Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in winter wheat cultivars Heines VII, Clement, Moro, Tyee, Tres, and Daws

The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Heines VII, Clement, Moro, Tyee, Tres, and Daws have been reported to have stripe rust resistant genes Yr2 and YrHVII, Yr9 and YrCle, Yr10 and YrMor, YrTye, YrTr1 and YrTr2, and YrDa1 and YrDa2, respectively. To confirm the existence of the genes and determine their chromosomal location, the cultivars were crossed with the seedling susceptible cultivar Chinese Spring and a set of 21 Chinese Spring aneuploids. Monosomic F 1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate to produce F 2 seed. Seedlings of F 2 plants and their parents were inoculated with selected North American races of Puccinia striiformis. The results confirmed that Yr2 is on chromosome 7B and Yr9 and Yr10 are on chromosome 1B, and showed the tentative location of the following genes : YrHVII on chromosome 4A, YrCle and YrMor on chromosome 4B, YrTye and YrTr1 on chromosome 6D, YrTr2 on chromosome 3A, YrDa1 on chromosome 1A, and YrDa2 on chromosome 5D.
Estimating and Testing for Multiple Distributional Structural Breaks via a Characteristic Function Approach

We estimate and test for multiple structural breaks in distribution with unknown break dates via a characteristic function approach. By minimizing the sum of squared generalized residuals, we can consistently estimate the break fractions. We propose a sup-F type test for structural breaks in distribution and suggest an information criterion and a sequential testing procedure to determine the number of breaks. We further construct a class of derivative tests to gauge the possible source of structural breaks, which is asymptotically more powerful than the nonparametric-based tests for structural breaks. Simulation studies show that our method performs well in determining the appropriate number of breaks and estimating the unknown breaks. Furthermore, the proposed tests have reasonable size and excellent power. In an application to exchange rate returns, our tests are able to detect structural breaks in distribution and locate the break dates. Our derivate tests indicate that the documented breaks appear to occur in variance and higher order moments, but not so often in mean.
Quaternary Structure Sensitive Tyrosine Residues in Human Hemoglobin: UV Resonance Raman Studies of Mutants at α140, β35, and β145 Tyrosine†

Recent studies noted the contribution of α42Tyr to the T−R-dependent UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectral changes of HbA [Nagai, M. , et al. (1996) J. Mol. Struct. 379, 65−75; Huang, S. , et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6197−6206], but the observed UVRR changes of the Tyr residue cannot be fully interpreted with α42Tyr alone. To identify the remaining contributions, the 235 nm-excited UVRR spectra of Tyr mutant Hbs at α140, β35, and β145 were investigated here. The Fe−His stretching mode demonstrated that all of these mutant Hbs take the T structure in the deoxy form under these experimental conditions. The UVRR change of the Trp residue of these mutants upon the T−R transition was the same as that in HbA, indicating that the T−R-dependent UVRR change of β37Trp is not due to stacking with Tyr residues but is due to the formation or destruction of a hydrogen bond. The recombinant Hbs β35Tyr → Phe and β35Tyr → Thr both exhibited UVRR spectra identical with that of HbA, meaning that β35Tyr is not responsible. In .
Tapeworm Parasites of Dogs in the Punjab

The parasitic worm fauna of domesticated animals in India has in the past been greatly neglected as a subject for research by zoologists working in that country. The increased interest in Helminthology during the last few years has been world-wide, and has led to greater attention being paid to Indian parasitic worms, such attention has, however, been largely devoted to the Roundworms, the Flatworms, with the exception of the Trematodes, receiving but scant attention.
Target Insiders’ Preferences When Trading Before Takeover Announcements: Deal Completion Probability, Premium and Deal Characteristics

We contribute to the M&amp;A literature by characterizing the information available to target insiders during the pre-public takeover negotiations. We analyze insider trading in target firms in the US between 2005 and 2018. First, we show that signing confidentiality agreements is an important information threshold. Second, insiders have a good grasp of deal success. They increase their net purchases only in deals with higher completion probability. Third, insiders guess the final offer price well, but their trading strategies additionally reflect their knowledge of deal characteristics. They prefer bidder-initiated, cash, privately negotiated, and strategic deals. Insiders combine several sources of information.
Factors Influencing Growth and Body Condition of Alewives in Connecticut Lakes

