Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creativity in art and science: are there two cultures?

The study of creativity is characterized by a variety of key questions, such as the nature of the creative process, whether there are multiple types of creativity, the relationship between high levels of creativity (“Big C”) and everyday creativity (“little c”), and the neural basis of creativity. Herein we examine the question of the relationship between creativity in the arts and the sciences, and use functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the neural basis of creativity in a group of “Big C” individuals from both domains using a word association protocol. The findings give no support for the notion that the artists and scientists represent “two cultures. ” Rather, they suggest that very gifted artists and scientists have association cortices that respond in similar ways. Both groups display a preponderance of activation in brain circuits involved in higher-order socioaffective processing and Random Episodic Silent Thought /the default mode.
Mitigating Over-smoothing in Transformers via Regularized Nonlocal Functionals

Transformers have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing and computer vision applications. However, the representation capacity of a deep transformer model is degraded due to the over-smoothing issue in which the token representations become identical when the model's depth grows. In this work, we show that self-attention layers in transformers minimize a functional which promotes smoothness, thereby causing token uniformity. We then propose a novel regularizer that penalizes the norm of the difference between the smooth output tokens from self-attention and the input tokens to preserve the fidelity of the tokens. Minimizing the resulting regularized energy functional, we derive the Neural Transformer with a Regularized Nonlocal Functional (NeuTRENO), a novel class of transformer models that can mitigate the over-smoothing issue. We empirically demonstrate the advantages of NeuTRENO over the baseline transformers and state-of-the-art methods in reducing the over-smoothing of token representations on various practical tasks, including object classification, image segmentation, and language modeling.
the Darknets: Augmenting Darknet Visibility with Active Probes

—Darknets collect unsolicited trafﬁc reaching unused address spaces. They provide insights into malicious activities, such as the rise of botnets and DDoS attacks. However, darknets provide a shallow view, as trafﬁc is never responded. Here we quantify how their visibility increases by responding to trafﬁc with interactive responders with increasing levels of interaction. We consider four deployments: Darknets, simple L4-Responders, vertical L7-Responders bound to speciﬁc ports, and DPIpot, a honeypot that responds to all protocols on any port. We contrast these alternatives by analyzing the trafﬁc attracted by each deployment and characterizing how trafﬁc changes throughout the responder lifecycle on the darknet. We show that the deployment of responders increases the value of darknet data by revealing patterns that would otherwise be unobservable. We measure Side-Scan phenomena where once a host starts responding, it attracts trafﬁc to other ports and neighboring addresses. DPIpot uncovers attacks that darknets and L7-Responders would not observe, e.g., large-scale activity on non-standard ports. And we observe how quickly senders can identify and attack new responders. The “enlightened” part of a darknet brings several beneﬁts and offers opportunities to increase the visibility of sender patterns. This information gain is worth taking advantage of, and we, therefore, recommend that organizations consider this option.
Dynamic Inuit Social Strategies in Changing Environments: A Long-Term Perspective

Abstract Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):215–225, 2010 This paper presents an overview of the International Polar Year (IPY) research programme Dynamic Inuit Social Strategies in Changing Environments: A Long-Term Perspective. For this project, research teams from six separate multi-year subprojects performed fieldwork across much of the Canadian Arctic. Fieldwork and analysis revolved around two primary processes critical to the understanding of Inuit history: first, is the migration from Alaska to the east by the earliest Inuit, known as ‘Thule’, an apparently rapid event which replaced populations of the earlier, and culturally very different Dorset tradition; second, is the transformation of Thule Inuit into their more diverse recent cultural forms, involving abandonment of some regions, combined with major changes in settlement patterns, artifact form, architecture, economy, and social organization. The ultimate goal of the project is to understand the variable roles of climate change and social structures on the culture change which can be observed during the past 800 years of Inuit history.
Potential rate of reproduction for some geographically separate populations of Pseudocalanus spp.

Quantitative expressions are presented describing the potential reproductive rate per individual female of Pseudocalanus spp. in several different waters (not reduced by food limitation) as a function of both temperature and cephalothorax length of females (one equation for each studied region). The calculations were made for some geographically separate populations of Pseudocalanus spp. from southwest Baffin Island, Nova Scotia, Long Island Sound, Scotland, as well as the southern North Sea and its adjacent waters (e.g. the English Channel). On the basis of the findings presented in this work and from other studies, the reproductive rate was computed as the mean number of eggs per sac divided by 1.25 times the embryonic duration at the given temperature. Also computed was the amount of egg matter produced per day as a percentage of body carbon (and dry weight) of female weight for all localities. The relationships for females from the southern North Sea were obtained for ‘viable eggs’, but they should be treated with reserve. A more suitable expression describing egg production in the southern North Sea is the equation for females from the English Channel obtained here. Our assumptions and approximations appear to predict quite well the temperature-length of female dependent daily rates of egg production of well-fed females of Pseudocalanus spp. for the above waters, and we suggest that they can be used to test the hypothesis more thoroughly. The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan. gda.pl/oceanologia/ 66 L. Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, A. Zielinski
Acoustic Deterrence of Harmful Marine Mammal-Fishery Interactions:

