Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Does the Use of an Intraoral Scanner Affect Muscle Fatigue? A Preliminary In Vivo Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle activation and fatigue in the operator during tooth preparation and intraoral scanning by simulating these tasks in two types of dental unit chair systems (UCS). Six participants were recruited, and the above tasks were simulated. Electrodes were placed on the skin over five types of muscles (arm, neck, and shoulder muscles), and the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured. Electromyography (EMG) was assessed during the simulation, and EMG values were normalized using MVC. The root mean square (RMS) EMG (%MVC) and muscle fatigue (%) were calculated. Owing to a lack of normal distribution of the data, Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis H test were performed for statistical comparison, and Bonferroni adjustment was performed for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). There was no significant difference in RMS EMG between the two types of dental UCS (intraoral scanning, p = 0.237; tooth preparation, p = 0.543). Moreover, the RMS EMG and muscle fatigue were not significantly different between the two tasks (p > 0.05). There was significant muscle fatigue after the intraoral scanner use was simulated thrice (p < 0.001). It is necessary to refrain from performing continuous intraoral scanning and tooth preparation and to take appropriate rest to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in dentists in clinical settings.
Disseminated cancer cells detected by immunocytology in lymph nodes of NSCLC patients are highly prognostic and undergo parallel molecular evolution

In melanoma, immunocytology (IC) after sentinel lymph node disaggregation not only enables better quantification of disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) than routine histopathology (HP) but also provides a unique opportunity to detect, isolate, and analyse these earliest harbingers of metachronous metastasis. Here, we explored lymph node IC in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For 122 NSCLC patients, 220 lymph nodes (LNs) were split in half and prepared for IC and HP. When both methods were compared, IC identified 22% positive patients as opposed to 4.5% by HP, revealing a much higher sensitivity of IC (p < 0.001). Assessment of all available 2,952 LNs of the same patients by HP uncovered additional patients escaping detection of lymphatic tumour spread by IC alone, consistent with the concept of skip metastasis. A combined lymph node status of IC and complete HP on a larger cohort of patients outperformed all risk factors in multivariable analysis for prognosis (p < 0.001; RR = 2.290; CI 1.407–3.728). Moreover, isolation of DCCs and single‐cell molecular characterization revealed that (1) LN‐DCCs differ from primary tumours in terms of copy number alterations and selected mutations and (2) critical alterations are acquired during colony formation within LNs. We conclude that LN‐IC in NSCLC patients when combined with HP improves diagnostic precision, has the potential to reduce total workload, and facilitates molecular characterization of lymphatically spread cancer cells, which may become key for the selection and development of novel systemic therapies. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Evaluation of the amount of apically extruded debris using different root canal
 instrumentation systems

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debrisusing 5 types of nickel–titanium endodontic instruments (Hand ProTaper, RotaryProTaper, Rotary Mtwo, RECIPROC and WaveOne). Seventy-five freshly extractedmandibular premolar teeth were used in this study. All teeth were shortened to alength of 14mm. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (each groupcontaining 15 samples) according to the type of instrumentation systems used. GroupI: instrumented by hand ProTaper system (Hand technique). Group II: instrumentedby rotary ProTaper system. Group III: instrumented by rotary Mtwo system. Group1V: instrumented by single file RECIPROC system. Group V: instrumented by singlefile WaveOne system. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected intopre-weighed glass vials. The difference between the weights of vial (pre-weight andpost-weight) represented the weight of debris extruded from apical foramen duringcanal preparation. The results showed that all groups induced extrusion of debris,Mtwo group (III) has statistically the lowest mean value of apically extruded debris incomparing with all other groups, followed by rotary ProTaper (II), hand ProTaper (I),and WaveOne (V) groups respectively. While the RECIPROC group (IV) hasstatistically highest mean value.
Exploring the low enrolment of music as a subject within Hong Kong senior secondary school education

Although studying music at school can be an enriching and enjoyable experience, it is an unpopular choice for many Hong Kong senior secondary students. The purpose of this study was to examine the rationale behind the low enrolment of music as a Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subject. A questionnaire was conducted among senior secondary school students (N = 121) studying music at the HKDSE level, collecting information about their learning experiences and their perceptions of the curriculum. The results provided evidence supporting the difficulties and struggles faced by the students, including degrees of familiarity with, and confidence about, subject matters of different musical cultures, which subjects were prioritised when it came to studying, and the amount of prior specialist knowledge needed as part of the decision-making process. Tensions were revealed between the driving forces behind curriculum change and the readiness of students to cope with these changes, along with perceptions of music as an elitist subject with low utilitarian value. Socio-cultural interventions, such as making music education more accessible for all, while simultaneously ensuring that stakeholders’ voices are heard as part of the decolonisation process, remain fundamental challenges facing the curriculum.
The phase relationship between gyrophase-bunched ions and MHD-like waves. [upstream from earth's bow shock]

