Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of eugenyl acetate through heterogeneous catalysis

ABSTRACT This work aimed the production of eugenyl acetate through heterogeneous chemical catalysis of eugenol and acetic anhydride as substrates by commercial Lewatit ® GF 101 resin as catalyst. From the experimental design, the highest reaction conversion (94.85%) was obtained after 10 min of reaction time (1:1 substrates molar ratio, 1 wt% of catalyst content at 70°C), and up to 45 min a complete conversion was reached. The catalyst reuse was investigated, and after 10 reuse cycles, no loss of catalytic activity was observed. Antimicrobial activity of eugenyl acetate against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9763, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15117) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) showed higher inhibition zone against to L. monocytogenes (42 mm). Besides, the eugenyl acetate antibacterial effect was also demonstrated by the minimum inhibitory concentration, and P. aeruginosa had higher inhibition (41.77 mm) at lower eugenyl acetate concentration (2500 μg.mL−1).
DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRETREATED PUMPKIN SLICES

The influence of an alternative chemical pretreatment on dehydration and rehydration of an Italian ecotype pumpkin was investigated. The pretreatment consisted of soaking the slices in a diluted solution of trehalose, sucrose and NaCl. Hot air-drying was performed in a convective dryer at temperatures of 55, 60, 65 and 70°C. Samples treated prior to drying showed a shorter (about 1/4) drying time, less volume shrinkage and colour changes, but showed higher rehydration capacity compared to untreated ones, especially in the range 55-65°C. Moreover, the pretreatment was effective in retention of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The Midilli model was the most appropriate for describing drying behaviour, while the Weibull model for rehydration.
Impacts of Arctic Sea Ice on Cold Season Atmospheric Variability and Trends Estimated from Observations and a Multi-model Large Ensemble

To examine the atmospheric responses to Arctic sea-ice variability in the Northern Hemisphere cold season (October to following March), this study uses a coordinated set of large-ensemble experiments of nine atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced with observed daily-varying sea-ice, sea-surface temperature, and radiative forcings prescribed during the 1979-2014 period, together with a parallel set of experiments where Arctic sea ice is substituted by its climatology. The simulations of the former set reproduce the near-surface temperature trends in reanalysis data, with similar amplitude, and their multi-model ensemble mean (MMEM) shows decreasing sea-level pressure over much of the polar cap and Eurasia in boreal autumn. The MMEM difference between the two experiments allows isolating the effects of Arctic sea-ice loss, which explain a large portion of the Arctic warming trends in the lower troposphere and drives a small but statistically significant weakening of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation. The observed interannual co-variability between sea-ice extent in the Barents-Kara Seas and lagged atmospheric circulation is distinguished from the effects of confounding factors based on multiple regression, and quantitatively compared to the co-variability in MMEMs. The interannual sea-ice decline followed by a negative North Atlantic Oscillation-like anomaly found in observations is also seen in the MMEM differences, with consistent spatial structure but much smaller amplitude. This result suggests that the sea-ice impacts on trends and interannual atmospheric variability simulated by AGCMs could be underestimated, but caution is needed because internal atmospheric variability may have affected the observed relationship.
Origin and evolution of the β-lactam resistance determinant in staphylococci

ix RESUMO. xv THESIS OUTLINE. xxi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xxiii Chapter I: General Introduction . 1 1. Staphylococcus in the clinical setting: a worldwide concern . 3 1.1. The genus Staphylococcus and clinically relevant species . 3 1.2. Molecular typing techniques and whole-genome sequencing analysis in Staphylococcus. 5 1.2.1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) . 5 1.2.2. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) . 7 1.2. 3. Whole-genome sequence analysis . 7 1.2. 3.1. Historical prespective . 7 1.2. 3.2. Whole-genome sequencing analysis . 12 1.2. 3.2.1. Closed reference genome-based analysis . 12 1.2. 3.2.2. De novo assembly . 13 1.2. 3.2. 3. Downstream analysis . 14 1.3 The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis . 15 1.3.1. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a commensal . 15 1.3.2. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a pathogen . 17 1.3. 3. Molecular epidemiology and population structure . 19 1.3. 4. Virulence genes . 23 2. Methicillin resistance: a crucial event in the evolution of Staphylococcus . 27 2.1. Mechanism of resistance . 28 2.2. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) . 29 2.2.1. Historical perspective . 29 2.2.2. Basic structure and diversity . 29 2.2. 3. Transfer and mobility . 31 2.2. 4. The mec complex . 32 2.2. 5. The ccr complex . 34
Bayesian longitudinal item response modeling with multivariate asymmetric serial dependencies

