Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Childhood sexual abuse perceptions and experience among college students of Panchkula

Background and Objective: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global public health and human rights concern. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess childhood sexual abuse perception and experience among college students of Panchkula. Methodology: A self-administered anonymous questionnaire which assessed perception and experiences of childhood sexual abuse was given to a convenient sample of 1000 college students. Using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test, perception and the experience of childhood sexual abuse were calculated. Results: The study showed that 18% (boys = 20%, girls = 16%) of the students were exposed to CSA, with boys more often affected than girls. The student's perception about abuse was not very clear. Myths and cultural beliefs justified abuse. Conclusion: Although preliminary in nature, the present findings are among the first to demonstrate the nature of CSA among students of Panchkula. Further, the study revealed that CSA manifests both as contact and noncontact forms. More boys than girls are exposed to most forms of abuse.
Phytotoxic Effects of Glyphosate on Pepper (Capsicum annuum)1

Abstract: Glyphosate was applied to pepper as single or sequential applications to assess the consequences of drift or other accidental exposures. Foliar injury increased and plant vigor declined with increased rates of glyphosate and were exacerbated by a second application. Single applications at flowering (stage 1) were more damaging than single applications after fruit set (stage 2). Decline in marketable yield with increased glyphosate rate was greater with stage 1 applications, except in spring 1987 when marketable yields with single applications of glyphosate at stage 1 or stage 2 were statistically similar. Sequential applications resulted in the lowest marketable yields. Total yields declined with increased glyphosate rate and decline was more pronounced with sequential applications than with single applications. Total yield was affected to a greater extent when glyphosate was applied at stage 1 than at stage 2. Yield was more sensitive to two successive exposures than to single applications. Mean fruit weight was reduced by glyphosate in two of the four experiments. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; pepper, Capsicum annuum L. Additional index words: Simulated drift, herbicide injury. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; WAT, weeks after treatment.
Stimuli predicting high-calorie reward increase dopamine release and drive approach to food in the absence of homeostatic need

ABSTRACT Animals and humans are motivated to consume high-fat, high-calorie foods by cues predicting such foods. The neural mechanisms underlying this effect are not well understood. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that cues paired with a food reward, as compared to explicitly unpaired cues, increase rats’ food-seeking behavior by potentiating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, and that this effect would be less evident under satiety. Methods: We used a simple discriminative stimulus task and electrochemical recordings of dopamine release in freely moving rats. Results: We found that both food-predictive cue and hunger increased conditioned approaches to the receptacle (food-seeking behavior indicated by movement to the food receptacle). In addition, we observed dopamine release when the food-predictive cue (but not the unpaired cue) was presented, independent of hunger or satiety. Finally, we found a positive correlation between dopamine release amplitude and the number of conditioned approaches to the food receptacle in the sated condition, but not in the hungry condition. Discussion: Our results suggest that dopamine could drive seeking behavior for calorie-dense food in absence of homeostatic need, a core aspect of binge eating disorders.
Carbohydrate Contribution to Fruit Development in Two Phenologically Distinct Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars

Additional index words. carbon reserves, partitioning, soluble sugars, source-sink, starch, Vaccinium ashei Abstract. Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars differ in timing of floral and vegetative budbreak and in final fruit size. For example, 'Bonita' exhibits concomitant floral and vegetative budbreak and has relatively large fruit size, while floral budbreak precedes vegetative budbreak in 'Climax' and fruit size is smaller. Mobilization of carbohy- drate before and during fruit development in 'Bonita' and 'Climax' rabbiteye blueberries was examined to determine if differences in carbohydrate availability between these two cultivars were correlated with differences in fruit size. Root dry mass (DM) of both cultivars decreased from dormancy (31 days before anthesis) through fruit development. Sugar concentrations in roots and stems of both cultivars decreased significantly between dormancy and anthesis, then remained relatively steady throughout fruit development. Starch concentrations in roots and stems of 'Bonita' decreased significantly between dormancy and anthesis. The extent of total starch depletion in 'Climax' was similar; however, the decrease was more gradual, extending from dormancy to 28 days after anthesis (DAA); at which time, vegetative budbreak in 'Climax' occurred. Thus, although total reserve carbohydrate pool sizes were similar between the two cultivars, remobilization patterns were different, resulting in increased starch mobilization in 'Bonita' compared to 'Climax' in the period leading up to anthesis. Concentration of 14 C from reserve carbon sources was similar in flowers of both cultivars at anthesis. These values declined throughout fruit development as a result of dilution of the labeled carbon by unlabeled carbon from current photosynthesis. There was a sharper decline in 14 C concentration of 'Bonita' fruit compared to 'Climax' fruit between anthesis and 51 DAA. This, coupled with differences in timing of vegetative budbreak between the two cultivars, suggests that 'Bonita' fruit were accessing current (unlabeled) assimilate earlier (i.e., before 51 DAA) than 'Climax' fruit. Smaller fruit size in 'Climax' compared to 'Bonita' may be a consequence of a decrease in reserve carbohydrate mobilization to 'Climax' flower buds before anthesis relative to 'Bonita', as well as a delay or reduction in the availability of current carbohydrates to developing 'Climax' fruit between anthesis and 51 DAA.
Video-Grounded Dialogues with Pretrained Generation Language Models

