Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of teat-end vacuum during machine milking: types, causes and impacts on teat condition and udder health – a literature review

Most of the available scientific literature concerning claw vacuum drops and fluctuations (identical to teat-end vacuum) during machine milking has been published in the 1960s and 1970s. Fewer studies have been carried out more recently on modern types of dairy cows, and milking machines, and have been evaluated with modern statistical methods and software. Based on the accessible information, there are indications that reduced milking performance, leading to long machine-on time mainly as a consequence of a combination of vacuum drops and different types of fluctuations, may influence udder health in a negative way although scientific proofs are scarce. Based on an ISO note, the claw vacuum should remain within a range of 32–42 kPa during peak milk flow to ensure fast, complete and gentle milking. This range of vacuum pressure allows adequate liner movement and a sufficient pressure on the teat during the massage (d-) phase is guaranteed. Thus, liner slips caused by too low claw vacuum are avoided. On the other hand, the teat-end vacuum should not be much higher than 42 kPa as it can cause damage of teat tissue mainly during periods of low milk flow when it is almost identical with the system vacuum. Depending on the used system of milk transport through the tubes, the teat-end vacuum drops to some extent, intensified during periods of high milk flow and reduced during periods of low or absent milk flow at the start and end of milking. Hence, a general increase of system vacuum throughout milking is not suitable, as high teat-end vacuum acting on the teat during milking phases with low milk flow rates have to be avoided. However, a reduction of machine-on time and high vacuum load on the teat during low milk flow can potentially be achieved by early cluster removal, before complete cessation of milk flow. Ideally, this goal can be reached at quarter milking (as used in automatic milking systems) where each teatcup is individually removed based on the milk flow of the individual teat, and milking at very low or no milk flow can easily be avoided.
Deadly combination of genes and drought: increased mortality of herbivore‐resistant trees in a foundation species

Current climate models predict a shift to warmer, drier conditions in the southwestern US. While major shifts in plant distribution are expected to follow these climate changes, interactions among species and intraspecific genetic variation rarely have been incorporated into models of future plant distributions. We examined the drought‐related mortality of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) in northern Arizona focusing on trees that showed genetically‐based resistance or susceptibility to a nonlethal herbivore, the shoot‐boring moth, Dioryctria albovittella. Because moth resistant trees have outperformed susceptible trees during 20 years of study, and herbivory has been shown to increase drought related mortality, we expected higher mortality rates in susceptible trees. However, our field observations and greenhouse experiments showed several unexpected patterns relevant to understanding the consequences of climate change: (1) The mortality of adult P. edulis resistant to the moth was three times higher than the mortality of trees susceptible to the moth. (2) Over a few years, differential mortality caused a shift in stand structure from resistant dominated to equality (3 : 1 resistant : susceptible to 1 : 1). (3) Adult moth resistant trees suffered significantly greater water stress than adult moth susceptible trees, suggesting that variation among the two groups in drought tolerance may be a mechanism for differential mortality. (4) When grown under drought conditions in the greenhouse, seedlings from resistant mothers died sooner than seedlings from susceptible mothers. These data support the hypothesis that drought can act as an agent of balancing selection and that drought resistance is a heritable trait. Taken together, our findings suggest that genetic variation in a population can be an important factor in determining its response to future climate change, and argue for the inclusion of genetics into models developed to understand the consequences of climate change.
Recognition of order effects in squirrel monkey antiphonal call sequences

Squirrel monkeys exchange chuck vocalizations in antiphonal sequences that suggest a request for information, and a response to that request. Chucks are characterized by measurable acoustic differences, notably in peak frequency, related to their position in a sequence. To determine the cues by which animals might identify a chuck that is a request for information from one that is a response, first‐in‐sequence (α) and second‐in‐sequence (β) chucks, differing in peak frequency, were recorded from familiar individuals and strangers. These chucks, and a sham control, were played back, in the temporal context of a first‐in‐sequence call, to a target group of socially housed captive squirrel monkeys.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii (Zosteraceae) and cross-reactivity with Z-japonica

Zostera noltii is an important species of eelgrass occurring along European, north African, Mediterranean, Black Sea and Azov Sea coasts. Nine microsatellite loci were developed and no linkage disequilibrium was observed. Cross-amplification was observed for all loci (polymorphic) in Z. japonica ; only four loci amplified (monomorphic) in Z. marina .
Biochemical Basis of Low Fruit Quality of Prunus davidiana, a Pest and Disease Resistance Donor for Peach Breeding

Prunus davidiana (Carr.), a wild species with poor fruit quality that is related to peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), is used as a source of resistance to pests and diseases in peach breeding programs. Two genotypes of P. davidiana were studied for fruit biochemical composition and compared to three genotypes of P. persica ('Summergrand', 'Bailey' and 'Pamirskij'), and two P. persica x P. davidiana hybrids. Fruit of P. davidiana clones had higher malic acid, neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid and lower sucrose concentrations than fruit of all P. persica genotypes, even poor-quality Bailey. Differences in biochemical composition could be related to sensory evaluation. P. persica x P. davidiana hybrids had intermediate values between their parents for neochlorogenic acid concentration. They were similar to the P. persica parent for total soluble sugar, malic and citric acid, amino acid and catechin concentrations, indicating possible rapid progress for fruit quality in a breeding program.
Retention of transmitter attachments on black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.)

