Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A rare occurrence of serrate conodont elements of Panderodus Ethington in the Middle Ordovician ‘Täljsten’ interval at Kinnekulle, south Sweden

The stratigraphically rare occurrence of serrate Panderodus in latest Ordovician and Silurian conodont faunas has commonly led to suggestions that these are ecophenotypic varieties of non-serrate species of the genus. Following the discovery of a serrate Panderodus morphotype in the Middle Ordovician ‘Täljsten’ interval at Kinnekulle, Sweden, it is suggested that such morphotypes should be treated as separate taxa. The stratigraphical occurrence of Panderodus serratus haellekisensis n. ssp. represents the earliest known species of this genus in Baltoscandia, and suggests that the serrate morphology may actually be a primitive feature. The elements encountered are minute and the characteristic panderodontoid groove is underdeveloped; a combination of characters that may be interpreted as a juvenile growth stage. Conversely, this morphology could be viewed as a primitive feature, considering the fact that serrate Panderodus specimens tend to also be small in the Silurian. As these elements are restricted to one single bed in the ‘Täljsten’ interval – a unit of grey limestone formed during a period of environmentally ‘anomalous’ conditions – the occurrence of P. s. haellekisensis may be interpreted as a temporary but unsuccessful immigration attempt. Its centre of origin, however, remains ambiguous.
Water mass and throughflow transport variability in the Taiwan Strait

[1] Variability of water mass and throughflow transport in the Taiwan Strait are analyzed using strait-wide conductivity-temperature-depth (1985–2003) and sectional acoustic Doppler current profiler (1999–2001) data. Results from a cluster analysis, temperature-salinity diagrams, and direct transport calculations indicate that the strong northeast monsoon drives the brackish Mixed China Coastal Water into the northern strait and hinders the northward intruded saline Kuroshio Branch Water (KBW) in the southeastern strait from December to January. The mean throughflow transport across the central strait is about 0.1 Sv southward during this period, thus supporting previous observations that there is no persistent northward flowing current throughout the strait in winter. The weakening of the northeast monsoon in February–March, however, emancipates the KBW to intrude northward into the East China Sea (ECS). In June, the increase in this northward transport accompanied by the decrease in the westward intrusion of Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait leads to the replacement of the KBW by the less saline South China Sea Water (SCSW). The northward transports ranging from 1.16 to 2.34 Sv between March and August yield 0.131–0.238 × 1015 W and 53.33–81.74 × 106 kg/s of temperature and salt transports, respectively, toward the ECS. The inception of the northeast monsoon in October marks both the change of water mass from fall to winter patterns and the decrease of the northward throughflow transport. Our results also reveal that the subsurface KBW and SCSW remain consistent throughout the observation periods between 100 and 200 m and below 200 m depths, respectively, in the southeastern strait.
A New Late Triassic Vertebrate Fauna from Poland with Turtles, Aetosaurs, and Coelophysoid Dinosaurs

ABSTRACT We report a new site with an occurrence of isolated bones of a Palaeochersis-like turtle in Norian-Rhaetian fluvial sediments from southern Poland. The turtle remains are associated with bones of a medium-sized aetosaur, a coelophysoid dinosaur, and a larger carnivorous archosaur, as well as a hybodontid shark, ganoid and dipnoan fishes, and a large temnospondyl.
Earthquake Prediction Research in Japan

The first 5-year earthquake prediction project in Japan started in 1965. Now, the sixth 5-year project (1989-1993) is in progress. Various kinds of fundamental observations have been continued and the density of the observation network has increased with time, but there have been no successful cases of earthquake prediction. However, reliable data useful for long-term and short-term prediction are being steadily accumulated, and several cases have suggested the feasibility of earthquake prediction. In the Tokai district of central Honshu, where a major earthquake is expected to occur in the near future, a program for constant monitoring and assessment was formally inaugurated with the goal of forecasting an M8 class earthquake. The results of research on recent major earthquakes in Japan are reviewed as well as the Tokai earthquake problem.
Temperature‐related trends in the vertical position of the summer upper tropospheric surface of maximum wind over the Northern Hemisphere

