Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Species diversity, niche metrics and species associations in harvested and undisturbed bogs

Competition is considered an important force in structuring plant communities and in governing niche relations, but communities recovering from disturbance, may be less governed by species interactions and less orderly organized. To address this issue, we studied species richness, abundance and patterns of association between plant species at three spatial scales (1 m2, 1/25 m2, 1/625 m2) in two ombrotrophic mires in east-central Sweden. One was at a secondary successional stage following peat extraction 50 yr ago and the other was undisturbed. Peat extraction leads to a change in hydrology which is slowly restored by the formation of new peat. Niche breadth and niche overlap along the gradient of height above the water table were calculated for the five common Sphagnum species occurring at both mires in an attempt to better understand differences in species co-occurrence at each mire. Species cover differed between the mires, and the number of species per plot was higher in the undisturbed community at all scales, suggesting that the degree of species intermingling was greater than at the harvested site. At all scales, the number of non-random associations was higher, and niche overlap lower among ecologically similar species (e.g. hollow Sphagnum species) in the undisturbed mire. These differences indicate that random events are important in colonization, and that biotic interactions between neighbours later result in a higher degree of non-randomness. In addition, we surveyed a number of abandoned peat pit sites to test the effect of disturbance for species composition at a regional scale. Ombrotrophic peat pits contained several Sphagnum species normally associated with minerotrophic mires, and species of wooded mires occurred frequently in peat pits, making them more species-rich than undisturbed bogs. There were also Sphagnum species new to, or rare in, this part of Sweden which indicates effective long-distance dispersal. Even 50 yr after peat extraction had ceased, the vegetation had not recovered to its original composition.
Adult age of vascular plant species along an elevational land-use and climate gradient

Trait variation across species plays a fundamental role in ecology and evolution, but quantitative analyses of key lifehistory traits under natural conditions generally do not include a large number of species. In a comparative study, we analyzed interspecific variation in adult age as a minimum estimate of the lifespan of 708 vascular plant species along elevational gradients from 263–3175 m a.s. l. and compared this variation with predictions from r-K selection theory and the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). Age data based on annual ring counts of root collars and rhizomes were combined with a systematic sample of current species distributions in Switzerland (453 plots, each 1 km 2 ). Elevation and temperature trends were investigated by regression analyses of the variation in adult age across species and species assemblages (median adult age) at the landscape level. We included climate, land use and geology as environmental predictors in multiple regressions and considered phylogeny by eigenvector filtering. We found a general increase in adult age towards higher elevations at the level of overall interspecific variation, and this trend was also detectable within individual plant families. Species generally had a shorter lifespan under warmer climates and, in agreement with r-K prediction, in lowland agricultural landscapes. We found an exponential adult age–temperature relationship that is consistent with MTE. The estimate of the MTE parameter ‘activation energy’ for median adult age in multiple regression was 0.65 eV (95% CI 0.62–0.69 eV) which coincided with the predicted range of 0.60–0.70 eV. Our results imply that climate warming could accelerate species turnover rates by favoring short-lived species over the whole range of life histories and species assemblages. Besides the strong temperature relationship, residual variability and confounding factors demonstrate the need for additional research about interactions between broad-scale constraints and more local drivers of life-history variation.
Contribution of Milk Fat to the Flavor of Milk

