Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The global stratotype sections and point (GSSP) for the base of the jurassic system at kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)

The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defining the base of the Jurassic System Lower Jurassic Epoch and Hettangian Stage is situated at the Kuhjoch pass, Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (47°29'02"N/11°31'50"E). The Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) boundary is exposed at Kuhjoch West and at Kuhjoch East, and corresponds to the first occurrence (FO) of the ammonite Psiloceras spelae tirolicum. The "Golden Spike" was fixed at Kuhjoch East. The section displays a high and continuous sedimentation rate with a constant facies trend across the boundary level. Other bio-events include the FO of the aragonitic foraminifer Praegubkinella turgescens, and of diverse ostracod species 1.0-3.40 cm below the FO of P. spelae and 3.2 m below P. spelae occurs the continental palynomorph Cerebropollenites thiergartii. Because of the lack of other terrestrial microfloral events this is yet the FO event closest to the FO of P. spelae and allows a correlation with nonmarine sediments. The δ 13 C org record shows a strong initial negative excursion at the boundary between the Kossen and Kendlbach formations, 5.8 m (Kuhjoch W) below the T-J boundary, a shift to more positive δ 13 C org in the Schattwald Beds and a gradual decline to more negative values at the transition of the Schattwald Beds to the proximate Tiefengraben Mb. The stratotype point lies within a zone of smaller negative and positive δ 13 C org peaks, which is superimposed on a longer lasting main negative shift. According to recent investigations, the radiometric age of the T-J boundary is about 201,3 Ma.
COMPARING THE PALMER DROUGHT INDEX AND THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX 1

ABSTRACT: The Palmer Drought Index (PDI) is used as an indicator of drought severity, and a particular index value is often the signal to begin or discontinue elements of a drought contingency plan. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was recently developed to quantify a precipitation deficit for different time scales. It was designed to be an indicator of drought that recognizes the importance of time scales in the analysis of water availability and water use.
Neoproterozoic glaciation in the Proto-Andes: Tectonic implications and global correlation

The Chiquerio Formation in southern Peru records the only documented Neoproterozoic glacial episode in the entire Andean Belt. We present U-Th-Pb secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) detrital zircon ages and C isotopic data from the tillite and its overlying dolomite cap, the San Juan Formation. Two prominent negative C isotopic excursions are documented: an older excursion (δ13C = −2‰) in the cap-carbonate unit overlying the tillite, and a younger excursion (δ13C = −8‰) in a laminated limestone unit 700 m up sequence. In both cases, δ13C values recover to 2‰. U-Th-Pb SIMS detrital zircon results from the tillite (both matrix and interbedded turbiditic sandstones) indicate a restricted age distribution of 950-1300 Ma. Turbiditic dolomitic sandstones overlying the younger (−8‰) carbon isotope excursion yield a similar 950-1300 Ma peak, but also contain grains dated as 1600-2000 Ma and 700-820 Ma. The detrital zircon geochronology and C isotope chemostratigraphy are consistent with the Chiquerio Formation being equivalent to the ca. 700 Ma Sturtian glacial. The younger negative C isotope excursion is delimited by the youngest detrital zircon (697 ± 11 Ma) in overlying strata. A correlation with the 635 Ma Marinoan glacial is inferred, although no unequivocal glaciogenic strata have been identifi ed. The detrital zircon data are consistent with derivation from the Proto-Andean margin, despite the Chiquerio Formation unconformably overlying basement gneisses of the 1800-2000 Ma Arequipa-Antofalla basement (AAB), which is exotic to Amazonia. This implies the Chiquerio Formation and AAB were proximal to the proto-Andean margin during Neoproterozoic glaciation, and supports paleogeographic reconstructions that favor AAB accretion to the Amazonian craton during the 1000-1300 Ma Grenville-Sunsas orogeny.
Basin-wide zonal wind stress and ocean thermal variations in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Wind data, obtained from the model results of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), for the equatorial Pacific Ocean from 1985 to 1992, were employed to study the basin-wide distributions for various constituents of zonal wind stress. Forcing the ocean by the individual constituent of zonal wind stress, the upper ocean thermal variation was investigated using a linear analytical ocean model. The interannual variation of zonal wind stress is largest in amplitude in the west-central part of the basin and is dominated by an eastwardly propagating wave. The upper layer thickness perturbation h shows an evolving eastward propagation over the region where the interannual wind stress variation occurs, while to the east and west the region changes nearly in phase. The evolution of h agrees well with the evolution of upper ocean heat content anomaly, estimated from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) moored array. The annual cycle of zonal wind stress can be described properly by a combination of annual and semiannual variations. The annual variation of zonal wind stress was found to propagate westward with relative maxima out of phase to the west and east of the west-central Pacific. The semiannual variation is stationary and is largest in amplitude in the western basin. Forced by the two components of the annual cycle of zonal wind stress, the evolution of h shows a westward propagation. This does not correlate well with the pattern of the evolution of the annual cycle of upper ocean heat content which emanates from the east-central Pacific and shows both eastward and westward propagation. The seemingly anomalous eastward propagation is mainly related to the abrupt change during the relaxation/intensification period of the easterly wind stress. The abrupt change of the annual zonal wind stress variation in both time and space is, then, critical for the evolution of the pattern of the annual ocean response.
Homogeneity and monotonicity of distance-rationalizable voting rules

