Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition in Psychology and Experimental Economics

Competition is a fundamental phenomenon in human behavior and a key topic of interest for psychologists and economists alike. Both psychology and economics strive to better understand behavior in competitive environments, but they differ in their research objectives, theoretical perspectives, and empirical methods, resulting in markedly different, albeit complementary, insights. Economics typically adopts a normative approach, assuming that agents are rational and make decisions that balance the tradeoff between the costs of competing and the benefits associated with winning. Economists view competition as a class of incentive structures, and investigate comparative reward schemes and their effects on behavior and performance. They address, and experimentally test, questions of institutional design and individual behavior in structured environments. Psychological research, on its part, adopts a more descriptive approach, focusing on the individual separately from the institutional context. Psychologists are interested in the cognitive, affective, and motivational processes that come into play in decision making. They examine the interpersonal effects of competition and compare them with the effects of other interpersonal and intrapersonal situations. In this chapter, we review selected literature on competition in experimental economics and psychology. We delve into two common areas of research by the two disciplines. One is rank-order, effort-based tournaments, by which experimental economists study the effects of various incentive structures on effort and performance, whereas social psychologists examine processes of social comparison. The second area of interest is common value auctions and the winner’s curse. We discuss how research in economics and psychology examine the winner’s curse, explanations each discipline offers for the phenomenon and the different recommendations to overcome it. Finally, we outline possible directions for mutual enrichment for economists and psychologists interested in competition. We
Ground-level ozone pollution in China: a synthesis of recent findings on influencing factors and impacts

Ozone (O3) in the troposphere is an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas. In mainland China, after the Air Pollution Prevention and Action Plan was implemented in 2013—and despite substantial decreases in the concentrations of other air pollutants—ambient O3 concentrations paradoxically increased in many urban areas. The worsening urban O3 pollution has fuelled numerous studies in recent years, which have enriched knowledge about O3-related processes and their impacts. In this article, we synthesise the key findings of over 500 articles on O3 over mainland China that were published in the past six years in English-language journals. We focus on recent changes in O3 concentrations, their meteorological and chemical drivers, complex O3 responses to the drastic decrease in human activities during coronavirus disease 2019 lockdowns, several emerging chemical processes, impacts on crops and trees, and the latest government interventions.
III-3.4. ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR HIGH SPEED MOTOR DRIVES

The paper presents electrical machine design considerations introduced by exploiting new magnetic material characteristics. The materials considered are amorphous alloy ribbons as well as neodymium alloy permanent magnets involving very low eddy current losses. Such advance materials enable electric machine operation at higher frequencies compared with the standard iron laminations used in the traditional magnetic circuit construction and provide better efficiently.
On Almost-Uniform Generation of SAT Solutions: The power of 3-wise independent hashing

Given a Boolean formula φ and a distribution parameter ε, the problem of almost-uniform generation seeks to design a randomized generator such that every solution of φ is output with probability within (1 + ε)-factor of where sol(φ) is the set of all the solutions of φ. The prior state of the art scheme due to Jerrum, Valiant, and Vazirani, makes calls to a SAT oracle and employs 2 − wise independent hash functions. In this work, we design a new randomized algorithm that makes calls to a SAT oracle and employs 3 − wise independent hash functions. The widely used 2 − wise independent hashing is tabulation hashing proposed by Carter and Wegman. Since this classical scheme is also 3 − wise independent, we observe that practical implementation of our technique does not incur additional overhead. We demonstrate that theoretical improvements translate to practice; in particular, we conduct a comprehensive study over 562 benchmarks and demonstrate that while JVV would time out for 544 out of 562 instances, our proposed scheme can handle all the 562 instances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first almost-uniform generation scheme that can handle practical instances from real-world applications. We also present a nuanced analysis focusing on the both the size of SAT queries as well as the number of queries.
APPLICATION OF PHOENICS TO ATHLETIC HALLS WITH HVAC VENTILATION

The commercial general - purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code PHOENICS is used to study the indoor environmental conditions of a large, mechanically ventilated, athletic hall. The indoor space of the building was simulated in the PHOENICS environment and computations were validated against experimental data obtained during a ten-day campaign in the hall. Data included measurements of airflow characteristics at different indoor locations under different ventilation conditions. Having obtained good agreement from comparing computed and experimental results, different ventilation scenarios of air-conditioning, heating and cooling, were applied in the model to investigate the air velocity and temperature patterns prevailing in the hall in each case. Computed results showed dynamic airflow and temperature patterns significantly altering with the different considered scenarios. Temperature stratification was evident, while distinct recirculating vortices characterized the airflow fields originating from the ceiling air inlet fans of the ventilation system.
A Role of Automation in the Triggering of Employment, Productivity, and Profitability among Korean Companies from 2005 to 2015

