Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of PPX2 Mutations Conferring PPO-Inhibitor Resistance in Palmer Amaranth Populations of Tennessee

Abstract Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides (WSSA Group 14) have been used in agronomic row crops for over 50 yr. Broadleaf weeds, including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, have been controlled by this herbicide site of action PRE and POST. Recently, Palmer amaranth populations were reported resistant to PPO inhibitors in 2011 in Arkansas, in 2015 in Tennessee, and in 2016 in Illinois. Historically, the mechanism for this resistance involves the deletion of a glycine at position 210 (ΔG210) in a PPO enzyme encoded by the PPX2 gene; however, the ΔG210 deletion did not explain all PPO inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth in Tennessee populations. Recently, two new mutations within PPX2 (R128G, R128M) that confer resistance to PPO inhibitors were identified in Palmer amaranth. Therefore, research is needed to document the presence and distribution of the three known mutations that confer PPO inhibitor resistance in Tennessee. In 2017, a survey was conducted in 18 fields with Palmer amaranth to determine whether resistance existed and the prevalence of each known mutation in each field. Fomesafen was applied at 265 g ai ha-1 to Palmer amaranth infestations within each field to select for resistant weeds for later analysis. Where resistance was described (70% of surviving plants), the ΔG210 mutation was detected in 47% of resistant plants. The R128G mutation accounted for 42% of resistance, similar to the frequency of the ΔG210 mutation. The R128M mutation was less frequent than the other two mutations, accounting for only 10% of the resistance. All mutations detected in this study were heterozygous. Additionally, no more than one of the three PPX2 mutations were detected in an individual surviving plant. Similar to previous research, about 70% of PPO resistance was accounted for by these three known mutations, leaving about 30% of resistance not characterized in Tennessee populations. Survivors not showing the three known PPO mutations suggest that other resistance mechanisms are present. Nomenclature: fomesafen; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.
Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza and maize yield in Cajeput agroforestry system with different fertilizer management

Parwi, Pudjiasmanto, B. , Purnomo, D. , & Cahyani, V. R. (2018). Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza and maize yield in Cajeput agroforestry system with different fertilizer management. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(4), 611–616 This research was conducted with the aims: the fi rst, to study diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza in maize rhizosphere with different fertilizer management in Cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN.) agroforestry system in Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia; the second, to detect the correlation between diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza with soil fertility (nutrient content of the soil) and maize yield. Fertilizer management was comprised to conventional management (CM), universal management (UM), and alternative managements (AM1, AM2, and AM3). Plot of CM used low inorganic fertilizer and chicken manure. Plot of UM and AM3 used medium inorganic fertilizer and chicken manure. Plot of AM1 used medium inorganic fertilizer and high chicken manure. Plot of AM2 used high inorganic fertilizer. Specially plot of AM2 used maize straw and AM3 used maize straw plus intensive tillage. Results of the research showed that diversity index value of arbuscular mycorrhiza in the plot of AM2 was highest and in the plot of AM1 was lowest. There were four genera of arbuscular mycorrhiza identifi ed: Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. The dominant species in all fertilizer management was Glomus contrictum. Glomus minutum was found only in the plot of CM, Scutellospora colospora in the plot of UM, and Acaulospora favoeta in the plot of AM3. Infection of arbuscular mycorrhiza in roots maize ranged from 34.62% to 44.77% and spore density ranged from115 to 195 spore/100g of soil in fi ve fertilizer management. The highest infection of arbuscular mycorrhiza and spore density were in the plot of AM2, but the highest maize yield was in the plot of AM1. Diversity index value of arbuscular mycorrhiza (species richness) has negative correlation with nutrient content of the soil and maize yield.
Effect of Endurance Treadmill Training on mIGF-1 Expression and PAX 7 Satellite Cell in Rat Muscle Tissues

This study examined the effects of endurance exercise training on muscle Insulin Growth Factor-1 (mIGF-1) and PAX7 transcription factor of satellite cell activation in a tibialis anterior muscle of rat. Rat were subjected to treadmill, divided into three groups, each containing 6 rats. Groups of high, moderate and low doses of exercise received 28, 17 and 12 m/s of treadmill speeds respectively. Treadmill exercise training conducted in 5 days a week within 9 weeks. At the end of 9 weeks of the experiment, rat were sacrificed, tibialis anterior muscle tissues was removed and then subjected to immunohistochemistry examination. There were significant differences in intensity of training in mIGF-1 and PAX7 in muscle tissues (P < 0.05). These results suggested that endurance exercise training which high, moderate and low intensity able to increase mIGF-1 and PAX7 that associates with satellite cell development of muscle tissues.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Ocimum suave Willd., Plectranthus barbatus andrews and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. against selected pathogenic bacteria

