Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Development Report 2013. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World

The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World" – examines the profound shift in global dynamics driven by the fast-rising new powers of the developing world and its long-term implications for human development.China has already overtaken Japan as the world's second biggest economy while lifting hundreds of millions of its people out of poverty. India is reshaping its future with new entrepreneurial creativity and social policy innovation. Brazil is lifting its living standards through expanding international relationships and antipoverty programs that are emulated worldwide.But the "Rise of the South" analyzed in the Report is a much larger phenomenon: Turkey, Mexico, Thailand, South Africa, Indonesia and many other developing nations are also becoming leading actors on the world stage.
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

SUMMARY Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) represents a heterogeneous group of E. coli strains. The pathogenicity and clinical relevance of these bacteria are still controversial. In this review, we describe the clinical significance of EAEC regarding patterns of infection in humans, transmission, reservoirs, and symptoms. Manifestations associated with EAEC infection include watery diarrhea, mucoid diarrhea, low-grade fever, nausea, tenesmus, and borborygmi. In early studies, EAEC was considered to be an opportunistic pathogen associated with diarrhea in HIV patients and in malnourished children in developing countries. In recent studies, associations with traveler's diarrhea, the occurrence of diarrhea cases in industrialized countries, and outbreaks of diarrhea in Europe and Asia have been reported. In the spring of 2011, a large outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and hemorrhagic colitis occurred in Germany due to an EAEC O104:H4 strain, causing 54 deaths and 855 cases of HUS. This strain produces the potent Shiga toxin along with the aggregative fimbriae. An outbreak of urinary tract infection associated with EAEC in Copenhagen, Denmark, occurred in 1991; this involved extensive production of biofilm, an important characteristic of the pathogenicity of EAEC. However, the heterogeneity of EAEC continues to complicate diagnostics and also our understanding of pathogenicity.
The Extremely Wet March of 2017 in Peru

© 2018 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. INTRODUCTION. Peru’s rainy season falls in the first quarter of the year, often dubbed the “landslide season,” with the direst downpours typically occurring in March (Lavado Casimiro et al. 2012). The rains of March 2017, however, were deadlier than usual and wreaked unprecedented havoc, leaving half of the country in a state of emergency. Widespread flooding and landslides affected 1.7 million people, while the death toll reached 177 and an estimated total damage of $3.1 billion was reported (EM-DAT 2017). Anomalously warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the region, characteristic of El Niño conditions, favor extreme rainfall (Sanabria et al. 2018). Although a marked SST anomaly was present off the Peruvian coast at the time of the event (Fig. 1a), the strong global El Niño of 2015–16 had already come to an end, as demonstrated in the time series of the Southern Oscillation index (SOI; CPC 2017) shown in Fig. 1b. The ocean at the peak of the March rains was warmer than during the preceding El Niño (Fraser 2017), creating conditions that are commonly referred to as a “local” or “coastal” El Niño, also reflected in the anomalously high value of the Niño 1 + 2 index in March (Trenberth et al. 2016). A possible atmospheric triggering mechanism of the 2017 coastal warming was proposed by Garreaud (2018). While the presence of a warm SST anomaly increases the likelihood of extreme rainfall in the region, anthropogenic climate change may also make a contribution, for example, via a long-term warming of the ocean (Rhein et al. 2013) that could intensify the local El Niño. A similarly catastrophic event associated with the El Niño of 1998 amassed more rainfall in the region, but, as reported in the media, what made March 2017 distinct was the fact that heavier rainfall fell in shorter periods. This study employs a well-established probabilistic event attribution methodology (Stott et al. 2016) to examine the effect of man-made climate change on extreme rainfall events in Peru similar to 2017, over the entire month of March, as well as on shorter, submonthly time scales.
The evolution of banks and financial intermediation: framing the analysis

This is the introduction to a volume which explores the changing role of banks in the financial intermediation process. It accompanies a Liberty Street Blog series. Both discuss the complexity of the credit intermediation chain associated with securitization and note the growing participation of nonbank entities within it. These series also discuss implications for monitoring and rulemaking going forward. In the introduction, Nicola Cetorelli introduces the series and provides a preview of the topics covered. Additionally, he lays out the overarching theme of the volume—the fact that banks continue to be major players in the modern credit intermediation system.
Magnetic and Mineralogical Changes Associated with Low-Temperature Oxidation of Magnetite H. P. JoHso Geophysics Program, Unive'sity oWashington, Seattle 98195

