Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The western Baltic sea ice season in terms of a mass-related severity index: 1879–1992

The variability of the severity of ice winters in the Western Baltic between 1879 and 1992 is statistically investigated using a time series of the accumulated areal ice volume (or V A Σ ) from the Baltic coast of Schleswig-Holstein. Lowpass filtering of the original time series shows the level of ice production in the mid 1980s to have been the same as that almost 100 years ago. A vivid interpretation is made possible of the variations in ice production by classifying V A Σ according to ice winter severity types. The increased variability of ice production since the 1920s is seen in the more frequent occurrence both of very strong and weak ice winters, while moderate and strong ice winters have decreased. The time series of the accumulated areal ice volume is negatively correlated with a temporally corresponding series of the NAO winter index, a measure of the strength of the zonal atmospheric circulation above the North Atlantic. Pearson's correlation coefficient, r p = − 0.47, exceeds the 99.9% confidence limit. In addition, a contingency table analysis revealed that this inverse correlation is due to the preferential occurrence of (a) weak ice winters with strong westerlies (NAO winter index > 1) and (b) strong to very strong ice winters with weak westerlies (NAO winter index < – 1). DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994. 00006.x
Observing Strategy and Observation Targeting for Tropical Cyclones Using Ensemble-Based Sensitivity Analysis and Data Assimilation

AbstractAn ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system for the Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used with ensemble-based sensitivity analysis to explore observing strategies and observation targeting for tropical cyclones. The case selected for this study is Typhoon Morakot (2009), a western Pacific storm that brought record-breaking rainfall to Taiwan. Forty-eight hours prior to making landfall, ensemble sensitivity analysis using a 50-member convection-permitting ensemble predicts that dropsonde observations located in the southwest quadrant of the typhoon will have the highest impact on reducing the forecast uncertainty of the track, intensity, and rainfall of Morakot. A series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) demonstrate that assimilating synthetic dropsonde observations located in regions with higher predicted observation impacts will, on average, lead to a better rainfall forecast than in regions with smaller predicted impacts. However, these OSSEs also suggest that th.
Design optimization and lab demonstration of ZELDA: a Zernike sensor for near-coronagraph quasi-static measurements

The exoplanet direct imagers Gemini/GPI and VLT/SPHERE are built around extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) to correct the atmospheric turbulence and the aberrations associated with the optical surfaces. However, additional strategies are necessary to correct the non-common path aberrations (NCPA) between the ExAO and science paths that can limit the instrument contrast performance. To perform an adequate calibration, we have developed ZELDA, a Zernike sensor to achieve NCPA measurements with nanometric accuracy. We report the results of a new design analysis that maximizes the dynamic range, and from laboratory demonstrations on the LAM high-contrast testbed and on VLT/SPHERE during its integration.
Family of Local Solutions in a Missile-Aircraft Differential Game

To date many studies of missile and aircraft differential games seem to have tried to find a unique solution, however, the authors of this study found there are many solutions of comparable values to the game. The authors. called them "a family of local solutions. " This paper shows a method to find the family for a missile and an aircraft differential game, which minimizes and maximizes the essential payoff of the problem, the miss distance, without employing any linearized approximation. For this purpose, the authors introduced the concept of energy maneuverability. The sets of optimal terminal surfaces of both vehicles that maximize their velocities are obtained first. Next, minimax solutions of the vehicles that start from these terminal surfaces, and minimize and maximize the miss distance, respectively, are calculated; then a local minimax family in this game is obtained. The proposed method can solve minimax problems under several vehicles' acceleration constraints. The results may be able to be incorporated into an actual missile guidance system as a knowledge base, and then the performance will be significantly improved.
Misalignment parameters estimation in refractive optical systems

High image quality and complex, refractive optical systems, as those used in remote sensing applications, are, in general, very difficult to be manufactured with the required performance. This can be charged to the high sensitivity of such systems to the fabrication tolerances, mainly concerning the relative alignment of the optical components with respect to each other. When the system does not achieve the expected quality, the puzzle is to identify where the problems lies. This is even worsened when the number of optical elements becomes high. Due to these facts, some misalignment characterization and estimation techniques based on Bayesian estimators and wavefront measurements have been proposed in the literature. This paper is the result of a deep study and investigation of these techniques, with emphasis on an application to an intentionally simple system for the sake of illustration that highlights conceptual issues that could be extended to more realistic, complex optical systems. With this purpose, the sensitivity of the wavefront Zernike coefficients to the misalignment parameters, its use in a parameter estimator design that includes nonlinear terms, the study of the system observability, and a statistical analysis of the estimator performance considering the observation noise are addressed in details. Numerical simulation results for the simple system are shown. We also present insights on how to apply the technique to the alignment of a 11-lens optical system used in the Brazilian remote sensing camera MUX, that will fly on-board the upcoming Sino-Brazilian satellites CBERS 3&4.
Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere

List of tables Foreword James A. Van Allen Preface 1. Jupiter's magnetic field and magnetosphere Mario H. Acuna, Kenneth W. Behannon and J. E. P. Connerney 2. Ionosphere Darrell F. Strobel and Sushil K. Atreya 3. The low-energy plasma in the Jovian magnetosphere J. W. Belcher 4. Low-energy particle population S. M. Krimigis and E. C. Roelof 5. High-energy particles A. W. Schardt and C. K. Goertz 6. Spectrophotometric studies of the Io torus Robert A. Brown, Carl B. Pilcher and Darrell F. Strobel 7. Phenomenology of magnetospheric radio emissions T. D. Carr, M. D. Desch and J. K. Alexander 8. Plasma waves in the Jovian magnetosphere D. A. Gurnett and F. L. Scarf 9. Theories of radio emissions and plasma waves Melvyn L. Goldstein and C. K. Goertz 10. Magnetospheric models T. W. Hill, A. J. Dessler and C. K. Goertz 11. Plasma distribution and flow Vytenis M. Vasyliunas 12. Microscopic plasma processes in the Jovian magnetosphere Richard Mansergh Thorne Appendixes References Index.
Entropic repulsion in |∇ φ | p surfaces: a large deviation bound for all p ≥ 1

We consider the ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional generalized solid-on-solid (SOS) model, that is the random discrete surface with a gradient potential of the form |∇ φ | p , where p ∈ [ 1 , +∞] . We show that at low temperature, for a square region (cid:3) with side L , both under the inﬁnite volume measure and under the measure with zero boundary conditions around (cid:3) , the probability that the surface is nonnegative in (cid:3) behaves like exp ( − 4 βτ p ,β LH p ( L )) , where β is the inverse temperature, τ p ,β is the surface tension at zero tilt, or step free energy, and H p ( L ) is the entropic repulsion height, that is the typical height of the ﬁeld when a positivity constraint is imposed. This generalizes recent results obtained in [8] for the standard SOS model ( p = 1).
Analogy between predictions of Kolmogorov and Yaglom

The relation, first written by Kolmogorov, between the third-order moment of the longitudinal velocity increment δu 1 and the second-order moment of δu 1 is presented in a slightly more general form relating the mean value of the product δu 1(δu i)2, where (δu i)2 is the sum of the square of the three velocity increments, to the secondorder moment of δu i. In this form, the relation is similar to that derived by Yaglom for the mean value of the product δu 1(δu θ)2 where (δu θ)2 is the square of the temperature increment. Both equations reduce to a ‘four-thirds’ relation for inertialrange separations and differ only through the appearance of the molecular Prandtl number for very small separations. These results are confirmed by experiments in a turbulent wake, albeit at relatively small values of the turbulence Reynolds number.
Regularized Euler- α motion of an inﬁnite array of vortex sheets

We consider the Euler- α regularization of the Birkhoff–Rott equation and compare its solutions with the dynamics of the non regularized vortex-sheet. For a ﬂow induced by an inﬁnite array of planar vortex-sheets we analyze the complex singularities of the solutions.Through the singularity tracking method we show that the regularized solution has several complex singularities that approach the real axis. We relate their presence to the formation of two high-curvature points in the vortex sheet during the roll-up phenomenon.
Uniqueness of paths in quantum mechanics

The constraints imposed by relativistic covariance on the law of motion of fermions in the trajectory interpretation of quantum mechanics are examined. It is found that the quantum current satisfies a uniqueness property that fixes the guidance law. This in turn fixes the nonrelativistic equation which generally differs from that originally given by de Broglie and Bohm for electrons. These results extend to Bohm's noncovariant many-body theory. The demonstration does not exclude other guidance equations and this is shown by the explicit construction of an alternative Lorentz covariant many-body theory possessing future-causal space-time paths.
Estimating the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe Using Quasi-Stellar Object Carbon IV Absorbers

Galaxies have long been known to form large clusters, and cosmologists are interested in characterizing this clustering as a way of studying the large-scale structure of the universe. This work is motivated by a data catalog consisting of information on lines of sight from Earth to distant quasi-stellar objects (QSO's) and the carbon IV absorbers that lie on them. The absorbers are believed to be gas clouds near galaxies too far away to be easily observed. Thus, the absorber catalog provides a unique and interesting way to examine the large-scale structure of the universe. On large scales previous studies have mainly used pairs of absorbers on the same lines of sight to obtain estimates describing the clustering of absorbers. It is clear that absorbers on different lines of sight contain information about the degree of clustering. We develop an adaptation of the rigid motion corrected estimator of the reduced second-moment function for the absorber catalog taking into account the across-line-of-sight information. We show how to compute this estimator efficiently using the weights for an isotropic estimator proposed in a recent study. We also show how the modified versions of the rigid motion estimators can be obtained. Simulations suggest that using the modified rigid motion correction estimator may reduce standard errors by 5–20%% on scales from 50 to 250 h−1 Mpc for a set of 100 lines of sight.
Fluid Mechanics of the Eye

