Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Graph-based image completion using patch offsets and structure feature

Image completion solves the problem of filling missing region by using the information from the same or another image. It is difficult to maintain a balance between visual plausibility and efficiency among the existing algorithms. In this paper, we first propose a novel graph-based approach combining patch offsets and structure feature to get more coherent completion result. We further put forward creatively using a few dominate offsets with an adaptive mechanism of labels and formulate image completion to be a graph-cut optimization problem. Experiments on a wide variety of images show our method yields better results in various challenging cases than state-of-art methods both on visual impact and efficiency.
The radius of convexity for starlike functions of order 1\over2

As Strohhicker has pointed out neither (3) nor (4) are sufficient for the convexity of f(z) in Ilz <1. Indeed, a function may satisfy (4) without being univalent for I zj < 1. In this paper we determine the largest circle I zj <r such that each function satisfying (3) is convex in I zj <r. Also, we find the radius of univalence (and starlikeness) for functions satisfying (4). Some properties of functions subject to (3) have been discussed in [5]. These functions are a particular case of the so-called starlike functions of order p which are defined by the condition
Separator reconnection with antiparallel/component features observed in magnetotail plasmas

Magnetic reconnection (MR), a fundamental process in space plasmas that changes magnetic topology and converts magnetic energy into kinetic and thermal energies, is an ultimate driver of space weather. There exist two models of MR in the literatures, antiparallel and component, associated with intensive studies of their generation and applications. In this paper, we report an MR event observed by Cluster constellation in the geomagnetotail where both types of MR were detected. By reconstructing the three‐dimensional (3‐D) MR configuration, we find that a pair of A‐B nulls existed in both types of MR cases with two fan surfaces intersecting each other to form a separator line connecting the nulls. A weak or sizable magnetic field exists along the separator in the antiparallel or component case, respectively. In the latter case, field strength is finite away from the two nulls and vanishes close to the nulls. Therefore, at least in the two cases observed, both antiparallel and component MR geometries are local presentation of the separator MR configuration. This result supports the expectation that 3‐D nulls often occur as a crucial element of MR at least in the magnetotail and separator MR may play an important role in dynamics and reconfiguration of magnetic field in 3‐D MR processes.
Singularities encountered in three-dimensional boundary layers under an adverse or favourable pressure gradient

Singularities in solutions of the classical boundary-layer equations are considered, numerically and analytically, in an example of steady hypersonic flow along a flat plate with three-dimensional surface roughness. First, a wide parametric study of the breakdown of symmetry-plane flow is performed for two particular cases of the surface geometry. Emphasis is put on the structural stability of the singularities’ development to local/global variation of the pressure distribution. It is found that, as usual, the solution behaviour under an adverse pressure gradient involves the Goldstein- or marginal-type singularity at a point of zero streamwise skin friction. As the main alternative, typical of configurations with favourable or zero pressure forcing, an inviscid breakdown in the middle of the flow is identified. Similarly to unsteady flows, the main features of the novel singularity include infinitely growing boundary-layer thickness and finite limiting values of the skin-friction components. Subsequent analytical extensions of the singular symmetry-plane solution then suggest two different scenarios for the global boundary-layer behaviour: one implies inviscid breakdown of the flow at some singular line, the other describes the development of a boundary-layer collision at a downstream portion of the symmetry plane. In contrast with previous studies of the collision phenomenon in steady flows, the present theory suggests logarithmic growth of boundary-layer thickness on both sides of the discontinuity. Finally, an example of numerical solution of the full three dimensional boundary layer equations is given. The flow régime chosen corresponds to inviscid breakdown of a centreplane flow under a favourable pressure gradient and development of the discontinuity/collision downstream. The numerical results near the origin of the discontinuity are found to be supportive, producing quantitative agreement with the local analytical description.
A Comparison of james–sten regression with least squares in the pitman nearness sense

The least squares ectimatnr and the James-Stein estimator of rhe vector-valued parameter in a multiple linear regression model are compared in thc Pitman searness sense. A table of the comparison is presented, and the James—Siein esiiriiaior is fad to be uniform! y preferred te the least squares in this sense. In many practical situations the James-Stein estimate is extremely close to the least squares estimate, and so is barely preferred in the Pitman nearness sense. However, there are practical situations in which the James—Stein estimate is sufficiently different from the least squares estimate to be substantially better in the Pitman nearness sense.
IRAS 23545 + 6508, a dissociating star - Prototype for a new observational class

