Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Online NARMAX model for electron fluxes at GEO

Abstract. Multi-input single-output (MISO) nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) models have been derived to forecast the > 0.8 MeV and > 2 MeV electron fluxes at geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). The NARMAX algorithm is able to identify mathematical model for a wide class of nonlinear systems from input–output data. The models employ solar wind parameters as inputs to provide an estimate of the average electron flux for the following day, i.e. the 1-day forecast. The identified models are shown to provide a reliable forecast for both > 0.8 and > 2 MeV electron fluxes and are capable of providing real-time warnings of when the electron fluxes will be dangerously high for satellite systems. These models, named SNB3GEO > 0.8 and > 2 MeV electron flux models, have been implemented online at http://www.ssg. group.shef. ac.uk/USSW/UOSSW.html .
Proton Spectra from 54.8-MeV Alpha-Particle Reactions: Precompound Emission

An experimental survey of 54.8-MeV ( alpha ,p) proton spectra is undertaken for studying pre-equillbrium emission; such deexcitation yields on the average cross sections about 250 mb, the average value measured for all the investigated reactions. Different quantitative formulations are discussed in tenns of exciton state mean lifetimes: the exciton and hybrid mcdels are found to give a good interpretation of the proton emision cross sections. A geometrical distinction between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes may be attempted. Odd-even effects appear in ( alpha ,p) reactions by means of partial state density: Odd-Z targets require an initial exciton number n/sib I/ equal to five (3p-2n-Oh) and even-Z targets equal to four (2p-2n-Oh). This result may be attributed to a pairing effect according to the odd-even character of residual nuclei.
Comparison of single junction AlGaInP and GaInP solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We have investigated ∼2.0 eV (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P and ∼1.9 eV Ga0.51In0. 49P single junction solar cells grown on both on-axis and misoriented GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Although lattice-matched (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P solar cells are highly attractive for space and concentrator photovoltaics, there have been few reports on the MBE growth of such cells. In this work, we demonstrate open circuit voltages (Voc) ranging from 1.29 to 1.30 V for Ga0.51In0. 49P cells, and 1.35–1.37 V for (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P cells. Growth on misoriented substrates enabled the bandgap-voltage offset (Woc = Eg/q − Voc) of Ga0.51In0. 49P cells to decrease from ∼575 mV to ∼565 mV, while that of (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P cells remained nearly constant at 620 mV. The constant Woc as a function of substrate offcut for (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P implies greater losses from non-radiative recombination compared with the Ga0.51In0. 49P devices. In addition to larger Woc values, the (AlxGa1−x)0.51In0. 49P cells exhibited significan.
Shock wave propagation in cubic lattices

Lattice dynamics has been applied to the study of the propagation of a strong, one-dimensional shock wave in a semi-infinite cubic lattice. The lattice model included the simple cubic, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic configurations. The interactions between various neighbors and different types of interactions, ranging from Hooke's law forces to forces corresponding to Morse-type potential functions, were considered. The equations of motion for the lattice points were solved approximately by a numerical method. The results showed that with realistic interatomic forces the computed shock velocity increased with particle velocity approximately in a linear manner, in good qualitative agreement with experimental data. However, because of the dispersive nature of the lattice, it was found that the shock wave profile was unsteady in time, and the computed stresses behind the shock front were different from those obtained under the assumption of a steady shock profile.
Note on intrinsic decay rates for abstract wave equations with memory

