Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community Dynamics on An Artificial Prairie

The changes occurring on the J. T. Curtis Prairie, an artificial prairie in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, were studied by means of four surveys spaced at 5—year intervals. Frequency data from more than 650 meter—square quadrats with known locations were obtained at each survey. Five stands, delimited on the basis of their compositional index (CI) as determined by indicator species, were compared with native prairies having similar CI values by means of species lists and sum frequency of the species. When prairie species only are considered, some artificially established stands are as similar to native stands as native stands is the presence of large numbers of non—prairie species. The artificial stands have much larger species lists and higher sum frequencies than native prairies. The results indicate that the Curtis Prairie is becoming very similar to native prairies in numbers and species of prairie plants, and that the non—prairie species are materially reduced in importance.
Protein electrophoretic variability in Saimiri and the question of its species status

An electrophoretic survey of 15 protein systems (22 loci) was employed to determine the genetic relationships among 9 populations (441 individuals) of South American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. sciureus boliviensis, and S. sciureus ustus). Genetic markers capable of differentiating the second from the two other taxa were observed mainly in the ADA and GPI systems. Heterogeneity for ADA and CA2 between populations from opposite banks of the Jamari river was verified in S. sciureus ustus. The average heterozygosities ranged from 3% to 5%, the lowest being in S. sciureus sciureus and the highest in S. sciureus boliviensis. Low genetic distances (D = 0.001−0.057) were observed between populations within taxa or between S. sciureus sciureus and S. sciureus ustus. But both differed to a larger extent from S. sciureus boliviensis (D = 0.11 in both comparisons). There is a positive correlation between the genetic and geographic distance matrices. The three taxa are more clearly separated (D = 0.76–0.77) from the outgroup used for comparison (Cebus apella). Our data suggest that there is only one large, polytypic species of squirrel monkeys in South America, S. sciureus, forming a contiguous ring of geographical races or subspecies. Two of the most differentiated forms meet at the Peruvian Amazonia where natural hybrids and secondary intergradation have been reported. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests

Tropical peatlands have accumulated huge soil carbon over millennia. However, the carbon pool is presently disturbed on a large scale by land development and management, and consequently has become vulnerable. Peat degradation occurs most rapidly and massively in Indonesia, because of fires, drainage, and deforestation of swamp forests coexisting with tropical peat. Peat burning releases carbon dioxide (CO2) intensively but occasionally, whereas drainage increases CO2 emission steadily through the acceleration of aerobic peat decomposition. Therefore, tropical peatlands present the threat of switching from a carbon sink to a carbon source to the atmosphere. However, the ecosystem‐scale carbon exchange is still not known in tropical peatlands. A long‐term field experiment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia showed that tropical peat ecosystems, including a relatively intact peat swamp forest with little drainage (UF), a drained swamp forest (DF), and a drained burnt swamp forest (DB), functioned as net carbon sources. Mean annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) (± a standard deviation) for 4 years from July 2004 to July 2008 was 174 ± 203, 328 ± 204 and 499 ± 72 gC m−2 yr−1, respectively, for the UF, DF, and DB sites. The carbon emissions increased according to disturbance degrees. We found that the carbon balance of each ecosystem was chiefly controlled by groundwater level (GWL). The NEE showed a linear relationship with GWL on an annual basis. The relationships suggest that annual CO2 emissions increase by 79–238 gC m−2 every 0.1 m of GWL lowering probably because of the enhancement of oxidative peat decomposition. In addition, CO2 uptake by vegetation photosynthesis was reduced by shading due to dense smoke from peat fires ignited accidentally or for agricultural practices. Our results may indicate that tropical peatland ecosystems are no longer a carbon sink under the pressure of human activities.
Chromosomal evolution in the African Arvicanthine rats (Murinae, Rodentia): comparative cytogenetics of Lemniscomys (L. zebra, L. rosalia, L. striatus) and Arvicanthis dembeensis

