Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving Object Detectors by Exploiting Bounding Boxes for Augmentation Design

Recent advancements in developing pre-trained models using large-scale datasets have emphasized the importance of robust protocols to adapt them effectively to domain-specific data, especially when the available data is limited. To achieve data-efficient fine-tuning of pre-trained object detection models, data augmentations are crucial. However, selecting the appropriate augmentation policy for a given dataset is known to be challenging. In this study, we address an overlooked aspect of this problem - can bounding box annotations be utilized to develop more effective augmentation policies? Our approach InterAug reveals that, by leveraging the annotations, one can deduce the optimal context for each object in a scene, rather than manipulating the entire scene or just the pre-defined bounding boxes. Through rigorous empirical research involving various benchmarks and architectures, we showcase the effectiveness of InterAug in enhancing robustness, handling data scarcity, and maintaining resilience to diverse high background contexts. An important advantage of InterAug is its compatibility with any off-the-shelf policy, requiring no modifications to the model architecture, and it significantly outperforms existing protocols. We will release the codes upon acceptance. Our codes can be found at https://github.com/kowshikthopalli/InterAug.
Cover: Land‐use/land‐cover change analysis in part of Ethiopia using Landsat Thematic Mapper data

Land cover and human or natural alterations of land cover play a major role in global-scale patterns of climate and biogeochemistry of the Earth’s systems. Landuse and land-cover changes have a direct impact on land management practices, economic health and social processes of concern at the national and global level (Ojima et al. 1994). Global assessment of changes in physical characteristics of land cover is therefore a fundamental input for models of global climate and terrestrial hydrology (Lambin and Strahler 1994). Several researchers have attempted to use digital satellite sensor data to address the land-use and land-cover change detection problem (Fung 1990, Lambin and Strahler 1994, Heo and FitzHugh 2000, Rogan et al. 2003). Several procedures including comparison of land-cover classifications, multi-data classification, image differencing/ratioing, vegetation index differencing, principal component analysis and change vector analysis have been employed for land-use and land-cover change detection (Singh 1989). We report here a study that was carried out (i) to derive information on spatial distribution of land use/land cover in part of Ethiopia, and (ii) to study its temporal behaviour during the period 1994 and 1997 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. With a geographical area of 1883 km, the test site is bound by geo-coordinates 6u089 to 6u489 N and 37u249 to 37u429 E and forms part of Chencha Wareda and adjoining areas of Gamo Awraja, Gamo Geofa Kifle Hafer, Ethiopia. Landsat TM digital data acquired on 2 January 1994 and 11 February 1997 were used. Ethiopian Mapping Agency topographical sheets at 1 : 50 000 scale and published relevant report and maps were also referred to. The methodology involves radiometric normalization, geo-referencing, digital analysis and accuracy estimation. Radiometric normalization of Landsat TM data of 1994 and 1997 was carried out by converting DN values into radiance values using calibration coefficients provided by Markham and Barker (1986). For georeferencing the Landsat TM digital data, available 1 : 50 000 scale topographic maps were scanned on a Contex FSS-800 system and were rectified for scanning error. The output, thus generated, was taken as a reference for geo-referencing the Landsat TM data of 1994 by using ground control points on a Silicon Graphics Octane Work station using ERDAS/IMAGINE version 8.3 software. The Landsat TM data of 1997 was subsequently co-registered to Landsat TM data acquired in 1994 using an image-to-image registration tool. For deriving information on land use and land cover, spectrally homogeneous classes were initially made from Landsat TM data of 1997 using an unsupervised classification algorithm. Based on the results of unsupervised classification and ground data, a cluster of pixels representing various land-use and land-cover categories were selected as training sets
Seismic attenuation of the inner core: Viscoelastic or stratigraphic?

