Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrological soil properties control tree regrowth after forest disturbance in the forest-steppe of central Mongolia

Abstract. The central Mongolian forest-steppe is a sensitive ecotone, commonly affected by disturbances such as logging and forest fires. In addition, intensified drought events aggravate stress on the trees that are anyway at their drier limit in the forest-steppe. Climate change increases evapotranspiration and reduces the distribution of discontinuous permafrost. The motivation for this study came about through our previous observation that forest stands show great differences with respect to their recovery after disturbance by fire or logging. Sometimes, no regrowth of trees takes place at all. As water availability is the main limiting factor of forest growth in this region, we hypothesized that differences in hydrological soil properties control the forest-recovery pattern. To test this hypothesis, we analysed soil properties under forests, predominantly consisting of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), in the forest-steppe of the northern Khangai Mountains in central Mongolia. We distinguished four vegetation categories: 1. near-natural forest (FOR), 2. steppe close to the forest (STE), 3. disturbed forest with regrowth of trees (DWIR), and 4. disturbed forest showing no regrowth of trees (DNOR). 54 soil profiles were described in the field and sampled for soil chemical, physical, and hydrological analysis. We found a significant difference in soil texture between soils under DWIR and DNOR. Sand generally dominated the soil texture, but soils under DWIR had more silt and clay compared to soils under DNOR. Soil pF curves showed that soils under DWIR had higher plant-available field capacity than soils under DNOR. In addition, hydraulic conductivity was higher in the uppermost horizons of soils under DWIR compared to soils under DNOR. Chemical properties of the soils under DWIR and DNOR showed no significant differences. We conclude that the differences in post-disturbance tree regrowth are mainly caused by soil hydrological properties. High plant-available field capacity is the key factor for forest recovery under semi-arid conditions. High hydraulic conductivity in the uppermost soil horizons can further support tree regrowth, because it reduces evaporation loss and competition of larch saplings with grasses and herbs for water. Another important factor is human impact, particularly grazing on cleared forest sites, which often keeps seedlings from growing and thus inhibits forest recovery. Permafrost was absent at all studied disturbed sites (DWIR, DNOR). We thus conclude that it is not a major factor for the post-disturbance tree-regrowth pattern, although it does contribute to water availability in summer.
Sashimi: A toolkit for facilitating high‐throughput organismal image segmentation using deep learning

Digitized specimens are an indispensable resource for rapidly acquiring big datasets and typically must be pre‐processed prior to conducting analyses. One crucial image pre‐processing step in any image analysis workflow is image segmentation, or the ability to clearly contrast the foreground target from the background noise in an image. This procedure is typically done manually, creating a potential bottleneck for efforts to quantify biodiversity from image databases. Image segmentation meta‐algorithms using deep learning provide an opportunity to relax this bottleneck. However, the most accessible pre‐trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been trained on a small fraction of biodiversity, thus limiting their utility. We trained a deep learning model to automatically segment target fish from images with both standardized and complex, noisy backgrounds. We then assessed the performance of our deep learning model using qualitative visual inspection and quantitative image segmentation metrics of pixel overlap between reference segmentation masks generated manually by experts and those automatically predicted by our model. Visual inspection revealed that our model segmented fishes with high precision and relatively few artifacts. These results suggest that the meta‐algorithm (Mask R‐CNN), in which our current fish segmentation model relies on, is well suited for generating high‐fidelity segmented specimen images across a variety of background contexts at rapid pace. We present Sashimi, a user‐friendly command line toolkit to facilitate rapid, automated high‐throughput image segmentation of digitized organisms. Sashimi is accessible to non‐programmers and does not require experience with deep learning to use. The flexibility of Mask R‐CNN allows users to generate a segmentation model for use on diverse animal and plant images using transfer learning with training datasets as small as a few hundred images. To help grow the taxonomic scope of images that can be recognized, Sashimi also includes a central database for sharing and distributing custom‐trained segmentation models of other unrepresented organisms. Lastly, Sashimi includes both auxiliary image pre‐processing functions useful for some popular downstream color pattern analysis workflows, as well as a simple script to aid users in qualitatively and quantitatively assessing segmentation model performance for complementary sets of automatically and manually segmented images.
The effects of acute moderate intensity training on hematological parameters in elite para-badminton athletes

