Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications for Deglaciation Chronology from New AMS Age Determinations in Central West Greenland

Abstract New evidence has been obtained for the age of the Umı̂vı̂t/Keglen and Ørkendalen moraine systems close to the present ice sheet margin in central West Greenland. The Umı̂vı̂t/Keglen moraine system is dated at 7500 to 6500 14C yr B.P., which is older than the previously assumed date of 7300 to 6000 14C yr B.P. The Ørkendalen system is now dated at 6200 to 5600 14C yr B.P. against earlier estimates of 300 to 700 14C yr B.P. The new age is based on AMS radiocarbon-dated organic material within depressions between morainic ridges belonging to the Ørkendalen system. A major implication of the new age is that ice margin positions prevailed for about 6000 years behind the present ice sheet margin. The retreat behind the present margin could be substantial, and in the light of deglaciation rates prior to the Ørkendalen phase, may be ca. 10's of kilometers rather than kilometers. Circumstantial evidence is found for the retreat of the ice sheet margin behind its present position during the Holocene climatic optimum. The results, placed into a time frame of deglaciation since the last glacial maximum, enable comparison with Greenland ice sheet models and ice core records.
Holocene and Lateglacial summer temperature reconstruction in the Swiss Alps based on fossil assemblages of aquatic organisms: a review

The taxonomic composition of chironomid, cladoceran and diatom assemblages in small lakes in the Alpine region shows a strong relationship with summer temperature. Since fossils of all three organism groups preserve well and remain identifiable in lake sediments, summer temperature transfer‐functions can be developed based on the modern distribution of these organisms and applied to fossil records to reconstruct past summer temperature variability. We provide a summary of the chironomid‐, cladoceran‐ and diatom‐based transfer functions available from the Swiss Alps and discuss the potential problem of co‐variation between summer temperature and lake nutrient conditions for transfer‐function development. Whereas the diatom‐based summer temperature transfer function remains to be evaluated in down‐core reconstructions, the cladoceran‐ and chironomid‐based transfer functions have been used successfully to produce summer temperature records on Lateglacial and Holocene time scales that are in good agreement with other temperature reconstructions in the Alps. Major problems that can be encountered when using fossil assemblages of aquatic organisms for temperature reconstruction in the Alpine region are biases in the inferred temperatures associated with human impact on lakes and parameters other than temperature affecting the fossil assemblages. A multi‐proxy approach to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction is recommended to keep a close control on past catchment and within‐lake processes during the time interval of interest.
Austral Summer Teleconnections of Indo-Pacific Variability: Their Nonlinearity and Impacts on Australian Climate

AbstractIn austral summer, El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) covaries with the Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) and with the southern annular mode (SAM). The present study addresses how the IOBM and the SAM modulate the impact of ENSO on Australia. The authors show that the modulating effect of the SAM is limited; in particular, the SAM does not modify the ENSO teleconnection pattern. However, the IOBM extends ENSO-induced convection anomalies westward over northern Australia and over the eastern Indian Ocean, whereby extending the ENSO tropical teleconnection to the northwest of Australia. The IOBM also generates an equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave train through convection anomalies over northern Australia. The wave train shares an anomaly center over the Tasman Sea latitudes with the Pacific–South American (PSA) pattern, shifting the anomaly center of the PSA pattern to within a closer proximity to Australia. There is a strong asymmetry in the IOBM modulating effect. During an IOBM negative phase, whic.
Conducta de picada y defecación de Mepraia spinolai en dos hospederos frecuentes en su habitat

es el vectorsilvestre en Chile. Este triatomino es una especiediurna exclusiva del pais y se encuentra entre losparalelos 18o y 34o de latitud sur, desde el niveldel mar hasta los 3.000 metros sobre el nivel delmar. Su habitat lo constituyen zonas pedregosasen especial canteras, grietas y ocasionalmente sele ha visto en viviendas humanas. Este insecto
Models of the mantle shear velocity and discontinuities in the pattern of lateral heterogeneities

