Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a Single-Neurosphere Culture to Assess Radiation Toxicity and Pre-Clinical Cancer Combination Therapy Safety

Simple Summary Exposure to radiation during nuclear catastrophes, natural sources such as space travel, or during cancer treatment can lead to central nervous system toxicity. The high sensitivity of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to radiation poses a significant obstacle to dose escalation for the treatment of brain cancer such as glioblastoma, yet studies suggest that higher (dose-escalated) radiation therapy (RT) could enhance local control. Unfortunately, this is presently infeasible due to the toxicity to neighboring normal tissue; thus, there is a critical need to understand the cellular mechanisms that determine the extent of radiation-induced toxicity in normal NPCs, to develop CNS toxicity radiation counter measures or develop new safe brain cancer chemo–radiation therapy strategies. Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) is a crucial treatment modality for central nervous system (CNS) tumors but toxicity to healthy CNS tissues remains a challenge. Additionally, environmental exposure to radiation during nuclear catastrophes or space travel presents a risk of CNS toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced CNS toxicity are not fully understood. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are highly radiosensitive, resulting in decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. This study aimed to characterize a novel platform utilizing rat NPCs cultured as 3D neurospheres (NSps) to screen the safety and efficacy of experimental drugs with and without radiation exposure. The effect of radiation on NSp growth and differentiation was assessed by measuring sphere volume and the expression of neuronal differentiation markers Nestin and GFAP and proliferation marker Ki67. Radiation exposure inhibited NSp growth, decreased proliferation, and increased GFAP expression, indicating astrocytic differentiation. RNA sequencing analysis supported these findings, showing upregulation of Notch, BMP2/4, S100b, and GFAP gene expression during astrogenesis. By recapitulating radiation-induced toxicity and astrocytic differentiation, this single-NSp culture system provides a high-throughput preclinical model for assessing the effects of various radiation modalities and evaluates the safety and efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions in combination with radiation.
Mixing Efficiencies in Patchy Turbulence

Abstract The efficiency of mixing in stably stratified systems where the turbulent mixing is confined to intermittent patches is investigated theoretically. It is possible to define two different flux Richardson numbers for mixing in such a system. One, the small-scale flux Richardson number, Rft, is based on the initial potential energy increase caused by small-scale turbulent mixing within the patches. This is the parameter that is obtained from laboratory and numerical experiments intended to determine turbulent mixing efficiencies. The other, the large-scale flux Richardson number, Rf, is based on the final potential energy increase, obtained after the mixed fluid has spread out laterally in the system. This is the relevant parameter for determining large-scale, irreversible, changes in the stratification caused by mixing. It is shown that the large-scale flux Richardson number is always smaller than the small-scale flux Richardson number, and that the difference can be almost a factor of 2. The commo.
Physical properties of aerosol particles at a Himalayan background site in India

[1] Three years of particle number size distribution measurements were conducted in a remote Himalayan site in Mukteshwar, India. The 1-h average total number concentrations varied from 220 to 27,300 cm ―3 . A clear seasonal cycle in measured aerosol properties was identified. The rainy season in July-August was found to decrease particle number concentrations to less than half of that observed in spring, prior to the rainy season. Highest concentrations were found in eastern and northern air masses. The air masses from these sectors arrived from higher altitudes suggesting the presence of long-range-transported aerosol. The particle size distributions were mostly unimodal, having a mean diameter larger than 100 nm during the dry seasons and around 100 nm during the rainy season. During the spring, atmospheric new particle formation events produced bimodal shapes for the size distributions. The diurnal variation in the particle number concentration showed slightly different patterns in different seasons. In spring the pattern was driven partly by new particle formation which started normally around midday during about one third of the days. In winter and autumn, particle concentrations increased from morning to evening and settled to lower levels again toward the night. This behavior is thought to be due to the combination of boundary layer evolution and daily behavior patterns/activities, such as cooking and heating, of habitants in the nearby valley. During the rainy season when the rain "cleaned" the atmosphere, particle number concentrations decreased notably, and no clear diurnal pattern could be identified.
Accumulation Rates of Carbonate Platforms

