Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Hilbert Irreducibility Theorem for integral points of del Pezzo surfaces

We prove that the integral points are potentially Zariski dense in the complement of a reduced effective singular anticanonical divisor in a smooth del Pezzo surface, with the exception of $\mathbb{P}^2$ minus three concurrent lines (for which potential density does not hold). This answers positively a question raised by Hassett and Tschinkel and, combined with previous results, completes the proof of the potential density of integral points for complements of anticanonical divisors in smooth del Pezzo surfaces. We then classify the complements which are simply connected and for these we prove that the set of integral points is potentially not thin, as predicted by a conjecture of Corvaja and Zannier.
SUNY: A Visual Interpretation Framework for Convolutional Neural Networks from a Necessary and Sufficient Perspective

Researchers have proposed various methods for visually interpreting the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) via saliency maps, which include Class-Activation-Map (CAM) based approaches as a leading family. However, in terms of the internal design logic, existing CAM-based approaches often overlook the causal perspective that answers the core"why"question to help humans understand the explanation. Additionally, current CNN explanations lack the consideration of both necessity and sufficiency, two complementary sides of a desirable explanation. This paper presents a causality-driven framework, SUNY, designed to rationalize the explanations toward better human understanding. Using the CNN model's input features or internal filters as hypothetical causes, SUNY generates explanations by bi-directional quantifications on both the necessary and sufficient perspectives. Extensive evaluations justify that SUNY not only produces more informative and convincing explanations from the angles of necessity and sufficiency, but also achieves performances competitive to other approaches across different CNN architectures over large-scale datasets, including ILSVRC2012 and CUB-200-2011.
BISVP: Building Footprint Extraction Via Bidirectional Serialized Vertex Prediction

Extracting building footprints from remote sensing images has been attracting extensive attention recently. Dominant approaches address this challenging problem by generating vectorized building masks with cumbersome refinement stages, which limits the application of such methods. In this paper, we introduce a new refinement-free and end-to-end building footprint extraction method, which is conceptually intuitive, simple, and effective. Our method, termed as BiSVP, represents a building instance with ordered vertices and formulates the building footprint extraction as predicting the serialized vertices directly in a bidirectional fashion. Moreover, we propose a cross-scale feature fusion (CSFF) module to facilitate high resolution and rich semantic feature learning, which is essential for the dense building vertex prediction task. Without bells and whistles, our BiSVP outperforms state-of-the-art methods by considerable margins on three building instance segmentation benchmarks, clearly demonstrating its superiority. The code and datasets will be made public available.
Generalized cumulative shrinkage process priors with applications to sparse Bayesian factor analysis

The paper discusses shrinkage priors which impose increasing shrinkage in a sequence of parameters. We review the cumulative shrinkage process (CUSP) prior of Legramanti et al. (Legramanti et al. 2020 Biometrika 107, 745–752. (doi:10.1093/biomet/asaa008)), which is a spike-and-slab shrinkage prior where the spike probability is stochastically increasing and constructed from the stick-breaking representation of a Dirichlet process prior. As a first contribution, this CUSP prior is extended by involving arbitrary stick-breaking representations arising from beta distributions. As a second contribution, we prove that exchangeable spike-and-slab priors, which are popular and widely used in sparse Bayesian factor analysis, can be represented as a finite generalized CUSP prior, which is easily obtained from the decreasing order statistics of the slab probabilities. Hence, exchangeable spike-and-slab shrinkage priors imply increasing shrinkage as the column index in the loading matrix increases, without imposing explicit order constraints on the slab probabilities. An application to sparse Bayesian factor analysis illustrates the usefulness of the findings of this paper. A new exchangeable spike-and-slab shrinkage prior based on the triple gamma prior of Cadonna et al. (Cadonna et al. 2020 Econometrics 8, 20. (doi:10.3390/econometrics8020020)) is introduced and shown to be helpful for estimating the unknown number of factors in a simulation study. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects’.
Mitigating Backdoors in Federated Learning with FLD

