Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An unusual occurrence of palygorskite from Montestrutto, Sesia-Lanzo zone, internal Western Alps (Italy)

Abstract An unusual occurrence of palygorskite was found near Montestrutto, lower Val d’Aosta (Italy), within an eclogite-facies leucogneiss of the Sesia-Lanzo zone. Under the optical microscope the mineral appears as a felt of fibres hundreds of mm long and a few μm thick. SEM observation proved each filament to be a bundle of smaller but remarkably long fibres (length mostly 15−20 μm and thickness <1 μm). EDS and TGA showed a water content [zeolitic H2O (6%) + structural OH2 (≅8%) + framework OH (≅2%) ≅16 wt. %] lower than average (≅20 wt.%). Structure refinement by the Rietveld method confirmed the clay dioctahedral character and coexistence of two polymorphs, monoclinic [77.4(4)%] and orthorhombic [22.6(6)%], the latter showing anomalous variations of some cell parameters [c shortens to 5.138(3) and a lengthens to 12.903(7) Å]. The high crystallinity of this palygorskite suggests that it formed under low-T hydrothermal conditions due to interaction between Mg-rich hydrous fluids, derived from mantle ultramafics, and Al-rich continental rocks. Predominance of unusually long fibres (>5 μm) causes the Montestrutto palygorskite to be potentially carcinogenic.
Digital Addiction and Related Factors among College Students

(1) Background: Digital addiction has been a global concern, with college students becoming increasingly vulnerable to it. The detrimental psycho-physiological effects of digital addiction have raised concerns regarding college students’ health. This descriptive correlational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of digital addiction and identify influencing factors among college students, such as body shape satisfaction, time management, and psychological health. (2) Methods: Data were collected from 199 students at a university in Seoul, South Korea, from 30 May to 13 June 2023. The Digital Addiction Scale (DAS), Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were used for the assessment. Data (N = 199) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. (3) Results: The mean score for digital addiction was 54 ± 12, with scores ranging from 23.0 to 89.0. Digital addiction had a significant positive correlation with body shape satisfaction (r = 0.156, p = 0.028) and a negative correlation with time management (r = −0.500, p < 0.001). In the stepwise multiple regression model of digital addiction (adjusted R2 = 0.285, p < 0.001), subfactors of body shape satisfaction (fear of fatness β = −0.280, body dissatisfaction β = 0.401) and time management (effective organization β = −0.211, persistence β = −0.209, past orientation β = −0.165) were statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: Body shape satisfaction and time management are important factors influencing digital addiction among college students. However, it does not establish a direct causal relationship. The findings indicate that there is a statistical association or connection between these factors, but they do not definitively state that body shape satisfaction or time management directly cause digital addiction. To decrease digital addiction in this population, interventions should aim to improve body shape satisfaction and time management.
Time‐variable transit time distributions and transport: Theory and application to storage‐dependent transport of chloride in a watershed

Transport processes and pathways through many hydrodynamic systems vary over time, often driven by variations in total water storage. This paper develops a very general approach to modeling unsteady transport through an arbitrary control volume (such as a watershed) that accounts for temporal variability in the underlying transport dynamics. Controls on the selection of discharge from stored water are encapsulated in probability distributions ΩQ(ST,t) of age‐ranked storage ST (the volume of water in storage ranked from youngest to oldest). This framework is applied to a long‐term record of rainfall and streamflow chloride in a small, humid watershed at Plynlimon, UK. While a time‐invariant gamma distribution for ΩQ produced a good fit to data, the fit was significantly improved when the distribution was allowed to vary with catchment storage. However, the variation was inverse to that of a “well‐mixed” system where storage has a pure dilution effect. Discharge at high storage was predicted to contain a larger fraction of recent event water than at low storage. The effective volume of storage involved in transport was 3411 mm at mean catchment wetness, but declined by 71 mm per 1 mm of additional catchment storage, while the fraction of event water in discharge increased by 1.4%. This “inverse storage effect” is sufficient to reproduce the observed long‐memory 1∕f fractal spectral structure of stream chloride. Metrics quantifying the strength and direction of storage effects are proposed as useful signatures, and point toward a unified framework for observing and modeling coupled watershed flow and transport.
Measurement of the Rates of Production and Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in an Energetic Tidal Flow: Red Wharf Bay Revisited