Chromosome banding analysis (G- and C- bands) of two species of Lemniscomys from Tanzania, Lemniscomyszebra and Lemniscomysrosalia, and of a third species from Benin, Lemniscomysstriatus was carried out to trace the pattern of chromosomal evolution of the genus. The G-banding pattern comparison makes it possible to identify chromosomal rearrangements between the karyotypes. The two Tanzanian species (L. rosalia 2n=54, FNa=62; and L. zebra 2n=54, FNa=58) differ due to two pericentric inversions. A X polymorphism was detected in both species. Furthermore, L. rosalia shows two forms of the Y chromosome. The banding pattern of L. striatus (2n=44; FNa=68) from Benin allows identification of five Robertsonian fusions with respect to L. zebra. Moreover L. rosalia is characterized by a karyotype which is different from the one described for South Africa (2n=48; FNa=62), and therefore it should be considered as a different species. Comparative banding analysis with another Arvicanthine species (Arvicanthis dembeensis, 2n=62, FNa=62) showed complete homology in G-bands between the two genera, the differences involving tandem fusions, pericentric inversions, and Robertsonian fusions. Chromosomenevolution bei den afrikanischen arvicanthinen Ratten (Murinae, Rodentia): Vergleichende Cytogenetik von Lemniscomys (L. zebra, L. rosalia, L. striatus) und Arvicanthus dembeensis Chromosomenbanderungsanalysen (G- und C- Banderung) wurden an zwei Arten von Lemniscomys (L. zebra, L. rosalia) und einer dritten Art aus Benin (L. striatus) durchgefuhrt, um den Verlauf der Chromosomenevolution in dieser Gattung zu verfolgen. Ein Mustervergleich mit der G-Banderung macht es moglich, die Umstrukturierung der Chromosomen der Karyotypen zu erkennen. Die beiden Arten aus Tansania (L. rosalia 2n=54, FNa=62; und L. zebra 2n=54, FNa=58) sind durch zwei perizentrische Inversionen voneinander unterschieden. Ein Polymorphismus fur das X-Chromosom findet sich in beiden Arten. L. rosalia zeigt auserdem zwei verschiedene Formen des Y-Chromosoms. Das Banderungsmuster von L. striatus (2n=44, FNa=68) aus Benin last im Vergleich zu L. zebra funf Robertsonsche Fusionen erkennen. Auserdem ist der Karyotyp von L. rosalia aus Tansania verschieden von dem der fur Sudafrika (2n=48, FNa=62) beschrieben wurde und sollte daher als eine eigene Art betrachtet werden. Eine vergleichende Banderungsanalyse mit einer anderen arvicanthinen Art (Arvicanthus dembeensis, 2n=62, FNa=62) zeigt zwischen den beiden Gattungen eine vollstandige Homologie in den G-Banden und die Unterschiede beruhen ausschlieslich auf Tandem-Fusionen, perizentrischen Inversionen und Robertsonschen Fusionen.
Diurnal Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rates of Greenhouse Roses under Artificial Light as Compared with Daylight Conditions in Summer

Abstract Carbon dioxide exchange rates (CER) of greenhouse roses (cut flowers) were measured under daylight conditions in a greenhouse in July, and under artificial light only (300 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD in 18 h day−1) at two CO2 concentrations (350 and 700 μmol mol−1). The daily CER varied considerably from day to day owing to the large variation in solar radiation. Light saturation of CER seemed not to be reached even on clear days, and a light dose (PAP = number of photosynthetic active photons) produced by variable light over one week in summer gave the same total CER as a similar PAP produced by a constant PPFD. CER at constant PPFD increased rapidly during the first two hours of the photoperiod, followed by a slight increase during the subsequent hours, before CER slightly decreased towards the end of the photoperiod. Raising the CO2 concentration significantly increased CER during the entire photoperiod, and by 32% as a mean for the whole photoperiod. Elevated CO2 decreased the night respiration of the .
Avaliação agronômica e identificação de quimiotipos de erva cidreira no Distrito Federal

