Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary exposure to mycotoxins through fruits juice consumption

espanolSe presenta un estudio sobre zumos de frutas a base de manzana, pina, albaricoque, naranja y pera para determinar la presencia natural de quince micotoxinas mediante cromatografia de gases acoplada a espectrometria de masas en tandem (EM/EM). El procedimiento desarrollado de multi-micotoxinas se llevo a cabo mediante micro- extraccion liquida-liquida dispersiva (DLLME). El 36% de las muestras analizadas presentaron contaminacion con micotoxinas y una muestra de jugo de naranja, supero el nivel maximo (ML) establecido por la UE para PAT (50 μg/L). Se detecto PAT en naranja, manzana, frutas mezcladas y jugos de pina con una prevalencia de 86%, 60%, 29%, 14% a concentraciones promedio de 34.57 μg/L, 33.41 μ g/L, 8.59 μg/L, 8.02 μg/L, respectivamente. La toxina HT-2 estaba presente en el jugo mixto (43%) a un nivel medio de 22.38 μg/L. En general, ninguna preocupacion toxicologica se asocio con la exposicion a micotoxinas en la poblacion de ninos y adultos, los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de estudios rigurosos de monitoreo de HT-2 en el zumo de fruta. EnglishA study on fruit juice products (apple, pineapple, apricot, orange and pear) was carried out to determine the natural occurrence of fifteen mycotoxins by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was carried out by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). 36% of the analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination. PAT was detected in orange, apple, mixed fruits and pineapple juices with prevalence of 86%, 60%, 29%, 14% at mean concentrations of 34.57 μg/L, 33.41 μg/L, 8.59 μg/L, 8.02 μg/L, respectively. One orange juice sample, exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for PAT (50 μg/L). HT-2 toxin was found in mixed juice (43%) at mean level of 22.38 μg/L. Overall no toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for children and adult population and the results obtained highlight the necessity for rigorous monitoring studies on HT-2 in fruit juice.
Interactions of Candida albicans Cells with Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria during Formation of Mixed Biofilms in the Oral Cavity

Biofilm is a compact coating formed on various artificial and physiologic surfaces by a population of microorganisms which in this habitat establish a close cooperation, exploit ing both the physical interactions that stabilize the community and chemical coopera - tion, engaging numerous agents to modify the environment, i.e., to influence the acidity, nutrient acquisition, or oxygen availability. Microorganisms can also communicate using quorum-sensing molecules carrying specific messages. Some microbes temporarily dominate, while others are constantly replaced by different community members. But these co-operations or competitions have a deep sense—they serve to protect the whole community against the defense system of the host to assure survival. The oral cavity is inhabited by diverse microorganisms, including bacteria, but also yeast-like fungi from the genus Candida that stay under a tight control of the host as long as its immune system is not weakened; then these relatively mild commensals convert to dangerous pathogens that start the invasion often in collaboration with other microbes. Elongated hyphal forms of fungal cells favor the biofilm type of growth and communication with other microbes supporting immune resistance of the biofilm. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms of interactions between bacteria and C. albicans in the oral cavity, their communication, host responses, and possible strategies of anti-biofilm treatment.
EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO POWER SUBSTATIONS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The objective of this paper is to measure magnetic flux density and electric field intensity due to selected power substations in the city of Tehran to evaluate the difference between the measured parameters and threshold levels specified in relevant standards. Hence, three types of power substations of 63, 230 and 400 kV were randomly selected. Based on confidence level of 95% (a =0.05), 250 measurements were made at various distances from power substations. It is found that the results of data analysis were well below the recommendations in ICNIRP (2010) while, a previous study by Nassiri et al. (2012) with regard to electromagnetic field due to power substations in the city of Tehran revealed that most of the studied population (64.8%) was suspected to have mental disorders. Therefore, to study electromagnetic field due to power substation in urban environment, the adverse effect of electromagnetic field on human beings must be investigated rather than just environmental measurement of electromagnetic field.
An Economic Analysis of Investment Pattern, Cost of Milk Production and Production and Profitability of Commercial Dairy Farms in Maharashtra

