Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economics of paddy (Oryza sativa) production: A comparative study of Bihar and Punjab

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for about 65% of the population in India. It plays a vital role in strengthening food and livelihood security. Despite having stagnant area during the last decade, the rice production has registered an increase of 18%. But there is a common concern about declining profitability in paddy production. This article explores the trends in the cost of cultivation and profitability in rice production in two rice growing Indian states of Bihar and Punjab, which have almost contrasting scenario in productivity and use of inputs. Bihar is a traditional paddy growing state, whereas paddy emerged as principal crop in Punjab after the green revolution. Analysis of data for the last 30 years revealed that the per hectare cost of paddy cultivation increased at faster rate in Bihar but it was still double in Punjab, mainly due to more use of fertilizers, agro-chemicals and machine power. Use of human labour in paddy cultivation declined due to mechanization in Punjab but wages paid to human labour increased by more than 22 times during the period under study. Farmers realized very little income over total cost of cultivation in Punjab whereas farmers of Bihar encountered even losses in paddy cultivation during the last decade, mainly due to low productivity caused by inadequate use of manures and fertilizers, low adoption level of modern technologies, less mechanization and insufficient irrigation. However, Bihar’s performance in paddy cultivation in context of gross income to the total cost has improved during recent past which needs further improvement for increasing profitability in paddy cultivation. There is an urgent need to create an enabling environment to ensure adequate income from paddy cultivation to farmers for improving their livelihoods.
Supercentralizing Maps in Prime Superalgebras

Let A be a prime superalgebra over a commutative ring F with and f:A → A a supercentralizing F-linear map on A. We show that there exist an element λ in the extended centroid C of A and an F-linear map μ:A → C such that f(x) = λ x + μ(x) for all x ∈ A. This gives a version of Brešar's theorem for superalgebras. As a consequence, we show that a nontrivial prime superalgebra admitting a “nontrivial” supercentralizing F-linear map satisfies the standard identity of degree 4.
Analysis of photo-excited thin superconducting films for optoelectronic device applications

This paper introduces a steady state photoresponse analysis in superconducting thin films. A model is developed for investigating the capability of superconductors for potential optoelectronic applications. First, we consider the thermodynamical variation under the application of continuous optical radiation in superconducting state. Then, the photo-induced changes in electrical parameters are evaluated from thermodynamical variations using the electrodynamics based on the BCS theory. All variations are considered as a function of optical characteristics along with the material properties. The numerical simulation gives us the optimum range of applied optical frequency and absorbed radiation intensity required for sensitive control of superconducting properties for optoelectronic and microwave applications.
Neural Network Modulation of Ayahuasca: A Systematic Review of Human Studies

Background: Ayahuasca is a serotoninergic hallucinogen that plays a central role in the Amazonian traditional medicine. Its psychoactive effects are associated with the presence of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-A). Advances in neuroimaging investigations have provided insight into ayahuasca’s neurobiological mechanisms of action. Methods: Selecting only studies with neuroimaging results related to human ayahuasca consumption, we included six articles from a previous systematic review of serotoninergic hallucinogen neuroimaging studies up to 2016. Furthermore, we updated the data with a new systematic search from 2016 to 2022. We searched the PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases using the search terms “(ayahuasca OR DMT) AND (MRI OR fMRI OR PET OR SPECT OR imaging OR neuroimaging)”. Results: Our updated search provided five new articles for a total of 11 included in this review. The results on the Default Mode Network (DMN) are evident and may indicate a path to short term neuromodulation. Acutely, local neural networks appeared to become expanded, while overall brain connectivity declined. On chronic consumers, anatomical changes were reported, most notably related to cingulate cortex. Conclusion: Ayahuasca seems to change acute brain connectivity similarly to other psychedelics. The results are preliminary and further studies are warranted.
Stokes‐Fourier and acoustic limits for the Boltzmann equation: Convergence proofs

We establish a Stokes‐Fourier limit for the Boltzmann equation considered over any periodic spatial domain of dimension two or more. Appropriately scaled families of DiPerna‐Lions renormalized solutions are shown to have fluctuations that globally in time converge weakly to a unique limit governed by a solution of Stokes‐Fourier motion and heat equations provided that the fluid moments of their initial fluctuations converge to appropriate L2 initial data of the Stokes‐Fourier equations. Both the motion and heat equations are both recovered in the limit by controlling the fluxes and the local conservation defects of the DiPerna‐Lions solutions with dissipation rate estimates. The scaling of the fluctuations with respect to Knudsen number is essentially optimal. The assumptions on the collision kernel are little more than those required for the DiPerna‐Lions theory and that the viscosity and heat conduction are finite. For the acoustic limit, these techniques also remove restrictions to bounded collision kernels and improve the scaling of the fluctuations. Both weak limits become strong when the initial fluctuations converge entropically to appropriate L2 initial data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CO-EXISTENCE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN GASTRIC AND GALLBLADDER MUCOSA IN CHOLECYSTITIS PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

