Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response Amplitude and Hydrodynamic Force for a Buoy over a Convex

A buoy as an offshore structure is often placed over a convex such as a caisson or a submerged island. The hydrodynamic fluid/solid interaction becomes more complex due to the convex compared with that on the flat. Both the buoy and the convex are idealized as vertical cylinders. Linear potential theory is used to investigate the response amplitude and the hydrodynamic force for a buoy over a convex due to diffraction and radiation in water of finite depth. These are derived from the total velocity potential. A set of theoretical added mass, damping coefficient, and exciting force expressions have been proposed. Analytical results of the response amplitude and hydrodynamic force are given. Finally, the numerical results show that the effect of the convex on the response amplitude and hydrodynamic force for the buoy is ignored if the size of the convex is relatively smaller.
Pennsylvanian (Atokan) Ammonoids from the Magoffin Member of the Four Corners Formation, Eastern Kentucky

Abstract The Pennsylvanian ammonoids Gastrioceras magoffinense n. sp. , Maximites nassichuki n. sp. , Dimorphoceratoides adamsi n. sp. , Bisatoceras? sp. , Phaneroceras chesnuti n. sp. , and Christioceratidae gen. indet. occur in the Magoffin Member of the Four Corners Formation in eastern Kentucky. The interval represented by the Magoffin ammonoid fauna should be known as the Gastrioceras magoffinense Assemblage Zone. This overlies the well-known Diaboloceras neumeieri Zone, represented in the Kendrick Shale Member of the Hyden Formation in eastern Kentucky. The Gastrioceras magoffinense Zone correlates to the Diaboloceras varicostatum–Winslowoceras henbesti Zone in the Winslow Member of the Atoka Formation in northwestern Arkansas. Ammonoids and associated conodonts, including Declinognathodus marginodosus and its descendant D. donetzianus, indicate an early Atokan age corresponding to the basal Bolsovian (basal Westphalian C) Substage in western Europe and the Bashkirian–Moscovian Stage boundary interval in eastern Europe and the South Urals.
A 10‐year spatial climatology of squall line storms across Oklahoma

Severe thunderstorms are an important and relatively common component of the annual weather across the State of Oklahoma. Such weather brings hazardous features such as, large hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes, while also providing beneficial precipitation vital to the state's agricultural and hydrological needs. In any given year, severe weather activity is dictated by seasonal and monthly changes in atmospheric conditions, which frequently determine the type and severity of subsequent storms.
Significance of particle interaction to the modelling of cohesive sediment transport in rivers

Aggregation processes of fine sediments have rarely been integrated in numerical simulations of cohesive sediment transport in riverine systems. These processes, however, can significantly alter the hydrodynamic characteristics of suspended particulate matter (SPM), modifying the particle settling velocity, which is one of the most important parameters in modelling suspended sediment dynamics. The present paper presents data from field measurements and an approach to integrate particle aggregation in a hydrodynamic sediment transport model. The aggregation term used represents the interaction of multiple sediment classes (fractions) with corresponding multiple deposition behaviour. The k–ε–turbulence model was used to calculate the coefficient of vertical turbulent mixing needed for the two‐dimensional vertical‐plane simulations. The model has been applied to transport and deposition of tracer particles and natural SPM in a lake‐outlet lowland river (Spree River, Germany). The results of simulations were evaluated by comparison with field data obtained for two levels of river discharge. Experimental data for both discharge levels showed that under the prevailing uniform hydraulic conditions along the river reach, the settling velocity distribution did not change significantly downstream, whereas the amount of SPM declined. It was also shown that higher flow velocities (higher fluid shear) resulted in higher proportions of fast settling SPM fractions. We conclude that in accordance with the respective prevailing turbulence structures, typical aggregation mechanisms occur that continuously generate similar distribution patterns, including particles that settle toward the river bed and thus mainly contribute to the observed decline in the total SPM concentration. In order to determine time‐scales of aggregation and related mass fluxes between the settling velocity fractions, results of model simulations were fitted to experimental data for total SPM concentration and of settling velocity frequency distributions. The comparison with simulations for the case of non‐interacting fractions clearly demonstrated the practical significance of particle interaction for a more realistic modelling of cohesive sediment and contaminant transport. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment source apportionment in Laurel Hill Creek, PA, using Bayesian chemical mass balance and isotope fingerprinting

