Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synchronous Bidirectional Neural Machine Translation

Existing approaches to neural machine translation (NMT) generate the target language sequence token-by-token from left to right. However, this kind of unidirectional decoding framework cannot make full use of the target-side future contexts which can be produced in a right-to-left decoding direction, and thus suffers from the issue of unbalanced outputs. In this paper, we introduce a synchronous bidirectional–neural machine translation (SB-NMT) that predicts its outputs using left-to-right and right-to-left decoding simultaneously and interactively, in order to leverage both of the history and future information at the same time. Specifically, we first propose a new algorithm that enables synchronous bidirectional decoding in a single model. Then, we present an interactive decoding model in which left-to-right (right-to-left) generation does not only depend on its previously generated outputs, but also relies on future contexts predicted by right-to-left (left-to-right) decoding. We extensively evaluate the proposed SB-NMT model on large-scale NIST Chinese–English, WMT14 English–German, and WMT18 Russian–English translation tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves significant improvements over the strong Transformer model by 3.92, 1.49, and 1.04 BLEU points, respectively, and obtains the state-of-the-art performance on Chinese–English and English–German translation tasks.
A general form of the covering principle and relative differentiation of additive functions. II

In my paper under the same title, to which I shall refer in future as I‡, I generalized the Vitali covering principle from the case of Lebesgue measure to the case of any non-negative additive function. This allowed me to establish the relative differentiation of additive functions. The convergent sequences of sets in this generalized form of the covering principle were restricted to sequences of concentric circles, and therefore the differentiation arrived at was that in the symmetrical sense. In the present paper, I extend the principle to the case of any regular convergent sequences of covering sets; and then establish the relative differentiation of additive functions in the general sense, and in particular the differentiation of indefinite integrals with respect to any measure function. This problem has a complete solution. It is established that indefinite integrals are differentiable at almost all points. In the case of the general measure function, it is not true that the derivative is equal to the integrand at almost all points, but necessary and sufficient conditions are given under which this is true.
GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic susceptibility and interaction with chemical exposures in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The glutathione s-transferase genes play an important role in the detoxification of carcinogenic substances, and null mutations of these genes are linked to increase in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) due to an increase in susceptibility to environmental exposures of toxins and carcinogens, and chemical exposures like tobacco smoke and pesticides are common carcinogenic substances that children could be vulnerable to as risk of developing childhood ALL. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of glutathione s-transferase mu1 and theta1 genetic susceptibility and interaction of chemical pesticide and tobacco smoke exposures on childhood ALL. Data collection and Analysis: A total of 22 published case-controls were included in the meta-analysis of over forty thousand participants with 14974 cases and 25841 controls. Main Results: Overall, the meta-analysis of these studies showed increase risk of ALL among children (random-effect OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.18-1.57). Subgroup analysis showed that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype has more increase association to childhood ALL (random-effect OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05-1.76), and chemical pesticide in comparison with tobacco smoke exposures did have an increase association with childhood ALL (random-effect OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.78), (random-effect OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.20-1.58) respectively. Authors' conclusions: In this study, the GSTM1 null genotype is significantly associated with susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Asians, and chemical pesticides also showing increase associations. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes show increase interaction with chemical pesticides in childhood ALL as compared to Tobacco smoke exposures. Research Article Citation: Samira BA Sesay, Kaka A Katiella, Mercy E Ngoya, et al. GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genetic Susceptibility and Interaction with Chemical Exposures in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Sci Res. 2018; 1(2); 1-7.
MARKETS AND RURAL SERVICES AS DETERMINANTS OF IMPROVED SEEDS USAGE BY CROP FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

The use of improved inputs has been associated with a substantial increase in agricultural growth in Nigeria. Farmers often revert to the markets for input procurements. This paper examines the role of markets and other rural services on the use of improved seeds by crop farmers. Data were collected from 270 farming households in Osun State of Nigeria using a Multistage sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and the logistic model. The results obtained show that households’ access to input market information and other rural services such as extension, and rural credit; as well as socio-economic characteristics of farmers significantly influence the probability of use of improved seeds. To this end, it was recommended that aggressive market infrastructural development and improvement in rural services delivery are critical to the improved seed policy of the government. Key Words: Extension, improved seed, market price, rural credit access
Feature Selection for Financial Data Classification: Islamic Finance Application

The rapid growth of computing technology to process vast amount of data has impelled more interest in data mining. Such interest was mainly aimed at knowledge discovery to improve decision making process in diverse range of applications, including Islamic finance. One of the most critical steps in data mining is data preprocessing, as it would directly affect the quality of insights obtained at the later stage. Feature selection has been widely used in data preprocessing phase to improve the machine-learning algorithm and model interpretability. However, there has been limited attention has been given on the evaluation of feature selection methods on its effectiveness to process input data for Induction Decision Tree (IDT). Hence, this study aims to address such gap in the literature through the use of real-world data in Islamic finance to evaluate the improvement that generated by feature selection method. The result of the study shows that the use of such technique has resulted in better performance of the IDT model generated in the study.
Examining the influence of budget execution processes on the efficiency of county health systems in Kenya