ABSTRACT Alewives were collected by nighttime gill netting during summer 1999 from 12 Connecticut lakes that support landlocked populations to determine relationships between population characteristics and physicochemical lake variables. Mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) ranged from 0.2 to 16.4 age-1 and older alewives per net hour. Maximum ages of alewives among lakes ranged from two to five years, and mean back-calculated length-at-age-1, used to index growth rate, ranged from 78 to 146 mm. Mean back-calculated length-at-age-1 was positively correlated with mean relative condition factor (Kn), watershed area:lake surface area ratio, watershed area:lake volume ratio, lake surface area:lake volume ratio, conductivity, total nitrogen, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, and chlorophyll a, and negatively correlated with retention time, maximum lake depth, mean lake depth, and transparency. Mean Kn ranged from 0.93 to 1.23 and was positively correlated with mean back-calculated length-at-age-1, watershed area:lake volume ratio, lake surface area:lake volume ratio, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and potassium, and negatively correlated with maximum lake depth and transparency. Growth and Kn of alewives were highest in shallow, productive lakes with low transparencies. CPUE was not related to growth rate or to any physicochemical lake variable.
Influence of prey availability and age of female on reproduction and sex ratio of the predacious mite Typhlodromus athiasae (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Under experimental conditions, the fecundity of Typhlodromus athiasae increased with greater availability of prey (Tetranychus urticae) , but declined after reaching a level of 16 prey per day. The number of prey killed per egg produced and the number of prey killed per day during the reproductive period increased with prey availability. The total number of reproductive days increased initially, but leveled off at higher levels of prey density. As the prey density was increased, there was a shift in sex ratio towards an increased proportion of females. Age of mated females has an influence also on fecundity and sex ratio; old females produced fewer eggs compared with young females under constant condition of abundant prey.
Field studies of a Brazilian seahorse population, Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933

This study was carried out to fill the gaps that remain under Hippocampus reidi biology. Analysis of variations of sex ratio, density, breeding season, distribution and home range of a population of the endangered Brazilian seahorse H. reidi from a rocky shore on Aracatiba beach, Ilha Grande, Brazil were carried out. Aracatiba beach is a tourist Environmental Protected Area, suffering antropic pressure. A fixed population of H. reidi was studied, where al lthe individuals were visually tagged and sex, reproductive state and location on site were identified from December 2002 to November 2004. A total of 20 individuals were visually tagged with a mean density of 0.18 m-2. Sex ratios were skewed, with more females than males. All the males brooded during 13 months and presented smaller home range than the females during the breeding season. The highest densities were found on shallowest areas.
Does Commonality in Illiquidity Command a Risk Premium?

This paper investigates whether investors are compensated for taking on commonality risk in equity portfolios. A large literature documents the existence and the causes of commonality in illiquidity, but the implications for investors are less understood. In a more than fifty year long sample of NYSE stocks, we find that commonality risk carries a return premium of at least 2.0 per cent annually. The commonality risk premium is statistically and economically significant, and substantially higher than what is found in previous studies. It is robust when controlling for illiquidity level effects, transaction costs, as well as variations in illiquidity measurement.
Dynamics of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa: Experimental Evidence of Temperature and Host Plant Effects on Population Growth Rates

Effects of temperature, season (wet versus dry), plant age, and leaf age on developmental time, fecundity, survivorship, and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, were evaluated using age-specific life table statistics. Preadult developmental times were similar regardless of treatment; however, adult periods, fecundity, and rm were enhanced on young leaves of young plants. Patterns of survivorship and fecundity were similar at 24, 27, and 31°C on a degree-day basis but lower at 20 and 34°C, whereas estimates of rm were similar at all temperatures studied except at 34°C. The lower thermal threshold for development was estimated to be 14.4°C. A simple population model based on empirical rm values predicted larger mite populations on host plants during the wet season than commonly observed. However, when rainfall-induced mortality was added, the large mite populations predicted on wet-season host plants collapsed to levels similar to those observed in the field.
Changes in reproductive investment with altitude in an alpine plant

Aims In perennial species, the allocation of resources to reproduction results in a reduction of allocation to vegetative growth and, therefore, impacts future reproductive success. As a consequence, variation in this trade-off is among the most important driving forces in the life-history evolution of perennial plants and can lead to locally adapted genotypes. In addition to genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity might also contribute to local adaptation of plants to local conditions by mediating changes in reproductive allocation. Knowledge on the importance of genetic and environmental effects on the trade-off between reproduction and vegetative growth is therefore essential to understand how plants may respond to environmental changes. Methods We conducted a transplant experiment along an altitudinal gradient from 425 m to 1921 m in the front range of the Western Alps of Switzerland to assess the influence of both altitudinal origin of populations and altitude of growing site on growth, reproductive allocation and local adaptation in Poa alpina. The proportion of the number of reproductive tillers by the total number of tillers - was used as a proxy for reproductive allocation. Important findings In our study, the investment in reproduction increased with plant size. Plant growth and the relative importance of reproductive investment decreased in populations originating from higher altitudes compared to populations originating from lower altitudes. The changes in reproductive investment were mainly explained by differences in plant size. In contrast to genetic effects, phenotypic plasticity of all traits measured was low and not related to altitude. As a result, the population from the lowest altitude of origin performed best at all sites. Our results indicate that in P. alpina genetic differences in growth and reproductive investment are related to local conditions affecting growth, i.e. interspecific competition and soil moisture content.
Relationship between Body Size and Anaerobic Metabolism in Brook Trout and Largemouth Bass

