Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Threat Actors’ Tenacity to Disrupt: Examination of Major Cybersecurity Incidents

The exponential growth in the interconnectedness of people and devices, as well as the upward trend in cyberspace usage will continue to lead to a greater reliance on the internet. Most people’s daily activities are dependent on their ability to navigate the internet to access and manage information. There are usually real risks associated with managing or accessing information, and these risks when exploited by threat actors, often lead to cybersecurity incidents. It is a common knowledge that a major cybersecurity incident is likely to result in significant financial losses, legal liability, privacy violations, reputational damage, sensitive data compromises, as well as national security implications. Threat actors usually employ various attack techniques to cause these incidents. After we identified the major cybersecurity incident report that is consolidated by the Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) from which we derived the data of about the 803 major incidents that we analyzed, we then verified its (CSIS) credibility, non-partisan, global outreach and cybersecurity attack coverage by cross-referencing it with Data Breach Investigation Report (DBIR). We also through the lens of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) ensured that this study is conducted within the context of cybersecurity principles. In reference to these attack techniques employed by threat actors, we conducted an exploratory investigation of 803 major cybersecurity incidents that were reported over the last decade. From a group of 244 of these major security incidents that happened and were reported between 2005 and 2021, this study reports that malware attack techniques were employed by threat actors to cause 48 percent of them and phishing attack techniques account for 19.7 percent of them. As many sources have confirmed the fact that major incidents will always happen, we echo the importance of readiness of organizations to conduct cybersecurity incident triage and or thorough investigation as necessary. Given the relevance of the guidelines outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) incident response framework, we also recommend that organizations should adopt it or at least embrace similar guidelines as best as possible.
Boron in Lithium- and Beryllium-deficient F Stars

The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) has been used with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to observe the B I region at 2497 Å in nine F and G dwarfs of approximately solar metallicity. The stars were selected because they have a variety of Li and Be deficiencies. Most of the nine stars were newly observed at high spectral resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios at the Keck I 10 m telescope, the Canada-France-Hawaii 3.6 m telescope, and the University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope at 3131 Å for Be II and 6708 Å for Li I. With spectrum synthesis we have determined the abundances of B in our nine program stars and in five other stars from the HST archive. The stellar parameters we have used have been determined in a self-consistent way for the program stars and the archive stars. Spectrum synthesis has also been used to determine the Li and Be abundances or upper limits. Corrections to the B and Li abundances due to non-LTE effects have been applied. The stars originate from the region on the ZAMS of the Li (and Be) dip. In spite of large deficiencies in Li and Be, we find a striking uniformity in the B abundances, i.e., there is no B dip. In all cases the Li deficiency is greater than the Be deficiency. For the coolest and most evolved star in our sample, ζ Her A, the B abundance is 0.6 dex lower than the mean for the other stars. This star also has the largest Be deficiency (more than a factor of 80) and the largest Li deficiency (more than a factor of 600). These data, together with other studies of the Li dip, argue strongly against diffusion and mass loss and in favor of slow mixing as the cause of the Li and Be dip and the absence of a B dip. Six stars with [Fe/H] from -0.75 to +0.15 have Be abundances ranging from the maximum of the sample to a factor of 4 below the maximum, yet these stars have a B/Be ratio that is constant to within ±0.10 dex and that is close to the predictions of Galactic cosmic-ray spallation of 10-15. The Be range for four stars with solar metallicity is still a factor of 2, and yet the B/Be ratio is constant to within ±0.03 dex. These results imply that the Galactic cosmic-ray production of B and Be is not uniform relative to the production of elements such as Fe by stellar nucleosynthesis.
The Prescription Pattern of Heart Failure Medications in Reduced, Mildly Reduced, and Preserved Ejection Fractions

A substantial proportion of patients with heart failure (HF) receive suboptimal guideline-recommended therapy. We aimed to identify the factors leading to suboptimal drug prescription in HF and according to HF phenotypes. This retrospective, single-centre observational cohort study included 702 patients admitted for worsening HF (HF with a reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF], n = 198; HF with a mildly reduced EF [HFmrEF], n = 122; and HF with a preserved EF [HFpEF], n = 382). A score based on the prescription and dose percentage of ACEi/ARBs, β-blockers, and MRAs at discharge was calculated (a total score ranging from zero to six). Approximately 70% of patients received ACEi/ARBs/ARNi, 80% of patients received β-blockers, and 20% received MRAs. The mean HF drug dose was approximately 50% of the recommended dose, irrespective of the HF phenotype. Ischaemic heart disease was associated with a higher prescription score (ranging from 0.4 to 1) compared to no history of ischaemic heart disease, irrespective of the left ventricular EF (LVEF) level. A lower prescription score was associated with older age and male sex in HFrEF and diabetes in HFmrEF. The overall ability of the models to predict the optimal drug dose, including key HF variables (including natriuretic peptides at admission), was poor (R2 < 0.25). A higher prescription score was associated with a lower risk of re-hospitalization and death (HR: 0.75 (0.57–0.97), p = 0.03), irrespective of phenotype (p-interaction = 0.41). Despite very different HF management guidelines according to LVEF, the prescription pattern of HF drugs is poorly related to LVEF and clinical characteristics, thus suggesting that physician-driven factors may be involved in the setting of therapeutic inertia. It may also be related to drug intolerance or clinical stability that is not predicted by the patients’ profiles.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Mg-Doped CuO Nanoparticles

