Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN SOIL PHOSPHORUS DURING 200 YEARS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN INDONESIA

We investigated the long-term effects of shifting cultivation on soil phosphorus pools to understand the effects of repeated intense disturbance on nutrient cycling in rain forests and to assess the sustainability of a widespread tropical agricultural system. We studied 24 sites that formed a gradient of cultivation history near a village in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, where long-fallow shifting cultivation has been practiced for at least 200 yr. The sites, including primary forest, had undergone 0–10 prior cycles (each ∼20 yr) of cultivation and forest regrowth. The number of swidden–fallow cycles experienced at a given site was determined through interviews. Using sequential chemical extraction of surface soils, we inferred changes in the distribution and availability of soil phosphorus during 200 yr of shifting cultivation. We examined the relative importance of fire vs. secondary forest biota in mediating the changes observed by heating soils in the laboratory to simulate the conditions of a slash fir.
Wood Anatomy of the Caprifoliaceae of Japan

The wood anatomy of 35 species belonging to 6 genera of the family Caprifoliaceae indigenous to Japan is described. Intergeneric or interspecific differences are recognised in various characters, especially vessel distribution, type of perforation plates (simple or scalariform), intervessel and vessel-ray pitting, presence or absence of spiral thickenings in vessels and fibres, ray histology and fibre type (fibre-tracheids or libriform fibres).
Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninsula

MEJIAS, J. A. & VALDES, B. , 1988. Karyologiepl studies in Sonchus section Madtimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninmula. Karyological data support the distinction of S. aquatilis Pourret and S. maritimus L. at the specific level. Karyological data and hybridization experiments support the idea that S. × novocaslcllanus Cirujano has been produced by the hybridization of S. crassifolius Pourret ex Willd. and S. maritimus L.
Evaluation of ITS PCR and RFLP for Differentiation and Identification of Brewing Yeast and Brewery ‘Wild’ Yeast Contaminants

ABSTRACT A reference library of ITS PCR/RFLP profiles was collated and augmented to evaluate its potential for routine identification of domestic brewing yeast and known ‘wild’ yeast contaminants associated with wort, beer and brewing processes. This library contains information on band sizes generated by restriction digestion of the ribosomal RNA‐encoding DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region consisting of the 5.8 rRNA gene and two flanking regions (ITS1 and ITS2) with the endonucleases CfoI, HaeIII, HinfI and includes strains from 39 non‐Saccharomyces yeast species as well as for brewing and non‐brewing strains of Saccharomyces. The efficacy of the technique was assessed by isolation of 59 wild yeasts from industrial fermentation vessels and conditioning tanks and by matching their ITS amplicon sizes and RFLP profiles with those of the constructed library. Five separate, non‐introduced yeast taxa were putatively identified. These included Pichia species, which were associated with conditioning tanks and Saccharomyces species isolated from fermentation vessels. Strains of the lager yeast S. pastorianus could be reliably identified as belonging to either the Saaz or Frohberg hybrid group by restriction digestion of the ITS amplicon with the enzyme HaeIII. Frohberg group strains could be further sub‐grouped depending on restriction profiles generated with HinfI.
Marine zooplanktonic and benthic community respiration rates at Resolute, Canadian high Arctic

Benthic community respiration rates and macrozooplankton (>202 µm) biomass and respiration rates were measured throughout a calender year at Resolute (74°42 prime N, 94°50 prime W). The plankton averaged 7.2 g dry weight · m-2 with no seasonal pattern and respired 82 g O2 · m-2 · yr-1. Gelatinous and chaetognath predators made up 10% of macrozooplankton biomass and respired 6.4% of planktonic respiration. The lipid content of the nongelatinous fraction fluctuated seasonaly from 64% of dry weight in midwinter to 46% in early summer. The benthic soft-bottom community inside Resolute Bay respired about 125 g O2 · m-2 · yr-1, with a twofold rate increase in late summer. Offshore on hard bottom the few measurements we obtained suggested a respiration rate of about 75 g O2 · m-2 · yr-1. The macrozooplankton and benthos were therefore approximately equal in energy flow. The total ecosystem respiration of 157 g O2 · m-2 · yr-1 corroborated a previous independent estimate of photosynthesis of 60 g C · m-2 · yr-1 f.
A case of a closed coronary sinus and left superior vena cava

