Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation of Tibetan Plateau Summer Monsoon and Its Effect on Precipitation in East China

Based on the NCEP/NCAR,NCEP/DOE and ERA40 reanalysis data and the monthly precipitation data from 596 stations of China,the variation of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) summer monsoon and its impact on precipitation in eastern China are investigated by using the correlation analysis,the wavelet analysis,and the cross-spectral analysis.The results show that the plateau summer monsoon exhibits the strong interannual and long-term variability.It also shows an obviously upward trend during 1958-2010.The further analysis reveals that the abnormal enhancement of the plateau summer monsoon changes the Asia atmospheric circulation and then weakens the Asian summer monsoon.This leads to an increase of monsoon rainfall over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and a decrease over North China and South China.The strengthening of the plateau summer monsoon over the past 50 years may be related to the enhancementof thermal difference between the TP and its surrounding plains in the middle-upper troposphere(especially of the increase of thermal difference between the TP and the plain in eastern China).
Generation and Rejuvenation of a Supervolcanic Magmatic System: a Case Study from Mangakino Volcanic Centre, New Zealand

The Kidnappers [∼1200 km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE)] and Rocky Hill (∼200 km3 DRE) caldera-forming events in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, were erupted in close succession from the Mangakino volcanic centre. They have identical radiometric ages at ∼1 Ma, yet erosion along the contact between the two deposits suggests that some years to decades separated the two eruptions. Field constraints and the similarities of crystal textures and compositions and glass chemistries of both eruption deposits demonstrate that they came from one overall magmatic system with a common crystal mush source. However, second-order variations in these parameters confirm that the Kidnappers and Rocky Hill deposits represent distinct events and are not the products of a single zoned magma chamber. The systematically zoned Kidnappers fall deposits provide evidence for the tapping of three discrete magma bodies, whereas the succeeding Kidnappers ignimbrite is compositionally more diverse. The transition from fall to flow deposition marks a change in the style of caldera collapse and the simultaneous evacuation of discrete but compositionally diverse melts, each of which underwent a distinct evolution and was held at slightly different P–T conditions prior to eruption. Contrasting plagioclase and orthopyroxene zonation patterns are present in pumices originating from three discrete magma bodies. Less evolved mafic melts interacted with the system, which mobilized portions of the final erupted melt through heating and volatile or chemical exchange in the mush. The two largest Kidnappers melt-dominant bodies were re-tapped in modified form, or re-established from their common mush source, prior to the Rocky Hill event. Rocky Hill pumices contain common, fluid-affected antecrystic crystal clots derived from chamber wall material. Amphibole compositions from each eruption reflect melt evolution processes and, in particular, the contemporaneous crystallization of biotite and breakdown of orthopyroxene. Plagioclase and orthopyroxene from Rocky Hill pumices share common zonation patterns with those from the two largest magma bodies in the Kidnappers. The rapid production of new melt-dominant bodies and the triggering of the Rocky Hill eruption reflect the ability of the magmatic system to rejuvenate on a geologically short timescale. The Mangakino centre did not follow a typical cycle of decreased activity after the supervolcanic Kidnappers event, instead producing a second caldera-forming eruption, within years to decades from the same system.
Recent Advances in the Management of Rosacea through Natural Compounds

Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that affects more than 5% of the world’s population, with the number increasing every year. Moreover, studies show that one-third of those suffering from rosacea report a degree of depression and are less compliant with treatment. Despite being the subject of prolonged studies, the pathogenesis of rosacea remains controversial and elusive. Since most medications used for the management of this pathology have side effects or simply do not yield the necessary results, many patients lose trust in the treatment and drop it altogether. Thus, dermato-cosmetic products with natural ingredients are gaining more and more notoriety in front of synthetic ones, due to the multiple benefits and the reduced number and intensity of side effects. This review is a comprehensive up-to-date report of studies that managed to prove the beneficial effects of different botanicals that may be useful in the short and long-term management of rosacea-affected skin. Based on recent preclinical and clinical studies, this review describes the mechanisms of action of a large array of phytochemicals responsible for alleviating the clinical symptomatology of the disease. This is useful in further aiding and better comprehending the way plant-based products may help in managing this complex condition, paving the way for research in this area of study.
Height and Weight of Javanese in Malang (Indonesia): Increments of Two Times Measurements within 2 Years Abbreviated title (running headline): Height and Weight Increments of Javanese in Malang

