Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cricothyroidotomy : Do Not Compare Small Apples to Big Oranges

To the Editor:—Naguib et al. have presented a clinically relevant study of arterial saturation values after preoxygenation and different doses of suxamethonium, and discuss their results using the extensive reports relevant to this topic. Unfortunately, they perhaps did not search the published work back to times before the pulse oximeter was introduced. Before the pulse oximeter, the Hewlett Packard ear oximeter (Waltham, MA) was used to measure arterial oxygen saturation continuously. Although clumsy, it was accurate and gave reliable results. We used this device to be the first to report changes in oxygen saturation, measured continuously, at induction of anesthesia. We recorded arterial oxygen saturation in patients who were given thiopental and suxamethonium (although in greater doses than those used by Naguib et al.) and described the effects of preoxygenation. We showed convincingly that desaturation was more likely in obese patients and that even a small mask leak markedly impaired the efficacy of oxygenation. Naguib et al. suggested “shunting” as a reason for the hypoxemia they found, particularly in obese patients. This is not the most probable explanation. As they acknowledge, in anesthetized obese subjects, functional residual capacity is small, often close to residual volume, as shown in the study by Damia et al. In these circumstances, oxygen stores are small, and desaturation occurs more quickly as the small alveolar oxygen content decreases. This effect is shown clearly in the model predictions of Hardman et al. This model, which was more complete than the model studies considered by Naguib et al., showed much more rapid desaturation with a small functional residual capacity than with a greater pulmonary shunt.
Neogene climate change and uplift in the Atacama Desert, Chile: COMMENT COMMENT

[Rech et al. (2006)][1] describe a variety of palaeosol characteristics from Miocene sections present along the southwest margin of the Calama Basin in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. They identified a change in soil character from a calcic vertisol to an extremely mature gypsisol with
Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy

Economic history has contributed significantly to the formulation of economic theory. * Among the economists who have found history an important source for their ideas are Smith, Malthus, Marx, Marshall, Keynes, Hicks, Arrow, Friedman, Solow, and Becker. Failure to take account of history, as Simon Kuznets (1941) stressed, has often led to a misunderstanding of current economic problems by investigators who have not realized that their generalizations rested upon transient circumstances. Nowhere is the need to recognize the role of long-run dynamics more relevant than in such pressing current issues as medical care, pension policies, and development policies.
Comparing EU bi-national partnerships in Spain and Italy 1

In recent decades, the number of bi-national partnerships has been rising in most EU countries, offering an opportunity to explore new family formations in greater depth. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative overview of EU bi-national partnership profiles in Spain and Italy. An original survey of 766 intra-EU migrants (EIMSS, 2005) who moved to these Southern countries between 1974 and 2004 has been used to identify specific attributes of cross-national unions. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) has been employed using several variables including migration motives, age, education, occupation and the presence of children within the household. The results allowed two dimensions to be constructed which were then used to perform a K-Means Cluster Analysis. A threefold typology emerged from the analysis: Love migrant bi-national partnerships (Type 1), Eurostars’ bi-national partnerships (Type 2), and Retired bi-national partnerships (Type 3). In light of these findings, the concluding discussion evaluates the role these profiles have in researching family and migration fields and the broader EU social integration process.
Disease prevalence, disease incidence, and mortality in the United States and in England

We find that both disease incidence and disease prevalence are higher among Americans in age groups 55–64 and 70–80, indicating that Americans suffer from higher past cumulative disease risk and experience higher immediate risk of new disease onset compared with the English. In contrast, age-specific mortality rates are similar in the two countries, with an even higher risk among the English after age 65. We also examine reasons for the large financial gradients in mortality in the two countries. Among 55- to 64-year-olds, we estimate similar health gradients in income and wealth in both countries, but for 70- to 80-year-olds, we find no income gradient in the United Kingdom. Standard behavioral risk factor’s (work, marriage, obesity, exercise, and smoking) almost fully explain income gradients among those aged 55–64 in both countries and a significant part among Americans 70–80 years old. The most likely explanation of the absence of an English income gradient relates to the English income benefit system: below the median, retirement benefits are largely flat and independent of past income, and hence past health, during the working years. Finally, we report evidence using a long panel of American respondents that their subsequent mortality is not related to large changes in wealth experienced during the prior 10-year period.
Wytch Farm oilfield: deterministic reservoir description of the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone

The Triassic Sherwood Sandstone is the principal reservoir in the Wytch Farm Field, located in Dorset, southern England. Composed of predominantly arkosic alluvial sandstones, it has excellent reservoir qualities but includes significant mudstone, calcrete and calcrete conglomerate baffles which affect the vertical passage of fluids. The identification of ‘flow units’ within this sequence has helped to determine appropriate layers for use in the reservoir simulation model. These flow units were defined using core data from 24 of the 48 wells and by log correlation. The well information was supplemented by outcrop data to help elucidate the geometry of individual layers.
Title : The relationship between bone turnover and insulin sensitivity and secretion : Cross-sectional and prospective data from the RISC cohort study

Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Complicated grief in those bereaved by violent death: the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on complicated grief

Violent death, such as homicide, accident, and suicide, is sudden, unexpected, and caused by intentional power, The prevalence of complicated grief among those bereaved by violent death is 12,5% to 78,0%. The factors affecting this prevalence rate are considered to be comorbid mental disorders, lack of readiness for the death, difficulty in making sense of the death, high level of negative appraisal about the self and others, and various social stressors. Post-traumatic stress disorder is, in particular, considered to contribute to the development of complicated grief by suppressing function of the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which works at facilitating the normal mourning process. An understanding of the mechanism and biological basis of complicated grief by violent death will be helpful in developing effective preventive intervention and treatment.
Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment

We examined the number of tropical cyclones and cyclone days as well as tropical cyclone intensity over the past 35 years, in an environment of increasing sea surface temperature. A large increase was seen in the number and proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 and 5. The largest increase occurred in the North Pacific, Indian, and Southwest Pacific Oceans, and the smallest percentage increase occurred in the North Atlantic Ocean. These increases have taken place while the number of cyclones and cyclone days has decreased in all basins except the North Atlantic during the past decade.
Layer-Specific Somatosensory Cortical Activation During Active Tactile Discrimination

Ensemble neuronal activity was recorded in each layer of the whisker area of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) while rats performed a whisker-dependent tactile discrimination task. Comparison of this activity with SI activity evoked by similar passive whisker stimulation revealed fundamental differences in tactile signal processing during active and passive stimulation. Moreover, significant layer-specific functional differences in SI activity were observed during active discrimination. These differences could not be explained solely by variations in ascending thalamocortical input to SI. Instead, these results suggest that top-down influences during active discrimination may alter the overall functional nature of SI as well as layer-specific mechanisms of tactile processing.
The epidemiological indices of malaria in Kermanshah province (1996-2010)

Background : Malaria is a major health problem in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. According to the World Health Organization report, in the year 2011, approximately 791000 persons died due to malaria. To introduce the features of this disease in the province of Kermanshah, the registered characteristics of this disease were analyzed during 1996-2010. Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, the data of 168 patients, based on the report forms of malaria cases, were collected from urban and rural health centers, health center of cities, and Kermanshah province health center. Data such as age, sex, place of disease, plasmodium type, transmission type, nationality and type of slide preparation were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive statistics (mean, percentage and one and two-dimensional tables). Results: During 15 years, 168 malaria cases were reported in Kermanshah province with about 2 million populations. 94 (78.3%) of them were male and in 163 cases (97%) of P. vivax was the etiologic agent and P. falciparum was found in 5 other cases. Most cases were reported in 1375, 87 patients (51.8%) and most of the cases 43 (25.6%) were found in Paveh city. Conclusion: Malaria in Kermanshah province is now limited to cases traveling to or entering the Southeast areas of Iran. Although local transmission of malaria in the country, especially in the Southeast of the country continues to be a big problem, Kermanshah province is now considered a part of country where this disease is going to be eradicated and malaria control programs are being run successfully.
Image-based material editing

