Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trisodium Phosphate and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Spraying on Chicken Skin to Reduce Attached Salmonella typhimurium.

Spraying treatments with trisodium phosphate (TSP) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing Salmonella typhimurium attached to chicken skins. Chicken skins with an area of 38.5 cm2 were cut from the breast areas of pre-chill chicken carcasses, mounted in a plastic holder, and inoculated with S. typhimurium . The inoculated skins were sprayed with tap water, 10% (wt/vol) TSP, or 0.1 % CPC solutions at 10, 35, or 60°C and 206.8, 413.7, 620.5, 827.4, or 1034.2 kPa for 30 s. After spraying, each skin was rinsed with tap water, transferred to a plastic bag containing 50 ml buffered peptone water, and stomached for 1 min. The stomaching water was collected, diluted serially, plated on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) agar and Petrifilm aerobic count plates, and incubated for 18 to 24 h at 37°C. The results showed that tap water spraying reduced S. typhimurium by 0.7 to 1.6 log, while the reduction ranges for TSP and CPC spraying treatments were 1.6 to 2.3 and 1.5 to 2.5 log, respectively. Greater reductions in the numbers of S. typhimurium were obtained in TSP spraying treatments in the high pressure range (620.5 to 1034.2 kPa) and in CPC spraying treatments at 10°C.
Roles of manganese and protein kinase signaling in cell culture and animal models of prion disease

Protein misfolding and aggregation are considered key features of many neurodegenerative diseases, but biochemical mechanisms underlying protein misfolding and the propagation of protein aggregates are not well understood. Prion disease is a classical neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the misfolding of endogenously expressed normal cellular prion protein (PrP). Although the exact function of PrP has not been fully elucidated, studies have suggested that it can function as a metal binding protein. Interestingly, increased brain manganese (Mn) levels have been reported in various prion diseases indicating divalent metals also may play a role in the disease process. Recently, we reported that PrP protects against Mn-induced cytotoxicity in a neural cell culture model. To further understand the role of Mn in prion diseases, we examined Mn neurotoxicity in an infectious cell culture model of prion disease. Our results show CAD5 scrapie-infected cells were more resistant to Mn neurotoxicity as compared to uninfected cells (EC50 = 428.8 μM for CAD5 infected cells vs. 211.6 μM for uninfected cells). Additionally, treatment with 300 μM Mn in persistently infected CAD5 cells showed a reduction in mitochondrial impairment, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation when compared to uninfected cells. Scrapie-infected cells also showed significantly reduced Mn uptake as measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and altered expression of metal transporting proteins DMT1 and transferrin. Together, our data indicate that conversion of PrP to the pathogenic isoform
Plant Litter and Establishment of Alien Annual Weed Species in Rangeland Communities

Plant litter that covers the soil surface acts as a layer of insulation moderating temperature and moisture, and creating favorable microsites for germination and the establishment of annual weed species in rangeland communities. Litter cover is an important factor in succession among annual species which culminates in dominance by downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and medusahead (Taeniatherum asperum (Sim.) Nevski) in these communities.
DENDRITIC CELLS REGULATE THE INDUCTION OF EFFECTOR AND MEMORY CD8+ T CELLS

