Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equivalence and Interval Testing for Lehmann's Alternative

Abstract Equivalence and interval tests for Lehmann's alternative that extend the well-known Savage test for one-sided hypotheses are proposed. The proposed tests are shown to be unbiased with a strictly unimodal power function, provided the sample sizes in both treatment groups are equal. By means of a numerical investigation of the bias in the case of unequal sample sizes that are not too far apart, the suggested tests still turn out to provide practicable solutions. Because the computational effort to perform the suggested tests is considerable, tables containing the critical values are displayed to perform these tests easily. A numerical analysis of the power function of the interval test establishes this procedure as a powerful tool for detection of a significantly relevant difference in the small-sample case. In contrast to the case of interval testing, the fact arises that the performance of a powerful equivalence study under Lehmann's alternative requires an extensive amount of data. Because the p.
Pressure induced crystallization in amorphous silicon

We have investigated the high pressure behavior of amorphous silicon (a-Si) using x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering techniques. Our experiments show that a-Si undergoes a polyamorphous transition from the low density amorphous to the high density amorphous phase, followed by pressure induced crystallization to the primitive hexagonal (ph) phase. On the release path, the sequence of observed phase transitions depends on whether the pressure is reduced slowly or rapidly. Using the results of our first principles calculations, pressure induced preferential crystallization to the ph phase is explained in terms of a thermodynamic model based on phenomenological random nucleation and the growth process.
A class of high-breakdown scale estimators based on subranges

We consider a new class of scale estimators with 50% breakdown point. The estimators are defined as order statistics of certain subranges. They all have a finite-sample breakdown point of [n/2]/n, which is the best possible value. (Here, [.] denotes the integer part.) One estimator in this class has the same influence function as the median absolute deviation and the least median of squares (LMS) scale estimator (i.e., the length of the shortest half), but its finite-sample efficiency is higher. If we consider the standard deviation of a subsample instead of its range, we obtain a different class of 50% breakdown estimators. This class contains the least trimmed squares (LTS) scale estimator. Simulation shows that the LTS scale estimator is nearly unbiased, so it does not need a small-sample correction factor. Surprisingly, the efficiency of the LTS scale estimator is less than that of the LMS scale estimator.
Core Sizes and Internal Structure of Earth's and Jupiter's Satellites

Abstract Models of the internal structure of the Moon and Galilean satellites of Jupiter—Io, Europa, and Ganymede—based on the geophysical (the mass and moment of inertia from recent Lunar Prospector and Galileo gravity measurements, and seismic velocities for the Moon), geochemical (the chemical composition of meteorites), and thermodynamic (modeling of phase relations and physical properties in the Na 2 O–TiO 2 –CaO–FeO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –Fe–FeS system) constraints are constructed. Bulk composition of the Moon (enrichment in SiO 2 , FeO, and refractories, and depletion in MgO) resembles neither the terrestrial matter nor the material of chondrites and achondrites. The radii of a lunar core are estimated to be 310–320 km for the Fe core, and 430–440 km for the eutectic Fe–FeS core. The Moon has the lowest Fe tot /Si weight ratio, 0.40–0.47, among the terrestrial planets, chondrites, and satellites of the outer Solar System. The correspondence between the density and moment of inertia values for bulk Io and rock–iron cores of Europa and Ganymede shows that their bulk compositions are, in general, similar and may be described by the composition close to L and LL chondrites. For such composition and density models, radii of the Fe core and eutectic Fe–FeS core are estimated to be R(Fe core)=590–630 km and R(Fe–FeS core)=830–875 km for Io, R(Fe core)=420–510 km and R(Fe–FeS core)=610–710 km for Europa, and R(Fe core)=580–650 km and R(Fe–FeS core)=820–900 km for Ganymede with an outer shell composed of the ice solid phases. The results of modeling support the hypothesis that Io, Europa, and Ganymede have a massive metallic core in which a magnetic field may be produced. Thickness of an ice–liquid outer shell in Europa is estimated to be 120–140 km (7–8% of total mass); thickness of a solid ice outer shell in Ganymede is expected to be 890–920 km (46–48% of total mass). Models showing the outer shell of Ganymede to consist of a mixture of water and ice are considered, and the thickness of an outer water-ice shell (780–850 km) and Fe–FeS core radii are estimated. The possibility of an inner liquid–water layer beneath the icy surface of Ganymede cannot be ruled out if the bulk composition of its rock–iron core were close to the composition of LL (rather than L) chondrites.
Normal approximation through data replication when estimating DisPMO, DePMO, left‐side and right‐side Sigma levels from non‐normal data

