Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity Based on Multivariate Analyses for Yield and it’s Contributing Characters in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

Breed wheat is one of the most important export and strategic cereal crop in the world and in Ethiopia in terms of production and utilization. Information about genetic diversity is important for selection of promising parents in hybrid variety and inbred line development, in assigning inbred lines to heterotic groups, variety registration and protection and to estimate the potential of genetic gain in a breeding program. The overall objective was to assess the genetic diversity of wheat genotypes by multivariate analyses (Cluster and Principal component). The experimental material consisted of sixty four breed wheat genotypes tested in 8x8 Simple Lattice Design at Ginchi. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. Cluster analysis revealed that the 61 genotypes and 3 checks were grouped into eight clusters. The crosses between genotypes selected from cluster-V with cluster-VIII and cluster V with cluster VII are expected to produce better genetic recombination and segregation in their progenies. Five principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5) exhibited eigen value greater than one and accounted 72.78% of the total variation.
RoadAhead - Removing Uncertainty in Travel. Creating a Data Warehouse for Green Transportation Nudging

This paper describes a data warehouse approach to environmentally friendly transportation nudging. Transportation makes up a significant part of global carbon emissions. These emissions impacts both the climate and the health of individuals. As such, efforts should be done to address transportation patterns and habits. In addition to the reduction of air pollution, making people more active through active transportation has health benefits of its own. Nudging is a tool meant to affect a person’s choice in a non-coercive manner. An example of a transportation nudge is giving reminders of when a bus to a chosen destination is close to a nearby bus stop. The goal of this project is to nudge people to use healthier and greener transportation options by providing certainty in travel. We believe that we can affect a person’s choice by providing them with relevant information about their travel paths. In this thesis research into relevant data sources are investigated and an initial systemwas created to reach the goal of this project. The system created provides information relevant for in-city traveling based on data analysed from multiple sources. In addition to a few simple analyses implemented in the initial part of the system, more are discussed in this thesis. An IoT device meant to measure snow height was developed and tested to be part of the first-party provided data. The design used a sonar sensor to measure the distance to the snow. Experiments done during this project shows flaws with using such a sensor during bad weather. Improvements to the device is also discussed in this thesis. In addition to the initial system, research into possible enhancements and the future of the system is investigated.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BRAYTON AND RANKINE CYCLE MICROSYSTEMS FOR PORTABLE POWER GENERATION

The presented work analyses the design space and performance potential of microfabricated Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle devices, accounting for lower component efficiencies, temperatures limited by the material properties and system implementation - constraints imposed by silicon microfabrication and miniaturization. By exploring the design space of such microsystems, their potential thermal efficiency and power density are defined. Results for both types of devices are shown graphically and design challenges and guidelines are determined and found to be different from their large-scale counterparts. Similar analysis was performed for Brayton and Rankine cycle devices, with more complete assessment of the latter by including, windage, generator, conductive and heat sink losses. In contrast to the Brayton cycle, the compression work of the Rankine cycle is minimal and the pump efficiency is not critical. The investigation suggests a higher potential for Rankine cycle devices than for Brayton cycle devices.
The Deformation of Shoaling Internal Waves Observed at the Dongsha Atoll in the Northern South China Sea

The deformation of nonlinear internal waves (NLIW) from depression to elevation waves during the shoaling process has been attributed to three key factors: wave amplitude, mixed-layer depth and water depth. This study examined the critical conditions for wave deformation by means of five strings of thermistors deployed at the Dongsha Atoll in the northern South China Sea (SCS). During a two-day experiment, four wave trains consisting of 78 solitone at five sites were identified. The parameters related to soliton transformation were formulated by applying the extended Korteweg—de Vries (eKdV) theory. The results indicated that the soliton energy dispersed dramatically along the sharp bottom slope, likely as a result of bottom friction and turbulence mixing. Large-amplitude depression waves were observed to transform into elevation waves before the thickness of the lower layer became equal to that of the upper layer. The ratio of the wave amplitude to the lower-layer thickness was found to be a good indicator of wave deformation. The critical conditions for the transition of the internal waves (IWs) occurred at the ratio approximately equal to 0.66 ± 0.2. This means that a bottom-trapped elevation wave could form before passing through the theoretical critical point. The solitons felt the bottom and deformed when their amplitudes approached half of the lower-layer thickness. The solitons existed in the form of elevation waves when the waves were in contact with the bottom.
High-Entropy Alloys in Sulfuric Acids

