Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences : Exploiting a Natural Experiment * by

for their editorial assistance. We especially wish to thank Robert Willis for numerous helpful discussions during the course of this study. All remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors. Abstract In this paper, we exploit a " natural experiment " associated with human reproduction to identify the effect of teen childbearing on subsequent educational attainment, family structure, labor market outcomes and financial self-sufficiency. In particular, we exploit the fact that a substantial fraction of women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and thus do not have a birth. If miscarriages were purely random and if miscarriages were the only way, other than by live births, that a pregnancy ended, then women, who had a miscarriage as a teen, would constitute an ideal control group with which to contrast teenage mothers. Exploiting this natural experiment, we devise an Instrumental Variables (IV) estimators for the consequences of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). Our major finding is that many of the negative consequences of not delaying childbearing until adulthood are much smaller than has been estimated in previous studies. While we do find adverse consequences of teenage childbearing immediately following a teen mother's first birth, these negative consequences appear short-lived. By the time a teen mother reaches her late twenties, she appears to have only slightly more children, is only slightly more likely to be single mother, and has no lower levels of educational attainment than if she had delayed her childbearing to adulthood. In fact, by this age teen mothers appear to be better off in some aspects of their lives. Teenage childbearing appears to raise levels of labor supply, accumulated work experience and labor market earnings and appears to reduce the chances of living in poverty and participating in the associated social welfare programs. These estimated effects imply that the cost of teenage childbearing to U.S. taxpayers is negligible. In particular, our estimates imply that the widely held view that teenage childbearing imposes a substantial cost on government is an artifact of the failure to appropriately account for pre-existing socioeconomic differences between teen mothers and other women when estimating the causal effects of early childbearing. While teen mothers are very likely to live in poverty and experience other forms of adversity, our results imply that little of this would be changed just by getting teen mothers …
The β-ray spectrum of radium E

The problem of the β-ray spectrum of Ra E is too familiar now to require more than brief introduction. Owing to the eminent experimental suitability of this substance, its β-ray spectrum has been investigated widely, and various workers have given summaries of the results up to date, e.g. O’Conor (1937) and Martin and Townsend (1939). Most work has been done on the upper limit or on the form of the intermediate part of the spectrum, with fairly concordant results. Only a scanty amount of work has been done on an accurate investigation of the lower regions of the spectrum, where the experimental difficulties are much greater on account of the necessity of avoiding scattering in the source and along the track of the particles in the spectrograph, and of reducing the absorption in the window of the counter. Richardson (1934) first demonstrated by cloud chamber measurements, using a satisfactorily thin source mounting, that there is a considerable intensity of slow electrons between 15 and 60 ekV, and that the ordinate of the energy distribution curve is about as high in this region as at the previously estimated maximum. However, on account of straggling and other causes, it would be extremely difficult to determine exactly the form of the energy spectrum below 100 ekV by cloud chamber methods, and most other work has been done by semicircular magnetic deflexion with Geiger counters for registration of the particles. The results of chief importance are those of Alichanian and Zavelsky (1937) and of Flammersfeld (1937, 1939). In the discussion below the conclusion is reached that in both these sets of investigations the source mountings were quite satisfactory even down to 30 or 20 ekV, but that in the former the thickness of the counter window (1µ cellulose acetate) can scarcely be regarded as small enough for measurements below 50 ekV, whilst in the latter absorption effects in the 0. 3µ Zaponlak window must begin to enter between 30 and 20 ekV. * Moreover, in both cases the spectrographs are not sensibly free from scattering. The experiments to be described below were made in an attempt at a precise and direct observation of the undistorted spectrum, especially below 100 ekV, and it is believed that the results do represent a practical realization of this ideal, down to the region of 20 ekV at least, without the need for the application of corrections of any kind.
Investigation of the global methane budget over 1980–2017 using GFDL-AM4.1

