Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semantic Effects in Halkomelem Directional Applicatives

The Halkomelem directional applicative suffix -n;s allows the endpoint of a motion verb to be expressed as an object argument. The applicative construction is an alternative to expressing the endpoint as an oblique phrase. Since there are two ways of expressing endpoints, this raises the question of when one construction is preferred over the other. Drawing on data from texts and elicitation, I show that several semantic effects accompany the use of applicatives. While oblique constructions are semantically neutral, applicative constructions have the implication that a controlled action is directed by an animate agent toward a topic-worthy endpoint for a particular purpose.
Monetary transmission in the euro area: early evidence

We examine the euro area monetary policy transmission process using post-1999 data, with two main questions in mind: has it changed after – and because of – economic and monetary union (EMU) and, if so, is it becoming homogeneous across countries? Given the data limitations, we concentrate on three components of the transmission mechanism: the banking, the interest rate and the asset market channels. We find evidence that the transmission through banks has become more potent and homogeneous across countries. On the financial market channels, our evidence is somewhat weaker but suggestive. The interest rate channel appears to have changed even before EMU, and now affects national economies in a broadly similar way. The asset market channel (proxied by the stock market effects of monetary policy) also seems to work rather homogeneously across national markets (no comparison with pre-EMU is available here). A positive answer to both questions raised above represents, in our view, the best working hypothesis under current knowledge.
1 Dialects , Cultural Identity , and Economic Exchange

Recent empirical research finds that there are intangible cultural borders that impede economic exchange across countries. In this paper, we investigate whether time-persistent cultural borders also exist at a finer geographical level, namely, across regions of the same country. To distinguish regional cultures, we utilize, for the first time in the economics literature, detailed linguistic microdata about phonological and grammatical features of German dialects. These data are taken from a unique survey that was conducted between 1879 and 1888 by the linguist Georg Wenker in about 45,000 schools across the German Empire. Matching this information to the 439 German NUTS3 regions, we construct a dialect similarity matrix and analyze current pair-wise gross migration flows in a gravity analysis. Our central finding is that current regional migration is significantly positively affected by the linguistic similarity of dialects that were prevalent in the source and destination areas in the late 19 century. This finding, which is robust in a variety of specifications, suggests that cultural identity at the local level has long-lasting effects and that cultural identities formed more than a century ago continue to influence economic behavior today. JEL Codes: R11; R23; Z10
Organic matter in sediments in the mangrove areas and adjacent continental margins of Brazil .1. Amino acids and hexosamines

The nature of sedimentary organic matter from mangroves and the continental margin of eastern Brazil (8 degrees-24 degrees S) has been investigated in order to obtain information on sources and diagenetic processes. The organic matter content of mangrove sediments is three to four times higher than the maximum content of continental margin sediments. Downslope distribution of organic carbon, nitrogen, amino acids and hexosamines shows an enrichment in water depths between 800 m and 1000 m. The distribution of individual amino acids and hexosamines is highly variable in sedimentary organic matter from mangroves and the continental margin, and the observed compositional differences are mainly due to diagenetic alteration. Organic matter is highly reactive in mangrove sediments and refractory in slope sediments, which suggests that recycled organic matter forms the bulk of the organic matter in upper slope sediments. From the qualitative differences between organic matter in mangrove sediments and in continental margin sediments it appeals that mangrove-derived organic matter is not a significant component of the latter. It is also conceivable that organic matter is retained in mangroves or that it undergoes severe decomposition in coastal waters.
Fire-Induced Changes in Vegetation, Albedo and Land Surface Temperature Assessed with MODIS

Wildfires affect the regional and global climate. These local scale changes importantly impact species richness, habitats and community composition. The effect of the large 2007 Pelo- ponnese (Greece) wildfires on changes in vegetation, broadband surface albedo (α), day-time land surface temperature (LSTd) and night-time LST (LSTn) were studied using a two-year post-fire time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. Firstly, a pixel-based control plot selection procedure was initiated based on a pre-fire time series similarity of biophysical variables (α, LSTd, LSTn and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)). Then differences in mean NDVI, α, LSTd and LSTn of the control and burned pixels were com- pared. In Immediately after the fire event mean α dropped up to 0.039 (0.012) (p 0.001), while the slight LSTn decrease was occasionally significant. During the subsequent dry Mediterra- nean summer periods, the magnitudes of changes attenuated with time as a consequence of vegeta- tion regeneration processes, however differences in α and LSTd between control and burned pixels remained significant two summers after the fire (p < 0.001). In contrast to the immediate post-fire α drop, α increased up to 0.016 (0.009) for HS plots, during the subsequent summer periods. This research provides insights in the understanding of short-term fire effects on regional climate.
Lagrangian and Noncommutativity