In the summer of 1995, J.W. Yeh and the author (SKC) started the study of multi-principalelement alloys which was called, then, alloys with high randomness and now the high-entropy alloys (HEAs). SKC checked the first 10 equal-molar alloys, which was designed by Yeh that contained from 6 to 9 elements in the alloys out of one of Al, Cu, and Mo, together with Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Zr, Co, Cr, Pd, and B, with a home-made vacuum-arc remelter, and the author observed that the alloy series containing Mo can be made most easily, while the ones containing 3 at% B are the ones most difficult in melting, and 6 out of 10 can be formed in the water-cooled copper mold of the remelter, i.e., the existence of the HEAs was demonstrated by experiments. The alloys were aimed at that time to design as another kind of bulk glass alloys, and based on the high configurational entropy of R ln(n), n between 5 and 13, similar to the mixing of different gases [1]. No conclusions were drawn with XRD patterns of these alloys that were found two years later to be composed with peaks from a single simple lattice cell like FCC A1 or BCC A2, although some evidence of existence of amorphous phase was observed from TEM diffraction patterns and high resolution images [2,3]. The simple crystalline phases instead of amorphous ones were continuously found in alloys like in AlCoCrCuFeNi during research of HEAs in these 10 to 20 years, and identified with a so-called extended FCC or BCC unit cell that SKC called it a pseudo-unitary lattice in 2010 [4].
Role of clay minerals in controlling the fate of exceptionally toxic organic contaminants in the environment.

Understanding the chemical mechanisms of interaction of dioxins with soils and sediments are critical to understanding their environmental fate, transport and bioavailabilty. Recently, expandable clay minerals have been shown to have a higher-than-expected affinity for these exceptionally toxic, nonpolar compounds. To gain additional perspective, this study focused on the interaction of dioxin congeners with expandable clay minerals by integrating macroscopic batch sorption experiments, spectroscopic analysis and computational methods. In addition, preliminary data on the bioavailability of dioxin sorbed to clay minerals will be presented. Maximum dioxin sorption occurred on clay minerals exchanged with weakly hydrated monovalent cations (e.g., Cs + ). Regarding clay specificity, highest sorption was observed on saponite, a trioctahedral smectite with isomorphous substitution in the tetrahedral sheet. Of the cation-smectite variables explored in this study, the nature of the exchangeable cation was the most significant determinant followed by the type of clay. In order to investigate the influence of chlorine substitution, we compared the sorption of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and 1-chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (1ClDD). For all of the smectites studied, sorption of 1ClDD was greater than that of DD. Polarized FTIR and Raman spectra of sorbed DD and 1ClDD on the clay minerals revealed information about the orientation of the sorbed species and, in the case of DD on saponite, specific information about the interaction of the sorbed DD species with the interlayer cation. Specifically, Raman spectra of dioxin associated with Cs-saponite showed that the molecular symmetry of the interlayer species was reduced. The exception toxicity of vertebrate animals to chlorinated dioxins occurs through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Working in collaboration with the Center for Integrative Toxicology at Michigan State University, we at the early stages of examining the bioavailability of dioxins sorbed to clay minerals.
Attenuation of morphine tolerance, reward, and spinal gliosis in neuropathic pain by ultra-low dose alpha2-adrenergic antagonists

ii CO-AUTHORSHIP . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xv CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Pain . 1 1.1.1 Primary sensory afferents . 1 1.1.2 Neurotransmission . 6 1.1.3 Ascending systems involved in nociceptive transmission . 6 1.1.4 Processing of pain in the brain . 7 1.2 Nociception and pain are not equivalent . 9 1.3 Central sensitization and chronic pain . 9 1.4 Modulation of pain . 12 1.4. 1 Overview of GPCRs . 12 1.4. 2 Adrenergic receptor distribution and function . 16 1.4. 3 Opioid receptor systems . 21 1.4. 3.1 Tolerance and changes in MOR functional competence at the membrane . 24 1.4. 3.2 Opioid-induced hyperalgesia . 26 1.4. 4 Co-localization and dimerization of opioid and adrenergic receptors . 27 1.5 Types of neuropathic pain and animal models . 32 1.6 Nociceptive testing in animals . 40 1.7 Mechanisms of action of currently available treatments . 44 1.8 Ultra-low dose (ULD) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonists . 51 1.8. 1 ULD opioid antagonists . 51 1.8. 1.1 Animal studies . 51 1.8. 1.2 Randomized clinical trials with ULD opioid antagonists . 53 1.8. 2 ULD adrenergic receptor antagonists . 55 1.8. 3 Proposed mechanisms of action of ULD GPCR antagonists . 56 1.8. 4 Limitations of current studies. 60 1.9 Statement of purpose and objectives . 60
Does deregulation drive innovation intensity? Lessons learned from the OECD telecommunications sector

