Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co‐ and postseismic deformation of the 28 March 2005 Nias Mw 8.7 earthquake from continuous GPS data

Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements registered up to >5m of coseismic displacements during the 28 March 2005 Mw = 8.7 Nias earthquake, Indonesia. The vertical offsets put tight constraints on the northern and southern limit of the rupture. The inferred coseismic slip distribution indicates high slip patches near the epicenter and near the southern extent of the 26 December 2004 Aceh‐Andaman rupture, where aftershocks have been abundant. Six months of postseismic time‐series are better fit with a logarithmic instead of exponential function, suggesting that the postseismic deformation is likely controlled by afterslip. Our inversion model predicts afterslip to be concentrated both up‐ and down‐dip from patches of maximum coseismic slip where aftershocks are sparse. The shallow afterslip adds further evidence that the earthquake probably did not break the surface (with implications for tsunami generation) and instead caused aseismic deformation in shallow parts of the subduction zone after the event.
Metamorphic evolution of UHT calc-silicate rocks from Rundvågshetta, Lützow Holm Complex (LHC), East Antarctica

Calc-silicate boudins within the pyroxene gneiss at Rundvågashetta, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica preserve petrologic signatures of ultra-high temperature metamorphism and microstructures that gave insights to the regional metamorphic evolution. Three mineralogical zones of varying modal proportion of an assemblage of grandite-garnet + scapolite + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + titanite +/wollastonite +/calcite +/quartz are observed. Meionitic scapolite coexists with anorthite suggesting a minimum peak metamorphic temperature of ~830oC. Several generations of chemically distinct garnet corona and breakdown reactions involving garnet, scapolite clinopyroxene and wollastonite are observed. Activity corrected partial petrogentic grids, constructed in the CAFSV system, helped in constraining the P-T-X-fO2 evolution during peak and retrograde metamorphism. These results were then supplemented with titanite SHRIMP geochronology to consider the exhumation history of the region. Taking into account of the existing models on P-T-t evolution, a geodynamic evolution of the Rundvågshetta granulites within the Lützow-Holm Complex was formulated.
Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia: A Conceptual Framework

The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth.
International tourists' motivations for choosing homestay in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana

Research on homestay has gained momentum in recent years as various governments across the globe have adopted the phenomenon as a catalyst for sustaining a vital rural tourism economy (Liu, 2006), preserving and showcasing local authentic culture (Wang, 2007), promoting rural community development (Ibrahim & Razzaq, 2010), and ensuring local participation in tourism (Kayat, 2010). The concept of homestay is not new; however, the term refers to a type of accommodation where guests pay directly or indirectly to stay in private (commercial) homes where interaction takes place to a greater or lesser degree with a host and/or family (Lynch, 2003). Through homestay, tourists share meals with their homestay operators and are treated as members of the family (Gu & Wong, 2006; Kayat, 2010; Richardson, 2004). The benefits of homestay can be looked at from four dimensions; that is, from the perspective of the guest (Kayat, 2010; Musa, Kayat, & Thirumoorthi, 2010), host (Gu & Wong, 2006), coordinator/intermediary (Liu, 2006), and attraction (Wang, 2007). To the guest, the benefits of homestay transcend the generic and expected basic accommodation to lasting sociocultural relationships through various cultural encounters (Kayat, 2010). In an illuminating paper on homestay in Malaysia, Ibrahim and Razzaq (2010, p. 10) state that homestay operation has the ability to ensure that guests interact, gain knowledge, and experience the lifestyle and culture of the host family. This element involves the guests eating, cooking, and engaging in many activities together with their adopted families, thus allowing two parties with different cultural backgrounds to interact and learn from each other. According to Wang (2007), homestay offers authentic experiences for guests. For the host, homestay is a source of livelihood, providing income, employment, and longstanding friendship between host and guests. Invariably, homestay creates an opportunity for locals to be involved in a country’s tourism development (Kayat, 2010). Moreover, homestay offers several benefits to the product/object of attraction. In a study in Lijiang, Wang (2007, p. 790) states that homestay is seen by the government as beneficial in terms of preserving the local authentic heritage. Coordinators of the business also enjoy some benefits in the form of employment and income. In Malaysia, for instance, whereas operators receive only about 40% of the total fees paid by the tourists, the remaining 60% is “managed” by the programme coordinator for administration and marketing purposes (Liu, 2006, p. 887).
Investigation of Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Fe) of the Turag River in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the concentration level of heavy metals in water of the Turag river during the months from January to March, 2014. The level of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Fe ranged from 0.002-0.005 ppm, BDL (Below Detection Level)-0.03 ppm, 0.007-0.024 ppm, 0.03-0.15 ppm, BDL (Below Detection Level)-0.00024 and 0.78-6.33 ppm, respectively. The concentration level of heavy metals in water did not exceed the permissible limit except Fe. This result was obtained because of river water is always flowing and metals cannot be accumulated in flowing water. For this reason a little amount of analyzed heavy metals were traced in water samples. But heavy metals have toxic properties, leading to adverse effects on human and ecosystem health even in small doses. So, the Turag river water is not safe for using different purposes and steps should be undertaken to improve the water quality of the river. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2. 22221 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 133-136 2014
Influence of Local Dynamical Air–Sea Feedback Process on the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent

AbstractLocal air–sea interactions over the high sea surface temperature (SST) band along the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC) are examined with a focus on dynamical feedback of SST-induced wind stress to the ocean using the atmosphere–ocean coupled general circulation model (CGCM). A pair of ensemble CGCM simulations are compared to extract the air–sea interactions associated with HLCC: the control simulations and other simulations, the latter purposely eliminating influences of the high SST band on the sea surface flux computations in the CGCM. The comparison reveals that oceanic response to surface wind convergence and positive wind stress curl induced by the high SST band increases (decreases) the HLCC speed in the southern (northern) flank of the HLCC. The HLCC speed changes are driven by the Ekman suction associated with positive wind stress curl over the warm HLCC via the thermal wind balance. The HLCC speed increase is more significant than its decrease. This dynamical feedback is likely to be i.
Multiscale Validation of an Operational Model of Forest Inventory Attributes Developed with Constrained Remote Sensing Data

Abstract. This paper summarizes the output of an imputation model that simultaneously estimates multiple operational-scale forest inventory attributes in the Laurentian mixed forest type of the United States. The model was constrained by national forest inventory privacy protocols and temporal uncertainties in feature and reference data. Estimates were most accurate at the county level and more variable across smaller spatial extents. Model development and validation highlighted that performance and reliability were influenced by our approach of using publicly available remote sensing predictors and ground reference data in model building. Comprehensive validation included diagnostics of the chosen model and leveraged multiscale independent data for analysis of lack-of-fit spatially and by individual feature variables. Relatively poor performance in some forest types pointed to an impact of temporal mismatch in the estimation of forest stocking in typically even-aged stands dominated by fast-growing species. Résumé. Cet article résume la sortie d’un modèle d’imputation qui estime simultanément plusieurs attributs à l’échelle opérationnelle d’inventaire forestier dans la forêt mixte Laurentienne des États-Unis. Le modèle a été contraint par la politique de confidentialité de l’inventaire forestier national et des incertitudes temporelles des données de caractéristiques et de référence. Les estimations étaient les plus précises au niveau du comté et plus variables dans les petites étendues spatiales. Le développement et la validation du modèle ont mis en évidence que la performance et la fiabilité ont été influencées par notre approche qui utilise, pendant la construction du modèle, des données disponibles publiquement de prédicteurs de la télédétection et de référence au sol. La validation complète a inclus les diagnostics du modèle choisi, et a utilisé des données multiéchelles indépendantes pour l’analyse spatiale des erreurs d’ajustement et par des variables de caractéristiques individuelles. La performance relativement médiocre dans certains types de forêts a mis en lumière un impact de décalage temporel dans l’estimation de la densité relative dans des peuplements typiquement équiens dominés par des espèces à croissance rapide.
Experimental Study on the Aging of Sands

Aging effects in sand, such as increases in cone penetration resistance with time after deposition and/or densification, are known to occur in the field, but the causes of these effects are not fully understood. A laboratory testing program was designed to study mechanisms responsible for aging effects under controlled conditions. The testing program included measurements of the small strain shear modulus, electrical conductivity, pore fluid chemistry, and minicone penetration resistance after different periods of aging. Two different sands were tested, and aging effects were evaluated for different combinations of relative density, temperature, and pore fluid composition. Increases in the small strain shear modulus were observed throughout most of the tests, and chemical analyses suggest that precipitation of carbonate and silica occurred in two tests. Despite these changes, there was no corresponding increase in the minicone penetration resistance with time in any of the tests. It is unlikely that preci.
Surface (sea floor) and near-surface (box cores) sediment mineralogy in Baffin Bay as a key to sediment provenance and ice sheet variations

