Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A high-order well-balanced alternative finite difference WENO (A-WENO) method with the exact conservation property for systems of hyperbolic balance laws

In this paper, we develop a high-order well-balanced alternative finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory (A-WENO) method with the exact conservation property and high efficiency for a class of hyperbolic balance laws whose steady states are characterized by constant equilibrium variables. In particular, the method preserves the non-hydrostatic equilibria of the shallow water equations with non-flat bottom topography and the Euler equations in gravitational fields. Our method comprises three essential gradients. First, we adopt the finite difference framework to discretize the equations, thus we approximate the value of source terms at grid points rather than their averages on cells. Then, we rewrite the source terms in flux-gradient forms at local reference equilibrium states and discretize them using the same approach as the true flux gradient to achieve the well-balanced property. Most importantly, the exact conservation property and high efficiency are achieved through the interpolation of equilibrium variables in the A-WENO framework [41, 20], which is different from the more widely used finite difference framework [42] based on the reconstruction of fluxes. Since the equilibrium variables are constants at equilibria in the equations we study, the WENO interpolation becomes trivial for the local reference equilibrium states in the flux-gradient formulation of source terms, which is the key to efficiency and preservation of conservation property. Ample numerical tests are presented to validate the good performance of our method.
Electrically-evoked referred sensations induce embodiment of rubber limb

Introduction Electrical stimulation is increasingly relevant in a variety of medical treatments. In this study, the quality of referred sensations evoked using surface electrical stimulation was evaluated using the rubber hand and foot illusions. Methods The rubber hand and foot illusions were attempted under 4 conditions: (1) multi-location tapping; (2) one-location tapping; (3) electrical stimulation of sensation referred to the hand or foot; (4) asynchronous control. The strength of each illusion was quantified using a questionnaire and proprioceptive drift, where a stronger response suggested embodiment of the rubber limb. Results 45 able-bodied individuals and two individuals with amputations participated in this study. Overall, the illusion evoked by nerve stimulation was not as strong as illusions evoked by physically tapping but stronger than the control illusion. Conclusion This study has found that the rubber hand and foot illusion can be performed without touching the distal limb of the participant. Electrical stimulation that produced referred sensation in the distal extremity was realistic enough to partially incorporate the rubber limb into a person’s body image.
Molecular Markers in Fine Needle Aspirates of the Thyroid Policy

Based on review of available data, the Company may consider the use of either Afirma Gene Expression Classifier or ThyroSeq v2 in fine needle aspirates of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytologic findings (ie, Bethesda diagnostic category III [atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance] or Bethesda diagnostic category IV [follicular neoplasm/suspicion for a follicular neoplasm]) in patients who have the following characteristics to be eligible for coverage: • Thyroid nodules without strong clinical or radiologic findings suggestive of malignancy. • In whom surgical decision making would be affected by test results.
Chitosan/Alginate Nanogels Containing Multicore Magnetic Nanoparticles for Delivery of Doxorubicin

In this study, multicore-like iron oxide (Fe3O4) and manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized and combined with nanogels based on chitosan and alginate to obtain a multimodal drug delivery system. The nanoparticles exhibited crystalline structures and displayed sizes of 20 ± 3 nm (Fe3O4) and 11 ± 2 nm (MnFe2O4). The Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed a higher saturation magnetization and heating efficiency compared with the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Functionalization with citrate and bovine serum albumin was found to improve the stability and modified surface properties. The nanoparticles were encapsulated in nanogels, and provided high drug encapsulation efficiencies (~70%) using doxorubicin as a model drug. The nanogels exhibited sustained drug release, with enhanced release under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation and acidic pH. The nanogels containing BSA-functionalized nanoparticles displayed improved sustained drug release at physiological pH, and the release kinetics followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. These results demonstrate the potential of synthesized nanoparticles and nanogels for controlled drug delivery, offering opportunities for targeted and on-demand release in biomedical applications.
Polarized localization of phosphatidylserine in the endothelium regulates Kir2.1

data have implied that PS may compete with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) binding on Kir2.1. We found that Kir2.1-MEJs also contained PS, possibly indicating an interaction where PS regulates Kir2.1. Electrophysiology experiments on HEK cells demonstrate that PS blocks PIP 2 activation of Kir2.1 and that addition of exogenous PS blocks PIP 2 -mediated Kir2.1 vasodilation in resistance arteries. Using a mouse model lacking canonical MEJs in resistance arteries ( Eln fl/fl /Cdh5-Cre), PS localization in endothelium was disrupted and PIP 2 activation of Kir2.1 was significantly increased. Taken together, our data suggest that PS enrichment to MEJs inhibits PIP 2 -mediated activation of Kir2.1 to tightly regulate changes in arterial diameter, and they demonstrate that the intracellular lipid localization within the endothelium is an important determinant of vascular function.
Serum fatty acids in multiple sclerosis

