Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arbitrary violation of the Tsirelson bound

variables of the lower level, one obtains a general formal theoretical scheme exhibiting correlations stronger than the quantum ones, but with faster-than-light communication forbidden. By varying the parameters of the model, it is possible to obtain an arbitrary violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt and Tsirelson bounds. This result is interesting by itself since it shows that a violation of the quantum bound for nonlocal correlations can be implemented in a precise physical manner and not only mathematically and it suggests that resorting to two levels of nonlocal hidden variables might lead to a deeper understanding of the physical principles at the basis of quantum nonlocality. It is useful to mention that a model having features similar to ours has already been considered in the literature. However, from the point of view of its nonlocal aspects, it is physically much less appealing since averaging over the lower-level hidden variables yields correlations that can take only a discrete set of values for any choice of the upper-level variables and not the continuous set of values characterizing our approach. We discuss this problem in the concluding section of our work.
Enumeration and Identification of Surface Endophytes of Solanum lycopersicum and their Seasonal Recurrence

Background: Endophytes have been identified in various plant species; however, only a few studies have been conducted to explore the endophytic fungi folklore in fruit-bearing plants. The present study was conducted to enumerate the foliar endophytes of Solanum lycopersicum . Materials and Methods: The leaf samples of S. lycopersicum were harvested in four different seasons during the year 2020-2021. Samples were surface sterilized with 0.2% HgCl 2 , inoculated onto potato dextrose agar, amended with 0.12mg/ml chloramphenicol and incubated at 25-32°C with exposure to light and dark cycles. Identification was done by morphological typing. Results: Leaf samples harboured endophytes in all sampling seasons; however, season Sept-Nov which observed higher rainfall, witnessed more endophytes than the other seasons. The diversity of endophyte assemblage identified were hyphomycete and coelomycete species. Geotrichum sp. , Phomopsis sp. , Trichoderma sp. , and Humicola sp. have proven their recurrence. Colletotrichum sp. , being the dominant genus with higher colonization frequency, was found to be harboured in all sampling seasons. Conclusion: The study is the first of its kind in exploring the fungal endophytic profile in S. lycopersicum . Hence further studies are warranted to explore if the inherent endophytes of this plant confer any role in the metabolic physiology of the plant or host-pathogen interaction.
Corporate Characteristics and Sustainability Reporting: From the Lens of the Legitimacy Theory

This study intended to achieve two main objectives, which were to determine the level of sustainability reporting disclosure and to examine the relationship between corporate characteristics and sustainability reporting disclosure. This study used the latest Sustainability Framework introduced by Bursa Malaysia in 2015 as the basis for evaluating and measuring the level of sustainability reporting disclosure. 80 of the top 100 companies by market capitalization in the Malaysian Stock Market were taken as the sample. The published sustainability reports (within the annual reports or stand-alone sustainability reports) from 2017 to 2018 were reviewed and analyzed using the content analysis approach to test the objectives of this study. Drawing on the cy theory perspectives, corporate characteristics, such as firm size, industry type, and assurance statement practices, were chosen as the independent variables. Thefindings showed that firm size, industry type, and assurance statement practices had a significant positive relationship with the level of sustainability reporting disclosure. These findings are consistent with the legitimacy theory, which suggests that large companies in high risks industries with assurance statement practices tend to disclose higher sustainability information to legitimize their business operations and activities and maintain their image and reputation. Keywords: sustainability, corporate characteristic, sustainability reporting, legitimacy theory
Principal Component Pyramids using Image Blurring for Nonlinearity Reduction in Hand Shape Recognition

The thesis presents four algorithms using a multistage hierarchical strategy for hand shape recognition. The proposed multistage hierarchy analyzes new patterns by projecting them into the different levels of a data pyramid, which consists of different principal component spaces. Image blurring is used to reduce the nonlinearity in manifolds generated by a set of example images. Flattening the space helps in classifying different hand shapes more accurately. Four algorithms using different pattern recognition techniques are proposed. The first algorithm is based on using perpendicular distance to measure the distance between new patterns and the nearest manifold. The second algorithm is based on using supervised multidimensional grids. The third algorithm uses unsupervised multidimensional grids to cluster the space into cells of similar objects. The fourth algorithm is based on training a set of simple architecture multi-layer neural networks at the different levels of the pyramid to map new patterns to the closest class. The proposed algorithms are categorized as example-based approaches where a large set of computer generated images are used to densely sample the space. Experimental results are presented to examine the accuracy and performance of the proposed algorithms. The effect of image blurring on reducing the nonlinearity in manifolds is examined. The results are compared with the exhaustive search scenario. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are applicable for real time applications with high accuracy measures. They can achieve frame rates of more than 10 frames per second and accuracies of up to 98% on test data.
Long-Term Visual Function After Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Primary Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma: A Retrospective Analysis of 34 Subjects