Abstract The relationship between body size, anaerobic capacity, and white muscle acid-base and metabolite status was examined for two sizes of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Resting muscle lactate, pH, HCO3 −, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) were size-independent in brook trout. After exercise, however, there was a significant positive relationship between the accumulation of both lactate and metabolic protons and body size in brook trout. In addition, there was a significant size-dependent decrease in postexercise muscle pH, with larger trout experiencing a more severe drop in muscle pH. In contrast, the postexercise changes in muscle HCO3 − and Pco2 remained size-independent in trout. Having observed that anaerobic capacity (i.e., lactate production) apparently was affected by body size in trout, we measured the concentrations of two other anaerobic energy reserves—phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP—in trout white muscle before and after exercise.
Variability in host‐plant quality for the larvae of a polyphagous insect folivore in midseason: the impact of light on three deciduous sapling species

We examined the effects of light availability on the suitability of foliage from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) (Aceraceae), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart) (Rosaceae), and sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees (Lauraceae)] for the larvae of the promethea moth, Callosamia promethea Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), in midseason. We identified replicate sun‐ and shade‐grown saplings of red maple, black cherry, and sassafras from naturally growing populations in the field. Foliage collected from the experimental saplings was bioassayed using early instars of the promethea moth and assayed for nitrogen and carbon content. Promethea moth‐larval performance and survivorship was highest on sassafras, intermediate on black cherry, and lowest on red maple. Larvae feeding on foliage from plants grown in the sun performed better than from those grown in the shade; the effect of light did not depend on sapling species. Foliar nitrogen content varied among the sapling species and was higher, overall, in foliage from plants grown in the sun. Nitrogen concentration related strongly and positively with larval performance and accounted for a great deal of the variation in performance both among the sapling species and between the sun and shade treatments. During midseason, foliar nitrogen content is determined by light availability, it varies among sapling species, and it is likely the primary constituent determining host quality for folivores on these sapling species.
WEST NILE VIRUS IN NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Nile historical in the this mosquito- caused an intense outbreak in local bird populations and a small epidemic in the associated human population. West Nile virus became established in this focal area, and in 2000 it spread north and south from there during the summer transmission season. The virus continued to expand during the six years, ultimately aﬀ ecting all the continental states and most of North America. The strain of WNV introduced was uncharacteristically virulent as a disease agent in native avian species in North America. Corvid species, particularly the American Crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ), were aﬀ ected the most, and mortality in American Crows and other corvid species was used as a sensitive sentinel system to detect the presence and movement of the virus through a public-health-reporting and laboratory-testing national surveillance program. American Crows were also the earliest indicator of virus activity in most locations and a useful predictor of human cases. The temporal and spatial pa(cid:11) ern and rapidity of the continental spread of WNV, as detected by the national surveillance system, matched the semiannual migratory movements of hundreds of millions of North American birds.
Evolution of Debtor Rights

Debtor rights vis-a-vis creditor during bankruptcy can evolve over time due to changes in the nature of the prevailing bankruptcy law and its practice. I empirically study such a time-series trend in debtor rights using comprehensive sample of U.S. firms. To this end, I develop a dynamic model to estimate debtor rights and examine its implications. Larger debtor rights make debtors more willing to default, which increases borrowing costs. In response, firms lower leverage ex-ante. This channel helps to match joint distributions of leverage and default probabilities. Structural estimation reveals a change over time: debtor rights increased from 1.2% to 4.4% around the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, and has gradually decreased back to zero in the subsequent four decades.
Modeling Money

We develop and implement a limited information diagnostic strategy for assessing the plausibility of monetary business cycle models. Our strategy focuses on a model's ability to reproduce empirical estimates of an actual economy's response to monetary policy shocks. A key input to this diagnostic is a univariate time series representation of the response of money to a shock in monetary policy. We find that a monetary policy shock has only a small contemporaneous effect on the monetary base and M1. Its primary effect is to signal future movements in the money supply. We implement our diagnostic strategy on a limited participation model of money which stresses the importance of credit market frictions in the monetary transmission mechanism.
First records of Conrad's false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) in the southern Bothnian Sea, Sweden, near a nuclear power plant.