Agronomic evaluation and identification of Lippia alba chemotypes from Distrito Federal, Brazil The main objective of this work was to describe the essential oil profile of 16 genotypes of Lippia alba from the germplasm collection of the Universidade de Brasilia and to analyze its potential of production. A field assay was carried out in the rural area of Distrito Federal and the following parameters were analyzed: flowering period, growing habit, foliar area, length of the main branch, fresh and dry weight of the biomass (leaves and branches), essential oil content and profile of the constituent volatile oils. Essential oil was extracted using a modified Clevenger apparatus and the constituent volatile oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and GC/MS. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three plants per plot. The following chemotypes were reported: citral-limonene, citral-myrcene, limonene-carvone, citral, linalool, myrcene and linalool-limonene. Higher levels of linalool were found in genotype L.16 (89.8%); myrcene in L.37 (47.6%); limonene in L.27 (36.0%); carvone in L.27 (46.9%) and citral in L.17 (56.7%). The genotypes with the highest leaf area and leaf length of the main branch seem to be correlated with the best yield of essential oil and the higher level of linalool. The yield of essential oil was inversely proportional to the dry weight of biomass. The accessions which presented the highest average yield of the major essential constituent oils were: L.16 (0.77 g pl -1 ) as a source of raw material for linalool production; L.17 (0.17 g pl -1 ) as source of myrcene; L. 27 as source of limonene (0.17 g pl -1 ) and carvone (0.21 g pl -1 ); and L.38 (0.24 g pl -1 ) as a citral source.
The genus Pythium in New Zealand.

Abstract A guide to methods of isolation and preservation of Pythium is provided. A key to the 27 species of Pythium so far recorded from New Zealand is given. The following species are described and illustrated: P. acanthzcum Drechsler, P. afertile Kanouse et Humphrey, P. aquatile Hohnk, P. coloratum Vaartaja, P. debaryanum auct. non Hesse, P. echinulatum Matthews, P. inflatum Matthews, P. irregulare Buisman, P. middletonii Sparrow, P. rostratum Butler, P. spinosum Sawada, P. splendens Braun, P. torulosum Coker et Patterson, P. ultimum Trow, P. undulatum Peterson, and P. vanterpoolii V. et H. Kouyeas. The 10 other species, isolated infrequently in New Zealand, are: P. anandrum Drechsler P. arrhenomanes Drechsler, P. gracile Schenk, P. graminicola Subramaniam, P. intermedium de Bary, P. megalacanthum de Bary, P. monospermum Pringsheim, P. paroecandrum Drechsler, P. tenue Gobi, P. vexans de Bary, together wtth a new species which has been described elsewhere. The status of Pythium species as plant pathogen.
Prey selection and habitat partitioning in sympatric coyote and red fox populations, southwest Yukon

Sympatric coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the southwest Yukon, studied across the peak of a snow-shoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle, differed little from one another in prey selection, and both were heavily dependent on snowshoe hares. After the hare crash, however, foxes turned more to alternative prey than did coyotes. Foxes and coyotes differed in their selection of habitat patches and use of edge. Coyotes exploited edges, where hares were most abundant, and open communities, whereas foxes showed no significant use of edge and used brushy communities. The coexistence of red foxes and coyotes in the southwest Yukon may be facilitated by balancing competitive abilities: foxes persist because of elasticity in their choice of prey and coyotes persist by dominating edges.
Fish Predation and The Evolution of Invertebrate Drift Periodicity: Evidence from Neotropical Streams

