Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Addressing student models of energy loss in quantum tunnelling

We report on a multi-year, multi-institution study to investigate students' reasoning about energy in the context of quantum tunnelling. We use ungraded surveys, graded examination questions, individual clinical interviews and multiple-choice exams to build a picture of the types of responses that students typically give. We find that two descriptions of tunnelling through a square barrier are particularly common. Students often state that tunnelling particles lose energy while tunnelling. When sketching wavefunctions, students also show a shift in the axis of oscillation, as if the height of the axis of oscillation indicated the energy of the particle. We find inconsistencies between students' conceptual, mathematical and graphical models of quantum tunnelling. As part of a curriculum in quantum physics, we have developed instructional materials designed to help students develop a more robust and less inconsistent picture of tunnelling, and present data suggesting that we have succeeded in doing so.
Refining manual annotation effort of acoustic data to estimate bird species richness and composition: The role of duration, intensity, and time

Abstract Manually annotating audio files for bird species richness estimation or machine learning validation is a time‐intensive task. A premium is placed on the subselection of files that will maximize the efficiency of unique additional species identified, to be used for future analyses. Using acoustic data collected in 17 plots, we created 60 subsetting scenarios across three gradients: intensity (minutes in an hour), day phase (dawn, morning, or both), and duration (number of days) for manual annotation. We analyzed the effect of these variables on observed bird species richness and assemblage composition at both the local and entire study area scale. For reference, results were also compared to richness and composition estimated by the traditional point count method. Intensity, day phase, and duration all affected observed richness in decreasing respective order. These variables also significantly affected observed assemblage composition (in the same order of effect size), but only the day phase produced compositional dissimilarity that was due to phenological traits of individual bird species, rather than differences in species richness. All annotation scenarios requiring equal sampling effort to point counts yielded higher species richness than the point count method. Our results show that a great majority of species can be obtained by annotating files at high sampling intensities (every 3 or 6 min) in the morning period (post‐dawn) over a duration of two days. Depending on a study's aim, different subsetting parameters will produce different assemblage compositions, potentially omitting rare or crepuscular species, species representing additional functional groups and natural history guilds, or species of higher conservation concern. We do not recommend one particular subsetting regime for all research objectives, but rather present multiple scenarios for researchers to understand how intensity, day phase, and duration interact to identify the best subsetting regime for one's particular research interests.
Magnetic monopoles in gauge field theories

An account is given of the new insight into the theory of magnetic monopoles originating from the work of 't Hooft (1976) and Polyakov (1974). Their magnetic monopole, associated with the conventional electromagnetic gauge group U(1), occurs as a finite-energy smooth soliton solution to an SU(2) gauge theory. A precise picture of its internal structure, the values of its magnetic charge and its mass are obtained. These new developments bring together previously unrelated fields of study, namely the Dirac monopole (with point structure) and the Sine-Gordon soliton in two-dimensional space-time. Properties of more general monopoles, associated with large gauge groups now thought to be relevant in physics, are discussed. Based on this new viewpoint, conjectures can be made about a future quantum theory of monopoles.
Covariant quantization of N=1/2 SYM theories and supergauge invariance

So far, quantum properties of N = 1 / 2 nonanticommutative (NAC) super Yang– Mills theories have been investigated in the WZ gauge. The gauge independence of the results requires assuming that at the quantum level supergauge invariance is not broken by nonanticommutative geometry. In this paper we use an alternative approach which allows studying these theories in a manifestly gauge independent superspace setup. This is accomplished by generalizing the background ﬁeld method to the NAC case, by moving to a momentum superspace where star products are treated as exponential factors and by developing momentum supergraph techniques. We compute the one–loop gauge eﬀective action for NAC U ( N ) gauge theories with matter in the adjoint representation. Despite the appearance of divergent contributions which break (super)gauge invariance, we prove that the eﬀective action at this order is indeed invariant.
Musculoskeletal Pain and Teleworking in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic at Mulawarman University

The use of computers in the last two decades has increased rapidly, and escalated as a result of the increasing virtual activities during the Covid-19 pandemic where learning and working are carried out from home. This study used the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) in the evaluation of musculoskeletal discomfort. The collected data was processed using statistical software and assessed using univariate analysis to obtain descriptive information and descriptions of musculoskeletal discomfort. Using the Mann Whitney test for bivariate analysis to see the effect of gender and working hours for a week on the CMDQ Score. Kruskal Wallis test was used to analyse the relationship of Age and BMI with the CMDQ Scores; and the Spearman Rank test to see the relationship between work stress and BMI with the CMDQ scores. Computer users, either daily or weekly, were more associated with hand and arm MSDS complaints compared to neck and shoulder MSDS. Work stress can increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal complaints.
Quasars Probing Quasars. IX. The Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Medium Surrounding z ∼ 2 Quasars

