Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CO Reactivity and Porosity of Manganese Materials

In the production of manganese alloys there is a continuing effort to utilize all raw materials. As ore fines cannot be directly added to the furnace, the fines must be agglomerated to sinter, pellets or briquettes. However, as the materials changes properties during agglomeration, there is a need to know how the effect the agglomerated material affects the furnace performance, compared to lumpy material. In this paper the CO reactivity and porosity of 3 ores and their agglomerates of sinter and pellets is studied. In the furnaces, the higher manganese oxides (MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4) are reduced to MnO with CO gas, producing CO2. If the CO reactivity is low, the CO2 may be produced above 800°C triggering the Boudouard reaction, which increases the total carbon and energy consumption. Hence, a high CO reactivity is beneficial for the process. The present work combines the study of CO reactivity and porosity of eight different manganese materials. It is shown that manganese materials with high initial porosity have high CO reactivity. This means that Gabonese ore and CVRD ore will have a higher CO reactivity compared to their sinter and pellets. For Assmang ore, which has a low initial porosity, making an agglomerate with higher porosity, will increase the CO reactivity. The additional carbon consumption per ton of produced metal was also calculated for the materials investigated.
Theory of the Transition in KH2PO4

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate contains phosphate groups connected by hydrogen bonds. Different possible arrangements of the hydrogens result effectively in different orientations of the (H2PO4)— dipoles. Since these have the lowest energy when pointing along the axis of the crystal, there is a tendency toward spontaneous polarization along this axis, resulting in the well‐known transition, similar to Rochelle salt, with polarization below the Curie point. The theory of this transition is worked out, using statistical methods to count the number of arrangements of hydrogens consistent with each total polarization of the crystal, and deriving the free energy. It is found that the theory predicts a phase change of the first order, with sudden transition from the polarized state at low temperature to the unpolarized state at high temperature, rather than the lambda‐point transition or phase change of the second order which is observed. However, the observed transition is confined to a very narrow temperature.
Characterizations of in situ grown ceria nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide as a catalyst for the electrooxidation of hydrazine

Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles were grown on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via the in situ reduction of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of cerium nitrate and CTAB, followed by a one step hydrothermal treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Raman spectroscopy (RS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the samples. The characterization suggests that the ammonia-assisted hydrothermal method is a facile and advantageous route to synthesize CeO2–RGO nanocomposites compared to the widely used method utilising hydrazine hydrate as the reducing reagent. TEM investigations revealed that the CeO2 nanoparticles with an average size of ∼14 nm were dispersed on the layers of RGO. The catalytic activity of the CeO2–RGO nanocomposites towards the electrooxidation of hydrazine was further investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results obtained suggest that compared to bare CeO2 nanoparticles, the CeO2–RGO nanocomposite exhibits remarkably enhanced electrocatalytic activity, due to the synergistic effects between the CeO2 nanoparticles and RGO.
Total Syntheses of Tanshinone-I, Tanshinone-II and Cryptotanshinone

Total syntheses of tanshinone-II (II) and cryptotanshinone (III) from 3-methylbenzofuran-4, 7-quinone (X) and 6,6-dimethyl-l-vinylcyclohexene (IX), and of tanshinone-I (I) from quinone X and o-methylstyrene (XVIII) are described. Preliminary accounts for the Diels-Alder reaction of methoxybenzoquinone revealed that the effect of substituents for orientation phenomena can be considered to be of electronic nature.
Long-Term Effect of Lime, Mycorrhiza, and Inorganic and Organic Sources on Soil Fertility, Yield, and Proximate Composition of Sweet Potato in Alfisols of Eastern India

A field experiment was conducted for five kharif seasons (2006–2011) in an Alfisol to study the effect of integrated use of lime, mycorrhiza, and inorganic and organics on soil fertility, yield, and proximate composition of sweet potato. Application of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) significantly increased the mean tuber yield of sweet potato by 44, 106, and 130 percent over control. Green manuring along with ½ NPK showed greater yield response over that of ½ NPK. The greatest mean tuber yield was recorded due to integrated application of lime, farmyard manure (FYM), NPK, and MgSO4 (13.69 t ha−1) over the other treatments. Inoculation of mycorrhiza combined with lime, FYM, and NPK showed a significant yield response of 10 percent over FYM + NPK. Conjunctive use of lime, inorganics, and organics not only produces sustainable crop yields but also improve soil fertility, nutrient-use efficiency, and apparent nutrient recovery in comparison to NPK and organic manures.
Onset of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection in gas-liquid mass transfer with two-phase flow : Comparison of measured results with theoretical results