Abstract. Changes in atmospheric methane abundance have implications for both chemistry and climate as methane is both a strong greenhouse gas and an important precursor for tropospheric ozone. A better understanding of the drivers of trends and variability in methane abundance over the recent past is therefore critical for building confidence in projections of future methane levels. In this work, the representation of methane in the atmospheric chemistry model AM4.1 is improved by optimizing total methane emissions (to an annual mean of 576 ± 32 Tg yr−1) to match surface observations over 1980–2017. The simulations with optimized global emissions are in general able to capture the observed global trend, variability, seasonal cycle, and latitudinal gradient of methane. Simulations with different emission adjustments suggest that increases in methane sources (mainly from energy and waste sectors) balanced by increases in methane sinks (mainly due to increases in OH levels) lead to methane stabilization (with an imbalance of 5 Tg yr−1) during 1999–2006, and that increases in methane sources combined with little change in sinks (despite small decreases in OH levels) during 2007–2012 lead to renewed methane growth (with an imbalance of 14 Tg yr−1 for 2007–2017). Compared to 1999–2006, both methane emissions and sinks are greater (by 31 Tg yr−1 and 22 Tg yr−1, respectively) during 2007–2017. Our results also indicate that the energy sector is more likely a major contributor to the methane renewed growth after 2006 than wetland, as increases in wetland emissions alone are not able to explain the renewed methane growth with constant anthropogenic emissions. In addition, a significant increase in wetland emissions would be required starting in 2006, if anthropogenic emissions declined, for wetland emissions to drive renewed growth in methane, which is a less likely scenario. Simulations with varying OH levels indicate that 1 % change in OH levels could lead to an annual mean of ~ 4 Tg yr−1 difference in the optimized emissions and 0.08 year difference in the estimated tropospheric methane lifetime. Continued increases in methane emissions along with decreases in tropospheric OH concentrations during 2008–2015 prolong methane lifetime and therefore amplify the response of methane concentrations to emission changes. Uncertainties still exist in the partitioning of emissions among individual sources and regions.
Advances in diagnostic and treatment options in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized as a chronic, painful, noninflammatory syndrome affecting the musculoskeletal system. In addition to pain, common co-morbid symptoms associated with FM include sleep disturbances, fatigue, morning stiffness, affective disorders, chronic daily headache, dyscognition, irritable bowel syndrome, and irritable bladder. Fibromyalgia is usually classified by application of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Although these criteria are accepted among investigators who agree with the concept of fibromyalgia, they do so with some reservations. Tender points and widespread pain alone does not describe the esence of fibromyalgia. New diagnostic tools including either clinical or radiological components are studied to diminish these problems. Although various pharmacological solutions have been studied for treating fibromyalgia, no single drug or groups of drugs have proved to be useful in treating fibromyalgia patients. Recently, three drugs, pregabalin, duloxetine and milnacipran, were approved for the treatment of FM by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Novel therapeutic approaches to the management of FM include cannabinoids, sodium channel blockade and new generation antiepileptics. This review evaluates both new diagnostic tools, including clinical or radiological regimes, and tries to highlight the efficacy of medicinal and nonmedicinal treatments with new therapeutic approaches in the management of FM with a wide perspective.
Aerial, Ship and Land-Based Surveys of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska, June and July 2005 - 2007

A munition release system for carrier weapons is disclosed. Mechanisms for disengaging and ejecting munitions from the carrier housing operate in response to a common gas generator. Disengagement from the housing is effected just prior to ejection. Use of a common gas source improves reliability, while coordinated disengagement and ejection minimizes forces exerted on the munitions.
Sliding friction: From microscopic contacts to Amontons’ law

