Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Habitat- and size-related variations in exotic trout impacts on native galaxiid fishes in New Zealand streams

The factors controlling the effects of introduced trout on native galaxiid fishes in New Zealand streams were investigated by quantitative and qualitative electrofishing. Habitat assessments indicated that bed stability was closely related to total fish biomass. Exotic trout were not present at the most unstable sites but inhabited most medium to large streams with stable beds. Galaxiids (Galaxias vulgaris, Galaxias brevipinnis, and Galaxias paucispondylus) occurred at sites that spanned almost the entire range of habitat conditions and co-occurred with trout more frequently at intermediate levels of bed stability. However, galaxiids were absent from all sites with large (>150-mm fork length (FL)) brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout. These streams tended to be larger, with more stable beds. In a field tank experiment, large brown trout consumed Canterbury galaxias (G. vulgaris), ranging in size from 48- to 94-mm FL, at a much higher rate than did small trout. Their predation of ga.
A new technique for determining the sublethal toxicity of pesticides to the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices

Sublethal toxicity of selected reference pesticides and solvents to the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradices growing on root inducing transferred DNA (Ri T‐DNA)–transformed roots of Daucus carota was determined using a new bioassay technique. Determinations were made on the concentration causing 50% inhibition of growth and development (IC50) to G. intraradices of acetone, methanol, benomyl, chlorothalonil, copper sulfate, dimethoate, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid. Effects of these test materials on carrot roots and colonization by G. intraradices were also evaluated. The potential for using G. intraradices as an indicator species and the new technique as a standard test to determine the toxicity of pesticides on VAM fungi for the evaluation of ecosystem impact is discussed.
Effect of Zinc Sulfate on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Corn (Zea Mays) in Drought Stress

Abstract In hot and arid regions, drought stress is considered as one of the main reasons for yield reduction. To study the effect of drought stress and zinc spray on the yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out during the crop seasons of 2010 and 2011 on Research Farm, Islamic Azad University of Gonabad as a split factorial within randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots with irrigation factor and four levels were considered: A) full irrigation, B) stopping irrigation at pollination step, and C) stopping irrigation at the seed filling and four levels of zinc sulfate including 0 and 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% spraying (tassel initiation and grain filling) were as the subplots. The drought stress reduced the thousand kernels weight (TKW) in seed filling stage and the number of seeds per ear in tasseling stage about 11% and 27% less than the one of control treatment, respectively. Zinc increased the thousand kernels weight from 27.3 to 31.3 grams and induced an increase in the number of seeds per ear from 710 to 770. The results obtained within the present research showed that zinc spray has fairly improved the effects caused by drought stress.
The effects of intravenous administration of amino acids and glucose on the milk production of dairy cows consuming diets based on grass silage.

Two experiments, using intravenous infusion of nutrients, were carried out with the aim of separating milk production responses due to the provision of amino acids as precursors of milk protein synthesis from those due to the provision of amino acids as glucose precursors. Diets were based on grass silage of restricted fermentation and barley-based supplements because it has been suggested that these diets might provide insufficient glucose precursors to meet the needs of lactose synthesis. The silages used in the experiments were of similar lactic acid contents [62 and 63 g kg–1 dry matter (DM)] but of different water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents (206 and 20 g kg–1 DM in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively). In Experiment 1, four dairy cows were given the following treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement with periods of 10 d: (1) basal diet (Basal), (2) Basal plus jugular infusion of 182 g d–1 of amino acids simulating casein (TAA), (3) Basal plus 101 g d–1 of essential amino acids (EAA), being the essential amino acid component of the TAA treatment and (4) Basal plus 101 g d–1 of essential amino acids plus 50 g d–1 of glucose (EAA + G), being the glucose equivalent of the non-essential amino acid component of treatment TAA. All infusions increased (P < 0·05) the concentration of milk protein compared with Basal but only for TAA was the increase in the yield of milk protein statistically significant (P < 0·05), amounting to 68 g d–1. Both TAA and EAA reduced (P < 0·05) the concentration of milk fat. There was no difference between EAA and EAA + G treatments. In Experiment 2, five dairy cows were given the following treatments in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with periods of 7 d: (1) basal diet (Basal), (2) Basal plus 182 g d–1 of amino acids simulating casein (TAA), (3) Basal plus 182 g d–1 of non-essential amino acids as in casein (NEAA), (4) Basal plus 100 g d–1 of glucose (G100) and (5) basal plus 230 g d–1 of glucose (G230). G100 supplied the glucose equivalent of NEAA whereas G230 supplied the caloric equivalent of NEAA. Again, only for TAA was the increase in yield of milk protein statistically significant (P 0·05) effect on the yield of milk protein nor the yield of milk lactose. It is concluded that, in both experiments, the primary nutritional limitation on milk protein output was the supply of amino acids as precursors of milk protein, there being no evidence to support a primary limitation due to glucose supply.
Using Sequences of rbcL to Study Phylogeny and Biogeography of Nothofagus Species

