Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extending the applicability of the Raman carbonaceous‐material geothermometer using data from contact metamorphic rocks

The degree of graphitization of carbonaceous material (CM) has been widely used as an indicator of metamorphic grade. Previous work has demonstrated that peak metamorphic temperature (T) of regional metamorphic rocks can be estimated by an area ratio (R2) of peaks recognized in Raman spectra of CM. The applicability of this method to low‐pressure (<3 kbar) contact metamorphism was tested using Raman spectroscopic analyses of samples from two contact‐metamorphic aureoles in Japan (Daimonji and Kasuga areas). A suitable measurement procedure allows the dependence of the geothermometer on sample type (thin section, chip) and incident angle of laser beam relative to the c‐axes of CM to be tested. Two important general results are: (i) in addition to standard thin sections, chips are also suitable for spectral analysis; and (ii) the incident angle of the laser beam does not significantly affect the temperature estimation, i.e. spectral measurements for the geothermometer can be carried out irrespective of the crystallographic orientation. A laser wavelength of 532 nm was used in this study compared with 514.5 nm in an independent previous study. A comparison shows that the use of a 532‐nm laser results in a slightly, but systematically larger R2 ratio than that of a 514.5‐nm laser. Taking this effect into account, our results show that there is a slight but distinct difference between the R2–T correlations shown by contact and regional metamorphic rocks: the former are slightly better‐crystallized (have slightly lower R2 values) than the latter at the same temperature. This difference is interpreted as due to the degree of associated deformation. Despite the slight difference, the results of this study coincide within the estimated errors of ±50 °C with those of the previously proposed Raman CM geothermometer, thus demonstrating the applicability of this method to contact metamorphism. To facilitate more precise temperature estimates in regions of contact metamorphism, a new calibration for analyses using a 532‐nm laser is derived. Another important observation is that the R2 ratio of metamorphosed CM in pelitic and psammitic rocks is highly heterogeneous with respect to a single sample. To obtain a reliable temperature estimate, the average R2 value must be determined by using a substantial number of measurements (usually N > 50) that adequately reflects the range of sample heterogeneity. Using this procedure (with 532‐nm laser) and adapting our new calibration, the errors of the Raman CM geothermometer for contact metamorphic rocks decrease to ∼±30 °C.
ATRIBUTOS BIOQUÍMICOS EM DOIS SOLOS DE CERRADO SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE MANEJO E USO

Soil biochemical attributes can be used as sensitive indicators of alterations promoted by the agricultural use, being a tool to guide tillage practices planning and evaluation to maintain soil sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in the soil organic carbon, biomass and microbial activity, urease and acid phosphatase activity, in two savannah soils, as affected by soil management systems. The study consisted of five soil management systems in a Typic Quartzipsamment, four in an Oxisol, and reference areas without alterations in the two soil types. The management systems changed the biochemical attributes of both soils. The Typic Quartzipsamment area under the soybean/ Brachiaria decumbens sequence decreased the soil organic carbon and the microbial biomass carbon, and increased the respiration and q CO 2 , while the Oxisol, in all the areas, except for pasture, promoted reductions in the biochemical attributes. Among the management systems studied, the pasture provided improvements in the evaluated attributes, in both soils. KEY-WORDS: Soil quality; microbial biomass; soil enzymatic activity. Normal 0 21
Caracterisation de quelques cultivars de cocotier (Cocos nucifera L.) tolerants a la secheresse en Côte d'Ivoire

La secheresse est un phenomene qui limite la production du cocotier en basse Cote d\'Ivoire et son expansion en moyenne Cote d\'Ivoire. L\'etude a porte sur l\'evaluation du niveau de tolerance a la secheresse de 16 cultivars de cocotiers en vue de leur utilisation comme materiel vegetal adapte et avec une bonne productivite. Des parametres physiologiques et morphologiques ont ete etudies sur 16 cultivars a partir de 3 types de cocotier (Nain, Grand et Hybride). Ces cultivars proviennent de 9 parcelles de la collection internationale de la Station Marc DELORME. Des cultivars comme Grand Panama a maintenu une teneur en eau elevee (96,70 %) dans les organes pendant les periodes seches, grâce aux reserves contenues dans le stipe. Tandis que le Nain Brun Nouvelle Guinee et son hybride, avec le Grand Rotuma, utilisent les ajustements osmotiques (-10,62 bars et -8,30 bars, respectivement) pour assurer un meilleur etat hydrique des feuilles. L\'opportunite d\'introduire les 3 cultivars ci-dessus dans un schema d\'amelioration genetique est suggeree dans l\'optique de mieux integrer la tolerance a la secheresse dans les criteres de selection varietale. Drought is a phenomenon that limits coconut production in the coastal region of Cote d\'Ivoire, and it is also the main limiting factor of coconut development in the central part of the country. This study was conducted to assess the tolerance level of 16 coconuts cultivars to drought, in order to develop adapted and highly producing vegetative material. Physiological and morphological parameters were studied on 16 coconut cultivars belonging to 3 groups (dwarf, tall and hybrid). The cultivars were collected from 9 experimental plots at the international germplasm of Marc Delorme research station. Cultivars like Panama tall had high levels of water contents over dry spells (96.70 %) by using stored water in the stem, while Madang Brown Dwarf and its hybrid with Rotuma Tall used osmotic adjustments strategies (-10.62 bars and -8.30 bars, respectively) to better maintain a good hydration status. The opportunity of introducing the above 3 cultivars in a breeding program is suggested to better integrate drought tolerance in selection criteria Keywords : Cocotier, tolerance, secheresse, parametres physiologiques et morphologiques, Cote d\'Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 145-156
The Cultural Dynamics of Shell-Matrix Sites

