Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS AND REMARKS ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE DIATOM GENERA GYROSIGMA HASSALL AND PLEUROSIGMA W. SMITH III. GYROSIGMA STERRENBURGII SP. NOV., AND PLEUROSIGMA AMARA SP. NOV.

Specimens of Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma taxa from four New Zealand sites have been studied. Studies and comparisons have been made of New Zealand and European populations which conform to G. balticum (Ehrenb.) Rabenh. as well as European populations of P. elongatum W. Smith, identified by reference to the type. The New Zealand taxa are distinguished by marked specific differences, particularly in apical structure. Structural instability of the external central raphe fissures is also demonstrated. Two new taxa, Gyrosigma sterrenburgii and Pleurosigma amara, are described and discussed.
Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

The movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, following capture and release with archival tags in the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (RIABR), Mexico, are described from analyses of 16 578 days of time-series data, downloaded from 52 archival tags recovered from yellowfin (78–173 cm in length and 1.7–8.0 yr of age) at liberty from 93 to 1773 days ( = 411 days), collected during 2006–2012. An unscented Kalman filter model with sea-surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) was used to process the archival tag data sets to obtain improved estimates of geographic positions, most probable tracks (MPTs), and movement parameters. The MPTs indicate restricted movements, low levels of dispersion, and fidelity of yellowfin tuna to the RIABR. The median parameter estimates from the UKFsst model for errors in longitude (σx) and latitude (σy) were 0.46° and 1.84°, respectively, for directed movements (u and v) –0.05 NM day−1 and –0.05 NM day−1, respectively, and for dispersive movement (D) 117.99 NM2 day−1. Analyses of daily timed depth and temperature records resulted in the classification of the data into four distinct behaviors. There are significant differences among ages in the durations of Type I and Type II diving behaviors and in the daytime and nighttime vertical habitat utilization distributions. The oceanography surrounding the RIABR appears to have a profound influence on the movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin in this area.
Epididymal maturation of spermatozoa in the marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula : Changes in motility and gross morphology

Epididymides from mature T. vulpecula were divided into five regions: the proximal and distal caput (1, 2), the proximal and distal corpus (3, 4) and the cauda (5). Sperm suspensions prepared from these regions had means of 1, 10, 31, 58 and 75% motile forms respectively. Vigour of movement also increased correspondingly, with the development of active forward progression by regions 4 and 5. The mean percentages of morphologically mature spermatozoa in the five descending regions were, respectively, 0, 0, 6, 52 and 82. Three distinct stages in morphological maturation could be recognized, with the bulk of sperm population successively moving through these stages in regions 1, 2 and 3. Maturation involves pivoting of the nucleus on the flagellum from perpendicular to parallel, contraction of the cytoplasmic droplet and migration onto the mid-piece, and contraction of the acrosome from a prominent, voluminous, hoodlike structure on the dorsal surface of the nucleus. These changes are discussed in the light of preliminary ultrastructural observations.
Baseline ecological survey of Huwar Islands, The Kingdom of Bahrain

A baseline survey of macrobenthic fauna inhabiting shallow subtidal habitats was carried out around Huwar islands during two different cruises in May 2003. A total of 144 quadrats (0.25 m 2 ), 48 subsurface seawater samples and replicate samples of sediments from 16 sites resulted in a collection of 119 species belonging to macrobenthos. Physicochemical parameters of the seawater namely depth (0.2 – 1.5 m), water temperature (28–32°C), pH (7.5–8.0), and dissolved oxygen (5.7–8.5 mg l−1) did not vary significantly between eastern and western shores. However, marked variation in salinity (46.5–54.5 ‰) and chlorophyll-a content of seawater (0.58–6.3 μ g l−1) were found. There was some indication that the eastern coast is more biologically diverse. Sediment organic content was slightly higher along the eastern coast. The substrate was typical of other areas around Bahrain and composed of sand, mud and harder encrustations. Grain size analysis indicated the dominance of fine to very fine sand fractions. Microbial indicators of seawater contamination were found in five of the sixteen sites and Enterococci were found at almost all sites with higher numbers recorded along the western coast. Similar results were found for Salmonella–Shigella counts. The total coliform count was over 100 Colony Forming Units with the exception of a few sites, and a considerable total vibrio count was also recorded. The island's coastal water was nevertheless considered relatively clean from pathogenic bacteria as compared to other areas around Bahrain. A monitoring of macrobenthos and pathogenic bacteria should be conducted in order to endure good water quality around Huwar. A survey of this sort requires dedicated time and resources in order to establish a monitoring program because of the fast rate in urban developments within this region.
The effect of resistance to Amphorophora rubi in raspberry (Rubus idaeus) on the spread of aphid‐borne viruses

