Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Media Behaviors and Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations With Anxiety, Depression, and Stress

The majority of research concerning public health crises and social media platforms has focused on analyzing the accuracy of information within social media posts. The current exploratory study explored social media users’ specific social media behaviors and experiences during the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these behaviors and experiences related to anxiety, depression, and stress. Data were collected March 21–31, 2020 from adults in the United States (N = 564) through snowball sampling on social media sites and Prime Panels. Online surveys included questions regarding social media use during the pandemic and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Forward stepwise modeling procedures were used to build three models for anxiety, stress, and depression. Participants who actively engaged with COVID-19 social media content were more likely to experience higher anxiety. Those who had emotional experiences via social media and used social media to connect during the pandemic were susceptible to higher levels of stress and depression. The current study suggests that during the pandemic specific behaviors and experiences via social media were related to anxiety, stress, and depression. Thus, limiting time spent on social media during public health crises may protect the mental health of individuals.
Acceleration of growth in tomato seedlings grown with growth retardant

from the Abstract: In vegetable growing, seedling is the foundation of a successful growing. Use of commercial seedlings have become more popular in recent years due to effective use of labour and land and economic concerns. It is aimed to produce small vigorous seedlings with sufficient roots and free of diseases and pests in the commercial seedling enterprises. Although certain cultural applications are used for production of small-sized seedlings, growth retarding chemicals are generally preferred due to their effective results. There are some concerns regarding on-going retarding effects of such chemicals under field conditions. In this study, it is aimed to remove the possible retarding effects provided by paclobutrazol in dosages of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm applied on tomato seeds in a short period of time by applying gibberellic acid (GA3) in dosages of 0, 50, and 100 ppm by spraying it on the leaves. In this study, the plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm) height to stem diameter ratio, number of blooming cluster and dry matter ratio of stem (%) were determined in the different stages of growth. Paclobutrazol ensured a height control of 26.45%–40.85% on the height of plants in the seedling period depending on the dosage, and this ratio varied by 19.51 to 45.86% under field conditions. It has been found out that effects of paclobutrazol diminished in time, and these effects were removed faster by GA3 applications. Paclobutrazol, as opposed to GA3, decreased the height to stem diameter ratio and induced formation of a stronger seedling. Paclobutrazol increased the number of blooming clusters, whereas GA3 had no significant observable effect on the number of blooming cluster. It has been concluded that 50 ppm paclobutrazol can be used for height control of the seedling in terms of growth and flowering, and 100 ppm GA3 should be applied for quality plant growth and to remove possible
An experimental and numerical study on the forward biased SOA of IGBTs

Thermal and electrical destructions of n-ch 600 V punchthrough type IGBTs in F.B. SOA are investigated by experiments and simulations, The cause of the thermal destruction is the thermal disappearance of built-in potential of p-n junction between the n/sup +/ emitter and the p base of the IGBT integral DMOSFET occurring at the critical temperature of /spl sim/650 K. Experiment and simulation results for the critical temperature show a good agreement. The cause of the electrical destruction is impact ionization at the n/sup -/ drift/n/sup +/ buffer junction in addition to the n/sup -/ drift/p base junctions. That triggers a positive feedback mechanism of increasing IGBT integral pnp transistor current which causes the device to lose gate controllability. The experimentally obtained critical power dissipation is /spl sim/2000 kW/cm/sup 2/. This value is ten times greater than BJTs. It was also found that emitter ballast resistance (EBR) plays an important role in describing the F.B. SOA of IGBTs.
Education Data Science: Past, Present, Future

This AERA Open special topic concerns the large emerging research area of education data science (EDS). In a narrow sense, EDS applies statistics and computational techniques to educational phenomena and questions. In a broader sense, it is an umbrella for a fleet of new computational techniques being used to identify new forms of data, measures, descriptives, predictions, and experiments in education. Not only are old research questions being analyzed in new ways but also new questions are emerging based on novel data and discoveries from EDS techniques. This overview defines the emerging field of education data science and discusses 12 articles that illustrate an AERA-angle on EDS. Our overview relates a variety of promises EDS poses for the field of education as well as the areas where EDS scholars could successfully focus going forward.
A Monte Carlo study of multiplication and noise in HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes

A Monte Carlo model is developed for understanding the multiplication process in HgCdTe infrared avalanche photodiodes (APD). A good agreement is achieved between simulations and experimental measurements of gain and excess noise factor on midwave infrared electron injected Hg0.7 Cd0.3Te APD manufactured at CEA/LETI. In both cases, an exponential gain and a low excess noise factor - close to unity out to gains greater than 1000 - were observed on 5.1-μm cut-off devices at 77K. These properties are indicative of a single ionizing carrier multiplication process that is to say in our case the electron. Simulations also predict that holes do not achieve enough energy to impact ionize and to contribute to the gain, which confirms the previous observation. A comparison study is presented to explain the effect of different combinations of scattering processes on the avalanche phenomenon in HgCdTe. We find that alloy scattering with random scattering angle increases multiplication gain and reduces excess noise factor compared to the case including impact ionization only. It also appears that, in the more complete scattering environment, optical phonon scattering delays significantly the onset of avalanche.
Phytoplankton diversity affects biomass and energy production differently during community development

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. © 2021 The Authors. Functional Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society 1Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia 2Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
Forgetting Footprints, Shunning Shadows: A Critical Analysis of the 'Right to Be Forgotten' in Big Data Practice

The so-called 'right to be forgotten' has been put firmly on the agenda, both of academia and of policy. Although the idea is intuitive and appealing, the legal form and practical implications of a right to be forgotten have hardly been analyzed so far. This contribution aims to critically assess what a right to be forgotten could or should entail in practice. It outlines the current socio-technical context as one of Big Data, in which massive data collections are created and mined for many purposes. Big Data involves not only individuals’ digital footprints (data they themselves leave behind) but, perhaps more importantly, also individuals’ data shadows (information about them generated by others). And contrary to physical footprints and shadows, their digital counterparts are not ephemeral but persistent. This presents particular challenges for the right to be forgotten, which are discussed in the form of three key questions. Against whom can the right be invoked? When and why can the right be invoked? And how can the right be effected? Advocates of a right to be forgotten must clarify which conceptualization of such a right they favor – a comprehensive, user-control-based right to have data deleted in due time, or a narrower, context-specific right to a 'clean slate' – and how they think the considerable obstacles presented in this paper can be overcome, if people are really to be enabled to have their digital footprints forgotten and to shun their data shadows.
Surface Urban Heat Island Assessment of a Cold Desert City: A Case Study over the Isfahan Metropolitan Area of Iran

This study investigates the diurnal, seasonal, monthly and temporal variation of land surface temperature (LST) and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) over the Isfahan metropolitan area, Iran, during 2003–2019 using MODIS data. It also examines the driving factors of SUHII like cropland, built-up areas (BI), the urban–rural difference in enhanced vegetation index (ΔEVI), evapotranspiration (ΔET), and white sky albedo (ΔWSA). The results reveal the presence of urban cool islands during the daytime and urban heat islands at night. The maximum SUHII was observed at 22:30 p.m. , while the minimum was at 10:30 a.m. The summer months (June to September) show higher SUHII compared to the winter months (February to May). The daytime SUHII demonstrates a robust positive correlation with cropland and ΔWSA, and a negative correlation with ΔET, ΔEVI, and BI. The nighttime SUHII displays a negative correlation with ΔET and ΔEVI.
Potential Impacts of Delay on Stability of Impulsive Control Systems

In this article, the exponential stability of impulsive control systems with time delay is studied. By using the average impulsive interval method, some sufficient Lyapunov-based conditions are established for the stability of impulsive time-delay systems, and the impacts of delay on the stability analysis method are further revealed. It is interesting to show that some unstable impulsive time-delay systems may be stabilized by increasing the time delay in continuous dynamics. More interestingly, it is proved that along with the increase of the delay within a certain range, the convergence rate of such impulsive time-delay systems also increases correspondingly. Further, a strict comparison principle for impulsive control systems with delay is established. Then by utilizing this comparison principle, it can be shown that for some stable impulsive systems with delay, under certain conditions, the stability is robust against any large but bounded delay. Compared with the previous results on delay-free impulsive systems, some potential impacts of delay on the stability are investigated. Particularly, the obtained results are extended to the case of impulsive control systems with hybrid impulses, which contain both stabilizing impulses and destabilizing impulses. Three illustrative examples are presented to reveal the potential impacts of delay on the stability of impulsive control systems.
Understanding the Key Determinants of Residential Firewood Consumption in Australia: A Nationwide Household Survey

