Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagenesis of the Amposta offshore oil reservoir (Amposta Marino C2 well, Lower Cretaceous, Valencia Trough, Spain)

Samples from the Amposta Marino C2 well (Amposta oil field) have been investigated in order to understand the origin of fractures and porosity and to reconstruct the fluid flow history of the basin prior, during and after oil migration. Three main types of fracture systems and four types of calcite cements have been identified. Fracture types A and B are totally filled by calcite cement 1 (CC1) and 2 (CC2), respectively; fracture type A corresponds to pre-Alpine structures, while type B is attributed to fractures developed during the Alpine compression (late Eocene-early Oligocene). The oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope compositions of CC2 are close to those of the host-rock, suggesting a high degree of fluid-rock interaction, and therefore a relatively closed palaeohydrogeological system. Fracture type C, developed during the Neogene extension and enlarged by subaerial exposure, tend to be filled with reddish (CS3r) and greenish (CS3g) microspar calcite sediment and blocky calcite cement type 4 (CC4), and postdated by kaolinite, pyrite, barite and oil. The CS3 generation records lower oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios than the host-limestones. These CS3 karstic infillings recrystallized early within evolved-meteoric waters having very little interaction with the host-rock. Blocky calcite cement type 4 (CC4 generation) has the lowest oxygen isotope ratio and the most radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values, indicating low fluid-rock interaction. The increasingly open palaeohydrogeological system was dominated by migration of hot brines with elevated oxygen isotope ratios into the buried karstic system. The main oil emplacement in the Amposta reservoir occurred after the CC4 event, closely related to the Neogene extensional fractures. Corrosion of CC4 (blocky calcite cement type 4) occurred prior to (or during) petroleum charge, possibly related to kaolinite precipitation from relatively acidic fluids. Barite and pyrite precipitation occurred after this corrosion. The sulphur source associated with the late precipitation of pyrite was likely related to isotopically light sulphur expelled, e.g. as sulphide, from the petroleum source rock (Ascla Fm). Geofluids (2010) 10, 314–333
Myocardial Hibernation-a delicate balance

The pathophysiology of myocardial hibernation is characterized as a situation of reduced regional contractile function distal to a coronary artery stenosis which recovers after removal of the coronary stenosis. A subacute "downregulation" of contractile function in response to reduced regional myocardial blood flow exists which normalizes regional energy and substrate metabolism, but does not persist for more than 12-24 hours. Chronic hibernation develops in response to one or more episodes of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, possibly progressing from repetitive stunning with normal blood flow to hibernation with reduced blood flow. An upregulation of a protective gene program is seen in hibernating myocardium, putting it into the context of preconditioning. The morphology of hibernating myocardium is characterized by both adaptive and degenerative features. In the early eighties, Rahimtoola systematically reviewed the results of coronary bypass surgery trials and identified patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular dysfunction that improved upon revascularization (123,124). Based on these findings, he first proposed the pathophysiological concept of myocardial hibernation to characterize a situation of " a prolonged subacute or chronic stage of myocardial ischemia . in which myocardial contractility and metabolism and ventricular function are reduced to match the reduced blood supply " , that is " a new state of equilibrium . whereby myocardial necrosis is prevented, and the myocardium is capable of returning to normal or near-normal function on restoration of an adequate blood supply " (124). The term "hibernation" has been borrowed from zoology and implies an adaptive reduction of energy expenditure through reduced activity in a situation of reduced energy supply. Thus, in the concept of myocardial hibernation the observed reduction of myocardial contractile function is not regarded as the consequence of a sustained energetic deficit, but instead as a regulatory event which serves to avoid an energetic deficit and to maintain myocardial integrity and viability (76). It must be noted, however, that the detailed elements of a regulatory circuit in the strict physiological sense were not identified so far. Myocardial hibernation was further popularized by Braunwald and Rutherford (19) who emphasized the need for its recognition and therapy through revascularization. Initially, the concept of myocardial hibernation was based on clinical observations only. However, the clinical concept of hibernation quickly merged with a number of experimental observations. Also in the early eighties, several laboratories found that the long-held concept of myocardial ischemia as an imbalance between myocardial Heusch 4 blood flow …
An Assessment of Aboveground Net Primary Productivity in Andean Grasslands of Central Ecuador

