Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drivers of pCO2 variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater discharge

The impact of groundwater on pCO2 variability was assessed in two coral reef lagoons with distinct drivers of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Diel variability of pCO2 in the two ecosystems was explained by a combination of biological drivers and SGD inputs. In Rarotonga, a South Pacific volcanic island, 222Rn‐derived SGD was driven primarily by a steep terrestrial hydraulic gradient, and the water column was influenced by the high pCO2 (5501 µatm) of the fresh groundwater. In Heron Island, a Great Barrier Reef coral cay, SGD was dominated by seawater recirculation through the sediments (i.e., tidal pumping), and pCO2 was mainly impacted through the stimulation of biological processes. The Rarotonga water column had a higher average pCO2 (549 µatm) than Heron Island (471 µatm). However, pCO2 exhibited a greater diel range in Heron Island (778 µatm) than in Rarotonga (507 µatm). The Rarotonga water column received 29.0 ± 8.2 mmol free‐CO2 m−2 d−1 from SGD, while the Heron Island water column received 12.1 ± 4.2 mmol free‐CO2 m−2 d−1. Over the course of this study, both systems were sources of CO2 to the atmosphere with SGD‐derived free‐CO2 most likely contributing a large portion to the air‐sea CO2 flux. Studies measuring the carbon chemistry of coral reefs (e.g., metabolism and calcification rates) may need to consider the effects of groundwater inputs on water column carbonate chemistry. Local drivers of coral reef carbonate chemistry such as SGD may offer more approachable management solutions to mitigating the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs.
Satellite observations of the impact of dust in a low‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll region: Fertilization or artifact?

The coupling between dust aerosols and phytoplankton concentrations in the Mediterranean Sea, a low‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll region, is examined at different timescales using Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor observations (1998–2002). Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and chlorophyll (MCHL) were used as proxies for dust aerosol and phytoplankton biomass, respectively. The AOT data was qualified using quasi‐true color images in order to ascertain the presence of dust. Strong positive correlations were found between AOT and MCHL on weekly but not on seasonal timescales. However, weekly analyses cannot distinguish between real phytoplankton response and artifacts due to residual dust in the atmosphere or water. Daily time series of AOT and MCHL, for single‐dust events, and their temporal cross‐correlation function were analyzed. Apparent AOT‐driven MCHL increases principally occurred within 0–2 days and most cross correlations were significant at zero lag. In contrast, significant negative or positive correlations at lag greater than 2 days were very few, indicating no compelling evidence that dust enhancement of phytoplankton growth is significant and that the response at near‐zero lags is an artifact of the satellite data processing. Our analysis demonstrates that the dust fertilization does not play a significant role in the sustainment of the phytoplankton dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Depth extent of the long‐term slow slip event in the Tokai district, central Japan: A new insight

Temporal changes to interplate coupling and long‐term aseismic slip in the Tokai Region of central Japan from July 1996 to June 2009 are statically inverted using continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data and leveling observations, and examined using a new interpretation of aseismic slip. In this interpretation, the interplate coupling and the aseismic slip should be inferred and compared with reference to a state of no coupling on the plate interface rather than assuming steady state interplate coupling before the occurrence of the aseismic event as previous works have done. For this purpose, we used original time series data without subtracting any linear trends. The inferred distribution shows that the entire period can be divided into three subperiods based on the existence of the aseismic slip area from 2000 to 2005. The strength of the interplate coupling does not change throughout the observed period even though the distribution narrows along the dip direction after the aseismic slip terminates. The aseismic slip area inferred in this study, based on the no‐coupling reference, was determined to be deeper than the area where the long‐term slow slip event (SSE), defined as the slip corresponding to the residual displacement from the steady state, was hypothesized to have occurred in numerous previous studies. The total seismic moment released by the aseismic slip is equivalent to a Mw∼6.6 earthquake while the SSE in previous works was considered to be equivalent to a Mw∼7.0 to 7.1 earthquake. This difference can be attributed primarily to the effects on the interplate coupling, which previous studies did not take into account when defining the SSE. The aseismic slip area coincides well with the distribution of other types of plate interactions, such as short‐term slow slip events and low‐frequency earthquakes.
Prophylactic Antibiotics in Hip Fracture Surgery: A Randomized Prospective Study

