Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intermediate water formation in the Ligurian Sea

La formation d'eau dense a ete observee dans la mer Ligure en fevrier 1969 au cours d'une experience MEDOC. En 1991, au cours d'une nouvelle campagne effectuee dans le cadre du programme PRIMO, la temperature, la salinite et les vitesses verticales ont ete mesurees a l'aide d'une sonde CTD et de courantometres acoustiques Doppler. Les resultats montrent la formation d'une eau dense dont les caracteristiques (temperature et salinite) different de maniere significative de celles trouvees pendant l'experience MEDOC. En 1969 de violents vents froids ont provoque le brassage et le refroidissement de la colonne d'eau jusqu'a une profondeur de 1200 m. En 1991, les forcages superficiels n'etaient pas assez forts pour effacer la stratification entre la surface et le fond, l'eau dense formee trouvant son equilibre a une profondeur intermediaire. Les differences entre 1969 et 1991 sont discutees dans le cadre plus general de la variabilite interannuelle observee dans la mer Ligure.
Cambrian Centropleura vermontensis fauna of northwestern Vermont

INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF PREVIOUS WORK So many remarkable fossils have been found in the Cambrian rocks of northwestern Vermont that Franklin County has become classic ground for students of Early Paleozoic life. Some of the first well-preserved Early Cambrian fossils ever discovered were collected in that region; and now one of the most surprising Middle Cambrian faunas ever unearthed in North America has been recovered from the St. Albans Shale, in the vicinity of St. Albans. This unexpected new fauna, which has been named from one of its most characteristic fossils, the Centropleura vermontensis fauna, contains 1 species of echinoderm, 8 species of brachiopods, 3 species of snails, 4 species of pteropods, no less than 47 species of trilobites, and one species of chordate—the oldest chordate yet discovered. It is the only fauna of its kind known in North America; and the only faunas comparable with it that have .
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. Viruses of Helminthosporium (cochlioblus) Victoriae Author's Personal Copy

research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: Abstract The enigma of the transmissible disease of Helminthosporium victoriae has almost been resolved. Diseased isolates are doubly infected with two distinct viruses, the victorivirus Helminthosporium victoriae virus 190S and the chrysovirus HvV145S. Mixed infection, however, is not required for disease development. DNA transformation experiments and transfection assays using purified HvV190S virions strongly indicate that HvV190S alone is necessary for inducing disease symptoms. HvV145, like other chrysoviruses, appears to have no effect on colony morphology. This chapter will discuss the molecular biology of the two viruses and summarize recent results of characterization of host gene products upregulated by virus infection. Furthermore, the novel structural features of HvV190S capsid will be highlighted.
Wheat acreage, productivity and production estimation through remote sensing and GIS techniques

Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies were used to estimate the acreage, productivity and production of wheat in Karlawad village of Karnataka, India. Such estimations are important for taking management decisions in precision farming. A cloud free LISS IV multispectral digital image of 5.8 m resolution of orbit 26798, path 202 and row 96, from IRS P6 satellite acquired on December 15, 2008 was used for the investigation. ERDAS IMAGINE 9.0 image analysis software and Arc GIS 9.0 software were used for data processing and analyses. Vegetation indices such as Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI) were computed from spectral reflectance values of wheat crop recorded at selected ground truth (GT) sites. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) of wheat crop at GT sites was recorded by using the equipment AccuPAR LAI meter of Decagon Devices Inc. USA. The estimated values of RS and GIS based wheat acreage, productivity and production were, 82.64 ha, 2801.5 kg per ha and 231.52 tons, respectively. The values of the correlation (r) between wheat productivity and NDVI, LAI, RVI and TVI were 0.892, 0.924, 0.892 and 0.890, respectively. Three productivity models using NDVI and LAI values either alone or in combination were compared for their performance. Among these models, a multiple regression model based on combination of NDVI and LAI with R value of 0.87 was found to explain the yield variability better than simple regression models based on either NDVI (R of 0.80) or LAI (R of 0.85). The study further revealed that the RS and GIS based estimations of acreage, productivity and production deviated from the data of Karnataka State Department of Agriculture (KSDA) by +3.19, +10.76 and +13.61 percent, respectively.
Phalangeal joints kinematics during ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) locomotion ( # 12297 ) 1 Third revision

