Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring brand association strength: a consumer based brand equity approach

Purpose – To date, the brand equity literature has been limited by a gap in the measurement of a key driver of consumer based brand equity (CBBE). The authors ' aim is to address this gap by developing a new, consumer-based measure of brand association strength, a critical element of CBBE. Design/methodology/approach – This paper, based on cognitive psychology, takes a recently developed brand mapping approach and uses its features, along with network analysis measures designed specifically by the authors for this particular analysis, to produce a novel measure of brand association strength. Findings – Traditional network analysis measures (e.g. number of associations, density) neglect to take into account the underlying structure of consumers ' brand associations as reflected in concept maps. The authors use primary research on a well-known brand (McDonald ' s) to show that both number of associations and a modified density measure taking account of the special structure of concept maps can be used to ge.
Determination of focal mechanisms of nonvolcanic tremor using S wave polarization data corrected for the effects of anisotropy

We propose a method to determine the focal mechanisms of nonvolcanic tremors using anisotropy‐corrected S polarizations measured directly from noisy tremor signals. The successful retrieval of polarization angles in noisy signals owes much to the observation that, in general, tremors propagate slowly and therefore do not change their location immediately. This feature of tremors enables us to use longer time windows to compute polarization angles (e.g., 1 min or longer), resulting in a stack of particle motions. We applied the method to a tremor episode that occurred beneath the Kii Peninsula in April 2013. Although the majority of inferred focal mechanisms suggested that tremors manifest shear slip on the plate interface, some events with strike‐slip components were also found to have occurred. The proposed method provides us with a tool for investigating smaller‐scale spatial distributions and temporal variations of focal mechanisms throughout tremor zones.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Entorhinal Cortex Pre-Alpha Cell Clusters in Schizophrenia: Quantitative Evidence of a Developmental Abnormality

Background: Previous studies using semiquantitative or qualitative techniques demonstrated abnormalities of positioning of clusters of neurons (pre-alpha cells) in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia, suggesting a developmental mechanism could contribute to the illness. Recent quantitative studies of laminar thickness and laminar cell counts have been less consistent, and several failed to replicate the finding. However, none of the quantitative studies focused on the position of the pre-alpha cell clusters. Methods: To study pre-alpha cell position in detail, we examined the entorhinal cortex in serial sections from 21 control and 19 schizophrenic brains. Cluster position relative to the gray–white matter junction and cluster size were measured. Results: Quantitative assessment of 1991 clusters indicated clusters were positioned relatively closer to the gray–white matter junction in the anterior half of schizophrenic entorhinal cortices. In addition, the size of clusters in males with schizophrenia was reduced. Conclusions: These results support the model of schizophrenia as an illness in which brain development is impaired. The findings in males with schizophrenia may indicate the presence of more severe pathology, or an additional pathogenic mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:937–943 © 2000 Society of Biological Psychiatry
Triphasic computed tomography (CT) scan in focal tumoral liver lesions.

OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy of triphasic spiral CT in differentiating benign from malignant focal tumoral liver lesions. METHODS The study was conducted in Department of Radiology of Aga Khan University Hospital and Sind Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi from Feb 2006 to Feb 2007. By convenient sampling, 45 patients found to have focal tumoral liver lesions were recruited for one year period and their triphasic CT scans findings were evaluated and later correlated with histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of triphasic CT scan were calculated. RESULTS Among 45 patients, 136 liver lesions (11 benign and 125 malignant) were detected with the help of different enhancement patterns. Out of these, 37(82.2%) patients had malignant while 8 (17.8%) had benign lesions. On later histopathological examination, 35 (77.8%) of the total 45 cases had malignant lesions while 10 (22.2%) were diagnosed as benign lesions. Based on these results, it could be assessed that triphasic CT Scan has a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 94.5%, negative predictive value of 100% and diagnostic accuracy of 95.5% in differentiating benign from malignant liver lesions. CONCLUSION Triphasic CT Scan is a good non-invasive tool in characterizing and differentiating benign from malignant liver lesions.
Feeding Issues Associated with the Autism Spectrum Disorders

Feeding issues are prevalent in young children. Feeding will be defined here as the process of in‐ gesting food and drink in social environments where such activities take place. Estimates of problems may range from 13 to 50% in typically developing children, but may be as high as 80% in children with developmental disabilities [1-7]. In 1 to 10% of these children problems may be‐ come chronic and may affect their health and development [1, 8]. Anatomical, metabolic, gastro‐ intestinal, motor or sensory problems may be the cause of or may contribute to some of these feeding problems [8]. A global medical assessment is necessary when feeding problems persist, because some medical symptoms may not be recognized as associated with feeding at first sight, such as asthma. Even if the association remains unclear, a high prevalence of asthmatic children, particularly with nocturnal asthma, have gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) [9]. Both feeding and eating, the processing of food and drink in the mouth and swallowing, are also known as activi‐ ties of daily living (ADL) and studies examining the specific problems of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), found that 46 to 89% have feeding problems [10-18].
Sequential evidence accumulation in decision making: The individual desired level of confidence can explain the extent of information acquisition

