Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Narrative abilities in individuals with Down syndrome: single case-profiles

Introduction Narrative abilities are an important part of our everyday lives and social interaction with others. Nevertheless, narration is a complex ability influenced by language and cognition. This makes it difficult for individuals with language and cognitive impairment, such as in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Previous studies have shown distinct narrative impairments in individuals with Down syndrome; nevertheless, this research was based on overall group means in most cases. To identify individual strengths and weaknesses and to draw conclusions for speech and language therapy, the narrative profile of every participant should be considered equally. Following this approach, the current study aims to describe single case narrative profiles in individuals with Down syndrome. Methods The narrative transcripts of 28 children and adolescents with Down syndrome (aged 10;0–20;1), based on a non-verbal picture book, were rated using the Narrative Scoring Scheme across seven macro- and microstructural categories. Point scores across the whole group are displayed – nevertheless, the paper specifically addresses the individual narrative profiles of the participants. The participants could be assigned to narrative profile groups which show different characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. Group comparisons and correlations were computed for the relation to language abilities (especially vocabulary) and nonverbal cognitive abilities. Results The results of the two profile groups with minimal and developing narrative skills differ significantly not only concerning narrative outcomes in the Narrative Scoring Scheme but also for language abilities and developmental stage of nonverbal cognition. Individuals that show floor effects in narrative abilities are characterized by an overall weakness in language and cognition. In contrast, a group of approximately equal size shows distinct strengths in their narrative profiles which are in line with their vocabulary strengths, MLU and nonverbal cognition. Discussion The current study uses a new approach to identify individual narrative profiles in a group of individuals with Down syndrome. The results of the investigation underline the existence of narrative impairments in many individuals with Down syndrome but also point to individual strengths of the participants. Furthermore, the study outcomes suggest that narrative abilities might be representative for overall language and cognition in individuals with Down syndrome. However, intervention studies addressing narration are missing.
WWBs, ENSO predictability, the spring barrier and extreme events

This study examines how semi‐stochastic Westerly Wind Bursts (WWBs) affect El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictability. An ensemble ENSO prediction experiment is presented in which the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) and CCSM3 with a state‐dependent WWB parameterization are used as both “truth” and as predictor systems. Inclusion of WWBs has little effect on ENSO predictability if the “truth” lacks WWBs. If the “truth” includes WWBs, the limit of ENSO predictability is larger for a forecast system that captures the correct statistics of WWBs. Predictability drops considerably if a forecast system that lacks WWB events is used to predict a “truth” that includes WWBs. At longer lead times, predictability is more dependent on the dynamical properties of the truth; that is, the importance of capturing the WWB statistics becomes less important and the statistics (e.g., signal‐to‐noise ratio) of the truth determine the limit of predictability. At short leads, ENSO predictability depends on the prediction system and the “truth. ” ENSO prediction skill is model and phase dependent. Predictability of extreme warm events remains a challenge as the number of ensemble members required to capture these events is on the order of 100 members. Finally, we examine real ENSO predictions with and without the WWB parameterization. It is found that including WWBs in the prediction system significantly increases ENSO prediction skill compared with a prediction system that lacks WWBs. Also, it is found that the so‐called forecast spring prediction barrier is, at least partially, caused by the lack of WWB representation in the forecast system.
Challenges for Low-Carbon Agriculture and Forest Conservation in Brazil

This paper discusses the feedbacks between climate change, deforestation, and agricultural expansion and presents scenarios of agricultural demand and forest conservation and restoration policies in Brazil. In addition, it discusses the implications of these scenarios for food and befoul supply, the provision of ecosystem services, and climate change mitigation. Modeling these scenarios provides an integrated assessment of plausible pathways for achieving the goals of the National Climate Change Plan, for making an objective source of information available for the debate on the Forest Code, and for supporting Brazil's cropland expansion plan as well as anticipating potential conflicts.
Grain trade and market integration in China’s Qing dynasty

The paradox of China’s failure to industrialize despite its thriving commercialization before the 19th century has been debated intensively, especially in terms of whether market efficiency is sufficient for industrialization in the pre-modern period. This thesis sheds light on this question using archival data on grain prices covering Qing China’s most prosperous episode (1740-1820) to identify the determinants of market evolution as well as the true extent of market integration. My results suggest that China’s market efficiency on the eve of Western industrialization has been grossly overstated, and further imply that China’s market was heavily influenced by its bureaucratic structure. My analysis is based on a historical dataset of monthly grain prices (rice, wheat) in 211 prefectures across China and I match these with new data on the physical geography of the postal and river network and physiographic distribution. My analysis first confirms the close relationship between market integration and geographic proximity but shows that geographical influence is dominated by provincial boundaries. I then employ novel panel time series methods to account for the impact of local and global shocks and to investigate the evolving process of market integration over time. This analysis indicates that China experienced continuous market disintegration with fragmentation driven by political structure. These results support my hypothesis that Qing China’s political system was not conducive to the development of the market mechanism since its primary concern was market regulation rather than revenue.
Monitoring surface water content using visible and short-wave infrared SPOT-5 data of wheat plots in irrigated semi-arid regions

