Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Merging hyperspectral and panchromatic image data: qualitative and quantitative analysis

Image fusion is one of the most commonly used image enhancement techniques for improving the spatial quality of the source image with minimal spectral distortion in remote sensing. Until now, data fusion algorithms were developed and applied to improve the spatial resolution of the multispectral images and also their performances were evaluated depending on the source images such as Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat Multispectral (MS)/Panchromatic (PAN), Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) XS/PAN and IKONOS MS/PAN datasets. This paper assesses whether hyperspectral images, having very narrow bands compared to multispectral images, can be fused with high spatial resolution panchromatic images using common and current new algorithms including Intensity‐Hue Saturation (IHS), Principal Component Substitution (PCS), Gram Schmidt Transformation (GST), Smoothing Filter‐based Intensity Modulation (SFIM), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), wavelet‐based IHS (DWT‐IMS) and PCS (DWT‐PCS) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)‐enhanced IHS. We also examine the performance of the fused hyperspectral images with respect to the fused multispectral images. For this purpose, two different source datasets (EO1 Hyperion/ALI PAN and EO1 ALI MS/PAN) were used. Some qualitative and quantitative analyses were implemented to assess the spatial and spectral quality of the fused images. The results show that it was possible to carry out the fusion of a narrow‐band hyperspectral image and a high spatial resolution panchromatic image. The fusion of EO1 Hyperion/ALI PAN and EO1 ALI MS/PAN datasets using the SFIM, DWT‐PCS, DWT‐IHS and FFT‐IHS algorithms produces better results than other techniques. Also, the results show that the fusion methods behaved for both datasets in the same performances except the DWT algorithm. The DWT method has a lower performance for the hyperspectral image compared to the multispectral image. Therefore the DWT algorithm should be further studied to improve the spectral qualities of a fused hyperspectral image based on wavelet transformation.
Summertime thermal winds over Iceland

The summertime thermal flow over Iceland is simulated. The simulations indicate that the upslope/valley effect may be as important as the sea breeze over Iceland in the summer. This is somewhat contradictory to what is commonly considered. Apparently, the sea breeze has a hampering effect on the upslope winds. The channeling effect of the topography gives quite strong breezes in limited areas. The simulations reveal an unknown effect of mountainous peninsulas on the sea breeze. We choose to call this the peninsula effect. The peninsula effect gives speed-up in the evening on the right hand side of the peninsulas when facing the mainland, and offshore advecting of the speed-up region. The peninsula effect may be explained by a geostrophic component of the flow along the peninsula being added to the sea breeze generated by the mainland. The advection of the peninsula speed-up in the evening is associated with advection of warm air from the peninsula over the coastal sea on the speed-up side of the peninsula. There is strong convergence and updrafts in the vicinity of glaciers. This raises questions on the climatology of summertime precipitation, which may to a substantial extent be convective in these regions. A future retreat of the glaciers may lead to a shift in the location of the convergence zones and consequently to important changes in the precipitation climatology
Can the polarization tagging of the ionogram trace deceive autoscaling methods? The Learmonth case

This paper focuses on the problem of invalid O/X polarization tagging of an ionogram and how this can affect ionogram autoscaling methods. To illustrate this problem, 623 ionograms recorded in March and April 2004 (days 80-105) by the digisonde 256 installed at Learmonth (22.3° S, 114.1° E) were considered. These ionograms, often characterized by very unreliable O/X polarization tagging of the echoes because of unresolved antenna issues, have been autoscaled by both ARTIST 4.2 and Autoscala. Results of comparisons between automatically and manually scaled foF2 data are shown for both programs, considering as acceptable an autoscaled value that lies within 0.5 MHz of the manual value. Autoscala values of foF2 agree with the manually-scaled values for ~99% of ionograms, while ARTIST values of foF2 agree with the manually-scaled values for ~75% of ionograms. While ARTIST was coded on the assumption of valid polarization tagging, the fact remains that it produces invalid results when equipment issues cause invalid tagging. Autoscaling procedures that do not use the polarization tagging will generally work better than ARTIST in such cases. However, these other procedures are susceptible to failure in other situations.
Sediment transport capacity relations for overland flow

Nearly all physically based models of soil erosion and landform evolution include an equation for the sediment transport capacity of flow, yet the choice of relation varies from one model to another. This raises the question of the empirical and theoretical support for particular choices. We review descriptions of the effect of discharge and slope on sediment transport capacity of overland flow. A limited range of relations is defined for which there is strong theoretical and empirical support. Nevertheless, suggestions are made for improved experimental designs that further evaluate theories of sediment transport capacity and reduce uncertainty in its application to catchment modelling of sediment transport.
Ar‐Ar dating of late Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in northern Syria: Implications for the history of incision by the River Euphrates and uplift of the northern Arabian Platform

