Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Region of Enhanced Northward Antarctic Intermediate Water Transport in a Coupled Climate Model

Abstract A global coupled model is used to examine pathways of freshwater transport in the Southern Ocean. On the background of a strong zonal freshwater transport along the pathway of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), there are meridional freshwater flows distributed nonuniformly around the globe, including in the upper ocean. The analysis does not support a simple two-dimensional scheme of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation, according to which the fresh AAIW forms uniformly around the circumpolar ocean. Rather, a more complex three-dimensional picture of the freshwater transport in the Southern Ocean is revealed, with enhanced AAIW formation in the southeast Pacific Ocean both north and south of the Drake Passage latitudes. Freshened by intense precipitation and surface waters from around Antarctica, the ACC transports freshwater from the northwest to the southeast toward Drake Passage. There, a fraction of this freshwater is transported southward across 60°S with the subsurface ACC an.
Egypt and the Levant in the Iron Age I–IIA: The Ceramic Evidence

Abstract Traditionally, relations between egypt and the levant in the early phases of the iron Age have been reconstructed based on the scant historical record and on biblical descriptions. This article introduces a new facet of egyptian regional intervention into the discussion: the presence of egyptian pottery at iron Age sites in israel.
Murine Macrophages Secrete Interferon (cid:103) upon Combined Stimulation with Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18: A Novel Pathway of Autocrine Macrophage Activation

Summary Interferon (IFN)- (cid:103) , a key immunoregulatory cytokine, has been thought to be produced solely by activated T cells and natural killer cells. In this study, we show that murine bone marrow– derived macrophages (BMM (cid:70) ) secrete large amounts of IFN- (cid:103) upon appropriate stimulation. Although interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 alone induce low levels of IFN- (cid:103) mRNA transcripts, the combined stimulation of BMM (cid:70) with both cytokines leads to the efficient production of IFN- (cid:103) protein. The macrophage-derived IFN- (cid:103) is biologically active as shown by induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as upregulation of CD40 in macrophages. Our findings uncover a novel pathway of autocrine macrophage activation by demonstrating that the macrophage is not only a key cell type responding to IFN- (cid:103) but also a potent IFN- (cid:103) –producing cell. at 50 (cid:56) C, unspecific antibody binding was blocked by incubation at room temperature for 1 h in TBS (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl) containing 10% sheep serum. Alkaline phosphatase–con-jugated antidigoxigenin antibodies (Boehringer Mannheim, Mann-heim, Germany) were then applied at 4 (cid:56) C for 5 h in TBS containing 1% sheep serum. The cells were then washed extensively in TBS, equilibrated with 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.5, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM MgCl 2 , and the alkaline phosphatase activity was developed with BCIP/NBT (Boehringer Mannheim) for 6 h. The prepara-tions were mounted, and the cells were photographed under Nomarski optics.
Understanding coupled stress, flow and transport processes in fractured rocks

This paper presents a review of a systematic research program for understanding the scale and stress effects on the transport behaviors of fractured crystalline rocks, using a hybrid discrete element and particle tracking approach. The motivation is the importance of understanding the stress effects on the behaviors of contaminant transport in fractured crystalline rocks, which is an important issue of rock mechanics for environmental safety assessments of many rock engineering projects. The study is divided into three steps: the first step is a basic study that established the mathematical platform for deriving the conditions, criteria, basic approaches, and test case results for investigating the stress and scale effects on the hydraulic behavior of the fractured rock concerned. At the second step, based on outstanding issues drawn from the first step, the study was extended to consider the effects of the correlation between the fracture aperture and size (represented by trace length) on the permeability of the fractured rock and uncertainties in deriving equivalent continuum properties of fractured rocks. The third step added the particle/solute transport processes to the mathematical platform, including different retardation mechanisms, so that the impact of stress on safety can be directly evaluated, even though it can only be done conceptually. The obtained results show that stress, scale, and inter-parameter correlations of the fracture system geometry are dominant issues for the understanding and characterization of coupled hydro-mechanical processes of fractured rocks and play a significant role for understanding the mass transport behavior in them, with direct impact on geo-environmental safety.
B7 and Interleukin 12 Cooperate for Proliferation and Interferon "y Production by Mouse T Helper Clones That Are Unresponsive to B7 Costimulation

