Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of sediments in two Mauritian freshwater reservoirs

Popularvetenskaplig sammanfattning Den tillvaxt av biomassa (djur och vaxter) som sker i ett ekosystem begransas av en rad olika faktorer. Alla som nagon gang agt en krukvaxt vet att man ibland maste ge den vaxtgodning (naringsamnen) for att den inte ska sluta vaxa eller do. Halten kvave, fosfor eller kisel i vattnet kan pa samma satt begransa tillvaxten i det akvatiska ekosystemet. Vidare behover vaxtplakton (basen i de flesta akvatiska naringskedjor) liksom krukvaxter tillrackligt med ljus och tillrackligt med varme for optimal tillvaxt. Var kunskap om inlandsvattnens funktion och utformning ar i huvudsak baserad pa studier av tempererade och boreala system, dvs. Europas och Nordamerikas sjoar och vattendrag. Tropiska inlandsvatten skiljer sig dock fran dessa system i manga avseenden. Solinstralningen ar hog och relativt jamnt fordelad over aret. Tropiska ytvattenforekomster uppvisar ocksa, till skillnad fran vara nordliga sjoar och vattendrag, en jamn och hog vattentemperatur over hela aret. Temperaturskillnaden ar oftast liten mellan ytan och djupare vattenlager och av denna anledning gar det at mindre vindenergi (vagor, vattenstrommar) for att blanda om hela vattenmassan. Sannolikheten for att sedimenten ska roras upp och resuspenderas far ocksa bedomas som sarskilt hog i tropikerna. Nedbrytningen av organiskt material, utlosningen av fosfor ur berggrunden och manga andra kemiska och biologiska processer accelereras ocksa vid hoga temperaturer och uppvisar breddgradsrelaterade skillnader.
Gait & Posture

balance (Balance Evaluation Systems Test [BESTest] and overall stability index [Biodex Balance System ® ]) and fear of falling (Falls E ﬃ cacy Scale-International [FES-I] score) of subjects with Parkinson ’ s disease (PD); and 2) changes in BESTest and FES-I after RTI will be associated with changes in cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] score – previously published) induced by RTI. Thirty-nine subjects with moderate PD were randomly assigned to a nonexercising control, RT, and RTI groups. While RT and RTI groups performed progressive RT twice a week for 12 weeks, the RTI group added progressive unstable devices to increase motor complexity of the resistance exercises. There were signi ﬁ cant group×time interactions for BESTest, overall stability index, and FES-I scores ( P < 0.05). Only RTI improved BESTest, overall stability index and FES-I scores, and RTI was more e ﬀ ective than RT in improving biomechanical constraints and stability in gait (BESTest sections) at post-training ( P < 0.05). There were strong correlations be-tween relative changes in BESTest and MoCA (r=0.72, P =0.005), and FES-I and MoCA (r= − 0.75, P =0.003) after RTI. Due to the increased motor complexity in RTI, RTI is recommended for improving balance and fear of falling, which are associated with improvement in cognitive function of PD.
On the Deﬁnition and Estimation of Economic Resilience using Well-identiﬁed Counterfactuals

This paper derives a quantitative metric of economic resilience based on a comparison between a shocked household’s actual shock and post-shock income or consumption trajectory with a counterfactual measure of what that trajectory would have been absent the shock. Drawing on the rich economics literature on the sensitivity of household consumption and income to shocks, we derive a resilience metric that can be estimated with panel data using standard impact evaluation and matching econometric methods. To illustrate these methods, we rely on a dynamic optimization model to generate data from a known data generation process. By manipulating the parameters of the model, we are able to explore the robustness of our resilience metric to presence or absence of multiple equilibrium poverty traps. We also show how this metric can be used to not only evaluate the impact of a policy (catastrophic insurance) on resilience but also to judge the public ﬁnance eﬃcacy of that same policy. These exercises reveal insights into the kinds of situations when promoting resilience is wise public policy. Finally, we are able to explore the sensitivity of our proposed resilience measures to the frequency with which data are collected post-shock. This exercise provides some guideposts for deployment of survey resources in the real world where data collection is expensive.
Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Functional Diarrhea Following C. difficile Infections: Case Studies of Responses Using Serum-Derived Bovine Immunoglobulin

