Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of differing hunting practices on the relative abundance of mammals in two rainforest areas of the Western Ghats, India

We assessed the distribution and relative abundance of mammals in two rainforest areas, Brahmagiri-Makut and Sirsi-Honnavara, of the Western Ghats, southern India, from November 2001 to April 2002. Both direct (daytime and night-time wildlife sightings through ‘recky’ walks) and indirect (wildlife signs and local information) methods were employed. A total of 34–35 species, of which we recorded 31–32, are known from the two areas; 14 are in one of the IUCN Red List threatened categories and six are endemic to India. Ecological factors account for the distribution and relative abundance of only three species (Nilgiri langur Semnopithecus johnii, lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus and Asiatic elephant Elephas maximus). Ten other large species of mammals were more common in Sirsi-Honnavara than in Brahmagiri-Makut, whereas most of nine smaller species were generally more common in Brahmagiri-Makut. These differences can be attributed to different hunting practices rather than to ecological or biogeographical factors. In Brahmagiri-Makut the mainly daytime hunting using guns has the greatest impact on large diurnal mammals, whereas in Sirsi-Honnavara the mostly night-time hunting with traps, and avoidance of primates, has a greater effect on small nocturnal mammals. Brahmagiri-Makut is one of the few areas in the Western Ghats where all of the primate species of southern India can still be found, but the area does not receive any official protection. In Sirsi-Honnavara encroachment of agriculture is a regular practice, and the remaining forests exist only as a network of narrow strips.
PERDA DE VITAMINA C DURANTE O ARMAZENAMENTO DE POLPA DE ACEROLA CONGELADA

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a perda de vitamina C durante o armazenamento de polpas de acerola congeladas, comercializadas em Boa Vista/RR (Brasil), comparando-se o produto pasteurizado com aquele nao submetido ao tratamento termico. Quantificou-se a perda de vitamina C de polpa de acerola pasteurizada e de polpa in natura , durante o armazenamento por 90 dias. Ambas as polpas apresentaram reducao significativa do teor de vitamina C durante o armazenamento sob congelamento, tendo a polpa nao pasteurizada evidenciado perda mais elevada. Essa significativa perda vitaminica gera questionamentos acerca da vida util atribuida as polpas de frutas congeladas, bem como quanto a adequacao das embalagens utilizadas.
Feeding-deterrent activity of α-asarone isomers against some stored Coleoptera.

All isomers of α-asarone [(E)-4-prop-1-enyl-1,2,5-trimethoxybenzene] were tested for their feeding deterrent activity against adults of Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum and larvae of Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium confusum. (E)-2-prop-1-enyl-1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene exhibited the strongest deterrent activity against all the species tested. The total coefficients of deterrency for this compound were 140.6 and 169.7 for Tribolium confusum adults and larvae, respectively, and 144.9 and 104.6 for larvae of Trogoderma granarium and adults of Sitophilus granarius, respectively. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Forecasting effects of climate change on Great Lakes fisheries: models that link habitat supply to population dynamics can help

Future changes to climate in the Great Lakes may have important consequences for fisheries. Evidence suggests that Great Lakes air and water temperatures have risen and the duration of ice cover has lessened during the past century. Global circulation models (GCMs) suggest future warming and increases in precipitation in the region. We present new evidence that water temperatures have risen in Lake Erie, particularly during summer and winter in the period 19652000. GCM forecasts coupled with physical models suggest lower annual runoff, less ice cover, and lower lake levels in the future, but the certainty of these forecasts is low. Assessment of the likely effects of climate change on fish stocks will require an integrative approach that considers several components of habitat rather than water temperature alone. We recommend using mechanistic models that couple habitat conditions to population demographics to explore integrated effects of climate-caused habitat change and illustrate this approach with a.
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The factor Xa inhibitor apixaban is one of the novel anticoagulants to emerge as alternatives to long-standing standards of care that include low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin. The development of apixaban reflects a strategy to optimize the clinical pharmacology profile, dosing posology, trial designs, and statistical analyses across multiple indications, and to seek alignment with global health authorities. The primary objective of dose selection was to maintain balance between efficacy and bleeding risk. Twice-daily dosing of apixaban, rather than once daily, was chosen to lower peak concentrations and reduce fluctuations between peak and trough levels. Our discussion here focuses on the use of apixaban for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Supporting this indication, a pair of registrational trials was conducted that enrolled the full spectrum of patients who, by guidelines, were eligible for anticoagulation. In the AVERROES study of patients who were unsuitable for warfarin therapy, apixaban was superior to aspirin in reducing the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (SSE), without a significant increase in major bleeding (MB). In the ARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction In STroke and Other ThromboemboLic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) study, apixaban was superior to warfarin on the rates of SSE, MB, and all-cause mortality. Overall, these studies have demonstrated a substantially favorable benefit–risk profile for apixaban over warfarin and aspirin in NVAF.
Dietary and Temporal Niche Differentiation in Tropical Ants—Can They Explain Local Ant Coexistence?

