Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Maastrichtian - early Paleocene sea level and climate changes in the Antioch Church Core (Alabama, Gulf of Mexico margin, USA): a multi-proxy approach

The Antioch Church core from central Alabama, spanning the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P) boundary, was investigated by a multi-proxy approach to study paleoenvironmental and sea level changes within the wellconstrained sequence stratigraphic setting of the Gulf of Mexico margin. The Antioch Church core comprises the Maastrichtian calcareous nannoplankton Zone CC25 and the Danian Zones NP1 to NP4 corresponding to the Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera Zones CF3 and the Danian Zones P1a to P2. Facies shifts from a Maastrichtian siliciclastic to a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate depositional system during the late Danian. Sedimentary proxies indicate that depositional settings changed between littoral (foreshore) and inner and middle neritic (offshore transition zone). Four sedimentary sequences, each encompassing LST, TST, and HST were identified. Estimated water depths by using benthic foraminiferal assemblages were not exceeding 20-40 m for the Maastrichtian and 0-40 m for the Danian sequences. The succession of facies shifts within systems tracts can be very well disentangled by major and trace element data as well as by various element ratios including Zr/Rb, (Zr+Rb)/Ca, and Sr/Ca. By applying element stratigraphy, the ambiguities of the natural gamma ray log –with peaks associated either with maximum flooding surfaces or with silty lag deposits (“placer silts”) during the late regressive HST– are resolved. In addition, the Zr/Rb ratio provides a good proxy for monitoring grain size distribution and sorting effects. According to the Antioch Church core data, the K-P boundary is associated with a sandstone event bed that includes ejecta spherules from the Chicxulub impact. However, the genesis of the K-P event bed, whether lowstand, tempestite- or tsunami-related, cannot be resolved from this core. In terms of clay mineralogy, the studied interval is characterized by a steady increase in smectite that parallels a decrease in kaolinite with the latter disappearing about two My after the K-P boundary during Biozone NP2. This change in the clay mineral assemblage, which is almost independent of lithology, may suggest a long-term shift from stable, tropical warm and humid climates during the latest Maastrichtian to warm climate with alternating humid and arid seasons in the middle Danian.
Character Connes amenability of dual Banach algebras

We study the notion of character Connes amenability of dual Banach algebras and show that if A is an Arens regular Banach algebra, then A** is character Connes amenable if and only if A is character amenable, which will resolve positively Runde’s problem for this concept of amenability. We then characterize character Connes amenability of various dual Banach algebras related to locally compact groups. We also investigate character Connes amenability of Lau product and module extension of Banach algebras. These help us to give examples of dual Banach algebras which are not Connes amenable.
Some width function asymptotics for weighted trees

Consider a rooted labelled tree graph τ n having a total of n vertices. The width function counts the number of vertices as a function of the dis-tance to the root φ . In this paper we compute large n asymptotic behavior of the width functions for two classes of tree graphs (both random and deterministic) of the following types: (i) Galton–Watson random trees τ n conditioned on total progeny and (ii) a class of deterministic self-similar trees which include an “expected” Galton-Watson tree in a sense to be made precise. The main results include: (i) an extension of Aldous’s theorem on “search-depth” approximations by Brownian excursion to the case of weighted Galton–Watson trees; (ii) a probabilistic derivation which gen-eralizes previous results by Troutman and Karlinger on the asymptotic behavior of the expected width function and provides the ﬂuctuation law; and (iii) width function asymptotics for a class of deterministic self-similar trees of interest in the study of river network data.
Studies of the focal region of a spherical reflector: Geometric optics

The classical optics of the spherical reflector is reviewed and extended with particular application to the focal region. The caustic surface, axial caustic, and circle of least confusion are described in detail. The manner in which the reflected rays combine in the focal region is then developed. In general, three reflected rays intersect at any field point P ( P on the interior of the caustic surface, but off the axial caustic). The points of incidence of the three rays and their optical path lengths from a common reference plane are calculated, providing the necessary phase and divergence information for the focal region.
Preparation and Characterization of BiVO4 Powder by the Sol-gel Method

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) powder was successfully prepared by the sol-gel method. Bismuth nitrate and ammonium vanadate were used as the starting precursors with mole ratio of 1:1 in ethanol media at 70°C for 1 h. The yellow gel was calcined at 400–600°C for 2 h. The phase of BiVO4 powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and chemical composition of BiVO4 powder were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The functional groups of BiVO4 powder was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the surface area of BiVO4 powder was determined by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller technique (BET).
Influence of 5d transition elements on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of hcp-Co