Distance rationalizability is a framework for classifying voting rules by interpreting them in terms of distances and consensus classes. It can also be used to design new voting rules with desired properties. A particularly natural and versatile class of distances that can be used for this purpose is that of votewise distances [12], which "lift" distances over individual votes to distances over entire elections using a suitable norm. In this paper, we continue the investigation of the properties of votewise distance-rationalizable rules initiated in [12]. We describe a number of general conditions on distances and consensus classes that ensure that the resulting voting rule is homogeneous or monotone. This complements the results of 12], where the authors focus on anonymity, neutrality and consistency. We also introduce a new class of voting rules, that can be viewed as "majority variants" of classic scoring rules, and have a natural interpretation in the context of distance rationalizability.
Seamount statistics in the Pacific Ocean

We apply the wide-beam sampling technique of Jordan et al. (1983) to approximately 157,000 km of wide-beam profiles to obtain seamount population statistics for eight regions in the eastern and southern Pacific Ocean. Population statistics derived from wide-beam echograms are compared with seamount counts from Sea Beam swaths and with counts from bathymetric maps. We find that the average number of seamounts with summit heights h ≥ H is well-approximated by the exponential frequency-size distribution: ν(H)=νoe−βH. The exponential model for seamount sizes, characterized by the single scale parameter β−1, is found to be superior to a power-law (self-similar) model, which has no intrinsic scale, in describing the average distribution of Pacific seamounts, and it appears to be valid over a size spectrum spanning 5 orders of magnitude in abundance. Large-scale regional variations in seamount populations are documented. We observe significant differences in seamount densities across the Murray fracture zone in the North Pacific and the Eltanin fracture zone system in the South Pacific. The Eltanin discontinuity is equally evident on both sides of the Pacific-Antarctic ridge. In the South Pacific, regions symmetrically disposed about the ridge axis have very similar seamount densities, despite the large difference between Pacific plate and Antarctic plate absolute velocities; evidently, any differences in the shear flows at the base of the Pacific and Antarctic plates do not affect seamount emplacement. Systematic variations in νo and β are observed as a function of lithospheric age, with the number of large seamounts increasing more rapidly than small seamounts. These observations have been used to develop a simple model for seamount production under the assumptions that (1) an exponential size-frequency distribution is maintained, (2) production is steady state, and (3) most small seamounts are formed on or near the ridge axis. The limited data available from this study appear to be consistent with the model, but they are insufficient to provide a rigorous test of the assumptions or determine accurately the model parameters. However, the data from the South Pacific indicate that the off-axis production of large seamounts probably accounts for the majority of seamounts with summit heights greater than 1000 m.
Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of Dalradian metabasaltic rocks of the SW. Scottish Highlands

About 5 km of probable lower Cambrian metamorphosed doleritic and gabbroic sills and overlying submarine volcanics occur in the Dalradian Series of the SW. Scottish Highlands. An altered, soda-rich group of spilitic affinity, often accompanied by epidotic segregations, is readily distinguished from unaltered basaltic compositions using chemical and modal criteria. The metabasite suite, of strongly tholeiitic affinities, has a complex differentiation history; evolution towards extreme enrichment in Fe, Ti and P, and depletion in Ni and Cr, is achieved in part by fractionation at greater depth, and partly by differentiation within the thicker sills. Excepting rare quartz kerato-phyres, salic and felsic differentiates are lacking. Consideration of the behaviour of Ti, P, Zr and Y indicates a transitional nature between continental and oceanic tholeiites, and also derivation of the lowest lavas by tapping of the upper portions of underlying differentiating ferrogabbro sills. Development of this thick sill-flow complex, possibly correlative with the broadly contemporaneous tholeiitic flood basalts and dyke swarms of NW. Newfoundland and Labrador, may reflect continental distension and incipient opening of a Proto-Atlantic ocean in lower Cambrian times.
Statistical comparison of interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT)

