Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Impacts of Daytime Boundary Layer Clouds on Surface Energy Fluxes and Boundary Layer Structure During CHEESEHEAD19

Studies of land‐atmosphere interactions under a clear sky and low cumulus cloud conditions are common from long‐term observatories like at the southern great plains. How well the relationships and responses of surface radiative and turbulent heat fluxes determined from these investigations hold for more heterogeneous surfaces in other climate regimes, however, is uncertain. In this study, detailed observations of the surface energy budget and daytime boundary layer properties are analyzed using measurements from the Chequamegon Heterogenous Ecosystem Energy‐Balance Study Enabled by a High‐Density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign, July‐October 2019, across a heterogeneous forested landscape of northern Wisconsin. A cloud regime framework is employed to classify consecutive periods of clear skies from lower atmosphere stratiform and cumulus clouds. A seasonal transition from low cumulus to low stratiform periods occurred, together with a diurnal pattern in cloudy or clear sky period dominance. Radiative forcing was highly dependent on sky conditions, leading to changes in the redistribution efficiency of radiative energy by the surface turbulent heat fluxes. During CHEESEHEAD19, small Bowen ratios dominated with daytime latent heat fluxes three times as large as sensible heat fluxes for all sky conditions studied; the forested region, therefore, falls within an energy‐limited regime. The depth of the daytime mixed layer depended upon the sky condition and thermodynamic setting; deeper mixed layers occurred during periods of low cumulus and not clear skies. Profiles of vertical velocity were found to have enhanced variance under low cumulus compared to clear sky periods, suggesting potential for cloud feedbacks on boundary layer structure and surface energy fluxes.
Women Objectification in Carl's Jr TV Advertisements

The purpose of this paper is to explore the Indonesian youth audiences’ reaction to objectification in Carl’s Jr American TV ads. In the ads, white women become the focus of the ads and represent the product as a way to promote Carl’s Jr. The study aims at examining the representation of women in the ads from the audiences’ eyes and the audiences’ reaction to the objectification. Moreover, Frederickson & Robert's Objectification theory serves as the theoretical framework upon which women objectification is examined within the feminism and cultural contexts. The result of this study reveals that the audiences think the white women in the ads are being sexualized and objectified as the product that is being promoted. Furthermore, the audiences also think the women’s existences are reduced as a commodity to lure in male customers and increase the products’ sales. Some of the audiences think there is nothing wrong with the ads, some are neutral with it, while the rest wants the ads to be stopped.Keywords: Women objectification, audience reception.
Exploiting Inactive Examples for Natural Language Generation With Data Rejuvenation

Recent years have witnessed the success of natural language generation (NLG) accomplished by deep neural networks, which require a large amount of training data for optimization. With the constant increase of data scale, the complex patterns and potential noises make training NLG models difficult. In order to fully utilize large-scale training data, we explore inactive examples in the training data and propose to rejuvenate the inactive examples for improving the performance of NLG models. Specifically, we define inactive examples as those sentence pairs that contribute less to the performance of NLG models, and show that their existence is independent of model variants but mainly determined by the data distribution. We further introduce data rejuvenation to improve the training of NLG models by re-labeling the inactive examples. The rejuvenated examples and active examples are combined to train a final NLG model. We evaluate our approach by experiments on machine translation (MT) and text summarization (TS) tasks, and achieve significant improvements of performance. Extensive analyses reveal that inactive examples are more difficult to learn than active ones and rejuvenation can reduce the learning difficulty, which stabilizes and accelerates the training process of NLG models and results in models with better generalization capability.
Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

Micro-CT scanning reveals unprecedented three-dimensional soft anatomy of the early Cambrian (Epoch 2, Age 3) euarthropod Chuandianella ovata. We interpret the presence of an elongate, antenniform first appendage, and a short uniramous second appendage, followed by 10 homonomous biramous appendages comprising a short paddle-shaped exopod and a unique feather-like limb-branch with at least 27 podomeres each of which bears a long blade-like endite with a short terminal seta: we interpret this as the endopod. Alternative interpretations, that these limbs might represent an epipod+basipod or epipod+exopod arrangement, are unlikely, in that they would require either the complete reduction of the exopod or the endopod. We also find no evidence for head appendage morphologies that would support a more crownward position, for example among pancrustaceans, that has previously been suggested for
Wrecked by Work? Examining Work-Related Motorcycle Crashes in Colombia