The surface of maximum wind (SMW) is used to examine spatial and temporal variability in the vertical position of jet streams and fast upper tropospheric wind maxima over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) in the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis for summers 1958–2004. At a given observation time in a gridded data set, the SMW is defined as the surface passing through the fastest analyzed wind above each grid node, with a vertical search domain restricted to the upper troposphere and any tropospheric jet streams extending into the lower stratosphere. The 47‐year mean summer SMW generally resides below the tropopause, undulates in the tropics, and descends poleward in middle and high latitudes. Trends in the pressure of the summer SMW are primarily positive, exceed 30 hPa/decade at some locations, and are found over most of the tropics and subtropics for the period 1958–2004. The thermal wind relationship is used to establish links between the SMW pressure trends and temperature gradient changes in the upper troposphere. The changing temperature gradients are consistent with nonuniform tropospheric warming and are correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability related to El Niño and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Physical properties of carbonate fault rocks, fucino basin (Central Italy): implications for fault seal in platform carbonates

We documented the porosity, permeability, pore geometry, pore type, textural anisotropy, and capillary pressure of carbonate rock samples collected along basin-bounding normal faults in central Italy. The study samples consist of one Mesozoic platform carbonate host rock with low porosity and permeability, four fractured host rocks of the damage zones, and four fault rocks of the fault cores. The four fractured samples have high secondary porosity, due to elongated, connected, soft pores that provide fluid pathways in the damage zone. We modeled this zone as an elastic cracked medium, and used the Budiansky–O'Connell correlation to compute its permeability from the measured elastic moduli. This correlation can be applied only to fractured rocks with large secondary porosity and high-aspect ratio pores. The four fault rock samples are made up of survivor clasts embedded in fine carbonate matrices and cements with sub-spherical, stiff pores. The low porosity and permeability of these rocks, and their high values of capillary pressure, are consistent with the fault core sealing as much as 77 and 140 m of gas and oil columns, respectively. We modeled the fault core as a granular medium, and used the Kozeny–Carmen correlation, assigning the value of 5 to the Kozeny constant, to compute its permeability from the measured porosities and pore radii. The permeability structure of the normal faults is composed of two main units with unique hydraulic characteristics: a granular fault core that acts as a seal to cross-fault fluid flow, and an elastic cracked damage zone that surrounds the core and forms a conduit for fluid flow. Transient pathways for along-fault fluid flow may form in the fault core during seismic faulting due to the formation of opening-mode fractures within the cemented fault rocks.
Local and Generalized Endogenous Pain Modulation in Healthy Men: Effects of Exercise and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage.

Isometric exercise has been shown to activate endogenous pain inhibitory pathways in healthy adults, but not in some clinical pain populations. OBJECTIVE Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and the associated delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) are a model for studying clinical pain; thus, our purpose was to examine the effects of isometric exercise on pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the presence and absence of DOMS. METHODS Data were collected on 23 males (22.8 ± 2.5 yrs). PPT was assessed in the right (exercising) and left (resting) quadriceps prior to, every 30 seconds during, and 2 and 15 minutes following an isometric contraction of the right quadriceps at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) held until fatigue. Unilateral eccentric exercise was performed to induce DOMS in the exercising leg and testing was repeated 48 hours later. RESULTS DOMS increased (P < 0.001) and resting PPT decreased (P = 0.03) following EIMD. PPTs were elevated during exercise in the exercising (P ≤ 0.002) and resting (P ≤ 0.002) quadriceps but did not differ between the control and EIMD conditions in either leg (P ≤ 0.61). PPT remained elevated 2 and 15 minutes postexercise (P < 0.05) in the exercised quadriceps in both conditions, but values returned to baseline at 2 (P = 0.91) and 15 minutes (P = 0.28) postisometric exercise in the resting quadriceps. CONCLUSIONS Unlike clinical pain, DOMS had no effect on the PPT response during exercise in either the exercising or resting quadriceps. The fact that exercise altered PPT in both quadriceps during exercise suggests a generalized pain inhibitory mechanism was activated. However, the restriction of postexercise effects to the exercised limb suggests localized inhibitory mechanism(s) were activated after exercise.
Thermo-mechanical behavior of normally consolidated soft Bangkok clay

