Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TAXES AND EXERNAL LONG TERM DEBT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

: Advancement in the world economy have increased both the importance of external debts and the problem of debt accumulation by Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations which rely on external borrowing for their economic development. The present study ascertained the effect of tax revenue on external long term debt stock of Sub-Saharan African countries and investigated the control effect of inflation, exchange rate and corruption on the impact of tax revenue on external long term debt stock (ELTDS) of SSA countries. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in testing and analyzing a dynamic panel estimated with system General Method of Movements (GMM) data set for the period 1990 to 2020 on 23 countries in SSA. Dynamic panel data was adopted because it uses lag of the regressors on the data set to eliminate weakness. The study found that lag of external long term debt stock is significantly affected by lag of Custom, Import and Export Duties (LCIED), lag of Taxes on Product (LTXP) and lag of Taxes on Goods and Services (LVAT) (J-stat 15.85 = 0.726, ρ > 0.1). Exchange rate, inflation and corruption had significant control on the effect of tax revenue and external long term debt stock (J-stat 22.862 = 0.154, ρ > 0.1) globally. With regards to considered individual Ρ-value, the outcome was slightly differed; Lag of ELTDS was positively and significantly controlled by INF while EXR and CRP negatively and insignificantly controlled LELTDS of SSA countries. The study concluded that tax revenue improved financing of external long term debt stock of SSA countries. It was therefore recommended that governments of SSA nations ought to be strategic in maintaining sustainable external long term debt stock portfolio as the present debt to tax revenue ratio of SSA countries is below the world benchmark which is unsustainable and adversely affects their economies.
Alignment: Using the Balanced Scorecard to Create Corporate Synergies

Most organizations consist of multiple business and support units, each populated by highly trained, experienced executives. But often the efforts of individual units are not coordinated, resulting in conflicts, lost opportunities, and diminished performance. Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton argue that the responsibility for this critical alignment lies with corporate headquarters. In this book, the authors apply their revolutionary Balanced Scorecard management system to corporate-level strategy, revealing how highly successful enterprises achieve powerful synergies by explicitly defining corporate headquarters' role in setting, coordinating, and overseeing organizational strategy. Based on extensive field research in organizations worldwide, Alignment shows how companies can build an enterprise-level Strategy Map and Balanced Scorecard that clearly articulate the "enterprise value proposition": how the enterprise creates value above that achieved by individual business units operating alone. The book provides case studies, actionable frameworks, and sample scorecards that show how to align business and support units, boards of directors, and external partners with the corporate strategy and create a governance process that will ensure that alignment is sustained. The next breakthrough in strategy execution from the field's premier thinkers, Alignment shows how today's companies can unlock unrealized value from enterprise synergies.
Sputum smear microscopy referral rates and turnaround time in the Tonga Islands.

SETTING The National Tuberculosis Programme and the National Reference Laboratory, located on the main island of Tonga, Tongatapu, and three district hospital laboratories located on the outer islands. OBJECTIVES To compare Tongatapu with Tonga's outer islands with respect to sputum referral rates, numbers of samples per patient, sample quality, test results and time from sending sample to obtaining results and from obtaining results to treatment initiation. DESIGN Retrospective study involving record review of laboratory and TB treatment registers in Tonga's four hospitals from 2003 to 2012. RESULTS Of 3078 sputum samples submitted, 71.7% were of good quality. Sputum referral rates on Tongatupu were nearly twice as high as those on the outer islands (353 vs. 180 per 100 000 population). The mean smear turnaround times on Tongatapu and the outer islands were respectively 4.02 and 4.11 days. Of 83 positive cases, 91.2% were treated within a day in Tongatapu compared with 80% in the outer islands. CONCLUSIONS Referral rates for sputum smear testing differed in the main and the outer islands in Tonga, but turnaround times did not. Records of sputum quality and dates had limitations, necessitating interventions with TB-specific laboratory guidelines and registers. Further research is required to understand the differences in referral rates.
Distribución geográfica de Aubeonymus mariaefranciscae Roud. (Coleóptera: Curculionidae) plaga de la remolacha

