Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Movement, Swimming Speed, and Oxygen Consumption of Juvenile White Sturgeon in Response to Changing Flow, Water Temperature, and Light Level in the Snake River, Idaho

Abstract The flow of the Snake River downstream of Hells Canyon Dam, Idaho, frequently fluctuates as dam operators alter the amount of electrical load generated in response to moment-to-moment power needs (termed load-following). Flow fluctuations due to load-following have the potential to increase the energy used by juvenile white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus that move to avoid unfavorable habitat or that alter swimming speed to maintain position over a range of velocities. Following laboratory respirometry experiments, a field study using electromyogram (EMG) and sonic telemetry was conducted to determine whether movement (area and distance), swimming speed, or oxygen consumption of juvenile white sturgeon responded to the operation of Hells Canyon Dam during three study periods when flows were artificially fluctuated to resemble extreme load-following operation (192–836 m3/s), held high and stable (442–629 m3/s), or held low and stable (275–284 m3/s). Respirometry results confirmed that the oxygen.
Sociology in the Service of Politics — Comments On the Swedish Level of Living Survey

This study seems to have been conceived from a rather isolated position. However a number of research projects have appeared more or less simultaneously in different countries which are linked together in a field of research with a distinct profile social indicators. As in the case of Sweden, these studies have all in some way originated close to political power-centers. It is therefore reasonable to discuss some common elements with regard to this.
Digestive proteases and carbohydrases along the alimentary tract of the stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1753

Digestive enzyme activity and capacity (activity x tissue weight) for protein (total protease assay, 25° C) and carbohydrates (total carbohydrase and alpha-glucosidase assay at 5, 18 and 25° C) was investigated for the carnivorous stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber along its digestive tract. Results indicated that whole gut total protease activity was highest at pH 1.5 (P<0.05) (25° C) in U. scaber , (6.64±2.55 mg tyrosine per g digestive tract per minute, pH 1.5). Total protease activity was apparent mainly in the stomach at pH 1.5 (9.73±3.3), and to a lesser degree in the anterior intestine (11.15±1.5, pH 10.0) and pyloric caeca (4.92±2.06, pH 10.0), especially at pH 9.0 and 10.0. Furthermore, 60% of total capacity for protein digestion derives from the stomach region, which takes up 65% of the digestive tract. Total carbohydrase activity and capacity levels were very low compared to other carnivorous teleosts, indicating very low tendency for complex, large molecular weight carbohydrate digestion. However, alpha-glucosidase levels were higher, a fact which combined with relevant data for other marine carnivorous teleosts suggests a possible role of disaccharide in relation to marine carnivorous fish dietary carbohydrate inclusion.
Lichenised and Lichenicolous Fungi of Aladağlar National Park (Niğde, Kayseri and Adana Provinces) in Turkey

