Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
QUESTIONING STRATEGIES ANALYSIS: TEACHERS' PRACTICE AND STUDENTS' VIEW

This study aimed at finding (1) the types of lecturer's questioning strategies, (2) the perception of the students toward questioning strategies applied by the lecturer on student's learning activities in the class, and (3) the purposes of questioning strategies themselves. The research methodology used was descriptive qualitative with a total sample was 4 of lecturers and 17 of students which were taken by using a convenience sampling technique. The data were gathered by using interviews and qualitative questionnaires. The results showed that there were four types of questions as a questioning strategy that lecturers frequently used. The most frequently used strategy was a probing question and high order question. The other types of questioning strategies applied by the lecturers were factual questions and structuring questions. Regarding students' perceptions, the qualitative questionnaires showed that all of the students said that the questioning strategy was very important especially in guiding thinking, independent thinking, and working classmates. Furthermore, the purposes of lecturers asking question to students were to gaining attention, checking prior knowledge, checking to understand, enhancing knowledge, experimenting, and encouraging students' thinking. Therefore it is expected that the lecturers will be aware of the importance of the questioning strategy in learning and encourage students to participate and engage more in effective classroom interaction.
Applicability of Iron (III) Trimesic (Fe-BTC) to Enhance Lignin Separation from Pulp and Paper Wastewater

This study assesses the application of iron (III) trimesic (Fe-BTC) as a coagulant-flocculant to remove lignin from pulp and paper (P&P) wastewater. In this research, Fe-BTC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the functional groups of Fe-BTC and lignin were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) determined the surface morphology of the material. The influential parameters affecting lignin removal included the initial lignin concentration, the quantity of Fe-BTC, and the pH which were investigated using a single batch mixing system. The experimental and optimum operational conditions were determined using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Fe-BTC dosage plays a major role in efficiently removing lignin, while the pH and initial lignin concentration had no significant effect. Greater than 80% removal efficiency could be achieved with a Fe-BTC dosage as low as 2 g/L. The proposed mechanism of lignin aggregation was that Fe molecules were released from unsaturated sites of Fe-BTC and then formed new bonds with O in the methoxy lignin group. The interaction between Fe-BTC and lignin was π-π stacking (benzene ring), which explains the formation of F-O bonds in the lignin sludge.
Survey on heavy metal concentrations and maturity indices of organic fertilizer in China

A nationwide survey of organic fertilizer was carried out in China, and 263 samples were collected to be analyzed for maturity indices (moisture content (MC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), E4/E6, and germination index (GI)) and 7 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Ni). The MC, pH, EC, E4/E6 and GI showed large variations among the organic fertilizer samples with ranges of 6.9%-66.68%, 4.40-9.19, 0.76-13.38 mS/cm, 1.07-9.40, and 10%-150%, respectively. The concentrations of 7 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Ni) were also with large variations at 7.53-580.4, 0-2818, 0.02-149.3, 0 (not detected)-1321, 0.14-26.9, 3.70-1237, and 0 (not detected)-214.6 mg/kg dry weight. Compared with the limit values of the Chinese standard for organic fertilizers (NY525-2012), 9.51%, 73.4%, 3.19%, and 3.04% of the samples exceeded the limit values of Cd, Pb, As and Cr, respectively. No limits have been set for Cu, Zn and Ni in China, and 35.0%, 13.3% and 16.7% of the samples exceeded the Cu, Zn and Ni limits for composts in Germany, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that with the continuous application of organic fertilizer, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr would accumulate to the risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land (GB15618-2018) within a relatively short period. It is urgent to establish suitable limits of heavy metals in organic fertilizer in China to control the risk of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land. Keywords: heavy metal, organic fertilizer, risk assessment, maturity indices DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe. 20181106.4671 Citation: Zhang X, Meng H B, Shen Y J, Li J, Wang J R, Zhou H B, et al. Survey on heavy metal concentrations and maturity indices of organic fertilizer in China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(6): 172–179.
Non-point source-driven carbon and nutrient loading to Ganga River (India)

