Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
L1448 IRS2E: A CANDIDATE FIRST HYDROSTATIC CORE

Intermediate between the prestellar and Class 0 protostellar phases, the first core is a quasi-equilibrium hydrostatic object with a short lifetime and an extremely low luminosity. Recent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations suggest that the first core can even drive a molecular outflow before the formation of the second core (i.e., protostar). Using the Submillimeter Array and the Spitzer Space Telescope, we present high angular resolution observations toward the embedded dense core IRS2E in L1448. We find that source L1448 IRS2E is not visible in the sensitive Spitzer infrared images (at wavelengths from 3.6 to 70 μm) and has weak (sub-) millimeter dust continuum emission. Consequently, this source has an extremely low bolometric luminosity (<0.1 L☉). Infrared and (sub-) millimeter observations clearly show an outflow emanating from this source; L1448 IRS2E represents thus far the lowest luminosity source known to be driving a molecular outflow. Comparisons with prestellar cores and Class 0 protostars suggest that L1448 IRS2E is more evolved than prestellar cores but less evolved than Class 0 protostars, i.e., at a stage intermediate between prestellar cores and Class 0 protostars. All these results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the radiative/MHD simulations, making L1448 IRS2E the most promising candidate of the first hydrostatic core revealed so far.
Chemical , Nutritional and Microbiological Evaluation of Some Egyptian Soft Cheeses

Milk and dairy products is considered the most complete foodstuff that provide human either infants or adults with most of their vital needs. Milk and cheese have high nutritive value due to its high content of protein, fat, minerals especially calcium (Ca 2+ ) & phosphorous, and vitamins. Two hundred samples produced and sold in Egypt during 2001-2003 were collected from allover the country. The cheese samples were subjected to microbiological and chemical analysis. Samples were microbiologically tested for total aerobic bacterial count (TABC), Colifrm, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus, mould and yeast, salmonella and shigella, and listeria species. Protein, fat, carbohydrates, moisture, ash, lactose, Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and Ca/P were evaluated. The analysis showed that total aerobic bacterial count did not exceed 1.4X10 5 ±1.7X10 5 cells/gm, which is close to what allowed by the Standard Egyptian Guidelines (2001) and 47.5 % of the tested cheese are free from coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. Ninety-eight and half percent, 97 %, 97 % and 91.5 % of the tested cheese (kareish, feta, thalaga, double cream respectively), either made in plant or home or farmers’ cheese sample have zero Staphylococcus aureus count or mould and yeast; or salmonella and shigella, or listeria species respectively, i. e. free from them. Double cream cheese has the lowest protein content (7.79±0.78 gm%) while kareish cheese has the highest protein content (19.99±1.32 gm%), but for fat content the opposite is true, double cream cheese have the highest fat content (24.56±1.78 gm%) while kareish cheese have the lowest fat content (3.87±0.97 gm %). Feta cheese has high ash content while kareish cheese has the highest moisture content with the lowest ash content (68.97±1.86 & 1.81±0.47 gm% respectively). Lactose content varies widely from 1.50±0.26 (double cream cheese) to 3.25±0.50 (feta cheese). Kareish cheese has higher content of calcium and phosphorous (641.1±49.21 mg%, 431.18±37.21 mg% respectively) than the remaining types of cheese. Calcium & phosphorous content of kareish cheese is almost the double content of the double cream cheese. Feta cheese has higher Ca/P (1.65±0.19) while thalaga and double cream has lower Ca/P (1.34±0.13 & 1.37±0.20). Each 100 gm of soft cheese can provide children (1-8 y) & adult (9-≥50 y) from 39.78% & 24.48 % to128.22 % & 64.11% of their Ca Dietary Reference Intake and this from double cream cheese and kareish cheese respectively.
EXTENDED NARROW-LINE EMISSION IN THE BRIGHT SEYFERT 1.5 GALAXY HE 2211-3903

