Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nongeostrophic Corrections to the Eigensolutions of a Moist Baroclinic Instability Problem

Abstract The analysis of Emanuel et al. is repeated for the linearized primitive equations. The consideration of the Rossby number is shown to reduce growth rates and increase the width of updrafts. The singularity exhibited by the semigeostrophic equations in the limit qe → 0 is moved to N2 → 0. The result of a vanishing width of the updraft persists in the latter limit and it is shown to be a consequence of the hydrostatic approximation. The value qe = 0 in the updraft is still used as representative of slantwise convective adjustment, but the relevant stability parameter for baroclinic waves is now the Brunt–Vaisala frequency and not the potential vorticity. Their difference is o(Ro2), so that the PE contributions become dominant when (qe/qd) ≲ o(Ro2). The eddy fluxes of heat in the limit of a symmetrically neutral environment are compared with the results for dry baro-clinic waves.
An Efficient Anchor-Free Localization Algorithm for all Cluster Topologies in a Wireless Sensor Network

A wireless sensor network is a type of network, which has many application domains such as military, civil security, industrial and environmental. Localization of fixed or mobile wireless sensors in wireless sensor networks is a delicate issue that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Indeed, a good estimation of the distances between different wireless sensors allows to derive their precise locations in the network. An ideal solution for locating these wireless sensors is to equip them with localization devices such as GPS. However, this solution is not an energy-efficient. Indeed, GPS is very energy-consuming, and the deployment environment is not easily accessible to humans. So, it is not possible to replace the batteries of these wireless sensors when they are discharged. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an energy-saving anchor-free localization algorithm. Despite the grouping of nodes into clusters (or sub-networks), existing anchor-free localization algorithms suffer from a low rate of node localization, low localization accuracy, and high energy consumption. To improve the proposed solutions in the literature, an Efficient Anchor Free Localization Algorithm (EAFLA) was proposed. Regardless the topology of each cluster, our algorithm allows localization of all wireless sensors with a very low localization error rate and consumes less energy.
The presence, severity, and onset of preeclampsia is associated with maternal interleukin-23 level: A case-control study

Abstract Background Scientific evidence support that imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in preeclampsia (PE). Objective To investigate the relationship between the maternal serum level of interleukin (IL)-23, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, PE and its severity risk was investigated. Materials and Methods The case-control study included a total of 145 women counting 75 PE cases, 35 healthy pregnant and 35 healthy non-pregnant controls from Zahedan, southeast of Iran. The maternal levels of IL-23 in circulation were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The maternal serum levels of IL-23 were increased in PE and its 2 subgroups severe PE and mild PE, so that these increases were significant in PE and severe PE, but not in mild PE compared with the controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, p = 0.08, respectively). Besides, the maternal IL-23 serum level was statically significant in the early onset PE, but not in the late onset-PE group compared to healthy pregnant controls (p < 0.001, p = 0.46 respectively). Conclusion The results of our study showed a positive association between IL-23 level and PE, especially in severe type and early onset PE, which suggests that IL-23 may be involved in the pathogenesis of this systemic syndrome.
Investigation of the Effects of Chain Extender on Material Properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG Blends: Comparative Study between Polycaprolactone and Polyethylene Glycol

This study investigated the effect of the Joncryl concentration on the properties of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) and PLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The addition of Joncryl influenced the properties of both PLA-based blends. In the blend of PLA/PCL blends, the addition of Joncryl reduced the size of PCL droplets, which implies the compatibility of the two phases, while PLA/PEG blends showed a co-continuous type of morphology at 0.1% and 0.3 wt. % of Joncryl loading. The crystallinity of PCL and PEG was studied on both PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG blend systems. In both scenarios, the crystallinity of the blends decreased upon the addition of Joncryl. Thermal stabilities were shown to depend on the addition of Joncryl. The toughness increased when 0.5 wt. % of Joncryl was added to both systems. However, the stiffness of PLA/PCL decreased, while the stiffness of PLA/PEG increased with the increasing concentration of Joncryl. This study provides new insight into the effect of chain extenders on the compatibility of PLA-based blends.
Improving Global Analysis and Forecasting with AIRS

AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | 891 AFFILIATIONS : LE MARSHALL, JUNG, DERBER, TREADON, LORD, GOLDBERG, WOLF, LIU, JOINER, WOOLLEN, TODLING, VAN DELST, AND TAHARA—NASA, NOAA, and U.S. Department of Defense Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation, Camp Springs, Maryland; CHAHINE—NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: John Le Marshall, Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation, NOAA Science Center, 5200 Auth Road, Camp Springs, MD 20746 E-mail: John.Lemarshall@noaa.gov
Unified Formulation of Single- and Multimoment Normalizations of the Raindrop Size Distribution Based on the Gamma Probability Density Function