How species with similar ecological requirements avoid competitive exclusion remains contentious, especially in the species‐rich tropics. Niche differentiation has been proposed as a major mechanism for species coexistence. However, different niche dimensions must be studied simultaneously to assess their combined effects on diversity and composition of a community. In most terrestrial ecosystems, ants are among the most abundant and ubiquitous animals. Since they display direct, aggressive competition and often competitively displace subordinate species from resources, niche differentiation may be especially relevant among ants. We studied temporal and trophic niche differentiation in a ground ant community in a forest fragment in French Guiana. Different baits were presented during day and night to assess the temporal and dietary niches of the local species. They represented natural food resources such as sugars, carrion, excrements, seeds, and live prey. In addition, pitfalls provided a background measure of ant diversity. The communities attracted to the different baits significantly differed from each other, and even less attractive baits yielded additional species. We detected species specialized on living grasshoppers, sucrose, seeds, or dead insects. Community‐level differences between day and night were larger than those between baits, and many species were temporally specialized. In contrast to commonness, foraging efficiency of species was correlated to food specialization. We conclude that many ant species occupy different temporal or dietary niches. However, for many generalized species, the dietary, and temporal niche differentiation brought forward through our sampling effort, cannot alone explain their coexistence.
Seasonal carbon budget and growth of Laminaria solidungula in the Alaskan High Arctic

Larninaria solidungula is the dominant member of an arctic kelp community subjected annually to 8 mo of darkness under a turbid ice canopy. Seasonal changes in total tissue carbon were measured for 24 sporophytes incubated in situ for 1 yr. Net annual production was calculated from these measurements and compared to carbon fixation rates from in situ "C uptake experiments. During rapid linear growth, from November to late Apnl, L. soljdungula has a carbon deficit. About 25 % of the plant's original carbon content is depleted before photosynthet~c production begins at ice breakup in June or early July. Daily rate of carbon loss (0.7 pg mg' of frond dry weight) is greatest between November and late February, and least (0.2pg C mg' d-') between February and late Apnl due to photosynthesis at extremely low hght levels. Summer carbon fixation rate measured by I4C uptake experiments was 0.09pg rng-' h' . This rate of production, when extrapolated for the summer openwater period, matched net carbon production for experimental plants grown in situ, with no assimilatory surplus. L. soLidungula reallocates stored reserves to produce new frond tissue during ice-covered periods that replaces about 80 % of the previous year's carbon content.
Seasonal Changes in Soluble Carbohydrates, Starch, and Energy Content in Mediterranean Seagrasses

In all scagrass species investigated, rhizomes were the main storage organs for soluble carbohydrate reserves, and the highest levels were found in Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson. Sucrose was the primary soluble carbohydrate identified in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, and Zostera noltii Hornem. This disaccharide was dominant in Cymodocea nodosa roots, as well as in its rhizome in winter. Myo-inositol was the main cyclitol in Zostera noltii. In Cymodocea nodosa leaves 1-chiro-inositol was the main sugar component; it was also present to a lesser extent in the roots and rhizomes. The amounts of glucose and fructose were correlated with growth to a certain extent in all species. Higher amounts of starch were stored in the rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica and Zostera noltii. The energy content of Mediterranean scagrasses was significantly higher than in tropical species. No distinct seasonal trend in energy content could be observed.
Growth, Survival, and Feeding Rates for the Geoduck Panopea globosa During Larval Development