We have studied the effects of 5d transition elements (X = W, Re, Ir, and Pt) on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) of epitaxially grown hexagonal-close-packed (hcp)-Co single crystal films. The MAE of Co-X significantly changes, depending on X. With increasing numbers of valence electrons in X, the sign of the first anisotropy constant K1 changes from positive to negative, indicating that the easy axis of magnetization rotates from the c-axis to the c-plane. The second anisotropy constant K2 monotonically increases with the number of valence electrons in X. All these variations were found to be systematic and are discussed in conjunction with the structural analyses.
VLA Observations of ζ Aurigae: Confirmation of the Slow Acceleration Wind Density Structure

Studies of the winds from single K and early M evolved stars indicate that these flows typically reach a significant fraction of their terminal velocity within the first couple of stellar radii. The most detailed spatially resolved information of the extended atmospheres of these spectral types comes from the ζ Aur eclipsing binaries. However, the wind acceleration inferred for the evolved primaries in these systems appears significantly slower than for stars of similar spectral type. Since there are no successful theories for mass loss from K and early M evolved stars, it is important to place strong empirical constraints on potential models and determine whether this difference in acceleration is real or an artifact of the analyses. We have undertaken a radio continuum monitoring study of ζ Aurigae (K4 Ib + B5 V) using the Very Large Array to test the wind density model of Baade et al. that is based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph ultraviolet spectra. ζ Aur was monitored at centimeter wavelengths over a complete orbital cycle, and flux variations during the orbit are found to be of similar magnitude to variations at similar orbital phases in the adjacent orbit. During eclipse, the flux does not decrease, showing that the radio emission originates from a volume substantially larger than R ∼ (150 R⊙)3 surrounding the B star. Using the one-dimensional density model of the K4 Ib primary's wind derived from HST spectral line profile modeling and electron temperature estimates from previous optical and new HST studies, we find that the predicted radio fluxes are consistent with those observed. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations indicate that the accretion flow perturbations near the B star do not contribute significantly to the total radio flux from the system, consistent with the radio eclipse observations. Our radio observations confirm the slow wind acceleration for the evolved K4 Ib component. ζ Aur's velocity structure does not appear to be typical of single stars with similar spectral types. This highlights the need for more comprehensive multiwavelength studies for both single stars, which have been sadly neglected, and other ζ Aur systems to determine if its wind properties are typical.
Non-inductive plasma initiation and plasma current ramp-up on the TST-2 spherical tokamak

Plasma current (Ip) start-up in a spherical tokamak (ST) by waves in the lower-hybrid (LH) frequency range was investigated on TST-2. A low current (∼1 kA) ST configuration can be formed by waves over a broad frequency range (21 MHz–8.2 GHz in TST-2), but further Ip ramp-up (to ∼10 kA) is most efficient with waves in the LH frequency range. Ip ramp-up to 15 kA was achieved with 60 kW of net RF power PRF in the fast wave (FW) polarization at 200 MHz excited by the inductively coupled combline antenna. X-ray measurements showed that the photon flux and temperature are higher in the direction opposite to Ip, consistent with acceleration of electrons by a uni-directional RF wave. There is evidence that the LH wave is excited nonlinearly by the FW, based on the frequency spectra measured by magnetic probes. Similar efficiencies of Ip ramp-up were obtained with the inductive combline antenna and the dielectric-loaded waveguide array (‘grill’) antenna, and tendencies for the current drive efficiency to increase with plasma current and toroidal field were observed. During operation of the grill antenna, wavevector components were measured by an array of magnetic probes. Results were qualitatively consistent with expectations based on dispersion relations for the FW and the LH wave. A capacitively coupled combline antenna has been developed to improve coupling to the plasma and the wavenumber spectrum of the excited LH wave, and will be tested in 2013.
INCOME INEQUALITY IN URBAN COLOMBIA: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS

The persistence of poverty and income inequality in less developed countries (LDCs) is a source of serious concern to development economists. To understand the structure of inequality, several researchers using a variety of methodologies have measured the importance of various contributory factors to overall income variability. The available literature—which now includes studies of Brazil, Mexico, Iran, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, and Colombia‐has been reviewed elsewhere (Fields, forthcoming). This paper presents additional evidence for urban Colombia, in the process raising some important methodological issues which bear on the design of future research studies. The data set used in this paper is described in Section I. The decomposition of Colombian inequality by functional income source is presented in Section 11 for micro data. Section I11 examines the robustness of source decomposition procedures to data aggregation. Section IV presents inequality decompositions by city, and Section V by other income‐determining characteristics. Conclusions appear in Section VI.
Spurious and non‐spurious power in performance criteria for tests of discordancy

