Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Multiple Processes Approach: reply to commentaries on ‘A multiple process solution to the logical problem of language acquisition’ by Brian MacWhinney

These twelve thoughtful commentaries demonstrate interesting shifts in our collective understanding of the ‘logical problem of language acquisition. ’ The bulk of the commentary supports the multiple process approach to the logical problem. At the same time, there is strong and productive disagreement regarding the ways in which conservatism, competition, probabilistic identification, indirect negative evidence, item-based learning, cue construction, monitoring, and constraints make their separate and related contributions to the learning of specific target structures.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE FOR PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING: SIMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Historically, a number of different software packages running on a variety of hardware platforms have been used for model simulation. SimuSolv found wide use because of its broad capabilities, including optimization, statistical analysis, and formalized sensitivity analysis as well as the capacity to incorporate user-supplied subroutines. However, in the early 1990s, SimuSolv development ceased and a final version was released in 1993. Thus SimuSolv will not be developed for newer platforms and operating systems. In this article, we compare and contrast the use of SimuSolv and Matlab (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model implementation with respect to parameter estimation (optimization) and sensitivity analysis using a PBPK model for trichloroethylene (TCE). In both packages, it is possible to code PBPK models, run simulations, estimate parameters, and do sensitivity analysis.The key difference is the additional programming required in Matlab. Since Matlab does not have built-in estimation and sensitivity routines, it was necessary to write them for the Matlab TCE model. Additionally, Matlab handles flow control differently from SimuSolv, so the model code is written in a different order than for SimuSolv. In spite of the additional coding requirements, Matlab is a well-supported and mathematically oriented simulation software package that is clearly suitable for application to PBPK modeling. All of the modeling tasks done in SimuSolv could also be done readily in Matlab. Most of the comparisons made to SimuSolv also carry over to ACSL-Tox, however ACSL-Tox calculates some sensitivity coefficients very differently from the way they are defined in SimuSolv. Future development of an interpreter for Matlab would make modeling, sensitivity analysis, and parameter estimation less programming-intensive.
CEO Turnovers and Disruptions in Customer–Supplier Relationships

Events that disrupt customer–supplier relationships pose a source of risk for suppliers that depend on a customer for a large portion of their revenues. We identify the replacement of a customer’s chief executive officer (CEO) as a disruptive event that results in suppliers losing substantial sales. These losses are greater when an incumbent customer CEO is more likely to be entrenched and stem largely from the successor divesting assets. Finally, we document that losses in sales following a customer CEO turnover lead to declines in a supplier’s financial performance and that suppliers experience negative abnormal stock returns to announcements of customer CEO departures.
Pyrolysis of ethylamine. II. Synthesis and microwave spectrum of ethylidenimine (CH3CH=NH)

Microwave rotational spectra assignable to gas phase cis‐ and trans‐ethylidenimine (CH3CH=NH) have been detected in the pyrolysis decomposition products from several alkylamines and from the ring trimer, (CH3CHNH)3. Stark effects, hyperfine and internal rotation splittings have aided the assignment of the observed spectra and allowed the determination of rotational distortion constants, 14N nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants, internal rotation barriers, and electric dipole moments. Limited structural information was also obtained.
A Yen is Not a Yen: TIBOR/LIBOR and the Determinants of the Japan Premium

Abstract Pricing in the euroyen market is based on LIBOR, the London Interbank Offered Rate, set at 11:00AM London time or TIBOR, the Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate, set at 11:00AM Tokyo time. The changing TIBOR-LIBOR spread reflects the credit risk associated with Japanese banks or the “Japan premium”. The spread is modeled as a function of determinants of bank default and firm value. Systematic variation in the spread can be explained by interest rate and stock price effects along with public information flows of good and bad news regarding Japanese banking, with a separate role for bank credit downgrades and upgrades.
Executive Loans

Abstract This paper analyzes the characteristics and impact of loans made to executives for stock purchase, option exercise, and relocation. We find that loans made to assist executives in purchasing stock or exercising options are larger and have higher interest rates than relocation loans. All types of loans, however, are issued at below-market interest rates, on average. We also find that while stock purchase loans are given to managers with low existing ownership, option exercise loans are given to managers with high existing ownership and high cash compensation. Finally, our results indicate that executive stock ownership increases following stock purchase and option exercise loans. For managers as a whole, a loan that enables a manager to buy 100 shares of stock results in only an eight share increase in ownership. However, the relation between ownership changes and stock purchase loans is much stronger for low ownership managers.
Self-assembly, concomitant photochemical processes, and improvement of the yield of [2 + 2] photoreactions from supramolecular arrays via mechanochemical assistance

