Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deleterious effect of herbicides on waterhyacinth biocontrol agents Neochetina bruchi and Alternaria alternata

Abstract The integration of biological and herbicidal methods is advocated to manage waterhyacinth, but this can only be achieved when herbicides are nontoxic to the biocontrol agent. Therefore, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the toxic effect of herbicides on the insect biocontrol agent, the waterhyacinth weevil, Neochetina bruchi Hustache, and phytopathogen, Alternaria alternata, with two commonly used herbicides, glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid at three recommended doses. The herbicides were sprayed on the waterhyacinth weevils and added to the nutrient media of A. alternata. 2,4-D caused higher weevil mortality (6.7, 13.3 and 15.6%) as compared to glyphosate (3.3, 5.6 and 11.1%), at three doses over 72 h. There was also a decrease in feeding in the herbicide treated leaves. When the weevils were allowed to move freely between the herbicide treated and untreated plants, higher orientation of the weevils was found on the untreated waterhyacinth than on the treated ones. Neither of the two herbicides actually killed the fungus but both inhibited its growth. Glyphosate though, delayed mycelial growth yet stimulated sporulation while 2,4-D inhibited both growth and sporulation. Glyphosate at low concentration did not affect the virulence of A. alternata, while fungi grown on 2,4-D amended plates lost their virulence.
Characterization of Fish Oil Extracted from Fish Processing By-products

To improve the utilization of fish processing by-products, fish oils were extracted from hoki, yellowfin sole, mackerel, and horse mackerel, and their compositions were examined. The proximate compositions obtained for these 4 species of by-product revealed they were composed of 68.1～78.1% moisture, 1.2～1.6% ash, and 13.8～18.8% protein. Fish oils extracted from the hoki, yellowfin sole, mackerel, and horse mackerel were 5.5, 9.4, 13.4, and 10.3%, respectively. The total lipids extracted from the by-products of the 4 species were 6.21, 10.43, 12.81 and 10.06%, of which neutral lipids accounted for 77.38, 77.46, 87.21 and 86.79%, respectively. Neutral lipid analysis by TLC showed that triacylglycerol was the major component, while 1,3- and 1,2-diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, free sterols, and sterol esters were present as minor components. The major fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. DHA and EPA were contained at levels of 0.2～4.7% and 3.7～9.5%, respectively, in the 4 types of fish oil. The fish oils extracted from the dark muscle fish, mackerel and horse mackerel, had greater polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than those of the white muscle fish species, hoki and yellowfin sole.
Effects of plant species and plant diversity on soil nematodes – a field experiment on grassland run for seven years

Plant species identity and diversity may greatly influence the composition of the nematode fauna. In this study the development of the nematode fauna was followed in a field experiment on arable soil with monocultures and mixtures of several plant species. Experimental plots were sown with one, four or 12 species of grass, legumes and forbs and were sampled four times in 7 years. Nematode diversity was little influenced by plant diversity. Due to a pronounced increase of Paratylenchus projectus populations, the Shannon diversity index decreased in several treatments towards the end of the experiment. Differences in nematode faunal composition among treatments increased with time. In spite of the rather long duration of the experiment, the faunal composition did not stabilise but changed continuously. The obligate plant feeders Tylenchorhynchus dubius , T. maximus and Pratylenchus spp. occurred in higher numbers in monocultures than in mixtures of several plant species. Among the microbivores, the abundance of some bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematode taxa seemed to be directly influenced by the plant species identity. In the plots with Trifolium spp. there was an increase of rapidly growing bacterial feeders belonging to Rhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae already after the first growing season. The abundances of some bacterial-feeding nematodes were correlated to total plant production. The numbers of the omnivorous Mesodorylaimus sp. appeared to be influenced by the degree of plant coverage. The abundance of several nematode taxa appeared to be little influenced by the composition of the vegetation. The plant feeder P. projectus and the bacterial feeder Prismatolaimus sp. reacted rather slowly and a distinct increase in numbers was only seen after 7 years, when P. projectus strongly dominated the fauna in several treatments. Among the bacterial feeders, some species with moderate growth rate belonging to Cephalobidae decreased with time in several treatments.
Phosphate efflux from intraradical hyphae of Gigaspora margarita in vitro and its implication for phosphorus translocation