Bilateral superior venae cavae in man are not such infrequent anomalies as we might expect. I n fact, K. Kodama ( '31), in a recent report of a case, has pointed out that 138 cases of bilateral superior venae cavae have been listed by R. Locchi ('27) from European literature. Where two superior venae cavae are present, they may be equal in size and in function, but frequently the unusual left replaces a defective right. However, the occurrence of a closed coronary sinus in such cases is a rather rare anomaly, as a review of the literature reveals. Beyerlein ('14) described a case of this type in which the left superior vena cava drained the blood from the cardiac veins and Hutton ('15) reported a similar case. Both of these workers have discussed the condition from the viewpoint of its origin during development. They also referred to descriptions of two other cases in earlier literature, one by Gruber ('85) and one by Le Cat in 1738. Because of the relative rarity of this anomaly, a fifth case recently observed in our laboratory is described below. The heart (fig. 1) was found by students dissecting the body of an adult negro male, the cause of whose death was not ascertained. The heart was not unusual as t o size, shape, or position, nor were there any irregularities in the arrangement of the great vessels other than the presence of the left superior vena cava. The arteries of the heart were not unusual, and while the cardiac veins were prominent, they
ELECTRON AND LIGHT MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES ON SPERMATELIOSIS IN A BOAR WITH ACROSOME ABNORMALITIES

Summary. The development of the acrosome was studied in three normal boars and in one sterile boar with acrosome abnormalities. These abnormalities appeared mainly during three stages of spermiogenesis: (1) in spherical spermatids during the late cap phase, as an invagination of the interior membrane of the acrosomic cap with con-comitant sinking of the acrosomic granule into the depression thus formed; (2) in elongated spermatids during the late acrosome phase, as an asymmetrical, extensive, curved process into the Sertoli cell cytoplasm; and (3) during the maturation phase by persistence of a tongue-like protrusion of the acrosome normally present only during the late acrosome phase. It is suggested that the common feature ofthe different types is an abnormal growth tendency in the acrosomic system.
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI IN A SUBTROPICAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Fungi amenable to culture were obtained from coastal and oceanic waters collected in the northwestern subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Eulittoral samples uniformly demonstrated relatively high mold populations of diverse speciation. Samples obtained more distant from land and in deep waters showed a greater than 10-fold decrease in average population density and about a 50% reduction in the number of species. A similar phenomenon was noted with progression into abyssal regions. The deepest sample from which Deuteromycetes were isolated was obtained at a depth of 4450 meters. An analysis of the data suggests that two species, Aureobasidium pullulans and Dendryphiella arenaria, are normal inhabitants of the marine environment.
ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS DEFOLIATORS: II. HALISIDOTA ARGENTATA PACK. (ARCTIIDAE), AND NEPYTIA PHANTASMARIA STKR. (GEOMETRIDAE)

The 24-hour activity rhythms of a gregarious arctiid (Halisidota argentata Park.) and a geometrid (Nepytia phantasmaria Stkr.) were recorded automatically at different constant temperatures and in naturally varying light and temperatures. Larval activity on foliage, adult emergence, and adult flight were all associated with sunset; eclosion began in the dark hours, but in Nepytia was particularly associated with sunrise. The rhythms were found to be adapted to the different seasonal environments normally experienced by the insects, and activity was influenced by changes in light and temperature. The rhythm of Halisidota larvae, which are active throughout the British Columbia coastal winter as well as in the autumn and spring, undergoes a temperature-related phase reversal, the larvae becoming diurnal in the coldest periods of the winter, though nocturnal in warmer periods. Larval Nepytia are found only in summer; they are generally more active on warm days and have little resistance to cold. The activity.
The Concept and Need for a Phosphorus Assessment Tool

