Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Buoyant Convection on the Stability of Enclosed Laminar Flames

An investigation of the stability limits of Enclosed Laminar Flames (ELF) was conducted in the Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) facility on the STS-87 Space Shuttle mission (November to December 1997). The primary objective of the ELF glovebox investigation is to determine the effect of buoyancy on the stability of round, laminar, gas-jet diffusion flames in a co-flow air duct. Comparison tests were conducted in normal gravity to allow isolation and identification of the influence of buoyancy. The results were used to map the lift-off and blow-out stability limits as a function of the fuel and air velocities for the two buoyancy conditions. Approximately 50 tests were conducted during the Space Shuttle mission, using a 50/50 mixture (volume basis) of methane and nitrogen as the fuel. The experimental results verified the hypothesis that substantially greater velocities are required to destabilize the flame in microgravity. The increase in air velocity required to induce lift off in microgravity (compared to normal gravity) was nearly equal to the increase required to induce blow out. Furthermore, the air velocity increase was relatively independent of the fuel flow, except at low fuel flows. At high fuel flows, it was found that the microgravity flames tend to immediately blow out after lift off. This is in agreement with the free-jet theory which suggests that stable lifted flames are not possible for fuels with a Schmidt number of 0.5<Sc<l, such as the diluted methane used in this study. However, stable lifted flames were observed in microgravity at low fuel flows, and in normal gravity, despite the fuel's low Schmidt number. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the theory of Chung and Lee is presumably due to the differences in the flow condition; namely, the ducted flow versus a free jet, and a non-similar velocity profile versus a self-similar profile.
Spark breakdown of liquid hydrocarbons. II. Temporal development of the electric spark resistance in n-pentane, n-hexane, 2,2 dimethylbutane, and n-decane

The temporal variation of the spark resistance RFS of a tip‐plane and a rod‐plane electrode gap immersed in n‐hexane, n‐pentane, n‐decane, and 2,2 dimethylbutane (neohexane) was measured by employing fast high‐voltage and current measurement techniques. Three distinct regions were found: (1) rapid decrease of the resistance to 103 Ω, (2) development of the spark channel with RFS decreasing to 102 Ω, and (3) an exponential variation of RFS in time.
Size controlled CaF 2 nanocubes and their dosimetric properties using photoluminescence technique

A new synthetic chemical coprecipitation route for the preparation of well-crystallized size controlled nano- and microcrystalline cubes of CaF2 is reported. Crystalline cubes in the range of 2 µm--20 nm could be synthesized and their sizes were controlled by varying the solvent: cosolvent ratio. The as-synthesized CaF2 nanocubes were characterized by different techniques. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of CaF2 nanocrystalline powder showed strong emission band at 415 nm. Moreover, the effect of Eu as a dopant on the emission spectrum of CaF2 was investigated. This dopant was found to get incorporated in its Eu2+ and Eu3+ forms. The as-produced nanocubes were exposed to UV irradiation and the corresponding PL emission was studied. Excellent results are obtained, where CaF2:Eu nanocubes were found to be highly sensitive and might be suitable for esteeming the doses of UV irradiation using the PL technique.
The electronic structure of europium chalcogenides and pnictides

The electronic structure of some europium chalcogenides and pnictides is calculated using the ab initio self-interaction corrected local-spin-density approximation (SIC-LSD). This approach allows both a localized description of the rare earth f-electrons and an itinerant description of s-, p-, and d-electrons. Localizing different numbers of f-electrons on the rare earth atom corresponds to different nominal valencies, and the total energies can be compared, providing a first-principles description of valency. All the chalcogenides are found to be insulators in the ferromagnetic state and to have a divalent configuration. For the pnictides we find that EuN is half-metallic and the rest are normal metals. However, a valence change occurs as we go down the pnictide column of the periodic table. EuN and EuP are trivalent, EuAs is only just trivalent, and EuSb is found to be divalent. Our results suggest that these materials may find applications in spintronic and spin filtering devices.
Local Dielectric Environment Dependent Local Electric Field Enhancement in Double Concentric Silver Nanotubes

