Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explainable and Advisable Learning for Self-driving Vehicles

Author(s): Kim, Jinkyu | Advisor(s): Canny, John | Abstract: Deep neural perception and control networks are likely to be a key component of self-driving vehicles. These models need to be explainable - they should provide easy-to-interpret rationales for their behavior - so that passengers, insurance companies, law enforcement, developers, etc., can understand what triggered a particular behavior. Explanations may be triggered by the neural controller, namely introspective explanations, or informed by the neural controller's output, namely rationalizations. Our work has focused on the challenge of generating introspective explanations of deep models for self-driving vehicles. In Chapter 3, we begin by exploring the use of visual explanations. These explanations take the form of real-time highlighted regions of an image that causally influence the network's output (steering control). In the first stage, we use a visual attention model to train a convolution network end-to-end from images to steering angle. The attention model highlights image regions that potentially influence the network's output. Some of these are true influences, but some are spurious. We then apply a causal filtering step to determine which input regions actually influence the output. This produces more succinct visual explanations and more accurately exposes the network's behavior. In Chapter 4, we add an attention-based video-to-text model to produce textual explanations of model actions, e.g. "the car slows down because the road is wet". The attention maps of controller and explanation model are aligned so that explanations are grounded in the parts of the scene that mattered to the controller. We explore two approaches to attention alignment, strong- and weak-alignment. These explainable systems represent an externalization of tacit knowledge. The network's opaque reasoning is simplified to a situation-specific dependence on a visible object in the image. This makes them brittle and potentially unsafe in situations that do not match training data. In Chapter 5, we propose to address this issue by augmenting training data with natural language advice from a human. Advice includes guidance about what to do and where to attend. We present the first step toward advice-giving, where we train an end-to-end vehicle controller that accepts advice. The controller adapts the way it attends to the scene (visual attention) and the control (steering and speed). Further, in Chapter 6, we propose a new approach that learns vehicle control with the help of long-term (global) human advice. Specifically, our system learns to summarize its visual observations in natural language, predict an appropriate action response (e.g. "I see a pedestrian crossing, so I stop"), and predict the controls, accordingly.
Teste de Denver II: avaliação do desenvolvimento de crianças atendidas no ambulatório do Projeto Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis

Objetivo: Avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de criancas atendidas em um ambulatorio, utilizando o Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II (TTDD-R). Metodos: Pesquisa descritiva exploratoria, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada no ambulatorio do Projeto Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisopolis (PECP), em Sao Paulo. A amostra constituiu-se de 35 criancas, de 0 a 6 anos de idade, sendo que a maioria tinha entre 1 e 3 anos (19; 54,3%). Elas foram submetidas ao Teste de Denver II, que avalia quatro areas do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor: motor-grosseiro, motor fino-adaptativo, linguagem e pessoal-social. Resultados: A maioria das criancas (24; 68,6%) apresentou teste compativel com desenvolvimento normal, enquanto 10 (28,6%) apresentaram teste “de risco” e 1 (2,9%), resultado “nao-testavel”, devido as recusas em realizar as atividades propostas. Quanto aos itens avaliados em cada area, 7 criancas (20%) apresentaram “atrasos” (quando a crianca nao executa atividade ja realizada por mais de 90% das criancas com a mesma idade) e 18 (51%) apresentaram “cuidados” (quando a crianca nao executa atividade que ja e feita por 75 a 90% das criancas de sua idade), com predominio na area da linguagem. Conclusoes: Embora a maioria das criancas (68,6%) tenha apresentado desenvolvimento normal no teste, ressalta-se que, nas demais (31,4%), o numero de itens com “atrasos” ou “cuidados”, assim como de testes de “risco” e “nao-testavel” sugerem prejuizo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Enfatiza-se a importância da aplicacao cotidiana do TTDD-R em ambulatorios, visando detectar precocemente areas de desenvolvimento com deficiencia para estabelecer programas de prevencao primaria.
Design Reference Missions for Deep-Space Optical Communication

The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. © 2016 California Institute of Technology. U.S. Government sponsorship acknowledged. abstract. — We examined the potential, but uncertain, NASA mission portfolio out to a time horizon of 20 years, to identify mission concepts that potentially could benefit from optical communication, considering their communications needs, the environments in which they would operate, and their notional size, weight, and power constraints. A set of 12 design reference missions was selected to represent the full range of potential missions. These design reference missions span the space of potential customer requirements, and encompass the wide range of applications that an optical ground segment might eventually be called upon to serve. The design reference missions encompass a range of orbit types, terminal sizes, and positions in the solar system that reveal the chief system performance variables of an optical ground segment, and may be used to enable assessments of the ability of alternative systems to meet various types of customer needs.
Circulating miR-21 and miR-155 as potential noninvasive biomarkers in Iranian Azeri patients with breast carcinoma

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and prognosis of breast carcinomas, noninvasive biomarkers have been poorly identified. We evaluated the biomarker potential of miR-21 and miR-155 in tissue and plasma specimens of Iranian Azeri patients. Materials and Methods: Tumor specimens, paired nontumoral adjacent tissues, and matched plasma samples were collected from a number of thirty Iranian Azeri women with breast carcinoma. Plasma of healthy women was used as the control. The relative expression of miR-21 and miR-155 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our data revealed that the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-155 in tumor tissues are significantly higher than paired nontumoral adjacent specimens (P < 0.05). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of samples showed the area under the ROC curve of 0.81 for miR-21 and area of 0.83 for miR-155. In addition, statistical analysis showed that miR-21 and miR-155 RNAs are significantly detected in the plasma of BC patients compared to healthy specimens (P < 0.05). Circulating miRNAs yielded area under the ROC curve of 0.99 for miR-21 and 0.92 for miR-155. Conclusion: Our data showed that miR-21 and miR-155 oncomiRs can be considered as noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring breast carcinomas. However, further investigations are needed to confirm the use of these noncoding RNAs in pathology.
Community-based vision health screening with on-site definitive exams: Design and outcomes

Abstract In the U.S., the prevalence of blindness is expected to double by 2050 and as many half of those with blinding eye disease are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening for vision health in the community setting may offer a key strategy to address the rising trend avoidable vision loss. However, problems with excessive referrals and low compliance with these referrals (often <50%) undermine the effectiveness of vision screening programs. We investigated the outcomes of a modified vision screening program design. Key modifications were 1) incorporating an on-site ophthalmologist during screening events; and 2) leveraging community partner resources to maximizing benefit to participants. A review of screening outcomes of 4349 particpant examinations from the Casey Eye Institute Outreach Program (CEIO program) from 01/04/2012 to 10/31/2016 were analyzed for demographics and disease findings. The burden on participants to comply with referrals was lessened as 97% of participants completed definitive exams. Clinical care was recommended for 924 (21.2%) participants. Nearly four out of five participants (78.8%) were provided care for all of their immediate vision health needs (full exams, refractions, and spectacle ordering). Modifications to vision screening program design may improve their effectiveness.
Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures Using Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis

Background: Proximal humeral fracture (PHF) is a common orthopedic injury that constitutes 4% - 5% of all fractures. An appropriate treatment for PHF is very challenging. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques are presented to reduce soft tissue damage and save biological tissues at the fracture site. The current study aimed at investigating the clinical, functional, and the radiographic results, as well as complications of the surgical treatment of PHF with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). Methods: 24 patients with proximal humeral fracture, classified according to Neer classification, aged over 18 years, from 2013 to 2014, with closed and displaced pattern underwent surgery by MIPO technique. In the follow-up period, patients were clinically evaluated using the criteria for the arm, shoulder, and hand disabilities (DASH score) and visual analogue scale (VAS). All complications related to the surgery and fracture healing were recorded. Results: Data regarding the 24 studied patients with themean age of 57.6±4.11 years were analyzed. In the current study, one patient presented superficial wound infection. Three patients had axillary nerve injury (12.5 %). In two cases subacromial impingement (SAI) due to greater tuberosity avulsion was observed. The motion range of forward flexion, abduction, and external rotation were 141 ± 39, 129±31, and 28±22 degrees, respectively. In the final visit, the averageDASH and VAS scores were 3.6±2.21 and 3.1±1, respectively. Conclusions: Considering the reasonable functional and radiological results, low pain intensity, and finally low incidence of complications after surgery, the MIPO technique can be properly employed to treat proximal humeral fractures.
Faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Pada Wanita Dengan Pernikahan Usia Dini

The proportion of the use of KB (family planning program) by early marriage women is low . The aimed of this studi is to identify related factors to contraception use among early marriage women in Banjarsari village, district of Sukatani, Bekasi regency. A cross sectional study was done involving 53 women with early marriage, sampling by total sampling. The subject which sample criteria were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain data of the use of contaception, knowledge, education level, occupation, support of husband and information sources. The data were analyzed in both univariate and bivariate using chi square test. The findings show that most of contraceptive users were women with early marriage knowledgeable (86.2%) with p value of 0.001, experiencing higher education (76.9%) with p value of 0,004, supported by husband (92.9%) with p value of 0.000 and getting information from health workers (87.2%) with p value of 0.000. The conclusion of this study show that knowledge, education level, support of husband and sources of information are factors relating to the use of contraception among early marriage women.
Distributed Online Optimization of Fog Computing for Internet of Things Under Finite Device Buffers

Lyapunov optimization has shown to be effective for online optimization of fog computing, asymptotically approaching the optimality only achievable offline. However, it is not directly applicable to the Internet of Things, as inexpensive sensors have small buffers and cannot generate sufficient backlogs to activate the optimization. This article proposes an enabling technique for the Lyapunov optimization to operate under finite buffers without loss of asymptotic optimality. This is achieved by optimizing the biases (namely, “virtual placeholders”) of the buffers to create sufficient backlogs. The optimization of the placeholders is proved to be a new three-layer shortest path problem and solved in a distributed manner by extending the Bellman–Ford algorithm. The sizes of the virtual placeholders decline fastest along the shortest paths from the sensors to the data center, thereby preventing unnecessary detours and reducing end-to-end delays. Corroborated by simulations, the proposed approach is able to operate under the conditions the direct application of the Lyapunov optimization fails, and significantly increase the throughput and reduce the delays in other cases.
The Efficiency of Graded Readers for Teaching Vocabulary: A Combination of Two Approaches

This thesis focuses on the acquisition of lexical items in L2 speakers using graded readers. The student tested 16 L2 speakers of English L1 Czech in their retention of lexical items introduced with graded readers, and compared performance of reading only vs reading and listening. Retention was tested 3 times: right after the reading session, then after one week and finally after one month. The result shows that additional listening has an overall positive effect on retention, while comparisons of retention over time are mixed, depending on the type of test used and the group chosen. The thesis is well written and the topic is scientifically interesting. There are some limitations in the structure and in the statistical analysis.
A cross sectional survey of adherence, perceived efficacy and side effects of methylphenidate among children at a teaching hospital in Sri Lanka

Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric condition in childhood, which if untreated may have a negative effect on education, peer relationships and family disharmony. Methylphenidate is an effective treatment for ADHD, although its use is limited by poor compliance and side effects. Studies on effects of side effects on efficacy, and adherence of methylphenidate in developing countries are scarce. Methods We assessed the adherence, efficacy, and side effects of methylphenidate in children and adolescents treated at a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic of North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama. We gathered information from guardians of the children treated with methylphenidate for at least 2 months, using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Results Among the 149 participants, a majority were males and the mean age of the population was 10.4 years. More than 52% participants reported 100% compliance with methylphenidate, but only 12% complied with non-pharmacological therapies. While 75% believed the medication to be effective, only 17% perceived psychosocial strategies to be useful. Poor appetite (44%) was the most common side effect of methylphenidate and 43% did not report any side effect. There was a negative correlation between compliance with methylphenidate and the occurrence of poor appetite, as well as with not increasing the initial dose. Discussion The results of this study suggest that methylphenidate is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for children in Sri Lanka with ADHD.
Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Following Labour at Term in Singleton Pregnancies with Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is frequently encountered in obstetric practice. Literature on the subject is still poorly documented in the African setting. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes in case of meconium stained amniotic fluid observed during term labour. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study enrolling all consenting pregnant women with term singleton fetus in cephalic presentation admitted for labour with ruptured fetal membranes in the maternity units of the Yaounde Central Hospital (YCH) and the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (YGOPH) of Cameroon between December 2014 and April 2015. The exposed grouped was considered as participants having MSAF, while the non-exposed group comprised those with clear amniotic fluid (CAF). The two groups were monitored during labor using the WHO partograph, and then followed up till 72 hours after delivery. Variables studied included the colour and texture of amniotic fluid as well as maternal and fetal complications. Data was analyzed using Epi-info version 3.5. 4. The chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests were appropriately used to compare the two groups. A p-value less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Results: 2376 vaginal deliveries were recorded during the study period among which MSAF was observed in 265 cases, hence a prevalence rate of MSAF of 11.15%. Among these cases of MSAF, 52.1% was thick meconium and 47.9% was light meconium. Maternal morbidity was high in the group with MSAF; these included: Higher proportions of caesarean delivery (RR = 2.35 p < 10-4) and prolonged labor (RR = 3 p < 10-4). In this same group, the incidences of chorioamnionitis and puerperal sepsis were low (0.94% and 0.70% respectively), although there was a three-fold higher risk that was not statistically significant (RR = 3, P = 0.31). Fetal and neonatal outcomes were poorer in the MSAF group compared to the CAF group. The complications included fetal heart rate abnormalities, low Apgar score at the 5th minute, need for neonatal resuscitation, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal infection which were significantly higher in the MSAF group (all p < 0.05). Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) was found in 2.34% of MSAF cases. Perinatal mortality was 2.34% and all cases of death occurred in the thick MSAF group. Conclusion: MSAF observed during labour is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Its detection during labor should strongly indicate very rigorous intra partum and postpartum monitoring. This will ensure optimal management and reduction in the risks of complications.
Cryptorchidism: its influence on male fertility and the risk of the testicular tumor

In the embryonic stage, the testes develop in the abdomen and descend to scrotum, just before or at birth. The undescended testis is the result of the arrest of descent of testis in some part along its path, to the scrotum. The bilateral undescended testis is called Cryptorchidism which means hidden testis. The factors that contribute to the descent of testis includes Gubernaculum testis, the differential growth of abdominal wall, intra-abdominal pressure and temperature, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), male sex hormones, insulin-like hormone 3 (INSL3) and maternal gonadotrophins. The descent of testis may become erratic and gives rise to undescended testis, ectopic testis, congenital hernia, and hydrocoele etc. As a rough estimate approximately 2-4% of male infants are born with Cryptorchism, thus making it, one of the most common congenital anomalies, in the male genitalia. It was found that the incidence of azoospermia in unilateral cryptorchidism was 13%, but in untreated bilateral cryptorchidism, it reaches up to 89%. Cryptorchid boys have increased the risk of a testicular tumor, mainly seminoma. Persistent exposure to high temperature in cryptorchidism could allow maturation of the neonatal gonocytes that has failed to mature as spermatogonia or undergo apoptosis. These cells may persist in testes for years together and eventually become carcinoma in situ cells with a high risk of testicular malignancy later in life i.e., 20-40 years of age. This review addresses the cryptorchidism, its influence on fertility and the risk of developing testicular germ cell tumor. The hormonal factors involved in testicular descend or otherwise is also highlighted.
Both β2- and β1-Adrenergic Receptors Mediate Hastened Relaxation and Phosphorylation of Phospholamban and Troponin I in Ventricular Myocardium of Fallot Infants, Consistent With Selective Coupling of β2-Adrenergic Receptors to Gs-Protein

Background—In adult human heart, both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors mediate hastening of relaxation; however, it is unknown whether this also occurs in infant heart. We compared the effects of stimulation of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on relaxation and phosphorylation of phospholamban and troponin I in ventricle obtained from infants with tetralogy of Fallot. Methods and Results—Myocardium dissected from the right ventricular outflow tract of 27 infants (age range 21/2 to 35 months) with tetralogy of Fallot was set up to contract 60 times per minute. Selective stimulation of β1-adrenergic receptors with (−)-norepinephrine (NE) and β2-adrenergic receptors with (−)-epinephrine (EPI) evoked phosphorylation of phospholamban (at serine-16 and threonine-17) and troponin I and caused concentration-dependent increases in contractile force (−log EC50 [mol/L] NE 5.5±0.1, n=12; EPI 5.6±0.1, n=13 patients), hastening of the time to reach peak force (−log EC50 [mol/L] NE 5.8±0.2; EPI 5.8±0.2) and 50% relaxation.
Temporal trends and demographic variations in hospitalizations with angiodysplasia of the intestine: A U.S. population based study

Introduction:Angiodysplasia is the most common vascular lesion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, limited epidemiological data exists on hospitalizations related to angiodysplasia of the intestine (ADOI) in the United States (U.S.). The aim of this study is to analyze inpatient trends and outcomes in hospitalizations with ADOI.Methods:We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for all subjects with discharge diagnosis of angiodysplasia of the intestine with or without hemorrhage (ICD-9 code 569.85 and 569.84 respectively) as principal and/or secondary diagnosis during the period from 2001 to 2011.Results:In 2001, there were 39,244 admissions with discharge diagnosis of ADOI as compared to 41,214 in 2011 (p <0.0001). Women (58.0%) were more commonly affected than men (42.0%) (p < 0.0001). Overall in-hospital mortality rate was 2.2% for patients with ADOI with hemorrhage and 1.6% for patients with ADOI without hemorrhage (p <0.0001). Mean cost of hospitalization increased from ,701 in 2001 to ,478 in 2011 (16.6% increase, p < 0.0001). Conclusion:The total number of hospitalizations with ADOI increased significantly with women having significantly higher hospitalization rates. Mortality rate was higher in hospitalizations with ADOI with hemorrhage than those without hemorrhage. There was a notable increase in the average cost of hospitalization.