Simultaneous measurements of the rates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation («) and production (P) have been made over a period of 24 h at a tidally energetic site in the northern Irish Sea in water of 25-m depth. Some « profiles from;5 m below the surface to 15 cm above the seabed were obtained using a fast light yoyo (FLY) microstructure profiler, while P profiles were determined from a bottom-mounted high-frequency acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) using the variance method. In homogeneous flow of the kind observed, the turbulence regime should approximate to local equilibrium so that, with no buoyancy forces involved, « and P are expected to covary with mean values that are equal. The results show a close tracking of « and P for most of the observational period. For the second tidal cycle, when there was no significant surface wave activity, a mean ratio of «/P . 0.63 6 0.17 was obtained. Although this is a significant deviation from unity, it is within the range of uncertainty previously reported for the « measurements. A marked phase lag of between 5 and 20 min between the maximum P and the maximum « is interpreted using a simple model in terms of the decay rate of TKE. Consideration of inherent instrument noise has enabled an estimate of the lowest P threshold measurable using the variance technique. For the chosen averaging parameters a value of Pmin ; 7 3 1025 W m23 is estimated. Two other significant differences between the two sets of measurements are attributed to errors in the stress estimate. The first is a bias in the estimate of stress resulting from a combination of instrument tilt (18‐3.58) and surface wave activity. The second are anomalously high stress estimates, covering nearly one-half of the water column at times, which are thought to be due to instrument noise associated with the large wave orbital velocities.
Soil erosion due to rainfall and the impacts of climate change in an Andean highland in Colombia

Trends and median slope of daily rainfall that can affect rainfall aggressiveness and cause erosion in the Bogotá - Duitama corridor were studied. For this, the daily records of 26 stations (35 years, from 1980 to 2014) were evaluated, using the Sen's statistic and the Mann-Kendall test with confidence levels higher than 90%. The studied area covered about 8,100 km2, located between 2,100 and 3,300 m a.s. l. in the Colombian Andes. Four stations with positive trends in median annual rainfall were found (from 6.90 mm/year to 28.80 mm/year) and one station with a decrease in median rainfall of -6.86 mm/year. In order to analyze the pluvial aggressiveness as the main agent of soil erosion, the Modified Fournier Indices (MFI) were generated for periods of 10 days. With the maximum decadal Modified Fournier Indices (MFIdmax) of each year, it was possible to establish the median positive trend (Sen) of rainfall aggressiveness in five stations and three stations with negative trends. Through the correlation between the degree of erosion with the square of the decadal average maximum values of each year (MFIdmax2) and the negative annual precipitation, a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.50 was found. The validation of MFIdmax2 to explain the degree of soil erosion is a new useful methodology for land use planning and monitoring. In this way, developing countries have the possibility of using a tool to face the processes of pluvial erosion, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.
Mitigating Denial of Service Attacks in RPL-Based IoT Environments: Trust-Based Approach

In domains such as telehealth, intelligent transportation, and autonomous agriculture, ensuring secure routing of collected and exchanged data is paramount. Since its inception, there have been many research challenges for the RPL routing protocol that operates in resource-constrained environments and utilizes battery-powered IoT devices. Hence, researchers have focused on this crucial challenge by advising solutions to mitigate attacks that deplete nodes’ energy and hence create energy gaps in the network. In this article, we study the impact of two energy exhaustion attacks (hello flooding and version number modification) on the RPL protocol and we present a novel mitigation solution based on behavioural trust. We present an in-depth study of the impact on radio energy consumption of the hello flooding and version number modification attacks in RPL as the number of network nodes increases. We showed that the impact of the former is localized to nodes in the vicinity of the attacker while the latter has a global impact that extends to the entire network. The obtained results from our simulations show that version number modification attack in particular has devastating impact on the network. We also propose a trust-based solution to mitigate these attacks and demonstrate its effectiveness. Accordingly, we conduct comparative study of these attacks and empirically investigate their impact on network performance by running extensive evaluation experiments. Our findings verify the effectiveness of our proposed trust system in mitigating both attacks.
Thinking Twice: Two minds in one brain

1. The two minds hypothesis 2. Evolutionary foundations 3. Two ways of knowing 4. Two ways of deciding 5. Reasoning and imagination 6. Thinking about the social world 7. Consciousness and control 8. The two minds in action: co-operation and conflict Addendum: Some technical issues References
Effect of silica activity on OH - IR spectra of olivine: implications for low-aSiO 2 mantle metasomatism

