Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validating Threat: IO Approval and Public Support for Joining Military Counterterrorism Coalitions

Recent scholarship has fruitfully investigated the effect of international organization (IO) approval on public support for military intervention. Following Jentleson and Britton [Bruce W. Jentleson and Rebecca L. Britton, “Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, no. 4 (1998): 395–417], scholars argue that IO approval does not increase already high public support for “foreign policy restraint” (FPR) operations intended to coerce “aggressively threatening” opponents, including terrorists. We challenge this argument, focusing on public support for contributing to military coalitions. The public may wonder whether leaders are sincere when they frame a coalition military operation as having FPR objectives; this may lead the public to put a premium on multilateral validation. We also question the common argument that UN Security Council approval necessarily has a greater positive effect on public support for intervention than approval from regional IOs. Approval from broad-based regional IOs, such as the African Union (AU), may be just as consequential. Data from survey experiments that we conducted in three countries confirm our principal hypotheses: (1) IO approval consistently increases public support for contributing to military coalitions even in counterterrorism cases and (2) the UN and AU approval effects are of comparable magnitude. These findings expand our theoretical understanding of the conditions under which IO approval can increase public support for military intervention.
Temporal Memory in Foraging of the Stingless Bee Melipona subnitida (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

Bees feed on nectar and pollen, however these resources are often available to floral visitors during restricted temporal windows. The presence of temporal memory is an advantage, as foragers can save energy by scheduling their flight activity to coincide with peaks of nectar secretion in the flowers or at times of higher sugar concentration in the nectar. Thus, the objectives of this study were (i) to investigate whether Melipona subnitida has temporal memory, and evaluate whether it becomes more accurate over the days, and (ii) to determine whether the behavior of anticipating the offered resource presents intra-individual consistency in the behavior of foragers. The visitation of the bees was high before and during the opening interval of the food resource, but rare after the closing, suggesting that M. subnitida has the ability to memorize the time of availability of the resource, increasing the accuracy over the days, with bees anticipating their visits in relation to the time they discovered the resource, and the opening time of the resource. There was individual consistency in the behavior of food-anticipatory activity, with the presence of bees that consistently anticipated in relation to the opening time of the resource (inspectors) and bees that consistently did not anticipate (reactivated forager) . By anticipating the search for a resource, foragers allow the group to exploit it effectively, as they exploit it in the first hours of its opening, and foragers that never anticipate avoid unnecessary risks of predation and energy expenditure.
Digital Campaign to Reduce Covid-19 Pandemic Risk

Hoaxes about COVID-19 on social media could be seen publicly and intentionally lead to inappropriate responses amid the pandemic. In this situation, the government’s public relations had a role in educating the public through accurate information about COVID-19 on social media. This research aimed to describe the public’s attitude towards digital campaigns to reduce the risk of COVID-19 in Central Java and the strategy behind this digital campaign. The research was designed as a descriptive study with a mixed approach method. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data was collected through an online survey of 121 respondents, interviews with expert sources, and document review. Elaboration Likelihood Theory and Rhetoric Theory are used to explain the digital campaign. The results showed that most respondents (74%) rated the Governor as prioritizing the positive appeal approach through a digital campaign. The interview results revealed that the process of composing creative content in the digital campaign was carried out through discussions between the Governor and the content creator team. During a pandemic, a creatively packaged digital campaign was a strategic step to increase public participation in implementing preventive efforts.
SPASOS 1.1: a program for the inference of ancestral shape ontogenies

We recently published a method to infer ancestral landmark‐based shape ontogenies that takes into account the possible existence of changes in developmental timing. Here we describe SPASOS, a software to perform that analysis. SPASOS is an open‐source Windows program written in C. Input data include landmark coordinates for each specimen –with the corresponding information about developmental timing– and a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among the species sampled. As output, the program produces image files for an easy visualization of the results and data files useful for post‐processing. The program incorporates an interpolating function, based on weighting moving averages, which allows analysis of data with scarce information along the ontogenetic trajectory. An empirical evaluation of this function showed its suitability to fill in incomplete ontogenetic trajectories. Finally, we present the results of a reanalysis in SPASOS of a published dataset, where changes in developmental timing were originally inferred by considering PCA scores as shape variables. Both approaches retrieved the same four largest changes in developmental timing, but differed in the ancestral shapes inferred.
Utilization of Integrated Community Case Management and Its Factors in Southern Ethiopia: Facility Based-Cross-Sectional Study