Recent calculations and computer simulations of the right-hand resonant ion beam instability have indicated that gyrophase-bunched ion distributions may be generated as a first step in the disruption of field-aligned beams. Theory predicts a distinct phase angle relationship between the gyrovelocity of the phase-bunched ions and the wave magnetic field. In this paper, observations of such a relationship between gyrophase-bunched ions and MHD-like waves upstream from the Earth's bow shock are presented. The observed phases are in accord with the theoretical predictions of the right-hand resonant ion beam instability.
A note on geodesic mappings of pseudosymmetric Riemannian manifolds

(R.R)(X1, X2, X3, X4;X,Y ) = −R(R̃(X,Y )X1, X2, X3, X4)−R(X1, R̃(X,Y )X2, X3, X4) −R(X1, X2, R̃(X,Y )X3, X4)−R(X1, X2, X3, R̃(X,Y )X4) , Q(g,R)(X1, X2, X3, X4;X,Y ) = R((X ∧ Y )X1, X2, X3, X4) +R(X1, (X ∧ Y )X2, X3, X4) +R(X1, X2, (X ∧ Y )X3, X4) +R(X1, X2, X3, (X ∧ Y )X4) , where (X ∧ Y )Z = g(Y, Z)X − g(X,Z)Y , X, Y, Z,X1, . , X4 ∈ Ξ(M), Ξ(M) being the Lie algebra of vector fields on M . A semi-Riemannian manifold (M, g) is said to be pseudosymmetric ([4]) if at every point of M the following condition is satisfied:
The 2-10 keV X-Ray Background Dipole and Its Cosmological Implications

The hard X-ray (>2 keV) emission of the local and distant universe as observed with the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment is reconsidered in the context of large-scale cosmic structure. Using all-sky X-ray samples of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and galaxy clusters, we remove the dominant local X-ray flux from within a redshift of ~0.02. We evaluate the dipolar and higher order harmonic structure in four X-ray colors. The estimated dipole anisotropy of the unresolved flux appears to be consistent with a combination of the Compton-Getting effect due to the Local Group motion (dipole amplitude Δ = 0.0042) and remaining large-scale structure (0.0023 ≲ Δ ≲ 0.0085), in good agreement with the expectations of cold dark matter models. The observed anisotropy does, however, also suggest a nonnegligible Galactic contribution that is more complex than current, simple models of >2 keV Galactic X-ray emission. Comparison of the soft and hard color maps with a harmonic analysis of the 1.5 keV ROSAT all-sky data qualitatively suggests that at least a third of the faint, unresolved ~18° scale structure in the HEAO 1 A-2 data may be Galactic in origin. However, the effect on measured flux dipoles is small (≲3%). We derive an expression for dipole anisotropy and acceleration and demonstrate how the dipole anisotropy of the distant X-ray frame can constrain the amplitude of bulk motions of the universe. From observed bulk motions over a local ~50 h-1 Mpc radius volume, we determine 0.14 ≲ Ω/bX(0) ≲ 0.59, where Ω0 is the universal density parameter and bX(0) is the present-epoch bias parameter, defined as the ratio of fluctuations in the X-ray source density and the mass density.
Effects of a Phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the Browning of Adipose Tissue in Mice

Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which plays a critical role in the development of the beige phenotype and the activation of its thermogenic program in white adipose tissue (WAT). We investigated the metabolic effects of PDE3B inhibition with cilostazol treatment in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either the cilostazol or control group. The control group was divided into two groups: the chow diet and HFD. The expression of uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) and other brown adipocyte markers was compared. In the HFD-fed cilostazol group, C57BL/6J mice displayed improvements in systemic metabolism, including improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile, but only modest effects on body weight were observed. In the visceral WAT of HFD-fed cilostazol-treated mice, cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways were activated, resulting in the “browning” phenotype, smaller fat deposits, and enhanced mRNA expression of UCP1 and other brown adipocyte markers. PDE3B appears to be an important regulator of lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenic programs in adipose tissues. An increase in intracellular cAMP via PDE3B inhibition with cilostazol treatment promoted the browning of visceral WAT.
Towards compositional CSL model checking

The Continuous Stochastic Logic (CSL) is a powerful means to state properties which refer to Continuous Time Markov Chains (CTMCs). The verification of such properties on a model can be achieved through a suitable algorithm. In this doctoral thesis, the CSL logic has been considered and two major aspects have been addressed: the analysis of its expressiveness and the study of methods for a decomposed verification of formuale. Concerning expressiveness, we have observed that the CSL syntax can lead to formulae with a trivial semantics. As a consequence the idea of well-formed CSL formula has been introduced. Furthermore, a simpler and equivalent syntax for referring to ergodic CMTCs have defined as well as a brand new event-bounded Until operator. With respect to compositionality, we have referred our study to a specific type of decomposed CTMCs, namely the bidimensional Boucherie framework. A number of basic properties concerning the Boucherie framework have been demonstrated and, relying on this, a compositional semantics for a subset of the CSL syntax has been derived. The considered subset is obtained by disallowing nesting of probabilistic path-formulae, something whose impact on the ability to state useful properties is low.
Bisphenol S Impairs Oestradiol Secretion during In Vitro Basal Folliculogenesis in a Mono-Ovulatory Species Model

