Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Petro-Occipital Trans-Sigmoid Approach for Lesions of the Jugular Foramen

This study’s goals were twofold: (1) to analyze the author’s experience with the petro-occipital trans-sigmoid (POTS) approach for the resection of tumors arising in or adjacent to the jugular foramen, and (2) to deﬁne the anatomical sites exposed by this approach. A retrospective review was conducted of 61 patients with jugular fossa tumors that included lower cranial nerve schwannomas, paragangliomas, meningiomas, chordomas, cholesteatomas, and other benign or low-grade malignant tumors. Outcome measures were mortality, morbidity, and long-term outcomes. No deaths were found in this study. The major morbidity was deﬁcits of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. Hearing and facial nerve function were largely preserved. The resections were undertaken as single-stage procedures regardless of whether the tumor was entirely extradural or both intra-and extradural. None of the patients had central nervous system complications. Good outcomes were achieved for schwanno-mas, meningiomas, chondrosarcomas, and papillary adenoma. Chordomas tended to recur, and only class C1 paragangliomas could be removed using this approach. The study found that the POTS approach should be considered the approach of choice for many tumors in the region of the jugular foramen, particularly schwannomas. It is not suitable for the resection of malignant tumors and most paragangliomas because it offers limited access to the skull base between the jugular fossa and carotid canal.
Slip-induced suppression of Marangoni film thickening in surfactant-retarded Landau–Levich–Bretherton flows

We report that the well-known Marangoni film thickening in surfactant-laden Landau–Levich–Bretherton coating flow can be completely suppressed by wall slip. The analysis is made by mainly looking at how the deposited film thickness varies with the capillary number $Ca$ ( $\ll 1$ ) and the dimensionless slip length ${\it\Lambda}={\it\lambda}/R$ ( $\ll 1$ ) in the presence of a trace amount of insoluble surfactant, where ${\it\lambda}$ is the slip length and $R$ is the radius of the meniscus. When slip effects are weak at sufficiently large $Ca$ (but still $\ll 1$ ) such that $Ca\gg {\it\Lambda}^{3/2}$ , the film thickness can still vary as $Ca^{2/3}$ and be thickened by surfactant as if wall slip were absent. However, when slip effects become strong by lowering $Ca$ to $Ca\ll {\it\Lambda}^{3/2}$ , the film, especially when surface diffusion of surfactant is negligible, does not get thinner according to the strong-slip quadratic law reported previously (Liao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 111, 2013, 136001; Li et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 741, 2014, pp. 200–227). Instead, the film behaves as if both surfactant and wall slip were absent, precisely following the no-slip $2/3$ law without surfactant. Effects of surface diffusion are also examined, revealing three distinct regimes as $Ca$ is varied from small to large values: the strong-slip quadratic scaling without surfactant, the no-slip $2/3$ scaling without surfactant and the film thickening along the no-slip $2/3$ scaling with surfactant. An experiment is also suggested to test the above findings.
Scattering Calculations at C-Band for Asymmetric Raindrops Reconstructed from 2D Video Disdrometer Measurements

AbstractThe distribution of raindrop shapes is well known to be important in deriving retrieval algorithms for drop size distribution parameters (such as the mass-weighted mean diameter) and rain rate, as well as for attenuation correction using the differential propagation phase constraint. While past work has shown that in the vast majority of rain events the most “probable” shapes conform to those arising primarily from the axisymmetric (2,0) oscillation mode, a more recent event analysis has shown that drop collisions can give rise to mixed-mode oscillations and that for high collision rate scenarios, a significant percentage of drops can become “asymmetric” at any given instant.As a follow-up to such studies, this study involved performing scattering calculations for 3D-reconstructed shapes of asymmetric drops using the shape measurements from a 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) during the above-mentioned rain event. A recently developed technique is applied to facilitate the 3D reconstruction from the 2DV.
Thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates

ABSTRACT Thermal buckling of functionally graded sandwich plates are presented in this article. Two common types of FGM sandwich plates, namely, homogeneous face layers with FGM core and FGM face layers with homogeneous core are considered. Material properties and thermal expansion coeﬃcient of FGM layers are assumed to vary continuously through-the-thickness according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Equilibrium and stability equations of FGM sandwich plate with simply supported boundary conditions are derived using the higher-order shear deformation plate theory. The influence of the plate aspect ratio, the relative thickness, the gradient index, and the thermal loading conditions on the critical buckling temperature of FGM sandwich plates are investigated. The thermal loads are assumed to be uniform, linear, and nonlinear distribution through-the-thickness. A new simple solution for thermal buckling of FGM sandwich plates under nonlinear temperature rise is presented.
Dual Stage Stylization Modulation for Domain Generalized Semantic Segmentation

