Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verification of a Wheeled Mobile Robot Dynamic Model and Control Ramifications

For low speed, low acceleration, and lightly loaded applications, kinematic models of Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMRs) provide reasonably accurate results. However, as WMRs are designed to perform more demanding, practical applications with high speeds and/or high loads, kinematic models are no longer valid representations. This paper includes experimental results for a heavy, differentially steered WMR for both loaded and unloaded conditions. These results are used to verify a recently developed dynamic model which includes a complex tire representation to accurately account for the tire/ground interaction. The dynamic model is then exercised to clearly show the inadequacy of kinematic models for high load and/or high speed conditions. Furthermore, through simulation, the failure of kinematic model based control for such applications is also shown.
The Potential Association Between Periodontal Diseases and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Preceding studies have demonstrated that periodontitis might increase the liability of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight, and perinatal fatality in pregnant women. Nonetheless, there is no convincing testimony that periodontitis is related directly to adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women. This systematic review intended to assess and review all the available randomized clinical trials that concentrated on the association between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the impact of periodontal disease therapy on adverse pregnancy outcomes. The databases like Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were consumed to explore relevant and suitable studies after adopting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search included articles with no time restrictions and certain keywords were utilized in the databases. The investigation was done through four independent reviewers employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty-three studies fulfilled the exclusion and inclusion criteria and were used and included in this systematic review. The above-mentioned studies assessed the association between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes and the effect of periodontal disease treatment in reducing the influence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This systematic review revealed that there is a relationship between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and periodontal treatment has a reducing impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with periodontitis. Prospect studies are warranted to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and different adverse pregnancy outcomes and to decide the best type and the most effective therapy to treat periodontitis in pregnant women.
Artifact, Cause and Genic Selection

Several evolutionary biologists have used a parsimony argument to argue that the single gene is the unit of selection. Since all evolution by natural selection can be represented in terms of selection coefficients attaching to single genes, it is, they say, "more parsimonious" to think that all selection is selection for or against single genes. We examine the limitations of this genic point of view, and then relate our criticisms to a broader view of the role of causal concepts and the dangers of reification in science.
New type of soliton in Bi‐ion plasmas and possible implications

It is well known that the addition of a second ion population into a proton‐electron plasma gives rise to new low‐frequency wave modes. Here we investigate stationary structures streaming with sub‐fast speed in such a bi‐ion plasma. It is shown that a new type of stationary structure occurs as result of mode splitting effects caused by the second ion population. These so‐called ‘oscillitons' are characterized by an oscillating spatial structure superimposed on the spatial growth or decay associated with the usual single‐ion solitons. Examples of the solution of the full non‐linear equations describing stationary bi‐ion flows are given which show that ‘oscillitons' may contribute to a better understanding of diverse low‐frequency phenomena observed in the mass loaded plasma environments of Mars, Jupiter and comets.
The influence of an inclined rotation axis on solar irradiance variations

Compared with Sun-like stars, the irradiance variations of the Sun over the solar cycle appear to be relatively small for its average activity level (Lockwood et al. [CITE]; Radick et al. [CITE]). It has been proposed that the special position of Earth-based observers in the ecliptic plane may give the impression of a subdued solar photometric variability (Schatten [CITE]). The aim of the present paper is to examine the influence on irradiance variations of a solar rotation axis inclined towards the observer. A three-component model is used to calculate relative flux variations of a given active-region distribution on the surface of the Sun as a function of inclination and wavelength. Wavelength-dependent intensity spectra are used to describe the contributions of the undisturbed photosphere, sunspots and faculae. The spectra result from models that have successfully been used to reproduce a host of solar data and thus represent realistic estimates of the radiative output from these solar features. We find that an inclined rotation axis increases the total solar irradiance variations maximally by $40\%$. The most probable value is approximately $6\%$. This is much less than that suggested by former studies, which were based on simple contrast functions. In the averaged Stromgren filters we estimate a most probable increase of the solar variability of $30\%$. In addition, we estimate the dependence of the flux in the chromospheric Ca II H& K lines on inclination. We find that the average chromospheric activity level depends only slightly on the inclination angle. The chromospheric variability of Sun-like stars, however, is significantly affected. Nonetheless, our results indicate that a different average inclination of stellar rotation axes relative to the observer cannot explain the discrepancy between the brightness variations of the Sun and Sun-like stars.
An Improvement in the Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Isolates in the Out-Of-Hospital Setting following Decreased Community Use of Antibiotics during the COVID-19 Pandemic