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells in the immune system that can induce pathogen-specific T cell responses by presenting antigen (signal 1) to antigen-specific T cells in combination with co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules (signal 2) and secretion of cytokines (signal 3). The ability of DCs to orchestrate CD8+ T cell responses, combined with the ability to generate high numbers of DCs in vitro allows for their use in DC-based vaccination protocols. The success of DC-based vaccination protocols and other forms of immunotherapy of cancer is believed to depend on the successful induction of both effector CD8+ T cell (CTLs), able to migrate into and kill tumors, and long-lived memory cells, able to generate a secondary response upon tumor recurrence. However, the signals that drive the differentiation of CD8+ T cells into each of these T cell subsets and the role of DCs in this respect remain unclear. Studies have suggested that the same DC can induce effector cells early after maturation while inducing memory cells after prolonged maturation when the DCs have become exhausted. Here, I analyzed the role of DCs matured under conditions mimicking acute/early inflammation (“inflammatory-DCs”) or mimicking chronic/late inflammation (“non-inflammatory-DCs”) on the differentiation of CD8+ T cells. I observed that “inflammatory-DCs” produce high levels of IL-12p70 and induce the differentiation of naive CD8+ T cell into cytolytic effector cells with peripheral homing ability. Furthermore, I demonstrate the role of IL-12p70 in this process. In contrast, “non-inflammatory-DCs” (exhausted DCs) do not produce IL-12p70 and induce the direct differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells into central-memory cells. The superior ability of “inflammatory-DCs” to induce anti-tumor responses guided me to develop an alternative, low-cost method of generating “inflammatory-DCs” with strong CTL inducing ability. Lastly, I show that modulation of the tumor-chemokine environment by IFN, poly-I:C and indomethacin enhanced the attraction of tumor-specific CTLs while reducing regulatory T cell attraction. Together, the presented data broadens our understanding of the mechanisms of DC-induced effector and memory cell differentiation and might lead to the improved DC-based cancer vaccines.
Use of ground and extruded canola seeds in feed for 15-30 kg piglets

Objective. Determine the nutritional values of ground (SCI) or extruded (SCE) canola seed and evaluate its use in the performance of piglets from 15 to 30 kg. Materials and methods. Two experimental diets with canola seed were evaluated in a digestibility trial. We used 15 barrows with an initial weight of 19.79±1.43kg, distributed in a completely randomized design. In the performance, four experimental diets were evaluated consisting of a diet with soybean oil added (RAS), one with the of addition of canola oil (RAC) and two oil-free; one with 11% SCI included and one with 6% SCE (RSCE) included. 40 commercial hybrid piglets were used that had 15.25±1.5kg initial body weight, randomly distributed, in four treatments and five replicates; two animals per experimental unit. Results. The digestible energy values for SCI and SCE were 4.197 kcal/kg and 5.234 kcal/kg, respectively. The extrusion process improved the digestibility coefficients. Piglets fed with RSCI showed less daily weight gain (DWG) and F:G ratio. Conclusion. Results suggest that SCE can be included in diets of piglets from 15 to 30 kg until 6% without negatively affecting performance.
Dissemination of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae through pollen and its epiphytic life on leaves and fruits

The role of pollen in disseminating Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae ( Psa ) in kiwifruit orchards was investigated and the survival of the pathogen as an epiphyte on leaves and fruits was followed, from pollination time until the pre-harvest season. Pollen with natural inoculum was obtained from an infected orchard and pollen harvested without any contamination by Psa was experimentally inoculated at approximately the same contamination level. Two pollination techniques were used in glasshouse experiments: dusting and spraying. In parallel, field trials in commercial orchards were carried out: two plots were designed in two orchards, where bacterial canker was present at low incidence. From petal fall to 3 weeks before harvesting, leaf and fruit samples were taken and analysed for the presence of Psa , using two different PCR protocols and direct isolation. Results confirmed the dissemination of Psa through pollen, especially when using the aqueous suspensions. Both in glasshouse experiments and in the orchards Psa was found as an epiphyte for several weeks after pollination. Pathogen populations on leaves were, initially, 10 to 100 times less than on fruitlets. As the summer continued, the epiphytic contamination levels of fruits decreased constantly, being no more detectable from early August, whereas Psa was present at detectable levels on leaves until early October, approx. 20 days before harvesting time. Our results confirmed the role of pollen in disseminating Psa , the long epiphytic survival of the pathogen on kiwifruit leaves and the increasing unsuit­ability of fruits to harbour detectable, epiphytic populations of the bacterium through the summer season in commercial orchards with low disease incidence, when they are reaching the final development stage. Thus, kiwifruit surfaces do not appear to be a suitable niche for a long term survival of Psa as an epiphyte and, therefore, kiwifruits should not represent a pathway for Psa dissemination and pose a negligible risk for the introduction of the pathogen into new areas.
Phoma du tournesol : déterminisme de la tolérance de l'hôte à la maladie

