Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of dental environment stress on caries experience, salivary flow rate and uric acid

Background: Several pathologies of the oral cavity have been associated with stress. Dental students need to gain assorted proficiencies as theoretical knowledge, clinical proficiencies, and interpersonal dexterity which is accompanied with high level of stress. Uric acid is the major antioxidant in saliva. The aim of this study is to assess the dental caries experience among dental students with different levels of dental environment stress in relation to physicochemical characteristics of whole unstimulated saliva. Materials and Methods: the total sample is composed of 300 dental students (73 males, 227 female) aged 22-23 years old, from collage of dentistry / university of Baghdad, from the 4 and 5 grade. The total sample was classified into three categories (mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress) according to Dental environment stress questionnaire (DESQ); Diagnosis and recording of dental caries were assessed according to Decay, Missed, Filled surface and teeth index (DMFS, DMFT) of WHO criteria in 1987. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from the 95 dental students from the mild stress group (27 male, 28 female) and from the severe stress group (11 male, 29 female). Then, salivary flow rate was measured and chemically analyzed to determine salivary uric acid concentration. All data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21. Results: The mean value of the DMFT and DS fraction was higher among severe stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences (P≥ 0.05), while DMFS, FS and MS fractions were higher among moderate stress group of dental environment stress scale with no significant differences (P≥ 0.05). The data from salivary analysis showed that the mean value of salivary flow rate was lower among severe dental environment stress category than mild dental environment stress category but the difference was statistically not significant, while the mean value of uric acid was higher among students with severe dental environment stress than students with mild dental environment stress with statistically significant difference. The flow rate was negatively correlated with caries experience among both mild and severe stress groups except for the DS was positively correlated with flow rate among students with mild stress. The correlation of uric acid with DMFT was negative among students with mild stress while among severe stress group was positive; however all these correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Dental environment stress appears to affect oral health, shown by higher caries prevalence among dental students with moderate and severe dental environment stress level by affecting the normal level of salivary flow rate and uric acid.
Accounting Explicitly for Predation Mortality in Surplus Production Models: An Application to Longfin Inshore Squid

Abstract One approach to better account for ecosystem considerations in fisheries science is to incorporate ecological interactions into conventional stock assessment models. The longfin inshore squid Loligo pealeii is one of two squid species of ecological and commercial significance in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. A surplus production model with quarterly time steps was fitted to longfin inshore squid total removal (fishing and predation removal) and tuned with fishery-dependent, fishery-independent, and predation-dependent indices to examine the effect of incorporating predation into a single-species model. Total consumption of squid by all predatory fish exceeded the landings in most years of this analysis. The model output indicated that biological reference points for longfin inshore squid differ considerably when predation removals are included. It appears that by not including predation, the model underestimates stock biomass and overestimates fishery surplus production. Short-term stochastic pro.
Philopatry and colony fidelity of Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis on the east coast of Britain

Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis colonies from the Firth of Forth south to the Fame Islands (SE Scotland and NE England) were surveyed in 1982 and 1983 for nesting Shags ringed as chicks or adults in the previous 20 years. On average, 5% of 863 Shags ringed as chicks were breeding away from their natal colony, and only 1% of 401 marked adults had left their breeding colony. The proportion p of chicks that settled at or beyond distance D from the natal colony followed the relationship p= 0.263D-0.771, implying that more Shags moved 10 km or beyond to breed than expected from diffusion models or a constant-rate dispersal model; adjusted for birds that settled outside the study area, the relationship was p = 0.314D-0771. There was no effect of colony size on emigration rate, but females showed a greater tendency to settle away from the natal colony than did males. At the natal colony, more males (69%) than females (47%) nested within 300 m of their birthplace. Two mechanisms appear to determine where a Shag settles to breed: a navigational one governing the return to the natal colony, plus the competitive process of nest-site establishment.
Yield and Nutritive Value of Autumn‐Seeded Winter‐Hardy and Winter‐Sensitive Annual Forages

Winter-hardy small grains produce abundant forage in the spring, but have low forage yield in autumn in the U.S. Midwest. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing annual forages with winter-hardy small grains to improve forage supplies in late autumn without compromising yield the following spring. Field studies were established in mid-September 2001 and 2002 at two locations in Ohio to compare autumn and spring forage yield and nutritive value of the winter-hardy species (WHS) rye (Secale cereale L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and winter triticale (Triticum × Secale) seeded alone and in binary mixtures with the winter-sensitive species (WSS) oat (Avena saliva L.), spring triticale (Triticum × Secale), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and rape (Brassica napus L.). The WHS + WSS mixtures had greater forage yield in autumn than the corresponding WHS monocultures in 29 of 44 comparisons. Oat and spring triticale mixtures with WHS usually had the greatest autumn yield, greater than the yield of corresponding WHS monocultures in 91% of all comparisons. Forage yield of mixtures was usually similar to that of WHS monocultures in the spring. Forage nutritive value was high for all treatments. Oat, spring triticale, and rape were productive species to include with WHS for optimizing autumn and spring forage yield, but oat and rape had low seed cost ha -1 , and thus were the most economical options.
Effects of α‐aminoisobutyric acid and D‐ and L‐amino acids on ethylene production and content of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid in cotyledonary segments of cocklebur seeds

