Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Science of Sleep: An Exploratory Investigation of Sleep Disturbance in the Pathogenesis of Depression

v Introduction.1 Sleep: Theoretical Perspectives . 2 Psychological Consequences of Sleep Impairments.6 Stress: Theoretical & Biological Correlates.12 Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Sleep/Wake Cycle.17 Depression: Epidemiology, Etiology, & Associations with Sleep Impairments.21 Method.27 Results.31 Discussion.33 References.39 Table 1.47 Figures.48 Appendix A: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.50 Appendix B: Perceived Stress Scale.55 Appendix C: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.57
Mid Ordovician commensal relationships between articulate brachiopods and a trepostome bryozoan from eastern Canada

A mid Ordovician microcommunity of sessile filter feeders, from the Trenton Group of eastern Canada, developed as a commensal relationship between an arborescent trepostome bryozoan and two taxa of articulate brachio-pod. An unusual specimen preserves a life assemblage of over 30 individuals of OnnieUa and provides an explanation for some occurrences of Lower Palaeozoic pedunculate brachiopods in dark shales. RESUME Une microbtoclnose de l'Ordovicien moyen de filtreurs sessiles du groupe de Trenton dans l'Est du Canada, s'est developpee par le biais d'unc relation commensale entre un bryozoaire trepostome arborescent et deux taxons de brachiopodes articules. Un specimen particulier preserve une communaute de plus de 30 sujets d'onnielles et permet d'expliquer la presence de certains brachiopodes pedoncutis du Paleozoique in fen cur dans des schistes fonces. [Traduit par la redaction]
A Numerical Investigation of Mixed-Layer Dynamics

Abstract The structure of the stratified turbulent upper mixed layer of the ocean has been numerically investigated by using the turbulence closure model of Gibson and Launder, under the action of an impulsive wind stress τ0 and zero surface heat flux. The values of buoyancy and Coriolis frequencies assumed are N = 0.94 × 10−2 s−1 and f = 10−4 s−1, respectively. The solutions indicate that the turbulent diffusion terms, small in general, transfer kinetic energy downward, although its effect on the deepening is negligible. Let ti be the time in inertial periods and u* be the friction velocity. Then for 0.05 < ti < 0.3, the rate of increase of potential energy in the water column varies as ∂(PE)/∂t ∝ t½, rising to a maximum of ∼1.1u*3 and implying a mixed layer depth h∝t½ as in the Pollard-Rhines-Thompson (PRT) model. For 1 < ti < 6, ∂(PE)/∂t decreases only slightly from a quasi-steady value of ∂(PE)/∂t ≈ 0.25u*3, implying a deepening rate slightly smaller than the Kraus-Turner h ∝ t⅓. The reason for this d.
Modelling changes in suspended sediment from forest road surfaces in a coastal watershed of British Columbia

Erosion from logging road surfaces, cut slopes, banks, and ditches represents a chronic source of sediment input to streams that can degrade aquatic habitats. Road surface erosion is of particular concern because the magnitude of sediment generation when traffic levels are high can be large. Current models for predicting sediment production from roads require information on area‐specific sediment delivery, which is not often available. Here, we developed a model to quantify suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) generated by forest roads surfaces under different conditions of use and density. This model is designed for a typical medium‐size coastal watershed of British Columbia or the American Pacific Northwest, and was applied to the Chilliwack River watershed as a case study. The results illustrate that intensive use of forest roads combined with high road density can increase the number of extreme sedimentation events over a predetermined threshold. A comparison of the effects of road density and the level of road use suggests that the level of road use is more important than the road density for the generation of fine sediment from road surfaces. However, the model omits the impact of roads on mass movements in a watershed, which represent a major source of sediment in steep watersheds, so the effect of road density is likely more substantial than the model predicts. The model is an attempt to overcome field data limitations by using an empirical relation between SSC and traffic variables, and presents a starting point for more intensive field studies that could be used to validate it. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tectonic stress and the source mechanism of the Imperial Valley, California, earthquake of 1940