Novel examples of self-assembly, structural transformations and concomitant photochemical processes from supramolecular ternary assemblies directed by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds are shown. In addition, mechanochemical assistance is also shown as a potential tool in order to improve the yield of [2 + 2] photoreactions in the solid state.
An Empirical Analysis of Market Segmentation on U.S. Equity Markets

We examine the impact of trading on markets partially exempt from National Market System requirements (“dark venues”) on equity-market quality. We find evidence consistent with the notion that dark venues rely on their special features to segregate order flow based on asymmetric information risk, which results in their transactions being less informed and contributing less to price discovery on the consolidated market. Except for the execution of large transactions and trading in small stocks, the effects of dark-venue order segmentation are damaging to overall market quality. Our results have important implications for the regulation of international equity markets.
What Does the Individual Option Volatility Smirk Tell Us About Future Equity Returns?

Abstract The shape of the volatility smirk has significant cross-sectional predictive power for future equity returns. Stocks exhibiting the steepest smirks in their traded options underperform stocks with the least pronounced volatility smirks in their options by 10.9% per year on a risk-adjusted basis. This predictability persists for at least 6 months, and firms with the steepest volatility smirks are those experiencing the worst earnings shocks in the following quarter. The results are consistent with the notion that informed traders with negative news prefer to trade out-of-the-money put options, and that the equity market is slow in incorporating the information embedded in volatility smirks.
Resolution of the Absorbance and CD Spectra and Formation Constants of the Complexes between Human Serum Albumin and Methyl Orange

Difference absorbance and circular dichroism techniques show that two complexes are formed between human serum albumin (HSA) and Methyl Orange (MO). The stoichiometries of the two HSA-MO complexes (1:1 (C1) and 1:2 (C2)), their association constants (K1, 1 = 2.32 (0.18) × 105 M−1 and K1, 2 = 1.12 (0.15) × 1011 M−2), and both absorbance and dichroic spectra have been determined by a computational approach. Nearly 900 experimental points, consisting of absorbance and CD measurements registered in the 340–550 nm interval and over a wide range of concentrations of protein and ligand, have been included in a unique fitting procedure. The Scatchard plot indicates the existence of a unique binding site which can accommodate up to two molecules of MO in a positive co-operative process. Calculation of the CD spectrum for the C2 complex according to the DeVoe method reproduces the fitted dichroic spectrum for the same complex. The shapes of the fitted absorbance and dichroic spectra, as well as the influence of concentrated NaCl or ethylene glycol on the absorbances of both free MO and HSA-MO mixtures are consistent with the presence of dominant electrostatic interactions in C1. The C2 complex can be envisaged as a unique chromophore, consisting of two MO units associated in a stacking process into the same binding site of HSA, leading to a well-defined chirality. The general validity of this multitechnique, multiwavelength approach in the investigation of protein-ligand complexes is discussed.
Heat transfer in soft nanoscale interfaces: the influence of interface curvature

We investigate, using transient non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations, heat-transfer through nanometer-scale interfaces consisting of n-decane (2–12 nm diameter) droplets in water. Using computer simulation results of the temperature relaxation of the nanodroplet as a function of time we have computed the thermal conductivity and the interfacial conductance of the droplet and the droplet/water interface respectively. We find that the thermal conductivity of the n-decane droplets is insensitive to droplet size, whereas the interfacial conductance shows a strong dependence on the droplet radius. We rationalize this behavior in terms of a modification of the n-decane/water surface-tension with droplet curvature. This enhancement in interfacial conductance would contribute, in the case of a suspension, to an increase in the thermal conductivity with decreasing particle radius. This notion is consistent with recent experimental studies of nanofluids. We also investigate the accuracy of different diffusion equations to model the temperature relaxation in non stationary non equilibrium processes. We show that the modeling of heat transfer across a nanodroplet/fluid interface requires the consideration of the thermal conductivity of the nanodroplet as well as the temperature discontinuity across the interface. The relevance of this result in diffusion models that neglect thermal conductivity effects in the modeling of the temperature relaxation is discussed.
Misreaction

Abstract To learn about investors' information processing, we examine the issuances of trust preferred stock, a leverage-neutral hybrid security. Specific benefits of trust preferred stock issuance have become focal points for issuers. These focal benefits include tax and financial distress avoidance, for example. We find these benefits are associated with short-run stock price misreactions. For those issuers that do not have a focal issuance benefit, mean short-run abnormal returns tend to be negative but long-run abnormal returns tend to be positive. Unanticipated changes in long-run profit opportunities, not short-run operating profits, appear to be the key to the misreaction.
Antimicrobial Activity of an Iridoid Rich Extract from Morinda citrifolia Fruit