Resolution of the pattern of large-scale shear velocity variations above and below the known and postulated mantle discontinuities could provide constraints on the nature of mineral phase transitions, changes in composition, and the scale of mantle convection. To achieve good resolution across a full range of depths, we use a diversified data set consisting of body and mantle wave waveforms, travel times, and surface wave phase velocities. Our main focus is on the 670-km discontinuity, long presumed to be an important barrier, or impediment, to whole mantle convection. Our data set has a relatively high radial resolution throughout the mantle; in the transition zone and some 200 km below it, the long period waveforms, dominated by multiple surface reflections, make a particularly important contribution. We use a local spline support to parameterize the model; this allows us to obtain a smooth model (twice differentiable) and simplifies calculation of the model and its derivatives in applications such as three-dimensional ray tracing. In one inversion we use a continuous radial representation throughout the mantle; in the other, a discontinuity is allowed across the 670-km boundary. Both models suggest that the long-wavelength anomalies of the transition zone and the mantle below 750 km are significantly different. Near 670 km these two models display notable differences in the peak amplitudes and lateral scales of major anomalies. The degree 2 spherical harmonic, which dominates the large-scale shear velocities in the transition zone, is strongly attenuated at the top of the lower mantle where the power spectrum is essentially white. Resolution tests show that these results are robust, which suggests a possible reorganization of the flow between the upper and lower mantle. At other depths the power spectra of our models as a function of depth indicate a modest change near 400 km, where the dominating effect of degree 5 (shields) is replaced by degree 2 (slabs). The power of the heterogeneity in at mid-mantle depths is low and nearly flat as a function of spherical harmonic degree up to 𝓁 = 12, with no detectable change near 1000 km. The increase of the power in the lowermost mantle is rather gradual, not characteristic of a discontinuous change. Cross sections of our models at major subduction zones indicate that major downwelling of cold slab material may occur at some locations. On the other hand, there are numerous examples of an abrupt change of the sign of the velocity anomalies across the 670-km discontinuity.
Flow Separation During Solitary Wave Passing Over Submerged Obstacle

This paper describes the experimental and numerical study of the vortex formation during the passage of a solitary wave over a rectangular structure submerged in water. The transient patterns of the separated flow (R= 82,000) behind the block are visualized by tracing the motion of injected dye in a laboratory flume. The related numerical solution is calculated by using the stream function-vorticity formulation in a transient boundary-conformed grid system to satisfy the full nonlinear free-surface conditions. Both experimental and numerical results illustrate that a large vortex is first formed at the rear of the block, accompanied by a secondary eddy below it, as the solitary wave hits this block. Then the vortex is bulgy but decays with time, and the secondary eddy continues to grow in both size and strength as the primary vortex diffuses. The time development of these calculated flow patterns, including vortex shedding and vorticity transportation, agrees quite well with experimental observations.
Measures of International Transport Cost for OECD Countries

This paper presents new estimates of country-specific international transport costs for 21 OECD countries over the period 1973-2005. The methodology is based on direct measures of air, maritime, and road transport costs rather than on cif/fob ratios or other balance of payments data employed in previous studies. Transport costs are calculated as costs per kilogramme for each mode of transport at a bilateral level and then aggregated. Australia and New Zealand are found to have the highest transport costs among the OECD countries considered, followed by Japan. The time trends are sensitive to the choice of deflator, but the results do not show an overall downward trend in transport costs for OECD countries, contrary to conventional wisdom, but consistent with Hummels’ (2007) recent study of global transport costs. Les mesures internationales des couts de transport pour les pays OCDE Ce document presente des nouvelles estimations de couts de transport internationaux par pays, pour 21 membres de l’OCDE pendant la periode 1973-2005. La methode repose sur des mesures directes des couts de transport par voies maritime, aerienne et routiere, plutot que sur des ratios cif/fob ou d’autres donnees issues de la balance des paiements employes dans des etudes precedentes. Les resultats indiquent que l’Australie et la Nouvelle Zelande ont les couts de transport les plus eleves parmi les pays de l’OCDE consideres, suivi par le Japon. Les tendances dans le temps sont sensibles au choix du deflateur, mais il n’apparait pas de tendance globale a la baisse des couts de transports pour les pays de l’OCDE, contrairement aux idees recues, mais en accord avec l’etude recente de Hummels (2007) sur les couts de transport au niveau mondial.
CIRCULATION CHANGES AND TELECONNECTIONS BETWEEN GLACIAL ADVANCES ON THE WEST COAST OF NEW ZEALAND AND EXTENDED SPELLS OF DROUGHT YEARS IN SOUTH AFRICA

