Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG system of angiosperm classification

The recently proposed classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) of angiosperms based on monophyletic groups as recognized mainly by molecular analysis is used here to discuss wood anatomical diversity patterns at the ordinal level. The APG orders are compared with the most recent «classical» orders as listed in the second edition ofThe Plant Book for «improved» or «deteriorated» wood anatomical coherence. Although homoplasy in wood anatomical characters, largely due to ecological adaptations, limits the value of wood anatomy at higher levels of classification, many families and orders tend to have characteristic combinations of microscopic wood features. Out of the 29 APG dicot orders, seven (Aquifoliales, Cucurbitales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Saxifragales) show an increase in wood anatomical homogeneity relative to their «classical» predecessors; four APG dicot orders (Apiales, Ericales, Fabales, and Rosales) show a decrease, although within the orders several suprafamilial subclades are homogeneous. For the remaining 18 orders, wood anatomical diversity remains about the same as in previous classifications or the APG ordinal composition is almost identical to the «classical» composition. The results support the value of both molecular markers and wood anatomical characters in phylogenetic classification. Because the «classical» ordinal classifications have been partly inspired by wood anatomical information, one might have expected a greater wood anatomical coherence in them than in the largely molecularly delimited APG orders if wood anatomy did not provide significant phylogenetic signals at higher taxonomic levels. The reverse appears to be the case. Among the wood anatomical characters included in the comparison, vestured intervessel pits, large and simple ray parenchyma pits, and sometimes also wide and tall rays appear to characterize orders. Some orders tend to be characterized by a combination of «primitive» features in the Baileyan sense: scalariform perforations, fibres with distinctly bordered pits, apotracheal parenchyma, and heterocellular rays. This raises the question as to whether in these clades this entire combination of characteristics should not be viewed as synapomorphic rather than symplesiomorphic.
Numerical Taxonomy Study of Vibrio and Spirillum spp.

One hundred and seven strains of Vibrio and Spirillum were examined for 175 morphological, physiological, biochemical, and nutritional characteristics. The results were analyzed by the method of numerical taxonomy. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the Spirillum strains was also determined. Marked phenetic differences were found between Vibrio and Spirillum, with species of the genus Vibrio demonstrating more versatile biochemical capabilities. The numerical taxonomy and molecular genetic data are in agreement with the recently suggested assignment of selected Spirillum strains to the genera Oceano-spirillum and Aquaspirillum.
In competition with a brother: Women's inheritance positions in contemporary Swedish family forestry

Abstract Swedish family forestry is characterized by traditional perceptions of the farm as a project that spans generations and a strong desire to preserve family ownership in accordance with a paternal inheritance tradition. In this study women's inheritance positions in contemporary family forestry in Sweden were examined using three different sources: (1) a national register of all forest owners; (2) an inquiry study; and (3) narrative accounts from female forest owners. An asymmetrical ownership pattern was exposed in the analysis of all three materials. Gender had an impact on who, what and how family owned forest land was transferred from one generation to another. Furthermore, analysis of the narrative accounts showed that a minority of the women corresponded to the concept transitive element. A typology with three additional concepts, namely transitive agent, transformative element and transformative agent, is therefore suggested and discussed.
Effects of Early and Late Breeding of Heifers on Multiple Lactation Performance of Dairy Cows

Abstract Dairy heifers were randomly divided into two treatment groups. One group of 253 heifers was bred at first estrus after 350 d of age and the second group of 249 heifers after reaching 462 d of age. Feeding and management practices were identical; groups differed only in age at first breeding. This report compares production of second and third lactations, reproductive traits observed during first and second lactations, and lifetime performance. Comparisons of heifer reproduction and first lactation production were reported earlier. Although the 462-d breeding age group of heifers had slightly better first lactation performances than the 350-d breeding age group, these advantages were not carried over to second and third lactations. No significant differences existed in three-parity performance between the two breeding groups. The 350-d breeding group had longer 61-mo productive life (730 vs. 623 d), produced greater 61-mo total milk (10,693 vs. 9218kg), and yielded more milk per day of 61-mo herdlife (6.8 vs. 5.9kg). A reduction of 1 mo in age at first calving would increase three-parity and 61-mo total milk by 427 and 554kg, respectively. Results from this study suggest that early breeding is a viable and practical approach to improve profitability for the dairy industry.
Response of cassava to nematicide application and plant-parasitic nematode infection in East Africa, with emphasis on root knot nematodes

