Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Caledonian tectonothermal evolution in outboard terranes, central Scandinavian Caledonides: new constraints from U-Pb zircon dates

Early Caledonian deformation in an outboard terrane (Storfjället) in the central Scandinavian Caledonides is constrained to the time-period Arenig to Caradoc on thebasis of U-Pb zircon age determinations. A trondhjemite clast in a conglomerate belonging to a supracrustal sequence that was affected by the early deformational event yields an age of 489+10–5Ma. A granite intruded after this event defines an age of 445+24–6 Ma. The clast is similar in age to a trondhjemite intrusion in a contiguous terrane (Gjersvik) dated at 483+5–3 Ma and the granite age is in agreement with a Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron of 438 ± 6 Ma determined in a previous study. The three new ages provide further evidence for the separation of igneous events in outboard terranes in the Scandinavian Caledonides into older (Tremadoc to Arenig) and younger (Late Ordovician to Early Silurian) episodes. More critically, they argue against simple correlation of early Caledonian deformational events in outboard terranes with the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician tectonometamorphic history along the margin of the continent Baltica (the so-called Finnmarkian orogenic phase). This age disparity provides support for significant spatial separation of the Storfjället terrane from Baltica during the early–mid Ordovician and an influence of the Taconic orogenic event on this outboard terrane is proposed.
Unique synapomorphies and high diversity in South American Raji-related Epstein-Barr virus genomes

BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus etiologically linked to several benign and malignant diseases. EBV-associated malignancies exhibit an unusual global distribution that might be partly attributed to virus and host genetic backgrounds. OBJECTIVES To assemble a new genome of EBV (CEMO3) from a paediatric Burkitt’s lymphoma from Rio de Janeiro State (Southeast Brazil). In addition, to perform global phylogenetic analysis using complete EBV genomes, including CEMO3, and investigate the genetic relationship of some South American (SA) genomes through EBV subgenomic targets. METHODS CEMO3 was sequenced through next generation sequencing and its coverage and gaps were corrected through the Sanger method. CEMO3 and 67 EBV genomes representing diverse geographic regions were evaluated through maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. Further, the polymorphism of subgenomic regions of some SA EBV genomes were assessed. FINDINGS The whole bulk tumour sequencing yielded 23,217 reads related to EBV, which 172,713 base pairs of the newly EBV genome CEMO3 was assembled. The CEMO3 and most SA EBV genomes clustered within the SA subclade closely related to the African Raji strain, forming the South American/Raji clade. Notably, these Raji-related genomes exhibit significant genetic diversity, characterised by distinctive synapomorphies at some gene levels absent in the original Raji strain. CONCLUSION The CEMO3 represents a new South American EBV genome assembled. Albeit the majority of EBV genomes from SA are Raji-related, it harbours a high diversity different from the original Raji strain.
Instream Bacteria Influences from Bird Habitation of Bridges

The representativeness of ambient water samples collected from bridge crossings has occasionally been challenged because critics contend birds nesting on bridges elevate fecal indicator bacteria concentrations over samples collected from river reaches not spanned by bridges. This study was designed to evaluate the influence, if any, of bridge‐dwelling bird colonies on instream bacteria concentrations. Three bridges in central Texas were sampled under dry‐weather conditions for instream Escherichia coli. Two bridges were inhabited by migratory cliff swallows and one was devoid of birds. Numerous samples were collected from locations upstream, at the upstream bridgeface, and downstream of each bridge to determine whether significant increases in E. coli occurred in a downstream direction when birds were present. E. coli values increased significantly at bridgeface and downstream locations compared to upstream locations throughout the nesting season. During peak bird activity in May, bacteria geometric mean concentrations at bridgeface and downstream locations jumped from background levels <50 to >190 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL, well above the state geometric mean criterion of 126 CFU/100 mL for primary contact recreation use. Results confirmed that under dry‐weather conditions bird colonies can have a significant impact on bacteria concentrations in the vicinity of the bridges they inhabit and therefore, to avoid this impact, monitoring should occur upstream of bridges.
Earthquake source scaling relationships from −1 to 5 ML using seismograms recorded at 2.5‐km depth

