Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intercomparison of Interannual Variability of the Global 200-hPa Circulation for AMIP Simulations

Abstract The 200-hPa divergence and streamfunction from the 30 models of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) are compared. The data used are in the form of monthly averages and are filtered to a spatial resolution of T10, although the actual spatial resolution of the models varies from R15 to T42. The tools of the analysis are principal components analysis (PCA) and common principal components (CPC). These analyses are carried out on the 120 months of data with the climatological annual cycle removed and in the case of the streamfunction with the zonal average also removed. The AMIP period (1979–88) encompasses two El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (1982–83 and 1986–87), and as could be expected the ENSO characteristic response has a prominent impact in the model simulations. The results indicate the following. The PCA of the divergence has a dominant mode that is similar for all the models and has the signature of an ENSO response. It has an east–west dipole of divergence anomal.
Melting relations of model lherzolite in the system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 at 2.4–3.4 GPa and the generation of komatiites

Isobarically invariant phase relations in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (CMAS) involving the lherzolite phase assemblage in equilibrium with liquid have been determined at 2.4–3.4 GPa. These phase relations form the solidus of model lherzolite in the CMAS system. Our data, which include determinations of all phase compositions, are in excellent agreement with the 3.0 and 4.0 GPa points of Milholland and Presnall [1991] and Davis and Schairer [1965], respectively. The invariant transition on the P-T solidus curve from spinel- to garnet-lherzolite at 3.0 GPa, 1575°C [Milholland and Presnall, 1991], is confirmed, but we observe that the theoretically required temperature depression on the solidus curve at this point is not experimentally detectable. Composition trends along the solidus take a sharp turn at the transition. In the spinel-lherzolite stability field, melt compositions become increasingly Fo-normative and less En-normative with increasing pressure, but become less Fo-normative and more pyroxenitic as pressure increases in the garnet-lherzolite stability field. Calculated melting reactions indicate that forsterite is in reaction relationship with the melt up to 3.0 GPa. Orthopyroxene is also in reaction relationship at pressures higher than just over 2.8 GPa and is the only phase in reaction relationship with the melt in the garnet-lherzolite stability field. Comparison of the normative compositions and the CaO/Al2O3 values of the komatiites of Gorgona Island and of the Reliance Formation in Zimbabwe with the compositions of liquids along the solidus of model lherzolite in the CMAS system indicates that the former komatiites were generated at pressures close to 3.7 GPa and the latter at close to 4.5 GPa, assuming that the melt generation occurred in the presence of the complete garnet-lherzolite assemblage.
Monetary Policy and the First- and Second-Moment Exchange Rate Change during the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Thailand

Using a sample of monetary policy announcements in Thailand over the period 2003–2011, I show that a monetary policy surprise tends to affect the return and volatility of the Thai baht. In the full sample, a 1% unexpected increase in the policy rate leads to an about 1.8% depreciation of the baht against the Japanese yen. During periods of high interest rate differentials, an unexpected increase in the policy rate leads to a substantial depreciation of the baht against the US dollar (about 1%) and the British pound (about 2.6%). While Thai monetary policy surprises have no effect on the baht against the dollar in the spot market, they have a significant effect on the baht against the dollar in the forwards market. During the non-financial crisis period, an unexpected increase in the policy rate on average results in a large depreciation of the baht/dollar forward rates: 6.6% and 13.7% for two-month and three-month forward rates, respectively.
Combining airborne CARABAS-II VHF SAR data and optical SPOT-4 satellite data for estimation of forest stem volume

The accuracy of forest stem volume estimation at stand level is investigated using a combination of airborne radar and optical satellite data. The hypothesis is that the accuracy will be improved for the combined stem volume estimates compared with that using single sensor data. The test site is located in the south of Sweden and consists mainly of coniferous forest. The stem volume for the selected stands was in the range of 15–585 m3·ha–1, with an average stem volume of 266 m3·ha–1 and an average size of 3.5 ha. Remotely sensed data have been collected with the airborne CARABAS-II very high frequency (VHF) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor and the multispectral optical SPOT-4 satellite sensor. Regression analysis has been used to develop stem volume functions for each sensor and for the combination. The accuracy in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) was 49 m3·ha–1 (corresponding to a relative error of 18.5% of the average stem volume) for CARABAS-II, 63 m3·ha–1 (23.5%) for SPOT-4, and 42 m3·ha–1 (15.8%) for the combination. Thus, the improvement was 15% using only CARABAS-II data and 33% using only SPOT-4 data over the full range of stem volumes investigated. CARABAS-II gave the best results for high stem volumes, and SPOT-4 was more accurate for lower stem volumes, hence the combination of the two techniques provided significantly better results over the whole range of stem volumes. The results imply that the combination of low-frequency radar data and multispectral optical satellite data can be used for standwise stem volume estimation in forestry applications.
Toward Personalized Prevention of Obesity: Can Vitamin D Negate the FTO Effect?

