Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vitamin E and muscle pigment in the rat

Rats reared on diets deficient in vitamin E exhibit a brownish pigmentation of the uterus, due to a progressive accumulation of brownishyellow, insoluble, iron-free granules or globules within the smooth mugcle cells (Martin and Moore, '36, '38 ; Barrie, '38 ; Hessler, '41 ; Demole, '41). Similar changes have been observed in smooth muscle cells of the vagina, fallopian tube, seminal vesicle and ureter, and in skeletal muscles generally, but not in other smooth muscle examined (stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, bronchi, spleen, or blood vessels), or in the cardiac musculature (Martin and Moore, '39; Hessler, '41). The testes and abdominal lymph nodes also become pigmented (Martin and Moore, '39). No satisfactory explanation has been offered for these diversified and seemingly unrelated phenomena, which are readily prevented when deficient diets are supplemented with tocopherol. Reports concerning the reparability of uterine pigmentation are contradictory; it is said to be decreased by tocopherol feeding (Demole, '41), unaffected by tocopherol feeding (Martin and Moore, '39; Hessler, '41), accentuated by resorption pregnancies Barrie, '38 ; Hessler, '41) and definitely diminished or even abolished (when one or more pregnancies occur coincident with vitamin E therapy (Emerson and Evans, '39 ; Sweeten, '43). The interesting observation (Hessler, '41) that the pigmented uteri respond normally to drugs which act either upon the autonomic nerve supply or as direct muscle stimulants has been confirmed in this 1aboratory.l More than 5 years ago it became apparent to one of us (K.E.M.) that macrophages, containing pigment globules identical to those seen in intact muscle cells, constituted a prominent feature of this uterine pitmentation. Further study revealed, that similar pigment-laden macrophages occurred in skeletal and cardiac muscles, the sex glands, the lymph nodes and elsewhere. Because of the poor delineation of the
Myopic Loss Aversion: An Alternative Explanation of the Momentum Premium

Returns to both traditional and risk-managed momentum strategies are non-normal, reducing the efficacy of the Sharpe ratio as an evaluation tool. To account for the higher moments of the return distribution, we evaluate momentum using the framework of myopic loss aversion. Under this framework, traditional momentum strategies are no longer anomalous and risk-managed strategies can be explained where institutional investors frequently evaluate their portfolios. We extend this result and explore the impact of myopia over an international sample. Consistent with the predictions of myopic loss aversion, we find that the momentum premium is higher for countries that are predisposed to myopia. We therefore argue that myopic loss aversion provides an alternative explanation for the momentum premium.
Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests

Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps are compared for five temperate and tropical forests using fish-eye photography of intact forest canopies and a model for calculating light penetration through idealized gaps. Beneath intact canopies, analyses of canopy photographs indicate that sunflecks potentially contribute 37–68% of seasonal total photosynthetically active radiation. In all of the forests, potential sunfleck duration is brief (4–6 min), but the frequency distributions of potential sunfleck duration vary because of differences in canopy geometry and recent disturbance history. Analysis of the photographs reveals that incidence angles for photosynthetically active radiation beneath closed canopies are not generally vertical for any of the forests, but there was considerable variation both among and within sites in the contribution of overhead versus low-angle lighting. Calculations of light penetration through idealized single-tree gaps in old growth Douglas-fir – hemlock forests.
Say on Pay and the 'Quiet Life' of Boards

The rapid rise in CEO pay over the past decades has fueled an intensive debate on corporate governance. Fiduciary duty rules are supposed to safeguard shareholders' interests when boards design compensation packages for managers. However the so-called "managerial power view" holds that boards may be colluding with CEOs to transfer wealth from shareholders. In response, recent regulatory initiatives such as "Say on Pay" and the Dodd-Frank Act aim to reinvigorate fiduciary duty rules and to put shareholders back in control. I develop a model in which a self-interested board contracts with a CEO in a setting that combines agency frictions and strategic communication. The board can learn about the firm's environment through monitoring and/or communication. In equilibrium, the board has an excessive preference for communication. As a result, the board grants the CEO a greater equity stake than as preferred by the shareholders. While this may seem consistent with the managerial power view, it is in fact more a manifestation of the board pursuing a "quiet life", because the greater CEO equity stake promotes CEO-board communication, and thereby reduces the pressure for the board to engage in costly monitoring. By adjusting the board's equity stake, the shareholders can actively preempt such behavior, though they may not always choose to do so. Ironically, I find that precisely for those cases where the board successfully subverts the shareholders' intent, the board is ultimately worse off from having discretion. This illustrates the importance of taking boards as strategic, self-interested players, rather than assuming they align themselves fully with either shareholders or management.
Phytoplankton biomass and production in the southern North Sea

