Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deposit architecture and dynamics of the 2006 block‐and‐ash flows of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia

The internal architecture of the 2006 block‐and‐ash flow deposits of Merapi volcano (Java, Indonesia) was investigated using data collected from 27 stratigraphic sections measured immediately after flow emplacement, and after one and two rainy seasons of erosion. Identification of different depositional units and their longitudinal and lateral facies variations provide detailed information about: (i) the distribution, volumes and sedimentological characteristics of the different units; (ii) flow types and mobility as inferred from associated deposits; and (iii) changes in the dynamics of the different flows and their material during emplacement. Two main types of block‐and‐ash flows (short‐runout to medium‐runout block‐and‐ash flows and long‐runout block‐and‐ash flows) are defined based on flow generation mechanism, flow volume, travel distance, deposit morphology, distribution, lithology and grain‐size distribution. Conceptual models for the transport and depositional mechanisms of these two types of block‐and‐ash flows are presented. Variations in the runout distances observed for short‐runout to medium‐runout block‐and‐ash flows are linked directly to different initial flow volumes, degree of fragmentation and material properties of the moving mass during transport, with the largest and finer grained flows having the greatest mobility. Deposition occurs only over a narrow range of basal inclinations close to the angle of repose for pyroclastic material, indicating that such flows behave in a similar way to granular‐free surface flows on unconfined planes. The flow mechanisms of long‐runout block‐and‐ash flows at Merapi are interpreted to be similar, in many respects, to unsteady, cohesionless grain flows with an inertial flow regime where collisional forces largely overcome frictional forces. Flow unsteadiness causes the main body to be segmented into different pulses that run closer to each other as the flow moves downslope. Deposition occurs stepwise, with rapid aggradation of stacked sub‐units from different parts of the major flow pulses. In such a model, the arrival of each flow pulse front at selected sites in the main river valley controls the generation and development of highly mobile, unconfined pyroclastic flows outside valley regions and their associated overbank deposits.
Space in Tourism, Tourism in Space: On the Need for Definition, Delimitation and Classification

Abstract Tourism space has been considered by most researchers to be the central object of tourism geography studies. The author defines tourism space, indicating the features which distinguish it within geographical space, as well as those which describe its character. He also presents a discussion on the need (or necessity) to make internal divisions and classifications, as well as on selected criteria and ways of classifying tourism space.
The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and northern Peru

The Andean orogenic period began in the Albian and consisted of at least 6 discrete compressional phases which are Albian to late Miocene in age. Deformation migrated progressively toward the Amazonian foredeep. The major Andean structures in central and northern Peru are related to the Eocene (Incaic), early Miocene (Quechua 1) and late Miocene (Quechua 3) phases. The Maranon thrust and fold belt (MTFB) which bounds the western Cordillera to the NE rose in the Eocene. It was reactivated partly by the Quechua 1 phase, which also folded the Altiplano farther E and possibly part of the eastern Cordillera. The sub-Andean thrust and fold belt (STFB) is related to the Quechua 3 phase. In both MTFB and STFB the imbricate thrusts merge at depth in large décollement faults. Gravity sliding does not play a dominant role, for these faults have to be rooted westward in the pre-Andean basement. The corresponding crustal shortening played a significant part in the creation of the sialic root of the Andes.
Emission of NO in a tropical savanna and a cloud forest during the dry season

Exchange of NO and NO2 was studied in two tropical ecosystems in Venezuela. Fluxes were obtained from temporal changes of the concentrations in a closed chamber placed over the soil surface. In the savanna the net emission of NO ranged from 3 to 15 ng N m−2 s−1. the median value being about 8 ng N m−2 s−1. There was a net emission in terms of NOx (NO + NO2). The surface resistance to uptake of NO2 on the ground was around 0.2 s mm−1. With the average concentrations prevailing at the site the NO2 deposition was estimated to be less than 50% of the median NO emission. The NO emission showed a weak diurnal variation. The soil was very dry and when the soil was artificially watered (to simulate between 3 and 15 mm of rainfall) the emission of NO increased dramatically to 10 to 20 times the background values. It stayed high when water was supplied daily for 10 days. Addition of nitrate to the soil resulted in a 100- to 300-fold increase of the NO emission. Burning also resulted in a large increase in the emission of NO from the soil. It stayed high for several days after the burning. These results indicate that tropical savannas may constitute a very important part of the natural source of atmospheric NOx on regional or even global scale. The estimated annual emissions from the savanna were 0.4 to 0.5 g N m−2. The sum of the wet and dry deposition was estimated to be less than 0.2 mg N m−2 indicating a net export of NOx-N from this region. The NO emission in the cloud forest ranged from 0.2 to 2 ng N m−2 s−1. Generally, there was a net deposition in terms of NOx.
Mass transfer studies in sorbing porous media. I. Analytical solutions

