Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manifestation of Proliferative Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Following Transfer of Infected Smolts to Sea Water

For 4 consecutive years, the prevalence and severity of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the PKX myxosporean, in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Puntledge River Hatchery, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada was investigated after the fish were transferred to sea water. In the spring of 1991 through 1994, smolts were transferred from the hatchery to the Pacific Biological Station (PBS), Nanaimo, British Columbia at about the same time that their cohorts were released for seaward migration. In 1991, fish were maintained in PKX-free fresh water, and in 1992 fish were maintained in a seawater neetpen. In 1993 and 1994 fish were maintained in seawater tanks maintained at 15-17°C. In all years, virtually all the fish were subclinically infected with PKX at the time of transfer from the hatchery, and a prevalence of almost 100% was eventually observed in the fish after they were transferred to PBS. This study demonstrates that PKD can occur in sea water in post smolts originating from watersheds where the PKX parasite is present. It is, therefore, possible that PKD may impact ocean survival of salmon originating from PKX enzootic watershed, particularly because the disease causes osmoregulatory imbalances and anemia.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Native and Rec-Pediocin CP2 Against Cancer Cell Lines: A Comparative Study

Pediocin CP2 is a natural antimicrobial peptide produced by Pediococcus acidilactici MTCC 5101. Its recombinant version was created by employing computational protein engineering approach and was expressed as a synthetic fusion protein in recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)-pedA. Both native and rec-pediocin were comparatively evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HepG2 (a hepatocarcinoma cell line), HeLa (a cervical adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (a mammary gland adenocarcinoma) and Sp2/0-Ag14 (a spleen lymphoblast) cell lines. Inhibition of cell proliferation was quantitated by MTT assay and induction of apoptosis was studied by genomic DNA fragmentation assay. Results indicated a significantly higher cytotoxicity of rec-pediocin and damage of chromosomal DNA in bacteriocin tested cell lines.
Studies on the Cytology and Phylogeny of the Pteridophytes

1. A critical cytological investigation of nine species of Ophioglossum (including several cytological and geographic races), one species of Botrychium and the monotypic Helminthostachys has been made.2. The lowest haploid number for Ophioglossum is n=120 and for Helminthostachys, n=94.3. Almost all the species of Ophioglossum investigated in the present study (excepting the aneuploid series in O. reticulatum and perhaps O. vulgatum) are found to form a polyploid series based on the haploid number n=120.4. O. reticulatum L. is shown to have the highest chromosome number yet recorded in any species (n=c. 630, 2n=c. 1260). 5. The basic chromosome number of the Ophioglossaceae is postulated to be 15.6. Evidences of chromosome numbers obtained from this study show the probability that there is some parallelism in the cytological evolution of the Ophioglossaceae and the Schizaeaceae. Both Ophioglossum and Schizaea exhibit very high chromosome numbers. The basic number 15, characteristic of the Ophioglossaceae, is also shared by Lygodium, the most primitive genus of the Schizaeaceae.7. Cytological evidence is in favour of regarding Botrychium as the most primitive of the three genera while Helminthostachys is intermediate and Ophioglossum the most specialised.8. There is no cytological support for the segregation of species of Botrychium and Ophioglossum into subgenera or for raising these subgenera to generic status.9. It is suggested that the greater percentage of polyploids as well as higher grades of polyploidy encountered in South Indian races of Ophioglossum may be related to the fact that Peninsular India is geologically one of the oldest land masses with a continued vegetation cover for a very long geological period. This suggestion is incidentally supported by evidences of chromosome numbers from ancient genera like Tmesipteris and Phylloglossum from Australia which also represents a very old geological formation.10. The taxonomic delimitation in species like O. reticulatum, O. petiolatum and O. vulgatum is seen to be very artificially drawn.11. Taxonomic revision in the light of cytology is necessary for O. nudicaule.
WOODLAND REGENERATION IN THE NEW FOREST, - HAMPSHIRE, SINCE 1650