Nonpoint sources of P leaving the agricultural landscape can cause eutrophication of surface water and the associated growth of undesirable aquatic plants. USDA is developing an indexing procedure for identifying soils, landforms, and management practices that could have unfavorable impacts on water bodies because of P movement. This indexing procedure uses the characteristic of the field site, including soil erosion rates, runoff, available P soil test levels, and fertilizer and organic P application rates and methods to assess the degree of vulnerability of P movement from the site. A weighting procedure has been developed to include the various contributions each site characteristic may have. A summation of the products of the weighted site characteristic yields a site vulnerability rating [. ]
Influência das características anatômicas e do teor de extrativos totais da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden na qualidade da colagem

The study aimed to anatomically characterize and to quantify the total extractives in different positions of the log of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden with 18 years of age and to assess their influence on the shear strength and percentage of wood failure in adhesive bonded joints with thermosetting resorcinolformaldehyde. Histological slides were prepared for an anatomical study and determined the total extractive content. The preparation of bonded joints was made according to ASTM D 2339-98(2000). It was used the correlation coefficient of Pearson, 1 % probability by t test to evaluate the correlation between the anatomical and extractives content with the quality of the glued joints. It was found that there was a correlation between the shear strength with the following characteristics: vessel diameter, wall width, length and width of the fiber, the width of the radius and total extractives content. For the percentage of wood failure, there was a correlation between this with the following characteristics: the frequency of vessels, thickness of the heat of fiber, and high frequency of lightning. Both the radial direction as in the longitudinal direction of the logs there was change in the values found for the measurement of the anatomical elements, the total amount of extractives, the shear test strength and the percentage of wood failure.
The In Vitro Approach to the Cytotoxicity of a Trichothecene Mycotoxin Nivalenol

Trichothecene mycotoxins are toxic to leukocytes, and one of the leading symptoms of trichothecene toxicosis is leukopenia. In this study, therefore, to elucidate the underlying mechanism of toxicity, we treated promyelocyte (one of the leukocytes) -derived cell line HL60 with a trichothecene mycotoxin nivalenol for 24 h and investigated the toxin's effects. After treatment with 3 or 10 μg/mL nivalenol, morphologic damage was pronounced. The effect of nivalenol on cell proliferation (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation) was examined, and the mean 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.16 μg/mL. At 3 and 10 μg/mL, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, one of the hallmarks of apoptosis, was apparent. Concentrations of nivalenol-caused morphologic damage are in accordance with DNA fragmentation, indicating that nivalenol-caused morphologic change is due to apoptosis. The media of nivalenol-treated cells contained substantial amounts of interleukin (IL)-8, suggesting that IL-8 contributes to the nivalenol-induced phenomena. Conversely, nivalenol decreased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 secretion. We performed BrdU incorporation to assess the effect of 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM), which chelates intracellular calcium ion. BrdU incorporation after concomitant treatment with nivalenol and BAPTA-AM was higher than that after treatment with nivalenol alone. Likewise BAPTA-AM considerably attenuated nivalenol-induced IL-8 secretion. Taking both results together, it appears that nivalenol-caused cytotoxicity depends on intracellular calcium ion.
The Arhopala butterflies described by Fabricius: A. centaurus is from Java, A. democritus from Phuket (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The origins and identities of two Fabrician butterfly species now included in the genus Arhopala Boisduval, 1832, are examined; the species are Papilio centaurus Fabricius, 1775, and Hesperia democritus Fabricius, 1793 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). To dispel recent confusion, complete taxonomic histories are presented for both. The type locality of Arhopala centaurus is established as near Jakarta, Java, and that of Arhopala democritus as Phuket Island, south‐western peninsular Thailand. Amblypodia pseudocentaurus Doubleday, 1847, described from Java, is re‐established as a subjective synonym of Arhopala centaurus sensu stricto. The subspecies of centaurus that flies in the Malay Peninsula is re‐established as A. centaurus nakula (Felder & Felder, 1860). The distinct Australian species misidentified in recent literature as Arhopala centaurus should be known as Arhopala eupolis (Miskin, 1890). Lectotype designations are made for the nominal species Papilio centaurus, Hesperia democritus, Amblypodia pseudocentaurus and Amblypodia nakula.
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODESMATA, AND OTHER CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ULOTRICHALES, ULVALES, AND CHAETOPHORALES: PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 1