Hydrogen solubility and hydroxyl substitution mechanism in olivine INTRODUCTION at upper-mantle conditions are not only a function of pressure, Since the recognition about 30 years ago that nominally temperature, water fugacity and hydrogen fugacity, but are also anhydrous minerals (NAM) can incorporate hydrogen influenced by silica activity. Olivine synthesized in equilibrium in lattice defects (Beran, 1970; Wilkins & Sabine, 1973; with magnesiowustite displays hydroxyl stretching bands in the Beran & Putnis, 1983; Aines & Rossman, 1984), conwavenumber range from 3640 to 3430 cm. In contrast, olivine siderable experimental and analytical effort has been in equilibrium with orthopyroxene shows absorption bands in a expended on estimating the OH storage capacity of narrower wavenumber range from 3380 to 3285 cm. The two mantle minerals and determining the key factors confundamentally different spectra are assigned to hydroxyl in tetrahedral trolling OH substitution (e.g. Miller et al., 1987; Mackwell and octahedral sublattices, respectively. Olivine in equilibrium with & Kohlstedt, 1990; Rossman & Smyth, 1990; Skogby et orthopyroxene is also less capable of incorporating hydroxyl, relative al., 1990; Bai & Kohlstedt, 1993; Kohlstedt et al., 1996). to olivines in equilibrium with magnesiowustite, by about a factor The studies revealed that structural hydroxyl significantly of ten. A comparison of spectra obtained as part of this study with enhances creep rates and electrical conductivity of mantle hydroxyl spectra of natural mantle olivines shows that the latter rocks. It also influences pressure–temperature positions display hydroxyl stretching patterns reminiscent of equilibrium with of phase transitions (Mackwell et al., 1985; Karato et al., magnesiowustite, although undoubtedly olivine in the Earth’s mantle 1986; Schock et al., 1989; Kawamoto et al., 1996). Emcoexists with orthopyroxene. This may be attributed to a metasomatic phasis was placed on olivine and its polymorphs, as (Mg, overprint by a low-silica fluid and/or melt that was in reaction Fe)2SiO4 constitutes the principal phase in upper-mantle relationship with orthopyroxene. A likely metasomatic agent is a lithologies (Miller et al., 1987; Mackwell & Kohlstedt, carbonatitic melt. When carbonatitic melts decompose to oxides and 1990; Kohlstedt et al., 1996; Kohlstedt & Mackwell, CO2, they may temporarily impose a low-aSiO2 environment 1998). inherited by the olivine structure. If this suggestion proves true, Hydroxyl occurrence in olivine is defined by the crystal Fourier transform IR spectroscopy may be used to fingerprint defect structure, and therefore OH incorporation mechmetasomatic episodes in the lithospheric mantle. anisms are expected to be largely controlled by the
Clinical bovine paratuberculosis - first report in the state of Pará

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to describe the clinical, pathological, and serological aspects of paratuberculosis in a bullock on dairy and beef farm in the municipality of Inhangapí, state of Pará. The animal was raised extensively and presented progressive weight loss, pale mucous membranes, and chronic diarrhea. A blood sample was collected for serology by the indirect ELISA technique. Due to the unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and necropsied. At necropsy, there was thickened and wrinkled intestinal mucosa, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and liquid intestinal contents with a brown color. Organ fragments were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin wax, cut, and stained by hematoxylin and eosin and by Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Histopathology showed intense granulomatous infiltration with Langhans giant cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine, Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed many intralesional acid-fast bacilli. Antibody searching against Mycobacterium avium (subsp.) paratuberculosis was positive. The diagnosis of paratuberculosis was based on epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and serological data. This is the first report of clinical paratuberculosis, confirmed by pathology and serology, in a bullock in the state of Pará.
Heavy metals mitigation and growth promoting effect of endophytic Agrococcus terreus (MW 979614) in maize plants under zinc and nickel contaminated soil

Introduction Heavy metals such as iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, silver, zinc, nickel, and arsenic have accumulated in soils for a long time due to the dumping of industrial waste and sewage. Various techniques have been adapted to overcome metal toxicity in agricultural land but utilizing a biological application using potential microorganisms in heavy metals contaminated soil may be a successful approach to decontaminate heavy metals soil. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate endophytic bacteria from a medicinal plant (Viburnum grandiflorum) and to investigate the growth-promoting and heavy metal detoxification potential of the isolated endophytic bacteria Agrococus tereus (GenBank accession number MW 979614) under nickel and zinc contamination. Methods Zinc sulfate and nickel sulfate solutions were prepared at the rate of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg in sterilized distilled water. The experiment was conducted using a completely random design (CRD) with three replicates for each treatment. Results and Discussion Inoculation of seeds with A. tereus significantly increased the plant growth, nutrient uptake, and defense system. Treatment T4 (inoculated seeds), T5 (inoculated seeds + Zn100 mg/kg), and T6 (inoculated seeds + Ni 100 mg/kg) were effective, but T5 (inoculated seeds + Zn100 mg/kg) was the most pronounced and increased shoot length, root length, leaf width, plant height, fresh weight, moisture content, and proline by 49%, 38%, 89%, 31%, 113%, and 146%, respectively. Moreover the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and super oxidase dismutase were accelerated by 211 and 68% in contaminated soil when plants were inoculated by A. tereus respectively. Similarly the inoculation of A. tereus also enhanced maize plants’ absorption of Cu, Mn, Ni, Na, Cr, Fe, Ca, Mg, and K significantly. Results of the findings concluded that 100 mg/kg of Zn and Ni were toxic to maize growth, but seed inoculation with A. tereus helped the plants significantly in reducing zinc and nickel stress. The A. tereus strain may be employed as a potential strain for the detoxification of heavy metals
Two complete migration cycles of an adult Hobby tracked by satellite