GIRALDO G. y M. ALVARADO, 1990: Distribucion geografica de Aubeonymus mariaefranciscae Roud. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) plaga de la remolacha. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 16 (1): 399-404. It have done a deep study about the actual distribution of the plague in Andalucia and it have estimated the area and growers afee ted.
Lifetime Reproductive Effort

In a 1966 American Naturalist article, G. C. Williams initiated the study of reproductive effort (RE) with the prediction that longer-lived organisms ought to expend less in reproduction per unit of time. We can multiply RE, often measured in fractions of adult body mass committed to reproduction per unit time, by the average adult life span to get lifetime reproductive effort (LRE). Williams’s hypothesis (across species, RE decreases as life span increases) can then be refined to read “LRE will be approximately constant for similar organisms. ” Here we show that LRE is a key component of fitness in nongrowing populations, and thus its value is central to understanding life-history evolution. We then develop metabolic life-history theory to predict that LRE ought to be approximately 1.4 across organisms despite extreme differences in production and growth rates. We estimate LRE for mammals and lizards that differ in growth and production by fiveto tenfold. The distributions are approximately normal with means of 1.43 and 1.41 for lizards and mammals, respectively (95% confidence intervals: 1.3– 1.5 and 1.2–1.6). Ultimately, therefore, a female can only produce a mass of offspring approximately equal to 1.4 times her own body mass during the course of her life.
EDUCATIONAL BRONCHOSCOPY VIDEOS

Objective: YouTube videos are used frequently in almost every field of medical education. This study aimed to examine the content, popularity, and quality of bronchoscopy videos published on YouTube. Methods: We searched YouTube videos by using ‘bronchoscopy’ and other keywords that can be used synonymously on 18.04. 2022. We sorted the videos according to view count, and the examined videos had more than 5000 views for each keyword. The view counts, like, and dislike numbers, duration of videos, source, and video content were recorded. We used the video popularity index to determine the popularity and DISCERN, and the global quality score for quality and reliability. Results: We reviewed the remaining 202 videos after excluding duplicate videos and those that met the exclusion criteria. The most common procedure type was fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) (69.8%) and the most common content was viewing airways (46.0%). Most videos (92.7%) were uploaded by health professionals. The median VPI was 0.08 (IQR: 0.03-0.21), and median DISCERN and GQS were 45.0 (IQR: 30.0-64.3) and 3.0 (IQR: 2.8-4.0), respectively. There was a strong correlation between the GQS and DISCERN (r=0.83, p<0.001). In terms of quality and reliability, videos uploaded by professional associations had a higher GQS (p=0.04) and DISCERN (p=0.03) than those by non-medical sources. Conclusion: This study showed that most bronchoscopy videos on YouTube were uploaded by healthcare professionals and targeted other healthcare professionals. The lack of a strong relationship between popularity, quality, and safety is not reassuring for the use of these videos in
Aerobic Exercise Facilitates the Nuclear Translocation of SREBP2 by Activating AKT/SEC24D to Contribute Cholesterol Homeostasis for Improving Cognition in APP/PS1 Mice

Impaired cholesterol synthesizing ability is considered a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as evidenced by reduced levels of key proteases in the brain that mediate cholesterol synthesis; however, cholesterol deposition has been found in neurons in tangles in the brains of AD patients. Although it has been shown that statins, which inhibit cholesterol synthesis, reduce the incidence of AD, this seems paradoxical for AD patients whose cholesterol synthesizing capacity is already impaired. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on cholesterol metabolism in the brains of APP/PS1 mice and to reveal the mechanisms by which aerobic exercise improves cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Our study demonstrates that the reduction of SEC24D protein, a component of coat protein complex II (COPII), is a key factor in the reduction of cholesterol synthesis in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. 12 weeks of aerobic exercise was able to promote the recovery of SEC24D protein levels in the brain through activation of protein kinase B (AKT), which in turn promoted the expression of mem-brane-bound sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) nuclear translocation and the expression of key proteases mediating cholesterol synthesis. Simultaneous aerobic exercise restored cholesterol transport capacity in the brain of APP/PS1 mice with the ability to efflux excess cholesterol from neurons and reduced neuronal lipid rafts, thereby reducing cleavage of the APP amyloid pathway. Our study emphasizes the potential of restoring intracerebral cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate cognitive impairment in AD patients.
Statistical Inference on Panel Data Models: A Kernel Ridge Regression Method