The Imperial Valley earthquake was a multiple sequence (Trifunac and Brune, 1970) with at least four events occurring during the main energy release. These four events, recorded on the strong-motion seismograph in El Centro, located about 10 km NW from the instrumentally determined epicenter, and nine aftershocks recorded in the next 5 min are re-examined in this paper to test an approximate source theory (Brune, 1970). This theory predicts the shape of the body-wave spectra in terms of the seismic moment and stress drop. By fitting theoretical spectra to the spectra calculated from the strong-motion accelerogram, moment and stress drop can be estimated for each of the multiple events. Inasmuch as the average displacements at the fault and the source dimensions can be derived from the known moment and stress drop, the pattern of average displacements along the fault was computed from the instrumental records. A test of the theory, then, consists of comparing the fault displacements derived from seismograms with the fault displacements observed at the surface (Buwalda, unpublished field notes). For the Imperial Valley earthquake, agreement between these two independent methods of measurement is good, suggesting that the above theory is an adequate first approximation for the spectra of body waves. The stress drop variations along the fault, inferred also from the above theory, indicate two areas of major stress concentration located near the northwestern and southeastern ends of the dislocation. The stress drops for various events varied from about ten to several hundred bars.
Hydrological alterations with river damming in northern Sweden: Implications for weathering and river biogeochemistry

This case study tests the hypothesis that damming leads to a depletion of major elements in river systems. It determines the effect of river dams on the weathering regime, and thus on dissolved silicate (DSi) fluxes from land to the Sea by comparing two headwater areas in northern Sweden. In the pristine River Kalixälven, major dissolved elements are enriched within a few kilometers downstream from a high mountainous provenance, coming from an area low in vegetation and a thin active soil layer to a forested landscape. Also, alkalinity increased from 30 μeq L−1 to 110 μeq L−1, compared to 240 μeq L−1 measured at the river mouth. In the headwater of the River Luleälven, regulations led to inundation of the river valley and associated loss in vegetated soils. In reaches between the reservoirs, underground channeling of water and a reduction of water level fluctuations result in further decrease in soil‐water contact, and consequently diminishing weathering rates. The ratio of forest area to lentic area in the headwater was reduced dramatically with damming, from 2.65 to 0.84. As a consequence, geochemical variables in the river water show uniformity in space and in time. Alkalinity values at the River Luleälven mouth (155 μeq L−1) remained unchanged from the two main mountainous storage reservoirs (161 μeq L−1 and 166 μeq L−1). These results indicate that loss of vegetated soils through damming in river headwater critically reduces weathering fluxes and also suggest that changes in vegetation coverage in the Quaternary have altered DSi inputs significantly to the global Ocean.
Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high‐velocity friction experiments: An example of the 1995 Kobe earthquake

High‐velocity friction experiments on a fault gouge collected from the Nojima fault activated during the 1995 Kobe earthquake showed that the friction coefficient decreased from 0.63 to 0.18 over a slip weakening distance, Dc, at high slip rates of ∼ 1 m/s. The dramatic drop in friction coefficient of more than 0.3 is consistent with that for the Kobe earthquake estimated from seismological observations. Experimentally determined Dc becomes 5 m at a higher normal stress of 1.85 MPa, close to the order of magnitude of seismologically determined Dc of 0.5 to 1 m. The difference in Dc is not significant because the fracture energy consumed during frictional slip is the same order of 106 N/m for both cases. Here we show that frictional behavior of a fault during an earthquake can be predicted by conducting high‐velocity friction experiments.
Hedging rule for reservoir operations: 2. A numerical model

