Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Evil Twins: Adversarial Inputs versus Poisoned Models

Despite their tremendous success in a range of domains, deep learning systems are inherently susceptible to two types of manipulations: adversarial inputs -- maliciously crafted samples that deceive target deep neural network (DNN) models, and poisoned models -- adversely forged DNNs that misbehave on pre-defined inputs. While prior work has intensively studied the two attack vectors in parallel, there is still a lack of understanding about their fundamental connections: what are the dynamic interactions between the two attack vectors? what are the implications of such interactions for optimizing existing attacks? what are the potential countermeasures against the enhanced attacks? Answering these key questions is crucial for assessing and mitigating the holistic vulnerabilities of DNNs deployed in realistic settings. Here we take a solid step towards this goal by conducting the first systematic study of the two attack vectors within a unified framework. Specifically, (i) we develop a new attack model that jointly optimizes adversarial inputs and poisoned models; (ii) with both analytical and empirical evidence, we reveal that there exist intriguing "mutual reinforcement" effects between the two attack vectors -- leveraging one vector significantly amplifies the effectiveness of the other; (iii) we demonstrate that such effects enable a large design spectrum for the adversary to enhance the existing attacks that exploit both vectors (e.g., backdoor attacks), such as maximizing the attack evasiveness with respect to various detection methods; (iv) finally, we discuss potential countermeasures against such optimized attacks and their technical challenges, pointing to several promising research directions.
Systematic review of resilience measures: construction management graduates’ perspective

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the most appropriate resilience measures in the literature for construction management (CM) graduates. Evaluation criteria are required to assess established instruments in terms of covering pivotal dimensions of resilience in the targeted population. A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the literature were adopted to address research objectives. As the first finding, the literature synthesis resulted in a factor structure comprising 42 predictors of resilience organized in two domains; social and personal. It can add value to the CM curriculum by introducing an agenda for the development of resilience-promoting academic initiatives. As the second finding, the present study identified that three established instruments of Youth Ecological-Resilience Scale (YERS), Resilience at University (RAU), and Adolescent Resilience Scale (ARS-30) are more appropriate in the target context due to covering the required aspects of resilience. We also proposed how to further improve these instruments for a more effective application in the target population. We also identified the specific factors which are important in the construction sector but have not been covered in extant instruments. Thus, future research can emphasize neglected areas to refine current instruments or develop a new measure fitting the context. This paper holds substantial implications for rethinking extant resilience measures from a construction graduates’ perspective, as well as for incorporating important resilience skills in construction education.
Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic papillectomy for early‐stage cancer in duodenal ampullary adenoma: Comparison to surgical treatment

While recent evidences support endoscopic resection as curative in ampullary tumors with high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia, only small case series have reported endoscopic management of early‐stage ampullary cancer; thus, radical surgery remains the only accepted treatment modality. We evaluated the long‐term outcomes of early ampullary adenocarcinoma administered endoscopic management.
Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Starch granules were isolated from polished grains of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), waxy and nonwaxy near-isogenic lines of a Japonica rice cultivar, Taichung 65, grown under controlled temperature conditions. Amylose contents and distributions of β-1,4 chains of amylopectin, and further details of the fine structure of waxy amylopectin were determined by enzymatic and chromatographic methods. The higher environmental temperature decreased amylose contents in endosperm starches of nonwaxy rice plants. Moreover, the higher environmental temperature increased the amount of long B chains of amylopectin and decreased mainly that of short B chains and slightly that of a chains as compared with the lower environmental temperature.
In search of corporate governance in franchising

Abstract A firm’s governance structure and business model might explain the firm’s failure or success. Franchising is a business model that has not received much attention within the corporate governance (CG) literature even though it obviously brings several unique CG challenges. Therefore, we review articles at the interface of CG and franchising. We identify and thematize the literature in four focus areas, each with a different relationship to CG: 1) traditional CG, 2) governance challenges unique to franchising, 3) governance modes, and 4) contracts. We find that the literature largely ignores the traditional view of CG when examining many aspects of franchising. We also find that the franchising literature covers governance topics when discussing governance modes, which provides a basis for developing CG theories. Altogether, our findings open a promising avenue for future research that incorporates CG into studies of franchising.
Investigating age‐dependency of species extinction rates using dynamic survivorship analysis