This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium (Mg) doping on the characteristics and antibacterial properties of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs). The Mg-doped CuO NPs were fabricated by the co-precipitation method. NPs were characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Photoluminescence (PL). Broth microdilution, agar-well diffusion, and time-kill assays were employed to assess the antibacterial activity of the NPs. XRD revealed the monoclinic structure of CuO NPs and the successful incorporation of Mg dopant to the Cu1−xMgxO NPs. TEM revealed the spherical shape of the CuO NPs. Mg doping affected the morphology of NPs and decreased their agglomeration. EDX patterns confirmed the high purity of the undoped and Mg-doped CuO NPs. FTIR analysis revealed the shifts in the Cu–O bond induced by the Mg dopant. The position, width, and intensity of the PL bands were affected as a result of Mg doping, which is an indication of vacancies. Both undoped and doped CuO NPs exhibited significant antibacterial capacities. NPs inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results highlight the potential use of Mg-doped CuO NPs as an antibacterial agent.
Molecular investigation of cytolysin genes among bacterial isolates recovered from pyospermic patients in Hilla City, Iraq

Enterococcus faecalis and Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common causal agents of urinary tract infections (UTI) and infertility in humans. They secrete many cytolytic toxins that impact sperm functions and spermatogenesis. The current paper aimed to investigate the cytolysins among Bacteriospermia associated bacteria in pyospermic patients. 110 Seminal fluid swabs were collected from pyospermic patients (age Mean±SD, 35.5±2.12 years) from September 2020 to January 2021. All swabs were inoculated on UTI chromogenic medium for primary isolation of bacteria. Then the suspected Es. coli and En. faecalis have been confirmed by PCR using uidA and ddl genes, respectively. The results revealed that Es. coli compile 42.9% of bacteriospermia while En. faecalis 25.71%. Results of PCR for cytolysins reveal that all E. coli isolates have lta, hylA, sta, and stb (100%) genes, sheA (96.7%), stx2 (20%), and stx1(3.3%). All En. faecalis (100%) have Hyl, cylLS, cyILL genes. The current study concludes that both Es. coli and En. faecalis have a set of toxins with possible damage to sperm function, causing indirect infertility.
Fictitious domain approach for numerical modelling of Navier–Stokes equations

This study investigates a fictitious domain model for the numerical solution of various incompressible viscous flows. It is based on the so-called Navier–Stokes/Brinkman and energy equations with discontinuous coefficients all over an auxiliary embedding domain. The solid obstacles or walls are taken into account by a penalty technique. Some volumic control terms are directly introduced in the governing equations in order to prescribe immersed boundary conditions. The implicit numerical scheme, which uses an upwind finite volume method on staggered Cartesian grids, is of second-order accuracy in time and space. A multigrid local mesh refinement is also implemented, using the multi-level Zoom Flux Interface Correction (FIC) method, in order to increase the precision where it is needed in the domain. At each time step, some iterations of the augmented Lagrangian method combined with a preconditioned Krylov algorithm allow the divergence-free velocity and pressure fields be solved for. The tested cases concern external steady or unsteady flows around a circular cylinder, heated or not, and the channel flow behind a backward-facing step. The numerical results are shown in good agreement with other published numerical or experimental data. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPACT OF MINERAL, ORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON LEAF
MINERAL CONTENTS, BUNCH CHARACTERS AND YIELD OF
ZAGHLOUL DATE PALM

