Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of an adventure geology STEM camp on outdoor self-efficacy

Little research has sought to understand programs incorporating outdoor adventure recreation and STEM, or adventure STEM. An eight-day residential outdoor camp combining adventure activities with experiential education and geology-focused informal learning opportunities was developed and delivered to adolescents. The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand the impacts of this adventure STEM camp on adolescents perceived outdoor recreation self-efficacy (ORSE). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 youth participants and content analysis was used to analyze the results. Experiential education theory and self-efficacy theory informed the curriculum design, as well as the interview questions. Results indicated there was a change in ORSE beliefs and that campers had unique, yet similar, experiences. These experiences aligned with Bandura’s (1977) main sources of self-efficacy (SE) and the physiological processes through which SE beliefs are formed. Results indicated strategically adding more camp opportunities related to mastery experiences, reflection, and coping could further improve outcomes.
Mechanical model for subduction-collision tectonics of Alpine-type compressional orogens

Alpine-type orogens are characterized by three distinct convergent tectonic phases: subduction with deformation that has primarily single vergence, a transition from subduction to collision, and continental collision with double vergence. Although the Cenozoic history of the European Alps has additional complexities, a mechanical explanation for these three phases would provide the necessary crustal-scale framework in which to develop an understanding of the smaller-scale processes. We present results from a simple numerical model, which explain the mechanics of these three phases as a consequence of the changing buoyancy of the lithosphere subducted beneath the orogen. The development and exhumation of a subduction complex, suture zone, and basement nappe stack (Piemont suture, Penninic Nappes); the presence of a crustal-scale back fold and thrust (Insubric Line); and uplift of basement on the pro- (European) side of the orogen (external basement massifs) may be explained as a simple consequence of changing dynamics during the transition from subduction to collision.
Incorporation of a Mass-Conserving Inundation Scheme into a Three Dimensional Storm Surge Model

Abstract The rapid rise and fall of coastal sea level due to tides and storm surge complicates the application of hydrodynamic models that use constant lateral boundaries in the region where sea level change falls within the tidal range or between the negative and positive surge extremes. In order to enable a hydrodynamic model for use in tidal or surge zones, an inundation and drying scheme must be incorporated into the hydrodynamic model. In this study, a mass-conserving inundation (wetting) and draining (drying) scheme is incorporated into a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (the Princeton Ocean Model, often referred to as POM) for coastal ocean and estuarine systems. This coupled hydrodynamic and inundation modeling system is tested in an idealized lake/estuarine setting. The results show that: 1) incorporation of the inundation/drying scheme into the POM enabled its application in shallow water systems with time-dependent coastal boundaries; 2) the mass conservation constraint used in the inundation and drying scheme eliminates the problem of artificial flooding associated with the imbalance of water mass that is typical of a non-mass-conserving schemes; 3) using vertically-averaged flow as flooding velocity resulted in a reduced flooding area as compared to the cases that use the surface flow as the flooding velocity. This is partly due to the fact that vertically-averaged flow tends to be weaker and directed more parallel to the coastline than the surface flow.
Patterns in vegetation composition, surface height and thaw depth in polygon mires in the Yakutian Arctic (NE Siberia): a microtopographical characterisation of the active layer

Mapping of two low‐centred ice‐wedge polygons in the Yakutian tundra (NE Siberia) along a regular grid with 1‐m spacing revealed large spatial variability in thaw depths and strong correlation with relief, water and vegetation. Average thaw depths in polygon ridges (23 cm and 31 cm) were smaller than in depressions (33 cm and 40 cm, respectively). The greatest thaw depths, however, were also found in the ridges and probably result from thermal erosion by water flow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon application and drought tolerance mechanismof sorghum

