Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“I still have issues with pronunciation of words”: A mixed methods investigation of the psychosocial and speech effects of Childhood Apraxia of Speech in adults

Abstract Purpose Adolescents with Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) are likely to have persistent speech errors compared to non-CAS peers (Lewis et al., 2018) and may have ongoing psychosocial issues (e.g. Carrigg, Parry, Baker, Shriberg, & Ballard, 2016). Beyond this, little is known about the long-term consequences of CAS in adulthood. This study explored whether adults who were reported to have had CAS as children have ongoing psychosocial or speech impacts. Method A cross-sectional descriptive design, with mixed-method analyses of demographic, psychosocial, and speech data was used. Data were collected via a four-part online survey. Part one consisted of questions about demographic information and participants’ self-reported performance in speech, language and literacy. Parts two and three investigated the psychosocial impacts of CAS using the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale – Revised (BFNE- R) and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Part four collected single word and connected speech data via an online audio recording, which was then transcribed following the Connected Speech Transcription Protocol (CoST-P). Analyses of speech characteristics reported in CAS was completed using Phon software. Result There were 17 participants in part one, 16 in parts two and three, and six in part four. Participants reported elevated levels of state (p = 0.01) and trait (p = 0.0001) anxiety compared to normative data. Ongoing segmental and suprasegmental speech errors were observed, with a significant difference between percent phonemes correct in single words versus connected speech (p = 0.03). Participants who provided a speech sample had difficulty with correct stress, use of juncture, and had increased intra- and inter-word segregation. Participants with better speech reported less anxiety. Conclusion Psychosocial effects and speech characteristics associated with CAS in childhood appear to persist into adulthood. Confirmation of these results and research to determine treatment and psychosocial support needs past early childhood is warranted.
Secular Variations in Provenance of Sedimentary Components in the Western North Pacific Ocean Constrained by Sr Isotopic Features of Deep‐Sea Sediments

Deep‐sea sediments around Minamitorishima Island in the western North Pacific Ocean record the depositional environment in the central to western North Pacific since the late Cretaceous. Previous studies on the bulk chemical composition of deep‐sea sediments in this area have revealed that the sediment column can be divided into five chemostratigraphic units with at least three intercalated layers enriched in rare‐earth elements. However, the end‐member components and their changes in abundance, which indicate compositional variation, as well as the environmental factors affecting them, remain unclear. Here, we report the bulk chemistry, including newly analyzed 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the sediments, seafloor Mn nodules, and fish teeth collected from the deep‐sea basin around Minamitorishima Island, to identify the end‐member components of the sediments. Our results suggest that the pelagic sediments in the study area are mainly composed of terrigenous components, hydrogenous Mn oxides, biogenic calcium phosphate, and volcanic materials. The combination of Sr isotope modeling and bulk chemistry revealed that the input of volcanic materials has increased twice, which might be Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana tephras of the latest Eocene to Oligocene explosive volcanism at the later event but is unclear at the earlier event. The provenance of terrigenous materials has changed from North America to East Asia. The bulk sediment chemostratigraphy around Minamitorishima Island could have resulted not only from the local environmental changes in the pelagic realm, but also from volcanism around the Pacific Ocean and the northwestward movement of the area due to the Pacific plate motion.
Slow Geodynamics and Fast Morphotectonics in the Far East Tethys

How can the sluggish, long‐wavelength mantle convection be expressed by so many time and space scales of morphotectonic activity? To investigate these relationships, we explore the Java‐Banda subduction zone, where geodynamic records cluster. In the far‐East Tethys, the exceptionally arcuate Banda subduction zone circumscribes the deepest oceanic basin on Earth, seismotectonic activity slices the upper plate more efficiently than anywhere else, and uncommonly vast expanses of continents are flooded in Sundaland and Northern Australia. By comparing numerical simulations of subduction dynamics to a set of independent observations, we reveal the many facets of tectonic and physiographic changes that the sole docking of the Australian continent onto the subduction zone triggered. While mantle flow remains slow and long‐wavelength at depth, intense tectonic activity, and dynamic uplift and subsidence profoundly rework the physiography at many spatial scales. These results demonstrate that a modest disruption in the slow geodynamic tempo may trigger manifold morphotectonic disturbances.
Examining models for measuring corporate governance to resolve financial crises

