Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the intermediate phase and magnetocaloric properties in high-pressure annealing Ni–Mn–Co–Sn alloy

The Ni–Mn–Co–Sn alloy is prepared by high-pressure annealing method. Besides the enhanced martensitic transformation temperature and the Curie temperature of austenite, an intermediate phase above the martensitic transformation is observed in this alloy. As a result, two successive magnetic entropy changes with the same sign are obtained around room-temperature, corresponding to the martensitic transformation and intermediate phase transition, respectively. The origin of the intermediate phase for high-pressure annealing Ni–Mn–Co–Sn alloy is discussed.
α, γ, and normal, abnormal glow discharge modes in radio-frequency capacitively coupled discharges at atmospheric pressure

Discharge modes, α and γ, of a radio-frequency helium capacitively coupled discharge at atmospheric pressure were investigated with the discharge gap distance between electrodes varied from 1 to 5mm. As similarly observed in other experiments, the α and γ mode and the α–γ mode transition were observed with large drops in the voltage (310–179V) and the phase angle between the voltage and current (54°–18°), and a contraction of the plasma volume (8.5–0.17cm3, at 3mm gap distance). The discharge voltage where the α–γ mode transition occurred versus the gap distance showed a similar behavior with the Paschen curve for a gas breakdown. Depending on the gap distance, normal and abnormal glow regimes were observed in the αmode. At 1 and 2mm, the α mode remained in the abnormal glow discharge until the α–γ mode transition occurred as the discharge current increases. At 3mm, however, the α mode was excited as a normal glow discharge with a constant current density (17mA∕cm2) but it became an abnormal glow discharg.
Distance to NGC 253 based on the planetary nebula luminosity function

We identify a sample of 14 planetary nebulae in the nearby starburst disc galaxy NGC 253, using broad- and narrow-band imaging. A simple model of the stellar and dust layers in the galaxy shows that planetary nebula magnitudes are not statistically affected much by extinction. The luminosity function of the planetary nebulae is fitted with models accounting for dust, which leads to a distance to NGC 253 of µ0 = 27.62 +0.16 mag (d = 3.34 +0.26 Mpc). This new estimate is found to be in agreement with the few existing distance estimates for this galaxy when they are all set to a common Large Magellanic Cloud distance of 18.50 mag. A weighted average of the most reliable distance estimates yields a distance of µ0 = 27.7 ± 0.2 mag (d = 3.5 ± 0.2 Mpc). Ke yw ords: galaxies: distances and redshifts ‐ galaxies: individual: NGC 253.
Motion of liquid drops in non-Newtonian systems

Predictive equations for terminal velocities of liquid drops in Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems are reviewed. The wave theory analogy is extended to include liquid-liquid systems. Experimental data obtained with seven different systems are presented. The agreement with predictive equations is satisfactory. Interface rigidity was observed in all the systems investigated.
The effect of confining impermeable boundaries on gravity currents in a porous medium

The effect of confining boundaries on gravity currents in porous media is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Similarity solutions are derived for currents when the volume increases as tα in horizontal channels of uniform cross-section with boundary height b satisfying b ~ a|y/a|n, where y is the cross-channel coordinate and a is a length scale of the channel width. Experiments were carried out in V-shaped and semicircular channels for the case of gravity currents with constant volume (α=0) and constant flux (α=1). These showed generally good agreement with the theory. Typically, we find that the propagation of the current is well described by L ~ tc for some scalar c. We study the dependence of c on the time exponent of the volume of fluid in the current, α, and the geometry of the channel, parameterized by n. For all channel shapes, there exists a critical value of α, αc = 1/2, above which increasing n causes an increase in c and below which increasing n causes a decrease in c, where increasing n corresponds to opening up the channel boundary to the horizontal. The current height increases or decreases with respect to time depending on whether α is greater or less than αc. It is this fact, along with global mass conservation, which explains why varying the channel shape n affects the propagation rate c in different ways depending on α. We also consider channels inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal. When the slope of the channel is much greater than the slope of the free surface of the current, the component of gravity parallel to the slope dominates, causing the current to move with a constant velocity, Vf say, regardless of channel shape n and flux parameter α, in agreement with results for a two-dimensional gravity current obtained by Huppert & Woods (1995) and some initially axisymmetric gravity currents presented by Vella & Huppert (2006). If the effect of the component of gravity perpendicular to the channel may not be neglected, i.e. if the slopes of the channel and free surface of the current are comparable, we find that, in a frame moving with speed Vf, the form of the governing equation for the height of a current in an equivalent horizontal channel is recovered. We calculate that the height of a constant flux gravity current down an inclined channel will tend to a fixed depth, which is determined by the channel shape, n, and the physical properties of the fluid and rock. Experimental and numerical results for inclined V-shaped channels agree very well with this theory.
Prediction of flow behavior of liquid and particles in liquid-solid risers with modified cluster structure-dependent drag method