SUMMARY The effectiveness of resistance to the aphid Amphorophora rubi in restricting the spread of aphid-borne viruses was assessed in a field experiment using six genotypes of red raspberry. In one block of the experiment, the genotypes alternated with rows of virus-infected Mailing Jewel raspberry, and in the other they alternated with virus-free Mailing Jewel. During 4 years, the numbers of A. rubi and the amount of 52V virus spread in the two blocks were similar, suggesting that this virus was mostly introduced from outside the plots. Lloyd George and Mailing Jewel raspberry became heavily infested with A. rubi and were rapidly infected with raspberry leaf mottle, raspberry leaf spot and 52V viruses. Glen Clova and Norfolk Giant raspberry, which contain minor genes for resistance to A. rubi, were infested with fewer A. rubi and virus spread more slowly in these cultivars. A. rubi were rare on Mailing Orion and an East Mailing raspberry selection (888/49) which have genes A1 and A10 respectively for resistance to A.rubi, and these plants remained largely free of virus. The role of minor and major gene resistance to A. rubi in restricting virus spread is discussed. A few Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus ornatus were recorded on several of the raspberry genotypes.
Abnormal rostrum in Polycheles typhlops Heller, 1862 (Decapoda: Polychelidae) from the central western Mediterranean

Abstract Anomalies of the number of rostral spines have been recorded in blind lobsters, Polycheles typhlops, caught in Sardinian waters (Central Western Mediterranean). The abnormal specimens, 66 out a total of 789 individuals analysed, showed all the morphometric characteristics of P. typhlops except for the unusual presence of two rostral spines instead of the canonical one. The analysis of partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) showed that the individuals with two spines were not genetically different from the normal specimens of P. typhlops, while both were quite dissimilar from the other Mediterranean species, P. sculptus. Our results suggest the need of an update of the morphological classification guides for this family combined with a wider genetic study.
Potential for social interaction in a natural population of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Many hypotheses on the role of social behavior in population regulation of microtine rodents assume that social interactions are more frequent at high density than at low density. We evaluated this assumption by measuring potential for social contact in a population of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Our livetrapping regime monitored presence of resident and nonresident animals at the periphery of home ranges of social groups. Resident adults and young of both sexes were captured at home range boundaries. Potential for social interaction with nonresidents was greater at the periphery of home ranges than at nests. Intruders tended to be male adults from neighboring social groups. Presence of adult males in the resident group played an important role in deterring visits by nonresident males. During the spring, summer, and autumn reproductive period, number of captures of nonresident males, but not females, showed a strong positive relationship with population density. Despite relatively high densities.
Genetic variation in Phlebiopsis gigantea as detected with random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) markers

Random Amplified Microsatellite (RAMS) markers were used to detect variation among Phlebiopsis gigantea isolates from seven European countries. The scoring of 26 bands revealed five markers common to all isolates and 21 variable markers, of which six occurred in only one strain. A considerable amount of variation was observed among the progeny isolates of single strains. The analysis of variable markers resulted in 75 different banding patterns among the 86 isolates studied. The high degree of polymorphism and heterozygosity observed in RAMS markers suggests that the amount of genetic variation within this fungus is considerable. The equal distribution of markers in strains from different locations and the lack of country-specific markers suggests that genetic differentiation among the populations is low. The lack of distinct groups of similar banding patterns supports the idea of P. gigantea being a true biological species consisting of a single intersterility group.
STIMULATION OF LIGHT‐SATURATED PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN LAMINARIA (PHAEOPHYTA) BY BLUE LIGHT 1

