Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of tides on freshwater and volume transports in the Changjiang River plume

[1] Effects of tides on the Changjiang River plume are investigated using a numerical model of the East China and Yellow Seas. In the absence of tides, the buoyancy-driven coastal current downstream of the river mouth is a surface-trapped plume attached to the coast. In the presence of tides, however, the plume shifts away from the coast and features a bottom boundary layer. The freshwater transport by the coastal current accounts for only 35% of the Changjiang River discharge without tides but increases to 80% with tides. Tidal currents stabilize the plume bulge near the river mouth and force the plume water to move in the direction of tidal currents, thus increasing the downstream freshwater transport. In contrast, tidal residual currents are weak and make little contributions to the total freshwater transport. Tidal mixing reduces the plume's buoyancy but increases its thickness so that the freshwater transport is insensitive to the strength of turbulent mixing. Volume transport in the tidal-affected buoyancy coastal current exceeds the river discharge by 4 to 12 times, as opposed to 2–3 fold amplification in the plume without tides. Tidal mixing between the plume and ambient shelf waters produces higher salinity classes in the plume so that the volume flux in the downstream coastal current increases to discharge the freshwater released from the Changjiang River.
Plant Resource Structure and the Prehistory of Plant Use in Central Alta California

Abstract In this article, I review major native plant resources of cismontane central California, borrow return rates for plant resources from other areas of North America, and establish a ranking system of resource classes. Terrestrial roots are highest ranked, followed by nuts, small seeds, and aquatic roots. I use these rankings with plant abundance to propose estimates of productivity by plant community to frame a discussion of the archaeobotanical records of three adjacent regions of central California. Despite sharing broadly similar plant resources, interior central California shows early and multiple stages of plant food intensification lacking in the more static records of the central Sierra Nevada foothills and the interior South Coast Ranges. I argue that the dynamic interior central California record is tied to higher population densities, which in turn follow from much more productive wetland and riverine resources than the other regions.Reviso los recursos nativos mayores de planta de Alta California central cismontano, saco las tasas del rendimiento para recursos de planta de otras áreas de Norteamérica, y establezco un sistema de rangos para las clases de recurso. Las raíces terrestres son de alto rango, seguidas por nueces, por pequeñas semillas, y por raíces acuáticas. Utilizo estos grados con la abundancia de las plantas para proponer estimaciones de la productividad de las comunidades de planta para elaborar una discusión de los registros arqueobotánicos de tres regiones adyacentes en California central. A pesar de compartir recursos de planta semejantes en líneas generales, el interior de California central muestra etapas tempranas y múltiples de intensificación de alimento de planta que faltan en los registros más constantes de las estribaciones de la Sierra Nevada central y las interiores de las South Coast Ranges. Expongo que el registro dinámico de California central interior se relaciona a las densidades más altas de población, que por su parte se siguen de los recursos fluviales y de pantano que son muchos más productivos que los recursos en las otras regiones.
Rodents from the Middle Oligocene of Turkish Thrace

Associations of Middle Oligocene rodent teeth are described from five localities in the Lignite-Sandstone Formation of the Ergene basin. The Muroidea are the most abundant as well as the most diverse group in these associations. In rodent faunas of Western Europe the Theridomyoidea dominate. So far representatives of the Theridomyidae have not been found in Thrace and do not seem to have reached Turkey. In addition to seven new (sub)species four new (sub)genera of the Muroidea are defined: Trakymys, Edirnella, Lignite! a and Kerosinia. The classification of the European Paleogene representatives of this superfamily is discussed and revised. It is concluded that raising a number of taxonomic entities within the Muroidea to a higher rank in the hierachy is in better accordance with our present knowledge of the group than the widely followed classification of Mein and Freudenthal (1971), who include all Tertiary hamsters in one family: the Cricetidae. In addition to Muroidea the rodent associations from Thrace contain teeth of members of the families Eomyidae, Gliridae, Pseudosciuridae, Castoridae and Petauristidae in limited numbers. New species of each of the genera Eomys, Bransatoglis and Glis are described. The faunal details suggest that the five localities correspond to successive levels during an Oligocene time span of approximately one My. Two major zones are apparent but there seem to be possibilities to make a further (sub)zonal subdivision. Our faunas are correlated with part of the MP 23-27 interval of the European standard zonation. The large numbers of Melissiodontidae and Anthracotheriidae suggest vegetated wetland biotopes throughout the investigated interval. 5
Seasonal Changes in Tropical SST and the Surface Energy Budget under Global Warming Projected by CMIP5 Models