Photo editing software allows digital images to be blurred, warped or re-colored. However, it is not currently possible to change the material appearance of an object except by painstakingly painting over the appropriate pixels. We present a set of methods for automatically replacing one material with another material, starting with only a single high dynamic range (HDR) image as input.
Characterizing Grass-Fed Ground Beef and Enhanced Steaks Using Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Fall-born Angus x Continental crossbred steers (n = 18) were randomly assigned to six 1.4 ha paddocks with 3 head in each paddock. The paddocks had been randomly planted with Marshall Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), Wren’s Abruzzi Rye (Secale cereael L.) and Harrison Oats (Avena sativa L.). Boneless striploins and ribeyes from the left side of the carcass were collected at 48 h postmortem, vacuumed-packaged and stored at 2°C until 14 d postmortem. On d 14 postmortem three 2.54-cm-thick steaks were cut from the anterior end of the left striploin from all 18 carcasses. The striploins and ribeyes were cut in half and the posterior and anterior ends were randomly assigned to an injection treatment resulting in 0.6% salt, 0.4% phosphate (BRIFISOL 85 Instant, BK Giulini Corporation, Simi Valley, CA), 2.5% potassium lactate (Ultra-Pure PL-85 (60%), Trumark Inc., Linden, NJ), and 0.055% beef stock (Proliant Meat Ingredients, Ankeny, IA). They were pumped to 112% of their green weight and cut into four 2.54cm-thick steaks.
The Future of Forests: Emissions from Tropical Deforestation with and Without a Carbon Price, 2016-2050

We project the future of tropical deforestation from 2016-2050 with and without carbon pricing policies, based on 18 million observations of historical forest loss spanning 101 tropical countries. Our spatial projections of future deforestation incorporate topography, accessibility, protected status, potential agricultural revenue, and a robust observed inverted-U-shaped trajectory of forest cover loss with respect to remaining forest cover. We project that in the absence of new forest conservation policies, 289 million hectares of tropical forest will be cleared from 2016-2050—an area about the size of India and one-seventh of Earth’s tropical forest area in the year 2000. We project that this tropical deforestation will release 169 GtCO2 to the atmosphere from 2016-2050—one-sixth of the remaining carbon that can be emitted if the rise in Earth’s temperature is to be likely held below 2 °C. We estimate that a universally applied carbon price of $20/tCO2 from 2016-2050 would avoid 41 GtCO2 of emissions from tropical deforestation while a carbon price of $50/tCO2 would avoid 77 GtCO2. These prices correspond to average costs to land users of $9/tCO2 and $21/tCO2 respectively. By comparison if all tropical countries implemented anti-deforestation policies as effective as those in the Brazilian Amazon post-2004 then 60 GtCO2 of emissions would be avoided. Our analysis corroborates the conclusions of previous studies that reducing tropical deforestation is a sizable and low-cost option for mitigating climate change. In contrast to previous studies, we project that the amount of emissions that can be avoided at low-cost by reducing tropical deforestation will increase rather than decrease in future decades. Encouragingly, 89% of potential low-cost emission reductions are located in the 47 tropical countries that have already signaled their intention to reduce emissions from deforestation in exchange for performance-based finance (REDD+).
Crescimento inicial de cultivares de cafeeiro com diferentes doses de Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio

The mineral nutrition of the coffee tree is very important for its yield, and several places that previously were considered unfit for the cultivation, today exhibit highly productive crops, where soil fertility correction, over time, combined with proper mineral nutrition, are some of the main factors for this success. The aim of this research was to evaluate four new coffee cultivars at initial growth under different doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The trial was carried out at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, in Sao Sebastiao do Paraiso, MG, Brazil, on February 2012. Four cultivars were used in twelve treatments (factorial scheme, four cultivars, three nutrients and four doses), under randomized block design. Joint analysis of the data was made. The traits evaluated were: height, diameter of the stem, growth of the first plagiotropic branch, number of plagiotropic branches, chlorophyll index and soil and leaf analyzes. It was concluded that in the initial chemical conditions of the soil used in the experiment, fertilizations with N, P and K, both in cover fertilization and first-year fertilization, can be reduced in up to 50% in coffee plantations of the cultivars Pau Brasil MG1, Paraiso MG H419-1 and Topazio MG 1190.
Qualidade da madeira, celulose e papel em Pinus taeda L. : influencia da idade e classe de produtividade

