Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Variation in the Pattern of Maize Adoption and Use in Florida and Georgia

Dietary reconstruction using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from archaeological human bone samples from coastal Georgia and northern and Gulf Coast Florida dating between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1700 serves to illustrate the complexity of the agricultural transition in that region. Isotope analysis of 185 collagen samples drawn from early prehistoric, late prehistoric, and contact-period mortuary sites encompasses two major adaptive shifts in the region, namely the adoption of maize agriculture in late prehistory and the increased emphasis on maize during the mission period. Prior to European contact—and especially before the establishment of Spanish missions among the Guale, Yamasee, Timucua, and Apalachee tribal groups—diet was strongly influenced by local environmental factors. Before contact, coastal and inland populations had different patterns of food consumption, as did populations living in Georgia and Florida. Coastal populations consumed more marine and less terrestrial foods than inland populations. In general, maize was adopted during the eleventh century A.D. by virtually all Georgia populations. However, with the exception of the Lake Jackson site, a major Mississippian center in northern Florida, Florida populations show little use of maize before contact. Following European contact, maize became wide-spread, regardless of location or habitat within the broad region of Spanish Florida. Missionization appears to have been an important factor in the convergence of native diets toward agriculture and away from foraging. This increased emphasis on maize contributed to a decline in quality of life for native populations.
A src‐like kinase activates outwardly rectifying chloride channels in CFTR‐defective lymphocytes

Defective activation of chloride channels is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Recently we have described activation of a volume‐sensitive, outwardly rectifying chloride conductance (IOR) through the src‐like tyrosine kinase p56lck. Here we show that p56lck activates IOR independently of CFTR. In lymphocytes from healthy donors, chloride channels could be opened by either intracellular cAMP, p56lck or osmotic swelling. In CF lymphocytes, p56lck and cell swelling but not cAMP could activate chloride channels. Regulation of IOR by p56lck thus represents an alternative pathway of stimulating membrane chloride conductance that is left intact in cystic fibrosis. —Lepple‐Wienhues, A. , Wieland, U. , Laun, T. , Heil, L. , Stern, M. , Lang, F. A src‐like kinase activates outwardly rectifying chloride channels in CFTR‐defective lymphocytes. FASEB J. 15, 927–931 (2001)
The effects of simulated frost on black currant (Ribes nigrum L.)

SummaryPot plants of 12 black currant genotypes were assessed in frost simulation chambers for their tolerance of spring frosts during the flowering period. The most tolerant were some genotypes from the UK and Scandinavia. The inheritance of tolerance may be complex rather than simply additive. The results indicate that physiological frost hardiness at flowering is needed as well as later flowering, particularly when breeding for early ripening cultivars.
Distribution of charasomes in Chara : banding pattern and effect of photosynthetic inhibitors

Charasomes are structured elaborations of plasmalemma of some Charophytes which may be involved in enhanced transport of ions or inorganic carbon across the plasmalemma. They show a highly non-uniform distribution. We report here a novel method of quantifying charasome population density, using scanning electron microscopy of cell fragments removed from the cell wall. Consistent differences in density can occur in neighbouring regions of the membrane. The distribution of densities is not normal, but is skewed toward lower densities, with large areas of membrane showing no charasomes. Contrary to previous published reports, we found no correlation with acid and alkaline banding patterns. Inhibition of photosynthesis by either dark or DCMU (dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea, an inhibitor of photosystem II) results in a complete loss of charasomes in 1-3 weeks.
VEGETATION ON ROCKY SHORES AT SOME NORTH IRISH SEA SITES

SUMMARY The intertidal vegetation of Hilbre Island, Merseyside, is compared with that of seven unpolluted localities on the Isle of Man and with that of New Brighton, Merseyside, which is grossly polluted. The Hilbre and New Brighton samples may be assigned either to the littoral fringe or to the eulittoral zone but not to the sublittoral fringe as defined by Lewis (1961). The Hilbre samples are floristically intermediate between those from New Brighton and the Isle of Man. This intermediate character is also apparent in species diversity, life-form composition, biomass and dominance. These features, together with historical evidence, illustrate the process of degradationl which the Hilbre vegetation has undergone throughout this century, and suggest possible future trends.
Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada

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Validating automated integrative complexity: Natural language processing and the Donald Trump Test

