Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of migrating entheses involves replacement of progenitor populations

Attachment sites of tendons to bones, called entheses, are essential for proper musculoskeletal function. They are formed embryonically by Sox9+ progenitors and undergo a developmental process that continues into the postnatal period and involves Gli1 lineage cells. During bone elongation, some entheses maintain their relative positions by actively migrating along the bone shaft, while others, located at the bone’s extremities, remain stationary. Despite their importance, we lack information on the developmental transition from embryonic to mature enthesis and on the relation between Sox9+ progenitors and Gli1 lineage cells. Here, by performing a series of lineage tracing experiments, we identify the onset of Gli1 lineage contribution to different entheses during embryogenesis. We show that Gli1 expression is regulated by SHH signaling during embryonic development, whereas postnatally it is maintained by IHH signaling. Interestingly, we found that unlike in stationary entheses, where Sox9+ cells differentiate into the Gli1 lineage, in migrating entheses the Sox9 lineage is replaced by Gli1 lineage and do not contribute to the mature enthesis. Moreover, we show that these Gli1+ progenitors are pre-specified embryonically to form the different cellular domains of the mature enthesis. Overall, these findings demonstrate a developmental strategy whereby one progenitor population establishes a simple, embryonic tissue, whereas another population is responsible for its maturation into a complex structure during its migration. Moreover, they suggest that different cell populations may be considered for cell-based therapy of enthesis injuries.
Effects of Non-genetic Factors Affecting the Productive Performance of White Fulani and Friesian x White Fulani Genotypes in Kaduna, Nigeria

This research was conducted to assess the effects of genetic and non genetic factors on the productivity of commercial dairy herd in Kaduna. Nigeria. Data on 252 calving which comprised, 100 white Fulani both total milk yield and average daily milk yield in both breeds. In addition to the above mentioned breeds, year of calving was significant in the crossbred. However, season of calving had no significant (P>0.05) effect on total milk yield as well as average daily milk yield in both genotypes.
FGFs are orchestra conductors of Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord

Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we evidence that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation, as do they dorsal counterpart. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord.
EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON DRY MATTER INTAKE WEIGHT GAIN FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENCY AND ITS RELATION WITH BODY MEASUREMENTS IN LOHI LAMBS

Pakistan ranks 11 in the world having 30.1 million heads of sheep. Pakistani sheep are primarily raised for mutton and wool production. These animals contribute 54278 thousand skins and 701 thousand tonnes of mutton meat annually in the national economy (Anonymous, 2017). The weight of local sheep indicates the scope of improvement which can be exploited with proper feeding and adopting better management practices. There are 28 recognized breeds of sheep (Alvi, 1991) spread all over the country. The prevailing production systems for small ruminants in Pakistan are described as nomadic, transhumance, household sedentary and commercial (Qurashi et al., 2004). It is estimated that five million farmers and 0.5 million landless families own sheep in Pakistan. It has also been estimated that about 3.4% of the holdings are upto 5 sheep, 9.1% have from 6to 15, 13.8% have from 16 to 30, 14.2% have from 31 to 50, 8.7% have from 51 to 75, 7.1% have from 76 to 100, 8.7% have from 101 to 150, and 6.7% between 151 to 200, 14.4% between 201 to 350 and 14.1% has more than 350 sheep (Khan, 2003). Lohi represents the predominant breed of irrigated areas of central Punjab. It is one of the important sheep breed for mutton production in Pakistan. Optimum growth and development of a healthy animal depend upon adequate nutrition and management. Increased weight gain and dry matter intake are well known factors that influence financial returns in sheep enterprise. Balanced ration with correct feeding schedule is necessary for optimum growth response and greater economic returns. Due to high basal metabolic rate, the small ruminants need more frequent feeding than large ruminants. Therefore, increase in feeding frequencies may improve growth performance of Lohi lambs, thereby increasing the mutton production in Pakistan.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN ATASAN DAN REMUNERASI PEGAWAI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI MELALUI MOTIVASI KERJA PEGAWAI PEMDA JAKARTA TIMUR

