Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serum Anti-Myelin—Associated Glycoprotein Antibodies in Egyptian Autistic Children

system is the commonest of these abnormalities. The most important clue for the possible etiopathogenic role of autoimmunity in autism is the presence of brain-specific autoantibodies in many autistic children. Immunotherapy should be initiated when a clue of autoimmunity is evidenced by the presence of autoantibodies to central nervous system. Other clues for the occurrence of autoimmunity in autism include the increase of autoimmune disorders among autistic families. Also, there is a strong association between autism and the major histocompatibility complex for the null allele of complement 4B in class III region. This results in low production of complement 4B protein leading to repeated infections, which play an important role in the development of autoimmunity. In addition, in some autistic children, there is an imbalance of T-helper 1/ T-helper 2 subsets toward T-helper 2, which are responsible for allergic response and production of antibodies. Furthermore, a new form of inflammatory bowel disease (ileocolonic lymphonodular hyperplasia or autistic enterocolitis) was reported in some autistic children, leading researchers to suspect a gut–brain connection in autism. Myelin-associated glycoprotein, a minor myelin protein, is located in the most periaxonal oligodendrocytes processes. It controls neurofilament phosphorylation and, hence, controls the axon caliber, which is crucial for efficient impulse transmission. In contrast to mature central nervous system, myelin-associated glycoprotein promotes regeneration of young neurons. Circulating anti-myelin–associated Autism, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, is characterized by impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication, imagination, and reciprocal social interaction. Medical and psychiatric co-occurrences with autism include sleep disorders, epilepsy, food intolerance, gastrointestinal dysfunction, mood disorder, and aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. The prevalence of autism has surged in recent years. Contrary to notion in vogue in the past, autism is not influenced by parents. The etiology of autism is not well understood. Genetic factors play a significant role, but what is actually inherited is not entirely clear. Autism may occur as a result of exposure to environmental factors in the presence of genetic predisposition. A possible role of abnormalities in immune system in pathogenesis of some neurologic disorders, including autism, was recently postulated. Autoimmunity to central nervous Original Article
The rationale for developing and implementing core outcome batteries for routine use in service settings and psychotherapy outcome research

The Department of Health (DoH; 1996) Strategic Review of Psychotherapy identified the need for practitioners to use sim ilar outcom e m easures as part of the fram ework of clinical effectiveness. In this paper, we present the rationale for developing and im plementing a core outcom e battery in routine clinical practice as well as psychotherapy research. W e outline the forces that have determ ined the current corpus of outcome measures and contrast these with rational criteria for two levels of outcome batteries: a core battery, and problem-specific batteries. In addition, we identify potential referential measures that act as links between a core and problem-specific outcom e batteries. Criteria are set out that a core battery should meet. Em phasis is given to tw o unique criteria: a collaborative approach to instrum ent development between researchers and clinicians, and the collection of a subsequent national database. M eeting such suggestions will benefit researchers and clinicians as w ell as promoting innovation in m easurem ent practice.
Application of Risk Assessment for Violence Methods to General Adult Psychiatry: A Selective Literature Review

Objective: General adult psychiatrists are required to assess risk of violence as frequently as forensic psychiatrists. Yet most of the literature on risk assessment has originated from forensic settings, has been written by forensic psychiatrists, is applicable to forensic patients but may not apply to general psychiatric settings. Because the patient population and the nature of risk assessed may differ between the two settings, there is a need to consider the relevance of systems of assessment of risk of violence specific to the context of general adult psychiatry. Methods: We searched the literature on the way risk has been conceptualized in different disciplines using Medline database from 1993 to 2003. Keywords used were violence and risk management and risk assessment. Additional papers were identified from cross-references and personal knowledge of authors. Results: Seven hundred and nine key papers were identified. We identified three common key concepts that define risk: Uncertainty, weighing up the likelihood of different outcomes arising and, the possibility of benefits as well as harm due to risk assessment. The impact of safety culture – the collection of beliefs, norms, attitudes, roles and practices while making daily activities and management decisions – on psychiatric thinking is examined. We review the two main methods of risk assessment from forensic psychiatric literature (actuarial and clinical) with a view to examine their utility in general adult psychiatric context. Conclusions: In order to develop a system of risk assessment relevant to general adult psychiatry, we note the benefits of shifting from risk prediction to assessment, management and reduction of risk, the need to merge actuarial and clinical approaches, communication of risk and finally the need to involve patients in the process of risk assessment.
Cortical Release Signs in Psychiatry