An analytical solution is presented for the movement of chemicals through a sorbing porous medium with lateral or intra-aggregate diffusion. The liquid phase in the porous medium is divided into mobile and immobile regions. Diffusional transfer between the two liquid regions is assumed to be proportional to the concentration difference between the mobile and immobile liquids. Sorption processes in both the dynamic and stagnant regions of the medium are assumed to be instantaneous and the adsorption isotherm is assumed to be linear. The analytical model derived here describes the extensive tailing observed during flow through an unsaturated, aggregated sorbing medium and explains the often observed early breakthrough of chemicals in the effluent.
First report of eclogites from central Tibet, China: evidence for ultradeep continental subduction prior to the Cenozoic India‐Asian collision

Eclogites characterized by a garnet + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + sanidine + rutile assemblage are reported for the first time in the eastern Bangong suture, central Tibet (China). Garnet and sanidine are exsolved from clinopyroxene. Al‐exchange barometer for orthopyroxene and garnet and K concentrations in clinopyroxene indicate a peak pressure of ∼4 GPa. The occurrence of these ultrahigh‐pressure rocks implies the subduction of continental crust to a depth of >130 km along the eastern Bangong suture zone during the Early Jurassic. The denudation of these ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks could have provided a significant source for the Jurassic turbidites in the western Bangong ocean basin.
Distributional Analysis Research Programme Discussion Paper Education , Inequality and Income Inequality

In this paper we propose to measure inequality of educational achievements by constructing a Gini index on educational attainments. We then use the proposed measure to analyse the relationship between inequality in incomes and educational achievements (in terms of both the average attainments and its concentration). Even if theoretical considerations suggest a non-linear relationship between these two measures of inequality, actual data indicate that average years of education have a stronger negative impact on measured income inequality. Multivariate regressions also prove that, once we take into account the negative correlation between average educational achievement and its dispersion, the relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is U-shaped, with a lower turning point at 6.5 years. Income inequality is also negatively related to per capita income and positively related to capital/output ratio and government expenditure in education.
Syllable Nucleus And Margin In Greek, Vedic, And Proto-Indo-European

ed away from any attempt at identifying it further. We will now begin to consider this issue more closely. Simply put, C prefers a right-oriented syllabic nucleus over a left-oriented one: the first sonorant is more preferred as (part of) an onset, than the second sonorant is as (part of) a coda. The most obvious candidate for the constraint C, is, then (as has already been noted earlier),
Diagnosis of Soil Nutrient Constraints in Small-Scale Groundnut (Arachis hyopaea L.) Production Systems of Western Kenya Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers: cost-effective soil fertility survey methods are needed. This study aimed to test the applicability of infrared spectroscopy (IR) as a diagnostic screening tool for making soil fertility recommendations in small-scale production systems. Soil fertility survey of 150 small-scale groundnut farms in western Kenya was conducted using a spatially stratified random sampling strategy. Soil properties examined were pH in water (pHw), total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and texture. These properties were calibrated to mid-infrared (MIR) diffuse reflectance using partial least square regression (PLSR). Cross-validated coefficient of determination (r 2 ) values obtained from calibration models were > 0.80 for all properties, except P and K with 0.66 and 0.50 respectively. Soil nutritional deficiencies were evaluated using critical nutrient limits based on IR predictions and composite soil fertility indices (SFIs) developed from the soil properties using principal component analysis. The SFIs were calibrated to MIR soil spectral reflectance with cross-validated r 2 values > 0.80. The survey showed that 56% of the groundnut farms had severe soil nutrient constraints for production, especially exchangeable Ca, available P and organic matter. IR can provide a robust tool for farm soil fertility assessment and recommendation systems when backed up by conventional reference analyses. However, further work is required to test direct calibration of crop responses to spectral indicators and to improve prediction of extractable P and K tests.
Criminal Profiles of Violent Juvenile Sex and Violent Juvenile Non–Sex Offenders