The Cultural Dynamics of Shell-Matrix Sites presents a fascinating cross-section of current shell midden research all over the world. Itcanbereadcover tocoverbycoastal archaeologists searching for inspiration for new approaches, or used as a resource by specialists compiling background information on a particular topic or region. In organizing the volume, the editors sought diversity in topic, geographic location, and approach within a broad theme of shell-matrix sites. In each of the three parts—typology and function, people and burials, and subsistence and ecology—they include studies on two distinct but overlapping concepts. The geographic diversity represented in the volume facilitatesdatacomparisonsbetweenregions and reveals differences in research traditions. In embracing diversity, the editors took a risk that the volume would lack focus. The risk paid off in that each part presents a coherent narrative about interpreting data in shell-matrix sites. The chapters in Part 1 explore the meaning of differences in shell-
A method to determine warm and cool steppe biomes from pollen data; application to the Mediterranean and Kazakhstan regions

An objective method for the assignment of pollen spectra to appropriate biomes has been published recently. The aim of this paper is to improve the distinction between warm and cool steppes, thus refining vegetation and climate reconstruction, particularly during the Last Glacial Maximum. A set of modern pollen spectra from the Mediterranean and Kazakhstan regions, dominated today by open vegetation types, has been analysed statistically in order to relate pollen taxa abundances to warm acid cool grass/shrub plant functional types (PFTs). A statistical test using modern pollen data shows that the method is able to distinguish between cool and warm steppe biomes with a high degree of confidence. The method has been applied to two fossil pollen records. The results of this exercise showed that cool steppe dominated in central Greece between 18 000 and 13 000 yr BP, while in western Iran the vegetation was at the boundary between cool and warm steppes. These vegetation types were replaced by warm mixed forest in Greece and warm steppe in Iran after that time span. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution and structure of composite meso-alpha-scale convective complexes, The

OF DISSERTATION THE EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF COMPOSITE MESO-ALPHA-SCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES The CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) data assimilation and analysis package is implemented to study the evolution and the structure of composite Meso-Q-scale Convective Complexes (MCCs). Seven years of North American MCC cases are sampled and normalized into seven evolutionary sub-periods according to the temporal life-cycles of the storm systems. The composite MCC shows some general features, such as the lowertropospheric convergence and cyclonic vorticity associated with the upper-tropospheric divergence and anticyclonic vorticity during the MCC's initial to mature stages, the cold-core structure in the upper troposphere, and the characteristic warm core at middle levels. The low-level convergence, aligned with the intensified cyclonic vorticity, lifts and extends to the middle troposphere at the mature stage. A middle-level jet-like inflow is accompanied by a strengthening middlelevel convergence which reaches its maximum intensity at the MCC's mature stage. This middle-level jet-like inflow, located slightly above the melting layer and near the lowest e level which might reinforce the e downdraft. The vorticity budget of the composite MCC shows that the residual of grid-scale vorticity exhibits a vorticity sink in the lower troposphere and reaches its maximum intensity at the MCC mature stage. On the other hand, a midto upper-level vorticity source exists during the MCC early and dissipation stages. The imbalance can be attributed to
Rapid inversion of 2-D geoelectrical data by multichannel deconvolution