This study was designed to assess the frequency of co-existence of H. Pylori in gastric and gallbladder mucosa of patients with acute cholecystitis or who had symptoms of cholelithiasis. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted at Bahria Town International Hospital Lahore from September 2020 to September 2021. The study consisted of 51 participants, all diagnosed with either acute cholecystitis or symptomatic cholelithiasis. Information regarding the patients' ages, genders, and the H. pylori existence in the mucosa of their gastric and gallbladders was collected and analyzed with SPSS version 22. H. pylori was discovered in the gallbladder mucosa of 22 individuals, which accounts for 43.1% of all cases, and in the gastric mucosa of 16 patients, which accounts for 31.1% of all cases. The co-existence of H. pylori in both the mucosa of the gallbladder and gastric wall was found in six (11.8%) patients. The co-existence of H pylori was significantly greater in patients with acute cholecystitis compared to those with cholelithiasis (p = 0.021). This study showed no significant relationship between age and smoking history with the co-existence of H. pylori in gastric and gallbladder mucosa. The findings of this study indicate that the presence of H. pylori infection is extensive in the gallbladder and stomach mucosa of the patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. When evaluating patients with gallbladder issues, it should be considered the presence of H. pylori in both the gallbladder and gastric mucosa.
Recent Developments Concerning the Crab Nebula

On presente les informations essentielles relatives a la nebuleuse du Crabe. On passe en revue les determinations spectroscopiques de la masse et de la composition chimique de la nebuleuse. On discute de la nature de la supernova. On souligne quelques questions dynamiques et morphologiques interessantes. On note que de nombreuses observations importantes restent a faire
A dynamical model of Jupiter's auroral electrojet

A global simulation for the auroral electrojet on Jupiter is presented. The required sequence of models was computed using JIM (the Jovian Ionospheric Model), a time-dependent, three-dimensional model for the thermosphere and ionosphere of Jupiter, and an a priori model for the planet's ionospheric electric field. We describe the plasma dynamics in the model by considering ion and electron motions at pressure levels less than 2 µbar, lying above Jupiter's dynamo region, and including the region of maximum energy deposition by auroral particles. By considering the motions of the neutral species being `dragged' by the electrojet, we quantify the electrodynamic coupling between the neutral thermosphere and the auroral ionosphere. Two distinct altitude regions evolve in the model simulations, distinguished by different thermospheric flow patterns. Higher-altitude regions are subject to gas dynamic flow, while lower-altitude regions are strongly influenced by electrodynamic flow, associated with the transfer of momentum from the electrojet to the neutral gas. The electrojet models provide a basis for physical interpretation of current observational detections of ion motions in the Jovian auroral regions; as well as a means of optimizing future observations, in order to make similar detections.
NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS AND MULTIPLE COULOMB SCATTERING AT VOLUME REFLECTION

Volume reflection [1] is a phenomenon when a fast charged particle reflects from a family of curved atomic planes of an oriented bent crystal to side opposite to that of the crystal bending. It is considered to be a promising mechanism of local beam steering at high energy particle accelerators. The transverse direction asymmetry in the volume reflection effect originates from the asymmetry of the continuous potential of bent atomic planes, especially in the area where the angles of atomic plane crossing by the particle become comparable to the Lindhard’s critical angle θc = √ 2V0/E, with V0 the interplanar continuous potential well depth, and E V0 the particle energy. The extent of the volume reflection area is estimated as ∼ Rθc, where R is the crystal bending radius [2]. Although the origin of the volume reflection effect is due to the coherent potential scattering, in a real crystal one must also take into account incoherent Coulomb scattering on individual atomic nuclei at close interactions with them. The condition for the incoherent scattering not to spoil the volume reflection effect is the smallness of the multiple Coulomb scattering r.m.s. angle accumulated along the whole traversed crystal compared to the mean volume reflection angle. That condition permits usage for the volume reflection experiments of the crystals of thickness 1÷ 2 mm, by ∼ 10 times exceeding the essential volume reflection region extent. However, in other respects, for instance for evaluation of the outcoming beam angular divergence, the multiple Coulomb scattering is crucial. Another manifestation of the nuclear interactions at high energy are the multiple hadron production events, which can be registered in downstream detectors (beam loss monitors). Outside the volume reflection area, the particle motion becomes highly over-barrier and straightens out even relative to the active atomic planes. Thereat, the rate of a fast particle scattering on atomic nuclei must approach that in an amorphous medium (see Sec. 2). In a thick-crystal limit, the number of close nuclear interactions in the whole crystal will be dominated by the preand postvolume reflection areas, and will become about equal to that in an amorphous target of same material and thickness. But there remains a finite difference generated in the volume reflection region, which carries information about the volume reflection dynamics and kinetics, and usually is sufficiently sizeable to manifest itself in the experimental data. In the present article we calculate that difference, and compare the result with the recent related measurements. For a more detailed discussion of the involved problems see [3].
One-Step Microwell Plate-Based Spectrofluorimetric Assay for Direct Determination of Statins in Bulk Forms and Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Green Eco-Friendly and High-Throughput Analytical Approach

