Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production Performance, Meat Quality and Feed Cost Implications of Utilizing High Levels of Palm Kernel Cake in Broiler Finisher Diets

Marshall broiler finishers were fed diets containing 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% palm kernel cake (PKC) from the 3 till the 9 week of age. The effects of diet on growth rate, feed cost per unit live weight gain, rd th carcass characteristics and organoleptic quality were determined. Diet-related differences in average daily feed intake were not significant (P > 0.05). The final live weights of broilers fed the 0%, 15% and 30% PKC diets were similar (approximately 1.9 - 2.0kg), and were significantly higher (P 0.05). Effects of diet on carcas s characteristics were limited to dressing percentage and percent head and gizzard contents (P 0.05). It was concluded that up to the 45% inclusion level, feed intake and financial returns were not affected by the incorporation of PKC in broiler finisher diets.
Life Table and Population Dynamics of the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii, on Upland Cotton

Abstract. Controlled field studies using clip cages were used to quantify development, reproduction, and survival, and generate life history characteristics and population growth parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, on irrigated upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Newly born (<6-hour-old) aphid nymphs were individually placed on the underside of fifth mainstem cotton leaves (n = 30 plants). Aphids were monitored every 24 hours and the developmental stage, fecundity, and mortality recorded until the last aphid from the cohort died. Individual aphids were transferred to a new fifth leaf on the same plant when plants gained a newer leaf. Average daily temperature under the leaf surface was 28.1°C. Nymphal durations were 38, 48, 37, and 34 degree-days above a development threshold of 6.3°C for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively. Aphids began dying at 448 degree-days, and the last individual in the cohort died at 907 degree-days, with an average longevity of 674 degree-days. The gross reproductive rate and finite rate of increase were 62.24 and 1.43263, respectively. A complementary study was done by daily monitoring population dynamics and within-plant distribution of the aphid for two growing seasons. Cotton aphids were not typically in the field until mid-July or early August, and the population decreased after mid-September. A fifth mainstem leaf from the top of the plant canopy (T5) and a leaf from the mid-canopy (M) consistently tracked population activity with whole-plant densities, suggesting that either T5 or M should serve as a reliable indicator-leaf for monitoring cotton aphid population dynamics in the field.
The diet of migrant Red Kites Milvus milvus during a Water Vole Arvicola terrestris outbreak in eastern France and the associated risk of secondary poisoning by the rodenticide bromadiolone

Poisoning by pesticides is considered one of the primary threats to the Red Kite Milvus milvus. We studied the diet of this raptor in an area of eastern France where the rodenticide bromadiolone is widely used to control Water Vole Arvicola terrestris outbreaks. A high degree of specialization for Water Voles was noted, as their remains were identified in all 119 pellets collected in autumn 2008, whereas other small rodent species and insects occurred in 27 and 9% of pellets, respectively. We estimated that Water Voles constituted 94% of the total biomass ingested by Red Kites under these conditions. Based on these data, the risk of secondary poisoning due to feeding on poisoned voles was assessed. Acute exposure on a single day was not considered a risk for Kites, but exposure to poisoned voles over 1 week represented the maximal risk for the Red Kite; the calculated dose of bromadiolone ingested by a Red Kite was 137 times higher than the toxicological benchmark for birds. A field survey in the studied area detected four dead Red Kites and one moribund bird in autumn 2008 but did not confirm that the cause of death was bromadiolone poisoning. We suggest that professional monitoring is needed to assess the impact of rodenticides on Red Kites in areas where voles are controlled.
Spermatophore allocation strategy over successive matings in the bushcricket Isophya sikorai (Orthoptera Phaneropterinae)

