Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GRAVEL AUGMENTATION INCREASES SPAWNING UTILIZATION BY ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS: A CASE STUDY FROM CALIFORNIA, USA

Anadromous salmonid diversity and abundance worldwide have been adversely impacted by anthropogenic forces, and millions of dollars are spent each year on stream habitat restoration and enhancement. However, there is a paucity of data comparing site use by salmonids before and after enhancement implementation, and few studies examine the specific environmental conditions that determine whether salmonids utilize an enhanced site. This study examines the use of gravel augmentation to improve spawning site utilization by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on the Lower American River, California, USA. Spawning increased across all augmentation sites for both species, although there were species‐specific and year‐specific differences in the degree to which a site was utilized and in the spatial distribution of redds in relation to substrate size, habitat features and other redds. There were also differences in redd architecture across sites that were related to differences in gravel size. This study illustrates that gravel augmentation projects can enhance spawning habitat for salmonids where spawning beds have degraded but that species‐specific and site‐specific attributes and gravel size can influence the relative effectiveness of a project. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on in situ oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in peats of a temperate fen

[1] Changes in hydrological conditions are expected and may alter carbon cycling in peatlands. Peat aeration with water table change has not commonly been investigated, and the water table is often assumed to constitute the oxic-anoxic boundary in peat. We analyzed temperature, moisture, oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in profiles of a temperate fen during two seasons. A drying-rewetting cycle and flooding were induced and compared to controls. The response of moisture and water table position varied greatly and was related to gradients of peat compaction and ash content. Background drought raised air-filled porosity (AFP) to a maximum of 15%–38% in shallow peat and experimental drought up to 50%. Decline in water table and soil moisture broadly led to O2 penetration and CO2 degassing, and rewetting and flooding led to anoxic conditions and CO2 accumulation in peat pore water. In dense peat with ≥20% ash content the unsaturated zone remained partly low in oxygen, however, and up to 5% AFP and 20 cm above water table O2 concentrations frequently remained below 50 μmol L−1. Moderately intense and short drying did not induce substantial oxygen penetration in the compacted soil profiles. The likelihood of the presence of oxygen in the peat was predicted by logistic regression using water table and ash content or bulk density as predictors (p < 0.0005). The model is potentially useful for predicting the position of the redoxcline in peat deposits and may assist in improving statistical models of trace gas emission from peatlands.
Longitudinal and seasonal variation of the equatorial flux tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate

Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), the ionospheric Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate is calculated. The seasonal and longitudinal variations of the growth rate from the TIEGCM appear to match that of the spread F observed by various satellite missions. The growth rate is strongly dependent on the angle between the sunset terminator and the geomagnetic field line near the magnetic equator. The TIEGCM simulations with nonmigrating tides show the zonal wave number 4 structure in the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability due to the inclusion of the nonmigrating diurnal eastward zonal wave number 3 and semidiurnal eastward zonal wave number 2 tides.
Short-term step reduction reduces citrate synthase activity without altering skeletal muscle markers of oxidative metabolism or insulin-mediated signaling in young males

Mitochondria are critical to skeletal muscle contractile function and metabolic health. Short-term periods of step reduction (SR) are associated with alterations in muscle protein turnover and mass. However, the effects of SR on mitochondrial metabolism/muscle oxidative metabolism and insulin-mediated signaling are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the total and/or phosphorylated protein content of key skeletal musclemarkers of mitochondrial/oxidativemetabolism, and insulin-mediated signaling would be altered over 7 days of SR in young healthymales. Eleven, healthy, recreationally activemales (means ± SE, age: 22 ± 1 yr, BMI: 23.4 ± 0.7 kg·m) underwent a 7-day period of SR. Immediately before and following SR, fasted-state muscle biopsy samples were acquired and analyzed for the assessment of total and phosphorylated protein content of key markers of mitochondrial/oxidative metabolism and insulin-mediated signaling. Daily step count was significantly reduced during the SR intervention (13,054 ± 833 to 1,192 ±99 steps·day , P< 0.001). Following SR, there was a significant decline in maximal citrate synthase activity (fold change: 0.94 ± 0.08, P < 0.05) and a significant increase in the protein content of p-glycogen synthase (P-GS; fold change: 1.47 ±0.14, P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the total or phosphorylated protein content of other keymarkers of insulin-mediated signaling, oxidativemetabolism,mitochondrial function, ormitochondrial dynamics (all P>0.05). These results suggest that short-term SR reduces themaximal activity of citrate synthase, a marker of mitochondrial content, without altering the total or phosphorylated protein content of key markers of skeletal musclemitochondrial metabolism and insulin signaling in young healthymales. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term (7 day) step reduction reduces the activity of citrate synthasewithout altering the total or phosphorylated protein content of keymarkers of skeletal musclemitochondrial metabolism and insulin signaling in young healthymales. insulin sensitivity; mitochondria; physical inactivity; skeletal muscle; step reduction
Are Better Educated Migrants Returning? Evidence from Multi-Dimensional Education Data

