Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HARVESTING AND CONSUMPTION OF FUEL AND TIMBER WOOD IN RURAL AREA OF DISTRICT TANK, PAKISTAN

The study revealed that 90% of the rural people with different age group of District Tank, Pakistan depended upon firewood for catering. The total annual wood consumption for fueling by brick brewers, food sellers and domestic utilization was 18371 metric tons in this remote region. The saw machines also convert 13650 metric tons of timber wood yearly into logs and boards of various grades. The total wood consumption exceeds the quantity of wood harvested by tree fellers, farmers and wood sellers. Therefore the balance of over 13000 metric tons is sourced from neighboring forest of Tehsil Kulachi and Dera Ismail Khan. The quantity of wood removed and consumed for various purposes did not show a significant difference at α (0.05) among the six locations. However student t-test showed significant difference existed in the mean annual removal and consumption of wood in the area. The study also enumerated Acacia nilotica, Tamarix aphylla, and Sueda fruticosa as the best and preferred fuel species. While Acacia nilotica, Prosopis farcta and Dalbergia sisso as the frequently used timber species in the region. The criterion of firewood and lumber consumption was very conventional like durability in blaze and opposed to termite. Consequently, it is recommended scientific vegetation conservation strategies meant at improved burning of fuel wood and maximized used of timber products as a complimentary efforts to enforced tree planting for conservation of plant resources.
The Illusion of Absence in Magic Tricks

Recently, a curious illusion of absence has been described, where the space behind an occluder is compellingly experienced as empty. This illusion is similar to illusions based on amodal completion in the sense that it refers to occluded portions of a visual scene and informal observations suggest that it may also be largely impervious to conscious knowledge. The aim of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that the illusion of absence is cognitively impenetrable in the same way as amodal completion. Participants viewed magic tricks based on amodal completion, the illusion of absence, or attentional and reasoning misdirection and tried to infer the secret behind the tricks after one, two, or three presentations. The results show that the tricks based on the illusion of absence are very difficult to debunk, even after repeated presentations. In this regard, they are similar to tricks based on amodal completion but different from tricks based on attentional and reasoning misdirection. The participants also rated how magical they felt the tricks were. Surprisingly, the magic ratings tended to be quite high even in trials where the participants had already discovered the secret behind the trick. This unexpected finding may be taken to suggest that there may be two magical moments in the lifetime of a magic trick: In addition to the magical experience evoked by trick itself, discovering the secret behind the trick may also evoke an experience of impossibility.
When structure matters–how heparan sulfate epimerization affects animal development

Animal development requires concerted actions of different signaling molecules in order to ensure correctly timed and localized growth and differentiation of tissues. The extracellular matrix often provides guiding cues for signaling proteins such as the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), which is an important regulator of development. HS biosynthesis is a complex series of events, including chain initiation, chain elongation and chain modification. Chain modification comprises N -deacetylation of the N -acetyl-glucosamin (GlcNAc) residues, epimerization of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) and O -sulfation of all sugar units at different positions. None of these reactions is performed to completion along the HS chain, generating cell-type specific patterns of sulfation. It is well-known that loss of HS leads to severe developmental defects and during recent years it has become evident that even alterations in the HS sulfation pattern strongly affect animal development. Interestingly, these patterns do not only depend on the expression of the respective sulfotransferases, but are also strongly affected by N -deacetylation and epimerization of the HS chains. This review focuses on recent work on the HS C5-glucuronyl epimerase (protein GLCE, gene Glce , earlier named Hsepi ) in mouse cartilage development and relates these findings to earlier studies on GLCE function. The sulfation pattern of HS was altered in all Glce deficient tissues, but extent and nature of the changes were different between cell types. In addition, loss of Glce affected multiple signaling pathways depending on the cell type, stressing the importance of HS as a general regulator during animal development. Promoting ligand/receptor interactions as well as shaping morphogen gradients, two important roles of HS, are clearly affected by the loss of Glce in these studies and are further discussed here.
Ontogeny of Diving and Feeding Behavior in Juvenile Seaturtles: Leatherback Seaturtles (Dermochelys coriacea L) and Green Seaturtles (Chelonia mydas L) in the Florida Current