Irrigated agriculture is an important strategic sector in arid and semi-arid regions. Given the large spatial coverage of irrigated areas, operational tools based on satellite remote sensing can contribute to their optimal management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of two spectral indices, calculated from SPOT-5 high-resolution visible (HRV) data, to retrieve the surface water content values (from bare soil to completely covered soil) over wheat fields and detect irrigation supplies in an irrigated area. These indices are the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the moisture stress index (MSI), covering the main growth stages of wheat. These indices were compared to corresponding in situ measurements of soil moisture and vegetation water content in 30 wheat fields in an irrigated area of Morocco, during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 cropping seasons. NDWI and MSI were highly correlated with in situ measurements at both the beginning of the growing season (sowing) and at full vegetation cover (grain filling). From sowing to grain filling, the best correlation (R2 = 0.86; p < 0.01) was found for the relationship between NDWI values and observed soil moisture values. These results were validated using a k-fold cross-validation methodology; they indicated that NDWI can be used to estimate and map surface water content changes at the main crop growth stages (from sowing to grain filling). NDWI is an operative index for monitoring irrigation, such as detecting irrigation supplies and mitigating wheat water stress at field and regional levels in semi-arid areas.
Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden Neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A.

A sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) was used in combination with backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) images to determine the age of detrital zircons from sandstones in the Neoproterozoic Middle Run Formation of the eastern Midwest, United States. Eleven samples from seven drill cores of the upper part of the Middle Run Formation contain detrital zircons ranging in age from 1030 to 1982 Ma (84 analyses), with six distinctive modes at 1.96, 1.63, 1.47, 1.34, 1.15, and 1.08 Ga. This indicates that most, but not all, of the zircon at the top of the Middle Run Formation was derived from the Grenville Orogen. The youngest concordant detrital zircon yields a maximum age of 1048 ± 22 Ma for the Middle Run Formation, indicating that the formation is younger than ca. 1026 Ma minus the added extra time needed for later uplift, denudation, thrusting, erosion, and transport to southwestern Ohio. Thus, as judged by proximity, composition, thickness, and geochronology, it is a North.
The Largest Chinese Cohort Study Indicates Homologous Recombination Pathway Gene Mutations as Another Major Genetic Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer with Heterogeneous Clinical Phenotypes

