Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of Cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a Cadmium Accumulator Species (willow)

BACKGROUND This study focuses on a portion of the Fortymile River and Goodpaster River watersheds (fig. 1) in the Eagle and Big Delta 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, respectively. The study area comprising these two watersheds lies within the Interior Highlands Ecoregion of Alaska (Gallant and others, 1995) and is a patchwork of State, Federal, private, and Alaska Native lands. The resource management of the region is complex because of the diverse land ownership and the many land-use options. In 1980, the Fortymile River and its major tributaries were designated a Wild and Scenic Corridor by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA). Jurisdiction of the land bordering the river continues to resides with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The Alaska Department of Natural Resources has jurisdiction over the management of the recreation uses of the rivers (rafting, canoeing, and fishing) and mining. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency monitors mining discharges into these watersheds as required by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of the Clean Water Act. Finally, both sport and subsistence hunting are important in the region and are managed by Federal and State agencies. Placer gold was first discovered in the Fortymile Mining District in 1886 and has been mined there ever since. Yeend (1996) summarizes the mining history of the gold placers of the Fortymile River region and provides details of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits that support those placers. Within the past 3 or 4 years there has been a dramatic increase in exploration and claim-staking activity in this region of Alaska (Swainbank and others, 2000). This renewed interest is Chapter 4—Biogeochemical and Biochemical Pathway Investigations of Cadmium in Subarctic Ecosystems Using a Cadmium Accumulator Species (Willow)
Prediction of atmospheric δ13CO2 using fossil plant tissues

Reconstruction of the carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 is critical to the understanding of long‐term global carbon cycling. We have suggested that the δ13C value of land plant carbon (δ13Cp) preserved in the geologic record should reflect the δ13CO2 at the time during which the plants grew (δ13Ca), based on a meta‐analysis of modern plant data. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments designed to quantify the relationship between plant tissue δ13C and δ13CO2 values under varying environmental conditions, including differential pCO2 ranging from 1 to 3 times today's levels. As predicted, plants grown under elevated pCO2 showed increased average biomass compared to controls grown at the same temperature. Across a very large range in δ13Ca (≈24‰) and pCO2 (≈740 ppmv) we observed a consistent correlation between δ13Ca and δ13Cp (p < 0.001). We show an average isotopic depletion of −25.4‰ for aboveground tissue and −23.2‰ for belowground tissue of Raphanussativus L. relative to the composition of the atmosphere under which it formed. For aboveground and belowground tissue, grown at both ∼23°C and ∼29°C, correlation was strong and significant (r2 ≥ 0.98 and p < 0.001); variation in pCO2 level had little or no effect on this relationship. These results validate our initial conclusion that in the absence of environmental stress, plant δ13C primarily reflects atmospheric δ13CO2 linearly across pCO2 levels; the demonstrated excellent correlation in δ13Ca and δ13Cp suggests a high level of predictive power across varying environmental conditions.
Cluster observations of hot He+ events in the inner magnetosphere

In the inner magnetosphere inside 65° invariant latitude, Cluster Ion Spectrometry detected hot He+ events of about a few tens to several hundred eV without the same types of hot H+ signature at the same energy. During the 2001–2006 period when the Cluster orbit was almost constant and approximately north‐south symmetric at constant local time near the perigee, we found nearly 20 examples in Cluster spacecraft 4. These hot He+ events are morphologically classified into two burst types and two dispersed types: (1) Short intensification of He+ (1a) without corresponding H+ or O+ signatures, or (1b) with H+ signature at different pitch angles. (2) Energy‐latitude dispersed He+ stripes that continues for tens of minutes at hundreds to a few thousand eV range (2a) at different drift shell from energy‐latitude dispersed H+ stripes, or (2b) with very weak H+ signature if the energy is constant. While type‐1a is observed during or right after substorm activities, type‐2b is found after long quiet periods, i.e., after long drift. The relationship with the geomagnetic activity indicates that the plasmasphere can be energized in a mass‐dependent way in the evening sector during substorms to form the bursty types (type‐1), while the selective He+ energization can also take place during quiet periods near the noon. On the other hand, the source of the two dispersed types (type‐2) must be remote from the observation point, and the location and the geomagnetic conditions at the time of the He+ filtering is an open question.
Temporal Evolution of Fluvial Style in a Compound Incised-Valley Fill, Ferron