Abstract We compared activity, diving behavior and response to prey by Dermochelys coriacea and Chelonia mydas during their first 8–10 weeks of development. We reared juveniles in the laboratory and, at two-week intervals, released them in the ocean for a brief trial. Each turtle towed a device used to measure its dive profile. All turtles swam throughout their trials, but D. coriacea swam more slowly than C. mydas. Dermochelys coriacea dives had V-shaped profiles and older turtles made longer and deeper (up to 18 m) dives than younger turtles. Chelonia mydas dives were usually shallow (<6 m) and consisted of three (V, S, and U) profiles. Older C. mydas made dives that were longer but only slightly deeper than those of younger turtles. Dermochelys coriacea fed throughout the water column exclusively on gelatinous prey Aurelia, ctenophores, and unidentified gelatinous eggs. Chelonia mydas fed near the surface on floating Thalassia and Sargassum or at shallow depths on ctenophores and unidentified gelatinous eggs but ignored large jellyfish (Aurelia). Thus, early in development the two species overlap in foraging area and in diet. However as D. coriacea grow they dive deeper where prey assemblages probably differ from those in shallow water where C. mydas feed. These distinct behavioral trajectories probably cause the niches of D. coriacea and C. mydas to separate spatially very early in their development.
Effect of Chemicals and Flower Thinning on Regulation of Crop in Guava

The experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Centre Patharchatta, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Nainital during the year 1977 78. Two chemicals alongwith hand thinning were used to deblossom the rainy season crop and to have a subsequent good crops in winter season, which bears quality fruits and fetches maximum price It has been suggested that in order to get maximum price winter season crop should be taken by deblossoming the rainy season crop with the help of 800 ppm spray of NAA under Tarai conditions. Effect of various treatments on deblossoming has also been discussed.
Correlations between pathological changes and chemical contamination in American eels, Anguilla rostrata, from the St. Lawrence River

American eel (Anguilla rostrata) from the St. Lawrence River are heavily contaminated with chemicals that may be associated with increased incidence of diseases and reproductive impairment. The relationship between tissue mirex concentration and body mass was used to separate eels into two groups: the proportion of eels migrating from contaminated areas (Lake Ontario and upper St. Lawrence River) increased as the migration season progressed. Vertebral malformations and basophilic foci in the liver (preneoplastic lesions) were more frequent at the end of the migratory season, when the eels were more heavily contaminated with organochlorine compounds. In contrast, mesenteric nematodes were more common in the first week of the season, when eels were less contaminated. Diameters and percentages of different stages of oocytes, and density and surface area of pigmented macrophage aggregates in the spleen, did not vary among weeks. While basophilic foci are specific biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants, vertebral malformations may be caused by a variety of other anthropogenic or natural factors. Further studies are needed to confirm the observed associations between chemical contamination and pathological changes. Resume : Les anguilles d'Amerique (Anguilla rostrata) du bassin versant du fleuve Saint-Laurent sont fortement contaminees avec des composes chimiques persistants possiblement associes avec une hausse des morbidites et des perturbations dans la reproduction. La relation entre les concentrations tissulaires de mirex et le poids corporel a ete utilisee pour separer les anguilles en deux groupes: la proportion d'anguilles provenant de sites contamines (Lac Ontario et partie amont du fleuve Saint-Laurent) augmentait a mesure que la saison migratoire avancait. Les malformations vertebrales et les foyers basophiles dans le foie (lesions precancereuses detectees histologiquement) etaient plus frequentes a la fin de la saison migratoire, lorsque les anguilles etaient plus fortement contaminees avec des composes organochlores. A l'oppose, des nematodes mesenteriques etaient plus frequemment rencontres dans la premiere semaine de la saison, lorsque les anguilles etaient moins contaminees. Les diametres et pourcentages d'ovocytes a differents stades de maturation, et les densites et surfaces des agregats de macrophages pigmentes dans la rate ne variaient pas entre les semaines. Alors que les foyers basophiles sont des marqueurs specifiques d'une exposition a des contaminants environnementaux, les malformations vertebrales peuvent etre causees par une variete d'autres facteurs anthropiques ou naturels. Les associations observees entre contamination chimique et changements pathologiques devront etre confirmees par des etudes ulterieures.
Synthesis and characterization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate from Bacillus thuringiensis R1

A poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulating, Gram positive Bacillus thuringiensis R1 was isolated from the soil samples. The growth of the organism and PHB accumulation in the presence of different carbon sources was studied. While maximum dry cell mass accumulation (3.90 to 4.11g/L) resulted in the presence of glycerol (1% v/v), least biomass formation (1.28g/L) was in the presence of 1%(v/v) lactic acid. Glycerol also supported maximum accumulation of PHB (34.18 to 34.23%) on cell dry mass basis. PHB accumulation in the presence of table sugar (sucrose) and molasses was 28.23 % and 23.06%, respectively. No PHB accumulation was observed in the presence of acetic acid or ethanol. B. thuringiensis R1 cells grown to log phase in the basal medium in the absence of a additional carbon source and then reinoculated into the same medium supplemented with 1% (v/v) glycerol or 1% (w/v) table sugar accumulated 64.10% and 31.36% PHB of the dry cell mass, respectively. The recovered polymer was characterized by NMR, FTIR, GPC, DSC and TGA.
Accumulation of the Phytoalexin Glyceollin I in Soybean Nodules Infected by a Bradyrhizobium japonicum nifA Mutant

The mutation of the nifA gene of Bradyrhizobium japonicum leads to a pathogenic-like response of the host plant. Soybean nodules induced by the nifA mutant A9 exhibited symptoms of a hypersensitive reaction (HR) normally observed in plant pathogen interactions as localized death of infected cells and the accumulation of the phytoalexin glyceollin I. Little or no glyceollin I was present in nodules elicited by wild type B. japonicum 110 spc 4.
On the evolution of microbes: the evolution of genomes with respect to RNA folding

We hypothesized that the stringency by which RNA folds (summarized in our analysis by the predicted folding free energy (FFE)) may be under selective pressure, presumably due to its role in (reverse) transcription and translation, and its potential effect on the RNA degradation rate. For bacteria, the RNA folding will depend on the physical properties of their environment. For viruses, this balance needs to be reached for every host the virus is successfully replicated in, and may play a critical role in adapting to new hosts. In the influenza A virus, we have shown that the FFE of its polymerase genes is evolving through time from lower to higher values, every time an avian segment jumps into humans. We postulated that this may be related to the difference in body temperature between humans and birds, as generally the genes isolated from avian sources have significantly lower FFE than the human isolates. Furthermore, we can use the FFE and amino acid sequence of the influenza A virus, to classify whether a given virus is similar to others that can jump to and successfully infect human hosts. In bacteria, we have shown that, consistent with previous studies of GC content, tRNA FFE is linearly correlated with growth temperature; while mRNA FFE is not. Regardless, we showed that the growth conditions are related to mRNA FFE distributions and function. Furthermore, there is a relation between mRNA FFE and half-life. Finally, we showed that gene expression can be predicted from RNA structure and sequence properties. In studying RNA folding in both viruses and bacteria, we were able to view the possible association between FFE and environment in two ways: the number of bacterial genomes sequenced allows us to get a sense of what RNA structures and folding energies are required for the bacteria to inhabit a wide variety of environments- everything from the human body to colonizing black smokers on the ocean floor; while the number of influenza A genomes sequenced allows us to determine how the RNA structures change over time. By using both sets of information, we can get a clearer picture of both the importance of RNA structure, and how RNA structure and folding energy evolve as the host environment changes.
Protective effects of Ageratum conyzoides L. on erythrocytes antioxidant status induced by acetaminophen toxicity in wistar rats