Abstract To obtain a better understanding of milk fat's flavor contribution to milk we prepared a series of beverages containing 1 to 3% fat, using whole milk concentrate, milk fat, and various vegetable fats as the fat source. All fats except that in the whole milk concentrate were deodorized under two sets of conditions, designed so that one would be more effective than the other in removing volatile compounds. All of the deodorized fats along with undeodorized samples of the same fats and untreated whole milk concentrate were combined with skimmilk. The resultant beverages and the skimmilks used in their preparation were evaluated for flavor and desirability for continued beverage use. Untreated milk fat in whole milk concentrate and partially deodorized milk fat were the only fats which, in the panel's judgment, improved the flavor of skimmilk. The data indicated that the desirable flavor characteristics of milk fat are attributable partly to nonvolatile compounds and also, to a significant extent, to volatile compounds which probably are unique to this fat.
Toxicidade de compostos sintéticos e naturais sobre Tetranychus urticae e o predador Phytoseiulus macropilis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de compostos sinteticos e naturais sobre Tetranychus urticae e o predador Phytoseiulus macropilis . A mortalidade e a taxa de crescimento de T. urticae e seu predador foram avaliadas apos a aplicacao de: abamectina, clofentezina, fenpropatrina, fenpiroximato, propargito, enxofre e espiromesifeno, nas concentracoes recomendadas; oleos de nim (Natuneem e Sempre Verde Killer Neem a 1%); e extratos aquosos a 10% de Dieffenbachia brasiliensis , Annona squamosa , Ruta graveolens , Agave angustifolia , Melia azedarach , Sonchus oleraceus , Mentha spicata x M. suaveolens , Allium cepa , Laurus nobilis e Eucalyptus saligna . A toxicidade aguda e a influencia dos compostos sobre a taxa de crescimento instantâneo dos acaros foram avaliadas em laboratorio. Extratos de A. cepa , A. angustifolia , produtos a base de oleo de nim, espiromesifeno, propargito, fenpiroximato, abamectina e fenpropatrina causaram mortalidade superior a 83% em T. urticae . Extrato de A. angustifolia , Natuneem e clofentezina nao causaram mortalidade significativa em P. macropilis . Agave angustifolia e Natuneem nao afetaram significativamente a taxa de crescimento deste predador. Propargito, fenpiroximato, abamectina, fenpropatrina, espiromesifeno e extrato de L. nobilis afetaram severamente a populacao de P. macropilis .
Photosynthetic electron transport in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) plants inoculated with different strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inducing mosaic symptoms of widely varying severity were studied with in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. This method was used to deduce photosynthetic electron transport efficiency in relation to symptom expression. The quantum yields of photosystem II (PS II) electron transport rate were significantly diminished in virus strains inducing loss of chlorophyll. The reduction in young mosaic-diseased leaves appeared to be due in part to a reduction in the fraction of open reaction centers, whereas in older leaves exhibiting less pronounced symptoms the reduction was mainly caused by a reduced efficiency of capture of excitation energy of open PS II reaction centers. Upon infection with any of the five virus strains PS II seemed to be irreversibly damaged in the inoculated leaves and the ones directly above, indicative of a possible increased susceptibility to photoinhibition in these leaves (Somersalo and Krause 1989) even when no symptoms were apparent. Symptom expression did not appear to be related to the influence of the virus on PS II activity, because the severest effects occurred in the inoculated leaves, which either remained symptomless or developed slight yellowing only. This study demonstrates the usefulness or modulated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for the investigation of plant-virus interactions. It is particularly important when visual symptoms are absent.
Epidemiological profile of salivary gland lesions diagnosed in a higher education institution: an observational and retrospective study of 381 cases

The aim of this retrospective and observational study was to report the prevalence and characteristics of salivary gland lesions (SGL) in patients treated at the State University of Maringa, between 1995 and 2018. Data from medical records of patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic SGL concerning to age, sex, ethnicity, anatomical location, microscopic diagnosis and treatment were collected. All SGL with diagnosis confirmed by microscopic examination were considered. Of the 3,127 biopsied lesions, 381 (12.1%) SGL were identified. Caucasian (71%) women (51%) aging from 11 to 20 years (33%) were more affected. 88.5% (n= 337) were non-neoplastic lesions, 7% (n= 27) benign neoplasms and 4.5% (n= 17) malignant neoplasms. Mucocele was the most prevalent lesion (n= 269%), followed by pleomorphic adenoma (n= 25%). Recognition and appropriate management of these lesions is essential, especially because malignant neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands can be very aggressive.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly leks: factors affecting male location

1. The mating system of Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Ceratitis capitata, Diptera: Tephritidae) is based on male leks which form within the canopies of certain trees. In this study the following hypotheses are tested: (a) fly location depends on microclimate and illumination and (b) larger and heavier males occupy preferred locations in leks. Accordingly, systematic quantitative observations of diel three-dimensional (3-D) locations of lekking C. capitata males were performed in field and field cage studies. 2. Fly locations were found to vary significantly during the activity hours. 3. Medflies were generally found calling from highest and most exterior locations during early morning and late afternoon hours. During the hottest hours (1200–1500) flies occupied lower locations within the tree canopy, and interior locations from 1000 to 1500. 4. Fly location (from 1000 to 1700) was correlated with the azimuth of the sun. However, the mean azimuth range of fly location was limited to 85° (59·45°–143·94°). 5. Both in the field and in the field cage the temperature, relative humidity and light intensity beneath the leaves on which the males perched were closer to the microclimate beneath fully shaded leaves than to microclimates beneath leaves exposed to direct sunlight. 6. It is concluded that male medflies occupy locations which confer suitable microclimates for calling and copulating, and suitable 3-D locations within the canopy which provide protection from predators, wind, direct sunlight and water loss.
Effects of prism adaptation on auditory spatial attention in patients with left unilateral spatial neglect: a non-randomized pilot trial

