Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHROMIUM, COPPER, AND ARSENIC CONCENTRATION AND SPECIATION IN SOIL ADJACENT TO CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE (CCA) TREATED LUMBER ALONG A TOPOHYDROSEQUENCE

OF THESIS CHROMIUM, COPPER, AND ARSENIC CONCENTRATION AND SPECIATION IN SOIL ADJACENT TO CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE (CCA) TREATED LUMBER ALONG A TOPOHYDROSEQUENCE Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), and Copper (Cu) are ubiquitous in soils as a result of anthropogenic and geogenic processes. The fate of As, Cr, and Cu in the environment is largely governed by their speciation, which is influenced by soil physiochemical properties. This study investigated the influence of soil physiochemical properties and landscape position on As, Cr, and Cu concentration and speciation in soils adjacent to Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) treated lumber fence posts. Concentration gradients showed elevated total As and Cu adjacent to the three fence posts, which decreased with increasing distance from the posts. In addition, As and Cu had higher concentrations in the surface soil samples than the subsoil samples possibly due to enhanced weathering of the CCA treated posts at the surface. Concentrations of As, Cr, and Cu were similar among the Maury and Donerail silt loam, however, they were closer to the background concentration in the Newark silt loam, a partially hydric soil, indicating mobility of the metals. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy indicates As(V) is the predominate species which is principally coordinated with Fe and Al whereas, Cu(II) is coordinated with soil organic matter. Overall, the use of CCA treated lumber as a metal source can help determine how soil properties influence mobility and speciation of As, Cr, and Cu across the soil landscape.
Characterization of Chemical and Physical Properties of Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS) for Value Added Uses

One of the fastest growing industries in the United States is the fuel ethanol industry. Since 2000 there has been an increase of more than 300%. There was production of 4.9 billion gallons of ethanol in 2006. The major coproducts from this industry include Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and carbon dioxide. DDGS is used as a livestock feed since it contains high quantities of protein, fiber, amino acids, and other nutrients. The goal of this study was to quantify various chemical and physical properties of DDGS, Distillers Wet Grains (DWG), and Distillers Dried Grain (DDG) from several plants in South Dakota during fall and winter 2006-2007. Chemical properties included crude ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), crude fiber (CF), crude protein, crude fat and total starch content in each of the samples. Physical properties included moisture content, water activity, bulk density, thermal properties, color (L*, a*, b*) and angle of repose. We also conducted image analysis and particle size determination of the DDGS. The carbon groups in the DDGS samples were determined using NMR spectroscopy. Results from this study showed several possibilities for using DDGS as alternatives other than animal feed. Possibilities include degrading it with suitable enzymes and producing additional ethanol, producing value added compounds, using it as human food additives, or even using as inert fillers for biocomposites.
Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States. I. Orbital Degeneracy

In a previous paper (Jahn and Teller 1937) the following theorem was established: A configuration of a polyatomic molecule for an electronic state having orbital degeneracy cannot be stable with respect to all displacements of the nuclei unless in the original configuration the nuclei all lie on a straight line. The proof given of this theorem took no account of the electronic spin, and in the present paper the justification of this is investigated. An extension of the theorem to cover additional degeneracy arising from the spin is established, which shows that if the total electronic state of orbital and spin motion is degenerate, then a non-linear configuration of the molecule will be unstable unless the degeneracy is the special twofold one (discussed by Kramers 1930) which can occur only when the molecule contains an odd number of electrons. The additional instability caused by the spin degeneracy alone, however, is shown to be very small and its effect for all practical purposes negligible. The possibility of spin forces stabilizing a non-linear configuration which is unstable owing to orbital degeneracy is also investigated, and it is shown that this is not possible except perhaps for molecules containing heavy atoms for which the spin forces are large. Thus whilst a symmetrical nuclear configuration in a degenerate orbital state might under exceptional circumstances be rendered stable by spin forces, it is not possible for the spin-orbit interaction to cause instability of an orbitally stable state. 1—General theorem for molecules with spin Just as before we must see how the symmetry of the molecular framework determines whether the energy of a degenerate electronic state with spin depends linearly upon nuclear displacements. This is again determined by the existence of non-vanishing perturbation matrix elements which are linear in the nuclear displacements. These matrix elements are integrals involving the electronic wave functions with spin and the nuclear dis­placements, and we deduce as before from their transformation properties whether for a given molecular symmetry they can be different from zero.
SOME DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM SALT STRESS ON GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GERBERA (GERBERA JAMESONII L.) AND POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF ITS SALT TOLERANCE

