Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oil and Geology in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico: North America

Pre-Mississippian strata in the Permian Basin area consist chiefly of carbonate deposits of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age which were produced in a marine environment probably characterized by clear, shallow seas covering a broad southward-sloping shelf. Oil accumulated in reservoirs in the carbonates, and in sandstone units of Cambrian and middle Ordovician age, the possible external sources being marine shale associated with the sandstone, a shale formation overlying the highest carbonate, and Pennsylvanian and Permian strata which lie unconformably on the older beds, as well as lower Paleozoic strata in a clastic basin south of the carbonate shelf. Mississippian strata are chiefly shale and limestone, containing probable source beds but generally poor reservoir strata. Near the end of Mississippian time the tectonic environment changed from one of broad structures of gentle relief on a flat cratonic platform to an almost closed basin surrounded by mountain areas of high relief, the greatest of which was the Ouachita-Marathon complex. Pennsylvanian strata, consisting of interbedded and intergrading marine shale, sandstone, and limestone, reflect the changed environment. Oil, which the author believes to be indigenous to the system, accumulated in structural, stratigraphic, and porosity traps in Pennsylvanian reservoirs. The Permian Period was characterized by deep but areally restricted marine basins of clastic deposition, stagnant at depth and surrounded by shoal platforms on which thick masses of carbonates accumulated and shallow lagoons extended to the shorelines. Burial of earlier strata by evaporites and red beds brought the period to a close. The principal sites of oil generation probably were in the basins; reservoirs included basinal sandstone and platform carbonate and sandstone rocks. The Guadalupe Series, which is stratigraphically the youngest and highest important producing unit and was therefore among the first to be exploited, contained more than half of all the oil which to date has been found in the Permian Basin. End_Page 395------------------------
The debate on greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater reservoirs: Policy implications and opportunities for action

This paper explores freshwater reservoir greenhouse gas emissions from a policy perspective. Existing science on reservoir emissions indicates that reservoirs can emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases and this is of particular concern for tropical reservoirs. Current scientific knowledge has led to some precautionary policy measures, but, in general, policy development has been slow. At the same time, increasing demands for water, energy and food and the need to adapt to climate change signal significant increases in the number of large dams in many parts of the world. This research explores reasons for the slow uptake of policies addressing reservoir emissions and examines ways to facilitate policy development. The paper provides an overview of the existing debate on reservoir emissions, and analyses existing measures and future opportunities for action in three policy areas. Issues shaping the science-policy interface are described, and a number of barriers and contextual influences to policy development are identified.
Digital EdTech: Design Criteria and Parents’ Perception of 3D Animated Posters in Educating Children about Air Pollution

This paper explores the criteria as well as parents' acceptance of 3-Dimensional (3D) animated posters to engage children in early environmental education and raise awareness about the health effects of air pollution. A quantitative study was implemented involving 76 parents from diverse provinces and cities across China. Although 3D Animation is a widely acknowledged medium for education, data showed that parents have conflicting opinions about its efficacy. While some see its potential and are fully supportive of its application, others express concerns and are less confident. Nevertheless, there is a potential that 3D animated posters can be used as an educational learning aid for children to understand complex environmental issues and become aware of the impact of climate change on their health.
Risk Taking By Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs bear substantial risk, but empirical evidence shows no sign of a positive premium. This paper develops a theory of endogenous entrepreneurial risk taking that explains why self-financed entrepreneurs may find it optimal to invest in risky projects offering no risk premium. Consistently with empirical evidence, the model predicts that poorer entrepreneurs are more likely to undertake risky projects. It also finds that incentives for risk taking are stronger when agents are impatient. (JEL G31, G32, L25, L26)
Patterns of language and visuospatial functional lateralization and cognitive ability: a systematic review

ABSTRACT For most individuals, language is predominately localized to the left hemisphere of the brain and visuospatial processing to the right. This is the typical pattern of functional lateralization. Evolutionary theories of lateralization suggest that the typical pattern is most common as it delivers a cognitive advantage. In contrast, deviations from the typical pattern may lead to poorer cognitive abilities. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for an association between patterns of language and visuospatial lateralization and measures of cognitive ability. We screened 9,122 studies, retrieved from PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. The 17 studies that met our selection criteria revealed little evidence for an advantage of typical compared to atypical patterns of lateralization, although atypical lateralization patterns were related to worse language comprehension, spatial ability, and reading, but further research is needed to confirm this. We conclude with recommendations that future researchers recruit larger samples of atypical participants, and consider strength of lateraliation and bilaterality when analysing functional lateralization patterns.
High-dimensional Bayesian phenotype classification and model selection using genomic predictors

