented from selling installed capital (the hangover effect). On the other hand, the constraint decreases capital accumulation by creating a strictly positive value of waiting for the installation of new capital (the user cost effect). In contrast to earlier studies, we find that in general equilibrium, the user cost effect dominates the hangover effect over a wide range of parameter values. Furthermore, increases in uncertainty monotonically decrease the level of capital accumulation relative to that of the flexible case. As for short run dynamics, previous findings in the literature are reversed: we find that irreversibility does not create smoother aggregate investment dynamics relative to the flexible benchmark case. In general equilibrium, the economy-wide desire for consumption smoothing substantially destroys the value of waiting. Because the capital stock of inactive firms (those with binding constraints) cannot be used for consumption smoothing, the investment policy of active firms is more responsive to exogenous shocks. We show that the investment response of active firms can be strong enough to compensate for the inaction of firms with overcapacity and that this finding is robust with respect to the level of uncertainty. Irreversibility also leads to an increase in the volatility of firms’ stock market values, due to the absence of the stabilizing role of the disinvestment option. Finally, we consider the role that short run time-varying uncertainty plays in equilibrium business cycles under the irreversibility constraint. We conclude that an increase in short run uncertainty can exert a more harmful impact on capital formation than an equivalent increase in long run uncertainty. 1 I thank Robert G. King, Francois Gourio, Adrien Verdenhan, Jianjun Miao, Claudia Olivetti and the participants at Boston University Macroeconomics Workshop for their many useful comments. I especially thank my thesis advisor, Simon Gilchrist, for his continuous guidance and support. All remaining errors are my own. The vews expressed in the paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Federal Reserve System.
An annotated list of the Oligocene fish fauna from the Osíčko locality (Menilitic Fm.; Moravia, the Czech Republic)

The present article provides an annotated list of the Oligocene fish fauna from the Menilitic Formation of a new Osicko locality (Silesian Unit), collected from two different parts of the formation, i.e., Subchert Member and Dynow Member. The specimens were classified as Keasius sp. , Elasmobranchii gen. et spec. indet. , Scopeloides glarisianus, Sardinella sardinites, Clupeidae gen. et spec. indet. , “Glossanodon” musceli, Anenchelum glarisianum, and Perciformes gen. et spec. indet. The composition of the assemblage suggests mesoto benthopelagic environments. Elasmobranchii; Teleostei; Oligocene; Moravia; Menilitic Formation. Received April 4, 2013 Issued December, 2013
Social Identity and Competitiveness

Recent experimental results indicate that women do not like competitive environments as much as men do. Another literature is interested in the effect of social identity on economic behaviors. This paper investigates in the lab the impact of social identity on men and women's willingness to compete both individually and as part of a team. To this aim, participants from the Identity sessions had to go through group identity building activities in the lab while participants from the Benchmark sessions did not. The main result is that men are only willing to enter a team competition with a teammate of unknown ability if they share a common group identity with him or her. This change of behavior seems to be caused by high-performing men who are less reluctant to be matched with a possibly less able participant when he or she belongs to his group. On the other hand, group identity does not seem to induce women to take actions more in the interest of the group they belong to.
Fish utilisation of saltmarshes and managed relignment areas in SE England

Saltmarshes in SE England are eroding rapidly and one potential impact is the loss of habitat for fishes. Saltmarshes have been created by setting back the existing line of flood defence through managed realignment. The use by fishes of natural and managed realignment habitats at Tollesbury, Abbotts Hall and Orplands was examined (2005-07). Three seasonal groups were apparent in the fish assemblages of the managed realignment sites: February-April (Pomatoschistus microps and Sprattus sprattus), May-September (Dicentrarchus labrax and Atherina presbyter) and October-January (Liza aurata and Liza ramada). The sites were used mainly by 0and 1-group fishes and adult P. microps. The mean abundance (July August 2007) was 558 0.1 ha' (range 76 2699 0.1 ha'). In summer, small (<30 mm) zooplanktivorous D. labrax fed successfully at all sites. Larger (30-59 mm) D. labrax consumed more macroinvertebrates in the Tollesbury managed realignment and two established marshes than at Abbotts Hall and Orplands. By autumn there were no site-specific differences in gut fullness of D. labrax. Stable isotope ratio analysis and gut contents analysis revealed that small (<50 mm) D. labrax, S. sprattus and A. presbyter assimilated zooplankton which eat detritus, resuspended microphytobenthos and some phytoplankton. L. aurata assimilated zooplankton and microphytobenthos. P. microps (20-50 mm) and A. presbyter (80-99 mm) assimilated benthic meiofauna. Larger (50-230 mm) D. labrax assimilated macroinvertebrates which eat microphytobenthos, Ulva spp. , C3 plants and detritus. Some recommendations for saltmarsh restoration are provided with an estimate of the economic value of bass in saltmarshes, to highlight further areas of research.
12 Stable Isotope Research in Southern African Birds