Of the 45 000 ac of Crown common land within the New Forest more than 6000 ac are occupied by deciduous woodland, the most notable features of which are the widespread predominance of even-aged and biologically mature beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) and the abundance of holly (llex aquifolium). Holly is present in nearly all woods, in many cases forming a dense understorey. It also occurs in unshaded conditions as the dominant species of small areas of scrub known locally as 'holms' or 'hats': these woods have attracted the attention of several biologists (e.g. Tansley 1939) but their ecological status does not appear to have been evaluated. The origin of the mature, even-aged woodlands has been discussed by several writers. Sumner (1929) and Lascelles (1915) both considered that this woodland had arisen from medieval and seventeenth century silvicultural management but neither writer produced sufficient evidence to substantiate this for more than a few individual sites. Anderson (1951) also appears to have favoured the view that this woodland had its origins in deliberate management although he concluded that the relatively small areas of sessile oak probably represented the relicts of 'natural' woodland. Tubbs (1964), however, in an attempt to elucidate the history of the unenclosed woodlands from documentary evidence, was unable to show that more than, at most, one third of the woods had ever been under silvicultural management. He also suggested that most of the mature stands had originated no earlier than the second half of the seventeenth century. In the present paper the ecological history of the unenclosed woodlands of the New Forest is examined in greater detail. From age-structure studies of the woods today, and from evidence relating to the size of herbivore populations it will be shown that phases of active regeneration within the past 300 years have been partly related to the fluctuations in grazing and browsing pressure and the incidence of heath burning. The age of the stands of older timber is established more precisely than hitherto and the origin of this regeneration phase is reconsidered. Observations of tree size and branch structure showed that the majority of the unenclosed woodlands consist of three distinct generations. The oldest (A) consists of stands of beech and oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea), in which the branches are widely spread to form a close or semi-open canopy below which there is a scattered understorey of holly. Most of the holly, many of the beeches and some of the oaks have been pollarded. In contrast to the A generation, which consists of these four species and yew (Taxus baccata), the intermediate generation, B, contains many more species. The species-composition of this generation, in which the trees grew up with small crowns among the A generation trees
Multiple Mating in Laboratory-Reared Gypsy Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Multiple mating was studied in a laboratory colony of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.). Males transferred reduced quantities of eupyrene sperm with each mating, and few were able to fully inseminate one female daily for 4 d. Nonetheless, some males could remate and fully inseminate a second female within a few hours, suggesting that not all of the sperm stored in the duplex was transferred during the first mating. Females that had mated with males incapable of full insemination would remate up to 2 d later, and sperm from the second mating was used in fertilization. Fecundity, as measured by egg mass weight, was dependent upon sperm transfer. Females with no sperm or only apyrene sperm laid fewer eggs than females with eupyrene sperm. However, the quantity of eupyrene sperm had little effect on the weight of the egg mass.
Starch Granule Distribution Characteristics in Lycoris chinensis Bulb

We measured the surface area of starch granule in Lycoris chinensis bulb,and calculated the number of starch granules in the micrograph by software Motic Images Advanced 3.2. The experimental result indicated the surface area range of starch granules in L.chinensis bulb was 10.095~1 993.649 μm2,and it showed single peak curve in frequency of starch granules with the increasing of the area.The percentages of large and small starch granules in L.chinensis of different size had no significant difference.The percentages in the upper,middle and lower part of the bulb had no significant difference.There were no significant differences in the percentages of large and small starch granules in L.chinensis bulbs of different sizes,and there were no significant differences in the percentages of in the upper,middle and lower parts of the bulbs either.But they had significant differences in exterior,middle and interior scales.In basal plate the area range was 10.095~296.035 μm2. All scales were born on the basal plate,nutrient in scales was transported through the bulb plate.In the development of the bulb,nutrient in exterior scales was consumed to supply to middle scales,and nutrient in middle scales was supplied to interior scales.
A Simple Defatting Method Using a Partition Method of Acetonitorile and n-Hexan for Radioimmunoassay of Low Blood Levels of Estradiol-17β

A convenient and simple defatting method using acetonitorile and n-hexan for estradiol-17β radioimmunoassay (RIA) is established. Using the present defatting method, plasma or serum estradiol-17β concentrations of various animals having low blood levels of estradiol-17β can be measured conveniently without the purification of estradiol-17β using LH20 column chromatography. Data of plasma from cows used the present defatting method were coincided well with data by defatting method using methanol and n-hexan. The specific steps in the procedure of this defatting methods were as follows. 1) Ether extraction: Standard solutions or plasma (serum) samples (1 ml) were transferred to glass tubes (13 × 100 mm) for ether extraction. Three ml diethyl ether was added to each tube. The tubes were agitated to extract estradiol-17β and stilled for 5 minutes. The tubes were subsequently dipped in dry ice-ethanol bath to freeze the water layer and ether layer was transferred to a new glass tube (12 × 75 mm) by decapitation. 2) Defatting: To remove substances that interfere with the estradiol assay, after drying the ether, a solution of a mixture of 1 ml n-hexane and 0.5 ml acetonitorile (V/V) was added, and the tubes were mixed. This procedure was repeated twice. After aspiration of the hexane phase, the methanol phase was dried with nitrogen gas and redissolved in 0.1 ml PBS (50 mmol/L, pH 7.5) containing 1% (W/V) BSA (BSA-PBS), and the solution was used for the estradiol RIA.
Food storage, prey remains and notes on occasional vertebrates in the diet of the Eurasian water shrew, Neomys fodiens

