Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations in Atlantic surface ocean paleoceanography, 50°-80°N: A time-slice record of the last 30,000 years

Eight time slices of surface-water paleoceanography were reconstructed from stable isotope and paleotemperature data to evaluate late Quaternary changes in density, current directions, and sea-ice cover in the Nordic Seas and NE Atlantic. We used isotopic records from 110 deep-sea cores, 20 of which are accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)-14C dated and 30 of which have high (>8 cm /kyr) sedimentation rates, enabling a resolution of about 120 years. Paleotemperature estimates are based on species counts of planktonic foraminifera in 18 cores. The δ18O and δ13C distributions depict three main modes of surface circulation: (1) The Holocene-style interglacial mode which largely persisted over the last 12.8 14C ka, and probably during large parts of stage 3. (2) The peak glacial mode showing a cyclonic gyre in the, at least, seasonally ice-free Nordic Seas and a meltwater lens west of Ireland. Based on geostrophic forcing, it possibly turned clockwise, blocked the S-N flow across the eastern Iceland-Shetland ridge, and enhanced the Irminger current around west Iceland. It remains unclear whether surface-water density was sufficient for deepwater formation west of Norway. (3) A meltwater regime culminating during early glacial Termination I, when a great meltwater lens off northern Norway probably induced a clockwise circulation reaching south up to Faeroe, the northward inflow of Irminger Current water dominated the Icelandic Sea, and deepwater convection was stopped. In contrast to circulation modes two and three, the Holocene-style circulation mode appears most stable, even unaffected by major meltwater pools originating from the Scandinavian ice sheet, such as during δ18O event 3.1 and the Bolling. Meltwater phases markedly influenced the European continental climate by suppressing the “heat pump” of the Atlantic salinity conveyor belt. During the peak glacial, melting icebergs blocked the eastward advection of warm surface water toward Great Britain, thus accelerating buildup of the great European ice sheets; in the early deglacial, meltwater probably induced a southward flow of cold water along Norway, which led to the Oldest Dryas cold spell. An electronic supplement of this material may be obtained on a diskette or Anonymous FTP from KOSMOS.AGU. ORG. (LOGIN to AGU's FTP account using ANONYMOUS as the username and GUEST as the password. Go to the right directory by typing CD APEND. Type LS to see what files are available. Type GET and the name of the file to get it. Finally, type EXIT to leave the system.) (Paper 95PA01453, Variations in Atlantic surface ocean paleoceanography, 50°-80°N: A time-slice record of the last 30,000 years, M. Sarnthein et al.) Diskette may be ordered from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. , Washington, DC 20009; $15.00. Payment must accompany order.
Ultra-wideband radar target detection for sloped and diffuse scattering environments

This paper extends simulation and target detection results from an investigation entitled "Self-Training Algorithms for Ultra-wideband SAR Target Detection" that was conducted last year and presented at the 2003 SPIE Aerosense Conference on "Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery. " Under this approach, simulated SAR impulse clutter data was generated by modulating a tophat model for the SAR video phase history with K-distributed data models. Targets were synthesized and "instanced" within the SAR image via the application of a dihedral model to represent broadside targets. For this paper, these models are extended and generalized by developing a set of models that approximate major scattering mechanisms due to terrain relief and approximate major scattering mechanisms due to scattering from off-angle targets. Off-angle targets are difficult to detect at typical ultra-wideband radar frequencies and are denoted as "diffuse scatterers. " Potential approaches for detecting synthetic off-angle targets that demonstrate this type of "diffuse scattering" are developed and described in the algorithms and results section of the paper. A preliminary set of analysis outputs are presented with synthetic data from the resulting simulation testbed.
Spectroscopic observations of space objects and phenomena using Spica and Kala at AMOS

The Spica and Kala spectrographs located at the rear blanchard of the 1.6 m telescope and the trunnion port of the AEOS 3.67 m telescope, respectively, have been utilized by several DoD and NASA agencies requiring relatively high resolution spectroscopic observations. The sensors are located at the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS), Haleakala, Maui. Three R&D programs utilizing these instruments will be described. The AFRL propulsion directorate's demonstration called the electric propulsion space experiment (ESEX) utilized Spica to evaluate high powered arc-jet thruster firings from the ARGOS satellite. AFRL Det. 15 and Air Force Battlelab sponsored a project called SILC to explore the advantages of applying spectroscopic analysis to help reduce satellite cross- tagging and augment Satellite Object Identification (SOI). Thirdly, the NASA Johnson Space Center Space Debris Program obtained spectroscopic data on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) targets to help determine albedo and material composition of space debris.
Skating on Thin Ice: Rule Changes and Team Strategies in the NHL

