Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Walk This Way: Ingroup Norms Determine Voting Intentions for Those Who Lack Sociopolitical Control

Even though taking part in elections is one of the most direct tools to influence the sociopolitical system, many people choose not to vote. Research shows that this problem is especially prevalent among those citizens who do not believe they have control over social and political issues, but the question remains as to what could encourage their voting behavior. We predicted that individuals who experience low levels of control can be more susceptible to ingroup norms regarding participation in political elections than those with a high sense of sociopolitical control (SPC). Across six studies, we found consistent support for this hypothesis. Specifically, people who experience decreased SPC were more likely to vote when descriptive norms (measured or manipulated) were conducive to voting. The results have important theoretical and applied implications, illuminating the boundary conditions under which people deprived of control can still be motivated to participate in a political sphere.
Measurements of complete CCN Spectra

The Desert Research Institute (DRI) cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectrometers (Hudson 1989) participated in six field projects over the last four years. One of these, RICO (tropical maritime) is the subject of another paper at this conference (Mishra and Hudson 2006). Three of the other projects were continuous surface measurements--ARM-IOP (May 2003 in Oklahoma; polluted), Korea (May 2004; polluted) and SUPRECIP2 (Feb.-Mar. 2006 in California; polluted). The other two were, like RICO, airborne measurements— AIRS2 (Nov-Dec. 2003 Great Lakes area; continental) and MASE (off the central California coast; modified maritime).
THE NEXUS BETWEEN FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES

19 yukselen piyasa ekonomileri icin finansal kuresellesme ve gelir esitsizligi arasindaki nedensellik iliskisini analiz etmekteyiz. Panel boostrap nedensellik analizinden yararlanmaktayiz. Veri seti 1979-2012 donemini kapsamaktadir. Sonuclar, finansal kuresellesme ve gelir esitsizligi arasinda pozitif bir nedensellik iliskisi oldugunu gostermektedir. Ayrica, Şili, Cin, Kolombiya, Misir, Hindistan, Endonezya, Pakistan ve Singapur’da finansal kuresellesmeden gelir esitsizligine dogru bir Granger nedensellik iliskisi gorulurken, Misir ve Iran’da ise gelir esitsizliginden finansal kuresellesmeye dogru bir Granger nedensellik bulunmaktadir. Ek olarak, Malezya, Filipinler ve Taylan’da ise cift yonlu Granger nedensellik vardir. Sonuclar geleneksel anlayisla tutarli degildir.
Character Growth Following Collective Life Events: A Study on Perceived and Measured Changes in Character Strengths During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Did the COVID-19 pandemic promote character growth? Studies using sequential samples suggest that collective life events can result in character growth, but their conclusions have been questioned. This study used three approaches to examine character growth during the first wave of the pandemic: perceived changes in oneself and in a close other, and a longitudinal analysis of changes. In addition, we tested whether character strengths assessed before the pandemic predicted specific instances of growth, that is, engagement in volunteering and compliance with regulations during the pandemic. German-speaking participants (N = 366, 76.5% female, mean age: 45.33 years) who had completed an assessment of character strengths before the pandemic reported on perceived changes in character strengths, engagement in volunteering, and compliance with regulations. A subsample also completed a second assessment of character strengths. The results showed that (a) participants reported perceived changes for most character strengths in both themselves and close others, while (b) longitudinal increases were only observed for humility and prudence. Pre-pandemic character strengths predicted (c) engagement in volunteering and (d) compliance with regulations. We conclude that actual character growth was smaller than the perceived changes but that the character strengths did predict relevant behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Adoption of Four Crops Cultivation Pattern by the Farmers

The main purpose of the study was to determine the extent of adoption of four crops cultivation pattern by the farmers, to determine the factors influenced by the farmers in adopting four crops cultivation pattern and to explore the relationships between nine selected characteristics of the farmers with their adoption of four crops cultivation pattern. Data were collected from a sample of 104 farmers (out of 400) selected by simple random sampling procedure from Baragoan and Nargun union under Thakurgaon Sadar upazila of Thakurgaon district. A pretested and structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents during 15 September to 15 October, 2016. The highest proportion (75.0 percent) of the farmers had medium adoption of four crops cultivation pattern, while 23.1 and 1.9 percent of them had high and low adoption of four crops cultivation pattern respectively. The major factor influenced the farmers were “four crop cultivation is profitable’’, followed by “four crop cultivation is very important for food security. ’’ Government subsidies are available when faced with the loss of crops, timely receipt of NGO loans and provides food for cattle had ranked last three positions. Correlation analyses indicated that among nine selected characteristics education, annual income, training received, organizational participation, extension media contact and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with their adoption of four crops cultivation pattern. However, age, family size, and farm size of the farmers had no significant relationships with their adoption of four crops cultivation pattern.
“why Would I Use a Condom When I Want to Have a Child?” Men’s Unmet Needs Regarding Sexual and Reproductive Health Information in the Context of HIV in Zambia

