Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfur content at sulfide saturation in oxidized magmas

Accurate estimates of the sulfur content in silicate melts at sulfide saturation are required to explain magmatic processes such as the origin and budget of sulfur in some volcanic eruptions and the transfer of Cu, Au, and other precious metals from the mantle to the crust via partial melting of the mantle. A model that links S speciation, S content at sulfide saturation (SCSS), S content at anhydrite saturation (SCAS), and changes in oxygen fugacity ( f O2) is presented. The model predicts an exponential increase in the SCSS with increasing f O2 from fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) because of the contribution of sulfate species in the melt. The predicted SCSS ranges from 1300 ppm (at FMQ − 1) to 1500 ppm (at FMQ + 0.5) for mid-oceanic-ridge basalts (MORB), is up to 7500 ppm (at FMQ + 2) for backarc and oceanic-island basalts, and can be as high as 1.4 wt% (at FMQ + 2.3) for island arc basalts. For the mantle wedge above subducting slabs, the SCSS ranges from 1500 ppm (at FMQ + 0.4) to 4500 ppm (at FMQ + 1.7). Disequilibrium experiments show textural evidence that is consistent with the model predictions. Thus, sulfide-undersaturated magmas can be formed at relatively low degrees of melting in metasomatized mantle sources without the need to invoke sulfide elimination by oxidation at high f O2. Estimates of the amount of S that can be transported by silicate melts need to account for the enhanced capacity of silicate melts to dissolve S when sulfate species are present, even if sulfides are the stable S-bearing phase.
Mapping the spatial variation of soil moisture at the large scale using GPR for pavement applications

The characterization of shallow soil moisture spatial variability at the large scale is a crucial issue in many research studies and fields of application ranging from agriculture and geology to civil and environmental engineering. In this framework, this work contributes to the research in the area of pavement engineering for preventing damages and planning effective management. High spatial variations of subsurface water content can lead to unexpected damage of the load-bearing layers; accordingly, both safety and operability of roads become lower, thereby affecting an increase in expected accidents. A pulsed ground-penetrating radar system with ground-coupled antennas, i.e., 600-MHz and 1600-MHz center frequencies of investigation, was used to collect data in a 16 m × 16 m study site in the Po Valley area in northern Italy. Two ground-penetrating radar techniques were employed to nondestructively retrieve the subsurface moisture spatial profile. The first technique is based on the evaluation of the dielectric permittivity from the attenuation of signal amplitudes. Therefore, dielectrics were converted into moisture values using soil-specific coefficients from Topp’s relationship. Groundpenetrating-radar-derived values of soil moisture were then compared with measurements from eight capacitance probes. The second technique is based on the Rayleigh scattering of the signal from the Fresnel theory, wherein the shifts of the peaks of frequency spectra are assumed comprehensive indicators for characterizing the spatial variability of moisture. Both ground-penetrating radar methods have shown great promise for mapping the spatial variability of soil moisture at the large scale.
MoDem-V2: Visuo-Motor World Models for Real-World Robot Manipulation

Robotic systems that aspire to operate in uninstrumented real-world environments must perceive the world directly via onboard sensing. Vision-based learning systems aim to eliminate the need for environment instrumentation by building an implicit understanding of the world based on raw pixels, but navigating the contact-rich high-dimensional search space from solely sparse visual reward signals significantly exacerbates the challenge of exploration. The applicability of such systems is thus typically restricted to simulated or heavily engineered environments since agent exploration in the real-world without the guidance of explicit state estimation and dense rewards can lead to unsafe behavior and safety faults that are catastrophic. In this study, we isolate the root causes behind these limitations to develop a system, called MoDem-V2, capable of learning contact-rich manipulation directly in the uninstrumented real world. Building on the latest algorithmic advancements in model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL), demo-bootstrapping, and effective exploration, MoDem-V2 can acquire contact-rich dexterous manipulation skills directly in the real world. We identify key ingredients for leveraging demonstrations in model learning while respecting real-world safety considerations -- exploration centering, agency handover, and actor-critic ensembles. We empirically demonstrate the contribution of these ingredients in four complex visuo-motor manipulation problems in both simulation and the real world. To the best of our knowledge, our work presents the first successful system for demonstration-augmented visual MBRL trained directly in the real world. Visit https://sites.google. com/view/modem-v2 for videos and more details.
CLIP-DIY: CLIP Dense Inference Yields Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation For-Free

