Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual Color Sensors for Simultaneous Analysis of Calcium Signal Dynamics in the Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Compartments of Plant Cells

Spatiotemporal changes in cellular calcium (Ca2+) concentrations are essential for signal transduction in a wide range of plant cellular processes. In legumes, nuclear and perinuclear-localized Ca2+ oscillations have emerged as key signatures preceding downstream symbiotic signaling responses. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) yellow-based Ca2+ cameleon probes have been successfully exploited to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of symbiotic Ca2+ signaling in legumes. Although providing cellular resolution, these sensors were restricted to measuring Ca2+ changes in single subcellular compartments. In this study, we have explored the potential of single fluorescent protein-based Ca2+ sensors, the GECOs, for multicolor and simultaneous imaging of the spatiotemporal dynamics of cytoplasmic and nuclear Ca2+ signaling in root cells. Single and dual fluorescence nuclear and cytoplasmic-localized GECOs expressed in transgenic Medicago truncatula roots and Arabidopsis thaliana were used to successfully monitor Ca2+ responses to microbial biotic and abiotic elicitors. In M. truncatula, we demonstrate that GECOs detect symbiosis-related Ca2+ spiking variations with higher sensitivity than the yellow FRET-based sensors previously used. Additionally, in both M. truncatula and A. thaliana, the dual sensor is now able to resolve in a single root cell the coordinated spatiotemporal dynamics of nuclear and cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling in vivo. The GECO-based sensors presented here therefore represent powerful tools to monitor Ca2+ signaling dynamics in vivo in response to different stimuli in multi-subcellular compartments of plant cells.
Assessment of Carson Trophic Index in Dam Lake: a Case Study of Ekbatan Dam

Background and purpose: The study aimed to investigate the trophic state of Ekbatan Dam Lake. In the current research, the quality of water behind the dam was studied during the months July and January in order to compare the trophic state and zonation of the reservoir in two different seasons (dry and wet). Materials and Methods: 15 stations were selected in different points of Ekbatan Dam Lake and sampling was accomplished in July and January. To determine the rate of eutrophication in the reservoir, 30 samples (15 in July and 15 in January) were taken from the reservoir. In this study, secchi disk, nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll-A were measured. Then, using Carlson’s Trophic State Index, the rate of eutrophication was estimated for all points. Also, using GIS zoning of water quality parameters, TSI (Trophic State Index) value was evaluated in two different seasons. Results : The findings of the current study showed that TSI varied between 35.7 and 50.7 in different stations of the lake in July. At the same time, it was documented to vary between 55.13 and 58.6 at different points in January. Also, the results revealed that the trophic state of the lake is oligotrophic to eutrophic in different stations in July while it was eutrophic for all points in January. Conclusion : Based on the estimated values of this index, the stations located at the entrance of the lake showed more eutrophic situation in July. Also, phosphorous was revealed to be the limiting nutrient in this system. The current research showed that eutrophication is a serious problem in Ekbatan reservoir.
POR_A_211198 53..65