Background: It is commonly assumed that the main reason for variations in child growth among various countries are living conditions, especially those influencing nutritional status and health status. Although undoubtedly true, other factors may also diffrentiate growth among various populations. Objective: No studies have been found in East Java that included the adolescents’ increments of growth. Therefore this study intended to provide Javanese adolescents’ increments of growth to complement the lack of data from this area. Methods: A mixed-longitudinal growth study of well-off Javanese has been carried out in Malang. Heights and weights of 499 males and 617 females were measured in year 2000 and 2001. Results: Javanese males’ peak height velocity (PHV) was 89.3 mm/year, and the females’ was 69.7 mm/year. The age of PHV was around 13 years and 11 years in males and females respectively. The PHV of the males and females were comparable to those of NHANES that were computed from the averages. The peaks of weight velocities (PWV) of Javanese males and females were lower and earlier in timing than those of NHANES. Conclusion: The age of PHVs were similar to those of NHANES. Further studies—such as longitudinal study—in well-off children need to be done to better understand the characteristics of PHV and PWV in human.
Neural and cognitive dynamics leading to the formation of strong memories: A meta-analysis and the SAM model

Abstract The subsequent memory paradigm is a fundamental tool in neuroimaging investigations of encoding processes. Although some studies have contrasted remembered trials with forgotten ones, others have focused on strongly remembered trials versus forgotten ones. This study employed a meta-analytic approach to juxtapose the effects observed in the two types of contrast. Three distinct perspectives on memory formation—semantic elaboration, attentional focus, and hippocampal processing—yield diverse hypotheses about the regions responsible for the formation of strong memories. The meta-analysis yielded evidence supporting the attentional and semantic hypotheses while failing to substantiate the hippocampal hypothesis. The discussion section integrates these varied perspectives into a coherent view, culminating in the proposal of a model called the Significance-driven and Attention-driven Memory (SAM). Several pivotal postulates underpin the SAM model. First, it establishes a link between fluctuations in the trial-to-trial encoding performance and continuous variations in sustained attention. Second, the model contends that attention exerts a potent influence on both perceptual and semantic processing, while its impact on hippocampal processing remains moderate. Lastly, the model accentuates the heightened role of the hippocampus in significance-driven encoding, as opposed to attention-driven encoding. From a specific perspective, the model’s value lies in promoting a holistic understanding of the current extensive meta-analytic results. In a more comprehensive context, the model introduces an integrated framework that synthesizes various encoding-related cognitive and neural processes into a cohesive and unified perspective.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEAM-POINT SEARCHING IN DIGITAL IMAGE MOSAICKING

: Elimination of artificial edges in image mosaics is of importance for image interpretation and further process ing. In this article, a two-dimensional seam-point searching algorithm is suggested where the grey-level difference in the vertical direction as well as in the horizontal direction is controlled. An algorithm for mosaics of multispectral images is also introduced. Experiments show that, with the method suggested, the artificial edges in the mosaics can be smoothed significantly.
Assessing the activity of Inflammatory Bowel Disease using the serum marker: Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)

Background : IBD, or in ﬂ ammatory bowel disease, is an active and remitting illness. One of the most overexpressed genes in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn ' s disease (CD) is lipocalin 2, the coding gene of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL). We investigated NGAL ' s applicability in assessing IBD activity. Methods : This study was a single center case control type. Thirty of the 60 IBD patients who participated in the study were in remission, and 30 were in active disease. A 28 healthy controls were included. Enrolled were patients with CD or UC. The control group and all patients underwent ELISA testing for serum NGAL, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and complete blood count. Patients received ileo-colonoscopy along with fecal calprotectin. The CDAI (Crohn ' s disease activity index) for CD and the MAYO score for UC were used to assess the IBD activity. Results : The mean ± SD ng/ml (38.01 ± 9.52) of NGAL was signi ﬁ cantly higher in patients with active IBD than in those in remission (21.14 ± 4.22). It revealed a highly signi ﬁ cant correlation with IBD ' s endoscopic and clinical activity. Serum NGAL exhibits 100 % sensitivity and 100 % speci ﬁ city in its ability to differentiate between healthy controls and patients with active IBD, with an area under the curve 95 % con ﬁ dence interval ¼ 1.00 (0.94 e 1.0) at the cutoff of 18.53, P less than 0.0001. Conclusion : Patients with active IBD can be easily distinguished from healthy controls using serum NGAL. Moreover, it can distinguish between IBD active and remittent patients. In comparison to other markers like CRP, ESR, or fecal calprotectin, NGAL performs better statistical predictor in terms of IBD activity.
Pre-Service Primary Teachers' Knowledge and Understanding of Geography and Its Teaching: A Review *