AbstractThis study offers a unified formulation of single- and multimoment normalizations of the raindrop size distribution (DSD), which have been proposed in the framework of scaling analyses in the literature. The key point is to consider a well-defined “general distribution” g(x) as the probability density function (pdf) of the raindrop diameter scaled by a characteristic diameter Dc. The two-parameter gamma pdf is used to model the g(x) function. This theory is illustrated with a 3-yr DSD time series collected in the Cevennes region, France. It is shown that three DSD moments (M2, M3, and M4) make it possible to satisfactorily model the DSDs, both for individual spectra and for time series of spectra. The formulation is then extended to the one- and two-moment normalization by introducing single and dual power-law models. As compared with previous scaling formulations, this approach explicitly accounts for the prefactors of the power-law models to yield a unique and dimensionless g(x), whatever the sc.
Approaches to Smoking Cessation

Smoking cessation is a critical public health issue. Smoking cessation techniques are essential in reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases and deaths. Medical practitioners have the potential to assist patients in quitting smoking, but deficits exist in the amount and type of training received in smoking cessation counseling. Smoking cessation is not a single event but a process that involves a change in a person's lifestyle, values, social circles, thinking and feeling patterns, and coping skills. Overcoming the hurdles associated with smoking cessation can increase an individual's self-efficacy in their ability to succeed at their quit attempt, which in turn acts to reduce the likelihood of a relapse and increase the likelihood of long-term sustained smoking cessation. Innovative techniques of treatment are necessary to provide effective smoking cessation intervention, especially for difficult cases. The use of pharmacotherapy, including nicotine replacement therapy and other medications, is an effective smoking cessation technique. Behavioral therapy is also a useful approach, including motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and contingency management. The combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy can enhance the success rate of smoking cessation.
Preparation of Polylactic Acid/Calcium Peroxide Composite Filaments for Fused Deposition Modelling

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printers have gained significant popularity in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. In this study, a new biomaterial filament was developed by preparing a polylactic acid (PLA)/calcium peroxide (CPO) composite using wet solution mixing and extrusion. The content of CPO varied from 3% to 24% wt. , and hot-melt extruder parameters were optimised to fabricate 3D printable composite filaments. The filaments were characterised using an X-ray diffraction analysis, surface morphology assessment, evaluation of filament extrudability, microstructural analysis, and examination of their rheological and mechanical properties. Our findings indicate that increasing the CPO content resulted in increased viscosity at 200 °C, while the PLA/CPO samples showed microstructural changes from crystalline to amorphous. The mechanical strength and ductility of the composite filaments decreased except for in the 6% CPO filament. Due to its acceptable surface morphology and strength, the PLA/CPO filament with 6% CPO was selected for printability testing. The 3D-printed sample of a bone scaffold exhibited good printing quality, demonstrating the potential of the PLA/CPO filament as an improved biocompatible filament for FDM 3D printing.
Effective slip lengths for longitudinal shear flow over partial-slip circular bubble mattresses

The problem of longitudinal shear flow over a circular bubble mattress with partial slip and protrusion angle 90o is solved in a quasi-analytical fashion by a novel transform scheme recently devised by the author. The general approach can be readily adapted to other mixed boundary value problems. From the analysis explicit approximations for the effective slip lengths are found as a function of the Navier-slip parameter and the area fraction of the surface covered by protrusions. These new approximation formulas for the slip lengths both unify and extend those based on empirical polynomial fits to numerical data given recently by Ng and Wang (2011 Fluid Dyn. Res. 43 065504).
Fixed design regression for negatively associated random fields

Data collected on the surface of the earth at different sites often have two- or three-dimensional coordinates associated with it. We assume a simple setting where these sites are integer lattice points, say, 𝒵 N , N ≥ 1, in the N-dimensional Euclidean space R N . Denote n = (n 1, …, n N )∈𝒵 N and I n = {i: i∈𝒵 N , 1 ≤ i k ≤n k , k = 1, …, N}. Consider a simple regression model where the design points x ni 's and the responses Y ni 's are related as follows: Y ni = g(x ni )+ϵ ni , i∈I n , where x ni 's are fixed design points taking values in a compact subset of R d and where g is a bounded real-valued function defined on R d and ϵ ni are negatively associated random disturbances with zero means and finite variances. The function g(x) is estimated by a general linear smoother g n (x). The asymptotic normality of the estimate g n (x) is established under weak conditions, and general conditions under which the bias g n (x) tends to zero are also determined.
Neutrinos in Astrophysics and Cosmology: Recent Advances