Bisphenol S (BPS) affects terminal folliculogenesis by impairing steroidogenesis in granulosa cells from different species. Nevertheless, limited data are available on its effects during basal folliculogenesis. In this study, we evaluate in vitro the effects of a long-term BPS exposure on a model of basal follicular development in a mono-ovulatory species. We cultured ovine preantral follicles (180–240 μm, n = 168) with BPS (0.1 μM (possible human exposure dose) or 10 μM (high dose)) and monitored antrum appearance and follicular survival and growth for 15 days. We measured hormonal secretions (oestradiol (at day 13 [D13]), progesterone and anti-Müllerian hormone [D15]) and expression of key follicular development and redox status genes (D15) in medium and whole follicles, respectively. BPS (0.1 µM) decreased oestradiol secretion compared with the control (−48.8%, p < 0.001), without significantly impairing antrum appearance, follicular survival and growth, anti-Müllerian hormone and progesterone secretion and target gene expression. Thus, BPS could also impair oestradiol secretion during basal folliculogenesis as it is the case during terminal folliculogenesis. It questions the use of BPS as a safe BPA substitute in the human environment. More studies are required to elucidate mechanisms of action of BPS and its effects throughout basal follicular development.
Need for Speed: Broadband and Student Achievement

This paper leverages granular data on fixed broadband access, and links it with administrative data from North Carolina public schools to assess how exposure to fiber broadband affects student standardized test scores. I implement difference-in-differences estimators that exploit within-student variation in high-speed broadband availability and find that exposure to high-speed broadband increases student math and reading test scores by on average 0.004 and 0.001 standard deviations respectively, however, these effects grow over time such that 6 years of exposure increase test scores by 0.023 and 0.011. Furthermore, I explore potential mechanisms that could explain my results. In particular, I present evidence for increased firm competition, as well as, increased usage of supplementary educational materials (e.g. Khan Academy) and rule out income effects. come from a report commissioned by PRC and written by Doug Dawson of CCG Consulting. Estimates from the FCC come from a release by the FCC’s Paul de Sa. Estimates for the City of Santa Cruz come from a report by Columbia Telecommunications Corporation (CTC). Additional estimates from CTC come from a presentation on Fiber-to-the-Premise design and cost estimates. Costs for the Next Level Connections Broadband Program come from data from the Indiana Office of Community & Rural Affairs. Lastly, estimates from article by ISE Magazine.
Weak Convergence of Laws of Finite Graphs

The law of a finite graph is a probability measure induced by the orbits of the graph under its automorphism group. Every law satisfies the intrinsic mass transport principle, which is also known as unimodularity. We discuss the convergence of sequences of laws of finite graphs. Of particular importance is a conjecture proposed by Aldous and Lyons that claims every unimodular measure is a limit of a sequence of laws. Aside from this open problem, other directions of research are also mentioned. We work out in detail a number of results and examples, some of which are new, and others that have been previously stated without proofs. These results include a new characterization of laws of finite connected graphs, a description of the topological space of paths, and a proof that the compact space of weak limits of laws is convex.
Using complex independent component analysis to extract weak returns in MARSIS radar data and their possible relation to a subsurface reflector on Mars

Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) radar signals returned from the surface and subsurface of the northern lowlands of Mars are mostly characterized as a prominent surface pulse followed by a tail of weak signals. We applied the method of blind source separation (BSS) using complex independent component analysis (CICA) to examine if there is any subsurface information hidden in the apparent clutter and noise in the tails. In this paper we describe the application of the method with a case study in a selected region in the western part of Utopia Planitia (88°E–91°E, 45°N–51°N) where an unnamed large (∼160 km in diameter), semifilled crater is located. Applying CICA, we find a particularly significant signal from one of the blind sources. This signal is interpreted as representing a subsurface reflection interface, based on analysis of characteristics of the separated sources and their relation to surface roughness inside and outside the crater. A numerical simulation is conducted to examine the conditions under which the method tends to be effective. We conclude that CICA is helpful for recognizing subsurface signals above the noise level but obscured by clutter and thermal noise, provided the surface is relatively smooth.
Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in village chickens in the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, Nigeria