A range of energy sources are used by households across the globe, including electricity, gas, solar, and wood. While there is a large body of international research aimed at understanding household energy use in general, very few studies have focused on the specific topic of residential firewood consumption. In Australia, empirical research to investigate and quantify residential firewood consumption is scarce and outdated, despite the importance of such research for better understanding overall household energy costs and carbon emissions. Unlike other power sources, such as electricity, gas and solar, firewood consumption is not systematically monitored or measured in an objective way, thereby making it difficult to obtain accurate data on the amount of firewood consumed in the residential sector. To address this data gap, the current study used survey data from a sample of 4844 households (including 1168 firewood users) to explore what socio-demographic, dwelling-related and behavioural factors were important for predicting the amount of firewood consumed by Australian households. The results revealed that a range of variables—including geographical location, dwelling type, the number of wood-fired appliances per household, and behavioural factors such as the purpose, timing, frequency, and duration of firewood use—were key determinants of residential firewood consumption in Australia, as self-reported by households. Together, these findings underscore the value of measuring not only geographical and location-based factors in household surveys, but also a range of socio-demographic, dwelling-related, and behavioural variables. By doing so, self-report data collected through surveys is likely to better predict the amount of residential firewood consumption reported (or estimated) by households. Overall, this study makes an important and timely contribution to the literature by demonstrating how social science methods such as household surveys can help improve current estimates of residential firewood consumption used to inform government policy, planning, and decision-making for the future.
The perception of word stress cues in Papuan Malay: a typological perspective and experimental investigation.

Analyses of word prosody have shown that in some Indonesian languages listeners do not make use of word stress cues. The outcomes have contributed to the conclusion that these languages do not have word stress. The current study revisits this conclusion and investigates to what extent speakers of Papuan Malay, a language of Eastern Indonesia, use suprasegmental stress cues to recognize words. Acoustically, this language exhibits predictable word level prominence patterns, which could facilitate word recognition. However, the literature lacks a crucial perceptual verification and related languages in the Trade Malay family have been analysed as stressless. This could be indicative of either regional variation or different criteria to diagnose word stress. To investigate this issue, the current study reviews the literature on which criteria were decisive to diagnose (the absence of) word stress in Indonesian and Trade Malay. An acoustic analysis and a gating task investigate the usefulness of Papuan Malay stress cues for word recognition. Results show that Papuan Malay listeners are indeed able to use suprasegmental stress cues to identify words. The outcomes are discussed in a typological perspective to shed light on how production and perception studies contribute to stress diagnosis cross-linguistically.
Parent Perceptions of Online School Support for Children with Disabilities

ABSTRACT Students with disabilities and their parents face additional challenges in any educational environment, but little previous research maps these challenges in a online schools. The purpose of this study was to understand parent perceptions of IDEA implementation for children with disabilities during the transition to fully online schooling. Specifically, the study focused on special education services and the preparation parents received for their new roles as on-site mentors. Multiple research strategies were used, including a survey of 58 parents and individual interviews with 15 respondents of those surveys. Findings of this study suggest that a generally welcoming demeanor of online school staff is integral to parent perceptions of the quality of the transition. However, two issues from the findings of this study raise concerns about state policies and local providers. First, students are losing many special education services without replacements appropriate to the online setting and, second, parents lack understandings about their changing roles when they enroll their children in online schools.
Bilingual language use is context dependent: using the Language and Social Background Questionnaire to assess language experiences and test-rest reliability

ABSTRACT Bilingualism is a multi-faceted experience and bilinguals differ in how they use their languages in daily life. Therefore, assessments of bilingualism that consider the role of (social) context are needed when describing bilinguals. In this study, we evaluated how (reliably) the Language and Social Background Questionnaire (LSBQ; Anderson et al. 2018) describes language experiences of bilinguals living in the UK. Across 163 participants, nine factors were found to describe their daily-life language experiences in different contexts or with different interlocutors. Factors describing language use also correlated with objective English (L2) proficiency. These findings emphasise the need for studies to characterise bilinguals’ daily-life language use in more detail and with a focus on the multi-dimensionality of bilingualism. Test-retest reliability (assessed across two weeks) was moderate to substantial, showing that the LSBQ might be a reliable tool to capture these bilingual experiences.
The Transformative Learning Outcomes and Processes Survey: A Validation Study in the Workplace Context