A modified cluster structure-dependent (CSD) drag coefficient model is employed to investigate the effects of flow structure on the determination of drag coefficient from the multi-scale aspect, by taking momentum and energy balance of dense phase, dilute phase into account. The proposed modified model of CSD drag coefficient is on the basis of transportation and suspension energy-minimization method by heterogeneous drag. The modified drag coefficient closure considers flow behavior of both liquid and particles on the wall. Implementation of the calculation was done from the approach of the energy dissipation minimization incorporating into the two-fluid model to simulate the behavior of liquid-particle flow in a riser. The flow behavior of particles is predicted to be affected by the solid down-flow near the walls of the riser in the cluster formations. And the wall friction of particles results in an increase of the concentration of particles near the walls. The predicted concentration and axial velocity of particles inside the riser compared reasonably well with experimental data.
Laminar elliptic flow in the entrance region of tubes

The developing region of an axially symmetric laminar flow from a reservoir to a sharp-edged tube is numerically simulated with a primitive-variables solver of the Navier-Stokes equations, using a plenum upstream of the tube inlet in order to avoid arbitrary specification of the profile at the inlet. Development region lengths, velocity profiles and head losses for varying Reynolds numbers are obtained. Results are compared to available experimental and theoretical results.
Efficient Bayesian analysis of multivariate aggregate choices

In estimating individual choice behaviour using multivariate aggregate choice data, the method of data augmentation requires the imputation of individual choices given their partial sums. This article proposes and develops an efficient procedure of simulating multivariate individual choices given their aggregate sums, capitalizing on a sequence of auxiliary distributions. In this framework, a joint distribution of multiple binary vectors given their sums is approximated as a sequence of conditional Bernoulli distributions. The proposed approach is evaluated through a simulation study and is applied to a political science study.
Coupled Torsional-flexural Vibration of a Shaft in a Geared System of Rotors : 1st Report

Coupled torsional-flexural vibration of a shaft in a spur geared system is investigated. Equation of motion which contain the terms of geometrical eccentricity of gears and mass unbalance are introduced. The coupling between torsional and flexural displacements is considered in the equations which assume that surfaces of tooth of meshed gears are always in contact during the rotation. By solving the equation, it is possible to get natural frequencies, mode shapes, and frequency response of the system. It is usual to ignore the effect of the coupling between torsional and flexural vibrations. But comparing the result with them, some new phenomena were revealed. They are: (1) shifts of the critical speeds (2) transformations of the mode shapes (3) a forced vibration which is caused by geometrical eccentricity of a gear.
New stability criterion for a class of linear systems with time-varying delay and nonlinear perturbations

The problem of robust stability for linear time-delay systems under nonlinear perturbations is discussed. The delay is assumed to be time-varying. A less conservative delay-dependent robust stability condition is derived by using some free matrices to express the relationship of the terms in the Leibniz–Newton formula within the framework of linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Application of a new differential quadrature methodology for free vibration analysis of plates

