Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marine eutrophication induced oxygen deficiency: Effects on soft bottom Fauna, Western Sweden

Abstract Marine eutrophication is studied in a multidisciplinary project in the Kattegat, western Sweden. Input of nutrients has increased several fold during this century; nitrogen ≈ 6 times, phosphrorus ≈ 10 times. This has caused elevated concentrations of nutrients in the water and increased primary production. Some adverse effects at the bottom have been noted annually from about August through October in the 1980's, e.g. fish catches have dropped and mortalities have been reported for fish and benthic animals including Nephrops noruegicus. In this paper we evaluate the effects on benthic macrofauna which are suggested to be caused mainly by oxygen deficiency occurring especially around the depth ofa strong halocline (≈ 15m), but also along a bottom transect down to 57 m. At some sites the benthic communities were impoverished, and at others only some species seemed to be especially sensitive, e.g. the bivalve Abra alba and the brittle star Amphiura filijormis. In shallow < 10 m) exp.sed waters an an.
Two gynandromorphs of Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acridoidea): morphology and behaviour

SYNOPSIS Two instances of gynandromorphism, one in a common and the other in an albino strain of S. gregaria are reported. The external morphology of the fifth (last) instar nymph as well as the external morphology, internal genital organs and sexual behaviour of the adult of the common strain are described. The external morphology, internal genital organs and sexual behaviour of the adult of the albino strain are also described. The bearing of the results on the comparative morphology of the external genitalia in Acridoidea, and the sexual behaviour of the gynandromorphs in the light of the anatomical findings, are discussed.
The effects of crayfish predation on phenotypic and life-history variation in fathead minnows

Ecological theory predicts that the timing of the transition between life-history stages should vary with the costs and benefits associated with each stage. For example, the timing of hatching or metamorphosis may vary with the predation risk in each stage. Predator-induced changes in hatching time are well documented in some taxa but have not been reported in fishes. We provide the first empirical evidence that a species of fish can alter its hatching time in response to predator cues. We showed that fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820, exposed to chemical cues from virile crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870), foraging on minnow embryos hatch sooner than those exposed to a blank control. Moreover, in the presence of cues from virile crayfish feeding on minnow embryos, the hatchlings exhibited a change in morphology because they had significantly shorter total lengths. There was a significant positive correlation between hatchling size and length of the developmental period, except.
The seasonal growth of pasture grasses

1. Twenty-one varieties of pasture grasses, including ten bred varieties, were grown on fertile soil for 3 years. Figures are presented of the rate of production of herbage cut every 3or4 weeks. Plots were cut in staggered sequence to permit growth intervals to overlap and to allow frequent assessments of the rate of production.
Dejeto líquido de suínos: I - perdas de nitrogênio e fósforo na solução escoada na superfície do solo, sob plantio direto

The application of pig slurry in crop land and/or pasture areas, besides being an additional source of nutrients to plants is also an alternative for manure disposal. However, nitrogen and phosphorus losses by surface run off in no tillage can decrease the efficiency of organic fertilizers and also be a potential pollutant, threatening the quality of water bodies. This work aimed at evaluating the importance of surface run off as a nitrogen and phosphorus loss phenomenon applied via pig slurry. The work was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, from May, 2002, in a Typic Hapludalf soil. Black oat (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), in a succession were fertilized with increasing doses of pig slurry (0, 20, 40 and 80m3 ha-1). The pig slurry was distributed on soil surface before the sowing of each species of the succession for two consecutive years. The concentrations of reative phosphorus and mineral nitrogen concentrations in the surface run off water were directly related to the doses of applied pig slurry. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in the surface run off solution as well as the predominance of ammonium or nitrate are directly related to the interval between the waste application and the first superficial flow, with in turn depended on the rainfall event. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses by superficial flow, expressed in kg ha-1, are small, but their concentrations at some periods are high enough to cause concerns of eutrophication of water bodies.
Reduction of Respiration by High Ambient CO2 and the Resulting Error in Measurements of Respiration Made with O2 Electrodes

Respiration rates of Lemna gibba fronds and Orobanche aegyptiaca and Lactuca sativa seedlings, were measured with a Clark type oxygen electrode in the presence or absence of a carbon-dioxide absorber (KOH) in the gas phase. Measured respiration rates in the presence of KOH were 17-34% higher than in its absence. The suppression of respiration by high CO2 concentrations, [CO2], was confirmed by parallel studies of CO2 efflux, made by infrared gas spectrometry. These results are consistent with other reports of reduced rates of respiration at high [CO2]. Measurements of respiration quotients of Lemna and Lactuca were made at 0 and 100 Pa [CO2]. Results did not support the possibility of induced dark fixation of CO2 at the ambient atmospheric [CO2] predicted for the next century (35-100 Pa). It is concluded that the numerous reports of respiration measurements made with O2 electrodes, in the absence of a CO2 absorber, may contain a significant error
Morfologia externa de Thyridia psidii cetoides (Rosenberg & Talbot). I. Cabeça e apêndices (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiinae)