In an effort to stimulate a more exciting and entertaining style of play, the National Hockey Association (NHL) changed the rewards associated with the results of overtime games. Under the new rules, teams tied at the end of regulation both receive a single point, regardless of the outcome in overtime. A team scoring in the sudden-death 5-minute overtime period would earn an additional point. Prior to the rule change in the 1999-2000 season, the team losing in overtime would receive no points while the winning team earned 2 points. This paper presents a theoretical model to explain the effect of the rule change on the strategy of play during both the overtime period and the regulation time game. The results suggest that under the new overtime, format equally powerful teams will play more offensively in overtime resulting in more games decided by a sudden-death goal. The results also suggest that while increasing the likelihood of attacking in overtime, the rule change would have a perverse effect on the style of play during regulation by causing them to play conservatively for the tie. Empirical data confirm the theoretical results. The paper also shows that increasing the rewards to a win in regulation time would prevent teams from playing defensively during regular time.
Diaspora Nationalism: The Case of Ethnic Korean Minority in Kazakhstan and its Lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey

A diaspora is a migrant community which crosses borders, retains an ethnic group consciousness and peculiar institutions over extended periods (Cohen, 1997, p. ix). It is an ancient social formation, comprised of people living out of their ancestral homeland, who retain their loyalties toward their co-ethnics and the homeland from which they were forced out (Esman, 1996, p. 317). The Jews were the most ancient and well-known diasporic people. For a long time, “diaspora” meant almost exclusively the Jewish people. Hence diaspora signified a collective trauma, a banishment, where one dreamed of home but lived in exile. However, in recent years other peoples, such as Palestinians, Armenians, Chinese, Tatars, etc., who have settled outside their natal territories but maintain strong collective identities, also have defined themselves as disasporas. As Cohen states, “the description or self-description of such groups as diasporas is now common,” which allows a certain degree of social distance to displace a high degree of psychological alienation. Accordingly, during the last decades, disaspora has been rediscovered and expanded to include refugees, gastarbeiters, migrants, expatriates, expellees, political refugees, and ethnic minorities (Safran, 1991, p. 83).
Fluid-flow properties of faults in sandstone: The importance of temperature history

Sandstone rheology and deformation style are often controlled by the extent of quartz cementation, which is a function of temperature history. Coupling findings from deformation experiments with a model for quartz cementation provide valuable insights into the controls on fault permeability. Subsiding sedimentary basins often have a transitional depth zone, here referred to as the ductile-to-brittle transition, above which faults do not affect fluid flow or form barriers and below which faults will tend to form conduits. The depth of this transition is partly dependent upon geothermal gradient. In basins with a high geothermal gradient, fault-related conduits can form at shallow depths in high-porosity sandstone. If geothermal gradients are low, and fluid pressures are hydrostatic, fault-related conduits are only formed when the sandstones have subsided much deeper, where their porosity (and hence fluid content) is low. Mineralization of faults is more likely to occur in areas with high geothermal gradients because the rocks still have a high fluid content when fault-related fluid-flow conduits form. The interrelationship between rock rheology and stress conditions is sometimes a more important control on fault permeability than whether the fault is active or inactive.
Numerical simulations of cyclic behaviour in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)

Numerical experiments are conducted on a synthetic topography with a three-dimensional thermomechanically coupled ice-sheet model, the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). Within the model, combined stress balances are connected to evolving thermodynamics and hydrology. The sensitivity of cyclic behaviour to changes in sliding-law parameters and the climate input is studied. Multiple types of oscillations were found, with strong variations in both amplitude and frequency. A physical description is given, in which these variations and transitions from one oscillation type to another are linked to the interplay of stresses, heat transport and hydrological processes. High-frequency oscillations (period 114–169 years), which are shown to have a major impact on ice velocities and a small effect on the ice volume, are related to variations in the water distribution at the base. Low-frequency cycles (period 1000+ years), which have a major impact on both velocities and ice volume, are linked to changes in the thermal regime. Oscillation characteristics are shown to be strongly sensitive to changes in sliding-law parameters and the prescribed surface temperature and mass balance. Incorporating a surface-height dependence of the mass balance is shown to provide an additional feedback, which may induce longperiod oscillations.
Modelling and design of antennas for ground-penetrating radar systems

