Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust Adaptive Control

1. Introduction. Control System Design Steps. Adaptive Control. A Brief History. 2. Models for Dynamic Systems. Introduction. State-Space Models. Input/Output Models. Plant Parametric Models. Problems. 3. Stability. Introduction. Preliminaries. Input/Output Stability. Lyapunov Stability. Positive Real Functions and Stability. Stability of LTI Feedback System. Problems. 4. On-Line Parameter Estimation. Introduction. Simple Examples. Adaptive Laws with Normalization. Adaptive Laws with Projection. Bilinear Parametric Model. Hybrid Adaptive Laws. Summary of Adaptive Laws. Parameter Convergence Proofs. Problems. 5. Parameter Identifiers and Adaptive Observers. Introduction. Parameter Identifiers. Adaptive Observers. Adaptive Observer with Auxiliary Input. Adaptive Observers for Nonminimal Plant Models. Parameter Convergence Proofs. Problems. 6. Model Reference Adaptive Control. Introduction. Simple Direct MRAC Schemes. MRC for SISO Plants. Direct MRAC with Unnormalized Adaptive Laws. Direct MRAC with Normalized Adaptive Laws. Indirect MRAC. Relaxation of Assumptions in MRAC. Stability Proofs in MRAC Schemes. Problems. 7. Adaptive Pole Placement Control. Introduction. Simple APPC Schemes. PPC: Known Plant Parameters. Indirect APPC Schemes. Hybrid APPC Schemes. Stabilizability Issues and Modified APPC. Stability Proofs. Problems. 8. Robust Adaptive Laws. Introduction. Plant Uncertainties and Robust Control. Instability Phenomena in Adaptive Systems. Modifications for Robustness: Simple Examples. Robust Adaptive Laws. Summary of Robust Adaptive Laws. Problems. 9. Robust Adaptive Control Schemes. Introduction. Robust Identifiers and Adaptive Observers. Robust MRAC. Performance Improvement of MRAC. Robust APPC Schemes. Adaptive Control of LTV Plants. Adaptive Control for Multivariable Plants. Stability Proofs of Robust MRAC Schemes. Stability Proofs of Robust APPC Schemes. Problems. Appendices. Swapping Lemmas. Optimization Techniques. Bibliography. Index. License Agreement and Limited Warranty.
Electron scattering by magnetosonic waves in the inner magnetosphere

We investigate the importance of electron scattering by magnetosonic waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. A statistical survey of the magnetosonic wave amplitude and wave frequency spectrum, as a function of geomagnetic activity, is performed using the Van Allen Probes wave measurements and is found to be generally consistent with the wave distribution obtained from previous spacecraft missions. Outside the plasmapause the statistical frequency distribution of magnetosonic waves follows the variation of the lower hybrid resonance frequency, but this trend is not observed inside the plasmasphere. Drift and bounce averaged electron diffusion rates due to magnetosonic waves are calculated using a recently developed analytical formula. The resulting timescale of electron energization during disturbed conditions (when AE* > 300 nT) is more than 10 days. We perform a 2‐D simulation of the electron phase space density evolution due to magnetosonic wave scattering during disturbed conditions. Outside the plasmapause, the waves accelerate electrons with pitch angles between 50° and 70° and form butterfly pitch angle distributions at energies from ~100 keV to a few MeV over a timescale of several days; whereas inside the plasmapause, the electron acceleration is very weak. Our study suggests that intense magnetosonic waves may cause the butterfly distribution of radiation belt electrons especially outside the plasmapause, but electron acceleration due to magnetosonic waves is generally not as effective as chorus wave acceleration.
The Efficiency of BPR/S Industry in Sumatra, Indonesia