This study describes the development of a one-step microwell spectrofluorimetric assay (MW-SFA) with high sensitivity and throughput for the determination of four statins in their pharmaceutical and formulations (tablets). These statins were pitavastatin (PIT), fluvastatin (FLU), rosuvastatin (ROS) and atorvastatin (ATO). The MW-SFA involves the measurement of the native fluorescence of the statin aqueous solutions. The assay was conducted in white opaque 96-microwell plates, and the fluorescence intensities of the solutions were measured by using a fluorescence microplate reader. The optimum conditions of the assay were established; under which, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9991–0.9996) were found between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of the statin drug in a range of 0.2–200 µg mL–1 with limits of detection in a range of 0.1–4.1 µg mL–1. The proposed MW-SFA showed high precision, as the values of the relative standard deviations did not exceed 2.5%. The accuracy of the assay was proven by recovery studies, as the recovery values were 99.5–101.4% (±1.4–2.1%). The assay was applied to the determination of the investigated statins in their tablets. The results were statistically compared with those obtained by a reference method and the results proved to have comparable accuracy and precision of both methods, as evidenced by the t- and F-tests, respectively. The green and eco-friendly feature of the proposed assay was assessed by four different metric tools, and all the results proved that the assay meets the requirements of green and eco-friendly analytical approaches. In addition, ever-increasing miniaturization as handling of large numbers of micro-volume samples simultaneously in the proposed assay gave it a high-throughput feature. Therefore, the assay is a valuable tool for the rapid routine application in the pharmaceutical quality control units for the determination of statins.
European Efficiency or Inefficiency in Economic Growth Through Digital Transformation

The current global changes bring to the fore the importance of the innovation and digital transformation for economic development. Under the previous assumption, an objective evaluation of the economic growth discrepancies, considering the digitalization process, is required. The main goal of the present research is to analyse the economic growth of the European countries, based to the digitalization process, by using an input-output method. Under these circumstances, a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was performed, considering the digitalization dimensions of DESI Index as input and the economic growth (annual %) as output. Based on the proposed model, the results highlighted the bidirectional relationship between economic growth and digitalization. Consistent with the research results, the European countries can be divided in two main categories: the efficient and the inefficient. On one hand, we can find the relatively efficient European states in terms of achieving the economic growth through digitalization (Ireland, Romania, Croatia and Greece). On the other hand, there is a numerous list of the inefficient ones, including important countries like Finland, Germany or France. Obviously, a remarkable aspect related to their situation is that, considering the national available inputs, an output maximization will be possible. According to the proposed model, the efficient countries can serve as peers or optimal benchmarks for solving the issue of relative inefficiency, by adapting and implementing their good practices.
Primary Care Physician’s Perception and Satisfaction With Telehealth in the National Guard Primary Healthcare Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2022

Background Telehealth is a tool to facilitate the connection between patients and their healthcare providers. With the recent emergence of telehealth, implementation of this service in primary healthcare centers (PHCs) has been accompanied by specific challenges despite the high levels of satisfaction reported. This study aimed to assess the factors that affect clinicians’ perceptions and satisfaction with telehealth in National Guard PHCs to help explore and overcome any barriers and challenges. Methods A cross-sectional survey was distributed among primary healthcare physicians using virtual clinics in the National Guard PHCs in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2022. A validated questionnaire from previous literature was used to evaluate clinicians’ perceptions and satisfaction with telehealth. Results The study included 53 primary healthcare physicians, with an overall response rate of 90%. Most physicians (77%) were satisfied with their overall experience with offering virtual visits. Nevertheless, 72% of physicians perceived patients' limited technical knowledge, and 70% considered limited access to technology a significant barrier against virtual visits. Higher satisfaction levels were significantly associated with those who did not consider the lack of integration of virtual visits with current workflow or electronic medical records (EMRs) a significant barrier to conducting virtual visits (p-value = 0.005). Conclusion Despite the undeniable advantages of telehealth, barriers, and challenges remain extant and can influence clinicians’ satisfaction. Continuous monitoring for improvements is needed to enhance the telehealth experience.
Association Between Magnetic Pressure Difference and the Movement of Solar Pores

