Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Patch-as-Filter Method for Same-Different Problems with Few-Shot Learning

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has undergone tremendous advancements in recent years, but visual reasoning tasks are still a huge undertaking, particularly in few-shot learning cases. Little is known, especially in solving the Same-Different (SD) task, which is a type of visual reasoning task that requires seeking pattern repetitions in a single image. In this thesis, we propose a patch-as-filter method focusing on solving the SD tasks with few-shot learning. Firstly, a patch in an individual image is detected. Then, transformations are learned to create sample-specific convolutional filters. After applying these filters on the original input images, we, lastly, acquire feature maps indicating the duplicate segments. We show experimentally that our approach achieves the state-of-the-art few-shot performance on the Synthetic Visual Reasoning Test (SVRT) SD tasks by accuracy going up above 30% on average, with only ten training samples. Besides that, to further evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, SVRT-like tasks are generated with more difficult visual reasoning concepts. The results suggest that the average accuracy is increased by approximately 10% compared to several popular few-shot algorithms. The method we suggest here has shed new light upon new CNN approaches in solving the SD tasks with few-shot learning.
What Determines the Capital Share Over the Long Run of History?

This paper analyzes the determinants of the labor-capital split in national income for 20 countries since the late 1800s. Our main identification strategy focuses on unique historical quasi-experimental events: i) the introduction of universal suffrage, ii) close election wins of left-wing governments, iii) decolonization, iv) unionization shocks, and v) wars. We also run instrumented panel regressions. Our findings show that the capital share decreased in response to radical institutional and political shifts, such as the introduction of universal suffrage in the early 1900s, the undoing of colonialism and the implementation of redistributive policies during the post-war period. By contrast, the capital share increased following the erosion of trade unionism since the 1980s. Wars, despite destroying the capital stock, generated windfall profits that increased the capital share.
Asset Pricing Implications of Learning about Long-Run Risk

We develop a dynamic pure-exchange economy that nests different types of learning about expected economic growth. We find that U.S. fundamentals are more likely to reflect an environment with learning about the persistence of expected economic growth (i.e., about long-run risk) rather than about its level. In equilibrium, learning about long-run risk generates strong fluctuations in stock-market volatility, risk premium, and Sharpe ratio, which are predicted to remain constant with other types of learning. Our novel theoretical predictions, for which we provide strong empirical support, explain the conditional properties of asset returns and enrich the asset-pricing implications of existing long-run risk and learning models. We are grateful to Michael Brennan for helpful comments, which have led to substantial improvements in the paper. We also would like to thank Pat Akey, Mariana Khapko, and Chayawat Ornthanalai for their suggestions. We thank UCLA, the University of Toronto, and HEC Montréal for financial support. ∗UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management, 110 Westwood Plaza, Suite C420, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; +1 (310) 825-3544; daniel.andrei@anderson.ucla. edu; www.danielandrei. info. †University of Toronto, Rotman School of Management, 105 St. George Street, Suite 431, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada, michael.hasler@rotman.utoronto.ca; www.rotman.utoronto.ca/faculty/hasler. ‡Department of Finance, HEC Montréal, 3000 Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 2A7, Canada; +1 (514) 589-6699; alexandre.jeanneret@hec.ca; www.alexandrejeanneret. com.
Reviewing Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis of What Works Clearinghouse Computer-Assisted Reading Interventions

We applied the meta-analysis technique to synthesize the achievement effects of computer-assisted reading programs in four WWC topic areas: Adolescent Literacy, Beginning Reading (BR), Early Childhood Education, and English Language Learners. As the effects of computer-assisted programs appear most promising in the Beginning Reading topic area, we proceeded to apply meta-analysis to the entire topic area to assess how program type, sample size and other methodological factors associated with the studies mediate the effects of reading programs. Data from the WWC intervention reports demonstrate that using computer-assisted reading programs in elementary school classrooms can result in modest learning gains. However, after controlling for other study characteristics, these effects appear smaller than effects achieved by non-computer-assisted interventions. Whether sample size in evaluations is large or small and whether these evaluations use “business-as-usual” or another intervention as counterfactual are also important factors for understanding differences in effect sizes.
Reevaluation of Lung Injury in TNF-Induced Shock: The Role of the Acid Sphingomyelinase