A new methodology is introduced in the differential quadrature (DQ) analysis of plate problems. The proposed approach is distinct from other DQ methods by employing the multiple boundary conditions in a different manner. For structural and plate problems, the methodology employs the displacement within the domain as the only degree of freedom, whereas along the boundaries the displacements as well as the second derivatives of the displacements with respect to the co‐ordinate variable normal to the boundary in the computational domain are considered as the degrees of freedom for the problem. Employing such a procedure would facilitate the boundary conditions to be implemented exactly and conveniently. In order to demonstrate the capability of the new methodology, all cases of free vibration analysis of rectangular isotropic plates, in which the conventional DQ methods have had some sort of difficulty to arrive at a converged or accurate solution, are carried out. Excellent convergence behaviour and accuracy in comparison with exact results and/or results obtained by other approximate methods were obtained. The analogous DQ formulation for a general rectangular plate is derived and for each individual boundary condition the general format for imposing the given conditions is devised. It must be emphasized that the computational efforts of this new methodology are not more than for the conventional differential quadrature methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the maximal power transfer theorem for n-ports

The maximal power problem is considered for several classes of terminating networks, in particular an arbitrary resistive n-port termination, and the case of a single resistor terminating each port. A duality theorem is established that converts the problem of maximizing power to the problem of minimizing a related function. The latter problem is solved completely for arbitrary resistive terminations, and examples are given. For completeness, some previously published work is discussed.
Gaussian Semiparametric Estimation of Long Range Dependence

Assuming the model f(A) GA1- 2H, as A -- 0 +, for the spectral densityo f a covariances tationaryp rocess,w e considera n estimateo f H E (0, 1) which maximizes an approximate form of frequency domain Gaussian likelihood, where discrete averaging is carried out over a neighbourhood of zero frequency which degenerates slowly to zero as sample size tends to infinityT. he estimate has several advantages. It is shown to be consistent under mild conditions. Under conditions which are not greatly stronger, it is shown to be asymptotically normal and more efficientt han previous estimates. Gaussianity is nowhere assumed in the asymptotict heory,t he limitingn ormal distributioni s of very simple form, involving a variance which is not dependent on unknown parameters, and the theory covers simultaneously the cases f(A) -x oc, f(A) -+ 0 and f(A) -+ C E (0, oc), as A -* 0. Monte Carlo evidence on finite-sample performance is reported, along with an application to a historical series of minimum levels of the River Nile.
Multiprocessor Control of a Telemanipulator with Optical Proximity Sensors

The complexity of robotic systems usually necessitates the use of digital computers in their control. When a sensory- feedback control loop is closed around a robot and its com puter system, the real-time flow of data through the computer strongly influences the fidelity of the resultant motion. The purpose of this paper is to identify characteristics of the com puter controller that have the greatest impact on the perform ance of the system and to show, by means of an example, how the performance may be enhanced through the use of digital control techniques. The Stanford Robotic Aid is a computer-assisted telemanip ulator equipped with optical proximity sensors and a multi processor control system. Digital control techniques are used in the study of its application to a surface-following task. Thè dynamic behavior of the manipulator and the computer network is modeled by a set of difference equations. Propor tional sensory feedback is analyzed through use of a root- locus method, and a pole-placement method is used to design a state-feedback controller. The actual behavior of the system in a step-response test is compared to the prediction of the model.
The measurement of residual stress in railway rails by diffraction and other methods

Residual stresses have been measured in a new roller-straightened railway rail and a worn ex-service rail. Synchrotron {211} lattice strain measurements at ID11 (ESRF) were used to map in-plane components of the stress tensor acting in cross-sectional rail slices. Stress maps made using laboratory X-rays and the magnetic measurement system MAPS, although coarser in detail, show similar trends. The validity of the measured data was examined using a stress balance requirement. Whilst generally true (to ±15 MPa), stress balancing was worst (±50 MPa) in regions with significant plastic deformation, suggesting that the measured {211} lattice strain had become uncharacteristic of the bulk elastic strain. Attributable to plastic anisotropy, this is a well-established issue with diffraction-based stress determination. To complement the in-plane stress measurements, the contour method was used to map the longitudinal stress component in a similar new rail sample, this component being relieved in the slices. On the.
Testing Covariance Structure in Multivariate Models: Application to Family Disease Data

