Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crustal faults exposed in the Pito Deep Rift: Conduits for hydrothermal fluids on the southeast Pacific Rise

The escarpments that bound the Pito Deep Rift (northeastern Easter microplate) expose in situ upper oceanic crust that was accreted ∼3 Ma ago at the superfast spreading (∼142 mm/a, full rate) southeast Pacific Rise (SEPR). Samples and images of these escarpments were taken during transects utilizing the human‐occupied vehicle Alvin and remotely operated vehicle Jason II. The dive areas were mapped with a “deformation intensity scale” revealing that the sheeted dike complex and the base of the lavas contain approximately meter‐wide fault zones surrounded by fractured “damage zones. ” Fault zones are spaced several hundred meters apart, in places offset the base of the lavas, separate areas with differently oriented dikes, and are locally crosscut by (younger) dikes. Fault rocks are rich in interstitial amphibole, matrix and vein chlorite, prominent veins of quartz, and accessory grains of sulfides, oxides, and sphene. These phases form the fine‐grained matrix materials for cataclasites and cements for breccias where they completely surround angular to subangular clasts of variably altered and deformed basalt. Bulk rock geochemical compositions of the fault rocks are largely governed by the abundance of quartz veins. When compositions are normalized to compensate for the excess silica, the fault rocks exhibit evidence for additional geochemical changes via hydrothermal alteration, including the loss of mobile elements and gain of some trace metals and magnesium. Microstructures and compositions suggest that the fault rocks developed over multiple increments of deformation and hydrothermal fluid flow in the subaxial environment of the SEPR; faults related to the opening of the Pito Deep Rift can be distinguished by their orientation and fault rock microstructure. Some subaxial deformation increments were likely linked with violent discharge events associated with fluid pressure fluctuations and mineral sealing within the fault zones. Other increments were linked with the influx of relatively fresh seawater. The spacing of the faults is consistent with fault localization occurring every 7000 to 14,000 years, with long‐term slip rates of <3 mm/a. Once spread from the ridge axis, the faults were probably not active, and damage zones likely played a more significant role in axial flank and off‐axis crustal permeability.
Outcomes of the Remplissage Procedure and Its Effects on Return to Sports

Background: Short-term outcomes for patients with large, engaging Hill-Sachs lesions who underwent remplissage have demonstrated good results. However, limited data are available for longer term outcomes. Purpose: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of remplissage and determine the long-term rate of return to specific sports postoperatively. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients treated with the remplissage procedure from 2007 to 2013. All underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating large Hill-Sachs lesions by the Rowe criteria and glenoid bone loss <20%. All Hill-Sachs lesions were “off track” by an arthroscopic examination and preoperative imaging. At final follow-up, patients underwent a range of motion evaluation and were administered a detailed outcome survey, which included Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores as well as questions regarding sports, employment, physical activities, and dislocation events. Results: A total of 50 patients (51 shoulders) were included in the study. The average patient age at surgery was 29.8 years (range, 15.0-72.4 years), and the average follow-up time was 60.7 months (range, 25.5-97.6 months); 20.0% of patients underwent previous surgery on their shoulder. The average postoperative WOSI score was 79.5%, and the average ASES score was 89.3. Six shoulders had dislocation events (11.8%) postoperatively: 3 were traumatic, and 3 were atraumatic. Increased preoperative dislocations led to a greater risk of a postoperative dislocation (P < .001). There was also a trend toward higher postoperative dislocation rates in patients who underwent revision (P = .062). The average loss of external rotation was 5.26° (P = .13). The rate of return to ≥1 sports was 95.5% of patients at an average of 7.0 months postoperatively; 81.0% returned to their previous intensity and level of sport. Of patients who played a throwing sport, 65.5% (n = 19) stated that they had problems throwing, and 58.6% (n = 17) felt that they could not normally wind up throwing a ball. Direct rates of return to overhead sports were volleyball, 100%; basketball, 69%; baseball, 50%; and football, 50%. Conclusion: The redislocation rate after remplissage was 11.8% at an average of 5 years, with 95.5% of patients returning to full sports at an average of 7 months. For throwing sports, 65.5% of patients complained of decreased range of motion during throwing. The results should be considered preoperatively in candidates for remplissage who are engaged in throwing sports.
On approximation of orientation distributions by means of spherical ridgelets