Drift activity of stream invertebrates typically is greatest during the nighttime hours in running waters throughout the world. Such diel periodicity may be an adaptive response that minimizes exposure to visually hunting, drift-feeding fishes. I tested this risk- of-predation hypothesis by examining drift behavior of mayflies in a series of Andean mountain and piedmont streams that vary in the abundance of drift-feeding fishes. Drift was primarily nocturnal in piedmont streams with natural populations of visually hunting predators. In contrast, mayfly drift activity did not differ between day and night in mountain streams that historically lack drift-feeding fishes. However, in naturally fishless Andean streams containing introduced rainbow trout, nocturnal peaks in drift were observed for the mayfly Baetis, suggesting a rapid evolutionary change in behavior in response to an exotic predator. When drift periodicity was examined along a gradient of predation regimes, activity was found to be increasingly restricted to the nighttime hours as predation risk became more intense. Diel periodicity was observed even when fish were experimentally excluded, suggesting that nocturnal activity has evolved as a fixed behavioral response to predation, and is not a direct ecological consequence of diurnal feeding by fishes. These observations support the hypothesis that predation risk is important in determining the timing of prey drift behavior.
Application of an early skip-a-day feed restriction on physiological parameters, carcass traits and development of ascites in male broilers reared under regular or cold temperatures at high altitude

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a skip-a-day feed removal early in life on physiological parameters and ascites occurrence in broilers reared at a high altitude (2100 m above sealevel) under regular or cold temperatures. Three hundred 1-day-old male broilers were divided into two equal groups. One group was placed in an enclosure with standard thermal management. The other group treated for the induction of ascites was raised under cold temperature conditions. In each enclosure, birds were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (three replicate floor pens of 25 chicks per treatment group): (i) a control was fed a standard starter and grower diet according to the National Research Council; or (ii) a skip-a-day feed removal, which was similar to the control except for 24 h fasting intervals at 9, 11 and 13 days of age. Results indicate that live bodyweight following the feed removal at up to 42 days of age was significantly different between the control and skip-a-day restricted birds (P < 0.01). Skip-a-day feed removal resulted in decreased weight gain (P = 0.005) but did not influence feed conversion ratio. The heterophil : lymphocyte ratio was numerically higher for the cold environment and increased when birds were exposed to fasting, but these differences were not significant. Hematocrit was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in broilers raised in cold conditions whereas it was not influenced by feed restriction. Circulatory thyroid hormone concentrations were not influenced by the feed restriction program under both environments. Birds subjected to cold had significantly lower (P = 0.0023) carcass yield compared to those reared at normal temperature. Breast yield and abdominal fat deposition were not influenced by cold or feed restriction. A reduction in mortality from ascites was noted in broilers who experienced early skip-a-day feed removal under both environmental conditions.
Expression of α-Smooth Muscle Actin by and Contraction of Cells Derived from Synovium

Cells derived from synovium have drawn interest as donor cells for articular cartilage tissue engineering because they have been implicated in certain cartilage repair processes in vivo and the chondrogenic potential of the cells has been demonstrated in vitro. Studies have demonstrated that several other types of musculoskeletal connective tissue cells—including chondrocytes, fibrochondrocytes, ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells can express the gene for the contractile actin isoform, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and can contract analogs of extracellular matrix in vitro. Although the physiological roles of SMA-enabled contraction of these cells have yet to be established, cell-mediated contraction of scaffolds employed for tissue engineering can alter the pore diameter of the matrix and distort its overall shape, and thus needs to be addressed. Toward this goal, the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of SMA by synovial cells and to evaluate their contra.
Perceptions of Head Start Teachers about Culturally Relevant Practice.

Margaret Gichuru is an assistant professor in the School of Teacher Education at Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Jeanetta G. Riley is an associate professor, Jo Robertson is a professor, and Mi-Hwa Park is an assistant professor all in the Department of Early Childhood and Elementary Education of the College of Education at Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky. create relevant learning experiences that reflect children’s cultures and to tap into the “funds of knowledge” (Moll, Amanti, Neff, & Gonzalez, 1992) children bring with them into the classroom. Culturally relevant practices help children celebrate and respect their linguistic and cultural backgrounds thus increasing opportunities for positive learning experiences. When teachers incorporate knowledge of children’s family and community cultures into the classroom, they can create a bridge between the children’s home and school (Gilliard, Moore, & Lemieux, 2007). Recently, Head Start programs have enrolled higher numbers of children from diverse cultural backgrounds with 42% of the programs indicating that diversity of their communities had increased in the past five years (Cheri, et, al., 2011). Kentucky has developed Migrant Head Start programs to meet the needs of that growing population (Kentucky Head Start Association, n.d.). This trend requires teachers to understand culturally relevant practices and how to implement them in their classrooms. While studies about how teachers create and implement culturally relevant practices have increased over the past decade, few include teachers of preschool age children. Morrison, Robbins, and Rose (2008) searched six databases for research studies since 1995 that investigated culturally relevant practice and found 45 studies. Of these 45, only two specifically addressed preschool teachers. With this paucity of studies involving preschool teachers, more research into culturally relevant practice in preschool environments is needed. A previous investigation by three of the current authors about culturally diverse families of Head Start children and their perspectives of their children’s school experiences (Riley, Gichuru, & Robertson, 2012) led to the current study. The results of the first study indicated that the families Introduction
Photosynthetic adaptation to temperature in the red algae Lomentaria baileyana and Lomentaria orcadensis