The use of stable isotopes in ornithological research has risen exponentially in the past few decades, mainly due to strides in technology that permit the processing of large numbers of samples at lower and lower cost. However, most likely because of the availability of resources in “developed countries”, studies are concentrated in predominantly Palaearctic and Nearctic countries. Africa is largely neglected but offers unique opportunities for both collaborative research on a global scale, and novel studies in unchartered fields. This chapter provides a brief summary of, 1) stable isotopes and some of the applications thereof in ornithology, 2) examples of the type of work currently completed and underway in Africa and how it might be applicable in a global perspective, and, 3) prospects for future studies in the use of stable isotopes for understanding African ornithology. Given the high diversity of birds in southern Africa (at least 950 species), associated with at least seven terrestrial biomes, e.g. fynbos, succulent Karoo, Nama-Karoo, grassland, savanna, forest, and thicket, numerous opportunities exist for addressing research questions of biological interest and conservation concern.
Learning a world model and planning with a self-organizing , dynamic neural system

We present a connectionist architecture that can learn a model of the relations between perceptions and actions and use this model for behavior planning. State representations are learned with a growing selforganizing layer which is directly coupled to a perception and a motor layer. Knowledge about possible state transitions is encoded in the lateral connectivity. Motor signals modulate this lateral connectivity and a dynamic field on the layer organizes a planning process. All mechanisms are local and adaptation is based on Hebbian ideas. The model is continuous in the action, perception, and time domain.
Impact of Varying Planting Patterns and Fertilizer Application Strategies on Autumn Planted Sunflower Hybrid

Abstract Achene yield, oil contents and protein contents are vital yield attributes of sunflower crop. To acquaint the impact of NP rates and planting patterns on the production potential of autumn sunflower hybrid Hysun-33 and fertilizer use efficiency a field experiment was executed in 2005. Treatments comprised of four NP combinations viz. 0-0, 50-35, 100-70 and 150-105 NP kg ha-1 and two planting patterns viz. bed sowing with 75 cm wide beds separated by 20 cm furrows and bed sowing with 60 cm wide beds separated by 25 cm furrows. Treatment 150-105 NP kg ha-1 with 75 cm wide beds separated by 20 cm furrows was found to be supercilious as it exhibited significant lofty achene yield (3360.00 kg ha-1), number of achene head-1 (1267.02), 1000-achene weight (68.65 g), biological yield (11166.6 kg ha-1) and harvest index (30.09%). Contrastingly, treatment 0-0 N-P kg ha-1 with 60 cm wide bed separated by 25 cm plant spacing bestowed the minimum grain yield. Frail increase in oil contents with gradual increase in fertilizer levels but it did not procure at a level of significance. Superior protein contents (27.71%) were revealed in treatment 150-105 N-P kg ha-1 with 75 cm wide bed separated by 20 cm plant spacing.
ANALYSIS OF BLAST FURNACE TIME SERIES DATA WITH ANFIS

Analyzing processes that cannot fully be measured is necessary for better decision making. In this paper we analyze some blast furnace data with the help of ANFIS (Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System). The entire process is described, from the application, preprocessing the data and the analysis made. Also the results from the best ANFIS models are compared to results with more traditional ARMA-model theory (as a benchmark). Special features in this industrial case study, the blast furnace process, includes by exhibiting high levels of noise and complexity.
Cardiovascular diseases in older patients with osteoporotic hip fracture: prevalence, disturbances in mineral and bone metabolism, and bidirectional links

Background Considerable controversy exists regarding the contribution of mineral/bone metabolism abnormalities to the association between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and osteoporotic fractures. Aims and methods To determine the relationships between mineral/bone metabolism biomarkers and CVD in 746 older patients with hip fracture, clinical data were recorded and serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, troponin I, parameters of bone turnover, and renal, liver, and thyroid functions were measured. Results CVDs were diagnosed in 472 (63.3%) patients. Vitamin D deficiency was similarly prevalent in patients with (78.0%) and without (82.1%) CVD. The CVD group had significantly higher mean PTH concentrations (7.6 vs 6.0 pmol/L, P < 0.001), a higher prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SPTH) (PTH > 6.8 pmol/L, 43.0% vs 23.3%, P < 0.001), and excess bone resorption (urinary deoxypyridinoline corrected by creatinine [DPD/Cr] > 7.5 nmol/μmol, 87.9% vs 74.8%, P < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, SHPT (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, P = 0.007) and high DPD/Cr (OR 2.8, P = 0.016) were independent indictors of CVD. Compared to those with both PTH and DPD/Cr in the normal range, multivariate-adjusted ORs for the presence of CVD were 17.3 (P = 0.004) in subjects with SHPT and 9.7 (P < 0.001) in patients with high DPD/Cr. CVD was an independent predicator of SHPT (OR 2.8, P = 0.007) and excess DPD/Cr (OR 2.5, P = 0.031). CVD was predictive of postoperative myocardial injury, while SHPT was also an independent predictor of prolonged hospital stay and in-hospital death. Conclusion SHPT and excess bone resorption are independent pathophysiological mediators underlying the bidirectional associations between CVD and hip fracture, and therefore are important diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Evaluation of the aquifer characteristic of Nanka Sands using hydrogeological method in combination with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

