Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An investigation of snowmelt runoff on experimental plots in Lulea, Sweden

Empirical characteristics of snowmelt runoff are derived from observations made during snowmelt in a six-year period from 1980 to 1985 on three experimental plots and three plates located on the campus of the Lulea University of Technology in Lulea, Sweden. The plots had asphalt, gravel and grass surfaces. The plates were of different designs with one having the bottom cut out so that it was more like a frame. With the assumption that the asphalt surface of the plots was impervious, infiltration of meltwater into gravel and grass surfaces was deduced. Unlike rainfall infiltration, the graph of snowmelt infiltration rate resembled a flow hydrograph, with a distinct rise, a peak and a distinct recession. A strong linear relationship between the snowmelt runoff hydrograph peak and the snowmelt amount was found, which explained more than 90% of the variability in the snowmelt peak. This is in contrast with rainfall runoff where the relationship between runoff peak and volume is decidedly nonlinear. Hourly snowmelt runoff peak and daily snowmelt amount were found to exhibit nearly constant skew and follow approximately a Gumbel frequency distribution.
Survey of ripgut brome and other species on Canterbury hill/high country roadsides.

Ripgut brome is found in high country Canterbury pastures but little is known of its prevalence and distribution. In a 1020 km roadside vegetation survey, all exotic and native plant species within a 5 m × 5 m quadrat were identiied at 10 km intervals. Ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus) was present in 11% of the 165 quadrats, which ranged from 40 to 950 m above sea level, occurring most frequently below 200 m. It was least often detected adjacent to intensive pastures (only 2% of quadrats). Agrostis capillaries (browntop) was present in 63% of quadrats, followed by Trifolium repens (white clover, 59%) and Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot, 53%). The lowest number of exotic species was detected adjacent to intensive pasture (5.8) and highest adjacent to forestry (8.6 species). Highest numbers of native species were present adjacent to semi-improved pastures (1.7) and above 500 m (2.3 species). Species prevalent on roadsides were commonly grazed in hill/high country pastures rather than being pasture weeds.
Effects of prehabilitation resistance training in mild to moderate clinically frail patients awaiting coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Coronary artery disease is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity among chronic heart diseases worldwide. Patients reported chronic chest pain as the primary symptom of coronary artery disease. Due to its progressive nature, it affects the health status and functional capacity of the patients. The current study was planned to compare the effects of prehabilitation resistance training in mild to moderate clinically frail patients awaiting coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 74 patients awaiting CABG at the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad, Pakistan. A Modified Healthy Heart Questionnaire was used for screening of the patients. Interventions applied were resistance training by using cuff weights/dumbbells at light intensity (40%–50%) of a maximum of one repetition (10–15 repetitions for one to three times a day) per major muscle groups of upper and lower limbs of the body on weekly basis. The main outcome measures were the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), the New York Heart Association (NYHA) for heart failure, the clinical frailty score, and the essential frailty toolset. Significant differences between group A (resistance training group) and group B (conventional physical therapy group) patients were observed. The mean ranks for 6MWT in group A and group B were 1.70 and 1.55, respectively. The mean ranks of NYHA in group A and group B were 1.68 and 2.84, respectively. Clinical frailty scores in group A and group B were 2.68 and 2.74, respectively, with the essential frailty toolset in group A and group B were 1.14 and 1.11, respectively. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences within and between groups for prehabilitation resistance training after CABG. The study showed that the resistance training group had improved the clinical frailty score, strength, endurance, and functional capacity in patients who underwent elective CABG.
The Effect of Hydrologic Alteration on Capture Efficiency of Freshwater Fishes in a Highly Modified Prairie Stream

Hydrology is a defining feature of aquatic ecosystems. Changes in stream hydrology, due to climate change, water use and impoundment, have been shown to negatively affect fish populations. Assessing changes in hydrology and its effect on fish populations and communities remains an important consideration for aquatic monitoring programmes across the globe. In this study, we used the Milk River in southern Alberta as a model system to understand how hydrologic alteration may also affect capture probabilities of fishes and impact instream monitoring programmes. The Milk River receives the majority of its April to October flow via an inter‐basin transfer from the St. Mary River, drastically altering the hydrologic regime and instream habitats for fishes during this augmentation period. We estimated species‐specific seine net capture probabilities of fishes in the Milk River during augmentation and natural flow periods using depletion surveys in both open and enclosed sites. Using habitat data collected during the seine surveys, linear mixed‐effects models were created with capture efficiency as the dependent variable. Models were compared using corrected Akaike's information criterion, and the relative contributions of the different variables to the top models were examined. We found that species and flow characteristics, such as water velocity and the state of augmentation, played a prominent role in many of the top models explaining variation in capture efficiency. These results demonstrate that changes to stream hydrology clearly have the potential to impact gear efficiency and individual species assessments. Stream monitoring programmes, which aim to determine long‐term trends in aquatic ecosystem health, need to be mindful that any change to stream hydrology—from climate change, fragmentation or stream alteration—can alter capture efficiency of the sampling gear and inadvertently alter species‐specific trends. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Vertically transferred’ overpressures in Brunei: Evidence for a new mechanism for the formation of high-magnitude overpressure

