Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the parameters of rainfall models using maximum marginal likelihood

Models based on stochastic point processes have been used widely to characterise the temporal evolution of rainfall at a single location. Such models have many uses in hydrology. However, making inferences about the parameters of these models is notoriously difficult. We propose a method of inference in which rainfall occurrence and rainfall amounts are separated. The temporal parameters of the model, that is, the parameters which govern the occurrence of rainfall, are estimated based on the marginal likelihood of the binary sequence of rainfall occurrence indicators. The remaining parameters are estimated using moment methods. The procedure is illustrated by fitting a rainfall model to data from south west England.
A late Holocene slip rate for the central North Anatolian fault, at Tahtaköprü, Turkey, from cosmogenic 10Be geochronology: Implications for fault loading and strain release rates

Measurement of a stream offset and cosmogenic dating (10Be) of the alluvial surface into which the stream incised yield a preferred late Holocene slip rate of 18.6 +3.5/−3.3 mm a−1 for the central part of the North Anatolian fault (NAF) at Tahtaköprü, Turkey; use of variable cosmogenic production rate (VPR) models yields a slightly slower rate of ∼16.4 +6.4/−4.5 mm a−1. The offset drainage (Karanlık Dere), which flows southward almost perpendicular to the east‐west trace of the NAF at the site, is displaced right laterally by 55 ± 10 m, with no vertical displacement. A 10Be age of ∼3 ka (∼3.5 ka VPR) from the top of a boulder on the best preserved part of the incised alluvial surface provides the most reliable maximum age for the onset of incision; 11 10Be ages from cobbles collected from the cultivated surface to the south yield younger ages, consistent with exhumation, erosion, and mechanical mixing during plowing. Our 18.6 +3.5/−3.3 mm a−1 rate is similar to other geologic slip rates measured along the NAF, all of which cluster between 15 and 20 mm a−1 over a wide range of (103–105) timescales. All of these geological rates, however, are slower than the ∼25 ± 2 mm a−1 short‐term rate of elastic strain accumulation measured geodetically. This disparity suggests the possibility that the NAF is experiencing a strain transient in which the lower crust beneath the fault is deforming faster than its long‐term rate.
Test-optional admission policies and the value of quantitative measures

Considering a recent trend toward test-optional and holistic admission policies in higher education, a reexamination of variables that recent research has shown to predict success in pharmacy school and on the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) seems timely. While recent research studies have involved various qualitative variables, a consideration of quantitative measures, particularly the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT), deserves particular attention. This paper will review the trend in recent years toward test-optional admission practices in higher education generally and among pharmacy schools specifically. We will then review studies examining the value of PCAT scores for predicting performance in professional pharmacy programs and on the NAPLEX. Throughout this discussion, the PCAT subtests are referred to by generic content terms (biology, chemistry, reading, quantitative, and writing) rather than their older or current names, regardless of when the PCAT data for a study in question were collected.
The knowledge level and attitude of the parents about COVID-19 vaccination in children: a single-center survey study

The knowledge level and attitude of the parents about COVID-19 vaccination in children: a single-center survey study. J Med Palliat Care 2022; 3(3): 254-262. ABSTRACT Aim : The primary method of prevention for children involves vaccination. The generally accepted approach in the world is the vaccination of eligible children for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). In the field of COVID-19 vaccines, hesitation and vaccine denial are anticipated concurrently with the rise in the incidence of vaccine instability and rejection around the world. The aim of this study is to find out what parents think about the COVID-19 vaccination program for children and what factors may cause anti-vaccination. Material and Method : 208 parents with children aged 0-18 who applied to the University of Health and Sciences, Ankara Keçiören Training and Research Hospital’s pediatrics clinics between April-June 2021 were included in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 26 questions developed by public health experts for COVID-19, the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S), and the Short Form of COVID-19 Anxiety Scale were administered to the participants. Results : 58.2% of participants believed that vaccines could only partially protect against the virus, while 19.2% disagreed and 22.6% were unsure of their position on this. While 67.3% of individuals said they would be willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, 36.1% said they would be willing to immunize their children (p< 0.001). Participants who refused to receive their own vaccinations did not consider vaccinating their children (p<0.001). With a rate of 76.5%, parents cited the possibility of vaccine side effects as their main objection to immunizing their children. Parents who have never been vaccinated or under-vaccinated their children according to the national vaccination program, did not intend to vaccinate their children with the COVID-19 vaccine at a higher rate. Parents who did not intend to vaccinate their children with the COVID-19 vaccine had significantly lower overall scores on the COVID-19 Phobia Scale, psychological sub-dimension, somatic sub-dimension, and social sub-dimension than parents who did (p<0.05). Conclusion : The majority of parents were hesitant to vaccinate their children. The vaccine side effects were the main objection to immunizing children. Therefore understanding the attitudes and perspectives of parents toward COVID-19 vaccines may shed light on the pediatric COVID-19 vaccination programs that will be implemented in the future.
Upcycling of spent functional biocarbon adsorbents to catalysts for the conversion of C5/C6 carbohydrates into platform chemicals †