In this paper we consider a viscoelastic abstract wave equation with memory kernel satisfying the inequality g′ + H(g) ⩽ 0, s ⩾ 0 where H(s) is a given continuous, positive, increasing, and convex function such that H(0) = 0. We shall develop an intrinsic method, based on the main idea introduced by Lasiecka and Tataru [“Uniform boundary stabilization of semilinear wave equation with nonlinear boundary dissipation,” Differential and Integral Equations 6, 507–533 (1993)], for determining decay rates of the energy given in terms of the function H(s). This will be accomplished by expressing the decay rates as a solution to a given nonlinear dissipative ODE. We shall show that the obtained result, while generalizing previous results obtained in the literature, is also capable of proving optimal decay rates for polynomially decaying memory kernels (H(s) ∼ sp) and for the full range of admissible parameters p ∈ [1, 2). While such result has been known for certain restrictive ranges of the parameters p ∈ [1, 3/2.
Partial b v ( s ) -metric spaces and ﬁxed point theorems

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a partial b v ( s )-metric space as a generalization of a partial metric space and a b v ( s )-metric space. Some topological properties of the space and some ﬁxed point results are established. To validate our ﬁndings, some illustrative examples are given.
On the spectral properties of Hamiltonians without conservation of the particle number

We consider quantum systems with variable but finite number of particles. For such systems we develop geometric and commutator techniques. We use these techniques to find the location of the spectrum, to prove absence of singular continuous spectrum, and identify accumulation points of the discrete spectrum. The fact that the total number of particles is bounded allows us to give relatively elementary proofs of these basic results for an important class of many-body systems with nonconserved number of particles.
Linear Amplification and Error Growth in the 2D Eady Problem with Uniform Potential Vorticity

The concept of a singular mode underlies optimal linear amplification theories. This concept is studied in the frame of the two-dimensional, quasigeostrophic Eady problem with uniform potential vorticity. Analytical solutions are produced for the relevant physical norms. Exact relations are also derived for the amplifications, which give the lower and upper bounds to any linear development. Results show significant differences in the structure of the singular modes, as well as in the associated amplifications, when the horizontal wavenumber is varied or the inner product is changed. It is found that the singular modes can depart significantly from the normal modes, though the dynamics of the problem are very simple. Comparisons with previous works are also performed. Finally, the derived equations are used to present the linear evolution of error growth within the Eady problem, as predicted by a Kalman filter. Considerations on the spectral space error covariance matrix are made, and a particular case of error dynamics in the 2D physical space is shown. The derivation of the general algebraic solutions is included in the appendix.
Dynamics and characteristics of a 215-eV dynamic-hohlraum x-ray source on Z

A radiation source has been developed on the 20-MA Z facility that produces a high-power x-ray pulse, generated in the axial direction primarily from the interior of a collapsing dynamic hohlraum (DH). The hohlraum is created from a solid cylindrical CH2 target centered within an imploding tungsten wire-array Z pinch. Analyses and interpretation of measurements made of the x-ray generation within and radiated from the hohlraum target have been done using radiation-magnetohydrodynamic-code simulations in the r-z plane that take account of the magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability. These analyses suggest that a significantly reduced RT seed (relative to that used to explain targetless Z-pinch data on Z) is required to explain the observations. Although some quantitative and qualitative agreement with the measurements is obtained with the reduced RT seed, differences remain. Initial attempts to include into the simulations a precursor plasma, arising from wire material driven ahead of the main implosion,.
Environmental Ethics and the Mah ā bh ā rata : The Case of the Burning of the Khan (cid:1) d (cid:1) ava Forest

The burning of the Khan d ava Forest at the end of the Ādiparvan of the Mahābhārata is, at least on the surface, the most anti-environmental passage of the entire text. Not only do Kr s n a and Arjuna help Agni devour the vast forest and its inhabitants, but they do so eagerly and joyfully, and often with excessive force. It’s tempting to take the passage to imply that plants and animals lack what environmental ethicists call ‘direct moral standing’ – that plants and animals need not be considered for their own sakes in deciding what to do. The anti-environmental reading of the burning of the Khan d ava Forest should be resisted, however. Instead, it should be understood as one of a number of passages in the Mahābhārata that allude to the myth of pralaya – the periodic dissolution of the universe at the end of an epoch. The moral implications of pralaya are explained SOPHIA (2013) 52:185–204 DOI 10.1007/s11841-011-0264-2
Passive scalar decay in chaotic flows with boundaries