Overpressures in sedimentary basins are commonly assumed to be the result of two distinct and separate mechanisms: disequilibrium compaction and fluid expansion. However, the potential for overpressures to be redistributed or transferred to other pressure compartments over time has been seldom considered and rarely demonstrated. Pore-pressure data and velocity-effective stress plots from 61 fields across the Baram Delta province of Brunei (northwest Borneo) reveal that two different types of overpressure occur in stratigraphically defined sections: the basal pro-delta shales contain overpressures generated by disequilibrium compaction, whereas the overlying sand/shale deltaic sequence contains overpressures that appear to be generated by fluid expansion. However, the geology of the deltaic sequences and high magnitude of the pore pressures precludes the overpressures in the deltaic sequences being generated by any conventional fluid expansion mechanism, such as kerogen-to-gas maturation or clay diagenesis. The fluid expansion overpressures are located in fields that were inverted during the Pliocene, an event that resulted in large-scale fluid migration from the pro-delta shales into the deltaic sequences, including charging of the numerous oil fields in the inner shelf. Hence, we propose that the overpressures in Brunei provide the first evidence for a new overpressuring mechanism whereby overpressured fluids have been “vertically transferred” from the pro-delta shales into the deltaic sequences during basin inversion. Furthermore, vertical transfer may be a mechanism for explaining overpressures observed in basins that have been recently uplifted or inverted.
Thermal evolution of Cretaceous Tethyan marine waters inferred from oxygen isotope composition of fish tooth enamels

[1] The evolution of subtropical (30–35°N) upper ocean temperatures through the Cretaceous is inferred from the oxygen isotope compositions of 64 fish teeth (enamel) coming from the western Tethyan platform. Mean δ18O values of 22‰ at the Berriasian-Valanginian boundary decrease, with oscillations to 18.5‰ around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, and progressively increase to 21.5‰ by the end of the Cretaceous. The similarity of this oxygen isotope curve for bioapatites from platform environments with those for foraminifera and bulk carbonates that were deposited in deeper waters and at other paleolatitudes indicates that they record global climatic signals. Major cooling events at the million-year scale can be distinguished: (1) at the Berriasian-Valanginian boundary and (2) during the earliest Late Valanginian. A third cooling event is detected during the earliest Aptian. These events, already proposed as icehouse interludes during the lower Cretaceous, are also recorded at subtropical latitudes. A progressive warming is identified from the Aptian to the Cenomanian-Turonian interval that corresponds to a thermal optimum, and then upper ocean temperatures decreased to the Maastrichtian. Minimum isotopic temperatures range from 15°C to 28°C, assuming a δ18Oseawater of −1‰, for an ice-free world. Taking more realistic δ18Oseawater values of ∼0‰ for tropical waters, during glacial periods (within the Berriasian-Valanginian interval, and earliest Aptian) or with above average salinities (possibly the Maastrichtian), temperatures are increased by 4–5°C. Temperature differences between climatic extremes of the Valanginian and Cenomanian-Turonian are estimated to have been 10°C. Latitudinal thermal gradients for the Albian-Cenomanian, Turonian, and Maastrichtian were 0.2–0.3°C/° latitude and thus weaker than modern oceanic values at about 0.4°C/° latitude.
Early versus delayed antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: multicentre, open label, randomised, controlled trial

