Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation in the skulls of the horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus simulator and R. cf. simulator: determining the relative contributions of adaptation and drift using geometric morphometrics.

The relative contributions of adaptation and drift to morphological diversification of the crania of echolocating mammals was investigated using two horseshoe bat species, Rhinolophus simulator and R. cf. simulator as test cases. We used 3D geometric morphometrics to compare the shapes of skulls of the two lineages collected at various localities in southern Africa. Shape variation was predominantly attributed to selective forces; the between population variance (B) was not proportional to the within population variance (W). Modularity was evident in the crania of R. simulator but absent in the crania of R. cf. simulator and the mandibles of both species. The skulls of the two lineages thus appeared to be under different selection pressures, despite the overlap in their distributions. Selection acted mainly on the nasal dome region of R. cf. simulator whereas selection acted more on the cranium and mandibles than on the nasal domes of R. simulator. Probably the relatively higher echolocation frequencies used by R. cf. simulator, the shape of the nasal dome, which acts as a frequency dependent acoustic horn, is more crucial than in R. simulator, allowing maximization of the intensity of the emitted calls and resulting in comparable detection distances. In contrast, selection pressure is probably more pronounced on the mandibles and cranium of R. simulator to compensate for the loss in bite force because of its elongated rostrum. The predominance of selection probably reflects the stringent association between environment and the optimal functioning of phenotypic characters associated with echolocation and feeding in bats.
Water Enhances the Aggregation of Model Asphaltenes in Solution via Hydrogen Bonding

The self-association properties of two 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives, 4,4′-bis(2-pyren-1-yl-ethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (PBP) and 4,4′-bis[2-(9-anthryl)ethyl]-2,2′-bipyridine (ABA), in water-saturated solvents were studied as models for petroleum asphaltenes. 1H NMR spectroscopy titration experiments in chloroform established that both compounds self-associate in solution. The addition of water (ranging from 0.43 to 0.86 g/L) increased the thermal stability and the aggregation behavior of PBP and ABA at low concentration (3.06 × 10−4 and 1.28 × 10−3 M, respectively). The chemical shift, line-width, and spin−spin (T2) relaxation time of water protons in these solutions showed that the O−H···N hydrogen bonds between the pyridyl nitrogens of PBP/ABA and water were responsible for their aggregation at low concentration, although FTIR spectroscopy suggested that the H-bond between PBP and water was relatively weak. The solubility of water in PBP solutions showed that the number of water molecules per PBP molecule var.
‘Old’ tools in a new era: unpacking the roles of promotional and informational resources in scaled-up preventive interventions

ABSTRACT As health promotion as a field progresses further into the 21st century, it may seem backward-looking to devote research energy to the study of health information leaflets and program resources. However, the longevity of these tools in health promotion invites more critical understanding of their roles and meanings, particularly now in the era of scaled-up evidence-based programs. As program implementation becomes more complex, it is vital that we understand the roles these tools play, as ‘what’ it is about them that needs to be scaled-up might be misconstrued or contestable. We undertook a multi-sited ethnography of the electronic information management system used to assist the scale-up of a $45 m population wide childhood obesity prevention program in New South Wales, Australia. This provided a window to observe the roles of informational materials and program resources in program implementation in schools and early-childhood services. We found that resources acted both as a form of standardisation (controlling the form of the program across the state) and as a means by which practitioners developed flexibility in local-level adaptation. We found practitioners strategically harnessed program resources as tools to assist in relationship building, and to achieve key performance targets. Resources also played a crucial role in developing collaborative engagements between practitioners working in a range of local contexts across the state. We conclude that during program scale-up, there is a set of actions and interactions around program resources that illustrate and mirror wider implementation tensions and dynamics, revealing important small moments of practitioner agency.
Biodegradable Optical Fiber in a Soft Optoelectronic Device for Wireless Optogenetic Applications