Experimental results of the critical points of the Rayleigh and Marangoni instabilities in absorption and desorption of carbon dioxide into and from organic solvents have been compared with theoretical results obtained using a theoretical linear stability analysis in which the effect of nonlinear velocity profiles and nonlinear concentration profiles of fluid flows and the effect of the Gibbs adsorption layer have been considered. The comparison shows that, when the surface viscosity number of the Gibbs adsorption layer is ignored, the calculated values of the critical concentration difference are in satisfactory agreement with the measured data for the absorption processes but are about 7- to 9-fold less than the measured data for the desorption processes. Using reasonably estimated values of the surface viscosity and surface dilational viscosity of the Gibbs adsorption layer, this difficulty has been solved. The calculated values of the critical concentration difference under different operating conditi.
Investigating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of a Middle Warning in Online Cheating Behaviors

Although online selection tools provide several benefits to both organizations and applicants, one large concern of such tools is the ability for applicants to potentially cheat. Thus, it is essential that a strong method be identified for reducing these unethical behaviors. Warning messages have shown to be effective at reducing these behaviors, but one concern is that their effectiveness may wear off over time or applicants may become habituated to the instructions/warnings given at the beginning of tests. The current study tested the efficacy of a warning message delivered in the middle of an online knowledge test in reducing cheating behaviors, as well as examining cognitive (moral disengagement) and emotional (fear and guilt) mechanisms that may be responsible for the above effects. Results showed that while neither cognitive or emotional mechanisms were found to significantly mediate middle-warning messages and cheating behaviors, results did show that a middle-warning message can significantly decrease cheating behaviors. Additionally, it was found that cheater status moderates the relationship between warning messages and knowledge test scores, such that cheaters who do not receive a warning message have the highest scores overall, and cheaters who receive the warning message have the lowest scores overall.
Real-Time Study of Particle-Phase Products from α-Pinene Ozonolysis and Isoprene Photooxidation Using Particle into Liquid Sampling Directly Coupled to a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PILS-ToF)

A particle into liquid sampler (PILS) has been directly coupled to an accurate mass atmospheric ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ToF) for use in the speciation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in the University of California—Riverside, College of Engineering–Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) atmospheric chambers. To this end, the PILS has been optimized for direct continuous injection into the ToF and the PILS-ToF system has been used to obtain real-time mass spectral traces of the particle phase products of atmospheric chamber reactions. The PILS-ToF system has been initially applied to SOA formed from α-pinene dark ozonolysis and isoprene photooxidation. The characterization of the PILS-ToF system includes experiments on the well understood α-pinene/O3 system, which verifies the performance of the tool. The PILS-ToF tool is then used to provide new insight into the chemical composition of the SOA formed from isoprene photooxidation. For the first time, time resolved traces of oligomer formation during isoprene photooxidation are observed using the PILS-ToF. The unique subunits of oligomer series are reported. The PILS-ToF system is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for obtaining real-time electro spray ionization and chemical ionization mass spectral speciation of aerosols. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Photophysics and photochemistry of oxygen sensors based on luminescent transition-metal complexes

A detailed study of the photophysics and photochemistry of polymer-immobilized luminescent transition-metal complex oxygen sensors is presented. Emphasis is on understanding the underlying origin of the nonlinear Stern-Volmer quenching response. Microheterogeneity is important in both photophysical and photochemical behavior, and the nonlinear quenching responses in RTV 118 silicone rubber can be adequately described by a two-site model, although detailed lifetime measurements suggest a more complex Underlying system. Counterion studies with quenching counterions are shown to be useful probes of the structure of the complex in the polymer. While oxygen enhances photochemical instability, singlet oxygen is not directly implicated in sensor decomposition. In the photochemistry there is at least one reactive and one much less reactive site, although the photochemistry and quenching measurements probably sample different populations of sites. The existence of reactive sites suggests that stability can be enhanced by a preliminary photolysis to eliminate the more reactive sites.
The importance of real‐fluid behavior and nonisentropic effects in modeling decompression characteristics of pipeline fluids for application in ductile fracture propagation analysis

The importance of real-fluid behavior during the rapid decompression of dense natural gas mixtures has been investigated using existing one-dimensional models for real-fluid isentropic decompression (RID) and perfect-gas isentropic decompression (PID). The results show that the assumption of perfect-gas behavior may result in significant errors. In the case of ductile fracture propagation (DFP) analyses, the fracture-tip pressure level may be underestimated by more than 20 percent. A real-fluid nonisentropic decompression (RND) model has been developed in order to investigate the importance of nonisentropic effects in DFP problems. The results indicate that nonisentropic effects may be neglected for pipe sizes above approximately 508 mm O.D. On a etudie le phenomene de detente rapide de melanges de gaz naturels a l'aide de modeles unidimensionnels existangts pour la detente isentropique d'un fluide reel (RID) et la detente isentropique d'un gaz parfait (PID). Les resultats montrent que I'hypothese basee sur le modele du gaz parfait peut entrainer des erreurs importantes. Dans le cas des analyses de propagation de fracture ductile (DFP), le niveau de pression a l'extremite de la fracture peut etre sousestime de plus de 20 p. cent. On a developpe un modele de detente non isentropique de fluide reel (RND) dans le but d'etudier I'importance des effect non isentropiques lors de la propagation de fractures ductiles. Les resultats montrent que les effets non isentropiques peuvent etre negliges pour des tuyaux dont le diametre exterieur depasse 508 mm.
Emergent NPD process and development risks for IoT: an exploratory case study in agri-tech