Objective: To review the role of cortical release signs (CRS) in neuropsychiatry. Method: A thorough literature review was conducted using Medline and Psychlit databases, and other relevant references available to the authors. Results: A number of neurological abnormalities are reported at elevated rates in neuropsychiatric conditions. CRS are a group of primitive reflexes that are present in the neonate but become inhibited as the infant central nervous system (CNS) develops, only to later re-emerge in the context of CNS disease. The clinical elicitation and interpretation of each CRS is described with reference to its neurobiology. The prevalence of CRS in schizophrenia, affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and other neuropsychiatric illness allows for their use in the clinical management of these patients, including diagnostic assessment, treatment monitoring and prognosis. Conclusions: A number of issues complicate their interpretation in neuropsychiatric illness, including the apparent high base rate of some CRS in non-clinical populations, their increasing prevalence with age, lack of specificity and uncertainty over what constitutes an ‘abnormal’ response. In some circumstances, CRS may assist in diagnostic differentiation and illness staging.
Learning Adversarial Markov Decision Processes with Bandit Feedback and Unknown Transition

We consider the problem of learning in episodic finite-horizon Markov decision processes with unknown transition function, bandit feedback, and adversarial losses. We propose an efficient algorithm that achieves $\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(L|X|^2\sqrt{|A|T})$ regret with high probability, where $L$ is the horizon, $|X|$ is the number of states, $|A|$ is the number of actions, and $T$ is the number of episodes. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first one to ensure {$\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(\sqrt{T})$} regret in this challenging setting. Our key technical contribution is to introduce an optimistic loss estimator that is inversely weighted by an $\textit{upper occupancy bound}$.
Reconstruction: A Prospective MOON Cohort Study Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft During the First 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Risk of Tearing the Intact Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Contralateral Knee and Rupturing the

DOI: 10.1177/0363546507301318 2007; 35; 1131 originally published online Apr 23, 2007; Am. J. Sports Med. Robert G. Marx, Eric C. McCarty, Richard D. Parker, Michelle Wolcott, Brian R. Wolf and Kurt P. Spindler Rick W. Wright, Warren R. Dunn, Annunziato Amendola, Jack T. Andrish, John Bergfeld, Christopher C. Kaeding, Reconstruction: A Prospective MOON Cohort Study Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft During the First 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Risk of Tearing the Intact Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Contralateral Knee and Rupturing the
From the DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Antisocial behavior, in other words, normative and rule-breaking behavior, is a major problem in societies all over the world. Because many antisocial behavioral problems start in childhood or adolescence, the study of such behavior problems during this developmental period should contribute to an understanding of the etiology of adult psychopathology. Improved understanding of the etiology of antisocial behavior may contribute to better treatment and prevention. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of genetic and environmental factors in the development of antisocial behavior from childhood to emerging adulthood. The data used in this thesis comes from the Twin study of CHild and Adolescent Development (TCHAD), a Swedish population-based study of 1,480 twin pairs born 1985-1986. The twins and their parents have been contacted on four different occasions (8-9 years, 13-14 years, 16-17 years, and 19-20 years) with good to excellent response rates. Multivariate twin methods were applied to investigate the influence of genetic and environmental effects on antisocial behavior from childhood to emerging adulthood. The results suggest that the genetic and environmental etiology of antisocial behavior differs between boys and girls. Heritability was higher in girls, whereas the shared environment was more important in boys. These sex differences remained during the developmental period studied. Antisocial behavior that persists from early adolescence to emerging adulthood has strong familial effect in both boys and girls, with a limited influence of the unique environment. Further, a substantial genetic overlap was found between psychopathic personality traits and antisocial behavior. This genetic overlap could reflect that psychopathic personality has an important role in mediating genetic effects on antisocial behavior. Alternatively, it may indicate a genetic vulnerability to externalizing psychopathology. Finally, socioeconomic status moderated the influence of genetic and environmental factors on antisocial behavior. Genetic influences on antisocial behavior were more important in adolescents in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, whereas the shared environment was higher in adolescents in socioeconomically less advantaged environments. Future research should address the causes of the sex differences in the genetic and environmental etiology of antisocial behavior. Another important question to answer is whether the genetic factor in persistent antisocial behavior is also associated with childhood and adulthood psychopathology. A further aspect to explore is if genetic influences associated with psychopathic personality traits are correlated with the emergence of later antisocial behavior. Knowledge from such studies would provide tools needed to identify effective intervention targets.
Theories of participation in health care decision making : case studies of four communities in Ontario, Canada.

