Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rural Out-Migration and Its Economic Implications on Migrant Households in India: A Review

In the literature on migration, a world-wide phenomenon, there are many studies which highlight the consequences of migration. Much of this attention has been focused on the developing countries that have large population bases but few resources. Migration has a number of socio-economic, cultural, political, and demographic impacts at the places of origin as well as destination. In the process of development, the system of population mobility is expected to play an important role in bringing out a change in the economic level of rural masses. Its significance is obvious as it provides a network of expansion of ideas and information, cultural diffusion, and social integration and it also indicates the symptoms of environmental and economic changes (Thompson and Lewis, 1976). These factors depend on the type of migration—permanent, temporary, seasonal or circular—and the characteristics of the regions concerned.
Observation of magnetospheric relativistic electrons accelerated by Pc‐5 ULF waves

Magnetic field, electric field and energetic electron measurements from CRRES, GOES‐6 and ‐7 satellites are used to investigate the production of up to 2 MeV electron fluxes through a storm sudden commencement (SSC) event on August 27, 1991. Strong Pc‐5 oscillations, whose electric field is mainly along the radial direction, and up to an order‐of‐magnitude enhancement in relativistic electron fluxes occurred simultaneously in a two‐hour period. The enhanced electron fluxes are found to have a pancake‐like pitch angle distribution, which is consistent with the fluxes being accelerated near the equatorial plane. The electron acceleration is shown to result from drift‐resonant interactions with the toroidal‐mode Pc‐5 ULF waves having wave frequencies three times the electron drift frequency. In view of the L‐variation of ULF wave frequencies, electron acceleration to relativistic energies becomes more effective in the geosynchronous region.
Savings Behaviour in India: An Empirical Study

Economic Survey (1999-2000) presented by Finance Minister in Parliament on February 28, 2000 has provided interesting insights that merit very careful attention. According to the survey the growth rate of Indian Economy during 1999-2000 had been estimated at 5.9 per cent Industrial growth had increased by 6.2 per cent in April Dec. 1999. Inflation rate (WPI) has recorded an all time low of 2.9 per cent as on January 29, 2000. For ex reserve has increased from 29522 US$ to 31941 US$ during 1998-99 and 1999 respectively. While above all these reflected fairly impressive growth. The major failure, however, has been the short fall in agricultural product and the steady increase in fiscal deficit. The agricultural production, which recorded a rise of 7.4 per cent during 1998-99, has declired by 2.2 per cent. The production of food grains has decreased from 203 million tonnes in 1998-99 to 199.1 million tonnes during 1999-2000. Increase in government expenditure due to the Kargil War, cyclone in Orissa, election in 1999 and Fifty Pay Commission implementation culminated in the fiscal deficit at Rs. 108898 crore in 1999-2000 and estimated to be Rs. 111275 crore during 2000-2001. Budget 2000-2001 proposals to cut in GPF interest rate, increase in surcharge on income above Rs. 1.50 lakhs from 10 per cent to 15 per cent, increase in prices PDS articles and PDS sugаr out of reach for income Tax assess will have a direct bearing on individual in general and on the salaried sections in particular. It is expected that above all cumulatively badly effect the domestic savings. The concept of saving plays an important role in economic analysis. Saving is defined as the difference between income and consumption. During pre-Independence period in India, people spent most of their income on consumption and only a small amount of income was left in the form of saving. As a result the saving rate was very low, specially in the rural sector. Since the attainment of Independence in 1947, the major objective of the government policy has been the promotion of saving and capital formation as they are the primary instruments of economic growth. Increase in the savings, use of increased saving for financing the increasing required investment, use of the increased investment for increasing savings, and use of the increased savings for a further financing the required investment constitute the strategy of economic growth. This process may continue till saving, investment ratio to income would get stabilized and there would be steady and selfsustained increases in national income and economic welfare. Several empirical studies have found that the rapid development of the western economies was the result of an increasing rate of investment. And the increase in the rate of investment was made possible by way of an almost proportionate rise in the rate of saving. Saving is therefore, the key factor in achieving a high rate of investment
Scale free properties in a network-based integrated approach to earthquake pattern analysis

Abstract. This paper proposes a network-based method for the assessment of earthquake relationships in space–time–magnitude patterns. It is shown that networks with high values for the minimum edge weight W min enjoy strong scaling properties, as opposed to networks with low values for W min , which exhibit no such properties. The scaling behavior along the spectrum of W min values, in conjunction with the robustness regarding parameter variations, endorse the idea of a relationship between fundamental properties of seismicity and the scaling properties of the earthquake networks. Results of this method are further applied for the study of temporal changes in volcanic seismicity patterns.
Pattern of International Trade, New Trade Theories and Evidence from Gravity Equation Analysis