In this study, we have coupled surface geophysical method with pumping test results to provide a cost effective and efficient alternative in aquifer parameter estimation. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out at 40 sites in the study area for the identification of the vertical variation in subsurface lithology and for the characterization of the aquifer system of the study area. The interpretation of the VES data revealed 3 to 5 geoelectric units with the depth to aquifer varying from 7 to 108m and the resistivity of the saturated layer varying between 42.9 and 8829 ohm-m. Using the geoelectric data, aquifer depth, hydraulic head and aquifer resistivity maps were prepare using appropriate software. Aquifer characteristics in the form of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity calculated from interpreted VES results varied from 0.48 to 19.50m 2 /day and 0.06 to 3.75m/day respectively. This coupling has proved useful and most valuable in areas of scarce data such as the study area. @ JASEM The availability and access to fresh water is an important issue all over the world. Groundwater constitutes the only reliable water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes. It is exceptionally important as a source of relatively low-cost and high-quality municipal and domestic water supply in urban centers of the developing world. The understanding and management of groundwater in aquifer is still weak in many developing countries and investment in groundwater projects often founded inadequate quatitative/qualitativein data resulting in massive borehole failures.
Heavy silicon isotopic composition of silicic acid and biogenic silica in Arctic waters over the Beaufort shelf and the Canada Basin

The silicon isotopic composition of silicic acid (δ30Si(OH)4) and biogenic silica (δ30Si‐bSiO2) were measured for the first time in marine Arctic waters from the Mackenzie River delta to the deep Canada Basin in the late summer of 2009. In the upper 100 m of the water column, δ30Si(OH)4 signals (+1.82‰ to +3.08‰) were negatively correlated with the relative contribution of Mackenzie River water. The biogenic Si isotope fractionation factor estimated using an open system model, 30ε = −0.97 ± 0.17‰, agrees well with laboratory and global‐ocean estimates. Nevertheless, the δ30Si dynamics of this region may be better represented by closed system isotope models that yield lower values of 30ε, between −0.33‰ and −0.41‰, depending on how the contribution of sea‐ice diatoms is incorporated. In the upper 400 m, δ30Si‐bSiO2 values were among the heaviest ever measured in marine suspended bSiO2 (+2.03‰ to +3.51‰). A positive correlation between δ30Si‐bSiO2 and sea‐ice cover implies that heavy signals can result from isotopically heavy sea‐ice diatoms introduced to pelagic assemblages. Below the surface bSiO2 production zone, the δ30Si(OH)4 distribution followed that of major water masses. Vertical δ30Si(OH)4 profiles showed a minimum (average of +1.84 ± 0.10‰) in the upper halocline (125–200 m) composed of modified Pacific water and heavier average values (+2.04 ± 0.11‰) in Atlantic water (300–500 m deep). In the Canada Basin Deep Water (below 2000 m), δ30Si(OH)4 averaged +1.88 ± 0.12‰, which represents the most positive value ever measured anywhere in the deep ocean. Since most Si(OH)4 enters the Arctic from shallow depths in the Atlantic Ocean, heavy deep Arctic δ30Si(OH)4 signals likely reflect the influx of relatively heavy intermediate Atlantic waters. A box model simulation of the global marine δ30Si(OH)4 distribution successfully reproduced the observed patterns, with the δ30Si(OH)4 of the simulated deep Arctic Ocean being the heaviest of all deep‐ocean basins.
The evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in orthodontic literature . Where do we stand ?