An excited oxygen gas has been used to oxidize pure magnetite at temperatures between 50°C and 200°C. The oxidation products are either maghemite or hematite, depending on the water content of the initial material. In all cases the intensity of remanent magnetization, ARM or TRM, is reduced on oxidation with only small changes in the microscopic coercive force spectra. A chemical remanent magnetization, which is relatively weak with respect to the initial remanence, is always acquired during oxidation. These results are useful in the interpretation of intensity changes in some linear magnetic anomalies of ocean floors and in the interpretation of changes in direction and intensity of remanence in land outcrops that have undergone low-temperature oxidation.
Ecological relations in historical times : human impact and adaptation

Ecological relations in historical times - an introduction, N. Roberts and R.A. Butlin. Part 1 Scotland: the Machair vegetation of South Uist and Barra in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland - its interacting ecological, geomorphic and historical dimensions, D.D. Gilbertson et al a lake-sediment record of changing land use intensity on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland, J.A. Entwistle et al a Scottish broad - historical, stratigraphic and numerical studies associated with polleniferous deposits at Kilconquhar Loch, G. Whittington and K.J. Edwards a rising cloud of midges in the Scottish Highlands? , A. Roberts. Part 2 England and Wales: Medieval land use, agriculture and environmental change on Holy Island, Northumbria, K. Walsh et al a rough and cold country - farming and landscape changes in Northern Snowdonia since c.1600, M. Brayshay and A. Williams social, economic and environmental change in the fen and fen-edge region of East Cambridgeshire in the 19th century, R.A. Butlin woodland history and plant indicator species in North-East Yorkshire, England, R. Gulliver. Part 3 The North Atlantic region: Ancient Saami in Finnish Lapland and their impact on the forest vegetation, C. Carpelan and S. Hicks introductions, extinction or continuity? faunal change in the North Atlantic islands, J.P. Sadler and P. Skidmore by-pasing Ellis Island - insect immigration to North America, P. Buckland et al a question of Landnam - pollen, charcoal and insect studies on Papey, Eastern Iceland, P. Buckland et al. Part 4 North America and the Caribbean: ecological responses to ecosystem shock in the island Caribbean - the aftermath of Columbus, 1492-1992, D. Watts human impact on the wetlands of Belize, Central America, P. Furley et al invasion and transformation of California's valley grassland, a Mediterranean analogue system, M. Blumler. (Part contents)
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK

The ballot and certificate on the certificate envelope must be executed by an officer who has been authorized to cast the vote. A list showing the officers designated for this purpose by the respective member banks in Group 3 was attached to the above mentioned circular dated January 16, 1942, and a similar list amended to February 17, 1942, is attached to this circular beginning at page 3. In order that the ballot may be secret, the name of the bank and the name and title of the voting officer should not be written on the ballot, but should be written only on the certificate envelope.
Open Access Research

Research Alterations in early cytokine-mediated immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Tanzanian children with mineral element deficiencies: a cross-sectional survey Abstract Background: Deficiencies in vitamins and mineral elements are important causes of morbidity in developing countries, possibly because they lead to defective immune responses to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of mineral element deficiencies on early innate cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 304 Tanzanian children aged 6-72 months were stimulated with P. falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes obtained from in vitro cultures. Results: The results showed a significant increase by 74% in geometric mean of TNF production in malaria-infected individuals with zinc deficiency (11% to 240%; 95% CI). Iron deficiency anaemia was associated with increased TNF production in infected individuals and overall with increased IL-10 production, while magnesium deficiency induced increased production of IL-10 by 46% (13% to 144%) in uninfected donors. All donors showed a response towards IL-1β production, drawing special attention for its possible protective role in early innate immune responses to malaria. Conclusions: In view of these results, the findings show plasticity in cytokine profiles of mononuclear cells reacting to malaria infection under conditions of different micronutrient deficiencies. These findings lay the foundations for future inclusion of a combination of precisely selected set of micronutrients rather than single nutrients as part of malaria vaccine intervention programmes in endemic countries. Background In African populations, multiple micronutrient deficiencies , infections and immunodeficiencies commonly co-exist. Deficiencies in vitamins and mineral elements can impair immune responses to infectious diseases through multiple mechanisms, ranging from phagocytosis and innate immune responses to antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity. Zinc is an important micronutrient because it is essential for the development, differentiation and function of several critical types of immune cells [1,2]. In vitro mitogen stimulation experiments indicate that marginal zinc deficiency can cause reduced counts of
Synaptic activity regulates AMPA receptor trafficking through different recycling pathways

