Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geochronology of the basic igneous complexes

Synopsis Rb-Sr whole-rock isochrons for the Upper Zone of the Insch mass and aureole schists of the Haddo House mass indicate crystallisation of the basic sheet of NE. Scotland at 486± 17 m.y. ago (t½ = 4.85 × 1010 y. for Rb87). It is argued that intrusion occurred into hot country rocks during, or very soon after, the migmatite overprint phase of the climax of regional metamorphism (M3) in the Dalradian Series, so that this is also dated at about 486± 17 m.y. Small bodies of gneissose rocks in the Arnage mass give a whole-rock isochron age of 479± 12 m.y. and are interpreted as intrusions slightly younger than the Newer Gabbros. Post-metamorphic granites at Insch and Haddo House are dated at 459± 8 m.y. K-Ar mica ages from the gabbro complex are extremely uniform at 461 ± 5 m.y. , whereas Rb-Sr ages on some of the biotites range from 471 ± 22 m.y. to 428 ± 9 m.y. Together, these ages preclude the hypothesis of overprinting by any discrete metamorphic event younger than the main climax. Instead, they are interpreted as indicating rapid post-orogenic uplift in NE. Scotland at about 460 m.y. ago.
Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip

The accommodation of large strains in the upper crust is largely achieved by the accumulation of displacement on faults. Observation shows that as a fault accumulates displacement, it grows in size, i.e., its surface area and its length increase. Here we address the question: “For an increase in the amount of displacement on a fault, by how much would the length of the fault change? ” It is argued by Cowie and Scholz [1992a] that the displacement on a fault is linearly related to the length of the fault. This simple result is expanded upon in this paper by assuming that a fault accumulates displacement by repeated earthquakes. Two different approaches are presented: The first approach considers the balance that must be achieved between the energy available for deformation and the work involved in creating new fault surface area as the fault grows. The available energy is provided by changes in strain energy when the fault slips. The second approach is to construct a geometrical model for fault growth using the scaling relationship between the slip during a single earthquake and the length of the rupture. The total displacement on a fault is the sum of the slips contributed by many earthquakes. The usefulness of these two approaches is that the growth of a fault over geologic time can be described by parameters that can be obtained from earthquake and fault data. The models presented here predict that (1) the maximum amount a fault can grow in a single earthquake that ruptures the entire fault is of the order of 1% of its previous length and (2) the work of faulting may account for 10% of the total energy available during an earthquake. The energy lost from the system is accounted for by work done against friction and seismic radiation. Consequences of fault growth for the segmentation and thus seismogenic potential of a fault over geologic time are discussed using predictions of the theory.
Programmet Familjeband som anhörigstöd inom psykiatrin

Anhorigprogrammet Familjeband (engelska ”Family Connections”) ar ett 12-15 veckors pedagogiskt program for anhoriga till patienter med borderline-personlighetsstorning och andra patienter med svarigheter att reglera sina kanslor. Detta program har oversatts till svenska och implementerats vid olika behandlingsenheter i landet. Denna studie beskriver en utvardering av Familjeband sasom programmet genomforts vid fyra olika behandlingsenheter i olika delar av landet, med sammanlagt 45 kursdeltagare. En jamforelse mellan for- och eftermatning visar en signifikant minskning av psykiska symptom och upplevd borda av att ha en anhorig med psykiatrisk problematik, samt en okad formaga till acceptans. Jamforelsen visar ocksa signifikanta forandringar i sjalvrapporterade aspekter av familjefungerande: minskad benagenhet till kritiska kommentarer och emotionell overinvolvering i familjemedlemmar, samt okade upplevelser av narhet och minskade upplevelser av kaos i familjerelationer. Effekterna var likartade vid samtliga behandlingsenheter. Totalt 67% av deltagarna uppvisade ett positivt utfall, i den bemarkelsen att de uppvisade reliabel forbattring pa minst ett av sju matt utan att uppvisa reliabel forsamring pa nagot av de andra matten. Tva brister med studien ar avsaknad av kontrollgrupp och uppfoljning en tid efter behandlingens avslutande, vilket innebar begransningar i de slutsatser som kan dras av resultaten. (Less)
Island effects on marine production and circulation around the island of South Georgia, Southern Ocean