Modern geoelectrical data acquisition systems can record more than 100 000 data values per field day. Despite the growth in computer power and the development of more efficient numerical algorithms, interpreting such data volumes remains a nontrivial computational task. We present a 2-D one-pass inversion procedure formulated as a multichannel deconvolution. It is based on the equation for the electrical potential linearized under the Born approximation, and it makes use of the 2-D form of the Fr ´ echet derivatives evaluated for the homogeneous half-space. The inversion is formulated in the wavenumber domain so that the 2-D spatial problem decouples into many small 1-D problems. The resulting multichannel deconvolution algorithm is very fast and memory efficient. The inversion scheme is stabilized through covariance matrices representing the stochastic properties of the earth resistivity and data errors. The earth resistivity distribution is assumed to have the statistical characteristics of a two-parameter, selfaffine fractal. The local apparent amplitude and fractal dimension of the earth resistivity are estimated directly from geoelectrical observations. A nonlinearity error covariance matrix is added to the conventional measurement error covariance matrix. The stochastic model for the dependence of nonlinearity error on electrode configuration as well as resistivity amplitude and fractal dimension is determined pragmatically through nonlinear simulation experiments. Tests on synthetic examples and field cases including well control support the conclusion that for long data profiles this method automatically produces linearized resistivity estimates which faithfully resolve the main model features.
Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: a review of the Panola Mountain experience

A hallmark of the scientific method is its iterative application to a problem to increase and refine the understanding of the underlying processes controlling it. A successful iterative application of the scientific method to catchment science (including the fields of hillslope hydrology and biogeochemistry) has been hindered by two factors. First, the scale at which controlled experiments can be performed is much smaller than the scale of the phenomenon of interest. Second, computer simulation models generally have not been used as hypothesis‐testing tools as rigorously as they might have been. Model evaluation often has gone only so far as evaluation of goodness of fit, rather than a full structural analysis, which is more useful when treating the model as a hypothesis. An iterative application of a simple mixing model to the Panola Mountain Research Watershed is reviewed to illustrate the increase in understanding gained by this approach and to discern general principles that may be applicable to other studies. The lessons learned include the need for an explicitly stated conceptual model of the catchment, the definition of objective measures of its applicability, and a clear linkage between the scale of observations and the scale of predictions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural and Cultural Spatial Patterning in the Late Holocene Deposits of Shum Laka Rock Shelter, Cameroon

Abstract Rock shelters, often containing thick accumulations of cultural debris from repeated occupation, are the most informative archaeological sites in the forest zone of west Africa. They are, however, frequently disturbed by human and natural processes. Extensive excavations at Shum Laka rock shelter yielded a long cultural sequence for the Grassfields in NW Cameroon. The topmost, Late Holocene deposits, are analyzed for natural and cultural spatial patterning through a combination of geomorphic analysis, exhaustive 14C dating, and analysis of spatial distribution of lithic artifacts and pottery refits. we identified post-depositional disturbances and reconstructed for the first time a reliable cultural sequence for the Grassfields during the Late Holocene. Finally, we discuss the transition from the Late Stone Age to the Iron Age in the area along the Gulf of Guinea.
Interaction among alluvial cover, bed roughness, and incision rate in purely bedrock and alluvial‐bedrock channel

A major control on bedrock incision is the interaction between alluvial cover and erosive mobile grains. The extent of alluvial cover is typically predicted as a function of relative sediment flux (sediment supply rate over bed load transport capacity, qbs/qbc), yet little is known about how the bed roughness affects the alluvial cover. We performed field experiments with various flow discharges, sediment supply rates, grain sizes, and bed surface topographies. We then developed physically based models for estimating the threshold of sediment movement and the extent of alluvial cover, so as to include the effect of roughness change. The results for the threshold of sediment movement and the extent of alluvial cover obtained from our models show reasonable agreement with the results of the field experiments. We explored the sensitivity of the models to variations in sediment supply and bedrock relative roughness (bedrock hydraulic roughness height over grain size, ksb/d). The results suggest the following: (1) a larger relative roughness yields a greater dimensionless critical shear stress required for initial sediment motion; (2) at a given sediment supply rate, the extent of alluvial cover is larger when the relative roughness is larger; (3) when the sediment supply rate and the relative roughness are small, throughput bed load moves over (and can abrade) a purely bedrock channel with no alluvial cover; and (4) the critical value of sediment supply rate below which throughput bed load transport occurs increases with decreasing relative roughness. The experimental results and analysis provide a framework for treating the (a) incisional morphodynamics of purely bedrock rivers by throughput bed load with no alluvial cover, (b) incisional/alluvial morphodynamics of mixed bedrock‐alluvial rivers, and (c) purely alluvial morphodynamics, as well as the transition between these states.
Amniotic Fluid Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-8 Concentrations: Racial Disparity in Preterm Birth

