Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological Resilience, Cardiovascular Disease, and Metabolic Disturbances: A Systematic Review

Background Positive psychosocial factors can play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among them, psychological resilience (PR) is defined as the capacity of responding positively to stressful events. Our aim was to assess whether PR is associated with CVD or metabolic disturbances through a systematic review. Methods We gathered articles from PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar up to October 28, 2021. We included articles that were in English, were observational, and had PR examined as exposure. The CVD outcomes were either clinical or metabolic outcomes (i.e., dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes). Results Our literature search identified 3,800 studies, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria. Of them, seven were longitudinal and 10 cross-sectional, and 13 were on adults and four on children. The exposure assessment was heterogeneous, i.e., 12 studies used different kinds of self-administered questionnaires and five used interviews with a psychologist. Regarding outcomes, five studies investigated CVD, seven obesity, one metabolic syndrome, two hypertension, four dyslipidemia, and four diabetes. In longitudinal studies, PR was found to have an inverse association with included outcomes in five studies from the Swedish military conscription cohort but had no association with CVD in a study on African-American women and was associated with slower progression of diabetes in a general population. The cross-sectional studies showed that the prevalence of disease was not associated with PR in many cases but the progression of disease was associated with PR. Conclusion PR seems to have a possibly favorable association with CVD and metabolic disturbances that differs according to the type of outcome and population. Our study limitations are given by the small number of studies available and the heterogeneity in PR measurement. Systematic Review Registration [https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/PROSPERO/display_record. php? RecordID=237109], identifier [CRD42021237109].
Self-Regulation of Seat of Attention Into Various Attentional Stances Facilitates Access to Cognitive and Emotional Resources: An EEG Study

This study provides evidence supporting the operation of a novel cognitive process of a somatic seat of attention, or ego-center, whose somatic location is under voluntary control and that provides access to differential emotional resources. Attention has typically been studied in terms of what it is directed toward, but it can also be associated with a localized representation in the body image that is experienced as the source or seat of attention—an aspect that has previously only been studied by subjective techniques. Published studies of this phenomenon under terms such as egocenter or self-location suggest that the seat of attention can be situated in various ways within the experienced body, resulting in what are here referred to as different attentional stances. These studies also provide evidence that changes in attentional stance are associated with differences in cognitive skill, emotional temperament, self-construal, and social and moral attitudes, as well as with access to certain states of consciousness. In the present study, EEG results from multiple trials of each of 11 specific attentional stances confirmed that patterns of neural activity associated with the voluntarily control of attentional stances can be reliably measured, providing evidence for a differential neural substrate underlying the subjective location of the seat of attention. Additionally, brain activation patterns for the attentional stances showed strong correlations with EEG signatures associated with specific positive emotional states and with arousal, confirming that differential locations of the seat of attention can be objectively associated with different emotion states, as implied in previous literature. The ability to directly manage the seat of attention into various attentional stances holds substantial potential for facilitating access to specific cognitive and emotional resources in a new way.
A Qualitative Assessment of Studies Evaluating the Classification Accuracy of Personnel Using START in Disaster Triage: A Scoping Review

Background Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) can occur as a consequence of a wide variety of events and often require overwhelming prehospital and emergency support and coordinated emergency response. A variety of disaster triage systems have been developed to assist health care providers in making difficult choices with regards to prioritization of victim treatment. The simple triage and rapid treatment (START) triage system is one of the most widely used triage algorithms; however, the research literature addressing real-world or simulation studies documenting the classification accuracy of personnel using START is lacking. Aims and Objectives To explore the existing literature related to the current state of knowledge about studies assessing the classification accuracy of the START triage system. Design Scoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and narrative synthesis based on methods described by Popay and colleagues were performed. Results The literature search identified 1,820 citations, of which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty were peer-reviewed articles and 28 published in the last 10 years (i.e., 2010 and onward). Primary research studies originated in 13 countries and included 3,706 participants conducting triaging assessments involving 2,950 victims. Included studies consisted of five randomized controlled trials, 17 non-randomized controlled studies, eight descriptive studies, and two mixed-method studies. Simulation techniques, mode of delivery, contextual features, and participants' required skills varied among studies. Overall, there was no consistent reporting of outcomes across studies and results were heterogeneous. Data were extracted from the included studies and categorized into two themes: (1) typology of simulations and (2) START system in MCIs simulations. Each theme contains sub-themes regarding the development of simulation employing START as a system for improving individuals' preparedness. These include types of simulation training, settings, and technologies. Other sub-themes include outcome measures and reference standards. Conclusion This review demonstrates a variety of factors impacting the development and implementation of simulation to assess characteristics of the START system. To further improve simulation-based assessment of triage systems, we recommend the use of reporting guidelines specifically designed for health care simulation research. In particular, reporting of reference standards and test characteristics need to improve in future studies.
Inflammatory Response Against Staphylococcus aureus via Intracellular Sensing of Nucleic Acids in Keratinocytes

