Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expressão da glicoproteína-P, proteína associada à múltiplas drogas, glutationa-S-transferase pi e p53 no tumor venéreo transmissível canino

The overexpression of proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), mutant p53, and the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GSTpi) are related to resistance to chemotherapy in neoplasms. This study evaluated the expression of these markers by immunohistochemistry in two groups of canine TVT, without history of prior chemotherapy (TVT1, n=9) and in TVTs presented unsatisfactory clinical response to vincristine sulfate (TVT2, n=5). The percentage of specimens positively stained for P-gp, MRP1, GSTpi and p53 were, respectively 88.8%, 0%, 44.5% and 22.2% in TVT1 and 80%, 0%, 80% and 0% in TVT2. In TVT1, one specimen presented positive expression for three markers and four specimens for two markers. In TVT2, three specimens expressed P-gp and GSTpi. In conclusion, the canine TVTs studied expressed the four markers evaluated, but just P-gp and GSTpi were significantly expressed, mainly at cytoplasm and cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively, either before chemotherapy as after vincristine sulfate exposure. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the function of these two markers in conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) or predict the response to chemotherapy in canine TVT.
El género Cranichis (Orchidaceae) en Colombia

Entre las Orquidaceas monandras con la antera adherida al dorso de la columna (Acrotonae de Schlechter) y con los polinios formados de granitos de polen facilente separables (Polychondreae de Schlechter) se caracteriza el grupo de las Cranichidinae por la antera erecta, caracter que tiene en comun con otros grupos, y por el labelo que ocupa la parte superior de la flor, caracter que es peculiar a este grupo. Las Cranichidinae habitan en la zona intertropical de America; sus formas mas avanzadas se encuentran en la Argentina y en el sur de los Estados Unidos. Prefieren las regiones montanosas. En los alrededores de Bogota se encuentran numerosos representantes del grupo. Comprenden aproximadamente trece generos, algunos de los cuales son dificiles de definir porque presentan caracteres de transicion muy vagos.
Do plants need nitrate? The mechanisms by which nitrogen form affects plants

The literature on nitrogen (N) form effects on plants at different stages of their development has been critically reviewed, assessing the possible mechanisms of these effects. In particular, nitrate (NO3−) was compared with the other forms of N utilised by plants. It is concluded that the form of N available to plants can affect their time and rate of seed germination, leaf expansion and function, dry matter partitioning between shoot and root, and root architecture. The magnitude of these effects is dependent on environmental factors outside the supply of N. The mechanism of these effects is variable. Assessment of the importance of root or shoot NO3− assimilation under different environmental conditions is an important area for further study.
PALMA (OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA MILL) CV. GIGANTE EM SUPLEMENTOS PARA FÊMEAS LEITEIRAS EM CRESCIMENTO A PASTO

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituicao do milho pela palma em suplementos para femeas leiteiras em crescimento a pasto nos niveis de 0, 33, 66 e 100%. Foram avaliados o dispendio de pasto, consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, desempenho dos animais, ingestao de compostos nitrogenados, balanco de nitrogenio, sintese e eficiencia microbiana e bioeconomicidade do sistema. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Rocadinho, municipio de Capoeiras, regiao Agreste de Pernambuco, no periodo de 30/09/2012 a 19/01/2013, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repeticoes utilizando-se 24 femeas leiteiras em crescimento de peso inicial 180 quilos. Constou de 112 dias, sendo 28 para adaptacao. O consumo de MS, MS/pasto, MO, PB, FDNcp nao diferiram. O consumo de FDNi e FDA aumentou. Ja o de CNFcp, EE e NDT decresceram (P<0,05). Os niveis de NUP no plasma nao variaram. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, FDNcp, FDA, CNFcp, EE e os NDT decresceram linearmente e os de PB aumentaram (P<0,05). Os ganhos de peso decresceram, ja a CA aumentou (P<0,05). Nao foi observado efeito na ingestao de nitrogenio e no nitrogenio excretado na urina. Houve reducao no nitrogenio excretado nas fezes, no balanco de nitrogenio e porcentagem de nitrogenio ingerido, e o N-ureico excretado na urina aumentou (P<0,05). A substituicao do milho pela palma reduziu o desempenho de femeas leiteiras em crescimento a pasto, assim como a substituicao total ou parcial ficou condicionada a projecao da idade ao primeiro parto no sistema de producao e a economicidade de uso.
Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: growth, feed utilization and slaughter quality

