Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A different cup of TI? The added value of commercial threat intelligence

Commercial threat intelligence is thought to provide unmatched coverage on attacker behavior, but it is out of reach for many organizations due to its hefty price tag. This paper presents the first empirical assessment of the services of commercial threat intelligence providers. For two leading vendors, we describe what these services consist of and compare their indicators with each other. There is almost no overlap between them, nor with four large open threat intelligence feeds. Even for 22 specific threat actors – which both vendors claim to track – we find an average overlap of only 2.5% to 4.0% between the indicator feeds. The small number of overlapping indicators show up in the feed of the other vendor with a delay of, on average, a month. These findings raise questions on the coverage and timeliness of paid threat intelligence. We also conducted 14 interviews with security professionals that use paid threat intelligence. We find that value in this market is understood differently than prior work on quality metrics has assumed. Poor coverage and small volume appear less of a problem to customers. They seem to be optimizing for the workflow of their scarce resource – analyst time – rather than for the detection of threats. Respondents evaluate TI mostly through informal processes and heuristics, rather than the quantitative metrics that research has proposed.
Effects of forest management on bryophyte communities on deadwood

Epixylic bryophytes are important components of forest vegetation but are currently endangered by increment of wood harvest and intensive forest management. In this paper we present a study about the relationship between forest management, deadwood abundance, deadwood attributes and species richness of epixylic bryophytes on 30 plots comprising three forest types (managed coniferous, managed deciduous and unmanaged deciduous forests) in three regions in Germany. Additionally we analyzed the relations between deadwood attributes (wood species, decay, deadwood type, size) and bryophytes on deadwood items (n = 799) and calculated species interaction networks of wood species and bryophytes. Overall, species richness of epixylic bryophytes was positively related to deadwood abundance and diversity. The mean deadwood abundance was lowest in unmanaged forests (9.7 m(3) ha(-1)) compared with 15.0 m(3) ha(-1) in managed deciduous and 25.1 m(3) ha(-1) in managed coniferous forests. Accordingly, epixylic bryophyte species richness per plot increased from 7 species per 400 m(2) in unmanaged, 10 in managed deciduous and 16 in managed coniferous forests. The interaction network provided evidence of importance of tree-species diversity for bryophyte diversity and the relevance of particular wood species for rare bryophytes. Generally, the results demonstrate a considerable lack of deadwood in all forest types, even in unmanaged forests. Species richness of epixylic bryophytes was strongly limited by available substrates within the observed deadwood abundance ranging up to only 60 m(3) ha(-1). Altogether, this suggests a high demand to increase both abundance and diversity of deadwood in forests.
Towards HTTPS Everywhere on Android: We Are Not There Yet

Nowadays, virtually all mobile apps rely on communicating with a network backend. Given the sensitive nature of the data exchanged between apps and their backends, securing these network communications is of growing importance. In recent years, Google has developed a number of security mechanisms for Android apps, ranging from multiple KeyStores to the recent introduction of the new Network Security Policy, an XML-based conﬁguration ﬁle that allows apps to deﬁne their network security posture. In this paper, we perform the ﬁrst comprehensive study on these new network defense mechanisms. In particular, we presentthem in detail,we discuss the attacks they are defending from, and the relevant threat models. We then discuss the ﬁrst large-scale analysis on this aspect. During June and July 2019, wecrawled125,419applicationsandwefoundhowonly16,332 appsadoptthisnewsecurityfeature.Wethenfocusonthese apps,andweuncoverhowdevelopersadoptweakandpotentially vulnerablenetworksecurityconﬁgurations. Wenotethat,in November2019,Googlethenmadethedefaultpolicystricter, whichwouldhelptheadoption.Wethusoptedtore-crawl thesamedataset(fromApriltoJune2020)andwerepeated theexperiments:whilemoreappsdoadoptthisnewsecurity mechanism,asigniﬁcantportionofthemstilldonottakefully advantageofit(e.g.,byallowingusageofinsecureprotocols). We then set out to explore the root cause of these weaknesses (i.e., the why ). Our analysis showed that app developers often copy-paste vulnerable policies from popular developer websites (e.g., StackOverﬂow). We also found that several popular ad libraries require apps to weaken their security policy, the key problem lying in the vast complexity of the ad ecosystem. As a last contribution, we propose a new extension of the Network Security Policy, so to allow app developers to embed problematic ad libraries without the need to weaken the security of their entire app.
Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature

1. Textuality, Orality and the Shaping of the Ancient Mind PART ONE: EARLY EXAMPLES OF TEXTUALITY AND EDUCATION IN THE NEAR EAST AND MEDITERRANEAN 2. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Earliest and Best Documented Textual/Educational System 3. The Influence of Mesopotamia 4. Egyptian Education and Textuality 5. Alphabetically-Based Textuality in Ancient Greece 6. Textuality and Education in Ancient Israel PART TWO: TEXTUALITY AND EDUCATION IN THE EASTERN HELLENISTIC WORLD 7. Education and Textuality in the Hellenistic World: Egypt and Other Examples of Hellenistic Hybridity 8. Temple and Priest Centered Textuality and Education in Hellenistic Judaism 9. Qumran as a Window Into Early Jewish Education and Textuality 10. Synagogue, Sabbath and Scripture: New Forms of Hellenistic Jewish Textuality and Education Beyond the Temple 11. The Origins of Scripture as a Hellenistic-Style Anti-Hellenistic Curriculum 12. Concluding Reflections on the Hellenistic Shaping of Jewish Scripture: From Temple to Synagogue and Church 13. Conclusion APPENDIX: THE RELATION OF THIS STUDY TO EARLIER RESEARCH
THE REGULATION OF LEAF, RAMET AND GENET DENSITIES IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF THE RHIZOMATOUS PERENNIAL SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS

(1) Experimental populations of Solidago canadensis were grown from seed at three different stem densities for 28 months. During the first growing season increasing density resulted in reductions in leaf-population growth rates, ramet biomass, number of flower heads, and reproductive 'allocation', and a delay in flowering. In contrast, there was negligible mortality in response to high density during the first growing season. (2) Clonal growth was also density-dependent; both the length of new rhizomes and the number produced per ramet were reduced with increasing density. As new rhizomes were produced in autumn some emerged to form leafy rosettes and others remained underground. The rosettes had higher survivorship and made a greater contribution to the next season's ramet population than did the mature underground rhizomes. (3) The overall shoot densities were regulated by a combination of ramet and genet deaths and density-dependent ramet birth within clones. At high densities, genet mortality and clonal expansion of the survivors resulted in a decreasing number but increasing size of genets over time. (4) Populations of S. canadensis grown at three densities from intact, interconnected rhizomes showed similar density-dependent growth reductions but the response was smaller. This suggests that interconnected ramets are less sensitive to increased within-species density than are new individuals grown from seed. (5) The relationship between ramet weight and density of interconnected ramets did not conform to the 'law of constant final yield' predicted for populations of individual plants. This also indicates that ecologically, Solidago ramets are not functionally independent 'individuals'.
Benthic Environment and Macrofaunal Community Changes During the Dike Construction in Saemangeum Subtidal Area, Korea

The Saemangeum project is one of the biggest reclamation efforts in Korea and may cause coastal ecosystem change due to altered environments and habitat loss. Since February 2002, benthic environment and community structure in the Saemangeum subtidal area were studied to assess the influence of the project on macrofaunal community. The result of seasonal study from February, 2002 to August, 2005 is reported here. Overall, changes of species numbers and dominant species of benthic animals in the periods before (1988) and after (2002~2005) the Saemangeum dike construction were not evident both inside and outside the dike. However, local environmental and community change were noted. The partial completion of Saemangeum dike (4 th dike) in June 2003 altered water circulation and sediment deposition patterns both inside and outside the dike. Fine sediment was accumulated inside and outside the 4 th dike while coarse sediment dominated near the main channel (Sinsi gate). Benthic community responded to the altered sediment type in these areas. Species number and diversity in both site was low compared to other sites. The dominant species in these areas were composed of the benthos that had not commonly occurred in the Saemangeum subtidal area.
The response of silvereyes to individual variation in their territorial song

Playback experiments and an investigation of song interaction were used to examine the response of Silvereyes Zosterops lateralis chlorocephala to the individual variation in their territorial song. The Silvereyes did not respond differentially to playback of neighbours' or strangers' songs, nor did they habituate to the presence of playback song within or between experiments. The continuous nature of the individual variation in the Silvereyes' songs did not allow their perception of specific individuals or groups on the basis of song structure. Time of day, the individual's song used and the age of the individual responding did not significantly affect the response. There was no apparent interaction of song between territorial males, either in acoustic avoidance or song stimulation.
Consumer protection through a legislative ban on industrially produced trans fatty acids in foods in Denmark

Legislation has, within a few years, virtually eliminated the intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) in Denmark, by banning any food with an IP-TFA content greater than 2% of total fat. This accomplishment has been obtained without noticeable effects on the availability, price or quality of foods previously containing high amounts of IP-TFA. Various public health organizations, including the World Health Organization, have recommended reducing the consumption of IP-TFA, and efforts have been made in several countries to comply, through the mandatory TFA labelling of prepackaged food, societal pressure and industrial initiatives to lower the content of IP-TFA in foods. Yet still, high concentrations of IP-TFA are found in popular foods in several countries including Norway and Sweden. This indicates that millions of people currently have intakes of IP-TFA that increase their risk of coronary heart disease. The Danish experience demonstrates that this risk can be eliminated. Keywords: fast food; labelling; legislation; recommendations; regulation; snack; trans fatty acids
Low-frequency behavior of off-diagonal matrix elements in the integrable XXZ chain and in a locally perturbed quantum-chaotic XXZ chain