Ar‐Ar dating of basalt flows capping terrace deposits of the River Euphrates in northern Syria has provided a new quantitative chronology for the late Cenozoic evolution of this important river system and for the associated history of surface uplift of the northern Arabian Platform through which it flows, a region of relatively strong crust that has experienced only slow deformation. Notably, fluvial deposits ∼65 m above the Euphrates are overlain by basalt dated to 2717 ± 20 ka, those ∼45 m above the river are overlain by basalt dated to 2116 ± 39 ka, and those 8–9 m above the river are overlain by basalt dated to 402 ± 11 ka. These new dates require the previous dating scheme, based on Paleolithic archaeology, to be revised; the Euphrates terrace deposits and the associated incised valley are much older than was previously thought. Rates of incision by the Euphrates, providing a proxy for regional surface uplift that is inferred to be the isostatic response to regional erosion, have varied significantly over the past ∼3 Ma, with indications that between ∼1.2 and ∼0.9 Ma, there was regional subsidence, which gave rise to fluvial aggradation. This unusual pattern, involving reversals in the sense of vertical crustal motions, is interpreted to be a consequence of a relatively cold and thin mobile lower crustal layer, no more than ∼5 km thick, evidently due to the presence of a much thicker underlying layer of mafic underplating at the base of the crust. This study thus indicates previously unsuspected complexity in the isostatic response to regional erosion in an area of high crustal stability.
Quantitative inter‐annual and decadal June–July–August temperature variability ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (Iron Age–Roman Period) reconstructed from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland

Annually resolved June–July–August (JJA) temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (±100 a; approximately 690 varve years) were quantified from biogenic silica and chironomids (Type II regression; Standard Major Axis calibration‐in‐time) preserved in the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland. Using 30 a (climatology) moving averages and detrended standard deviations (mean–variability change, MVC), moving linear trends, change points and wavelets, reconstructed temperatures were partitioned into a warmer (+0.3°C; ca. 570–351 BC), cooler (−0.2°C; ca. 350–16 BC) and moderate period (+0.1°C; ca. 15 BC to AD 120) relative to the reconstruction average (10.9°C; reference AD 1950–2000 = 9.8°C). Warm and variable JJA temperatures at the Late Iron Age–Roman Period transition (approximately 50 BC to AD 100 in this region) and a cold anomaly around 470 BC (Early–Late Iron Age) were inferred. Inter‐annual and decadal temperature variability was greater from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 than the last millennium, whereas multi‐decadal and lower‐frequency temperature variability were comparable, as evident in wavelet plots. Using MVC plots of reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120, we verified current trends and European climate model outputs for the 21st century, which suggest increased inter‐annual summer temperature variability and extremes in a generally warmer climate (heteroscedasticity; hotspot of variability). We compared these results to MVC plots of instrumental and reconstructed temperatures (from the same sediment core and proxies but a different study) from AD 1177 to AD 2000. Our reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 showed that inter‐annual JJA temperature variability increased rapidly above a threshold of ∼10°C mean JJA temperature. This increase accelerated with continued warming up to >11.5°C. We suggest that the Roman Period serves with respect to inter‐annual variability as an analogue for warmer 21st‐century JJA temperatures in the Alps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of carbon with acid-soluble elements in Finnish lake sediments: two opposite composition trends

Rank order correlation coefficients (rC,X) were determined between C and the nitric acid-soluble elements Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and N in lake sediments. Nitrogen and S concentrations increased together with C from the point of isolation towards the top of the sediment, whereas Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Mg, Na, Ni and Ti concentrations decreased. In the case of Al, Ba, Co, Fe, Mn, V and Zn, two divergent patterns were seen, their concentrations either decreasing or increasing towards the top of the sediment. Of the rC,P values, 91% were positive and 9% negative. The sediment cores were classified into three groups on the basis of the correlations between C and Co, Fe, Mn and Zn: (1) rC,Co, rC,Fe, rC,Mn and rC,Zn statistically significant and negative; (2) rC,Co, rC,Fe, rC,Mn and rC,Zn not statistically significant; and (3) rC,Co, rC, Fe, rC,Mn and rC,Zn statistically significant and positive. In the light of the geochemical properties of the sediments, it was concluded that those in group 1 had been deposited under reducing and/or acidic conditions in small, shallow lakes containing high concentrations of C and those in group 3 under oxidative and/or alkaline conditions in large, deep lakes, while those in group 2 represent intermediate forms. It was approximated that C ≤ 9% in sediment provides precipitation of Fe–Mn oxides, but it is impeded by greater C concentrations. Also, sedimentation of terrigenous till material was found to be more effective in small than in large lakes.
Inter-Comparison of Hydrodynamic Models of Gulf of Khambhat

