Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Autumnal migration patterns of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): interannual variability in timing and sex ratio

Background The migration of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) is a well-known phenomenon, with growing interest due to the ecosystem services provided by migrants. However, we still lack fundamental data on species composition, timing of migration, or sex ratio of migrants. To address this gap, we focused on the southward autumnal migration of hoverflies through central Europe. Methods To recognize migrating individuals from resident ones, we used a pair of one-side-blocked Malaise traps, exposed in a mountain pass in the Jeseníky mountains, Czech Republic, where a mass migration of hoverflies takes place annually. Traps were set for 4 years, from August to October. Results In total, we recorded 31 species of migrating hoverflies. The timing of migration differed between the years, taking place from the beginning of September to the end of October. Differences in phenology were observed in the four most common migrant species, where larger species seemed to migrate earlier or at the same time compared to the smaller ones. The sex ratio was strongly asymmetrical in most common species Episyrphus balteatus, Eupeodes corollae, and Sphaerophoria scripta, and varied between years for each species. Weather conditions strongly influenced the migration intensity at ground-level: hoverflies migrate mainly during days with south wind, high temperature, high atmospheric pressure, and low precipitation.
Signatures of the Giant Planets Imprinted on the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Dust Disk

One method to detect extrasolar planetary systems is to deduce the perturbations of planets on the observed circumstellar dust disks. Our solar system, with its known configuration of planets, provides an excellent example to study how the distribution of dust in the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt (EKB) dust disk is affected by the existence of multiple and different planets. Numerical simulations of the orbital evolution of dust particles from EKB objects show that Neptune, by trapping dust particles in mean motion resonances, creates a ringlike structure along its orbit. Jupiter and Saturn, by ejecting dust particles from the solar system, create a radial brightness profile inside 10 AU that is quite different from that of a dust disk without their perturbations. On the other hand, Uranus and the terrestrial planets do not produce significant signatures on the EKB dust disk. Our solar system would be recognized as a system with at least two planets if observed from afar.
Comparing artificial‐intelligence techniques with state‐of‐the‐art parametric prediction models for predicting soybean traits

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] is a significant source of protein and oil and is also widely used as animal feed. Thus, developing lines that are superior in terms of yield, protein, and oil content is important to feed the ever‐growing population. As opposed to high‐cost phenotyping, genotyping is both cost and time efficient for breeders because evaluating new lines in different environments (location–year combinations) can be costly. Several genomic prediction (GP) methods have been developed to use the marker and environment data effectively to predict the yield or other relevant phenotypic traits of crops. Our study compares a conventional GP method (genomic best linear unbiased predictor [GBLUP]), a kernel method (Gaussian kernel [GK]), an artificial‐intelligence (AI) method (deep learning [DL]), and a hybrid method that corresponds to the emulation of a DL model using a kernel method (an arc‐cosine kernel [AK]) in terms of their prediction accuracies for predicting grain yield, oil, and protein using data from the soybean nested association mapping experiment (1,379 genotypes tested in six environments, all genotypes in all environments). The relative performance of the four methods varied with the response variable and whether the model includes the genotype × environmental interaction (G×E) effects or not. The GBLUP consistently showed better performances, whereas GK and AK followed a similar pattern to GBLUP and DL performed slightly worse than the other three methods in most of the cases; however, this may also be attributed to suboptimal hyperparameters. The DL method performed particularly worse than the other three methods in presence of the G×E effects.
Reconstructing the Temporal Origin and the Transmission Dynamics of the HIV Subtype B Epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia is among the fastest growing in the world. HIV epidemic burden is non-uniform in different Russian regions and diverse key populations. An explosive epidemic has been documented among people who inject drugs (PWID) starting from the mid-1990s, whereas presently, the majority of new infections are linked to sexual transmission. Nationwide, HIV sub-subtype A6 (previously called AFSU) predominates, with the increasing presence of other subtypes, namely subtype B and CRF063_02A. This study explores HIV subtype B sequences from St. Petersburg, collected from 2006 to 2020, in order to phylogenetically investigate and characterize transmission clusters, focusing on their evolutionary dynamics and potential for further growth, along with a socio-demographic analysis of the available metadata. In total, 54% (107/198) of analyzed subtype B sequences were found grouped in 17 clusters, with four transmission clusters with the number of sequences above 10. Using Bayesian MCMC inference, tMRCA of HIV-1 subtype B was estimated to be around 1986 (95% HPD 1984–1991), whereas the estimated temporal origin for the four large clusters was found to be more recent, between 2001 and 2005. The results of our study imply a complex pattern of the epidemic spread of HIV subtype B in St. Petersburg, Russia, still in the exponential growth phase, and in connection to the men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission, providing a useful insight needed for the design of public health priorities and interventions.
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Activation, p53, and Autophagy Inhibition Characterize the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein Induced Neurotoxicity