BackgroundAlthough health care providers are beginning to focus on men's roles as fathers and husbands, there is limited understanding of how men view their ability to promote sexual and reproductive health in families affected by HIV and their experiences with receiving education through antenatal care. This paper aims to explore men’s perceptions of the education they need regarding sexual and reproductive health within the family in the context of HIV. MethodsWe interviewed a convenient sample of 18 male partners of pregnant women living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. Atlas.ti was used to facilitate data management and content analysis.ResultsMen reported being the primary decision-makers regarding sexual and reproductive issues in the family; however, they admitted far-reaching unmet needs in terms of information on sexual and reproductive health in the context of HIV. Most men felt that antenatal care was not a conducive setting to fully educate men on sexual and reproductive health because it is a woman's space where their health concerns were generally neglected. There was a strong desire for more education that was specific to men’s sexual and reproductive health, especially because all the couples were affected by HIV. Men especially requested education on sexual preparedness, safe sex, the use of condoms in sero-concordant and sero-discordant relationships and general health information. Although men stated they were the main decision-makers regarding sexual and reproductive issues such as pregnancy, most men were not confident in their ability to promote sexual and reproductive health in the family because of limited knowledge in this area.ConclusionThere is need to change the environment and messaging of antenatal care, as well as offer relevant education opportunities outside health facility settings to empower men with essential information for meaningful involvement in sexual and reproductive health in the context of HIV.
Research Update: Emerging chalcostibite absorbers for thin-film solar cells

Copper antimony chalcogenides CuSbCh2 (Ch=S, Se) are an emerging family of absorbers studied for thin-film solar cells. These non-toxic and Earth-abundant materials show a layered low-dimensional chalcostibite crystal structure, leading to interesting optoelectronic properties for applications in photovoltaic (PV) devices. This research update describes the CuSbCh2 crystallographic structures, synthesis methods, competing phases, band structures, optoelectronic properties, point defects, carrier dynamics, and interface band offsets, based on experimental and theoretical data. Correlations between these absorber properties and PV device performance are discussed, and opportunities for further increase in the efficiency of the chalcostibite PV devices are highlighted.Copper antimony chalcogenides CuSbCh2 (Ch=S, Se) are an emerging family of absorbers studied for thin-film solar cells. These non-toxic and Earth-abundant materials show a layered low-dimensional chalcostibite crystal structure, leading to interesting optoelectronic properties for applications in photovoltaic (PV) devices. This research update describes the CuSbCh2 crystallographic structures, synthesis methods, competing phases, band structures, optoelectronic properties, point defects, carrier dynamics, and interface band offsets, based on experimental and theoretical data. Correlations between these absorber properties and PV device performance are discussed, and opportunities for further increase in the efficiency of the chalcostibite PV devices are highlighted.
Canadian Adolescents’ Mental Health and Substance Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with COVID-19 Stressors

Objective: There have been significant concerns regarding the mental health impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to isolation, anxiety around the pandemic, and increased conflict in the home. The purpose of this study was to examine the rates of mental health problems and substance use, and to assess which COVID-19 related stressors were predictors of mental health and substance use in a large Canadian sample of adolescents, with comparisons across genders. Method: Participants (N = 809, Mage = 15.67, SD = 1.37) identified as a girl (56.2%), boy (38.7%), or trans/non-binary individual (TNBI; 5.1%) and were recruited via social media to complete an online survey. Results: A high proportion of adolescents met clinical cut-offs for depression (51%), anxiety (39%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (45%). Other mental health problems ranged from 9%-20%. Adolescents were mainly concerned with the health of family members and vulnerable populations, as well as the increased family stress at home during COVID-19. Rates of substance use were higher than expected, with over 50% of youth engaging in some form of substance use in the past 90 days, and almost 20% engaging in substance use at least once a week. TNBI and girls reported higher rates of mental health problems compared to boys. Family stress due to confinement and violence at home predicted higher rates of mental health, but not substance use problems. Conclusions: Increased rates of mental health problems and substance use necessitate targeted supports that encourage positive coping amidst the additional stresses of COVID-19.
The effects of marine eukaryote evolution on phosphorus, carbon and oxygen cycling across the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition

A ‘Neoproterozoic oxygenation event’ is widely invoked as a causal factor in animal evolution, and often attributed to abiotic causes such as post-glacial pulses of phosphorus weathering. However, recent evidence suggests a series of transient ocean oxygenation events ∼660–520 Ma, which do not fit the simple model of a monotonic rise in atmospheric oxygen (pO2). Hence, we consider mechanisms by which the evolution of marine eukaryotes, coupled with biogeochemical and ecological feedbacks, potentially between alternate stable states, could have caused changes in ocean carbon cycling and redox state, phosphorus cycling and atmospheric pO2. We argue that the late Tonian ocean ∼750 Ma was dominated by rapid microbial cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with elevated nutrient (P) levels due to inefficient removal of organic matter to sediments. We suggest the abrupt onset of the eukaryotic algal biomarker record ∼660–640 Ma was linked to an escalation of protozoan predation, which created a ‘biological pump’ of sinking particulate organic matter (POM). The resultant transfer of organic carbon (Corg) and phosphorus to sediments was strengthened by subsequent eukaryotic innovations, including the advent of sessile benthic animals and mobile burrowing animals. Thus, each phase of eukaryote evolution tended to lower P levels and oxygenate the ocean on ∼104 year timescales, but by decreasing Corg/P burial ratios, tended to lower atmospheric pO2 and deoxygenate the ocean again on ∼106 year timescales. This can help explain the transient nature and ∼106 year duration of oceanic oxygenation events through the Cryogenian–Ediacaran–Cambrian.
Initiation of drug and alcohol use and personality development during adolescence

Personality traits predict both the initiation and continued usage of alcohol and drugs. Less established is if substance use is associated with subsequent changes in personality, especially during the sensitive period of adolescence. We used three approaches to disentangle selection and socialization effects to address whether substance use is associated with personality development (impulsivity, sensation-seeking, depression, self-esteem). First, we used a multi-wave longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 8,303) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - Child and Young Adult dataset to study the first use of several substances. Second, we used propensity score weighting to equate users and abstainers on a range of background variables. Third, we investigated changes before, during, and after initiation of substances. Overall, there was unique variability and effects in personality across time for average levels, trajectories, and magnitudes of change both between users and abstainers as well as within users of specific substances. Results suggest that initiation of substance use is associated with changes in personality; the specifics of which are largely contingent upon the substance being used. Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were the traits associated with the most change while cocaine and cigarettes were the substances associated with the greatest changes.
Physical assessment of wave forces on bridge girder impacted by potential tsunami hazard

ABSTRACT Bridges are one of the most susceptible structural elements that can be viciously impacted by tsunami disaster. During the latest few tsunami hazards, a number of bridges were affected severely due to the lack of proper incorporation of tsunami forces in design guidelines. Therefore, it becomes imperative to evaluate the stability of bridges through the analysis of tsunami-induced forces on bridge structures. In the present study, laboratory experiments were carried out to quantify the exerted tsunami forces on girder model. Broken waves along with unbroken waves were considered for the analysis purpose. The maximum horizontal forces were larger for the broken waves than the unbroken waves. Results showed that the initial impact forces were larger than the hydrodynamic forces for broken waves whereas the opposite was true for unbroken waves. Measured forces on girder model, located in higher position, were larger and increased with increasing wave height. Lower girder position showed better performance than higher girder position regardless of wave height. One predictive formula was proposed to estimate the horizontal wave pressure on the seaward side of girder using as input the wave height and girder height. The normalized wave pressure increased as tsunami wave height increased.
The Missing Theorem: Can sampling error be estimated?