Extended narrow-line regions (ENLRs) and extended emission-line regions have been the focus of integral field spectroscopy aiming at the inner kiloparsecs of nearby Seyfert galaxies as well as the larger environment of high-redshift QSOs. Based on observations with the Wide Field Spectrograph at the 2.3 m telescope of the Australian National University, we present spatially resolved emission-line diagnostics of the bright Seyfert 1.5 galaxy HE 2211-3903 which is drawn from a sample of the brightest Seyfert galaxies at z < 0.06 with luminosities around the classical Seyfert/QSO demarcation. In addition to the previously known spiral arms of HE 2211-3903, the emission-line maps reveal a large-scale ring with a radius of about 6 kpc which is connected to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) through a bar-like structure. The overall gas kinematics indicates a disk rotation pattern. The emission-line ratios show Seyfert-type, H ii region-type, and composite classifications, while there is no strong evidence of LINER-type ratios. Shock ionization is likely to be negligible throughout the galaxy. The composite line ratios are explained via a mixing line between AGN and H ii region photoionization. Composite line ratios are predominantly found in between the H ii regions in the circum-nuclear region, the bar-like structure to the east of the nucleus, and the eastern half of the ring, suggesting AGN photoionization of the low-density interstellar medium in an ENLR on galaxy scales. The line ratios in the nucleus indicate N enrichment, which is discussed in terms of chemical enrichment by Wolf-Rayet and asymptotic giant branch stars during past and ongoing nuclear starburst activity.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN SECURITIES ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY GROWTH

This study examined the empirical impact of investment in securities on the Nigerian economy by applying a disaggregated approach. This approach effectively demonstrated the separate effects of money market securities and capital market securities on the economic performance. It is a known fact that investment in financial assets such as stock, treasury bills, bonds etc increases the productive capacity of an economy by allocating funds mobilized through deposits in security investment process to critical areas where funds are needed. Using data covering the period 2015 to 2021, a dynamic framework was devised for the study in order to identify both the short term and long term effects of securities investment on economic performance. Moreover, the empirical strategy in the study employed the Granger Causality test to indicate the direction of causality between investment in securities and economic growth in Nigeria. The empirical results obtained show that it is economic growth that Granger causes the deepening of securities investment in Nigeria and not the other way round. Money market securities investment was shown to have strongest positive effect on the level of economic activities given the R2 value of 0.62 in the short run and 0.91 in the long run. Capital market securities investment only delivers long run economic effects in Nigeria given that the R2 value for the short run model was 0.32 while that of the long run was 0.76. Thus, this study concludes that securities have positive-mixed effects on economic growth within a dynamic framework.
FRÉCHET MEANS IN WASSERSTEIN SPACE : GRADIENT DESCENT AND PROCRUSTES ANALYSIS

Given a collection of absolutely continuous measures on R, we consider the complementary problems of: determining their Fréchet mean with respect to the L-Wasserstein metric; and of constructing their optimal multi-coupling in the mean square sense. While both problems are of intrinsic probabilistic interest, they are also at the core of several statistical challenges in image analysis, multivariate dependence, nonparametric registration, and spatial statistics, to name but a few. And, although they admit simple and explicit solutions when d = 1, they have been elusive when d ≥ 2. To tackle them, we exploit the relationship between the tangent bundle geometry of Wasserstein space and the class of optimal transport maps. This allows us to derive the gradient of the Fréchet functional, and to characterise Karcher means and their relation to Fréchet means. These results are then used to construct the empirical mean via gradient descent. We determine the optimal descent step size, and show that this renders descent equivalent to a classical Procrustes algorithm. The key advantage of this algorithm is that it only requires successive solutions to pairwise optimal transportation problems. We prove that the algorithm converges to a Karcher mean in Wasserstein distance, regardless of the starting point; and that the corresponding Procrustes registration maps converge uniformly. Motivated by the problem of registering warped multidimensional point processes, we also consider the case of discrete observation, where one only observes a finite sample or a point process from each measure. We construct regularised estimators that are consistent for the Fréchet mean, and uniformly consistent for the Procrustes registration maps.
THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY AND JOB STRESS TOWARD JOB BURNOUT AT A PACKAGING COMPANY IN SURABAYA