Financial institutions are one of the sectors that play a vital role in national and regional economic growth. BPR and BPRS are one of the banking financial industries that play a role in providing financial services to people with a weak economy and MSMEs, so it is necessary to accelerate improvements in BPR and BPRS. This study aims to measure the efficiency and performance of BPRs in Sumatra, see the impact of the pandemic on BPR and BPRS operations and conduct regional analysis on BPRs and BPRS in Sumatra. Using a sample of 30 BPRs and 30 BPRS in Sumatra, this study conducted observations during the 2016-2021 period. This study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) analysis method with secondary data sourced from the financial statements of each BPR and BPRS. The input variables in this study are fixed assets, operating expenses and third-party funds. Meanwhile, the output variables of this research are the financing provided and operating income. The results of the study revealed that the average BPR and BPRS in Sumatra during the 2016 to 2021 period fluctuated. Then, in the CRS and VRS analysis, Lampung and North Sumatra regions have the highest efficiency compared to other regions. Meanwhile, during the Covid-19 pandemic, both BPRs and BPRS in Sumatra experienced a significant decrease in efficiency. This study also analyzes potential improvements to improve programs that cause inefficiencies in the input and output variables. In general, the causes of inefficiency of the two types of banks are operating income and the amount of financing provided. This study also provides recommendations to BPR-BPRS practitioners, regulators and academics as a basis for decision making in achieving optimal efficiency for future.
LncRNA JHDM1D-AS1 Is a Key Biomarker for Progression and Modulation of Gemcitabine Sensitivity in Bladder Cancer Cells

Long non-coding RNAs are frequently found to be dysregulated and are linked to carcinogenesis, aggressiveness, and chemoresistance in a variety of tumors. As expression levels of the JHDM1D gene and lncRNA JHDM1D-AS1 are altered in bladder tumors, we sought to use their combined expression to distinguish between low-and high-grade bladder tumors by RTq-PCR. In addition, we evaluated the functional role of JHDM1D-AS1 and its association with the modulation of gemcitabine sensitivity in high-grade bladder-tumor cells. J82 and UM-UC-3 cells were treated with siRNA-JHDM1D-AS1 and/or three concentrations of gemcitabine (0.39, 0.78, and 1.56 µM), and then submitted to cytotoxicity testing (XTT), clonogenic survival, cell cycle progression, cell morphology, and cell migration assays. When JHDM1D and JHDM1D-AS1 expression levels were used in combination, our findings indicated favorable prognostic value. Furthermore, the combined treatment resulted in greater cytotoxicity, a decrease in clone formation, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, morphological alterations, and a reduction in cell migration capacity in both lineages compared to the treatments alone. Thus, silencing of JHDM1D-AS1 reduced the growth and proliferation of high-grade bladder-tumor cells and increased their sensitivity to gemcitabine treatment. In addition, the expression of JHDM1D/JHDM1D-AS1 indicated potential prognostic value in the progression of bladder tumors.
Field-Induced Superconductivity in Electric Double Layer Transistors

Electric field tuning of superconductivity has been a long-standing issue in solid state physics since the invention of the field-effect transistor (FET) in 1960. Owing to limited available carrier density in conventional FET devices, electric-field-induced superconductivity was believed to be possible in principle but impossible in practice. However, in the past several years, this limitation has been overcome by the introduction of an electrochemical concept, and electric-field-induced superconductivity has been realized. In the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the electrochemical interfaces, an extremely high electric field is generated and hence high-density charge carriers sufficient to induce superconductivity exist and are collectively used as a charge accumulation device known as an EDL capacitor. Field-induced superconductivity has been used to establish the relationship between Tc and carrier density and can now be used to search for new superconductors. Here, we review electric-field-induc.
The spread in CO absorption and effective temperature among the giants in omega Centauri