Sllmms.ry We have previously shown that dendritic cells isolated after overnight culture, which can express B7 and are potent stimulators of naive T cell proliferation, are relatively poor at inducing the proliferation of a panel of murine T helper 1 (Thl) clones. Maximal stimulation of Thl clones was achieved using unseparated splenic antigen presenting cells (APC). An explanation for these findings is provided in the present study where we show that FcR + L cells transfected with B7 stimulate minimal proliferation of Thl clones in response to anti-CD3 antibodies, in contrast to induction of significant proliferation of naive T cells. However, addition of interleukin 12 (IL-12) to cultures of Thl cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and FcR + B7 transfectants resulted in a very pronounced increase in proliferation and interferon 3' (IFN-3") production. Exogenous IL-12 did not affect the B7-induced proliferation of naive T cells. This showed that whereas costimulatory signals delivered via B7-CD28 interaction are sufficient to induce significant proliferation of naive T cells activated through occupancy of the T cell receptor, Thl T cell clones require cooperative costimulation by B7 and IL-12. This costimulation was shown to be specific by inhibition of proliferation and IFN-y production using chimeric soluble cytolytic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-human IgG1Fc (CTLA4-Ig) and anti-IL-12 antibodies. Furthermore, the significant antigen specific proliferation and IFN-3" production by Thl clones observed when splenocytes were used as APC was almost completely abrogated using CTLA4-Ig and anti-IL-12 antibodies. Thus two costimulatory signals, B7 and IL-12, account for the ability of splenic APC to induce maximal stimulation of Thl clones. IL-10 downregulates the expression of IL-12 by IFN-3'-stimulated macrophages and this may account largely for the ability of IL-10 to inhibit APC function of splenic and macrophage APC for the induction of Thl cell proliferation and IFN-3' production. Indeed we show that IL-12 can overcome the inhibitory effect of IL-IO for the APC-dependent induction of proliferation and IFN-3" production by Thl clones. These results suggest that proliferation by terminally differentiated Thl clones, in contrast to naive T cells, requires stimulation via membrane-bound B7 and a cytokine, IL-12. It is possible that these signals may result in the activation of unresponsive T cells during an inflammatory response. IL-10, by its role in regulating such innate inflammatory responses, may thus help to maintain these T cells in an unresponsive state. M ' embrane-bound structures on APCs provide costimula-tory signals for the activation of …
Reconstructing the event stratigraphy from the complex structural – stratigraphic architecture of an Archaean volcanic – intrusive – sedimentary succession: the Boorara Domain, Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Western Australia

Two main deformational phases are recognised in the Archaean Boorara Domain of the Kalgoorlie Terrane, Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, primarily involving south-over-north thrust faulting that repeated and thickened the stratigraphy, followed by east-northeast – west-southwest shortening that resulted in macroscale folding of the greenstone lithologies. The domain preserves mid-greenschist facies metamorphic grade, with an increase to lower amphibolite metamorphic grade towards the north of the region. As a result of the deformation and metamorphism, individual stratigraphic horizons are difficult to trace continuously throughout the entire domain. Volcanological and sedimentological textures and structures, primary lithological contacts, petrography and geochemistry have been used to correlate lithofacies between fault-bounded structural blocks. The correlated stratigraphic sequence for the Boorara Domain comprises quartzo-feldspathic turbidite packages, overlain by high-Mg tholeiitic basalt (lower basalt), coherent and clastic dacite facies, intrusive and extrusive komatiite units, an overlying komatiitic basalt unit (upper basalt), and at the stratigraphic top of the sequence, volcaniclastic quartz-rich turbidites. Reconstruction of the stratigraphy and consideration of emplacement dynamics has allowed reconstruction of the emplacement history and setting of the preserved sequence. This involves a felsic, mafic and ultramafic magmatic system emplaced as high-level intrusions, with localised emergent volcanic centres, into a submarine basin in which active sedimentation was occurring.
Oligochaeta, Naididae of the West Indies and adjacent regions

A very large collection of Naididae of the West Indies (153 localities), Suriname (15), Venezuela (2) and Florida (1) is studied. Five new species Nais barua, Dero scalariformis, D. tuna, Aulophorus kalina, A. barbatus are described. Dero magna, D. trifida, Aulophorus tridentatus, Allonais japonica, Pristina sima are redescribed. The 46 Naididae species of the West Indies are discussed by their taxonomy, distribution and habitat.
Exploring the role of topography in small channel erosion

Erosion caused by concentrated flows in agricultural areas is responsible for important soil losses, and rapid sediment transfer through the channel network. The main factors controlling concentrated flow erosion rates include the erodibility of soil materials, soil use and management, climate and watershed topography. In this paper, two topographic indices, closely related to mathematical expressions suggested by different authors, are used to characterize the influence of watershed topography on gully erosion. The AS1 index is defined as the product of the watershed area and the partial area‐weighted average slope. The AS2 index is similar to the AS1 but uses the swale slope as the weighting factor. Formally, AS2 is the product of the watershed area and the length‐weighted average swale slope. From studies made using different ephemeral gully erosion databases, it is shown that a high correlation consistently exists between the topographic indices and the volume of eroded soil. The resulting relationships are therefore useful to assess soil losses from gully erosion, to identify the most susceptible watersheds within large areas, and to compare the susceptibility to gully erosion among different catchments. This information is also important in studying the response of natural drainage network systems to different rainfall inputs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black, White or Green?: The Confederate Battle Emblem and the 2001 Mississippi State Flag Referendum

