Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ENERGY DISSIPATION AND LANDAU DAMPING IN TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLASMA TURBULENCE

Plasma turbulence is ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasmas, playing an important role in plasma energization, but the physical mechanisms leading to dissipation of the turbulent energy remain to be definitively identified. Kinetic simulations in two dimensions (2D) have been extensively used to study the dissipation process. How the limitation to 2D affects energy dissipation remains unclear. This work provides a model of comparison between two- and three-dimensional (3D) plasma turbulence using gyrokinetic simulations; it also explores the dynamics of distribution functions during the dissipation process. It is found that both 2D and 3D nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of a low-beta plasma generate electron velocity-space structures with the same characteristics as that of the linear Landau damping of Alfvén waves in a 3D linear simulation. The continual occurrence of the velocity-space structures throughout the turbulence simulations suggests that the action of Landau damping may be responsible for the turbulent energy transfer to electrons in both 2D and 3D, and makes possible the subsequent irreversible heating of the plasma through collisional smoothing of the velocity-space fluctuations. Although, in the 2D case where variation along the equilibrium magnetic field is absent, it may be expected that Landau damping is not possible, a common trigonometric factor appears in the 2D resonant denominator, leaving the resonance condition unchanged from the 3D case. The evolution of the 2D and 3D cases is qualitatively similar. However, quantitatively, the nonlinear energy cascade and subsequent dissipation is significantly slower in the 2D case.
Tonic TCR Signaling Inversely Regulates the Basal Metabolism of CD4+ T Cells

The contribution of self-peptide–MHC signaling in CD4+ T cells to metabolic programming has not been definitively established. In this study, we employed LLO118 and LLO56, two TCRtg CD4+ T cells that recognize the same Listeria epitope. We previously have shown that LLO56 T cells are highly self-reactive and respond poorly in a primary infection, whereas LLO118 cells, which are less self-reactive, respond well during primary infection. We performed metabolic profiling and found that naive LLO118 had a dramatically higher basal respiration rate, a higher maximal respiration rate, and a higher glycolytic rate relative to LLO56. The LLO118 cells also exhibited a greater uptake of 2-NBD–glucose, in vitro and in vivo. We extended the correlation of low self-reactivity (CD5lo) with high basal metabolism using two other CD4+ TCRtg cells with known differences in self-reactivity, AND and Marilyn. We hypothesized that the decreased metabolism resulting from a strong interaction with self was mediated through TCR signaling. We then used an inducible knock-in mouse expressing the Scn5a voltage-gated sodium channel. This channel, when expressed in peripheral T cells, enhanced basal TCR-mediated signaling, resulting in decreased respiration and glycolysis, supporting our hypothesis. Genes and metabolites analysis of LLO118 and LLO56 T cells revealed significant differences in their metabolic pathways, including the glycerol phosphate shuttle. Inhibition of this pathway reverts the metabolic state of the LLO118 cells to be more LLO56 like. Overall, these studies highlight the critical relationship between peripheral TCR–self-pMHC interaction, metabolism, and the immune response to infection.
TLR 2 activation causes no morbidity or cardiovascular failure , despite excessive systemic nitric oxide production

TLR2 activation causes no morbidity or cardiovascular failure, despite excessive systemic nitric oxide production
ffect of blueberry pretreatment on iethylnitrosamine-induced oxidative stress and iver injury in rats

