Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between clear‐sky atmospheric greenhouse effect and deep convection during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment: Model calculations and satellite observations

This study investigates the relation between tropical convection and the atmospheric greenhouse effect using data collected during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX). We present calculations of total clear-sky greenhouse effect and its partitioning between the lower, middle, and upper troposphere using high-quality balloon soundings of temperature and humidity as input to a radiative transfer model. The soundings were taken from a ship every 6 hours from March 7 to 20, 1993, in the central Pacific. We examine the influence on atmospheric greenhouse effect due to changes in humidity and lapse rate and investigate the relationship between atmospheric greenhouse effect, water vapor, and deep convection. Our observations indicate that periods of active or suppressed convection with timescales of the order of days can produce large spatial gradients in clear-sky atmospheric greenhouse trapping in warm, climatologically convective regions. While the sea surface temperature (SST) decreased by 2 K from west to east, temperatures above 850 mbar showed considerably less variation. Accordingly, lapse rate changes occurred primarily in the boundary layer and such changes account for 80% of the gradient in boundary layer greenhouse effect. The column-integrated water vapor content from the surface to 850 mbar was nearly constant in each of the regimes. Conversely, large variations in column-integrated water vapor above 850 mbar and particularly above 500 mbar account for nearly all the gradient in the greenhouse effect in the middle and upper troposphere. Coincident outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) analyses derived from satellite observations show active deep convection in areas with high clear-sky greenhouse trapping and upper level moisture and generally clear, suppressed conditions elsewhere. In addition, the surface net flux and outgoing flux emitted to space decreased with increased SST. The reduced cooling of the ocean-atmosphere system is consistent with a supergreenhouse effect operating in regions of deep convection.
Travel time analysis of borehole seismic data

A method is presented for reducing travel time data from multiple offset borehole seismic experiments to velocity-depth structure. The technique, which treats simultaneously data from any number of depths in the borehole in addition to surface data, is based on the linear inversion scheme of Dorman and Jacobson (1981). Given the parameters ζ(p) = T(p) + pX(p) and τ(p) = T(p) − pX(p), the method solves for depth to specified slownesses, assuming linear gradients (in velocity) between slowness values. A practical limitation on the use of surface travel time measurements to resolve velocity-depth structure is the necessity of assuming a surface velocity. This is not necessary for the case of borehole data. For a borehole receiver the velocity at the depth of the receiver can be obtained from the slope of the inflection point of the travel time curve. Thus a direct measure of the uppermost velocity of a section can be obtained from the travel time data of a shallow borehole receiver. Estimation of velocities from the inflection points of deeper receivers improves the resolution of the velocity-depth function, which would be obtained from surface data alone. The technique is applied to data from three borehole seismic experiments in oceanic crust. The experiments were carried out in the western Atlantic (crustal age ∼110 m.y.), the Gulf of California (crustal age ∼1 m.y.) and the Costa Rica Rift Area (crustal age ∼6 m.y.). All three experiments show relatively high upper crustal velocities ( >4.0 km/s), suggesting that layer 2A is not present even in the very young crust. All sites had over 100 m of sediment thickness, and it is postulated that sediment thickness and sediment permeability, not merely age, govern the velocity of the upper crust by accelerating the cementation of fractures and cracks.
Cratering of the terrestrial planets by Apollo objects

— Absolute and relative cratering rates on the terrestrial planets have been calculated using the same asteroidal collision model and Monte Carlo program used for previous studies of the terrestrial meteorite flux, the steady-state number of Apollo-Amor objects, and the orbital distribution of both meteorites and Apollo-Amor objects. The most straightforward result is that projectiles from the asteroid belt appear to provide about one-third the observed present-day production of terrestrial craters larger than 10 km in diameter. When uncertainties in the calculations and observations are included, it cannot be excluded that the entire terrestrial cratering flux is asteroidal. On the other hand, assumption of an additional Apollo-Amor source of extinct comets, in the same quantity permitted by Apollo-Amor observations, provides better agreement with the observed cratering rate. In addition, a significant (e.g., ∼30%) terrestrial contribution from active long and short period comets is acceptable within the uncertainties of the assumptions required. The ratios of the cratering rates on the different terrestrial planets are somewhat sensitive to the assumed source. A purely asteroidal source predicts a martian cratering rate per unit area about four times that on Earth, whereas the difference is reduced to about a factor of two for the mixed asteroid-extinct comet source. The opposite effect is found for Mercury. As discussed by previous authors, the predicted lunar cratering rate is significantly higher than that observed. It is not clear whether this is a result of scaling to impacts on a body considerably smaller than Earth, or if it indicates an increase in the cratering flux during the Phanerozoic.
Citizenship and the production of landscape and knowledge in contemporary Canadian nuclear fuel waste management