Naomi Launders Dermot Ryan 2 Christopher C Winchester 3 Derek Skinner 4 Priyanka Raju Konduru David B Price 4 1Respiratory Effectiveness Group, Cambridge, UK; 2Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland; 3Oxford PharmaGenesis, Oxford, UK; 4Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore Purpose: In primary care, initial diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is made on clinical judgment without radiological confirmation or knowledge of the causative organism. Use of CRB65 score has been recommended for assessing the severity of CAP and thereby determining clinical management, but it is not known how frequently these scores are used in primary care. Patients and methods: Primary care consultations in adults with a diagnostic code for CAP between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were extracted from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database, which at the time of data extraction had over 3.4 million patients in the UK. Episodes without antibiotic prescription on day of diagnosis were excluded, as were records describing past events. Patients admitted to hospital on day of diagnosis were excluded, but were included in exploratory analysis of CRB65 recording. Results: In total, 4734 episodes of CAP in adults managed in primary care between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. A range of investigations/observations were recorded, including pulse rate (10.7%), chest examinations (9.1%) and blood tests (5.4%). CRB65 scores were recorded in 19 (0.4%) episodes of CAP, 17 of which were after the publication of the NICE guidelines in December 2014. CRB65 recording was no more frequent in 3819 episodes referred to hospital (12, 0.3%; p=0.63), but where recorded, CRB65 scores were higher (Median: 1.0 [interquartile range: 0.5–1.0] vs 2.0 [interquartile range: 1.0–2.0], p=0.04). The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin (40.3%), and 85.9% of episodes had a prescription length of seven days. Conclusion: CRB65 scores are seldom recorded in UK primary care. Given that these scores are embedded in UK guidelines, further work is required to assess feasibility and barriers to use of CRB65 scores in primary care.
An analysis of the Coleoptera living along a Tyrrhenian beach-dune system: abundances, zonation and ecological indices

Les Coleopteres du systeme plage-dune-lagune de Burano (GR, Italie) ont ete etudie pendant une annee (avril 1986-mars 1987). Les animaux ont ete echantillonnes le long d'un transect de la plage a la lagune par un systeme integre de pieges. Les especes les plus abondantes appartiennent principalement aux familles des Tenebrionidae, Staphylinidae, Anthicidae et Carabidae; leur distribution et leur zonation sont reportees comme frequences de capture. Une analyse quantitative de la communaute des Coleopteres, dans les differentes zones et pendant les quatre saisons de l'annee, a ete faite par les coefficients ecologiques. Cette analyse montre que la famille des Tenebrionidae est numeriquement la plus abondante avec une presence repartie pendant les mois d'ete. Les especes diurnes montrent une zonation plus continentale par rapport aux especes nocturne qui occupent generalement l'eulitoral. les indices de diversite ont ete utilises dans l'analyse qualitative. L'indice de diversite de Fisher eleve montre que le systeme plage-dune-lagune de Burano a une haute biodiversite indiquant la qualite de l'habitat
Proto-Germanic ai in North and West Germanic

Abstract Proto-Germanic (PGmc.) ai in stressed syllables shows varied outcomes in Germanic languages (ā, ē, ei), with many of these developments being conditioned by different phonological contexts. This article presents a reconstruction that unifies this variation by assuming that the monophthongisation spread over ‘Germania’ in two waves with different scopes and directions. The first wave expanded from north to south and was primarily limited to the contexts before -h and -r. A second wave, affecting the remaining instances of PGmc. ai, did not reach Old High German and Old West Nordic. The whole process covered the time between 400 and 900. The monophthongisation of PGmc. ai does not reflect any structural contrast among the Germanic languages, but the results had a differentiating impact on their vowel systems. The presented reconstruction is consistent with the information from runic inscriptions. It supposes a geographical configuration of tribes in a post-Migration setting.
Extraordinary high regional-scale plant diversity in southern African arid lands: Subcontinental and global comparisons

The Karoo-Namib Region, comprising the arid lands of southern Africa, supports an extraordinarily rich and compositionally unusual flora. This region includes the winter-rainfall Succulent Karoo (part of the Greater Cape Flora), the summerrainfall Nama Karoo, and incorporates the Namib Desert. The Succulent Karoo is home to the world's largest succulent flora and is very rich in geophytes. Species-area patterns at the regional scale (101-I6 km2) show that the Succulent Karoo had 2.6 times as many species per unit area than the Nama Karoo. The Succulent Karoo was also richer than other winter-rainfall, semi-arid (100-400 mmyr-') regions of the world, having, for example, nearly four times as many species than equivalent-sized North American regions. Similarly, southern African winter-rainfall desert (<100 mmyr1) regions were exceptionally species-rich: here 331 species have been recorded in an area of 1.3 km2. The Namib Desert, which spans the Succulent and Nama Karoo regions, has up to 200 times the number of species that similar-sized areas of the Saharan Desert. On the other hand, the Nama Karoo does not appear to be unusually rich at the
Oxygen isotope thermometry using quartz inclusions in garnet