The paper presents observations of a compact H I source coincident with a strong, far-infrared source, IRAS 23545 + 6508. It is believed that this object is representative of a new observational class which traces stars in the range of spectral types from B1 to B5 which are embedded in molecular clouds. Using methods based on birthrate statistics and other data, it is estimated that there are of order 1000 such sources within a radius of 2 kpc of the sun. 42 refs.
The effects of compressibility of the resistive ballooning mode

The linear stability of the resistive ballooning mode, as described by the resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, is investigated both analytically and numerically. When the pressure evolution is approximated by fluid convection (reduced MHD model), an instability driven by geodesic curvature, with a growth rate γ∼η1/3 β2/3p, is found. For conditions relevant to the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX‐B), it is shown that for modest poloidal bets (βp≂1), high current, and relatively high temperatures, compressibility has a significant stabilizing influence, relative to the pressure convection model. However, at high βp (≳2), low current, and lower temperatures, compressibility has much less effect.
Search for critical failure surface in slope stability analysis by gravitational search algorithm

Slope stability analysis of any natural or artificial slope aims at determining the factor of safety of the slip surface that possesses the lowest factor of safety. The search for the minimum factor of safety based on limit equilibrium methods is a complex optimization problem where there are several local minima. In this paper, a newly developed heuristic global optimization algorithm, called gravitational search algorithm (GSA), is introduced and applied in slope stability analysis. The safety factors of the general slip surfaces are calculated using a concise algorithm of Morgenstern and Price method, which satisfies both force and moment equilibrium. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are examined by considering a number of published cases. The results indicate that, the proposed method could provide solutions of high quality, accuracy and efficiency, and could predict the critical failure mechanisms of earth slope and outperforms the other methods in the literatures. Key words:
Three-dimensional fluid simulation of a plasma display panel cell

In order to understand the discharge characteristics in an alternating current plasma display panel (ac PDP) and optimize it further, a three-dimensional fluid code (FL3P) has been developed. Using this simulator, various three-dimensional features of discharges are investigated in the sustain mode of PDP. First, the striations of wall charge are observed at both the anode and cathode side. Second, the local efficiency is obtained as a function of position. It is mainly divided into the anode region and the cathode region and highest near the anode center. Finally, the effects of various three-dimensional parameters are studied. As one of the examples showing the effect of electrode shaping, the discharge characteristics of a T-shaped electrode cell are compared with those of a conventional cell. The phosphor on barrier ribs contributes to over 44% of the total luminance, but barrier ribs themselves do not play an important role in the overall discharge efficiency. Address electrode width is not always pr.
Giant molecular cloud scaling relations: the role of the cloud definition

We investigate physical properties of molecular clouds in disc galaxies with different morphology: a galaxy without prominent structure, a spiral barred galaxy and a galaxy with flocculent structure. Our $N$-body/hydrodynamical simulations take into account non-equilibrium H$_2$ and CO chemical kinetics, self-gravity, star formation and feedback processes. For the simulated galaxies the scaling relations of giant molecular clouds or so called Larson's relations are studied for two types of a cloud definition (or extraction methods): the first one is based on total column density position-position (PP) datasets and the second one is indicated by the CO~(1-0) line emission used position-position-velocity (PPV) data. We find that the cloud populations obtained by using both cloud extraction methods generally have similar physical parameters. Except that for the CO data the mass spectrum of clouds has a tail with low-massive objects $M\sim 10^3-10^4$~\Msun. Varying column density threshold the power-law indices in the scaling relations are significantly changed. In contrast, the relations are invariant to CO brightness temperature threshold. Finally, we find that the mass spectra of clouds for the PPV data are almost insensitive to the galactic morphology, whereas the spectra for the PP data demonstrate significant variations.
DAMAGE DETECTION USING THE FREQUENCY-RESPONSE-FUNCTION CURVATURE METHOD

Abstract Structural damage detection has gained increasing attention from the scientific community since unpredicted major hazards, most with human losses, have been reported. Aircraft crashes and the catastrophic bridge failures are some examples. Security and economy aspects are the important motivations for increasing research on structural health monitoring. Since damage alters the dynamic characteristics of a structure, namely its eigenproperties (natural frequencies, modal damping and modes of vibration), several techniques based on experimental modal analysis have been developed in recent years. A method that covers the four steps of the process of damage detection—existence, localization, extent and prediction—has not yet been recognized or reported. The frequency-response-function (FRF) curvature method encompasses the first three referred steps being based on only the measured data without the need for any modal identification. In this paper, the method is described theoretically and compared with two of the most referenced methods on literature. Numerically generated data, from a lumped-mass system, and experimental data, from a real bridge, are used for better illustration.
A fast CO jet in Orion B