Federated learning allows clients to collaboratively train a global model without uploading raw data for privacy preservation. This feature, i.e., the inability to review participants' datasets, has recently been found responsible for federated learning's vulnerability in the face of backdoor attacks. Existing defense methods fall short from two perspectives: 1) they consider only very specific and limited attacker models and unable to cope with advanced backdoor attacks, such as distributed backdoor attacks, which break down the global trigger into multiple distributed triggers. 2) they conduct detection based on model granularity thus the performance gets impacted by the model dimension. To address these challenges, we propose Federated Layer Detection (FLD), a novel model filtering approach for effectively defending against backdoor attacks. FLD examines the models based on layer granularity to capture the complete model details and effectively detect potential backdoor models regardless of model dimension. We provide theoretical analysis and proof for the convergence of FLD. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FLD effectively mitigates state-of-the-art backdoor attacks with negligible impact on the accuracy of the primary task.
Linear stability analysis and numerical calculations of the lid-driven flow in a toroidally shaped cavity

The lid-driven incompressible flow in a toroidally shaped cavity of square cross-section (d×d) and radius of curvature rc is studied. For discrete values of the curvature ratio (δ=d/rc), the Reynolds number at which the flow becomes three-dimensional (Rec) is determined by means of linear stability analysis. Present results show that both Rec and the wavelength of the critical mode (λc) depend strongly on curvature. For small curvatures (δ=0.125) steady modes of short wavelength (λc≈0.4) render the flow three-dimensional. For δ=0.25 the dominant modes are unsteady and of longer wavelength (λc≈0.8). For larger curvatures (δ⩾0.5), the first active modes are stationary and of even longer wavelength (λc>2.0). Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for slightly to moderately supercritical conditions show a good agreement with the structure of the critical mode predicted by linear analyses. The flow is unstable for all curvatures studied due to instability of centrifugal type. The slightly supercrit.
On positive solutions of some pairs of differential equations

This paper is a sequel to the author’s paper [6], which studied positive solutions of a pair of differential equations introduced by Conway, Gardner, and Smoller [4]. Their equations were equations for population problems in biology. Their significance is discussed further in 141. The purpose of the present paper is to obtain further results for the Conwat-Gardner-Smoller equations and to show how the methods in [6] can be modified to decide exactly when the classical predator-prey system (as in Blat and Brown [2]) has a strictly positive solution. We also show how the methods can be applied to a number of other problems. In particular, our results answer some questions in Conway [S]. Secondly, we show how the asymptotic methods developed in [6] can be used to study the existence and uniqueness of strictly positive solutions of competing species problems. Our results suggest that this is a much more complicated problem than the predator-prey problem. (We do obtain a condition which is, except for a few special cases, necessary and sufficient for the existence of a strictly positive solution. However, the condition is complicated and rather implicit.) Thirdly, we prove the uniqueness of the strictly positive solution in the Conway-Smoller system if d is small and n = 1 (that is, the case of ordinary differential equations). This partially answers a question in [4]. Our proof is a local result and can be used in other situations. For example, it can be used to show that, in certain cases of “asocial” nonlinearities (where our notation follows [4, Sect. 4]), there are exactly two strictly positive solutions for small d. We also show how our method applies to more general predator-prey problems. In Section 1, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of strictly positive solutions of predator-prey systems; in Section 2, we study competing species models, by iteration and asymptotic methods. Finally, in Section 3, we prove our uniqueness results. In an appendix, we briefly discuss how the methods of Section 3 apply to more general models.
Recent advances in the treatment of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathies

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) neuropathies are one of the most common neuromuscular disorders. However, despite the identification of more than 100 causative genes, therapeutic options are still missing. The generation of authentic animal models and the increasing insights into the understanding of disease mechanisms, in addition to extraordinary developments in gene and molecular therapies, are quickly changing this scenario, and several strategies are currently being translated, or are getting close to, clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent advances for the therapy of CMT at both the preclinical and clinical levels. For clarity, we have grouped the approaches in three different categories: gene therapy based on viral‐mediated delivery, molecular therapies based on alternative delivery systems, and pharmacological therapies.
Optical time‐of‐flight investigation of ambipolar carrier transport in GaAlAs using GaAs/GaAlAs double quantum well structures

We propose a new all‐optical time‐of‐flight method which provides transport properties like the average carrier velocity and diffusivity from measurements of the flight duration in semiconductor materials sandwiched between two quantum wells. The method is capable of very high spatial and temporal resolution and is demonstrated by time‐of‐flight experiments in GaAlAs.
Chatbots for future docs: exploring medical students’ attitudes and knowledge towards artificial intelligence and medical chatbots

