Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Repeated Measures Multiple Comparison Procedures: Effects of Violating Multisample Sphericity in Unbalanced Designs

Two Tukey multiple comparison procedures as well as a Bonferroni and multivariate approach were compared for their rates of Type I error and any-pairs power when multisample sphericity was not satisfied and the design was unbalanced. Pairwise comparisons of unweighted and weighted repeated measures means were computed. Results indicated that heterogenous covariance matrices in combination with unequal group sizes resulted in substantially inflated rates of Type I error for all MCPs involving comparisons of unweighted means. For tests of weighted means, both the Bonferroni and a multivariate critical value limited the number of Type I errors; however, the Bonferroni procedure provided a more powerful test, particularly when the number of repeated measures treatment levels was large.
Resource-use efficiency and environmental sustainability in the village tank cascade systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka: An assessment using a bio-economic model

Introduction Village tank cascade systems (VTCSs) were built in ancient Sri Lanka as autonomous and climate-resilient agro-ecological systems. This study examines crop choices, farming profitability, and environmental sustainability under alternative rainfall regimes and market interventions in the Mahakanumulla VTCS of the Anuradhapura district. Method A bio-economic model was developed to represent farming activities in the VTCS for the 2018-19 Maha and 2019 Yala cultivation seasons with data gathered from secondary sources and a key informant survey. The objective function of the model was the maximization of profits from farming. Resource limits were set for four types of land (highlands and lowlands in the Maha and Yala seasons), two types of labor (hired and family), and twelve-monthly water constraints. Six different models were developed for the six sub-divisions of the VTCS, considering the water-management hierarchy of the system. The models were simulated under alternative rainfall regimes and market interventions. The optimal crop mixes, farm profits, and shadow prices of resources associated with the baseline scenarios were compared with those of the counterfactual scenarios. Results and discussion This analysis clearly illustrated that water and labor are the key determinants of the system. Also, when 922 ha of lowlands and 205 ha of uplands were allocated per annum for crop cultivation under normal environmental conditions, the annual profitability of the VTCS was LKR 111 million. During drought periods, a sharp reduction in profits was observed in the Maha season. Year-round drought caused a 77% profit reduction compared to the baseline. The Maha drought alone caused a reduction of 47%. The introduction of a buy-back arrangement for chili and maize helped farmers to increase profits by 185 and 28%, respectively, under normal climate scenarios, turning to 954 and 5% during extreme drought scenarios, compared to the baseline. The least nitrate leaching and soil losses occurred in green chili cultivation. The introduction of market-based solutions is recommended to address extreme climate events experienced by the rural communities dependent on the VTCSs in Sri Lanka.
Increased respiratory modulation of cardiovascular control reflects improved blood pressure regulation in pregnancy

Hypertensive pregnancy disorders put the maternal-fetal dyad at risk and are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Multiple efforts have been made to understand the physiological mechanisms behind changes in blood pressure. Still, to date, no study has focused on analyzing the dynamics of the interactions between the systems involved in blood pressure control. In this work, we aim to address this question by evaluating the phase coherence between different signals using wavelet phase coherence. Electrocardiogram, continuous blood pressure, electrocardiogram-derived respiration, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity signals were obtained from ten normotensive pregnant women, ten normotensive non-pregnant women, and ten pregnant women with preeclampsia during rest and cold pressor test. At rest, normotensive pregnant women showed higher phase coherence in the high-frequency band (0.15-0.4 Hz) between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and the RR interval, blood pressure, and respiration compared to non-pregnant normotensive women. Although normotensive pregnant women showed no phase coherence differences with respect to hypertensive pregnant women at rest, higher phase coherence between the same pairs of variables was found during the cold pressor test. These results suggest that, in addition to the increased sympathetic tone of normotensive pregnant women widely described in the existing literature, there is an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation and respiratory-driven modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure that could compensate sympathetic increase and make blood pressure control more efficient to maintain it in normal ranges. Moreover, blunted modulation could prevent its buffer effect and produce an increase in blood pressure levels, as observed in the hypertensive women in this study. This initial exploration of cardiorespiratory coupling in pregnancy opens the opportunity to follow up on more in-depth analyses and determine causal influences.
Pressure‐flow relationships in a laryngeal airway model having a diverging glottal duct