This paper considers the long-time decay rate of a passive scalar in two-dimensional flow. The focus is on the effects of boundary conditions for kinematically prescribed velocity fields with random or periodic time dependence. Scalar evolution is followed numerically in a periodic geometry for families of flows that have either a slip or a no-slip boundary condition on a square or plane layer subdomain . The boundary conditions on the passive scalar are imposed on the boundary of by restricting to a subclass invariant under certain symmetry transformations. The scalar field obeys constant (Dirichlet) or no-flux (Neumann) conditions exactly for a flow with the slip boundary condition and approximately in the no-slip case. At late times the decay of a passive scalar is exponential in time with a decay rate γ(κ), where κ is the molecular diffusivity. Scaling laws of the form γ(κ) ≃ Cκα for small κ are obtained numerically for a variety of boundary conditions on flow and scalar, and supporting theoretical arguments are presented. In particular when the scalar field satisfies a Neumann condition on all boundaries, α ≃ 0 for a slip flow condition; for a no-slip condition we confirm results in the literature that α ≃ 1/2 for a plane layer, but find α ≃ 2/3 in a square subdomain where the decay is controlled by stagnant flow in the corners. For cases where there is a Dirichlet boundary condition on one or more sides of the subdomain , the exponent measuring the decay of the scalar field is α ≃ 1/2 for a slip flow condition and α ≃ 3/4 for a no-slip condition. The scaling law exponents α for chaotic time-periodic flows are compared with those for similarly constructed random flows.
Fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity

This work demonstrates a fabrication technique of high sensitivity flexible strain sensors at room temperature. The grown well-aligned millimeter-long single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was transferred from the silicon substrate to the pretrenched flexible substrate. The sensor design allows effective adhesion between SWCNT and flexible substrate for SWCNT lengthwise strain and piezoresistivity change. Experimental results show that the sensor achieves a high strain resolution of 0.004%. The measured piezoresistive gauge factor of the flexible sensor is 269. The demonstrated fabrication technique of flexible sensors shows advantage of high sensitivity, high quality, and is suitable for mass production.
Surface-modified CuO layer in size-stabilized single-phase Cu2O nanoparticles

Activated reactive evaporation has been used to grow copper oxide nanoparticles in the size range of 8–100 nm. X-ray diffraction spectra clearly show the presence of a single Cu2O phase. Detailed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies show an increase in the ionicity of the Cu2O system with decreasing particle size. Depth profiling and finger printing of x-ray photoelectron spectra reveal that the Cu2O nanoparticles are capped with a CuO surface layer of thickness ≈1.6 nm. This study strongly suggests that the stabilization of the cubic Cu2O nanophase is enhanced by the formation of a CuO surface layer.
The Jones Polynomial and Functions of Positive Type on the Oriented Jones–Thompson Groups (cid:2) F and (cid:2) T

The pioneering work of Jones and Kauffman unveiled a fruitful relationship between statistical mechanics and knot theory. Recently, Jones introduced two subgroups (cid:2) F and (cid:2) T of the Thompson groups F and T , respectively, together with a procedure that associates an oriented link diagram to any element of these subgroups. Moreover, several specializations of some well-known polynomial link invariants can be seen as functions of positive type on the Thompson groups or the Jones–Thompson subgroups. One important example is provided by suitable evaluations of the Jones polynomial, which are thus associated with certain unitary representations of the groups (cid:2) F and (cid:2) T . Within this framework, we discuss an alternative approach that relies on some partition function interpretation of the Jones polynomial, and also exhibit more examples associated with other link invariants, notably the two-variable Kauffman polynomial and the HOMFLY polynomial. In the unoriented case, extending our previous results, we also show by similar methods that certain evaluations of the Tutte polynomial and of the Kauffman bracket, suitably renormalized, yield functions of positive type on T .
A forecast quality assessment of an end-to-end probabilistic multi-model seasonal forecast system using a malaria model