This study examined the dynamic role that automation has had upon employment, productivity, and profitability. For the analysis, 342 companies of the Workplace Panel Survey of the Korea Labor Institute conducted from 2005 to 2015 was used. For analytical models, the fixed effect model, which is capable of controlling the endogeneity problems of variables, was used. According to the analysis results, the increased ratio of automation in Korean companies (1) resulted in the increase of turnover in the short and long terms, a temporary decrease in employment, and (2) a decrease of productivity in the short and medium terms, and thereby (3) failing to change profitability in a positive manner.
Seeing through obstructions with diffractive cloaking

Unwanted camera obstruction can severely degrade captured images, including both scene occluders near the camera and partial occlusions of the camera cover glass. Such occlusions can cause catastrophic failures for various scene understanding tasks such as semantic segmentation, object detection, and depth estimation. Existing camera arrays capture multiple redundant views of a scene to see around thin occlusions. Such multi-camera systems effectively form a large synthetic aperture, which can suppress nearby occluders with a large defocus blur, but significantly increase the overall form factor of the imaging setup. In this work, we propose a monocular single-shot imaging approach that optically cloaks obstructions by emulating a large array. Instead of relying on different camera views, we learn a diffractive optical element (DOE) that performs depth-dependent optical encoding, scattering nearby occlusions while allowing paraxial wavefronts to be focused. We computationally reconstruct unobstructed images from these superposed measurements with a neural network that is trained jointly with the optical layer of the proposed imaging system. We assess the proposed method in simulation and with an experimental prototype, validating that the proposed computational camera is capable of recovering occluded scene information in the presence of severe camera obstruction.
Study of histological changes of uterus in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

: Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a very common problem found in perimenopausal women and also the most common cause of gynecological visit and hysterectomy. Perimenopause is the interval in which a woman’s body makes a natural shift from regular cycles of ovulation and menstruation to irregular cycles. Leiomyoma, Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding and Adenomyosis are most frequently encountered benign causes of AUB in this age group. The histological diagnosis of these diseases is very essential for management and also to differentiate them from the malignancy and hyperplasia - the other common causes of AUB. Aims and Objectives: Primary aim of our study was to identify the spectrum of histological changes that occur in the endometrium in perimenopausal age group and to identify the demographic pattern of each histological changes. Materials and Methods: Fifty nine specimens of hysterectomy obtained from the patients of the perimenopausal age group of 40-50 years attending the Gynaecology and Obstetrics department were studied. Following hysterectomy, the specimen were collected and prepared through multistep processes. Finally they were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin and viewed under microscope. The results were tabulated and photomicrographs of the histological slides were obtained. Results: Mostly Leiomyoma (30.51%) followed by Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (20.34%) and Adenomyosis (15.25%) were diagnosed among the fifty nine cases of hysterectomy patients in perimenopausal age group and proliferative endometrium (42.37%) is the most common histological finding. Conclusion: AUB in perimenopausal age group is common but ill-defined entity. It reflects a spectrum of endometrial histology. This study has also highlighted the correlation of endometrial histology with final diagnosis of patients. This may help to establish early and appropriate management and minimize the patients sufferings.
A New Sufficient Condition for Non-Convex Sparse Recovery via Weighted $\ell _{r}\!-\!\ell _{1}$ Minimization

In this letter, we discuss the reconstruction of sparse signals from undersampled data, which belongs to the core content of compressed sensing. A new sufficient condition in terms of the restricted isometry constant (RIC) and restricted orthogonality constant (ROC) is first established for the performance guarantee of recently proposed non-convex weighted <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{r}-\ell _{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> minimization in recovering (approximately) sparse signals that may be polluted by noise. To be specific, it is shown that if the RIC <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\delta _{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and ROC <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\theta _{s,s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of measurement matrix obey <disp-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> \begin{equation*} \delta _{s}+\nu (s)\theta _{s,s}< 1, \end{equation*}</tex-math></disp-formula> where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\nu (s)$</tex-math></inline-formula> depends on <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$</tex-math></inline-formula> for given quantities, then any <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$</tex-math></inline-formula>-sparse signals in noiseless setting are guaranteed to be recovered accurately via solving the constrained weighted <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{r}-\ell _{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> minimization optimization problem and any (approximately) <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$</tex-math></inline-formula>-sparse signals can be estimated robustly in the noisy case. In addition, we provide several pivotal remarks which indicate the recovery guarantee is much less restricted than the existing one. The results obtained contribute to proving the fidelity of the excellent weighted <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{r}-\ell _{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> minimization method.
Inversion of GDS data of northwest Himalaya using E M 2 I N V