Despite the widespread use of telemetry to track the movements of many different avian species, there are few published studies describing tracking methods for large psittacine birds. Due to their powerful bills and inquisitive demeanours, large parrots may damage valuable transmitters and confound telemetry studies. We undertook a captive trial of three attachment methods (collar, harness and tail-mount) and a novel weak-link harness design for black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus latirostris, C. baudinii and C. banksii naso). Mean retention times for the transmitter packages ranged from 44 to 384 days. There was no skin or feather damage to the birds associated with transmitter attachments. The results showed sufficient transmitter retention times to allow for the collection of valuable movement and survival data, with no obvious ill effects on animal welfare, and are a first step towards using transmitters on wild cockatoos.
Collaborations on YouTube

YouTube is the most popular platform for streaming of user-generated videos. Nowadays, professional YouTubers are organized in so-called multichannel networks (MCNs). These networks offer services such as brand deals, equipment, and strategic advice in exchange for a share of the YouTubers’ revenues. A dominant strategy to gain more subscribers and, hence, revenue is collaborating with other YouTubers. Yet, collaborations on YouTube have not been studied in a detailed quantitative manner. To close this gap, first, we collect a YouTube dataset covering video statistics over 3 months for 7,942 channels. Second, we design a framework for collaboration detection given a previously unknown number of persons featured in YouTube videos. We denote this framework, for the detection and analysis of collaborations in YouTube videos using a Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based approach, as CATANA. Third, we analyze about 2.4 years of video content and use CATANA to answer research questions guiding YouTubers and MCNs for efficient collaboration strategies. Thereby, we focus on (1) collaboration frequency and partner selectivity, (2) the influence of MCNs on channel collaborations, (3) collaborating channel types, and (4) the impact of collaborations on video and channel popularity. Our results show that collaborations are in many cases significantly beneficial regarding viewers and newly attracted subscribers for both collaborating channels, often showing more than 100% popularity growth compared with noncollaboration videos.
Global Mindset, Psychic Distance and the Achievements of Brazilian Multinationals ́

Brazilian multinationals (BrMNs) have enhanced their positions among the world ́s largest companies. As they grew up in a protected and closed economic environment, focusing mainly on the large Brazilian market, it has been argued that most of those firms lack a truly global mindset (GM). Furthermore, their internationalization trajectories have tended to prioritize less psychically distant markets (Latin countries, for instance). Therefore, GM and psychic distance seem to play a relevant role in their global expansion, imposing challenges to their achievements abroad. In order to examine the influence of GM and psychic distance on the performance of BrMNs ́ subsidiaries, we carried out a survey involving a set of 64 parent companies and 76 subsidiaries. Empirical analysis employed hierarquical linear modeling, in order to explore interactions between headquarters’ and subsidiaries’ data. BrMN ́s GM scores suggest that: a) although, unexpectedly, most firms have scores above medium, only a few are “fully globally minded”; b) firms are in different stages regarding GM; furthermore, some have higher strategic GM than cross-cultural GM (and the converse); c) some firms, the “domestic market oriented” ones, have fairly low scores; d) regarding strategic GM, some companies lack international commitment, even concerning the development of a network of relationships abroad; e) finally, some BrMNs companies face constraints concerning crosscultural GM that involve skills in foreign languages, cultural sensitivity, and local adaptation. Not surprisingly, most subsidiaries (59.2%) are located in the three less psychically distant regions: Latin America, Latin Europe, and Portuguese speaking Africa. A noteworthy aspect is the concentration of BrMNs ́ subsidiaries in North America (27.6%). This study employed hierarchical linear modeling to examine multilevel effects involving GM, psychic distance, and performance. This approach enabled examining interplay between headquarters and subsidiaries, providing further insights that are not possible through the single level approaches that are frequently employed in GM research (e.g. Arora et al., 2004; Nummela et al., 2004). In this case it was possible to observe that a parent company ́s cross-cultural mindset is related to the performance at the subsidiary level. Global mindset dimensions do not seem, however, to diminish the challenges imposed by psychic distance on Brazilian subsidiaries. Although our results show that some of the most internationalized Brazilian companies have a high global mindset, a closer look reveals that the stages of GM development may vary greatly amongst firms. Furthermore, it seems that there is still much to be done, especially regarding cross-cultural competences. In fact, this study has highlighted that such dimension may have a role in the achievements of BrMNs abroad, affecting their subsidiaries ́ performance positively. Psychic distance, in turn, impacts it even more, but negatively (Could this be a specific characteristic of late movers? ).
Interrelationship between yield and yield components in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) in Enugu, South-eastern, Nigeria

