Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reelin dorsal horn neurons co‐express Lmx1b and are mispositioned in disabled‐1 mutant mice

Mice missing either Reelin or Disabled‐1 (Dab1) exhibit dorsal horn neuronal positioning errors and display heat hypersensitivity and mechanical insensitivity. Reelin binds its receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low‐density lipoprotein receptor, leading to the recruitment and phosphorylation of Dab1 and activation of downstream pathways that regulate neuronal migration. Previously, we reported that 70% of Dab1 laminae I–II neurons co‐expressed LIM‐homeobox transcription factor 1‐beta (Lmx1b). Here, we asked whether Reelin‐expressing dorsal horn neurons co‐express Lmx1b, are mispositioned in dab1 mutants, and contribute to nociceptive abnormalities. About 90% of Reelin‐labeled neurons are Lmx1b‐positive in laminae I–II, confirming that most Reelin and Dab1 neurons are glutamatergic. We determined that Reelin‐Lmx1b and Dab1‐Lmx1b dorsal horn neurons are separate populations, and together, comprise 37% of Lmx1b‐positive cells within and above the Isolectin B4 (IB4) layer in wild‐type mice. Compared to wild‐type mice, dab1 mutants have a reduced area of laminae I–II outer (above the IB4 layer), more Reelin‐Lmx1b neurons within the IB4 layer, and fewer Reelin‐Lmx1b neurons within the lateral reticulated area of lamina V and lateral spinal nucleus. Interestingly, both Reelin‐ and Dab1‐labeled dorsal horn neurons sustain similar positioning errors in mutant mice. After noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation, Reelin, Lmx1b, and Reelin‐Lmx1b neurons expressed Fos in laminae I–II and the lateral reticulated area in wild‐type mice and, therefore, participate in nociceptive circuits. Together, our data suggest that disruption of the Reelin‐signaling pathway results in neuroanatomical abnormalities that contribute to the nociceptive changes that characterize these mutant mice.
Fatigue and Sleep Quality Predict Eating Behavior Among People With Type 2 Diabetes

Background People with Type 2 diabetes frequently report increased fatigue and sleep disturbance. These symptoms might put them at a higher risk for unhealthy eating behavior—detrimental to diabetes control. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the effect of fatigue and sleep on eating behavior in people with Type 2 diabetes by using a daily diary approach. Methods Data from 56 patients were collected during a baseline interview and an 8-day ambulatory assessment period in the free-living setting. Each day, participants completed one diary upon awakening to assess their sleep duration and sleep quality during the previous night and morning fatigue. They also completed one diary before going to bed to assess their eating behavior during the day (e.g., uncontrolled eating, cognitive restraint, emotional eating, and snacking). Data from 7 days were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results During the 7 days, controlling for age, gender, and body mass index, between-person fatigue was a significant predictor of uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and snacking. Similarly, controlling for the covariates, between-person sleep quality was a significant predictor of uncontrolled eating and emotional eating. No associations were found between sleep duration and eating behavior. Discussions At the between-person level, reporting higher fatigue or poorer sleep quality was associated with higher levels of unhealthy eating behavior. Patients with Type 2 diabetes with high fatigue or poor sleep quality may require additional attention to support their healthy eating.
Stage-Specific Effects of Ionizing Radiation during Early Development

Early embryonic cells are sensitive to genotoxic stressors such as ionizing radiation. However, sensitivity to these stressors varies depending on the embryonic stage. Recently, the sensitivity and response to ionizing radiation were found to differ during the preimplantation period. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the change during this period are beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we focus on the changes in radio-sensitivity and responses to ionizing radiation during the early developmental stages of the preimplantation (before gastrulation) period in mammals, Xenopus, and fish. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the similarities and differences between species.
Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.