Summary. When evaluating the performance of discordancy tests both the type II error and the power function contain spurious and non-spurious elements as the test may not identify the contaminant observation. The probabilities that are associated with identifying as discordant a good observation and a contaminant observation are defined as spurious power and non-spurious power respectively. This nomenclature conveys the role of each as performance criteria for tests of discordancy. A general discussion of discordancy test performance criteria is presented, as is the case of tests for multiple outliers. Finally, the behaviours of the Grubbs single-outlier and multiple-outlier tests are studied using simulation.
On the Győry-Sárközy-Stewart conjecture in function fields

We consider function field analogues of the conjecture of Győry, Sárközy and Stewart (1996) on the greatest prime divisor of the product (ab+1)(ac+1)(bc+1) for distinct positive integers a, b and c. In particular, we show that, under some natural conditions on rational functions F,G,H ∈ ℂ(X), the number of distinct zeros and poles of the shifted products FH +1 and GH +1 grows linearly with degH if degH > max{deg F, degG}. We also obtain a version of this result for rational functions over a finite field.
A small-gain control method for nonlinear cascaded systems with dynamic uncertainties

Some robust control problems for a class of nonlinear cascaded systems in the presence of state and input driven unmeasured dynamics are analyzed. A stepwise constructive control methodology is proposed on the basis of the nonlinear small-gain theorem. The flexibility of the approach in tackling dynamic uncertainties is illustrated by demonstrating that several results for special classes of cascaded systems, considered previously in the literature, may be viewed as special instances of the present results.
2019-nCoV importation risk to Europe Report # 3 [ Report # 2 ] [ Report # 1 ]

Forty-one travel-related cases were exported out of China as of 27/01/2020, with 27 cases (66%) imported in Asia, 6 (15%) in North America, 5 (12%) in Oceania, and 3 (7%) in Europe [3,5-7]. In Europe, 3 cases were imported in France. They were confirmed on 24/01/2020, with travel dates on 18/01/2020 (2 cases) and 22/01/2020 (1 case). One case was confirmed in Germany with no history of travel to China but contacts with a Chinese guest visiting his company [8]. In a step to contain the viral spread, Chinese authorities enforced travel restrictions in the province of Hubei starting on 23/01/2020 (3AM Central European Time), including a complete ban on international flights [9].
First results from a millimetre-wave measurement of soil moisture content

The method presented in this letter enables, for the first time, quantitative assessment of soil moisture content in the upper part of the root zone using remote sensing. The data are obtained in a short time and at low cost. We present results of measurements following water application at various cumulative energies by Morin's rainfall simulator. The method is based on the emerging technology of millimetre waves, providing improved resolution of the subsurface concurrent with surface mapping. Development and use of the tools described herein will make it easier to understand processes occurring at the soil–water interface, such as soil crusting, penetration, run-off and erosion. We emphasize the difference between the suggested technique based on microwave radiation at millimetre wavelengths with excellent resolution and microwave radiation with a wavelength of tens of centimetres and thus reduced resolution.
Aalborg Universitet Fuzzy droop control loops adjustment for stored energy balance in distributed energy storage system

The study of isolated AC microgrid has been under high interest due to the integration of renewable energy resources especially for remote areas, or to improve the local energy reliability. The current trend is oriented to distributed renewable energy sources and their corresponding energy storage system, in order to smooth the variations at the prime energy generator. In this paper, a decentralized strategy based on fuzzy logic is proposed in order to balance the state of charge of distributed energy storage systems in lowvoltage three phase AC microgrid. The proposed method weights the action of conventional droop control loops for battery based distributed energy storage systems, in order to equalize their stored energy. The units are selfcontrolled by using local variables, hence, the microgrid can operate without communication systems. Frequency and voltage bus signaling are used in order to coordinate the operation of the microgrid under different stages for charging batteries. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed method. Keywords—Distributed energy storage systems, Droop control, Fuzzy inference system, State of charge.
TIME-DOMAIN INVERSE SCATTERING USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS: AN ITERATIVE FDTD-BASED OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE

In this paper, we present an electromagnetic inverse scattering technique in the time domain, which is based on the minimization of an augmented cost functional. This functional is composed of an error term representing the discrepancy between the measured and the estimated values of the electromagnetic field, a regularization term related to the first-order Tikhonov's regularization scheme and, finally, an equality-constraints term associated with the fulfillment of the Maxwell's curl equations. These equality constraints are introduced by applying Lagrange multipliers. The minimization of the functional is carried out by applying the Polak-Ribière nonlinear conjugate-gradient algorithm. The required Fr´echet derivatives of the augmented cost functional with respect to the functions that describe the scatterer properties are derived by an analysis based on the calculus of variations. Actually, it is proven that the Lagrange multipliers are waves satisfying the Maxwell's curl equations. Consequently, during each iteration of the minimization procedure, we apply the finite-difference time-domain method and the perfectly-matched-layer absorber to calculate both the electromagnetic fields and the Lagrange multipliers. The presented technique is successfully applied to the reconstruction of multiple two-dimensional scatterers, which can be dielectric, lossy, and magnetic.
Functional inequalities for uniformly integrable semigroups and application to essential spectrums