Three hundred and two lichenised fungi taxa belonging to 90 genera and 45 lichenicolous fungi taxa belonging to 24 genera are reported from Aladaglar National Park. Of these, 290 lichenised fungi taxa and 21 lichenicolous fungi taxa are reported for the first time from Aladaglar National Park. Nine species of lichenised fungi, namely Arthopyrenia fraxini A.Massal. , Aspicilia obscurata (Fr.) Arnold, Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H.Kilias & Scheid. , Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig. , Collema texanum var. texanum Tuck. , Leconora usbekica Poelt, Placidium boccanum (Servit) Breuss, Sarcogyne distinguenda Th.Fr. , and Verrucaria latericola Erichsen, are new to Turkey. One lichenicolous fungus species, Stigmidium rouxianum Calatayud & Triebel, is new to Turkey. Moreover, one saprobic fungus species, apparently in an initial phase of lichenisation, named Dactylospora mediterranea Sarrion & Hafellner, is also a new record for Turkey and it seems that this species is reported for the first time after its description in 2002. Furthermore, 107 taxa are new to Kayseri province, 97 taxa are new to Nigde province, and 24 taxa are new to Adana province. Comments on taxonomy, habitat, and substrata are provided for some interesting taxa. Ozet: Aladaglar Milli Parkindan 90 cinse ait 302 likenlesmis fungus taksonu ve 24 cinse ait 45 likenikol fungus taksonu rapor edilmistir. 290 likenlesmis fungus taksonu ve 22 likenikol fungus taksonu Aladaglar Milli Parki'ndan ilk kez rapor edilmistir. Dokuz likenlesmis fungus taksonu Turkiye icin yeni kayittir: Arthopyrenia fraxini A.Massal. , Aspicilia obscurata (Fr.) Arnold, Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H.Kilias & Scheid. , Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig. , Collema texanum var. texanum Tuck. , Leconora usbekica Poelt, Placidium boccanum (Servit) Breuss, Sarcogyne distinguenda Th.Fr. , Verrucaria latericola Erichsen. Bir likenikol fungus taksonu: Stigmidium rouxianum Calatayud & Triebel Turkiye icin yeni kayittir. Ayni zamanda, Dactylospora mediterranea Sarrion & Hafellner olarak adlandirilan ve acikca likenlesmenin erken safhalarinda bulunan saprofitik bir fungus turu Turkiye icin yeni kayittir ve bu tur 2002'deki tanimlamadan sonra ilk kez rapor edilmistir. Ayrica, 107 takson Kayseri ili icin, 97 takson Nigde ili icin ve 24 taxon Adana ili icin yeni kayit durumundadir. Bazi ilginc taksonlarin taksonomisi, habitat ve substratlari hakkinda yorumlar verilmistir.
NEOGENESIS OF WOOL FOLLICLES

The possible formation of new wool follicles in healing experimental wounds was studied in one adult sheep and in three new-born lambs. True neogenesis 'was considered to have occurred in the epithelium covering the scars, though relatively few follicles were observed. Attempts to prevent contraction of the scar tissue, so that formation of new follicles might be encouraged, were unsuccessful. This failure is possibly the reason for the paucity of new follicles. Several early-stage follicles, seen in association with the neck region of existing follicles surrounding the wound margin, were also considered to be newly formed.
Measuring stream macroinvertebrate responses to gradients of vegetation cover: when is enough enough?

Summary 1. Management of stream biodiversity is often tightly linked with the restoration and protection of riparian and catchment vegetation. Despite that, there are no established guidelines on how much forest should be retained or replanted in riparian zones and surrounding catchments to maintain or re-establish instream ecological integrity. In this study, we assess relationships between vegetation cover at multiple spatial scales (reach, segment and catchment) and macroinvertebrate metrics that reflect community structure, ecological condition and biodiversity at 138 Waikato, New Zealand, stream sites sampled in 2006. 2. Percentage of catchment vegetation in native forest had stronger relationships with measured diversity and condition metrics than segment or reach scale measures of riparian vegetation. Functional feeding group metrics were weakly associated with upstream catchment vegetation cover. 3. Of the macroinvertebrate metrics tested, the RIVPAC O/E and an organic pollution tolerance metric based on species presence–absence (Macroinvertebrate Community Index; MCI) had the strongest relationships with percentage native riparian vegetation, followed by the quantitative MCI and measures of the richness and relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera faunas. The O/E and MCI indicated that catchments with 80–90% in native forest or scrub (low-growing trees) were associated with faunas indicative of “clean” water quality. 4. Of the biodiversity indices considered Fisher’s α Index of species richness had the strongest relationship with percent native riparian vegetation in the upstream catchment. There are no established thresholds for measuring biodiversity loss in New Zealand streams, but this analysis indicates that on average streams draining catchments with 40–60% upstream native vegetation cover retain 80% of the mean biodiversity present in pristine forest streams. 5. This research indicates that riparian management aimed at enhancing macroinvertebrate biodiversity and the ecological condition of streams is likely to be more successful when focused on protecting and/or restoring headwater catchments rather than short stretches of stream.
Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae s.l.) captured with Malaise and pan traps along an altitudinal gradient in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