Abstract Public financial management (PFM) processes are a driver of health system efficiency. PFM happens within the budget cycle which entails budget formulation, execution and accountability. At the budget execution phase, budgets are implemented by spending as planned to generate a desired output or outcome. Understanding how the budget execution processes influence the use of inputs and the outcomes that result is important for maximizing efficiency. This study sought to explain how the budget execution processes influence the efficiency of health systems, an area that is understudied, using a case study of county health systems in Kenya. We conducted a concurrent mixed methods case study using counties classified as relatively efficient (n = 2) and relatively inefficient (n = 2). We developed a conceptual framework from a literature review to guide the development of tools and analysis. We collected qualitative data through document reviews and in-depth interviews (n = 70) with actors from health and finance sectors at the national and county level. We collected quantitative data from secondary sources, including budgets and budget reports. We analysed qualitative data using the thematic approach and carried out descriptive analyses on quantitative data. The budget execution processes within counties in Kenya were characterized by poor budget credibility, cash disbursement delays, limited provider autonomy and poor procurement practices. These challenges were linked to an inappropriate input mix that compromised the capacity of county health systems to deliver health-care services, misalignment between county health needs and the use of resources, reduced staff motivation and productivity, procurement inefficiencies and reduced county accountability for finances and performance. The efficiency of county health systems in Kenya can be enhanced by improving budget credibility, cash disbursement processes, procurement processes and provider autonomy.
Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on semen quality in Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Teleostei: Characidae)

This study was set out to: i) characterize the morphometry of spermatozoa of M. sanctaefilomenae ; and ii) evaluate the effect on the quality of semen by astaxanthin supplementation in the diet. The morphometry of the sperm was analyzed by optical microscopy (nigrosin-eosin staining). Semen quality of 360 fish was evaluated by spermograms (volume, total number, motility and viability). The length of the sperms was 16.83 ± 2.33 μm, the head diameter was 1.93 ± 0.21 μm without acrosome, the midpiece diameter was 0.91 ± 0.23 μm and the length of the flagellum was 13.18 ± 1.76 μm. In fish unexposed to astaxanthin (control group) the seminal volume and the total number of sperms was 2.14 ± 1.55 μL and 6.8x10 8 ± 29, respectively. The addition of astaxanthin in the diet significantly increased ( P 0.05). The results suggest that astaxanthin improves some parameters of the semen quality (volume and total number). This improvement may be attributable to the antioxidant properties ( i.e ., protection against oxidative stress in testicular cell structures) of astaxanthin.
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Wind Flow and Air Pollution Modelling: A Review on 3D Building Model Standards

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to monitor air pollution events supported by real-world conditions digitally. Besides, wind flow that has a close relationship with air pollutants dispersion also can be visualized by using CFD simulation. The presence of a building, especially in terms of the building’s geometry, impacts the air pollution dispersion and wind flow that occur around a building or in a specific research area. As there is an involvement of building models in the simulation, some of the standards for the building modelling: Computer-Aided Design (CAD), City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML), and Building Information Modelling (BIM), are being utilized in this type of study. Many types of research have been conducted to study the pollutants and wind flow using the CFD technique of these three standards. Hence, this review paper is used to presents several pieces of research on this related topic. Through this review paper, some of the drawbacks of the study were identified, such as the detailing of the building’s geometry and the compatibility of each standard to be implemented in the CFD simulation.
Quality of Work Life among Public Health Nurses: A Survey Comparison between Thailand and Japan

Researchers from Thailand and Japan have initiated a collaborative project to compare the Quality of Work Life (QWL) among public health nurses. Thus, the QWL of registered nurses working in a community in Thailand was identified and compared with the Public Health Nurses (PHNs) in Japan. The purpose of which was to determine the similarities and differences between the two countries regarding their nurses’ quality of work life. The 42-item of Brooks’ survey of Quality of Nursing Work Life (QNWL) was translated and evaluated in Thailand and Japan. There were 102 Thai and 209 Japanese public health nurses completed the questionnaire. Findings showed that the QNWL level of both Thai and Japanese PHNs were at moderate level. Thai nurses scored higher than Japanese nurses in overall scores. Thai reported significantly higher on work design dimensions (t = 9.12, p < 0.05). For both groups, three out of four dimensions were ranked in the same pattern in which home life/work life was recorded as the lowest. This was followed by work design and work context. However, Thai scored lowest on work world dimension, while Japanese scored highest on that dimension. Findings also showed significant association between country and age groups (χ2 = 20.01, p = 0.00, marital status (χ2 = 6.50, p = 0.01), education (χ2 = 70.05, p = 0.00), and dependent family members (χ2 = 128.16, p = 0.00). No significant association was noted between country and gender (χ2 = 0.37, p = 0.54), and between country and work experience (χ2 = 2.88, p = 0.23). The findings extended our understanding of the Public Health Nurse’s quality of work life that contributes to nursing in different cultural contexts through a rare direct comparison of Public Health Nurses between Thailand and Japan.
An overview of physics teacher professional development activities organized within the Italian PLS-Physics plan over the past five years

