Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sodicity‐induced land degradation and its sustainable management: problems and prospects

Currently at least 20 per cent of the world's irrigated land is salt‐affected. However, projections of global population growth, and of an increased demand for food and fibre, suggest that larger areas of salt‐affected soil will need to be cropped in the future. About 60 per cent of salt‐affected soils are sodic, and much of this land is farmed by smallholders. Ameliorating such soils requires the application of a source of calcium (Ca2+), which replaces excess sodium (Na+) at the cation exchange sites. The displaced Na+ is then leached from the root zone through excess irrigation, a process that requires adequate flows of water through the soil. However, it must now be recognized that we can no longer conduct sodic soil amelioration and management solely with the aim of achieving high levels of crop productivity. The economic, social, and environmental impacts of different soil‐amelioration options must also be considered. A holistic approach is therefore needed. This should consider the cost and availability of the inputs needed for amelioration, the soil depth, the level to which sodicity needs to be reduced to allow cropping, the volume and quality of drainage water generated during amelioration, and the options available for drainage‐water disposal or reuse. The quality and cost of water available for post‐amelioration crops, and the economic value of the crops grown during and after amelioration should also be taken into account, as should farmers' livelihoods, the environmental implications of amelioration (such as carbon sequestration), and the long‐term sustainable use of the ameliorated site (in terms of productivity and market value). Consideration of these factors, with the participation of key stakeholders, could sustainably improve sodic soil productivity and help to transform such soils into a useful economic resource. Such an approach would also aid environmental conservation, by minimizing the chances of secondary sodicity developing in soils, particularly under irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sea level response to the 1986–1987 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Event in the western Pacific in the vicinity of Papua New Guinea

Sea levels at the Papua New Guinea coast responded to the 1986–87 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event much as would be expected for points on the inshore edge of a western boundary current driven by remote sea level disturbances. The first empirical orthogonal function of sea level in the region accounts for 60% of the variance, and shows a clear western boundary current signal. Sea level observations from tide gauges and estimates from adjacent expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) are in good agreement, so XBT data are used to supplement sea level results; specifically, we obtain an estimate of the western boundary current as a function of depth. The anomalous transport through Vitiaz Strait varied by about 15 Sv during the event, with possibly more following the eastern New Ireland coast. The western boundary current response appears to be located entirely equatorward of the inflow feeding it, as expected from linear theory. The boundary current followed the Trobriand Island ridge, rather than the main Papua New Guinea coastline, and appears to bifurcate along southern New Britain. A maximum response to the ENSO occurred south of New Ireland, where steric sea level appeared to vary by up to 45 cm due to the ENSO event; this may be an inertial feature.
Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002

Three independent mean temperature series for Armagh Observatory, covering the period 1796–2002 have been calibrated and corrected for the time of reading and exposure. Agreement between the three series is good in regions of overlap. With a short gap in the Armagh data from 1825 to 1833 filled by data from two stations in Dublin, the resulting series is the longest for the island of Ireland and one of the longest for any single site in the British Isles.
Size fractionation and molecular composition of water‐soluble inorganic and organic nitrogen in aerosols of a coastal environment

[1] This study reports the first high and low molecular weight measurements of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in size-fractionated atmospheric particles. The variations in concentration of nitrogen species corresponded to varying sources and weather conditions. The results indicate that continental, local, and marine origins are the key factors controlling the particle size distribution of inorganic and organic nitrogen species. For dissolved inorganic nitrogen and DON, relatively high concentrations and fine-mode particle (particle diameter 1 μm) source that may be sea salt particles. To investigate the possible sources of DON, an ultrafiltration method was used to separate DON into high (HMW) and low (LMW) molecular weight categories. The results indicate that HMW-DON and LMW-DON contributed 57 ± 9% and 43 ± 9%, respectively, to the total DON concentration. Correlations and positive matrix factorization analysis of HMW-DON and LMW-DON levels with major and non-sea-salt ions indicated that HMW-DON and LMW-DON in coarse particles may be generated from continental soil dust and sea spray, respectively, whereas, in fine particles, DON may originate from aerosols derived from combustion processes. The annual fluxes of HMW-DON and LMW-DON were estimated to be 11.0 and 11.3 mmol m−2 yr−1, respectively. Consequently, the inputs of HMW-DON and LMW-DON appear to make equal contributions to DON in aerosols over the studied coastal area.
Mohole site selection studies north of Maui