This study aims to determine the influence of the leaderships, and remuneration together and partially on work motivation. And the influence of leaderships, remuneration and motivation to work together and partially on the performance of employees of the Regional Government of East Jakarta. The results of this study indicate that the leaderships, remuneration and motivation to work together on the performance of employees. Partially leaderships can affect motivation and remuneration of employee, leaderships and work motivation influence on the performance of employees, only remuneration that does not affect the performance of employees. Improve the performance of East Jakarta Municipal Government Employees, it is suggested to the leadership to improve motivation and taking the value of remuneration, the main focus on motivation without ignoring the variable remuneration. Increased motivation can be done by giving encouragement to each employee in performing their duties and responsibilities as an employee reward achievement, an example of employees who carry out the organization's values and the proposed sale and transfer of employees in accordance with the planned area of competence.
Incidental identification of maternal malignancies in two Asian women underwent noninvasive prenatal test

Noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) has been widely used as a screening test for trisomy 13, 18 and 21 worldwide. Recently, coexistence of maternal malignancy and pregnancy has drawn increasing attention in NIPT studies. Malignancy in pregnant women potentially affected NIPT results, which may cause false positive results or failed tests. However, no such case has ever been reported in Asian population. In this study, for the first time, we reported a stage III dysgerminoma and advanced gastric cancer during pregnancy accidentally identified during NIPT tests. These two women showed aberrant chromosome aneuploidies in NIPT results and concordant pattern of genome disruption found in tumor samples. The findings in this study further validate the effect of maternal malignancy on NIPT results and strengthen the possibility of detecting malignant tumors through NIPT in the future.
Pollen morphology of some Nepeta L. species in NW Iran

Abstract The genus Nepeta L. , with approximately 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the tribe Mentheae, subtribe Nepetinae of the Lamiaceae family. In the present work, pollen morphology of eight species of Nepeta was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the majority of the studied species were characterized by monad, hexazonocolpate, isopolar, heterobrochate, and prolate pollen grains. It was also revealed that there were some differences in pollen characters among the studied taxa. Hence, they could be divided into three major groups based on exine ornamentation. It is worthy of mention that the species pollen characters appear to correlate with the Rechiger (1982) subgeneric classification of Nepeta. However, due to different pollen attributes, it is suggested that Nepeta haussknechtii could be transferred to a new section. Pollen morphology of N. crassifolia, N. haussknechtii, N. speciosa and N. amoena was described for the first time.
Putative sex-linked heteroplasmy in the tellinid bivalve Limecola balthica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) is a remarkable exception to the maternal inheritance of mitochondria in metazoans. Found in bivalves, DUI is characterized by females transmitting 'female' (F) mitochondria that persist in oocytes and in somatic tissues of both sexes, whereas males pass on 'male' (M) mitochondria that persist in the male germ line (reviewed by Zouros, 2013). The evolution and maintenance of this feature remains unclear, especially as its prevalence among bivalve species is still unknown. DUI can be detected by looking for distinct mitochondrial DNA sequences (or mitotypes) in the sperm and somatic tissues of males. Although it has been found in about 40 species (Degletagne et al., 2015), authors have pointed out the difficulties of detecting DUI, as the genetic distance between the F and M mitotypes can be very high, reaching 50% amino-acid divergence in some unionoids (Doucet-Beaupre et al., 2010). Testing for the presence of DUI is therefore of prime interest for understanding how this feature spread within the Bivalvia and how many times it evolved. We set out to test for the presence of DUI in Limecola balthica (Linnaeus, 1758) (previously known as Macoma balthica; Huber, 2015).
A key to the species of Anelassorhynchus (Echiura) with a description of a new species from the east coast of southern Africa

A new echiurid species of the genus Anelassorhynchus Annandale 1922, collected from Isipingo Beach along the Natal coast (Republic of South Africa) is descriptionbed. Although the genus is widely distributed and numerous species have been recorded from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, only two species, A. indivisus (Sluiter 19(0) and A. moebii (Greeff 1879), are currently known from the southern African region. The new species, A. gangae sp. nov., appears to be related to A. porcellus Fisher 1948 and to A. adelaidensis Edmonds 1960. It differs from these two species mainly in the nature of the integument and in the arrangement of the dermal papillae. A key for the identification of all the species in the genus is provided.
Effects of Origanum Syriacum Essential Oil on Blood Parameters of Broilers Reared at High Ambient Heat

The biochemical and hematological blood values of broilers fed under heat stress and that were administered Origanum syriacum (OS) essential oil were investigated in this study. In total, 400 male broilers (Ross-308; age, 1 day) were used for the period of 42-days of the study. The experiment included ten groups (n = 50/group; each group divided into five sub-groups): normal heat, 22°C: basal feed (BF)positive control group (PC), BF + 100 ppm OS; BF + 300 ppm OS; BF + 600 ppm OS). Heat stress, 36°C: BF-positive control group (PC), BF + 100 ppm SOS; BF + 300 ppm OS; and BF + 600 ppm OS). Biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in blood collected into EDTA tubes. Total bilirubin, cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ increased, whereas alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, urea, uric acid, Cl–, and K+ decreased (p<0.05); however, no changes were detected in the other hematological values.
Review of Ecosystem Level Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer on Black Ash Wetlands: What Does the Future Hold?