The food remains of Neomys fodiens (particularly trichopteran larvae, Gastropoda and Amphibia) found on the banks of ponds and small creeks in Lower Austria are described. Characteristic bite marks, the manner of opening the cases and shells, as well as data on feeding patterns are presented. Food caches mainly consisted of caddis fly larvae and snails, but also contained non-palatable items which shrews apparently had confused with real prey and retrieved. The composition of the caches varied seasonally, showing a marked mid-summer decline and a shift in the proportion of Trichoptera and Mollusca in late summer and autumn. Shrews employed particular methods when breaking snail shells and opening caddis fly cases, and in the consumption of vertebrate carcasses.
PSIDIUM (MYRTACEAE) IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

The three insular taxa of Psidium are described, and a key to them is provided. The relationships of the endemic Psidium galapageium are discussed, and P. galapageium var. howellil is described as new. In a survey of the Myrtaceae for the Flora of the Galapagos Islands, it has become increasingly obvious that three taxa of Psidium are present in the archipelago. The first is P. guajava L. , the cultivated guava, which has escaped and become naturalized on several of the islands. The second is the endemic P. galapageium Hook. f. , a common tree of the transition and Scalesia forests of the larger islands. The third proves to be an undescribed variety of P. galapageium. These three taxa may be distinguished by means of the following key: a. Flowers ca 2.5 cm in diam, in 1(-3)-flowered dichasia; buds 7-10 mm long; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly inequilateral, 5-14 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, persistent. 1. P. guajava aa. Flowers ca 1-1.5 cm in diam, solitary; buds 4-5 mm long; leaves elliptic to ovate or occasionally suborbicular, equilateral, 1.8-5.5 cm long, 0.9-2.6 cm wide, deciduous. b. Buds unlobed, closed at anthesis except for a terminal pore, distally glabrous; calyx opening by a circumscissile calyptra 2a. P. galapageium var. galapageium bb. Buds 5-lobed apically, open at anthesis, tomentose; calyx splitting irregu
CO-DESIGNING WITH SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN FASHION DESIGN TEACHING Co-design com Prática Sustentável no Ensino de Design de Moda CoDiseñando con Prácticas sostenibles en las Enseñanzas de Diseño de Moda

The issue of sustainability is presented today as one of the main challenges facing hypermodern society. Fashion designers and educators have the opportunity to adopt a fashion design paradigm, which departs from the classic structures of fast fashion and can guide them towards a new concept of ethical and sustainable fashion. From this approach it is possible to work with design, manufacturing and consumption criteria; but also reactivate the longevity of the garments, improving the user experience and the consideration of fashion waste. Our research is based on the concept of slow fashion and the application of co-design methods in classrooms, to encourage the development of sustainable practices and new collaborative methods in education, involving designers, researchers, craftsmen and different social groups 1 Desamparados Pardo Cuenca is an International Doctor in Fashion Design and a specialist in the field of collaborative and sustainable fashion design. Currently director of the EASD Valencia Master’s Degree in Fashion and Sustainability Co-design. http:// www.easdvalencia.com/. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-0927. E-mail:apardo@easdvalencia.com CO-DESIGNING WITH SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN FASHION DESIGN TEACHING 95 Ensinarmode, Vol. 4, n. 3, p.093 116, 2594-4630, out. 2020 jan. 2021 Desamparados Pardo Cuencas 95 and non-governmental organizations in the generation and development process. The qualitative methodological view was approached from the practice of participatory design in offline communities, where various design strategies for sustainability were implemented, such as; piracy, decoding and recoding techniques for second-hand clothing, all based on criteria of optimization and quality improvement of the garments. The sample included 30 participants divided into 5 groups, whose members adopted different roles and actions within the groups. Various data collection instruments were also used that measured awareness levels and sustainable positive impacts on workshop participants.
The contradictory role of understory vegetation on the success of Scots pine regeneration.

In North-East Finland, severe problems have been encountered in the natural regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on sites where regeneration through site preparation usually is quite successful. We hypothesized that in that area understory vegetation, especially heather (Calluna vulgaris), crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum), mosses and lichens, could play a key role in this pattern. We found that in general, groundand field-layer vegetation tends to be in a negative relationship with the establishment, growth and survival of pine seedlings. Some positive relationships were also observed. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idea) tended to improve seedling height growth. Heather, instead, seemed to have a contradictory role. It was positively related to seedling establishment but negatively to seedling growth. This dual role raises further questions about the primary reasons for the regeneration problems in North-East Finland. All in all, our results suggest that conventional methods of forest regeneration in these kinds of areas are not always effective enough and additional measures are needed. These might include severe prescribed burning along with site preparation in order to decrease the impact of the dominant groundand field-layer vegetation on the success of Scots pine regeneration.
Quantifying the projected impact of the South African sardine fishery on the Robben Island penguin colony

