Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating transaction cost and institutional theories in an emerging market context: the case of the Tiger Leaping Gorge, Southwest China

Sacha Rawlence xi ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to explore the applicability of transaction cost theory to an emerging market context, and to complement it with institutional theory to achieve a closer fit. The research questions are: (1) Which causes of high transaction costs are perceived by firms in the research site? (2) How do they respond to these costs? The responses could range from internalisation, through cooperation, to the new concept of trading isolation, which is the first of two observed gaps in the literature. (3) Could an institutional perspective help to explain firms’ responses, if they differ from what is expected by theory? The consideration of informal institutions with regard to transaction costs in China addresses the second observed gap in the literature, which focuses mostly on formal institutions. Despite the strengths of transaction cost theory in identifying sources of friction in exchange and proposing resolutions, it has been criticised for making assumptions concerning behaviour and the strength of formal institutions that reduce the degree to which it applies in non-Western, emerging market research contexts. This thesis explores these limitations in the context of the inbound tourism sector in the Tiger Leaping Gorge, in rural Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The author’s exploratory study had suggested that some of these firms attempted to reduce transaction costs by decreasing the number of transactions conducted, resulting in their relative isolation from – rather than integration into – a trading network. This hinders the firms’ ability to develop and specialise, limiting their contribution to local economic growth in this relatively undeveloped region of China. In the principal field study, qualitative data were collected through interviews conducted with the proprietors of the population of tourism firms in the research site.
A Gap-Filling Theory of Corporate Debt Maturity Choice

We argue that time variation in the maturity of corporate debt arises because firms behave as macro liquidity providers, absorbing the supply shocks associated with changes in the maturity structure of government debt. We document that when the government funds itself with more short-term debt, firms fill the resulting gap by issuing more long-term debt, and vice versa. This type of liquidity provision is undertaken more aggressively: (1) when the ratio of government debt to total debt is higher and (2) by firms with stronger balance sheets. Our theory sheds new light on market timing phenomena in corporate finance more generally. THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL year-to-year variation in the average maturity of corporate debt issues. For example, using Flow of Funds data from the Federal Reserve, which cover all forms of borrowing, including both public and private, we estimate that in 1999, 24.7% of nonfinancial corporate debt issues were “long term”—defined as having a maturity of 1 year or more. This long-term share fell sharply to 19.9% in 2000, and then bounced back to a new peak of 30.1% in 2001. What accounts for these movements? There are a number of prominent theories of debt maturity choice, but the majority of these theories focus on firmlevel determinants and hence do not have clear-cut implications for aggregate time-series behavior. One familiar idea is that firms should attempt to match the maturities of their assets and liabilities (e.g., Myers (1977), Hart and Moore (1995)). Indeed, in Graham and Harvey’s (2001) survey of financial managers, this emerges as the most highly cited factor in the debt maturity decision. However, unless there are sharp changes over time in economy-wide asset composition, maturity matching has little to say about the patterns described above. In related work, Diamond (1991) argues that firms decide on debt maturity by trading off the favorable signaling properties of short-term debt against an ∗Greenwood and Stein are at Harvard University and the National Bureau of Economic Research, and Hanson is at Harvard University. We thank Tobias Adrian, Malcolm Baker, Sergey Chernenko, Ken French, Ken Garbade, John Graham (co-editor), Campbell Harvey (editor), Arvind Krishnamurthy, Robert McDonald, Adriano Rampini, Andrei Shleifer, Matt Spiegel, Erik Stafford, Lawrence Summers, Dimitri Vayanos, Luis Viceira, Jeffrey Wurgler, an anonymous referee and associate editor, and seminar participants at the NBER Corporate Finance meeting, Kellogg, Yale School of Management, Brown, the University of North Carolina-Duke Corporate Finance conference, the University of Toronto, the University of British Columbia, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for helpful suggestions. We are grateful to Sergey Chernenko and Michael Faulkender for sharing their data on swap activity.
Software cost estimation