The invasive, biofouling, Conrad's false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata was first recorded in Sweden during spring 2011 in the cooling water system of the power plant of Forsmark in the southern Bothnian Sea. The cooling water discharge area offers a favourable environment for growth, survival, and reproduction of M. leucophaeata and may provide a stepping stone for further spread. We present three different studies in the area, revealing a rapid increase in mussels in the artificially heated area, with densities of the magnitude of thousands of individuals m-2, as well as mussels living in surrounding waters, indicating an on-going expansion in the region. Key words: cooling water; biofouling; invasive mussel
The Influence of Media Use on Laymen's Monetary Policy Knowledge in Germany

We analyse German citizens’ knowledge about monetary policy and the European Central Bank (ECB), as well as the public’s use of mass communication media to obtain information about the ECB. We employ a unique representative public opinion survey of German households conducted in 2011. We find that a person’s desire to be informed about the ECB, together with the use of various media channels to keep informed, are decisive for both (i) the person’s perception of how much he or she knows about the ECB and (ii) the person’s actual knowledge. The media-related influence varies by level of education and is stronger for subjective knowledge. Women are significantly less interested in and knowledgeable about the ECB. We conclude that the ECB is not only well advised to continue with education programmes designed to convince the public of the importance of knowing about monetary policy, but to take the gender-specific differences into account in doing so.
Consequences of human-mediated marine intrusions on the zooplankton community of a temperate coastal lagoon

Abstract Barrier bars separating lagoons from oceans are frequently breached as a management tool to prevent flooding of terrestrial ecosystems. The effects of such human-mediated openings on zooplankton have been investigated only in one tropical system. We investigated the temperate Waituna Lagoon, New Zealand, over a 2-year period when the barrier bar was ‘artificially’ breached on three occasions. Increases in salinity associated with opening of the barrier bars greatly influenced zooplankton community composition, and recovery of communities was dependent on the rate at which salinity returned to pre-disturbance conditions. As such, resilience of zooplankton in coastal lagoons is a function of the lagoon conditions returning to those experienced prior to barrier breach, rather than being a result of the zooplankton community simply recovering from a single defined disturbance event. In contrast to the tropical lagoon studies, temperature in Waituna Lagoon was inferred to explain a significant proportion of the variability in zooplankton community composition, independent of salinity. Appropriate timing for the opening of barrier bars by management authorities in temperate lagoons, which would allow the greatest opportunity for freshwater zooplankton communities to recover rapidly, will rely on determining the best time for rapid barrier bar reformation and high freshwater inflow rates (i.e. the recovery of zooplankton relies on return to initial conditions). However, such an approach is in direct conflict with the opening of barrier bars for management of water levels.
Limits to Arbitrage and the MAX Effect in Advanced Emerging Markets

Evidence of a negative relationship between extreme positive returns and future returns has been reported in developed markets; a result that has been attributed to mispricing (Bali, Cakici, &amp; Whitelaw, 2011; Zhong &amp; Gray, 2016). This study examines this MAX anomaly across advanced emerging markets, which are characterised by a higher level of limits to arbitrage compared with development markets. The MAX effect is shown to be larger in magnitude in emerging markets compared with developed markets and the returns generated by this strategy are not explained by conventional risk factors. Abnormal returns on this MAX strategy are largely attributed to the underperformance of stocks on the short side of the strategy. The results reported in this study support the proposition that the MAX effect is a pervasive anomaly that is explained by mispricing.
Preservation of raw buffalo's milk by the activation of lactoperoxidase system and its effect on yogurt preparation.

ABSTRACT The perishable nature of milk is the main problem for collection of raw milk in developing countries, especially during summer season. In this study, naturally occurring lactoperoxidase system of raw buffalo's milk was stabilized by equal proportions of 10, 20 and 30 ppm of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) immediately after collection. The results of the quality control tests (i.e., total viable counts, titratable acidity, pH and milk stability) indicated that milk stabilized with 10, 20 and 30 ppm of H2O2 and NaSCN, stored at 40C, significantly (P < 0.05) increased the shelf life of raw milk up to 8 and 16 h as compared with control, which curdled within 6 h of milking. Later on, these stabilized milk samples were assessed for the preparation of yogurt by using a mixed culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction of lactic acid production was observed and the proportions of H2O2/NaSCN increased compared with control. This effectiveness was more pronounced with 20 and 30 ppm as compared with 10 ppm. The results of organoleptic evaluation showed that yogurt prepared from 10 ppm stabilized milk got the highest score. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study reveals a significant effect of lactoperoxidase system on preserving raw buffalo's milk for more than 16 h at 40C as compared with control. Therefore, this system provides an opportunity for the collection of raw milk from wildly scattered remote areas where no proper transportation and chilling units are available. This system also seems to be useful for the collection of evening milk. However, both higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) showed deteriorative effects on yogurt starter culture activity for yogurt making. Only 10 ppm concentration proved to be suitable for yogurt preparation. Thus, it was concluded that minimum level of H2O2/NaSCN concentration is required for cultural activity in product development procedures.