Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between Flooding Stress and Phytophthora Root Rot Among Alfalfa Cultivars

very similar when inoculated at either the vegetative (3-wk-old) or flowering (10-wk-old) stage of plants) or 950-ml (10-wk-old plants) growth. Significant differences were found in both flood tolerance and P. m. medicaginis resistance disposable pots. Ten plants were among the cultivars. Cultivars resistant to P. m. medicaginis were generally more resistant to established from seed in each pot and flooding stress in the absence of P. m. medicaginis; however, not all flood-tolerant cultivars watered as needed with complete nutrient displayed increased P. m. medicaginis resistance. Because the interaction among genotypes solution. The experiment was conducted between P. m. medicaginis resistance and flood tolerance was significant, the two stress responses in a glasshouse set to maintain daytime probably are not closely coupled. Ten-week-old plants with shoots removed just before treatment showed significantly more flooding injury and Phytophthora root rot damage than 3-wk-old temperatures of 28-29 C and night plants. The stress of shoot removal may predispose the plant to injury from either physical or temperatures of 24-25 C; however, biological stress, maximum daytime temperatures of 33-34 C were achieved for short periods on several days. Plants were either 3 wk old (seedling-vegetative stage) or 10-11 wk old and in the bud to early bloom stage of growth. Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of resistant alfalfa cultivars has progressed Inoculum production. The original alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), first rapidly since the development of Agate isolate used for this work was obtained described by Erwin (5), is a widely alfalfa (9), which is moderately resistant from D. C. Erwin. This isolate infected distributed disease associated with poorly to PRR. Phytophthora-resistant alfalfa more plants and resulted in larger root drained or periodically waterlogged soils. cultivars produce greater dry-matter lesions than Ohio isolates. Eight singleThe fungus can kill seedlings or it can yield under wet soil conditions (8,17) than zoospore isolates from this mass isolate affect established mature plants, causing susceptible cultivars. Tolerance of alfalfa were compared on Vernal alfalfa, and the much of the taproot to rot and slough off to flooding injury has also been reported two that produced the most and largest (18). The affected plants are more because several cultivars (i.e., Iroquois, lesions were used throughout this vulnerable to environmental stress, Lahontan, and Mich 80-16) have greater investigation. The isolates were mainespecially drought. Because alfalfa is used persistence in waterlogged soils (3,8,20). tained on dilute V-8 juice modified by extensively in long-term forage systems, The potential genetic interaction mixing with 5 g of Celite 545 filter aid persistence is an important attribute in between flooding tolerance and P. m. (Johns Mansville) and filtration through cultivar selection.
Glomus fasciculatum in defense responses to fusarial wilt of Coleus forskohlii

Abstract The activities of enzymes responsible for disease resistance in Coleus forskohlii, pre-inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus fasciculatum, and/or infection with a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum, and the biological control effect of G. fasciculatum on fusarial wilt in Coleus forskohlii were investigated. The experiment was carried out with four treatments, viz. plants pre-inoculated with G. fasciculatum, plants pre-inoculated with G. fasciculatum followed by infection with F. oxysporum, plants infected with F. oxysporum, and plants without any of the two microorganisms. Mycorrhization (%) was reduced in pathogen-challenged plants. In G. fasciculatum- and F. oxysporum- treated plants, an increase in phenolic content was observed on the 20th day while the maximum increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was observed on the 15th day after challenge inoculation with F. oxysporum compared with that of other treatments. In G. fasciculatum- and F. oxysporum-treated plants, an increase in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity was observed on the 15th day after pathogen challenge compared with that of other treatments. The observation revealed that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum systemically induced resistance against wilt disease of Coleus forskohlii via production of phenolics, the defence enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase, and pathogenesis-related proteins, and peroxidase in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection. G. fasciculatum reduced the disease severity and promoted plant growth significantly (P<0.05) in single-treated and in combination with F. oxysporum-treated plants compared with control plants. The results suggested that G. fasciculatum is a potentially effective protection agent against F. oxysporum.
Elk and hunter space-use sharing in South Dakota.

