Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Buried palaeosols of the Nevado de Toluca: an alternative record of Late Quaternary environmental change in central Mexico

Buried palaeosols of central Mexico, not previously analysed from a palaeopedological standpoint, have helped to develop a reliable regional model of Late Quaternary climatic change. This paper focuses upon morphological and micromorphological properties, particle‐size distribution, and extractable Fe, Al and Si of seven palaeosols (named PT1–PT7) in the vicinity of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. The characteristics of Andic Cambisol PT1, similar to those of modern soils in semi‐arid environments, indicate a drier climate in the first half of the Holocene. Humic Andosols PT2–PT4 are analogous to modern volcanic soils of humid forest environments. They show evidence that a moist palaeoclimate prevailed during marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 3. Luvisols PT5 and PT6, which are assumed to have formed at the end of marine OIS 5 to marine OIS 4, also indicate humid conditions. We attribute the differences between Andosols PT2–PT4 and Luvisols PT5–PT7 to variations in the duration in the pedogenesis rather than to changes in palaeoclimate. Micromorphological features of Andosol to Luvisol transition confirm that these soils form an evolutionary sequence. Being for the most part consistent with lacustrine records, the palaeosol properties do not reflect the episodes of ‘drier climate’ during the Last Glacial Maximum, however, as shown by diatom and palynological data from lake sediments. Mesoclimate variations and/or incompleteness of ‘soil memory’, reflecting mostly periods of humid pedogenesis, probably provide the reason for this disagreement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taphonomy and Age Profile of a Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Bone Bed in Far Eastern Russia

Abstract A large dinosaur bone bed has been investigated in the Udurchukan Formation (? late Maastrichtian) at Blagoveschensk, Far Eastern Russia. The observed mixture of unstratified fine and coarse sediments in the bone bed is typical for sediment-gravity-flow deposits. It is postulated that sediment gravity flows, originating from the uplifted areas at the borders of the Zeya-Bureya Basin, reworked the dinosaur bones and teeth as a monodominant bone bed. Fossils of the lambeosaurine Amurosaurus riabinini form >90% of the recovered material. The low number of associated skeletal elements at Blagoveschensk indicates that the carcasses were disarticulated well before reworking. Although shed theropod teeth have been found in the bone bed, <2% of the bones exhibit potential tooth marks; scavenging activity was therefore limited, or scavengers had an abundance of prey at hand and did not have to actively seek out bones for nutrients. Perthotaxic features are very rare on the bones, implying that they were not exposed subaerially for any significant length of time before reworking and burial. The underrepresentation of light skeletal elements, the dislocation of the dental batteries, and the numerous fractured long bones suggest that most of the fossils were reworked. The random orientation of the elements might indicate a sudden end to transport before stability could be reached. The size-frequency distributions of the femur, tibia, humerus, and dentary elements reveal an overrepresentation of late juveniles and small subadult specimens, indicative of an attritional death profile for the Amurosaurus fossil assemblage. It is tentatively postulated that the absence of fossils attributable to nestling or early juvenile individuals indicates that younger animals were segregated from adults and could join the herd only when they reached half of the adult size.
Water partitioning at 660 km depth and evidence for very low water solubility in magnesium silicate perovskite

Water partitioning experiments were performed in MgO ± FeO ± Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O systems at 24 GPa and 1400°C and 1750°C in the multi‐anvil press. In high‐temperature experiments, water was not detected in near‐infrared spectra of perovskite. In samples synthesized at 1400°C, in Al‐free systems, (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite coexisting with hydrous ringwoodite contained 1–2 ppm wt H2O. The partition coefficient Dringwoodite/perovskite of water between perovskite and ringwoodite varies between ∼1050 and 1400. In the presence of aluminium at 1400°C, perovskite coexisted with superhydrous phase B. Raman analysis of the samples reveals the presence of superhydrous phase B and brucite as small inclusions in the perovskite, explaining the peaks near 3690, 3410 and 3350 cm−1, frequently seen in the infrared spectra of aluminous perovskites, but which are absent in perfectly clear regions. Consequently, the water solubility in aluminous perovskite appears to be very low. The partition coefficient Dmagnesiowüstite/perovskite varies between 60 and 75 in Fe‐ and Al‐bearing systems, respectively.
Contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to atmospheric methane variations over western Siberia estimated from its carbon and hydrogen isotopes