Contentious debates over whether it is appropriate to display the Confederate battle flag in public spaces have been waged across the American South since the late 1980s, with attitudes in these debates largely divided along racial lines. The most vitriolic debates occurred in the four states sanctioning the most prominent displays of the battle emblem: Alabama and South Carolina (where the flag flew over their state capitols), and Georgia and Mississippi (where the battle emblem was incorporated into their state flags). Although there were calls in all four states to address the legitimacy of the battle flag’s public display via public referenda, only in Mississippi has a statewide public vote been held. The Mississippi state flag has incorporated the battle emblem in its design since 1894. In April 2001, the state held a public referendum on whether to replace the 1894 flag with a new flag designed by a commission. The proposed new flag deleted the battle emblem and replaced it with a circle of twenty stars, but was rejected by an overwhelming majority of the state’s voters. In this paper, we examine the geography of the referendum vote through two different conceptions of electoral politics which aid in explaining the spatial patterns of the votes in Mississippi’s flag referendum: the electoral cleavage model and the traditionalist-modernizer model. Through cartographic and statistical analyses, we conclude that both models provide valuable insight into the vote and attitudes towards the Mississippi flag debate.
Municipal Solid Waste Slope Failure. I: Waste and Foundation Soil Properties

This paper describes a slope failure in a municipal solid waste landfill, with lateral and vertical displacements of up to 275 and 61 m, respectively. The wasteslide involved approximately 1.2 million m3 of waste, making it the largest landfill slope failure to occur in the United States. Failure developed through the weak native soil underlying the waste. The analyses and related studies conducted to determine the cause of the failure are the subject of this and a companion paper by Stark et al. (2000). To facilitate the analyses, this paper investigates shear strength of municipal solid waste using field and laboratory test results and back-analysis of failed waste slopes. It also presents details of a geological study and laboratory testing program undertaken to quantify the mobilized shear strength of the weak native soil.
Using sport to promote HIV/AIDS education for at-risk youths : an intervention using peer coaches

The study investigated whether mastery motivational strategies could enhance the effectiveness of life-skill interventions for HIV education through sport. A quasi field experimental study was conducted in Tanzania with at-risk children (N=564) randomly grouped into two intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received AIDS education using trained peer coaches in football, with one group using mastery strategies. Children in the intervention groups all reported significantly greater HIV knowledge, and positive attitudes and safe-sex behavioural intentions. The mastery motivational strategies reliably enhanced risk reduction for some of the variables. Canonical correlation analysis revealed meaningful relationships of mastery strategies with the variables. The life-skill intervention through sport for HIV risk reduction was effective, and mastery motivational strategies enhanced that effectiveness.
Numerical modelling of the ice sheet in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica: impacts of present, past and future climates

Abstract Time-dependent ice-sheet modelling of a 176 000 km2 area in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, provided information on the ice sheet’s response to six climate-change scenarios. Another experiment was done to study changes in ice thickness, flow and basal temperature conditions between the present ice configuration and a simulated maximum palaeo-ice sheet. The input to the model included new datasets of bed and surface topography compiled for this study. The results of the six climate-change experiments, including a 0.5°C per century global-warming scenario, show that the ice sheet has a robust behaviour with respect to the different climate changes. The maximum change in ice volume was <5% of the initial volume in all climate runs. This is for only relatively short-term climate changes without major changes in global sea level, and also a simulated ice sheet without an ice shelf. The modelled long-term response time of the ice sheet, 20 kyr or more, indicates that the ice sheet may still be adjusting to the climate change that ended the Last Glacial Maximum. In the maximum palaeo-ice-sheet simulation, with a 5°C climate cooling and the grounding line located at the continental-shelf margin, ice thickness increased drastically downstream from the Heimefrontfjella mountain range but remained basically unaffected on the upstream polar plateau. Compared to present conditions, complex changes in basal temperatures were observed. The extent of areas with basal melting increased, for example in the deep trough of the Veststraumen ice stream. Areas at intermediate elevations in the landscape also experienced increased basal temperatures, with significant areas reaching the melting point. In contrast, high-altitude areas that today are clearly cold-based, such as around Heimefrontfjella and Vestfjella and the Högisen dome, experienced a 5–10°C decrease in basal temperatures in the palaeo-ice-sheet reconstruction. The results suggest that the alpine landscape within these mountain regions was formed by wet-based local glaciers and ice sheets prior to the late Cenozoic.
The use of microgravity, magnetometry and resistivity surveys for the characterization and preservation of an archaeological site at Umm er‐Rasas, Jordan

