Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gross Discrepancies between Observed and Simulated Twentieth-to-Twenty-First-Century Precipitation Trends in Southeastern South America

: Southeastern South America (SESA; encompassing Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina)experienceda27%increaseinaustralsummerprecipitationfrom1902to2019,oneofthelargestobservedtrends in seasonal precipitation globally. Previous research identiﬁes Atlantic multidecadal variability and anthropogenic forcing from stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions as key factors contributing to the positive precipitation trends in SESA. We analyze multimodel ensemble simulations from phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and ﬁnd that not only do Earth system models simulate positive SESA precipitation trends that are much weaker over the historical interval, but some models persistently simulate negative SESA precipitation trends under his- torical forcings. Similarly, 16-member ensembles from two atmospheric models forced with observed historical sea surface temperatures never simulate precipitation trends that even reach the lower bound of the observed trend’s range of un- certainty. Moreover, while future twenty-ﬁrst-century projections from CMIP6 yield positive ensemble mean precipitation trendsoverSESAthatgrowwithincreasinggreenhousegasemissions,themeanforcedresponseneverexceedstheobservedhistoricaltrend.PreindustrialcontrolrunsfromCMIP6indicatethatsomemodelsdooccasionallysimulatecentennial-scale trends in SESA that fall within the observational range, but most models do not. Results point to signiﬁcant uncertainties in the attribution of anthropogenically forced inﬂuences on the observed increases in precipitation over SESA while also suggesting that internal decadal-to-centennial variability of unknown origin and not present in state-of-the-art models may have also played a large role in generating the twentieth-to-twenty-ﬁrst-century SESA precipitation trend. of contributions from forced and internal variability to simulated twentieth-to-twenty-ﬁrst-century precipitation trends in SESA. We perform this assessment across two model generations, including the ﬁrst detailed characterization of how these trends are simulated in CMIP6 models. These simulations are evaluated against observed twentieth-to-twenty-ﬁrst-century precipitation trends in SESA. Our results have critical implications for anticipated future hydroclimate trends and their consequent impacts on agriculture, hydroelectric power, and ﬂooding risk over the SESA domain.
Discontinuity of the ultrafast electronic response of underdoped superconducting Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ strongly excited by ultrashort light pulses

Photoinduced phase transitions from insulating to metallic states, accompanied by structural re-arrangements, have been recently reported in complex transition-metal oxides. However, the optical control of a purely electronic phase transition, where the thermodynamic phase is determined by the distribution of excitations, has remained elusive. Here we report optical control of the electronic phase in an underdoped Bi2212 crystal through impulsive photoinjection of quasiparticles (QP) via ultrashort laser pulses, avoiding significant laser heating. An abrupt transition of the transient optical electronic response is observed at a critical fluence of Ipump=70 uJ/cm^2. We show that the measured dynamics is consistent with an inhomogenous first-order superconducting-to-normal state phase transition, triggered by a sudden shift of the chemical potential.
Interpolating Contours to Raster-Based DEM With Further Hillshading

As I was working for a project in Venezuela to integrate external geographic datasets into our Geographic Information System (GIS) I had to interpolate a raster-based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (figure 1) from contour lines which I received from an official department. There are many different approaches which can be basically divided in OpenSource and commercial ones. I compared the results of two functions in GRASS GIS 6.4 [1] and a corresponding function in ArcGIS 9.3 [2] and came to the conclusion that the results achieved by ArcGIS are better for my purposes. The goal of all this work was to get a detailed hillshade [3] also suitable for large scale mapping applications. Digital elevation data can come along in different formats:
Serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio is a systemic marker of sarcopenia in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Background It is well known that sarcopenia is a common risk factor in patients with gastrointestinal tumours, which may negatively affect the clinical outcome and prognosis. Recent studies suggest that serum creatinine-cystatin C (Cr/CysC) ratio may be associated with sarcopenia, but this association lacks sufficient evidence in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the Cr/CysC ratio was associated with sarcopenia and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with GIST. Materials and methods The study retrospectively analysed 413 patients with GIST who underwent surgical resection from January 2016 to January 2020. The serum Cr/CysC ratio was determined as a proxy for sarcopenia by comparing it with various biomarkers and Cox multifactorial analysis was used to determine the relationship between Cr/CysC ratio and prognosis. Results Serum Cr/CysC was positively correlated with skeletal muscle area (SMA) (r = 0.256, p < 0.001), skeletal muscle index (SMI) (r = 0.300, p < 0.001), and hand grip strength (HGS) (r = 0.251, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for sarcopenic subjects with serum Cr/CysC ratio was significantly greater than other biomarkers (Cr/CysC: 0.840, CysC: 0.732, Cr: 0.518). The optimal cut-off value for Cr/CysC was 0.65, and patients in the high Cr/CysC group had a higher 3-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those in the low Cr/CysC group (92.72 vs. 72.46%, p < 0.001). Cox multifactorial analysis found that the Cr/CysC ratio was an independent risk factor for RFS in GIST patients (HR = 2.143, 95% CI: 1.431–5.459, p = 0.011). Conclusion Serum Cr/CysC ratio has satisfactory and comparable diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic value for sarcopenia in patients with GIST. Therefore, it can be a simple and practical clinical tool to screen sarcopenia in GIST patients. However, further studies are required to validate these findings.
Detection of Preclinical Orthostatic Disorders in Young African and European Adults Using the Head-Up Tilt Test with a Standardized Hydrostatic Column Height: A Pilot Study