The scaling relationships of earthquake sources less than about magnitude 3 have been the subject of considerable controversy over the last two decades. Studies of such events have shown a tendency for the constant stress drop, self similarity of larger earthquakes to breakdown at small magnitudes, and an apparent minimum source dimension of about 100 m has been observed. Other studies showed that this apparent breakdown in scaling could be an artifact of severe near-surface attenuation, limiting the spatial resolution of surface data. In this study, source parameters are determined for over 100 nearby, tectonic earthquakes, from recordings at a depth of 2.5 km (in granite) in the Cajon Pass scientific drill hole, southern California. Comparison of the seismograms recorded at this depth with those at the wellhead clearly demonstrates the effect of the severe attenuation in the upper kilometers of the Earth's crust. Source parameters are calculated by spectral modeling of three-component P and S waves, assuming four source models based on the Brune ω−2 (n = 2) model. In model l, n = 2 is fixed, and Q of P and S waves is determined to be 912 (581–1433) and 1078 (879–1323), respectively (the numbers in parentheses are ±1 standard deviation). In model 2, QP = QS = 1000 is assumed and n is allowed to vary. The ω−2 model is a good average for the data set, but there is some real scatter supported by the data. In model 3, QP = QS = 1000 is also assumed and ω−2 is constrained, and in model 4, attenuation is ignored and n is allowed to vary. Source dimensions of less than 10m are observed for all four models, 10 times smaller than the proposed “minimum”. No breakdown in constant stress drop scaling is seen in the downhole data (approximately ML-1 to 5.5, M0 = 109 - 1016 Nm). The ratio between radiated seismic energy (estimated by integrating the velocity squared spectra with adequate signal bandwidth) and seismic moment appears to decrease gradually with decreasing moment in the magnitude range −1 to 7. This is not incompatible with a constant stress drop but could result from errors in calculating energy. The ratio of the S wave energy to that radiated by the P waves is about 14, after correction for attenuation. This low value is consistent with the corner frequency shift of about 1.3. This corner frequency shift is observed for all four source models and therefore is interpreted as being source controlled.
Collaborative Inquiries into Teaching English Practical Skills via a Critical Friends Group

From a sociocultural perspective, professional learning sites for teachers need to go beyond the boundaries of one-off training course to the situation-specific learning activities and on-going dialogues or collaboration among teachers within their community. Critical friends groups are one of the collaborative learning forms, which involve a small group of teachers within a shared teaching context and friendship to interact and develop professionally. However, limited empirical evidence was found about the learning process of those who are in their first years of teaching, known as novice teachers. This case study was carried out to investigate how five EFL novice teachers at a university in Vietnam made professional inquiries collaboratively in a critical friends group (CFG) in order to learn to teach English language skills. It aims at exploring the five teachers’ attitudes towards and constraints of their CFG experience. The data were collected through non-participant observations of discussions on a Messenger chat room of the CFG for three months and semi-structured interviews with the five teachers. The results reveal that the five novice teachers highly valued their collaborative learning opportunities with their critical friends in their process of learning to teach English language skills at a tertiary level while a number of hindrances were noticed in their learning within the CFG. Based on the findings of the research, it is recommended that CFGs or other collaborative forms of professional learning need to be encouraged among teachers, particularly those starting their teaching career.
Analysis of air bacterium pollution in function area and sterilization effect of urban greenbelt system in Lanzhou city

In this paper, authors analyze amount of air bacterium distribution and pollution condition in different function area of Lanzhou as well as relation between flow of people and vehicles and pollution of air bacterium By investigating sterilization effect of different types greenbelt system, authors point sterilization capability of greenbelt system is arbor, shrub, grassarbor, shrubgrass, shrublawn
History-matching flow simulations and time-lapse seismic data from the Sleipner CO2 plume