Background: Job burnout is a phenomenon that often occurs in the workplace because of experiencing prolonged job stress. The higher the level of workers’ self-efficacy, the lower the probability of job stress and the potential of job burnout experienced by workers. Purpose: To identify the influence of self-efficacy and job stress toward job burnout at a packaging company in Surabaya. Method: It was an analytical observational research with a cross-sectional approach. The respondents of this research were 99 workers in the production site of the packaging company in Surabaya. Questionnaire was used to collect individual data including age, gender, work period, education, and marital status which were related to the respondents’ characteristics, while self-efficacy questionnaire was used to gather data about the workers’ self-efficacy, HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool for job stress questionnaire, and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) for job burnout questionnaire. Further, simple random sampling was used to draw the sample. The data were descriptively analyzed using related linear regression test. Result: Self-efficacy was proved to significantly influence job burnout in the aspects of reduced personal accomplishment (p-value=0.000), but self-efficacy did not influence job burnout in the aspects of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Whereas job stress was proved to significantly influence job burnout in the aspect of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or reduced personal accomplishment (p-value=0.000).
The Formation of Rapidly Rotating Black Holes in High-mass X-Ray Binaries

High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXRBs), such as Cygnus X-1, host some of the most rapidly spinning black holes (BHs) known to date, reaching spin parameters . However, there are several effects that can severely limit the maximum BH spin parameter that could be obtained from direct collapse, such as tidal synchronization, magnetic core-envelope coupling, and mass loss. Here, we propose an alternative scenario where the BH is produced by a failed supernova (SN) explosion that is unable to unbind the stellar progenitor. A large amount of fallback material ensues, whose interaction with the secondary naturally increases its overall angular momentum content, and therefore the spin of the BH when accreted. Through SPH hydrodynamic simulations, we studied the unsuccessful explosion of an pre-SN star in a close binary with a companion with an orbital period of ≈1.2 days, finding that it is possible to obtain a BH with a high spin parameter even when the expected spin parameter from direct collapse is . This scenario also naturally explains the atmospheric metal pollution observed in HMXRB stellar companions.
The DAG KNIGHT Protocol: A Parameterless Generalization of Nakamoto Consensus

In 2008 Satoshi wrote the first permissionless consensus protocol, known as Nakamoto Consensus (NC), and implemented in Bitcoin. A large body of research was dedicated since to modify and extend NC, in various aspects: speed, throughput, energy consumption, computation model, and more [4]. One line of work focused on alleviating the security-speed tradeoff which NC suffers from by generalizing Satoshi’s blockchain into a directed acyclic graph of blocks, a block DAG. Indeed, the block creation rate in Bitcoin must be suppressed in order to ensure that the block interval is much smaller than the worst case latency in the network. In contrast, the block DAG paradigm allows for arbitrarily high block creation rate and block sizes, as long as the capacity of nodes and of the network backbone are not exceeded. Still, these protocols, as well as other permissionless protocols, assume an a priori bound on the worst case latency, and hardcode a corresponding parameter in the protocol. Confirmation times then depend on this worst case bound, even when the network is healthy and messages propagate very fast. In this work we set out to alleviate this constraint, and create the first permissionless protocol which contains no a priori in-protocol bound over latency. KNIGHT is thus responsive to network conditions, while tolerating a corruption of up to 50% of the computational power (hashrate) in the network. To circumvent an impossibility result by Pass and Shi [15], we require that the client specifies locally an upper bound over the maximum adversarial recent latency in the network. KNIGHT is an evolution of the PHANTOM paradigm [19], which is a parameterized generalization of NC.
Star formation and chemical evolution of Lyman-break galaxies

