Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methane flux and stable hydrogen and carbon isotope composition of sedimentary methane from the Florida Everglades

Methane flux and the stable isotopic composition of sedimentary methane were measured at four locations in the Florida Everglades system. Individual estimates of methane flux ranged over more than 3 orders of magnitude, from about 0.001 to 2.6 g CH4 m−2 d−1. Significant interstation differences in total methane flux were also observed and are judged most likely attributable to differences in the size and spacing of emergent aquatic vegetation, and possibly differences in the type (i.e., vascular plant versus algal) of organic matter incorporated into the sediments. On the basis of measurements presented here and by other investigators, the Everglades system appears to be a relatively weak source of atmospheric methane, probably contributing less than 0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. Emergent aquatic plants appear to be capable of indirectly affecting the stable isotopic composition of sedimentary methane by stimulating methane oxidation via root aeration. A significant positive correlation between δD-CH4 and δ13C-CH4 was observed for samples collected from sediments covered by tall, dense stands of emergent plants. In contrast, a significant negative correlation between the δD and δ13C of sedimentary methane was observed for samples collected at an open water site where ebullition dominated methane transfer to the atmosphere. The mean δ13C of sedimentary methane samples measured in the Everglades system (mean δ13C =−61.7‰, s.d. = 3.6‰, n = 51) is not significantly different from the estimated average δ13C of all natural sources (−58.3‰). The mean δD of Everglades sedimentary methane (mean δ D = −293‰, s.d. = 14‰, n = 50) appears to be slightly less D-depleted than the estimated average methane (δD =−360 ± 30‰) from all sources.
Can payments for watershed services help save biodiversity? A spatial analysis of highland Guatemala

Payments for environmental services (PES) are a promising mechanism for conservation. PES could either provide additional funding for protected areas, pay land users to conserve biodiversity outside protected areas, or both. For PES to work, it requires a secure long-term source of financing. Obtaining payments directly for biodiversity conservation is difficult, however. In most cases, water users are the most likely such source, either directly or indirectly. Thus the potential for PES to help conserve biodiversity depends, in a large measure, on the degree to which areas of interest for conservation of water services overlap with areas of interest for conservation of biodiversity. This paper examines the extent of such overlap in the case of highland Guatemala. The results show that this potential varies substantially within the country, with some biodiversity conservation priority areas having very good potential for receiving payments, and others little or none. Overall, about a quarter of all biodiversity conservation priority areas have potential for receiving payments. Thus PES is far from being a silver bullet for biodiversity conservation, but it can make a meaningful contribution to this objective.
Unbuilding from the Inside: Leadership and Democratisation in South Africa and South Korea

Leaders have an important role in initiating and shaping the democratisation process. Formal and informal structures within the political system constrain possible options requiring leaders to exercise agency to manage expectations and facilitate change. This paper examines the actions of F.W. de Klerk (South Africa) and Roh Tae Woo (South Korea) in initiating processes that eventually led to the consolidation of democratic political systems. The aims of the paper are to: (1) identify the array of opportunities and threats faced by the two leaders; and (2) determine the effect of regime form in shaping these structural factors. Drawing on previous work on the role of leadership in democratisation, the analysis focuses on four factors: authority, institutions, opposition and continuity. To assess decisions made in the distinct political contexts the paper examines how the respective structural configuration (one-party and military) was managed.
Basin‐centered asperities in great subduction zone earthquakes: A link between slip, subsidence, and subduction erosion?

[1] Published areas of high coseismic slip, or asperities, for 29 of the largest Circum-Pacific megathrust earthquakes are compared to forearc structure revealed by satellite free-air gravity, bathymetry, and seismic profiling. On average, 71% of an earthquake's seismic moment and 79% of its asperity area occur beneath the prominent gravity low outlining the deep-sea terrace; 57% of an earthquake's asperity area, on average, occurs beneath the forearc basins that lie within the deep-sea terrace. In SW Japan, slip in the 1923, 1944, 1946, and 1968 earthquakes was largely centered beneath five forearc basins whose landward edge overlies the 350°C isotherm on the plate boundary, the inferred downdip limit of the locked zone. Basin-centered coseismic slip also occurred along the Aleutian, Mexico, Peru, and Chile subduction zones but was ambiguous for the great 1964 Alaska earthquake. Beneath intrabasin structural highs, seismic slip tends to be lower, possibly due to higher temperatures and fluid pressures. Kilometers of late Cenozoic subsidence and crustal thinning above some of the source zones are indicated by seismic profiling and drilling and are thought to be caused by basal subduction erosion. The deep-sea terraces and basins may evolve not just by growth of the outer arc high but also by interseismic subsidence not recovered during earthquakes. Basin-centered asperities could indicate a link between subsidence, subduction erosion, and seismogenesis. Whatever the cause, forearc basins may be useful indicators of long-term seismic moment release. The source zone for Cascadia's 1700 A.D. earthquake contains five large, basin-centered gravity lows that may indicate potential asperities at depth. The gravity gradient marking the inferred downdip limit to large coseismic slip lies offshore, except in northwestern Washington, where the low extends landward beneath the coast. Transverse gravity highs between the basins suggest that the margin is seismically segmented and could produce a variety of large earthquakes.
Cave bears and paleolithic artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey: Dissecting a palimpsest

