Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and antioxidant activity of sinapic acid derivatives in Brassica napus L. seed meal extracts

Sinapic acid and its derivatives are main phenolic compounds present in rapeseed. Identification and quantitative determination of those compounds were carried out in crude extracts as well as extracts after basic and acidic hydrolysis. The total phenolic content in the crude extracts, expressed as sinapic acid equivalent, ranged from 1577 to 1705 mg/100 g for cv. Visby and Bellevue, respectively. An increase in total phenolics contents was observed in extracts after hydrolysis in comparison to crude extracts. The predominant phenolic acids in rapeseed samples were trans-sinapic and cis-sinapic acids. The highest concentration of sinapic acid methyl ester (2533–2702 mg/100 g) was detected in the extract after basic hydrolysis. In turn, two sinapic acid derivatives, i.e., kaempferol 3-dihexoside-7-sinapoyl-hexoside and 3-hexoside-7-sinapoyl-hexoside, were detected in the hydrolysed extracts. Total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP) of the investigated crude extracts amounted to 20.21 and 27.05 μM Trolox Eq/g in the case of cv. Visby and Bellevue, respectively. The increase in antioxidant activity of the analyzed extracts after basic and acidic hydrolysis was probably a result of the release of free phenolic compounds from their conjugates (esters, glycosides). Practical applications: The content and qualitative composition of the phenolic compounds in rapeseed have much influence on the stability, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of the products. During oil production process phenolic compounds may be transferred into final products and inhibit lipid oxidation. Rapeseed oil, among all commercially available oils, has the highest content of phenolic compounds, especially sinapic acid and their derivatives. That is why the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds was investigated in the presented study. Determination of polar phenolics before and after hydrolysis indicates which compounds are responsible for antioxidant effect in oils and which are available for the human organism after digestion in the digestive tract.
Ageing and the cellular immune response in adult Drosophila melanogaster

i Declaration of authorship iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents v Chapter 1: General Introduction 1 1.1. Evolutionary theories of ageing 2 1.2. Mechanisms of ageing 5 1.3. Senescence 8 1.4. Drosophila immunity 11 1.5. Evolutionary interactions between hosts and parasites 18 Thesis Aims 20 Chapter 2: Senescence of the cellular immune response in Drosophila melanoagster 23 2.
Heterosis for antioxidants and horticultural traits in single cross hybrids of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).

A study was conducted during 2005-07 to estimate the heterosis simultaneously for antioxidants and horticultural traits in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). The significant differences of mean squares among parents and hybrids for various traits of economic importance indicated the presence of sufficient variation. The parents 'CMS-GA', 'Golden Acre', '83-2', 'C 2', 'Pusa Mukta', 'C 4' and 'MR-1' had the potential for use in further breeding as they exhibited desirable hybrid effects for ascorbic acid, earliness, frame size, net head weight and head compactness. All savoy type genotypes exclusively expressed the higher magnitude of heterosis for ascorbic acid. Per se performance of topmost 12 hybrids showed that 'Golden Acre', 'CMS-GA' and '83-2' as female line involved in the evolution of 9 hybrids. The hybrid effects and heterosis for various traits indicated that there is need to involve more than two parents to develop productive and antioxidant potential cultivars and hybrids.
P2X7 Activation of Non-Primed Myeloid Cells Promotes the Shedding of Stimulatory Materials Within Microvesicles