The results of previous research and a present survey of some of the cytological characteristics of 18 additional genera and 34 additional species are presented and discussed from the viewpoint of phylogenetic and taxonomic significance. A preliminary attempt is made to place these, algae, in 4 orders on the basis of comparative cytology, and in particular on the basis of variation in mitosis and cytokinesis and the distribution of plasmodesmata. Consideration is given to the evolution of the phragmoplast and to the hypothesis that the Chaetophorales are related to the ancestry of land plants.
Effect of By-Product Mixing Silage Feeding on the Eating and Ruminating Behavior of Hanwoo Steer

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of by-product mixing silage feeding on the eating and ruminating behavior of fattening Hanwoo steer. A total of 12 Hanwoo steers (21 months old) were divided into three feeding groups and assigned to 3 dietary treatments: control (C: concentrate + ad libitum feeding of rice straw), and by-product mixing silage groups (T1: concentrate + 1 kg restricted feeding of by-product mixing silage + ad libitum feeding of rice straw, T2: concentrate + ad libitum feeding of by-product mixing silage). Eating behaviors were observed for 48 hours. Total feed intake was high in the order of T1 > C > T2, but not significantly different among the treatments. The eating and chewing time were significantly higher in C than by-product mixing silage treatments (P<0.05). Ruminating and resting time were not significantly different among the treatments. Number of bolus, number of total chews and number of chews per bolus were not significantly different among the treatments. But ruminating time per bolus and FVI (feed value index) were significantly higher in C than T1 and T2 (p<0,01, 0.05). Bolus per minute was the highest in T1 (p<0.01). Number of drinking was significantly higher in T2 than C and T1 (p<0.05), but defecating and urinating were not significantly difference among the treatments. Eating rate was the highest in T2 (p<0.05), but ruminating and chewing efficiency were not significantly difference among the treatments. Consequently, there was no big difference on eating behavior when feed by-product silage comparing with rice straw. Therefore, it is thought that by-product mixing silage could be the alternative for the rice straw.
Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fiber Content and Composition in Oat

ABSTRACT Six oat genotypes were grown in nursery yield trials during 1989-1992 at Lisbon, ND. Groats were analyzed for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition. Genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for soluble or insoluble dietary fiber. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber differed with genotype (6.0–7.1% and 4.1– 4.9%, respectively) and with growing year (6.0–6.9% and 3.9–5.2%, respectively). The genotype-by-growing year interaction was significant for soluble β-glucan content but not for total neutral sugar or uronic acid content of the soluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar content but not in uronic acid content. The genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for total neutral sugar, β-glucan, uronic acid, or Klason lignin content of insoluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar, β-glucan, and Klason lignin content but not in uronic acid content of insoluble dietary fiber. The neutral sugar content of so.
A field study of reproductive interactions in Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai

Observations of a free-living population of Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai, show that courtship behaviour in nature is similar to the behaviour observed in earlier laboratory studies. Complementary evidence was obtained on the behaviour called flick, which is sometimes inserted at the end of the static display phase, and may be viewed as an equivalent behaviour to the retreat display of the other small-bodied newt species. Sexual interference in the natural population was mainly caused by males. Two characteristic male behaviour patterns were recognised, the waiting position and the push-tail. Females tend to withdraw from situations of interference. Courtship sequences solely consisting of orientation and spermatophore transfer phases, so-called short-circuit sequences, may be interpreted as a male strategy to avoid the very severe male-to-male interference that exists in a wild population.
On the systematic position of the genus Notomicrus sharp (Hydradephaga, Coleoptera)