ABSTRACT Developmental larval stages of the geoduck Panopea globosa (Dall, 1898) are described for the first time. Growth rate, survival, and the length—size relationship were also assessed at 22°C in five independently reared cohorts. Clearance rates (CR), ingestion rates (IR), dry weight, and organic weight of select larval stages were quantified in two additional runs. Clearance rates and IR were evaluated as a function of cell concentration (50, 100, 200 and 300 cells/µL) of the chrysophyte Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) using static systems. Conspicuous larval stages appeared after 20 h (trochophore), 24 h (straight hinge or “D”), 5–6 day (early umboned), 9–10 days (intermediate umboned), 11–12 days (late umboned), and 12–14 days (pediveliger). The larval period for P. globosa lasted between 12 days and 14 days, and the shell length recorded at settlement ranged from 332–356 µm (mean, 343 ± 4.2 µm). The overall average gross growth rate of the five larval cohorts was ∼20 µm/day. The relationship between larval shell length (in micrometers) and organic weight (in micrograms) followed a power function with an exponent value of 2.43, whereas the relationship between dry weight and organic weight was linear. Survival rate was approximately 50% in three larval cohorts and 20% in two cohorts. Clearance rates were inversely related to microalgal concentration regardless of larval size, and ranged from 0.3–1.5 µL/h (D larvae) to 15–59 µL/h (pediveliger, 330µm). On the other hand, IR increased with increasing algal concentration, and reached maximum values at 200 cells/µL, except in D-hinge larvae, which exhibited a maximum IR at all concentrations tested. At the highest concentration (300 cells/µL), premetamorphic larvae inhibited their IR. Overall, IR increased from 57–85 cells/h (D-hinge larvae) to 40- or 50-fold when larvae reached the premetamorphic stage. The current study revealed that P. globosa has a short larval period and high survival rate, and withstands a wide range of food concentrations without inhibiting its IR. Therefore, this species appears to be an excellent candidate for hatchery production.
Geographic Patterns of Genetic Differentiation among Collections of Green Sturgeon

Abstract The population structure of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris has not previously been evaluated, although commercial and bycatch harvests may be impacting multiple populations of this species. Molecular markers were used to distinguish between green and white sturgeon A. transmontanus and to examine the genetic variation among green sturgeon collected from four locations along the West Coast of the United States between San Pablo Bay, California, and the Columbia River, Washington. Verification that putative green sturgeon samples were not white sturgeon was accomplished with a diagnostic restriction fragment length polymorphism in the mitochondrial cytochrome b locus. Genetic variation in green sturgeon was investigated using six microsatellite loci developed from published primers. Allele frequencies, the fixation index F ST, and observed heterozygosities were determined at three disomic and three tetrasomic loci amplified from fin tissue samples. Pairwise F ST values of 0.005 and −0.002 ind.
The nitrate and ammonium nitrate supply have a major influence on the response of photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and growth to elevated carbon dioxide in tobacco