12-arcsec resolution CO observations of the fast unipolar molecular jet in Orion B are reported, together with maps of the ambient cloud as traced by CS and C 18 O emission. The flow (which appears to originate from FIR5) consists of many clumps of gas, with sizes ≤10 15 m and velocity dispersions ∼6 km/s, which fill an almost cylindrical lobe; these clumps are probably formed locally through hydrodynamic instabilities rather than being bullets of protostellar ejecta. The flow is centrally condensed and, at the highest projected velocities (∼45 km/s), an unresolved jet of material is detected with an opening angle ∼2°
Leak detection in pipes by frequency response method using a step excitation

This paper presents a new procedure utilizing transient state pressures to detect leakage in piping systems. Transient flow, produced by opening or closing a valve, is analyzed in the time domain by the method of characteristics and the results are transformed into the frequency domain by the fast Fourier transform. This method is used to develop a frequency response diagram at the valve end. The frequency response diagram of a system with leaks has additional resonant pressure amplitude peaks (herein called the secondary pressure amplitude peaks) that are lower than the resonant pressure amplitude peaks for the system if there were no leaks (herein called primary amplitude peaks). The location of a leak is determined from frequencies of the primary and secondary pressure amplitude peaks and the leak discharge is determined from the maximum and minimum discharge amplitudes. This method is applicable for practical values of the friction factor over the range 0.01 to 0.025 and can be used to detect leaks in real-life pipe systems conveying different types of fluids, such as water and petroleum. It can be used directly by comparing the frequency response diagram of a modeled system without leaks to the frequency response diagram developed by gradually opening or closing a valve at the downstream end of a pipe and taking measurements of pressure head and discharge at only one location.
Maximum clustering coefficient of graphs with given number of vertices and edges

The clustering coefficient is one of the most important quantities characterizing complex networks. It is often said that many networks in the real world have high clustering coefficients. However, properties of the clustering coefficient itself have not been discussed much in the literature. In this paper, some fundamental properties of the clustering coefficient are studied. First we try to find the maximum value of the clustering coefficient of graphs with the given number of vertices and edges. Next we present some classes of graphs such that each member maximizes the clustering coefficient among its neighbors having the same number of vertices and edges.
Detection of 1720 MHz Hydroxyl Masers at the Galactic Center: Evidence for Shock-excited Gas and Milligauss Fields

Radio observations of the Sgr A region have been carried out at the 1720 MHz transition of the OH molecule, using the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. OH(1720 MHz) maser emission is detected at seven different positions within a few arcminutes of the Galactic center. Most of the masers are located to the southeast of Sgr A*, at the boundary of the Sgr A East nonthermal source with the M-0.02-0.07 molecular cloud. One maser is located within the circumnuclear disk (CND), and another may arise as the result of an expansion of Sgr A East into molecular gas to the northwest of Sgr A*. It is likely that these maser features are excited by the interaction of shocks in the Galactic center with adjacent molecular gas. Significant circular polarization is observed toward 10 distinct spectral components in the seven maser spots; if the V signal is due to Zeeman splitting, preliminary measurements of strong fields [local line-of-sight components of B (BLOS) are estimated to be between 2 and 4 mG] are inferred toward all sources. The direction of these magnetic fields is positive for all masers except the CND maser, which is negative. The potential for these maser features as a diagnostic of shocked gas in the Galactic center is discussed.
Object-Based Analysis of Satellite-Derived Precipitation Systems over the Low- and Midlatitude Pacific Ocean

Abstract The Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) developed by Davis et al. is implemented and extended to characterize the temporal behavior of objects and to perform a diagnostic analysis on the spatial distribution and properties of precipitation systems over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The analysis is performed on two satellite-derived datasets [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)]. A sensitivity analysis showed that temporal convolution produces an unwanted “spillover” effect and that a large spatial convolution radius produces too much smoothing, which results in unrealistically large objects. The analysis showed that the largest and most long-lived precipitation systems in the tropical Pacific are typically located in the western part. A good ability to track precipitation systems in the tropical Pacific was demonstrated: movement of precipitation systems in the IT.
The relationship between small interplanetary magnetic flux rope and the substorm expansion phase

