Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wealth inequality in the long run

: This chapter provides an overview of long-term changes in wealth inequality, measured as net marketable wealth, based on two measures: the Gini index and the wealth share of the richest 10%. The chapter relies on current databases such as the World Inequality Database (WID) but expands considerably the time series for a range of countries by building upon the most recent research and by producing new estimates. For five Western countries (France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) it has been possible to provide estimates covering the period from 1820 to 2010. However, for other Western countries as well as for other areas of the world, much more work is needed before we can assess long-term trends in wealth inequality. Our data confirm the general picture of a creeping increase in inequality during the 19th century, followed by declines from the onset of World War I (1914) until the 1960s, and in many (but not all) countries a new tendency towards higher inequality since the 1970s. An overview of possible explanations for such trends is provided. The correlation of wealth inequality with per capita GDP is found to be quite weak and not always positive, implying that higher wealth inequality cannot be considered a simple side effect of economic growth. Acknowledgements: We thank Peter Lindert, Livio Di Matteo, Salvatore Morelli and Giacomo Gabbuti for supplying us with some data on wealth inequality. This chapter received support from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Program/ERC Grant agreement Mobility and Italy and Europe, 1300-1800 , as well as from the Luxembourg National Research
DOES SELF-EFFICACY PLAY AN INTERVENING ROLE? STUDYING BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND JOB INVOLVEMENT

Many pieces of research on job involvement had generated findings that job involvement is considered to be one of the main ways to increase employees' performance. The objective of this study is to examine factors that have a relationship with job involvement namely organizational climate and self-efficacy. By finding the important factors that influence job involvement, it is expected that efforts to increase job involvement are useful for enhancing performance This study was conducted among lecturers at 4 private universities in Bogor, Indonesia. The sample for the study consisted of 252 lecturers derived randomly from its population. The study mainly utilized quantitative data (from questionnaires). The regression analysis was used to find out the relationship among variables. The findings revealed that organizational climate had a positive effect on job involvement. Similarly, self-efficacy had a positive effect on job involvement. The further organizational climate had a positive effect on job involvement through self-efficacy. The research result showed that self-efficacy as the intervening had significant a role in the effect of organizational climate on job involvement. Also, based on those findings, this study proposed some recommendations toward private universities to strengthening the self-efficacy of the lecturers to increasing their job involvement to increase performance
Exploring Cultural Intelligence Skills among International Postgraduate Students at a Higher Education Institution

Recognising the importance of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) is crucial to any Higher Education Institution (HEI) hosting international students. Thus, the investigation seeks to explore postgaduates experiences, perceptions, challenges and strategies in accommodating their friends’ from diverse cultural backgrounds in their daily academic and social lives. A qualitative research design was employed in that 15 international postgraduate students from 5 faculties were interviewed (using semi-structured interview protocol) in relation to their experience, understanding and behaviour towards cultural knowledge and skills. Rigourous thematic analysis following Braun & Clark (2006) was carried out. The main findings indicated that international students faced huge challenges during the acculturation and adaptation processes trying to be accepted or to blend in, unaware of Cultural Intelligence. Positive reactions from international students prevailed. External and internal factors posed as huge setback to their success in communication and studies. It can be concluded that with prior awareness and understanding of CQ and cultural diversity, international students could be more prepared in adjusting to academia, thus be more successful in their studies. The findings of this study are of paramount importance to HEIs, International and Student Admission offices around the globe.
Task-shifting for refugee mental health and psychosocial support: A scoping review of services in humanitarian settings through the lens of RE-AIM

