Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Nudibranchs are Partial Predators: Intracolonial Variation in Bryozoan Palatability

Intraindividual variations in morphology as well as variations in population density of bryozoan colonies (Dendrobeania lichenoides) affect foraging patterns of their nudibranch predators in the field and laboratory in Puget Sound, Washington. Three nudibranch species characteristically graze Dendrobeania lichenoides colony perimeters and leave the center unconsumed: = 50% of surveyed colonies showed evidence of nudibranch predation. The proportion of a colony consumed is density dependent. When prey density was low, nudibranchs could consume entire colonies, but ate less per colony as prey density increased in laboratory experiments. Nudibranchs apparently assess intraco- lonial variations in quality, and when prey are abundant, select the preferred parts (perimeter) of each colony. In paired palatability tests, nudibranchs rejected strips cut from colony centers, yet readily ate pieces from other regions. Three features of the colonies were associated with the nonpalatable center of the colony: attachment rhizoids, brown bodies, and embryos. The attachment rhizoids do not account for the decreased palatability observed, which thus may result from either distasteful embryos or brown bodies, which both occur in highest numbers in the colony center. Brown bodies are products of degenerated polypides retained within zooecia in some bryozoan taxa. The function of brown body retention has never been established, despite considerable debate among invertebrate biologists. This study indicates that colonial invertebrate colonies are not necessarily homogeneous resources. Intracolonial palatability may generally vary with ontogeny which, in a colonial animal (or plant) results in intracolonial variation. Nudibranchs primarily eat colonial invertebrates (coelenterates, ascidians, and bryozoans), and consequently their foraging patterns may generally reflect intracolonial variations in the palatability of their resources.
Application of Removal Sampling to Estimate the Density of Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida) in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories

The density of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in 2 to 4 km2 study plots was determined using a combination of removal sampling to determine density of seal holes and estimates of hole to seal ratios. A dog survey technique was adapted to removal sampling, where seal holes located under the snow by the dogs during surveys of fixed effort were marked and treated as removals from the population. Computer simulation indicates that estimates of seal hole density are within 10% of the true population size if for each plot there are searches, sampling intensity is , the coefficient of variation of the estimate is , and the probability of detecting a seal hole is . The quality of survey results was affected by the number of dogs used to survey each plot, plot size, and surface topography. Densities of seal holes varied from 4.8 to 7.9 holes∙km−2. Eight seals had an average hole to seal ratio of 3.4. Seal densities ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 seals∙km−2, and may be much higher if pup production is included.
Phytosauria

Abstract Phytosauria is a nearly cosmopolitan clade of large, quadrupedal, carnivorous archosauriforms. They are known unambiguously from Late Triassic deposits, although the clade’s ghost lineage extends at least to the late Early Triassic. Their nares are uniquely located close to the orbits rather than anteriorly in the rostrum as in modern crocodylians, and the rostrum is formed by elongated premaxillae bearing many teeth. Phytosaurs have roughly triangular, ornamented paramedian osteoderms, rounder appendicular osteoderms, and a unique ‘gular shield’ assembled from multiple, irregular osteoderms under the throat. Phytosaurs are reconstructed as semi-aquatic because of their general similarity to modern crocodylians and common preservation in fluvial and shallow-marine deposits. Currently, over thirty species are recognized. New specimens continue to be collected, some representing new taxa. The taxonomic status of other named taxa is uncertain and requires re-investigation. Since their discovery, phytosaurs have been used as biostratigraphic and biochronological index taxa for correlating Late Triassic sediments worldwide. Recent systematic and taxonomic revisions cast doubt on some of those correlations. Our understanding of the evolution of Phytosauria is far from complete. With reevaluation of well-known specimens, rigorous and comparative morphological descriptions, and robust phylogenetic hypotheses of ingroup relationships, studies of phytosaurs can address larger palaeobiological questions.
Impact of agronomic factors on aflatoxin contamination in preharvest field corn in northeastern Mexico.

Infection by Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin accumulation in field corn, Zea mays, were studied in relation to single and combined cultural practices in northeastern Mexico during the spring and fall growing seasons of 1991, 1992, and 1993. Aflatoxin contamination was greater during the spring when high temperatures occurred during corn reproduction and maturation. Crops grown with the INIFAP crop management system consistently had high yields and low aflatoxin levels (0 to 6 ppb). The INIFAP system included: (i) early planting; (ii) a well-adapted hybrid (H-422); (iii) 55,000 plants per ha; (iv) adequate irrigation; and (v) ear insect control by insecticides. In contrast, crops in the control management system had management practices opposite to the INIFAP system (late planting, hybrid Growers-2340, 75,000 plants per ha, drought, and no insect control) and had lowest yields and significantly increased aflatoxin (63 to 167 ppb). The two factors most associated with enhanced aflatoxin contamination were late planting and ear insect damage. Cultivar and plant density did not significantly affect aflatoxin contamination when combined with the remaining components of the INIFAP system. Irrigation was not fully explored because of rainfall during the experiments. Artificial ear wounding with a nailboard device significantly increased aflatoxin contamination and interacted with high temperatures, which further demonstrated the importance of both temperature stress and ear injury on preharvest aflatoxin contamination.
Gastrotricha Mečnikow, 1865 from Copenhagen Palm House — contribution to the knowledge of Lepidodermella intermedia Kånneby, Todaro & Jondelius, 2012 (Chaetonotida, Gastrotricha)