The emergence of CLIP has opened the way for open-world image perception. The zero-shot classification capabilities of the model are impressive but are harder to use for dense tasks such as image segmentation. Several methods have proposed different modifications and learning schemes to produce dense output. Instead, we propose in this work an open-vocabulary semantic segmentation method, dubbed CLIP-DIY, which does not require any additional training or annotations, but instead leverages existing unsupervised object localization approaches. In particular, CLIP-DIY is a multi-scale approach that directly exploits CLIP classification abilities on patches of different sizes and aggregates the decision in a single map. We further guide the segmentation using foreground/background scores obtained using unsupervised object localization methods. With our method, we obtain state-of-the-art zero-shot semantic segmentation results on PASCAL VOC and perform on par with the best methods on COCO. The code is available at http://github.com/wysoczanska/clip-diy
Global lightning distributions at dawn and dusk

Global lightning distributions for the period August 1977 to June 1978 have been obtained from lightning sensors on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) flights 2 and 3. Seasonally averaged trigger rates are calculated for 10°×10° cells on the earth, an area roughly equal to the resolution limit of the sensors. These data indicate that 37% of global lightning activity originates over the oceans at dawn, and this fraction drops to 15% at dusk. The seasonally averaged mean global lightning flash rate varies by about 10% through the year, with an absolute value within the range of 40–120 flashes per second.
External shapes, strain rates, and dynamics of salt structures

Salt structures continue to attract attention as petroleum traps and as storage vessels for wastes or fuels. Drawing on field studies, experiment, and theory, we examine the megascopic structure and large-scale dynamics of salt structures. Salt flowage can transform a tabular salt body into nondiapiric rollers, anticlines, and pillows; into diapiric walls, stocks, massifs, and nappes; and into extrusive domes and salt glaciers. These structures distort at widely variable strain rates of 10−8 s−1 to 1016 s−1, with a comparatively restricted range of dominant wavelengths of 7–26 km. Buoyancy is an ineffective diapiric mechanism unless the salt structure has pre-existing relief of at least 150 m beneath a denser overburden of terrigenous clastics. Differential loading is a far more effective mechanism in the early stages of diapirism and commonly results in asymmetric salt structures. Gravity spreading modifies the shape of salt structures with negative buoyancy. With a heat-induced density inversion, thermal convection may lead to internal circulation and stirring of a still-tabular salt body. At least four mechanisms may form broad bulbs on mature salt stocks. Consideration of the effective viscosity contrast between salt and its cover suggests that mature stocks may have stems much more narrow than is commonly envisaged. Salt tectonics is classified here on the basis of change of gravity potential energy that promotes or retards salt flow. Halokinetic movements can be initiated, succeeded, retarded, or accelerated by regional tangential forces that stretch, wrench, or compress sedimentary basins.
Transferring climate change knowledge

Accurate and precise climate projections are required for climate adaptation and mitigation, but Earth system models still exhibit great uncertainties. Several approaches have been developed to reduce the spread of climate projections and feedbacks, yet those methods cannot capture the non-linear complexity inherent in the climate system. Using a Transfer Learning approach, we show that Machine Learning can be used to optimally leverage and merge the knowledge gained from Earth system models simulations and historical observations to more accurately project global surface air temperature fields in the 21st century. We reach an uncertainty reduction of more than 50% with respect to state-of-the-art approaches. We give evidence that our novel method provides narrower projection uncertainty together with more accurate mean climate projections, urgently required for climate adaptation.
POTENCIAL HÍDRICO FOLIAR EM MILHO SUBMETIDO AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO

O potencial hidrico foliar pode ser considerado como um parâmetro de indicacao da condicao hidrica das culturas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o potencial hidrico foliar das plantas de milho sobre deficit hidrico no estagio inicial de desenvolvimento reprodutivo. O experimento foi conduzido no interior de uma cobertura movel “Rainout shelter”, utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quinze repeticoes. Os tratamentos foram constituidos de dois manejos da agua de irrigacao: (i) irrigado (as plantas de milho receberam irrigacao conforme suas necessidades durante todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento); (ii) deficit hidrico aplicado antes do pendoamento. O deficit hidrico teve uma duracao de aproximadamente 50 mm de ETo acumulada. A cobertura movel foi acionada quando da ocorrencia de chuvas, impedindo que esta ocorresse sobre a area experimental. Determinou-se o conteudo de agua disponivel nas camadas de 0-10, 10-25, 25-55 e 55-85 cm de profundidade e variacao diaria do potencial hidrico das folhas de milho. Nao foram observadas diferencas entre os tratamentos para o potencial de agua na folha. O potencial hidrico foliar em plantas de milho nao apresenta variacao para deficit hidrico de 50 mm de evapotranspiracao de referencia acumulada. UNITERMOS : deficit hidrico, potencial hidrico foliar, milho, irrigacao. MARTINS, J. D. ; CARLESSO. R. ; KNIES, A. E. ; OLIVEIRA, Z. B. ; BROETTO, T. ; RODRIGUES, G. J. LEAF WATER POTENTIAL IN MAIZE EXPOSED TO WATER DEFICIT 2 ABSTRACT The leaf water potential can be considered as a parameter for indicating the crops water condition. This work aimed to study the maize leaf water potential on water deficit in the reproductive developmentinitial stage. The experiment was conducted within a mobile coverage "rainout shelter" using a completely randomized design with two treatments and fifteen repetitions. The treatments consisted of two water irrigation management: (i) irrigated (maize was irrigated as needed throughout the development cycle), (ii) water stress applied before tasseling. The drought lasted approximately 50 mm of accumulated reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The mobile coverage was triggered when rainfall occurred, preventing water from falling into the experimental area. Available water was determined in layers of 0-10, 10-25, 25-55 and 55-85 cm depth and daily variation of water potential in maize leaves were also evaluated. There were no differences between treatments for leaf water potential. The maize leaf water potential presented no change to water deficit equivalent to 50 mm of accumulated ETo. KEYWORDS: water deficit, leaf water potential, maize, irrigation.
Dataset Diffusion: Diffusion-based Synthetic Dataset Generation for Pixel-Level Semantic Segmentation

Preparing training data for deep vision models is a labor-intensive task. To address this, generative models have emerged as an effective solution for generating synthetic data. While current generative models produce image-level category labels, we propose a novel method for generating pixel-level semantic segmentation labels using the text-to-image generative model Stable Diffusion (SD). By utilizing the text prompts, cross-attention, and self-attention of SD, we introduce three new techniques: class-prompt appending, class-prompt cross-attention, and self-attention exponentiation. These techniques enable us to generate segmentation maps corresponding to synthetic images. These maps serve as pseudo-labels for training semantic segmenters, eliminating the need for labor-intensive pixel-wise annotation. To account for the imperfections in our pseudo-labels, we incorporate uncertainty regions into the segmentation, allowing us to disregard loss from those regions. We conduct evaluations on two datasets, PASCAL VOC and MSCOCO, and our approach significantly outperforms concurrent work. Our benchmarks and code will be released at https://github.com/VinAIResearch/Dataset-Diffusion
Exploring Robot Morphology Spaces through Breadth-First Search and Random Query

