Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Needle Valve Motion On Cavitation And Gas Ingestion At End Of Injection

ABSTRACT In this paper, the cavitation and gas ingestion in a custom-made transparent nozzle were observed using a visual experimental platform of a transparent nozzle. Based on the Two-Fluid Model and dynamic grid overlapping, the evolution mechanism of the cavitation and gas ingestion in a diesel engine nozzle was analyzed at the end of injection, and the influence of three different velocities of the needle valve motion was analyzed. The results demonstrated that cavitation in the orifice preceded that in the sac, and the cavitation was mainly concentrated in the sac. As the needle valve seating velocity increased, the amount of cavitation and gas ingestion in the nozzle increased. Furthermore, as the amount of gas ingestion increased, the time of gas ingestion inception was delayed, and the value varied nonlinearly from 0.48 ms (0.2 m/s) to 0.13 ms (1.0 m/s). A dimensionless parameter was deduced by theoretical analysis to describe the cavitation extent in the orifice at the end of injection. This study provides a theoretical basis for further analysis of the mechanisms of cavitation and gas ingestion as well as the effect of the needle valve velocity on cavitation and gas ingestion.
Optimization Model to Express Emotions of Pet Robots

: In this study, we propose an emotional expression optimization model that is focused on action. Humanoid robots can express emotions through speech or gestures. However, most pet robots do not have the ability to speak like humans; thus, it is necessary for them to express emotions only through various actions. To resolve this issue, we apply an interactive tabu search, which was proposed in our previous emotion generation model. According to the proposed model, robots can change their actions depending on the intended emotional expressions, thus, they can appropriately express complex emotions. As a result of experimental verification, the proposed model is effective at searching for users preferred emotional expression actions.
Solid Acid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

ABSTRACT Biodiesel belongs to the class of renewable and sustainable fuel sources receiving more attention as a rapidly growing field with higher potential than other energy sources. The main shortcoming of biodiesel production is the high cost of the production process and the catalytic system. The present contribution aims to briefly review and evaluate the performance of solid acid catalysts (SACs) focused on biodiesel production through esterification and transesterification. The review article gives insight into the prime catalytic characteristics that can be modified in an economical and eco-friendly way to reduce overall cost of fuel products on an industrial scale. The advantages and disadvantages of the used catalytic systems are discussed and compared with their catalytic activity and stability.
Space-charge limited current with a finite injection velocity revisited

The problem of space-charge limited current flow between two electrodes with a finite particle injection velocity is revisited theoretically, and numerically with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Using an Eulerian approach, we obtain a complete analytical solution for both the space-charge limited (SCL) current (which agrees with previously derived expressions), as well as the spatial profiles of all physical quantities. These analytical solutions are unique in that they apply to both fluid, and kinetic particle descriptions of the system, and we demonstrate how they can be used to verify the accuracy and correctness of certain aspects of numerical simulation codes. For injection currents above the SCL limit, the PIC simulations show that the system becomes unstable, and self-excited space charge oscillations are generated with a period of the order of the particle transit time between the electrodes. In this oscillatory regime, the maximum time-averaged current that can be transmitted depends on the ratio of the particle injection energy to the applied potential difference across the electrodes, and is always less than the SCL current. By considering a finite particle injection temperature, these oscillations can be damped for sufficiently high temperatures, and we show that a new non-oscillatory steady-state solution can be obtained.
The use of indicator taxa as representatives of communities in bioassessment

1. Sampling and processing of benthic macroinvertebrate samples is time consuming and expensive. Although a number of cost-cutting options exist, a frequently asked question is how representative a subset of data is of the whole community, in particular in areas where habitat diversity is high (like Dutch surface water habitats). 2. Weighted averaging was used to reassign 650 samples to a typology of 40 community types, testing the representativeness of different subsets of data: (i) four different types of data (presence/absence, raw, (2)log- and ln-transformed abundance), (ii) three subsets of 'indicator' taxa (taxa with indicator weights 4-12, 7-12, and 10-12) and (iii) single taxonomic groups (n = 14) by determining the classification error. 3. (2)log- and ln-transformed abundances resulted in the lowest classification error, whilst the use of qualitative data resulted in a reduction of 10% of the samples assigned to their original community type compared to the use of ln-transformed abundance data. 4. Samples from community types with a high number of unique indicator taxa had the lowest classification error, and classification error increased as similarity among community types increased. Using a subset of indicator taxa resulted in a maximum increase of the classification error of 15% when only taxa with an indicator weight 10-12 were included (error = 49.1%). 5. Use of single taxonomic groups resulted in high classification error, the lowest classification error was found using Trichoptera (68%), and was related to the frequency of the taxonomic group among samples and the indicator weights of the taxa. 6. Our findings that the use of qualitative data, subsets of indicator taxa or single taxonomic groups resulted in high classification error implies low taxonomic redundancy, and supports the use of all taxa in characterising a macroinvertebrate community, in particular in areas where habitat diversity is high.
Reproductive biology and intergeneric breeding compatibility of ornamental Portulaca and Calandrinia (Portulacaceae)

