Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing of porphyroblast growth in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, Newfoundland

Abstract In the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, western Newfoundland, inclusion trails in garnet and albite porphyroblasts indicate that porphyroblasts overgrew a crenulation foliation, without rotation, probably during the deformation event that produced the crenulations. Further deformation of the matrix resulted in strong re-orientation and retrograde metamorphism of the matrix foliation, which is consequently highly oblique to the crenulation foliation preserved in the porphyroblasts. The resulting matrix foliation locally preserves relics of the early crenulations, and also has itself been crenulated later in places. Thus the porphyroblasts grew before the later stages of deformation, rather than during the final stage, as had been suggested previously. The new interpretation is consistent with available 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages which indicate a late Ordovician-early Silurian metamorphic peak, rather than the Devonian peak suggested by previous workers. The inclusion patterns and microprobe data indicate normal outward growth of garnet porphyroblasts from a central nucleus, rather than as a series of veins as proposed by de Wit (1976a, b). However, the observations presented here support growth of porphyroblasts without rotation, which is implied by the de Wit model.
Correlation between the channel‐bottom light intensity and channel‐base current of a rocket‐triggered lightning flash

The correlations between channel‐bottom light intensity and channel‐base current of all discharge processes of a rocket‐and‐wire‐triggered lightning flash, including initial continuous current (ICC) pulses, ICC pulse background continuing current (IBCC), return strokes, M components, and M component background continuing currents (MBCC), have been investigated. A rough linear correlation has been found between the current squared and the light intensity for ICC pulses (including peaks of different ICC pulses), IBCC, the initial rising stage (IRS) of return strokes (including current peaks of different strokes), and MBCC. The slopes of the correlation regression lines for the current squared versus light intensity of ICC pulses and IBCC are similar, but they are about 2–3 times smaller than the slopes of MBCC and 5–7 times smaller than the slopes of the IRS of return strokes. In contrast, a rough linear correlation has been found between the current and the light intensity for the later slow decay stage of return strokes and for the M components. The slopes of the correlation regression lines of the current versus the light intensity for these latter two processes are found to be similar. No simple correlation has been found between the current and the light intensity for the initial fast decay stage (IFDS) of return strokes. The duration of the IFDS of return strokes generally lasts from several microseconds to several tens of microseconds and is more or less directly proportional to the corresponding peak return stroke current squared. A time delay ranging from 12 µs to 300 µs has been found between the current and the light intensity of all ICC pulses and M components. The time delay decreases as the corresponding peak current increases.
Herschel/HIFI detections of hydrides towards AFGL 2591: Envelope emission versus tenuous cloud absorption

The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) onboard the Herschel Space Observatory allows the first observations of light diatomic molecules at high spectral resolution and in multiple transitions. Here, we report deep integrations using HIFI in different lines of hydrides towards the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591. Detected are CH, CH + , NH, OH + ,H 2O + , while NH + and SH + have not been detected. All molecules except for CH and CH + are seen in absorption with low excitation temperatures and at velocities different from the systemic velocity of the protostellar envelope. Surprisingly, the CH(JF,P = 3/22,− − 1/21,+ )a nd CH + (J = 1−0, J = 2−1) lines are detected in emission at the systemic velocity. We can assign the absorption features to a foreground cloud and an outflow lobe, while the CH and CH + emission stems from the envelope. The observed abundance and excitation of CH and CH + can be explained in the scenario of FUV irradiated outflow walls, where a cavity etched out by the outflow allows protostellar FUV photons to irradiate and heat the envelope at larger distances driving the chemical reactions that produce these molecules.
Tectonic evolution of the Easter Microplate