ABSTRACT Gastrotricha Mečnikow, 1865 compose a cosmopolitan phylum of aquatic and semi-aquatic invertebrates comprising over 850 described species, that are known to inhabit various aquatic ecosystems from all over the world where they often show high density and diversity. Up to now Gastrotricha have been studied in artificial habitats, such as greenhouses only in the Poznań Palm House (Poland). In May 2013 a preliminary study was conducted in the Copenhagen Palm House (Denmark) to provide additional evidence of the presence of gastrotrichs in anthropogenic water bodies in greenhouses. Five species were found: Ichthydium podura Müller, 1773, Lepidodermella intermedia Kånneby, Todaro & Jondelius, 2012, Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) macrochaetus Zelinka, 1889, Chaetonotus (Hystricochaetonotus) sp. , and Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) sp. Lepidodermella intermedia is new to Danish fauna and constitutes the second record of this species. Detailed taxonomic and morphological remarks are provided for this newly recorded species.
BIOMETRICAL-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY OF APIS MELLIFERA L. I. Material and Methods

The species Apis mellifera L. has a quite unusually large area of distribution. It extends from Southern Scandinavia in the North to the Cape of Good Hope in the South, from Dakar in the West to the Urals, Mashad and to the coast of Oman in the East. It was experimentally shown that it is in fact a single species, as all the different types from this enormous region, comprising the whole western part of the Old World, interbreed with full fertility. It is evident that the different types originated by geographic isolation and ecological adaptations. They were partly described as early as the beginning of the l9th century, but this gave rise to quite a lot of confusion due to the lack of definition
A Cross Sectional Study on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Role of Efflux Pumps in Fluoroquinolone Resistance by using Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Isolated Cultures from Poultry, Dairy Farms and MTCC Strains from Reservoirs

Aims: Emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains has always remained a crucial concern. Mutations in antibiotic target sites, over expression of efflux pump are the major modes of development of bacterial antibiotic resistances. The present study was conducted to determine antibiotic resistance and role of efflux pumps in fluoroquinolone resistance by using efflux pump
Legitimation Crisis

In Legitimation Crisis, his latest work to be translated into English, Jürgen Habermas returns to issues central to the Marxian tradition, a tradition he has increasingly distanced himself from. While modest in size, Legitimation Crisis is ambitious in scope: confronting a variety of hypotheses about crisis tendencies in “late capitalism,” Habermas proposed to sort out competing claims and establish a model of his own, to guide further empirical research. The book marks his contribution to the ongoing discussion of capitalism's fate among post-war social theorists. The leading themes of Legitimation Crisis are familiar enough, even if their systematic formulation is novel.
Tests of emigration in small mammals under experimental conditions

Holding animals in enclosures that block emigration causes demographic abnormalities called "fence effects. " Experimenters have built exits that require animals to move through unfavorable conditions to leave enclosures. There are doubts about whether individuals that cross these challenging exits are true emigrants. We tested whether an exit that required house mice (Mus musculus) to swim through a water-filled trough was used only by mice triggered to emigrate from an experimental enclosure. Also, we examined the responses of mice to the availability of resources and the presence of conspecific adult animals in a small enclosure with an exit and in an enclosure made by joining two single enclosures. All mice left a barren enclosure within 12 h but no mice left during 7-day trials in a resource-rich enclosure during spring and summer. At the end of trials with repeated introduction of pairs of mice, about 85% of resident mice were the first mice added. Nearly all mice added later left the enclosure. A relatively constant number of mice became residents in small enclosures and about 2.3 times as many mice resided in double enclosures. Mice readily found and used exits when motivated to leave and did not accidentally pass through exits during routine explo- ration. Thus, mice that stayed in enclosures were not "fenced in" by the water-filled exit and exhibited residency as in nature. Tests of exits should give ecologists confidence that animals can display normal residency and emigration be - haviors in experimental settings. The defense of resources by residents and the emigration of excess animals resulted in a consistent limit to the number of animals able to reside in enclosures.
The anatomy of the timbers of the south-west Pacific area. III. Myrtaceae

