Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community Question Answering Ranking: Methodology Survey

This paper surveys the evolution of word embeddings along with the methodologies used in Community Question Answering (cQA), and how these methodologies use word embeddings to achieve higher performance metrics. The paper first discusses vector modelling and how it affected Natural Language Processing (NLP) as a whole, then it details some of the approaches used like the one-hot-encoding, word2vec and others. The paper then discusses contextualized embeddings and how they improve on the previous techniques. The paper then sheds some light on language modelling along with new attention-based architectures (Transformers), discussing briefly how they work and how they affected not only cQA but NLP in general. Then the paper discusses in brief the shift in the field from model-based AI where most of the focus is on producing a model with high performance metrics to Data Centric AI where the focus is on trying to have a systemic way of labelling the data to ease the generation of a highperformance model.
Applying Crystal model on different nuclear systems; deuteron, alpha and 6Li as projectiles

Alpha elastically scattered by light nuclei 6,7 Li, 9 Be, and 11 B, has been analyzed in the framework of Coupled Reaction Channel (CRC) and crystal Model (CM) folded with Distorted Wave Born Approximation (CM+DWBA) approach. Also, 6 Li elastically scattered by 12 C at a wide range of energies has been studied with CRC and CM+DWBA. The effect of transfer on the elastic scattering has been studied to extract the spectroscopic amplitudes for 6 Li≡α+d, 7 Li≡α+t, 9 Be≡α+ 5 He, 11 B≡α+ 7 Li and 12 C≡ 6 Li+ 6 Li configurations from backward angles of the experimental data under consideration. The crystal Model has been applied for deuteron elastically scattered by 6 Li and 7 Li where CM+DWBA+DPP (Dynamic Polarization Potential) succeeded to reproduce the differential cross sections for the whole range of angles. The obtained analyses from CRC for alpha elastically scattered by light nuclei 6,7 Li, 9 Be, and 11 B were better than those from CM, which leads to the need for developing the CM in the near future. A fair agreement has been observed between applied models and the considered experimental data.
DISK FORMATION ENABLED BY ENHANCED RESISTIVITY

Disk formation in magnetized cloud cores is hindered by magnetic braking. Previous work has shown that for realistic levels of core magnetization, the magnetic field suppresses the formation of rotationally supported disks during the protostellar mass accretion phase of low-mass star formation both in the ideal MHD limit and in the presence of ambipolar diffusion for typical rates of cosmic-ray ionization. Additional effects, such as ohmic dissipation, the Hall effect, and protostellar outflow, are needed to weaken the magnetic braking and enable the formation of persistent, rotationally supported, protostellar disks. In this paper, we first demonstrate that the classic microscopic resistivity is not large enough to enable disk formation by itself. We then experiment with a set of enhanced values for the resistivity in the range η = 1017–1022 cm2 s−1. We find that a value of order 1019 cm2 s−1 is needed to enable the formation of a 102 AU scale Keplerian disk; the value depends somewhat on the degree of core magnetization. The required resistivity is a few orders of magnitude larger than the classic microscopic values. Whether it can be achieved naturally during protostellar collapse remains to be determined.
Enhanced X-ray emission from Lyman break analogues and a possible LX–SFR–metallicity plane