This paper reviews the validity of earlier models obtained after quantitative interpretation of GDS data and presents a fresh model using the inversion scheme EM2INV. Tile 2-D inversion of data is more objective than the earlier interpretation peribrmed by using trial and error method. The inversion results indicate that the present model differs from the earlier ones. The reason could be that available GDS data are sufficient only ibr deriving the horizontal variation of subsurface resistivity. In order to study the vertical resistivity variation additional MT sounding data would be required. It would therefore be desirable to carry out MT survey in the specified area. A more comprehensive/appropriate model could be derived from joint inversion of GDS and MT data.
Cell Stopping Require Talin1 Contact-Dependent T Cell Activation and T

T cell–APC contact initiates T cell activation and is maintained by the integrin LFA-1. Talin1, an LFA-1 regulator, localizes to the immune synapse (IS) with unknown roles in T cell activation. In this study, we show that talin1-deﬁcient T cells have defects in contact-dependent T cell stopping and proliferation. Although talin1-deﬁcient T cells did not form stable interactions with APCs, transient contacts were sufﬁcient to induce signaling. In contrast to prior models, LFA-1 polarized to T cell–APC contacts in talin1-deﬁcient T cells, but vinculin and F-actin polarization at the IS was impaired. These results indicate that T cell proliferation requires sustained, talin1-mediated T cell–APC interactions and that talin1 is necessary for F-actin polarization and the stability of the IS. The Journal of Immunology , 2011, 187: 6256–6267.
Research data supporting: "Precipitation in the Equiatomic High-Entropy Alloy CrMnFeCoNi"

The files uploaded here constitute the raw data files for the experimental results presented in the paper named above. SEM BSE images and EDX maps are provided. TEM BF images and SADPs are also provided. Some additional SEM EDX maps are given, which were not presented in the paper, that further support the statements made in the paper. The raw . dm3 picture files generated from the Osiris microscope are available. Raw INCA . ipj files are also included. Readme files are included in where appropriate. The dataset will be updated with publication details. The article associated with this dataset can be found on the Cambridge University Repository at https://www.repository. cam.ac. uk/handle/1810/251467
Matryoshka Representations for Adaptive Deployment

Learned representations are a central component in modern ML systems, serving a multitude of downstream tasks. When training such representations, it is often the case that computational and statistical constraints for each downstream task are unknown. In this context, rigid fixed-capacity representations can be either over or under-accommodating to the task at hand. This leads us to ask: can we design a flexible representation that can adapt to multiple downstream tasks with varying computational resources? Our main contribution is Matryoshka Representation Learning ( MRL ) which encodes information at different granularities and allows a single embedding to adapt to the computational constraints of downstream tasks. MRL minimally modifies existing representation learning pipelines and imposes no additional cost during inference and deployment. MRL learns coarse-to-fine representations that are at least as accurate and rich as independently trained low-dimensional representations. The flexibility within the learned Matryoshka Representations offer: (a) up to 14 × smaller embedding size for ImageNet-1K classification at the same level of accuracy; (b) up to 14 × real-world speed-ups for large-scale retrieval on ImageNet-1K and 4K; and (c) up to 2 % accuracy improvements for long-tail few-shot classification, all while being as robust as the original representations. Finally, we show that MRL extends seamlessly to web-scale datasets (ImageNet, JFT) across various modalities – vision (ViT, ResNet), vision + language (ALIGN) and language (BERT). MRL code and pretrained models are open-sourced at removed for double blind .
Writing In The Discipline A Case Study In Construction Management

Communication for the engineering and technology graduates always scored very high in the employers’ list of desirable attributes. ABET also placed high priority on communication in their required program outcomes for engineering and technology graduates. Also, it is obvious to the faculty members that students need extended writing practice beyond their English courses. This paper describes the writing in the discipline (WID) program initiated at Farmingdale State and how the construction management program has set up its courses to satisfy the requirements. The writing in the discipline program emphasizes writing critically and in case of technical courses it should have analysis and problem solving mode. So, it is critical to have the assignments are designed and articulated in a manner that proves critical thinking among the students. The process of re-designing a course to conform to WID requirements is described. The paper shares actual assignment given to the students and some of the best and worst responses from the students.
D ECEPTION AND C OMPETITION IN S EARCH M ARKETS