[1] It is well known that intense southward magnetic field and convection electric field (V × B) in the interplanetary medium are key parameters that control the magnitude of geomagnetic storms. By investigating the interplanetary conditions of 82 intense geomagnetic storms from 1998 to 2006, we have compared many different criteria of interplanetary conditions for the occurrence of the intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT). In order to examine if the magnetosphere always favors such interplanetary conditions for the occurrence of large geomagnetic storms, we applied these conditions to all the interplanetary data during the same period. For this study, we consider three types of interplanetary conditions as follows: Bz conditions, Ey conditions, and their combination. As a result, we present contingency tables between the number of events satisfying the condition and the number of observed geomagnetic storms. Then we obtain their statistical parameters for evaluation such as probability of detection yes, false alarm ratio, bias, and critical success index. From a comparison of these statistical parameters, we suggest that three conditions are promising candidates to trigger an intense storm: Bz ≤ −10 nT for >3 h, Ey ≥ 5 mV/m for >2 h, and Bz ≤ −15 nT or Ey ≥ 5 mV/m for >2 h. Also, we found that more than half of the “miss” events, when an intense storm occurs that was not expected, are associated with sheath field structures or corotating interacting regions. Our conditions can be used for not only the real-time forecast of geomagnetic storms but also the survey of interplanetary data to identify candidate events for producing intense geomagnetic storms.
The Effectiveness of Off-Protocol Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

Purpose: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is not well defined. Here we address the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for UCB in an off-protocol routine clinical setting. Experimental Design: We collected and analyzed data from 11 centers contributing retrospective cohorts of patients with UCB treated with radical cystectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were grouped into quintiles based on their risk of disease progression using estimates from a fitted multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. The association of adjuvant chemotherapy with survival was explored across separate quintiles. Results: The cohort consisted of 3,947 patients, 932 (23.6%) of whom received adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was independently associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.97%, P = 0.017). However, the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly modified by the individual's risk of disease progression such that an increasing benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy was seen across higher-risk subgroups (P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in survival between the treated and nontreated patients in the highest-risk quintile (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.90; P = 0.002). This group was characterized by an estimated 32.8% 5-year probability of cancer-specific survival, with 86.6% of patients having both advanced pathologic stage (≥T3) and nodal involvement. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with a significant improvement in survival for patients treated in an off-protocol clinical setting. Selective administration in patients at the highest risk for disease progression, such as those with advanced pathologic stage and nodal involvement, may optimize the therapeutic benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4461–7. ©2010 AACR.
Delinquent behavior among young people in the western world

This volume presents the first results of the self-report in 13 individual countries. A second volume will follow in 1995, which will present the results of in-depth comparative analysis. The outcomes of these studies are presented in individual chapters. Some conclusions on the basis of this material are presented in the last chapter. These preliminary conclusions are based on similarities in the instruments used and a number of similar samples. In the chapters demographic and socio-economic features of the country under discussion are presented as well as cultural factors, alcohol- and drug consumption, study design, and conclusions about delinquency and problem behavior.
Seismicity and seismotectonics of Norway and nearby continental shelf areas

The earthquake activity of Norway and nearby offshore areas is low to intermediate, with few events above magnitude 5. Recent significant improvements in instrumental coverage in parallel with a better utilization of older (including historical) data have shown that the seismicity in the south is predominantly confined to the coastal areas and to the Viking Graben, while from the northern North Sea to Svalbard the earthquakes in a broad sense follow the continental margin. Fifty-one focal mechanism solutions from these areas, about half of them new, reveal stress directions that clearly indicate a connection to the plate tectonic “ridge push” force, at least for the areas at a minimum distance from the continental margin. Along the margin, stress directions also indicate a possible connection to postglacial uplift as well as to lithospheric loading effects. A dominance of normal faulting on the landward side and reverse faulting on the oceanic side agrees with this interpretation. On a regional level, the seismicity in these areas correlate quite well with geologic features such as grabens, fault zones, fault complexes, fracture zones, and the margin itself, indicating that these structures act in a general sense as weakness zones in the presence of a regionally more stable stress field. In the northern North Sea, however, an area with quite anomalous stress orientations, with strike-slip faulting, is found in a region transitional between normal and reverse faulting. Most of the earthquake foci are confined to the presumably brittle parts of the crust, but many events are also located quite close to, and on both sides of, the Moho discontinuity.
Hydraulic conductivity tests on compacted clay

Permeability tests were performed in the laboratory on compacted clay to study the effects of type of permeameter, hydraulic anisotropy, diameter of test specimens, storage time, and desiccation cracking. Essentially identical hydraulic conductivities were measured with compaction‐mold, consolidation‐cell, and flexible‐wall permeameters. With good bonding between lifts, hydraulic conductivity was isotropic. Test specimens having a diameter of 15 cm were twice as permeable as specimens having a diameter of 4 cm, but this difference is too small to be of any consequence. There was no tendency for hydraulic conductivity to increase with increasing storage time. Desiccation cracks in compacted clay close only partially when the clay is moistened and permeated, unless substantial effective stresses are applied to aid in closing the cracks.
Assessing Soil Remobilisation in Catchments using a 137Cs-sediment Hillslope Model