Portulaca grandiflora Hook and P. umbraticola Kunth (Portulacaceae) are popular garden annuals, and have been bred for improved ornamental value. However, limited research has been published on hybridisation of Portulaca, with no reports on intergeneric hybridisation. Calandrinia balonensis Lindley and Calandrinia sp. nov. (not yet fully classified) are floriferous Australian Portulacaceae species, with potential as novel flowering pot plants, and are potential candidates for breeding with ornamental Portulaca. We studied the reproductive biology of these four species and breeding compatibility for reciprocal crosses of P. grandiflora × C. balonensis (2n = 18) and P. umbraticola × C. sp. nov. (2n = 24). All four species produced seeds for intraspecific outcrosses. P. grandiflora and C. sp. nov. are partially self-compatible whereas P. umbraticola and C. balonensis are highly self-incompatible. Autogamy was detected only for P. grandiflora. Reciprocal crosses of P. grandiflora × C. balonensis and P. umbraticola × C. sp. nov. with similar chromosome numbers did not produce seeds, primarily because of pollen–pistil incompatibility that prevents pollen-tube growth within the stigmata. Methods to overcome hybridisation barriers of these species combinations need to be established to create novel products for ornamental horticulture.
Components of response in barley anther culture

Anther culture response with 17 widely-grown varieties and one model variety of barley was studied with one replication from field-grown donor plants and one replication from a growth-chamber. Plants were regenerated from all 18 varieties and green plants were obtained from 16 of them. On average, 1.6 green plants were obtained per 100 cultured anthers from all the material. Estimated variance components for the formation of embryos/callus from the anthers were dominated by the effects of the genotypes and interactions between plant material and environments which together accounted for 60.1 and 17.0 % of the total variation respectively, while environments were nonsignificant for this character. Plant regeneration from embryos/callus were not significantly influenced by either genotype or environments. Components of variance for green plant formation were dominated by the effects of the genotypes, accounting for 73.2 % of the total variation, and a smaller effect from environments accounting for 11.2% of the total variation. Main effects from genotypes on the percentage of green regenerants divided 7 varieties into two distinct groups, indicating that major genetic factors were involved. The genetic basis for green plant regeneration seems different from that governing embryo formation. The results are discussed with respect to the possible prediction of anther culture response for new barley hybrids, as a means for directing the use of barley anther culture towards material that responds well.
SDMvspecies: a software for creating virtual species for species distribution modelling

The following is a report on software developed to create virtual species for the study of species distribution modelling (SDM). SDMvspecies provides several methods to create virtual species. The package is designed to be simple and intuitive, even for users who are not familiar with the R language. SDMvspecies is available online free of charge from .
Behavior and growth of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) following upstream and downstream displacement

Juvenile brown trout were experimentally displaced 400 m both upstream and downstream, whereupon growth and homing behavior were examined for three months. No obvious signs of homing behavior were detected, no matter what the direction of displacement was, although an increased activity in displaced fish was detected. Our findings generally support the restricted movement paradigm, at least under favorable habitat conditions and low densities.
The effect of four fruit species on the parasitization rate of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae, Trypetinae) by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Opiinae) under laboratory rearing conditions

Abstract In the laboratory, the effect of host fruit species Citrus paradisi, C. aurantium, Prunus persica, and Psidium guajava on A. fraterculus parasitism by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata was studied. The number of ovipositor-probing events and the probing-time were documented to evaluate the role of fruit chemistry, and epicarp and mesocarp thickness, respectively. The relationship between the parasitization rate and fruit size in particular plant species was analyzed by applying a simple regression. Results showed that guava and peach yielded significantly more parasitoids than both Citrus spp. Probably, the parasitization rate of D. longicaudata on A. fraterculus would be influenced in part by chemical and physical factors from fruit species.
Aspects of the Functional Morphology of the Lophophore in Articulate Brachiopods

Histologic studies made on three species of articulate brachiopods provide information on the structural integrity, epithelial specialization and other cellular aspects of the lophophore. Similarities in staining properties of granular inclusions found in the matrix with those found in epithelial modifications of the brachial trough and the bases of the filaments suggest movement between cells within the matrix and the epithelium. The nature of the granular inclusions raises the possibility of intracellular digestion along the lophophore of these brachiopods.
‘You can tell a victim by the tilt of her head as she walks’: psychopathic personality and social–emotional processing