Visualization and analysis of the micro-architecture of brain parenchyma by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered to be one of the most powerful methods for interrogating cerebral tissue. Unfortunately, the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which is standardly used for estimating the local orientations of brain fibers, is prone to substantial estimation errors whenever a voxel of interest contains more than one fiber. In such a case, a much more accurate analysis is possible using the high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) that represents local diffusion by its apparent coefficients measured as a function of orientations. In this note, a novel approach to enhancing and modeling the HARDI signals using multiresolution bases of spherical ridgelets is presented. In addition to its desirable properties of being adaptive, sparsifying, and efficiently computable, the proposed modeling leads to analytical computation of the orientation distribution functions associated with the measured diffusion, thereby providing a fast and robust analytical solution for q-ball imaging.
Flux of debris transported by ice at three Alaskan tidewater glaciers

Abstract The stability of a tidewater terminus is controlled by glacial dynamics, calving processes and sedimentary processes at the grounding line. An investigation of grounding-line sediment dynamics and morainal-bank sediment budgets in Glacier Bay, Alaska, U.S.A. , has yielded data that enable us to determine the debris fluxes of Grand pacific, Margerie and Muir Glaciers. Debris flux ranges from 105 to 106 m3 a−1, one to two orders of magnitude lower than the glacifluvial sediment fluxes (106−107 m3 a−1). Combined, these fluxes represent the highest yields known for glacierized basins. Large debris fluxes reflect the combined effects of rapid glacier flow, driven by the maritime climate of southeast Alaska, and highly erodible bedrock. Englacial-debris distribution is affected by valley width and relief, both of which control the availability of sediment. The number of tributaries controls the distribution and volume of debris in englacial and supraglacial moraines. At the terminus, iceberg-rafting removes up to two orders of magnitude more sediment from the ice-proximal environment than is deposited by melt-out or is dumped during calving events. Rough estimates of the sediment flux by deforming beds suggests that soft-bed deformation may deliver up to an order of magnitude more sediment to the terminus than is released from within the glacier ice.
HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY MEASURE AND NETWORK DESIGN1

: This paper presents a simple methodology, using the entropy concept, to estimate regional hydro logic uncertainty and information at both gaged and ungaged grids in a basin. The methodology described in this paper is applicable for (a) the selection of the optimum station from a dense network, using maximization of information transmission criteria, and (b) expansion of a network using data from an existing sparse network by means of the information interpolation concept and identification of the zones from minimum hydrologic information. The computation of single and joint entropy terms used in the above two cases depends upon single and multivariable probability density functions. In this paper, these terms are derived for the gamma distribution. The derived formulation for optimum hydrologic network design was tested using the data from a network of 29 rain gages on Sleeper River Experimental Watershed. For the purpose of network reduction, the watershed was divided into three subregions, and the optimum stations and their locations in each subregion were identified. To apply the network expansion methodology, only the network consisting of 13 stations was used, and feasible triangular elements were formed by joining the stations. Hydrologic information was calculated at various points on the line segments, and critical information zones were identified by plotting information contours. The entropy concept used in this paper, although derived for single and bivaviate gamma distribution, is general in type and can easily be modified for other distributions by a simple variable transformation criterion.
Niocalite-cuspidine solid solution and manganoan monticellite from natrocarbonatite, Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania

Abstract Lapilli and spatter of natrocarbonatite extruded from the T56B cone of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) in August 2003 are unusuallyrich in apatite, silicate, oxide and sulphide minerals. These minerals occur primarily within inclusions of quenched natrocarbonatite in gregoryite and fractures in nyerereitegregoryite intergrowths. Silicates include members of the sodian cuspidine-niobian cuspidine-niocalite solid-solution series and manganoan monticellite. Oxides are represented bymembers of the magnesioferrite-jacobsite-magnetite solid-solution series. Sulphides occurring in decreasing order of abundance include: ferroan alabandite, manganoan ferroan sphalerite, galena and pyrrhotite. Petrographic and compositional data for these minerals are interpreted to indicate that all are hightemperature (<900-650ºC), early-crystallizing phases from relatively-unevolved natrocarbonatite magma, with the sulphides forming prior to the silicates, and the latter before gregoryite. Sulphur fugacityand oxygen fugacityof natrocarbonatite magma are considered to decrease and increase, respectively, during the formation of the sulphide-oxide assemblage. Crystallization of cuspidineniocalite, monticellite and Si-bearing apatite rapidlydepletes natrocarbonatite magma of its initial low silica content, preventing crystallization of late-stage groundmass silicates.
Measurements of stratospheric CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and N2O

Stratospheric air samples have been obtained at 17.7, 22.3, and 26.2 km using balloon borne sampling spheres launched from Laramie, Wyo. These samples have been analyzed for CFCl3, CF2Cl2 and N2O, using electron capture detector gas chromatography. The concentrations of all three constituents are compared with theoretical models and found to be in excellent agreement. The dissociation products of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2 (NO and chlorine atoms) catalytically destroy ozone in the stratosphere. A knowledge of the concentrations of these species in the stratosphere is therefore essential to an understanding of the ozone balance.
Dynamic Interaction of Amphiphysin with N-WASP Regulates Actin Assembly*

