Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multipoint Observations of Dispersive Scale Alfvénic Field‐Line Resonances Associated With Substorm Auroral Beads

We present a case study of the field‐aligned current (FAC) systems that transpire within the high‐altitude auroral acceleration region of an “auroral bead” initiated double oval substorm observed on 23 February 2001 by the Cluster fleet. Conjunctive Cluster measurements and auroral images from IMAGE reveal that auroral bead current system formation and evolution is a multi‐scale, injection‐mediated process. The FACs at large scales vary on substorm evolution time scales (∼minutes) in response to the injection and evolution of hotter denser magnetospheric plasma. Embedded within the large‐scale FACs are intense short‐scale (≲ few 10s of km) currents comprising dispersive scale Alfvén wave (DAW) fluctuations. The DAWs are a complex mixture of ingoing and reflected components that regularly interfere to form a broad spectrum of kinetic (dispersive) scale Alfvénic field‐line resonances (KFLRs). The Alfvénic currents appear as a nested series of upward and downward FAC densities with amplitudes reaching a few 100 nA/m2. Energized field‐aligned or counterstreaming electrons near keV energies and below are observed with parallel skews that vary in concert with variations in the DAW current sense. Positive correlations between DAW electric field energy densities and the energies of energized H+, He+, and O+ outflow are observed, indicative of ion energization within the DAW fields. Due to their L‐shell location (L ∼5.8–7.0) and associations with injections, the KFLRs are interpreted as the high‐altitude auroral zone analog of KFLRs observed in the equatorial inner magnetosphere.
Towards the development of an isotope‐enabled rainfall‐runoff model: Improving the ability to capture hydrological and anthropogenic change

Global hydrological alterations are being driven by climate change. However, while modelling tools have been instrumental in identifying these changes, their calibration is often dependent solely on streamflow data, which limits the ability to simulate important hydrological processes with the required level of certainty. Constraining hydrological process simulations is required to identify robust model parameters, reducing model uncertainty and providing a baseline model for climate‐related risk assessments. In this study, stable isotope measurements of rainwater, groundwater and stream water (δ2H and δ18O), together with an end member mixing analysis (EMMA) (as a post‐processing step) were integrated with the Jena adaptative modelling system (JAMS)/J2000 rainfall‐runoff model, named J2000iso. The J2000iso models of δ2H and δ18O were able to achieve a streamflow Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.75 and 0.72 and an isotope mixing Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.51 and 0.60, respectively. Compared with the base version, the J2000iso had a much smaller variability with 56% less ensemble variance in the NSE, 13% more simulated interflow which resulted in a better soil‐moisture simulation at an observation point, and lower simulated flow component uncertainty. The J2000iso δ2H model was more robust than the base version during a subsequent validation in terms of KGE and Bias with 0.60 and 0.002 compared with 0.51 and −0.14 for the base version. The EMMA provided a means to improve the hydrograph separation ability of the JAMS/J2000. As many catchments around the world are still ungauged and are affected by anthropogenic activities, the development and enhancement of isotope‐enabled modelling provides a means to improve the simulation of key hydrological processes.
Self-similar measures and their Fourier transforms. II

A self-similar measure on R n was defined by Hutchinson to be a probability measure satisfying (formule.) here S j x = ρ j R j x+b j is a contractive similarity (0 < ρ j < 1, R j orthogonal) and the weights a j satisfy 0 < A j < 1, ∑ j=1 m a j = 1. By analogy, we define a self-similar distribution by the same identity *) but allowing the weights a j to be arbitrary complex numbers. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to (*) among distributions of compact support, and show that the space of such solutions is always finite dimensional. If F denotes the Fourier transformation of a self-similar distribution of compact support, let (formule.) where β is defined by the equation ∑ j=1 m ρ j −β |a j | 2 = 1
Correlations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration, as well as maximal speed performance. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science. The studies that were included in this review must meet the following criteria: (1) well-trained individuals over the age of 18 years old; (2) Pearson’s correlation coefficients between sprint time and horizontal jump distance were provided; (3) the sprint distance was limited to 0–100 m. The quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index test. A random-effects model was used to determine the effect sizes, and heterogeneity between studies was examined using the Q statistic and I2. Results From the identified 2,815 studies, 27 studies were included in this study (two from reference lists). The sprint time of the sprint acceleration phase was moderately and negatively correlated with the standing long jump (r = − 0.45, z = 7.48, p < 0.001), single leg standing long jump (r = − 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001) and horizontal drop jump distance (r = − 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001), and was largely and negatively correlated with multiple jump distance (r = − 0.69, z = 6.02, p < 0.001). Out of five studies assessed the standing triple jump, three studies reported significant positive association with the sprint acceleration performance. The sprint time of maximal speed phase was very largely and negatively associated with standing long jump distance (r = − 0.73, z = 4.44, p < 0.001) and multiple jump distance (r = − 0.76, z = 6.86, p < 0.001). Conclusions This review indicates the moderate to very large associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance, and the highest magnitude of associations between them is found in the multiple jump. Moreover, compared to the sprint acceleration performance, there are greater associations between maximal speed performance and standing long jump and multiple jump distance.
Refined similarity hypotheses for passive scalars mixed by turbulence