The results reported form part of the series dealing with the timbers of the south-west Pacific area and cover 32 genera of the Myrtaceae. The timbers of this family are perhaps more important, from an economic standpoint, than those of any other in the area under consideration (with the possible exception of the Dipterocarpaceae). Based on the examination of all available species, the anatomical features of each genus have been summarized and the results set out in tabular form. From these a grouping of the genera of the family has been made, which reveals one or two inconsistencies with the botanical classification as proposed by Niedenzu. Particular mention has been made of the anatomical variation in Eugenia (sens, lat.). The affinities of the described genera with those of the New World, and the anatomical differences between the Myrtaceae and the closely alIied Lecythidaceae, are discussed. Anatomical features separating the Myrtaceae from four other families with some similar features have been pointed out.
Electron microscopic studies of antennal sensilla in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Scolytidae)

The antennae of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) were examined with the light and electron microscopes to determine the types, distribution, and structure of sense organs found thereon. Six main types of sense organs are present, with an additional seventh cuticular structure, the hypodermal gland pore, which is thought to be non-sensory.Sensilla chaetica possess one bipolar neuron terminating in a scolopale at the base of the thick-walled articulated hair.Type I sensilla trichodea are short articulated hairs of unknown fine structure and innervation.Type II sensilla trichodea are sharp-pointed hairs of intermediate length, with thin, perforated hair walls, and two neurons with slightly branched dendrites in the hair lumen.Type III sensilla trichodea are blunt-tipped, reversely curved hairs possessing a double lumen and four to seven bipolar neurons, the unbranched dendrites of which extend to the hair tip.Sensilla basiconica are short thin-walled perforated hairs or pegs, possessing tw.
Clastic diagenesis

Summary Diagenesis is the sum of those processes by which originally sedimentary clastic assemblages attempt to reach equilibrium with their environments. The subject has rapidly evolved, over the last 20 years, after several decades of routine petrographical analysis, to become a discipline of sophisticated analytical geochemistry. This progression may be traced through the evolution of depositional facies models, the growth of theoretical geochemistry, and the development and application of quantitative analytical techniques. Consequently, the study of diagenesis today involves the integration of data gathered from a range of interrelated disciplines. The publication in recent years of such integrated studies, particularly from the Texas Gulf Coast of the U.S.A. , has led to a number of wide ranging models being established. These models allow an interpretation of the sequence of authigenic minerals in terms of their relationship to the depositional environment or surface chemistry (eogenesis), burial or subsurface conditions (mesogenesis) and weathering or reexposure to surface conditions (telogenesis). More specifically, once the pre-depositional controls on diagenesis have been established, it is possible to relate the inferred eogenetic mineral assemblages to exact geochemical sedimentary environments. Sedimentary mineral assemblages chemically are characterized by relative instability and so tend to interact with interstitial pore waters. Thus, in non-marine environments, mineral authigenesis may reflect arid-oxidizing, or wet-reducing pore-water conditions, and in the marine environment, either oxidizing or reducing pore waters. During mesogenesis different processes become important. Elevated temperatures add energy to the reacting system, lowering reaction barriers and increasing reaction rates. Furthermore, widespread pore fluid migration at depth, transporting large quantities of solute, is likely to impart major, regional diagenetic changes to sediments. That there is a remarkable degree of consistency in deep burial settings suggests that depth-related processes conform to a predictable pattern. Additional geochemical instability is introduced into the diagenetic system during uplift and exposure to the telogenetic realm. Minerals formed during burial, at elevated temperatures and pressures, and from concentrated formation waters, may become unstable in oxidizing, meteoric waters. Diagenetic research requires the complete dissection of sedimentary rocks and, subsequently, the quantitative chemical and mineralogical analysis of their individual components. Such an approach to diagenetic studies, when related to an assessment of their paragenesis, may eventually lead to a predictive, integrated model for the evolution of sedimentary clastic rocks.
Coccidians in the liver and testis of the herring Clupea harengus L.

The coccidians Goussia clupearum from liver and Eimeria sardinae from testis of herring caught in waters near Nova Scotia were studied by light and electron microscopy. Unsporulated and sporulatcd oocysts were the most frequently encountered stages. Oocyst walls of both species were thin and closely apposed to the host cell. At least a part of the oocyst wall appeared to serve also as the boundary of the parasitophorous vacuole. In G. clupearum, membranes lining parasitophorous vacuoles of various stages seemed to be involved in host–parasite nutrient transfer. Wall-forming bodies were found in the sporont of E. sardinae, and presumptive wall-forming bodies were found in the sporont of G. clupearum. The sporocyst wall of G. clupearum appeared to consist of two valves. The wall had a thick transversely striated inner layer and a thin outer layer consisting of several closely apposed membranes. The lamellated membranes extended from the outer layer. The sporocyst wall of E. sardinae was thin and consisted o.
Linking mean body size of pelagic Cladocera to environmental variables in Precambrian Shield lakes: A paleolimnological approach