Introduction Hip fracture surgeries constitute a large portion of orthopedic surgeries, and infective complications are one of the most severe and devastating sequels following fixations or replacements. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is an important means to control SSI. Thus, we set out to assess the impact of a single dose versus three doses of antibiotics on surgical site infections in patients undergoing hip surgery. Materials and methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. All patients admitted for hip fracture surgery who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and divided into two groups. One group (Group A) was given a single dose of antibiotics preoperatively, and the other (Group B) was given three doses, one preoperatively and two postoperatively. Patients were assessed for wound condition and signs of infection. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. The chi-square test was applied to assess the significant association between both the groups and SSI. A significant statistical association was noted when the P value was found to be <0.05. Results The study included 62 patients, with the majority of them being females (n=33; 53.2%). The mean age of the patients was 60.5±15.1 years. Only three (4.8%) patients developed SSI. No statistically significant association was detected between surgical site infections and the two antibiotic regimens being administered after controlling for the confounders. Conclusion There was no statistical relationship between surgical site infections with a single dose versus three doses of antibiotics in patients undergoing hip surgery.
Volcanic events associated with an enigmatic submarine earthquake

Summary On 1996 September 4, a submarine earthquake occurred underneath the Smith Caldera near Tori-Shima on the Izu-Bonin arc, Japan. Its mechanism was a CLVD with the principal tensile dipole in the vertical direction. The tsunami magnitude Mt of 7.5 was significantly larger than not only the body wave magnitude, mb, of 5.6 but also the moment magnitude, Mw, of 5.7, and thus slow faulting is not a major cause of the generation of large tsunamis. We have detected successive T-wave trains subsequent to the direct T-wave train from this earthquake on the records of the OBS submarine cable arrays off northeastern, central and southwestern Honshu. We have located these T-wave origins to be coincident with the epicentre of the CLVD earthquake within their solution errors. The T-wave events were repeated for about 35 min, while their wave characteristics changed with time. The T-wave amplitude at a station about 700 m deep increases with time more strongly than those at stations at greater depths. The T-wave duration is shortened progressively with time. The spectral shape of these T waves is similar to that for ordinary shallow earthquakes, indicating that the ultimate origins of these T waves are within the solid Earth rather than at or above the ocean bottom. Such temporal changes and the spectral shape suggest that the origins of these T waves are seismic shocks that migrated upwards well into the body of the Smith Volcano. The spectra of seismic waves from the CLVD source lack significantly high-frequency components, suggesting a lower than normal rupture velocity due presumably to a hotter source environment than in the surrounding region. We suggest that as a result of the CLVD earthquake, the magma-bearing source material was squeezed radially inwards and expelled vertically outwards to induce the magma ascent and associated upward migration of seismic events.
Frequency-dependent seismic anisotropy due to fractures: Fluid flow versus scattering

ABSTRACTAnisotropy is a useful attribute for the detection and characterization of aligned fracture sets in petroleum reservoirs. Unfortunately, many of the traditional effective medium theories for modeling the seismic properties of fractured rock are insensitive to the size of the constituent fractures. For example, the same pattern of anisotropy may be produced by a high concentration of small, stiff cracks or by a lower concentration of large, compliant fractures. The distinction between these models is important for assessing permeability anisotropy because fluid flow is dominated by the largest fractures. One method to gain further insight is through the analysis of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in microseismic data because fracture compliance is frequency dependent, and microseismic data are relatively rich in frequency content. We compared two potential mechanisms causing frequency-dependent compliance of fractures: (1) squirt flow in fractured porous rock and (2) wave scattering over r.
Time and temperature effects on geomembrane strain from a gravel particle subjected to sustained vertical force

Experimental data is reported that quantifies how time (up to 10 000 h) and temperature (from 22 to 85 °C) impact tensile strains in a 1.5 mm thick high-density polyethylene geomembrane — with a compressible clay liner beneath it — that are induced by an overlying gravel particle when subjected to a sustained vertical force. At an average applied stress of 250 kPa and clay water content of 16%, tensile strains were found to increase by 1.25 times as the temperature was increased from 22 to 55 °C after 1000 h. Similarly, strains were found to increase by factors between 1.2 to 1.3 as time was increased from 10 to 1000 h. Based on the measured data, time–temperature superposition (tTS) was then used to develop an approach to predict long-term geomembrane strains from gravel indentations. The tTS approach was validated against independent experiments conducted for 10 000 h (1.14 years) as it was found that the predicted strain of 19% was very close to the measured strain of 18%. Provided that the physical pr.
Hydrothermal fluid flow models of stratiform ore genesis in the McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, Australia