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, necrosis and proliferation in the liver. Blueberries (BB; Vaccinium corymbosum L.) contain polyphenols and other active components and have high antioxidant capacities. We investigated the effect of BB pretreatment on DEN-induced liver injury and oxidative and nitrosative stress in male rats. Rats were fed with 5% and 10% BB containing diet for six weeks and DEN (200 mg/kg; i.p.) was applied two days before the end of this period. Liver function tests were determined in serum and histopathological evaluation was performed in the liver tissue. Apoptosis-related proteins, Bax and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions were also examined. Oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated in the liver by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, diene conjugate, protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine levels, and glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase (GST) activities. Pretreatment with high dose of BB reduced apoptotic, necrotic and proliferative changes in the liver induced by DEN. Dietary BB also decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and nitrotyrosine levels together with increased GST activity. In conclusion, BB may have an inhibiting effect on acute liver injury by reducing apoptosis, necrosis, proliferation, oxidative and nitrosative stress in DEN-treated rats. and promote liver cancer in rodents. DEN affects the initiation . Introduction -diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is one of the most important heptotoxins and hepatocarcinogens. N-nitrosamines originate ainly from protein containing foods and are also form from itrate precursor, which are abundant in leafy and root vegtables. Under the acidic condition of stomach, the amines ∗ Corresponding author. Tel. : +90 212 4142188; fax: +90 212 6215642. E-mail address: sdabbasoglu@yahoo.com (S. Doğru-Abbasoğlu). 382-6689/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ttp://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.etap. 2013.05. 014 © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. present in food are activated by reaction with nitrate, leading to N-nitrosamines (Sadik et al., 2008; Janani et al., 2010; Amin et al., 2011; Jayakumar et al., 2012). Several chemicals such as DEN induce hepatocyte injury stage of carcinogenesis together with enhanced cell proliferation accompanied by hepatocellular necrosis (Maeda et al., 2005; Naugler et al., 2007; Glauert et al., 2010; Qiu et al., 2011).
An Effective Lung Cancer Detection And Classification Using Enhanced Fully Convolution Neural Networks

: Lung cancer classification can be identified to the middle aged persons nowadays. Early prediction and classification of cancer stage is mandate to take counter measures to treatment and easy diagnosis. The scanned CT images are mostly used to obtain the occurrence of lung small cell cancer. In existing techniques used by machine learning traditional techniques and advanced deep learning (DL), it can classify the cancer occurrence and predict the feasible treatment based on diagnosis. It is mandate to predict and find the level or stages of the lung cancer based on tumor size and it should be properly classified to predict better treatments. Here it is proposed to categorize the stages of lung cancer and predict the diagnosis way using fully convolution neural network (FCN). In this technique, the methodology can be improved by means of candidate generation over the screening phase to make higher optimized results. The concentration leads to the learning process over the implementation of FCN to produce results with larger in dataset size. The improved results will show the performance of proposed system rather the existing works.
A CNN-LSTM Deep Learning Classifier for Motor Imagery EEG Detection Using a Low-invasive and Low-Cost BCI Headband

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) can be used not only to monitor users, recognizing their mental state and the activities they perform, but also to make decisions or control their environment. Hence, BCI could improve the health and the independence of users, for example those with low mobility disabilities. In this work, we use a low-cost and low-invasive BCI headband to detect Electroencephalography (EEG) motor imagery. In particular, we propose a deep learning classifier based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in order to detect EEG motor imagery for left and right hands. Our results report a 96.5% validation accuracy in the correct classification. Additionally, we discuss the influence of using raw data over using the data split in frequency bands in the model proposed. We also discuss the influence of certain frequency bands activity over other frequency bands in the task proposed. These results represent a promising discovery in order to democratize users’ independence by the adoption of low-cost and low-invasive technologies in combination with deep learning.
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Tool to Evaluate the Effects of Herbicides on Eukaryotic Life

1.1 Herbicides and their toxicity Agricultural herbicides play undoubted beneficial roles in preserving crop yields, although they may pose serious concerns for the environment and humans because of their widespread and intensive use/misuse (due to careless applications, high and repeated application rate, accidental spillage). It is also evident the potential to injure non-target cultivars and microorganisms, in particular those contributing to soil quality, and to cause adverse side-effects in mammals, including humans (Cabral et al.,2003; Cabral et al.,2004). Herbicide-related toxicity may be often underestimated because little information is provided on the effects of herbicides as complete formulations. As a matter of fact, acute or chronic toxicity tests are generally carried out using pure active ingredients (AIs). Herbicide-induce damaging effects are proportional to the absorbed substance and to the time of exposure, but also to the inherent characteristics of each compound. Agriculturists are most likely exposed to acute intoxication, by inhalation or direct contact with toxic substances, though each person can be subjected to possible toxic effects due to accumulation of pesticide residues in the body, being the diet the most important source of exposure. Typically, pure herbicide molecules are of limited value to end users. To give them practical value and make them usable, most herbicides are combined with appropriate solvents or surfactants to obtain a formulation. A given chemical may be formulated in a variety of differing formulations and sold under different trade names. For this reason, pure AIs are mixed with coformulants, also called ‘inert’ or auxiliary substances, to allow their use in common and convenient vehicles, such as water, and to obtain uniform and effective distributions. Several substances fall within the definition of coformulant, including: carrier substances, solvents, surfactants, dispersing agents, adhesives, absorption-promoting agents, antioxidants, bactericides, dyes, fillers, and perfumes. Coformulants can have various technical and physico/chemical properties in relation to their function in the pesticide formulation. These chemicals can be expected to have various toxicological profiles, some of them harmless (e.g., water) and some with serious toxicological properties (e.g., the organic solvent isophorone, which is a suspected carcinogen). Because
The impact of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and gender on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Visegrad countries

