Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative resolution of eolian continental crustal material and volcanic detritus in North Pacific surface sediment

Proxy records of continental climate and atmospheric circulation provided by analyses of eolian continental material extracted from marine sediment have resulted in significant new information concerning the behavior of these climate systems on various timescales. These studies, however, currently are limited to certain geographic areas because no chemical or physical extraction procedure provides an unambiguous separation of eolian continental crustal material from other contaminants like volcanic detritus. We employ a combined analytical and statistical procedure in an effort to extract a more refined eolian “signal” from areas that may be affected by volcanic detritus. Bulk surface sediment samples from 33 locations in the North Pacific were treated using a conventional sequential extraction procedure to remove the carbonate, silica and oxyhydroxide components, and the residue was analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, Sc, and Th. Q-mode factor analysis of these data shows that > 99% of the variance is explained by two end-members, which we interpret to be continental crustal material and volcanic detritus. Five least squares normative analysis models were evaluated to estimate the relative amount of these end-members in each sample. The continental crustal component was approximated using a fine-grained fraction of China loess and bulk loess. The volcanic component was approximated using the compositions of average Kurile-Kamchatka volcanic material, a median Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 145 Ash, and a median Kurile basalt. The model based on average Kurile-Kamchatka volcanic material and the fine loess fraction gives the most accurate results. Central and east Pacific samples typically contain up to 100% of the eolian continental crustal component, while samples near Japan, Kamchatka, and the Aleutians contain a majority of volcanic detritus. However, the highly variable composition of volcanic material can result in systematic errors up to 25% in samples dominated by volcanic detritus. The geographic distribution of the compositional end-members is consistent with a continental dust source originating in Asia and being diluted by ash from the volcanic arcs of the Pacific rim. This improved identification and resolution of the eolian continental component realized in this approach should permit paleoclimatic reconstructions to be developed from sediments in significant portions of the world that were previously precluded from analysis because of limitations with chemical or physical extraction procedures.
NMR ANALYSIS OF AMBER IN THE ZUBAIR FORMATION, KHAFJI OILFIELD (SAUDI ARABIA – KUWAIT): COAL AS AN OIL SOURCE ROCK?

Amber samples obtained from coal deposits in the Zubair Formation at a depth of 1,800 m from the offshore Khafji oilfield (Saudi Arabia ‐ Kuwait Partitioned Neutral Zone) were subjected to NMR analysis. The resulting spectra identified the samples as originating from trees belonging to the genus Agathis. The NMR spectra were virtually identical to those obtained from Lower Cretaceous amber from Lebanon, Israel and Jordan, suggesting that a large forest of Agathis levantensis extended across the Arabian Plateau from the Levant to the Gulf. In this case, the forest would have extended a distance of approximately 1500 km, which would make it the largest amber‐producing forest known. It is suggested that the oil in the Khafji and adjoining Safaniya oilfields could have been derived from coal produced, at least in part, by Agathis levantensis.
A new species of the side-necked turtle Foxemys (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary and the historical biogeography of the Bothremydini

Abstract The continental deposits of the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Csehbánya Formation of the Bakony Mountains in Hungary yielded abundant remains of a bothremydid side-necked turtle, which are attributed to a new species of the genus Foxemys, Foxemys trabanti. F. trabanti shows strong affinities with the European monophyletic group Foxemydina owing to the absence of pits in the upper and lower triturating surfaces, the exclusion of the jugal from the triturating surface, the separation of the Eustachian tube and the stapes by a narrow fissure, the presence of deep and narrow fossa pterygoidei, the partially closed foramen jugulare posterius and the pentagonal shape of the basisphenoid in ventral view. Among the Foxemydina the bothremydid from Iharkút is more closely related to F. mechinorum than to Polysternon provinciale from the Early Campanian of France, mainly because of the position of the occipital condyle relative to the mandibular condyles of the quadrate. The new remains represent the only record of the Foxemydina outside of Western Europe and provide the earliest known occurrence of this endemic, freshwater group in the former Mediterranean Basin. The historical biogeography of the tribe Bothremydini is investigated and a hypothesis of migration from Africa to North America via the high-latitude Thulean route is put forward.
Fish species composition on seamounts and adjacent slope in New Zealand waters

