Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antigenic differences in Newcastle Disease viruses isolated in Iran

The samples included 30 velogenic strains of NDV, isolated from diseased chicks during 3 years period, and 2 vaccinal strains were cultured on chicken embryo and then concentrated and purified by ultra centrifugation. All samples were electrophoresed on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels for staining and Western blotting using anti-NDV antibody. Six different antigens with molecular weigh 79, 75, 64, 40, 36 and 27 were detected in viral proteins and in some of the isolates a 48-49 kDa antigen were observed instead of a 64 kDa protein that had similarities to fusion protein in ND viruses. Western blot analysis of the antigenic patterns did not produce concise, discrete groupings, but did emphasize some relationships between virus properties and antigenicity.
Helicobacter pylori and CagAantibodies in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG)

In order to determine whether infection with Helicobacter pylori and CagA strain is associated with Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a study was conducted in AlZahra obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Tabriz, Iran between May 2007 and February 2008. Forty-four (44) pregnant women with the diagnosis of HG and forty-four (44) normal pregnant women of matched gestational age were included in this prospective study. Serum H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody titer and CagAantibodies were measured for both groups of women. There was no difference in seropositivity of H. pylori antibody between subjects with hyperemesis when compared with controls. The prevalence of H. pylori infection with CagA + gene was significantly higher among control group when compared with study group. HG seems not to be associated with H. pylori infection. The results of this study suggested higher levels of CagA H. pylori infection in control groups.
Simulated mechanisms of soil N feedback on the forest CO2 response

An improved understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere is crucial because atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to increase at an accelerating rate and forests are an important sink in the global carbon cycle. Several CO2‐enrichment experiments have now been running for more than 10 years, with highly variable short‐term results after the first decade. Responses to rising [CO2] over the next few decades will depend on several plant and ecosystem feedbacks that are inadequately understood. In this study, we conduct a sensitivity analysis, within the context of the simulated CO2 response, using a new version of the G'DAY ecosystem model, with an improved decomposition submodel, applied to a nitrogen‐limited Norway spruce forest site in the north of Sweden. The new decomposition model incorporates important modifications to soil processes, including some that constitute negative feedbacks on an ecosystem's growth response to elevated [CO2]. The sensitivity analysis reveals key parameters and processes that are important for the simulated CO2 response on the short term and others that are more important on the long term. A process that has a strong impact on the short‐term response is a change in decomposer composition, potentially in response to altered litter quality. Parameters that become increasingly important in the long term are carbon allocation to root exudates that are directly or indirectly associated with atmospheric N2 fixation, and the rate of humification of soil organic matter. We identify factors intrinsic to species and site (microbes and resources) and ecosystem nutrient supply that determine the duration of the enhanced simulated growth response to elevated [CO2].
Morphological variation in Leptodactylus lutzi (Anura, Leptodactylidae) with description of its advertisement call and notes on its courtship behavior

Morphological variation in Leptodactylus lutzi (Anura, Leptodactylidae) with description of its advertisement call and notes on its courtship behavior. Prior to this study, Leptodactylus lutzi was known only from three localities in west-central Guyana. We refer here to a series of 60 additional specimens of L. lutzi collected in Kaieteur National Park, Mount Ayanganna, Mount Wokomung and the Merume Mountains in the Pakaraima Mountains region, substantially extending the known distribution of the species. We provide a revised diagnosis and an expanded description of L. lutzi discussing the extent of color-pattern variation in the species. Additionally, we describe its advertisement call and provide data on its reproductive biology.
Intergroup Threat as a Mediator of Ethnic Identification and Intergroup Orientations

In Croatia, four minority groups practice their right to education in their respective mother tongues. Relations between the majority and minority groups in the four multiethnic communities have developed under different historical circumstances. Thus, in some regions the different language of the minority and the majority group can be perceived as a threat to identity and result in intergroup prejudice and discrimination, whereas in others it might not. In this study, we wanted to examine: (a) the mediating effect of perceived threat on the relationship between in-group identification and intergroup orientation, (b) whether those relationships are moderated by the group status, and (c) contextual specificities, that is, we wanted to test the model in four different contexts. Results showed that ethnonationalism (rather than ethnic identity) is detrimental for intergroup relations, partially due to its connection to the perception of the out-group as a threat. Model tests in different contexts revealed some contextual differences.
Dry matter intake and nutrient selection by lactating cows grazing irrigated pastures at different pasture allowances in summer and autumn