Background and objective: The knowledge on the effects of para-badminton sport on physiological parameters is relatively limited in the literature. This study aims to examine the effects of moderate-intensity badminton training on the hematological parameters of elite para-badminton athletes. Methods: A total of 12 para-badminton athletes, 6 female and 6 male, with international competitive experience in the Turkish Para-Badminton National Team, participated in the study. A 90-minute badminton training was applied to the athletes for their technical and tactical development. A 4 mL blood sample was taken before and after the training. Hematological parameters were analyzed from these blood samples. White blood cells, red blood cells, platelets count, and their particular subgroups such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, granulocytes, and lymphocytes were examined as the hematological parameters in this study. Results: The findings revealed that the female para-badminton athletes exhibited a significant increase in white blood cells, granulocytes percentage, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets values after training compared to pre-training. It was determined that there were significant increases in white blood cells, granulocytes, granulocytes percentage, red blood cells, and hematocrit values for male para-badminton athletes after training compared to pre-training, and significant decreases in lymphocytes percentage values. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study showed that a single 90-minute moderate-intensity badminton training session leads to physiological changes on the blood parameters of elite para-badminton athletes. These changes, which differ by gender, can affect the health and performance of the athlete.
Knowledge Management Process, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Performance in SMEs: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Knowledge management (KM), a process of acquiring, converting, applying, and protecting knowledge assets, is crucial for value creation. The purpose of this research is to empirically test the relationship between KM processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge conversion, knowledge application, and knowledge protection), entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and firm performance. Data were collected from 159 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia using a cross-sectional survey. This research uses partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and WarpPLS version 7.0 to test the model. The results show that three of four KM dimensions: knowledge acquisition, knowledge conversion, and knowledge protection are positively related to performance. Moreover, EO has been found to moderate the relationship between knowledge application and performance positively.
Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Perempuan terhadap Kasus Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional

Pemerintah Indonesia telah menandatangani deklarasi tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan (1993) sejak tahun 2014. Namun dalam tataran teknisnya, kekerasan terhadap perempuan masih sering terjadi akibat Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) di Indonesia. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah mengetahui pelaksanaan undang-undang dan perlindungan HAM perempuan terhadap KDRT dalam pandangan Hukum Internasional. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan masuknya sistem hukum publik ke ranah domestik yaitu kehidupan rumah tangga adalah salah satu perkembangan baru di bidang HAM khususnya di Indonesia. Urusan rumah tangga yang semula merupakan urusan privat dimana negara tidak boleh mengaturnya kini berubah menjadi tanggung jawab negara untuk mengaturnya yang kini menjadi ranah dari hukum publik yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga.
Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan dan Sikap Keuangan Terhadap Perilaku Pengelolaan Keuangan Mahasiswa Kota Samarinda

The role of financial literacy and financial attitude is important in producing wise behavior in student financial management. This research aims to determine how the influence of financial literacy and financial attitudes on student financial management behavior. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 110 Samarinda’s students to find out responses to the condition of financial literacy, financial attitudes and student financial management behavior. Based on the analysis results show that partially and simultaneously, the higher the financial literacy and financial attitude, the higher the student's financial management behavior. Students who have good behavior show that students are able to apply their knowledge and attitudes in their financial management behavior. Optimization of financial literacy and attitudes is needed, so that student's behavior in managing finances is getting better in order to face increasingly complex financial problems in the future
Exploring the motivations and repeat behavioral intentions of generation X and Y Chinese cruise tourists

ABSTRACT This research aims to use an integrated theoretical model to explore the reasons why Chinese generation X and Y travelers cruise, and the resultant repeat behavioral intentions. As more cruise companies acknowledge the potential cruise market that China has to offer, there is great potential value in understanding the motivations for generation X and Y to cruise, and their future intent to cruise again. A mixed methodology was used based on data collected from past cruise travelers from China. The results indicated that motivation and behavioral differences exist within generation groups. Perceived behavioral control significantly affects generation X’s behavioral intention, but generation Y is more controlled by their attitude.
The Power of Racialized Discretion in Policing Migration

Discretionary practices have often been put forward to explain the racially disproportionate patterns we see in policing. The focus on discretion rather than racism neatly shifts attention away from race and instead towards discretionary practices, which are notoriously amorphous and inscrutable. The attention towards discretion (rather than race) further allows race to operate without being explicitly named and, therefore, to operate as an absent present. In this article, I discuss how race and discretion work together when ordinary police officers are tasked with migration control duties to identify foreign national offenders. Drawing on empirical research conducted in England, I propose the concept of racialised discretion and argue that it holds merit because it recognises that certain discretionary practices and decisions are animated because of race, through race and with the effect (intentional or not) of racially disproportionate outcomes. The article argues for the need for racialised discretion to be seen as distinct from other forms of discretion both in policing and the criminal justice process more widely.
Eyewitnesses who engage in immediate recall are not perceived as more credible