Obtaining sufficient labeled data for training deep models is often challenging in real-life applications. To address this issue, we propose a novel solution for single-source domain generalized semantic segmentation. Recent approaches have explored data diversity enhancement using hallucination techniques. However, excessive hallucination can degrade performance, particularly for imbalanced datasets. As shown in our experiments, minority classes are more susceptible to performance reduction due to hallucination compared to majority classes. To tackle this challenge, we introduce a dual-stage Feature Transform (dFT) layer within the Adversarial Semantic Hallucination+ (ASH+) framework. The ASH+ framework performs a dual-stage manipulation of hallucination strength. By leveraging semantic information for each pixel, our approach adaptively adjusts the pixel-wise hallucination strength, thus providing fine-grained control over hallucination. We validate the effectiveness of our proposed method through comprehensive experiments on publicly available semantic segmentation benchmark datasets (Cityscapes and SYNTHIA). Quantitative and qualitative comparisons demonstrate that our approach is competitive with state-of-the-art methods for the Cityscapes dataset and surpasses existing solutions for the SYNTHIA dataset. Code for our framework will be made readily available to the research community.
Large-eddy simulation of flow over a cylinder with Re_D from to 3.9 x 10^3 to 8.5 x 10^5: a skin-friction perspective

We present wall-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of flow over a smooth-wall circular cylinder up to Re_D = 8.5 × 10^5, where Re_D is Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter D and the free-stream speed U_∞. The stretched-vortex subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used in the entire simulation domain. For the sub-critical regime, six cases are implemented with 3.9 × 10^3 ⩽ Re_D ⩽ 10^5. Results are compared with experimental data for both the wall-pressure-coefficient distribution on the cylinder surface, which dominates the drag coefficient, and the skin-friction coefficient, which clearly correlates with the separation behaviour. In the super-critical regime, LES for three values of Re_D are carried out at different resolutions. The drag-crisis phenomenon is well captured. For lower resolution, numerical discretization fluctuations are sufficient to stimulate transition, while for higher resolution, an applied boundary-layer perturbation is found to be necessary to stimulate transition. Large-eddy simulation results at Re_D = 8.5 × 10^5, with a mesh of 8192 × 1024 × 256, agree well with the classic experimental measurements of Achenbach (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 34, 1968, pp. 625–639) especially for the skin-friction coefficient, where a spike is produced by the laminar–turbulent transition on the top of a prior separation bubble. We document the properties of the attached-flow boundary layer on the cylinder surface as these vary with ReDReD . Within the separated portion of the flow, mean-flow separation–reattachment bubbles are observed at some values of Re_D, with separation characteristics that are consistent with experimental observations. Time sequences of instantaneous surface portraits of vector skin-friction trajectory fields indicate that the unsteady counterpart of a mean-flow separation–reattachment bubble corresponds to the formation of local flow-reattachment cells, visible as coherent bundles of diverging surface streamlines.
Multiplicative Invariance for a Class of Subsets of the Complex Plane

Multiplicative invariance is a well-studied property of subsets of the unit interval. The theory in the complex plane is less developed. This paper introduces an analogous definition for multiplicative invariance in the complex plane coinciding with a more general definition concerning subsets of attractors of iterated function systems satisfying the strong separation condition. We establish similar results to those of Furstenberg's in the unit interval. Namely, that the Hausdorff and box-counting dimensions of a multiplicatively invariant set are equal and, furthermore, are equal to the normalized topological entropy of an underlying subshift. We also extend results concerning the box-counting dimension of intersections of base-$b$ restricted digit sets with their translates where $b$ is a suitably chosen Gaussian integer.
The Arctic System Reanalysis, Version 2

AbstractThe Arctic is a vital component of the global climate, and its rapid environmental evolution is an important element of climate change around the world. To detect and diagnose the changes occurring to the coupled Arctic climate system, a state-of-the-art synthesis for assessment and monitoring is imperative. This paper presents the Arctic System Reanalysis, version 2 (ASRv2), a multiagency, university-led retrospective analysis (reanalysis) of the greater Arctic region using blends of the polar-optimized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (Polar WRF) Model and WRF three-dimensional variational data assimilated observations for a comprehensive integration of the regional climate of the Arctic for 2000–12. New features in ASRv2 compared to version 1 (ASRv1) include 1) higher-resolution depiction in space (15-km horizontal resolution), 2) updated model physics including subgrid-scale cloud fraction interaction with radiation, and 3) a dual outer-loop routine for more accurate data assimi.
Bridging the Transparency Gap: What Can Explainable AI Learn from the AI Act?

