Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Profiles in Cell Phone-Induced Driver Distraction

Driver distraction is a leading cause of motor vehicle accidents, accounting for up to 25% of crashes on the roadway. Multitasking activities, such as concurrent use of a cell phone while driving, are increasingly becoming a significant source of such distraction. Driving simulators provide an important research tool for systematically and safely studying driver distraction. Carefully constructed studies can be designed to establish a causal link between a multitasking activity (e.g., cell phone conversations, text messaging, passenger conversations) and driving impairment. The authors used a car-following paradigm to examine the effects of cell-phone conversations on simulated driving. We found that driving performance was negatively influenced by both hand-held and hands-free cell-phone conversations and that the impairment was equivalent for these two modes of communication. Compared to non-distracted driving conditions, the cell-phone driver’s brake reaction times were slower and they took longer to recover their speed that was lost following braking. When drivers were conversing on a cell phone, they adopted a compensatory strategy to attempt to counteract their delayed brake reactions; however, accident rates were still higher than when drivers were not conversing on the phone. This pattern of driving behavior differs qualitatively from that of the driver conversing with a passenger in the vehicle and from that of the driver using the phone for text messaging. The authors examined a number of dependent variables related to the safe operation of a motor vehicle (e.g., speed, following distance, reaction time, etc.). Quantitative analysis of the distribution of reaction times provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the cell-phone-induced dual-task interference. The paper also discuss a number of other scenarios and dependent measures that have been used to study distracted driving. Finally, the authors address what we believe are some of the critical hardware and software issues relevant to the use of driving simulators to study the effects of multitasking on driving performance.
Detection of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Raw Milk of Cows Reared in Erbil Province/Iraq

Raw milk is usually contaminated with enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus ¬aureus, which is regularly associated with staphylococcal food poisoning. The present study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxin producing strains in cow raw milk in Erbil province and to assess genotypic (multiplex PCR) versus phenotypic by reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) assays for staphylococcal enterotoxin detection. A total of 150 samples of caw raw milk (75 from direct milk and 75 bulk tank milk) were collected randomly from milk collectors and different farms in Erbil city. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified conventionally and confirmed by PCR. Then, staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs) from A to D were examined by RPLA, and types of related genes (sea-sed) were detected by multiplex PCR. S. aureus was recovered from 14 (18.6%) samples from direct milk and 32 samples (42.6%) from bulk tank milk. Of the total strains studied, 65.2% were determined to have some staphylococcal enterotoxin genes; however, only 34.7% produced a detectable amount of the staphylococcal enterotoxins. The most frequently produced enterotoxin gene was type A (60%), followed by sec (30%), sea+sec (10%) and genes seb and sed did not occur. A relatively high discrepancy was observed between the results of RPLA and multiplex PCR, especially with SEA. Our findings showed that cow raw milk in Erbil city is contaminated with toxigenic strains of S.aureus.
Noise-Induced Sleep Disturbance in Residential Settings.

Abstract : The present study observed the effects of nighttime noise exposure on the in-home sleep of residents of neighborhoods near one military airbase and one civil airport, and in several suburban households with negligible nighttime aircraft noise exposure. The basic goal was to collect data to aid construction of a readily interpretable and defensible dosage-response relationship summarizing noise-induced awakening. Test participants were solicited among residents of a neighborhood near Castle Air Force Base (in Merced, CA) which had been exposed for many years to large numbers of high noise level nighttime aircraft operations. Test participants near Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) were solicited from a neighborhood exposed to aircraft operations of lower noise level. Test participants in neighborhoods which served as control sites were not exposed to aircraft noise at night, but were exposed to high levels of road traffic noise.
Modeling Snow Saltation: The Effect of Grain Size and Interparticle Cohesion

The surface of the Earth is snow‐covered at least seasonally over large areas. This snow surface is highly dynamic, particularly under the influence of strong winds. The motion of snow particles driven by the wind not only changes the snow cover but has important consequences for the atmosphere in that it adds mass and moisture and extracts heat. Large scale meteorological and climatological models neglect these surface dynamics or produce conflicting results from too simplified process representation. With recent progress in the detailed understanding of the saltation process, in particular with respect to sand saltation, and the advancement of numerical models, we can systematically investigate the influence of snow properties on saltation. This contribution uses a Large Eddy Simulation model with full surface particle dynamics to investigate how snow cohesion and size distribution influence saltation dynamics and in particular the total mass flux. The model reproduces some known characteristics of the saltation system such as a focus point or a constant near surface particle speed. An interesting result is that cohesion and grain size heterogeneity can increase the overall saltation mass flux at high friction velocities. Moreover, some simplified models agree reasonably well with the simulations for given bed characteristics, while others clearly do not. These results are valid for continuous saltation while intermittent saltation, which often occurs in nature, needs further investigation. In order to successfully parameterize saltation in large scale models, progress must be made in correctly representing snow surface properties in these models, in particular cohesion.
Modularity, Domain Specificity, and the Development of Language