Abstract Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz( is attacked by numerous species of plant-parasitic nematodes, among which, Meloidogyne spp. are the most damaging. However, data on the level of damage occurring under field and farm conditions are largely lacking. To examine the impact, upon cassava production, of plant-parasitic nematodes, field experiments were conducted at four sites in East Africa in Uganda (Serere and Sendusu( and Kenya (Mtwapa and Msabaha( during 2002 and 2003. We focused on Meloidogyne spp. (mainly M. incognita and M. javanica(, attacking two popular cultivars in each country. Nematicide (Nemacur® [fenamiphos]( was used against nematodes in control plots. Meloidogyne spp. were the most common nematodes encountered and caused galling damage at harvest at all sites, with Scutellonema spp. and Pratylenchus spp. being the next most commonly observed. The highest root densities of Meloidogyne spp. were recorded at Serere, while Mtwapa had the highest galling damage and intensity. At harvest, nematicide-treated plots had significantly lower densities of the most commonly occurring nematodes and fewer galls on feeder roots (galling intensity(. However, the root galling index score (damage( was not significantly lower compared with untreated plots. The majority of crop growth and yield variables measured at harvest across experiments were unaffected by nematicide application, but fewer storage roots suffered rot. The overall number of variables was minimized using Principal Components Analysis, which identified three major groups. A bivariate plot of the two larger groups across experiments showed that galling intensity, Pratylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. density were negatively correlated with cassava yield (tonnes/ha( and marketable storage root number. Linear regression analysis showed that Meloidogyne spp. density at harvest was negatively associated with yield (tonnes/ha( for cv. Migyera and cv. SS4 in Uganda, but not for cv. Mtwapa1 or cv. Kibendameno (which was positively correlated( at Kenya sites. A strong negative correlation between marketable tuber number and Meloidogyne spp. for cv. Migyera was observed in Uganda, but not for cv. SS4. Meloidogyne spp. density and total nematode species density were each negatively correlated with non-marketable storage root number on both cultivars in Uganda, but not for either cultivar in Kenya.
Influx and Efflux of Nitrate and Ammonium in Italian Ryegrass and White Clover Roots: Comparisons Between Effects of Darkness and Defoliation

Seedlings of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. RVP) and clonal stolon cuttings of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca) were grown for 19 d in flowing solution culture, with N supplied as either 250 mmol m ~3 NO3 or NH4 . Rates of net uptake, influx and translocation of NO3 and NH4 were then determined using 15N and 13N labelling techniques: between 3-5 h into the photoperiod following 8 h darkness for white clover (CL), and for ryegrass plants that were either entire (IL) or with shoots excised 90 min prior to 13N influx (IC); and 75 min into the photoperiod following 37-39 h darkness for ryegrass (ID). Rates of net uptake, influx and efflux of NH4 exceeded those of NO3 in IL and IC ryegrass plants: the opposite occurred in white clover (CL). The decrease in net uptake following defoliation of ryegrass was greater for NH4 (62%) than NO3 (40%). For NH4 this was associated with a large decrease in influx from 110 to 6 0 /. i.mol h"1 g-1 root fr. wt. ; but for NOJ, influx only decreased from 4-2 to 3-7 /xmol h"1 g-1. Prolonged exposure to darkness (ID plants) also lowered net uptake of NO3 and NH4 by, respectively, 86% and 95% of IL levels. For NH4 this was characterized by a large decrease in influx and a small decrease in efflux; whilst for NO3 the effect of a large decrease in influx was reinforced by a smaller increase in efflux. The data were used to estimate the translocatory fluxes of NO J (0-3-2-0 jumol h_1 g"1) and NH4 (0-03-0-4 |U.mol h 1 g-1), assimilation in the roots of NO3 (0-2-2-6/xmol h_1 g_1) and NH4 (0-5-8-9 /xmol h~ 1 g-1), and the concentrations of NOj (9-15 mol m-3) in the cytoplasmic compartment of the roots. The relevance of variable influx and efflux to models for the regulation of N uptake is discussed.
Chemical composition of the fruit mesocarp of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) populations grown in Central Amazonia, Brazil