The source of energetic photons that heated and reionized the early Universe remains uncertain. Early galaxies had low metallicity and recent population synthesis calculations suggest that the number and luminosity of high-mass X-ray binaries are enhanced in star-forming galaxies with low metallicity, offering a potentially important and previously overlooked source of heating and reionization. Lyman break analogue (LBA) galaxies are local galaxies that strongly resemble the high-redshift, star-forming Lyman Break Galaxies and have been suggested as local analogues to these metal-deficient galaxies found in the early Universe. We studied a sample of ten LBAs in order to measure the relation between star formation rate and X-ray luminosity. We found that for LBAs with metallicities in the range $12+\log_{10}({\rm O/H}) = 8.15-8.80$, the $L_X-$SFR relation was $\log_{10} (L_X/{\rm SFR}\, {[\rm erg\ s^{-1}\ M_{\odot}^{-1}\ yr]}) = 39.85(\pm 0.10)$ in the $0.5-8$~keV band with a dispersion of $\sigma = 0.25$~dex. This is an enhancement of nearly a factor of $2$ in the $L_{0.5-8\text{keV}}$--SFR relation relative to results for nearby, near-solar metallicity galaxies. The enhancement is significant at the 98.2\% level ($2.4\sigma$). Our enhanced $L_X/{\rm SFR}$ relation is consistent with the metallicity-dependent predicted value from population synthesis models. We discuss the possibility of a $L_X$--SFR--Metallicity plane for star-forming galaxies. These results are important to our understanding of reionization and the formation of early galaxies.
Direct Hydrogen Production from Extra-Heavy Crude Oil under Supercritical Water Conditions Using a Catalytic (Ni-Co/Al2O3) Upgrading Process

The generation of hydrogen from unconventional oil is expected to increase significantly during the next decade. It is commonly known that hydrogen is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel, and its production would partially cover the gap in energy market requirements. However, developing new cheap catalysts for its production from crude oil is still a challenging area in the field of petroleum and the petrochemical industry. This study presents a new approach to synthesizing and applying promising catalysts based on Ni, Co, and Ni-Co alloys that are supported by aluminum oxide Al2O3 in the production of hydrogen from extra-heavy crude oil in the Tahe Oil Field (China), in the presence of supercritical water (SCW). The obtained catalysts were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The obtained XRD data showed 3.22% of Co2+ in the Co/Al2O4 catalyst, 10.89% of Ni2+ in the Ni/Al2O4 catalyst, and 1.51% of Co2+ and 2.42% of Ni2+ in the Ni-CoAl2O3 bimetallic catalyst. The BET measurements of the obtained catalysts showed a surface area ranging from 3.04 to 162 m²/g, an average particle size ranging from 0.037 to 0.944 µm, and micropore volumes ranging from 0.000377 to 0.004882 cm³/g. The thermal, SCW, and catalytic upgrading processes of the studied samples were conducted in a discontinuous autoclave reactor for 2 h at a temperature of 420 °C. The obtained results revealed that thermal upgrading yielded 1.059 mol. % of H2, and SCW led to 6.132 mol. % of H2; meanwhile, the presence of Ni-CoAl2O3 provided the maximal rate of hydrogen generation with 11.783 mol. %. Moreover, Ni-CoAl2O3 and NiAl2O3 catalysts have been found to possess good affinity and selectivity toward H2 (11.783 mol.%) and methane CH4 (40.541 mol.%). According to our results, the presence of SCW increases the yield of upgraded oil (from 34.68 wt.% to 58.83 wt.%) while decreasing the amount of coke (from 51.02 wt.% to 33.64 wt.%) due to the significant amount of hydrogen generation in the reaction zone, which reduces free-radical recombination, and thus, improves oil recovery. Moreover, the combination of SCW and the synthetized catalysts resulted in a significant decrease in asphaltene content in the upgraded oil, from 28% to 2%, as a result of the good redistribution of hydrogen over carbons (H/C) during the upgrading processes, where it increased from 1.39 to 1.41 in the presence of SCW and reached 1.63 in the presence of the Ni-CoAl2O3 catalyst. According to the XRD results of the transformed form of catalysts (CoNi3S4), after thermal processing, heteroatom removal from extra-heavy crude oil via oxidative and adsorptive desulfurization processes is promoted. These findings contribute to the expanding body of knowledge on hydrogen production from in situ unconventional oil upgrading.
Correlation of Morphological Findings of Endometrium With Concerned Hormone Levels in Patients With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Narrative Review

