Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pore fluids and seismic attenuation in rocks

Seismic attenuation and velocities were measured in resonating bars of Massilon sandstone at various degrees of saturation. Whereas shear energy loss simply increases with degree of saturation, bulk compressional energy loss increases to ∼95% saturation and then rapidly decreases as total saturation is achieved. This behavior is analogous to the behavior of shear and compressional velocities, but the effect on attenuation is larger by an order of magnitude. Our observations are in excellent agreement with the predictions of several models of energy loss involving partial or total saturation. Pore fluid attenuation mechanisms are expected to be dominant at least in the shallow crust.
Calcium Diffusion in a Mugearite Melt

The diffusion rate of calcium in a mugearite melt is determined to vary between 1.07 × 10−7 and 3.36 × 10−7 cm2/s for a temperature range of 1230 to 1423 °C. The activation energy of the process is 29.5 kcal per mole. Diffusion curves are measured with an electron microprobe.
Model calculations of stratospheric OBrO indicating very small abundances

We have used a one‐dimensional photochemical model to investigate the potential role of OBrO in stratospheric photochemistry. The OBrO lifetime against photolysis is likely to be very short (around a few s) which prevents any appreciable concentration during sunlit hours. This rapid photolysis also prevents the gas‐phase production of significant OBrO in the model during twilight, as possible precursors (e.g. BrO) are converted to their nighttime reservoirs. Using a range of possible gas‐phase production reactions, the maximum (nighttime) OBrO volume mixing ratio produced in the model in the lower stratosphere is around 0.01 × 10−12 (0.01 pptv). These model results contradict recent tentative nighttime balloon observations of large OBrO [Renard et al., 1997, 1998]. We have used our model results to put constraints on the rates of gas‐phase and heterogeneous reactions that would be necessary to produce appreciable amounts of OBrO in the stratosphere. These constraints show that if OBrO is indeed present in the nighttime stratosphere at the pptv level, our current understanding of atmospheric bromine chemistry is severely flawed.
Petroleum Traps Associated with Wrench Faults

The interaction of three factors results in several different predictable patterns of wrench-fault-related petroleum traps: (1) the evolutionary stage or magnitude of the wrench faulting; (2) the configurations of the laterally moving plates and their orientations to regional movement vectors; and (3) the structural response of the deformed terrane. In the more common fold and fault responses small strike-slip displacements develop narrow trends of en echelon anticlinal culminations which straddle an incipient or underlying wrench fault. Traps commonly are structurally complex. Wrenches with intermediate strike-slip displacement have offset-truncated half-fold culminations and structural bowings closed upplunge by the wrench fault, and less complex intact en echelon antic inal-culmination traps away from the fault. Folds adjacent to many large-displacement wrench faults often are adversely disrupted structurally, or deeply eroded. Potential hydrocarbon traps form downstructure where basinward-plunging en echelon folds cross sedimentary wedges associated with basin margins, and where large anticlinal culminations are preserved. Fault responses to wrenching deformation result in various patterns of en echelon fault traps. Degrees of regional-plate convergence or divergence enhance compressive or extensional structuring, respectively, and further modify prospective structures.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Comorbid with Deafness in Children: A Review

Deaf children are not a homogenous group and differ in terms of type, severity, and causes of damage and coexisting disorders. In 20 to 30% of deaf children, there is at least one co-occurring disorder that may make it difficult for these children to achieve the language, social, emotional, and communication skills expected from rehabilitation services. Therefore, the current study seeks to answer the question, how much has been addressed in past research on the etiology, evaluation, and rehabilitation of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with deafness? In the present study, an attempt was made to provide coherent information regarding the prevalence rate, methods, and barriers of evaluation by reviewing the research conducted in the field of deafness and co-occurring disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum, learning disability, and mental disability separately and provide rehabilitation and training. By studying the research conducted in this field, it was found that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, learning disability, and mental retardation play a greater role in co-occurring disorders with deafness compared to other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Holocene paleointensities: Thellier Experiments on submarine basaltic glass from the East Pacific Rise