Survivorship curves with taxon lifespans normalised to variations in the real‐time extinction rate (the ‘Corrected Survivorship Score’ technique) are plotted for various fossil groups. Of five groups tested at the ‘species level’ (strictly speaking, Linnean morphospecies), only the calcareous nannoplankton are found to have had a constant extinction probability with respect to morphospecies age. The planktonic foraminifer, trilobite, conodont and graptolite data all show a significant age‐dependent effect (convexity of survivorship curves), which reveals in each case a progressively increasing extinction probability as morphospecies became older. This effect is found to be much reduced for trilobite genera and absent for ammonoid families, suggesting that age‐dependency of extinction probability is primarily a characteristic of the species level in some, but not all groups. However, the pattern may be partly an artefact of taxonomic methodology. Morphospecies range data, which are gathered primarily for b.
Effects of empowering leadership on followers’ work–family interface

Abstract Drawing on the work–home resources model, this study examines how and why empowering leadership influences followers’ work–family conflict (WFC) and work–family positive spillover (WFPS). We focus on the mediating roles of leader–member exchange (LMX) and organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) and the moderating role of followers’ political skills. The results from a two-wave field survey of 272 employees in a state-owned enterprise in China indicate that LMX mediates the relationship between empowering leadership and WFPS and that OBSE mediates the relationship between empowering leadership and WFC. Moreover, political skills strengthen the main effects of empowering leadership on LMX and OBSE and the mediating effect of LMX on the relationship between empowering leadership and WFPS. Our findings have theoretical and managerial implications and indicate new research directions for leadership and work–family issues.
In silico Analysis and Homology Modelling of Antioxidant Proteins of Spinach

Spinach is an important dietary vegetable often associated with bene fi cial health effects. In this paper, a bioinformatics and molecular modeling approach was adopted to explore properties and structure of spinach antioxidant proteins. The antioxidant proteins selected for this study are ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydro ascorbate reductase (DHAR), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase-like protein (PHGPX) and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1 (2-CPs). Physico-chemical characterization interprets properties such as pI, EC, AI, GRAVY and instability index and provides data about these proteins and their properties. Prediction of motifs, patterns, disul fi de bridges and secondary structure were performed for functional characterization. Three dimensional structures for these proteins were not available as yet at PDB. Therefore, homology models for these antioxidant proteins were developed. The modelling of the three dimensional structure of these proteins shows that models generated by Modeller were more acceptable in comparison to that by Geno3D and Swiss Model. The models were validated using protein structure checking tools PROCHECK and WHAT IF. These structures will provide a good foundation for functional analysis of experimentally derived crystal structures.
On a new species of Dendromus (Rodentia, Nesomyidae) from Mount Nimba, Guinea

Abstract The taxonomic position of the westernmost representatives of the genus Dendromus in Africa is clarified herein associated with the recent capture of specimens in a range of habitats and elevations on Mount Nimba, Guinea. On the basis of morphological, morphometric and cytogenetic characters, we describe these animals as a new species. The distinguishing characteristics of the new species, with respect to D. melanotis and D. mystacalis from Gabon and Ghana, include the absence of a dorsal stripe and a larger body size. The new species is also smaller in size than D. oreas from Mount Cameroon. The new species has morphological similarities with karyotyped specimens of D. messorius from Ippy (Central African Republic) and the so-called D. melanotis from La Maboké, Gabon, but has a distinct karyotype. It is close in morphology to D. messorius from the Cameroon lowlands. This is the first time G and C banding were employed for members of the genus Dendromus, and the karyotype of the new species confirms that it may be a sibling species of the D. messorius “complex”, for which the distribution and measure of species diversity in west central Africa are far from resolved. The new species occurs in Guinean and Liberian montane savannas of Mount Nimba and in banana and quinine plantations around Mount Ziama, Guinea. It is also known from the Ivory Coast. The presence of this new species highlights the importance of altitude savannas and forests of the Nimba region for conservation.
Dynamic egg maturation strategies in an aphid parasitoid

Abstract Females of the parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus both lay more eggs on younger stages of their aphid host, Aphis glycines, and contain more mature eggs in their ovaries when held with these younger host stages. This suggests that egg maturation is more rapid in the presence of younger host stages. Three factors explaining the difference in the egg loads of A. albipodus females exposed to various host stages are examined. These are (i) the number of host‐feeding meals; (ii) the number of eggs laid; and (iii) the host stage utilized. Together, these factors explain 69% of the variance in A. albipodus egg load. The number of host‐feeding meals taken by females is a strong predictor of egg load. More host meals are taken on young hosts, suggesting that host feeding contributes to the trend of faster egg maturation in the presence of younger hosts. Host stage has a strong impact on egg load even when the effect of host feeding is accounted for. There is no evidence for an effect of the oviposition rate on egg load. The results indicate that egg maturation by A. albipodus is dynamic; females mature eggs faster when in the presence of preferred hosts. It is hypothesized that this allows A. albipodus females to more closely match their reproductive effort to reproductive opportunities.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and various oleoresins of Elettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods)