Pre-trained language models have shown remarkable success in improving various downstream NLP tasks due to their ability to capture dependencies in textual data and generate natural responses. In this paper, we leverage the power of pre-trained language models for improving video-grounded dialogue, which is very challenging and involves complex features of different dynamics: (1) Video features which can extend across both spatial and temporal dimensions; and (2) Dialogue features which involve semantic dependencies over multiple dialogue turns. We propose a framework by extending GPT-2 models to tackle these challenges by formulating video-grounded dialogue tasks as a sequence-to-sequence task, combining both visual and textual representation into a structured sequence, and fine-tuning a large pre-trained GPT-2 network. Our framework allows fine-tuning language models to capture dependencies across multiple modalities over different levels of information: spatio-temporal level in video and token-sentence level in dialogue context. We achieve promising improvement on the Audio-Visual Scene-Aware Dialogues (AVSD) benchmark from DSTC7, which supports a potential direction in this line of research.
Safety of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain – Do we have the answer yet?

During the past two decades, a vast number of studies done on rodents and nonhuman primates have implicated general anesthetic exposure of developing brains in producing neurotoxicity leading to various structural and functional neurological abnormalities with cognitive and behavioral deficits later in life. However, it is still unclear whether these findings translate to children and whether single exposure to anesthesia in childhood can have long-term neuro-developmental risks. Considering the fact that a large number of healthy young children are undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia globally, any such potential neurocognitive risk of pediatric anesthesia is a serious public health issue and is therefore important to understand. This review aims to assess the current preclinical and clinical evidence related to anesthetic neurotoxicity.
Contextualized Weak Supervision for Text Classification

Weakly supervised text classification based on a few user-provided seed words has recently attracted much attention from researchers. Existing methods mainly generate pseudo-labels in a context-free manner (e.g., string matching), therefore, the ambiguous, context-dependent nature of human language has been long overlooked. In this paper, we propose a novel framework ConWea, providing contextualized weak supervision for text classification. Specifically, we leverage contextualized representations of word occurrences and seed word information to automatically differentiate multiple interpretations of the same word, and thus create a contextualized corpus. This contextualized corpus is further utilized to train the classifier and expand seed words in an iterative manner. This process not only adds new contextualized, highly label-indicative keywords but also disambiguates initial seed words, making our weak supervision fully contextualized. Extensive experiments and case studies on real-world datasets demonstrate the necessity and significant advantages of using contextualized weak supervision, especially when the class labels are fine-grained.
What's New in Emergencies, Trauma and Shock? Trauma-associated Venous Thromboembolism: A Potentially Preventable Cause of Morbidity and Mortality

Despite the widespread use of VTE prophylaxis protocols, the incidence of DVT and PE are reported as high as 44% and 24%, respectively, during posttrauma hospitalization in high-risk patients. [1] However, various studies have shown a lot of variation in the incidence of VTE posttrauma. These variations reflect differences in study designs (whether all patients undergo screening protocols or just the symptomatic patients; second the modalities used for screening differ across studies) and the risk and demographic profile of the study populations (e.g., all surgical patients, or only the orthopedic elective patients, or only those with spontaneous VTE). [2]
Does the Cougar Inhabit Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore?