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a distressing menstrual condition that continues to be one of the most common rationales for hysterectomy in underdeveloped countries. It can be either focal (breakthrough bleeding) or diffuse (bleeding throughout the body) (withdrawal bleeding). AUB has a negative impact on a female's physical, social, and emotional well-being. It is caused by chronic endometritis, micro erosions, or vascular fragility caused by micro-vessel structural anomalies. Polyps, submucosal leiomyoma, atrophy, and cancer can all produce endometritis and micro erosions in otherwise healthy endometrium (organic causes). In hyperplasia and endometrial cancers, especially type I, estrogen and progesterone hormones are also expressed. The level of these hormones gives prognostic information. They also provide amenability to hormonal therapy. Hormonal imbalance is the main component involved in the pathogenesis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB).
Graphitic Carbon Nitride and IGZO Bio-FET for Rapid Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a life-threatening condition that causes millions of deaths every year. In this study, a transistor-based biosensor is developed for rapid and sensitive detection of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), a diagnostic biomarker of AMI. A biosensing technique based on a field effect transistor (FET), which uses indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) as an excellent semiconducting channel, is integrated with nanosheet materials to detect cTnI. Porous carbon nitride (PCN) decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is used as a bridge between the solid-state device and the biorecognition element. We demonstrate that this biosensor is highly sensitive and has an experimental limit of detection of 0.0066 ng/mL and a dynamic range of 0.01 ng/mL–1000 ng/mL. This is the first report of a semiconducting metal oxide FET cardiac biomarker sensor combined with PCN for the detection of cTnI. The reported compact microsystem paves the way for rapid and inexpensive detection of cardiac biomarkers.
Does the Bomb Really Embolden? Revisiting the Statistical Evidence for the Nuclear Emboldenment Thesis

This paper revisits the latest statistical evidence for the nuclear emboldenment thesis—nuclear-armed states are more likely to initiate military aggression than non-nuclear states—from (Bell and Miller 2015). If correct, their findings have important theoretical and policy implications regarding the effect of nuclear proliferation on international conflict. This paper shows, however, that Bell and Miller’s findings heavily rely on two important components of their statistical analysis: (1) using all state dyad observations, and (2) employing pooled regression models to analyze time-series-cross-sectional (TSCS) data. I argue that those components are based on questionable assumptions on heterogeneity in their dataset. Based on alternative strategies dealing with heterogeneity in dyadic data, my reanalysis shows that the emboldening effect of nuclear weapons is not as robust as originally claimed. Instead, I find the robust deterrent effect of nuclear weapons: nuclear-armed states are less likely to be targeted in military disputes. These findings highlight the need for careful application of quantitative methods to produce a more robust understanding of nuclear issues.
Quasinormal ringing on the brane

While the linear behavior of gravity in braneworld models is well understood, much less is known about full nonlinear gravitational effects. Even when they agree at the linear level, these could be expected to distinguish braneworlds from a lower-dimensional theory with no brane. Black holes are a good testing ground for such studies, as they are nonlinear solutions that would be expected to reflect the background geometry. In particular, we assess the role of black hole quasinormal modes (QNMs) in gravitational experiments devised to be sensitive to the existence of the brane, in a lower-dimensional setting where we have analytical control. We compute QNMs of brane-localized black holes and find that they follow the entropy of the corresponding black hole. This observation allows us to conclude that, surprisingly, the scattering problem we consider, at least in some regimes, does not distinguish between nonlinear gravitational effects of black holes in AdS space with a brane and black holes in a spacetime of one lower dimension.
School Factors Strongly Impact Transgender and Non-Binary Youths’ Well-Being

Background: School plays an important role in transgender and non-binary (TNB) youths’ life and well-being. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how the lived experiences, gender affirmation and challenges encountered by TNB youths in the school setting affect their well-being. Method: Our study was a qualitative secondary data analysis, based on the interviews of 12 Canadian TNB youths aged 15–17 years old. Results: We found that TNB students’ well-being was closely related to the acknowledgment of gender identity at school. Several factors, including school socio-cultural environment, teachers’ and peers’ attitudes and behaviours, school physical environments and the respect of confidentiality of gender identity were all found to impact TNB students’ well-being. To face adversity related to some of these factors, TNB youths used several contextually driven strategies such as compromising, educating, and sensitizing others about gender diversity and avoiding certain people or situations. Conclusion: Our results highlight the important influence of school climate and culture, as well as teachers’, school personnel’s and peers’ behaviours and attitudes on TNB youths’ well-being. Our findings can guide future interventions to help schools become more inclusive and supportive of gender diversity.
Invariant Set Theory and the Symbolism of Quantum Measurement