The channel between innovation and industry regulation constitutes a non-lasting debate among the economists and researchers within the recent years. Despite the significant contributions on this field, mostly made from the empirical standpoint, the existing literature is still incomplete. This might be attributed to the fact that existing studies fail to combine a strong theoretical framework with the empirical scrutiny in order to exemplify and decompose the relationship between regulation intensity and innovation activity. We attempt to shed light on this limitation by theoretically modeling the telecommunications sector, in which access regulation impacts the non-separable activity in process and product innovation. We then empirically test our model by deploying an efficient panel threshold technique along the lines of Hansen (1999). Our balanced panel dataset comprises of 32 OECD countries over the period 1995-2012. The empirical results unveil a non-monotonic relationship of an “inverted V-shaped” form between regulation and innovation. We argue that beyond certain thresholds increasing the regulatory stringency further results in decreasing sector innovation. Our findings survive robustness checks after the inclusion of two alternative threshold variables (market structure and entry regulation) incurring significant implications for the policy makers and government officials.
Ionospheric convection in the postnoon auroral oval: Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) and polar ultraviolet imager (UVI) observations

Received 14 January 2002; revised 22 July 2002; accepted 9 August 2002; published 11 December 2002. [1] Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations, ultraviolet imaging from the Polar satellite (ultraviolet imager [UVI]), and particle precipitation data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites have been used to investigate the electrodynamics of the postnoon auroral oval in the Northern hemisphere. We show that: (1) For negative interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By, the convection reversal (CR) was colocated with the maximum of auroral luminosity, but during positive IMF By, the convection reversal was poleward of the auroral oval up to several degrees in latitude. (2) Postnoon auroral oval was associated with a large-scale upward field-aligned current (FAC) of the order of 6 � 10 � 7 Am � 2 in magnitude (the FAC was inferred from the SuperDARN and UVI data). For negative IMF By, the maximum of the auroral intensity coincides in latitude with the maximum of the upward FAC. However, for positive IMF By, the maximum of the upward FAC was shifted to the poleward edge of the auroral oval. (3) In response to the IMF By turning from positive to negative, the maximum of the auroral luminosity did not change its position noticeably, but the position of the CR changed considerably from 80� –81� to about 76� magnetic latitude (MLAT), and the maximum of FAC moved from 77� –78� to about 76� MLAT. Thus, after the IMF By turns negative, both the FAC maximum and CR tend to coincide with the auroral maximum. (4) The IMF Bz positive deflection was followed by a decrease in both FAC intensity and auroral luminosity. However, the decrease in the auroral luminosity lags behind the FAC decrease by about 12 min. Firstly, these observations allow us to suggest that the IMF By-related electric field can penetrate into the closed magnetosphere and produce convection and FAC changes in the region of the postnoon auroral oval. Secondly, we suggest that the interchange instability is a promising mechanism for the postnoon auroras. INDEX TERMS: 2463 Ionosphere: Plasma convection; 2407 Ionosphere: Auroral ionosphere (2704); 2708 Magnetospheric Physics: Current systems (2409); 2784 Magnetospheric Physics: Solar wind/ magnetosphere interactions; KEYWORDS: postnoon aurora, ionospheric convection, field-aligned currents, IMF changes, boundary plasma sheet
Deep crustal structure of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Implications for rift evolution and seafloor spreading

We image deep crustal structure using marine seismic refraction data recorded by a linear array of ocean‐bottom seismometers in the Gulf of Mexico Basin Opening project (GUMBO Line 3) in order to provide new constraints on the nature of continental and oceanic crust in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. GUMBO Line 3 extends ~524 km from the continental shelf offshore Pensacola, Florida, across the De Soto Canyon and into the central Gulf basin. Travel times from long offset, wide angle reflections and refractions resolve compressional seismic velocities and layer boundaries for sediment, crystalline crust, and upper mantle. We compare our results with coincident multichannel seismic reflection data. Our velocity model recovers shallow seismic velocities (~2.0–4.5 km/s) that we interpret as evaporites and clastic sediments. A Cretaceous carbonate platform is interpreted beneath the De Soto Canyon with seismic velocities >5.0 km/s. Crystalline continental crust thins seaward along GUMBO Line 3 from 23–10 km across the De Soto Canyon. High seismic velocity lower crust (>7.2 km/s) is interpreted as extensive syn‐rift magmatism and possibly mafic underplating, common features at volcanic rift margins with high mantle potential temperatures. In the central Gulf basin we interpret thick oceanic crust (>8 km) emplaced at a slow full‐spreading rate (~24 mm/yr). We suggest a sustained thermal anomaly during slow seafloor‐spreading conditions led to voluminous basalt flows from a spreading ridge that overprinted seafloor magnetic anomalies in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
ECG Simulation with Improved Model of Cell Action Potentials

An improved model of action potentials (AP) is proposed to increase the accuracy of simulated electrocardiograms (ECGs). ECG simulator is based on a spatial model of a left ventricle, composed of cubic cells. Three distinct APs, modeled with functions proposed by Wohlfard, have been assigned to the cells, forming epicardial, mid, and endocardial layers. Identification of exact parameter values for AP models has been done through optimization of the simulated ECGs. Results have shown that only through an introduction of a minor extension to the AP model, simulator is able to produce realistic ECGs. The same extension also proves essential for achieving a good fit between the measured and modeled APs.
Study on relative stability and layout optimization of dam system in Jiuyuangou watershed.

