Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of 7‐acyloxy‐3‐(4‐acyloxyphenyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one

A new homologous series of 7‐acyloxy‐3‐(4‐acyloxyphenyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐ones was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques along with thermal behaviour study using differential scanning calorimetry. Texture observation was performed under the polarizing optical microscope from which the derivatives were found to exhibit different molecular organizations as exemplified by various mesophases. Whilst the compounds containing butanoyloxy and hexanoyloxy groups behave as nematogens, the other compounds with heptanoyloxy and longer side chains show a SmC phase. The octadecanoyloxy derivative was the only member showing a monotropic SmC phase. The difference in phase behaviour is discussed based on the molecular structure and the presence of a lateral dipole which can be associated with the intermolecular interaction within the mesophase.
Effect of continuous flow high pressure throttling (CFHPT) on quality attributes of soymilk and changes during storage

We investigated the effect of continuous high pressure processing on the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of soymilk prepared form whole dehulled soybeans. Changes in quality were also investigated by storing the soymilk at 4 °C for 28 days. The soymilk remained stable without any separation at the end of storage period. The particle size was reduced significantly (α<0.05) and it did not change during storage. No lipoxygenase activity was detected. The pH value and microbial load decreased significantly after processing. During storage, the pH value reduced while the microbial load increased. The intensities of beany aroma, beany flavor and cooked flavor were generally higher as compared to commercial soymilk samples. The intensity of beany flavor was found to reduce during storage. However, there was no significant difference in the astringency, bitterness and chalkiness of the samples prepared in this study and the commercial samples. INDEX WORDS: Continuous, High Pressure, Particle Size, pH, Lipoxygenase, Microbiology, Sensory, Storage EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS FLOW HIGH PRESSURE THROTTLING (CFHPT) ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF SOYMILK AND CHANGES DURING STORAGE
On the Combination Coefficient of Positive Ions with Ultrafine Neutral Particles in the Transition and Free-Molecule Regimes

The charged fraction of ultrafine silver particles (5–50 nm) suspended in high-purity helium (99.998% grade) was measured as a function of particle size under different charging conditions (i.e., ion concentration and charging time). The charger used is a modified version of the one described in a previous study (Romay et al., 1991). Two radioactive sources of 250 μCi Po-210 are located in a cavity at the charger inlet. The cavity configuration is designed to control the range of the α rays. The modified charger provides a uniform electric field in the axial direction to separate the positive ions from the negative ions and electrons produced by the ionizing radiation. Thus, the aerosol particles are first exposed to a small region of electrons and positive ions, and are subsequently charged by positive ions in a much longer section of the charger. The ion concentration is estimated from the ion current collected in the exit electrode and measured with a picoammeter. The charging time is estimated from th.
CBCT AND SEM EVALUATION OF MARGINAL AND INTERNAL FIT OF LITHIUM DISILICATE COPINGS FABRICATED WITH 2 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES (IN VITRO STUDY)

Statement of the problem. The marginal & internal adaptation of all-ceramic crowns may vary depending on the technique of fabrication and the methodology of measurement. Purpose. To evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of lithium disilicate crown copings fabricated with two techniques using two measuring modalities, cone beam computed tomography CBCT and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods. The materials selected were Emax CAD for CEREC inlab (Group 1) and Emax Press for the lost wax and heat pressing (Group2). 10 copings were designated for each group. The copings were cemented on standardized epoxy resin dies with self-adhesive resin cement RelyX Uncem. A CBCT system was used to obtain measurements from reconstructed slices in two orthogonal planes for each sample, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for cross-sectioned samples. Mean, SD, median, range and 95% confidence level were calculated using Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and comparison of the ceramic types and methodology of testing were accomplished with Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation tests respectively the significance level being set at P<0.05. Results. Heat pressing exhibited lower vertical gap margin in SEM 22.7um (±5.3) than Emax CAD 47um (±16.1). The overall values of misfit of Emax CAD were significantly higher than Emax press in SEM & CBCT measurements. There was statistical correlation between the two measuring methods in both the mesial, lingual and total measurements according to Spearman correlation test. Conclusion. The Emax press has a better overall marginal and internal fit than the Emax CAD, still the values are clinically acceptable for both. (100) El Allly IO and Sahar H El Dessouky E.D. J. Vol. 62, No. 1
The inflection point of the capacitance-voltage, C(VG), characteristic and the flat-band voltage of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures

In a recently published paper, suggestions have been contained concerning close relations existing between the position of the inflection point on the capacitance-voltage, C(VG), characteristic of the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure and the position of the flat-band voltage of this structure. In this article, a systematic, quantitative analysis of this problem is presented. The analysis of the relations existing between the voltage of the inflection point VINFL on the capacitance-voltage, C(VG), characteristic and the flat-band voltage, VFB, of a MOS structure is conducted for ideal and non-ideal (but with negligible density of interface states, Dit) MOS structures on silicon and silicon carbide substrates. It is found that, in general, there is a significant difference between the VINFL and the VFB values. The VINFL − VFB difference is found to depend primarily on the substrate doping density ND and on the dielectric layer thickness tOX. This difference is calculated for a range of ND and tOX v.
Sulphur nutrition of soybean

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to predict optimum tissue sulphur (S) concentration, nitrogen:sulphur (N:S) ratio in leaf tissue and S levels for maximum grain yields of soybean cultivar PK‐327. Various S levels significantly increased the S and N contents in 50‐day‐old plants, straw and soybean grains. Test weight of soybean grains was also increased. N:S ratio wider that 16.0 in soybean leaves of 50‐day‐old plants was considered to indicate S starvation. Leaf N:S ratio of 10.83 produced maximum soybean grain yield. Among ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and elemental S tried as a source of S, ammonium sulphate was found to be the best source of S for soybean. It is recommended that soil testing programmes should include testing for S status so that only optimum levels of S are applied as higher levels of applied S appear to be luxuriantly consumed.
What is a hydrogen bond? Mutually consistent theoretical and experimental criteria for characterizing H-bonding interactions

The maturity of a science can be measured in terms of successively improved operational definitions of its terms of reference. From this perspective, the science of hydrogen bonding remains in a somewhat immature and unsettled state, reflecting current uncertainties in empirical diagnosis, theoretical origin, and formal definition of this important phenomenon. Authentic progress in the H-bonding sciences should therefore be accompanied by efforts to formulate improved quantitative criteria for identifying, characterizing, and delimiting the H-bonding phenomenon, consistent with best current understanding. The present paper proposes such criteria in a form that better summarizes current understanding of H-bonding and allows progressive refinements of its definition as improved theoretical and experimental methods become available.
Measuring Hydrocarbon Gas Pressure with an Ionization Gauge

The sensitivity of an ionization gauge for CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C6H6, and C6H5CH3 has been determined. Results obtained indicate an almost linear increase in sensitivity for these hydrocarbons with the number of electrons per molecule. A reduction in ionization gauge sensitivity was observed after several hours of operation in a hydrocarbon atmosphere. Results obtained here indicate the reduction in sensitivity is due to a high electrical resistance layer formation on the small wire probe ion collector of the Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge. The sensitivity can be restored by electron bombardment of the collector or operating the gauge for several hours in an O2 atmosphere near 10−4 Torr. The high resistance layer buildup can be prevented for many hours by operating the gauge at 250 °C.
Canning of Rohu (Labeo rohita) in North Indian Style Curry Medium Using Polyester-coated Tin Free Steel Cans

Freshwater fish, rohu (Labeo rohita) curry was prepared in a north Indian style, packed in polyestercoated tin free steel (TFS) cans in a 60:40 ratio (fish:curry) and thermal processed in a retort. Physical tests of the can such as double seam efficiency, lacquer integrity, sulphur resistance and food contact application showed that polyester-coated TFS cans can be used for canning fish products. F0 value of the product was 8.79 when the thermal processing was at 121°C for 46.42min, and cook value to achieve tenderness of the product was 102min. The processed product was found to be commercially sterile. The product was acceptable even after 6 months of storage at room temperature (28±2°C) and at 37°C with regard to all sensory attributes. Texture attributes such as hardness, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness did not show marked variation in the samples stored at room temperature and at 37°C. There were no significant changes in chemical parameters during the storage period. The results showed that the polyester-coated TFS cans can be used for processing ready to serve fish products, which can be stored at room temperature for long periods.
Experimental verification of Boltzmann equilibrium for negative ions in weakly collisional electronegative plasmas