Although much work has been done on the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and the various phospholipids in the blood and in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis, little attention has so far been paid to the nature and proportions of the different fatty acids present as cholesterol esters or as components of the different phospholipids. In 1963, however, Baker, Thompson, and Zilkha reported briefly on the fatty acid composition of lecithin fractions extracted from the white matter of six normal brains and of nine brains from patients with multiple sclerosis. The areas of white matter dissected from the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis appeared normal on inspection, and in no case was tissue taken from the immediate vicinity of a recognizable plaque. The findings appeared to indicate a shift towards greater saturation of the fatty acids in this fraction of the white matter in multiple sclerosis, the percentage of palmitic acid being increased and those of palmitoleic and arachidonic acids decreased. Since the publication of these results Gerstl, Tavaststjema, Hayman, Smith, and Eng (1963) have also described a study of the fatty acids in human brains, in which they found that the levels (expressed as m-moles/100 g. wet weight of brain) of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the unfractionated lipids of white matter from one multiple sclerosis brain were slightly lower than the mean levels obtained from three normal brains.
Effects of grass suppression on legume abundance during two contrasting seasons on a summer-dry hill country site.

The low level of legumes in New Zealand hill pastoral systems is a recognized problem that is likely to affect sustainability. The relative importance of the factors that cause low legume abundance has not been sufficiently tested, especially on dry hill country. This paper reports the effects of grass suppression in two contrasting years in a summer-dry hill country site on the east coast of the North Island. Suppressing grass with haloxyfop herbicide (Gallant) in late autumn increased legume abundance by > 25% in both years, but the response patterns were strongly influenced by soil moisture status. Moist late spring and summer conditions produced 34% more legume growth in both ± herbicide treatments. Residual effects of grass suppression favoured white clover over subterranean clover growth under moist seasonal conditions. The control of grass growth in these hill swards improved legume abundance, but the overriding factor affecting legume content in the pasture was the level of soil moisture.
Model-based estimation and control of the particle distribution and discharge supervision in nuclear fusion reactors

A model-based approach to real-time reconstruction of the particle density profile in tokamak plasmas is presented, based on a dynamic state estimator. Traditionally, the density profile is reconstructed in real-time by solving an ill-conditioned inversion problem using a measurement at a single point in time. This approach is sensitive to diagnostics errors and failure. The inclusion of a dynamic model in a real-time estimation algorithm allows for reliable reconstruction despite diagnostic errors. Predictive simulations show that the model can reproduce the density evolution of discharges on TCV and ASDEX Upgrade after tuning of a few parameters. Offline reconstructions using experimental data from TCV show accurate estimation of the density profile and show examples of fault detection of interferometry signals. This chapter is published as: T.C. Blanken, F. Felici, C.J. Rapson, M.R. de Baar, W.P.M.H. Heemels, the TCV team and the ASDEX Upgrade team (2018), Control-oriented modeling of the plasma particle density in tokamaks and application to real-time density profile reconstruction, Fusion Engineering and Design, 126, 87-103. 14 Chapter 2. Control-oriented modeling of the plasma particle density in tokamaks and application to real-time density profile reconstruction
Big-Time Sports in American Universities

For almost a century, big-time college sport has been a wildly popular but consistently problematic part of American higher education. The challenges it poses to traditional academic values have been recognized from the start, but they have grown more ominous in recent decades, as cable television has become ubiquitous, commercial opportunities have proliferated and athletic budgets have ballooned. Drawing on new research findings, this book takes a fresh look at the role of commercial sports in American universities. It shows that, rather than being the inconsequential student activity that universities often imply that it is, big-time sport has become a core function of the universities that engage in it. For this reason, the book takes this function seriously and presents evidence necessary for a constructive perspective about its value. Although big-time sport surely creates worrying conflicts in values, it also brings with it some surprising positive consequences.
Epidemiological Surveillance of Hypodermosis in Cattle from Romania

Hypodermosis, or warble fly, is an endemic parasitic disease, common in countries from the northern hemisphere. The use of effective insecticides has decreased the frequency of this parasitic disease, with untreated cattle remaining to act as reservoirs. This study focused on assessing the status of hypodermosis in northwestern Romania by means of clinical examination (skin inspection and palpation performed in order to identify nodules) conducted on a number of 11.741 cattle. The study was carried out from March until June 2021. The identified larvae were subject to molecular assays for species identification and genotyping, followed by comparison with data available in the GenBank database. The average prevalence rate of parasitism caused by Hypoderma spp. was 0.31%, with values ranging from a minimum of 0.11% to a maximum of 1.32%. The dominant age group among positive animals was the 1–3 years old category and in terms of breed distribution, most positive cases were seen in cows belonging to an indigenous breed: Bruna de Maramures. April was the most prolific month in terms of nodule count/animal. The species identified in our study by means of molecular assays was H. bovis with two haplotypes: HB3 and HB8.
Obesity: Cultural and Biocultural Perspectives