Purpose – This paper seeks to present a way of estimating DisPMO, DePMO, left‐side and right‐side Sigma levels (as the “mutations” of DPMO and Sigma level when applied on customer satisfaction measurements), where all critical attributes (CTQs) contain data sets that are non‐normally distributed.Design/methodology/approach – The calculation of DisPMO, DePMO, left‐side and right‐side Sigma levels is based on dynamic‐multiple CTQs without the need for assuming 1.5 Sigma shift from the mean. Using step‐wise multiple regression, CTQs are then the attributes that significantly influence overall customer satisfaction. This further developed method no longer takes normality assumption for granted, which means that, prior to calculating DisPMO, DePMO, left‐side and right‐side Sigma levels, the data should be proven as being normally distributed. To fulfil the assumption of normality, the primary data are being “replicated” by first generating random numbers that follow normal standard distribution and then adjust.
HYGROTHERMAL STRESS IN A PLATE SUBJECTED TO ANTISYMMETRIC TIME-DEPENDENT MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

When the temperature and/or moisture at the surfaces of a composite change suddenly, stresses will arise in the composite owing to the nonuniform diffusion of heat and moisture. Recent investigations have shown that under certain conditions the classical uncoupled theory of diffusion can significantly underestimate the coefficient of diffusion. The coupling between heat and moisture is an inherent part of the diffusion process that cannot be neglected on intuitive grounds. This investigation is an inquiry into the influence of antisymmetric boundary conditions on the magnitude of the hygrothermal stresses in a plate made of T300/5208 epoxy material, commonly used in graphite fiber-reinforced composites. Both moisture and temperature boundary conditions are considered. Because of the nonlinear character of the coupled equations, a finite-difference scheme is adopted. Numerical results involving time-dependent moisture, temperature, and stress distributions in the plate are displayed graphically; they show .
Stability property of Möbius mappings

Soit F une classe arbitraire d'applications continues agissant et s'etendant sur des domaines de R n invariante sous des transformations de similitude de R n et la restriction d'une application a un sous-domaine. On montre qu'une application dans F est soit constante soit un homeomorphisme quasiconforme local
Anticrossing spectroscopy of Cs Rydberg states

We have measured the avoided crossings between the Cs (n+4)s states and the lowest three members of the adjacent n Stark manifold for 20<or=n<or=24 using a novel technique based on the differences in the pulsed field ionization of the states under study. The measured positions of the avoided crossings are in excellent agreement with values calculated by matrix diagonalization, and the experimentally determined widths of the avoided crossings, which range from 29 to 78 MHz, are in reasonable agreement with the calculated values.
Coronal Shocks and Solar Energetic Proton Events