This article considers the relationship between Aboriginal peoples in Canada and the nuclear industry in the contemporary geography of Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste management. It explores the ways in which the knowledge produced by the Canadian nuclear industry, through the work of the Nuclear Waste Management Organization about nuclear waste, its management and its effects, gains primacy over the knowledge and experience of the Serpent River First Nation (SRFN). I identify a discourse of citizenship as instrumental to pursuing and maintaining industry control over knowledge produced about this policy issue. Of particular interest is the manner in which this discourse operates to disqualify and subjugate the alternative experiences of, and knowledge about, nuclear waste and radioactivity contained in the oral histories and testimonies of the SRFN. I suggest that the discourse marginalizes the knowledge of the SRFN through the use of scaled representations of identity and place, to create a particular ‘Canadian’ account of the fuel chain and its effects. La citoyennete et la production du paysage et de la connaissance dans la gestion actuelle des dechets nucleaires au Canada Cet article porte sur les relations entre les peuples autochtones du Canada et l'industrie nucleaire, en rapport avec la geographie contemporaine de la gestion des dechets nucleaires au Canada. L'article s'interesse aux moyens par lesquels la connaissance sur les dechets nucleaires produite par l'industrie nucleaire canadienne, grâce aux travaux menes par la Societe de gestion des dechets nucleaires (SGDN), ainsi que leur mode de gestion et leurs effets, s'impose sur la connaissance et les experiences de la Premiere Nation de Serpent River (SRFN). L'auteure vise a mettre en evidence le role important du discours sur la citoyennete dans la recherche et le maintien du controle par l'industrie nucleaire de la production du savoir entourant cette question politique. La maniere dont on se sert de ce discours pour disqualifier et subjuguer les experiences et le savoir alternatifs concernant les dechets nucleaires et la radioactivite contenus dans les recits oraux et les temoignages des membres de la SRFN presente un interet particulier. L'auteure propose que le discours marginalise le savoir de la SRFN par le recours a differents paliers de representation de l'identite et du lieu, creant ainsi une version ≪ canadienne ≫ de la chaine nucleaire et de ses effets.
A scale of dissolution for quartz and its implications for diagenetic processes in sandstones

During diagenesis quartz grains undergo selective dissolution, controlled in location by the surface energy characteristics of the individual grains. Experimental etching in HF of isolated quartz grains reproduces comparable textures to those of natural occurrences. Some experimental results illustrate the specific effects of surface textures on their initial dissolution rates, so demonstrating the control surface energy variation has over dissolution. A hierarchy of grain surface characteristics, according to surface energies, provides a useful guide to the relative rates of dissolution during decomposition.
Assessing Bias in Archaeological Shell Assemblages

Abstract It is frequently assumed that assemblages of shell from archaeological sites suffer from various types of bias that might affect interpretations of the data. Such biases potentially include both pre- and post-depositional alteration of the shell; prehistoric practices that led to nonrandom collecting; sampling and recovery methods; and differing analytic capabilities. Species representation and metric data show that the effects of bias on three prehistoric freshwater mussel shell assemblages from the SE United States are minimal.
Water contrast between Precambrian and Phanerozoic continental lower crust in eastern China

[1] The presence of water, even in small amounts, in the continental lower crust may play a critical role in its physical and chemical properties and behavior. However, the environment and evolution of water in the deep crust remain poorly constrained. Investigation of water, dissolved as H-related point defects in minerals of lower crustal granulites, may provide clues to clarify this issue. The analyzed and compiled water data of nominally anhydrous clinopyroxene (cpx), orthopyroxene (opx), and plagioclase (plag) in lower crustal granulites from Hannuoba, Nushan, and Daoxian in eastern China reveal significant contrast in water contents (ppm H2O by weight) between Precambrian and Phanerozoic samples, e.g., 200–2330 versus 275–720 ppm for cpx, 140–1875 versus 60–185 ppm for opx, 145–900 versus 65–345 ppm for plag, and 155–1120 versus 165–360 ppm for the bulk concentrations. Our data show consistently higher water contents in the Precambrian granulites, implying a more hydrous lower crust in the Precambrian than in the Phanerozoic. Such a difference may reflect variable water contents in the original melts, indicating higher water contents in the Precambrian upper mantle or a plume source for that part of the Precambrian lower crust.
Family Members’ Abuse of Older Adults, Psychological Well-Being, and Sleep Quality Among Older Women and Men in China