During mating, male bushcrickets transfer edible spermatophores that consist of a large sperm-free spermatophylax and a sperm-containing ampulla. The effect of consecutive matings on nuptial gift and sperm numbers in the bushcricket Isophya sikorai was examined. Males and females differed in body weight and mating history influenced their weight. Males differed in spermatophore weight, as well as the weights of spermatophylax and ampulla. Spermatophore (spermatophylax + ampulla) and spermatophylax weight of I. sikorai increased with male body weight, but not with ampulla weight. Male age had a significant effect on sperm number, with older males producing more sperm. Female weight but not mating number of female had a significant effect on spermatophore weight. Males increased the size of the spermatophylax and sperm number when presented with larger females, but they did not adjust their ampulla weight. Male age affected spermatophylax weight when mating with heavier females. Males reached their maximal absolute sperm number point at about middle age of their mating period due to an age-dependent shift in covariation between the ampulla and spermatophylax weight and ampulla size increases over a longer period. We conclude that production of a spermatophore and its components is costly, therefore males should strategically adjust their spermatophore components among mating opportunities. Female quality is an important predictor in searching males, and those males transfer significantly larger spermatophore and ejaculates to higher quality (heavier) females. Briefly, this study suggest that male I. sikorai strategically allocate spermatophore size and sperm number with respect to various factors such as his age, sperm competition and female size in a multiple mating system.
Propagation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Shahi through in vitro culture

A large number of shoots regenerated from lateral buds and young leaves of Carica papaya L. cv. Shahi on MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l zeatin and 0.2 mg/l NAA. Addition of 200 mg/l casein hydrolysate (CH) to the medium increased the number of shoots per culture and incorporation of 2.0 g/l activated charcoal (AC) to the medium resulted effective shoot growth with healthy leaf. While addition of 100 mg/l urea and 2.0 g/l activated charcoal to the medium showed proper shoot elongation. Best rooting was obtained from shoots cultured on half-strength of MS fortified with 4.0 mg/l IBA.Within four weeks of transfer to the rooting medium, 90% microcuttings produced 12 - 14 roots. The regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to potted soil. About 84% plantlets survived in the experimental field. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2. 13448 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41 (2): 191-195, 2012 (December)
Eleven-year response of foliar chemistry to chronic nitrogen and sulfur additions at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine

The foliar chemistry of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) was studied from 1993 to 2003 at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). The BBWM is a paired-watershed forest ecosystem study, with one watershed treated bimonthly since 1989 with am- monium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) at a rate of 25.2 kg N·ha -1 ·year -1 . Foliar N concentrations were higher in all tree species within the treated watershed compared with trees within the reference watershed. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were lower in American beech and red spruce within the treated watershed. There were no significant differences in foliar K concentrations between watersheds. Foliar P and Mn concentration differences between watersheds were incon- sistent among years. Differences in foliar N concentrations between watersheds declined over time in sugar maple but not in red spruce or American beech. Differences in foliar Ca and Mg concentrations between the treated and reference watersheds increased over time for American beech and red spruce, primarily because of a consistent decline in con- centrations of these nutrients in trees within the treated watershed. No temporal trends in foliar Ca and Mg concentra- tion differences between watersheds were observed for sugar maple. Resume : Les caracteristiques chimiques des feuilles d'erable a sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.), de hetre a grandes feuilles (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) et d'epinette rouge (Picea rubens Sarg.) ont ete etudiees de 1993 a 2003 dans le bassin de Bear Brook, dans le Maine, ou se deroule une etude sur l'ecosysteme forestier a l'echelle du bassin. Cette etude est menee dans deux bassins jumeles dont un est traite sur une base bimensuelle depuis 1989 avec du sulfate
Moulting and mating in Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Copepoda: Caligidae)