Introduction: Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (PI-IBS-D) can result from any number of enteric infections. Two case histories investigate patients with IBS-D following recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and the benefits found using a prescription medical food, serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI), which is indicated for the management of chronic loose and frequent stools in such conditions as IBS-D and HIV-associated enteropathy. Case Presentations: Both patients were treated for relapsing C. difficile infections and eventually cleared. Despite negative C. difficile cultures, the 39-year old Caucasian female patient had diarrhea that never resolved and cholestyramine resulted in significant bloating. The severity of her condition led her to file for disability. Within two weeks of starting SBI 5 g QID, her diarrhea had resolved but returned upon discontinuation. SBI was restarted resulting again with resolution of her diarrhea. She continues on SBI 5g BID and has returned back to work. The second patient, 57-year old Caucasian female experienced ongoing diarrhea with alternating bouts of constipation. Upon use of SBI 5g BID, she noticed improvement within a few days. Therapy was reduced to SBI 5g QD to avoid possible constipation and reports regulation of her bowel habits. Discussion: These cases highlight the difficulties that result from C. difficile associated PI-IBS, the management that SBI can provide when considered an option for therapy, and the impact disease manifestations can have on quality of life. These cases further suggest the need for additional study of this nutritional agent in post-C. difficile infectious IBS patients.
Indicators of Physical and Biological Trends around the McMurdo Station, Antarctica: A Literature Review

Abstract : The United States Antarctic Program (USAP) is managed by the National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs (NSF-PLR), which has the responsibility for all logistics and operations related to U.S. scientific research in Antarctica and aboard ships in the Southern Ocean. For years, scientific literature has focused on global environmental change and, in particular, the accelerated change occurring, and predicted to occur, in the polar regions. This report summarizes documented changes that have occurred in Antarctica, with a focus on the Ross Sea region, as well as projections of environmental change expected to occur in the next 100 years. Many of the observed changes in the Ross Sea region since 1960, such as increased air and soil temperature, decreased glacial extent, and sea level rise, are consistent with a warming climate; however, the observed increase in sea-ice extent does not fit an expected pattern and is explained by a shift in circumpolar circulation. Models predict the observed changes to continue over the next 100 years, except that they anticipate the sea-ice extent in the Ross Sea region to decrease significantly. This report also presents potential implications of these changes for USAP operations and logistics, primarily in response to the reduced sea-ice extent and higher air and soil temperatures.
EndWatch: A Practical Method for Detecting Non-Termination in Real-World Software

Detecting non-termination is crucial for ensuring program correctness and security, such as preventing denial-of-service attacks. While termination analysis has been studied for many years, existing methods have limited scalability and are only effective on small programs. To address this issue, we propose a practical termination checking technique, called EndWatch, for detecting non-termination caused by infinite loops through testing. Specifically, we introduce two methods to generate non-termination oracles based on checking state revisits, i.e., if the program returns to a previously visited state at the same program location, it does not terminate. The non-termination oracles can be incorporated into testing tools (e.g., AFL used in this paper) to detect non-termination in large programs. For linear loops, we perform symbolic execution on individual loops to infer State Revisit Conditions (SRCs) and instrument SRCs into target loops. For non-linear loops, we instrument target loops for checking concrete state revisits during execution. We evaluated EndWatch on standard benchmarks with small-sized programs and real-world projects with large-sized programs. The evaluation results show that EndWatch is more effective than the state-of-the-art tools on standard benchmarks (detecting 87% of non-terminating programs while the best baseline detects only 67%), and useful in detecting non-termination in real-world projects (detecting 90% of known non-termination CVEs and 4 unknown bugs).
Edinburgh Research Explorer Does marriage equality promote credit access? Evidence from same-sex marriage laws

We show that following the legalization of same-sex marriage across US states, mortgage applications from same-sex borrowers are more likely to be denied relative to a matched sample of different-sex borrowers. Our findings are robust to using a stacked regression design and several approaches to account for compositional changes in the pool of mortgage applicants around same-sex legalization. FinTech lenders, which rely less on human loan officers, experience no change in the denial gap. Our results highlight information frictions between loan officers and same-sex borrowers as one channel for the increased denial gap between same-sex and different-sex applications.
Household Hardships during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining 1 Household Vulnerability and Responses to Pandemic Related Shocks 2 in Eastern Ethiopia 3

: COVID-19 is associated with one of the largest disturbances to life in the 21 st century. To quell disease 12 spread, governments implemented lockdowns that likely created hardships for households. To improve 13 knowledge of consequences, we examine how the pandemic period was associated with household hardships and 14 assess factors associated with these hardships. We conducted a cross-sectional study using quasi-Poisson regres-15 sion to examine factors associated with household hardships. Data were collected between August and September 16 of 2021 from a random sample of 880 households living in a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) 17 located in the Harari Region and the District of Kersa, both in Ethiopia. Having a head of household with no ed-18 ucation, residing in a rural area, larger household size, lower income and/or wealth, and community responses to 19 COVID-19 including lockdowns and travel restrictions were independently associated with experiencing house-20 hold hardships. Our results identify characteristics of groups at-risk for food insecurity during the pan-demic; 21 households that were already struggling prior to the onset of the pandemic were at greatest risk of adverse con-22 sequences during the pandemic period. These findings may inform future efforts to mitigate the consequences of 23 COVID-19 and future disease out-breaks.
CT Findings of Automastoidectomy: Comparison with Postmastoidectomy Defect of the Temporal Bone