Sequences of rbcL for 23 species of Nothofagus and three of Fagus have been determined and analysed to form phylogenetic trees. The two genera are well separated. The species of Nothofagus separate into lineages which correspond exactly with the subgenera recently defined on morphological grounds. The rate of evolution of the four subgenera is shown to be statistically the same and, using a reference date from palaeobotany, is found to be one nucleotide change in 6 Ma. This rate is used to derive the ages of the common ancestors of species in subgenera and it is tentatively concluded that intercontinental dispersal was possible in the early stages of the evolution of the genus.
FIRST RECORD OF LIMNADIA LENTICULARIS MALES IN EUROPE (BRANCHIOPODA: CONCHOSTRACA)

Abstract Limnadia lenticularis, a well-known representative of the Conchostraca Spinicaudata in Europe, was generally accepted as a parthenogenetic species. During an intensive faunistic study of Austrian conchostracans, four of a total of 364 collected L. lenticularis specimens were males. This paper provides the collection localities, compares the sex ratios of the five conchostracan species found in Austria, and describes the general morphology of L. lenticularis males, focussing on SEM of the male claspers.
EVALUACIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO MEDIDOR DE CLOROFILA EN LA DETERMINACIÓN DE NIVELES DE NITRÓGENO FOLIAR EN MAÍZ

Con el objetivo de evaluar el uso de un instrumento medidor de clorofila (SPAD 502) como un indicador del contenido de N en hojas de maiz (Zea mays), se establecio un ensayo de campo en el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigacion La Platina, Santiago, Chile. Se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos de fertilizacion nitrogenada usando urea, 0, 100, 200 y 400 kg de N ha-1, con cuatro repeticiones, dispuestas en bloques al azar. La mitad de la dosis se aplico a la siembra y el resto se aplico al estado de 6-7 hojas. Se muestrearon las hojas mas recientemente maduras del maiz en cada tratamiento. A estas se les determinaron los niveles de clorofila con el SPAD. Se hicieron diez mediciones por hoja, en el limbo, 5 a cada lado de la vena central, en 3 plantas por tratamiento. A esas mismas hojas se les midio el contenido de N en laboratorio. Las mediciones se hicieron en dos epocas, cuando el maiz tenia 5 a 6 hojas y poco despues de la floracion. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, las mediciones de clorofila realizadas con el SPAD 502 y el analisis de porcentaje de N estan altamente correlacionados. En la primera y segunda fecha se obtuvo un r2 de 0,88 y 0,81, respectivamente. En este caso y para la primera epoca, valores del SPAD inferiores a 35,3, equivalentes a un contenido de 1,84% de N en las hojas, estarian indicando que es necesario aplicar N.
Time Course of Cell Biological Events Evoked in Legume Root Hairs by Rhizobium Nod Factors: State of the Art