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the chemical analysis of the essential oil and various oleoresins of Elettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods) by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. It also compares the effects of the different extraction solvents used (chloroform, methanol, ethanol and diethyl ether) on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and oleoresins. RESULTS: The essential oil was found to contain 71 compounds. The major components were α-terpinyl acetate (44.3%), 1,8-cineole (10.7%), α-terpineol (9.8%) and linalool (8.6%). The chloroform and methanol oleoresins both contained α-terpinyl acetate (21.8 and 25.9% respectively) as the main component, while 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (28.9%) was the most abundant compound in the ethanol oleoresin. However, very few components (total 0.61%) were found in the diethyl ether oleoresin. The antioxidant activities of the essential oil and oleoresins, studied in mustard oil by monitoring the peroxide value of the oil substrate, were comparable to those of the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 0.02% concentration. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the micro-organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at 3000 ppm by the agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity was tested against the food-borne fungi Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium madriti. The methanol and ethanol oleoresins gave the best results against A. terreus at 3000 ppm by the poison food method. CONCLUSION: This study provides important information about the chemistry and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of E. cardamomum. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinsey and the psychoanalysts: Cross-disciplinary knowledge production in post-war US sex research

The historical forces of war and migration impacted heavily on the disciplinary locations, practitioners, and structures of sexology and psychoanalysis that had developed in the first decades of the 20th century. By the late 1940s, the US was fast becoming the world centre of each of these prominent fields within the modern human sciences. During these years, the work of Alfred C. Kinsey and his team became synonymous with a distinctly North American brand of empirical sex research. This article offers the most nuanced account to date of the shifting relationship between these two fields in the late 1940s to mid 1950s. It argues that this was more collaborative and mutually influential than previous historians have assumed, even as, following the publication of the first ‘Kinsey report’, tensions grew between the Indiana team and the conservative brand of psychoanalysis that by this stage dominated 1950s North American psychiatry. A keen sense of professional competitiveness accelerated the growing split between these two fields, as Kinsey’s team developed a distinctly modern, technologized brand of statistically oriented sexology that contrasted with the older patient case history, and assumed a very different approach to conservative analysts on ideas of homosexuality and ‘normal’ sexual behaviour. Yet this story of divergence is also tempered through consideration of other aspects of ‘situated knowledge’ such as religion and gender identity, even as accounts of cross-disciplinary competitiveness are expanded by contrasting Kinsey’s positions on psychoanalysis with those of contemporaries such as Harry Benjamin.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLE GENERATIONS IN THE ALKALI BEE, NOMIA MELANDERI COCKERELL 1

The range for development of post‐diapausing prepupae of the alkali bee lies between 17 and 35°. Peak developmental temperature is approximately 29°. Although temperatures above 33° are outside of the favorable range of development and induce an obligatory “aestivation”, they are effective in causing a very rapid diapause breakage. Prepupae held at 35° for 110 days underwent no development, yet when removed to 29° they pupated in half of the time required by the controls at that temperature. Voltinism in the alkali bee is temperature dependent, and apparently the physiological system that triggers diapause is not activated unless the developing larvae or prepupae are subjected to temperatures below 27°. Males continue to emerge throughout the season, but a small percentage of the male population appears before any females to effect the phenomenon of proterandry.
Pollen morphology of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) from the Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil (São Paulo) with a contribution to the systematics of Neotropical species

Abstract Dioscorea is a highly diverse genus in Brazil, particularly the south-eastern region, and most especially in the Atlantic Forest. Recent phylogenetic studies have helped clarify the intricate subgeneric classification of the genus, although some species remain to be sampled, and further studies are necessary to ascertain their systematic placement in the genus. Here, a palynological description of nine species occurring in a patch of Atlantic Forest, in the State of São Paulo, is provided. Three of these have not yet been sampled in molecular studies. The pollen of D. tauriglossum had never been characterised before. Dioscorea pollen are spheroidal to ellipsoidal, small to medium in size (the larger dimensions in D. dodecaneura and the smaller in D. amaranthoides), with disulculate aperture. The pollen wall ornamentation contributed to the segregation of two species – psilate-perforate (D. altissima, syn. D. choncrocarpa) and rugulate-perforate (D. monadelpha), as well as the separation of the other seven species in two groups – microreticulate (D. dodecaneura, D. multiflora, D. tauriglossum), and striate (D. amaranthoides, D. laxiflora, D. olfersiana, D. trilinguis). Systematic implications of the palynological variation found are discussed under the light of recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
A multi-server system with inventory of preliminary services and stock-dependent demand