The light‐saturated rate of photosynthesis in blue light was 50‐100% higher than that in red light for young sporophytes of Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. , although photosynthetic rates were slightly higher in red than in blue light at low irradiances. Short exposures to low irradiances (e.g. 2 min at 20 μmol · m−2· s−1) of blue light also stimulated the subsequent photosynthesis of Laminaria sporophytes in saturating irradiances of red light but had little effect on photosynthesis in low irradiances of red light. The full stimulatory effect of short exposures to blue light was observed within 5 min of the blue treatment and persisted for at least 15 min in red light or in darkness. Thereafter, the effect began to decline, but some stimulation was still detectable 45 min after the blue treatment. The degree of stimulation was proportional to the logarithm of the photon exposure to blue light over the range 0.15‐2.4 mmol · m−2, and the effectiveness of an exposure to 0.6 mmol · m−2at different wavelengths was high at 402‐475 nm (with a peak at 460‐475 nm) but declined sharply at 475‐497 nm and was minimal at 544‐701 nm. Blue light appears, therefore, to exert a direct effect on the dark reaction of photosynthesis in brown algae, possibly by activating carbon‐fixing enzymes or by stimulating the uptake or transport of inorganic carbon in the plants.
Serological study of Neospora caninum infection in cattle from Ahvaz area, Iran

Abstract: In order to investigate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in cattle in Southwestern Iran, blood samples were collected from Holstein (121 animals) and cross-breed (436 animals) cattle from three farms and seven areas of Ahvaz, respectively. All of the Holstein cattle were “4 years old but cross-breed cattle were from different age groups ( 6 years old). Sera were examined by commercial ELISA kit. Anti - N. caninum antibodies were detected in 117 (21%) sera out of 557 tested. A Significant difference was found between Holstein (53.71%) and cross-breed (11.93%) cattle although there were not any significant differences between age groups. Key words: Neospora caninum, Cattle, Ahvaz, Iran
Contrasting responses of Peromyscus mice of Yosemite National Park to recent climate change

Accurately predicting the response of species to climate change is crucial for the preservation of contemporary species diversity. In the current study, we analyze the response of two congeneric small mammal species (Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromyscus truei) to recent climate change in the region of Yosemite National Park (California, USA). The generalist P. maniculatus did not change its distribution in response to climate change while the specialist P. truei substantially changed its geographic and elevational distribution in the region, expanding into Yosemite. Using molecular genetic techniques we found that a cryptic geographic shift in genetic variation may have occurred within the geographically stable P. maniculatus distribution. Using a combination of morphometric and molecular genetic techniques we confirmed that a P. truei subspecies previously identified as a habitat specialist expanded into new habitat types, suggesting that this subspecies is not in fact a habitat specialist. Instead, we propose that the range of this subspecies is instead limited by climatic variables currently varying in response to contemporary climate change. These results underscore the importance of verifying the natural‐history‐based assumptions used to develop predictive models of species' response to climate change.
The Pierid Red-Egg Syndrome

1. Among crucifer-feeding pierid butterflies, members of the inflorescence-feeding guild lay red or orange eggs and engage in apparent egg-load assessment, while members of the leaf-feeding guild lay yellow to white eggs and do not. The egg color and female behavior are convergent in members of the subfamilies Pierinae and Euchloinae. (2) Patterns of host utilization on weedy crucifers are seemingly inefficient, resulting in artificial shortages of oviposition sites. This could reflect "phylogenetic inertia," the oviposition behavior being appropriate to the dispersion of the original, nonweedy hosts. (3) In one experiment, Pieris protodice and Euchloe ausonides engaged in apparent interspecific egg-load assessment within the inflorescence-feeding guild. Competition among species in this guild is probably rare in North America but may occur more commonly in North Africa. (4) Pieris sisymbrii populations on serpentine barrens have a heavy impact on their exclusively native hosts, species of Streptanthus, some of which have evolved apparent mimicry of butterfly eggs as a defense mechanism.
Study of promoter CpG island hypermethylation of cyclindependent kinase inhibitor gene p21waf1/cip1 on some breast carcinoma cell lines

