Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analytical Performance Modeling for Computer Systems

This book is an introduction to analytical performance modeling for computer systems, i.e., writing equations to describe their performance behavior. It is accessible to readers who have taken college-level courses in calculus and probability, networking, and operating systems. This is not a training manual for becoming an expert performance analyst. Rather, the objective is to help the reader construct simple models for analyzing and understanding the systems in which they are interested. Describing a complicated system abstractly with mathematical equations requires a careful choice of assumptions and approximations. These assumptions and approximations make the model tractable, but they must not remove essential characteristics of the system, nor introduce spurious properties. To help the reader understand the choices and their implications, this book discusses the analytical models in 20 research papers. These papers cover a broad range of topics: processors and disks, databases and multimedia, worms and wireless, etc. An Appendix provides some questions for readers to exercise their understanding of the models in these papers. Table of Contents: Preliminaries / Concepts and Little's Law / Single Queues / Open Systems / Markov Chains / Closed Systems / Bottlenecks and Flow Equivalence / Deterministic Approximations / Transient Analysis / Experimental Validation and Analysis / Analysis with an Analytical Model
Tiller population and tissue turnover in a perennial ryegrass pasture under hard and lax spring and summer grazing

Plots of perennial ryegrass were grazed by sheep at 3 to 4-week intervals under hard (post- grazing herbage mass 1000 kg DM/ha) and lax (2000 kg DM/ha) management from October 1986 to August 1988. In early December 1987 treatments on half the plots were switched, giving 4 combinations of hard and lax grazing with 4 replicates. Tiller populations were consistently higher under hard than lax grazing. Net pasture and leaf production rates were also generally higher under hard grazing, because higher senescence losses compensated for higher rates of pasture growth under lax grazing. The switch from hard to lax grazing in late spring gave a transient increase in net pasture production, but the switch from lax to hard grazing at the same time resulted in a high tiller appearance and enhanced net leaf production over the summer. Management strategies to take advantage of this latter effect in pasture systems are discussed briefly.
Friction factor of meandering flows

An expression for the friction factor of rough turbulent meandering flows is suggested: flow cross section is rectangular, the plan shape of the meandering channel is sine-generated. This expression gives the value of the friction factor as a function of position (which is determined by, among other factors, the local channel curvature) and channel sinuosity. The validity of the present expression is tested against results of laboratory measurements. The measurements were carried out in two meandering channels, one typifying “small” sinuosity, the other “large” sinuosity. It is found that the vertically averaged flows in these two channels exhibit two distinctly different (“in-” and “out-going”) flow patterns, depending on whether the channel sinuosity is “large” or “small. ” These two radically different flow pictures cannot be supplied by the vertically averaged equations of motion if they are solved for a constant friction factor. The present consideration of the friction factor as a function of positio.
Infragravity energy modulation by tides

Infragravity waves, motions with frequencies immediately below wind-generated sea and swell, are believed to be radiated seaward from the surf zone, where they are excited by nonlinear interactions between waves in the sea-swell frequency band. We describe tidal modulation of sea surface elevation variance at infragravity frequencies observed in 8-30 m water depth, a few kilometers from shore at several California sites. Infragravity spectral levels vary by as much as a factor of 10 between high and low tide, possibly because the surf zone width and beach face slope vary significantly with tidal level on the usually concave-shaped beaches onshore of the observations. At a fixed sensor and with approximately constant sea-swell energy, the observed infragravity energy is lowest at low tide.
Reconstruction of a Lateglacial (Younger Dryas) mountain ice field in Sutherland, northwestern Scotland, and its palaeoclimatic implications