Summary • The enzymatic separation of physiologically active intraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi from host tissue is an effective way to analyse the physiological characteristics of intraradical hyphae. • Applying this technique, first, both biomass and phosphorus (P) distribution were quantified in the intraradical and extraradical part of Gigaspora margarita colonizing onion. Second, the separated intraradical hyphae were incubated in vitro; efflux of phosphate from the hyphae and the hyphal polyphosphate (poly P) content were determined. • A substantial proportion of P in mycorrhizal roots was fungal P, while the proportion of fungal biomass to root biomass was < 2%. Phosphate efflux and the decrease in poly-P content in the hyphae were both enhanced by the addition of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose, an analogue of glucose. The degrees of enhancement for phosphate efflux and poly-P decrease were comparable, suggesting that P efflux from intraradical hyphae was coupled with poly-P hydrolysis. • Based on these findings, the translocation of P from fungus to host was estimated in relation to the distribution of hyphal P in extraradical and intraradical parts of the AM fungus.
Detoxification of deoxynivalenol with sodium bisulfite and evaluation of the effects when pure mycotoxin or contaminated corn was treated and given to pigs

Etude des conditions optimales de detoxification de mais contamine par cette mycotoxine et etude, in vivo chez le porc, de l'efficacite du traitement mis au point. La forme sulfonate du desoxynivalenol n'est pas toxique pour le porc, par voie orale
Soybean Lutein Concentration: Impact of Crop Management and Genotypes

Lutein is a carotenoid with health-beneficial properties found in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]. A study was conducted in multiple environments in Quebec, Canada, to determine the effects of crop management practices and genotypes on soybean lutein concentrations. Practices evaluated included seeding rate, row spacing, seeding date, and P and K fertilization; lutein variation and stability among 20 genotypes were also studied. Management practices affected soybean lutein concentration to different degrees. Seeding date had the greatest effect on lutein concentration of all factors evaluated, but response varied greatly between environments. Differences in lutein concentration between seeding date treatments averaged 41%. Seeding rate, row spacing, and P and K fertilization effects were minimal. Increasing the seeding rate from 40 to 60 seed m ―2 resulted in a 6% increase in lutein concentration. Response to row spacing and P fertilization treatment was inconsistent and differences between treatments were never >8%. There was no response to K fertilization. Large differences were observed between the 20 genotypes evaluated, with lutein concentrations ranging between 4.1 and 10.9 μg g ―1 . Despite the presence of significant environmental effects, genotypes with consistently high and stable lutein concentrations were identified. Selection and development of high-lutein cultivars should be possible; however, environmental factors and crop management practices should be considered in the use of soybean as a source of lutein.
The Arthropod Sidneyia Inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia

Old and new specimens of Sidneyia inexpectans have been studied and are accompanied by explanatory drawings and photographs. New reconstructions of the animal are given together with a three-dimensional model. The body consisted of a cephalon with a long backwardly directed doublure, a thorax of nine articulating somites, abdomen with cylindrical exoskeleton of two or three somites and a telson. A caudal fan was formed by a pair of uropods articulating at the posterior margin of the last abdominal somite. The cephalon had stalked eyes and preoral antennae but no walking or grasping appendages. The first four somites of the thorax had paired uniramous, prehensile walking legs attached to the body by broad coxae with spiny gnathobases. The coxae were smaller on the five posterior thoracic somites and the paired appendages were biramous, each bearing a gill supported on a flap attached at its proximal end to the first podomere of the leg. The coxa-body attachment resembles that of modern merostomes and is in advance of trilobites. Evidence suggests that Sidneyia was a bottom-living, carnivorous animal eating larger and harder food than trilobites. Gut contents include ostracodes, hyolithids, small trilobites and phosphatic debris. Sidneyia is the earliest known form which could be an ancestor to merostomes, but its body plan and absence of chelicera distinguishes Sidneyia from this group. The holotype of Amiella ornata Walcott, 1911 is reinterpreted and its synonomy with S. inexpectans is confirmed.
Effects of Stage of Growth and Duration of Rumen Incubation Time on Intestinal Digestibility of Rumen-Undegradable Nitrogen of Grass by Mobile-Bag Method in Cows