Abstract Recent interest in modeling multivariate responses for members of groups has emphasized the need for testing goodness of fit. Here we describe a way to test the covariance structure of a multivariate distribution parameterized by a vector θ. The idea is to extend this distribution, the “null” distribution, to a more general distribution that depends on θ, an additional scalar γ, and a specific quadratic function of the response vector chosen to capture features of an alternative covariance structure. When γ = 0, the more general distribution reduces to the null one. Standard likelihood theory yields a score test for γ = 0; that is, a test of fit of the null distribution. The score statistic is the standardized difference between observed and expected values of the quadratic function, where the expectation is taken with respect to the null distribution, with θ replaced by its maximum likelihood estimate. Applying the methods to case-control data on familial cancers of the ovary and breast, we illu.
Temperature dependence of the giant magnetostrain in a NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy

The temperature dependence of the magnetostrain was investigated in the Ni50Mn27.5Ga22. 5 magnetic shape memory alloy with a five-layer martensitic (5M) structure in the temperature range from 110Kto300K. A temperature threshold at 166K was found for the magnetostrain. A giant magnetostrain of 6.3% was achieved above the temperature, while no magnetostrain was monitored below the temperature. No intermartensitic transformation was detected around the temperature threshold. The lattice parameter a slightly increases, c largely decreases, and the tetragonality (a∕c−1) drastically increases with decreasing the temperature. The increase of the tetragonality is thought to be related to the temperature threshold of the magnetostrain by inducing a change of the electronic structure, twin structure, or the type of the variant with the same 5M martensitic structure below the temperature threshold. The interpretation is reasonably understood by the fact that only few samples with the same 5M martensitic structure ex.
The Characterization and Galactic Distribution of Infrared Dark Clouds

Using 13CO J = 1 → 0 molecular line emission from the Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey (BU-FCRAO GRS), we have established kinematic distances to 313 infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) by matching the morphology of the molecular line emission in distinct velocity channels to their mid-infrared extinction. The Galactic distribution of IRDCs shows an enhancement toward the Galaxy's most massive and active star-forming structure, the so-called 5 kpc ring. IRDCs have typical sizes of ~5 pc, peak column densities of ~1022 cm-2, LTE masses of ~5 × 103 M☉, and volume-averaged H2 densities of ~2 × 103 cm-3. The similarity of these properties to those of molecular clumps associated with active star formation suggests that IRDCs represent the densest clumps within giant molecular clouds where clusters may eventually form.
Developing DRC plus rules through 2D pattern extraction and clustering techniques

As technology processes continue to shrink and aggressive resolution enhancement technologies (RET) and optical proximity correction (OPC) are applied, standard design rule constraints (DRC) sometimes fails to fully capture the concept of design manufacturability. DRC Plus augments standard DRC by applying fast 2D pattern matching to design layout to identify problematic 2D patterns missed by DRC. DRC Plus offers several advantages over other DFM techniques: it offers a simple pass/no-pass criterion, it is simple to document as part of the design manual, it does not require compute intensive simulations, and it does not require highly-accurate lithographic models. These advantages allow DRC Plus to be inserted early in the design flow, and enforced in conjunction with standard DRC. The creation of DRC Plus rules, however, remains a challenge. Hotspots derived from lithographic simulation may be used to create DRC Plus rules, but the process of translating a hotspot into a pattern is a difficult and manual effort. In this paper, we present an algorithmic methodology to identify hot patterns using lithographic simulation rather than hotspots. First, a complete set of pattern classes, which covers the entire design space of a sample layout, is computed. These pattern classes, by construction, can be directly used as DRC Plus rules. Next, the manufacturability of each pattern class is evaluated as a whole. This results in a quantifiable metric for both design impact and manufacturability, which can be used to select individual pattern classes as DRC Plus rules. Simulation experiment shows that hundreds of rules can be created using this methodology, which is well beyond what is possible by hand. Selective visual inspection shows that algorithmically generated rules are quite reasonable. In addition to producing DRC Plus rules, this methodology also provides a concrete understanding of design style, design variability, and how they affect manufacturability.
EUV spectral energy distribution of quasars restored from associated absorbers