Abstract Objectives To compared the effect of early antihypertensive treatment started within 24-48 h of stroke onset versus delaying treatment until day eight on reducing dependency or death. Design Multicentre, randomised, open label trial. Setting 106 hospitals in China between 13 June 2018 and 10 July 2022. Participants 4810 patients (≥40 years) were enrolled with acute ischaemic stroke within 24-48 h of symptom onset and elevated systolic blood pressure between 140 mm Hg and <220 mm Hg. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive antihypertensive treatment immediately after randomisation (aimed at reducing systolic blood pressure by 10%-20% within the first 24 h and a mean blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg within seven days) or to discontinue antihypertensive medications for seven days if they were taking them, and then receive treatment on day 8 (aimed at achieving mean blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg). Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the combination of functional dependency or death (modified Rankin scale score ≥3) at 90 days. Intention to treat analyses were conducted. Results 2413 patients were assigned to the early treatment group and 2397 were assigned to the delayed treatment group. Mean systolic blood pressure was reduced by 9.7% (from 162.9 mm Hg to 146.4 mm Hg) in the early treatment group and by 4.9% (from 162.8 mm Hg to 154.3 mm Hg) in the delayed treatment group within 24 h after randomisation (P for group difference <0.001). Mean systolic blood pressure was 139.1 mm Hg in the early treatment group and 150.9 mm Hg in the delayed treatment group on day seven (P for group difference <0.001). Additionally, 54.6% of patients in the early treatment group and 22.4% in the delayed treatment group had blood pressure of less than 140/90 mm Hg (P<0.001 for group difference) on day seven. At day 90, 289 trial participants (12.0%) in the early treatment group, compared with 250 (10.5%) in the delayed treatment group, had died or experienced a dependency (odds ratio 1.18 (95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.41), P=0.08). No significant differences in recurrent stroke or adverse events were reported between the two groups. Conclusions Among patients with mild-to-moderate acute ischaemic stroke and systolic blood pressure between 140 mm Hg and <220 mm Hg who did not receive intravenous thrombolytic treatment, early antihypertensive treatment did not reduce the odds of dependency or death at 90 days. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03479554
First paleomagnetic results from Neocene Formations in Evia, Skyros and the Volos Region and the deformation of Central Aegea

Paleomagnetic results from Neogene volcanic and sedimentary formations in central Aegea indicate that Evia and Skyros have undergone a 48° and 26° clockwise rotation respectively. The Volos region does not show any significant rotation in the last 3 Ma. The rotation of Evia is about twice as large as the one measured from coeval formations in the external Hellenic arc. The results are interpreted in terms of a published model of distributed deformation by faulting, which also provides an explanation for the significant differential rotation of Evia and Skyros.
Continental collision with finite indenter strength: 1. Concept and model formulation

The partitioning of deformation during continental collision is modeled in plan view using a thin viscous sheet simulation. In contrast to many previous models, an indenter is defined here as a zone of finite viscosity contrast to the foreland and aspect ratio. Deformation is enforced by pushing the southern boundary into the model region. It is shown that deformation is equally partitioned between indenter and foreland if the aspect ratio of the indenter is about 1:2, and it is about twice as viscous as the foreland. For higher‐viscosity contrasts between the two plates, the partitioning of deformation between indenter and foreland depends more strongly on Argand number. The process of lateral extrusion is investigated by separating the lateral velocity field into a component that is due to lateral escape and a component that is due to gravitational extensional collapse. It is shown that lateral escape is roughly constant over time and is controlled by the convergence velocity and the obliquity of indentation.
Taxation of tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages: reviewing the evidence and dispelling the myths

The article reviews the large body of evidence on how taxation affects the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). There is abundant evidence that demand for tobacco, alcohol, and SSB is price-responsive and that tax changes are quickly passed on to consumers. This suggests that taxes can be highly effective in changing consumption and reducing the burden of diseases associated with consuming these products. Tobacco, alcohol, and SSB industries oppose taxation on similar grounds, mostly on the regressivity of taxes since regressive taxes take a larger percentage of income from low income earners than from middle and high income earners; but also on the effects taxes might have on employment and economic activity; and, in the case of tobacco, the effects taxation has on illicit trade. Contrary to industry arguments, evidence shows that taxation may have short-term negative financial consequences for low-income households. However, medium and long-term financial benefits from reduced healthcare costs, better health, and welfare largely compensate for such consequences. Moreover, taxation does not negatively affect aggregate economic activity or employment, as consumers switch demand to other products that generate employment and may compensate for any employment loss in taxed sectors. Evidence also shows the revenues generated are generally spent on labour-intensive services. In the case of illicit trade in tobacco, evidence shows that illicit trade has not increased globally (rather the opposite) despite increases in tobacco taxes. Profit-maximising smugglers increase illicit cigarette prices along with the increases in licit cigarette prices. This implies that even when increased taxes divert some demand to the illicit market, they push prices up in the illicit market, discouraging consumption.
Ranking of cell clusters in a single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis framework using prior knowledge