Abstract We estimated the aboveground net primary productivity of 5 seminatural Andean pastures: 2 páramo grassland plots (430 and 512 g/m2/y), 2 plots in cleared montane forest (70 and 110 g/m2/y), and 1 in an intensive agricultural setting (1359 g/m2/y). The páramo and montane forest plots demonstrated very low productivity compared with the lowest altitude plot. The productivity of the montane forest plots was very low because overgrazing had led to the formation of dense Azorella pedunculata mats of no pasture value. The inherent productivity of páramo tussock grasses, the dominant plants in the two highest sites, is constrained by the retention of dead leaves, which are periodically burned away by farmers (but probably too frequently for long-term benefit). It is unlikely that montane forest and páramo plots could sustain higher levels of grazing, even with the addition of fertilizer, and efforts would be more appropriately focused on increasing the yields of lower altitude pastures.
Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic composition of the Dongjiangkou granitic pluton and its mafic enclaves in the South Qinling terrain

The Dongjiangkou granitic pluton is exposed in the South Qinling terrain between the Shang-Dan and the Mian-Lue suture zones.This granitic pluton generally contains abundant mafic enclaves of different types.Results of zircon U-Pb dating for a granite and two mafic enclaves by using the LA-MC-ICPMS technique show that the Dongjiangkou granitic pluton crystallized in 223Ma and mafic enclaves formed simultaneously in 222Ma.This magmatism of early Mesozoic constrains the time of tectonic transformation from compression to extension in the Qinling orogenic belt.Hf isotopic composition of zircons obtained by the LA-MC-ICPMS technique suggests that the granitic pluton resulted from a mixing-mingling process between mantle-derived mafic magma and crustal-derived granitic magma.The mafic magma originated likely from depleted mantle,while basement rocks of the South Qinling(or Yangtze) terrain contributed major material source for the granitic pluton.This magmatic activity is attributed to lithospheric delamination during the post-orogenic stage of the Qinling orogenic belt.
Experimental Investigation of Kinetic Energy and Momentum Coefficients in Regular Channels with Stiff and Flexible Elements Simulating Submerged Vegetation

The paper addresses the problem of determination of the energy and momentum coefficients for flows through a partly vegetated channel. These coefficients are applied to express the fluid kinetic energy and momentum equations as functions of a mean velocity. The study is based on laboratory measurements of water velocity distributions in a straight rectangular flume with stiff and flexible stems and plastic imitations of the Canadian waterweed. The coefficients were established for the vegetation layer, surface layer and the whole flow area. The results indicate that the energy and momentum coefficients increase significantly with water depth and the number of stems per unit channel area. New regression relationships for both coefficients are given.
clinicopathological significance and potential drug target of p15 INK4B in multiple myeloma

: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal malignancy characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin. In addition to genetic changes, gene hypermethylation is an alternative mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in MM. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (C DKN2B or p15 INK4B ) gene lies adjacent to the tumor suppressor gene, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 ( CDKN2A ), and is frequently mutated and deleted in a wide variety of tumors, including MM. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of p15 epigenetic modification such as methylation in MM from different studies that can provide more powerful estimation of an effect. In this study, we have systematically reviewed the studies of p15 INK4B promoter methylation in MM and quantified the association between p15 INK4B promoter methylation and MM using meta-analysis methods. We observed that the frequency of p15 INK4B methylation is significantly higher in MM patients than in normal healthy controls. The pooled odds ratio (OR) from ten studies including 394 MM and 99 normal individuals is 0.08, while confidence interval (CI) is 0.03–0.21 ( P  0.00001). This indicates that p15 INK4B inactivation through methylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MM. In addition, the frequency of p15 INK4B methylation was significantly higher in patients with MM than in those with asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The pooled OR from four studies is 0.40, 95% CI = 0.21–0.78 ( P = 0.007). These results suggest that silencing of p15 INK4B gene expression by epigenetic modification such as promoter hypermethylation plays a role not only in the initiation of MM but also in plasma cell malignant transformation, disease progression, and
Multiple‐indicator study of groundwater flow and chemistry and the impacts of river and paddy water on groundwater in the alluvial fan of the Tedori River, Japan

To investigate the source, flow paths, and chemistry of rich resources of high‐quality, shallow groundwater in the alluvial fan between the Tedori and Sai rivers in central Japan, we analysed stable isotope ratios of H, O, and Sr and concentrations of major dissolved ions and trace elements in groundwater, river water, and paddy water. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the groundwater are related to near‐surface geology: groundwater in sediment from the Tedori River has high 87Sr/86Sr ratios (>0.711), whereas that from the Sai River in the north of the fan has low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (<0.711). δ2H and δ18O values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate that groundwater in the central and southern fans is recharged by the Tedori River, whereas recharge in the north is from the Sai River. Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, HCO3−, and SO42− concentrations and δ2H and δ18O values in the groundwater are high in the central fan and, except for the northern area, tend to increase with distance from the Tedori River. There are linear relationships between 87Sr/86Sr ratio and the reciprocal concentrations of Sr2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. These geochemical characteristics suggest that as groundwater recharged from the Tedori River flows towards the central fan, it mixes with waters derived from precipitation and paddy water that have become enriched in these components during downward infiltration. These results are consistent with our hydrological analysis and numerical simulation of groundwater flow, thus verifying the validity of the model we used in our simulation of groundwater flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of Some Trace Elements in Phosphatic Sedimentary Formations