Summary. Three experiments investigating the effects of herbage allowance on the consumption of nutrients by lactating cows were conducted on irrigated perennial pastures in northern Victoria during summer and autumn. Experiment 1 was conducted in mid lactation (autumn–early winter) with perennial ryegrass [54% of dry matter (DM)]–white clover (22% of DM) pasture offered at allowances of 15, 20, 30 and 40 kg DM/cow.day. Herbage intake increased (P<0.001) from 8.0 to 14.6 kg DM/cow.day as allowance increased and this was associated with a decrease (P<0.001) in utilisation from 54 to 37%. The cows consistently selected a diet 11% higher in in vitro dry matter digestibility than that in the pasture on offer, but selection for crude protein increased (P<0.001) from 21 to 41% above that in herbage on offer as herbage allowance increased. Neutral detergent fibre content of the diet selected was lower (P<0.001) than that in herbage on offer. Along with these changes, milk production increased (P<0.001) from 9.0 to 15.5 kg/day as herbage allowance increased at a marginal response of 0.99 kg milk/kg extra DM consumed. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted in mid lactation (summer) on pasture containing 28% paspalum, 26% weeds, 17% perennial ryegrass or 36% paspalum, 19% weeds and 24% ryegrass respectively. Pasture allowances were between 20 and 70 kg DM/cow.day. Herbage intake increased (P<0.001) from about 8 to 17 kg DM/cow.day as allowance increased in both experiments and was accompanied by a decrease (P<0.001) in utilisation from about 40 to less than 25%. In experiment 2, the cows consistently selected a diet with a similar in vitro dry matter digestibility to that of the herbage pregrazing, regardless of allowance, but selection for crude protein increased (P<0.05) from 25 to 45% above that in herbage on offer, as allowance increased. In experiment 3, the diet selected was 13% greater (P<0.001) in in vitro dry matter digestibility and 42% greater (P<0.001) in crude protein than the herbage on offer. Neutral detergent fibre content of the diet selected was lower (P<0.001) than that in herbage on offer in experiment 3, while the difference was small in experiment 2. Along with these changes, milk production increased (P<0.001) (in experiment 2, 12.3–15.0 kg/cow.day; experiment 3, 10.0–15.8 kg/cow.day) as herbage allowance increased, but the marginal responses were lower (0.28 kg milk/kg extra DM consumed in experiment 2, 0.64 kg milk/kg extra DM consumed in experiment 3) than observed in experiment 1 reflecting the differences in pasture quality.
Annual zooplankton succession in coastal NW Mediterranean waters: the importance of the smaller size fractions

Zooplankton abundance, biomass (biovolume) and taxonomic composition were studied within an annual cycle (August 1995-October 1996) in the Bay of Blanes (northwest Mediterranean). Weekly zooplankton sampling included oblique tows made with a 200 μm Juday-Bogorov net, and vertical tows made with a 53 μm net, to adequately sample both mesoplankton and the smaller zooplankton fractions. Total zooplankton abundance showed high variability, lacking any clear seasonal pattern. However, the different species within the zooplankton community displayed a clear succession throughout the year. In general, cyclopoid copepods (Oithona spp.) and cladocerans (Penilia wirostris) dominated the summer and autumn communities, whereas in winter and spring, calanoid copepods (Clausocalanus spp., Paracalanus sp. and Centropages typicus) were predominant. The zooplankton annual cycle in the Bay of Blanes does not resemble those of other Mediterranean littoral areas, probably due to the inherent particularity and variability associated with open coastal environments. On average, the abundance of organisms estimated with a traditional 200 μm Juday-Bogorov net was 8.1 times lower than the values obtained with a 53 μm net. Even if only organisms >200 μm collected in the 53 μm tows were considered, the total abundance within the 53 μm net was still 4.4 times higher than the estimates from the Juday-Bogorov net. These results suggest the need for accurate samplings of the entire zooplankton assemblage when characterizing the structure and dynamics of zooplanktonic communities.
Potato Response to Simulated Glyphosate Drift