According to the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010 and it is expected to reach 9.1% in 2020 (1). This is alarming because BMI in childhood is associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and mortality in adulthood (2). The obesity epidemic is no longer merely a problem in developed countries, but is now affecting developing countries as well. In fact, more than 30 million overweight children are living in developing countries compared with 10 million in developed countries (3). In the U.S., the Surgeon General issued the Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity (4) in 2001 and the reduction of overweight and obesity was an objective of Healthy People 2010 (5). However, the ensuing public health efforts to address the obesity epidemic by promoting healthy eating and physical activity have had limited success thus far, with overweight and obesity rates continuing to increase. At …
The chromitiferous rocks of the Troodos ophiolite complex, Cyprus

The Troodos massif is a well-developed ophiolite complex comprising a sequence of basaltic volcanic rocks overlying a plutonic complex of upper gabbros and lower peridotites containing podiform chromite deposits. The chromitiferous rocks range from disseminations and minor segregations of chromite in dunite to orebodies of economic size and grade composed of nearly pure chromitite. They display both primary textures, such as chromite net and occluded silicate texture of cumulate magmatic origin, and schlieren structures produced by deformation. Dendritic texture in nodular chromite is interpreted as a product of crystallization of a magma that was supersaturated and/or supercooled with respect to chromium. Unusual orbicular structures are thought to have formed by mechanical accretion of previously settled chromite grains around a nucleus of dunite.Chromite deposits occur mainly as isolated pods and layers either in the dunite near the harzburgite contact or in the harzburgite within dunite lenses or enclosed in a narrow dunitic envelope. Deposits show a wide range of reciprocal Cr-Al variation and have low iron oxidation values typical of "alpine" chromitites. The areal distribution of chemically and texturally different deposits of variable size and grade conforms to no recognizable pattern. Accessory chromite exhibits a trend of decreasing Cr and increasing Fe in the passage from dunite, through wehrlite, to picrite.It is concluded that the plutonic complex evolved as a differentiated body of magmatic cumulates laid down upon a basement of depleted mantle harzburgite. The chromitites originated as isolated magmatic segregation ore deposits near the base of the cumulate dunite during episodic crystallization at localized centers within the magma. Postcumulus mobilization and accompanying penetrative deformation of the lower ultramafic rocks caused the tectonic overprint of schlieren structures on earlier magmatic textures, and associated large-scale rock flowage resulted in deep infolding between lithologic units; outliers of chromite-bearing dunite were formed in this way.
The GPS radio occulation technique

Radio occultation observations represent a planetary-scale optics experiment in which the atmosphere acts as a lens and alters the propagation velocity and paths of microwave signals passing through it. In this paper we review the process of inverting the radio occultation observations acquired using the Global Positioning System (GPS) in order to derive atmospheric quantities of interest including temperature, geopotential and water vapor. Beginning with geometric optics, we derive the Abel integral used to transform the observations into profiles of refractivity. In the process, we characterize why the Abel transform works so well as a first approximation for deriving atmospheric profiles. We discuss the resolution of the observations and the improvements that can be achieved via the backpropagation concept where the receiver’s position is effectively moved closer to the limb of the Earth in post-processing. We discuss several factors that complicate the observations in the Earth’s troposphere including critical refraction and atmospheric multipath. Critical refraction refers to the situation where the bending becomes so great that the occulted signal disappears whereas atmospheric multipath refers to the situation where multiple signal paths connect the transmitter and receiver. We describe the derivation of temperature, pressure and water vapor from the observations including the optimal combining of the occultation observations with weather and climate analyses. We describe some key issues in deriving profiles from real data including the correction of clock errors and ionospheric effects, and the estimation of the resolution and atmospheric Doppler in a self-consistent manner. We conclude by summarizing the expected and achieved accuracy and resolution.
Responses of streamflow to changes in climate and land use/cover in the Loess Plateau, China

To control the severe soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, China, a great number of soil conservation measures including terracing, afforestation, and construction of sediment‐trapping dams have been implemented since the 1950s. These measures have resulted in large‐scale land use and land cover change. It is important to evaluate the impacts of these soil conservation measures on streamflow as streamflow is an important determinant on catchment sediment yield and obviously is related to water security in the region. In this study, data from 11 catchments in the Loess Plateau were analyzed to investigate the responses of streamflow to the land use/cover changes. The nonparametric Mann‐Kendall test and the Pettitt test were used to identify trends and change points in the streamflow records. All 11 catchments had significant negative trend in annual streamflow of −0.13 to −1.58 mm a−1. Change points in streamflow occurred between 1971 and 1985. A method was employed to evaluate the impacts of climate variability and land use/cover changes on mean annual streamflow on the basis of precipitation and potential evaporation. It was estimated that the land use/cover changes accounted for over 50% of the reduction in mean annual streamflow in 8 out of the 11 catchments. However, climate (i.e., precipitation and potential evaporation) played a more important role in reducing the streamflow in the three remaining catchments. Among the soil conservation measures, construction of sediment‐trapping dams and reservoirs, with associated irrigation water extractions from the latter, appeared to be the main cause of the reduced streamflow.
First measurements of supersonic polar wind in the polar magnetosphere