Arterial hypertension (AH) remains the most common disease. One possible way to improve the effectiveness of the primary prevention of AH is to identify and control the preclinical orthostatic disturbances that precede the development of AH. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of a new protocol for the head-up tilt test (HUTT) with a standardized hydrostatic column height for the detection of asymptomatic orthostatic circulatory disorders and their racial differences in young African and European adults. Methods. In total, 80 young healthy adults (40 African and 40 European) aged 20–23 years performed the HUTT with a standardized hydrostatic column height of 133 cm. The hemodynamic parameters were recorded using a Task Force Monitor (3040i). The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured using a VaSera VS-2000 volumetric sphygmograph. Results. The baseline and orthostatic hemodynamic changes in both racial groups were within normal limits. Orthostatic circulatory disturbances were not detected in 70% of the European participants and 65% of the African participants; however, preclinical orthostatic hypertension, which precedes AH, was detected using the new HUTT protocol in 32.5% of the African participants and 20% of the European participants. The baseline CAVI was higher in the European group compared to the African group. Conclusion. The results of this study showed the feasibility of the detection of preclinical orthostatic disturbances in young adults and the detection of their racial differences using the HUTT protocol, providing the use of a standard gravity load. Further study on the evolution of preclinical orthostatic disturbances and their relation to increased vascular stiffness is necessary among large samples.
SU‐E‐T‐611: Photon and Neutron Peripheral Dose Ratio for Low (6 MV) and High (15 MV) Energy for Treatment Selection

Purpose: Differences between radiotherapy techniques and energies, can offer improvements in tumor coverage and organs at risk preservation. However, a more complete decision should include peripheral doses delivered to the patient. The purpose of this work is the balance of photon and neutron peripheral doses for a prostate case solved with 6 different treatment modalities. Methods: Inverse and Forward IMRT and 3D-CRT in 6 and 15 MV for a Siemens Primus linac, using the same CT data set and contours. The methodology described in [1], was used with the TNRD thermal neutron detector [2] for neutron peripheral dose estimation at 7 relevant organs (colon, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, thyroid and skin). Photon doses were estimated for these organs by terms of the algorithm proposed in [3]. Plans were optimized with the same restrictions and limited to 30 segments in the Inverse case. Results: A similar photon peripheral dose was found comparing 6 and 15 MV cases with slightly higher values of (1.9 ± 1.6) % in mean, for the 6 MV cases. Neutron presence when using 15 MV, represents an increase in peripheral dose of (18 ± 17) % in average. Due to the higher number of MU used in Inverse IMRT, an increasing of (22 ± 3) % in neutron dose is found related to Forward and 3D-CRT plans. This corresponds to photon doses within 44 and 255 mSv along the organs, for a dose prescription of 68 Gy at the isocenter. Conclusion: Neutron and photon peripheral doses for a prostate treatment planified in 6 different techniques have been analyzed. 6 MV plans are slightly more demanding in terms of photon peripheral doses. Inverse technique in 15 MV has Result to be the most demanding one in terms of total peripheral doses, including neutrons and photons. [1]Phys.Med.Biol,2012;57:6167–6191. [2]Med.Phys.,2014;41(112105)1–5. [3]Phys.Medica,2014;30:e33.
Wide slow-moving rainbands and narrow fast-moving rainbands observed in Typhoon 8913

The size, motion, and structure of the rainbands in Typhoon 8913 are presented from observations using a long-range conventional radar and two Doppler radars. These rainbands were classified into wide slow-moving and narrow fast-moving. Wide (50-150 km) rainbands have a small angular velocity (≤10° h -1 ) and a long lifetime (6-10 h or more). Narrow (25-50 km) rainbands are generated in a region more upwind and inward than wide rainbands every 3-4 h. They rotate cyclonically around the typhoon center at a large angular velocity (30° h -1 ) during their short lifetime (1-4 h), and catch up and merge with wide rainbands. One wide slow-moving rainband is accompanied with a disturbance (convergence, updraft, and high vorticity) inclining outward with a large slope (1/10) on its inside. One narrow fast-moving rainband is associated with a nearly upright disturbance. The structure of the disturbance differs, however, from the inertia-buoyancy waves proposed in some previous studies as the mechanism behind fast-moving rainbands. Both types of rainbands are characterized by stratiform precipitation in which low-level shallow convective cells are embedded, and make no cold pools in the boundary layer.
Development of Assessment Instruments to Measure Collaboration and Responsibility Skills of Students in Physics Learning on Cased Method-Based

This study aims to develop an assessment instrument to measure student collaboration and responsibility skills in the context of case-based physics learning that is valid, reliable, and practical. This type of research is called research development (R&D) using the 7 stages adapted from (Borg & Gall, 1989). Product validation was carried out to assess aspects of construction, substance, and language. The results of expert validation of the assessment instrument to measure collaboration and responsibility skills were 88.72% and 85.43%, with very valid criteria. Then, this assessment instrument was tested on 30 students and analyzed using the Rasch model. Based on the results of the test data analysis, we obtained that: (1) 14 items of the collaboration instrument and 9 items of the responsibility instrument were declared valid; (2) the reliability of the collaboration and responsibility skills assessment instrument was 0.82 and 0.71 with perfect and good criteria; and (3) the average value of the practicality test of the collaboration and responsibility skills assessment instrument was 90.72% and 91.80% with very high criteria.
A least‐square weighted residual method for level set formulation

In this paper, a least‐square weighted residual method (LSWRM) for level set (LS) formulation is introduced to achieve interface capturing in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) problems. An LSWRM was adopted for two semi‐discretized advection and reinitialization equations of the LS formulation. The present LSWRM provided good mathematical properties such as natural numerical diffusion and the symmetry of the resulting algebraic systems for the advection and reinitialization equations. The proposed method was validated by solving some 2D and 3D benchmark problems such as those involving a rotating slotted disk, the rotation of a slotted sphere, and a time‐reversed single‐vortex flow and a deformation problem of a spherical fluid. The numerical results were compared with those obtained from essentially non‐oscillatory type formulations and particle LS methods. Further, the proposed LSWRM for the LS formulation was coupled with a splitting finite element method code to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and then, the collapse of a 3D broken dam flow was well simulated; in the simulation, the entrapping of air and the splashing of the surge front of water were reproduced. The mass conservation of the present method was found to be satisfactory during the entire simulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of EFL Learners’ Language Proficiency Development Across Different Social Media Platforms

The shift of educational activities to the online environment due to the outbreak of Covid-19 has generated contentions regarding the effectiveness of social media in developing language proficiency. Also, determining appropriate social media platforms becomes essential. This study, therefore, aims to examine the differences in EFL learners’ development of different language skills across various social media platforms. The study adopted an online descriptive survey in which a self-develop questionnaire was used as a data-collection tool. The respondents comprise a randomly selected sample of 80 students from the first and second levels of the English undergraduate program at a Jordanian university. The data were analyzed using a non-parametric method consisting of Chi-square test and frequency statistics. According to the findings, EFL learners tend to develop reading skills, vocabulary, and pronunciation through Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube respectively. Additionally, significant differences exist in language proficiency development across social media platforms. This study is expected to provide useful information to educators in choosing the most appropriate platforms to supplement their instructional efforts based on learners’ needs.
Optimism Predictive Ability and Psychological Flexibility among Students during COVID-19 Pandemic

This study investigated the optimism predictability and its relationship with psychological flexibility in a convenience sample of 487 Jordanian basic stage students who have faced a lot of psychological and sociological challenges during the outbreak of COVID-19 which has affected the formation of students’ personality, social relationships, psychological and sociological psychology, academic achievement and more importantly their optimism and psychological flexibility. A descriptive analytical approach was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the levels of optimism and psychological flexibility were moderate among students, and there was a positive statistically significant correlation between them in favor of females. The study recommended parents and school teachers, social workers and decision-makers to develop the students’ skills of optimism predictive ability and psychological flexibility among students as there is a strong positive relationship between optimism predictive ability and psychological flexibility among Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. It also recommended conducting similar studies on optimism and psychological flexibility through employing different qualitative tools such as observation and interviews to obtain thick and authentic information about the students' real behaviors and perspectives to understand the impact of Coronavirus pandemic on their optimism and psychological flexibility levels and sociological psychology. Received: 15 July 2022 / Accepted: 27 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022
Cluster observations of outflowing electron distributions and broadband electrostatic emissions above the polar cap

We investigate the excellent correlation between ionospheric upgoing electron beams and broadband electrostatic emissions (0–6 kHz) observed by Cluster, at ∼5 to 9 Earth's radii above the polar cap. In the absence of detailed, high time resolution waveform data in that region, we precisely analyzed several electron beams to obtain information concerning wave‐particle interactions. Our results indicate that these beams are extremely variable and occasionally show multiple components. The processes involved might then occur on very short time scales, of the order of or shorter than sampling rates, typically 100 ms. We suggest that non linearities are at the origin of the spread of the frequency range of the waves simultaneously observed, as well as of the beam variability. We conclude that these electron beams are likely to destabilize Langmuir waves and, by the non‐linear evolution of the electron bump‐on‐tail instability, could be responsible for the appearance of electrostatic solitary waves above the polar cap.
Towards operational phytoplankton recognition with automated high-throughput imaging, near-real-time data processing, and convolutional neural networks

Plankton communities form the basis of aquatic ecosystems and elucidating their role in increasingly important environmental issues is a persistent research question. Recent technological advances in automated microscopic imaging, together with cloud platforms for high-performance computing, have created possibilities for collecting and processing detailed high-frequency data on planktonic communities, opening new horizons for testing core hypotheses in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing continuous streams of big data calls for development and deployment of novel computer vision and machine learning systems. The implementation of these analysis systems is not always straightforward with regards to operationality, and issues regarding data flows, computing and data treatment need to be considered. We created a data pipeline for automated near-real-time classification of phytoplankton during remote deployment of imaging flow cytometer (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB). Convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to classify continuous imaging data with probability thresholds used to filter out images not belonging to our existing classes. The automated data flow and classification system were used to monitor dominating species of filamentous cyanobacteria on the coast of Finland during summer 2021. We demonstrate that good phytoplankton recognition can be achieved with transfer learning utilizing a relatively shallow, publicly available, pre-trained CNN model and fine-tuning it with community-specific phytoplankton images (overall F1-score of 0.95 for test set of our labeled image data complemented with a 50% unclassifiable image portion). This enables both fast training and low computing resource requirements for model deployment making it easy to modify and applicable in wide range of situations. The system performed well when used to classify a natural phytoplankton community over different seasons (overall F1-score 0.82 for our evaluation data set). Furthermore, we address the key challenges of image classification for varying planktonic communities and analyze the practical implications of confused classes. We published our labeled image data set of Baltic Sea phytoplankton community for the training of image recognition models (~63000 images in 50 classes) to accelerate implementation of imaging systems for other brackish and freshwater communities. Our evaluation data set, 59 fully annotated samples of natural communities throughout an annual cycle, is also available for model testing purposes (~150000 images).
Nurses Coping with Stressful Situations—A Cross-Sectional Study

Nursing belongs to the group of professions particularly exposed to stress. Since the ability to cope with stress is an important aspect of mental health, the aim of this study was to identify the types of nurses’ behaviours in terms of different coping styles used when dealing with work-related and psychosocial stress. The study was conducted among 1223 Polish nurses by means of a diagnostic survey, using the Coping in Stressful Situations Questionnaire (CISS), the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and a questionnaire of the author’s own design. Three types of nurses were distinguished: Type 1 (non-harmonious/organised)—nurses with lower professional education, longer work experience, at least average severity of stress related to working conditions, the lowest GSES scores, and worse psychophysical condition, who focused on their own emotional state when faced with stressful situations. Type 2 (harmonious)—nurses with higher education, the lowest intensity of work-related stresses, the highest GSES scores, positive self-reported psycho-physical condition, most often using the task-oriented coping style in stressful situations. Type 3 (non-harmonious/disorganised)—nurses with shorter length of service in the profession, the highest intensity of work-related stress, average GSES scores, and poorer self-reported psycho-physical condition. The presented results may provide a basis for preventive measures to minimise stress and increase competence in coping strategies, thus contributing to improved psychological and physical well-being of nurses.