【Objective】The relative stability and layout planning optimization of dam system is a hot area of dam construction in the small watershed currently.Through study on the optimization and layout of typical small watershed dam,the paper explored optimization methods and models of Hilly area of Loess Plateau,to provide a theoretical basis for small watershed dam system construction and comprehensive management. 【Method】By the principle of system dynamics,the experience method,dynamic simulation method and the non-linear programming method,the optimization model about dam layout was established based on intercepting sediment reservoir capacity,flood detention reservoir capacity,spillway flow optimized design and dam system construction timing,and dam system optimization was studied in Jiuyuangou watershed as an example. 【Result】(1)As P=1%,the highest dam was Dragon King Temple 1#,33.97m,the lowest dam Majiagou 2#,14.08m;the biggest dam on total storage capacity of intercepting sediment detention basin and flood volume was Jiuyuangou dam,respectively,160.78×104 m3 and 29.48×104 m3. (2)The first dam built were Wangmaogou Dam 2#,Xiyangou dams,Pujiagua dam,and Sanjiaoping new dams;The last dam built was Wangmaogou 1#(21years). 【Conclusion】Optimization study has practical significance for dam system construction in Jiuyuangou basin,while being reference for watershed dam construction in similar areas of Loess hilly and gully region.
The ‘orogenic andesite’ puzzle of C. E. Tilley: 1—Is the volatile phase the missing piece?

Some 65 years ago, C. E. Tilley, in his 1950 Presidential Address to the Geological Society of London, brought into sharp focus the then perhaps-not-fully-recognised problem of the origin of what he termed the ‘orogenic andesites’—and, in particular, their commonly constituent calc-alkaline lineage of lavas and pyroclastic materials. In spite of much investigation and progress since, the problem remains not fully resolved. The two most conspicuous features of such orogenic—i.e. island arc—volcanism are its copious, explosive, degassing and, as Tilley noted, its copious development of andesites and their more felsic associates. If these rock types were derived from basalt, the principal relevant changes in major element composition are reductions in Fe, Ca and Mg, and increases in Si, Al and (Na + K). Four principal mechanisms for inducing these changes have been proposed: (1) magmatic differentiation induced by fractional crystallisation, (2) magma mixing, (3) partial melting of an ultramafic-derived basaltic parent, and (4) crustal contamination. A fifth postulate—long recognised but only occasionally seriously considered—is that loss in the volatile phase during eruption and later degassing may make a significant contribution to the overall process. On the basis that Tilley's (and others’) orogenic basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite series constitutes a linear arrangement on the conventional FeOt–MgO–(Na2O + K2O) diagram it is shown on numerical grounds that fractional crystallisation alone cannot account for the observed compositional trend—that, while accumulates are neither uncommon nor insubstantial in amount in modern arcs, they are olivine-rich, not magnetite-rich, and that numerical, petrological and field evidence indicates that the high oxidation/magnetite subtraction hypothesis of orogenic andesite genesis can no longer be seriously entertained. The partial melting hypothesis encounters contrary numerical evidence, closely analogous with that adduced for fractional crystallisation. Magma mixing eventually encounters the difficulty of the nature of the felsic material required for rhyolite formation, and assimilation of the preservation of primitive isotope ratios as lava evolution progresses. A fifth mechanism—volatile loss—may make a significant contribution to the relevant compositional change, perhaps in combination with one or more of the other proposed processes. Geochemical, petrological and field evidence pertaining to this is reviewed and examined, and it is postulated that indeed a combination of fractional crystallisation as the principal mechanism, volatile loss as a contributing factor, provides a plausible process. A case is made for an exploratory experimental investigation of the possibility of significant loss in a gas/vapour phase.
A survey and new measurements of ice vapor pressure at temperatures between 170 and 250K

Saturated vapor pressures of ice at temperatures below 200K have become more important since the discovery of ice clouds in the polar stratosphere and upper mesosphere. Direct measurements of ice vapor pressures at such low temperatures are sparse and unreliable. This paper summarizes published vapor pressure data and presents new measurements at temperatures between 170 and 250K, extending the range of measured ice vapor pressures by three orders of magnitude. A simple empirical vapor pressure equation is derived which permits prediction of vapor pressures between 170K and the triple point of water, with an accuracy of about 2%: log P = A/T + B, with A = −2663.5 ± 0.8, B = 12.537 ± 0.011, P in Pa and T in kelvins. Predictions by this empirical equation agree, within experimental uncertainty, with the most reliable equation derived from thermodynamic principles.