A laryngeal airway model was constructed using polyester resin in order to empirically test current pressure‐flow equations of the larynx. The model was five times larger than life size and had 13 pressure holes to allow measurement of wall pressure profiles. The glottis had a diffuser shape with a 40° divergence angle. This glottal shape is prominent during glottal closure within a vibratory cycle. Three glottal diameters were used: 0.0054, 0.0200, and 0.0918 cm (prototype values). There were essentially two regions of laryngeal pressure for steady flow conditions. The subglottal pressure acted on the laryngeal surfaces upstream of the entrance to the glottis, and the supraglottal pressure acted on the laryngeal surfaces within the diverging region of the glottis. Flow separation near the glottal entrance is suspected. Large negative pressures were not found in the glottis, and the two‐duct, glottal pressure‐flow equations of Ishizaka and Matsudaira were not well supported. The translaryngeal pressure dr.
Testing a Procedure for Automatic Classification of Hydrometeor Types

Abstract Examples of automatic interpretation of polarimetric measurements made with an algorithm that classifies precipitation, from an Oklahoma squall line and a Florida airmass storm are presented. Developed in this paper are sensitivity tests of this algorithm to various polarimetric variables. The tests are done subjectively by comparing the fields of hydrometeors obtained using the full set of available polarimetric variables with a diminished set whereby some variables have been left out. An objective way to test the sensitivity of the algorithm to variables and rank their utility is also devised. The test involves definition of a measure, which is the number of data points classified into a category using subsets of available variables. Ratios of various measures (similar to probabilities) define the percentage of occurrence of a class. By comparing these percentages for cases in which some variables are excluded to those whereby all are included, a relative merit can be assigned to the variables.
The Secrets of the Nearest Starburst Cluster. I. Very Large Telescope/ISAAC Photometry of NGC 3603

VLT/ISAAC JHKL photometry with subarcsecond resolution of the dense, massive starburst cluster NGC 3603 YC forming the core of the NGC 3603 giant molecular cloud is analyzed to reveal characteristics of the stellar population in unprecedented detail. The color-magnitude plane features a strong pre–main-sequence/main-sequence (PMS/MS) transition region, including the PMS/MS transition point, and reveals a secondary sequence for the first time in a nearby young starburst cluster. Arguments for a possible binary nature of this sequence are given. The resolved PMS/MS transition region allows isochrone fitting below the hydrogen-burning turn-on in NGC 3603 YC, yielding an independent estimate of global cluster parameters. A distance modulus of 13.9 mag, equivalent to d = 6.0 ± 0.3 kpc, is derived, as well as a line-of-sight extinction of AV = 4.5 ± 0.6 toward PMS stars in the cluster center. The interpretation of a binary candidate sequence suggests a single age of 1 Myr for NGC 3603 YC, providing evidence for a single burst of star formation without the need to employ an age spread in the PMS population, as argued for in earlier studies. Disk fractions are derived from L-band excesses, indicating a radial increase in the disk frequency from 20% to 40% from the core to the cluster outskirts. The low disk fraction in the cluster core, as compared to the 42% L-band excess fraction found for massive stars in the Trapezium cluster of a comparably young age, indicates strong photoevaporation in the cluster center. The estimated binary fraction of 30%, as well as the low disk fraction, suggest strong impacts on low-mass star formation due to stellar interactions in the dense starburst. The significant differences between NGC 3603 YC and less dense and massive young star clusters in the Milky Way reveal the importance of using local starbursts as templates for massive extragalactic star formation.
Differential Racism in the News: Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning to Distinguish Explicit and Implicit Stigmatization of Ethnic and Religious Groups in Journalistic Discourse

ABSTRACT News coverage plays a crucial role in the formation of attitudes toward ethnic and religious minority groups. On the attitudinal level, it is an established notion that individuals’ explicit and implicit judgments of the same groups can vary. Yet, less is known about the prevalence of implicit group judgments in news coverage. Focusing on a large variety of ethnic and religious minority groups in Germany, the present study sets out to fill this gap. We use semi-supervised machine learning to distinguish explicit and implicit stigmatization of ethnic and religious groups in German journalistic coverage (n = 697,913 articles). Findings suggest that groups that are associated with less wealthy countries, and with culturally more distant countries, face more stigmatization, both explicitly and implicitly. Yet, the data also show that groups associated with Islam and groups with large refugee populations living in the country of study are implicitly, but not explicitly stigmatized in news coverage. We discuss these and other resulting patterns against the backdrop of sociological and psychological intergroup theories and reflect upon their implications for journalism.
Dirac–Fock calculations of forbidden transitions within the 3pk and 3dk ground configurations of highly charged tungsten ions (W47 +–W61 +)

Wavelengths and transition probabilities have been computed for forbidden lines within the 3pk and 3dk ground configurations of tungsten ions from W47 + to W61 +. The fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock method was used for the calculations. They take into account the correlations within the n = 3 complex, some n = 3 → n′ = 4 single excitations and quantum electrodynamics effects. The present results are compared to and agree very well with experimental wavelengths and theoretical transition probabilities previously published for a few lines.
Period three limit-cycles in injected semiconductor lasers

