Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Running economy in recreational male and female runners with similar levels of cardiovascular fitness.

This study explored differences in running economy between well-conditioned young male and female participants (tested within the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle), matched for age and percent difference between predicted and actual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Twenty-three recreational runners (13 males and 12 females), aged 19 to 27 years, performed graded treadmill exercise to assess VO2max. Participants also performed 3 bouts of submaximal continuous treadmill running at 8, 10 and 12 km.h-1. Sex comparisons revealed lower maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and VO2max in females relative to males (p<0.05). However, the percent difference from predicted VO2max was similar between males and females (males: 149.6 ± 18.7; females: 150.8 ± 16.4%, p>0.05). Absolute running economy (mL.kg-0.75.km-1) improved in transition between treadmill speeds and this occurred similarly in both sexes. Despite this, females showed overall lower oxygen cost of running than men during treadmill locomotion at predetermined absolute and relative intensities (p<0.05). Finally, in a small subset of participants (n = 6, 3 male/3 female participants) with similar MAS (16 km-h-1), males still exhibited higher VO2max and gross oxygen cost of running than females (difference of ~ 6% - statistics not computed). The present results indicate that, in males and females with similar percent of predicted VO2max, running economy follows a sexually dimorphic pattern throughout a broad spectrum of treadmill speeds. Ultimately, from a motor-performance perspective, our data strongly suggest that lower VO2max values in female recreational runners are partially compensated by lower gross oxygen cost of locomotion during submaximal running.
Higher Martian atmospheric temperatures at all altitudes lead to enhanced D/H fractionation and water loss

Much of the water that once flowed on the surface of Mars was lost to space long ago, and the total amount lost remains unknown. Clues to the amount lost can be found by studying hydrogen (H) and its isotope deuterium (D), both of which are produced when atmospheric water molecules H$_2$O and HDO dissociate. The freed H and D atoms then escape to space at different rates due to their different masses, leaving an enhanced D/H ratio. The rate of change of D/H is referred to as the fractionation factor $f$. Both the D/H ratio and $f$ are necessary to estimate water loss; thus, if we can constrain the range of $f$, we will be able to estimate water loss more accurately. In this study, we use a 1D photochemical model of the Martian atmosphere to determine how $f$ depends on assumed temperature and water vapor profiles. We find that for most Martian atmospheric conditions, $f$ varies between $10^{-1}$ and $10^{-5}$; for the standard Martian atmosphere, $f=0.002$ for thermal escape processes, and $f\approxeq0.06$ when both thermal and non-thermal escape are considered. Using these results, we estimate that Mars has lost at minimum 66-123 m GEL of water. Our results demonstrate that the value of $f$ is almost completely controlled by the amount of non-thermal escape of D, and that photochemical modeling studies that include fractionation must thus model both neutral and ion processes throughout the atmosphere.
Comparing definitions of data and information in data protection law and machine learning: A useful way forward to meaningfully regulate algorithms?

Abstract The notion of information is central to data protection law, and to algorithms/machine learning. This centrality gives the impressions that algorithms are just yet another data processing operation to be regulated. A more careful analysis reveals a number of issues. The notion of personal data is notoriously under‐defined, and attempts at clarification from an information theory perspective are also equivocal. The paper therefore attempts a clarification of the meaning of data and information in the context of information theory, which it uses in order to clarify the notion of personal data. In doing so, it shows that data protection law is grounded in the logic of knowledge communication, which stands in stark contrast with machine learning, which is predicated upon the logic of knowledge production, and hence, upon different definitions of data and information. This is what ultimately explains the failure of data protection to adequately regulate machine learning algorithms.
Exploring the Interoperability of Public Transport Systems for Sustainable Mobility in Developing Cities: Lessons from Johannesburg Metropolitan City, South Africa

There have been growing concerns with regards to the state public transportation systems, particularly in the cities of developing countries. Chief among these concerns has been the lack of well-coordinated, efficient, and reliable transportation systems. The city of Johannesburg, just like any other fast-growing municipality in developing and emerging economies, has not been spared with regards to incessant public transport challenges. Consequently, there have been collective efforts from both public and private stakeholders to invest immensely in both innovative rail and road transport systems in the past decade. This article sought to achieve twin objectives. First, the work identified the state of connectivity between the rapid rail transportation and rapid bus transit systems based on Geoweb 2.0 data. Second, the work visualized the level of connectivity between these two modes to develop and formulate policy frameworks in integrating public transit systems in cities of the developing world, learning from the metropolitan city of Johannesburg. A mixed-method approach consisting of spatial and quantitative aspects was used to examine the state of connectedness and the promotion of access and mobility between the two modes. The local Moran’s I index was used to compute node clusters within the public transport system. Results from the analysis demonstrated that both high-clusters and low-clusters exist in the public transportation network, which have a high degree of centrality. It was revealed that commuters navigate from these nodes/stops with relative ease due to the short walking radius. However, the work revealed that most rail networks and bus routes, as well as the stations and bus stops, are not connected and are not significant in the local Moran’s I index, thus, making it difficult for commuters to conveniently move from the Gautrain to the Rea Vaya bus. There are, therefore, gaps with regards to the sharing of infrastructure between the two public transport modes and systems.
Bifenthrin toxicity, inheritance of resistance, cross-resistance to insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera

Aim of study: It is first report to sort out resistance development; its mode and inheritance in Helicoverpa armigera against bifenthrin till several generations using progeny reciprocal crosses and back crosses, combined with observing the cross resistance of bifenthrin against pyrethroid, organophosphate, pyrazole and new chemistry insecticides.Area of study: This study was conducted at agriculture fields of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.Material and methods: Bifenthrin selected strain of H. armigera was reciprocally crossed to bifenthrin susceptible strains. Resulting F1 progeny was back-crossed to resistant strain. Cross resistance of bifenthrin to six insecticides (cypermethrin, triazophos, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, lambda-cyhalothrin, profenofos) was observed.Main results: Resistance ratio was higher in bifenthrin selected strain. h value showed that resistance was autosomal with incomplete dominance. Polygenic mode of resistance; resistance controlled by more than one gene; was found against bifenthrin in H. armigera. Cross resistance of bifenthrin selected strain against different insecticides was found higher.Research highlights: Reciprocal crosses of F1 progeny combined with LC50 exhibits that resistance can be controlled using multiple insecticides at different intervals against H. armigera. These results can be implicated to develop an integrated pest management strategy to control H. armigera.
Geographical window based structural similarity index for origin-destination matrices comparison

Abstract Most traditional metrics compare origin-destination (OD) matrices based on the deviations of individual OD flows and often neglect OD matrix structural information within their formulations. Limited metrics exist in literature for the structural comparison of OD matrices. One such metric is mean structural similarity index (MSSIM) that computes statistics on groups of OD pairs defined by local sliding windows. However, MSSIM can result in different values based on the choice of the size of the window. In literature, no clear consensus has been reported on the level of acceptability of the window size and the resulting MSSIM values. Addressing this need, we propose the concept of geographical window, and develop geographical window based structural similarity index (GSSI) that exploits OD matrix structure by computing statistics on the group of OD pairs that are geographically correlated. Compared to traditional sliding window based MSSIM, the advantages of GSSI technique identified from real case study application are (a) it preserves geographical integrity; (b) it compares results with physical significance; (c) it captures local travel patterns; (d) it compares large-scale sparse OD matrices; and (e) it is computationally efficient. A thorough sensitivity analyses suggest that GSSI is a robust statistical metric and has potential for practical applications such as, benchmarking different OD estimation methods; improving the quality of solution by maintaining structural consistency in the OD estimation process; and identifying gaps in the transit service by comparing local (within a geographical window) travel patterns of car and public transit.
Lithospheric Thickening Controls the Ongoing Growth of Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From P and S Receiver Functions

We determined the lithospheric structure of northeastern Tibet using a receiver function study along a long north‐south profile. Our most important finding is that significant lithospheric thickening is observed beneath the growing northeastern Tibetan plateau, while the lithosphere is relatively thin beneath the well‐developed portions of Tibetan Plateau and Asian continent. These observations also detect a contrasting lithospheric structure across the South Qilian suture. Abrupt steps in the Moho and lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary across this suture indicate that the South Qilian suture is a major tectonic boundary that might cut through the entire lithosphere. This study shows the importance of mantle lithospheric thickening in controlling the growth of Tibetan Plateau.
Pemodelan Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan di Indonesia Menggunakan Analisis Regresi Robust

Poverty is one indicator to see the success of development in a country. The Poverty Severity Index can be used as one measure of the magnitude of poverty in an area. In the Poverty Severity Index data in Indonesia, in 2018 there were some outliers, so to analyze it used robust regression. The purpose of this study is to determine the significant factors on the Poverty Severity Index in Indonesia using robust regression with the M -estimation method. The results showed that the Poverty Severity Index model in Indonesia using robust regression was influenced by Gini Ratio, Percentage of Poor Population, and Pure Participation Rate with R-square = 94,8%. Keywords: Poverty Severity Index, robust regression.
SIMULTANEOUS AND PROPORTIONAL DECODING OF STIFFNESS AND POSITION INTENTIONS FROM TWO SEMG CHANNELS FOR UL PROSTHETICS