A list of bee species surveyed along an altitudinal gradient in Ubatuba, Brazil using Malaise and pan traps is presented. A total of 289 individuals representing 57 species, 33 genera, and 5 subfamilies were collected. Most individuals and species were collected at around 600 m altitude, and almost all species were collected with Malaise traps. Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed a correlation between the occurrence of stingless bees and the altitude, confirming the usefulness of stingless-bee communities to reveal gradient patterns.
Evidence of heterotic and epistatic effects on postweaning weight gain of Nelore calves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Performance records from 303 657 Nelore animals from the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders (ABCZ) were used. Genetic evaluation using GenSys Method (Schenkel and Brito, 1994) produced a file containing animals’ and parents’ EPD’s on number of days to gain 240 kg from weaning to slaughter (D240) ; contemporary group effects ; and animals’ and parents’ inbreeding coefficients. D240 is the selection criteria used currently by ABCZ to shorten postweaning period and reduce production costs (Ortiz Peña et al., 2002). The response variable studied was calculated by subtracting D240 observed values of the animals’ estimated breeding values (2*EPD) for the trait and of the contemporary group effect. Under the genetic additive model, the expectation of this residue is zero. D240 average was 736.85 ± 287.85 days and average inbreeding coefficient was 0.017 ± 0.032. This residue was regressed on possible non-linear additive effects, dominance effects and epistatic effects using PROC REG from SAS (SAS, 1998). Quadratic additive effects of animal, sire and dam were calculated as the square of respective EPD’s. Additive interaction effects between animal and sire, animal and dam, and sire and dam were obtained by multiplying their EPD’s. Dominance and epistatic effects were evaluated by three different calculations of heterozygosity and epistazygosity. Heterozygosities were calculated as if animals participated on designed inbreeding programs and considered the observed (FA) and expected inbreeding coefficients (EFA) of the animals. Heterozygosity 1 (h1A) was obtained as 1 – FA. Heterozygosity 2 (h2A) was zero or the positive value from (EFA – FA). Expected inbreeding coefficient (EFA) was calculated as 1/2 (FS + FD), where FS is the sire inbreeding coefficient and FD is the dam inbreeding coefficient. Zero values were assigned for all FS and FD which were not known. Heterozygosity 3 (h3A) was calculated as (EFA – FA) and negative values were not zeroed as they were when calculating h2A. Negative values from h3A would indicate the occurrence of de novo or additional inbreeding, above to what was expected. Positive values would indicate recovered heterozygosity. Three equations were used to determine epistazygosity values. For epistazygosity 1 (E1A) the equation used was : 1⁄2 [(1 FS) + (1 FD)], where 1-FS is the paternal heterozygosity and 1 FD
Sleeping-tree fidelity of the spider monkey shapes community-level seed-rain patterns in continuous and fragmented rain forests

Abstract: Repeated use of sleeping trees (STs) by frugivores promotes the deposition and aggregation of copious amounts of seed, thus having key implications for seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Seed-rain patterns produced by this behaviour likely depend on the frequency of use of these sites, yet this hypothesis has been poorly tested. We evaluated community-level seed-rain patterns produced by the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) over 13 mo in latrines located beneath 60 STs in the Lacandona rain forest, Mexico. Because this primate is increasingly ‘forced’ to inhabit fragmented landscapes, we tested whether sleeping-tree fidelity (STF) differed among sites and between continuous and fragmented forests. We also tested whether seed-rain patterns were associated with STF within each site and forest type. STF was highly variable among STs (average = 7 mo, range = 1–12 mo), but did not differ among study sites or forest types. STF was positively associated with seed abundance, species diversity and species turnover. Nevertheless, STF tended to be negatively related to seed community evenness. These results are likely due to the most frequently used STs being in areas with greater food density. Our results demonstrate that site fidelity shapes community-level seed-rain patterns and thus has key ecological implications.
Epaulet Color and Sexual Selection in the Red-Winged Blackbird: A Field Experiment