In high-nutrient low-chlorophyll waters of the south-western Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, an intense phytoplankton bloom is observed annually north of South Georgia (37°W, 55°S). South Georgia blooms have a vital role in the ecosystem surrounding the island, and have been linked to one of the strongest seasonal atmospheric-carbon uptake in the open Southern Ocean. Which environmental conditions drive such remarkable productivity are still under debate, and were investigated in the current study using a multidisciplinary approach. Satellite-derived observations of surface chlorophyll a concentrations and circulation patterns were used to study the annual and inter-annual variability of phytoplankton blooms in the region. Our analysis reveals a time series of very regular blooms, controlled in space by circulation and regulated in time by surface silicate concentrations, temperature and light. The role of the fundamental, yet limiting, micronutrient iron was investigated with the coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model ROMS_AGRIF-PISCES. Model results, validated against available observations, suggest a continuous supply of dissolved iron from the island's shallow shelves that is redistributed in the region by local circulation. Conversely, aeolian sources of iron have a negligible role in the main bloom area, but appear to be more important outside the influence of the South Georgia island mass effect.
The Social Fabric

It is often said that digital technologies are revolutionizing the social sciences, much as they revolutionized the natural sciences a few decades ago. This is not the case. The situation in the social sciences is more like that of the natural sciences in the 15th century, just after the introduction of the printing press. In The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) thoroughly describes how the introduction of the press triggered the Scientific Revolution of the XVI century. Yet, as Eisenstein makes very clear, the revolution did not broke overnight. Several decades after Gutenberg invention, naturalists were still printing the same mistakes they used to hand-copy. It was only after press attained a certain level of maturity and circulation that it started to have a real impact on the natural sciences.
On the Ancient Rocks of the St. David's Promontory, South Wales, and their Fossil Contents

In an early edition of Siluria (1854) there is a figure of a specimen of Paradoxides Forchhammeri ? Angel. , from the black slates of North Wales. In the third edition of the same work (1859) the same figure occurs, with the remark “locality unknown, probably from Pen Morfa, near Tremadoc, North Wales. ” In this edition there is also a note with reference to the occurrence of this form, stating that “only one species of Paradoxides has yet been found in Wales; although the specimen is imperfect, Mr. Salter believes it to be identical with P. Forchhammeri of the alum slates of Andrarum in Scania. ” In the last edition of Siluria (1867) the same figure is named Paradoxides Hicksii; its locality is indicated as “near Dolgelly, North Wales;” and it is further stated that” this fossil has been found both at Dolgelly and in Pembrokeshire, about a hundred feet above the lowest black Lingula-slates. ” Respecting the discovery of another form, Paradoxides Davidis, Salter, in Pembrokeshire, the late Mr. Salter has described this species, and named the locality whence it has been obtained*. In this memoir a Table is also given of the strata which make up the “Lingula-flags in Wales ;” and Mr. Salter has described the lower portion of this series as a “thick mass of black shales very uniform in its upper part, but with hard sandstones in the lower, probably accumulated in a deep sea. ” The fossils of the Lower Lingula-flags are stated to be “Lingulella, rare,
Improvement of elevation accuracy for mass-balance monitoring using in-flight laser calibration

Abstract To exploit the high accuracy potential of laser ranging, suitable laser-altimeter calibration procedures combining laboratory and in-flight calibration steps are needed. Previous calibration schemes have limited the calibration process to flying over planar surfaces, and systematic errors remained in the system. In this paper we present a laser calibration algorithm that utilizes natural surfaces as calibration sites. This is especially important for calibrating systems in the interior of ice sheets. The proposed approach is demonstrated in calibrating the U.S. National Science Foundation Support Office for Aerogeophysical Research laser altimetry system. The results show a significant improvement in accuracy.
Description and evaluation of aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations

Abstract. We document and evaluate the aerosol schemes as implemented in the physical and Earth system models, the Global Coupled 3.1 configuration of the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3-GC3.1) and the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM1), which are contributing to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The simulation of aerosols in the present-day period of the historical ensemble of these models is evaluated against a range of observations. Updates to the aerosol microphysics scheme are documented as well as differences in the aerosol representation between the physical and Earth system configurations. The additional Earth system interactions included in UKESM1 lead to differences in the emissions of natural aerosol sources such as dimethyl sulfide, mineral dust and organic aerosol and subsequent evolution of these species in the model. UKESM1 also includes a stratospheric–tropospheric chemistry scheme which is fully coupled to the aerosol scheme, while GC3.1 employs a simplified aerosol chemistry mechanism driven by prescribed monthly climatologies of the relevant oxidants. Overall, the simulated speciated aerosol mass concentrations compare reasonably well with observations. Both models capture the negative trend in sulfate aerosol concentrations over Europe and the eastern United States of America (US) although the models tend to underestimate sulfate concentrations in both regions. Interactive emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds in UKESM1 lead to an improved agreement of organic aerosol over the US. Simulated dust burdens are similar in both models despite a 2-fold difference in dust emissions. Aerosol optical depth is biased low in dust source and outflow regions but performs well in other regions compared to a number of satellite and ground-based retrievals of aerosol optical depth. Simulated aerosol number concentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of the observations, with both models tending to overestimate number concentrations over remote ocean regions, apart from at high latitudes, and underestimate over Northern Hemisphere continents. Finally, a new primary marine organic aerosol source is implemented in UKESM1 for the first time. The impact of this new aerosol source is evaluated. Over the pristine Southern Ocean, it is found to improve the seasonal cycle of organic aerosol mass and cloud droplet number concentrations relative to GC3.1 although underestimations in cloud droplet number concentrations remain. This paper provides a useful characterisation of the aerosol climatology in both models and will facilitate understanding in the numerous aerosol–climate interaction studies that will be conducted as part of CMIP6 and beyond.
PROTEROCARA ARGENTINA, A NEW FOSSIL CICHLID FROM THE LUMBRERA FORMATION, EOCENE OF ARGENTINA

Abstract The Lumbrera Formation is the uppermost unit of the Santa Bárbara Subgroup of the Salta Group, exposed in northwestern Argentina. It consists of fine clastic sediments of characteristic brick red color with an intercalation of green mudstone levels, which are called Faja Verde. The specimen described here was collected from the middle part of the Faja Verde II at the Alemania locality in sediments dated as Eocene. The material comprises a specimen, preserved as part and counterpart, which is assigned to a new genus and species: Proterocara argentina, gen. et sp. nov. The phylogenetic analysis to establish its position within Cichlidae was based on a matrix with 51 taxa and 91 characters. The most parsimonious tree shows P. argentina as sister group of the clade formed by the subfamilies Cichlasomatinae and Geophaginae based on three characters: articulating process of premaxilla moderately distinct, first hemal arch on last abdominal vertebra, and 13–14 pectoral-fin rays. Two autapomorphies are recognized for P. argentina: ascending arm of premaxilla as long as dentigerous arm, and dorsal lateral line on caudal fin between caudal rays D2 and D3. Extant members of the family Cichlidae live mostly in lentic freshwater bodies, corroborating the lacustrine paleoenvironment assigned to this formation.
Lithospheric discontinuity structure in Alaska, thickness variations determined by Sp receiver functions

