Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management responses of three species of declining sparrows in tallgrass prairie

Summary Three species of declining grassland songbirds were counted in June transects at 42 south-western Missouri (U.S.A.) prairie preserves managed three different ways: biennial July haying, spring burning on a 1–4 year cycle, and sites both burned and hayed every 2–4 years. Hayed prairies had twice as many Henslow's Sparrows Ammodramus henslowi as burned prairies and 2.5 times as many as sites which had been burned and hayed. Hayed prairies had 59% more Grasshopper Sparrows A. savannarum and 14% more Dickcissels Spiza americana than burned prairies. Fired and hayed sites had 34% higher detection rates of Grasshopper Sparrows than sites only burned and similar numbers of Henslow's Sparrows and Dickcissels as burned sites. The three species summed were 60% more abundant in hayed as in fired or fired and hayed prairies. Henslow's Sparrows increased and Grasshopper Sparrows decreased with time since the last management. Grasshopper Sparrows peaked one year earlier after haying than after burning. Dickcissels did not vary by time since last management. Henslow's Sparrows and Dickcissels were significantly more abundant in larger prairies. Preserve management for these three prairie birds should emphasize biennial to triennial mid-summer haying, instead of burning.
Produtividade de matéria seca e composição mineral do capim-tifton 85 sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e idades de rebrotação

Avaliaram-se a composicao mineral e a produtividade de materia seca do capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis x Cynodon dactylon) sob diferentes doses de N e idades de rebrotacao. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com as doses de N (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg/ha/ano) nas parcelas e idades de rebrotacao (28, 42 e 56 dias) nas subparcelas, no DIC, com tres repeticoes. O rendimento forrageiro variou de 5.751 a 20.466, de 8.138 a 22.852 e de 10.525 a 25.239 kg/ha/ano de MS, em funcao do aumento das doses de N, em plantas colhidas em intervalos de corte de 28, 42 e 56 dias, respectivamente, com eficiencia de resposta de 36,8 kg MS/kg N. Os teores de P foram reduzidos com o aumento das doses de N e da idade da planta, variando de 0,27 a 0,16%. Os teores de K decresceram com o aumento da idade da planta, estimando-se teores maximos de K de 1,25; 1,11; e 0,96%, em plantas colhidas com 28, 42 e 56 dias de rebrotacao, respectivamente, adubadas com 55 kg/ha/ corte de N. O teor medio de Ca foi 0,48%. Os teores de Mg aumentaram com o incremento das doses de N e decresceram com o aumento da idade da planta, variando de 0,24 a 0,45%.
Predation of the juvenile stages of diadromous fish by sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the tidal reaches of an English chalk stream

1. The first incidence of predation by the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) on lamprey ammocoetes and salmonid smolts is reported. 2. These preliminary findings suggest that there is a need for further investigation to determine if juvenile diadromous fish form a significant component of the diet of sea bass, and to identify whether the likelihood of enhanced abundance of sea bass in protected nursery areas presents a particular threat to the conservation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 3. This will require further sampling of the stomach contents of sea bass and estimates of the sea bass population in nursery areas to be determined, linked with an assessment of the impact of such predation on the conservation status of particular stocks of diadromous fish. © 2011 Crown copyright. Reproduced with the permission of her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breeding biology of the eastern population of the Short-clawed Lark in South Africa

Breeding of the poorly-known eastern population of the Short-clawed Lark (Certhilauda chuana) was observed at 22 nests over a two-year period in the Polokwane Game Reserve, South Africa. This study is the first to report territory size, breeding seasonality, the roles of the different sexes in breeding, courtship and copulation behaviour, the incubation period, description of the morphological and plumage development of nestlings, and breeding success for the species. Nest sites and structure were similar to those of the western population. The mean clutch size of 2.27 eggs for the eastern population was significantly smaller than the mean of 2.75 reported for the western population. There was also seasonal variation in clutch size with three-egg clutches restricted to the peak rainy season when invertebrate prey was most abundant. The 14–16-day incubation period is among the longest known for African larks. In contrast with the single-brooded western population, the eastern population had an extended breeding season, laying up to five clutches and rearing up to three broods (seven nestlings) in one season. The post-nestling dependence period was 6–8 weeks. The results not only shed valuable light on the biology of this poorly-known population and species, but also contributed valuable information to our knowledge of the biology of African Alaudidae.
Scale‐dependent correlations between the abundance of Brünnich's guillemots and their prey