Daphnia and Bosmina fragments were identified and measured in the surface sediments of 42 lakes in the Muskoka-Haliburton region of Ontario, Canada, in an attempt to identify environmental factors that may influence cladoceran body size. Specifically, pecten length on Daphnia post-abdominal claws, antennule length on Bosmina headshields, and carapace and mucro lengths of Bosmina carapaces were measured. These measurements were then compared to limnological variables previously identified as possibly influencing cladoceran size, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (TP), pH, calcium (Ca), Chaoborus density, and fish presence/absence. Cladoceran size displayed a linear relationship to TP, with larger Bosmina and Daphnia present in lakes with lower nutrient levels. We suspect that, as larger individuals are more efficient grazers, they may competitively exclude smaller individuals when nutrients are limiting in these lakes. Bosmina mucro length and cladoceran community size structure displayed a step response to DOC, with mean size significantly smaller when DOC concentrations were higher than 5.89 mg L-1. Daphnia pecten length displayed a negative linear relationship to DOC above a concentration of 4.90 mg l-1. Reduced predation pressure from gape-limited macroinvertebrate predators, such as Chaoborus, may have influenced these relationships. DOC was also highly correlated to TP in these lakes, and size trends might be responding to the TP gradient rather than the DOC gradient. Mean cladoceran body size in acidic lakes (pH 6.0). There was no relationship between size structure and Ca concentrations, attributed to a narrow Ca gradient in these lakes. Predation effects were examined using limited Chaoborus density and fish presence/absence data. Although there were no significant relationships between cladoceran size and Chaoborus density, some significant relationships between size variables and fish predation were identified. The sensitivity of size variables to certain environmental gradients suggests that size structure has the potential to be an effective paleolimnological tool.
Evidence for the Partial Dominance of Recessive Lethal Genes in Natural Populations of Drosophila

An earlier study by Hiraizumi and Crow showed that recessive lethals extracted from nature decreased the viability of heterozygotes by about two to three per cent when tested in the laboratory. In the present article we have used published data on mutation rates, frequency of lethal chromosomes, and proportion of allelism among lethal chromosomes from wild Drosophila populations in order to make an indirect estimate of what the effective dominance of lethals must be in nature. For D. melanogaster the mean value of h̄ + F is . 015 and for the other species is . 018, where h̄ is the average deleterious effect of a heterozygous lethal gene and F is a measure of non-random mating within a locality. Since F, we believe, is probably small, this analysis is regarded as further evidence for the conclusion that recessive lethals extracted from natural populations (and newly occurring lethal mutants, a fortiori) have a deleterious effect as heterozygotes.
Effects of neonate size and food concentration on the life history responses of a clone of the hybrid Daphnia hyalina x galeata to fish kairomones.

1. The influence of fish kairomones on the life history parameters of a clone of the hybrid Daphnia galeata × hyalina was measured in laboratory experiments with small and large neonates at one food concentration. The influence of fish kairomones on neonates of the same size at two food concentrations was also investigated. 2. Neonate size (maternal investment per egg) changed the influence of fish kairomones on life history parameters. Daphnids that were small at birth showed greater differences between fish (kairomones present) and no-fish (kairomones absent) treatments for age at maturity and number of eggs in the first clutch than animals that were large at birth. On the other hand, animals that were large at birth differed more in size at maturity between fish and no-fish treatments than small neonates. 3. The food concentrations used in the experiments (0.25–0.75 mg C l–1) hardly affected the influence of fish kairomones on the life history characteristics studied. 4. The effect of fish kairomones on the size of neonates from the first clutch was similar for large and small daphnids. In the no-fish treatment significant differences were found between small and large neonates for age at maturity and number of eggs in the first clutch. In the fish treatment size at maturity differed significantly between small and large neonates. 5. In life history experiments, neonate size has to be taken into account when measuring the effects of fish kairomones because size at birth influences the results.
Variation in Lipid and Fatty Acid Contents of Atlantic Croakers, Striped Mullet, and Summer Flounder

Abstract Lipid and fatty acid contents of fillets (with skin) of Atlantic croakers Micropogonias undulatus, striped mullet Mugil cephalus, and summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus were determined for three harvest dates over a 1-year period. In striped mullet and Atlantic croakers, total lipid increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in late summer (from 21.72 to 31.78% and 12.68 to 31.94% of dry weight, respectively). No significant change in total lipid content was noted in the leaner summer flounder (9.38–9.87%). However, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of fillets of summer flounder varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05), ranging from low levels in June and August (6.24 and 3.33% of dry weight, respectively) to much higher levels (17.32%) in January. The difference in PUFA content of fillets was due mainly to a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n3). The PUFA content of Atlantic croakers (22:6n3) also increased significantly (from 3.19 to 6.16%) from August to January, but the PUFA conten.