Background. An integrated community case management (ICCM) program fosters child health care seeking and access to appropriate treatment for illnesses in children at the community level in Ethiopia. There is paucity of evidence to the utilization of ICCM services by mothers/child caregivers in rural Sothern Ethiopia. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the utilization of integrated community case management (ICCM) and its factors among mothers/child caregivers in rural Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants in health care facilities offering child health care services. An exit interview was conducted on 574 mothers/child caregivers in randomly selected public health centres. Data were entered using Epi Info and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Results. Only less than a quarter of participants visited health posts for ICCM services during the study period. Those study participants who have not heard about ICCM service before the survey were about 6.53 times more likely not to use the services as compared to those who have heard about the service. Participants who were not members of the women’s development team were about 2.23 times more likely not to utilize ICCM services when compared to their counterparts. Conclusion. The study shows low utilization of ICCM service by children less than five years. Prior information about ICCM services and membership in the health development army was significantly associated with ICCM use. Therefore, our finding may suggest the need for advocacy to increase participation in the health development army and information education to increase the level of awareness and formal education efforts.
Lacrimal stenting versus three-snip punctoplasty for treatment of punctal stenosis or occlusion: an open- label, randomized clinical trial

Background: To compare the short-term anatomical and functional outcomes of, as well as patient satisfaction with, lacrimal stenting and three-snip punctoplasty for the treatment of punctal stenosis or occlusion. Methods: In this open-label, randomized clinical trial, we included 50 eyes of 30 patients diagnosed with punctal stenosis or occlusion. They were randomly allocated to two groups of 25 eyes each, using central telephone randomization. Group A underwent a lacrimal stenting procedure and was subdivided into two subgroups: Group A1 (13 eyes) received polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated perforated punctal plugs, and Group A2 (12 eyes) received closed intubation using a bicanalicular silicon tube. Group B included 25 eyes that underwent three- snip punctoplasty. All eyes were examined after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Postoperative anatomical success assessing the punctum size, functional success using the fluorescein disappearance test (FDT), and patient satisfaction based on epiphora scoring were recorded. Results: Both study groups were comparable in terms of sex and age distribution. Compared to Group B, Group A had a significantly larger punctum size at one, three, and 6-month postoperatively (P = 0.009, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively). The difference in FDT results was significant between the two groups at all follow-up visits (P = 0.008, 0.0001, 0.003, and 0.002, at postoperative one week, one-months, three-month, and si-month, respectively). Likewise, patient satisfaction was significantly different between both groups at all follow-up visits (P = 0.007, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.002, at postoperative one week, one-months, three-month, and si-month, respectively). Conclusions: Lacrimal stenting is an effective method for the treatment of punctal stenosis or occlusion. Overall, the FDT results and patient satisfaction outcomes were significantly better.
Former Teachers: Exits and Re-Entries

Despite the large literature on teacher labor market in the United States, only few studies have examined the career choices of former teachers and the factors that affect their decisions to return to the profession. This is surprising given that former teachers represent over a third of teachers entering the teaching workforce, according to some estimates. This paper examines the exit and re-entry decisions of former teachers using a restricted-use data from the Beginning Teacher Longitudinal Study (BTLS). We use a discrete time hazard model that estimates the probability that a former teacher returns to teaching in a given year conditional on not having returned in the previous year. Results suggest that female teachers are more likely to return to the teaching profession by somewhere between 10 and 12 percentage points. We also find that teachers who are highly paid are more likely to re-enter teaching.
Effects of Supervised Exercise-Based Telerehabilitation on Walk Test Performance and Quality of Life in Patients in India With Chronic Disease: Combatting Covid-19

Background: The world is currently undergoing a pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19). According to the World Health Organization, patients with chronic illnesses appear to be at the highest risk for COVID-19 associated sequelae. Inability to participate in outpatient-based rehabilitation programs and being home-bound can increase the risk for and potential worsening of chronic health conditions. This study evaluated the short-term effects of telerehabilitation on patients' walk test performance and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: 47 patients (23 cardiovascular, 15 pulmonary, 9 oncology) participated in the telerehabilitation program. At baseline and following a 1-month intervention, patients had their 6-minute walk test distance (6MWTD) and HRQoL assessed. Average daily step counts were measured by the PACER App. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a short-term, supervised virtual telerehabilitation program had significant positive effects on 6MWTD and HRQoL in cardiac, pulmonary and oncology patients during COVID-19.
Association of Anosmia and Positive SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR Test Results Among Patients in the Quezon City General Hospital

