Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validation of a UHF spaced antenna wind profiler for high‐resolution boundary layer observations

In this paper we apply a spaced antenna technique derived from the recent work of Doviak et al. [1996a] and Holloway et al. [this issue] to wind measurement with a small UHF boundary layer profiler. We discuss the implementation of the technique, averaging and quality control strategies, and some advantages and limitations of spaced antenna methods over conventional Doppler beam swinging wind profilers in the boundary layer. Such advantages include a relaxation of the assumption of a horizontally uniform wind field and the possibility of high temporal resolution wind profiles. In this regard we present velocity measurements derived from this UHF system with time resolution of about 30 s and compare these measurements with in situ sonic anemometer data taken on a 300‐m tower. Finally, we present an example of a high‐resolution time‐height cross section of atmospheric winds. This example, collected in stratiform precipitation, shows the intriguing situation of a wind speed maximum (jet) which closely follows the height of the melting layer over several hours even as this height changes by several hundred meters.
Distribution and Correlation of Dynamic Wind Loads

Types of aeroelastic and elastic wind tunnel models available for measuring fluctuating wind loads on tall buildings are described together with some of their advantages and limitations. A new technique for using numerous pressure transducers to directly measure these fluctuating wind loads is presented. In this technique, analog circuits are used to sum individual pressure measurements in obtaining records which represent loads over segements of the model or over the entire model. Recent tests using the technique are described and sample results are shown. Forces measured with the transducers on a fixed model are used to predict the response of an aeroelastic model of similar shape, for which response measurements have been published in the literature. It is shown that the predicted and measured response agree within the bounds of expected errors up to values of reduced gradient velocity of approximately 15. At reduced gradient velocities in excess of 15, the fixed model predictions underestimate the aeroelastic model results and the slope of the response curve is quite different because motion of the aeroelastic model alters the aerodynamics.
Summer Reading Program: A Systematic Literature Review

This article is a systematic review of summer reading programs from 2012 to 2021 and provides a synthesis of 16 articles on summer programs in children from prekindergarten through Grade 8 together with several individual and environmental characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic status, the language of learning, reading and/or behavioral disabilities). Compared to a control group, most studies have shown improvements, or at least no loss, in reading and writing skills and social behaviors. This is the reason why the programs are designed to incorporate a holistic approach to child development and are increasingly used in preparation for the next grade. Furthermore, this article highlights the heterogeneity of the intervention programs in terms of duration (2 weeks to 8 weeks), parental involvement (involved or not in literacy development) and type of intervention (at home vs. at center/school). Finally, the effectiveness of the programs is considered and the characteristics of and tips for successful programs are indicated.
Sample Size and the Accuracy of Predictions Made from Multiple Regression Equations

Some rules of thumb are given for estimating the accuracy of predictions based on a multiple regression equation developed from a random sample of a multivariate normal population. The distribution of the prediction error in this case can be approximated usefully by a normal distribution. Formulas are given for the moments of the distribution and for other parameters such as the mean absolute error (MAE). The approximate inflation in MAE (over its asymptotic value) due to estimating the regression coefficients is a simple function of the base sample size and the number of predictors.
Closed coronal structures. II. generalized hydrostatic model