From ana1y es of sedimentary phosphorites of variou origins either carried out at the Center of Sedimentology and Geoche Istry of Strasbourg or gathered from lIterature the authors have tried to derive general rules o the behav IOr of trace elements In these rocks Sr Ba V Ni Cr were especially examined Trace elements wttness the htstory of therock they corroborate the biologic origin of phosphorus concentration by characteristics common to all deposits
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF TURBID RIVER PLUMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCYSTIS BLOOMS IN LAKE ERIE WITH MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES A Final Report to the Lake Erie Protection Fund (Project LEPF 00-08) Investigators

Lake monitoring activities based at the University of Toledo Lake Erie Center since 2002 have identified blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa as a recurring, persistent ecological problem in Maumee Bay and western Lake Erie. Based on observations of water quality conditions leading up to blooms, we hypothesized that low-light and high-nutrient conditions in the Maumee River plume may potentially explain why outer Maumee Bay, the epicenter of most blooms, is especially prone to bloom formation. We tested our hypotheses using a combination of field measurements and laboratory experiments, measuring photosynthetic efficiency, photo-damage, proteins, pigments, and nutrient ratios to determine the physiological state of Lake Erie phytoplankton under a variety of natural and controlled conditions. Our findings supported our hypotheses, showing that turbidity interacts with vertical mixing of the water column to create a light climate that is advantageous to species, such as Microcystis, that can regulate their buoyancy. High turbidity protected Microcystis from damage to photosynthetic apparatus due to intense sunlight while also causing low-light limitation in non-buoyant phytoplankton species. Total N:P ratios indicated that phosphorus was most often the limiting nutrient. Future reductions in turbidity (suspended sediment) would alter the light climate and may reduce the advantage Microcystis currently enjoys. Reductions in phosphorus loading would likely reduce the overall biomass of algal blooms.
Northern Extension of the Tennessee Reelfoot Scarp Into Kentucky and Missouri

The Reelfoot scarp in northwestern Tennessee is the surface expression of an east-verging fault propagation fold that overlies a southwest-dipping reverse fault. This fault is responsible for much of the current New Madrid seismicity and was probably the origin of the February 7, 1812, M 8.0 earthquake. Tectonic scarps in the Kentucky bend of the Mississippi River and at New Madrid, Missouri, appear to be a northwestern continuation of the Reelfoot scarp. Cores collected across the scarp in Kentucky where the topographic relief is 2.2 m reveal that the structural relief on a distinct subsurface fluvial sand bed is 4 m. One kilometer to the north the topographic relief is 3 m and structural relief is 4 m. Similarly, the scarp at New Madrid, Missouri, has 2 m of topographic and structural relief. These core data are compatible with trench observations to the south where the fold structure is reflected.
Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Without Significant Coronary Stenosis

Almost 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction have normal or nonsignificant coronary stenosis at coronary angiography. The absence of critical stenosis may challenge the diagnosis, however atherosclerosis may be present also in angiographically normal coronary arteries attributable to outward remodeling and acute myocardial infarction may result from disruption of nonobstructive atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, we enrolled 50 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction confirmed by late gadolinium–enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance without obstructive coronary stenosis at coronary angiography. In this population, coronary computed tomography angiography showed a significant number of angiographically invisible atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, coronary plaques located on infarct-related arteries were more frequently mixed or noncalcified with higher mean plaque area and remodeling index, compatible with vulnerable plaques. These findings may support the use of optimal secondary prevention therapy to reduce the risk of recurrent events.
Characteristics of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Communities in Relation to Environment in Upper Reaches of the Taihu Lake Watershed in Changzhou Area,China.

Benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages were collected from 29 sites in the upper reaches of the Taihu Lake watershed,i.e.the Nanhe,Yunnan,Yunbei and Taoge water systems,in Changzhou area of China in 2003.A total of 113 species were found including 18 species in Gastropoda,10 speices in Lamellibranchia,8 species in Oligochaeta,4 species in Hirudinea,6 species in Crustacean and 67 species in Insecta,with Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Bellamya purificata being the dominant species.The average density of the communities was 658 m-2 with L.hoffmeisteri being the highest,i.e. 400 m-2.Among the 29 sampling sites,Guanshanqiao was the highest in benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and its species richness,Shannon-Wiener diversity,evenness and ecological dominant index was 54,4.36,0.76 and 0.08,respectively.In terms of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity,the 4 water systems were in the order of NanheTaogeYunnanYunbei.CCA analysis of the 24 species that were more than 15% in occurrence frequency and 6 environmental factors showed that total nitrogen,total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen were the major factors influencing distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the research area.
Central Superior Province geology: evidence for an allochthonous, ensimatic, southern Abitibi greenstone belt