Prior to moulting, the preadult Lepeophtheirus pectoralis produces a temporary frontal filament which attaches the animal to the surface of the host during ecdysis. This filament is extruded from a frontal organ previously thought to have a chemoreceptory function. During ecdysis the exuvium splits at the anterior margin and is shed posteriorly by contractions of the body. After hardening of the exoskeleton the copepod detaches itself from the frontal filament and is free-living on the host during intermoult. Males in precopula position hold on to the dorsal side of the female, with the second antennae grasping the anterior end of the female's genital complex. During the ecdysis of the female, most males release their hold on the female, and are usually found close to her on the host. Copulation occurs between an adult male and an adult female with a hardened exoskeleton. In the copula position the male holds on to the female's genital complex with the second antennae, but now on the ventral side of the female. Two spermatophores are extruded and then transferred simultaneously to the female with the aid of the second pair of swimming legs. Tubes originating from the spermatophores connect them to the orifices of the receptaculum seminis. These tubes seem to grow out of the spermatophores after expulsion. After copulation, the male retains a precopula position before releasing the female. No agonistic behaviour has been observed between a precopulating/copulating male and additional males. However, during the ecdysis of the female, a new male may take over the female, but mating does not seem to be assortative for size in Lepeophtheirus pectoralis.
BUREAUCRACY

Bureaucracy quite literally translates into rule by public office (‘bureau’). The anthropology of bureaucracy can be seen as falling under two broad approaches. Firstly, there is an expanding corpus of work that concentrates its attention on explaining how different bureaucracies – from different arms of the state to NGOs to supranational organizations – actually function; what their ‘inner worlds’ are like; and why and how they produce the results they do. The second approach can be described as one that looks at how bureaucracies monitor or audit themselves as well as how they are pushing for self-reform. From a time when bureaucracies were almost entirely neglected by anthropologists due to a (mis)perception of them as disenchanted Weberian iron cages of modernity, there is now a far keener awareness of the operations of bureaucratic structures and demands. Nowhere is this more evident than in the critical awareness of bureaucratic demands and constrictions within Euro-American Universities.
Radiosensitivity and Frequency of Chlorophyll Mutations in Pigeon Pea

The seeds of early (Prabhat), medium (R 60 and BS 1) and late (NP(WR) 15, T 7, L 1 and I 2) pigeon pea strains were irradiated with 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kr 60Co gamma-rays. Gamma-irradiation reduced germination, seedling height, pollen fertility and survival at maturity; the reduction was greatly pronounced at 5 kr indicating a threshold physiological effect of gamma-rays in this species. The three maturity groups were similar in their response to gamma-rays. R 60 was the least whereas (NP(WR) 15 was the most radiosensitive. Three types of chlorophyll mutations (Viridis, Chlorina and Xantha) were recovered in M2. The most radiosensitive strain (NP(WR) 15 gave the highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations. Among chlorophyll mutations Xantha was the most frequent and Chlorina the least.
EFFECTS OF GROWTH REGULATORS, EXPLANT AND GENOTYPE ON SHOOT REGENERATION IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum c.v. Omdurman)

Ishag, S, Osman, M.G. , and Khalafalla, M.M. 2009. Effects of growth regulators, explant and genotype on shoot regeneration in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum c.v. Omdurman). Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 4(6):7-13. Development of protocols for in vitro regeneration can provide new advances for the production of stress tolerant cultivars. The present investigation was developed at the laboratory of plant tissue culture, Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khartoum, Sudan, during the period of February 2008 to July 2009. Shoot tip and cotyledon explants isolated from 8-10-day-old seedlings were aseptically cultured on a Murashige Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of growth regulators under defined environmental conditions. Benzyladenine (BA), kintin (Kin) and 2-isopentenyladenine (2ip) at various concentrations (0.5 – 5.0 mg/l) individually or in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.5 – 1.0 mg/l) were tested. Both explant and growth regulators type and concentrations influenced shoot proliferation. Shoot tip was more efficient than cotyledon explant. Kin proved to be more effective than BA. The best response (2.0 shoots/explant), however was obtained when shoot tip cultured on MS medium supplemented with kin at 4.0mg L-1. The efficiency of both BA and Kin for multiple shoot induction was negatively affected when combined with NAA. Shoots produced in vitro were rooted on half-strength agar-solidified MS basal medium or without growth regulator or 0.5 mgl−1 naphthalenacetic acid (NAA) prior to acclimatization and transfer to green house conditions. Regenerated plants grew in soil to maturity and were found to be fertile and morphological true-to-type. This procedure was found to be applicable to other five cultivars of tomato. Thus, it can be advantageously used in combination with conventional breeding techniques for the development of cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
The Bromeliad Microcosm and the Assessment of Faunal Diversity in a Neotropical Forest 1