Motivation In this paper we describe a Bayesian hierarchical model termed ‘PMMLogit’ for classification and model selection in high-dimensional settings with binary phenotypes as outcomes. Posterior computation in the logistic model is known to be computationally demanding due to its non-conjugacy with common priors. We combine a Polya-Gamma based data augmentation strategy and use recent results on Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) techniques to develop an efficient and exact sampling strategy for the posterior computation. We use the resulting MCMC chain for model selection and choose the best combination(s) of genomic variables via posterior model probabilities. Further, a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach using the posterior mean, which averages across visited models, is shown to give superior prediction of phenotypes given genomic measurements. Results Using simulation studies, we compared the performance of the proposed method with other popular methods. Simulation results show that the proposed method is quite effective in selecting the true model and has better estimation and prediction accuracy than other methods. These observations are consistent with theoretical results that have been developed in the statistics literature on optimality for this class of priors. Application to two well-known datasets on colon cancer and leukemia identified genes that have been previously reported in the clinical literature to be related to the disease outcomes. Availability Source code is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/v-panchal/PMML. Contact dlinder@augusta.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data are available online.
Thermal infrared emission spectroscopy of anhydrous carbonates

The objective of this study is to present the thermal emission spectra of various anhydrous, calcite- and dolomite-series carbonate minerals to illustrate the effect of the structural cation (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ ) on shifting the positions of the carbonate absorption bands. All of the carbonate mineral emission spectra included in this study exhibit three absorption features related to three specific vibrational modes of the carbonate anion (CO 3 2- ). These anion vibrations include the out-of-plane bend, the asymmetric stretch, and the in-plane bend (i.e., the ν 2 , ν 3 , and ν 4 modes, respectively). The positions of the absorption-band emissivity minima are unique for each carbonate chemistry and are thus diagnostic of mineralogy. The average ν 2 , ν 3 , and ν 4 wavenumber positions for the various carbonate minerals are as follows: calcite (CaCO 3 ) 883, 1523, and 712 cm -1 ; magnesite (MgCO 3 ) 901, 1572, and 748 cm -1 ; siderite (FeCO 3 ) 876, 1523, and 736 cm -1 ; rhodochrosite (MnCO 3 ) 877, 1535, and 726 cm -1 ; smithsonite (ZnCO 3 ) 882, 1509, and 742 cm -1 ; dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) 894, 1547, and 728 cm -1 ; and kutnahorite (CaMn(CO 3 ) 2 ) 882, 1526, and 716 cm -1 . Carbonates as a general mineral class crystallize in a variety of geological environments; however, each specific carbonate mineralogy typically is limited to a narrow range of geologic settings in which it forms. Thermal infrared emission data to be received from the Mars Global Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer will contain the spectral signature of carbonates if they are present above the detectibility limit on the surface of Mars. This study presents the spectral information necessary to recognize carbonate as a mineral class as well as identify the specific type of carbonate from thermal emissivity data. Knowledge of distinct carbonate mineralogy will be useful for interpreting the environmental conditions that were present on Mars during the carbonate formation. The result of this study is that the major carbonate mineral species (calcite, dolomite, magnesite, siderite, and smithsonite) can be identified from thermal infrared emission data, provided moderate (10 cm -1 ) spectral sampling. Because of the similarity of absorption band positions between kutnahorite and calcite, high (2 cm -1 ) spectral sampling is required to distinguish kutnahorite. Moderate spectral sampling data are also sufficient to determine the amount of Mg and Fe in Mg-Fe solid solution minerals to within 3-5% of the cation abundance.
Fluid expulsion related to mud extrusion off Costa Rica¿A window to the subducting slab

A large number of mound-shaped structures that originated from mud extrusions is present along the convergent continental margin off Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Active fluid venting is indicated by the existence of CH4- and H2S-rich pore fluids as well as associated benthic fauna and authigenic carbonates. End-member fluid samples from all mounds are significantly depleted in dissolved Cl and other major elements, suggesting a general process of freshwater addition and thus a common source of the fluids. Our data clearly rule out dilution by gas hydrate dissociation as a dominant source of the freshwater. Enrichments of the fluids in B (up to 2 mmol/L) and inversely correlated δ18O vs. δD values point to clay-mineral dehydration as the cause for these anomalies. Calculations assuming a δ18O vs. δD equilibrium between the pore fluid and clay minerals at depth of formation indicate temperatures of dehydration between 85 and 130 °C. This temperature range is in agreement with the B enrichments and the presence of thermogenically formed CH4. Because temperatures above 50 °C are not reached within the sediment cover of the upper plate, the fluids most likely form within the subducted sediments and flow upward along deep-seated faults from ≥12 km depth. Mound-related fluid expulsion may contribute significantly to the recycling of mineral-bound water.
Introduction of CMIP5 Experiments Carried out with the Climate System Models of Beijing Climate Center