Abstract In many common legumes, when host-specific nodule bacteria meet their legume root they attach to it and enter through root hairs. The bacteria can intrude these cells because they instigate in the hairs the formation of an inward growing tube, the infection thread, which consists of wall material. Prior to infection thread formation, the bacteria exploit the cell machinery for wall deposition by inducing the hairs to form a curl, in which the dividing bacteria become entrapped. In most species, Nod factor alone (a lipochito-oligosaccharide excreted by bacteria) induces root hair deformation, though without curling, thus most aspects of the initial effects of Nod factor can be elucidated by studying root hair deformation. In this review we discuss the cellular events that host-specific Nod factors induce in their host legume root hairs. The first event, detectable only a few seconds after Nod factor application, is a Ca 2+ influx at the root hair tip, followed by a transient depolarization of the plasma membrane potential, causing an increase in cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] at the root hair tip. Also within minutes, Nod factors change the cell organization by acting on the actin cytoskeleton, enhancing tip cell wall deposition so that root hairs become longer than normal for their species. Since the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton precedes the second calcium event, Ca 2+ spiking, which is observed in the perinuclear area, we propose that the initial cytoskeleton events taking place at the hair tip are related to Ca 2+ influx in the hair tip and that Ca 2+ spiking serves later events involving gene expression.
Circadian regulation of oviposition rhythm in Drosophila agumbensis and Drosophila nagarholensis (Diptera)

The oviposition rhythm of two species of montium, namely Drosophila agumbensis and Drosophila nagarholensis was analysed under constant conditions such as constant light (LL), constant dark (DD) and 12 light/12 dark (LD). The members of the montium are the largest, wide spread and heterogeneous, and the intricacies of their wide spread nature may lie in their adaptability to diverse environment. An endogenous circadian pacemaker controls the timing of many events such as oviposition, hatching and eclosion occurring at a particular time of the day, which enhances the survival of an organism. This study is an attempt to understand the timing of oviposition at different light conditions. Over 80% of the egg laying occurred during scotophase for both the species. The peak of oviposition was observed at six hours after the lights were turned off. Shorter period was observed in LL and LD, and it was ∼24 h in DD condition. The number of eggs laid in LD was more compared to LL and DD.
Simulated Effects of Grazing on Soil Nitrogen and Mineralization in Contrasting Serengeti Grasslands

The roles of edaphic characteristics and grazing in regulating nitrogen cycling and belowground processes were simulated for the shortgrass and tallgrass regions of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, by coupling a model of grassland productivity with a model of belowground decomposition processes. Grasslands of each region were simulated under ungrazed and observed grazing intensities to establish reference points for sensitivity analyses using a wide range of grazing intensities and different microbial biomasses. The consequences of patchy carbon and nitrogen deposition were also simulated. Results in- dicate that nitrogen cycling processes are affected differentially by grazing in the shortgrass and tallgrass regions. Net nitrogen mineralized by the microbial biomass in the shortgrass simulations declined from the ungrazed condition at low grazing intensities, and proceeded to increase from moderate to high grazing intensities. Plant nitrogen uptake was significantly correlated with net mineralization, and soil mineral nitrogen levels were greatest at mod- erate grazing intensities. In tallgrass simulations, soil mineral nitrogen increased with graz- ing intensity; net nitrogen immobilization occurred over much of the grazing intensity range because of low decomposition substrate quality. Tallgrass plant nitrogen uptake responded to urine nitrogen input to the soil and was uncorrelated with net mineralization. The potential for nitrogen competition between grasses and microbes was greater in the tallgrass than in the shortgrass because of lower total system nitrogen and lower grazing intensity in the tallgrass. The ecosystem-wide soil nitrogen gradient of the Serengeti governs most properties of nitrogen cycling, while within-region edaphic conditions and grazing create significant variation in local ecosystem processes.
Midsummer observations on the behavior of wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were observed from Caswall Tower, Devon Island (74°43′ N; 91°10′ W), from 24 July to 8 August 1973. A total of 602.7 bear hours of observations was recorded. Two types of hunting were observed, stalking and still-hunting. Of 288 hunts observed, 65 (22.6%) were stalks and 233 (77.4%) were still-hunts. All cubs observed hunted, but they exhibited great variety in patience and apparent skill. Scavenging and intraspecific competition for possession of kills were observed. When threatened, adult females with cubs were not subordinate to tears of any other age or sex classes. A diurnal rhythm was recorded in which bears slept most during the latter third of the 24-h cycle and least in the first third. The average of 17 sleeps longer than 60 min was 465 ± 301.3 min.Basking ringed seals (Phoca hispida) alternated between lying flat and raising their heads to look about for predators. The mean duration of the lying and looking phases was 26.3 and 7.0 s respectively (n = 591 and 5.
THE FINE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NUCLEI DURING SPERMIOGENESIS IN THE HOUSE CRICKET

