Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclone Edisoana (1990)

AbstractDocumentation of southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical transition (ET) events is sparse in the refereed literature. The authors present a climatology of SWIO TC and ET events for 1989–2013. The SWIO averages ~9 tropical cyclones (TCs) per year in this modern era. Of these TCs, ~44% undergo extratropical transition (ET), or ~four per year. A case study of TC Edisoana (1990), the most rapidly intensifying SWIO post-ET TC between 1989 and 2013, shows that extratropical interactions began when an approaching trough embedded in the subtropical jet stream (STJ) induced ET on 7 March. As Edisoana underwent ET, a subtropical ridge downstream amplified in response to poleward-directed positive potential vorticity (PV) advection associated with diabatically (convectively) driven upper-level outflow from TC Edisoana. This amplifying lower-latitude ridge phased with a lower-amplitude higher-latitude ridge embedded in the polar front jet (PFJ), resulting in the merger of the t.
A Definition for Strong Rieszian Summability and its Relationship to Strong Cesaro Summability

1. Introduction. Given a series we define , by the relations The series Σan is said to be summable (C, k) to the sum s, if as n→∞, and strongly summable (C, k), k>0, with index p, to the sum s, or summable [C; k, p] to the sum s, if
Experimental observations of an unsteady detached shear layer in enclosed corotating disk flow

The flow in the unobstructed space between a pair of disks corotating at high speed in a fixed cylindrical enclosure can be divided into five regions amenable to theoretical analysis [C. A. Schuler, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley (1990); C. A. Schuler et al., Phys. Fluids A 2, 1760 (1990)]. One of these, region III in Fig. 2, is an axially‐aligned detached shear layer predicted by the analysis to be located at rIII/R2≊Γ1/2 and of thickness δIII/R2≊(2 Re)−1/4, where R2 is the radius of the disks, Re is the Reynolds number based on R2 and the tip speed of rotation of the disks (ωR2), and Γ is an experimentally determined constant. Through viscous diffusion, the detached shear layer allows the transition that must take place between the bulk of the three‐dimensional flow in the interdisk space (region II) and the two‐dimensional flow in solid body rotation surrounding the hub that spins the disks (region IV). Present findings, based on flow visualization, confirm these hitherto untested t.
Poincare inequality, ergodic flows and badly approximable directions

We provide a refinement of the Poincar\'{e} inequality on the torus $\mathbb{T}^d$: there exists a Lebesgue-null set $\mathcal{B} \subset \mathbb{T}^d$ of directions such that for every $\alpha \in \mathcal{B}$ there is a $c_{\alpha} > 0$ with $$ \|\nabla f\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T}^d)}^{d-1} \| \left\langle \nabla f, \alpha \right\rangle\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T}^d)} \geq c_{\alpha}\|f\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T}^d)}^{d} \qquad\mbox{for all}~f\in H^1(\mathbb{T}^d)~\mbox{with mean 0. }$$ The derivative $\left\langle \nabla f, \alpha \right\rangle$ does not detect any oscillation in directions orthogonal to $\alpha$, however, for certain $\alpha$ the geodesic flow in direction $\alpha$ is sufficiently ergodic to compensate for that defect. On the two-dimensional torus $\mathbb{T}^2$ the inequality holds for $\alpha = (1, \sqrt{2})$ but fails for $\alpha = (1,e)$.
Direct–Maternal Genetic Parameters for Litter Size and Body Weight of Piglets of a New Black Breed for the Taiwan Black Hog Market

