Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS ON CADMIUM INDUCED IMPAIRMENT IN GASTRIC MUCOSA OF RATS

SUMMARY : The balance between antioxidative and oxidative capacity of gastric mucosal epithelium plays an important role in maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity. High cadmium intake, disturbs this balance by increasing lipid peroxidation. In this experimental study, lipid peroxidation induced mucosal damage and its prevention due to antioxidant agents were investigated in rats exposed to high cadmium instake. It was found that gastric mucin decreased from 188.06 ± 10.76 µg/g wet wt to 158.41 ± 22.74 µg/g wet wt (p<0.01) and PGE2 levels declined from 1321.92 ± 271.65 µg/g wet wt to 1030.30 ± 278.51 µg/g wet wt (p<0.05) and an increment of hemoglobin leakage into luminal fluid was observed in rats received 1.5 µg/ml of cadmium containing water for 30 days in these exposed animals. TBARS levels in blood and gastric mucosa increased from 13.33 ± 3.30 nmol/g Hb to 19.54 ± 6.92 nmol/g Hb (p<0.05) and from 685.0 ± 123.70 nmol/g protein to 1090 ± 154.40 nmol/g protein, respectively. Co-administration of cadmium with antioxidant agents (1.42 µg/kg Se, 0.21 U/kg Vit. E, 14.3 U/kg Vit. A, 0.86 mg/kg Vit. C) did not prevent the lipid peroxidative effect of cadmium in gastric mucosa of rats.
Possibilities for Control of Corky Root (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schn., Gerl.) in Tomato Grown in Cultivation Facilities

A study for establishment of the effect of variety and fertilization on the index of infestation by corky root (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schn., Gerl.) in tomato plants grown in cultivation facilities was carried out. The experiment was performed in the conditions of natural infestation with 14 tomato varieties and lines at three systems of fertilization – mineral, integrated and organic. Effective microorganisms (ЕМ) were applied additionally in the variants with integrated and organic production. The studied varieties were divided in four groups depending on the susceptibility to the agent of corky root: with index of infestation up to 20%; from 21 to 40%; from 41 to 60% and over 61%. The lowest index of infestation is recorded in the variants with integrated and organic production including the application of vermicompost, rock phosphate and ЕМ. The yield recorded in this variant was lower compared to the variant with mineral fertilization but the differences were not mathematically significant
Effect of irrigation frequency and application levels of sulphur fertilizer on water use efficiency and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)

A field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the crop season of 2007 to 2008 and 2008 to 2009 to study the effect of irrigation and sulphur on yield and water use efficiency of Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea var. PusaJagannath). The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation in the main plots [no irrigation, one irrigation at 45 days after sowing (DAS), and two irrigations at 45 DAS and 90 DAS] and four levels of sulphur in sub-plots (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg S/ha). The results showed that in both years of experimentation, application of two irrigations significantly increased the India mustard yield as indicated by dry matter accumulation, seed production, biological/biomass yield, and harvest index, in comparison to no irrigation. Also, the application of two irrigations, been on par with one irrigation, significantly enhanced seed and biological yield to 20.6 and 78.0 q/ha respectively in the first year, and 22.9 and 86.7 q/ha respectively in the second year, and the highest harvest index was obtained from the application of two irrigations in both years of the study. Water use efficiency as indicated by seasonal consumptive water use increased progressively with the increasing number of irrigations. Also, the amount of soil moisture extraction by the crop from upper layers increased and those from lower depth decreased with increase in the level of irrigation (from no irrigation to two irrigations) in both years of the study. Application of two irrigations to mustard gave higher net (yield) return and benefit-cost (B: C ratio) over one irrigation, which in turn, gave higher net benefit-cost return and B: C ratio than no irrigation. The increasing levels of sulphur application increased Indian mustard dry matter accumulation, seed and biological yield and harvest index. Seasonal consumptive water use by the crop and water use efficiency increased progressively with the increase level of sulphur application up to 45 kg S/ha . Quantity of soil moisture extraction from deeper layer increased with increase in the levels of sulphur application. Key words : Indian mustard, Irrigation, Sulphur, Water use efficiency, Economic evaluation.
In vitro germination of three Cypripedium species in relation to time of seed collection, media, and cold treatment