to consider problems and uncertainties related to the use of acoustic deterrents in the conservation and management of marine mammals. Acoustic deterrent devices have been used to help solve two distinct types of fishery-marine mammal conflict: (1) bycatch of marine mammals in fishing gear, and (2) depredation by marine mammals on fish caught in fishing gear, confined in aquaculture enclosureis, or aggregated or constrained at "choke points" in river systems. Acoustic alarms (mainly small, low-intensity sound-generators called "pingers") have been developed for "alerting" marine mammals to the presence of fishing gear, with the goal of reducing bycatch rates. High-intensity acoustic "harassment"' devices (AHDs) have been used widely to reduce depredation on fish, especially by pinnipeds. The workshop's main objectives were to: (a) evaluate experimental and other evidence concerning the efficacy of acoustic deterrents in preventing or reducing interactions between marine mammals and fisheries, including aquaculture operation; @) identify critical uncertainties about the effectiveness of acoustic deterrent devices and their effects on marine mammals and other biota; (c) identify and establish priorities for relevant research; and (d) develop guidelines for when, how, and under what conditions acoustic deterrents should be incorporated into management. Workshop participants included representatives of the fishing industry, environmental groups, and manufacturers of acoustic deterrent devices, staff members from government agencies in the United States, Canada, and Australia, and scientists from seven countries and 21 institutions. Participants broke into working groups with specific terms of reference, and the reports of the working groups are included as part of the ovlerall workshop report. The resu1,ts of a controlled experiment with pingers in the Gulf of Maine sink gillnet fishery in 1994 were the focus of the bycatch disc~ussions. In this experiment, nets with active pingers caught significantly fewer harbor porpoises than control nets. It was generally agreed that pinger use offers a promising rneans of reducing the bycatch of harbor porpoises in this type of fishery. The results of another experiment off Washington and an experimental fishery in the Gulf of Maine in 1995 were consistent with those of the 1994 Gulf of Maine study. There was a strong consensus that pinger use should be incorporated immedial.ely into the management regime fbr the Gulf of Maine sink gillnet fishery. It was expected that full-scale pinger deployment could achieve a sufficient reduction in the harbor porpoise bycatch to meet the requirements of the 1994 amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection …
Comment on ‘New Constraints on the P–T Evolution of the Alpe Arami Garnet Peridotite Body (Central Alps, Switzerland)’ by Paquin & Altherr (2001)

The ‘Alpe Arami controversy’ seems destined not to to is representative of the P–T recorded by the Alpe Arami end as more and more new analytical data become peridotite during Alpine subduction metamorphism dated at available. Recently, Paquin & Altherr (2001; hereafter 43 Ma (Gebauer et al., 1992; Becker, 1993; Gebauer, PA (3) a short-lived thermal event at T [ 1100°C, element zoning profiles in garnets and in various genprobably related to magmatic intrusion at 35 Ma (see erations of pyroxenes from the Alpe Arami peridotite Gebauer, 1996), caused complete re-equilibration of garbody. The results led the authors to conclude that the net Fe–Mg and Ni, but left pyroxene Ca, Cr, Al core peridotite experienced peak metamorphic conditions of contents virtually unaltered; (4) no unequivocal baro1180°C and 5·9 GPa. These values are in fairly good metric estimate can be given for this high-T stage on the basis of available data, although pressures not very agreement with the high P–T estimates of Brenker & dissimilar from those achieved at the peak of subduction Brey (1997), but are at variance with the more recent metamorphism are the most likely. estimates of Nimis & Trommsdorff (2001; hereafter NT Harley, 1984; perature estimates are not in conflict with each other and Krogh Ravna, 2000), Co and Ni partitioning between reflect two distinct stages of equilibration characterized by clinopyroxene (Cpx) and orthopyroxene (Opx) (Seitz et different thermal conditions; (2) the low-T stage coral. , 1999), and Ni partitioning between Ol and Grt (Canil, 1999). When coupled with the Opx–Grt barometer of responds to N&T’s estimates of 840°C and 3·2 GPa and
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought over China during 1961-2009