Abstract. The epaulets of male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) function in both intersexual and intrasexual contexts, but there is little evidence that they covary with reproductive success in this well-studied species. We used path analysis of male/territory traits, mating success, and reproductive success of unmanipulated males to estimate current directional selection. Territory size had a positive effect on number of within-pair mates. Number of extra-pair mates had a positive effect on number of extra-pair fledglings, and number of within-pair and extra-pair fledglings had positive effects on total number of fledglings. We also reddened epaulets of free-living territorial males to determine whether manipulated and control males differ in territorial behavior, mating success, or reproductive success. Compared with control males, males with reddened epaulets incurred elevated rates of trespassing and territorial challenges, lost their territories more often, and were unable to produce extra-pair offspring. Despite these differences, however, the realized reproductive success of experimental and control males did not differ significantly, perhaps because males with reddened epaulets devoted more time to anti-predator vigilance and were more aggressive toward a simulated predator than were control males. An apparent lack of current sexual selection on epaulet color may be a form of counter-balancing sexual selection in which male aggression against redder epaulets opposes female preference for redder epaulets, or it might be the result of males compensating for lost extra-pair fertilizations by increasing their parental care.
Management

Management practices and policies have recently been recognized as an important part of the housing environment, particularly in federally assisted housing. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the dimensions of the relationship between tenant satisfaction with the housing environment and management behaviors and attitudes. Tenant satisfaction is shown to consist of dimensions concerned with neighbors, neighborhood services, the physical unit, security, neighborhood cleanliness, and management. Management is shown to be the most important of these dimensions in explaining tenant satisfaction. Tenant satisfaction with management is shown to consist of four dimensions: maintenance, empathy, responsiveness, and strictness. Tenant satisfaction with maintenance is the most important of these variables in explaining tenant satisfaction with management. Tenant satisfaction with maintenance, however, is not related so much to the amount of money spent as it is to the response time of management toward tenant requests.
Genetic diversity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using isozyme electrophoresis

Accessions of cultivated cowpea (V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata cv. gr. unguiculata, cv. gr. sesquipedalis and cv. gr. biflora) from different countries were evaluated for isozyme variability. Zymograms were obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using the PhastSystem and eight enzyme systems were studied. Cowpea accessions studied were characterised by very low genetic diversity. Accessions were monomorphic for almost all loci tested except for the esterase enzyme system. Comparative analysis of esterase zymograms made it possible to identify some of the accessions studied. However, the cultivated groups biflora and sesquipedalis could not be distinguished from one another or from the cv. gr. unguiculata.
Osmotin-regulated reserve accumulation and germination in genetically transformed tea somatic embryos: a step towards regulation of stress tolerance and seed recalcitrance1

The osmotin gene was introduced into tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] somatic embryos at the globular stage of development via microprojectile bombardment, to determine the effects of this stress-tolerance-related gene on the accumulation of storage reserves and acquisition of desiccation tolerance during embryo maturation. Changes in total soluble sugars, starch and proteins in response to osmotin were estimated in the stably transformed embryos, using standard biochemical and histochemical methods, after the globular embryos had matured to the heart stage of development. These changes also were compared with two types of controls, comprising (1) untransformed embryos and (2) embryos that were bombarded without osmotin DNA. The control embryos showed poor reserve accumulation and negligible germination but, in contrast, the embryos bombarded with the osmotin gene showed a several-fold increase in storage reserves, normal maturation and 57–63% germination. When these transformed embryos were desiccated to 15.5% moisture content, only 40% germinated, although a further increase in the accumulation of storage reserves occurred. In contrast, the control embryos became necrotic and failed to germinate. This study demonstrates the use of somatic embryogenesis as a tool for understanding seed recalcitrance in tea, and suggests that transformation with stress-tolerance genes can overcome the developmental problems associated with recalcitrant seeds.
Effects of exposure to municipal wastewater in situ on the reproductive physiology of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Effects of representative central Michigan wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents on the reproductive physiology of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were assessed in situ by measuring plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T), and evaluating gonad histology and male secondary sex characteristics. Caged adult male and female fathead minnows were exposed for 3 weeks to WWTP effluent. One riverine site and one lacustrine site were included as references for comparison to WWTP sites. Plasma concentrations of VTG, E2, and T in female fish, quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were greater at the lacustrine site than the riverine site or WWTP sites. None of the male fish had mean plasma VTG concentrations similar to that observed in females. Most VTG concentrations in male fish were less than the VTG ELISA detection limit. Female plasma concentrations of E2 were similar among riverine and WWTP sites. Plasma concentrations of E2 in male fish were greater than the riverine site at all WWTP sites except the Williamston site, but were not significantly different from the lacustrine site. Concentrations of T in female and male fish were similar among riverine and exposure sites. No trends in hormone concentrations, male secondary sex characteristics, or gonad histology could be attributed to putative endocrine disrupter exposure in WWTP effluent. The results indicate that the risk for estrogen agonist exposure below these central Michigan WWTPs is small.
When is year-class strength determined in western Baltic herring?