Documenting space-use patterns of elk (Cervus elaphus) and hunters is important for determining whether disturbance by hunters affects elk movements and resource use. We compared utilization distributions of elk and hunters during 4 hunting seasons (early archery, trophy rifle, antlerless rifle, and late archery) from 1993 to 1996 in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota, using the Volume of Intersection Index statistic. Volume of Intersection Indices were used as the response variable in a general linear regression model analysis to determine if environmental features were correlated with measures of space-use sharing. Space-use sharing for cow elk and hunters was lowest during the late archery hunt and highest during the trophy rifle and early archery seasons. Space-use sharing was lowest for bull elk and hunters during the trophy rifle hunt and highest during the early archery season. Hunter density, secondary road use, and tertiary road density were negatively correlated with space-use sharing. In contrast, vegetative cover was positively correlated with space-use sharing. Subherds occupying areas dominated by overstory-killed habitat exhibited less overlap with hunters than subherds residing in more heavily forested habitats. These results suggested that control of hunter density, including limitation of road access, in areas which lack vegetative cover may help mitigate hunter disturbance of elk. Variation in elk movements and environmental features correlated with overlap measures indicated that elk response to hunters was adaptive and short-lived.
Impacts of forest management on liana abundance and liana–tree relationships in a tropical forest in Malaysia and implications for conservation

This study analysed the impact of the Malayan Uniform management System (MUS) on liana abundance and their relationship with trees in the Bukit Panchor Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Two types of MUS-treated forest, medium-term MUS (M-MUS) and long-term MUS (L-MUS), were identified based on the management time span (19 and 42 years, respectively). Trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm were identified and examined for liana presence (diameter ≥ 2 cm) in ten 40 m × 40 m plots within each forest. Tree seedling and sapling abundance were also determined in a randomly selected 20 m × 20 m subplot within each plot. Liana abundance and infestation rates were significantly higher in the untreated forest than under the M-MUS, although they did not differ from those under the L-MUS. Tree diameter related significantly with liana load and basal area in all the forests except the M-MUS, which contained relatively more uniform diameter trees. Reduction in liana abundance and infestation in the treated forests favoured natural regeneration of the trees. Liana cutting was effective in reducing liana abundance and infestation in the medium term but not in the long term. Therefore, further liana cutting in the long term may be needed to control lianas.
Influence of Nutrient Supply Levels on Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Grain Quality and Economics of Corn (Zea mays L.) in Alfisols of Karnataka

A field experiment was conducted at Dryland Agriculture Project, Bangalore during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the influence of fertilizer levels on corn (Zea mays L.) yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economic returns. The treatments consist of corn genotypes NAH-2049 and NAC 6004. Fertilizer level treatment consists of N (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), P2O5 (0, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) and K2O (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha) along with or without elemental Sulphur (0 and 10 kg/ha) and ZnSO4 (0 and 12.5 kg/ha) compared to site specific nutrient management (SSNM target 8 t/ha), soil test crop response (STCR target 8 t/ha) and state recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF). The results of the study indicated that hybrid NAH-2049 (5129 kg/ha) was out yielded over NAC-6004 (4811 kg/ha) in both the years. However, nutritional qualities were non-significant except grain oil content between genotypes. Targeted yield based fertilizer application either by SSNM or STCR approach recorded significantly higher grain yield, oil and crude protein yield, starch and phenol content over state recommendation. Significant improvement in N, P, K, S and Zn uptake was recorded under SSNM and STCR approaches. SSNM approach fared well and gave higher net returns ( 28.94 x 103/ha) and B: C ratio (2.06). Application of fertilizer based on target can enhance the yield, nutrient uptake and economic returns from the production of corn in Alfisols of Karnataka.
Nycthemeral rhythms of total locomotor activity and oxidative markers in horse

