Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast tracking land reform and rural livelihoods in mashonaland west province of Zimbabwe : opportunities and constraints, 2000-2013

i Declaration. ii Acknowledgements . iii Abbreviations . vii Chapter One: Introduction . 1 1.1 Objectives of the thesis . 3 1.2 Data gathering in Mhondoro Ngezi.6 1.3 Contested outcomes of Zimbabwe’s land reform: Literature review.8 1.4 Peasants, redistributive land reform and rural livelihoods: Conceptual issues . 12 1.5 Data gathering and research methods.16 1.6 Chapter outline . 23 Chapter Two: Reclaiming the land in Mhondoro Ngezi . 25 2.1 Historical background of the study area.26 2.2 Land occupations and their dynamics in Mhondoro Ngezi.33 2.3 Farm workers and land occupations in Mhondoro Ngezi . 44 2.4 Conclusion.48 Chapter Three:Land beneficiaries and their origins.50 3.1 Land allocations and resettlement . 50 3.2 Who are the beneficiaries of land reform and where did they come from.53 3.3 Former Mhondoro Ngezi Communal Area residents . 54 3.4 Gokwe and Sanyati returnees . 58 3.5 Farm workers, urbanites and mine workers . 61 3.6 Dynamics of tenure after land reform . 66 3.7 Conclusion.70
Symptoms in Patients Receiving Noninvasive Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit

Background Although a multitude of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for treatment of respiratory insufficiency, there have been few investigations of patients’ experiences while receiving this common treatment. Identification of the presence, intensity, and distress of symptoms during NIV will inform the development and testing of interventions to best manage them and improve patients’ intensive care unit (ICU) experiences. Objective The objectives of this study were (a) to identify the presence, intensity, and distress of symptoms in patients receiving NIV in the ICU using a modified version of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (MESAS) and (b) to describe the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by patients. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with a convenience sample of 114 participants enrolled from three ICUs at one Midwestern medical center. Participants were approached if they were English-speaking, were 18 years old or older, and had an active order for NIV; exclusions included use of personal NIV equipment, severe cognitive impairment, or problems communicating. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the electronic health record. Presence, intensity, and distress of patient-reported symptoms were obtained once using a modified, 11-item version of the MESAS. Results The mean age of participants was 68 years old, and 54.4% were male. The primary type of NIV was bi-level positive airway pressure; a nasal/oral mask was most frequently used. The symptoms experienced by most of the participants were thirst, anxiety, tiredness, and restlessness; these symptoms were rated as moderate or severe in both intensity and distress by most participants experiencing the symptoms. Discussion Patients in the ICU experience both intense and distressful symptoms that can be severe while undergoing treatment with NIV. Future research is warranted to determine these symptoms’ interrelatedness and develop interventions to effectively manage patient-reported symptoms.
Oncologic Staging with 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT Demonstrates a Lower Rate of Nonspecific Lymph Node Findings Than 18F-FDG PET/CT

Visual Abstract Nonspecific lymph node uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is a significant pitfall for tumor staging. Fibroblast activation protein α expression on cancer-associated fibroblasts and some tumor cells is less sensitive to acute inflammatory stimuli, and fibroblast activation protein–directed PET may overcome this limitation. Methods: Eighteen patients from our prospective observational study underwent 18F-FDG and 68Ga fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT scans within a median of 2 d (range, 0–22 d). Lymph nodes were assessed on histopathology and compared with SUV measurements. Results: On a per-patient basis, lymph nodes were rated malignant in 10 (56%) versus 7 (39%) patients by 18F-FDG PET/CT versus 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans, respectively, with a respective accuracy of 55% versus 94% for true lymph node metastases. Five of 6 (83%) false-positive nodes on the 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were rated true negative by the 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans. On a per-lesion basis, tumor detection rates were similar (85/89 lesions, 96%). Conclusion: 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging demonstrated higher accuracy for true nodal involvement and therefore has the potential to replace 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for cancer staging.
Hospital-physician Integration and Value-based Payment

Background: Hospital-physician integration is often justified as a driver of clinical quality improvement due to joint resources covering a broad spectrum of care. Value-based programs, such as the Medicare Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS), are intended to tie financial incentives to clinical quality, which may confer an advantage on such integrated practices. Objectives: We assessed the relationship between hospital-physician integration and MIPS performance by comparing hospital-integrated practices and independent practices. Research Design: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Quality Payment Program for the performance year 2020. Subjects: Physician practices with a valid MIPS composite score in performance year 2020. Measures: Hospital integration was based on whether at least 75% of a practice’s physicians either billed most of their services using hospital outpatient department codes or billed through a hospital tax identifier. The primary outcome was the MIPS quality category score, and the secondary outcomes were the specific quality measures reported by practice groups. Results: Of the 20 most frequently reported measures, 14 were common in both groups. No difference was observed in the quality category score between hospital-integrated practices and independent practices in either unadjusted comparisons or after adjusting for practice characteristics, including practice size, geography, specialty mix, and case mix. In the secondary outcome models for specific quality measures, hospital-integrated practices achieved higher scores on most overlap measures but not all. Conclusions: The findings on quality category score suggest that hospital integration does not confer much advantage in the context of MIPS quality performance.
Ancestral Origin and Dissemination Dynamics of Reemerging Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, Haiti