In this paper we present the application of microgravity, magnetometry, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods to an archaeological investigation. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the subsurface and associated buried structures beneath the Late Byzantine ‘Lion Church’, in the ancient town of Umm er‐Rasas. In order to test this site a number of gravity and magnetic stations were carried out on the mosaic floor of the church. Gravity data were collected on a 1‐m grid station along survey lines spaced 1 m apart. Magnetic data were taken at heights of 0.8 m and 1.3 m, at about 10‐cm intervals along the same traverses used in the gravity survey in order to obtain a direct comparison between the two methods. Resistivity measurements were carried out utilizing the Wenner array with 2‐m electrode spacing along profiles spaced 2 m apart close to the church wall in order to investigate water leakage below the church floor.
DÉVELOPPEMENT FINANCIER ET ÉCARTS DE REVENUS DES PAYS : UNE ANALYSE EMPIRIQUE SUR DONNÉES DE PANEL

L’objectif de ce travail est d’etudier le role du developpement du secteur financier dans l’explication des ecarts de revenus pour un panel de 98 pays durant la periode 1980-2006. Notre contribution a consiste a definir trois clubs de convergence en utilisant le test de convergence en distribution. Nous avons aussi estime un modele de panel dynamique inspire de celui developpe par Aghion et al. (2004) pour l’ensemble des pays ainsi que pour les trois sous-ensembles determines. Les estimations portant sur l’echantillon total revelent que la reduction des ecarts de revenus decoule plus d’un environnement macro-economique stable que d’un secteur financier approfondi. Les estimations portant sur chaque groupe de pays montrent la presence d’un effet non uniforme du developpement financier sur les ecarts de revenus. Les clubs 1 et 3 affichent une reduction de l’ecart de revenus par rapport aux Etats-Unis via un developpement financier approfondi. Par contre, la stabilite macroeconomique du club 2 a renforce le processus de rattrapage en termes de revenu vers les Etats-Unis. Abstract - The aim of this article is to study the role of financial development in the explanation of income inequality for a panel of 98 countries during the period 1980-2006. Our approach consists in defining three convergence clubs by using the distribution convergence test, as well as in estimating a dynamic panel model, inspired by the model developed by Aghion et al. (2004), both for the countries as a whole and for the three groups of countries we have determined. The estimations concerning the total sample reveal that stable macroeconomic environments play a more prominent role in the reduction of income inequality than financial development. The estimations concerning every convergence club show the presence of a non-uniform effect of financial development on income inequality. Clubs 1 and 3 feature income inequality re-duction in relation to the USA through financial development. On the other hand, the macroeconomic stability of club 2 has strengthened the income catch-up process.
Management strategies and treatment results of pediatric choledochal malformations in the Nordic countries

Background . Incidence and long-term outcomes of choledochal malformations (CMs) in children remain unclear. Methods . Clinical characteristics, operative details, complications, and follow-up data were collected from eight pediatric surgical centers in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, which also answered a questionnaire addressing management practices. Results . During 2000-2017, 126 pediatric CMs were diagnosed, corresponding an incidence of 1:37,400. Diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up practices varied markedly. Of patients with complete clinical data (n=119), 85% and 11% had type I and IV CMs and were managed by open hepaticojejunostomy at median age of 2.5 (interquartile range 0.46-5.8) years. Associated malformations were more common in fusiform and type IV (23%) than cystic CMs (8%, p=0.043). Pancreaticobiliary maljunction was more frequently confirmed in patients presenting with pancreatitis (26% vs. 7%, p=0.005) and with fusiform CMs (56% vs. 25%, p=0.001). Cholangitis/pancreatitis episodes, occurring in 12% during postoperative follow-up of 4.0 (2.0-7.9) years, associated with longer surveillance (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13-1.54, p<0.001). However, only two thirds of centers continued follow-up until adulthood. No malignancies were reported. Conclusions . CM incidence was higher than traditionally reported among Western populations. Although open hepaticojejunostomy carries good short-term outcomes, long-term morbidity is noteworthy. Standardized evidence-based management strategies and long-term follow-up are encouraged. This study demonstrates that the incidence of CMs in the Nordic countries is almost three times higher than has been traditionally described in the Western world. Although MRCP-based diagnostics and management of pediatric CMs by hepaticojejunostomy were established in all centers and carried good short-term outcomes, a significant and increasing proportion of patients were affected by cholangitis and pancreatitis in the long-term. Variable practices in imaging of the ductal anatomy, management of isolated PBM, and postoperative follow-up advocate a need for consensus guidelines for pediatric CMs.