Weakly collisional Ar–O2 electronegative plasmas are investigated in a dc multidipole chamber. An electronegative core and an electropositive halo are observed. The density ratio of negative ions to electrons (α) in the nondrifting bulk is found to be 0.43. The profile of α is found using both the phase velocity of ion acoustic waves and the drift velocity of positive ions determined by laser-induced fluorescence. The experiment shows that negative ions are in Boltzmann equilibrium with a temperature of 0.06±0.02 eV. Double layers are not found separating the electronegative core and the electropositive halo.
Liquid/Solid Extraction of Acetylacetone Chelates with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The solubilities of the acetylacetone chelates in supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) at 333 K and 9.8–29.4 MPa were strongly influenced by the extraction pressure, and by the nature of the metals and the number of acetylacetone ligands in the chelates. It was found that acetylacetone chelates could be extracted selectively by SC-CO2 treatment because of significant differences in their solubilities in SC-CO2.
Single molecule conductance of carboxylic acids contacting Ag and Cu electrodes

In this work, the single molecule conductance of alkanedicarboxylic acid (HOOC–(CH2)n–COOH, n = 1–5) binding to Cu and Ag electrodes is systematically studied by using the electrochemical jump-to-contact scanning tunneling microscopy break junction approach (ECSTM-BJ). The results show that the conductance depends on molecular length and the electrode materials, which give a decay constant βN of 0.95 ± 0.02 per (−CH2) unit for Cu electrodes and 0.71 ± 0.03 for Ag electrodes. The contact conductance shows the order of Gn=0,Cu > Gn=0,Ag. These differences can be attributed to the different electronic coupling efficiencies between molecules and electrodes. The conductance of ultrashort molecular junctions is also studied using oxalic acid as the target molecule, the results revealing that the through-space mechanism (TS) should be considered when the distance between two electrodes is very short. The present work demonstrates that electrode materials play an important role on the molecular conductance, conta.
Impact of exposure to second-hand smoke on the levels of arsenic: data from NHANES 2003–2010

The impact of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) at home on the levels of arsenic was evaluated among children aged <12 years old, adolescents aged 12–19 years old, and adults aged 20 years and older. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2003–2010 were used for this purpose. Impact of SHS at work for adults was also evaluated. Urinary levels of total arsenic (UAS) and dimethylarsonic acid (UDMA) were evaluated for children, adolescents, and adults. Urinary levels of arsenobetaine (UAB) were evaluated for adults only. Regression models were fitted for log-transformed values of UAB, UAS, and UDMA with gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES) as determined by poverty income ratio, urine creatinine, SHS exposure at home and work, and others as independent variables. There was no evidence to suggest that SHS exposure at home or work affected the levels of arsenic. Levels of arsenic did not vary by gender among children and adolescents but among adults, for selected race/ethnicities and SES levels female had statistically significantly higher levels than males. In general, highest arsenic levels were observed among Mexican Americans and for those in unclassified race/ethnic group.
Thermochemistry of silicon-containing compounds. Part 1.—Silicon–halogen compounds, an evaluation

Literature data on the heats of formation of silicon–halogen compounds have been collected and reviewed. The coverage includes all tetravalent monosilicon compounds containing Si—H—X, where X is a single halogen, as well as the subhalides SiXn, where n= 1, 2 or 3. The data are critically evaluated from the standpoints of bond additivity and general chemical reactivity of the species involved as well as by detailed consideration of individual studies. Earlier compilations or reviews are discussed. A set of recommended values (with uncertainties) is proposed. For the divalent species, SiX2, a self-consistent set of lone-pair stabilisation energies is obtained.
Evaluation of chemical composition and yield of Mozzarella cheese using two different methods of processing.