Author(s): Santana Palacios, Manuel | Advisor(s): Monkkonen, Paavo | Abstract: In many developing countries motorcycles are used not only for personal travel (commuting, leisure, etc.) but also to deliver documents and small commodities (e.g., food) or to provide taxi services. Incomes of these commercial motorcyclists are generally based on the number of services they are able to provide within a given amount of time. Some have suggested that this incentive might induce commercial motorcyclists to engage in risky behaviors – that is they might be more likely to drive fast and break traffic laws in order to maximize income. To empirically test for differences between commercial and non-commercial motorcyclists, I estimated a logistic regression model using data from a survey conducted by the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF) between 2012 and 2013 in Bogota and Barranquilla, Colombia. My results support the hypothesis that motorcycles used for commercial activities and whose income is generally based on the number of services they are able to provide are at a higher risk of being involved in a crash. The probability of being involved in a crash is higher when using motorcycles for taxi services than when using motorcycles for non-commercial purposes or for commercial activities other than courier or taxi services (after controlling for exposure, demographic characterizes, vehicle features, and other possible explanatory variables, though this finding may be affected by a possible reporting bias by those providing (illegal) taxi services). By contrast, motorcyclists who provide courier services have neither a higher nor lower probability of being involved in a crash compared to those riding motorcycles for non-commercial purposes or for commercial activities other than courier or taxi services. Other variables associated with crash occurrence include age, owning the motorcycle, and riding in Bogota. While I see evidence that the financial incentives of being paid per job motivate risky driving behaviors among commercial motorcyclists, better data and further research are needed to fully understand the causes of differential crash risks among types of motorcyclists.
The Impact of Game Elements on Learner Motivation: Influence of Initial Motivation and Player Profile

Several studies have been conducted in recent years into the effects of gamification on learner motivation. However, little is known about how learner profiles affect the impact of specific game elements. This article analyzes the effect of a gamified mathematic learning environment on the motivation and the motivated behaviors of 258 learners in secondary schools in France. Overall, results indicate that randomly assigned game elements generally demotivate learners. A more thorough analysis revealed that gamification has a positive impact on the most amotivated learners to do mathematic although different effects were observed on learners. In particular, we noticed significant influences of their initial level of motivation and their player type on the variation in motivation during the study. We show that these influences vary according to the game element they used. These findings suggest that to increase efficiency, gamification should be tailored not only to the player profile but also to their level of initial motivation for the learning task.
Influence of Heat Treatment of Steel AISI316L Produced by the Selective Laser Melting Method on the Properties of Welded Joint

This work is focused on the influence of heat treatment of a part produced by the SLM (selective laser melting) method of stainless steel, 316L. Two heat treatment regimens were tested and compared with the state without heat treatment. Subsequently, TIG (tungsten inert gas) welds were created on the base materials processed in this way. All welds were subjected to mechanical tests and microstructural analysis. The tensile test was performed both for the welded joint and for the base material in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The tensile strength values of the samples with the welded joint were compared with the values required for the base material, 316L forged steel (1.4404). Microstructural analysis revealed significant differences between samples with and without heat treatment. The results of these tests are supported by SEM analysis. EDAX (energy dispersive analysis of X-rays) semiquantitative analysis confirmed the presence of ultra-fine pores in the structure. The results of mechanical tests show that the solution annealing at 1040 °C for 0.5 h gives better results than the same heat treatment with a duration of 2 h.
Understanding Separation Mechanisms of Monoatomic Gases, Such as Kr and Xe, via DD3R Zeolite Membrane Using Molecular Dynamics