From 1996 July through 2001 June, less than half (43/98) of all favorably located (from solar western hemisphere sources) metric type II radio bursts were associated with solar energetic proton (SEP) events observed at Earth. When western hemisphere metric type IIs were accompanied by decametric-hectometric (DH; 1-14 MHz) type II emission (observed by Wind/WAVES) during this period, their association with ~20 MeV SEP events (with peak fluxes ≥10-3 protons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 MeV-1) was 90% (26/29), versus only 25% (17/69) for metric IIs without a DH counterpart. Overall, 82% (63%) of all SEP events with visible disk origins were associated with metric (DH) type II bursts, with the percentage associations increasing with SEP event size to 88% (96%) for ~20 MeV SEP events with peak intensities of ≥10-1 protons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 MeV-1. Our results are consistent with the following possibilities (which are not mutually exclusive): (1) large ~20 MeV SEP events result from strong shocks that are capable of persisting well beyond ~3 R☉ (the nominal 14 MHz plasma level); (2) shock acceleration is most efficient above ~3 R☉; and (3) shocks that survive beyond ~3 R☉ are more likely to have broad longitudinal extents, enabling less well connected shocks to intercept open field lines connecting to Earth.
Electrostatic solitary waves and double layers in a non-extensive dusty plasma with arbitrarily charged dust

Abstract The nonlinear propagation of dust ion-acoustic (DIA) solitary waves (SWs) as well as double layers (DLs) in a dusty plasma containing warm adiabatic ions, non-extensive electrons, and arbitrarily (positively or negatively) charged immobile dust are studied. Based on the energy-like integral equation, a new relationship between the localized electrostatic disturbances and dust polarity in the non-extensive dusty plasma is derived. It is shown that the effect of electron non-extensivity, in contrast to the influence of extensive electrons, is destructive for the formation of the SWs and DLs. It is also found that the negative (positive) dust number density raises (reduces) the possibility for the formation of these localized states.
A scaling analysis of turbulent flows driven by Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities

We investigate inertial subrange energy spectra associated with turbulent flows developed by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). We argue that the extended Kolmogorov–Kraichnan phenomenology originally developed for turbulent flows with an external agent should also be applicable to these instability driven turbulent flows. A prediction of the mixing zone width for the RMI induced turbulent flow is presented using the RMI modified energy spectrum and a two-equation turbulence model. A possible application to subgrid modeling for large-eddy simulation is discussed briefly.
Diurnal Variations of Warm-Season Precipitation East of the Tibetan Plateau over China

AbstractThis study explores the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation to the east of the Tibetan Plateau over China using the high-resolution NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation data and the Global Forecast System (GFS) gridded analyses during mid-May to mid-August of 2003–09. Complementary to the past studies using satellite or surface observations, it is found that there are strong diurnal variations in the summertime precipitation over the focus domain to the east of the Tibetan Plateau. These diurnal precipitation cycles are strongly associated with several thermally driven regional mountain–plains solenoids due to the differential heating between the Tibetan Plateau, the highlands, the plains, and the ocean. The diurnal cycles differ substantially from region to region and during the three different month-long periods: the pre-mei-yu period (15 May–15 June), the mei-yu period (15 June–15 July), and the post-mei-yu period (15 July–15 August). In partic.
Design of a four-mirror astrometric telescope for light bending measurements

We present a new design of a four mirrors telescope for astrometric measurement to be used in the GAME mission, currently under study at the Astronomical Observatory of Turin, Italy. The main aim of GAME - Gamma Astrometric Measurement Experiment - is to measure the γ parameter of the Parameterized Post- Newtonian formulation by looking at the deflection of light produced by the Sun's gravitational curvature, as in the Dyson, Eddington et al. 1919 experiment, using a dedicated, space based dual-field telescope. A first design has been presented in recent years, based on a Cassegrain scheme with a mask in front of the primary mirror to realize multiple aperture Fizeau interferometry. The new design still implements a Fizeau interferometer, but the telescope layout is based on a Korsch-like scheme with four conical mirrors, long focal length, and without the use of exotic surfaces (aspheric or polynomial) as adopted in other long focal astrometric instruments. A different combination scheme of the two lines of sight makes the dimensioning of the primary mirror more relaxed allowing us to work with smaller surfaces and therefore to achieve a more compact payload configuration. The design of the instrument and the masked interferometry approach allow us to maximize the astrometric performances and at the same time to improve the baffling, minimizing the amount of stray light from the Sun. In this paper we describe the mission profile, the observation principle, the new instrument layout and the expected performances.
Scalar dissipation rate modelling in variable density turbulent axisymmetric jets and diffusion flames