Most engineers describe sliding friction using the friction coefficient, the ratio of frictional force to normal force. While this proportionality is very simple, its origin is not trivial at all and has been subject of investigation for more than a century. The current consensus is that both frictional and normal force are proportional to the 'real contact area'. Surface roughness prevents surfaces from coming into full contact; the real contact area is simply the fraction of the apparent contact area in which the two surfaces are in molecular contact. In this thesis, we experimentally test the relation between normal force, real contact area and friction. This is not an easy task; there are no existing experimental techniques that allow measurement of the real contact area at rough interfaces with molecular-scale sensitivity. We synthesize custom-made pressure sensitive fluorescent molecules and immobilize them at the frictional interface such that they reveal the real contact area through their fluorescence intensity. This technique enables us to experimentally test contact and friction mechanics. We find that the real contact area is not proportional to the normal force due to the specific type of plastic deformations that control contact formation. We show that friction is proportional to the real contact area, however the proportionality constant that links friction to contact area evolves in time and therefore depends on the history of the contact. These results provide new insights into friction at rough interfaces and demonstrate the potential of fluorescent contact area imaging.
Trade, Growth, and Convergence in a Dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin Model

This paper studies the properties of a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model - a combination of a static two-good, two-factor Heckscher-Ohlin trade model and a two-sector growth model - with infinitely lived consumers where international borrowing and lending are not permitted. We obtain two main results: First, even if factor prices are equalized, countries that differ only in their initial endowments of capital per worker may converge or diverge in income levels over time, depending on the elasticity of substitution between traded goods. Divergence can occur for parameter values that would imply convergence in a world of closed economies and vice versa. Second, factor price equalization in a given period does not imply factor price equalization in future periods.
Sections du fibré déterminant sur l'espace de modules des faisceaux semi-stables de rang 2 sur le plan projectif

La conjecture de dualite etrange de Le Potier donne un isomorphisme entre l'espace des sections du fibre determinant sur deux espaces de modules differents de faisceaux semi-stables sur le plan projectif P 2 . Si on considere deux classes orthogonales c, u dans l'algebre de Grothendieck K(P 2 ) telles que c est de rang strictement positif et u est de rang zero, on note M c et M u les espaces de modules de faisceaux semi-stables de classe c, respectivement u, sur P 2 . Il existe sur M c (resp. M u ) un fibre determinant D u (resp. D c ) et le produit tensoriel externe D u x D c sur l'espace produit M c × M u a une section canonique σ c,u qui fournit une application lineaire D c,u : H 0 (M u ,D c ) * → H 0 (M c ,D u ). Si M c n'est pas vide, la conjecture affirme que D c,u est un isomorphisme. Nous prouvons la conjecture dans le cas particulier ou c est de rang 2, avec premiere classe de Chern nulle et deuxieme classe de Chern c 2 (c) ≤ 19, et u est de degre d(u) = 1 et de caracteristique d'Euler-Poincare nulle. Nous calculons dans ce cas la dimension de l'espace des sections globales du fibre determinant sur M n = M c .
Risk, Uncertainty and Life Threatening Trauma: Analysing Stroke Survivor's Accounts of Life After Stroke

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht, wie Uberlebende von Schlaganfallen die Risiken und Unsicherheiten ihrer Situation einschatzen und handhaben. Die Untersuchung beruht auf Material aus 31 Interviews mit Schlaganfalluberlebenden (zwischen 38 und 89 Jahren) aus Ost-Kent in Grosbritannien und zeigt die Erfahrungen mit Schlaganfallen und der nachfolgenden Gesundung auf. Die Uberlebenden erlebten ihren Schlaganfall als vollig unerwartetes Ereignis. Er unterminierte ihre Gefuhle ontologischer Sicherheit und forderte ein Bewusstsein der Angst hinsichtlich alltaglicher Lebenssituationen sowohl innerhalb wie auserhalb des eigenen Zuhauses. Es entstand das Bewusstsein fur die Gefahr eines erneuten (potenziell todlichen) Anfalls, der ihre soziale Stellung nachhaltig beschadigen konnte. Uberlebende benutzten eine Reihe von Strategien, um mit solchen Unsicherheiten umzugehen. Sie verkurzten ihren Zeithorizont, indem sie weitreichende Plane aufgaben oder sie nur in sehr vager und allgemeiner Weise erorterten. Sie konzentrierten sich auf die Gegenwart – "jeden Tag nehmen wie er kommt" – oder entwickelten Ziele fur eine nahe Zukunft. Die Herausforderungen naher Ziele zielten auf die Wiederherstellung des sozialen Ansehens, wenn sie auch zuweilen die Moglichkeit schadlicher Folgen beinhalteten. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0601189
Dual‐band beam tilting antenna with low profile negative refractive index metamaterial

