Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A vegetação de canga no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais: caracterização e contexto fitogeográfico

Resumo A vegetacao nas cangas (afloramentos ferruginosos) abriga dezenas de especies raras, varias novidades taxonomicas e elevada diversidade alfa e beta. Utilizando um banco de dados constituido por 1.080 taxons de angiospermas, a vegetacao associada as cangas no Quadrilatero Ferrifero foi caracterizada a partir dos elementos floristicos, das formas de crescimento e das fisionomias mais frequentes. Analisou-se a distribuicao geografica e os dominios fitogeograficos de 980 especies. Ainda, com o objetivo de verificar se ha distincao entre a vegetacao das cangas em relacao as de cinco areas inseridas em sistemas rupestres de Minas Gerais e Bahia, analisou-se a similaridade a partir do numero de especies de 920 generos de angiospermas. Em comparacao aos sistemas quartziticos, principalmente os inseridos na Cadeia do Espinhaco, pode-se distinguir a vegetacao das cangas pela maior influencia de elementos floristicos do dominio Atlântico, maior frequencia de sinusias formadas por arvores e arbustos, riqueza elevada de especies de generos como Solanum e Cattleya e pouca representatividade fisionomica de alguns generos tipicos dos campos rupestres. Essa distincao parece correlacionar-se com a localizacao geografica do Quadrilatero e com as caracteristicas geomorfologicas e mineralogicas das cangas. Canga vegetation in the Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais: characterization and phytogeographical context Abstract The vegetation in cangas (ironstone outcrops) houses dozens of rare species, several taxonomic novelties, and high alpha and beta diversity. Using a database consisting of 1080 angiosperm taxa, the vegetation associated with cangas in the Iron Quadrangle was characterized by its floristic elements, growth forms, and most frequent physiognomies. We analyzed the geographic distribution and the phytogeographic dominions of the 980 species. Also, in order to verify distinctions between canga vegetation in relation to five areas embedded in rupestral systems of Minas Gerais and Bahia, we analyzed the similarity of 920 angiosperm genera based in the species number. Compared to other rocky systems, especially those within the Espinhaco Range, canga vegetation is distinguished by the greater influence of floristic elements from the Atlantic dominion, greater frequency of arboreal and shrubby sinusiae, high abundance of genera like Solanum and Cattleya , and little physiognomic representation of some typically ‘campos rupestres’ genera. This distinction appears to be correlated with the geographic location of the Iron Quadrangle as well as the mineral and geomorphological characteristics of cangas.
Improving nutrient management practices in agriculture: The role of risk‐based beliefs in understanding farmers' attitudes toward taking additional action

A recent increase in the amount of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) entering the western Lake Erie basin is likely due to increased spring storm events in combination with issues related to fertilizer application and timing. These factors in combination with warmer lake temperatures have amplified the spread of toxic algal blooms. We assessed the attitudes of farmers in northwest Ohio toward taking at least one additional action to reduce nutrient loss on their farm. Specifically, we (1) identified to what extent farm and farmer characteristics (e.g., age, gross farm sales) as well as risk‐based beliefs (e.g., efficacy, risk perception) influenced attitudes, and (2) assessed how these characteristics and beliefs differ in their predictive ability based on unobservable latent classes of farmers. Risk perception, or a belief that negative impacts to profit and water quality from nutrient loss were likely, was the most consistent predictor of farmer attitudes. Response efficacy, or a belief that taking action on one's farm made a difference, was found to significantly influence attitudes, although this belief was particularly salient for the minority class of farmers who were older and more motivated by profit. Communication efforts should focus on the negative impacts of nutrient loss to both the farm (i.e., profit) and the natural environment (i.e., water quality) to raise individual perceived risk among the majority, while the minority need higher perceived efficacy or more specific information about the economic effectiveness of particular recommended practices.
Geologic evidence for multiple slip weakening mechanisms during seismic slip in crystalline rock