We analyze the relation between the concept of auxiliary variables and the Inverse problem of the calculus of variations to construct a Lagrangian from a given set of equations of motion. The problem of the construction of a consistent second order dynamics from a given first order dynamics is investigated. At the level of equations of motion we find that this reduction process is consistent provided that the mapping of the boundary data be taken properly into account. At the level of the variational principle we analyze the obstructions to construct a second order Lagrangian from a first order one and give an explicit formal non-local Lagrangian that reproduce the second order projected dynamics. Finally we apply our ideas to the so called " Noncommutative classical dynamics " .
Exploring critical success factors for Napa’s wine tourism industry from a demand perspective

Abstract Wine tourism regions such as Napa face challenges in destination marketing and branding. The Napa Valley is a wine tourism destination that embodies dual identities as both a geographical location in the coastal northern region of California and a renowned brand that has become globally synonymous with high-quality wine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate supply-derived critical success factors of Napa wine tourism from the lens of a demand perspective utilizing an importance-performance matrix. Analysis between supplier intent and demand reception will highlight the overall strengths and weaknesses of branding efforts, where improvements can and/or should be made, and discrepancies where gaps and incongruity may exist.
Possibility of sequence stratigraphic subdivision of the Zechstein in the Polish Basin

Applying the Exxon method for sequence distinction, four depositional sequences can be distinguished in the Polish Zechstein, out of which the first commenced during the deposition of the upper portion of the Rotliegend and the fourth continued up to the lower portion of the Buntsandstein. In our opinion the Exxon approach is not a significant step in understanding the principles controlling the Zechstein basin evolution during the deposition of carbonate and evaporite-dominated, lower and middle parts of the Zechstein. The fourth depositional sequence commences with evaporite deposits of LST, but afterwards a general change of sedimentary regime occurred and the uppermost part of the Zechstein is dominated by terrigenous-evaporite litho-facies. Because it is not possible to distinguish typical depositional sequences in the Zechstein terrigenous-evaporite lithofacies, it was decided to distinguish climatic sequences. Despite of fundamental differences between the origin of climatic and eustatic sequences, they have an important common feature; their boundaries are isochronous.
Characterization and Explanation of the 1996-2001 Inter-CMA Migration of the Second Generation in Canada

Based on the primary micro data files of the 2001 Canadian census, I investigated the 1996-2001 internal migration patterns of the 2nd generation, in comparison to those of the 1st, 1.5, and 3rd+ generations. In the descriptive analysis, I found that the overall out-migration rate increased monotonically with an increase in generation status. However, with the exception of Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary, the CMA specific out-migration rate generally decreased with an increase in generation status. In terms of in-migration, Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary were the predominant destinations for all generations. In the multivariate analysis, I found that the different generations were subject to the effects of the same set of explanatory factors -- labor market factors, ethnic similarity factor, and personal factors. Compared to the first generation immigrants, the second generation was less dependent on ethnic communities and more sensitive to the changing spatial economy of the CMA system.
Poleward transport of equatorial fish larvae in the Atlantic Eastern Boundary Current system

Fish larval distributions support the hypothesis that East: Atlantic "upwelling" undercurrents are interconnected, and can entrain plankton from the Equatorial Undercurrents towards temperate latitudes. This conclusion is based on historic and recently collected data on the distribution of adults and larvae of mainly two equatorial, mesopelagic fish species Bathylagus argyrogaster and Hygophum macrochir and consistent with hydrographic data. Along the continental slope these larvae occur 440 to 920 km polewards of the reproductive ranges of their adults. Larval B. argyrogaster occurs mainly below the thermocline and reaches farther polewards than larval H. macrochir, which dwells mainly at thermocline depths. At tropical latitudes the larvae of both species occur frequently, and within a generally poleward flow. Immediately polewards of the Cape Verde Frontal Zone, and Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone, respectively, the larvae become rare and more deeply distributed. At these fronts the poleward flows are thought to submerge below the equatorward flows of the Canary Current and Benguela Current, and to form theslope-undercurrents of the Northwest and Southwest African upwelling systems. Larvae in these undercurrents reach minimum latitudes of 22 degrees N and 23 degrees 30'S. At the poleward flanks of East Atlantic cyclonic gyres,such as the Guinea Dome, Central Mauritanian Gyre, and Angola Dome, retroflections of the poleward current systems occur, also entraining and transporting larvae offshore.
Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) Aat Pacheco Pass, California: A geopetal, paleocurrent, and paleobathymetric indicator in the Franciscan Complex