There is an increasing need to understand how inflammation is initiated by endogenous factors in the absence of infection. Various diseases such as atherosclerosis and arthritis are shaped by endogenous mediators. In situations such as transplant or trauma where there is extensive amount of tissue damage, endogenous factors can be released to influence inflammation. The modes of activation in which immune cells liberate endogenous factors for incurring immune responses remain elusive.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activation of the puringeric receptor P2X7 has been implicated in several immune responses. P2X7 promotes the shedding of microvesicles (MV) and the secretion of inflammatory mediators. I hypothesized that P2X7-induced MV containing some of these inflammatory mediators would promote the activation of innate immune cells such as macrophages.Using murine bone marrow derived macrophages as a model for macrophage function, I describe that harvested P2X7-induced MV from myeloid cells promote macrophage activation including pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and co-stimulatory ligand upregulation. Phospholipids from P2X7-induced MV are partially responsible for the observed macrophage activation. Isolated phospholipids from P2X7-induced MV activate TLR4. Secondly, I describe mature cathepsin D release into P2X7-induced MV from myeloid cells.P2X7-induced MV from myeloid cells contain both intermediate and mature forms of cathepsin D. Furthermore, P2X7 stimulation of myeloid cells promotes the peripheral displacement of cathepsin D and dynamin. Dynasore, a selective and potent dynamin inhibitor, significantly reduced the secretion of mature but not intermediate cathepsin D.Lastly, I describe a novel morphological alteration following P2X7 activation of myeloid cells. ATP stimulates de novo filopodia production. These filopodia are the result of actin polymerization, Rho kinases, and phospholipases. Furthermore, P2X7 promotes the re-localization of lipids and actin-based machinery to the periphery of ATP treated cells.Collectively, these results demonstrate that P2X7-induced MV possess stimulatory cargo including phospholipids that can activate macrophages and cathepsins that are potentially capable of degrading extracellular matrix components. This data would suggest a provocative role for P2X7-induced MV and actin-based processes in promoting sterile disease.
Rusty blackbirds in northeastern U.S. industrial forests: A multiscale study of nest habitat selection and nest survival

xiv Chapter 1: The Decline of the Rusty Blackbird and the Nature of Disturbance in the New England Acadian Forest . 1 Decline of the Rusty Blackbird . 1 Rusty Blackbird Breeding Habitat . 3 Rusty Blackbirds and the Natural Disturbance Regime of the Acadian Forest . 4 The Acadian Forest: Timber Management in the Spruce-Fir Region . 6 Chapter 2: Nest Habitat Selection by Rusty Blackbirds at Multiple Spatial Scales . 1
Bovine trypanosomosis and its vector type and density at Debre Elias District, North-western Ethiopia.

A cross sectional study was conducted from September to November, 2011 to determine the status of trypanosomosis in bovine, vector type and density in Debre Elias district, north-western Ethiopia. Totally, 581 blood samples were collected and analyzed using wet and thin smears, and buffy coat technique. Four traps at randomly selected areas were deployed, and type and number of flies trapped were recorded. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 10.67%. The prevalence were significantly (p 0.05) variation between sex groups. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense were the two species identified in the area accounting 56.45% and 43.55% of the positive cases, respectively. A total of 912 flies were caught. Of these, 192 (21.05%) were belonging to Glossina species, whereas the remaining were Stomoxys and Tabanus. The apparent density of Glossina, Tabanus and Stomoxys were 1.60, 4.3 and 1.7 fly/trap/day, respectively. From this particular study, it was confirmed that bovine trypanosomosis is a disease of concern in the district. Therefore, appropriate strategies have to be designed to reduce its effect on livestock production.
Leeches, Lice and Lampreys: A Natural History of Skin and Gill Parasites of Fishes

Preface* Acknowledgements* Introduction* 1 The hosts 2 'Protozoans' 3 Monogenean (flatworm) skin parasites - Entobdella 4 Other monogenean skin parasites 5 Monogenean gill parasites - monopisthocotyleans 6 Monogenean gill parasites - polyopisthocotyleans 7 Leeches 8 Siphonostomatoid copepods: (1) Fish lice - caligids 9 Siphonostomatoid copepods: (2) pennellids 10 Siphonostomatoid copepods: (3) lernaeopodids 11 Cyclopoid copepods - the anchor worm 12 Poecilostomatoid copepods 13 The common fish louse - Argulus 14 A mesoparasitic barnacle - Anelasma 15 Isopods 16 Unionacean mollusks (naiads) 17 Lampreys 18 Conclusions* Appendix 1 Classified list of fishes with common and scientific names* Appendix 2 Classified list of genera of epizoic and parasitic invertebrates* Glossary* References* Index of scientific and common names* Subject index
Effects of irradiance on growth, net photosynthesis and indoor performance of the shade-adapted plant, maidenhair fern

