Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
KILOPARSEC-SCALE JETS IN THREE RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES

We have discovered kiloparsec-scale extended radio emission in three narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) in sub-arcsecond resolution 9 GHz images from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We find all sources show two-sided, mildly core-dominated jet structures with diffuse lobes dominated by termination hotspots. These span 20–70 kpc with morphologies reminiscent of FR II radio galaxies, while the extended radio luminosities are intermediate between FR I and FR II sources. In two cases the structure is linear, while a 45° bend is apparent in the third. Very Long Baseline Array images at 7.6 GHz reveal parsec-scale jet structures, in two cases with extended structure aligned with the inner regions of the kiloparsec-scale jets. Based on this alignment, the ratio of the radio core–luminosity to the optical luminosity, the jet/counter-jet intensity and extension length ratios, and moderate core brightness temperatures (≲1010 K), we conclude these jets are mildly relativistic ( β ≲ 0.3 ? > , δ ∼ 1 − 1.5 ? > ) and aligned at moderately small angles to the line of sight (10–15°). The derived kinematic ages of ∼ 10 6 ? > –107 yr are much younger than radio galaxies but comparable to other NLS1s. Our results increase the number of radio-loud NLS1s with known kiloparsec-scale extensions from 7 to 10 and suggest that such extended emission may be common, at least among the brightest of these sources.
Photon-induced Background for Dilepton Searches and Measurements in pp Collisions at 13 TeV

The production of high invariant mass opposite sign lepton pairs in proton-proton collisions at the LHC is dominated by the Drell-Yan process. In addition to this photon or Z exchange mediated mechanism, gamma-gamma collisions, where photons radiated by the incoming protons collide, can produce lepton pairs. This is an important additional source of background for high mass resonant (like Z') or non-resonant (like contact interactions) searches. In this paper detailed calculations of the Drell-Yan and photon-induced cross sections in the typical acceptance of a multi-purpose LHC detector at center of mass energy 13 TeV are presented. The hint for a diphoton excess at a mass around 750 GeV, reported by the ATLAS and CMS experiments from the analysis of the 2015 data at 13 TeV, raises the possibility that such an excess could be produced through gamma-gamma collisions. A good theoretical understanding and measurements in the dilepton channels at these energies can help to elucidate this production hypothesis.
Turbulent magnetic field amplification driven by cosmic ray pressure gradients

Observations of non-thermal emission from several supernova remnants suggest that magnetic fields close to the blastwave are much stronger than would be naively expected from simple shock compression of the field permeating the interstellar medium (ISM). We present a simple model which is capable of achieving sufficient magnetic field amplification to explain the observations. We propose that the cosmic-ray pressure gradient acting on the inhomogeneous ISM upstream of the supernova blastwave induces strong turbulence upstream of the supernova blastwave. The turbulence is generatedthroughthedifferentialaccelerationoftheupstreamISMwhichoccursasaresult of density inhomogeneities in the ISM. This turbulence then amplifies the pre-existing magnetic field. Numerical simulations are presented which demonstrate that amplification factors of 20 or more are easily achievable by this mechanism when reasonable parameters for the ISM and supernova blastwave are assumed. The length scale over which this amplification occurs is that of the diffusion length of the highest energy non-thermal particles.
FRSUM: Towards Faithful Abstractive Summarization via Enhancing Factual Robustness

Despite being able to generate fluent and grammatical text, current Seq2Seq summarization models still suffering from the unfaithful generation problem. In this paper, we study the faithfulness of existing systems from a new perspective of factual robustness which is the ability to correctly generate factual information over adversarial unfaithful information. We first measure a model's factual robustness by its success rate to defend against adversarial attacks when generating factual information. The factual robustness analysis on a wide range of current systems shows its good consistency with human judgments on faithfulness. Inspired by these findings, we propose to improve the faithfulness of a model by enhancing its factual robustness. Specifically, we propose a novel training strategy, namely FRSUM, which teaches the model to defend against both explicit adversarial samples and implicit factual adversarial perturbations. Extensive automatic and human evaluation results show that FRSUM consistently improves the faithfulness of various Seq2Seq models, such as T5, BART.
BERT on a Data Diet: Finding Important Examples by Gradient-Based Pruning