The percent composition, soluble and insoluble food fibers, oil fatty acids and minerals were determined in the mesocarp of fruits of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) populations grown in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Amino acids were also determined in one of the populations. The mean protein levels ranged from 1.8 to 2.7%, lipid levels ranged from 3.5 to 11.1%, the nitrogen free fraction ranged from 24.3 to 35%, food fiber ranged from 5.2% to 8.7%, and energy ranged from 179.1 to 207.4 kcal%. All essential, as well as non-essential, amino acids were present, with tryptophan and methionine presenting the lowest mean concentrations. The mono-unsaturated oleic acid predominated in the oil, ranging from 42.8 to 60.8%, and palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, ranging from 24.1 to 42.3%. Among the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid was the most abundant, with a maximum of 5.4% in Pampa-8. The most important mineral elements were potassium, selenium and chromium, respectively corresponding to 12%, 9% and 9% of daily recommended allowances. Considering the nutritional potential of the fruit, we suggest its more frequent incorporation into the diet of the Amazonian population.
Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard

The von Bertalanffy curve was used to examine growth patterns in both body length and mass of female and male polar bears Ursus maritimus live-captured near Svalbard, Norway. A longer growth period in males resulted in pronounced sexual dimorphism in both body length and mass. Males were 1.16 times longer and 2.10 times heavier than females. The asymptotic body length of female and male polar bears from Svalbard was smaller than that for polar bears in four of six previously studied populations. Asymptotic body mass of females from Svalbard was lower than other previously studied populations, while males were generally lighter. The reasons for the lighter bears in Svalbard are unclear, but we believe they were not related to sampling error, ecosystem productivity, or genetic differences. The high pollution load of polar bears in Svalbard may have affected body size but this potential factor could not be assessed. The generally smaller size of polar bears in Svalbard was consistent with density-dependent growth effects but again, information on population density relative to carrying capacity was insufficient to assess this hypothesis.
Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis of floral, yield and its component traits in CMS and restorer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The coefficients of phenotypic and genotypic variability were comparatively high for effective tillers/plant followed by grain yield/plant, plant height and angle of floret. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance indicated predominance of additive gene action for the traits viz., 1,000 seed weight, plant height, anther breadth, anther length, effective tillers/plant and angle of floret opening. Selections can be effective on the basis of correlation and path analysis for characters like effective tillers/plant, spikelet density, angle of floret opening, duration of floret opening, panicle length, 1,000 seed weight and days to 50 per cent flowering. With respect to findings of the investigation, CMS lines viz., APMS 6A, IR 69622A, IR 62829A, IR 70369A and IR 68886A were identified as superior female lines with respect to floral, yield and its contributing traits whereas, among the restorer lines NPT-10, NPT-13-01, R-710 and Sugandh-3 were identified as putative lines . DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1. 19745 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43 (1): 45-52, 2014 (June)
Micrelaps in the southern Levant: variation, sexual dimorphism, and a new species (Serpentes: Atractaspididae)