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine and digital assistance systems such as chatbots will play an increasingly important role in future doctor – patient communication. To benefit from the potential of this technical innovation and ensure optimal patient care, future physicians should be equipped with the appropriate skills. Accordingly, a suitable place for the management and adaptation of digital assistance systems must be found in the medical education curriculum. To determine the existing levels of knowledge of medical students about AI chatbots in particular in the healthcare setting, this study surveyed medical students of the University of Luebeck and the University Hospital of Tuebingen. Using standardized quantitative questionnaires and qualitative analysis of group discussions, the attitudes of medical students toward AI and chatbots in medicine were investigated. From this, relevant requirements for the future integration of AI into the medical curriculum could be identified. The aim was to establish a basic understanding of the opportunities, limitations, and risks, as well as potential areas of application of the technology. The participants (N = 12) were able to develop an understanding of how AI and chatbots will affect their future daily work. Although basic attitudes toward the use of AI were positive, the students also expressed concerns. There were high levels of agreement regarding the use of AI in administrative settings (83.3%) and research with health-related data (91.7%). However, participants expressed concerns that data protection may be insufficiently guaranteed (33.3%) and that they might be increasingly monitored at work in the future (58.3%). The evaluations indicated that future physicians want to engage more intensively with AI in medicine. In view of future developments, AI and data competencies should be taught in a structured way during the medical curriculum and integrated into curricular teaching.
Meso- and microscale features of a Colorado cold front

Abstract Data from the NOAA BAO (Boulder Atmospheric Observatory) tower and the PROFS (Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services) surface mesonetwork have been used to detect the meso- and microscale flow patterns associated with the passage of a shallow cold front over complex terrain. This front moved across the PROFS surface mesonetwork and the BAO tower site on the morning of 3 December 1981. Partial blocking of the cold airflow by the higher terrain to the north led to a westward movement of the cold front in the upper reaches of the South Platte River drainage basin. A meso-β-scale anticyclonic eddy subsequently formed in the lee of this terrain obstruction. The micro-α-scale vertical eddy structure in the cold frontal zone is defined using data from the BAO tower. Updrafts of >6 m s−1 at 200 m AGL occurred at the wind-shift and temperature-drop line. Immediately behind this feature, micro-α-scale eddies entrained air through the frontal surface, diluting the low-level flow which was o.
Evaluation of oxidized beta-carotene on sow and piglet immune systems, sow reproductive performance, and piglet growth

Abstract This study aimed to determine if supplementation of oxidized-beta carotene (OxC-Beta) improved sow reproductive performance, litter growth performance, vitamin A status, and ability to alter immune cells abundance in sows and piglets, subsequent litter performance, and nursery growth performance. On approximately day 60 of gestation and through the lactation period, 194 sows (blocked by parity) were assigned to a common gestation diet or the common diet supplemented with 80 ppm oxidized beta-carotene (OxC-Beta, Aviagen, Ottawa, ON, Canada). A subset of sows (N = 54 per treatment) were sampled for blood and body weight recorded at the beginning of the study, farrowing, and weaning. A blood sample was taken from a subset of piglets at birth and weaning, and all piglet weights were recorded. Blood was analyzed for vitamin A as retinol concentrations and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgG) levels were assessed from the sow’s blood. Twelve pigs (N = 6 per treatment) were euthanized at birth and weaning. The livers were collected and analyzed for the Kupffer cell phagocytic activity through flow cytometry. Whole blood was analyzed via flow cytometry for cluster of differentiation (CD335, CD8, and CD4). Colostrum during farrowing and milk at weaning were analyzed for IgG and IgA concentrations. Data were analyzed via SAS 9.4 using MIXED and frequency procedures where appropriate. No differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments were observed in sow reproductive performance, feed intake, wean to estrus interval, or piglet growth performance. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the plasma or liver for vitamin A. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the composition of the colostrum or milk. No immunological differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the piglets’ liver and blood or sow antibodies in colostrum and milk. The supplementation of OxC-Beta did (P < 0.05) decrease IgM and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease IgG in sow plasma. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the reproductive performance of subsequent litter information from the sows. Gilt litter weaning weight and feed intake were reduced (P < 0.05) compared to sow performance. In conclusion, the supplementation of OxC-Beta at 80 ppm from day 60 of gestation through lactation does not affect the reproductive performance of sows, litter growth performance, vitamin A status, piglet immune status, and antibodies or composition in colostrum and milk.
A methodology for analyzing prosody