We present the first broad‐scale image of lithospheric thickness across the major tectonic domains of Alaska based on S wave receiver functions and joint interpretation with the potential field, seismic velocity, and heat flow measurements. Thus, we provide context for the distribution of strain throughout the Alaskan orocline. In the north, below the Brooks Range, a 130 km thick lithosphere is resolved, consistent with the presence of strong lithosphere that deflects strain to the south into central and southern Alaska. In southern Alaska beneath the Chugach and St. Elias Mountains, multiple interfaces are present, and we interpret a thinner (80–90 km) North American lithosphere above a deeper interface that represents the base of the Yakutat microplate, thereby extending it to the area below the Wrangell Volcanic Field and St. Elias Mountains. Immediately north of the E‐W striking Denali Fault, shallow negative conversions (80 km) denote thin lithosphere in the greater back‐arc region where heat flow is observed to be high. Thin lithosphere in eastern Alaska and adjacent Yukon Territory coincides with the occurrence of inboard crustal seismicity and may be indicative of transmitted compression caused by the collision of the Yakutat microplate. Relatively thin lithosphere (<90 km) south of the Arctic Alaska domain that is deforming throughout the Alaskan orocline may result from lithospheric thinning associated with guided deformation. Expansion of this model using the upcoming Transportable Array will be critical to establish lateral continuity (or lack thereof) of lithospheric structure and directly discriminate between existing regional deformation models.
Review of Ship Detection from Airborne Platforms

RÉSUMÉ Nous présentons une évaluation des techniques de télédétection pour la détection des navires. Le capteur le plus souvent utilisé est un radar de recherche et, en second lieu, un radar aéroporté à visée latérale (SLAR). Les radars permettent de détecter les navires dans différentes conditions. La méthode la plus courante de détection des navires consiste à utiliser des radars de recherche pour la localisation et puis, à effectuer des survols à basse altitude dans le visible pour les besoins d'identification ou de vérification. La détection est réalisée manuellement dans la plupart des cas. L'utilisation du spectre du visible se limite généralement à l'utilisation de caméras vidéo et photo pour fin de documentation et d'identification. Des systèmes spécialisés ont été développés utilisant des lumières laser ou stroboscopique pour l'illumination de la scène. Des capteurs à infrarouge sont aussi utilisés pour la détection des navires. Le radar à visée latérale ou SLAR est utilisé fréquemment pour la détection des navires. Les algorithmes de détection de navires ne sont pas utilisés en raison de l'incertitude métrique dans l'imagerie. Les avions équipés de radar SLAR utilisent le radar pour détecter manuellement le navire et on a ensuite recours à des modes visuels pour identifier le navire ou pour s'assurer de sa conformité aux lois sur les rejets ou la pêche. Le radar à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) a fait l'objet de nombreuses études. L'interprétation des images RSO permet de déterminer la position, la direction et la vitesse d'un navire. Dans certaines conditions, il est possible de déterminer la dimension relative et le type de navire. Des algorithmes d'interprétation RSO ont été développés pour les systèmes satellitaires RSO et ces derniers sont applicables aux systèmes aéroportés. La détection de navires au moyen du RSO se fait en détectant la réflexion du navire, généralement très intense, de même que la vague du navire. La vague du navire se présente sous forme d'un trait en forme de V et d'une zone où l'effet de mer, pouvant s'étendre jusqu'à 15 km derrière le navire, est moins important. Ces caractéristiques dépendent largement de la vitesse du vent. On a estimé la dimension minimale détectable d'un navire en fonction des conditions variables du vent pour un système aéroporté typique basé sur des estimations similaires pour des systèmes satellitaires. Des travaux sur l'utilisation d'une combinaison de capteurs dans le visible, IR et RSO sont présentés. Les données sont soumises à l'analyse de reconnaissance d'image pour confirmer la détection et pour permettre de classifier le type de cible.
Modeling methane and nitrous oxide emissions from direct‐seeded rice systems