Infrared photometric observations of 82 stars on the upper giant branch of . omega. Centauri are presented. The data show that . omega. Cen differs markedly from other globular clusters studied in the infrared in two respects. First, at a given V--K color, there is a wide spread in CO absorption (> or approx. =0.1 mag) in the 3 mag interval below the red giant tip; this range is approximately 5 times that found for other clusters. Second, at a given luminosity, V--K has a spread of up to 1 mag; this range is also much larger than that found for other cluster. The latter result leads us to conclude, in agreement with recent findings by other authors, that there are star-to-star variations in heavy-metal abundance within . omega. Cen of a factor of 30 or more.Comparison of the spread in CO absorption with that in V -- K reveals two sequences of stars, one which has ''enhanced'' CO absorption and one which has ''normal'' CO absorption when compared to the run of CO with V--K among stars in other globular clusters. The proportion of stars having ''enhanced'' CO exceeds 50%. Many of the strong CN stars in the cluster also have ''enhanced''more » CO. Explanations for the orign of these sequences which involve primordial abundance variations as well as mixing phenomena are discussed briefly. Implications for the identification of the ''second parameter'' as the CNO abundance are also discussed.Effective temperatures and bolometric luminosities are given for the stars. « less
GAIN-SCHEDULED CONTROL USING DYNAMIC INTEGRAL QUADRATIC CONSTRAINTS

Abstract The problem of designing a stabilizing controller for the feedback interconnection of an LTI plant, G , and a perturbation block, Δ, is investigated. The desired controller is itself an interconnection of an LTI part, C, and a perturbation block, Δ c (Δ). We first give a set of necessary conditions for the existence of such a controller. The derivation of the conditions originates in the stability analysis of the closed-loop system using integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) involving dynamic multipliers. If these necessary conditions are complemented by suitable coupling constraints, they allow to construct a desired controller that stabilizes the closed-loop system with Δ c = Δ. These existence conditions consist of a set of linear matrix inequalities that depend on multipliers which satisfy IQCs associated with Δ. Existing results in the literature are recovered when the multipliers are restricted to be static.
Modified Babinet Principle for Complementary Antennas in a Dielectric Half-Space

In this letter, the modified Babinet principle is applied to complementary antennas on the substrate interface. First, it is verified that the existing Babinet principle only holds for complementary metallic elements in the homogenized substrate. Then, the effective relative permittivity is introduced into the substrate interface through the zero-thickness effective substrate, which can keep the electromagnetic behavior (such as total electrical field and surface current density) of metallic element unchanged. Thereby, the modified Babinet principle can be established for arbitrary complementary metallic elements on the substrate interface. Finally, the proposed theory is applied to input impedances of complementary antennas on the substrate interface. The simulation strongly supports the proposed theory, regardless of the substrates and antenna sizes. The study not only establishes the modified Babinet principle for complementary metallic elements on the substrate interface, but also clarifies the electromagnetic influence of effective relative permittivity for the metallic element at the substrate interface.
Classification of finite-dimensional estimation algebras of maximal rank with arbitrary state–space dimension and mitter conjecture

In the late seventies, the concept of the estimation algebra of a filtering system was introduced. It was proven to be an invaluable tool in the study of non-linear filtering problems. In the early eighties, Brockett proposed to classify finite dimensional estimation algebras and Mitter conjectured that all functions in finite dimensional estimation algebras are necessarily polynomials of total degree at most one. Despite the massive effort in understanding the finite dimensional estimation algebras, the 20 year old problem of Brockett and Mitter conjecture remains open. In this paper, we give a classification of finite dimensional estimation algebras of maximal rank and solve the Mitter conjecture affirmatively for finite dimensional estimation algebras of maximal rank. In particular, for an estimation algebra E of maximal rank, we give a necessary and sufficient conditions for E to be finite dimensional in terms of the drift fi (x) and observation hj (x). As an important corollary, we show that the number of statistics needed to compute the conditional density of the state given the observation {y(s):0 ≤ s ≤ t} by the algebraic method is n where n is the dimension of the state.
The Unexpected Compression: Competition at Work in the Low Wage Labor Market