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a well-known mediator of sepsis. In many cases, sepsis results in multiple organ injury including the lung with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). More than 20-year-old studies have suggested that TNF may be directly responsible for organ injury during sepsis. However, these old studies are inconclusive, because they relied on human rather than conspecific TNF, which was contaminated with endotoxin in most studies. In this study, we characterized the direct effects of intravenous murine endotoxin-free TNF on cardiovascular functions and organ injury in mice with a particular focus on the lungs. Because of the relevance of the acid sphingomyelinase in sepsis, ARDS, and caspase-independent cell death, we also included acid sphingomyelinase-deficient (ASM−/−) mice. ASM−/− and wild-type (WT) mice received 50 μg endotoxin-free murine TNF intravenously alone or in combination with the pan-caspase inhibitor carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (zVAD) and were ventilated at low tidal volume while lung mechanics were followed. Blood pressure was stabilized by intra-arterial fluid support, and body temperature was kept at 37°C to delay lethal shock and to allow investigation of blood gases, lung histopathology, proinflammatory mediators, and microvascular permeability 6 hours after TNF application. Besides the lungs, also the kidneys and liver were examined. TNF elicited the release of inflammatory mediators and a high mortality rate, but failed to injure the lungs, kidneys, or liver of healthy mice significantly within 6 hours. Mortality in WT mice was most likely due to sepsis-like shock, as indicated by metabolic acidosis, high procalcitonin levels, and cardiovascular failure. ASM−/− mice were protected from TNF-induced hypotension and reflex tachycardia and also from mortality. In WT mice, intravenous exogenous TNF does not cause organ injury but induces a systemic inflammatory response with cardiovascular failure, in which the ASM plays a role.
Quasi-experimental Evidence on Take-up and the Value of Unemployment Insurance∗

A large fraction of the eligible workers does not claim for unemployment benefits. The existing literature, focusing on the determinants of take-up (TU), has shown that it is sensitive to both the costs and the benefits of claiming. This paper shows that variation in TU behavior can be used to determine the workers’ value of unemployment insurance (UI). Using Austrian data and exploiting a quasiexperimental setting, we first estimate how eligibility for severance payments and extended unemployment benefits affect TU. Using a simple model, we show that these estimates can be used to derive bounds on a monetary equivalent of the UI value taking into account take-up costs. Among claimants, we estimate that the value is above 2.5 monthly wages for the median individual. For the non-claimants, our results point towards large costs of collecting benefits. Finally, we show that the UI value rises with experience, age and that it is lower for male workers.
Developing Science Identities through Games: An Analysis of Game Design Features that Support Identity Exploration

: This paper presents an in-depth examination of three exemplary virtual environments for science learning ( Land Science , River City , and EcoMUVE ) to identify and conceptualize game features that support student identity exploration. The work showcases findings obtained from Years 1-2 of an NSF CAREER project (DRL#1350707) undertaken to support the study, design, and implementation of games and curricula that enhance science learning and teaching to promote intentional student learning as identity change (Foster, 2014). The examination was guided by Projective Reflection (PR), a theoretical framework that explains and facilitates learning as identity exploration in immersive play-based environments such as games (Foster, 2014). PR characterizes identity exploration as intentional changes in a) knowledge, b) interest and valuing, c) self-organization and self-control, and d) self-perceptions and self-definitions in a given domain. The Playing Research Method (Aarseth, 2003; Foster, 2012) informed the game data collection and analysis processes. A hybrid process of inductive thematic analysis and deductive coding of game features in the three environments illustrated their capacity to support student growth along PR constructs. Findings reveal both unique and overlapping game features that support identity exploration related to STEM careers, while implications detail the future development and utility of a game feature repository to support researchers, educators, and designers
Prediction of Satellite-Based Column CO2 Concentration by Combining Emission Inventory and LULC Information