This study is motivated by industries in which products can be partially prepared and stored before demand occurs, while demand is stock-dependent. We study a multi-server system in which the servers utilise their idle time to produce and store ‘preliminary services’ (PSs) in order to reduce customers’ sojourn time and, as a result, stimulating demand by creating the anticipation of a shorter sojourn time. In order to facilitate closed-form solutions, we analyse a Markovian queueing-inventory model and apply matrix geometric (MG) methods. In contrast to most applications in which the rate matrix R of the MG analysis is calculated numerically, our analysis enables derivation of explicit solutions for the entries of R and discovers their relation to Catalan numbers, allowing a rapid solution for large systems. Consequently, the system’s stability condition is readily obtained and shown to be identical to that of a regular M/M/s queue. Two models are developed: one for non-perishable PSs, the other for perishable ones. An economic analysis is provided for two case studies: a bike store and a pizza store. We observe that the reward has low sensitivity to deviation from the optimal PSs capacity and high sensitivity to deviation from the optimal promotional level.
Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Instability over Sloping Bathymetry: Buoyant Flow Regime

Baroclinic instabilities are important processes that enhance mixing and dispersion in the ocean. The presence of sloping bathymetry and the nongeostrophic effect influence the formation and evolution of baroclinic instabilities in oceanic bottom boundary layers and in coastal waters. This study explores two nongeostrophic baroclinic instability theories adapted to the scenario with sloping bathymetry and investigates the mechanism of the instability suppression (reduction in growth rate) in the buoyant flow regime. Both the two-layer and continuously stratified models reveal that the suppression is related to a new parameter, slope-relative Burger number Sr ≡ (M2/f2)(α + αp), where M2 is the horizontal buoyancy gradient, α is the bathymetry slope, and αp is the isopycnal slope. In the layer model, the instability growth rate linearly decreases with increasing Sr {the bulk form Sr = [U0/(H0f)](α + αp)}. In the continuously stratified model, the instability suppression intensifies with increasing Sr when the regime shifts from quasigeostrophic to nongeostrophic. The adapted theories are intrinsically applicable to deep ocean bottom boundary layers and could be conditionally applied to coastal buoyancy-driven flow. The slope-relative Burger number is related to the Richardson number by Sr = δrRi−1, where the slope-relative parameter is δr = (α + αp)/αp. Since energetic fronts in coastal zones are often characterized by low Ri, that implies potentially higher values of Sr, which is why baroclinic instabilities may be suppressed in the energetic regions where they would otherwise be expected to be ubiquitous according to the quasigeostrophic theory.
Intracellular pH stability in the aquatic resurrection plant Chamaegigas intrepidus in the extreme environmental conditions that characterize its natural habitat

SUMMARY Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter (syn. Lindernia intrepidus (Dinter) Oberm. ) is a poikilohydric aquatic plant that lives in rock pools on granitic outcrops in Central Namibia. The pools are only filled intermittently during the summer rains, and the plants can pass through 15-20 rehydration/dehydration cycles during a single wet season. Rehydrated plants also have to cope with substantial diurnal fluctuations in the pool pH as a result of photosynthetic CO2 uptake. We have used in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy to investigate the effect of external pH and dehydration (low water potential) on intracellular pH in the roots and submerged leaves of C. intrepidus. Increasing the external pH from 6 to 10 had no effect on the steady state cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH values of submerged leaves, but caused a slight alkalinization of the root cytoplasm. Similarly dehydration with PEG-600 at either pH 6 or pH 10 had no effect on the cytoplasmic pH of the leaves, but it did cause a small alkalinization of the leaf vacuoles at pH 10. These results imply an unusually effective regulation of intracellular pH, consistent with the adaptation of C. intrepidus to the extreme environmental conditions of its habitat. The NMR analysis also showed that dehydration had no effect on the inorganic phosphate and phosphocholine pools, and this was taken to indicate that the cell membranes were well protected from the effects of the low water potential.
Foliar form, colour and surface characteristics influence oviposition behaviour of the carrot fly

Various leaf models made of paper were presented to carrot flies, Psila rosae (F.) (Diptera: Psilidae) in choice assays to investigate the effect of non‐chemical plant traits on oviposition behaviour. The surrogate leaves differed in colour, shape, surface coating, size and stem length. In the presence of host‐plant extracts, physical factors strongly influenced oviposition. Green, yellow and orange three‐dimensional models similar in shape to host‐plant leaves (pinnately or ternately compound or dissected) and with a thin cover of paraffin wax were most acceptable to the females. Egg‐laying was not affected by leaf size, but was negatively correlated with stem length. The results obtained by testing models with simple leaf silhouettes were confirmed in an experiment using more lifelike imitations of real host and non‐host leaves. The findings are discussed by an extensive review of similar studies in three other phytophagous fly species (cabbage root fly, onion fly, Hessian fly).