Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strength testing based automatic scaling of muscle-tendon parameters for musculoskeletal models – An automated method of scaling subject specific muscle-tendon parameters of thigh muscles

A method of estimating subject specific muscle parameters of musculoskeletal models of elite athletes (skiers) was sought. Subject specific models are necessary due to large differences in general anatomy and physical performance of elite athletes relative the general population. Sought muscle parameters concern the force generating capabilities of muscles. The estimation was limited to only include the quadriceps-femoris and hamstring muscle groups due to these muscle having the highest influence on the performance of a skier. A modified interpretation of the method proposed by Heinen et al. [19] was implemented. The method includes experimental strength tests of knee extension and flexion muscles of a test subject, a musculoskeletal model of the experiments coupled with a mathematical optimisation minimisation formulation. The aim of the optimisation was to match the strength of a model to the experimentally obtained strength curve by minimising error between the model and experimental results. The optimisation minimises the error between the model and the experimental data by varying the operating range and strength of the involved muscles. The musculo-tendon parameters are estimated through transformation equations, explicitly related to the design variables. Three healty and active males were involved in this study. An overall increase of the accuracy of the optimised model relative an unscaled reference model was observed, with the reduction of the objective function in a range of 80.2-92% and a mean absolute error varying between 6.8 to 16.5 Nm. In the case of quadriceps-femoris muscles, the optimised model struggles with incorrect prediction of the peak torque and peak torque angle due to limitations of the muscle model and the distribution of the moment arm. The model predicts both peak torque and peak torque angle with high accuracy in the case of hamstring muscles. In addition, the model struggles with low precision for both knee extension and flexion for all of the involved test subjects. Although great improvement in the accuracy was observed, the model prediction was deemed to have low clinical significance, due too low accuracy and precision. The clinical significance could be improved, for example by a more detailed musculoskeletal model or by modifying the behaviour of the muscle model. Future work should focus on addressing the current issues presented in this study and a further development, as the method still is relatively new and untested. Parallelly, the researches should try to test the method in clinical studies, in order to evaluate the influence on the results by the implementation of this method of parameter estimation.
The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK. Version 2, with minor revisions

This report provides a summary of the lithostratigraphical scheme proposed by the British Geological Survey (BGS) Stratigraphical Framework Committee (SFC) that aims to describe and rationalise group, formation and member nomenclature for the Palaeogene of the London Basin, southern England. This framework report provides detailed descriptions for units occurring in the onshore area of the London Basin and adjacent parts of East Anglia. Existing names are used wherever appropriate, although where unit names have not previously existed or are unsatisfactory, the report proposes revisions.
Recognition and paleoclimatic implications of late-Holocene glaciation on Mt Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand

Evidence for the timings of inter-hemispheric climate fluctuations during the Holocene is important, with mountain glacier moraine systems routinely used as a proxy for climate. In New Zealand such evidence for glacier expansion during the late Holocene is fragmentary and is limited to glaciers in a narrow zone within the Southern Alps. Here, we present the first evidence for late-Holocene glacier expansion on the North Island of New Zealand in the form of two unconsolidated debris ridges on the south side of the stratovolcano, Mt Taranaki/Mt Egmont, at ~1920 m a.s. l. The two ridges are aligned north–south along the western and eastern sides of a small basin (Rangitoto Flat), which is formed between the main Taranaki cone (to the north), and the parasitic cone of Fanthams Peak (to the south). The approximate age of the ridges is constrained by dated eruptive events and the relationship between ridge locations and the spatial positioning of adjacent volcanic landforms. We propose the ridges formed as two lateral moraines on the margins of a cirque glacier during the final construction phase of Fanthams Peak between 3.3 and 0.5 ka BP, during late-Holocene time. This time interval accords with published cosmogenic 10Be dating of moraine-building episodes in the Southern Alps, indicating the Mt Taranaki moraines are a response to the same regional climatic forcings.
The stability of a viscous till sheet coupled with ice flow, considered at wavelengths less than the ice thickness

Abstract A perturbation method is used to analyse the stability of a thin till layer overlain by a deep ice layer. Ice is modelled as a linearly viscous fluid, while the till viscosity has power-law dependence on stress and effective pressure. A linearized set of equations yields descriptions of the coupling of the ice flow with the sediment flow and reveals parameter ranges where the till-perturbation amplitude can grow. This sheet-flow instability is an essential part of any theory of drumlin formation and shows that viscous models of till have the ability to explain typical deforming-bed features. This is of great significance for large-scale ice-sheet modelling.
Provenance and age constraints of the South Stack Group, Anglesey, UK: U–Pb SIMS detrital zircon data.