Summary Effects of irradiance on growth and net photosynthesis were studied in Adiantum raddianum cv. Fritz Luth grown under warm (26±3°C) greenhouse conditions. Efficiency of light conversion for frond dry weight increase was reduced from 0.0067 to 0.0016 as the mean daily light integral increased from 1.3 to 6.7 MJ m–2d–1. The maximum frond area and frond dry weight were measured in plants grown in daily light integrals of 2.6 and 3.3 MJ m–2d–1. Specific leaf area decreased exponentially from 0.046 to 0.032 m2g–1 over the daily light integral from 0.6 to 6.7 MJ m–2 d–1 . Rate of frond appearance was linearly increased with increasing mean daily light integral from 0.6 to 6.7 MJ m d and a light integral of 4.2 MJ m–2 was required for appearance of one frond. Pinnule thickness increased, and chlorophyll content decreased, as irradiance increased from 0.6 to 6.7 MJ m–2d–1. Numbers of fronds bearing sori increased linearly with increasing irradiance up to 3.3 MJ m–2d–1, beyond which the number decreased. The fronds grown under 0.6–3.3 MJ m–2d–1 conditions had a photosynthetic advantage over those under 5.9 and 6.7 MJ m–2d–1 at photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) levels less than 50 μmol m–2s–1. Light compensation points were near 15 μmol m–2 s–1 for fronds grown under 5.9 and 6.7 MJ m–2d–1, as compared with 5. μmolm–2s–1 for fronds preconditioned to lower irradiance levels from 0.6 to 3.3 MJ m–2d–1. Significantly fewer wilted fronds and better interior performance quality were recorded in plants grown under daily light integrals from 0.6 to 2.6 MJ m–2d–1.
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a revolution for soft fruits in Trentino.

In September 2009, Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), was detected for the first time in Italy and Europe on raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) in several cultivated fields in Trentino, north-eastern Italy. Two years after, SWD reached an extraordinary population development, causing serious damages on cherries and soft fruits: an important infestation was also observed for the first time on wine grape. Due to the very high pest pressure, conventional insecticides, even if applied many times at the harvest, were unsuccessful in reducing the fruits damage at acceptable levels. Interesting results were obtained with alternative control methods, such as the mass trapping and the anti-insect nets. A multi-method approach seems to be the best to manage D.suzukii infestations in a sustainable way in Trentino region.
IL-1b modulate the Ca 2+ -activated big-conductance K channels (BK) via reactive oxygen species in cultured rat aorta smooth muscle cells Yuan GaoYing YangQigang GuanXuefeng Pang •

The large conductance Ca 2? -activated K ? (BK) channel, abundantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, plays a critical role in controlling vascular tone. Activation of BK channels leads to membrane hyperpolarization and promotes vasorelaxation. BK chan- nels are activated either by elevation of the intracellular Ca 2? concentration or by membrane depolarization. It is also regulated by a diversity of vasodilators and vasocon- strictors. Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) is one of the cytokines that play important roles in the development and progression of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The effects of IL-1b on vascular reactivity are controversial, and little is known about the modulation of BK channel function by IL-1b . I n this study, we investigated how IL-1b modulates BK channel function in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), and examined the role of H2O2 in the process. We demonstrated that IL-1b had biphasic effects on BK channel function and membrane potential of ASMCs, that is both concentration and time dependent. IL-1b increased BK channel-dependent K ? current and hyperpolarized ASMCs when applied for 30 min. While long-term (24- 48 h) treatment of IL-1b resulted in decreased expression of a-subunit of BK channel, suppressed BK channel activity, decreased BK channel-dependent K ? current and depolarization of the cells. H2O2 scavenger catalase com- pletely abolished the early effect of IL-1b, while it only partly diminished the long-term effect of IL-1b. These results may provide important molecular mechanisms for therapeutic strategies targeting BK channel in inflammation- related diseases.
Mammalian Toxicity of Munition Compounds. Phase III. Effects of Lifetime Exposure. Part I. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

Abstract : The effects of oral doses of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) after oral administration for up to 24 months were studied in dogs, rats and mice. Ancillary studies included cytogenetics analysis in dogs and rats and three generation reproduction, dominant lethal mutation and metabolism studies in rats. In dogs, 0.2 mg/kg/day by capsule had no apparent effects, 1.5 mg/kg/day was toxic to some and 10 mg/kg/day was toxic to all and lethal to some. In rats, 0.57 or 0.71 mg/kg/day in feed (males or females) had no apparent effects, 3.9 or 5.1 mg/kg/day was toxic to some and 34 or 45 mg/kg/day was toxic to all and shortened lifespan. In mice, 13.5 mg/kg/day in feed was slightly toxic to some, 95 mg/kg/day toxic to all and 900 mg/kg/day halved lifespan. Target organs included the blood (methemoglobinemia with Heinz bodies and other sequelae), central nervous system (incoordination and paralysis), liver (hepatocellular carcinoma in rats), kidney (cystic tumors in mice) and gonads (decreased spermatogenesis in males of all three species; decreased corpora lutea in female mice). Pigment deposits (from metabolites and/or methemoglobin) were found in livers, kidneys and other organs, especially in mice. Rats had an increased incidence of the background subcutaneous and mammary tumors. No specific effects were seen in the ancillary studies (cytogenetics, dominant lethal mutation, reproduction, metabolism).
Alkaloids Production from Callus of Hyoscyamus niger L. in Vitro