The research to determine the interrelationship between yield and different yield components in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) using organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted at the Department of Agronomy and Ecological Management Research farm in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. The treatment comprises of zero application of the soil amendment (control), poultry manure, NPK and Urea. They were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated five times. Data were collected on vine length (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, fruit length, fruit weight per plot and fruit yield. Correlation studies were carried out to determine the component that influence fruit yield. Significant differences were recorded for all the agronomic traits evaluated. It was observed that urea gave the longest vine length of 21, 46.4 and 244 cm at 4, 6 and 8 WAP while the control had the least vine length of 17.2, 34 and 108.6 cm at 4, 6 and 8 WAP, respectively. The same trend was of nodes/plant, number of flowers/plant and fruit yield. Correlation analysis showed that in all the stages, plant height was positively and significantly correlated with number of leaves while number of flowers was positively correlated with fruit weight and fruit yield. Based on the results obtained, the use of urea will greatly enhance the production of cucumber more than the use of poultry manure or NPK.
PHTYTO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTO-TOXIC ACTIVITY OF ANGELICA GLAUCA (APIACEAE)

Medicinal and aromatic plants produce different bio-compounds which are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and drug industries. In vitro phytotoxic, antibacterial activities as well as phytochemical screening of various fractions from the root of Angelica glauca were investigated. The data revealed that all the extracted fractions showed variable antibacterial activities. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most resistant bacterial strain and Xanthomonas compestris was the most sensitive. Ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol and petroleum ether fractions showed inhibitory activities against all the tested strains. Chloroform fraction showed highest activity followed by ethyl acetate while butanol and aqueous extracted samples were found least responsive against the tested strains. Ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts measured maximum antifungal activity. Butanol and n-hexane extracted samples showed maximum phytotoxic activity while water fractions showed lowest phytotoxic activity. Phyto-chemical analysis revealed the presence of proteins and carbohydrates in all the extracts, however, the presence of tannins was not confirmed in any fraction. Alkaloids were reported in different fractions excluding n-hexane, water and ethyl acetate. Similarly, saponines were present only in butanol and water extracted samples. Lipids were found in all the extracted samples except methanol, water and petroleum ether extracted samples while sterols were found in all extracts except butanol and water.
Are Austro Asiatic tribes original native inhabitant of India?

Fahim Ahmad*, Amna Siddiqui** ,Aswin Ashok Raut** and P.K. Pandey** *Department of Biomedical Sciences and centre for excellence for infectious diseases, Paul Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech university, 5001 El Paso Texas(USA). TX79905; **Department of Biotechnology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi(India). Corresponding Author:Dr. Fahim Ahmad Department of Biomedical Sciences and centre for excellence for infectious diseases, Paul Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech university, 5001 El Paso Texas(USA). TX-79905.
Cattle Production in West Hararghe: An Opportunity and Constraints Assessments in Darolabu, Odabultum, Gemechis and Chiro Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in four district of west Hararghe namely, darolabu, odabultum, gemechis and chiro districts. The objective of the survey was: to identify the opportunities and constraints of cattle production in the study area and to use the information as a base line data for future intervention. Data was collected by semi structured interview, focus group discussion and secondary data was collected from different sources. Statistical package for social science were used to analyze data. Cattle in west Hararghe are kept in a mixed crop-livestock production system. Cattle have a multi function in west Hararghe helping as source of draft power income generation, milk and meat production. During the production and fattening farmers focus on traits like height to the wither, body width, and coat color in selection of breeds. Feed shortage, animal health, market problem, and land and water problem is the major identified problems and constraints of cattle production in the study area. On the other way the study reported that disease is also constraining for increasing production and productivity. In the meantime, good indigenous knowledge, favorable biological environment, popularity of Harar bull and income generated from fattening, recent introduction of improved forage, and farmer’s interest in widening of their knowledge and skill on fattening, and available agricultural extension services were the opportunities in the area. There is no or little access to agricultural credit service. Therefore, addressing these constraints is very essential to develop a successful intervention program in this area for cattle. It is concluded that, future studies should focus on multidimensional improvement for solving problems and constraints in cattle production and productivity of the study area. Copyright © www.acascipub. com, all rights reserved.
The glucomannokinase of Prevotella bryantii B14 and its potential role in regulating β-glucanase expression