Abstract Datasets from deep‐water fisheries abundance surveys on the commercially important species—orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), smooth oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus), and black oreo (Allocyttus niger) —were used to compare fish fauna between seamounts in 10 different parts of the New Zealand region. For five of these areas, fauna was also compared between the seamounts and nearby areas of the relatively flat slope. Dominant species were listed for each area. Diversity was compared between seamount complexes, and between seamount and slope areas. Differences between the species taken in different seamount areas were investigated using similarity analysis. Total species richness was similar in all seamount regions, but mean species richness was found to be much higher in southern areas. Species richness was consistently higher on the relatively flat slope than on seamounts. Five seamount areas south of 41°S were found to have similar fish fauna, as compared with three seamount areas north of 41°S which were different from the southern areas and from each other.
A Palaeozoic Northwest Passage: incursion of Caledonian, Baltican and Siberian terranes into eastern Panthalassa, and the early evolution of the North American Cordillera

Abstract Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic terranes of the North American Cordillera mostly originated from three distinct regions in Palaeozoic time: the western peri-Laurentian margin, western (Asian) Panthalassa, and the northern Caledonides–Siberia. A review of geological history, fossil and provenance data for the Caledonian–Siberian terranes suggests that they probably occupied an intermediate position between northern Baltica, northeastern Laurentia and Siberia, in proximity to the northern Caledonides, in early Palaeozoic time. Dispersion of these terranes and their westward incursion into eastern Panthalassa are interpreted to result from development of a Caribbean- or Scotia-style subduction system between northern Laurentia and Siberia in mid-Palaeozoic time, termed here the Northwest Passage. Westward propagation of a narrow subduction zone coupled with a global change in plate motion, related to the collision of Gondwana with Laurentia–Baltica, are proposed to have led to initiation of subduction along the western passive margin of Laurentia and development of the peri-Laurentian terranes as a set of rifted continental fragments, superimposed arcs and marginal ocean basin(s) in mid- to late Palaeozoic time. Diachronous orogenic activity from Late Silurian in Arctic Canada, to Early Devonian in north Yukon and adjacent Alaska, Middle Devonian in southeastern British Columbia, and Late Devonian–Early Mississippian in the western USA records progressive development of the Northwest Passage and southward propagation of subduction along western Laurentia.
Regional distribution of sea level changes resulting from enhanced greenhouse warming in the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 3.2

Using the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 3.2 (MIROC 3.2), we investigated the physical nature of regional sea level changes due to enhanced greenhouse warming. The regional sea level changes were not spatially uniform, and their patterns were principally determined by the baroclinic component (density change) due to surface fluxes of heat, freshwater, and wind stress. Sea level changes in the barotropic circulation were mainly confined to the Southern Ocean. We decomposed the baroclinic response into vertical modes of ocean climatological stratification, considering the vertical structure of the baroclinic pressure change. The first baroclinic mode was responsible for about 78% of the variance in the baroclinic response, suggesting that the regional distribution of sea level change under global warming is mainly determined by displacement of the main pycnocline. The second and third modes were responsible for about 12% and 4% of the variance, respectively, some of which was related to subduction of the global warming signal. The decomposition of the baroclinic response mentioned above is suggestive of sea level changes due to global warming as results of region‐by‐region physical processes.
Comparing Apparent Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements of a Multi‐receiver EMI Sensor with Topsoil and Profile Magnetic Susceptibility Data over Weak Magnetic Anomalies

Today, most surveys in archaeogeophysical prospection use magnetic properties to detect archaeological features. Such magnetic surveys are usually conducted with magnetometers and, to a lesser extent, with magnetic susceptibility meters and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors. Although the latter are the only instruments that allow mapping multiple physical soil properties simultaneously, EMI remains the odd‐one‐out in archaeogeophysical prospection. Nevertheless, by simultaneously recording the electric and magnetic soil variability, EMI survey can be beneficial in early archaeological evaluation stages, because detailed pedological and archaeological information is gathered at the same time. Furthermore, by using multi‐receiver EMI instruments vertical soil variation also can be integrated into the survey. However, although the potential of EMI for mapping electric soil variations is well known from advances in soil science, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been investigated less. Here we show the potential of a multi‐receiver EMI survey to detect weak magnetic anomalies by measuring the apparent magnetic susceptibility (κa) of multiple soil volumes at a test site. The shallow κa data were compared with topsoil susceptibility measurements using a magnetic susceptibility loop sensor survey, and with magnetic susceptibility profiling using a probe sensor for evaluating the deeper κa‐data. Further comparisons were made between these datasets and aerial photography and field walking data. We found that the multiple EMI κa measurements allowed for a straightforward discrimination of the natural and anthropogenic magnetic variations of shallow and deeper soil volumes, and allowed visualizing weak magnetic anomalies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative prediction of potentially preventable morbidity after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty a detailed descriptive cohort study