A Bayesian chemical mass balance (CMB) approach was used to assess the contribution of potential sources for fluvial samples from Laurel Hill Creek in southwest Pennsylvania. The Bayesian approach provides joint probability density functions of the sources' contributions considering the uncertainties due to source and fluvial sample heterogeneity and measurement error. Both elemental profiles of sources and fluvial samples and 13C and 15N isotopes were used for source apportionment. The sources considered include stream bank erosion, forest, roads and agriculture (pasture and cropland). Agriculture was found to have the largest contribution, followed by stream bank erosion. Also, road erosion was found to have a significant contribution in three of the samples collected during lower‐intensity rain events. The source apportionment was performed with and without isotopes. The results were largely consistent; however, the use of isotopes was found to slightly increase the uncertainty in most of the cases. The correlation analysis between the contributions of sources shows strong correlations between stream bank and agriculture, whereas roads and forest seem to be less correlated to other sources. Thus, the method was better able to estimate road and forest contributions independently. The hypothesis that the contributions of sources are not seasonally changing was tested by assuming that all ten fluvial samples had the same source contributions. This hypothesis was rejected, demonstrating a significant seasonal variation in the sources of sediments in the stream. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International New Ventures And Early Internationalization – Networks And Skills As Enhancing Agents

The skills of the employees, and for the International Experience of employees, in line with the chosen Theoretical Model. current research on international new ventures has been trying to understand the processes that support companies in their decision to early enter foreign markets. The role of learning and knowledge as become one of the arising topics in the literature. Recent empirical evidences provide important insights on the internationalization of new business. Younger firms are able to compensate their limited experiential learning at company level, through learning based on previous experiences of the management team, and through inter-organizational relationships (vicarious learning). The most common type of vicarious learning discussed in conceptual and empirical works involves learning with a network: depending on the position of a company in the network, this will define its range of opportunities and constraints and these relationships have a strong impact on market selection as well as on entry mode because they make it easier to identify and exploit new opportunities. Based on the opinions of different entrepreneurs, this study seeks to determine the importance of several factors as inducers of the internationalization process by companies that have internationalized early in their life cycle. Factors such as the relational networks, entrepreneurs’ specific skills and international experience of employees are considered. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 320 Portuguese companies. Data Exploratory Analysis methodologies and Univariate Statistical Inference methodologies were used. Evidence was found for the importance of Relational Networks, for Specific.
A Draft Genome Assembly, Liver Transcriptome, and Nutrigenomics of the European Sardine, Sardina pilchardus “ Out of the Can ”: A Draft Genome Assembly, Liver Transcriptome, and Nutrigenomics of the European Sardine, Sardina pilchardus

: Clupeiformes, such as sardines and omics dataset from a valuable economic marine teleost species, the European sardine, representing an essential resource for their effective conservation, management, and sustainable exploitation. species. The genomic makeup of the European sardine was further compared to that of other teleosts, including the closely related clupeid, the Atlantic herring [14]. As a proof of principle, we selected the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, a metabolic pathway accounting for the production of omega-3 fatty acid in ﬁsh [15], and characterized key genes with well-established roles within these pathways [3,16]. sardine, representing an essential resource for their effective conservation, management, and sustainable exploitation.
AUDITING STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICE IN CANADA

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is taking place in diverse forms, and SEA requirements vary considerably from one nation to the next. While the true measure of effectiveness of SEA is its influence on decision output and policy, plan and program (PPP) outcomes, an effective SEA requires a quality assessment process. This paper suggests that there is no generic set of audit criteria that is appropriate for evaluating the quality of all SEA applications. Auditing SEA quality performance requires criteria that reflect the guidelines and procedural requirements of the institutional arrangements within which SEA is practised. Based on a proposed set of SEA quality performance criteria for Canada, this paper presents the findings of an audit of five national-level Canadian SEA applications.
Ground Water Flow in a Fractured Carbonate Aquifer Inferred from Combined Hydrogeological and Geochemical Measurements

A conceptual model for ground water flow is presented for a fractured Silurian dolomite in the Niagara Escarpment area of southern Ontario. Such a model is necessary to facilitate remedial efforts of a PCB‐contaminated site located in Smithville, Ontario. Both physical and chemical hydrogeological observations obtained from field investigations were used to deduce the structure of the ground water flow system in the fracture network. The field study was conducted using observations obtained from six bore‐holes drilled in the vicinity of the town of Smithville. The boreholes were diamond cored through the entire thickness of the dolomite formation (approximately 45 m), hydraulically tested using a 2 m packer spacing and then completed using multipacker casing strings. Measurements of hydraulic head were obtained on a weekly basis over a period of two years, and ground water from each borehole interval was collected for geochemical analyses for inorganic and isotopic composition. Transmissivity measurements indicate that the dolomite is divided into two ground water flow systems separated by an extensive unit of low transmissivity that is pervasive throughout the region. The upper flow system is characterized by water enriched in Mg2+ and SO42‐. Below the low transmissivity zone, ground water increases in salinity and is enriched in Ca2+ and SO42‐. Based on the geochemistry, the rate of ground water migration in the lower flow system is surmised to be much less than that in the upper system. Measurements of hydraulic head in conjunction with the results of the analyses of the environmental isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) suggest that ground water flow is mainly horizontal and likely governed by enlarged bedding plane fractures. The isotope geochemistry and topographical features further suggest that ground water recharge is occurring approximately 2 km to the north of Smithville.
Timing and formation of wrinkle ridges in the Tyrrhena Patera Region of Mars