[1] Small magnetic flux ropes are commonly observed by spacecraft in interplanetary space near 1 AU. Like magnetic clouds, the configuration of small flux ropes often presents a sustaining southward interplanetary magnetic field. It is known that the substorm expansion phase can be triggered by northward turnings after a sustaining southward interplanetary magnetic field. Hence, potentially the small magnetic flux ropes may be more effective for triggering substorms. In this study, 26 small magnetic flux ropes, which were observed by Wind during the period from 2000 to 2002, were identified by fitting the constant alpha force-free model to the observed magnetic fields. Then we statistically analyzed the relationship between the small magnetic flux ropes and the magnetospheric substorms based on the 26 small magnetic flux ropes. The substorms were identified by the local 10-s resolution IL index. The statistical results show that 18 (69%) of the 26 small flux ropes triggered magnetospheric substorms. Among the 18 triggered substorms, 14 substorm expansion phases were triggered by the northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field in the small magnetic flux ropes. For the other 4 events, their expansion phases were triggered by sudden changes in solar wind dynamic pressure. All the 18 triggers were also related to mangentic directional discontinuities in the small flux ropes. These observational facts suggest that small magnetic flux ropes are an important source of interplanetary disturbances of substorms.
CLIFT: Analysing Natural Distribution Shift on Question Answering Models in Clinical Domain

This paper introduces a new testbed CLIFT (Clinical Shift) for the clinical domain Question-answering task. The testbed includes 7.5k high-quality question answering samples to provide a diverse and reliable benchmark. We performed a comprehensive experimental study and evaluated several QA deep-learning models under the proposed testbed. Despite impressive results on the original test set, the performance degrades when applied to new test sets, which shows the distribution shift. Our findings emphasize the need for and the potential for increasing the robustness of clinical domain models under distributional shifts. The testbed offers one way to track progress in that direction. It also highlights the necessity of adopting evaluation metrics that consider robustness to natural distribution shifts. We plan to expand the corpus by adding more samples and model results. The full paper and the updated benchmark are available at github.com/openlifescience-ai/clift
Buckling of a critically tapered rod: global bifurcation

This paper, which can be considered as a continuation of the papers Buckling of a heavy tapered rod (2001, J. Math. Pures Appl. 80, 281–337) and On the spectral theory of a heavy tapered rod (2002, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. A132, 729–764), is concerned with the study of buckling of a tapered rod. This physical phenomenon leads to the nonlinear eigenvalue problem {A(s)u′(s)}′ + μsinu(s) = 0 for all s ∈ (0,1), u(1) = lims→0A(s)u′(s) = 0 and ∫01 A(s)u′(s)2 ds < ∞, where A(s) ∈ C([0,1]) is such that A(s) > 0 for all s > 0 and lims→A(s)/sp = L for some constants p ⩾ 0 and L ∈ (0,∞). We deal with the critical case p = 2 and study the set of all solutions of the problem. In particular, we find the points μ ∈ R+ such that bifurcation occurs at (μ,0). As was shown in the former reference, (μ,u) is a solution of the problem if and only if u ∈ HA and u = μGA(u), where HA denotes the Hilbert space of all admissible configurations and GA : HA → HA is a completely continuous operator. If 0 ⩽ p < 2, GA is Fréchet differentiable and the 2001 paper contains results about global bifurcation derived from the general theory. In the case p = 2, GA is not Fréchet differentiable. We look for the bifurcation points in this critical case, where the abstract theory cannot be invoked.
Asymptotic Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimators Based on Conditional Specification

Along with the asymptotic distribution, expressions for the asymptotic bias and asymptotic dispersion matrix of the preliminary test maximum likelihood estimator for a general multi-sample parametric model (when the null hypothesis relating to the restraints on the parameters may not hold) are derived and compared with the parallel expressions for the unrestricted and restricted maximum likelihood estimators. This study reveals the robustness property of the preliminary test estimator when the assumed restraints may not hold.
Regionality of Australian Apple Cider: A Sensory, Chemical and Climate Study

Terroir is an important concept linking sensory attributes to geographically specific environmental conditions. Whilst typically applied to wine, the concept of terroir could be applied to cider. To investigate the influence of the production region on base cider total phenolic content and sensory attributes, ciders were made using ‘Fuji’ apples sourced from three major apple growing regions in Australia. Total Phenolic Content was measured using a spectrophotometry method recently validated for use in cider. A trained panel performed descriptive sensory analysis by scoring the intensity of 12 pre-determined attributes across the ciders. The intensity of sensory attributes were found to vary significantly between regions. For instance, cider made from apples grown in Stanthorpe was scored significantly higher than ciders made from apples sourced from Batlow and Huon Valley for the attribute ‘Alcoholic’. Cider made with apples from Batlow was scored significantly higher for the attribute ‘Yeasty’ compared to cider made using apples from the Huon Valley. Cider made with apples from Stanthorpe had significantly greater total phenolic content, titratable acidity, sugar content and alcohol by volume than the two other locations. These results suggest that terroir can influence apple cider, as ciders were able to be differentiated by sensory analysis based on the geographical region from where the apples were grown.