Abstract Since its inception in 1996, the CO 2 injection operation at Sleipner has been monitored by 3D time-lapse seismic surveys. Striking images of the CO 2 plume have been obtained showing a multi-tier feature of high reflectivity. In the medium to longer term, the topmost layer of CO 2 , accumulating and migrating directly beneath the topseal, is the main determinant of storage site performance. Fortunately it is this topmost layer that can be most accurately characterized, its rate of growth quantified, and CO 2 flux arriving at the reservoir top estimated. The latter is mostly controlled by pathway flow through thin intra-reservoir mudstones. This has increased steadily with time, suggesting either that pathway transmissivities are increasing with time and/or the pathways are becoming more numerous. Detailed 3D history-matching of the topmost layer cannot easily match the observed rate of spreading. Isotropic permeabilities result in a stronger radial component than observed and a degree of anisotropic permeability, higher in a north–south direction, is possible. The main contributor to the mismatch, however, is likely to be small but significant uncertainty in the depth conversion. Irrespective of uncertainty, the observed rate of lateral migration seems to require very high permeabilities, and is, moreover, suggestive of a topseal which behaves like a ‘hard’ impermeable flow barrier. Detailed studies such as this will provide important constraints on longer term predictive models of plume evolution and storage performance which are key regulatory requirements.
Indoor air movement acceptability and thermal comfort in hot-humid climates

Much has been done in order to understand when air movement enhancement is unwelcome. Traditionally, air velocity has been framed in terms of maximum permissible limits in order to avoid occupants’ complaints due to ‘draft’. Numerous authors have proposed a variety of maximum acceptable indoor air velocity, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5m/s, and 0.8m/s has been deemed as maximum allowable air velocity by ASHRAE 55-2004. In hot humid climates, however, it is likely that higher air velocity values would be preferred by occupants. This project aims to understand the relevance and applicability of maximum air velocity limits, focusing on occupant’s thermal comfort, preference and acceptability, within naturally ventilated buildings. The methodological approach focuses on field research design, based on the proximity, in time and space, of the indoor climate observations with corresponding comfort questionnaire responses from the occupants. The two field experiment campaigns took place in naturally ventilated buildings in Maceio, located at the north-east hot-humid zone of Brazil, during the cool (Aug/Sep) and also hot seasons (Feb/Mar), resulting in 2075 questionnaires. Air movement was investigated based on two goals for acceptability: 80 and 90%. Minimal air velocities values obtained based on this analysis were close to, or above 0.8m/s, which is currently mandated as the maximum air velocity for ASHRAE 55-2004. Findings also indicated occupant’s rising comfort expectations; resulting from constant air-conditioning exposure, militate against the implementation of adaptive comfort principles in bioclimatic buildings. Findings also indicated that air movement definitely assumes a major significance in terms of preference and acceptance of the indoor thermal environment. Thermal acceptability alone was not enough to satisfy occupants. And combining thermal and air movement acceptability is the key challenge that must be faced in these indoor environments. Based on these results, this project suggested a set of guidelines for a Brazilian standard for naturally ventilated buildings, considering air movement enhancement as a welcome breeze in hot-humid climates.
Disparities in Obstetric, Neonatal, and Birth Outcomes Among Syrian Women Refugees and Jordanian Women

Objectives: To compare obstetric and neonatal characteristics and birth outcomes between Syrian refugees and native women in Jordan. Methods: We used the Jordan Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths Surveillance System to extract sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of the mothers and birth characteristics of newborns. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the characteristics of 26,139 Jordanian women (27,468 births) and 3,453 Syrian women refugees (3,638 births) who gave birth in five referral hospitals (May 2019 and December 2020). Results: The proportions of low birthweight (14.1% vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001) and small for gestational age (12.0% vs. 10.0%, p < 0.001) newborns were significantly higher for those born to Syrian women compared to those born to Jordanian women. The stillbirth rate (15.1 vs. 9.9 per 1,000 births, p = 0.003), the neonatal death rate (21.2 vs. 13.2 per 1,000 live births, p < 0.001), and perinatal death rate (21.2 vs. 13.2 per 1,000 births, p < 0.001) were significantly higher for the Syrian births. After adjusting for sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of women, only perinatal death was statistically significantly higher among Syrian babies compared to Jordanian babies (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7, p = 0.035). Conclusion: Syrian refugee mothers had a significantly higher risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes including higher rate of perinatal death compared to Jordanian women.
Precipitation and Lithification of Deep-sea Carbonates in the Red Sea

ABSTRACT More than one-half of the deep-sea carbonates in the Red Sea are estimated to have been inorganically precipitated. Aragonite-cemented layers were formed during glacially lowered stands of sea level, when Red Sea waters were highly saline. Some magnesian calcite lithic fragments might represent inversion products of aragonite; others are believed to have been precipitated directly from normal Red Sea water. Chemical, mineralogical and petrographic similarities with lithic fragments suggest that the magnesian calcite portion of the Red Sea lutite was also inorganically precipitated. Similar inorganic carbonate precipitation probably occurred in the Mediterranean Sea, during glacially lowered sea level.
Efficient Key-Escrow-Free and Vehicle-Revocable Data Sharing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as an important part of intelligent transportation system, attracts more and more attention since it can provide communication about traffic and vehicle conditions, and optimize the transportation. It is noted that it also faces a series of security challenges. One of core issues is how to achieve secure data sharing and access control. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) technique is often used to achieve these goals simultaneously. However, in the execution process of applying CP-ABE to VANET, there are two crucial issues that need to be resolved. One is key-escrow issue, which means that all vehicles’ secret keys will be leaked once if the central attribute authority (CAA) is compromised, and another is the revocation issue of departing vehicles from current region. In order to resolve these two issues simultaneously, in this article, we propose an efficient data sharing protocol for VANET with the key-escrow-free and vehicle-revocable properties. More specifically, we design a subprotocol between CAA and vehicles, which interactively issues secret keys for these vehicles. But CAA does not know any user’s true secret key, which guarantees that it is still secure even if CAA is compromised. In addition, we additionally introduce an entity named group manager, which manages and updates the unrevoked users in the current group. In order to improve the efficiency of the whole system, we adopt the online/offline encryption method for data owner and outsourced decryption technique for the resource-constraint data users. Finally, the performance analysis show that our proposed protocol is competitive in the phases of online encryption, key generation and CAA-setup, and thus is useful in the practical applications of VANET.
Cosmogenic production of 7Be and 10Be in water targets

We have measured 10Be (t1/2 = 1.5 × 106 years) and 7Be (t1/2 = 53.28 days) concentrations in water targets exposed for 1 to 2 years at Echo Lake, Colorado (elevation = 3246 m) and at La Jolla, California (140 m). Neutron monitor data were used to normalize the measured concentrations in order to calculate production rates equivalent to the cosmic ray flux averaged over four solar cycles (43 years). The 7Be production rates thus obtained correspond to 6.03 ± 0.07 × 10−6 atom g−1·O s−1 at Echo Lake and 5.06 ± 0.20 × 10−6 atom g−1·O s−1 at La Jolla. The 10Be production rates correspond to 3.14 ± 0.18 × 10−6 atom g−1·O s−1 at Echo Lake and 2.68 ± 0.47 × 10−7 atom g−1·O s−1 at La Jolla. When compared with 10Be production rates determined in 10Be-saturated rocks from the Antarctic and with theoretical calculations based on meteorite and lunar sample data, we find that the million-year average production rate is about 14–17% greater than the present production rate averaged over the last four solar cycles. Comparison with production rates determined by measuring glacially polished rocks from the Sierra Nevada in California indicates that average production (based on a revised 13,000-year deglaciation age and a geographic latitude correction) is about 11% greater than the average over the last four solar cycles. The measured 10Be/7Be production ratio in oxygen is 0.52 ± 0.03 at Echo Lake and 0.55 ± 0.07 at La Jolla.
Nina Creek Group and Lay Range Assemblage, north-central British Columbia: remnants of late Paleozoic oceanic and arc terranes

In north-central British Columbia, a belt of upper Paleozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks lies between Mesozoic arc rocks of Quesnellia and Ancestral North America. These rocks belong to two distinct terranes: the Nina Creek Group of the Slide Mountain terrane and the Lay Range Assemblage of the Quesnel terrane. The Nina Creek Group is composed of Mississippian to Late Permian argillite, chert, and mid-ocean-ridge tholeiitic basalt, formed in an ocean-floor setting. The sedimentary and volcanic rocks, the Mount Howell and Pillow Ridge successions, respectively, form discrete, generally coeval sequences interpreted as facies equivalents that have been interleaved by thrusting. The entire assemblage has been faulted against the Cassiar terrane of the North American miogeocline. West of the Nina Creek Group is the Lay Range Assemblage, correlated with the Harper Ranch subterrane of Quesnellia. It includes a lower division of Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian sedimentary and volcanic rocks, some with con.
The Harvest Experiment: Calibration of the Climate Data Record from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission

We present a 17-year calibration record of precise (Jason-class) spaceborne altimetry from a California offshore oil platform (Harvest). Our analyses indicate that the sea-surface-height (SSH) biases for all three TOPEX/Poseidon (1992–2005) measurement systems are statistically indistinguishable from zero at the 15 mm level. In contrast, the SSH bias estimates for the newer Jason-1 mission (2001–present) and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (2008–present) are significantly positive. In orbit for over eight years, the Jason-1 measurement system yields SSH biased by +94 ± 15 mm. Its successor, OSTM/Jason-2, produces SSH measurements biased by +178 ± 16 mm.
Distribution patterns and diversity of Onosma in Iran: with emphasis on endemism conservation and distribution pattern in SW Asia

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Deep reflection surveying in central Tibet: lower-crustal layering and crustal flow

SUMMARY In the summer of 1998, a series of multichannel, deep seismic reflection tests were conducted in central Tibet around 89 ◦ E as part of the third phase of Project INDEPTH, a multidisciplinary study of the structure of the core of the Tibetan Plateau. Short seismic reflection sections from four locations spanning the Jurassic Banggong‐Nujiang Suture show several features: thin (<2 km), sedimentary cover sequences; an unreflective upper crust down to approximately 25 km depth; strongly reflective lower crust down to 65 km depth (22 s traveltime) and a distinct change in seismic character from layered reflectivity to unreflective that we interpret as marking the reflection Moho. These profiles are unlike those in parts of the Yadong‐Gulu Rift to the south where few deep reflections exist and reflection profiles are dominated by highamplitude reflection bright-spots at 6 s which have been interpreted as fluid bodies, either water or magma. Analyses of seismic amplitude decay on individual shot records confirm sourcegenerated energy at traveltimes beyond 22 s, thus indicating that the change in reflection character at the Moho is not the result of a loss of signal penetration. The depths to the top and bottom of the lower-crustal reflectivity match both a mid-crustal velocity increase and the Moho determined for this area from refraction profiling. Lower-crustal reflectivity is consistent with current ductile deformation as suggested by models for middle and lower-crustal flow in Tibet. However, Cretaceous-age magmatic intrusions may explain at least part of the observed reflectivity.
Testing the Minimum System Entropy and the Quantum of Entropy

Experimental and theoretical results about entropy limits for macroscopic and single-particle systems are reviewed. All experiments confirm the minimum system entropy S⩾kln2. We clarify in which cases it is possible to speak about a minimum system entropy kln2 and in which cases about a quantum of entropy. Conceptual tensions with the third law of thermodynamics, with the additivity of entropy, with statistical calculations, and with entropy production are resolved. Black hole entropy is surveyed. Claims for smaller system entropy values are shown to contradict the requirement of observability, which, as possibly argued for the first time here, also implies the minimum system entropy kln2. The uncertainty relations involving the Boltzmann constant and the possibility of deriving thermodynamics from the existence of minimum system entropy enable one to speak about a general principle that is valid across nature.