Abstract We propose statistical inferential procedures for nonparametric panel data models with interactive fixed effects in a kernel ridge regression framework. Compared with the traditional sieve methods, our method is automatic in the sense that it does not require the choice of basis functions and truncation parameters. The model complexity is controlled by a continuous regularization parameter which can be automatically selected by the generalized cross-validation. Based on the empirical process theory and functional analysis tools, we derive the joint asymptotic distributions for the estimators in the heterogeneous setting. These joint asymptotic results are then used to construct the confidence intervals for the regression means and the prediction intervals for future observations, both being the first provably valid intervals in literature. The marginal asymptotic normality of the functional estimators in a homogeneous setting is also obtained. Our estimators can also be readily modified and applied to other widely used semiparametric models, such as partially linear models. Simulation and real data analyses demonstrate the advantages of our method. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Production of Ice in Tropospheric Clouds: A Review.

Ice in the troposphere affects a variety of processes, including the formation of precipitation, and cloud lifetime, albedo, dynamics, and electrification. A lack of understanding of the ways in which ice is created and multiplied hampers progress in understanding all of these processes. We survey the state of knowledge, starting with homogeneous nucleation, where current formulations for freezing from both pure water and solutions have considerable predictive power. However, debate still exists on the underlying mechanisms of nucleation. Using the concepts and framework that homogeneous nucleation provides, heterogeneous nucleation, where neither a commonly agreed upon theory nor even standard measurement technique exists, is considered. Investigators have established the ice-nucleating characteristics of broad classes of substances, such as mineral dust and soot, which are important ice nuclei in t he atmosphere, but a coherent theory of why these substances act as they do has yet to emerge. All ice in .
Vinblastine: Influence on nerve conduction and synaptic transmission

Vinblastine injected into the eyes of pigeons had a detrimental effect on the amplitude of the postsynaptic evoked potential in the optic tectum; impulse conduction of the optic nerve was not influenced. The depression of the postsynaptic evoked potential was dependent on the dosage. Only 20 and 100 μg vinblastine had an influence; no influence was observed with 10 μg vinblastine. The reversible depression was seen from the third day after injection to between the 21st and the 28th day after injection, and in that period it remained constant. The latency of the response was not influenced by vinblastine.
Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis : the role of cannabinoids in treating spasticity

A large proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have spasticity, which has a marked impact on their quality of life. Anecdotal evidence suggests a beneficial effect of cannabis on spasticity as well as pain. Recently, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled studies have confirmed the clinical efficacy of cannabinoids for the treatment of spasticity in patients with MS. Based on these data, nabiximols (Sativex), a 1:1 mix of ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol extracted from cloned Cannabis sativa chemovars, received approval for treating MS-related spasticity in various countries around the globe. In this article we review the current understanding of cannabinoid biology and the value of cannabinoids as a symptomatic treatment option addressing spasticity in patients with MS.
Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins

It is widely recognized that long-period surface waves generated by conversion of body waves at the boundaries of deep sedimentary basins make an important contribution to strong ground motion. The factors controlling the amplitude of such motion, however, are not widely understood. A study of pseudovelocity response spectra of strong-motion records from the Los Angeles Basin shows that late-arriving surface waves with group velocities of about 1 km/sec dominate the ground motion for periods of 3 sec and longer. The rate of amplitude decay for these waves is less than for the body waves and depends significantly on period, with smaller decay for longer periods. The amplitude can be modeled by the equation \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\mathrm{log}{\ }y=f(\mathbf{M},R\_{\mathrm{E}})+c+bR\_{\mathrm{B}}\] \end{document} where y is the pseudovelocity response, f ( M , R E) is an attenuation relation based on a general strong-motion data set, M is moment magnitude, R E is the distance from the source to the edge of the basin, R B is the distance from the edge of the basin to the recording site, and b and c are parameters fit to the data. The equation gives values larger by as much as a factor of 3 than given by the attenuation relationships based on general strong-motion data sets for the same source-site distance. It is clear that surface waves need to be taken into account in the design of long-period structures in deep sedimentary basins. The ground-motion levels specified by the earthquake provisions of current building codes, in California at least, accommodate the long-period ground motions from basin-edge-generated surface waves for periods of 5 sec and less and earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 7.5 or less located more than 20 km outside the basin. There may be problems at longer periods and for earthquakes located closer to the basin edge. The results of this study suggest that anelastic attenuation may need to be included in attempts to model long-period motion in deep sedimentary basins. To obtain better data on surface waves in the future, operators of strong-motion networks should take special care for the faithful recording of the long-period components of ground motion. It will also be necessary to insure that at least some selected recorders, once triggered, continue to operate for a time sufficient for the surface waves to traverse the basin. With velocities of about 1 km/sec, that time will be as long as 100 sec for a basin the size of the Los Angeles Basin.
BRCA1 and NORE1A Form a Her2/Ras Regulated Tumor Suppressor Complex Modulating Senescence

Simple Summary The loss of function of the BRCA1 tumor suppressor is common in breast cancer, but experimentally, the BRCA1 inactivation promotes cell senescence. The overstimulation of RAS signaling via Her2 upregulation is also common in breast cancer, yet it can also lead to senescence. A significant percent of primary breast tumors exhibit both defects. So how do they overcome the senescence response to become successful tumors? Here we show that the RAS senescence effector NORE1A can complex with BRCA1 and that loss of NORE1A abrogates the senescence-inducing effects of Her2 and BRCA1 dysregulation. Database analysis shows that NORE1A loss of expression is common in primary breast tumors and correlates with BRCA1 loss in Her2+ but not Her2− cases. Abstract BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor with a complex mode of action. Hereditary mutations in BRCA1 predispose carriers to breast cancer, and spontaneous breast cancers often exhibit defects in BRCA1 expression. However, haploinsufficiency or suppression of BRCA1 expression leads to defects in DNA repair, which can induce DNA damage responses, leading to senescence. Activating mutation or overexpression of the Her2 oncoprotein are also frequent drivers of breast cancer. Yet, over-activation of Her2, working through the RAS oncoprotein, can also induce senescence. It is thought that additional defects in the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor machinery must occur in such tumors to allow an escape from senescence, thus permitting tumor development. Although BRCA1 mutant breast cancers are usually Her2 negative, a significant percentage of Her2 positive tumors also lose their expression of BRCA1. Such Her2+/BRCA1− tumors might be expected to have a particularly high senescence barrier to overcome. An important RAS senescence effector is the protein NORE1A, which can modulate both p53 and Rb. It is an essential senescence effector of the RAS oncoprotein, and it is often downregulated in breast tumors by promotor methylation. Here we show that NORE1A forms a Her2/RAS regulated, endogenous complex with BRCA1 at sites of replication fork arrest. Suppression of NORE1A blocks senescence induction caused by BRCA1 inactivation and Her2 activation. Thus, NORE1A forms a tumor suppressor complex with BRCA1. Its frequent epigenetic inactivation may facilitate the transformation of Her2+/BRCA1− mediated breast cancer by suppressing senescence.
Holocene seismic activity in south‐eastern Switzerland: Evidence from the sedimentary record of Lake Silvaplana