Measurements from the Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) on Dynamics Explorer (DE) have, for the first time, revealed a supersonic polar wind (Mach number is greater than 1) along polar cap field lines. The observations reported were obtained on the nightside (22:30 to 23:30 MLT) from 65° to 81° invariant latitude and at altitudes near 2 RE. Fitting the data using a thin-sheath model gives a range of temperatures of 0.1 to 0.2 eV with corresponding flow velocities of 25 to 16 km s−1 over the estimated range of spacecraft potential of +3 to +5 V. For these values the Mach number ranged from 5.1 to 2.6 (with a most likely value of 3). Characteristics of the H+ flow are in general agreement with those predicted by "classical" polar wind theory, but high variability of the He+/H+ ratio was observed.
The Effect of streambed topography on surface‐subsurface water exchange in mountain catchments

A numerical hydrological simulation suggested that water exchange between stream channels and adjacent aquifers is enhanced by convexities and concavities in streambed topography. At St. Kevin Gulch, an effluent stream in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, subsurface hydraulic gradients and movement of ionic tracers indicated that stream water was locally recharged into well-defined flow paths through the alluvium. Stream water-filled flow paths in the alluvium (referred to as substream flow paths) returned to the stream a short distance downstream (1 to 10 m). Recharge to the substream flow paths occurred where stream water slope increased, at the transition from pools (<1%) to steeper channel units (5–20%). Return of substream flow paths to the stream occurred where stream water slope decreased, at the transition from steeper channel units to pools. A net water flux calculation is typically used to characterize water and solute fluxes between surface and subsurface zones of catchments. Along our study reach at St. Kevin Gulch the net inflow of water from subsurface to stream (1.6 mL s−1 m−1) underestimated the gross inflow (2.7 mL s−1 m−1) by 40%. The influence of streambed topography is to enhance hydrological fluxes between stream water and subsurface zones and to prolong water-sediment contact times; these effects could have important consequences for solute transport, retention, and transformation in catchments.
Volume changes in Ganymede and Callisto and the origin of grooved terrain

Internal melting and differentiation of Ganymede and Callisto may have caused an increase in the surface area of these bodies early in their histories of up to 5-7%. Subsequent refreezing of internal liquid water due to solid state convection in an ice crust should not have caused significant surface area changes. Expansion due to differentiation may have caused formation of grooved terrain on Ganymede. These calculations suggest that grooved terrain formation is essentially a replacement and/or deformation process, with no more than about 15% of grooved terrain actually being new material. The absence of grooved terrain on Callisto may be due to the effects of a thicker crust and a lower expansion rate.
New methods for estimating the spatial distribution of locked asperities and stress‐driven interseismic creep on faults with application to the San Francisco Bay Area, California

[1] We introduce new forward and inverse methods for inferring long-term fault slip rates, interseismic fault creep rates, and distribution of locked and creeping patches on faults using geodetic and geologic data. The forward model consists of fault-bounded blocks in an elastic crust overlying a Maxwell viscoelastic mantle. Interseismic elastic distortion of the blocks is modeled due to periodic locking and unlocking of faults throughout the earthquake cycle. Patches on the fault are assumed to be either locked during the interseismic period or creeping at constant shear stress. We utilize a Bayesian, probabilistic inversion method to infer the posterior probability distribution of long-term interseismic fault slip rates, distribution of locked and creeping patches, and relative weighting of multiple data sets. We illustrate the method with an inversion of a synthetic data set. We apply the method to estimate fault slip rates and the distribution of interseismic creep on faults in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, using GPS-derived velocities and geologic measurements of fault slip rates. We show that the inferred fault slip rates and areas of the locked regions of faults are sensitive to the assumed viscosity of the upper mantle and the timing of past earthquakes and can be significantly different from values inferred from elastic models that do not include viscous flow. Considering models with different viscosities, inferred fault slip rates on major Bay Area faults can differ by factors of 1.5–4.0 and the inferred moment accumulation rate can differ by factors of 2–13.
The relationship between the leaf area index (LAI) of rice and the C‐band SAR vertical/horizontal (VV/HH) polarization ratio