Abstract Nonmarine sequence stratigraphic models hypothesize systematic changes in fluvial style within individual sequences and across sequence boundaries, based largely on mudstone–sandstone ratios. The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the validity of these models by documenting facies relationships and detailed bedding architecture of bar and channel deposits as well as mudstone–sandstone ratio within a compound incised-valley fill at the top of the Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale Formation in the Henry Mountains region, Utah, U.S.A. Field photomosaics, walking out of beds, and 42 measured sections document the stratal and facies organization in the incised-valley fill. Two erosional surfaces with erosional relief up to 17 m are traced continuously for up to 7 km. These erosional surfaces are defined by onlap and truncation and show a marked basinward shift in facies, with pebbly coarse-grained and conglomeratic fluvial sandstones overlying highly burrowed marine mudstones and sandstones. These major erosional surfaces partition the valley fill into two sequences, marked as V2 and V1 in ascending order. Each sequence comprises a multistory fill that reaches a maximum thickness of about 30 m. Within each sequence there is a vertical transition in facies from fluvial, to tidal, and finally back into fluvial facies. In the younger V1, there is a systematic vertical evolution of fluvial style from braided, to single-thread meandering, and finally to a low-sinuosity river system. In contrast, formative rivers in the older V2 were always meandering and show more marine and tidal influence. A major change in valley sedimentology is recognized from V2 to V1, as shown by a 30° eastward shift in main flow direction, overall increase in grain size and river discharge, and a clear change in fluvial style from meandering into braided streams. This is also shown by the increase in preserved dune height in fluvial bar and channel deposits across the boundary, which suggests that deeper rivers cut the younger V1 valley. The change in river style from braided to meandering in V1 is interpreted to reflect a gradual decrease in slope and discharge as the valley was filled. The change in fluvial style across the sequence boundary reflects an increase in grain size and discharge, probably driven by a high-frequency climate change, as well as local increase in valley slope.
Canadian Observatory on the Justice System's Response to Intimate Partner Violence

This article discusses a national partnership of Canadian Research Centres on Violence ("the Alliance") and its approach, as the group moves toward developing a Canadian observatory, its goals and research priorities. Resume Cet article discute du partenariat entre les centres canadiens de recherches contre la violence ("l' Alliance") et de leur approche tandis que le groupe se dirige vers le developpement d'un observatoire canadien,de son but et de ses priorites de recherches.
Abyssal mixing from bottom boundary effects in Mid-Atlantic Ridge flank canyons

This paper begins to explore a previously neglected mechanism for abyssal ocean mixing using bottom boundary layer dynamics. Abyssal mixing and the associated upward buoyancy fluxes are necessary to balance the sinking of dense waters at high latitudes and to close the global overturning circulation. Previous studies have concentrated on the hypothesis that the primary mechanism for this mixing is breaking internal waves generated by tidal flows over rough topography. However, intriguing observations, particularly from the Brazil Basin Tracer Release Experiment, suggest that mixing in the flank canyons of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge generated when strong mean flows interact with the many sills and constrictions within the canyons may represent a dynamically important amount of abyssal mixing. The energy pathways and mechanisms of this mixing are much less clear than in the case of breaking internal waves. This study attempts to clarify this by suggesting an analogy with an idealized diffusive boundary layer over a sloping bottom. This boundary layer is characterized by up-slope flows powered by the buoyancy flux in the fluid far from the boundary. Here we explore the energy budget of the boundary layer, and find that the diffusive boundary layer provides flows that are generally consistent with those observed in submarine canyons. In addition, we derive the vertical velocity in the far-field fluid, analogous to an Ekman pumping velocity, that these boundary layers can induce when the bottom slope is not constant. Finally, we present both theoretical and numerical models of exchange flows between the bottom boundary and the far-field flow when the bottom slope is not constant. These exchange flows provide a mechanism by which boundary-driven mixing can affect the overall stratification and buoyancy fluxes of the basin interior.
Natural Attenuation of Explosives in Soil and Water Systems at Department of Defense Sites

Abstract : This report, which is a follow-on to the report "Natural Attenuation of Explosives in Groundwater at DoD Sites: "Interim Report," presents results of a study to evaluate the feasibility of using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in soil or groundwater to monitor natural attenuation of explosives. The report also includes continuation results from two research areas, toxicity testing of surface soils at the demonstration site and integration of biomarker data into the model 3DFATMIC (3-Dimensional Subsurface Flow, Fate, and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals). Results of stable isotope studies indicated that changes in carbon isotope ratios were too small to detect. Therefore, this approach is not feasible. However, changes in nitrogen ratios in TNT found in groundwater were detected across the contaminant plume. Once the rate and magnitude of these changes are related quantitatively to TNT attenuation rates, this approach may be feasible for monitoring attenuation processes. In toxicity tests, the significant negative correlation between TNT concentration and viable biomass in aquifer soils at the Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Doyline, LA, could not be related to toxicity of TNT to the indigenous nicroflora. In the modeling research area, the 3DFAIMIC model exhibited a problem in the numerical code, and the amount of biomass data proved too small. Predictive simulations may be possible with the model once the code is revised and additional biomass data become available.
Effect of sprayed different concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on broiler breeder hatching eggs