We use numerical computations of stationary solar coronal loop atmospheres to extend previous analytical work by Rosner, Tucker, and Vaiana. The two classes of loops examined include; (i) symmetric loops with a temperature maximum at the top, but now having length L greater than the pressure scale height s/sub p/, and (ii) loops which have local temperature mimimum at the top. For the first class we find new scaling laws, similar to those found by Rosner, Tucker, and Vaiana, which relate the base pressure p/sub 0/ and loop length to the base heating E/sub 0/, the heating deposition scale height s/sub H/, and the pressure scale height: Troughly-equal1.4 x 10/sup 3/(p/sub 0/L)/sup 0.33/ exp(-0.04L(2/s/sub H/+1/s/sub p/)) and E/sub 0/roughly-equal10/sup 5/p/sub 0/ /sup 1.17/L/sup -0.83/ exp (0.5L(1/s/sub H/-1/s/sub p/)). Loop for which L is greater than approx.2 to 3 times the pressure scale height do not have stable solutions unless they have a temperature minimum at the top. Computed models with a temperature inversion at the top are allowed in a wider range of s/sub H/ values than are loops with T/sub max/ at the top. We discuss these results in relation to observations showing a dependence of prominence formation andmore » stability on the state of evolution of magnetic structures, and we suggest a general scenario for the understanding of loop evolution from emergence in active regions through the large-scale structure phase to opening in coronal holes. « less
Contour quality assessment for OPC model calibration

Site-based SEM measurements produce accurate OPC models in 180nm to 65nm technology nodes, but the lack of 2D information has prompted for new calibration methods for sub 65nm designs. A hybrid technique using site-based SEM measurements together with SEM contours has been developed to produce more accurate OPC models. Contour samples account for 2D effects while CD sites provide high accuracy 1D measurements. SEM contours are prone to sampling and processing errors as well as extensive calibration run time. We develop a method to filter out inferior samples prior to model calibration to effectively decrease calibration runtime and increase model accuracy. Fitness and coverage metrics are used to assess the quality of the contour data in order to select the best subset of the calibration contours. Our results demonstrate a selection routine that consistently performs better than picking contours at random, and we discuss the trade-offs between coverage, accuracy and runtime with respect to model quality.
Numerical solutions for cavitating flow of a fluid with surface tension past a curved obstacle

The problem of cavitating flow past a two‐dimensional curved obstacle is considered. Surface tension is included in the dynamic boundary condition. The problem is solved numerically by series truncation. Explicit solutions are presented for the flow past a circle. It is shown that for each value of the surface tension different from zero, there exists a unique solution which leaves the obstacle tangentially. As the surface tension approaches zero, this solution tends to the classical solution satisfying the Brillouin–Villat condition. Vanden‐Broeck considered the effect of surface tension on the cavitating flow past a flat plate and on the shape of a jet emerging from a reservoir. His results indicate that the velocity is infinite at the separation points. It is shown that these unbounded values of the velocity are removed when the thickness and finite curvature of the ends of the plate and of the ends of the walls of the reservoir are taken into account.
Absolute Single and Multiple Charge Exchange Cross Sections for Highly Charged C, N, and O Ions Colliding with CH4

Absolute charge exchange (CE) cross sections have been measured for single and multiple exchanges between the highly charged ions (HCIs) Cq+ (q = 3–6), Nq+ (q = 4–7) and Oq+ (q = 5–7) colliding with the target methane (CH4) present in comet and planetary atmospheres. Measurements were made at collision energies of 7×q keV (1.8-3.5 keV amu−1), representative of the fast component of the solar wind. The HCIs are produced in a 14 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source. Absolute cross sections are measured using the retarding potential analyzer method, with knowledge of the target length, density, and projectile currents. Comparison is made with results of the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method, and the classical overbarrier model.
Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccination in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To analyze the differences in efficacy and safety of different types of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccines in different age groups (young adults and elderly). Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on COVID-19 vaccine in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library were searched by computer, and eight eligible studies were analyzed. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 and RevMan5.4 software. Results: The mean geometric titer (GMT) of the virus in the elderly was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI (0.68, 1.15), p < 0.01), presenting no obvious difference compared with the young adults (SMD = 0.19, 95% CI (0.38, 0.01), p = 0.06). Meanwhile, the effect of multiple vaccinations was better than that of single vaccination (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.33, 1.34), p < 0.01). However, the number of adverse events (AEs) in the elderly was lower than that in the young adults (OR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.29, 0.42), p < 0.01). Conclusions: The immunization effect of COVID-19 vaccine in the elderly is obvious, especially after multiple vaccinations, and the incidence of AEs in the elderly is low, which proves that the vaccination of the elderly is safe and effective.
BAYESIAN DOSIMETRY II: CREDIBILITY INTERVALS FOR RADIATION DOSE