The complex seabed contours and geometry of basin lead to a unique tidal pattern along India's Gulf of Khambhat (GoK). Estimation of tidal levels and associated currents in this basin is challenging due to the amplification of tides and intense current magnitudes. In this study, the finite difference based numerical model, Delft3D-FLOW has been set up. Spatially varying bottom roughness parameters have been used to estimate the tidal levels and currents for the entire basin and the results are compared with an earlier work of Sathish Kumar and Balaji (2014 and 2015) based on an alternative finite element based numerical model, Telemac2D. An inter-comparison of model results shows good agreement with each other and with the field measurements. The tidal levels are observed to vary from 2m to more than 10m in the narrowing portion of the gulf while the maximum current velocity is seen as 3m/s.
Comparing the EM38DD and DUALEM‐21S Sensors for Depth‐to‐Clay Mapping

Geophysical instruments show great potential for the detailed quantification of soil stratigraphy. In this study, two electromagnetic induction sensors were evaluated on their capacity to map small-scale variations of the depth to the interface (z in ) in a two-layered soil. On a 2-ha study site, z in between the silty topsoil and the contrasting clayey subsoil was modeled first by relating the two apparent electrical conductivity (EC a ) measurements of the EM38DD sensor to observations of z in obtained by augering. A substantial number of these calibration observations was needed, however, to account for the modeling parameters. To avoid this step, an entirely noninvasive procedure was proposed based on one survey with the DUALEM-21S sensor. This sensor simultaneously records four EC a values with different coil configurations. These measurements correspond to four different depth response functions that allow modeling z in without calibration observations. The only assumption was a two-layered soil profile. The z in predictions were validated with 24 independent depth observations. Both procedures resulted in equal correlation coefficients (0.85) between predicted and measured z in and average estimation errors (0.26 m). This indicated that both sensors allowed the accurate mapping of the depth to a contrasting textural layer. With the EM38DD, calibration observations are needed, whereas the four different coil conurations of the DUALEM-21S sensor provided sufficient information to predict the interface depth without augering.
Post-glacial vegetation and environment of the Labanoras Region, East Lithuania: implications for regional history

Multiproxy data (pollen, plant macrofossils, 14 C dates and loss-on-ignition measurements) obtained from the Bevardis and Verpstinis lakes in the Labanoras area (East Lithuania) were used to reconstruct a vegetation history and to reveal major environmental features during post-glacial time. Biostratigraphical data indicates ongoing sedimentation in Verpstinis Lake since the final stages of the Aller Ý d. The pollen data shows that Pinus -dominated forest flourished during the Aller Ý d, while the Younger Dryas was characterized by open shrub/herb/grass vegetation with highly abundant Juniperus . These are evidences of severe climatic conditions in the area. The 14 C data suggests that sedimentation started in Bevardis Lake with the onset of the Holocene. Picea immigrated into the Verpstinis Lake surroundings in the Late Glacial, just before 11 500 cal yr BP according to the palynological evidence. The expanding deciduous taxa, e.g., Corylus (ca. 10 200–10 000 cal yr BP), Alnus (8200–8000 cal yr BP), and broad-leaved species with Ulmus (ca. 10 000 cal yr BP), Tilia (7700–7400 cal yr BP) and Quercus (5200 cal yr BP), formed a dense mixed forest where Picea appeared at 7300–6800 cal yr BP. Both diagrams show only negligible human impact. It seems that natural factors were responsible for the formation of vegetation cover and environment in the study area throughout the post-glacial.
Mechanisms and Prediction of Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults worldwide and represents an important burden for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems. AF is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity, due to the disease itself and its specific complications, such as the increased risk of stroke and thromboembolic events associated with AF. The temporal relation between AF episodes and stroke is nonetheless incompletely understood. The factors associated with an increased thromboembolic risk remain unclear, as well as the stroke risk stratification. Therefore, in this review, we intend to expose the mechanisms and physiopathology leading to intracardiac thrombus formation and stroke in AF patients, together with the evidence supporting the causal hypothesis. We also expose the risk factors associated with increased risk of stroke, the current different risk stratification tools as well as future prospects for improving this risk stratification.
Some primary‐school teachers’ understanding of the Earth's place in the universe