The early stages of nuclear differentiation in spermatids of the house cricket are described with regard to the fine structural elements and chemical components which occur. Particular attention is given to the loss of nonhistone protein from the nucleus and its relation to chromatin structure. Granular elements about 25 to 80 mµ in diameter, and fibers about 8 mµ in diameter occur in the earliest spermatid nucleus. The fibers are found in diffuse and condensed chromatin while granules are found only in diffuse material. DNA and histone parallel the chromatin fibers in distribution, while nonhistone protein and RNA parallel the granules in distribution. The granules and most of the nonhistone protein are lost, simultaneously, after the early spermatid stage. The protein loss occurs without detectable change in the structure of chromatin fibers. Chromatin fibers first show a structural change in mid spermiogenesis, when they become thicker and very contorted. Unusually thin fibers (about 5 mµ) also appear in mid spermatid nuclei; they are apparently composed of nonhistone protein and free of DNA and histone.
Late‐glacial and Holocene vegetation, climate and fire dynamics in the Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil

We present a high‐resolution pollen and charcoal record of a 218 cm long sediment core from the Serra dos Órgãos, a subrange of the coastal Serra do Mar, located at 2130 m altitude in campos de altitude (high elevation grass‐ and shrubland) vegetation near Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil to reconstruct past vegetation, climate and fire dynamics. Based on seven AMS 14C ages, the record represents at least the last 10 450 14C yr bp (12 380 cal years bp), The uppermost region was naturally covered by campos de altitude throughout the recorded period. Diverse montane Atlantic rain forest (ARF) occurred close to the studied peat bog at the end of the Late‐glacial period. There is evidence of small Araucaria angustifolia populations in the study area as late as the early Holocene, after which point the species apparently became locally extinct. Between 10 380 and 10 170 14C yr bp (12 310–11 810 cal yr bp), the extent of campos de altitude was markedly reduced as montane ARF shifted rapidly upward to higher elevations, reflecting a very wet and warm period (temperatures similar to or warmer than present day) at the end of the Younger Dryas (YD) chronozone. This is in opposition to the broadly documented YD cooling in the northern Hemisphere. Reduced cross‐equatorial heat transport and movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over northeastern Brazil may explain the YD warming. Markedly extended campos de altitude vegetation indicates dry climatic conditions until about 4910 14C yr bp (5640 cal yr bp). Later, wetter conditions are indicated by reduced high elevation grassland and the extension of ARF into higher elevation. Fire frequency was high during the early Holocene but decreased markedly after about 7020 14C yr bp (7850 cal yr bp).
The natural history of salicylic acid Plant product and mammalian medicine

AbstractSalicylic acid has for a long time seemed a relatively insignificant component of many plants, remarkable only in that willows, poplars, and related salicaceous species synthesise and accumulate large amounts of its derivatives: it seemed entirely fortuitous that some of these derivatives, like salicylic acid itself, have beneficial medicinal effects in humans that have been appreciated for thousands of years. Newer research however, has revealed some functions of salicylic acid in plants that almost elevate it to the role of a plant hormone. Moreover, one of its effects in wounded or infected plants appears to resemble the reaction that is the basis for its medicinal effects in animal tissues. If this effect is established and shown to be general, then the medicinal properties of salicylates would appear to be less fortuitous and simply a logical consequence of their role in plants.
Molecular characterization of native (Italy) and introduced (USA) Podarcis sicula populations (Reptilia, Lacertidae)