Another landmark in the theory of international trade is the work of E.F. Heckscher who published in 1919 a paper that contains the core of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade. Bertil Ohlin a student of Heckscher, published in 1933 his main work ‘Inter-regional and International trade’. Heckscher-Ohlin theory says that trade results from the fact that different countries have different factor endowments.
Tomographic reconstruction of vector fields in variable background media

This paper considers the problem of determination of a planar vector field when its Doppler data are modified by the presence of an unknown scalar field. Such a problem occurs in the investigation of velocity distribution in a flow through media of variable sound speed. We show that the curl of the vector field can be stably recovered. In absorbing media the integrals are weighted to account for the attenuation along the path. When the boundary values of the vector field are known, its solenoidal part is determined from its curl. We use Bukhgeim's approach to the problem of tomography.
Molecular hydrogen in interstellar dark clouds

A simplified H/sub 2/ formation mechanism is proposed in which small interstellar grains (radii < or =400 A) furnish the reaction sites. This mechanism results in a value for the rate constant R of < or =2 x 10/sup -18/ cm/sup -3/ s/sup -1/ for dark clouds at 10 K. Also, the nascent molecules are ejected in excited states in qualitative agreement with Copernicus observations. A time-dependent treatment of the chemical evolution of a dark cloud with little or no ionizing radiation (zeta/sub H/< or =10/sup -18/ s/sup 1/) shows that the clouds require more than 10/sup 7/ years to achieve chemical equilibrium and that the observed residual atomic hydrogen in several dark clouds suggest that the clouds are 10/sup 6/--10/sup 7/ years old. Other consequences of the temporal cloud model are in accord with astronomical observations. (AIP)
Structure of ELMs in MAST and the implications for energy deposition

This paper presents a description of the spatial and temporal structure of edge-localized modes (ELMs) observed in the MAST tokamak. Filamentary enhancements of visible light are observed on photographic images of the plasma obtained during ELMs. Comparisons with simulations show that these filaments are consistent with following field lines at the outboard edge of the plasma. The toroidal mode number of these filaments has been extracted from a study of the discrete peaks observed in the ion saturation current recorded by a mid-plane reciprocating probe. A study of the time delay of these peaks with respect to the onset of the ELM has been used to calculate an effective radial velocity for the expansion of the filaments. A comparison of this derived radial velocity as a function of distance from the last closed flux surface with simulations indicates that the filament is accelerating away from the plasma. Evidence for the temporal evolution of the ELM comes from studies of outboard mid-plane Thomson scattering density profiles. In addition, a study of the toroidal velocity as a function of radius shows that during an ELM the strong velocity shear near the edge of the plasma, normally present in H-modes, is strongly reduced. The picture that emerges is that the ELM can be viewed as being composed of filamentary structures that are generated on a 100 µs timescale, accelerate away from the plasma edge, are extended along a field line and have a typical toroidal mode number ∼10. The implications of these filaments for the energy deposition on plasma facing components are discussed.
Relationship Between Past Survey Burden and Response Probability to a New Survey in a Probability-Based Online Panel

Abstract We conducted an idiographic analysis to examine the effect of survey burden, measured by the length of the most recent questionnaire, or number of survey invitations (survey frequency) in a one-year period preceding a new survey, on the response probability to a new survey in a probability-based Internet panel. The individual response process was modeled by a latent Markov chain with questionnaire length and survey frequency as explanatory variables. The individual estimates were obtained using a Monte Carlo based method and then pooled to derive estimates of the overall relationships and to identify specific subgroups whose responses were more likely to be impacted by questionnaire length or survey frequency. The results show an overall positive relationship between questionnaire length and response probability, and no significant relationship between survey frequency and response probability. Further analysis showed that longer questionnaires were more likely to be associated with decreased response rates among racial/ethnic minorities and introverted participants. Frequent surveys were more likely to be associated with decreased response rates among participants with a large household. We discuss the implications for panel management and advocate targeted interventions for the small subgroups whose response probability may be negatively impacted by longer questionnaires or frequent surveys.
An explicit numerical scheme for the modified Burgers' equation

An explicit finite difference scheme based on second‐order rational approximants to the matrix‐exponential term is proposed for the numerical solution of the modified Burgers' equation already known in the bibliography. The method, which is analyzed for local truncation error and stability, is tested to various wave packets and the results arising from the experiments are compared with the relevant known ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Measurements of Particle Size and Sample Area from Optical Array Probes