The growth potential of carbonate platforms, i.e., the maximum rate at which they can aggrade vertically, is difficult to assess. To estimate the growth potential from the conservative side and search for variations with time, we have compiled published accumulation rates from the Phanerozoic. Accumulation rates vary in a pattern, with maximum rates up to 200 m/Ma or more (not corrected for compaction) in the late Devonian, Permian, late Triassic, late Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous, separated by intervals of reduced rates (e.g., Carboniferous, early Jurassic and late Cretaceous). The most dramatic drop occurs at the Permo-Triassic boundary, after which there is no documented platform growth. This pattern resembles the evolutionary rhythm of bloom and demise of reefs and reef-builders. The observed maximum accumulation rate of 200 m/Ma (over $$10^{6}-10^{7} yr$$), is probably imposed by the maximum rate of long-term relative sea level rise on passive margins, the most favorable site for carbonate platform development. When the trend of decreasing rates with increasing interval duration was corrected for by normalizing all the rates to a 1 Ma interval duration, these variations remained. Biological factors may explain much of the observed variations.
T Cell Invigoration is Associated with the Clinical Response to Anti-PD-1-Based Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed for clinical application and proven effective for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) protein can partially reinvigorate circulating exhausted-phenotype CD8+ T cells (Tex cells) in preclinical models, however the clinical implication in anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy in NSCLC is unknown. Methods Serum specimens were obtained before and during treatment from 145 patients with NSCLC patients who received anti-PD-1 treatment and their prognoses were followed-up. Indicators such as cell subpopulations, T cell invigoration were detected by clinical laboratory testing. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with prognoses of NSCLC patients. Results The expressions of Ki-67 in PD-1+/CD8+ T cells in most NSCLC patients (97 of 145 cases) increased after treatment. The responding Ki-67+/CD8+ T cell population was mainly CD45RAlo CD27hi, containing cells with high expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, and 2B4 and low expression of NKG2-D (P < 0.0001). The maximum fold change of Ki-67+/PD-1+/CD8+T cells in treatment cycles and the tumor burden determined by imaging may be associated with survival. Patients with higher Ki-67 expression on PD-1+CD8+ T-cells (pretreatment) had statistically significant increased progression-free survival (PFS). A Ki-67 expression to tumor burden ratio greater than 0.6 at the 1st cycle of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was associated with improvement of PFS and overall survival (P < 0.05). Conclusion Activation of circulating Tex cells before or during therapy related to tumor burden may be associated with clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1 immune therapy in NSCLC.
A simple model of global aerosol indirect effects

Most estimates of the global mean indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosol on the Earth's energy balance are from simulations by global models of the aerosol lifecycle coupled with global models of clouds and the hydrologic cycle. Extremely simple models have been developed for integrated assessment models, but lack the flexibility to distinguish between primary and secondary sources of aerosol. Here a simple but more physically based model expresses the aerosol indirect effect (AIE) using analytic representations of cloud and aerosol distributions and processes. Although the simple model is able to produce estimates of AIEs that are comparable to those from some global aerosol models using the same global mean aerosol properties, the estimates by the simple model are sensitive to preindustrial cloud condensation nuclei concentration, preindustrial accumulation mode radius, width of the accumulation mode, size of primary particles, cloud thickness, primary and secondary anthropogenic emissions, the fraction of the secondary anthropogenic emissions that accumulates on the coarse mode, the fraction of the secondary mass that forms new particles, and the sensitivity of liquid water path to droplet number concentration. Estimates of present‐day AIEs as low as −5 W m−2 and as high as −0.3 W m−2 are obtained for plausible sets of parameter values. Estimates are surprisingly linear in emissions. The estimates depend on parameter values in ways that are consistent with results from detailed global aerosol‐climate simulation models, which adds to understanding of the dependence on AIE uncertainty on uncertainty in parameter values.
Shallow marine carbon and oxygen isotope and elemental records indicate icehouse-greenhouse cycles during the Early Jurassic

[1] For much of the Mesozoic record there has been an inconclusive debate on the possible global significance of isotopic proxies for environmental change and of sequence stratigraphic depositional sequences. We present a carbon and oxygen isotope and elemental record for part of the Early Jurassic based on marine benthic and nektobenthic molluscs and brachiopods from the shallow marine succession of the Cleveland Basin, UK. The invertebrate isotope record is supplemented with carbon isotope data from fossil wood, which samples atmospheric carbon. New data elucidate two major global carbon isotope events, a negative excursion of ∼2‰ at the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary, and a positive excursion of ∼2‰ in the Late Pliensbachian. The Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary event is similar to the slightly younger Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and is characterized by deposition of relatively deepwater organic-rich shale. The Late Pliensbachian strata by contrast are characterized by shallow marine deposition. Oxygen isotope data imply cooling locally for both events. However, because deeper water conditions characterize the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary in the Cleveland Basin the temperature drop is likely of local significance; in contrast a cool Late Pliensbachian shallow seafloor agrees with previous inference of partial icehouse conditions. Both the large-scale, long-term and small-scale, short-duration isotopic cycles occurred in concert with relative sea level changes documented previously from sequence stratigraphy. Isotope events and the sea level cycles are concluded to reflect processes of global significance, supporting the idea of an Early Jurassic in which cyclic swings from icehouse to greenhouse and super greenhouse conditions occurred at timescales from 1 to 10 Ma.
Institutional Ownership Effect on Company Values with CSR and DER as An Intervening Variable