La maladie des taches noires du tournesol, dont l'agent responsable est le champignon Phoma macdonaldii, n'a jusqu'alors ete que tres peu etudiee. En France, si son apparition remonte au debut des annees 1980, elle provoque aujourd'hui des degâts de plus en plus inquietants. Elle a ete classee, en 2004, deuxieme maladie plus importante apres le Mildiou, par les acteurs de la filiere tournesol. Aucun genotype de tournesol n'a pu a ce jour etre repertorie comme resistant a la maladie ; nous ne disposons que de genotypes tolerants. Nos travaux, qui se sont orientes selon trois axes, ont permis de mettre en evidence differents points : - Une etude histologique a revele que le premier frein a la penetration du champignon dans les cellules de l'hote semble etre des ornementations cuticulaires particulieres plus prononcees chez le genotype tolerant par rapport au genotype sensible. Une cinetique de l'infection a egalement ete realisee. - L'etude des phytoalexines du tournesol, la scopoletine et l'ayapine, a permis de mettre en evidence que ces derives coumariniques ont un effet inhibiteur important sur la germination du champignon, et que l'ayapine est egalement capable d'inhiber la croissance de Phoma macdonaldii. De plus, le dosage de la scopoletine in planta, a differents temps apres contamination par le Phoma, a prouve que la molecule presentait un niveau de synthese et d'accumulation jusqu'a deux fois plus eleve chez le genotype tolerant etudie par rapport au genotype sensible. - Enfin, grâce a la mise au point d'une puce a ADN composee de 1000 unigenes, dont plus de 100 genes impliques dans la resistance des plantes aux maladies, nous avons pu mettre en exergue l'expression differentielle de certains genes entre un genotype tolerant et genotype sensible, en reponse a l'infection. Ces genes pourraient etre impliques dans la tolerance du tournesol a Phoma macdonaldii. Les differents resultats obtenus nous laissent envisager une amelioration du tournesol afin d'augmenter son niveau de resistance aux maladies.
The effect of feeding a barley/canola meal pellet to feedlot steers on performance, rumen fermentation, and eating behaviour

Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of feeding barley/canola meal pellets on feedlot performance, subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), and feeding behaviour in feedlot steers. In trial 1, 350 beef steers (285 ± 22 kg) were backgrounded and finished on pelleted barley and canola meal (PB) or rolled barley and canola meal (RB) diets. Backgrounding DMI was lower (P < 0.05) for PB steers but ADG did not differ (P > 0.05) and feed efficiency (FE) tended (P < 0.1) to be improved. During finishing and the total trial DMI and ADG were lower (P < 0.05) but FE was improved (P < 0.05) for the PB treatment. Steers fed PB were on feed longer (P < 0.05). Steers fed PB showed more variation in DMI (P < 0.05) than steers fed RB. Carcass composition and quality were similar between the treatments. Trial 2 utilized 4 ruminally fistulated beef steers in a 4 x 4 latin square, 2 x 2 factorial trial. Factors were processing (pelleted vs. rolled) and grain type (barley vs. corn). All treatments included canola meal. Each 23 d period consisted of a 19 d adaptation period followed by a 24 h rumen fluid collection period, and a 24 h eating behaviour study. There were no grain type x processing interactions (P > 0.05) or effect of grain type (P > 0.05) on any of the variables. Eating behaviour did not differ (P < 0.05) between treatments. Processing had no effect (P > 0.05) on rumen ammonia or volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, proportion of acetate or butyrate, or rumen osmolality. Steers fed pelleted grain had lower (P < 0.05) rumen pH measurements, a greater (P < 0.05) molar proportion of propionate, and decreased (P < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. To reflect the feedlot trial corn was removed from the model. Rumen VFA concentration was higher (P < 0.05) and pH lower (P < 0.05) for the PB
Avaliação do óleo essencial folhas de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf após o processo de secagem

