Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vertical and lateral collapses on Tenerife (Canary Islands) and other volcanic ocean islands

Recent studies demonstrate that Tenerife has undergone large lateral collapses. This has led to the suggestion that the Las Canadas caldera, one of the best exposed calderas in the world, is the result of lateral collapse. We have tested this idea using the available structural, stratigraphic, volcanological, and geochronological data. We conclude that the Las Canadas caldera is the result of a complex sequence of vertical collapse events associated with a long history of phonolitic explosive activity in the central part of Tenerife. Our results indicate, however, that vertical collapses may have played a major role in triggering lateral collapses. We propose that the association of vertical and lateral collapse events, such as inferred for Tenerife, can also explain similar sequences of events interpreted to have affected other large volcanic ocean islands.
Geological Aspects of Abnormal Reservoir Pressures in Gulf Coast Louisiana

High-pressure zones commonly make drilling of wells most difficult in a belt about 50 miles wide along the coastal plain northwest of the Gulf of Mexico from the Rio Grande to the Mississippi Delta. This study is an attempt to link geological factors with occurrences of abnormal pressure in order to provide a better understanding of their origin. Abnormal pressure has been defined as any pressure which exceeds the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water containing 80,000 parts per million total solids. Dangerously abnormal pressures occur commonly in isolated porous reservoir beds in thick shale sections developed below the main sand series. Their locations are controlled by the regional facies change in the Gulf Coast Tertiary province, and they appear to be independent of depth and geological age of the formation. The high pressures are caused by compaction of the shales under the weight of the overburden which is equivalent to approximately one pound per square inch per foot depth. Difference in density between gas and water causes abnormal pressure where hydrocarbon accumulations occur above water, irrespective of whether the water is at normal or abnormal pressures. The magnitude of this pressure depends on the structural elevation above the source of pressure in the water and may cause very high pressure gradients in isolated sand bodies. However, the trend of pressures in the Gulf Coast region indicates that maximum pressures probably do not exceed 90 per cent of the overburden pressure. The abrupt increase in pressure above normal hydrostatic pressure commonly occurs over a very short vertical interval which makes control difficult. Successful drilling through abnormal pressures involves cementing casing below the main sand series and above the high pressure zones so that heavy mud may be used without loss of circulation.
Glaciological features of Koryto Glacier in the Kronotsky Peninsula, Kamchatka, Russia

Glaciological as well as meteorological features of Koryto Glacier at Kronotsky Peninsula, eastern Kamchatka, were studied in the summer of 1996. The glacier lays in the altitudes between 320 m and 1180 m, and is classified as a temperate glacier. Shallow corings at several altitudes on the glacier in July indicate that the balance increases linearly with increasing altitude in the accumulation area of the glacier. More than 600 cm of the balance from the end of summer in 1995 was found at the highest part of the glacier in July, 1996. The ablation rate less depends on altitude in the accumulation area, although there was significant difference in ablation rates between bare ice at the terminus and clean snow above the transient snow line. Valley-wall effect on ablation rate was found only near the terminus of the glacier. Degree day factors were calculated at two different altitudes : 0.72 (cm °C -1 day -1 ) at the altitude of 545 m and 0.55 (cm °C -1 day -1 ) at the altitude of 1005 m. Simple estimation of mass balance during the balance year of 1995-1996 suggests that the extremely high positive specific net balance of the year can be ascribed to the heavy snowfall in the winter of 1995-1996.
A study protocol for a randomised open-label clinical trial of artesunate-mefloquine versus chloroquine in patients with non-severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia (ACT KNOW trial)

Introduction Malaria due to Plasmodium knowlesi is reported throughout South-East Asia, and is the commonest cause of it in Malaysia. P. knowlesi replicates every 24 h and can cause severe disease and death. Current 2010 WHO Malaria Treatment Guidelines have no recommendations for the optimal treatment of non-severe knowlesi malaria. Artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT) and chloroquine have each been successfully used to treat knowlesi malaria; however, the rapidity of parasite clearance has not been prospectively compared. Malaysia's national policy for malaria pre-elimination involves mandatory hospital admission for confirmed malaria cases with discharge only after two negative blood films; use of a more rapidly acting antimalarial agent would have health cost benefits. P. knowlesi is commonly microscopically misreported as P. malariae, P. falciparum or P. vivax, with a high proportion of the latter two species being chloroquine-resistant in Malaysia. A unified ACT-treatment protocol would provide effective blood stage malaria treatment for all Plasmodium species. Methods and analysis ACT KNOW, the first randomised controlled trial ever performed in knowlesi malaria, is a two-arm open-label trial with enrolments over a 2-year period at three district sites in Sabah, powered to show a difference in proportion of patients negative for malaria by microscopy at 24 h between treatment arms (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01708876). Enrolments started in December 2012, with completion expected by September 2014. A total sample size of 228 is required to give 90% power (α 0.05) to determine the primary end point using intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary end points include parasite clearance time, rates of recurrent infection/treatment failure to day 42, gametocyte carriage throughout follow-up and rates of anaemia at day 28, as determined by survival analysis. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by relevant institutional ethics committees in Malaysia and Australia. Results will be disseminated to inform knowlesi malaria treatment policy in this region through peer-reviewed publications and academic presentations. Trial registration number NCT01708876.
Stress orientations in northern and central California: Evidence for the evolution of frictional strength along the San Andreas plate boundary system