A prototype of the smallest satellite transmitter produced so far, weighing just 5 g, was fitted to an adult Hobby Falco subbuteo in Germany in August 2008. Two autumn and two spring migrations were recorded successfully from the unit carried by this particular Hobby. All four migration routes were to the west of a direct line between breeding site and wintering area. The migration route in spring 2010 was up to 2,150 km farther west than that in autumn 2009, effectively forming a 'migration loop'. This was much less pronounced in 2008/09. The direct distance from the breeding site to the southernmost point reached in Zimbabwe in 2008/09 was 10,065 km. The fastest flight speeds on migration were recorded in spring 2010 in Mali and Morocco, when 1,243 km was covered in two days. Also in spring 2010, during migration from Morocco to southern France (1,032 km in two days), the falcon migrated at night, when a fix was made over the Mediterranean in the vicinity of Gibraltar. Migration across the Sahara took 4-4.5 days on each migration. The West African equatorial rainforest appears to be a significant ecological barrier, and the significance of this is discussed. Migration was noticeably rapid there with distances of up to 580 km flown per day - also partly at night. During both wintering periods the falcon spent the majority of its time in the Angolan Miombo woodlands, but in winter it also travelled large distances: from 16th October 2008 to 7th April 2009, the bird covered a total distance of at least 9,025 km between identified night roosts. In 2009, the bird spent half the year in the wintering area, a third on the breeding grounds and the remaining 18% of the time on migration; i.e. 65% of its time in Africa and 35% in Europe.
Perceived Social Support, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Anxiety among Final Year Undergraduate Students: A Mediation Analysis

Students, especially in the final year, often encounter various sources of stress and increasingly high academic demands, which have the potential to cause academic anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effect of perceived social support on academic anxiety through self-efficacy as a mediator. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative research design, this study involved a sample of 80 final-year undergraduate students, comprising 49 females and 31 males. Data were collected via an online questionnaire encompassing three scales: General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), and The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The mediation analysis results revealed that academic self-efficacy acts as a full mediator in the relationship between perceptions of social support and student anxiety. These findings highlight the potential effectiveness of interventions to bolster students' self-efficacy to mitigate the adverse effects of academic-related stressors, ultimately enhancing their overall well-being and academic performance.
A Fine-Grained Simulation Study on the Incidence Rate of Dysentery in Chongqing, China

Dysentery is still a serious global public health problem. In Chongqing, China, there were 37,140 reported cases of dysentery from 2015 to 2021. However, previous research has relied on statistical data of dysentery incidence rate data based on administrative regions, while grained scale products are lacking. Thus, an initialized gradient-boosted decision trees (IGBDT) hybrid machine learning model was constructed to fill this gap in grained scale products. Socioeconomic factors, meteorological factors, topographic factors, and air quality factors were used as inputs of the IGBDT to map the statistical dysentery incidence rate data of Chongqing, China, from 2015 to 2021 on the grid scale. Then, dysentery incidence rate grained scale products (1 km) were generated. The products were evaluated using the total incidence of Chongqing and its districts, with resulting R2 values of 0.7369 and 0.5439, indicating the suitable prediction performance of the model. The importance and correlation of factors related to the dysentery incidence rate were investigated. The results showed that socioeconomic factors had the main impact (43.32%) on the dysentery incidence rate, followed by meteorological factors (33.47%). The Nighttime light, normalized difference vegetation index, and maximum temperature showed negative correlations, while the population, minimum and mean temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity showed positive correlations. The impacts of topographic factors and air quality factors were relatively weak.
Empirical investigation of how robot’s pointing gesture influences trust in and acceptance of heatmap-based XAI

This study investigated how displaying a robot’s attention heatmap while the robot pointing gesture at it influences human trust and acceptance of its outputs. We conducted an experiment using two types of visual tasks. In these tasks, the participants were required to decide whether to accept or reject the answers of an AI or robot. The participants could see the answers with an AI attention heatmap, the heatmap with AI pointing (displayed as a laser dot cursor), a robot attention heatmap with robot pointing (pointing at a certain location on the heatmap displayed on a tablet with a stick), or no heatmap. The experimental results revealed that the AI and robot pointing at their attention heatmaps lowered the participants’ acceptance of their answers when the heatmaps had low interpretability in a more difficult task. Also, the robot pointing at the heatmaps showed the possibility of increasing acceptance of its answer when the heatmaps had high interpretability in a more difficult task. In addition, the acceptance of the robot’s answers correlated with emotional trust in the robot. This study demonstrates that a robot pointing gesture at its attention heatmap could be used to control human behaviors and emotional trust in human-robot interactions.