Abstract We document a new locality for the foraminiferid Bathysiphon at Pacheco Pass, California, a classic blueschist-facies location on the eastern edge of the Franciscan Complex. The nearly featureless, silicified tubes of Bathysiphon cf. aaltoi Miller, 1986 described here are the largest reported from the Franciscan Complex; they are <153 mm long and easily recognized in the field. The rarity of fossils in the Franciscan Subduction Complex has hindered field mapping and, thus, a better understanding of its stratigraphy and structure. Bathysiphon specimens can be used as geopetal indicators, since they occur parallel to bedding at the top of argillaceous layers, as paleocurrent indicators (showing a SSE trend at Pacheco Pass), and as paleobathymetric indicators, suggesting, by their large size, mid-to-lower bathyal depths (2000–4000 m).
Cause of tropical Pacific warming trend

Combining observations and model simulations, the equatorial upper ocean heat budget is closed to diagnose the cause of the 1945–93 sea surface temperature (SST) trend. The equatorial Pacific SST exhibits a clear warming trend, in spite of a cooling trend in the net downward surface heat flux. This warming is caused primarily by the reduction of wind‐driven cold ocean current.
Nutrient Cycling in Eucalyptus globulus Plantation Organic Matter Production, Nutrients Accumulation in Standing Crop and Nutrients Removal through Harvest

Dry matter production, nutrients accumulation and nutrients removal through harvest in a 10 year old E. globulus plantation was estimated. The total above- ground biomass amounted to 76.877 kg/ha of which 66% was contributed by wood. Root biomass constituted 18% of AGB. On unit area basis 474 kg/ha of N, 32 kg/ha of P and 386 kg/ha of K was accumulated in the total (agb+root) biomass of which 40% to 48% of all nutrients was removed by harvesting wood. The extraction of twigs and bark will cause an additional loss of 9-15% of various nutrients in addition to the loss caused by the removal of leaf which is 7% to 11%. The results emphasise that, necessary safeguards are to be taken to maintain the fertility status of the soils while large area is converted to plantations of E.globulus .
Role of Marketing Communication in Enhancement of Quality of Life in Rural India

Increased globalization has led to drastic growth in consumerism worldwide. India is no exception. Almost all global brands are present practically all over the country. The recent phenomenon that has caught the attention of advertisers and marketers is the spurt in consumerism in the economically weaker areas. Several studies have shown that these markets are raring to go (Business World, 2004). The quality of life indicators suggest that there is adequate scope for socio economic improvement, too. This paper attempts to assess the role of global and national advertisers in local development by analyzing brand communication and the impact of penetration of mobility products (two wheelers and cell phone service providers) and one personal care product (toothpaste). The effect of brand communication has been inferred by comparing survey findings with secondary data like Development Reports and Market Planners Guides. The role of mass as well as local media and the potential of the emerging market have also been examined. India is experiencing a cultural transformation at the grassroots level. This has triggered a consumer boom in regions that had low economic activity until recently. Income earning capacity has increased and interest in enhancing personal quality of living is greater than ever before. This opportunity can be referred to as the ‘emerging market’. It is a segment that is rife with social problems that impede development. If industries can provide solutions to some of the socio-economic problems while promoting their brands, development would be accelerated. There is vast opportunity in education, finance, energy, personal convenience and primary health, in developing markets. Communication that supports the new thrust on development oriented marketing in economically weaker areas, emphasizes mutual growth. This paper introduces the concept of ‘symbiotic marketing communication’. On the one hand, it supports marketing by reaching out to rural consumers, and on the other, it identifies the product with social issues and offers solutions. In other words, it creates a synergy between marketing and development. Recent examples in India are the Lifebuoy rural campaign of Hindustan Levers which focuses on prevention of diarrhea, and ICICI’s rural banking and micro credit initiatives. The primary objective of this research paper is to evaluate the role of global advertisers in local development by studying the effect of marketing communication on enhancement of quality of living in a selected district in West Bengal, India.
Gypsolyte Sedimentary Environment of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in Shenglihe Area in Northern Qiangtang Basin

In 2007, a set of gypsolyte strata with depth of 196 m was found above Suowa formation of Upper Jurassic in Shenglihe area in northern Qiangtang basin of Tibet. This study suggests from analyses of top-bottom lithology and gyprock crystal forms, interbed and sedimentary assemblage that such strata are characterized by coast salt lake deposit. Its discovery could provide good cap rock for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Mesozoic northern Qiangtang basin.
Default Option Exercise over the Financial Crisis and beyond*

