Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attack politics from Albania to Zimbabwe: A large-scale comparative study on the drivers of negative campaigning

There is little comparative research on what causes candidates in elections across the world to ‘go negative’ on their rivals – mainly because of the scarcity of large-scale datasets. In this article, we present new evidence covering over 80 recent national elections across the world (2016–2018), in which more than 400 candidates competed. For the first time in a large-scale comparative setting, we show that, ceteris paribus, negativity is more likely for challengers, extreme candidates, and right-wing candidates. Women are not more (or less) likely to go negative on their rivals than their male counterparts, but we find that higher numbers of female MPs in the country reduces negativity overall. Furthermore, women tend to go less negative in proportional systems and more negative in majoritarian systems. Finally, negativity is especially low for candidates on the left in countries with high female representation, and higher for candidates on the right in countries with proportional representation (PR).
The sensitivity of C4F7N to electric field and its influence to environment-friendly insulating gas mixture C4F7N/CO2

C4F7N has excellent insulation performance. By mixing with CO2, it is the highest potential alternative gas to the most greenhouse effect gas insulating medium SF6, which is widely used in gas insulated high voltage electrical equipment. It is necessary to explore its insulation stability under different electrical fields before application. In this paper, the influence of electric field on C4F7N/CO2 mixture with different gas pressures and mixing ratios is tested, analyzed and compared with SF6 by experiment and calculation. It was found that the electric field sensitivity of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture is much higher than that of SF6 and CO2, where it is easy for partial discharge to emerge under non-uniform electric field. The insulation performance of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture is extremely susceptible to the internal electric field of electrical equipment, and optimization of the equipment internal structure to avoid uneven electric fields is needed.
Multi-level governance in a ‘Europe with the regions’

The concept of multilevel governance was introduced to reveal the impact of regions on European Union (EU) policy making in Brussels. In this contribution, I show that multilevel governance also exposes regional involvement in EU affairs within the member states. In contrast to perspectives that focus on formal decision-making by central governments, multilevel governance uncovers significant sharing of authority between governmental actors within and beyond national states even in cases where the formal right to make a decision lies with national governments or the EU legislator. I argue that the concept of multilevel governance is key for understanding developments within a three-tiered EU polity because it directs scholarly attention to the incentives for regions to be involved in EU affairs and for national governments and EU institutions to share their authority with regions.
Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Chlorpyrifos on African Catfish, C. gariepinus and Ameliorative Potentials of Ackee Apple, blighia sapida Seed

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a very toxic pesticide commonly used for controlling agriculturally important pests. The present study investigates DNA damaging effects of CPF on Clarias gariepinus was assessed using genetic assays. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of CPF (100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) at 96 hours (acute exposure). LC50 of the pesticide was found to be 120ppm and one-tenth of the LC50 (12ppm) was taken for the chronic exposure. Distilled water and colchicine were used as negative and positive controls respectively. After 28 days of chronic exposure, fish were fed with inclusion of B. sapida seed (powder) for 14 days. Liver and gills of the fish were removed following 96h exposure, days 7, 14 and 28 of the chronic exposure as well as after the period of amelioration (14 days) for CA assay and histopathological analysis. The results of CA assay showed statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in CA in a dose-dependent manner for all the exposed groups after acute exposure and time dependent after chronic exposure. Also, this study showed that CPF can potentially induce genotoxic and histopathological changes in fish and other aquatic organisms.
Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) species richness and depth distribution in the Gulf of Nicoya, Golfo Dulce, and two adjacent areas on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica

Introduction: Information on the number of flatfish species and their depth distributions is scarce for the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Historical data is important to evaluate changes in ecosystems due to local, regional and global stressors. Objective: To provide information on the presence, depth distributions and lengths of flatfish species collected by trawl nets. Methods: Fish studies were conducted by trawling at four sites along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica by the survey vessels Skimmer (1979-1980), Nishin Maru (1987-1988) and Victor Hensen (1993-1994). The published lists of species were consulted, museum specimens were accessed, and an updated list of flatfish species assembled. Results: A total of 36 species were found over a depth range of 8-359 m. The family Paralichthyidae included 13 species followed by the Cynoglossidae with 12 species, Achiridae with six and Bothidae with five. Thirty-five species were collected at depths from 10-235 m in the Gulf of Nicoya and Golfo Dulce. Monolene asadeae was collected offshore at a depth range of 254-359 m. The Gulf of Nicoya estuary yielded 27 species during the Skimmer expedition over a depth range of 8-60 m, while 31 species were found during the V. Hensen survey at depths from 10-228 m. The V. Hensen survey in Golfo Dulce (20-235 m) collected 19 species, and 17 species in Coronado Bay (21-187 m). Off the Nicoya Peninsula (56-359 m) 13 species were collected by the Nishin Maru shrimp trawler. A total of 21 species (58 %) were found at depths greater than 100 m which were probably exposed to low oxygen concentrations. During the V. Hensen survey Symphurus chabanaudi and S. elongatus were collected more frequently in the Gulf of Nicoya, while S. leei was collected more frequently in Golfo Dulce. Cluster analyses based on presence-absence data for the Gulf of Nicoya and Golfo Dulce revealed low station similarity indicating possible habitat partitioning among species. The size (Total length) of 33 species measured from both the Gulf of Nicoya and Golfo Dulce ranged from 8 cm (Syacium cf longidorsale, Trinectes xanthurus) to 50 cm (S. ovale). Only 12 species were found with lengths over 20 cm. Data on flatfish landings by the semi-industrial fishing fleet for the period 2000-2016 indicates that this group represents less than 1 % of the total landings (shrimp and bycatch), with a minimum of 365 kg in 2001 and a maximum of 13 414 kg in 2013. Conclusions: The number of flatfish species of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica appears relatively high but comparable to the numbers found in other tropical regions. A reduced fishing Vargas, J.A. , Ramírez, A.R. , Marín, B. , López, M.I. , & Wolff, M. (2020). Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) species richness and depth distribution in the Gulf of Nicoya, Golfo Dulce, and two adjacent areas on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(4), 1116-1130. ISSN Printed: 0034-7744 ISSN digital: 2215-2075
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF M-READER

Many universities in the Middle East, for instance, Shiraz University in Iran and Sultan Qaboos University in Oman have been running M-reader, a free Internet site which helps educational institutions to manage extensive reading (ER), as a way of including Extensive Reading in ELT classes for years. In spite of few attempts to evaluate this online tool based on different aspects, no studies have focused on students’ ideas toward the pros and cons of M-reader and how it can be improved. Hence, using a large sample, the present study sheds some light on potential advantages and drawbacks of M-reader and, ultimately, presents students’ comments on how to idealize this popular Extensive Reading tool. A mixed-method design was used in data collection and data analysis. The study shows that M-reader is a popular online platform among students despite some potential drawbacks.
Psychological Effects Related to Accident among Victims

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the psychological effect related to accident among victims in Najran City hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Subjects and Methods: This is a descriptive study of cross-sectional design conducted in Najran City hospitals. The study population encompasses all patients of post-traumatic accidents that were admitted to Najran City hospitals during the data collection period. The patients were invited to participate in the study. Non-probability convenience sampling method was used. A questionnaire was devised, developed, and administered to measure the psychological effects related to accident among victims. For statistical analysis, descriptive measures, including frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and p-value were employed. Results: The study reveals that more than half of the studied victims (57.8%) were between 21 to 30 years old. All of them were males, indicating high rate of causalities in Najran City among youngsters. In terms of post-traumatic experience, the study reveals that 82.2% of the respondents had negative feelings about themselves. The victims also complained of several other psychological effects. In addition, certain cases of oversleep and excessive anxiety were recorded. The statistical analysis showed no significance between the studied psychological effects related to accident among victims in Najran City hospitals and their characteristics except in terms of marital status and work income. Conclusion: The study concludes that victims of accidents suffer psychologically in the post-traumatic phase. The injuries sustained after the incidents leave the victims suffering from negative feeling about themselves. Given these results, it is recommended that authorities should increase the road instructions to improve awareness of drivers. It is believed that the road instruction would increase road safety and minimize the risk of vehicle accidents.
Transforming Special Education With an Inclusive, Rights-Based Approach

Can inclusion and special education achieve education for all? The answer: It depends. What has been called “special education” began its rounds in schools as early as the late 19th century. Inclusive education first appeared in policy documents and mission statements nearly a century later, most notably and possibly most influentially in UNESCO documents and goals of Education For All, beginning in 2002. Both vary extensively in terms of approaches to instruction, service location, vocational background and training for teachers and support personnel, and in terms of who gets included and who gets excluded, to name a few variables. The views of both also often vary by roles; for example, parents, teachers, administrators, government officials. Both also evince major differences depending on the cultural contexts, economic resources, and historical traditions and views regarding education writ large. Exploring these variations and conditions provides insights for addressing the difficulties that face collaboration or merger of special education and inclusive education in order to achieve education for all. After these difficulties have been acknowledged, an essential starting point for change in the direction of education for all entails finding common ground between special education and inclusive education in terms of purposes and end-goals. A human rights approach to common ground, purposes, and end goals provides an essential framework.
Graph abstraction reconciles clustering with trajectory inference through a topology preserving map of single cells