The number density and clustering properties of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) observed at redshift z similar to 3 are best explained by assuming that they are associated with the most massive haloes at z similar to 3 predicted in hierarchical models of structure formation. In this paper we study, under the same assumption, how star formation and chemical enrichment may have proceeded in the LBG population. A consistent model is suggested, in which the amount of cold gas available for star formation must be regulated. It is found that gas cooling in dark haloes provides a natural regulation process. In this model, the star formation rate in an LBG host halo is roughly constant over about 1 Gyr The predicted star formation rates and effective radii are consistent with observations. The metallicity of the gas associated with an LBG is roughly equal to the chemical yield, or of the order of 1Z(circle dot) for a Salpeter IMF The contribution to the total metals of LBGs is roughly consistent with that obtained from the observed cosmic star formation history. The model predicts a marked radial metallicity gradient in a galaxy, with the gas in the outer region having much lower metallicity. As a result, the metallicities for the damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems expected from the LBG population are low. Since LBG haloes are filled with hot gas in this model, their contributions to the soft X-ray background and to the UV ionization background are calculated and discussed.
Spherical collapse model and cluster formation beyond the Λ cosmology: Indications for a clustered dark energy?

We generalize the small scale dynamics of the Universe by taking into account models with an equation of state which evolves with time, and provide a complete formulation of the cluster virialization attempting to address the nonlinear regime of structure formation. In the context of the current dark energy models, we find that galaxy clusters appear to form at $z\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{-}2$, in agreement with previous studies. Also, we investigate thoroughly the evolution of spherical matter perturbations, as the latter decouple from the background expansion and start to ``turn around'' and finally collapse. Within this framework, we find that the concentration parameter depends on the choice of the considered dark energy (homogeneous or clustered). In particular, if the distribution of the dark energy is clustered then we produce more concentrated structures with respect to the homogeneous dark energy. Finally, comparing the predicted concentration parameter with the observed concentration parameter, measured for four massive galaxy clusters, we find that the scenario which contains a pure homogeneous dark energy is unable to reproduce the data. The situation becomes somewhat better in the case of an inhomogeneous (clustered) dark energy.
The Unprecedented Third Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a Supernova

Some reports of supernova (SN) discoveries turn out not to be true core-collapse explosions. One such case was SN 2009ip, which was recognized to be a luminous blue variable (LBV) eruption. This source had a massive (50-80 Msun) hot progenitor star identified in pre-explosion data, it had documented evidence of pre-outburst variability, and it was subsequently discovered to have a 2nd outburst in 2010. This same source rebrightened again in 2012, and early spectra showed the same narrow-line profiles as before, suggesting another LBV-like eruption. We present new photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2009ip, indicating that its 3rd observed outburst in under 4 years appears to have transitioned into a genuine SN. The most striking discovery in these data is that unlike previous reports, the spectrum exhibited Balmer lines with very broad P-Cygni profiles characteristic of normal Type II supernovae (SNe II), in addition to narrow emission lines seen in SNe IIn and LBVs. Emission components have FWHM~8000 km/s, while the P-Cygni absorption component has blue wings extending to about -13,000 km/s. These features are typical of Type II SNe, but have never been seen in a nonterminal LBV-like eruption. Initially, the peak absolute magnitude of M_V~ -14.5 seemed fainter than that of normal SNe and faded much more rapidly. However, the source quickly brightened again to M_R=-17.6 mag, indicating that it is indeed a true SN. In this bright phase, the broad lines mostly disappeared, and the spectrum became dominated by broad-winged Lorentzian profiles of H-alpha and HeI that are characteristic of the early optically thick phases of luminous SNe IIn. We conclude that the most recent 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip is most likely a true core-collapse SN IIn that was initially faint, but then rapidly achieved high luminosities, as a result of interaction with circumstellar material (abridged).
HIDES spectroscopy of bright detached eclipsing binaries from the $Kepler$ field - II. Double- and triple-lined objects