Upcycling of spent heavy metal functional carbon adsorbents for use in catalytic applications must be considered to avoid hazardous wastes and to develop circular economies. In this study, amino-Brønsted acid precursor functional biocarbons were prepared by the hydrothermal-ammonia carbonization of biomass and subsequent mechanochemical modi ﬁ cation with L -cysteine. Mix ball-milling of hydrothermal-ammonia-carbonized solids with L -cysteine a ﬀ orded biocarbon materials with three kinds of sites, namely amino-functional, Brønsted acid precursor, and metal ion binding. The adsorption of Ni 2+ metal onto biocarbons was high ( Q m > 313 mg g − 1 ) and the spent adsorbents could be upcycled by the oxidation of Brønsted acid precursor sites ( – SH groups) with H 2 O 2 and applied as catalysts for C5/C6 carbohydrate dehydration – oxidation reactions. In an ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl reaction phase, the spent adsorbent catalyzed the conversion of C5 carbohydrate substrate xylose to furoic acid and furfural in yields of 46.2% and 24.7%, respectively, while C6 carbohydrate substrates, fructose and glucose, a ﬀ orded 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in yields of 71% and 24%, respectively. The preparation procedure for amino-functional biocarbons allows heavy metal recovery from wastewater and upcycling of spent materials to catalysts for carbohydrate dehydration – oxidation reactions.
Cassava: from poor farmers' crop to pacesetter of African rural development

Cassava(Manihot esculenta), a root crop originating in Tropical America, has been called Africa’s food insurance but vital as that is, it has the potential to be much more. Already, cassava provides more than half of the dietary calories for over 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa (about half of the total population). It also contributes substantial amounts of protein, minerals (iron and calcium) and vitamins (A and C) through leaf consumption (Table 1) though to a much smaller population at the present time.
Organic Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Surface Sediments of the Norwegian Continental Margin

The role that continental margin sediments play in the global carbon cycle and the mitigation of climate change is currently not well understood. Recent research has indicated that these sediments might store large amounts of organic carbon; however, Blue Carbon research continues to focus on vegetated coastal ecosystems as actionable Blue Carbon. Marine sediments are considered emerging Blue Carbon ecosystems, but to decide whether they are actionable requires better quantiﬁcations of organic carbon stocks, accumulation rates, and the mitigation potential from avoided emissions. To close some of these knowledge gaps, we spatially predicted organic carbon content, dry bulk density and sediment accumulation rates across the Norwegian margin. The resulting predictions were used to estimate organic carbon stocks in surface sediments and their accumulation rates. We found that organic carbon stocks are two orders of magnitude higher than those of vegetated coastal ecosystems and comparable to terrestrial ecosystems in Norway. Accumulation rates of organic carbon are spatially highly variable and linked to geomorphology and associated sedimentary processes. We identify shelf valleys with a glacial origin as hotspots of organic carbon accumulation with a potentially global role due to their widespread occurrence on formerly glaciated continental margins. The complex and heterogenous nature of continental margins regarding organic carbon accumulation means that to close existing knowledge gaps requires detailed spatial predictions that account for those complexities. Only in this way will it be possible to evaluate whether margin sediments might be actionable Blue Carbon ecosystems.
The Snake River Plain, Idaho: Representative of a new category of volcanism