This thesis addresses the problem of stand-off ground-penetrating radar (GPR) antenna systems, which are principally used in demining applications. The detection of buried target is difficult due to fundamental limitations. Electromagnetic signals are highly attenuated in soil and the attenuation increases with frequency. Depth resolution on the target can only be achieved with broadband systems. As a consequence, the requirements on the antenna are severe. Antennas having a large bandwidth and a clean radiated response are needed to achieve depth resolution of the target. Moreover, stand-off systems such as the one used in demining applications require sufficient gain characteristics and mobility. The physics behind the GPR problem is complicated due to the large number of parameters affecting the radiation and reception of electromagnetic signals. Natural soils are often inhomogeneous and the close environment creates a considerable amount of clutter. Modelling techniques play an important role in understanding the electromagnetic wave propagation in natural ground. They are very useful in the design of antenna systems. The above issues are addressed in two different investigation routes. One route of investigation looks at the design of directive broadband antennas. The other route of investigation concerns the way of enhancing the modelling
Earthquake ground-motion parameters at stiff sites in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract Ground-motion relations are developed for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and response spectra (Pseudo-acceleration, 5% damped) for stiff sites in Addis Ababa (near-surface shear-wave velocity, β ≥ 760 m/s), as a function of moment magnitude (M) >5 and closest distance to the fault rupture (<100 km) considering uncertainties in seismological parameters. Because of the non availability of recorded ground motions in this magnitude-distance range, ground-motion relations are derived from a simulated ground-motion database. The simulated ground motions are developed from well established stochastic finite-fault model and source, path and site parameters of the region are adopted from published database of previous researchers. The simulations are performed with the computer code EXSIM. The ground motions acceleration response spectra for 5% damping obtained from simulations are compared with recently developed Campbell-Bozorgnia (NGA) empirical ground motion model as well as theoretical Brune's source based Random Vibration Theory (RVT) results. Statistical results show that there is a good agreement at selected periods and magnitude ranges of practical significance.
A multi-scale exploration into the spatial patterns of a three dimensional Urban Tree Infrastructure (UTI) : integrating landscape connectivity, network resilience, and social deprivation

A functionally connected urban tree infrastructure (UTI) contributes to ecosystem function, resilience, and the provision of Ecosystem Services (ES). Variation in tree height is an important attribute influencing movement of passerines, habitat quality and landscape patterns. UTI provided ES are particularly beneficial in the most deprived areas of a city. Presented in this thesis is an exploration into the social-ecological shape of a UTI using a holistic, multi-scale and dimensional, landscape approach. The potential landscape connectivity of a UTI in the City of Salford, UK was quantified and compared using the integral index of connectivity (IIC) across vertically stratified canopies existing in 2005, 2009, and 2013. System resilience was assessed through landscape graph network analysis and by the identification of canopies critical in maintaining connectivity (dIIC). The index of multiple deprivation (IMD) was related to UTI landscape composition and configuration through a series of statistical tests. The connectivity of Salford’s vertically stratified UTI was low (IIC = <0.000001 – 0.0045), besides this the temporal change in connectivity was complex with no discernible overall pattern. The rate of connectivity increase decreased after a 90-120m gap-crossing threshold. The resilience of Salford’s UTI relies on the connectivity of canopies within 4 to 5 sub-connected regions, depending on passerine perception, increasing to 10 -16 smaller regions for canopies above 17.1m. The resilience and stability of these sub-connected regions were often reliant on a central canopy patch. UTI composition is related negatively with deprivation, UTI configuration is related positively, while structural diversity of canopy heights revealed no correlation with deprivation. The research in this thesis contributes to the debates on how to best manage the UTI for both people and nature. The findings of this thesis have a number of important implications for future urban landscape management, especially as previously unknown landscape patterns have been identified.
The Utility and Organization of a College Field Course: Examining National Park Management

Abstract This article reviews the benefits of field-based instruction, particularly as it complements traditional classroom learning. It suggests that direct observation and hands-on learning associated with field-based instruction raise students' interest level and improve their understanding and long-term retention of targeted concepts. In addition, planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies are provided and recommendations are outlined for instructors interested in organizing or improving a field course at their learning institution. The park management field course offered between spring and summer semesters at Oklahoma State University provides an example of the major components of a successful field course.
Observed 1970-2005 Cooling of Summer Daytime Temperatures in Coastal California

Abstract This study evaluated 1950–2005 summer [June–August (JJA)] mean monthly air temperatures for two California air basins: the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) and the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA). The study focuses on the more rapid post-1970 warming period, and its daily minima temperature Tmin and maxima temperature Tmax values were used to produce average monthly values and spatial distributions of trends for each air basin. Additional analyses included concurrent SSTs, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) sea level coastal pressure gradients, and GCM-downscaled average temperature Tave values. Results for all 253 California National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) sites together showed increased Tave values (0.23°C decade−1); asymmetric warming, as Tmin values increase faster than Tmax values (0.27° versus 0.04°C decade−1) and thus decreased daily temperature range (DTR) values (0.15°C decade−1). The spatial distribution of.
Bias characteristics in the AVHRR sea surface temperature