Seismic refraction profiles made across the Hawaiian arch, the Hawaiian deep, and onto the Hawaiian ridge north of the island of Maui indicate that the Mohorovicic discontinuity lies at a depth of about 10.5 km beneath the arch and dips to 13 km beneath the deep and the ridge. The variation in depth to the mantle from arch to deep is caused principally by variations in the thickness of the sediments and volcanics; the material having velocities between 5 and 7 km/sec has almost constant thickness. The hypothesis of Vening Meinesz that the Hawaiian deep is caused by down-warping of the crust under the load of the Hawaiian ridge, and that the Hawaiian arch is a side bulge caused by elastic yielding, is substantiated by the data obtained off Maui. Menard's hypothesis that the smooth sea floor on the Hawaiian arch is caused by extensive lava flows rather than by sedimentation is also supported: material having a velocity near 4 km/sec at or just beneath the sea floor was found under the deep and under the south side of the arch. This material has apparently filled the original deep in part. Some evidence exists for lateral variation of the velocity of compressional waves in the mantle. This, plus variations of velocity in the shallower layers and possible changes of dip of layers within the length of individual refraction profiles, makes the computed depth to mantle at individual stations depend somewhat on the form of solution and pairing of stations. Depths to the discontinuity as shallow as 9 km may exist at some points on the arch. A small area in which high-velocity material occurs within 7 km of sea level was found under the shelf northwest of Kahului, Maui; this may be material brought up from the mantle either in a volcanic pipe or by faulting.
Guarded evaluation: pushing power management to logic synthesis/design

The need to reduce the power consumption of the next generation of digital systems is clearly recognized at all levels of system design. At the system level, power management is a very powerful technique and delivers large and unambiguous savings. The ideas behind power management can be extended to the logic level. This would involve determining which parts of a circuit are computing results that will be used and which are not. The parts that are not needed are then "shut off". This paper describes an approach termed guarded evaluation, which is an implementation of this idea. A theoretical framework and the algorithms that form the basis of the approach are presented. The underlying idea is to automatically determine the parts of the circuit that can be disabled on a per-clock-cycle basis. This saves the power used in all the useless transitions in those parts of the circuit. Initial experiments indicate substantial power savings and the strong potential of this approach for a large number of benchmark circuits. While this paper presents the development of these ideas at the logic level of design, the same ideas have direct application at the register-transfer level of design also.
Laboratory Study for Influence of Clay Content (CC) on Wave-Induced Liquefaction in Marine Sediments

In this artice, the influence of clay content on the wave-induced liquefaction in marine sediments was reported. The one-dimensional (1-D) equipment was setup with a vertical cylinder and 1.8–m–thick clayey sandy deposit and 0.2–m–thick water above the deposit. Unlike the previous experimental study for a single soil layer, this study used sand-kaolin mixtures, sand-illite mixtures, and sand-bentonite mixtures as the experimental samples. A series of experiments with 3,000 wave cycles in each test were conducted under numerous wave and soil conditions, which allowed us to examine the influence of clay content (CC) on wave-induced liquefaction in marine sediments. The experimental results showed that the clayey sandy deposit will become prone to liquefaction with the increase of CC when CC is less than a critical value, which depends on the type of clay. However, when CC is greater than the critical value, liquefaction depth will decrease as CC increases. Furthermore, when the CC value reaches a certain level, liquefaction will not occur. For example, no liquefaction occurs when CC ≥ 33% for both kaolin-sand and illite-sand mixtures and CC ≥ 16.36% for bentonite-sand mixtures.
The Retail Environment

Part 1 Processes: why study retail location the geography of demand the major actors on the supply side the mystery of consumer behaviour. Part 2 Retail structure: retailing and the settlement pattern the changing distribution system commercial structure within the metropolis the changing retail structure. Part 3 Location analysis: making marketing decisions site selection trade area analysis choosing a location strategy. Part 4 The future: planning and the retail environment looking to the future.
Visualizing massively multithreaded applications with ThreadScope

As highly parallel multicore machines become commonplace, programs must exhibit more concurrency to exploit the available hardware. Many multithreaded programming models already encourage programmers to create hundreds or thousands of short‐lived threads that interact in complex ways. Programmers need to be able to analyze, tune, and troubleshoot these large‐scale multithreaded programs. To address this problem, we present ThreadScope: a tool for tracing, visualizing, and analyzing massively multithreaded programs. ThreadScope extracts the machine‐independent program structure from execution trace data from a variety of tracing tools and displays it as a graph of dependent execution blocks and memory objects, enabling identification of synchronization and structural problems, even if they did not occur in the traced run. It also uses graph‐based analysis to identify potential problems. We demonstrate the use of ThreadScope to view program structure, memory access patterns, and synchronization problems in three programming environments and seven applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns and dynamics of users' behavior and interaction: Network analysis of an online community