This document deals with corporate governance and its impact on corporate performance and economic performance. This work is first summarized and based on previous work done, for example, to provide a clearer expression of the corporate governance models of shareholders and shareholders. It then addresses some of the key factors that lead to the effectiveness of corporate governance, and examines some of the strengths, weaknesses, and economic consequences associated with different corporate governance systems. In addition to providing information not provided in previous work, it also provides new information on the concentration of ownership and voting rights in a number of OECD countries. This document also provides empirical evidence on the relationship between corporate governance, firm performance, and economic growth. Finally, several policy implications are identified. This document shows how a corporate governance framework can influence the development of stock markets, R&D and innovative, corporate activities and the development of an active SME sector, thereby affecting economic growth. However, there is no single model of corporate governance, and each country has, over time, developed a variety of mechanisms to overcome representation problems arising from separation of ownership and control. This document examines the various mechanisms used in different systems (eg centralized ownership, executive rent schemes, stock market, inter-corporate shareholding, etc.) and examines the available evidence. Whether they have achieved their goal or not. do. For example, one of the benefits of centralized ownership is that it provides more effective oversight of management and helps with representation problems arising from separation of ownership and control. However, some costs reduce liquidity and the likelihood of risk diversification. Although dispersed ownership carries more liquidity, it may not provide the appropriate incentive to encourage the long-term
Assessment of CD39 expression in regulatory T‐cell subsets by disease severity in adult and juvenile COVID‐19 cases

COVID‐19 is a disease characterized by acute respiratory failure and is a major health problem worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of CD39 expression in Treg cell subsets in COVID‐19 immunopathogenesis and its relationship to disease severity. One hundred and ninety COVID‐19 patients (juveniles, adults) and 43 volunteers as healthy controls were enrolled in our study. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using a 10‐color monoclonal antibody panel from peripheral blood samples. In adult patients, CD39+ Tregs increased with disease severity. In contrast, CD39+ Tregs were decreased in juvenile patients in an age‐dependent manner. Overall, our study reveals an interesting profile of CD39‐expressing Tregs in adult and juvenile cases of COVID‐19. Our results provide a better understanding of the possible role of Tregs in the mechanism of immune response in COVID‐19 cases.
The incidence and risk factors of chronic rejection in acutely rejected pediatric liver transplantation

Background. Chronic graft rejection (CR) represents an increasing concern in pediatric liver transplantation (LT). Risk factors of CR in this population are uncertain. In present study, we aimed to ascertain if clinical parameters could predict the occurrence of CR in LT children.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the results from 47 children who had experienced acute hepatic rejection in Namazee hospital, Shiraz, Iran during 2007–2017.Results. Out of 47 children, 22 (46.8%) and 25 (53.2%) were boys and girls respectively. Ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were observed in 20 (44.4%), 14 (31.1%), and 4 (9.1%) respectively. Posttransplant vascular and biliary complications were observed in 3 (7%) and 4 (9.3%) cases respectively. The mean time from LT to normalization of liver enzymes was 14.2 ± 7.5 days. The mean of acute rejection episodes was 1.4 ± 0.6 (median = 1 (22, 46.8%), range of 1–3). Six (12.7%) patients experienced CR. The mean time from LT to CR was 75 ± 28.4 days. A significant association was found between CR and patients’ condition (being inpatient or outpatient) before surgery (P = 0.03). No significant relationship was found between CR and post-transplant parameters except for biliary complications (P = 0.01). Both biliary complication (RR = 33.7, 95% CI: 2.2–511, P = 0.01) and inpatient status (RR = 10.9, 95% CI: 1.1–102.5, P = 0.03) significantly increased the risk of CR.Conclusion. Being hospitalized at the time of LT, and development of biliary complications might predict risk factors for development of CR in LT children.
Are the Things Told to Care Providers Kept Confidential?: Perceived Breaches of Confidentiality and Associated Factors Among HIV/AIDS Clients on ART at Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia, 2021