Process‐based modeling of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice fields is a practical tool for conducting greenhouse gas inventories and estimating mitigation potentials of alternative practices at the scale of management and policy making. However, the accuracy of these models in simulating CH4 and N2O emissions in direct‐seeded rice systems under various management practices remains a question. We empirically evaluated the denitrification‐decomposition model for estimating CH4 and N2O fluxes in California rice systems. Five and nine site‐year combinations were used for calibration and validation, respectively. The model was parameterized for two cultivars, M206 and Koshihikari, and able to simulate 30% and 78% of the variation in measured yields, respectively. Overall, modeled and observed seasonal CH4 emissions were similar (R2 = 0.85), but there was poor correspondence in fallow period CH4 emissions and in seasonal and fallow period N2O emissions. Furthermore, management effects on seasonal CH4 emissions were highly variable and not well represented by the model (0.2–465% absolute relative deviation). Specifically, simulated CH4 emissions were oversensitive to fertilizer N rate but lacked sensitivity to the type of seeding system (dry seeding versus water seeding) and prior fallow period straw management. Additionally, N2O emissions were oversensitive to fertilizer N rate and field drainage. Sensitivity analysis showed that CH4 emissions were highly sensitive to changes in the root to total plant biomass ratio, suggesting that it is a significant source of model uncertainty. These findings have implications for model‐directed field research that could improve model representation of paddy soils for application at larger spatial scales.
Applicability of isotopic hydrograph separation in a suburban basin during snowmelt

C. H. TAYLOR Methodological issues associated with isotopic hydrograph separations (IHSs) in built-up environments are explored using results from the 1990 spring melt in a suburban basin in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The hetrogeneous nature of suburban environments complicates the selection of appropriate isotopic signatures for event and pre-event waters. Near-stream groundwater δ18O sampled from wells was poorly mixed, such that the pre-event water signature was best characterized by δ18O in pre-melt baseflow or discharge from a headwater spring. The event water signature during snowmelt can be characterized using δ18O in the pre-melt snowpack, surface runoff samples or meltwater from lysimeters. However, the use of snowpack δ18O may be inappropriate in suburban basins where meltwater from thin snowcover may exhibit pronounced responses to δ18O in rainfall contributions. Intensive sampling of the spatial variability of runoff or meltwater δ18O may be required to characterize the average event water signature adequately. Rainfall δ18O provided an appropriate event water signal during a large rain on snow event, and differences between this IHS and one generated using an event water signature that included meltwater contributions from snow-covered surfaces were within the uncertainty attributable to the analytical error in δ18O values. Event water supplied 55-63% of the peak discharge and 48-58% of total runoff from the basin during the melt, which is consistent with the fraction of the basin that has been developed. These results contrast with IHSs conducted in forested basins that suggest that stormflow is dominated by pre-event water contributions.
Epidemiology of Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase Producing Gram Negative Bacilli of Community Acquired Urinary Tract Infection in Tabriz, Iran

Background: Bacteria which produce extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) are resistant to all kinds of β-lactam antibiotics and may also induce resistance to some other antibiotics including aminoglycosides, quinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazoles. Infection with these bacteria is very crucial among patients with urinary tract infection. Methods: In this study urine samples were collected from all administered patients who were clinically diagnosed with urinary tract infection and had positive urinary analysis. The urine samples of these patients undergone bacteriological tests for ESBL producing gram negative bacilii. Results and Conclusions: Among 893 patients, 763 met the inclusion criteria and entered the study. A total of 587 samples of these patients were positive for four gram negative studied bacilli. The urine samples of 106 individuals (49 male (46%) and 61 female (54%) with mean age of 61 (Range: 19-90) years) were positive to extended spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria. All isolates were susceptible to colistin and resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cephalotine. The rate of resistance to Tazobactam as a β-lactam antibiotic was relatively low. Enterobacter and Cirobacter had the highest multi drug resistance (MDR). In conclusion the prevalence of infection with ESBLs producing gram negative bacilli in patients with community acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) relatively high in our sampled population. The antibiogram test suggest that colistin is an appropriate antibiotic for these patients, and tazobactam is the most efficient β-lactam antibiotic in this case. However it would be preferable to carry out antibiogram test for high risk patients.