Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange-Rate Flexibility

This paper develops a welfare-based model of monetary policy in an open economy. We focus on the extent to which monetary policy should be employed in maintaining the exchange rate. The traditional approach maintains that exchange rate flexibility is desirable in the presence of real country-specific shocks that require adjustment in relative prices. However, in the light of empirical evidence on nominal price response to exchange-rate changes - specifically, that there appears to be a large degree of local-currency pricing in industrialized countries - the expenditure-switching role played by nominal exchange rates may be exaggerated in the traditional literature. In the presence of local-currency pricing, we find that optimal monetary policy in response to real shocks pricing is fully consistent with fixed exchange rates. On the other hand, when real country-specific shocks are not important, and when a country's monetary sector is stable, the case for freely floating rates (a monetary policy in which exchange rates are not a consideration) is strengthened in the presence of local-currency pricing.
Heat Production of Nursery and Growing Piglets

Abstract. Heat and moisture production (HMP) values are used to size ventilation fans in animal housing. The HMP values that are currently published in the ASABE standards were from data published in 1975. This study is one of a series of studies being conducted to update the HMP values for the ASABE and ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers) Standards. This study focused on the HMP measurements on nursery and growing pigs in the weight range of 8 to 44 kg. Ninety-six nursery pigs were randomly assigned to one of 24 pens (4 pigs /pen) and subjected to one of four temperatures between 25 and 35°C. Forty-eight growing pigs were penned in groups of 2 and subjected to one of four temperatures between 18 and 33°C. Heat production rate (HP) was determined using indirect calorimetry methods, after the animals were acclimated for a minimum of 1 week to a particular temperature. Each measurement was made on a pen of animals (either 2 or 4 pigs/pen) over a 21-hr period. It was determined that HP decreased and moisture production (MP) increased as environmental temperature increased. In the nursery age piglets, the level of feed consumption had a greater impact on HP than temperature. Dynamic measurements showed a diurnal HP pattern; HP was higher during light period than during dark period, with an immediate increase as the lights were turned on.
A Systematic Review of the Literature

Purpose:As the number of total ankle replacements (TARs) performed has risen, so has the need for revision. The purpose of this investigation was to perform a systematic review of clinical outcomes following a salvage ankle arthrodesis from a failed TAR to identify patientand technique-specific prognostic factors and to determine the clinical outcomes and complications following an ankle arthrodesis for a failed TAR. Methods: We searched PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies that analyzed ankle fusion after failed TAR with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Results: We included 16 studies (193 patients). The majority of patients (41%) underwent the index TAR for rheumatoid arthritis. The majority of these revision surgeries were secondary to component loosening, frequently of the talar component (38%). In the cases that were revised to an ankle arthrodesis, 81% fused after their first arthrodesis procedure. The intercalary bone graft group and the blade plate group had the highest rate of fusion after the first attempt at fusion at 100%, whereas the tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with cage group had the lowest fusion rate at 50%. The overall complication rate was 18.2%, whereas the overall nonunion rate was 10.6%. Conclusion: A salvage ankle arthrodesis for a failed TAR results in favorable clinical end points and overall satisfaction at shortterm follow-up if the patients achieve fusion. The bone graft fusion and blade plate group resulted in the highest first-attempt fusion rate, with a low complication rate. Future studies should include prospective, comparative control or surgical groups and use standardized outcome measurements that will make direct comparisons easier. Levels: Level IV: Systematic Review of Level IV Studies
A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties , and Therapeutic Use in Cancer Chemotherapy

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: D.J. Booser, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; O. Cantoni, Istituto di Farmacologia e Farmacognosia, Universita degli Studi di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; C. Gridelli, Cattedra di Oncologia Medica, Universita di Napoli, Napoli, Italy; T. Habeshaw, Beatson Oncology Centre, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland; H.D. Homesley, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; G.N, Hortobagyi, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; M. /igo, Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; M. Kajanti, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; S. Kohnoe, Cancer Center of Kyushu University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; R.M. Lowenthal, Clinical Haematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; G. Mathe, Institut de Cancerologie et d'immunologie, Villejuif, France; H.T. Mouridsen, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; J. Wi/s, St. Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, The Netherlands.
Variation in Rhizobium Ieguminosarum biovar trgolii Sym Plasmids and the Association with Effectiveness of Nitrogen Fixation