The experiment carried out in El Adlia, Blbas, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt during two successive seasons (2017 and 2018). This study was conducted to investigate the responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera, L.) cv Zaghloul, to nine different fertilizers treatments i.e. control (0.0 N), and full nitrogen dose (as recommended) shared between three sources of nitrogen i.e. mineral (N), organic (Org) and bio (M) forms and its various possible combinations. The results showed that fertilization treatments significantly affected leaf N, P and K percentages and led to increase bunch weight (kg) and yield/tree (kg) compared with control treatment. Bio-fertilization treatment registered the highest values of bunch weight and yield/tree and the least were recorded by the control treatment. Full N dose as mineral fertilizer gave the highest values of N percentage. The highest values P percentage obtained from the palms fertilized by halfN dose of both organic and mineral+ bio-fertilizers (EM). Meanwhile, the highest values of K recorded with the palms received quarter organic + 3/4 mineral forms. The lowermost values of N, P, and K percentages were recorded by unfertilized palms (control). Bio-fertilizer form improved number of strands/bunch and number of fruits/strands followed by full N dose as organic fertilizer+ bio-fertilizers (EM) in the first season and with bio-fertilization the second season. The least values of number strands/bunch, number of fruits/strands, strands length and length of place of fruit on strand recorded by the control treatment. Biofertilization treatment registered the highest values of bunch weight and yield/tree. Adversely the least values recorded by the control treatment, meanwhile other various combinations between N sources treatments were in between in this respect.
Nanometric-Scale Fluctuations of Intrinsic Electric Fields in GaN/AlGaN Quantum Wells with Inversion Domains

Strain and electric field fluctuations in regions of different polarities in GaN/AlGaN quantum well (QW) structures of dominant N-polarity with inversion domains (IDs) split the photoluminescence (PL) emission into two bands. Micro-PL and time-resolved PL studies reveal strong inhomogeneity of the array of the IDs, where essential parameters, such as strain, electric fields, and sizes are fluctuating quantities. We demonstrate also that the ID formation decreases the intrinsic electric field magnitudes.
Reconsideration of surface tension and phase state effects on cloud condensation nuclei activity based on the atomic force microscopy measurement

Abstract. Dicarboxylic acids are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosol particles, but their roles as surfactants in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated CCN activity of inorganic salt (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and dicarboxylic acid (including malonic acid (MA), phenylmalonic acid (PhMA), succinic acid (SA), phenylsuccinic acid (PhSA), adipic acid (AA), pimelic acid (PA), and octanedioic acid (OA)), mixed particles with varied organic volume fractions (OVFs), and then directly determined their surface tension and phase state at high relative humidity (over 99.5 %) via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results show that CCN-derived κCCN of studied dicarboxylic acids ranged from 0.003 to 0.240. A linearly positive correlation between κCCN and solubility was obtained for slightly dissolved species, while negative correlation was found between κCCN and molecular volume for highly soluble species. For most inorganic salts and dicarboxylic acids (MA, PhMA, SA, PhSA and PA), a good closure within 30 % relative bias between κCCN and chemistry-derived κChem was obtained. However, κCCN values of inorganic salt–AA and inorganic salt–OA systems were surprisingly 0.3–3.0 times higher than κChem, which was attributed to surface tension reduction, as AFM results showed that their surface tensions were 20 %–42 % lower than that of water (72 mN m−1). Meanwhile, semisolid phase states were obtained for inorganic salt–AA and inorganic salt–OA and also affected hygroscopicity closure results. Our study highlights that surface tension reduction should be considered when investigating aerosol–cloud interactions.
Propagation of Pi2 pulsations in a dipole model of the magnetosphere

Localized fast flows that impinge on the inner magnetosphere from the plasma sheet are observed to oscillate on time scales of minutes. The compression ahead of these flows will launch fast mode waves, while the velocity shears at the edges of these flows directly excite shear Alfvén waves. These waves, which are coupled by gradients in the Alfvén speed, have been suggested as a source for the Pi1 and Pi2 waves that are observed at both high and low latitudes in the ionosphere. A new three‐dimensional simulation of the propagation of ULF waves in the dipolar region of the magnetosphere has been developed to study these coupled wave modes. This model includes a height‐resolved ionospheric conductivity so that ionospheric fields can be more realistically determined, as well as a direct calculation of ground magnetic fields to compare with ground magnetometers using an inductive ionosphere model. Results from this model show that a plasmaspheric resonance can be set up by waves with periods about 1 min and that field line resonances can be excited both inside and outside the plasmasphere. The use of the inductive ionosphere model leads to the conclusion that even a uniform Hall conductivity can break the dawn‐dusk symmetry of the convection pattern. Waves from a source at 10 Earth radii reach the ionosphere with time delays between high and low latitudes of tens of seconds, with implications for the timing of substorm phenomena observed by spacecraft and by ground magnetometers and radars.
Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal gut microbiota-derived multiple hits connected to development of gestational diabetes mellitus in humans