Simple Summary Black pigs are the most competitive hogs in Taiwan as they have a higher price than commercial non-black hogs due to their desirable meat quality for locals, and they have accounted for 15% of Taiwan’s hog production since 2011. However, the litter sizes before the weaning of local black sows are much smaller than those of maternal breeds such as Landrace and Yorkshire, which are commonly used in Taiwan. Herd productivity is highly influenced by dam litter size and piglet weight before weaning. The KHAPS Black Pig was registered as a new breed in Taiwan in 2010 and was designed as a maternal line for black hog production. The direct–maternal genetic effects on litter size and piglet weight were tested for selection efficiency. The direct–maternal genetic correlation had a great impact on the prediction of maternal breeding value. Therefore, it is crucial to estimate the direct–maternal genetic parameters of litter size and piglet weight to assist future selection decisions for the genetic progress of this new breed. Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of litter size and piglet weight from farrowing to weaning in KHAPS Black sows. The genetic parameters investigated were the direct (h2d), maternal (h2m), realized (h2r), and total (h2T) heritability, as well as correlations (rd, rm, and rdm) within and between traits. The analyses were performed using single- and three-trait animal models with and without maternal genetic effects. In the three-trait model with maternal genetic effect, all estimates of h2d and h2m were significantly different from zero except the h2d of mean birth weight. Positive values of rd and rm between traits were observed as expected in the range of 0.322–1.000. Negative values of rdm were found within and between traits and were less associated with mean piglet weight traits than litter size traits. Estimates of h2T were consistently larger than those of h2r in both the single- and three-trait model analyses. In addition, the three-trait model can take into account the association between the traits, so the estimates are more accurate with smaller SEs. In conclusion, maternal genetic effects were not negligible in this study, and thus, a multiple-trait animal model with maternal genetic effects and full pedigree is recommended to assist future pig breeding decisions in this new breed.
High‐resolution observation of magnetization processes in 2 μm × 2 μm × 0.04 μm permalloy particles

The magnetization process in an array of 2 μm × 2 μm × 0.04 μm permalloy particles fabricated on a 100 nm carbon membrane was investigated by means of high‐resolution Lorentz microscopy and electron holography in magnetic fields parallel and perpendicular to the film surface. For perpendicular fields, the magnetization reversal was found to begin with the nucleation of a vortex which gradually transformed into a closure domain configuration. At the remanent state, the flux closure was achieved with the generation of a new type of doubled domain wall.
Assistance with large language models

A core part of AI alignment is training AI systems to be helpful, or more generally, to interact with humans appropriately. We look at this problem in the context of large language models. Past works have focused on training these models to perform specific tasks, or follow instructions. In contrast, we believe helpfulness requires back-and-forth interaction between the AI and the human it is trying to assist. Here, we consider a multi-step interaction in which a human asks a question, and the AI has an opportunity to ask a clarifying question to resolve ambiguities before responding. The assistance framework formalizes the idea of an AI which aims to maximize the human’s reward but is ignorant of the human reward function. Past works solved toy assistance environments using exact POMDP solvers as well as deep reinforcement learning. We apply a behavioral cloning approach, and fine-tune GPT-3 such that it can respond to clear input questions directly, clarify the intent behind vague input questions, and respond based on the clarification it receives. We show that this approach leads to quantitative improvements in answer accuracy compared to a baseline that cannot ask for clarifications. While the assistance framework assumes the correct behavior of an AI is to infer and maximize a human’s reward, our approach can be used to learn any interaction protocol between the AI and the human. We believe exploring interaction protocols that are easy to learn robustly, and can be used to "bootstrap" further alignment are a promising direction for future research.
2-Absorbing and Weakly 2-Absorbing Elements in Multiplicative Lattices

In this article we study weakly 2-absorbing elements and 2-absorbing elements in C-lattices. Next we characterize C-lattices in which every nonzero proper element is a (weakly) 2-absorbing element. We also establish a new characterization for principal element domains in terms of 2-absorbing elements.
COUSINS VRI STANDARD STARS IN THE M67 DIPPER ASTERISM