This research aimed to study the impact of spraying different Concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaves Extract on Broiler Breeder Hatching Eggs. The results cleared that, at 18th day the egg weight ranged from 60.50 in the group treated with 5 % M. Water extract to 62.16 gm in control group. While, the egg losses observed in group 4 that, treated with 2 % M. water extract that was 20.56 % at 21st day. The higher hatchability % of total eggs showed in control group that was 69.70 %. While, the hatchability % of fertile eggs showed a higher percentage in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. Water extract that was 99.02 %. The higher percentage of dead embryo observed in control group that was 9.10 % and the lower level observed in the group 2 that treated with 2 % M. Alchole exteract that was 5.46 %. The total aerobic bacteria counts at 18th day of incubation showed a lower level in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. water extract that was 7.88. while, the activity of chicks and in abnormal chicks increased in group that treated with 5% M. Water extract that was 8.96 % and 2 % respectively. Overall, the higher concentration of Alchole extract of M. olifera , increased the weight of hatching eggs with a reduction in total egg losses,% of the eggs. While, the higher concentration of the water extract of M. olifera improved the hatchability % a reduction in total aerobic counts on the egg shell and improved chick quality and activity.
Bohmian prediction about a two double-slit experiment and its disagreement with standard quantum mechanics

The significance of proposals that can predict different results for standard and Bohmian quantum mechanics have been the subject of many discussions over the years. Here, we suggest a particular experiment (a two double-slit experiment) and a special detection process, that we call selective detection, to distinguish between the two theories. Using our suggested experiment, it is shown that the two theories predict different observable results at the individual level. However, at the ensemble level, their predictions are the same for a geometrically symmetric arrangement. On the other hand, we have shown that at the statistical level, if we use our selective detection, then either the predictions of the two theories differ or, where standard quantum mechanics is silent or vague, Bohmian quantum mechanics makes explicit predictions.
Systemic risk in financial networks: the effects of asymptotic independence

Systemic risk measurements are important for the assessment of stability of complex financial systems. Empirical evidence indicates that returns from various financial assets have a heavy-tailed behavior; moreover, such returns often exhibit asymptotic tail independence, i.e., extreme values are less likely to occur simultaneously. Surprisingly, asymptotic tail independence in dimensions larger than two has received limited attention both theoretically, and as well for financial risk modeling. In this paper, we establish the notion of mutual asymptotic tail independence for general $d$-dimensions and compare it with the traditional notion of pairwise asymptotic independence. Furthermore, we consider a financial network model using a bipartite graph of banks and assets with portfolios of possibly overlapping heavy-tailed risky assets exhibiting various asymptotic tail (in)dependence behavior. For such models we provide precise asymptotic expressions for a variety of conditional tail risk probabilities and associated CoVaR measures for assessing systemic risk. We also propose an Extremal CoVaR Index (ECI) for capturing the strength of dependence between risk entities in the network. We focus particularly on two well-known dependence structures to capture risk in any general dimension: Gaussian dependence and Marshall-Olkin dependence, both of which exhibit different levels of asymptotic independence.
Climate change impacts on Great Lakes Basin precipitation extremes

A physics‐based miniensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations of climate change over the Great Lakes Basin has been constructed, by dynamically downscaling a single global Community Earth System Model 1 simulation driven by the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 scenario. The analysis pipeline is successfully verified by comparison of the results with observations for the historical period (1979–1994) and then applied to produce future projections (2045–2060). By midcentury, in this miniensemble, the future change in rainfall distribution is projected to correspond to an increase of total rainfall (median increase of between 13 and 19%) characterized by a fattening of the tail of the distribution (median increase of between 14 and 29% of the amplitude of a 50 year extreme rainfall event). Average rainfall intensity changes are shown to accurately follow the “Clausius–Clapeyron” thermodynamically expected 7% increase per degree of surface warming, whereas heavy rainfall changes are found to lie between 7 and 10% per degree of surface warming. This further increase can be explained by two effects in the Great Lakes region: midtropospheric warming is projected to be larger than surface warming and heavy rainfall events are projected to originate from higher altitude where additional moisture is available. Details of the physics configuration play only a secondary role in determining the future precipitation changes, primarily through their impact on future temperature changes. The uncertainty in the future projection of precipitation and its extremes therefore depends primarily upon the uncertainty in projected future warming which will require implementation of a larger ensemble of projections to be more accurately assessed.
Market structure and performance in Spanish banking using a direct measure of efficiency

