Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capillary transport in low saturated sands: superfast non-linear diffusion model versus direct experimental observations

We have established in a pilot study, that the spreading of liquids in sandy porous materials at low levels of saturation, typically less than ten percent of the available void space, has very distinctive features in comparison to that at higher saturation levels. In particular, it has been shown, on theoretical grounds, that the spreading is controlled by a special type of diffusional process, that its physics can be captured by an equation of the super-fast diffusion class, and that these findings were supported by first-of-a-kind experiments. In this paper, we take these findings to the next level including deeper examination and exposition of the theory, an expanded set of experiments to address scaling properties, and systematic evaluations of the predictive performance against these experimental data, keeping in mind also potential practical applications.
SEX- AND AGE-SPECIFIC MIGRATORY STRATEGIES OF BLUE WHALES IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC

Sequential subsampling of blue whale baleen plates can yield information of individual migratory plasticity of this endangered species in the northeast Pacific Ocean. We measured δ13C and δ15N isotope values along baleen from thirteen whales of different age and sex. Results showed sex/age-specific migratory strategies. Adult females exhibited relatively stable cyclical movements between temperate and subtropical regions. Adult males exhibited two strategies, most remained within temperate latitudes, whereas two migrated to subtropical latitudes. Movement patterns in juveniles were erratic. These patterns are potentially driven by energetic requirements of females, intraspecific competitions among adult males, and inexperience in locating prey in juveniles. δ15N patterns in young whales reflected the weaning period, while δ13C data suggest whales continue to use stored nutrients acquired during the nursing period long after they are weaned. These results broaden our understanding of habitat selection in this species, such information is useful for designing population-specific management plans.
Effect of Medium Pressure Ultraviolet/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation on the Production of Disinfection by-Products from Seven Model Benzene Precursors

UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), as a potential alternative to UV/H2O2 in water treatment, may pose a potential risk of increased disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and is of great concern. In this paper, seven benzene derivatives, containing two chlorine-inert and five chlorine-active compounds, were selected as typical model DBP precursors, and the effects of medium pressure UV/chlorine (MPUV/chlorine) on their chlorine demand and DBP formation potential (DBPFP) were evaluated. The results showed that MPUV/chlorine could significantly increase the chlorine demand and DBPFP of the two inert precursors. For the four slow but active DBP precursors, MPUV/chlorine may accelerate their short-term DBP formation, whereas it showed an insignificant effect or even reduced their chlorine demand and DBPFP. For the only fast and active DBP precursor, MPUV/chlorine showed an insignificant effect on its short-term DBP formation or DBPFP. The overall effect of MPUV/chlorine was more significant at pH 6 than at pH 8. In the presence of Br−, MPUV/chlorine significantly increased the bromine substitution factors of THMs. In addition, linear fitting results indicated that the UV/chlorine-induced change in overall chlorine demand may be considered as a potential indicator for the prediction of DBPFP alteration.
Lensing at cosmological scales: a test of higher dimensional gravity

Recent developments in gravitational lensing astronomy have paved the way to genuine mappings of the gravitational potential at cosmological scales. We stress that comparing these data with traditional large scale structure surveys will provide us with a test of gravity at such scales. These constraints could be of great importance in the framework of higher dimensional cosmological models.
Why the Western Paciﬁc Subtropical High Has Extended Westward since the Late 1970s

The western Paciﬁc subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since the late 1970s, which has contributed to the interdecadal transition of East Asian climate. The reason for the westward extension is unknown, however. The present study suggests that this signiﬁcant change of WPSH is partly due to the atmosphere’s response to the observed Indian Ocean–western Paciﬁc (IWP) warming. Coordinated by a European Union’s Sixth Frame-workProgramme,UnderstandingtheDynamicsoftheCoupledClimateSystem(DYNAMITE),ﬁveAGCMswereforcedbyidenticalidealizedseasurfacetemperaturepatternsrepresentativeoftheIWPwarmingand cooling.Theresultsofthesenumericalexperimentssuggestthatthenegativeheatinginthecentralandeastern tropical Paciﬁc and increased convective heating in the equatorial Indian Ocean/Maritime Continent asso-ciatedwithIWPwarmingareinfavorofthewestwardextensionofWPSH. TheSSTchangesinIWPinﬂuences the Walker circulation, with a subsequent reduction of convections in the tropical central and eastern Paciﬁc, which then forces an ENSO/Gill-type response that modulates the WPSH. The monsoon diabatic heating mechanismproposedbyRodwell andHoskinsplaysa secondaryreinforcing rolein thewestwardextensionof WPSH. The low-level equatorial ﬂank of WPSH is interpreted as a Kelvin response to monsoon condensa- tionalheating,whiletheintensiﬁedpolewardﬂowalongthewesternﬂankofWPSHisinaccordwithSverdrup vorticitybalance.TheIWPwarminghasledto anexpansionoftheSouthAsianhighintheuppertroposphere, as seen in the reanalysis.
Elastic Modulus and Its Relation to Apparent Mineral Density in Juvenile Equine Bones of the Lower Limb.

