Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Compatibility Under Switching Costs

We study firmsâ€™ choices of compatibility in a dynamic setting. Current compatibility choice shapes the distribution of consumersâ€™ switching costs and thereby affects competition and compatibility choice in the future. Given todayâ€™s market shares, the dynamics of compatibility is asymmetric in that firms are more likely to embrace compatibility tomorrow if products are compatible today but no such inertia exists for incompatibility. However, this asymmetry disappears when the market shares are endogenous. Contrary to what happens in a static setting, when consumer lock-in arises due to a significant switching cost, firms make their systems incompatible in order to soften future competition, which hurts consumers and tends to reduce welfare.
The global scale dispersion of the eruption clouds from major volcanic eruptions

A two-dimensional dynamic model developed by Louis and Danielsen to study the global scale transport of tracers applied to the investigation of the global scale dispersion of the eruption clouds of Volcan de Fuego (October 1974), Gunung Agung (March 1973), and Bezymianny (March 1956). The strength and chemical composition of source functions were adjusted so that the concentrations and concentration distributions agreed in general with actual measurements, published and unpublished. The resulting agreement with lidar measurements of the stratospheric aerosols is especially encouraging. The results indicate that the Fuego eruption injected no more than one fifth of the mass of material into the stratosphere that was injected by the Agung eruption. Furthermore, an eruption of the size of that of Agung may inject into the stratosphere much greater amounts of chlorine in the form of hydrogen chloride than presently reaches the stratosphere annually as chlorofluoromethanes. As the model is applied to additional eruptions, the adjustments that must be made to the strength and Chemical composition of the eruption cloud so that the model predictions agree with measurements of atmospheric trace constituents resulting from the eruption will furnish important information concerning the very early stages of the eruption cloud that to date has been very difficult to obtain.
MS-2 AND POLIOVIRUS TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA : HYDROPHOBIC EFFECTS AND CHEMICAL PERTURBATIONS

In a series of pH 7 continuous-flow column experiments, removal of the bacteriophage MS-2 by attachment to silica beads had a strong, systematic dependence on the amount of hydrophobic surface present on the beads. With no hydrophobic surface, removal of phage at pH 5 was much greater than at pH 7. Release of attached phage at both pH values did occur, but was slow; breakthrough curves exhibited tailing. Poliovirus attached to silica beads at pH 5.5 much more than at pH 7.0, and attachment was also slowly reversible. Time scales for phage and poliovinis attachment were of the order of hours. The sticking efficiency factor (α), reflecting microscaie physicochemical influences on virus attachment, was in the range of 0.0007–0.02. Phage release was small but measurable under steady state conditions. Release was enhanced by lowering ionic strength and by introducing beef extract, a high-ionic-strength protein solution. Results show that viruses experience reversible attachment/detachment (sometimes termed sorption), that large chemical perturbations are needed to induce rapid virus detachment, and that viruses should be quite mobile in sandy porous media. Even small amounts of hydrophobic organic material in the porous media (≥0.001%) can retard virus transport.
The Probability Density Function of Ocean Surface Slopes and Its Effects on Radar Backscatter

Abstract Based on Longuet-Higgins’s theory of the probability distribution of wave amplitude and wave period and on some observations, a new probability density function (PDF) of ocean surface slopes is derived. It is where ζx and ζy are the slope components in upwind and crosswind directions, respectively; σ2u and σ2c are the corresponding mean-square slopes. The peakedness of slopes is generated by nonlinear wave–wave interactions in the range of gravity waves. The skewness of slopes is generated by nonlinear coupling between the short waves and the underlying long waves. The peakedness coefficient n of the detectable surface slopes is determined by both the spectral width of the gravity waves, and the ratio between the gravity wave mean-square slope and the detectable short wave mean-square slope. When n equals 10, the proposed PDF fits the Gram Charlier distribution, given by Cox and Munk, very well in the range of small slopes. When n → ∞, it is very close to the Gaussian distribution. Radar backscat.
Soil Biological Properties as Influenced by Tillage and IPNS under Soybean-Cotton Rotation in Vertisol

Conservation agriculture has emerged as a new paradigm to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural production. It involves the new and innovative ways of generating and promoting technologies that focus on resource conservation as a way to enhance productivity in a sustainable manner. Conservation agriculture aims at reversing the process of degradation inherent to the conventional agricultural practices like International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 06 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Computation complexity of deep ReLU neural networks in high-dimensional approximation