Aircraft measurements of carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of atmospheric CH4 (δ13CH4 and δD‐CH4), with the respective precisions of 0.08‰ and 2.2‰, as well as CH4 concentration were made at 1 and 2 km altitudes over western Siberia during 2006–2009. δ13CH4 and δD‐CH4 were almost always lower at lower altitudes, while the CH4 concentration was higher, implying strong sources on the ground with low isotopic values. δ13CH4 showed a clear seasonal minimum in the late summer, while seasonality of CH4 and δD‐CH4 was ambiguous due to the local disturbances. By inspecting the relationships between the CH4 concentration and isotopes, we found that isotopic source signatures in the winter (December–April) are −41.2 ± 1.8 and −187 ± 18‰ for δ13CH4 and δD‐CH4, respectively, and the corresponding values in the summer (June–October) are −65.0 ± 2.5 and −282 ± 25‰. These values indicate predominant CH4emissions from fossil fuel facilities in the winter and wetlands in the summer. It was also found that the shorter‐term CH4 variations are more influenced by fossil CH4 than that from wetlands. The finding presumably reflects the fact that the former is released from limited areas such as leakage from fossil fuel facilities, while the latter is released from a vast expanse of wetland. By employing a CH4 emission data set used in an atmospheric chemistry transport model, we calculated seasonal isotopic changes of CH4 sources in western Siberia and compared them to the estimates obtained in this study. The results indicated that the seasonal change in the CH4 emission data set is reasonable, at least in terms of a ratio of fossil to biogenic emissions.
Globalization and Income Distribution: A Specific Factors Continuum Approach

Does globalization widen inequality or increase income risk? In the specific factors continuum model of this paper, globalization widens inequality, amplifying the positive (negative) premia for export (import- competing) sectors. Globalization amplifies the risk from idiosyncratic relative productivity shocks but reduces risk from aggregate shocks to absolute advantage, relative endowments and transfers. Aggregate-shock-induced income risk bears most heavily on the poorest specific factors, while non-traded sectors are insulated. Heterogeneous shocks to firms induce Darwinian competition for sector specific factors that is harsher the more productive the sector. Wage bargaining implies within-sector wage dispersion that falls or rises with export intensity depending on the joint distribution of sectoral and firm shocks.
A NOTE ON FOLDING MECHANISMS IN THE CAPE FOLD BELT, SOUTH AFRICA

The relationship between folding and faulting in the Cape Fold Belt has been raised as an enigma. The mineral deformation mechanisms accommodating folding are integral to the relation between faults and folds. Here I discuss field and microstructural observations of folded rocks from the Laingsburg region in the Western Cape, and the underlying mineral deformation mechanisms accommodating strain in these rocks. In competent units, deformation was dominantly accomplished by flexural slip faulting and jointing; in relatively incompetent layers macroscale flow was accommodated by dissolution-precipitation creep and distributed cataclasis. Combined with previous studies suggesting deformation occurred at lowermost greenschist facies temperatures, these observations indicate that folding in the Cape Fold Belt occurred at temperatures and pressures within the normally frictional regime. Folding and thrust fault development therefore generally occurred concurrently, and partitioning between localised and distributed deformation was governed by factors such as fluid pressure conditions, strain rate, and relative viscosity.
Insufficiency of compaction disequilibrium as the sole cause of high pore fluid pressures in pre‐Cenozoic sediments