[1] We determined orientations of principal stresses around the San Andreas fault (SAF) system in the greater San Francisco Bay Area and regions farther north along the strike-slip plate boundary. Stress orientations, as well as a ratio between principal stress magnitudes, were determined by inversions of ∼6000 earthquake fault plane solutions, divided into ∼100 groups based on the spatial distribution of seismicity with respect to major regional fault strands (i.e., the SAF, the Hayward-Rodgers Creek-Maacama fault zone, and the Calaveras-Green Valley-Bartlett Springs fault zone). The stress orientations, while spatially variable, reveal several features; to describe them, it is useful to distinguish between groups of events occurring on and off the major fault strands. First, for off-fault groups, the angle between major fault strands and the maximum horizontal compression SH decreases systematically to the north. This contrasts with the high angles of SH (∼80°) found immediately adjacent to, as well as farther from, the creeping segment of the SAF in central California by Provost and Houston [2001]. Second, for on-fault groups, the angle that SH makes with major fault strands changes little along strike, averaging 50° to 55° in the creeping segment, the Bay area, and the northernmost part of our study area. Third, as in the vicinity of the creeping segment of the SAF in central California, the majority of both the off-fault groups, and the on-fault groups, are in a strike-slip, rather than thrust, tectonic regime. Finally, anomalous east-west SH orientations are seen in the vicinity of Sutter Buttes. In the north, multiple strands of the strike-slip fault system have accumulated little slip, dip relatively shallowly and are composed of short, complex en echelon segments, suggesting that they originated as thrust faults in the accretionary prism associated with the Farallon subduction and have been subsequently reactivated in a strike-slip sense following the northward passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Our results, together with the geological context, suggest that the fault system is mechanically stronger with a greater effective frictional strength in the northern portion than in the creeping section of the SAF, with the Bay Area in an intermediate state. We interpret this situation to result from the evolution of the plate boundary toward lower effective frictional strength with increasing slip.
Identifying Cases of Type 2 Diabetes in Heterogeneous Data Sources: Strategy from the EMIF Project

Due to the heterogeneity of existing European sources of observational healthcare data, data source-tailored choices are needed to execute multi-data source, multi-national epidemiological studies. This makes transparent documentation paramount. In this proof-of-concept study, a novel standard data derivation procedure was tested in a set of heterogeneous data sources. Identification of subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was the test case. We included three primary care data sources (PCDs), three record linkage of administrative and/or registry data sources (RLDs), one hospital and one biobank. Overall, data from 12 million subjects from six European countries were extracted. Based on a shared event definition, sixteeen standard algorithms (components) useful to identify T2DM cases were generated through a top-down/bottom-up iterative approach. Each component was based on one single data domain among diagnoses, drugs, diagnostic test utilization and laboratory results. Diagnoses-based components were subclassified considering the healthcare setting (primary, secondary, inpatient care). The Unified Medical Language System was used for semantic harmonization within data domains. Individual components were extracted and proportion of population identified was compared across data sources. Drug-based components performed similarly in RLDs and PCDs, unlike diagnoses-based components. Using components as building blocks, logical combinations with AND, OR, AND NOT were tested and local experts recommended their preferred data source-tailored combination. The population identified per data sources by resulting algorithms varied from 3.5% to 15.7%, however, age-specific results were fairly comparable. The impact of individual components was assessed: diagnoses-based components identified the majority of cases in PCDs (93–100%), while drug-based components were the main contributors in RLDs (81–100%). The proposed data derivation procedure allowed the generation of data source-tailored case-finding algorithms in a standardized fashion, facilitated transparent documentation of the process and benchmarking of data sources, and provided bases for interpretation of possible inter-data source inconsistency of findings in future studies.
Comparisons between acoustic measurements and predictions of the bedload transport of marine gravels