Studies of the volcanic geology of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, and comparison with other basaltic regions suggest a new category of volcanic activity, termed basaltic plains volcanism. Typified by the Snake River Plain, this style of volcanism is intermediate between basaltic flood (or plateau) eruptions and Hawaiian Volcanism. Characteristics that are common to both Hawaiian and plains volcanism are: multiple lava flow units which erupt primarily from point sources, formation of low shields, and frequent emplacement through lava tubes or channels. Characteristics that are common to both flood basalts and plains volcanism are: high volume flows, vents aligned along rift zones, and planar surfaces. The recognition of plains volcanism in other areas provides a means to interpret the style of eruption and volcanic history.
Let's Go Shopping (LGS) - Web-Scale Image-Text Dataset for Visual Concept Understanding

Vision and vision-language applications of neural networks, such as image classification and captioning, rely on large-scale annotated datasets that require non-trivial data-collecting processes. This time-consuming endeavor hinders the emergence of large-scale datasets, limiting researchers and practitioners to a small number of choices. Therefore, we seek more efficient ways to collect and annotate images. Previous initiatives have gathered captions from HTML alt-texts and crawled social media postings, but these data sources suffer from noise, sparsity, or subjectivity. For this reason, we turn to commercial shopping websites whose data meet three criteria: cleanliness, informativeness, and fluency. We introduce the Let's Go Shopping (LGS) dataset, a large-scale public dataset with 15 million image-caption pairs from publicly available e-commerce websites. When compared with existing general-domain datasets, the LGS images focus on the foreground object and have less complex backgrounds. Our experiments on LGS show that the classifiers trained on existing benchmark datasets do not readily generalize to e-commerce data, while specific self-supervised visual feature extractors can better generalize. Furthermore, LGS's high-quality e-commerce-focused images and bimodal nature make it advantageous for vision-language bi-modal tasks: LGS enables image-captioning models to generate richer captions and helps text-to-image generation models achieve e-commerce style transfer.
Late Cretaceous and Paleocene terrestrial climates of New Zealand: Leaf fossil evidence from South Island assemblages

Abstract Univariate and multivariate leaf morphology‐based analysis of leaf fossil assemblages from localities in the South Island of New Zealand provide quantitative paleoclimate estimates for the terrestrial Late Cretaceous and Paleocene. Favourable growing conditions with a cool to mild temperate climate are inferred for the youngest pollen zone in the Late Cretaceous (PM2) with moderately high precipitation and high dicotyledonous angiosperm diversity. Mean annual temperature estimates of c. 12–16 and c. 7–11°C were produced from northwest Nelson and North Otago PM2 Zone assemblages, respectively. These different temperature estimates most likely reflect differences in age, although geographic differences may also be a factor. Consistent data from three Paleocene assemblages suggest cool‐temperate conditions. Mean annual temperature estimates of c. 6–12°C were produced from these Paleocene assemblages. They also had lower dicotyledonous leaf diversity than the Late Cretaceous assemblages, no more than 30 different angiosperm leaf forms.
Proposal of a new methodology to assess the effectiveness of check-dams