The European Union has proposed the Artificial Intelligence Act which introduces detailed requirements of transparency for AI systems. Many of these requirements can be addressed by the field of explainable AI (XAI), however, there is a fundamental difference between XAI and the Act regarding what transparency is. The Act views transparency as a means that supports wider values, such as accountability, human rights, and sustainable innovation. In contrast, XAI views transparency narrowly as an end in itself, focusing on explaining complex algorithmic properties without considering the socio-technical context. We call this difference the ``transparency gap''. Failing to address the transparency gap, XAI risks leaving a range of transparency issues unaddressed. To begin to bridge this gap, we overview and clarify the terminology of how XAI and European regulation -- the Act and the related General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) -- view basic definitions of transparency. By comparing the disparate views of XAI and regulation, we arrive at four axes where practical work could bridge the transparency gap: defining the scope of transparency, clarifying the legal status of XAI, addressing issues with conformity assessment, and building explainability for datasets.
Ergodic actions of compact matrix pseudogroups on $C^*$-algebras

Let G be a compact group acting on a unital C∗-algebra M . The action is said to be ergodic if the fixed point algebra MG reduces to scalars. The first breakthrough in the study of such actions was the finiteness theorem of Høegh-Krohn, Landstad and Størmer [HLS]. They proved that the multiplicity of each π ∈ Ĝ in M is at most dim(π) and the unique G-invariant state on M is necessarily a trace. When combined with Landstad’s result [L] that finite dimensionality for the spectral subspaces of actions of compact groups implies that the crossed product is a type I C∗-algebra (and in fact, as pointed out in [Wa1] is a direct sum of algebras of compact operators), the finiteness theorem shows that the crossed product of a unital C∗-algebra by an ergodic action of a compact group is necessarily equal to ⊕ i K (Hi). The study of such actions was essentially pushed forward by Wassermann. He developed an outstanding machinery based on the notion of multiplicity maps, establishing a remarkable connection with the equivariant K-theory. This approach allowed him to prove, among other important things, the strong negative result that SU(2) cannot act ergodically on the hyperfinite II1 factor [Wa3]. The aim of this note is to study ergodic actions of Woronowicz’s compact matrix pseudogroups on unital C∗-algebras, extending some of the previous results. In this insight we prove in §1 the analogue of the finiteness theorem. More precisely, if G = (A, u) is a compact matrix pseudogroup acting ergodically on a unital C∗-algebra by a coaction σ : M →M ⊗A such that σ(M )(1M ⊗A) is dense on M ⊗A, then there is a decomposition of the ∗-algebra of σ-finite elements into isotypic subspaces M0 = ⊕ α∈Ĝ Mα, orthogonal with respect to the scalar product induced on M by the unique σ-invariant state ω. Moreover, the spectral subspaces Mα are finite dimensional and dim(Mα) ≤ M2 α, Mα being the quantum dimension of α ∈ Ĝ. If the Haar measure is faithful on A, then M0 is dense in the GNS Hilbert space Hω. Although ω is not in general a trace, we prove the existence of a multiplicative linear map Θ : M0 → M0 such that ω(xy) = ω(Θ(y)x) for all x ∈ M , y ∈ M0 and Θ is a scalar multiple of the modular operator Fα when restricted to each irreducible σ-invariant subspace of the spectral subspace Mα. The crossed products by such coactions are studied in §2 where we prove, using the TakesakiTakai type duality theorem of Baaj and Skandalis [BS], that they are isomorphic all the time to a direct sum of C∗-algebras of compact operators. As a corollary, if a compact matrix pseudogroup
Air-supplied pinhole discharge in aqueous solution for the inactivation of Escherichia coli

An air-supplied pinhole discharge in aqueous solution has been developed to provide a short-lived and odorless bactericide to replace current conventional disinfectants such as O3, ClO−, HClO, and ClO2. The pinhole discharge that was initiated inside a water bubble generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrous acid (HNO2) simultaneously. The concentrations of H2O2, HNO2, and HNO3 were 16.3, 13.9, and 17.4 mg/L, respectively when flow rates of NaCl solution and air were 72 and 12.5 mL/min, respectively. The pH value of the solution was 3.87, and HO2 radicals were generated from the reaction of H2O2 with HNO2. The efficacy of sterilization of discharge-treated water was evaluated by changing the acetic solutions. A 4-orders-of-magnitude decrease in Escherichia coli survival rate was observed after treatment with a sodium citrate solution of pH 3.2 for 60 s.
Activation and clonal expansion of CD8+T cells in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing analysis