ABSTRACTTwentieth century changes in the terminal position of the Franz Josef Glacier on the west coast of New Zealand are comparedwith an area-averaged mean annual rainfall series for the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Distinctive teleconnectionsare evident in an out-of-phase relationship between the two series, each of which exhibits an oscillation of 18–20 years.Periods of glacial advance are shown to coincide with extended dry spells in South Africa, when drought years are prevalent.Reconstructed pressure anomaly ﬁelds are presented for periods of advance and recession of the glacier and for the inter-decadal wet and dry spells in South Africa. In both cases major regional atmospheric circulation adjustments take place in aquasi-regular fashion over time to produce an enhancement in westerly airﬂow during the periods of drought in Africa andglacial advance on the west coast of New Zealand. Extended wet periods and glacial recession are likewise shown to beassociated with an enhancement of easterly components of the circulation. Changes in precipitation, temperature and moisturetransport are examined and associations with the Southern Oscillation Index are investigated.Franz Josef glacial advances are shown to occur 4–5 years after the onset of enhanced south-westerly airﬂow on to the westcoast of New Zealand. Advances occur on average 4 years after the onset of extended dry spells in South Africa. Similaratmospheric circulation anomalies in the respective sectors of the Southern Hemisphere and adjustments in the locations of thepositions of the ridges in standing wave three are responsible for this correspondence. # 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.Int. J. Climatol. , Vol. 17: 1499–1512 (1997)(No. of Figures: 5. No. of Tables: 0. No. of References: 89)
Toward a dynamic representation of hydrological connectivity at the hillslope scale in semiarid areas

Hydrological connectivity has emerged as an effective means to understand and manage fluxes of water and transport of nutrients and sediment at the catchment scale, especially as fluxes are modified by changing climate and land use. However, hydrology has not yet adopted it as a unifying concept given uncertainties regarding different conceptions and gaps in understanding of how connectivity functions at different temporal and spatial scales. This paper outlines a conceptual model of hydrological connectivity for semiarid hillslopes and highlights the direction that future attempts to quantify dynamic hydrological connectivity might take. Rainfall‐runoff analysis emphasizes the influence of antecedent moisture and temporal storm structure on hillslope‐scale flood generation. Plot‐scale field flume experiments demonstrate the spatial and temporal variability of flow resistance. The morphological runoff zone framework is presented as a method to upscale such results to the hillslope and incorporate the broader‐scale issue of hillslope form. The need to design field experiments to inform attempts to model feedbacks between runoff depth and flow resistance forms the central argument of this paper. Patterns of infiltration and resistance across entire flow paths and their variability throughout a storm event are the key to understanding dynamic hydrological connectivity at the hillslope scale.
Meltwater features that suggest miocene ice‐sheet overriding of the transantarctic mountains in victoria land, antarctica