The pulp and paper productive sector comes contributing in an expressive way to the socioeconomic development of Brazil. Many characteristics can be mentioned to explain this fact, amongst them the modern technologies development that generate since forests with quality until products of high aggregate value. These points facilitated to the companies to reach products with international quality patterns, high productivity and environment protection, in the forest operations and the used industrial processes. In this way, the search for precise information will be a differential for a safe planning. The goal of this study was to evaluate the productivity class influence on the wood quality and on pulp and paper properties from plantations of Pinus taeda L. The trees used in this study were sampled in reforestation areas of Klabin S.A Monte Alegre Farm located in the municipal district of Telemaco Borba, State of Parana. The sampling was accomplished in commercial plantations with same degree of genetic improvement, with ages of 8, 14 and 20 years old, embracing three productivity classes. The wood chemical characteristics (holocellulose, lignin, extractives and inorganic material), anatomical (fibers dimensions and latewood percentage) and physical (specific gravity and moisture content) of wood were determined. The e Kraft process for pulping (yield, reject content, kappa number, viscosity, solids and residual alkali in the black liquor) and the paper properties (grammage, humidity, thickness, apparent density, bulk, breaking length, tensile index, burst index, tear index and stiffness index) were evaluated. The obtained values were submitted the factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). With base in these evaluations, significant variations in the quality of the wood, the process of cellulose attainment and in the characteristics of the paper in function of the variation of the age and classroom of productivity had been observed. This way, it can be concluded that the age and the productivity class conditioned and exercised great influence on the wood quality and the properties of the pulp and of the paper. Key-Word: wood quality, pulp and paper, Pinus taeda L. , age, productivity class.
Seismic reflection and geomorphic characterization of the onshore Palos Verdes fault zone, Los Angeles, California

Abstract Two high-resolution (25- to 110-Hz bandwidth) seismic-reflection profiles acquired along roads crossing the Palos Verdes fault zone, Los Angeles basin, California, strongly suggest that some geomorphic lineaments seen on aerial photographs coincide with steeply dipping faults. At roughly the midpoint of the Palos Verdes peninsula, the Palos Verdes fault zone consists of at least three major strands. One of the northern strands, which has the most apparent vertical displacement, is interpreted to dip 55° SW down to 200 m, steepening at greater depth. Other strands appear to dip from 50° to 90°. Just 3 km to the southeast, however, the fault zone is composed of at least five strands and is roughly 1.5-km wide. Apparently, younger strands are located northeast of older, less active strands across the fault zone. Recent right-lateral offset on the northeastern fault strands is inferred from a deflection of an ancestral Los Angeles River channel, approximately 1.8 km west of the Los Angeles Harbor. The channel incises deposits, dated to be as young as 120 to 80 ka, and is deflected approximately 300 m. This deflection, if attributed solely to slip on the Palos Verdes fault zone, suggests an average horizontal slip rate between 2.5 and 3.8 mm/yr. Because very little vertical displacement is detectable in the seismic data acquired near the channel offset that also shows little vertical displacement, we infer that recent onshore movement in the Palos Verdes fault zone on the eastern Palos Verdes peninsula has been predominantly strike slip.
Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Ketogenic Diet on Quality of Life and Changes in EEG and Sleep

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Effects of Gluten Intake on Risk of Celiac Disease : a case – control study on a Swedish birth cohort Short title : Gluten intake and celiac disease

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Disclosures: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Also, the authors have indicated they have no financial relationships to this work to disclose. Ms Aronsson worked with the data collection, drafted the initial manuscript, interpreted the data, and completed all subsequent revisions until submission. Dr Lee conducted the statistical analyses and critically reviewed the manuscript. Lernmark interpreted the data and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Drs. Virtanen, Norris, and Agardh conceptualized the present analysis, advised in presentation of analysis results, and revised the drafts critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted, and all authors have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Abstract Background & Aims: Early nutrition may affect the risk of celiac disease. We investigated