Amphiphysin 1, an endocytic adaptor concentrated at synapses that couples clathrin-mediated endocytosis to dynamin-dependent fission, was also shown to have a regulatory role in actin dynamics. Here, we report that amphiphysin 1 interacts with N-WASP and stimulates N-WASP- and Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization. Both the Src homology 3 and the N-BAR domains are required for this stimulation. Acidic liposome-triggered, N-WASP-dependent actin polymerization is strongly impaired in brain cytosol of amphiphysin 1 knock-out mice. FRET-FLIM analysis of Sertoli cells, where endogenously expressed amphiphysin 1 co-localizes with N-WASP in peripheral ruffles, confirmed the association between the two proteins in vivo. This association undergoes regulation and is enhanced by stimulating phosphatidylserine receptors on the cell surface with phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes that trigger ruffle formation. These results indicate that actin regulation is a key function of amphiphysin 1 and that such function cooperates with the endocytic adaptor role and membrane shaping/curvature sensing properties of the protein during the endocytic reaction.
Impacts of sources and aging on submicrometer aerosol properties in the marine boundary layer across the Gulf of Maine

[1] Measurements were made on board the NOAA RV Ronald H. Brown during the second New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS 2004) to determine the source of the aerosol in the region and how sources and aging processes affect submicrometer aerosol chemical composition and optical properties. Using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART in combination with gas phase tracer compounds, local (urban), regional (NE U.S. urban corridor of Washington, D.C.; New York; and Boston), and distant (midwest industries and North American forest fires) sources were identified. Submicrometer aerosol measured near the source region (Boston Harbor) had a molar equivalence ratio near one with respect to NH4+, NO3−, and SO4=, had a large mass fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) relative to SO4=, and had relatively unoxidized POM. As distance from the source region increased, the submicrometer aerosol measured in the marine boundary layer became more acidic and had a lower POM mass fraction, and the POM became more oxidized. The relative humidity dependence of light extinction reflected the change in aerosol composition being lower for the near-source aerosol and higher for the more processed aerosol. A factor analysis performed on a combined data set of aerosol and gas phase parameters showed that the POM measured during the experiment was predominantly of secondary anthropogenic origin.
SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL FROM PAVEMENT USING STORED EARTH ENERGY

This report documents the design, construction and three year evaluation of an experimental project in which heat pipes were utilized to transfer the natural stored energy of the earth to the pavement to control snow and ice accumulations. Also included is a discussion on the economic feasibility of utilizing such systems as well as graphical representations of temperature profiles derived from thermocouple data collected at the project site. (FHWA)
Radiocarbon-dating of transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments and their relation to the development of lakes

In three different areas in western Norway, large errors are obtained in the radiocarbon dates from lacustrine sediments close to marine/lacustrine sediment boundaries. Differences occur between radiocar-bon and pollenanalytic dates and between dates at isolation/ingression contacts for lakes of the same altitude above the present sea level. Younger radiocarbon dates are also obtained below older ones in undisturbed sediments. When divergent dates occur, the radiocarbon dates always seem to be the youngest. Large differences are also found between NaOH soluble and insoluble fractions of the same sediment samples. Insoluble fractions generally yield younger dates than the soluble. Differences are not found, however, for dates younger than about 8,000 B.P. The dating errors are connected to periods with more oligotrophic conditions with isoetides. Their roots penetrate older sediments. Due to contamination of the organic part of the sediment from partly decomposed roots, some radiocarbon dates will be too young. The isoetide vegetation and the dating errors disappear when the lakes become dystrophic.
Modeling and detecting interactions between earth tides and earthquakes with application to an aftershock sequence in the Pyrenees

abstract Assuming that earthquakes are governed by solid friction and that the fault plane solutions are known, a simplified model of correlation between the seismicity and a specified component of the tidal stress is proposed. In the case of an earthquake sequence with a uniform time distribution and with a prevailing focal mechanism, a test of statistical significance is derived from a binomial probability distribution. This interaction model is checked over the aftershock sequence of a magnitude 5 earthquake which occurred within a seismic array in the Pyrenees on 29 February 1980. The tidal stress field, including the ocean tide effect, is computed for this area. The global time decrease of the seismicity is taken into account by a time transformation. In order to deal with the time and space complexity of the stress field, a moving window analysis is used. It is shown that during one 7-day period out of a total of 30 days, a positive correlation appears between earth tides and seismicity, in agreement with the proposed model.
Diffusive fractionation of 3H and 3He in groundwater and its impact on groundwater age estimates