This article addresses the taphonomic issues surrounding artifact-bear associations in Yarimburgaz Cave, northwestern Turkey. Our purpose is to evaluate the circumstances of bone assemblage formation in the Middle Pleistocene deposits of the cave, identifying the agencies responsible for the accumulations and the causes of bone damage before and following deposition. Pleistocene species representation, bone damage, body part representation, and mortality data indicate that cave bear remains in Yarimburgaz are unrelated to hominid use of the same site. None of the observations on the cave bear remains contradicts the expectations developed from modern wildlife accounts of modern bear behavior; these accumulations resulted from mortality normally associated with hibernation over many generations of den use. Nonursid carnivores also played roles in bone collection and/or modification. We conclude that at least three distinct biological processes contributed to the formation of the Middle Pleistocene faunas: hibernating bears, bone-collecting carnivores such as wolves, and hominids in descending order of importance. The Yarimburgaz faunas represent palimpsests or overlays of many short-term depositional events, the close spatial associations of which are explained by slow or uneven sedimentation rates inside the cave. Although occupations by hominids appear to have been ephemeral in nature, hominids ultimately discarded nearly 1700 stone artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave. The hominids did not discard many ungulate bones in the same circumstances. These observations suggest that hominid foraging efforts focused on resources other than large game while at the cave. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metasomatic albitites and related biotite‐rich schists from a low‐pressure polymetamorphic terrane, Snake Creek Anticline, Mount Isa Inlier, north‐eastern Australia: microstructures and P–T–d paths

Rocks of the Snake Creek Anticline are mainly pelitic schists, psammitic schists and quartzites that were metamorphosed during multiple high‐T/low‐P events extending from D1 to D5, with the metamorphic peak occurring late to post‐D3. Albitites are widespread, but are concentrated in five areas. They are typically fine‐ to medium‐grained, and consist of albite, with or without combinations of quartz, biotite, staurolite, cordierite, garnet, andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite, gedrite and tourmaline. From the presence or absence of albite inclusions in porphyroblasts, the albitites are interpreted as forming early in the D3 event as a result of infiltration of external fluids. Psammitic schists and quartzites were preferentially altered, but pelitic schists were also albitized in localities where the alteration was more extreme, with the replacement of muscovite total and the replacement of quartz and biotite variable. Structural controls on albitization include fracturing and syn‐D3 shear zones in fold hinges. Biotite schists with abundant porphyroblasts (combinations of staurolite, garnet, andalusite and cordierite) occur adjacent to albitites, and it is argued that they formed by the addition of Fe and Mg sourced from the albitites. In several albitite‐rich areas, cordierite grew early in D3 and was partly or entirely replaced during or after D3 by combinations of biotite, andalusite, tourmaline, staurolite and sillimanite. A postulated P–T–d path involved an increase in pressure (with or without a decrease in temperature) subsequent to early D3 albitization, followed by an increase in temperature up to the metamorphic peak (late D3 to early D4. The metamorphism was contemporary in part with the emplacement of the Williams Batholith (c. 1550–1500 Ma), which probably supplied the Na‐rich fluids.
Tree Identification from Images

This thesis focuses on the problem of automatic identification of tree species based on images of leaves and bark. We propose to describe both leaves and bark using textural features. FSRIT (Fast Scaleand RotationInvariant Texture), a novel method for texture description and recognition, is introduced. The method combines an improved scale space (used for multi-scale representation and scale invariant matching) with several state-ofthe-art approaches (including LBP-HF features and use of linear SVM classifiers with approximate kernel map). Using the proposed method we achieve new state of the art results in the classification of bark (Austrian Federal Forests bark dataset) and leaves (Austrian Federal Forests leaf dataset, Flavia dataset, Foliage dataset, Swedish dataset and Middle European Woods dataset), as well as on standard textural datasets KTH-TIPS2a and KTH-TIPS2b, while achieving 99% accuracy on all other standard textural datasets (KTH-TIPS, CUReT, UIUCTex, UMD and Brodatz32). The proposed recognition method is very fast and thus suitable for real time applications, including e.g. mobile field guides for plant identification.
A linear log d log w model for the determination of consistency limits of soils