Quaternary geomorphological and geological mapping of a large area (∼1800 km2) in the northwestern Scottish Highlands has led to the reconstruction of a coherent mountain ice field approximately 45 km long and 30 km wide at its maximum extent. This West Sutherland ice field covered an area of ∼350 km2 and had a mean equilibrium‐line altitude of 334 m, assuming that the outlet glaciers all reached their maxima simultaneously. Numerical dating strongly suggests a Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka) age of the mapped limits of this mountain ice field. This study also shows that the area of northwestern Scotland covered by Younger Dryas glaciers was five times larger than previously thought. Palaeo‐temperature estimates, obtained from chironomid and beetle assemblages elsewhere, have been used to reconstruct palaeo‐precipitation during the Younger Dryas for west Sutherland. Using a previously published global empirical dataset, annual precipitation of 2344 ± 248 mm a−1 at sea level is inferred from our new palaeo‐glacier reconstruction, suggesting slightly wetter conditions compared to the present day. These figures are in good agreement with those reconstructed for other parts of the Scottish Highlands and Islands, and this may indicate a marked W–E palaeo‐precipitation gradient during the Younger Dryas. This paper goes on to discuss the wider validity of palaeo‐climatic reconstructions from inferred palaeo‐glacier geometries and presents a number of possible Scottish Lateglacial climate scenarios which warrant further testing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHEMICAL DATA ON DESERT VARNISH

Desert varnish forms a dark coating up to 0.10 mm thick on the exposed surfaces of many stones and outcrops in southern California deserts. Wet chemical analyses were made of varnish, the underlying weathered rind, and fresh rock for a rhyolite and two andesites. The principal elements in varnish are O, H, Si, Al, Fe, and Mn, and the last two give the deposit its distinctive physical characteristics. H_2O, Fe_2O_3, and especially MnO show the greatest enrichment. Field observations and a number of partial analyses indicate that the best varnishes are on fine-grained rocks relatively rich in Fe and Mn. Spectrographic analyses were made of 22 varnishes, 14 rocks, 8 soils, and 5 samples of air-borne material. In the varnishes Ti, Ba, and Sr are by far the most abundant trace elements, followed by Cu, Ni, Zr, Pb, V, Co, La, Y, B, Cr, Sc, and Yb. Cd, W, Ag, Nb, Sn, Ga, Mo, Be, and Zn were recorded in some but not all varnishes. The trace-element content of all varnishes is similar, and the variations recorded are related to differences in the local geology. Most trace elements are considerably enriched in varnish—Cu and Co especially, and Ni, Pb, Ba, Cr, Yb, B, Y, Sr, and V. The chemical data suggest that (1) varnish on stones seated in soil or colluvium is derived largely from that material, (2) varnish on large bedrock exposures come from weathered parts of the rock, (3) air-borne material is probably a minor contributor. The formation of desert varnish is primarily a weathering process involving the solution, transportation, and deposition of Mn and Fe in particular and a host of trace elements. Most of these elements are derived from local sources, and the small amount of movement required can occur by transport in solution or possibly by ionic diffusion through moisture films. Dew may be as important a source of moisture as rain. Organic agents, such as bacteria, may cause deposition of varnish, but this has not yet been demonstrated. In the desert, evaporation and the catalytic action of MnO_2 should be capable of performing the task. The rate of varnish formation varies widely with local conditions. Hundreds and thousands of years may be required to form a dark coating in some situations, but at one locality in the Mojave Desert a good varnish formed on the surface stones of an alluvial deposit in 25 years. Although the widespread evidence of varnish deterioration may be due to climatological change, conditions in some parts of this desert area are currently favorable to varnish formation.
The Multi-User Constrained Pseudorandom Function Security of Generalized GGM Trees for MPC and Hierarchical Wallets

Multi-user (mu) security considers large-scale attackers that, given access to a number of cryptosystem instances, attempt to compromise at least one of them. We initiate the study of mu security of the so-called GGM tree that stems from the pseudorandom generator to pseudorandom function transformation of Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali, with a goal to provide references for its recently popularized use in applied cryptography. We propose a generalized model for GGM trees and analyze its mu prefix-constrained pseudorandom function security in the random oracle model. Our model allows to derive concrete bounds and improvements for various protocols, and we showcase on the Bitcoin-Improvement-Proposal standard Bip32 hierarchical wallets and function secret sharing protocols. In both scenarios, we propose improvements with better performance and concrete security bounds at the same time. Compared with the state-of-the-art designs, our SHACAL3- and Keccak-p-based Bip32 variants reduce the communication cost of MPC-based implementations by 73.3% to 93.8%, whereas our AES-based function secret sharing substantially improves mu security while reducing computations by 50%.
Superstition, Conspicuous Spending, and Housing Market: Evidence from Singapore

