Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IntegriScreen: Visually Supervising Remote User Interactions on Compromised Clients

Remote services and applications that users access via their local clients (laptops or desktops) usually assume that, following a successful user authentication at the beginning of the session, all subsequent communication reflects the user's intent. However, this is not true if the adversary gains control of the client and can therefore manipulate what the user sees and what is sent to the remote server. To protect the user's communication with the remote server despite a potentially compromised local client, we propose the concept of continuous visual supervision by a second device equipped with a camera. Motivated by the rapid increase of the number of incoming devices with front-facing cameras, such as augmented reality headsets and smart home assistants, we build upon the core idea that the user's actual intended input is what is shown on the client's screen, despite what ends up being sent to the remote server. A statically positioned camera enabled device can, therefore, continuously analyze the client's screen to enforce that the client behaves honestly despite potentially being malicious. We evaluate the present-day feasibility and deployability of this concept by developing a fully functional prototype, running a host of experimental tests on three different mobile devices, and by conducting a user study in which we analyze participants' use of the system during various simulated attacks. Experimental evaluation indeed confirms the feasibility of the concept of visual supervision, given that the system consistently detects over 98% of evaluated attacks, while study participants with little instruction detect the remaining attacks with high probability.
Minimax Sample Complexity for Turn-based Stochastic Game

The empirical success of Multi-agent reinforcement learning is encouraging, while few theoretical guarantees have been revealed. In this work, we prove that the plug-in solver approach, probably the most natural reinforcement learning algorithm, achieves minimax sample complexity for turn-based stochastic game (TBSG). Specifically, we plan in an empirical TBSG by utilizing a `simulator' that allows sampling from arbitrary state-action pair. We show that the empirical Nash equilibrium strategy is an approximate Nash equilibrium strategy in the true TBSG and give both problem-dependent and problem-independent bound. We develop absorbing TBSG and reward perturbation techniques to tackle the complex statistical dependence. The key idea is artificially introducing a suboptimality gap in TBSG and then the Nash equilibrium strategy lies in a finite set.
Empathy and moral development : implications for caring and justice

1. Introduction and overview 2. Empathy, its arousal and prosocial functioning 3. Development of empathic distress 4. Empathic anger, sympathy, guilt, feeling of injustice 5. Guilt and moral internalization 6. From discipline to internalization 7. Relationship and other virtual guilts 8. Empathy's limitations: is empathy enough? 9. Empathy and moral principles 10. Development of empathy-based justice principles 11. Multiple- claimant and caring-versus-justice dilemmas 12. The universality and culture issue 13. Implications for intervention.
Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean®) on fresh meat and further processing characteristics of muscles from the shoulders of finishing pigs

The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on fresh meat and further processing characteristics of muscles from the shoulders of finishing pigs. Two hundred and forty shoulders originating from 120 carcasses (60 barrows and 60 gilts) were selected from a commercial population of pigs the study. This study was conducted as a 2 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete design. Factors were RAC inclusion in the diet (0 mg/kg or 7.4 mg/kg) and sex (barrow or gilt). Paired shoulders (120 right sides and 120 left sides) were transported from a federally inspected harvest facility under refrigeration to the University of Illinois Meat Science Laboratory for evaluation. Subsequently, right and left shoulders were separated and designated for 2 separate experiments. Experiment 1 used right shoulders to determine further processing characteristics. Cottage bacon was manufactured from cured and smoked CT Boston butts. Experiment 2 used left shoulders to determine fresh meat characteristics. Due to the lack of interactions (P > 0.05) during both experiments, data were reported as main effect means. Pigs fed RAC had greater carcass weight (P = 0.09) and loin depth (P = 0.03) than controls and RAC inclusion increased shoulder cutability. Feeding RAC decreased Boston butt fat content (P = 0.01), but no effect on picnic fat content (P = 0.86). Inclusion of RAC also increased the extraction of salt soluble proteins (SSP) from Boston butt (P = 0.03) at 0.5 % salt concentration. Surprisingly, RAC inclusion also improved (P = 0.03) picnic SSP extractability 1.5% salt concentration. Inclusion of RAC had no effect on cottage bacon
Structure, chemistry, and properties of mineral nanoparticles