U–Th–Pb Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) data from detrital zircons extracted from the South Stack Group, Anglesey, UK, indicate that: (1) the maximum depositional age of the Holyhead Formation (South Stack Group, Monian Supergroup) is 501 ± 10 Ma; (2) the Monian Supergroup was deposited between c. 500 and 475 Ma and is part of the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician succession found in southern Britain and Ireland; (3) Avalonia was a major sediment source (age maxima at 543–552 and 604–627 Ma); (4) Amazonia probably also provided zircons (common Neoarchaean–Mesoproterozoic grains) weakening suggestions that Avalonia had rifted off Gondwana by Cambrian times.
Variability in surface meteorology and air‐sea fluxes due to cumulus convective systems observed during CINDY/DYNAMO

This study examines the variability in surface meteorological parameters and air‐sea heat fluxes due to cold pools emanating from cumulus convective systems observed over the tropical Indian Ocean in November 2011. In particular, this study focuses on convective systems that are spatially smaller than mesoscale convective systems in a southeasterly trade wind environment. Composite analyses of convectively active periods show an increase in the sensible heat flux by 15–20 W m−2 that is primarily attributed to an increase in the difference between the surface air temperature and sea surface temperature and an increase in the latent heat flux by 30–70 W m−2 due to enhanced surface wind speeds. A succession of convectively active periods leads to a greater influence than those occurring independently. The direction of the surface wind velocity anomaly due to cold pools tends to be close to that of the environmental wind velocity, resulting in an efficient enhancement of wind speed. This study also demonstrates the close relation between cold pool intensities and convective activity. In particular, two measures of cold pool intensity, a minimum surface air temperature and a maximum amount of surface wind speed enhancement, are correlated with each other and with the convective activity around the observation point measured by radar‐estimated rainfall and radar echo coverage.
Interaction between Climate Changes, Eustacy and Land Subsidence in the North Adriatic Region, Italy

The North Adriatic coastal area has experienced a serious relative sea level rise whose main component is land subsidence. Geological regional subsidence is ascribable to compaction and to deformation of substratum. Anthropogenic subsidence, which is due to ground fluid removal, has been severe in the second half of the 19th century, reaching values in meters. It is without doubt the main factor responsible for the instability of the entire coastal ecosystem. Widespread retreat of shoreline, seawater invasion, decay of vegetation, changes in the habitat of the flora and fauna have occurred. Sea level rise alone is linked to climate changes, which exhibit fluctuations of the order of a few hundred years; here, cold-wet periods alternated with warm-dry periods and, within them, shorter cold-wet and hot-dry cycles lasting for decades also alternated.
Artículo Original / Original Article

The main goal of this study was to verify the association between serum and dietary concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and iron, and to determinate whether patients with kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis had ina-dequacy in dietary intake. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study that evaluated 40 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Food consumption was determined by the 24-hour recall. The optical technology method was used to obtain hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations. Serum levels of iron, calcium and phosphorus were determined by dry chemistry. We observed insufficient consumption of energy, macronutrients and minerals. Energy intake of patients with longer hemodialysis was higher. The sample presented hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (except in the group ≥8 years of hemodialysis), higher iron concentrations and lower hemoglobin and hemato-crit values. The serum levels of minerals were not affected by dietary intake. There was a significant correlation between dietary phosphorus and calcium in patients undergoing hemodialysis for more than 8 years, those over 60 years old and, between calcium and phosphorus normal levels in patients over 60 years old. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and mineral serum levels were similar regardless of age and hemodialysis time. It was concluded that inadequacies of minerals reflected deregulation among metabolism and the pathophysiological changes inherent to Chronic Kidney Disease.
Substorm evolution of auroral structures

Auroral arcs are often associated with magnetically quiet time and substorm growth phases. We have studied the evolution of auroral structures during global and local magnetic activity to investigate the occurrence rate of auroral arcs during different levels of magnetic activity. The ground‐magnetic and auroral conditions are described by the magnetometer and auroral camera data from five Magnetometers — Ionospheric radars — All‐sky cameras Large Experiment stations in Finnish and Swedish Lapland. We identified substorm growth, expansion, and recovery phases from the local electrojet index (IL) in 1996–2007 and analyzed the auroral structures during the different phases. Auroral structures were also analyzed during different global magnetic activity levels, as described by the planetary Kp index. The distribution of auroral structures for all substorm phases and Kp levels is of similar shape. About one third of all detected structures are auroral arcs. This suggests that auroral arcs occur in all conditions as the main element of the aurora. The most arc‐dominated substorm phases occur in the premidnight sector, while the least arc‐dominated substorm phases take place in the dawn sector. Arc event lifetimes and expectation times calculated for different substorm phases show that the longest arc‐dominated periods are found during growth phases, while the longest arc waiting times occur during expansion phases. Most of the arc events end when arcs evolve to more complex structures. This is true for all substorm phases. Based on the number of images of auroral arcs and the durations of substorm phases, we conclude that a randomly selected auroral arc most likely belongs to a substorm expansion phase. A small time delay, of the order of a minute, is observed between the magnetic signature of the substorm onset (i.e., the beginning of the negative bay) and the auroral breakup (i.e., the growth phase arc changing into a dynamic display). The magnetic onset was observed to precede the structural change in the auroral display. A longer delay of a few minutes was found between the beginning of the growth phase and the first detected auroral structure.
Local Angle Domain in Seismic Imaging