We study the matrix elements of local operators in the eigenstates of the integrable XXZ chain and of the quantum-chaotic model obtained by locally perturbing the XXZ chain with a magnetic impurity. We show that, at frequencies that are polynomially small in the system size, the behavior of the variances of the off-diagonal matrix elements can be starkly different depending on the operator. In the integrable model we find that, as the frequency $\omega\rightarrow0$, the variances are either nonvanishing (generic behavior) or vanishing (for a special class of operators). In the quantum-chaotic model, on the other hand, we find the variances to be nonvanishing as $\omega\rightarrow0$ and to indicate diffusive dynamics. We highlight which properties of the matrix elements of local operators are different between the integrable and quantum-chaotic models independently of the specific operator selected.
Detection of Backdoors in Trained Classifiers Without Access to the Training Set

With wide deployment of deep neural network (DNN) classifiers, there is great potential for harm from adversarial learning attacks. Recently, a special type of data poisoning (DP) attack, known as a backdoor (or Trojan), was proposed. These attacks do not seek to degrade classification accuracy, but rather to have the classifier learn to classify to a target class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t^{\ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> whenever the backdoor pattern is present in a test example originally from a source class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s^{\ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Launching backdoor attacks does not require knowledge of the classifier or its training process—only the ability to poison the training set with exemplars containing a backdoor pattern (labeled with the target class). Defenses against backdoors can be deployed before/during training, post-training, or at test time. Here, we address post-training detection in DNN image classifiers, seldom considered in existing works, wherein <italic>the defender does not have access to the poisoned training set</italic>, but only to the trained classifier itself, as well as to clean (unpoisoned) examples from the classification domain. This scenario is of great interest because e.g., a classifier may be the basis of a phone app that will be shared with many users. Detection may thus reveal a widespread attack. We propose a purely unsupervised anomaly detection (AD) defense against imperceptible backdoor attacks that: 1) detects whether the trained DNN has been backdoor-attacked; 2) infers the source and target classes in a detected attack; 3) estimates the backdoor pattern itself. Our AD approach involves learning (via suitable cost function minimization) the minimum size/norm perturbation (putative backdoor) required to induce the classifier to misclassify (most) examples from class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, for all <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(s,t)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pairs. Our hypothesis is that nonattacked pairs require large perturbations, while the attacked pair <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(s^{\ast }, t^{\ast })$ </tex-math></inline-formula> requires much smaller ones. This is convincingly borne out experimentally. We identify a variety of plausible cost functions and devise a novel, robust hypothesis testing approach to perform detection inference. We test our approach, in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods, for several backdoor patterns, attack settings and mechanisms, and data sets and demonstrate its favorability. Our defense essentially requires setting a single hyperparameter (the detection threshold), which can e.g., be chosen to fix the system’s false positive rate.
Disjoint Shortest Paths with Congestion on DAGs

In the $k$-Disjoint Shortest Paths problem, a set of source terminal pairs of vertices $\{(s_i,t_i)\mid 1\le i\le k\}$ is given and we are asked to find paths $P_1,\ldots,P_k$ such that each path $P_i$ is a shortest path from $s_i$ to $t_i$ and every vertex of the graph routes at most one of such paths. We introduce a relaxation of the problem, namely, $k$-Disjonit Shortest Paths with Congestion-$c$ where every vertex is allowed to route up to $c$ paths. In this work we provide a simple algorithm to solve the $k$-Disjonit Shortest Paths with Congestion-$c$ problem in time $f(k) n^{O(k-c)}$ on DAGs. Along this way, we significantly simplify the argument that is used in the previous work for $k$-Disjoint Paths with Congestion-$c$ by Amiri et al. We also discuss the hardness of problem and open problems in this area.
Apply VGGNet-Based Deep Learning Model of Vibration Data for Prediction Model of Gravity Acceleration Equipment

Hypergravity accelerators are a type of large machinery used for gravity training or medical research. A failure of such large equipment can be a serious problem in terms of safety or costs. This paper proposes a prediction model that can proactively prevent failures that may occur in a hy-pergravity accelerator. The method proposed in this paper was to convert vibration signals to spectograms and perform classification training using a deep learning model. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the method proposed in this paper. A 4-channel accel-erometer was attached to the bearing housing, which is a rotor, and time-amplitude data were obtained from the measured values by sampling. The data were converted to a two-dimensional spectrogram, and classification training was performed using a deep learning model for four conditions of the equipment: Unbalance, Misalignment, Shaft Rubbing, and Normal. The ex-perimental results showed that the proposed method had a 99.5% F1-Score, which was up to 23% higher than the 76.25% for existing feature-based learning models.
Evolutionary divergence in sexual signals: Insights from within and among barn swallow populations