For most people, buying a home is their single largest financial commitment. Previous research shows that Chinese buyers pay less for homes with unlucky addresses and more for homes with lucky addresses. Using Singapore data on housing transactions combined with a plethora of individual buyer characteristics including ethnicity, age, nationality, education, and employment, we study the source of these preferences. We find evidence that buyers are heterogeneous. Consistent with superstition, older people, those who suffered from more traffic accidents, and people buying new apartments have stronger preference for lucky addresses, while people with Western names and senior public-sector employees have weaker preference. Consistent with conspicuous spending, people with Western names, senior public-sector employees, and people buying in luxury districts have weaker preference for lucky addresses.
Spectral Analysis Of Signals

1. Basic Concepts. 2. Nonparametric Methods. 3. Parametric Methods for Rational Spectra. 4. Parametric Methods for Line Spectra. 5. Filter Bank Methods. 6. Spatial Methods. Appendix A: Linear Algebra and Matrix Analysis Tools. Appendix B: Cramer-Rao Bound Tools. Appendix C: Model Order Selection Tools. Appendix D: Answers to Selected Exercises. Bibliography. References Grouped by Subject. Subject Index.
Ozone and NO2 variations measured during the 1 August 2008 solar eclipse above Eureka, Canada with a UV‐visible spectrometer

[1] On 1 August 2008, a solar eclipse of 98% totality passed over the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka, Canada (80.05°N, 86.42°W), which is run by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change. During the eclipse, a zenith-sky UV-visible spectrometer measured slant column densities (SCDs) and vertical column densities (VCDs) of ozone up to 82% occultation and NO2 up to 96% occultation, beyond which low light intensities and changes in the solar spectrum due to limb darkening compromised data quality. Ozone VCDs during the eclipse remained within natural variability, and this study is inconclusive regarding ozone oscillations due to limited temporal resolution and measurement errors toward eclipse maximum. Measured NO2 SCDs increased and decreased symmetrically around the eclipse maximum. NO2 SCDs were also calculated using a photochemical box model and a one-dimensional radiative transfer model. The modeled ratio of eclipse day SCDs to the previous day's SCDs was compared to the measurements. They agreed within error bars leading up to maximum occultation, but the model ratio was systematically larger than the measured ratio for the second half of the eclipse, perhaps due to changing cloud conditions throughout the eclipse. The measured NO2 SCD ratio of 1.84−0.43+0.12 at 96% totality is larger than observed in past studies and agrees with modeled ratio of 1.91. Therefore our current understanding of stratospheric photochemistry is sufficient to predict the evolution of NOx chemistry through a solar eclipse.
Argumentation Mining

Argumentation mining aims at automatically extracting structured arguments from unstructured textual documents. It has recently become a hot topic also due to its potential in processing information originating from the Web, and in particular from social media, in innovative ways. Recent advances in machine learning methods promise to enable breakthrough applications to social and economic sciences, policy making, and information technology: something that only a few years ago was unthinkable. In this survey article, we introduce argumentation models and methods, review existing systems and applications, and discuss challenges and perspectives of this exciting new research area.
A study of the effects of pore-water salinity on some physical properties of sedimentary rocks at permafrost temperatures

The effect of pore-water salinity on the elitstic wave velocities and electrical resistivities of frozen. saturated specimens of two sandstones and a limestone have heen st~~died in the temperature range - 15 to +4"C. The specimens were saturated with solutions whose salinities varied from 0.0 M (distilled water) to 1.0 M NaCI. An increase in pore-water salinity reduces the effect of sharp increases in velocity as the temperature is reduced below PC. The ratio of compressional to shear-wave velocities shows a weak dependence on temperature and salinity. Calculations of the ice content showed that the pore spaces were not completely filled with ice, even at the lowest temperature (- 15°C) reached. An increase in either temperature or salinity was found to lower the complex I-esistivity, and to extend the range of frequency over which the resistive behavior, rather than the dielectric, was dominant. The decrease in resistivity was observed to be most rapid when the pore water salinity was increased from 0.0-0.3 M. The ratio of the resistivity ofa rock when frozen (p,) to that when thawed (p,) can be shown to he related to the fraction (S,) of the water remaining unfrozen at subzero temperatures by p,/p, = (,S,+.)' ". By combining the results of the velocity and resistivity measur-ements. it was found that 1.1 = 0.9 logpf/pt + 2.3.
Zircon U-Pb ages from the Wabigoon-Manitou Lakes region, Wabigoon Subprovince, northwest Ontario

Three distinct stratigraphic units have been recognized in the Crow Lake – Savant Lake belt. These are a basal unit consisting of high magnesium tholeiitic flows, a middle unit consisting mostly of tholeiitic to calc-alkaline pyroclastic rocks and flows, and an upper unit of high iron tholeiitic flows.A zircon U–Pb study has been carried out on seven rocks from the Wabigoon–Manitou Lakes region of this belt. In the Manitou Lakes area, a minimum age of 2755 Ma on a porphyry pluton intruded into the Wapageisi Volcanics gives a minimum age for the high magnesium tholeiitic sequence.A trondhjemite phase of the Atikwa batholith near Wabigoon Lake that is dated at 2732.2 ± 2.9 Ma has the same age within experimental error as a rhyolite flow from the Lower Wabigoon Volcanics in the same area that is dated at . However, a trondhjemite phase of the Atikwa batholith at Eagle Lake that is dated at is distinctly younger than a dacite flow collected nearby from the Lower Wabigoon Volcanics that is dated at . Both thes.
Reply to comment by X. Zhang on “Measurements of air‐sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations”

[1] We thank Zhang [2007] for recognizing the significance and importance of our work. In his comment, he questioned whether we have correctly assessed the wind speed/gas transfer velocity relationship derived from the NZ SOLAS Air-Sea Gas Exchange (SAGE) experiment [Ho et al., 2006]. Specifically, he assumes that we only analyzed the gas transfer velocity data from SAGE using a quadratic wind speed enhancement and not a cubic wind speed enhancement. In fact, we concluded that the quadratic fits of Wanninkhof [1992] and Nightingale et al. [2000] were more consistent with the SAGE data than the cubic relationship of Wanninkhof and McGillis [1999], on the basis of statistical comparisons using corresponding quadratic and cubic wind speed enhancements. Also, he has misinterpreted a sentence in the abstract of Ho et al. [2006]: ‘‘The results clearly reveal a quadratic relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocity, rather than a recently proposed cubic relationship’’ to mean that the data derived from the SAGE Experiment excludes all cubic relationships, when in fact, we were merely assessing existing wind speed/gas exchange relationships. In the following, we respond to the comment by Zhang [2007] and address both of his misunderstandings.
Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time