While genetic factors were associated with over 30% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, mutations in CRC-susceptibility genes were identified in only 5% to 10% of these patients. Besides, previous studies on hereditary CRC were largely designed to analyze germline mutations in patients with single genetic high-risk factor, which limited understanding of the association between genotype and phenotypes. From January 2015 to December 2018, we retrospectively enrolled 2,181 patients from 8,270 consecutive CRC cases, covering 5 categories of genetic high-risk factors. Leukocyte genomic DNA was analyzed for germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. The germline mutations under each category were detected and analyzed in association with CRC susceptibility, clinical phenotypes, and prognoses. A total of 462 pathogenic variants were detected in 19.3% of enrolled CRC patients. Mismatch repair gene mutation was identified in 9.1% of patients, most prevalent across all high-risk groups. Homologous recombination (HR) gene mutations were detected in 6.5% of cases, penetrated in early-onset and extra-colonic cancer risk groups. Mutations in HR genes, including BARD1, RAD50, and ATM, were found to increase CRC risk with odds ratios of 2.8-, 3.1-, and 3.1-fold, respectively. CRC patients with distinct germline mutations manifested heterogeneous phenotypes in clinicopathology and long-term prognoses. Thus, germline mutation screenings should be performed for CRC patients with any of those genetic risk factors. This study also reveals that HR gene mutations may be another major driver for increased CRC risk.
PORTRAYAL OF DISMENORRHEA BASED ON MENARCHE AGE, STRESS, AND EATING CONSUMPTION OF STUDENTS IN SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Factors that can influence of dysmenorrhea are menarche age, stress, consuming fast food, alcohol, and smoking. Purpose: Analysing the strong relationship between the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea and menarche age, stress, and food consumption of School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga students. Methods: This is cross-sectional study of 51 respondents with independent variables menarche age, stress level, and food consumption pattern, and dependent variable was primary dysmenorrhea. Data analysis used a statistical test the strength of the relationship by looking at the contingency coefficient (c). Results: Most of the female students experienced dysmenorrhea in the mild and moderate pain category was 23 people (43.4%), menarche age of 11-13 years was 45 people (84.9%), normal stress was 17 people (32.1%), unhealthy eating patterns was 31 people (58.5%). There was a weak relationship between menarche age and primary dysmenorrhea (c=0.105), a moderate relationship between stress and primary dysmenorrhea (c=0.495) and a weak relationship between food consumption patterns and primary dysmenorrhea (c=0.347). Conclusion: Female students had primary dysmenorrhea in the mild and moderate pain categories, stress levels were in the normal category, and food consumption patterns were in the poor category. The most related factor was the stress factor. Abstrak Latar Belakang: Faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi terjadinya dismenorea antara lain usia menarche, stres, mengonsumsi makanan cepat saji, mengonsumsi alkohol, dan merokok. Tujuan: Menganalisis kuat hubungan kejadian faktor dismenorea primer dengan usia menarche, stres, dan konsumsi makan mahasiswi Sekolah Ilmu Kesehatan dan Ilmu Alam Universitas Airlangga. Metode: Ini adalah studi cross-sectional pada 51 responden dengan variabel independen yaitu usia menarche, tingkat stres, dan pola konsumsi makanan, dan variabel dependen yaitu dismenorea primer. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik kuat hubungan dengan melihat koefisien kontingensi (c). Hasil: Mayoritas mahasiswi mengalami dismenorea pada kategori nyeri ringan dan sedang sebanyak 23 (43,4%), usia menarche 11-13 tahun sebanyak 45 (84,9%), stres normal sebanyak 17 (32,1%), pola konsumsi makan tidak baik sebanyak 31 (58,5%). Terdapat hubungan lemah usia menarche dengan dismenorea primer (c=0,105), hubungan yang sedang tingkat stress dengan dismenorea primer (c=0,495) dan hubungan lemah pola konsumsi makan dengan dismenorea primer (c=0,347). Kesimpulan: Mahasiswi memiliki dismenorea primer pada kategori nyeri ringan dan sedang, tingkat stres terdapat pada kategori normal, pola konsumsi makan pada kategori tidak baik. Faktor yang paling berhubungan yaitu faktor stress.
Experimental evidence for limited leaching of phosphorus from canopy leaves in a tropical dry forest

Apart from being water limited during the dry season, some tropical dry forests are also phosphorus (P) limited. For these systems, throughfall contributes an important source of P. Leaf leaching of P would confound the quantification of external P in throughfall; and thus, it is necessary to determine the importance of leaf leaching for such systems. In this study, we used a modification of the classic methodology to determine whether P is leached from common tree species found in a tropical dry forest. Our modification of washing the leaves allowed us to also examine the amount of organic phosphorus (PO) and inorganic phosphorus (PI) yielded instantaneously from the leaves, representing P deposited on leaf surfaces. We compared leaves from mature and successional forests to understand how canopy structure affects deposition. Although we saw no evidence for leaching, the decline in rinsate P between sample times may suggest that microbes on the surfaces of leaves take up P dissolved in intercepted canopy water. The washing of leaves during the experiment yielded measurable quantities of PO and PI. The quantity of PO or PI yielded from the surfaces of leaves differed between species and forest types. Scaled‐up estimates suggested that 0·8 g PI ha−1 per rainfall event and 2·8 g PO ha1 event−1 were yielded from the successional forest and 4·4 and 10·7 g PO ha1 event1 from the mature forest, the latter of which is very similar to measured throughfall values for this area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The RELT Family of Proteins: An Increasing Awareness of Their Importance for Cancer, the Immune System, and Development

This review highlights Receptor Expressed in Lymphoid Tissues (RELT), a Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily member, and its two paralogs, RELL1 and RELL2. Collectively, these three proteins are referred to as RELTfms and have gained much interest in recent years due to their association with cancer and other human diseases. A thorough knowledge of their physiological functions, including the ligand for RELT, is lacking, yet emerging evidence implicates RELTfms in a variety of processes including cytokine signaling and pathways that either promote cell death or survival. T cells from mice lacking RELT exhibit increased responses against tumors and increased inflammatory cytokine production, and multiple lines of evidence indicate that RELT may promote an immunosuppressive environment for tumors. The relationship of individual RELTfms in different cancers is not universal however, as evidence indicates that individual RELTfms may be risk factors in certain cancers yet appear to be protective in other cancers. RELTfms are important for a variety of additional processes related to human health including microbial pathogenesis, inflammation, behavior, reproduction, and development. All three proteins have been strongly conserved in all vertebrates, and this review aims to provide a clearer understanding of the current knowledge regarding these interesting proteins.
Did Patagonia collide with Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic? Some insights from a multidisciplinary study of magmatic units of the North Patagonian Massif