ABSTRACT. We illustrate here spectacular meltwater features associated with outburst floods beneath an ice sheet that overrode the Transantarctic Mountains in southern Victoria Land. Because of long‐term hyperarid polar climate, these features are part of an ancient landscape preserved for about 14 million years. Some channels are associated with areal scouring of basement rocks extending from sea level to as much as 1200–2100 m elevation in coastal regions. Scablands with scallops, potholes and plunge pools are cut in Beacon Super group sandstones and Ferrar Dolerite and cover wide areas of high western plateaus near the mountain crest. Subglacial channel systems commonly originate near divides and converge downhill toward the northeast. We argue that the landforms were created beneath a major Antarctic Ice Sheet that submerged the whole area, with the possible exception of the high peaks of the Royal Society Range, as it flowed northeastward toward the outer Antarctic continental shelf. Areal scouring, associated with warm‐based regimes, is restricted to the lower slopes close to the coast. In the higher terra in, meltwater channels and scabland alongside preserved patches of regolith are best explained by the breaching of cold‐based ice on the mountain rim by subglacial melt water outbursts. Melt from warm‐based ice, along with subglacial lakes trapped upstream of the mountain rim, are possible sources of the meltwater necessary to form the channel systems and scablands.
Basal Injury From Smoldering Fires in Mature Pinus ponderosa Laws

Fuel accumulations were measured in duff mounds around the bases of 19 mature Pinus ponderosa Laws. (ponderosa pine) in a 200-year-old stand in Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree diameter at breast height ranged from 50 to 114 cm (mean = 80 cm). The stand burned at intervals between 13 to 58 years prior to European settlement. This stand had not burned for 69 years. The duff depth 30 cm from the tree bole ranged from 3 to 39 cm (mean = 18 cm). Duff depth increased with tree diameter and decreased with distance from the bole. Duff depth 90 cm from the bole averaged one-half the depth 30 cm from the bole. Duff consumption and its effect on cambium mortality were quantified following a late summer, low intensity fire. Duff moisture contents on a dry weight basis were: fermentation (20%) and humus (36%). Smoldering combustion consumed98% of the duff beneath the trees. Two patterns of duff burning were documented: downward spreading and lateral spreading. Temperatures near the root crown were above 300°C for 2 to 4 hours, resulting in mortality of 45% of the cambium samples (n = 76) tested at the root crown. The probability of cambium mortality increased with duff depth and tree diameter. However, cambium mortality was lower than expected from analysis of thermal diffusion through bark. Cooling by mass transport through phloem and xylem is suggested as apossible explanation for the low cambium mortality.
Development of a fast Monte Carlo dose calculation system for online adaptive radiation therapy quality assurance

Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) based on real-time magnetic resonance imaging represents a paradigm-changing treatment scheme. However, conventional quality assurance (QA) methods based on phantom measurements are not feasible with the patient on the treatment couch. The purpose of this work is to develop a fast Monte Carlo system for validating online re-optimized tri-60Co IMRT adaptive plans with both high accuracy and speed. The Monte Carlo system is based on dose planning method (DPM) code with further simplification of electron transport and consideration of external magnetic fields. A vendor-provided head model was incorporated into the code. Both GPU acceleration and variance reduction were implemented. Additionally, to facilitate real-time decision support, a C++ GUI was developed for visualizing 3D dose distributions and performing various analyses in an online adaptive setting. A thoroughly validated Monte Carlo code (gPENELOPE) was used to benchmark the new system, named GPU-accelerated DPM with variance reduction (gDPMvr). The comparison using 15 clinical IMRT plans demonstrated that gDPMvr typically runs 43 times faster with only 0.5% loss in accuracy. Moreover, gDPMvr reached 1% local dose uncertainty within 2.3 min on average, and thus is well-suited for ART QA.
Time Dependence of Soil Mechanical Properties and Pore Functions for Arable Soils

