Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enxofre disponivel para a soja e atividade de arilsulfatase em solo tratado com gesso agrícola

O constante uso de fertilizantes que nao contem S, aliado ao baixo teor de materia orgânica de alguns solos, pode resultar em limitacao desse nutriente para as culturas. Gracas a alta mobilidade do ion sulfato no perfil da maioria dos solos, e importante conhecer o efeito residual da aplicacao do gesso agricola feita com a finalidade de fornecimento de S, visando estimar sua frequencia de realizacao. Em dois anos agricolas, foram efetuados experimentos em campo para avaliar o efeito da aplicacao de gesso agricola nos teores de S-sulfato, S-reserva e atividade da arilsulfatase de um Latossolo Vermelho distrofico cultivado com soja, bem como nos teores de macronutrientes nas folhas e na produtividade de graos da cultura. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicacao de: 0, 67, 133, 267, 533 e 1.067 kg ha-1 de gesso agricola, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeticoes. Realizaram-se amostragens de solo nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm a cada 21 dias durante o ciclo da cultura, totalizando seis por ano. A primeira amostragem de cada ano foi feita antes da aplicacao do gesso. No segundo ano, a distribuicao dos tratamentos foi feita sobre as mesmas parcelas do ano anterior. O gesso agricola aumentou os teores de S-sulfato no solo nas epocas proximas a aplicacao, os quais diminuiram com o tempo, em decorrencia da precipitacao pluvial. No primeiro ano, o S-sulfato foi lixiviado para alem da profundidade de 20-40 cm, sem efeito residual de um ano para o outro. A atividade da arilsulfatase foi maior a 0-20 cm, de forma semelhante ao observado para o S-reserva, havendo correlacao positiva entre essas variaveis. A aplicacao de gesso agricola nao influenciou a producao de graos e, a excecao do teor de S no segundo ano, nao alterou os teores de macronutrientes nas folhas de soja.
Frost risk indicator analysis in Sopron wine region (1961–2016)

A characteristic symptom of climate change is the modified distribution of frost events that has fundamental effect on agricultural production. To learn these changes in Sopron region, Hungary, we investigated daily minimum and maximum temperature data of the period 1961–2016 provided by the Hungarian Meteorological Service. The time interval 1961–2016 was split into two (1961–1990 and 1991–2016) in order to compare nearly two climate cycles statistically. We analyzed the 56-year trends of the last frosty day of spring and the first frosty day of autumn as well as the length of the longest yearly frost-free period. As for the winter period (October 16 – February 28), the frequencies of four different strengths of frosty days were examined. We analyzed how often an uninterrupted frost-free period (Tmin>0 °C) longer than 12 days developed between two frosty periods in spring and in autumn, exactly when it occurred (Julian day), and how many days it lasted for. Finally, we investigated the trends of the yearly numbers of spring frosty days and their variances. Amongst others, we show that the length of the longest uninterrupted frost-free periods has increased significantly over the past 56 years, with 70% of years in the recent climate cycle (1991–2016) having frost-free periods of more than 200 days. As an average change per 10 years, the last spring frost period ended four days earlier, while the onset of autumn frost shifted 2 days towards the end of the year. The number of days with minimum temperatures below -15 °C, -10 °C, -5 °C, and below 0 °C decreased significantly during the dormant period. These changes mean a prolongation of the growing season, partly a reduction of the winter regeneration period, and the potential higher overwintering success of the pests. The number of spring frost days also decreased significantly, while their variability has grown markedly.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Nitric Acid-Sea Salt Reactions: Implications for Nitrogen Deposition to Water Surfaces

Many previous studies have indicated the importance of nitric acid (HNO 3) reactions on sea salt particles for flux divergence of HNO 3 in the marine surface layer. The potential importance of this reaction in determining the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen dry deposition to marine ecosystems is investigated using models of sea spray generation and particle- and gas-phase dry deposition. Under horizontally homogeneous conditions with near-neutral stability and for wind speeds between 3.5 and 10 m s21, transfer of HNO3 to the particle phase to form sodium nitrate may decrease the deposition velocity of nitrogen by over 50%, leading to greater horizontal transport prior to deposition to the sea surface. Conversely, for wind speeds above 10 m s 21, transfer of nitrogen to the particle phase would increase the deposition rate and hence decrease horizontal transport prior to surface removal.
THE IMPACT OF FIRM TYPE, SIZE AND EXPERIENCE ON PROFESSIONAL SERVICES OF ARCHITECTURAL FIRMS IN NIGERIA