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the clinically most relevant pathogens causing infections. Humans are often exposed to S. aureus. In approximately one-third of the healthy population it can be found on the skin either for long or short periods as colonizing “commensals”, without inducing infections or an inflammatory immune response. While tolerating S. aureus seems to be limited to certain individuals and time periods in most cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis is tolerated permanently on the skin of almost all individuals without activating overwhelming skin inflammation. To investigate this, we co-cultured a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) with viable S. aureus or S. epidermidis to study the differences in the immune activation. S. aureus activated keratinocytes depicted by a profound IL-6 and IL-8 response, whereas S. epidermidis did not. Our data indicate that internalization of S. aureus and the subsequent intracellular sensing of bacterial nucleic acid may be essential for initiating inflammatory response in keratinocytes. Internalized dsRNA activates IL-6 and IL-8 release, but not TNF-α or IFNs by human keratinocytes. This is a non-specific effect of dsRNA, which can be induced using Poly(I:C), as well as RNA from S. aureus and S. epidermidis. However, only viable S. aureus were able to induce this response as these bacteria and not S. epidermidis were actively internalized by HaCaT. The stimulatory effect of S. aureus seems to be independent of the TLR3, -7 and -8 pathways.
Accurate Location of Catheter Tip With the Free-to-Total Metanephrine Ratio During Adrenal Vein Sampling

Background The selectivity index (SI) of cortisol is used to document correct catheter placement during adrenal vein sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). We aimed to determine the cutoff values of the SIs based on cortisol, free metanephrine, and the free-to-total metanephrine ratio (FTMR) using an adapted AVS protocol in combination with CT. Methods Adults with PA and referred for AVS were recruited in two hypertension centers. The cortisol and free metanephrine-derived SIs were calculated as the concentration of the analyte in adrenal veins divided by the concentration of the analyte in the distal vena cava. The FTMR-derived SI was calculated as the concentration of free metanephrine in the adrenal vein divided by that of total metanephrine in the ipsilateral adrenal vein. The AVS was classified as an unequivocal radiological success (uAVS) if the tip of the catheter was seen in the adrenal vein. The SI cutoffs of each index marker were established using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Out of 125 enrolled patients, 65 patients had an uAVS. The SI cutoffs were 2.6 for cortisol, 10.0 for free metanephrine, 0.31 for the FTMR on the left side, and 2.5, 9.9, and 0.25 on the right side. Compared to free metanephrine and the FTMR, cortisol misclassified AVS as unsuccessful in 36.6% and 39.0% of the cases, respectively. Conclusion This study is the first to calculate the SIs of cortisol, free metanephrine, and the FTMR indices for the AVS procedure. It confirms that free metanephrine-based SIs are better than those based on cortisol.
Using mobile phone technology outside class time to develop first year university students' independent study skills

Independent study skills are essential for student success in the first year of university. Students often need help to develop independent study skills that will enable them to work effectively individually and collaboratively, particularly outside formal class time. Increases in student numbers and more diverse student population have made it both more important and more challenging for universities to effectively and efficiently support students to develop their independent study skills. This thesis presents research that addresses this gap through a case study of the design, development, implementation and evaluation of a study skills development program for first year university students delivered using mobile phone technology. Specifically, the program operationalised theoretical concepts from self-regulated learning in the form of learning prompts sent to students by text messages. The purpose of the study was to derive design principles to support the development of independent study skills using mobile phone technology, identify practical implications for teachers and institutions, and highlight avenues for future research and development. This study demonstrated the potential effectiveness of mobile learning to develop self-regulated learning skills by prompting students with relevant study instructions at various times outside of class. While the results of this research study are encouraging, the approach should be trialled with students from other discipline areas and backgrounds, and include research methods that rely less on student self-reports, such as controlled ability tests and online traces. Longitudinal studies could also investigate the impact of this type of support on attrition, study success after first year, further study and employment.
Machine Learning-Based Radiological Features and Diagnostic Predictive Model of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