Judgments and decisions under uncertainty are frequently linked to a prior sequential search for relevant information. In such cases, the subject has to decide when to stop the search for information. Evidence accumulation models from social and cognitive psychology assume an active and sequential information search until enough evidence has been accumulated to pass a decision threshold. In line with such theories, we conceptualize the evidence threshold as the “desired level of confidence” (DLC) of a person. This model is tested against a fixed stopping rule (one-reason decision making) and against the class of multi-attribute information integrating models. A series of experiments using an information board for horse race betting demonstrates an advantage of the proposed model by measuring the individual DLC of each subject and confirming its correctness in two separate stages. In addition to a better understanding of the stopping rule (within the narrow framework of simple heuristics), the results indicate that individual aspiration levels might be a relevant factor when modelling decision making by task analysis of statistical environments.
Real episodic growth of continental crust or artifact of preservation? A 3‐D geodynamic model

We investigate whether the observed zircon age distribution of continental crust (CC) is produced by real crustal growth episodes or is only an artifact of preservation. In connection with the second alternative of this question, other authors proposed that there was little episodicity in the production of new CC and that modeling corroborates this opinion. We conclude that a combination of the two answers might be possible. In matters of modeling, however, we ascertain that a dynamic modeling of the convection‐differentiation system of the mantle reveals the high probability of magmatic episodes. We solve the full set of balance equations in a 3‐D spherical‐shell mantle. The heat‐producing elements are redistributed by chemical differentiation. A realistic solidus model of mantle peridotite is essential for an applicable model. The solidus depends not only on depth but also on the volatile concentration. Furthermore, we introduced realistic profiles of Grüneisen parameter, viscosity, adiabatic temperature, thermal expansivity, and specific heat. Our model automatically produces lithospheric plates and growing continents. Regarding number, size, form, distribution, and surface velocity of the continents, no constraints have been prescribed. Regions of the input parameter space (Ra,σy,k,f3) that are favorable with respect to geophysical quantities show simultaneously not only episodicity of CC growth but also a reproduction of the observed zircon‐age maxima referring to the instants of time. We also obtain Archean events for ages greater than 3000 Ma that are not or scarcely visible in the observed zircon ages. Sinusoidal parts of the evolution curve of qob, Ur, and Ekin are superposed with a monotonous decrease. The volumetrically averaged mantle temperature, Tmean, however, decreases smoothly and slowly, nearly without pronounced variations. Therefore, we can dismiss catastrophic mechanisms that simultaneously incorporate the whole mantle.
Cortical Representation of Information about Visual Attributes: One Network or Many? a Introduction A.1 Cortical Representation of Visual Information

Information about various visual attributes orientation and color is represented in the primate striate cortex (V1) before reaching extrastriate cortices. An important question regarding the functional architecture of V1 is whether these dierent attributes are represented by separate populations of neurons. However, previous studies using single-or multi-unit recording have reached conicting conclusions regarding this issue. We addressed this question with imaging of intrinsic optical signals from macaque V1. The animals viewed either full eld (uniform) color stimuli or drifting black and white gratings of various orientations. We used the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to determine the relative amount of information about a given attribute at each cortical location (or pixel in an image). We found that each single-trial image contained signicant amount of information about color or orientation. The information about either attribute was distributed unevenly across V1. The distribution of color information was characterized by small regions of high information density, surrounded by large regions of low information density. In contrast, the distribution of orientation information showed the opposite pattern. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that color and orientation are reprsented in dierent compartments in V1. All visual information in primates is funneled through the primary visual cortex, V1. This includes information about all the attributes of the visual world, such as color, size, orientation , movement and so on. In addition, there is a detailed map of the visual world on the surface of the primary visual cortex. How the various attributes of the world are represented within the topographical cortical map is of great interest to basic neuroscientists, modelers and people interested in neuromimetic applications. Here we focus our attention on the representation of two important aspects of the visual world: orientation and color. Previous studies have provided rich and detailed information about the way orientation is In contrast , information about the representation of color is scarce and controversial. Much of it has been focused on the role played by the cytochrome oxidase (CO) 'blobs' a regular array of CO rich regions that dots the primary visual cortex. A.2 One network or many? One of the central controversies in neuroscience is whether different stimulus attributes are represented by separate neural substrates (Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Gegenfurtner and Kiper, 2003), and if such segregation exists in the visual system , where does it begin. Functional brain imaging studies in humans have uncovered cortical areas …
A comparative analysis of deformable layer tomography and cell tomography along the LARSE lines in southern California