Surface chlorophyll concentrations in the southern North Sea have been contoured for a 15 mo period, from 4 August 1988 to 3 October 1989. Seasonal changes in chlorophyll concentration show low phytoplankton biomass in the western and central regions and highlight the high phytoplankton biomass which develops in the spring and early summer in the Southern and German Bights. I4C measurements made on each of the survey cruises have been used to estimate primary production for the whole of the southern North Sea. These data also highlight very high daily rates of primary production in phytoplankton blooms in the eastern North Sea. Regional estimates, based on the ICES subdivisions of the North Sea, are 79 g C m-'yr-' for Region 3 " , 199 g C m 2 yr-' for Region 4 , 261 g C m-' yr-' for Region 5, and 119 g C m'* yr-' for Region 7" In winter and early spring, the euphotic depth in the region off the Belgian and Dutch coast is as great as the water column depth and light will reach the bottom sediments; this may be a factor in the early development of Phaeocystis blooms in these regions.
Heterogeneous Impacts on Layoffs of Changes in Brazilian Unemployment Insurance Eligibility Rules

This paper is based on the first use of program administrative data from Brazil’s unemployment insurance (UI) program to assess the impact of changes in UI eligibility criteria on layoff probabilities. We exploit exogenous program changes introduced by executive and legislative changes in 2015 to estimate impacts while accounting for the number of prior UI benefit requests. We estimate that changes in UI eligibility criteria had heterogeneous impacts distinguished by the number of prior benefit requests. We show that the 2015 changes in UI eligibility rules reduced layoffs and find evidence that the changes reduced collusion between workers and employers for layoffs because it became harder to extract subsidies from the UI system. The layoff reductions were greatest before workers' second benefit request.
Changes in the weed flora of an arable field cultivated for 20 years.

(1) Changes in the weed flora of Boddington Barn field were monitored during 20 years of arable cropping after being ploughed out of grass in 1960. Seedlings were identified and counted in spring in a regular grid of 151 quadrats (0.1 IM2) in 14 of the 20 years. (2) The number of species recorded ranged from twenty-three to fifty-three. The maximum number occurred after 4 years of cultivation. Grassland weeds did not persist long under continuous arable cropping, though Trifolium repens survived the whole 20 years. Ranunculus bulbosus survived 14 years, Rumex obtusifolius 12 years, Plantago lanceolata 8 years and, of the thirteen other species recorded, nine had become extinct by 5 years. (3) When the permanent pasture was ploughed in 1960 two overlapping areas of the field yielded contrasting arable weeds. One area, probably cultivated sometime between 1940 and 1945, was characterized by Fumaria officinalis, Aethusa cynapium and four other weeds: seeds of these species evidently survived 15-20 years in the soil. The other area which had been cultivated sometime between 1949 and 1960 was characterized by Papaver rhoeas and three other weeds. (4) Mean seedling density increased over the period from 29 m-2 in the first arable crop to 196 m-2 after 20 years. (5) The season of planting the crop was one of the most important factors determining the weed flora composition in any year. Spring-germinating weeds predominated in spring-sown crops and autumn-germinating weeds in autumn-sown crops. The introduction of weeds in contaminated crop seed was another important factor though other species invaded temporarily by windborne seed.
Why Has China Succeeded - And Why it Will Continue to Do So

The key factor underlying China’s fast development during the last 50 years is its ability to master and accumulate new and more complex capabilities, reflected in the increase in diversification and sophistication of its export basket. This accumulation was policy induced and not the result of the market, and began before 1979. Despite its many policy mistakes, if China had not proceeded this way, in all likelihood it would be a much poorer country today. During the last 50 years, China has acquired revealed comparative advantage in the export of both labor-intensive products (following its factor abundance) and sophisticated products, although the latter does not indicate that there was leapfrogging. Analysis of China’s current export opportunity set indicates that it is exceptionally well positioned (especially taking into account its income per capita) to continue learning and gaining revealed comparative advantage in the export of more sophisticated products. Given adequate policies, carefully thought-out and implemented reforms, and skillful management of constraints and risks, China has the potential to continue thriving. This does not mean, however, that high growth will continue indefinitely.
Assessing coastal species distribution models through the integration of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric data