Pot experiments were conducted at the PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan during 2007 repeated during 2008 to study the effect of silicon and nanoirrigation (W40) on drought tolerance mechanism of sorghum. According to experimental design, the silicon fertilization was divided into two levels: control (no application of potassium silicate) Si0 and application of silicon Si200 (200 mlL-1 of potassium silicate per kg of soil). Irrigation was divided into two levels: crop upper limit (40 mm) irrigation denoted as W40 and without irrigation, crop lower limit as Wo. Each treatment was replicated three times with two sorghum cultivars: PARC SS-2 (drought tolerant) and Johar-1(drought susceptible). The results showed that increase in silicon leads to increase in leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf weight (SLW), chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf dry weight (LDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and remarkably decrease in leaf water potential and shoot to root ratio in sorghum cultivars compared to control treatment. When silicon concentration is applied with irrigation LAI, SPAD, LDW, SDW, RDW, TDW, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and water use efficiency (WUE) increased by 30, 31, 40, 30, 28, 30, 27, 35, 32, 30 and 36% respectively as compared to water deficient treatment. These results suggest that silicon application may be useful to improve the drought tolerance of sorghum through the enhancement of water uptake ability
Mapping structural parameters and species composition of riparian vegetation using IKONOS and landsat ETM+ data in australian tropical savannahs

Government agencies responsible for riparian environments are assessing the utility of remote sensing for mapping and monitoring vegetation structural parameters. The objective of this work was to evaluate Ikonos and Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery for mapping structural parameters and species composition of riparian vegetation in Australian tropical savannahs for a section of Keelbottom Creek, Queensland, Australia. Vegetation indices and image texture from Ikonos data were used for estimating leaf area index (R-2 = 0.13) and canopy percentage foliage cover (R-2 = 0.86). Pan-sharpened Ikonos data were used to map riparian species composition (overall accuracy = 55 percent) and riparian zone width (accuracy within +/- 3 m). Tree crowns could not be automatically delineated due to the lack of contrast between canopies and adjacent grass cover. The ETM+ imagery was suited for mapping the extent of riparian zones. Results presented demonstrate the capabilities of high and moderate spatial resolution imagery for mapping properties of riparian zones.
LAND USE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN THE COLORADO MOUNTAINS II: A CASE STUDY OF THE EAST RIVER VALLEY

Rural land in the U.S. Rocky Mountains is being subdivided and developed for residential and commercial use at an unprecedented rate. In the East River Valley, Colorado, land ownership parcel size began to decline sometime during the last two decades after increasing for over a century-since the first European settlement. Roughly 20% of the private land in the valley has been divided into parcels smaller than about 45 acres (18 ha), parcels that cannot economically support agriculture. Development in the valley has caused significant land-cover fragmentation, especially in aspen, meadow, mixed conifer, and sagebrush cover types. Increased rates of house construction, from 3% per year during 1964-1990 to 8% per year from 1990 to 1994, and the conspicuous- ness of new roads and houses on the valley slopes, have enhanced local perception of rapid landscape change. Residents' concern over land use especially focuses on the creation of "ranchettes"-large-lot residential areas carved out of former cattle ranches-and on the community changes associated with population growth, absentee home ownership, and class distinctions between recent immigrants and long-time residents. This paper documents these changes in the ecological and social landscape of this rapidly developing mountain valley using landscape metrics and interviews of key residents.
Lithological controls on igneous intrusion-induced ground deformation

Ground deformation commonly precedes volcanic eruptions, although its relationship to underlying intrusion networks is complex. We use 3D seismic reflection data to examine the link between a saucer-shaped sill and an overlying forced fold formed at the contemporaneous palaeosurface. Our results highlight a disparity in size between the sill and fold, which we attribute to accommodation of magma by overburden uplift and fluid expulsion from the host rock. Sill transgression occurred in response to plastic deformation of the host rock and did not produce seismically resolvable uplift. Inversion models of ground deformation should therefore acknowledge host rock behaviour during intrusion. Supplementary material: Uninterpreted seismic section and sill thickness/fold amplitude data are available at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18663.
Procesos de construcción y trasformación del espacio litoral grancanario inducido por el fenómeno turístico