Optimization models for reservoir operation analysis usually use a heuristic algorithm to search for the hedging rule. This paper presents a method that derives a hedging rule from theoretical analysis (J.‐Y. You and X. Cai, 2008) with an explicit two‐period Markov hydrology model, a particular form of nonlinear utility function, and a given inflow probability distribution. The unique procedure is to embed hedging rule derivation based on the marginal utility principle into reservoir operation simulation. The simulation method embedded with the optimization principle for hedging rule derivation will avoid both the inaccuracy problem caused by trail and error with traditional simulation models and the computational difficulty (“curse of dimensionality”) with optimization models. Results show utility improvement with the hedging policy compared to the standard operation policy (SOP), considering factors such as reservoir capacity, inflow level and uncertainty, price elasticity and discount rate. Following the theoretical analysis presented in the companion paper, the condition for hedging application, the starting water availability and ending water availability for hedging, is reexamined with the numerical example; the probabilistic performance of hedging and SOP regarding water supply reliability is compared; and some findings from the theoretical analysis are verified numerically.
Effects of Liquid-phase Electrical Conductivity, Water Content, and Surface Conductivity on Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity1

Recent research has demonstrated that field soil salinity can be inferred from four-electrode soil electrical conductivity (ECa), if the soil profile is near "field capacity" and calibration curves, based on saturation extract salinity (ECe), are available. To extend the use of this field method to arbitrary water contents, we studied EC in the laboratory as a function of water content and in situ soil water conductivity (ECw). We collected undisturbed cores of four soil types (fsl, vfsl, 1, cl) using Lucite column inserts, which were tapped for later insertion of electrodes. The cells were equilibrated with waters of a desired EC,r and, using a pressure membrane apparatus, adjusted to a desired Values of ECa were calculated for each ECW equilibration from measured four-electrode resistances and an appropriate cell constant. Our results indicated that over the -range of practical concern, ECa = (transmission coefficient) x x ECw + surface conductivity. This relationship is derived using a simple capillary model, which assumes that liquid phase and surface conductivities (via exchangeable cations) behave as resistors in parallel. Additional Index Words: soil electrical conductivity, soil salinity, surface conductance. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 3 then click button8
Imprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the South China Sea Throughflow Variability

AbstractAnalysis of the 62-yr hindcast outputs from an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model reveals a prominent decadal variability in the upper-layer (0–745 m) Luzon Strait transport (LST), a key component of the South China Sea throughflow. This variability is in phase with the basin-scale wind stress anomalies associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). A composite analysis shows that during the positive phase of the PDO, the Aleutian low and its related positive wind stress curl anomalies intrude southward, reducing the trade winds and enhancing the westerly wind anomalies in the tropical North Pacific. In response, the North Equatorial Current bifurcation shifts northward, resulting in a weaker Kuroshio east of Luzon and consequently a stronger South China Sea throughflow in the upper 745 m.
Time-series Mapping and Uncertainty Modeling of Environmental Variables: A Case Study of PM 10 Concentration Mapping

A multi-Gaussian kriging approach extended to space-time domain is presented for uncertainty modeling as well as time-series mapping of environmental variables. Within a multi-Gaussian framework, normal score transformed environmental variables are first decomposed into deterministic trend and stochastic residual components. After local temporal trend models are constructed, the parameters of the models are estimated and interpolated in space. Space-time correlation structures of stationary residual components are quantified using a product-sum space-time variogram model. The ccdf is modeled at all grid locations using this space-time variogram model and space-time kriging. Finally, e-type estimates and conditional variances are computed from the ccdf models for spatial mapping and uncertainty analysis, respectively. The proposed approach is illustrated through a case of time-series Particulate Matter 10 () concentration mapping in Incheon Metropolitan city using monthly concentrations at 13 stations for 3 years. It is shown that the proposed approach would generate reliable time-series concentration maps with less mean bias and better prediction capability, compared to conventional spatial-only ordinary kriging. It is also demonstrated that the conditional variances and the probability exceeding a certain thresholding value would be useful information sources for interpretation.
Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration with nutrient availability and leaf development on plant carbon metabolism