A number of strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii were examined for variation in Sym plasmid size and number, using an R. legumimsarum nifA/nod probe. Size variation was great and, in a large proportion of strains, multiple Sym plasmids were observed. A probe containing a repeated sequence (RtRS) incorporating the nifH promoter, reported to be specifically found on the Sym plasmid of this biovar, was used to determine whether Sym plasmids were of trifolii origin. This probe did not bind to all Sym plasmids identified by the nifA/nod probe and some isolates were suspected of being inter-biovar hybrids. The RtRS probe was also used to test certain isolates for DNA homology to the nifH promoter region. Many strains possessed commonly occurring co-migrating fragments that hybridized to this probe. Beyond this basic relatedness, greater variation in fragment number and size existed, allowing differentiation of seemingly closely related strains. Strains carrying greater amounts of symbiotic DNA in the form of multiple Sym plasmids or a greater number of hybridizing fragments were less effective in fixing nitrogen.
Toxicological evaluation of mass flow limits for air emissions of substances of very high concern

Een grensmassastroom is een maat die aangeeft welke hoeveelheid van een stof een bedrijf maximaal per uur mag uitstoten. Ze worden gebruikt bij de vergunningverlening voor emissies van stoffen. Het RIVM heeft onderzocht of de grensmassastromen bij de toelating van stoffen in de lucht voldoende beschermen tegen de risico's van zeer zorgwekkende stoffen. Het blijkt dat voor meer dan 99 procent van deze stoffen de bestaande grensmassastromen voldoende beschermen tegen schadelijke effecten. Bij de overige stoffen blijft de maximale overschrijding beperkt (minder dan een factor 10). Zeer zorgwekkende stoffen zijn onder andere kankerverwekkende stoffen en stoffen die slecht afbreken, ophopen in organismen en giftig zijn (persistent, bioaccumulerend en toxisch, oftewel PBT-stoffen). Voorbeelden van zeer zorgwekkende stoffen zijn het oplosmiddel benzeen of gebromeerde brandvertragers. Grensmassastromen worden gebruikt bij een eerste, eenvoudige beoordelingsstap voor de vergunningverlening van luchtemissies door bedrijven. Als de emissie van een bedrijf de grensmassastroom niet overschrijdt, is voor de vergunningverlening geen uitgebreide risicobeoordeling van deze emissie nodig. De bestaande grensmassastromen zijn tot nu toe vooral gebaseerd op de mate waarin zuiveringstechnieken in staat zijn een stof te verwijderen. Om te toetsen of de huidige grensmassastromen inzetbaar blijven onder de nieuwe Omgevingswet, is vanuit toxicologisch oogpunt onderzocht in hoeverre ze veilig kunnen worden gebruikt. Hiervoor is de toxiciteit van zeer zorgwekkende stoffen vergeleken met de maximaal denkbare luchtconcentratie in de leefomgeving op basis van de bestaande grenswaarden. Omdat de gebruikte schattingen vanuit worst-case-situaties zijn berekend, worden negatieve effecten niet waarschijnlijk geacht.
Nber Working Paper Series

, under the title " 'The Role of Income and Credit Constraints in Human Development' Part II. " We thank Linor Kiknadze for very helpful research assistance. We thank Magne Mogstad and the participants in the conference for thoughtful comments. We also received helpful comments at a January 2015 seminar at the Organization; the Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group, an initiative of the Center for the Economics of Human Development and funded by the Institute for New Economic Thinking; and the American Bar Foundation. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the funders or the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The Web Appendix for this paper is https://heckman.uchicago. edu/ mobility_denmark_us. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. ABSTRACT This paper examines the sources of differences in social mobility between the U.S. and Denmark. Measured by income mobility, Denmark is a more mobile society, but not when measured by educational mobility. There are pronounced nonlinearities in income and educational mobility in both countries. Greater Danish income mobility is largely a consequence of redistributional tax, transfer, and wage compression policies. While Danish social policies for children produce more favorable cognitive test scores for disadvantaged children, these do not translate into more favorable educational outcomes, partly because of disincentives to acquire education arising from the redistributional policies that increase income mobility. " The American Dream is now spoken with a Scandinavian accent. " – Washington Post (2014)
Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967-2009

Utilizing data from the 1967-2009 years of the March Current Population Surveys, we examine two important resources for children's well-being: time and money. We document trends in parental employment, from the perspective of children, and show what underlies these trends. We find that increases in family work hours mainly reflect movements into jobs by parents who, in prior decades, would have remained at home. This increase in market work has raised incomes for children in the typical two-parent family but not for those in lone-parent households. Time use data from 1975 and 2003-2008 reveal that working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers in previous cohorts. Analysis of 2004 work schedule data suggests that non-daytime work provides an alternative method of coordinating employment schedules for some dual-earner families.
The roles of noncoding RNAs in B-cel lymphomas