Dairying in India has traditionally been a small holders' enterprise. As the demand for milk and milk product is increasing rapidly, milk producers have been adopting dairy farming on commercial scale to tap the market opportunities. The present study conducted on 40 commercial dairy farms in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra (India) in the year 2009-10 analyses their capital investment, cost and returns and the profitability. The farms were classified into small, medium and large categories based on herd size. Small, medium and large dairy farms maintained 10.55, 14.11 and 34.66 milch animals respectively. The average investment per farm was estimated to be Rs. 12.17 lakhs. The share of dairy animals in total investment ranged from 51.28 % (small farms) to 70.12 % (large farms). The average productivity of cross-bred cattle was 9.72, 9.58 and 9.49 litres of milk per day for small, medium and large category of commercial farms; while per litre cost of milk production thereon were Rs. 12.49, Rs.12. 58 and Rs. 11.48 respectively. The net return over cost per litre of cow milk produced was Rs. 2.16. All the farms were financially viable earning a net profit of Rs. 1,91,458 per farm per year.
Effect of pre-harvest spray of calcium nitrate, boric acid and zinc sulphate on yield and quality of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

An investigation was conducted on uniform, healthy, eight year old trees of Nagpur mandarin (citrus reticulata Blanco) at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science at College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during 16 September, 2014 to 1 March, 2015. Various doses of calcium nitrate (1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0 %), boric acid (0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6 %) and zinc sulphate (0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6 %) were sprayed before harvesting and compared with untreated ones. The results obtained indicated that the trees sprayed with T27 i.e. (calcium nitrate 3.0 % + boric acid 0.6 % + zinc sulphate 0.6 %) showed maximum increase diameter of fruit, fruit weight, fruit volume, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, estimated yield per hectare, reducing sugar, non reducing sugar, total sugar, juice per cent, sensory score and reduced peel thickness over control. Further, T24 treatment combination (calcium nitrate 3.0 % + boric acid 0.4 % + zinc sulphate 0.6 %) has also significantly increased number of segments per fruit, TSS, TSS: Acid ratio, ascorbic acid content, and reduced number of seeds per fruit and acidity percent of fruits.
Evaluation of changes in the growth and chemical constituents of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata grown under hydroponic conditions

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata is an important medicinal plant with various pharmaceutical properties. In this study, A. formosanus plants were hydroponically cultivated in different nutrient solutions to achieve enhanced biomass and secondary metabolites production. Three months-old A. formosanus plants were grown for 8 weeks under controlled environment in plastic pots containing Murashige and Skoog (MS), Nitrophoska Foliar (NF), Hydro Green (HG), or Hydro Bee (HB) media. Among 4 nutrient solutions tested, HB was the most efficient medium for the plant growth with the highest fresh weight (FW, 2.56 g/plant) and dry weight (DW, 0.18 g/plant) values. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids in the extracts of A. formosanus cultivated in HB, HG, and MS medium. The level of these compounds was significantly different in plants cultivated in tested media. The highest alkaloids (34.87 μg/g DW) and terpenoids (56.43 μg/g DW) contents were obtained on HG medium, whereas flavonoids were present in highest amounts (90.13 μg QE/g DW) in plants grown in NF medium. On the other hand, HB medium stimulated the production of the highest glycoside (64.33 μg/g DW) and steroids (22.83 μg/g DW) levels. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also tested using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity assay and the results demonstrated strong antioxidant activities of A. formosanus extracts with IC50 of 136.19 to 248.85 μg/ml. Concluding, the hydroponic-cultivation of A. formosanus is a promising way for obtaining highly valuable compounds for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
Effect of temperature and mode of drying on bioactive compounds and quality of germinated parboiled rice

Germinated parboiled rice (GPR) is recognized as a functional food because it is rich in bioactive compounds, especially gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GPR was produced by soaking, incubating, steaming, and then drying using a high-precision hot air dryer. The results indicated that air flow mode and drying temperature had significant effects on the quality of GPR. Drying at higher temperatures and shorter times conserved GABA content. Using through-flow mode decreased drying time and prevented color change. However, a slightly lower percentage of head rice yield was observed. Moreover, using through-flow mode negatively affected the hardness loss after cooking.Keywords: Germinated parboiled rice; Drying mode; Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Head rice yield
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Trauma Patients