It is a decade since the last review of the geographical understandings of pre-service primary teachers. Examining the range of research about novice primary teachers’ geographical and environmental knowledge and understanding, it is clear there have been limited follow up studies, and there remain important gaps in the research. Research relevant to this topic was identified through journal, research book and conference proceedings searches, where these were accessible. It is evident that more research now exists into pre-service primary teachers’ senses of geography, geographical and environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes. For instance, it appears that they have an information oriented view of geography but are not clear about the meaning of the term ‘environment’, that there are misunderstandings in such aspects of their geographical knowledge as climate change, that they may not adapt their behaviors though they appreciate a need for care for the environment, and that they have limited experience in planning for and teaching geography in primary schools. Furthermore, studies are lacking into their understanding of such aspects of geographical learning as fieldwork, map work, geographical enquiry and a wide range of topics in physical and human geography. While there is some information, little is known really about their teaching of geography to younger children. In view of the increased focus globally on geographical knowledge in the school curriculum, this raises serious questions about geography teacher educators’ understanding of their trainee primary teachers, in part because tutors seem rarely to undertake such research. This appears to be an embedded situation, resulting in negligible evidence to challenge the status quo and improve pre-service primary teachers’ geographical knowledge. Is it really a concern? Four responses are presented, but the paper concludes that more needs to be known.
Seismicity and sedimentation rate effects on submarine slope stability

We explore the effects of earthquake frequency and sedimentation rate on submarine slope stability by extracting correlations between morphological and geological parameters in 10 continental margins. Slope stability increases with increasing frequency of earthquakes and decreasing sedimentation rate. This increase in stability is nonlinear (power law with b < 0.5), accelerating with decreasing interseismic sediment accumulation. The correlation is interpreted as evidence for sediment densification and associated shear strength gain induced by repeated seismic shaking. Outliers to this correlation likely identify margins where tectonic activity leads to relatively rapid oversteepening of the slope.
Clusterformer for Pine Tree Disease Identification Based on UAV Remote Sensing Image Segmentation

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most prevalent pine tree diseases, resulting in both ecological and economic havoc. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing segmentation plays a crucial role in early identifying and preventing PWD. However, deep learning segmentation models customized for PWD identification in scenarios with complex backgrounds have not received extensive exploration. In this article, we propose a novel UAV remote sensing segmentation model called Clusterformer with a conventional encoder–decoder structure. The encoder is comprised of the specially designed cluster transformer, which includes a cluster token mixer and a spatial-channel feed-forward network (SC-FFN). The cluster token mixer utilizes constructed clusters from the feature maps to represent pixels, thereby reducing redundant and interfering information. The SC-FFN extracts multiscale spatial information through depth-wise convolutions and channel information through a multilayer perceptron (MLP) in sequence. The decoder primarily consists of the specially designed D-cluster transformer. The token mixer of the D-cluster transformer employs constructed clusters from high-level decoded tokens to represent low-level encoded tokens without relying on traditional upsampling methods such as interpolation, transpose convolution, or patch expansion. Consequently, more robust and less redundant features from high-level decoded feature maps are transferred to low-level encoded feature maps. Experimental results on two PWD datasets demonstrate that Clusterformer outperforms existing state-of-the-art segmentation models. This confirms the effectiveness and efficiency of Clusterformer in PWD identification. The code is available at https://github.com/huanliu233/Clusterformer.
Managing Wildlife-based Tourism: Edging Slowly Towards Sustainability?

It is increasingly acknowledged that cetacean-based tourism may not be as low in impact as many hope or presume, and that any long term and systematic human interactions with populations of wild animals need to be rigorously monitored and carefully managed. This paper reviews a series of recent developments in the management of tourist interactions with dolphins at Shark Bay (Western Australia). We argue that collectively these developments represent a paradigmatic shift in the way commercial tourism encounters with dolphins are managed. If so, they represent an important and long overdue advance in the general direction of sustainable management. However, the paper also strikes a note of caution. Shark Bay, a well managed site of relatively low level commerical dolphin-watching activities, carries important insights and austere warnings for the many high-intensity/low visitor management dolphin-tourism sites around the world.
Classifying scanners: Mapping their behaviour