Density-modulus relationships are necessary to develop finite element models of bones that may be used to evaluate local tissue response to different physical activities. It is unknown if juvenile equine trabecular bone may be described by the same density-modulus as adult equine bone, and how the density-modulus relationship varies with anatomical location and loading direction. To answer these questions, trabecular bone cores from the third metacarpal (MC3) and proximal phalanx (P1) bones of juvenile horses (age <1 yr) were machined in the longitudinal (n=134) and transverse (n=90) directions and mechanically tested in compression. Elastic modulus was related to apparent CT density of each sample using power law regressions. We found that density-modulus relationships for juvenile equine trabecular bone were significantly different for each anatomical location (MC3 vs P1) and orientation (longitudinal vs transverse). Use of the incorrect density-modulus relationship resulted in increased root mean squared percent error of the modulus prediction by 8-17%. When our juvenile density-modulus relationship was compared to one of an equivalent location in adult horses, the adult relationship resulted in an approximately 80% increase in error of the modulus prediction. Moving forward, more accurate models of young bone can be developed and used to evaluate potential exercise regimens designed to encourage bone adaptation.
Systemic risk in ﬁnancial networks: a data-driven machine learning analysis

The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of ﬁnancial variables and network topology as determinants of systemic risk (SR). The SR, for diﬀerent levels of the initial shock, is computed for institutions in the Brazilian interbank market by applying the diﬀerential DebtRank methodology. The ﬁnancial institution(FI)-speciﬁc determinants of SR are evaluated through two machine learning techniques: XGBoost and random forest. Shapley values analysis provided a better interpretability for our results. Furthermore, we performed this analysis separately for banks and credit unions. We have found the importance of a given feature in driving SR varies with i) the level of the initial shock, ii) the type of FI, and iii) the dimension of the risk which is being assessed – i.e., potential loss caused by (systemic impact) or imputed to (systemic vulnerability) the FI. Systemic impact is mainly driven by topological features for both types of FIs. However, while the importance of topological features to the prediction of systemic impact of banks increases with the level of the initial shock, it decreases for credit unions. Concerning systemic vulnerability, this is mainly determined by ﬁnancial features, whose importance increases with the initial shock level for both types of FIs.
Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Sludge Low-Temperature Drying Process

Based on the sludge mass transfer flux model, this paper conducts a simulation study on the drying characteristics of sludge under low-temperature environment and compares it with the previous experimental results. It is found that when the sludge moisture content is low, the change of its drying curve is basically consistent with the experimental results, but there is a large error when the sludge moisture content is 0.4–0.6. In order to better simulate sludge drying characteristics, a model of cracking and shrinkage coefficients based on sludge moisture content is proposed, and the effective diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient are modified. The maximum error between simulation and experiment is reduced to 23.78%. Based on this model, the sludge drying mechanism was studied. It was found that heat transfer and diffusion played a major role in the initial stage of sludge drying, and diffusion played a major role in sludge drying 30 min later.
Improvement of Aerosol Filtering Performance of PLLA/PAN Composite Fiber with Gradient Structure

Since commercial non-woven air filtering materials have unstable filtering efficiency and poor moisture permeability for the abundant condensed aerosol particles in the highly humid atmospheric environment, the PLLA/PAN composite fiber material with a hydrophobic and hydrophilic gradient structure is designed and prepared by using electrode sputtering electro spinning technology. By characterizing and testing the filtrating effect of SEM, XRD, FTIR, wettability, mechanical property, N2 adsorption isotherm, and BET surface area, NaCl aerosol of PLLA fiber, PAN fiber, and PLLA/PAN composite fiber membranes, the study found that the electrode sputtering electrospinning is fine, the fiber mesh is dense, and fiber distribution is uniform when the diameter of the PAN fiber is 140–300 nm, and the PLLA fiber is 700–850 nm. In this case, PLLA/PAN composite fiber materials gather the hydrophobicity of PLLA fiber and the hydrophilicity of PAN fiber; its electrostatic effect is stable, its physical capturing performance is excellent, it can realize the step filtration of gas-solid liquid multiphase flow to avoid the rapid increase of air resistance in a high-humidity environment, and the filtrating efficiency η of NaCl aerosol particles with 0.3 μm reaches 99.98%, and the quality factor QF 0.0968 Pa−1. The manufacturing of PLLA/PAN composite fiber material provides a new method for designing and developing high-performance air filtration materials and a new technical means for the large-scale production of high-performance, high-stability, and low-cost polylactic acid nanofiber composites.
“STRATEGIC” BEHAVIOR IN A STRATEGY-PROOF ENVIRONMENT1

