Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER NGC 6752 AND ITS STELLAR POPULATION AS INFERRED FROM MULTICOLOR PHOTOMETRY

This paper is devoted to photometric study of the Galactic globular cluster (GGC) NGC 6752 in UBVI, focusing on the multiplicity of its stellar population. We emphasize that our U passband is (1) narrower than the standard one due to its smaller extension blueward and (2) redshifted by ∼300 Å relative to its counterparts, such as the HST F336W filter. Accordingly, both the spectral features encompassed by it and photometric effects of the multiplicity revealed in our study are somewhat different than in recent studies of NGC 6752. Main sequence stars bluer in U − B are less centrally concentrated, as red giants are. We find a statistically significant increasing luminosity of the red giant branch (RGB) bump of ΔU ≈ 0.2 mag toward the cluster outskirts with no so obvious effect in V. The photometric results are correlated with spectroscopic data: the bluer RGB stars in U − B have lower nitrogen abundances. We draw attention to a larger width of the RGB than the blue horizontal branch (BHB) in U − B. This seems to agree with the effects predicted to be caused by molecular bands produced by nitrogen-containing molecules. We find that brighter BHB stars, especially the brightest ones, are more centrally concentrated. This implies that red giants that are redder in U − B, i.e., more nitrogen enriched and centrally concentrated, are the main progenitors of the brighter BHB stars. However, such a progenitor–progeny relationship disagrees with theoretical predictions and with the results on the elemental abundances in horizontal branch stars. We isolated the asymptotic giant branch clump and estimated the parameter = 0.98 ± 0.12.
Electron Impact Emission of N2 2P(v',v") Bands Studied under Single-Collision Condition

As a confirmative study on electron impact emission of the second positive band group (2PG) of N 2 molecules, absolute emission cross section for the 2P(0,0) band and intensity ratios 2P(v',v”)/2P(0,0) have been measured. The absolute measurement has been made directly using a standard light source. From these results, the cross sections for excitation of C 3 Π u (v'=0, 1) vibrational states have been determined. Emphasis was placed on measurements under single-collision condition. Experimental errors have been assessed in some detail. The absolute 2P(0,0) cross section measured has the peak value of (11.1±1.1)×10 -18 cm 2 . This value is in good agreement with measurements reported recently by other two research groups. From the present and the two recent results, which were measured at low N 2 pressure and for which estimated errors are given, a weighted averaging value is calculated to be (11.0±0.7)×10 -18 cm 2 as a recommended emission cross section for 2P(0,0) band.
Comparison of the Masking Functions of Speech‐Modulated and White Noise

The relation between the masking functions for white noise (WN) and speech‐modulated noise (SMN) for vowels and words were compared. Three randomizations containing three examples of each of the nine pure vowels in an h_d context (27 vowels/list) and four CID, W‐1, word lists served as stimuli. Two matched groups of 20 subjects heard the vowel and word lists at four (−12, −8, −4, 0) S/N ratios. The order of presentation of the lists and S/N ratios were randomized across subjects. One group heard the stimuli in the presence of WN, the other group in the presence of SMN. The SMN was generated in such a manner that the envelope of the masking noise for each stimulus closely approximated the envelope of that stimulus. Subject's performance was consistently better for the vowels than the W‐1 words. However, performance on both words and vowels was consistently better under WN masking than under SMN masking. This finding is in direct opposition to previous authors.
Unipolar accumulation-type transistor configuration implemented using Si nanowires

A unipolar accumulation-type field effect transistor (FET) is proposed, fabricated, and characterized. The device, which uses a single doping type and Ohmic contacts, relies on the nanoscale to force the only possible source-drain path to pass through an accumulated (on state) or depleted (off state) region. The transistor is demonstrated using silicon nanowires (SiNWs) grown on glass with our nanochannel-template-guided “grow-in-place” approach. The resulting SiNW FETs exhibit an on-off ratio of 106 and a subthreshold slope of 130mV/decade. These transistors can allow unique design flexibility; for example, a NAND gate can be achieved in a uniformly doped nanowire with four contacts.
An M/G/l Vacation Model with Two Service Modes