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Mental Disorders in Australian Prisoners: a Comparison with a Community Sample

Background: The plight of those with mental health problems and the possible role of prisons in "warehousing" these individuals has received considerable media and political attention. Prisoners are generally excluded from community-based surveys and to date no studies have compared prisoners to the community. Objective: The objective was to examine whether excess psychiatric morbidity exists in prisoners compared to the general community after adjusting for demographics. Method: Prison data were obtained from a consecutive sample of reception prisoners admitted into the state’s correctional system in 2001 (n = 916). Community data were obtained from the 1997 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (n = 8168). Mental health diagnoses were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and a number of other screening measures. Weighting was used in calculating the 12-month prevalence estimates to control for demographic differences between the two samples. Logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and education was used to compare the prison and community samples. Results: The 12-month prevalence of any psychiatric illness in the last year was 80% in prisoners and 31% in the community. Substantially more psychiatric morbidity was detected among prisoners than in the community group after accounting for demographic differences, particularly symptoms of psychosis (OR = 11.8, 95% CI 7.5–18.7), substance use disorders (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 9.7–13.6) and personality disorders (OR = 8.6, 95% CI 7.2–10.3). Mental functioning and disability score were worse for prisoners than the community except for physical health. Conclusions: This study found an overrepresentation of psychiatric morbidity in the prisoner population. Identifying the causes of this excess requires further investigation.
Study of adenosine deaminase activity as a biochemical marker of cell mediated immunity in tuberculous pleural effusion

The present study conducted on 100 patients with the aim that ADA estimation is a simple cheaper and quicker biochemical test and could provide additional supportive evidence for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion in clinically suspected cases and will therefore help in early institution of therapy to these patients. The data was collected and interpreted at department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan.
Dynamic Knee Stability: Single Leg Hop Tests and Hamstring/Quadriceps Ratio during Menstrual Cycle in Female Athletes

Background: Knee instability is one of the hallmarks of sport injuries in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine if dynamic knee stability characteristics specifically the single-leg hop tests and the hamstring eccentric / quadriceps concentric ratio in female athletes are altered across the menstrual cycle phases. Materials and Methods: Fifty adult female athletes were recruited for this study, their age ranged from 18-30 years. Each individual was tested three times during the phases of the normal female menstrual cycle (Early follicular phase, within ovulation days, and mid luteal phase) to determine dynamic knee stability through the assessment of the hamstrings to quadriceps ratio (HQR) tested by the Biodex isokinetic system and through the functional performance test single leg-hopping tests. Results: HQR at 60°/sec showed no significant difference among the three phases of menstrual cycle, while HQR at 180°/sec showed significant difference between follicular phase and luteal phase. The scores of all four Single leg hop tests showed significant change during menstrual phases with a greater difference between the follicular and the luteal phase. Conclusion: Dynamic knee stability characteristic specifically the Hamsting ecc/ quadriceps conc at 180 o / sec and single-leg hop tests were altered across the menstrual cycle with the greater decrease in the mid-luteal phase which coincide with high level of estrogen and progesterone. As such, female athletes are at risk of knee injuries in the mid luteal phase.
Performance of Routine Outcome Measures in Adult Mental Health Care

Objective: To examine the performance of two widely used outcome measures in public adult mental health services. Method: As part of a larger study, clinical staff in eight New Zealand District Health Board areas collected consumer outcomes data for a period of 6 months. Among other measures, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and Life Skills Profile (LSP-16) were completed at the start and end of episodes of care, as well as at 90-day reviews. Results: The performance of these two measures was examined in relation to compliance with the data collection protocol, item completion rates, certain psychometric properties, the relationship between them and the relationship of each instrument to the age, sex, principal psychiatric diagnosis and legal status of the consumer. Compliance with the HoNOS was superior to the LSP-16, but the reverse was true for completion. The two instruments were strongly correlated, but not enough to suggest that one may substitute for the other. A five-subscale structure for the HoNOS was supported. Certain HoNOS subscales were associated with age, but the total score was not, and differences between the sexes were small. Some large diagnostic differences were observed on both instruments. All LSP-16 summary scores and all HoNOS summary scores apart from Depression were higher (worse) in involuntary episodes. Only one LSP-16 item, relating to work potential, was related to age and men generally scored higher (worse) than women. Conclusion: From a technical perspective, the HoNOS and LSP-16 appear suitable for routine collection. New Zealand has adopted the HoNOS for routine use but not the LSP-16 because of local concerns about its appropriateness and acceptability. The clinician-rated measures reported here need to be complemented by both consumer-rated and family/carer measures.
Relative Contributions of Psychiatric Symptoms and Neuropsychological Functioning to Quality of Life in First-Episode Psychosis