Optogenetics is a new neuroscience technology that uses light-responsive proteins to stimulate neurons with light and control the emotions and/or behavior of animals. There are a few approaches to deliver light to neurons in vivo, including a using an optical fiber that can send light from an external source to a target neuron, directly inserting a light-emitting device, and shooting light to penetrate tissue from the outside. Among these methods, inserting a wireless light-emitting device that is capable of being used for an experiment while leaving an animal completely free is a method that has been studied in recent years. At the same time, the possibility of causing mechanical and thermal damage to neural tissues has been highlighted as an issue due to the stiffness of robust injection tools and the photoelectric efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, we developed a device that can send light from a wireless light-emitting device to a target neuron without mechanical and thermal effects and analyzed the optical and thermal characteristics of the device to be used for optogenetic studies.
Leadership, Identity and Performance: The Nature and Effect of ‘Prototypicality’ in Indonesia

What makes a leader worthy of support? The article uses novel survey and experimental data from Indonesia to test the proposition that identity trumps performance for citizens perceptions of their political leaders. The results confirm theories of ‘prototypicality’—leaders that best reflect and represent the identity of the group tend to be more trusted and have a licence to fail. We argue and show that the dimensions of identity that matter most varies and is context specific. In the Indonesian context religious identity is most important. But the data also suggest that this varies across space, time, and follower identity: We show that gender matters, as women are less easily persuaded by prototypicality. We conclude by reflecting on the implications for leaders, politics and support for leadership development.
Diffusion of H2O in smectite gels: Obstruction effects of bound H2O layers

In water-rich smectite gels, bound or less mobile H2O layers exist near negatively-charged clay platelets. These bound H2O layers are obstacles to the diffusion of unbound H2O molecules in the porespace, and therefore reduce the H2O self-diffusion coefficient, D, in the gel system as a whole. In this study, the self-diffusion coefficients of H2O molecules in water-rich gels of Na-rich smectites (montmorillonite, stevensite and hectorite) were measured by pulsed-gradient spin-echo proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to evaluate the effects of obstruction on D. The NMR results were interpreted using random-walk computer simulations which show that unbound H2O diffuses in the gels while avoiding randomly-placed obstacles (clay platelets sandwiched in immobilized bound H2O layers). A ratio (volume of the clay platelets and immobilized H2O layers)/(volume of clay platelets) was estimated for each water-rich gel. The results showed that the ratio was 8.92, 16.9, 3.32, 3.73 and 3.92 for Wyoming montmorillonite (⩽ 5.74 wt.% clay), Tsukinuno montmorillonite (⩽ 3.73 wt.% clay), synthetic stevensite (⩽ 8.97 wt.% clay), and two synthetic hectorite samples (⩽ 11.0 wt.% clay), respectively. The ratios suggest that the thickness of the immobilized H2O layers in the gels is 4.0, 8.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5 nm, respectively, assuming that each clay particle in the gels consists of a single 1 nm-thick platelet. The present study confirmed that the obstruction effects of immobilized H2O layers near the clay surfaces are important in restricting the self-diffusion of unbound H2O in water-rich smectite gels.
Catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using functionally advanced recyclable iron-impregnated activated carbon materials

Abstract Biodiesel, the fuel of future, synthesis from waste cooking oil (WCO) following esterification and transesterification processes in the presence of a base catalyst KOH, and iron-impregnated activated carbon materials (FeACs) is reported. Various characterizations techniques such as SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, XPS, TPR-H2, TPD-CO2 and TPD-NH3 were used to thoroughly characterize the morphology, surface characters and catalytic potential of the FeACs which were accountable for the catalytic conversion of WCO into biodiesel. The catalytic potential of FeACs was described by the conversion of WCO into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in a laboratory scale set up. Among all the FeACs prepared, catalyst E having equimolar ratios (1:1) of KMnO4 to FeSO4·7H2O showed the highest FAME yield, up to 78% under mild reaction conditions. The FAME characterizations and confirmation were examined via FTIR and GC-FID analyses. Moreover, the spent catalyst (E) was found reusable with a consistent FAME yield up to 78% in the first three cycles. Graphical Abstract After using the fresh cooking oils for various purposes, the waste cooking oil (WCO) which is frequently sent into the drain can be reused in a better way e.g. producing the fuel for energy i.e. biodiesel by using ecofriendly technique and a commonly available substrate material i.e. activated carbon.
Halogen Bonding in the Complexes of Brominated Electrophiles with Chloride Anions: From a Weak Supramolecular Interaction to a Covalent Br–Cl Bond