A detailed study of the morphology of the head of Thyridia psidii cetoides (Rosenberg & Talbot, 1914) (Nymphalidae, Ithomiinae) adults from both sexes is presented. The material was obtained at the city's plant nursery "Horto Florestal de Curitiba", Parana, Brazil; mainly by rearing eggs and larvae collected there on Cyphomandra betacea (Canavilles) Sendtner, 1845 (Solanaceae). When possible, all the results obtained were compared with those already available in the literature concerning external morphology studies pertinent to other Nymphalidae subfamilies (Brassolinae, Morphinae and Danainae).
Solute adjustments in leaves of two species of wheat at two different stages of growth in response to salinity

Changes in leaf solute concentrations in response to salinity were measured at two growth stages in two species of wheat, Triticum turgidum L. cv. Aldura (Durum group) and Triticum aestivum L. , cv. Probred that differed in their salt tolerances. Both species at 55 days of age were Na+-excluders, but the concentration of Na+ was 10 times higher in T. turgidum than T. aestivum at low to moderate levels of stress. The ratio then decreased until it was 2:1 at – 1.2 MPa. In T. turgidum, K+ concentrations decreased with increasing Na+ concentrations so that the sum of the two cations remained constant at all stress levels, but in T. aestivum K+ decreased more rapidly than Na+ increased. In both species growing in media at 0 to –0.6 MPa, the amounts of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in 55-day-old plants that could be extracted with hot water were below 0.1 mmol (g dry weight)−1. Then, as osmotic potentials of media decreased further, hot water-extractable Ca2+ increased greatly until, at – 1.2 MPa, Ca2+ concentrations were almost equal to the sum of Na+ and K+. In the range of 0 to –1.0 MPa, the ratio of Cl− to total cationic charge remained constant at 1:6 in T. aestivum and 1:2 in T. turgidum. However, at – 1.2 MPa, the ratio in both species had changed to 2:3. Sucrose and betaine concentrations were 4 and 48 μmol (g dry weight)−1, respectively, in non-stressed plants of both species. At – 1.2 MPa, sucrose had increased 30-fold but betaine had increased only 2.5-fold. Proline increased exponentially relative to foliar Na+ in T. turgidum. In T. aestivum only plants grown at –1.2 MPa contained sufficient Na+ to stimulate the accumulation of proline. Although the quantities of the solutes in leaves of non-stressed 96-day-old plants differed from those in non-stressed younger plants, the patterns of change of organic solutes as the older plants were subjected to increasing saline stresses were the same as in younger plants with the exception of sucrose. Sucrose concentrations were much higher in leaves of non-stressed older plants and this sugar first increased and then decreased with decreasing osmotic potentials of media.
The Accumulation of Age Pigment by the Fleshfly, Sarcophaga Bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).

A technique is described for extracting, characterizing and quantifying the age pigment lipofuscin in the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata. Accumulation of this pigment in the larvae is a linear function of time, some is disposed of at the pupal stage, then linear-function accumulation resumes in adults. Assay of this pigment may yield a technique for aging insects if it can be applied to field populations.
Professions and Professionalism - Should We Jump Off the Bandwagon, Better to Study Where It Is Going?

Social scientists are invited to contemplate the possibility of abandoning the concepts of "profession" and "professionalism" as analytical resources for the study of occupations and occupational strategies. It might be more fruitful to treat the way the people in society generally, and spokespersons for occupational groupings in particular, use notions of profession and professionalism to achieve particular purposes. The language of professionalism is highly ambiguous, with its meaning constantly slipping from one emphasis to another. This alone makes it problematic as a source of concepts for the critical analysis of occupational activity. But it is made even more problematic by the fact that it is frequently deployed in the occupational world to serve sectional interests. It is unlikely that social scientists will abandon concepts of professionalism. But they would be wise to reflect on the analytical and critical implications of their using such a slippery and pejorative terminology.
Autolysis of Group N Streptococci. Effects of Media Composition Modifications and Temperature

Autolysis in liquid media was investigated with 14 strains of Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptococcus diacetylactis. Media composition influenced autolysis. When lactose was replaced by glucose as the carbon source, growth and autolysis rates were accelerated. The same final degree of autolysis was reached in media containing glucose, galactose, or a mixture of glucose and galactose. However, when strains were grown on lactose, autolysis occurred. Of three strains tested in media containing sodium chloride, two showed reduced autolysis. The effect of low temperature varied for the different streptococcal species, although five of six strains of S. cremoris showed increased autolysis.
Scrotal thermoregulation of the bull (Bos sp.)

A comparison was made of evaporative heat loss from the skin of the scrotum and the thorax of the bull. The sweat glands of the scrotum were not controlled independently of those on the general body surface. Scrotal sweat glands were found to be under adrenergic neural control like those of the general body surface. The large sweat glands of the scrotum produced approximately five times as much sweat per gland as those on the general body surface. Localized heating of the scrotum for 20 min stimulated both panting and sweating without any change in deep body temperature. Insensible moisture loss from the scrotum was greater than that from the skin of the general body surface. It is concluded that there are no fundamental differences in the properties of the sweat glands of the scrotum and those of the general body surface, and that the high insensible moisture loss of the scrotum assists with cooling of the skin of the scrotum. It is suggested that a function of the tunica dartos muscle is to reduce insensible moisture loss.
Factors Regulating Florida Largemouth Bass Stocking Success and Hybridization with Northern Largemouth Bass in Aquilla Lake, Texas

Abstract We electrophoretically assayed four enzyme-encoding loci in, and determined the ages of, 1,534 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides colleted from a new Texas reservoir (Aquilla Lake) over a 41-month period. We used these data to evaluate stocking success and subsequent hybridization of the Florida subspecies M. s. floridanus (1.5–6.5 cm total length and age 0 when stocked between 1983 and 1985) with the indigenous northern subspecies M. s. salmoides. After these stockings, genomic inflow into the population from Florida largemouth bass was rapid. In the 1986 year class, age-0 Florida largemouth bass, first-generation (F1) hybrids between the two subspecies, and second- or higher-generation (F x ) hybrids were numerically dominant (72%). For these individuals, the frequencies of Florida alleles at two diagnostic loci (fixed allelic differences between subspecies) were 0.51 and 0.52, respectively. Although the subspecies hybridized extensively in 1986, the population at age 0 did not conform to ex.
Virulence Mechanisms of Photorhabdus sp. Strain K122 toward Wax Moth Larvae

Virulence of Photorhabdus sp. strain K122 was assessed by injecting whole cells, spent culture medium, and lysate fractions into the hemocoel of larvae of wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Virulence correlated with the growth rate of the cultures and all larvae died after the cultures entered the stationary phase. Maximal production of protease and lipase exoenzymes occurred at the stationary phase and the extracellular fraction (spent culture medium from stationary phase cells) was found to be toxic to the insects. Part, but not all, of that toxicity was attributed to secreted lipase. Total lysates of K122 were toxic to G. mellonella, though they took three times longer to kill the larvae than did the same number of viable cells. The toxicity of the lysates was located in the membrane fraction, but this was found to be a nonspecific effect because the membrane fractions of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were toxic to the same extent, whereas viable whole cells of these species were nonpathogenic. It is proposed that the nonspecific toxicity of bacterial lysates to G. mellonella derives from the nonlocalized activation of its humoral immune response by components of the membrane fraction followed by damage to its tissues by a product of its own immune response.
Gametogenesis, and Early Development in Gigantocotyle bathycotyle (Fischoeder, 1901) Näsmark, 1937

1. The anatomy of the genitalia of Gigantocotyle bathycotylc is described. 2. An account is given of gametogenesis, egg-shell formation, and the first two cleavage divisions. 3. The chromosome number is given as n = 6, 2n = 12.
The combined effects of fertilizer reduction on high risk areas and increased fertilization on low risk areas, investigated using the SWAT model for a Danish catchment

Some agricultural areas lose considerably more than the average amounts of nutrients to waterways (high risk areas, HRAs) and others considerably less than the average (low risk areas, LRAs). These areas are of great interest when river catchment managers seek to both reduce nutrient loads to lakes and marine areas and to allow intensive agriculture. If HRAs were farmed with decreased inputs of fertilizers the environmental benefit would be larger here than from any other areas, and if LRAs were farmed with increased fertilizer use it could be done here causing less environmental damage than at any other areas. If both these changes were applied within the same catchment they might counter balance each other and give the possibility of intensified farming without causing environmental deterioration. We used the semi-distributed SWAT model to identify both HRAs and LRAs in an intensely farmed lowland catchment in Denmark. These areas are classified as the 10% of the agricultural area leaching, respectively, the most and the least nitrogen. Two scenarios were run for HRAs (reduced fertilizer input by 20%) and LRAs (increased fertilizer input by 20%) separately and two were run where both HRAs and LRAs were included. The scenario results showed that the HRA scenario yielded a decrease (3.3%) in nitrate river load at the catchment scale and that the LRA scenario yielded only a small increase (0.9%). The combined scenarios showed an overall decrease in river nitrate load (2.2%).
Correcting widespread misidentifications of the highly abundant and commercially important sardine species Sardinella lemuru, Bleeker, 1853 in the Philippines

Summary Morphology, meristics, and molecular genetics tools were used to determine the species level identification of the most commonly landed sardine species in the Philippines. Results from this study indicated that the historical and widely applied nomenclature of the Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps, is incorrect and that this species is instead the Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru. Developing an effective strategy for managing one of the Philippines most important commodity sardine species first requires accurate identification of this species. Results of this study provide needed information that is now being applied to emerging management policies.
How Is Enzymatic Selectivity of Menthol Esterification Catalyzed by Surfactant‐Coated Lipase Determined in Organic Media?

A kinetic study of menthol esterification reaction catalyzed by surfactant‐coated lipase (from Candida rugosa) has been conducted in dry isooctane. The kinetic characteristics observed in the enantioselective esterification of menthol with lauric acid (C12) was found to conform to a ping‐pong bi−bi mechanism with dead‐end inhibition by excess menthol. According to the mechanism we determined the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax), Michaelis constants (Km(fatty acid) and Km(menthol)), and the inhibition constant (Ki) . Results have shown that the constant values Km and Ki of (+) ‐menthol are comparable with the corresponding values of the (−) ‐isomer. However, there was significant difference in the Vmax values between the two enantiomers; the Vmax involving the (−) ‐isomer was a 100‐fold faster than that of the (+) ‐isomer. The results suggest that the lipase should recognize the chirality of menthol molecule not in the binding process to the hydrophobic pocket of the lipase but in the nucleophilic attack of the OH group in (−) ‐menthol. To assess the substrate specificity of C. rugosa lipase for carboxylic acids, the effect of fatty acids of varying chain lengths (C14, C16) on esterification kinetics have been studied using the (−) ‐menthol. We found that fatty acids exhibit different Km values, whereas their Vmax values are invariably similar. The results have indicated that the catalytic activity of the surfactant‐coated lipase for different fatty acid largely depends on the binding behavior of a fatty acid to the active site of the coated enzyme and this action is independent of the acylation step of the (−) ‐isomer by an acyl−enzyme intermediate.
Circadian rhythms of melatonin, thy raid‐stimulating hormone and body temperature: Relationships among those rhythms and effect of sleep‐wake cycle

Plasma melatonin, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and body temperature were measured simultaneously and continuously before and after the sleep‐wake cycle was shifted in 4 healthy males and changes in the circadian rhythm itself and in the phase relationship among these circadian rhythms were determined. Normal sleep‐wake cycle (sleep hours: 2300–0700) was delayed by 10 h (sleep hours: 0900–1700) during the experiment. Even after this shift the typical melatonin rhythm was maintained: low during daytime and high during night. The melatonin rhythm was gradually delayed day by day. The TSH rhythm was also maintained fundamentally during 3 consecutive days of altered sleep‐wake cycle. The phase was also delayed gradually but remarkably. The daily rhythm of body temperature was changed by the alteration of sleep‐wake cycle. The body temperature began to decrease at the similar clock time as in the control but the decline during night awake period was less steep and the lowered body temperature persisted during sleep. The hormonal profiles during the days of shifted sleep‐wake cycle suggest that plasma melatonin and TSH rhythms are basically regulated by an endogenous biological clock. The parallel phase shift of melatonin and TSH upon the change in sleep‐wake cycle suggests that a common unitary pacemaker probably regulates these two rhythms. The reversal phase relationship between body temperature and melatonin suggests that melatonin may have a hypothermic effect on body temperature. The altered body temperature rhythm suggests that the awake status during night may inhibit the circadian decrease in body temperature and that sleep sustains the lowered body temperature. It is probable but uncertain that there are causal relationships among sleep, melatonin, TSH, and body temperature.
Caracterização dos acidentes com máquinas agrícolas em rodovias federais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Large part of the planted Rio Grande do Sul area is intended for the cultivation of crops that require the use of agricultural machinery for its cultivation, but the inappropriate use of these machines provides a greater number of accidents, especially the movement of machinery on highways. The objective of the study is to characterize the agricultural machinery accidents occurred on federal roads in the state of Rio Grande do Sul emphasizing its main indicators. The records were obtained from the Traffic Accident Bulletin of the Federal Highway Police, covering the period of January 2008 to September 2011. The indicators evaluated were type of accidents, causes, time of day, highway where it occurred and the age of the injured. The use of nonparametric statistics was done and the data evaluated through frequency analysis and chi-square test of independence. The most frequent cause was the lack of attention, the kind with the highest percentage was the rear-end collision, the time of day with the highest number of accidents was the afternoon, the highest percentage of casualties is aged between 40 to 44 years and highways with the highest number of accidents was the BR-285 and BR-116. It is recommended that the tractor only get in the highway following the traffic rules and safety, and that the operator take short breaks when working for long periods