This research draws on longitudinal network data from an online community to examine patterns of users’behavior and social interaction, and infer the processes under-pinning dynamics of system use. The online community represents a prototypical example of a complex evolving social network in which connections between users are established over time by online messages. We study the evolution of a variety of properties since the inception of the system, including how users create, reciprocate, and deepen relationships with one another, variations in users’ gregariousness and popularity, reachability and typical distances among users, and the degree of local redundancy in the system. Results indicate that the sys-tem is a“small world”characterized by the emergence, in its early stages,of a hub-dominated structure with heterogeneity in users’ behavior. We investigate whether hubs are responsible for holding the system together and facilitating information ﬂow, examine ﬁrst-mover advantages underpinning users’ability to rise to system prominence, and uncover gender differences in users’ gregarious-ness, popularity, and local redundancy. We discuss the implications of the results for research on system use and evolving social networks, and for a host of applications, including information diffusion, communities of practice, and the security and robustness of information systems.
On the Impossibility of Dimension Reduction in l1

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma shows that any n points in Euclidean space (with distances measured by thel2 norm) may be mapped down to O((log n)/ε) dimensions such that no pairwise distance is distorted by more than a (1 + ε) factor. Determining whether such dimension reduction is po sible in l1 has been an intriguing open question. Charikar and Sahai [7] recently showed lower bounds for dimension reduction inl1 that can be achieved by linear projections, and positive res ults for shortest path metrics of restricted graph families. However the ques tion of general dimension reduction in l1 was still open. For example, it was not known whether it is possib le to reduce the number of dimensions to O(log n) with 1 + ε distortion. We show strong lower bounds for general dimension reduction in l1. We give an explicit family of n points inl1 such that any embedding with distortion δ requiresn ) dimensions. This proves that there is no analog of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma f or l1; in fact embedding with any constant distortion requiresn dimensions. Further, embedding the points into l1 with 1+ε distortion requires n 1 2 −O(ε log( 1 ε )) dimensions. Our proof establishes this lower bound for shor test path metrics of seriesparallel graphs. We make extensive use of linear programmin g and duality in devising our bounds. We expect that the tools and techniques we develop will be usefu l for future investigations of embeddings into l1. The full version of this paper may be found on Moses Charikar’ s home page,http://www.cs.princeton.edu/ ̃moses/papers/l1impossibility.ps . Email: brinkman@cs.princeton.edu . Supported by a Frances Upton Fellowship and DOE grant DE-FG 0202ER25540. Email: moses@cs.princeton.edu . Research supported by NSF ITR grant CCR-0205594 and DOE Ear ly C eer Principal Investigator award DE-FG02-02ER25540. D R AF T
A delineation of the Nojima fault ruptured in the M7.2 Kobe, Japan, earthquake of 1995 using fault zone trapped waves

We used four linear seismic arrays of portable seismometers at the northern Awaji Island, Japan, to record fault zone trapped waves from aftershocks of the 1995 M7.2 Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake from April to June 1996. Three arrays were deployed across the Nojima fault, which ruptured during the mainshock, while one array was deployed across the Higashiura fault, which did not break recently. We observed significant fault zone trapped waves with relatively large amplitudes and the long wave train following S waves only when both the stations and aftershocks were located close to the Nojima fault. The coda-normalized spectral amplitudes of trapped waves show a maximum peak at 4–7 Hz, which decreases rapidly with distance from the fault trace. The normalized amplitudes of trapped waves also show a decrease with hypocentral distance along the fault, giving an apparent Q of approximately ∼25 at 4–7 Hz. In comparison, the array across the Higashiura fault recorded much shorter wave trains with higher frequencies after S arrivals for the same events. We simulate these trapped waves as S waves guided in a low-velocity waveguide sandwiched between high-velocity wall rocks. We find an adequate fit by using a waveguide 60 m wide at the northern site and 30–40 m wide elsewhere along the Nojima fault, a waveguide S velocity of 1.5–1.7 km/s, and a Q value of 25. For the Higashiura fault, the S velocity is 2.5 km/s, and the Q value is 80. The locations of aftershocks for which we observed fault zone trapped waves show that the Nojima waveguide is 9 km long and dips southeastward at 80°–85° to a depth of ∼16 km. It extends 6 km farther south westward along the Asano fault, though there are no obvious surface breaks along it. However, the waveguide is disconnected from the Suma fault on the main island, which was also ruptured during the Kobe earthquake, possibly because of the existence of an offset between the Nojima fault and the Suma fault.
The economy at light speed: technology and growth in the information age and beyond