The method of indirect demonstration is used to investigate if compaction disequilibrium can account for high overpressures that occur in Mesozoic and older basin formations. First the equations governing compaction disequilibrium are analysed for the factors controlling overpressure levels. Then limiting values of these control parameters are sought which favour high fluid pressures. The analysis shows why ‘close‐to‐lithostatic fluid pressures’ in pre‐Cenozoic basin units are difficult to attain by compaction disequilibrium alone. Subsequently, the limiting favourable conditions are used in a series of generic numerical model experiments. The experiments serve as templates to construct the upper bounds of overpressures due to sediment loading for most geological settings including those where shale seals have developed. Two regional examples are studied in some detail. It is shown that observed overpressures in Mesozoic strata on the Scotian Shelf can be explained by compaction disequilibrium, but require the limiting values assigned to the properties of shale. For the Central North Sea Graben these limiting conditions are not sufficient, providing evidence for an active role of other pressure‐generating mechanisms.
Dual‐scale transport of sensible heat and water vapor over a short canopy under unstable conditions

This study examines the nature of vertical transport of sensible heat and water vapor density due to mesoscale motions and how they are observed with surface eddy covariance systems. For this purpose, turbulence data measured above a flat and irrigated rice paddy field under unstable conditions were analyzed. It was shown that the larger‐scale component in the measured time series represents mesoscale motions. Wavelet cospectra of the scalar fluxes revealed the presence of vertical transport at horizontal scales larger than the cospectral gap. A time series and the eddy covariance flux were decomposed into a turbulence and a mesoscale component using the identified cospectral gap. The mesoscale transport component of sensible heat and water vapor were found to be related to the wind direction and therefore characteristic of the upwind surface conditions at this scale. In contrast, the turbulence flux component exhibits universal attributes resulting from the local surface characteristics.
Quantitative snag targets for the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus

The conservation of biodiversity has become one of the key goals of sustainable forest management (Lindenmayer et al. 2000). At a certain level of forest management intensity, the lack of habitat components causes once naturally occurring species to decline to the level where they risk extinction. Habitat destruction and degradation is currently considered as the major cause of species extinction (e.g., Tilman et al. 1994, Dobson et al. 1997, Fahrig Quantitative snag targets for the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus
Influences of anthropogenic and oceanic forcing on recent climate change

We report a new approach to climate change detection and attribution using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), complementary to the traditional approach using coupled ocean‐atmosphere models (CGCM). Ensembles of simulations were run with an AGCM forced with the observed history of sea‐surface temperature (SST) and sea‐ice extent and repeated with a variety of forcing factors added incrementally. SST changes alone give a warming of only about 0.15°C in annual global land surface air temperature between 1950 and 1994. Addition of changing greenhouse gases, including off‐line calculations of tropospheric ozone, give a further warming of 0.15°C, still 0.2 °C less than observed. This deficit in warming derives from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter half‐year as the summer half‐year NH temperature is well‐simulated. In the lower stratosphere, little cooling is simulated using the observed changes of SST alone but increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases and decreasing the concentration of stratospheric ozone leads to a cooling close to that observed. Inclusion of changes to tropospheric ozone with other forcing factors, the first time this has been attempted, gives good simulations of tropospheric and stratospheric temperature changes; these are significantly more similar to observations than using SST variations alone. Despite the uncertainties, these simulations strongly indicate a discernible anthropogenic effect on the annual mean thermal structure of the atmosphere, the first time this has been shown in the presence of the observed variations of SST and sea‐ice extent.
Prediabetes Induced by Fructose-Enriched Diet Influences Cardiac Lipidome and Proteome and Leads to Deterioration of Cardiac Function prior to the Development of Excessive Oxidative Stress and Cell Damage