Abstract The ruminal and intestinal degradability of the nitrogen constituents of timothy grass cut at five different stages of growth was studied in three non-lactating cows. The grass samples were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The subsequent digestion of rumen-undegradable N in the intestine was measured by the mobile-bag method. The N content of grass declined, and the fibre content and the proportion of N bound in acid detergent fibre increased with increasing maturity. The values for rumen degradability of grass N corrected for microbial contamination were generally high and they decreased with increasing maturity. The intestinal N digestibility of rumen-undegradable N of grass ranged from 49% to 78%, being affected by growth stage and the duration of preceding rumen incubation time. These values may, however, be confounded by non-feed N. Pre-incubation of forage samples in the rumen indicated that at least 48 h of rumen incubation is needed for predicting in.
Recent Advances in Cardiac b2-Adrenergic Signal Transduction

A pump 1 comprises a chamber 2 having a inlet opening 22 and an outlet opening 21. The chamber 2 extends between a first main wall 30 and a second main wall 40. The first main wall 30 is a triangular bottom wall of a body 3. The second main wall 40 is a part of a triangular bottom wall of a tub 4. The body 3 is tiltable relative to the tub 4 so that the volume of the chamber 2 is variable. The pump 1 comprises an outlet valve for blocking the outlet opening 21 when the volume of the chamber 2 is increased and an inlet valve for blocking the inlet opening when the volume of the chamber 2 is reduced. The outlet valve is formed by a first portion 31 of the body 3. This first portion 31 of the body blocks the outlet opening when the body is urged against the outlet opening 21. The inlet valve is formed by a second portion 32 of the body 3. This second portion 32 of the body blocks the inlet opening when the body is urged against the outlet opening 21.
Maintenance-energy-dependent dynamics of growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production by Azohydromonas lata MTCC 2311 using simple and renewable carbon substrates

The dynamics of microbial growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production in growth/ non-growth phases of Azhohydromonas lata MTCC 2311 were studied using a maintenance-energy-dependent mathematical model. The values of calculated model kinetic parameters were: ms1 = 0.0005 h-1, k = 0.0965, µmax = 0.25 h-1 for glucose; ms1 = 0.003 h-1, k = 0.1229, µmax = 0.27 h-1 for fructose; and ms1 = 0.0076 h-1, k = 0.0694, µmax = 0.25 h-1 for sucrose. The experimental data of biomass growth, substrate consumption, and P(3HB) production on different carbon substrates were mathematically fitted using non-linear least square optimization technique and similar trends, but different levels were observed at varying initial carbon substrate concentration. Further, on the basis of substrate assimilation potential, cane molasses was used as an inexpensive and renewable carbon source for P(3HB) production. Besides, the physico-chemical, thermal, and material properties of synthesized P(3HB) were determined which reveal its suitability in various applications.
An Analysis of Ball's Empirical Model of Stomatal Conductance

We analysed Ball's empirical model of stomatal conductance (Ball, Woodrow and Berry, 1987). The original interpretation was found to be flawed, and a new one is proposed which views the model as a description of the relationship between CO2 flux rate and stomatal conductance, rather than as a model of stomatal conductance alone. It is shown that this model is useful for describing changes in intercellular CO2 concentration. The model was tested against data from experiments in which the responses of stomatal conductance and CO2 flux density to humidity and temperature were measured in leaves of Hedera helix. It was found that the responses to temperature and humidity are not treated in a satisfactory way in the model whereas the response of the model to other variables is realistic. An alternative to Ball's model is described and tested. It is concluded that Ball's model is a useful starting point for development of simulation models to be used as submodels in canopy and regional models. However, as any empirical model, it is of no use for defining causal relationships.
Estimation of the Relative Bioavailability of Several Zinc Sources for Broilers Fed a Conventional Corn-Soybean Meal Diet