In this article, we generate a regional mapping of space-borne carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration through a data fusion approach, including emission estimates and Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) information. NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite measures the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) as contiguous parallelogram footprints. A major hindrance of this data set, specifically with its Level-2 observations, is missing footprints at certain time instants and the sparse sampling density in time. This article aims to generate Level-3 XCO2 maps on a regional scale for different locations worldwide through spatial interpolation of the OCO-2 retrievals. To deal with the sparse OCO-2 sampling, the cokriging-based spatial interpolation methods are suitable, which models auxiliary densely-sampled variables to predict the primary variable. In this article, a cokriging-based approach is applied using auxiliary emission data sets and the principles of the semantic kriging (SemK) method. Two global high-resolution emission data sets, the Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), are used here. The ontology-based semantic analysis of the SemK method quantifies the interrelationships of LULC classes for analyzing the local XCO2 pattern. Validations have been carried out in different regions worldwide, where the OCO-2 and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements coexist. It is observed that the modeling of auxiliary emission data sets enhances the prediction accuracy of XCO2. This article is one of the initial attempts to generate Level-3 XCO2 mapping of OCO-2 through a data fusion approach using emission data sets.
SIZE-RELATED EFFECTS ON SEARCH TIMES IN NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLAND FEMALE UNGULATES'

Feeding and searching (=vigilance) rates arise as a result of many interrelated factors including trophic level, diet, reproductive condition, sex, habitat, body mass, and potential predation pressure. Because of unique ecological conditions in which the con- founding influences of all but two of these variables could be minimized, we examined the hypothesis that body mass alone accounts for interspecific differences in search times, and tested it with females of four sympatric native North American ungulates (Bison bison, Antilocapra americana, Ovis canadensis, and Odocoileus hemionus). When the effects of group size were controlled, smaller bodied species were more vigilant (per unit body mass) than larger ones. However, search times (ST) also scaled to body mass, and between 81 and 97% of the ST variance was explained by either exponential or power functions. To remove the potential bias that predators exert different influences on species of varying size, search times of bison in areas with and without their major predator, wolves (Canis lupus), were contrasted; search times did not differ between sites. Our results highlight the importance of designing field research that controls for con- founding variables prior to attempting to scale behavioral processes to ecological events.
Diarrheal Diseases in Under-Five Children and Associated Factors among Farta District Rural Community, Amhara Regional State, North Central Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Background Diarrheal diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. One of the national initiatives to reduce its burden is an implementation of an open-defecation-free program. However, information related to the comparison of diarrheal diseases among residents in open-defecation-free and non-open-defecation-free. Hence, this study assessed the magnitude of diarrheal diseases among residents in open-defecation-free and non-open-defecation-free areas of Farta District, North Central Ethiopia. Methods A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 758 households (378 in open-defecation-free and 380 in non-open-defecation-free kebeles) who have under-five children using a structured questionnaire. A systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with diarrheal diseases in the district. Results Overall, 29.9% of children had diarrheal diseases in the last two weeks prior to the study. The magnitude of diarrheal diseases among under-five children living in open-defecation-free and non-open-defecation-free residents was 19.3% and 40.5%, respectively. Lack of functional handwashing facilities (AOR: 11, 95% CI (8.1–29.6)), improper excreta disposal (AOR: 3.84, 95% CI (2.15–5.65)), and residing in non-open-defecation-free areas (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI (1.72–3.23)) were factors associated with diarrheal diseases. Conclusions The prevalence of diarrhea among children residing in open-defecation-free areas was lower than that among children those who resided in non-open-defecation-free areas. Lack of functional handwashing facilities, residing in non-open-defecation-free areas, and improper excreta disposal were significantly associated with diarrheal diseases in the district. Strengthening health promotion on non-open defecation, maintaining functional handwashing facilities, and preparing additional handwashing facilities are necessary. Continuous engagement of the community health extension workers is recommended, sustaining the implementation of open-defecation-free programs in the district.
Occurrence and Retention of Plankton Within the Estuary

An estuary is a region of continually changing currents and tides. Certain estuaries maintain a plankton in spite of the outflowing current of river water, either by the plankton remaining in the salt water below or owing to a mechanism which consists of an inflowing bottom current of salt water combined with a diurnal vertical migration of the plankton. Other estuaries contain only a temporary plankton.
Effects of Exercise Training on the Performance, Growth, and Protein Turnover of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were made to swim continuously at 1 body length/s for 6 wk had double the growth rate of tank-rested control fish. The endurance to fatigue at a range of swimming velocities of these trained animals was significantly better than that of the controls. Measurement of the rate of protein synthesis in the tissues was carried out by the free pool flooding technique. Protein degradation rates were calculated from the difference between synthesis and net protein accretion. In controls and trained animals the fractional rates of protein synthesis and degradation were ranked gills > ventricle > red muscle > white muscle whereas the efficiencies of conversion of protein synthetised into protein retained as growth were in the reverse sequence. Synthesis rates in three of the four tissues of the trained animals were approximately double those of the control animals. Calculated degradation rates of proteins also increased in the trained animals; the increased growth rates resulted .
Ethological study of sympatric species of European water shrews

