Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing contributions of cold-water refuges to reproductive migration corridor conditions for adult salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River, USA

Abstract Diadromous fish populations face multiple challenges along their migratory routes. These challenges include suboptimal water quality, harvest, and barriers to longitudinal and lateral connectivity. Interactions among factors influencing migration success make it challenging to assess management options for improving migratory fish conditions along riverine migration corridors. We describe a spatially explicit simulation model that integrates complex individual behaviors of fall-run Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and summer-run steelhead trout (O. mykiss) during migration, responds to variable habitat conditions over a large extent of the Columbia River, and links migration corridor conditions to fish condition outcomes. The model is built around a mechanistic behavioral decision tree that drives individual interactions of fish within their simulated environments. By simulating several thermalscapes with alternative scenarios of thermal refuge availability, we examined how behavioral thermoregulation in cold-water refuges influenced migrating fish conditions. Outcomes of the migration corridor simulation model show that cold-water refuges can provide relief from exposure to high water temperatures, but do not substantially contribute to energy conservation by migrating adults. Simulated cooling of the Columbia River decreased reliance on cold-water refuges and there were slight reductions in migratory energy expenditure. This modeling of simulated thermalscapes provides a framework for assessing the contribution of cold-water refuges to the success of migrating fishes, but any final determination will depend on analyzing fish survival and health for their entire migration, water temperature management goals and species recovery targets.
In Situ Deposition of Green Silver Nanoparticles on Urinary Catheters under Photo-Irradiation for Antibacterial Properties

Urinary tract infections, especially catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), are the most common type of nosocomial infections. Patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters have a higher risk of infection due to biofilm formation on the urinary catheter surface. Therefore, in this work, a novel, cost-effective antimicrobial urinary catheter was developed using green technology. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Mon Thong durian rind waste were used as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of infection. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and glucose extracted from durian rind were used as a reducing agent to reduce the Ag+ dissolved in AgNO3 solution to form non-aggregated AgNPs under light irradiation. The AgNPs were simultaneously synthesized and coated on the inner and outer surfaces of silicone indwelling urinary catheters using the dip coating method. The results showed that the antimicrobial urinary catheter fabricated using a 0.3 mM AgNO3 concentration and 48 h coating time gave the highest antibacterial activity. The as-prepared spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 9.1 ± 0.4 nm formed on catheter surfaces in a monolayer approximately 1.3 µm thick corresponding to a 0.712 mg/cm2 silver content. The AgNP layer was found to damage and almost completely inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli cells with antibacterial activity by 91%, equivalent to the commercial, high-price antimicrobial urinary catheter. The cumulative amount of silver released from the coated catheter through artificial urine over 10 days was about 0.040 µg/mL, which is less than the silver content that causes tissue and organ toxicity at 44 µg/mL. Thus, we concluded that the developed antimicrobial urinary catheter was useful in reducing the risk of infectious complications in patients with indwelling catheters.
Inter-Comparison of Field- and Laboratory-Derived Surface Emissivities of Natural and Manmade Materials in Support of Land Surface Temperature (LST) Remote Sensing

Correct specification of a target’s longwave infrared (LWIR) surface emissivity has been identified as one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in the remote sensing of land surface temperature (LST). Field and laboratory emissivity measurements are essential for improving and validating LST retrievals, but there are differing approaches to making such measurements and the conditions that they are made under can affect their performance. To better understand these impacts we made measurements of fourteen manmade and natural samples under different environmental conditions, both in situ and in the laboratory. We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers to deliver spectral emissivities and an emissivity box to deliver broadband emissivities. Field- and laboratory-measured spectral emissivities were generally within 1–2% in the key 8–12 micron region of the LWIR atmospheric window for most samples, though greater variability was observed for vegetation and inhomogeneous samples. Differences between laboratory and field spectral measurements highlighted the importance of field methods for these samples, with the laboratory setup unable to capture sample structure or inhomogeneity. The emissivity box delivered broadband emissivities with a consistent negative bias compared to the FTIR-based approaches, with differences of up to 5%. The emissivities retrieved using the different approaches result in LST retrieval differences of between 1 and 4 °C, stressing the importance of correct emissivity specification.
Accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell is associated with a treatment response to DNA-damaging treatment and favorable prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma

Introduction Favorable responses to the treatment including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been consistently reported in lung cancer with smoking history. As the tumor microenvironment (TME) may be involved in the treatment response to ICIs, we aimed to investigate the TME of lung cancer with different smoking status. Methods Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissue (Tu) and adjacent normal-appearing lung tissue (NL) from current and never smokers were investigated by single-cell RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. The clinical implications of identified biomarkers were validated using open-source datasets. Results The lungs of smokers had an increased proportion of innate immune cells in NL tissues, whereas Tu tissues had a lower proportion of these cells than those of non-smokers. Monocyte-derived macrophages (mono-Mc), CD163-LGMN macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) were significantly enriched in smokers’ Tu. Among these clusters, pDCs, specifically enriched in the Tu of smokers. The expression of representative pDC markers, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A4 (LILRA4) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), was increased in the stromal cells of LUAD in patients with a smoking history. In an animal model of lung cancer, ionizing radiation induced robust TLR9 expressing immune cells in peritumoral area. Survival analysis using a TCGA-LUAD dataset indicated that patients overexpressing pDC markers exhibited superior clinical outcomes to age-, sex-, and smoking-matched control groups. Top 25% patients with high TLR9 expression exhibited significantly higher tumor mutational burden than that of low TLR9 expression group (bottom 25% patients) (5.81 mutations/Mb vs 4.36 mutations/Mb; P = 0.0059, Welch’s two-sample t-test). Conclusion There is an increased pDC in the TME of smokers’ lung cancer, and the response of pDC to DNA damaging treatment would lead a conducive environment to ICIs containing regimens. These findings suggest that R&D that induces an increase in the activated pDC population is continuously required to enhance therapeutic effectiveness of ICIs-containing therapies in lung cancer.
Actions and practice architectures for realising sustainable development by restructuring school organisations

Sustainability is increasingly being understood as vital for school improvement. The objective of this study is to expand our knowledge of practice architectures that enable and constrain the realisation of sustainable development by restructuring school organisations to facilitate professional learning. In this follow-up study, we return to one of the three municipalities that were involved in an earlier project from 2009 to 2011. The theory of practice architectures is used as an analytic tool to identify and analyse actions that have an impact on the municipality’s efforts to realise sustainable school improvement. The results reveal dissimilarities between the investigated municipality’s school organisation and the preschool organisation. In the case of the school organisation, the dominating practice architectures disrupt the realisation of sustainable development, while in the case of the preschool organisation they are continuous and foster the same. One disruptive practice architecture in the school organisation is the idea of the autonomous principal, which disturbs the progression of a distributed leadership. In the preschool organisation, the superintendents are crucial for facilitating participation in professional learning.
Land Application of Chemically Treated Sewage Sludge: II. Effects on Plant and Soil Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium and Soil pH

Anaerobically digested sewage sludge resulting from treatment of sewage with Ca(OH)₂, Al₂(SO₄)₃, or FeCl, for phosphorus precipitation were applied at rates supplying up to 1,600 kg N/ha each year to corn (Zea mays L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyess). Treatments with NH₄NO₃ supplying up to 400 kg N/ha were included. Soil PH was increased by Ca-sludge and reduced slightly by Fe-sludge application. Phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in corn grain and stover were unaffected by treatment. Phosphorus concentration in bromegrass, and NaHCO₃-soluble soil P, were increased by Ca-sludge and, to a lesser extent, by Fe-sludge additions. The Ca-sludge treatments resulted in a lower K concentration in corn stover and seedlings than either Al- or Fe-sludge treatments. Increasing sludge or NH₄NO₃ application reduced K concentration in bromegrass. Both sludge and NH₄NO₃ applications decreased ammonium acetate-extractable soil K in the bromegrass experiment. Sludge application had no effect on Ca concentration in corn grain or stover from Conestoga loam and Caledon loamy sand, but increased it in corn seedlings and stover from Oneida clay loam. Calcium in bromegrass was increased by sludge treatment with the Ca-sludge having the greatest effect. Magnesium in bromegrass was increased by sludge and by NH₄NO₃ applications. The Ca-sludge decreased Mg extracted by ammonium acetate from the loam and clay loam soils but not from the loamy sand.
Size dependent characteristics of plasma synthesized carbonaceous nanoparticles

Low temperature plasmas with their strong non equilibrium character offer unique possibilities for the production of nanoparticles. This contribution deals with size dependent properties of nanoparticles synthesized in a capacitively coupled discharge operated in mixtures of argon and acetylene. X-ray absorption measurements show that the particle properties dramatically change during the growth process. For nanoparticles under 10 nm in diameter, near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy shows a sp2 rich graphite-like material. The bonding situation changes with the increasing size of the dust particles, showing the formation of a sp2 poor mantle around the sp2 rich core. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the nucleation and growth process of nanoparticles, i.e., due to differences in the heating of small nanoparticles (nuclei) and due to differences in the gas phase species involved in the nucleation phase and the surface growth phase.
Composition and stereoanalysis of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt oil from Southern Brazil