The plate tectonic history of the Easter microplate has been reconstructed by “closing” the microplate in a series of steps using the Pacific-Nazca magnetic anomalies north and south of the microplate and the NUVEL 1 global plate motion model. After each step, the Easter microplate was rotated rigidly to match the Nazca and Pacific anomalies. Gaps and overlaps formed by this kinematic treatment indicate compressional and tensional deformation, respectively, and show that rigid plate motions are insufficient to explain the complete tectonic evolution. Analysis of the magnetic anomaly data was guided by contoured SeaMARC II, Sea Beam, and 3.5-kHz bathymetry data and a lineament map derived from SeaMARC II side scan and Sea Beam bathymetry data. The patterns of lineaments and bathymetric structures suggest that rotational deformation of the Nazca plate is the general mechanism that accommodates the space problems arising from transfer of the Nazca plate to the microplate and rapid rotation of the microplate against the Nazca plate. Similar but smaller amounts of deformation are predicted along the southern boundary of the microplate. Prior to the origin of the microplate, the East Pacific Rise (EPR) was offset in at least two places according to the older magnetic anomalies, yet there is no evidence of linear fracture zones within the sparse data set except for occasional small consistent changes in regional depth across these age offsets. The magnetic, bathymetry, and satellite altimetry data indicate that the microplate initially formed at (or perhaps southeast of) Easter Island near a left-lateral offset of the EPR sometime between anomaly 3 and 3'. The East Rift started propagating north from the present location of Easter Island at ∼4.5 Ma, which is ∼1.5 m.y. earlier than previously proposed. However, the magnetic data that support this interpretation are sparse and complicated by recent volcanic flows and associated rough bathymetry west of Easter Island. The geometry of the microplate changes very rapidly during its evolution. At the initial stages of development, the microplate resembles a large propagating rift system, suggesting that deformation may have been occurring throughout most of its interior up to about 2.47 Ma. At this time, the length to width of overlap ratio of the two rifts reaches a value of 3, the northward propagation slows down, the curved opening of the Southwest Rift becomes well established, and rigid rotation of the previously deformed transferred lithosphere probably starts to predominate. At this time, the offset distance between the two overlapped rifts starts to increase. Some time after 2.47 Ma and before 1 Ma, the East Rift starts propagating northwestward, probably in response to the microplate rotation, and continues up until present. Also during this time period, the East Rift breaks into a series of northward propagating rifts, each propagating into the microplate interior, thereby transferring lithosphere from the microplate to the Nazca plate and reducing the total growth rate of the microplate.
Global Attitude Synchronization for Networked Rigid Bodies Under Directed Topologies

This article is devoted to dealing with global attitude synchronization problems for networked rigid bodies subjected to directed topologies and arbitrary initial orientations. To avoid the asynchronous pitfall where only vector parts of rigid bodies reach agreement on some identical value but scalar parts do not, multiplicative quaternion errors are incorporated to develop attitude synchronization protocols for rigid bodies with absolute attitude measurements. In this work, it is shown that global synchronization of networked rigid bodies is achieved if and only if the directed topology is quasistrongly connected. Simultaneously, a novel double-energy-function analysis method, equipped with an ordering permutation technique for the scalar parts and a coordinate transformation mechanism, is constructed for the quaternion behavior analysis of networked rigid bodies. In particular, global synchronization works well with our analysis method, regardless of the highly nonlinear and strongly coupling problems resulting from multiplicative quaternion errors, which seriously hinder the traditional analysis of global synchronization for networked rigid bodies. Simulations for networked spacecraft are presented to validate global synchronization performances under different directed topologies.
Trace Element Geochemistry and S–Pb Isotope Compositions of the Wulagen Pb‐Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, China

In recent years,Pb-Zn mineral exploration has made great breakthroughs in Southwestern Tianshan Mountains. Among them,Wulagen Pb-Zn deposit with more than 8 million tons of Pb ande Zn metals has attracted attention by geoscientists for the potential to become a world-class deposit. Previous studies focused on the geological characteristics, tectonic backgrounds, geochemistry, organic matter and mineralization (Cai et al., 2002; Dong et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2010), etc. However, the genetic type of the deposit has long been debatable including SEDEX,MVT and SST.Based on field study, trace elements of host rocks, S isotope geochemistry, the author regarded the genesis of the Wulagen deposit as a “SST’ type.
Multi-year droughts in Europe: analysis of development and causes

Whilst hydrological systems can show resilience to short-term streamflow deficiencies during within-year droughts, prolonged deficits during multi-year droughts are a significant threat to water resources security in Europe. This study uses a threshold-based objective classification of regional hydrological drought to qualitatively examine the characteristics, spatio-temporal evolution and synoptic climatic drivers of multi-year drought events in 1962–64, 1975–76 and 1995–97, on a European scale but with particular focus on the UK. Whilst all three events are multi-year, pan-European phenomena, their development and causes can be contrasted. The critical factor in explaining the unprecedented severity of the 1975–76 event is the consecutive occurrence of winter and summer drought. In contrast, 1962–64 was a succession of dry winters, mitigated by quiescent summers, whilst 1995–97 lacked spatial coherence and was interrupted by wet interludes. Synoptic climatic conditions vary within and between multi-year droughts, suggesting that regional factors modulate the climate signal in streamflow drought occurrence. Despite being underpinned by qualitatively similar climatic conditions and commonalities in evolution and characteristics, each of the three droughts has a unique spatio-temporal signature. An improved understanding of the spatio-temporal evolution and characteristics of multi-year droughts has much to contribute to monitoring and forecasting capability, and to improved mitigation strategies.
Full analytical approximation to the stochastic gravitational wave background generated by cosmic string networks

We derive a full analytical approximation to the stochastic gravitational wave background generated by the loops that are produced throughout the cosmological evolution of cosmic string networks. We show that this approximation not only predicts the amplitude of the radiation-era plateau exactly, but also provides a good fit to the high-frequency cutoff and to the low-frequency peak generated by the loops that decay during the matter era, irrespective of cosmic string tension and of the length of loops created. We then find that it provides a good quantitative description of the full stochastic gravitational wave background across the relevant frequency range.
On the Accuracy of Deriving Climate Feedback Parameters from Correlations between Surface Temperatur