Background: Decades of war, famines, natural disasters, and political upheaval have led to the largest number of displaced persons in human history. The refugee experience is fraught with obstacles from preflight to resettlement, leading to high rates of mental distress including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. However, there is a paucity of mental health services for refugees in transit. To meet the needs of this vulnerable population, researchers are experimenting with teaching lay community members basic tools for the delivery of mental health and psychosocial support services (MHPSS). However, there are research gaps about the use of implementation science to inform the delivery of applicable interventions, especially within low resource settings, and even less in the humanitarian context. Methods: This review utilizes an implementation science framework (RE-AIM) to assess the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of these interventions. Studies included varying interventions and modes of delivery within refugee camp and urban settings. A comprehensive search strategy led to the inclusion and analysis of 11 unique studies. Results: While current research documents adaptation strategies, feasibility, and fidelity checks through routine monitoring, there is still a dearth of evidence regarding capacity building of lay providers in humanitarian settings. Barriers to this data collection include a lack of homogeneity in outcomes across studies, and a lack of comprehensive adaptation strategies which account for culture norms in the implementation of interventions. Furthermore, current funding prioritizes short-term solutions for individuals who meet criteria for mental illnesses and therefore leaves gaps in sustainability, and more inclusive programming for psychosocial services for individuals who do not meet threshold criteria. Conclusion: Findings contribute to the literature about task-shifting for MHPSS in humanitarian contexts, especially illuminating gaps in knowledge about the lay counselor experiences of these interventions. Plain language summary: There is a growing number of refugees forced to make homes in temporary camps or urban centers as they await resettlement, a process that can last decades. These refugees are at risk of serious mental health outcomes due to ongoing stress and trauma. One strategy commonly used in global mental health is the training of lay providers to deliver basic mental health and psychosocial programming to communities. While this tactic is currently being tested in refugee settings, there is limited evidence about the implementation of this strategy. The following scoping review aims to assess the implementation of task-shifting interventions within refugee settings, through the use of a robust implementation science framework.
Awareness and knowledge of hearing loss, hearing management modalities, speech and language pathology among general public in Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Awareness toward ear health, hearing loss hearing management modalities, speech and language pathology is necessary for early treatment and management. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted at two malls during October 2020 in Buraidah city, Qassim province. The questionnaire was designed to examine the demographics, education and awareness. Specific awareness questions about hearing loss, hearing management modalities, speech and language pathology were included to examine their knowledge about these pathologies. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 21. Results: The overall mean awareness score of hearing loss was 5.03±1.78 out of 13 points with poor and good level had been detected among 62.6 and 37.4% of respondents, respectively. For the awareness of ear and hearing management, the overall awareness score was 4.82±1.36 out of 7 points with 52.7 and 37.4% being classified into poor and good level, respectively. In the awareness toward speech development, the total awareness score was 2.64±0.98 out of 4 points with 41.8 and 58.2% were considered as poor and good awareness level, respectively. Statistical test revealed that individuals >25 years had significantly better awareness toward hearing loss (T=-4.331; p<0.001) and awareness toward speech development (T=-2.628; p=0.009). Conclusions: The awareness toward hearing loss, ear and hearing management seems to be lacking. More awareness campaigns, lectures, advertisement in social media about these pathologies and other educational methods are needed in order to fill the gaps in general awareness, more importantly in the awareness of hearing loss, ear and hearing management.
Does Contracting out Matter to Financial Condition? The Case of New York Local Governments

Abstract Little scholarly research has paid attention to the collective impact of contracting out on local financial condition. Contracting out can enhance a fiscal state by allowing local officials for more buying power with lower service costs as well as less long-term liabilities. Beyond prior research on the effect of contracting in a service, this research offers evidence that higher levels of contracting out spending improve local financial condition regarding budget solvency and long-run solvency. However, external suppliers can deteriorate financial condition. The findings show that the improvement of budget solvency does not materialize at a certain level of contracting out spending, but this is not the case for long-run solvency. The expectation of financial condition improvement may rely on the degree to which practitioners deliver public services through contracting out. Thus, local officials may want to decide levels of contracting out services strategically.
Membrane materials contribution to mass transfer of ammonia in membrane contactors

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Geography and Demographics of Extreme Urban Heat Events in Santa Clara County, California

Summer heat waves inNorthern California continue to break records for extreme temperatures and put vulnerable urban populations at increasing risk for adverse health impacts. An analysis of Landsat land surface temperature data was conductedin this study to better understandthe geography and demographics of extreme urban heat events in Santa Clara County and the city of San Jose, California. The influence of several urban cover features including streets/roadways, parcel sizes and densities, impervious surfaces, and irrigated shrub/lawn cover were determined for county-wide surface heat patterns in early August 2020. Results showed that the surface temperature of the largest impervious (high-asphalt) surface features was significantly higher, at a mean value of 45°C, than the majority of the other areas across the entire county. In contrast, urban tracts with even partial coverage by irrigated green lawns, shrubs, and small trees had notable cooling effects on summer surface temperatures. Social demographic and household population variables from the U. S. Census Bureau were correlated against satellite surface temperature by census tract to reveal significant associations of family structure and education levels with local neighbourhood heat conditions.
Constraints on the Depth, Thickness, and Strength of the G Discontinuity in the Central Pacific From S Receiver Functions