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2008 in Ontario, OR and Paterson, WA to determine the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on ‘Ranger Russet’ potato, including visual injury, shikimic acid accumulation, and tuber yield. Glyphosate was applied at 8.5, 54, 107, 215, and 423 g ae ha−1; which corresponds to 0.01, 0.064, 0.126, 0.254, and 0.5 of the lowest recommended (846 g ha−1) single application dose for glyphosate-resistant corn and sugar beet. Glyphosate was applied when potato plants were at 10-cm height, stolon hooking, tuber initiation, or bulking stage. The greatest visual foliar injury was observed when glyphosate was applied at a dose of 54 g ha−1 or greater and potato plants were at the hooking stage. The lowest foliar injury was observed when glyphosate was applied to potato plants at the bulking stage. The I50 glyphosate dose at 42 d after treatment (DAT) was estimated to be 167 g ha−1 for potatoes sprayed at the hooking stage. The corresponding glyphosate dose to result in 50% injury for potatoes sprayed at tuber initiation, 10-cm height, and bulking stages were 129%, 338%, and 438%, respectively, greater than hooking stage. The U.S. No.1 potato yield was inversely related to vine injury and shikimic acid accumulation. Shikimic acid accumulation increased when glyphosate was applied at 107 g ha−1 or greater. U.S. No.1 potato yield was reduced by 46% and 84% relative to the untreated control (55 and 76 T/ha) when glyphosate was applied at 107 g ha−1 to plants in the hooking stage at Ontario and Paterson, respectively. Tuber yields at both sites were lowest when glyphosate was applied at hooking and tuber initiation stages. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; potato, Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Ranger Russet’, SOLTU.
An analysis of the effectiveness of extension work conducted by public sector with special reference to mango in the southern Punjab, Pakistan.

Fruits can play a significant role in human nutrition, especially as a source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. The total area under mango in Punjab is 104.9 thousand hectares with the average production of 937 thousand tones with average yield of 7.51 tones/ha, which is quite low than that of other mango producing countries in the world. The present study was designed to analyze the increase in knowledge level of the mango growers regarding latest mango production technology. The study was conducted in tehsil & district Rahim Yar Khan, which consists of 40 Union Councils, out of which 31 are rural and 9 are urban. Out of 31 rural Union Councils, 5 were selected at random. Three villages were selected randomly from each selected Union Councils. A sample of 150 respondents was selected by using simple random sampling technique. The data, thus, collected were statistically analyzed by using computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicate that majority of the respondents perceived that public sector extension personnel provide the information regarding mango production technology. The information regarding fertilizer application, irrigation and insect-pest control was ranked 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd position with mean value 2.84, 2.76 & 2.74 respectively. The information regarding processing and value addition was perceived at the bottom with mean value 1.46. It was recommended that public sector extension should also devise the strategy to strengthen the technical competencies of their field staff to provide latest technology to mango growers concerning processing and value addition.
Review on process model, structure-property relationship of composites and future needs in fused filament fabrication

This paper presents the state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing of composites for processing functional, load-bearing components. A general overview of different additive manufacturing methods is provided, and specific attention is focused on fused filament fabrication-based composites processing. Different process modeling strategies are summarized, and key aspects of these models are discussed. Significant results such as thermal and fluid flow characteristics, effects of nozzle geometry on melt flow, fiber orientation, bead spreading, and solidification, the formation of residual stresses, and deformation behavior are discussed from computational modeling perspective. The scientific advancement, model limitations, and future modeling needs are prescribed reviewing the current works. A general overview of material development in nano-micro-macro-scale reinforcement is also presented. Different length-scales of reinforcement has its own challenges and promises. The continuous fiber reinforcement has a great potential for being the next-generation composites manufacturing technology. However, the challenges in reducing the void content, better bonding between the fiber–matrix, and layer-layer adhesion, and process uncertainty are some of the key areas yet to advance. Based on the current limitations on computational modeling, materials development, and process modeling studies, future research needs and recommendations are provided.
Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation Period

Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation Period The objective of the field experiment conducted during 2000-2002 was to determine changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cv. ‘Thielim’ during vegetation period. The aim of the study was also to estimate the correlation between yield and the content of carbohydrates. Sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose contents (GFS) and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus decreased at the beginning and increased at the end of harvest. Generally glucose and fructose for carbohydrate contents increased, while that of sucrose decreased. A possitive correlation was observed for sucrose and GFS between asparagus spears and storage roots (r=0.821 and r=0.641, respectively). A negative correlation between the yield of spears and glucose, sucrose and GFS contents in storage roots was found (r=0.595, r=0.624, r=0.794, respectively). Positive correlations were found between total yield during harvest and year of cropping, average GFS content in storage roots during harvest, sum of radiation during harvest, while negative correlation between total yield and sum of average daily air temperature during harvest was found. Zmiany Zawartości Glukozy, Fruktozy I Sacharozy W Korzeniach Spichrzowych Szparaga W Okresie Wegetacji Celem doświadczenia polowego prowadzonego w latach 2000-2002 było określenie zmian zawartości glukozy, fruktozy i sacharozy w korzeniach spichrzowych szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.) odmiany Thielim w okresie wegetacji. Dodatkowo jako cel postawiono określenie korelacji pomiędzy plonem a zawartością cukrów. Zawartość sacharozy oraz GFS (suma zawartości glukozy, fruktozy i sacharozy) w korzeniach spichrzowych szparaga malała na początku i wzrastała na końcu zbiorów. Zawartość glukozy i fruktozy natomiast wzrastała, podczas spadku zawartości sacharozy. Potwierdzono dodatnie korelacje pomiędzy zawartością cukrów w korzeniach (sacharoza i GFS) a ich zawartością w wypustkach (odpowiednio r=0.821 i r=0.641). Ujemne korelacje potwierdzono pomiędzy plonem szparaga a zawartością glukozy, sacharozy i GFS w korzeniach spichrzowych (odpowiednio r=0.595, r=0.624, r=0.794). Stwierdzono także dodatnią zależność plonu ogólnego szparaga z całego okresu zbiorów od roku zbiorów, średniej zawartości sumy cukrów (GFS) w korzeniach i sumy radiacji w czasie zbiorów, a ujemną od sumy średnich dobowych temperatur w trakcie zbiorów.
Eye contact and trust online : The effect of profile pictures on Airbnb booking