Two Mozzarella cheese making methods, Kosikowski (1982) and the modified method practiced by Khartoum Dairy Products Company (KDPC) were evaluated for their efficiencies in term of chemical composition and yield. In a comparison study; using fresh whole cow's milk; two experiments were conducted. In experiment one the cheese was manufactured according to the method described by Kosikowski (1982). While in experiment two the modified method practiced in Khartoum Dairy Product Company (KDPC) Ltd. was used. In Kosikowski (1982) method, pasteurized milk was used. Starter culture (0.5%) was added and renneting at 32.2°C, cooling and whey drainage overnight; were practiced in this method. In the modified method, raw milk was used. Starter culture (1%) and rennet were added at 38.5°C. The results showed that, fresh Mozzarella cheese; using Kosikowski (1982) method had the following means composition, fat 27.25%±0.82; protein 20.06%±0.65; total solids 51.42% ±1.32; moisture 48.59% ± 1.32; titratable acidity 066% ± 0.02; ash 2.25±0.07%; lactose 1.59±1.35% and yield 13.2%. However, the mean compositions in modified method were: fat 25.71%±2.30; protein 23.33%2.1; total solids 54.52%±2.84; moisture 45.48%±2.85; titratable acidity 0.58%0.09; ash 2.38%±0.41; lactose 2.64% ±0.73 and yield 11.65%. Cheese batches in experiment two showed a decrease in fat, protein and ash content after storage for seven days at -18 C and 4 C. o o
In-line particle characterization

Holographic video microscopy yields fast and accurate measurements of the size and refractive index of individual colloidal particles. Particle-resolved characterization offers useful insights into the progress of colloidal synthesis without relying on models for the distributions of particle sizes and properties, and can be performed rapidly enough to provide feedback for process control. The measured increase in the most probable radius over the course of the reaction is consistent with the LaMer model for colloidal growth. Uniformity in the measured refractive index suggests that the spheres grow with uniform density. The joint distribution of size and refractive index provides evidence for a low rate of nucleation proceeding after the initial nucleation event. The same analysis reveals that these PDMS particles shrink by compactification in the first few days after their synthesis.
Hierarchical structure of TPPS4 J-aggregates on substrate revealed by atomic force microscopy

The spatial structure of the J-aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) formed in acidic aqueous solutions and coated on silicon substrates was analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM experiments indicate the presence of the stripelike J-aggregate structures on the surface. The size of the individual stripes ranged from 4.5 x 40 x 200 to 4.5 x 40 x 1000 nm(3) (height x width x length). The length of the stripelike structures varied, whereas stripe width and thickness remained unchanged. The stripes stacked into larger domains, "fibers", containing typically 2-20 stripes aligned parallel with a longitudinal shift with respect to each other. The size of individual stripes remained the same when interacting side-by-side in fibers. At lower magnification it is clearly seen that fibers form a network-like structure. The J-aggregates assemble into large (up to several millimeters) bushlike structures. It takes several weeks to form such structures in acidic aqueous solutions. On the basis of our experimental findings, it is also suggested that the stripes consist of rings that form nanotube-like TPPS4 J-aggregates, which are flattened as a result of attractive interactions with the substrate.
SORPTION MECHANISMS DETERMINING NI(II) RETENTION BY A CALCAREOUS SOIL

The objective of the study was to determine the mechanisms of Ni retention in a calcareous soil by comparing the sorption kinetics and adsorption-desorption isotherms of the whole soil and of some of its fractions. The study was performed using diffractometric, microscopic, and thermogravimetric techniques to corroborate the mechanisms hypothesized from the equilibrium and kinetic studies. The sorption kinetics and the adsorption-desorption isotherms show that in a calcareous soil, Ni(II) is also retained by carbonates. In addition to the well known insolubilization process as a hydroxide caused by the high pH value induced by the presence of carbonates, calcium carbonate also contributes to Ni retention through the formation of a strong complex probably ascribable to a co-precipitation process that involves Ni/Ca carbonate double salt or mixed Ni/Al hydroxides and carbonates formation. The study also demonstrates that montmorillonite and illite clays may contribute to the adsorption of Ni with a nonspecific ion exchange mechanism, but as the Ni retention in the calcareous soil is totally specific, it can be presumed that this clay sorption mechanism is totally overshadowed by the double effect (Ni precipitation and complexation) caused by CaCO3.
Brønsted acid-base ionic liquids as proton-conducting nonaqueous electrolytes