In the cotyuledonary tissue of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds, AIB (α- aminoisobutyric acid) inhibited not only the endogenous ethylene production but also the ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid)-dependent and IAA-induced ones. The inhibition of the endogenous ethylene production by AIB was accompanied by the accumulation of ACC in the tissue. Thus AIB may act as a competitive inhibitor of the conversion of ACC to ethylene and thereby inhibit ethylene production. The promotion of ethylene production by D-isomers of some amino acids, such as phenylalanine, valine, threonine and methionine was accompained by and increse in the ACC content, the degree of which was similar to that of the stimulation of ethylene production. Moreover, these D-amino acids stimulated the conversion of exogenously applied ACC to ethylene. The corresponding L-isomers failed to produce these effects. It seems likely that D-amino-acid-stimulated ethylene production results from the increases of both the biosynthesis and degradation of ACC. Only for tryptophan did both D- and L-isomers cause an increase in ethylene production and in ACC content in the segments. The mechanism of stimulation of ethylene production by the tryptophen isomers is possibly due to their conversion to IAA in the cotyledonary tissue.
Population Size and Reproduction in Phlox pilosa

Abstract: We analyzed the relationships between population size and reproductive characteristics in the perennial prairie forb Phlox pilosa, an obligate outcrossing butterfly‐pollinated species. We examined 27 populations ranging in size from 9 to over 75,000 flowering ramets in two regions of the state of Iowa (eastcentral and northwest) in 1993 and 1994. We collected flowers from each population and scored them for pollen arrival to stigmas and number of pollen tubes. We collected fruiting ramets from each population at the end of the Phlox growing season and scored them for height, biomass, and reproductive variables, including the number of flowers initiated and opened and the number of capsules initiated and matured. In both years, population size was significantly correlated with the number of capsules matured per ramet. Differences between populations in capsule production were set primarily at the pollination stage. In 1993, pollen arrival to stigmas was significantly lower than in 1994 and was correlated with population size in eastcentral Iowa populations, indicating that lower reproduction in small populations that year was at least partially due to inadequate amounts of pollen being moved. In 1993, weather conditions likely depressed pollinator activity, but absolute capsule formation was high because of high flower production per ramet and high population densities. In 1994, when pollen arrival to stigmas was relatively high and unrelated to population size, outcross pollen movement was greater in larger populations. Increased efficacy of outcross pollen movement in 1994 may have resulted from lower flower production and less dense populations forcing greater pollinator movement between ramets or from variation between years in fine‐scale spatial genetic substructuring of populations. Our results indicate that the viability of Phlox pilosa can be best ensured by protecting and creating populations of at least 1000–2000 flowering ramets.
Intercontinental Correlation of Geographical Ranges Suggests Stasis in Ecological Traits of Relict Genera of Temperate Perennial Herbs

Disjunct taxa within genera of herbaceous perennial plants relict to temperate eastern Asia and eastern North America exhibit a significant correlation in area of geographical range. This relationship suggests evolutionary stasis of traits related to ecological distribution over periods of at least 10 million and possibly more than 30 million yr. Because woody taxa lack this pattern but appear to exhibit broader ecological distributions on a local scale than do herbaceous taxa, we suggest that stasis goes hand in hand with ecological specialization; some restricted subsets of ecological conditions to which herbs are specialized may persist within a changing ecological mosaic.
NOVOROSTRUM, NEW GENUS (DECAPODA: ANOMURA: PORCELLANIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE RELATED SPECIES