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether entrepreneurial education (EE) contributes to the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of university students in the Visegrád countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). The results show several differences with regard to the impact of education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) on entrepreneurial intentions across the four nations. The direct impact of entrepreneurship education was positive and significant in only one country, Poland, the only of the four countries to have introduced entrepreneurship education at high-school level. Additionally, an indirect influence of EE on EI was uncovered. Using a multi-construct approach to ESE, the research proves that ESEs related to searching, planning and marshalling activities mediate the impact of entrepreneurial education on intentions, although these effects differ across the studied countries. Lastly, a gender comparison indicates that although women generally have lower entrepreneurial intentions and display lower levels of ESE they benefit more than men do from entrepreneurship education.
A Survey of TQM Practices in North Karnataka Manufacturing SMEs: an Empirical Evaluation

As the result of a perception that smaller firms do not have the resources necessary to implement TQM effectively, the focus of the literature has been on large organizations. For this study, a survey instrument was developed and a survey conducted to investigate the level of practice of TQM elements and to find the most critical factors perceived by the small and medium sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs). Attempts at finding significant differences in quality practices were made and the result established the existence of significant differences between perceived and practice response on Total Quality Management implementation among small and medium manufacturing enterprise groups.
A Region of Interest Selection for Vision-Based Respiratory Rate Measurement in Sleeping Scenario

Vision-based respiratory measurement can remotely measure respiratory information without affecting the sleep quality of the user. However, several scenarios during sleeping, such as when blankets cover areas of the face or body, can be a challenge when estimate respiratory rate (RR) due to the uncertainty of the region of interest (ROI). In this study, we first investigate the metrics and physical meanings of ROI selection from the perspectives of array signal processing and the concept of linear combining. Then, we propose an ROI detection algorithm based on both temporal and spatial consistency (TSC), which aims to extract the representative characteristics of respiration with fewer computational resources. Furthermore, a sleeping database, containing more than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~hours$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of data, was built to investigate the performance of benchmarked ROI methods during long-term sleeping. The experimental results demonstrate that TSC attains the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20.6~dB$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a relatively low elapsed time of 100.2 frames per second (fps). For the RR estimation accuracy, TSC reduces the mean absolute error from 1.65 breaths per minute (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$bpm$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.97~bpm$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
The Cost of Children: Differences between the Genders *

In this paper we estimate the opportunity cost of children. The underlying theoretical model is represented by a household production model. In the empirical analysis, we consider three different cohorts for men and women born between 1955 and 1970. For the women in the two oldest cohorts, the opportunity cost of two children is estimated to 28-29 per cent of full income, which in monetary terms is close to the estimated income difference between women employed in the public and private sector. The opportunity cost of fatherhood is generally positive, but only significantly positive for men born between 1960 and 1965.
A Deep Analysis on General Approximate Counters

Approximate counters play an important role in many computer domains like network measurement, parallel computing and machine learning because they can reduce the required memory cost. With the emergence of new application needs in these domains like flow counting and parallel measuring, simple Morris counters fail to solve them. Therefore, a more general Morris counter is required. However, there has been a lack of complete theoretical research on the statistical properties of this new approximate counter so far.This paper conducts a deep analysis on general Morris counters and derives the minimum upper bound of the variance. To our best knowledge, this is the first work to thoroughly analyze the statistical properties of general Morris counters in theory. Besides, application scenarios are analyzed, showing that conclusions obtained by our research are effective in testing the performance of approximate counters and guiding system architecture design according to accuracy needs.
Efficient single photon emission from a high-purity hexagonal boron nitride crystal