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on thermo-mechanical behavior of normally consolidated (NC) soft Bangkok clay specimen under drained and undrained heating conditions. The observed increase in the undrained shear strength of the specimen is due, in part, to the volume contraction induced by thermo-mechanical load and possibly from the permanent rearrangement of the soil fabric. An attempt was made to quantify the contribution of the soil fabric change to the total thermally induced shear strength increase. Without applying any thermal loading, an indirect procedure was developed to measure the contribution of soil fabric change to the increase in shear strength by inducing the average of the recorded volumetric change generated during drained heating-cooling test through mechanical loading. The experimental results show that the strength induced by mechanical loading alone only comprises 60% of the total developed thermo-mechanically induced shear strength increase. It is believed that the remaining 40% comes from the restructuring of the soil fabric activated due to thermal exposure up to 90°C.
Wintertime/summertime contrasts of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud microphysics over the Southern Ocean

[1] Wintertime/summertime contrasts of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud microphysics observed in clean maritime environments off the west coast of Tasmania, Australia in the Southern Ocean Cloud Experiment, are presented. The average wintertime CCN concentration (NCCN) was 32 cm−3 at 1% supersaturation (S), but it was 19 cm−3 when only baseline (maritime airflow with minimal anthropogenic influences) flights were considered. In contrast, the average summertime NCCN were more than a factor of 5 higher than wintertime for all S ranges. The seasonal contrast was larger when only baseline flights were considered, especially at lower S: summertime more than an order of magnitude higher than wintertime at S below 0.1%. Corresponding cloud droplet concentrations (Nc) showed similar contrasts but to a smaller extent. Summertime average cloud droplet concentrations [Nc(ave)] were only 2.5 times higher than wintertime concentrations (70 cm−3 versus 28 cm−3). This difference was nearly a factor of 3 when only baseline flights were considered (57 cm−3 versus 20 cm−3). Flight-average NCCN and various representations of adiabatic cloud droplet concentrations (Na) generally showed good correlations, indicating that the original effects of CCN are somehow retained in the Nc(ave). The average mean diameter (MD) of the cloud droplets was 13.9 and 17.1 μm for the summer and winter clouds, respectively. For baseline only, average MDs were 15.4 and 18.2 μm, respectively. Average MD was thus above or close to the 15-μm threshold for drizzle production, except for the summertime nonbaseline clouds, which had an average MD smaller than 10 μm. Because of the larger droplet sizes, conversion to drizzle was more efficient in the winter clouds, where the average drizzle liquid water content (Ld) of 0.12 g m−3 was twice that of the summer Ld. The Ld for the summer nonbaseline clouds was negligible. Average Ld was also highly dependent on cloud depth. Winter baseline clouds were sometimes too thin to produce significant drizzle even though they contained very low Nc and very large MDs. The thickest clouds contained the highest Ld although their MD was not always the largest.
Measurements of ozone concentrations on a commercial vessel in the marine boundary layer over the northern North Pacific Ocean

[1] The O3 concentration in the marine boundary layer over the northern North Pacific Ocean was measured on a commercial vessel. No significant longitudinal gradient was seen over the area between 170°E and 135°W. A spring O3 maximum and summer minimum were observed. A diurnal cycle of O3 was found, with a high nighttime concentration and a low daytime concentration. Throughout the year an O3 decrease was clearly observed just after sunrise, which is known as sunrise ozone destruction (SOD). SOD may act as an important O3 sink in the marine boundary layer. Dramatic O3 destruction (2.5–3 ppb hour−1) just after sunrise was found in spring 2001. The cause of this phenomenon is discussed.
Zonal circulation in the NW Atlantic and Caribbean from a meridional World Ocean Circulation experiment hydrographic section at 66°W