STRUCTURE, CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES OF MINERAL NANOPARTICLES Glenn Waychunas 1 , Hengzong Zhang 2 and Ben Gilbert 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley Nanoparticle properties can depart markedly from their bulk analog materials, including large differences in chemical reactivity, molecular and electronic structure, and mechanical behavior. The greatest changes are expected at the smallest sizes, e.g. 10 nm and below, where surface effects are expected to dominate bonding, shape and energy considerations. The precise chemistry at nanoparticle interfaces can have a profound effect on structure, phase transformations, strain, and reactivity. Certain phases may exist only as nanoparticles, requiring transformations in chemistry, stoichiometry and structure with evolution to larger sizes. In general, mineralogical nanoparticles have been little studied. WHAT’S REALLY DIFFERENT ABOUT NANOPARTICLES Nanoparticles, particularly those with diameters of less than 10 nm, have a high proportion of atoms near their surfaces (ca. 16% for a 10 nm cube). Because of this, several important aspects of surfaces can drive deviations from bulk structure and chemistry at different size scales. Size also directly affects a number of other bulk properties due to restriction on wave function radius, separation of defects and interacting strain fields, the relative overall dominance of bulk or surface energy, and changes in vibrational properties. Studies of nanoparticles connect with several other important scientific areas dealing with lower
Impaired insight in Alzheimer disease: association with cognitive deficits, psychiatric symptoms, and behavioral disturbances.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate symptoms associated with impaired insight in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). BACKGROUND Although unawareness of deficits is common in AD, the relation of awareness to psychiatric and behavioral disturbances has not been extensively studied. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of 91 patients with probable AD according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. Awareness of cognitive and functional deficits was measured with the Inaccurate Insight item from the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale. Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms were measured using factor scores and individual items from the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale. Global cognitive deficits were measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS Stepwise regression analysis showed that insight was associated with MMSE score, depression/anxiety factor score, and agitation/disinhibition factor score. Variables not associated with awareness of deficits included patient age, behavioral retardation factor score, verbal output disturbance factor score, and psychosis factor score. Post hoc analyses showed a positive relation (i.e., greater insight, more symptomatology) between deficit awareness and symptoms of depressed mood and anxiety. There was a negative relation (i.e., greater insight, less symptomatology) between insight and symptoms of hostility, agitation, inattention, and tension. In a follow-up stepwise regression analysis, increased deficit awareness was associated with a higher MMSE score, greater depressed mood, and decreased agitation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that patients with AD may experience symptoms of depressed mood in relation to increased awareness of decrements in functioning. The data also indicate that patients with poor insight demonstrate greater agitated behavior. Consistent with previous research, impaired insight was higher in the later stages of the illness.
Forcing Firms to Talk: Financial Disclosure Regulation and Externalities

We analyze a model of voluntary disclosure by firms and the desirability of disclosure regulation. In our model disclosure is costly, it has private and social value, and its precision is endogenous. We show that (i) a convexity in the value of disclosure can lead to a discontinuity in the disclosure policy; (ii) the Nash equilibrium of a voluntary disclosure game is often socially inefficient; (iii) regulation that requires a minimal precision level sometimes but not always improves welfare; (iii) the same is true for subsidies that change the perceived cost of disclosures; and (iv) neither regulation method dominates the other. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
A comparison of methods for the measurement of CO2 and CH4 emissions from surface water reservoirs: Results from an international workshop held at Three Gorges Dam, June 2012

Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from hydroelectric and water supply reservoirs are receiving increasing attention around the world with a number of research groups having undertaken measurements of these emissions across a range of lakes and reservoirs located in different climates and landscapes. The use of floating chambers (aka flux chambers) is the most common technique for direct measurement of these fluxes. However, the relative performance of different measurement systems, especially different chamber designs, is not well documented. We report the results of an international workshop held in June 2012 at Three Gorges Dam, China, to compare measurements performed by four groups with extensive chamber monitoring experience: the Chinese Academy of Science (China), CSIRO (Australia), SINTEF (Norway), Hydro‐Québec/Environnement Illimité (Canada). A fifth group, Eawag (Switzerland), performed hydroacoustic surveys to detect ebullition in the water column. We recommend CH4 as a more suitable trace gas for comparing methodologies due to its relative stability in the surface layer of the water column, for example, it is not subject to significant diurnal changes due to photosynthesis and respiration. Measured fluxes agreed to within 20% between the four teams suggesting that the shape and dimensions of the floating chambers and the chamber gas flow rates (i.e., chamber residence time) did not have an appreciable systematic effect on the measured fluxes for the relatively low wind speeds prevalent at the reservoir. The CO2 and CH4 fluxes measured during the workshop agree well with previous measurements in Three Gorges Reservoir.
The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age.