Objective: To determine the association of anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR test results among patients in a tertiary government hospital in Metro Manila. Methods: Design: Cross-Sectional Study Setting: Tertiary Government Training Hospital Participants: Patients aged 18 years old and above who consulted or were admitted with COVID-19 symptoms at the Quezon City General Hospital in the Philippines from July to September 2020 answered an offline version of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery AAO-HNS COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool prior to undergoing (COVID-19) RT-PCR testing. Results: Out of 172 participants, 63 (36.6%) presented with anosmia. Sixty (95.2%) out of 63 of those with anosmia had a positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test result. Forty-one (65%) participants reported anosmia as the first symptom while the most common associated symptoms were fever (59%), cough (50%), and rhinorrhea (31%). There was a significant association between anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR tests (X2=33.85, df=1, p<.0001). A significantly higher proportion of patients with anosmia were positive for COVID-19 than those without anosmia at 95.2% and 52.3% respectively. The risk for COVID-19 among patients with anosmia was almost two times higher than those without anosmia (RR=1.82; 95%CI:1.51 – 2.20; p<.0001). Conclusion: Anosmia was associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR test in more than 95% of those who reported the symptom. Anosmia should be considered as a red flag sign which should be included in the screening of persons suspected of being infected with COVID-19 to help mitigate further spread of the virus.
Determinants of technology adoption by micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Awi zone, Northwest Ethiopia

Adoption of technology can enhance the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). But in Ethiopia, there is a very low adoption of broadband connections, mobile phones, computers, printers, scanners, copiers, and other technologies by MSEs. The main objective of this study was to identify the determinants of technology adoption by MSEs in Northwest Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data were collected from 327 MSEs selected using the stratified random sampling method and analyzed using the Heckman two-stage model. The first stage probit model estimation results showed that sex, educational level, source of start-up capital, size of the enterprise, and whether the owner of the enterprise has had technology related trainings were significant factors determining technology adoption decisions of MSEs. The second stage estimation results showed that sex, education level, experience, age, family size of the owner, and access to credit significantly influence the degree of technology adoption. The findings indicate that MSEs need more education (information) on technology, greater access to credit, and incentives provided by the government of Ethiopia and other agencies in order to increase their adoption of technology.
Structure of the upper teeth of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and analysis of dental variability in insular forms

Various polymorphic dental characters of Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus have been described on the basis of a detailed description of the occlusal surfaces of Р4, М1, and М2. The prevalence of these characters was found to be significantly different between samples of V. vulpes and mainland V. lagopus, which can be used to determine species in a fossil record. Notably, Commander Islands V. lagopus differ from mainland V. lagopus in most of the characters. However, some characters of Mednyi Island V. lagopus are unique to them and are not found in any other sample. Some samples from Bering Island do not display such specific features. Samples of ancient foxes, V. praeglacialis and V. praecorsac, have also been studied. Primitive features were observed in both V. praeglacialis and V. praecorsac, with the latter exhibiting also a number of advanced features. It has also been found that primitive features are prevalent in the maxillary dentition of V. vulpes. The insular groups of V. lagopus display numerous primitive features, whereas mainland V. lagopus demonstrate a substantial number of advanced characters. This combination of primitive and advanced features is typical of insular V. lagopus and indirectly suggests that these populations have spent a long time in isolation. How to cite this article: Gimranov D.O. 2021. Structure of the upper teeth of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and analysis of dental variability in insular forms // Russian J. Theriol. Vol.20. No.1. P.96–110. doi: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.20. 1.10.
Forest soil penetration resistance following heavy traffic: A 10‐year field study

Natural recovery of acidic soils following heavy traffic is assumed to take several decades. The aim of this study was to monitor the recovery of soil penetration resistance (PR) after soil compaction by heavy traffic at two forest sites. The sites, located in northeast France, have soils that differ slightly in pH and silt content. The impact on soil PR following heavy traffic was dependent on the soil water content (WC) at the time of measurement, and, therefore, the entire WC range and corresponding PR values were measured. For the most acidic and silty soil, no difference in PR among treatments was observed when the soils were near saturation; however, the difference in PR values was high when soils were close to wilting point. For the least acidic and silty soil, the impact of heavy traffic on PR could be detected whatever the soil moisture, with the magnitude of the effect dependent on the soil water content and depth considered. Standardized PR values with regard to WC allowed an analysis of the evolution of the effect of heavy traffic with time. Ten years after being subjected to heavy traffic, the PR values in the 0‐ to 40‐cm layer recovered to undisturbed values at the least acidic and silty site, but not WC dynamic. The most acidic and silty soil site did not show any recovery of PR or WC dynamic ten years following traffic, although liming at this site was able to increase the regeneration of PR to undisturbed levels.
A First Principles Study on Charge Dependent Diffusion of Point Defects in Rutile TiO2