Background: There is an urgent need for new antimicrobials, due to the increase in drug resistance. Current studies suggest that, by 2050, in the absence of major improvements in drug discovery, more individuals will die from drug-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. This will result in a cumulative effect on the global gross domestic product of as much as 100 trillion dollars. To discover new drugs, new targets, and lead compounds are badly needed. Natural products of plant biodiversity are a key source of starting points for novel antimicrobial agents with activity against sensitive and resistant bacterial strains. The current study is timely and of a high impact, since it sought to validate anecdotal efficacy of aqueous extracts from selected medicinal plants conventionally used against microbial infections, namely, leaves from Ocimum suave Willd. (Lamiaceae), roots from Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae), and roots from Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae). Methods: The study plant parts were collected from Msambweni Sub-county, Kwale County, Kenya. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 1385), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778). Results: Root extract of P. barbatus was found to be the most active of the studied extracts exhibiting mean inhibition zone values of 18.67 mm, 20.00 mm, and 25.33 mm in S. aureus, MRSA and B. cereus strains, respectively, after 24 h of incubation. All the studied extracts did not exhibit activity against E. coli. In addition, the aqueous leaf extract from the leaves of O. suave did not display antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms. Conclusion: These findings justify the continued ethno pharmacological utilization of P. barbatus and Z. chalybeum extracts against bacterial infections in traditional herbal medicine by various local communities. Furthermore, the current findings lay a strong foundation for further investigation of extracts from P. barbatus and Z. chalybeum for isolation, identification, and characterization of bioactive molecules responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. These molecules could serve as templates for the discovery of a new class of antimicrobial agents for the management of economically important bacterial infections.
Complexity in the Noun Phrase Structure of the Nigerian EFCC Act

This research examines the noun phrase structure in the EFCC Act. Other English phrases (verb, adjectival, adverbial, and prepositional phrases) are unimportant to this study except, of course, when they relate to noun phrase. The design for the research is qualitative/content analysis. The EFCC Act provides the data for the study. Noun phrases of different realisations are randomly selected from the text in order to establish the extent of their complexity or otherwise by categorizing the kinds of structure that pre-modify or post-modify the head word. These are further examined in order to establish the extent of their complexity or otherwise by categorizing the kinds of structure that pre-modify or post-modify the head word. The analysis is based on the MHQ models. Findings show that the Act is populated with complex noun phrases, and this complexity, most of the times, lies in post-modification and, at other times, in pre-modification. Sometimes, both pre-modification and post-modification are responsible for this complexity. However, complexity is more realized through post-modification than pre-modification. This complexity is a result of an attempt to restrict or limit the sense of the headword or an attempt to reduce meaning to possible exactitude or clarity.
Intrathecal botulinum neurotoxin B : effects on spinal primary afferent neurotransmitter release, inflammatory Nociception and Neuropathic Pain in the Mouse

Botulinum neurotoxin B (BoNT-B) mediates proteolytic cleavage of VAMP I/II (synaptobrevins I/II) in the family of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. Such cleavage of SNARE proteins inhibits vesicle-membrane fusion at the synaptic terminal and inhibits neurotransmitter release. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of intrathecal (IT) delivery of BoNT-B on neurotransmitter release from spinal primary afferent C-fibers and the effects on nociception in mouse. In the formalin mouse model, intraplantar (IPLT) formalin induces substance-P (SP) release from primary afferent C-fibers. SP binding to neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1-R) on dorsal horn neurons resulting in receptor internalization can be visualized using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Mice that received IT BoNT-B prior to IPLT formalin showed reduction in NK1-R internalization and spinal C-Fos protein activation. In contrast, intrathecal co-injection of BoNT-B and anti-BoNTB antibody showed prevention of these effects on neurotransmitter release. Intrathecal BoNT-B pretreatment also attenuated phase 2, and not phase 1, of formalin flinching behavior. To investigate effects of IT BoNT-B on neuropathic pain, mice received spinal nerve ligation (SNL) of the left L5 spinal nerve. SNL induced tactile allodynia 14 days post ligation upon stimulation using von Frey filaments. Mice that received IT BoNT-B showed increased paw withdrawal threshold, compared to vehicle animals, for the next 15 days. The data suggest that IT BoNT-B blocks neurotransmitter release from spinal primary afferent C-fibers in a facilitated state, attenuates formalin-induced nociceptive response, and attenuates spinal nerve injury- induced neuropathic pain, in the absence of motor impairment
Computational and experimental studies of solids in the ammonia-water system