Abstract This article describes research into primary‐school teachers’ understanding of a strand of the National Curriculum for science, namely ‘The Earth's Place in the Universe’. An opportunity sample of 20 teachers varying widely in age, science background and teaching experience was interviewed in depth for about an hour. The interviews covered observations of the sky; explanations for day and night, the seasons, the phases of the moon; the position and movement of the planets; the scale of the solar system; and the relationship between stars, planets and the solar system. The interviews were analysed in two ways. First, each section was examined for all interviews. The frequencies of both the scientific view and various misconceptions were noted. Secondly, each interview was examined as a whole and the mental model of the universe held by that interviewee was extracted. These mental models were grouped and compared with the scientific model. Results are presented as tables summarizing the views encou.
Metabolite Profiling of Conifer Needles: Tracing Pollution and Climate Effects

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, understanding the intricate relationship between plant metabolites, pollution stress, and climatic conditions is of paramount importance. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of metabolic variations generated through 1H and 13C NMR measurements in evergreen needles collected from different regions with varying pollution levels. Multivariate analyses were employed to identify specific metabolites responsive to pollution stress and climatic factors. Air pollution indicators were assessed through ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses. Our results revealed significant metabolic changes attributed to geographical origin, establishing these conifer species as potential indicators for both air pollution and climatic conditions. High levels of air pollution correlated with increased glucose and decreased levels of formic acid and choline. Principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled a clear species separation, largely influenced by succinic acid and threonine. Discriminant analysis (DA) confirmed these findings, highlighting the positive correlation of glucose with pollution grade. Beyond pollution assessment, these metabolic variations could have ecological implications, impacting interactions and ecological functions. Our study underscores the dynamic interplay between conifer metabolism, environmental stressors, and ecological systems. These findings not only advance environmental monitoring practices but also pave the way for holistic research encompassing ecological and physiological dimensions, shedding light on the multifaceted roles of metabolites in conifer responses to environmental challenges.
Comment on “AMS radiocarbon dates from the Predynastic Egyptian Cemetery, N7000, at Naga-ed-Dêr” by S.H. Savage

Abstract Savage ( JAS 25, 235–249) has recently published an analysis of a corpus of radiocarbon dates from Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egyptian contexts. He has assigned the calibrated dates to phases and subphases, and he proposes these as the components of a refined radiocarbon chronology for Predynastic Egypt. Unfortunately his analysis of both the new dates from Cemetery N7000 at Naga-ed-Der and other dates is methodologically flawed, deriving durations for phases from 95·4% confidence limit ranges of dates for single events. In addition the seriation data for Naga-ed-Der presented is inconsistent with the claims in the text. The Predynastic chronology proposed is also inconsistent with the archaeological and historical evidence for the order of some of the contexts used. This brief comment is designed to draw readers’ attention to the unreliability of the analysis, and prevent the derived age ranges from entering the literature as accepted dates.
FL-AMM: Federated Learning Augmented Map Matching With Heterogeneous Cellular Moving Trajectories

Map matching is a fundamental component for location-based services (LBSs), such as vehicle mobility analysis, navigation services, traffic scheduling, etc. In this paper, we investigate federated learning augmented map matching based on heterogeneous cellular moving trajectories from different operator systems, the goal of which is to improve matching accuracy without violating the user privacy. First, we develop a data collection platform with one Android-based application, and conduct rigorous data collection campaigns. Second, we perform systematic data analytics to reveal the data-driven technical challenges, including the impact of sampling rate, high location error of cellular moving data, and poor heterogeneous matching performance. Third, we propose an augmented map matching model, named FL-AMM, i.e., Federated Learning Augmented Map Matching, in which we i) adopt the vertical federated learning framework to achieve data collaboration and privacy protection for heterogeneous operators; ii) devise a data augmentation component to enhance the capability of representing the raw cellular data; and iii) design a map matching model to further learn the mapping function from cellular trajectory points to road segments. Finally, we conduct extensive data-driven experiments to corroborate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed FL-AMM.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF GROUT PRESSURES DURING TUNNELLING OF THE SOPHIA RAIL TUNNEL

During drilling, grout pressures were recorded on a tunnel lining measuring 9.5 m in diameter. Two tunnel rings were fitted with pressure gauges (14 gauges per ring). Measurements were performed for more than one day. Final hardening of the grout did not occur during this time. The lowest pressures were measured at the start of the drilling process after completion of the ring. Results show that the grout pressure distribution is dominated by injection during drilling, but this distribution changes when drilling stops and buoyancy forces start to exert an influence. The influence of buoyancy forces increases further away from the injection points. Bending moments in the tunnel lining also influence the gradient in the grout pressure distribution.