The faunas of tank bromeliads were sampled over two years in three forest types at different elevations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, and the diversity of their animal communities compared. Bromeliad plants behaved as islands in that, within forests, the species richness and abundance of their animal communities were significantly and positively correlated with increase in plant size. The amount of canopy debris they accumulated was similarly correlated with increase in plant size. Overall diversity was lowest in the dwarf forest, where plants were uniformly small. Animal communities were stable from year to year, and could be characterised for each forest type and for compartments within the plant. They showed a pattern of high dominance, which increased with elevation (Mc‐Naughton index 37, 54, and 73, respectively, for the tabonuco, palo Colorado, and dwarf forest). Alpha‐diversity for sites sampled in each year reflected net primary productivity (NPP) of the forest, declining with increasing elevation when animal abundance measures were used (jackknife estimates of Simpson's diversity index 6.54 & 11.04 [tabonuco], 3.53 & 6.22 [palo Colorado], and 2.75 & 2.17 [dwarf forest]). Species richness over the two years, however, was highest in the intermediate palo Colorado forest (187 species), compared to 146 and 88 in the tabonuco and dwarf forests, respectively. These figures were close to jackknife estimates of maximum species richness. The difference in species richness between tabonuco and palo Colorado forests was significant in one year only. In addition to NPP, other factors, such as litter quality and the structural complexity of the habitat in the palo Colorado forest, may have influenced species richness. The most abundant species in individual plants were also the most widely occurring, confirming known patterns of abundance and distribution in other functional groups. Diversity within bromeliad microcosms at different elevations supported known relationships between diversity, productivity, and habitat complexity along gradients and was not related to differences in the total bromeliad habitat available for colonization.
Potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ) induced nephrotoxicity: Protective effects of n-hexane extract of Sonchus asper

Potassium bromate (KBrO 3) is an oxidizing agent used in industries for the formation of hair solution, cosmetics and as a by product during ozonation of water, causes infections in kidney and has been classified as 2B group toxic chemical a probable human carcinogen. In the present study, Sonchus asper non polar n-hexane extract (SAHE) is used against KBrO 3 induced nephrotoxicity in rats. During this study 32 male albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and experiment was proceeded for 6 weeks. Results revealed that induction of KBrO3 in rats significantly reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (p<0.01) while enhanced NORs/cell and telomerase enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation which were markedly improved by co-treatment of SAHE. KBrO 3 also considerably distorted (p<0.01) DNA fragmentation in kidney comparatively to control. These changes are noticeably (p<0.01) reimbursed with treatment of SAHE. These data proved that SAHE extract has ability of DNA fragmentation repairing, reduces rgyrophilic nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORS), restoring enzyme activity and telomerase enzymes, which might be due to the presence of plant bioactive compounds.
Familism