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was mixed with thrombin and excess calcium resulting in activated platelets trapped within the fibrin network; within the matrix, platelets secrete bioactive substances that diffuse into the surroundings tissues. PRP is prepared from the patient’s own blood, a variety of manufacturing techniques in vastly different cell counts, and growth factor concentrations. The clinical use of PRP is treatment of soft tissue diseases and injuries, treatment of burns, hard-to-heal wounds, tissue engineering, and implantology in dentistry. An essential crite-rion for PRP is for it to be autologous, for the donor of the blood, and the recipient of the PRP to the same person. Most of the literatures suggest that PRP does not appreciably impact bone healing or induce bone formation. PRP might augment recruitment of osteoblast progenitors to injection sites or in sites expected to expe-rience delayed healing. In this capacity, PRP might be utilized to initiate repair of an otherwise poorly healing bony lesion. PRP stimulates bone repair in fractures. Early through late healing process is compromised with fractures, including reduced cell proliferation, delayed chondrogenesis, and decreased biomechanical properties. In this chapter, the importance of the PRP in oral and maxillofacial surgery in trauma patients is studied
Neptunium Reactivity During Co-Precipitation and Oxidation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) (Oxyhydr)oxides

Fe(II) bearing iron (oxyhydr)oxides were directly co-precipitated with Np(V)O2+ under anaerobic conditions to form Np doped magnetite and green rust. These environmentally relevant mineral phases were then characterised using geochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The Np doped mineral phases were then oxidised in air over 224 days with solution chemistry and end-point oxidation solid samples collected for further characterisation. Analysis using chemical extractions and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques confirmed that Np(V) was initially reduced to Np(IV) during co-precipitation of both magnetite and green rust. Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) modelling suggested the Np(IV) formed a bidentate binuclear sorption complex to both minerals. Furthermore, following oxidation in air over several months, the sorbed Np(IV) was partially oxidised to Np(V), but very little remobilisation to solution occurred during oxidation. Here, linear combination fitting of the X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) for the end-point oxidation samples for both mineral phases suggested approximately 50% oxidation to Np(V) had occurred over 7 months of oxidation in air. Both the reduction of Np(V) to Np(IV) and inner sphere sorption in association with iron (oxyhydr)oxides, and the strong retention of Np(IV) and Np(V) species with these phases under robust oxidation conditions, have important implications in understanding the mobility of neptunium in a range of engineered and natural environments.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Tetrazolato-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes with a Bulky Substituent at Tetrazole C5

Tetrazolato-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complexes ([{cis-Pt(NH3)2}2(μ-OH)(μ-5-R-tetrazolato-N2,N3)]2+; tetrazolato-bridged complexes) are a promising source of next-generation platinum-based drugs. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) forms inclusion complexes with bulky organic compounds or substituents, changing their polarity and molecular dimensions. Here, we determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the stability constants for inclusion complexes formed between β-CD and tetrazolato-bridged complexes with a bulky, lipophilic substituent at tetrazole C5 (complexes 1–3, phenyl, n-nonyl, and adamantyl substitution, respectively). We then determined the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor efficacy of complexes 1–3 against the Colon-26 colorectal cancer cell line in the absence or presence of equimolar β-CD. Compared with the platinum-based anticancer drug oxaliplatin (1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)oxalatoplatinum(II)), complex 2 had similar cytotoxicity, complex 3 was moderately cytotoxic, and complex 1 was the least cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of the complexes decreased in the presence of β-CD. When we examined the in vivo antitumor efficacy of complexes 1–3 (10 mg/kg) against homografted Colon-26 colorectal tumors in male BALB/c mice, they showed a relatively low tumor growth inhibition compared with oxaliplatin. However, in the presence of β-CD, complex 3 had higher in vivo antitumor efficacy than oxaliplatin, suggesting a new direction for future research into tetrazolato-bridged complexes with high in vivo antitumor activity.
Cathodic Behaviour of Dicationic Imidazolium Bromides: The Role of the Spacer

The cathodic reduction of dicationic imidazolium bromides, whose spacer is either an aliphatic chain or a xylyl group, leads to the formation of the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which were isolated as the corresponding thiones, after reaction with elemental sulfur. The behaviour of the dications was compared with the corresponding monocations. The behaviour of dicarbenes depends on the nature of the spacer. This study evidenced that dicarbenes deriving from xylyl dications are less stable than the corresponding aliphatic ones (giving lower yields in thiones), due to a debenzylation reaction. On the other hand, the yields in thiones starting from aliphatic dications are higher than the corresponding monocations, suggesting a cooperative reduction at the electrode of the two imidazolium moieties. The cathodic process was confirmed using the co-electrogenerated hydrogen to reduce 2,2,2trifluoroacetophenone to the corresponding alcohol.
Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)

Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.
Effect of the Hydroxyl Group on Yields and Composition of Organic Aerosol Formed from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Alcohols in the Presence of NOx

The effect of a hydroxyl group and its position on the yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of the 1- to 5-decanol isomers, 1- and 2-undecanol isomers, and n-decane in the presence of NOx was investigated in a series of environmental chamber experiments. SOA composition was also measured using liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy, and gas-phase aldehydes were measured using gas chromatography and proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry. It was observed that all decanol isomers formed SOA of a similar composition, which consisted of products similar to those known to be formed from the reaction of n-decane but with an added hydroxyl or keto group. SOA yields measured for the decanol isomers were all higher than the yield from n-decane because of the general lowering of product vapor pressures by the added hydroxyl group, but they decreased monotonically as the hydroxyl group moved from the end of the molecule to the middle. T.
Electromechanical analysis of bilayer piezoelectric sensors due to flexoelectricity and strain gradient elasticity

The flexoelectric effect of materials, which is the coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization, is most noticeable for the micro/nano electromechanical systems. In the present paper, the size-dependent electromechanical properties of the bilayer piezoelectric sensor are studied and analyzed considering the strain gradient elastic and flexoelectric effects. The governing equation and the corresponding generalized mechanical boundary conditions of the bilayer cantilever sensor are derived utilizing the variational method of flexoelectric materials based on the electric Gibbs free energy. And a new piezo-flexoelectric coupling parameter is proposed and the relationship between the induced electric potential (voltage) and the rotation angles of the ends is obtained. The analytical expressions of deflection and induced electric potential are given when the bilayer piezoelectric sensor is subject to a uniform force. The numerical results show that the normalized deflection, normalized stiffness and induced electric potential are dependent on the structural size, material parameters and internal material length scale parameters. The piezoelectric effect will play a leading role in the induced electric potential when the sensor thickness is larger than a critical value. With decreasing sensor thickness, the flexoelectric and strain gradient elastic effects will dominate the induced electric potential. Moreover, an intrinsic size depending on the material properties is identified for the maximum induced electric potential. The thickness and polarization direction of the piezoelectric layer also have a great influence on the induced electric potential of the sensor systems.The flexoelectric effect of materials, which is the coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization, is most noticeable for the micro/nano electromechanical systems. In the present paper, the size-dependent electromechanical properties of the bilayer piezoelectric sensor are studied and analyzed considering the strain gradient elastic and flexoelectric effects. The governing equation and the corresponding generalized mechanical boundary conditions of the bilayer cantilever sensor are derived utilizing the variational method of flexoelectric materials based on the electric Gibbs free energy. And a new piezo-flexoelectric coupling parameter is proposed and the relationship between the induced electric potential (voltage) and the rotation angles of the ends is obtained. The analytical expressions of deflection and induced electric potential are given when the bilayer piezoelectric sensor is subject to a uniform force. The numerical results show that the normalized deflection, normalized stiffness .
Efficacy of heartwood extractives of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. against subterranean termites

Current study was designed to determine toxicity of heartwood extractives of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (sirin kala) against subterranean termites. Heartwood was extracted in four solvents and tested to compare mortality, antifeedant/repellency and field protection of poplar wooden stakes treated with these extractives. The highest concentration of ethyl acetate extractive proved to be significantly toxic and repellent to termites when compared with other extractives. Poplar stakes were also protected in field exposure to termites when treated with extractive of ethyl acetate whether dip or vacuum-pressure treated. Organic solvent extractives imparted significant low weight loss than control and water extractives in dipping and vacuum-pressure application. Ethyl acetate protected >2 fold as compared to water and other extractives.
Wheat germ as natural coagulant for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME)

The potential of wheat germ as a natural coagulant for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was explored. A series of jar test was conducted for the determination of best extraction method for the wheat germ, optimum dosage and optimum pH. The reported parameters were turbidity, TSS, COD and colour. It was found that the wheat germ extracted with 1M NaCl solution (WG-1M) achieved the highest reduction of turbidity, TSS, COD and colour at 99.1%, 95.6%, 61.7% and 67.8% respectively. This was attained at optimum dosage of 12 000 mg/L and an optimum pH of 2. Results showed that the wheat germ can be regarded as a new potential natural coagulant for the treatment of POME.