Abstract The inversion of Mesozoic extensional structures in the Northern Andes has controlled the location of syn-orogenic successions and the dispersal of detritus since latest Maastrichtian time. Our results are supported by detailed geological mapping, integrated provenance (petrography, heavy minerals, geochronology) analysis and chronostratigraphical correlation (palynological and geochronology data) of 13 areas with Palaeogene strata across the central segment of the Eastern Cordillera. Spatial and temporal variation of sedimentation rates and provenance data indicate that mechanisms driving the location of marginal and intraplate uplifts and tectonic subsidence vary among syn-orogenic depocentres. In the late Maastrichtian–mid-Palaeocene time, crustal tilting of the Central Cordillera favoured reverse reactivation of the western border of the former extensional Cretaceous basin. The hanging wall of the reactivated fault separated two depocentres: a western depocentre (in the Magdalena Valley) and an eastern depocentre (presently along the axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera, Llanos foothills and Llanos Basin). In late Palaeocene–early Eocene time, as eastern subduction of the Caribbean Plate and intraplate magmatics advanced eastwards, reactivation of older structures migrated eastwards up to the Llanos Basin and disrupted the eastern depocentre. In early Eocene time, these three depocentres were separated by two low-amplitude uplifts that exposed dominantly Cretaceous sedimentary cover. Syn-orogenic detrital sediments supplied from the eastwards-tilted Central Cordillera reached areas of the axial domain of the Eastern Cordillera, whereas unstable metamorphic and sedimentary fragments recorded in the easternmost depocentre were supplied by basement-cored uplifts with Cretaceous and Palaeozoic sedimentary cover reported in the southern Llanos Basin. This tectonic configuration of low-amplitude uplifts separating intraplate syn-orogenic depocentres and intraplate magmatic activity in Palaeocene time was primary controlled by subduction of the Caribbean Plate. Supplementary material: Appendix 1 presents detailed descriptions of analytical methods used in this manuscript. Appendixes 2 to 4 include raw data of sandstone petrography, heavy minerals and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology, respectively. All this material is available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/18597.
Stability of a coastal upwelling front: 1. Model development and a stability theorem

A two-layer shallow water equation model is used to investigate the linear stability of a coastal upwelling front. The model features a surface front parallel to a coastal boundary and bottom topography which is an arbitrary function of the cross-shelf coordinate. Global conservation statements for energy, momentum and potential vorticity are examined to help elucidate the instability mechanism. By combining these conservation statements, a general stability theorem is established which allows the a priori determination of the stability of a coastal upwelling front. The necessary conditions for instability derived for these ageostrophic flows differ from traditional quasi-geostrophic criteria. The stability theorem suggests that a coastal upwelling front may be unstable no matter what the basic state flow configuration is. Confirmation of the existence of these unstable waves, a description of their characteristics and a comparison of their properties to observations are presented in a companion paper.
Spectrophotometric discrimination of river dissolved organic matter

There is a need to be able to differentiate the dissolved organic matter (DOM) fraction in river waters. Research in the 1970s and 1980s has attempted to utilize both absorbance and fluorescence to distinguish between DOM fractions in river waters, but both were limited by the available technology. Total organic carbon content has, therefore, been widely used as a standard method of measuring DOM concentration, although it has little power to differentiate DOM fractions. Recent advances in fluorescence spectrophotometry enable rapid and optically precise analysis of DOM. Here, we show how a combination of both fluorescence and absorbance can be used to discriminate statistically between spatial variations of DOM in tributaries in a small catchment of the Ouseburn, NE England. The results of the discriminant analysis suggest that about 70% of the samples can be correctly classified to its tributary. Discriminant function 1 explains 60·8% of the variance in the data and the fulvic‐like fluorescence intensity has the largest absolute correlation within this function; discriminant function 2 explains a further 21·5% of the variance and the fulvic‐like fluorescence emission wavelength has the largest absolute correlation within this function. The discriminant analysis does not correctly classify all tributaries every time, and successfully discriminates between the different tributaries 70% of the time. Occasions when the tributary waters are less well discriminated are due to either episodic pollution events (at two sites) or due to tributaries that have strong seasonal trends in spectrophotometric parameters, which allows the sites to be misclassified. Results suggest that spectrophotometric techniques have considerable potential in the discrimination of DOM in rivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal effects on the eigenfrequencies of low‐latitude Pc 3 pulsations

Pc 3 pulsations were recorded at three stations along the L {congruent} 1.78 shell and spanning 35{degree} in longitude during July 1983. The pulsations recorded at Gough Island (10{degree}W) had higher frequencies than those recorded at two stations in South Africa (20{degree}E and 25{degree}E). Local time effects or small differences in the magnetic field configuration do not account for the differences in resonant frequency. The authors conclude that the higher pulsation frequency at Gough Island is due to a lower plasma mass density on that field line relative to the others and that oxygen plays a significant role. Factors which may contribute to the lower plasma mass density are the lower rate of production of O{sup +} by solar ultraviolet radiation, F region heating by energetic particle precipitation, and the greater loss of O{sup +} caused by meridional winds.