We discuss a novel three-tier hierarchical approach to the validation of an end-to-end seasonal climate forecast system. We present a malaria transmission simulation model (MTSM) driven with output from the DEMETER multi-model seasonal climate predictions, to produce probabilistic hindcasts of malaria prevalence. These prevalence hindcasts are second-tier validated against estimates from the MTSM driven with ERA-40 gridded analyses. The DEMETER’MTSM prevalence hindcasts are shown to be (tier-2) skilful for the one-month lead seasonal predictions as well as for the period covering the seasonal malaria peak with a 4–6 month forecast window for the event prevalence above the median. Interestingly, the tier-2 Brier skill score for the forecast window of the hindcasts starting in February, for the event prevalence above the median, is higher than for either the tier-1 precipitation or temperature forecasts, which were the MTSM driving variables.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health related quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors: an observational cohort study

Background: Physical, psychological, and social aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors may be more affected during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic. However, the impact is not yet understood well.Methods: Prospectively collected data from the NETherlands QUality of life and BIomedical Cohort study in HNC were used. All patients were diagnosed and treated before the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) collected 24 and 36 months after treatment (M24 and M36) were compared between survivors who completed both assessments before the COVID-19 pandemic and those who completed M24 before but M36 during the pandemic. Personal, clinical, physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle characteristics of the survivors assessed at baseline or M24 were investigated as potential effect modifiers.Results: In total, 318 HNC survivors were included, of which 199 completed both M24 and M36 before the COVID-19 pandemic and 119 completed M24 before but M36 during the pandemic. Changes in HRQOL between 24 and 36 months follow-up did not differ between the two groups for any of the PROMs. However, in some subgroups of HNC survivors the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the course of HRQOL for several PROMs while it positively affected the course of HRQOL for other PROMs.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic did not affect HRQOL in HNC survivors in general, but some subgroups were affected in a positive and others in a negative way.Funding: This work was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grant number VU 2013-5930] and the Dutch Cancer Society, Alpe Young Investigator Grant [grant number 12820].
Improving Groundwater Quality by Electromagnetic Polarization

The aim of this study is to contribute to easy access to soft water, improve some of their properties, and try to find an inexpensive economic method. The research lies in two parts, the first part included a stage of design calculations for the electromagnetic water treatment device. The stage of designing laboratory experiments according to the Box-Wilson statistical method, after determining the independent approved variables. The second part, laboratory work included two stages, namely, the stages of operating the device and examining it within the specific operational conditions of the experiments, and the other area is conducting the necessary tests on the water sample. Two programs were used SPSS programme and MATLAB programme. The results showed an improvement in the concentration of the total hardness, with a rate ranging from 14% to 35%, magnetic flux intensity ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 Tesla, an exposure time of ranged from 17 to 48.5 seconds, and the equation for these experiments was found. Multiple tests were conducted to find out the concentration of total dissolved solids, which recorded an insignificant decrease from 2% to 4%, and therefore their results were not significant. Research benefits by avoiding the use of economically costly chemicals (Alum) that are dangerous to the environment and humans.
Shifted 1/N expansion for the energy levels of the Varshni potential