The use of 3H and 3He to estimate the apparent age of groundwater presumes that differences in their transport behavior have little effect on 3H‐3H ages. Here we show that 3H and 3He are highly susceptible to diffusive fractionation, which can result in substantial errors in 3H‐3He apparent ages of post‐1950, prebomb peak groundwater. Previous analyses in homogeneous and weakly heterogeneous systems suggested that significant diffusive fractionation effects on 3H‐3He ages only manifest at low velocities. We show that the potential for diffusive fractionation depends strongly on the subsurface heterogeneity, flow field, and 3H source. Results indicate that within aquitards dominated by diffusive mass transfer, diffusive fractionation can lead to artificially old apparent age dates. Along preferential flow paths, diffusive fractionation can lead to artificially young apparent age dates. Along preferential flow paths strongly affected by diffusive mass transfer, this phenomenon can result in the same 3H‐3He apparent age for postbomb peak and older post‐1950, prebomb peak groundwater. Therefore, where nonunique age dates are plausible, it may be difficult to distinguish postbomb peak groundwater from post‐1950, prebomb peak groundwater affected by diffusive fractionation in the absence of additional hydrogeologic information sufficient to delineate the effects of diffusive fractionation.
Heat Storage and Transport Processes in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean

HEAT STORAGE AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN Andras Kapolnai Old Dominion University, 1993 Director: Prof. Gabriel T. Csanady Heat storage and transport processes of the tropical Atlantic play an impor­ tant role in the climate of three continents. The exploration of how the warm water mass maintenance in the equatorial basin depends on various external factors is therefore an important task. This study examines the annual cycle of the warm water mass formation and its transport in the equatorial Atlantic through the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. Key features of the model are the sea level wind field, equatorial upwelling rate and escape transport of the formed warm water out of the equatorial basin. The model wind field is driven by a distribution of vertical velocities at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. The wind fields is modeled in January and July with prescribed heat source locations. The model wind fields are tuned to give the most realistic winds at the equator. The equatorial upwelling rate is calculated from a finite amplitude thermocline displacement model which is driven by the model wind field distribution at the equator. W ind field distributions at the equator are also calculated with northward Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. and southward shifted (from climatological July locations) ITCZ and continental heat source locations, the resultant upwelling rates are compared. The annual cycle of the northward heat transport from the equatorial basin is calculated from the divergence of lateral heat transport (obtained from obser­ vations). The annual cycle of wind stress curl is then related to the annual heat transport cycle. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Depths and temperatures of mid-ocean-ridge magma chambers and the composition of their source magmas

Summary Electron-microprobe analyses of submarine basalt glass and coexisting olivine from the Galapagos Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (60–63°N) reveal that olivine phenocrysts are virtually unzoned and olivine compositions are identical to those predicted by assuming that the olivine crystallized at the liquidus temperature of the host glass. The absence of chemical zoning of olivine indicates that their host magmas must have cooled by less than 15°C and the MgO/FeO of the magma must have been nearly constant (less than 3 wt% olivine removed) during the time that olivine phenocrysts existed in the magma. Olivine phenocrysts re-equilibrate with their host magma relatively quickly and any changes in temperature or composition that occurred in the 24 h previous to eruption would be recorded in the olivine composition. The settling rates of 1-mm olivine phenocrysts are too slow compared to magma ascent rates to allow early-formed olivine to settle out. There, many magmas that erupt at mid-ocean-ridge crests must ascend from their final reservoir nearly isothermally and isochemically, or alternatively they ascend at superliquidus temperatures and cool below the liquidus just prior to eruption. In either case the magmas identify the temperature (±15°C) and the composition of the magma reservoir immediately prior to eruption. The depth of these magma reservoirs may be estimated through experimental and empirical determination of the pressure-temperature phase diagrams of oceanic basalts. For Galapagos Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts these reservoirs are at 3–25 km beneath the ridge crust and in some cases individual reservoirs may be located within ±3 km.
Winter surface pressure anomalies over Eurasia and Indian summer monsoon

In this study, the spatial relationships between the monthly mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) have been examined using the gridded MSLP data (GMSLP2) for 46 years (1949–1994). Winter MSLP anomalies over NW Europe (south Europe) are negatively (positively) correlated with ISMR. During the strong (deficient) monsoon years, there is enhanced (weakened) poleward pressure gradient over Eurasia. The Europe pressure gradient index, which is an indicator of the winter poleward pressure gradient, is significantly and positively correlated with ISMR. This relationship also suggests a link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and ISMR on inter‐annual time scale. The winter pressure gradient over Eurasia has physical linkage with Indian summer monsoon rainfall, through winter snow cover anomalies and springtime mid latitude activities like upper tropospheric blocking highs and stationary wave anomalies.