Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-species Perspectives on Anthropogenic Environments: Dental Pathology Patterns, Marquesas Islands (Polynesia)

ABSTRACT We undertake a multi-species comparison to investigate prehistoric human-animal interactions and changing environmental conditions, both natural and anthropogenic in origin. The differing vantage points offered by domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa) and dogs (Canis familiaris), and their human managers are considered. Initially, a framework for multi-species comparisons is developed, taking into account species-specific life histories, and aimed at understanding intra- and inter-species patterns of dental pathologies. Using a case study from the Marquesas Islands, we examine the frequency, distribution, and severity of dental calculus, caries, and enamel hypoplasia across these three species to identify changes in diet and non-specific stressors. We specifically assess the hypothesis that anthropogenic impacts on local environments over a ca. 600-year period of human occupation, combined with deteriorating climate conditions in late prehistory, led to a worsening of conditions for all three species. Results from the dental pathology analysis are supportive. Calculus and caries increased over time, suggesting dietary changes which adversely affected oral health but not necessarily nutrition. Additionally, instances of enamel hypoplasia were more common and more severe in late prehistory, suggesting non-specific stressors increased. In the best represented animal (domestic pigs), shifts in human management practices also are indicated.
Shear band propagation analysis of submarine slope stability

The paper summarises recent developments in the shear band propagation approach, which enables simplified submarine slope stability analysis to account for catastrophic and progressive failure. This approach covers a wide variety of potential failure mechanisms, such as slab failures, spreadings, ploughings and run-outs, and provides analytical energy balance criteria for predicting their occurrence. The simple form of the resulting criteria enabled their incorporation into deterministic and probabilistic slope stability analysis of offshore developments within the geographical information system. In contrast to conventional limiting equilibrium approaches used in such analysis, the shear band propagation approach is capable of explaining enormous dimensions of observed palaeo-landslides and predicting annual probabilities of failure that are orders of magnitude higher, as validated by reconstructed historical frequencies.
Analyzing the Determinants of Farmers ’ Choice of Adaptation Methods and Perceptions of Climate Change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers that receive principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IFPRI's research, capacity strengthening, and communications work is made possible by its financial contributors and partners. IFPRI receives its principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IFPRI gratefully acknowledges the generous unrestricted Notices 1 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI–wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at www.ifpri. org/pubs/otherpubs.htm#dp. 2 IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Sections of this material may be reproduced for personal and not-for-profit use without the express written permission of but with acknowledgment to IFPRI. To reproduce the material contained herein for profit or commercial use requires express written permission. To obtain permission, contact the Communications Division at ifpri-copyright@cgiar.org iii Contents Acknowledgments v Abstract vi Abbreviations and Acronyms vii 1. Introduction 1
Intensity of herbivory correlates with stronger constitutive and weaker induced defenses for non-native plant species – another mechanism for EICA?

Non-native plants are typically released from specialist enemies in new ranges, but continue to be attacked by generalists, but whether they shift relative allocation to constitutive or induced defenses is unknown. We compared herbivory on co-occurring native and non-native species and also constitutive and induced defenses. Non-natives suﬀered less damage than natives and constitutive defenses of non-natives was lower than that of native congeners, whereas induced defense was the opposite. The strength of constitutive defenses for a species was correlated with the intensity of herbivory experienced, for non-natives, whereas induced defenses showed the reverse. The defenses of natives were not related to herbivory pressure. Finally, the strength of induced defenses correlated positively with growth, suggesting a novel mechanism for the evolution of increased competitive ability. These results expand our understanding of fundamental tradeoﬀs in constitutive and induced defenses and provide novel insight into how herbivory pressure aﬀects defense allocation.
Traveling and Pinned Fronts in Bistable Reaction-Diffusion Systems on Networks