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Many estimation models have been proposed over the last 30 years. This paper provides a general overview of software cost estimation methods including the recent advances in the field. As a number of these models rely on a software size estimate as input, we first provide an overview of common size metrics. We then highlight the cost estimation models that have been proposed and used successfully. Models may be classified into 2 major categories: algorithmic and non-algorithmic. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. A key factor in selecting a cost estimation model is the accuracy of its estimates. Unfortunately, despite the large body of experience with estimation models, the accuracy of these models is not satisfactory. The paper includes comment on the performance of the estimation models and description of several newer approaches to cost estimation.
Implications of Whole-Disc DSCOVR EPIC Spectral Observations for Estimating Earth's Spectral Reflectivity Based on Low-Earth-Orbiting and Geostationary Observations

Earth’s reflectivity is among the key parameters of climate research. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) spacecraft provides spectral reflectance of the entire sunlit Earth in the near backscattering direction every 65 to 110 min. Unlike EPIC, sensors onboard the Earth Orbiting Satellites (EOS) sample reflectance over swaths at a specific local solar time (LST) or over a fixed area. Such intrinsic sampling limits result in an apparent Earth’s reflectivity. We generated spectral reflectance over sampling areas using EPIC data. The difference between the EPIC and EOS estimates is an uncertainty in Earth’s reflectivity. We developed an Earth Reflector Type Index (ERTI) to discriminate between major Earth atmosphere components: clouds, cloud-free ocean, bare and vegetated land. Temporal variations in Earth’s reflectivity are mostly determined by clouds. The sampling area of EOS sensors may not be sufficient to represent cloud variability, resulting in biased estimates. Taking EPIC reflectivity as a reference, low-earth-orbiting-measurements at the sensor-specific LST tend to overestimate EPIC values by 0.8%to 8%. Biases in geostationary orbiting approximations due to a limited sampling area are between -0.7% and 12%. Analyses of ERTI-based Earth component reflectivity indicate that the disagreement between EPIC and EOS estimates depends on the sampling area, observation time and vary between -10% and 23%.
Inhabiting Çatalhöyuk: Reports from the 1995-99 seasons

Peopling Catalhoyuk and its Landscape (Ian Hodder) Part A: Site-Environment Relations Catalhoyuk mammal remains (Nerissa Russell and Louise Martin) Catalhoyuk bird bones (Nerissa Russell and Kevin J McGowan) Catalhoyuk microfauna: Preliminary results and interpretations (Emma Jenkins) The eggshell from Catalhoyuk: A pilot study (Jane Sidell and Claire Scudder) The Catalhoyuk shells (David S Reece) Macrobotanical investigation: Field methods and laboratory analysis procedures (Christine Hastorf) Macrobotanical investigation of the north, south and KOPAL area excavations at Catalhoyuk east (Andrew Fairbairn et al) Phytolith indicators of plant and land use at Catalhoyuk (Arlene M Rosen) Woodland vegetation and the exploitation of fuel and timber at neolithic Catalhoyuk: Report on the wood-charcoal macro-remains (Eleni Asouti) Part B: Human Lifeways The human burials at Catalhoyuk (Peter Andrews et al) Reconstruction of the neolithic people of Catalhoyuk (Theya Molleson et al) Social aspects of Burial (Naomi Hamilton) Pilot project: Catalhoyuk ancient DNA study (Ripan S Malhi et al) Stable-isotope evidence of diet at Catalhoyuk (Michael P Richards and Jessica A Pearson) Estimating the neolithic population of Catalhoyuk (Craig Cressford) Part C: The Settlement and its Sediments Settlement logic studies as an aid to understanding prehistoric settlement organization: Ethnoarchaeological research in central Anatolia (E Nurcan Yalman) Magnetic, radar and resistivity studies at Catalhoyuk (Clark A Dobbs and Donald W Johnson) Micromorphological and microstratigraphic traces of uses and concepts of space (Wendy Matthews) Chemical analysis of floor sediments for the identification of anthropogenic activity residues (William D Middleton et al) Phosphorus analysis of sediments from neolithic Catalhoyuk (Ali Akin Akyol and Sahinde Demirci) Biomarker evidence of faecal deposition in archaeological sediments at Catalhoyuk (Ian D Bull et al) CD: Supplementary text, figures and tables.
Assessment of the Regional Economic Impacts of Catastrophic Events: CGE Analysis of Resource Loss and Behavioral Effects of an RDD Attack Scenario