Current pre-trained language models rely on 001 large datasets for achieving state-of-the-art per- 002 formance. However, past research has shown 003 that not all examples in a dataset are equally im- 004 portant during training. In fact, it is sometimes 005 possible to prune a considerable fraction of the 006 training set while maintaining the test perfor- 007 mance. Established on standard vision bench- 008 marks, two gradient-based scoring metrics for 009 finding important examples are GraNd and its 010 estimated version, EL2N . In this work, we em- 011 ploy these two metrics for the first time in NLP. 012 We demonstrate that these metrics need to be 013 computed after at least one epoch of fine-tuning 014 and they are not reliable in early steps. Further- 015 more, we show that by pruning a small portion 016 of the examples with the highest GraNd/EL2N 017 scores, we can not only preserve the test ac- 018 curacy, but also surpass it. This paper details 019 adjustments and implementation choices which 020 enable GraNd and EL2N to be applied to NLP. 021
DISCOVERY OF ULTRA-STEEP SPECTRUM GIANT RADIO GALAXY WITH RECURRENT RADIO JET ACTIVITY IN ABELL 449

We report a discovery of a 1.3 Mpc diffuse radio source with extremely steep spectrum fading radio structures in the vicinity of the Abell 449 cluster of galaxies. Its extended diffuse lobes are bright only at low radio frequencies and their synchrotron age is about 160 Myr. The parent galaxy of the extended relic structure, which is the dominant galaxy within the cluster, is starting a new jet activity. There are three weak X-rays sources in the vicinity of the cluster as found in the ROSAT survey, however it is not known if they are connected with this cluster of galaxies. Just a few radio galaxy relics are currently known in the literature, as finding them requires sensitive and high angular resolution low-frequency radio observations. Objects of this kind, which also are starting a new jet activity, are important for understanding the life cycle and evolution of active galactic nuclei. A new 613 MHz map as well as the archival radio data pertaining to this object are presented and analyzed.
One-loop QCD and Higgs bosons to partons processes using six-dimensional helicity and generalized unitarity

We combine the six-dimensional helicity formalism of Cheung and O'Connell with D-dimensional generalized unitarity to obtain a new formalism for computing one-loop amplitudes in dimensionally regularized QCD. With this procedure, we simultaneously obtain the pieces that are constructible from four-dimensional unitarity cuts and the rational pieces that are missed by them, while retaining a helicity formalism. We illustrate the procedure using four- and five-point one-loop amplitudes in QCD, including examples with external fermions. We also demonstrate the technique's effectiveness in next-to-leading order QCD corrections to Higgs processes by computing the next-to-leading order correction to the Higgs plus three positive-helicity gluons amplitude in the large top-quark mass limit.
Improving End-to-end Speech Translation by Leveraging Auxiliary Speech and Text Data

We present a method for introducing a text encoder into pre-trained end-to-end speech translation systems. It enhances the ability of adapting one modality (i.e., source-language speech) to another (i.e., source-language text). Thus, the speech translation model can learn from both unlabeled and labeled data, especially when the source-language text data is abundant. Beyond this, we present a denoising method to build a robust text encoder that can deal with both normal and noisy text data. Our system sets new state-of-the-arts on the MuST-C En-De, En-Fr, and LibriSpeech En-Fr tasks.
Distributed Multirobot Task Assignment via Consensus ADMM