To physically interact with a rich variety of environments and situation-oriented requirements, humans continuously adapt both the stiffness and the force of their limbs through antagonistic muscle coactivation. Reflecting this behaviour in prostheses may promote control naturalness and intuitiveness and, consequently, their acceptance in everyday life. We propose a method capable of a simultaneous and proportional decoding of position and stiffness intentions from two surface electro-myographic sensors placed over a pair of antagonistic muscles. First, the algorithm is validated and compared to existing control modalities. Then, the algorithm is implemented in a soft under-actuated prosthetic hand (SoftHand Pro). We investigated the feasibility of our approach in a preliminary study involving one prosthetic user. Our future goal is to evaluate the usability of the proposed approach executing a variety of tasks including physical social interaction with other subjects (see Figure 1). Our hypothesis is that variable stiffness could be a compromise between firm control and safe interaction.
The Concept of a Good Death From the Perspectives of Family Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients

This study was conducted to examine the importance of the concept of a good death and the contributing factors from the perspectives of family caregivers of advanced cancer patients. This descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted with 182 family caregivers, were collected using a questionnaire form and the “Good Death Scale”. The number and percentage distribution, multiple linear regression were used evaluation of data. The total score of the Good Death Scale was 62.65 ± 4.60. The factors contributing to the importance of the concept of a good death were determined as the presence of chronic disease; the type of treatment given to the patient; the presence of another family member who was previously diagnosed with cancer; the presence of a family member who has died of cancer and previously caregiving to a terminally ill family member. This study revealed that the concept of a good death is seen as very important.
Diatom-Derived Polyunsaturated Aldehydes Activate Similar Cell Death Genes in Two Different Systems: Sea Urchin Embryos and Human Cells

Programmed cell death, such as apoptosis and autophagy, are key processes that are activated early on during development, leading to remodelling in embryos and homeostasis in adult organisms. Genomic conservation of death factors has been largely investigated in the animal and plant kingdoms. In this study, we analysed, for the first time, the expression profile of 11 genes involved in apoptosis (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways) and autophagy in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos exposed to antiproliferative polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), and we compared these results with those obtained on the human cell line A549 treated with the same molecules. We found that sea urchins and human cells activated, at the gene level, a similar cell death response to these compounds. Despite the evolutionary distance between sea urchins and humans, we observed that the activation of apoptotic and autophagic genes in response to cytotoxic compounds is a conserved process. These results give first insight on death mechanisms of P. lividus death mechanisms, also providing additional information for the use of this marine organism as a useful in vitro model for the study of cell death signalling pathways activated in response to chemical compounds.
The evolution of the southern Namibian Karoo-aged basins: implications from detrital zircon geochronologic and geochemistry data

ABSTRACT Detrital U-Pb zircon age dating and grain morphometrics were used for provenance and maximum deposition age determination for the Lower Permian Dwyka and Middle to Upper Permian Ecca groups of southern Namibia’s Aranos and Karasburg basins. Thirteen sedimentary samples and one ash fall sample were analysed using laser ablation – single collector – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results reveal prominent Cambrian to Neoproterozoic (500–750 Ma), a Lower Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic (950–1300 Ma), and Upper Palaeoproterozoic (1775–1950 Ma) detrital zircon age populations. Multiple evidence (e.g. roundness of investigated zircon grains and ƐHf values) suggest the zircon populations are part of a Gondwana-wide recycling system, where basins act as intermediate reservoirs and eventual dispersers. Classic source to sink dynamics do not apply. A Permian age population (ca. 260–296 Ma) consisting of typically euhedral zircon grains is assumed to be derived directly from protolith rocks. Because no felsic Permian rocks are exposed in the southern African region, these findings suggest a significant input by ash fall from an unknown source, which may be linked to the southern Gondwanan arc volcanism during Permian times. The results reveal a ca. 36 Ma duration of the evolution of the Karasburg Basin and a shorter ca. 30 Ma lasting evolution of the Aranos Basin. The stratigraphic oldest datable unit is an ash bed of the Ganigobis Shale Member of the Zwartbas Fm (Dwyka Group) which gave a maximum deposition age of ca. 296 Ma, whereas the Aussenkjer Fm represents the uppermost Namibian Karoo-aged strata with a maximum age of deposition of ca. 260 Ma.
Selective Production of Green Hydrocarbons from the Hydrotreatment of Waste Coconut Oil over Ni- and NiMo-supported on Amine-functionalized Mesoporous Silica