Purpose: To describe the CT findings of automast이dectomy caused by cholesteatoma , and to evaluate the natural course of cholesteatoma by comparing it with the postmast이dectomy defect of the temporal bone. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the CT findings of 15 cases of automastoidectomy in 13 patients with cholesteatoma and of 14 cases of postmast이dectomy in 13 patients Results : In automastoidectomy , the posterior walls of bony defects of the temporal bone were thinner(mean thickness in automastoidectomy/postmastoidec tomy: 2 mm/3.5 mm) and smoother(n = 1 이 than those of bony defects in postmastoidectomy(n = 6). Defects of the posterosuperior wall of the bony external auditory canal were present in all cases of automastoidectomy(100 %) and most of postmastoidectomy(79 %). There were gross defects of the lateral bony cortex of the mastoid(71 % ), Henle ’ s spine(100 % ), and the posterosuperior ex tension of the exit of bony defect(100 %) in cases of postmastoidectomy(n = 1 이 , but there were rare findings in cases of automastoidectomy(20 % , 21 % , 23 %, respectively). There were soft tissue densities within the bony defect and sinus tympani in all cases of automastoidectomy(100 %) and in some cases of postmastoidectomy(64 % and 36% respectively). Conclusion : When comparing automast이dectomy and postmastoidectomy , CT findings concerning bony defects were different with regard to the remaining posterior wall , the extent of bony defect , and the presence of findings which suggested an active disease process. These differences are helpful in differentiating automast이dectomy and postmastoidectomy and in understanding the natural course of cholesteatoma.
Improving the Performance of DGEMM with MoA and Cache-Blocking Preprint

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate performance enhancements of the high performance dense linear algebra matrix-matrix multi-ply DGEMM kernel, widely implemented by vendors in the basic linear algebra subroutine BLAS library. The mathematics of arrays (MoA) paradigm due to Mullin (1988) results in contiguous memory accesses in combination with Church-Rosser complete language constructs optimized for target processor architectures [3]. Our performance studies demonstrate that the MoA implementation of DGEMM combined with optimal cache-blocking strategies results in at least a 25% performance gain on both Intel Xeon Skylake and IBM Power-9 processors over the vendor supplied Intel MKL and IBM ESSL basic linear algebra libraries. Results are presented for the NREL Eagle and ORNL Summit supercomputers.
Analysis of Financial Assets in Colombia: Hedging Positions with Bitcoin

Purpose: This study aims to infer which financial assets in Colombia can be hedged with Bitcoin positions and determine their correlation with that cryptocurrency. In addition, it seeks to improve our understanding of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin in particular) in order to promote their use and applicability as investment vehicles. Design/methodology: This study used a Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) model, which can capture the dynamic correlations and variability of time series when they are volatile. Furthermore, this model offers the univariate flexibility of the Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model, which can be used to find moments that make volatility tend to a balance. In this methodology, pairs of variables were evaluated to obtain coefficients that improve the distinction between and interpretation of diversifier, hedge, and safe heaven
FINANCIAL MARKETS, BANKS, AND GROWTH: DISENTANGLING THE LINKS

The paper reviews the state of the economic literature on the link between nancial development and growth. We rst examine the issue of measurement of nancial development and the debate on the direction of causality between nance and growth. Next, we extensively discuss the various channels through which the nancial sector can a ect growth, including the increase in the e ciency of capital allocation, the reduction in information costs, the improvement of risk management, and the support of innovation. The analysis is conducted referring both to the theoretical literature and to the most recent empirical ndings. We conclude by drawing lessons for the current debate on the reform of the nancial sector in the aftermath of the Great Recession.
Campaign Contests *

I develop a formal model of political campaigns in which candidates choose how to distribute their resources over two di(cid:11)erent policy issues. I assume that campaigning on an issue has two simultaneous e(cid:11)ects, both rooted in social and cognitive psychology: It increases the perceived quality of the advertising candidate in that issue (persuasion) and it makes the issue more salient (priming), thereby increasing the issue’s perceived importance to the voters. I show that, unlike in the extant literature, interior pure strategy equilibria, in which every candidate campaigns on all issues, exist, if persuasion is su(cid:14)ciently e(cid:11)ective. However, candidates \specialize " by spending more than their contender on the issue, in which they hold a comparative advantage. Further, I show that an issue receives more aggregate spending, if it becomes more important or if voters’ opinions on candidates’ qualities in the issue become weaker. A candidate increases his vote share during the campaign contest, if he has a comparative advantage on the issue that receives more aggregate spending. The contest may therefore be biased in one candidate’s favor and an a priori less popular candidate might be the actual odds on favorite.
Relationships among perceived motivational climate, motivational regulations, enjoyment, and PA participation among Finnish physical education students