Published U–Pb geochronological, geological, and petrochemical data suggest that there are late Archean ensialic greenstone belts (GB) (Michipicoten GB and possibly the northern Abitibi GB), ensimatic greenstone belts (southern Abitibi GB and Batchawana GB), and possibly a transitional ensimatic–ensialic greenstone belt (Swayze GB) in the central Superior Province. This lateral crustal variability may preclude simple correlation of the Michipicoten GB and its substrata, as exposed in the Kapuskasing Uplift, with that of the southern Abitibi GB. Furthermore, this lateral variability may have determined the locus of the Kapuskasing Uplift. Therefore, although the Kapuskasing Uplift provides a useful general crustal model, alternative models of crustal structure and tectonics for the southern Abitibi GB warrant examination.Thrusting of a juvenile, ensimatic southern Abitibi GB over a terrane containing evolved crust is consistent with (i) the structural style of the southern Abitibi GB; (ii) juvenile souther.
Examination of erosion resistance of clays in embankment dams

Abstract Internal erosion is a possible cause of failure in embankment dams. Erosion may occur when soil in the vicinity of a Crack disperses into suspension and is transported by the water into the drainage system. An important factor in assessing the potential of a soil for dispersion is the true cohesion defined as the strength at zero effective stress. A new test, the cylinder dispersion test, has been developed to investigate true cohesion and dispersion in soils. Tests carried out on a number of different soils demonstrated the major influence of the pore water chemistry on the true cohesion and dispersion properties, and hence erosion resistance.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO WORKING PAPER SERIES Uncertainty Shocks are Aggregate Demand Shocks

We present empirical evidence and a theoretical argument that uncertainty shocks act like a negative aggregate demand shock, which raises unemployment and lowers inflation. We measure uncertainty using survey data from the United States and the United Kingdom. We estimate the macroeconomic effects of uncertainty shocks in a vector autoregression (VAR) model, exploiting the relative timing of the surveys and macroeconomic data releases for identification. Our estimation reveals that uncertainty shocks accounted for at least one percentage point increases in unemployment in the Great Recession and recovery, but did not contribute much to the 1981-82 recession. We present a DSGE model to show that, to understand the observed macroeconomic effects of uncertainty shocks, it is essential to have both labor search frictions and nominal rigidities.
United We Stand: Using Epoch-wise Agreement of Ensembles to Combat Overfit

Deep neural networks have become the method of choice for solving many classification tasks, largely because they can fit very complex functions defined over raw data. The downside of such powerful learners is the danger of overfit. In this paper, we introduce a novel ensemble classifier for deep networks that effectively overcomes overfitting by combining models generated at specific intermediate epochs during training. Our method allows for the incorporation of useful knowledge obtained by the models during the overfitting phase without deterioration of the general performance, which is usually missed when early stopping is used. To motivate this approach, we begin with the theoretical analysis of a regression model, whose prediction - that the variance among classifiers increases when overfit occurs - is demonstrated empirically in deep networks in common use. Guided by these results, we construct a new ensemble-based prediction method, where the prediction is determined by the class that attains the most consensual prediction throughout the training epochs. Using multiple image and text classification datasets, we show that when regular ensembles suffer from overfit, our method eliminates the harmful reduction in generalization due to overfit, and often even surpasses the performance obtained by early stopping. Our method is easy to implement and can be integrated with any training scheme and architecture, without additional prior knowledge beyond the training set. It is thus a practical and useful tool to overcome overfit.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series Optimal Reserve Management and Sovereign Debt Optimal Reserve Management and Sovereign Debt

Most models currently used to determine optimal foreign reserve holdings take the level of international debt as given. However, given the sovereign's willingness-to-pay incentive problems, reserve accumulation may reduce sustainable debt levels. In addition, assuming constant debt levels does not allow addressing one of the puzzles behind using reserves as a means to avoid the negative effects of crisis: why do not sovereign countries reduce their sovereign debt instead? To study the joint decision of holding sovereign debt and reserves, we construct a stochastic dynamic equilibrium model calibrated to a sample of emerging markets. We obtain that the optimal policy is not to hold reserves at all. This finding is robust to considering interest rate shocks, sudden stops, contingent reserves and reserve dependent output costs. Brazil. We thank Joshua Aizenman and conversations with Julio Rotemberg for valuable comments and suggestions.