The ostrich is a highly cursorial bipedal land animal with a permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint supported by only two toes. Although locomotor kinematics in walking and running ostriches have been examined, these studies have been largely limited to above the metatarsophalangeal joint. In this study, kinematic data of all major toe joints were collected from gaits with double support (slow walking) to running during stance period in a semi-natural setup with two selected cooperative ostriches. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of locomotor gait on toe joint kinematics. The MTP3 and MTP4 joints exhibit the largest range of motion whereas the first phalangeal joint of the 4th toe shows the largest motion variability. The interphalangeal joints of the 3rd and 4th toes present very similar motion patterns over stance phases of slow walking and running. However, the motion patterns of the MTP3 and MTP4 joints and the vertical displacement of the metatarsophalangeal joint are significantly different during running and slow walking. Because of the biomechanical requirements, ostrich is likely to select the inverted pendulum gait at low speeds and also the bouncing gait at high speeds to improve movement performance and energy economy. Interestingly, the motions of the MTP3 and MTP4 joints are highly synchronized from slow to fast locomotion. This strongly suggests that the 3rd and 4th toes really work as an “integrated system” with the 3rd toe as the main load bearing element whilst the 4th toe as the complementary load sharing element with a primary role to ensure the lateral stability of the permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2016:07:12297:3:1:NEW 29 Nov 2016) Manuscript to be reviewed
Factors affecting the nature of oil accumulation in fruit of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars

SummaryThe pattern of oil accumulation in the olive fruit during its development was studied in 15 cultivars under various levels of orchard intensification. While yield, fruit size and final oil content are dependent on both genetical and environmental conditions, the basic pattern of oil accumulation is determined only by the cultural and environmental conditions and is not cultivar dependent. Under irrigated intensive growing conditions oil accumulation is linear during most of the fruits’ growing period. The oil accumulation pattern will change considerably under limiting environmental or stress conditions.
TransFusion: Multi-modal Fusion Network for Semantic Segmentation

The complementary properties of 2D color images and 3D point clouds can potentially improve semantic segmentation compared to using uni-modal data. Multi-modal data fusion is however challenging due to the heterogeneity, dimensionality of the data, the difficulty of aligning different modalities to the same reference frame, and the presence of modality-specific bias. In this regard, we propose a new model, TransFusion, for semantic segmentation that fuses images directly with point clouds without the need for lossy pre-processing of the point clouds. TransFusion outperforms the baseline FCN model that uses images with depth maps. Compared to the baseline, our method improved mIoU by 4% and 2% for the Vaihingen and Potsdam datasets. We demonstrate the capability of our proposed model to adequately learn the spatial and structural information resulting in better inference.
Transfusion: Understanding Transfer Learning with Applications to Medical Imaging

With the increasingly varied applications of deep learning, transfer learning has emerged as a critically important technique. However, the central question of how much feature reuse in transfer is the source of benefit remains unanswered. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the effects of transfer, focusing on medical imaging, which is a particularly intriguing setting. Here, transfer learning is extremely popular, but data differences between pretraining and finetuing are considerable, reiterating the question of what is transferred. With experiments on two large scale medical imaging datasets, and CIFAR-10, we find transfer has almost negligible effects on performance, but significantly helps convergence speed. However, in all of these settings, convergence without transfer can be sped up dramatically by using only mean and variance statistics of the pretrained weights. Visualizing the lower layer filters shows that models trained from random initialization do not learn Gabor filters on medical images. We use CCA (canonical correlation analysis) to study the learned representations of the different models, finding that pretrained models are surprisingly similar to random initialization at higher layers. This similarity is evidenced both through model learning dynamics and a transfusion experiment, which explores the convergence speed using a subset of pretrained weights.
Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness of the Slovenian Version of the Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM-Slo) in Patients with Wrist and Hand Disorders

ABSTRACT Introduction The Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM) is a region-specific patient reported outcome measure (PROM) for hand and wrist disorders, first introduced in English for patients with hand surgery in 1995. The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the translated and cross-culturally adapted Slovenian version of PEM (PEM-Slo). Methods The study was designed as a single-centre observational prospective study conducted from July 2020 to March 2021. The psychometric evaluation was performed on fifty-one patients with miscellaneous hand and wrist disorders. Reliability was tested for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent and divergent validity, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effect, and interpretability with the determination of minimal detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were assessed. Results The PEM-Slo has excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α 0.932) and good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.874). Convergent validity was proved with high to moderate correlations of PEM-Slo with DASH, grip strength and self-care, usual activities, and pain EQ-5D-5L subscales, whereas no correlation of PEM-Slo with EQ-5D-5L mobility and anxiety/depression subscale confirmed divergent validity. The PEM-Slo responsiveness was high (standardised response mean=1.42, effect size=1.25). MDC was 18.01 and MCID was 17.31. No floor or ceiling effect was found. Conclusion The PEM-Slo is a reliable, valid and responsive PROM for Slovenian-speaking patients with hand and wrist disorders.
Major depressive disorder: mechanism-based prescribing for personalized medicine