A dual band negative refractive index metamaterial (NRIM) loaded beam tilting antenna has been proposed for 5G applications. The proposed antenna comprises of a dual band quarter wave bow-tie dipole with NRIM array fixed above the ground plane. The dual band NRIM unit cell is derived from the conventional double negative meta-material structure. When NRIM arrays have been integrated with dipole antenna at optimum distance and height, the main beam is deflected by 34.5° and 45° with peak gain of 8.1 and 8.93 dB at 2 and 3.5 GHz, respectively. Unlike the conventional beam tilting antennas, no gain reduction observed for both the bands when the beam is tilted, instead gain has been improved about 0.53 and 1.02 dB at lower and higher bands, respectively. Furthermore, the application of the proposed NRIM dipole in array antennas has been studied and discussed.
Population survey of the spider monkey (Ateles geo royi) at Tikal

Intensive strip census methods were used to estimate population density and age-sex composition of a natural population of the spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi, in seasonally dry forest at Tikal, Guatemala. An objective procedure for determining effective strip width is discussed, and various census methods, including direct count and strip census, are evaluated as to merits and disadvantages
Coyote Diet and Movements in Relation to Winter Recreation in Northwestern Wyoming: Implications for Lynx Conservation

45 INTRODUCTION . 46 STUDY AREA . 49 METHODS . 51 RESULTS . 62 DISCUSSION . 68 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS . 80 LITERATURE CITED . 81 vii 4. SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HABITAT USE AND SNOW CHARACTERISTICS: HOW COYOTES USE THE LANDSCAPE IN DEEP SNOW TERRAIN . 96 ABSTRACT . 96 INTRODUCTION . 97 STUDY AREA . 101 METHODS . 103 RESULTS . 113 DISCUSSION . 119 MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS . 129 LITERATURE CITED . 130 5. CONCLUSION . 150 LITERATURE CITED . 154 6. APPENDICES . 156 APPENDIX A . 157 APPENDIX B . 158 APPENDIX C . 159
The effect of trees and grass on the thermal and hydrological performance of an urban area

The process of urbanization dramatically alters the landscape which can have negative effects on the environment, and thereby, places the inhabitants and the city itself at risk. The development of an urban heat island can have severe health implications for city inhabitants during prolonged heat waves. Urbanisation also alters hydrological processes, which can place urban areas at a greater threat of surface flooding during heavy rainfall. As cities are continuing to expand, and as climate change proceeds, these problems are only likely to be exacerbated and there is a need to find ways to reduce these negative effects.This thesis builds upon previous modelling work on the effect of greenspace on the climate and hydrology of Manchester, U.K. The aims were to test the predictions of this model by investigating the effect of trees and grass in reducing surface temperatures and rainfall runoff, and further investigate their effects on air and globe temperatures. Surface, globe, and air temperatures were measured on grass and concrete areas in full sun and tree shade, both under large tree canopies, and below those of a range of street tree species. The rainfall runoff from experimental plots covered in asphalt, asphalt plus a tree and grass, was also investigated. Grass reduced surface temperatures in full sun by up to 24�C, in good agreement with previous models, but permanent tree shade reduced concrete temperatures by almost as much, up to 19�C. Tree shade also reduced globe temperatures by up to 7�C, a reduction which can improve human comfort on hot day. These results indicate that both forms of vegetation will act regionally, reducing the urban heat island effect, but that trees can dramatically improve the local environmental conditions. Street trees reduced surface and globe temperatures by rather less, 12�C and 4�C respectively, though trees with a higher leaf area index provided greater cooling. Because of advection neither trees nor small areas of grass had an effect on local air temperatures.Grass was most effective vegetation type at preventing rainfall runoff, reducing runoff coefficients of the plots from around 60% on asphalt to near zero. However, tree units also reduced the runoff coefficient to around 25%, despite having a canopy that covered only a small proportion of the plot, suggesting that much of the rainfall must have infiltrated into the planting hole. These reductions are higher than predicted by previous modelling, highlighting the importance of greenspace on the hydrology of the urban environment.The results suggest that trees and grass provide complementary environmental benefits in cities, and that the benefits of trees strongly depend on species and planting conditions
STUDENT LEARNING IN FRATERNITIES AND SORORITIES: USING NSSE DATA TO DESCRIBE MEMBERS' PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATIONALLY MEANINGFUL ACTIVITIES IN COLLEGE