The local dielectric environment dependent local field enhancement properties in double concentric silver nanotubes have been obtained by using the plasmon hybridization method and quasi-static calculation. Because of the inserted silver nanotube, the geometrical parameter controlled intertube coupling greatly improves the tunability of the local dielectric dependent enhancement of local electric field. In the inner dielectric core, the most intense local field factor peak corresponds to the |ω–+⟩ plasmon mode, and the major local field factor peak usually changes nonmonotonously as the inner core or spacer layer dielectric is increased. The maximum local field could be obtained by fine-tuning the local dielectric constant in the double tubes with thick inner and outer tube thickness. In the dielectric spacer layer, the most intense local field factor peak corresponds to the |ω––⟩ plasmon mode. The intense local field could be obtained with small spacer layer dielectric constant and reaches the maximum va.
Influência das adubações nitrogenada e fosfatada sobre a composição químico-bromatológica do capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf cv. Marandu) - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i3.1837

The carried out to estimate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus’ fertilization on the crude protein (CP) content, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and phosphorus’ content in dry matter of Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) in summer period (SP) and winter period (WP), under crescent levels of nitrogen (0; 200; 400; 600kgha-1) and phosphorus’ fertilization (0; 50; 100; 150; 200kgha-1). The CP and P content showed a increase by crescent levels of nitrogen (P < 0.05), with a linear effect and a quadratic response, respectively, at SP. However, the NDF showed a decrease in two periods (P < 0.05), and at RP it showed an association effect of nitrogen/phosphorus, and a linear effect by crescent levels of nitrogen at WP. The ADF showed a linear decrease at SP and WP, by crescent levels of nitrogen. The nitrogen and phosphorus’ fertilization did not make better the IVDMD, however, there was a lower decrease at FDA, FDN.
Study of the Coalescence Mechanisms During Silicone Foaming

Le principe d’elaboration des mousses de silicone est base sur une competition entre deux reactions mettant en jeu les fonctions hydrogenosilane portees par le polymere precurseur : la premiere provoque le degagement d’un gaz (a l’origine de la formation des cellules) et la deuxieme, l’hydrosilylation, bien connue et maitrisee dans les silicones, conduit a la reticulation du milieu reactionnel. De ce fait, le controle des proprietes finales de la mousse necessite la maitrise de ces deux cinetiques de synthese du gaz et de reticulation. D’autre part, les proprietes finales des mousses (type de porosite, densite apparente,…) dependent egalement de la rheologie (proprietes elongationnelles adequates) ainsi que des charges ajoutees a la formulation. L’etude de la nucleation et la croissance cellulaire a ete faite sous microscope optique. Les resultats montrent que le phenomene fondamental controlant la croissance des bulles est la coalescence. Sous l’influence couplee des effets de surface et viscoelastiques, les bulles se rapprochent et se deforment pour donner naissance a une forme intermediaire avant d’atteindre leur forme finale. D’autre part, on a montre que l’air initialement dissous dans les formulations ainsi que l’air introduit par agitation permettent de reduire l’effet de peau, d’avoir une distribution de taille homogene et une meilleure structure cellulaire. D'autres facteurs ont egalement ete etudies dans le but de rendre la distribution de taille plus homogene et ameliorer certaines proprietes
Pilgrimstad revisited – a multi‐proxy reconstruction of Early/Middle Weichselian climate and environment at a key site in central Sweden

Wohlfarth, B. , Alexanderson, H. , Ampel, L. , Bennike, O. , Engels, S. , Johnsen, T. , Lundqvist, J. & Reimer, P. 2010: Pilgrimstad revisited – a multi‐proxy reconstruction of Early/Middle Weichselian climate and environment at a key site in central Sweden. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010. 00192.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
Effects of moisture condition and freeze/thaw cycles on surface soil aggregate size distribution and stability

Wang, E. , Cruse, R. M. , Chen, X. and Daigh, A. 2012. Effects of moisture condition and freeze/thaw cycles on surface soil aggregate size distribution and stability. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 529-536. Freeze/thaw cycles can affect soil aggregate stability, which in turn impacts wind and water erosion. The objectives of this laboratory study were: (1) to determine the effect of variable freeze/thaw cycles and soil water conditions on aggregate size distribution and stability; and (2) to evaluate differences in aggregate size distribution and stability between disturbed soil and undisturbed soil cores as affected by freeze/thaw cycles and soil water conditions. Surface soil was collected before freezing in late fall of 2009. Aggregates isolated from disturbed soil or intact soil cores were subjected to a factorial combination of 3 gravimetric water content treatments: 0.15 m3 m-3, 0.23 m3 m-3 or 0.30 m3 m-3, and 3 freeze/thaw treatments: 0, 3, or 9 cycles. A freeze/thaw cycle involved soil freezing at -10°C for 24 h, followed by thawing at 5°C for 24 h. Most aggregate size classes were affected significantly (P<0.05) by freeze/thaw cycles except for wet-sieved aggregates >5 mm. Dry-sieved aggregates were relatively more sensitive to the freeze/thaw treatment than wet-sieved aggregates. The mean weight diameter (MWD) of dry-sieved aggregates was significantly (P<0.05) greater at 0.30 m3 m-3 than 0.15 m3 m-3 water content, but the opposite trend was observed for MWD of wet aggregates and aggregate stability. There was a significant (P<0.05) response of the MWD in dry-sieved aggregates to the interactive freeze/thaw×water content effect that differed for aggregates obtained from disturbed soil and those in the undisturbed soil core, but not for the MWD of wet-sieved aggregates and aggregate stability.
Kinetics of methane fermentation

The kinetics on methane fermentation are described using published data for livestock residue, sewage sludge, and municipal refuse. Methods are presented to determine the kinetic constants and the finally attainable methane production using steady-state methane production data. The effects of temperature, loading rate, and influent substrate concentration on methane fermentation kinetics are discussed. These relationships were used to predict the rate of methane production of a pilot-scale fermentor with excellent results.
Weathering Studies. 1. New Data on Vermiculite

A hydrothermal study in the range up to 800° C. and 2,000 atm. water pressure shows the successive "equilibrium" reactions in vermiculite on heating. Under 10,000 psi water pressure, the first dehydration reaction occurs at 550° C, while above 650° C. only non-expanding structures are formed. The most important change in vermiculite occurs gradually, becoming quite marked above 300°; this change leads to a redistribution of the mica-layer $$Mg^{2+}$$ and the formation of a "chlorite-like" phase of the vermiculite composition. It is therefore clear that no primary vermiculite could have crystallized under even mild hydro-thermal conditions. The rarity of vermiculites with low Fe-contents supports the postulation that the mechanism of its formation is by the low-temperature leaching of $$K^+$$ coupled with oxidation of $$Fe^{2+}$$ to balance the charge initially. The dry dehydration behavior of clay-sized vermiculite shows its resemblance to the montmorillonoids. The relationship to other members of the montmorillonoid group is discussed.
Effect of different filtration membranes on composition of sweet and acid whey protein.

Whey (acid and sweet) is an important byproduct of dairy industry and rich in various nutritious components like lactose, whey protein, lactoalbumin and lactoglobulin etc. Whey proteins in the form of concentrates are mainly used in the food industry due to their wide range of physical, chemical and functional properties like viscosity, water holding capacity, solubility, emulsification, gelation capacity and foaming. There is need to develop an efficient and affordable method of whey separation with minimum losses and membrane separation plays an important role in this regard over conventional methods. In this study three types of membranes like dialysis, ultrafiltration and egg membranes are used and efficient results in terms of composition and yield were found by ultrafiltration after HPLC, Electrophoresis of retentate.
The anisotropic character of Snoek relaxation in FeC system: A kinetic Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation

Kinetic Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, with interatomic interaction described by an embedded atom method, have been performed to study the Snoek relaxation behavior in FeC alloy. The reorientation of elastic dipole under uniaxial cycle stress is modeled with kinetic Monte Carlo and the corresponding anelastic stain resulted by the reorientation is calculated from molecular dynamics. Internal friction is obtained directly in terms of energy definition. The results indicate the calculated Snoek relaxation profiles are in good agreement with those of experiments and linear point defect theory with characteristic temperature corresponding to Snoek peak being 320 ± 5 K at the stress frequency of 1 Hz. The fitted shape factors of elastic dipole from the concentration‐dependent and orientation‐dependent Snoek profiles are consistent, with the value of about 0.72. This method can realize microstructural evolution and kinetic process, which is promising for investigating the Snoek relaxation in concentrated interstitial alloys and complex alloy system with substitutional elements.
METAL EXTRACTION BY ALKYL SUBSTITUTED DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS. PART 4. P, P'-DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) BUTANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID

ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing investigation of the properties of dialkyl substituted diphosphonic acids as solvent extraction reagents for metal cations, we have studied the extraction of alkaline earth cations, Fe(III) and representative actinides (Am(III), U(VI) and Th(IV)) at tracer-level concentration by o-xylene solutions of P,P′-di(2-ethylhexyl) butanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[BuDP]. The extractant and acid dependencies of these metal ions exhibited significant differences from those of the previously investigated analogous extractants in which the two phosphonate groups are separated by a methylene or an ethylene bridge. The aggregation of H2DEH[BuDP] was investigated in toluene at 25° C by vapor pressure osmometry. H2DEH[BuDP] was found to exist predominantly as a trimeric species in the 0.1-0.005 molal concentration range. Osmometric measurements and infrared spectra indicate that Ca(II) is extracted into H2DEH[BuDP] solutions with little disruption of the structure of the extractant. Iron(III) c.
Immunocompatibility of Bacteriophages as Nanomedicines

Bacteriophage-based medical research provides the opportunity to develop targeted nanomedicines with heightened efficiency and safety profiles. Filamentous phages also can and have been formulated as targeted drug-delivery nanomedicines, and phage may also serve as promising alternatives/complements to antibiotics. Over the past decade the use of phage for both the prophylaxis and the treatment of bacterial infection, has gained special significance in view of a dramatic rise in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance bacterial strains. Two potential medical applications of phages are the treatment of bacterial infections and their use as immunizing agents in diagnosis and monitoring patients with immunodeficiencies. Recently, phages have been employed as gene-delivery vectors (phage nanomedicine), for nearly half a century as tools in genetic research, for about two decades as tools for the discovery of specific target-binding proteins and peptides, and for almost a decade as tools for vaccine development. As phage applications to human therapeutic development grow at an exponential rate, it will become essential to evaluate host immune responses to initial and repetitive challenges by therapeutic phage in order to develop phage therapies that offer suitable utility. This paper examines and discusses phage nanomedicine applications and the immunomodulatory effects of bacteriophage exposure and treatment modalities.
Ion compartmentation in salinity‐stressed alfalfa seedlings growing under different temperature regimes

Abstract The compartmentation of ions in salinity‐stressed 6‐week‐old alfalfa seedlings was investigated in two cultivars, Batini (moderately salinity tolerant) and Hunter River (salinity sensitive). Both cultivars were grown under field conditions during the cool season (20–25°C) and the warm season (35–46°C). Two saline solutions (6.4 and 12.2 dS m‐1) were prepared by dissolving the required quantity of NaCl in half‐strength Hoagland solution. Tap water (0.8 dS m‐1) served as control. Plants were irrigated twice a week with saline solutions, commencing 3 weeks after seedling emergence. The seedlings were separated into leaf (including petiole), stem, and root after 6 weeks of growth and analysed for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and micronutrients [copper (Cu), boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe)]. The concentration of P and K in the plant tissue increased with increase in temperature, while Ca and Mg concentrations were depresse.
Derivation of a Dynamic Model of the Kinetics of Nitrogen Uptake Throughout the Growth of Lettuce: Calibration and Validation

ABSTRACT A kinetic model of nitrogen (N) uptake throughout growth was developed for lettuce cultivated in nutrient solution under varying natural light conditions. The model couples nitrogen uptake with dry matter accumulation using a two-compartment mechanistic approach, incorporating structural and non-structural pools. Maximum nitrogen uptake rates are assumed to decline with shoot dry weight, to allow for the effects of plant age. The model was parameterized using data from the literature, and calibrated for differences in light intensity using an optimization algorithm utilizing data from three experiments in different growing seasons. The calibrated model was validated against the data from two independent experiments conducted under different light conditions. Results showed that the model made good predictions of nitrogen uptake by plants from seedlings to maturity under fluctuating light levels in a glasshouse. Plants grown at a higher light intensity showed larger maximum nitrogen uptake rates, but the effect of light intensity declined towards plant maturity.
Antibacterial Effects of Silver Doped Polyethyleneglycol Based Polyamidoamine Side Chain Dendritic Polyurethane

Antibacterial activity was imparted with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) side chain dendritic polyurethane (SCDPU‐PEG) by doping of silver particles. Antibacterial activities of both the polyurethane (SCDPU‐PEG) and its silver doped structures were investigated against Escherichia coli bacteria. The silver doped polymeric structures were found to exhibit antibacterial activity while the polymer without silver loading showed no antibacterial activity. Formation of silver doped side chain dendritic polymers was investigated from the UV‐vis plasmon absorption band of silver particles.
Common Indoor Sources of volatile organic compounds: emission rates and techniques for reducing consumer exposures

Common Indoor Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds: Emission Rates and Techniques for Reducing Consumer Exposures Final Report Contract Number 95-302 Prepared for: California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Research Division 2020 L Street, P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 Prepared by: Alfred T. Hodgson Environmental Energy Technologies Division E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720 January 1999
New Insights into Lignin Modification during Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching Sequences (IV): The Impact of Modifications in the (EP) and (EOP) Stages on the D1 Stage

Abstract Peroxide‐reinforced extractions ((EP) or (EOP)) of D0 pulps lower both post‐extraction kappa numbers and Klason lignins more than either E or (EO). An oxygen‐reinforced extraction (EO) results in lower kappa numbers, but affords comparable Klason lignins as an E stage (∼1.2% lignin). Quinonoid structures in (EO) stocks are similar to those of the D0 pulps (1.7 mmol/g lignin). Peroxide inclusion in EP and EOP appeared to eliminate both quinonoid and muconic acid moieties. These observations were confirmed with (EP) treatment of reference pulps (periodate or periodate‐peracetic acid) that contain significant levels of either quinones or muconic entities. The D1 bleachability order, from easiest to hardest, was D0(EOP)>D0(EP)≈D0(EO)>D0E. An identical order was found for how quickly the yellow chromophores (b* value) are eliminated. All extracted pulps, regardless of the type of extraction employed, approach a common D1 asymptotic brightness (∼86 ISO) and b* value (∼4.2) when excess ClO2 is applied. The main difference among these pulps was how quickly the asymptotic limits are approached as a function of ClO2 consumed. The bleachability study indicates that various extracted pulps have similar residual D1 chromophores limiting the brightness ceiling. *Dedicated to Drs. Donald R. Dimmel and Thomas J. McDonough on their retirement from the Institute of Paper Science and Technology.