The shifted large-N method is applied to the eigenvalue problem of Varshni's third potential, which provides a good representation of the potential energy curves of many covalent diatomic molecules. Analytical results for the vibrational and rovibrational energy levels of I2(X), CO(X) and H2(X) molecules compare fairly well with the exact ones obtained numerically. The accuracy of the eigenvalues is found to depend significantly on the width of the potential.
Inverse Transverse Migration of Small Bubbles in Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations are performed on the motion of small bubbles in homogeneous turbulence subject to a vertical flow that is uniformly sheared in the horizontal direction in order to understand the effect of turbulence on the transverse migration of bubbles. A pseudospectral method is used for solving Navier–Stokes equations for the carrier flow, and a Lagrangian approach is employed for tracking bubble trajectories. The pressure gradient, added mass, drag, lift, and gravitational forces are considered as forces acting on the bubbles. Numerical results show that the direction of the mean transverse migration of bubbles in a turbulent shear flow is opposite to that in the laminar shear flow. It is also found that bubbles tend to accumulate in longitudinal vortex tubes and low-speed regions beside vortex layers. Bubbles trapped in these structures, which are inclined in the transverse direction from the vertical direction, tend to rise along them. This reverses the direction of the mean transverse.
X-ray emission from the remnant of a carbon deflagration supernova - SN 1572 (Tycho)

A spherically symmetric hydrodynamic code is used to study the evolution of a young supernova remnant on the basis of a carbon deflagration model for type Ia supernovae. The nonequilibrium X-ray emission has been determined for the elemental composition of the model. The discrepancy between the derived intensity of the Fe D-alpha line blend and the observed value is eliminated by assuming that the stratification of the elemental composition in the supernova ejecta is partially removed by mixing. 59 references.
Differences in Clinical Variables and Physical Activity Levels of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Ibadan, Nigeria

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability worldwide and it often results in pain, decreased physical functioning and physical activity level. This study was aimed to investigate the Pain Intensity (PI), Physical Function (PF) and Physical Activity Level (PAL) of patients with knee OA and the difference in their PI and PF across the different physical activity levels (PALs). Methods: A purposive sample of 110 individuals diagnosed with knee OA participated in this survey. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Ibadan Knee/Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Measure (IKHOAM) were used to measure the PAL, PI and PF of the participants respectively. Data was analyzed using ANOVA at α set at 0.05. Results: Participants (59 males, 51 females) were aged 55.59 ± 10.51 years. Participants mean PI, PF and duration of onset of knee pain score were 3.86 ± 2.03, 76.1 ± 16.91 and 6.42 ± 7.57 months respectively. Majority (80.9%) had low PAL. There was no significant difference in PF (F = 0.058, p = 0.05) across the three PALs (low 73.46 ± 17.58, moderate 83.97 ± 5.76 and vigorous 83.97 ± 5.76). There was also no significant difference in PI (F = 0.058, p = 0.05) across the three PALs (low 4.08 ± 2.04, moderate 3.05 ± 1.34 and vigorous 2.92 ± 1.77). Conclusions: Participants who were more active reported lower PI and higher PF. No significant difference was found between PI and PF on the basis of their PALs, however those who reported low physical activity had higher PI and lower PF. Hence, it is necessary for physiotherapists to assess PALs of individuals with knee OA and provide suitable specific instructions on this to alleviate pain and improve PI.
Forced Convection Over a Three-Dimensional Horizontal Backward Facing Step

Forced convective flow over a 3-D backward-facing step is studied numerically. The momentum and energy equations were discretized by means of a finite volume technique. The SIMPLE algorithm scheme was used to link the pressure and velocity fields in the entire domain and a line-by-line scheme was used in each plane to compute the velocity, pressure, and temperature field distributions. The code was validated by comparing numerical predictions with experimental data for flow over a 3-D backward facing step that is available in the literature. Flow of air (Pr = 0.70) over a three-dimensional horizontal backward-facing step geometry with an aspect ratio AR = 8 and an expansion ratio ER = 2 was considered. The stepped wall downstream of the expansion was heated by subjecting it to a constant heat flux (qw = 50 Wm−2) and the other walls were considered as insulated. The inlet flow was taken to be hydro-dynamically fully developed with a uniform temperature profile. Locations where the streamwise velocity and the spanwise velocity components are zero for the nearest plane adjacent to the stepped wall were plotted for different Reynolds numbers. Distributions for local and average Nusselt number for the stepped wall, and graphical representations for u, v, and w velocities components obtained in these simulations are presented in the paper.