Four extruded diets differing in protein/fat concentrations, 378/389 g kg−1, 425/346 g kg−1, 480/308 g kg−1 and 524/256 g kg−1 were tested in a digestibility trial and a growth study. Apparent digestibility of protein and fat were not significantly different among the diets when tested in 1-kg Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , in sea water. The diets represented a range of digestible protein to digestible energy ratios (DP/DE ratios) of 14.1, 16.4, 18.8 and 21.9 g MJ−1. The 138-day growth study was performed with triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon of 1.0 and 2.5 kg initial weight. Irrespective of size; growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen and energy retention were poorer in fish fed the diet with DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ−1 compared with the fish fed the other diets. A DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ−1 was sufficient to produce maximum growth for the large fish, while the DP/DE ratio of 18.8 g MJ−1 produced the highest growth in the small fish. In the large fish, the lowest FCR was obtained on a DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ−1, while there was no clear difference in FCR within the small fish when diets of DP/DE ratios of 16.4–21.9 g MJ−1 were fed. The carcass-to-body ratio in the small fish decreased with decreasing DP/DE ratios. The fish fed the diet of 21.9 g MJ−1 had significantly lower fat and dry matter and higher protein content than fish of similar size fed the other diets. Increased dietary lipid content seemed to improve astaxanthin deposition in the small fish, while the large fish showed no significant differences in astaxanthin deposition due to dietary treatment. This study indicates that a DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ−1 in high-energy diets for Atlantic salmon in sea water is below the optimal DP/DE ratio for growth and feed utilization, and that the optimal DP/DE ratio decreases with increasing fish weight. DP/DE ratios around 19 g MJ−1 for fish weighing 1 to 2.5 kg, and 16–17 g MJ−1 for fish weighing 2.5 to 5 kg, are suggested to be optimal.
Parasitism and horn quality in male Spanish ibex ("Capra pyrenaica hispanica") from Andalucía based on coprological analysis and muscle biopsy

A parasitological survey was performed on 51 adult male Spanish ibexes (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) from Malaga (Andalucia, Southern Spain) which were legally hunted during rutting season (October to December) in 2002 and 2003, in order to determine the health status of the ibex populations. Animals were classified according to horn quality and geographic location and their respective parasite levels were compared. Gastrointestinal and pulmonary (family Protostrongylidae) nematodes (order Strongylida), intestinal cestodes (family Anoplocephalidae: Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni) and intestinal coccidia (Eimeria spp) were detected by coprological analysis, and muscle protozoa (Sarcocystis spp) by muscle biopsy. A parasitism index (PI) was calculated for each animal and parasite group. A horn index (HI) was designed that classified animals into four categories: HI1 (good), HI2 (normal), HI3 (poor) and HI4 (very poor). There was a negative correlation (R = 0.262; P = 0.062) between the PI of lungworms (Protostrongylidae) and HI, high lungworm PIs corresponded with lower HI values (better horn characteristics). Linear correlations between arcsine transformed parasite counts and one principal component analysis (PCA) of horn measures were calculated. There was a correlation (R = 0.30; P = 0.03) between lungworm larval shedding (Protostrongylidae) and PCA for horn quality. High larval counts corresponded with high PCA values (better horn quality). The possibility of rut stress affecting dominant males is proposed as a predisposing factor for the observed trend.
Distribution of NADPH-Diaphorase-Positive Neurons in the Mouse Brain: Differences from Previous Findings in the Rat Brain and Comparison with the Distribution of Serotonergic Neurons

The distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) enzyme-containing neurons in the mouse brain was studied and a schematic map of the entire mouse brain was obtained. NADPH-d-positive cell bodies and fibers were detected in almost all brain regions, while the neurons varied in form and staining pattern, and the fibers in density, shape and staining pattern. Significant differences in the localization of NADPH-d-positive neurons were detected and compared to the results of previous studies in rats, in such areas as the lateral globus pallidus, the red nucleus, the locus coeruleus and the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Possible causes for the differences between NADPH-d staining in rat and mouse are discussed. Similar to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) fibers, as NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in almost all areas of the brain suggesting the existence of some interaction between NADPH-d-positive neurons and 5-HT neurons. Therefore, the distributions of NADPH-d-positive neurons and 5-HT neurons were compared. To elucidate the relationship between NADPH-d-positive neurons and 5-HT neurons, we analyzed histochemical changes in NADPH-d-positive neurons after injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), a 5-HT neurotoxin, into the lateral ventricle of the mouse brain. Changes in NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in the medial septal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, and the dorsal raphe nucleus after injection. The observations suggest a potential relationship between NADPH-d-positive neurons and 5-HT neurons.
STUDI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN CUKA SALAK DARI BERBAGAI VARIETAS BUAH SALAK (Salacca zalacca)

Buah salak adalah salah satu buah tropis asli Indonesia yang tersebar di berbagai daerah nusantara dan panen sepanjang tahun. Buah salak memiliki kandungan fenol yang tinggi sebesar 274.56 ± 3.21 mg/100 g. Namun, daya simpan buah salak terbatas sehingga perlu dilakukan alternatif pengolahan menjadi cuka. Cuka adalah produk hasil fermentasi alkohol oleh yeast dan fermentasi asam asetat oleh bakteri asam asetat. Varietas buah salak sangat beragam namun belum diketahui varietas yang menghasilkan cuka dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi. Cuka salak berpotensi memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi karena kandungan total fenol dan asam-asam organik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 1 faktor yaitu varietas salak (Pondoh, Suwaru, Gula Pasir, Madu, dan Bangkalan) yang diulang 3 kali sehingga diperoleh 15 satuan percobaan. Hasil perlakuan terbaik dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi yaitu cuka salak Suwaru dengan karakteristik total asam sebesar 1.046%, pH 2.94, total gula 0.126%, TPT 3.27 ◦Brix, total fenol 233 mg/L GAE, aktivitas antioksidan 68.113%, dan kadar alkohol 0%.
The role of water availability on weed–crop interactions in processing tomato for southern Italy

Abstract Anthropogenic climate change is projected to increase the occurrence of drought for the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study was to quantify the role of increasing drought on weed-induced crop losses and crop–weed interactions for processing tomato grown in southern Italy. Field experiments were carried out during 2008 and 2009. Two levels of water availability were imposed to compare weed competitive effects under irrigated and rainfed conditions on tomato as a means to quantify weed–crop interactions and associated crop losses when water is limited. In this study, the absolute decline in tomato yields by weed interference was a direct function of water applied (rain + irrigation); however, the relative effect of weed biomass on crop loss appeared to increase under drought when compared to irrigated conditions. Overall, these data indicate that the relative decline in tomato fresh weight from weeds was actually greater under drought, and that the relative crop losses (per unit of weed biomass) actually declined as water availability increased. From a management standpoint, these data suggest that if drought occurrences do increase in the Mediterranean region with climate change, there may be a greater need for complete and thorough weed control for this production system.
Risk of Predation of Parasitized Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.) Under Competition for Food

Three-spined sticklebacks which were either unparasitized, heavily infested by plerocercoids of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, or parasitized by the sporozoan Glugea anomala were singly offered to choose between Tubifex worms at different distances from a live fish predator. The uninfested fisn preferred the worms most distant from the predator and fed at a lower rate than in its absence. Almost all sticklebacks infested by S. solidus, however, did not react to the predator; they fed at all distances equally often and at the same rate as with no predator present. Those infested by G. anomala fed at an intermediate rate between healthy fish and ones carrying S. solidus but stayed even farther away from the predator than uninfested fish. Both the increased need for food and the reduced fleeing ability of the parasitized sticklebacks do not seem to provide a sufficient functional explanation for the behavioural changes assuming that the infested fish balance differently the conflicting demands of predator avoidance and feeding. The fearless feeding of the fish infested by S. solidus which has to end up in a fish eating bird and the fearful behaviour of the sticklebacks parasitized by G. anomala for which the stickleback is the only host could both have been influenced by parasitic manipulation. During intraspecific competition for food between a stickleback infested either by S. solidus or G. anomala and an unparasitized one in the presence of the predator the healthy fish were clearly outcompeted by the parasitized ones. The overall competitive disadvantage of the parasitized fish can therefore be mitigated under the risk of predation.
Potential deep drainage under wheat crops in a Mediterranean climate. I. Temporal and spatial variability