We present the results of our spectroscopic observations of eight detached eclipsing binaries (DEBs), selected from the $Kepler$ Eclipsing Binary Catalog. Radial velocities (RVs) were calculated from high resolution spectra obtained with the HIDES pectrograph, attached to the 1.88-m telescope of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, and were used to characterize the targets in combination with the $Kepler$ light curves. For each binary we obtained a full set of orbital and physical parameters, reaching precision below 3% in masses and radii for 5 pairs. By comparing our results with theoretical models, we assess the distance, age and evolutionary status of the researched objects. We also study eclipse timing variations of selected objects, and identify a new system with a $\gamma$Dor pulsator. Two systems are triples, and show lines coming from three components. In one case the motion of the outer star and the perturbation in the RVs of the inner binary are clearly visible and periodical, which allows us to directly calculate the mass of the third star, and inclination of the outer orbit. In the second case we only see a clear motion of the tertiary, and investigate two scenarios: that it is a linear trend coming from the orbital motion around the inner binary, and that it is caused by a planetary mass companion. When possible, we also compare our results with the literature, and conclude that only by combining photometry with RVs it is possible to obtain correct physical parameters of both components of a DEB.
Passion and Exploitation Among Young Adults with Different Labor Market Status in Europe

The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the relationship between attitudes to work, wellbeing, and labor market status among young adults in Europe and to discuss the extent to which the relationship can be understood in terms of passion or exploitation. This aim is made concrete in the following research questions: To what extent do young adults in Europe have a passionate attitude to work? Are there differences between groups with various labor market status and nationalities? Are there differences in levels of well-being between the groups of young adults with different labor market status, and differences between the countries? The results are based on an individual survey conducted with three categories of young people (18–34 years old): long-term unemployed, those in precarious employments, and those regularly employed. The study had a cross-national comparative design and the countries included were France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland.
The First Brown Dwarf Discovered by the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a powerful tool for finding nearby brown dwarfs and searching for new planets in the outer solar system, especially with the incorporation of NEOWISE and NEOWISE-Reactivation data. However, so far, searches for brown dwarfs in WISE data have yet to take advantage of the full depth of the WISE images. To efficiently search this unexplored space via visual inspection, we have launched a new citizen science project, called “Backyard Worlds: Planet 9,” which asks volunteers to examine short animations composed of difference images constructed from time-resolved WISE coadds. We report the first new substellar object discovered by this project, WISEA J110125.95+540052.8, a T5.5 brown dwarf located approximately 34 pc from the Sun with a total proper motion of ∼0. ″7 . WISEA J110125.95+540052.8 has a WISE W2 magnitude of our sensitivity to this source demonstrates the ability of citizen scientists to identify moving objects via visual inspection that are 0.9 mag fainter than the W2 single-exposure sensitivity, a threshold that has limited prior motion-based brown dwarf searches with WISE.
Spectral Evolution in High Redshift Quasars from the Final BOSS Sample

We report on the diversity in quasar spectra from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. After filtering the spectra to mitigate selection effects and Malmquist bias associated with a nearly flux-limited sample, we create high signal-to-noise ratio composite spectra from 58,656 quasars (2.1 \le z \le 3.5), binned by luminosity, spectral index, and redshift. With these composite spectra, we confirm the traditional Baldwin effect (BE, i.e., the anticorrelation of C IV equivalent width (EW) and luminosity) that follows the relation W_\lambda \propto L^{\beta_w} with slope \beta_w = -0.35 \pm 0.004, -0.35 \pm 0.005, and -0.41 \pm 0.005 for z = 2.25, 2.46, and 2.84, respectively. In addition to the redshift evolution in the slope of the BE, we find redshift evolution in average quasar spectral features at fixed luminosity. The spectroscopic signature of the redshift evolution is correlated at 98% with the signature of varying luminosity, indicating that they arise from the same physical mechanism. At a fixed luminosity, the average C IV FWHM decreases with increasing redshift and is anti-correlated with C IV EW. The spectroscopic signature associated with C IV FWHM suggests that the trends in luminosity and redshift are likely caused by a superposition of effects that are related to black hole mass and Eddington ratio. The redshift evolution is the consequence of a changing balance between these two quantities as quasars evolve toward a population with lower typical accretion rates at a given black hole mass.