A especie Cymbopogon citratus e utilizada em diversos paises na industria farmaceutica, alimentos, cosmeticos e perfumaria. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para obtencao de conhecimentos mais especificos sobre a secagem de folhas observando as mudancas no rendimento e na composicao quimica do oleo essencial. Os resultados mostraram que folhas cortadas no tamanho de 2 cm e secagem ao ar, a temperatura de 45 e 50°C apresentaram maior rendimento do oleo essencial. Durante o armazenamento do oleo essencial para a analise da composicao quimica, foram identificadas mudancas significativas na composicao que nao eram esperados, as analises da decomposicao observada sao descritas.
Low level of inter-populational differentiation in Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae)

The intra- and inter-population variation in three populations of Juniperus excelsa, two from Crimea and one from the Balkan Peninsula, were analyzed biometrically. Fourteen morphological characters of cones, seeds, shoots and leaves were used. The number of seeds per cone appears to be the most variable character. The others were more stable. Differences among particular individuals within the samples were slight, as well as between populations compared. The Crimean samples were very close to each other, while the more geo- graphically distant sample from the Balkan Peninsula appears also to be morphologically more separate. This suggests that the Balkan populations originated from another Pleistocene refugium. The Crimean populations did not show the reduction of variability, which could have resulted from their geographical isolation and their considerably restricted numbers of individuals.
Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets

In this study 120 piglets were allotted to 3 dietary treatments, negative control group, one group receiving a blend of essential oils (EO) derived from oregano, anise and citrus peels (40 mg/kg diet), and a positive control group treated with avilamycin as growth promoting feed additive (40 mg/kg diet). On day 22 of the experiment, 12 representative animals from each treatment group were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for quantitative real time-PCR analysis and gut tissue morphology. EO and avilamycin decreased the gene expression of the transcriptional factor NFκB and the apoptotic marker TNFα signifi - cantly in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. The expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 was also significantly decreased by both substances in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The colonic crypt depth was reduced by avilamycin, and also numerically by the essential oils. These changes correlated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis factor Caspase 3. Histomorphometry revealed a smaller size of ileal Peyer's patches through the use of both feed additives, which correlated significantly with lower expression rates of NFκB. In conclusion, the results suggest that EO and avilamycin relieved weaning piglets from an immune defence stress in a similar way.
Bugs in "bears" : are mismatches between diets and gut microbial communities a bugbear for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)?

xxi Preface. xxv Chapter 1: General introduction and literature review . 1 1.2. 1 The gut microbiome . 6 1.2. 2 Knowledge gap identified . 11 1.3. 1 Anatomical and physiological adaptations of the koala for digesting eucalypt foliage . 13 1.4. 1 Feeding deterrents . 16 1.4. 2 Anti-nutrients . 18 1.5. 1 Cape Otway . 19
Miocene Bryozoa from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Part II: ‘Ascophoran’ Cheilostomata

We describe 72 ascophoran-grade cheilostomes, ranging in age from Early to Late Miocene (late Burdigalian to Messinian), collected from 17 sections in the vicinities of Samarinda, Bontang and Sangkulirang in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Two genera (Oviexechonella gen. nov. and Sendinopora gen. nov.) and twenty species (? Filaguria kalimantanensis sp. nov., Puellina bontangensis sp. nov., Caberoides gordoni sp. nov., Trypostega hasibuani sp. nov., Oviexechonella digeronimoi sp. nov., Reptadeonella curvabilis sp. nov., Reptadeonella toddi sp. nov., ? Hippomenella devatasae sp. nov., ? Hippomenella uniserialis sp. nov., Margaretta amitabhae sp. nov., Hippopodina indicata sp. nov., Saevitella renemai sp. nov., Gigantopora milenae sp. nov., Arthropoma renipora sp. nov, Bryopesanser bragai sp. nov., Bryopesanser sanfilippoae sp. nov., Tubiporella magnipora sp. nov., Buffonellaria sagittaria sp. nov., Lagenipora sciutoi sp. nov. and Sendinopora prima sp. nov.) are new. Ten species show affinities with Recent taxa from the Indo-Pacific; two species show similarities with Recent species recorded circumtropically; and three species were known previously from the Neogene of Europe, Australia or India.
A study of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum PFC0760c.