The 2010 cholera epidemic in Haiti was thought to have ended in 2019, and the Prime Minister of Haiti declared the country cholera-free in February 2022. On September 25, 2022, cholera cases were again identified in Port-au-Prince. We compared genomic data from 42 clinical Vibrio cholerae strains from 2022 with data from 327 other strains from Haiti and 1,824 strains collected worldwide. The 2022 isolates were homogeneous and closely related to clinical and environmental strains circulating in Haiti during 2012–2019. Bayesian hypothesis testing indicated that the 2022 clinical isolates shared their most recent common ancestor with an environmental lineage circulating in Haiti in July 2018. Our findings strongly suggest that toxigenic V. cholerae O1 can persist for years in aquatic environmental reservoirs and ignite new outbreaks. These results highlight the urgent need for improved public health infrastructure and possible periodic vaccination campaigns to maintain population immunity against V. cholerae.
Les rhinocéros fossiles des sites préhistoriques de l'Europe méditerranéenne et du Massif Central : paléontologie et implications biochronologiques

This study focuses on a number of important prehistoric sites in the Mediterranean area. The primary objective of the study is to provide a chronology for these sites based on finds from the rhinoceros fossil record. The first section of the book presents the sites (mostly from southern France and including the major locations at Vallonnet, la Pineta a Isernia and la Caune de l'Arago) and the detailed paleontological study follows in the second section. The work concludes with a number of Appendices presenting the data records. French text.
Granite landscapes of the world

1. Geology of Granite 2. Granite Weathering 3. Boulders, Tors, and Inselbergs 4. Minor Landforms 5. Slope Development in Granite Terrains 6. Granite Coasts 7. Cold-Climate Granite Landscapes 8. Geological Controls in the Evolution of Granite Areas 9. Typology of Natural Granite Landscapes 10. Granite Landscapes Transformed
Effects of diets containing fish oils or fish oil concentrates with high cetoleic acid content on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for CVD. Fish intake is associated with lower risk of CVD, whereas supplementation with n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) has little effect on the cholesterol concentration. We therefore investigated if cetoleic acid (CA), a long-chain MUFA (LC-MUFA) found especially in pelagic fish species, could lower the circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration in rodents. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (rodents), intervention (CA-rich fish oils or concentrates), comparator (diets not containing CA) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE’s tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4. 1 (the Cochrane Collaboration) to determine the effectiveness of consuming diets containing CA-rich fish oils or concentrates on the circulating TC concentration. Twelve articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, with data from 288 rodents. Consumption of CA-rich fish oils and concentrates resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference −0·65 mmol/l, 95 % CI (−0·93, −0·37), P < 0·00001), with high statistical heterogeneity (I 2 = 87 %). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE’s tool were addressed. To conclude, intake of CA-rich fish oils and concentrates prevents high cholesterol concentration in rodents and should be further investigated as functional dietary ingredients or supplements to reduce the risk for developing CVD in humans.
Evaluation of factors associated with survival in allogeneic stem cell-transplanted patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are conflicting results concerning the outcome of patients after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) who required treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and prognostic parameters in terms of patient survival after allo-HSCT and admission to the ICU within the first 30 days after transplantation. Methods: Patients after allo-HSCT, who were ≥18 years and admitted to the ICU after the initiation of conditioning therapy and within the first 30 days after allo-HSCT at the University Hospital of Bonn between January 2017 and April 2021, were analysed retrospectively. Baseline data, laboratory parameters, established scoring systems, vital parameters, and outcome were collected. Results: 44 patients (median age of 63 years) were analysed. The 90-day survival rate was 50% (N = 22) and the 1-year survival rate was 27% (N = 12). The 90-day and 1-year survival rates of patients who required MV were 38% (N = 13) and 18% (N = 6). There was a significant correlation between increased mortality and an APACHE-Score ≥20 (p = 0.03), a SAPS-II-Score ≥60 (p = 0.04) and a SOFA-Score ≥9 (p = 0.03). Invasive mechanical ventilation (p = 0.05) and vasopressor support (p = 0.03) showed a negative correlation with the outcome. Conclusion: This study found several parameters (APACHE-II-Score, SAPS-II-Score, SOFA-Score, MV and vasopressor support) associated with increased mortality after allo-HSCT and admission to the ICU. The outcome of allo-HSCT patients admitted to the ICU is not as poor as previously reported. Even older patients under long-term ventilation may benefit from intensive care therapy.
Parental and Child Factors Associated With Internet Addiction in Children