To maximize the in vitro seed germination of three Cypripedium species, C. candidum Muhl. ex Willd. , C. reginae Walt. , and C. calceolus var. parviflorum Salisb. Fern. , the optimum time of seed collection and the suitability of various media were studied. A cold treatment was investigated for C. candidum. Seed pods were collected at regular intervals after pollination, ranging from green pods at 5 weeks to dry undehisced pods at 12 weeks. Seed was inoculated onto three media, Harvais, Van Waes and Debergh, and a modified Norstog and germination was assessed at 4-week intervals for 20 weeks. Cypripedium reginae germinated better than the other two species. Except for C. candidum in 1989 when germination peaked for seed collected at 6 weeks after pollination, seed collected at 8 weeks after pollination had the highest germination. After 8 weeks, germination decreased sharply in all species, dropping below 1% for C. candidum. There were differences among media but the effects on germination were not consisten.
Development of Maize Based Orange – Fleshed Sweet Potato Flat Bread for Lactating Mothers at Hawassa Zuria Woreda, SNNPRS, Ethiopia

Vitamin A deficiency continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia in spite of the various intervention measures since 1989. Food based strategies are cost effective, easy, long-term and sustainable for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency both in rural and urban settings. To improve the vitamin A content of traditional (staple) flat bread prepared from maize, three formulations of maize-based breads were prepared by incorporating Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) flour at 25%, 30% and 35%. Traditional maize-based flat bread served as control. Sensory evaluation was carried-out using a 9-point hedonic rating scale by panelists at the laboratory level. While, community level sensory evaluation (acceptability trial) was done by lactating mothers using a 5- point hedonic rating scale. The proximate composition values of flours and the four flat bread samples were determined using AOAC (2000) methods and open column chromatography method was used to determine the values of β-carotene. All the formulations were accepted both at laboratory and community levels. The proximate composition results showed an increase in the values of crude fiber and ash for OFSP incorporated flat breads compared to the control. The vitamin A contents (µg RAE) of maize and OFSP flours were found to be 0 and 888.01 µg RAE per 100 gm respectively. The vitamin A (µg RAE) content of the control bread was observed to be 0. Among the flat breads samples in which OFSP flour was incorporated, the vitamin A content was highest (269.63µg RAE) for the sample supplemented with 35% of orange fleshed sweet potato flour. OFSP flour up till 35% can be successfully incorporated in traditional maize based flat bread which can be used as a potential food source of vitamin A for lactating mothers residing in the study area.
Relationship between drought tolerance and stomata density in melon.

In this study relationship between drought tolerance and the stomata density of melon leaf was investigated. Twenty melon genotypes consisted of cultivars and landraces collected in Turkey were used as plant materiel. Plants were grown in a growth chamber and water stress was imposed at the three true leaf stages. The experiment was completed when the plants were 48 days old. Responses of genotypes to the water stress were investigated by using stomata density, shoot damage visual score (1-5), plant fresh and dry weight, leaf area, membrane injury index (MII) and relative water content (RWC). The results showed that the correlations between the "stomata density in control plants" and reductions in "shoot fresh and dry weights", "membrane injury", "relative water content" and "visual appearance scale" of drought plants vs. control plants were significantly important. The studies indicated that more tolerance to drought is less stomata density in leaf in control conditions. This property could be useful parameter in order to screen large melon plant material (genetic germplasm) for their drought tolerance at early plant growth stage. The only "one" parameter can be use to reduce large number of genotypes for later detail investigations.
Genetic Differences and Environmental Variations in Carotenoid Contents of Fruit Flesh in Parental Population Used in Citrus Breeding in Japan