Cousins VRI data for 19 standard stars in the M 67 dipper asterism are presented. With one exception, the values of sigma per mean for these data are lsss than 10 mmag. Because these stars are close together in the sky, they can be used with economy of effort in standardizing CCD images. New Cousins VRI photometry is reported for 23 M 67 stars. For 22 additional cluster stars, new V magnitudes are reported. It is found that some published V data for the Hyades and M 67 must be corrected by small amounts to recover the Landolt (1983) zero point. In addition, faint-star M 67 measurements by Eggen and Sandage (1964) display scatter which is not easily interpreted. The same is true for the (largely) bright-star M 67 data of Johnson and Sandage (1955). The photomultiplier colors of Janes and Smith (1984) and the CCD data of Schild (1983, 1985) are also considered.
Detecting Overlapping Communities with MDS and Local Expansion FCM

Community structure is an important feature to understand structural and functional properties in various complex networks. In this paper, we use Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) to map nodes of network into Euclidean space to keep the distance information of nodes, and then we use topology feature of communities to propose the local expansion strategy to detect initial seeds for FCM. Finally, the FCM are used to uncover overlapping communities in the complex networks. The test results in real-world and artificial networks show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and robust in uncovering overlapping community structure.
Elliptic and Parabolic Equations with Discontinuous Coefficients

Introduction. Boundary Value Problems for Linear Operators with Discontinuous Coefficients. Linear and Quasilinear Operators with VMO Coefficients. Nonlinear Operators with Discontinuous Coefficients. Appendix A1: Functional and Real Analysis Tools. Appendix A2: Maximum Principles. Bibliography. Index. Functional Spaces and Their Respective Norms.
Secondary Circulation of Tropical Cyclones in Vertical Wind Shear: Lagrangian Diagnostic and Pathways of Environmental Interaction

AbstractThis study introduces a Lagrangian diagnostic of the secondary circulation of tropical cyclones (TCs), here defined by those trajectories that contribute to latent heat release in the region of high inertial stability of the TC core. This definition accounts for prominent asymmetries and transient flow features. Trajectories are mapped from the three-dimensional physical space to the (two dimensional) entropy–temperature space. The mass flux vector in this space subsumes the thermodynamic characteristics of the secondary circulation. The Lagrangian diagnostic is then employed to further analyze the impact of vertical wind shear on TCs in previously published idealized numerical experiments. One focus of this analysis is the classification and quantitative depiction of different pathways of environmental interaction based on thermodynamic properties of trajectories at initial and end times. Confirming results from previous work, vertical shear significantly increases the intrusion of low–equivalent.
A mathematical investigation of the penetration depth in keyhole welding with continuous CO2 lasers

Continuous CO2 lasers have been used for many years to weld a variety of materials. A problem of importance is the question of what is the thickest work piece that can be reliably welded with complete penetration occurring at all times. Empirical results indicate that the size of the keyhole radius at the top of the work piece is almost exactly three times the radius at the bottom in the case of maximum penetration. A mechanism based on the instability inherent in the variable absorption capabilities of the work piece when absorbing energy from a laser beam with an interference pattern which is itself the result of reflection at the wall of the keyhole has been suggested and the implications investigated. A simple model has been studied in which the beam has a uniform intensity at any given cross section; an analysis in terms of geometrical optics and a parallel beam supports the empirical observation. The effect of the curvature of the keyhole wall was studied and found not to make a great difference to the results of the theory. The same techniques were used to investigate the effect of the convergence and subsequent divergence of the laser beam as it passes through the focal plane. The estimates provided by the theory have been compared with experimental results and shown to agree very well with them.
Weakly Nonlinear Detonation Waves

The authors develop a simplified asymptotic model for studying nonlinear detonation waves in chemically reacting fluids which propagate with wave speed close to the acoustical sound speed. In this regime the fluid mechanical and chemical phenomena interact substantially with each other. The model provides simplified equations for describing this interaction. When the model is specialized to unidirectional combustion waves advancing into a region of uniform flow, the travelling waves of this model system moving with positive speed coincide with the travelling waves in a qualitative model for such effects introduced previously by the second author. Some interesting new combustion waves with partial burning are also analyzed. The two main assumptions in deriving the asymptotic model are weak nonlinearity and a sufficiently high activation energy for the chemical kinetics.
Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears

This paper describes a number of objective experiments on recognition, concerning particularly the relation between the messages received by the two ears. Rather than use steady tones or clicks (frequency or time‐point signals) continuous speech is used, and the results interpreted in the main statistically. Two types of test are reported: (a) the behavior of a listener when presented with two speech signals simultaneously (statistical filtering problem) and (b) behavior when different speech signals are presented to his two ears.
Family Therapy Techniques

1. Spontaneity 2. Families 3. Joining 4. Planning 5. Change 6. Reframing 7. Enactment 8. Focus 9. Intensity 10. Restructuring 11. Boundaries 12. Unbalancing 13. Complementarity 14. Realities 15. Constructions 16. Paradoxes, by Peggy Papp 17. Strengths 18. Beyond Technique Notes Case Index General Index
Calculation of Fully-Developed Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts With Nonuniform Wall Roughness

The predictive capabilities of four transport-type turbulence models are analyzed by comparing predictions with experimental data for fully-developed flow in (1) a rectangular duct with a step change in roughness on one wall (Case 1), and (2) a square duct with one rib-roughened wall (Case 2). The models include the Demuren-Rodi (DR) k-e model, the Sugiyama et al. (S) k-e model, the Launder-Li (LL) Reynolds stress transport equation model, and the differential stress (DS) model proposed recently by the authors. For the first flow situation (Case 1), the results show that the DS model yields improved agreement between predicted and measured primary and secondary mean velocity distributions in comparison to the DR and LL models. For the second flow situation (Case 2), the DS model is superior to the DR and S models for predicting experimentally observed mean velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and Reynolds stress anisotropy behavior, especially in the vicinity of a corner formed by the juncture of adjacent smooth and rough walls. The results are analyzed in order to explain why the DR model leads to the formation of a spurious secondary flow cell near this corner that is not present in the experimental flow.
The kinetic power and luminosity of parsec-scale radio jets – an argument for heavy jets

We present arguments indicating that radio jets are heavy (i.e. mainly composed of an electron-proton plasma), and that the non-thermal emitting particle distribution has a low-energy cut-off at about 50 MeV. The arguments are based on the comparison of physical properties of parsec-scale radio jets with values estimated on widely different scales, ranging from the central source supplying the jet to extended kpc-Mpc radio lobes. In particular, we use published VLBI size measures and spectral information on a large sample of sources and, applying the standard synchrotron self-Compton emission model, we estimate the bulk kinetic energy and the number flux of emitting particles in parsec-scale jets. The comparison of the former with the kinetic luminosity on extended scales and with the radiative luminosity supports the picture of stable jets efficiently supplying kinetic power to the extended structures
Discovery of Variation in Solar Coronal Rotation with Altitude

Here we report the first measure in radio emission of differential rotation as a function of height in the solar corona. This is derived from the disk-integrated simultaneous daily measurements of solar flux at 11 radio frequencies in the range of 275-2800 MHz. Based on the model calculations, these radio emissions originate from the solar corona in the estimated average height range of ~(6-15) × 104 km above the photosphere. The investigations indicate that the sidereal rotation period at the highest frequency (2800 MHz), which originates from the lower corona around 6 × 104 km, is ~24.1 days. The sidereal rotation period decreases with height to ~23.7 days at the lower frequency (405 MHz), which originates at ~13 × 104 km. It is difficult to identify clearly the rotational modulation at 275 MHz, perhaps because these emissions are significantly affected by the turbulence in the intervening medium. Since these investigations are based on disk-integrated solar flux at radio frequencies, it is difficult to say whether these systematic variations in sidereal rotation period are partly due to the latitudinal differential rotation of the solar corona. It will be interesting to investigate this possibility in the future.
Une Minoration De L'Entropie Topologique Des Difféomorphismes Du Disque

