Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The velocity structure of a fossil spreading centre in the Southwest Sub‐basin, South China Sea

We present results from an ocean bottom seismometer experiment surveying the fossil spreading centre in the Southwest Sub‐basin of the South China Sea. The detailed velocity model shows that oceanic layer 2 exhibits across‐axis variations in thickness and velocity, whereas oceanic layer 3 displays a variation in crustal thickness. A low‐angle (24°) SE‐dipping oceanic detachment fault is proposed to explain the anomalous structure on the NW side of the spreading centre, which exhibits uplifting of the upper mantle beneath a thinned oceanic crust. The inferred oceanic detachment fault was at its initial stage, localized within the basaltic crust and did not exhume lower crust. We suggest that the low‐velocity (7.6–7.9 km/s) body located within the upper mantle beneath the footwall of the detachment fault is caused by both mantle serpentinization and partial melting. The difference in crustal thickness in the Southwest Sub‐basin indicates that the magma supply varied in time and space during or even after the seafloor spreading. Compared with other fossil spreading ridges, the fossil spreading centre of the northeast Southwest Sub‐basin studied here represents a third type of fossil spreading ridge, characterized by a reduced melt supply at the waning stage of spreading and a strong post‐spreading magmatism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Slope and Loading Direction on Laterally Loaded Piles in Cohesionless Soil

An extensive program of laboratory model tests was undertaken to study the effect of slope and loading direction on laterally loaded piles in cohesionless soil. The paper includes studies of the effect of distance from the crest of the slope (both slope side and embankment side), soil properties, and loading direction (both forward in the direction of the slope and reverse loading). The pile lateral capacity in sloping ground was compared with that in horizontal ground. From the experimental investigation, it is observed that when piles installed in sloping ground undergo forward loading, lateral capacities of the piles are almost reached at 8% of the pile diameter in loose-to-medium dense soil and 16% of the pile diameter in dense soil. If the pile is placed >15 times the pile diameter away from the slope crest within the embankment, the influence of slope in the lateral-load capacity is almost negligible under both forward and reverse lateral load.
Change in the contribution of spring snow cover and remote oceans to summer air temperature anomaly over Northeast China around 1990

Sea surface temperature (SST), snow cover, and soil moisture anomalies are factors for climate variability over land regions. The present study found that the relationship between in situ spring snow cover and Northeast China summer surface temperature variations is not steady. It is significant during mid‐1970s through late 1980s but weak during the 1990s and 2000s. This interdecadal change in the spring snow cover‐summer temperature relationship is found to relate to the effects of SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific regions during the recent decades. These SST anomalies induce a meridional circulation pattern along the East Asian coast. The remote SST forcing‐induced circulation and precipitation anomalies overcome local snow cover‐induced soil moisture anomalies and thus disrupt the spring snow cover‐summer temperature connection during the recent decades. The present study indicated that both the North Atlantic SST anomaly pattern and local spring snow cover anomalies contribute to Northeast China summer temperature variations during mid‐1970s through late 1980s. During the 1990s and 2000s, the influence of the North Atlantic SST anomalies is weakened, and the SST anomaly in the tropical Indo‐western Pacific region is a major player in Northeast China summer temperature variations.
Temporal variations of Sr isotopic compositions for the rocks from Dogo, Oki islands, Shimane Prefecture

Fifty-three volcanic rocks from Dogo island, Oki, Shimane Prefecture, southwestern Japa were analyzed for Sr isotopic compositions with two basement rocks. The rock samples consit of talc-alkali rock suite, Nagaoda shoshonite-banakite suite, Oki trachyte-rhyolite suite, Dogo mugearite suite, Hei trachyte and Tsuzurao rhyolite series, and Daimanjiyama, Ohmine, Kuroshima, Shiroshimazaki, Saigo, and Misaki alkali basalt groups in the order of probable eruption sequence. The volcanic rocks of calc-alkali suite and shoshonite-banakite suite were produced before Japan Sea opening (ca. 15 Ma), and both have 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than 0.7068. Long after Japan Sea opening Oki trachyte-rhyolite suite was erupted (ca. 6.6 Ma); they have rather low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7066-0.7081). Mugearites followed and have similar Sr isotopic composition, whereas 4.6 Ma old Daimanjiyama basalts have clearly low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7050-0.7051). The rocks erupted 3-4 Ma seem to have the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratios: they are Ohmine, Kuroshima, Shirosimazaki alkali basalt suites (0.7044-0.7048). The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Saigo basalts erupted 0.84 Ma are higher than those erupted 3-4 Ma. The latest volcanic products in Dogo island, Misaki basalt suite has even higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7054-0.7057) than the Saigo basalt suite. Thus, temporal and systematic variation of Sr isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks from Dogo can be recognized. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the rocks were once as high as 0.7066 or even higher than 0.708, but they started decreasing down to ca. 0.7044-0.7048 4-3 Ma ago. Since then the ratios rebounded to 0.7049-0.7055. The Hei trachyte and Tsuzurao rhyolite series are not included in this temporal and systematic change. The mantle diapir associated with Japan Sea spreading might have caused the decrease in the ratios, and either Pacific Ocean plate or Philippine Sea plate subduction may be responsible for this rebound.
Search for Θ (1540) + in exclusive proton-induced reaction p + C( N ) → Θ + ¯ K 0 + C( N ) at the energy of 70 GeV