Erythrocytes are more vulnerable to oxidative stress among eukaryotic cells because it contains no nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles with high haemoglobin concentration. Present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant status of the erythrocytes during hepatotoxicity and protective effects of extracts of Ageratum conyzoides in wistar rats. Antioxidant parameters like total thiols, GSH levels, activities of G6PD, GST and SOD and oxidative damage indicator MDA level have been determined to access the antioxidant status during hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen (APAP) and its protection by acetone and n-hexane extracts. Significant (p<0.05) increased in MDA, GST activity and significantly (p<0.05) decreased GSH, total thiols and activities of SOD & G6PD was observed in APAP exposed group as compared to control. The pre-treatment with acetone and n- hexane extracts of A. conyzoides fallowed by APAP exposure significantly (p<0.05) increased activities of G6PD and significantly (p<0.05) reduced activity of GST and MDA levels as compare to APAP exposed group. Protective effects of extracts of A. conyzoides may be due to presence of high concentration of phenolic; flavonoids and beta-caryophyllene contents, these agents have been reported to reduce free radical generation, pro-inflammatory proteins production and induces phase II biotransformation reactions. Observation suggested that APAP exposure at high dose induces oxidative stress in erythrocytes and n-hexane extract is better in combating the oxidative stress of erythrocytes as compare to acetone extract of A. conyzoides.
Limited Utility of mtDNA Markers for Determining Connectivity among Breeding and Overwintering Locations in Three Neotropical Migrant Birds

Abstract: For the past two decades, population declines in Neotropical migrant songbirds have been both a flagship conservation issue and the subject of intensive research initiatives. Nonetheless, the design of effective conservation measures for Neotropical migrants has been hindered by a lack of information on where and how migrant populations are regulated. This problem stems in large part from the difficulty of following individual long‐distance migrants throughout their annual cycles. As a result, there has been increasing interest in using genetic markers to determine patterns of connectivity between particular breeding populations and overwintering regions. In species with geographically structured genetic variation during the breeding season, genetic markers can be used to determine the origin of migrating and overwintering individuals. This information on demographic connectivity could be then used to infer the locations or seasons contributing to population trends of currently unknown origin. To date, genetic markers (primarily mitochondrial DNA) have been used to survey only a few species of migratory songbirds, with varying success. To provide examples of the geographic scale at which mtDNA markers are likely to prove most relevant to Neotropical migrant conservation, we surveyed breeding‐season variation in North American populations of three long‐distance migrant taxa: the Yellow‐breasted Chat (Icteria virens), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), and Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla). We then used this information to screen individuals sampled at overwintering sites in Mexico and Central America. Genetic structure was only found at the broadest continent‐wide scale in all three species, which allowed us to assign overwintering individuals to eastern or western breeding lineages but did not allow us to assign overwintering individuals to breeding populations of origin on a finer scale suitable for assaying local demographic trends. Owing to mitochondrial homogeneity among widely separated breeding locations, mtDNA markers (especially when used alone) are unlikely to provide a panacea for the problem of interseasonal connectivity among migrant songbirds.
Promoção do crescimento do feijoeiro e controle da antracnose por Trichoderma spp.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma spp. to promote growth of common bean plants and to reduce severity of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), as well as to identify the best performing isolates. Sixty Trichoderma spp. isolates were evaluated as to their capacity to promote growth in common bean. The seven isolates that stood out were added to the culture substrate and assessed for reduction in severity of anthracnose in bean plants treated with C. lindemuthianum conidia. The most efficient isolates in controlling the disease were identified by DNA sequencing. The IB 28/07 isolate was evaluated in the concentrations 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% (weight:volume), which reduced disease severity in 41.51, 55.15, 81.82, and 96.06%, respectively. The most efficient Trichoderma spp. isolates can promote increases above 30% in dry matter production and reduce disease severity between 63 and 98%. These isolates were identified as belonging to the species Trichoderma harzianum, T. strigosum, and T. theobromicola.
Research regarding the milk quality in Sura de Stepa breed.

