Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new species Macrobiotus magdalenae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae, richtersi group) from Costa Rican rain forest (Central America)

Abstract A new species Macrobiotus magdalenae sp. nov. is described from a liverwort sample collected in Costa Rica (Central America). The new species is most similar to Macrobiotus corgatensis Pilato et al., 2002 but differs from it mainly by the lack of fine granulation on the cuticle.
The Restoration Gene Pool Concept: Beyond the Native Versus Non‐Native Debate

Abstract Restoration practitioners have long been faced with a dichotomous choice of native versus introduced plant material confounded by a general lack of consensus concerning what constitutes being native. The “restoration gene pool” concept assigns plant materials to one of four restoration gene pools (primary to quaternary) in order of declining genetic correspondence to the target population. Adaptation is decoupled from genetic identity because they often do not correspond, particularly if ecosystem function of the disturbed site has been altered. Because use of plant material with highest genetic identity, that is, the primary restoration gene pool, may not be ultimately successful, material of higher order pools may be substituted. This decision can be made individually for each plant species in the restored plant community in the scientific context that ecosystem management demands. The restoration gene pool concept provides a place for cultivars of native species and noninvasive introduced plant material when use of native‐site material is not feasible. The use of metapopulation polycrosses or composites and multiple‐origin polycrosses or composites is encouraged as appropriate. The restoration gene pool concept can be implemented as a hierarchical decision‐support tool within the larger context of planning seedings.
Elaiophore diversity in three contrasting members of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae)

The elaiophores of Trichocentrum cavendishianum (Bateman) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Oncidium loefgrenii Cogn. , and Gomesa recurva R. Br. display considerable morphological and anatomical diversity. Oil secretion by flowers of T. cavendishianum and O. loefgrenii can be related to the presence of saddle-like, labellar elaiophores and the labellar callus, respectively, whereas, in G. recurva, although oil is present, no obvious structure appears to be involved in its secretion. In the first two species, the secretory tissue consists of palisade-like cells, whereas, in G. recurva, these cells are oval. Many Oncidiinae are thought to mimic members of the Malpighiaceae, and the elaiophores of that family also contain palisade-like cells that may indicate evolutionary convergence. As oils accumulate below the elaiophore cuticle, that of T. cavendishianum becomes distended, whereas that of the other two species does not. Full discharge of oil from the elaiophores of T. cavendishianum probably occurs only after the cuticle is ruptured by a visiting insect, and this may contribute towards pollinator selection. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 135–148.
The incidence of the Pea crab, Pinnotheres pisum in the two types of Mytilus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Padstow, south‐west England

Significant differences in the infection of M. edulis and the “Padstow type” mussel with P. pisum are recorded, and some possible explanations for these differences are discussed. Both types of Mytilus from the mid and lower regions of the mussel bed showed heavier infections than mussels higher on the shore. Even so, the differences between the two types were still maintained. A relationship exists between crab and mussel size, larger crabs being found only in larger hosts. The smallest mussel found to be infected with Pinnotheres measured 3·35 cm in length. Infection in M. edulis was found to increase with increased size of host, the largest occurring mussels having from 80 to 100% infection. Larger mussels occurred in greater numbers in the low shore. It is assumed that infection in the “Padstow type” would show a similar relationship if sufficient recordings had been available. The presence of the crab causes gill damage, and infected mussels show considerably lower tissue weights and slightly greater shell weights than uninfected mussels of similar size. The presence of the crab does not appear to influence the reproductive capacity of the mussel.
Produção de energia elétrica através da biomassa em sistema de gaseificação concorrente e grupo gerador com capacidade de 50 kVA

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de testes realizados com um motor de combustao interna MWM adaptado a ciclo Otto, acoplado a um gerador de eletricidade com capacidade de 50 kVA, alimentado exclusivamente com gas de sintese proveniente de um gaseificador de biomassa concorrente utilizando lenha de eucalipto. Tambem sao apresentadas as caracteristicas e eficiencia do conjunto gerador, com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade de se aplicar o sistema em localidades distantes, onde ha biomassa disponivel e o sistema de transmissao de energia eletrica convencional e dificultado pela distância. O gas de sintese gerado apresentou composicao media de 16,9 % de H2, 20% de CO, 10,9% de CO2, 2 % de CH4 e 50,1 % de N2. O desempenho do conjunto gerador foi monitorado aplicando-se cargas de 0, 7, 13, 20,1 e 26,4 kW, ao grupo gerador, mantendo a tensao media de 222 V e correntes de 0, 18,5, 33, 51, 84 e 67 A.
A SURVEY OF THE SYSTEMATIC WOOD ANATOMY OF THE RUBIACEAE