In this article, we present a distributed algorithm to solve a class of multirobot task assignment problems. We formulate task assignment as a mathematical optimization and solve for optimal solutions with a variant of the consensus alternating direction method of multipliers (C-ADMM). We provide C-ADMM-based algorithms for both the primal and dual problem formulations and show the advantages of each form depending on the problem specifics. In our algorithm, each robot solves a series of local optimization problems and communicates the results to its local neighbors, ultimately converging to an optimal task assignment in problems with linear objective functions and an optimal solution of the relaxed problem in convex problems. While many other distributed algorithms require a central station for their implementation, in our algorithm, each robot only communicates with its one-hop neighbors. In linear task assignment problems, our algorithm converges to the optimal task assignment, unlike many other distributed algorithms for this problem, which yield suboptimal solutions. We demonstrate our algorithms in task assignment problems over a variety of communication network topologies, where we show that our inexact dual algorithm is at least 60% faster than other distributed algorithms, which produce an optimal task assignment. In addition, our dual algorithm attains a 69% speedup in computation time compared to a notable distributed variant of the Hungarian method (Chopra et al., 2017). We also apply our algorithm to a multi-unmanned-aerial-vehicle persistent surveillance problem, showing its suitability for problems involving periodic task assignments.
Nonthreshold quantum secret-sharing schemes in the graph-state formalism

In a recent work, Markham and Sanders have proposed a framework to study quantum secret sharing (QSS) schemes using graph states. This framework unified three classes of QSS protocols, namely, sharing classical secrets over private and public channels, and sharing quantum secrets. However, most work on secret sharing based on graph states focused on threshold schemes. In this paper, we focus on general access structures. We show how to realize a large class of arbitrary access structures using the graph state formalism. We show an equivalence between $[[n,1]]$ binary quantum codes and graph state secret sharing schemes sharing one bit. We also establish a similar (but restricted) equivalence between a class of $[[n,1]]$ Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes and graph state QSS schemes sharing one qubit. With these results we are able to construct a large class of quantum secret sharing schemes with arbitrary access structures.
Dusty Mg ii absorbers: population statistics, extinction curves and gamma‐ray burst sightlines

We present a new determination of the dust content and near-ultraviolet/optical extinction curves associated with a sample of ≃8300 strong, Wλ27960 > 1 A, Mg ii absorbers, redshifts 0.4 1 A and 34 ± 2 per cent for absorbers with W0 > 2 A. Direct determination of the shape of the near-ultraviolet extinction curves, using high signal-to-noise ratio composites, for absorbers as a function of E(B−V), shows evidence for systematic changes in the form of the extinction curves. At low E(B−V) (≲0.05), the extinction curve is featureless and well represented by a Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) like extinction curve. For intermediate E(B−V)s (≲0.2), approximately a third of Mg ii absorbers show evidence for a 2175 A feature and an extinction curve similar to that of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). For the small number of high E(B−V) (≳0.3) absorbers, the majority of which exhibit strong Ca iiλλ3935,3970 absorption, there is evidence for the presence of a 2175 A feature as strong as that found in the Milky Way (MW). Near-infrared photometry for six of the systems indicates that the rest-frame optical portion of the extinction curve for these high E(B−V), and likely very high column density, systems is significantly greyer than the SMC, LMC or MW extinction curves. Application of the new results on the dust content of strong Mg ii absorbers shows that dusty absorbers can account for a significant proportion, up to a factor of 2, of the observed overdensity of absorbers seen towards gamma-ray burst (GRB) sightlines, compared to sightlines towards quasars in flux-limited samples.
Accumulated Gender Discrimination in the Legal Field: Evidence from American Lawyers

This paper explores potential explanations for the gap in performance between male and female associates in the legal field using the After the JD (AJD) dataset. I extend on the traditional Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition by considering a “second-stage decomposition” that accounts for discrimination at multiple stages, specifically from hiring to work assignment and from work assignment to performance assessment. My findings show that the vast majority of the gender gap in billed hours and number of clients remains unexplained by task assignment, mentorship, and pre-work characteristics, suggesting that traditionally important traits and activities have less impact than expected on the performance differential. However, I find that parental education, equity partner aspirations, and marital status are able to explain around half the gap in performance assessment, indicating the importance of social capital and determination in improving one’s performance. Given the significance of performance in determining the salary and partnership opportunities of associates, this paper is important in addressing how we can close gender gaps in career outcomes in the context of a law firm.
Benchmarking Biomedical Nested NER and Relation Extraction Models