Clients have expressed dissatisfaction about services of professionals as a result of poor quality of service and errors in documentations resulting into overrunning project cost and delayed completion. This study investigated the influences of firms’ types, size of firms and experience of firms on provision of professional services of Architectural firms in the process of meeting the expectations of the client. Questionnaires was used to collect data for the study through random sampling. The results of ANOVA showed that firm types had no significance on services across the stages of service, firm size showed significance while the experience of the firm showed significance across the inception and the design stages. Multiple regression analysis showed that the variables cumulatively explained 3.9% (at p < 0.05) of the variance in the overall professional services of architectural firms. Among the variables, only the firm size showed a significant impact on the overall professional services with a p-value of 0.003. The firm type and experience of firm had no impact on the overall professional services. The findings serve as a guide to the clients in making choice of consultancy firms for their project, and as a guide to the consultancy firms in order to remain competitive in the globalized industry. Keywords: Architectural firms, Building Projects, Clients, Firms’ Characteristics, Professional Services
The crystal structure of balićžunićite, Bi2O(SO4)2, a new natural bismuth oxide sulfate

Abstract The crystal structure of balićžunićite, Bi2O(SO4)2, a new mineral species from the La Fossa crater of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), was solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to R = 0.0507. The structure is triclinic, space group P1̅. , with a = 6.7386(3), b = 11.1844(5), c = 14.1754(7)Å , α = 80.082(2), β = 88.462(2)°, γ = 89.517(2)°, V = 1052.01(8) Å3 and Z = 6. The crystal structure consists of six independent Bi sites, six S sites and 27 O sites of which three are oxo oxygen atoms not bonded to sulfur. Bismuth and S atoms are arranged close to a eutectic pattern parallel to the (100) plane. The planes are stacked atom on atom such that Bi always overlays S and vice versa. This structural feature is shared with the known structure of the high-temperature polymorph of the same compound, stable at T >535°C. However, the sequences of Bi and S atoms in the two structures are different and so are the arrangements of oxygen atoms. Characteristic building blocks in the structure of balićžunićite are clusters of five Bi atoms which form nearly planar trapezoidal Bi5 groups with oxo oxygens located in the centres of the three Bi3 triangles, which form the trapezoids. The trapezoidal Bi5O39+ ions are joined along [100] with SO42- groups by means of strong bismuth-sulfate oxygen bonds, forming infinite [100] rods with composition Bi5O3(SO4)5-. One sixth of the Bi atoms do not participate in trapezoids, but form, with additional SO42- groups, rows of composition BiSO4+ also parallel to [100]. [Bi5O3(SO4)5-] rods form infinite layers parallel to (010) with [BiSO4+] rows located on the irregular surface of contact between adjacent layers. Bi atoms occur in four different coordination types, all showing the stereochemical influence of the Bi3+ lone electron pair. In this respect the crystal structure of balićžunićite shows greater variability than its high-temperature polymorph which has only two types of the Bi coordination spheres present in balićžunićite.
THE EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION AND GRINDING ON THE MICROBIAL LOAD OF DRIED LICORICE ROOTS (GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L.), AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR EXTRACT

Ground roots of licorice with 3 particle sizes (fine particles <0.35 mm, medium: 0.35-8.0 mm, and coarse particles ? 8.0 mm diameter) were exposed to 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy of gamma radiation from a 60Co source. Microbial population of ground roots and the characteristics of their extracts (concentrations of glycyrrhizinic acid, total and inorganic dissolved solids), mineral ions (Ca++ and K+), pH and EC values were evaluated after irradiation. The results showed thatmicrobial count of fine particles of ground licorice roots were 106 g-1, that of coarse ones 105 g-1. The extract produced from coarse particles of ground roots had lower total and inorganic dissolved solids, mineral ions (Ca++ and K+), pH and EC values compared with those produced from fine particular ones. All sizes of licorice roots treated with gamma irradiation had significantly (P<0.05) lower microorganism counts than untreated (control) ones. The dose needed to reduce the microbial load to less than 10 bacteria per gram was 15 kGy for the.
Influence of Ionic Liquid 1-butyl-3-Methylmidazolium Chloride on the Soil Micro-Ecological System