ABSTRACT Contemporaneous notes refer to witness accounts composed during or immediately after a critical event. Although contemporaneous notes can improve eyewitness accuracy, their influence upon juror decision making is unknown. This experiment was the first to investigate the effect of contemporaneous notes upon juror decision making. Mock-jurors were given a trial transcript in which the primary eyewitness read a contemporaneous note they had composed after observing an accident. The witness was either consistent with their note upon further questioning, or was inconsistent with their note. When the witness was inconsistent with their note, their testimony at trial contained critical information that was not included in their contemporaneous note. Alternatively, some participants read a trial transcript in which no contemporaneous note was presented. The witness who was inconsistent with their note was perceived as less credible than a witness who was consistent with their note, or did not present a note at trial. Moreover, the defendant was perceived as less guilty when the eyewitness was inconsistent with their note, compared to when no contemporaneous note was present. These results have important implications for the use of contemporaneous notes in legal proceedings.
CoVoST 2 and Massively Multilingual Speech Translation

Speech translation (ST) is an increasingly popular topic of research, partly due to the development of benchmark datasets. Nevertheless, current datasets cover a limited number of languages. With the aim to foster research into massive multilingual ST and ST for low resource languages, we release CoV-oST 2, a large-scale multilingual ST corpus covering translations from 21 languages into English and from English into 15 languages. This represents the largest open dataset available to date for volume and language coverage. Data checks provide evidence about the data quality. We provide extensive speech recognition (ASR), machine translation (MT) and ST baselines. We demonstrate the value of CoVoST 2 for multilingual ST research by leveraging it in 4 investigations: simplify multilingual training by removing ASR pretraining, study multilingual model scaling properties and investigate zero-shot and transfer learning capabilities of models trained on CoVoST 2.
New Training Tasks for Stepwise Loading in Isometric Bodyweight Squat with Active Posture Control

Isometric bodyweight squats are fundamental exercises in athletic training and rehabilitation. Previously, we measured muscle activity in a normal squat posture (NSP) and a squat posture with the center of foot pressure (COP) intentionally shifted forward as far as possible (forward-shifted posture: FSP), and the muscle activity patterns varied significantly according to the COP location. This study focused on stepwise loading as a training strategy. Ten healthy male participants performed isometric bodyweight squats in a previous study, adopting the NSP and FSP, with three knee flexion angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). The muscle activities of the vastus medialis (VM), semitendinosus, tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius muscle lateral head were measured using surface electromyogram. This study further explored the relationship between COP shifting and knee flexion angles on electromyogram changes using three-dimensional diagrams. In one-way repeated measures analysis of variance by ranks, knee flexion angles affected the muscle activities of the VM and TA in the NSP and muscle activities of the VM in the FSP. Combining these findings, stepwise loading tasks were created to train individual target muscles. The ten male participants examined all the tasks, and the feasibility was confirmed accordingly.
When Running for Office Runs in the Family: Horizontal Dynasties, Policy, and Development in the Philippines

Political dynasties exist in practically every type of democracy, but take different forms in different places. Yet the types of dynastic structures have remained unexplored. We argue that horizontal dynasties—multiple members from the same political family holding different political offices concurrently—affect policymaking by replacing potential political rivals, who may oppose an incumbent’s policy choices, with a member of the family. But in developing countries, the policy change that accrues from dynastic status may not lead to higher levels of economic development. We test this argument’s implications in the Philippines. Using a close elections regression discontinuity design on a sample of mayors, we show that (i) horizontally dynastic mayors have higher levels of government spending, (ii) direct institutional constraints are the mechanism that drives this core result, and (iii) horizontally dynastic mayors do not lead to higher economic growth economic growth or lower poverty.
Why Do People Hide Knowledge in the Online Knowledge Community? An Integrated Framework of Protection Motivation, Self-Determination, and Social Exchange Beliefs