because they confuse three logically separable issues: innateness, localization and domain specificity. Proponents of innateness argue that our ability to acquire a language is determined by genetic factors, and mediated by a form of neural organization that is unique to our species. Proponents of localization argue that our ability to process language is localized to specific regions of the brain. Proponents of domain specificity build on both these points, but add the further specification that our localized language abilities are discontinuous from the rest of mind, separate and "special", constituting what Chomsky (1988) has termed a "mental organ".
Alpha teach yourself project management in 24 hours

A structured tutorial for learning how to organize, estimate, build and manage a complex project. Excellent use of the proven Teach Yourself in 24 Hours format, giving readers a one-hour lesson for each major portion of project management. Author is an experienced trainer and writer as well as an expert in software and other tool-based methods of project management. Covers the project in a chronological fashion going in-depth to each stage including the traditional and technical methods of tracking.
Response to Reviewer #1

Response 1: To our best knowledge, the shattering of ice particles indicates secondary ice production, including four types according to the current studies, i.e., rime splintering, collision fragmentation, droplet shattering, and sublimation fragmentation. These processes usually occur at modest supercooling temperature (>-10°C), as seen in a review from Field et al. (2017). However, cirrus clouds form at farther colder temperatures; thus, we consider the shattering of ice particles cannot serve as the additional ice nuclei in this ‘second stage’. For in situ-origin cirrus formed in a slow updraft, Krämer et al. (2016) have stated that ‘The formation mechanism of this cirrus type starts with HET freezing that is followed by a second, HOM ice nucleation event (since all IN are already consumed) if the cooling phase is long enough and temperature fluctuation do not cause a HOM freezing event earlier. ’ (Please see section 5.1.1 therein). As a result, we would like to retain this sentence in the revised manuscript.
BASIC FINDINGS OBTAINED FROM MEASUREMENT OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS

The heat release of internal combustion engines decisively influences exhaust emissions, fuel economy, smoke and noise. Previously, however, the measurement methods were complicated and insufficiently accurate. Therefore heat release data were not often used. By means of an improved measurement and evaluation system it is now easier to determine the heat release with higher accuracy. The required combustion pressure diagram is recorded and then processed by means of a desk computer at the test stand. Because of the low calculation speed of desk computers, it is necessary to optimise carefully the algorithms in order to arrive at an acceptable computation time. To this end an approximative equation for the specific heat, a thermodynamic determination of the pressure diagram zero line and a simplified method of calculating the heat release are described, the use of which leads to an extremely short calculation time of about 5 seconds. This allows a quick evaluation of the rate of heat release directly at the test stand and so its immediate application in engine development. The kind of information which can be gathered from the rate of heat release is shown in some examples which compare typical results gained in an Otto cycle engine and three different direct injection diesel systems. The importance of determining the rate of heat release in unsteady operation is shown by the example of engine starting. (Author/TRRL)
Long-Run Price and Operating Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Borsa Istanbul

: This study investigates long-run price and operating performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Borsa Istanbul. The sample period of the analysis is between 2010 and 2019. Various findings are obtained by employing several analytical methods. First, long-run price performance of IPOs is negative. Evidence shows that large issues are likely to have relatively higher long-run returns than smaller issues. On the other hand, if an issue is made in a hot-issue period, it is likely to have relatively more severe underperformance in the long-term. Second, long-run operating performance is also negative. Third, the relationship between long-run abnormal price performance and operating performance is significantly negative when asset efficiency or return on equity are used as a measure of operating performance. The higher the issuing company’s asset efficiency or equity efficiency is, more likely it is to have a severe abnormal price underperformance in their post-IPO years. This finding is weaker for return on equity, the explanatory power of return on equity may be seized by capital increase ratio in some model specifications. These results together support “windows of opportunity” theory of price and operating performance of IPOs.
Study of a compact energy absorber