Tolerance of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) to long-term sodium chloride (NaCl) salt stress was evaluated by subjecting plants to 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM NaCl levels for ten weeks. Increased NaCl led to a significant decrease in leaf and stem biomass. Salt stress significantly affected sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) concentrations in leaves, stems and roots leading to sharp declines in K+/Na+ ratios. Magnesium concentrations in stems and roots also showed significant declines. Adverse effect of salt stress on chlorophyll content was also significant. Proline seemed less effective in osmotic adjustment under long-term high salt stress. Switching from vegetative to reproductive growth phase was crucial for certain physiological functions. Leaf Na+ concentration showed significant correlation with important traits. These data suggest that NaCl threshold level in irrigation water for gerbera is around 10 mM. Leaf fresh weight, chlorophyll content and leaf K+/Na+ ratio are promising indicators of salt-sensitivity of gerbera.
Rhenium(I) di- and tri-carbonyl compounds of polypyridyl-like ligands: electrochemical reactions of fac-[Re(CO)3(dpk)Cl] (dpk = di-2-pyridyl ketone) with electrophiles and Group I and II metal ions

In contrast to the facile formation of fac-[Re(CO)3(dpk)Cl] 1 from the reaction between [Re(CO)5Cl] and dpk [(C5H4N)2C(O)], in refluxing toluene, [Re(CO)5Cl] was recovered unchanged when di-2-pyridylamine, dpa [(C5H4N)2NH], was allowed to react with [Re(CO)5Cl] under a variety of conditions. However, a mixture of [Re(CO)5Cl] and PPh3 in refluxing toluene followed by a CH2Cl2 solution of dpa gave cis-[Re(CO)2(PPh3)(dpa)Cl]. The intermediate involved appears to be a general synthon for the binding of the ReI(CO)2(PPh3)Cl chromophore to a variety of bi- and mono-dentate nitrogen-donor ligands and has been utilized to isolate cis-[Re(CO)2(PPh3)(dpk)Cl]. Nucleophilic addition of water at the carbonylic carbon atom of co-ordinated dpk in 1 and cis-[Re(CO)2(PPh3)(dpk)Cl] resulted in the hydration of the keto group and formation of fac-[Re(CO)3{(C5H4N)2C(O)(OH)}] and cis-[Re(CO)2(PPh3){(C5H4N)2C(O)(OH)}]. The compounds isolated exhibit rich electrochemical and photochemical properties and the potential application of fac-[Re(CO)3(dpk)Cl] as an electrochemical sensor for electrophiles and Group I and II metal ions is demonstrated.
Selective and Controlled Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Yttrium Hydroxide/Oxide Nanosheets and Nanotubes

Single-crystalline yttrium hydroxide nanotubes could be successfully synthesized in large quantities via a metastable nanosheet precursor reacted with sodium hydroxide under hydrothermal conditions. The nanosheet precursors were obtained through a facile hydrothermal synthetic method using soluble yttrium nitrate as the yttrium source and triethylamine as both an alkaline and complexing reagent. The influences of reaction time and concentration of sodium hydroxide on the formation of yttrium hydroxide nanotubes were investigated. Yttrium oxide and europium-doped yttrium oxide nanosheets and nanotubes could also be selectively obtained via a thermal decomposition method using the corresponding hydroxides as precursor. The phase structures, morphologies, and properties of the as-prepared products were investigated in detail by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The formation mechanisms of yttrium hydroxide nanotubes were discussed based on the experimental results. These low-dimensional nanostructures could be expected to bring new opportunities in the vast research and application areas.
Evaluation of different soybean varieties for manufacture of soy ice cream