We examine the kinematics of the gas in the environments of galaxies hosting quasars at z ∼ 2. We employ 148 projected quasar pairs to study the circumgalactic gas of the foreground quasars in absorption. The sample selects foreground quasars with precise redshift measurements, using emission lines with precision ≲300 km s−1 and average offsets from the systemic redshift ≲ ∣ 100 km s − 1 ∣ . We stack the background quasar spectra at the foreground quasar’s systemic redshift to study the mean absorption in C ii, C iv, and Mg ii. We find that the mean absorptions exhibit large velocity widths σv ≈ 300 km s−1. Further, the mean absorptions appear to be asymmetric about the systemic redshifts. The mean absorption centroids exhibit small redshift relative to the systemic δv ≈ +200 km s−1, with large intrinsic scatter in the centroid velocities of the individual absorption systems. We find the observed widths are consistent with gas in gravitational motion and Hubble flow. However, while the observation of large widths alone does not require galactic-scale outflows, the observed offsets suggest that the gas is on average outflowing from the galaxy. The observed offsets also suggest that the ionizing radiation from the foreground quasars is anisotropic and/or intermittent.
Counterterm charges generate bulk symmetries

We further explore the counterterm subtraction definition of charges (e.g., energy) for classical gravitating theories in spacetimes of relevance to gauge/gravity dualities; i.e., in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spaces and their kin. In particular, we show in general that charges defined via the counterterm subtraction method generate the desired asymptotic symmetries. As a result, they can differ from any other such charges, such as those defined by bulk spacetime-covariant techniques, only by a function of auxiliary nondynamical structures such as a choice of conformal frame at infinity (i.e., a function of the boundary fields alone). Our argument is based on the Peierls bracket, and in the AdS context allows us to demonstrate the above result even for asymptotic symmetries which generate only conformal symmetries of the boundary (in the chosen conformal frame). We also generalize the counterterm subtraction construction of charges to the case in which additional nonvanishing boundary fields are present.
Integration versus segregation: Newspaper diversity and museum formation in US local communities 1872–1976

Motivated by general theoretical ideas about the societal consequences of diversity among organizations, I examine how the diversity of organizational forms in a local community shapes the formation of its museums. I argue that the diversity of organizations that cut cross major community segregation lines helps to integrate a community and consequently enhances its ability to act collectively, in this instance to create a museum to serve the community. In contrast, the diversity of organizations that are confined to the major segregation lines widens community cleavage and decreases the community’s ability to establish a museum collectively. Empirically, I investigate how diversity in the local press affected the formation of museums in American counties from 1872 to 1976. The findings provide empirical support for my theory. I find that the diversity of general appeal newspapers has a positive relationship with the formation of museums, implying the integrating effects of general appeal newspapers that cut across boundaries of race and ethnicity, the dominant segregation lines in US communities. In contrast, there is a negative relationship between ethnic newspaper diversity and museum formation, showing the segregating effects of ethnic newspapers by race and ethnicity. I conclude the study with a discussion of its implications for a general research program on how organizational diversity shapes social interaction patterns in a community, and consequently influences the community’s civic engagement for public good.
Gravity and decoherence: the double slit experiment revisited

The double slit experiment is iconic and widely used in classrooms to demonstrate the fundamental mystery of quantum physics. The puzzling feature is that the probability of an electron arriving at the detector when both slits are open is not the sum of the probabilities when the slits are open separately. The superposition principle of quantum mechanics tells us to add amplitudes rather than probabilities and this results in interference. This experiment defies our classical intuition that the probabilities of exclusive events add. In understanding the emergence of the classical world from the quantum one, there have been suggestions by Feynman, Diosi and Penrose that gravity is responsible for suppressing interference. This idea has been pursued in many different forms ever since, predominantly within Newtonian approaches to gravity. In this paper, we propose and theoretically analyse two ‘gedanken’ or thought experiments which lend strong support to the idea that gravity is responsible for decoherence. The first makes the point that thermal radiation can suppress interference. The second shows that in an accelerating frame, Unruh radiation does the same. Invoking the Einstein equivalence principle to relate acceleration to gravity, we support the view that gravity is responsible for decoherence.
Comparison Clinical Effects of Hypertonic Dextrose and Steroid Injections on Chronic Subacromial Bursitis