This study investigates uncertainty and trust in peer-to-peer (P2P) e-commerce in the shared economy of Airbnb. On P2P marketplaces individuals do business with each other based on the concept of sharing. This type of business may cause a feeling of risk and uncertainty. Hence, trust fulfils a key element in the transactions. On the Airbnb platform profile pictures of the renter are included to diminish consumers’ feelings of uncertainty. An experiment was performed with two accommodation offers that differed in eye contact (eye contact vs. no eye contact) on the profile picture. In total 319 participants took part in the experiment, 157 Dutch and 162 French. The results revealed that a profile picture with eye contact brought along more trust than without eye contact. Further, a higher level of trust leaded to a higher booking intention. Although the French were more uncertainty avoidant than the Dutch, no moderation effect was found for uncertainty avoidance on booking intention.
Sexual Dimorphism in Skulls of the Lowland European Bison, Bison Bonasus Bonasus

The research was conducted on 600 (311 male and 289 female) European bison skulls of the Lowland line collected between 1967 and 2006. The specimens came from the bison breeding centre in Białowieza (n = 67) and from the free-ranging population of the Polish part of the Białowieza Forest (n = 533). Two indices best differentiating male and female skulls were selected: one being the quotient of the orbital breadth EctEct and the length of the splanchnocranium StP, the second being the quotient of the neurocranium length BSt and the basal skull length BP. Using these indices we constructed an equation which produced negative values for females and positive values for males; 223 (74%) of the male skulls produced positive values consistent with sex, and 82 (26%) produced negative values, indicating female features. Those features were present mainly in skulls of young males (< 4 years old). 230 (80%) of the female skulls had shapes typical of the female sex, whereas 59 (20%) displayed male features.
Identifying and exploring the effects of different types of tutor questions in individual online synchronous tutoring in mathematics

ABSTRACT Although we know that asking questions is an essential aspect of online tutoring, there is limited research on this topic. The aim of this paper was to identify commonly used direct question types and explore the effects of using these question types on conversation intensity, approach to tutoring, perceived satisfaction and perceived learning. The research setting was individual online synchronous tutoring in mathematics. The empirical data was based on 13,317 logged conversations and a questionnaire. The tutors used a mix of open, more student-centred questions, and closed, more teacher-centred questions. In contrast to previous research, this study provides a more positive account indicating that it is indeed possible to train tutors to focus on asking questions, rather than delivering content. Frequent use of many of the question types contributed to increased conversation intensity. However, there were few question types that were associated with statistically significant effects on perceived satisfaction or learning. There are no silver bullet question types that by themselves led to positive effects on perceived satisfaction and learning. The question types could be used by teachers and teacher students when reflecting on what types of questions they are asking, and what kind of questions they could be asking.
The effects of low level laser therapy on injured skeletal muscle

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) used in two different fluencies on injured skeletal muscle after cryolesion by means of histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for COX-2. A total of sixty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups: injured animals without any treatment; 808 nm laser treated group, at 10 J/cm² and 808 nm laser treated group, at 50 J/cm². Each group was divided into two different subgroups (n=10) on days 6 and 13 post-injury. The results showed that the animals irradiated with laser at 10 J/cm² or 50 J/cm² presented the areas with cell infiltrate and pointed out to minor and mild areas with destroyed zones compared with the control group. Also, a COX-2 downregulation was noticed in the groups exposed to laser at two fluences evaluated in this study. Significant statistically differences (p<0.05) were noticed to collagen deposition in the laser treated animals, with the fluence of 50 J/cm2 when compared to the other groups on day 13 post-surgery. Taken together, these results suggested that laser therapy could have positive effects on muscle repair in the rats after cryolesion.