A wealth of studies across diverse animal groups indicate the importance of sexual selection in shaping phenotypes within and across breeding populations. In recent decades, much research has focused on how divergent sexual selection pressures among populations may lead to speciation. For my first dissertation chapter, I performed a literature review on the causes and consequences of evolutionary divergence in acoustic signals and developed the acoustic window conceptual framework for understanding the contributions of selection, genetic drift, and evolutionary constraint to signal divergence. Further, I found that sexual selection explains acoustic differences between recently diverged populations of the best-studied taxa. However, the relative contributions of ecological selection, sexual selection, and drift to acoustic divergence have not typically been considered within the same study systems. The remainder of my dissertation used the Northern Hemisphere-distributed barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) species complex as a model system to study sender-receiver dynamics, intraand intersexual selection pressures, and visual and acoustic signal interactions at the local scale, and signal divergence across populations at the global scale. From song recordings taken across 19 sampling sites, spanning five of six described subspecies, I demonstrated considerable conservation in song structure. However, temporal traits were highly divergent across subspecies, and in particular, the speed of the terminal trill of songs. In a detailed study of the multimodal communication system of the barn swallow (including visual and acoustic traits), I demonstrated that males and
BLAST DISEASE OF BLACK GLUTINOUS RICE GERMPLASMS UNDER INOCULATION AT SEEDING AND TILLERING STAGES

Black rice is an alternative source of blast disease resistance and appropriate screening method is necessary to be proposed. The objectives were to 1) evaluate leaf blast disease of different black glutinous rice genotypes, and 2) determine correlations between disease symptoms at seedling and tillering stages. Leaf blast disease for 25 black glutinous rice genotypes and 3 check genotypes were observed at Khon Kaen University, Thailand in 2013 and 2014. HY 71, Niawdam Gs.no.21629, Khaokam Gs.no.88084, KKU-GL-BL-05-003, KKU-GL-BL-05- 004, KKU-GL-BL-06-010 and KKU-GL-BL-06-023 were high resistant genotypes across growth stages, times of evaluation and years. Seedling and tillering stages were significantly different for severity index. Correlation coefficients between severity indices at seeding and tillering stages in 2013 and 2014 for evaluation at 7 days after inoculation (DAI) were 0.34 (p<0.01) and 0.29 (p<0.01), respectively, and for evaluation at 14 DAI were 0.40 (p<0.01) and 0.41 (p<0.01), respectively. Correlation coefficients between severity indices evaluated at 7 and 14 DAI for growth stages and years varied from 0.34 to 0.50 (p<0.01). The results suggested that screening of leaf blast disease at only seedling stage was not enough to identify resistant genotypes.
Phytochemical and Nutritional Composition Analysis of Murraya koenigii Linn Leaves

Vegetable is an indispensable constituent of human diet that supplies the body with minerals, vitamins and certain hormone precursors, in addition to protein and energy. The phytochemical and proximate analyses of Murraya koenigii Linn leaves were carried out according to methods of AOAC. The plant leaves were assayed for contents of vitamins and mineral elements using spectrophotometric methods. The results of phytochemical analysis revealed that leaves of Murraya koenigii Linn contained high quantities of flavonoids (600.25±0.41), alkaloids (343.34±0.25) and tannins (206.05±7.50) with low levels of saponins (0.03±0.01) and carotenoids (0.10±0.05) all in mg/100 g). The results of proximate analysis showed a low crude fibre content of 1.78±0.51% and carbohydrate content of 1.29±0.01% but a relatively high content of moisture 84.60±1.20%, fats and oils 5.13±0.95%, proteins 3.60±1.29% and ash 3.60±0%. The results of vitamin compositions indicated high levels of vitamin C (815.00±0.81), B3 (215.01±1.67), B2 (25.68±4.86) and B1 (13.34±0.59) with low content of vitamins E (1.08±0.12) and A (2.98±0.26) all in mg/100 g. The mineral elements constituents showed presence of Fe (9.44±0.07), Ca (3.77±0.33), Na (46.00±2.00), K (3.13±0.02), Mn (3.38±), Ni (0.12±0.01), Cu (2.40±0.07) and Co Original Research Article Uraku and Nwankwo; BJPR, 6(3): 174-180, 2015; Article no.BJPR. 2015.060 175 (0.08±0.01) all in mg/100 g. Thus, these mineral concentrations are all below the tolerable levels except Zn (80.67±0.78 mg/100 g) which is 40 mg/day. Despite that this plant contained numerious chemical contituents that have therapeutic effects in the body as well as those that are essential for normal functioning of the body, this research suggest additional phytochemical analysis in way to identify which alkaloids are specifically present in M. Koenigii Linn.