Elements of a novel theory of quantum physics are developed, synthesising the role of symbolism in describing quantum measurement and in the topological representation of fractal invariant sets in nonlinear dynamical systems theory. In this synthesis, the universe $U$ is treated as an isolated deterministic dynamical system evolving precisely on a measure-zero fractal invariant subset $I_U$ of its state space. A non-classical approach to the physics of $U$ is developed by treating the geometry of $I_U$ as more primitive than dynamical evolution equations on $I_U$. A specific symbolic representation of $I_U$ is constructed which encodes quaternionic multiplication and from which the statistical properties of complex Hilbert Space vectors are emergent. The Hilbert Space itself arises as the singular limit of Invariant Set Theory as a fractal parameter $N \rightarrow \infty$. Although the Hilbert Space of quantum theory is counterfactually complete, the measure-zero set $I_U$ is counterfactually incomplete, no matter how large is $N$. Such incompleteness allows reinterpretations of familiar quantum phenomena, consistent with realism and local causality. The non-computable nature of $I_U$ ensures that these reinterpretations are neither conspiratorial nor retrocausal and, through a homeomorphism with the ring of $2^N$-adic integers, are robust to noise and hence not fine tuned. The non-commutativity of Hilbert Space observables emerges from the symbolic representation of $I_U$ through the generic number-theoretic incommensurateness of $\phi/\pi$ and $\cos \phi$. Invariant Set Theory implies a much stronger synergy between cosmology and quantum physics than exists in contemporary theory, suggesting a novel approach to synthesising gravitational and quantum physics and providing new perspectives on the dark universe and information loss in black holes.
Prognostic and Predictive Significance of Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (sTILs) in ER-Positive/HER2−Negative Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients

Simple Summary The presence of immune cells within the tumor (TILs) indicates good prognosis for some aggressive breast cancer subtypes. However, less is known about TILs role within the hormone-responsive breast cancer (ER+/HER2−). These tumors represent up to 70% of all breast cancers and often exhibit long-term metastasis. TILs were quantified in tumor section samples from 763 postmenopausal women who received tamoxifen vs. no treatment and categorized into low, intermediate, or high. Among the ER+/HER2−, TILs were associated with poor prognostic variables but did not have prognostic value. High TILs indicate less benefit from tamoxifen. Interestingly, high gene expression of some TIL markers did indicate good prognosis even after adjusting for other clinical variables or were associated with less tamoxifen benefit. These results suggest that TIL markers could be used as prognostic, predictive indicators, and potential candidates for immunotherapy interventions after tamoxifen failure. Abstract The clinical impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is less known for breast cancer patients with the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor-negative (HER−) subtype. Here, we explored the prognostic and predictive value of TILs regarding distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) in 763 postmenopausal patients randomized to receive tamoxifen vs. no systemic treatment. TILs were assessed in whole section tumor samples stained with H&E and divided into low (<10%), intermediate (10–39%), or high (≥40%). High TILs were associated with poor prognostic variables and good prognoses for all patients, but not within the ER+/HER2− group. Within the ER+/HER2− group, high gene expression of CD19 and PD-L1 and high IMMUNE1 score indicated good prognosis in multivariable analysis while high CD8 and CD19 gene expression and high IMMUNE1 score were associated with less tamoxifen benefit. These results indicate that within the ER+/HER2− subtype there could be subsets of patients where expression of specific TIL markers might be used to reveal candidates for immune therapy interventions upon failure of the endocrine therapy.
INFRARED SPECTRA AND SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR DUSTY STARBURSTS AND ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We present spectroscopic results for all galaxies observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) that also have total infrared fluxes fIR measured with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), also using AKARI photometry when available. Infrared luminosities and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from 8 μm to 160 μm are compared to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission from starburst galaxies or mid-infrared dust continuum from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at rest-frame wavelengths ∼8 μm. A total of 301 spectra are analyzed for which IRS and IRAS include the same unresolved source, as measured by the ratio fν(IRAS 25 μm)/fν(IRS 25 μm). Sources have 0.004 < z < 0.34 and 42.5 < log LIR < 46.8 (erg s−1) and cover the full range of starburst galaxy and AGN classifications. Individual spectra are provided electronically, but averages and dispersions are presented. We find that log [LIR/νLν(7.7 μm)] = 0.74 ± 0.18 in starbursts, log [LIR/νLν(7.7 μm)] = 0.96 ± 0.26 in composite sources (starburst plus AGN), log [LIR/νLν(7.9 μm)] = 0.80 ± 0.25 in AGNs with silicate absorption, and that log [LIR/νLν(7.9 μm)] = 0.51 ± 0.21 in AGNs with silicate emission. LIR for the most luminous absorption and emission AGNs are similar and 2.5 times larger than for the most luminous starbursts. AGNs have systematically flatter SEDs than starbursts or composites, but their dispersion in SEDs overlaps starbursts. Sources with the strongest far-infrared luminosity from cool dust components are composite sources, indicating that these sources may contain the most obscured starbursts.
Modeling magnesium escape from HD 209458b atmosphere