ABSTRACT This study was designed to test whether the atmospheric deposition (AD) significantly influences gross primary productivity (GPP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up in the Ganga River. We collected data for three consecutive years (2012–2014) along with 37 km river stretch with respect to AD-input of carbon, nutrients, and surface runoff chemistry to relate changes in the river water. We found strong linkages among carbon and nutrients in AD, surface runoff and in the river. The concentration of DOC in the river was highest in the rainy season while those of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus were highest in winter. Spatio-temporal changes in DOC indicated dependence on point- and non-point sources and within-system DOC build-up. The GPP in the river increased consistently over time and significantly correlated with AD-N (R2 = 0.96, p < .001) and AD-P (R2 = 0.97, p < .001). Basin level extrapolation showed that the Ganga River Basin receives 1.81 Tg organic-C, 2.77 Tg reactive-N, and 130 Gg reactive-P annually through atmospheric deposition. Non-point source contributions of carbon and nutrients to the river were substantially higher than those of point sources. The study has relevance for regional scale carbon and nutrient budgeting and action plans for integrated river basin management.
A critical review on arsenic removal from water using iron-based adsorbents

Intensive research efforts have been pursued to remove arsenic (As) contamination from water with an intention to provide potable water to millions of people living in different countries. Recent studies have revealed that iron-based adsorbents, which are non-toxic, low cost, and easily accessible in large quantities, offer promising results for arsenic removal from water. This review is focused on the removal of arsenic from water using iron-based materials such as iron-based nanoparticles, iron-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs), zero-valent iron (ZVI), iron-doped activated carbon, iron-doped polymer/biomass materials, iron-doped inorganic minerals, and iron-containing combined metal oxides. This review also discusses readily available low-cost adsorbents such as natural cellulose materials, bio-wastes, and soils enriched with iron. Details on mathematical models dealing with adsorption, including thermodynamics, kinetics, and mass transfer process, are also discussed. For elucidating the adsorption mechanisms of specific adsorption of arsenic on the iron-based adsorbent, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) are frequently used. Overall, iron-based adsorbents offer significant potential towards developing adsorbents for arsenic removal from water.
Chemical composition, phytochemical and mineral profile of garlic (Allium sativum)

The practice of complementary and alternative medicine is now on the increase in developing countries in response to World Health Organization’s directives. This has culminated in several pre-clinical and clinical studies that have provided the scientific basis for the efficacy of many plants used in folk medicine to improve growth performance in farm animals and treat infections. This study was carried out to investigate the chemical, mineral and phytochemical contents of garlic as a preliminary work to evaluate the influence of garlic on the performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Garlic bulbs (Allium sativum), including cloves and hulls, were obtained from the open market at Ado-Ekiti-Nigeria. The garlic bulbs were desegmented into cloves and were cut into chips. The chips were sun-dried for 3 weeks. The dried garlic chips were milled and analysed for the chemical compositions. The results obtained indicated that garlic on dry matter basis contained 4.55 mg/100g, 73.22 mg/100g and 15.33 mg/100g of moisture, carbohydrate and crude protein respectively. The crude fat was 0.72 mg/100g while crude fibre and ash were 2.10 mg/100g and 4.08 mg/100g, respectively. Garlic contained 10.19, 26.30, 10.19, 5.29, 0.001, 0.34 and 0.001 mg/100g of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc and manganese respectively while lead and cobalt were below detection level. Garlic is acidic (pH = 3.91) and contained 4.21, 3.54, 0.64, 0.80, 5.56, 0.04 and 0.02 mg/100g of alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, saponin, flavonoids, steroids and cardenolides, respectively. Garlic as a feed additive possesses nutritional properties for use in the enhancement of improved livestock production.
VERTICAL JUMP OF THE ELITE MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN RELATION THE GAME POSITION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The objective of the systematic review was of determine the vertical jump of the elite male volleyball players in relation the game position. This study followed the systematic review methodology proposed in PRISMA statement. The studies were identified in electronic databases during January of 2015 to May of 2015. Inclusion criteria of the articles were evaluated under the following search strategies: (1) type of participants, (2) type of task and (3) type of result. The studies that were excluded are the articles that were not in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The researcher selected 8 studies that were included in this systematic review. The results of the study were the following: the best squat vertical jump (SJ) were of the outside hitters/receivers (41,88±5,57 cm) and of the liberos (40±6,54 cm), the best countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) were of the opposite hitters (57,4±9,5 cm) and of the outside hitters/receivers (57,4±9,5 cm), the best countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) with arm swing were of the opposite hitters (70,67±4,55 cm) and of the outside hitters/receivers (70,67±4,55 cm). The best spike jump was of the outside hitters/receivers (80 cm) and of the opposite hitters (79,1±9,2 cm), the best block jump was of the outside hitters/receivers (60 cm) and of the setters (58 cm). However, middle blockers had the wortst spike jump and block jump, but a greater height provided a better spike reach (368 cm) and block reach (341 cm). Therefore, vertical jump and height are importants for the high performance of the elite male volleyball player.
Biofilm Shows Independency form Hemolysin Genes Arsenal in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Normally, bacteria exposed to antibiotics at sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) inside the host. Therefore, the current study aimed to comprehend the association among hemolysins, biofilm, as well as gentamicin resistance in local MRSA isolates. Around 35 Staphylococcus aureus locally isolated from different clinical specimens were employed in this study. Methicillin resistance was detected via cefoxitin disk diffusion and mecA amplification methods. MIC of gentamicin was estimated by broth microdilution method. Hemolysin genes involving hla, hlb, hld , and hlg were determined using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Microtiter plate method was employed for biofilm assessment in the presence and absence of gentamicin at sub MIC. Moreover, atomic force microscopy technique was employed for confirming the effect of gentamicin on biofilm. The present findings revealed that methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) constituted, nearly, 94.29% (33 isolates) of all S. aureus isolates. Around 12 (36.36%), four (12.12%), and 17 (51.51%) isolates were gentamicin-sensitive, intermediate, and resistant to gentamicin, respectively. hla and hld were located in 32 out 33 MRSA isolates. All MRSA isolates succeeded in forming biofilm; however, three (0.09%), 23 (69.69%), and seven (21.21%) isolates formed weak,moderate, andstrong biofilm, respectively. Gentamicin at sub MIC reduced the intensity of biofilm and the AFM confirmed this finding. In conclusion, very weak correlation linked the biofilm formation capacity and isolate MIC. On the other hand, possession of hemolysin genes seems has no correlation with biofilm formation. Nevertheless, gentamicin at sub MIC reduced the intensity of MRSA biofilm.
Hospital and community surveys reveal the severe public health problem and socio‐economic impact of human echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