An experiment was conducted with 312 day-old male broiler chicks in grower phase (8-28d) to estimate the biological availability of four sources of zinc (Zn); zinc sulfate (ZnSO4・H2O), two sources of zinc oxide (ZnO FG1 and ZnO FG2) and Bioplex Zn. Zinc sulfate was used as the standard in the bioavailability assay. Chicks were allotted randomly to 13 dietary treatments with 6 birds per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment, that included an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (25.50mg of Zn/kg of DM), or the basal diet supplemented with 100, 150 or 200mg/kg of DM as either ZnSO4・H2O (33% Zn), zinc oxide FG1 (72% Zn), zinc oxide FG2 (75% Zn) or Bioplex Zn (15% Zn). Dietary zinc level and source had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake or body weight gain of chicks during first and second weeks of experimental periods, but feed conversion ratio in the first and second week and feed intake, body weight gain or feed conversion ratio in third week and total experimental periods were significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). Using the slope ratio methods from the regression of weight gain on supplemental zinc intake. The relative biological availability values using body weight gain were estimated to be 59, 99 or 45 for three levels of zinc oxide FG1, 64, 78 or 31 for three levels of zinc oxide FG2 and 151, 200 or 147 for three levels of Bioplex Zn, respectively. From the standpoint of bioavailability, Bioplex Zn was more available to broiler chicks than zinc from other sources and can be used by the feed industry as sources of supplemental zinc for broiler chickens.
Light intensity, salinity, and host velocity influence presettlement intensity and distribution on hosts by copepodids of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Intensity and distribution of presettlement by the copepodid of the sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on smolts of its host Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were quantified for 27 infection regimes under controlled flume conditions. Each infection regime represented a level of interaction between three levels (low, medium, high) of the physical factors of light (10, 300, 800 lx), salinity (20, 27, 35), and host velocity (0.2, 7.0, 15.0 cm·s1). Light, salinity, and host velocity independently and interactively determined the distribution and number of presettled copepodids on hosts. Host surface area also influenced the number of attached preestablished copepodids. The distribution of presettled copepodids on the host body surface closely corresponded to that of settled copepodids and chalimi reported from other studies, with the greatest levels observed on the fins, in particular the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins. Copepodid presettlement occurred on the gills under all conditions. Differential pres.
ADMINISTRACIÓN DE SULFATO DE COBRE SOBRE LA HEMOQUÍMICA, HEMATOLOGÍA Y BIOACTIVIDAD DEL LÍQUIDO RUMINAL EN VACAS

El trabajo se realizo en unidades de produccion pertenecientes a la Granja Pecuaria Santa Clara de la provincia de Villa Clara. Se estudiaron 150 hembras bovinas divididas en tres grupos de tratamientos, (A, B y C) de 50 animales cada uno El grupo A, control; el B, fue tratado con 2 ml (25 mg/ml) de un compuesto de sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) inyectado subcutaneamente (alopaticamente) y el grupo C, se trato con acupuntura utilizando 0.1 ml de dicho producto subcutaneamente en el punto PaHuai o Bahuai; los animales del grupo A, no recibieron ningun tratamiento. A los animales de los grupos tratados (B y C) se les repitio el tratamiento cada 60 dias en dos aplicaciones mas. Los analisis hematologicos y hemoquimicos se efectuaron en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Central de Las Villas. Los datos obtenidos fueron valorados mediante el paquete estadistico Statgraphics Plus 4.1. Las investigaciones hematologicas y hemoquimicas en los animales confirmaron la existencia de la carencia de cobre en los animales y la respuesta a la suplementacion de los mismos ya que aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) los niveles del K, Cu, Fe, Hto, Hb y la bioactividad del liquido ruminal. Ademas, en el grupo tratamiento C solo se utilizo un veinteavo de la dosis alopatica suministrada a el grupo B. Ello muestra la factibilidad de la cuproterapia alopatica empleada, tanto alopaticamente como la acuopuntural en el acupunto Baihuai para incrementar los perfiles hematologicos, hemoquimicos y la bioactividad ruminal.
A Landscape‐Based Classification of Fish Assemblages in Sampled and Unsampled Lakes