Prediabetes is a condition affecting more than 35% of the population. In some forms, excessive carbohydrate intake (primarily refined sugar) plays a prominent role. Prediabetes is a symptomless, mostly unrecognized disease which increases cardiovascular risk. In our work, we examined the effect of a fructose-enriched diet on cardiac function and lipidome as well as proteome of cardiac muscle. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. The control group received a normal diet while the fructose-fed group received 60% fructose-supplemented chow for 24 weeks. Fasting blood glucose measurement and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed slightly but significantly elevated values due to fructose feeding indicating development of a prediabetic condition. Both echocardiography and isolated working heart perfusion performed at the end of the feeding protocol demonstrated diastolic cardiac dysfunction in the fructose-fed group. Mass spectrometry-based, high-performance lipidomic and proteomic analyses were executed from cardiac tissue. The lipidomic analysis revealed complex rearrangement of the whole lipidome with special emphasis on defects in cardiolipin remodeling. The proteomic analysis showed significant changes in 75 cardiac proteins due to fructose feeding including mitochondria-, apoptosis-, and oxidative stress-related proteins. Nevertheless, just very weak or no signs of apoptosis induction and oxidative stress were detected in the hearts of fructose-fed rats. Our results suggest that fructose feeding induces marked alterations in the cardiac lipidome, especially in cardiolipin remodeling, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cardiac function. However, at the same time, several adaptive responses are induced at the proteome level in order to maintain a homeostatic balance. These findings demonstrate that even very early stages of prediabetes can impair cardiac function and can result in significant changes in the lipidome and proteome of the heart prior to the development of excessive oxidative stress and cell damage.
Antioxidant and Antisenescence Effects of Bergamot Juice

Aging is one of the main risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases; one of the possible explanations could be linked to the age-associated overproduction of free radicals. This increase of oxidative stress can be overcome with a high intake of food antioxidants. In this context, a number of studies have been addressed to assess the antiaging potential of natural antioxidant compounds. Recently, it has been shown that the juice of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau), a fruit mostly produced in the Ionian coastal areas of Southern Italy (Calabria), is a valuable source of health-promoting constituents with, among other, antioxidant properties. In order to investigate the potential antiaging effects of this Mediterranean natural antioxidant source, bergamot juices of three different cultivars (“fantastico,” “femminello,” and “castagnaro”) were herein characterized by the mean of high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Then, juices were investigated for the evaluation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, cell-free model antioxidant activities, and in vitro antiaging properties on two different cellular models of induced myocardial senescence. The best performing juice was also assessed in vivo. The phytochemical profiles confirmed that juices were rich in flavonoids, both flavone and flavanone glycosides. In addition, two limonoid glycosides were also identified in all cultivars. Each cultivar showed different phenolic and flavonoid contents. In tube results showed the juice robust antioxidant activities that correlate with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moreover, for the first time, the ability of juice to counteract the chemical-induced senescence was here demonstrated in both cellular models. Lastly, the in vivo data obtained from mouse hearts evidenced an increase in transcription of genes involved in antiaging and antioxidant responses. The overall results suggest that bergamot juice exerts antioxidant and antisenescence effects, making it useful for nutraceutical purposes.
High‐resolution wind and temperature observations from aircraft tracked by Mode‐S air traffic control radar

[1] Wind, temperature, and humidity observations from radiosonde and aircraft are the main sources of upper air information for meteorology. For mesoscale meteorology, the horizontal coverage of radiosondes is too sparse. Aircraft observations through Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) sample an atmospheric profile in the vicinity of airports. However, not all aircraft are equipped with AMDAR or have the system activated. Observations inferred from an enhanced tracking and ranging (TAR) air traffic control radar can fill this gap. These radars follows all aircraft in the airspace visible to the radar for air traffic management. The TAR radar at Schiphol airport in Netherlands has a range of 270 km. This Mode-S radar contacts each aircraft every 4 s on which the transponder in the aircraft responds with a message that contains information on flight level, direction, and speed. Combined with the ground track of an aircraft, meteorological information on temperature and wind can be inferred from this information. Because all aircraft are required to respond to the TAR radar, the data volume is extremely large, being around 1.5 million observations per day. Note that there are no extra costs for this data link. The quality of these observations is assessed by comparison to numerical weather prediction (NWP) model information, AMDAR observations, and radiosonde observations. A preprocessing step is applied to enhance the quality of wind and temperature observations, albeit with a reduced time frequency of one observation of horizontal wind vector and temperature per aircraft per minute. Nevertheless, the number of observations per day is still very large. In this paper it is shown that temperature observations from Mode-S, even after corrections, are not very good; an RMS which is twice as large as AMDAR is observed when compared to NWP. In contrast to the temperature observations, the quality found for wind after correction and calibration is good; it is comparable to AMDAR, slightly worse than radiosonde but certainly very valuable for mesoscale NWP.
Wehrmacht occupations in the new world: archaeological and historical investigations in Northeast Greenland

ABSTRACT As the axis powers were denied access to data from international weather stations under allied control, soon after the outbreak of World War II Germany had to establish her own network of manned and automatic weather stations throughout the north Atlantic. These operations were primarily run by the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe. In Greenland, several manned weather stations were established by the former. The two most successful of those were Holzauge and Bassgeiger in Northeast Greenland, each in operation for almost an entire year in 1942–1943 and 1943–1944 respectively. The allied forces, in return, had established the North-East Greenland Sledge Patrol in 1941, in order to defend the Northeast Greenland coast against German activities. In 2007 and 2008, archaeologists and historians from the National Museum of Denmark investigated the remains of the allied station at Eskimonæs on Clavering Ø (Clavering Island) and the German station Holzauge at Hansa Bugt on Sabine Ø (Sabine Island).
Paleo‐equilibrium line altitude estimates from late Quaternary glacial features in the Inland Kaikoura Range, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract A reconnaissance investigation of glacial features in the Inland Kaikoura Range (IKR), South Island, New Zealand, confirms that over 30 km of the length of the range, with a maximum elevation of 2885 m, has been extensively glaciated in the past, in contrast to previous reports. Identified glacial features include cirques, lateral moraines, moraine fragments and associated features, and rock glaciers. Up to five glacial advances have been identified in any one catchment in the range, with the most complete sequence found in Branch Stream, which drains the steep southeastern flank of the highest portion of the range. The lateral moraines of Branch Stream are impressive; they range in elevation from c. 1700 to 1200 m, and, because of their large size and relatively good state of preservation, they are interpreted to be of late Otiran age. Glacial features that are less well preserved and more fragmentary are found at lower elevations in other catchments (e.g., Dart, Muzzle, and Bluff Streams), and are here inferred to be of early‐mid Otiran age. The lack of preservation of older glacial landforms is attributed to the steep, unstable terrain of the IKR generated by the relatively high uplift rate (c. 5 mm/ yr), and consequent high erosion rate in the range, which is located in the hanging wall of the active Clarence Fault. A sequence of paleo‐equilibrium line altitudes (paleo‐ELAs) for the past glaciers in the IKR have been derived using cirque floor elevations, accumulation‐area ratios (AARs) and interpolated estimates, and give snowline depressions below the present (2530 m) of 830 m for the early‐mid Otiran, 740 m for late Otiran, 575 m for final Otiran, 450 m for Late Glacial, 270 m for Neoglacial, and 150 m for the Little Ice Age. Because glacial features in the IKR have yet to be directly dated, these age estimates should be regarded as interpretive in nature and are based solely on relative size, elevation, sequence position, and degree of preservation. The paleo‐ELAs have been normalised to a southerly aspect using a correction established in the northern Southern Alps that has yet to be tested in the IKR. Correcting for accrued uplift over the past c. 18 000 yr conceivably provides an additional c. 90 m of depression, suggesting a total ELA depression of as much as c. 830 m during the late Otiran compared to modern climate. The paleo‐ELA depression estimates for the IKR appear to be similar to estimates calculated in other areas in the South and North Islands. Evidence of glacial features in the IKR, and the apparent similarity of ELA depressions in the range with that elsewhere in New Zealand, suggests that past climate fluctuations in the IKR have been, to at least some degree, “in harmony” with those throughout the remainder of the country.