The p21 belongs to the CIP/KIP family of CDK inhibitors involved in cell cycle arrest at specific stages of the cell cycle progression. DNA methylation is the best studied epigenetic mark that have been evidently associated to chromatin condensation, and repression of gene transcription. The CpG island hypermethylation in promoter region of certain genes occurs in cancer cells and affects tumorigenesis. The aim of the current study was to assess DNA methylation pattern of p21 gene promoter region in the MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma cell lines. The methylation status of cancer associated gene, p21 waf1/cip1 was analyzed at CpG sites in the promoter region using a sensitive methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique. The total genomic DNA from each cell line was isolated and subjected to the sodium bisulfite treatment to differentiate between methylated and unmethylated CpG islands. Then MSP was performed using designed primers for methylated (M-MSP) and unmethylated (U-MSP) forms of CpG islands in the promoter region of p21 gene. The results of the MSP indicated that promoter of p21 gene was consistently unmethylated in tested human breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, methylation inactivation of the p21 waf1/cip1 does not commonly happen in all cancer cell lines.
The loss of aquatic and riparian plant communities: Implications for their consumers in a riverine food web

Abstract Human induced alterations to rivers and steams have resulted in significant changes to the structure and diversity of riparian and aquatic plant communities. These changes will impact on the dynamics of riverine carbon cycles and food web structure and function. Here we investigate the principal sources of organic carbon supporting local shredder communities across a gradient in different levels of anthropogenic development along riverine reaches, in South Australia. In forested/wooded reaches with minimum to limited development, semi‐emergent macrophytes were the principal sources of organic carbon supporting the local shredder communities. However, in developed reaches, course particulate organic matter and filamentous algae were the principal food sources. The C:N ratios of the food sources in developed reaches were higher than those of their consumers indicating a stoichiometric mismatch. This imbalanced consumer‐resource nutrient ratio in those developed reaches is likely to impose constraints on the growth and reproduction of their aquatic shredder communities with probable knock‐on effects to higher trophic levels.
Evolution of the insects

Section 1. Diversity and Evolution: Introduction Species: their nature and number How many species of insects? Reconstructing evolutionary history Section 2. Fossil Insects: Insect fossilization Dating and ages Major fossil Insect deposits Section 3. Arthropods and the Origin of Insects: Onychophora: the velvet-worms Tardigrada: the water-bears Arthropoda: the jointed animals Hexapoda: the six-legged arthropods Section 4. The insects: Morphology of insects Relationships among the insect orders Section 5. Earliest insects: Archaeognatha: the bristletails Zygentoma: the silverfish +Rhyniognatha Section 6. Insects Take to the Skies: Pterygota, Wings, and flight Ephemeroptera: the mayflies +Palaeodictyopterida: extinct beaked insects Odonatoptera: dragonflies and early relatives Neoptera Section 7. The Polyneopterous Orders: Plecopterida Orthopterida Plecoptera: the stoneflies Embiodea: the webspinners Zoraptera: the Zorapterans Orthoptera: the grasshoppers, crickets, and kin Phasmatodea: the stick- and leaf insects +Titanoptera: the titanic crawlers +Caloneurodea: the Caloneurodeans Dermaptera: the earwigs Grylloblattodea: the ice crawlers Mantophasmatodea: the African rock crawlers Dictyoptera Blattodea: the roaches Citizen roach: the termites Mantodea: the mantises Section 8. The Paraneopteran Orders: Psocoptera: the 'bark'lice Phthiraptera: the true lice Fringe wings: Thysanoptera (thrips) The sucking bugs: Hemiptera Section 9. The Holometabola: problematic fossil orders The origins of complete metamorphosis On wings of lace: Neuropterida Section 10. Coleoptera: early fossils and overview of past diversity Archostemata Adephaga Myxophaga Polyphaga Strepsiptera: the enigmatic order Section 11. Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, and Other Wasps: The Euhymenoptera and parasitism Aculeata Evolution of insect sociality Section 12. Antliophora: Scorpionflies, Flies, and Fleas: Mecopterida: mecopterans and relatives Siphonaptera: the fleas Evolution of ectoparasites and blood-feeders Diptera: the true flies Section 13. Amphiesmenoptera: The Caddisflies and Lepidoptera: Trichoptera: the caddisflies Lepidoptera: the moths and butterflies Section 14. Insects Become Modern: Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods: The Cretaceous flowering of the world: the Angiosperm Radiations Plant sex and insects: insect pollination Radiations of Phytophagous insects Austral arthropods: remnants of Gondwana? Insects, mass extinctions, and the K/T boundary The tertiary Mammalian radiations Pleistocene dispersal and species lifespans Island faunas Section 15. Epilogue: Why so many insect species? The future Glossary References Index.
Two new genetically isolated populations of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex from Japan.