A comparative study of the behaviour of two sympatric species of European water shrews, Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) and Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 was carried out using three methods: (1) the open field, (2) the placement of two individuals in unknown, neutral territory, and (3) the formation of model social groups. Interspecific and intraspecific bahaviour was studied and significant differences between the two species were found.
Energy Costs of Reproduction in the Cotton Rat, Sigmodon Hispidus

Individual organism costs of reproduction were investigated by a series of observations and experiments with the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. Energy budget techniques, including respirometry, showed that ingestion in pregnant rats was increased 25%, while that in lactating rats was increased 66%, over nonreproductive rats. Digestive efficiency of rats fed a commercial standard diet was 84% and did not change as a result of pregnancy or lactation. Respiration per gram of reproductive rats was not significantly different from nonreproductive rats. Twenty—six days of pregnancy required an average additional ingestion of 221.8 kcal [=928.0 kJ]; 12 days of lactation required an extra 270.7 kcal[=1,132.6 kJ]. Total cost per offspring 12 days of age was 100.5 kcal[=420.5 kJ]. The total cost of producing a litter was a linear function of litter size. Two—thirds of the energy accumulated by a pregnant rat was not in the neonates but deposited as storage and mobilized during lactation when the precocial young gre.
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 101, 155109 (2020) Comprehensive surface magnetotransport study of SmB6

Comprehensive surface magnetotransport study of SmB6 Y. S. Eo ,1,2,*,† S. Wolgast,1,*,‡ A. Rakoski ,1 D. Mihaliov ,1 B. Y. Kang,3 M. S. Song,3 B. K. Cho,3 M. Ciomaga Hatnean,4 G. Balakrishnan,4 Z. Fisk,5 S. R. Saha,2 X. Wang,2 J. Paglione,2,6 and Ç. Kurdak1 1Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA 2Maryland Quantum Materials Center and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea 4Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom 5Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA 6Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
Eburicol 14α-demethylase gene (CYP51) polymorphism and speciation in Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea (anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) is a filamentous ascomycete that causes grey mould especially on grapevine. Based on the presence or the absence of two transposable elements (Boty and Flipper) two sibling sympatric populations named transposa and vacuma have been described. Among the vacuma population, some strains (designated HydR1) were found to be resistant to fenhexamid (a sterol C-4 demethylase inhibitor) and to show an increased sensitivity to 14α-demethylase inhibitors (DMIs). In order to assess whether or not mutations at the target gene level (CYP51) could underlie increased sensitivity to DMIs in HydRl strains, we cloned the CYP51 gene and determined its DNA sequence in various B. cinerea strains. The gene was highly polymorphic, with mutations detected at 58 positions in the 35 strains analysed. The polymorphisms did not discriminate between transposa and vacuma strains, but did distinguish between HydRl and non-HydR1 ones. Two expressed mutations were present in all HydRl strains, namely phenylalanine to leucine at position 15 of the inferred protein, and serine to asparagine at position 105. These data, combined with the existence of morphological differences and somatic incompatibility between HydR1 and non-HydR1 strains, suggest that these two groups comprise distinct genetic entities.
Body image and nutritional status

The necessity to look for effective methods of prevention and treatment of obesity causes that more and more attention is paid to the psychological factors that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Correct self-perception, in relation to the size of own body, is extremely important in maintaining mental and physical health, as the visualization of the body image and its proper perception are extremely important in the process of shaping proper eating habits. Self-perception of the body size is defined as the image of its size, shape and generally understood form, obtained by means of the senses as well as the overall feelings about the body and accompanying its perception. It can be affected by personality traits, cognitive-behavioural factors, individual experiences and socio-cultural impact. As self-perception of body size and its acceptance is one of the factors causing emotional disturbances which may be resulting in eating disorders and nutritional status disturbances, its assessment should be a part of daily clinical practice in diagnosing patients with nutritional status disturbance. The aim of this article is to describe the current state of knowledge about the theory of body image visualization and the methods of assessment of self-perception of the body size and its acceptance.