Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional diagnostics of dynamic behaviors of excited atoms in microplasma for plasma display panels

A three-dimensional (3-D) observation cell with realistic AC-type structure and size was fabricated and measurements were done, for the first time, on the spatiotemporal behaviors of excited Xe atoms by using optical emission and laser absorption spectroscopic techniques. As a typical characteristic feature, it is seen that the discharge starts from the temporal anode edge, stretching toward the cathode, and a striated pattern of excited atoms appears on the anode side while a single broader peak distributes on the cathode side, traveling to its far end. In addition, the dependence on the applied voltage was clearly seen in the distribution of excited atoms, which shows the influence of the charge accumulation on the walls. With the two-dimensional projection images obtained from side and front views in both the emission and absorption measurements, an iterative method was tried preliminarily to derive the peak values of excited Xe atoms in the 3-D space.
Weak polynomial identities for the matrix algebras

We study the weak polynomial identities for the matrix algebras over a field K of characteristic 0, i.e.the polynomials from the free associative algebra which vanish on the Lie subalgebra sl k of thek×k matrix algebra M k.There are two main results in the paper, (i) We describe all weak identities which are of degree K–1 in the yi’s. (ii) We find all the weak identities of degree 6 for M 3.One of them gives rise to the central polynomial of degree 8 for M 3 discovered by one of the authors and Azniv Kasparian.
Study of the critical behaviour of three-dimensional Ising-like systems on the basis of the ρ6 model with allowance for microscopic parameters: II. Low-temperature region

A microscopic approach to the investigation of the three-dimensional Ising-like system thermodynamics below the phase transition temperature Tc is schematically presented within the framework of the higher non-Gaussian approximation (ρ6 model) taking into account the corrections to scaling. A microscopic analogue of the Landau free energy is calculated. Explicit expressions for the thermodynamic characteristics are obtained as functions of the temperature and microscopic parameters of the system. The thermodynamic characteristics near Tc and their amplitudes are given for various values of the effective radius of the exponentially decreasing interaction potential (including the values corresponding to the nearest-neighbour interaction, the interaction between the nearest and next-nearest neighbours, and that between the nearest, next-nearest, and third neighbours). The evolutions of the free energy of the system at the phase transition point, average spin moment, and specific heat with increasing ratio of the potential effective radius to the simple cubic lattice constant are plotted. The results of calculations and their comparison with other authors' data show that the ρ6 model provides a better quantitative description of the critical behaviour of a three-dimensional Ising magnetic than the ρ4 model.
Impact of the assimilation of INSAT‐3D radiances on short‐range weather forecasts

The present study concentrates on the assimilation of clear‐sky radiances from the recently launched INSAT‐3D satellite. The imager and sounder are two primary meteorological instruments aboard the INSAT‐3D satellite. Pre‐assimilation monitoring of the radiances has been carried out from April to July 2014. A double‐difference technique using the High Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) on MetOp‐A is employed to remove the effect of deficiencies in the model‐analysed profiles which can contribute to the biases. Observed radiances of both instruments appear to be colder (∼1.5–2 K) with respect to radiative transfer model (RTM) simulated radiances, except water vapour channel radiances, which are warmer (0.5–1 K). The standard deviations of observed minus RTM‐simulated radiances are between 0.5 and 1.5 K. Prior to data assimilation, these biases are corrected using a variational bias correction scheme. The largest impacts on the analyses, when assimilating imager radiances, are found in the mid‐ and upper‐tropospheric moisture, while assimilation of sounder radiances impacted both moisture and temperature throughout the troposphere. The more accurate analyses with the INSAT‐3D radiance assimilation lead to improved moisture, wind, temperature and precipitation forecasts compared to the control case in which only conventional observations were assimilated. The results demonstrate the ability of temperature‐ and water vapour‐sensitive radiances to improve not only the temperature and moisture fields, but also the wind fields, enhancing their importance, particularly over tropical regions where wind observations are more important.
Finite element error estimates for a blast furnace gas flow problem

In the mathematical modeling of gas flow in an iron-making blast furnace, a nonlinear second-order boundary value problem is obtained. The operator associated with this problem is monotone and continuous. This paper shows how the algebraic properties of the principal nonlinear coefficient may be exploited to derive optimal order energy error estimates for the finite element approximations of this problem. The situation where the coefficient is implicitly defined is also considered.
Secondary motion of fully developed oscillatory flow in a curved pipe

Experimental and numerical studies were made of the secondary flow induced in fully developed oscillatory laminar flow in a curved circular pipe. Photographs of traces of nylon particles suspended in water were taken systematically with Womersley numbers α = 5.5 ∼ 28 and oscillatory Dean numbers D = 40 ∼ 500. The secondary flow velocity component and the location of the vortex eye were obtained from the photographs. The experimental results were checked with the numerical ones and the variations of the secondary flow pattern with the Dean and Womersley numbers were analysed based on both results. These results suggest that secondary flows can be classified into five patterns.
Robust Estimation in Generalized Partial Linear Models for Clustered Data