We examine exhumed seismogenic faults to investigate the mechanisms that may have achieved dynamic fault weakening during ancient ruptures. Field and microscope observations imply more than one weakening mechanism must have been active during slip events on the faults. Pseudotachylytes that are continuous over the scale of field exposures are indicative of melt lubrication. A fault breccia crosscutting earlier formed cataclasites was mobilized during faulting and possibly represents a pressurized fault rock that resulted from thermal pressurization or elastohydrodynamic lubrication. In some faults, pseudotachylytes are developed in patches several meters long. Cataclasites in which there is no evidence for melting are present immediately along strike from the pseudotachylyte patches. By considering the energy required for melting, we show that the pseudotachylytes must have formed during ruptures larger than the patches, implying that the cataclasites also accommodated seismic slip. The distribution of fault rock types shows that the frictional response to slip during a single event was spatially variable. Reworked pseudotachylytes also indicate that coseismic processes change over time at a point on a fault. These observations emphasize that macroscopic dynamic fault weakening is a function of multiple coeval processes at microscales to mesoscales. Detailed observations of the discontinuous pseudotachylytes show that slip zone thickness is the critical parameter that controls active coseismic processes. The frictional response of a fault to slip is therefore dependent on the internal structure of faults; given the along-strike heterogeneity of most mapped fault zones, the coexistence of multiple slip weakening mechanisms in a single earthquake will be common.
Glacier retreat on South Georgia and implications for the spread of rats

Abstract Using archival photography and satellite imagery, we have analysed the rates of advance or retreat of 103 coastal glaciers on South Georgia from the 1950s to the present. Ninety-seven percent of these glaciers have retreated over the period for which observations are available. The average rate of retreat has increased from 8 Ma-1 in the 1950s to 35 Ma-1 at present. The largest retreats have all taken place along the north-east coast, where retreat rates have increased to an average of 60 Ma-1 at present, but those on the south-west coast have also been steadily retreating since the 1950s. These data, along with environmental information about South Georgia, are included in a new Geographic Information System (GIS) of the island. By combining glacier change data with the present distribution of both endemic and invasive species we have identified areas where there is an increased risk of rat invasion to unoccupied coastal regions that are currently protected by glacial barriers. This risk has significant implications for the surrounding ecosystem, in particular depletion in numbers of important breeding populations of ground-nesting birds on the island.
The impact of el Nino‐Southern oscillation on the temperature field over Canada: Research note

Abstract The impact of the two phases of El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), namely El Nino and La Nina, on the surface and lower tropospheric temperature fields over Canada is documented. Gridded surface temperature data for 91 years (1900–1990) and 500–1000 hPa thickness data for 49 years (1946–1994) have been analyzed statistically in the context of El Nino, La Nina and normal years. Using a composite analysis, the present study conclusively demonstrates that significant positive surface temperature anomalies spread eastward from the west coast of Canada to the Labrador coast from the late fall to early spring (November through May) following the onset of El Nino episodes. The accompanying temperatures in the lower troposphere show a transition from the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern to the Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) pattern over the North American sector during the same period. Conversely, significant negative surface temperature anomalies spread southeastward from the Yukon and extend .
How strong is the Harvardton‐Bear Constraint?

We compare the sensitivity of the partial pressure of CO2 in the warm surface ocean and atmosphere to the influence of the ocean’s cold water outcrops in a wide spectrum of models. While in simple box models the cold ocean dominates, in three‐dimensional ocean general circulation models, this influence is considerably smaller, suggesting that exchange processes between the warm and cold regime in the real ocean are extremely important in determining the distribution of chemical properties.
Present state of rivers and streams in Japan

