Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the temporal and spatial phase variations of a 33 GHz pulsed free electron laser amplifier and application to RF acceleration

In this thesis we report the results of temporal and spatial measurements of phase of a pulsed free electron laser amplifier (FEL) operating in combined wiggler and axial guide magnetic fields. The 33 GHz FEL is driven by a mildly relativistic electron beam (750 kV, 90-300 A, 30 ns) and generates 61 MW of radiation with a high power magnetron as the input source. The phase is measured by an interferometric technique from which frequency shifting is determined. The results are simulated with a computer code. Experimental studies on a CERN-CLIC 32.98 GHz 26-cell high gradient accelerating section (HGA) were carried out for input powers from 0.1 MW to 35 MW. The FEL served as the r.f. power source for the HGA. The maximum power in the transmitted pulse was measured to be 15 MW for an input pulse of 35 MW. The theoretically calculated shunt impedance of 116 MQ/m predicts a field gradient of 65 MeV/m inside the HGA. For power levels > 3 MW the pulse transmitted through the HGA was observed to be shorter than the input pulse and pulse shortening became more serious with increasing power input. At the highest power levels the output pulse length (about 5 nsec) was about one quarter of the input pulse length. Various tests suggest that these undesirable effects occur in the input coupler to the HGA. Light and X-ray production inside the HGA have been observed. Thesis Supervisor: George Bekefi Title: Professor Acknowledgments I want to thank George Bekefi for all the things he taught me and for his patience in advising me throughout the three and a half years I have worked with him. I thank Ivan Mastovsky for without him not a thing would work in the lab, for all the help and advise he gave me. I am grateful to my wonderful officemate and friend Gennady Shvets for all the physics and other things I learned in our discussions with him and for being such a great friend. I wish to thank Jonathan Wurtele for all the advise he gave me and for helping me with this thesis. I thank Beth Chen for doing so much of the work for me and for her friendship. I am greateful to Manoel Conde for building the FEL and helping me to start working at the lab. I thank Ken Ricci for working with me on the Phase Shift measurements. I am thankfull to Felicia Brady, Palma Catravas and Wen Hu for being the great coworkers they are. And last but not least I thank my parents who started me and carried me through most of my Physics education.
Common‐offset domain reflection–diffraction separation with deep learning

Separation of diffracted from reflected events in seismic data is still challenging due to the relatively low amplitude of the diffracted wavefield compared to the reflected wavefield as well as the overlap in the kinematics of reflection and diffraction events. A workflow based on deep learning can be a simple and fast alternative, but using training data made by physics‐based modelling is expensive and lacks diversity in terms of noise, amplitude, frequency content and wavelet. This results in poor generalization beyond the training data without retraining and transfer learning. In this paper, we demonstrate successful applications of reflection–diffraction separation using a conventional U‐net architecture. The novelty of our approach is that we do not use synthetic data created from physics‐based modelling, but instead use only synthetic data built from basic geometric shapes. Our domain of application is the pre‐migration common‐offset domain where reflected events resemble local geology and the diffracted wavefield consists of downward convex hyperbolic diffraction patterns. Both patterns were randomly perturbed in many ways while maintaining their intrinsic features. This approach is inspired by the common practice of data augmentation in deep learning for machine vision applications. Since many of the standard data augmentation techniques lack a geophysical motivation, we have instead perturbed our synthetic training data in ways to make more sense from a signal processing perspective or given our ‘domain knowledge’ of the problem at hand. We did not have to retrain the network to show good results on the field data set. The large variety and diversity in examples enabled to trained neural networks to show encouraging results on synthetic and field data sets that were not used in training.
Cybersecurity in Hospitals: An Evaluation Model

Hospitals have been historically known for their strong risk mitigation policies and designs, which are not becoming easier or simpler to plan and operate. Currently, new technologies and devices are developed every day in the medical industry. These devices, systems, and personnel are in an ever-higher state of connection to the network and servers, which necessitates the use of stringent cybersecurity policies. Therefore, this work aims to comprehensively identify, quantify, and model the cybersecurity status quo in healthcare facilities. The developed model is going to allow healthcare organizations to understand the imminent operational risks and to identify which measures to improve or add to their system in order to mitigate those risks. Thus, in this work we will develop a novel assessment tool to provide hospitals with a proper reflection of their status quo, which will assist hospital designers in adding the suggested cyber risk mitigation measures to the design itself before operation.
Constraints on decaying dark matter from the isotropic gamma-ray background

