Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi‐anvil re‐equilibration experiments of a Dabie Shan ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite within the diamond‐stability fields

An eclogite (UHP303) formed at ∼ 700 °C and P > 4 GPa from the Dabie Shan ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terrane and the same sample + 1.1 wt% K2O (UHK303) were used for re‐equilibrium experimental studies at P = 2.6–3.2 GPa and T = 900–1000 °C, employing a piston cylinder apparatus, and at P = 3–7 GPa and T = 900–1200 °C, employing a 1000 ton uniaxial multi‐anvil apparatus (SPI‐1000). Run products of UHP303 are composed of garnet, sodic augite, with or without a SiO2 phase and phengite. Textural evidence indicates that the solidus lies between 900 and 1000 °C at 5 GPa, and above 1000 °C at 3 and 7 GPa for UHP303. The solidus temperature decreases to 1000 °C at 3–5 GPa and below 900 °C at 5 GPa in UHK303. Composition of rock‐forming minerals of all run products were determined and compared with those of starting materials. Garnets of all run products have a relatively higher almandine + spessartine component (alm + sps 24–30 mol%) and lower grossular component (12–16) with constant pyrope component (58–61), compared to the starting garnet (grs16–26, alm 21–26, pyp 42–61). The stable Ca–Na pyroxenes are sodic augite rather than omphacite at T higher than 900 °C in the P = 3–7 GPa pressure range, and the Cpx compositional gap is completely closed. The K2O content of Ca–Na pyroxenes is a function of P and T, and serves as a potential barometer in the diamond‐stability field. Sodium content in garnet is negligible. Using the proposed K2O content in Ca–Na pyroxene as a function of pressure, the maximum Kokchetav UHP condition is suggested to have been 7 GPa at T = 900 °C.
Structural insight into nucleosome transcription by RNA polymerase II with elongation factors

Getting over nucleosomal barriers In eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes DNA within nucleosome-coated chromatin. The nucleosomes can provide major roadblocks for transcription. Cells solve this problem by using transcription elongation factors. Ehara et al. solved the cryo–electron microscopy structures of the nucleosome-transcribing RNAPII with elongation factors Elf1 and Spt4/5. Elf1 and Spt4/5 cooperatively suppress RNAPII pausing at multiple super helical locations [SHL(−6), SHL(−5), and SHL(−2)] and facilitate RNAPII progression through SHL(−1) by adjusting the nucleosome position to favor forward progression. Science, this issue p. 744 The structure of the nucleosome-transcribing RNA polymerase elongation complex reveals how elongation factors facilitate transcription. RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes chromosomal DNA that contains multiple nucleosomes. The nucleosome forms transcriptional barriers, and nucleosomal transcription requires several additional factors in vivo. We demonstrate that the transcription elongation factors Elf1 and Spt4/5 cooperatively lower the barriers and increase the RNAPII processivity in the nucleosome. The cryo–electron microscopy structures of the nucleosome-transcribing RNAPII elongation complexes (ECs) reveal that Elf1 and Spt4/5 reshape the EC downstream edge and intervene between RNAPII and the nucleosome. They facilitate RNAPII progression through superhelical location SHL(–1) by adjusting the nucleosome in favor of the forward progression. They suppress pausing at SHL(–5) by preventing the stable RNAPII-nucleosome interaction. Thus, the EC overcomes the nucleosomal barriers while providing a platform for various chromatin functions.
Laparoscopic Vascular Control Techniques in Donor Nephrectomy: Effects on Vessel Length

Background: Various techniques for vascular control have been used during urologic laparoscopic procedures. The importance of optimizing the vessel length and securing reliable vascular control are critical for procedures like laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. We aimed to determine the length of vessel lost by using 4 common techniques of vascular control in a fresh human cadaveric vascular model. Methods: The techniques include application of 2 nonabsorbable polymer-ligating clips (10-mm Hem-o-Lok MLX Weck Closure Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC), Endo-GIA II stapler (30-mm length, 2.5-mm staples, Auto Suture, US Surgical, Norwalk, CT), Endopath ETS35 stapler (35mm length, 2.5mm staples, Ethicon Endo-Surgery), and the Endo Ta-30 stapler (30-mm length, 2.5-mm staples, Auto Suture, US Surgical, Norwalk, CT). Results: The Endo-TA-30 stapler and the polymer clips resulted in significantly less compromise of the vessel length, when compared with the other methods of vascular control. Conclusions: The Endo-TA-30 stapler and the polymer clips can be applied during laparoscopic procedures where optimizing vascular length is important.
Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin

Abstract Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin is investigated by estimating the precipitation recycling ratio (the ratio of precipitation derived from local evaporation to the total precipitation within the basin) for the region with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) precipitation climatology. The results suggest that recycling is very active over the region during the warm season (April – August) and extremely inactive during the cold season. The annual recycling ratio estimated for the basin is about 0.25, which is close to that estimated by others for the Mississippi and Amazon basins despite the lower annual evapotranspiration over the Mackenzie basin. The high recycling ratios and the recycling patterns estimated for the basin during the warm season are found to be consequences of the unique topographical and climatic settings characterizing the region. Analysis of conditions during the years having anomalous spring and summer precipitation suggests that the large‐scale atmospheric setting could act in concert with the basin's unique topographic and surface characteristics to increase or to decrease precipitation and its recycling over the basin, depending on whether the basin is under the influence of a persistent large‐scale low or a high pressure system. In the former case, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the north‐western parts of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively high, and thus enhance the summer discharge from the basin. When the basin is under the influence of a persistent high pressure system, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the southern part of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively low, and thus reduce the discharge from the basin. It is suggested that this latter effect might have contributed to the record low summer discharge from the basin during 1995.
A 125 Kyr‐long geological record of seismic source repeatability: the Messina Straits (southern Italy) and the 1908 earthquake (Ms 71/2)

The occurrence of characteristic earthquakes along segments of major active belts has been described as early as the beginning of the century. The large 1908, Messina Straits, blind normal faulting earthquake provides an opportunity to investigate the repetition of characteristic earthquakes and the persistency of the main features of the fault zone over a time-scale in the order of 100 Kyr. We have compared seismological and geodetic descriptions of the 1908 rupture process with long-term crustal deformation recorded at different stratigraphic levels by marine terraces, marine sedimentary units, and landscape features. The wealth of elevated coastal features in and around a region affected by large normal faulting earthquakes indicates that coseismic strain is superimposed on much faster uplift on a regional scale. We investigated in detail the pattern of deformation of the 125 Kyr-old, lowest emergent terrace, and found that it mimics the pattern of elevation changes observed following the earthquake. This suggests (1) that the 1908 earthquake is characteristic, (2) that its segment boundaries have been stationary during the past 125 Kyr, and (3) that even the locations of the regions of largest coseismic release do not change through many seismic cycles. Based on a comparison between observed heights of the 125 Kyr terrace and 1908 displacements, we estimated an average repeat time of 1000± yr for a 1908-type earthquake. We also investigated the height, position, age and state of deformation of older terraces, and found (1) that uplift of the region started about 1 Ma and has since continued rather uniformly at 0.9–1.4 mm yr-1, (2) that during this time the Straits have narrowed at a rate of 10–20 mm yr-1, and (3) that all the main geomorphic features of the Messina Straits result from the interaction of fast regional uplift, 1908-type coseismic subsidence, and global sea-level fluctuations.
Ocean surface features and currents measured with synthetic aperture radar interferometry and HF radar

This paper describes the results of the first quantitative comparison between high-resolution ocean surface current fields extracted from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) measurements and those from a high-frequency (HF) ocean surface current radar (OSCR) system. Data from each of these radar systems along with supporting measurements from shipboard and buoy-mounted sensors were collected during the High-Resolution Remote Sensing Experiment (High-Res) on June 20, 1993, on the continental shelf off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Both components of the surface current were obtained from the INSAR system at roughly 10-m resolution from two orthogonal flight legs over the region separated in time by about 30 min. The OSCR system measured two-dimensional surface current vectors at about 1-km resolution over this same region, while the USNS Bartlett was collecting hydrographic samples and near-surface current measurements. Two-dimensional wave spectra as well as meteorological and additional current measurements were collected at two buoys within the experimental area. We discuss in the paper two techniques for eliminating the effect of surface wave motion on the INSAR current estimates. One method relies on some knowledge of the local wind and wave field and the use of a microwave scattering model. The other method makes use of a few in situ current measurements spaced at different range locations across the INSAR image. Using either of these techniques, we find that the agreement between the INSAR and OSCR current estimates is generally very good. Furthermore, the INSAR current and magnitude imagery show the presence of undulating surface features where abrupt changes in the current speed and direction occurred. The ship surveys indicate that these features were caused by the collision of water masses of different density. We show for the first time in this paper a high-resolution, area-extensive vector surface current map derived from the INSAR of the two-dimensional flow in the vicinity of these features. Our results demonstrate convincingly that high-resolution oceanic surface current vectors can be derived from INSAR current measurements and that these measurements may be very beneficial for detailed studies of the dynamics of small-scale surface features in regions of strong current divergences or shears.
Neural networks, foF2, sunspot number and magnetic activity