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Transformative Learning Outcomes and Processes Survey (TROPOS) in the workplace context. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the data gathered from 132 employees of a steel manufacturing company in the United States have shown that the TROPOS is an appropriate instrument for measuring transformative learning in the workplace context. Implications for transformative learning research and practice will be discussed.
Larval Density, Sex, and Allocation Hierarchy Affect Life History Trait Covariances in a Bean Beetle

Life history theory aims to understand how different environments result in differential investment in fitness-related traits. While trade-offs between traits are expected, many studies show positive or no correlation between pairs of costly traits. One hypothesis that may explain the inconsistency of trade-offs in the literature is that trait investment may occur in a dichotomous hierarchy (the tree model), which allows for differential trait investment weighted by the traits’ respective positions within the hierarchy. Previous mathematical models predict different covariances between traits depending on their position on the allocation tree. While hierarchical differential investment is often used to discuss findings in life history theory, the role of an allocation hierarchy in trait covariances has not been directly tested. In turn, this study aims to identify trait covariances between behavioral and morphological phenotypes on different branches of an allocation tree for the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. While trade-offs between copulatory behaviors and morphology were found for both males and females, only traits at the base and far from each other in the hierarchy negatively covaried. This study empirically shows that trade-offs may be the result of hierarchical investment.
Foreign Accents in the Early Hiring Process: A Field Experiment on Accent-Related Ethnic Discrimination in Germany

Based on a field experiment conducted in Germany between October 2014 and October 2015, this article focuses on the disadvantages associated with the presence of a foreign accent in the early hiring process, when applicants call in response to a job advertisement to ask whether the position is still available. We examine whether a foreign accent influences employers’ behaviors via productivity considerations and/or whether foreign-accented speech is related to statistical discrimination or tastes among employers or customers that translate into differential treatment. To address these processes, we supplement our field-experimental data with information on job and firm characteristics from the texts of vacancy announcements and advertising companies’ homepages, on labor supply from the Federal Employment Agency, and on anti-immigrant attitudes from the German General Social Survey. Results suggest that while calling with a Turkish name did not result in a lower rate of positive replies, this rate was reduced for candidates who called with a Turkish accent. Turkish-accented applicants were told more often than the advertised position was already filled. Our findings suggest that the difference in response rates was not due to productivity considerations related to how well individuals understood foreign-accented speakers. Instead, results support the notion that the observed disadvantages were linked to discrimination based on employers’ ethnic tastes. While we found no indications pointing to the relevance of customer tastes or statistical discrimination, we cannot rule out these processes altogether. Our findings demonstrate that language cues can be more relevant than applicants’ names in shaping employers’ initial responses. They, thereby, highlight the need to consider multiple ethnic cues and different stages of the hiring process.
Polar Research Special Cluster—Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): knowledge from the wild, human care and TEK

(page number not for citation purpose) Polar Research 2021. © 2021 K.M. Kovacs et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Polar Research 2021, 40, 8235, http://dx.doi. org/10.33265/polar.v40. 8235 INTRODUCTION
Effects of chop lengths of ramie silage on ruminal fermentation, free amino acid content, and cellulase activity in goats

Twelve Liuyang black goats were selected and divided into three groups in a randomized design and they were provided one of the three treatment diets with different chop lengths of ramie silage [1 cm (RS1), 2 cm (RS2), and 3 cm (RS3)]. The length had no effect on pH or the content of acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid. In contrast, NH3–N decreased (P = 0.024) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (P = 0.083) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) content (P = 0.087) tended to decrease, and the proportion of propionic acid tended to increase (P = 0.096) with an increase in the chop length of ramie. The increasing lengths of ramie silage decreased the content of total essential amino acids (AA) (P = 0.001), total non-essential AA (P = 0.003), and total AA (P = 0.001), and decreased the concentration of aspartic acid (P = 0.076) in the ruminal fluid. Ramie silage affected xylanase activity (P = 0.043), with greater activity in RS1 than in RS2 and RS3. The recommended chop length of ramie silage is 1 cm because of increasing TVFA, amino acid concentration, and xylanase activity in the ruminal fluid of goats.