Solar pores are closely related to the concentration, dissipation, and transportation of solar magnetic flux. Their observable characteristics can provide constraints on models and simulations of magnetic flux emergence and formation. The specific property investigated in this study is their horizontal movement. The aim is to investigate whether the movement is correlated with any observable quantities. Our statistical analysis of 61 compact pores identified from the Spaceweather HMI Active Region Patches (SHARP) from 2011 to 2018 indicates that the direction of movement is often either parallel or antiparallel to the direction of maximum magnetic pressure difference (dP mag) at the opposite sides of the edges of the pores. The correlation coefficients for both the parallel and antiparallel cases are higher than 0.74. Despite the high correlation, our analysis using the transfer entropy indicates no significant causal relationship between the direction of motion and the direction of maximum dP mag.
Penalized likelihood‐ratio test for finite mixture models with multinomial observations

Due to the irregularity of finite mixture models, the commonly used likelihood‐ratio statistics often have complicated limiting distributions. We propose to add a particular type of penalty function to the log‐likelihood function. The resulting penalized likelihood‐ratio statistics have simple limiting distributions when applied to finite mixture models with multinomial observations. The method is especially effective in addressing the problems discussed by Chernoff and Lander (1995). The theory developed and simulations conducted show that the penalized likelihood method can give very good results, better than the well‐known C(α) procedure, for example. The paper does not, however, fully explore the choice of penalty function and weight. The full potential of the new procedure is to be explored in the future.
Cooling and warming laws: an exact analytical solution

This paper deals with temperature variations over time of objects placed in a constant-temperature environment in the presence of thermal radiation. After a historical introduction, the paper discusses cooling and warming laws, by taking into account first solely object–environment energy exchange by thermal radiation, and then adding object–environment heat exchange by convection. These processes are usually evaluated by approximating the law of exchange of thermal radiation by a linear relationship between power exchange and temperature difference. In contrast, in this paper an exact analytical solution considering Stefan's fourth power law is provided, under some general hypotheses, for both cases. A comparison with exponential approximations and with a historical law proposed by Dulong and Petit in 1817 is presented. Data of an experiment are used to test the analytical solution: the test has allowed evaluating the heat transfer coefficient h of the experiment and has shown that our solution provides a better fit with the measured values than any exponential function. The topic is developed in a way which can be suitable both for undergraduate students and for general physicists.
Theory of Helical Spin Structure in Itinerant Electron Systems. II

The self-consistent renormalization theory of spin fluctuations as developed previously for ferro- and antiferromagnetic metals is extended to the case of a helical spin structure with the use of a model for the dynamical susceptibility χ 0 ( q ,ω) of the noninteracting system. The magnetic properties of MnSi having a helical spin structure of a long period below T C =29 K are discussed on the basis of this theory.
Fate of outflowing suprathermal oxygen ions that originate in the polar ionosphere

[1] We investigate the transport and ultimate fate of outflowing suprathermal O+ ions by kinetic means using a full-particle tracing scheme. We launched O+ ions in order to determine their final destination in terms of the magnetopause, the distant tail, the ring current (L-shell of 5), and the atmosphere. The number of O+ ions that reached each of the destinations was calculated quantitatively by employing an empirical model of the outflowing ion distribution. This empirical model is based on long-term data from the Suprathermal Ion Mass Spectrometer aboard the Akebono satellite and depends on Kp and the sunspot number. Major results are as follows: (1) Under an active-time magnetic field and a midstrength convection electric field, the majority of outflowing ions with initial speed greater than the escaping speed reached the ring current, with lesser amounts reaching the magnetopause, the distant tail, and the atmosphere. (2) The presence of an active-time magnetic field results in an increase in the number of ions that reach the ring current by a factor of ∼3, the magnetopause by a factor of ∼0.5, the distant tail by a factor of ∼200, and the atmosphere by a factor of ∼0.01 in comparison with those under a quiet time magnetic field. (3) An energy distribution of ions at L = 5 shows that in addition to a thermal/suprathermal component, an energetic component peaking at ∼20 keV appears for the active condition, which resembles an averaged spectrum of ring current O+ ions.
Local temperature in amorphous ribbons during current annealing

A study of the temperature dispersion during current-annealing of amorphous ribbons has been done. The local temperature has been obtained by measuring the local intensity of the infrared emission of the sample with a CCS nitrogen liquid cooled camera. The results exhibit a dispersion in the local temperature in spite of the small dimension of the sample. This study shows that the crystallization processes can be detected in situ through the mean square deviation of the infrared emission. >