Background Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare benign chronic inflammatory disease of the gallbladder that is sometimes indistinguishable from gallbladder cancer (GBC), thereby affecting the decision of the choice of treatment. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the radiological characteristics of XGC and GBC to establish a diagnostic prediction model for differential diagnosis and clinical decision-making. Methods We investigated radiological characteristics confirmed by the RandomForest and Logistic regression to establish computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT/MRI models and diagnostic prediction model, and performed receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis to prove the effectiveness of the diagnostic prediction model. Results Based on the optimal features confirmed by the RandomForest method, the mean area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC of the CT and MRI models was 0.817 (mean accuracy = 0.837) and 0.839 (mean accuracy = 0.842), respectively, whereas the CT/MRI model had a considerable predictive performance with the mean AUC of 0.897 (mean accuracy = 0.906). The diagnostic prediction model established for the convenience of clinical application was similar to the CT/MRI model with the mean AUC and accuracy of 0.888 and 0.898, respectively, indicating a preferable diagnostic efficiency in distinguishing XGC from GBC. Conclusions The diagnostic prediction model showed good diagnostic accuracy for the preoperative discrimination of XGC and GBC, which might aid in clinical decision-making.
Emerging Trends on the Correlation Between Neurotransmitters and Tumor Progression in the Last 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis via CiteSpace

Background Bibliometric analysis is used to gain a systematic understanding of developments in the correlation between neurotransmitters and tumor progression in research hotspots over the past 20 years. Methods Relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) were downloaded on August 1, 2021. Acquired data were then analyzed using the Online Analysis Platform of Literature Metrology (http://biblimetric.com) and the CiteSpace software to analyze and predict trends and hot spots in this field. Results A total of 1310 publications on neurotransmitters and tumor progression were identified, and 1285 qualified records were included in the final analysis. The country leading the research was the United States of America. The University of Buenos Aires featured the highest number of publications among all institutions. Co-citation cluster labels revealed the characteristics of 10 main clusters: beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), glutamate, neurotransmitters, serotonin, drd2, histamine, glycine, interleukin-2, neurokinin receptor-1, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AchRs). Keywords and references burst detection indicated that apart from β-AR, dopamine receptor and cancer types like gastric cancer and glioblastoma are the newly emerging research hotspots. Conclusions This study analyzed 1285 publications and 39677 references covering the topic of neurotransmitters and tumor progression and showed that while β-AR has always been a hot topic in this field, dopamine receptor is an emerging target for this research field, and gastric cancer and glioblastoma are the top two tumors that have garnered increasing attention and have become the focal point of recent studies.
Differences in the Alcohol Preference Assessment of Shy and Bold Zebrafish

Individuals differ in their preference for alcohol and propensity to develop alcoholism, where the behavioral profile, such as the bold-shy axis, plays an important role for such a difference. However, literature is limited and conflicting on the causes and consequences of this relationship. Translational studies using animal models, such as zebrafish, can help identify behavioral traits that predispose individuals to drink alcohol compulsively. Here, the preference for alcohol was investigated in two distinct traits in zebrafish: shy and bold. For this purpose, fish were separated into shy and bold traits and then a conditioned place preference paradigm was used, a strategy that allows the rewarding effects from alcohol to be assessed by the ability to enhance the animal’s preference for an environment that initially was not preferred. It was found that bold zebrafish actively searched for the environment that was paired to alcohol after one acute exposure, whereas, shy fish changed their place preference even without alcohol administration, showing that the conditioned place preference protocol, given the short amount time to assess place preference, is not ample enough for shy fish to choose. Our results show that behavioral profiles must be considered in further studies since differences between shy and bold individuals on preference behavior can strongly interfere in the assessment of drug preference, mainly when using the conditioned place preference paradigm.
Effects of Different Degrees of Extraluminal Compression on Hemodynamics in a Prominent Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Junction