Traveling fronts and stationary localized patterns in bistable reaction-diffusion systems have been broadly studied for classical continuous media and regular lattices. Analogs of such non-equilibrium patterns are also possible in networks. Here, we consider traveling and stationary patterns in bistable one-component systems on random Erdös-Rényi, scale-free and hierarchical tree networks. As revealed through numerical simulations, traveling fronts exist in network-organized systems. They represent waves of transition from one stable state into another, spreading over the entire network. The fronts can furthermore be pinned, thus forming stationary structures. While pinning of fronts has previously been considered for chains of diffusively coupled bistable elements, the network architecture brings about significant differences. An important role is played by the degree (the number of connections) of a node. For regular trees with a fixed branching factor, the pinning conditions are analytically determined. For large Erdös-Rényi and scale-free networks, the mean-field theory for stationary patterns is constructed.
Unstructured grid finite-volume algorithm for shallow-water flow and scalar transport with wetting and drying

A high-resolution, unstructured grid, finite-volume algorithm is developed for unsteady, two-dimensional, shallow-water flow and scalar transport over arbitrary topography with wetting and drying. The algorithm uses a grid of triangular cells to facilitate grid generation and localized refinement when modeling natural waterways. The algorithm uses Roe's approximate Riemann solver to compute fluxes, a multidimensional limiter for second-order spatial accuracy, and predictor-corrector time stepping for second-order temporal accuracy. The novel aspect of the algorithm is a robust and efficient procedure to consistently track fluid volume and the free surface elevation in partially submerged cells. This leads to perfect conservation of both fluid and dissolved mass, preservation of stationarity, and near elimination of artificial concentration and dilution of scalars at stationary or moving wet/dry interfaces. Multi-dimensional slope limiters, variable reconstruction, and flux evaluation schemes are optimized in the algorithm on the basis of accuracy per computational effort.
Formation of secondary pyrite and carbonate minerals in the Lower Williams Lake tailings basin, Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada

Abstract The Lower Williams Lake tailings, which resulted from U-milling operations during the late 1950s and early 1960s, cover an area of 2 ha in a small bog under partial water cover. The tailings are underlain by a sand unit containing decaying organic material above the natural base consisting of sand, till, and gravel. The tailings are composed predominantly of quartz, muscovite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and clinochlore. Residual pyrite grains, displaying angular to subangular particles measuring less than 1 to 250 μm, occur in concentrations ranging from trace to approximately 6 wt%. Framboidal pyrite has formed within the tailings basin in association with organic-rich material. The appearance of framboidal pyrite in the tailings indicates a reversal of the oxidation process and reprecipitation of Fe sulfides. In addition, the tailings include calcite, calcian siderite, Feoxyhydroxides, and Fe-Si-oxyhydroxides as secondary precipitates and replacement products. Groundwaters in the tailings and the underlying units are saturated with respect to gypsum and siderite. These and the other saturation indices calculated for calcite, goethite, and barite are consistent with the secondary mineralogy of the tailings. Conditions promoting the formation of pyrite can be described as neutral to weakly alkaline and reducing assisted by microbial activity. This study provides the first account of secondary carbonates and framboidal pyrite in the Elliot Lake tailings. The existing environmental conditions at the site are favorable for the desired site rehabilitation.
An Initial Intercomparison of Atmospheric and Oceanic Climatology for the ICE-5G and ICE-4G Models of LGM Paleotopography

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the new ICE-5G paleotopography dataset for Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions on a coupled model simulation of the thermal and dynamical state of the glacial atmosphere and on both land surface and sea surface conditions. The study is based upon coupled climate simulations performed with the ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model of intermediate-complexity Climate de Bilt-coupled large-scale ice–ocean (ECBilt-Clio) model. Four simulations focusing on the Last Glacial Maximum [21 000 calendar years before present (BP)] have been analyzed: a first simulation (LGM-4G) that employed the original ICE-4G ice sheet topography and albedo, and a second simulation (LGM-5G) that employed the newly constructed ice sheet topography, denoted ICE-5G, and its respective albedo. Intercomparison of the results obtained in these experiments demonstrates that the LGM-5G simulation delivers significantly enhanced cooling over Canada compared to the LGM-4G simulation whereas positive t.
A pteranodontid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Peru, with comments on the relationships of Cretaceous pterosaurs