If the dark matter is unstable, the decay of these particles throughout the universe and in the halo of the Milky Way could contribute significantly to the isotropic gamma-ray background (IGRB) as measured by Fermi. In this article, we calculate the high-latitude gamma-ray flux resulting from dark matter decay for a wide range of channels and masses, including all contributions from inverse Compton scattering and accounting for the production and full evolution of cosmological electromagnetic cascades. We also make use of recent multi-wavelength analyses that constrain the astrophysical contributions to the IGRB, enabling us to more strongly restrict the presence any component arising from decaying dark matter. Over a wide range of decay channels and masses (from GeV to EeV and above), we derive stringent lower limits on the dark matter's lifetime, generally in the range of τ ∼ (1–5)× 1028 s. }
Echoes from the abyss: a highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817

The first direct observation of a binary neutron star (BNS) merger was a watershed moment in multi-messenger astronomy. However, gravitational waves from GW170817 have only been observed prior to the BNS merger, but electromagnetic observations all follow the merger event. While post-merger gravitational wave signal in general relativity is too faint (given current detector sensitivities), here we present the first tentative detection of post-merger gravitational wave “echoes” from a highly spinning “black hole” remnant. The echoes may be expected in different models of quantum black holes that replace event horizons by exotic Planck-scale structure and tentative evidence for them has been found in binary black hole merger events. The fact that the echo frequency is suppressed by log M (in Planck units) puts it squarely in the LIGO sensitivity window, allowing us to build an optimal model-agnostic search strategy via cross-correlating the two detectors in frequency/time. We find a tentative detection of echoes at fecho ≃ 72 Hz, around 1.0 sec after the BNS merger, consistent with a 2.6–2.7 M⊙ “black hole” remnant with dimensionless spin 0.84–0.87. Accounting for all the “look-elsewhere” effects, we find a significance of 4.2 σ, or a false alarm probability of 1.6× 10−5, i.e. a similar cross-correlation within the expected frequency/time window after the merger cannot be found more than 4 times in 3 days. If confirmed, this finding will have significant consequences for both physics of quantum black holes and astrophysics of binary neutron star mergers.
Strongly interacting dark matter and the DAMA signal

We show that models of strongly interacting (SIMP) dark matter built to reproduce the DAMA signal actually cannot account for its time dependence. We discuss the constraints on this type of models coming from direct detection experiments and study the propagation of thermalised dark matter particles in the ground for the allowed values of the parameters. We consider a simple 1D diffusion and a more detailed 3D diffusion. In both cases the predicted signal has either the wrong phase of the annual modulation or a much larger amplitude of the diurnal modulation.
FirstLight III: rest-frame UV-optical spectral energy distributions of simulated galaxies at cosmic dawn

Using the FirstLight database of 300 zoom-in cosmological simulations we provide rest-frame UV-optical spectral energy distributions of galaxies with complex star-formation histories that are coupled to the non-uniform gas accretion history of galactic halos during cosmic dawn. The population at any redshift is very diverse ranging from starbursts to quiescent galaxies even at a fixed stellar mass. This drives a redshift-dependent relation between UV luminosity and stellar mass with a large scatter, driven by the specific star formation rate. The UV slope and the production efficiency of Lyman continuum photons have high values, consistent with dust-corrected observations. This indicates young stellar populations with low metallicities. The FirstLight simulations make predictions on the rest-frame UV-optical absolute magnitudes, colors and optical emission lines of galaxies at z=6-12 that will be observed for the first time with JWST and the next generation of telescopes in the coming decade.
Radio occultation measurements of the lunar ionosphere.

Radio occultation measurements by using interplanetary probes is a well known technique to obtain information on planetary atmospheres. To further understand the morphology of the lunar ionosphere we performed radio occultation experiments by using the radio sounding technique. This method mainly consists in the analisys of the effects produced on the radio wave transmitted from the spacecraft to the Earth when it crosses the atmosphere. The wave amplitude and phase undergo modifications that are correlated to the physical parameters i.e. electron density of the crossed medium. The first data set was obtained during the lunar occultations of the European probe SMART-1 shortly before impacting the lunar soil on September 3rd, 2006. During this experiment several radio occultation measurements of the signal transmitted by the spacecraft were performed in S and X band by using the 32 meters radiotelescopes (at Medicina and Noto) of the Istituto di Radioastronomia Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. Further experiments were performed during lunar occultations of Saturn and Venus. On May 22nd and June 18th 2007 the Cassini spacecraft, orbiting Saturn, and the Venus Express spacecraft, orbiting Venus, respectively were occulted by the Moon. The variation of the Total Electron Content (TEC) measured by our instruments (∼ 1013 el/m2) on this occasion is in agreement with values of the electron number density acquired by in situ measuments of the US Apollo missions and the USSR Luna 19 and 22 probes.
Energy flows in vibrated granular media