SUMMARY This paper is the natural sequel to Madruga ef al. (Environmetrics, 547-56 (1994)) where data from literature were analysed. Here, three sets of experimental data were obtained at IPEN (Energetic and Nuclear Research Institute) from blood cultures from three patients with basal cellular carcinoma (1 male, age 68, and 2 females, ages 47 and 66), four healthy young subjects (2 males, ages 24 and 27, and 2 females, ages 20 and 27) and two older healthy subjects (1 male, age 50, and 1 female, age 46). These cultures were exposed in vitro to '%o radiati0.n ranging from 0 to 500cGy. The frequencies of cells with one or two nuclei, with or without micronuclei (MN), are the responses. Models for mono- and binucleated cells were obtained. As suggested in Madruga et al., models for mononucleated are simpler than for binucleated cells. The novelty is that, based on the observed frequencies of micronucleated cells, we can generate credible intervals for unknown doses to which an individual was exposed.
Stable multi-estimation model for single-input single-output discrete adaptive control systems

A pole-placement-based adaptive controller synthesized from a multi-estimation scheme is designed for linear single-input single-output time-invariant plants. A higher level switching structure between the various estimation schemes is used to supervise the reparameterization of the adaptive controller in real time. The basic usefulness of the proposed scheme is to improve the transient behaviour while guaranteeing closed loop stability. The scheme becomes specifically useful when extended to linear plants whose parameters are piecewise constants while changing abruptly to new constant parameterizations or in the case when the parameters are slowly time varying rather than constant. Thus, the scheme becomes attractive from a modelling point of view since the plant, while being potentially time varying, or in particular, possessing several operation points, is modelled as a set of time-invariant plant unknown parameterizations each possessing its own estimation scheme. In that way, the model description becomes conceptually simple and easy to implement concerned with both estimation and control issues. A description of the controller architecture with multiple parameterizations, together with its associated multi-estimation scheme is given. In addition, the proofs of boundedness of all the relevant signals are given so that the closed-loop system is proved to be stable.
Existence of stable payoff configurations for cooperative games

1. Let T be an w-person cooperative game with a (not necessarily superadditive) characteristic function v(B). We assume that T is normalized so that v(B)^0 for each coalition B, and v(i)~0 for i = l , 2, • • • , n. Let B = 5 i , J52, • • • , Bm be a coalition structure, i.e., a partition of the set N= {1, 2, • • • , n\ into m nonempty coalitions. An outcome of the game with this coalition structure can be represented by a payoff configuration (x; B), where the payoff vector X2=(#i, #2, • • • , xn) represents the amount which the players receive. If we restrict ourselves to individually rational payoff configurations (i.r.p.c/s), i.e., to payoff configurations with x ^ O coordinate wise, then x must lie in the space Z ( B ) s 5 i X 5 , 2 X • • • XSm) where Sj = {x B i ^{x k }keBj:x k ^0 and ]£*€£,• xk = v(Bj)} are geometric simplices for j = l , • • • , m. Let (x; B) be an i.r. p.c. for a game I \ and let v and \x be two distinct players in a coalition Bj of B. An objection of v against fx in (x; B) is a vector y , where C is a coalition containing player v but not player jx, whose coordinates {yu}, kCiC, satisfy: yv>xv, yk^Xk a n d Hkecyk = v(C). A counter objection to this objection is a vector Z, where D is a coalition containing player ix but not player *>, whose coordinates {zk\, feG-D, satisfy: Zk^Xk for each fe in JD, z*E;y* for each k in CP\P, X^eD Zfc = z>(.D). DEFINITION. We shall say that player v is stronger than player /x (or, equivalently, tha t player \x is weaker than player J>), in (x; B), if v has an objection against fxt which cannot be countered. We denote this by v>ju. We shall say that both players are equal, and write v^p, if neither v> fx nor JX> v. REMARK. By definition, v~fx in (x; B) if v and jx belong to different coalitions of B. DEFINITION. A coalition Bj in B will be called stable in (x; B), if each two of its members are equal. DEFINITION. An i.r. p.c. (x; B) is called stable if each coalition in B is stable in (x; B). The set of all the stable i.r. p.c. 's is called the bargaining set M f of
Relationship between Self Esteem and Coping Patterns toward Work Stressors among Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses

Back ground Psychiatric nursing is regarded as one of the most stressful occupations in the world. It considered as a challenging task for psychiatric nurses physically and psychologically especially nurses who are faced with specialized work demands. Design This study was descriptive study. Aim the study aimed at determine relationship between self esteem and coping patterns toward work stressors among psychiatric mental health nurses. This study conducted on 210 psychiatric mental health nurses setting Elkhanka psychiatric mental health hospital at El-khanka City Qalubia, Governorate. Type of sample was Convenience sample. Tools consisted of, four tools as the following; Tool I Interview questionnaire sheet used to assess psychiatric mental health nurses socio-demographic characteristics, Tool II Rosenberg self-esteem scale to assess self-esteem level for psychiatric mental health nurses, Tool III Work stressors scale to measure work stressors for psychiatric mental health nurses and Tool IV Jalowiec coping scale to measure coping patterns toward work stressors for psychiatric mental health nurses. Results : The study revealed that, nearly three quarter of psychiatric mental health nurses have High level of self esteem, more than two third of them have moderate work stressors level and higher percentage of them have effective coping pattern. Conclusion the study revealed that there was positive correlation and significant relation between self esteem and coping pattern toward work stressors among psychiatric mental health nurses. Recommendation , The study recommended that Reconsider instructional program for psychiatric nurses on how to reduce the job stressors. The future research should be done with a larger sample size in several psychiatric hospitals and in a broader geographical area.
Simulations of Micro Gas Flows by the DS-BGK Method

For gas flows in micro devices, the molecular mean free path is of the same order as the characteristic scale making the Navier-Stokes equation invalid. Recently, some micro gas flows are simulated by the DS-BGK method, which is convergent to the BGK equation and very efficient for low-velocity cases. As the molecular reflection on the boundary is the dominant effect compared to the intermolecular collisions in micro gas flows, the more realistic boundary condition, namely the CLL reflection model, is employed in the DS-BGK simulation and the influence of the accommodation coefficients used in the molecular reflection model on the results are discussed. The simulation results are verified by comparison with those of the DSMC method as criteria.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
First Results from the Las Campanas QSO Brightness Monitoring Program

We have examined optical brightness changes in 151 luminous, moderate-redshift QSOs with unknown variability properties. Short exposures were obtained using CCD detectors on the 40 inch (102 cm) Swope Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Some of the observations were taken as early as 1987, with the bulk of them beginning in 1990 and continuing through the beginning of 1994. Observations of individual QSOs were typically taken several times per year in V and/or Gunn r filters. Brightness variations have been determined relative to stars contained in an ≈ 6 arcmin2 field. We investigated the characteristics of the brightness variations using the ensemble structure function for three QSO object classes: radio quiet QSOs with broad absorption lines (BALs) in their spectra, radio quiet QSOs without BALs, and radio-loud quasars that systematically lack BALs. We find that ≈ 2/3 of the entire sample show very quiescent variations, with changes typically less than 0.15 mag yr-1 (proper time), corresponding to individual structure function slopes less than 0.0225 mag2 yr-1. We have designated these objects optically weak variables (OWVs), while the remainder of the sample with larger variations are designated optically strong variables (OSVs). Over the time of the observations, we were able to find only subtle statistical differences in the variability properties of radio quiet non-BAL and BAL QSOs. Although there is a slight tendency for the rate of change of continuum brightness to be larger in the radio-quiet non-BAL QSOs, to first order in both object classes the mean rate of change is similar and the characteristic timescale of variation appears to be greater than 1.2 yr (proper time). Consistent with the finding of slightly larger rates of change in radio-quiet non-BAL QSOs, we also find that the fraction of OSVs is marginally larger in the non-BAL QSOs in comparison to the BAL QSOs. However, the optical variability properties of the radio-loud quasars are clearly different. For the radio-loud quasars, while their rate of change in brightness is similar to changes observed in radio-quiet QSOs, their characteristic timescale of variation is statistically shorter, ≈ 0.6-0.8 yr (proper time). Collectively, these results have implications for models of QSO geometry and future methods of conducting QSO optical variability surveys. The results also illustrate the limitations of methods for discovering QSOs on the basis of optical variability alone.
Scale dependence of the statistical character of turbulent fluctuations in thermal convection