Wrinkle ridges are distinctive linear to curvilinear arches topped by crenulated ridges and have been identified on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars. The presence of wrinkle ridges on other planetary surfaces has been used as a criterion for identifying volcanic plains. Recently, due to the presence of lava flow lobes and leveed channels, Greeley and Crown identified an area within Hesperia Planum as a flank flow unit associated with Tyrrhena Patera. Hesperia Planum surrounds Tyrrhena Patera and embays the eroded shield of the volcano to the north and south. The Tyrrhena Patera flank flow unit extends approx. 1000 km from the summit caldera to the southwest. More than 55 wrinkle ridges have been identified on this flank flow unit. The relationships between the lava flows and wrinkle ridges within the flank flow unit allow relative ages to be determined. Wrinkle ridges are classified as post flow if flow lobes appear to arch over the rises undeformed, with no evidence of flow ponding on the upstream side of the ridge, or of flows breaching the rises. Wrinkle ridges within Hesperia Planum and Tyrrhena Patera flank flow unit that trend NW-SE appear younger than the flank flow unit.
The development of paleoseaways around Antarctica

Gondwana, with East Antarctica as its center, began to fragment during Late Triassic to Early Jurassic time. With the exception of the Permian or older convergent Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula and Thurston Island, the margins of Antarctic are rifted or transform margins. The earliest seaway around the present-day margin of Antarctica developed during the Late Jurassic along the western part of Queen Maud Land of East Antarctica and may have included parts of the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. The next significant change occurred i­130 Ma, with the opening of the South Atlantic and rifting of India from East Antarctica. Circulation of deep water into the South Atlantic was blocked by the Falkland Plateau, and open, deep water circulation between India and Antarctica was blocked by Sri Lanka. The Falkland Plateau cleared the southern tip of Africa i­100 Ma, but circulation from the South Atlantic northward into the Central Atlantic probably did not begin until Santonian time. Slow spreading between Australia and Antarctica, and a complicated spreading regime between various New Zealand plates, may have opened a seaway as early as 80 Ma. However, major circulation was probably delayed until as late as 40 Ma, when Tasmania and the South Tasman Rise finally cleared north Victoria Land of East Antarctica. The final barrier to circumpolar circulation was in the region of southern South America and the northern Antarctic Peninsula. There, various continental fragments may have partially blocked Drake Passage until the Miocene. General cooling of the world's oceans accompanied early Tertiary opening between Australia and Antarctica and the later opening of Drake Passage.
Elementos traza y mayores en Muestras Internacionales de Referencia Geoquímica por espectrometría de rayos X

This study describes the methodology used in the calibration and evaluation of x-ray spectrometry applied to major and trace elements in geological samples. The methodology was tested by analyzing International Geochemical Reference Samples. Data are compared to published recommended values. The relative errors range from 10% to 20% for trace elements and up to 5% for major elements. The results are presented graphically.
An Analysis of the Mt. Meron Seismic Array

We have performed a quick analysis of the Mt. Meron seismic array to monitor regional seismic events in the Middle East. The Meron array is the only current array in the Levant and Arabian Peninsula and, as such, might be useful in contributing to event location, identification, and other analysis. Here, we provide a brief description of the array and a review of the travel time and array analysis done to assess its performance.
SPATIAL VARIATION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS IN A LARGE NEW ZEALAND RIVER