We study vibrated granular media, investigating each of the three components of the energy flow: particle-particle dissipation, energy input at the vibrating wall, and particle-wall dissipation. Energy dissipated by interparticle collisions is well estimated by existing theories when the granular material is dilute, and these theories are extended to include rotational kinetic energy. When the granular material is dense, the observed particle-particle dissipation rate decreases to as little as $2/5$ of the theoretical prediction. We observe that the rate of energy input is the weight of the granular material times an average vibration velocity times a function of the ratio of particle to vibration velocity. ``Particle-wall'' dissipation has been neglected in all theories up to now, but can play an important role when the granular material is dilute. The ratio between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy can vary by as much as a factor of 3. Previous simulations and experiments have shown that $E\ensuremath{\propto}{V}^{\ensuremath{\delta}}$, with $\ensuremath{\delta}=2$ for dilute granular material, and $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}1.5$ for dense granular material. We relate this change in exponent to the departure of particle-particle dissipation from its theoretical value.
Spin orientations of merging black holes formed from the evolution of stellar binaries

We study the expected spin misalignments of merging binary black holes formed in isolation by combining state-of-the-art population-synthesis models with efficient post-Newtonian evolutions, thus tracking sources from stellar formation to gravitational-wave detection. We present extensive predictions of the properties of sources detectable by both current and future interferometers. We account for the fact that detectors are more sensitive to spinning black-hole binaries with suitable spin orientations and find that this significantly impacts the population of sources detectable by LIGO, while this is not the case for third-generation detectors. We find that three formation pathways, differentiated by the order of core collapse and common-envelope phases, dominate the observed population, and that their relative importance critically depends on the recoils imparted to black holes at birth. Our models suggest that measurements of the ``effective-spin'' parameter ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ will allow for powerful constraints. For instance, we find that the role of spin magnitudes and spin directions in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ can be largely disentangled, and that the symmetry of the effective-spin distribution is a robust indicator of the binary's formation history. Our predictions for individual spin directions and their precessional morphologies confirm and extend early toy models, while exploring substantially more realistic and broader sets of initial conditions. Our main conclusion is that specific subpopulations of black-hole binaries will exhibit distinctive precessional dynamics: these classes include (but are not limited to) sources where stellar tidal interactions act on sufficiently short timescales, and massive binaries produced in pulsational pair-instability supernovae. Measurements of black-hole spin orientations have enormous potential to constrain specific evolutionary processes in the lives of massive binary stars.
Overexpression of ErbB-1 (EGFR) Protein in Eutopic Endometrium of Infertile Women with Severe Ovarian Endometriosis during the ‘Implantation Window’ of Menstrual Cycle

The strong association between endometriosis and infertility is of high clinical significance. High proliferative bias in eutopic endometrium during the secretory phase is a hallmark of endometriosis, which may result in high occurrence of implantation failure and resultant infertility in endometriosis. The ErbB family of proteins regulates the proliferation capacity in the endometrium, potentially causing endometrial hostility to the implantation process in endometriosis. However, our knowledge regarding the involvement of the ErbB family in human endometrium during the window of implantation (WOI) in endometriosis-associated infertility is scant. In the present study, the cellular profiles of immunopositive ErbBs-1 to -4 in the endometrium of endometriosis-free, infertile women (Group 1; n = 11) and in eutopic endometrium of infertile women diagnosed with stage IV ovarian endometriosis (Group 2; n = 13) during the mid-secretory phase were compared using standardized guidelines. Computer-aided standardized combinative analysis of immunoprecipitation in different compartments revealed an overexpression of ErbB-1 in the epithelial, stromal and vascular compartments, along with marginally higher ErbB-3 expression (p < 0.06) in the vascular compartment and ErbB-4 expression (p < 0.05) in the glandular epithelium and stroma in the endometrium during the WOI in women with primary infertility associated with stage IV ovarian endometriosis compared with disease-free endometrium of control infertile women. It appears that changes in ErbBs in the eutopic endometrium during WOI induce anomalous proliferative, inflammatory and angiogenic activities in it, which can antagonize endometrial preparation for embryo implantation in endometriosis. This knowledge appears usable in strategizing methods for the treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility, as well as preempting the oncogenic potential of endometriosis.
A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of Pre-Diagnostic Blood Plasma Biomarkers for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer death that typically presents at an advanced stage. No reliable markers for early detection presently exist. The prominent tumor stroma represents a source of circulating biomarkers for use together with cancer cell-derived biomarkers for earlier PDAC diagnosis. CA19-9 and CEA (cancer cell-derived biomarkers), together with endostatin and collagen IV (stroma-derived) were examined alone, or together, by multivariable modelling, using pre-diagnostic plasma samples (n = 259 samples) from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study biobank. Serial samples were available for a subgroup of future patients. Marker efficacy for future PDAC case prediction (n = 154 future cases) was examined by both cross-sectional (ROC analysis) and longitudinal analyses. CA19-9 performed well at, and within, six months to diagnosis and multivariable modelling was not superior to CA19-9 alone in cross-sectional analysis. Within six months to diagnosis, CA19-9 (AUC = 0.92) outperformed the multivariable model (AUC = 0.81) at a cross-sectional level. At diagnosis, CA19-9 (AUC = 0.995) and the model (AUC = 0.977) performed similarly. Longitudinal analysis revealed increases in CA19-9 up to two years to diagnosis which indicates a window of opportunity for early detection of PDAC.
Ultrasound Can Be Usefully Integrated with the Clinical Assessment of Nail and Enthesis Involvement in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