The emerald ash borer (EAB) is rapidly spreading throughout eastern North America and devastating ecosystems where ash is a component tree. This rapid and sustained loss of ash trees has already resulted in ecological impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and is projected to be even more severe as EAB invades black ash-dominated wetlands of the western Great Lakes region. Using two companion studies that are simulating short- and long-term EAB infestations and what is known from the literature, we synthesize our current limited understanding and predict anticipated future impacts of EAB on black ash wetlands. A key response to the die-back of mature black ash will be higher water tables and the potential for flooding and resulting changes to both the vegetation and animal communities. Although seedling planting studies have shown some possible replacement species, little is known about how the removal of black ash from the canopy will affect non-ash species growth and regeneration. Because black ash litter is relatively high in nitrogen, it is expected that there will be important changes in nutrient and carbon cycling and subsequent rates of productivity and decomposition. Changes in hydrology and nutrient and carbon cycling will have cascading effects on the biological community which have been scarcely studied. Research to address these important gaps is currently underway and should lead to alternatives to mitigate the effects of EAB on black ash wetland forests and develop management options pre- and post-EAB invasion.
Immune function during luteolysis in cattle

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland on the ovary of mammals. Its function is to produce progesterone, which is important in the maintenance of a uterine environment that is appropriate for pregnancy. The CL is derived from the ovulatory follicle, and if pregnancy is not established, the CL regresses in a process called luteolysis. There is some evidence that the immune system plays a role in luteolysis. Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interferon (IFN)-y, interleukin (IL)-ip produce effects on cultured bovine luteal cells, including elevation of prostaglandin synthesis, depression of progesterone synthesis, and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, luteal cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in a manner that is consistent with a role in luteolysis. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: 1. To determine whether the mRNA for the cytokines TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-ip, and EL-2 are expressed in the bovine CL, and to characterize their expression across the estrous cycle. Additionally, it was of interest to determine whether the mRNA for the receptors for TNF-a and EL-2 are expressed in the CL, and to characterize their expression over time.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis Between Virulent and Less Virulent Strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri Isolated from Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

Outbreaks of disease caused by the infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis have been reported in rivers in Japan since 2007. In this study, we performed comparative proteomic analysis between the virulent strain FPC1091 and the less virulent strain FPC1214 to identify virulence factors of E. ictaluri to ayu. In the experimental infection, cumulative mortalities of the ayu intraperitoneally injected with FPC1091 (1.2 × 10 CFU/fish) and FPC1214 (2.2 × 10 CFU/fish) were 100% and 26.7%, respectively. The genetic fingerprint profile of FPC1214 was identical to that of FPC1091 in the amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The analysis of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry between FPC1091 and FPC 1214 revealed 23 proteins that were either specific to or produced in greater amounts in the virulent strain FPC1091. These proteins included components of the type III and type VI secretion systems, and the proteins that seem to be involved in the resistance against oxidative stress by host phagocytic cells, suggesting that these proteins are the virulence factors of E. ictaluri to ayu.
Determining If Lowering the Level of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D in AIN-93G Diet Supports Normal Bone Development and Intestinal Integrity in Female CD-1 Mice

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF FIGURES . vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 2.1 Bone formation, remodeling, and metabolism . 2 2.2 Osteoporosis . 5 2.2.1 Dietary prevention strategy: Dietary Reference Intakes for Ca and vit D . 7 2.3 The role of Ca and vit D on bone metabolism . 11 2.3. 1 Interplay between Ca and vit D in maintaining Ca homeostasis . 13 2.4 Intestinal integrity and the existence of a gut microbiota-bone axis . 15 2.4. 1 Markers of intestinal integrity . 16 2.5 Preclinical models: providing excess Ca and vit D may mask potential benefits of dietary interventions . 17 2.6 Formulation of the AIN-93G reference rodent diet . 19 2.6. 1 NIH-07 diet . 20 2.6. 2 AIN-76 diet . 21 2.6. 3 AIN-93 diet . 22 2.7 Dietary requirements for Ca and vit D in mice are not strongly based on evidence . 25 2.7. 1 Ca requirements for mice . 25 2.7. 2 Vit D requirements for mice . 26
Distribution and phylogeography of Blanford’s Fox, Vulpes cana (Carnivora: Canidae), in Africa and the Middle East