Consider an M/G/1 type queueing system with two service modes: regular speed and high speed. The service rule is characterized by two switch-over levels nR and nH, where nR and nH are given integers with 0 ≤ nH < nR. The server switches from regular speed mode to high speed mode when the number of customers present at a service completion epoch is equal to or larger than nR and switches from high speed mode to regular speed mode when the number of customers present decreases to nH. A key feature of the model is that the server takes a vacation for setup operations before a new service mode is available. This paper derives for the general model an expression for the generating function of the equilibrium queue-length distribution in terms of the switch-over levels. Two unknown parameters appear in the generating functions. Using a recursive method, we solve these unknown parameters and obtain a computationally tractable algorithm for the steady-state probabilities.
Broadband Integrated Backscatter: An Approach to Spatially Localized Tissue Characterization in Vivo

interest. The backscattered echo train is detected by the same transducer that launcheo the interrogating pulse. The received signal is electronically gated, with the result that the v olumeofthe sample under investigation is defined by the duration of ;:Ei$:: ~:dm~~~u~~3~:~ni ~h~e~~t~~~t~fa~h ~h~ate is then Fourier transformed to examine the frequency domain characteristics of the s cattered signal. The result of this analysis is given by the expression As an approach to quantitative u ltrasonic backscatter measurements for regional tissue characterization in vivo, we investigatedthefrequency average of the backscatter transfer function over the bandwidth of the insonifying transducer, denoted the i ntegrated backscatter. The results of measurements conducted on excised dog myocardium indicate that the frequency averaging properties of the integrated backscatter substantially reduce spatial variation in the measured scattering sample. The potential of this index for tissue characterization in vivo was tested using an where V(f) is the output of the transducer, P(f) is open-chest dog model. Myocardial ischemia was the transfer function associated with the transducer induced in 7 dogs by coronary artery occlusion. characteristics at the measurement position and the
Analysis of laterally loaded piles with rectangular cross sections embedded in layered soil

An analysis is developed to determine the response of laterally loaded rectangular piles in layered elastic media. The differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system are derived using variational principles. Closed‐form solutions of pile deflection, the slope of the deflected curve, the bending moment and the shear force profiles can be obtained by this method for the entire pile length. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. The new analysis allows insights into the lateral load response of square, rectangular and circular piles and how they compare. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D Printed Lattices with Spatially Variant Self-Collimation

In this work, results are given for controlling waves arbitrarily inside a lattice with spatially variant self-collimation. To demonstrate the concept, an unguided beam was made to flow around a 90◦ bend without scattering due to the bend or the spatial variance. Control of the field was achieved by spatially varying the orientation of the unit cells throughout a self-collimating photonic crystal, but in a manner that almost completely eliminated deformations to the size and shape of the unit cells. The device was all-dielectric, monolithic, and made from an ordinary dielectric with low relative permittivity (er = 2.45). It was manufactured by fused deposition modeling, a form of 3D printing, and its performance confirmed experimentally at around 15 GHz.
Determination of the third- and fifth-order nonlinear refractive indices in InN thin films