P287 Local Angle Domain in Seismic Imaging Z. Koren (Paradigm Geophysical Ltd) I. Ravve* (Paradigm Geophysical Ltd) A. Bartana (Paradigm Geophysical Ltd) & D. Kosloff (Tel Aviv University and Paradigm Geophysical Ltd) SUMMARY The Local Angle Domain (LAD) is a system of four angles defining the interaction between incident and reflected waves at a specific image point (element). Two angles represent the spatial direction of the raypair normal: its dip (zenith) and azimuth. The two other angles define the reflection angle system. The third angle is the half-opening angle between the incident and the reflected rays. The definition of these
Differences in work environment for staff as an explanation for Differences in work environment for staff as an explanation for variation in central line bundle compliance in intensive care units. variation in central line bundle compliance in intensive care units.

Background— Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a common and costly quality problem, and their prevention is a national priority. A decade ago, researchers identified an evidence-based bundle of practices that reduce CLABSIs. Compliance with this bundle remains low in many hospitals. Purpose— To assess whether differences in core aspects of work environments–workload, quality of relationships, and prioritization of quality–are associated with variation in maximal CLABSI bundle compliance i
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Diachronic Linguistics

Linguistic changes often diffuse through the lexicon, spreading from word to word. The direction of diffusion depends on word frequency and the mechanisms driving the change. This chapter critically reviews research on frequency effects in language change from a usage-based perspective. Reductive sound changes are argued to affect frequent words first. In contrast to much current literature, it is argued that the frequency effect need not increase when the change accelerates for this explanation to hold. Frequent words are also argued to be more likely to be extended to novel uses, because of their higher accessibility. This accounts for certain kinds of semantic change (e.g., the changes we see in grammaticalization) and morphological paradigm leveling. Analogical changes and those due to misperception are argued to preferentially target low-frequency words. An important complication arises because words occur in contexts that either favor or disfavor a change. Words that frequently occur in change-favoring contexts and infrequently occur in change-disfavoring contexts are the words that are most likely to change and to change fastest. The direction of change in semantics depends almost entirely on the contexts in which the word occurs: words that frequently occur in a context that licenses a certain pragmatic inference can become associated with that inference, carrying it to other contexts. That is, social and linguistic contexts host bits of form and meaning that can stick to words (and other expressions) that frequent those contexts. Current methodological issues with studying the role of frequency in lexical diffusion are summarized.
A SAMPLING OF WILDLIFE USE IN RELATION TO STRUCTURE VARIABLES FOR BRIDGES AND CULVERTS UNDER I-90 BETWEEN ALBERTON AND ST. REGIS, MONTANA

Habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, and human caused mortality are the major factors contributing to wildlife decline throughout the world. High-speed, heavily-used highways can divide formerly contiguous blocks of habitat and isolate wildlife populations. Underpasses and culverts have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of roads on wildlife populations by maintaining connectivity between wildlife populations and decreasing wildlife collisions with vehicles. Using heat and motion sensitive cameras, we monitored seven underpasses and three culverts for ten months along Interstate 90 in western Montana. We documented the type and frequency of wildlife use and compared the level of use to variables associated with the structures. Wildlife use was most frequent at underpasses and limited in culverts. Ungulates were the primary users of underpasses with limited use by medium and large carnivores. We found no significant relationships between wildlife use and structural variables. This is partly due to a small sample size but could be the result of animals using structures opportunistically.
The factors influencing the abrasion efficiency of saltating grains on a clay‐crusted playa