The Open EPPI corpus comprises 151 full-text 001 papers annotated by domain experts for entity 002 mentions, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), 003 and normalisation of entities to publicly avail-004 able ontologies. The corpus is publicly avail-005 able at [ANON]. We benchmark recent nested 006 NER and relation extraction models. Results 007 show that, although existing nested NER mod-008 els achieve good performance on outermost 009 and innermost entity mentions, they struggle 010 with other types of nested mentions. Bench-011 mark results for relation extraction show sub-012 stantial room for improvement with precision 013 under 70 and recall around 40 to 52 . 014
Proliferation of effective interactions: decoherence-induced equilibration in a closed many-body system

We address the question on how weak perturbations, that are quite ineffective in small many-body systems, can lead to decoherence and hence to irreversibility when they proliferate as the system size increases. This question is at the heart of solid state NMR. There, an initially local polarization spreads all over due to spin-spin interactions that conserve the total spin projection, leading to an equilibration of the polarization. In principle, this quantum dynamics can be reversed by changing the sign of the Hamiltonian. However, the reversal is usually perturbed by non reversible interactions that act as a decoherence source. The fraction of the local excitation recovered defines the Loschmidt echo (LE), here evaluated in a series of closed $N$ spin systems with all-to-all interactions. The most remarkable regime of the LE decay occurs when the perturbation induces proliferated effective interactions. We show that if this perturbation exceeds some lower bound, the decay is ruled by an effective Fermi golden rule (FGR). Such a lower bound shrinks as $ N $ increases, becoming the leading mechanism for LE decay in the thermodynamic limit. Once the polarization stayed equilibrated longer than the FGR time, it remains equilibrated in spite of the reversal procedure.
40GHz all-optical clock recovery using polarization-insensitive distributed bragg reflector lasers

All-optical clock recovery over 4OGbit/s optical signals using polarization-insensitive distributed Bragg reflector lasers is demonstrated. Low time jitter (7dB) and the maintain of locking even for a series of 48 zeros are obtained. 02002 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.0060) Fiber optics and optical communications; ( 250.0250) Optoelectronics
DIRECT IMAGING CONFIRMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A DUST-ENSHROUDED CANDIDATE EXOPLANET ORBITING FOMALHAUT

We present Subaru/IRCS J-band data for Fomalhaut and a (re)reduction of archival 2004–2006 HST/ACS data first presented by Kalas et al. We confirm the existence of a candidate exoplanet, Fomalhaut b, in both the 2004 and 2006 F606W data sets at a high signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, we confirm the detection at F814W and present a new detection in F435W. Fomalhaut b's space motion may be consistent with it being in an apsidally aligned, non-debris ring-crossing orbit, although new astrometry is required for firmer conclusions. We cannot confirm that Fomalhaut b exhibits 0.7–0.8 mag variability cited as evidence for planet accretion or a semi-transient dust cloud. The new, combined optical spectral energy distribution and IR upper limits confirm that emission identifying Fomalhaut b originates from starlight scattered by small dust, but this dust is most likely associated with a massive body. The Subaru and IRAC/4.5 μm upper limits imply M < 2 MJ, still consistent with the range of Fomalhaut b masses needed to sculpt the disk. Fomalhaut b is very plausibly “a planet identified from direct imaging” even if current images of it do not, strictly speaking, show thermal emission from a directly imaged planet.
Long-Term Instrumental and Reconstructed Temperature Records Contradict Anthropogenic Global Warming