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and prions use common pathogenic pathways to induce toxicity in neurons. Infectious prions rapidly activate the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins rapidly activate both the p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways through toll-like receptor signaling, indicating the potential for similar neurotoxicity, causing prion and prion-like disease. In this review, we analyze the roles of autophagy inhibition, molecular mimicry, elevated intracellular p53 levels and reduced Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) and dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) expression in neurons in the disease process. The pathways induced by the spike protein via toll-like receptor activation induce both the upregulation of PrPC (the normal isoform of the prion protein, PrP) and the expression of β amyloid. Through the spike-protein-dependent elevation of p53 levels via β amyloid metabolism, increased PrPC expression can lead to PrP misfolding and impaired autophagy, generating prion disease. We conclude that, according to the age of the spike protein-exposed patient and the state of their cellular autophagy activity, excess sustained activity of p53 in neurons may be a catalytic factor in neurodegeneration. An autoimmune reaction via molecular mimicry likely also contributes to neurological symptoms. Overall results suggest that neurodegeneration is in part due to the intensity and duration of spike protein exposure, patient advanced age, cellular autophagy activity, and activation, function and regulation of p53. Finally, the neurologically damaging effects can be cumulatively spike-protein dependent, whether exposure is by natural infection or, more substantially, by repeated mRNA vaccination.
An Updated Review of the Genus Humulus: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds for Health and Disease Prevention

The medicinal potential of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is widely cited in ancient literature and is also allowed in several official pharmacopoeias for the treatment of a variety of ailments, mainly related to anxiety states. This is due to the plethora of phytoconstituents (e.g., bitter acids, polyphenols, prenyl flavonoids) present in the female inflorescences, commonly known as cones or strobili, endowed with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytoestrogen activities. Hop has recently attracted the interest of the scientific community due to the presence of xanthohumol, whose strong anti-cancer activity against various types of cancer cells has been well documented, and for the presence of 8-prenyl naringenin, the most potent known phytoestrogen. Studies in the literature have also shown that hop compounds can hinder numerous signalling pathways, including ERK1/2 phosphorylation, regulation of AP-1 activity, PI3K-Akt, and nuclear factor NF-κB, which are the main targets of the antiproliferative action of bitter acids and prenylflavonoids. In light of these considerations, the aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date overview of the main biologically active compounds found in hops, as well as their in vitro and in vivo applications for human health and disease prevention. To this end, a quantitative literature analysis approach was used, using VOSviewer software to extract and process Scopus bibliometric data. In addition, data on the pharmacokinetics of bioactive hop compounds and clinical studies in the literature were analysed. To make the information more complete, studies on the beneficial properties of the other two species belonging to the genus Humulus, H. japonicus and H. yunnanensis, were also reviewed for the first time.
Morphometry and Morphology of the Articular Surfaces of the Medial Region of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Felis Catus (Domestic cat) - A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular head of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anatomic conformation of the TMJ articular surfaces can vary; however, this has not been studied in the cat. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the conformation of the medial region of the TMJ in mesocephalic adult cats as well as to determine the articular relationship by measurement of the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. This was accomplished by assessing 60 TMJs from 30 mesocephalic adult cats by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The width and depth of the mandibular fossa, and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa were evaluated using parasagittal reconstructions of the medial aspect of the TMJ by two observers. No statistically significant difference was observed during the intra and interobserver evaluation of the mandibular fossa width and depth and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. P-values for the studied variables were greater than 0.05. The resulting measurements demonstrated a concave mandibular fossa with a prominent retroarticular process and a poorly developed articular eminence; a well-defined rounded articular surface, and a high degree of coverage (171°) of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. In conclusion, the articular surfaces at the medial aspect of the TMJ displayed elevated geometric similarity, with an articular head of the condylar process deeply seated in the mandibular fossa.
Oscillator strengths for Zr I and Zr II and a new determination of the solar abundance of zirconium.