Objectives: This study aimed to examine and compare the findings of nail and enthesis ultrasonography in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Methods: We identified 154 patients with psoriatic arthritis and 35 patients with psoriasis who were treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, between September 2018 and January 2019. Results: There were significant differences in the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index scores and Glasgow Ultrasound Enthesitis Scoring System scores between patients with psoriasis and those with psoriatic arthritis. B-mode ultrasonography revealed that onychopathic changes were more common in the psoriasis group. The psoriatic arthritis group showed a higher proportion of lower-limb enthesopathy, with significant differences in distal patellar ligament thickness and Achilles tendon thickness. Conclusion: The findings of nail ultrasonography were more severe in psoriasis cases, and the ultrasonographic findings of enthesopathy of the lower limb were more severe in cases of psoriatic arthritis.
An image to die for. Prototypes of smoking and drinking peers and adolescents' substance use

According to earlier research findings, social image factors play an important role in the course of adolescent’s substance use, i.e. smoking and drinking. The importance of social images or prototypes for the explanation of young people’s risk behavior is further described in the prototype/willingness model. The present study addresses the relative value of the prototype/willingness model in relation to the theory of planned behavior. For this purpose, associations were studied between social-cognitive variables of both models and adolescents’ willingness and intention to engage in smoking and drinking. Analyses were conducted on cross-sectional data of 2814 adolescents (12-16 years). Results show that adolescents describe daily smoking and weekly drinking peers as generally slightly well-adjusted, slightly rebellious, not really cool and not really attractive. Positive associations were observed between smoker and drinker prototypes and adolescents’ intention and willingness to smoke and drink in the future. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses showed that prototypes of daily smoking and weekly drinking peers explained a significant part of the variance in intention and willingness to smoke and drink, and added to the variance explained by the variables of the theory of planned behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. 40 2 Social Images of Smoking and Drinking Peers
Supporting Information for “The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits and synestias”

We have developed a new code for calculating the equilibrium structure of rapidly rotating, fluid bodies. The HERCULES (Highly Eccentric Rotating Concentric U (potential) Layers Equilibrium Structure) code improves on the concentric Maclaurin spheroid [Hubbard, 2013] by allowing the calculation of the structure of rapidly rotating bodies. Additionally, HERCULES can also solve for the structure of a body that is consistent with material equations of state (EOS) and conserves the mass and AM of a body.
Incidence, Risk Factors and Clinical Implications of Glucose Metabolic Changes after Heart Transplant

Diabetes mellitus (DM) arising de novo after transplant is a common complication, sharing many features with type 2 DM but also specific causes, such as administration of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Although post-transplant DM (PTDM) is generally assumed to worsen recipients’ outcomes, its impact on renal function, cardiac allograft vasculopathy and mortality remains understudied in heart transplant (HT). We evaluated incidence and risk factors of PTDM and studied glucose metabolic alterations in relation to major HT outcomes. 119 subjects were included in this retrospective, single centre, observational study. A comprehensive assessment of glucose metabolic state was done pre-transplant and a median of 60 months [IQR 30–72] after transplant. Most patients were males (75.6%), with prior non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (64.7%) and median age of 58 years [IQR 48–63]. 14 patients developed PTDM, an incidence of 3.2 cases/100 patient-years. Patients with worsening glucose metabolic pattern were the only who showed a significant increase of BMI and metabolic syndrome prevalence after transplant. 23 (19.3%) patients died during follow up. Early mortality was lower in those with stably normal glucose metabolism, whereas improvement of glucose metabolic state favorably affected mid-term mortality (log-rank p = 0.028). No differences were observed regarding risk of infections and cancer. PTDM is common, but glucose metabolism may also improve after HT. PTDM is strictly related with BMI increase and metabolic syndrome development and may impact recipient survival.