A complete description of the geomagnetic field requires both paleodirectional and paleointensity data. Although the paleointensity data base has grown steadily over the last three decades, it remains limited in time and space (the majority of data are of Holocene age and come from Europe). Furthermore, it has been difficult to assess the reliability of the paleointensity determinations. Here we present paleointensity determinations on precisely dated Holocene (0 to 3500 years old) submarine basaltic glass from the East Pacific Rise (15°S to 22°S). Although hysteresis measurements and low-temperature isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition experiments document a significant contribution of superparamagnetic grains, high blocking temperatures (above 400°C) and Curie temperatures between 490°C and 550°C indicate a single-domain low-Ti magnetite as the carrier of the remanent magnetization. This notion is further supported by the fact that saturation of remanence is achieved in moderate fields of about 200–300 mT. Submarine basaltic glass proves to be nearly ideal for paleointensity determinations in that it produces a high success rate for Thellier experiments. Twenty-six out of 30 samples resulted in acceptable paleointenisty determinations. Multiple experiments on splits from the same sample show good reproducibility. The paleointensities for zero age glasses correspond precisely with the present field intensity at the site of recovery. The results of the remaining samples range from 16.7 to 53.9 μT with corresponding virtual axial dipole moments (VADM) of 3.61 ×1022 to 11.9× 1022 A m2. The intensities vary rapidly with time excluding a westward drifting nondipole component as the source for these fluctuations. Basaltic glass is frequently recovered in both dredged and drilled material from the ocean floor. The availability of submarine basaltic glass throughout the world oceans therefore holds great potential for a better distribution of paleointensity data through time and space.
Blessing and curse of bioclimatic variables: A comparison of different calculation schemes and datasets for species distribution modeling within the extended Mediterranean area

Abstract Bioclimatic variables (BCVs) are the most widely used predictors within the field of species distribution modeling, but recent studies imply that BCVs alone are not sufficient to describe these limits. Unfortunately, the most popular database, WorldClim, offers only a limited selection of bioclimatological predictors; thus, other climatological datasets should be considered, and, for data consistency, the BCVs should also be derived from the respective datasets. Here, we investigate how well the BCVs are represented by different datasets for the extended Mediterranean area within the period 1970–2020, how different calculation schemes affect the representation of BCVs, and how deviations among the datasets differ regionally. We consider different calculation schemes for quarters/months, the annual mean temperature (BCV‐1), and the maximum temperature of the warmest month (BCV‐5). Additionally, we analyzed the effect of different temporal resolutions for BCV‐1 and BCV‐5. Differences resulting from different calculation schemes are presented for ERA5‐Land. Selected BCVs are analyzed to show differences between WorldClim, ERA5‐Land, E‐OBS, and CRU. Our results show that (a) differences between the two calculation schemes for BCV‐1 diminish as the temporal resolution decreases, while the differences for BCV‐5 increase; (b) with respect to the definition of the respective month/quarter, intra‐annual shifts induced by the calculation schemes can have substantially different effects on the BCVs; (c) all datasets represent the different BCVs similarly, but with partly large differences in some subregions; and (d) the largest differences occur when specific month/quarters are defined by precipitation. In summary, (a) since the definition of BCVs matches different calculation schemes, transparent communication of the BCVs calculation schemes is required; (b) the calculation, integration, or elimination of BCVs has to be examined carefully for each dataset, region, period, or species; and (c) the evaluated datasets provide, except in some areas, a consistent representation of BCVs within the extended Mediterranean region.
The uptake of zinc-65 by oats in relation to soil water content and root growth

Effects of water content of the topsoil on root growth and 65Zn absorption by oats were measured. Seminal roots of oats grew through a labelled uptake layer that had been initially wetted to various water contents. The uptake layer was separated from adjacent layers of wet sand or soil by a thin layer of wax. When the uptake layer was wetted initially and allowed to dry during the uptake period, water content affected root growth and 65Zn uptake similarly. 65Zn absorption by unbranched seminal roots decreased linearly as soil water suction increased from 0.3 to 5 bar. Nevertheless significant amounts of 65Zn were absorbed (40% of that from wet soil) even when the soil water suction exceeded 15 bar, with negligible concomitant uptake of water. Provided the roots had access to water in a subjacent layer, rates of 65Zn absorption from dry soil increased with the age of the plants. The exudation of mucilage from the root was enhanced locally where the soil was dry. The mucilage may facilitate the transfer of zinc to the root in dry soil.
Large-scale longitudinal extension in the southern Apennines contractional belt, Italy

During late Cenozoic thrusting, the interior of the peri-Tyrrhenian orogenic belt in the southern Apennines underwent two episodes of nearly orthogonal extension. Early extension was oriented subparallel to the axis of the tectonic belt and formed in response to progressive thrust-belt arcuation. The length of the tectonic belt increased by ∼50%, and the longitudinal strain was accommodated by low-angle normal faults concentrated in tectonic domains recording up to 150%-200% extension. Younger extension, oriented at a high angle to the orogen, was accompanied by Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift and by southeasterly migration of Tyrrhenian Sea rifting.
The Hadley Circulation in Reanalyses: Climatology, Variability, and Change