Oxygen isotope ratios of quartz inclusions (QI) within garnet from granulite and amphibolite facies gneisses in the Adirondack Mountains, NY were analysed and used to determine metamorphic temperatures. Primary QI for eight of 12 samples have δ18O values significantly lower than matrix quartz (MQ). The primary QI retain δ18O values representative of thermal conditions during garnet crystallization, whereas the δ18O values of MQ were raised by diffusive exchange with other matrix minerals (e.g. mica and feldspar) during cooling. The δ18O differences between QI and MQ show that garnet (a mineral with slow diffusion of oxygen) can armour QI from isotopic exchange with surrounding matrix, even during slow cooling. These differences between δ18O in MQ and QI can further be used to test cooling rates by Fast Grain Boundary diffusion modelling. Criteria for identifying QI that preserve primary compositions and are suitable for thermometry were developed based on comparative tests. Relations between δ18O and inclusion size, distance of inclusion to host–garnet rim, core–rim zonation of individual inclusions, and presence or absence of petrological features (healed cracks in QI, inclusions in contact with garnet cracks lined by secondary minerals, and secondary minerals along the inclusion grain boundary) were investigated. In this study, 61% of QI preserve primary δ18O and 39% were associated with features that were linked to reset δ18O values. If δ18O in garnet is homogeneous and inclusions are removed, laser‐fluorination δ18O values of bulk garnet are more precise, more accurate, and best for thermometry. Intragrain δ18O(Grt) profiles measured in situ by ion microprobe show no δ18O zonation. Almandine–rich garnet (Alm60–75) from each sample was measured by laser‐fluorination mass‐spectrometry (LF‐MS) for δ18O and compared with ion microprobe measurements of δ18O in QI for thermometry. The Δ18O(Qz–Grt) values for Adirondack samples range from 2.66 to 3.24‰, corresponding to temperatures of 640–740 °C (A[Qz–Alm] = 2.71). Out of 12 samples that were used for thermometry, nine are consistent with previous estimates of peak temperature (625–800 °C) based on petrological and carbon–isotope thermometry for regional granulite and upper amphibolite facies metamorphism. The three samples that disagree with independent thermometry for peak metamorphism are from the anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite suite in the central Adirondacks and yield temperatures of 640–665 °C, ~100 °C lower than previous estimates. These low temperatures could be interpreted as thermal conditions during late (post‐peak) crystallization of garnet on the retrograde path.
Peopling the past: creating a site biography in the Hungarian Neolithic

Imprecise chronology has entailed a fuzzy kind of prehistory. Prehistorians should no longer be content with timeframes that employ successive units of 200 years or more duration, or with slow change over the long term as their dominant chronological and interpretative perspective. The means to get away from very generalised accounts of the past is formal chronological modelling in a Bayesian framework. The Bayesian approach in general is outlined, with emphasis on its interpretive and iterative nature. The approach combines calibrated radiocarbon dates with knowledge of the archaeological contexts from which they are derived to produce a series of formal, probabilistic date estimates. Stringent demands are made of both the radiocarbon dates and our archaeological understanding of stratigraphy, associations, sample taphonomy and context in general. The Bayesian process at Alsonyek involved assessment of existing dates, careful definition of aims and objectives, the construction of a rigorous sampling strategy, with an explicit hierarchy of suitable samples, precise understanding of the contexts from which samples are derived, and simulation to achieve cost-effective use of resources. The principal material dated at Alsonyek was human and animal bone. Potential age offsets from non-vegetarian diets are carefully considered; ‘perfect pairs’ of human and animal bone samples from the same contexts indicate that human bone samples are not subject to wide-scale freshwater reservoir effects. Dietary inputs are estimated formally using a series of Bayesian mixing models. The sequence of iterative sampling submissions between 2012 and 2015 is described, and the procedures of the five laboratories involved are detailed. Procedures for model construction, validation and comparison are discussed. Finally, we consider how we can use precise timings to reveal the web of connections and successions that made up past lives, adding plot and context to a more precise chronicle to create narratives for peopling the past.
Deciphering Differential Uplift in Shillong Plateau Using Remote Sensing