Computer algorithms that analyze language (natural language processing systems) have seen a great increase in usage recently. While use of these systems to score key constructs in social and political psychology has many advantages, it is also dangerous if we do not fully evaluate the validity of these systems. In the present article, we evaluate a natural language processing system for one particular construct that has implications for solving key societal issues: Integrative complexity. We first review the growing body of evidence for the validity of the Automated Integrative Complexity (AutoIC) method for computer-scoring integrative complexity. We then provide five new validity tests: AutoIC successfully distinguished fourteen classic philosophic works from a large sample of both lay populations and political leaders (Test 1) and further distinguished classic philosophic works from the rhetoric of Donald Trump at higher rates than an alternative system (Test 2). Additionally, AutoIC successfully replicated key findings from the hand-scored IC literature on smoking cessation (Test 3), U.S. Presidents’ State of the Union Speeches (Test 4), and the ideology-complexity relationship (Test 5). Taken in total, this large body of evidence not only suggests that AutoIC is a valid system for scoring integrative complexity, but it also reveals important theory-building insights into key issues at the intersection of social and political psychology (health, leadership, and ideology). We close by discussing the broader contributions of the present validity tests to our understanding of issues vital to natural language processing.
Postharvest discoloration of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. 'reactans', and 'gingeri'

A postharvest discoloration of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus in Pennsylvania was associated with three pathotypes of fluorescent pseudomonads. Pathotype A strains caused pitted, dark-brown blotches on mushroom caps, formed precipitates in agar ('white line' reactions) with Pseudomonas tolaasii strain ATCC 14340 (reclassified as P. 'reactans'), were phenotypically like P. fluorescens biovar V, and fit descriptions of P. tolaasii. Pathotype B strains caused pitted, yellow- brown, sometimes slimy lesions on mushrooms, formed no 'white line' reactions, were phenotypically like P. fluorescens biovars III and V, and fit descriptions of P. 'gingeri'. Pathotype C strains caused mild, lightbrown discoloration on mushrooms with little tissue collapse, formed 'white line' reactions with P. tolaasii ATTC 33618 (type strain), had P. fluorescens biovar III and V phenotypes, and fit descriptions of P. 'reactans'. Isolations from mushroom casing material yielded all pathotypes including both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of P. 'reactans' with distinguishing phenotypic or chemical characteristics. Cellular fatty acid analysis suggested pathogenic strains of P. 'reactans' were more similar to P. tolaasii and P. 'gingeri' than to saprophytic strains of P. fluorescens, and nonpathogenic strains were more similar to saprophytic P. fluorescens than to P. tolaasii or P. 'gingeri'.
The importance of the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF in bladder dysfunction.

The lower urinary tract (LUT) comprises a storage unit, the urinary bladder, and an outlet, the urethra. The coordination between the two structures is tightly controlled by the nervous system and, therefore, LUT function is highly susceptible to injuries to the neuronal pathways involved in micturition control. These injuries may include lesions to the spinal cord or to nerve fibres and result in micturition dysfunction. A common trait of micturition pathologies, irrespective of its origin, is an upregulation in synthesis and secretion of neurotrophins, most notably Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). These neurotrophins are produced by neuronal and non-neuronal cells and exert their effects upon binding to their high-affinity receptors abundantly expressed in the neuronal circuits regulating LUT function. In addition, NGF and BDNF are present in detectable amounts in the urine of patients suffering from various LUT pathologies, suggesting that analysis of urinary NGF and BDNF may serve as likely biomarkers to be studied in tandem with other factors when diagnosing patients. Studies with experimental models of bladder dysfunction using antagonists of NGF and BDNF receptors as well as scavenging agents suggest that those NTs may be key elements in the pathophysiology of bladder dysfunctions. In addition, available data indicates that NGF and BDNF might constitute future targets for designing new drugs for better treatment of bladder dysfunction.
EFFECTS OF GA3 AND CHILLING ON SEED GERMINATION OF FERULA ASSA-FOETIDA, AS A MEDICINAL PLANT

Ferula assa-foetida L. is an Iranian endemic medicinal plant that belongs to Apiaceae family. Seeds of this plant have a long period of dormancy. Therefore, experimental methods, which decrease seed dormancy period, could be effective in the seed germination rate and also in revival of the plant. The effect of GA3 as a pre-treatment (at high concentrations in a short time period at 23±2°C) and treatment (low concentrations in a long time period at 23±2 and 4°C) on germination of two Tabas and Shirkooh population seeds on MS medium was analyzed. Comparative analyses on treated and pretreated seeds from two populations with GA3 at 23±2°C temperature did not show any significant changes in both the germination percentage and rate. However, seeds chilling treatment (4°C) indicated increased germination rate and percentage. So, after 12 weeks the maximum germination percentages were 84 and 56% for Tabas and Shirkooh populations. Also the effect of the temperature was investigated on seed germination on the wet filter paper in two levels of 23±2 and 4°C. According to results, maximum seed germination percentage obtained for Shirkooh were (90%) and Tabas (67%) populations by soaking the seeds on the wet filter papers in Petri dishes within 8 to 9 weeks. Finally, it seems that increasing endogenous GA3 concentration, which is provided mostly by chilling treatment, is the most effective factor for breaking the seed dormancy.
Hibernation, Hibernacula and Associated Behavior of the Three-Toed Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis)