If statistics is about sorting information from error, then, arguably, half of the theory of statistical estimation is missing. Estimation theory, at its beginning, paid sampling error (also known as random error or discrepancy, as opposed to bias) little consideration, other than to state that it exists and must be overcome. Nowhere, it seems, did our statistical forebearers consider so fundamental a question as: Is it possible to estimate the amount of sampling error in a statistic from a single sample? ” Once the issue did appear in the literature, it seems to have been immediately and summarily answered in the negative, without formal justification, a status that has remained unchanged and, apparently, unquestioned. In this paper, I argue that the omission of a theorem on sampling error estimation diminishes estimation theory, and that our collective blind spot in this respect represents a persistent limitation on our reason and imagination. I propose that a good start would be to restate the question as a scientific query, in unambiguous and falsifiable terms, and I provide my own effort to that end.
Effect of metal ions on dark fermentative biohydrogen production using suspended and immobilized cells of mixed bacteria

ABSTRACT The effect of Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ni2+ ions on dark fermentative biohydrogen production was evaluated using suspended and immobilized cells of anaerobic mixed bacteria at different concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1,000 mg/L in batch operation. A maximum biohydrogen fraction of 45.21%, which corresponded to a biohydrogen yield of 292.8 mL H2/g total volatile solids, was obtained in batch process using Fe2+ (1,000 mg/L) and immobilized cells. Furthermore, a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 52.30% was also achieved in this fermentation process.
Ligand-Free, Quantum-Confined Cs2SnI6 Perovskite Nanocrystals

Tin-halide perovskite nanocrystals are a viable precursor for lead-free, high-efficiency active layers for photovoltaic cells. We describe a new synthetic procedure for quantum-confined Cs2SnI6 nanocrystals with size-dependent band gaps in the long-visible to near-infrared (1.38–1.47 eV). Hot injection synthesis produces particles with no organic capping ligands, with average diameters that increase from 12 ± 2.8 nm to 38 ± 4.1 nm with increasing reaction temperature. The band gap, energies of the first excitonic peak, ground-state bleach peak (in the transient absorption spectrum), and photoluminescence peak depend linearly on the inverse square of diameter, consistent with quantum-confined excitons with an effective mass of (0.12 ± 0.02)m0, where m0 is the mass of an electron, a factor of 4.6 smaller than that in the bulk material. Transient absorption measurements show that approximately 90% of the bleach amplitude decays within 30 ps, probably because of carrier trapping on unpassivated surface sites.
Effects of Feedback on Iranian EFL Learners' writing Development: Group Dynamic Assessment vs. Formative Assessment

1. Department of English Language Teaching, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2. Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran *Corresponding author email: msaadat@rose.shirazu. ac.ir Introduction Writing is considered as one of the most demanding skills and at the same time a unique asset for learners to acquire. No matter what the content of the writing is and at what level students perform, teachers need to be prepared to respond to the students’ written texts and provide them with feedback on the quality of their performance. It is generally believed that the provision of appropriate feedback, which is effectively aligned with the instructional procedures and goals, can act as a scaffolding tool which help learners become more self-regulated and improve their writing (see e.g., Bitchener, & Ferris, 2012; Bitchener & Knoch, 2008; Chandler, 2003; Elwood & Bode, 2014; Ferris, 2003, 2007, 2014; Hyland, 2010; Kang & Han, 2015; Karim & Nassaji, 2018; Storch, 2010). Abstract: Approaches to assessment are distinguished mainly by the fact that whether the provision of feedback and modification of learners’ performance during assessment procedures is of concern or not. In fact, Dynamic Assessment (DA) attempts to integrate assessment and instruction and uses a range of mediational strategies to gain insight into the learners’ current abilities and to assist them in reaching their learning potentials. Non-Dynamic Assessment (NDA), on the other hand, aims at obtaining a pure and reliable measurement of the learners’ abilities (Poehner, 2008). The present study was designed to experimentally investigate and compare the effects of feedback offered within the frameworks of Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) and Formative Assessment (FA) on the improvement of 34 intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance and their capability in transferring the acquired knowledge and skills to new and more challenging tasks. As for the intended treatments, the G-DA students benefited from a model of classroom-based DA including three stages of orientation, execution and control and the FA students received a careful and systematic sequence of instruction, assessment and feedback. The necessary data were collected from the students’ inclass written drafts and their performance on four non-dynamic writing tests. Results of the analyses, especially, two-way repeated measures ANOVAs, indicated the inherent superiority of the DA group in improving their writing; however, both groups of learners were equally able to transfer the acquired knowledge and skills to new and more challenging writing tasks, which can be attributed to the satisfactory level of internalization and self-regulation they have possibly achieved as a result of the interventions received. Accordingly, it was concluded that systematic feedback offered within the frameworks of these two approaches to assessment can successfully help the learners improve their writing ability.