Few studies have longitudinally investigated the criminal profiles of violent juvenile sex and violent juvenile non–sex offenders. To make up for this lack, this study used police records of juveniles to determine the nature of the criminal profiles of violent sex offenders (n = 226) and violent non–sex offenders (n = 4,130). All offenders committed their first offense in 1996 and were followed for 7 years. Results showed that violent sex offenders and violent non–sex offenders cannot be considered a homogeneous group because of different background characteristics and criminal profiles. Sex and violent offenses often constitute a small part of a broader criminal pattern. Further research is necessary to reveal in more detail the developmental and criminological patterns of violent and sexual delinquency. Treatment and intervention programs may benefit from this.
The last 18 kyr fluctuations in Norwegian sea surface conditions and implications for the magnitude of climatic change: Evidence from the North Sea

A combined record of three cores spanning the last 18 kyr from the northern North Sea is investigated for content of benthic and planktonic foraminifera and stable oxygen isotopes. The paleoenvironmental development through this time period shows an early deglaciation (18–14.4 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.7–11.5 ka) characterized by arctic/polar conditions and increased ice rafting in the Norwegian Channel. During the Bolling-Allerod period, warm sea surface temperature (9°C) conditions similar to present conditions are inferred, while bottom waters stayed cold (0–1°C) with normal salinity. The Bolling-Allerod period is interrupted twice at 13.9–13.6 ka (Older Dryas) and at 13.0–12.8 ka (Inter-Allerod Cooling Period) by reductions in sea surface temperatures and increased sea ice cover. The beginning of the Holocene period is marked by increases in surface and bottom water temperature. Superimposed on the broad climatic changes through the Holocene, a series of short-lived oscillations in the ocean circulation are recorded. The amplitude of these Holocene events appears larger in the early Holocene (prior to 8 ka) than compared with the remaining part of the Holocene. This amplification can possibly be attributed to a general increased freshwater budget in the North Atlantic at this time during the final stages of the deglaciation of the Laurentide and Scandinavian ice sheets.
South Africa - The Present as History: From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana

In 1994, the first non-racial elections in South Africa brought Nelson Mandela and his African National Congress to office; elections since have confirmed the ANC's hold, both popular and legitimate, on power. Yet, at the same time, South Africa has one of the highest rates of protest and dissent in the world - underscored by the police shooting of 34 striking miners at Marikana in 2012 - regions of deep poverty and environmental degradation, rising inequality and high unemployment rates. This book looks at this paradox by examining the precise character of the post-apartheid state, and the roots of the hope that something better than the semi-liberation that the ANC has presided over must not be long delayed - both within the ANC itself and within the broader society of South Africa. The authors present a history of South Africa from earliest times, with today's post-apartheid society interpreted and understood in the context of and through the lens of its earlier history. Following the introduction, which offers an analytical background to the narrative that follows, they track the course of South African history: from its origins to apartheid in the 1970; through the crisis and transition of the 1970s and 1980s to the historic deal-making of 1994 that ended apartheid; to its recent history from Mandela to Marikana, with increasing signs of social unrest and class conflict. Finally, the authors reflect on the present situation in South Africa with reference to the historical patterns that have shaped contemporary realities and the possibility of a 'next liberation struggle'. John S. Saul is Professor Emeritus at York University (Canada). Patrick Bond is Senior Professor of Development Studies and Director of the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Durban). Southern Africa (South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland & Botswana): Jacana
Sea level changes at Port Stanley, Falkland Islands

[1] Time series of sea level change at Port Stanley present a rich spectrum of variability from seiches, tides, and storm surges through to the seasonal, interannual, and secular changes of interest to ocean circulation and climate change studies. This paper emphasizes the strategic importance of the Port Stanley sea level station within a global sea level network through analysis of the decade-length tide gauge records from Port Stanley itself, together with sets of data from a series of temporary tide gauge deployments at several other locations in East Falkland. The characteristics of seiches and of tidal, storm surge, and mean sea level variability are described, and the frequency of extreme sea level events is determined. Port Stanley sea level variability is shown to be “inverse barometer like” over a wide range of frequencies, although with a significant dependence on the local wind field and an intriguing association with the distant tropical Pacific wind field. Altimeter and tide gauge data in combination demonstrate that the sea level variability is representative of much of the Patagonian shelf and neighboring deep ocean. Consequently, Port Stanley is an ideal site to include within a global network for the purpose of altimeter calibration. The utility of Port Stanley data for monitoring variability in the Falkland-Malvinas Current and Antarctic Circumpolar Current is explored. Port Stanley possesses one of the longest records from a Southern Hemisphere island which indicates an upward sea level secular trend (adjusted for station air pressure) of 0.70 ± 0.18 (statistical) ± 0.25 (systematic) mm/yr since 1964.
Structure and dynamics of the Martian lower and middle atmosphere as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder: 2. Implications of the thermal structure and aerosol distributions for the mean meridional circulation