SUMMARY We conducted a comparative analysis of the new deformable layer tomography (DLT) with the traditional fixed-in-space cell tomography along three 2-D crustal profiles of P-wave velocities in southern California using first arrivals from local earthquakes and two Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment (LARSE) seismic lines. The DLT method inverts for the depth-varying geometry of velocity interfaces, which include major velocity discontinuities near the top and bottom of the crust and boundaries between velocity layers in the middle crust. In regions characterized by large lateral velocity changes, the DLT method may improve the depth resolution of major velocity interfaces compared to traditional cell tomography using fixed-in-space cells or grids. We also tested the use of crustal thickness estimates from a receiver function study for constraining the depth range of the Moho geometry. Tests indicate that, in areas of sufficient ray coverage, the depth resolution of the DLT for major velocity interfaces is usually less than 1 km in the upper crust and less than 3 km in the lower crust. Our 2-D DLT models fit the first arrival data significantly better than three published 3-D cell tomography models along the profiles. The configurations of basin edges and undulating velocity discontinuities are well delineated in the DLT models and indicative of the crustal architecture of the region.
Permeability and strength of San Andreas Fault gouge under high pressure

The permeability and strength of San Andreas fault gouge from the Cienega Valley was measured under confining pressures up to 2 kbar. The gouge was composed almost entirely of clay minerals, predominantly montmorillonite and mixed-layer clays. Permeabilities ranged between 1 and 10 nanodarcies for confining pressures of a few hundred bars to 1 kbar, and less than 1 nanodarcy for pressures greater than 1 kbar. Permeability was sensitive to confining pressure and differential stress, but did not depend significantly on accumulated strain. The low strength of saturated clay is often attributed to the buildup of excess pore pressure as the clay is stressed. These experiments, performed under drained conditions where excess pore pressure was not created, suggest that loosely bonded interlayer water in the hydrated clays can generate a pseudo-pore pressure that serves to lower the strength of the gouge.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Zingiberales based on rbcL sequences.

Morphological data have been used previously to construct phylogenies of the eight families of the Zingiberales, one of the most widely accepted monophyletic groups of flowering plants. To provide additional support for phylogenetic relationships within the order, and placement of the order among monocots, we present a parsimony analysis of DNA sequences from the chloroplast-encoded gene, rbcL, for 2 1 species of Zingiberales and proposed relatives. Five analyses with equal, and differential weights were performed. All analyses resulted in the same most parsimonious tree for taxa within the Zingiberales and the immediate outgroup. The closest sister group to the Zingiberales based on these data is a clade containing Commelinaceae/Haemodoraceae/Pontederiaceae
Mood as Information: 20 Years Later

Learning that Schwarz and Clore (1983) had been nominated as a “modern classic” was a great mood induction, one that brightened our day even though the cause was salient. However, responding to the editors’ request to tell the “inside story” of the studies we conducted 2 decades ago turned out to be a challenging exercise in collaborative reconstructive memory. In retrospect, the “story” of our studies seems utterly smooth and our failure to remember disappointing pretests, or bad results that sent us back to the drawing board, stands in stark contrast to our memories of other lines of research, making us wonder if we forgot all the complications or were indeed just plain lucky. We first summarize our recollections and subsequently address theoretical developments.
Enhanced Cutinase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate by Covalent Fusion to Hydrophobins

ABSTRACT Cutinases have shown potential for hydrolysis of the recalcitrant synthetic polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET). We have shown previously that the rate of this hydrolysis can be enhanced by the addition of hydrophobins, small fungal proteins that can alter the physicochemical properties of surfaces. Here we have investigated whether the PET-hydrolyzing activity of a bacterial cutinase from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) would be further enhanced by fusion to one of three Trichoderma hydrophobins, i.e., the class II hydrophobins HFB4 and HFB7 and the pseudo-class I hydrophobin HFB9b. The fusion enzymes exhibited decreased k cat values on soluble substrates (p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate) and strongly decreased the hydrophilicity of glass but caused only small changes in the hydrophobicity of PET. When the enzyme was fused to HFB4 or HFB7, the hydrolysis of PET was enhanced >16-fold over the level with the free enzyme, while a mixture of the enzyme and the hydrophobins led only to a 4-fold increase at most. Fusion with the non-class II hydrophobin HFB9b did not increase the rate of hydrolysis over that of the enzyme-hydrophobin mixture, but HFB9b performed best when PET was preincubated with the hydrophobins before enzyme treatment. The pattern of hydrolysis by the fusion enzymes differed from that of Thc_Cut1 as the concentration of the product mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate relative to that of the main product, terephthalic acid, increased. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis revealed an increased scattering contrast of the fusion proteins over that of the free proteins, suggesting a change in conformation or enhanced protein aggregation. Our data show that the level of hydrolysis of PET by cutinase can be significantly increased by fusion to hydrophobins. The data further suggest that this likely involves binding of the hydrophobins to the cutinase and changes in the conformation of its active center.
The Cost of Acting 'Girly': Gender Stereotypes and Educational Choices