This thesis focuses on the classification of behavioural aspects of scanners based on unroutable traffic collected from two /16 subnets. Firstly the study determines that the use of a smaller dataset achieves similar results and allows for the same correctness compared to larger ones. Secondly different scanning tools are analysed, and methods for their fingerprinting are explained. The implementation of detection methods reveals the usage of particular tools and the the existence of previously unknown software. Analysing these previously unknown tools shows that there is a difference in levels of sophistication of the tools used by scanners. Following, this thesis confirms the existence of the horizontal, vertical and strobe scanner classes, it also describes a new method in which a destination port and address are only scanned once. In addition a method to identify individual scans from traffic captures for further analysis is presented and evaluated. This method is then used to reveal similarities between scans from one address but also confirming collaboration between multiple addresses. Finally the behaviour of scanners is compared showing cyclic behaviours are common amongst single and multi host scanners.
Linking tracers, water age and conceptual models to identify dominant runoff processes in a sparsely monitored humid tropical catchment

Assessing catchment runoff response remains a key research frontier because of limitations in current observational techniques to fully characterize water source areas and transit times in diverse geographical environments. Here, we report a study that combines empirical data with modelling to identify dominant runoff processes in a sparsely monitored humid tropical catchment. The analysis integrated isotope tracers into conceptual rainfall–runoff models of varying complexity (from 5 to 11 calibrated parameters) that are able to simulate discharge and tracer concentrations and track the evolving age of stream water exiting the catchment. The model structures can be seen as competing hypotheses of catchment functioning and were simultaneously calibrated against uncertain streamflow gaugings and a 2‐year daily isotope rainfall–runoff record. Comparison of the models was facilitated using global parameter sensitivity analysis and the resulting effect on calibration. We show that a variety of tested model structures reproduced water and tracer dynamics in stream, but the simpler models failed to adequately reproduce both. The resulting water age distributions of the tested models varied significantly with little similarity between the stream water age and stored water age distributions. The sensitivity analysis revealed that only some of the more complex models (from eight parameters) could be better constrained to infer more plausible water age distributions and catchment storage estimates. These models indicated that the age of water stored in the catchment is generally older compared with the age of water fluxes, with evapotranspiration age being younger compared with streamflow. However, the water age distributions followed a similar temporal behaviour dominated by climatic seasonality. Stream water ages increased during the dry season (greater than 1 year) and decreased with increased streamflow (a few weeks old) during the wet season. We further show that the ratios of the streamwater age to stored water age distribution and the water age distribution of actual evapotranspiration to the stored water age distribution from constrained models could potentially serve as useful hydrological indicators of catchment functioning. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroecological monitoring and modelling of river-floodplain restoration in a UK lowland river meadow

Channelization and embankment of rivers has led to major ecological degradation of aquatic habitats worldwide. River restoration can be used to restore favourable hydrological conditions for target processes or species. This study is based on rarely available, detailed pre- and post-restoration hydrological data collected from 2007–2010 from a wet grassland meadow in Norfolk, UK. Based on these data, coupled hydrological/hydraulic models were developed of pre-embankment and post-embankment conditions using the MIKE-SHE/MIKE-11 system. Fine-scale plant and chemical sampling was conducted on the floodplain meadow to assess the spatial pattern of plant communities in relation to soil physicochemical conditions. Simulated groundwater levels for a 10-year period were then used to predict changes in plant community composition following embankment-removal. Hydrology was identified as the primary driver of plant community composition, while soil fertility was also important. Embankment removal resulted in widespread floodplain inundation at high river flows and frequent localised flooding at the river edge at lower flows. Subsequently, groundwater levels were higher and subsurface storage was greater. The restoration had a moderate effect on flood-peak attenuation and improved free drainage to the river. Reinstatement of overbank flows did not substantially affect the degree of aeration stress on the meadow, except along the river embankments where sum exceedance values for aeration stress increased from 0 m weeks (dry-grassland) to 7 m weeks (fen). The restored groundwater regime may be suitable for more diverse plant assemblages. However the benefits of flooding (e.g. propagule dispersal, reduced competition) may be over-ridden without management to reduce waterlogging during the growing season, or balance additional nutrient supply from river water. The results from this study suggest that removal of river embankments can increase river-floodplain hydrological connectivity to form a more natural flood-pulsed wetland ecotone, which favours conditions for enhanced flood storage, plant species composition and nutrient retention.