A linear logarithmlogarithm model for the fall cone penetration depth versus water content relationship (flow curve) has been developed based on the results of an experimental study using the British fall cone apparatus. The fall cone flow curve is expressed by a simple equation with parameters m and c, which represent the slope of the flow curve and the water content at a penetration depth of 1 mm, respectively. For a soil, the flow curve can be determined by applying a linear regression analysis to at least four data points with penetration depths approximately evenly distributed between 25 and 3 mm. It is shown in this paper that both the liquid limit and the plastic limit determined from the linear logarithmlogarithm flow curve are in close agreement with those determined from conventional methods. A one-point method for determination of the liquid limit is developed from the model and is verified by applying statistical analysis to a large volume of experimental data.Key words: fall cone, laborator.
Investigation of Large-Scale Atmospheric Moisture Budget and Land Surface Interactions over U.S. Southern Great Plains including for CLASIC (June 2007)

AbstractThe atmospheric moisture budget and surface interactions for the southern Great Plains are evaluated for contrasting May–June periods (1998, 2002, 2006, and 2007) as background for the Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) of (wet) 7–30 June 2007. Budget components [flux divergence (MFD), storage change (dPW), and inflow (IF/A)] are estimated from North American Regional Reanalysis data. Precipitation (P) is calculated from NCEP daily gridded data, evapotranspiration (E) is obtained as moisture budget equation residual, and the recycling ratio (PE/P) is estimated using a new equation. Regional averages are presented for months and five daily P categories. Monthly budget results show that E and E − P are strongly positively related to P; E − P generally is positive and balanced by positive MFD that results from its horizontal velocity divergence component (HD, positive) exceeding its horizontal advection component (HA, negative). An exception is 2007 (CLASIC), when E − P and MFD are .
Soil studies at Shipshaw, Quebec: 1941 and 1969

The Saint Jean Vianney landslide has redirected attention to soil studies conducted in 1941, as part of the site investigation program for the adjacent wartime Shipshaw power project. These included early studies of Leda clay, the sensitivity of which was recognized but not fully appreciated nor understood. Buried organic matter was encountered at one dam site. The possibility of landslide action accounting for the unusual position of this material was discounted in 1941. Recent studies by LaSalle have demonstrated the existence of a massive ancient landslide adjacent to the Shipshaw site. Earth movement resulting from this old landslide could explain the organic stratum. Carbon-14 dating suggests a date for this massive landslide that agrees with historical records of the great Quebec earthquake of August 1663. This caused earth movements of a magnitude not seen in Canada since that time, confirming the possibility of these being the explanation of the unusual position of the organic deposits. References.
Distinguishing Hyena from Hominid Bone Accumulations

AbstractCriteria for distinguishing between bone assemblages accumulated by hominids versus those accumulated by hyenas are discussed. These criteria are based on observations from southern African sites, particularly the Upper Pleistocene brown hyena accumulations from Swartklip and Equus Cave. When contextual evidence is lacking or ambiguous, these criteria can be used to determine if a bone accumulation is primarily the result of hyena or hominid activities. The criteria are as follows: 1) the tendency for carnivore remains to be relatively common in carnivore accumulations, 2) the presence of distinctive hyena damage on bone surfaces (depending on bone surface preservation, such damage may not always be common in hyena assemblages); 3) the tendency for bones from hyena accumulations to have relatively complete shafts but lack epiphyses (i.e., being bone “cylinders” while those from hominid accumulations have broken shafts and intact epiphyses; 4) the tendency for the cranial-postcranial ratio to decre.
Holocene carbonate precipitates on precambrian bedrock in the high arctic: age and potential for palaeoclimatic information

ABSTRACT. Crusts of white carbonate precipitate occur commonly on the upper surfaces of glacially sculptured Precambrian granites and gneisses in east‐central Ellesmere Island. Radiocarbon dating of 21 such carbonate precipitates, from elevations between 50 m and 1050 m a.s. l. , has yielded only Holocene ages. Two samples from Ellesmere Island, plus one from Inglefield Land, Greenland, have calibrated ages over 5000 years, the rest are younger. The formation of these deposits, mainly calcite and characterized by unusually heavy δ13C ratios (+3.36 to +15.18‰), has apparently been aided in some cases by the presence of bacteria, and some crusts seem to have developed where Ca‐bearing minerals are more prevalent. In the case of Bache Peninsula and Cape Herschel, where the carbonate crusts are particularly abundant, the presence of calcareous till may have played a role as well. The carbonate crusts may be related to the presence of small, thin carapace ice caps, when such features formed at lower elevations than those at which they exist today. The more extensive cover of ice and snow is postulated to have existed during the latter, cooler part of the Holocene, especially during the period from 2500 to 100 years ago, deduced as a period of low melt from ice core studies on the Agassiz Ice Cap, 200 km to the north. The existence of carapace ice caps at lower elevations also agrees with the radiocarbon evidence for outlet glacier advances during the last 2000 years on both east and west margins of the Prince of Wales Icefield. Alternatively, the white carbonate crusts may be, to a large degree, the result of weathering processes. In either case they provide minimum ages for the exposed, ice‐sculptured rock surfaces on which they occur.
Stability of the seismic source during effusive and explosive activity at Stromboli Volcano