The hydrodistilled essential oil from aerial parts of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt, cultivated in Southern Brazil, was analysed by GC–MS. Thirty-one components, representing 96% of the oil, were characterized. Enantiomeric ratios of limonene, linalool, citronellal and β-citronellol were obtained by multidimensional gas chromatography, using a developmental model set up with two GC ovens. The enantiomeric distributions are discussed as indicators of origin authenticity and quality of this oil. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Association between Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioral Control, Personality, Empathy, and Assertiveness in a Romanian Sample of Nascent Entrepreneurs

In today’s global context, entrepreneurship is recognized as the engine of sustainable economic growth, competitiveness and employment in the economy of any nation. In order to improve the measures aimed at encouraging the creation of new businesses, an enhanced understanding of the drivers of nascent entrepreneurship seems essential. Drawing on planned behavior theory and the approach of entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control (PBC) as a motivational antecedent in starting a new business, the current study seeks to understand how the personal characteristics of the entrepreneurs influence entrepreneurial PBC. Three types of characteristics were assessed in a sample of 212 Romanian nascent entrepreneurs: personality traits (Big Five model), empathy, and assertiveness. The hierarchical multilinear regression analysis, in which entrepreneurial PBC was treated as a dependent variable, showed that the model with the highest explanatory power for the variance of results of entrepreneurial PBC included characteristics from all three levels: personality traits—Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness; empathy—personal distress and perspective-taking; and adaptive assertiveness. Additionally, the findings showed that adaptive assertiveness provides an effect over and above personality factors and empathy on the entrepreneurial PBC. The practical implications of these findings indicate that to enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education programs, components aiming to enhance internal personal resources of entrepreneurs (such as assertive communication skills) should be added.
Extended conjugation and donor-acceptor substitution to improve the third-order optical nonlinearity of small molecules

The authors use donor-acceptor substitution to increase the third-order polarizability γ of small cyanoethynylethene molecules by lowering the energy corresponding to the first optical transition. They identify a weak power-law dependence for γ depending on the number of conjugated electrons that separate the donor and acceptors (N1.5), which is the result of the two competing contributions that depend on the conjugation length: the energy separation of the ground and first excited states and the strength of the transition dipole matrix elements. The molecules are highly efficient with respect to their small masses and fall within a factor of 50 of the theoretical limit for centrosymmetric molecules, putting them among the best molecules measured to date.
Design Thinking for Challenges and Change in K–12 and Teacher Education

Common to all the cases included in this special issue, we observed a degree of collaborative decision-making that is human-centered and shows empathy. Through it, multiple voices are acknowledged and heard. These cases demonstrate the beginning of a process of contextualization of Design Thinking in K–12 and teacher education. We hope that this special issue will prompt conversations to explore and critique the possibilities and imagine the real change that it might bring.
Environmental stewardship in austere times: nurturing sustainable socio-ecological relations

ABSTRACT Like many communities, the people who live alongside the Calder River and its catchment in Yorkshire, UK, are having to face the health and other consequences of climate change, and catastrophic flooding is becoming a frequent event. Through the concept of planetary health, it is claimed the protection of natural and human systems could be achieved, in part, through the stewardship of common pool resources by the communities that know and depend on them. This paper explores, ethnographically, the challenges of enacting stewardship in the context of austerity. It shows how the socially reproductive capacity required for stewardship is limited in the context of austerity, which impinges the wellbeing and agency of stewards and the sustainability of their stewardship work. Building on theories of care, it is suggested that by aligning stewardship work with the ethical principles of permaculture – care for the earth, care for people, and fair share – forms of agency and action capable of addressing the many challenges wrought by austerity and climate change could be enabled.
Exceptional Injustice: Facebook as a Reflection of Race- and Gender-Based Narratives Following the Death of George Floyd

Following the death of George Floyd, Facebook posts about the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) surged, creating the opportunity to examine reactions by race and sex. This study employed a two-part mixed methods approach beginning with an analysis of posts from a single college student’s Facebook newsfeed over a 12-week period, commencing on the date of George Floyd’s death (25 May 2020). A triangulation protocol enhanced exploratory observational–archival Facebook posts with qualitative data from 24 Black and White college students queried about their views of BLM and policing. The Facebook data revealed that White males, who were the least active in posting about BLM, were most likely to criticize BLM protests. They also believed incidents of police brutality were exceptions that tainted an otherwise commendable profession. In contrast, Black individuals commonly saw the case of George Floyd as consistent with a longstanding pattern of injustice that takes an emotional toll, and as an egregious exemplification of racism that calls for indictment of the status quo. The exploratory data in this article also illustrate how even for a cause célèbre, attention on Facebook ebbs over time. This phenomenon obscures the urgency of effecting change, especially for persons whose understanding of racism is influenced by its coverage on social media. The need to recognize the divergence of views—how they vary by sex and race and their connection to social media—remains critical for progress in determining the best steps forward in race relations and police reform.
Does coworkers’ upward mobility affect employees’ turnover intention? The roles of perceived employability and prior job similarity