Quantitative methods are needed to evaluate the ecological effects of fishing forage species upon which predators depend. African penguin Spheniscus demersus numbers at the Robben Island colony rose during the 1990s co-incidental with a marked increase in sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus abundances, but decreased appreciably during the 2000s as sardine suffered a series of poor recruitments. A population dynamics model is developed which relates penguin adult annual mortality to local sardine biomass, and is fit to penguin moult counts and re-sightings of tagged penguins. The predator–prey interaction is best explained by a sardine–penguin mortality relationship with average penguin survival decreasing only when the local sardine biomass is less than approximately one-quarter of the maximum observed. Results suggest that the rapid growth of the colony during the 1990s was driven primarily by immigration. Penguin projections are generated by linking to future sardine abundances predicted under the operational management procedure used to set catch limits for these sardine and anchovy fisheries, and compared with equivalent scenarios without fishing. Results indicate that fishing is likely to have a relatively small impact on penguins, especially when compared with uncertainties that arise from the variable spatial distribution of the sardine population.
Studies on the Photosynthesis of the Gramineae. : I. Differences in photosynthesis anlong subfamilies and their relationd with the systematics of the Gramireae

Downton et al. have recently reported that differences of photosynthetic rate among species in higher plants have close relations wlith the differences of compensation point of carbon dioxide dnd the presence of chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells (BSC). The authors made further physiological and morphological investigations on the Gramineae, and the following were obtained : 1. As reported by Downton et al., it was ascertained by us that the low CO2 compensation point and the presence of chlorplasts in BSC were closely related to the high photosynthetic rate without any exception in about the 60 species tested. 2. It was found out that the distance between two adjacent vascular bundles(Da), and that between two adjacent bundle sheathes (Db) were c1ose1y related to the photosynthetic rate. Species with smaller values in Da and Db had high photosynthetic rate, and vise versa. 3. Differences of photosjnthetic rate which were classifted by the above four properties coincided almost completely at subfamily level with the Gramineae systematics proposed by Tateoka. 4. It should be noted that there were some exceptions in the subfamily Panicoideae. At species level Panicum bisulcatum and Panicum lindheimeri were exceptions, at genus level the genus Sacciopis was an exception, and at tribe level the tribe Isachneae was an exception. Panicum bisulcatum, without BSC and with high carbon dioxide compensation point and having comparatively large values in Da and Db, showed low photosynthetic rate. 5. Judging from the phylogenetic schemes of the Gramineae proposed by Tateoka, and those by Stebbins, it can be considered that the members of the high photosynthesis subfamily have supposedly evolved from the low photosynthesis one.
Genetic Resistance of Tropical Corn Inbreds to Second-Generation European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Diallel crossesamong five resistant (Tzi4, Narin 0330, Hi34, Hi29, Ant.C5) and four susceptible (Hi32, Tx601, B73, Oh43) maize, Zea mays L. , inbreds were used to determine the genetic control of resistance to damage by second-generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner. The nine parents and their 36 crosseseach received 10 applications of 50 larvae (500 larvae per plant). Six replications of five plants per plot were infested at anthesis. Visual ratings were taken of sheath and collar tissue 50 to 60 d after infestation based on a nine-point rating scale (1, no damage to 9, severe damage). Significant differences for resistance were observed among the nine parents and the 36 crosses.Ratings of individual crosses varied significantly and averaged 3.7 with range of 1.8 (Tzi4 × Narin0330) to 5.3 (B73 × Oh43). Heterotic effects for resistance of the 36 crossesaveraged -19.5%, which was equivalent to a difference of 1.78 on the rating scale. General (GCA) and specificcombining ability (SCA)mean squares were significant with GCA accounting for 82 and SCAfor 18% of the total variation among crosses.Among the nine parents, four (Tzi4, Narino330, Hi34, Ant.C5) showed greater GCA effects for resistance.
Optimization on Regeneration Protocol for Genetic Transformation of Eggplant

Taking the hypocotyls and cotyledons of four eggplant cultivars as explants, we optimized the differential medium, regeneration medium and rooting medium by screening suitable kinds and concentrations of different exogenous hormones, in order to establish more efficient regeneration systems for eggplant genetic transformation. The results showed that, the regeneration capacity of hypocotyls was significantly higher than that of cotyledons, and the regeneration capacity of different eggplant genotypes varied obviously in the eggplant regeneration system. The best callus induction medium was MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L IAA, and the best adventitious bud growth medium was MS+0.5 mg/L ZT,while the best rooting medium was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.1 mg/L.