Familism is a cultural value that emphasizes interdependent family relationships that are warm, close, and supportive. We theorized that familism values can be beneficial for romantic relationships and tested whether (a) familism would be positively associated with romantic relationship quality and (b) this association would be mediated by less attachment avoidance. Evidence indicates that familism is particularly relevant for U.S. Latinos but is also relevant for non-Latinos. Thus, we expected to observe the hypothesized pattern in Latinos and explored whether the pattern extended to non-Latinos of European and East Asian cultural background. A sample of U.S. participants of Latino (n = 140), European (n = 176), and East Asian (n = 199) cultural background currently in a romantic relationship completed measures of familism, attachment, and two indices of romantic relationship quality, namely, partner support and partner closeness. As predicted, higher familism was associated with higher partner support and partner closeness, and these associations were mediated by lower attachment avoidance in the Latino sample. This pattern was not observed in the European or East Asian background samples. The implications of familism for relationships and psychological processes relevant to relationships in Latinos and non-Latinos are discussed.
COMPOSIÇÃO NUTRICIONAL FOLIAR DA GÉRBERA IRRIGADA COM EFLUENTE DOMÉSTICO TRATADO

Com o objetivo de avaliar o teor de nutrientes em folhas de gerbera quando fertirrigada com efluentes domesticos tratados com e sem suplementacao mineral, foi conduzido um experimento em ambiente protegido na Embrapa Meio-Norte de Teresina - PI, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repeticoes. Os tratamentos estudados foram: T1 - necessidades hidrica e nutricional das culturas atendidas mediante 100% fertirrigacao (N e K2O); T2 - 75% do volume de agua residuaria tratada (ART) associada a 25% de fertirrigacao; T3 - 50% de ART associada a 50% de fertirrigacao; T4 - 25% de ART associada a 75% de fertirrigacao e T5 - 100% de ART. O crescimento e o desenvolvimento foliar foram favorecidos pelo tratamento de 50% de fertirrigacao associados a 50% de ART (T3). Ao final do experimento, 120 dias apos o plantio, coletaram-se duas folhas adultas em cada tratamento para analise dos teores de micro e macronutrientes; sendo tambem coletados amostras de solo para verificar as alteracoes nas caracteristicas fisico-quimicas apos o cultivo das gerberas. O solo irrigado com 100% de agua residuaria tratada apresentou elevada concentracao de P, materia orgânica e niveis baixos de Na e K; porem, estas alteracoes nao resultaram em modificacoes no estado nutricional das folhas e na qualidade das flores de gerberas.
The living, the dead, and the expected dead: variation in life span yields little bias of proportional abundances in bivalve death assemblages

Abstract All else being equal, species with short life spans are expected to be overrepresented in time-averaged death assemblages relative to their standing abundance in the living community, but the magnitude of the distortion of proportional abundance and assemblage evenness has received little attention. Here, information from 30 data sets on the living and dead abundances of marine bivalves in local habitats is combined with a global compilation of bivalve life spans to determine whether bias from mortality rate can explain observed differences in species proportional abundances. Although bivalve maximum life spans range from one to 75 years in these data sets, indicating annual mortality rates of 0.97 to 0.09, the “life span bias” (LB) of a species—the difference between its proportional abundance expected dead and that observed alive—is consistently small in magnitude (average change <2%, maximum about 20%) and random in sign relative to observed discordance (OD = difference between that species' proportional abundance observed dead and that observed alive). The aggregate result for 413 living species occurrences is a significantly positive but weak correlation of OD to LB, with only 10% of variation in OD explained. The model performs better among longer-lived species than among shorter-lived species, probably because longer-lived species conform better to the model assumption that species maintain a constant proportional abundance in the living assemblage over time. Among individual data sets, only seven exhibit significant positive correlations between OD and LB. The model also under-predicts the cases where a death assemblage is dominated by a species that is shorter lived than the dominant species in the living assemblage, indicating that some factor(s) other than or in addition to mortality rate is responsible for OD. We can find no evidence of preservational bias linked to life span, for example through body size. This negative outcome reflects a weak biological relationship between life span and living abundance among bivalves in local habitats, contrary to the terrestrial paradigm, and points toward a simpler model of time-averaged death assemblage formation where higher abundances reflect (undersampled) past populations. Contrary to long-held expectations, variation in population turnover among species is not a major source of taphonomic bias in time-averaged death assemblages among bivalves and perhaps among other marine groups: bias must arise largely from other factors.