Prosody consists of that information in speech which can be suprasegmental, i.e., operate over units larger than a single segment. Prosodic contours may span a word, phrase, or larger units. The goal of this study is to understand the mapping between discrete, abstract units (e.g., boundary tones, pitch accents) and their observed continuously varying acoustic correlates (e.g., duration and F0). Since prosody synthesis and analysis have traditionally been a challenging problem, the initial focus of this study has been restricted to the FM radio news broadcasting style of speech. This pilot study indicates that in this speech style, prosodic units appear to be more strongly and more regularly marked than in conversational styles. Time‐ and pitch‐scale modification is employed using a sinusoidal model to change the duration and F0 contours of natural utterances. This technique allows synthesis of an utterance with a new prosodic contour, taking the input parameters from a linguistic model of prosody, or fro.
The incidence of Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions and associated risk factors in pregnant women and nonpregnant women: A retrospective chart review at a university hospital in Japan

Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions (JHR) is a transient adverse event that occurs during initial antimicrobial treatment for syphilis patients, and is known to develop uterine contractions and fetal distress in pregnant women complicated with syphilis. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for JHR in patients with syphilis, and to clarify whether pregnancy status is a risk factor for JHR, and to describe the characteristics of pregnant women who develop JHR.
Temperature dependence of s*ca phase electric field behavior as evidenced by polarization current and dielectric measurements

Abstract We present simultaneous polarization current and dielectric measurements in the S*, phase of the homologous n = 9 of a benzoate series. Two different behaviors are evidenced as a function of temperature (near the SA-S*cU phase transition and near the S*-S*, phase tran-sition) and attributed to temperature evolution of the S*ca phase structure. The results are compared with those previously obtained for the homologous n = 11.
Quaternion attention multi-scale widening network for endoscopy image super-resolution

Objective. In the field of endoscopic imaging, Super-Resolution (SR) plays an important role in Manufactured Diagnosis, physicians and machine Automatic Diagnosis. Although many recent studies have been performed, by using deep convolutional neural networks on endoscopic SR, most of the methods have large parameters, which limits their practical application. In addition, almost all of these methods treat each channel equally based on the real-valued domain, without considering the difference among the different channels. Our objective is to design a SR model named Quaternion Attention Multi-scale Widening Network (QAMWN) for endoscopy images to address the above problem. Approach. QAMWN contains a stacked Quaternion Attention Multi-Scale Widening Block, that composed of Multi-scale Feature Widening Aggregation Module (MFWAM) and Quaternion Residual Channel Attention (QRCA). The MFWAM adopts multi-scale architecture with step-wise widening on feature channels for better feature extraction; and in QRCA, quaternion is introduced to construct Residual Channel Attention Mechanism, which obtains adaptively scales features by considering compact cross-channel interactions in the hyper-complex domain. Main results. To verify the efficacy of our method, it is performed on two public endoscopic datasets, CVC ClinicDB and Kvasir dataset. The experimental results show that our proposed method can achieve a better trade-off in model size and performance. More importantly, the proposed QAMWN outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods in both metrics and visualization. Significance. We propose a lightweight SR network for endoscopy and achieves better performance with fewer parameters, which helps in clinical diagnosis of endoscopy.
Using Space Syntax Analysis to Measure Patient Aggression Risk

Objectives: The present study investigates whether space syntax offers appropriate tools for identifying risks of aggression, interventional opportunities, and environmental design strategies to reduce the risk of Type II violence in emergency departments. Background: Although healthcare workers are a relatively small percentage of the U.S. workforce, they sustain almost 75% of workplace assaults. Poor environmental design has been identified as an antecedent to aggression by patients and/or their companions. Method: Guided by Rational Choice Theory, Lifestyle Exposure Theory, Routine Activity Theory, and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), the study uses five visibility graph analysis (VGA) measures: visibility, control, controllability, mean visual depth, and occlusivity. Three U.S. hospital-based emergency departments were selected. First, a VGA was performed on all three layouts. A second VGA was performed after excluding unconnected spaces, and a third was performed on key patient and staff areas. Last, a fourth VGA was conducted after performing physical modifications to the three departments. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in VGA measures not only between different layouts but also between the original and modified layouts. Specifically, small changes created by architectural features can affect visual access and exposure as measured by space syntax. Alcove-style spaces in key staff areas are also associated with limited visual control of the local environment. Typically, in smaller zones, central staff workstations afford better control of patient spaces. Conclusion: This study shows that space syntax analysis is a useful tool for identifying risks of aggression in hospital spaces and for identifying interventional opportunities.