The wide-range variation of the strength of halogen bonds (XB) not only facilitates a variety of applications of this interaction, but it also allows examining the relation (and interconversion) between supramolecular and covalent bonding. Herein, the Br…Cl halogen bonding in a series of complexes of bromosubstituted electrophiles (R-Br) with chloride anions were examined via X-ray crystallographic and computational methods. Six co-crystals showing such bonding were prepared by evaporation of solutions of R-Br and tetra-n-propylammonium chloride or using Cl− anions released in the nucleophilic reaction of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2. 2]octane with dichloromethane in the presence of R-Br. The co-crystal comprised networks formed by 3:3 or 2:2 halogen bonding between R-Br and Cl−, with the XB lengths varying from 3.0 Å to 3.25 Å. Analysis of the crystallographic database revealed examples of associations with substantially longer and shorter Br…Cl separations. DFT computations of an extended series of R–Br…Cl− complexes confirmed that the judicious choice of brominated electrophile allows varying halogen Br…Cl bond strength and length gradually from the values common for the weak intermolecular complexes to that approaching a fully developed covalent bond. This continuity of halogen bond strength in the experimental (solid-state) and calculated associations indicates a fundamental link between the covalent and supramolecular bonding.
Comparative sequential solvent extraction of phytochemicals from ripe, ripening and unripe Carissa carandas fruit extracts and their antioxidant investigation

Present study was structured to explore the full potential of Carissa carandas fruits whose potential is unidentified in Pakistan. Comparative study of unripe white, ripening pinkish and fully ripe reddish-purple fruit was commenced with sequential solvent extraction (10g/100 mL) by following aqueous (aq.), methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and nhexane to investigate maximum phytochemicals. The results showed progressive extraction in methanol and aq. extracts as both were observed rich in phytochemicals. The high total antioxidant contents were found 65 and 105 mg/g in aq. and methanol extract of ripe fruit respectively as compared to unripe and ripening extract fractions. Percentage of radical scavenging activity (%RSA) was found maximum of 76 and 74% for 50 μL aq. fractions of ripening and unripe fruits respectively while 100 μL aq. ripe fruit extract showed maximum 44% RSA. Whereas 200 μL of ripe fruit methanol extract showed 83% high RSA while 250 μL of ripening fruit exhibited 78% RSA. The maximum 45% RSA was obtained with 250 μL of unripe fruit methanol extract. Significantly high 88% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (%HRSA) was observed with 200 μL of ripening fruit aq. extract, 70% for ripe and 43% for unripe fruit was obtained with 50 μL extract dilutions. Highest %HRSA was calculated for 100 μL ripening fruit methanol extract although 69 and 66 % was estimated for 50 μL of ripe and unripe fruit extracts. Thus, ripe fruit showed best results in phytochemical analysis having good antioxidant content and highest antioxidant activity.
Amblyomma gervaisi (Ixodida: Ixodidae: Amblyomma) infestation in a Rat Snake from northwestern Himalayan region: a case study

Along with a number of hosts, ticks are also capable of infesting snakes and transmitting rickettsiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis. In the present study, ticks recovered from a Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa were collected and identified as Amblyomma gervaisi (previously known as Aponomma gervaisi). The case reports pertaining to observation of ticks (especially A. gervaisi) on reptile (snake) hosts are restricted to southern, eastern and western parts of India and the present study claims to be the first documented report of Amblyomma gervaisi ticks from Rat Snakes of northwestern Himalayan region.
Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kepatuhan Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru Terhadap Obat Anti Tuberkulosis

Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit dengan risiko penularan yang tinggi. Berdasarkan Laporan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan tahun 2017 ditemukan 6.656 kasus / 10.177 kasus dugaan, data tertinggi per Puskesmas di Banjarmasin pada Puskesmas Pekauman dengan penemuan kasus TB Paru sebanyak 94 orang, dengan penderita kambuh sebanyak 3 orang dan sebanyak 7 orang meninggal di tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklarifikasi hubungan umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, efek samping pengobatan, pengetahuan, sikap petugas kesehatan dengan kepatuhan minum obat anti tuberculosis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional, dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 45 pasien dan sampel sebanyak 30 pasien. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Analisis data bivariat dengan uji Fisher Exact karena tidak memenuhi uji Chi-Square yaitu data berdistribusi normal, nilai ekspektasi frekuensi <5 dan lebih dari 20%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel pengetahuan (p value = 0,019) berhubungan dengan kepatuhan minum obat anti tuberkulosis. Sedangkan variabel jenis kelamin (p value = 1.000) tidak berhubungan dengan kepatuhan minum obat anti tuberkulosis. Semakin tinggi pengetahuan pasien maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat kepatuhan dalam minum obat anti tuberkulosis.
The effect of executive compensation on earnings quality of conglomerates listed in Nigeria

This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of Executive compensation on earnings quality of listed firms in Nigeria for the period of 2015-2019. The study adopts the multiple regression technique. Data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of sampled firms. The findings reveal that Executive compensation positively and significantly affect the earnings quality of listed Conglomerates in Nigeria, the result implies that firms that pay higher emoluments to its executive are likely to improve the quality of earnings. It is recommended that the listed Conglomerates firms should increase the amount paid as emoluments to their executives as the higher emolument paid and received by executives improve the level of earnings quality and reduces earnings management which may be detrimental to the goal and objectives of the firm. Key words: Compensation, Conglomerates, Executive, Incentives, Performance, Shareholders
Effects of Plant-Soil Feedback on Switchgrass Productivity Related to Microbial Origin

A great deal of effort has been applied to maximizing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production for bioenergy by leveraging existing local adaptation to climate and via nutrient management in this perennial grass crop. However, the biotic component of soils can also affect plant production and long-term suitability at a given site. Here, we tested how productivity of four switchgrass cultivars were affected by four microbial sources from the Great Plains. All inoculum soil sources were previously conditioned by a mixture of switchgrass cultivars, allowing us to explicitly address plant-soil feedback effects. Microbial soil inocula were added to a consistent background soil to avoid physicochemical variation across the sources. We found that the soil microbial inoculum source mattered more than cultivar in determining switchgrass biomass. The addition of microbes resulted in smaller plants, with the largest plants found on control soils with no inoculum, but some inocula were less negative than others. There was no geographic matching between cultivars and soil microbial inoculum, suggesting little local adaptation to the biotic component of soils. In addition, measurements of fungal root colonization suggest that fungi are not responsible for the observed patterns. Based on these results, we suggest that switchgrass cultivation could benefit from considering effects of the soil biota. Additional work is needed to generalize these patterns over time, to a wider geographic area, and to a broader range of cultivars.
NaN3 Assisting Synthesis of Hierarchical constructed Transition (Co/Ni) Metal Organic Framework (MOF)

NaN3, as a kind of rich-nitrogen energetic material, engaged in the synthesis of hierarchical transition metal (Co/Ni) organic framework materials (MOFs) through a facile hydrothermal reaction, during which aqueous N3 − function groups being as an unique ligand in preparation of novel coordination polymer with the existence of Co2+ (or Ni2+) salts and dicyandiamide. The obtained compounds (Co-eMOF, Ni-eMOF, NiCo-eMOF) were characterized by structure and composition analysis, specific surface area, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and crystal X-ray diffraction. The prepared products regardless of the metal cautions (Co, Ni, or coexist Co and Ni), perform a well three-dimensions (3D) nanostructures with spherical shaped monoliths, known as organic framework materials. The as-prepared products with developed porosity demonstrate a high surface area in range of 80∼130 m2/g. XRD patterns for these three examples show similar lattice crystalline, which to an extent matches well with the simulated MOF-74 materials, suggesting profound formation of oriented crystal growth. XPS reveals the compounds all equipped with high nitrogen content (54∼60 at%), which is largely hinging on the contribution from N3 − function groups, suggesting the superiority of NaN3 serving as the rich nitrogen precursor. Accounting for extensive application, we will apply this as-prepared (Co/Ni) MOF materials as one kind of nitrogen-rich precursor and conduct them for further calcination treatment for preparation of graphite-based transition metal carbides (TMC), and it is highly anticipated to achieve efficient activity towards electrocatalysis in our follow-up actions.
Sensitivity Analysis and the Design of Gas Uptake Inhalation Studies