Two numerical realizations of thermal turbulence at Ra=630 000 and at the disparate aspect ratios (AR) of 3.1 and 6 were shown previously [Phys. Fluids A 5, 412 (1993)] to exhibit probability distribution functions (PDFs) of temperature flucuations (T’), which were exponential in the former case and Gaussian in the latter. Such PDFs for T’ are instrumental in definitions of hard and soft turbulence regimes. Here the same two realizations are considered, but the fields are spectrally decomposed by a horizontal scale before accumulating statistics. Within either flow field, both Gaussianity and exponentiality are present, but at differing lateral scales. The T’ distributions are seen to be Gaussian in the large scales, and the exponential at the small ones with parallel trends seen in the statistics of the velocity fields. Similarities with previous experimental and theoretical results and implications for soft/hard turbulence classification are discussed.
Net radiation estimated by remote sensing in Cerrado areas in the Upper Paraguay River Basin

Abstract The Cerrado is a heterogeneous landscape which is shrinking due to deforestation, giving rise to managed ecosystems. The land cover changes alter net radiation (Rn), which determines the quantity of available energy to the energy balance partition. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the spatial pattern of the vegetation indices, albedo, and land surface temperature (LST) and (2) to evaluate the Rn estimated by Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images over Cerrado areas in the Upper Paraguay River Basin. We estimated the vegetation indices, albedo, LST, and Rn of five selected vegetation types. The values estimated by Landsat 5 TM images had seasonal variations with higher values of the vegetation indices and lower values of the albedo and the LST during the wet season. The riparian and Cerrado strictu sensu had higher values of vegetation indices and lower albedo and LST than grasslands. The Rn estimated by Landsat 5 TM images was highly correlated with the measured Rn. The Rn had a seasonal pattern, following the solar radiation, with higher values during the wet season and varied spatially with higher values in the riparian forest and Cerrado strictu sensu and lower in the grasslands. This study showed the applicability of the Landsat 5 TM images to estimate Rn, which can help to understand the heterogeneity in the study area.
β-Robust scheduling for single-machine systems with uncertain processing times

In scheduling environments with processing time uncertainty, system performance is determined by both the sequence in which jobs are ordered and the actual processing times of jobs. For these situations, the risk of achieving substandard system performance can be an important measure of scheduling effectiveness. To hedge this risk requires an explicit consideration of both the mean and the variance of system performance associated with alternative schedules, and motivates a β-robustness objective to capture the likelihood that a schedule yields actual performance no worse than a given target level. In this paper we focus on β-robust scheduling issues in single-stage production environments with uncertain processing times. We define a general β-robust scheduling objective, formulate the β-robust scheduling problem that results when job processing times are independent random variables and the performance measure of interest is the total flow time across all jobs, establish problem complexity, and develop exact and heuristic solution approaches. We then extend the β-robust scheduling model to consider situations where the uncertainty associated with individual job processing times can be selectively controlled through resource allocation. Computational results are reported to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the solution procedures.