We investigated the relationship between the leaf area index (LAI) of rice and the ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) vertical/horizontal (VV/HH) polarization ratio. Four alternating polarization ASAR images of swaths IS4 and IS5 over rice fields were used in the study. The VV/HH polarization ratio correlates well with the field‐measured LAI and an empirical relationship was established to estimate the LAI of rice using the VV/HH polarization ratio. A theoretical radiative transfer model was adopted to analyse the relationship. The error of the estimated LAI was 0.17 for the test site and a better correlation was found when LAI was less than 3.5. The results suggest that ASAR alternating polarization data can be used to estimate the LAI of rice for wide‐area monitoring of rice growth.
Anomalous topography in the western Atlantic caused by edge‐driven convection

The western Atlantic region contains a long‐wavelength intraplate topography anomaly that is defined by the NE‐SW trending Bermuda Rise and two adjacent topography lows. Using numerical experiments, we test the hypothesis that the anomalous topography may be the surface response to edge‐driven convection. A primary edge‐driven convection cell and secondary flow circulation develops at a modeled continent‐ocean plate margin and induces subsidence at the continent‐ocean margin, an off‐shore peak/plateau of high topography on the ocean plate, and distal ocean plate subsidence. Unlike hot spots, the edge‐driven convection cell and associated topography migrate with moving surface plates. The flow cell and wavelength of topography is broadened with continent‐ward motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle, whereas a migration in the ocean‐ward direction suppresses the formation of the edge‐driven convection cell and surface topography. The wavelength of observed anomalous topography in the western Atlantic and estimates of plate motions relative to a fixed hot spot reference frame are consistent with the former.
A cell-level discriminative neural network model for diagnosis of blood cancers

Abstract Motivation Precise identification of cancer cells in patient samples is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical monitoring but has been a significant challenge in machine learning approaches for cancer precision medicine. In most scenarios, training data are only available with disease annotation at the subject or sample level. Traditional approaches separate the classification process into multiple steps that are optimized independently. Recent methods either focus on predicting sample-level diagnosis without identifying individual pathologic cells or are less effective for identifying heterogeneous cancer cell phenotypes. Results We developed a generalized end-to-end differentiable model, the Cell Scoring Neural Network (CSNN), which takes sample-level training data and predicts the diagnosis of the testing samples and the identity of the diagnostic cells in the sample, simultaneously. The cell-level density differences between samples are linked to the sample diagnosis, which allows the probabilities of individual cells being diagnostic to be calculated using backpropagation. We applied CSNN to two independent clinical flow cytometry datasets for leukemia diagnosis. In both qualitative and quantitative assessments, CSNN outperformed preexisting neural network modeling approaches for both cancer diagnosis and cell-level classification. Post hoc decision trees and 2D dot plots were generated for interpretation of the identified cancer cells, showing that the identified cell phenotypes match the cancer endotypes observed clinically in patient cohorts. Independent data clustering analysis confirmed the identified cancer cell populations. Availability and implementation The source code of CSNN and datasets used in the experiments are publicly available on GitHub (http://github.com/erobl/csnn). Raw FCS files can be downloaded from FlowRepository (ID: FR-FCM-Z6YK).
Revised 1-D mantle electrical conductivity structure beneath the north Pacific

SUMMARY The 1-D electrical conductivity model in the mid-mantle beneath the northern Pacific was revised in order to discuss the mean state of the mantle and to obtain a credible starting model for 3-D inversions. Semi-global geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) responses obtained at 13 stations and submarine cable magnetotelluric (MT) responses for eight cables in a period range of 1.7–113 d were used to obtain the revised structure. It is well known that surface conductivity heterogeneity due to the ocean–land conductivity contrast has a large influence on the responses up to a period of 20 d. The effect of surface ocean–land distribution was removed by performing 3-D electromagnetic induction modelling including a surface conductivity heterogeneity distribution laid above a 1-D mantle structure. The corrected responses were averaged in the logarithmic space, and the resulting responses (quasi-1-D response) were inverted to obtain 1-D conductivity models. Correction of the surface heterogeneity effect requires a 1-D conductivity model, and the 1-D model must be similar to the resultant 1-D model for a consistent correction. We attained this by making iterations of the surface layer correction and 1-D inversion. Synthetic tests revealed that the iterative scheme could recover the supposed structure even for a 3-D heterogeneous mantle. Since electromagnetic sounding is not sensitive to the presence of a sharp discontinuity, we examined three different cases of conductivity variation with depth: (1) a model with no discontinuity, (2) a model with two jumps at 400 and 650 km depths and (3) a model with three jumps at 400, 500 and 650 km depths. The conductivity of the two-jump model in the transition zone is higher than the experimentally determined conductivity of dry wadsleyite and ringwoodite. If the difference is entirely due to the effect of water in the transition zone, then the conductivity is consistent with a water content in the region of 0.5 wt per cent. However, if an additional discontinuity of electrical conductivity is allowed at the 500 km depth, the obtained conductivity for the upper 100 km of the transition zone is lower, and can be explained by a less water content, 0.1 wt per cent, in wadsleyite.