After the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in antibiotic consumption in the out-of-hospital setting was observed. However, data about the impact of this reduction on antimicrobial resistance are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess antibiotic consumption and antibiotic resistance at the community level in an Italian province before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We carried out an observational study, comparing antibiotic consumption in the community during 2019 and 2020 and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterobacterales cultured from urine samples from the out-of-hospital setting during the first semester of 2020 and 2021. Overall, antibiotic consumption decreased by 28% from 2019 to 2020 (from 13.9 to 9.97 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day). The main reductions involved penicillins (ATC J01C, from 6.9 to 4.8 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day, −31%), particularly amoxicillin/clavulanate (ATC J01CR02, −30%) and amoxicillin (J01CA04, −35.2%). Overall, 6445 strains of Enterobacterales were analyzed; in 2020, the susceptibility rate of amoxicillin/clavulanate increased from 57.5% to 87% among isolates from the primary care setting (p < 0.001) and from 39% to 72% (p < 0.001) among isolates from LTCF. The reduction in the community use of antibiotics observed in 2020 was followed by a change in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary isolates.
Talking about the Vaccine after the Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Youth in Turkey and Ethical Issues

Examining the factors that affect the vaccination rate among young people in an ethical frame can support vaccination promotion. Therefore, this study will elaborate, through an ethical lens, on young people’s hesitation about and decisions regarding getting vaccinated. The cross-sectional study was conducted with 2428 people aged 15–30 in Turkey in June 2022. The questionnaire included the following subtitles: psycho-social situation, health services and health policies, COVID-19 vaccine, and predictions about life and health after the pandemic. The average age was 22.9 years. In the study sample, 80% were vaccinated, while 20% were not. Vaccinated participants acted more cautiously to protect their health. Receiving accurate and sufficient information on proposed vaccines affects vaccination status. The primary reason for getting vaccinated was “to protect their health, families, and relatives”, and the primary reason for not getting vaccinated was “not trusting the vaccine content or the country where the vaccine was produced”. Specifically, those vaccinated felt more relaxed physically, psychologically, and socially. In addition, the expectations for the future of those vaccinated were significantly higher. Accurate and adequate information is essential for reducing vaccine hesitancy. In addition, promoting prosocial behaviors in young people and highlighting related values will support vaccination.
Characteristics of Open Globe Injuries in the United States From 2006 to 2014.

Importance Open globe injuries can lead to substantial visual morbidity and lifelong sequelae. Interventions to reduce the burden of open globe injuries in the United States require a better understanding of these injuries through well-designed epidemiologic investigations. Objective To examine the incidence, common injury mechanisms, and economic burden of open globe injuries in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, cross-sectional study of US nationwide emergency department (ED) data assessed all ED visits of patients with a primary diagnosis of open globe injury in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2014. Data analysis was performed from August 29, 2018, to November 11, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual incidence of open globe injuries by age, sex, mechanism of injury, and concomitant diagnosis, as well as median charges associated with open globe injuries and variables associated with hospitalization. Results A total of 124 989 ED visits for open globe injuries were assessed, with an incidence of 4.49 per 100 000 population in the United States from 2006 to 2014 (mean [SD] age of study participants, 37.7 [22.5] years; 94 078 [75.3%] male). The incidence was highest in 2006 (5.88 per 100 000 population) and decreased by 0.3% per month between 2006 and 2014 (incidence rate ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99-0.99; P < .001). Open globe injuries occurred in 37 060 individuals (30.6%) of low socioeconomic status. The most common injury mechanism was being struck by or against an object or person (40 119 of all 124 989 injury mechanisms [32.1%]). Open globe injuries associated with falls increased 6.6% between 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 (95% CI, 1.04-1.08; P < .001) and were the most common injury mechanism in individuals older than 70 years. The total cost associated with open globe injuries was $793 million. The cost of ED visits increased from $865 during 2006-2010 to $1557 during 2011-2015. Inpatient costs similarly increased from $21 527 during 2006-2010 to $30 243 during 2011-2015. Conclusions and Relevance The incidence of open globe injuries in the United States decreased from 2006 to 2014. Although the data are from 5 to 13 years ago, these findings appear to provide valuable information for targeting preventive measures toward individuals at highest risk; targeting young men with lower socioeconomic status and individuals 70 years or older at an increased risk of falls may help lower the incidence of open globe injuries.
Assessment of climate change impact on maximum precipitation in Spain