In analogy with Kolmogorov's refined similarity hypotheses for the velocity field, two hypotheses are stated for passive scalar fields mixed by high-Reynolds-number turbulence. A ‘refined’ Yaglom equation is derived under the new assumption of local isotropy in pure ensembles, which is stronger than the usual assumption of local isotropy but weaker than the isotropy of the large scale. The new theoretical result is shown to be consistent with the hypotheses of refined similarity for passive scalars. These hypotheses are approximately verified by experimental data on temperature fluctuations obtained (in air) at moderate Reynolds numbers in the wake of a heated cylinder. The fact that the refined similarity hypotheses are stated for high Reynolds (and Péclet) numbers, but verified at moderate Reynolds (and Péclet) numbers suggests that these hypotheses are not sufficiently sensitive tests of universality. It is conjectured that possible departures from universality are hidden by the process of taking conditional expectations.
Comprehensive Investigation on Associations between Dietary Intake and Blood Levels of Fatty Acids and Colorectal Cancer Risk

Background: Increasingly, studies have discovered that different fatty acids (Fas) are linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Methods: We systematically searched Embase and Medline databases to identify eligible studies that examined the associations of different types of Fas with CRC risk. The effect estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the study findings. Results: This study evaluated the associations of 28 dietary and 18 blood Fas with CRC risk by summarizing the most updated evidence from 54 observational and four Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies. The present findings suggested that high dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are related to low risk of CRC, while the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and trans-FA are related to high risk of CRC. The summary of all cohort studies found that a high intake of SFA and DHA was a protective factor for CRC, and a high intake of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was a risk factor for CRC. In the subgroup analysis of cancer subsites, we found that the dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and trans-FA are risk factors, while DPA is a protective factor for colon cancer. High dietary DHA intake was associated with a lower risk of rectal cancer, while the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher risk of rectal cancer. Meta-analysis of blood FA levels showed a significant reverse association between blood pentadecanoic acid and CRC risk, whilst other blood Fas showed no significant association with CRC risk. All included MR studies showed that high plasma arachidonic acid (AA) is associated with increased CRC risk. Conclusions: Current evidence on the dietary intake and blood levels of Fas in relation to CRC risk is less consistent. Future studies are needed to investigate how the metabolism of Fas contributes to CRC development.
Cahn-Hilliard stochastic equation: existence of the solution and of its density

We show the existence and uniqueness of a function-valued process solution to the stochastic CahnHilliard equation driven by space-time white noise with a nonlinear diffusion coefficient. Then we show that the solution is locally differentiable in the sense of the Malliavin calculus, and, under some non-degeneracy condition on the diffusion coefficient, that the law of the solution is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure.
Improved Domain Adaptation Network Based on Wasserstein Distance for Motor Imagery EEG Classification

Motor Imagery (MI) paradigm is critical in neural rehabilitation and gaming. Advances in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology have facilitated the detection of MI from electroencephalogram (EEG). Previous studies have proposed various EEG-based classification algorithms to identify the MI, however, the performance of prior models was limited due to the cross-subject heterogeneity in EEG data and the shortage of EEG data for training. Therefore, inspired by generative adversarial network (GAN), this study aims to propose an improved domain adaption network based on Wasserstein distance, which utilizes existing labeled data from multiple subjects (source domain) to improve the performance of MI classification on a single subject (target domain). Specifically, our proposed framework consists of three components, including a feature extractor, a domain discriminator, and a classifier. The feature extractor employs an attention mechanism and a variance layer to improve the discrimination of features extracted from different MI classes. Next, the domain discriminator adopts the Wasserstein matrix to measure the distance between source domain and target domain, and aligns the data distributions of source and target domain via adversarial learning strategy. Finally, the classifier uses the knowledge acquired from the source domain to predict the labels in the target domain. The proposed EEG-based MI classification framework was evaluated by two open-source datasets, the BCI Competition IV Datasets 2a and 2b. Our results demonstrated that the proposed framework could enhance the performance of EEG-based MI detection, achieving better classification results compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms. In conclusion, this study is promising in helping the neural rehabilitation of different neuropsychiatric diseases.
Formation mechanism of self-organized voids in dielectrics induced by tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses

In this paper, we briefly summarize two typical morphology characteristics of the self-organized void array induced in bulk of fused silica glass by a tightly focused femtosecond laser beam, such as the key role of high numerical aperture in the void array formation and the concentric-circle-like structure indicated by the top view of the void array. By adopting a physical model which combines the nonlinear propagation of femtosecond laser pulses with the spherical aberration effect (SA) at the interface of two mediums of different refractive indices, reasonable agreements between the simulation results and the experimental results are obtained. By comparing the fluence distributions of the case with both SA and nonlinear effects included and the case with only consideration of SA, we suggest that spherical aberration, which results from the refractive index mismatch between air and fused silica glass, is the main reason for the formation of the self-organized void array.
Association of Sociodemographic Factors with Tuberculosis Outcomes in Mississippi

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the US, the national incidence of reported TB cases was 2.16 per 100,000 persons in 2020 and 2.37 per 100,000 persons in 2021. Furthermore, TB disproportionately affects minorities. Specifically, in 2018, 87% of reported TB cases occurred in racial and ethnic minorities in Mississippi. Data from TB patients from the Mississippi Department of Health (2011–2020) were used to examine the association between sociodemographic subgroups (race, age, place of birth, gender, homelessness, and alcohol use) with TB outcome variables. Of the 679 patients with active TB cases in Mississippi, 59.53% were Black, and 40.47% were White. The mean age was 46 ± ten years; 65.1% were male, and 34.9% were female. Among patients with previous TB infections, 70.8% were Black, and 29.2% were White. The rate of previous TB cases was significantly higher among US-born (87.5%) persons compared with non-US-born persons (12.5%). The study suggested that sociodemographic factors play a significant role in TB outcome variables. This research will help public health professionals to develop an effective TB intervention program that addresses sociodemographic factors in Mississippi.
Characteristics of Star Fruit Extract (Averrhoa Bilimbi Linn) at Ethanol Solvent Treatment and Extraction Temperature

Background: Starfruit is a type of plant that contains a lot of acids. In addition to containing acids, star fruit also contains bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins that have the potential to inhibit bacterial activity. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol solvent concentration and extraction temperature on the characteristics of star fruit extract, to determine the ethanol solvent concentration and the best extraction temperature to produce star fruit extract. Method: The experiment conducted was a factorial experiment with two factors designed using a Randomized Design Group (RAK). The factor I is the concentration of ethanol solvents which consists of two types, namely 96% ethanol and 70% ethanol. Factor II is the extraction temperature consisting of 3 types, namely 30oC, 40oC, and 50oC. The data were analyzed using variance analysis and further tested with Honest Real Differences. Results: The results showed that ethanol solvent concentration and extraction temperature and their interactions affected the amendment, total flavonoids, total tannins, and total acids. The highest yield, total flavonoids, tannins and acids were shown at the treatment with an ethanol concentration of 96% and an extraction temperature of 30°C. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the treatment with an ethanol solvent concentration of 96% and an extraction temperature of 30 °C is the best treatment to obtain star fruit extract with yield characteristics of 71%, total flavonoids of 7.10%, tannins total 0.914 mg QE /g, and total acid 34.24%.
Hamiltonian form of the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation for gravity waves on arbitrary depth

The commonly used forms of the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equations for deep water (Dysthe, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 369, 1979, p. 105) and arbitrary depth (Brinch–Nielsen & Jonsson, Wave Motion, vol. 8, 1986, p. 455) do not conserve momentum and are not Hamiltonian. We show how these equations can be brought into Hamiltonian form, with the action, momentum and Hamiltonian being conserved. We derive the new fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation for arbitrary depth, starting from the Zakharov equation enhanced with the new kernel of Krasitskii (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 272, 1994, p. 1).
HÖLDER REGULARITY OF SOLUTIONS OF PDE'S: A GEOMETRICAL VIEW

for any weak solution u of (1.1) nonnegative in ~ Q, where ~ Q denotes a fixed dilation of Q. Using (1.2), by an argument of both iterative and algebraic nature, Moser generalized the basic a priori Hölder estimates of weak solutions of (1.1) due to De Giorgi [10]. The next big step in the study of Hölder regularity was given by Krylov and Safonov ([13,14]). They proved that, in the case of strong solutions of parabolic equations with elliptic part of nondivergence form, the Harnack inequality (1.2) holds true over parabolic cylinders. Returning to elliptic equations, in 1980 Safonov [19] proved
Reynolds- and Mach-number effects in canonical shock–turbulence interaction