A World Ocean Circulation experiment Hydrographic Program section along 66°W in the North Atlantic was made in 1997. In addition to the usual variables (hydrographic and tracer) measured in WOCE onetime sections, we made lowered acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP) measurements at nearly all of the stations. The section closed off a portion of the western North Atlantic to the west of the line, making a closed volume for constraining the circulation. In addition, the deep portions of the Caribbean do not communicate with the rest of the basin. By combining mass, silica, and LADCP information as constraints an inverse calculation obtained reveals a strong eastward transport in the Gulf Stream bounded by westward flowing water on either side. Within these energetic flows we see evidence for recently ventilated Classical Labrador Sea Water, which has not reached the Deep Western Boundary Current north of Puerto Rico in any significant amounts. Within the Caribbean our major new finding is a deep cyclonic circulation below sill depth in excess of 100 times the inflow of deep Atlantic water through the major deep sill: the Anegada-Jungfern Passage. The signature of the deep Atlantic source water is most prominent in CFCs and both a bottom and mid-depth maximum are present in the Caribbean to the south of Puerto Rico. Off the coast of Venezuela, however, only the deeper CFC maximum is found. For the entire section the net overturning circulation, heat flux, and freshwater fluxes are all consistent with expectations based on water mass formation and air-sea exchanges to the west of our section, but the annual mean air-sea fluxes of heat and freshwater from Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Sets appear somewhat too small in comparison with our single-section result.
The s -ligand ( 1 )-pentazocine depresses M current and enhances calcium conductances in frog melanotrophs

The s -ligand ( 1 )-pentazocine depresses M current and enhances calcium conductances in frog melanotrophs. Am. J. Physiol. 277 Endocrinol. Metab. 40): E73– E80, 1999. —Gramicidin-perforated patch clamp experiments and microﬂuorimetric measurements were performed to study the ionic mechanisms involved in the s -receptor-mediated stimulation of frog ( Rana ridibunda ) pituitary melanotrophs. The s -ligand ( 1 )-pentazocine (50 µM) depressed a sustained outward K 1 current. The kinetic properties of this K 1 component, investigated by analyzing tail currents, were reminis-cent of those of the M current ( I M ), with an activation threshold close to 2 60 mV, a 2 21-mV half-maximal activation potential, and two-component exponential deactivation kinetics at 2 90 mV. ( 1 )-Pentazocine (20 µM) produced a 12-mV rightward shift of the activation curve and accelerated the deactivation rate of the tail current. It is also demonstrated that ( 1 )-pentazocine (20 µM) reversibly increased both voltage-dependent calcium conductances and internal calcium level. Altogether, these results suggest that the s -receptor-induced modulation of I M and calcium currents likely underlies the increase of intracellular [Ca 2 1 ]. determined Drug application. ( 1 )-Pentazocine was added to the external solution and sonicated for 20–30 s. DTG was ﬁrst dissolved in ethanol (ﬁnal concentration of ethanol , 1% vol/vol) and mixed to the external solution. s -Ligand solutions were administered in the vicinity of the cell under study by a pressure ejection system (76 mmHg) from a glass pipette placed at a distance of 100–150 µm from the cell. The bathing medium was continuously renewed with fresh external solution at a ﬂow rate of 3 ml/min via a gravity-fed system. The excess of bathing solution was continuously aspirated via a suction needle. Analysis of currents. Current amplitudes were determined with the pCLAMP 6.02 analysis software (Clampﬁt). Exponen- tial ﬁts of the decaying phase of tail currents (calculated by the Simplex method) were also performed with Clampﬁt. Current-voltage ( I/V ) relationships were ﬁtted by using Origin analysis software (Micrococal). Statistical compari- sons were performed with the Student’s paired or independent t -test and the Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon test, depend- ing on the experimental conditions. Quantitative data are expressed as means 6 SE.
Frost boils and soil ice content: field observations