Los diques son estructuras transversales construidas en los cauces para mitigar la erosion, empleadas frecuentemente en Espana en proyectos de restauracion hidrologico-forestal. Sus principales funciones son: controlar y retener los materiales solidos transportados, estabilizar las laderas y los cauces torrenciales y reducir la velocidad del agua y consecuentemente su capacidad erosiva. No obstante, los efectos de los diques empleados en las restauraciones hidrologico-forestales para frenar la erosion son objeto de discusion en diversos estudios publicados en los ultimos anos. Con el fin de comprobar el grado de efectividad de los diques de gaviones en la retencion de sedimentos se plantea una metodologia basada en la estimacion del volumen de la cuna mediante un levantamiento topografico de detalle. Se ha comparado la metodologia propuesta, que conlleva un exhaustivo y preciso trabajo de campo, con otras dos existentes, de uso frecuente y mas simple elaboracion. El procedimiento metodologico se ha aplicado a una carcava situada en la cuenca del rio Corneja, en Tortoles (Avila), donde se localiza una restauracion hidrologico-forestal proyectada en 1964 y ejecutada en 1965. Se observa que los diques han conseguido retener un volumen de sedimentos de 237.95 m 3 , segun la metodologia planteada, lo que supone entre un 7.9 y un 30.3% superior al obtenido por las otras dos metodologias utilizadas. Los volumenes unitarios de los diques, respecto a nuestra metodologia, oscilan segun el caso entre ± 5% y ± 50%. Los resultados obtenidos con el metodo propuesto muestran una discrepancia con el resto, pero una mejor medicion del volumen real de la cuna de sedimentos retenidos por los diques, lo cual justifica su empleo para la valoracion de la efectividad de estas estructuras en el control de la erosion.
Evaluation of Some Haemostatic, Haematologic, ABO and Lewis Blood Group as Stroke Risk Factors in Ogoni Indigenes, Rivers State, Nigeria

Objectives: The study evaluated haemostatic, haematologic, ABO and Lewis blood groups as stroke risk factors in Ogoni indigenes. Method: Full blood count was done using automation (SYSMEX). Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time was done using manual method. Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator was done using ELISA method. ABO, Lewis blood groups were analysed using standard tube methods. Results: Statistically significant increase was observed in white blood cell counts in blood group O (p = 0.0222), white blood cells higher in stroke group. For haemostatic parameters, statistically significant difference was observed in mean platelet volume (MPV) of blood group Le a (p < 0.0001), mean platelet volume lower in stroke group and activated partial thromboplastin time of blood group A versus stroke group (p = 0.0447). Conclusion: Based on odd ratios and likelihood ratios, the risk for stroke to occur due to blood group differences was in the order of: (B)>(Le-a)>(Le-b)>(A)>(O). Based on haemostatic values associated with selected blood groups which were not significant but relevant because of some marginally higher mean values of the stroke subjects against controls, they are not significantly associated as risk factors. However, based on odd ratios and likelihood ratios presence of blood group B, Le-a and Le-b antigens may be associated risk factors for stroke event.
Real-time and video-recorded cattle pain assessment: clinical application and reliability

Bovine pain assessment relies on validated behavioral scales related to normal and pain-related behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the reliability and applicability of real-time and video-recorded cattle pain assessment, and to compare its agreement. Ten Nelore and Nine Angus bulls underwent general anesthesia and surgical castration. Three-minute real-time observations and simultaneous videos were recorded at -48 h (M0), preoperative (M1), after surgery (M2), after rescue analgesia and at 24 h (M4). Animals received morphine, dipyrone and �unixin meglumine after surgical castration. Two trained evaluators assessed real-time (n = 95) and video-recorded time-points (n = 95) using the Unesp-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale (UCAPS). Both assessment methods inferred ‘very good’ reliability ( ≥ 0.81) with minimal bias, however, video-recorded assessment (4.33 ± 2.84) demonstrated slightly higher scores compared to real-time (3.08 ± 2.84). The results from this study suggest the UCAPS can be used in both real-time and video-recorded to assess pain and guide analgesic therapy in cattle.
double transition and substantial Knight shift in

Recent nuclear magnetic resonance experiments measuring the Knight shift in Sr 2 RuO 4 have challenged the widely accepted picture of chiral pairing in this superconductor. Here we study the implications of helical pairing on the superconducting state while comparing our results with the available experimental data on the upper critical ﬁeld and Knight shift. We solve the Bogoliubov–de Gennes equation employing a realistic three-dimensional tight-binding model that captures the experimental Fermi surface very well. In agreement with experiments we ﬁnd a Pauli limiting to the upper critical ﬁeld and, at low temperatures and high ﬁelds, a second superconducting transition. These transitions, which form a superconducting subphase in the H-T phase diagram are ﬁrst-order in nature and merge into a single second-order transition at a bicritical point ( T ∗ , H ∗ ), for which we ﬁnd (0.8 K, 2.4 T) with experiment reporting (0.8 K, ∼ 1.2 T) [Phys. Rev. B 93 , 184513 (2016)]. Furthermore, we ﬁnd a substantial drop in the Knight shift in agreement with recent experiments.
Mode and timing of terrane accretion in the forearc of the Andes in Ecuador