Fluid mechanical processes are an intrinsic part of several aspects of the physiology and pathology of the human eye. In this article we describe selected phenomena that are amenable to particularly interesting mathematical, experimental, or numerical analyses. We initially focus on glaucoma, a condition often associated with raised intraocular pressure. The mechanics in this disease is by no means fully understood, but we present some of the modeling work that provides a partial explanation. We next focus on other features of the dynamics of the two specialized ocular fluids: the aqueous and vitreous humors. With regard to the aqueous humor, we discuss problems concerning the transport of heat and proteins and the hydration of the cornea. With regard to the vitreous humor, we discuss the possibility of flow, which occurs primarily as a result of saccades or motions of the eyeball. Finally, we describe a model of the degradation of Bruch's membrane in the retina.
An arc‐length method including line searches and accelerations

This paper describes a method for introducing line searches into the arc-length solution procedure. Such line searches may be used at each iteration to calculate an optimum scalar step-length which scales the normal iterative vector. In practice, a loose tolerance is provided so that on many iterations the line searches are avoided. However on ‘difficult iterations’, the line searches are shown to lead to a substantial improvement in the convergence characteristics. A simple single-parameter acceleration is also developed using line search concepts. The new arc-length method is applied to both the geometrically nonlinear analysis of shallow shells and the materially nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams and slabs. Significant improvements are demonstrated in relation to the standard arc-length method.
Economic Modelling as Robustness Analysis

We claim that the process of theoretical model refinement in economics is best characterised as robustness analysis: the systematic examination of the robustness of modelling results with respect to particular modelling assumptions. We argue that this practise has epistemic value by extending William Wimsatt’s account of robustness analysis as triangulation via independent means of determination. For economists robustness analysis is a crucial methodological strategy because their models are often based on idealisations and abstractions, and it is usually difficult to tell which idealisations are truly harmful. 1. Introduction2. Making Sense of Robustness3. Robustness in Economics4. The Epistemic Import of Robustness Analysis5. An Illustration: Geographical Economics Models6. Independence of Derivations7. Concluding Remarks Introduction Making Sense of Robustness Robustness in Economics The Epistemic Import of Robustness Analysis An Illustration: Geographical Economics Models Independence of Derivations Concluding Remarks
Panel Conditioning in Longitudinal Social Science Surveys

Social scientists usually assume that the attitudes, behaviors, and statuses of respondents to longitudinal surveys are not altered by the act of measuring them. If this assumption is false—or even if the quality of survey participants’ responses change because of measurement—then social scientists risk mischaracterizing the existence, magnitude, and correlates of changes across survey waves in respondents’ characteristics. In this article, we make the case that social scientists ought to worry more about panel conditioning biases. We also describe and demonstrate empirical strategies for estimating the magnitude of such biases in longitudinal surveys, and we provide illustrative empirical results that are germane to social science research. We end by outlining a research agenda that would generate specific information about the nature and degree of panel conditioning in specific longitudinal surveys as well as a broader understanding of the circumstances in which panel conditioning is most likely to occur.
Stability of Natural Convection in Superposed Fluid and Porous Layers Using Integral Transforms

A stability analysis of thermal natural convection in superposed fluid and porous layers is carried out. The two-layer system is described using a one-domain formulation, and the eigenvalue problem resulting from the stability analysis is solved using the generalized integral transform technique (GITT). The numerical results confirm that the onset of convection can have a bimodal nature depending on the depth ratio. The influence of the dimensionless permeability and thermal diffusivity ratio are investigated.
Double-pass optical parametric generator pumped by Yb thin-disk laser for efficient 1.4–2.9 µm mid-IR radiation generation

Many different fields benefit from the usage of light sources emitting in the mid-infrared wavelength range (2–10 µm). A rising need for precise and fast sources in the mid infrared (mid-IR) is reflected in the development of a high-power, picosecond mid-IR source capable of generation at high repetition rates. In this work, we present the optimization of an optical parametric generator, pumped by a 3 W portion of total power of the Yb:YAG thin-disk laser (1.3 ps, 90 kHz, 90 W) by comparing a single-pass and double-pass arrangement output parameters in terms of output power dependences on input power, efficiency, beam profiles, stability, and spectra. The output tunability of both arrangements spanned from 1459 nm to 2891 nm, with the upper limit being influenced by the limited transmission of the dichroic components used in the setup above 2700 nm. It was shown that the double-pass arrangement increases the output power, from 17 mW in the single-pass arrangement to 193 mW in the double-pass arrangement at 1459 nm, resulting in over ten-fold output power increase.
Soft elasticity is not necessary for striping in nematic elastomers