People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic person-environment transactions are likely to play out in the context of daily life via the places people spend time in (e.g., home, work, or public places like cafes and restaurants). This article investigates personality-place transactions at 3 conceptual levels: stable personality traits, momentary personality states, and short-term personality trait expressions. Three 2-week experience sampling studies (2 exploratory and 1 confirmatory with a total N = 2,350 and more than 63,000 momentary assessments) were used to provide the first large-scale evidence showing that people's stable Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which they visit different places on a daily basis. For example, extraverted people reported spending less time at home and more time at cafés, bars, and friends' houses. The findings also show that spending time in a particular place predicts people's momentary personality states and their short-term trait expression over time. For example, people reported feeling more extraverted in the moment when spending time at bars/parties, cafés/restaurants, or friends' houses, compared with when at home. People who showed preferences for spending more time in these places also showed higher levels of short-term trait extraversion over the course of 2 weeks. The findings make theoretical contributions to environmental psychology, personality dynamics, as well as the person-environment transactions literature, and highlight practical implications for a world in which the places people visit can be easily captured via GPS sensors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
CrossTalk proposal: The benefits of e‐cigarettes outweigh the harms

Tobacco use kills over 8 million people annually and costs billions in healthcare worldwide (World Health Organization, 2019). Addiction to smoking explains why smoking persists into adulthood, with 96% of unaided attempts to quit ending in failure (Hughes et al. 2004). Treatment, pharmacotherapy and behavioural support, can increase success rates severalfold (Stead et al. 2016). Countries such as the UK that have made such treatment available advertise this to the public and clinicians refer to such services. Despite this, the uptake of e-cigarettes eclipsed the uptake of known effective and safe options, even before big business moved into the e-cigarette industry and advertised the products. It is this ability to provide an attractive alternative to smoking that creates the potential for e-cigarettes to improve public health. When cigarettes were first discovered to be harmful, most adults had smoked for many years and epidemiology was able to estimate the risks. In a world in which nearly everyone who vapes has smoked or currently smokes, and where people who vape have
Space use by beavers in relation to resource abundance

per unit area in relation to distance, which is inconsistent with the optimality model. However, the number of saplings cut per unit area and spatial electivity in sapling removal became progressively more homogeneous in relation to distance as resources were depleted, as predicted by the model. These observations suggest that beavers adjust their spatial use of resources in a manner consistent with energy-maximization objectives.
Improving Multi-Tumor Biomarker Health Check-Up Tests with Machine Learning Algorithms

Background: Tumor markers are used to screen tens of millions of individuals worldwide at annual health check-ups, especially in East Asia. Machine learning (ML)-based algorithms that improve the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of these tests can have substantial impact leading to the early diagnosis of cancer. Methods: ML-based algorithms, including a cancer screening algorithm and a secondary organ of origin algorithm, were developed and validated using a large real world dataset (RWD) from asymptomatic individuals undergoing routine cancer screening at a Taiwanese medical center between May 2001 and April 2015. External validation was performed using data from the same period from a separate medical center. The data set included tumor marker values, age, and gender from 27,938 individuals, including 342 subsequently confirmed cancer cases. Results: Separate gender-specific cancer screening algorithms were developed. For men, a logistic regression-based algorithm outperformed single-marker and other ML-based algorithms, with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.7654 in internal and 0.8736 in external cross validation. For women, a random forest-based algorithm attained a mean AUROC of 0.6665 in internal and 0.6938 in external cross validation. The median time to cancer diagnosis (TTD) in men was 451.5, 204.5, and 28 days for the mild, moderate, and high-risk groups, respectively; for women, the median TTD was 229, 132, and 125 days for the mild, moderate, and high-risk groups. A second algorithm was developed to predict the most likely affected organ systems for at-risk individuals. The algorithm yielded 0.8120 sensitivity and 0.6490 specificity for men, and 0.8170 sensitivity and 0.6750 specificity for women. Conclusions: ML-derived algorithms, trained and validated by using a RWD, can significantly improve tumor marker-based screening for multiple types of early stage cancers, suggest the tissue of origin, and provide guidance for patient follow-up.
Efficacy and Safety of Prasugrel by Stroke Subtype: A Sub-Analysis of the PRASTRO-I Randomized Controlled Trial