Neural networks (NNs) have been used to solve many problems associated with geophysics. This paper describes a new application of NNs to determine optimum parameters for the prediction of foF2, as well as the first application of NNs to the prediction of foF2. We have trained several NNs to predict the noon value of foF2 at Grahamstown (33°S, 26°E) using season, solar activity and magnetic activity as input data, taken over one sunspot cycle (1973–1983). Using the criterion that the best indices of solar and magnetic activity are the ones that give the lowest rms error between predicted and measured foF2, we have determined optimum averaging lengths for these indices. Our optimum index for solar activity is a two month running mean of daily sunspot number, in contrast to the value of 1 year recommended by the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). Our determination for magnetic activity is a running mean of ak of two days. A neural net trained with these optimum indices can predict the daily noon value of foF2 in Grahamstown with an rms error of . 95 MHz. The rms error of the monthly average is . 48 MHz.
The Impacts of Enso, PDO, and Local SSTS on Winter Precipitation in India

Monthly precipitation data are assembled to analyze the impact of global teleconnections, namely ENSO, PDO, and local sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on winter rainfall across the Indian subcontinent, from 1925 to 1998. Canonical correlation analysis reveals one statistically significant vector for the precipitation occurring over the subcontinent and one for the predictor variables. The results of the analysis indicated a negative relationship between winter precipitation and both ENSO and PDO indices. Most of peninsular India's precipitation, extending into the central plateau region, exhibited a negative correlation with SSTs around the mainland, with the eastern part of the Arabian Sea and adjacent Indian Ocean exhibiting a relatively higher negative correlation. Precipitation in the northeastern part of the country exhibits a positive correlation with the local SSTs. The overall variance explained by the selected set of predictor variables accounts for 12.07% of the total variance in winter precipitation taking place across India. The results of the study will be useful for greater efficiency in the forecasting of winter precipitation.
Phase Equilibria in Mafic Schist from Vermont

Electron microprobe analyses of coexisting minerals in mafic schist from Vermont define systematic compositional variations which are shown by least-squares, mass balance calculations to be due to differences in metamorphic grade and facies series as is indicated by intercalated pelitic schist. The metamorphism of basaltic bulk rock compositions from greenschist to low-grade amphi-bolite facies and from greenschist to blueschist facies primarily involves changes in the mineral composition and modal abundance of five phases (amphibole + chlorite + epidote + plagioclase + quartz) in the common assemblage (which also includes a Ti-phase ± Fe3+ oxide ± carbonate ± K-mica). Progressive metamorphism of common mafic schist at medium pressure results in dehydration and the following continuous changes: amphibole grows at the expense of chlorite, epidote, and plagioclase; the edenite, glaucophane, and Tschermak substitutions in amphibole increases; the Tschermak substitution in chlorite increases; and the anorthite content of plagioclase increases (discontinuously at first from albite to oligoclase and then continuously to andesine). Along with these continuous changes in the common assemblage, stilpnomelane disappears and garnet appears during the medium-pressure, progressive metamorphism of Fe-rich samples. Low-pressure facies series metamorphism results in the same continuous changes as are observed for medium-pressure metamorphism except that plagioclase increases rather than decreases in modal abundance; epidote disappears from basaltic compositions at a lower grade; and the glaucophane substitution in amphibole is less. High-pressure metamorphism culminating in the greenschist-blueschist transition is described by the discontinuous reaction: Actinolite + Chlorite + Albite → Glaucophane + Epidote.
Global aspects of the Los Alamos general circulation model hydrologic cycle

The global hydrologic cycle in the Los Alamos general circulation model (GCM) is compared to available global observations. Global observations of the water vapor, water-vapor flux and water-vapor flux divergence are derived from the National Meteorological Center's final analysis for the period 1986–1989. The new precipitation data set of Legates and Willmott (1990) is used for the global precipitation observations. Global evaporation is derived as a residual of the precipitation and water-vapor flux divergence. There are a number of similarities as well as discrepancies between the GCM and observations. The large-scale nondivergent and divergent GCM circulations are remarkably similar to the observed circulations; the large-scale GCM precipitation and evaporation patterns are also qualitatively similar to observations. Discrepancies are mainly quantitative and small-scale in nature: the GCM atmosphere is relatively dry which results in a slightly greater evaporation and precipitation rate than is observed; the GCM South Pacific convergence zone is displaced too far to the northwest.
Global assessment of current water resources using total runoff integrating pathways