Despite the well-documented detrimental health effects of elder abuse, scholars have rarely considered whether and how family members’ abuse of older adults is associated with sleep. Data from the 2018 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (N = 8110) were used to assess the association between elder abuse committed by family members and sleep quality, and how psychological well-being (depression and loneliness) mediates and gender moderates the above association. Results indicated that those who experienced family members’ abuse were more likely to report poor sleep quality than their non-abused counterparts. Depression and loneliness partially mediated the elder abuse–sleep relationship. Furthermore, among those who experienced one elder abuse, older women had a higher risk of poor sleep quality than their male counterparts. However, two or more elder abuse experiences had similar negative effects on older women and men. Preventing elder abuse and improving psychological well-being is critical to promoting late-life sleep.
HEAD LOSS AT MANHOLES IN SURCHARGED SEWER SYSTEMS 1

ABSTRACT: A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the head losses at sewer pipe junctions (manholes) under surcharged conditions. A physical model of a manhole/pipeline system was constructed for head‐loss measurements. Head‐loss coefficients were determined for a variety of outlet‐flow Reynolds numbers, surcharge levels, pipe sizes, flow configurations, and inlet‐flow rates. Empirical formulas were also developed to estimate head‐loss coefficients. The results indicate that head loss is insensitive to the amount of surcharge, but depends heavily on the flow configuration, relative flow rate, and the change of pipe diameter within the pipelines.
A Comparison of Corpectomy ACDF Hybrid Procedures with Nano‐Hydroxyapatite/Polyamide 66 Cage and Titanium Mesh Cage for Multi‐level Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Stepwise Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Previous studies have found satisfactory clinical results with the nano‐hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (n‐HA/PA66) cage to reconstruct the stability of anterior cervical column. However, studies evaluating the long‐term outcomes of the n‐HA/PA66 cage in multi‐level degenerative cervical myelopathy (MDCM) have not been reported. This study aims to compare the outcomes of corpectomy anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) hybrid procedures between the n‐HA/PA66 cage and titanium mesh cage (TMC) to treat MDCM.
Prediction of rock block stability and scour depth in plunge pools

Block Stability in 3 Dimensions (BS3D) is an incremental-iterative algorithm and code to analyse general failure modes of rock blocks subjected to generic forces, including non-conservative forces such as water pressure. This algorithm is used to investigate the effect of high-velocity water jet impact on the stability of single rock blocks in plunge pools. After reviewing the literature, an approach is proposed to estimate the dynamic water pressure fluctuations at the pool bottom and in rock fractures. The approach is validated using an experimental study. In addition, by comparing the results of these analyses to additional experimental results, a scour threshold is introduced for plunge pools. It is found that if the maximum upward block displacement is larger than a quarter of the block height, the block is most probably removed from its mould. The proposed approach and threshold are validated using case histories that indicate excellent match between prediction and observed scour depth.
Climatic Effects on Soil Organic Matter Composition in the Great Plains

To examine temperature and moisture effects on the chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM), six soil profiles were studied from a climosequence in the native prairie of the Great Plains of the USA. After the removal of plant debris, the vertical distributions (0-60 cm) of soil organic carbon (SOC), N, lignin, and cellulosic and noncellulosic polysaccharides were determined. Samples of the topsoil horizons were additionally characterized by means of 13 C and 'H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As annual temperature increased from 7 to 23°C at sites with <500 mm precipitation per year, the amount of polysaccharides decreased from 605 to 422 g kg -1 SOC in the topsoil (0-15 cm) and from 516 to 278 g kg -1 SOC in the subsoil (30-40 cm). Polysaccharide contents increased with increasing precipitation, reaching 726 g kg -1 SOC in the top 15 cm and 876 g kg -1 SOC at 50-cm soil depth (830 mm annual precipitation, 12.6°C annual temperature). At all sites, the content of lignin-derived phenols per kilogram SOC decreased with increasing soil depth. Polysaccharides decreased much less. It is suggested that polysaccharides were resynthesized during SOM alteration within the soil profiles and thereafter preferentially to lignin protected from decay in the mineral soil. The NMR spectra suggested that both polysaccharides and alkyl compounds reflected climatic influences on the SOM composition of the Great Plains.
Estimation of fuel moisture content from multitemporal analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper reflectance data: Applications in fire danger assessment