The systematic position of Notomicrus is clarified by a study of 13 skeletal characters of adults. Shape of antennomere I, profemoral excavation, paramedian angle of anterior metacoxal wall, "noterid platform," and the peculiar condition of the intercoxal wall are synapomorphies of Noteridae (excluding Phreatodytes) and Notomicrus. Therefore Notomicrus is a member of Noteridae. The broadened prosternal process, cranial extension of the noterid platform, metafurcal–metacoxal fusion, and swimming adaptations of the hind legs are regarded as synapomorphies of Noteridae excluding Notomicrus and Phreatodytes. Notomicrus is therefore the sister group of the remainder of Noteridae excluding Phreatodytes. Characters of the foreleg demonstrate that the noterid genera Pronoterus, Synchortus, Mesonoterus, Renotus, Noterus, Siolius, Hydrocanthus, Canthydrus, Suphisellus, and Suphis form a monophyletic unit and that Pronoterus is the sister group of the remainder of these genera. The following characters are assigned .
Dairy Cattle Grazing Preference among Six Cultivars of Perennial Ryegrass

Received for publication September 13, 2005. Six endophyte-free diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Abergold, Respect, Agri, Herbie, Barezane, and Barnhem) were examined in an experiment to investigate the selection behavior of grazing Holstein Friesian cows in July and September 2003 and May 2004 and to identify factors related to preference. Three groups of dairy cows (Bos taurus) were allowed to select among these six cultivars that were sown in replicates in a randomized block design with 12 plots (36.7 by 2.0 m). Each experiment lasted 4 d, and every day cows were offered a new field with 12 plots. Herbage intake was measured using the sward-cutting method, measuring herbage yield before and after grazing. The Chesson? Manly index was used to quantify cattle grazing preference. Dairy cows did select among the cultivars in every period. The pattern of selection was consistent over the three experiments, Abergold was selected most, and Agri and Respect were least selected (22 vs. 14%). In July 2003 and May 2004, cultivars differed in morphological characteristics, but this was not related with grazing preference. In all three experiments, distinct differences were found among cultivars in chemical composition [dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fiber, and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentration] and digestibility of organic matter, especially for WSC concentration, which, when averaged over experiments, ranged between 135 g kg? 1 DM (Barezane) and 165 g kg? 1 DM (Abergold). Dairy cows preferred the cultivars with low ash and fiber concentration and high WSC concentration and digestibility
Impact of Management on Weed Species Composition in Organically Cropped Spring Cereals

ABSTRACT Partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA) was applied to analyse the relationship between weed species composition and agricultural management measures in organically cropped spring cereal fields. Density and dry weight of weed species were assessed in 30 fields situated in the coastal regions of Finland. The pRDA analysis included nine explanatory variables describing management (years since conversion to organic farming, crop rotation, crop, soil pH, fertilization, burial of manure, weed management, application of stubble cultivation and crop dry weight) and two not manipulable variables (location of the field and soil type). The only statistically significant variables appeared to be crop dry weight, years since conversion to organic fanning and cropping of wheat. The abundances of Elymus repens and Cirsium arvense increased as a function of years since conversion to organic fanning. There was no relationship between the ratio of non-nitrophilous to nitrophilous species and the duration of organic farming. The abundances of C. arvense and Sonchus arvensis as well as of most annual species were inversely related to crop dry weight and they were not associated with cropping of wheat. The shade-tolerant species Chenopodium spp. , Fallopia convolvulus and Viola arvensis maintained their dry weight in conditions of increasing crop dry weight and cropping of wheat. Galium spp. were associated with cropping of wheat. Weed species associated with years since conversion to organic fanning were only in a few cases identical with species associated with low crop dry weight, which emphasizes the importance of both short- and long-term agricultural management with regard to weed control in organic farming.