Transit observations in the Mgi line of HD 209458b revealed signatures of neutral magnesium escaping the upper atmosphere of the planet, while no atmospheric absorption was found in the Mgii doublet. Here we present a 3D particle model of the dynamics of neutral and ionized magnesium populations, coupled with an analytical modeling of the atmosphere below the exobase. Theoretical Mgi absorption line proles are directly compared with the absorption observed in the blue wing of the line during the planet transit. Observations are well-tted with an escape rate of
ON THE BINARY HELIUM STAR DY CENTAURI: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTIONARY STATE

DY Cen has shown a steady fading of its visual light by about one magnitude in the last 40 yr, suggesting a secular increase in its effective temperature. We have conducted non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and LTE abundance analyses to determine the star's effective temperature, surface gravity, and chemical composition using high-resolution spectra obtained over two decades. The derived stellar parameters for three epochs suggest that DY Cen has evolved at a constant luminosity and has become hotter by about 5000 K in 23 yr. We show that the derived abundances remain unchanged for the three epochs. The derived abundances of the key elements, including F and Ne, are as observed for the extreme helium stars resulting from a merger of a He white dwarf with a C–O white dwarf. Thus DY Cen by chemical composition appears to also be a product of a merger of two white dwarfs. This appearance seems to be at odds with the recent suggestion that DY Cen is a single-lined spectroscopic binary.
EFL Teaching and Technology Acceptance: Use and Gratification Paradigm

Far from being a projection for the future, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for educational ends is today a commonplace reality. The exploitation of internet-based applications is part and parcel of the teaching endeavors within and across instructional settings. In the EFL teaching setting, teachers are expected to maximize the effective and efficient usage of various technological tools to ease the learners’ elaboration of the target language-related skills. However, findings from recent research point to the substantial discrepancies among EFL teachers in terms of technology acceptance. Teachers range from technology espousers, through technology evaders to technology drop-outs. Against this background, this paper seeks to examine the Moroccan private high school teachers’ stance toward the espousal of ICTs in teaching practice. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) devised by Davis (1989), this quantitative study is geared towards deciphering the Moroccan private high school teachers’ readiness to espouse technology and, ultimately, step away from the traditional, pen-and-paper-bound style. The study reveals that Moroccan high school teachers subscribe to the idea that ICT implementation is a warranty for reaching an optimal level of quality in EFL teaching, but they remain apprehensive and reluctant about an immediate buy-in of ICTs for subjective and objective reasons.