Objective: To report on the relationship between quality of life (QOL), psychiatric symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in a sample of young people who have experienced a first episode of psychosis 2–3 years following initial presentation. Method: Fifty-one participants aged 15–27 years old completed the short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-Brèf), a self-report instrument assessing physical, psychological, social and environmental aspects of QOL. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered. Measures of psychiatric symptoms including depression (as assessed by the Calgary Depression Scale), positive, negative and general psychopathology (as assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were obtained. Results: Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the ability of neuropsychological measures and psychiatric symptoms to predict QOL. When neuropsychological variables were considered on their own, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, verbal ability and sustained attention explained up to 28% of the variance in the four domains of QOL. However, in the presence of psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological variables were no longer significant predictors for physical and psychological QOL; depression, general psychopathology and negative symptoms together explained up to 43% of the variance in QOL, with neuropsychological variables remaining significant for social and environmental QOL. Conclusions: In young people with their first episode of psychosis, QOL is more strongly related to levels of psychopathology, particularly depression, than neuropsychological deficits. This finding replicates previous studies in chronic schizophrenia that have suggested QOL is more strongly related to levels of psychopathology than the presence of neuropsychological deficits.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Apparently Healthy University Students in Ota, Nigeria

In Nigeria, high prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples and healthy individuals is increasingly being reported. However, very little is known regarding coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) strains isolated from healthy individuals, especially, given their increasing recognition as agents of clinically significant infections and as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Therefore, this study was undertaken, to establish the prevalence of MRSA, and to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of CoNS strains from apparently healthy University student volunteers in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. A better characterization of CoNS strains in their commensal lifestyle could give us new insights on their pathogenic potential. A total of 100 (nose and neck swabs) samples were collected from healthy students and screened using standard microbiological techniques. Staphylococcus species isolated on the basis of growth on mannitol salt agar were further characterized based on biochemical tests and novobiocin resistance. Commercially prepared antibiotics discs were used to test the susceptibility of the Staphylococcus isolates obtained. Data generated were analyzed descriptively and expressed in percentages. A total of 39 Staphylococcus species were identified as S. aureus (17), S. saprophyticus (8), S. epidermidis (7), S. hemolyticus (5) and S. hominis (2). The S. aureus strains were highly resistant (>94%) to methicillin (oxacillin / cloxacillin) and several non-β-lactams including clindamycin (100%), co-trimoxazole (82.4%), and vancomycin (82.4%). The incidence of methicillin resistance among CoNS was 77.3% with moderate resistance to co-trimoxazole (63.6%), clindamycin (40.9%), gentamicin (36.36%) and vancomycin (31.8%). This study has demonstrated high prevalence of MRSA and MRCoNS isolates from apparently healthy University student volunteers in Ota, Nigeria, and underlines the need for periodic surveillance studies of this type, reassessment of policies on antibiotics use within and outside the University environments, development and enforcement of measures to prevent the spread of MRSA and MRCoNS infections in the community. Keywords: Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS), Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), Multi-drug resistance, Nigeria, Susceptibility
Endometrial culture in IUD users with actinomycosis-like organisms (ALOs) on cervical smears.

A prospective study of 100 cases of intrauterine device (IUD) users with actinomycosis-like organisms (ALOs) on cervical smears has been carried out. All cases were asymptomatic. Bacteriological examination of cervical swabs showed that 95% of cases were free from pathogenic organisms. Bacteriological examination of the removed IUDs showed an incidence of 23% of colonization by ALOs but there was no significant difference between copper or plastic devices. Endometrial biopsies produced positive cultures in only 4.8% of cases and these were asymptomatic. All cervical smears repeated at 3 months follow-up after removal of the IUD were negative for ALOs and patients remained asymptomatic. This study suggests that ALOs on cervical smears in users of IUDs may represent a superficial colonization by the organisms and in the absence of symptoms no treatment is required. There is no need to replace a plastic device with a copper one. (Authors).