Abstract The technique of using shadow images of particles, obtained in coherent illumination to measure particle size, is analyzed. The theory of Fresnel diffraction for an opaque disc was used to analyze shadow images of transparent spherical particles. A comparison of theoretical calculations with laboratory results supports the application of this approach to optical array probes. It is shown that the shadow image size of spherical particles is essentially dependent on the distance from the object plane. In particular, for drops with diameters of less than 100 µm, the errors in size measurement from the PMS OAP-200X may reach 65%. These results agree well with laboratory calibrations that use monodisperse water droplets. On the basis of calculated particle diffraction images, the shape of the sample area and its dependence on drop size were calculated. It was found that the sample area has a complicated sawtooth shape. Gaps oriented perpendicular to the axis of a laser beam occur in the sample area in.
Atherogenic index of plasma and coronary artery disease: A systematic review

Abstract Various studies suggest that the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in different clinical scenarios. This review aimed to synthesize evidence of the association between AIP values and CAD. A literature search was carried out on four databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid-Medline. A handsearch was performed on preprint repositories (MedRxiv and Research Square). The effect measurements were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). For the quantitative synthesis, we employed a random-effects model. We analyzed 14 articles (with 40,902 participants) from seven different countries. The quantitative analysis revealed that an increase in one unit of AIP was associated with higher odds of developing CAD (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.65–2.69; P < 0.001; I 2 = 98%). We conducted subgroup analyses of Chinese (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.40–2.56; P < 0.001) and non-Chinese studies (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.42–4.42; P < 0.001). The sensitivity analysis by risk of bias continued to demonstrate an association, and the heterogeneity remained unchanged (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.33–2.31; P < 0.001; I 2 = 98%). Higher AIP values were associated with higher odds of developing CAD.
The implementation of plurilingual language policies in Higher Education – the perspective of language learning students

Abstract It is undeniable that English has become the worldwide lingua franca for the academic world. Many countries have therefore opted for Higher Education programmes fully in English, of which the Netherlands is the frontrunner. Language policies that include drawing on students plurilingual repertoires could offer the opportunity to employ several languages in the classroom (Duarte and van der Ploeg 2019). Although the attitudes of lecturers have been studied before, students are often overlooked when creating language policies and in particular students in language-related courses. This mixed-method study aimed to map the affordances and constraints associated with the implementation of a plurilingual policy from the students’ perspective. First, 20 h of classroom observations showed that plurilingual approaches were used when explaining concepts, yet were refrained from when struggling with the language of instruction. Second, a survey with 103 students attending language-related courses showed general positive attitudes towards using plurilingual approaches, in which being proficient in a large number of languages played a significant role. Overall, the affordances of a plurilingual policy, such as new ways of thinking, and the use of a student’s full linguistic repertoire, surpassed the constraints, such as the lack of inclusion, and as a result, the advantage for Dutch students was mentioned.
Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma

Abstract RUNX3 is a transcription factor and tumor suppressor that is silenced or inactivated in diverse tumors. The effect of RUNX3 on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) remains unclear. We determined the expression of RUNX3 and E-cadherin in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 30 CCRCC patients; established cultured CCRCC cells with the overexpression of RUNX3; and examined the in vivo tumorigenic function of RUNX3 in a nude mouse xenograft model of CCRCC. RUNX3 and E-cadherin were downregulated in human CCRCC samples. Cell lines with RUNX3 overexpression had reduced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, a prolonged cell cycle, increased apoptosis, and increased expression of E-cadherin. In the nude mouse xenograft model of CCRCC, tumors with the overexpression of RUNX3 had smaller volumes and weights and had increased expression of E-cadherin. In conclusion, RUNX3 overexpression increased the level of E-cadherin and inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CCRCC in vitro and in vivo. RUNX3 has potential use as a biomarker for prognostic monitoring of CCRCC and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this cancer.
Growth signaling autonomy in circulating tumor cells aids metastatic seeding