Abstract We related fish species patterns and landscape-scale environmental data from 216 Michigan lakes to identify repeatable types of fish assemblages, identify environmental factors related to assemblage types, and classify fish assemblages in unsampled lakes. Multivariate regression tree modeling of fish species abundances identified six assemblage types that were explained by degree-days during the ice-free period, lake surface area, and mean lake surface temperature. Warmwater species dominated southern lakes, while coolwater and coldwater species had higher abundances in northern lakes. Coolwater species were present in large southern lakes, whereas warmwater species were excluded from northern lakes that had low mean surface temperatures or low degree-days. These results suggest that patterns of lake fish assemblages are shaped by differences in climate as well as lake-specific differences in surface temperature regimes and in vertical availability of coldwater and coolwater habitats. Because we .
Heritability Estimates and Gene Effects for Agronomic Traits in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum vulgate Pers. 1

Estimates of heritability and various gene effects were obtained for a number of agronomic traits in grain sorghum. The material studied included the parental lines and the F1, F2 B1 (P1 ✕ F1), and B2 (P2 ✕ F1), derivatives of the crosses ‘Redlan’ ✕ ‘Martin’, ‘Redlan’ ✕ ‘Combine 7078’, and ‘Plainsman’ ✕ ‘KS 7. ’ It appeared that heritabilities of grain yield and kernel number were of lower magnitude than those of head weight, kernel weight, stalk diameter, and half blooming. Heritabilities of plant height and germination percentage were of a still higher order. The magnitude of heritability estimates varied greatly among crosses for some traits. Inadequacy of the original scale was indicated by a scaling test. Heritability estimates were also obtained based on logarithmically transformated data. Additive, dominance, and digenic epistatic gene effects were expressed in terms of parental, first and second filial, and backcrosses population means. Additive gene effects seemed to have a minor contribution to the inheritance for grain yield, head weight, kernel weight, and kernel number but appeared to be more important for other traits. Dominance gene effects seem to be important in the inheritance of most of the traits. Among the 3 types of epistatic gene effects it appeared additive ✕ additive and dominance ✕ dominance were important types of epistasis. Additive ✕ dominance gene effects were of minor importance, in general, except for germination percentage. The magnitude of additive ✕ additive gene effects was comparable to that of dominance gene effect and greater than additive gene effect. Dominance ✕ dominance gene effects were also of large magnitude. The effect of epistasis perhaps cannot be considered as negligible. Genetic models assuming negligible epistasis may be somewhat biased.
ASSOCIATION AND PATH ANALYSIS IN f2 POPULATIONs OF pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp]

Genetic association among 11 F2 population derived from 8 parental lines of pigeonpea was carried out for 11 characters. The correlation study revealed highest positive correlation for pods per plant and branches per plant in parents and also in addition to these 100-seed weight in F2 progenies revealed that these characters may be considered for improvement of yield. Pods per plant recorded the highest direct effect on seed yield followed by pod length, seeds per pod, plant height and branches per plant while SCMR at 50 per cent flowering showed negative direct effect on seed yield.
Effect of municipal solid waste compost on seed germination of rice, wheat and cucumber

Water extracts of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) were applied to seed of three crops v - v rice ( Oryza sativa, L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum, L.) and cucumber ( Cucumis sativa, L.). Severe suppression of germination index (GI), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were observed with the seeds treated with 1 v : v 7.5 MSWC v : v water extracts. A significant positive relationship was observed between the above mentioned parameters and organic carbon, nitrogen and optical density. A significant negative relationship between the above parameters and the contents of ammonia and heavy metals was also found. When comparing the three different seeds, wheat was most sensitive, followed by rice and then cucumber in terms of germination index, germination (%), root and shoot growth.