In this article we consider robust generalized estimating equations for the analysis of semiparametric generalized partial linear models (GPLMs) for longitudinal data or clustered data in general. We approximate the nonparametric function in the GPLM by a regression spline, and use bounded scores and leverage-based weights in the estimating equation to achieve robustness against outliers. We show that the regression spline approach avoids some of the intricacies associated with the profile-kernel method, and that robust estimation and inference can be carried out operationally as if a generalized linear model were used.
Reduction of quasilinear elliptic equations in cylindrical domains with applications

For certain types of semilinear partial differential equations in a cylindrical domain small bounded solutions are known to lie on a so-called centre manifold of finite dimension. In this paper we prove the result for quasilinear partial differential equations of elliptic and parabolic type. Possible applications include free surface waves and problems in non-linear elasticity. Here we investigate, pars pro toto, the stationary inviscid potential flow in a channel with a free surface and an obstacle at the bottom.
Modeling and Optimization of Stochastic Joint Replenishment and Delivery Scheduling Problem with Uncertain Costs

The stochastic joint replenishment and delivery scheduling (JRD) problem is a key issue in supply chain management and is a major concern for companies. So far, all of the work on stochastic JRDs is under explicit environment. However, the decision makers often have to face vague operational conditions. We develop a practical JRD model with stochastic demand under fuzzy backlogging cost, fuzzy minor ordering cost, and fuzzy inventory holding cost. The problem is to determine procedures for inventory management and vehicle routing simultaneously so that the warehouse may satisfy demand at a minimum long-run average cost. Subsequently, the fuzzy total cost is defuzzified by the graded mean integration representation and centroid approaches to rank fuzzy numbers. To find optimal coordinated decisions, a modified adaptive differential evolution algorithm (MADE) is utilized to find the minimum long-run average total cost. Results of numerical examples indicate that the proposed JRD model can be used to simulate fuzzy environment efficiently, and the MADE outperforms genetic algorithm with a lower total cost and higher convergence rate. The proposed methods can be applied to many industries and can help obtaining optimal decisions under uncertain environment.
Neutron star dynamos and the origins of pulsar magnetism

Neutron star convection is a transient phenomenon and has an extremely high magnetic Reynolds number. In this sense, a neutron star dynamo is the quintessential fast dynamo. The convective motions are only mildly turbulent on scales larger than the approximately 100 cm neutrino mean free path, but the turbulence is well developed on smaller scales. Several fundamental issues in the theory of fast dynamos are raised in the study of a neutron star dynamo, in particular the possibility of dynamo action in mirror-symmetric turbulence. It is argued that in any high magnetic Reynolds number dynamo, most of the magnetic energy becomes concentrated in thin flux ropes when the field pressure exceeds the turbulent pressure at the smallest scale of turbulence. In addition, the possibilities for dynamo action during the various (pre-collapse) stages of convective motion that occur in the evolution of a massive star are examined, and the properties of white dwarf and neutron star progenitors are contrasted.
Exact computation of waterhammer in a three-reservoir system

The three-reservoir problem is a classic topic in hydraulic engineering. Three pipelines connect three reservoirs at a common junction. The three reservoirs have different elevations and liquid flows from the highest to the lowest reservoir. The main question is: will liquid flow to or from the middle reservoir? The classic problem concerns the calculation of the steady flow rates and hydraulic grade lines in the system. The present paper focuses on unsteady flow in the system. A simple and elegant method is presented that is able to detect exactly all reflections and transmissions of pressure waves at the three-way junction.
Generic Difference between Early and Late Stages of BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts

The early and late stages of gamma-ray bursts are studied in a statistical analysis of the large sample of long BATSE events. The primary peak is used as the boundary between the early and late stages of emission. Significant differences are found between the stages: the early stage is shorter, it has harder emission, and it becomes a smaller fraction of the total burst duration for burst groups of decreasing intensity.
What’s in a voice? Cues used by dolphins in individual recognition of signature whistles

Cues that bottlenose dolphins may use for individual recognition of signature whistles are (1) the individually distinctive frequency modulation patterns of whistles; and (2) voice cues caused by the anatomy of the vocal apparatus. Experiments were designed to determine whether dolphins use either or both of these cues in recognizing whistles. Temporarily held wild dolphins listened to whistles of a close relative and of a known conspecific of the same sex and similar age. To test the hypothesis that dolphins recognize the frequency modulation patterns of whistles, signature whistles were synthesized and all general voice features removed. In playbacks to 14 individuals, dolphins turned significantly more often towards the speaker if they heard the synthetic signature whistle of a close relative than that of another individual. To test the hypothesis that dolphins may also be using voice cues to recognize whistles, natural variant (nonsignature) whistles were played back, which are highly variable in cont.
The structure of fine-scale scalar mixing in gas-phase planar turbulent jets