Prioritization or ranking of different cell types in a scRNA-Seq framework can be performed in a variety of ways, some of these include: i) obtaining an indication of the proportion of cell types between the different conditions under study, ii) counting the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cell types and conditions in the experiment or, iii) prioritizing cell types based on prior knowledge about the conditions under study (i.e., a specific disease). These methods have drawbacks and limitations thus novel methods for improving cell ranking are required. Here we present a novel methodology that exploits prior knowledge in combination with expert-user information to accentuate cell types from a scRNA-seq analysis that yield the most biologically meaningful results. Prior knowledge is incorporated in a standardized, structured manner, whereby a checklist is attained by querying MalaCards human disease database with a disease of interest. The checklist is comprised of pathways and drugs and, optionally, drug mode of actions (MOAs), associated with the disease. The user is prompted to “edit” this checklist by removing or adding terms (in the form of keywords) from the list of predefined terms. Our methodology has substantial advantages to more traditional cell ranking techniques and provides an informative complementary methodology that utilizes prior knowledge in a rapid and automated manner, that has previously not been attempted by other studies. The current methodology is also implemented as an R package entitled Single Cell Ranking Analysis Toolkit (scRANK) and is available for download and installation via GitHub (https://#hub.com/aoulas/scRANK) Author Summary Single-cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides an additive resolution down to the cellular level that was previously not available from traditional “Bulk” RNA sequencing experiments. However, it is often difficult to prioritize the specific cell-types which are primarily responsible for the cause of a disease. This work presents a novel methodology that exploits prior knowledge for a disease in combination with expert-user information to accentuate cell types from a scRNA-seq analysis that are most closely related to the molecular mechanism of a disease of interest. Prior knowledge is incorporated in a standardized, structured manner, whereby a checklist is attained by querying a human disease database called MalaCards. This checklist comes in the form of pathways and drugs and, optionally, drug mode of actions (MOAs), associated with the disease. The expert-user is prompted to “edit” the prior knowledge checklist by removing or adding terms from the list of predefined terms. This methodology has substantial advantages to more traditional cell prioritizing or ranking techniques and provides an informative complementary methodology that utilizes prior knowledge in a rapid and automated manner.
A Normative Framework Dissociates Need and Motivation in Hypothalamic Neurons

Physiological needs evoke motivational drives to produce natural behaviours for survival. However, the temporally intertwined dynamics of need and motivation have made it challenging to differentiate these two components in previous experimental paradigms. Based on classic homeostatic theories, we established a normative framework to derive computational models of neural activity and behaviours for need-encoding and motivation-encoding neurons during events that induce predicted gain or loss. We further developed simple and intuitive experimental paradigms that enabled us to distinguish the distinct roles of subpopulations of neurons in the hypothalamus. Our results show that AgRP neurons and LHLepR neurons are consistent with need and motivation, respectively. Our study provides a parsimonious understanding of how distinct hypothalamic neurons separately encode need and motivation to produce adaptive behaviours for maintaining homeostasis.
Asynchronous Detection of Erroneous Behaviors in Human-Robot Interaction with EEG: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models

We present a comparative analysis of two distinct machine-learning models designed to detect asynchronous errors during Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The models under scrutiny are a customized ResNet model and an ensemble model, both trained and validated using EEG data. The ResNet model is a unique adaptation of the Residual Network, comprising a one-dimensional convolutional layer followed by batch normalization and ReLU activation. It also features a custom Residual Block structure and an adaptive average pooling layer, concluding with a fully connected linear layer for binary classification. The ensemble model, on the other hand, incorporates various machine learning models such as MLP, logistic regression, SVM, random forest, and XGBoost, unified in a pipeline with feature extraction and transformation steps. A critical component of our research is the innovative probability map, which maintains a granularity of 0.1 seconds. This map forecasts the likelihood of forthcoming one-second intervals being classified as either Error or Non-error. Our comparative analysis reveals significant variations in the performance of the two models, both of which exhibit promising results in detecting erroneous behaviors during HRI. We provide detailed validation results, including the accuracy, F1 score, and confusion matrix for each model. This study offers valuable insights into the potential of machine learning in enhancing HRI efficiency and accuracy, indicating promising directions for future research.
A Fine-Grained Study of the Experience of Drought, Risk and Climate Change Among Australian Wheat Farming Households

An increasing body of research shows that climate change takes expression in local processes such as increased climatic variability; climatic risk is managed in relation to other risks in agricultural households; and adaptation is an everyday social process as much as a question of new crop varieties. Understanding how farming households experience the interactions of climatic variability, multifaceted risk, adaptation, and everyday social processes is crucial to informed policy development. A study of New South Wales wheat farming households during the failed harvest seasons of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 provided a unique opportunity to examine how they approached unprecedented drought in relation to both past and future changes. We analyzed their experience of the hybrid assemblage comprising risk, climate change, and a deregulated policy environment in their everyday lives and individual bodies. These farmers are not adapting to future conditions but are in continuous interplay among multiple temporalities, including memories of the past. They see themselves as adapting in situ rather than relocating northwards with predicted rainfall movements. Capacities to deal with risk and uncertainty vary with a range of social and locational factors, tending to coalesce into patterns of vulnerability and resilience that offer strong predictors as to which households are most likely to be sustainable in the longer term.