Suppressing knowledge hiding is a prerequisite for achieving positive knowledge interactions among people. Most previous studies concentrate on knowledge hiding in organizations, but the quantitative examination of knowledge hiding antecedents in the online knowledge community has been limited. This study investigates individuals’ knowledge hiding intentions in the context of the online knowledge community through an integrated framework of protection motivation theory, self-determination theory, and social exchange beliefs. We tested the research model through a valid sample of 377 respondents from Chinese online knowledge community users. The results demonstrate that individuals’ threat appraisal (perceived severity and perceived vulnerability) and intrinsic motivation (perceived autonomy and perceived relatedness) are negatively associated with interdependence. Additionally, interdependence within the online knowledge community is proved to negatively affect individuals’ knowledge hiding intention. Furthermore, reciprocity and trust moderate the relationship between interdependence and knowledge hiding intentions. This study enriches the academic literature in the knowledge hiding field, and the findings provide an in-depth understanding of knowledge hiding in the context of the online knowledge community.
Accelerometer-Based Measurements of Voice Quality in Children During Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract Exercise with a Narrow Straw in Air

Non-invasive measures of voice quality, such as H1-H2, rely on oral flow signals, inverse filtered speech signals, or corrections for the effects of formants. Voice quality measures play especially important roles in the assessment of voice disorders and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. One type of treatment that is increasingly common in voice therapy, as well as in voice training for singers and actors, is semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTEs). The goal of SOVTEs is to change patterns of vocal fold vibration and thereby improve voice quality and vocal efficiency. Accelerometers applied to the skin of the neck have been used to investigate subglottal acoustics, to inverse-filter speech signals, and to obtain voice quality metrics. This paper explores the application of neck-skin accelerometers to measure voice quality without oral flow, inverse filtering, or formant correction. Accelerometer-based measures (uncorrected K1-K2 and corrected K1*-K2*, analogous to microphone-based H1-H2 and H1*-H2*) were obtained from typically developing children with healthy voice, before and during SOVTEs. Traditional microphone-based H1-H2 measures (corrected and uncorrected) were also obtained. Results showed that K1-K2 and K1*-K2* were not substantially affected by vocal tract acoustic changes in formant frequencies.
Delayed-Onset Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: Case Report

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic state caused by autoantibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complexes. Although HIT typically presents 5-10 days after the initiation of heparin, thrombosis and thrombocytopenia may occur up to several weeks following heparin withdrawal, so-called delayed-onset HIT. Although rare, there have been isolated reports of HIT-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), which carry high rates of morbidity and mortality. There is a need to further characterize the etiology, clinical presentation, treatment paradigms, and outcomes of patients with HIT-induced CVST. Here, we present the case of a 57-year old female who presented to the emergency department with a headache and seizure 11 days following a right total knee arthroplasty for which she received 3 post-operative doses of enoxaparin. Work-up demonstrated acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), CVST, and thrombocytopenia. Intravenous heparin resulted in rapidly deteriorating platelet count and subsequent serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of HIT. Treatment with bivalirudin was initiated, the HIT resolved, and the patient was discharged home on hospital day 19 with long-term anticoagulation mediated by warfarin. At 3-month follow up, the patient had mild upper motor neuron pattern weakness and was living independently. This case depicts a rare case of delayed-onset HIT and CVST, highlights the importance of establishing a fluid treatment plan for managing HIT-induced CVST, and illustrates the importance of employing rapid anticoagulation despite acute ICH to achieve a desirable clinical outcome.
Applying organizational density to local public service performance: separating homeless service outcomes from outputs

ABSTRACT What happens to local services’ performance when service-provider density increases in a community? The answer is difficult. To explore how density relates to multiple aspects of performance, this study aims to examine the effects of service-providers’ density on service outputs and policy outcomes. Using a panel dataset of local homeless service planning bodies, the Continuum of Care Programme, we found that service outputs improved; however, the prevalence of homelessness did not decrease. Drawing upon organizational density theory, our findings contribute to the extant knowledge on public management by exploring how service-provider density relates to service outputs and policy outcomes separately.
Heat transfer performance and exergy analyses of MgO and ZnO nanofluids using water/ethylene glycol mixture as base fluid

Abstract Forced laminar convective heat transfer of MgO and ZnO nanofluids through flat tube automobile radiator was studied numerically using 0.25-3ć volume concentrations at Reynolds number ranges (250–1750) for both nanofluids. The results showed an increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient 13.76% and 17.1% at 3% concentration of ZnO and MgO nanofluids, respectively, relative to water/ethylene glycol mixture (50:50 by vol%.) as a base fluid. However, increasing the volume concentration caused an increase in the pumping power For same heat rejection of W/EG mixture, a reduction of about 4.15% and 3.1% in radiator surface area was obtained at 1% concentration of MgO and ZnO nanofluids, respectively. A decrease in total exergy destruction rate of 15.7% and 12.2% compared to the base fluid was obtained for 3 vol% of MgO and ZnO nanofluids, respectively, at Re = 1750.