Deformable energy absorbers play a vital role in crash protection systems. However, prevailing stringent design requirements to mitigate impact damage in a limited space have advocated a need for superior energy absorbing materials and versatile and compact structures. In this thesis, an intelligent compact energy absorbing structure is presented that alleviates the impact by distributing load over finite displacement (stroke). The structure’s geometry is observed in the cross-section of a banana peel that has a specific graded cellular packing in a confined space. This packing enables the thin peel to protect the internal soft core from external impact loads. The cellular pattern observed in a banana peel is used to construct a finite element analysis model of the structure. The energy absorbing characteristics of the structure are evaluated and compared to the energy absorbing characteristics of a solid section by means of finite element simulations using ABAQUS. The structure was found to reduce the static and dynamic reactive forces up to 83 percent in comparison to a solid section provided the thickness and contact area are kept constant. The energy absorbing characteristics of peel structure were also compared to regular hexagonally shaped cellular honeycombs. The peel structure resulted in lower impacts and severity of deceleration-acceleration phase over regular honeycombs for higher velocity range under the same space/stroke constraints. Analytical models for low and high impact velocities were also developed to calculate the crushing strength and stroke of the graded structure.
IgE reactivity to components of fish allergens in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in atopic dogs

Background IgE reactivity to fish allergens in atopic dogs, which are used as models for food allergy, has not been elucidated to date. We investigated IgE reactivity to crude and purified Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) allergens in atopic dogs to identify the allergenic components of cod. Methods Specific IgE to crude cod allergens in the sera of 179 atopic dogs, including 27 dogs with cod allergy, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The allergenic components of crude cod antigen were analyzed by ELISA, immunoblotting, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). IgE reactivity to parvalbumin, collagen, and tropomyosin was evaluated using the sera of atopic dogs that were positive for specific IgE to crude cod allergens. Results Specific IgE to crude cod allergens were present in 36 (20%) of the 179 atopic dogs and 12 (44%) of the 27 dogs with cod allergy. In allergen component analysis, IgE reactivity to tropomyosin and enolase was observed in the sera of dogs with cod allergy. Among the 36 dogs with IgE reactivity to crude cod extracts, 9 (25%), 14 (39%), and 18 (50%) dogs had specific IgE to parvalbumin, collagen, and tropomyosin, respectively. Conclusions The dogs exhibited IgE reactivity to the cod allergen components similar to that observed in humans, providing support for the use of atopic dogs with fish allergy as a model for fish allergy in humans.
Strategies for Success: Teaching Metacognitive Skills to Adolescent Learners

through a typical teaching day. Your lesson plans are ready in some form or other, with planning based on several factors ranging from curricular requirements to your own insights into what works with adolescents. You analyze your resources and collect materials, making careful note of pitfalls such as changes in the bell schedule and an overtaxed copying machine. You move from class to class in a focused, yet flexible, manner. In the classroom you are multi-tasking multiple tasks as you reflect on your instructional goals, juggle answers to students' questions, and quell discipline issues detected by the eyes in the back of your head. After each class, you have an automatic sense of how it went, so you mentally begin forming plans for tomorrow as well as for next week. At the end of the day, you assess the decisions you made, occasionally secondguessing yourself, but never straying too far from your focus. You work independently and enjoy being selfmotivated.
Effect of instructional materials on the teaching and learning of basic science in junior secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria

This study examined the effect of instructional materials on the teaching and learning of Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools in Cross River State. The study examined the role of instructional materials in the science classroom and how instructional materials have affected the teaching and learning of Basic Science. The study employed quasi experimental design. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. 240 students were randomly selected by simple ballot method from four secondary schools in Biase Local Government Area of Cross River State. A 20-item test called Diffusion Achievement Test [DAT] constructed by the researcher was used to collect data for the study. The test had a reliability of 0.86. Scores generated from pretest and post-test were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and independent t-test. The result showed that the use of instructional materials have a favourable effect on students’ achievement in science concepts. The result also indicated that there is a significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students with females having a higher mean score than males. Recommendations were made among others that teachers should source for instructional materials for effective lesson delivery.
PORE FLUID EFFECTS ON THE FABRIC AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF LABORATORY-COMPACTED CLAY