Abstract Increasing numbers of cougars (Puma concolor) have been documented in Great Plains and Midwestern states in recent years. This includes numerous reports of cougars in Michigan; however, evidence of a natural population has not been obtained. We conducted track surveys and operated camera stations from November 2004 through April 2005 in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SBDNL), Michigan. We obtained no images of cougars during 863 camera nights and did not observe cougar tracks or associated sign (e.g., scats, hair, kill sites) during 493 km of track surveys. Presence of 10 carnivore species, including bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and domestic dog (Canis familiaris) was documented. We also investigated four cougar sightings and one report of cougar tracks within and adjacent to SBDNL. We were unable to locate any cougar sign at the sighting locations but did observe sign of coyote and bobcat. A domestic dog made the reported cougar tracks. We found no evidence supporting the presence of cougars at SBDNL.
Diagnostic efficacy of white core cutoff lengths obtained by EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy using a novel 22G franseen biopsy needle and sample isolation processing by stereomicroscopy for subepithelial lesions

Objectives: The aim of this study is to estimate the cutoff length for stereomicroscopically visible white core (SVWC) required for the pathological diagnosis of subepithelial lesions (SELs) from samples obtained using a novel 22-G Franseen biopsy needle and determine the sensitivity using the SVWC cutoff length. Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with SELs requiring pathological diagnoses were included. EUS-guided fine-needle biopsies (EUS-FNBs) were performed using a novel 22G Franseen biopsy needle. SVWC cutoff lengths were measured using sample isolation processing by stereomicroscopy (SIPS). The utility of the calculated SVWC cutoff lengths was measured. Results: The procedural success and SVWC sampling rates were both 100%. The median SVWC length was 14.5 mm. Pathological examinations identified 16 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 7 with schwannomas, 6 with leiomyomas, and 1 with an ectopic pancreas. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for diagnosing malignancy using EUS-FNB were all 100%. The final diagnostic accuracy was 100%. Regarding the final diagnosis, based on the receiver operating characteristic curves calculated using the SVWC length, the area under the curve was 0.958 (95% confidence interval: 0.897–1.020, P < 0.001) and the cutoff length was 4 mm. The sensitivity of the new SVWC cutoff length was 98.7%. Conclusions: Diagnostic results of EUS-FNBs using a novel 22-G Franseen biopsy needle were significantly better with SVWC cutoff lengths ≥4 mm. Performing the SIPS procedure with a cutoff value of 4 mm as an index may be especially useful for successful pathological diagnosis of SELs at institutions where rapid on-site evaluation cannot be performed.
Effect of dexmedetomidine on attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in coronary artery bypass graft patients: A double-blind randomized control trial

Background and Aims: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery involves various noxious stimuli resulting in stress response, which in turn increases the risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in CABG surgery. Material and Methods: Sixty patients were randomized into two groups of 30 each. Group D patients received dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg as loading dose over 10 min, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg/h. In group P, normal saline was infused as loading and maintenance dose at similar rate. Hemodynamic parameters, total induction dose of thiopentone, and adverse effects were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test and ANNOVA test were used and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The percentage increase in heart rate was significantly lesser in group D than group P after intubation (7.04% v/s 15.08%), skin incision (5.91% v/s 10.11%), and sternotomy (5.33% v/s 11.65%). Similarly increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were significantly lesser in group D than group P after intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy. There was a significant reduction of mean total of thiopentone in group D in comparison to group P. (1.16 mg/kg v/s 2.44 mg/kg) (P< 0.001). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine resulted in significant attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy in CABG surgery without significant adverse effects. It also significantly reduced the dose of thiopentone required for induction.
Early intensification of backyard poultry systems in the tropics: a case study

Poultry production is an important way of enhancing the livelihoods of rural populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As poultry production in LMICs remains dominated by backyard systems with low inputs and low outputs, considerable yield gaps exist. Intensification can increase poultry productivity, production and income. This process is relatively recent in LMICs compared to high-income countries. The management practices and the constraints faced by smallholders trying to scale-up their production, in the early stages of intensification, are poorly understood and described. We thus investigated the features of the small-scale commercial chicken sector in a rural area distant from major production centres. We surveyed 111 commercial chicken farms in Kenya in 2016. We targeted farms that sell the majority of their production, owning at least 50 chickens, partly or wholly confined and provided with feeds. We developed a typology of semi-intensive farms. Farms were found mainly to raise dual-purpose chickens of local and improved breeds, in association with crops and were not specialized in any single product or market. We identified four types of semi-intensive farms that were characterized based on two groups of variables related to intensification and accessibility: (i) remote, small-scale old farms, with small flocks, growing a lot of their own feed; (ii) medium-scale, old farms with a larger flock and well located in relation to markets and (iii) large-scale recently established farms, with large flocks, (iii-a) well located and buying chicks from third-party providers and (iii-b) remotely located and hatching their own chicks. The semi-intensive farms we surveyed were highly heterogeneous in terms of size, age, accessibility, management, opportunities and challenges. Farm location affects market access and influences the opportunities available to farmers, resulting in further diversity in farm profiles. The future of these semi-intensive farms could be compromised by several factors, including the competition with large-scale intensive farmers and with importations. Our study suggests that intensification trajectories in rural areas of LMICs are potentially complex, diverse and non-linear. A better understanding of intensification trajectories should, however, be based on longitudinal data. This could, in turn, help designing interventions to support small-scale farmers.
A Combination Treatment of Raloxifene and Vitamin D Enhances Bone-to-Tendon Healing of the Rotator Cuff in a Rat Model