A first principles theoretical study on the diffusion mechanism of Ti interstitials and O vacancies in rutile TiO2 is reported. We find that the diffusion depends strongly on the defect charge. Weakly charged Ti ions diffuse preferentially through the open channels along the c axis with a barrier of ∼0.4 eV. Ti4+ ions, however, diffuse perpendicular to c by an interstitialcy mechanism with a barrier of ∼0.2 eV. Neutral oxygen vacancies diffuse along the c axis with a barrier of 0.65 eV.
Mechanistic Investigation of the Catalytic Decomposition of Ammonia (NH3) on an Fe(100) Surface: A DFT Study

Catalytic decomposition of ammonia (NH3) is a promising chemical reaction in energy and environmental applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to clarify the detailed catalytic mechanism of NH3 decomposition on an Fe(100) surface. Specifically, the elementary steps of the mechanism were calculated for the general dehydrogenation pathway of NH3. The adsorption of two types of ammonia dimers (2NH3), locally adsorbed NH3 and hydrogen-bonded NH3, were then compared, revealing that locally adsorbed NH3 is more stable than hydrogen-bonded NH3. By contrast, the dehydrogenation of dimeric NH3 results in a high energy barrier. Moreover, the catalytic characteristics of NH3 decomposition on a nitrogen (N)-covered Fe surface must be considered because the recombination of nitrogen (N2) and desorption have an extremely high energy barrier. Our results indicate that the catalytic characteristics of the NH3 decomposition reaction are altered by N coverage of the Fe surface. This study p.
Stoichiometric imbalances complicate prediction of phytoplankton biomass in U.S. lakes: Implications for nutrient criteria

Using National Lakes Assessment data, we evaluated the influence of total N (TN), total P (TP), and other variables on lake chlorophyll‐a concentrations. With simple linear regressions, high TN/TP samples biased predictions based on TN, and low TN/TP samples biased predictions based on TP. The bias problem was corrected, and correlation was improved, by splitting the dataset at the TN/TP ratio we estimated to be indicative of a balanced supply and developing separate regressions that predict chlorophyll‐a based on TP, TN, dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nonalgal light attenuation, depth, area, latitude, elevation, and conductivity. Both nutrients were excellent predictors, and nonalgal light attenuation was the next most influential predictor. The regression analysis suggested that a potential for P only limitation (high TN/TP, 17% of samples) or N only limitation (low TN/TP, 14% of samples) can be inferred at the extremes of the TN/TP range. However, 69% of samples had an intermediate TN/TP ratio where it is difficult to infer anything about potential nutrient limitations (biomass could be N limited, P limited, N and P co‐limited, or not limited by nutrients at all). Our results show that when developing phytoplankton response relationships using cross‐lake datasets that span a wide range of trophic states, it is important to consider whether and how biomass is influenced by confounding factors—such as differences in the relative supply of N and P—so that biomass is not underestimated or overestimated, and nutrient criteria are not under‐protective or over‐protective.
The Resilience of the U.S. Corporate Bond Market During Financial Crises

Corporate bond markets proved remarkably resilient against a sharp contraction caused by the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. We document three important findings: (1) bond issuance increased immediately when the contraction hit, whereas, in contrast, syndicated loan issuance was low; (2) Federal Reserve interventions increased bond issuance, while loan issuance also increased, but to a lesser degree; and (3) bond issuance was concentrated in the investment-grade segment for large and profitable issuers. We compare these results to previous crises and recessions and document similar patterns. We conclude that the U.S. bond market is an important and resilient source of funding for corporations.
Numerical simulation of nonequilibrium nitrogen and air plasma experiments

Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate recent nonequilibrium plasma experiments performed at Stanford University. In these experiments, hightemperature nitrogen and air plasmas are generated and then forced to cool under controlled conditions in a test-section. Measurements of temperature and electron concentration are made. The computational model includes a 10-species, 14-reaction finite-rate chemical kinetics model for the nitrogen plasma and an 11-species, 19-reaction finite-rate model for the air plasma. It uses a finite rate vibration-electronic energy relaxation model. The influence of the plasma temperature profile and swirl is studied. The simulations do not agree with the experiments; the centerline plasma cooling rate is under-predicted, resulting in the electron concentration remaining too large. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.