A comprehensive study of human echinococcosis (caused by Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis), including assessment of hospital records, community surveys and patient follow‐up, was conducted in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China. In contrast to hospital records that showed 96% of echinococcosis cases were caused by cystic echinococcosis (CE), 56% of cases detected in active community surveys were caused by alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The AE and CE cases co‐existed frequently in the same village, even occurring in the same patient. A serious public health problem caused by echinococcosis was evident in southern NHAR, typified by: a long diagnostic history for both AE and CE (7.5 years) compared with a shorter treatment history (4.7 years); a significant mortality rate (39%) caused by AE in one surveyed village, where patients had no previous access to treatment; family aggregation of CE and AE cases; a high proportion of both AE (62.5%) and CE (58%) in females; a high rate of recurrent surgery (30%) for CE demonstrated by surgical records; and frequent symptomatic recurrences (51%) because of discontinuous or sporadic access to chemotherapy for AE. The disease burden for both human AE and CE is thus very severe among these rural communities in NHAR, and this study provides the first attempt to determine the costs of morbidity and surgical intervention of human CE and AE cases both at the hospital and community level in this setting. This information may be useful for assessing the cost effectiveness of designing effective public health programs to control echinococcosis in this and other endemic areas in China and elsewhere.
Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells

Degradation phenomena of electrocatalysts for proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells and their mechanisms are reviewed. Platinum dissolution and redeposition, carbon‐support corrosion, inhomogeneity during start‐up and cell reversal are discussed as factors that influence the degradation of electrocatalysts with relation to electrode potential. Early research findings at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, are mainly used as a basis of discussion. The development of highly durable electrocatalysts using an oxide support based on the results of degradation studies to suppress electrocatalyst degradation is summarized with a main focus on Pt‐deposited Ti4O7 catalysts developed at AIST. The development of high‐CO‐concentration durable anode electrocatalysts is also reviewed. In particular, an electrocatalyst that uses an organic complex as a co‐electrocatalyst with a platinum ruthenium alloy anode electrocatalyst developed at AIST is included as a novel high‐CO‐concentration durable anode electrocatalyst.
Evaluating the use of measured and/or open access data in watershed modeling through an integrated modeling procedure

Hydrological models are considered useful tools in both understanding and investigating the hydrological processes occurring on catchment-level. In order to develop hydrological models, various types of data are required, which, in many cases, are not available due to non existence of reliable measurements. To overcome measured data deficiency, open access data are often used. However, this can lead to faults in model development and, therefore, to inaccurate model results. In the present study, the use of measured and/or open access data in watershed modeling is investigated and evaluated by developing three distinguished hydrological models for the Upper Anthemountas basin. To strengthen the whole procedure the hydrological models are coupled with a calibrated groundwater flow model, thus forming three separate integrated model systems. A key element of the procedure followed is the comparison between the new groundwater models and the calibrated one, leading to more reliable results regarding the use of measured and/or open access data. This procedure may be proven useful in researchers who desire to evaluate the use of various types of data, since it actually measures their influence through an integrated modeling procedure.
The effect of fish protein powder on the physiochemical, nutritional and sensory properties of cereal based products