The Japanese Archipelago (land area: 377 880 km2) extends over a distance of c. 2000 km, with a maximum width of 300 km. Geologically, it is a young and tectonically very active area. Japan is a mountainous, wet and forested country, with its people concentrated in densely populated urban areas along the coast and on alluvial plains. Rivers are short (max. length: 370 km), steep, and exhibit flashy flow regimes. The river regime coefficient ranges from 200 to 400, which is up to an order‐of‐magnitude higher than that of most continental rivers. Japan has a rich freshwater fauna and flora with a high proportion of endemic species. A distinct latitudinal gradient (subarctic to subtropical climate) in combination with the radial character of the river network results in high spatial differentiation of the freshwater fauna.
Anomalous magmatic degassing prior to the 5th April 2003 paroxysm on Stromboli

A major explosion occurred at Stromboli on April 5 2003, being the most powerful event over a period of exceptional eruptive activity lasting from December to July. Here, we describe results from a network of diffusive tubes set up on the Stromboli's summit area, aimed at a characterisation of plume composition (SO2, HCl, HF) prior to and after April 5. Data analysis revealed anomalous sulphur degassing 2–3 days before the event, when SO2/HCl ratios (≈9) significantly higher than those typical of quiescent degassing (≈1) were recorded. We interpret this exceptional plume signature as an evidence of S‐rich magmas ascending in the shallow plumbing system, and propose high SO2/HCl as a potential precursor of major explosions on the volcano. The post‐April 5 phase was characterised by time‐decreasing SO2/HCl and SO2/HF plume ratios, ascribed to declining magma feeding as a prelude to restoration of “normal” Strombolian activity.
Formation and Diagenesis of a Sub-Huronian Saprolith: Comparison with a Modern Weathering Profile

An Early Proterozoic paleosol that preserves Archean granite protolith textures occurs beneath the Lorrain Formation in the Early Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup near Ville Marie, Québec. Textural, mineralogical, and geochemical comparisons between this "saprolith" and a modern weathering profile developed on the Devonian Toorongo granodiorite in eastern Australia indicate similarities that can be attributed to the effects of primary weathering reactions. The comparison also reveals anomalous features at Ville Marie that are caused by diagenetic reactions between the weathered granite and meteoric waters. K-metasomatism, in the form of sericite replacement of kandites, is ubiquitous in the Ville Marie saprolith zone and is ascribed to reaction of low Na/K meteoric waters with the weathered profile as they moved along a relatively permeable unconformity surface. Earlier diagenetic reactions may have produced calcite alteration occurring in a thin zone at the base of the profile, thought to represent the position of the paleowater Table. Elevated $$Fe^{3+} /Fe^{2+}$$ in the saprolith zone suggests that weathering fluids were oxidizing, although the total iron content of the granite protolith is relatively low (1.36%). An increase in total iron at the top of the Ville Marie profile may be due, in part, to groundwater addition. A shortcoming of many studies of Precambrian paleosols is that they do not adequately address the significance of these diagenetic and metamorphic effects, particularly as they pertain to observed geochemical trends and assumptions concerning the composition of the earth's early atmosphere.
Anatomy and kinematics of oblique continental rifting revealed: A three-dimensional case study of the southeast Upper Rhine graben (Germany)

The Upper Rhine graben is a north-northeast-trending, small-displacement, crustal-scale rift of Tertiary age. Retrodeformation of its southeastern part demonstrates that it is a product of sinistral oblique rifting. Early extension was toward 80°. Later, the major stretching axis changed to a 60° direction. The modeling results suggest that the eastern Main Border fault developed first, and that faulting later propagated into the evolving graben interior. Considerable along-strike variations in heave, throw, and displacement are evident. Displacement partitioning causes warping of the rift floor with a 30-35-km wavelength. We consider this to be a characteristic of oblique rifting. Contact deformation of the wall rocks to the major faults may have caused widespread smaller scale faulting and brecciation and may be the location of later movements. Close spatial coincidence of the depth projections of some of the faults studied and the hypocenters of recent small earthquakes indicates continuing activity of the fault system. Apparently, three fault segments in the Freiburg area are currently active and may be an increased earthquake risk.
A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets of aerosol and cloud parameters