A diffeomorphism f of the disk has a periodic orbit O, and the paper considers the minimal topological entropy l(f, O) in the isotopy class of f with respect to this orbit. The structure of the periodic orbits with l(f, O) = 0 has been studied lately and is now well understood. For l(f, O) non‐zero, the paper obtains a lower bound of l(f, O) that depends only on the period of O and which improves previously known estimates. This result is a consequence of a stronger bound in the case where the isotopy class is pseudo‐Anosov. It is obtained by studying the induced dynamics on a graph.
Investigating the Asymmetric Eﬀect of Sukuk Returns on Economic Growth Evidence from Indonesia, a NARDL Perspective

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the asymmetric association between Sukuk returns and economic growth in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach - The Non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and Granger causality test are employed from the periods 2014:M1 to 2019:M4, using GDP Growth as a proxy of economic activities, Indonesia Sukuk return index as explanatory variables and inflation and interest rate as control variables. Findings - The results posit a long run asymmetric relationship between Sukuk return and economic growth and that a positive shock on Sukuk returns results to an increase in GDP growth by 0.31% in the long run. Moreover, the results also imply that Sukuk returns and economic growth moves at different magnitude in Indonesia. However, a negative shock in the long run has no impact on economic growth. Finally, the granger causality analysis reported a unidirectional causal association flowing from Sukuk returns to economic growth, while interest and inflation rate has a neutral association with economic growth. Research limitations/implications -The sample size used in this paper is relatively small due to data availability; therefore, contradicting results with other studies conducted with this regard may arise. Practical Implications - An increase in economic growth directly impact on Sukuk returns thereby maximizing the wealth of households and holding corporations. The economy can also feel the negative effect if the reverse happens. Originality/Value: This is one of the first time a research is conducted using non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag NARDL to assess the impact of Sukuk issuance on economic growth with special concentration in Indonesia.
VIBRATION AND STABILITY OF THICK SIMPLY SUPPORTED SHALLOW SHELLS SUBJECTED TO IN-PLANE STRESSES

Abstract The effects of higher order deformations on natural frequencies and buckling stresses of a thick shallow shell with reactangular planform subjected to uniaxial and biaxial in-plane stresses are studied. Based on the power series expansion of displacement components, a set of fundamental dynamic equations of a two-dimensional higher order shallow shell theory is derived through Hamilton's principle. Several sets of truncated approximate theories which can take into account the complete effects of higher order deformations such as shear deformations with thickness changes and rotatory inertia are applied to solve the vibration and stability problems of a thick shallow shell. Three types of simply supported shallow shells with positive, zero and negative Gaussian curvatures are considered. In order to assure the accuracy of the present theory, convergence properties of the lowest two natural frequencies for the first vibration moder=s=1 are examined in detail. The present results are also compared with those of existing theories. In the case of a simply supported shallow shell, buckling stresses can be calculated from the natural frequencies without in-plane stresses.
Factors associated with success in a calculus course: an examination of personal variables

This study examined relationships between students’ personal variables (gender, prior achievements, age and academic major) and their success in the first year undergraduate calculus course. The study sample consisted of 59 first year undergraduate students taking Math 154 Calculus II course. A written test about integral, sequence and series including demographic survey items was used to gather data. The test was administered prior to and upon the completion of the calculus course. Multiple regression analysis result indicated that there is relationship between students’ personal variables (gender and prior achievements) and their success. Gender differences favouring males typically occurred on Riemann sum and Riemann integral.
Dynamic have in North American and British Isles English

There are two important differences between American English and British English with respect to main verb have. First, American English typically employs do-support in constructions such as Do you have any coffee? while traditional British English does not. Secondly, American English typically does not use have in expressions such as I took a shower whereas British Isles English does: I had a shower. In this article, we discuss the possibility that there is a connection between these two facts. We argue that the connection lies in the failure of have in North American English to acquire the full range of dynamic meanings that it has acquired in other varieties of English, and suggest language contact as one explanation for this phenomenon.