RESUMEN-RESUME-ABSTRACT Se analiza el modelo de ocupacion turistica de la isla de Gran Canaria y sus implicaciones estructurales y espaciales. Asimismo, se aborda la evolucion del fenomeno turistico, muy intenso entre 1960 y 1992, resaltando el bascularniento hacia el "Sur" de muchas de las actividades productivas de la isla, en detrimento de su capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. * * * Les proces de construction et transformation de l'espace littoral de Gran Canaria induits par le phenomene touristique. - On analyse le modele touristique dans l'ile de Gran Canaria ainsi que ses implications structurales et spatiales. On y aborde egalement levolution du phenomene touristique, tres intense pour la periode allant de 1960 a 1992, en soulignant le deplacement de nombreuses activites productives insulaires ver le "Sud" en detriment de la capitale, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. * * * Construction and change processes generated by tourist trade within the littoral of Gran Canaria lsland . - This article analyzes the tourist model within the Gran Canaria Island and its structural and spatial implications. It approaches also fue evolution of tourist phenomena, wich was at its peak between 1960 and 1992, emphasizing the shift of economical activities to the "South" to the expense of the capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. PALABRAS CLAVE: Turismo, litoral, transformacion del paisaje, integracion territorial. MOTS CLE: Tourisme, espace littoral, transformation de l'espace, integration territoriale. KEY WORDS: Tourist trade, littoral, landscape transformation, territorial integration.
The distribution of net nitrogen mineralisation within surface soil. 2. Factors influencing the distribution of net N mineralisation

This investigation examined the magnitude of gradients in net nitrogen (N) mineralisation through the surface 20 cm of soils used for cropping, and factors influencing these gradients. Soils used were W (Red Kandosol) from a previous field study, CT (conventional tillage) and DD (direct drilled) from a long-term rotation experiment on a Red Kandosol, and YS (Yellow Sodosol) from under wheat established by reduced tillage. Soil was collected in 2-cm intervals to a depth of 10 cm and at 5-cm intervals between depths of 10 and 20 cm. All depths were used from soil W but only depths of 0–2, 8–10, and 15–20 cm were used for the remaining soils. Soils were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks under controlled conditions (soil water, 80% of water-holding capacity; temperature, 20˚C; aeration, 1 h/week). Net N mineralisation and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution were measured. Heterotrophic activity as measured by CO2 evolution decreased with depth but was still evident in soil from below 10 cm. This activity was strongly correlated with the concentration of organic carbon (C) (r = 0.88, P < 0.05) and soil pH (r = 0.80, P < 0.05). The percentage of organic C released as CO2 was highly correlated with pH (r = 0.86, P < 0.05), implying that, when sampled at an appropriate scale, acidity limits heterotrophic activity. Net N mineralisation decreased with depth in all soils. In soil W, 59% of net N mineralised originated from 0 to 2 cm, 87% was from the surface 6 cm, and only 1% was from below 10 cm. This was similar to the distribution of net N mineralisation found in the field experiment reported in the previous paper. Net N mineralisation was correlated with CO2 evolution (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) and pH (r = 0.73, P < 0.05). The C : N ratio increased from 18 in the surface 6 cm to 27 between 10 and 20 cm. The lack of net N mineralisation below 10 cm was attributed to this increase in the C : N ratio. This is the first observation of gradients in net N mineralisation with depth at this scale in different tillage systems.
Fragipan formation in argillic brown earths (Fragiudalfs) of the Milfield Plain, north‐east England. III. Micromorphological, SEM and EDXRA studies of fragipan degradation and the development of glossic features