1. The foraging ecology of Brunnich's guillemots Uria lomvia was studied during the breeding season in south-eastern Svalbard. In the region of Storfjorden there are two large breeding colonies comprising a total of about 540 000 individuals. These birds forage in the western part of Storfjorden and further to the south. Their main prey are polar cod Boreogadus saida, pelagic amphipods Parathemisto spp. and euphausiids Thysanoessa inermis. 2. A ship-based transect survey was used to record bird abundance and the acoustically determined biomass of presumed prey. The five transects were divided into 33 segments, each 8–11 km in length. The resolution of the survey was 150 m, and analyses of correlations between predators and prey were performed at length scales from 150 m to 9 km. We differentiated acoustic signals into aggregated and dispersed categories according to the estimated horizontal distribution of presumed prey. 3. Foraging guillemots were consistently more strongly correlated with the aggregated prey than with dispersed prey over scales ranging from 150 m to 9 km. Correlations were weak at small scales (150 m – 1 km) and increased and stabilized at scales of 2–3 km. The spatial scale at which we obtained a shift from weak to strong correlations between guillemots and their prey was similar to the scale at which the spatial variances in both guillemot and prey abundance were high. 4. Guillemots showed low correlations with prey at low prey densities. Similarly, correlations between guillemots and prey were low at low bird densities. The data support the hypothesis that the birds associate with prey patches with densities above a certain threshold, and that ‘regional’ prey abundances affect local use of patches. 5. The numerical aggregative response curves between guillemot and prey density were classified as being neither hyperbolic (type II) or sigmoidal (type III) within the range of prey densities observed in this study. The aggregative response curves were sensitive to spatial scales, which suggest that studies of response curves should be conducted at a range of spatial scales.
A portal-vein-catheterization technique in pigs and sheep, and postprandial changes of pO2, pCO2, pH, urea, ammonia, and creatinine and proteins in portal and arterial blood measured in pigs.

Zusammenfassung Die Katheterisierung der portalen Vene beim Schwein und Schaf sowie postprandiale Veranderungen der Blutgase, pO2 und pCO2, des pH-Wertes und der Konzentrationen an Harnstoff, Ammoniak, Kreatinin und Protein im portalen und arteriellen Blut beim Schwein Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt eine Methode zur Katherisierung im Gebiet des Leberhilus zur Gewinnung von portalen Blutproben. Bei dieser Methode ist ein Katheter zur Blutennahme direkt in die Vena portae zwischen Pankreas und Leber mittels einer Gefasklemme gelegt worden. Die Lange dieses Katheters in der portalen Vene betragt 3–4 cm. Ein weiterer Katheter wurde in die Arteria carotis communis implantiert. Beide wurde bei Schweinen und Schafen uber einen Zeitraum von 8 Wochen bzw. 6 Monaten genutzt. In einem Pilotversuch mit zwei Schweinen, die mit o.g. Kathetern ausgestattet worden waren und zweimal taglich Futter enthielten (8 und 20 Uhr), sind der postprandiale pH Verlauf und die Konzentrationen an Blutgasen, Harnstoff, Ammoniak, Kreatinin und Protein im Plasma des portalen und arteriellen Blutes gemessen worden (0, 1.5, 3.5, 6, 9 h postprandial). Die Messungen ergaben signifikante (p < 0,05) portale-arterielle (P-A) Unterschiede im pO2 and pCO2. Die P-A Differenz der Ammoniakkonzentration im Plasma war ebenfalls gesichert (p < 0,05). Sowohl pCO2 und pH im Portalblut als auch P-A Unterschiede von pCO2 und pH unterliegen postprandialen Veranderungen.
Evidence for interaction between the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica on the Pacific coast of Canada

Experiments were undertaken to differentiate between abiotic and biotic factors affecting seagrass growth. Monospecific patches of both Zostera marina and Zostera japonica were transplanted into one shallow subtidal and three intertidal sites at Roberts Bank, British Columbia. In transplanted patches, initiated in 1988, neither Z. marina nor Z. japonica showed any consistent differences in either population growth or mean shoot length among the sites. Abiotic environmental conditions could therefore not be considered responsible for the differences observed between the natural vegetation of the respective monospecific zones and the zone of naturally mixed seagrass vegetation. In a manipulation experiment, opaque and clear plastic seagrass canopies were imposed on Z. japonica vegetation and the resulting growth was compared with treatments of a natural Z. marina canopy and removal of the natural canopy. The artificial seagrasses combined with the patch layout of the experiment did not create the shade cond.
Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. and Changes in Biochemical Composition and Body Condition Indices during Starvation and after Refeeding in Winter Season