In recent years several transport equation models for the scalar dissipation rate have been proposed to replace the well known algebraic expression based on equality of mechanical and scalar turbulent time scales. In this study various transport equation models are compared with each other and the model equation of Yoshizawa [J. Fluid Mech. 195, 541 (1988)] is given special attention. The latter is shown to allow an algebraic solution that is different from the classical “equal-scales” algebraic model. The constants that appear in this equation are assigned values based on similarity behavior in turbulent jets and based on studies of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Both algebraic models and the transport equation models are compared and applied to isothermal variable density jets and jet diffusion flames. It is found that general features, such as the behavior of scalar fluctuation intensities of variable density turbulent jets are relatively well predicted by all the models. Differences between the mod.
Optimal arbitrage under model uncertainty.

In an equity market model with "Knightian" uncertainty regarding the relative risk and covariance structure of its assets, we characterize in several ways the highest return relative to the market that can be achieved using nonanticipative investment rules over a given time horizon, and under any admissible configuration of model parameters that might materialize. One characterization is in terms of the smallest positive supersolution to a fully nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation of the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman type. Under appropriate conditions, this smallest supersolution is the value function of an associated stochastic control problem, namely, the maximal probability with which an auxiliary multidimensional diffusion process, controlled in a manner which affects both its drift and covariance structures, stays in the interior of the positive orthant through the end of the time-horizon. This value function is also characterized in terms of a stochastic game, and can be used to generate an investment rule that realizes such best possible outperformance of the market.
Mountain Waves in the Tropical Pacific Atmosphere: A Comparison of Vertical Wind Fluctuations over Pohnpei and Christmas Island Using VHF Wind Profilers

Abstract We compare vertical wind fluctuations observed by VHF radar wind profilers in the tropical troposphere over a large, mountainous island (Pohnpei, at 7°N, 158°E) and a large, low-profile atoll (Christmas Island, at 2°N, 157°W). The major difference in the two datasets appears to be due to the frequent occurrence of mountain waves over Pohnpei and to their absence over Christmas Island. These waves are generated continuously at low levels over Pohnpei by the steady ENE trade winds acting on the 800 m high terrain, and can extend at least into the lower stratosphere. We find the occurrence of mountain waves at middle- and upper-tropospheric levels over Pohnpei to be governed primarily by a “critical-layer” relationship between the winds aloft and the near-surface winds: a reversal in the direction of the upper level winds relative to the lower-level trade winds precludes the upward propagation of mountain waves, whereas a nonreversed wind profile allows the waves to propagate freely into the lower s.
New image representation for dipoles near a dissipative earth 2. Discrete plus continuous images

A modified image theory for vertical magnetic and electric dipoles above a dissipative earth is presented. Namely, the Fresnel reflection coefficient for horizontally polarized waves is approximated by an exponential term plus a new term which extends the validity of the approximation to high values of the horizontal wave number. While the exponential term represents a single image inside the earth, the new added term represents a set of continuous distribution of images. A similar approximation is applied to the Fresnel reflection coefficient of the vertically polarized waves. These image representations are applied for the determination of input impedances of vertical magnetic and electric dipoles and horizontal large loops at a very low height above the earth. Excellent agreement with previous exact results is reported in all cases.
Science Fairs: What Are the Sources of Help for Students and How Prevalent Is Cheating?