The objective of this paper was to define indices based on reflectance measurements performed by the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor for estimating water content of live Mediterranean fuels for fire danger estimation. Seven Landsat TM images were processed and correlated with fuel moisture content (FMC) of several live species of Mediterranean grassland and shrubland. Raw bands were converted to reflectances, and several indices potentially related to water content were calculated from them. Pearson r correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis were computed in order to estimate FMC. Those indices based on the short wave infrared bands (SWIR: 1.4-2.5 w m) and on the contrast between this band and the near-infrared band offered the best estimations. For grassland, the integral of visible and SWIR bands provided the highest correlation, but also raw reflectances and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVIs) provide significant r values ( r 2 above 0.8). For shrub species, indices that include SWIR reflectances performed much better than NDVI, because the SWIR band is more sensitive to water absorption, whereas NDVI estimates FMC indirectly, only from the effects of chlorophyll changes due to water variation content and leaf area index. The most significant relations were found with the derivatives of bands 4-5 and 2-3, and again the integral of visible and SWIR bands. Multiple regression analysis provided adjusted r 2 values of 0.84 for grasslands and 0.74 for shrublands. Average errors of 23.45-40% in the estimation of FMC for grasslands were found, depending on which variables were included in the multiple regression. For the FMC estimation of shrub species, errors were lower (from 7.94 to 19.40%), since the range of FMC values was also lower.
Evaluation of the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter system over the Great Lakes

The TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter measurement system is evaluated for the first 46 repeat cycles (September 23, 1992–December 23, 1993) using tracks over the Great Lakes. The temporal variations in lake level are removed from the altimeter measurements using in situ lake level measurements, thus permitting the performance of the altimeter system to be assessed. For the NASA altimeter, the root-mean-square (RMS) scatter of the residuals is 3.95 cm using all the tracks over the lakes. However, some of the scatter in this result is probably due to lake tides or seiche, which can amount to a few centimeters amplitude near the ends of the lakes. When the seven best tracks are used, which cross the center of the lakes where tides/seiche effects are minimal, the RMS error is reduced to either 2.9 or 3.0 cm, depending on whether the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) or NASA orbit is used. This places an upper limit on the error budget of the altimeter system, excluding ocean tides and inverse barometer effect. There are several short-period variations in the residuals. The most pronounced is a 55-day period, with a 1-cm amplitude, which we believe is (at least in part) due to orbit error. When the model-derived wet tropospheric correction is substituted for the TOPEX microwave radiometer correction, the RMS error increases significantly, possibly resulting in an annual cycle of a few centimeters. Evaluation of the ionospheric correction indicates that the dual-frequency correction provides an average improvement of 0.85 cm over the Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite (DORIS) correction. Although there are insufficient data to directly assess the CNES altimeter, the relative bias between the altimeters is estimated to be either −14.3 or −15.6 cm (NASA altimeter measuring short), depending on whether the DORIS or dual-frequency ionospheric correction is applied to the NASA altimeter.
Comparing the ensemble and extended Kalman filters for in situ soil moisture assimilation with contrasting conditions

Two data assimilation (DA) methods are compared for their ability to produce an accurate soil moisture analysis using the Meteo-France land surface model: (i) SEKF, a simplified extended Kalman filter, which uses a climatological background-error covariance, and (ii) EnSRF, the ensemble square root filter, which uses an ensemble background-error covariance and approximates random rainfall errors stochastically. In situ soil moisture observations at 5 cm depth are assimilated into the surface layer and 30 cm deep observations are used to evaluate the root-zone analysis on 12 sites in south-western France (SMOSMANIA network). These sites differ in terms of climate and soil texture. The two methods perform similarly and improve on the open loop. Both methods suffer from incorrect linear assumptions which are particularly degrading to the analysis during water-stressed conditions: the EnSRF by a dry bias and the SEKF by an over-sensitivity of the model Jacobian between the surface and the root-zone layers. These problems are less severe for the sites with wetter climates. A simple bias correction technique is tested on the EnSRF. Although this reduces the bias, it modifies the soil moisture fluxes and suppresses the ensemble spread, which degrades the analysis performance. However, the EnSRF flow-dependent background-error covariance evidently captures seasonal variability in the soil moisture errors and should exploit planned improvements in the model physics. Synthetic twin experiments demonstrate that when there is only a random component in the precipitation forcing errors, the correct stochastic representation of these errors enables the EnSRF to perform better than the SEKF. It might therefore be possible for the EnSRF to perform better than the SEKF with real data, if the rainfall uncertainty was accurately captured. However, the simple rainfall error model is not advantageous in our real experiments. More realistic rainfall error models are suggested.