High rates of deep drainage (water loss below the root-zone) in Western Australia are contributing to groundwater recharge and secondary salinity. However, quantifying potential drainage through measurements is hampered by the high degree of complexity of these systems as a result of diverse soil types, a range of crops, different rainfall regions, and in particular the inherent season-to-season variability. Simulation models can provide the appropriate means to extrapolate across time and space. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used to analyse deep drainage under wheat crops in the Mediterranean climate of the central Western Australian wheatbelt. In addition to rigorous model testing elsewhere, comparisons between simulated and observed soil water loss, evapotranspiration, and deep drainage for different soil types and seasons confirmed the reasonable performance of the APSIM model. The APSIM model was run with historical weather records (70–90 years) across 2 transects from the coast (high rainfall zone) to the eastern edge of the wheatbelt (low rainfall zone). Soils were classified as 5 major types: deep sand, deep loamy sand, acid loamy sand, shallow duplex (waterlogging), and clay soil (non-waterlogging). Simulations were carried out on these soil types with historical weather records, assuming current crop management and cultivars. Soil water profiles were reset each year to the lower limit of plant-available water, assuming maximum water use in the previous crop. Results stressed the high degree of seasonal variability of deep drainage ranging from 0 to 386 mm at Moora in the high rainfall region (461 mm/year average rainfall), from 0 to 296 mm at Wongan Hills in the medium rainfall region (386 mm/year average rainfall), and from 0 to 234 mm at Merredin in the low rainfall region (310 mm/year average rainfall). The largest amounts of drainage occurred in soils with lowest extractable water-holding capacities. Estimates of annual drainage varied with soil type and location. For example, average (s.d.) annual drainage at Moora, Wongan Hills, and Merredin was 134 (73), 90 (61), and 36 (43) mm on a sand, and 57 (64), 26 (43), and 4 (18) mm on a clay soil, respectively. These values are an order of magnitude higher than drainage reported elsewhere under native vegetation. When not resetting the soil each year, carry-over of water left behind in the soil reduced the water storage capacity in the subsequent year, increasing long-term average deep drainage, depending on soil type and rainfall region. The analyses revealed the extent of the excess water problem that currently threatens the sustainability of the wheat-based farming systems in Western Australia.
Genetic Variations in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Focus on Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Mendelian Randomization