Over the past 5 yr, we have treated nonsurgical and postoperative pain in children <6 yr of age by using a patient-controlled analgesia pump to deliver small-dose continuous IV opioid infusions supplemented by parent- and nurse-controlled opioid bolus dosing. We call this technique parent-/nurse-con
Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Roadside Soils in Irbid City, Jordan: A Case Study

This study evaluates the amount and distribution of Pb and Cd in roadside soils adjacent to two main roads in Irbid, Jordan, from October 2001 to July 2002. A total of 260 samples were collected from Irbid-Howara Street and Yarmouk University Street. Lead and Cd content were measured using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The environmental significance of this study is discussed in terms of the influence of traffic density on Pb and Cd concentrations in roadside soils, and enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate the degree of pollution. The accuracy of the results obtained has been examined and two standard reference materials, CRM 142 R (soil) and SRM 2709 (soil), were analyzed to confirm the accuracy of the results. The precision of the measurements was assessed in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) using five replicate analyses of samples collected from the roadside sites. RSD values for Pb and Cd were found to be less than 6%. The overall Pb concentration in roadside soil samples was 325 and 431 μg g−1 for Pb and 1.142 and 1.135 μg g−1 for Cd in Yarmouk University Street and Irbid-Houwa Street, respectively. Results indicated that levels of Pb and Cd were decreasing as the distance from the road increases. Enrichment factor results were 655 and 826 for Pb, and 252 and 237 for Cd in Yarmouk University Street and Irbid-Houwa Street, respectively.
The source of uranium and vanadium at the Langer Heinrich and Klein Trekkopje uranium deposits-genesis and controlling factors for uranium mineralization, Western Namibia.

The Langer Heinrich and Klein Trekkopje U deposits are located within the Namib Desert in Central Namibia. Both deposits are hosted by calcretes developed within palaeo-channel systems of Tertiary age. The sources of both U and V in the two deposits and the reasons why the two deposits differ in terms grade and tonnage have remained unclear to many researchers. The study aimed to resolve these uncertainties. During the study, the geology of the area was reviewed and a number of research methods were employed. U and V concentrations and the mineralogy of various rocks in the catchment area were analyzed by ICP-MS, XRF and thin sections. Leachability of various rocks was studied through the analysis of mineralogy, texture, structures, etc. This study found that the Bloedkoppie granite, which is located in the catchment area for Langer Heinrich, contains about 5 – 15 ppm U and 5 – 20 ppm V. The Tinkas schist, which forms most of the bedrock in the catchment area for the Langer Heinrich deposit, contains 3 – 6 ppm U and 120 – 160 ppm V. The Bloedkoppie granite is considered to represent the source of U for the Langer Heinrich deposit. It is deeply weathered due to its relatively high proportion of ferromagnesian minerals, compared to average granites. The fluid which mobilized U and V from the Bloedkoppie granite also mobilized V from the Tinkas schist. In the case of Klein Trekkopje, the main source of U was the Klein Spitzkoppe granite, Gross Spitzkoppe granite and some Damaran leucogranites. V is considered to
Colonial Legacies and Comparative Racial Identification in the Americas1

What accounts for variation in racial identification in the Americas? An influential first generation of race scholarship attributed contemporary racial schemas to the cultural legacies of different colonizers, whereas a second generation has emphasized varying national ideologies like mestizaje. Seeking to adjudicate between these perspectives, the author theorizes the process linking colonial legacies to national racial ideologies and, in turn, contemporary patterns of racial identification. He tests this theory using data from 27 countries and 25 states in Brazil. He finds that colonial demography, not colonizer cultural legacies, best accounts for contemporary racial schemas. As such, he concludes that the importance of colonizer identity to racial formation has been overstated and that national racial ideologies are best understood as the endogenous product of differences in colonial European settlement. By bridging comparative-historical sociology and comparative race and ethnicity, this article helps resolve the discordant arguments of two influential generations of race scholarship.
Unequal Displacement: Gentrification, Racial Stratification, and Residential Destinations in Philadelphia1

Drawing from sociological theory and research on residential mobility and neighborhood stratification, which primarily explain urban decline and persistent segregation, the authors propose a framework for examining residential displacement in the context of gentrification. Using this framework, this study assesses how gentrification shapes whether and where disadvantaged residents move, using a unique large-scale consumer credit database of residents in Philadelphia from 2002 to 2014. The authors find that gentrification’s consequences on the residential mobility patterns of financially disadvantaged residents are unequally distributed by the racial contexts in which gentrification is taking place. The authors argue that mechanisms of racial stratification that govern both the valuation of neighborhoods and neighborhood sorting patterns explain these differences. They also find that gentrification is indirectly displacing disadvantaged residents over time. Their analysis demonstrates how gentrification in the 21st century is fundamentally structured by racial stratification and reconfiguring the urban landscape and residential sorting in ways that exacerbate neighborhood inequality by race and class.
Enhanced Equivalence Projective Simulation: A Framework for Modeling Formation of Stimulus Equivalence Classes

Formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been recently modeled through equivalence projective simulation (EPS), a modified version of a projective simulation (PS) learning agent. PS is endowed with an episodic memory that resembles the internal representation in the brain and the concept of cognitive maps. PS flexibility and interpretability enable the EPS model and, consequently the model we explore in this letter, to simulate a broad range of behaviors in matching-to-sample experiments. The episodic memory, the basis for agent decision making, is formed during the training phase. Derived relations in the EPS model that are not trained directly but can be established via the network's connections are computed on demand during the test phase trials by likelihood reasoning. In this letter, we investigate the formation of derived relations in the EPS model using network enhancement (NE), an iterative diffusion process, that yields an offline approach to the agent decision making at the testing phase. The NE process is applied after the training phase to denoise the memory network so that derived relations are formed in the memory network and retrieved during the testing phase. During the NE phase, indirect relations are enhanced, and the structure of episodic memory changes. This approach can also be interpreted as the agent's replay after the training phase, which is in line with recent findings in behavioral and neuroscience studies. In comparison with EPS, our model is able to model the formation of derived relations and other features such as the nodal effect in a more intrinsic manner. Decision making in the test phase is not an ad hoc computational method, but rather a retrieval and update process of the cached relations from the memory network based on the test trial. In order to study the role of parameters on agent performance, the proposed model is simulated and the results discussed through various experimental settings.
Methylomic Landscapes of Ovarian Cancer Precursor Lesions

Purpose: The current paradigm in the development of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) proposes that the majority of HGSCs arise from precursor serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) lesions of the fallopian tube. Here we survey genome-wide methylation in HGSC precursor lesions to identify genomic regions that exhibit high-specificity differential hypermethylation for potential use as biomarkers for detecting STIC and HGSC at stages when curative intervention likely remains feasible. Experimental Design: We first identified quality control criteria for performing reliable methylomic analysis of DNA-limited tubal precursor lesions with the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array. We then used this platform to compare genome-wide methylation among 12 STICs with paired adjacent-normal epithelia, one p53 signature lesion and two samples of concurrent HGSC. The resulting methylomic data were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering and multidimensional analysis. Regions of high-confidence STIC-specific differential hypermethylation were identified using selective bioinformatic criteria and compared with published MethylationEPIC data from 23 HGSC tumors and 11 healthy fallopian tube mucosae. Results: Unsupervised analysis showed that STICs largely clustered with HGSCs, but were clearly distinct from adjacent-normal fallopian tube epithelia. Forty-two genomic regions exhibited high-confidence STIC-specific differential hypermethylation, of which 17 (40.5%) directly overlapped with HGSC-specific differentially methylated regions. Methylation at these shared loci was able to completely distinguish STIC and HGSC samples from normal and adjacent-normal specimens. Conclusions: Our results suggest that most STICs are epigenetically similar to HGSCs and share regions of differential hypermethylation that warrant further evaluation for potential use as biomarkers for early detection of ovarian HGSC. See related commentary by Ishak and De Carvalho, p. 6083
Clinical Features and Outcomes Analysis of Surgical Resected Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Objective Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare subtype of pulmonary cancer with poor survival. Optimal adjuvant chemotherapy for resected LCNEC is controversial till now; clinical features together with the prognostic factors in LCNEC should be clarified better. Methods Clinicopathological characteristics, driven genes’ status (EGFR, ALK, and ROS1), adjuvant chemotherapy strategy for 94 surgical resected LCNECs were extracted from digital database, tumor relapse or progression, and survival were analyzed with clinical profiles. Results Driven gene mutants were scarce in LCNEC, 8.3% (4/48) samples harbored EGFR mutations, 5.8% (3/52) with ALK positive, and none of ROS1 positive. A total of 44 patients suffered tumor relapse or progression during follow-up. Tumor/lymph node (N) stage, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level before surgery, different adjuvant chemotherapies were associated with tumor relapse (P < 0.05); poorer disease-free survival (DFS) appeared in N2/stage III, serum CEA positive and pemetrexed based chemotherapy (P < 0.05); for overall survival (OS) analysis, the T/tumor stage, serum positive CEA/neuron-specific enolase (NSE) at baseline were associated with worse OS (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the multivariate analysis, N stage still acted as prognostic for DFS (P = 0.019); OS differed significantly in different T stages, chemotherapy selection and serum CEA levels after adjustment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Classical driven gene mutations were rare in LCNEC. Tumor N stage appeared as prognostic for DFS, while serum positive CEA, different adjuvant chemotherapy strategies, and T stage were independent prognostic factors for OS. Etoposide–platinum regime seemed to be a better choice which should be confirmed by further prospective investigations.