Recent insight in the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae, mainly based on macromolecular data, agrees better with wood anatomical diversity patterns than previous subdivisions of the family. The two main types of secondary xylem that occur in Rubiaceae show general consistency in their distribution within clades. Wood anatomical characters, especially the fibre type and axial parenchyma distribution, have indeed good taxonomic value in the family. Nevertheless, the application of wood anatomical data in Rubiaceae is more useful in confirming or negating already proposed relationships rather than postulating new affinities for problematic taxa. The wood characterised by fibre-tracheids (type I) is most common, while type II with septate libriform fibres is restricted to some tribes in all three subfamilies. Mineral inclusions in wood also provide valuable information with respect to systematic relationships.
Nesting of northern pintails in Alberta: laying date, clutch size, and renesting

Nesting of northern pintails was studied in southern Alberta where breeding densities are high. Adults nested earlier and laid larger clutches than did yearlings in the wild. Captive pintails nested earlier, laid larger clutches, and appeared to renest more readily than did wild birds. Food may limit each of these parameters in the wild. The reproductive output of female pintails nesting in high densities in southern Alberta appears to be lower than that of birds breeding at Delta, Manitoba, because of reduced clutch size and lower renesting rate. Clutch size was strongly correlated with laying date but the laying of larger clutches by adults in the wild (and by captive birds relative to wild birds) was not simply a consequence of earlier nesting. A number of proximate causes suggested to explain the seasonal decline in clutch size (hen age, renesting, declining food resources, and decreased body reserves) were rejected. Whatever the mechanism through which laying date influences clutch size, the ultimate.
Effects of Controlled Flow Reduction on a Trout Stream

The total number of brook trout age I and older in three runs of Blacktail Creek, Mont. , was reduced approximately 62% when 90% of the normal flow was diverted for about 3 months, in comparison with 20% for runs in control sections. Both number and weight of trout in pools of the test sections generally increased, whereas those in control pools decreased. Recaptures of tagged trout also indicated movements from runs to pools in the test sections, but not in the control sections. When the flow was reduced 75% or less, there were no consistent changes in number or weight of trout in the test runs and pools, whereas those in the control sections were more marked though also inconsistent. Reduced flows had no consistent effect on the number of underyearlings. The changes in most physical characteristics after 90% flow reduction were considerably less than the degree of reduction, presumably because the stream flowed in a well defined channel. Surface area and average depth were least affected (about 42% decre.
Temporal variation in the Abundance of Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Neotropical Hygrophilous Forest

Although bees are important pollinators in several ecosystems around the world, studies on bee diversity in hygrophilous forests are scarce. This type of vegetation is restricted to permanently wet soils and, therefore, has particular floristic, structure and physiognomy. The goal of the present study was to inventory and analyze the temporal variation of the euglossine bees that occur in a neotropical hygrophilous forest. In order to sample male bees we used four chemical baits, eucalyptol, eugenol, vanillin, and methyl salicylate. The captures were made once a month, from March 2010 to February 2011, from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. We captured 113 individuals of three genera and five species (in decreasing order of abundance): Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 (n=52), Euglossa pleosticta Dressler, 1982 (34), Exaerete smaragdina (Guerin-Meneville, 1844) (12), Euglossa carolina Nemesio, 2009 (11), and Euglossa fimbriata Rebelo & Moure, 1968 (4). The most attractive bait was eucalyptol (n=98), followed by vanillin (11), and eugenol (4). Both temperature and rainfall affected significantly the distribution of the number of males throughout the year. The highest number of Euglossini species and individuals was sampled in the warm and rainy season, with activity peaks varying among species.
Predicting Body Size with Life History ModelsSimple life history models can help evaluate the importance of ecological factors in the evolution of body size

O ne of an organism's most obvious features is its size-an attribute that is clearly limited by physical constraints. Insects living on the water surface, such as water striders (Gerridae), are constrained by surface tension; a water strider the size of a rhinoceros beetle would have a short evolutionary history. Birds are limited in how large they can be and still fly; condors weighing 11.4 kg may be very close to this limit. Flying insects are considerably smaller than most birds. Their maximum size may not be constrained by aerodynamics but by physiological factors; large flying insects such as bumblebees and hawk moths, for example, apparently have to deal with problems of overheating. Small endotherms, on the other hand, may face severe thermoregulatory problems at sizes on the order of 2.5 g (Tracy 1977). Within the boundaries set by physical or physiological constraints, body size can still vary enormously, and ecological factors may play an important role in this variation. In this article I discuss how a simple demographic model can be used to address life historical and ecological constraints on body size.
Leaf nitrogen allocation and partitioning in three groundwater-dependent herbaceous species in a hyper-arid desert region of north-western China