A new determination of the solar abundance of zirconium has been made using equivalent-width data measured on the Jungfraujoch solar atlas together with new oscillator strengths derived from measurements of atomic lifetimes and branching ratios for 34 lines of Zr I and 24 lines of Zr II. Excellent agreement is found between the results derived from Zr I and Zr II lines and also with recent meteoritic results. The mean abundance of zirconium in the Sun is found to be A/sub Zr/ = 2.56 +- 0.05.
Dural splitting has similar therapeutic efficacy with less complications, shorter operative and hospitalization times when compared to duraplasty in chiari type-I malformation

Background: A standard surgical technique has not been developed for Chiari Type-1 malformation. Recently, dural-splitting has also been introduced in addition to duraplasty. We aimed to determine both surgical techniques’ advantages/disadvantages clinically and radiologically. Material and Method: We retrospectively evaluated 28 patients’ data with Chiari Type-I malformation and operated at the Neurosurgery Department of Bülent Ecevit University between January 2014 and April 2018. We retrieved demographic characteristics, symptoms, physical/neurological findings, preoperative/postoperative imaging data/measurements, VAS, Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale, Neck Disability Index, Neurological Scoring System, and modified-JOA scores, operation and hospitalization times, and complications from the automation system. Results: Patients’ mean age was 38.5±13.0 years, and female/male ratio was 2.1/1. Syringomyelia was present in half of all cases. Mean tonsil herniation length was 11.64±4 mm, and mean tonsillo-dural distance was 4.18±1.7 mm. There were no significant relationships between tonsil herniation length and syringomyelia, and between tonsillo-dural distance and clinical improvement. Posterior fossa decompression was initially performed in all patients. Then, in 17 patients, duraplasty was performed. In 11 patients, dural-splitting was used. No significant differences were determined between duraplasty and dural-splitting regarding VAS, Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale, Neck Disability Index, Neurological Scoring System, and modified-JOA scores. Significant differences were present, favoring dural-splitting regarding operation time, hospital stay, and complication rates. Conclusion: Posterior fossa decompression/duraplasty is an effective surgical technique to treat Chiari Type-I malformation. Posterior fossa decompression/dural-splitting is an optimal surgical alternative with a lower complication rate, shorter operation time, and hospitalization period.
Contextual influences on the professional development experiences of lecturers in English as a foreign language at a Vietnamese university

ABSTRACT Research on professional development (PD) in higher education settings is still scarce and little is known about how contextual factors influence PD of English as a foreign language (EFL) lecturers. Employing a transcendental phenomenological approach, this study seeks to extend research on this topic in order to understand how PD currently functions and could potentially function within the tertiary education reforms system in Vietnam. Drawing on ecological systems theory, this study demonstrates that the global, national, institutional and individual contexts had both negative and positive impacts on the EFL lecturers’ PD experiences. The findings from this study highlight that PD of Vietnamese tertiary EFL lecturers is driven by imposed policies in response to the national education reforms and mainly top-down, but the actual engagement is grounded in lecturers’ individual motivation and responsibility. This study has enabled a fuller explanation of Vietnamese tertiary EFL lecturers’ lived experiences of PD from a new, more systemic, perspective. This study has addressed a gap in this area in the field of ELT in Vietnam and may be applied to other international contexts.
Output Delegation, Collusion Sustainability, and Mergers with Quantity-Setting Firms

Abstract We develop a quantity competition model where a subset of firms belongs to a holding firm that can delegate or centralize the output decisions while the other (decentralized) firms make decisions independently. We show that output centralization may have a procompetitive effect because it reduces firms’ incentives to collude among those firms whose decision is made independently. Furthermore, we find that the merger of decentralized firms may also reduce the incentives to collude. Therefore, in our setup, one can interpret that the antitrust authorities should be wary regarding the restrictions imposed on merging firms concerning the decision-making structure because, under some circumstances, centralization might prevent the market as a whole to collude.
Analysis of mutational history of multidrug‐resistant genotypes with a mutagenetic tree model

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can develop resistance to all antiretroviral drugs. Multidrug resistance, however, is a rare event in modern HIV treatment, but can be life‐threatening, particular in patients with very long therapy histories and in areas with limited access to novel drugs. To understand the evolution of multidrug resistance, we analyzed the EuResist database to uncover the accumulation of mutations over time. We hypothesize that the accumulation of resistance mutations is not acquired simultaneously and randomly across viral genotypes but rather tends to follow a predetermined order. The knowledge of this order might help to elucidate potential mechanisms of multidrug resistance. Our evolutionary model shows an almost monotonic increase of resistance with each acquired mutation, including less well‐known nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor‐related mutations like K223Q, L228H, and Q242H. Mutations within the integrase (IN) (T97A, E138A/K G140S, Q148H, N155H) indicate high probability of multidrug resistance. Hence, these IN mutations also tend to be observed together with mutations in the protease (PR) and RT. We followed up with an analysis of the mutation‐specific error rates of our model given the data. We identified several mutations with unusual rates (PR: M41L, L33F, IN: G140S). This could imply the existence of previously unknown virus variants in the viral quasispecies. In conclusion, our bioinformatics model supports the analysis and understanding of multidrug resistance.
Aberrant Static and Dynamic Functional Brain Network in Depression Based on EEG Source Localization