[1] The present study investigated the correlations between aerosol and cloud parameters derived from satellite remote sensing for evaluating the radiative forcing of the aerosol indirect effect. The global statistics showed that the effective particle radius and the optical thickness of low clouds correlate well with the column number concentration of the aerosol particles, indicating an aerosol indirect effect. A correlation of the cloud fraction with the aerosol number was also seen, whereas we could not find a significant correlation of the cloud-top temperature with the column aerosol number. Furthermore, the regional statistics presented that positive correlations between the cloud optical thickness and cloud fraction with the aerosol column number concentration exist in most regions consistent with the global mean statistics. However, the effective cloud particle radius showed a tendency similar to the global correlation only around the seashore regions. Using these correlations and assuming that the aerosol column number concentration has increased by 30% from the preindustrial era, the total radiative forcing of the aerosol indirect effect was evaluated to be about −0.6 to −1.2 W m−2. The radiative forcing of the aerosol direct effect from the satellite-retrieved parameters was also evaluated as −0.4 W m−2 over the ocean. The cloud-top temperature was found to be insensitive to the change in the aerosol number, although there was a distinct negative correlation between the aerosol number and cloud temperature at which the cloud particle grows to a radius of 14 μm. This particular dependency of the cloud temperature suggests that aerosols acts on clouds so as to change cloud particle size near the cloud top, optical thickness, and fraction but to keep their cloud-top temperature without causing a significant longwave radiative forcing.
Four‐year aerosol observations with a Raman lidar at Thessaloniki, Greece, in the framework of European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET)

[1] Regular aerosol extinction and backscatter measurements using a UV Raman lidar have been performed from January 2001 to December 2004 at Thessaloniki, Greece (40.5°N, 22.9°E), in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). Profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and extinction-to-backscatter ratio (so-called “lidar ratio”) were acquired under nighttime conditions and have been used for statistical investigations. The statistical analysis was made both for the planetary boundary layer and for the free troposphere. It was found that the 4-year mean boundary layer particle optical depth at 355 nm was 0.44 ± 0.18, and the total aerosol optical depth was 0.63 ± 0.27. Free tropospheric particles account on the average for 30% of the total aerosol optical depth, ranging from 5% (clean free troposphere conditions) to 55% (mainly Saharan dust events). For the cases examined, the integral of the lidar-derived extinction coefficient was in good agreement with colocated aerosol optical depth measurements at 355 nm obtained with a Brewer spectroradiometer. The mean value of the lidar ratio at 355 nm derived, for the period of measurements at Thessaloniki, was 40 sr with a standard deviation of 21 sr. Mean height profiles of the particle lidar ratio, extinction, and backscatter coefficients are shown along with their seasonal dependence, showing a significant seasonal variability in the free troposphere. An analysis of the data using back trajectories showed also a dependence of the aerosol optical depth and the lidar ratio on the origin of the air mass, with higher values mostly corresponding to air masses originating from the northeast Balkans and eastern Europe.
Generalized inverse with shipboard current measurements: Tidal and nontidal flows in Long Island Sound

A simple linear shallow-water model forced by tidal boundary conditions can capture most of the tide height variability in Long Island Sound. In this sense, the tides are easy to model. The modeled tidal currents can be subtracted from measurements in order to obtain estimates of subtidal circulation. But linear shallow-water dynamics is not accurate enough for this purpose. Allowing for dynamical errors with a generalized inverse model leads to improved estimates of tidal and nontidal flow. The analysis provides expected errors for the prior (before inversion) and posterior (after inversion) tidal velocity field. Estimates of the flow field in central Long Island Sound are obtained with current measurements from a ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) survey. Inversion of data from a single ten-hour survey improves tidal predictions, as verified with independent data. Furthermore, the posterior penalty functional is shown to be an effective test statistic for the existence of nontidal flow. The inverse model reduces model-data misfit, using interior dynamics and open-boundary conditions as weak constraints. Model-data misfit can also be reduced by tuning the friction parameter in the prior tidal model. However, in contrast with inversion, tuning degrades predictability.
Dynamic properties of sand from dry to fully saturated states