Background: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E) is a rare and severe form of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis. While the roles of B cells and NMDAR antibodies in NMDAR-E have been extensively studied, the contribution of T cell subsets to the development of the disease remains unclear. Methods: We utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell TCR sequencing (scTCR-seq) to examine a comprehensive collection of 45,088 individual immune cells sourced from both NMDAR-E patients and control subjects. Besides, we incorporated 14,536 immune cells obtained from a publicly available database. Additionally, cytometry analysis was conducted on samples from 60 NMDAR-E patients (with 89 samples) and 44 individuals in the control group. To investigate the influence of CD8+T cells on B cells, we performed in vitro co-culture experiments. Results: We observed the activation of effector memory CD8+T cells in the CSF and peripheral blood (PB) of NMDAR-E patients, accompanied by an expansion of TCR clones. These clonal CD8+T cells exhibited upregulated gene expression associated with cytotoxicity and cell trafficking. Furthermore, we detected elevated levels of KIR+CD8+T cells in the CSF and PB of NMDAR-E patients. Cell communication analysis revealed that these inhibitory KIR+CD8+T cells could interact with B cells through MHC-I molecules. Surprisingly, CD8+T cells isolated from the PB of NMDAR-E patients induced autologous B cell death, resulting in a higher rate of B cell apoptosis compared to the control group. Conclusion: Activated CD8+T cells with TCR clones in NMDAR-E patients may contribute to the pathogenesis of NMDAR-E.
Magnitude of Psychological Distress among Medical and Non-medical Students during the Late Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic in West Bengal: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: COVID-19 led to drastic changes worldwide which has affected mental health especially, of the vulnerable student population. Aim: This study aimed to assess psychological distress due to COVID-19 in students during the late phase of pandemic and to establish correlation of academic course, socio-demographics and knowledge-attitude-practices (KAP) with depression and anxiety. Settings and Design: It was an online cross-sectional survey conducted in March-April 2022 among medical and non-medical students of Kolkata. Materials and methods: Survey questionnaire was circulated via Google forms through social media. It included Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Fear of COVID-19 scale 2020, KAP regarding COVID-19 and socio-demographics. Statistical analysis used: Data was analysed using appropriate statistical methods in Statistical Package for Social Science (Version 22.0) and EpiInfo. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mild to severe depression was reported among 29.4% of non-medical and 42.5% of medical students. One fourth (25.68%) of non-medical and 39.67% of medical students had mild to severe anxiety. MBBS participants had significantly better scores for knowledge and attitude (p=0.000 in both). Depression was higher in those with previous history of psychiatric illness (p=0.015). Anxiety was influenced by residence (p=0.003), mode of travel to college (p=0.002), history of relatives or friends affected by COVID-19 (p= 0.005). Conclusion: Prevalence of depression and anxiety in college students, especially among medical students, was higher in present study mainly due to long-term effects of the pandemic. This calls for employing student wellness activities and provision of better mental health services across colleges in India.
Morphological aspects and therapeutic options in melanoma: a narrative review of the past decade

Melanoma is a malignant cancer of the skin, the incidence of which has been increasing year by year. This neoplasm has high aggressivity as well as the potential for invasion and metastases. Multiple factors related to the proliferation of this type of tumor have been identified, such as exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and specific genetic backgrounds. From a histological and cytological point of view, the most common cells that are found in melanoma are epithelioid or spindle cells. To confirm the diagnosis and the melanocytic origin of the tumor, specific and sensitive markers are used. Also, observation of the behavior of this cancer, including its proliferative properties, has led to the development of multiple therapies, each of which is characteristic of the pathological stage at the time of diagnosis. While surgery is the most important therapeutic and curative option in cases of melanoma in situ, chemotherapy has been the main treatment for advanced stages of melanoma for many years. However, recently, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have changed the approach to treatment. At present, multiple studies are attempting to obtain further data about the tumor microenvironment and investigating how targeting particular molecules can change the prognosis of patients
Saturn's Rings: Measuring Particle Size Distributions Using Cassini UVIS Occultation Data

Since its arrival to Saturn in 2004, the Cassini spacecraft has utilized its suite of sophisticated instruments to further our understanding of the Saturnian ring system. We analyze occultation data from Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) in order to measure the particle size distribution and place limits on the minimum particle sizes in Saturn’s rings. Throughout the ring system, particle accretion is countered by collisional and tidal disruption and Keplerian shear. Therefore, the particle size distribution of the rings is continually evolving. The presence of sub-centimeter particles, which have short lifetimes due to these processes, is indicative of ongoing dynamics in the rings. Sub-centimeter-sized particles efficiently diffract light at ultraviolet wavelengths, and thus produce signatures of diffraction in the occultation data. The shape and intensity of the diffraction signatures are indicative of the sizes of the particles that produce them. The UVIS wavelength bandpass, 51.2 180 nm, contains the shortest wavelengths of the Cassini instruments, making it most sensitive to the smallest particles in the rings. We have developed a computational model that reconstructs the geometry of a UVIS observation and produces a synthetic diffraction signal for a given truncated power-law particle size distribution, which we compare with the observed signal. We implement this model for two sets of observations: (1) diffraction spikes at sharp ring edges during stellar occultations and (2) the light curve due to attenuated and diffracted sunlight by particles in Saturn’s F ring during solar occultations.