Objectives To simulate hemodynamic changes after extraluminal compression in pulsatile tinnitus (PT) patients with a prominent transverse-sigmoid sinus junction (PTSJ). Methods One patient-specific case was reconstructed based on computed tomography venography (CTV) images of a PT patient. The compression degree served as a new index in this study. Cases with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the compression degree of the control subject were constructed. Steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were assessed. The wall pressure distribution, wall maximum pressure (Pmax) and flow pattern (velocity streamlines and velocity vector) of the PTSJ were calculated to evaluate hemodynamic differences among all cases. Results With increasing compression, the wall pressure at the compression point and downstream of the PTSJ decreased but increased upstream. When the compression degree exceeded 70%, the upstream pressure increased significantly. Above 50% compression, the blood flow pattern downstream of the sigmoid sinus tended to spiral, especially after 80% compression. Beyond 60% compression, the blood flow pattern under the compression axis became more medial. Conclusion Mechanical compression of PTSJ changes wall pressure and blood flow patterns. The degree of compression should be carefully observed to avoid possible complications or reoccurrence.
Genetic Diversity on a Rare Terrestrial Orchid, Habenaria linearifolia in South Korea: Implications for Conservation Offered by Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Monitoring intraspecific diversity offers invaluable insights on conservation practices as the variation is the product of species evolution. Accordingly, the role of population genetic diversity has drawn great attention over the last century responding to the biodiversity loss induced by a series of anthropogenic changes. Orchids are one of the most diverse, yet ironically most rapidly disappearing plant groups due to the specialized habitat preferences. Thus, population-level genetic diversity studies may offer a powerful tool for orchid conservation programs. Using the 3 restriction site-associated DNA (3RAD) approach, 2,734 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were isolated. With the 2,734 SNPs, we investigated genetic diversity and population structure on 72 individuals of Habenaria linearifolia and Habenaria cruciformis in South Korea. Overall, the genetic diversity was well maintained in South Korean Habenaria, but high FST values were estimated suggesting large population diversification with limited gene flow. Bayesian assignment analysis revealed a morphologically cryptic diversity pattern in Jeju Island populations, which might serve as an evolutionarily significant unit.
Physiological Changes in Subjects Exposed to Accidental Hypothermia: An Update

Background Accidental hypothermia (AH) is an unintended decrease in body core temperature (BCT) to below 35°C. We present an update on physiological/pathophysiological changes associated with AH and rewarming from hypothermic cardiac arrest (HCA). Temperature Regulation and Metabolism Triggered by falling skin temperature, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus induces release of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin from pituitary gland anterior lobe that stimulate thyroid generation of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T4). The latter act together with noradrenaline to induce heat production by binding to adrenergic β3-receptors in fat cells. Exposed to cold, noradrenaline prompts degradation of triglycerides from brown adipose tissue (BAT) into free fatty acids that uncouple metabolism to heat production, rather than generating adenosine triphosphate. If BAT is lacking, AH occurs more readily. Cardiac Output Assuming a 7% drop in metabolism per °C, a BCT decrease of 10°C can reduce metabolism by 70% paralleled by a corresponding decline in CO. Consequently, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery provided correctly performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which might result in approximately 30% of CO generated at normal BCT. Liver and Coagulation AH promotes coagulation disturbances following trauma and acidosis by reducing coagulation and platelet functions. Mean prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times might increase by 40–60% in moderate hypothermia. Rewarming might release tissue factor from damaged tissues, that triggers disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypothermia might inhibit platelet aggregation and coagulation. Kidneys Renal blood flow decreases due to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, electrolyte and fluid disturbances and increasing blood viscosity. Severely deranged renal function occurs particularly in the presence of rhabdomyolysis induced by severe AH combined with trauma. Conclusion Metabolism drops 7% per °C fall in BCT, reducing CO correspondingly. Therefore, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery after 10°C drop in BCT provided correctly performed CPR. Hypothermia may facilitate rhabdomyolysis in traumatized patients. Victims suspected of HCA should be rewarmed before being pronounced dead. Rewarming avalanche victims of HCA with serum potassium > 12 mmol/L and a burial time >30 min with no air pocket, most probably be futile.