Experiments showing period three intensity oscillations are reported for a semiconductor laser subject to external injection. These oscillations appear close to a period doubling bifurcation of the fundamental laser limit-cycle. We show numerically that they correspond to an isolated branch of solutions of the laser rate equations. We also show that the sequence of numerical spectra for the period one, period two and period three limit-cycle regimes compare well with the experimental spectra obtained by progressively increasing the injection rate. Finally, we investigate the period three branch of solutions by using a numerical continuation method that follows both stable and unstable solutions.
First Principles Calculations of Interlayer Exchange Coupling in bcc Fe/Cu/Fe [001] Structures

We report on theoretical calculations of interlayer exchange coupling between two Fe layers separated by a modified Cu spacer. These calculations were motivated by experimental investigations of similar structures by the SFU group. The multilayer structures of interest have the general form: Fe/Cu(k)/Fe and Fe/Cu(m)/X(1)/Cu(n)/Fe where X indicates one AL (atomic layer) of foreign atoms X (Cr, Ag or Fe) and k, m, n represent the number of atomic layers of Cu. The purpose of the experimental and theoretical work was to determine the effect of modifying the pure Cu spacer by replacing the central Cu atomic layer with the atomic layer of foreign atoms X. The first principles calculation were performed using the Layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (LKKR) method. The theoretical thickness dependence of the exchange coupling between two semi-infinite Fe layers was calculated for pure Cu spacer thicknesses in the range of 0<k<16. The effect of the foreign atoms X on the exchange coupling was investigated using the structure with 9 AL Cu spacer as a reference sample. The calculated changes in the exchange coupling are in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Autoionization resonances in the neon isoelectronic sequence using relativistic multichannel quantum-defect theory

Studies of $2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}np$ autoionization resonances in the neon isoelectronic sequence using relativistic multichannel quantum-defect theory are reported. The relativistic random-phase approximation is used to calculate the quantum-defect parameters. The autoionization resonances are characterized using Fano resonance parameters. The results are compared with available experimental and theoretical data, and the behavior of the resonances as a function of $Z$ is discussed.
Observations of Nontornadic Low-Level Mesocyclones and Attendant Tornadogenesis Failure during VORTEX*

Abstract Three storms intercepted during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment generated a moderate-to-strong mesocyclone within the lowest several hundred meters above the ground and qualitatively appeared capable of tornadogenesis, yet did not produce a tornado. Such novel observations of what is considered“tornadogenesis failure” are documented and used to show the insufficiency of a low-level mesocyclone for tornadogenesis. Possible modes of failure are discussed.
Creating Mappings When Learning From Multiple Representations: The Role of Self-Generation

Students are often able to learn a concept effectively if it is presented in multiple formats and they map common elements across the representations (Ainsworth, 2006). However, low-knowledge learners often fail to do this. Recent research has demonstrated some benefits to learning for low-knowledge individuals who explain commonalities in representations that are provided to them (Berthold & Renkl, 2009). The present study tested whether there was an advantage to having learners generate their own scaffolded mappings and explain them compared to explaining provided mappings, especially with respect to conceptual, as opposed to procedural, understanding of the to-be-learned material. Seventy-five low-knowledge participants studied worked-examples of probability word problems as they generated explanations under one of three conditions: when no mappings were provided, when researcher-produced mappings were provided, or when the participant generated the mappings with scaffolded assistance. Participants were also instructed to think-aloud during the study process, in contrast to prior work on this topic. Results indicate the condition that required explaining scaffolded learner-generated mappings led to higher conceptual, but not procedural, knowledge at post-test compared to the researcher-provided mappings or no mapping conditions. Analyses of think-aloud protocols collected during the solution process suggest that these findings may be due to the higher number of conceptual justification statements produced when learners generate their own mappings. Additionally, there is evidence that these types of justification statements mediated the relationship between the acquisition of conceptual knowledge and the types of mappings learners made between the multiple representations.
Galactolipid composition of the star‐shaped dinoflagellate Asterodinium gracile (Kareniaceae): presence of hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n‐3))‐containing monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as the predominant galactolipid and chemotaxonomic closeness to Karenia mikimotoi as the only other known Kareniacean