Groundwater-dependent vegetation (GDV) is useful as an indicator of watertable depth and water availability in north-western China. Nitrogen (N) is an essential limiting resource for growth of GDV. To elucidate how leaf N allocation and partitioning influence photosynthesis and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE), three typical GDV species were selected, and their photosynthesis, leaf N allocation and partitioning were investigated in the Taklamakan Desert. The results showed that Karelinia caspica (Pall.) Less. and Peganum harmala L. had lower leaf N content, and allocated a lower fraction of leaf N to photosynthesis. However, they were more efficient in photosynthetic N partitioning among photosynthetic components. They partitioned a higher fraction of the photosynthetic N to carboxylation and showed higher PNUE, whereas Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. partitioned a higher fraction of the photosynthetic N to light-harvesting components. For K. caspica and P. harmala, the higher fraction of leaf N was allocated to carboxylation and bioenergetics, which led to a higher maximum net photosynthetic rate, and therefore to a higher PNUE, water-use efficiency (WUE), respiration efficiency (RE) and so on. In the desert, N and water are limiting resources; K. caspica and P. harmala can benefit from the increased PNUE and WUE. These physiological advantages and their higher leaf-area ratio (LAR) may contribute to their higher resource-capture ability.
Desempenho do parasitóide Nasonia vitripennis (Walker)(Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) utilizando como hospedeiro Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Diptera, Calliphoridae), sob diferentes tempos de exposição

The post-embryonic development, the productivity of the host pupae, the rate of parasitism and the sex ratio of Nasonia vitripennis reared in pupae of Cochliomyia macellaria were studied. Different exposition times were used: 24, 48, 72, 96 hours. Nulliparous females originating from the stock colony were individualized in test tubes covered with hydrophobic cotton and containing the host pupae. Each treatment was constituted by 10 replicates. After exposition, the hymenopterans were discarded and the host pupae were individualized in test tubes until the emergency of the adults of C. macellaria or N. vitripennis. Samples of host pupae not exposed to parasitism and receiving the same experimental treatment, were used as control. The parasitoids showed a slower development in relation to the increase exposition time. The 72 hours exposition was the one which enabled higher productivity. The sex ratio tended towards a deviation for the birth of females after 48 hour. The rate of parasitism increased up to 72 hours. The rate of dipteran's emergence showed a decrease until 72 hours.
Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Oceanic islands are susceptible to invasion by exotic species of plants and animals that are introduced either intentionally or unintentionally by human action. Most tropical oceanic islands now have insect faunas that have changed markedly since their discovery by humans. The changes occurred with the introduction of foreign species by aboriginal peoples and later by colonization activities of Europeans (Carlquist 1965, 1974). For instance, the Hawaiian Islands now have more than 3,200 alien species of arthropods (Howarth 1990) and 2,621 species of introduced insects. Approximately 500 of these insects can be classed as pests (Beardsley 1991). More than 416 insect species were introduced intentionally (Nishida 1994), and it now is difficult to find indigenous insect species in most lowland areas of the Hawaiian islands. The faunal change in almost all tropical island insect faunas occurred before scientific inventories could document the processes and stages of change.
Effect of Irrigation, Harvest Interval, and Nitrogen on the Yield and Nutrient Composition of Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) 1

Studies were conducted in a subhumid area of Puerto Rico to investigate the main effect and the interrelations of harvest interval, irrigation, and N fertilization on the yield and nutrient composition of napiergrass (Penniseturn purpureum). Harvest interval exerted the main effect on the dry matter yield of the forage. Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation also had highly significant effects. Irrigation interacted significantly with harvest interval to influence forage yield. The increase in yield as a result of a longer harvest interval was nearly 92% greater on irrigated than on nonirrigated plots. Nitrogen fertilization produced a highly significant increase in the protein yield of the forage. No other management treatment appreciably influenced protein yields. Significant negative correlations were obtained between yield and both N and K composition for the forage on the frequently harvested, irrigated plots. Both nutrients were at lower concentration in the forage produced in harvest periods that had high yields.
Incubation regime affects juvenile morphology and hatching success, but not sex, of the oviparous lizard Oligosoma suteri (Lacertilia: Scincidae)

Abstract We studied the effects of different artificial incubation regimes on the hatching success, morphology, and sex of hatchlings of New Zealand's only endemic egg‐laying skink, Oligosoma suteri (Boulenger, 1906). Eggs were randomly distributed among three constant incubation temperatures (18, 22, and 26°C) and two water potentials (‐120 and ‐270 kPa). Hatching success and hatchling survival were greatest at 22 and 26°C. Hatchlings from 18°C incubation had low survival, morphological abnormalities of the limbs, and atypical colouration. Water potential did not influence hatchling survival, morphology, or sex. Equal sex ratios were found at all incubation regimes indicating that sex determination in O. suteri is genetic, not temperature‐dependent.
Typification and reassessment of seventeen species of coralline red algae (Corallinales and Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) described by W. Ishijima during 1954–1978