The volcanic basement of the Ecuadorian Western Cordillera (Pallatanga Formation and San Juan unit) is made up of mafi c and ultramafi c rocks that once formed an oceanic plateau. Radiometric ages from these rocks overlap with a hornblende 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau age of 88 ± 1.6 Ma age obtained for oceanic plateau basement rocks of the Pinon Formation in coastal Ecuador, and with ca. 92–88 Ma ages reported for oceanic plateau sequences in the Caribbean and western Colombia. These results suggest that the oceanic plateau rocks of the Western Cordillera and fl at forearc in Ecuador are derived from the Late Cretaceous Caribbean-Colombia oceanic plateau. Intraoceanic island-arc sequences (Rio Cala Group) overlie the plateau in the Western Cordillera and yield crystallization ages that range between ca. 85 and 72 Ma. The geochemistry and radiometric ages of island-arc lavas from the Rio Cala Group, combined with the age range and geochemistry of their turbiditic, volcaniclastic products, indicate that the arc was initiated by westward subduction beneath the Caribbean Plateau. They are coeval with island-arc rocks of coastal Ecuador (Las Orquideas, San Lorenzo, and Cayo Formations) and Colombia (Ricaurte Arc). These island-arc
EXPLORING FOR FAN AND DELTA SANDSTONES IN THE OFFSHORE FALKLANDS BASINS

Four basins surround the Falkland Islands, but only the North Falkland Basin has been drilled; six wells were drilled there in 1998. Although all six wells encountered good quality sandstones, none of them targeted the basin margins, on what are now thought to be the optimum migration pathways associated with the basin's thick lacustrine source rocks. Subsequently, a 3D seismic survey acquired in 2004 was designed to identify potential basin‐margin ‐derived sandstones entering the basin along transfer zones. From this survey, a number of basin‐margin ‐attached fans have been identified; these prograded into lacustrine waters of varying depths. These Early Cretaceous alluvial/fan delta/deep‐lacustrine fan systems are interpreted to provide excellent potential reservoir facies as they are intimately associated with thick, mature source rocks. They will provide the focus for the next planned phase of exploration in the North Falkland Basin.
Cavitron extraction of xylem water suggests cryogenic extraction biases vary across species but are independent of tree water stress

Cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) is a widely used technique for extracting plant water from stems for isotopic analysis, but concerns about potential isotopic biases have emerged. Here, we leverage the Cavitron centrifugation technique to extract xylem water and compare its isotopic signature to that of CVD‐extracted bulk stem water as well as source water. Conducted under field conditions in tropical northern Australia, our study spans seven tree species naturally experiencing a range of water stress levels. Our findings reveal a significant deuterium bias in CVD‐extracted bulk stem water when compared to xylem water (median bias −14.9‰), whereas xylem water closely aligned with source water (median offset −1.9‰). We find substantial variations in deuterium bias among the seven tree species (bias ranging from −19.3‰ to −9.1‰), but intriguingly, CVD‐induced biases were unrelated to environmental factors such as relative stem water content and predawn leaf water potential. These results imply that inter‐specific differences may be driven by anatomical traits rather than tree hydraulic functioning. Additionally, our data highlight the potential to use a site‐specific deuterium offset, based on the isotopic signature of local source water, for correcting CVD‐induced biases.
Buried clay pot irrigation using saline water

This study presents buried clay pot irrigation using saline water. Saline water solutions of different NaCl concentrations were prepared with equivalent electrical conductivity of 10, 15 and 20 dS/m and taken in buried clay pitchers. Mean daily percolation of water fell from 31 to 17% of pitcher (vol, 1.8 l) with increase in salinity of water from 10 to 20 dS/m. In the case of control water (without salinity), water percolation rate was 43%. It was observed that salt concentration in the soil increased with increasing horizontal distance from pitcher, but decreased with depth. Walls of pitchers were found partially retaining salt, indicating that water flowing out into the soil had less salinity as compared to water taken in the pitcher.