We investigate the regional economic consequences of a hypothetical catastrophic event—attack via radiological dispersal device (RDD)—centered on the downtown Los Angeles area. We distinguish two routes via which such an event might affect regional economic activity: (i) reduction in effective resource supply (the resource loss effect) and (ii) shifts in the perceptions of economic agents (the behavioral effect). The resource loss effect relates to the physical destructiveness of the event, while the behavioral effect relates to changes in fear and risk perception. Both affect the size of the regional economy. RDD detonation causes little capital damage and few casualties, but generates substantial short‐run resource loss via business interruption. Changes in fear and risk perception increase the supply cost of resources to the affected region, while simultaneously reducing demand for goods produced in the region. We use results from a nationwide survey, tailored to our RDD scenario, to inform our model values for behavioral effects. Survey results, supplemented by findings from previous research on stigmatized asset values, suggest that in the region affected by the RDD, households may require higher wages, investors may require higher returns, and customers may require price discounts. We show that because behavioral effects may have lingering long‐term deleterious impacts on both the supply‐cost of resources to a region and willingness to pay for regional output, they can generate changes in regional gross domestic product (GDP) much greater than those generated by resource loss effects. Implications for policies that have the potential to mitigate these effects are discussed.
Targeted treatment of multiple myeloma with a radioiodinated small molecule radiopharmaceutical

Targeted treatment of multiple myeloma with a radioiodinated small molecule radiopharmaceutical Ankita Shahi , Gerald E. Weiss , Saswati Bhattacharya , Dana C. Baiu , Roberta Marino , Taner Pula , Natalie S. Callander , Fotis Asimakopoulos & Mario Otto To cite this article: Ankita Shahi , Gerald E. Weiss , Saswati Bhattacharya , Dana C. Baiu , Roberta Marino , Taner Pula , Natalie S. Callander , Fotis Asimakopoulos & Mario Otto (2021): Targeted treatment of multiple myeloma with a radioiodinated small molecule radiopharmaceutical, Leukemia & Lymphoma, DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021. 1876858 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2021. 1876858
The implications of environmental policy on nutrient outputs in agricultural watersheds

––We examine whether federally-sponsored voluntary environmental programs to reduce phosphorus pollution from agriculture have had any impact on water quality outcomes. Using daily observations on nutrient emissions taken over 37 years in two Great Lakes tributaries, we estimate an econometric model of phosphorus emissions. Phosphorus emissions are the most important contributor to harmful algal blooms, which have recently caused significant health concerns. Our results indicate that these voluntary programs have had very little effect on phosphorus outputs. In contrast, we show that an input tax could be very effective at reducing phosphorus pollution, and consequently the likelihood of future harmful algal blooms.
Pesticides in the Homes of Farmworkers

Pesticide exposure has been linked with immediate and delayed health effects. Anyone who lives in a farmworker household may be exposed to pesticides. Studies with farmworkers have found generally low levels of awareness of pesticide exposure and prevention. Less is known about the perceptions of nonfarmworkers living with farmworkers. This article presents the results of 41 in-depth interviews conducted with Latino women in farmworker households regarding their knowledge of pesticides and perceptions of risk to their children's health. Their perceptions and behavior differ from scientific understanding and policy recommendations for exposure management, resulting in behaviors that may increase children's risk of exposure and subsequent health problems. Because the level at which exposure becomes harmful remains a subject of scientific debate, the wisest course of action is to minimize exposure (the precautionary principle). Families living in farmworker households would benefit from health education programs that target their specific needs.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF MICROPHYSICS IN THE STRATIFORM REGION AND TRANSITION REGION OF A MIDLATITUDE MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX

Cloud microphysical data observed with PMS probes have been combined with radar and other in-situdata collected by a NOAA P-3 aircraft that flew through the stratiform and transition regions of a mesoscaleconvective complex(MCC). The combined data have been analyzed with respect to the mescscale structureof the storm systems.The characteristics of ice particles in the transition and stratiform regions were quitediffereat.The ice particle concentrations in the transition region were about 4 to 6 times that found in thestratiform region,and the size of ice particles in the stratiform region was about twice that in the transitionregion.The relatively lower radar reflectivity in the transition region is a result of smaller particle sizes.Themain precipitation particle growth mechanisms are riming and aggregation in the transition region ard theaggregation process predominates in the stratiform region referred from the microphysical structures.The ag-gregation starts in the upper,colder lev(? )ls but becomes more efficient as the particles approach the melting layer.
The development of African American English

Series Editor's Preface. List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction: The Status of African American English. A Unique Data Base. The Hyde County Corpus. Data Analysis. Beyond Hyde County. 2. Issue in the Development of African American English: Hypotheses on Earlier African American English. Issues in Reconstructing Earlier AAVE. The Nature of Earlier Written Texts. Spoken Language Data Representing Earlier AAVE. The Sociohistorical Context of Earlier African Americans. Variation in Earlier AAVE. Donor Source Attribution. African American English in the Twentieth Century. 3. Defining the Enclave Dialect Community: Introduction. Historically Isolated Speech Communities. Geography. Economy. Historical Continuity. Social Relations. Group Identity The Social Construction of Enclave Status. Language Change in Enclave Communities. Sociolinguistic Principles in the Configuration of Isolated Dialects. 4. The Social History of Mainland Hyde County: Chesapeake Bay Origins. The Settlement of Hyde County. Hyde County from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War. Reconstruction to the Great Depression. Hyde County since 1940. Sociohistorical Effects on Language. 5. Morphosyntactic Alignment in Hyde County English: Issues in Attribution. Past Tense be Regularization. The Historical Development of Leveling to Weren't. Was/Weren't Leveling in Hyde County. Copula/Auxiliary Is and Are Absence. The Historical Development of Copula Absence. | Copula Absence in Hyde County. Third Person - S Marking. The Historical Development of Verbal - S Marking. Verbal - S Marking in Hyde County. Conclusion. 6. Vocalic Alignment in Hyde County: An Overview of Hyde County Vowels. The Historical Background of Hyde County Vowels. Quantitative Analysis of Hyde County Vowels. Conclusions. 7. Consonantal Alignment in Hyde County: Earlier Hyde County Consonants. The Case of Consonant Cluster Reduction. The Patterning of Cluster Reduction. The Case of Postvocalic r Vocalization. The Patterning of Postvocalic r-lessness. Post-/? / r Vocalization. Conclusion. 8. Intonational Alignment in Hyde County English: African American and European American Intonation. Analytical Methods. Results and Implications. Conclusions. 9. The Individual and Group in Earlier African American English: The Individual and Group in Variation Studies. The Sample of Elderly African American Speakers. Some Diagnostic Variables. Rhoticity. Syllable-Coda Consonant Cluster Reduction. The Vowel System. Verbal - s Concord. Copula Absence. Past Tense be Leveling. Patterns of Correlation and Individuation. Variation in Earlier AAVE. 10. Beyond Hyde County: Te Past and Present Development of AAVE: The Origin of African American English. The Regional Context of Earlier African American English. Levels of Linguistic Alignment. The Trajectory of Language Change. The Norming of AAVE. Issues in Vernacular Dialect Norming. Vernacular Language Norming in Hyde County. Explaining the Supraregional Norms of Contemporary AAVE. Conclusion. References. Index.
Multi-scale hydrogeomorphic influences on bull trout spawning habitat in snowmelt-dominated headwater streams