Biological material studied is represented by 30 head of breed cows Sura de stepa, exploited in a semi-intensive system, calves linked to SCDCB Dancu, Iasi. The importance of this core is mainly scientific interest related to the maintenance pedigree bred and owned by the great historical role in the formation of improved breeds in our country. With the disappearance of the breed would disappear and a number of special features such as adaptability, particularly in disease resistance, high percentage of fat in milk, etc. In first lactation was achieved 62.69% of the maximum lateness value showing Sura de stepa breed for milk production. The amount of milk ranged between 1589.64 kilograms (lact. I) and 2535.43 kilograms of you who are lactating and maximum lactation. From the sixth lactation milk quantity SCAT, reaching lactating VIII value of 1078.5 kg. Percentage of fat in lactation to achieve maximum value 4.71% that will. The same trend is observed and the percentage of protein in lactation of you has a value of 3.71%. Variability in the characters mentioned is intermediate to high (V = 6.09 to 12.06%) which provides a wide field of population improvement through selection and training of lines for quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk production. Also, the race Sura de stepa were revealed following systems polymorphous protein: alpha-casein S1 (αS1-cz), beta-casein (β-cz), kappa-casein (K-cz), beta-lactoglobulin (β lg), alpha-lactoglobulin (α-la) and alpha-casein S2 (αS2-CZ). The system αS1-cz allele, as1-Cn B has the highest frequency, the system β-cz, allele -Cn A into the K-cz, k-Cn B allele frequency is highest, the system β lg, as heterozygous AB has the highest frequency alleles were balanced into the α-la, meets monomorfism for allele -La B and similar to the system in αS2-cz for allele s2-Cn A.
INFLUENCE OF INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION OF GHRELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (D-LYS3)-GHRP-6 ON BONE TISSUE IN RATS

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of [D-Lys3]-growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), an antagonist of GHS-R1a, on the growth performance and properties of bone tissue in rats. The studies were performed on 12 male Wistar rats, divided into two equal groups. Control rats received 0.5 ml of physiological saline, while experimental rats received intragastrically 100 nmol/kg b.w. of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 once a day, throughout 4 weeks. After that time, the animals were subjected to euthanasia. tBMC, tBMD, lean mass (LM), and fat mass (FM) contents were measured using DEXA methods. Plasma level of total ghrelin was also measured. The quality of the femur and tibia was estimated based on their weight, length, BMC, and BMD. [DLys3]-GHRP-6 decreased final body weight, LM content, and tBMD, and significantly reduced bone weight and BMC as compared to the control group. No significant differences were noted in bone length and BMD. Plasma level of total ghrelin was significantly higher after the treatment. We concluded that the intragastric treatment with [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 negatively influenced the growth performance and properties of bone in rats. Therefore, ghrelin probably achieves effect in bone by acting on its specific receptor GHS-R1a.
Effects of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed rice straw ad libitum

To identify the effects of field pea hay (FPH) as a supplement of rice straw (RS) on feed intake and milk production of mid-late lactation buffaloes in Tarai, Nepal, nine multiparous Murrah were fed a concentrate at 0.6% of their bodyweight (BW) on a concentrate dry matter (DM) basis daily while having ad libitum access to RS. The buffaloes were divided into three groups, and the experiment with three levels of FPH feeding was conducted at the following rate of BW: 0% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) on an FPH DM basis. The DM intake (DMI) was higher in T2 and T3 than in T1. As the amount of FPH was raised, the BW change, crude protein intake (CPI) and total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) was increased. Although the yield of milk and milk composition did not differ among the treatments, the 7% fat corrected milk yield (FCMY) tended to increase as FPH feeding amount was raised. Although there were no significant differences in FCMY/DMI and FCMY/TDNI among the treatments, FCMY/CPI decreased with FPH feeding. Supplementary FPH increased DMI, CPI and TDNI that might have raised BW, and tended to improve FCMY in mid-late lactating buffaloes as a result of an increase in TDNI.