This paper analyzes the relationship between market structure and performance within the Spanish banking industry. Three different stochastic measures of efficiency are used (based on three alternative distributional assumptions for inefficiency: half-normal, normal-truncated and exponential). The results obtained support the "modified efficient structure" hypothesis since, even though efficiency is the main determinant of profitability, market power (as reflected in a market share variable), also affects profitability. The results obtained also show that market share is an inadequate proxy for efficiency. Este trabajo analiza la relacion existente entre la estructura de mercado y la rentabilidad del sector bancario espanol. Para ello, se utilizan tres medidas alternativas de eficiencia obtenidas a partir de la estimacion de una funcion estocastica de costes bajo tres supuestos distribucionales (half-normal, norn1al truncada y exponencial). Los resultados obtenidos permiten aceptar la hipotesis de "eficiencia modificada" ya que, si bien la eficiencia es el principal determinante de la rentabilidad, el poder de mercado (aproximado a traves de la cuota de mercado) tambien afecta a la rentabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos tambien muestra lo inadecuado de utilizar la variable cuota de mercado como proxy de la eficiencia.
DIRA: A Framework for Dynamic Domain Incremental Regularised Adaptation

–Autonomous systems (AS) often use Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifiers to allow them to operate in complex, high dimensional, non-linear, and dynamically changing environments. Due to the complexity of these environments, DNN classifiers may output misclassifi-cations during operation when they face domains not identified during development. Removing a system from operation for retraining becomes impractical as the number of such AS increase. To increase AS reliability and overcome this limitation, DNN classifiers need to have the ability to adapt during operation when faced with different operational domains using a few samples (e.g. 100 samples). However, retraining DNNs on a few samples is known to cause catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we introduce Dynamic Incremental Regularised Adaptation (DIRA), a framework for operational domain adaption of DNN classifiers using regularisation techniques to overcome catastrophic forgetting and achieve adaptation when retraining using few samples of the target domain. Our approach shows improvements on different image classification benchmarks aimed at evaluating robustness to distribution shifts (e.g.CIFAR-10C/100C, ImageNet-C), and produces state-of-the-art performance in comparison with other frameworks from the literature.
Climate change and the precipitation variations in the northwestern Himalaya: 1866–2006

Using available instrumental records, this paper examines the variation of precipitation from 1866 to 2006 in the northwestern Himalaya (NWH). The study indicates no trend in the winter precipitation but significant decreasing trend in the monsoon precipitation during the study period. Periodicities on a multi‐decadal scale (29–34 years and 58–64 years) obtained in power spectrum analyses point towards epochal behaviour in the precipitation series. Analyses of the temperature data show significant increasing trends in annual temperature in all three stations in the NWH during the data period. Warming effect is particularly noteworthy during the winter season. Negative relationships between mean winter air temperature and snowfall amounts recorded at different meteorological stations in this period reveal strong effect of rising temperatures on the decreasing snowfall component in total winter precipitation, reducing effective duration of winter on the windward side of the Pir Panjal Himalayan Range.
A Unified View of Differentially Private Deep Generative Modeling

The availability of rich and vast data sources has greatly advanced machine learning applications in various domains. However, data with privacy concerns comes with stringent regulations that frequently prohibited data access and data sharing. Overcoming these obstacles in compliance with privacy considerations is key for technological progress in many real-world application scenarios that involve privacy sensitive data. Differentially private (DP) data publishing provides a compelling solution, where only a sanitized form of the data is publicly released, enabling privacy-preserving downstream analysis and reproducible research in sensitive domains. In recent years, various approaches have been proposed for achieving privacy-preserving high-dimensional data generation by private training on top of deep neural networks. In this paper, we present a novel unified view that systematizes these approaches. Our view provides a joint design space for systematically deriving methods that cater to different use cases. We then discuss the strengths, limitations, and inherent correlations between different approaches, aiming to shed light on crucial aspects and inspire future research. We conclude by presenting potential paths forward for the field of DP data generation, with the aim of steering the community toward making the next important steps in advancing privacy-preserving learning.
On Computational Entanglement and Its Interpretation in Adversarial Machine Learning

Adversarial examples in machine learning has emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable ability to deceive models with seemingly inconspicuous input perturbations, potentially resulting in severe consequences. In this study, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of adversarial machine learning models, shedding light on their intrinsic complexity and interpretability. Our investigation reveals intriguing links between machine learning model complexity and Einstein's theory of special relativity, through the concept of entanglement. More specific, we define entanglement computationally and demonstrate that distant feature samples can exhibit strong correlations, akin to entanglement in quantum realm. This revelation challenges conventional perspectives in describing the phenomenon of adversarial transferability observed in contemporary machine learning models. By drawing parallels with the relativistic effects of time dilation and length contraction during computation, we gain deeper insights into adversarial machine learning, paving the way for more robust and interpretable models in this rapidly evolving field.