[1] Retrievals of temperature, dust, and water ice from data collected by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) illustrate for the first time the seasonal and diurnal variability of both the thermal structure of the middle atmosphere (above 40 km) and also the vertical distribution of aerosols. These retrievals reveal clear signatures of significant mean meridional cells in the middle and lower atmosphere at both the solstices and equinoxes. We investigate the degree to which the lower and middle atmospheric circulations are kinematically coupled and conclude that kinematic coupling is strong in the tropics throughout the year but weak near the pole except during the “polar warming” events associated with dust storm activity.
Enlivened Geographies of Volunteering: Situated, Embodied and Emotional Practices of Voluntary Action

Abstract Examining the everyday practices and feelings of volunteering, in particular their situated, emotional and embodied nature, serves to place the experiences of volunteers centrally in accounts of what matters in the doing of volunteering and goes beyond service provision or active citizenship. Using qualitative evidence from three collaborative research projects, we present enlivened geographies of volunteering which focus on: the situatedness of formal volunteering in place and the negotiation of local ‘moral economies’ of norms and expectations surrounding access to volunteering opportunities and the practices of volunteering; complex positionings of informal volunteering in biographies of social participation; and intersections of embodiment and emotions in experiences among environmental volunteers. We contribute to the development of social geographies which are ‘more-than-representational’ and argue that connecting insights on everyday practices of volunteering with wider policy and practice agendas requires a focus on the enduring, but also emergent and excessive nature of the spaces of doing volunteering, on the relational nature of volunteering, and on opening up debates in the networks of research-policy-practice which understand spaces of volunteering as entailing more than volunteering.
Relative concentrations of molecular and metallic ions in midlatitude intermediate and sporadic‐E layers

A NASA sounding rocket launched from Wallops Island, VA (37.84 N, 75.48 W) on 1 July 2003 at 2:50 EST made the first in situ measurement of the relative concentrations of Fe+, Mg+, O2+, and NO+ within a nighttime intermediate layer below 140 km altitude. Ion composition measurements were made from 80–220 km altitude and included observations of three separate regions having high concentrations of metallic ions: the intermediate layer at 118 km, a sporadic‐E layer at 105 km, and a third layer above 160 km altitude. These observations demonstrate that metallic ions may be a significant source of ionization in the nighttime E and F region ionosphere at midlatitudes.
Cyclic Swelling Behavior of Clays

This paper investigates the effect of cyclic wetting and drying on the expansive characteristics of clays. For this purpose, six expansive soils were obtained from various locations in Irbid (a city in northern Jordan). After each cycle, the swell potential and swell pressure were measured. Additionally, the soil microstructure before and after cyclic swelling was investigated. The experimental data indicated that upon repeated wetting and drying, the soils show sign of fatigue after every cycle resulting in decreased swelling ability. Furthermore, it was noted that the first cycle causes the most reduction in swelling potential. As the number of cycles increases, additional reduction was observed until an equilibrium state is reached. For the six utilized soils, the equilibrium cycle ranged between 4 and 5. Scanning electron micrographs clearly showed a continuous rearrangement of particles during cyclic wetting and drying. This led to lower structural element orientation due to the integration of struct.
Solar–absorber antireflector on the eye of an Eocene fly (45 Ma)

Antireflection structures on eyes potentially increase visual efficiency through increased photon capture for a given stimulus condition. We report an unusual surface grating on the compound eyes of an Eocene dolichopodid dipteran (45 Ma) known only from Baltic amber. By measuring the reflective properties of a flat model of this grating constructed from material of appropriate refractive index we show that this lsquo;fly eye grating’ is an efficient antireflector of white light at angles up to 60 °, and a relatively good antireflector for angles beyond 60 °. We calculate that such a grating would be particularly useful on a curved corneal surface as it would increase the transmission of incident light through the cornea compared with a smooth surface. This structure is also reported on the curved regions of the corneas of at least two extant dipterans. We argue that this grating probably derives from the previously described moth eye antireflection structure, which we also report here to occur in a silverfish, a ‘primitive’ insect. The fly eye grating is a more efficient antireflector than the moth eye structure only at angles greater than about 10 ° from the surface normal. A comparable antireflector is employed on solar absorbers.