This thesis reports the results of first-principles computational studies of thirteen crystalline structures in the H2O-NH3 system. This includes eight low- and highpressure polymorphs of pure water ice, two polymorphs of solid ammonia, and three low-pressure stoichiometric ammonia hydrates. These simulations have been used to determine the athermal equation of state (EoS) of each phase. Where empirical data was lacking, experiments have been undertaken. Hence, this thesis also reports the results of time-of-flight neutron scattering studies of deuterated ammonia dihydrate powders down to 4 K, and up to a maximum pressure of 8.6 GPa. In addition, I have developed a flexible and accurate planetary model that can be used to calculate the triaxial shape and gravitational field of any object, regardless of size or composition, given an assumed mineralogical constitution and provided the EoS of said minerals are known. The EoS parameters found in this work have therefore been used to model the structure and thermal evolution of icy moons orbiting Saturn in anticipation of the Cassini spacecraft arriving at Saturn in mid-2004. Models of Rhea, Saturn’s second largest moon, suggest that its volatile component is likely to contain > 3 weight percent ammonia, but that one is unlikely to be able to constrain the bulk chemistry of the ice mantle from Cassini flyby data.
Editorial Essay: COVID-19 and protected and conserved areas

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a dramatic impact on the global community; on people’s lives and health, livelihoods, economies, and behaviours. Most zoonotic disease pandemics, including COVID-19, arise from the unsustainable exploitation of nature. This special editorial provides a snapshot of how protected and conserved areas around the world are being impacted by COVID-19. For many protected and conserved areas, negative impacts on management capacity, budgets and effectiveness are significant, as are impacts on the livelihoods of communities living in and around these areas. We provide a commentary on how effectively and equitably managed systems of protected and conserved areas can be part of a response to the pandemic that both lessens the chance of a recurrence of similar events and builds a more sustainable future for people and nature. We conclude the editorial with a Call for Action for the rescue, recovery, rebuilding and expansion of the global network of protected and conserved areas.
The Covid-19 pandemic in Greece

The world has entered into unprecedented and turbulent times due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Severe restricting measures have been implemented in many places worldwide; economic and social activities are shrinking and they are expected to keep doing so in the near future. However, what is of great interest at the moment, is to grasp an idea about how the pandemic unfolds around the globe and when it should be expected to "end". For this purpose, this note uses data collected from the Johns Hopkins (Center for System Science and Engineering) Github repository in order to analyse the Covid-19 trends in Greece. These data are daily updated on the reports provided by various users, therefore the results provided by this note will be regularly modified as new information arrives. This note follows closely the work released from Peracchi (2020) regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy, and which is available online on the Covid-19 forum of the Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance. Therefore, this note does not make any attempts to structurally model the situation, but rather aims in describing some basic aspects of the pandemic in Greece and provide some predicted end dates based on simple empirical model specifications that control for time trends and day fixed effects.
Testing Generativist and Constructivist Accounts of Morphological Development Using Complex Noun Morphology

How children learn grammar has been one of the most long-standing questions in cognitive psychology. After decades of both naturalistic and experimental child language study, two dominant approaches have emerged: generativist and constructivist. The generativist approach argues children reach adult-like productivity with the help of innate Universal Grammar, while the constructivist approach argues that children’s grammar learning is incremental and input-based. However, the research field has been dominated by research on verbs and/or morphologically poor languages, such as English. The current thesis addresses these gaps in research by testing children’s knowledge of the full noun morphology system in Lithuanian, a highly morphologically complex language. Three studies are reported in this thesis. The naturalistic speech study found that the child’s overall low error rate hid “pockets” of high error rates in mediumfrequency contexts, and that the child was likely to use a high frequency surface form when she produced an erroneous form. There was also some evidence that the child was significantly less flexible in her use of noun cases than her mother. The second study was an elicited production study testing children’s ability to produce different cases of familiar nouns. In addition to a relatively high error rate and a tendency to “default” to a high frequency morpheme, significant surface form and phonological neighbourhood density effects were found. Finally, the third study, an elicited production study using novel nouns, tested children’s productions of novel noun forms. The results echoed the findings of the familiar noun elicitation experiment. The significant effects of age and phonological neighbourhood density provided evidence for an incremental analogy forming process based on similar, previously acquired items. Together, the multi-methodological group of studies offer a coherent argument against the idea of early full productivity favoured by the generativist approach and support the input-based constructivist approach. However, certain findings, such as the relatively good performance with low frequency cases in the naturalistic speech study, and inconsistent age effects across the elicited production experiments, also challenge current constructivist theories of complex morphology acquisition.
The Reflection of Exchange Rate Exposure and Working Capital Management on Manufacturing Firms of Pakistan