Broadband velocity waveforms of PKIKP in the distance range 150° to 180° are inverted for inner core attenuation. A mean Qα of 244 is determined at 1 Hz from 8 polar and 9 equatorial paths. The scatter in measured Q−1 exceeds individual error estimates, suggesting significant variation in attenuation with path. These results are interpreted by (1) viscoelasticity, in which the relaxation spectrum has a low‐frequency corner near or slightly above the frequency band of short‐period body waves, and by (2) stratigraphic (scattering) attenuation, in which attenuation and pulse broadening are caused by the interference of scattered multiples in a velocity structure having rapid fluctuations along a PKIKP path. In the scattering interpretation, PKIKP attenuation is only weakly affected by the intrinsic shear attenuation measured in the free‐oscillation band. Instead, its frequency dependence, path variations, and fluctuations are all explained by scattering attenuation in a heterogeneous fabric resulting from solidification texturing of intrinsically anisotropic iron. The requisite fabric may consist of either single or ordered groups of crystals with P velocity differences of at least 5% and as much as 12% between two crystallographic axes at scale lengths of 0.5 to 2 km in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation and longer in the cylindrically radial direction, perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
Differential reliability of 14C AMS ages of Rattus exulans bone gelatin in south Pacific prehistory

Analysis of assemblages of AMS radiocarbon determinations of Rattus exulans bone gelatin samples collected in the south Pacific (New Zealand and Norfolk Island) shows that results from both archaeological and natural sites have an inverse correlation of radiocarbon age with sequence of processing, particularly in 1GNS data Consideration of potential causes of this variation, including differential dietary effects and sample degradation, provides no general explanation It is hypothesized that laboratory processing of rat bone samples improved with experience Taken into account, this proposition brings rat bone gelatin radiocarbon ages into line with prevailing archaeological and palaeoenvironmental opinion about ages of human colonisation and the concurrent introduction of Rattus exulans to the southern islands of Polynesia about 800 B P Problems remain in the radiocarbon dating of rat bone, however, and the reliability of determinations is currently uncertain
Past monsoon rainfall variations in peninsular India recorded in a 331-year-old speleothem

An actively growing stalagmite collected from a cave located in the hills of the Western Ghats in the Uttar Kannada District of Karnataka, India, has been studied for stable isotope ratios of oxygen and carbon, width of growth layers and grey-level changes. Distinct carbonate layers, alternate coarse and compact, are seen in cross-section. Each couplet of compact and coarse layer is found to represent a single year. A total of 331 such couplets has been counted, indicating that the stalagmite started growing in AD 1666 and continued until it was sampled. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) show variations ranging from-13.6 to-7.9%° and from-2.7 to 1.6%°, respectively. We have reconstructed past rainfall changes of the cave site using the‘amount effect’ in &δ18O of rain. Speleothemδ18O and instrumental rainfall data from the associated climate subdivision show a significant correlation (r =-0.62, decadal average). Several sharp spikes of enrichment and depletion in 18O are indicative of the past deficiency and excess in rainfall. Most of the severe drought years recorded independently by meteorological observations are found registered in the stalagmite layers. During the 331-year-period, rainfall was highest at Añ 1666 and lowest around AD 1900. The stalagmite-generated past rainfall record can serve as a reasonable proxy for testing monsoon models.
Modeling the diurnal tide for the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) 1 time period