Single-cell RNA-seq quantifies biological heterogeneity across both discrete cell types and continuous cell transitions. Partition-based graph abstraction (PAGA) provides an interpretable graph-like map of the arising data manifold, based on estimating connectivity of manifold partitions (https://github.com/theislab/paga). PAGA maps provide interpretable discrete and continuous latent coordinates for both disconnected and continuous structure in data, preserve the global topology of data, allow analyzing data at different resolutions and result in much higher computational efficiency of the typical exploratory data analysis workflow — one million cells take on the order of a minute, a speedup of 130 times compared to UMAP. We demonstrate the method by inferring structure-rich cell maps with consistent topology across four hematopoietic datasets, confirm the reconstruction of lineage relations of adult planaria and the zebrafish embryo, benchmark computational performance on a neuronal dataset and detect a biological trajectory in one deep-learning processed image dataset.
Glycosylation: A “Last Word” in the Protein-Mediated Biomineralization Process

Post-translational modifications are one way that biomineral-associated cells control the function and fate of proteins. Of the ten different types of post-translational modifications, one of the most interesting and complex is glycosylation, or the covalent attachment of carbohydrates to amino acid sidechains Asn, Ser, and Thr of proteins. In this review the author surveys some of the known biomineral-associated glycoproteins and summarizes recent in vitro recombinant protein experiments which test the impact of glycosylation on biomineralization protein functions, such as nucleation, crystal growth, and matrix assembly. These in vitro studies show that glycosylation does not alter the inherent function of the polypeptide chain; rather, it either accentuates or attenuates functionality. In essence, glycosylation gives the cell the “last word” as to what degree a biomineralization protein will participate in the biomineralization process.
Sex Differences in Mental Rotation Performance Through Holding Weights By the Hands

Mental rotation is known to be mediated by sensorimotor processes. To deepen our understanding of the role of somatosensory inputs in mental rotation, we investigated the effects of holding weight by the hands on mental rotation performance. In an experiment, 22 male and 22 female students performed a chronometric mental rotation task while holding either light or heavy bags in both hands. Results showed that females holding heavy bags were quicker and more accurate at mental rotation than females holding light bags, as evidenced by shallower slopes for response times (RTs) and error rates. In contrast, males showed no such heavy-bag-induced improvement. Unlike slopes, intercepts for RTs and error rates were equivalent regardless of sex and bag weight. Consistent with previous research on embodied cognition, the present findings demonstrated the facilitatory role of somatosensory cues by weight in mental rotation and suggested sex differences in embodied processes in mental rotation.
Making NSCLC Crystal Clear: How Kinase Structures Revolutionized Lung Cancer Treatment

The parallel advances of different scientific fields provide a contemporary scenario where collaboration is not a differential, but actually a requirement. In this context, crystallography has had a major contribution on the medical sciences, providing a “face” for targets of diseases that previously were known solely by name or sequence. Worldwide, cancer still leads the number of annual deaths, with 9.6 million associated deaths, with a major contribution from lung cancer and its 1.7 million deaths. Since the relationship between cancer and kinases was unraveled, these proteins have been extensively explored and became associated with drugs that later attained blockbuster status. Crystallographic structures of kinases related to lung cancer and their developed and marketed drugs provided insight on their conformation in the absence or presence of small molecules. Notwithstanding, these structures were also of service once the initially highly successful drugs started to lose their effectiveness in the emergence of mutations. This review focuses on a subclassification of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and major oncogenic driver mutations in kinases, and how crystallographic structures can be used, not only to provide awareness of the function and inhibition of these mutations, but also how these structures can be used in further computational studies aiming at addressing these novel mutations in the field of personalized medicine.
Evaluation of seed setting aggregatum onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) types under Tamil Nadu conditions

Multiplier onion or Aggregatum onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum L.) is one of the important bulbous vegetable cultivated in India. Commercially, there are two types of onion are being cultivated in India viz., common onion or big onion (Allium cepa var. cepa L.) which is cultivated in larger scale in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The second type of onion is known as aggregatum onion or multiplier onion or small onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum L.). The aggregatum onion produces many number of smaller sized International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Health Information Use by Resident Doctors in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria

The study interrogates health information use by resident doctors in Lagos State University Teaching hospital (LASUTH), Lagos State. Health information has been variously described as the “foundation” for better health, as the “glue” holding the health systems together and as the “oil” keeping the health systems running. It is important for making the right clinical decisions and enhancing professionalism. A survey research design was adopted by the study and the enumeration technique was used to cover all 115 resident doctors that constituted the population. Out of the 115 questionnaire copies administered, 94 copies were returned for data analysis, making the response rate to be 81.7%. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. Findings revealed that the majority of resident doctors in LASUTH have access and use, to a large extent, health information for clinical decision-making. It is, however, recommended that to improve on health information sharing, workshops and seminars on health information should be regularly conducted for resident doctors in LASUTH. This, expectedly, will expose them to new health information trends that will enhance their clinical experience. Keywords: Health Information, Information Use, Resident Doctors, Clinical Decision-making
The porcupine Hystrix refossa Gervais, 1852 from the Plio-Pleistocene of Europe, with notes on other fossil and extant species of the genus Hystrix

Fossil Hystrix material from a large number of localities is biometrically analysed and compared with the extant species. H. major, H. etrusca, H. makapensis, and H. angressi are shown to be junior synonyms of H. refossa. H. bessarabica and H. trofimovi are shown to be junior synonyms of H. primigenia, and H. schaubi and H. cristata minor of H. vinogradovi. The dental characteristics of H. refossa, H. primigenia and H. vinogradovi are discussed.
Investigating the combined effects of group size and group composition in online discussion

Discussion has been widely used in courses, both online and otherwise, as it provides opportunities for students to construct knowledge through interaction with peers and instructors. Grouping students is a prominent strategy in the use of discussion. However, simply dividing students cannot guarantee active participation and high learning performance. There is therefore a need to pay attention to the structure and/or features of grouping, especially group size and group composition. The study described in this article focuses on the combined effects of group size and group composition in online discussion. It investigates whether students in small groups have different participation behaviors and learning performance compared to students in whole-class discussion. In addition, the influence of group composition is examined by comparing students’ participation and learning performance from high, medium, and low social-connected groups. Furthermore, this study also investigates how students’ perceived learning experience differs among these three differently-connected group compositions. The results indicate significantly different participation behaviors and learning performance between small-group and whole-class discussion. The effects of group composition are also shown in students’ learning behaviors, performance, and perceived experience. The results also reveal both advantages and disadvantages of different group types. The findings are expected to inform the design and implementation of grouping methods and extend our understanding of online discussion.
Functional interactions of 14-3-3 proteins with phospholipase D and the M₃ muscarinic receptor

14-3-3 proteins are a family of small, acidic, scaffolding and adapter proteins, which have been implicated in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and signal transduction mechanisms. There are seven isoforms of 14-3-3 (P, rp y, e, x/0, o and 'Q that form heteroand homodimers in vivo. Recently, 14-3-3 has been shown to associate with members of the heptahelical, plasma membrane spanning G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. GPCRs mediate neurotransmitter and other extracellular agonist-evoked activation of intracellular effectors and signalling cascades. Some of these effector mechanisms lead to the activation of phospholipase D (PLD). Mammalian PLD isoforms catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, forming choline and phosphatidic acid, a novel second messenger molecule. 14-3-3 dimers associate with other proteins containing specific target motifs, including an RSxpSxP motif (where pS is phosphoserine), or an unphosphorylated WLDLE/DALDL motif. We recognised that the former motif is present in mammalian PLD1 at residues 712-717 and therefore have investigated whether 14-3-3 isoforms associate with PLD and GPCRs to provide a functional role in intracellular signalling. It was shown, using in vitro GST-fusion protein pull-downs and co-immunoprecipitation that in COS 7 cells, 14-3-3 associates with the M3 muscarinic receptor. 14-3-3 was also demonstrated to associate with PLD1, and to a lesser extent PLD2, in an isoform-dependent manner. The effect of PLD activation by protein kinase C (PKC) on this interaction was investigated using the aforementioned techniques and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, in whole cell signalling assays, the overexpression of different 14-3-3 isoforms selectively modified PKC or GPCR-mediated activation of PLD. In addition, PLD was found to physically associate with the M3 receptor. The implications of these interactions for physiological signalling by the M3 receptor and PLD are discussed.