Abstract Changes in outgoing radiation are both a consequence and a cause of changes in the earth’s temperature. Spencer and Braswell recently showed that in a simple box model for the earth the regression of outgoing radiation against surface temperature gave a slope that differed from the model’s true feedback parameter. They went on to select input parameters for the box model based on observations, computed the difference for those conditions, and asserted that there is a significant bias for climate studies. This paper shows that Spencer and Braswell overestimated the difference. Differences between the regression slope and the true feedback parameter are significantly reduced when 1) a more realistic value for the ocean mixed layer depth is used, 2) a corrected standard deviation of outgoing radiation is used, and 3) the model temperature variability is computed over the same time interval as the observations. When all three changes are made, the difference between the slope and feedback parameter i.
Coverage Analysis and Scaling Laws of Ultra-Dense Networks

In this paper, we develop an innovative approach to quantitatively characterize the performance of ultra-dense wireless networks in a plethora of propagation environments. The proposed framework has the potential of significantly simplifying the cumbersome procedure of analyzing the coverage probability and allowing the remarkable unification of single- and multi-antenna networks through compact representations. By harnessing this key feature, we develop a novel statistical machinery to study the scaling laws of wireless network densification considering general channel power distributions including the entire space of multipath and shadowing models as well as associated beamforming gain due to the use of multiple antenna. We further formulate the relationship between network density, antenna height, antenna array seize and carrier frequency showing how the coverage probability can be maintained with ultra-densification. From a system design perspective, we present a new innovative theoretical discovery stipulating that if multiple antenna BS are deployed and moved to higher frequencies, then monotonically increasing the coverage probability by means of ultra-densification is possible, and this without lowering the antenna height. Such findings are completely different from the conclusions in existing works, who suggest to lower the BS height as to leverage the potential of network densification. Simulation results substantiate performance trends leveraging network densification and antenna deployment and configuration against path loss models and signal-to-noise plus interference (SINR) thresholds.
Deep vs. shallow networks : An approximation theory perspective

The paper briefly reviews several recent results on hierarchical architectures for learning from examples, that may formally explain the conditions under which Deep Convolutional Neural Networks perform much better in function approximation problems than shallow, one-hidden layer architectures. The paper announces new results for a non-smooth activation function — the ReLU function — used in present-day neural networks, as well as for the Gaussian networks. We propose a new definition of relative dimension to encapsulate different notions of sparsity of a function class that can possibly be exploited by deep networks but not by shallow ones to drastically reduce the complexity required for approximation and learning.
Zonally non‐uniform distribution of equatorial gravity waves in an atmospheric general circulation model

The results from an atmospheric general circulation model without gravity wave (GW) drag parameterization include quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO)‐like oscillations in the equatorial lower stratosphere. The zonal distribution of gravity waves with periods of less than 3 days over the equatorial region is analyzed for 2 months (July–August) during the westerly shear phase of the QBO. The westerly acceleration of the QBO is associated with the zonal forcing due to resolved waves of all components, and GWs account for about 60% of the forcing. The vertical flux of the zonal momentum of GWs in the upper troposphere has a non‐uniform distribution. Large (relatively small) magnitude upward fluxes with westerly (easterly) momentum dominate in the Eastern (Western) Hemisphere. The wave momentum flux divergence also varies with longitude. The westerly acceleration of the zonal wind due to GWs in the Eastern Hemisphere is much greater than that in the Western Hemisphere.
LIUM-CVC Submissions for WMT17 Multimodal Translation Task

This paper describes the monomodal and multimodal Neural Machine Translation systems developed by LIUM and CVC for WMT17 Shared Task on Multimodal Translation. We mainly explored two multimodal architectures where either global visual features or convolutional feature maps are integrated in order to benefit from visual context. Our final systems ranked first for both En-De and En-Fr language pairs according to the automatic evaluation metrics METEOR and BLEU.
Study of the reactions 
e+e−→2(π+π−)π0π0π0
 and 
2(π+π−)π0π0η
 at center-of-mass energies from threshold to 4.5 GeV using initial-state radiation