When considering multiple species in distribution models, environmental variables should be selected that describe the group of species' environmental requirements. This can, however, be challenging in locations such as coastal areas, where different species may respond to terrestrial, oceanic and/or atmospheric conditions. Here, we evaluate the use of remotely sensed (RS) terrestrial, oceanic and interpolated climate variables, as well as a more detailed shore‐zone data set, as a means of modelling the distributions of coastal bird species with diverse habitat requirements.
Principle Guided Investing: The Use of Negative Screens and its Implications for Green Investors

In recent years Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) has received considerable attention from both private investors as well as pension funds. Despite this proliferation in interest, several topics are still unresolved, namely selection methods, performance and effects regarding sustainability. This paper examines how green investors can induce firms to invest in cleaner production technology by using exclusionary investment screens. SRI is more likely to be successful when abatement costs are low and if principle guided investors are numerous and have homogenous investment principles. The transformation process becomes more probable when shares of clean firms are viewed as a separate asset class by all investors. Green investors have to accept lower returns from shares of clean firms, even in the case of positive externalities.
Sooner or Later? Promising Delivery Speed in Online Retail

Abstract. Problem definition: Online retailers have to provide customers with an estimate of how fast an order can be delivered before they decide to make the purchase. Retailers can strategically adjust this delivery speed promise online without changing offline infrastructure, and doing so may fundamentally impact business outcomes. It can influence consumers’ purchasing decisions and postpurchase experiences, often in the opposite direction. On one hand, an aggressive (i.e., faster) delivery estimate could ensure that more customers meet their deadlines and thus, may increase their purchases ex ante. On the other hand, an aggressive estimate tends to overpromise, potentially leading to a longer than expected wait time, which can lower customer satisfaction and increase product returns ex post. In this research, we estimate the causal effect of retailers’ delivery speed promise on customer behaviors and business performance. Methodology/results: Collaborating with Collage.com , an online retailer that sells customized photo products across the United States, we exogenously varied the disclosed delivery speed estimates online while keeping the physical delivery speed unchanged. Using the difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that a faster promise increases sales and profits, but it also increases product returns and reduces customer retention. In addition, we propose a data-driven model that uses the estimated parameters to optimize delivery promises to maximize customer lifetime value. Managerial implications: Our findings provide managerial insights and a data-driven policy that retailers can leverage to optimize and customize their delivery promises. Funding: T. Sun acknowledges research support from CKGSB Research Institute. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021. 0174 .
Propensity of Demographic Factors on Affective Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demographic variables and affective organizational commitment at workplace. Affective commitment is the psychological attachment of an employee to remain stay long with the same organization which is highly influenced by the demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, position, and experience of individual employee. The present study grounded on social exchange theory to amplification the relationships among the variables. The officers, managers and top level executives of several banks. The study reported mixed results on research variables. The finding implies experience, position and gender are statistically significant whereas, education and age not significant on affective commitment. The theoretical contributions of the study emphasize by explaining to what extent demographical factors have impact on affective commitment at the real time. The study also provides practitioners’ implications that lack of knowledge regarding employee’s demographic factor are the crucial and failure to achieve organizational performance.
On the Exchange Rate and Economic Policy Uncertainty Nexus: A Panel VAR Approach for Emerging Markets

We examine the Exchange Rate Volatility (ERV) response to the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) shocks from a panel VAR perspective used for the first time in this context. Focusing on Emerging Market Economies (EME), our noteworthy findings postulate that (a) both home and foreign EPU shocks are highly significant in explaining the ERV, (b) the contribution of the foreign EPU to the ERV fluctuation overcomes the local EPU's share, (c) the ERV acts as a significant transmission channel of the US-EPU to the economic activity, (d) the home EPU increases with higher US-EPU and vice versa and (e) the latter is surprisingly and markedly sensitive to EME macroeconomic conditions. Our findings are robust to different sensitivity analyses, provide novel insights into EPU international spillovers, and have interesting policy implications for EME decisions makers and investors.
High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Some Phenolic Acids of Turkish Commercial Wines: An Electrochemical Approach