High‐resolution stratospheric and mesospheric temperature measurements from the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment taken during the space shuttle mission STS 66 in November 1994 show large tidal signatures in the day/night temperature differences. Previous comparisons with the predictions of the global‐scale wave model (GSWM‐95) for equinox conditions have shown these differences to be in very good qualitative agreement with GSWM results for the diurnal component of the migrating solar tide, although quantitative differences in the tidal amplitudes and phases did exist. In this paper the source of these differences is examined. Background fields corresponding to the flight conditions are derived from the CRISTA data and used as input to an updated version of the GSWM. The updated GSWM includes revised tidal heating and dissipation schemes. The background fields from CRISTA include temperature, ozone, pressure, mass density, and derived geostrophic wind (in geostrophic balance with the CRISTA temperatures). These model updates significantly improve the agreement with the CRISTA observations at all latitudes and altitudes. Modeled and observed phases match to within 1 hour at the equator. The amplitudes agree within 1 K for most altitudes. Above 75 km, however, the CRISTA measurements show a decrease in the tidal amplitude which is not present in the GSWM results, suggesting that the model underestimates the equatorial gravity wave dissipation in the form of eddy diffusivity and wave stress in the upper mesosphere. The mesospheric wind field update accounts for the most profound improvement in the phase distributions of the diurnal tide. The results show the strengths of the GSWM but also indicate the need for some model improvements. Our determination of the GSWM capability for reliable predictions of phases and amplitudes of the migrating diurnal tide when realistic atmospheric background conditions are used, provides some guidance in the way such models should be used in the future. In addition, the understanding of the diurnal cycle of chemical active species requires an accurate tidal prediction, due to the temperature dependencies of the reactions and the transport processes associated with the tides.
A Multi-Color Flow Cytometric Assay for Quantifying Dinutuximab Binding to Neuroblastoma Cells in Tumor, Bone Marrow, and Blood

GD2, a disialoganglioside, is present on the surface of most neuroblastomas, as well as on some other cancers, such as melanoma and osteogenic sarcoma. The anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18 (dinutuximab) has an FDA-registered indication for use as maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma with cytokines and 13-cis-retinoic acid after myeloablative therapy. Recent studies using immunohistochemistry of tumor or tumor cells in marrow have shown that some neuroblastomas are negative for GD2. Dinutuximab and other anti-GD2 antibodies are increasingly used in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for treating relapsed neuroblastoma, so it is important to be able to identify patients with tumor cells with low GD2 expression, as such patients may experience toxicity but not benefit from the antibody therapy. As the most common clinical samples available for relapsed neuroblastoma are bone marrow aspirates, we developed a method to quantify dinutuximab binding density and the frequency of neuroblastoma cells positive for the antibody in bone marrow aspirates. Here, we describe a multi-color flow cytometry assay that employs non-GD2 antibodies to identify neuroblastoma cells in a mixed population (tumor, bone marrow, or blood) and an anti-GD2 antibody to quantify both the frequency and density of GD2 expression on neuroblastoma cells.
An evaluation of the global potential of cocoyam (Colocasia and Xanthosoma species) as an energy crop.

Aims: To evaluate the potential of cocoyam (Colocasia and Xanthosoma species) for the production of ethanol and methane for use as energy sources. Study design: Laboratory experimentation. Place and duration of study: Federal College of Agriculture Ibadan and Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria between December 2010 and June 2011. Methodology: Five, 15, 25 and 35 kg samples of peeled cocoyam corms were weighed in three replicates. Next, the weighed cocoyam was soaked in clean water for 24 hr, and afterwards placed on a clean tray and allowed to air dry naturally for 4 hr. The cocoyam corms were then cut and the pieces transferred to a mortar where they were mashed to attain sufficient size reduction. The mash was then transferred into a plastic bucket. Five hundred, 650, 800 and 950 ml of N-hexane (C6H14) was added to the 5, 15, 25 and 35kg samples. The mash was thoroughly stirred to achieve an even mixture with the hexane. It was then covered and left undisturbed in the laboratory at room temperature for 8 days. The fermented mash was poured onto a 0.6 mm aperture size sieve and completely squeezed to dryness while the liquid filtered through the sieve. N-hexane was removed from the filtered liquid. The collected liquid was poured into a glass dish and then gradually heated at 79°C for a total of 10 hr (at intervals of 2 hr heating followed by 1 hr cooling) to ensure complete evaporation of any trapped H2O or CO2 remaining in it. Afterwards the final liquid (ethanol) was allowed to cool normally in the lab and its mass, volume and other properties were measured. Results: It was found that ethanol was yielded at the rate of 139 L/tonne of cocoyam. Therefore, 10 million tonnes annual global production of cocoyam is potentially able to Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2(1): 1-15, 2012 2 produce 331 million gallons of ethanol (i.e. 200 million gallons gasoline equivalent) or 39.5 million cubic metres of methane which on burning would produce 179.3 x 10 MJ of energy. The mash obtained as byproduct of the processes is capable of supplying 59 calories of food energy per 100g. Conclusion: Cocoyam has very good potential as a source of ethanol and methane. Its use as a renewable source of energy for the production of biofuels is recommended and doing so poses no threat to the environment or food supply. The mash produced is an excellent feedstock for livestock. The scientific innovation and relevance of this study lies in the fact that cocoyam is a renewable produce and the fermentation and anaerobic digestion methods used are applicable across countries and regions irrespective of available degree of industrialization and climate.
Modeling Wave-Enhanced Turbulence in the Ocean Surface Layer