The entrainment and subsequent transport of PM10 (particulate matter <10 µm) has become an important and challenging focus of research for both scientific and practical applications. Arid and semi‐arid environments are important sources for the atmospheric loading of PM10, although the emission of this material is often limited by surface crusts. It has been suggested that the primary mechanisms through which PM10 is released from a crusted surface are abrasion by saltating grains or disturbance by agricultural and recreational activities. To examine the importance of saltation abrasion in the emission of PM10, a series of field wind tunnel tests were conducted on a clay‐crusted surface near Desert Wells, Arizona. In a previous part of this study it was found that the emission rate varies linearly with the saltation transport rate, although there can be considerable variation in this relationship. This paper more closely examines the source of the variability in the abrasion efficiency, the amount of PM10 emitted by a given quantity of saltating grains. The abrasion efficiency was found to vary with the susceptibility of the surface to abrasion, the ability of the sand to abrade that surface and the availability of material with a caliper size <10 µm within the crust. Specifically, the results of the study show that the abrasion efficiency is related to the crust strength, the amount of surface disturbance and the velocity of the saltating grains. It is concluded that the spatial and temporal variability of these controls on the abrasion efficiency imposes severe contextual limitations on experimentally derived models, and can make theoretical models too complex and impractical to be of use. Copyright© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platinum metals associated with hydrothermal copper ores of the New Rambler Mine, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming

High concentrations of palladium and platinum (average 75 ppm and 4 ppm, respectively) are associated with copper ores at the New Rambler mine. The ore deposit is of hydrothermal origin and occurs in metagabbroic rocks at the intersection of a mylonite zone, several closely spaced faults, and a major shear zone.Three principal mineral assemblages have been defined in the hypogene ore paragenesis: (1) an early assemblage consisting mainly of pyrite, with magnetite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite as accessories; (2) and (3) copper-rich assemblages representing the main stage of ore deposition and consisting principally of chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite but differing in accessory platinoid and base metal minerals. Thermochemical data on mineral compatibilities suggest deposition of asesmblage 1 at temperatures in the vicinity of 335 degrees C or somewhat higher and the principal mineralization with deposition of copper- and platinoid-rich assemblages at temperatures somewhat below 335 degrees C. Ten platinum and palladium minerals are recognized in the ore. Eight of these minerals are bismutho-tellurides or tellurides. Pt and Pd apparently occur in the ore principally as their own minerals.A comparative study of the distribution and geochemical behavior of the precious metals Pt, Pd, Rh, Au, and Ag in the weathered portions of the deposit has shown that Pt and Rh are substantially enriched in the strongly oxidized ore horizons, possibly due to supergene processes. Pd and Ag have been extensively mobilized from the upper levels during weathering. Ag has undergone dramatic enrichment in the supergene sulfide zone, but Pd apparently has been removed from the system.
University of Birmingham The top trumps of time: Factors motivating the resolution of temporal ambiguity

What factors motivate our understanding of metaphoric statements about time? English exhibits two deictic space-time metaphors: the Moving Ego metaphor conceptualises the ego as moving forward through time , while the Moving Time metaphor conceptualises time as moving forward towards the ego (Clark , 1973). In addition to earlier research investigating spatial influences on temporal reasoning (e.g. , Boroditsky & Ramscar , 2002) , recent lines of research have provided evidence that a complex of factors , such as personality differences , event valence , lifestyle , and emotional experiences , may also influence people’s perspectives on the movement of events in time—providing new insights on metaphor and its ability to reflect thought and feeling (e.g. , Duffy & Feist , 2014; Duffy , Feist & McCarthy , 2014; Margolies & Crawford , 2008; Richmond , Wilson & Zinken , 2012). Probing these findings further , two studies were conducted to investigate whether the interpretation of a temporally ambiguous question may arise from an interaction between the valence of the event and aspects of the personality (Experiment 1) and lifestyle (Experiment 2) of the comprehender. The findings we report on shed further light on the complex nature of temporal reasoning. While this involves conceptual metaphor , it also invokes more complex temporal frames of reference (t-FoRs) (Evans , 2013) , which are only partially subserved by space-to-time conceptual metaphors.
On the Performance Evaluation of Microtextured Surfaces Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Comparative Study

Microtextured surfaces are gaining rapid uptake in industrial sectors for bespoke functional applications that require specific tribological, mechanical and biological properties, such as friction and wear, corrosion resistance, wettability, bio-reactivity and so on. Although comprehensive study has been undertaken to create optimal texture designs that adapt to each respective application, the design process still requires elements of trial-and-error approaches. In order to minimise the uncertainty of the trial-and-error design process, this study centres on employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tools to assess isothermal fluid flow velocity profiles on the microtextured surfaces, in relation to the energy-sector applications. A comparative analysis has been undertaken on the effectiveness of three different CFD tools to predict the velocity profiles generated on the textured surfaces under atmospheric fluid flow conditions (1000 L/min) with a fixed input air velocity (3.78 m/s) at room temperature. The results from the CFD analysis were then compared with that obtained from an experimental set-up involving a scallop-shaped textured surface produced via micro-wire electro discharge machining. The data suggest that the predicted velocity profile on using the scan of a real manufactured surface is significantly closer rather than when using a CAD idealised textured surface. However, there remains some limitations with the meshing that require further research.