Evolutionary robotics offers a powerful framework for designing and evolving robot morphologies, particularly in the context of modular robots. However, the role of query mechanisms during the genotype-to-phenotype mapping process has been largely overlooked. This research addresses this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of query mechanisms in the brain-body co-evolution of modular robots. Using two different query mechanisms, Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Random Query, within the context of evolving robot morphologies using CPPNs and robot controllers using tensors, and testing them in two evolutionary frameworks, Lamarckian and Darwinian systems, this study investigates their influence on evolutionary outcomes and performance. The findings demonstrate the impact of the two query mechanisms on the evolution and performance of modular robot bodies, including morphological intelligence, diversity, and morphological traits. This study suggests that BFS is both more effective and efficient in producing highly performing robots. It also reveals that initially, robot diversity was higher with BFS compared to Random Query, but in the Lamarckian system, it declines faster, converging to superior designs, while in the Darwinian system, BFS led to higher end-process diversity.
Large‐offset approximation to seismic reflection traveltimes

Conventional approximations of reflection traveltimes assume a small offset‐to‐depth ratio, and their accuracy decreases with increasing offset‐to‐depth ratio. Hence, they are not suitable for velocity analysis and stacking of long‐offset reflection seismic data. Assuming that the offset is large, rather than small, we present a new traveltime approximation which is exact at infinite offset and has a decreasing accuracy with decreasing offset‐to‐depth ratio. This approximation has the form of a series containing powers of the offset from 1 to −∞. It is particularly accurate in the presence of a thin high‐velocity layer above the reflector, i.e. in a situation where the accuracy of the Taner and Koehler series is poor. This new series can be used to gain insight into the velocity information contained in reflection traveltimes at large offsets, and possibly to improve velocity analysis and stacking of long‐offset reflection seismic data.
Little Ice Age clearly recorded in northern Greenland ice cores

Four ice cores drilled in the little investigated area of northern and northeastern Greenland were evaluated for their isotopic (δ18O) and chemical content. From these rather uniform records a stable isotope temperature time series covering the last 500 years has been deduced, which reveals distinct climate cooling during the 17th and the first half of the 19th century. Timing of the preindustrial temperature deviations agrees well with other northern hemisphere temperature reconstructions, however, their extent (∼1°C) significantly exceeds both continental records as well as previous southern and central Greenland ice core time series. A 20–30% increase in the sea salt aerosol load during these periods supports accompanying circulation changes over the North Atlantic. Comparison with records of potential natural climate driving forces points to an important role of the long‐term solar influence but to only episodically relevant cooling during years directly following major volcano eruptions.
Glaciochemical dating of an ice core from upper Grenzgletscher (4200 m a.s.l.)

Abstract One crucial condition for the interpretation of ice-core records is the establishment of an accurate time-scale. This task is especially difficult for glacier sites in a complex topography such as the Alps, due to the often irregular deposition of fresh precipitation. In this work, dating techniques were applied to an Alpine ice core from upper Grenzgletscher, Monte Rosa massif (4200 m a.s.l.), representing about two-thirds of the total glacier thickness. They are based on (i) the radioactive decay of the isotope 210Pb, (ii) seasonally varying signals such as the concentrations of NH4 + and the isotopic ratio δ 18O, and (iii) stratigraphic markers from Saharan dust falls, atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and the reactor accident in Chernobyl. From the combined application of these dating methods, a time period of 1937–94 covered by the ice core was derived. Dating uncertainty is <1 year for the period 1970–94 and ± 2 years for the period 1937–69. The observed thinning of the annual layers as a function of depth could be well described by a simple kinematic glacier flow model.
Assimilation of Precipitation Data to the JMA Mesoscale Model with a Four-dimensional Variational Method and its Impact on Precipitation Forecasts

Two sets of forecast-analysis cycle experiments were performed with and without direct assimilation of precipitation amounts using JMA mesoscale four-dimensional variational data assimilation system (Meso4D-Var). With a devised cost function of precipitation observation, which is derived from the exponential distribution, Meso 4D-Var successfully assimilated precipitation data in various weather situations throughout a one-month experiment period. The result of experiments shows that the precipitation assimilation by Meso 4D-Var improves the model forecasts of both weak and moderate precipitation and it ameliorates a spin-up problem of the model precipitation.
Rhizocarpon calibration curve for the Aoraki/Mount Cook area of New Zealand