Let (E,F , μ) be a probability space, (E ,D(E)) a (not necessarily symmetric) Dirichlet form on L2(μ), and Pt the associated sub-Markov semigroup. The equivalence of the following eight properties is studied: (i) the L2-uniform integrability of the unit ball in the Sobolev space; (ii) the super-Poincare inequality (1.2); (iii) the F -Sobolev inequality (1.3); (iv) the L2-uniform integrability of Pt; (v) the L2uniform integrability of the associated resolvents; (vi) the compactness of Pt; (vii) the compactness of the associated resolvents; (viii) empty essential spectrum of the associated generator. The main results can be summarized as follows. In general, (i), (ii) and (iii) are equivalent to each other, and they imply (iv) which is equivalent to (v). If Pt has transition density and F is μ-separable, then the first seven properties from (i) to (vii) are equivalent. If in addition (E ,D(E)) is symmetric, then all the above eight properties are equivalent. Moreover, the essential spectrum of the generator is estimated by using weaker functional inequalities. AMS 1991 Subject classification: 35P05, 47D07
Mesoscale and Convective-Scale Characteristics of Mature Hurricanes. Part I: General Observations by Research Aircraft

Abstract The analysis of instrumented aircraft data from four recent mature hurricanes reveals common mesoscale and convective-scale features. The structure and organization of the convection, precipitation, and wind flow are studied by combining the airborne observations, using basic instrumentation, with quantitative radar measurements. Three predominant precipitation features seen are 1) the eyewall, 2) a stratiform rain region adjacent to and outside the eyewall, and 3) rainbands that contain both convective and stratiform regions. The eyewall is so named because it surrounds the rain-free eye, but several additional features distinguish it from other convective bands in the hurricane. In particular the updraft, tangential wind maximum, and highest rainfall have preferred locations relative to each other, with the updraft being radially inward from the rain and wind maxima. The 10 dBZ radar reflectivity contour (indicative of the inner edge) slopes substantially outward with height, and there is evide.
Empirical Bayes Age–Period–Cohort Analysis of Retrospective Incidence Data

We analyse the (age, time)‐specific incidence of diabetes based on retrospective data obtained from a prevalent cohort only including survivors to a particular date. From underlying point processes with intensities corresponding to the (age, time)‐specific incidence rates the observed point pattern is assumed to be generated by an independent thinning process with parameters (assumed known) depending on population density and survival probability to the sampling date. A Bayesian procedure is carried out for the optimal adjustment and comparison of isotropic and anisotropic smoothing priors for the intensity functions, as well as for the decomposition of the intensity on the (time, age) Lexis diagram into the three factors of age, period and cohort.
A kinetic‐magnetohydrodynamic model for low‐frequency phenomena

A hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is presented for describing low-frequency phenomena in high-beta (β ∼ O(1)) anisotropic plasmas that consist of two components: a low-energy core component and an energetic component with low density. The kinetic-MHD model treats the low-energy core component by magnetohydrodynamic description, the energetic component by a kinetic approach such as the gyrokinetic equation, and the coupling between the dynamics of these two components through plasma pressure in the momentum equation. The kinetic-MHD model optimizes both the physics contents and the theoretical efforts in studying low-frequency MHD waves and transport phenomena in general magnetic field geometries and can be easily modified to include the core plasma kinetic effects if necessary. It is applicable to any magnetized collisionless plasma system where the parallel electric field effects are negligibly small. In the linearized limit, two coupled eigenmode equations for describing the coupling between the transverse Alfven type and the compressional Alfven type waves are derived. The eigenmode equations are identical to those derived from the full gyrokinetic equation in the low-frequency limit and were previously analyzed both analytically and numerically to obtain the eigenmode structure of the drift mirror instability (Cheng and Lin, 1987) which explains successfully the multisatellite observation of the antisymmetric field-aligned structure of the compressional magnetic field of Pc 5 waves (Takahashi et al., 1987) in the magnetospheric ring current plasma. Finally, a quadratic form is derived to demonstrate the stability of the low-frequency transverse and compressional Alfven type instabilities in terms of the pressure anisotropy parameter τ the magnetic field curvature-pressure gradient parameter αp as defined in equations (31) and (69), respectively. A procedure for determining the stability of a marginally stable MHD wave due to wave-particle resonances is also presented.
ACMEG‐TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non‐isothermal conditions

This paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.