Malaria is a devastating disease caused by one of the world‟s most pathogenic parasites, Plasmodium. Five species of Plasmodium infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. P. falciparum is the most pathogenic and causes the greatest numbers of deaths. To date, no licensed vaccine against malaria is available, although there are numerous vaccine candidates in various stages of development. Pca 96 is a 96 kDa Plasmodium chabaudi adami protein shown to have a protective property in mice challenged with P. chabaudi adami. Thus, a P. falciparum orthologue of Pca 96 may be useful in vaccine development. BLAST searches with the Pca 96 amino acid and nucleotide sequences revealed proteins with high sequence identity to Pca 96 including the hypothetical P. falciparum PFC0760c and P. yoelii yoelii PY05757 proteins. A peptide sequence FKLGSCYLYIINRNLKEI was found to be conserved in all homologues of Pca 96, including PFC0760c, PY05757 and in the sequences of proteins from 5 other Plasmodium species. Bioinformatic approaches were explored to attempt to find a possible role of the protein and the possible importance of the conserved sequence. The conserved sequence was predicted to be an alpha helix and to contain possible HLA-DRB1*1101 and HLADRB1*0401(Dr4Dw4) T-cell epitopes (GSCYLYIINRNLKEI) in addition to a possible H2-Kd T-cell epitope (CYLYIINRNL). Protein-protein interaction predictions revealed that PFC0760c was likely to interact with proteins involved with nucleic acid binding. PFC0760c was predicted to have a domain found in proteins involved in the structural maintenance of chromosomes, which may suggest the protein is involved in chromatid cohesion during mitotic chromosome condensation. PFC0760c was also predicted to be located in the nucleus by the sub cellular prediction program, SubLoc. Anti-peptide antibodies were raised against the conserved amino acid sequence and against a peptide specific for PY05757 (SDDDNRQIQDFE). Both antibodies detected native antigens with immunofluorescence microscopy. The fluorescent signal appeared throughout the parasite cytoplasm and as an intense signal in the parasite nucleus. These immunofluorescence data supports the predicted nuclear location of the protein.
Fitness in the Endangered Gila Topminnow

The Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis o. occidentalis) is a small, live‐bearing, endangered fish extant in a maximum of nine locales in four separate watersheds in the United States. To determine if these populations differed in their fitness, we obtained samples from the four watersheds and examined them for four fitness correlates: survival, growth rate, fecundity, and bilateral asymmetry. Earlier research found that one population, Sharp Spring, had higher allozyme heterozygosity than the other three and had higher survival, growth rate, and fecundity and lower bilateral asymmetry than a sample from one of the other populations with no polymorphic allozyme loci, Monkey Spring. We also verified that Sharp Spring fish were polymorphic for the same allozyme loci whereas the Monkey Spring population was not. We did not, however, find positive associations of allozyme heterozygosity with the four fitness correlates for the four samples. Because the earlier study had much lower survival, it is likely that the differences resulted from differential response of the two populations to a stressful laboratory environment. Whether this unknown stress occurs in natural environments or its effect is predictive of other stresses remains unresolved. As a result, we concur with suggestions in the draft recovery plan that topminnows from nearby sources be used for reintroductions and that the Sharp Spring stock not be used outside the upper Santa Cruz River drainage.
Description of Three New Species of Theileria Bettencourt, Franca & Borges, 1907 From Macropodoidea in Western Australia

Summary We describe three novel species of piroplasms, each from a distinct host species within the Macropodoidea, in Western Australia; namely, Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830), Macropus fuliginosus (Desmarest, 1817) (Macropodidae) and Bettongia penicillata (Gray, 1837) (Potoroidae). The light-microscopic appearance of organisms in blood films was typical of the Piroplasmida. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed that isolates from three marsupial species form reciprocally monophyletic clades within the Theileriidae, and each have a relatively high level of divergence (3.6 to 7.4%) from each other. The distinct molecular differences indicate these organisms should be regarded as separate, novel species which we designate Theileria brachyuri sp. nov., Theileria fuliginosa sp. nov., and Theileria penicillata sp. nov.