SUMMARY The micromorphology of eluvial and glossic areas with weak soi1, strength from the upper fragipan, and the upper parts of grey polygonal zones, in some argillic brown earths (Glossic Fragiudalfs) from north-east England shows unstable void walls stripped of clay with remnants of ferri-argillans, pale grey grainy clay coatings and darker grainy coatings. These occur alongside loose surface residues of skeleton grains and thin grey fine silt coatings of quartz and muscovite. SEM and EDAX studies of coating surfaces, and optical microscopy, SEM and EDXRA of very thin polished sections, show that some grainy clay coatings form as alteration rims of ferri-argillans through localized waterlogging, iron oxide loss and micro-erosion leading to micropitting and disoriented fabrics. The inclusion of coarse clay to fine silt-sized quartz, feldspar and muscovite in other grainy coatings suggests either alteration of impure ferri-argillans or accumulation of degradational products derived from elsewhere on void walls. This is more certainly the case for dark grainy coatings in layered compound illuviation coatings adjacent to glossic areas. These fragipans are degrading from the top downwards by processes which are partly a consequence of the effects that the fragipan has on water percolation and root penetration. The destabilization of void walls, the degradation of ferri-argillans and the remobilization of clay to form glossic features did not begin until seasonal waterlogging in parts of the upper pan was sufficient to mobilize iron.
Simulación multicriterio de mercados de agua de regadío: el caso de la cuenca del Duero

Este trabajo desarrolla una metodologia multicriterio para la simulacion del mercado de agua de riego en el ambito de una cuenca. Para ello se parte del supuesto que los regantes tratan de optimizar con sus decisiones productivas (plan de cultivos) una funcion de utilidad multiatributo, sometidos a una serie de restricciones que dependen de las condiciones estructurales de sus explotaciones. Asi, se han definido una serie de grupos homogeneos de agricultores en relacion con el uso del agua como los agentes «tipo» a considerar de forma conjunta en el modelo mercado. Dicho modelo calcula el equilibrio del mercado a traves de la solucion que maximiza el bienestar agregado, cuantificado como la suma de las utilidades multiatributo alcanzadas por cada uno de los agentes participantes. Esta metodologia se pone en practica para la cuenca del Duero (Espana), obteniendose como principal resultado que la introduccion de esta institucion aumenta significativamente la eficiencia economica y la generacion en empleo agrario, especialmente en circunstancias de escasez (sequias). This paper develops a multi-criteria methodology to simulate irrigation water markets at basin level. For this purpose it is assumed that irrigators try to optimise personal multi-attribute utility functions with their productive decision making (crop mix), subjected to a set of constraints based upon the structural features of their farms. In this sense, farmers with homogeneous behaviour about water use have been grouped, being this groups established as agents «type» to be considered in the whole model for water market simulation. This model for market simulation calculates the equilibrium through a solution that maximises the aggregate welfare, quantified as the sum of the multi-attribute utilities reached by each one of the participating agents. This methodology has been empirically applied for the Duero basin (Northern Spain), obtaining as main result that the implementation of this institution increases economic efficiency and agricultural labour demand, particularly during shortage periods (droughts).
SPODOSOLS PEDOGENESIS UNDER BARREIRAS FORMATION AND SANDBANK ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SOUTH OF BAHIA

Morphologically differentiated Spodosols usually occur in the Coastal Plain of the South of Bahia and North of Espirito Santo. They are found in profiles known as "mucungas", i.e. sandy soils that accumulate water. In these areas, two kinds of Spodosols, different from those in the Restinga area, can be found: Spodosols with E albic horizon (white mucunungas) and without this horizon (black mucunungas). Eight soil profiles with spodic characteristics were collected and described in order to evaluate differences in the formation process of Barreiras and Restinga Spodosols in the South of Bahia. The soil profiles were also characterized chemically, physically and mineralogically. Additionally, texture and chemical analysis, Fe and Al extraction by sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DBC), acid ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate extract optic density (DOox), sulphuric acid attack, and X ray difractometry of the clay fraction were performed. In the Spodosols of the Barreiras area, fragipan was found the spodic layers. Cemented B spodic horizon were observed in the white mucunungas, and granular structure and dark color from the surface in the black mucunungas. There was no fragipan or hard spodic horizon in the Restinga Spodosol. This soil is acid, dystrophic and alic, with sandy texture and high clay percentages in the spodic horizons. The CEC, based on H + Al, is predominantly represented by the organic matter. The most representative components of the mineral phase of the clay fraction are kaolinite and possibly vermiculite traces with interlayered hydroxy. Chemical, physical, morphological and mineralogical differences were observed between the Barreiras and Restinga environments. The black and white mucunungas differ in morphologic and chemical properties only.
Forearc tectonic evolution of the South Shetland Margin, Antarctic Peninsula