Abstract Variation in the primarily East African snake genus Micrelaps (Atractaspididae) was investigated in the southern Levant (mainly Israel) from museum specimens and some photographs. The fossorial M. muelleri Boettger, 1880, hitherto considered rare, inhabits the mesic Mediterranean zone (n=82). Its usual colour pattern is a variable number of black and yellow rings but two rare longitudinally striped morphs also occur. Sexual dimorphism, hitherto unknown, affects pholidosis, proportions and colour pattern. A new species, M. tchernovi Werner, is described (n=6) from the semi-arid Irano-Turanian zone in the central Jordan Valley. It differs mainly in colour characters, having black saddles rather than rings. The distinction of the two species is verified using Principal Coordinates Analysis. Their relationships with the African members of the genus are briefly discussed.
Sources of dietary fluoride intake in 4-year-old children residing in low, medium and high fluoride areas in Iran

Accurate estimation of fluoride dietary intake is desirable for optimising caries prevention. Little is known about the dietary fluoride intake of children aged 4 years, an age when many permanent teeth are forming. This study was undertaken in Fars Province, Iran, in 1995-96, where there are big differences in temperature between winter and summer. The aims were to determine: (a) the relative contributions of different components of the diet to fluoride intake, (b) the effect of variation in fluoride concentration in drinking water, and (c) the effect of climate temperature. Temperature varied between +40°C in summer to -5°C in winter. The mean fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the three areas were 0.3, 0.6 and 4.0 mgF/L. Dietary information was obtained by two 3-day diet diaries with interview, validated with reference to international standards. The fluoride content of foods was measured using the silicon-facilitated diffusion method. One hundred and three 4-year-old children completed the study. The mean (and 95% confidence interval) dietary fluoride intakes in each of the three areas, respectively, were 413 (± 21), 698 (± 89) and 3472 (± 557) μ g/day. Drinks provided 72 to 87% of dietary fluoride - this proportion increased with increasing water fluoride concentration and increasing climate temperature. Tea (infusion) was an important source of dietary fluoride, providing 31 to 38% of total dietary intake. Tap water was a more important source of fluoride than soft drinks. Cooked rice and bread were the most important food source of fluoride and the amount of fluoride they contributed increased as water fluoride concentration increased. The results of this first such survey in the Middle East showed (a) that water (as a drink) and tea were by far the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake, (b) substantial increases in fluoride intake with increasing water fluoride concentrations, and (c) substantially higher fluoride intakes in summer than in the winter.
THE EFFECT OF AN INFERTILITY DIAGNOSIS ON TREATMENT-RELATED STRESSES

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an infertility diagnosis on treatment-related stresses. One hundred infertile Chinese couples participated in this study. Three structured questionnaires were used to analyze the differences between husbands and wives. As a group wives appear to experience significantly more stress from infertility tests and treatment than their husbands, regardless of whether female infertility was present. Husbands with mixed or idiopathic infertility experienced less stress to infertility than husbands with only male infertility or female infertility. Wives with mixed or idiopathic infertility experienced less stress to infertility than wives with only a female infertility. Marital duration, time in treatment, and the number of AIH or IVF procedures were positively related to the wives' stress level, whereas only number of IVF procedures was positively related to the husbands' stress level. Interventions to enhance the infertility treatment experience are suggested.
Small Intestinal Submucosa: A Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix That Promotes Tissue-Specific Growth and Differentiation of Cells in Vitro

The importance of understanding cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction is now evident as scientists, engineers, and physicians search for novel scaffolds that support and maintain tissue-specific cellular growth and function both in vivo and in vitro. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) represents an ECM that has been derived from porcine intestine while preserving its natural composition and architecture. More recently, an extract of this physiologic ECM, which forms a three-dimensional gel in vitro, has been developed. When compared to routinely used culture substrata (e.g., plastic, Vitrogen, and Matrigel), intact SIS and SIS-derived gel possess unique compositional and architectural features. Simple squamous epithelial (pulmonary artery), fibroblastic (Swiss 3T3), glandular epithelial (adenocarcinoma), and smooth muscle-like (urinary bladder) cells were seeded upon intact SIS and SIS-derived gel and their morphologic response evaluated. For each of the four cell types studied, intact SIS and SIS-der.
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF COREOIDEA (HETEROPTERA)