Objective To evaluate long-term visual function after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) for primary optic nerve sheath meningioma (PONSM). Methods This 22-year retrospective study included 34 subjects (34 affected eyes) with PONSM who were treated with FSRT exclusively. Subjects with a history of biopsy/resection were excluded. Visual function, including visual acuity (VA) and visual field mean deviation (VF MD), was evaluated at presentation (pre-radiotherapy; pre-RT) and at the final follow-up (post-radiotherapy; post-RT); treatment complications were also evaluated. Treatment success was defined as either stabilization or improvement of visual function. Results The median pre-RT VA and pre-RT VF MD were 0.70 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; range: 0.0–2.9 logMAR) and −15.4 decibels (dB) (range: −31.4 to −3.2 dB), respectively. The median total dose of FSRT was 50 Gy (range: 45–54 Gy) and the median number of fractions was 25 (range: 25–30). The median follow-up interval was 89 months (range: 6–251 months). The median post-RT VA and post-RT VF MD were 0.48 logMAR (range: 0.0–2.9 logMAR) (p = 0.010) and −6.8 dB (range: −20.6 to −1.6 dB) (p = 0.005), respectively. Among the 34 included eyes, VA was successfully treated in 29 eyes (85.3%) and worsened in 5 eyes (14.7%). Of the 14 eyes with both VA and reliable VF MD at pre-RT and post-RT time points, VF MD was successfully treated in 13 eyes (92.8%) and worsened in one (7.2%); overall visual function was successfully treated in 13 eyes (92.8%) and worsened in 1 eye (7.2%). Complications occurred in one subject (2.9%; radiation retinopathy). Conclusion Approximately 90% of PONSM subjects exhibited long-term treatment success in terms of VA, VF MD, and overall visual function after FSRT. Additionally, the incidence of complications was low. Therefore, FSRT is effective and safe treatment for PONSM.
Risk Assessment of (Herbal) Teas Containing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) Based on Margin of Exposure Approach and Relative Potency (REP) Factors

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) present distinct toxicity potencies depending on their metabolites and in vivo toxicokinetics. To represent the potency differences of various PAs, the interim relative potency (REP) factors have been derived. However, little is known about the risk assessment for (herbal) teas when taking REP factors into account. In this study, a set of 68 individual 1,2-unsaturated PA in 21 types of (herbal) teas was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The REP factors for these PAs were applied on the PA levels. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was employed to assess the risks of the exposure to PAs due to consumption of (herbal) teas. The results show that the total PA levels ranged from 13.4 to 286,682.2 μg/kg d.m. , which were decreased by REP correction in most of the teas. The MOE values for tephroseris, borage and lemon balm (melissa) tea based on REP-corrected PA levels were below 10,000, assuming daily consumption of one cup of tea during a lifetime, indicating that consuming these teas may raise a concern. Our study also indicates a priority for risk management for tephroseris tea, as having nephrosis tea for more than 11.2 weeks during a 75-year lifetime would result in an MOE of 10,000.
Influence of tree cover on physical properties of soil.

An experiment on the influence of tree cover on physical properties of soil was carried out at Instructional Farm, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari (Gujarat) under twelve-years old plantation during the year 2002-2003. The experiment was laid out in FCRD with eleven treatments viz., Arjun ( Terminalia arjuna ), Hed ( Adina cordifolia ), Teak ( Tectona grandis ), Sharu ( Casuarina equisetifolia ), Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus tereticornis ), Sissoo ( Dalbergia sissoo ), Bamboo ( Dendrocalamus strictus ), Biyo ( Pterocarpus marsupium ), Killai ( Albizia procera ), Khair ( Acacia catechu ) and control (open field) with three replications. The soil samples were collected from three depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm). Maximum improvement in physical characteristics of soil viz., particle density, bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity were recorded under D. sissoo plantation and observed in upper layer (0-30 cm) of soil.
Sources of Discreteness and Gradience in Island Effects