In the last decade, neutrino physics has undergone a revolution, mainly driven by the observation of flavor oscillations in vacuum and in matter. The current picture is, however, far from being complete. Unknown aspects include the absolute neutrino masses and their ordering (hierarchy), the smallest neutrino mixing angle (θ13), possible leptonic CP violating effects, and also the nature of the neutrino field (Dirac or Majorana). Nonstandard scenarios involving new (sterile) neutrino states or new interactions can also be envisaged within the current uncertainties. In this context, astrophysics and cosmology play an important role. Precision cosmology can probe absolute neutrino masses and can also measure the radiation content of the universe, while neutrinos from astrophysical sources (such as core-collapse supernovae) can probe the mass hierarchy via flavor transition effects. In media with high neutrino densities, such as core-collapse supernovae, ν–ν interaction effects are not negligible. Neutrinos with different energies are coupled in flavor during their evolution, and may experience full flavor conversions in specific energy ranges (“spectral splits”), according to their mass hierarchy and initial luminosities. The split pattern, if observed, could thus provide useful tool to probe both the neutrino mass hierarchy and the dynamics of a core-collapse supernova. Complementary information on absolute neutrino masses can be provided by cosmological observables, such as the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background, and the distribution of matter on large scales. In addition, precision cosmology and big-bang nucleosynthesis can probe possible extra radiation beyond photons and ordinary neutrinos, e.g. due to “sterile” neutrinos not coupled to standard gauge bosons. Recent observations actually favor (although only slightly) this possibility. The discussion of these two topics (neutrino-neutrino interactions and extra neutrino radiation) represent the main objective of this thesis. In par-
Improvement of p-i buffer layer properties by hydrogen plasma treatment and its applications to pin a-Si:H solar cells

The performance of p-i buffer layers in pin amorphous silicon solar cells was improved by a method of alternately repeating deposition and hydrogen plasma treatment (ADHT). The ratio of SiH/sub 2SiH of a-SiC:H films was minimized and the photoconductivity was maximized at a certain treatment time. The optical bandgap of the a-SiC:H film was increased by the hydrogen plasma treatment while the hydrogen contents were almost constant. The ADHT method was also examined for improving the film properties and cell characteristics. The change of performance of the solar cells corresponded to that of a-SiC:H film properties of photoconductivity and the SiH/sub 2SiH ratio against the hydrogen plasma treatment time. The wide optical bandgap and the high photoconductive a-Si:H film without carbon was deposited by the ADHT method. The solar cell conversion efficiency obtained for a-Si:H buffer layer was equal to that with a-SiC:H buffer layer. With the use of the high performance p-i buffer layer deposited by ADHT method, a cell conversion efficiency of 13.2% was obtained. <<ETX>>
Changes in convective and stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau projected by global and regional climate models

Precipitation is a crucial influencing factor in the global hydrological cycle and terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies have mostly focused on the historical precipitation variations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, little attention has been given to the differences between convective and stratiform precipitation under future climate change scenarios. In order to acquire the high‐resolution precipitation information over the TP, the dynamical downscaling simulation was conducted utilizing a regional climate model (Weather Research and Forecasting [WRF] model) forced with a global climate model (Community Climate System Model [CCSM]). In this study, we focus on projections of future changes in convective and stratiform precipitation over the TP. The downscaling results during a 26‐year period 1980–2005 are compared for dry season, wet season and annual mean precipitation against the gridded observation dataset. Then, the changes in the wet season convective and stratiform precipitation with warming between CCSM and WRF‐CCSM were compared in the future period 2070–2099 under two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Compared with the coarse‐resolution forcing, the historical precipitation of dry season, wet season and annual mean over the TP were found to better reproduce in WRF‐CCSM simulation. WRF‐CCSM projects an opposite spatial pattern of total precipitation change between the northern and southern TP in the future under different scenarios, which were attributed to the decreased stratiform precipitation in the southern TP and the increased convective precipitation in the northern TP, contrasting with the uniform increase of total precipitation in its forcing. The surface air temperature projected in WRF‐CCSM is larger increase than in the CCSM forcing. Compared to the CCSM forcing, WRF‐CCSM projects more pronounced increase in convective precipitation in response to rapid warming, and increasingly dominates changes of total precipitation with temperature exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron rate over the northern TP.
Comment on ''Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Technique''

In an interesting paper Houtekamer and Mitchell (1998; hereafter HM98) introduce a variant of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as proposed by Evensen (1994). HM98 point to the hitherto unacknowledged problem that the EnKF has an ‘‘inbreeding’’ problem: in the analysis step the ensemble is updated with a gain calculated from that same ensemble. In their new approach a double ensemble (DEnKF) is used and the gain of each ensemble is used to update the other ensemble in the analysis step. The new approach is argued to be much less sensitive to this inbreeding. They strengthen their argument by a specific example, in which the EnKF shows a variance that is too low for small ensemble sizes (#100), but they fail to give a rigorous justification. The purposes of this comment are twofold. First, a theoretical justification of the inbreeding effect is given, and it is shown that the DEnKF has similar, but smaller, problems. Second, a serious concern about the use of small ensemble sizes is expressed, thus bringing into question the use of the DEnKF over the EnKF for real applications.
Mother's Experience with COVID-19 in Breastfeeding: A Phenomenological Study