The relative motion of the lithosphere with respect to the asthenosphere implies the existence of a boundary zone that accommodates shear between the rigid plates and flowing mantle. This shear zone is typically referred to as the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). The width of this zone and the mechanisms accommodating shear across it have important implications for coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion. Seismic observations have provided evidence for several physical mechanisms that might help enable relative plate motion, but how these mechanisms each contribute to the overall accommodation of shear remains unclear. Here we present receiver function constraints on the discontinuity structure of the oceanic upper mantle at the NoMelt site in the central Pacific, where local constraints on shear velocity, anisotropy, conductivity, and attenuation down to ∼300 km depth provide a comprehensive picture of upper mantle structure. We image a seismic discontinuity with a Vsv decrease of 4.5% or more over a 0–20 km thick gradient layer centered at a depth of ∼65 km. We associate this feature with the Gutenberg discontinuity (G), and interpret our observation of G as resulting from strain localization across a dehydration boundary based on the good agreement between the discontinuity depth and that of the dry solidus. Transitions in Vsv, azimuthal anisotropy, conductivity, and attenuation observed at roughly similar depths suggest that the G discontinuity represents a region of localized strain within a broader zone accommodating shear between the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
Lecturers’ reflections on use of Zoom video conferencing technology for e-learning at a South African university in the context of coronavirus

ABSTRACT The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) outbreak forced all universities to demand that lecturers move their services fully online and use video conferencing technology (VCT) to supplement learning management systems for online learning (e-learning). They were not given any framework prior to this request, nor sufficient training. This qualitative interpretive case study explores lecturers’ reflections on the use of Zoom VCT for e-learning at a South African university during the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. Eight out of 15 lecturers from a teacher education programme were asked to complete e-reflexive activities and one-on-one semi-structured Zoom interviews. Data were thematically analysed, and the theoretical framework of connectivism was used for guidance. Lecturers found the Zoom VCT to be a useful platform to enhance effective and synchronous e-learning. However, they were battling to address Zoom digital fatigue, promote autonomy, and enhance emotional connectedness. This study provides practical and theoretical interventions to enable university lecturers to cross boundaries of Zoom system feature challenges in order affect e-learning.
Combined Foliar Zinc and Nitrogen Application in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.): Effects on Growth, Nutrient Bioaccumulation, and Bioactive Compounds

To evaluate if the combined foliar application of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) in broccoli improves the efficiency of the single Zn biofortification, five treatments were tested: (i) control; (ii) one Zn application at the beginning of flowering (0.5M1); (iii) combined 0.5M1 with N application (0.5M1N); (iv) two Zn applications, one at the beginning of the flowering and other after two weeks (0.25 + 0.25) and (v) combined 0.25 + 0.25 with N (0.25N + 0.25N). The Parthenon cultivar showed a good concentration of Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, with good bioavailability and glucosinolates, mainly in the florets, and high antioxidant activity and total phenols, mainly in the leaves, showing their potential not only as regards to human consumption, but also for the use of their by-products. All the studied treatments increased floret growth (19%), antioxidant capacity and total phenol content, not affecting Ca, Fe, and Mg concentrations. Glucosinolate content was mostly independent from the studied treatments, decreasing slightly in terms of glucoiberin and the Zn concentration in the florets increased in >50 mg Zn kg−1 in the split treatments and ~40 mg Zn kg−1 when the application was unique, with excellent bioavailability, measured as PA:Zn ratio. Therefore, 0.25 + 0.25 and 0.25N + 0.25N applications have been confirmed as the applications that improve more both growth and accumulation of Zn and biocompounds in broccoli.
Ozone Disinfection Efficiency for Indicator Microorganisms at Different pH Values and Temperatures