Labor market tightness following the height of the Covid-19 pandemic led to an unexpected compression in the US wage distribution that reflects, in part, an increase in labor market competition. Rapid relative wage growth at the bottom of the distribution reduced the college wage premium and counteracted approximately one-quarter of the four-decade increase in aggregate 90-10 log wage inequality. Wage compression was accompanied by rapid nominal wage growth and rising job-to-job separations— especially among young non-college (high school or less) workers. At the state-level, post-pandemic labor market tightness became strongly predictive of price increases (price-Phillips curve), real wage growth among low-wage workers (wage-Phillips curve), and aggregate wage compression. Simultaneously, the wage-separation elasticity— a key measure of labor market competition—rose among young non-college workers, with wage gains concentrated among workers who changed employers and industries. Seen through the lens of a canonical job ladder model, the pandemic increased the elasticity of labor supply to firms in the low-wage labor market, reducing employer market power and spurring rapid relative wage growth among young non-college workers who disproportionately moved from lower-paying to higher-paying and potentially more-productive jobs. ∗We thank Daron Acemoglu, Dean Baker, Markus Brunnermeier, Zoë Cullen, Steven Davis, Lawrence Katz, Suresh Naidu, Cecilia Rouse, Nathan Wilmers, Eran Yashiv, and numerous seminar participants for valuable comments. We are indebted to Juanita Jaramillo for superb research assistance and to Austin Lentsch for expert editing. Autor acknowledges research support from the Hewlett Foundation, Google, the Smith Richardson Foundation, and the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Dube acknowledges research support from the Washington Center for Equitable Growth.
Distances and stellar population properties for 12 elliptical galaxies

Aims. We use the surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) technique to derive the distances and analyse the radial behaviour of stellar populations in a sample of 12 elliptical galaxies. The data are I-band images collected with the FORS1 camera at the Very Large Telescope (VLT), drawn from the ESO archive. The main purpose of our analysis is to carry out the study of SBF magnitudes without relying on additional colour information that is normally required in SBF studies. Methods. We measure I-band SBF magnitudes and SBF variations with galaxy radii, which is useful for stellar population studies. Unlike typical applications of the SBF technique, the absolute SBF magnitudes needed to evaluate the distance moduli are derived using the fluctuation star count, ¯ N. Results. The distances obtained using the ¯ N calibration taken from the literature show a good agreement with available estimates. We find a median ∼0.2 mag difference between our and literature distance moduli, with the only exception of NGC 5090, which shows the I-band SBF ∼1 mag brighter than expected. The median statistical and systematic errors are ∼0.2 and ∼0.1 mag, respectively. On these grounds we consider the test of deriving SBF distances based on the ¯ N calibration to be successful. Taking into account that some of the previously estimated distances were made as long as 15 years ago, the new measurements provide an updated sketch on distances for a set of galaxies towards the region of the Great Attractor. Furthermore, gauging the SBF of the unresolved stellar systems has returned negative SBF radial gradients in the inner regions of five galaxies: a feature already known and explained by lower metallicity at larger galactic radii. Somehow unexpectedly, though, we detect positive SBF gradients at large radii (>20 kpc) in nine targets. This behaviour, if it is not caused by some unaccounted observational bias, could be explained at least partly as a statistical effect on the stellar counts at these radii. Additional (near-IR) observations are necessary to confirm the real existence of this feature and to allow us to reach more robust conclusions.
A Comparison of the Boolean and Continuous Dynamics of Three-Gene Regulatory Networks

Abstract We investigate the dynamics of three-gene regulatory networks with one feedback circuit using the Boolean and continuous models put forth by Gehrmann and Drossel [4]. We establish the existence of Hopf bifurcations in the continuous models and use these bifurcations to compare the models more closely. With this analysis we are able to establish the regions in the parameter space where the dynamical behavior of the models agree and where they disagree.
On improved delay-dependent robust stability criteria for uncertain systems with multiple-state delays

This brief provides new stability criteria for a class of uncertain linear time-delay systems with time-invariant delays. Based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals combining with LMI techniques, simple and improved delay-dependent robust stability criteria. which are given in terms of quadratic forms of state and LMI, are derived. Our results shown by two examples are less conservative than the existing stability criteria.
Narrowband Photometry of Comet P/Halley: Variation with Heliocentric Distance, Season, and Solar Phase Angle☆