1 The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas has projected optimism in our recent annual report essays—optimism that the creative destruction of jobs renews and reinvigorates our economy (" The Churn: The Paradox of Progress, " 1992); optimism that our living standards are continuing to rise, as shown by the way we live our lives (" These Are the Good Old Days, " 1993); optimism that our evolution toward a service economy is not a bad thing (" The Service Sector: Give It Some Respect, " 1994); and optimism that our dynamic economy still offers plenty of opportunity for individuals to move up (" By Our Own Boot-straps, " 1995). In short, we have chosen to see the glass half full rather than half empty. We have confidence in the power of our free enterprise economy to produce rising living standards. This year, we may be going too far, projecting our optimism well into the future. As a former economist, I've learned that forecasting is not too hazardous , as long as it isn't about the future. I've also learned that optimists have a better track record than pessimists. Besides, by 2020, I'll be retired and so, probably, will the authors of this and the other essays cited above, Their hook in this essay, and the reason you may want to take it more seriously than a science fiction comic book, is that their high-tech world of 2020 is based on applications and refinements of technology that exists today. Our rationale for exploring the possibilities here is to counter the pessimism generated by current growth and productivity statistics, which seem increasingly inadequate for our third-wave service and information economy. l 1996 was a good year for the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Our banking system remained sound, our regional economy continued to outpace the national average, and we fully recovered the cost of the services we provided to our customers. Productivity improved as we continued to provide more services with fewer employees. Our public programs and educational activities were well received by larger audiences. We expect more of the same in 1997. l At the end of 1996, Cece Smith completed three years as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and turned the chairmanship over to Roger Hemming-haus, who had been serving as deputy chairman. During 1997, Cece will serve the last of her …
Bounds for the Query Complexity of Approximate Equilibria

We analyze the number of payoff queries needed to compute approximate equilibria of multi-player games. We find that query complexity is an effective tool for distinguishing the computational difficulty of alternative solution concepts, and we develop new techniques for upper- and lower bounding the query complexity. For binary-choice games, we show logarithmic upper and lower bounds on the query complexity of approximate correlated equilibrium. For well-supported approximate correlated equilibrium (a restriction where a player’s behavior must always be approximately optimal, in the worst case over draws from the distribution) we show a linear lower bound, thus separating the query complexity of well supported approximate correlated equilibrium from the standard notion of approximate correlated equilibrium. Finally, we give a query-efficient reduction from the problem of computing an approximate well-supported Nash equilibrium to the problem of verifying a well supported Nash equilibrium, where the additional query overhead is proportional to the description length of the game. This gives a polynomial-query algorithm for computing well supported approximate Nash equilibria (and hence correlated equilibria) in concisely represented games. We identify a class of games (which includes congestion games) in which the reduction can be made not only query efficient, but also computationally efficient.
Is sediment delivery a fallacy? Reply

Kinnell argues that we misrepresent the USLE in Parsons et al. (2006). Speciﬁcally, he objects to our statement that ‘what it provides is an estimate of the erosion that would be measured if the entire area were divided up into 22·1-m-long plots and the output from all of them added together’, and that it does not predict erosion as deﬁned by Trimble (1975). Whilst it is true that some of the plots on which the USLE is based were not standard USLE plots, the vast majority were (389 of 439 data points at the Clarinda site, for example: NSERL, 2007), and, as Laﬂen and Moldenhauer (2003) point out ‘The unit plot concept was widely used in establishing factor values for the USLE’ (p. 21). Consequently, the equation is strongly biased towards this plot length. Furthermore, as we pointed out in our paper, ‘the fact that USLE has a slope-length scaling factor for longer or shorter slopes only compounds this problem, as the factor assumes a constantly increasing polynomial form. This form ﬂatly contradicts the evidence for an inverse relationship between sediment yield and catchment area’ (Parsons et al. , 2006, p. 1326). Trimble’s deﬁnition of ‘gross erosion’ (1975, p. 142) would appear to be
Geomorphological and botanical change on the outer Slave River Delta, NWT, before and after impoundment of the Peace River

This paper examines geomorphological and botanical changes on the outer low elevation portion of the Slave River Delta prior to and after impoundment of the Peace River at Hudson's Hope, British Columbia. The Slave River Delta deposits are approximately 8300 km 2 , about 5% (400 km 2 ) is defined as the active delta which progrades into Great Slave Lake through an active system of distributaries. This active portion of the delta is the area studied. The Peace River provides approximately 65% of the annual flow of the Slave River. Alteration of the natural flow regime and suspended sediment load of the Slave River has resulted from the upstream impoundment. Calculations indicate that the annual suspended sediment load in the Slave River has decreased by 33%. Using aerial photographs of the Slave Delta taken in 1946 and 1966, prior to damming the Peace River, geomorphological change and the spatial changes in plant assemblages have been recorded using GIS software. Aerial photographs taken in 1977 and 1994 were used in similar fashion to document geomorphological and botanical change and rates of change after impoundment. The Outer Delta is most susceptible to hydrological and suspended sediment changes in the river system. As such it is shown that geomorphological development in these Outer Delta landforms has been notably reduced since impoundment and changes in plant assemblage distribution indicates a drier, less productive environment. Results of aerial photo analysis show that the rate of development of distinctive cleavage bar islands on the Outer Delta has been notably reduced since impoundment. Changes in plant assemblage areas on these islands indicates both an autogenic and allogenic change to a drier, less productive environment and actual loss, by erosion, of some of the most productive Equisetum assemblages.