This study examines the relationship between migrants' education and their intentions to return. Previous research has presented mixed evidence on the association between the level of education and return migration. This study takes a multidimensional approach by analysing, aside from the level of education, the type and country of education and over-education as predictors of intentions to return based on a unique survey of Estonian migrants in Finland. The results indicate that the level of education is not related to the tendency to return. The most important education variable that shapes return migration is over-education ―migrants who work below their training express higher intentions to return back home. We also find some evidence that education obtained in the host country improves the socialisation prospects later on.
Application of geophysics to nickel sulphide exploration in the Kambalda district, Western Australia

The limited geological outcrop within the Kambalda district, when coupled with the favourable physical properties of nickel sulphides, make geophysical methods an important tool in the exploration for Archaean nickel deposits in this area. Present exploration strategy uses detailed airborne and surface magnetics in the targeting of favourable ore environments, structures, and prospective ultramafic-mafic contacts. Surface and downhole electrical and electromagnetic techniques are then applied to optimise prospect drilling and directly detect nickel sulphides. Thick, conductive overburden, magnetic "noise" originating in near-surface laterites, "false" anomalies due to conductive sedimentary units, and the extensive blanket of lake sediments in certain areas continue to present challenges to successful exploration.
Response to Letter to the Editor “Risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: Graced by a new score?”

We read with great interest the Letter to the Editor by Paiva et al. We appreciate their interest and their constructive comments on our article recently published in the Journal in which we develop and validate a simple risk stratification score (ProACS) for patients with acute coronary syndromes from a large nationwide registry. In our paper, the ProACS risk score showed a significantly lower discriminative power compared to the GRACE score in the external validation cohort, but slightly better compared to the development and internal validation cohorts. The Canada Acute Coronary Syndrome (C-ACS) risk score, developed with the same principles and objectives, yields similar discriminative power to our own score but is still considered adequate. Paiva et al. performed an additional external validation (highly recommended for any prediction model) in an independent contemporary cohort of 1000 consecutive myocardial infarction (MI) patients (43.5% with ST-elevation MI [STEMI]), fairly similar to the external validation cohort from our paper. Their results showed that 98% of in-hospital deaths were accurately classified in the intermediateor high-risk groups; however, the ProACS score’s discriminative power was significantly lower than that of the GRACE score (and slightly lower than our results), which might compromise the accuracy of risk stratification. They also performed a risk reclassification study, which showed that ProACS is better at identifying low-risk patients, particularly in the non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI) cohort. GRACE is superior in identifying high-risk patients. We obviously agree with the authors’ concluding remark that it remains to be determined whether the simplicity of this new score is offset by its infe-
Temporal and spatial effects of subauroral polarization streams on the thermospheric dynamics

[1] Based on two years of Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) events detected by DMSP satellites in the dusk-premidnight sector, we have studied the temporal and spatial effects of SAPS on thermospheric quantities. The events are divided into two different MLT (magnetic local time) groups covered by F13 and F14/15. Concurrent CHAMP observations taken between −30° and +60° in longitude (−2 h and +4 h MLT) with respect to the SAPS detection location and within a time window of 1.5 h before and 3 h after the SAPS detection time are used for comparison. For the first time the spatial and temporal effects of SAPS are shown. SAPS have great influences on the zonal wind in all MLT bins (17–21 MLT) around the F13 MLT sector, with the largest effect appearing around 19 MLT, about 0–2 hours MLT after SAPS onset. SAPS have relatively little effect around 23–24 MLT, as deduced from F14/15 SAPS. For most cases the zonal wind peaks in the first orbit, concurrent with the SAPS onset. But around 19 MLT the zonal wind attains peak velocities about 1.5 h after the SAPS detection. This is claimed to be related to the longer persistence of SAPS events in this MLT sector than in other sectors. The background air density gets enhanced by SAPS with the most prominent variation occurring around 19 MLT. There are density bulges appearing around the SAPS latitude. The electron density trough gets deepened and attains the minimum in the first orbit after the SAPS onset. The largest depletion can also be found around 19 MLT. Both the eastward and westward Hall currents (electrojets) get strengthened right after SAPS onset. The zonal wind peaks 2°–3° in latitudes equatorward of the eastward electrojet.
Radiological Dose Implications of The Natural Radioactivity In Surface Soils In Ekiti State, Nigeria