I investigated relationships between geomorphology, hydrogeology, and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) redd occurrence and density at multiple spatial scales in gravel-bed, pool-riffle, snowmelt dominated headwater streams of northwestern Montana. Subreach redd occurrence tended to be associated with the finest available textural facies. In subreach streambed sections hosting bull trout redds, redd density was significantly (at α=0.05) positively related to bankfull Shields stress (τ*bf, p=0.04) and bankfull Shields stress adjusted for grain stress only (τ**bf, p=0.02). In stream reaches hosting bull trout redds, reach-average redd density was significantly positively related to reach-average τ**bf (p=0.02) and reach-average streambed grain size (D16, p=0.01; D50, p=0.02, D84, p=0.02). Spawning reaches exhibited high streambed horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, and streambed temperatures were dominated by stream water diurnal cycles to a depth of at least 25 cm. Groundwater provided substantial thermal moderation of stream water for multiple high density spawning reaches. At the valley-scale, redd occurrence tended to be associated with unconfined alluvial valleys. Many previous studies highlight the thermal sensitivity of bull trout. My spawning gravel competence results indicate that a shift in the timing of high flows could increase the likelihood of redd scour during the bull trout egg incubation period.
Development of a new regional flood frequency analysis method for semi-arid and arid regions of Australia

The limited availability of streamflow data at both temporal and spatial scales in the semi-arid and arid regions of Australia makes it difficult to develop statistically meaningful regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) methods. As a part of Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) revision Project 5 Regional Flood Methods, a simple RFFA method is developed here for the semi-arid and arid regions. This RFFA method has generally a lower degree of accuracy (with median relative error in the range of 55% to 73%) than the RFFA methods developed for the non-arid data-rich regions of Australia (with median relative error typically in the range of 30% to 45%). The RFFA method presented here for the semi-arid and arid regions should be used with caution; local hydrological knowledge should be used to interpret the results and wherever possible, the results should be compared with other methods, such as rainfall runoff models and locally available methods. It is recommended that some representative stream gauges be established in the semi-arid/arid regions for 'long term monitoring' to develop a comprehensive database which will assist in upgrading the RFFA methods in the semi-arid and arid regions in future. An application tool is being developed which will facilitate the application of the ARR RFFA method for both the semi-arid/arid and humid/coastal regions with minimum input from the user. The RFFA method presented here needs to be recalibrated with the new intensity-frequency-duration (IFD) data, which will be available soon as a part of ARR Revision Project 1.
Bayesian Estimation and Comparison of Moment Condition Models

ABSTRACT In this article, we develop a Bayesian semiparametric analysis of moment condition models by casting the problem within the exponentially tilted empirical likelihood (ETEL) framework. We use this framework to develop a fully Bayesian analysis of correctly and misspecified moment condition models. We show that even under misspecification, the Bayesian ETEL posterior distribution satisfies the Bernstein–von Mises (BvM) theorem. We also develop a unified approach based on marginal likelihoods and Bayes factors for comparing different moment-restricted models and for discarding any misspecified moment restrictions. Computation of the marginal likelihoods is by the method of Chib (1995) as extended to Metropolis–Hastings samplers in Chib and Jeliazkov in 2001. We establish the model selection consistency of the marginal likelihood and show that the marginal likelihood favors the model with the minimum number of parameters and the maximum number of valid moment restrictions. When the models are misspecified, the marginal likelihood model selection procedure selects the model that is closer to the (unknown) true data-generating process in terms of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The ideas and results in this article broaden the theoretical underpinning and value of the Bayesian ETEL framework with many practical applications. The discussion is illuminated through several examples. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Where High-Speed Rail Works Best

Defining the corridors in America that are most appropriate for high-speed rail service is critical to the long-term success of America’s high-speed rail program. This paper offers one mechanism for assessing which potential high-speed rail corridors will have the greatest ridership demand based on population size, economic activity, transit connections, existing travel markets and urban spatial form and density. The authors evaluate 27,000 city pairs in the nation to create an index of city pairs with the greatest demand for high-speed rail service. The paper provides a list of the top 50 city pairs, which are primarily concentrated in the Northeast, California, and the Midwest, and provides recommendations for phasing corridor development in the nation’s megaregions.