We have combined the reflection and transmission Z-scan (RZ- and TZ-scans) techniques under femtosecond laser at 800nm to extract both the third- and fifth-order nonlinear refractive indices (n2 and n4) in InN thin films. The observation of the nonlinear refractive index saturation in the intensity-dependent RZ-scan measurement indicates the existence of the fifth-order effect. By the aid of the TZ-scan, the fifth-order nonlinear effect has been enhanced by enlarging the cascaded contribution from the increased laser interaction length, where large n2 of −2.5×10−11cm2∕W and n4 of 2.1×10−19cm4∕W2 have been determined.We have combined the reflection and transmission Z-scan (RZ- and TZ-scans) techniques under femtosecond laser at 800nm to extract both the third- and fifth-order nonlinear refractive indices (n2 and n4) in InN thin films. The observation of the nonlinear refractive index saturation in the intensity-dependent RZ-scan measurement indicates the existence of the fifth-order effect. By the aid of the TZ-scan, the fifth-order nonlinear effect has been enhanced by enlarging the cascaded contribution from the increased laser interaction length, where large n2 of −2.5×10−11cm2∕W and n4 of 2.1×10−19cm4∕W2 have been determined.
A diagnostic procedure based on local influence

Cook's (1986) normal curvature measure is useful for sensitivity analysis of model assumptions in statistical models. However, there is no rigorous approach based on the normal curvature for addressing two fundamental issues: to assess the extent of discrepancy between an assumed model and the underlying model from which the data are generated, and to identify suspicious data points for which the discrepancy is most evident. Our purpose is to establish a theoretically sound procedure for resolving these issues for case-weight perturbation under the framework of independent distributions. We show that the local influence measure, Cook's distance and likelihood distance are asymptotically equivalent. A diagnostic procedure, based on local influence, is proposed for evaluating model misspecification and for detecting influential points simultaneously. We analyse two real datasets. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2004, Oxford University Press.
On the Magnetic Anisotropy of Single Crystal of Mn5Ge3

The magnetic anisotropy of a single crystal of Mn 5 Ge 3 is measured by means of a torque magnetometer. The direction of easy magnetization is found to lie along the c -axis between room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The anisotropy constants are determined as 3.0×10 5 erg/cm 3 at room temperature and 4.2×10 6 erg/cm 3 at liquid nitrogen temperature. The anisotropy constant determined from magnetization curves at liquid nitrogen temperature is 3.5×10 6 erg/cm 3 , and agrees well with that from torque measurements. Calculation shows that magnetic dipolar interaction accounts for about 20% of the observed value of the anisotropy. Temperature dependence of the dipolar anisotropy is discussed using molecular field approximation.
Differences in raindrop size distribution from southwest monsoon to northeast monsoon at Gadanki

Characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD) are studied during the southwest (SW) and northeast (NE) monsoon seasons using 4 1/2 years of DSD measurements made at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) by an impact‐type disdrometer. The observed DSD is found to be distinctly different in the NE monsoon from that of the SW monsoon. The stratified DSD (based on rain rate) shows more small drops and fewer bigger drops in the NE monsoon than in the SW monsoon, particularly in the low rain rate regime. This feature is not an anomalous one, rather observed consistently in all the years. The diurnal variation of DSD (in terms of mass‐weighted mean diameter, Dm) plots in both monsoons show large values of Dm in the evening hours. Several possible reasons, from instrumental problems to geophysical mechanisms, for the observed DSD differences are examined. The wind field and the range of Dm values indicate that the DSDs in the SW and NE monsoons are continental and oceanic in nature, respectively. Further, high temperature and intense convective activity (vigorous updraughts) in the SW monsoon modify the DSD through evaporation, drop sorting, and collision‐coalescence processes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The Nature of the Optical Jets in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 1097

We present new observations of the jet features in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1097, including optical spectroscopy of the brightest jet features, two-color optical imagery, new VLA mapping at 327 MHz, and archival 1.4 GHz VLA data reprocessed for improved sensitivity. No optical emission lines appear to an equivalent width limit of 15-30 A (depending on the line wavelength). The jets are uniformly blue, with B - V = 0.45 for the two well-observed jets R1 and R2. No radio emission from the jets is detected at either frequency; the 327-MHz data set particularly stringent limits on "fossil" emission from aging synchrotron electrons. The morphology of the jets is shown to be inconsistent with any conical distribution of emission enhanced by edge-brightening; their combination of transverse profile and relative narrowness cannot be reproduced with cone models. The optical colors, lack of radio emission, and morphology of the features lead us to conclude that they are tidal manifestations, perhaps produced by multiple encounters of the small elliptical companion NGC 1097A with the disk of NGC 1097. We present photometric and morphological comparisons to the tail of NGC 465 1, which is similar in scale and morphology to the northeast "dogleg" feature R1 in NGC 1097.
Microcompression of Nanocrystalline Nickel

Microcompression is a technique that was developed as a means to probe the properties of micrometer-sized specimens using a modification of a conventional nanoindentation system. We use this technique to present the first uniaxial compressive data on electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel (a material system where the grain size is much smaller than the specimen size). The compression-tension asymmetry of this nanocrystalline material is also discussed.
An analysis of the distribution of globular clusters with postcollapse cores in the Galaxy

The structural parameters of Galactic globular clusters are studied. It is found that the distribution of post-core-collapsed clusters is much more concentrated about the Galactic center than the distribution of King (1966) clusters. A distance-independent analysis was used to address the problem of Galactic obscuration. The fact that some internal properties of clusters correlate well with global variables, such as the galactocentric radius, suggests that some external effects are important in cluster evolution. 37 refs.
Analysis of the generating action of the acid from PAG using acid sensitive dyes

The use of acid sensitive dyes to determine the quantity of acid generated from PAG and in the analysis of acid-generating reaction is currently being studied. The method would allow an easy understanding of the PAG acid-generating reaction simply by adding an acid sensitive dye to the resist. In the conventional method, a resist containing a chromogenic substance is applied to a quartz substrate, which is then exposed. Following the exposure, the absorbance of chromogenic component near 530 nm is measured and evaluated with a spectroscope. The rate constant for acid generation (Dill's C parameter) during the exposure is determined based on the relationship between transmittance at 530 nm and the exposure dose. However, the chromogenic substance used in this method degrades over time (fading reaction) after the exposure, resulting in variations in transmittance measurements due to the effects of time between the completion of the exposure and the measurement of transmittance. We devised a prototype instrument capable of in situ measurements of absorbance at 530 nm while irradiating a 193-nm light beam. Using this instrument, we obtained rate constants for acid generation (Dill's C parameter) and examined the differing results obtained with ArF resist polymers of differing PAG concentrations and structures as well as dependence on the quantity of the chromogenic substance.
Measurements of elastic electron scattering by water vapour extended to backward angles

Absolute differential cross sections for elastic electron scattering by water vapour have been measured at nine incident electron energies between 4 to 50 eV and over scattering angles between 10° and 180°, using a crossed-beam electron spectrometer. A magnetic angle-changing device based on the design of Read and co-workers has been used to extend the measurements to backward angles (125° to 180°). The elastic integral and momentum transfer cross sections are derived from these elastic differential cross sections. Previous experimental results at backward angles, available only up to 156°, are consistently higher than the present results. We also compare, where possible, with results from recent theoretical calculations.
IN SEARCH OF DUST CLOUDS: PHOTOMETRIC MONITORING OF A SAMPLE OF LATE L AND T DWARFS

Theoretical models indicate that L dwarf atmospheres are dominated by dust clouds made up of refractory elements; these clouds gradually disappear below the photosphere at the L/T transition. With the presence of dust-bearing clouds close to the photosphere, one expects weather-like features to appear on the brown dwarf surface, due to the presence of gaps in the cloud cover. We cannot hope to spatially resolve the disk of nearby brown dwarfs and directly explore the diversity of weather-like patterns on their surfaces with existing observational tools; therefore, indirect methods have to be used to probe these features, including rotation-induced flux modulation. In order to increase the sample of late L and T dwarfs probed for photometric variability, we observed a sample of nine brown dwarfs near the L/T transition. One target, SDSS J1052+4422 (T0.5), shows periodic flux variations with an evolving light curve and peak-to-peak amplitudes of ∼0.06 mag over a period of 3.0 hr, adding to the short list of early T dwarfs with semi-periodic photometric variability. The periodogram search also puts upper limits of ∼0.015 mag on the periodic variability of the remaining eight targets.
Optimization of a magnetic pole face using linear constraints to avoid jagged contours

Optimum design problems, with an unknown boundary which has to be optimized may not converge to any solution if no regularity constraints are imposed on that boundary. To impose these regularity conditions for finite element analysis the solution region is subdivided into subregions. Then the interior nodes or the subregion which contains the unknown boundary are constructed from the nodes of the unknown boundary using a continuous mapping, even though that boundary is not explicitly known. During the optimization process using gradient techniques the finite element model changes. Maintaining the topological properties of the mesh with the continuously changing finite element model is important to obtain accurate derivatives of the finite element solution with respect to the parameters. In some applications, the use of the above mentioned regularity constraints and topological properties may result in unrealistic solutions and shapes which cannot be practically implemented. In this paper we analyze how the application of some linear constraints on the parametrized nodes of an electromagnet pole face improve the unrealistic shape resulted from the shape optimization of the magnet for a constant flux density in the air gap. >
Microscopic Observation of the Solidification of Small Metal Droplets

The solidification behavior of small metal (10 to 100 micron diameter) droplets has been observed on a high temperature microscope stage. An abrupt change in surface appearance and in the case of high melting metals a sudden brightening (``blick'') accompanies solidification. The solidification temperatures observed for a collection of droplets may be widely distributed, but a significant, usually the major, fraction of the droplets supercool some maximum amount (ΔT‐)max that is reproducible and characteristic of the metal. For many metals (ΔT‐)max≈0.18 times the absolute melting temperature. (ΔT‐)max is not much changed by wide variations in the cooling rate and droplet size. The growth rate of metal crystals is very great so that the solidification rate of the droplets is controlled by the nucleation frequency.
The Influence of Convectively Generated Thermal Forcing on the Mesoscale Circulation around Squall Lines

Abstract The dynamical processes that determine the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the mesoscale region around 2D squall lines are examined using a series of numerical simulations. The features that develop in a realistic reference simulation of a squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation are compared to the features generated by a steady thermal forcing in a “dry” simulation with no microphysical parameterization. The thermal forcing in the dry simulation is a scaled and smoothed time average of the latent heat released and absorbed in and near the leading convective line in the reference simulation. The mesoscale circulation in the dry simulation resembles the mesoscale circulation in the reference simulation and around real squall lines; it includes an ascending front-to-rear flow, a midlevel rear inflow, a mesoscale up- and downdraft, an upper-level rear-to-front flow ahead of the thermal forcing, and an upper-level cold anomaly to the rear of the thermal forcing. It is also shown t.
Efficiency, speed, and scaling of two-dimensional passive-dynamic walking

We address performance limits and dynamic behaviours of the two dimensional passive-dynamic bipedal walking mechanisms of Tad McGeer. The results highlight the role of heelstrike in determining the mechanical efficiency of gait, and point to ways of improving efficiency. We analyse several kneed and straight-legged walker designs, with round feet and and point-feet. We present some necessary conditions on the walker mass distribution to achieve perfectly efficient (zero-slope-capable) walking for both kneed and straight-legged models. Our numerical investigations indicate, consistent with a previous study of a simpler model, that such walkers have two distinct gaits at arbitrarily small ground-slopes, of which the longer-step gait is stable at small slopes. Energy dissipation can be dominated by a term proportional to (speed) 2 from tangential foot velocity at heelstrike and from kneestrike, or a term proportional to (speed) 4 from normal foot collisions at heelstrike, depending on the gait, ground-slope, and walker design. For all zeroslope capable straight-legged walkers, the long-step gaits have negligible tangential foot velocity at heelstrike and are hence especially fast at low power. Some apparently chaotic walking motions are numerically demonstrated for a kneed walker.