A search for narrow Θ (1540) + , a candidate for pentaquark baryon with positive strangeness, has been performed in an exclusive proton-induced reaction p + C( N ) → Θ + ¯ K 0 + C( N ) on carbon nuclei or quasifree nucleons at E beam = 70 GeV ( √ s = 11 . 5 GeV) studying nK + , pK 0 S and pK 0 L decay channels of Θ (1540) + in four diﬀerent ﬁnal states of the Θ + ¯ K 0 system. In order to assess the quality of the identiﬁcation of the ﬁnal states with neutron or K 0 L we reconstructed Λ (1520) → nK 0 S and φ → K 0 L K 0 S decays in the calibration reactions p + C( N ) → Λ (1520) K + + C( N ) and p + C( N ) → pφ + C( N ). We found no evidence for narrow pentaquark peak in any of the studied ﬁnal states and decay channels. Assuming that the production characteristics of the Θ + ¯ K 0 system are not drastically diﬀerent from those of the Λ (1520) K + and pφ systems, we established upper limits on the cross section ratios σ ( Θ + ¯ K 0 ) / σ ( Λ (1520) K + ) < 0.02 and σ ( Θ + ¯ K 0 ) / σ ( pφ ) < 0.15 at 90% CL and a preliminary upper limit for the forward hemisphere cross section σ ( Θ + ¯ K 0 ) < 30 nb/nucleon.
Green moisture content and basic density of 95 woody species growing in Kyushu University Forests, Japan

We investigated the green moisture content and basic density of 95 woody species growing in Kyushu University Forests. In softwood species, the green moisture content of heartwood ranged from 28% in Cryptomeria japonica to 67% in Abies firma, and in sapwood, from 75% in Tsuga sieboldii to 160% in Cryptomeria japonica. The green moisture content of softwood trees was greater in sapwood than heartwood. The green moisture content in the heartwood of hardwood species ranged from 34% in Euonymus alatus f. striatus to 83% in Kalopanax pictus, and in sapwood, from 45% in Fraxinus sieboldiana to 153% in Actinidia polygama. We found three radial variation pattern types in stems of hardwood species. The green moisture content was higher in heartwood than sapwood, in the first type, whereas in the second, it was higher in sapwood than heartwood. In a third type, differences between heartwood and sapwood were relatively small. The basic density of softwood species ranged from 378 kg/m3 in Cryptomeria japonica to 524 kg/m3 in Tsuga sieboldii. Most trees tended to decrease in basic density from corewood to outerwood. Basic density in hardwood species ranged from 266 kg/m3 in Paulownia tomentosa to 751 kg/m3 in Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata. We identified three types of radial variation pattern in stems of hardwood species. In the first type, basic density was higher in corewood than outerwood, whereas in second, it was higher in outerwood. In the third type, differences between corewood and outerwood were small. We also provided the information on the age and size of heartwood formation. Keyword:green moisture content; basic density; Kyushu University Forests; Japan
Measuring the History of Cosmic Reionization using the 21-cm PDF from Simulations

The 21-cm PDF (i.e., distribution of pixel brightness temperatures) is expected to be highly non-Gaussian during reionization and to provide important information on the distribution of density and ionization. We measure the 21-cm PDF as a function of redshift in a large simulation of cosmic reionization and propose a simple empirical fit. Guided by the simulated PDF, we then carry out a maximum likelihood analysis of the ability of upcoming experiments to measure the shape of the 21-cm PDF and derive from it the cosmic reionization history. Under the strongest assumptions, we find that upcoming experiments can measure the reionization history in the mid to late stages of reionization to 1-10% accuracy. Under a more flexible approach that allows for four free parameters at each redshift, a similar accuracy requires the lower noise levels of second-generation 21-cm experiments.
PENGARUH INVESTASI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH SERTA DAMPAKNYA PADA KEMAMPUAN DAERAH MEMBIAYAI BELANJA PEGAWAI (Studi pada Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Aceh)