Soy ice cream is a delicious and nutritious frozen product. Seven varieties of soybean were evaluated for their suitability in the preparation of soy ice cream. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of ice cream mixes prepared from different soybean varieties. The viscosity of the ice cream mix increased, while specific gravity decreased, after ageing and freezing of the mix. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the over-run and melt down time of ice cream prepared from different soybean varieties. Soy ice cream prepared from variety PK-472 was rated organoleptically superior t0 other varieties.
The role of electronically excited states in recombination reactions

Methods are described for including the participation of bound electronically excited states in calculations on radical recombination reactions. These methods are illustrated by applying them to the reactions For O2, accurate ab initio potentials are used in calculations which show that the electronic degeneracy and long-range part of the potential are likely to be crucial in determining the contribution of a given electronic state to the overall reaction, as long as the state is not so weakly bound that it dissociates thermally before being electronically quenched. Weak collision effects are allowed for using a Monte Carlo technique and an assumed exponential form for the distribution of energies transferred in collisions with a third body. For larger systems it is evident that the role of bound excited states in the low-pressure regime falls rapidly as the size of the system increases. As the high-pressure limit is approached, however, the contribution of excited states is likely to come close to that expected simply on the basis of electronic degeneracy.
Particle‐Inhibited Grain Growth in Al2O3‐SiC: II, Equilibrium and Kinetic Analyses

The grain-growth data presented in a companion paper for the Al 2 O 3 -SiC system are analyzed. Central to the analysis is the experimentally observed relationship between the fraction of particles on grain boundaries, Φ, and the average grain size, G. This relationship is included in both the equilibrium-grain-size expression originally formulated by Zener and classical grain-growth rate equations. The modified expression for equilibrium grain size, G L , as a function of volume fraction of pinning particles,f, contains a power-law dependence for G L on f that has been developed using the relationship between Φ and G during microstructure evolution. The expressions for the grain-growth kinetics are similarly developed. The equilibrium and kinetic relationships are used to describe the experimental data from the companion paper and predict grain-growth behavior. A new type of map is constructed to predict the time required to approach equilibrium as a function of volume fraction and annealing temperature. This map reveals that extreme experimental conditions (very long times and high annealing temperatures) are necessary for the system to reach equilibrium, especially for smaller volume fractions, and that the attainment of equilibrium is experimentally quite difficult.
Particle orientation distributions and stacking arrangements in size-fractionated montmorillonite measured by neutron and X-ray diffraction

The advantages of using neutron diffraction techniques to obtain platelet orientation distributions are described. These distributions have been obtained for Na+-, Ca2+- and Mg2+-exchanged, particle-size-fractionated, montmorillonite clay-film preparations containing two water layers between adjacent silicate layers. The measurements employed neutron diffraction ‘rocking curves’ corrected for attenuation effects. The data could be described by single broad Gaussians of f.w. h.m. ca. 50° except for the finest fraction of Na+-montmorillonite (< 0.05 µm e.s.d.), which required a narrow Gaussian (f.w.h.m. ca. 25°) superimposed on a broad Gaussian (f.w.h.m. ca. 50°) to fit the data adequately. Moreover, the orientation distributions of the Ca2+- and Mg2+-exchanged clays showed no dependence on particle size except when the samples were prepared from suspensions that had been subjected to ultrasonic vibrations. These results are discussed in terms of the association of particles into microaggregates and flocs in suspension.X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns were obtained for both coarse and fine fractions of Na+-montmorillonite. For the coarse materials the widths of the measureable (00l) X-ray reflections increased with order. This behaviour is described by a model which takes account of finite crystallite size and of variable planar spacing within the crystallites. For the fine fraction on the other hand the widths were independent of order, hence only crystallite size effects were important. The information gained from these results underlines the importance of applying both X-ray and neutron techniques to the study of polydisperse lamellar crystallites.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and Soil Fertility