By using bender and extender elements test, the velocities of the primary and shear waves, Vp and Vs respectively, were measured for a sandy material by gradually varying the degree of saturation, Sr, between the dry and fully saturated states. The effect on the results of varying the relative density and effective confining pressure was also studied. The measurements clearly reveal that for a certain optimum Sr, which is around 0·7–0·9% for the chosen sand, the value of the shear modulus G reaches a maximum value, whereas the corresponding Poisson's ratio ν attains a minimum value. The values of the shear modulus corresponding to Sr ≈ 0% and Sr = 100% tend towards the same value. For values of Skempton's B parameter greater than 0·99, the values of Vp and ν rise very sharply to those of water. The predictions from Biot's theory with respect to the variation of Vp with Sr match well with the measured experimental data.
Oblique extension in the Jurassic trough of the central and eastern High Atlas (Morocco)

A field structural analysis has been carried out in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Paleostress solutions provide information on the successive orientations of major stress patterns during Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. An initial rift stage in the Early Jurassic is characterized by normal-oblique faults bounding tilted blocks, which are associated with tensional paleostress patterns whose minimum component trends west-northwest-east-southeast. Faults parallel to this direction are interpreted as paleotransfer faults. We assume that the divergent motion responsible for the opening of the rift system in the Early Jurassic was oriented west-northwest-east-southeast, subparallel to the paleotransfer faults and the trend of the minimum component (a,) of the paleostress field. The east-west-trending Jurassic central-eastem High Atlas rift opened obliquely, and not in a pure strike-slip stress regime along east-west-striking faults as previously proposed. A later stage of rifting (Middle Jurassic) is characterized by large normal faults and is supposed to accompany local movements, probably due to gravity. The uplift of the High Atlas belt occurred mainly during the Cenozoic period as a consequence of a north - south- to northwest - southeast-directed compression related to collision between Europe and Africa. RCsumC : Une analyse structurale sur le terrain a kt6 effectuk dans les montagnes du Haut-Atlas marocain. Les solutions du problbme des palkocontraintes renseignent sur les orientations successives des principaux modes de distribution des contraintes, durant les pkriodes du Mksozoique et du Ctnozoique. Un stade initial de rift est apparu au Jurassique prkcoce, il est caractkrisk par des failles normales-obliques dtveloppCes en bordure de blocs basculCs, elles sont associCes au rkgirne des palhontraintes extensives avec une composante minimale orientCe ouest-nord-ouest - est-sud-est. Les failles paralltles i cette direction sont interprktks come des failles de palCotransfert. Nous supposons que le mouvement de divergence responsable de l'ouverture du systkme de rift, au Jurassique prCcoce, Ctait orient6 ouest-nord-ouest-est-sud-est, subparalltle aux failles de palkotransfert et a la direction de la composante minimale (a3) du champ de pal6ocontraintes. Le rift jurassique, de direction est-ouest, de la rCgion centrale-orientale du Haut-Atlas fut overt obliquement, contrairement & l'hypothtse proposk antkrieurement d'un regime coulissant de contrainte pure agissant le long des failles orientkes est-ouest. Le stade tardif de distension (Jurassique moyen) est caractCrisk par de grandes failles normales; on assume qu'il Chit accompagnk de mouvements locaux, probablement d'origine gravitaire. Le soultvement de la ceinture du Haut-Atlas a kt6 rkalisk principalement durant la pCriode du CCnozoique, comme la cons6quence de la compression orientke nord-sud 9 nord-ouest-sud-est associCe B la collision entre 1'Europe et 1'Afrique. (Traduit par la rkdacti&~)