Background: Internet addiction has negative effects on psychological development, interpersonal relationships, and social adaptation in 10-year-old elementary school students. Objective: This study aimed to identify parental and child characteristics related to Internet addiction in lower-grade elementary school children. Methods: This study used a secondary data analysis. Data from the tenth Panel Study on Korean Children were used. In total, 1224 ten-year-old elementary school students were included in the analysis. The questionnaire included general, parental, and child characteristics. Results: Of all child participants, 18.5% were in the high-risk group for Internet addiction. Lower paternal and maternal spousal satisfaction, maternal education level of high school graduate or lower, and greater permissive parenting by the mother were associated with higher odds of Internet addiction among their children. Moreover, boys and children who spent more than an hour per day without adults showed higher odds of Internet addiction. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the implementation of an intervention that improves parenting and family relationships and positively changes the environment in which children are brought up is necessary.
Oncolytic virus oHSV2 combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors exert antitumor activity by mediating CD4 + T and CD8 + T cell infiltration in the lymphoma tumor microenvironment

Abstract A novel therapeutic regimen showed that the oncolytic type II herpes simplex virus (oHSV2) was able to prevent colorectal cancer growth, recurrence, and metastasis. However, no study has yet explored whether oHSV2 has an impact on the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We chose the clinical chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) as a positive control to evaluate the effect of oHSV2 infection on the apoptotic, invasive, and proliferative capacity of DLBCL cells. We next further explored the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic virus oHSV2 or DOX in DLBCL tumor bearing BALB/c mice, and evaluated the infiltration of CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells in tumor tissues. A pathological approach was used to explore the effects of oHSV2 on various organs of tumor bearing mice, including the heart, liver, and kidney. Next, SU-DHL-4 cells were co-cultured with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to mimic the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), to explore the impact of oHSV2 on the immune environment at the cellular level, and then analyzed the relationship between oHSV2 and the PD-1/PD-L1 immune-checkpoint. Subsequently, we further validated the efficacy of combined oHSV2 and PD-L1 treatment on transplanted tumor growth in mice at the in vivo level. DLBCL cells were sensitive to the action of the oncolytic virus oHSV2, and the decline in their proliferative activity showed a time-and dose-dependent manner. oHSV2 and DOX intervention preeminently increased the cell apoptosis, restrained cell proliferation and invasion, with the greatest changes occurring in response to oHSV2 infection. oHSV2 application effectively improved the immune status of the tumor microenvironment, favoring the invasion of CD8 + T and CD4 + T cells, thereby enhancing their antitumor effects. Besides, oHSV2 treatment has a safety profile in the organs of tumor bearing mice and indeed inhibits the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in DLBCL. Interestingly, the combination of oHSV2 and PD-L1 antibodies results in more profound killing of DLBCL cells than oHSV2 infection alone, with a significant increase in the proportion of CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells. The antitumor effect was the best after combining oHSV2 and PD-L1 antibodies, suggesting that the combination therapy of oHSV2 and PD-L1 would have a better prospect for clinical application.
Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016–2022

In Mississippi, USA, infant hospitalization with congenital syphilis (CS) spiked by 1,000%, from 10 in 2016 to 110 in 2022. To determine the causes of this alarming development, we analyzed Mississippi hospital discharge data to evaluate trends, demographics, outcomes, and risk factors for infants diagnosed with CS hospitalized during 2016–2022. Of the 367 infants hospitalized with a CS diagnosis, 97.6% were newborn, 92.6% were covered by Medicaid, 71.1% were African American, and 58.0% were nonurban residents. Newborns with CS had higher odds of being affected by maternal illicit drug use, being born prematurely (<37 weeks), and having very low birthweight (<1,500 g) than those without CS. Mean length of hospital stay (14.5 days vs. 3.8 days) and mean charges ($56,802 vs. $13,945) were also higher for infants with CS than for those without. To address escalation of CS, Mississippi should invest in comprehensive prenatal care and early treatment of vulnerable populations.
Diverse evolutionary pathways challenge the use of collateral sensitivity as a strategy to suppress resistance