The neoclassical model for nematic elastomers, which displays soft elasticity, predicts striping in stretched sheets. Thus the experimental observation of striped domains has been suggested as evidence for soft elasticity. Here we show that the postulated director rotations and shears in the domain regions are also predicted by more general constitutive models that do not involve any notion of softness. Striping in nematic elastomers may therefore be a more general phenomenon that is not necessarily an indication of soft elasticity. Furthermore, constitutive models more general than the neoclassical model may also explain the behavior of some nematic elastomers that do not appear to exhibit striping.
Simulation of Solar Wind Turbulence near Corotating Interaction Regions: Superposed Epoch Analysis of Simulations and Observations

The effect of the turbulence that is associated with solar wind corotating interaction regions (CIRs) on transport of galactic cosmic rays remains an outstanding problem in space science. Observations show that the intensities of the plasma and magnetic fluctuations are enhanced within a CIR. The velocity shear layer between the slow and fast wind embedded in a CIR is thought to be responsible for this enhancement in turbulent energy. We perform physics-based magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the plasma background and turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind dominated by CIRs for radial distances between 0.3 and 5 au. A simple but effective approach is used to incorporate the inner boundary conditions for the solar wind and magnetic field for the periods 2007–2008 and 2017–2018. Legendre coefficients at the source surface obtained from the Wilcox Solar Observatory library are utilized for dynamic reconstructions of the current sheet and the fast and slow streams at the inner boundary. The dynamic inner boundary enables our simulations to generate CIRs that are reasonably comparable with observations near Earth. While the magnetic field structure is reasonably well reproduced, the enhancements in the turbulent energy at the stream interfaces are smaller than observed. A superposed epoch analysis is performed over several CIRs from the simulation and compared to the superposed epoch analysis of the observed CIRs. The results for the turbulent energy and correlation length are used to estimate the diffusion tensor of galactic cosmic rays. The derived diffusion coefficients could be used for more realistic modeling of cosmic rays in a dynamically evolving inner heliosphere.
Critical Behavior of the Mott Transition in Cr-Doped V 2 O 3

The metal-insulator (M-I) transition in Cr-doped ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, which has been shown to be a Mott transition, was investigated by following the resistance as a function of pressure at temperatures above 298 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This study has shown that the M-I phase boundary terminates at a critical point in the $P\ensuremath{-}T$ plane, in accordance with the earlier prediction. The discontinuous resitance drop at the transition, which is about two orders of magnitude at 298 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, progressively diminishes with temperature and beyond a certain critical temperature, depending upon the Cr concentration, vanishes altogether. Above the critical temperature only a smooth but somewhat anomalous change in resistance is seen. The critical pressure and temperature for ${({\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with $x=0.0375$, $x=0.0187$, and $x=0.0135$ were determined as 12.5 kbar, 390 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; 5.5 kbar, 433 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; and 3.5 kbar, 443 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively. A straight-line extrapolation of these data yields ${P}_{c}=\ensuremath{-}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}0.2$ kbar and ${T}_{c}=(474\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for pure ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The high-temperature resistance anomaly in pure ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ near 500-600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is due to supercritical behavior. X-ray studies at atmospheric pressure on Cr-doped samples with $x=0.0137$ to $x=0.004$ show that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{V}$ associated with the M-I transition decreases with increasing temperature and finally vanishes near about $x=0.005$. The behavior is exactly analogous to the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}$ to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}$ phase boundary which is known to terminate at a critical point. Indeed the M-I transition in Cr-doped ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}$ to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{e}$ transition have many similarities, and these are discussed.
Prevalence of Tinnitus and Its Associated Factors in the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study

Introduction: Tinnitus can be associated with many auditory and non-auditory factors, and its prevalence varies widely in the literature. There is no large sample of published data on tinnitus prevalence and its associated factors in Iran. Here, we analyzed the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS) data and reported the prevalence of tinnitus and some of the risk factors related to tinnitus in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10520 men and women between 35 and 70 years old. The prevalence of tinnitus and associations between tinnitus and age, sex, habitat, marital status, employment status, socioeconomic status, educational level, lifestyle habits, and comorbid diseases were examined using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The prevalence of tinnitus was 6.4% in this study. Based on the adjusted analysis, only older age (odds ratio: 2.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.88 – 3.60), residency in a rural area (odds ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.03 – 1.44), cigarette smoking (odds ratio:1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.04 – 1.72), and having other comorbidities (odds ratio: 2.75, 95% confidence interval: 2.19 – 3.44) were related to tinnitus. In addition, the results of subgroup analyses by sex were mostly consistent with the overall analysis. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the prevalence of tinnitus in the north of Iran is comparable with other communities. Age and other comorbidities were among the most related factors to tinnitus.