It is usually impossible to impose experimental conditions in large-scale longitudinal (observational) studies in education. This increases the risk of bias due to for instance unobserved heterogeneity, missing background variables, and dropouts. A flexible statistical model is required for the nature of the observational assessment data and to account for the unexplained heterogeneity. A general class of longitudinal item response theory (IRT) models is proposed, where growth in performance can be monitored using a skewed multivariate normal distribution for the latent variables. Change in performance and unexplained heterogeneity is addressed through structured covariance patterns and skewed multivariate latent variable distributions. The Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix is considered to model the dependence structure. A novel multivariate skew-normal distribution is defined by the antedependence model with centered skew-normal distributed errors. A hybrid MCMC approach is developed for parameter estimation, model-fit assessment, and model comparison. Results of simulation studies show good parameter recovery. A longitudinal assessment study by the Brazilian federal government is considered to show the performance of the general LIRT model.
Impact of frost injury incidence at nodes of Pinot Noir on fruitfulness and growth‐stage lag

Background and Aims: Spring frosts can injure primary buds and young shoots and stimulate secondary shoot production in Vitis spp. The aim of this study was to develop methods to quantify yield and phenology effects of frost injury during budburst. Methods and Results: Eight hundred and sixty-nine nodes from 92 half-vines of Pinot Noir in eight blocks from four Tasmanian vineyards were sampled; 15-92% of shoots per half-vine were injured after a sub-zero air temperature ≥ -4.5 ° C. Severity of frost injury was spatially variable among vines both with and without frost protection. Generalised linear mixed models revealed that node injury was associated with a mean 27-fold increase in the odds of > 1 shoot per node. Mean December scores for modified Eichorn-Lorenz growth stage were 18.9 and 17.2 for nodes with one shoot and > 1 shoot, respectively. The probability of healthy and injured nodes producing fruit was 0.81 and 0.69, respectively. In a season with poor fruitset, the estimated difference in yield per linear m of row between 0 and 100% incidence of injured nodes was 0.2 kg. Conclusion: Assessment of the incidence of frost injury and fruit mass per node was sufficient to estimate the impact of injury on yield at the vine and block-level. Significance of the Study: Future studies are expected to benefit from application of these efficient sampling, assessment and statistical methods to determine the site-specific impact of early spring frost injury on fruitfulness and growth-stage lag.
Effects of gas–wall interactions on measurements of semivolatile compounds and small polar molecules

Abstract. Recent work has quantified the delay times in measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused by the partitioning between the gas phase and the surfaces of the inlet tubing and instrument itself. In this study we quantify wall partitioning effects on time responses and transmission of multifunctional, semivolatile, and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) with saturation concentrations (C∗) between 100 and 104 µg m−3. The instrument delays of several chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) instruments increase with decreasing C∗, ranging from seconds to tens of minutes, except for the NO3- CIMS where it is always on the order of seconds. Six different tubing materials were tested. Teflon, including PFA, FEP, and conductive PFA, performs better than metals and Nafion in terms of both delay time and transmission efficiency. Analogous to instrument responses, tubing delays increase as C∗ decreases, from less than a minute to >100 min. The delays caused by Teflon tubing vs. C∗ can be modeled using the simple chromatography model of Pagonis et al. (2017). The model can be used to estimate the equivalent absorbing mass concentration (Cw) of each material, and to estimate delays under different flow rates and tubing dimensions. We also include time delay measurements from a series of small polar organic and inorganic analytes in PFA tubing measured by CIMS. Small polar molecules behave differently than larger organic ones, with their delays being predicted by their Henry's law constants instead of their C∗, suggesting the dominance of partitioning to small amounts of water on sampling surfaces as a result of their polarity and acidity properties. PFA tubing has the best performance for gas-only sampling, while conductive PFA appears very promising for sampling S/IVOCs and particles simultaneously. The observed delays and low transmission both affect the quality of gas quantification, especially when no direct calibration is available. Improvements in sampling and instrument response are needed for fast atmospheric measurements of a wide range of S/IVOCs (e.g., by aircraft or for eddy covariance). These methods and results are also useful for more general characterization of surface–gas interactions.
Fibromyalgia patients features in the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq

Background: Early articles on the impaction of the COVID-19 pandemic found persistent related aggressiveness of fibromyalgia in the general population. Methods: A surveillance study about 100 patients suffering from fibromyalgia in Abu-Graib General Hospital, Baghdad during period from June 2020 to March 2021. The target population for were adults, aged 18 years and older, diagnosed with FM for at least one year and no other pain condition. Data including: age, gender, ethnicity, residence, marital status, BMI, and medical history. Results: Approximately, 100 patients completed ≥ 90% of the surveys and their data were analyzed. Females were 70% whereas males constituted 30% of the sample. Above 50 years was the age of the majority of patients. The mean age was 50.7±12.88 years. White color patients were documented in 92%. Smoker patients were 60%. About 29% of patients were alcoholic intake. Approximately, 49% of patients were obese. Comorbidities were recorded in 62% of patients. In relation to morbidity of persons, myocardial infarction reported in 3%, 7% heart diseases, 4% stroke, 10% liver diseases, 1% renal failure, 26% hypertension, 24% diabetes mellitus, 2% chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, 9% tuberculosis, 8% bronchial asthma, 6% rheumatoid arthritis, 4% peptic ulcer, 2% systemic lupus arthromatus, 7% migraine, 31% cancers, 2% psychological diseases, and 4% depression. Patients with fibromyalgia described different pattern of symptoms including: Anxiety (54%), depression (50%), insomnia (65%), memory loss (34%), fatigue (94%), pain (92%), and arthralgia (83%). Conclusion: Persons with a fibromyalgia diagnosis had high levels of self-reported pain, non-pain symptoms, comorbidity and psychological distress. Fibromyalgia diagnosis was associated with gender, education, ethnicity, citizenship and unhealthy behaviors.
The Critical Effect of Subgrid-Scale Scheme on Simulating the Climate Impacts of Deforestation

: Land surface schemes in Earth System Models simulate how vegetation regulates land-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water, carbon, and momentum. Despite the spatial resolution of regional climate modelling that we can reach now has advanced, many land cover changes still occur at sub-grid scale, and need to be properly treated. Here, we investigate the response of evapotranspiration, representing the fluxes of heat and water, to deforestation in Southeast Asian Massif by employing three land surface schemes (Noah mosaic, Noah-MP and Community Land Model (CLM)) with different approaches in representing sub-grid variability, implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two experiments, with and without satellite-observed deforestation, were performed for each scheme. Results show that the simulations are highly sensitive to the subgrid-scale approaches embedded in the land surface schemes. Comparing to the observed historical climate, CLM outperforms others and Noah mosaic shows the largest bias. However, if we target the simulation of the climate impacts of land cover change, the Noah mosaic scheme which takes the sub-grid approach can better capture the response of evapotranspiration to deforestation. The NoahMP and CLM schemes underestimate the evapotranspiration response in the grid cells where the dominant land cover type has not changed, but they overestimate the response in those grid cells with dominant type changed, which is a characteristic of dominant-grid approach. To improve our understanding of climate impacts induced by fine-scale land cover change, future efforts to better represent subgrid-scale variability and land-atmosphere flux exchange in climate models are desirable.
Digital brand content: underlying nature and rationales of a hybrid marketing practice

ABSTRACT Brand content strategies have spread far and wide since the advent of digital media. Although they have only recently started to attract scholarly attention, studies have already examined them from various perspectives, including the consumer, the brand, the organization, and, more recently, a holistic perspective. Digital brand content (DBC) appears to be a multifaceted tactic that is simultaneously both customer- and product-centric. The purpose of our research is to get a detailed understanding of the hybrid nature of DBC by using the transactional and relational perspectives. Based on 20 interviews with experts, our study shows that a DBC strategy has both transactional and relational marketing managerial dimensions. In particular, our research revitalizes the question of whether the transactional marketing and the relational marketing perspectives continue to coexist inside organizations in the digital era.
Verifying the Efficiency of a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Particle Counters with Two Different Measurements in Periodic Technical Inspection of Vehicles

The article presents the possibility of verifying the efficiency of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) with the use of particle counters using two different measurement methods. The tests were carried out at a vehicle inspection station using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a diffusion charger (DC). This article presents the results of measurements of 50 vehicles. Removal of the diesel particulate filter from a vehicle is prohibited but is a known phenomenon throughout the EU. The task of periodic technical inspections is to eliminate vehicles that are inoperative and do not meet the environmental protection requirements. However, to date, European vehicle inspection stations do not have an effective tool to counter tampering with diesel particulate filters. The performed measurements allowed us to prove the hypothesis that both methods of measurement allow the effective confirmation of the presence of DPF in a vehicle during the periodic technical inspection of the vehicle and verification of the quality of its operation. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of both measurement methods were assessed.
Dependence of Precipitation on Precipitable Water Vapor Over the Maritime Continent and Implications to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation

The weakening of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) as it propagates over the Maritime Continent (MC) is often referred to as the MC barrier. Here, we use 3‐hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) data obtained from the Sumatran GPS Array and the ERA5 reanalysis to investigate the role played by the column moisture over the MC. Over Sumatra and the whole MC, we find a stronger dependence of precipitation on PWV over the ocean as compared to both inland and coastal regions. The MJO modulates the PWV over the ocean and over the MC by roughly the same amount, and the weaker precipitation variations over the MC between the MJO phases may be interpreted in terms of its weaker dependence on PWV over the MC. This different precipitation dependence on column moisture between the MC and the ocean may contribute to the MC barrier effect.
Assessment of cocoa input needs using soil types and soil spectral analysis

In this study, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) approach was examined for making input recommendations in the smallholder cocoa farms of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Soil samples were collected from four provinces of PNG. Soil samples from four different depths (0–10, 10–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm) of 32 profiles in each of these site were used to create a database of soil chemical and physical properties. Spectral reflectance values at 1 nm interval covering visible to shortwave‐infrared (350–2,500 nm) were collected for each of these soil samples to develop partial least squares regression models. Soil textural fractions, soil organic carbon contents and available N were well predicted by the DRS approach with R2 values larger than 0.75. Moderate to poor estimation efficiencies were observed for remaining parameters. Nevertheless, the estimated soil attributes and their corresponding measured soil parameters were used as inputs to an input recommendation model of soil diagnosis to create input recommendation for a targeted cocoa yield of 1,000 kg dry cocoa beans ha‐1 Resulting input recommendations were similar for both of these input sources (measured and DRS‐estimated) suggesting that the DRS approach may provide an easy way to create input recommendations.
Comment (Case 3767) – Support for the conservation of prevailing usage of the specific name Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793 (currently Parnassius phoebus), and that of Doritis ariadne Lederer, 1853 (currently Parnassius ariadne), by designation of a neotype

In the most recent European checklist of butterflies (Wiemers et al., 2018) there was agreement among the 12 co-authors (from 11 different countries) to keep the name Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793) until the case has been decided by the commission, because this name has been used continuously during the past 150 years whereas the name Parnassius corybas Fischer von Waldheim, 1823 never has until by Hanus & Theye (2010, 2011). Korb (2020a) in his opposing comment argues that many papers and websites already use the name Parnassius corybas but compared to the many recent works that have continued to use the name Parnassius phoebus (e.g. Hiermann et al., 2019; Kudrna et al., 2011; Litman et al., 2018; Maes et al., 2019; Middleton-Welling et al., 2020; Reinhardt et al., 2020; Wiemers et al., 2020) only very few have used the name Parnassius corybas (e.g. Korb, 2020b; Kozlov et al., 2019). The paper by Balletto et al. (2014) is listed by Korb (2020a) as supporting the opinions and decisions of Hanus & Theye (2010, 2011), but this is incorrect, because Balletto et al. (2014) explicitly suggest to protect the name Parnassius phoebus by referral to the ICZN (Balletto & Bonelli, 2014). Even on the internet, most websites refrain from using the new name (e.g. www. lepinet.fr, www.lepiforum.de, www.pyrgus.de, https://www.ufz.de/lepidiv/, https://lepus. unine.ch, www.eurobutterflies.com, https://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life). On Wikipedia and Wikiwand, only the Russian language version uses it, whereas the English, German, French, Italian and Dutch versions do not. In my view, Article 75.6 of the Code is the correct answer to Case 3767 and therefore I hope for a positive decision of the ICZN.
Exclusive Breast Feeding and Its Determinants in Infants Born in Zanjan Hospitals: A Longitudinal Study

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), especially during the first six months of life, is one of the primary health indicators in infants. Objectives: The present study intended to describe the frequency of EBF in infants and its determinants until six months after birth. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on 673 mother-newborn pairs visiting obstetrics and gynecology departments of two main hospitals in Zanjan. Information on the frequency of EBF up to six months, socio-demographic and reproductive information, and attitudes of mothers towards breastfeeding was gathered using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression in SPSS. Results: The proportion of neonates who were receiving EBF at discharge was 95.7%. The EBF proportions in the second week, the first, fourth, and sixth months were 95%, 88.1%, 80.7%, and 77.3%, respectively. The multivariate analysis of data indicated that living in urban areas (P = 0.02), lower education of mothers (P = 0.008), having more than three years of birth interval (P = 0.006), no experience of breastfeeding in mothers (P = 0.01), no prior decision for breastfeeding in mothers (P < 0.0001), and use of artificial nipples (P = < 0.0001) were independently associated with non-EBF. Conclusions: In this study, despite a high proportion of EBF at discharge, we found that the proportion of EBF reduced during six months. The determinants of non-EBF at six months, including urban and less educated mothers, highlight a need to promote awareness regarding EBF and perform interventions for women at a greater risk for early breastfeeding cessation.