Changes in glutamatergic synaptic strength in brain are dependent on AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) recycling, which is assumed to occur through a single local pathway. In this study, we present evidence that AMPAR recycling occurs through different pathways regulated by synaptic activity. Without synaptic stimulation, most AMPARs recycled in dynamin-independent endosomes containing the GTPase, Arf6. Few AMPARs recycled in dynamin-dependent endosomes labeled by transferrin receptors (TfRs). AMPAR recycling was blocked by alterations in the GTPase, TC10, which co-localized with Arf6 endosomes. TC10 mutants that reduced AMPAR recycling had no effect on increased AMPAR levels with long-term potentiation (LTP) and little effect on decreased AMPAR levels with long-term depression. However, internalized AMPAR levels in TfR-containing recycling endosomes increased after LTP, indicating increased AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway with synaptic plasticity. LTP-induced AMPAR endocytosis is inconsistent with local recycling as a source of increased surface receptors, suggesting AMPARs are trafficked from other sites. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06878. 001
Anurans (frogs and toads): New nature tourism product for conservation and local people well-being

Nature tourism is a pragmatic synergy between environmental conservation and local people well-being enhancement under contemporary context. â€˜Anurans Tourismâ€™, a new nature tourism product on frogs and toads, proffers a new attraction to augment the current products in Sabah, Malaysia. This paper aims to scrutinize the potential of â€˜Anurans Tourismâ€™. Four criteria: endemism, reliability of sightings, morphological attractiveness and linkage to local cultures, were analysed. The degree of anuran endemism recorded at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (2000), Bavanggazo (2001) and Crocker Range Park (2002) was 56.9%. Preliminary questionnaire survey conducted at Bavanggazo revealed 47.2% sightings of 11 â€“ 15 individuals per night. Preliminary questionnaire survey on the morphological attractiveness of anurans carried out on international tourists from Asia, Australasia, Europe and North America, showed 67.8% of affirmation. Interviews with local people documented various traditional knowledge pertaining to anurans. Indeed, â€˜Anurans Tourismâ€™ fulfils the criteria and possesses notable potential.
Changes in species occurrence and phytomass after clearfelling, prescribed burning and slash removal in two Swedish spruce forests

In two old Norway spruce stands, the one at Garpenberg in middle Sweden, the other at Flakatrask in northern Sweden, the phytomass of the field- and ground-layer was measured before clearfelling and one and four years later. The phytomass of the field-layer was also measured 10 and 16 years after clearfelling. Of 13-14 plant species originally in the field-layer, 2-3 were not found after clearfelling. In contrast, 15 and 9 new species appeared on the plots on which slash was left, at Garpenberg and at Flakatrask. Some were short-lived, and 16 years after clearfelling, only 11 and 7; respectively, persisted. Corresponding figures for the plots from which slash was removed were 9 and 8; and for the burnt plots 11 and 9. Clearfelling of the old forests at Garpenberg and Flakatrask also increased the phytomass of the field-layer. Removal of slash decreased the phytomass of some species, increased it for others. During the first few years after burning, phytomass on the burnt plots was less than that on the controls, but three years later it was similar to that on the unburnt plots. The spatial variation in phytomass was great, and no significant difference was found between treatments after clearfelling. The biomass of the most common moss species of Swedish coniferous forests declined strongly after clearfelling. Two new mosses appeared on the clearfelled plots, viz. Polytrichum spp. and Ceratodon purpureus; the latter being found only on burnt plots at Flakatrask four years after burning.
The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years

Genomics of the Iberian Peninsula Ancient DNA studies have begun to help us understand the genetic history and movements of people across the globe. Focusing on the Iberian Peninsula, Olalde et al. report genome-wide data from 271 ancient individuals from Iberia (see the Perspective by Vander Linden). The findings provide a comprehensive genetic time transect of the region. Linguistics analysis and genetic analysis of archaeological human remains dating from about 7000 years ago to the present elucidate the genetic impact of prehistoric and historic migrations from Europe and North Africa. Science, this issue p. 1230; see also p. 1153 Analyses of ancient human genomes document 7000 years of genetic changes in the Iberian Peninsula. We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia’s ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European–speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European–speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
El registro sedimentario y faunístico de las cuencas de Calatayud-Daroca y Teruel. Evolución paleoambiental y paleoclimática durante el Neógeno