Continuous, detailed records of marine gravel transport have been obtained acoustically and compared with bedload transport rates (qb) predicted by five bedload transport equations using measurements of the near-bed turbulent current flow. When mean flow data are used in these equations, total qb estimates are similar to those measured. However, when instantaneous flow data are used, total qb is over-estimated by approximately one order-of-magnitude. Based on the acoustic measurements, an empirical equation has been obtained that gives accurate estimates of total qb over a tidal cycle and simulates well the intermittent characteristics of marine bedload transport.
EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON TAIGA AND TUNDRA VEGETATION OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC

ABSTRACT Summer and winter crude oil spills have been made on tundra and taiga sites in arctic Canada. The short- and long-term effects of these spills have been recorded, to date, over a 3-year period. Spills were made by even surface spraying and by high intensity point spills. The vegetation present prior to such spills was carefully recorded. All surface spills had a devastating effect on above-ground vegetation. Species did, however, differ markedly in both their ability to survive an oil spill and their ability to recover. Many species, especially lichens, mosses, and liverworts, were killed outright. Some woody and dwarf shrubs were able to produce new, healthy shoots within a few weeks of initial defoliation. The reduced production of storage material, as a result of foliage (and photosynthetic) loss, caused markedly increased plant losses by winter-killing factors. Flowering and reproduction were severely reduced, even in the third summer following a spill. Winter spills had significantly less ef.
First Phase Monitoring Studies of Simulated Benthic Disturbance Delineating Movement of Fine Particles in the Central Indian Basin

Benthic disturbance due to future deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining would involve expensive sediment plume generation and resedimentation on the sea floor. In order to evaluate the effects of resedimentation on benthic environment, the Indian Deep-sea Environment Experiment (INDEX) was conducted in 1997, and pre-, and post-disturbance studies on grain size were carried out. The initial increase in clay content after the experiment, continued to increase further as measured in the first monitoring phase samples, 44 months later. Increase in clay-sized particles during monitoring-l (M-l) was highest within the simulated (disturbed) zone and to the north of it, which is attributed to the combined effects of disaggregation, abrasion, and powderization of sediments during transportation. Due to this fractionation (breaking up), the particles appear to have remained in suspension over a prolonged period of time after they were discharged in the water column 5 m above the seabed during INDEX. The travel effects of INDEX plume appears to be localized and confined within and around the disturbed zone (DZ) as resettlement of fine particles from the benthic plume was traced up to 2 km south and 12 to 18 km north of the DZ. The evidence does not suggest the existence of strong currents and benthic storms in the CIB
Supplemental Figure

Supplemantal figure The phosphorylation of Akt stimulated by VEGF under 40mM high glucose condition. Confluently-gro wn EPCs in 6-well mult iplates were cu ltured with Mediu m 199 containing 40 mM g lucose (40mM HG) fo r 72 hours. After the starvation with 0.5% FBS for 24 h, EPCs were cultured with VEGF (25 ng/ ml) for the indicated time. One of three experiments with similar results is shown.
Links between flood events in central Europe since AD 1500 and large‐scale atmospheric circulation modes

Based on documentary sources incidence variations of flood events can be reconstructed back to AD 1500 for several catchment areas in Central Europe. Links to atmospheric circulation modes, derived from reconstructed large‐scale sea level pressure (SLP) grids for the last 500 years, have been identified on climatic time scales (monthly to seasonal). These relations are expressed in terms of several indices describing the particular importance of atmospheric circulation modes as a dynamical background for the varying incidence of flood events. During winter, the zonal circulation mode covers the largest part of these events, in relation to mode‐frequency, however, other circulation modes become important during historical periods of increased flood frequency, e.g. modes characterised by Atlantic low and Russian high pressure centres. Different subtypes of this mode reached maxima in flood‐association during different climatic periods of the past.
Evaluation of the Eta Simulations Nested in Three Global Climate Models

To provide long-term simulations of climate change at higher resolution, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are nested in global climate models (GCMs). The objective of this work is to evaluate the Eta RCM simulations driven by three global models, the HadGEM2-ES, BESM, and MIROC5, for the present period, 1961-1990. The RCM domain covers South America, Central America, and Caribbean. These simulations will be used for assessment of climate change projections in the region. Maximum temperatures are generally underestimated in the domain, in particular by MIROC5 driven simulations, in summer and winter seasons. Larger spread among the simulations was found in the minimum temperatures, which showed mixed signs of errors. The spatial correlations of temperature simulations against the CRU observations show better agreement for the MIROC5 driven simulations. The nested simulations underestimate precipitation in large areas over the continent in austral summer, whereas in winter overestimate occurs in southern Amazonia, and underestimate in southern Brazil and eastern coast of Northeast Brazil. The annual cycle of the near-surface temperature is underestimated in all model simulations, in all regions in Brazil, and in most of the year. The temperature and precipitation frequency distributions reveal that the RCM and GCM simulations contain more extreme values than the CRU observations. Evaluations of the climatic extreme indicators show that in general hot days, warm nights, and heat waves are increasing in the period, in agreement with observations. The Eta simulations driven by HadGEM2-ES show wet trends in the period, whereas the Eta driven by BESM and by MIROC5 show trends for drier conditions.
Approaches for optimal automated individual tree crown detection in regenerating coniferous forests