Objectives: Construction of a simple preoperative risk score for patients in high risk of potentially preventable ‘ medical ’ complications. Secondary objectives were to construct simple preoperative risk scores for ‘ severe medical ’ , ‘ surgical ’ and ‘ total ’ potentially preventable complications. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Elective primary unilateral total hip and knee arthroplasty with prospectively collected preoperative patient characteristics; similar standardised fast-track protocols; evaluation of complications through discharge and medical records; and complete 90 days follow-up through nationwide databases. Participants: 8373 consecutive unselected total hip arthroplasty (THA) and knee arthroplasty from January 2010 to November 2012. Results: There were 557 procedures (6.4%) followed by potentially preventable complications resulting in hospitalisation >4 days or readmission. Of 22 preoperative characteristics, 7 were associated with 379 (4.2%) potentially preventable ‘ medical ’ complications. Patients with ≥ 2 of the following, age ≥ 80 years, anticoagulant therapy, pulmonary disease, pharmacologically treated psychiatric disorder, anaemia and walking aids, composed 19.1% of the procedures; 55.7% constituted potentially preventable ‘ medical ’ complications that were mainly falls, mobilisation issues, pneumonias and cardiac arrhythmias. The number needed to be treated for a hypothetical intervention leading to 25% reduction in potentially preventable ‘ medical ’ complications was 34. THA, use of walking aids and cardiac disease were associated with 189 (2.2%) ‘ surgical ’ complications, but no clinically relevant preoperative prediction was possible. Conclusions: Preoperative identification of patients at high risk of preventable ‘ medical ’ , but not ‘ surgical ’ , complications is statistically possible. However, clinical relevance is limited. Future risk indices should differ between ‘ medical ’ and ‘ surgical ’ complications, and also consider ‘ preventability ’ of these.
Relationship between anthropogenic CO2 and the 13C Suess effect in the North Atlantic Ocean

Temporal trends in oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and δ13C‐DIC were reconstructed along five isopycnals in the upper 1000 m of the North Atlantic Ocean using a back‐calculation approach. The mean anthropogenic DIC increase was 1.21 ± 0.07 μmol kg−1 yr−1 and the mean 13C decrease was −0.026 ± 0.002‰ yr−1, both in good agreement with the results from previous studies. The observed δ13C‐DIC perturbation ratio is −0.024 ± 0.003‰ (μmol kg−1)−1. Our results indicate that the North Atlantic is able to maintain equilibrium with the anthropogenic perturbation for DIC and follows it with decadal time lag for δ13C. A CFC‐calibrated one‐dimensional isopycnal advection‐diffusion model is used to evaluate temporal DIC and δ13C trends and perturbation ratios of the reconstructions. We investigate the time history of the air‐sea CO2 and 13C disequilibria in the North Atlantic and discuss the importance of physical and biological processes in maintaining them. We find evidence that the North Atlantic Ocean is characterized by enhanced uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Also, we use the model to examine how the time rate of change of δ13C depends on changes in the temporal evolution of δ13C in the atmosphere. The model evolution explains the curious result that the time rate of change of surface water δ13C in the North Atlantic Ocean can exceed that observed concurrently in the atmosphere. Finally we introduce a powerful way of estimating the global air‐sea pCO2 disequilibrium based on the oceanic δ13C‐DIC perturbation ratio.
Numerical modeling of an underwater Bingham plastic mudslide and the waves which it generates

Underwater landslides are a common source of tsunamis in coastal areas. Theoretical and experimental studies on this problem, however, are scarce because of the difficulties in modeling and observing a submarine slide and the associated tsunami. To study this problem, we present a numerical model that simulates the coupling of a Bingham plastic mudslide on a gentle uniform slope with the surface waves which it generates. A formulation of the dynamics of the problem is presented, where the landslide is treated as an incompressible Bingham plastic flow and the water motion is assumed irrotational. The long-wave approximation is adopted for both water waves and the mudslide. Dispersion of waves and potential turbulent mixing are not considered. The resulting differential equations are solved by a finite difference method. We present the numerical results for successive profiles of the mud surface, the horizontal velocity distributions of the slide, the evolution of the surface elevations, and the distributions of the particle velocity of the water motion. Three major parameters dominate the magnitude of the waves (if the volume of the mud is fixed): the density of mud, the yield stress of the mud, and the depth of water at the mudslide site. Because of the yield stress, the slides stop on the slope when the shear stress exerted on the bottom become smaller than the yield stress. The Bingham plastic behavior of the mud significantly reduces the extent and the speed of the mudslide and also the magnitude of the surface waves generated. Comparison of the solution of the Bingham plastic mudslide model with a snow flow test is presented. The solution of a viscous fluid model has been derived as a special case of the present solution.
Verifiable evaporation modeling on the Laurentian Great Lakes