Compensatory growth and changes in biochemical composition, hematocrit and body condition indices of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were assessed during starvation and after refeeding. Twenty juvenile fish were stocked into each 200-L flow-through tank to give five treatments with three replicates per treatment: control group fish (C) were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk, whereas the Sl, S2, S3, and S4 fish were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk after 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation, respectively. During starvation, weight decreased linearly with periods of feed deprivation up to 3 wk. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (g/fish) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 or S4, but not significantly different from those of fish in C or Sl. Feed consumption of flounder (g/fish) was proportional to duration of feeding except for that of fish in S2. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in C, but not significantly different from those for fish in Sl, S3, or S4. During starvation, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and lipid content of flounder without liver decreased with periods of feed deprivation. However, HSI and condition factor (CF) for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in Sl, S3, S4 and C except for CF in Sl at the end of the feeding trial. Proximate composition of flounder without the liver was not significantly different among treatments at the end of the feeding trial. In considering above results, juvenile flounder achieved compensatory growth with up to 2-wk feed deprivation. Compensatory growth of flounder fed for 6 wk after 2-wk feed deprivation was well supported by improvement in SGR, FER, and PER. HSI could be a good index to monitor changes in body condition during starvation and after refeeding.
Qualidade da carne de cordeiros Santa Inês puros e mestiços com texel abatidos com diferentes pesos

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was analyze the colour, pH, weight loss by cooking (PPC) and shear force (FC) of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of Santa Ines (SI x SI) and Texel x Santa Ines (T x SI) lambs, slaughteredat different live weights. Thirteen males and fourteen females were slaughtered at 15, 25, 35 and 45 of live weight. The carcasses werekept during twenty-four hours at 2 o C and during that time the pH was measured. A completely randomized design in a latin square (2x2x4)arrange for analyse of colour, PPC and FC was used. Split plot arranged was used for the pH values analysis. The decrease of pH ofboth muscles (LD and SM) was greater in the lighter animals. T x SI females meat showed higher pH values than SI x SI males lambs.The lightness values increased and darkness was lower when the slaughter weight increased. The muscles (LD and SM) of the SI x SImales were reader and darker. The PPC was lower in the heaviest animals and in the LD muscle it was lower in the female lambs. Malelambs muscles lost more water were harder than of the females muscles. The decrease of the FC was related to the increase in theslaughtering weight, and this effect was higher in the LD muscle of T x SI animals and in the SM muscle of the SI x SI animals.Key Words: ovine, muscle, colour, lightness, cooking, tenderness, pH
STIMULATION OF VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF BUSH BEAN PLANTS BY NAPHTHENATES

Plants of bush bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. , were sprayed with solutions of sodium and potassium naphthenates in the concentrations 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm. The treatments were applied when the plants were two, three, five, and seven weeks old, and also at various combinations of these times. A single application of 5000 ppm naphthenate to two-week-old plants, and multiple applications which included treatment of plants at this primary leaf stage of growth, resulted in the greatest stimulation to juvenile growth, measured as fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves, four weeks after treatment. This treatment also resulted in the greatest increase in green pod yield (20%), seven weeks after spraying, and in ripe seed production (8%). No advantage resulted from multiple treatments in these instances.
A helminth community in breeding Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus cachinnans): pattern of association and its effect on host fitness

We studied the community of helminths parasitizing adult Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus cachinnans) sampled during three consecutive breeding seasons in a western Mediterranean colony. The helminth community was depauperate, probably because of the high trophic dependence of the gullery on waste food from refuse dumps. The prevalences of two helminth species varied both among years and between the sexes of gulls, while the intensity of parasitism did not vary significantly for any helminth species. No clear pattern of association between helminth species was detected, showing an unstructured helminth community in which the occurrence of any species was not restricted or favoured by the occurrence of any other species. The lack of associations might be influenced by the fact that only one core species occurred in the helminth community. Negative relationships were found between occurrence of certain helminths and body condition of hosts. Gulls infected by Tetrabothrius (Tetrabothrius) erostris were leaner than.
Balanced fertilization improved soil ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community in latosolic red soil

Abstract We investigated the impact of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) (NPK) and NPK plus glucose-balanced fertilization compared with N-only fertilization on the soil pH, NH4 +, NO3 −, ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community, bacterial community and function during microcosm incubation. The NPK and NPK plus glucose treatments resulted in significantly reducing soil acidification and NO3 − accumulation compared with the N-only fertilization. The terminal restriction fragment size measuring 283 (Nitrosospira) and 54 bp (unidentified) were predominant in the soil ammonia-oxidizing bacterial composition for all treatments. The N-only fertilization did not change the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community, the bacterial community composition based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and the bacterial functional diversity based on Biolog EcoPlateTM incubation. The NPK and NPK plus glucose treatments resulted in a shift in the soil ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community and bacterial community composition, and significantly increased the bacterial functional diversity (average well colour development, Richness and Shannon index). Nitrosomonas species were detected in the soil upon NPK and NPK plus glucose treatment on incubation day 9 but not on days 1 and 31. The effect of NPK treatment on the bacterial community composition was transient; a new 116 bp fragment was present on incubation day 9, but the data returned to their original values by day 31. In contrast, treatment with NPK plus glucose resulted in the appearance of a new 116 bp fragment that remained until incubation day 31. These results demonstrated that the balanced fertilization of N, P, K and glucose, plays an important role in regulating ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community quickly, and promoting nitrification functions. The results also showed the importance of balanced fertilization in reducing acidification, improving bacterial community structure and function in latosolic red soil. Therefore, optimizing the ammonia oxidation process by balanced fertilization may be helpful to reduce the loss of soil nitrogen.
Nutritional, antioxidant, and glycaemic characteristics of new functional bread