This study aims to examine whether institutional ownership has an effect on firm value with debt policies and corporate social responsibility as intervening variables in automotive sub-sector manufacturing companies and their components listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2015-2021 period. In this study, institutional ownership is measured by INST, firm value is measured by price to book value (PBV), debt policy is measured by debt to equity ratio, corporate social responsibility is measured by CSRDI index. The population used in this study is the automotive sub-sector manufacturing companies and their components listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2015-2021 period. The sample of this study amounted to 12 companies from a total population of 84 companies. Sampling using purposive sampling method. The data analysis tool used in this research is path analysis using smartpls3 software. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Institutional ownership has a significant positive effect on debt policy. (2) Institutional ownership has no significant positive effect on corporate social responsibility. (3) Institutional ownership has no significant positive effect on firm value. (4) Debt policy has a significant negative effect on firm value. (5) Corporate social responsibility has a significant positive effect on firm value. (6) Debt policy cannot mediate institutional ownership on firm value. (7) Corporate social responsibility cannot mediate institutional ownership on firm value.
Identification of Potential Hazards Associated with South Korean Prawns and Monitoring Results Targeting Fishing Bait

This study detected two potential pathogens, Vibro parahaemolyticus, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), in fishing bait in South Korea. However, their infectious nature was not confirmed, possibly due to the degradation caused by freezing/thawing or prolonged storage under frozen conditions. While infectivity was not confirmed in this study, there is still a significant risk of exposure to these aquatic products. Furthermore, fishing bait and feed should be handled with caution as they are directly exposed to water, increasing the risk of disease transmission. In Australia, cases of WSSV infection caused by imported shrimp intended for human consumption have occurred, highlighting the need for preventive measures. While freezing/thawing is a method for inactivating pathogens, there are still regulatory and realistic issues to be addressed.
Ordinary Places/Extraordinary Events: Citizenship, Democracy and Public Space in Latin America

Prologue: Ordinary Places, Extraordinary Events 1. Introduction: Citizenship, Democracy and Urban Space In Latin America Part 1: Cities, Democracies and Powers: The Politics of Spatial Appropriations and Social Representations 2. Political Appropriations of Public Space: Extraordinary Events in the Zocalo of Mexico City 3. Reinventing the Void: The Museum of Art of Sao Paulo and the Reshaping of Public Life along Avenida Paulista 4. Permanence of a Memorable Urban Space as a Place for Extraordinary Events: The Plaza of the Central Station in Santiago de Chile 5. Lima's Historic Center: Old Places Shaping New Social Arrangements 6. The Plaza De Bolivar In Bogota: Place of Singularity, Multiplicity of Events Part 2: Place, Citizenships and Nationhoods: Singularity of Place, Multiplicity of Projects 7. Space, Revolution, and Resistance: Ordinary Places and Extraordinary Events in Caracas 8. The Struggle for Urban Territories: Human Rights Activists in Buenos Aires 9. Events in the Metropolis: Public Space, Celebration, Citizenship, and Resistance in Rio de Janeiro 10. Iconic Voids and Social Identity in a Polycentric City: Havana from the 19th to the 21st Century 11. Unresolved Public Expressions of Anti-Trujillismo in Santo Domingo
Home literacy environment and early biliteracy engagement and attainment: A gendered perspective

ABSTRACT This mixed-methods study was designed to examine how different home literacy environments shape gender differences in Chinese-Canadian first graders’ (N = 76) bilingual lexical attainment and literacy engagement. Quantitative analyses indicated that girls outperform boys in both Chinese (L1) and English (L2) vocabulary. Gender differences were not associated with the quantity of language exposure at home in either language but rather with the quality of home language input. Home Language Quality was found to be differentially associated with gender, with boys receiving quality input in both languages at home. Results reveal that parents engaged in more quality home literacy practices with girls than boys. Parental expectations and beliefs in gender differences, particularly girls’ superiority in language learning and self-regulation, shaped gendered home literacy engagement.
Mathematical characteristics of sea ice dynamics models