Development of Rhizocarpon growth curve from the Aoraki/Mount Cook area of New Zealand provides a means to assess Little Ice Age glacier behaviour and suggests approaches that have wider application. Employing a sampling strategy based on large populations affords the opportunity to assess which of various metrics (e.g. single largest, average of five largest, mean of an entire population) best characterise Rhizocarpon growth patterns. The 98% quantile from each population fitted with a quadric curve forms a reliable representation of the growth pattern. Since this metric does not depend on the original sample size, comparisons are valid where sample strategy must be adapted to local situations or where the original sample size differs. For the Aoraki/Mount Cook area a surface 100 years old will have a 98% quantile lichen diameter of 34.3 mm, whereas a 200‐year‐old surface will have a lichen diameter of 73.7 mm. In the Southern Alps, constraints from the age range of calibration points, the flattening of the quadric calibration curve and ecological factors limit the useful age range to approximately 250 years. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heating rate within the upper ocean in relation to its bio-optical state

Abstract Solar radiation absorption and local heating within the upper layers of the open ocean are strongly influenced by the abundance of phytoplankton as depicted by the chlorophyll concentration. According to whether this concentration is high or low, the heat deposition occurs within a layer that may vary in thickness from low than 10 m to more than 100 m. A simple parameterization, accounting for this dependence, is developed. It allows the vertical profiles of heating rate to be predicted from the phytoplanktonic pigment concentration, as it can (and will) be remotely detected from space, by using ocean color sensors. This computationally efficient parameterization has been validated in reference to the results of a full spectral model. In the simplified computation, the solar spectrum is partitioned into two domains, below and above the wavelength 0.75 µm. For the infrared waveband, not influenced by biological materials the irradiance profile is described by a single exponential function. For the.
Morphodynamics of river‐influenced back‐barrier tidal basins: The role of landscape and hydrodynamic settings

We investigate the morphodynamics of river‐influenced barrier basins numerically, with a particular emphasis on the effects of landscape and hydrodynamic settings. The simulated morphologies are qualitatively comparable to natural systems (e.g., tidal inlets along the East Coast of the USA). Model results suggest that the basin morphology is governed by the relative importance of tidal and fluvial forcing which is reflected, to the first‐order approximation, in the ratio (rQ) between the mean tidal and river discharge. In agreement with empirical knowledge, the model indicates that riverine influence can be neglected when rQ is larger than 20. On the other hand, the river may dominate when rQ is smaller than 5. Pronounced differences in morphodynamic evolution are observed for different landscape settings (i.e., initial basin bathymetries and river inflow locations), indicating their fundamental importance in governing the evolution of barrier basins. Model results also show that the addition of a river tends to compensate the flood dominance in the tidal basin. Overall, the river flow has limited influence on the volumetric change of tidal flats, while it plays a more important role in determining the depth of the tidal channels and the size of the ebb delta. The riverine sediment source appears to be more important in shaping the basin morphology when the fluvial forcing is stronger. Finally, we show that the presence of a large river in a tidal inlet system influences the performance of the widely adopted relation between tidal prism and inlet cross‐sectional area.
History of sulfate aerosol radiative forcings

The history of the global sulfur cycle has been simulated using an emission inventory of SO2 for 1990 and previously published historical trends in emission on a per country basis. The global‐ annual‐mean radiative forcings due to sulfate aerosols increase (in absolute values) from near‐zero and −0.17 Wm−2 up to −0.4 and −1 Wm−2 between 1850 and 1990, for the direct and indirect effects, respectively. The forcing efficiency (defined as the ratio of the radiative forcing to the anthropogenic sulfate burden) is fairly constant for the direct effect at −150 W(g sulfate)−1 but decreases significantly for the indirect effect with increasing sulfate burden. The model results are compared with long‐term observations for the period 1980 to 1998 in the U.S. and Europe.