*Department of Orthodontics, University of Athens, Greece and Private Practice, Athens, Greece, **Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK, ***Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland, ****Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland, *****Private Practice, Corfu, Greece
A Push – Pull Framework for Modelling the Relocation of Retirees to a Retirement Village: The Australian Experience

Although most older people prefer to age in place, nonetheless many do relocate, with a small proportion moving to retirement villages, which provide a purpose designed and built residential and lifestyle environment. Using factor analyses, path analyses, and a push – pull framework, the authors model the decision process of retirees in Australia in order to identify relationships between push – pull factors and predictor variables, using data from a national survey of retirement village residents. The push factors relate to change in lifestyle, home maintenance, social isolation, and health and mobility, whereas the pull factors relate to built environment and affordability, the locational attributes of villages, and the desire to maintain an existing lifestyle. The survey data also identify village attributes considered desirable or undesirable, or important or unimportant. Overall, resident satisfaction with moving is high.
Don’t Worry, Be Sad! On the Cognitive, Motivational, and Interpersonal Benefits of Negative Mood

This article reviews recent evidence for the benefits of negative affect for thinking and behavior, consistent with evolutionary theories suggesting an adaptive function for all affective states. Numerous experiments demonstrate that negative affect can improve memory performance, reduce judgmental errors, improve motivation, and result in more effective interpersonal strategies. These findings are interpreted in terms of dual-process theories that predict that positive affect promotes more assimilative, internally focused processing styles, whereas negative affect promotes a more accommodative and externally focused thinking strategy. The theoretical relevance of these findings for recent affect-cognition models is discussed, and the practical implications of recognizing the adaptive benefits of negative affect for social thinking and performance in a number of applied fields are considered.
PROVIDING END-TO-END SECURE COMMUNICATIONSIN GSM NETWORKS

The broadcast nature of radio medium in GSM networks makes them more vulnerable to various attacks. Any attacker can have complete control over the communication channel, listen to phone calls, read email, and spy on whatever data has been sent via GSM mobile communication system. This paper introduces a middleware security system that aims to protect the GSM communication channel and minimize the computational overheads of the provided authentication and cryptographic schemes of the network The proposed scheme supports an end-to-end secured communication between the GSM mobile devices and the GSM base stations; insure compatibility between wireless GSM devices (telephones, PDAs, etc.), and easy to install without any modification of the current systems
LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

Recent debate on the reform of the international financial architecture has highlighted the potentially important role of the official sector in crisis management. We examine how such public intervention in sovereign debt crises affects efficiency, x ante and ex post . Our results shed light on the scale of capital inflows in such a regime, and we establish conditions under which this leads to an improvement in debtor country welfare. The efficacy of measures such as officially sanctioned stays on creditor litigation depend critically on the quality of public sector surveillance and the size of the costs of sovereign debt crises. ∗Andrew Haldane, Adrian Penalver, Paul Tucker and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and encouragement. We thank seminar participants at the International Finance Summer Camp in Santiago, the London School of Economics, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan for comments on an earlier version of the paper. The usual caveat applies. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of England. †email: h.s. shin@lse.ac. uk
Measurement of angular correlations in Drell–Yan lepton pairs to probe Z / γ ∗ boson transverse momentum at √ s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of angular correlations in Drell–Yan lepton pairs via the φ ∗ η observable is presented. This variable probes the same physics as the Z / γ ∗ boson transverse momentum with a better experimental resolution. The Z / γ ∗ → e + e − and Z / γ ∗ → μ + μ − decays produced in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √ s = 7 TeV are used. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb − 1 . Normalised differential cross sections as a function of φ ∗ η are measured separately for electron and muon decay channels. These channels are then combined for improved accuracy. The cross section is also measured double differentially as a function of φ ∗ η for three independent bins of the Z boson rapidity. The results are compared to QCD calculations and to predictions from different Monte Carlo event generators. The data are reasonably well described, in all measured Z boson rapidity regions, by resummed QCD predictions combined with ﬁxed-order perturbative QCD calculations or by some Monte Carlo event generators. The measurement precision is typically better by one order of magnitude than present theoretical uncertainties. © 2013 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Distribution of Coreoperca kawamebari and C. herzi and Fish Community Structure in Relation to Environmental Differences in Their Sympatric Area of the Boseong River, Korea.

The distribution of Coreoperca kawamebari was known to be restricted to the Tamjin River and several small streams flowing into the southern part of the West Sea, while C. herzi was widely distributed throughout South Korea except the areas inhabited by C. kawamebari: the two species were known to be allopatric. However, we found that both species were sympatric in the Boseong River, a tributary of the Seomjin River, and the Jiseok Stream, a tributary of the Yeongsan River. Local-scale distribution of the two Coreoperca species, fish assemblages, and environmental variables were surveyed to investigate effects of environmental factors on fish community structures in the Boseong River. Rank abundance distribution of fish community at the study sites indicated that fish species diversity and distribution pattern of the two Coreoperca species were closely related to habitat diversity. The result of canonical correspondence analysis showed that C. kawamebari was distributed in pool areas while C. herzi was found in the areas with higher water velocity and boulder substrate. These results suggested that species diversity of fish community decreased and only one of the two Coreoperca species inhabited at the sites with less diverse habitat, but on the other hand, high habitat diversity increased species diversity and allowed the two species to coexist.