The radiological dose implications of the natural radioactivity in the surface soil across Ekiti State, Nigeria have been determined in this study by using a very sensitive gamma spectroscopic system of measurement. Effective dose at 1.0m above the ground in the State was found to vary between 0.037 and 0.227mSvy-1 while the fifty years integral dose obtained ranged from 1.85 to 11.5mSv with a mean of 5.4770+ 2.926mSv. The estimated average effective dose equivalent for the State is 0.109+ 0.058 mSvy-1. This value is far below the 0.41 mSvy-1 estimated as the world average by UNSCEAR and the dose limit of 1.0 mSv per year recommended as the individual dose limit for members of the public by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP). (Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences: 2002 8(3): 357-360)
Nitrogen fate and transport in agricultural systems

ABSTRACT: To sustain and maximize agricultural production in order to supply the nutritional needs of a continually growing world population, agricultural systems will need nitrogen (N) inputs. In its inert form as elemental dinitrogen (N2) gas in the atmosphere (78%), nitrogen does not impact environmental quality. But the extensive use of N in agricultural systems and the associated transformations of N into various ions or gaseous forms contribute to leaks from the N cycle. These N losses may contribute to the degradation of water, air, and soil in many regions of the world. When N is in its nitrate (NO3-) form, it is one of the most mobile ions in agricultural systems, and NO3- leaching is a primary source of the contamination in drinking water. Soil erosion that transports soil particles and N also contributes to surface water contamination. The gaseous transport of ammonia (NH3) from manures and the denitrification of NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) ions and their transformation into gaseous forms of N such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) can contribute to air quality and greenhouse warming impacts. Since N inputs are necessary for maintaining the viability of intensive agricultural systems, we must understand how management impacts the transformations, transport, and fate of N. The discussion of the transport and fate of N through agricultural systems must take into account the N cycle. Mitigation strategies that reduce the primary and secondary flows of N through the environment and that benefit farming and livestock operations must be developed.
Application of Livelihood Vulnerability Index to Assess Risks from Flood Vulnerability and Climate VariabilitymA Case Study in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

An Giang of the Mekong Delta is one of the most vulnerable provinces to flood and climate variability impacts, and that by annual flood, thousands of households are being at risks due to severe flood. Current management interventions remain a challenging task for decision makers and less understanding people livelihoods that leads to more vulnerable to flood and poverty. This study applied the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) that developed by Hahn et al. (2009) to estimate flood vulnerability in two villages, Phu Huu (An Phu district) and Ta Danh (Tri Ton district) of An Giang province. We surveyed 120 households in each village to collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, health, social networks, physical and finance, natural resources, natural disasters and climate variability. Gathered data were calculated for LVIs using a composite index and differential vulnerabilities were compared. Results show that the overall LVI of Phu Huu is higher than overall LVI of Ta Danh village. The result is also suggested that this practical method may be applied for other purposes, to monitor vulnerability, evaluate potential program or policy effectiveness by introducing scenarios into the LVI model for baseline comparison.
Soil gas geochemical exploration in covered terrains of northern Chile: data processing techniques and interpretation of contrast anomalies

The Campanani, Casualidad and Inca de Oro prospects, owned by Codelco-Chile, are extensive areas covered by post-mineralization deposits. To assist the detection of potential exploration targets, we carried out basic soil gas sampling campaigns by means of the Ore Hound GOCC® passive collectors, which were buried on a regular grid at a depth of 30–40 cm. After 90–120 days, samples were retrieved, sealed, and adsorbent material was submitted to an acid elution and analysed by ICP-MS for a set of 72 elements. In this study, databases have been analysed and modelled by statistical and geostatistical methodologies, mainly by factorial kriging analysis (FK). In all cases, a systematic analytical error was detected, discriminated and filtered, allowing the definition of contrast anomalies at different scales of spatial variation, and the interpretation of evidence of secondary dispersion processes by which present time surface contrast anomalies have been developed. The interpretation of contrast anomalies and element associations allowed the recognition of structural influences as pathways for gaseous circulation at the Campanani and Casualidad prospects. Likewise, lithological controls were detected at the Campanani and Inca de Oro prospects. At the Casualidad Prospect, a Co-Sn-Cu association describes a prospective zone c. 2 km north of the Casualidad deposit. At the Inca de Oro prospect, a marked influence of groundwater flow and/or surface drainage has been recognized in the configuration of contrast anomalies.
Clinoform migration patterns of a Late Miocene delta complex in the Danish Central Graben; implications for relative sea‐level changes