Callus cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. were initiated from leaf segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L Benzyl Adenine (BA) and 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/L Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Half of cultures were incubated under light of 16 hr/day, while the other half was incubated under complete darkness. The incubation temperature was 25 ± 1 °C in both incubation conditions. The fresh and dry weight of the produced callus was obtained after six weeks of incubation. Callus produced were recultured on medium that gave the highest production of callus. Constant weight (300 mg) of callus was cultured in each of these medium supplemented with abiotic elicitor of 50 g/L sucrose, 200 mg/L NaCl, 50 or 100 mg/L proline and 2 mg/L BA each one added separately and incubated under complete darkness. The fresh and dry weights of callus were measured after six weeks. HPLC was used to determine the tropane alkaloids (Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine). The results showed that the significant highest average of fresh and dry weight of callus (112 and 89.6 mg) achieved using the medium contained 0.5 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L NAA under dark condition. The amount of fresh and dry weight of callus produced under dark condition was significantly higher than that produced under light condition, with increase in percentage of 51.3 and 37.62% respectively. The addition of abiotic elicitors caused reduction in both fresh and dry weight of callus, therefore the highest fresh weight average was 1,727 mg using 100 mg/L proline. The results indicated that addition of 50 or 100 mg/L proline led to increase in Hyoscyamine concentration of 58.03 and 21.37% respectively compared with the control. While other abiotic elicitors were found to cause reduction in Hyoscyamine concentration. Percentage of Scopolamine concentration were increased to 129.03, 166.94, 205.51 and 149.20% after addition of sucrose (50 g/L), NaCl (200 mg/L) and proline (50 or 100 mg/L) respectively compared with the control.
Effect of maize distillers dried grains with solubles and dietary enzyme supplementation on the performance of laying hens

National Research Institute of Animal ProductionDepartment of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science32-083 Balice, Poland(Received 21 November 2005; revised version 9 January 2006; accepted 12 April 2006)ABSTRACT In an experiment on 84 Lohman Brown hens (from 26 to 68 weeks of age), the effect of the different dietary levels of maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on laying performance and egg quality was studied. Experimental diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and contained 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20% DDGS. The diet with 20% DDGS was also supplemented with NSP-hydrolizing enzymes or with enzymes and additional amounts of lysine and methionine.In the ﬁrstphaseofthelayingcycle(26-43weeksofage)thedietarylevelofDDGSdidnotsigniﬁcantlyaffectthelayingrate,dailyweightoflaideggs,feedintakeandfeedconversion.Inthe second phase of the cycle (44-68 weeks of age), there were no differences in egg production parameters between groups fed diets with 0, 5, 10 and 15% DDGS. A dietary level of 20% DDGS negatively affected laying rate and daily weight of eggs, however, addition of NSP-hydrolizing enzymes to the diet reduced in part this negative inﬂuence. ThelevelofDDGSinthediethadno effect on albumen height, Haugh units, eggshell thickness, density and breaking, or sensory properties of boiled eggs. Yolk colour score signiﬁcantlyincreasedwhenDDGSwasincludedinthe diet. KEY WORDS: maize DDGS, laying hens, laying performance, egg quality, yolk colourJournal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 15, 2006, 253–260
Use of Artemia as model organism to study epigenetic control of phenotypes relevant for aquaculture species