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. breeding strategy, broad-sense heritability, b-cryptoxanthin, mandarin, location effect ABSTRACT. To aid the breeding of citrus (Citrus sp.) for high carotenoid content, we assayed the fruit flesh of 48 cultivars and selections within a parental population consisting of both old and new cultivars and selections at two locations in Japan. The mean total carotenoid (CAR) content across all 48 cultivars and selections over the two locations was 26.59 mgg L1 fresh weight (FW). The most prominent carotenoid was b-cryptoxanthin (BCR (12.09 mgg L1 FW)) followed by violaxanthin (VIO (8.04 mgg L1 FW)), z-carotene (2.27 mgg L1 FW), phytoene (1.86 mgg L1 FW), and b-carotene (0.96 mgg L1 FW). Broad-sense heritabilities of CAR, BCR, and VIO were 0.80 or greater based onasampleoffivefruitononetreeperlocationinonetimesamplingfor1yearinalocation,whichwererevealedtobe large enough for gauging the genetic variation. The mean CAR and BCR contents in a cultivar and selection group in advanced generations were nearly the same as in the initial population, suggesting no or little selection pressure on carotenoid content in the citrus breeding so far. High carotenoid contents in cultivars and selections released or selectedrecently,whichhavehighfruitqualities,suggesttheirhighpotentialforcombininghighfruitqualityandhigh carotenoid content in breeding. We showed that the critical phenotypic value used in selecting hybrid seedlings can be determined from the estimate of environmental variance.
Mechanisms of density dependence in stream fish: exploitation competition for food reduces growth of adult European bullheads (Cottus gobio).

In field experiments using cage enclosures, exploitation competition for invertebrate prey reduced individual growth of adult European bullheads (Cottus gobio) despite a dietary shift that maintained total prey biomass consumption. Growth of bullheads was negatively density dependent over a range of densities found in the field and total biomass production per enclosure was unrelated to stocking density. Individuals grew faster when invertebrate densities were experimentally elevated above ambient levels, indicating that bullheads were food limited. Parallel dietary shifts in response to manipulation of both bullhead density and resource availability suggested that exploitation competition for preferred Gammarus pulex prey was the primary cause of density-dependent growth. Switching to smaller prey species did not prevent growth of bullheads declining with increasing per capita food competition, indicating that the alternative prey were less profitable. Evidence for interference competition was limited. T.
Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae)

A taxonomic re-evaluation of the status of the North Pacific Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) combining the use of meristic, morphological and molecular data reveal this species to be clearly distinct from the widespread Squalus acanthias (Linneaus, 1758). Differences in the external morphology between S. acanthias and S. suckleyi are subtle and are likely to be masked by intraspecific variation within individuals. However, we found S. suckleyi to differ from S. acanthias based on the following morphological and meristic characteristics: a short, broadly-rounded to acute snout; first dorsal-fin midpoint more posterior to pectoral-fin insertion; pelvic-fin origin closer to second dorsal fin than first dorsal fin; total vertebral counts average 99 (97–106). Molecular analysis of approximately 650 bp of the CO1 mitochondrial gene (DNA barcode region) showed separation of S. suckleyi and S. acanthias into two distinct genetic clades with 98% bootstrap support. Within species genetic diversities were 0.109±0.036% and 0.176±0.041% for S. suckleyi and S. acanthias respectively; between species diversity was 5– 6 fold greater at 0.765+0.307%. Squalus suckleyi is thus resurrected and a neotype for this endemic North Pacific Squalus species is designated.
Massive bursts of transposable element activity in Drosophila

The evolutionary dynamics of transposable element (TE) insertions have been of continued interest since TE activity has important implications for genome evolution and adaptation. Here, we infer the transposition dynamics of TEs by comparing their abundance in natural D. melanogaster and D. simulans populations. Sequencing pools of more than 550 South African flies to at least 320-fold coverage, we determined the genome wide TE insertion frequencies in both species. We show that 46 (49%) TE families in D. melanogaster and 44 (47%) in D. simulans experienced a recent burst of activity. The bursts of activity affected different TE families in the two species. While in D. melanogaster retrotransposons predominated, DNA transposons showed higher activity levels in D. simulans. We propose that the observed TE dynamics are the outcome of the demographic history of the two species, with habitat expansion triggering a period of rapid evolution.
Accuracy of a passive acoustic location system: empirical studies in terrestrial habitats