New wheat-rye bread fortified with cereal dietary fibre, β-glucan hydrogel, and sourdough starter culture was designed in this study. The impact of these additives on nutritional composition and antioxidant properties was investigated. Functional bread with extruded wheat bran (10.0 %), cereal β-glucan hydrogel (12.5 %), and lactobacilli starter culture was compared with traditional wheat-rye bread (control). The contents of basic nutrients (protein, fat, etc.), dietary fibre, biologically active compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids), qualitative and quantitative analysis of simple saccharides and phenolic acids (by HPLC) were analysed in both bread types. Antioxidant activity, measured by two spectrophotometric methods (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); ABTS and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrasyl); DPPH, was also evaluated. The effect of the addition of the above ingredients, as compared with traditionally prepared bread, was examined in the postprandial study, in which glucose and insulin levels were determined. In comparison with the control bread, higher amounts of dietary fibre, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were attained in the designed bread. Consumption of the designed bread led to reduced glucose levels in healthy males (n = 10) 120 min after the ingestion of the functional bread compared with the control (p < 0.048). No statistically significant change in the insulin response in the volunteers was observed after consumption of the designed bread compared with the control.
The genus Teleopsis Rondani (Diptera, Diopsidae): discussion of its taxonomic position and revision of the species occurring in the Philippines

Generic issues around Teleopsis are discussed: it is proposed to maintain the genera Teleopsis Rondani, 1875 s.s. , Megalabops Frey, 1928 and Cyrtodiopsis Frey, 1928 s.s. Four Teleopsis Rondani species are described from the Philippines: T. cobiae spec. nov., T. freyi spec. nov., T. nitidifacies spec. nov. and T. nitidiscutum spec. nov. Five Teleopsis species from the Philippines are redescribed: T. boettcheri Frey, 1928, T. motatrix Osten Sacken, 1882, T. pharao Frey, 1928, T. selecta Osten Sacken, 1882, and T. shillitoi Tenorio, 1969. For T. boettcheri and T. motatrix lectotypes are designated and for T. pharao a neotype. Four other Teleopsis were, based on misidentifications, previously recorded for the Philippines: T. belzebuth (Bigot, 1874), T. discrepans (Walker, 1857b), T. rubicunda van der Wulp, 1897 and T. sykesii (Westwood, 1837). All nine Philippine Teleopsis are endemic. Four subgroups are recognised within the Philippine Teleopsis. For each of the nine Teleopsis, data on sexual dimorphism, as related to eye span, are presented. Besides the nine Teleopsis species, two Eurydiopsis Frey, 1928 and one Sphyracephala Say, 1828 occur in the Philippines. A key to these twelve diopsid species is included.
Genetic variation and population subdivision of the endangered Iberian cyprinid Chondrostoma lusitanicum

Products of 24 presumptive enzyme loci were used to analyse the consequences on genetic structure and variation of the Chondrostoma lusitanicum population decline within the Tejo basin. This rare cyprinid is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and has a very restricted distribution. Five samples from the Tejo catchment were compared with a sample from a small basin, the Samarra, that has not suffered obvious anthropogenic pressures and where the fish is still abundant. Heterozygosity and polymorphism were higher overall in the Samarra. Several lines of evidence indicate a high degree of population subdivision within the Tejo basin. In fact, about half of the total gene diversity detected in the Tejo population was due to differences among samples. This differentiation appeared to be caused by genetic drift and possibly differential local selection, coupled with reduced gene flow among localities. The accelerated process of habitat degradation occurring in the lowland streams of the Tejo basin will lead to the inevitable reduction of intraspecies genetic diversity.
Transfer, integration and expression of functional nuclear genes between multicellular species.

The sea slug, Elysia chlorotica, is a deep green color due to the presence of intracellular, symbiotic chloroplasts captured from algae during feeding. Several chloroplast proteins, including some that are nuclear-encoded such as FCP, LHC 1 and LHC 2, are synthesized while the plastids reside in the host cytoplasm, for as long as 9 months. Using PCR, we have identified the sequences for fcp, Lhcv 1 and Lhvc 2 in genomic DNA and mRNA from adult slugs, and from pre-hatched veliger larvae. These results show that the algal nuclear genes are present in the animal cell, are transcribed and are transmitted to the offspring. This is the first demonstration of transfer of functional, inheritable genes between multicellular organisms.