ABSTRACT A new porcellanid genus, Novorostrum, is proposed for three species, Petrolisthes indicus de Man, 1893 (type species), and two new species, N. decorocrus and N. phuketensis, with detailed descriptions provided for each species. This genus is distinguishable from other porcellanid genera by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) the carapace with uneven gastric and branchial regions, with each region divided into several parts by grooves and sinuses; (2) the distinctly trilobate rostrum, its median lobe with lateral elevations; and (3) the ocular peduncle distinctly broader than the cornea in dorsal view. Novorostrum decorocrus, new species, has been treated as an intraspecific variation of N. indicum (as Petrolisthes indicus) by Nakasone and Miyake (1968). However, their specimens possess several distinct morphological features recognized as specifically valid. They are: (1) the subtrapezoidal carapace in dorsal view; (2) the carpus of the chelipeds with small spinelike teeth on the dorsoflexor margin; (3) the chela, and the merus, carpus, and propodus of the ambulatory legs with blunt teeth on the extensor margin; and (4) the chela provided with a weak, crenulated longitudinal ridge along the extensor margin on the dorsal surface. The second new species, N. phuketensis, is distinguished from N. indicum and N. decorocrus by the following: (1) the median lobe of the rostrum with weak lateral elevations; and (2) the subtriangular dorsal extension onto the cornea of the ocular peduncles.
Trichodesmium sp. clade distributions in the western North Atlantic Ocean

To better understand the factors determining Trichodesmium clade (Clade III vs. Clade I) distribution, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was developed and applied to a sample set from the western North Atlantic. Clade distributions were compared with a suite of physicochemical parameters on a cruise transect from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to Barbados during the spring of 2011. Clade I comprised > 90% of the total Trichodesmium spp. population. Depth distributions of both clades were similar in waters where there was a shallow (< 20 m) mixed‐layer depth (MLD), but segregated in the water column where the MLD was deep (> 80 m). Surface abundances of both clades were higher when the MLD was < 20 m. Temperature and salinity were correlated with both clades in the data set as a whole. However, when stations influenced by a freshwater salinity anomaly were removed, dissolved inorganic phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus correlated with Clade I cell density only. These correlations underscore the influence of phosphorus in driving Trichodesmium sp. dynamics in this region and are suggestive of niche partitioning between the two clades.
Detection and dynamics of porcine circovirus 2 shedding in semen using conventional and real-time PCR

The dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) shedding in semen of naturally infected boars was studied. Semen was collected serially each 15 or 20 days during 62 days from 5 boars from a herd and from 11 boars from an artificial insemination center. All boars were positive for PCV2 DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction of raw semen in at least two sampling dates, and most of them had detectable shedding in all sampling dates. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed in 23 samples. All samples showed low amounts of PCV2 DNA, ranging from 98 to 652 PCV2 copies/mL. No differences between the frequencies of PCV2 DNA shed in semen were found considering herds and age of boars. PCV2 shedding in the semen can occur continuously or intermittently up to 60 days in naturally infected boars at 12 to 42 months old in absence of PCV2 clinical signs. These results demonstrate sporadic and long-term shedding patterns of low amounts of PCV2 DNA in semen from naturally infected boars.
Variação da alimentação natural de Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner, 1860 (Pisces, Serrasalmidae) em função do ciclo lunar e das estações do ano na lagoa de Extremoz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v25i2.2003

The present paper aims to study feeding aspects of Serrasalmus spilopleura (Kner, 1860) from Extremoz Lake (5 o 42’76”S and 35 o 17’69”W), Rio Grande do Norte state , Brazil, in the period from July/1998 to April/1999 connecting lunar cycle to the seasons of the year. 337 specimens were collected in each phase of the moon, being used five ambush nets which varied from 2,0 to 5,0 centimeters with knots in four different points and catchings of five hours, times (17h00 - 22h00). The species showed feeding activity during the study period, independently of the season of the year and the phase of the moon, with small variations in the alimentary items. Insects appeared as principal food characterizing the species as carnivorous with tendency to insectivorous.
Responses of Woody Plants To Human-Induced Environmental Stresses: Issues, Problems, and Strategies for Alleviating Stress

Forest ecosystems are enormously important to mankind.They not only supply wood,foods,medicines,waxes,oils,gums,resins and tannins,but they also regulate climate, hydrology,mineral cycling,soil erosion,and cleansing of air and water.A variety of natural and human-induced environmental stresses have both beneficial and harmful effects on forest ecosystems.However,human-induced stresses are much more harmful than naturally induced disturbances.Human-induced stresses,which often are catastrophic although avoidable,include defor estation,fire,pollution,flooding,and soil compaction.Such stresses variously injure woody plants,impede vegetative and reproductive growth,and induce mortality,largely by causing physiological dysfunction in plants.Human-induced environmental stresses have led to decimation of forest ecosystems,loss of biodiversity,forest declines,and potential global warming. Short-rotation plantations,especially in the tropics,are increasing rapidly,largely to produce wood quickly.Plantations also stabilize soil,prevent water runoff,provide shelter from wind and heat,and relieve pressure for exploiting natural forests.However,plantations alone are unlikely to satisfy society 's growing needs for the products and services that can be provided by woody plant ecosystems.Hence,several multiple concurrent strategies are urgently needed to lessen the many destructive effects of human-induced environmental stresses on woody plants.These include not only the expansion of plantations but also of agroferestry systems and forest reserves as well as the development of innovative silvicultural techniques with a focus on the preservation of natural forests.Conserving sustainability of natural forests will require a land ethic as prelude to understanding the functioning of forest ecosystems,ecological and physiological impacts of disturbances on ecosystems,and the processes involved in recovery of disturbed ecosystems. Many of the harmful effects of pollution,fire,flooding,and soil compaction can be abated by judicious planning to create and perpetuate the critical components of forest stand structure and species composition.Strategies for continuous production of the products and services that can be supplied by woody plants will need to be reinforced by expanded long-term research and close cooperation among forest biologists,social scientists,economists,and regulatory government agencies.
Interpretation and Use of Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Variances in Plant Breeding1