This study examined the sources and kinds of help that students who were required to participate in science fairs considered fair and reasonable and the kinds of help they actually received for their project. In addition, the possibility of cheating was explicitly probed. A previously reported gap between potential and actual sources and kinds of help was confirmed, and 5 of the 24 students whose participation was required in a science fair admitted to making up their data or results. Pressure of time was the most highly reported obstacle faced by all students. Although 5 students cheated, one demonstrated a strong sense of right and wrong, but all the students who cheated lacked or did not make use of adaptive strategies.
Anisotropic Diffraction from Inclined Silver Nanorod Arrays on Grating Templates

Inclined silver nanorods (AgNRs) are highly anisotropic, with various applications in energy conversion, plasmonic and photonic devices, and sensing. So far, related studies have focused on the reflection or transmission, whereas studies on the diffraction and scattering from anisotropic AgNRs are still lacking. We investigate the anisotropic radiative properties of novel micro/nanoscale hybrid structures of inclined AgNRs deposited on compact disk (CD) gratings, which were fabricated with an oblique angle deposition technique. The reflectance of each diffraction peak and directional–hemispherical reflectance are characterized with a laser scatterometer and an integrating sphere, respectively, for both polarizations at a wavelength of 635 nm. The ordinary and extraordinary optical constants predicted from the effective medium theory (EMT) are incorporated into a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) algorithm to estimate the diffraction efficiencies. The effect of scattering (mainly due to surface roughness) is also examined. The result shows that the orientation of the tilted nanorods with respect to the direction of grooves has a significant effect on both the energy distribution of the diffraction rays and the angular distribution of the scattered light for different polarizations. Such a hybrid structure may offer an alternative solution to engineering the radiative properties of a surface.
Aluminium plasma production at high laser intensity

Thick and thin films of Al targets were irradiated in vacuum with iodine laser at 1315 nm wavelength, 300 ps pulse duration at a maximum intensity of about 1016 W/cm2 by varying the pulse energy and focal position. The laser-generated plasma was monitored in forward and backward directions by using ion collectors, SiC detectors, Thomson parabola spectrometer, and X-ray streak camera. Ion emission shows maximum proton energy of about 4 MeV in self-focusing conditions and a maximum Al ion energy of about 50 MeV. An evaluation of the electric field driving ions in conditions of target normal sheath acceleration is given.
Soft Computing Methods for Thermo-Acoustic Simulation

In the present study, soft computing methods are employed for thermoacoustic simulation. A ducted Burke-Schumann diffusion flame is used as the heat source for a horizontal duct. First, a dynamic model is constructed from the input-output data sets (velocity forcing - heat release) generated from the Burke-Schumann flame using Comsol. An efficient and cheap model of heat source is obtained using dynamic fuzzy identification. The full thermoacoustic system is simulated in a time domain with the Galerkin method using the identified heat source model. Finally, dynamic neural networks are utilized for obtaining a dynamic fit for a set of operating conditions for the acoustic velocity at the heater location. The overall agreement between the outputs of the soft computing tools (fuzzy and neural network tools) with the Comsol and Galerkin solver is found to be satisfactory.
Bell’s theorem without inequalities

It is demonstrated that the premisses of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paper are inconsistent when applied to quantum systems consisting of at least three particles. The demonstration reveals that the EPR program contradicts quantum mechanics even for the cases of perfect correlations. By perfect correlations is meant arrangements by which the result of the measurement on one particle can be predicted with certainty given the outcomes of measurements on the other particles of the system. This incompatibility with quantum mechanics is stronger than the one previously revealed for two‐particle systems by Bell’s inequality, where no contradiction arises at the level of perfect correlations. Both spin‐correlation and multiparticle interferometry examples are given of suitable three‐ and four‐particle arrangements, both at the gedanken and at the real experiment level.
The Completeness Heuristic: Product Shape Completeness Influences Size Perceptions, Preference, and Consumption

This research demonstrates the effect of the completeness of a product's shape on size perceptions, preference, and consumption quantities. The authors show that people estimate an incompletely shaped product to be smaller and, therefore, prefer it less in general than a completely shaped one of equal size and weight. They also find that the reduced size estimations for incompletely shaped products lead to increased consumption quantities of this type of item. Finally, the authors demonstrate that the “completeness heuristic” operates even when the incompletely shaped item has a larger primary dimension than its completely shaped counterpart.