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the nycthemeral rhythm of total locomotor activity (TLA) in horse and the possible involvement of the daily organization of rest/activity cycles in the fluctuation of the redox state. For this purpose we recorded TLA and determined oxidative markers in ten clinically healthy Italian Saddle horses. TLA was continuously recorded by means of an actigraphy-based data logger (Actiwatch-Mini ® ). For the assessment of free radicals (dROMs), the antioxidant barrier (Oxy-ads) and the thiol-antioxydant barrier (SHp), blood samples were collected every 4 hours over a 48 h period. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of time of day on all studied parameters. The application of the periodic model and the statistical analysis of cosinor indicate, in horses, the existence of a daily rhythm of the studied parameters during the 48 h of monitoring. The results show that nycthemeral rhythms of TLA and oxidative markers have different trends in horse. dROMs and Oxy-ads showed a nycthemeral rhythm with an acrophase in the middle of the photophase, and the acrophase of SHp nycthemeral rhythm preceded them. In contrast, TLA showed its acrophase only after the middle of the photophase. TLA showed a lower robustness of rhythms (16.3 and 20.3%) and in respect to the robustness values of the rhythms of oxidative markers (67.3–86.2%). In conclusion, the results of the present investigation showed that oxidative markers have different patterns than locomotor activity, and further studies could be necessary to determine whether other external stimuli, such as solar radiation, food administration or physical exercise are able to influence redox state rhythms in this species.
Ultrastructure of Lobocharacium coloradoense, gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Characiosiphonaceae), an unusual coenocyte from Colorado

Light and electron microscopic descriptions are provided for Lobocharacium coloradoense, gen. et sp. nov., a unicellular coenocytic green alga isolated from a power plant's retaining pond in north‐central Colorado. Vegetative cells range from 120–230 μm in length and 80–120 μm in diameter in culture. The large vegetative cells are attached to substrates by small discoid attachment pads. The cells are multinucleate and consist of distinct cytoplasmic lobes, with each lobe containing a chloroplast and a basal nucleus. Chloroplasts are somewhat cone‐shaped in profile and stellate or lobed when viewed from the surface, and each has a central, basal pyrenoid. Hundreds of these cytoplasmic lobes occur within a cell, and thin cytoplasmic bridges interconnect the lobes. When a vegetative cell matures, each of the cytoplasmic lobes cleaves to form numerous fusiform zoospores or spherical isogametes. The biflagellate isogametes range in size from 4–10 μm, they lack a cell wall, they have a cup‐shaped chloroplast with a pyrenoid and stigma, and they have a nucleus close to the basal bodies. Isogametes are incapable of forming vegetative cells. Zoospores are biflagellate and fusiform, measuring 8–12 μm in length and 4–6 μm in diameter. Each zoospore has a cell wall, a single parietal chloroplast with a prominent pyrenoid in the center of the chloroplast, and a long oval stigma. Gamete and zoospore release involves a dissolution of the entire vegetative wall. Released zoospores usually settle and cluster near the vegetative cell from which they were produced, attach to the substrate with their flagella, and, shortly after losing their flagella, extrude mucilage through the flagellar pores in the wall to form a small discoid attachment pad. The incipient vegetative cell is fusiform and uninucleate, but it becomes more rounded and multinucleate as enlargement occurs. Most vegetative cells in culture become dormant, and the chloroplast becomes orange in color. Some cells form single aplanospores that can withstand desiccation, but occasionally numerous aplanospores may also be formed later in the larger vegetative cells.
Distribution, Abundance and Habitat Selection by Breeding Yellow-billed Terns (Sternula superciliaris), Large-Billed Terns (Phaetusa simplex) and Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract. The distribution and abundance of Yellow-billed Terns (Sternula superciliaris), Large-billed Terns (Phaetusa simplex) and Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) were estimated, and the effects of habitat features on site occupancy by colonies of these three species nesting in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Amazonas, Brazil, were examined. Individuals were recorded on beaches during the 2008 and 2009 breeding seasons, with 26 (2008) and 30 (2009) potential nesting beaches (sites) surveyed. In both years, one site included 28% of all the Yellow-billed Terns, while two sites included 65% of all the Large-billed Terns. Site occupancy, the probability that a site is occupied (range &psgr;), was moderate to low for all three species, but higher for Yellow-billed Terns (0.58–0.63) than for Large-billed Terns (0.40–0.50) and Black Skimmers (0.23–0.54). Yellow-billed and Large-billed terns and Black Skimmers generally nested on larger beaches on islands that had little vegetative cover and that were exposed to open water, remote from river margins, distant from other islands and closer to large colonies of the same species. Abundance estimates (individuals per breeding season in the archipelago ± SE) in 2009 varied considerably among species (Yellow-billed Terns: 192 individuals ± 1; Large-billed Terns: 80 ± 1; Black Skimmer: 31 ± 1). These results suggest that habitat features that influence breeding site use by Yellow-billed and Large-billed terns and Black Skimmers include physical and vegetation characteristics as well as social attraction. While the probability of site occupancy increased with measures related to beach size and geographical isolation, closeness to large colonies indicates the relevance of social interactions for these species and, as such, the importance of large areas for the occurrence of their colonies.
The Effect of Employee Motivation on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Case Study of Travel Agents Guangxi, The People’s Republic of China