Aims: The efficacy of antiplatelet therapy may vary among different disease subtypes. Prasugrel is generally a more potent, consistent, and fast-acting platelet inhibitor than clopidogrel. This sub-analysis of the phase III comparison of PRAsugrel and clopidogrel in Japanese patients with ischemic STROke (PRASTRO-I) trial aimed to assess the differences in efficacy of these treatments for each stroke subtype. Methods: In the PRASTRO-I trial, a total of 3,753 patients with ischemic stroke were recruited from 224 centers throughout Japan and randomized (1:1) to prasugrel (3.75 mg/day) or clopidogrel (75 mg/day) for 96 weeks. For the sub-analysis, strokes were classified as large-artery atherosclerosis, small-artery occlusion (lacunar), stroke of other etiology, and stroke of undetermined etiology. The cumulative incidence of primary events (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and death from other vascular cause) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for each subgroup. Results: For patients with large-artery atherosclerosis, the primary event incidence was 3.8% in the prasugrel group and 4.8% in the clopidogrel group (HR 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–1.41). For patients with small-artery occlusion, the incidence was 3.3% in the prasugrel group and 3.9% in the clopidogrel group (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.45–1.50). For patients with stroke of undetermined etiology, the incidence was 4.6% in the prasugrel group and 3.0% in the clopidogrel group (HR 1.56; 95% CI 0.90–2.72). The incidence of bleeding was similar across subtypes. Conclusions: Although statistical significance was not reached, the efficacy of prasugrel was potentially different between stroke subtypes, warranting further studies.
Occurrence of yellowing viruses (Beet pseudo‐yellows virus, Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus and Cucurbit aphid‐borne yellows virus) affecting cucurbits in Greece

A survey of the incidence of yellowing viruses in Greek glasshouse (and occasional field) cucumber and melon crops was carried out during 2000–03. In most cases disease incidence ranged from 50 to 80%. Simplex RT-PCR was used for the detection of Beet pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), and DAS-ELISA for the detection of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV). The results showed that BPYV was the predominant virus in cucumber and melon crops, whereas CYSDV, reported for first time in Greece, was isolated only in three regions of southern Greece: Rhodes, Crete and Arkadia. CABYV was detected only in three cucumber glasshouses in Pella (Macedonia). A simplified triplex RT-PCR method using a simple sample-preparation protocol was developed to allow rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection of the three viruses. Sequence comparisons of the PCR products of BPYV and CYSDV revealed 98·7 and 100% amino acid identity, respectively, with previously reported sequences. The arable weed species Amaranthus retroflexus, Selosia cristata, Sonchus oleraceus and Sonchus sp. were identified as potential BPYV reservoirs.
Down regulation of miR‐218, miR‐124, and miR‐144 relates to Parkinson's disease via activating NF‐κB signaling

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological degenerative disorder that is partially induced by inflammation in the neural system. To explore the roles of disordered microRNAs in the development of PD, we screened 10 miRNAs in the brain samples of 15 postmortem PD patients and 10 postmortem healthy controls by qRT‐PCR. The direct targets of miRNAs were predicted by informatics tools and further confirmed by dual luciferase assay and immunoblotting. The function of miRNAs in regulating NF‐κB/p65 translocation was examined by immunoblotting, and the overactivation of NF‐κB signaling was examined by ELISA. The relationship between dysregulated miRNAs and cytokines was analyzed by correlation analysis. Three miRNAs were found to be reduced in the brains of patients with PD. KPNB1, KPNA3, and KPNA4 were identified as direct targets of miR‐218, miR‐124, and miR‐144. Additionally, KPNA3 was identified as a direct target of miR‐124, and KPNA4 was a direct target of both miR‐124 and miR‐218. The p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was repressed by miR‐124, miR‐218, and miR‐144 in the SH‐SY5Y cells. The NF‐κB signaling pathway was overactivated after miRNA inhibitor transfection. The upregulation of KPNB1, KPNA3, and KPNA4 in the brain samples of PD patients was confirmed by immunoblotting, and negative correlations were found between dysregulated miRNAs and cytokines. In conclusion, we identified that the downregulation of miR‐218, miR‐124, and miR‐144 in the brain was related to PD via activation of NF‐κB signaling, helping to unveil the role played by dysregulated miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PD and provide new potential targets for PD treatment.
Influenza infection has fiber type-specific effects on cellular and molecular skeletal muscle function in aged mice.