With the emergence of internet of things (IoT) as a new source of ‘big’ data, businesses face new opportunities as well as emergent challenges. Recent research claims digital technology can enable new kinds of development processes that are distinctive from their counterparts in 20th century. However, although academics and practitioners often critically debate the IoT, minimal attention has been focused on new product development (NPD) processes; arguably, one of the most critical marketing plans and implementation process activities undertaken within the organisation. Thus, this paper aims to contribute to a new understanding of IoT NPD processes. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken primarily focusing on traditional NPD design processes and reviewed against, a featured case study, IoT NPD processes. The relevance of IoT NPD against the characteristics of existing NPD processes, are subsequently reviewed and critically debated. Finally, NPD processes and the meaning of design within an IoT context is critically reframed. In essence, this paper summarises how NPD processes and the role of design could be improved and proposes a set of guidelines with an accompanying conceptual framework for IoT NPD processes.
Comportamento higroscópico do açaí e cupuaçu em pó

Neste trabalho, isotermas de adsorcao e dessorcao do acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) e do cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) em po foram determinadas experimentalmente com o auxilio de higrometro AQUAlab3TE da Decagon nas temperaturas de 15, 25 e 35 °C. As curvas obtidas apresentaram um comportamento do tipo III, caracteristico de materiais ricos em carboidratos. Os dados experimentais de adsorcao e dessorcao dos produtos foram ajustados, por analise de regressao nao-linear, usando o aplicativo STATISTICA para Windows 5.1B, aos modelos matematicos de Handerson, Oswin, GAB e BET-modificado. Os modelos de Oswin e GAB foram os que melhor se ajustaram aos dados experimentais de sorcao de umidade para o acai e cupuacu em po, respectivamente. Determinou-se ainda a monocamada para os dois produtos e o calor de dessorcao para o acai em po.
Double crystal diffractometry for the characterization of targets for laser fusion experiments

The application of a double-crystal diffractometer for the production of X-ray Schlieren topographs is described. The experimental arrangement is optimized on the basis of a wave-optical description for the investigation of shell targets for laser fusion experiments. The accuracies achieved at the wall thickness measurement of 0.01 … 0.1 μm depending on the series of wall materials and the effort of evaluation fulfil the plasma physical requirements. This opens an important new field of application for the double-crystal diffractometer. Es wird die Anwendung eines Zweikristalldiffraktometers fur die Herstellung von Rontgen-Schlierenaufnahmen beschrieben. Auf der Grundlage einer wellenoptischen Beschreibung erfolgt eine Optimierung der Anordnung fur die Prufung von Schalentargets fur Laserfusionsexperimente. Die erreichten Genauigkeiten bei der Wandstarkebestimmung von 0,01 … 0,1 μm je nach Wandfolge und Auswerteaufwand entsprechen den plasmaphysikalischen Erfordernissen. Damit wurde eine wichtige neuen Anwendungsmoglichkeit fur Zweikristalldiffraktometer erschlossen.
Defects and Cation Diffusion in Magnetite (VI): Point Defect Relaxation and Correlation in Cation Tracer Diffusion

Chemical diffusion coefficients have been derived from experiments on the point defect relaxation in magnetite. Based on data from preceding studies on the nonstoichiometry of magnetite and on the iron tracer diffusion of this oxide, the chemical diffusion coefficients are analyzed with regard to elementary diffusion processes and the correlated motion of tracer cations.
Electron nuclear double resonance detection of distinct multimodal inclusion complexes of .beta.-cyclodextrin with a nitroxide spin adduct probe

Observation and identification of multimodal inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with a nitroxide spin a probe are reported. When a nitroxide radical having three different functional groups attached to the nitroxyl function is dissolved in an aqueous solution of β-cyclodextrin, electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) signals from three distinct complexes are detected. These are assigned to multimodal inclusion complexes in which each functional group of the nitroxide occupies the void space of β-cyclodextrin. Since both the nitroxide probe and cyclodextrin are chiral, the complexation results in the formation of diastereomers
Analytical Solutions for Multiple-Quantum-Coherence Dynamics among Two or Three Dipolar-Coupled, Spin-12 Nuclei

