Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diving behaviour of benthic feeding Black Guillemots

Capsule Dive behaviour in Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle was close to that predicted for a benthic forager by allometry based on body mass. Aims To report the diving behaviour of Black Guillemots in Northern Ireland. Methods A time-depth-recorders and GPS logger were deployed on four chick-rearing breeding Black Guillemots. Results Dive shape implied most dives were benthic with a small number at the start of each bout associated with searching. Diving only occurred during daylight hours, but dive depth was unrelated to light availability outside of the twilight periods. Dive durations (max = 90 s; mean = 54 s) were shorter and dive depths (max = 15 m; mean = 9 m) were shallower than recorded for guillemots elsewhere. The birds dived a maximum of 1.8 km from the colony. Conclusions Black Guillemots' dive duration was similar to the value predicted from allometry, and is therefore likely representative of this species. Bathymetry likely influences the dive behaviour of this benthic-feeding species because most dives were U-shaped and dive depths were shallow, which is typical for the relatively shallow water where the birds were observed foraging.
Satellite‐derived vegetation indices as surrogate of species richness and abundance of ground beetles in temperate floodplains

Remotely sensed data are frequently employed for monitoring vegetation and for estimating herbivore diversity. Their use for predicting predator arthropod species abundance and richness has also been investigated with success for ants and beetles in forests using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and for beetles in mountain forests using light detection and ranging data. We investigated whether vegetation indices, derived from multispectral SPOT imagery could predict abundance and species richness of ground active spiders and ground beetles in a new ecological context, the floodplain meadows of the Loire River in Western Europe. Using pitfall traps, we collected carabids and spiders in the field. Maximum vegetation height, litter‐depth and plant species richness best explained species assemblages of both groups (multivariate analyses). NDVI and enhanced vegetation index (EVI 2) were strongly related to activity‐density and species richness for ground beetles only, EVI 2 being the best surrogate. Relationships between vegetation indices and spider assemblage patterns were either non‐significant or weak. We demonstrated that EVI 2 is a good surrogate of the abundance and richness of carabid species in a temperate floodplain, and has potential as a low cost method for mapping arthropod assemblages at large spatial scales. Our approach provides a tool which contributes to biodiversity assessment at large spatial scales. It can also contribute to the prioritisation of conservation areas and early change detection, as carabids are keystone indicators.
Controle de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) E Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae) em cafeeiro e o impacto sobre ácaros benéficos: I - abamectin e emamectin

O acaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) e importante em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) por ser o vetor do virus da mancha-anular, doenca responsavel por queda de folhas e ma qualidade da bebida do cafe, e o acaro-vermelho Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) por reduzir a area foliar de fotossintese. Acaros da familia Phytoseiidae, de varias especies, sao eficientes predadores associados aos acaros-praga. Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estudar o controle dos acaros-praga com spirodiclofen e azocyclotin, e o impacto sobre fitoseideos. Em laboratorio foram estudados os efeitos ovicida, topico, residual, topico mais residual e a seletividade fisiologica aos fitoseideos; em casa-de-vegetacao foi avaliada a persistencia no controle as duas especies de acaros-praga; e em campo foi avaliada a eficiencia apenas no controle de B. phoenicis. Os bioensaios foram realizados em arenas de folhas destacadas. O efeito ovicida foi avaliado em ovos no inicio e final de incubacao. Os efeitos residual, topico e topico mais residual foram avaliados pela mortalidade de larvas, ninfas e adultos aos oito dias, e a persistencia ate 30 dias apos a aplicacao. A seletividade aos fitoseideos foi avaliada, pelo efeito na mortalidade e reproducao de femeas adultas, em teste residual em superficie de vidro. Spirodiclofen e azocyclotin (SC) mostraram eficiente acao ovicida, principalmente para ovos de B. phoenicis no inicio de incubacao. Para ovos de O. ilicis, somente o spirodiclofen apresentou efeito ovicida. Em geral, os efeitos topico e residual associados melhoraram a eficiencia dos produtos no controle das fases pos-embrionarias de ambas as especies. O spirodiclofen apresentou seletividade aos acaros predadores, ja o azocyclotin foi nocivo. Em campo, ambos os acaricidas mostram-se altamente eficientes na reducao de todas as fases pos-embrionarias do acaro B. phoenicis, principalmente nas folhas.
Effects of early rearing environment on stress response, immune function, and disease resistance in juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]pl relative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three gr.
The use of non-persistent herbicides, glyphosate, and 2,4-D amine to control riparian stands of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.).