Abstract: This research aims to; (1) Testing the effect of partial investment to regional revenue to the district/city in the province of Aceh. (2) Testing the influence of investment and regional revenue either simultaneously or partially on the region's ability to finance government spending on personnel at the district/city in the province of Aceh.The object of this study is the Report of the Regional Budget Realization districts/cities in Aceh province from the period 2009-2013 which has been audited by the BPK. Source of data used in this study include primary data and secondary data. While research data collection techniques done with documentation techniques. The analytical method used is Path Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis.The results showed that; (1) Investment partial effect on regional revenue to the district/city in the province of Aceh. (2) Investment and Local Revenue affect both simultaneously and partially on the region's ability to finance government spending on personnel at the district/city in the province of Aceh. Keywords : Investment, Local Revenue, Regional Capability, Employee Expenditures. Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk; (1) Menguji pengaruh investasi secara parsial terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah pada pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh. (2) Menguji pengaruh investasi dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah baik secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap kemampuan daerah membiayai belanja pegawai pada pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh.Objek penelitian ini adalah Laporan Realisasi Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh dari periode 2009-2013 yang telah diaudit Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu Path Analysis dan Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; (1) Investasi berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah pada pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh. (2) Investasi dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah berpengaruh baik secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap kemampuan daerah membiayai belanja pegawai pada pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh. Kata kunci: Investasi, Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Kemampuan Daerah, Belanja Pegawai.
Small interseismic asperities and widespread aseismic creep on the northern Japan subduction interface

The canonical model of fault coupling assumes that slip is partitioned into fixed asperities that display stick‐slip behavior and regions that creep stably. We show that this simple asperity model is inconsistent with GPS‐derived deformation in northern Japan associated with interseismic coupling on the subduction interface and the transient response to Mw 6.3–7.2 earthquakes during 2003–2011. Comparisons of GPS data with simulations of earthquakes on asperities and associated velocity‐strengthening afterslip require that afterslip overlaps areas of the fault that ruptured in previous earthquakes, including the 2011 Mw 9 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. Whereas about 55% of the plate interface ruptured in earthquakes during 2003–2011, we infer that only 9% of the plate interface was fully locked between earthquakes. Inferred locked asperities are roughly 25% the size of rupture areas determined by seismic source inversions. These smaller asperities are consistent with interseismic strain accumulation in 2009, although more extensive locking is required a decade earlier in 1998.
A family of algorithms for approximate Bayesian inference

One of the major obstacles to using Bayesian methods for pattern recognition has been its computational expense. This thesis presents an approximation technique that can perform Bayesian inference faster and more accurately than previously possible. This method, “Expectation Propagation,” unifies and generalizes two previous techniques: assumed-density filtering, an extension of the Kalman filter, and loopy belief propagation, an extension of belief propagation in Bayesian networks. The unification shows how both of these algorithms can be viewed as approximating the true posterior distribution with simpler distribution, which is close in the sense of KL-divergence. Expectation Propagation exploits the best of both algorithms: the generality of assumed-density filtering and the accuracy of loopy belief propagation. Loopy belief propagation, because it propagates exact belief states, is useful for limited types of belief networks, such as purely discrete networks. Expectation Propagation approximates the belief states with expectations, such as means and variances, giving it much wider scope. Expectation Propagation also extends belief propagation in the opposite direction—propagating richer belief states which incorporate correlations between variables. This framework is demonstrated in a variety of statistical models using synthetic and real-world data. On Gaussian mixture problems, Expectation Propagation is found, for the same amount of computation, to be convincingly better than rival approximation techniques: Monte Carlo, Laplace's method, and variational Bayes. For pattern recognition, Expectation Propagation provides an algorithm for training Bayes Point Machine classifiers that is faster and more accurate than any previously known. The resulting classifiers outperform Support Vector Machines on several standard datasets, in addition to having a comparable training time. Expectation Propagation can also be used to choose an appropriate feature set for classification, via Bayesian model selection. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Scattering from the Sea Surface and Bubbles, and the ASIAEX East China Sea Experiment

Abstract : The long-term goal is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the physics of mid- to high-frequency scattering from the air-sea interface, as it is determined by the sea surface wave spectrum, near-surface bubbly media and ocean dynamics. To develop physics-based, predictive sonar models for scattering and propagation phenomena.
Mylonite-dominated footwall geometry in a shear zone, central Pyrenees

Abstract A major ductile shear zone in the gneissic core of the Saint-Barthélemy Massif, central Pyrenees, is characterized by an asymmetric shear strain profile defined as mylonite-dominated footwall geometry. The shear zone is part of a low angle fault system in the massif which caused thinning of a sequence of lithologic units and isograds. The shear zone is interpreted as a low angle normal fault zone of probably Cretaceous age, predating Alpine crustal shortening in the central Pyrenees.
Type 2 Counterparts of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