Las cuencas de Calatayud-Daroca y Teruel contienen un registro sedimentario y faunistico muy completo del Neogeno continental espanol. En ellas estan definidas las. secciones tipo del Rambliense, Aragoniense, Turoliense y Alfambriense. A su vez, el Vallesiense se encuentra muy bien representado en la parte norte de la Cuenca de Teruel, tanto litoestratigraficamente como por la amplia sucesion de faunas de vertebrados que contiene. En este trabajo se presenta un resumen y puesta al dia de la informacion estratigrafica y sedimentologica disponible sobre las formaciones neogenas de ambas cuencas, incluyendo ademas datos recientes sobre el limite Aragoniense-Vallesiense en el area de Daroca-Nombrevilla y sobre el registro sedimentario de edad Plioceno en la parte mas septentrional de la region de Teruel-Alfambra. Se presenta asimismo un cuadro sintetico de las columnas magnetoestratigraficas elaboradas en los ultimos anos. Con caracter preliminar, se muestran las curvas de evolucion paleoclimatica (humedad/temperatura) deducibles de las asociaciones de micromamiferos presentes en una densa sucesion de yacimientos que abarcan todo el Mioceno. Las diferencias en los resultados obtenidos sobre la evolucion paleoclimatica de ambas cuencas son posiblemente debidas a la distinta metodologia utilizada en el analisis de las asociaciones faunisticas. Por otra parte, se discuten las faltas de ajuste detectadas, al menos para algunos intervalos temporales, entre los resultados deducibles de este tipo de interpretacion paleoclimatica y los que se derivan del analisis sedimentologico de los depositos
Inter- and Intra-Observer Repeatability of Quantitative Whole-Body, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (WBDWI) in Metastatic Bone Disease

Quantitative whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-DWI) is now possible using semi-automatic segmentation techniques. The method enables whole-body estimates of global Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (gADC) and total Diffusion Volume (tDV), both of which have demonstrated considerable utility for assessing treatment response in patients with bone metastases from primary prostate and breast cancers. Here we investigate the agreement (inter-observer repeatability) between two radiologists in their definition of Volumes Of Interest (VOIs) and subsequent assessment of tDV and gADC on an exploratory patient cohort of nine. Furthermore, each radiologist was asked to repeat his or her measurements on the same patient data sets one month later to identify the intra-observer repeatability of the technique. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation method provided full posterior probabilities of repeatability measures along with maximum a-posteriori values and 95% confidence intervals. Our estimates of the inter-observer Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICCinter) for log-tDV and median gADC were 1.00 (0.97–1.00) and 0.99 (0.89–0.99) respectively, indicating excellent observer agreement for these metrics. Mean gADC values were found to have ICCinter = 0.97 (0.81–0.99) indicating a slight sensitivity to outliers in the derived distributions of gADC. Of the higher order gADC statistics, skewness was demonstrated to have good inter-user agreement with ICCinter = 0.99 (0.86–1.00), whereas gADC variance and kurtosis performed relatively poorly: 0.89 (0.39–0.97) and 0.96 (0.69–0.99) respectively. Estimates of intra-observer repeatability (ICCintra) demonstrated similar results: 0.99 (0.95–1.00) for log-tDV, 0.98 (0.89–0.99) and 0.97 (0.83–0.99) for median and mean gADC respectively, 0.64 (0.25–0.88) for gADC variance, 0.85 (0.57–0.95) for gADC skewness and 0.85 (0.57–0.95) for gADC kurtosis. Further investigation of two anomalous patient cases revealed that a very small proportion of voxels with outlying gADC values lead to instability in higher order gADC statistics. We therefore conclude that estimates of median/mean gADC and tumour volume demonstrate excellent inter- and intra-observer repeatability whilst higher order statistics of gADC should be used with caution when ascribing significance to clinical changes.
A Guided Tour Of The Living Cell

about Cyril Burt and the evils of early educational streaming, linking this irrelevancy to sociobiology by innuendo rather than by explicit argument. He concludes by appropriating the "goals of justice, equality, and freedom" to himself and imputing to sociobiologists "mistakes [that] threaten to stifle the aspirations of millions" (p. 435). Nothing in between justifies these slurs. Kitcher's agenda is fundamentally political. He is convinced that sociobiologists (especially Wilson, Barash, and van den Berghe) are reactionary apologists for an unjust status quo, and he trots out as damning evidence a few of their musings to the effect that radical social experiments can have unanticipated negative effects. But even if I grant Kitcher the presumption that sociobiologists' beliefs in an evolved human nature incline them to conservatism (though my experience denies it), he offers no justification for his tone of moral superiority. He is contemptuous, for example, of the suggestion that Homo sapiens has evolved a sexually differentiated psychology, equating the hypothesis with efforts to maintain male superiority, but he offers neither reasons to doubt it nor reasons to believe the hypothesis any more dangerous than his own. Policy makers who believe that the sexes are
Explicit Reference Governor for the Constrained Control of Linear Time-Delay Systems

This paper introduces an explicit reference governor to supervise closed-loop linear time-delay systems. The proposed scheme enforces state and input constraints by modifying the reference of the supervised system so that the state vector always belongs to admissible sublevel sets of a suitably defined Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. To accomplish this, this paper extends the existing definition of “dynamic safety margin” to a time-delay setting and illustrates how to employ classic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals even though the reference is time varying. Constraint enforcement for arbitrary reference signals and asymptotic convergence to any strictly steady-state admissible set point is rigorously proven. Experimental results are reported to demonstrate the simplicity, practicality, and robustness of the proposed method.