To better understand the glacial history of the ice sheets surrounding Baffin Bay and to provide information on sediment pathways, samples from 82 seafloor grabs and core tops, and from seven box cores were subjected to quantitative X-ray diffraction weight percent (wt.%) analysis of the 2000 m) all show an abrupt drop in calcite wt. % (post-5 cal ka BP? ) following a major peak in detrital carbonate (mainly dolomite). This dolomite-rich detrital carbonate (DC) event in JR175BC06 is possibly coeval with the Younger Dryas cold event. Four possible glacial-sourced end mem- bers were employed in a compositional unmixing algorithm to gain insight into down core changes in sediment provenance at the deep central basin. Estimates of the rates of sediment accumulation in the central basin are only in the range of 2 to 4 cm/cal ka, surprisingly low given the glaciated nature of the surrounding land.
A semiparametric algorithm to retrieve ocean wave spectra from synthetic aperture radar

A new wave retrieval method for the ERS synthetic aperture radar(SAR) wave mode is presented. The new algorithm, named semiparametric retrieval algorithm (SPRA), uses the full nonlinear mapping relations as proposed by Hasselmann and Hasselmann [1991]. It differs from previous retrieval algorithms in that it does not require a priori information on the sea state. Instead, it combines the observed SAR spectrum with the collocated wind vector from the ERS scatterometer to make an estimate of the wind sea spectrum. The residual signal in the SAR spectrum is interpreted as swell. The method has been validated by collocating over 5 years of SAR wave mode observations with spectral buoy measurements at 11 locations on the open ocean. For wave components longer than 225 m, the standard deviation between the retrieved spectra and buoy observations is 0.41 m, which corresponds to a relative RMS error of 29%. About 10% of the observed SAR spectra were rejected, in particular in light wind conditions when nonwave features such as those caused by slicks dominated the imagette. The bias and scatter in the results obtained under light wind conditions could be reduced by introducing a wind-dependent tilt modulation. This wind-dependent tilt formulation is derived from the empirical CMOD4 relation between the wind vector, the incidence angle, and the radar backscatter for the ERS scatterometer.
Clearwater East impact structure: A re‐interpretation of the projectile type using new platinum‐group element data from meteorites

Abstract— Platinum‐group element (PGE) concentrations and ratios obtained from samples of the Clearwater East impact melt have been used along with other siderophile element ratios to classify the impacting projectile as a carbonaceous chondrite. This is at odds with recent chromium isotope analyses that suggest ordinary chondrite‐type material is present. The present study reviews and reinterprets the available PGE data in the light of new PGE data from meteorites and concludes that the PGE ratios in the impact melt are most consistent with ordinary (possibly type‐L) chondrite source material, not carbonaceous chondrites. Therefore the structure was most probably formed by the impact of an asteroid composed of material similar to ordinary chondrites.
Lightning electromagnetic radiation over a stratified conducting ground: 2. Validity of simplified approaches

In the first part of this paper, the rigorous theory describing the electromagnetic field radiated by a lightning return stroke over a two-layered conducting ground was presented and the exact expressions for the lightning electromagnetic fields were developed and discussed. In this part of the paper, the theory along with its time domain numerical evaluation algorithm is used for the assessment of the validity of simplified approaches proposed in the literature for the vertical electric and horizontal magnetic field components. The simplified approaches are based on the concept of ground surface impedance and its corresponding attenuation function. It is shown that the results obtained using the simplified approaches are in excellent agreement with exact results in both near (50 m) and intermediate (1000 m) distance range. However, since the vertical electric and azimuthal magnetic field components are not appreciably affected by the ground finite conductivity, they can also be evaluated assuming the ground as a perfectly conducting ground. On the other hand, the horizontal electric field above a horizontally stratified ground is very much affected by the ground electrical parameters. Its waveform is characterized by an early negative excursion due to the currents flowing into the ground followed by a late time positive excursion which is due to the elevation of the observation point from the ground level. The magnitude of the negative peak is sharper for subsequent return strokes than first return strokes and is higher for lower conducting grounds. A new formula is proposed for the evaluation of the horizontal electric field at a given height above the air-ground interface. The formula can be viewed as the generalization of the Cooray-Rubinstein formula for the case of a two-layer ground. We show that the new formula is able to reproduce in a satisfactory manner the horizontal electric field above a two-layer ground. The proposed formulation is, however, less accurate at distances as close to 10 m from the channel base and for very poor ground conductivity (0.0001 S/m).
Debris flow, rainfall and climate change in Scotland