Skeletal muscle myopathies represent a common non-pulmonary manifestation of influenza infection, leading to reduced physical function and hospitalization in older adults. However, underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our study examined the effects of influenza virus A pulmonary infection on contractile function at the cellular (single fiber) and molecular (myosin-actin interactions and myofilament properties) levels in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of aged (20 months) C57BL/6 male mice that were healthy or flu infected for 7 (7-days post-infection; 7-DPI) or 12 days (12-DPI). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA and IIB fibers was reduced at 12-DPI relative to 7-DPI and healthy. Maximal isometric force in MHC IIA fibers was also reduced at 12-DPI relative to 7-DPI and healthy, resulting in no change in specific force (maximal isometric force divided by CSA). In contrast, MHC IIB fibers produced greater isometric force and specific force at 7-DPI compared to 12-DPI or healthy. The increased specific force in MHC IIB fibers was likely due to greater myofilament lattice stiffness and/or an increased number or stiffness of strongly-bound myosin-actin cross-bridges. At the molecular level, cross-bridge kinetics were slower in MHC IIA fibers with infection, while changes in MHC IIB fibers were largely absent. In both fiber types, greater myofilament lattice stiffness was positively related to specific force. This study provides novel evidence that cellular and molecular contractile function is impacted by influenza infection in a fiber type-specific manner, suggesting potential molecular mechanisms to help explain the impact of flu-induced myopathies.
Life history of Aphis gossypii on cucumber: influence of temperature, host plant and parasitism

Life table data for Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), an important pest in glasshouse cucumber crops, were studied at 20, 25 and 30 °C on two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.) in controlled climate cabinets. The development time on the cucumber cv. ‘Sporu’ ranged from 4.8 days at 20 °C to 3.2 days at 30 °C. Immature mortality was approximately 20% and did not differ between temperatures. Most mortality occurred during the first instar. Reproduction periods did not differ among temperatures, but at 25 and 30 °C more nymphs were produced (65.9 and 69.8 nymphs/♀, respectively) than at 20 °C (59,9 nymphs/♀) because of a higher daily reproduction. Intrinsic rate of increase was greatest at 25 °C (rm = 0.556 day−1). At 20 and 30 °C the intrinsic rate of increase was 0.426 and 0.510, respectively. On cv. ‘Aramon’, the development time of A. gossypii was approximately 20% longer at all temperatures. Immature mortality did not differ between the two cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase on cv. ‘Aramon’ was 15% smaller than on cv. ‘Sporu’. The use of cucumber cultivars partially resistant to aphids is discussed in relation to biological control of cotton aphid in glasshouses. Development time and immature mortality on leaves of the middle and upper leaf layer of glasshouse grown cucumber plants (cv. ‘Aramon’) were comparable to development in the controlled climate cabinets. On the lower leaves immature mortality was much higher (approximately 82%) than on leaves of the middle (24.0%) and upper leaf layer (24.5%). Reproduction was less on the lower leaf layer (45.9, 70.5 and 70.1 nymphs/♀ on leaves of the lower, middle and upper leaf layer, respectively).
Adolescent motherhood in Mozambique. Consequences for pregnant women and newborns