Wild Saccharomyces sensu stricto yeasts isolated by K. Mikata and M. Yoneyama in Japan were reidentified by genetic hybridization analysis and molecular karyotyping. Besides known S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus biological sibling species, two new genetically isolated populations of Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex have been found.
An empirical analysis of crowdfunding in Sub-Saharan Africa

The challenge to obtain early-stage funding for small ventures is especially pronounced in Africa, where traditional funding sources are available only to a small extent. This lack, combined with the diffusion of mobile phones and internet access, enabled the unprecedented rise of mobile payments on a personal level in Africa in recent years. On a commercial level, ICT-enabled crowdfunding is given the potential to mitigate the early-stage funding gap for African entrepreneurs. Using exploratory research, the dissertation provides initial empirical evidence on crowdfunding in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, it is shown that African entrepreneurs across the continent can raise substantial amounts of money by tapping into the global funding community. Moreover, empirical evidence is provided, that the basic economic constructs, institutions and infrastructure appear to play a decisive role for African crowdfunding and that their effect size depends on the respective institutional setting. Dissertation
Tergitol-TMN-6 Surfactant Is an Effective Blossom Thinner for Stone Fruits

Effects of Tergitol-TMN-6 surfactant on blossom thinning (fruit set), fruit quality, and yield were studied in different cultivars of peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) during 2003 to 2005, and in one cultivar of nectarine Prunus persica [L. ] in one orchard and one cultivar of plum (Prunus domestica [L.]) in two orchards in 2004. In addition to Tergitol-TMN-6, effects of Crocker's fish oil (CFO) alone in three peach cultivars or in combination with lime sulfur in a nectarine cultivar were studied on fruit set, quality, and yield. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 5 mL·L -1 or higher rates, applied at about 75% to 85% bloom, reduced fruit set without russeting peach fruit. Peach fruit size was often increased by Tergitol-TMN-6 treatment. Applications of Tergitol at 20 mL·L -1 or 30 mL·L -1 excessively thinned peaches. Tergitol-TMN-6 at all rates burned foliage, but the symptoms disappeared after a few weeks without any adverse effects on tree productivity. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 7.5 mL·L -1 or 10 mL·L -1 , applied either once at about 80% to 85% bloom or twice at 35% bloom and again at 80% to 85% bloom, reduced fruit set without any fruit russeting in nectarine. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 7.5 mL·L -1 to 12.5 mL·L -1 reduced fruit set in 'Empress' plum. CFO at 30 mL·L -1 was effective in blossom thinning of some peach cultivars. A combination of lime sulfur and CFO was not effective in blossom thinning of nectarine. Considering results from several orchards in different locations in the Pacific Northwest over 3 years, Tergitol-TMN-6 is an excellent blossom thinner for peach, nectarine, and plum at rates of 7.5 to 12.5 mL·L -1 , sprayed at a spray volume of 1870.8 L·ha -1 when about 75% to 85% blooms are open.