Background/Aims: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is among the most frequent lymphoma subtypes. The tumor cells originate from crippled germinal center (GC)-B cells that escaped from apoptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in B-cell maturation and aberrant expression of miRNAs contributes to the pathogenesis of cHL. Our aim was to identify oncogenic miRNAs relevant for growth of cHL using a high-throughput screening approach. Methods: A lentiviral pool of 63 miRNA inhibition constructs was used to identify miRNAs essential to cell growth in three cHL cell lines in duplicate. As a negative control we also infected cHL cell lines with a lentiviral barcoded empty vector pool consisting of 222 constructs. The abundance of individual constructs was followed over time by a next generation sequencing approach. The effect on growth was confirmed using individual GFP competition assays and on apoptosis using Annexin-V staining. Our previously published
A Checklist of subtidal seaweeds from Campeche Banks, Mexico

Subtidal marine benthic macroalgae offshore the Yucatan in Campeche Banks, Mexico, were collected by box-dredging at 20 to 56 meter depth during June 2005, aboard the Pelikan R/V. Collected seaweeds of Campeche Banks include 178 species encompassing 22 Heterokontophyta, 93 Rhodophyta, 60 Chlorophyta and three Cyanophyta. Mesophyllum incertum, Apoglossum ruscifolium, Cryptonemia seminervis, Agardhinula browneae, Nemacystus howei, Padina profunda, Nereia tropica, Pseudotetraspora marina, Anadyomene linkiana, A. pavonina, Pseudocodium floridanum and Caulerpa brachypus are new records for Atlantic coast of Mexico. Most of the species located in this study were previously recorded from the subtidal waters of the Mexican Caribbean.
ICCAS 2005 June 2-5 , KINTEX , Gyeonggi-Do , Korea Fuzzy Control of a Sway and Skew of a Spreader by Using Four Auxiliary Cables

This article describes the fuzzy control of the 3-dimensional motion of the container cranes used in dockside container terminals. The container is suspended by four flexible cables via spreader, and due to the disturbances such as the wind and acceleration of cranes, the container undergoes translational(sway) and rotational position errors. And due to the uncertainty of weight and rotational inertia, accurate position control of container crane is difficult to realize. This paper, based on the analysis of 3-dimensional dynamics of container moving systems, describes the design of the fuzzy controller, which does not require the computation time to optimize the distribution of cable tension. The developed controller is shown effective in controlling the container position in the presence of gust and parameter uncertainties.
Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds Grown by a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method

chusetts, has succeeded in growing facetable, single-crystal type IIa synthetic diamonds using a patented chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique (Linares and Doering, 1999, 2003). For characterization of this material, the company has provided a number of brown-to-gray and near-colorless gem-quality crystals and faceted samples, which represent what is intended to become a commercial product for use in high-technology applications as well as for jewelry purposes (figure 1). Because of the growth conditions and mechanisms used, the gemological properties of these CVD-produced synthetic diamonds differ from those of both natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds grown at high pressures and temperatures. For the same reasons, the brown coloration of CVD synthetic diamonds may not react in the same way, or as efficiently, as most natural type IIa brown diamonds, which can be decolorized at high pressure and high temperature (see box A). Preliminary notes on GIA’s examination of some of these Apollo samples were published by Wang et al. (2003) and appeared in the August 8, 2003 issue of the GIA Insider (GIA’s electronic newsletter: http://www.gia.edu/newsroom/issue/2798/1842/ insider_newsletter_details.cfm#3). Spectroscopic analysis of an Apollo CVD synthetic diamond also was performed recently by other researchers (Deljanin et al., 2003). The purpose of the present article is to provide a more complete description of this material and its identifying features.
Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California

Twenty-one vegetation types occurring in Sequoia National Park are described and their changes under western man's influence are documented. Age-population structure of the trees, repeated old photographs, and historical descriptions were the primary evidence for recording and interpreting vegetation changes. These changes are strongly correlated with past land uses. Nineteenth- century livestock grazing is considered to be the primary factor in changes in the blue oak foothill woodland, lodgepole pine and subalpine forests, and various grassland vegetation types. Twentieth-century fire suppression is the primary factor in most changes in the various shrublands and other woodlands and forests. Vegetation changes include increases of introduced species in herb- dominated systems, and increases in cover and density of certain woody plants in tree and shrub-dominated vegetation types.
Helicopter-borne transient electromagnetics in high-latitude environments: An application in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

ABSTRACTThe McMurdo Dry Valleys are a polar desert in coastal Antarctica, where glaciers, permafrost, ice-covered lakes, and ephemeral summer streams coexist. Liquid water is found at the surface only in lakes and in the temporary streams that feed them. Past geophysical exploration has yielded ambiguous results regarding the presence of subsurface water. In 2011, we used a helicopter-borne, time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) sensor to map resistivity in the subsurface across the Dry Valleys. The airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method excels at finding subsurface liquid water in polar deserts, where water remains liquid under cold conditions if it is sufficiently saline, and therefore electrically conductive. Over the course of 26 h of helicopter time, we covered large portions of the Dry Valleys and vastly increased our geophysical understanding of the subsurface, particularly with respect to water. Our data show extensive subsurface low-resistivity layers approximately 150–250 m below the surface and ben.
Food Aid: The Challenge and the Opportunity