The Italian PLS-“Piano Lauree Scientifiche” project has among its objectives the improvement of school-university cooperation, with a special emphasis on in-service teacher professional development. In pursuit of such goal, growing resources and an increasing effort to strengthen the collaboration with schools have been employed in the past years. A working group within the physics section of the PLS project has developed a questionnaire to inquire about teacher formation activities organized during the past five years. After extensive revision and testing, the university network of PLS-Physics was asked to fill the questionnaire. The resulting data from 139 initiatives provides an interesting perspective on the kind of activities, organizational choices and educational priorities for teacher professional development within the PLS-physics project.
Adopting drone technology in STEM education for rural communities

The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects have always been the most challenging topics in education. One of the reasons is the dearth use of technology, especially for underprivileged students located in rural areas. Incorporating a drone in the STEM curriculum supports education that incorporates tangible experience such as observations, formation of concepts as well as creating imaginative and creative thinking. A drone@school initiative was introduced to foster the ICT technical and knowledge sharing among underprivileged students, hence exposing them to the recent technology in strengthening STEM education. The project has been carried out using an online platform by introducing the theoretical and application of drones in real-life practices. The responses from this project were very encouraging whereby utilizing drones as the medium, the level of understanding in STEM education had increased to 96.6%. Besides, the respondents’ interest in STEM subjects significantly increased from 53.4% to 89.8%. The findings from the pre-and post-surveys revealed that the drone-based STEM learning approach had a positive impact on rural students’ enthusiasm and excitement.
The Black Hole Mass Function across Cosmic Time. II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes

This is the second paper in a series aimed at modeling the black hole (BH) mass function from the stellar to the (super)massive regime. In the present work, we focus on (super)massive BHs and provide an ab initio computation of their mass function across cosmic time. We consider two main mechanisms to grow the central BH that are expected to cooperate in the high-redshift star-forming progenitors of local massive galaxies. The first is the gaseous dynamical friction process, which can cause the migration toward the nuclear regions of stellar mass BHs originated during the intense bursts of star formation in the gas-rich host progenitor galaxy and the buildup of a central heavy BH seed, M • ∼ 103−5 M ⊙, within short timescales of ≲some 107 yr. The second mechanism is the standard Eddington-type gas disk accretion onto the heavy BH seed through which the central BH can become (super)massive, M • ∼ 106−10 M ⊙, within the typical star formation duration, ≲1 Gyr, of the host. We validate our semiempirical approach by reproducing the observed redshift-dependent bolometric AGN luminosity functions and Eddington ratio distributions and the relationship between the star formation and the bolometric luminosity of the accreting central BH. We then derive the relic (super)massive BH mass function at different redshifts via a generalized continuity equation approach and compare it with present observational estimates. Finally, we reconstruct the overall BH mass function from the stellar to the (super)massive regime over more than 10 orders of magnitudes in BH mass.
Associação de Metarhizium anisopliae (Hyp.: Clavicipitaceae) com thiamethoxam para o controle da cigarrinha-das-raízes em cana-de-açúcar

Com objetivo de avaliar a aplicacao isolada e/ou em associacao de Metarhizium anisopliae com thiamethoxam para o controle da cigarrinha-das-raizes em cana-de-acucar, foi conduzido um experimento em blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repeticoes em um canavial da Fazenda Macaco, municipio de Angelica, MS. A aplicacao foi realizada com um pulverizador costal com pontas dirigidas para a base da soqueira. As avaliacoes foram realizadas quinzenalmente, contando-se as ninfas e adultos. Verificou-se que a precipitacao e temperatura media influenciam na dinâmica populacional do inseto-praga, alem de influenciar na eficiencia dos tratamentos. Ate 30 DAA o thiametoxam apresentou a menor infestacao de ninfas e adultos. A partir de 45 DAA, M. anisopliae demonstrou ser o mais eficiente. Para as associacoes, os melhores resultados foram encontrados com a aplicacao de 25% da concentracao de M. anisopliae com 75% da dosagem de thiametoxam, ambos da quantidade recomendada pelos fabricantes.
Cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence among 28 300 servicemen followed for more than 50 years

Cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence among 28 300 Norwegian servicemen for more than 50 years. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of 28 300 military servicemen known, from personnel files, to have served in the Royal Norwegian Navy during 1950–2004. Methods The cohort was followed from 1951 – 2007 for mortality and from 1953 – 2008 for cancer. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer were calculated from national rates. Internal comparisons [rate ratios (RR)] were made using Poisson regression. Results Mortality for all Navy personnel was lower than expected for all causes combined (SMR 0.84) and for most disease groups and violent causes, but not for cancer mortality (SMR 1.02). Vessel crews had consistently higher SMR than land-based personnel, still with rates lower than – or close to – national ones. The relative risk between the two subgroups was in the same direction for mortality from alcohol abuse and non-malignant alcohol-related diseases (RR 1.56) and for the incidence of alcohol-related cancers (RR 1.58) and lung cancer (RR 1.65). An overall small excess in the incidence of all cancers combined for the entire cohort (SIR 1.06) was caused by prostate cancer, malignant melanoma, and non-melanoma skin cancer. An excess of bladder cancer was observed among submariners (SIR 1.53). Conclusion The low all-cause mortality was in line with a “healthy soldier effect”. Navy personnel had a lower-than-expected mortality from accidents and suicide. Alcohol-related diseases were more frequent among vessel crews than among land-based personnel, but largely comparable to the rates among all Norwegian men.
Effect of re-growth age in the content of secondary metabolites from Neonotonia wightii in the Valle del Cauto, Cuba.

The effect of regrowth age (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 d) in the content of secondary metabolites from Neonotonia wightii was evaluated through a random blocks design, with six replications. The experiment took place from January to March (dry season) and from May to July (rainy season), in a carbonated brown soil, without irrigation and fertilization. Total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total mixed condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids increased (P < 0.05) with age and the highest values were obtained at 90 d (5.24; 10.07; 77.67; 76.72; 0.95; 3.29; 0.53; 0.30; 8.58 and 0.63 g/kg DM during May-June-July and 3.12; 8.24; 96.64; 94.68; 1.96; 3.99; 0.52; 0.30; 8.51 and 0.69 g/kg DM during January-February-March, respectively). It can be concluded that regrowth age and climatic factors had a marked effect on the concentration of secondary metabolites. It was demonstrated that while the plant was maturing, the tenors of secondary metabolites increased. Only total condensed tannins and total mixed condensed tannins surpassed the limits in which the ruminant fermentation could be affected. It is recommended not to use this plant with an regrowth age higher than 75 d old. A similar study is suggested to be conducted with this and other legumes, in different environmental conditions, and to determine the relation between these metabolites and the digestibility and intake of these plants. Key words: legumes, maturity stage, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids
Tracing the Three Atlantic Branches Entering the Arctic Ocean With 129 I and 236 U Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

This study presents the data on 129 I and 236 U concentrations in seawater samples and sea ice cores obtained during two expeditions to the Arctic Ocean that took place onboard R/V Polarstern (PS94) and R/V Lance (N-ICE2015) in summer 2015. Carbon-14 was also measured in the deep water samples from the Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov Basins. The main goal was to investigate the distribution of 129 I and 236 U in a transect from the Norwegian Coast to the Makarov Basin to fully exploit the potential of combining 129 I and 236 U as a dual tracer to track Atlantic waters throughout the Arctic Ocean. The use of the 129 I/ 236 U and 236 U/ 238 U atom ratios allowed identifying a third Atlantic branch that enters the Arctic Ocean (the Arctic Shelf Break Branch) following the Norwegian Coastal Current that carries a larger proportion of the European reprocessing plants signal compared to Fram Strait Branch Water and Barents Sea Branch Water. The combination of 129 I and 236 U also allowed quantifying the different proportions of the La Hague stream, the Scottish stream, and Atlantic waters forming the three Atlantic branches of the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. The results show that the 129 I/ 236 U atom ratio can now be used to identify the different Atlantic branches entering the Arctic Ocean. New input functions for 129 I, 236 U, and 129 I/ 236 U have also been described for each branch, which can be further used for calculation of transit time distributions of Atlantic waters.
Free-Radical-Induced DNA Damage and Its Repair: A Chemical Perspective

Formation of Reactive Free Radicals in an Aqueous Environment. - The Hydroxyl Radical. - Hydrogen Atom and Hydrated Electron. - Inorganic Radicals. - Carbon-Centered Radicals. - Heteroatom-Centered Radicals. - Peroxyl Radicals. - Polymer Radicals. - Nucleobases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides. - Polynucleotides and Single-Stranded DNA Fragments. - DNA and Double-Stranded Oligonucleotides. - Methods.