Abstract The climate system models from Beijing Climate Center, BCC_CSM1. 1 and BCC_CSM1. 1-M, are used to carry out most of the CMIP5 experiments. This study gives a general introduction of these two models, and provides main information on the experiments including the experiment purpose, design, and the external forcings. The transient climate responses to the CO2 concentration increase at 1% per year are presented in the simulation of the two models. The BCC_CSM1. 1-M result is closer to the CMIP5 multiple models ensemble. The two models perform well in simulating the historical evolution of the surface air temperature, globally and averaged for China. Both models overestimate the global warming and underestimate the warming over China in the 20th century. With higher horizontal resolution, the BCC_CSM1. 1-M has a better capability in reproducing the annual evolution of surface air temperature over China. Citation Xin, X. -G. , T. -W. Wu, and J. Zhang, 2013: Introduction of CMIP5 experiments carried out with the climate system models of Beijing Climate Center. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013. 041.
New arthropods from the Lower Devonian Hunsru¨ck Slate (Lower Emsian, Rhenish Massif, western Germany)

Four new genera and species of arthropod, Cambronatus brasseliWingertshellicus backesiEschenbachiellus wuttkensis and Magnoculus blindi, are described from the Hunsru¨ck Slate (Lower Emsian) of Germany. All four occur in the Wingertshell Member in the vicinity of Bundenbach. They preserve remarkable details of the ventral morphology, including the appendages, as a result of pyritization. In each case the body consists of just two tagmata, a cephalon and a large number of similar trunk somites. Both CambronatusWingertshellicus have fluke‐like appendages making up a tail fan. The affinities of these arthropods lie with the Crustacea, apart from Magnoculus, which is an arachnomorph, but they do not fall within those clades with modern representatives. They show that morphologies other than those represented by trilobites and modern arthropod groups persisted long after the Cambrian, at least in muddy bottom marine settings.
LieGrasPFormer: Point Transformer-Based 6-DOF Grasp Detection with Lie Algebra Grasp Representation

With the significant advancements made in the 6-DOF Grasp learning network, grasp selection for unseen objects has garnered much attention. However, most existing approaches rely on complex sequence pipelines to generate potential Grasp, which can be challenging to implement. In this work, we propose an end-to-end grasp detection network that can create a diverse and accurate 6-DOF grasp posture based solely on pure point clouds. We utilize the hierarchical PointNet++ with a skip-connection point transformer encoder block to extract contextual local region point features, which we refer to as LieGrasPFormer. This network can efficiently generate a distribution of 6-DoF parallel-jaw grasps directly from a pure point cloud. Moreover, we introduce two different grasp detection loss functions, which give the neural network the ability to generalize to unseen objects, such as generators. These loss functions also enable a continuously differentiable property for the network. We trained our LieGrasPFormer using the synthesized grasp dataset ACRONYM, which contains 17 million parallel-jaw grasps, and found that it generalized well with an actual scanned YCB dataset consisting of 77 objects. Finally, we conducted experiments in the PyBullet simulator, which showed that our proposed grasp detection network can outperform most state-of-the-art approaches with respect to the grasp success rate.
Source times and scaling relations of large earthquakes

Source time is a kinematic fault parameter corresponding to the duration of seismic source time functions and is accurately determined from phase spectra of long-period surface waves. Source times are determined for 36 large earthquakes during the last three decades. Scaling relations among source times, seismic moments, and fault dimensions are derived. Seismic moment is proportional to the cube of source time, and fault dimension is proportional to source time. Source times for low-angle thrust earthquakes along deep-sea trenches are found to be longer than those of other types, such as intraplate shocks and deep shocks. They are also significantly longer than the rupture times expected from a Haskell model, suggesting that, generally, there exists an introductory stage of faulting that precedes the main stage of the rupture propagation.
Transient groundwater-lake interactions in a continental rift: Sea of Galilee, Israel

The Sea of Galilee, located in the northern part of the Dead Sea rift, is currently an intermediate fresh-water lake. It is postulated that during a short highstand phase of former Lake Lisan in the late Pleistocene, saline water percolated into the subsurface. Since its recession from the Kinarot basin and the instantaneous formation of the fresh-water lake (the Sea of Galilee), the previously intruded brine has been flushed backward toward the lake. Numerical simulations solving the coupled equations of fluid flow and of solute and heat transport are applied to examine the feasibility of this hypothesis. A sensitivity analysis shows that the major parameters controlling basin hydrodynamics are lake-water salinity, aquifer permeability, and aquifer anisotropy. Results show that a highstand period of 3000 yr in Lake Lisan was sufficient for saline water to percolate deep into the subsurface. Because of different aquifer permeabilities on both sides of the rift, brine percolated into aquifers on the western margin, whereas percolation was negligible on the eastern side. In the simulation, after the occupation of the basin by the Sea of Galilee, the invading saline water was leached backward by a topographydriven flow. It is suggested that the percolating brine on the western side reacted with limestone at depth to form epigenetic dolomite at elevated temperatures. Therefore, groundwater discharging along the western shores of the Sea of Galilee has a higher calcium to magnesium ratio than groundwater on the eastern side.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON RUNOFF IN BEDOG SUB WATERSHED YOGYAKARTA