Abstract A cladistic analysis of tribes and subfamilies included in Coreidae, Rhopalidae and Alydidae of the superfamily Coreoidea, based on 60 apomorphies, has been made in the present paper. The results indicate that both the Pseudophloeinae and Hydarinae of Coreidae are monophyletic and occupy the two lowest positions in the cladogram in comparison with the other coreid groups; the tribe Chariesterini of Coreinae is a sister group with Meropachydinae; Serinethini (the only tribe of “Serinethinae”, Rhopalidae) is a sister group with Harmostini of Rhopalinae in the rhopalid offset of the cladogram. These mean the traditional Coreidae, Coreinae, and Rhopalinae are paraphyletic groups. According to the results of the snalysis and their characteristics, the “Pseudophloeinae” and “Hydarinae” are raised to family category respectively, the tribe Chariesterini is raised to subfamily category in family Coreidae; the traditional Serinethinae is suppressed to tribe category (no subfamilial ranks will be set up in Rhopalidae), so that all the groups are natural and the paraphyletic groups are avoided in the superfamily, and no this basis a new higher classification system of Coreoidea is suggested.
Preface

Knee Arthroscopy is intended to be a clinical text for the arthroscopic management of knee disorders and to be used as a practical reference for all health care professionals engaged in the treatment of the knee. Each chapter includes a discussion of relevant anatomy, indications, step-by-step descriptions of surgical techniques, rehabilitation, complications, clinical pearls, as well as case reports. Knee Arthroscopy begins with a description of normal knee anatomy and traditional arthroscopic techniques. Separate chapters on meniscectomy, meniscal repair, and meniscal transplantation follow. Ligament reconstruction – including anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and posterolateral corner reconstruction – is described in detail. Individual chapters address the arthroscopic management of patellofemoral disorders, cartilage repair, arthrofibrosis and synovial lesions, knee fractures, articular cartilage injuries, and degenerative joint disease. We are grateful to have received the support of so many recognized master surgeons who have contributed to the text, and we are honored to be able to present their combined experience in the ensuing pages.
Predicting Endemism from Population Structure of a Widespread Species: Case Study in Centaurea maculosa Lam. (Asteraceae)

Amounts of genetic variability, genetic differentiation among taxa and populations, and population sizes were studied in five populations of Centaurea maculosa ssp. maculosa (a widespread taxon), all six populations of C. corymbosa (a narrowly endemic species), and the single population of C. maculosa ssp. albida. Seventeen isozyme loci were studied, of which nine were polymorphic. Results suggest that C. corymbosa and C. maculosa ssp. albida are likely derived from C. maculosa ssp. maculosa because the former represent a sample of the diversity of the latter. The percentage of polymorphic loci and Nei’s genetic diversity were positively and significantly correlated with population size over all populations, but not within each taxon. Populations of both the widespread C. maculosa ssp. maculosa and the rare C. corymbosa were strongly differentiated: overall, FST values were 0.26 and 0.34, respectively. Differentiation among populations of different taxa was of the same order of magnitude as that observed among populations within taxa. Nevertheless, significant differentiation among the three taxa was found by a hierarchical analysis of variance on allele frequencies. We suggest that bottlenecks or founder effects associated with colonization events and ecological specialization in some populations of C. maculosa ssp. maculosa have led to new taxa such as C. corymbosa and C. maculosa ssp. albida. This may be a direct consequence of the particularly strong differentiation among populations of the widespread C. maculosa ssp. maculosa. Our study highlights the utility of considering closely related widespread taxa in order to understand the population biology and evolution of rare species, as well as to design proper management programs.