The first occurrence of a pterosaur fossil from the Early Cretaceous of Peru is reported. The specimen consists of a nearly complete right humerus of a pteranodontid pterosaur preserved in three dimensions, presumably in a concretion. The Pteranodontidae is rediagnosed, and included genera and materials are listed. The Nyctosauridae and Dsungaripteridae are also diagnosed on the basis of postcranial characters, and the relationships of those three taxa plus the Azhdarchidae are discussed. The species Santanadactylus spixi Wellnhofer (1985) is reassigned to the Dsungaripteridae.
Fossil avian eggs from the Palaeogene of southern France: new size estimates and a possible taxonomic identification of the egg-layer

Abstract Eggshell fragments attributed to large birds have been known from the Palaeogene of southern France for half a century, but reconstructing their original dimensions and identifying the birds that laid the eggs has been fraught with difficulties. On the basis of numerous newly collected specimens and using geometrical calculations, the original size of the thick-shelled eggs is reconstructed, showing that they were slightly larger than ostrich eggs, with a greatest length of 17.8 cm and a mean diameter of 12.0 cm in transversal section. The estimated volume is 1330.4 cm3. The fossil eggs from southern France are thus among the largest known avian eggs, being only surpassed by Aepyornis and some moas. Estimated egg mass is about 1.4 kg. On the basis of egg mass, the body mass of the parent bird is estimated at between 135.4 kg and 156.4 kg, assuming that the hatchlings were precocial. These calculations are in good agreement with the dimensions and mass estimates for the Palaeogene giant bird Gastornis, a probable anseriform, which lived in Europe at the time the eggs were laid. Other large Early Tertiary birds from Europe (Remiornis, Palaeotis) are too small to have laid these eggs. In all likelihood, the large eggs from the Palaeogene of southern France were laid by gastornithid birds.
Classification of pattern and process in small-scale dynamic ecosystems; with cases in the Dutch coastal dunes

Natuurgebieden in Nederland zijn veelal kleinschalig en dynamisch. Voorbeelden zijn kustduinen, kwelders, stuifzandgebieden en uiterwaarden. Het in kaart brengen en monitoren van deze gebieden beperkt zich meestal tot het beschrijven van homogene objecten. Sinds 1975 worden er regelmatig zeer gedetailleerde luchtfoto's van de Nederlandse duinen gemaakt. Omdat er nu computers zijn met hoge reken- en opslagcapaciteit is het mogelijk automatisch vegetatiekaarten te maken waar juist de vage, ecologisch waardevolle, overgangen op worden weergegeven. Door deze zogenoemde fuzzy vegetatiestructuurkaarten van een begraasd deel van het duingebied Meijendel uit 1990, 1995 en 2001 over elkaar te leggen was het mogelijk op een nieuwe manier naar de vegetatieontwikkeling te kijken. Dan Assendorp ontdekte dat het droge duinlandschap een stabiele en een dynamische fase kent. De overgang van dynamisch naar stabiel en omgekeerd blijkt volgens een, tot nu toe nog niet waargenomen, vorm van ontwikkeling te verlopen. De ontwikkeling verloopt zeer geleidelijk totdat, vrij onverwachts, het nieuwe landschap zich openbaart. Assendorp concludeert daarnaast dat bij begrazing door hoefdieren (koeien, paarden) een continue instabiliteit in het duinlandschap wordt geintroduceerd waardoor de geleidelijke, onverwachte wijze van ontwikkeling vooral voorkomt. Hij stelt dat voor het beheer eenmalige, ingrijpende maatregelen te prefereren zijn boven continue beinvloeding van het landschap door bijvoorbeeld begrazing.
Redefining the tectonostratigraphic and structural architecture of the Almora klippe and the Ramgarh–Munsiari thrust sheet in NW India