The study was to assess the effects of land use change on runoff in the Bedog sub watershed. Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Water Balance (SWAT-WB) hydrological modeling was used to predict runoff for years of 2001, 2006, and 2010. Land use in Bedog has rapidly changed in last few decades due to agglomeration process in Yogyakarta City. Coverage of mixed garden decreased during period of 2001-2010 despite still as predominant land use in total. On the other side, change detection analysis revealed that there was an increase of settlements coverage from 9.51% to 13.79% in the same period. Sensitivity analysis revealed that soil properties were the most sensitive parameters on runoff generation. Calibration was performed for years of 2001, 2006, and 2010 and the result shows an acceptable performance in runoff simulation. Changes in land use were responsible for an increase in the annual runoff between 3.42% – 4.67%. This study showed that dynamics of runoff can be predicted by forecasting and simulating future land use.
Mobile Device Use: Its Moderating Effects of Motivation on Perceived Learning Outcomes

The use of mobile devices and a wireless Internet connection have provided distance learners with more powerful tools for facilitating the learning process that could result in improved learning outcomes. Digital distance learning is a new phenomenon that has transformed the nature of distance learning into a more powerful, effective delivery medium. Over the past decades, we have conducted many empirical research studies in digital distance learning. This research shifted attention to the continuous moderating roles of mobile devices on motivation. Structural equation modeling is applied to examine the moderation effect of mobile devices on learning outcomes in the context of university online courses. A total of 323 responses from online students who have completed at least one online course at a university in the Midwestern United States were used to examine the structural model. Findings indicate that statistically insignificant moderating effect of mobile device use on the relationship between motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and learning outcomes.
Effect of particle size distributions on the retrieval of ice cloud properties

Various measured size distributions obtained from aircraft measurements at different regions and seasons are used in the retrieval algorithms for ice cloud properties by several major satellite instruments such as MODIS, CERES and VIIRS. These measured size distributions are characterized by one parameter: effective size (diameter or radius). This study shows that the adoption of such measured size distributions leads to inconsistent results in retrieved cloud properties because neglecting the effect of effective variances causes non‐monotonic relations between crystal size and single scattering properties. We also show that single scattering properties of most observed size distributions of hexagonal columns can be adequately characterized by effective radius and effective variance. Therefore, in remote sensing of ice cloud properties, theoretical size distributions with explicitly assumed effective variances should be used, similar to the practice adopted for water clouds.
The use of partial extraction geochemistry for copper exploration in northern Chile

Future discoveries of copper resources in the richly endowed porphyry copper belts of northern Chile are likely to occur in areas covered by post-mineral sedimentary and volcanic rock. Most of northern Chile is within a region of interior drainage that has existed since at least mid-Tertiary time when many of the porphyry copper deposits were being uplifted, eroded and supergene enriched. This setting, combined with accumulation of metal-enriched material eroded from the tops of porphyry copper deposits, has produced regions with high geochemical background and geochemically complex post-mineral cover that includes alluvium, lake and playa sediments, evaporites, aeolian material, ignimbrites and volcanic ash. In addition, the climate changed from semi-arid to hyper-arid in mid-Miocene time, creating a surface environment that is saline and slightly alkaline. The geochemical expression of the Chimborazo porphyry copper deposit in northern Chile was studied in detail using the following wet chemical extraction methods: 4-acid (HF-based), aqua regia, bulk cyanide leach, hot hydroxylamine hydrochloride, cold hydroxylamine hydrochloride, enzyme leach and de-ionized water. Limitations affecting several partial extraction methods include poor data quality, lack of pH control, re-adsorption, and the formation of colloids in the leachate. Experimentation with leach time and buffering capacity improved the robustness of some of the methods. Mechanical dispersion is the dominant secondary process in this region although chemical dispersion does occur laterally on a regional scale and vertically on a local scale. Vertical chemical dispersion is associated with dilatancy pumping of metalliferous groundwater along fractures. Supercedency, a process whereby the geochemical fingerprint of transported material is inherited from the underlying material, may have also played a role in the strong signature seen at Chimborazo.