Monthly instrumental temperature records from 5 stations in the northern hemisphere are analyzed, each of which is local and well over 200 years in length, as well as two reconstructed long-range yearly records from a stalagmite and from tree rings that are about 2000 years long. In the instrumental records, the steepest 100-year temperature fall happened in the 19 century and the steepest rise in the 20 century, both events being of about the same magnitude. Evaluation by the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) yields Hurst exponents that are in good agreement with the literature. DFA, Monte Carlo simulations, and synthetic records reveal that both 100-year events have too small probabilities to be natural fluctuations and, therefore, were caused by external trends. In contrast to this, the reconstructed records show stronger 100year rises and falls as quite common during the last 2000 years. Consequently, their DFA evaluation reveals far greater Hurst exponents. These results contradict the hypothesis of an unusual (anthropogenic) global warming during the 20 century. The cause of the different Hurst exponents for the instrumental and the reconstructed temperature records is not known. As a hypothesis, the sun’s magnetic field, which is correlated with sunspot numbers, is put forward as an explanation. The long-term low-frequency fluctuations in sunspot numbers are not detectable by the DFA in the monthly instrumental records, resulting in the common low Hurst exponents. The same does not hold true for the 2000-year-long reconstructed records, which explains both their higher Hurst exponents and the higher probabilities of strong 100-year temperature fluctuations. A long-term synthetic record that embodies the reconstructed sunspot number fluctuations includes the different Hurst exponents of both the instrumental and the reconstructed records and, therefore, corroborates the conjecture.
EVIDENCE FOR PARTICLE ACCELERATION TO THE KNEE OF THE COSMIC RAY SPECTRUM IN TYCHO’S SUPERNOVA REMNANT

Supernova remnants (SNRs) have long been assumed to be the source of cosmic rays (CRs) up to the “knee” of the CR spectrum at 1015 eV, accelerating particles to relativistic energies in their blast waves by the process of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). Since CR nuclei do not radiate efficiently, their presence must be inferred indirectly. Previous theoretical calculations and X-ray observations show that CR acceleration significantly modifies the structure of the SNR and greatly amplifies the interstellar magnetic field. We present new, deep X-ray observations of the remnant of Tycho's supernova (SN 1572, henceforth Tycho), which reveal a previously unknown, strikingly ordered pattern of non-thermal high-emissivity stripes in the projected interior of the remnant, with spacing that corresponds to the gyroradii of 1014–1015 eV protons. Spectroscopy of the stripes shows the plasma to be highly turbulent on the (smaller) scale of the Larmor radii of TeV energy electrons. Models of the shock amplification of magnetic fields produce structure on the scale of the gyroradius of the highest energy CRs present, but they do not predict the highly ordered pattern we observe. We interpret the stripes as evidence for acceleration of particles to near the knee of the CR spectrum in regions of enhanced magnetic turbulence, while the observed highly ordered pattern of these features provides a new challenge to models of DSA.
XMM-Newton and optical observations of the eclipsing polar CSS081231:071126+440405

Aims. We aim to study the temporal and spectral behaviour of the eclipsing polar CSS081231:071126+440405 from the infrared to the X-ray regimes. Methods. We obtained phase-resolved XMM-Newton X-ray observations on two occasions in 2012 and 2013 in different states of accretion. In 2013 the XMM-Newton X-ray and UV data were complemented by optical photometric and spectroscopic observations. Results. CSS081231 displays two-pole accretion in the high state. The magnetic fields of the two poles are 36 and 69 MG, indicating a non-dipolar field geometry. The X-ray spectrum of the main accreting pole with the lower field comprises a hot thermal component from the cooling accretion plasma, kTplas of a few tens of keV, and a much less luminous blackbody-like component from the accretion area with kTbb ∼ 50–100 eV. The high-field pole, which was located opposite to the mass-donating star, accretes at a low rate and has a plasma temperature of about 4 keV. On both occasions the X-ray eclipse midpoint precedes the optical eclipse midpoint by 3.2 s. The centre of the X-ray bright phase shows accretion-rate-dependent longitudinal motion of ∼20 deg. Conclusions. CSS081231 is a bright polar that escaped detection in the RASS survey because it was in a low accretion state. Even in the high state it lacks the prominent soft component previously thought to be ubiquitous in polars. Such an excess may still be present in the unobserved extreme ultraviolet. All polars discovered in the XMM-Newton era lack the prominent soft component. The intrinsic spectral energy distribution of polars still awaits characterisation by future X-ray surveys such as eROSITA. The trajectory taken by material to reach the second pole is still uncertain.