The effect of elevated [CO2] on biomass, nitrate, ammonium, amino acids, protein, nitrate reductase activity, carbohydrates, photosynthesis, the activities of Rubisco and six other Calvin cycle enzymes, and transcripts for Rubisco small subunit, Rubisco activase, chlorophyll a binding protein, NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, transketolase, plastid fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was investigated in tobacco growing on 2, 6 and 20 m M nitrate and 1, 3 and 10 m M ammonium nitate. (i) The growth stimulation in elevated [CO2] was attenuated in intermediate and abolished in low nitrogen. (ii) Elevated [CO2] led to a decline of nitrate, ammonium, amino acids especially glutamine, and protein in low nitrogen and a dramatic decrease in intermediate nitrogen, but not in high nitrogen. (iii) Elevated [CO2] led to a decrease of nitrate reductase activity in low, intermediate and high ammonium nitrate and in intermediate nitrate, but not in high nitrate. (iii) At low nitrogen, starch increased relative to sugars. Elevated [CO2] exaggerated this shift. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase transcript increased in low nitrogen, and in elevated [CO2]. (iv) In high nitrogen, sugars rose in elevated [CO2], but there was no acclimation of photosynthetic rate, only a small decrease of Rubisco and no decrease of other Calvin cycle enzymes, and no decrease of the corresponding transcripts. In lower nitrogen, there was a marked acclimation of photosynthetic rate and a general decrease of Calvin cycle enzymes, even though sugar levels did not increase. The decreased activities were due to a general decrease of leaf protein. The corresponding transcripts did not decrease except at very low nitrogen. (v) It is concluded that many of the effects of elevated [CO2] on nitrate metabolism, photosynthate allocation, photosynthetic acclimation and growth are due to a shift in nitrogen status.
Diet of mammalian predators in braided river beds in the central South Island, New Zealand

In New Zealand, five of the six endemic bird species that breed primarily in South Island braided river beds are classed as threatened. A major cause of decline for these species is predation by introduced mammals, and predator-trapping programs are undertaken in the braided rivers of the Mackenzie Basin to protect them. Trapping programs carried out between September 1997 and April 2001 provided the opportunity to investigate predator diet from the gut contents of 375 cats (Felis catus), 371 ferrets (Mustela furo) and 86 stoats (Mustela erminea). As a percentage frequency of occurrence of the main prey items, cat diet consisted of lagomorphs (present in 70% of guts), birds (in 47%), lizards (30%) and invertebrates (36%). Ferret diet consisted of lagomorphs (69%) and birds (28%). Stoat diet consisted of lagomorphs (50%), birds (51%), lizards (21%) and invertebrates (23%). The frequency of occurrence of birds in all three predators was higher in the spring/summer of 1997 – immediately after rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was introduced – than in any other previous diet study on these braided rivers. This suggests that RHD did lead to increased predation pressure on birds, at least in the short term.
GROWTH RATES OF CLADONIA ALPESTRIS, C. MITIS, AND C. RANGIFERINA IN THE TALTSON RIVER REGION, N.W.T.

Data on the growth rate of lichens are essential to the understanding of the carrying capacities of rangelands used by caribou and reindeer in Canada. Recent Russian literature suggests fruticose lichens have three growth stages. The first stage is one of podetium accumulation. During the second stage, accumulation rate and decomposition rate are similar, while, in the third stage, decomposition of the Podetium is more rapid than accumulation. In the Taltson River region, the average annual linear growth rates of Cladonia alpestris, Cladonia mitis, and Cladonia rangiferina as determined by dividing the number of joints on the living podetium by the height of the living portion of the podetium, are 3.4, 3.6, and 4.1 mm, respectively. These rates are less than those reported from Russia, Newfoundland, and northern Saskatchewan.
An example of life history antecedence in the European badger (Meles meles): rapid development of juvenile antioxidant capacity, from plasma vitamin E analogue

The way organisms cope with oxidative stress, to quench potentially toxic oxygen free radicals while maintaining oxygen species functionality, is crucial in shaping life-history traits. Antioxidant capacity plays an important role in this process. Here we use multi-model inference procedures to examine the age-class-dependent non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of the European badger (Meles meles), testing non-enzymatic plasma antioxidant capacity and expressing the results as vitamin E analogue (VEA) equivalent units. Despite immaturity (ca 16 weeks old), cubs exhibited plasma antioxidant capacity equivalent to those of prime-age adults (1–5 years old). Compared to individuals aged 6 years and over, cubs exhibited significantly higher non-enzymatic plasma antioxidant capacity. There was no association between plasma antioxidant capacity and sex or other physiological variables, such as body condition or presence of wounding. We consider the adaptive significance of this life-history strategy with respect to pandemic endoparasitoses that affect badger cub survival, as well as a possible link to the free radical theory of ageing. Our finding on the interaction between age and antioxidant defences (linked to immune function) has implications for the controversy surrounding effective badger bovine tuberculosis management strategy in the UK.
Separating the Noise from the Noise: A Finding in Support of the “Niche Hypothesis,” That Birds are Influenced by Human-Induced Noise in Natural Habitats