Abstract Narrowband filter photometry of Comet P/Halley from 109 nights in 1985, 1986, and 1987 is analyzed to discern the comet's variation in activity with changing heliocentric distance and season. The scattering phase function of dust in the coma is also investigated. Asymmetry about perihelion in the production of gas and dust is confirmed. However, we find the asymmetry to be significantly less for water than for the trace species and for dust grains. The relative abundances of CN, C 2 , and C 3 remain essentially constant with respect to each other throughout the apparition, but change markedly with respect to water. The behavior of NH also more closely tracks that of the carbon-based species than that of water. These phenomena are most readily understood in terms of seasonal effects on a compositionally variegated nucleus. However, this explanation may not work if Halley's nucleus is in a complex long-axis-mode rotational state as many believe to be the case. Observations of Halley's continuum reveal a substantial change near perihelion in the average radial distribution of dust in the inner coma, with the dust displaying a canonical 1/ρ fall-off after perihelion but a much steeper decrease with distance from the nucleus during 1985. The phase function of the dust shows pronounced curvature over the observed range of values (1.5° to 66°). The slope is 0.045 mag/degree near 0° phase angle but becomes nearly flat at angles greater than about 30°. The peak of the phase function at 0° is 2.9 times that at the minimum near 50°, compared with the 2× enhancement typically measured for the zodiacal light.
Atypical gravito-electrostatic fluctuations in the presence of active ion-inertial dynamics

The plasmas in space, cosmic and astrophysical environments are long known to consist of numerous massive ionic components contributing to various wave instability fluctuation phenomena. Indeed, the ion-inertial effects need to be incorporated into realistic analyses, rather than treating the gravitating ionic species traditionally as a Boltzmann distributed fluid. Herein, we present an atypical theoretical model setup to study gravito-electrostatic mode-fluctuations in self-gravitating inhomogeneous interstellar dust molecular clouds (DMCs) on the astrophysical fluid scales of space and time. The main goal is focused on investigating the influence of self-consistent dynamic ion-inertial effects on the stability. Methodological application of standard multiple scaling techniques reduces the basic plasma structure equations into a unique pair of decoupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations for the weak fluctuations. In contrast, the fully nonlinear counterparts are shown to evolve as a new gravito-electrostatically coupled pair of the Sagdeev energy-integral equations. In both the perturbation regimes, excitation of two distinct eigenmode classes – electrostatic compressive solitons and self-gravitational rarefactive solitons with unusual and unique parametric features – is demonstrated and portrayed. The graphical shape analysis reflects new plasma conditions for such eigenspectral patterns to coevolve in realistic interstellar parameter windows hitherto remaining unexplored. It is seen that the inertial ions play a destabilizing influential role leading to enhanced fluctuations toward establishing a reorganized gravito-electrostatic equilibrium structure. Finally, we discuss the consistency of our results in the framework of existing inertialess ion theories, experimental findings and multiple space satellite-based observations, together with new implications.
Atmospheric Variations in Summertime Column Integrated CO2 on Synoptic Scales Over the U.S.

Past studies have demonstrated that synoptically active weather systems play an important role in the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) within and above the planetary boundary layer. For the first time, we investigate the spatial variability of column‐averaged dry‐air mole fractions of CO2 ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ ( i.e.,XCO2 $\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.,{\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ ) due to the impact of synoptic scale transport using retrievals from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) for 66 summer cold front passage cases over the conterminous U.S. and Mexico from 2015 to 2019. XCO2 ${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ differences across cold fronts in summer were found to be in good agreement with observations obtained from the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT‐America) field campaign, though with a reduced magnitude due the flat averaging kernel representing fairly uniform vertical sensitivity in the troposphere as opposed to in situ CO2 ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ measurements. OCO‐2 observed XCO2 ${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ frontal differences are statistically distinct from north‐south XCO2 ${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ climatological spatial variations on similar spatial‐scales on synoptically benign days, implying that the frontal passages contribute to enhanced XCO2 ${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ spatial contrasts. An exploratory analysis finds no evidence of a linkage between the temperature differences and XCO2 ${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ differences, but a more thorough exploration is left as future work.