Introduction In sub-Saharan Mozambique, high adolescent fertility rates are a significant public health problem. Understanding the consequences of teenage pregnancies facilitates effective strategies for improving the quality of care of both mother and the newborn. Aims To identify the factors associated with adolescent motherhood in Tete (Mozambique). Methods This was a cross-sectional study including 821 pregnant women (255 teenagers) admitted to the general maternity ward of the Provincial Hospital between March and October 2016. The survey included clinical data of the mother and newborn. Results The overall prevalence of adolescent deliveries was 31.8% (95% CI 27.9% - 34.2%). Multivariate analysis showed that independent factors associated with teenage motherhood were: number of pregnancies (OR 0.066; 95% CI 0.040–0.110), pregnancy follow-up (OR 0.29; CI 0.173–0.488) and previous abortions (OR 4.419; 95% CI 1.931–10.112). When the age of the mother was analysed as a continuous variable, positively associated factors were body mass index, arterial hypertension, HIV infection, previous abortions, pregnancy follow-up, and the weight of the newborn. Negatively associated factors were episiotomy and respiratory distress in the newborn. Conclusion Teenage motherhood is a serious public health problem in Mozambique. Intensive sexual and reproductive health planning for adolescents is needed.
Pyridinoline cross-links in bovine muscle collagen

Development of muscle collagen cross-linkage was investigated by determining hydroxylysylpyridinoline and lysylpyridinoline contents of longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles. These were removed from male, female and castrated German Simmental cattle (150-620 days old) fattened on different energy levels and related to possible influences of sex, feeding intensity and type of muscle. In intramuscular collagen, an age-related increase in pyridinoline content was found. Cross-link formation was also influenced by sex and feeding intensity. Epimysia exhibited differences in pyridinoline content which were probably due to differences in physical strain of the muscles.
Predictors of Quality of Life in Young Adults Diagnosed With Cancer

A cross-section correlational study was conducted to evaluate the overall quality of life in young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer, and the impact of health-related and non-health-related factors on their quality of life. Fifty-six AYA cancer survivors were recruited to elicit the impact of biological function (cancer type and comorbidity), symptoms, functional status, general perception of health status, gender, and characteristics of the environment on quality of life. Participants experienced higher than average quality of life. Symptoms, functional status, and general perception of health status were significant predictors of quality of life in this group of AYAs diagnosed with cancer. In delivering quality cancer care, nurses must be able to thoroughly assess symptom status, AYA cancer survivors’ perception of their health status, and functioning in order to implement supportive measures to help improve their quality of life.
Effects of Disturbance and Grazing by Cattle on the Dynamics of Heathland and Grassland Communities on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria

Within the high subalpine tract of the Bogong High Plains there has been a gradual increase in the cover of shrubs over the past 40 years, especially within open heathland and grassland communities. A field trial, using permanent 1 m2 plots, has confirmed that the establishment of shrub seedlings such as Asterolasia trymalioides, Grevillea australis, Phebalium squamulosum and Prostanthera cuneata occurs primarily upon bare ground, and is absent where the cover of vegetation or fixed Poa hiemata litter remains intact. The survival of Poa hiemata seedlings on bare ground is low, except where local shelter is afforded. Disturbances which cause bare ground, including domestic cattle activity, can create microsites suitable for the establishment of shrub seedlings. Shrub establishment and development may be inhibited by cattle trampling, and some palatable shrubs, e.g. Asterolasia and Grevillea, are especially affected. If cattle are removed from previously grazed grassland and heathland sites where shrubs such as Asterolasia and Grevillea have established, the encroachment of such shrubs will be more rapid than on similar sites subject to continued grazing. However, continued cattle activity is unlikely to inhibit the development of non-palatable, vegetatively reproducing shrubs such as Prostanthera cuneata and Phebalium squamulosum within closed heath communities.