The benefits and challenges for college students involved in social fraternities and sororities have long been sources of heated discussion among higher education constituents. A liberal education is meant to incorporate elements of critical thinking, diverse experiences, and challenging and enriching interactions with peers and educators. Past research indicates that involvement in a fraternity or sorority has had some positive effect in these areas, especially as students persist at their chosen institutions. This study uses data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to explore indicators of student learning among senior members of social fraternities and sororities. Regression analyses controlling for conditional variables indicated that students in these groups report higher involvement in critical developmental practices and larger gains in important educational areas than their unaffiliated counterparts. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
Juveniles contact with the criminal justice system in Australia

This report presents the first collection of data on juveniles’ contact with the criminal justice system as both alleged/convicted offenders and complainants/victims in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Its primary objectives are to outline data from each of these jurisdictions on juveniles’ contact with the policing, courts and correctional systems and to determine what we do and do not know about juveniles’ contact with the criminal justice system.
Physical Determinants and Reduced Models of the Rapid Cooling of Urban Surfaces During Rainfall

Using a detailed model, sensitivity analyses are conducted to identify the leading physical determinants and heat fluxes that control energy exchange between surface runoff and urban pavements during rainfall. These analyses confirm that pavement characteristics, such as albedo and thermal effusivity, strongly influence the initial temperature of the pavement before rain starts. Moreover, this sensitivity propagates to the runoff and pavement temperatures as well as to sensible heat and evaporation fluxes during and after rainfall. Heat transfer inside the runoff and pavement during rainfall is also very sensitive to the rain temperature and is the leading process in surface cooling (the classically important sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere are minor contributors). Finally, based on the findings from the sensitivity analyses, using a bulk energy approach, a reduced version of the full model is proposed. This simple model uses the spatially averaged temperatures of the runoff and pavement and can predict their temperatures and the associated energy fluxes almost as accurately as the full model. The reduced model has the added advantages of computational efficiency and simplicity of implementation in coarse earth system models.
Recent progresses in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal research: elasticity, viscosity, defect structures, and living liquid crystals

ABSTRACT Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) are formed by linear stacks of disc-shaped molecular in water. Combined by weak, non-covalent forces, these aggregates are reversible, flexible and polydisperse. The self-assembly nature of the basic building units gives nematic LCLCs interesting physical properties, such as very small twist constant as compared with splay and bend constants, very large splay and twist viscosities, strong temperature dependence of , , and , diverse responses to different ionic additives, and large and azimuthally asymmetric disclination cores. We discuss our experimental studies on the viscoelastic properties and the fine structure of disclinations of LCLCs and attribute their unusual properties to the fact that LCLC aggregates are not fixed in size, but vary in response to changes of temperature, concentration and ionic content in the system. We further use these properties to explain intriguing phenomena in the ‘living liquid crystals’ composed of chromonic liquid crystal and motile bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.