The potential effect of climate change on maximum precipitation is studied by considering several temporal intervals for its incorporation into flood risk management in Spain. The methodology used allows for a complete assessment of the effect of climate change on maximum precipitation by accounting for uncertainty, and may be applied to other case studies. Behaviour regarding observations, trends and changes in climate model maximum precipitation series are evaluated. In turn, multi‐model mean (and percentile) relative changes accounting for statistical significance, torrential rate changes, and relative changes in daily annual maximum precipitation accumulated along river network are estimated. Results show a large variability in climate model outcomes. In general, a suitable behaviour is found for the climate model ensemble regarding observations: it properly represents seasonality of daily annual maximum precipitation for all regions, and observation‐based statistics are found to be within range of simulation‐based statistics for most regions. As an exception, daily annual maximum precipitation is underestimated in Mediterranean regions, which may be attributed to known limitations of current climate models in adequately reproducing convective precipitation typical of those areas. Results also show an intensifying increase in trends and changes as precipitation duration decreases, a torrentiality rise, and relative changes related to accumulated maximum precipitation of up to 35%. These findings support the notion that the effect of climate change may be stronger for extreme precipitation associated with short precipitation durations. This may be attributed to a stronger scaling between change in extreme precipitation and mean surface temperature increase for shorter durations. The findings also highlight the importance of analysing statistical significance of relative changes in quantile for allowing its attribution to climate change. Statistical model choice is found to be essential for identifying significant changes.
Extension of neoclassical rotation theory for tokamaks to realistically account for the geometry of magnetic flux surfaces

A neoclassical rotation theory (poloidal and toroidal) is developed from the fluid moment equations, using the Braginskii decomposition of the viscosity tensor extended to generalized curvilinear geometry and a neoclassical calculation of the parallel viscosity coefficient interpolated over collision regimes. Important poloidal dependences are calculated using the Miller equilibrium flux surface geometry representation, which takes into account elongation, triangularity, flux surface compression/expansion and the Shafranov shift. The resulting set of eight (for a two-ion-species plasma model) coupled nonlinear equations for the flux surface averaged poloidal and toroidal rotation velocities and for the up–down and in–out density asymmetries for both ion species are solved numerically. Comparison of prediction with measured carbon poloidal and toroidal rotation velocities in a co-injected and a counter-injected H-mode discharge in DIII-D (Luxon J. 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 614) indicates agreement to within <10% except in the very edge (ρ > 0.90) in the co-injected discharge.
14NH2/15NH2 RATIO IN COMET C/2012 S1 (ISON) OBSERVED DURING ITS OUTBURST IN 2013 NOVEMBER

We performed high-dispersion optical spectroscopic observations of comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) using the High Dispersion Spectrograph (R = 72,000) at the Subaru Telescope on UT 2013 November 15.6, during an outburst that started on UT 2013 November 14. Due to the high gas-production rate of NH2 during the outburst, we successfully detected weak emission lines of 15NH2 and many strong emission lines of 14NH2 in the optical wavelength region from 5500 to 8200 Å. The ratio of 14NH2/15NH2 is derived to be 139 ± 38 in comet C/2012 S1 (ISON). This ratio is close to that recently revealed based on the averaged spectrum of 12 comets, ∼130. This is also comparable to the typical cometary isotopic ratio of CN (12C14N/12C15N, observed in optical) and HCN (H12C14N/H12C15N, observed in radio), ∼150. However, these ratios are much smaller than the protosolar value, 14N/15N = 441 ± 5. Because NH2 is considered to be a photodissociation product of NH3 in cometary coma, our result implies the occurrence of 15N fractionation of NH3 in the solar nebula or in the presolar molecular cloud.
Infrared spectrometric measurement of impurities in highly enriched ‘Si28’

Within the scope of re-determining the Avogadro constant, the content of impurities in ultra-pure, mono-isotopically enriched silicon ‘Si28’ was measured by infrared spectrometry. The calibration factors required for the calculation of the concentrations from the maximum absorption coefficients had to be determined in this context for the isotopically enriched material. For this purpose a model was prepared, which enables conversion of the factors for Si with natural isotopic abundance. On the basis of these results, the concentrations of the three most decisive impurities in the enriched material were determined. These are oxygen atoms on interstitial sites and substituting carbon and boron atoms which occupy silicon sites. Whereas carbon and oxygen were measured in accordance with standardized procedures modified for the particular metrological use, the absorption measurement of the boron was carried out differently to the conventional standard. The concentrations determined for the three types of crystal impurities are high enough to make a correction of the lattice parameter for the ‘Si28’ material necessary.
Radiative Cooling Effects within and above the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Abstract For representative tropospheric profiles of water vapor, CO2 and temperature we have calculated in situ longwave radiative flux divergence for use in a simplified second-order closure model of nocturnal boundary-layer evolution. The time evolution of “bulk” boundary-layer parameters is little affected by radiational cooling, as seems to be the cast for stress, velocity variance and diffusivity profiles within this layer. In contrast the w′θ′ profile adjusts itself in response to radiative flux divergence which, within the surface layer, depends on surface emissivity, surface temperature and boundary-layer humidity. Under conditions of strong radiative cooling near the surface an elevated minimum in w′θ′ (at heights up to 0.1 h, h being boundary-layer height) exists, and the cooling produces significant effects on the nondimensional, surface-layer gradients ΦH and ΦM, particularly ΦM. Thermodynamically the boundary layer develops a three-layer structure—in the lowest (0.1 h thick) and uppermost (0.
Hydrologic‐based modelling of burn depth potentials in degraded peat soils