AbstractThe seasonal changes in tropical SST under global warming are investigated based on the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) and historical runs in 31 models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5). The tropical SST changes show three pronounced seasonal patterns: the peak locking to the equator throughout the year and the weaker equatorial changes and stronger hemispheric asymmetric changes (HACs) in boreal autumn. The magnitude of the seasonal patterns is comparable to the tropical-mean warming and the annual-mean patterns, implying great impacts on global climate changes. The peak locking to the equator is a result of the equatorial locking of the minimum damping of climatological latent heat flux and the ocean heat transport changes. Excluding the role of ocean heat transport suggested in previous studies, the weaker equatorial warming in boreal autumn is contributed by stronger evaporation damping as a result of stronger climatological evaporation and increased surface wind speed. The seaso.
Independent stress control and triaxial extension tests on sand

Tests were conducted over the complete range σ′2=σ′3 to σ′2=σ′1 in a comparatively simple form of generalized three-dimensional shear testing apparatus (σ′1≥σ′2≥σ′3) with two pairs of rigid platens. These tests were compared with the results from triaxial compression and triaxial extension tests. Good agreement was found with the former but important strength differences were found between ISC tests near b=1·0 (μ=+1·0) and triaxial extension tests, particularly as the initial porosity of the samples increased. Special tests conducted with varying stress paths to failure demonstrated that this was not responsible for the difference in strength. In addition, errors of sufficient magnitude to account for this difference could not be invoked from examination of possible errors from platen friction, sample sheath strength, average stress level, non-uniform deformation, anisotropy or the assumption that the applied lateral cell pressure was increased by platen friction restraint. It is concluded that the method.
Source parameters and faulting processes of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake sequence

The August 1959 (Ms = 7.5) Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake is the largest earthquake to have occurred in the intermountain region in historic time. Studies of waveforms at regional and teleseismic distances indicate that the main shock of the sequence was a double event consisting of a shock of mb = 6.3 (Mo = 3 × 1018 N m) followed 5 s later by one of m = 7.0 (Mo = 1 × 1020 N m). Comparisons between fault plane solutions from short-period first motion data, seismic moment tensors determined from the inversion of long-period body wave data, and observed surface faulting indicate that rupture occurred along one or more fault planes with strike orientations slightly discordant with the trace of surface faulting. A close association between the surface scarps and Laramide thrust faults also suggests that the events may represent normal faulting along reactivated older thrust faults. Focal mechanisms from short-period first motion data for aftershocks with Ms > 5.5 in northwestern Yellow-stone National Park showed strike-slip, normal, and reverse mechanisms with a variety of nodal plane orientations that reflect the complex tectonics of the Yellowstone Plateau. Limited focal depth information suggests a decrease in the maximum focal depth of earthquakes from 15 km at Hebgen Lake to 6–10 km in northwestern Yellowstone National Park.
Stratospheric contribution to high surface ozone in Colorado during springtime

The contribution of stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport to high surface ozone (O3) along the Colorado Front Range during spring of 1999 is examined using lidar and surface measurements. A deep tropopause fold brought ∼215 ppbv of O3 to within 1 km of the highest peaks in the Rocky Mountains on 6 May 1999. One‐minute average O3 mixing ratios exceeding 100 ppbv were subsequently measured at a surface site in Boulder, and daily maximum 8‐hour O3 concentrations greater or equal to the 2008 NAAQS O3 standard of 0.075 ppmv were recorded at 3 of 9 Front Range monitoring stations. Other springtime peaks in surface O3 are also shown to coincide with passage of upper level troughs and dry stable layers aloft. These results show that the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone is significant, and can lead to exceedance of the 2008 NAAQS O3 standards in a major U.S. metropolitan area.
Les obstacles à l'innovation dans les industries de services au Canada

De nombreux travaux se sont penches sur les conditions qui favorisent les efforts en matiere d’innovation technologique dans les entreprises canadiennes. L’objectif de cette etude est d’examiner l’innovation sous l’angle oppose, a savoir les obstacles percus a l’innovation. Nous examinons les obstacles dans les industries des communications, de la finance et des services techniques. Les donnees proviennent de l’enquete innovation de 1996 menee par Statistique Canada. Premierement, nous essayons de faire ressortir quelques facteurs expliquant la perception des obstacles a partir d’une analyse des donnees et d’un modele econometrique. Deuxiemement, nous cherchons a determiner dans quelle mesure certains obstacles sont complementaires entre eux. Si complementarite il y a, il faut adopter une approche systemique aux barrieres a l’innovation pour y remedier efficacement.
A long‐term trend in the height of the atmospheric sodium layer: Possible evidence for global change

An analysis of a long series of lidar measurements of the vertical distribution of atmospheric sodium shows the existence of a long-term trend in the centroid height of the layer. After making allowance for the sampling effects of the mean seasonal and diurnal variations in centroid height, it is found that the height of the layer fell by approximately 700 meters between 1972 and 1987. A regression analysis indicates a mean rate of fall of 49 ±12 m yr−1, with a correlation coefficient of −0.33, significant at the 99.99% level. The observed change is consistent with long term trends in mesospheric temperatures detected by other techniques.
Estudio aerobiológico de la zona aledaña al relleno sanitario "San Nicolás", Municipio de Aguascalientes

espanolYa que existen pocos trabajos sobre la microbiota en atmosferas de areas donde estan establecidos rellenos sanitarios y dado el interes que para la salud tienen los organismos patogenos y oportunistas presentes en el aire, durante dos anos se llevo a cabo este estudio con el fin de evaluar en lo posible las diferentes formas de vida que se encuentran en el aire. En seis puntos de muestreo se aislaron e identificaron 21 especies de bacterias cultivables patogenas y patogenas oportunistas del aparato digestivo, y tracto urinario. Pasteurella haemolytica fue aislada en todas las muestras, Serratia plymuthica y Aeromonas hydroplyla fueron la segunda y la tercera especies mas frecuentes. Veinticinco especies fungicas fueron aisladas de las cuales siete de ellas presentan caracteristicas alergenicas: Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus spp y Penicillium sp. EnglishThere are few scientific reports about atmospheric microbial life near landfills. In these areas the airborne pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms are relevant for the public health. During two years were six points were sampled for to evaluate the microbial life from the air. Twenty one species airborne bacteria were isolated and identified several were pathogenic from digestive, respiratory or urinary tract. Only Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated in all samples, Serratia plymuthica and Aeromonas hydroplyla were the second and third species more frequent. Twenty five fungal species were isolated from the air, seven of them Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus spp and Penicillium sp are allergenic.
The Mg-Calcite Composition of Antarctic Echinoderms: Important Implications for Predicting the Impacts of Ocean Acidification

The Southern Ocean is considered to be the canary in the coal mine with respect to the first effects of ocean acidification (OA). This vulnerability is due to naturally low carbonate ion concentrations that result from the effect of low temperature on acid-base dissociation coefficients, from the high solubility of CO2 at low temperature, and from ocean mixing. Consequently, the two calcium carbonate polymorphs, aragonite and calcite, are expected to become undersaturated in the Southern Ocean within 50 and 100 years, respectively. Marine invertebrates such as echinoderms, whose skeletons are classified as high-magnesium carbonate (>4% mol MgCO3), are even more vulnerable to OA than organisms whose skeletons consist primarily of aragonite or calcite, with respect to both increased susceptibility to skeletal dissolution and further challenge to their production of skeletal elements. Currently, despite their critical importance to predicting the effects of OA, there is almost no information on the Mg-calcite composition of Antarctic echinoderms, a group known to be a major contributor to the global marine carbon cycle. Here we report the Mg-calcite compositions of 26 species of Antarctic echinoderms, representing four classes. As seen in tropical and temperate echinoderms, Mg-calcite levels varied with taxonomic class, with sea stars generally having the highest levels. When combined with published data for echinoderms from primarily temperate and tropical latitudes, our findings support the hypothesis that Mg-calcite level varies inversely with latitude. Sea stars and brittle stars, key players in Antarctic benthic communities, are likely to be the first echinoderms to be challenged by near-term OA.
Low‐altitude trapped protons at the geomagnetic equator

Geomagnetically trapped protons in the 0.6- to 9-MeV energy range were measured at latitudes near the geomagnetic equator by the Phoenix 1 experiment on board the S81-1 mission from May to November 1982. The protons show a distribution in latitude along the line of minimum magnetic field strength with a full width at half maximum of ∼10° but with no appreciable longitudinal variation. Between 170 and 290 km the peak proton flux shows a fifth-power altitude dependence, in contrast to previous measurements at higher altitudes, possibly demonstrating source attenuation. The efficiency of the telescope is calculated as a function of particle pitch angle and used to investigate the time dependence (1969-1982) of the intensity.
Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults

Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to flourish.
The limited impact of vegetation on the water balance of mine waste cover systems in semi‐arid Australia

In (semi‐)arid environments, mine waste cover systems aim to minimize drainage into underlying hazardous wastes by maximizing evaporation from soil and transpiration from vegetation. We estimated the evapotranspiration (ET) for an area occupied by characteristic semi‐arid native Australian plant species. Using an open top chamber, we measured diurnal and daily ET of two plant species – Senna artemisioides (silver cassia) and Sclerolaena birchii (galvanized burr) – after a simulated rainfall event, as well as evaporation (E) from bare soil. Both ET and E decreased with increasing time after initial watering. However, we observed different temporal patterns for daily ET and E, indicating that S. artemisioides and S. birchii are relatively intensive and extensive water exploiters, respectively. We found a strong positive linear relationship between ET or E and the atmospheric water demand represented by the vapour pressure deficit. This correlation was more pronounced in the morning than in the afternoon, indicating a diminishing water supply from the soil associated with a declining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil in the afternoon. We used the estimated values of ET and E to project the effect of species composition on plot ET in relation to total vegetation coverage. Although both species survive and grow under the dry conditions at the study site, their influence on plot ET was rather small because of the low vegetation coverage. On this basis, we conclude that the relevance of plants on ET cover systems is small under such water‐limited conditions of semi‐arid and arid climates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triassic ammonoids from Jabal Safra and Wadi Alwa, Oman, and their significance

Abstract Triassic ammonoids are recorded from Jabal Safra and Wadi Alwa, Oman. Most or all are from olistoliths. The ammonoids from Jabal Safra are of Early Triassic (Smithian and Spathian) age and are from metre-sized blocks in the Jurassic Guwayza Formation. Those from Wadi Alwa are from blocks ranging from metre- to more than decimetre-size and are Early Triassic (Smithian and Spathian), Middle Triassic (Anisian) and Late Triassic (Norian). The Early and Middle Triassic ammonoids from both localities are in dense, highly fossiliferous, commonly red limestone where they occur to the exclusion of all other macrofossils. The facies is that of the Hallstatt Limestone which is known from many localities, all in the Tethys. The Late Triassic ammonoids are in a red argillaceous limestone like the Ammonitico Rosso, another characteristic facies in Tethys. The occurrences at Jabal Safra are in the Hawasina allochthon. The olistoliths evidently came from the east, not from the platform to the west. Seamounts east of the main Hawasina depocentre seem the most likely source for all the Triassic blocks.
Desertification Risk, Long-Term Land-Use Changes and Environmental Resilience: A Case Study in Basilicata, Italy

Quantifying the environmental vulnerability and the resilience of rapidly changing Mediterranean landscapes under climate change is a crucial undertaking for the sustainable management of regions experiencing intense human pressure. This paper diachronically (1975–2006) analyses the impact of land-use changes (LUCs) on land vulnerability to desertification at two coastal sites in southern Italy with different environmental and socio-economic conditions to identify landscape responses to territorial reconfiguration. We found that both initial land vulnerability and its increase over time are higher in areas experiencing LUCs than in areas with stable patterns of land-use. Stable, low levels of land vulnerability to desertification were associated with forests and semi-natural areas, while urbanisation and agricultural intensification led to marked increases in land vulnerability. The procedure outlined in this paper is suitable for identifying land-use trajectories associated with the desertification processes and may inform policies aimed at preventing soil and land degradation.
A Spatial Analysis of Decisions Made in Response to Simulated Tornado Warnings in the United States

Although decision-making in response to tornado warnings is well researched most studies do not examine whether individual responses to these warnings vary across different geographical locations and demographic groups. This gap is addressed by using data from a decision experiment that places participants virtually in a simulated tornado warning and asks them to minimize the costs of their decisions. The authors examine the following: (1) what demographic attributes may contribute to choices to minimize costs to protect assets at a specific location in a tornado warning, (2) whether there is a spatial component to how these attributes influence decision making, and (3) if there are specific U.S. regions where individuals do not make protective decisions that minimize their overall cost. Multilevel regression analysis and poststratification are applied to data from the simulated decision experiment to estimate which demographic attributes and National Weather Service County Warning Areas are most associated with the costliest protective decisions. The results then are analyzed using spatial autocorrelation to identify spatial patterns. Results indicate that sex, race, and ethnicity are important factors that influence protection decisions. Findings also show that people across the southern portions of the U.S. tend to make more costly protective decisions, as defined in this work.