This paper explores the role of basin-scale fluid migration in stratiform Pb-Zn ore formation in the southern McArthur Basin, Australia. Mathematical models are presented for coupled brine migration and heat transport in the basin. The models account for: (i) topographically driven flow (forced convection) during periods when parts of the McArthur Basin were subaerial and elevated above the central Batten Fault Zone; (ii) density-driven flow (free convection) during periods when the basin was mostly submarine; and (iii) transient flows associated with fault rupture during periods of transpression. These hydrologic models help to compare and contrast a variety of hypotheses concerning deep fluid migration and the origin of base metal ores in the McArthur Basin. The numerical results exhibit a strong structural control on fluid flow caused by the north-trending fault systems that characterize the Batten Fault Zone. As a result, fluids descend to depths of a few kilometers along the western side, migrate laterally to the east through the clastic and volcanic aquifers of the upper Tawallah and lowest McArthur Groups, and then ascend along the eastern side of the fault zone. This recharge-discharge pattern dominates all of the hydrogeologic models. The basin-wide flow pattern suggests that Na-Ca-Cl brines acquired base metals in the deepest levels of the basin stratigraphy as the fluids migrated eastwards through the aquifer system. Upward flow was relatively rapid along the Emu Fault Zone, so much so that fluid temperatures likely approached 130 degrees celsius in the muddy sediments near the sea floor due to upward flow and venting at the HYC ('Here's Your Chance'). Transient pulses of flow characterized periods of transpressional stress and subsequent faulting may have punctuated the basin history. Large-scale free convection, however, characterized notably long periods of diagenesis and ore mineralization during the Proterozoic in the McArthur Basin.
Surface and deep ocean variability in the northern Sargasso Sea during marine isotope stage 3

New geochemical proxy data from Bermuda Rise piston cores reveal ocean and climate conditions in the northern Sargasso Sea during marine isotope stage 3. Using δ18O on the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber, we can correlate explicitly with every stadial/interstadial change in Greenland ice between ∼32 and 58 ka. These data suggest repetitive changes of ∼4°C in the annual average sea surface temperature (SST), with maximum cooling comparable to or greater than SST during glacial maximum conditions. The extent of SST depression is about the same for typical stadial events and for Heinrich events 4 and 5, which we have identified on the Bermuda Rise by traces of ice rafting. Benthic foraminiferal δ13C decreases during every stadial event, consistent with reduced production of the deepest component of North Atlantic Deep Water and shoaling of its interface with Antarctic Bottom Water. This interpretation is supported by benthic Cd/Ca data from the climate cycle associated with interstadial 8.
Comparison of two different methods for determining flow direction in catchment hydrological modeling

Abstract Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely used to define the flow direction in distributed hydrological models for simulation of streamflow. In recent decades, numerous methods for flow direction determination have been applied successfully to mountainous regions. Nevertheless, some problems still exist when those methods are used for flat or gently sloped areas. The present study reviews the conventional methods of determining flow direction for such landscapes and analyzes the problems of these methods. Two different methods of determining flow direction are discussed and were applied to the Xitiaoxi Catchment, located in the Taihu Basin in southern China, which has both mountainous and flat terrain. Both the agree method and the shortest path method use drainage networks derived from a remote sensing image to determine the correct location of the stream. The results indicate that the agree method provides a better fit with the DEM for the hilly region than the shortest path method. For the flat region where the flow has been diverted and rerouted by land managers, both methods require observation of the drainage network to determine the flow direction. In order to clarify the applicability of the two methods, both are employed in catchment hydrological models conceptually based on the Xinanjiang model and implemented with PCRaster. The simulation results show that both methods can be successfully applied in hydrological modeling. There are no evident differences in the modeled discharge when using the two methods at different spatial scales.
The effect of an incline walking surface and the contribution of balance on spatiotemporal gait parameters of older adults

THE EFFECT OF AN INCLINE WALKING SURFACE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BALANCE ON SPATIOTEMPORAL GAIT PARAMETERS OF OLDER ADULTS. Richard A. Ferraro Seton Hall University June, 2010 Chair, Dr. Genevieve Pinto-Zipp The effect of an incline walking surface and the contribution of balance to changes in gait patterns on inclines, particularly in older adults, have not been well-defined in the literature. This study aims to examine the effects of such inclines on spatiotemporal parameters of healthy older adults. Secondarily, this study will identify adaptations made in spatiotemporal parameters of healthy older adults with balance impairments on level and incline surfaces. Seventy-eight active, older adults participated in this study (mean age, 77.8; SD, 4.8). The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) were used in this study to assess overall stability. A third measure, the Gait Stability Ratio (GSR), was calculated directly from output measures provided by the GaitRita computerized walkway system. Acting as their own controls, all subjects walked five times each on a level surface and an inclined walkway. Dependent t-tests were used to determine statistical significance between level and incline surfaces for cadence, step length and velocity. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine differences in means for the higher risk subgroups comparing their level and incline walking patterns. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. Results of this study indicate that cadence, step length and velocity significantly decreased on inclines while GSR increased relative to subjects' level ground walking patterns. While cadence and velocity support previous incline studies with younger subjects, the decrease in step length suggests a different pattern adapted by older adults on inclines (Kawamura et al. 1991; Mclntosh et al., 2005). In the higher risk subgroups, only the results from the repeated measures ANOVA using the DGI showed a significant increase is GSR on the inclined surface indicating decreased stability relative to level ground. These findings are important and have significant clinical value. Increased GSR measured on inclines indicate more time spent in double support and suggests the primary goal, even in healthy adults, is stability. These results suggest that clinicians incorporate more challenging balance activities for healthy older adults such as dual tasks and varying terrain obstacle courses. THE EFFECT OF AN INCLINE WALKING SURFACE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BALANCE ON SPATIOTEMPORAL GAIT PARAMETERS OF OLDER ADULTS
Revegetation in semiarid zones : Influence of terracing and organic refuse on microbial activity