Noble gas fission byproducts, such as Kr and Xe, are generated within nuclear power reactors are currently being discharged into the atmosphere. This practice has a major economic drawback because of the high value associated with some of these gases. The separations of these gases are economically prohibitive because of the high energy requirement associated with cryogenic distillation. Zeolites, nanoporous materials suitable for gas separation processes, have exhibited high selectivity for such separations. We have used nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate the separation performance of DD3R framework zeolitic membrane. The effects of pressure, temperature, and pure vs. mixture gas feed conditions are studied in this work to understand and explain, at the molecular level, the mechanisms of these (Kr/Xe) separations. Our studies have shown that the DD3R membrane shows promise for high selectivity ratios of Kr over Xe. MD runs show agreement with experimental trends of the permeation of Kr/Xe pure and mixed gases using DD3R zeolite with high separation factor. Despite the absence of Xe complete permeation through the membrane because of MD timescale limitations, our results are sufficient to describe the mechanisms of these separations.
Efficacy and Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened global health and prompted the need for mass vaccination. We aimed to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent mortality and reduce the risk of developing severe disease after the 1st and 2nd doses. From conception to 28 June 2021, we searched PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, WHO-ICTRP, and Google Scholar. We included both observational and randomized controlled trials. The pooled vaccine efficacy and effectiveness following vaccination, as well as their 95 percent confidence intervals (CI), were estimated using the random-effects model. In total, 22 of the 21,567 screened articles were eligible for quantitative analysis. Mortality 7 and 14 days after full vaccination decreased significantly among the vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group (OR = 0.10, ([95% CI, 0.04–0.27], I2 = 54%) and (OR = 0.46, [95% CI, 0.35–0.61], I2 = 0%), respectively. The probability of having severe disease one or two weeks after 2nd dose decreased significantly (OR = 0.29 [95% CI, 0.19–0.46], I2 = 25%) and (OR = 0.08 [95% CI, 0.03–0.25], I2 = 74%), respectively. The incidence of infection any time after the 1st and 2nd doses diminished significantly (OR = 0.14 [95% CI, 0.07–0.4], I2 = 100%) and (OR = 0.179 [95% CI, 0.15–0.19], I2 = 98%), respectively. Also, incidence of infection one week after 2nd dose decreased significantly, (OR = 0.04, [95% CI (0.01–0.2], I2 = 100%). After meta-regression, the type of vaccine and country were the main predictors of outcome [non-mRNA type, ß = 2.99, p = 0.0001; country UK, ß = −0.75, p = 0.038; country USA, ß = 0.8, p = 0.02]. This study showed that most vaccines have comparable effectiveness, and it is purported that mass vaccination may help to end this pandemic.
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy for Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck in a Specialized Peruvian Public Hospital

Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) often requires adjuvant radiotherapy. Radiotherapy for SCCHN is a challenge because the head and neck contain several critical organs that should receive minimal doses of radiation. These organs include the eyes, parotid glands, brainstem, spinal cord, mandible, and thyroid gland. Approaches like image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) combined with volumetric modulated arc therapy hold the promise to focus radiation to the planning target volume and spare nearby structures while observing potential changes to patient anatomy during treatment to determine whether replanning is required. IGRT, however, requires the frequent imaging of patients to update the treatment plan. In this retrospective study, we present our findings of SCCHN patients treated in a public hospital in Peru. The patients reflected overall demographic trends associated with SCCHN. Each patient was imaged using computed tomography once before radiotherapy and once by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) during treatment, for a total of two images. Tumor displacement, planning target volume, gross tumor volume, and neck diameter were compared between the two images. Among the measurements, only a small statistically significant increase in gross tumor volume was observed between the images. However, a minority of patients did experience changes to anatomy, which highlights the need for continued research into criteria to determine which patients are likely to benefit from treatment replanning due to intra-treatment anatomical changes. Alternatively, a lack of frequent CBCT imaging before each session, due to high patient flows and limited staff resources, made it difficult to observe transient changes and trends in each patient. We conclude that the treatment and outcome improvements associated with IGRT are likely associated with frequent imaging during radiotherapy and properly selecting which patients will benefit most from this resource-intensive technique.
Data, attitudinal and organizational determinants of big data analytics systems use

Abstract This study investigates influential factors on the use of Big Data Analytics (BDA) systems in terms of data quality, organizational support, and user satisfaction. We surveyed 236 actual users of BDA systems in different industries and used the PLS-SEM method to analyze the collected data. The empirical evidence shows that data integrity and data timeliness determine data connectivity of BDA systems, which affect user satisfaction along with relational knowledge of IT personnel. The findings also indicate that user satisfaction has a positive effect on BDA system use, whereas data connectivity does not. The findings imply that user experiences appear to have a significant influence on the intention of business practitioners to use BDA systems, but data connectivity does not. Based on the empirical findings, this study provides both theoretical and practical implications for the success of BDA systems use.
Histological aspects of the penial complex and vagina of taxa of the Biomphalaria tenagophila complex (Mollusca: Planorbidae)