In December 2002 Stromboli Volcano erupted triggering a sector collapse and a tsunami. During the 7 month‐long effusive eruption, the typical persistent and moderate explosive activity of Stromboli ceased. However, very long period (VLP) seismic events, typically associated with the explosions at Stromboli, were recorded during the effusive eruption. These were clustered mainly in two groups with stable waveforms. This suggests that strombolian activity never ceased but was confined deep within the magma conduit. A location method, based on the seismic directivity recorded with an asynchronous seismic deployment, positioned the two clusters ∼60 m apart from each other at ∼510 m a.s. l. and ∼180 m NW from the summit craters. However, seismic polarization reveals a ∼50 m upward migration of the VLP source at the end of the eruption when volcanic activity moved from the effusive style to more typical strombolian activity.
Overlapping Ownership Along the Supply Chain

I find overlapping institutional ownership (OIO) in a customer and supplier increases the duration of their supply chain relationship. Results are stronger when vertical holdup is more severe. A quasi-natural experiment around mergers of financial institutions provides causal evidence of OIO improving relationship survival rates. Concurrent with longer-lived relationships, valuations and innovation increase, consistent with OIO effects on relationship longevity being beneficial. I find evidence of OIO strengthening relationships via an internalization channel: With more OIO, partners cooperate more, with the supplier extending more trade credit. Overall, results indicate OIO strengthens vertical relationships by alleviating holdup problems.
Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Women’s Sexuality and Well-Being: Estimating Treatment Effects and Their Heterogeneity Based on Longitudinal Data Programmatic Registered Report Stage 1

Different women experience hormonal contraceptives differently, reporting side effects on their sexuality and well-being that range from negative to positive. But research on such causal effects of hormonal contraceptives on psychological outcomes struggles both to identify average causal effects and capture the high heterogeneity in women’s treatment responses. In this study, we plan to leverage longitudinal data to improve our ability to separate the causal effects of hormonal contraceptives from other sources of association, including observed and unobserved confounding, reverse causality, and attrition. We will analyze data from up to 6,565 women who participated in PAIRFAM, a German longitudinal panel dataset consisting of 13 waves using Bayesian multilevel regressions. To deal with confounding and probe the robustness of findings, we will implement two analysis approaches: adjusted regression analyses and inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses. Furthermore, to move beyond average treatment effects, we will analyze heterogeneity in treatment responses and test whether interindividual differences can predict such heterogeneity. Lastly, we will investigate whether treatment response predicts women’s decisions about which contraceptive method to use in the long run. Our results will help to understand the impact of hormonal contraception on sexuality and well-being in a naturalistic setting in which women adapt their contraception to their own experiences.
Mineralogy and origin of the titaniferous deposit at Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico

Ilmenite and rutile, with apatite, are deuteric minerals in gneissic granulite (oligoclase-andesine, minor quartz) with ferro-magnesium bands. Titanium minerals replace feldspar, but are earlier than the abundant chlorite and uralite to which the original augite, hornblende, and olivine are largely altered. Source of the mineralizing solutions is believed to be the residual magma from which the host rock crystallized.
The Perceived Contribution of Older People to Climate Change Impact, Mitigation, and Adaptation: Measurement Development and Validation

Abstract Background and Objectives To improve the understanding of ageism toward older people in the context of climate change, the present study developed and validated a new measure that examines the perceived negative and positive contributions of older people to climate change impact, mitigation, and adaptation efforts. Research Design and Methods Four studies (N = 774) were conducted to develop a new measure and evaluate its reliability and validity, relying on exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple-group analysis (Australia and India), discriminative validity, and convergent and divergent validity. Results A 2-subscale measure covering older people’s perceived negative contribution to climate change effects (5 items) and perceived positive contribution to adaptation and mitigation measures (3 items; eg, negative, and positive ageism in the context of climate change) was supported by the data. The measure has demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. Discussion and Implications The measure highlights a relatively neglected area in current climate change discourse and may assist in identifying ways to improve intergenerational solidarity as part of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts toward building a world for all ages under a healthy climate, which allows for healthy aging and healthy longevity. These objectives are in line with the current mission posed by the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing.