Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal differences in physiology of captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in response to short-term low energy intake

Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were fed restricted iso-caloric amounts of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) for 8-9 days, four times a year. At these levels, the sea lions lost an average of 10.1% of their initial body mass while on both experimental diets for up to nine days, but at a significantly higher rate in winter and at a lower rate in summer. Decreases in body fat mass and standard metabolic rates during the trials were similar throughout the seasons and for both diets. Metabolic depression was not always observed during the trials despite the constant loss of body mass. Changes in Cortisol, triiodothyronine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were seasonally dependent. Over the course of the trials, serum levels of Cortisol and BUN increased and total triiodothyronine decreased the most in winter. Serum Cortisol levels correlated negatively with both body mass and body condition suggesting that Cortisol may play an important role in body fat regulation in Steller sea lions. The mean ghrelin level in Steller sea lions correlated negatively with body mass, but ghrelin did not correlate with serum leptin. My findings support the hypothesis that restricted energy intake at different times of the year differentially affects Steller sea lions, and that diet type (herring or pollock) may have seasonally-specific effects on body mass and composition. Steller sea lions may be more severely impacted by reduced energy intake in winter than at other times of the year. Changes in iron binding capacity were significantly greater in the herring-fed group than in the pollock-fed group, and a significantly greater decrease occurred in winter and spring compared to summer and fall. Iron saturation increased in the herring-fed group and decreased in the group fed pollock. These results suggested a potential anemia from a reduced diet of pollock in Steller sea lions. Serum iron, phosphorus, hematocrit and gamma glutamyltransferase showed consistent changes during food restriction, suggesting that these may serve as indicators of nutritional stress in Steller sea lions.
Sex Differences in Exploratory Behaviour of Laboratory CD-1 Mice (Mus musculus)

Sex differences in exploratory behaviour were investigated in 120 litters of control CD-1 mice in two-generation toxicity studies over a 13-year period. Exploratory behaviour of F1-generation mice was investigated at 3 weeks of age during the lactation period and at 8 weeks of age after weaning. In the F1 generation, at 3 weeks of age, female offspring showed less activity in terms of the number of movements, movement time, number of vertical activities and vertical time than male offspring. Longitudinal analysis showed that these variables were parallel in males and females during the 10-minute observation period. At 8 weeks of age, female offspring in the F1 generation showed less activity with respect to the number of movements, movement time, average distance, number of vertical activities and vertical time but showed more horizontal activities than male offspring. The number of movements, movement time and vertical time were not parallel in longitudinal analysis; however, all other variables were parallel. Sex differences in exploratory behaviour of immature mice showed quantitative changes only. In adult mice, variables for rearing excluding vertical time showed quantitative changes only; however, variables for ambulation and vertical time showed quantitative and qualitative changes. From these results, it appears that female CD-1 mice display less exploratory behaviour than male CD-1 mice and that these sex differences in exploratory behaviour occur from the prepubertal period.
Studies on Mucor Lipases:Part I. Production of Lipases with a Newly Isolated Mucor sp

their properties have been studied in detail. Stern et al.14) reported that the culture fluid of Mucor mucedo showed some lipolytic ac tivities, but the properties of the enzyme were not characterized. Matsumura et al." compared the lipase productivity of various j strains belonging to Mucoraceae and showed that the lipase productivity of the genus Mucor was much lower than that of the genus Rhizopus. The purification of lipase from Mucor species had not been reported and the properties , of lipase from Mucor were not made clear. The authors"' found that the fungus, which was identified to be a new species of Mucor, had strong lipolytic activity. This report is concerned with the microbial characteristics of the newly isolated Mucor sp. , conditions for the enzyme production and some pro
Genetic Analysis of Physio-morphological Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Stress Conditions

A diallel cross involving six wheat varieties, namely Sehar 06, Punjab 96, GA 2002, Barani 83, Kohistan 97 and Chakwal 86 was carried out to determine the mode of gene action for some physio-morphological traits under water stress conditions. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the traits studied. Additive type of gene action with partial dominance was observed for flag leaf area, stomatal frequency, leaf venation, days to heading and spike density while 100-grain weight was controlled by over dominance. Additive type of gene actions shows the fruitfulness of early selection for the traits while over dominance type of gene action indicates selection in later generations. Epistasis was absent for all the traits studied.
Efeito de pós de origem vegetal sobre Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) em feijão armazenado

The evaluation of the bioactivity of powders from 18 plant species on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) was performed considering the effect of these materials on the insect behavior and survival. The proportion of 0.3 g of powder per 10 g of bean grains was used in all experiments. The repellent activity of each powder was evaluated by using arenas with five circular plastic boxes, being the central box linked to the others with plastic tubes, in the diagonal disposition where adult insects could choose boxes containing treated or not treated grains. The number of insects in each recipient was counted after 24h. Insecticidal activity was determined by maintaining 1-day old adults in plastic boxes containing bean grains mixed with powder from each plant. Boxes containing only beans were used as control. Five days after infestation, the number of dead insects and the number of total and fertile eggs were determined. The most efficient treatment was the powder from the aerial part of Chenopodium ambrosioides d. (derivation) 2 that caused repellence, total adult mortality and no oviposition, followed by rinds of fruits of Citrus sinensis (cv. Pera) and leaves of Lafoensia glyptocarpa. Leaves of Coriandrum sativum were non repellent but caused total adult mortality and no oviposition. Powders from aerial part of C. ambrosioides d.1, from leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora, Mentha pulegium, Ocimum basilicum, O. minimum and Ruta graveolens, from rinds of fruits of Citrus reticulata (cv. Murcote) and from fruits of Melia azedarach and L. glyptocarpa were repellent too.
The use of Seed Powder of Khaya senegalensis Desr. for the Management of Trogoderma granarium in Stored Groundnut

Groundnut is subject to attack by several insect species belonging to the Pyralidae (Lepidoptera), Bruchidae and Dermestidae (Coleoptera). The preservation of groundnut against Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, using synthetic fumigants is well established.
KINETIC STUDIES OF MINERAL UPTAKE AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF ANABAENA DOLIOLUM UNDER METAL STRESS

Effect of Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe and Al on the kinetics of NO3-, NH4+, urea and PO43- uptakes, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activities revealed a common pattern of inhibition, but the intensity of toxicity was metal specific. A ligand-based toxicity was observed in the case of Al but not for Cu and Ni. A non-competitive inhibition of NO3- uptake and NR activity suggested an irreversible inhibition of uptake and assimilation of NO3- by the test metals used. Contrary to this the competitive inhibition of NH4+ uptake and glutamine synthetase suggested an active NH4+ metabolism even under metal stress. Further, the competitive inhibition of uptake and assimilation of urea by metals confirmed that in absence of NH4+ the alga can metabolize urea and meet its nitrogen demand. The test metals failed to interrupt PO43- metabolism when external PO43- pool was high or the organism was a PO4-3 accumulating one. This study suggested that for surviving in metal-stressed condition the cyanobacterium shifts from N2/NO3- to NH4+ utilization pathway.
Effects of a native crayfish (Orconectes virilis) on the reproductive success and nesting behavior of sunfish (Lepomis spp.).

While crayfish are traditionally considered fish prey, they are capable of feeding on substrate-bound fish eggs and their introductions have been blamed for the decline in fish populations in Europe and North America. To investigate their potential effects on fish reproductive success we measured the effects of a native crayfish (Orconectes virilis) on the reproductive success of two substrate-nesting sunfish, pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), in replicated pond experiments. Crayfish were observed feeding on eggs in both experiments. Crayfish presence delayed successful reproduction by pumpkinseeds in densely vegetated ponds, resulting in lower young-of-the-year biomass in ponds with crayfish. In the second experiment, with bluegills in less-vegetated ponds, crayfish prevented successful reproduction entirely. However, when we added crayfish-proof exclosures to the crayfish ponds late in the summer, bluegills located the crayfish-free habitat and successfully reproduced in.
Effect of extraction conditions on composition, surface activity and rheological properties of protein isolates from flaxseed (Linum usitativissimum L)

Flaxseed protein isolates were prepared by micellisation (FM) and isoeletric precipitation (FI). The influence of preparation conditions on composition and functional properties was investigated. Contents of 0.6% phytic acid and 2.3% pentosans were found for FI, whereas FM was almost phytic acid-free and had a low content of pentosans (0.6%). Chromatography and electrophoresis identified the 11S globulin (linin) as the main protein fraction in both isolates. Protein solubility, water- and oil-binding capacities, emulsification and rheological properties of dispersions and gels were measured at pH 8 and 3. For the latter, interactions of protein with phytic acid and pentosans are highly probable. FI possesses a lower solubility (about 40-50%) and an overall higher water-binding capacity than FM. For FI dispersions a higher storage modulus G' than loss modulus G was measured, clearly pointing to the formation of protein networks. Moreover, FI formed stronger gels than FM (G' about fivefold). The emulsifying activity, however, was distinctly lower for FI. These results point to enhanced complexation and aggregation of the isoelectric-precipitated protein isolate. Le but de cette etude est d'obtenir, par micellisation, un isolat de proteine de lin ayant des teneurs fortement reduites en pentosanes et acide phytique. Les proprietes physicochimiques et fonctionnelles de cet isolat sont comparees avec celles d'un produit conventionnel obtenu par precipitation isoelectrique. La micellisation permet d'obtenir un produit presentant des teneurs faibles en pentosanes et presque nulles en acide phytique. La conformation des proteines et la teneur en composes non proteines influence la fonctionnalite des proteines.
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF SOIL CO2 FLUX IN A TEMPERATE GRASSLAND UNDER MOWED AND BURNED REGIMES

Soil-surface CO2 flux (R), which is a large component of the carbon (C) budgets in grasslands, usually is measured infrequently using static or dynamic chambers. Therefore, to quantify annual C budgets, estimates of RS are required during days when no direct measurements of RS are available. Other researchers have developed empirical models based on soil temperature, soil volumetric water content (0), and leaf area index (LAI) that have provided reasonable estimates of RS during the growing season in ungrazed tallgrass prairie. However, the effects of mowing and grazing, which are common in grass- lands, on predictions of RS from those models are uncertain. Predictions of RS during dormancy (postsenescence to spring fire) also are uncertain. Data from a year-long mowing study, which simulated grazing, were used to refit these models. Output from the models then was compared to independent data collected from nearby prairie sites. Results showed that LAI must be included to accurately estimate RS in mowed prairie ecosystems. When LAI was not included in the model, predicted daily RS following mowing was nearly four times greater than measured Rs, and cumulative, annual RS was overestimated by 95-102%. When LAI was included in the model, predictions of RS were comparable to measured RS in the mowing study. Annual estimates of cumulative RS ranged from 3.93 to 4.92 kg C02/ M2. When comparing the model with independent chamber data from nearby sites, cumu- lative RS during those studies was within ? 9% of cumulative estimates calculated from measured Rs. The model overestimated daily RS during a dry period, suggesting a nonlinear response of RS to soil water content; soil water matric potential may be more appropriate than Ov for modeling Rs. Data suggest that Rs, in addition to being dependent on soil temperature and soil water content, is dependent on the photosynthetic capacity of the canopy and the subsequent translocation of C belowground.
Evaluation of Resistance to Race 3, Biovar 2 of Ralstonia solanacearum in Tomato Germplasm

Sources of resistance to tropical race 1 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt, have been identified in the tomato germplasm. Till now, no experimental data are available on Lycopersicon spp. (now Solanum spp.) sources for resistance to temperate race 3, biovar 2 strains. Eighty-two accessions belonging to different Lycopersicon spp. were evaluated for resistance to a race 3 strain endemic to Reunion Island. Evaluation was conducted in growth chambers, and included the Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Roma as susceptible control. No immunity or complete resistance was observed in any accession tested under our experimental conditions. Therefore, race 3 strain was demonstrated to be highly pathogenic on all the Lycopersicon accessions tested. Partial resistance was significantly detected in only one accession belonging to the species Lycopersicon peruvianum, and one L. esculentum var. cerasiforme tomato line. Five other genotypes from the species L. esculentum, Lycopersicon hirsutum and L. peruvianum were noteworthy. The Hawaii 7996 line represented the best source of partial resistance to race 3 with 52% of wilting. It can therefore be used as a starting point for introducing resistance to bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum race 3 in tomato and studying its genetic control.
Rheological behaviour of enzyme clarified Indian gooseberry juice

Rheological behaviour of enzyme clarified Indian gooseberry juice The rheological behaviour of enzyme clarified depectinated Indian gooseberry juice and its concentrate was studied as a function of total soluble solids concentration in the range of 8.2 to 35.9°Bx and temperatures from 20 to 80°C using coaxial controlled stress rheometer up to a shear rate of 600 s-1. The results indicated that the enzyme clarified gooseberry juice behaves like a Newtonian fluid with a viscosity ranging from 3.92 to 7.94 mPa s. The effect of temperature on viscosity of different concentration of juice was described by an Arrhenius type relationship (R >0.99). The activation energy for viscous flow was found to be in the range 4.34 to 5.37 KJ mol-1 depending upon the concentration of the juice. The activation energy of viscous flow on concentration was modeled by exponential equation (R>0.99). The effect of concentration on viscosity followed an exponential type relationship (R>0.98) at the temperature used.
Genetic and phenotypic relationships among carcass measurements in beef cattle

Abstract Carcass data from three large beef‐cattle breeding experiments in New Zealand were analysed. Regressions of saleable meat weight on carcass and liveweights were estimated as parameters for a modelling exercise where pasture was converted to carcass and liveweight, finishing cattle at different end points. The data were also used in order to estimate heritabilities for nine carcass traits and the relationships among them. Slaughter data were from 1962 cattle, sired by 199 different bulls from 13 sire breeds. Relationships were first estimated between hot carcass weight and either carcass components or pre‐slaughter weight, and then an “animal” model was used to estimate genetic parameters. On a log‐log basis, the overall regression of carcass weight on pre‐slaughter weight was 1.089±0.008. The corresponding log‐log regression of saleable meat weight on carcass weight was 1.002 ± 0.007, bone weight on carcass weight 0.779 ± 0.015, and trimmed fat weight on carcass weight 1.265 ± 0.041. The regressi.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Involved in Increased Resistance of Brook Trout to Sulfuric Acid Solutions and Mine Acid Polluted Waters

Abstract Several strains of hatchery-reared brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), were exposed to low pH in the laboratory (sulfuric acid solutions) and in the field (mine acid polluted waters). Wild brook trout were also used in some field tests. Tests were both acute and chronic (up to 2 mo). Pronounced strain differences in survival ability were detected among embryonic, juvenile, and adult brook trout in laboratory tests, and among juvenile brook trout in field tests. However, in one case a strain difference in resistance times detected in field tests was not evident in several laboratory studies. A single selection of NYSV strain brook trout for high resistance to sulfuric acid solutions did not yield F1 progeny of greater resistance. Prior exposure to nonlethal acidic conditions also did not enhance resistance of brook trout. In some cases, the fish actually became more sensitive to the low test pH after such a prior exposure. Fish had longer resistance times in sulfuric acid solutions and .
Cultivar and environmental effects on quality characters in wheat. II. Protein.

Glutenins and gliadins are the major components of the storage protein in wheat and make a significant contribution to dough rheology and baking quality. Qualitative differences in these proteins are known to be important for dough rheology, particularly for glutenins, but much less is known about quantitative differences, especially as influenced by field environment. Flour protein, the proportion of glutenin and gliadin in flour protein, loaf volume, and the dough rheological characters dough development time, dough breakdown, dough extensibility, and maximum dough resistance (Rmax) were determined for 7 cultivars grown in 15 diverse environments. The proportion of glutenin in flour protein was highly dependent on cultivar, whereas, although cultivar was still important, environmental variation was greater than cultivar variation for gliadin. Environmental variation was greater than cultivar variation for the dough rheological characters. Across environments, the proportion of gliadin increased with increasing flour protein, whereas the proportion of glutenin decreased. An index of accumulated temperatures above 30˚C during the first 14 days after anthesis explained a significant proportion of the increase in gliadin, and, to a lesser extent, the decrease in glutenin. Increasing Rmax and dough development time, and more rapid dough breakdown, were also associated with this index. The rate of increase of Rmax with the temperature index was greater for cultivars with the Glu-D1a allele than those with the Glu-D1d allele, suggesting that the relative performance of cultivars with different alleles at this locus depends on environment.
Phospholipase C-γ2 Couples Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase to the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in B Lymphocytes*

Mutations in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) interfere with B cell proliferation and lead to an X-linked immunodeficiency in mice characterized by reduced B cell numbers. Recent studies have established that BTK transmits signals from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) to transcription factor NF-κB, which in turn reprograms a set of genes required for normal B cell growth. We now demonstrate that induction of NF-κB via this pathway requires the intermediate action of the -γ2 isoform of phospholipase C (PLC-γ2), a potential phosphorylation substrate of BTK. Specifically, pharmacologic agents that block the action of either PLC-γ2 or its second messengers prevent BCR-induced activation of IκB kinase. Moreover, activation of NF-κB in response to BCR signaling is completely abolished in B cells deficient for PLC-γ2. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that PLC-γ2 functions as an integral component of the BTK/NF-κB axis following BCR ligation. Interference with this NF-κB cascade may account for some of the B cell defects reported forplc-γ2 − /− mice, which develop an X-linked immunodeficiency-like phenotype.
In Silico Analysis of Selected Honey Constituents as Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and 9) Inhibitors

In the present study 12 constituents of honey were evaluated on the docking behavior of human neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9) using Discovery Studio. In addition molecular physicochemical, bioactivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity, and toxicity prediction by komputer assisted technology analyses were done. The molecular physicochemical analysis revealed thatall of the ligands comply with Lipinski’s rule of five. Docking studies revealed that 3-phenyllacticacid exhibited the maximum interaction energy irrespective of its target proteins.The present study provided new insight in understanding these honey constituents as potential enzyme inhibitors.
Epibiotic communities on sublittoral macroinvertebrates at Signy Island, Antarctica

The epibiotic communities on locally abundant macroinvertebrates, in particular the brachiopod Liothyrella uva and the limpet Nacella concinna, were examined from depths between 0 and 50 m at Signy Island, Antarctica. The percentage cover by epibionts on Liothyrella increased from <20% on the smallest individuals to >50% on the largest, and decreased slightly with depth. The percentage cover of Nacella by epibionts increased with size of individual over an approximately similar range of values, but in contrast with Liothyrella increased greatly with depth. Cheilostome bryozoans and annelids of the genus Spirorbis formed >90% (by area) of the colonists on Liothyrella and 30–60% on Nacella, the coralline alga Lithothamnion and sponges making up the remainder. The bryozoans, which generally dominated the epibiotic communities, comprised complex associations of species which could be described as either generalists, host-specific epibiotic, low specificity epibiotic or locally abundant background species. Positive associations of both occurrence and abundance were found between some of the bryozoans living epibiotically on the brachiopod Liothyrella. The overgrowth interactions recorded, between the three main epibiotic faunal taxa; sponges, bryozoans and annelids, were essentially hierarchical. Sponges usually overgrew Bryozoa, and Bryozoa overgrew Spirorbis as well as occasion-ally smothering small brachiopods. In four adult Liothyrella death may have been caused by the epibiotic bryozoan Arachnopusia inchoata growing over the gape, so preventing feeding and/or respiration.