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of iridoids in Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruits. An iridoid rich extract from noni fruits was prepared and incubated with aliquots of twenty-four hour cultures of Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at total iridoid concentrations of 0.096, 0.19, 0.45, 0.82 and 1.41 mg/mL. was monitored by Optical Density (OD) at 600 nm. Iridoid concentration dependent decreases in cell growth were observed in all organisms. The results suggest that deacetylasperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid, the major phytochemical constituents of noni fruit, possess antibacterial activity.
Just Don’t Call it a Tax! Framing in an Experiment on Voting and Redistribution

Abstract Utilizing a simplified version of the Meltzer–Richard redistribution mechanism, we designed a laboratory experiment to test whether it matters if voters were asked to decide on a tax rate or a minimum income, leaving the redistribution mechanism itself unchanged. Framing the vote about redistribution as a decision about a minimal income increases the individually and ideally preferred level of redistribution. This effect outlives the groups’ deliberation processes and leads to the implementation of a higher level of redistribution.
Iron content of the formulated East African indigenous vegetable recipes

Nutritional iron deficiency is the common cause of anaemia in developing world. However, Africa is endowed with African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) rich in micronutrients. Surveys within East Africa relate low AIV consumption to limited information on recipe preparation. The aim of this research is to determine iron content of various formulated indigenous vegetable recipes. Experimental research involved four randomly selected AIVs; African Nightshade (Solanum scabrum), Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum), Slenderleaf (Crotalaria ochroleuca) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Four single and six vegetable combinations were boiled for ten minutes with and without traditional salt, then fried for five minutes using onions and tomatoes, giving rise to twenty recipes. Iron content was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Iron content of raw indigenous vegetables was significantly (P 0.05) lower compared to those fried without lye. Fried AIVs should be recommended in areas with high dietary iron deficiency; this could help alleviate anaemia. Key words: Iron content, recipes, lye, African indigenous vegetables
Entrainment of air into a liquid spray

An investigation has been carried out into the flow pattern existing in and around a flat spray, particular attention being paid to the region of disintegration of the liquid sheet. The mass of air entrained into the spray, the decay of air velocity along the spray axis, and the spread of the drops in the plane normal to that of the sheet have been related to the operating conditions by equations theoretically derived and experimentally confirmed. Similarities between the characteristics of air entrainment into liquid sprays and into gas jets have been noted.
Optical Properties and Associated Hygroscopicity of Clay Aerosols

Airborne mineral dust particles contribute a significant fraction to the total aerosol mass, thus they make a substantial contribution to the Earth's radiative budget by direct scattering and absorption of radiation. Quantifying their contribution is complicated by the variability of optical properties as a function of water uptake. To improve understanding, we directly measured the relative humidity (RH) dependence of extinction [fRHext(RH, Dry)] for three key silicate clay components (illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite) of mineral dust aerosols through cavity ring-down spectroscopy at 532 nm. The three clays studied show significant differences in fRHext(RH, Dry) at three RH values, and reasons for this are explored. With 68% RH as an example, we used the fRHext(RH, Dry) and Mie theory to calculate a growth factor for comparison with other measurement techniques. Humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer and quartz crystal microbalance growth factors from the literature are larger than our optical measurements indicate. An apparent decrease in particle size calculated from optical measurements for illite and kaolinite was further investigated by determining the aerosol electrical mobility size distribution of 68% RH and dry clay particles at that indicated shrinkage of approximately 10% at elevated humidity. Direct optical measurement has advantages because the effects of irregular shape and internal voids are observed. Our calculated growth factors provide a lower limit and can be incorporated into climate models in conjunction with other results to reduce the uncertainty associated with the optical response to water uptake on clay aerosols.
Cadmium Toxicity in Kidney Ultrastructure of Freshwater Fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)

Kidney is an important organ – vital for excretion, osmoregulation and maintenance of homeostasis; various environmental pollutants like xenobiotics and heavy metals are known to affect its morphology. Fishes can thus act as heavy metal indicators and assess pollution in the aquatic environment. The present work deals with treatment of fishes with cadmium chloride (8ppm for 6days). The changes brought about by cadmium toxicity to the kidney of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) was studied using electron microscopy. Light microscopy and ultrastructure of kidney indicates that it consists of 5 distinct regions, namely, neck region, proximal region, central slender region, distal region and collecting tubule. Kidney of cadmium treated fishes show presence of electron dense material within the cytoplasm. Blocking of junctional complex, dilation and fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum, wavy plasmalemma invaginations, large scale appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles, occurrence of autophagic vesicles, increased lysosomes, vacuolation/fragmentation of mitochondria are the other changes seen.
Solubility of Hematite in H2SO4 Solutions at 230-270 °c