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a group of new organic salts that exist as liquids at a relatively low temperature (<100 0 C). In order to evaluate the influence of ionic liquid 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ((Bmim)Cl) on the soil micro- ecological system, the toxicity of (Bmim)Cl to soil microorganisms and its impact on soil physico-chemical properties were investigated. Three soil samples, which were taken from the agricultural land, nursery land and the industrial land were used for this study. The toxic ity test results showed that the (Bmim)Cl inhibited the growth of soil microorganisms including bacteria and Actinomycetes. The (Bmim)Cl also caused the pH change in the soil micro-ecological system. It suggests that the ionic liquid (Bmim)Cl would influence the soil micro- ecological system by inhibiting the growth of soil microorganisms and altering the soil physico-chemical properties when it contaminated the soil system.
Nano hillock and complex crater formation by low-energy proton implantation with incident angle into lithium niobate single crystal

The formation of nano-size hillocks and simple and complex craters was observed as a result of ion–surface collisions with a lithium niobate single crystal on proton implantation. The low-energy ion implantation process is considered as a controllable and versatile tool for surface and near-surface modifications down to an atomic scale as an alternative to the swift heavy ion irradiation effect. Lithium niobate samples implanted by proton ions with a low energy of 120 keV at various fluences (1015 and 1016 protons/cm2) were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images of surface modification appear as simple and complex crater formation in the case of incident ions at normal to the surface. Varying the angle of incidence to θ=30° with respect to the normal to the surface, hillocks and multi-hillocks were observed. The complex craters with central uplifted, cone-shaped hillocks with a height of up to 4.3 nm are surrounded by low-height (1 nm) rims. The hillock height varies from a few nanometers to 16 nm with the basal diameter from 200 to 340 nm depending on the ion implantation conditions. The complex crater and hillock formation on the lithium niobate sample surface at the collision spot with the impact of incident angle is discussed.
Methyl Jasmonate and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Interact to Promote Grape Berry Abscission

The application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon, an ethylene-releasing agent, to Thompson Seedless grapes can reduce fruit detachment force (FDF) and promote the development of dry stem scars on berries, possibly improving the quality of machine-harvested grapes. However, the amount of MeJA or ethephon needed to stimulate abscission may be prohibitively expensive and result in excessive residues. Thus, experiments were conducted to determine whether MeJA might interact with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a natural biochemical precursor of ethylene, to promote abscission-related processes and possibly reduce the amount of MeJA needed. In a preliminary trial, MeJA (672 and 1,344 mg/L) interacted with ACC (500 and 1,000 mg/L) to reduce FDF by 25 to 70% compared with untreated grapes. However, MeJA and ACC did not interact to affect preharvest fruit drop, although treatment with 672 or 1,344 mg/L MeJA caused 16 to 23% drop by 3 days after treatment (DAT). In a second trial, grapes treated with MeJA, singly, or with ACC, produced ethylene which peaked at 1 DAT, remained elevated at 2 DAT, and declined rapidly thereafter, whereas grapes treated only with ACC maintained moderately elevated ethylene production throughout the 10-day study. Treatment with ACC or MeJA reduced FDF within 1 or 2 DAT, respectively. By 2 DAT, berries began to abscise from MeJA-treated clusters, regardless of whether they were also treated with ACC, but on 3, 4, and 10 DAT, ACC and MeJA interacted to greatly promote preharvest fruit drop. Moreover, the combination of ACC and MeJA also promoted dry stem scar development. Thus, coapplication of MeJA and ACC is more effective at stimulating grape abscission-related processes than either compound applied singly.
Heterojunction BiVO4/WO3 electrodes for enhanced photoactivity of water oxidation

Heterojunction electrodes were fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition of WO3 and BiVO4 on a conducting glass, and investigated for photoelectrochemical water oxidation under simulated solar light. The electrode with the optimal composition of four layers of WO3 covered by a single layer of BiVO4 showed enhanced photoactivity by 74% relative to bare WO3 and 730% relative to bare BiVO4. According to the flat band potential and optical band gap measurements, both semiconductors can absorb visible light and have band edge positions that allow the transfer of photoelectrons from BiVO4 to WO3. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed poor charge transfer characteristics of BiVO4, which accounts for the low photoactivity of bare BiVO4. The measurements of the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectra showed that the heterojunction electrode utilized effectively light up to 540 nm covering absorption by both WO3 and BiVO4 layers. Thus, in heterojunction electrodes, the photogenerated electrons in BiVO4 are transferred to WO3 layers with good charge transport characteristics and contribute to the high photoactivity. They combine merits of the two semiconductors, i.e. excellent charge transport characteristics of WO3 and good light absorption capability of BiVO4 for enhanced photoactivity.
Soil fertility maps of macronutrient status of Bhudargad tehsil of Kolhapur district (M.S.)