Abstract The anticipated water scarcity in the first half of this century is one of the international issues of most concern, which needs to be adequately addressed. However, even though the issue has an international impact and worldwide monitoring is critical, there are limited global estimates at present. In this study, annual water availability has been derived from annual runoff estimated by land surface models using total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP) with 0.5° by 0.5° longitude/latitude resolution globally. The global distribution of abstraction was estimated for each sector at the same spatial resolution based on country-based statistics of municipal water use, industrial water use, and agricultural intakes, using a global geographical information system with global distribution of population and irrigated crop land area. The total population under water stress estimated for 1995 corresponded very well with earlier estimates. However, the number is highly dependent on how one assumes the volume of water from upstream of a region, which can be considered as “available” water resources within the region. Therefore it is important, even for global scale analysis, to evaluate the regional water quality deterioration and the real consumption of water resources in the upper part of the stream, as well as the accessibility of water. Further studies should be promoted by an integrated approach to improve the accuracy of future projections on both the natural and social aspects of water resources.
Assessing source rock distribution in Heather and Draupne Formations of the Norwegian North Sea: A workflow using organic geochemical, petrophysical, and seismic character

AbstractThe organic-rich upper Jurassic Draupne and Heather Formations are the main proven source rocks of the Norwegian North Sea. We have developed a workflow for the organic geochemical, petrophysical, and seismic characterization of the Draupne and Heather Formation source rocks in a 2348 km2 study area in quadrant 25 in the Viking Graben in the Norwegian North Sea. We characterized the vertical and lateral organic richness variations using biostratigraphy, organic geochemical data, and petrophysical logs. The Draupne Formation is a rich (6.5 wt.% total organic carbon [TOC], 360 HI), oil-prone, immature to early oil mature source rock, representing a 25-m-thick condensed section, partly eroded over the Utsira high and thickening to 150–300 m toward the deep grabens. The underlying Heather Formation is also an oil-prone (4.4 wt.% TOC, 270 HI), 30- to 400-m-thick, more mature source rock. To map the TOC distribution using seismic, we performed detailed seismic interpretation and seismic attribute analy.
Comparative performance of soil water balance models in computing semi-arid aquifer recharge

Abstract Estimating groundwater recharge is essential to ensure the sustainable use of groundwater resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Soil water balances have been frequently advocated as valuable tools to estimate groundwater recharge. This article compares the performance of three soil water balance models (Hydrobal, Visual Balan v2.0 and Thornthwaite) in the Ventós-Castellar aquifer, Spain. The models were used to simulate wet and dry years. Recharge estimates were transformed into water table fluctuations by means of a lumped groundwater model. These, in turn, were calibrated against piezometric data. Overall, the Hydrobal model shows the best fit between observed and calculated levels (r2 = 0.84), highlighting the role of soil moisture and vegetation in recharge processes. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor X. Chen Citation Touhami, I. , et al., 2014. Comparative performance of soil water balance models in computing semi-arid aquifer recharge. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 193–203.
Body weight variation and fat deposition in common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos L. during their autumn migration in the Ría de Vigo, Galicia, north‐west Spain

Body weight variation and fat deposition of 111 Common Sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos L. are analysed in the Ría de Vigo, North‐west Spain, during their autumn migration. Retrapped birds did not show notable fat deposition and no body weight variation was found, but long staging periods were recorded. Discussions about body condition and its implication on the migratory strategy of the species are presented.
A new relationship between grain size and fall (settling) velocity in air

The fall velocity of natural sand grains is a fundamental attribute of sediment transport in fluid environments where particles may become partially or fully suspended. Several formulae have been proposed to calculate the fall velocity of particles in air, but there is considerable uncertainty about which is the most accurate or appropriate for a given set of environmental conditions. Five experiments that reported observations of fall velocity of different types of particles in air are described, evaluated, and compared. The experiment data were quality-controlled using four criteria: (1) particles had to have sufficient drop heights to attain their terminal fall velocity; (2) particles had to be in the range of sand sizes; (3) data identified as being problematic by the original authors were removed; and (4) particles comprise natural, irregular shaped sediments. The quality-controlled data were aggregated and analyzed using linear regression to obtain a relationship between grain size (d, in mm) and fall velocity (w0 , in ms-1): w 0 = 4.248 d + 0.174 . This is a statistically strong relationship with a coefficient of determination of 0.89 (p < 0.001). This relationship can be regarded as a universal fall velocity model for natural, sand-sized particles falling through a static column of air. In terms of predictive analyses, our heuristic method outperforms alternative formulae and yields a better fit to the experimental data over the full range of sand sizes.
Consideration of the genus Ginkgoites Seward and a redescription of two species from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany

Genera used for fossil ginkgoalean leafy shoots, especially Baiera F. Braun,Ginkgoites Seward and Ginkgo L. , are discussed both in their historical context and in the light of recent discoveries. Use of Ginkgoites Seward as a form- or organ-genus for fossil leaves lacking associated reproductive structures is readopted. Two species, Ginkgoitesbrauniana (Dunker) comb. nov. and Ginkgoites pluripartita (Schimper) Seward, from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden facies of Germany, are rediagnosed and neotypes selected. The occurrence of G. pluripartita in the Lower Cretaceous of western Greenland, Montana, U S A, Canada and Siberia is confirmed.