Fine-scale scalar mixing in gas-phase planar turbulent jets is studied using measurements of three-component scalar gradient and scalar energy dissipation rate fields. Simultaneous planar Rayleigh scattering and planar laser-induced fluorescence, applied in parallel planes, yield the three-dimensional scalar field measurements. The spatial resolution is sufficient to permit differentiation in all three spatial directions. The data span a range of outer-scale Reynolds numbers from 3290 to 8330. Direct measurement of the thicknesses of scalar dissipation structures (layers) shows that the thicknesses scale with outer-scale Reynolds number as $\hbox{\it Re}_\delta^{-3/4}$, consistent with Kolmogorov/Batchelor scaling. Average layer thicknesses are described by the relation $\lambda_D=14.5\,\delta\, \hbox{\it Re}_\delta^{-3/4}\hbox{\it Sc}^{-1/2}$. There is no evidence here that Taylor scaling ($\lambda_D\propto\delta\, \hbox{\it Re}_\delta^{-1/2}$) plays a significant role in the scalar dissipation process. The present data resolve a range of length scales from the dissipation scales up to nearly the jet full width, and thus can be used in a priori testing of subgrid models for scalar mixing in large-eddy simulations (LES). Comparison of two models for subgrid scalar variance, a scale-similarity model and a gradient-based model, indicates that the scale-similarity model is more accurate at larger LES filter sizes.
Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials

Part 1 Overall properties of heterogeneous solids: aggregate properties and averaging methods aggregate properties, averaging methods elastic solids with microcavities and microcracks linearly elastic solids, elastic solids with traction-free defects, elastic solids with micrcavities, elastic solids with microcracks elastic solids with micro-inclusions overall elastic modulus and compliance tensors, examples o elastic solids with elastic micro-inclusions, upper and lower bounds for overall elastic moduli, self-consistent differential and related averaging methods, Eshelby's tensor and related topics solids with periodic microstructure general properties and field equations, overall properties of solids with periodic microstructure, mirror-image decomposition of periodic fields. Part 2 Introduction to basic elements of elasticity theory: foundations geometric foundations, kinematic foundations, dynamic foundations, constitutive relations elastostatic problems of linear elasticity boundary-value problems and extremum principles three-dimensional problems solution of singular problems. Appendix: references.
Impact of the Dual-Polarization Doppler Radar Data on Two Convective Storms with a Warm-Rain Radar Forward Operator

AbstractThe dual-polarization (dual pol) Doppler radar can transmit/receive both horizontally and vertically polarized power returns. The dual-pol radar measurements have been shown to provide a more accurate precipitation estimate compared to traditional radars. In this study, the horizontal reflectivity ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDP, and radial velocity VR collected by the C-band Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR) are assimilated for two convective storms. A warm-rain scheme is constructed to assimilate ZH, ZDR, and KDP data using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF). The main goals of this study are first to demonstrate and compare the impact of various dual-pol variables in initialization of real case convective storms and second to test how the dual-pol fields may be better used with a 3DVAR system.The results show that the ZH, .
CPCA: a comprehensive theory

Constrained principal component analysis (CPCA) incorporates external information into principal component analysis (PCA). CPCA first decomposes the matrix according to the external information (external analysis) and then applies PCA to decomposed matrices (internal analysis). The external analysis amounts to projections of the data matrix onto the spaces spanned by matrices of external information, while the internal analysis involves the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). Since its original proposal (Takane and Shibayama, 1991), CPCA has evolved both conceptually and methodologically; it is now founded on firmer mathematical ground, allows a greater variety of decompositions, and includes a wider range of interesting special cases. In this paper we present a comprehensive theory and various extensions of CPCA. We also discuss four special cases of CPCA; 1) CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) and CALC (canonical analysis with linear constraints), 2) GMANOVA, 3) Lagrange's theorem, and 4) CANO (canonical correlation analysis) and related methods.
Role of Soil Amendments in Dissipation of Chlorpyriphos in Mollisols