Abstract What would employees do if their coworkers move upwardly to other organizations? In the era of boundaryless career, voluntary turnover is more prevalent than ever before. Effects of coworkers’ voluntary turnover on employees’ turnover are attracting attention in human resource management. However, this stream of research has generated mixed findings showing both positive and negative effects on focal employees’ turnover, and scholars still know little about the specific mechanism through which the effects occur. This study takes the first step to reconcile the mixed findings and unfold the black box of the effects. Specifically, we argue that the mobility direction of coworkers’ turnover should not be overlooked by previous research, and we propose that coworkers’ upward mobility plays an indispensable role in predicting employees’ turnover intention. Based on social comparison theory, we hypothesize that coworkers’ upward mobility positively relates to focal employees’ turnover intention through focal employees’ perception of employability. Furthermore, we propose prior job similarity as a contingency that activates the relationship mentioned above, such that the mediation effect is stronger with higher prior job similarity. Our hypotheses were tested and fully supported by two-wave data from a sample of 369 employees in China. Lastly, theoretical and practical implications are discussed along with possible limitations and directions for future turnover research.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) crosslinked in different conditions Part I. Sorption properties in water–ethyl acetate mixtures

Poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMS) of different crosslinking degrees were synthesized by varying the ratio of B(crosslinker)/A(vinyl-type PDMS) in the mixture to be crosslinked, and by varying the crosslinking temperature. The swelling degrees of the polymer in pure water, pure ester (ethyl acetate) and their mixture decrease when the B/A component ratio or the crosslinking temperature increases. The ester component is selectively sorbed from its mixture with water (the sorption extent is two orders of magnitude higher for the ester than for water). The sorption selectivity increases with the B/A component ratio and the crosslinking temperature. We attributed these changes in properties to a change in the degree of crosslinking in the network, which increases with the B/A component ratio or the crosslinking temperature. The ester sorption in PDMS from the water–ester mixture (ternary system) can be correctly described by the Flory model for the pseudo-binary mixture (ester–PDMS). The value of the Flory interaction parameter increases with the B/A component ratio. The water sorption from water–ester mixtures cannot be described using the same approach.
Evaluation of AnnAGNPS Model for Runoff Simulation on Watersheds from Glaciated Landscape of USA Midwest and Northeast

Runoff modeling of glaciated watersheds is required to predict runoff for water supply, aquatic ecosystem management and flood prediction, and to deal with questions concerning the impact of climate and land use change on the hydrological system and watershed export of contaminants of glaciated watersheds. A widely used pollutant loading model, Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AnnAGNPS) was applied to simulate runoff from three watersheds in glaciated geomorphic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the AnnAGNPS model in glaciated landscapes for the prediction of runoff volume. The study area included Sugar Creek watershed, Indiana; Fall Creek watershed, New York; and Pawcatuck River watershed, Rhode Island, USA. The AnnAGNPS model was developed, calibrated and validated for runoff estimation for these watersheds. The daily and monthly calibration and validation statistics (NSE > 0.50 and RSR < 0.70, and PBIAS ± 25%) of the developed model were satisfactory for runoff simulation for all the studied watersheds. Once AnnAGNPS successfully simulated runoff, a parameter sensitivity analysis was carried out for runoff simulation in all three watersheds. The output from our hydrological models applied to glaciated areas will provide the capacity to couple edge-of-field hydrologic modeling with the examination of riparian or riverine functions and behaviors.
Electoral Systems, Selection, and Re-election:Evidence from Italian Municipalities

Using micro-level data on local Italian elections and exploiting a discontinuity at a population cutoff, I study the effect of electoral systems on politician selection and re-election. Evidence shows that the mayor’s probability of re-election is 25 percentage points higher in majoritarian systems than in proportional systems. Ruling coalitions elected under the majoritarian system enjoy a stable and long-lasting majority, attract more central transfers, and invest more in public libraries. While mayors elected under the two different electoral systems do not differ in any observable characteristics, they do tend to embark on a different political careers once they lose their municipal office. Surprisingly, mayors elected under the proportional system have a higher probability of being elected to regional offices after their mandate. (JEL D72, H70, P16)