Abstract Until recently, measurements below the ocean surface have tended to confirm “law of the wall” behavior, in which the velocity profile is logarithmic, and energy dissipation decays inversely with depth. Recent measurements, however, show a sublayer, within meters of the surface, in which turbulence is enhanced by the action of surface waves. In this layer, dissipation appears to decay with inverse depth raised to a power estimated between 3 and 4.6. The present study shows that a conventional model, employing a “level 2½” turbulence closure scheme predicts near-surface dissipation decaying as inverse depth to the power 3.4. The model shows agreement in detail with measured profiles of dissipation. This is despite the fact that empirical constants in the model are determined for situations very different from this near-surface application. The action of breaking waves is modeled by a turbulent kinetic energy input at the surface. In the wave-enhanced layer, the downward flux of turbulent kinetic en.
Possible connection of polar cap flows to pre‐ and post‐substorm onset PBIs and streamers

[1] Recent analysis of a short period of observations has led to the hypothesis that enhanced meso-scale flows from well within the region of open polar cap field lines may cross the nightside polar cap boundary into the closed field line region and contribute to the triggering of equatorward (earthward) meso-scale flows across the ionospheric (equatorial) portion of plasma sheet fields lines and lead to PBIs and streamers. This includes the streamers that have been postulated to bring new plasma equatorward (earthward) and lead to substorm onset. Meso-scale structure of flow within the polar cap, often studied near the dayside polar cap boundary, has not previously been generally recognized as significant within the nightside polar cap. Here we have taken advantage of new capabilities to measure polar cap convection by the Resolute Bay incoherent scatter radar and the Rankin Inlet PolarDARN radar, coordinated with THEMIS all-sky imager observations, to study flow measurements from well within the polar cap to near the polar cap boundary. We present evidence that flow structures moving from the polar cap toward the nightside polar cap boundary may be important for triggering the flows that lead to substorm onset streamers. The new observations also have given evidence that the flow structures come from deep within the polar cap, and have given unexpected evidence that a continuation of flow structures moving from the polar cap toward the nightside polar cap boundary after substorm onset may be important in controlling the poleward expansion and duration of post-onset auroral activity.
Ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter 1994/1995 : Model simulations underestimate results of the Match analysis

We present box model simulations of ozone loss rates in the Arctic lower stratosphere for the winter 1994/1995. The ozone loss was simulated along each of the trajectories of the Match data set for 1994/1995 to conduct a quantitative comparison with the Match results. The simulated ozone loss rates reach their maximum value of ≈ 4 ppb per sunlit hour at the end of January. For this period and for potential temperatures below 475 K the model results are in good agreement with the Match results, but for potential temperatures above 475 K the model underestimates the ozone loss rate by up to a factor of 2. This difference cannot be explained by known uncertainties of the model. Enhanced ozone loss has also been observed in March 1995 for potential temperatures below 475 K. These loss rates are also substantially underestimated by the model, but are within the range of the model uncertainties. In particular, the ozone loss rates simulated for March 1995 strongly depend on the extent of denitrification.
Heat flux at the ice‐ocean interface