Histological studies were carried out with 49 specimens; 18 Biomphalaria tenagophila guaibensis, 19 B. t. tenagophila and 12 B. occidentalis, collected in 10 municipalities in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study considered histological aspects of the vagina, vaginal pouch and penial complex. In this study, we describe, for the first time, the histological features of the vagina, vaginal pouch and penial complex of B. t. tenagophila, B. t. guaibensis and B. occidentalis. The lining epithelial tissue and muscular tissue of the vagina, vaginal pouch and penial complex show a similar pattern in B. t. tenagophila, B. t. guaibensis and B. occidentalis, except for the intermediate muscular layer of the prepuce, which distinguishes B. t. guaibensis from the other two taxa. Histological studies on the penial complex and vagina region of other Biomphalaria species are necessary to confirm the taxonomic value of these two regions, in order to contribute to the group’s systematics.
Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Study of Waste Management in Indonesia in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

It is globally known that the COVID-19 pandemic affected all aspects of society, including issues pertaining to health, economic, social, and environmental issues. The pandemic has already continued for two years and counting, and we are now advised to live coexisting with COVID-19 in the new normal era. During this new normal era, especially in Indonesia, many medical wastes (face masks, gloves, goggles, etc.) and other type of wastes are being generated due to COVID-19. However, the waste profile (waste management or waste handling) and the specific waste distribution in Indonesia during COVID-19 is not clearly understood. Therefore, in this study we perform a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of studies published during COVID-19 to describe the aforementioned issues regarding waste management in Indonesia by extracting data from Scopus as a leading indexing service for peer-reviewed publications. From more than 230,000 titles in Scopus regarding COVID-19, there are only 24 titles related to waste management in Indonesia during COVID-19. From the bibliometric analysis of the extracted data from Scopus, it can be observed that there are four clusters of interest, namely (1) medical waste and its processing, (2) COVID-19-related issues, (3) Indonesia and waste management, and (4) solid waste. The study of these issues is essential to obtain not only a clean environment, but also a sustainable future for an Indonesia that is free from COVID-19 and other related diseases in the future. Moreover, the bibliometric analysis also uncovers the research and publication gap for the topic of waste management in Indonesia in the COVID-19 pandemic era.
How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation?

Studies of innovation have focused on the effects of patent laws on the number of innovations but ignored effects on the direction of technological change. This paper introduces a new data set of close to fifteen thousand innovations at the Crystal Palace World's Fair in 1851 and at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 to examine the effects of patent laws on the direction of innovation. The paper tests the following argument: if innovative activity is motivated by expected profits, and if the effectiveness of patent protection varies across industries, then innovation in countries without patent laws should focus on industries where alternative mechanisms to protect intellectual property are effective. Analyses of exhibition data for twelve countries in 1851 and ten countries in 1876 indicate that inventors in countries without patent laws focus on a small set of industries where patents were less important, while innovation in countries with patent laws appears to be much more diversified. These findings suggest that patents help to determine the direction of technical change and that the adoption of patent laws in countries without such laws may alter existing patterns of comparative advantage across countries.
Modelling Dynamic Behaviour of Out-Patient Department Visits at the University of Cape Coast Hospital Using Time Series Analysis

Background: Accurate and reliable forecasting of outpatient department visits enhances decision-making and planning for future healthcare demands and is the foundation for greater and better utilization of healthcare resources and increased levels of outpatient care and satisfaction. Though the literature has proposed several candidate models for predicting outpatient visits in some hospitals in Ghana, the model regulating outpatient visits at the University of Cape Coast Hospital (UCC) is unknown. There is therefore a need to determine the best model applicable to the specific case of UCC Hospital. Aim: This study sought to determine and model the dynamics of outpatient visits in UCC Hospital and to project outpatient healthcare demands at the facility for the period July 2021 to July 2024. Methods: This paper employed a monthly periodicity of 114-time series data sourced from District Health Information Management Systems Two (DHIMS 2) on outpatient department visits at UCC Hospital from January 2012 to June 2021. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models which are a form of the classical Box-Jenkins approach of Time Series Analysis were used to analyse the data. Analysis was performed in EViews 12. Results: The study results showed twenty-five non-seasonal tentative models for the hospital and ARIMA (4, 1, 4) was selected as the best fit model with a fourth-order autoregressive and moving average terms each and one order of nonseasonal differencing. Residual analysis of the fitted model indicates that the model is adequate for forecasting. The findings revealed an overall rising trend in the incidence of outpatient department visits to the hospital over the study period with an average of 6000 visits per month. This is expected to increase to over 7000 visits per month over the next three-year period of July 2021 to June 2024 according to projections. Conclusion: The forecast of outpatient visits in this study serves as early signals to the management of the University hospital and is intended to enhance human and material resource planning and allocation for better-quality healthcare delivery.