A short period of adaptation to a prismatic shift of the visual field to the right briefly but significantly improves left unilateral spatial neglect. Additionally, prism adaptation affects multiple modalities, including processes of vision, auditory spatial attention, and sound localization. This non-randomized, single-center, controlled trial aimed to examine the immediate effects of prism adaptation on the sound-localization abilities of patients with left unilateral spatial neglect using a simple source localization test. Subjects were divided by self-allocation into a prism-adaptation group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 12). At baseline, patients with left unilateral spatial neglect showed a rightward deviation tendency in the left space. This tendency to right-sided bias in the left space was attenuated after prism adaptation. However, no changes were observed in the right space of patients with left unilateral spatial neglect after prism adaptation, or in the control group. Our results suggest that prism adaptation improves not only vision and proprioception but also auditory attention in the left space of patients with left unilateral spatial neglect. Our findings demonstrate that a single session of prism adaptation can significantly improve sound localization in patients with left unilateral spatial neglect. However, in this study, it was not possible to accurately determine whether the mechanism was a chronic change in head orientation or a readjustment of the spatial representation of the brain; thus, further studies need to be considered.
Studying the inhibition effect of some food additives against pathogenic bacteria

Latterly, natural products have been used as antibiotics and have proven effective against a large number of microorganisms. The present study included the measurement of antibacterial activities of pomegranate juice or molasses, tamarind molasses, garlic oil with thyme and with chili pepper on the five selected bacteria (2 Gr and 3 Gr) by disk and agar well diffusion assays on the Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) and Blood Agar (BA). Pomegranate and tamarind molasses exhibited a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity inhibiting both the groups of bacteria. Pomegranate and tamarind molasses has shown highest antimicrobial activity compared to garlic oil with herbs. Interselected of bacterial cultures, the highest antibacterial effect of pomegranate and tamarind molasses by using disk diffusion was recorded against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20,18,20,12 mm) (20,20,20,17 mm) respectively while, when used agar well diffusion assay to tested antibacterial activities of pomegranate and tamarind molasses the result show rather increased inhibition zone of selected bacteria but, bacterial culture of Klepsiella pneumonia recorded resistance against food additives which can used in this study.
IMPELEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN DARING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN SEBAGAI DAMPAK DITERAPKANNYA SOCIAL DISTANCING

Abstrak: Pembelajaran daring merupakan pembelajaran yang dilakukan menggunakan internet sebagai tempat menyalurkan ilmu pengetahuan. Bentuk pembelajran sepertii ini dapat dilakukan kapanpun dan dimanapun tanpa terikat waktu dan tanpa harus bertatap muka. Di era perkembangan teknologi pembelajaran daring semakin canggih dengan berbagai aplikasi dan fitur yang semakin memudahkan pengguna. Tidak terikatnya waktu dan dialkukan tanpa bertatap muka menjadi keunggulan pembelajaran daring yang bias dimanfaatkan pendidik . Seperti yang terjadi pada saat ini, pembelajaran daring menjadi satu-satunya pilihan bentuk pembelajaran yang dapat dilakukan oleh pendidik ketika terjadi bencana alam atau pandemi global. Indonesia menerapkan social distance di segala aspek kehidupan termasuk dunia pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, pembelajaran daring dapat dikatakan menjadi satu-satunya pilihan pembelajaran yang dapat dilakukan oleh pendidik untuk menigkatkan mutu pembelajaran di Indonesia.
Receiver-Only-Based Time Synchronization Under Exponential Delays in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In this article, we consider the receiver-only-based time synchronization in underwater wireless sensor networks with exponential delays emerging during the message exchanges. This article is motivated by the fact that 25% of timing messages are discarded in the existing receiver-only-synchronization (ROS)-based schemes to cope with the interaction between the discontinuity of the likelihood function and the unknown clock skews, which would result in a massive waste of energy. To account for this issue, a general ROS model under the exponential delay assumption, with clock skews taken into consideration and all timing messages utilized, is introduced. Following the proposed ROS model, we develop a three-step method to jointly estimate clock offsets and skews of both active and silent nodes, as well as other unknown parameters. Specifically, an estimation on clock offset and skew for the active node using support vector machine is followed by a joint maximum-likelihood estimation of the clock skew and clock offset for the silent node as well as clock offset for the active node, and a minimum variance unbiased estimation of the offsets for both active and silent nodes. Such method further improves the estimation accuracy of the proposed ROS model. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method is verified by simulations results.
A new Sphagesaurus (Mesoeucrocodylia: Notosuchia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Monte Alto City (Bauru Group, Brazil), and a revision of the Sphagesauridae