The effect of organic fluid permeation on the fabric of compacted clay was investigated in order to assess whether changes in hydraulic conductivity could be estimated from changes in fabric, pore fluid characteristics, and the characteristics of clay minerals. Pore size distribution analyses were first conducted to assess the magnitude of the effect of compactive effort and molding water content on the changes in fabric and hydraulic conductivity. Second, the effect of pore fluid characteristics on the consistency limits and free swell of kaolinite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Na-montmorillonite was investigated in an attempt to determine the effect of compositional variables. Finally, hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted with selected organic fluids and compacted kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite specimens originally molded with water. Nitrobenzene, acetone, phenol, benzene, and p-dioxane were used for these permeation studies. Fabric of the specimens was quantified before and after permeation with the specific pore fluid. The results indicate that changes in hydraulic conductivity correlate well with the point changes in the fabric when the molding pore fluid and the permeation pore fluid are both water. A decrease of 20% in dry density at a fixed water content may lead to at least an order of magnitude increase in hydraulic conductivity. Tests with organic fluids indicate that changes in hydraulic conductivity are in response to changes in fabric as well as pore fluid characteristics, interaction with the clay mineral, and confining stress. Practical implications of the study are discussed.
Irving Fisher and the Fisher relation: setting the record straight

William J. Crowder (1997, 1124, 1127) states that 'The Fisher hypothesis represents one of the oldest and most basic equilibrium relationships in financial economics. The Fisher equation encapsulates the simple relationship hypothesized to exist between nominal interest rates and expected inflation first delineated by Irving Fisher (1930), whose name has been associated with the equation ever since. ' Crowder's first sentence is indisputable. The other sentence quoted presents a belief that seems almost universal in the literature on the Fisher relation (as distinct from the history of economic thought literature about Irving Fisher). It credits Fisher with one of the few innovations in the area for which he does not deserve (and did not claim) credit, neglects what he did contribute on related topics, and views The Theory of Interest (1930) as his first presentation of the relationship, a third of a century later than his classic reformulation of the relation. The celebrated equation, which appears in Fisher's American Economic Association monograph Appreciation and Interest (1896) and in an appendix to his The Rate of Interest (1907), does not appear in The Theory of Interest (where the treatment of the relation in chapters 2 and 19 is verbal, supplemented with diagrams but no equation). In Appreciation and Interest (1896), Fisher drew attention to statements by William Douglass, John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshall, Jacob de Haas, and John Bates Clark of how expected inflation or deflation affects nominal interest, and he made no claim to originality on the point. Writing at the end of a thirty-year period of declining prices, Fisher referred in his title to appreciation of the purchasing power of money, rather than to depreciation. Fisher was the first to write down the relation as an equation, but not the first to articulate the relation. While endorsing
DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZES FOR TRAVEL TIME STUDIES

Existing procedures to estimate minimum sample sizes for travel time studies are examined, and new tables are provided for estimating sample sizes based upon a larger selection of confidence intervals. Two types of formulations are commonly used for estimating minimum sample sizes: (1) based on sample ranges; and (2) based on sample standard deviations. A hybrid formulation is proposed that produces a minimum sample size closest to those produced with the standard deviation formulation, but that takes into account average sample range, which is more easily understood and calculated by field personnel.
Is Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube feeding Beneficial for Improving Survival in Patients with Dementia? A systematic review and meta- analysis of current evidences

Background Dementia is a progressive disabling neurogenic disease resulted in serious nutritional deficiencies included dysphagia, malnutrition and weight loss. The Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) which is a long-term enteral feeding method that routinely use in demented patients with poor food intake as a standard protocol. However, most of the evidences have not shown beneficial effects of PEG feeding on complications or survival rates in these patients. Some studies have even reported an increase in mortality. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the mortality rate and survival in primary demented patients with PEG.Methods A systemically search conducted on Pubmed and Scopus databases up to Aug 2019 without language restriction. The data were reviewed according to Cochrane handbook and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE). Based on random-effects model, mortality rate and median survival were expressed as risk ratio and weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI respectively.Results Among 13 included studies, PEG insertion in patients with primary dementia has no significant effect on 30-day, 90-day, 180-day, 1-year and 2- year mortality rate or median survival (WMD: 9.77; 95% CI: -22.43 to 41.98; P= 0.55). It seems that naso-gastric tube (NGT) feeding in compared to PEG in this population is more effective.Conclusion Further prospective studies are needed to comprehensive evaluation of mortality or survival regarding to comorbidities, underlying disease, cognitive and physical performance and nutritional problems in demented patients.