The purpose of this study is to examine the racial differences between interleukin (IL)—1β and IL-8 concentrations in the amniotic fluid of black and white women with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB). In this study, 350 amniotic fluid samples were collected: 165 PTB cases (<36 weeks' gestation; 52 blacks and 113 whites) and 185 controls (normal term delivery >37 weeks' gestation; 87 blacks and 98 whites). Amniotic fluid IL-1β and IL-8 concentrations were measured by immunoassay. Wilcoxon nonparametric test was performed for statistical analysis. In data stratified by race, the median IL-1β concentration was significantly higher in black cases (80 pg/mL) compared to black controls (23.7 pg/mL; P < .0001), and the difference was nonsignificant in white cases (25.5 pg/mL) compared to white controls (21.3 pg/mL; P = .1). IL-8 concentration was not higher in black cases (742.2 pg/mL) compared to black controls (731.4 pg/mL; P = .9), whereas it was higher in white cases (1362.3 pg/mL) compared to white controls (533.5 pg/mL; P = .0005). Between races, IL-1β was significantly higher in blacks (P < .0001) than in whites in PTB, whereas no significant difference was noticed in IL-8 concentration between races (P = .1). In PTB, the cytokine footprint differs in the amniotic fluid between racial groups. IL-1β is higher in black and IL-8 in white PTB. These differences in the amniotic fluid cytokine concentration might not explain the racial disparity in the PTB rate, but they are suggestive of different processes of PTB in whites and blacks.
Incidencia, caracterización y epidemiología del virus de la tristeza de los cítricos en Chile

El virus de la tristeza de los citricos (CTV) ha causado millonarias perdidas a la citricultura a nivel mundial. En Chile, la situacion real era desconocida aunque se habia reportado su presencia en limoneros Meyer, los que fueron erradicados. El objetivo de esta tesis fue analizar la situacion actual de CTV en Chile, realizar una amplia prospeccion y estimar su incidencia, estudiar su epidemiologia y realizar una caracterizacion biologica, serologica y molecular de 100 aislados chilenos de CTV representativos. Se realizo un estudio epidemiologico en seis parcelas experimentales y dos ensayos de trasnsmision con 10 aislados representativos. CTV fue detectado en casi todas las zonas citricolas de Chile, con una incidencia media del 0,38%. En el oasis de Pica (I Region), se observaron acanaladuras en la madera en arboles de pomelo y lima mejicana. Se detectan todas las especies vectoras de CTV, a excepcion de Toxoptera citricida. En la zona central de Chile se determina la presencia mayoritaria de aislados atenuados (MCA13 negativos). En la I Region (oasis de Pica y Malilla) la presencia de aislados agresivos, siendo todos MCA13 positivos y caracteristicas moleculares asociadas al tipo VT. Se demostro un aumento en la incidencia de CTV en las parcelas experimentales, salvo en un huerto de limonero. En ensayos de transmision solo un aislado de CTV fue transmitido con una eficiencia baja de transmision. En base a los resultados obtenidos se dan recomencaciones para la citricultura chilena.
North Atlantic Interannual Variability in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model.

Abstract The primary mode of sea surface temperature variability in the North Atlantic on interannual timescales during winter is examined in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The model, developed at die Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, is global in domain with realistic geography and a seasonal cycle of insulation. Analyses performed on a 1000-year integration of this model show that this mode is characterized by zonal bands of SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and bears a distinct resemblance to observational results. The largest anomalies in the model are to the southeast of Newfoundland. The model SST variations appear to be related to a north–south dipole in the atmospheric 500-mb geopotential height field, which resembles the North Atlantic oscillation and the Western Atlantic pattern. Analyses are presented that show that this mode of SST variability is primarily driven by perturbations to the surface heat fluxes, which are largely governed by atmospheric variability. Changes in model ocean.
BOUNDARY SHEAR IN CHANNEL WITH FLOOD PLAIN

Shear stress distributions were measured around the periphery of a channel of complex cross section using Preston tube. The complex section consists of a deep channel and a flood plain. The measurements were carried out in the laboratory for flow in the full cross section and when the flow was confined to the deep section. In this way it was possible to compare shear stress distributions under both isolated and interacting conditions. This has revealed that the presence of the interaction between a channel and its flood plain has significantly altered the values and distributions of boundary shear.
Influence of the Madden‐Julian oscillation on the Indian Ocean cross‐equatorial heat transport

The Indian Ocean cross‐equatorial heat transport (CEHT) anomalies associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) are analyzed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis for the period 1979–2010. The magnitude of MJO‐related CEHT anomalies, seasonal dependence, and interannual modulations are examined. The magnitude of composite MJO CEHT anomalies is ~30% (~15%) of the amplitude of the seasonal climatology in winter (summer). Interannual modulation on average accounts for only ~10% of the total magnitude of intraseasonal variability of a given year. MJO CEHT is largely contributed by temperature flux anomalies in the upper ~140 m, with notable compensation between two characteristic layers. The significance of MJO CEHT anomalies, the nonnegligible magnitude of residual CEHT accumulated from intraseasonal anomalies during specific years, and the vertical compensation of temperature flux anomalies that give rise to the CEHT, have implications to the potential importance of upper ocean thermodynamics in MJO evolution and regional climate.