A new series of Bronsted acid−base ionic liquids were derived from the controlled combination of a monoprotonic acid with an organic base under solvent-free conditions. Appropriate amounts of solid bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (HTFSI) and solid imidazole (Im) were mixed at various molar ratios to have compositions varying from an equimolar salt to HTFSI- or Im-rich conditions. The mixture at equivalent molar ratio formed a protic neutral salt with a melting point of 73 °C, which was thermally stable at temperatures even above 300 °C. The melting points of other compositions were lower than those of the equimolar salt and Im or HTFSI, giving eutectics between the equimolar salt and HTFSI or Im. Some of the compositions with certain molar ratios of Im and HTFSI were liquid at room temperature. For Im excess compositions, the conductivity was found to increase with increasing Im mole fraction, and the 1H NMR chemical shift of the proton attached to the nitrogen atom of Im was shifted to a lower magneti.
The drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion coefficient of electrons in nitrogen and carbon dioxide from 20 to 1000 Td

The distribution of arrival time spectra (ATS) of electrons in nitrogen and carbon dioxide has been measured over the range of E/N from 20 to 1000 Td (1 ) at room temperature by a double-shutter drift tube. The drift velocity of electrons in and was evaluated from these distributions by the ATS method. Moreover, the ratio of the longitudinal diffusion coefficient to the electron mobility was measured. The values of and in and were in good agreement with experimental and theoretical values obtained by previous investigators except for a few of the earlier studies.
A recent build-up of atmospheric CO2 over Europe. Part 1: observed signals and possible explanations

We analysed interannual and decadal changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentration gradient (ΔCO2) between Europe and the Atlantic Ocean over the period 1995–2007. Fourteen measurement stations are used, with Mace-Head being used to define background conditions. The variability of ΔCO2 reflects fossil fuel emissions and natural sinks activity over Europe, as well as atmospheric transport variability. The mean ΔCO2 increased by 1–2 ppm at Eastern European stations (∼30% growth), between 1990–1995 and 2000–2005. This built up of CO2 over the continent is predominantly a winter signal. If the observed increase of ΔCO2 is explained by changes in ecosystem fluxes, a loss of about 0.46 Pg C per year would be required during 2000–2005. Even if severe droughts have impacted Western Europe in 2003 and 2005, a sustained CO2 loss of that magnitude is unlikely to be true.We sought alternative explanations for the observed CO2 build-up into transport changes and into regional redistribution of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Boundary layer heights becoming shallower can only explain 32% of the variance of the signal. Regional changes of emissions may explain up to 27% of the build-up. More insights are given in the Aulagnier et al. companion paper.
Kinetics of homopolymer collapse

Langevin‐equation simulation is used to study the dynamics of a simple model of homopolymer collapse at infinite dilution for polymers of lengths N=100, 200, 300, 500, and 1024 units. Lennard‐Jones potentials are chosen to represent the bead–bead interactions and a harmonic potential bonds nearest‐neighbor beads. The Flory coil‐to‐collapsed globule transition is brought about by an adjustment of the Lennard‐Jones potential interactions. The average cluster size and distribution, along with the radius of gyration are used to characterize the collapse dynamics. Our results indicate that there are several kinetic mechanisms that lead to a collapsed polymer. At early times the dominant mechanisms involve cluster creation and growth by adsorption of slack polymer, whereas for later times the mechanism involves cluster coarsening. For this latter mechanism we find that the average cluster size 〈s〉 grows as 〈s〉=Atz, where z is dependent on u3, the third virial coefficient. Depending on the value of u3 we determi.