We document changes in borrowers’ sensitivity to negative equity and show heightened borrower default propensity as a fundamental driver of crisis period mortgage defaults. Estimates of a time-varying coefﬁcient competing risk hazard model reveal a marked run-up in the default option beta from 0.2 during 2003–06 to about 1.5 during 2012–13. Simulation of 2006 vintage loan performance shows that the marked upturn in the default option beta resulted in a doubling of mortgage default incidence. Panel data analysis indicates that much of the variation in default option exercise is associated with the local business cycle and consumer distress. Results also indicate elevated default propensities in sand states and among borrowers seeking a crisis-period Home Affordable Modiﬁcation Program loan modiﬁcation.
An Updated Look at Trends in Content and Web Page Design in News Web Sites

This research examined the similarities and differences in format and content on traditional media Web sites. A content analysis of 282 Web newspapers, 112 radio station Web sites, and 128 television station Web sites found that although traditional media have increased their presence on the Web from the mid 1990s, they're still working to move beyond imitation of format and repurposing content from their traditional media counterpart. Overall, findings show media Web sites include some type of news, sports, and weather coverage; have expanded the volume of news-related content; and have improved the design and presentation of their content. Data also indicate media Web sites still limit audience interaction to mostly e-mail and have slightly increased adoption of streaming and downloadable audio and video content.
Dynamics of a pinyon-juniper stand in northern Arizona: a half-century history

This paper adds to the limited knowledge of stand dynamics in pinyon-juniper woodlands by reporting on the changes in species composition, numbers of trees, arrangements of trees, and total height and volume in a stand from late 1938 to early 1991. This information should be helpful in managing pinyon-juniper woodlands to sustain their productivity and maintain their multiple-use values. The annual increase of 1.2 trees per acre does not reflect the massive invasion of trees suspected by many people.
Biochar and activated carbon filters for greywater treatment - comparison of organic matter and nutrients removal

Activated carbon has long been used for the treatment of water. The industrial activation processes increase the environmental footprint and cost of this product. Biochar, which is organic material pyrolyzed/charred, often by means of simple and low cost techniques, might be an interesting alternative to replace the industrial activated carbon for greywater cleaning. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare biochar and activated carbon by assessing reductions of COD, MBAS, Tot-N and Tot-P as well as the transformation of nitrogen in the greywater-infiltrated filters. The activated carbon and biochar were packed to a depth of 50 cm into columns with a diameter of 4.3 cm. The columns were fed with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.043 m3/m2/day under vertical flow. The bulk density, particle density, total porosity and residence time of the filters were initially measured. Then their water cleaning capacity was assessed over a period of ten weeks based on nine chemical parameters (pH, EC, NH4-N, NO3-N, Tot-N, PO4-P, Tot-P, MBAS and COD). The residence time in the activated carbon filters was 119 hours and in the biochar filters 108 hours. Both materials cleaned the greywater well from organic matter, with 99% efficiency for COD and MBAS. It is remarkable that biochar removed Tot-P and PO4 –P more effectively than activated carbon, on average to 89% in case of Tot-P and 86% in case of PO4–P. The efficiency of biochar in Tot-N and NH4-N was not stable, whereas activated carbon had stable efficiency levels of 97% and 98% for Tot-N and NH4–N. Further investigations are recommended in regards to how long the cleaning capacity of biochar lasts and how the performance of the filter changes under an increased load of greywater. The performance of biochar from different parent materials and recycling options for the used filter materials are also interesting aspects for future research.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis Among Children — Washington, September–November 2016

In October 2016, Seattle Children's Hospital notified the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) and CDC of a cluster of acute onset of limb weakness in children aged ≤14 years. All patients had distinctive spinal lesions largely restricted to gray matter detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), consistent with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). On November 3, DOH issued a health advisory to local health jurisdictions requesting that health care providers report similar cases. By January 24, 2017, DOH and CDC had confirmed 10 cases of AFM and excluded two suspected cases among residents of Washington during September-November 2016. Upper respiratory tract, stool, rectal, serum, buccal, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were tested for multiple pathogens. Hypothesis-generating interviews were conducted with patients or their parents to determine commonalities between cases. No common etiology or source of exposure was identified. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing detected enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in nasopharyngeal swabs of two patients, one of whom also tested positive for adenovirus by PCR, and detected enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) in the stool of a third patient. Mycoplasma spp. immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer was elevated in two patients, but both had upper respiratory swabs that tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. by PCR. Clinicians should maintain vigilance for AFM and report cases as soon as possible to state or local health departments.