Based on digital image processing of Landsat TM digital data covering Shillong plateau, it is proposed that the landmass in the east and west of Shillong plateau could have moved upwards with respect to the middle part. This differential uplift within the plateau could be due to vertical movement along NNE-SS W trending deep-seated faults and granite batholith emplacement.
Environmental Research and Public Health Network Analysis: a Novel Approach to Understand Suicidal Behaviour

Although suicide is a major public health issue worldwide, we understand little of the onset and development of suicidal behaviour. Suicidal behaviour is argued to be the end result of the complex interaction between psychological, social and biological factors. Epidemiological studies resulted in a range of risk factors for suicidal behaviour, but we do not yet understand how their interaction increases the risk for suicidal behaviour. A new approach called network analysis can help us better understand this process as it allows us to visualize and quantify the complex association between many different symptoms or risk factors. A network analysis of data containing information on suicidal patients can help us understand how risk factors interact and how their interaction is related to suicidal thoughts and behaviour. A network perspective has been successfully applied to the field of depression and psychosis, but not yet to the field of suicidology. In this theoretical article, I will introduce the concept of network analysis to the field of suicide prevention, and offer directions for future applications and studies.
Defining Low Disease Activity States in Psoriatic Arthritis using Novel Composite Disease Instruments

Objective. To explore the relationship between minimal disease activity (MDA) and the low disease activity cutoffs of the Psoriatic ArthritiS Disease Activity Score (PASDAS) and the Composite Psoriatic Disease Activity Index (CPDAI). Methods. Data from the GRAPPA (Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis) composite exercise (GRACE) study were used for these analyses. Alternative definitions of low disease activity were used with 6/7 and 7/7 of MDA items, and a criteria set mandating the 2 articular items and 3/5 alternate items (MDA-joints). Two reference questions were used as anchors: physician’s global opinion of MDA, and patient’s opinion on their disease control. Results. Substantial agreement was found between MDA, MDA-joints, PASDAS, and CPDAI. Compared to the 2 reference questions, the various definitions of low disease activity gave sensitivities that were generally worse than specificities, the latter being high (> 0.9) in most cases. Both PASDAS and CPDAI demonstrated good discrimination between the “low” and “high” disease activity states by all the MDA definitions. Using these data, with an MDA of 7/7 to define a very low disease cutoff, the corresponding values for PASDAS and CPDAI were 1.9 and 2, respectively. Conclusion. An MDA score of 7/7 is proposed as very low disease activity in psoriatic arthritis. Using this definition, the equivalent cutoffs for PASDAS and CPDAI are 1.9 and 2, respectively.
Characteristics of long-term variability of precipitation in the territory of Poland based on GPCC data for the years 1901–2010