A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the Kharif 2013 to evaluate the Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and Soil Fertility. Twelve treatments comprised with different integrated modules of organic, inorganic and biofertilizer combinations. The various integrated nutrient management modules significantly influenced the yield and combination of different organic and inorganic source of nutrient. Among integrated modules the application of 100% RDF received maximum yield (60.61 grain and 78.86 straw q ha-1) and soil health the combination of FYM+GM+BGA by 75% RDF+ 25% N (FYM+GM+BGA). The longe time application of nutrient combination of organic source of nutrient in effect of soil physical properties, chemical and biological properties of soil. Application of recommended dose of RDF+FYM +GM+BGA highest increase. Inclusion of FYM, Green Manure (GM) and BGA through inorganic source in the treatment increased the Physical Properties of soil.
Fractionation of residual phosphorus in a highly weathered sludge‐treated soil: Organic phosphorus

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that, through transformation processes, organic phosphorus (P) plays an important role in P cycling and plant nutrition in temperate and tropical soils. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the transformation of residual organic P in the 0–15 cm surface layer of a sewage sludge‐amended Decatur silty clay loam, six years after the final of five consecutive annual sludge applications to field plots of Huntsville and Chicago sludges at 20 Mg/ha and 10 years after a single application of 100 Mg/ha of the same sludges. Two indicator crops, corn (Zea mays L.) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanenses L.), were grown on these plots for one season. Treatment plots—control, fertilizer, Chicago 20 Mg ha/yr, Huntsville 20 Mg ha/yr, Chicago 100 Mg/ha, (single application), and Huntsville 100 Mg/ha (single application)—were sampled and organic P fractions determined. The P fractions followed the order of: moderately labile P > moderately resistant P > highly resistant P.
A model to predict the water retention curve from basic geotechnical properties

The water retention curve (WRC) has become a key material function to define the unsaturated behavior of soils and other particulate media. In many instances, it can be useful to have an estimate of the WRC early in a project, when little or no test results are available. Predictive models, based on easy to obtain geotechnical properties, can also be employed to evaluate how changing parameters (e.g., porosity or grain size) affect the WRC. In this paper, the authors present a general set of equations developed for predicting the relationship between volumetric water content, θ, (or the corresponding degree of saturation, Sr) and suction, ψ. The proposed model assumes that water retention results from the combined effect of capillary and adhesion forces. The complete set of equations is given together with complementary relationships developed for specific applications on granular materials and on fine-grained soils. It is shown that the model provides a simple and practical means to estimate the water re.
The Effects of Macropores in Heterogeneous Porosity Systems on Electrical Resistivity Behavior

To better understand the petrophysical properties, such as electrical resistivity behavior, capillary pressures and displacement behavior, of hydrocarbon bearing carbonate rocks with a macropore system, a porous plate capillary desaturation cell was built. Lucia's carbonate classification was selected to be used in this research. Electrical end effects were minimized by utilizing a four-electrode system. An oil/ water system and a gas/ water system have been studied. The effects of vugularity on the petrophysical properties were evident from the experiments. For a constant porosity, as vugularity increases, cementation exponent (m) and saturation exponent (n) increase systematically. The irreducible water saturation, the capillary pressure curves and the displacement behaviors are also substantially different from homogeneous sandstone experiments.
EFFECT OF MINERAL, ORGANIC FERTILIZATION AND SOME FOLIAR APPLICATION TREATMENTS ON GROWTH AND BULB YIELD OF ONION

Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 in a private Farm in Bani-Ebeed District, Dakahlia Governorate . It was aimed to study the effect of mineral, organic fertilization and some foliar application treatments (Effective micro organisms and Agrispon) as well as their interactions on growth, bulb yield and some chemical constituents of onion “behairy red” variety. The obtained results could be summarized as the following: 1- Fertilizing NPK the highest values of plant height and number of leaves after 60 days from transplanting and at harvesting stage in both studied seasons. treatment and K in illustrated that fertilizing with 50 % NPK+ 50 % FYM was the highest among the organic and mineral fertilization treatments. Foliar Agrispon the highest (21.94 t/fed) in the both of
Indirect on-line determination of Newtonian fluid viscosity based on numerical flow simulations

A new indirect method of determining the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid flowing in a tube with a geometrical singularity is proposed. Due to this singularity, the shape of the dimensionless velocity profiles is closely correlated with the Reynolds number of the flow. Newtonian fluid flows were simulated numerically with various Reynolds numbers. Based on the results of these calculations, an abacus was plotted showing the relationship between the dimensionless velocity and the dimensionless viscosity. On the other hand, dimensionless velocities were also obtained by measuring velocity profiles on a hydrodynamic bench with an ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter. These experimental values were plotted on the abacus and the viscosity of the actual fluid was thus determined. Comparisons were made with viscometer measurements in order to assess the accuracy of the method and its range of validity. This method is of great potential interest for application to industrial plans when it is necessary to know the viscosity of a fluid undergoing a transformation without interrupting the process by taking fluid samples.
Investigate the effect of drought stress and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on oil yield and seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and different amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on seed yield and oil yield of coriander, an experiment was conducted at research field at Khorramabad-Lorestan, Iran in 2010. Field experiment was carried out by split factorial design with 3 replications. The factors studied included two levels of irrigation, irrigation after 30mm evaporation from evaporation pan (without drought stress condition) and irrigation after 70mm evaporation from evaporation pan (drought stress condition), nitrogen levels were N0,N60,N90,N120 Kg/ha and phosphorus levels were P0,P80,P100,P120 Kg/ha. The results showed that irrigation, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had significant effect on oil yield and seed yield. Mean comparisons showed that highest oil yield and seed yield was obtained from irrigation after 30mm evaporation from evaporation pan and application of 90 kg/ha nitrogen and 100 kg/ha phosphorus (I30N90P100).
Optimal Conditions for Spore-bound Laccase Production from Local Isolate of Bacillus subtilis*

Fifty seven of bacterial isolates were isolated from different soils in different sites of Al Diwaniyah and Baghdad in Iraq using nutrient agar medium. The primary screening of bacterial isolates was done on nutrient agar by dropping a few drops of syringaldazine on bacterial colonies proved that, only 10 isolates were developed a pink color within 15 seconds. The secondary screening was done on nutrient broth using syringaldazine as enzyme substrate proved that the isolate 54 developed the highest spore-bound laccase activity (12.8) U/ml. The biochemical tests of bacterial isolate with highest laccase activity showed that the bacteria are Bacillus subtilis . The optimization studies revealed that the maximum laccase production was achieved when the production medium were at the following conditions: 3 days of incubation, temperature 37 ˚C, pH 7.0, copper sulphate 0.2 mM, glucose as carbon source 3%, Tryptone as nitrogen source 0.2% , Kcl 1mM and pyrogallol 1mM as enzyme inducer , after these conditions the spore-bound laccase activity was (439.23) U/ml. M.sc.
Nonlamellar lipid liquid crystalline model surfaces for biofunctional studies

Nonlamellar lipid liquid crystalline (LC) bulk phases and dispersions show promise as functional nanostructured materials for potential use as controlled release matrices e.g. in pharmaceuticals. Herein, methods for preparing and characterizing thin films of lipid liquid crystalline phases on solid surfaces are presented. The thickness, hydration phase structure and surface topography of spin-coated films of mixtures of soy phosphatidylcholine and glycerol dioleate are characterized by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry, small angle X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Besides being useful as bioadhesive drug delivery systems, the lipid nonlamellar LC films produced may also be exploited as model surfaces for studying properties such as bioadhesion and biodegradation.