We present direct ﬁeld evidence of preference misrepresentation under deferred acceptance. A large fraction of highly educated participants, who had been informed about the strategy-proof nature of the mechanism in numerous ways, failed to play truthfully: they ranked a non-funded position above a funded position in the same program. This is despite being informed that rank-ordered lists are never made pub- lic, that funding is a positive signal of ability, and that funding comes with no strings attached. Preference misrepresentation is associated with weaker applicants. A lab- oratory experiment documents a strong negative causal relationship between applicants’ expected desirability and preference misrepresentation.
AGAMA: action-based galaxy modelling architecture

Agama is a publicly available software library for a broad range of applications in the field of stellar dynamics. It provides methods for computing the gravitational potential of arbitrary analytic density profiles or N-body models; orbit integration and analysis; transformations between position/velocity and action/angle variables; distribution functions expressed in terms of actions and their moments; iterative construction of self-consistent multicomponent galaxy models. Applications include the inference about the structure of Milky Way or other galaxies from observations of stellar kinematics; preparation of equilibrium initial conditions for N-body simulations; analysis of snapshots from simulations. The library is written in C++, provides a Python interface, and can be coupled to other stellar-dynamical software: Amuse, Galpy and Nemo.
MOMENTS OF SOME STATISTICS OF PITMAN SAMPLING FORMULA

For Pitman sampling formula which is a distribution on all unordered partitions of a positive integer, we give the moments of the number of components of the random partition which are the descending factorial moments, the ascending factorial moments and the usual moments. Using them the asymptotic distribution of the number of components of the random partition is derived. The moments of Pitman sampling formula are also given. Using them we give the asymptotic distributions of the marginals and their functions.
NON-LINEAR AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS USING THE POINT TRANSFORMATION METHOD, PART 2: HYSTERESIS MODEL

This paper investigates the dynamic response of a two-dimensional aeroelastic system with structural non-linearity represented by hysteresis. The formulations of the point transformation method developed in Part 1 of this study for the aeroelastic system with a freeplay model is extended for a hysteresis model. These formulations can be applied not only to predict the amplitude and frequency of limit cycle oscillations, but also to detect complex aeroelastic responses such as periodic motion with harmonics, period doubling, chaotic motion and the coexistence of stable limit cycles. It is shown that the point transformation technique is the most suitable to analyze the aeroelastic response of systems containing piecewise continuous restoring forces.
New Media and Market Structure: Printing and Europe’s Transformation After Gutenberg

How did Gutenberg’s printing technology impact European society? We study the role of book content in economic, religious, and institutional development at the city-level – and the role of competition in determining the amount and content of locally produced books in the 1500s. We focus on the di ↵ usion of (1) business education content and (2) religious ideas during the Protestant Reformation. We construct data on output and industrial organization in printing for all European cities with printing presses 1454-1600. We document positive relationships between business education printing, individual achievement, and city growth, and between Protestant content and city-level institutional change. We then show that printer competition predicts content. We study the relationship between competition in printing, the di ↵ usion of ideas, and economic outcomes directly and using the deaths of printers as a source of exogenous variation.
Reciprocal Effect of Team Commitment and Media Richness in eCollaboration: A Conceptual Model

One of the major areas of E-Business applications is the sourcing of expert human resources globally with the help of virtual teams operating in various parts of the world. Major corporations are increasingly using eCollaboration technologies to make the functioning of these teams economical and effective. The tasks performed by these teams can vary from software design and development to providing back office services like call center support, technical support, transcription services etc. Additionally, after 9/11 corporations have embarked on major initiatives to implement eCollaboration technologies at the global level to help reduce travel. Extensive work has been done to study the decisionmaking performance of face-to-face and virtual teams. However, previous studies have found conflicting results regarding the impact of media richness on decisionmaking performances of teams. This paper posits the significant role of media type on the communication richness when team members have low commitment to the collaborative team projects. A conceptual model that depicts the influence of media type on satisfaction, team conflict, social influence, and supportiveness that influences the team commitment has been developed. The influence of team commitment on communication richness is also examined. A controlled lab experiment is designed to test the research model.
Point Cloud Geometry Compression Based on Multi-Layer Residual Structure