Peatland drainage may degrade system resilience to high intensity, soil‐consuming fires. Peat soil fires are unique in that they can smoulder vertically through the soil column, with a multitude of consequences including large carbon emissions, altered hydrology, and dramatic shifts in vegetation communities. In this work we developed and verified a new method to model peat burn depths with readily available water level and peat hydraulic property data at the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (VA and NC, USA). To model peat burn depths across 11 sites in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge we combined water table time series data and soil moisture release curves, developed at multiple depths, with moisture‐to‐ignition thresholds. A subset of the results from this empirical modelling approach of peat burn depth severity were compared against those made using a mechanistic model of soil moisture, HYDRUS 1‐D. By comparing modelled burn depth potentials between these two approaches for a range of peats, we confirmed that our simpler, water table‐based approach had similar performance to HYDRUS 1‐D in drained and degraded peats, like those found in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. A comparative analysis of modelled burn depths across our study site found that water table position and peat water holding capacity were the key governing controls on burn depth potential. Our findings suggest that drainage weakens both short‐ and long‐term controls on peat burn depths by reducing soil moisture and by decreasing peat water holding capacity. This new approach offers land managers with an additional tool for assessing risk while offering insight into the drivers of peatland wildfire severity.
Electronic and optical properties of strained quantum dots modeled by 8-band k⋅p theory

We present a systematic investigation of the elastic, electronic, and linear optical properties of quantum dot double heterostructures in the frame of eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ theory. Numerical results for the model system of capped pyramid shaped InAs quantum dots in GaAs (001) with ${101}$ facets are presented. Electron and hole levels, dipole transition energies, oscillator strengths, and polarizations for both electron-hole and electron-electron transitions, as well as the exciton ground-state binding energy and the electron ground-state Coulomb charging energy are calculated. The dependence of all these properties on the dot size is investigated for base widths between 10 and $20$ nm. Results for two different approaches to model strain, continuum elasticity theory, and the Keatings valence force field model in the linearized version of Kane, are compared to each other.
Effect of Urban Built-Up Area Expansion on the Urban Heat Islands in Different Seasons in 34 Metropolitan Regions across China

The urban heat island (UHI) refers to the land surface temperature (LST) difference between urban areas and their undeveloped or underdeveloped surroundings. It is a measure of the thermal influence of the urban built-up area expansion (UBAE), a topic that has been extensively studied. However, the impact of UBAE on the LST differences between urban areas and rural areas (UHIU−R) and between urban areas and emerging urban areas (UHIU−S) in different seasons has seldom been investigated. Here, the UHIU−S and UHIU−R in 34 major metropolitan regions across China, and their spatiotemporal variations based on long-term space-borne observations during the period 2001–2020 were analyzed. The UBAE quantified by the difference in landscape metrics of built-up areas between 2020 and 2000 and their impact on UHI was further analyzed. The UBAE is impacted by the level of economic development and topography. The UBAE of cities located in more developed regions was more significant than that in less developed regions. Coastal cities experienced the most obvious UBAE, followed by plain and hilly cities. The UBAE in mountainous regions was the weakest. On an annual basis, UHIU−R was larger than UHIU−S, decreasing more slowly with UBAE than UHIU−S. In different seasons, the UHIU−S and UHIU−R were larger, more clearly varying temporally with UBAE in summer than in winter, and their temporal variations were significantly correlated with UBAE in summer but not in winter. The seasonal difference in UHIU−R was larger than that of UHIU−S. Both the UHIU−S and UHIU−R in coastal cities were the lowest in summer, decreasing the fastest with UBAE, while those in mountain cities decreased the slowest. The change in the density of built-up lands was the primary driver affecting the temporal variations in UHIU−S and UHIU−R during UBAE, followed by changes in proportion and shape, while the impact of the speed of expansion was the smallest, all of which were more obvious in summer than in winter. The decreased density of built-up lands can reduce UHI. These findings provide a new perspective for a deeper understanding of the effect of urban expansion on LST in different seasons.