Progressive soil degradation due to tillage operations affects crop production and its yield uncertainty, soil erosion by wind and water, and gas emission. The possibility of soil regeneration due to natural or anthropogenic processes is of major concern to sustain soil functions. Material properties like precompression stress, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity are time dependent, while bulk density is less sensitive to time effects. The hypothesis that the change from conventional to conservation tillage affects mechanical soil strength and pore functions was tested for a stagnic Luvisol derived from glacial till in northern Germany. For more than 7 yr precompression stress, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity were determined at three depths down to 60 cm. Approximately 3 yr after starting with the Horsch system (annual shallow chiseling in autumn down to an 8-cm depth) as a kind of conservation tillage, soil strength, and the hydraulic conductivity increased in the topsoil by more than 50 kPa and 500 cm d -1 , respectively, even at a higher bulk density as compared with the corresponding values for the conventionally tilled plots. Within the following 2 to 3 yr, these changes were also detected at the 30- to 35-cm soil depth. At the depth of 55 to 60 cm the same trend started after around 7 yr. These changes can be only detected, if the tillage systems were applied continuously and if all tillage and soil operations were performed with light machines, which enable the preservation of newly formed pores and the rearrangement of soil particles creating a more stable soil structure. Thus, the susceptibility to soil deformation will be reduced due to an increased shear strength, which in turn improves pore functioning.
Transport of mineral and anthropogenic aerosols during a Kosa event over East Asia

[1] A quantitative appraisal of the formation processes and distribution of mineral aerosols internally mixed with anthropogenic substances is necessary for estimating the aerosol radiative forcing, especially over the North Pacific region. A large-scale Kosa (“Yellow Dust”) phenomenon associated with the movement of a low-pressure system was observed at Nagasaki, about 1000 km east of the Asian continent in the spring of 1996. During the Kosa period (April 16–17), fine sulfur particles appeared first, and after 12 hours, a major plume of large mineral particles reached Nagasaki, which was detected and measured by the single-particle analysis with sampling intervals of 2 hours. The results demonstrate that Asian dust storms are occasionally capable of transporting mineral and anthropogenic particles in separate air masses from the source regions via the marginal seas to the western North Pacific. We note that it takes a certain time to admix the different air masses containing various types of aerosols along their transport paths from the Asian continent to remote marine atmosphere. The interactions of mineral particles with anthropogenic substances predominantly take place within the marine boundary layer toward the east over the North Pacific.
The branchiosaurid amphibians from the Lower Permian of Buxières-les-Mines, Bourbon l’Archambault Basin (Allier, France) and their biostratigraphic significance

Branchiosaurs are rare in the lacustrine fauna from the Lower Permian of Buxieres-les-Mines (Massif Central, France). All known specimens belong to Melanerpeton gracile, which is significant for the Melanerpeton gracile-Discosauriscus pulcherrimus zone in the biostratigraphical zonation of Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian based on aquatic amphibians. This branchiosaurid species support the Asselian age (uppermost Lower "Autunian"/Rotliegend) of the Assise de Buxieres in the Bourbon l'Archambault Basin (Allier, France).
Impact of aerosol size representation on modeling aerosol‐cloud interactions

[1] We use a one-dimensional version of a climate-aerosol-chemistry model with both modal and sectional aerosol size representations to evaluate the impact of aerosol size representation on modeling aerosol-cloud interactions in shallow stratiform clouds observed during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment. Both the modal (with prognostic aerosol number and mass or prognostic aerosol number, surface area and mass, referred to as the Modal-NM and Modal-NSM) and the sectional approaches (with 12 and 36 sections) predict total number and mass for interstitial and activated particles that are generally within several percent of references from a high-resolution 108-section approach. The modal approach with prognostic aerosol mass but diagnostic number (referred to as the Modal-M) cannot accurately predict the total particle number and surface areas, with deviations from the references ranging from 7 to 161%. The particle size distributions are sensitive to size representations, with normalized absolute differences of up to 12% and 37% for the 36- and 12-section approaches, and 30%, 39%, and 179% for the Modal-NSM, Modal-NM, and Modal-M, respectively. For the Modal-NSM and Modal-NM, differences from the references are primarily due to the inherent assumptions and limitations of the modal approach. In particular, they cannot resolve the abrupt size transition between the interstitial and activated aerosol fractions. For the 12- and 36-section approaches, differences are largely due to limitations of the parameterized activation for nonlognormal size distributions, plus the coarse resolution for the 12-section case. Differences are larger both with higher aerosol (i.e., less complete activation) and higher SO2 concentrations (i.e., greater modification of the initial aerosol distribution).