Food aid has played a key role in responding to the extreme poverty and disasters afflicting millions of people in the developing world. It is at the centre of much political discussion, both nationally and internationally, and there have been notable successes, yet there is doubt and criticism about the appropriateness of food aid, and confusion about the deep-rooted problems which perpetuate these calamities. This book is designed to give a wide public a clear insight into the key issues, presenting a balanced assessment of the uses and misuses of food aid, and relating these to the complex realities of the international economy.
On the Relation between Atmospheric Ozone and Sunspot Number

Abstract Based on data from the Dobson network, between 1960 and 1987 there has been a zero-lag correlation of 0.48 between the 112 unsmoothed seasonal values of sunspot number and global total ozone, significant at the 1% level taking into account the considerable serial correlation in these data. The maximum correlation of 0.54 is found when sunspot number lags total ozone by two seasons, the result mainly of a phase difference early in the record. On the basis of only 2½ solar cycles, the global total ozone has increased by 1.4% for an increase in sunspot number of 100. The correlation between sunspot number and total ozone has been significant at the 5% level in north temperate and tropical zones—the zones with the most representative data. In the north temperate zone, the correlation between sunspot number and total ozone has been much higher in the west-wind phase of the 50 mb equatorial QBO than in the east-wind phase, but in the tropics the correlation has been much higher in the east-wind phase.
Monetary policy and the volatility of real exchange rates in New Zealand

The relationship between interest rates and exchange rates is puzzling and poorly understood. But under some standard assumptions, interest rates can be adjusted to smooth real exchange rate movements at the possible price of increased volatility in other variables. In New Zealand, estimates made under some generous suppositions about what monetary policy is able to accomplish suggest that decreasing real exchange rate volatility by about 25% would require increasing output volatility by about 10–15%, inflation volatility by about 0–15% and interest rate volatility by about 15–40%.
Monetary Policy in the Capitals of Capital

The importance of financial markets and international capital flows has increased greatly since the 1990s. How does this affect the effectiveness of monetary policy? We analyse the transmission of monetary policy in two important financial centres, the United States and the United Kingdom. Studying the responses of mortgage and corporate spreads, we find evidence in favour of an important financial channel in both countries. Our identification strategy allows us to study the effect of movements in the policy instruments and forward guidance, broadly defined. We also analyse international financial spillovers, which we find to be asymmetric.
Globalization in Latin America Before 1940

How much of the good growth performance in Latin America between 1870 and 1913 can be assigned to the forces of globalization? Why was industrialization so weak? Why was inequality on the rise? This paper offers an answer to these questions. It starts by exploring the disadvantages associated with geographic isolation from world markets and the transport revolutions that helped liberate Latin America from that isolation, a pro-global force. It then asks how independence contributed to massive de-globalization during the decades of lost growth' between the 1820s and the 1870s. Next, it documents what happened to the external terms of trade in Latin America between 1820 and 1950: from the 1890s onwards the terms of trade deteriorated, but it also underwent spectacular improvement before the 1890s, suggesting that it had something to do with the fairly fast' Latin America growth during so much of the belle ‚poque. While booming relative prices of exports certainly fostered trade, policy suppressed it: tariff rates were higher in Latin America than almost anywhere else in the world between 1820 and 1929, long before the Great Depression. The paper then asks why. The answer is to be found mainly with revenue needs rather than with some precocious import substitution policy. High tariffs still had a powerful protective effect, regardless of motivation. However, protective policy was modified by those powerful and positive terms of trade shocks, yielding on net weak early industrialization. Finally, the paper documents that inequality rose in most of Latin America up to World War I, while it fell thereafter. The correlation between globalization and inequality is likely to have been causal.
Basal Actinopterygian Fish from the Middle Devonian Bunga Beds of New South Wales, Australia

A partial articulated skeleton of a basal actinopterygian fish is described from the Middle Devonian Bunga Beds of New South Wales. The specimen represents a new species and is questionably assigned as a congener of Howqualepis rostridens from the Middle Devonian of central Victoria. This represents the first record of an articulated postrcranium of a Devonian ray-finned fish from New South Wales. The pectoral fin of Howqualepis is also redescribed based on a re-examination of Victorian material. The fin is broader in shape and less extensively unsegmented than previously recognised. The close similarity of the new form with contemporaneous taxa from Victoria and the Aztec Siltstone of Antarctica adds to an already wide body of evidence supporting a regionally endemic freshwater vertebrate fauna in the Middle Devonian of Eastern Gondwana.