In a world now filled with more people who are overweight than underweight, public health and medical perspectives paint obesity as a catastrophic epidemic that threatens to overwhelm health systems and undermine life expectancies globally. In many societies, being obese also creates profound personal suffering because it is so culturally stigmatized. Yet despite loud messages about the health and social costs of being obese, weight gain is a seemingly universal aspect of the modern human condition. Grounded in a holistic anthropological approach and using a range of ethnographic and ecological case studies, Obesity shows that the human tendency to become and stay fat makes perfect sense in terms of evolved human inclinations and the physical and social realities of modern life. Drawing on her own fieldwork in the rural United States, Mexico, and the Pacific Islands over the last two decades, Alexandra A. Brewis addresses such critical questions as why obesity is defined as a problem and why some groups are so much more at risk than others. She suggests innovative ways that anthropology and other social sciences can use community-based research to address the serious public health and social justice concerns provoked by the global spread of obesity.
Financing College Through Student Loans: An Incentive for Academic Performance?

: Student debt in the United States has reached unprecedented levels. Whereas student loans have paved the way to a college degree for millions of young Americans, it is not clear if student debt acts an incentive for academic performance or not. Using the results from a survey conducted with 877 undergraduate business students in a large public university in the United States, we evaluate the association between student debt and academic performance, measured by cumulative GPA. Students with debt have a significantly higher probability of obtaining a GPA below 3.0 than those without debt. For students with a debt balance below $10,000, the probability of achieving a GPA above 3.5 is 7.8 percentage points lower than for students without debt. This difference increases to 13.7 percentage points when the debt balance is between $10,001-20,000. Our findings indicate that the burden of student debt is exacerbated by poorer academic performance.
Covariant Conversions (CoCo): A Design Pattern for Type-Safe Modular Software Evolution in Object-Oriented Systems (Artifact)

This artifact contains code illustrating the Covari-ant Conversions (CoCo) design pattern in Java, Scala, and C#. The CoCo pattern shows how to solve the expression problem in modern object-oriented languages without the need for language extensions. It structures code so that adding new classes and new methods is possible without changes to existing implementations. The artifact is a live image of a Linux machine for archival purposes. It allows to boot into an environment which has an IDE installed to inspect the code. Build infrastructure to compile, run, test, and benchmark the code without internet access is also included.
Correlation and Path Analysis for Yield and its Phenological, Physiological, Morphological and Biochemical Traits under Salinity Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The investigation was carried out during rabi season (November–April) of 2020–2021 in the polyhouse, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. CRD (Completely Randomize Design) were used in 3 replications with the objective to assess the performance of 20 chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions in order to identify genotypes that demonstrate greater tolerance to these conditions. To induce the salinity stress, NaCl salts were administer in two split doses of 120 mM during sowing and at 15 DAS. The study evaluated a range of parameters, including phenological, physiological, morphological, biochemical, and yield parameters, to examine the impact of salt stress on genotypes that exhibit varying levels of tolerance. Total proline content increment is due to increase of stress related proteins during the salinity. The yield parameters increase in non-saline conditions whereas in stress conditions, yield will get reduce. The findings revealed an increase in the total Proline content due to the production of stress-related proteins during salinity stress; however, yield parameters were negatively affected under stress conditions, with the most significant decrease observed in the 120 mM NaCl treatment group compared to the control group. ICC5439 and GNG 1581 emerged as highly tolerant chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions, while ICC 6050, ICC 251, ICC 252, and ICC 262 exhibited medium tolerance. In contrast, ICC253, ICC 247, and ICC 249 were found to be highly susceptible genotypes, with the remaining genotypes showing minimal tolerance and sensitivity to salinity stress.
International handbook of urban systems : studies of urbanization and migration in advanced and developing countries

This authoritative handbook provides a comprehensive account of migration and economic development throughout the world, in both developed and developing countries. Some of the world's most experienced researchers in this field look at how population redistribution patterns have impacted on urban development in a wide selection of advanced and developing countries in all the major regions of the world over the past half century. The study results show that, despite local differences there are signs of remarkable similarities in the underlying forces that drive the migration process and urban development across the development spectrum.
Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells with arginase activity lasts longer in aged than in young mice after CpG-ODN plus IFA treatment