To provide possible means to improve future satellite SST retrieval algorithms and to provide data users with error information, spatiotemporal bias patterns in the 1982–2002 NOAA operational AVHRR SST were characterized. At the start of one (NOAA‐14) satellite mission, typical global average biases were about −0.05°C, and gradually increased during the satellite mission. Normally global averages rarely exceeded 0.2°C, due to cancellation of larger biases of opposite signs in different regions. Biases were inhomogeneous and locally exceeded 0.5°C even in the 21‐year time mean. Large irregular biases were due to stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions. Seasonal biases were strongly related to local weather phenomena, such as seasonal dust aerosols and cloud covers. The findings suggest that future satellite SST retrieval algorithms should be time and space dependent.
Cross‐correlation between length and position in real fracture networks

By analyzing local geometrical properties of a dense multiscale fracture pattern, we characterized statistically the correlations between length and position of a fracture. Apart from some resolution effects, we show that the mean distance between a fracture center and its nearest neighbor is correlated to its length l such as d ∼ l0.3. Likewise, the average area around each fracture center within which no other fracture portion is lying has an ellipsoidal shape whose factor of anisotropy is correlated to l. The long axis, along fracture strike, is correlated to l such as d ∼ l0. 25–0.3. The short axis remains invariant, about equal to the equivalent distance in a random fractal. At small scale (i.e., less than 1 m which is bed thickness) the shield area is isotropic. In addition to refining of geometrical model of fracture networks, such observations place some constraints on the stress interactions that prevail during fracture growth.
Resonant interaction of oceanic internal waves

Three classes of nonlinearly interacting triads, whose wave numbers and frequencies satisfy K1 ± K2 = K3 and ω1 ± ω2 = ω3, dominate the numerically computed transfer of energy in the Garrett and Munk models of the oceanic internal wave spectrum. We designate these triads as induced diffusion, elastic scattering, and parametric subharmonic instability. Special characteristics of wave number and frequency among the components identify each triad class. The concepts represented by these classes simplify an otherwise complex process and help explain some of the basic features of the observed internal wave spectrum.
The tectonic evolution of the Norwegian Sea Continental Margin with emphasis on the Vøring and Møre Basins

Abstract The Norwegian Sea continental margin is dominated by two major basins with a very thick Cretaceous basin fill: the Vøring and Møre Basins. The basins are flanked by the uplifted mainland and the Cretaceous Trøndelag Platform to the east and by the Møre and Vøring Marginal Highs capped by Eocene lavas to the west. The tectonic development of the area is controlled by two structural trends: NE-SW and NW-SE. The area has been tectonically active from Carboniferous to Late Pliocene time with the main tectonic phases in Late Palaeozoic, late Mid-Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary time. The general tectonic development comprised a long period of extension and rifting that ended in Early Eocene time by continental separation, major volcanism and subsequent sea-floor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. In Carboniferous to Early Cretaceous time the extensional tectonics were related to within-plate continental rifting. The tectonics of the Late Cretaceous and the Tertiary periods were controlled by the relative movements along plate boundaries. The overall NE-SW structural grain is constituted by faults and basin axes that probably originated in Late Palaeozoic time and were active during all subsequent tectonic phases. The transverse NW-SE trend is expressed as major lineaments that probably reflect the old, Precambrian grain of the basement. These lineaments, two of which are the continuation into the continental crust of major oceanic fracture zones, controlled the tectonic activity throughout Cretaceous and Tertiary time and constitute the boundaries between the major structural provinces of the area. The differentiation into the Cretaceous basins and the bounding platforms and marginal highs started by the late Mid-Jurassic-Early Cretaceous extensional phase. The subsequent Cretaceous subsidence history, where the basin flanks formed by flexuring rather than faulting, resulted in an exceptionally thick basin fill. In the Vøring Basin the Cretaceous development comprised an early thermal subsidence phase and a post-Cenomanian phase of tectonically driven subsidence involving intermittent phases of normal faulting and compression and folding. The Vøring Basin was tectonically active also during Tertiary time with the main phases of strike-slip-compression coinciding with the Alpine orogenies in Late Eocene and Mid-Miocene time. Within the Vøring Basin there is evidence of the formation of a fossil opal A-opal-CT transition and extensive regional marine erosion in Mid-Miocene and Late Pliocene times. In contrast, the Møre Basin was generally tectonically quiet throughout the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, experiencing mainly continuous subsidence.
Lunar‐solar interactions in the equatorial electrojet

To first order the ground magnetic signature of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) reflects the height integral of J = σE, where σis a conductivity and E represents some combination of the global dynamo‐generated electric field and the electric field due to local winds. Day‐to‐day variations in the conductivity are strongly controlled by the solar flux, while E depends on solar and lunar tides, planetary waves, and the disturbance dynamo. In this study we demonstrate how complexity is introduced into the EEJ due to the interaction between lunar tide variability in the equatorial electric field and solar‐driven variability in the E region conductivity. Toward this end, we analyze magnetometer data from the Huancayo observatory both in the time and frequency domain. We present results for the year 1990, and we show that 86% of the variance in the EEJ is due to the lunar‐solar interaction.