Type specimens of 17 species of non-geniculate coralline red algae belonging to the Corallinales and Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) and established between 1954 and 1978 by Wataru Ishijima have been re-examined, focusing on characters relevant to modern coralline taxonomy. The species are from the Early Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pleistocene rocks of southern and central Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Pakistan and the Galapagos Archipelago, and were attributed by Ishijima to Lithothamnion (as Lithothamnium), Mesophyllum, Lithophyllum and Archaeolithothamnion (as Archaeolithothamnium). With two exceptions, all species are reassigned to different genera or are of uncertain generic placement within particular subfamilies, families or orders. The type specimen of Lithophyllum oboraensis is retained in Lithophyllum and the type specimen of Mesophyllum izuensis is retained in Mesophyllum. The type specimens of Lithophyllum izuensis (Ishijima) comb nov. (= Lithothamnion izuensis), Phymatolithon tokumanensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Mesophyllum tokumanensis), Sporolithon borneoensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Archaeolithothamnium borneoense) and Sporolithon galapagosensis (Ishijima) comb. nov. (= Archaeolithothamnion galapagosensis) possess features justifying their assignment to various genera within a particular family and subfamily. A specimen ascribed by Ishijima to Archaeolithothamnion galapagosensis (as Archaeolithothamnium) in the protologue of that species is a misidentified specimen of Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich. The type specimens of Lithophyllum minoensis and Mesophyllum indicum belong to the Corallinaceae, subfamily Mastophoroideae but are of uncertain generic placement. The type specimens of Lithothamnion makinogoensis, L. nodai, L. tenuicrustatum, Mesophyllum niinoi and M. yuyashimaensis belong to the Hapalidiaceae (Melobesioideae) but are of uncertain generic placement. The type specimens of Lithophyllum hashimotoi, Lithophyllum minae, Lithothamnion huseinii and Lithothamnion tokiensis lacked sufficient data to allow for order, family, subfamily or genus placement within the Corallinophycidae. Lectotype specimens have been designated as necessary, and relevant historical, repository, geological, morphological and other data are presented.
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION and GROWTH KINETICS IN the PRODUCTION of YOGURT FROM SOYMILK. PART II: EXPERIMENTAL and PARAMETER ESTIMATION RESULTS

Typical yogurt bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, have been studied for their ability to utilize stachyose and other sugars in soymilk. Subculturing of the inocula on nonfat dry milk powder (NFDM) yielded bacteria that displayed oligosaccharide formation during fermentation of soymilk. However, storage of stock cultures on soymilk for 168 h or longer resulted in stachyose hydrolysis during fermentation. Values of the maximum specific growth rate for mixed cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus grown on soymilk at 44°C were estimated using the covariate adjustment method which allows biomass, substrate, and product data to be employed, simultaneously. Point estimates were 0.341, 0.296, and 0.478 h−1 for soymilk fermentation by inocula subcultured on 11% NFDM, for inocula stored in soymilk for greater than 168 h, and for inocula prepared as a mixed culture, respectively. the available electron balance (A.E.B.) was employed to check the consistency of the data using biomass, substrate and product measurements.
Isolation and number of circulated primordial germ cells (circulated-PGCs) on stages of embryonic development of Gaok chicken

Avian primordial germ cell (PGCs) show a unique migration pathway during early development. During the early embryonic development, as soon as the formation of blood vessels, PGCs enter the circulatory system and migrate to the gonadal primordial. The aim of this study was to examine the number of circulated-PGCs from Gaok chicken at different developmental stages of embryo. One hundred fertile eggs were divided into 5 groups and incubated in a portable incubator at 38 o C and humidity 60%. Hatching was set according to the embryonic development stage between 14-18. The blood collection was done through the dorsal aorta using micropipette under microscope. The collected blood was grouped based on the embryonic stages and placed on a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube which had been filled with 1.000 µl of Calcium and Magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS -). The PGCs were then purified using nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. The results showed that the average number of circulated-PGCs per embryo from Gaok chicken were significantly affected by the stage of embryonic development (P < 0.05). The number of circulated-PGCs at stages 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 were 42.8 ± 8.9, 51.0 ± 5.8, 37.6 ± 5.9, 32.8 ± 3.6 and 32.6 ± 3.2, respectively. However, the number of circulated-PGCs was no different between stage of 17 and 18. At Gaok chicken, the number of circulated-PGCs reach the peak at stage 15, it is recommended that collection of PGCs embryonic chicken from blood circulation was the best on stage 15. This information is useful in efficiency production of germline chimera and to preserve PGCs of other Indonesian native chicken. Key Words: Gaok Chicken, PGCs, Embryonic Development Stages