Our aim is to measure and explain the seasonal changes in soil ice content in the frost boils of Galbraith Lake, Alaska. Instruments were installed in a frost boil to monitor the ground surface position and soil state over a period of 4 years. By comparing the subsidence and thaw rates, we calculate the soil ice content as a function of depth. Measured soil temperatures, liquid water contents and bulk apparent thermal conductivities are used to estimate latent heat production and release in the soil. The frost boil heaves during freezing and settles during thaw while the surrounding tundra heaves negligibly, but subsides measurably. Despite large changes in freezing rates from year to year, total heave and its distribution across the frost boil are similar between years. Winter air temperature and snow depth influence the freezing rate and ice distribution as a function of depth, but not the overall heave. This suggests that heave is controlled by water availability rather than the rate of heat removal from the soil. Areal ground subsidence rates between 2 and 5 cm/yr are due to the disappearance of ice at the base of the active layer, raising the possibility of ongoing thermokarst expansion around Galbraith Lake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The International Center for Research on the Management of Technology Time versus Market Orientation in Product Concept Development : Empirically-based Theory Generation

In collaboration with industry partners, a normative model of the product concept decision process was developed, supported with tools and techniques, and codified as a decision support process for product development teams. This process (Concept Engineering) was then introduced into a number of product development teams in different companies. A comparative analysis of actual product concept development activities, with and without the use of Concept Engineering, was conducted. All of the observed teams viewed time to market as a critical measure of their success. However, the development processes differed significantly depending on whether relatively more emphasis was placed on time or market considerations. Key variables associated with the product concept development decision process and time-to-market dynamics were identified and a theory of the concept development process was developed using the inductive system diagram technique, a research methodology developed in the course of this work. We believe this work contributes to the operations management literature in three ways. First, it introduces a very detailed, structured decision process for product concept development, enhancing the literature on Quality Function Deployement (QFD). Second, it presents a theory of product concept development that can improve understanding of success and failure in product concept development. Third, this work develops new methodology (Inductive Systems Diagrams) for field work in operations management. This methodology marries the grounded theory methods familiar to sociologists with causal-loop modeling familiar to systems dynamicists, yielding a rigorous tool for systematically collecting, organizing, and distilling large amounts of
Biogenic emissions in Europe: 2. Implications for ozone control strategies

As shown in a companion paper, uncertainties in the emissions of isoprene in Europe are significant, quite possibly of the order of 500%, and this uncertainty must be taken into account when assessing the effects of emission control measures in reducing ozone. The EMEP MSC-W model has been used to estimate the effects of 50% reductions in man-made NOx (nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on rural ozone concentrations in different parts of Europe, under four different assumptions concerning biogenic emissions: (1) medium isoprene emissions, (2) high isoprene emissions, (3) zero isoprene emissions, and (4) zero soil NOx emissions. The model results suggest that uncertainties in isoprene emissions are not very important for the evaluation of long-term (6 monthly) ozone scenarios in Europe, especially with regard to the relative merit of NOx versus VOC control. To explain these results, we have analyzed the sources and sinks of important radical species under different isoprene emission levels. It is shown that isoprene emissions are not sufficient to affect production or loss rates of key-radical species significantly. The main effect of isoprene is to depress OH levels in isoprene-rich areas, thereby reducing somewhat the share of ozone production possible from anthropogenic VOC. However, in such areas it is NOx emissions which are limiting as far as ozone production is concerned, so the policy advice from the model is quite robust against the isoprene uncertainties. The results obtained with respect to the effects of control measures on maximum ozone proved more sensitive to the assumed isoprene level. It is also shown that changes in isoprene emission level can alter the dates upon which ozone maxima occur, so predictions of the effects of man-made control cannot rely upon a consideration of the chemistry occurring at the time of the base case maxima but rather require modeling over the summer period.