Asterodinium gracile is a morphologically distinct, star‐shaped member of the Kareniaceae with, like canonical Kareniaceae, a tertiary plastid of haptophyte origin. However, A. gracile's complement of carotenoid photosynthetic pigments has been shown to be chemotaxonomically atypical in that it possesses much less fucoxanthin when compared to that of other, canonical Kareniaceae in the genera Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama, also with a tertiary plastid of haptophyte origin. To date, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia papilionacea, and Karenia selliformis are the only canonical Kareniaceae that have been shown to have a chemotaxonomically atypical carotenoid pigment composition in that they possess a gyroxanthin diester‐like carotenoid not observed in other species of Karenia, Karlodinium, or Takayama (recognizing that Karenia, in general, produces fucoxanthin derivatives not observed in Karlodinium or Takayama). As a photosynthetic organism, K. mikimotoi has been shown to resemble Karenia brevis such that both species possess the chloroplast‐associated galactolipids mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively) enriched with octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5(n‐3)) in the sn‐1 position, and hexadecenoic acid (16:0) and tetradecanoic acid (14:0) at the sn‐2 position. However, K. mikimotoi is chemotaxonomically atypical beyond its carotenoid composition in that it possesses MGDG and DGDG with hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n‐3)), which has not been observed in any other members of the Kareniaceae, in the sn‐2 position as major galactolipids. The goal of this study was to characterize the galactolipids of A. gracile with the hypothesis that they would also be atypical when compared to other canonical Kareniaceae because of A. gracile's atypical carotenoid pigment composition. To this end, we report that like K. brevis and K. mikimotoi, A. gracile produces MGDG and DGDG enriched in 18:5(n‐3) at the sn‐1 position and C14 fatty acids, such as 14:0, at the sn‐2 position, and like K. mikimotoi, it produces 18:5(n‐3)/16:4(n‐3) MGDG, yet here as its most abundant galactolipid.
The changing atmospheric water cycle in Polar Regions in a warmer climate

We have examined the atmospheric water cycle of both Polar Regions, polewards of 60◦N and 60◦S, using the ERAInterim reanalysis and high-resolution simulations with the ECHAM5 model for both the present and future climate based on the IPCC, A1B scenario. The annual precipitation in ERA-Interim amounts to ∼17000 km3 and is more or less the same in the Arctic and the Antarctic, but it is composed differently. In the Arctic the annual evaporation is ∼8000 km3 but ∼3000 km3 less in the Antarctica where the net horizontal transport is correspondingly larger. The net water transport of the model is more intense than in ERA-Interim, in the Arctic the difference is 2.5% and in the Antarctic it is 6.2%. Precipitation and net horizontal transport in the Arctic has a maximum in August and September. Evaporation peaks in June and July. The seasonal cycle is similar in Antarctica with the highest precipitation in the austral autumn. The largest net transport occurs at the end of the major extra-tropical storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere such as the eastern Pacific and eastern north Atlantic. The variability of themodel is virtually identical to that of the re-analysis and there are no changes in variability between the present climate and the climate at the end of the 21st century when normalized with the higher level of moisture. The changes from year to year are substantial with the 20- and 30-year records being generally too short to identify robust trends in the hydrological cycle. In the A1B climate scenario the strength of the water cycle increases by some 25% in the Arctic and by 19% in the Antarctica, as measured by annual precipitation. The increase in the net horizontal transport is 29% and 22%, respectively, and the increase in evaporation correspondingly less. The net transport follows closely the Clausius—Clapeyron relation. There is a minor change in the annual cycle of the Arctic atmospheric water cycle with the maximum transport and precipitation occurring later in the year. There is a small imbalance of some 4–6% between the net transport and precipitation minus evaporation. We suggest that this is mainly due to the fact that the transport is calculated from instantaneous six hourly data while precipitation and evaporation is accumulated over a 6-h period. The residual difference is proportionally similar for all experiments and hardly varies from year to year.
A simple delayed neural network with large capacity for associative memory

We consider periodic solutions of a system of difference equations with delay arising from a discrete neural network. We show that such a small network possesses a huge amount of stable periodic orbits with large domains of attraction if the delay is large, and thus the network has the potential large capacity for associative memory and for temporally periodic pattern recognition.
Airflow Configurations of Warm Season Southerly Low-Level Wind Maxima in the Great Plains. Part I: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Relationship to Convection

Abstract A synoptic climatological approach was used to investigate 1) the airflow characteristics of southerly low-level wind maxima in the Great Plains, 2) the typical thermodynamic environments in which low-level wind maxima form, 3) the convergence fields accompanying the wind maxima, and 4) the associated patterns of cloud-to-ground lightning activity. A total of 260 low-level jet events that occurred at either 0000 or 1200 UTC during the warm seasons (Apr–Sep) of 1991–92 were employed in the analysis. The spatial configuration of southerly low-level jets was shown to be considerably more complex than previously portrayed. A subjective classification of the jet events—based on streamline curvature, latitudinal extent, and the orientation of confluence and deformation zones—resulted in 12 distinct configuration types. Only 37% of the events were broadly classified as anticyclonically curving jets, even though the majority of previous case studies focused on this type of wind maximum. Another unanticip.