In order to overcome the depletion of energy resources, the production of fuel from a renewable source (green fuel) has aroused attention. The present work serves as a comparative study for green fuel production by utilizing monometallic Ni and bimetallic NiMo loaded on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica (MS). Two types of catalysts, denoted as Ni/NH2-MS and NiMo/NH2-MS, were prepared and evaluated for its catalytic activity in the hydrotreatment of waste coconut oil (WCO) at 450 ℃ under the flow of H2 gas (20 mL.min-1). Each catalysts were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Study of selectivity by GC-MS showed that gasoline-range hydrocarbon, especially n-undecane, was the major compound in the liquid products generated by the two amine-functionalized catalysts prepared in this study. The result showed that monometallic Ni/NH2-MS with surface area, total pore volume, nickel loading and average pore diameter 328.68 m2.g-1, 0.25 cm3.g-1, 1.90 wt%, 3.10 nm, respectively, exhibited the best performance in producing liquid hydrocarbon and generated higher level of liquid product (77.9 wt%) than bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS (76.3 wt%). However, it is highlighted that adding 1.08 wt% of Mo in bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS comprising 0.83 wt% of Ni improved the catalyst selectivity towards producing higher level of gasoline-range hydrocarbon (43 wt%). The bimetallic NiMo/NH2-MS prepared was found to have surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter of 325.13 m2.g-1, 0.14 cm3.g-1, 3.22 nm, respectively. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Career breaks, broken pensions? Long-run effects of early and late-career unemployment spells on pension entitlements

Abstract Unemployment periods and other career breaks have long-term scarring effects on future labour market possibilities, permanently affecting workers' retirement income and standard of living as pensioners. Previous literature has focused on the impact of job loss on working careers with little attention to its impact on pension wealth, particularly the extent to which longevity heterogeneity amplifies unemployment scars. This paper investigates the effect of single and multiple unemployment spells on the lifetime pension entitlements of earnings-related contributory pension schemes, considering the timing and duration of breaks, alternative lifecycle labour earnings profiles, scarring and restoration effects on labour market re-entry, the existence of pension credits and pension accruals for periods spent outside the labour market, longevity heterogeneity, and the accumulation and decumulation redistributive features of the pension scheme. Pension entitlements are estimated using a backward-looking simulation approach based on the actual Portuguese public pension system rules and stylized labour market profiles identified in the SHARE Job Episodes Panel data using a sequence analysis. Longevity heterogeneity is modelled using a stochastic mortality model with a frailty model. Our results show that the timing and duration of unemployment periods is critical, that scarring effects amplify pension wealth losses, that minimum pension provisions, pension credits and pension scheme redistributive features can partially mitigate the impact of unemployment periods on future entitlements, and that the presence of positive correlation between lifetime income and longevity career breaks can amplify the asymmetry in the distribution of pension entitlements across income groups.
Simultaneous optimisation of quality and productivity characteristics during machining of multiwall carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites

ABSTRACT This article highlights the optimisation of drilling parameters using a combined approach of multiobjective optimisation on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). During drilling, the prime objective is to achieve the minimum surface roughness, torque, thrust force, delamination at entry and exit. The MWCNT wt. %, spindle speed, feed rate, and tool material are taken as process parameters. The drilling was performed according to the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array (OA). During the aggregation of conflicting responses, priority weight assessment was done by the PCA method. The outcomes of the validation test show a satisfactory agreement with actual ones that confirms the feasibility of the proposed module. The MOORA-PCA gives higher assessment values than the traditional MOORA method with uniform response weight. It has been noticed that the MWCNT wt. % plays a vital role in machining performances. The higher speed and low feed rate provide the desired improvements in the objective function. Further, SEM analysis was performed to evaluate the quality of machined samples.
The Real‐Time Cognitive Value of Eating Kale, Helping, and Doing Something Special: “Concurrent Experience Evaluation” (CEE), Its Drivers and Moderators, and Research Directions

After reviewing prior work regarding components of experience value, I present the concept of “Concurrent Experience Evaluation” (“CEE”), which expands the prior focus on experienced pain and pleasure in response to a stimulus/event. Specifically, the value of an experience is also determined by the concurrent (during-theexperience) cognitive assessment of the event relative to the person’s associated goal progress/regression. CEE can account for during-the-experience and subsequent choices that people make. Examples of CEE include cognitive evaluations that enhance the experience value such as “good for me” (while eating kale), “I’m getting my money’s worth” (while using a new camera), and “I’m having a cultural experience” (while visiting a museum), or detract from the experience such as “I shouldn’t be doing this” (while smoking or overeating) and “should have chosen the other line” (while waiting at the supermarket checkout). Although prior research has examined hedonic experiences and their context (e.g., being with friends, commuting, colonoscopy) as well as what else the mind may process during an experience (e.g., wandering, thinking of past and future decisions), the concurrent value derived from the cognitive evaluation of the goal implications of an experience has not been identified as a separate experience value component. I examine and illustrate the CEE concept, its determinants, moderators, and implications, as well as its distinctive characteristics as compared with other value perspectives and during-the-experience mental processes. Integrating the CEE framework with prior work regarding experience evaluations, I outline a program for future CEE research.