Epigenetics is the study of reversible changes in gene function that occur without modifications in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic variation that are environmentally determined, contributes to inter-individual variation in gene expression and thus to variation in development of phenotypes in an individual or even throughout the entire population. These epigenetic modifications can in some cases be inherited by subsequent generations, even when the initial external stimuli is no longer present in the environment of these organisms. Epigenetic modification occurs through different molecular mechanisms including non-coding small RNA molecules, DNA methylation or histone tail modifications. Among the environmental stressors animals (aquatic or terrestrial) can encounter, pathogen attack and heat stress are quite common. The work presented in this thesis indicated that, the organisms respond to biotic or abiotic environmental stressors with battery of adaptive phenotypes (i.e. increased resistance, different gene expression patterns and protein production). Interestingly, overall results leave no doubt on the role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone H3 and H4 acetylation and H3K4Me3 on emergence of these new phenotypes.
Effects of Various Dietary Fat Sources on Performance and Body Fatty Acid Composition of Broiler Chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary fat sources including soybean oil (SO), poultry grease (BG) or beef tallow (BT) used as fat source on growth performance and fatty acids composition of abdominal fat, thigh skin, breast and thigh muscle of broiler chickens. Three hundred 21-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to 3 groups and were fed corn—soy based grower diets containing 6% of the respective dietary fat source between 21 and 41 days. Final body weight was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by dietary fat sources. Daily weight gain and daily feed intake was significantly (P > 0.01) higher in the beef tallow group compared to the other groups. The feed conversion ratio of the poultry grease group was better compared to the other groups. In the soybean oil supplemented group, the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in thigh skins, breast muscle and abdominal fat pad. In the thigh and breast muscle of the poultry grease fed group oleic acid content was significantly higher, and beef tallow caused increased accumulation of saturated fatty acid in thigh skins and abdominal fat pad. In conclusion, feeding of broilers with specific mixtures of fatty acids may substantially alter fatty acid composition of the carcass, soybean oil caused marked changes in the fatty acids patterns by significantly increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) mainly linoleic acid in skin, abdominal fat and breast muscle, and thus better carcass quality of SO groups. Feed conversion ratio of the poultry grease group was better compared to the other groups, and in birds fed with BT daily weight gain and daily feed intake were higher than in the other groups. Supplemental BT to the grower diets has no detrimental effects on growth performance. Sonuc olarak, etlik pilic rasyonlar›na kat›lan yalar›n karkas yaasitleri kompozisyonunu deifltirdii, soya ya¤› kat›lan yemi tuketen gruplarda uzun zincirli doymam›fl yaasitlerinin PUFA (counlukla linoleik asit) deri, kar›n ya¤› ve go¤us kas›nda daha fazla birikmesi nedeniyle karkas kalitesinin artt›¤› soylenebilir. Tavuk ya¤› kat›lan grupta yemden yararlanma oran›n›n dier gruplardan daha iyi olduu, s›¤›r ic ya¤› tuketen grupta gunluk yem tuketimi ve gunluk canl› a¤›rl›k art›fl›n›n yuksek olduu tespit edilmifltir. Pilic buyutme yemlerine s›¤›r ic ya¤› kat›lmas›n›n buyume performans› uzerine olumsuz etki yapmad›¤› soylenebilir.
Effect of biofertilizers and nitrogenous fertilizer on growth, flowering and yield of annual white chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) under middle Gujarat agroclimatic conditions.

The present investigation entitled “Effect of biofertilizers and nitrogenous fertilizer on growth, flowering and yield of annual white chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) under middle Gujarat condition” was conducted at College Horticulture Nursery, Department of Horticulture, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 20072008. The treatments comprising two biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Azotobacter) and five levels of nitrogen (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg N/ha) including control (200 kg N/ha) were tried in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results revealed that application of 175 Kg N/ha + Azospirillum + Azotobactor (T 13 ) produced significantly maximum plant height (96.23 cm), number of branches per plant (50.59), plant spread (79.08 cm in North South direction and 78.79 cm in East West direction), Relative growth rate (0.032 g/g/day), leaf area index (21.32cm) and harvest index (4.32%). The plants under the same treatment required significantly minimum days for first flower initiation (37.00 days), also produced maximum number of flowers per plant (161.28) and recorded maximum flower diameter (7.37 cm) as well as weight of individual flower (3.26 g). Significantly maximum flower yield per plant (569.55 g) as well as per hectare (22.56 t) was recorded in the same treatment. The treatment T 4 (150 Kg N/ha + Azospirillum) produced flowers with maximum shelf life (4.33 days).