AbstractAnalysis of the annual cycle of intensity, extent, and width of the Hadley circulation across a 31-yr period (1979–2009) from all existent reanalyses reveals a good agreement among the datasets. All datasets show that intensity is at a maximum in the winter hemisphere and at a minimum in the summer hemisphere. Maximum and minimum values of meridional extent are reached in the respective autumn and spring hemispheres. While considering the horizontal momentum balance, where a weakening of the Hadley cell (HC) is expected in association with a widening, it is shown here that there is no direct relationship between intensity and extent on a monthly time scale.All reanalyses show an expansion in both hemispheres, most pronounced and statistically significant during summer and autumn at an average rate of expansion of 0.55° decade−1 in each hemisphere. In contrast, intensity trends are inconsistent among the datasets, although there is a tendency toward intensification, particularly in winter and sprin.
Los estudiantes de Grado en Enfermería y su compromiso con los estudios

The engagement or commitment to studies is a positive affective state of the student with everything related to the studies. Objective: The objective of this work was to determine the level of engagement of students assigned Degree Nursing Council of Malaga Center of UMA and its relationship with socio-demographic and socio-educational variables. Methods: We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study. The UWES-S instrument was used to measure the commitment or engagement with their studies. The data were obtained by questionnaire on line. Results: 170 students responded to the questionnaire and the turnout was 52.99% . The mean values of engagement were obtained: overall score (mean 58.52 SD 11,852 ), vigor (mean 17.93 SD 5,087) (mean 25.54 SD 3.980) and dedication (mean 15.09 SD 4,079) absorption. Conclusions: We have detected correlations between the overall score of engagement, vigor and absorption with academic performance. Likewise, we detected statistically significant mean differences between the sexes in dedication and overall score. Means in absorption are higher in those students who live with a partner and those who have other duties of care. The age has been correlated with positive absorption
Experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with HRB635 high-strength steel reinforcement

High-strength steel reinforcement offers promising application prospects in buildings with large spans and loads, as it can reduce steel congestion and simplify construction process. To investigate the mechanical behavior of flexural members reinforced with high-strength steel and measures to control crack width, in this study, static loading tests were conducted on 17 full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) beams with HRB635 high-strength steel reinforcement, six of which were reinforced with steel fiber. The failure mode, flexural strength, ductility, crack width, and deflection of the specimens were investigated, and the effects of different key parameters, including the reinforcement ratio and diameter, concrete strength, and steel fiber volume fraction were also analyzed. Test results indicated that the tensile strength of HRB635 reinforcement could be fully utilized, while the ductility ratios of high-strength steel reinforced concrete (HSS-RC) beams were less than those of beams with normal strength reinforcement. The maximum crack widths of most specimens without steel fibers exceeded the threshold defined in GB 50010-2010, indicating that the design of HSS-RC beams may be controlled by the requirements of serviceability limit state. Furthermore, the crack widths predicting methods defined in GB 50010-2010 and EN 1992-1-1 are more accurate for HSS-RC beams, while the deflection predicting methods defined in GB 50010-2010 and ACI 318-19 both underestimated the deflection of HSS-RC beams. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the engineering application of HRB635 high-strength steel reinforcement.
Velocity distribution in open channels with submerged aquatic plant

The vegetation in channels results in the loss of energy from, and the retardance of, flowing water. However, it helps to stabilize the slopes and bottoms of open channels. Recently, vegetated channels have been utilized to improve the quality of surface water and reduce the delivery of sediment and nutrient to rivers and swales. Accordingly, understanding the velocity distribution of vegetated channels is important. The velocity distribution above the canopy is normally assumed to follow the well‐accepted logarithmic law, whereas that below the canopy follows an exponential law or power law. However, logarithmic, exponential, and power laws can be affected by some characteristics of the vegetation, resulting in a highly inaccurate description of velocity distributions in vegetated channels. In this study, a velocity distribution equation that is based on probability is developed for submerged vegetated channels. An extensive series of laboratory experiments were performed using Egeria densa, and the results of earlier research on channel beds of flumes are adopted to devise and validate a velocity distribution equation. The results reveal that the developed model of velocity distribution can be used to study the effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on velocity distribution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of leukocyte depletion of packed red blood cell units and impact on clinically observed transfusion reactions