Abstract Objective The aim of the study is to determine and compare the treatment efficacy of subacromial steroid injections and dextrose prolotherapy for chronic subacromial bursitis patients. Design Fifty-four patients with chronic subacromial bursitis were enrolled in this double-blind randomized controlled trial. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and visual analog scale were the primary outcomes. Results The steroid group (n = 26) exhibited significant visual analog scale score improvements comparing with baseline at weeks 2, 6, and 12; the dextrose prolotherapy group (n = 28) exhibited visual analog scale score improvements at weeks 6 and 12. The steroid group displayed significant Shoulder Pain and Disability Index score improvements compared with baseline at weeks 2, 6, and 12; the dextrose prolotherapy group exhibited significant score decreases at weeks 2 and 6. Compared with the dextrose prolotherapy group, the steroid group demonstrated significantly greater decreases in visual analog scale scores at weeks 2 and 6; the steroid group showed significantly greater decreases in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores at weeks 2, 6, and 12. Conclusions Both hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy and steroid injections can provide short-term improvements of pain and disability among chronic subacromial bursitis patients. Moreover, steroid injections showed better effectiveness than hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy in ameliorating pain and improving function.
Gallic Acid–Triethylene Glycol Aptadendrimers Synthesis, Biophysical Characterization and Cellular Evaluation

Herein, we describe the synthesis of an aptadendrimer by covalent bioconjugation of a gallic acid–triethylene glycol (GATG) dendrimer with the G-quadruplex (G4) AT11 aptamer (a modified version of AS1411) at the surface. We evaluated the loading and interaction of an acridine orange ligand, termed C8, that acts as an anticancer drug and binder/stabilizer of the G4 structure of AT11. Dynamic light scattering experiments demonstrated that the aptadendrimer was approximately 3.1 nm in diameter. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy evidenced the interaction between the aptadendrimer and C8. Additionally, we demonstrated that the iodine atom of the C8 ligand acts as an effective intramolecular quencher in solution, while upon complexation with the aptadendrimer, it adopts a more extended conformation. Docking studies support this conclusion. Release experiments show a delivery of C8 after 4 h. The aptadendrimers tend to localize in the cytoplasm of various cell lines studied as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. The internalization of the aptadendrimers is not nucleolin-mediated or by passive diffusion, but via endocytosis. MTT studies with prostate cancer cells and non-malignant cells evidenced high cytotoxicity mainly due to the C8 ligand. The rapid internalization of the aptadendrimers and the fluorescence properties make them attractive for the development of potential nanocarriers.
Streamwise and Vertical Dispersal of Tracer Stones in an Equilibrium Bed

Modeling transport, erosion, and deposition of nonuniform sediment over temporal intervals that are short compared to those characterizing channel bed aggradation and degradation remains an open problem due to the complex quantification of the sediment fluxes between the bed material load and the alluvial deposit. Parker, Paola, and Leclair in 2000 proposed a morphodynamic (PPL) framework to overcome this problem. This framework is used here to model the dispersal of a patch of gravel tracers in three different settings, a laboratory flume, a mountain creek, and a braided river. To simplify the problem, (a) the bed slope, bedload transport rate, and bed configuration are assumed to be constant in space and time (equilibrium), (b) sediment entrainment and deposition are modeled with a constant step length formulation, and (c) the PPL framework is implemented in a one‐dimensional (laterally averaged) model. Model validation against laboratory experiments suggests that, as the transport capacity of the flow increases, the maximum elevation‐specific density of sediment entrainment may migrate downward in the deposit. The comparison between model results and field data shows that the equilibrium solution can reasonably capture tracer dispersal. The equilibrium model can also reproduce subdiffusion and superdiffusion of a patch of tracers in the streamwise direction, depending on the magnitude of the short‐term bed level changes. Finally, the average tracer elevation in a cross‐section decreases in time because particles that are buried deep in the deposit are only rarely reentrained into bedload transport.
Possible Counterrotation between the Disk and Protostellar Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04169+2702

We present results from our Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations and data analyses of the SMA archival data of the Class I protostar IRAS 04169+2702. The high-resolution (∼0.″5) 13CO (3–2) image cube shows a compact (r ≲ 100 au) structure with a northwest (blue) to southeast (red) velocity gradient, centered on the 0.9 mm dust continuum emission. The direction of the velocity gradient is orthogonal to the axis of the molecular outflow as seen in the SMA 12CO (2–1) data. A similar gas component is seen in the SO (65–54) line. On the other hand, the C18O (2–1) emission traces a more extended (r ∼ 400 au) component with the opposite, northwest (red) to southeast (blue) velocity gradient. Such opposite velocity gradients in the different molecular lines are also confirmed from direct fitting to the visibility data. We have constructed models of a forward-rotating and counterrotating Keplerian disk and a protostellar envelope, including the SMA imaging simulations. The counterrotating model could better reproduce the observed velocity channel maps, although we could not obtain statistically significant fitting results. The derived model parameters are as follows: Keplerian radius of 200 au, central stellar mass of 0.1 M⊙, and envelope rotational and infalling velocities of 0.20 and 0.16 km s−1, respectively. One possible interpretation for these results is the effect of the magnetic field in the process of disk formation around protostars, i.e., the Hall effect.
Simulating the interaction of jets with the intracluster medium