The potential of some soil amendments namely, gypsum (5 t ha−1), pyrite (5 t ha−1), farmyard manure (FYM, 5 t ha−1) and fresh cow-dung slurry (FCD, 0.5 t ha−1) were evaluated for studying dissipation of chlorpyriphos (0,0-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl phosphorothioate), an organophosphate insecticide in mollisols under laboratory conditions. The data obtained in dissipation of chlorpyriphos in soil (0–15 cm) were evaluated after eight consecutive samplings (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 d). The results indicate that the degradation of chlorpyriphos was at faster rate during the first 7 days but thereafter became slower upto 30 days. Dissipation studies could be better accounted by biphasic pattern involving an initial faster and a later slower phase. The kinetics of dissipation of chlorpyriphos from soil could be accounted by two component (1 +1) first order kinetics. The half life of chlorpyriphos in control (without amendment) soil was 9.82 d in initial phase and 37.03 d in later phase which was reduced to 7.64 d in initial phase and 22.41 d in latter phase by treatment of FCD@ 0.5 t ha−1 while FYM @5 t ha−1 and gypsum @ 5 t ha−1 showed no significant effect in the initial phase but their effect on dissipation of chlorpyriphos was better observed in later phase. A comparison of kinetic parameters among different treatments also revealed that faster dissipation fraction of applied chlorpyriphos from mollisols was significant under FCD treatments.
Determination of the constant coefficient in scale similarity models of turbulence

Scale similarity models are discussed for the subgrid-scale stress tensor and subgrid-scale variance of a passive scalar in a turbulent flow. The modeling involves sampling of the resolved fields by applying a spatial filter at a scale greater than the grid spacing of the computational mesh. A method is described for determining the constant of proportionality present in each model. The model constant for the subgrid-scale stress tensor is determined such that the subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy is exact on average. The constant is shown to depend on the size of the sampling filter, the turbulence Reynolds number and the degree of resolution of the large eddies.Scale similarity models are discussed for the subgrid-scale stress tensor and subgrid-scale variance of a passive scalar in a turbulent flow. The modeling involves sampling of the resolved fields by applying a spatial filter at a scale greater than the grid spacing of the computational mesh. A method is described for determining the constant of proportionality present in each model. The model constant for the subgrid-scale stress tensor is determined such that the subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy is exact on average. The constant is shown to depend on the size of the sampling filter, the turbulence Reynolds number and the degree of resolution of the large eddies.
Growth envelopes of Besov spaces on fractal h‐sets

Under appropriate conditions, we determine the growth envelopes of Besov spaces on so‐called h‐sets. In the way we clarify what should in general be meant by such Besov spaces and establish some elementary embeddings. Actually, we are even able to give an optimal necessary condition for one of such embeddings as a by‐product of the proof of the growth envelope result.
The Floquet Theory of the Periodic Euler-Bernoulli Equation

Abstract We continue the study (initiated in [17]) of the spectral theory of the fourth-order eigenvalue problem [a(x) u″(x)]″=λρ(x) u(x), −∞ where the functions a and ρ are periodic and strictly positive. This equation models the transverse vibrations of a thin straight (periodic) beam whose physical characteristics are described by a and ρ . The equality of the algebraic and geometric multiplicities of the periodic and antiperiodic eigenvalues is established. Also a spectrum-like set, that we called “pseudospectrum” or “ ψ -spectrum,” is introduced (or, rather, discovered). This ψ -spectrum is shown to lie on the negative real axis and have a band-gap structure. Various open questions and conjectures are mentioned at the end of the paper.
Estimation of the Polynomial Matrices of Vector Moving Average Processes

In practice the number of nonzero parameters in the polynomial matrices of vector time series models is often small. Consequently, estimation of fully parameterized models, particularly those containing many variables, can be computationally quite demanding. In this article we present methods for estimating parameter values and for identifying the nonzero elements in vector moving average models which are at least an order of magnitude faster than existing maximum likelihood procedures
Crosslanguage Study of Voicing in Initial Stops

In describing the phonemes of a language, phoneticians often find it useful to divide them into “voiced” and “voiceless” categories. For stop consonants, some languages are said to utilize aspiration in conjunction with voicing to yield two, three, or four categories, while in some few languages categories are said to be distinguished solely by differences in aspiration. Some phoneticians, moreover, speak of strongly articulated (fortis) and weakly articulated (lenis) categories. Earlier work has shown that the two English categories /ptk/ and /bdg/ can, in initial positions, be distinguished acoustically by a difference in the time interval between the burst that marks stop release and the onset of periodicity that reflects laryngeal vibration. This measure of voice‐onset time was applied to eleven languages that vary in the number and phonetic description of their initial‐stop categories. In all these languages, this measure was found to be highly effective as a means of separating phoneme categories; t.
An Approach to Gravitational Radiation by a Method of Spin Coefficients

A new approach to general relativity by means of a tetrad or spinor formalism is presented. The essential feature of this approach is the consistent use of certain complex linear combinations of Ricci rotation coefficients which give, in effect, the spinor affine connection. It is applied to two problems in radiationtheory; a concise proof of a theorem of Goldberg and Sachs and a description of the asymptotic behavior of the Riemann tensor and metric tensor, for outgoing gravitational radiation.