Predictions of future ecosystem function and food supply from staple C4 crops, such as maize, depend on elucidation of the mechanisms by which environmental change and growing conditions interact to determine future plant performance. To test the interactive effects of elevated [CO2], drought and nitrogen (N) supply on net photosynthetic CO2 uptake (A) in the world’s most important C4 crop, maize (Zea mays) was grown at ambient [CO2] (~385ppm) and elevated [CO2] (550ppm) with either high N supply (168 kg N ha fertilizer) or limiting N (no added fertilizer) at a site in the U.S. Corn Belt. A mid-season drought was not sufficiently severe to reduce yields, but caused significant physiological stress, with reductions in: stomatal conductance (up to 57 %), A (up to 44 %) and the in-vivo capacity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (up to 58 %). There was no stimulation of A by elevated [CO2] when water availability was high, irrespective of N availability. Elevated [CO2] delayed and relieved both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to A during the drought. Limiting N supply exacerbated stomatal and non-stomatal limitation to A during drought. However, the effects of limiting N and elevated [CO2] were additive, so amelioration of stress by elevated [CO2] did not differ in magnitude between high N and limiting N supply. These findings provide new understanding of the limitations to C4 photosynthesis that will occur under future field conditions of the primary region of maize production in the world.
Observed changes in southwest monsoon rainfall over India during 1901–2011

The trends and epochal variability of southwest monsoon over the country as a whole and four homogeneous regions are examined using monthly rainfall data (1901–2011) of 640 political districts of India. The district rainfall data is computed from station rainfall data. The same station data is used to analyse the trends in the frequency of rainfall events of different intensities for examining extreme rainfall events. The existence of the multidecadal epochal variability of rainfall is clearly established in the all‐India monsoon rainfall as well as monsoon rainfall over the four homogenous regions. However, over different homogenous regions, the phases of multidecadal variability are found to be different. Principal component analysis brings out Northeast India (NEI) rainfall as more dominant mode for all‐India rainfall. Significant decrease in southwest monsoon rainfall over NEI is observed during the post 1950 period. Decreasing trends are also observed over the monsoon core region during the post‐1950 period. Over these regions, monsoon rainfall has increased significantly during the pre‐1950 period. It has been shown that the decreasing trend in monsoon rainfall during the post 1950 period is the result of multidecadal epochal variability. Geographical regions that experienced significant changes in the frequency of days of rainfall with different intensities are also identified. Significant change/turning points are also detected in the southwest monsoon rainfall. Frequency of moderate rainfall events (5 mm ≤ daily rainfall < 100 mm) decreased significantly during the period 1951–2010 over the monsoon core region of India whereas no significant changes are observed in the frequencies of heavy (daily rainfall >100 mm) or very heavy rain (daily rainfall >150 mm) during the southwest monsoon season. Climatic shift or change point in monsoon rainfall in India is also detected by an established statistical test.
Tectonomagmatic activity and ice dynamics in the Bransfield Strait back-arc basin, Antarctica

[1] An array of moored hydrophones was used to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution of small- to moderate-sized earthquakes and ice-generated sounds within the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. During a 2 year period, a total of 3900 earthquakes, 5925 icequakes and numerous ice tremor events were located throughout the region. The seismic activity included eight space-time earthquake clusters, positioned along the central neovolcanic rift zone of the young Bransfield back-arc basin. These sequences of small magnitude earthquakes, or swarms, suggest ongoing magmatic activity that becomes localized along isolated volcanic features and fissure-like ridges in the southwest portion of the basin. A total of 122 earthquakes were located along the South Shetland trench, indicating continued deformation and possibly ongoing subduction along this margin. The large number of icequakes observed show a temporal pattern related to seasonal freeze-thaw cycles and a spatial distribution consistent with channeling of sea ice along submarine canyons from glacier fronts. Several harmonic tremor episodes were sourced from a large (∼30 km2) iceberg that entered northeast portion of the basin. The spectral character of these signals suggests they were produced by either resonance of a small chamber of fluid within the iceberg, or more likely, due to periodicity of discrete stick-slip events caused by contact of the moving iceberg with the seafloor. These pressure waves appear to have been excited by abrasion of the iceberg along the seafloor as it passed Clarence and Elephant Islands.
Airborne CH2O measurements over the North Atlantic during the 1997 NARE campaign: Instrument comparisons and distributions