Objective. Depression is accompanied by abnormalities in large-scale functional brain networks. This paper combined static and dynamic methods to analyze the abnormal topology and changes of functional connectivity network (FCN) of depression. Methods. We collected resting-state EEG recordings from 27 depressed subjects and 28 normal subjects, then obtained 68 regions of interests (ROIs) by source localization. We took ROIs as the nodes and correlations as the edges to build FCNs and analyzed static network based on graph theory. We used a sliding window method followed by k-means clustering, states analyses and trend analysis of network metrics over time to study dynamic connectivity. Results. The clustering coefficient (CC) and local efficiency in depression were increased, the characteristic path length and global efficiency were decreased, and local metrics had different manifestations in different resting state networks (RSNs); Depression had reduced connectivity in most RSNs, but increased connectivity in the default mode network, and there was a decoupling phenomenon between different RSNs; Depressed patients spent more time in sparsely connected states, their FCN's flexibility was less than normal subjects; The trend of CC over time was opposite between two groups. Most metrics in normal showed a relatively stronger correlation with time. Significance. Our research may provide a deeper understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms of depression and new biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of depression.
First-principles investigation of the damping of fast magnetization precession in ferromagnetic 3d metals

Understanding of the damping of fast magnetization precession in ferromagnetic materials is important for technological applications, in particular for the development of fast magnetic memories. We use first-principles electronic structures together with the model of ``breathing Fermi surface'' to calculate the magnetic damping rates for ferromagnetic Fe, Co, and Ni. The numerical results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data at low temperatures; in particular, we find an order of magnitude difference between Fe and the other two studied materials.
Scalar mixing in a forced non-reactive plane shear layer using a thermal analogue to species concentration

Scalar composition and mixing rates within a non-reactive plane shear layer between two uniform water streams were manipulated by surface actuators on the high-speed side of the flow partition. The scalar concentrations were assessed using a thermal analogue by maintaining a time-invariant temperature difference between the uniform streams upstream of the flow partition. The ratio of the smallest velocity and temperature scales was governed by the Prandtl number. Because in water $\hbox{\it Pr}\,{ \approx}\,7$ while the Schmidt number $\hbox{\it Sc}$ for dyes and reactants is O(1000), temperature concentrations in water are a better representation of scalar mixing in air in which $\hbox{\it Sc}\,{=}\,O(1)$. The effects of spanwise-uniform and -non-uniform actuation programs were investigated using arrays of discrete, individually controlled thin-film resistive heating elements that were surface-mounted on the flow partition. Spatial and temporal temperature distributions were measured phase-locked to the actuation waveform using a cross-stream array of closely spaced cold-wire sensors. These data were used to infer both the mixedness and the composition through the onset of mixing transition and quantify local and integral cross-stream mixing performance measures. Actuation programs that hastened mixing and significantly altered the composition of mixed fluid were identified.
Dance to Prosper: Benefits of Chinese Square Dance in QOL and the Moderating Roles of Aging Stereotypes

Background: By examining the effect of Chinese square dance duration through a positive activity model and discussing the impact of aging stereotype internalization, this study examined the relationships between dance duration, attitudes toward own aging (ATOA), aging stereotypes, and quality of life. Methods: 403 Chinese square dance participants were recruited to complete a 7-day diary survey in a cross-sectional design. Participants reported on their ATOA, aging stereotypes, perceived quality of life, and everyday dance participation during the week. Data were analyzed using latent variable structural equation modeling. Results: Increased dance participation improved quality of life, and the mediation by ATOA was determined. Positive and negative aging stereotypes separately moderated the mediating process. In general, people who had relatively stronger negative stereotypes benefited more from dancing duration, while people with stronger positive stereotypes felt no such dose effect. Conclusions: The results suggest that an attitudinal pathway explains the positive activity dose effect, and people with more negative aging stereotypes are encouraged to practice Chinese square dance to benefit from certain effects.