Point cloud data are extensively used in various applications, such as autonomous driving and augmented reality since it can provide both detailed and realistic depictions of 3D scenes or objects. Meanwhile, 3D point clouds generally occupy a large amount of storage space that is a big burden for efficient communication. However, it is difficult to efficiently compress such sparse, disordered, non-uniform and high dimensional data. Therefore, this work proposes a novel deep-learning framework for point cloud geometric compression based on an autoencoder architecture. Specifically, a multi-layer residual module is designed on a sparse convolution-based autoencoders that progressively down-samples the input point clouds and reconstructs the point clouds in a hierarchically way. It effectively constrains the accuracy of the sampling process at the encoder side, which significantly preserves the feature information with a decrease in the data volume. Compared with the state-of-the-art geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) schemes, our approach obtains more than 70–90% BD-Rate gain on an object point cloud dataset and achieves a better point cloud reconstruction quality. Additionally, compared to the state-of-the-art PCGCv2, we achieve an average gain of about 10% in BD-Rate.
Intensity contrast of solar plage as a function of magnetic flux at high spatial resolution

Magnetic elements have an intensity contrast that depends on the type of region they are located in (for example quiet Sun, or active region plage). Observed values also depend on the spatial resolution of the data. Here we investigate the contrast-magnetic field dependence in active region plage observed near disk center with SUNRISE during its second flight in 2013. The wavelengths under study range from the visible at 525 nm to the near ultraviolet (NUV) at 300 nm and 397 nm. We use quasi-simultaneous spectropolarimetric and photometric data from the Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment (IMaX) and the Sunrise Filter Imager (SuFI), respectively. We find that in all wavelength bands, the contrast exhibits a qualitatively similar dependence on the line-of-sight magnetic field, BLOS, as found in the quiet Sun, with the exception of the continuum at 525 nm. There, the contrast of plage magnetic elements peaks for intermediate values of BLOS and decreases at higher field strengths. By comparison, the contrast of magnetic elements in the quiet Sun saturates at its maximum value at large BLOS. We find that the explanation of the turnover in contrast in terms of the effect of finite spatial resolution of the data is incorrect with the evidence provided by the high-spatial resolution SUNRISE data, as the plage magnetic elements are larger than the quiet Sun magnetic elements and are well-resolved. The turnover comes from the fact that the core pixels of these larger magnetic elements are darker than the quiet Sun. We find that plages reach lower contrast than the quiet Sun at disk center at wavelength bands formed deep in the photosphere, such as the visible continuum and the 300 nm band. This difference decreases with formation height and disappears in the Ca II H core, in agreement with empirical models of magnetic element atmospheres.
Current-induced order parameter dynamics: Microscopic theory applied to Co ∕ Cu ∕ Co spin valves

Transport currents can alter alter order parameter dynamics and change steady states in superconductors, in ferromagnets, and in hybrid systems. In this article we present a scheme for fully microscopic evaluation of order parameter dynamics that is intended for application to nanoscale systems. The approach relies on time-dependent mean-field-theory, on an adiabatic approximation, and on the use of non-equilibrium Greens function (NEGF) theory to calculate the influence of a bias voltage across a system on its steady-state density matrix. We apply this scheme to examine the spin-transfer torques which drive magnetization dynamics in Co/Cu/Co spin-valve structures. Our microscopic torques are peaked near Co/Cu interfaces, in agreement with most previous pictures, but suprisingly act mainly on Co transition metal d-orbitals rather than on s-orbitals as generally supposed.
The X-ray spectrum of the dwarf nova SS Cyg in quiescence and outburst

We reanalyse archival GINGA and ASCA X-ray data from SS Cyg in both quiescence and outburst, using multi-temperature plasma models for the continuum and line emission, together with their reflection from the X-ray illuminated white dwarf and accretion disk. Reflection is clearly detected in all the spectra, but its contribution is larger in the softer X-ray spectra seen in outburst than in quiescence. This supports models in which the quiescent inner disk is not present or not optically thick, so that the only reflector is the white dwarf surface rather than the white dwarf plus the disk. We detect partially ionized absorption in the ASCA outburst spectrum, which is probably the X-ray signature of the outflowing wind. The ASCA data also allow a detailed measure of the elemental abundances. We find that all detectable lines from the hot plasma (except perhaps Si and S) are a factor $\sim 2.5\times$ weaker than expected from solar abundances. We examine possible deviations from coronal equilibrium, but conclude that the heavy elements are truly underabundant in SS Cyg. In quiescence the underlying intrinsic spectrum is consistent with a single temperature plasma. This conflicts with the expected cooling of the material, and requires that either the plasma is reheated or that the cooler emission is masked by absorption in an optically thin inner disk which affects only that part of the boundary layer emission below the disk. By contrast, the outburst spectrum is much softer and is dominated by the cooling components but has a total hot plasma luminosity similar to that in quiescence, showing that the optically thin plasma emission is important even in outburst.