[1] Airborne CH2O measurements were acquired by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and coil/2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (CDNPH) techniques over remote regions of the North Atlantic Ocean from the surface to 8 km during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE-97) in September of 1997. There were eight aircraft flights when both instruments were simultaneously operating, producing 665 overlapping time intervals for comparisons. A number of approaches were used in the comparisons, and indicated that on average both instruments measured identical ambient CH2O concentrations to within 0.1 ppbv, and more typically within 0.08 ppbv, over the 0 to 0.8 ppbv-concentration range. However, significant differences, larger than the combined 2σ total uncertainty estimates, were observed in 29% of the full time-coincident data set. The two instruments produced very similar altitude trends. Under clean background conditions in the 35° to 55°N latitude band, the median TDLAS and CDNPH CH2O concentrations were 0.399 and 0.410 ppbv for 0–2 km, 0.250 and 0.355 ppbv for 2–4 km, and 0.217 and 0.280 ppbv for 4–8 km, respectively. Elevated CH2O concentrations were observed in this study at both high altitudes (4–8 km) and in the marine boundary layer by both instruments. Thus vertical transport of CH2O and/or its precursors may provide a greater contribution to upper tropospheric HOx than previously thought. The results of this study, which are based upon instruments employing entirely different measurement principles, calibration, and sampling approaches, not only reinforce this conclusion but also provide a high-quality database necessary to further explore CH2O measurement-model relationships in the clean background atmosphere.
Regional‐scale Grenvillian‐age UHT metamorphism in the Mollendo–Camana block (basement of the Peruvian Andes)

The Mollendo–Camana Block (MCB) is a 50 × 150 km Precambrian inlier of the Andean belt that outcrops along the Pacific coast of southern Peru. It consists of stromatic migmatites of Paleoproterozoic heritage intensely metamorphosed during the Grenville event (c. 1 Ga; U‐Pb and U‐Th‐Pb ages on zircon and monazite). In the migmatites, aluminous mesosomes (FMAS) and quartzofeldspathic leucosomes (KFMASH), contain various amounts of K‐feldspar (Kfs), orthopyroxene (XMg Opx = 0.86), plagioclase (Pl), sillimanite (Sil; exceptionally kyanite, Ky) ilmenite (Ilm), magnetite (Mag), quartz (Qtz), and minor amounts of garnet (XMg Grt = 0.60), sapphirine (XMg Spr = 0.87), cordierite (XMg Crd = 0.92) and biotite (XMg Bt = 0.83). The ubiquitous peak mineral assemblage is Opx‐Sil‐Kfs‐Qtz‐(± Grt) in most of the MCB, which, together with the high Al content of orthopyroxene (10% Al2O3) and the local coexistence of sapphirine‐quartz, attest to regional UHT metamorphism (> 900 °C) at pressures in excess of 1.0 GPa. Fluid‐absent melting of biotite is responsible for the massive production of orthopyroxene that proceeded until exhaustion of biotite (and most of the garnet) in the southern part of the MCB (Mollendo‐Cocachacra areas). In this area, a first stage of decompression from 1.1–1.2 to 0.8–0.9 GPa at temperatures in excess of 950 °C, is marked by the breakdown of Sil‐Opx to Spr‐Opx‐Crd assemblages according to several bivariant FMAS reactions. High‐T decompression is also shown by Mg‐rich garnet being replaced by Crd‐Spr‐ and Crd‐Opx‐bearing symplectites, and reacting with quartz to produce low‐Al‐Opx‐Sil symplectites in quartz‐rich migmatites. Neither osumilite nor spinel‐quartz assemblages being formed, isobaric cooling at about 0.9 GPa probably followed the initial decompression and proceeded with massive precipitation of melts towards the (Os) invariant point, as demonstrated by Bt‐Qtz‐(± pl) symplectites in quartz‐rich migmatites (melt + Opx + Sil = Bt + Grt + Kfs + Qtz). Finally, Opx rims around secondary biotite attest to late fluid‐absent melting, compatible with a second stage of decompression below 900 °C. The two stages of decompression are interpreted as due to rapid tectonic denudation whereas the regional extent of UHT metamorphism in the area, probably results from large‐scale penetration of hot asthenospheric mantle at the base of an over‐thickened crust.