ABSTRACT Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by the development of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, associated with considerable risks to both the mother and developing fetus. Although emerging evidence suggests an association between the altered gut microbiota and GDM, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms that link the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota to the development of GDM. In this study, a metagenome-wide association study and serum metabolomics profiling were performed in a cohort of pregnant women with GDM and pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We identified gut microbial alterations associated with GDM and linked to the changes in circulating metabolites. Blood metabolite profiles revealed that GDM patients exhibited a marked increase in 2-hydroxybutyric acid and L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, but a decrease in methionine sulfoxide, allantoin, and dopamine and dopaminergic synapse, when compared with those in NGT controls. Short-chain fatty acid-producing genera, including Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Streptococcus, and species Bacteroides coprophilus, Eubacterium siraeum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Prevotella copri, and Prevotella stercorea, were significantly reduced in GDM patients relative to those in NGT controls. Bacterial co-occurrence network analysis revealed that pro-inflammatory bacteria were over-represented as the core species in GDM patients. These microbial and metabolic signatures are closely associated with clinical parameters of glucose metabolism in GDM patients and NGT controls. In conclusion, we identified circulating dopamine insufficiency, imbalanced production of SCFAs, and excessive metabolic inflammation as gut microbiota-driven multiple parallel hits linked to GDM development. This work might explain in part the mechanistic link between altered gut microbiota and GDM pathogenesis, and suggest that gut microbiota may serve as a promising target to intervene in GDM.
Dielectric and visco-elastic properties of laterally fluorinated liquid crystal single compounds and their mixture

The physical properties of three laterally fluorinated liquid crystalline compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy have been studied from static dielectric permittivity, optical birefringence, bend elastic constant, relaxation time and rotational viscosity measurements. Such negative dielectric anisotropy materials find use as components of mixtures for application in vertically aligned mode liquid crystal displays. Moreover, the physical properties of one phenyl cyclohexane compound with positive dielectric anisotropy have also been studied. A five-component mixture comprising these four mesogens and a non-mesogenic component has been formulated and its physical properties have been thoroughly investigated. An attempt has been made to strike a balance between the optical birefringence of the mixture to adjust the cell gap and the dielectric anisotropy and threshold voltage (Vth ) to ensure low driving voltages. The pretilt angle effect on the threshold voltage and the relaxation time has also been studied. At T = 20°C, the response time decreases to 22% and 41% for the mixture for 2° and 5° pretilt as compared to zero pretilt. On the other hand, at the same temperature the Vth values are decreased by 5% and 9%, respectively.
Meromorphic solutions of functional equations f(G(z))=R(f(z))

In this article, we consider meromorphic solutions of a functional equation (*) f(G(z)) = R(f(z)), where G(z) is a polynomial and R(w) is a rational function. We give an existence theorem of a polynomial solution for some G(z) and R(z), and an existence theorem of a local solution in a neighbourhood of a fixed point of G(z). We also consider a complex dynamical property of G(z) and R(z) under f.
Higher Reduced State of Fe/S-Signals, with the Suppressed Oxidation of P700, Causes PSI Inactivation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Environmental stress increases the risk of electron accumulation in photosystem I (PSI) of chloroplasts, which can cause oxygen (O2) reduction to superoxide radicals and decreased photosynthetic ability. We used three Arabidopsis thaliana lines: wild-type (WT) and the mutants pgr5hope1 and paa1-7/pox1. These lines have different reduced states of iron/sulfur (Fe/S) signals, including Fx, FA/FB, and ferredoxin, the electron carriers at the acceptor side of PSI. In the dark, short-pulse light was repetitively illuminated to the intact leaves of the plants to provide electrons to the acceptor side of PSI. WT and pgr5hope1 plants showed full reductions of Fe/S during short-pulse light and PSI inactivation. In contrast, paa1-7/pox1 showed less reduction of Fe/S and its PSI was not inactivated. Under continuous actinic-light illumination, pgr5hope1 showed no P700 oxidation with higher Fe/S reduction due to the loss of photosynthesis control and PSI inactivation. These results indicate that the accumulation of electrons at the acceptor side of PSI may trigger the production of superoxide radicals. P700 oxidation, responsible for the robustness of photosynthetic organisms, participates in reactive oxygen species suppression by oxidizing the acceptor side of PSI.
Backward-Time Lagrangian Stochastic Dispersion Models and Their Application to Estimate Gaseous Emissions

Abstract “Backward” Lagrangian stochastic models calculate an ensemble of fluid element (particle) trajectories that are distinguished by each passing through an observation point. As shown, they can be faster and more flexible in calculating short-range turbulent dispersion from surface area sources than “forward” models, which simulate trajectories emanating from a source. Using a backward model, one may catalog a set of “touchdown” points (where trajectories reflect off the ground) and vertical touchdown velocities w0 of particles “on their way to” a sensor location. It is then trivial to deduce the average concentration resulting from a surface source using the touchdown catalog: by summing the reciprocal of w0 for touchdowns occurring within the source boundary. An advantage of this methodology is that while forward model trajectories are linked to a specific source, backward trajectories have no such dependence. In horizontally homogeneous flow, a “library” of touchdown catalogs (for representative .