Introduction HIV clients’ mistrust in providers’ handling of their medical information can be a reason for them not to utilize services. Compromised confidentiality of HIV clients can affect the entire community, as other people may become reluctant to seek HIV testing and counseling. In Ethiopia, there are few data on perceived breaches of confidentiality among HIV/AIDS clients. Thus, this study aimed to assess perceived breaches of confidentiality and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) at Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Western Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 HIV/AIDS clients at Nekemte Specialized Hospital from January 15 to February 20, 2021. Data were collected by an investigator-administered questionnaire. Collected data were entered into EpiData version 3.1, and Stata version 14.0 was used for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Variables with a P-value of <0.2 in the bivariable analysis were exported to the multivariable analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values of <0.05 were used to report significantly associated variables. Results A total of 423 PLHIV were included in the study. Nearly one-fourth of the respondents (23.60%) had perceived breaches of confidentiality (95% CI 19.8–27.9%). Delayed ART start [(AOR 1.97) 95% CI (1.05–3.71)], being female [(AOR 4.03) 95% CI (2.14–7.59)], being widowed [(AOR 4.11) 95% CI (1.50–11.20)], college education and above [(AOR 10.89) 95% CI (3.93–30.14)], normal BMI [(AOR 2.72) 95% CI (1.06–6.99)], substance use [(AOR 1.93) 95% CI (1.04–3.58)], not knowing other ART user(s) [(AOR 2.89) 95% CI (1.53–5.47)], and CD4 count ≤200 cells/mm3 [(AOR 2.63) 95% CI (1.22–5.68)] were significantly associated variables. Conclusion One in four HIV/AIDS clients reported experiencing perceived breaches of confidentiality. Thus, early ART initiation, further HIV serostatus disclosure, and encouraging patients to decide on the type of care and information they want need to be strengthened in order to reduce breaches of confidentiality.
Efficacy of sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for evaluation of endometrial lesions in tamoxifen treated patients: a systematic review

Objective: This review aims to evaluate the incidence of endometrial lesions in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients identified by hysteroscopy (HS) and sonohysterography (SIS) and the diagnostic accuracy of the two methods to detect them. Methods: A systematic review of the literature concerning the role of HS and SIS for evaluation of the endometrium in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients was performed. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IBECS, BIOSIS, Web of Science, SCOPUS, congress abstracts, and Grey literature (Google Scholar; British Library). The search terms used were “hysteroscopy”, “hysterosonography”, “sonohysterography” combined with “tamoxifen”; 89 citations were identified and selected in the initial screening. Results: 28 studies were included in the systematic review. There were 61 citations excluded because they were review articles (n = 9) or case report (n = 5) and non-English articles (n = 8), and had too little information in the full text (n = 39). Similar accuracy between SIS and HS in detection of endometrial tamoxifen-related lesions was found. Conclusions: SIS may represent a minimally invasive, simple, safe, well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative to HS, associated with few contraindications and no potential complications.
Perhydropolysilazane Charge‐Trap Layer in Solution‐Processed Organic and Oxide Memory Thin‐Film Transistors

The charge trapping property of spin‐coated perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) layers for solution‐processed organic and oxide thin film memory transistors is demonstrated. The nitrogen content within the PHPS layer is decreased by increasing the annealing temperatures from room temperature to 450 °C. The PHPS layer added to the SiO2 gate insulator in the charge trap memories (CTMs) shows good memory functionalities which are electrically programmable, and is erased either electrically or optically depending on the semiconductor used. The stored or erased charges in the p‐type semiconductor‐based CTM result in relatively large threshold voltage shifts (∆VTH > 60 V) and large memory on‐ and off‐current ratio (IM,ON/IM,OFF > 103) with the respective memory output current extrapolated to 108 s. The n‐type CTM shows ∆VTH ≈ 20 V, IM,ON/IM,OFF of 0.5 × 103 and is extrapolated to 1015 s. It is concluded that the origin of the charge‐traps in both the p‐type and n‐type CTMs mainly originates from the PHPS charge trap layer (CTL) and greatly occurs in highly concentrated nitrogen PHPS layers. There is a high possibility of using the PHPS CTL in a wide variety of cost‐effective CTMs even with high temperature processed semiconductors.
Fusarium Wilt of Cucumber- A Review

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) wilt is an important disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The disease is prevalent in most of the countries of the world with yield losses ranging from 40–70%. Characteristic symptoms of the disease include pre and post-emergence damping-off, stunting, chlorosis, necrosis and finally wilting of the older leaves with brown vascular discoloration. Two formae speciales of F. oxysporum have been described in cucumber. The fungus grows profusely on the culture media and produces macroconidia which are tapered with a slight hook, microconidia oval in shape and terminal or intercalary chlamydospores. The disease prevails under the conditions having abundant soil moisture and soil temperature ranging from 24–27oC and no growth of the fungus was observed above 37oC. The pathogen is host-specific to cucumber with muskmelon and watermelon being slightly sensitive. Due to environment and health concerns associated with large scale use of chemicals, the application of resistant germplasm, bio-control agents, and bio formulations is more reliable. This review describes the use of resistant germplasm, bio-control agents, bio-formulations and fungicides to control Fusarium wilt of cucumber.
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS LMP1 ENHANCES LEVELS OF MICROVESICLE-ASSOCIATED PD-L1

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulate throughout the body and carry cargo that can be conferred to proximal or distant cells, making them major delivery vehicles for cellular communication. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected cells release EVs that contain viral proteins such as the major viral oncogene, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 has been shown to regulate the cellular gene expression of programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1). PD-L1, a protein that suppresses the immune system by binding to PD-1, (a receptor found on cytotoxic T cells). PD-L1 has been recently found to be packaged into small EVs contributing to immune evasion of lung cancer cells. Recent studies establish that MVs are shed in very large amounts by tumor cells, and that elevated levels of MVs correlate to disease metastasis and cancers being more aggressive. Here, we demonstrate PD-L1 enrichment in MVs released from nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and an important function of EBV LMP1 in regulating PD-L1 levels in MVs. These PD-L1+ MVs containing LMP1 likely contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment found in EBV-associated cancers. Importance Accumulating evidence over the past decade supports that viruses utilize EVs and associated pathways to incorporate viral products to evade eliciting an immune response, while concurrently enabling viral spread or persistence within the host. Considering that viral proteins confer very strong antigenic peptides that will be recognized by T cells, the regulation of the PD-1 pathway by the overexpression of MV-associated PD-L1 may be a strong immune evasion tactic utilized by viruses. The discovery that EBV LMP1 increases PD-L1 microvesicle secretion, identifies a new therapeutic target in immune blockade therapy. We expect that our findings will begin to clarify the mechanism of LMP1-mediated enhanced packaging of PD-L1 into MVs and may produce more specific targets to treat EBV-associated cancers. Consequently, identifying whether a disease is of viral origin through predictive MV biomarkers could further allow for more targeted therapies.
REASONS OF USING ARABIZI AMONG ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDENTS IN JORDAN

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for utilizing Arabizi among students at Jadara and Yarmouk Universities, as well as the prevalent motivations for switching for each reason. For the academic year 2019/2020, this quantitative study includes students studying English language and translation at two institutions, Yarmouk and Jadara. The participants in this study were picked at random from Jadara and Yarmouk Universities in the Irbid governorate. This study’s data comes from a questionnaire that was given to 283 students of both genders (male and female). The researchers used Standard Deviations, percentages, means, frequencies, statistical figures, and the Friedman test to answer the study’s research question. The findings revealed that there are numerous explanations for this. It is used by the participants as a prestigious language, as well as an easy way to write and appear more westernized. Code switching has three motivations: communication, intellectual, and solidarity. Because this study was limited to the governorate of Irbid, which is located in northern Jordan, there is a need to investigate the reasons in other Jordanian geographic locations.
Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 6.3 million people worldwide with no curative treatments. Current therapies aim to mitigate PD’s effects and offer symptomatic relief for patients. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of PD, leading to neuroinflammation and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. This review focuses on PD pathology and the role of calpain, a neutral protease, as a regulator of various immune cells such as T-cells, microglia and astrocytes which lead to persistent neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal loss in both the brain and spinal cord (SC). Calpain plays a significant role in the cleavage and aggregation of toxic α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic neural protein, and other organelles, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation results in the formation of Lewy bodies (LB) that further contribute to neuronal damage through lipid bilayer penetration, calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, oxidative stress and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). Dysfunctional mitochondria destabilize cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, raising intracellular Ca2+; this leads to excessive calpain activation and persistent inflammatory responses. α-Syn aggregation also results in the disruption of dopamine synthesis through phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA), the amino acid precursor to dopamine. Decreased dopamine levels result in altered dopamine receptor (DR) signaling, ultimately activating pro-inflammatory T-cells to further contribute to the inflammatory response. All of these processes, together, result in neuroinflammation, degeneration and ultimately neuronal death seen in PD. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP—a prodrug to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)), rotenone (an environmental neurotoxin), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound) induce PD-like conditions when injected into rodents. All three agents work through similar mechanisms and lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and more recently discovered in motor neurons of the spinal cord (SC). These neurotoxins also increase calpain activity, furthering the neuroinflammatory response. Hence, calpain inhibitors have been posited as potential therapeutics for PD to prevent calpain-related inflammation and neurodegenerative responses in not only the SN but the SC as well.