As we age, the homeostatic function of many systems in the body, such as the immune function declines, which in turn contributes to augment susceptibility to disease. Here we describe that challenging aged mice with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), (CpG-ODN+IFA) an inflammatory stimulus, led to the expansion of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells with augmented expression of CD124 and CD31. These myeloid cells lasted longer in the spleen of aged mice than in their younger counterparts after CpG-ODN+IFA treatment and were capable of suppressing T cell proliferative response by arginase induction. Myeloid cells from aged CpG-ODN+IFA-treated mice presented increased arginase-1 expression and enzyme activity. In addition, we found a different requirement of cytokines for arginase induction according to mice age. In myeloid cells from young treated mice, arginase-1 expression and activity is induced by the presence of each IL-4 or IL-6 in their extracellular medium, unlike myeloid cells from aged treated mice which need the presence of both IL-4 and IL-6 together for arginase induction and suppressor function.
An Improved Fault Diagnosis Approach for Pumps Based on Neural Networks with Improved Adaptive Activation Function

Due to the complex underground environment, pumping machines are prone to producing numerous failures. The indicator diagrams of faults are similar to a certain degree, which produces indistinguishable samples. As the samples increase, manual diagnosis becomes difficult, which decreases the accuracy of fault diagnosis. To accurately and quickly judge the fault type, we propose an improved adaptive activation function and apply it to five types of neural networks. The adaptive activation function improves the negative semi-axis slope of the Rectifying linear unit activation function by combining the gated channel conversion unit to improve the performance of the deep learning model. The proposed adaptive activation function is compared to the traditional activation function through the fault diagnosis data set and the public data set. The results show that the activation function has better nonlinearity and can improve the generalization performance of the deep learning model and the accuracy of fault diagnosis. In addition, the proposed adaptive activation function can also be well-embedded into other neural networks.
Practice guideline: Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing

Objective: To systematically review the evidence and make recommendations with regard to diagnostic utility of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP and oVEMP, respectively). Four questions were asked: Does cVEMP accurately identify superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS)? Does oVEMP accurately identify SCDS? For suspected vestibular symptoms, does cVEMP/oVEMP accurately identify vestibular dysfunction related to the saccule/utricle? For vestibular symptoms, does cVEMP/oVEMP accurately and substantively aid diagnosis of any specific vestibular disorder besides SCDS? Methods: The guideline panel identified and classified relevant published studies (January 1980–December 2016) according to the 2004 American Academy of Neurology process. Results and Recommendations: Level C positive: Clinicians may use cVEMP stimulus threshold values to distinguish SCDS from controls (2 Class III studies) (sensitivity 86%–91%, specificity 90%–96%). Corrected cVEMP amplitude may be used to distinguish SCDS from controls (2 Class III studies) (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93%). Clinicians may use oVEMP amplitude to distinguish SCDS from normal controls (3 Class III studies) (sensitivity 77%–100%, specificity 98%–100%). oVEMP threshold may be used to aid in distinguishing SCDS from controls (3 Class III studies) (sensitivity 70%–100%, specificity 77%–100%). Level U: Evidence is insufficient to determine whether cVEMP and oVEMP can accurately identify vestibular function specifically related to the saccule/utricle, or whether cVEMP or oVEMP is useful in diagnosing vestibular neuritis or Ménière disease. Level C negative: It has not been demonstrated that cVEMP substantively aids in diagnosing benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, or that cVEMP or oVEMP aids in diagnosing/managing vestibular migraine.
The hydroecology of groundwater-fed streams in a glacierised catchment

Groundwater flow typically provides stable stream habitat within glacierised floodplains. However, spatio-temporal differences within and between groundwater flow pathways can create marked variability in the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater-fed streams. Research conducted on a floodplain terrace of the Toklat River, Denali National Park, Alaska, predominantly from May to September 2008, determined the influence of groundwater flow dynamics upon benthic and hyporheic macroinvertebrate assemblages. During periods of resource depletion benthic macroinvertebrate abundance was dependent upon contributions from specific flow pathways (DFSdeep), which supplied fine particulate organic matter. Dynamics of groundwater flow pathways influenced macroinvertebrates throughout the summer, however, with higher diversity observed in perennial streams which received groundwater flow from DFSdeep. Ephemeral flow pathways of glacial seepage supported lower diversity. Within the hyporheic zone, environmental stability of surface waters was influential, as this reflected the sub-surface residence time of percolating waters; nested routes of flow within each flow pathway, of varying length or permeability, created differences in the environmental stability of each stream. Macroinvertebrate diversity in the hyporheic zone was higher at sites of lower surface environmental stability, suggesting possible migration into the hyporheic zone. Digital remote sensing used to estimate the spatial extent of groundwater upwellings within two national parks in Alaska indicated that these groundwater-fed habitats are widespread.