Much contention and speculation exists regarding the emotional and social skills associated with psychopathic personality, including the idea of a predatory perception. The current study examined the relationship between psychopathic personality and social and emotional processing. The study utilised a quasi-experimental design along with self-report measures to examine psychopathy in a community sample (N = 115) of males and females. To examine psychopathy and social information processing, a series of Mixed Design ANOVA’s were conducted to examine the effect of psychopathy on character recall. Psychopathy was found to significantly predict recall of the unsuccessful character, however, did not predict recall of character gender or emotion. Two hierarchical regressions analyses were conducted to examine emotional intelligence and empathy. Psychopathy was found to be a significant negative predictor of empathy, however, did not significantly predict emotional intelligence. Implications for the current study lie within advancing the empirical understanding on psychopathic personality and victim vulnerability.
Die Verteilung und der Umsatz des Methylalkohols beim Hund1

Zusammenfassung. 1 . Widmarks Methode ist zur Bestimmung von Methylalkohol geeignet, wenn gewisse Modifikationen vorgenommen werden. 2 . Methylalkohol verteilt sich im Korper in gleicher Weise wie Athylalkohol; der Konzentrationsabfall im Blute pro Zeiteinheit ist jedoch fur Methylalkohol ca. um das Zehnfache geringer als fur Athylalkohol. 3 . Gaben von 1–2–4 Dinitrophenol per os steigern den Konzentrationsabfall des Methylalkohols im Blute in hohem Grade. 4 . Wird Nahrung gleichzeitig mit Methylalkohol eingenommen, beobachtet man keine Senkung der Alkoholkonzentration im Blute oder jedenfalls nur einen geringen Effekt im Vergleich zu dem bei Athylalkohol erhaltenen.
Effects of lamina harvest on the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana

Sporophytes of Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht having laminae harvested 30 cm distal to the lamina base either once or three times at monthly intervals showed overall survivorship comparable with unharvested plants. A single harvest of laminae in early June significantly reduced lamina growth rate. After 10 weeks the mean lamina length of single-harvested plants was only 55% of that of the control plants and mean lamina lengths of multiple-cut plants were maintained at even shorter lengths. Lamina production was significantly reduced by harvesting as was the proportion of blades bearing sori. Monthly lamina harvests always yielded less than 50% of the initial mean yield per plant. Harvesting in this manner should not effect the use of kelp beds as aids to navigation. Increasing the harvest distance from the lamina base should reduce any negative effects on the canopy habitat and on lamina growth and production which could affect associated food chains. Entire beds should not be harves.
Management of young goats during prolonged fasting affects carcass characteristics but not pre-slaughter liveweight or cortisol

Effects of pre-slaughter management (72 h continual fasting; 24 h feeding within 72 h fasting; 24 h feeding plus 6 h additional transport within 72 h fasting) and of water availability, gender, weaning 3 weeks before slaughter, initial liveweight (LW) and body condition score (CS) on LW, plasma cortisol and carcass characteristics were studied in young goats. The goats (n = 229) were ~16 weeks of age, with a mean ± s.d. LW of 13.7 ± 2.4 kg. Pre-slaughter treatment did not significantly affect LW or carcass weight at slaughter, but goats fed within the fasting period had lighter-coloured meat compared with the continually fasted goats and the goats fed and transported during the fasting period. Interactions between fasting treatment and gender were evident for hot carcass weight (HCW), retail yield (kg) and dress (% pre-fasting LW). Fasting treatment also interacted with water availability for HCW and with weaning status for GR (12th rib, 110 mm from mid-line) tissue depth. Interactions were evident between gender and water availability for LW at slaughter, and between gender and weaning status for retail yield (% HCW). Weaning status interacted with pre-fasting LW to influence LW at slaughter, and fasting treatment interacted with pre-fasting body CS to influence dress (% pre-slaughter LW). The effects of gender, weaning status, water availability, initial LW and CS on the pre-slaughter LW and carcass characteristics were generally consistent with our previous findings on time off feed. The results show benefits of providing high-quality feed and water and of minimising transport of goat kids during prolonged pre-slaughter fasting. They provide additional information for estimation of carcass characteristics of young goats to be marketed for meat and to aid in the further development of welfare standards for goats. Further research on interactions between gender and pre-slaughter management factors that influence goat carcass characteristics and meat quality is warranted.
The WELL diet score correlates with the alternative healthy eating index‐2010