Photosynthetic responses to temperature were examined in tetrasporophytes of Lomentaria baileyana and Lomentaria orcadensis (Rhodophyta). These species have different temperature ranges for growth that reflect seasonal temperature extremes in their natural distributions. L. baileyana is a temperate-subtropical species which grows between 15 and 33°C, whereas L. orcadensis is a boreal-temperate species which grows between 10 and 20°C. Interspecific differences in the photosynthetic responses to temperature were similar to those for growth, suggesting that photosynthesis may determine the temperature range over which Lomentaria tetrasporophytes can grow. Light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were higher in L. orcadensis below 15°C, whereas L. baileyana could photosynthesize at temperatures above 30°C, which inhibited photosynthesis in L. orcadensis. These differences were attributable to genetic adaptations of photosynthetic metabolism because both species were grown under identical conditions for several.
Balance between Phytoplankton Production and Plankton Respiration in Lakes

We analyzed published rates of algal photosynthesis and plankton community respiration to test the hypothesis that the ratio of planktonic primary production to community (P/R) varies systematically with lake trophy. Regression analyses show that algal production and plankton respiration are closely related to chlorophyll concentrations for lakes spanning a wide trophic range. More surprisingly, plankton respiration exceeds algal photosynthesis in oligotrophic lakes, and P/R rises above unity only when chlorophyll concentrations are above 17 mg∙m−3. A simple allometric model based on the predicted biomasses of the different planktonic component yield rates of community respiration that are in good agreement with measured values. Moreover, the model suggest that in oligotrophic lakes, microbial respiration may greatly exceed the current estimates based on bacterial production data and that heterotrophs contribute proportionately more to total plankton metabolism than they do in eutrophic lakes. Because suc.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE CYPRINI

The Weberian apparatus of a wide variety of fish of the division Cyprini has been examined. Particular attention has been paid to the soft parts. In all cases, the structure of the apparatus can easily be derived from that found in the primitive Characinoidei: the significance of the observed differencasi is discussed. Chranilov's theory of the mechanism of the apparatus in the Cyprinidae appears to be applicable to all Cyprini, including the highly modified Nemachilus
Hypersensitive-like reaction conferred by the Mex-1 resistance gene against Meloidogyne exigua in coffee

The response of a susceptible coffee cultivar (Caturra) to infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua was compared histologically with that of cv. Iapar 59 possessing the recently identified Mex-1 resistance gene. The reproductive behaviour of the nematode was also compared in the two cultivars. Penetration and development in resistant plants were reduced in comparison with susceptible plants. Several cell features, including dark-stained cytoplasm and altered organelle structure, were observed in the resistant cultivar, indicating a hypersensitive-like (HR) response of the infested host cells. Features of giant cells were sometimes found beside necrotic-like areas, but the corresponding feeding sites were frequently associated with nematodes displaying abnormal shape. Six weeks after inoculation, root systems of cv. Caturra contained significantly more nematodes than those of cv. Iapar 59 (mean values 1574 and 41, respectively). The susceptible cultivar presented a minimum of 11 galls per plant, compared with only one or two galls per plant in the resistant cultivar. The findings are discussed in the context of plant–pathogen interactions.