T HE three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) is a common inhabitant of lowland forest areas, and particularly flood plain forests, of eastern Oklahoma. The following study was made on the Oliver Wildlife Preserve of the University of Oklahoma, 2 miles south of Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma. This preserve, during the time of the study, consisted of approximately 60 acres, of which 50 acres were flood plain forest of the South Canadian River. The large cottonwoods are being replaced by American elm, green ash and persimmon (Penfound, 1948). Undergrowth is sparse, greenbriar (Smilax) being the dominant shrub, partly due to heavy grazing by twenty head of cattle. Six small pools, ranging from 100 to 500 square feet of surface area, are located along the base of the hill running along the north side of the preserve. Only one of these pools contains water for more than two or three months of the year. Accounts of hibernation in box turtles (e.g. Allard, 1935; Penn and Pottharst, 1940; Stickel, 1950 and Whetmore, 1920) are generally superficial. The abundance of the threetoed box turtle in the Oliver Wildlife Preserve
Selection and mutagenesis in cultured African violet plantlets

In vitro selection of African violet plantlets for tolerance to low temperatures has been investigated. The commercially important Blue Rhapsody variety was used for anther culture studies and an analysis of pollen ontogeny and dimorphism made. It was possible to correlate the stage of pollen development with flower bud diameter and the optimum stage for anther culture studies determined. Futhermore, recommendations are made for the maintenance of donor plants for use in anther culture studies. The influence of pretreatments of flower buds and a wide range of culture factors were studied in the establishment of a suitable medium for the production of a highly morphogenic callus. This produced abundant numbers of plantlets. Detailed histological and electron microscopic studies revealed that all of the anther derived plants are of somatic origin. Cytological analysis revealed that all plants are either diploid or aneuploid. The majority of plants, when subjected to detailed morphological analysis were found to be similar to the parent. However, three were smaller and were derived from the same anther. It is possible that these plants were of haploid orgin but underwent spontaneous chromosome doubling during their development. Screening of anther-derived plants, the parent, and a commercially available cold-tolerant variety (Endurance) to grow at a range of temperatures (5-25 C) was studied. This revealed that anther-derived plants grew and produced plants of marketable quality at 15 C. At this temperature the parent showed considerable chlorosis and a marked reduction in growth. Anther-derived plants were not able to withstand temperatures of 10 C as well as the Endurance plants. An examination of the leakage of electrolytes from tissue subject to low temperatures confirmed that anther-derived plants contain cell membranes which were more tolerant to low temperatures than the parent. Anther-derived plants which are designated as low temperature tolerant have been subject to three separate screenings both in vivo and in vitro and on this basis are considered to be physiological mutants and not epigenetic variants. The mutagen EMS, did not significantly increase the number of plants able to survive the screening temperature of 10 C. Attempts to improve the tolerance of plants to low temperature by extending their photoperiod were not successful.
Breeding biology of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) on offshore island sanctuaries, 1990-2002

Received 17 September 2005; accepted 20 December 2005 • Editor M.Williams Abstract The breeding biology of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) was investigated on offshore island refuges between 1990 and 2002. Male kakapo typically attended their display territories between October to April, with the primary courtship display, “booming”, usually beginning in January and ending in March. Mating was recorded from late December to March, with the median mating date falling in late January. Eggs were laid from early January to late March, with median dates of 24 January on Little Barrier Island and 7 February on Codfish and Pearl Islands. Females typically occupied a nest site eight days after their last mating (n = 44) and laid their first egg two days later (n = 40). Subsequent eggs were laid at three day intervals (n = 41). The mean and modal clutch sizes were 2.53 and 3 respectively, (range = 1 4, n = 54). Mean mass of fresh eggs was 40.53g (n = 122). Incubation began immediately after the first egg had been laid and the average incubation period was 30 days (n = 28). Mean nestling and fledgling periods were 72.4 (n = 27) and 246 days (n = 25) respectively. Male chicks began to grow more rapidly than females approximately one third through the nestling period. The mean fledging weights of 14 male and 14 female chicks were 1.93 and 1.72 kg respectively. Male kakapo are capable of mating at five years of age. Three known-age females first nested at 9, 10 and 11 years of age, respectively. Comparison with close relatives suggests that some aspects of kakapo breeding biology are evolutionarily conservative.
Study on the Gibberellic Acid Residues in Brewing

Gibberellic acid is a plant growth regulator, which can improve the quality of malts when used in the malting process, but it has a potential toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of gibberellic acid (GA3 in particular) during beer brewing process. GA3 residues in 15 kinds of commercial malt and 35 kinds of commercial beer were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The GA3 residues in all of the malts were proved to be in direct proportion to the use of exogenous GA3 amount. In contrast, the GA3 residues were not detected in any of the selected beer samples. To find its cause, the levels of GA3 residues during mashing and boiling periods were measured. It was found that the GA3 in malts were isomerized in mashing and wort boiling stages, and a new substance with different retention characteristics compared with GA3 was observed in the C18 column. The mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the major ions for the new substance were m/z = 369.1 ([M+Na]+), m/z = 715.2 ([2M+Na]+), m/z = 329.2 ([M−H2O+H]+), m/z = 283.1 ([M−H2O−HCO2H+H]+). So, the new substance may be different from GA3 in the position of one or more groups. The new isomeric compound may be one of the GA3 isomers from the wort production. In further research, two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) will be used to identify the accurate structure of the new substance.
Requirement of Larval Red Seabream Pagrus major for Essential Fatty Acids*1

Feeding experiments of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) requirement on larval red seabream were conducted three times using rotifers enriched by the direct method, which showed a direct relationship between the n-3 HUFA concentration in emulsified lipids and the level on n-3 HUFA in rotifers. Various emulsions containing different levels of n-3 HUFA were prepared by mixing methyl oleate with pollock and cuttlefish liver oils or a methyl ester mixture containing 85% of n-3 HUFA and fed to rotifers. These rotifers were fed to larval fish for 10-16 days in 100l tanks.The larvae fed on rotifers containing a low percentage of n-3 HUFA showed a poor growth and a high mortality. The growth, survival and activity of the larvae were effectively improved by elevation of the n-3 HUFA levels in rotifers, and reached a plateau at a level of 0.4%. The levels of n-3 HUFA in fish increased gradually as elevation of the percentage of n-3 HUFA in rotifers and reached a maximum at around 3% of n-3 HUFA (whole body dry basis). These results suggested that a minimum requirement of larval red seabream for n-3 HUFA is about 0.4% in wet basis of rotifer.
Effect of doxazocin on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in adult male albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate that results in obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms. Doxazocin (DOX) is known to relax prostate smooth muscle through blockage of &agr;-adrenergic receptors. This action alone does not account for the clinical responses by this drug. Aim of work The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DOX treatment on a testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia model in rats. Materials and methods A total of 36 adult male albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into the following groups: a control group (group I), in which the rats received the vehicle orally; an experimental group (group II), in which rats received testosterone propionate 7.5 mg/kg/day intramuscularly for 10 days; and subgroup IIa, which received only testosterone,, and subgroups IIb, IIc, which received DOX 25 mg/kg/day orally for 7 and 30 days, respectively. Prostatic glands were excised and processed for light microscopic study using H&E stain, Masson’s trichrome stains, and immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and &agr;-smooth muscle actin (&agr;SMA). The mean area % of collagen and of PCNA and &agr;SMA immunoreactivity was measured using an image analyzer and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Testosterone treatment resulted in epithelial and stromal hyperplasia of the prostate. The lumina of acini were distended with secretion and separated with thick fibromuscular stroma. DOX-treated groups showed reduced epithelial and smooth muscle hyperplasia. The acini contained less secretion and were separated by thick fibromuscular stroma with fewer smooth muscle fibers. Morphometric study showed that the mean area % of PCNA and (&agr;SMA) immunoreactivity was significantly reduced; however, the mean area % of collagen was significantly increased in the DOX-treated groups. Conclusions It was concluded that DOX treatment inhibits prostatic hyperplasia by reducing epithelial cell proliferation and smooth muscle hyperplasia. Thus, DOX is an effective drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Genetic differences in clonal demography in Eichhornia crassipes

The demography of four clones of Eichornia crassipes, each grown in isolation, was studied to determine: if clones derived from four locations varied genetically in the growth of leaf and ramet populations, in leaf morphology and in biomass; how developmental processes accounted for clonal variation in demography; and how clones differed in their response to increasing ramet population density. Plants from each clone were grown outdoors, and the births of all leaves, ramets and inflorescences were recorded. Clones differed in the growth of leaf and ramet populations, because of differences in rates of leaf production and flowering rather than in rates of ramet production per leaf axillary bud (.)