High‐Alpine regions are prone to a large variety of geohazards, among which earthquakes have the strongest impact on landscape and local population. Historic records indicate a moderate to high seismic activity in the northern, south‐western and central parts of Switzerland. In contrast, south‐eastern Switzerland has less historic earthquake chronicles due to the low population density, resulting in a poorly constrained seismic event catalogue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the palaeoseismic activity for south‐eastern Switzerland by using the sedimentary record of Lake Silvaplana in the Engadine Valley. A dense grid of high‐resolution two‐dimensional seismic profiles, high‐resolution bathymetry and a 10 m long sediment core from the deepest basin were used to investigate the stratigraphy of the lake sediments. The bathymetry reveals a flat basin, flanked by steep slopes to the north‐west and south‐east. The acoustic basement consists of four ridges, and gently‐dipping fans to the south‐west and north‐east. Expressions of slope failure can be identified in all domains of the lake floor and the subsurface data. Multiple coevally‐triggered chaotic mass‐flow deposits, overlain by megaturbidites with a coarse‐sand base, have been detected along ten horizons in the seismic data. The four most recent of these deposits are cored and radiocarbon dated to approximately 230, 310, 960 and 1330 cal yr bp, indicating four over‐regional seismic events that triggered large slope failures in Lake Silvaplana in the last 1400 years. Correlation with sediments of Lake Sils, Lake Como, Lake Iseo and Lake Ledro indicate within radiocarbon uncertainties a large earthquake around 1330 cal yr bp. Within their age ranges, the postulated earthquake at 310 cal yr bp (1640 ce) further correlates with a moment magnitude Mw ca 5.4 event in Ftan in 1622 ce, and the 960 cal yr bp (990 ce) earthquake correlates with a Mw ca 5.2 earthquake in Brescia in 1065 ce. Six mass‐movement deposits, also suggested to be caused by earthquakes, were not reached by the sediment core and have suggested ages between 7800 and 11 300 cal yr bp. Thus, Lake Silvaplana sediments provide the first reliable record of seismic activity for the mid and Late Holocene in this region, likely related to the neotectonic activity of the Engadine Line, a major fault zone running along the main valley.
Reconstruction of the Late Miocene to Pliocene continental succession of Samos Island: Palaeoenvironmental implications for the Eastern Aegean domain

On the Island of Samos (East Aegean region, Greece), two sedimentary basins are filled by thick continental series dated to the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. A multidisciplinary study has been performed including (1) the definition of 21 sedimentary facies, (2) a review of the biological components and (3) carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses. The succession is characterised by various depositional settings and hydrochemical compositions. Five main stages of basin evolution have been identified: (1) The Late Serravallian is marked by the development of alluvial fans and fan delta; (2) during the Lower Tortonian, isolated shallow lakes with variable salinity, from fresh to brackish, developed under warm and relatively humid conditions; (3) the Middle to Upper Tortonian is marked by the development of a large and deep lake with saline and alkaline waters, under colder and drier conditions; (4) the Latest Tortonian to Messinian period is represented by an ephemeral alluvial system, developed under a dry climate; (5) during the Zanclean, a palustrine and paludal wetland system, dominated by tufa carbonates, developed under moderately humid conditions. This succession is of particular interest for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the transition zone between the Mediterranean domain, and the Paratethys and circum‐Paratethys areas. The geochemical data and the presence of flora (diatoms) and fauna (gastropods) of marine affinity suggest transient ingressions of marine‐related water or groundwater inflows as early as the Lower Tortonian. The Samos succession records the complex interaction between the regional geodynamics and climate. The extensional regime of the Eastern Aegean zone generates subsidence, interrupted in the mid‐Tortonian (9 Ma) by a brief compressive event and a major exposure of the basins. Furthermore, the Late Miocene progressive aridification, followed by a change to a more humid climate (Pliocene) is also a major driver of the sedimentation.