Introduction The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether there is an association between leukoreduction of packed red blood cell (pRBC) units and reduction of clinically observed transfusion reactions (TR), particularly febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR), and better outcomes in dogs. Secondary aims were to evaluate the effects of other factors suspected to influence transfusion reaction frequency or survival, including crossmatching, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and age and number of the blood products being administered. Materials and methods Medical data on dogs transfused with leukocyte-reduced (LR) and non-leukocyte-reduced (N-LR) pRBC units at the Animal Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Switzerland between January 1, 2007, and December 17, 2018 were searched. Before 2014, only N-LR blood were transfused. After 2014, both LR and N-LR blood were available. Results A total of 339 canine patients were transfused with 413 pRBC units; 30.5% (126/413) were LR units and 69.5% (287/413) were N-LR. Data collected from medical records was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. In the present study, TR occurred in 19.8% of pRBC units (25/126) with LR and in 17.7% (51/287) of pRBC with N-LR; p > 0.05. FNHTR occurred in 6.3% of pRBC units (8/126) with LR and in 4.5% (13/287) of those with N-LR; p > 0.05. There was no correlation between the occurrence of TR and discharge from hospital (p > 0.05). Crossmatching, immunosuppressive therapy, and age of the blood product were not associated with the frequency of TR; p > 0.05 for all. The duration of survival days was not related to the number of transfusions dogs received. Discussion In the present study, the leukocyte-depletion of transfused pRBC units was not associated with fewer TR nor to fewer FNHTR compared to N-LR units. Discharge of dogs from hospital was not dependent on the occurrence of TR.
An overview of the Stratospheric‐Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO)‐Deep Convection experiment with results for the July 10, 1996 storm

The Stratospheric-Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols and Ozone (STERAO)-Deep Convection Field Project with closely coordinated chemical, dynamical, electrical, and microphysical observations was conducted in northeastern Colorado during June and July of 1996 to investigate the production of NOx by lightning, the transport and redistribution of chemical species in the troposphere by thunderstorms, and the temporal evolution of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning for evolving storms on the Colorado high plains. Major observations were airborne chemical measurements in the boundary layer, middle and upper troposphere, and thunderstorm anvils; airborne and ground-based Doppler radar measurements; measurement of both intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rates and locations; and multiparameter radar and in situ observations of microphysical structure. Cloud and mesoscale models are being used to synthesize and extend the observations. Herein we present an overview of the project and selected results for an isolated, severe storm that occurred on July 10. Time histories of reflectivity structure, IC and CG lightning flash rates, and chemical measurements in the boundary layer and in the anvil are presented showing large spatial and temporal variations. The observations for one period of time suggest that limited mixing of environmental air into the updraft core occurred during transport from cloud base to the anvil adjacent to the storm core. We deduce that the most likely contribution of lightning to the total NOx observed in the anvil is 60–90% with a minimum of 45%. For the July 10 storm the NOx produced by lightning was almost exclusively from IC flashes with a ratio of IC to total flashes >0.95 throughout most of the storm's lifetime. It is argued that in this storm and probably others, IC flashes can be major contributors to NOx production. Superposition of VHF lightning source locations on Doppler retrieved air motion fields for one 5 min time period shows that lightning activity occurred primarily in moderate updrafts and weak downdrafts with little excursion into the main downdraft. This may have important implications for the vertical redistribution of NOx resulting from lightning production, if found to be true at other times and in other storms.
Europe‐Mediterranean tomography: High correlation between new seismic data and independent geophysical observables

To improve the fidelity of European tomographic images, we implement variable resolution parameterization, finite‐frequency and ray theory, and improved data coverage in new tomographic inversions. We supplement an existing high‐quality database of global teleseismic phase velocity observations of both Love and Rayleigh waves with a set of new phase delay observations recorded by a dense array of stations in the region. We invert these data to find global phase velocity maps, characterized by a more densely parameterized Europe and Mediterranean. We compare our seismic images with laterally variable independent geophysical observables, including crustal thickness, gravity, and heat flow and find correlations between 0.25 and 0.6. While at most periods finite‐frequency and ray‐theory yield almost coincident results, we find some possibly significant differences in the phase velocity of 150s Rayleigh waves. Our results represent significant progress toward high‐resolution modeling of upper mantle S‐velocity structure, with the possibility of also constraining seismic anisotropy.
A study on the formation and trend of the Brewer-Dobson circulation

[1] The Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) is approximately expressed by the residual circulation (RC) and considered to be driven by the body force induced by the breaking and/or dissipation of atmospheric waves. The contribution of different types of waves to the RC in the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) Chemistry Climate Model (CCM) is diagnosed using the “downward control principle (DC). ” Gravity wave drag (GWD) including orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) has a great influence on the RC in the low and middle latitudes of the lower stratosphere. In particular, the summer hemispheric low-latitude part of winter circulation is mainly formed by the GWD. These results are consistent with the estimates of the GWD contribution using reanalysis data by subtracting the resolved wave contribution from the RC with DC principle. In addition, it is seen that the net upward mass flux on the 70 hPa surface is strengthened during the 21st century because of the upward shift of the OGWD, which is consistent with previous studies. These conclusions indicate that gravity waves play an important role in maintaining the BDC.