This study examines the exchange rate exposure effect on a firm’s financial performance and international contracts. This study additionally investigates the interaction relationship between exchange rates and receivables, payables days agreements. Empirical analysis obtained a period from 1999 to 2015, by utilizing static panel data of 302 non-financial companies of KSE. The study is utilizing 4,898 firm-year observations. The outcomes reveal that net exports, cash conversion cycle, and exchange rates have a negative association with return on assets. The negative association between the cash conversion cycle and return on assets means that if firms introduce a lengthy cash conversion cycle that affect negatively on return on assets. On the other side, a positive association found between receivable days, payable days, inventory turnover ratio, net exports, with return on assets. However, the exchange rate has a negative association with return on assets. Firms will get high profits ratio on the depreciation of the domestic currency, which is supported by economic theories. The increase in sales and export positively impact the profit margin. This study has not beyond the limitations. The sample is taken from the 4,898 non-financial firms-year observation of KSE. The research paper firm’s selection criteria are selected firms must be engaged in international trade. The study is helpful for investors and international traders of emerging economies.
Children in Need and Children in Care: Educational Attainment and Progress

Evidence shows that the educational attainments of Children in Need (CIN) and Children in Care (CIC) in England are lower than for other pupils. This represents sizeable numbers of children: the latest figures (March 2019) showed that there were 399,500 Children in Need in England and 78,150 Children in Care. The ‘attainment gap’ in reaching expected standards is approximately 25-30% at Key Stage 1 (aged 7) and KS2 (aged 11), and 25% at KS4 (aged 16). Researchers have often investigated the education of Children in Care; however, Children in Need have received very little attention.
Performance Development Of Wrestlers In Sport Education Centre

The aim of this study is to determine the changes in the physical and motoric characteristics of wrestlers in wrestling education Centers in the first year. The average age of the wrestling training center wrestlers was 12.05 years in the first measurement and the last measurement was 13.05 years. There was a significant change in age and height of wrestlers in one year period (p 0.05). The changes in squat jump, long jump, hand grip strength, flexibility, shuttle pull, 30 meter speed, aerobic and anaerobic power values of the wrestlers were significant in one year period (p 0.05). In the present study, the differences between the average max V02, 30 meter sprint, number of shuttles in 30 seconds and sit and reach flexibility values of wrestlers within a year were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05 and p<0.001). Conclusion: Motor performance parameters of speed, abdominal strength, flexibility, anaerobic strength and aerobic endurance values of the wrestlers increased during the one year period. There was no significant increase in shoulder - arm throw strength. Particular attention should be given to arm traction movements, in addition to pushing from arms and shoulder area exercises during wrestlers' training.
Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Annual and Perennial Glycine Species

We have estimated the average genetic diversity of two Glycine annual and six perennial species based upon 76 orthologous gene sets and performed phylogenetic analysis, divergence analysis and tests for departure from neutrality of the eight species using 52 orthologous gene sets. In addition, 367 orthologous gene sets were used to estimate the relationships of 11 G. canescens accessions. Among the perennials, G. canescens showed the highest nucleotide diversity. The other perennials, except for G. tomentella, had higher nucleotide diversity than the two annuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the Glycine showed a similar genome grouping with the previous report except for G. cyrtoloba and G. stenophita which formed a sister clade in the study. Divergence analysis supported the phylogenetic relationships that G. falcata was the most divergent from G. max, followed by G. cyrtoloba, G. syndetika, G. tomentella D3, G. stenophita and G. canescens. Most genic sequences were homogeneous in the levels of polymorphism and divergence between G. max and other Glycine species based on the HKA test, thus, Glycine perennials may have experienced a very similar evolution as inferred by trans-specific mutation analysis. The greater genetic diversity of most perennial Glycine species and their origins from the warmer and drier climates of Australia suggests the perennials maybe a potential source of heat and drought resistance that will be of value in the face of climate change.
Power to the Owner: Institutional Investors’ Influence on Corporate Environmental Performance

Increasing climate change and the effects of global warming raise concerns insocieties. Literaturehas shown the role of institutional investors in socially responsible investments and investor activism to change firm behavior. This study examines the role of institutional investors in portfolio selection strategies and engagement activities towards corporate carbon emission reduction.Using a sample of U.S. and European firmsbetween 2009 and 2018, the results indicate that institutional investors use the proposed best-in-class screening method regarding corporate emissions, and alsoengagein corporate carbon emission improvementamong firms in their portfolios. Adifference-in-difference analysis onthe Paris Climate Convention generatescausal inference that the engagement of institutional investors strengthens when climate change awareness increases. Finally, testsonthe motivations of institutional investors confirm thepresence of financial motivations.