Unified models based on viewing angle successfully explain the observed differences between type 1 and type 2 Seyfert galaxies. The existence of a range in accretion rates ( ~ 0.001-1) relative to the Eddington rate (from broad-line Seyfert 1's to narrow-line Seyfert 1's, or NLS1's) and the unification of Seyfert galaxies imply that there must be type 2 counterparts of NLS1's, that is, Seyfert 2's with high accretion rates or small black hole masses. One such Seyfert 2, NGC 5506, has already been unmasked based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Here we confirm the above result and present evidence for two additional type 2 counterparts of NLS1's based on XMM-Newton observations. The three active galactic nuclei NGC 7314, 7582, and 5506, with type 1.9/2 optical spectra, show extremely rapid variability, by factors of greater than 2.4, ~1.3, and ~1.7 over 200, 350, and 300 s, respectively, and steep 2-12 keV spectra (Γ ≳ 2) in their intrinsic X-ray emission, characteristic of NLS1's. These observations establish the "obscured NLS1 galaxies" as a subclass of Seyfert 2 galaxies.
Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Evidence of Cretaceous Sea-Level Fluctuations Recorded in Septarian Concretions from Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Limestone concretions in the Blue Hill Member of the Carlile Formation (middle Middle Turonian) exposed in the Lake Pueblo State Park, Colorado, U.S.A. , range in size from 20-cm-diameter, approximately spherical forms to flattened spheroids >2 m in width and >1 m in height. The earliest matrix and septarian calcite cement, with 13C and 18O values ranging mostly from -18o/oo to -8o/oo (PDB) and -3o/oo to -8o/oo (PDB), respectively, precipitated from diluted seawater during shallow burial where sulfate reduction largely controlled pore-water bicarbonate composition. In contrast, the latest septarian cements exhibit very depleted 18O values (-16o/oo) with 13C values approaching values of -1o/oo to -3o/oo, reflecting a strong meteoric-water component to pore fluids. Overall, 13C and 18O values are inversely covariant. Concretion matrix calcite and septarian cements precipitated from mixtures of modified marine and meteoric fluids. Pore-water reversals resulted from sea-level fluctuations leading up to and associated with the formation of a sequence boundary, or possibly the development of parasequences near the top of the Blue Hill Member. Relative sea-level falls caused pore-water freshening as the coastal mixing zone migrated seaward. Similarly, modified marine-derived pore waters replaced fresher pore fluids accompanying subsequent marine flooding. Carbonate cements precipitated during this active hydrologic history recorded the isotopic characteristics of their parent fluids. Negative 18O values of the meteoric end-member calcite compositions suggest derivation from high-altitude precipitation in the Sevier highlands to the west. Septarian cements in concretions, despite their enclosure in relatively impermeable host sediment, can act as sensitive indicators of relative sea-level fluctuations.
K*(892)0 production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at √sNN = 130 GeV

Preliminary results on the K*(892)0 → πK production using the mixed-event technique are presented. The measurements are performed at mid-rapidity by the STAR detector in √sNN = 130 GeV Au–Au collisions at RHIC. The K*0 to negative hadron, kaon and ψ ratios are obtained and compared to the measurements in e+e−, pp and p at various energies.
Investigation of spatially distributed braided river flows using a two‐dimensional hydraulic model

This paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Araucaria Project: The Distance to the Local Group Galaxy WLM from Cepheid Variables Discovered in a Wide-Field Imaging Survey

We have conducted an extensive wide-field imaging survey for Cepheid variables in the Local Group irregular galaxy WLM. From data obtained on 101 nights, we have discovered 60 Cepheids, which include 14 of the 15 Cepheid variables previously detected by Sandage and Carlson. Our Cepheid survey in WLM should be practically complete down to a period of 3 days. Importantly, we have found for the first time a long-period Cepheid (P = 54.2 days) in this galaxy, alleviating the problem that WLM with its many blue, massive stars does not contain Cepheids with periods longer than about 10 days. Our data define tight period-luminosity (PL) relations in V, I, and the reddening-free Wesenheit magnitude WI, which are all extremely well fit by the corresponding slopes of the LMC Cepheid PL relation, suggesting no change of the PL relation slope down to a Cepheid metal abundance of about -1.0 dex, in agreement with other recent studies. We derive a true distance modulus to WLM of 25.144 ± 0.03 (random) ±0.07 (systematic) mag from our data, in good agreement with the earlier 24.92 ± 0.21 mag determination of Lee, Freedman, and Madore from Cepheid variables. The quoted value of the systematic uncertainty does not include the contribution from the LMC distance, which we have assumed to be 18.50 mag, as in the previous papers in our project.