This paper looks at horizontal sex segregation in education as a factor contributing to gender segregation in the labor market. Economic theories fail to explain why women with the same years of schooling and educational attainment as men are under-represented in many technical degrees, which typically lead to better paid occupations. Following Akerlof and Kranton (2000), I research whether gender identity affects boys' and girls' educational choices and when the gendered pattern appears first. Further, I test the hypothesis that single-sex schools attenuate the influence of gender-stereotypes. I use the National Pupil Database, which is a register of all pupils enrolled in state maintained schools in England and I focus on students in lower and upper secondary education. Results from my analysis suggest that gender stereotyping affects educational choices from the age of 14 and this effect is larger for girls than for boys. I also find that attending a sixth-form-single-sex school leads students to a less stereotyped educational choice, after controlling for endogenous self-selection into single-sex schools. This suggests that gender preferences can be modified by the environment.
Site Analysis

Sustainable design is responsive to context. And each site has a unique set of physical, biological, cultural, and legal attributes that presents different opportunities and constraints for alternative uses of the site. Site analysis systematically evaluates these on-site and off-site factors to inform the design of places#including neighborhoods and communities#that are attractive, walkable, and climateresilient.
Family Influence on Physical Activity: Exploring the Nature of Reciprocal Relationships

This study was an exploration towards better understanding the reciprocal relationship between parents’ and children’s physical activity behaviour. Social Cognitive Theory provided a theoretical framework to investigate the nature of the family socialization process. Focus group interviews were conducted with 26 children and 16 parents to gain insight into the relationship and influence between parents’ and children’s choice to be physically active. The following themes emerged: success in doing physical activity, personal choice to be physically active, reciprocal family modeling, community and culture are models too, verbal persuasion of physical activity, asserting physical activity, health benefits of physical activity, enjoyment of physical activity, and social benefits of physical activity. Findings suggested that parents perceived they influenced their children’s physical activity and that children perceived they influenced their parents’ physical activity. The authors offer ideas for the incorporation of reciprocal family influence in the promotion of physical activity for both children and parents. Cette etude explore les liens de reciprocite observes entre les comportements des parents et des enfants sur le plan de l’activite physique. La theorie cognitive sociale a servi de cadre theorique pour examiner la nature des procedes de socialisation des familles. Des groupes de consultation ont ete etablis et des entrevues menees aupres de 26 enfants et de 16 parents pour mieux comprendre les liens et les influences entre la decision des parents et celle des enfants de devenir physiquement actifs. Les grands themes suivants en ressortent : succes au niveau de l’activite physique, choix personnel d’etre physiquement actif, modelisation familiale reciproque, modeles culturels et communautaires egalement, persuasion verbale de l’activite physique, affirmation de l’activite physique, bienfaits de l’activite physique pour la sante, plaisir tire de l’activite physique et avantages sociaux de l’activite physique. Les resultats revelent que les parents croient exercer une influence sur le taux d’activite physique de leurs enfants, alors que les enfants croient exercer une influence sur le taux d’activite physique de leurs parents. Les auteurs suggerent des facons d’integrer l’influence reciproque des familles dans la promotion de l’activite physique au profit des enfants et des parents.
Joint Inversion of Receiver Function and Surface-Wave Phase Velocity for Estimation of Shear-Wave Velocity of Sedimentary Layers

In this study, we propose a joint inversion method, using genetic algorithms, to determine the shear-wave velocity structure of deep sedimentary layers from receiver functions and surfacewave phase velocity. Numerical experiments with synthetic data indicate that the proposed method can avoid the trade-off between shear-wave velocity and thickness that arises when inverting the receiver function only, and the uncertainty in deep structure from surface-wave phase velocity inversion alone. We apply the method to receiver functions obtained from earthquake records with epicentral distances of about 100 km, and Rayleigh-wave phase velocities obtained from a microtremor array survey in the Kanto Plain, Japan. The estimated subsurface structure is in good agreement with the previous results of seismic refraction surveys and deep borehole data.