The study was carried out to know the fertility status of major nutrients in soils of Bhudargad tehsil, Kolhapur district by using GPS-GIS technology and to correlate soil properties with the available nutrients and to evaluate the fertility index of Bhudargad tehsil. The pH of soils of Bhudargad tehsil varied from 5.5 to 8.0, most of the soils were moderately acidic (50.67%) while EC of the soils varied from 0.02 to 1.48 dS m-1, and the values were normal. The calcium carbonate content of soils of Bhudargad tehsil varied from 0.50 to 2.80 per cent. Organic carbon content varied from 0.26 to 1.32 per cent and categorized as very high (6.67%), high (33.3%), moderately high (40%), moderate (13.33%) and low (6.67%). The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soils of Bhudargad tehsil ranged from 141.30 to 348.10, 7.16 to 28.00 and 100.20 to 300.00 Kg ha-1, respectively. The soils of were low (57.33%) in available - nitrogen, low (17.33%) to moderately high (42.67%) in available phosphorus and moderately high (51.33%) in available potassium. The exchangeable calcium and magnesium ranged from 6.50 to 48.50 and 1.0 to 19.50 cmol (p+) Kg-1, respectively. The exchangeable sodium ranged from 0.21 to 2.00 cmol (p+) Kg-1.The available sulphur varied from 5.14 to 14.97 mg Kg⁻¹ respectively, and 66 per cent soil samples were in very low category. The pH was significantly and positively correlated with potassium,calcium and magnesium. The EC was significantly and positively correlated with potassium and calcium. The organic carbon was significantly correlated with nitrogen,copper. Calcium carbonate eq. was significantly correlated with available potassium, calcium and magnesium. The fertility indices of soils of Bhudargad tehsil for organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were medium (2.10), low (1.21), low (1.62) and medium (1.94), respectively.
Peanut Oil Extraction with SC-CO2: Solubility and Kinetic Functions

ABSTRACT VARIOUS factors affecting SC-CO2 peanut oil extraction were examined. Pressure, temperature, particle size, moisture, and flow rate effects in a vertical extractor were evaluated using a half-factorial design. The effect of temperature and pressure was studied further for temperatures of 25 to 95°C and pressures of 140 to 550 bar. At 25°C and 550 bar, the particle size dependence of both the initial extraction rate and the overall oil yield was studied for particle size of 0.864 to 4.75 mm.
Synthesis and/or molecular structures of some simple 2,1,7- and 2,1,12-ruthena- and cobaltacarboranes

The ruthenacarboranes 2-( p -cymene)-2,1,7- closo -RuC 2 B 9 H 11 ( 2 ) ( p -cymene = 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) and 2-( p -cymene)-2,1,12- closo -RuC 2 B 9 H 11 ( 3 ) have been synthesised by simple metallation of [7,9- nido -C 2 B 9 H 11 ] 2– and [2,9- nido -C2B 9 H 11 ] 2– , respectively. In preparing the known cobaltacarborane 2-(η-C5H 5 )-2,1,12- closo -CoC 2 B 9 H 11 ( 6 ), the new bis(dicarbollide) [2,2′-Co(1,12- closo -C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] – (as its [(η-C5H 5 ) 2 Co] + salt; 7 ) was also formed. Molecular structures of 2 , 3 , 6 and 7 and that of the known compound 2-(η-C5H 5 )-2,1,7- closo -CoC 2 B 9 H 11 ( 5 ) have been determined. Patterns in 〈δ( 11 B)〉, the weighted average 11 B NMR chemical shift, of these metallacarboranes, together with those in 3-( p -cymene)-3,1,2- closo -RuC2B 9 H 11 ( 1 ) and 3-(η-C 5 H 5 )-3,1,2- closo -CoC 2 B 9 H 11 ( 4 ) are discussed in relation to 〈δ( 11 B)〉 in the parent carboranes 1,2- closo -C2B 10 H 12 , 1,7- closo -C 2 B 10 H 12 and 1,12- closo -C 2 B 10 H 12 . The similarity between the 1 H and 11 B spectra of 6 and 7 confirm the isolobality of the [C5H 5 ] – and [C2B 9 H 11 ] 2– ligands. An electrochemical study of 7 confirms that trends in the potential of the Co III /Co II couple for the series of isomers of (η-C5H 5 )CoC 2 B 9 H 11 are reproduced for the bis(dicarbollides) [Co(C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] – . The molecular structures of compounds 1 – 3 as a family and 4 – 6 as a family provide a unique opportunity to consider structural patterns in simple isomeric metallacarboranes.
Neutron diffraction and solid-state MAS-NMR studies of the structure of Y-AI-Si-O-N oxynitride glasses