Tourism industry in Guangxi, the People’s Republic of China has drastically expanded. Hence, the competition of travel agents is intense. Employees are the core of the company such as travel agents to gain advantages over competitors. As employee performance would enhance company performance, prior research suggested that employee motivation and job satisfaction would lead to advance employee performance. The objective of this study is to explore the role of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation on job satisfaction and employee performance. This study employs quantitative method to collect the data from 256 employees of three leading travel agents in Guangxi, China. The result of this study suggested that intrinsic motivation has stronger effect on job satisfaction and employee performance than extrinsic motivation. The effect of intrinsic motivation on contextual performance is stronger than on task performance.
Frequency of Raised Serum Mean Platelet Volume in Patients of Ischemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction: Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and is defined as cell death due to interrupted or poor blood supply. It may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or bursting of blood vessel (haemorrhagic stroke). Compared to the United states where 100 cases of stroke are reported annually per 100,000 population, the number is supposedly higher in south Asian countries mounting to a global burden of 40% of stroke related deaths. In the quest for an improved clinical approach and prognosis numerous platelet markers have been investigated in connection with arterial thrombosis and inflammation since platelets are known to play a crucial role in vascular pathologies. Mean platelet volume (MPV), an important variable in this regard is now increasingly being recognized for its clinical significance in both ischemic and haemorrhage stroke. Platelets with larger volume tend to demonstrate increased aggregation as compared to smaller platelets since they can both efficiently respond to and produce chemoattractant cytokines. This new observation has extended the appreciation of the link between stroke and elevated MPV. Objective: Our purpose of study is to evaluate the frequency of elevated serum mean platelet volume in the patients of ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke and to investigate the possibility of MPV being an independent risk factor for stroke. Method: A cross sectional study was done on 200 patients of both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke using a structured questionnaire admitted in the medicine wards (1-5) of civil hospital Karachi (CHK). The Purpose of the research was explained and history based questions asked. Assessment of stroke was inferred from the patients file. Blood pressure, pulse and RBS and CBC values entered during admission were noted. ‘Glasgow Coma Scale’ was used to assess the conscious state of a person for neurological status. A standard phlebotomy technique was used to collect samples and results given by an automated analyser. Students t-test and Chi-Square was used to analyse the data through SPSS Version.16. Result: Out of total 200 stroke patients, 107 (53.5%) were of ischemic stroke and 93 (45.5%) haemorrhagic stroke. There were 56.5% male (49.4% ischemic and 64.5% haemorrhagic) and 43.5% female (50.5% ischemic and 35.5% haemorrhagic). MPV in ischemic stroke was 10.9 (SD 1.29) and haemorrhagic stroke was 11.0 (SD 1.5) Conclusion: On comparison of MPV in both ischemic and haemorrhagic, the p-value was 0.542 which was statistically insignificant
Clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of recurrent versus primary pterygium