Abstract The interaction between isotropic turbulence and a normal shock wave is investigated through a series of direct numerical simulations at different Reynolds numbers and mean and turbulent Mach numbers. The computed data are compared to experiments and linear theory, showing that the amplification of turbulence kinetic energy across a shock wave is described well using linearized dynamics. The post-shock anisotropy of the turbulence, however, is qualitatively different from that predicted by linear analysis. The jumps in mean density and pressure are lower than the non-turbulent Rankine–Hugoniot results by a factor of the square of the turbulence intensity. It is shown that the dissipative scales of turbulence return to isotropy within about 10 convected Kolmogorov time scales, a distance that becomes very small at high Reynolds numbers. Special attention is paid to the ‘broken shock’ regime of intense turbulence, where the shock can be locally replaced by smooth compressions. Grid convergence of the probability density function of the shock jumps proves that this effect is physical, and not an artefact of the numerical scheme.
Process temperature dependence of ∂M plots on Co alloy media on amorphous carbon substrates

The static magnetic properties and the film structure of Co alloy recording media made under different deposition and annealing temperatures were investigated. With increasing film coercivity an increase of the grain size and a reduction of the positive peak in the ∂M plots were observed. It is believed that reduced exchange coupling was achieved by preferential Cr segregation at the grain boundaries during high‐temperature processing.
Model‐based Prediction In Ecological Surveys Including Those with Incomplete Detection

This paper explores and develops model‐based predictors for surveys of plants and wildlife including those with incomplete detection. The methodology allows for estimating a detection function to account for objects which were not detected at the time of the survey. The model‐based theory utilises generalized linear models (GLMs) and is either new or adapted from other areas of sampling. A simulation study is used to validate the estimators and comparisons are made with an integrated likelihood approach. An aerial survey of kangaroos in western New South Wales is used to illustrate the theory. The area within 50m of the aircraft is treated as a strip transect and mark‐recapture methods are used to estimate the detection function.
Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity

Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (n = 63) and provide a side-by-side comparison to healthy controls (n = 67). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (NP) IgG were assessed using in-house S- and NP-based ELISA followed by serum neutralization test (SNT). High concordance between S-based ELISA and SNT results was observed. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 95.24% (60/63) in the study group and 95.52% (64/67) in the controls with no significant difference. The presence/absence of past infection, period since vaccination, vaccine type, and being iron-deficient or having iron-deficiency anemia did not exert any significant effect on the prevalence or titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. NP-based ELISA identified individuals unaware of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, absence of anti-NP IgG was noted in participants who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 suggesting the unpredictability of after-infection immunity. To sum up, this study demonstrated an initial lack of evidence on the association between iron deficiency and the effectiveness of COVID-19-vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. Similar studies with larger sample size remain necessary to obtain comprehensive conclusions about the effect or lack of effect of iron on COVID-19-vaccine effectiveness.
Time-dependence of the electron energy distribution function in the nitrogen afterglow

In this paper, we present an investigation of the time-relaxation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in the nitrogen afterglow of an /spl omega//2/spl pi/=433 MHz flowing discharge at p=3.3 torr, in a tube with inner radius R=1.9 cm. We solve the time-dependent Boltzmann equation, including the term for creation of new electrons in associative/Penning reactions, coupled to a system of rate balance equations for the heavy-particles. The EEDFs are also obtained experimentally, from second derivatives of digitized probe characteristics measured using a triple probe technique, and compared with the calculations. It is shown that an equilibrium between the vibrational distribution function of ground-state molecules N/sub 2/(X/sup 1//spl Sigma//sub g//sup +/,v) and low-energy electrons is rapidly established, in times /spl sim/10/sup -7/ s. In these early instants of the postdischarge, a dip is formed in the EEDF around 4 eV. The EEDF finally reaches a quasi-stationary state for t/spl gsim/10/sup -6/ s, although the electron density still continues to decrease beyond this instant. Collisions of highly excited N/sub 2/(X/sup 1//spl Sigma//sub g//sup +/,v/spl gsim/35) molecules with N(/sup 4/S) atoms are in the origin of a maximum in the electron density occurring downstream from the discharge at /spl sime/2/spl times/10/sup -2/ s. These reactions create locally the metastable states N/sub 2/(A/sup 3//spl Sigma//sub u//sup +/) and N/sub 2/(a'/sup 1//spl Sigma//sub u//sup -/), which in turn ionize the gas in associative/Penning processes. Slow electrons remain for very long times in the postdischarge and can be involved in electron stepwise processes with energy thresholds smaller than /spl sim/2-3 eV.