Abstract Neutron diffraction and magic angle spinning (MAS) 27Al and 29Si NMR have been applied to study the local structure of glasses in the system Y-Al-Si-O with and without addition of AlN. 27Al MAS NMR indicated that in the Y-Al-Si-O-N oxynitride glass there is no Al-N bonding and aluminium atoms occupy various sites within the glass structure. The first peak of the radial distribution function curves obtained by neutron diffraction was deconvoluted into four peaks which are attributable to Si-O, Si-N(Al-O(4)), Al-O(5) and Al-O(6) pairs and the coordination numbers of Si, N, Al and Y were estimated. The glass network is assumed to consist mainly of corner-sharing AlO4 tetrahedra and SiO3N tetrahedra. 86% of N atoms are three-coordinated and 14% of N atoms are two-coordinated in the present oxynitride glass.
Resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) to atrazine and quinclorac

Two populations of Echinochloa crus-galli (R and I) exhibited resistance to quinclorac. Another population (X) exhibited resistance to quinclorac and atrazine. The R and I populations were collected from monocultures of rice in southern Spain. The X population was collected from maize fields subjected to the application of atrazine over several years. The susceptible (S) population of the same genus was collected from locations which had never been treated with herbicides. The quinclorac ED50 value (dose causing 50% reduction in shoot fresh weight) for the R and I biotypes were 26- and 6-fold greater than for the S biotype. The X biotype was 10 times more tolerant to quinclorac than the S biotype and also showed cross-resistance to atrazine, being 82-fold more resistant to atrazine than the R, I and S biotypes. Chlorophyll fluorescence and Hill reaction analysis supported the view that the mechanism of resistance to atrazine in the X biotype was modification of the target site, the DI protein. Quinclorac at 20 mg litre-1 did not inhibit photosynthetic electron transport in any of the test biotypes. The quinclorac I50 values (herbicide dose needed for 50% Hill reaction reduction) of the S population was over 50000-fold higher than the atrazine I50 value for the same S population, indicating that quinclorac is not a PS II inhibiting herbicide. Propanil at doses greater than 0·5 kg ha-1 controlled all the biotypes. © 1997 SCI
Stability of Mn moments and exchange interactions in cobalt substituted Mn2Sb

The magnetic moment distributions in the ferrimagnetic (FI) and antiferromagnetic (AF) phases of Co substituted Mn2Sb (Mn1.9Co0.1Sb) have been determined using both polarized and unpolarized neutron diffraction. In Mn1.9Co0. 1Sb a transition from a ferrimagnetic to an antiferromagnetic state takes place on cooling through Tms = 138 K. The antiferromagnetic structure has propagation vector , and contains (001) layers of Mn atoms with ferromagnetically coupled Mn moments aligned perpendicular to [001]. The two crystallographically distinct Mn atoms have moments 3.98 and 1.71 µB at 4 K and are oppositely aligned within the unit cell. At 200 K the moments determined from polarized neutron scattering are 3.86 and 1.84 µB. In both the AF and FI phases the magnetization associated with the high moment (Mn2) site is nearly spherically symmetric; that around the Mn1 site has predominantly t2g character which is stronger in the AF than in the FI phase. At Tms the only bonds whose lengths change significantly are those between Mn and Sb establishing the 125° Mn1–Sb–Mn2 interlayer exchange path as the dominant exchange interaction determining the type of long range magnetic order.