We study the interplay between deception and consumer search in a search market where ﬁrms may deceive some naive consumers with inferior products that display hidden (bad) attributes. We derive an equilibrium in which both superior and inferior quality is offered and show that as search frictions vanish, superior goods are entirely driven out of the market. Deception harms sophisticated consumers, as it forces them to search longer to ﬁnd a superior product. We argue that policy interventions that reduce search frictions such as the standardization of price and package formats may harm welfare. In contrast, reducing the number of naive consumers through transparency policies and education campaigns as well as a minimum quality standard and a price ﬂoor regulation can improve welfare.
A Monte Carlo Estimation of the Narrow-Sense Heritability of COVID-19 Infection and Severity from AncestryDNA Survey Data

Respiratory infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, demonstrate a host genetic component that contributes to inter-individual differences of susceptibility and infection. At present, the relative effect of environmental and genetic factors of COVID-19 is unknown. This research presents a Monte Carlo (MC) estimation of the genetic narrow-sense heritability of COVID-19 infection and severity from AncestryDNA survey data. The results suggest a moderate genetic contribution to COVID-19 infection and a low genetic contribution for COVID-19 severity.
Association between the LRP1B and APOE loci and the development of Parkinson’s disease dementia

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Although predominantly a motor disorder, cognitive impairment and dementia are important features of PD, particularly in the later stages of the disease. However, the rate of cognitive decline varies widely among PD patients, and the genetic basis for this heterogeneity is incompletely understood. Here, we have analysed 3,964 clinically diagnosed PD cases to explore the genetic factors associated with rate of progression to PD dementia. Genome-wide survival analysis identified the APOE-{epsilon}4 allele as a major risk factor for the conversion to PD dementia, as well as three new loci, including the ApoE and APP receptor LRP1B. Biomarker analysis also implicates the amyloid pathway in PD dementia, suggesting that amyloid-targeting therapy may have an important role in preventing PDD.
Combined omic analyses reveal novel loss-of-function NLGN3 variants in GnRH deficiency and autism.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency is a disorder characterized by absent or delayed puberty, with largely unknown genetic causes. The purpose of this study was to obtain and exploit gene expression profiles of GnRH neurons during development to unveil novel biological mechanisms and genetic determinants underlying GnRH deficiency (GD). Here, we combined bioinformatic analyses of primary embryonic and immortalized GnRH neuron transcriptomes with exome sequencing from GD patients to identify candidate causative genes. Among differentially expressed and filtered transcripts, we found loss-of-function (LoF) variants of the autism-linked Neuroligin 3 (NLGN3) gene in two unrelated patients co-presenting with GD and neurodevelopmental traits. We demonstrated that NLGN3 is upregulated in maturing GnRH neurons and that NLGN3 wild type, but not mutant proteins, promotes neuritogenesis when overexpressed in developing GnRH cells. Our data represent proof-of-principle that this complementary approach can identify novel candidate GD genes and demonstrate that LoF NLGN3 variants may contribute to GD. This novel genotype-phenotype correlation implies common genetic mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, such as GD and autistic spectrum disorder.
Patterns of air pressure, wind speed, and temperature are correlated with an increased risk of clinical infection from Vibrio vulnificus in endemic areas

Vibrio vulnificus remains one of the deadliest waterborne pathogens, yet little is known of the ecology that drive outbreaks. As a nationally notifiable disease, all cases of Vibrio vulnificus diagnosed in the United States are reported to the state in which they occurred, as well as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. Given that the state of Florida is a 'hotspot' for Vibrio vulnificus in the United States, we examined the prevalence and incidence of cases reported to the Florida Department of Health (2008-2020). Using a dataset comprised of 448 cases of disease caused by Vibrio vulnificus infection, we identified environmental variables that were associated with clinical cases and deaths. Combined with data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we developed statistical models to examine the relationship between meteorological measurements such as wind speed, air temperature, water temperature, and sea-level pressure. We then examined the association of those meteorological variables with coastal cases of Vibrio vulnificus, including the outcome, survival, or death. Between 2008 and 2020, Vibrio vulnificus cases generally increased over time, peaking in 2017. Not surprisingly, there appears to be a strong correlation between water temperature and air temperature in Florida. However, as water temperature and air temperature increased, so too did the likelihood that an infection with Vibrio vulnificus would lead to patient death. Interestingly, we also found that as mean wind speed and sea-level pressure decreased, the probability that a Vibrio vulnificus case would be reported increased. Given these results, we discuss the potential factors that may contribute to the observed correlations. We further speculate that the meteorological variables we measured may increase in importance as they relate to the incidence of Vibrio vulnificus in light of rising global temperatures.