Estimates of genetic variance and heritability provide useful guidelines for answering many questions which arise in a plant breeding program. In this paper we have attempted to (a) delineate appropriate questions which can be answered by estimation of genetic variance components and heritabilities (b) examine the assumptions necessary for estimation and (c) clarify the limitations imposed on interpretation of the estimates by the assumptions.
CELL SURFACE SUGARS AS SITES OF CELLULAR REACTIONS: POSSIBLE ROLE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES *

The saccharide components of mammalian cell surfaces occur as highly specific structures that are free to interact with complementary sites in the external environment of the cell. In the laboratory, the specificity of these structures has been useful in the identification of cells in serological reactions. However, the physiological functions of surface saccharides are unknown. Although their possible role in the body has been the subject of much speculation,’-’ no physiological process has yet been demonstrated to be mediated by interaction of a surface saccharide or more specifically, no normal body activity of a mammalian cell has been shown to be determined by the interaction of its surface sugars. The presence of stereospecific saccharide structures a t the mammalian cell surface raises the possibility that these components serve a physiological function by acting as “recognition sites” which participate in mediating normal activities of cells. This hypothesis gains attractiveness from a variety of findings which indicate that surface sugars of cells, from bacteria to those of man, can act as sites of cellular reactions. For example, in addition to the evidence that surface sugars can serve as antigenic determinants, these structures are also known to provide attachment sites for viruses to bacteria6“ and to mammalian cell^. ^" Recently, it has been reported that mycoplasmas, like certain viruses, utilize sialic acid a t the surface of turkey erythrocytes as binding sites. In addition, it has been found tha t the mating of bacteria” and of yeast, and mammalian cells3 in culture can be inhibited by mild periodate treatment of the cells suggesting that surface sugars play a role in mediating these processes. I t is also of interest that D-glucosamine has been found to inhibit the reaggregation of dissociated chick embryo cells in vitrol4 and the mutual adhesion of Drosophila hemolymph cells in vivo. Several studies carried out in collaboration with Dr. R. Cox and Dr. V. Ginsburg also relate to the possible role of surface sugars in mediating the activities of cell^. '^'*^ The sugars which commonly occur as constituents of mammalian cell surfaces include D-mannose, D-galactose, L-fucose, amino sugars and sialic acid.I6 Each of these sugars, unlike D-glucose, does not occur free in the blood in any appreciable amount. Because of the special loca10
Evaluation of the Appropriate Use of Ceftriaxone in Internal Medicine Wards of Wad Medani Teaching Hospital in Sudan

Background: Antibiotics are one of the commonly prescribed drugs over the world. Overprescribing of antibiotics may result in serious bacterial resistance. The main cause of inappropriate prescription of antibiotics is the absence of guidelines and protocols for its use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriate use of ceftriaxone (broad-spectrum third generation cephalosporin antibiotic) in internal medicine wards of Wad Medani teaching hospital in Sudan, as well as comparing its use with reference to the standard of Sudan treatment guidelines and reliable references like British National Formula (BNF) and Sanford guide. Methods: Prospective cross –sectional study conducted in the internal medicine department at Wad Medani Teaching hospital by reviewing the files of all in-patients admitted to medical wards, who received ceftriaxone between November and December, 2018 and the appropriateness use of ceftriaxone was evaluated depending on six criteria: indication, dose, frequency, duration of treatment, culture and sensitivity test and drug –drug interaction Results: A total of 280 admitted patient’s treatment chart containing ceftriaxone injection were analyzed. Ceftriaxone was indicated empirically in 91.1% mostly for respiratory tract infection (35%). Ceftriaxone appropriate dose was given in 59% of patients, inappropriate frequency in 68.9% and incorrect duration in 51.1%. Co-administered drugs with major interaction in 3.6% of patients. Conclusions: This study revealed high inappropriate use of ceftriaxone where it was given without implementing culture and sensitivity test in the majority of patients. This may result in treatment failure so educational programs is recommended to address the irrational use of antibiotic.