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation of the solubility of hematite (Fe2O3) in H2SO4 solutions at high temperature (230-270 °C) was conducted. Experimental measurements were carried out in a titanium autoclave equipped with a dip tube for sample withdrawal with a porous titanium filter. An electrolyte thermodynamic model was employed to simulate the solubility and speciation of Fe2O3 in H2SO4 solutions. The revised HKF model, which is incorporated into the OLI Systems® software (Version 6.5), was used to calculate thermodynamic properties for aqueous species. The density model was introduced to extrapolate the equilibrium constant for Fe-SO4 complex species. Nonidealities were treated through the Bromley-Zemaitis ion interaction method which is also incorporated in the OLI software. The predicted solubility of Fe2O3 was in very good agreement with the experimental data and in reasonable agreement with other literature data. The predominant species identified were Fe2(SO4)30, Fe(OH)2(SO4)2−, FeSO4+, FeHSO42+ and Fe3+ in the range of H2SO4 concentration 0∼0.7 molality.
Metal-Contaminated Soils: Remediation Practices and Treatment Technologies

Heavy metals have polluted many sites in industrial countries and pose risks for ecological systems. In the United States, metals are present at about three-quarters of Superfund and Department of Defense sites. Further, there are relatively few soil treatment projects that have treated metals compared to organic contaminants. The enormous quantity and the complexity of metal-contaminated soils (MCS) constitute an important challenge for their remediation. This paper provides: (1) a summary of the remedial options and treatment technologies for MCS; and (2) a review of the field applications of the treatment technologies performed in the United States over the past 25 years. The discussion focuses on the alternatives to ex situ solidification/stabilization (S/S) through a review of 128 case studies. Additionally, a comparison of the practices used in Europe and in the United States relating to the treatment of MCS is also presented. Soil washing, phytoremediation, electrokinetics and, in situ stabilizatio.
Synthesis of Branched Poly(butyl methacrylate) via Semicontinuous Emulsion Polymerization

Latex particles comprised of branched poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) were prepared via semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. The extent of branching was controlled by adding various amounts of bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPDM) as a branching agent, and 1-dodecanethiol (C12SH) was used as a chain transfer agent to prevent cross-linking and to control molecular weight. All PBMA samples have relatively high molecular weights with molecular weight distributions similar to that of the polymers synthesized by regular free radical polymerization in the presence of a chain transfer agent. The degrees of branching were determined using 1H NMR. G′ and G′′ measurements indicated no significant entanglement contributions to the rheological properties. The latex particles containing branched PBMAs are monodisperse, and the particle sizes are well controlled.
Native and non-native perceptions of appropriateness in the French second-person pronoun system

ABSTRACT This article explores perceptions of appropriateness in the French second-person pronoun system in relation to various sociopragmatic factors among native and nonnative speakers of French between the ages of 18 and 29. Participants completed an online survey in which a series of five social-interactive situations were presented. Analysis focused on the similarities and differences among native, near-native, advanced and intermediate speakers in their perceptions of formality, social distance, power/equality and appropriate tu/vous use, as well as correlations between the sociopragmatic factors and selection of tu or vous. Results indicate a high degree of variation within and across participant groups, with nonnatives tending to be more conservative (e.g., more formality, higher frequencies of vous) in their choices than their native-speaker counterparts. In concluding, the findings are discussed in relation to pedagogical implications.
Does Option-Based Compensation Affect Payout Policy? Evidence from FAS 123R

Does option-based compensation affect payout policy? To address this question, we examine the adoption of mandatory expensing of stock options. Our identification strategy exploits the fact that the reduction in option-based compensation after the accounting change varies with the firm-specific expected accounting impact. Across a battery of tests, we do not find that (accounting-driven) reductions in option-based pay cause dividends to increase or repurchases to decrease. Our results contrast with the widely held belief that option-based pay has a significant causal influence on payout policy and cast doubts on its role in the shift from dividends to repurchases.
Asset Specificity, Industry-Driven Recovery Risk, and Loan Pricing

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between a firm’s exposure to industry downturns that we call industry risk and bank loan pricing. We measure industry risk based on the relationship between a firm’s stock returns and industry returns conditional on an industry downturn. We find industry risk is significantly related to the recovery rates in bankruptcy and the likelihood of the firm experiencing financial distress when its peers are also in distress. More importantly, we find that the spreads on unsecured bank loans are positively related to industry risk measures. These relationships are stronger for firms with more industry-specific assets.