Abstract Soil redistribution studies are important, especially in water supply catchments, because the rate at which denudation is occurring has implications for offsite water quality. However, the extent to which soil is redistributed within the landscape can be difficult to determine. This challenge can be overcome using fallout caesium-137 (137Cs). This paper describes the rates of soil loss and remobilisation in two sub-catchments within the Sydney Basin region, namely Kembla and Kentish Creeks, which drain to the Cordeaux reservoir. The total inventories of 137Cs in catchment soils were determined, a 137Cs-regression equation and a theoretical diffusion and migration model were used to established relationships between 137Cs inventories and the rates of soil loss. These relationships revealed relatively low occurrence of soil loss in Kentish Creek, but two slopes in the Kembla Creek sub-catchment had losses that appear to be moderate. However, there was no clear evidence to suggest whether slopes in upper and lower reaches of catchments had specific patterns of soil remobilisation. Qualitative categorisation of the slope elements using a 137Cs-sediment hillslope model can be a useful sentinel for land users and decision makers even if absolute rates of soil loss or gain are not certain. The findings suggest that sediments mobilised in the study sub-catchments are not likely to impact significantly on the water quality in the Cordeaux reservoir.
Influence of the wind field on the radiance of a marine shallow: evidence from the Caspian Sea

Abstract The influence of the near-water wind field on the radiance of a marine shallow was studied on the basis of daily SeaWiFS ocean colour scanner data and QuickScat scatterometer wind data collected from 1999 to 2004 in the southern Caspian Sea, where the deep basin borders a vast shallow west of the shore of meridional extent. It was found that radiance distributions, clustered by wind rhumbs, exhibited different long-term mean patterns for winds of opposing directions: within the shallow’s boundaries, the radiances were about twice as high for winds having an offshore component with reference to the onshore wind conditions. The zonal profile of radiance across the shallow resembled a closed loop whose upper and lower branches corresponded to the offshore and onshore winds respectively. The loop was the most pronounced at sites with 10–15 m of water for any wavelength of light, including the red region. On the basis of specific features of the study area, we attributed this pattern to sunlight backscattered from bottom sediments resuspended by bottom compensation currents induced by the offshore winds.
A Preliminary Study on the Near-Source Strong-Motion Characteristics of the Great 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China

Abstract The great 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (12 May 2008) with a moment magnitude of 7.9 and a surface-wave magnitude of 8.0 in Shichuan, China, caused unprecedented loss of human life and widespread severe damage to many types of structures. Thirty-two strong-motion records were obtained within a source distance of 300 km, and three near-source records were obtained within a source distance of 20 km. We present the preliminary results on the characteristics of the near-source records and the strong-motion aspects of this great earthquake. This earthquake may be divided into four subevents, according to the rupture time history and the final slip distribution. Three of the four subevents have large surface fault displacement, and we consider the subevents that generated the three near-source records as surface-rupture earthquakes, supported by the comparisons made to records from other surface-rupture or buried-fault earthquakes. One station recorded strong ground motions from two subevents in two well-separated time windows, and this allows us to examine the effect of earthquake parameters for each of the subevents. We find that, in the spectral period range of 0.5–2 s, the response spectra of the near-source records from the Wenchuan earthquake are significantly less than those of buried-fault earthquakes, such as the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake that have a much smaller moment magnitude than the Wenchuan earthquake. In the fault-normal direction the displacement spectra at long period for the closest station are similar to those of the Lucerne record from the 1992 Landers earthquake but significantly smaller than those of the TCU052 and TCU068 records from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. At short and intermediate period, the near-source spectra are much larger than the design spectra in the previous version of the Chinese design code for the heavily damaged area, but they are comparable at long spectral periods.
Antarctic Sea Ice Climatology, Variability, and Late Twentieth-Century Change in CCSM4

AbstractA preindustrial control run and an ensemble of twentieth-century integrations of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are evaluated for Antarctic sea ice climatology, modes of variability, trends, and covariance with related physical variables such as surface temperature and sea level pressure. Compared to observations, the mean ice cover is too extensive in all months. This is in part related to excessively strong westerly winds over ~50°–60°S, which drive a large equatorward meridional ice transport and enhanced ice growth near the continent and also connected with a cold bias in the Southern Ocean. In spite of these biases in the climatology, the model’s sea ice variability compares well to observations. The leading mode of austral winter sea ice concentration exhibits a dipole structure with anomalies of opposite sign in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. Both the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the southern annular mode (SAM) project onto this mode. In twentieth-century inte.