The ecological responses of large rivers to human pressure can be assessed at multiple scales using a variety of indicators, but little is known about how the responses of ecological indicators vary over small spatial scales. We sampled phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates and measured river metabolism and cotton strip breakdown rates (loss in tensile strength) in contrasting habitats along a 21‐km urban‐industrial reach on a constrained section of the Waikato River, New Zealand's longest river. Rates of gross primary production (2.8–7.8 g O2/m2/d) and ecosystem respiration (3.5–12.7 g O2/m2/d) did not differ consistently between near‐shore (2–3 m from river side) and far‐shore (ca. 10 m from side) locations, urban and industrial reaches or between autumn and spring sampling occasions. Rates of cotton decay (−k) ranged from 0.014 to 0.112 per day and were typically faster at far‐shore locations and in the section of river receiving industrial inputs, but slower in spring compared with autumn. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis of phytoplankton and zooplankton data did not reveal spatial patterns relating to pressure or location (embayment, edge, mid‐river). However, the macroinvertebrate ordination suggested distinct communities for the mid‐river benthos compared with near‐shore communities and a distinction between sites in the urban reach and the industrial reach. Our results suggest that large‐river macroinvertebrate communities and cotton decay rates can be influenced to varying degrees by reach‐scale pressures and local habitat conditions. Monitoring designs in spatially complex rivers should account for habitat heterogeneity that can lead to differences in structural and functional indicator responses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subduction of a Late Cretaceous Seamount of the Louisville Ridge at the Tonga Trench: A model of normal and accelerated tectonic erosion

The hotspot-generated Louisville Ridge is a 4000-km chain of seamounts (typically 2–2.5 km high and 10–40 km in diameter) and an underlying crustal swell (1.5 km high and 100+ km wide) trending NNW across the southwestern Pacific. The northwest end of the Ridge collides with the north trending Tonga Trench (26°S) which, just north of that point, is exceptionally deep (10.8 km) and lacks both a turbidite wedge and a bordering accretionary complex. The collision zone is moving rapidly southward. Multichannel seismic reflection data in the collision zone show a west dipping subsurface platform 2–3 km beneath the lower western trench slope, which is interpreted as the flat summit of a subducted guyot, Motuku, of the Louisville chain. Projected eastward, the summit plain passes 1–2 km above the trench floor. Dredging of the nearby inner trench wall recovered uppermost Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) oceanic pelagic sediments interpreted to be fragments of the sedimentary mantle of a subducted Louisville seamount The principal effects of hotspot-ridge collision with a sediment-starved trench are (1) the impacting seamounts are subducted rather than accreted, and (2) although some seamount rocks are temporarily accreted, the inner trench wall is tectonically eroded arcward at rates possibly as high as 50 km/m.y. Accelerated tectonic erosion is related to (1) fracturing, shearing and general weakening of arc substrate rocks as they are lifted by the swell, penetrated by impacting seamounts, and left to collapse as the ridge moves away, (2) a more effective removal of weakened rock in underthrusting grabens which are larger in the crustal swell, (3) a possible elevation of the subduction decollement to account for the removal of as much as 30,000 km³ of material from a 400 km sector of the trench in 1 million years, and (4) a reduction in supply of arc-derived debris resulting from the gap in arc volcanism accompanying subduction of the ridge. "Normal" tectonic erosion in the Tonga Trench is apparently minor, and we conclude that the bulk of the ∼37,000 km³ of material which fills subducting grabens each million years is arc-derived volcanic and pelagic sediment.
Establishing Context

Current mechanisms for adopting and supporting high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) within special-education appear limited in their success, despite recognition of the potential benefits they represent for young emerging communicators. Prior research in this field has been restricted to discrete survey or interview methodologies. We present a five-month mixed-methods ethnographic study in a special-education school to explore the facilitators and barriers experienced by those using technology, with children who have little or no functional speech, to stimulate communication and language comprehension. Our analysis supports the outcomes of earlier studies, but also furnishes novel insights into the scale and urgency of addressing the problem—with implications for user-centred design within this community. We highlight infrastructure, policy, and recruitment deficits, and propose a two-fold solution: (i) an increase in engagement with this population through the provision of enhanced, user-centred support; and (ii) induction of the cross-disciplinary role of Assistive Technologist, to serve as mediator between teacher, aided communicator, and their assistive technology. This work represents a contribution towards establishing more effective operational, interactional, and pedagogical support for learners using high-tech communication devices.
Partial Skeleton of an Elk-moose, Cervalces scotti, from Chippewa Lake, Medina County, Ohio

Abstract A partial skeleton of an elk-moose, Cervalces scotti, was excavated at a depth of about 5 m below the surface near Chippewa Lake, Medina County, OH. A total of 44 bones and bone fragments were recovered from a male animal judged to be between 4.5 and 5.5 years old, based on comparison with Alces americanus and Cervus elaphus. Bone from the Cervalces was radiocarbon dated at 11,695 ± 35 14C yr BP. Peaty and calcareous muck from the level of the bone was also collected, and provided information about the freshwater mollusca, pollen, and seeds deposited at about the same time the skeleton was buried. Several long bones display spiral fracturing and gnawing of corticular bone at the epiphyses consistent with scavenging by a large predator.