The non-persistent herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D amine were applied to riparian stands of R. japonica on the banks of the River Cynon, South Wales at doses of 2154 g and 2790 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1 respectively. Glyphosate being tested with one or two applications per season, 2,4-D amine with two only. Two weeks after spraying, the biomass and leaf area ratio of shoots in all treated plots was depressed but was significantly (P < 0–01) lower in the 2,4-D amine plots. Ten weeks after treatment shoots had begun to recover but the biomass was still < 40 per cent of the control areas. Rapid (six weeks after treatment) recovery of Leaf Area Ratio was also observed. Second applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D amine to the respective plots resulted in shoot death after four weeks. Management recommendations are made for the control of R. japonica on riverbanks based on the results presented.
Components of Resistance to an Indian Source of Cercospora Arachidicola in Selected Peanut Lines

Abstract Cercospora arachidicola Hori is one of the most important foliar pathogens worldwide that limits peanut production in farmers' fields. Earlier screening trials allowed us to identify lines with field resistance to early leafspot. In order to determine the components of resistance of these lines and other lines reported to be resistant elsewhere, 19 peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) were evaluated by the detached leaf technique using an isolate of Cercospora arachidicola from the ICRISAT Center in India. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all components of resistance included in the study. With a few exceptions, early leafspot- resistant genotypes (ICG nos. 8298, 6902, 6284, 1703, 10900, 7878, 9989 and 10920) exhibited longer incubation periods, reduced sporulation, smaller lesion diameters and lower infection frequencies than susceptible lines. Genotypes ICG 8298 and ICG 6902 were the most resistant, while ICG nos. 221, 7827 and 6340 were the most susceptible to early .
Pasteurella multocida tipo A como agente primário de pneumonia e septicemia em suínos

In order to understand better the pathological aspects and spread of Pasteurella multocida type A as the primary cause of pneumonia in pigs, was made an experiment with intranasal inoculation of different concentrations of inocula [Group (G1): 108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml; G2: 107 CFU/ml; G3: 106 CFU/ml and G4: 105 CFU/ml], using two pigs per group. The pigs were obtained from a high health status herd. Pigs were monitored clinically for 4 days and subsequently necropsied. All pigs had clinical signs and lesions associated with respiratory disease. Dyspnoea and hyperthermia were the main clinical signs observed. Suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, in some cases associated with necrosuppurative pleuropneumonia, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritic, were the most frequent types of lesion found. The disease evolved with septicaemia, characterized by septic infarctions in the liver and spleen, with the detection of P. multocida type A. In this study, P. multocida type A strain #11246 was the primary agent of fibrinous pleuritis and suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pericarditis and septicaemia in the pigs. All concentrations of inoculum used (105-108 CFU/ml) were able to produce clinical and pathological changes of pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis and septicemia in challenged animals.
Vascular flora of Norfolk Island: Some additions and taxonomic notes

Abstract A total of 75 taxa (including 1 hybrid) are reported as new to the flora of the Norfolk Island group, in the south‐west Pacific Ocean. Of these 1 is endemic (Achyranthes margaretarum), and 10 (2 pteridophytes, 8 anthophytes) taxa are considered indigenous and appear to represent either new natural long‐distance colonisations of Norfolk Island group from Australia and New Zealand or are new identifications of indigenous taxa either treated under other indigenous names or as naturalised in the Norfolk Flora. The remaining 64 taxa are considered naturalisations from resident gardens, or recent arrivals via human traffic from Australia or New Zealand. Aside from these records we discuss and update information on a further 27 taxa either covered by the last Norfolk Island flora treatment, or noted in subsequent works. A new species, Geranium gardneri, is described and treated as indigenous to Australia and naturalised in Norfolk I. and New Zealand. Nephrolepis flexuosa is reinstated for the non‐tuberous, high‐polyploid fern previously included within a broad circumscription of N. cordifolia, and which is indigenous at least to Norfolk I. , Raoul I. , Lord Howe I. , New Zealand, and Fiji. The new combination Boehmeria australis subsp. dealbata is made for the Raoul I. (Kermadec Islands group) endemic, and Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus for the Norfolk and Lord Howe Island wheatgrass. The New Zealand Cordyline kaspar and Raoul I. Rhopalostylis cheesemanii are relegated to synonymy within the Norfolk I. Cordyline obtecta and Rhopalostylis baueri, respectively, which are now no longer considered endemic. Dianella intermedia and Pennantia endlicheri are treated as endemic to Norfolk I. and Senecio australis as indigenous. Two species, Ipomoea cairica and Oxalis exilis, previously treated as naturalised are recognised as indigenous, while Homalanthus populifolius is now considered naturalised and so is excluded from the indigenous flora. Anew treatment for Norfolk I. Oxalis Sect. Corniculatae is offered, and three of the four taxa reported from the island group but treated by the current flora as part of O. corniculata sens. lat. are recognised at species rank. Of these we consider only one, O. exilis, to be indigenous, and treat O. choonodes and O. radicosa as probably naturalised. We also report the first naturalised occurrence of O. corniculata sens. str. from the island group and exclude O. perennans from the flora. Isolepis cernua var. setiformis is recognised for the Norfolk I. Isolepis previously treated as probably endemic and unnamed.
Age at Maturity, Fork Length, and Sex Ratio of Upper Willamette River Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon

Abstract We used data from 17 brood years of coded-wire-tagged hatchery spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the upper Willamette River to test for changes in mean age at maturity, fork length, and sex ratio. We found only limited evidence for any trend in age at maturity or sex ratio. However, Chinook Salmon sampled from tangle nets, recreational fisheries, spawning grounds, and hatcheries all presented trends of decline in mean fork length. Rates of change in fork length ranged from 0 to 5 mm per year in most sample collections, though fork length declined more rapidly for samples from tangle nets. We also observed a positive relationship between adult fork lengths and the median monthly Pacific Decadal Oscillation index in the year prior to juvenile liberation (the brood year). We suggest that future research should investigate the potential cause(s) for the decline in size of hatchery spring Chinook Salmon from the upper Willamette River, with attention to harvest, broad-scale environme.
Osseous inner ear structures and hearing in early marsupials and placentals

Based on the internal anatomy of petrosal bones as shown in radiographs and scanning electron microscopy, the inner ear structures of Late Cretaceous marsupials and placentals (about 65 Myr ago) from the Bug Creek Anthills locality of Montana, USA, are described. The inner ears of Late Cretaceous marsupials and placentals are similar to each other in having the following tribosphenic therian synapomorphies: a fully coiled cochlea, primary and secondary osseous spiral laminae, the perilymphatic recess merging with the scala tympani of the cochlea, an aqueductus cochleae, a true fenestra cochleae, a radial pattern of the cochlear nerve and an elongate basilar membrane extending to the region between the fenestra vestibuli and fenestra cochleae. The inner ear structures of living therians differ from those of their Late Cretaceous relatives mainly in having a greater number of spiral turns of the cochlea and a longer basilar membrane. Functionally, a coiled cochlea not only permits the development of an elongate basilar membrane within a restricted space in the skull but also allows a centralized nerve system to innervate the elongate basilar membrane. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that, with a typical therian inner ear, Late Cretaceous marsupials and placentals were probably capable of high-frequency hearing.
A study of the theoretical expectation of F1 hybridity resulting from bulk interpopulation hybridization in herbage grasses

SUMMARY A study of the theoretical expectation of F1 hybridity resulting from bulk interpopulation hybridization in herbage grasses has been made. It is concluded that the main factor affecting the percentage interpopulational F1 hybrid content of the seed product of a two-population mixed sward is degree of coincidence of population flowering patterns. The effects of differences in population parameters are examined for a range of population types. Other factors such as differences in total gamete frequencies, preferential fertilization and differential pre- and post-harvest seed losses are also considered.
Effects of varied water regimes on root length, dry matter partitioning and endogenous plant growth regulators in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of varied water regimes on root length, partitioning of dry matter and plant growth regulators by using sunflower genotypes differing in maturity and drought tolerance. Significant depressing effect of drought stress was evident on traits (i.e., reproductive dry matter, leaf area index and cytokinin concentrations in leaves). However, root/shoot, reproductive/vegetative ratios and Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration were found to increase under drought stress. Drought stress also changed the dry matter accumulation pattern of genotypes. In most cases it reduced the days to reach the maximum peak showing early senescence. ABA was identified as a multi-functional plant growth regulator under drought stress, causing early senescence of plants and translocation of assimilates to the roots and reproductive part while root growth under drought stress was explained by the indole-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations. Maintaining higher cytokinin contents were involved in accumulation of higher reproductive dry matter under drought stress. Although ABA and IAA were both involved in the development of defense responses during the adaptation and survival to drought stress but higher productivity under drought stress was only realized through maintaining higher cytokinin contents.
Morphologic and taxonomic history of Paleozoic ammonoids in time and morphospace

Abstract Principal components analysis (PCA) of 21 shell parameters (geometry, sculpture, aperture shape, and suture complexity) in 597 L. Devonian to L. Triassic ammonoid genera (spanning ∼166 Myr) shows that eight basic morphotypes appeared within ∼20 Myr of the first appearance of ammonoids. With one exception, these morphotypes persisted throughout the Paleozoic, occurring in ∼75% of the ∼5-Myr time bins used in this study. Morphotypes were not exclusive to particular lineages. Their persistence was not just a product of phylogenetic constraints or longevity, and multiple iterations of the same morphotypes occurred at different times and in different groups. Although mass extinction events severely condensed the range of morphologic variation and taxonomic diversity, the effects were short lived and most extinct morphotypes were usually iterated within 5 Myr. The most important effect of mass extinctions on ammonoid evolutionary history seems to have been their role in large scale taxonomic turnovers; they effectively eliminated previously dominant orders at the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) (Agoniatitida), the Devonian/Mississippian (D/M) (Clymeniida), and the Permian/Triassic (P/T) (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida) extinctions. Survivors varied from two (P/T) to four (D/M) and five genera (F/F). These events generated sharp reductions in morphologic disparity at the D/M (58%) and at the P/T (59%), but there was a net increase at the F/F (38%). There was no obvious survival bias for particular morphotypes, but 64% are interpreted to have been Nautilus-like nektobenthic. The recurrence of particular combinations of morphology and their strong independence of phylogeny are strong arguments for functional constraint. Intervals between mass extinctions seem to have been relatively static in terms of morphotype numbers, in contrast to numbers of genera. Significant decreases in genus diversity (54%) and morphologic disparity (33%) commenced in the mid-Permian (Wordian/ Capitanian boundary), well before the final P/T event.
Environmental factors affecting migration of the European eel in the Rivers Severn and Avon, England

Studies were conducted during 1991–1993 on environmental factors affecting the upstream migration of eels in the Rivers Severn and Avon, England. Migrants (> 156 000 pigmented elvers and > 189 000 juveniles) were trapped as they attempted to ascend weir or sluice barriers. Multiple regression models were developed to compare catches per trap per night (C) with data for various key environmental parameters at seven sites, from the tidal limit to a maximum of 42.5 km upstream. The key stimulus for migration of both elvers and juveniles at the tidal limit was water temperature, with some weaker monthly influences related to seasonal temperature increases. Smaller annual influences probably related to earlier glass eel recruitment into the lower estuary. A weak early tidal effect was demonstrated only once, in 1993 in the Severn. Temperature also exerted significant effects on C of juvenile eels at the tidal limit and in the non-tidal rivers, although effects weakened with distance upstream. Year, month, river flows and whether traps were mounted on weirs or sluices made only small contributions at a few sites. Distance between traps also contributed to combined data for upper Severn sites. The threshold temperature in all cases was 14–16°C, with low to zero catches below 10–11°C, catch maxima being achieved above 18–20°C. The implications of strong temperature-dependence of migration in relation to stock recruitment and management are discussed. Special reference is made to recent decreases in recruitment of eels to Europe and N. America and possible long-term effects of global warming.
Discrimination of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by PCR-RFLP analysis, and application to surveying occurrence of H. armigera in tobacco fields of Japan.

To discriminate Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta, a 557 bp portion of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial DNA was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results of nucleotide sequencing of the amplified DNA products from the two species showed that they could be easily discriminated from each other by MseI- or VspI-digestion of the PCR products. In practice, 227 dried adult specimens of the two species that were identified morphologically in advance were correctly discriminated by the PCR-RFLP patterns with MseI or VspI. This method was applied to the larvae of Helicoverpa species feeding in tobacco fields. Analyses of PCR-RFLP patterns of individual larvae collected at 17 fields in Iwate, Yamagata, Fukushima, Tochigi, Okayama, and Okinawa prefectures, showed that H. armigera widely coexists with H. assulta. Intraspecific variation in the RFLP patterns was rarely detected.
Soil Region Effects on White-tailed Deer Forage Protein Content

Abstract Body mass and antler development of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) vary by soil resource region in Mississippi, but a causative link from soil to deer morphology has not been established. We investigated crude protein (CP) content of 8 important deer forages in 5 soil-resource regions to determine if regional differences in available nutrition could potentially explain some variation in morphometrics. Crude protein levels of a species composite and all but 1 individual forage species decreased from spring to summer. Every species exhibited regional differences in spring, and only 1 species did not vary by region in summer. Composite CP also differed by region. Differences in potential nutritional planes among regions may be substantial enough to impact lactation success, fawn recruitment, and body growth. Directly sampling seasonal diet quality among regions and comparing nutritional planes among deer herds of different densities may further explain regional morphometric differences.