This study replaced semolina with red cod (P. bachus) fish powder in pasta at 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/100 g levels. The effects on the chemical composition, physical properties (optimal cooking time, cooking loss, water absorption index, swelling index and colour) and textural properties (firmness and extensibility) of the supplemented pasta samples were evaluated compared with a control sample. Fortification with fish powder increased protein, lipid and ash contents significantly (P < 0.05). Cooking loss increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of fish powder. However, all pasta samples were in the acceptable range (8 g/100g) for cooking loss. Fish powder incorporation decreased optimal cooking time, swelling index and water absorption significantly (P < 0.05), whilst increasing firmness and resistance to uniaxial extension of pasta. The addition of fish powder increased yellowness (b*) of the pasta significantly (P < 0.05) compared to control sample. Thus, pasta fortified with fish powder has the potential to be a technological alternative for the food industry to provide nutritional enriched pasta.
Determination and Evaluation of Metal Oxide Toxicity on Dermal Fibroblasts by Using the Impedance-Based Assay System

Metal oxides have been widely used in various applications such as biomedical, commercial and environmental, due to their unique physicochemical properties. As the use of metal oxides increase worldwide, their exposure to the living systems also increases. It is therefore necessary to understand their potential harmful effects on human and environment health. In this study, dermal fibroblasts were exposed to bulk zinc oxide (0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) for 6 and 48 h. After exposure, changes in cell viability, morphology, membrane damage and zinc oxide uptake were investigated. The response of dermal fibroblasts exposed to different concentrations of bulk zinc oxide was monitored in real-time using an impedance-based assay system. Results demonstrated that zinc oxide at 50 and 100 μg/mL showed significant toxic effects compared to the control cell cultures.
Théorie dynamique de la diffraction des rayons X par les cristaux déformés

La theorie dynamique classique de la diffraction des rayons X est etendue au cas des cristaux ayant subi une deformation quelconque et des ondes non planes. La methode consiste a resoudre les equations de Maxwell en considerant les deformations et la courbure des ondes comme des perturbations du premier ordre. On obtient ainsi un systeme differentiel simple dont la resolution n'est en general possible que numeriquement. Une application particuliere est faite au cas des cristaux courbes. On en deduit une methode numerique simple de calcul du pouvoir reflecteur des cristaux courbes. Le resultat de mesures absolues est en bon accord avec la theorie. On expose ensuite une methode approximative de calcul de l'augmentation du pouvoir reflecteur due a la presence de dislocations. La comparaison avec les mesures est satisfaisante. Enfin on donne quelques resultats de la resolution numerique directe du systeme fondamental dans le cas de dislocations isolees. Ceci permet de prevoir la structure des images de dislocations obtenues par transmission. Ici encore on note un accord satisfaisant avec les experiences faites par plusieurs autres auteurs.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Some Novel Fused Thiazolo[3,2-A] Pyrimidinones and Pyrimido[2,1-B][1,3]Thiazinones

Reactions of 7,9-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one with α-haloketones, chloroacetonitrile and DMAD, afforded the corresponding fused thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinone derivatives. The reaction of the thione with chloroacetic acid and an appropriate aromatic aldehyde yielded the respective 2-arylidene-2H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2-d]thiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidine-3,5-diones. Also, the treatment of thione with arylidenemalononitriles gave the fused pyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine derivatives, respectively. The structures of the synthesised products were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral techniques. The cytotoxic activity of the new products against breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines were determined and the results revealed promising activity.
Effect of Composted Greenwaste and Rockwool on Plant Growth of Okra, Tomato, and Chili Peppers

Abstract Rockwool is an inert growing media popular in the hydroponics industry. Eventually the rockwool fills with plant material and must be replaced and the residuals are disposed. Composting of this material will conserve landfill space. Although the rockwool itself is stable, roots and other plant materials remaining after harvest can decompose. We studied the effect of composting greenwaste feedstock mixed with spent rockwool in the amount of 10% volume on plant growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with two types of soils: sandy loam and clay, each with and without rockwool, and applied at rates 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha−1 to pots which were then seeded with okra, tomato, or chili pepper. Results indicate that plant growth of all three crops was unaffected by the presence of (10% volume) spent rockwool in the compost. In all cases, increase in application rate of compost enhanced plant growth significantly. While the growth of tomato was unaffected by soil type, shoot weights of okra and chili pepper plants were significantly lower in sandy soil compared to clay loam soil.