Automated tree detection provides a means to acquire information on tree abundance and spatial distribution, both of which are critical for evaluating the status of regenerating forests. It is also often a precursor to automated tree delineation, which typically utilizes image data surrounding a detected crown point. However, obtaining consistently accurate detection results has proven difficult owing to errors associated with image scale. In this paper, four approaches that reduce this scale dependence are evaluated, including (1) determination of optimum global image smoothing to apply predetection, (2) determination of optimum local image smoothing to apply predetection, (3) determination of the optimal local window size for use in the detection algorithm, and (4) post-detection merging of initially defined crown segments. Each approach was applied to three datasets acquired by different sensors and with different regenerating forest conditions. A common local maximum tree detection algorithm was implemented for approaches 1–3, and a watershed segmentation algorithm was applied in approach 4. Detection accuracy was evaluated using standardized methods. The highest accuracies for each dataset were obtained with approaches based on local scale representations where the regenerating structure favored such approaches. However, more consistent accuracies across all datasets were obtained with the optimum global scale approach. Post-detection merging of adjacent crown segments produced the poorest results. Error sources and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed in terms of developing more operational methods for automated tree detection in regenerating forests.
Full-scale testing to assess climate effects on embankments

A unique facility for engineering and biological research has been established with the aim of improving fundamental understanding of the effects of climate change on slopes. This paper describes the building and monitoring of a full-scale embankment representative of UK infrastructure, the planting and monitoring of representative vegetation, and the construction of a system of sprinklers and covers to control climate. A summary of the results of the first experiments simulating predicted future UK climate and the response of the embankment is also presented. The information that has begun to be gathered is providing data related to the failure modes anticipated as a result of climate change and hence on the sustainability of UK infrastructure slopes.
Analysis of Axial Orientation Data, Including Till Fabrics

An error in the significance test associated with a rotational vector procedure for analysis of axial orientation data is pointed out and explained. An alternative approach already well established in the geologic literature, which does not require that sense be assigned to the axial data, is discussed; the results of the application of both methods to 36 till fabrics are compared. It is concluded that the alternative approach is superior because it is statistically sound and more efficient with regard to computer time required; it also provides more information about the fabric than does the rotational vector procedure.
Evidence for a bathyal front at 2000‐M depth in the glacial Pacific, based on a depth transect on Ontong Java Plateau

Data on oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of the benthic foraminifer Planulina wullerstorfi from 18 cores (17 box cores and one piston core) from Ontong Java Plateau provide proxy depth profiles for temperature, water mass, and nutrient content for the late Holocene, the last transition, and the last glacial. The δ18O profile during glacial time shows an increased gradient at a depth near 2000 m. The corresponding δ13C data suggest that a bathyal nutricline existed close to the same depth level. The δ13C values provide limits on the global change in carbon content of the glacial ocean, which may be estimated as distinctly less than 1 atmospheric carbon mass (1 ACM = 700 GtC). The greater CO2 content of glacial deep waters, which is reflected in the more negative δ13C values, may be at least in part due to a more sluggish renewal of (abyssal) deep waters. If so, the water of the deep Pacific was up to 400 years older than now. In turn, ventilation in the upper waters, above 2000 m, may have been more vigorous than today.
A comparison of the stratospheric aerosol background periods

A comparison of global stratospheric aerosol levels measured in 1979 by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) and in 1989–1991 by SAGE II is presented. These periods exhibit the lowest stratospheric aerosol levels in the era of modern measurements and are often referred to as background periods. We find that, depending on latitude, the 1-μm aerosol optical depth in 1989–1991 was 10 to 30% higher than that observed in 1979. We demonstrate that the latter period (prior to the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo) was characterized by an ongoing global recovery from the eruptions of El Chichon in 1982 and Nevado del Ruiz in 1985, with a further complication introduced by the February 1990 Kelut eruption. Therefore the differences between 1979 and 1989–1991 cannot be completely attributed to nonvolcanic sources.