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical aspects of primary and recurrent pterygia and correlate them with the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics of the pterygial sections. Background Pterygium is a fibrovascular, usually triangular membrane that begins growing from limbal epithelium and advances on the corneal surface, characterized by degenerative and hyperplastic changes in the conjunctival epithelium, proliferative and inflammatory characteristics, and a rich vasculature. The pathogenesis of pterygium is still incompletely understood. Ultraviolet irradiation is believed to be the most important factor in its development. Materials and methods This study included 44 pterygium patients who underwent pterygium excision by the bare sclera procedure. The tissues obtained were subjected to a histopathological examination as well as an immunohistochemical analysis for phospho-P53 and ki-67 and PCR for the human papillomavirus (HPV). Results Histopathological findings included epithelial and stromal inflammation, vascular proliferation, fibrosis, and solar elastosis. Epithelial dysplasia was detected in 43.6% of the specimens. The phospho-P53-positive rate was 96.2% and the ki-67-positive rate was 96.3%. HPV DNA was not detected in any of the pterygial specimens. Conclusion The high frequency of epithelial dysplasia supports the neoplastic theory of pterygium pathogenesis. Phospho-p53 expression is increased in pterygial epithelium as well as ki-67, which indicates the high proliferative activity. The absence of HPV suggests that it is not an etiological factor for pterygium pathogenesis in Egypt.
Growth rates of the bivalve Macoma balthica in the Wadden Sea during a period of eutrophication: relationships with concentrations of pelagic diatoms and flagellates

Probably as a consequence of eutrophication, both the length of the annual phytoplankton blooms and the mean concentrations of flagellates (dominated by Phaeocystispouchetii) have increased in the western part of the Wadden Sea during the last decades. Planktonic diatoms, on the other hand, have hardly increased, but fluctuate heavily from year to year. Among the benthic tidal-flat fauna, which has increased in total numbers and biomass during the last decades, the bivalve Macorna balthica was studied in detail. The 15 yr (1974 to 1989) patterns of its annual growth and condition were compared with abundance patterns in phytoplankton components (during the growing seasons of M. balthica). Fluctuations in M. balthica were found to parallel fluctuations of planktonic diatoms but not those of P. pouchetii. It is concluded that M. balthica responded by faster growth and higher condition to better feeding conditions in years of high diatom abundance. Diatoms rather than P. pouchetii or other flagellates will be the most important food source for M. balthica.
The petrosal bone of extinct Suoidea (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)

The morphology of the petrosal is often employed in mammalian systematics, yet this bone has not been described in detail for a comparative sample of extinct members of Suoidea (the clade encompassing pigs, peccaries and their extinct relatives), a total clade that represents one of the major divisions within Artiodactyla. Here, the petrosal osteology of fossil Suoidea ranging from their early representatives (Late Eocene) up to Late Miocene is described. A sample of petrosal specimens documenting eight genera from the four suoid families (Suidae, Tayassuidae, Sanitheriidae and Palaeochoeridae) has been collected from in situ mechanical preparation, CT-based reconstruction or identification of isolated petrosals. The diagnostic significance of petrosal characters for suoid systematics is assessed by the inclusion of the new petrosals data in a phylogenetic analysis. As in other mammal groups, petrosal characters are shown to be of primary phylogenetic interest. The monophyly of the included families and subfamilies shown by craniodental and postcranial characters is supported by petrosal characters, and the problematic New World suoid Perchoerus is interpreted as the first offshoot of the Suoidea clade. This work allows definition of Suoidea on the basis of petrosal morphological characters and reveals the shaping over time of the peculiar petrosal morphology observed in extant suoids, notably the drastic reduction of the mastoid of this ‘amastoidean’ group, convergently present in hippos.