Revegetation of areas under semiarid conditions is difficult due to both the water shortage and the poor quality of the soils of semiarid areas. Two techniques of soil management (manually and mechanically built terraces), as well as soil amendment with organic materials were used for revegetation in a semiarid area. In this work the effect of such techniques on the microbial activity of a soil revegetated with Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) was studied. The content of the different labile C fractions studied (water-soluble C, water-soluble carbohydrates, and polyphenol compounds) substantially increased in soils with mechanically built terraces and with addition of organic refuse. The highest values of these labile C fractions were found in soil samples collected in spring (rainy season) while those collected in January (dry season) showed the lowest values. The activity of oxidoreductases such as dehydrogenases as well as that of hydrolases involved in the biogeochemical cycles of important nutrients (ureases, proteases, phosphatases, and β-glucosidases) were stimulated by the addition of organic matter to the soil. The lowest values of microbial biomass and enzyme activities were detected when revegetation was carried out on mechanical erraces without addition of organic materials. The simultaneous use of both soil management techniques, mechanical terracing and amendment with organic refuse, clearly improved soil microbial activity and hence soil biological quality. Plant growth was also improved with these techniques.
Sustainability ambassadorship - the role of the store manager in development of in-store sustainability communication

ABSTRACT The food industry, in general, and the retail grocery sector, in particular, have gone through an extensive transformation regarding sustainability communication. The retail grocery store is the stage on which in-store sustainability communication is triggered and incentivized. This paper focuses on the role of the store manager and is guided by the purpose to explore what roles and functions a store manager may perform as sustainability ambassador, and in what ways the dynamics between the central and store level may influence how sustainability is reflected and communicated in the retail store. The study draws on a qualitative and interpretative approach. The empirics are based on interviews with retail store managers in three Swedish grocery retailers. Through our empirical investigation, six different actions have been identified that both separately and in combination contribute to the field by giving a more nuanced view of what role and functions a store manager may perform as sustainability ambassador.
Investigating carbon flux variability in subtropical peat soils of the Everglades using hydrogeophysical methods

The spatial and temporal variability in accumulation and release of greenhouse gases (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere from peat soils remains very uncertain. The use of near‐surface geophysical methods such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven useful during the last decade to expand scales of measurement as related to in situ gas distribution and dynamics beyond traditional methods (i.e., gas chambers). However, this approach has focused exclusively on boreal peatlands, while no studies in subtropical systems like the Everglades using these techniques exist. In this paper GPR is combined with gas traps, time‐lapse cameras, gas chromatography, and surface deformation measurements to explore biogenic gas dynamics (mainly gas buildup and release) in two locations in the Everglades. Similar to previous studies in northern peatlands, our data in the Everglades show a statistically significant correlation between the following: (1) GPR‐estimated gas content and gas fluxes, (2) GPR‐estimated gas content and surface deformation, and (3) atmospheric pressure and both GPR‐estimated gas content and gas flux. From these results several gas‐releasing events ranging between 33.8 and 718.8 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 were detected as identified by the following: (1) decreases in GPR‐estimated gas content within the peat matrix, (2) increases in gas fluxes captured by gas traps and time‐lapse cameras, and (3) decreases in surface deformation. Furthermore, gas‐releasing events corresponded to periods of high atmospheric pressure. Changes in gas accumulation and release were attributed to differences in seasonality and peat soil type between sites. These results suggest that biogenic gas releases in the Everglades are spatially and temporarily variable. For example, flux events measured at hourly scales were up to threefold larger when compared to daily fluxes, therefore suggesting that flux measurements decline when averaged over longer time spans. This research therefore questions what the appropriate spatial and temporal scale of measurement is necessary to properly capture the dynamics of biogenic gas release in subtropical peat soils.