The role of the oceanic heat flux Fw in the sea ice energy and mass balance is discussed, and a method is described for determining Fw from measurements of the temperature and thickness of sea ice. Results obtained using this method and data collected in the fall of 1988 during a drift in the eastern Arctic northeast of Fram Strait are presented. Estimates of Fw ranged from 0 to 37 W m−2 and varied in both time and space. The gradual variation over the course of the drift reflects transformation of the West Spitsbergen Current into Arctic water masses. A significant intersite variability on horizontal scales of 10 to 100 m is ascribed to the interaction between under-ice topographic features and turbulent energy and mass transfer in the boundary layer. In addition, there is a variability in the ice growth rate on horizontal scales of 0.1 to 1 m which is ascribed to the instability of the ice-ocean phase boundary in the presence of turbulent flow. These observations have implications for modeling and future experiments.
Implications of a new eddy parameterization for ocean models

A new parameterization of eddies in a coarse resolution ocean model yields deep ocean salinities and temperatures that are significantly closer to observations than with previous parameterizations. This is achieved because dense water is able to flow over sills and into the deep ocean without being diluted with the surrounding water. In addition, the depth to which surface-induced tracers penetrate in the Southern Ocean is now realistic. This depth is overestimated by previous ocean models, including those used to estimate global warming. Adding this new eddy parameterization to coupled atmosphere-ocean models is expected to yield greater global warming.
Carbon and peat accumulation over the past 1200 years in a landscape with discontinuous permafrost, northwestern Canada

Apparent recent carbon and peat accumulation rates over the past 1200 years were measured in five peat landforms in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada. The White River volcanic ash layer was used as a chronostratigraphic horizon to ensure a consistent time span of peat deposition among peat cores and to allow a large core sample size (n = 20 cores in each landform) without the expense of radiocarbon dating. Apparent recent carbon accumulation rates were not significantly different (p>0.05) among rich fen (13.58 ± 1.07 g C m−2 yr−1), peat plateau (13.31 ± 2.20 g C m−2 yr−1) and collapse fen (13.54 ± 1.50 g C m−2 yr−1). Poor fen and ombrotrophic bog accumulation rates were 20.34 ± 2.86 and 21.81 ± 3.25 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, and were not significantly different from each other. Variation within the poor fen and ombrotrophic bog cores is attributed to microtopography, with hollows accumulating carbon at significantly greater rates than hummocks. Vertical peat accumulation rates vary significantly in the poor fen, with hummocks showing a greater annual vertical accumulation rate than hollows. Vertical peat accumulation rates ranged from 0.282 ± 0.052 mm yr−1 in the peat plateau to 0.563 ± 0.070 mm yr−1 in the ombrotrophic bog. Variations in mean core bulk density were also significant and ranged from 0.071 ± 0.011 g cm−3 (collapse fen) to 0.102 ± 0.011 g cm−3 (poor fen). A regional survey incorporating measurements from other parts of the southwestern Northwest Territories and the southeastern Yukon show rates similar to those near Fort Simpson. These rates are significantly lower than published rates from other parts of northern Canada, Finland, and the former Soviet Union. Low and variable summer precipitation in the region may contribute to the low carbon accumulation rates through decreased plant production and/or increased aerobic decomposition.
Potential for climate variability reconstruction from Andean glaciochemical records

Abstract In order to select glacier sites suitable for the reconstruction of short-term climate variability, chemical constituents of shallow cores from Chimborazo, Ecuador, Illimani, Bolivia, and Cerro Tapado, Chile, were analyzed to determine if they represent the climate and atmospheric conditions of the particular area. Pronounced variations were observed in the Chimborazo core, which were attributed to the seasonal occurrence of wet and dry periods. Using chemical tracers, the Pacific and the Amazon basin were identified as the two principal sources of atmospheric moisture. In the Illimani record, seasonality is obvious but is less regular than in the Chimborazo core. Chemical tracers point to the Amazon basin as a moisture source. Post-depositional sublimation masks a possible atmospheric signal in the glaciochemical records from Cerro Tapado. the arid conditions and a prevailing high condensation level also cause little variability in the stable-isotope content. Irregular, more negative δ18O values occur during the humid phases of El Niño events. Despite alterations due to sublimation, chemical tracers indicate the Pacific Ocean as a main moisture source for precipitation preserved on Glaciar CerroTapado.