Jets from supermassive black holes in the centres of galaxy clusters are a potential candidate for moderating gas cooling and subsequent star formation through depositing energy in the intra-cluster gas. In this work, we simulate the jet-intra-cluster medium interaction using the moving-mesh magnetohydrodynamics code Arepo. Our model injects supersonic, low density, collimated and magnetised outflows in cluster centres, which are then stopped by the surrounding gas, thermalise and inflate low-density cavities filled with cosmic-rays. We perform high-resolution, non-radiative simulations of the lobe creation, expansion and disruption, and find that its dynamical evolution is in qualitative agreement with simulations of idealised low-density cavities that are dominated by a large-scale Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The buoyant rising of the lobe does not create energetically significant small-scale chaotic motion in a volume-filling fashion, but rather a systematic upward motion in the wake of the lobe and a corresponding back-flow perpendicular to it. We find that, overall, 50 per cent of the injected energy ends up in material which is not part of the lobe, and about 25 per cent remains in the inner 100 kpc. We conclude that jet-inflated, buoyantly rising cavities drive systematic gas motions which play an important role in heating the central regions, while mixing of lobe material is sub-dominant. Encouragingly, the main mechanisms responsible for this energy deposition can be modelled already at resolutions within reach in future, high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters.
Curriculum Innovations: High-Fidelity Simulation of Acute Neurology Enhances Rising Resident Confidence

The matriculation from internal medicine to neurology residency can be challenging. The most cogent approach to address this transition has yet to be identified. Studies show that simulation is highly effective at reinforcing knowledge and skills while improving learner confidence. We present the design and outcomes of an annual acute neurology simulation program.We hypothesized that incoming neurology residents would (1) report improved confidence with managing acute neurologic emergencies, (2) cite a high degree of educational value with the program, and (3) demonstrate improvement in their technical knowledge.Our military, level 1 trauma institution's simulation laboratory and staff were used to develop and execute simulations for rising neurology residents based on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education neurology milestones. Three simulations were designed including a case of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), status epilepticus (SE) in an austere environment, and brain death evaluation with family counseling. Residents completed matched pre‐ and post assessments to gauge confidence, technical knowledge, and perceived educational value.Over 3 years, 15 rising neurology residents from 2 training programs completed 3 high-fidelity acute neurology cases. Self-reported confidence with acute neurology skills improved after each simulation. Confidence ratings included assessing for and identifying contraindications to tissue plasminogen activator, identifying AIS, identifying clot retrieval candidates, identifying clinical and electrographic SE, diagnosing and treating SE, identifying contraindications to and confounders of brain death diagnosis, performing the examination, and delivering bad news to families (allp< 0.05). Technical knowledge also statistically improved in the stroke (p= 0.046) and brain death simulation (p= 0.039), but not the SE simulation (p= 0.296). Participants reported an average perceived personal value of 4.8, 4.3, and 4.7 (out of a maximum of 5) for AIS, SE, and brain death simulations, respectively.High-fidelity simulation of neurologic emergencies enhances confidence and knowledge of rising neurology residents. Satisfaction with the simulation cases was high. Academic hospitals can consider incorporating acute neurology simulations into their residency training.
Star Formation Activity of Barred Spiral Galaxies

We study the star formation activity of nearby galaxies with bars using a sample of late-type galaxies at and from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We compare the physical properties of strongly and weakly barred galaxies with those of non-barred galaxies that have stellar mass and redshift distributions similar to barred galaxies. We find that the star formation activity of strongly barred galaxies probed by starburstiness, , , and mid-infrared [3.4]–[12] colors is, on average, lower than that of non-barred galaxies. However, weakly barred galaxies do not show such a difference between barred and non-barred galaxies. The amounts of atomic and molecular gas in strongly barred galaxies are smaller than those in non-barred galaxies, and the gas metallicity is higher in strongly barred galaxies than in non-barred galaxies. The gas properties of weakly barred galaxies again show no difference from those of non-barred galaxies. We stack the optical spectra of barred and non-barred galaxies in several mass bins and fit to the stacked spectra with a spectral fitting code, STARLIGHT. We find no significant difference in stellar populations between barred and non-barred galaxies for both strongly and weakly barred galaxies. Our results are consistent with the idea that the star formation activity of barred galaxies was enhanced in the past along with significant gas consumption, and is currently lower than or similar to that of non-barred galaxies. The past star formation enhancement depends on the strength of bars.