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted mothers’ and children's access to essential health services. Concerns about the transmission of COVID-19 to infants resulted in strict procedures, which then caused delays in initial contact and breastfeeding. This delay then impacted the well-being of mothers and babies. Purpose This study aimed to explore the experience of mothers with COVID-19 in breastfeeding. This study was qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Methods Participants were mothers with a confirmed history of COVID-19 during the breastfeeding period either in 2020, 2021, or 2022. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 mothers. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Three themes were obtained: breastfeeding during the mother was confirmed COVID-19, changes in the mother's condition, and social support received by the mother. Based on this theme, it can be seen that mothers are temporarily separated from their newborns, which causes breastfeeding difficulties. Mothers confirmed to have COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 appear to have more significant concerns about transmitting COVID-19, as indicated by the mother's decision not to breastfeed and to undergo separate isolation with the baby. Conclusion Mothers need support to continue to breastfeed. The benefits obtained from breastfeeding are far more significant than efforts to prevent transmission by separating mother and baby, so mothers should be encouraged to continue breastfeeding.
Employment Protection in Dual Labor Markets: Any Amplification of Macroeconomic Shocks?

Abstract This paper studies the effects of labor market duality in terms of employment legislation protection (EPL) on labor market volatilities. Modeling contractual heterogeneity through a gap in EPL of temporary and permanent workers (weakly protected temporary/highly protected permanent contracts), I simulate both supply and demand shocks in a New Keynesian model with unemployment. I find that unemployment fluctuations follow an inverted U-shape over the magnitude of the EPL gap: small EPL gaps amplify, while large EPL gaps dampen the reaction of unemployment. In a subsequent empirical analysis, I find that the model’s predictions are consistent with panel data for a large set of OECD countries. Uncovering the non-linear course of unemployment volatility helps reconcile previous divergent research results.
A method for reducing parasite drag of medium transport helicopter

At present, more and more stringent emission requirements are being imposed on helicopters. Carbon dioxide emissions are a function of fuel consumption, and fuel consumption is directly dependent on the power required for a helicopter cruise flight. The power, required for horizontal flight of a helicopter directly depends on the design of the fuselage and other non-lifting elements, and accordingly, on parasite drag. Therefore, the desire to reduce parasite drag is expected and understandable. Helicopter parasite drag reduction was hailed as one of the key topics of the Seventh Clean Sky Framework Conference. For sixty years of research on this topic, a tremendous amount of experience has been accumulated. In particular, it was found that the main contributors to the total parasite drag of the helicopter were the main rotor hub and swashplate. The subject matter of this article is the study of the parasite drag of the hub and swashplate of a medium passager/transport helicopter Mi-8/17. This study aimed to develop methods to reduce the parasite drag of the Mi-8/17 helicopter. Mi-8/17 is the most mass-produced twin-engine helicopter in the world. Currently, more than 4,5 thousand units are in operation around the world. Therefore, the task of reducing parasite drag for this helicopter is very relevant. Modern methods of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) are used. Modern methods of computational fluid dynamics with an acceptable degree of accuracy make it possible to consider the interference phenomena of the components of the hub, swashplate, and helicopter fuselage, which is not always possible, to obtain correctly during expensive wind tunnel tests. During the work, the following results were obtained. An analysis was made of the contribution of each element of the design of the hub and the main rotor swashplate to the total parasite drag. A method for reducing the parasite drag of a helicopter using a mast fairing is proposed. Several variants of the mast fairing were considered, and the most effective one was chosen. The effect, as well as its degree of influence, of the airflow blown by the fan cooling the air-oil radiators, on the general parasite drag of the helicopter was revealed. The results of the studies, given in this article have been implemented in the production.
Simulations of granular bed erosion due to a mildly turbulent shear flow

ABSTRACT Three-dimensional, time-dependent simulations of the erosion of a granular bed consisting of monosized, non-cohesive spherical particles are reported. The simulations fully resolve the turbulence and the flow around each of the spheres (particle-resolved, direct simulations). The erosion is due to the turbulent flow of a Newtonian liquid in a planar channel with a Reynolds number based on wall shear velocity and channel height of 168. The main control parameter in the simulations is the Shields number that was varied between 0.03 and 0.60. The simulations were performed by means of a lattice Boltzmann scheme supplemented with an immersed boundary method to impose no-slip conditions at the particle surfaces. The results show the impact of the Shields number on the mobility of the particles at the top and above the bed. They also show a strong coupling between solids motion and the strength of the turbulent fluctuations in the liquid. Specifically, directly above the bed the particles significantly enhance turbulence at the lower end of the Shields number range investigated.