The most common cause of death in village chickens is Newcastle disease (ND). A study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of ND in the three senatorial zones of Plateau State using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Blood samples were collected from 389 village chickens of various ages and sexes that were maintained on extensive system of management in nine Local Government Areas (LGAs) across the three Senatorial zones. The overall seroprevalence of ND virus antibodies in village chickens was found to be 36.8% which differed statistically (p > 0.05) between LGAs, with the highest prevalence of 8.7% (CI: 6.3–11.9) and lowest prevalence of 1.5% (CI: 0.7–3.3) in Bokkos and Qua’an Pan LGAs, respectively. Also, seroprevalence of NDV antibodies differed significantly (p > 0.05) between the three senatorial zones, with 17.5% (CI: 14.0-21.6) in the Northern senatorial zone and 6.7% (CI: 4.6-9.6) in Southern senatorial zone. In the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, this study found prevalence of ND virus antibodies in village chickens. There is a need to increase awareness regarding the importance of vaccinating village chickens to protect them.
Magneto-Mechano-Electric (MME) Composite Devices for Energy Harvesting and Magnetic Field Sensing Applications

Magneto-mechano-electric (MME) composite devices have been used in energy harvesting and magnetic field sensing applications due to their advantages including their high-performance, simple structure, and stable properties. Recently developed MME devices can convert stray magnetic fields into electric signals, thus generating an output power of over 50 mW and detecting ultra-tiny magnetic fields below pT. These inherent outstanding properties of MME devices can enable the development of not only self-powered energy harvesters for internet of thing (IoT) systems but also ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensors for diagnosis of human bio-magnetism or others. This manuscript provides a brief overview of recently reported high-performance MME devices for energy harvesting and magnetic sensing applications.
Financial leverage and predictability of earnings

This study investigates whether firms' financial leverage affects earnings predictability. I posit and find that earnings predictability is negatively associated with firms' leverage. Further analyses using an instrumental variable and a difference-indifferences approach reveal a causal, adverse effect of financial leverage on earnings predictability. This effect is more salient for firms with higher default risk, higher cash effective tax rate volatility, and when economic policy uncertainty is higher. Taken together, my findings provide evidence on the causal effect of firms' leverage on earnings predictability through the riskiness channel. More importantly, by highlighting the role of firms' debt in influencing earnings predictability, my study contributes to our understanding of the relation between management decisions on debt contracting and earnings properties.
THE WIDE DENJOY INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE OF STEPFUNCTIONS IN A SUITABLE CONVERGENCE

In this paper we shall prove that a function f : [ a, b ] → R that is D –integrable on [ a, b ] can be deﬁned as the limit of a D -controlled convergent sequence of stepfunctions (see the second part of Theorem 2). In the last section we show that Ridder’s α - and β -integrals can also be deﬁned as the limit of some controlled convergent sequences of stepfunctions (see Theorem 4). results in this paper are heavily based on Lemma 3, and its proof uses a technique that seems to be new (see Remark 3).
Genomic selection reveals hidden relatedness and increased breeding efficiency in western redcedar polycross breeding

Western redcedar (WRC) is an ecologically and economically important forest tree species characterized by low genetic diversity with high self‐compatibility and high heartwood durability. Using sequence capture genotyping of target genic and non‐genic regions, we genotyped 44 parent trees and 1520 offspring trees representing 26 polycross (PX) families collected from three progeny test sites using 45,378 SNPs. Trees were phenotyped for eight traits related to growth, heartwood and foliar chemistry associated with wood durability and deer browse resistance. We used the genomic realized relationship matrix for paternity assignment, maternal pedigree correction, and to estimate genetic parameters. We compared genomics‐based (GBLUP) and two pedigree‐based (ABLUP: polycross and reconstructed full‐sib [FS] pedigrees) models. Models were extended to estimate dominance genetic effects. Pedigree reconstruction revealed significant unequal male contribution and separated the 26 PX families into 438 FS families. Traditional maternal PX pedigree analysis resulted in up to 51% overestimation in genetic gain and 44% in diversity. Genomic analysis resulted in up to 22% improvement in offspring breeding value (BV) theoretical accuracy, 35% increase in expected genetic gain for forward selection, and doubled selection intensity for backward selection. Overall, all traits showed low to moderate heritability (0.09–0.28), moderate genotype by environment interaction (type‐B genetic correlation: 0.51–0.80), low to high expected genetic gain (6.01%–55%), and no significant negative genetic correlation reflecting no large trade‐offs for multi‐trait selection. Only three traits showed a significant dominance effect. GBLUP resulted in smaller but more accurate heritability estimates for five traits, but larger estimates for the wood traits. Comparison between all, genic‐coding, genic‐non‐coding and intergenic SNPs showed little difference in genetic estimates. In summary, we show that GBLUP overcomes the PX limitations, successfully captures expected historical and hidden relatedness as well as linkage disequilibrium (LD), and results in increased breeding efficiency in WRC.