In the last decade polyphenol content of wines has attracted considerable interest as antioxidants. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) application for the determination of phenolic acids in the commercial wines of Turkey was carried out. Thirteen wine samples, differing in their origin of grape variety and vicinity, were analysed for total phenolic acid content by HPLC on C 18 -modified silica coupled with an electrochemical detector. The identification of phenolic compounds was made by comparison of their retention times with those of standards and by their electrochemical behaviour at potential of +0.650 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). HPLC analyses of wine extracts revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid. The phenolic compounds of wines examined ranged from 0.008 mg l -1 to 42.5 mg l -1 . Among the phenolics identified, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid were present in large amounts, respectively.
Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for juvenile snakehead, Ophiocephalus argus

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, spray-dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg−1 Cr2O3 as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by-product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.
Markets, Trust and Cultural Biases: Evidence from eBay

A body of research argues that cultural biases in trust may be responsible for economic backwardness. This paper studies the role of cultural biases in a real-world market, eBay, with well-designed features intended to facilitate cooperation. We analyze the buyer’s decision to leave negative feedback as an act of mistrust towards the seller. To identify the effects of buyer characteristics on feedback choices, we exploit an identification strategy that leverages high-volume data from millions of transactions. We find that negative feedback decreases as buyers gain experience on the market. Also, we show that measures of pro-social beliefs and behavior do not explain feedback choices. Our favorite interpretation is that cultural biases in trust may have limited importance in markets with effective reputation-building mechanisms.
Estimating and Decomposing Changes in the White-Black Homeownership Gap From 2005 to 2011

This study evaluates the effects of the recent U.S. housing bust on the White-Black homeownership gap by estimating and decomposing the changes in the distribution of the gap between 2005 and 2011. Our analysis shows that the housing bust did not affect the homeownership gap uniformly. In fact, we find that the gap decreased for households that were the least likely to own and remained unchanged for households that were the most likely to own, and that Black households with around a 50% probability of homeownership were especially vulnerable to the crisis. We also find that the contribution of the residual gap was modest. Changes in the White-Black homeownership gap over the sample period are attributed to changes in household income, whether the household earned dividend, interest, or rental income, and marital status, with the extent of their respective influences varying over the homeownership distribution. Our empirical approach reveals distributional information on the determinants of the changes in the homeownership gap at the household level. Such insights have valuable policy implications that would otherwise be concealed in analyses that look only at the conditional mean.
Does Size Matter? The Influence of Firm Size on Working Conditions, Job Satisfaction and Quit Intentions

Using a detailed survey on Spanish workers, this paper investigates the relationship between firm size and working conditions, the extent to which firm size differences in workers' job satisfaction can be accounted for by differences in their work environment and the impact of firm size on workers' quit intentions. The results indicate that: (1) employees in larger firms face a worse work environment; (2) working in large firms significantly reduces job satisfaction when no controls for working conditions are included, but taking them into account makes differentials across size categories statistically insignificant; and (3) no systematic differences exist in intentions to quit across firm size categories, irrespective of conditioning on wages.
The Fetal Origins Hypothesis in Finance: Prenatal Environment, the Gender Gap, and Investor Behavior

We find that differences in individuals' prenatal environment explain heterogeneity in financial decisions later in life. An exogenous increase in exposure to prenatal testosterone is associated with the masculinization of financial behavior, specifically with elevated risk taking and trading in adulthood. We also examine birth weight. Those with higher birth weight are more likely to participate in the stock market, whereas those with lower birth weight tend to prefer portfolios with higher volatility and skewness, consistent with compensatory behavior. Our results contribute to the understanding of how the prenatal environment shapes an individual's behavior in financial markets later in life.
Sparse Change-Point VAR models

Change-point (CP) VAR models face a dimensionality curse due to the proliferation of parameters that arises when new breaks are detected. To handle large data sets, we introduce the Sparse CP-VAR model that determines which parameters truly vary when a break is detected. By doing so, the number of new parameters to estimate at each regime is drastically reduced and the CP dynamic becomes easier to interpret. The Sparse CP-VAR model disentangles the dynamics of the mean parameters and the covariance matrix. The former uses CP dynamics with shrinkage prior distributions while the latter is driven by an infinite hidden Markov framework. A simulation study highlights that the framework detects correctly the number of breaks per model parameter, and that it takes advantage of common breaks in the cross-sectional dimension to more precisely estimate them. Our applications on financial and macroeconomic systems highlight that the Sparse CP-VAR model helps interpreting the detected breaks. It turns out that many spillover effects have zero regimes meaning that they are zero for the entire sample period. Forecasting wise, the Sparse CP-VAR model is competitive against several recent time-varying parameter and CP-VAR models in terms of log predictive densities.