The main provinces of the South Shetland margin, Antarctic Peninsula characterized on the basis of multichannel seismic, long-range side scan sonar and swath bathymetry data, include from northwest to southeast (1) the oceanic crust of the former Phoenix Plate, flexed down toward the margin and affected by normal faulting in the upper crust; (2) a narrow trench, with a horizontally layered sediment fill which onlaps the thin sedimentary cover on the oceanic crust and shows incipient deformation near its landward edge; (3) an accretionary prism with a complex internal structure, the toe of which is overthrust above the youngest trench deposits; (4) a midslope forearc basin, with an asymmetric synformal structure; and (5) the continental shelf, which includes two distinct tectonic provinces. Calculations of the late Cenozoic convergence history at the trench indicate a rapid decrease in convergence rate after 6.7 Ma from about 60 mm/yr, resulting from the slowing and eventual cessation of spreading on the Antarctic-Phoenix ridge. Once spreading had completely ceased (3.5–2.4 Ma), the convergence rate at the trench equalled the rate of extension in Bransfield Strait, which was probably less than 10 mm/yr at first but may have increased since 1.3 Ma, and this, in turn, would imply a corresponding increase in convergence rate. Above the basal detachment the toe of the accretionary prism is composed of a stack of thrust fault bounded wedges, laterally and vertically segmented by normal faults. Most of the trench fill sediments are overthrust by the toe of the accretionary prism and subducted beneath it for as far as they can be traced on the seismic profiles. This suggests that there may be tectonic erosion of the forearc since a large part of the trench sediment appears to be derived from erosion on the forearc slope. The forearc basin records a long history of subsidence, during which the depocenter migrated landward, paralleling retrogradational erosion of the distal margin of the basin. Subduction of the Hero Fracture Zone at approximately the same location since 10 Ma may have enhanced tectonic erosion of the accretionary prism. In the forearc basin a synform is coincident with a bathymetric reentrant, but its axis is oblique to the trends of both the basin and the fracture zone. The origin of this synform and the final phase of uplift of the blueschist facies terrane on which Smith Island stands are probably related to their position above the subducting fracture zone ridge. The present elevation of Smith Island is thought to result from uplift which followed a ridge crest-trench collision directly southwest of the Hero Fracture Zone at 5.5 Ma. The northwestern edge of the Mesozoic to early Cenozoic arc batholith, trending northeast–southwest on the shelf, is proposed to have acted as a backstop to the accretionary prism during Cenozoic subduction.
Dam risk assessment based on univariate versus bivariate statistical approaches: a case study for Argentina

Abstract Considering floods as multivariate events allows a better statistical representation of their complexity. In this work the relevance of multivariate analysis of floods for designing or assessing the safety of hydraulic structures is discussed. A flood event is characterized by its peak flow and volume. The dependence between the variables is modelled with a copula. One thousand random pairs of variables are transformed to hydrographs, applying the Beta distribution function. Synthetic floods are routed through a reservoir to assess the risk of overtopping a dam. The resulting maximum water levels are compared to estimations considering the peak flow and volume separately. The analysis is performed using daily flows observed in the River Agrio in Neuquén Province, Argentina, a catchment area of 7300 km2. The bivariate approach results in higher maximum water level values. Therefore the multivariate approach should be preferred for the estimation of design variables. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Grimaldi