The distribution of Vulpes cana in the extreme eastern Sahara is described on the basis of new photographic and sight records, as well as a recently acquired specimen from south-eastern Egypt. The proven range of this elusive fox now extends about 1000 km south into Africa along the Red Sea coastal mountains. The proven and predicted distribution ranges of this fox are discussed. Its phylogeography and evolutionary relationship to other foxes of the region are gleaned from analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequence and are discussed in light of climatic and paleogeographic history of the area. The results show that the species could have initially moved into Africa during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition period when several land bridges occurred across the Gulf of Suez. More recent land bridges between the mountains of the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern Desert of Egypt seem to have developed and disappeared several times during the Pleistocene, possibly allowing genetic exchange between V. cana populations in these two areas. The last of this population exchange and genetic flow between the two areas seems to have ended some 14,000 years ago when the present Gulf of Suez inundation took place.
Evidence for selective avoidance of traffic noise by anuran amphibians

Roads create many challenges for conservation, and amphibians are particularly vulnerable to their negative effects. This experiment evaluates the impact that traffic noise has on amphibian populations, specifically anurans (frogs and toads). It is thought that traffic noise may act to reduce population abundances; however, it is difficult to disentangle the impact of noise from other road effects, such as roadkill and chemical pollution. To test this, we created a ‘phantom road’ by playing different traffic noise treatments in three roadless areas and measured resulting anuran abundance using vocalizations as a proxy. We also tested the vocalizations of one species, the Oak Toad Anaxyrus quercicus for changes in response to noise. We found that broadcasting traffic noise caused a significant reduction in vocalizations heard, but, intriguingly, we did not observe this effect when the traffic noise was digitally altered to remove frequencies that overlap with anuran vocalizations. This suggests that avoidance of traffic noise could be a tactic that increases the success of communication with conspecifics. We also found that Oak Toads increase the redundancy of their calls in response to traffic noise, but not in response to the altered noise.
Response of Early-Maturing Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) to Metolachlor

The effect of three rates of metolachlor on ‘Prime Time’ and ‘Tastie’, early maturing, fresh-market cabbage was evaluated in two geographically distinct regions of New York in 1986 and 1987. Metolachlor, when applied at 1.1, 1.7, and 2.2 kg ai/ha either pretransplant or 48 h after transplanting, caused no observable negative effects on either cabbage variety in either year when grown on sandy loam soils on Long Island. On a central New York silt loam soil, injury from metolachlor at 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha applied post-transplant was negligible and transient. Metolachlor applied post-transplant caused a delay in maturity of Tastie cabbage in both years but not Prime Time; however, total yields equalled those of the weed-free controls with both varieties. Metolachlor applied pretransplant frequently caused excessive and persistent injury and often reduced cabbage yields.
Octopaminergic neurons have multiple targets in Drosophila larval mushroom body calyx and can modulate behavioral odor discrimination

Discrimination of sensory signals is essential for an organism to form and retrieve memories of relevance in a given behavioural context. Sensory representations are modified dynamically by changes in behavioral state, facilitating context-dependent selection of behavior, through signals carried by noradrenergic input in mammals, or octopamine (OA) in insects. To understand the circuit mechanisms of this signaling, we characterized the function of two OA neurons, sVUM1 neurons, that originate in the subesophageal zone (SEZ) and target the input region of the memory center, the mushroom body (MB) calyx, in larval Drosophila. We find that sVUM1 neurons target multiple neurons, including olfactory projection neurons (PNs), the inhibitory neuron APL, and a pair of extrinsic output neurons, but relatively few mushroom body intrinsic neurons, Kenyon cells. PN terminals carried the OA receptor Oamb, a Drosophila α1-adrenergic receptor ortholog. Using an odor discrimination learning paradigm, we showed that optogenetic activation of OA neurons compromised discrimination of similar odors but not learning ability. Our results suggest that sVUM1 neurons modify odor representations via multiple extrinsic inputs at the sensory input area to the MB olfactory learning circuit.