The origin of Patagonia and its relations with the South American crustal blocks to the north have been a matter of debate for decades. We report results from a multidisciplinary study centered on Paleozoic granitoids exposed in the northeastern corner of the North Patagonian Massif. Microstructural and magnetofabric studies reveal two suites of granitoids. Late Carboniferous (? ) granitoids (Yaminue Complex, Tardugno Granodiorite, Cabeza de Vaca leucogranite) were emplaced and subsequently deformed in a major NNE-SSW compressive stress regime that also provoked top-to-the-SW thrust deformation in shallow crustal levels. Gravity and geobarometric studies show that the same major deformation event has been recorded at different crustal levels. The age and type of deformation of this event recorded across the northern boundary of Patagonia strongly supports a Late Carboniferous – Early Permian frontal collision between Patagonia and Gondwana. This major deformation event ceased by 281 Ma when the Navarrete Plutonic Complex, which shows mainly magmatic fabrics, was emplaced under a far-field WNW-ESE stress regime. Crustal continuity between the North Patagonian Massif and the Pampia and Arequipa- Antofalla terranes is suggested by similar Late Paleoproterozoic crustal model ages, comparable detrital zircon ages in Early Paleozoic successions, the apparent continuity of an Early Ordovician continental magmatic arc and paleomagnetic data. Reconciliation of this evidence with the Late Paleozoic frontal collision is obtained in a tectonic model that suggests that the North Patagonian Massif is a parautochthonous crustal block.
The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration

Wood waste bottom ash (WWBA) is a waste generated in power plants during the burning of forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, approximately 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. WWBA is rarely recycled or reused and is mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the industry and unsustainable. This study presents a sustainable solution to replace a part of cement with WWBA at 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight. Problems are also associated with the use of this material, as WWBA could have a relatively large surface area and a high water demand. For the evaluation of the possibilities of WWBA use for cementitious materials, the calorimetry test for the cement paste as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermography (TG, DTG), and porosity (MIP) for hardened cement paste with the results of physical and mechanical properties, and the freeze–thaw resistance of the concrete was measured and compared. It was found that WWBA with a large quantity of CO2 could be used as a microfiller with weak pozzolanic properties in the manufacture of cementitious materials. As a result, concrete containing 6% WWBA used to substitute cement has higher density, compressive strength at 28 days, and ultrasonic pulse velocity values. In terms of durability, it was verified that concrete modified with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% WWBA had a freeze–thaw resistance level of F150. The results show that the use of WWBA to replace cement is a valuable sustainable option for the production of conventional concrete and has a positive effect on durability.
Walking and Urban Form: Modeling and Testing Parental Decisions about Children’s Travel

Over the past several years, the private vehicle has become the predominant mode of travel to school while walking and bicycling rates have decreased. Some suggest that this change in travel behavior contributes to negative health outcomes in children, including increased rates of 1) overweight/obesity through inactivity and 2) pedestrian and bicyclist fatality and injury. A series of recent policies and programs directly attribute the change in travel behavior to school to the urban form of communities. Limited research exists to support this hypothesis, however. The fundamental questions of whether and how urban form impacts a childâ€™s trip to school must to be answered in order to develop effective interventions aimed at increasing rates of walking and bicycling activity and safety. The research proposes a conceptual framework to examine the nature and shape of the relationships between urban form; interpersonal, demographic and social/cultural factors; parental decision-making and a childâ€™s travel to school. Using parent survey data on childrenâ€™s travel to school and urban design assessments from twelve elementary school neighborhoods, the relative influence of urban form on the mode choice to school was first determined. Results indicate that urban form elements such as street lights and street widths do affect the probability of a child walking or bicycling to school; however, the affect of these elements is modest compared to other influential variables such as the perceived convenience of driving, country of birth, family support of walking behavior, reported traffic conditions in the neighborhood and perceived distances between home and school. A second analysis examined how urban form and childrenâ€™s travel behavior relate by testing the hypothesis of an indirect relationship. The findings show that parentâ€™s feelings of neighborhood safety, traffic safety and/or household transportation options do not intervene in the relationship between urban form and childrenâ€™s travel behavior. Socio-demographic characteristics and parentâ€™s attitudes toward travel, however, may modify the strength of the relationship between urban form and childrenâ€™s travel behavior. The results of this study advance the discussion on relationships between urban form, transportation and health and inform policy and practice of the best targets for future planning interventions.