Abstract We integrate U–Pb zircon geochronology and ϵNd(0) values with field mapping to determine which tectonostratigraphic units are represented to the north, south and within the Almora klippe in Kumaun, NW India. Rock in the Almora klippe and north of the Main Central thrust (MCT) have Neoproterozoic (c. 900 Ma) detrital zircon ages, coupled with similar ϵNd(0) (−7.6 to −11.8) values, suggesting that these two units are the same tectonostratigraphic unit, and that the Almora klippe is the southern continuation of the MCT or another thrust in the Greater Himalayan thrust system. However, north of the Almora klippe, detrital zircon age populations establish the presence of Palaeoproterozoic rock instead of the previous interpretation of Neoproterozoic rocks. These Palaeoproterozoic Lesser Himalayan (LH) rocks are carried by the Ramgarh–Munsiari thrust (RMT) dipping south and folded underneath the klippe. South of the klippe, the RMT carries both the less metamorphosed Palaeoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic LH rocks, in disagreement with the idea that only Neoproterozoic–Cambrian LH rocks are present south of Almora klippe. These results suggest that previous cross-sections in Kumaun are incorrect and must be re-evaluated. Supplementary material: U–Pb zircon geochronological data table is available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18777.
A review of nitrogen use efficiency in sugarcane

The review identified three key findings that can be summarised as (i) A need for an improved framework for both researching and benchmarking NUE; (ii) Identification of promising opportunities for improving NUE through targeted R and D. These were likely to include aspects relating to improved decision support systems and diagnostics to define the appropriate N rate, improved fertilizer technology and management, and improved crop genetics delivering improved recovery and use of applied N; and (iii) Maintaining a focus on extension, communication and industry engagement
A functional variant in miR-155 regulation region contributes to lung cancer risk and survival

Emerging evidence suggested that upregulation of miR-155 could serve as a promising marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we genotyped rs767649 (A > T) located in miR-155 regulation region in 1341 cases and 1982 controls, and analyzed the associations of rs767649 with NSCLC risk and survival. Consequently, rs767649 exhibited the significant associations with the risk (adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.24, P = 0.031) and prognosis of NSCLC (adjusted HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.32, P = 0.014). Meanwhile, rs767649 specifically interacted with radio-chemotherapy (Pint = 0.013), and patients with both the rs767649-TT genotype and radio-chemotherapy had the highest hazard ratio (adjusted HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.26–2.16, P < 0.001). Furthermore, using functional assays and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) dataset, we found that rs767649 variant allele could increase the transcriptional activity of miR-155, which in turn facilitated tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting HBP1, TJP1, SMAD5 and PRKAR1A expression. Our findings suggested that rs767649 A > T might contribute to the increased risk and poor prognosis of NSCLC, highlighting the importance of rs767649 in the prevention and therapy of NSCLC.
Ca 2-Binding Protein-1 Facilitates and Forms a Postsynaptic Complex with Cav 1 . 2 ( L-Type ) Ca 2 Channels

Ca 2 -binding protein-1 (CaBP1) is a Ca 2 -binding protein that is closely related to calmodulin (CaM) and localized in somatodendritic regions of principal neurons throughout the brain, but how CaBP1 participates in postsynaptic Ca 2 signaling is not known. Here, we describe a novel role for CaBP1 in the regulation of Ca 2 influx through Cav1.2 (L-type) Ca 2 channels. CaBP1 interacts directly with the 1 subunit of Cav1.2 at sites that also bind CaM. CaBP1 binding to one of these sites, the IQ domain, is Ca 2 dependent and competitive with CaM binding. The physiological significance of this interaction is supported by the association of Cav1.2 and CaBP1 in postsynaptic density fractions purified from rat brain. Moreover, in double-label immunofluorescence experiments, CaBP1 and Cav1.2 colocalize in numerous cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, particularly in pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and in the dorsal cortex. In electrophysiological recordings of cells transfected with Cav1.2, CaBP1 greatly prolonged Ca 2 currents, prevented Ca 2 dependent inactivation, and caused Ca 2 -dependent facilitation of currents evoked by step depolarizations and repetitive stimuli. These effects contrast with those of CaM, which promoted strong Ca 2 -dependent inactivation of Cav1.2 with these same voltage protocols. Our findings reveal how Ca 2 -binding proteins, such as CaM and CaBP1, differentially adjust Ca 2 influx through Cav1.2 channels, which may specify diverse modes of Ca 2 signaling in neurons.
Production of L-Asparaginase by Yemeni Filamentous Fungi