Drug resistance remains a major obstacle to malaria control and eradication efforts, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat this disease. Drug combinations based on collateral sensitivity, wherein resistance to one drug causes increased sensitivity to the partner drug, have been proposed as an evolutionary strategy to suppress the emergence of resistance in pathogen populations. In this study, we explore collateral sensitivity between compounds targeting the Plasmodium dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). We profiled the cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity phenotypes of several DHODH mutant lines to a diverse panel of DHODH inhibitors. We focus on one compound, TCMDC-125334, which was active against all mutant lines tested, including the DHODH C276Y line, which arose in selections with the clinical candidate DSM265. In six selections with TCMDC-125334, the most common mechanism of resistance to this compound was copy number variation of the dhodh locus, although we did identify one mutation, DHODH I263S, which conferred resistance to TCMDC-125334 but not DSM265. We found that selection of the DHODH C276Y mutant with TCMDC-125334 yielded additional genetic changes in the dhodh locus. These double mutant parasites exhibited decreased sensitivity to TCMDC-125334 and were highly resistant to DSM265. Finally, we tested whether collateral sensitivity could be exploited to suppress the emergence of resistance in the context of combination treatment by exposing wildtype parasites to both DSM265 and TCMDC-125334 simultaneously. This selected for parasites with a DHODH V532A mutation which were cross-resistant to both compounds and were as fit as the wildtype parent in vitro. The emergence of these cross-resistant, evolutionarily fit parasites highlights the mutational flexibility of the DHODH enzyme.
Social Media Use Among Orthopedic and Trauma Surgeons in Germany: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Background Social media (SM) has gained importance in the health care sector as a means of communication and a source of information for physicians and patients. However, the scope of professional SM use by orthopedic and trauma surgeons remains largely unknown. Objective This study presents an overview of professional SM use among orthopedic and trauma surgeons in Germany in terms of the platforms used, frequency of use, and SM content management. Methods We developed a web-based questionnaire with 33 variables and 2 separate sections based on a review of current literature. This study analyzed the first section of the questionnaire and included questions on demographics, type of SM used, frequency of use, and SM content management. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 26.0). Subgroup analysis was performed for sex, age groups (<60 years vs ≥60 years), and type of workplace (practice vs hospital). Differences between groups were assessed with a chi-square test for categorical data. Results A total of 208 participants answered the questionnaire (166/208, 79.8% male), of whom 70.2% (146/208) were younger than 60 years and 77.4% (161/208) worked in a practice. All participants stated that they use SM for private and professional purposes. On average, participants used 1.6 SM platforms for professional purposes. More than half had separate SM accounts for private and professional use. The most frequently used SM platforms were messenger apps (119/200, 59.5%), employment-oriented SM (60/200, 30%), and YouTube (54/200, 27%). All other SM, including Facebook and Instagram, were only used by a minority of the participants. Women and younger participants were more likely to use Instagram (P<.001 and P=.03, respectively). The participants working in a hospital were more likely to use employment-oriented SM (P=.02) and messenger apps (P=.009) than participants working in a practice. In a professional context, 20.2% (39/193) of the participants produced their own content on SM, 24.9% (48/193) used SM daily, 39.9% (77/193) used SM during work, and 13.8% (26/188) stated that they checked the number of followers they had. Younger participants were more likely to have participated in professional SM training and to have separate private and professional accounts (P=.04 and P=.02, respectively). Younger participants tended toward increased production of their own content (P=.06). Conclusions SM is commonly used for professional purposes by orthopedic and trauma surgeons in Germany. However, it seems that professional SM use is not exploited to its full potential, and a structured implementation into daily professional work routines is still lacking. SM can have a profound impact on medical practices and communication, so orthopedic and trauma surgeons in Germany should consider increasing their SM presence by actively contributing to SM.
Oral adverse events following COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in Australia

ABSTRACT Vaccine hesitancy, spurred by misinterpretation of Adverse Events (AEs), threatens public health. Despite sporadic reports of oral AEs post-COVID-19 vaccination, systematic analysis is scarce. This study evaluates these AEs using the Australian Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN). A secondary analysis of DAEN data was conducted, with the analysis period commencing from the start of the COVID-19 vaccination rollout in February 2021 and the inception of the influenza vaccine database in 1971, both through until December 2022. The focus of the analysis was on oral AEs related to COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Reports were extracted according to a predefined schema and then stratified by vaccine type, sex, and age. Oral paresthesia was the most common oral AE after COVID-19 vaccination (75.28 per 10,000 reports), followed by dysgeusia (73.96), swollen tongue (51.55), lip swelling (49.43), taste disorder (27.32), ageusia (25.85), dry mouth (24.75), mouth ulceration (18.97), oral hypoaesthesia (15.60), and oral herpes (12.74). While COVID-19 and influenza vaccines shared most oral AEs, taste-related AEs, dry mouth, and oral herpes were significantly more common after COVID-19 vaccination. mRNA vaccines yielded more oral AEs than other types. Females had higher oral AE incidence. Most oral AEs did not differ significantly between COVID-19 and influenza vaccination. However, specific oral AEs, particularly taste-related, dry mouth, and oral herpes, were more prevalent after COVID-19 vaccination compared with seasonal influenza, especially in females and mRNA vaccine recipients.