The purpose of the present paper is to study the computation complexity of deep ReLU neural networks to approximate functions in H\"older-Nikol'skii spaces of mixed smoothness $H_\infty^\alpha(\mathbb{I}^d)$ on the unit cube $\mathbb{I}^d:=[0,1]^d$. In this context, for any function $f\in H_\infty^\alpha(\mathbb{I}^d)$, we explicitly construct nonadaptive and adaptive deep ReLU neural networks having an output that approximates $f$ with a prescribed accuracy $\varepsilon$, and prove dimension-dependent bounds for the computation complexity of this approximation, characterized by the size and the depth of this deep ReLU neural network, explicitly in $d$ and $\varepsilon$. Our results show the advantage of the adaptive method of approximation by deep ReLU neural networks over nonadaptive one.
Ionospheric response to magnetic activity at low and mid-latitude stations

The F2-layer response to the moderate storm of 5–7 April 2010 was investigated using data from two equatorial stations (Ilorin: lat. 8.5°N, 4.5°E; Kwajalein: lat. 9°N, long. 167.2°E) and mid-latitude (San Vito: lat. 40.6°N, long. 17.8°E; Pruhonice: lat. 50°N, long. 14.6°E). Before storm commencement, enhancement, and depletion of NmF2 values were observed in the equatorial and mid-latitude stations, respectively, indicating the latitudinal dependence of the pre-storm event. All the stations with the exception of Kwajalein show positive phase in NmF2 response at the storm onset stage. Positive phase in NmF2 continues over Ilorin and appears on the daytime ionosphere of Kwajalein on 6 April, whereas negative phase suppressed the positive feature in Pruhonice and San Vito until the recovery condition. The differences in the response of F2-layer to the storm for the two equatorial stations were attributed to their longitudinal differences. On the average, both the AE and Dst indices revealed poor correlation relationship. More studies are required to ascertain this finding.
Blooming in a Nonlocal, Coupled Phytoplankton-Nutrient Model

Recently, it has been discovered that the dynamics of phytoplankton concentrations in an ocean exhibit a rich variety of patterns, ranging from trivial states to oscillating and even chaotic behavior [J. Huisman, N. N. Pham Thi, D. M. Karl, and B. P. Sommeijer, Nature, 439 (2006), pp. 322–325]. This paper is a first step towards understanding the bifurcational structure associated with nonlocal coupled phytoplankton-nutrient models as studied in that paper. Its main subject is the linear stability analysis that governs the occurrence of the first nontrivial stationary patterns, the deep chlorophyll maxima (DCMs) and the benthic layers (BLs). Since the model can be scaled into a system with a natural singularly perturbed nature, and since the associated eigenvalue problem decouples into a problem of Sturm–Liouville type, it is possible to obtain explicit (and rigorous) bounds on, and accurate approximations of, the eigenvalues. The analysis yields bifurcation-manifolds in parameter space, of which the existence, position, and nature are confirmed by numerical simulations. Moreover, it follows from the simulations and the results on the eigenvalue problem that the asymptotic linear analysis may also serve as a foundation for the secondary bifurcations, such as the oscillating DCMs, exhibited by the model.
A Survey in Adversarial Defences and Robustness in NLP

In recent years, it has been seen that deep neural networks are lacking robustness and are likely to break in case of adversarial perturbations in input data. Strong adversarial attacks are proposed by various authors for computer vision and Natural Language Processing (NLP). As a counter-eﬀort, several defense mechanisms are also proposed to save these networks from failing. In contrast with image data, generating adversarial attacks and defending these models is not easy in NLP because of the discrete nature of the text data. However, numerous methods for adversarial defense are proposed of late, for diﬀerent NLP tasks such as text classiﬁcation, named entity recognition, natural language inferencing, etc. These methods are not just used for defending neural networks from adversarial attacks, but also used as a regularization mechanism during training, saving the model from overﬁtting. The proposed survey is an attempt to review diﬀerent methods proposed for adversarial defenses in NLP in the recent past by proposing a novel taxonomy. This survey also highlights the fragility of the advanced deep neural networks in NLP and the challenges in defending them.
Scan patterns on visual scenes predict sentence

Most everyday tasks involve multiple modalities, which raises the question of how the processing of these modalities is coordinated by the cognitive system. In this paper, we focus on the coordination of visual attention and linguistic processing during speaking. Previous research has shown that objects in a visual scene are fixated before they are mentioned, leading us to hypothesize that the scan pattern of a participant can be used to predict what they will say. We test this hypothesis using a data set of cued scene descriptions of photo-realistic scenes. We demonstrate that similar scan patterns are correlated with similar sentences, within and between visual scenes; and that this correlation holds for three phases of the language production process (target identification, sentence planning, and speaking). We also present a simple algorithm that uses scan patterns to accurately predict associated sentences by utilizing similarity-based retrieval.
A Longitudinal Study of ISP Reactions to Australian Internet Content Regulation Laws