Mathematical characteristics of plasticity models that describe large-scale sea ice behavior are studied in an attempt to understand the models better and to compare the analytical results to observed ice behavior. Separate stress and velocity characteristics occur when a nonassociated flow rule is used. The two sets coincide for associated flow rules. The relative orientation of characteristic directions at a point can change depending on the stress state and the direction of plastic stretching. Two real velocity characteristic directions exist when the magnitude of shearing exceeds the magnitude of dilating, one exists when they are equal, and none exist when the shearing magnitude is less than the dilating magnitude. The system is hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic, respectively, in these conditions. Quasi-steady elastic-plastic and viscous-plastic models have identical characteristics so that we cannot use the characteristics to discriminate between these models. Attention has been focused on the velocity characteristics with the desire to relate these directions directly to leads and other features observed in satellite imagery. The velocity characteristic curves cannot stretch, so that floes lying along a characteristic line neither approach nor separate from each other. Therefore the amount of open water will not change between these floes, which makes it unlikely that we will be able to observe fields of characteristic directions directly in satellite imagery. We have, however, observed velocity discontinuities across large-scale lead systems, which are special characteristic curves. This result offers a way to use remotely sensed imagery directly to estimate part of the deformation field.
Hematology profile of Sumatran Orangutan ( Pongo abelii ) in the Sumatran Orangutan Quarantine Center, Sibolangit, Indonesia

This research aims to obtain hematological database of healthy Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) at the Sumatran Orangutan Quarantine Centre, in Batu Mbelin, Sibolangit, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This secondary data comes from hematological examination results in 52 healthy Sumatran orangutans in Batu Mbelin, from May 2003 to August 2010. This research used a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) that has two factors namely, gender as the first factor and age as the second factor. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of ANOVA show that gender affects (P<0.05) on the value of mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in Sumatran orangutans. Age influences (P<0.05) on the lymphocytes and monocytes Sumatran orangutans. The results of least significant different (LSD) test of the lymphocyte show that there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the lymphocyte value of infants and that of juveniles. The lymphocyte value of infant is also significantly different (P<0.05) that of adolescent. While the lymphocyte value of adolescent and juveniles are not significant different. The results of LSD test of the value of monocytes show that there is a very significant difference (P<0.01) between the monocyte value of infants and that of juveniles. Furthermore, the value of infant’s and adolescent’s monocytes is significantly different (P<0.05). However, the value of adolescent’s and juvenile’s monocytes does not show any influences. Interaction of sex influences on the red blood cell (RBC) of Sumatran orangutans whereas age do not influences on the RBC. The results of Duncan test show that there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the RBC values of adolescent female orangutans and adolescent male orangutans. Other hematological values do not show any effects on both gender and age
Crustal reflection of plane P and SV waves

Expressions in terms of layer matrices have been derived for the motion of the free surface when plane harmonic P or SV waves are incident at any given angle at the base of a horizontally layered crust. A computer program has been written to calculate normalized surface displacements as functions of horizontal phase velocity (or angle of incidence) and wave period. Numerical values have been obtained for the same single-layered model of the continental crust for which the corresponding calculations for SH waves have been presented previously. The surface motion pattern is similar to that of the SH case, but it is somewhat more complex owing to PS and SP conversions at the layer boundaries. Variations in amplitude and phase of the surface displacements are particularly large and erratic in the case of SV waves that are incident at angles such that α1 αn, the crustal transfer functions for incident SH and SV waves are sufficiently similar for conventional methods to be used in determining the angle of polarization with moderate accuracy.
A case for a downwasting mountain glacier during Termination I, Verçenik valley, northeastern Turkey

Field evidence of palaeoglacial records in the Verçenik valley in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains was examined and 19 samples for surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be were collected with the aim of increasing knowledge on the amplitude and frequency of palaeoglacier advances in Anatolia. Glacial erosional features were mapped and the flow directions of the palaeoglaciers were determined. The Verçenik palaeoglacier advanced before 26.1 k ± 1.2 k yr. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) advance continued until 18.8 k ±1.0 k yr. The Verçenik palaeoglacier collapsed during Termination I. After 17.7 k ± 0.8 k yr there was no more ice in the main valley. The Verçenik palaeoglacier most probably then separated into five small glaciers that were restricted to the tributary valleys. Among these, the Hemşin palaeoglacier completed its recession around 15.7 k ± 0.8 k yr. On the basis of glacial erosion features, a Lateglacial glacier advance can be identified. Evidence of the Little Ice Age advance appears to be absent. The results from this valley system seem to be consistent with the first results from the adjacent Kavron valley and with the Anatolian LGM palaeoclimate, the sea surface temperature minima in the western Mediterranean, the deposition of red clay layers in the Black Sea and deposition of the Heinrich‐1 layer in the North Atlantic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.