Self-sufficiency (autonomy) in growth signaling, the earliest recognized hallmark of cancer, is fueled by the tumor cell’s ability to ‘secrete-and-sense’ growth factors; this translates into cell survival and proliferation that is self-sustained by auto-/paracrine secretion. A Golgi-localized circuitry comprised of two GTPase switches has recently been implicated in the orchestration of growth signaling autonomy. Using breast cancer cells that are either endowed or impaired (by gene editing) in their ability to assemble the circuitry for growth signaling autonomy, here we define the transcriptome, proteome, and phenome of such autonomous state, and unravel its role during cancer progression. We show that autonomy is associated with enhanced molecular programs for stemness, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Autonomy is both necessary and sufficient for anchorage-independent growth factor-restricted proliferation and resistance to anti-cancer drugs and is required for metastatic progression. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies show that autonomy is associated, with a surprising degree of specificity, to self-sustained EGFR/ErbB signaling. Derivation of a gene expression signature for autonomy revealed that growth signaling autonomy is uniquely induced in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), the harshest phase in the life of tumor cells when it is deprived of biologically available EGF. We also show that autonomy in CTCs tracks therapeutic response and prognosticates outcome. These data support a role for growth signaling autonomy in multiple processes essential for the blood-borne dissemination of human breast cancer. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: Significance Statement A Golgi-localized molecular circuitry has been recently implicated in the orchestration of secrete-and-sense auto-/paracrine loops that impart self-sufficiency in growth signaling, a.k. a. , growth signaling autonomy. Using a transdisciplinary approach, this work shows that growth signaling autonomy is uniquely induced in tumor cells that are in circulation. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a brutish and risky phase in the lifetime of tumor cells when they are exposed to the immune system and hemodynamic sheer forces, all in the setting of growth factor starvation. Cancer cells appear to rely on the autonomy circuit to survive and enhance their fitness to seed metastases. Autonomy generates the kind of ‘eat-what-you-kill’ entrepreneurial spirit which minimizes the risk of CTCs dying on an otherwise risky journey.
Hybrid LES-RANS: An approach to make LES applicable at high Reynolds number

The main bottle neck for using large eddy simulations (LES) at high Reynolds number is the requirement of very fine meshes near walls. Hybrid LES-Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) was invented to get rid of this limitation. In this method, unsteady RANS (URANS) is used near walls and away from walls LES is used. The matching between URANS and LES takes place in the inner log-region. In the present paper, a method to improve standard LES-RANS is evaluated. The improvement consists of adding instantaneous turbulent fluctuations (forcing conditions) at the matching plane in order to provide the equations in the LES region with relevant turbulent structures. The fluctuations are taken from a DNS of a generic boundary layer. Simulations of fully developed channel flow and plane asymmetric diffuser flow are presented. Hybrid LES-RANS is used both with and without forcing conditions.
Characterization of adult human skeletal cells in different tissues reveals a CD90+CD34+ periosteal stem cell population

Skeletal stem and progenitor cells are critical for bone homeostasis and healing, but their identity and diversity in humans are not well understood. In this study, we compared stromal populations in matched tissues from the femoral head and neck of 21 human participants using spectral flow cytometry of freshly isolated cells. High-level analysis indicated significant differences in marker distribution between periosteum, articular cartilage, endosteum and bone marrow stromal populations, and identified populations that were highly enriched or unique to specific tissues. Periosteum-enriched markers included CD90 and CD34. Articular cartilage, which has very poor regenerative potential, showed enrichment of multiple markers, including the PDPN+CD73+CD164+ population previously reported to represent human skeletal stem cells. We further characterized periosteal populations by combining CD90 with other strongly expressed markers. CD90+CD34+ cells sorted directly from periosteum showed significant colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-F) enrichment, rapid expansion, and consistent multi-lineage differentiation of clonal populations. In situ, CD90+CD34+ cells include a perivascular population in the outer layer of the periosteum and non-perivascular cells closer to the bone surface. In conclusion, our study indicates considerable diversity in the stromal cell populations in different tissue compartments within the adult human skeleton, and suggests that periosteal stem cells reside within the CD90+CD34+ population.
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants leading to the emergence of BQ.1.1 variant

Recent Omicron SARS-CoV-2 subvariants independently acquire 5 key Spike mutations. Here, the authors evaluate the evolutionary importance of the 5 mutations and characterize the virological properties of variant BQ.1. 1 harboring all 5 mutations. In late 2022, various Omicron subvariants emerged and cocirculated worldwide. These variants convergently acquired amino acid substitutions at critical residues in the spike protein, including residues R346, K444, L452, N460, and F486. Here, we characterize the convergent evolution of Omicron subvariants and the properties of one recent lineage of concern, BQ.1. 1. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that these five substitutions are recurrently acquired, particularly in younger Omicron lineages. Epidemic dynamics modelling suggests that the five substitutions increase viral fitness, and a large proportion of the fitness variation within Omicron lineages can be explained by these substitutions. Compared to BA.5, BQ.1. 1 evades breakthrough BA.2 and BA.5 infection sera more efficiently, as demonstrated by neutralization assays. The pathogenicity of BQ.1. 1 in hamsters is lower than that of BA.5. Our multiscale investigations illuminate the evolutionary rules governing the convergent evolution for known Omicron lineages as of 2022.