Since the description of Sphagesaurus, mostly dental material has been reported, apart from two incomplete skulls. Here we describe a new species of Sphagesaurus, from Monte Alto City, Southeastern Brazil, which includes the skull and most of the mandible. Distinctive characters (e.g. antorbital fenestra; robust quadrate; anterior mandibular teeth incisiform; ornamented sulcate palate) allow differentiation from S. huenei. Several characters allow assignment to the genus Sphagesaurus (e.g. teardrop-like oblique molariform teeth), while new information is provided (e.g. premaxilla, pterygoid and mandible morphology; jugal foramen; occipital surface; battery of mandibular teeth). A revision of the Family Sphagesauridae Kuhn 1968 is given. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis supports a sister-taxon relationship for S. huenei and the new species. The phylogenetic relationship of notosuchians is explored. Sphagesaurids were terrestrial notosuchians that evolved during the Upper Cretaceous of South America, known only from the Adamantina Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) from Brazil.
Genotype by environment interaction of Swedish dairy cows in organic and conventional production systems

Abstract Most dairy cows used in organic dairy production today are of high producing breeds, bred within the conventional production system. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of genotype by environment (G×E) interactions between organic and conventional dairy production in Sweden, to see if they are of a magnitude justifying development of a separate breeding program for organic production. Records of production, fertility, and somatic cell count in Swedish Holstein and Swedish Red cows in first and second lactation, collected between 1998 and 2005 in 424 organic and 5564 conventional herds, were analyzed. Indications of G×E were only found for three fertility traits; calving interval, the interval from calving to last insemination, and pregnant at first insemination, in second lactation Swedish Holstein. This, together with the small organic population, does not justify development of a separate breeding program for cows in organic production in Sweden.
Beyond the Core: Who Has Larger Social Networks?

Abstract:The sociological literature on social networks overwhelmingly considers the number of core social contacts. Social networks, however, reach far beyond this small number of social ties. We know little about individual variation in the size of such extended social networks. In this study, we move beyond core networks and explain individual variation in the extended social network size among youth. We use survey data of Dutch adolescents (N = 5,921) and use two state-of-the-art measurements to compute extended network sizes: network scale-up methods through Bayesian modeling and the observed number of contacts on Facebook. Among both measurements, we find that extended networks are larger among ethnic majority members, girls, and those who often engage in social foci. This highlights a crucial role for preferences and opportunity in the genesis of extended networks. Additionally, we find that differences between both network sizes (scale-up and Facebook) are smaller for girls and higher educated. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest directions for future research.
Monitoring the on-farm welfare of sheep and goats

Abstract Schemes for on-farm welfare assessment in sheep and goats are not yet available. Factors responsible for this lack of availability are discussed in the first part of this review. Requisites for reliable methods of welfare assessment to be used in sheep and goat farms are discussed, taking into account the peculiarities of the small ruminant production systems in terms of flock management and farm location. Some housing parameters related to structures, design and micro-environment are reviewed and could be included in schemes of welfare assessment on farm. Human-animal interaction, health status of the animals in terms of body condition scoring, skin and hair conditions, lameness and injuries, and management practices in relation to cleanliness, animal handling and moving, milking procedures and abnormal behaviours, are proposed as potential animal-based indicators. When available, validity, reliability and feasibility of the proposed parameters are discussed. The voluntary adhesion to welfare standards in Sardinia and the application of a scientifically validated protocol in Basilicata are reported as examples of practical experiences.
Antinutritive Factors in Eleven Legumes and Their Air-classified Protein and Starch Fractions

Pin milting and air classification of starchy legumes enriched the protein content of the light fraction to 49–75%, within the range of defatted soybean flours and protein concentrates. The levels of trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinating activity, saponin, phytic acid and fiber were high in navy bean flour and the levels in the protein fractions of navy and northern beans greatly exceeded those of soybean flour. Potential nutritional problems in the air-classified protein fractions of other legume species include trypsin inhibitor in lima bean and chickpea and saponin in lima bean, cowpea and lentil. Fababean and mung bean flours and protein fractions were comparatively lower in each antinutritive factor but fababean products contained vicine and convicine. SUMMARY THE EFFECTIVENESS of the pin milling and air classification of starchy legumes in the separation of protein and starch fractions has been amply demonstrated (Sosulski and Youngs, 1979). A previous study showed that the protein fractions also contained higher levels of oligosaccharides than the original flours while the starch fractions were depleted in sugars. In the present investigation, the concentrations of trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinating activity and phytic acid in the protein fractions were up to 300% higher than the original flour while saponins and dietary fiber also tended to segregate with the protein. The starch fractions from most of the nine legume species and biotypes were substantially detoxified by the dry milling process. The protein fractions of navy and northern beans contained particularly high levels of essentially all of the antinutritive fractions and may require extensive processing if food uses of the products are anticipated. On the other hand, mung bean and fababean products were much lower than soybean flour in most antinutritive factors although the fababean protein fraction was enriched in vicine and convicine.