ABSTRACT Controlling for the confounding influence of physical disturbance, it was possible to test the hypothesis that ambient noise alone would play a role in structuring bird communities in riparian habitats in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Point counts of birds were conducted in open space/minimally disturbed, residential, commercial and industrial neighborhoods. Within the same disturbance parameters and land use, species richness and PIF scores (a weighted value based on species' importance) consistently and significantly decreased as ambient noise increased. These results can be viewed as support for the “Niche Hypothesis” (Krause 1987, 1998), that wildlife species' acoustic niches are adversely affected by human-induced noise pollution.
Anomura (Crustacea Decapoda) from the Mayotte Region, Western Indian Ocean

A documented and illustrated checklist of the Anomura is presented for the Mayotte region, Western Indian Ocean. The study area is situated between longitudes 43-48° E and latitudes 11-13°10’ S. It includes Comoros, Mayotte, and Glorioso Islands plus three marine banks (Zelee, Geyser, Leven). Records included are from fieldwork in Mayotte during November 2009, and complemented by a review of the literature. In total 75 species are listed including 43 new records for the Mayotte region. The inventory includes 51 Paguroidea, 22 Galatheoidea, 1 Chirostyloidea ( Eumunida sp.) and 1 Hippoidea ( Hippa adactyla ). The Diogenidae are best represented with 29 species of Aniculus , Areopaguristes , Calcinus , Ciliopagurus , Clibanarius , Dardanus , Diogenes , Paguristes and Pseudopaguristes . Other families represented are the Porcellanidae, with 13 species of the Aliaporcellana , Neopetrolisthes , Pachycheles , Petrolisthes , Pisidia , Polyonyx ; the Paguridae, with 11 species of Anapagrides , Catapagurus , Cestopagurus , Pagurixus , Pagurus , Pylopaguropsis , Trichopagurus ; and the Galatheidae, with 7 species of Galathea and Macrothea . Only a few species are listed for the families Coenobitidae, with 5 species of Birgus and Coenobita ; Parapaguridae, with 3 species of Paragiopagurus , Strobopagurus , Sympagurus ; Pylochelidae, with 3 species of Cheiroplatea , Pomatocheles , Trizocheles ; Munididae, with 2 species of Munida and Sadayoshia ; and Chirostylidae, with 1 species of Eumunida . Biotopes investigated include the intertidal area (on foot at low tide) and shallow-waters of the lagoon (scuba diving between 0-62 m). Based on previous marine campaigns in Mayotte region, 11 species are also reported in the 200-700 m depth range. The anomuran fauna of Mayotte region is predominantly Indo-West Pacific in its composition (85 % of the species). Twelve species are distributed in Western Indian Ocean only. A comparison with the anomuran fauna of adjacent regions shows that at least 129 anomuran species are potentially present in Mayotte region. Groups that need better sampling include Hippoidea, Diogenidae, and Porcellanidae.
Expression level of the sodium transporter gene OsHKT2;1 determines sodium accumulation of rice cultivars under potassium-deficient conditions

Abstract Under potassium (K)-deficient conditions, rice (Oryza sativa L.) actively takes up and utilizes sodium (Na) as an alternative element to K. In this study, we cloned a gene responsible for cultivar differences in shoot Na accumulation using a map-based cloning method. The responsible gene OsHKT2;1 encodes an Na transporter associated with Na uptake in root tissues, and its expression level was positively correlated with Na uptake potential in 11 rice cultivars. We found that OsHKT2;1 overexpression promoted shoot Na accumulation under low K supply and proposed that OsHKT2;1 expression level is a key factor in the Na accumulation potential in rice cultivars. However, under sufficient K supply, OsHKT2;1-overexpressing rice plants accumulated Na in roots but not in shoots. This result suggests that Na transfer from root to shoot may be regulated by another Na transporter.