Individual patients with depression present with unique symptom clusters – before, during, and even after treatment. The prevalence of persistent, unresolved symptoms and their contribution to patient functioning and disease progression emphasize the importance of finding the right treatment choice at the onset and the utility of switching medications based on suboptimal responses. Our primary goal as clinicians is to improve patient function and quality of life. In fact, feelings of well-being and the return to premorbid levels of functioning are frequently rated by patients as being more important than symptom relief. However, functional improvements often lag behind resolution of mood, attributed in large part to persistent and functionally impairing symptoms – namely, fatigue, sleep/wake disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, patient outcomes can be optimized by deconstructing each patient’s depressive profile to its component symptoms and specifically targeting those domains that differentially limit patient function. This article will provide an evidence-based framework within which clinicians may tailor pharmacotherapy to patient symptomatology for improved treatment outcomes.
Properties of Space MIMO Communication Channels

— This paper discusses the characteristics of a space-to-space multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication channel that distinguish it from more common terrestrial MIMO communication channels. These characteristics imply that the channel matrices for space communication channels have a particularly simple structure that leads to statistical characteristics that are both predictable and readily controllable using clusters of satellites as distributed communication nodes. Furthermore, the extremely high cost of launching mass into space introduces a constraint into the channel capacity equation that leads to a spectral-efficiency vs. energy-efficiency tradeoff for space MIMO communication that is fundamentally different from the tradeoff that is generally considered applicable to terrestrial MIMO communication systems.
Assessment of contribution of contemporary carbon sources to size- fractionated PM and time-resolved bulk PM using the measurement of radiocarbon

This study was motivated by a desire to improve understanding of the sources contributing to the carbon that is an important component of airborne particulate matter (PM). The ultimate goal of this project was to lay a ground work for future tools that might be easily implemented with archived or routinely collected samples. A key feature of this study was application of radiocarbon measurement that can be interpreted to indicate the relative contributions from fossil and non-fossil carbon sources of atmospheric PM. Size-resolved PM and time-resolved PM10 collected from a site in Sacramento, CA in November 2007 (Phase I) and March 2008 (Phase II) were analyzed for radiocarbon and source markers such as levoglucosan, cholesterol, and elemental carbon. Radiocarbon data indicates that the contributions of non-fossil carbon sources were much greater than that from fossil carbon sources in all samples. Radiocarbon and source marker measurements confirm that a greater contribution of non-fossil carbon sources in Phase I samples was highly likely due to residential wood combustion. The present study proves that measurement of radiocarbon and source markers can be readily applied to archived or routinely collected samples for better characterization of PM sources. More accurate source apportionment will support ARB in developing more efficient control strategies.
A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the insecticide dimethoate

Abstract 1. Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide that is converted in vivo to omethoate, the active toxic moiety. Omethoate inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain and red blood cells (RBCs). This paper describes the development of rat and human physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for dimethoate. 2. The model simulates the absorption and distribution of dimethoate and omethoate, the conversion of dimethoate to omethoate and to other metabolites, the metabolism and excretion of omethoate, and the inhibition of RBC and brain AChE. An extensive data collection program to estimate metabolism and inhibition parameters is described. 3. The suite of models includes an adult rat, post-natal rat, and human model. The rat models were evaluated by comparing model predictions of dimethoate and omethoate to measured blood time course data, and with RBC and brain AChE inhibition estimates from an extensive database of in vivo AChE measurements. 4. After the demonstration of adequately fitted rat models that were robust to sensitivity analysis, the human model was applied for estimation of points-of-departure (PODs) for risk assessment using the human-specific parameters in the human PBPK/PD model. Thus, the standard interspecies uncertainty factor can be reduced from 10X to 1X.
Lake sediments record cycles of sediment flux driven by large earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand

Large earthquakes in mountain regions commonly trigger extensive landsliding and are important drivers of erosion, but the contribution of this landsliding to long-term erosion rates and seismic hazard remains poorly understood. Here we show that lake sediments record postseismic landscape response as a sequence of turbidites that can be used to quantify erosion related to large (moment magnitude, M w > 7.6) earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Alpine fault earthquakes caused a threefold increase in sediment flux over the ∼50 yr duration of each postseismic landscape response; this represents considerable delayed hazard following earthquake-induced strong ground motion. Earthquakes were responsible for 27% of the sediment flux from the lake catchment over the past 1100 yr, leading us to conclude that Alpine fault earthquakes are one of the most important drivers of erosion in the range front of the Southern Alps.
Enhanced lifetime of atmospheric circulation types over Europe: fact or fiction?

We analyse the lifetimes (persistence) of circulation types using 23 classifications (of which 18 are objective and 5 subjective) in the period 1957–2002 over Europe and its subregions. The objective catalogues are developed on the same gridded climatic data (ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis) but differ in the classification method used and in the number of synoptic types. Significant seasonal trends in the lifetime (both positive and negative) are fairly scarce and are present in all seasons in the manual catalogues only. In the subjective Hess–Brezowsky catalogue, there is an abrupt shift toward higher persistence in 1986, whereas in the Hungarian manual catalogue, a smaller but significant negative shift took place in the same year. These statistical inconsistencies probably result from inhomogeneities in the subjective catalogues. Our results suggest that the increase in the persistence of circulation types reported recently in several papers for the Hess–Brezowsky catalogue is an artefact rather than a real feature.
Attenuation Characteristics of the Media in Sichuan Basin Region

The inelastic attenuation model of media in the Sichuan Basin region has been studied by using the joint conversion of genetic algorithm based on the waveform data recorded by Sichuan Digital Seismic Network. The results show that the relation between inelastic attenuation value Q and frequency f Q(f)=217.8·f 0.816 within 500-km focal distance. This study lays a foundation for the analysis of focal spectrum and the simulation of strong ground motion in the Sichuan Basin region.
Effect of Apple Rootstocks and Length and Type of Interstock on Leaf Nutrient Levels

SummaryThe levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined in the leaves of young apple plants over a four-year period. The treatments were three root-stocks, MM 111, MM 106 and M 9; three interstocks, Red Delicious (cv Red Prince) (RD), MM 106 and M 9; and four interstock lengths, 2·5, 7·5, 12·5 and 18 cm. The level of Ca was lower in the leaves of plants with an MM 111 rootstock than in those on MM 106 or M 9. The level of K in the leaves was lower on plants with an M 9 than with an MM 106 or RD interstock. Only lengths of M 9 inter-stock differentially affected the nutrient level, and these effects were not consistent. Nutrient levels of leaves from rootstock and interstock treatments were similar over the four-year period. A small differential effect was shown only on the level of Ca. Rootstock treatments differentially affected the levels of N and Ca in the leaves over the four-year period, whereas the interstock treatments differentially affected the level of Cu over the same period. Th.
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: A Measure of Progress

This paper introduces a methodology that measures the effort made by countries in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The methodology compares the rate of progress on MDG indicators in the period before and after the adoption of the MDGs. We correct for two biases ignored in previous methodologies: non-linearity in the rate of change, and effort appreciation. By correcting for the first, we recognise that the rate of progress in MDG indicators is not linear across time. As for the second bias, we note that natural constraints hinder countries from achieving the targets as they approach their upper or lower bound limits. These two corrections allow us to identify countries that are making respectable progress on MDG acceleration, despite their likely ? failure? in achieving the Goals by 2015. (? )
Why is there No Mad Cow Disease in the United States? Comparing the Politics of Food Safety in Europe and the U.S

This paper compares approaches towards food safety regulation in Europe and the United States. It focuses on mad cow disease and examines how the British Government and the European Union handled the first big crisis in the nineties, juxtaposed to the American response. This worst public health disaster in Europe has led to new agencies and policies. However, these institutional changes do not abolish fragmentation, but extend the existing landscape of regulatory bodies. The paper emphasizes that fragmentation â€“ as the American case shows despite its shortcomings â€“ prevents science from being captured by the state, allows interest groups broader access and ensures a distinct pattern of checks and balances.