This paper provides an overview of categorical and gradient effects in islands, with a focus on English, and argues that most islands are gradient. In some cases, the island is circumvented by the construction type in which the extraction takes place, and there is growing evidence that the critical factor is pragmatic in nature, contrary to classic and categorical accounts of island effects that are favored in generative circles to this day. In other cases, the island effect is malleable and can weaken with increased exposure to the extraction pattern, a phenomenon traditionally referred to as ‘syntactic satiation’. However, it is not clear what satiation consists of. Some argue that it is nothing more than task adaptation (mere increased familiarity with the experimental paradigm, impacting difficult sentences more than easy ones), whereas others propose that it consists of a form of error-driven structure-dependent form of learning. The present paper discusses this controversy, and the broader adaptation debate, and argues that both task adaptation and grammatical adaptation are taking place during the process of complex sentence, and that both frequency and attention are plausible factors to stimulate adaptation.
Efficacy and Risk Factor Analysis of DBT Therapy for PTSD-Related Symptoms in Mainland Chinese College Students Based on Data Mining

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder characterized by a delayed onset and long-lasting psychiatric disorder in an individual due to unusual threatening or catastrophic stressful events, characterized by repeated experiences of the situation, avoidant behaviors, emotional numbness, hypervigilance, and other mental symptoms. It seriously affects the occupational, psychological, and social functions of the human body, leads to a decrease in the quality of life, and brings a greater economic burden to the patients themselves, their families, and the society. It has attracted widespread attention worldwide. Due to social transformation and fierce competition, college students are increasingly exposed to various stressful or traumatic events, and PTSD is becoming more and more obvious. Therefore, this study took a university student as the research object, analyzed the risk factors of PTSD, and used the method of data mining to analyze the effectiveness of DBT therapy and completed the following work: (1) this paper introduces the research status of PTSD pathogenesis at home and abroad and expounds the treatment methods and research results of DBT. (2) The basic principle of BPNN is introduced, the weight and threshold of BPNN are screened by genetic algorithm, and the best weight and threshold after screening are given to BPNN. A GA-BP model is constructed to improve the learning quality of BPNN. (3) The optimal parameters of the model are selected through experiments, and the model is verified by the collected data. The results show that the model has superiority in evaluating the effectiveness of DBT therapy. Then, it was proved by experiments that DBT therapy has a good effect in the treatment of PTSD. Finally, the influencing factors of PTSD were analyzed one by one through the experimental results.
ideal concept of formal term application in the dispute settlement on local government election results in Indonesian constitutional court

This study aims to describe the ideal concept of application of formal terms in the settlement of disputes on the results of the election of the head area in the Indonesian Constitutional Court. This study focuses on the idea that the Constitutional Court as a guardian of the constitution and democracy must be subject to the constitution as the highest law in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. From 2008 to 2021, the Constitutional Court has exercised this authority in (2) two periods, namely when the settlement of disputes over the results of the regional head elections in the general election regime in 2008 to 2013 and the regional government regime from 2015 to 2021. Methods in the study This research uses the type of doctrinal research method, which in terms of its nature, this research is a descriptive research, which is a research that describes something in terms of certain space and time.
Small-Scale Cross-Language Authorship Attribution on Social Media Comments

Cross-language authorship attribution is the challenging task of classifying documents by bilingual authors where the training documents are written in a different language than the evaluation documents. Traditional solutions rely on either translation to enable the use of single-language features, or language-independent feature extraction methods. More recently, transformer-based language models like BERT can also be pre-trained on multiple languages, making them intuitive candidates for cross-language classiﬁers which have not been used for this task yet. We perform extensive experiments to benchmark the performance of three different approaches to a small-scale cross-language authorship attribution experiment: (1) using language-independent features with traditional classiﬁcation models, (2) using multilingual pre-trained language models, and (3) using machine translation to allow single-language classiﬁcation. For the language-independent features, we utilize universal syntactic features like part-of-speech tags and dependency graphs, and multilingual BERT as a pre-trained language model. We use a small-scale social media comments dataset, closely reﬂecting practical scenarios. We show that applying machine translation drastically increases the performance of almost all approaches, and that the syntactic features in combination with the translation step achieve the best overall classiﬁcation performance. In particular, we demonstrate that pre-trained language models are outperformed by traditional models in small scale authorship attribution problems for every language combination analyzed in this paper.
Biochemical response of earthworm, Eisenia fetida to heavy metals toxicity