This paper discusses a longitudinal study which surveys a targeted selection of Australian ISPs to determine both initial and subsequent effects of and attitudes towards the legislation. The paper observes that, initially, ISPs were generally opposed to the legislation, offering stiff opposition to its introduction. The initial results suggested dissatisfaction with the legislation on the part of ISPs, and foreshadowed adverse effects on the online industry. Concerns were also raised that the legislation would not be effective. Two years later, however, ISPs had generally observed little change in operations, arguing that the legislation had had little overall effect. The study also raises a number of interesting issues that are outside the scope of this paper. These issues merit further research.
PMC-LLaMA: Further Finetuning LLaMA on Medical Papers

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding in various domains. These models can usually behave well on daily dialog, or question answering scenarios, however, in areas that value precision, for example, in medical applications, they often exhibit unsatisfactory performance due to a lack of domain-speciﬁc knowledge. In this report, we introduce PMC-LLaMA, an open-source language model that is acquired by ﬁne-tuning an open-source language model on a total of 4.8 million biomedical academic papers for further injecting medical knowledge, enhancing its capability in medical domain. Our preliminary evaluations are conducted on three biomedical QA datasets, including PubMedQA, MedMCQA, and USMLE, showing that the our model after ﬁnetuning, i.e. , PMC-LLaMA, demonstrates better understanding of biomedical domain-speciﬁc concepts, thus achieving high performance on QA benchmarks. The model and codes, along with an online demo, are publicly available 1 , 2 .
TESTATE AMOEBAE FROM THE EARLY JURASSIC OF THE WESTERN TETHYS, NORTH‐EAST ITALY

Abstract: Fossil testate amoebae and their non‐marine finds are rare so their ecological importance through Earth history is poorly understood. The Lower Jurassic shallow water black‐shales of Trento Platform (north‐east Italy) are rich in micro‐organisms and contain a thecamoebian and ostracod assemblage representing the first known record of Early Jurassic oligohaline forms from the European mainland. The thecamoebians are represented by the genera Difflugia, Pontigulasia and Centropyxis. The present discovery of Lower Jurassic thecamoebians in fine carbonate organic‐rich deposits indicates, for the first time, that these sediments can preserve testate amoebae very well. The occurrence of difflugid testate amoebians confirm a transitional marine‐terrestrial habitat, outside large bodies of water, and suggests occasional eutrophication in ephemeral restricted aquatic environment in the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian Trento Platform.
Revisiting First-Order Convex Optimization Over Linear Spaces

Two popular examples of first-order optimization methods over linear spaces are coordinate descent and matching pursuit algorithms, with their randomized variants. While the former targets the optimization by moving along coordinates, the latter considers a generalized notion of directions. Exploiting the connection between the two algorithms, we present a unified analysis of both, providing affine invariant sublinear $\mathcal{O}(1/t)$ rates on smooth objectives and linear convergence on strongly convex objectives. As a byproduct of our affine invariant analysis of matching pursuit, our rates for steepest coordinate descent are the tightest known. Furthermore, we show the first accelerated convergence rate $\mathcal{O}(1/t^2)$ for matching pursuit on convex objectives.
Volcanic successions, modern and ancient : a geological approach to processes, products, and successions

from volcanological and sedimentological perspec The idea for this book carne into being between 1981 and 1982 when J. V. W. came to Monash tives. One of our aims in the book is to provide geologists with a sound basis for making their own University to take up a Monash Postdoctoral Fellowship. During this period a short course on well founded interpretations. For that reason we facies analysis in modern and ancient successions cover not only concepts about processes, and the was put together, integrating J. V. W. 's extensive nature of the products, but also methods and volcanological experience in numerous modern approaches that may be useful in analysing both modern and ancient successions. Most importantly, volcanic terrains with R. A. F. C. 's extensive sedi mentological and volcanological experience in we treat the diversity of products in volcanic older volcanic and associated sedimentary succes terrains as facies, and we use the method of facies sions in the Palaeozoic and Precambrian of analysis and interpretation as a means of construct Australia. The enthusiastic response from the ing facies models for different volcanic settings. participants to the first short course, taught in May These models will, we hope, be useful as norms 1982, and to subsequent annual re-runs, encour for comparison for workers in ancient terrains. aged us to develop the short course notes into this The only publication which overlaps with this one book. "
Piagetian Pessimism and the Mapping Abilities of Young Children: A Rejoinder to Liben and Downs

M y critique of Downs, Liben, and Daggs (1988) in this Forum pointed out serious errors in the argument of that paper, an argument designed to refute the view that children of school-entering age have sturdy mapping abilities and can readily cope with a map-skills curriculum. In their reply, Liben and Downs did not respond to any of my very specific criticisms of their research methods and conclusions. Instead, they widened the terms of the debate, arguing that Piagetian theory somehow validates their work, claiming that a proper study of all their relevant papers would show that they are not really as pessimistic about young children's abilities as I asserted, and caricaturing my own views. I offer now a rejoinder to these new arguments. My first concern is to set the issue in context by showing the connections between educational pessimism and the form of Piagetian theory which Liben and Downs espouse. Then I will rebut their specific claims and charges.
Zephyr: Ubiquitous accurate multi-sensor fusion-based respiratory rate estimation using smartphones