Based on the data of monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature of 589 meteorological stations over China from 1961 to 2009,the spatial anomaly and temporal evolution characteristics of annual standard drought index are studied by using EOF,REOF,Wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall test.Main results have been shown as follows.Abnormality of the annual standard drought index over China was significant in ten areas,just as Hetao northern China,middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,southern China,main part of northeast China,southern Shaanxi eastern Qinghai,Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi hilly area,northern Xinjiang,western Sichuan eastern Tibet Plateau,eastern Liaoning,and Shandong northeastern Henan.Among them,the climate became significantly dryer in seven regions and it became significantly wetter in 3 regions.The most significantly drying region was Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi hilly area and the most significantly wetting region was northern Xinjiang.The abrupt change took place in 1980 in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi hilly area,and the abrupt change also took place in 1980 in northern Xinjiang for arid-wet change.There existed multiple time scale features over China for arid-wet change according to wavelet energy spectrum,and the fluctuation period of 2～4 years was the most significant.The main period was 3 years over China,and there were main periods of 22 years and 8 years in southern Shaanxi eastern Qinghai for arid-wet change.
Episodic Remagnetizations related to tectonic events and their consequences for the South America Polar Wander Path

Abstract The South American record of remagnetizations is linked to specific events of its tectonic history stretching back to Precambrian times. At the Ediacaran–Cambrian time interval (570–500 Ma), the final stages of the western Gondwana assemblage led to remagnetization of Neoproterozoic carbonates within the São Francisco–Congo Craton and at the border of the Amazon Craton, along the Araguaia–Paraguay–Pampean Belt. From the late Permian to early Triassic, the San Rafaelic orogeny and the emplacement of the Choiyoi magmatic province was responsible for widespread remagnetizations in Argentina and Uruguay. Cretaceous remagnetization has also been documented in Brazil and interpreted to result from magmatism and fault reactivations linked to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. We present a review of these widespread remagnetization events principally based on palaeomagnetic data and, when available, on rock magnetic and radiogenic isotope age data. This study gives an overview of the geographical distribution of the remagnetization events in South America, and provides important clues to better understand the geodynamic evolution of the South American plate at these times. In addition, magnetic mineralogy data for the different case studies presented here constrain the physical–chemical mechanisms that led to partial or total resetting of magnetic remanences in sedimentary rocks.
Comparison of the Penman‐Monteith method and regional calibration of the Hargreaves equation for actual evapotranspiration using SWAT-simulated results in the Seolma-cheon basin, South Korea

ABSTRACT The Hargreaves method provides reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates when only air temperature data are available, although it requires previous local calibration for an acceptable performance. This method was evaluated using the data from 71 meteorological stations in the Seolma-cheon basin (8.48 km2), South Korea, comparing daily estimates against those from the Penman‐Monteith (PM) method, which was used as the standard. To estimate reference ETo more exactly, considering the climatological characteristics in South Korea, parameter regionalization of the Hargreaves equation is carried out. First, the modified Hargreaves equation is presented after an analysis of the relationship between solar radiation and temperature. Second, parameter (KET) optimization of the regional calibration of the Hargreaves equation (RCH) is performed using the PM method and the modified equation at 71 meteorological stations. Next, an application was carried out to evaluate the evapotranspiration methods (PM, original Hargreaves and RCH) in the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model by comparing these with the measured actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the basin. The SWAT model was calibrated using 3 years (2007–2009) of daily streamflow at the watershed outlet and 3 years (2007–2009) of daily AET measured at a mixed forest. The model was validated with 3 years (2010‐2012) of streamflow and AET. RCH will contribute to a better understanding of evapotranspiration of an ungauged watershed in areas where meteorological information is scarce. EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis ASSOCIATE EDITOR Not assigned
Using IGS data to analysis the global TEC annual and semiannual variation

With the Fourier analysis method,the daytime ionosphere total electron concentration(TEC) are investigated by using a high solar activity years(2000) global GPS data series from IGS,the main features are outlined as follows: the annual variation of daytime TEC are strong in the middle latitudes for the northern and southern hemispheres,and weak in the low latitudes and equatorial region.The amplitudes of semiannual variation are much larger in the 'far-pole' region(far away from the northern or southern magnetic pole,i.e.north-east Asia and South American) than those in the 'near-pole' region(North American and Austria). Further studies also show that daytime TEC maximize at equinox days in most regions,and maximize in winter in the northern 'near-pole' region.In South America and Austria,daytime TEC reaches its max value in summer.The atomic/molecular ratio in the neutral atmosphere calculated by the MSIS90 model are also treated with Fourier method,results indicate that the annual amplitudes of the ratio are large in the northern and southern middle and high latitudes,and the winter anomaly are noticeable very much.According to Rishbeth's opinion,we suggest that the may have important contribution to the TEC annual variation,as well as the winter anomaly in the 'near-pole' region.As for the daytime TEC semiannual variations,we should comprehensively consider the contribution of and the electron production rate associate with the solar zenith angle.
Combination of iso�urane and propofol as general anaesthesia during orthopaedic surgery of perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion rats to avoid cognitive impairment Anaesthesia during perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion

Background: Perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion (CH) is common, although the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment that results due to perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion remains to be determined. Iso�urane anaesthesia induces neuronal injury via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, whereas a sub-anaesthetic dose of propofol improves postoperative cognitive function. However, the effects of the combination of iso�urane plus propofol, which is a common aesthetic combination administered to patients, on ER stress and cognition remain unknown. Methods: We sought to determine the effects of iso�urane plus propofol on ER stress and cognitive function in rats insulted by cerebral hypoperfusion. Ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) was adopted to develop the cerebral hypoperfusion rat model. A second surgery, open reduction and internal �xation (ORIF), requiring general anaesthesia, was performed 30 days later so that the effects of anaesthetics on the cognitive function of CH rats could be assessed. Rats received iso�urane alone (1.9%), propofol alone (40 mg·kg-1·h-1) or a combination of iso�urane and propofol (1% and 20 mg·kg-1·h-1 or 1.4% and 10 mg·kg-1·h-1). Behavioural studies (fear conditioning [FC] test), histological analyses (Nissl staining) and biochemical analyses (western blotting of the harvested rat brain tissues) were employed. Results: The combination of 1% iso�urane plus 20 mg·kg-1·h-1 propofol did not aggravate cognitive impairment or ER stress in ageing rats with CH that were further subjected ORIF surgery. Conclusions: These data suggest that ER stress contributes to the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment and that the combination of iso�urane and propofol did not aggravate cognitive impairment and ER stress in ageing rats with CH that were further subjected ORIF surgery.
A submonthly database for detecting changes in vegetation‐atmosphere coupling

Land‐atmosphere coupling and changes in coupling regimes are important for making precise future climate predictions and understanding vegetation‐climate feedbacks. Here we introduce the Vegetation‐Atmosphere Coupling (VAC) index which identifies regions and times of concurrent strong anomalies in temperature and photosynthetic activity. The different classes of the index determine whether a location is currently in an energy‐limited or water‐limited regime, and its high temporal resolution allows to investigate how these regimes change over time at the regional scale. We show that the VAC index helps to distinguish different evaporative regimes. It can therefore provide indirect information about the local soil moisture state. We further demonstrate how the index can be used to understand processes leading to and occurring during extreme climate events, using the 2010 heat wave in Russia and the 2010 Amazon drought as examples.
Plant assemblages from the Shafer Peak Formation (Lower Jurassic), north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains

Abstract The Jurassic plant fossil record of Gondwana is generally meagre, which renders phytogeographic and palaeoclimatic interpretations difficult to date. Moreover, plant fossil assemblages mainly consist of impressions/compressions with rather limited palaeobiological and palaeoecological significance. We here present a detailed survey of new Early Jurassic plant assemblages from the Pliensbachian Shafer Peak Formation, north Victoria Land, Transantarctic Mountains. Some of the well-preserved fossils yield cuticle. The floras consist of isoetalean lycophytes, sphenophytes, several ferns, bennettitaleans, and conifers. In addition, three distinct kinds of conifer shoots and needles were obtained from bulk macerations. The composition of the plant communities is typical for Jurassic macrofloras of Gondwana, which underscores the general homogeneity of Southern Hemisphere vegetation during the mid-Mesozoic. Altogether, the plant fossil assemblages indicate humid and warm temperate conditions, which is in contrast to recent palaeoclimatic models that predict cool temperate climates for the continental interior of southern Gondwana during the Jurassic. However, there is no evidence for notable soil development or peat accumulation. The environmental conditions were apparently very unstable due to intense volcanic activity that resulted in frequent perturbation of landscape and vegetation, hampering the development of long-lived climax communities. Cuticles of bennettitaleans and conifers show xeromorphic features that may have been beneficial for growth in this volcanic environment.
Fractal Geometry, porosity and complex resistivity: from hand specimen to field data

Abstract In the induced polarization (IP) method of geophysical prospecting, the frequency dependence of the constitutive parameters (conductivity and permittivity) of rocks is exploited to distinguish between different types of rocks with different types of mineralization. Unavoidably, the field data measured using either a four electrode array or an inductive type setup employing ungrounded loops will not directly provide the induced polarization properties of the geological medium to the exclusion of the ‘electromagnetic coupling’. In fact one can not measure one effect without the other. Inference of the medium constitutive parameters from field data is often masked and confused by the purely electromagnetic effects that would be present even when the medium is non-dispersive. In this paper we present a framework by which one can separate the electrochemical effects from the electromagnetic effects which are usually intertwined in a complicated manner in the measured field data. We formulate the problem in a fairly general way without introducing the customary quasi-static approximation. The model we use is that of a layered earth with one of the layers representing a polarizable medium and the rest of the layers are non-polarizable. The effective complex resistivity of the polarizable medium, which is described in a companion paper, is given by a generalized Cole-Cole type resistive network.