AbstractGas uptake studies analyzed by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been used to estimate metabolic parameters for many volatiles. The metabolic constants for a saturable pathway (Vmax′ mg/h and Km′, mg/L) and for a first-order process (Kf′ h−1) are typically inferred from the decline in chemical concentration observed in closed chamber exposures. Sensitivity analysis was used to quantify the identifiability of these metabolic parameters with PBPK models for three compounds: chloroform (Vmax = 2.25 mg/h), dichloromethane (Vmax = 1.33 mg/h), and carbon tetrachloride (Vmax=0.11 mg/h). Further sensitivity analysis related the increased ability to estimate Vmax for chloroform and dichloromethane with their higher metabolic rates, indicating the value of Vmax to be an important determinant in its identifiability. The optimal experimental concentration needed for estimating Vmax was lower for carbon tetrachloride (12-18 ppm) than for either chloroform (740-770 ppm) or dichloromethane.
Bacteriological and physico-chemical assessment of untreated drinking water used by residents in Ofougbene- Izon-Borotu Community, Delta State

This study was aimed at assessing the bacteriological and physio-chemical qualities of the ground well water which is the only available drinking water to residents of Ofougbene community of Burutu Local Government Area, in order to check it's fitness for drinking and evaluate the awareness of the people about dangers of drinking untreated water. Seven water samples coded Station1-Station 7 were obtained from seven different ground wells in the study area. Bacteriological assessment was done by Most Probable Number (MPN) technique while physical, chemical and organic analyses of the water samples were carried out by known standard methods. Bacterial organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. All ground water samples contained total aerobic bacterial load ranging from 1.8 x 103 to 7.0 x 103 CFU/ml. The mean ± standard deviation values of pH, electrical conductivity, color, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, alkalinity, chloride, hardness, phosphates, nitrates, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand were: 5.8±16.43, 51.4±27.0uS/cm, 22.4±12.32mg/l, 11.8±5.14mg/l, 28.4±15.10mg/l, 3.8±3.80mg/l, 15.4±12.49mg/l, 21.12±0.02mg/l, 53.3±32.72mg/l, 0.20±0.04mg/l, 2.77±0.27mg/l, 9.28±3.60mg/l, 11.9±12.10mg/l, 1.7±0.51mg/l, 5.9±0.58mg/l and 3.04±0.51mg/l respectively for all the water samples assessed. Whereas water quality status for all samples was unsatisfactory, water quality concern was high. Compared to reference values provided by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and presence of pathogens, we conclude that the ground water used by the people of the community is unfit for human consumption. This is for the immediate attention of the Public Health Authorities of both the LGA concerned and the Delta State Government.
Spin-Torque Diode Measurements of MgO-Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Asymmetric Electrodes

We present a detailed study of the spin-torque diode effect in CoFeB/MgO/CoFe/NiFe magnetic tunnel junctions. From the evolution of the resonance frequency with magnetic field at different angles, we clearly identify the free-layer mode and find an excellent agreement with simulations by taking into account several terms for magnetic anisotropy. Moreover, we demonstrate the large contribution of the out-of-plane torque in our junctions with asymmetric electrodes compared to the in-plane torque. Consequently, we provide a way to enhance the sensitivity of these devices for the detection of microwave frequency.