3 The influence of teacher-initiated motivational climate on cognitive, affective, and 4 behavioural student outcomes has been highlighted as an area of future research. This study, 5 grounded in Self-Determination and Achievement Goal Theories, examined how teacher-6 initiated motivational climate can increase student motivation and positive affective 7 responses in physical education along with their physical activity participation, and whether 8 motivational climate has a longitudinal effect across middle school. In addition, we aimed to 9 examine the role of positive affect in explaining the relationship between motivation in 10 physical education and out-of-school physical activity participation. A sample comprised 540 11 adolescents (277 boys, 263 girls, median age 13) and they responded to self-report 12 questionnaires measuring their perception of motivational climate in PE classes (Motivation 13 Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire), self-determined motivation (Physical 14 Education Motivation Scale), enjoyment (Sport Enjoyment Scale), and physical activity 15 (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Research Protocol) twice at both Grade 7 and 9. 16 Structural equation model analyses produced three main findings. First, the study showed that 17 intrinsic motivation was the vital component of motivation that transferred the effect of 18 learning-oriented climate to long-lasting enjoyment in PE context. Second, although 19 performance-oriented climate did not have a direct effect on enjoyment, performance-20 oriented climate had a long-lasting effect on non-self-determined motivation. Finally, the 21 study showed enjoyable experiences in PE to transfer intrinsic motivation into PA 22 participation. The findings of the study extend our understanding on how teacher-initiated
Golf in America

In this concise social history of golf in the United States from the 1880s to the present, George B. Kirsch tracks the surprising growth of golf as a popular, mainstream sport, in contrast to the stereotype of golf as a pastime enjoyed only by the rich elite. In addition to classic heroes such as Francis Ouiment, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, and Ben Hogan, the annals of golf's early history also include African American players--John Shippen Jr., Ted Rhodes, and Charlie Sifford--as well as both white and black female players such as Mildred \u0022Babe\u0022 Didrikson Zaharias, Louise Suggs, Betsy Rawls, Ann Gregory, and former tennis champ Althea Gibson. Golf in America tells the stories of these and many other players from different social classes, ethnic backgrounds, races, and genders. Examining golf's recent history, Golf in America looks at the impact of television and the rivalry between Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus, both of whom in 1996 were impressed by an upstart named Eldrick \u0022Tiger\u0022 Woods. Kirsch also highlights the history of public golf courses in the United States, from Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx to Boston's Franklin Park, Chicago's Jackson Park, and other municipal and semiprivate courses that have gone relatively unnoticed in the sport's history. Illustrated with nearly two dozen photographs, this book shows that golf in America has always reflected a democratic spirit, evolving into a sport that now rivals baseball for the honor of being acclaimed \u0022America's national pastime. \u0022
Guidance for in situ subaqueous capping of contaminated sediments

In-Situ Capping is defined as the placement of a subaqueous covering or cap of clean isolating material over an in-situ deposit of contaminated sediment. ISC is a potentially economical and effective approach for remediation of contaminated sediment. A number of sites have been remediated by in-situ capping operations worldwide. This document provides technical guidance for subaqueous, in-situ capping as a remediation technique for contaminated sediments. The document was prepared as a part of the studies conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program, administered by USEPA's Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO), in Chicago, Illinois. Caps for in-situ sediment remediation may be constructed of clean sediments, sand, gravel, or may involve a more complex design with geotextiles, liners and multiple layers. In-situ capping can provide several primary functions: physical isolation of the contaminated sediment from the benthic environment; stabilization of contaminated sediments, preventing resuspension and transport to other sites; and, reduction of the flux of dissolved contaminants into the water column. To achieve these results, an in-situ capping project must be treated as an engineered project with carefully considered design, construction, and monitoring. The basic criterion for a successful capping project is simply that the cap required to perform some or all of these functions be successfully designed, placed, and maintained. This document provides descriptions of the processes involved with in-situ capping, identification of the design requirements of an in-situ capping project, and a recommended sequence for design. Detailed guidance is provided on site and sediment characterization, cap design, equipment and placement techniques, and monitoring and management considerations. This report should be cited as follows: Palermo, M. , Maynord, S. , Miller, J., and Reible, D. 1998. "Guidance for In-Situ Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments," EPA 905-896-004. Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL.