Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AN IN VITRO COMPARISION OF BOND STRENGTH OF PRECOATED AND UNCOATED BRACKETS USING SELF ETCHING PRIMER

Aim: To test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant on the tooth after debonding between precoated and uncoated brackets using a self etching primer.Materials and Methods: Adhesive Pre Coated Plus brackets, Uncoated brackets, Transbond XT adhesive and Transbond Plus self etching primer (TPSEP) were used in this study. The brackets were bonded to intact human premolar teeth. All the samples were divided into two groups --Group 1 (Uncoated brackets + Transbond Self Etching Primer + Transbond XT) & Group 2 (Adhesive Precoated Brackets + Transbond Self Etching Primer). Universal Testing Machine was used for calculating the shear bond strength of all samples. Image analysis equipment was used to measure the adhesive remnant on each tooth after debonding. Scanning Electron Microscope was used for this purpose.Results: Group 1 (Uncoated brackets + Transbond Self Etching Primer + Transbond XT) & Group 2 (Adhesive Precoated Brackets + Transbond Self Etching Primer) had nearly equal mean shear bond strength which is 8.86 +2.14 Mpa for precoated while 9.08 + 2.76 Mpa for the uncoated group. Statistically both the groups have almost same shear bond strength and significant difference was absent. In percentage of adhesive remnant also statistical difference between group 1 & group 2 was absent.Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant on the tooth after debonding between precoated and uncoated brackets using a self etching primer.
Noise Threshold of Quantum Supremacy

Demonstrating quantum supremacy, a complexity-guaranteed quantum advantage against over the best classical algorithms by using less universal quantum devices, is an important near-term milestone for quantum information processing. Here we develop a threshold theorem for quantum supremacy with noisy quantum circuits in the pre-threshold region, where quantum error correction does not work directly. We show that, even in such a region, we can virtually simulate quantum error correction by postselection. This allows us to show that the output sampled from the noisy quantum circuits (without postselection) cannot be simulated efficiently by classical computers based on a stable complexity theoretical conjecture, i.e., non-collapse of the polynomial hierarchy. By applying this to fault-tolerant quantum computation with the surface codes, we obtain the threshold value $2.84\%$ for quantum supremacy, which is much higher than the standard threshold $0.75\%$ for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation with the same circuit-level noise model. Moreover, contrast to the standard noise threshold, the origin of quantum supremacy in noisy quantum circuits is quite clear; the threshold is determined purely by the threshold of magic state distillation, which is essential to gain a quantum advantage.
The Roles of Language Aptitude and Online Self-regulated Learning in Foreign Language Achievements

Despite extensive use of online language learning during the pandemic of COVID, there is insufficient research on what factors influence students’ foreign language achievements in online learning conditions. This article investigated the roles of language aptitude and online self-regulated learning in foreign language achievement in mainland China. 76 freshmen from two classes at a university in Jiangxi participated in this study. They were required to complete an aptitude test of MLAT and a questionnaire on online self-regulated learning. The results showed that: (1) The students’ language aptitude is at a relatively low level, and their online self-regulated learning is at an intermediate level; (2) A positive correlation is detected between language aptitude, online self-regulated learning, and their English achievements (r=0.621 & 0.583 respectively); (3) Language aptitude alone (grammatical sensitivity and associative memory ability) accounts for 38.9% variance in English achievement. Language aptitude and online self-regulated learning contributed 52.4% of the variance to their English achievements. Overall, the findings of the study confirm the high predictive power of the MLAT and predictions of the Linguistic Coding Deficit Hypothesis (LCDH) advocated by Sparks and colleagues. Pedagogical implications are also discussed.
The Cauchy problem of f(R) gravity

The initial value problem of metric and Palatini f(R) gravity is studied by using the dynamical equivalence between these theories and Brans–Dicke gravity. The Cauchy problem is well formulated for metric f(R) gravity in the presence of matter and well posed in vacuo. For Palatini f(R) gravity, instead, the Cauchy problem is not well formulated.
THE CORRELATION FUNCTION OF GALAXY CLUSTERS AND DETECTION OF BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS

We calculate the correlation function of 13,904 galaxy clusters of z ⩽ 0.4 selected from the cluster catalog of Wen et al. The correlation function can be fitted with a power-law model ξ(r) = (r/R0)−γ on the scales of 10 h−1 Mpc ⩽ r ⩽ 50 h−1 Mpc, with a larger correlation length of R0 = 18.84 ± 0.27 h−1 Mpc for clusters with a richness of R ⩾ 15 and a smaller length of R0 = 16.15 ± 0.13 h−1 Mpc for clusters with a richness of R ⩾ 5. The power-law index of γ = 2.1 is found to be almost the same for all cluster subsamples. A pronounced baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) peak is detected at r ∼ 110 h−1 Mpc with a significance of ∼1. 9σ. By analyzing the correlation function in the range of 20 h−1 Mpc ⩽ r ⩽ 200 h−1 Mpc, we find that the constraints on distance parameters are Dv(zm = 0.276) = 1077 ± 55(1σ) Mpc and h = 0.73 ± 0.039(1σ), which are consistent with the cosmology derived from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) seven-year data. However, the BAO signal from the cluster sample is stronger than expected and leads to a rather low matter density Ωmh2 = 0.093 ± 0.0077(1σ), which deviates from the WMAP7 result by more than 3σ. The correlation function of the GMBCG cluster sample is also calculated and our detection of the BAO feature is confirmed.
The structure of the magnetic field in the massive star-forming region W75N

A debated topic in star formation theory is the role of magnetic fields during the protostellar phase of high-mass stars. It is still unclear how magnetic fields influence the formation and dynamics of massive disks and outflows. Most current information on magnetic fields close to high-mass protostars comes from polarized maser emissions, which allows us to investigate the magnetic field on small scales by using very long-baseline interferometry. The massive star-forming region W75N contains three radio continuum sources (VLA1, VLA2, and VLA3), at three different evolutionary stages, and associated masers, while a large-scale molecular bipolar outflow is also present. Very recently, polarization observations of the 6.7 GHz methanol masers at milliarsecond resolution have been able to probe the strength and structure of the magnetic field over more than 2000 AU around VLA1. The magnetic field is parallel to the outflow, suggesting that VLA1 is its powering source. The observations of water masers at 22 GHz can give more information about the gas dynamics and the magnetic fields around VLA1 and VLA2. The NRAO Very Long Baseline Array was used to measure the linear polarization and the Zeeman-splitting of the 22 GHz water masers in the star-forming region W75N. We detected 124 water masers, 36 around VLA1 and 88 around VLA2 of W75N, which indicate two different physical environments around the two sources, where VLA1 is in a more evolved state. The linear polarization of the masers confirms the tightly ordered magnetic field around VLA1, which is aligned with the large-scale molecular outflow, and also reveals an ordered magnetic field around VLA2, which is not parallel to the outflow. [abridged]
Existence and concentration of solution for a fractional Hamiltonian systems with positive semi-definite matrix

We study the existence of solutions for the following fractional Hamiltonian systems $$ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} - _tD^{\alpha}_{\infty}(_{-\infty}D^{\alpha}_{t}u(t))-\lambda L(t)u(t)+\nabla W(t,u(t))=0,\\[0.1cm] u\in H^{\alpha}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R}^n), \end{array} \right. \eqno(\mbox{FHS})_\lambda $$ where $\alpha\in (1/2,1)$, $t\in \mathbb{R}$, $u\in \mathbb{R}^n$, $\lambda>0$ is a parameter, $L\in C(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R}^{n^2})$ is a symmetric matrix for all $t\in \mathbb{R}$, $W\in C^1(\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$. Assuming that $L(t)$ is a positive semi-definite symmetric matrix for all $t\in \mathbb{R}$, that is, $L(t)\equiv 0$ is allowed to occur in some finite interval $T$ of $\mathbb{R}$, $W(t,u)$ satisfies some superquadratic conditions weaker than Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition, we show that (FHS)$_\lambda$ has a solution which vanishes on $\mathbb{R}\setminus T$ as $\lambda \to \infty$, and converges to some $\tilde{u}\in H^{\alpha}(\R, \R^n)$. Here, $\tilde{u}\in E_{0}^{\alpha}$ is a solution of the Dirichlet BVP for fractional systems on the finite interval $T$. Our results are new and improve recent results in the literature even in the case $\alpha =1$.
Diffractive ρ and ϕ production at HERA using a holographic AdS/QCD light-front meson wave function

We use an anti--de Sitter/quantum chromodynamics holographic light-front wave function for the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\phi}$ mesons, in conjunction with the color glass condensate dipole cross section whose parameters are fitted to the most recent 2015 high precision HERA data on inclusive deep inelastic scattering, in order to predict the cross sections for diffractive $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\phi}$ electroproduction. Our results suggest that the holographic meson light-front wave function is able to give a simultaneous description of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\phi}$ production data provided we use a set of light quark masses with ${m}_{u,d}l{m}_{s}\ensuremath{\approx}0.14\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Scaling relations and mass bias in hydrodynamical f (R) gravity simulations of galaxy clusters

We investigate the impact of chameleon-type f(R) gravity models on the properties of galaxy clusters and groups. Our f(R) simulations follow for the first time also the hydrodynamics of the intracluster and intragroup medium. This allows us to assess how f(R) gravity alters the X-ray scaling relations of clusters and how hydrostatic and dynamical mass estimates are biased when modifications of gravity are ignored in their determination. We find that velocity dispersions and intracluster medium temperatures are both increased by up to 1/3 in f(R) gravity in low-mass halos, while the difference disappears in massive objects. The mass scale of the transition depends on the background value f_R0 of the scalar degree of freedom. These changes in temperature and velocity dispersion alter the mass-temperature and X-ray luminosity-temperature scaling relations and bias dynamical and hydrostatic mass estimates that do not explicitly account for modified gravity towards higher values. Recently, a relative enhancement of X-ray compared to weak lensing masses was found by the Planck Collaboration (2013). We demonstrate that an explanation for this offset may be provided by modified gravity and the associated bias effects, which interestingly are of the required size. Finally, we find that the abundance of subhalos at fixed cluster mass is only weakly affected by f(R) gravity.
Weak lensing density profiles and mass reconstructions of the galaxy clusters Abell 1351 and Abell 1995

Aims. The aim of the present work is to study the overall mass distribution of the galaxy clusters Abell 1351 and Abell 1995 using weak gravitational lensing. These clusters have a very different mass structure and dynamical state and are the two extremes from a larger sample of 38 X-ray luminous clusters of similar size and redshift. Methods. We measure the shear values of faint background galaxies and correct for PSF anisotropies using the KSB+ method. Twodimensional mass maps of the clusters are created using a finite-field mass reconstruction algorithm, and verified with aperture mass statistics. The masses inferred from the reconstructions are compared to those obtained from fitting spherically symmetric SIS- and NFW-models to the tangential shear profiles. We discuss the NFW concentration parameters in detail. Results. From the mass reconstructions we infer M2D(< r200)-masses of 11.7 ± 3.1 × 10 14 h −1 ,
Europium underneath graphene on Ir(111): Intercalation mechanism, magnetism, and band structure

The intercalation of Eu underneath Gr on Ir(111) is comprehensively investigated by microscopic, magnetic, and spectroscopic measurements, as well as by density functional theory. Depending on the coverage, the intercalated Eu atoms form either a (2×2) or a (3×3)R30∘ superstructure with respect to Gr. We investigate the mechanisms of Eu penetration through a nominally closed Gr sheet and measure the electronic structures and magnetic properties of the two intercalation systems. Their electronic structures are rather similar. Compared to Gr on Ir(111), the Gr bands in both systems are essentially rigidly shifted to larger binding energies resulting in n doping. The hybridization of the Ir surface state S1 with Gr states is lifted, and the moire superperiodic potential is strongly reduced. In contrast, the magnetic behavior of the two intercalation systems differs substantially, as found by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The (2×2) Eu structure displays plain paramagnetic behavior, whereas for the (3×3)R30∘ structure the large zero-field susceptibility indicates ferromagnetic coupling, despite the absence of hysteresis at 10 K. For the latter structure, a considerable easy-plane magnetic anisotropy is observed and interpreted as shape anisotropy.
MEAL-KITS: WHAT DRIVES CONSUMPTION?

Meal-kits are becoming increasingly popular in Western society and this is reflected by the vast amount of meal-kit delivery services and grocery stores selling meal-kits. Western people are preoccupied with their job and perceive their life to be very busy. To decrease the time and effort involved with cooking a meal, the need for convenient meals is increasing. Prior work in the field of convenient meals is predominantly focussed on what exactly is convenience food and what drives the consumption and purchase intention of it. Drivers such as price, effort reduction and healthiness are identified as important factors in determining the consumption of convenience food. So far, little is known about what drives consumers to buy meal-kits and whether the drivers for convenience food are also important for the purchase intention of meal-kits. Further, the difference in drivers between specialized providers and grocery stores as well as the role of brand loyalty remains unclear. This study verifies if the drivers for the consumption of convenience food are also important for meal-kits while accounting for the moderating effect of specialized providers versus grocery stores and brand loyalty. The results show that price, effort reduction and healthiness do not affect the consumption of meal-kits. Moreover, there is no difference in drivers between specialized providers and grocery stores offering meal-kits. Furthermore, brand loyalty does not affect the relationships between the drivers and the purchase intention but does affect the purchase intention directly. These findings help managers and marketers in developing more knowledge on what factors are not important when they want to increase the purchase intention of their customers.
Quantum Speed-Up for Multidimensional (Zero Correlation) Linear and Integral Distinguishers

This paper shows how to achieve quantum speed-up for multidimensional (zero correlation) linear and integral distinguishers. To understand post-quantum security of symmetric-key cryptosystems, it is important to study how much quantum speed-up we can obtain for classical cryptanalytic techniques such as differential, linear, and integral cryptanalysis. A previous work by Kaplan et al. already showed a quantum quadratic speed-up for one-dimensional linear distinguishers, but it is unclear how to extend their technique to multidimensional linear distinguishers. To remedy this, we investigate how to speed-up multidimensional linear distinguishers in the quantum setting. Firstly, we observe that there is a close relationship between the subroutine of Simon’s algorithm and linear correlations via Fourier transform, and a slightly modified version of Simon’s subroutine can be used to speed-up multidimensional linear distinguishers. The modified Simon’s subroutine also leads to speed-ups for multidimensional zero correlation and some integral distinguishers. Surprisingly, our technique achieves more-than-quadratic speed-ups for some special types of integral distinguishers. This is because the modified Simon’s subroutine can exploit the existence of multiple multidimensional zero correlation linear approximations. Our attacks are the first examples achieving such speed-up on classical crypt-analytic techniques without relying on any algebraic structures such as hidden periods or shifts. The speed-ups for multidimensional (zero correlation) linear distinguishers are at-most-quadratic, and all of our attacks require quantum superposition queries.
Unveiling the spatial structure of the overionized plasma in the supernova remnant W49B

W49B is a mixed-morphology supernova remnant with thermal X-ray emission dominated by the ejecta. In this remnant, the presence of overionized plasma has been directly established, with information about its spatial structure. However, the physical origin of the overionized plasma in W49B has not yet been understood. We investigate this intriguing issue through a 2D hydrodynamic model that takes into account, for the first time, the mixing of ejecta with the inhomogeneous circumstellar and interstellar medium, the thermal conduction, the radiative losses from optically thin plasma and the deviations from equilibrium of ionization induced by plasma dynamics. The model was set up on the basis of the observational results. We found that the thermal conduction plays an important role in the evolution of W49B, inducing the evaporation of the circumstellar ring-like cloud (whose presence has been deduced from previous observations) that mingles with the surrounding hot medium, cooling down the shocked plasma, and pushes the ejecta backwards to the centre of the remnant, forming there a jet-like structure. During the evolution, a large region of overionized plasma forms within the remnant. The overionized plasma originates from the rapid cooling of the hot plasma originally heated by the shock reflected from the dense ring-like cloud. In particular, we found two different ways for the rapid cooling of plasma to appear: (i) the mixing of relatively cold and dense material evaporated from the ring with the hot shocked plasma and (ii) the rapid adiabatic expansion of the ejecta. The spatial distribution of the radiative recombination continuum predicted by the numerical model is in good agreement with that observed.
Voltage and temperature dependence of high-field magnetoresistance in arrays of magnetic nanoparticles

Huge values of high-field magnetoresistance have been recently reported in large arrays of ferromagnetic CoFe nanoparticles embedded in an organic insulating matrix in the Coulomb blockade regime. The magnetoresistance displays two characteristic behaviors: a scaling with the magnetic field/temperature ratio and an unusual exponential decrease with increasing voltage. To describe all these features, we propose a model where the electronic charges tunnel from one nanoparticle to another through a paramagnetic impurity. It is assumed that the noncollinearity between the magnetic moment of the ferromagnetic nanoparticles and the paramagnetic moment induces an effective tunnel barrier, the height of which depends on the relative angle of the paramagnetic moment with respect to the ferromagnetic one. A systematic study of the magnetoresistance behavior as a function of the effective tunnel barrier parameters and applied bias voltage is carried out. Finally, we show that by using Fowler–Nordheim current express.
Unilateral global bifurcation for fourth-order eigenvalue problems with sign-changing weight

In this paper, we shall establish the unilateral global bifurcation result for a class of fourth-order eigenvalue problems with sign-changing weight. Under some natural hypotheses on perturbation function, we show that $(\mu_k^\nu,0)$ is a bifurcation point of the above problems and there are two distinct unbounded continua, $(\mathcal{C}_{k}^\nu)^+$ and $(\mathcal{C}_{k}^\nu)^-$, consisting of the bifurcation branch $\mathcal{C}_{k}^\nu$ from $(\mu_k^\nu, 0)$, where $\mu_k^\nu$ is the $k$-th positive or negative eigenvalue of the linear problem corresponding to the above problems, $\nu\in{+,-}$. As the applications of the above result, we study the existence of nodal solutions for a class of fourth-order eigenvalue problems with sign-changing weight. Moreover, we also establish the Sturm type comparison theorem for fourth-order problems with sign-changing weight.
Analysis of The Influence of Community Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Factors on The Compliance Level of Health Protocol Covid-19

: Thisstudy aims to analyze and obtain empirical evidence of the influence of people's knowledge, attitudes and behavior on the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol in Batulicin District, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan. The research method is an explanatory research. The research sample was 171 respondents. The sampling technique was using purposive sampling method. The purposive sampling method is a sampling technique with certain considerations using multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS 23.0 for windows program. The results of the study suggest that knowledge has a negative and significant effect on the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol. Attitudes have a positive and significant effect on the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol. Behavior has a positive and significant effect on the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol. Meanwhile, simultaneously knowledge, attitudes and behavior influence the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol. In this study it can be concluded that the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol in Batulicin District, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan is influenced by variations in the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the community by 60.3% and the remaining 39.7% is influenced by other variables not included in the this research. Batulicin District should be able to increase cooperation with the community health centers, the Health Office and the Regional Government in an effort to increase the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol. Meanwhile, the Health Office or community health centers should always socialize and improve health promotion about the importance of complying with the COVID-19 health protocol with 3M. Researchers are expected to be able to carry out further research by adding independent / independent variables that can affect the COVID-19 health protocol. Kalimantan. Respondents in this people in Batulicin sub-district. The results of the are sequentially to the order of the research shown to on the the COVID-19 health protocol in Batulicin District, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan. a and effect on the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol in Batulicin District, Tanah Bumbu South Kalimantan. Negative here the higher a person's knowledge is not better the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol and vice versa, the lower a person's knowledge is not necessarily the lower the level of compliance with the COVID-19 health protocol.