Abstract The wall lizard Podarcis sicula has been introduced in many locations outside its native range. Partial sequences from the 12S rDNA, that had proved diagnostic for the three main subspecies, were used to test specimens from marginal native and from intro duced American populations. The mitochondrial haplotype of a specimen from Apulia, traditionally ascribed to P. s. campestris, belongs to the P. s. sicula gene‐pool. Specimens from a P. s. sicu la ‐ P. s. campestris boundary area (southern Latium), with transi tional morphology but P. s. sicula‐like ecology, show mitochondrial haplotypes clearly of the campestris type. The mitochondrial hap‐lotypes of the American specimens (from Kansas and New York), that originated from captive stocks, were included in a P. s. campestris clade. A definitive assessment of the status of both na tive and introduced populations will require the use of nuclear markers.
Rendimento na barra de tração de um trator agrícola com diferentes relações de peso e potência

Testing the tractor in agricultural soil is one way of getting information, particularly with regard to the development of traction. The yield at the drawbar is often used to compare or evaluate tractors. However, drawbar performance is affected by the conditions of the displacement surface, the gear ratio and the ratio between the weight and power of the tractor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield at the drawbar of a tractor at different weight to power ratios, with different loads on the drawbar. The test was conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm ,belonging to UNESP, on Botucatu Campus in SaoPaulo, by evaluating the following weight to power ratios: 50, 55 and 60 N kW-1, where for each of these ratios, three intervals of force on the drawbar were used, as follows: 15 to 20, 25 to 30 and 35 to 40 kN. It was concluded that the weight to power ratios and the loads studied showed little variability. The weight to power ratios of 50 and 55 N kW-1, for loads on the drawbar of 25 to 30 and 35 to 40 kN, showed differences between their averages, with the highest yield at the drawbar being obtained for a load of 25 to 30 kN, where the average was 50.9 and 54.1% respectively. As for the weight to power ratio of 60-N kW-1, there was no difference in the averages for loads of 25 to 30 and 35 to 40 kN.
The vegetation of seacliffs and headlands in New South Wales, Australia

A phytosociological survey of seacliff and headland vegetation on the central and south coast of New South Wales was carried out. Analysis of the quadrat data led to the recognition of 15 communities; the occurrence of a number of other vegetation types is briefly discussed. The vegetation types fall into three major groupings: grasslands, scrub and heathland, although the coincidence between structural and floristic boundaries is poor. Ordination of the communities indicates that the major factors varying between communities are exposure and soil fertility, the grasslands and scrubs occurring on more fertile soils than the heathlands. Amongst the woody communities it is suggested that the two major groups recognized fall into different phytosociological alliances, although lack of studies of Australian vegetation limits the applicability of a conventional hierarchical classification. The true heathlands correspond closely with the alliance Leptospermion, previously recognized in Victoria. The scrub communities are assigned to a new alliance, the Westringio-Banksion integrifoliae.
Digestibilidade in vitro/gás de volumosos exclusivos ou combinados avaliados pelo resíduo remanescente da digestão da matéria seca e produção de gás

The in vitro/gas dry matter (DM) digestibility of four roughages, mixed or not, in proportion of 50% in the DM were evaluated. Samples of 100 mg by treatment, in triplicate, in 48 h of digestion were incubated. The DM digestibilities and gas production were: sugar cane = 60.6%, 17.3 mL; sugar cane + corn silage = 63.9%, 19.6 mL; sugar cane + elephantgrass of 60 days = 60.5%, 16.9 mL; sugar cane + elephantgrass of 180 days = 48.6%, 14.1 mL; corn silage = 66.3%, 19.4 mL; corn silage + elephantgrass of 60 days = 62.1%, 16.7 mL; corn silage + elephantgrass of 180 days = 52.7%, 15.8 mL; elephantgrass of 60 days = 61.5%, 16.9 mL; elephantgrass of 180 days = 34.6%, 11.7 mL. It was verified that the association of these roughages can, in some cases, reduce the DM digestibility of those roughages of better quality.