The study contains an analysis of precipitation, covering multiple profiles and based on the GPCC database that provides monthly mean values for the territory of Poland. The analysis includes data for the period 1901–2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x°0.5° of geographic longitude and latitude. The initial section of the analysis contains an assessment of GPCC data accuracy for the territory of Poland and the period 1961–1990. The following sections include a data analysis in monthly profiles and hydrological cycle profiles, taking into account hydrological summer and hydrological winter. A cluster analysis is also included, with drought and flood periods indicated. The periodical nature of precipitation is assessed and the trends in climate changes calculated.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Background: Anogenital warts are the most easily recognized sign of genital Human Papilloma Virus infection. The objective was to develop a short, valid and reliable questionnaire to measure Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in patients with anogenital warts. Methods: First a literature review was performed to identify relevant papers describing the impact of anogenital warts in HRQL; second the main domains were identified by some experts in a focus group, and third in-depth-semi-structured interviews were conducted in patients with anogenital warts to identify the initial set of items. A qualitative reduction of the initial set of items was performed based on the mean scoring of the experts for the three scales: clarity, frequency and importance. The initial questionnaire was pilot tested in 135 patients. Rasch analysis was performed with the results of the questionnaire in order to refine the instrument. Spearman's correlation was calculated between the initial questionnaire and the reduced version. Additionally the measurement properties (validity and reliability) of the resulting final questionnaire were tested and compared using standard procedures (Cronbach's Alpha and item-total correlation). Results: the main domains identified as affected in patient's life were: sexual, colleagues and partner relationships. After a proper qualitative reduction the initial set of 134 items was reduced to 22. The questionnaire was pilot tested in 135 patients and two dimensions were identified after the multifactorial analysis: emotional dimension and sexual activity dimension. As a result of the Rasch analysis the questionnaire was reduced to 10 items. High correlation was found between the initial and the reduced version for the two dimensions. Cronbach's alpha values were acceptable (0.86). Conclusion: The initial 22 items questionnaire was reduced by Rasch analysis to a version of 10 items, with two dimensions: emotional and sexual. The results suggest the adequacy of the 10 items to evaluate HRQL of patients with anogenital warts in a valid and reliable way. Published: 07 April 2005 Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2005, 3:24 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-24 Received: 26 January 2005 Accepted: 07 April 2005 This article is available from: http://www.hqlo. com/content/3/1/24 © 2005 Badia et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent disease, it affecting around 5-10% of the general population worldwide, but with notable regional and racial variations. The two most common etiological causes are the chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Its diagnosis is based mainly in the endoscopy and the active search of concomitant Hp presence. The discovery of the link between H. pylori and peptic ulcer has changed dramatically its management, because it has become a curable infectious disease. The Eradication therapy of Hp (+) is the best choice to achieve the final cure of PUD in infected patients. Several current international guidelines recommend a standard triple therapy as first-line therapy, including a proton pump inhibitor and a combination of amoxicillin and clarithromycin. This combination therapy has shown a decreased efficacy over the years. The main reason is increasing antibiotic resistance, particularly to clarithromycin and metronidazol, of certain Hp strains. Several new treatment options or modifications of already established regimens have been introduced few years back, to overcome these treatment failures. For the subgroup of patients with H. pylori-negative ulcers, avoiding NSAIDs intake also has a clear influence in evolution of the disease and in some cases drives to the complete healing of the peptic ulcer. In refractory or recurrent cases, continuous therapy with anti-secretory agents and/or the replacement of conventional NSAIDs by selective drugs for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are useful treatment options.
DEVELOPMENT OF FLORA IN RELATION TO WATER MANAGEMENT IN OBASUTE-OIKE IRRIGATION POND, JAPAN

In order to clarify the factors affecting the species diversity of plant communities around an irrigation pond, we surveyed Obaste-oike Irrigation Pond in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The pond is comprised of three subdivided ponds, Kami-ike, Naka-ike, and Shimo-ike. Despite being adjacent to each other and connected by streams, the water levels in the three ponds differ. Five plant communities were studied, and one or two survey plots were selected in each community along each subdivided pond. A 32-m 2 quadrat was established in each plot of grassland, and a 400-m 2 quadrat was established in each plot of forest. The results of the distribution of species revealed that approximately 40% of the species were endemic to each subdivided pond in the terrestrial communities, whereas over 60% were endemic in the hydrophytic communities. To increase species diversity in irrigation ponds, especially in hyrdophytic communities, we suggest that dividing the ponds into several zones with distinct water levels and managing them in a sustainable manner is important.