Analytical solutions for multiple-quantum (MQ) dynamics in solids are presented for dipolar-coupled networks of two or three spin-12 nuclei. The solutions, which are not restricted to specific geometries, calculate MQ evolution according to the Liouville equation and use direct-product states (e.g., αα, ββ) as the Zeeman basis for the MQ HamiltonianHyx. Employing direct-product states in the calculation directly reveals the effects of distance and geometry on the formation and propagation of MQ coherences. Solutions are presented for both single orientations and powder distributions. Development of MQ coherences can be viewed in terms of the fundamental underlying steps brought about by individual pairwise couplings. The amplitudes of specific MQ coherences depend on individual dipolar-coupling constants. Measurements of such amplitudes would elucidate distance information in solids. However, the overall MQ evolution for a three-spin network depends on root-mean-square dipolar coupling and thus is independent of geometry. This remarkably simple aspect of the solutions suggests possible extension to larger numbers of spins. The analytical solution for three spins is compared to variable-temperature19F MQ experiments on isolated ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate salts dispersed in polystyrene.
Mathematical model for the bulk polymerization of styrene chemically initiated by sequential and total decomposition of the trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide

This work experimentally and theoretically investigates the use of the symmetrical cyclic trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide (DEKTP) in the bulk polymerization of styrene (St). The study focused on temperatures of 150 to 200°C, considering chemical initiation by both sequential and total decomposition reactions. The experimental work consisted of a series of isothermal batch polymerizations at higher temperatures, 150 and 200°C, with an initiator concentration of 0.01 mol/L. The mathematical model is based on a kinetic mechanism that includes thermal and chemical initiation (both sequential and total decomposition reactions), propagation, transfer to monomer, termination by combination and re-initiation reactions. Experimental and theoretical results show that the decomposition mechanism of the initiator is modified by the reaction temperature and can be modeled as a set of two parallel reactions with different temperature dependences. The developed mathematical model simulates the bulk polymerization of St in the presence of DEKTP for a wide temperature range (120–200°C). It was found that due to these two decomposition mechanisms, the system may behave as a “dead-end” polymerization system above a certain temperature, yielding low molecular weights and a limiting conversion value. Simulation results indicate the value of this temperature to be about 185°C. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:145–155, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pre- and Post-Critical Heat Flux Analyses in a Saturated Refrigerant Flow Boiling System

Vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cooling has been identified as a promising solution to ensure the low-temperature sustainable operation of photonics, avionics and electronics in extreme hot weather. With the inherent benefits of saturated flow boiling in a direct VCR cooling cycle, uniform low surface temperature and low solid/liquid thermal resistances can be achieved. However, flow boiling heat transfer performance is limited by the relatively low critical heat flux (CHF) condition because the evaporator inlet flow is already a liquid/vapor mixture. Moreover, for the aforementioned applications, the dissipated heat loads are usually subject to large and transient changes, which could easily cause the evaporating flow to exceed the CHF point. Therefore, it is important to characterize boiling heat transfer in transient VCR evaporators under both pre-CHF and post-CHF conditions. Comprehensive experimental data are reported in this paper to describe the complete forced convection boiling hysteresis at the evaporator exit. Several well-known boiling heat transfer correlations and flow pattern criteria are used to help understand the physics of the hysteresis. An empirical model is developed to reveal the unstable nature of transition flow boiling dynamics. A probability distribution function model is further proposed to predict the droplet size in mist flow and vapor core of annular flow. This study provides more design and operating guidelines for the application of saturated flow boiling systems in renewable power generation and electronics/photonics/avionics cooling industries.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Solvent determines the formation and properties of metal–organic frameworks

The formation of a water-sensitive metal–organic framework (MOF), Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate), in a water/ethanol solvent system was studied systematically. The X-ray diffraction results prove that the MOF cannot form in pure water or in a water/ethanol mixture with a small amount of ethanol. As the ethanol content exceeds 30 vol%, a crystalline MOF can be obtained. The scanning electron microscope images of the as-synthesized MOFs show the formation of MOF nanoparticles with an average size of 20–300 nm. The MOF particle size decreased with increasing ethanol content in the mixed solvent. The FT-IR spectra further support that the MOF formation occurs in water/ethanol mixtures with ethanol volume ratios higher than 30 vol%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the MOF is stable up to 300 °C. Moreover, the FT-IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis gave consistent information on the solvent amount entrapped in the MOF pores. The porosity of the MOFs was determined using a N2 adsorption–desorption method. When the ethanol volume ratio reached 75%, the largest SBET value of 1067 m2 g−1 and Vt value of 0.52 cm3 g−1 were obtained. The possible mechanism for MOF formation in water/ethanol solvent systems and the dependence of the MOF size on the solvent composition was discussed from the view of hydrogen bond strength between solvent molecules and the ligands in different water/ethanol solvent systems.