Human respiratory rate is widely recognized as a vital measure of a patient's health and a primary indicator of several medical problems. Yet, it is usually ignored by medical practitioners due to limitations with available measurements techniques that are either performed through visual counting by trained personnel or using invasive and/or devices limited to medical facilities. We present Zephyr, a ubiquitous low-cost smartphone-based robust respiratory rate estimator. Our analysis shows that accelerometer and gyroscope measurements from a standard smartphone held on a person's chest is affected by her respiration cycle. Zephyr employs a series of signal processing modules to extract the breathing signal from the noisy inertial sensor measurements and handle noisy user movements. Furthermore, as part of Zephyr design, we propose a novel respiratory rate signal quality estimate that we leverage through a probabilistic framework to fuse the estimates from the different sensors, leading to a robust respiratory rate estimate. Implementation of the system on different off-the-shelf Android devices using more than 150 experiments with seven participants of different ages and genders under different typical settings with a side-by-side comparison to a commercial device shows that Zephyr can estimate the user's respiratory rate accurately with a median absolute error of 0.04 breaths per minute in realtime. In addition, Zephyr's quality-based probabilistic framework improves the respiratory rate estimation by more than 51% as compared to using any of the individual sensor measurements. This remarkable accuracy is achieved within 30 seconds of measurements, highlighting the viability of Zephyr as a ubiquitous low-cost respiratory rate estimator.
The impact of anthropogenic and natural stresses on the coral reefs of Rodrigues, western Indian Ocean

This study investigated the interaction between natural and anthropogenic impacts on the reefs of Rodrigues. Rodrigues remains undeveloped, however as a result of deforestation in the 1800s, the reefs are subjected to episodic fluvial inputs following high rainfall, resulting in high sedimentation/turbidity within the lagoon. The island is also affected by natural impacts such as coral bleaching and cyclones. Despite these factors the reefs in Rodrigues are currently in good health. This study assessed whether fluvial inputs are having a sub-lethal effect on coral colonies on the fore reef slopes, by studying coral growth rates, larval settlement and recovery from injury at 3 sites with varying sediment regimes. The severity of a coral bleaching episode, which affected the island in 2002, was also assessed. The results show that at the 2 inshore sites (Totor and Trou Malabar) sediment deposition was well above `tolerable' levels for coral reefs (up to 96 mg crn2 d-1), suggesting that this threshold is not applicable for these reefs. It is suggested that high turbidity and sediment deposition are related to high rainfall, resulting in land run-off, combined with high wind causing sediment resuspension. This periodic high sedimentation and turbidity appeared to be having a sub-lethal effect on coral colonies, resulting in a decrease in growth rates of Acropora austera and Porites rus, low coral recruitment and a low ability of Montipora spp. to recover from injury. The bleaching event was not widespread and coral mortality was restricted to sites in the north and west of the island. Where bleaching did occur, it was severe, resulting in mortality of up to 75 % of coral colonies at some sites, particularly branching and tabular Acropora spp. One year later, dead coral colonies had become heavily eroded and overgrown with turf and macro-algae, although some recovery had occurred.
Effects of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the hydrological droughts at the downstream Yichang station during 2003–2011

Since the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was put into operation in June 2003, the effects of the TGR on downstream hydrology and water resources have become the focus of public attention. This article examines the effects of the TGR on the hydrological droughts at the downstream Yichang hydrological station during 2003–2011. The two‐parameter monthly water balance model was used to generate the monthly discharges at the Yichang station for the period of 2003–2011 to represent the unregulated flow regime and thus to provide a comparison benchmark for the observed flow series at the Yichang station after the operation of the TGR. To provide a reference series for the observed monthly discharge series of the entire study period of 1951–2011, we constructed the naturalized monthly discharge series at the Yichang station by joining the observed monthly discharge at the Yichang station for the period of 1951–2002 and the two‐parameter monthly water balance simulated monthly runoff at the Yichang station for the period of 2003–2011. For both the observed and naturalized monthly discharge series of 1951–2011, the hydrological drought index series were calculated using the standardized streamflow index method. By comparing the drought indices of these two monthly discharge series, we investigated the effects of the TGR on the hydrological droughts at the downstream Yichang station during 2003–2011. The results show that the hydrological droughts at the downstream Yichang station are slightly aggravated by the TGR's initial operation from 2003 to 2011. The river flow reduction at the Yichang station after impoundment of the TGR might account for the downstream drought aggravation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.