Background: Tearing and degeneration of the rotator cuff at the tendon-to-bone junction are common in adults aged ≥50 years. Few studies have reported on the relationship between estrogen and the rotator cuff enthesis. In addition to preventing bone loss, selective estrogen receptor modulators have been shown to improve tendon and muscle quality. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of raloxifene (RLX) and vitamin D on rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing in a rat model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 29 female rats (58 shoulders) were assigned to 4 groups: (1) control group, (2) ovariectomy (OVX)–only group, (3) no RLX group (OVX and rotator cuff repair [RCR]), and (4) RLX group (OVX, RCR, and RLX). Rats that did not undergo rotator cuff tear (RCT) surgery were divided into the control and OVX-only groups according to OVX surgery. Rats that underwent RCT surgery and RCR were divided into the no RLX and RLX groups according to RLX and vitamin D administration. An estrogen-deficient state was induced by OVX at 12 weeks of age. Bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone characteristics were measured by micro–computed tomography, and healing of the tendon-to-bone junction was evaluated by biomechanical testing, histomorphometry, and micro–magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: The mean final body weight (BW; 461.6 ± 47.3 g) of the OVX-only group was significantly higher and BMD (0.25 ± 0.07 g/cm3) was significantly lower (P < .001) than the mean final BW (338.5 ± 35.1 g) and BMD (0.48 ± 0.05 g/cm3) of the control group. In contrast, the RLX group showed that the BW (369.6 ± 35.8 g) and BMD (0.41 ± 0.08 g/cm3) were not significantly different from the control group. The RLX group had a significantly higher histomorphometric total score (8.50 ± 1.05) than the no RLX group (4.83 ± 2.48). On biomechanical testing, the RLX group (29.7 ± 9.1 N) showed a significantly higher load to failure than the no RLX group (19.4 ± 8.8 N). On micro-MRI, the RLX group had a more homogeneous low signal and tendon continuity than the no RLX group. Conclusion: The combination treatment of RLX and vitamin D prevented a decrease in local BMD (greater tuberosity of the proximal humerus) and enhanced tendon-to-bone healing of the rotator cuff in a rat model. Clinical Relevance: This study induced an estrogen-deficient state similar to the human postmenopausal state and used drugs that are actually being prescribed in a clinical situation.
Scalp Cooling for Chemotherapy-induced Alopecia Prevention: “Fantasy Turned into Reality”

241 Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer in India according to the latest GLOBOCAN statistics. [1] A majority of these patients receive either neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy as part of multimodality treatment. Chemotherapy has shown to reduce the 10‐year relative risk of death from breast cancer by around 35%. [2] Over the past few decades, the toxicity of chemotherapy has been largely mitigated by various advances in supportive care such as the use of growth factors, antiemetics, and broad‐spectrum antibiotics. [3] Patients are assured regarding the various side effects of chemotherapeutic agents and are motivated to undergo treatment without being fearful of overt toxicity. With patients surviving much longer than ever before,[4] there is now increased focus on the cosmetic and psychological aspects of breast cancer treatment.
The time budget and behavioural traits of young and adult Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis (Franklin, 1831) (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) in and around a nesting site: a preliminary report

A family of the Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis was monitored at their nest site at Nanmangalam Reserve Forest on the outskirts of Chennai City from 5 January to 8 March 2011. Various behavioural patterns were identified and the time spent on each activity was noted. All three types of subjects (viz.: breeding male, brooding/incubating female and young) showed different behavioural characteristics. In the breeding female, high intensity activities were incubation, brooding, vigilance and out of sight (construed to be out hunting) and low intensity activities comprised comfort movements, feeding, pellet regurgitation, feeding young, prey delivery and disturbed at the nest. In the young, high intensity activities were resting and moving, while low intensity activities were feeding, pellet regurgitation and wing flapping. In the male, the bulk of time was spent in vigilance and the other high intensity activity was out of sight (construed to be hunting). Low intensity activities included comfort movements and prey delivery. The male hunted more than the female. Forty-five prey items were delivered by the two parents and these items were identified to the species or generic level.