The accuracy with which an acoustic location system (ALS) could locate a sound source was studied in open meadow and woodland habitats for a number of types of sound. The ALS used differences in the arrival times of sound at a fixed, four-microphone array and was based on the Canary sound analysis package. Location error increased with distance of the sound source from the centre of the array and was smallest in meadow habitats which induced little reverberation and which had low levels of biological background noise. The physical characteristics of sound elements could be used to predict the accuracy of the ALS in locating them. In general, frequency modulated sounds were located more accurately than constant frequency sounds, as were sounds containing a number of different elements when compared with shorter, single-element sounds. It proved to be possible to locate sounds routinely to within a few tens of centimetres, and therefore song perch changes of a few metres could be detected by the ALS. Thus t.
Effects of manure nitrogen on vegetables’ yield and nitrogen efficiency in Tanzania

Due to an increasing demand of leaf vegetables, and hence their economic importance in the tropics, it is very common that excessive fertilizer N rates are applied to vegetable gardens and fields to attain high yield. This calls for more information on their nutrient requirements. In this study, we designed experiments to explore the effect of organic N levels on the yield and agronomic N use efficiency (ANE) by chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) and amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design consisting of chinese cabbage (CC) and amaranthus (AM) with three replicates. Chicken manure (CHM) and cattle manure (CAM) were the source of N. The treatments were 0, 200, 300 kg N ha -1 and 0, 170, 250 kg N ha -1 for CC and AM, respectively. Chicken manure resulted in increased fresh and dry matter yield of CC and AM compared to CAM. All treatments at first harvest induced higher marketable yield of vegetables than controls except with low levels of CAM N. At second harvest, only 300 kg CHM N ha -1 resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher marketable yield of CC compared to control, while no significant difference observed in AM by 170 kg CAM N ha -1 . Agronomic N use efficiency was decreasing with increasing N levels. Nitrogen levels can be reduced to 200 and 170 kg N ha -1 for CC and AM without significantly affecting the yield.
Control of triacylglycerol accumulation and bicarbonate-induced accumulation in microalgae

Microalgae are capable of accumulating high levels of lipids and starch as carbon storage compounds. Investigation into the metabolic activities involved in the synthesis of these compounds has escalated since these compounds can be used as precursors for food and fuel. This dissertation represents the summary of work completed to evaluate factors that control and stimulate triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in microalgae, and demonstrate the use of sodium bicarbonate as a chemical additive to induce TAG accumulation. Two Chlorophytes, Scenedesmus sp. WC-1 and Coelastrella sp. PC-3, were analyzed in pH buffered systems to determine the effect of pH on growth and TAG accumulation, both with and without nitrate deplete conditions. Medium nitrate and pH were found to be independent stress mechanisms and the causal effects of each were determined. Growth and TAG accumulation was optimized on the Chlorophyte Scenedesmus sp. WC-1 and the addition of bicarbonate was shown to arrest cellular replication and induce an elevated TAG accumulation rate. Thus, decreasing the total culturing time required for TAG production by half. To ascertain whether the addition of bicarbonate would give similar results in other algae, the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Pt-1 and the model Chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were evaluated similar to WC-1. C. reinhardtii showed a cessation of the cell cycle with bicarbonate addition while P. tricornutum Pt-1 did not. However, the addition of bicarbonate was shown to induce lipid accumulation in both organisms. This demonstrates the broad use of bicarbonate as a means of inducing TAG accumulation in microalgae (Chlorophytes and diatoms, freshwater or marine).
Control of rice green leaf hoppers, Nephotettix virescens (dist.) by the use of insecticides

Field trials were undertaken for two cropping seasons during kharif, 2003 and 2004 to evaluate seven insecticides viz., ethiprole 10 SC, clothianidin 50 WDG, cartap hydrochloride 50 SP, phosphamidon 40 SL, triazophos 40 EC, diazinon 20 EC and α-cypermethrin 10 EC @ 50, 25, 500, 400, 400, 200 and 25g a.i./ha, respectively against the rice green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens. The results revealed that the GLH population/clump remained significantly low with all the seven insecticides evaluated up to 15 days after spraying (0.8–4.0) as compared to control (7.8–9.5). The % reduction in GLH population/clump over control ranged from 48.7–91.5 with these insecticides. However, ethiprole and α-cypermethrin registered significantly lowest population of GLH/clump (0.8–1.0) followed by clothianidin and phosphamidon (1.3–1.6) as compared to control (7.8–9.5) at 15 days after spraying.
Morfologia dos estágios imaturos e biologia de três espécies de Chinavia orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) e estudo comparado dos ovos de algumas espécies de pentatomídeos ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura

Description of the immature stages and biology of Chinavia pengue (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Adults of Chinavia pengue (Rolston, 1983) were collected in Garopaba county, SC, and used to establish a laboratory culture under controlled conditions (24 ± 1°C; 70 ± 10% RH; 12hL:12hD). Adults and nymphs were fed with green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eggs of C. pengue follow the pattern of coloration, chorion sculpture, color and shape of the aero-micropylar processes described to other neotropical Chinavia species. The first instar has the dorsal macula of the head and thorax characteristic of Chinavia species. In C. pengue, this macula is orange-red, and the abdominal maculae (4+4 lateral maculae and one median) are white. From second to fifth instars diagnostic characteristics are orange-red maculae at pro and mesothorax, and at middle of abdominal lateral plates. There was no overlapping of the head-capsule measurements between the five instars of C. pengue. Each female laid a mean of 15.9 ± 4.18 egg masses and 218.8 ± 48.60 eggs; there was a marked peak at 14 eggs per egg mass. Mean egg fertility was 70.0% ± 19.01; mortality in the second to fifth stadium was 1.6% ± 4.49. Sex ratio was 1 male: 1 female. The mean duration of the immature stage (egg to adult) was 45.7 ± 2.99 days.
THE EFFECTS OF HYDRO ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF PHYSALIS ALKEKEGI IALLOXAIDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Summary The present study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Physalis alkekengi on biochemical profile in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. The effec ts of an ethanolic extract of Physalis alkekengi on serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma insulin and liver glycogen were examined in control and experimental groups. Physalis alkekengi extract reduced the serum glucose concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hours. To verify the activity subchronically, the extract administered orally in the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg to diabetic rats for 30 days, that significantly reduced the level of glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides with an increase in insulin and glycogen concentration to near normal levels in a dosedependent manner. The results indicate that Physalis alkekengi extract possess antidiabetic potential in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. The activity might be due to high concentration of chemical compounds specially physalin, citric acid and vit C in Physalis alkekengi.
A COMPARISON OF THE MINIMUM FATAL DOSES OF SELENIUM, TELLURIUM, ARSENIC AND VANADIUM

Rats were given intraperitoneal injections of Na2SeO3, Na2SeO4, Na2TeO3, Na2TeO4, Na2HAsO3, Na2HAsO4, NaVO3, and (NH4)6Mo7O24. The minimum fatal doses were taken as the smallest doses which would kill 75 per cent or more of the animals in less than two days. The minimum fatal doses as found are as follows: (1) Se as Na2SeO3 3.25- 3.50 mgm. Se per kilogram (2) Se as Na2SeO4 5.25- 5.75 mgm. Se per kilogram (3) Te as Na2TeO3, 2.25- 2.50 mgm. Te per kilogram (4) Te as Na2TeO4 20.0 -30.0 mgm. Te per kilogram (5) As as Na2HAsO3, 4.25- 4.75 mgm. As per kilogram (6) As as Na2HAsO4 14.0 -18.0 mgm. As per kilogram (7) V as NAVO3, 4.0-5.0 mgm. V per kilogram (8) Mo as (NH4)6Mo7O24, above 160.0 mgm. Mo per kilogram No deaths were caused by injecting Mo in doses up to 160 mgm. per kilogram. Symptoms are described and the minimum fatal doses are compared with those which have been reported by other workers.
One new species of scorpion belonging to the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Yunan, China (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae, Scorpiopinae)

A new species of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 is described, based on specimens collected from Menglian County, Yunnan Province, China. It is characterized by the following characters: (1) pectinal teeth number 7–7 in females and 8–8 in males; (2) cheliceral movable finger with 6–7 basal teeth on ventral edge; (3) chela ratio of length to width over 3.5 in females and over 4.1 in males; (4) a slight lobe on movable finger and corresponding notch on fixed finger in both males and females, with no marked sexual dimorphism; (5) patella with 19 external trichobothria (6eb, 2esb, 2em, 4est, 5et), and with 10 ventral trichobothria. With the species described in the present publication, the number of known species of Euscorpiops is raised to 17.