Prevotella bryantii B14 has a transport system for glucose and mannose, but β-glucanase expression is only catabolite-repressed by glucose. P. bryantii B14 cell extracts had ATP-dependent gluco- and mannokinase activities, and significant phosphoenolpyruvate- or GTP-dependent hexose phosphorylation was not observed. Mannose inhibited glucose phosphorylation (and vice versa), and activity gels indicated that a single protein was responsible for both activities. Glucose was phosphorylated at a faster rate than was mannose [V max 280 nmol hexose (mg protein)−1 min−1 versus 60 nmol hexose (mg protein)−1 min−1, respectively] and glucose was a better substrate for the kinase (K m 0·12 mM versus 1·2 mM, respectively). The purified glucomannokinase (1250-fold) had a molecular mass of 68 kDa, but SDS-PAGE gels indicated that it was a dimer (monomer 34·5 kDa). The N-terminus (25 residues) had an 8 amino acid segment that was homologous to other bacterial glucokinases. The glucomannokinase was competitively inhibited by the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), and cells grown with glucose and 2DG had lower rates of glucose consumption than did cells given only glucose. When the ratio of 2DG to glucose was increased, the glucose consumption rate decreased and the β-glucanase activity increased. The glucose consumption rate and the glucomannokinase activity of cells treated with 2DG were highly correlated (r 2=0·98). This result suggested that glucomannokinase activity was either directly or indirectly regulating β-glucanase expression.
Volatiles from flowers of Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae) attractive to the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We examined the attractiveness of a natural headspace sample of Platanthera bifolia blossoms, synthetic blends and single compounds to the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma, in a flight tunnel. The synthetic blend consisted of previously identified electrophysiologically active compounds from P. bifolia: benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, cinnamyl alcohol, lilac aldehydes, methyl benzoate and methyl salicylate. This blend had a similar attractivity as the natural headspace sample. Subtraction of lilac aldehydes significantly decreased attractiveness of the synthetic blend. When a mixture of lilac aldehydes was tested alone, it showed attractiveness similar to that of the synthetic blend. One or a mixture of lilac aldehydes accounts for the attraction of moths to P. bifolia. All other compounds elicited significantly lower responses. Results are discussed in relation to the pollination biology of P. bifolia.
α4β1 Integrin/VCAM-1 Interaction Activates αLβ2 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion to ICAM-1 in Human T Cells1

Modulation of integrin affinity and/or avidity provides a regulatory mechanism by which leukocyte adhesion to endothelium is strengthened or weakened at different stages of emigration. In this study, we demonstrate that binding of high-affinity α4β1 integrins to VCAM-1 strengthens αLβ2 integrin-mediated adhesion. The strength of adhesion of Jurkat cells, a human leukemia T cell line, or MnCl2-treated peripheral blood T cells to immobilized chimeric human VCAM-1/Fc, ICAM-1/Fc, or both was quantified using parallel plate flow chamber leukocyte detachment assays in which shear stress was increased incrementally (0.5–30 dynes/cm2). The strength of adhesion to VCAM-1 plus ICAM-1, or to a 40-kDa fragment of fibronectin containing the CS-1 exon plus ICAM-1, was greater than the sum of adhesion to each molecule alone. Treatment of Jurkat or blood T cells with soluble cross-linked VCAM-1/Fc or HP2/1, a mAb to α4, significantly increased adhesion to ICAM-1. These treatments induced clustering of αLβ2 integrins, but not the high-affinity β2 integrin epitope recognized by mAb 24. Up-regulated adhesion to ICAM-1 was abolished by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of cytoskeletal rearrangement. Taken together, our data suggest that the binding of VCAM-1 or fibronectin to α4β1 integrins initiates a signaling pathway that increases β2 integrin avidity but not affinity. A role for the cytoskeleton is implicated in this process.
Chrysochromulina Parkeae Sp.Nov. [Haptophyceae] a New Species Recorded From S.W. England and Norway

The genus Chrysochromulina Lackey (1939) comprises a number of golden-brown flagellates now included in the class Haptophyceae {sensu Christensen, 1962, 1966). So far 21 species have been described and their scale morphology and fine structure are well documented.
Factors of Job Burnout among Chefs in Malaysia

Job burnout in the service industry can bring harmful impact compared to nonservice industries. Chef professions are frequently exposed to negative physical and psychological demand, such as tight time constraint within poor physical working environment. This unfavorable condition can be tiring and may develop towards job burnout. Many factors of job burnout have been widely identified by human resource researchers, however with less focused within the food and beverage industry specifically on Malaysian kitchen workers. The objective of this study is to identify the predictors of job burnout by adopting the job demand resources (JD-R) model. This study adopted desk research and systematic review on previous literature regarding job burnout in service industry. This study found that role conflict, job autonomy, physical work environment and job satisfaction are the factors of job burnout. The output of this study may assist managers on identifying the factors of job burnout that may affect their staff performance. Apart from that, the result may also assist managers to develop strategies to combat job burnout in the workplace.