ABSTRACT Disinfection efficiency of ozone was determined in various types of water at different pH (6, 7 and 8) values and temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) for E. coli and Salmonella. Three different applied ozone concentrations (1.5, 1.7, and 2 mg/L) in the gas phase were applied, and samples were taken at different time intervals to determine microbial survival using spread plate count (SPC) and ozone residual. Highest microbial inactivation was observed in distilled water with applied ozone concentration of 2 mg/L in the gas phase. Survival of E. coli was higher at pH 8 and 15 °C as compared to lower pH values and temperatures as depicted by the inactivation kinetics of the test microbes used in the study. Salmonella showed 5 and 6 log removal after contact time of 45 and 60 sec, respectively, at 2 mg/L. Disinfection of mixed culture showed relatively more survival of E. coli; as 3 and 4 log removal of E. coli and 4 and 5 log removal of Salmonella was observed after 45 and 60 sec.
Environmental Consequences of Closing the Textile Loop—Life Cycle Assessment of a Circular Polyester Jacket

The textile industry is recognized as being one of the most polluting industries. Thus, the European Union aims to transform the textile industry with its “European Green Deal” and “Circular Economy Action Plan”. Awareness regarding the environmental impact of textiles is increasing and initiatives are appearing to make more sustainable products with a strong wish to move towards a circular economy. One of these initiatives is wear2wearTM, a collaboration consisting of multiple companies aiming to close the loop for polyester textiles. However, designing a circular product system does not lead automatically to lower environmental impacts. Therefore, a Life Cycle Assessment study has been conducted in order to compare the environmental impacts of a circular with a linear workwear jacket. The results show that a thoughtful “circular economy system” design approach can result in significantly lower environmental impacts than linear product systems. The study illustrates at the same time the necessity for Life Cycle Assessment practitioners to go beyond a simple comparison of one product to another when it comes to circular economy. Such products require a wider system analysis approach that takes into account multiple loops, having interconnected energy and material flows through reuse, remanufacture, and various recycling practices.
Relationship of ABO Blood Groups to SARS-COV-2 Infection Causing COVID-19 Disease

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether there is a predisposition to COVID-19 with ABO and Rh blood group systems. Methods: The clinical data of 455 patients with COVID-19 seen between April 17, 2020, and June 30, 2020, at the Necip Fazil City Hospital were retrospectively analyzed studied. The diﬀerences in the ABO blood group distribution between COVID-19 patients and the control group (7844 cases) were analyzed. Results: The percentage of patients with type O blood in the COVID-19 group was signiﬁcantly lower than that in the control group (29.7% vs. 35.6%, p = 0.009). The percentage of patients with type A and B blood in the COVID-19 set was higher than in the control group however, there were no significant differences, respectively (44.4% vs. 40.8%, 19.3% vs.16.6%, p = 0.134, p=0.123). Patients with blood group O had a lower risk of COVID-19 than A, B blood group patients (respectively; OR = 0.732, OR=0.594, p = 0.023, p=0.001). The risk of COVID-19 was higher for patients with blood groups A and B than with a blood group 0 (OR = 1.365, OR= 1.684, p = 0.023, p=0.001). The Rh blood group phenotype was not statistically significant in determining a patient’s vulnerability. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that while the blood group 0 had a low risk and decreased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas blood group A and B were associated related with an increased risk, indicating that certain specific ABO blood groups were connected correlated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility.
Effects of Inundation on Water Chemistry and Invertebrates in Floodplain Wetlands

Floodplain wetlands play a significant role in the storage of sediment and water and support high levels of nutrient cycling that lead to substantial primary production and high biodiversity. This storage, cycling and production system is driven by intermittent inundation. In regulated rivers the link between channel flows and floodplain inundation is often impacted with reduction in the frequency and duration of inundation. Managed floodplain inundation is us being used as a tool to help restore floodplain wetland processes and rehabilitate river systems. However, the use of managed water for the environment remains contentious and it is important to quantify the outcomes of re-introducing water to floodplain wetland systems. We examined the effects of environmental floodplain watering on water chemistry and three groups of invertebrates, including benthic and pelagic invertebrates and macroinvertebrates, in wetlands on the Gwydir River system in the north of the Murray-Darling Basin. We hypothesised that wetlands that were inundated for longer periods of time would have altered water chemistry and support a greater richness and abundance of invertebrates, thus altering their assemblage structures. Water chemistry and the assemblage structure of all three invertebrate groups in the wetlands was significantly influenced by the time since connection (TSC) to their respective rivers and therefore inundation period. The microinvertebrate abundance of was positively associated with TSC, but not macroinvertebrates. This suggests that the duration of connection between the channel and floodplain is important in maintaining the ecology and food webs in the wetlands.