Abstract The quality of one's overall diet has proven to be of great importance to health and well‐being. Unfortunately, diet quality is time‐consuming to assess. The Stanford Wellness Living Laboratory (WELL) administered an online survey that included the WELL Diet Score (a novel diet quality assessment calculated from 12 diet‐related items). Subsequently, WELL participants were asked to complete the 127‐item Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) online. The present study's primary objective was to compare the WELL Diet Score with the established FFQ‐based Alternative Healthy Eating Index‐2010 (AHEI‐2010), in a subset of WELL participants (n = 248) who completed both dietary measures through WELL’s online platform. The two scores were significantly correlated (r = .69; p < .0001). Regression analyses demonstrated that the WELL Diet Score was positively significantly associated with sociodemographic determinants of diet quality and protective health factors, including older age, higher education, lower BMI, and higher physical activity. In summary, the WELL Diet Score, derived from 12 small diet‐related items that can be completed in 5 min, was significantly positively correlated with the AHEI‐2010 derived from the lengthy 127‐item FFQ, suggesting the potential utility of the WELL Diet Score in future large‐scale studies, including future WELL studies.
Development correlations between roots in heterogeneous environments

Roots are known to respond to favourable nutrient conditions by increased initiation and growth of lateral roots. The problem studied here was to what extent does this local developmental response depend on the environments of other roots on the same plant. Such dependence could allow for an optimal allocation of resources required for root growth in unpredictable, heterogeneous soils. Pea seedlings (Pisum sativum var. arvense cv. Dun) were pruned and grown to have two equal root systems, each in an individual container. As expected, these roots responded by increased development to a wide range of nutrient solution concentrations. The local development of these roots, expressed by their dry weight, was a function of the relative rather than the absolute conditions in which they were grown: roots in a given environment developed more rapidly if other roots on the same plant were in poorer than if they were in richer nutrient conditions. The number of lateral initials doubled within 3d after the roots were exposed to optimal nutrient conditions, before any dry weight differences could be detected. This rapid root initiation was also a function of the conditions other roots of the same plant were in. These results mean that root development, and especially lateral root initiation, depends on the integrated effects of the local environment and the internal correlative relations between the roots.
Broad Consistency Between Observed and Simulated Trends in Sea Surface Temperature Patterns

Using seven single‐model ensembles and the two multimodel ensembles CMIP5 and CMIP6, we show that observed and simulated trends in sea surface temperature (SST) patterns are globally consistent when accounting for internal variability. Some individual ensemble members simulate trends in large‐scale SST patterns that closely resemble the observed ones. Observed regional trends that lie at the outer edge of the models' internal variability range allow two nonexclusive interpretations: (a) Observed trends are unusual realizations of the Earth's possible behavior and/or (b) the models are systematically biased but large internal variability leads to some good matches with the observations. The existing range of multidecadal SST trends is influenced more strongly by large internal variability than by differences in the model formulation or the observational data sets.
Robust Distributed Learning

Whether it occurs in artificial or biological substrates, learning is a distributed phenomenon in at least two aspects. First, meaningful data and experiences are rarely found in one location, hence learners have a strong incentive to work together. Second, a learner is itself a distributed system, made of more basic processes; the change in the connections between these basic processes is what allows learning. This generic view encompasses a large set of learning situations, from brains, to metabolic networks in the organism to the data centers where several machines are collaborating to recommend personalized content for a billion-users social media. In both aforementioned aspects, a system’s ability to cope with the failure of some of its components is crucial. This thesis explores the robustness of learning systems from these two aspects. The first is coarse-grained, as the unit of failure is a whole learner. The second is fine-grained, as the unit of failure is the basic component of the learner (e.g. a neuron or a synapse). The first and larger part of this thesis focuses on the coarse-grained aspect. Specifically, we study the robustness of distributed Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD is the work-horse algorithm behind most of today’s machine learning success). We begin by proving that the standard deployment of SGD today is brittle, as this deployment typically consists of averaging the inputs from each learner. This leads to harmful consequences as the data that is used in machine learning comes from different and potentially unreliable sources. To account for the various types of failures (data poisoning, malicious users, software bugs, communication delays, hacked machines etc.), we adopt the general abstraction of arbitrary failures in distributed systems, namely, the Byzantine failures abstraction. We provide a sufficient condition for SGD to be Byzantine resilient and present three algorithms that satisfy our condition under different configurations. The key algorithms that are introduced by this thesis are (1) Krum, a gradient aggregation rule (GAR) that we prove to be a robust alternative to averaging in synchronous settings; (2) Bulyan, a meta-algorithm that we prove to strengthen any given GAR in very high dimensional situations and (3) Kardam, a gradient filtering scheme that we prove to be Byzantine resilient in the more challenging asynchronous setting. For each of our algorithms, we also provide a few variants as well as a discussion of their practical limitations. The second part of this thesis goes down to the fine-grained aspect. We focus on the special case of (artificial) neural networks. We view these networks as a weighted directed graph and prove upper bounds on the forward propagated error when the basic components (neurons and synapses) are failing. We also discuss the limitation of these bounds, how they could apply to future neuromorphic hardware and how they could inform on other systems such as biological (metabolic) networks.