We study the processes $e^+e^-\to 2(\pi^+\pi^-)\pi^0\pi^0\pi^0\gamma$ and $2(\pi^+\pi^-)\pi^0\pi^0\eta\gamma$ in which an energetic photon is radiated from the initial state. The data were collected with the \babar~ detector at SLAC. About 14\,000 and 4700 events, respectively, are selected from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 469 fb^{-1}. The invariant mass of the hadronic final state defines the effective \epem center-of-mass energy. The center-of-mass energies range from threshold to 4.5 GeV. From the mass spectra, the first ever measurements of the $e^+e^-\to 2(\pi^+\pi^-)\pi^0\pi^0\pi^0$ and the $e^+e^-\to2(\pi^+\pi^-)\pi^0\pi^0\eta$ cross sections are performed. The contributions from $\omega\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0\pi^0$, $\eta2(\pi^+\pi^-)$, and other intermediate states are presented. We observe the $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ in most of these final states and measure the corresponding branching fractions, many of them for the first time.
Comparing paedophile activity in different P2P systems

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are widely used to exchange content over the Internet. Knowledge on paedophile activity in such networks remains limited while it has important social consequences. Moreover, though there are different P2P systems in use, previous academic works on this topic focused on one system at a time and their results are not directly comparable. We design a methodology for comparing \kad and \edonkey, two P2P systems among the most prominent ones and with different anonymity levels. We monitor two \edonkey servers and the \kad network during several days and record hundreds of thousands of keyword-based queries. We detect paedophile-related queries with a previously validated tool and we propose, for the first time, a large-scale comparison of paedophile activity in two different P2P systems. We conclude that there are significantly fewer paedophile queries in \kad than in \edonkey (approximately 0.09% \vs 0.25%).
Pupils’ Perceptions of Geography in Dutch Primary Schools: Goals, Outcomes, Classrooms Environment, and Teacher Knowledge and Performance

Concerns about the decreasing quality of geography education within primary schools can be linked to a decrease of time spent on geography education and, for example, to low achievement on national or school-specific tests. Learning outcomes for geography stay behind in relation to what experts believe that pupils should perform. Results indicate that pupils would like to gain more theoretical knowledge and get more help from teachers to apply actual and conceptual knowledge within new subject content. Pupils also wish to have more active, inquiry-based teacher activities during the lessons, and to be actively coached and motivated by the teacher.
An integrated sequence stratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental, and chronostratigraphic analysis of the Tangahoe Formation, southern Taranaki coast, with implications for mid‐Pliocene (c. 3.4–3.0 Ma) glacio‐eustatic sea‐level changes

Abstract Sediments of the mid‐Pliocene (c. 3.4–3.0 Ma) Tangahoe Formation exposed in cliffs along the South Taranaki coastline of New Zealand comprise a 270 m thick, cyclothemic shallow‐marine succession that has been gently warped into a north to south trending, low angle anticline. This study examines the sedimentologic, faunal, and petrographic characteristics of 10 Milankovitch‐scale (6th order), shallow‐marine depositional sequences exposed on the western limb of the anticline. The sequences are recognised on the basis of the cyclic vertical stacking of their constituent lithofacies, which are bound by sharp wave cut surfaces produced during transgressive shoreface erosion. Each sequence comprises three parts: (1) a 0.2–2 m thick, deepening upwards, basal suite of reworked bioclastic lag deposits (onlap shellbed) and/or an overlying matrix supported, molluscan shellbed of offshore shelf affinity (backlap shellbed); (2) a 5–20 m thick, gradually shoaling, aggradational siltstone succession; and (3) a 5–10 m thick, strongly progradational, well sorted “forced regressive” shoreline sandstone. The three‐fold subdivision corresponds to transgressive, highstand, and regressive systems tracts (TSTs, HSTs, and RSTs) respectively, and represents deposition during a glacio‐eustatic sea‐level cycle. Lowstand systems tract sediments are not recorded because the outcrop is situated c. 100 km east of the contemporary shelf edge and was subaerially exposed at that time. Well developed, sharp‐ and gradational‐based forced regressive sandstones contain a variety of storm‐emplaced sedimentary structures, and represent the rapid and abrupt basinward translation of the shoreline on to a storm dominated, shallow shelf during eustatic sea‐level fall. Increased supply of sediment from north‐west South Island during “forced regression” is indicated from petrographic analyses of the heavy mineralogy of the sandstones. A chronology based on biostratigraphy and the correlation of a new magnetostratigraphy to the magnetic polarity timescale allows: (1) identification of the Mammoth (C2An.2r) and Kaena (C2An. 1r) subchrons; (2) correlation of the coastal section to the Waipipian Stage; and (3) estimation of the age of the coastal section as 3.36–3.06 Ma. Qualitative assessment of foraminiferal census data and molluscan palaeoecology reveals cyclic changes in water depth from shelf to shoreline environments during the deposition of each sequence. Seven major cycles in water depth of between 20 and 50 m have been correlated to individual 40 ka glacio‐eustatic sea‐level cycles on the marine oxygen isotope timescale. The coastal Tangahoe Formation provides a shallow‐marine record of global glacio‐eustasy prior to the development of significant ice sheets on Northern Hemisphere continents, and supports evidence from marine δ18O archives that changes in Antarctic ice volume were occurring during the Pliocene.