A Late Miocene delta complex is located in the Danish Central Graben. The delta complex provides the opportunity to study the spatial development of a wave‐fluvial dominated delta complex in three dimensions. Based on 3D seismic data (seismic sections and amplitude maps) and well data the complex has been investigated. The delta was developed during an initial rise and then a significant fall (approximately 90 m) in relative sea‐level. The prograding clinoformal package of the delta complex has clinoform dips of 2–3° and a thickness of maximum 115 m. The sediments are deposited in five elongated depositional units with the long axis parallel to the delta slope, and progradation occurred in a south‐westerly direction. The grain size of the units vary from muddy to coarse‐grained sand. Incised canyons running parallel to the depositional direction tend to be straight or have low sinuosity and incise approximately 90 m into the top of the delta. The delta complex has been subdivided into two systems tracts based on a study of clinoform migration patterns: (1) Rising trajectory in Unit 1–4 of the complex, the sea‐level was rising as documents a highstand systems tract (HST). (2) Descending trajectory in Unit 5 documenting a forced regression wedge systems tract (FRWST) as the sea‐level was falling, creating incised canyons.
A support vector machine model for the prediction of proteotypic peptides for accurate mass and time proteomics

MOTIVATION The standard approach to identifying peptides based on accurate mass and elution time (AMT) compares profiles obtained from a high resolution mass spectrometer to a database of peptides previously identified from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) studies. It would be advantageous, with respect to both accuracy and cost, to only search for those peptides that are detectable by MS (proteotypic). RESULTS We present a support vector machine (SVM) model that uses a simple descriptor space based on 35 properties of amino acid content, charge, hydrophilicity and polarity for the quantitative prediction of proteotypic peptides. Using three independently derived AMT databases (Shewanella oneidensis, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia pestis) for training and validation within and across species, the SVM resulted in an average accuracy measure of 0.8 with a SD of <0.025. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these results are achievable with a small set of 12 variables and can achieve high proteome coverage. AVAILABILITY http://omics.pnl. gov/software/STEPP.php. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Silurian oncocerid Octamerella (Cephalopoda) from Gotland, Sweden

An actinosiphonate deposit with radial lamellae occurs in the siphuncle of several genera classified within the Oncocerida. Unique structural preservation of the connecting ring and the actinosiphonate deposit is here described in the oncocerid Octamerella sp. from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. The connecting ring of Octamerella is of the Nautilus type. It consists of an outer porous spherulitic–prismatic layer and an inner thin fibrous organic layer, the latter destroyed by diagenesis. The actinosiphonate deposit consists of two, structurally different, spherulitic–prismatic sublayers. The thin outer sublayer has a fragile porous structure and low mechanical strength, similar to the outer spherulitic–prismatic layer of the connecting ring. The inner spherulitic–prismatic sublayer that forms the actinosiphonate lamellae has a more rigid, less porous structure and higher mechanical strength than the outer sublayer. Each lamella is longitudinally traversed by a calcareous central plate that has a solid structure and consists of thin acicular crystallites that are orientated parallel to the long axis of the plate. The secretion of the actinosiphonate deposit probably began immediately after a new siphuncular segment was completed. The connecting ring together with the actinosiphonate deposit functioned as a reservoir and transport route for the cameral liquid improving the buoyancy regulation.
Community-Implemented Trauma Therapy for Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda

The civil war in Northern Uganda, be-tweentherebelgroupLord’sResistanceArmy (LRA) and government forces,lasted more than 2 decades and has af-fectedvirtuallytheentireNorthernUgan-dan population. The dominant strategyoftheLRAwastheabductionofchildrenandtheirforcedrecruitmentashelpers,combatants, and sexual slaves.As a consequence of the conflict, ap-proximately1.8millionindividualshadbeen forced to resettle in camps for in-ternally displaced persons (IDP). Indi-vidualshavehesitantlyleftthesecampssince2008,afteragradualcalmingoftheconflict.
Understanding Crop Growing Pattern in Bardhaman district of West Bengal using Multi-Date RISAT 1 MRS data

Information on crop phenology is essential for evaluating crop productivity and crop management. Phenological phases of rice and jute show great inter-annual variability and also large spatial distribution in West Bengal. Hence, it is essential to map the pheonological patterns. In this study spatio-temporal monitoring of the growing pattern of rice and other crops was carried out using multi-date RISAT-1 MRS data in the major rice growing region of Bardhaman district of West Bengal. RISAT-1 provides C band (5.3 Ghz) SAR data. The MRS (Medium Resolution ScanSAR) mode data with HH polarization having spatial resolution of 25 m and swath 115 km was used for this study. Total fifteen sets of MRS SAR data (with repetivity of 25 days) covering a complete year (May, 2013 to April, 2014) was used. Pre-processing of multi-date MRS data included georeferencing, calibration, image-image registration and speckle removal using Lee filter. Groundtruth collected during various cropping seasons (pre-Kharif, Kharif and Rabi) were used to generate crop signature pattern based on which hierarchical decision based models could be formed for classification. The periodic backscatter pattern of different crops and crop sequences were analysed. Accuracy of rice crop classification was higher by using 4-date data, compared to 3-date data. Rice transplanting patterns (Early, Normal and Late), both for Kharif and Rabi, could be identified using multi-date data. Major transplanting period for Kharif Rice was Early August and that of Rabi Rice was Early February.