Water or energy balance estimates of Great Lakes evaporation require storage change data, not available in simulations or forecasts, and errors in the components of the balances are summed in the residual, giving large estimation errors. Neither these balance estimates nor evaporation models, which use the aerodynamic equation with mass transfer coefficients developed originally in the Lake Hefner studies, can be verified, since independent estimates of evaporation are not available with sufficient accuracy. However, water surface temperatures can be used to verify energy budgets. The mass transfer coefficient research is combined here with lumped concepts of classical energy conservation and a new superposition heat storage model to provide continuous simulation capability of both water surface temperatures and lake evaporation for use in outlooks and forecasts of lake levels. Calibration matches remotely sensed water surface temperatures for those Great Lakes with observations over the past 20 years. Model sensitivities are analyzed and heat and water budgets are compared.
Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ∼13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).
Bed Load Grain Velocities and Sediment Transport Rates

Theoretical consideration of the dynamics of bed load sediment transport leads to expressions for bed grain velocity and sediment transport rate as, respectively, Ub = a(U* − U*c) and ib = (a/tan α) (U* − U*c) (т0−тc), agreeing in form with many previous analyses. The grain velocity equation agrees well with all experimentally determined velocities of single grains moving over fixed rough beds if a is allowed to vary with bed roughness and saltation height. Values of U*c for such overriding grains are substantially less than normally accepted values. The sediment transport rate equation predicts plane bed experimental data well, over five orders of magnitude of ib. Values of a/tan α increase significantly from lower to upper stage plane beds due to an increase in a with suspended sediment concentration but also due to a decrease in tan α with increasing transport stage and grain size (as predicted by Bagnold).
Absorption of cosmic noise in the E‐region during electron heating events. A new class of riometer absorption events

The incoherent scatter radar facility (ISR) recently installed at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland (inv. lat. = 74°) has been used to investigate events of substantially elevated E-region temperatures related to the occurrence of strong horizontal electric fields. It has been found that a peculiar type of weak, slowly fluctuating cosmic noise absorption commonly observed in the daytime on riometers in the polar region could be caused by non-deviative collisional absorption resulting from the strongly enhanced electron-neutral collision frequencies in the heated E-region.
Geochemical constraints on the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to magmagenesis in the Lau back-arc basin, SW Pacific

Seamounts are an integral part of element recycling in global subduction zones. The published trace element and Pb-Sr-Nd isotope data for basaltic lavas from three key segments (Central Lau Spreading Ridge (CLSR), Eastern Lau Spreading Ridge (ELSR), and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR)) of the Lau back-arc basin were compiled to evaluate the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to their magma genesis. Two geochemical transitions, separating three provinces with distinct geochemical characteristics independent of ridge segmentation, were identified based on abrupt geochemical shifts. The origin of the geochemical transitions was determined to be the result of drastic compositional changes of subduction components added into the mantle source, rather than the transition from Indian to Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle, or due to variable mantle fertilities. The most likely explanation for the drastic shifts in subduction input is the superimposition of Louisville materials on ‘normal’ subduction components consisting predominantly of aqueous fluids liberated from the down-going altered oceanic crust and minor pelagic sediment melts. Quantitative estimation reveals that Louisville materials contributed 0–74% and 21–83% of the Th budget, respectively, to CLSR and VFR lavas, but had no definite contribution to the lavas from the ELSR, which lies farthest away from the subducted Louisville seamount chain (LSC). The spatial association of the subducted LSC with the Louisville-affected segments suggests that the Louisville signature is regionally but not locally available in the Tonga subduction zone. Besides, the preferential melting of subducted old Cretaceous LSC crust instead of the old normal Pacific oceanic crust at similar depths implies that elevated temperature across the subduction interface or seamount erosion and rupture were required to trigger melting. A wider implication of this study, thus, is that seamount subduction may promote efficiency of element recycling in subduction zones.