Aims. We reconstruct the spectral shape of the quasar ionizing radiation in the extreme-UV range (1 Ryd ≤ E 4R yd which is attributed to the He ii Lyman continuum opacity (τ He II c ∼ 1). A most likely source of this opacity is a quasar accretion disk wind. The corresponding column density of H i in the wind is estimated as a few times 10 16 cm −2 . This amount of neutral hydrogen should cause a weak continuum depression at λ 4 Ryd with the depth of this break depending on the angle with the rotational axis of the accretion disk (the larger the angle the deeper the break). The QSO spectra with a discontinuity at 4 Ryd can influence the rate of He ii reionization in the intergalactic medium and partly explain the inhomogeneous (patchy) ionization structure of the intergalactic He ii observed at z ∼ 3.
INDSCAL study of the perceptual space of American diphthongs Dale Terbeek

Previous MD‐scaling studies of vowel perception [such as S. Singh and G. Woods, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1861–1866 (1971)] have been concerned with monophthongs. In this experiment, the stimuli included three vowels with [i] off‐glides, three with [u] off‐glides, and three with level or [ə]‐like off‐glides. The nine vowels, namely, [ei ai oi u ou au ɪ ae ɔ], were spoken by a native American speaker in the phonetic context [♯ _ t]. Twenty‐one American listeners performed paired‐comparison similarity judgments using a nine‐point rating scale. A different set of 21 listeners performed the task on the same vowel phonemes, recorded without any phonetic context. Both sets of vowel‐by‐vowel dissimilarity matrices were analyzed by INDSCAL [J.D. Carroll and J.‐J. Chang, Psychometrika 35, 283–319 (1970)]. Both stimulus conditions gave the same major results: (1) The most salient property is the presence of rounding anywhere in the vowel versus complete absence of rounding. (2) The next most salient property groups vo.
DNA Double-Strand Break Misrejoining after Exposure of Primary Human Fibroblasts to CK Characteristic X Rays, 29 kVp X Rays and 60Co γ Rays

Abstract Kühne, M. , Urban, G. , Frankenberg, D. and Löbrich, M. DNA Double-Strand Break Misrejoining after Exposure of Primary Human Fibroblasts to CK Characteristic X Rays, 29 kVp X Rays and 60Co γ Rays. Radiat. Res. 164, 669–676 (2005). The efficiency of ionizing photon radiation for inducing mutations, chromosome aberrations, neoplastic cell transformation, and cell killing depends on the photon energy. We investigated the induction and rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as possible contributors for the varying efficiencies of different photon energies. A specialized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis assay based on Southern hybridization of single Mbp genomic restriction fragments was employed to assess DSB induction and rejoining by quantifying the restriction fragment band. Unrejoined and misrejoined DSBs were determined in dose fractionation protocols using doses per fraction of 2.2 and 4.4 Gy for CK characteristic X rays, 4 and 8 Gy for 29 kVp X rays, and 5, 10 and 20 Gy for 60Co γ rays. DSB induction by CK characteristic X rays was about twofold higher than for 60Co γ rays, whereas 29 kVp X rays showed only marginally elevated levels of induced DSBs compared with 60Co γ rays (a factor of 1.15). Compared with these modest variations in DSB induction, the variations in the levels of unrejoined and misrejoined DSBs were more significant. Our results suggest that differences in the fidelity of DSB rejoining together with the different efficiencies for induction of DSBs can explain the varying biological effectiveness of different photon energies.