Weekly surveys of larvae in the Strelasund and the Greifswalder Bodden were used to investigate when year-class strength is determined in western Baltic spring-spawning (WBSS) herring. An abundance metric of larvae reaching a length of 20 mm over the entire spawning season was constructed by accounting for increases in daily growth resulting from seasonal increases in temperature (5? 20°C). The index was significantly correlated with the acoustic estimates of age-1 herring in the western Baltic Sea (r = 0.88) and with the estimates of year-class strength obtained from stock assessment (r = 0.65). Previous studies of herring elsewhere have reported that year-class strength is determined during the late larval stage, but we show that year-class strength can already be fixed at a larval length of only 20 mm. Although the index obtained may be used in stock assessment and predictions, the intriguing question remains, namely how can the signal of larval productivity from one single spawning component of WBSS herring reflect the year-class dynamics of the entire stock?
In vitro multiplication of banana (Musa sp.) cv. Grand Naine

A micropropagation method is described for banana ( Musa Spp .) Cv. Grand Naine. Suckers were surface sterilized with HgCl 2 (0.1%) for 6 min which gave minimum contamination with maximum culture establishment. Of various treatment combinations, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + BAP 4.00 mg/l with IAA 2.00 mg/l resulted in maximum establishment of cultures in lesser time. MS medium + BAP 4.00 mg/l + IAA 2.00 mg/l gave maximum multiple shoots. Maximum rooting was obtained on MS medium (half strength) supplemented with IBA 1.00 mg/l and activated charcoal 200 mg/l. Keywords: Grand naine, micro propagation, murashige and skoog medium, Musa spp. and suckers. African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(27) 2696-2703
Sofralık Bazı Kiraz Çeşitlerinin Fizikokimyasal Özellikleri

The research is carried on 0900 Ziraat, Sweetheart and Regina sweet cherry varieties harvested from collections of Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute in Yalova-Turkey in 2008 and 2009. The fruit quality was assessed by analyzing fruit flesh firmness, stem removal force, skin and stem colours, soluble solids and titratable acidity contents, pH, ethylene production rate, respiration rate, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin, sugar (fructose, glucose, and sorbitol) and stem chlorophyll content. The fruit flesh firmness and stem removal force were similar in all three varieties. Sweetheart fruit had lighter skin colour, whereas, Regina and 0900 Ziraat varieties had darker skin colour. 0900 Ziraat variety had a darker stem colour than the other two varieties. A comparison of respiration rates showed that the respiration rate of Regina variety was lower than the other two varieties. Regina variety had the highest phenolic content (79,87 mgGE/100 g); fruits of 0900 Ziraat variety had 48.56 mgGE/100g and Sweetheart 37.37 mgGE/100g. Parallel to these results, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in Regina fruit with 520.46 µmol TE/100 g. Similar antocyanin contents were calculated as 215.00 mgCyanidin-3-rutinosideED/100g and 211.3, respectively for 0900 Ziraat and Regina. The amount was lower in Sweetheart variety with 197.67 mgCyanidin-3-rutinosideED/100g. Sweetheart fruit had the highest fructose, glucose and sorbitol contents, and Regina and 0900 Ziraat had lower levels