Soil heavy metal pollution is widespread and has severe adverse effects on soil organisms. Earthworms are the major soil organisms which perform several beneficial ecological functions butare vulnerable to damage from heavy metal pollution of soil. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) on the biochemical response of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Following exposure to various sub-lethal concentrations ofAs (34, 68, 102 and 136 mg/kg) and Cr(26, 51, 77 and 102 mg/kg ) for 28 days, the levels of several biochemical markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were assessed. The results showed that both heavy metals significantly (p<0.05) impacted the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content during the entire exposure period. Compared with the control, SOD, CAT, POD and GST activities increased significantly (p<0.05) by (6.21-23.23, 6.32-18.6, 15.87-34.18 and 0.84-5.45% respectively) at14th day, but after prolonged exposure, these activities were significantly (p<0.05) decreased (9.58-38.13, 10.09-30.03, 19.05-53.16 and 2.26-9.36% respectively) at 28th day. The contents of MDA showed significant (p<0.05) increase (17.84-45.59%) in all exposure groups for entire exposure period. Therefore, it can be concluded that antioxidants play a direct role in the adaptive response of E. fetida for survival in heavy metal contaminated soil. This adaptive antioxidant response can be used as an important biomarker to assess the toxicity of heavy metals in the soil ecosystems.
Wiper Application of Herbicides to Cirsium arvense

Wiper applicators allow herbicides to be selectively delivered to upright target weeds, thereby avoiding application to nearby lower-growing desirable pasture plants. In this research, we investigated the efficacy of wiper application of four herbicides, clopyralid, metsulfuron, glyphosate and a triclopyr/picloram mixture, to control Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. , a troublesome weed of pastures in New Zealand. The results showed that wiper application of herbicides was a useful technique for controlling C. arvense. In one trial when plants were treated at the post-flowering stage, stem density reductions in the following season of 93%, 90% and 82% were achieved following a double pass with a rotary weed wiper containing glyphosate, clopyralid and metsulfuron, respectively. A double pass gave better control of dense infestations of C. arvense than a single pass for glyphosate and triclopyr/picloram, but not for clopyralid and metsulfuron. Despite wiper applicators usually being selective, some damage to pastures was recorded, very likely due to rain falling soon after wiper application. Overall, the results of this study revealed that wiper application can be used to selectively control C. arvense when the plants are treated at the post-flowering stage, though only if plants are actively growing. In addition, among the herbicides tested, glyphosate appears to be the best choice when using weed wipers to manage C. arvense, as this herbicide caused the least damage to pasture plants if washed off afterwards by rain.
The new educational paradigm in the COVID-19 era: Can Blackboard replace physical teaching in EFL writing classrooms?

Background: Many changes are evident in classrooms in the COVID-19 times, but the most drastic perhaps has been the scramble to find substitutes for physical classrooms, a truly solemn challenge for the foreign language learning paradigm. In the meantime, many customized learning apps came to the educationists’ rescue: Blackboard being one of them. This study endeavors to investigate the effectiveness of Blackboard as an alternative to face-to-face writing instruction during the COVID-19 crisis and in the following period of precautionary distancing and other norms. Methods: The study used the final grades of Saudi male and female EFL undergraduates across two terms and with the Blackboard and face-to-face approaches in three compulsory English writing courses, and statistical tests were conducted on them. Results: The findings showed that female students (M=83.24, Std= 10.627) significantly outperform the male students (M=73.62, Std=16.011) in the final writing test (P=. 000). Furthermore, in face-to-face teaching (M=84.34, Std=10.752) was more statistically effective than when using Blackboard (M=75.65, Std=14.545) with the Sig value scored (P=. 000). Findings also showed that third level scored higher than the second and the first in writing (83.83, 78.17, 77.89) respectively. All the differences were significant (P=. 000). Conclusion: The implications of the study have a major bearing on curriculum and pedagogy planning for the coming times which may see more comebacks of the COVID-19 variants and warrant innovative teaching-learning tools and methods.
Composition and Distribution of Mosquito Vectors in a Peri-Urban Community Surrounding an Institution of Learning in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria

Vector surveillance is very key in solving mosquito-borne health problems in Nigeria. To this end, the composition and distribution of mosquito vectors in a peri-urban community surrounding an institution of learning in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria was carried out between December 2016 and June 2017. The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.