Abstract In August 2004 a series of landslides in the form of debris flows occurred in Scotland. Critically, the A83, A9 and A85 routes, which form important parts of the major road network, were all affected by these events. Although debris flows occur with some frequency in Scotland, they affect the major road network only relatively rarely. However, when they do affect roads the degree of damage, in terms of the infrastructure and the loss of utility to road users, can have a major detrimental effect on both economic and social aspects of the use of the asset. Following these events work was put in place to assess and rank the hazards and to develop a management and mitigation strategy. The management strategy is largely based upon the reduction of the exposure of road users to risks from debris flow. It operates upon the principle of Detection, Notification and Action (DNA). A crucial element of this work is the continuing development of a rainfall threshold to indicate conditions likely to produce debris-flow activity, and the development of a tentative threshold is described herein. Clearly, any change in rainfall patterns as a result of recent climate trends and future climate change has the potential to affect the frequency and intensity of debris flow and thus the effectiveness of the associated management strategy for such events, and the potential effects of such phenomena are considered in this paper.
Petrology of magmatic silicate inclusions in the Allan Hills 77005 lherzolitic shergottite

Abstract— Magmatic inclusions occur in both chadacrystic olivine and oikocrystic pigeonite in ALH 77005 but are different from each other. Magmatic inclusions in olivine consist mainly of aluminous pyroxenes, intergrowths of plagioclase and silica, silica‐predominant glass, and rhyodacitic glass, with minor amounts of chromite, spinel, pyrrhotite, and whitlockite. Those in pigeonite consist mainly of aluminous pyroxenes, nonaluminous ferroan pyroxenes, kaersutite, spinel, and K‐rich trachytic glass, with minor amounts of pyrrhotite and whitlockite. The magmatic inclusions in chadacrystic olivine formed from trapped melts that were basaltic, apparently dry and crystallized additional olivine metastably. The basaltic magma, with entrained olivine, experienced magma mixing with K‐rich and wet magmas, or assimilation of such crustal rocks, in the early to middle stages of the crystallization sequence of ALH 77005 during crystallization of chadacrystic olivine prior to precipitation of oikocrystic pigeonite. However the amount of mixed magmas or assimilated rocks was minor in comparison to the basaltic magma. Crystallization of pigeonite, augite, and plagioclase in the host lithologies took place in a shallow magma reservoir under an open‐system condition, and the pigeonite trapped basaltic andesite to trachyandesitic melts, which resulted in magmatic inclusions in oikocrystic pigeonite. The magmatic inclusions in both olivine and pigeonite were formed under a rapid‐cooling condition, resulting in a variety of inclusions. Kaersutite in magmatic inclusions in oikocrystic pigeonite crystallized under a closed‐system wet condition during the late‐stage crystallization of the inclusions.
Eruptive hummocks: Building blocks of the upper ocean crust

The spreading axis at many slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges is marked by an axial volcanic ridge. In this study, we use a combination of high-resolution remote sensing methods to elucidate the detailed nature of volcanoes in such a ridge. We find that the “hummocks” described in previous sidescan sonar studies are dome- or cone-shaped edifices, 5–150 m high with diameters of 30–330 m. We estimate they form quickly, in single eruptions, each of which may produce several hummocks. Hummock collapse is common and hummocks of all heights are prone to failure. Collapses generally occur down the regional seafloor slope, suggesting control by local topography. Approximately 33% of hummocks lose ∼40% of their volume by collapse, so ∼12% of all material erupted on the axial volcanic ridge is rapidly converted to talus. The higher porosity of these deposits may increase average upper crustal porosity by several percent, contributing >0.5 km s−1 to seismic velocity decrease in the upper oceanic crust, and may be one of the dominant mechanisms for increasing porosity in upper slow-spreading oceanic crust.
Multifractal analysis of Vesuvius volcano eruptions

The standard statistical analysis of volcanic eruptions could be not very useful tools to describe temporal variations of the volcanic events clustering due to the shortness of the catalogues. A more appropriate approach is the multifractal analysis. If interevent times between eruptions are fractally distributed, they have a scale invariant structure and the behaviour of the catalogue can be described in terms of Poissonian or stationary clustered distribution. On the contrary, if a multifractal distribution is observed, the clustering cannot be considered constant. We analyse the catalogue of occurrence times of Vesuvius eruptions from 1631 to 1944 that can be considered complete. We find a multifractal distribution. Such a result implies a clustering degree that varies in time. At small scales a weak clustering is observed, while at large scale the catalogue can be considered Poissonian. This implies that the correlation between the events of the volcanic activity cycles is very weak and that the dynamics evolves at the same time scales within a given cycle and between cycles.