Yemen with its diverse climatic regions represents a rich resource for bioactive compounds obtained from microorganisms. This study was designed to screen fungal isolates obtained from the Microbiology branch, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University for their ability to produce L-asparaginase enzyme. In preliminary screening for L-asparaginase, among 77 fungal isolates about 29 fungal isolates representing 37.66% were high producers of L-asparaginase. These fungal isolates belonged to the genera Aspergillus, Eupenicillium, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Stachyobotrys. These 29 fungal isolates were screened for their ability to produce L-asparaginase using the agar well diffusion method. 12 fungal isolates out of 29 showed the ability to produce extracellular L-asparaginase. These isolates belonged to 8 species which were: A. sulphurs, A. ustus, F. sacchari, P. chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. corylophilum, P. melinii, and P. subturcoseum. Only 5 isolates were obtained for the determination of enzymatic activity, among them P. chrysogenum showed the highest activity (279.8696U ml-1) followed by A. ustus (170.9435U ml-1). This finding is the first report on the L-asparaginase production from filamentous fungi in Yemen.
SEGRE FORMS AND KOBAYASHI–L ¨UBKE INEQUALITY

Starting from the description of Segre forms as direct images of (powers of) the ﬁrst Chern form of the (anti)tautological line bundle on the projectivized bundle of a holomorphic hermitian vector bundle, we derive a version of the pointwise Kobayashi–L¨ubke inequality.
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE TARBUR FORMATION (MAASTRICHTIAN) IN CENTRAL ZAGROS, SOUTHWEST IRAN

The aim of this study is to investigate the biostratigraphy and regional stratigraphy of the Maastrichtian deposits (Tarbur Formation) in the high outreaches of the Zagros Mountains in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari Province, southwest Iran. The thickness of the investigated sequences is about 600 m in Tang-e-Vanak, 156 m inTang-e-Zendan,and 111 m in Kuh-e-Dozdaran sections. Shale and marls of the Gurpi Fm. (Campanian) mark the lower lithostratigraphic limit of the Tarbur Fm. in Kuh-e-Dozdaran section, whereas its upper limit is disconformably distinguished by the dolomitic Jahrom Fm. (Eocene). The Tarbur Fm. in Tang-e-Vanak andTang-e-Zendansections overlies the clastic Amiran Fm. (Maastrichtian) and is truncated with a sharp disconformity by the white dolomites of Shahbazan Fm. (Eocene). Biostratigraphically, the Tarbur Fm. is characterized by a Loftusia-Omphalocyclus assemblage zone, indicating a Maastrichtian age. Within this biozone, three regional subbiozones are proposed. They are: the Loftusia arabica range subzone , the Loftusia persica interval subzone , and the Loftusia baykali interval subzone . Based on the foraminiferal content, the age of the Tarbur Fm. in Kuh-e-Dozdaran section is assigned to the lower-middle parts of the Maastrichtian. Likewise, the Tarbur Fm. in Tang-e-Vanak and theTang-e-Zendansections is Maastrichtian in age, possibly extending locally into the Paleocene. The identification of the biostratigraphic limits of the Tarbur Fm. in the studied areas assists the reconstruction of the sedimentary basin in the Late Cretaceous.