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are highly prevalent complex diseases that result from lifestyle and genetic factors. Gene-lifestyle interactions are also believed to contribute to the etiology of these diseases. The aim of this thesis was to investigate gene-lifestyle interactions using the strongest T2D and CVD susceptibility genetic loci and to understand the causal nature of the associations of common cardio-metabolic biomarkers with T2D and coronary heart disease (CHD). The Malmo Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS), a population-based prospective study, was used and included around 30,000 individuals with comprehensive baseline dietary and lifestyle assessment between the years 1991-1996. The TCF7L2 genotype modified the association between fiber intake and the risk of T2D. The lower risk of T2D by higher fiber intake was restricted to individuals carrying the CC non-risk genotype (Pinteraction = 0.049). Similar interaction was observed with baseline levels of HbA1C (Pinteraction = 0.02). Other T2D associated genes were then investigated for links to WNT signaling pathway where TCF7L2 acts as a transcription factor. Of the 51 T2D associated gene loci 7 genes were annotated to the WNT pathway. Interaction analyses between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these loci and dietary fiber intake were significant for the TCF7L2, NOTCH2 and ZBED3 SNPs. Higher fiber intake associated with lower risk of T2D only among risk allele carriers of the NOTCH2 SNP (Pinteraction = 0.01) and only among homozygotes for the risk allele of the ZBED3 SNP (Pinteraction = 0.003). The interaction between TCF7L2 and fiber intake was further explored in relation to the metabolic syndrome in 4,606 individuals. Higher fiber intake was observed to be associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome only among non-risk CC genotype carriers (Pinteraction = 0.02) and similar interactions were observed on baseline levels of several traits related to the metabolic syndrome. The chromosome 9p21 genotype modified the association of vegetable and wine intake with the risk of CVD. Lower risk of CVD by higher vegetable intake was restricted to non-carriers of the 9p21 risk G allele (Pinteraction = 0.043), while wine consumption appeared to lower the risk of CVD only among carriers of the risk allele (Pinteraction = 0.029). Instrumental variable analyses using cardio-metabolic genetic risk scores have indicated an inverse causal association between LDLC and T2D. Similar results were obtained in multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses using MDCS (P = 0.008) and genome-wide association studies data (P = 5×10-7). Using similar analyses, a direct causal association was observed between LDLC and CHD. In conclusion, this thesis provides important evidence for gene-lifestyle interactions in the development of T2D and CVD. It also provides evidence for an inverse causal relationship between LDLC and T2D indicating that LDLC has opposite roles in the causality of T2D and CHD.
Porta-enxertos afetando o desenvolvimento de mudas de Coffea arabica L.

The development of Coffea arabica L. young plants, influenced by the rootstock were evaluated under field condition, on the Jatoba farm, which is in Paula Cândido city, Minas Gerais State. Four genotypes of C. arabica L. were used as grafts: the varieties Catuai Vermelho IAC 15 and Oeiras MG 6851 and the lines H 419-10-3-1-5, H 514-5-5-3. As rootstocks were utilized three genotypes of Coffea canephora Pierre et Froenher were used as rootstocks: Apoata LC 2258, Conillon Muriae-1 and Robustao Capixaba (EMCAPA 8141) and one genotype of C. arabica L. : Mundo Novo IAC 376-4, plus four non-grafted plants. The grafting combination H419/EMCAPA promoted increase in the: plant height, number of nodes on the main stem, number of plagiotropic branches on the main stem, stem diameter, number of nodes on the medium plagiotropic branch, and yield, when compared to the respective non-grafted plant. The combinations Catuai/Apoata, H514/Apoata, H514/Conilon and H514/EMCAPA promoted yield decrease when compared to the respective non-grafted plant. The grafting in coffee trees may influence the plants development, when non-grafted plants and graft/rootstock combinations are compared. The use of rootstocks Apoata LC 2258 and EMCAPA 8141 enhanced the yield of the H419-10-3-1-5 line, and EMCAPA 8141 improved the plant growth.
Genetic diversity of wild boar populations and domestic pig breeds (Sus scrofa) in South-western Europe

The Eurasian wild boar, Sus scrofa, is an important game species and is widely distributed in Eurasia. The recent demographic expansions allied to man mediated translocations and reintroductions, reshaped the genetic variability of wild boar populations, and gave rise to management problems. Genetic variability and the population structure of the European populations are not well-known, in particular in the Iberian Peninsula. In the present study, we assessed the phylogenetic relationship among 17 Iberian wild boar populations and several Eurasian wild and domestic pigs by sequencing 660 bp of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region. This analysis was extended to the two autochthonous Portuguese pig breeds, Bisaro and Alentejano, and their relationship with Eurasian pigs was also established. High levels of gene diversity were found in Iberian wild boar and Portuguese domestic pigs, as well as a significant genetic difference among and within populations. Iberian wild boar and Portuguese pig breeds belong to the main European clade but diverge with animals from Central Europe, showing a high proportion of private (Iberian) haplotypes. These results suggest the existence of glacial refugia for Sus scrofa in the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum. No signs of Asian mtDNA introgression from Asian populations were found in the present survey. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 797–822.