Among a variety of layered materials used as building blocks in van der Waals heterostructures, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) appears as an ideal platform for hosting optically active defects owing to its large band gap ($\ensuremath{\sim}6 \mathrm{eV}$). Here we study the optical response of a high-purity hBN crystal under green laser illumination. By means of photon correlation measurements, we identify individual defects emitting a highly photostable fluorescence under ambient conditions. A detailed analysis of the photophysical properties reveals a high quantum efficiency of the radiative transition, leading to a single photon source with very high brightness ($\ensuremath{\sim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{counts} {\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). These results illustrate how the wide range of applications offered by hBN could be further extended to photonic-based quantum information science and metrology.
Characterization of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii Complex Maintained in Yeast Culture Collection in São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: As isolates of Cryptococcus are frequently kept collection stocks in institutions, sometimes without proper characterization, we sought to determine the genotype profiles, protease and phospholipase activities “in vitro” and the susceptibility testing for azoles and amphotericin B. Methodology: 84 isolates from several regions of Brazil (40 samples from clinical origin and 44 isolates from environmental origin) were maintained at the microorganism’s bank of the Biomedical Science Institute (ICB-USP) of the Sao Paulo University, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This isolates was submitted fungal strains determination, DNA extraction and purification, determination of genotype by URA5 gene RFLP of CGB-positive isolates, protease and phospholipase activity and susceptibility to antifungals. Results: Of six CGB positive isolates tested by RFLP-PCR, only four presented a genomic profile consistent C. gattii species (VGII), while two other were C. neoformans (VNI and VNIII), indicating the existence of canavanine-resistante C. neoformans isolates in the culture collections. The clinical isolates secreted higher levels of phospholipase and environmental isolates but no differences were observed for the protease levels. Almost all isolates were sensible to azoles and amphotericin B. Conclusion: We point out in this research the existence of C. neoformans strains resistant to canavanine and intrinsic characteristic of C. gatti. These results demonstrate the importance to perform a detailed characterization of isolates kept in culture collections.
The real demonstration of High-Quality Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNTs) as the electrical connection for the potential application in a vertical 3D integrated technology

High-quality and the large area Carbon Nano-Tube (CNTs) is grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method in different trench structures for the potential applications on the vertically three-dimension integrated circuits (3DICs). It’s unique material properties, including Resistivity (p), thermal conductivity (k), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and Young’s modulus (E) make it viable for the potential applications in the monolithic 3D vertically integrated technologies. Besides the well-known lower p in CNTs for the easier electron carrier transport, the higher k-value in CNTs— which is ~4500 Wm-1K-1 and 10x higher than Cu— results in the better thermal dissipation (~I5°C reduction) for the reduction of self-heating effect in the high dense 3D devices. On the other hand, the near-zero/negative CTE of -2xlO-6 K-1 and ultra-high E-value of 1000 GPa in CNTs is also found to reduce the residual stress and furtherly enhance the acceptable device layout area (by 80% keep-out zone reduction) in the 3D vertically integrated devices significantly. The prototype and full process flow for the CNTs as the vertical connection material for the 3D integrated technologies is demonstrated successfully. In summary, the growth of high-quality CNTs in the trench structure with a good electrical and mechanical material properties, and the development of an advanced key- module process for the monolithic 3D vertically integrated technologies provide a useful solution for the future high- performance and high-dense 3D integrated devices.
Evaluating chemical composition of Butia capitata pulp among various populations and locations using multivariate analysis

There are many native species from Cerrado that are used as food supply. However, their nutritional constitution is still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate and quantify the nutritional composition of coquinho-azedo fruits, obtained from different regions and populations in Northern Minas Gerais, using multivariate analysis. Ripe fruits of various B. capitata populations were obtained from four locations in Northern Minas Gerais. Fruit samples were analyzed for total acidity, total sugars, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, macro- and microelements. Results show that Butia capitata fruits are acidic given that values ​​of titratable acidity ranged from 1.57 to 2.61, and Brix values ​​ranged from 6.6° to 10.00°Bx. The total sugar content was relatively low with the lowest values ​​observed in groups 4, 5 and 8 from Cristalia (0.65, 0.75 and 0.78%, respectively). Ascorbic acid content also varied among populations and locations; the highest average (92.43) was observed in group 2 from Cristalia and the highest value (821.63 mg/100 g fw) was observed in group 7 from Bonito de Minas. The highest antioxidant activity value (58.39%) was observed in group 7 from Cristalia. Multivariate analysis grouped and separated populations that were genetically similar or dissimilar for ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds and total sugars. The nutritional composition of B. capitata varied widely according to the sampled site and groups of plants. In general, the fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid, potassium and iron. Key words: Arecaceae, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, dendogram.